kompiuteris periferiuli mowyobilobebi
kompiuteris periferiuli mowyobilobebi kompiuteris periferiuli mowyobilobebi
a. benaSvili kompiuteris periferiuli mowyobilobebi II nawili `teqnikuri universiteti”@
- Page 2 and 3: saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
- Page 4 and 5: Sinaarsi Sesavali . . . . . . . . .
- Page 6 and 7: Tavi I videokontrolerebi da monitor
- Page 8 and 9: ebis raodenoba videomexsierebis moc
- Page 10 and 11: Electronics Sdandart Association _
- Page 12 and 13: struqciis slotebi 1,5 da 3,3 v-iani
- Page 14 and 15: mde gaizardos, rac spilenZis gamtar
- Page 16 and 17: nax. 1.9. sxvadasxva tipis `niRbebi
- Page 18 and 19: qonebisa da svetebis mixedviT. ujre
- Page 20 and 21: lod erTi, `mSobliuri~ gadawyvetunar
- Page 22 and 23: ewodeba. amrigad, gadasvlis ujredi
- Page 24 and 25: nax. 2.3-ze warmodgenilia IBM-is ti
- Page 26 and 27: piro orientaciis Sedegad matarebeli
- Page 28 and 29: degad diskze miiReba 10 erTnairi, m
- Page 30 and 31: FM (RLL 0,1), monacemTa gadacemis e
- Page 32 and 33: zaze agebuli amZravis saSualebiT sr
- Page 34 and 35: • fesvuri katalogi. operaciuli si
- Page 36 and 37: ED standartma farTo gavrceleba ver
- Page 38 and 39: pirveli FDD kontrolerebi ganTavsebu
- Page 40 and 41: Tavi 4 vinCesteri 4.1. vinCesteris
- Page 42 and 43: vinCesteris Tavakebi erTi cilindrid
- Page 44 and 45: inaxeba. saWiro monacemebi muSavdeb
- Page 46 and 47: • nabeWdi plata mmarTveli sqemiT;
- Page 48 and 49: ormagi antiferomagnituri fenis mata
- Page 50 and 51: amZravi moZravi koWiT eleqtromagnit
a. benaSvili<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong> <strong>periferiuli</strong><br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong><br />
II nawili<br />
`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti<br />
a. benaSvili<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong> <strong>periferiuli</strong><br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong><br />
II nawili<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009<br />
registrirebulia stu-s<br />
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo<br />
sabWos mier
naSromSi warmodgenilia <strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
standartebi, maxasiaTeblebi, muSaobis principebi.<br />
kompiuterTan SeerTebis sakiTxebi. ganxilulia Tanamedrove<br />
tendenciebi <strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s ganviTarebis<br />
sferoSi.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos<br />
teqnikuri universitetis informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis<br />
fakultetis 2201 `kompiuteruli sistemebi da qselebi~<br />
specialobis studentebisTvis da magistrebisTvis.<br />
recenzenti asoc. profesori l. imnaiSvili<br />
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009<br />
ISBN 978-99940-952-9-2 (yvela nawili)<br />
ISBN 978-9941-14-543-8 (meore nawili)<br />
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/<br />
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,<br />
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu<br />
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis<br />
gareSe.<br />
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
Tavi 1 videokontrolerebi da monitorebi 7<br />
1.1. videokontrolerebi da videoreJimebi . . . . 8<br />
1.2. videointerfeisebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
1.3. monitorebi eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiT 23<br />
1.4. Txevadkristaluri monitorebi . . . . . . . . . 28<br />
Tavi 2 monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis<br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
2.1. muSaobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
2.2. wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia . . . 40<br />
2.3. monacemebis kodirebis saSualebebi . . . . . . 50<br />
Tavi 3 drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> 56<br />
3.1 drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
konstruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
56<br />
3.2. diskis logikuri struqtura . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
3.3. diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s standartebi . . . . 64<br />
3.4. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis CarTva . . . 69<br />
Tavi 4 vinCesteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<br />
4.1. vinCesteris muSaobis principi da<br />
maxasiaTeblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<br />
4.2. vinCesteris konstruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
4.3. vinCesterebis standartebi. konfigurireba 107<br />
4.4. vinCesteris logikuri struqtura . . . . . . . 112<br />
4.5. vinCesteris CarTva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
4.6. RAID-masivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131<br />
3<br />
Tavi 5 monacemTa optikuri Senaxvis<br />
saSualebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
5.1. CD-ROM diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
konstruqcia da diskebis damzadebis<br />
teqnologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142<br />
5.2. kompaqt-diskebis logikuri struqtura . . . 147<br />
5.3. CD-ROM diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
maxasiaTeblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />
5.4. kompaqt-diskebis formatebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />
5.5. kompaqt-diskebis failuri sistemebi . . . . . 173<br />
5.6. CD-R da CD-RW teqnologiebi<br />
kompaqt-diskebze Cawera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br />
5.7. DVD-diskebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192<br />
4
Sesavali<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong> mowyobilobebs, romlebic gankuTvnilia<br />
gare samyarodan informaciis misaRebad<br />
da gare samyarosaTvis informaciis misawodeblad,<br />
<strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> ewodeba. es<br />
termini jer kidev 60-ian wlebSi damkvidrda, rodesac<br />
gamomTvleli manqanis im dros yvelaze Zvirad-<br />
Rirebuli centraluri nawili ganTavsebuli iyo<br />
calke dgarSi, romelTanac kabelebis saSualebiT<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> erTdeboda.<br />
amJamad rigi <strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>sa (mag.<br />
diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>) <strong>kompiuteris</strong> centralur nawilTan<br />
erTad erT korpusSi Tavsdeba.<br />
gamoTvliTi teqnikis ganviTarebasTan erTad<br />
gamoCnda axali, wina Taobebis eleqtronul-gamom-<br />
Tvlel manqanebTan (egm) SedarebiT bevrad ufro<br />
mZlavri da mcire zomis egm-ebi, romelTac personaluri<br />
kompiuterebi ewoda.<br />
personaluri <strong>kompiuteris</strong> centralur nawil-<br />
Tan erTad <strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>c viTardeba.<br />
<strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s daniSnulebaa<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong>Tvis programebisa da monacemebis miwodeba<br />
da <strong>kompiuteris</strong> muSaobis Sedegebis adamianis-<br />
Tvis misaRebi formiT gamoyvana, an sxva kompiuterze<br />
gadacema.<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong> centralur nawilTan erTad <strong>periferiuli</strong><br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>c mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobeben<br />
personaluri <strong>kompiuteris</strong> SesaZleblobebs<br />
da gamoyenebis sferos.<br />
5<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia videokontrolerebi<br />
da monitorebi, drekadi, xisti da optikuri<br />
diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>, informaciis magnituri da<br />
optikuri Caweris principebi.<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia <strong>periferiuli</strong><br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s rogorc zogadi daniSnuleba<br />
da moqmedebis principebi, aseve maTi konstruqcia,<br />
standartebi, maxasiaTeblebi, konfigurirebisa da<br />
servisis sakiTxebi.<br />
6
Tavi I<br />
videokontrolerebi da monitorebi<br />
monitori informaciis vizualuri gamosaxvis<br />
saSualebas warmoadgens. signalebi, romelsac iRebs<br />
monitori (ricxvebi, simboloebi, grafikuli informacia,<br />
sinqronizaciis signalebi), videokontroleris<br />
mier formirdeba. amrigad, monitori da videokontroleri<br />
erTgvar tandems warmoadgens, romelic<br />
optimaluri muSaobisTvis Sesabamisad unda daregulirdes.<br />
monitoris funqcionirebis ori reJimi arsebobs:<br />
teqsturi (AN – alphanumeric) da grafikuli (APA<br />
– all pixels adressable). monitoris muSaobis reJims videokontroleri<br />
gansazRvravs, romelic, Tavis mxriv<br />
Sesabamis instruqciebs iRebs operaciuli sistemidan<br />
da Sesabamisi draiverebidan.<br />
teqstur reJimSi ekrani pirobiTad striqonebad<br />
da svetebad iyofa. amasTan erTad, yoveli<br />
calkeuli ujredi piqselebis matricas warmoadgens.<br />
Tavad piqseli (picture element) monitoris ekranis rastris<br />
minimaluri asaxvadi elementia.<br />
grafikul reJimSi ekranis TiToeuli piqseli<br />
cal-calke imarTeba, rac nebismieri formis gamosaxulebis<br />
gamosaxvis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
horizontaluri da vertikauri xazebis raodenobas,<br />
romlis asaxvis SesaZleblobac monitors gaaCnia,<br />
ekranis gadawyvetunarianoba (resolution) ewodeba.<br />
rac ufro metia ekranis horizontaluri da<br />
vertikaluri xazebis raodenoba, miT meti piqseli<br />
7<br />
gaaCnia ekrans da ufro maRalia misi gadawyvetunarianoba.<br />
meti gadawyvetunarianoba monitoris ekranis<br />
farTis erTulze meti informaciis asaxvis Sesa-<br />
Zleblobas iZleva. Tumca meti gadawyvetunarianoba<br />
yovelTvis ar ganapirobebs gamosaxulebis ufro ma-<br />
Ral xarisxs. ekranis gamosaxuleba informatiulia<br />
manamde, sanam gamosaxulebis simWidrove da monitoris<br />
gadawyvetunarianoba gamosaxulebis calkeuli<br />
detalebis identificirebis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
1.1. videokontrolerebi da videoreJimebi<br />
personaluri kompiuterebis ganviTarebasTan<br />
erTad videostandartebic viTardeboda. sxvadasxva<br />
videostandartebs Soris realizebulia SeTavsebadobis<br />
principi qvevidan zeviT, rac, sxva faqtoreb-<br />
Tan erTad, Tanamedrove kompiuterebSi Zveli programebis<br />
CatvirTvis SesaZleblobasac iZleva.<br />
standarti MDA<br />
MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) personaluri<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong> sawyis modelebSi gamoiyeneboda. luminoforis<br />
naTebis feridan gamomdinare ferebis Semdegi<br />
kombinaciebi gamoiyeneboda: mwvane/Savi, an TeTri/Savi.<br />
MDA standarti grafikul reJims mxars ar<br />
uWers da ekranze mxolod teqsturi informaciis<br />
asaxvis saSualebas iZleva. mas erTaderTi gadawyvetunarianoba<br />
gaaCnia _ 80 striqoni/25 svetze. TiToeuli<br />
simbolosTvis 9x14 piqselze matrica gamoiyeneba.<br />
8
amrigad, mTliani gadawyvetunarianobaa _ 720/350 piqselze.<br />
MDA reJimSi muSaobs operaciuli sistema MS-<br />
DOS-is garemos rigi programebisa.<br />
standarti CGA<br />
CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) standarti MDA videokontrolerebis<br />
Semdeg ganviTarebas warmoadgens.<br />
CGA videokontrolerebs grafikuli reJimis mxarda-<br />
Wera gaaCniaT da ekranze ferad gamosaxulebas gadascemen.<br />
teqstur reJimSi CGA videokontroleri<br />
MDA videostandartSi muSaobs, xolo grafikul re-<br />
JimSi muSaobis ori varianti gaaCnia:<br />
- 640/200 piqseli gadawyvetunarianoba da orferiani<br />
gamosaxuleba;<br />
- 320/200 piqseli gadawyvetunarianoba da oTxferiani<br />
gamosaxuleba.<br />
standarti EGA<br />
EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter) standarti grafikuli<br />
adapterebis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens.<br />
standartuli 16 feri sami ZiriTadi feris (wi-<br />
Teli, mwvane, lurji) SereviT da intensiurobis<br />
cvlilebiT miiReba (cxrili 1.1).<br />
tipiur EGA videokontrolers 640/350 piqseli<br />
gadawyvetunarianoba gaaCnia. igi MDA da CGA reJimebsac<br />
uWers mxars. videokontroleris muSaobis re-<br />
Jims, operaciuli sistemisa da videodraiveris saSualebiT,<br />
mimdinare programa gansazRvravs.<br />
9<br />
cxrili 1.1<br />
EGA videokontroleris standartuli ferebi<br />
intensiuroba<br />
wiTeli mwvane lurji feri<br />
0 0 0 0 Black<br />
0 0 0 1 Blue<br />
0 0 1 1 Green<br />
0 0 1 0 Cyan<br />
0 1 0 0 Red<br />
0 1 0 1 Magenta<br />
0 1 1 0 Brown<br />
0 1 1 1 Light gray<br />
1 0 0 0 Dark gray<br />
1 0 0 1 Light blue<br />
1 0 1 0 Ligh green<br />
1 0 1 1 Ligh cyan<br />
1 1 0 0 Ligh red, pink<br />
1 1 0 1 Ligh magenta<br />
1 1 1 0 Yellow<br />
1 1 1 1 White (bright)<br />
standarti VGA<br />
VGA (Video Graphic Array) Tanamedrove videostandartebis<br />
safuZvels warmoadgens. standarti VGA<br />
MDA, CGA da EGA standartebsac iTavsebs. standartuli<br />
VGA videokontroleri 640/480 piqseli gadawyvetunarianobas<br />
uzrunvelyofs 16, an 256 feriT. fe-<br />
10
ebis raodenoba videomexsierebis moculobazea damokidebuli.<br />
cxrilSi 1.2 warmodgenilia standartuli 15kontaqtiani<br />
VGA gasarTis kontaqtebis daniSnuleba.<br />
VGA gasarTis kontaqtebi<br />
11<br />
cxrili 1.2<br />
kontaqti signali gadacemis<br />
mimarTuleba<br />
1 wiTeli gamosasvleli<br />
2 mwvane gamosasvleli<br />
3 lurji gamosasvleli<br />
4 monitori ID 2 Sesasvleli<br />
5 logikuri nuli (monitoris<br />
TviTtestireba)<br />
6 wiTeli analoguri signalis<br />
damiweba<br />
7 mwvane analoguri signalis<br />
damiweba<br />
8 lurji analoguri signalis<br />
damiweba<br />
9 gasaRebi _<br />
10 damiweba sinqronizaciisTvis _<br />
11 monitori ID 0 Sesasvleli<br />
12 monitori ID 1 Sesasvleli<br />
13 striqonebis sinqronizacia gamosasvleli<br />
14 svetebis sinqronizacia gamosasvleli<br />
15 monitori ID 3 Sesasvleli<br />
_<br />
_<br />
_<br />
_<br />
standarti Super VGA (SVGA)<br />
grafikaze orientirebuli programebi bevrad<br />
ukeT da swrafad muSaoben ekranis maRali gadawyvetunarianobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. zogierTi programa arc<br />
ki instalirdeba, Tu dayenebuli gadawyvetunarianoba<br />
da videokontroleri mis moTxovnebs ar Seesabameba.<br />
amitom VGA standartma Semdgomi ganvi-<br />
Tareba hpova e.w. SVGA standartis saxiT. SVGA erTian<br />
standarts ar warmoadgens. videokontrolerebi sxvadasxva<br />
gadawyvetunarianobas gvTavazoben _ 800/600,<br />
1024/768, 1280/1024 da a.S. miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa,<br />
yovel maTgans SVGA standarts miakuTvneben. SVGA<br />
videokontrolerebis sxvadasxva mwarmoeblebis specifikaciebi<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,<br />
Tumca VGA da SVGA videokontrolerebis gasar-<br />
Tebi identuria.<br />
ferebis reJimebi<br />
amJamad sami ZiriTadi reJimi gamoiyeneba: HiColor,<br />
Real Color, True Color.<br />
Cveulebrivi VGA videokontroleris videomexsierebaSi<br />
Cawerili informacia oTxTanriga, an rva-<br />
Tanriga kods warmoadgens. kodi videoadapteris kontroleris<br />
mier TvrametTanriga sityvad gardaiqmneba<br />
(eqvs-eqvsi biti wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebis-<br />
Tvis). video kontroleris SemadgenlobaSi Sedis<br />
cifrul-analoguri gardamqmneli, romelic mocemul<br />
cifrul informacias analogur formaSi gardaqmnis<br />
da awvdis monitors.<br />
12
HiColor, Real Color, True Color reJimebSi mexsierebaSi<br />
Caewerili ricxvi pirdapir gadaecema cifrulanalogur<br />
gardamqmnels, amitom mocemul sityvaSi<br />
yoveli piqselisTvis feris informacia sruli mniSvnelobiT<br />
Caiwereba.<br />
HiColor<br />
HiColor reJims moqmedebaSi mohyavs 2 15 =32768 ferisgan<br />
Semdgari palitra. TiToeuli piqselisTvis<br />
gamoyofilia 15 Tanrigi. TiToeuli feris (wiTeli,<br />
mwvane, lurji) gradacias 5-5 biti emsaxureba.<br />
Real Color<br />
Real Color reJimi mxars uWers 216 =65536 fers. es<br />
reJimi HiColor reJimis analogiuria, Tumca yoveli<br />
piqselis kodirebisTvis ara 15, aramed 16 bitia gamoyofili.<br />
informaciis ganawileba ferebs Soris ara-<br />
Tanabaria. igi efuZneba adamianis Tvalis speqtralur<br />
mgrZnobiarobas, romelic maqsimums aRwevs mwvane<br />
ferisTvis. swored amitom mwvane ferisTvis damatebulia<br />
me-6 biti.<br />
True Color<br />
True Color reJimi mxars uWers 2 24 =16,7 milion, an<br />
2 32 fers. TiToeuli piqseli 24, an 32 TanrigiT kodirdeba.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi yoveli ferisTvis (wi-<br />
Teli, mwvane, lurji) 8-8 biti, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi<br />
wiTeli da lurji ferebisTvis 10-10 biti, xolo<br />
mwvane ferisTvis _ 12 biti gamoiyofa.<br />
13<br />
ferebis raodenobis Semdgom zrdas azri ara<br />
aqvs, radgan adamianis Tvali mxolod 2 milioni<br />
ferisgan Semdgar palitras aRiqvams.<br />
interfeisi ISA<br />
1.2. videointerfeisebi<br />
salte ISA (Industry standart architecture – samrewvelo<br />
standartuli arqiteqtura) mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
personaluri kompiuterebis standartul universalur<br />
saltes warmoadgenda. arsebobda 8-, 16- da<br />
32-Tanriga (EISA – Extended ISA) (nax. 1.1) versiebi. am-<br />
Jamad ISA salte moralurad moZvelebulia. Pentium III<br />
da ufro Tanamedrove arqiteqturebs ISA (EISA) standartis<br />
mxardaWera aRar gaaCniaT.<br />
lokaluri salte VESA<br />
nax. 1.1. 32-Tanriga EISA sloti<br />
lokaluri salte VESA (VESA Local Bus _ VLB)<br />
videoeleqtronikis standartebis asociaciis (Video<br />
14
Electronics Sdandart Association _ VESA) mier damuSavda.<br />
VESA saltis Seqmnis aucilebloba videomonacemebis<br />
gadacemisTvis EISA saltis arasakmarisma gamtarunarianobam<br />
ganapiroba.<br />
VESA salte warmoadgens ara absoluturad<br />
axal mowyobilobas sistemur plataze, aramed EISA<br />
saltis gafarToebas videomonacemebis gadacemisaTvis<br />
(nax. 1.2). Tumca videoplatebis garda sxva tipis<br />
(magaliTad IDE, SCSI vinCesterebis da a.S) VLB kontrolerebic<br />
gamoiyeneboda.<br />
nax. 1.2. sistemuri platis fragmenti VESA saltis slotiT<br />
VESA standaris videokontrolerebi gamoiyeneboda<br />
IBM-AT-386 da IBM-AT-486 modelis personalur<br />
kompiuterebSi. Tanamedrove kompiuterebs VESA salte<br />
aRar gaaCnia.<br />
15<br />
salte PCI<br />
salte PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect — <strong>periferiuli</strong><br />
komponentebis damakavSirebeli) damuSavda<br />
firma Intel-is mier da Tanamedrove kompiuterebisTvis<br />
de-faqto standarts warmoadgens. Tanamedrove plata-kontrolerebis<br />
umetesoba PCI standarts miekuTvneba.<br />
Tumca Tanamedrove programebis mxridan videosistemaze<br />
sul ufro mxardi datvirTvis pirobebSi,<br />
rac gansakuTrebiT mkafiod grafikisa da videos<br />
kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi vlindeba, PCI saltis SesaZleblobebi<br />
(standartuli PCI saltis samuSao six-<br />
Sirea 33 mhc, xolo gamtarunarianoba _ 133 mbaiti/wm-<br />
Si) sakmarisi ar aris. amitom grafikuli qvesistemisTvis<br />
calke saltis damuSaveba gaxda saWiro.<br />
grafikuli salte AGP<br />
firma Intel-ma daamuSava daCqarebuli grafikuli<br />
porti (Accelerated Graphics Port - AGP) (nax. 1.3). AGP<br />
PCI saltis gafarToebas warmoadgens, Tumca absoluturad<br />
damoukidebelia misgan da qmnis maRali<br />
swrafqmedebis mqone calke magistrals videokontrolersa<br />
da <strong>kompiuteris</strong> sistemur logikas Soris.<br />
PCI saltisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic warmoadgens<br />
universalur saltes ramdenime slotiT, AGP<br />
efeqturi specializirebuli saltea videokontrolerisaTvis<br />
(nax. 1.4).<br />
16
nax. 1.3. grafikuli porti AGP<br />
nax. 1.4. AGP videokontroleri<br />
maRali swrafqmedebis misaRwevad AGP salte<br />
gansazRvrulia, rogorc pirdapiri, uSualo (point-topoint)<br />
interfeisi. igi procesorsa da mexsierebas ara<br />
saerTo saltiT, aramed pirdapir, sistemuri logi-<br />
17<br />
kis North Bridge an Memory Controller Hub mikrosqemis<br />
saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. AGP sistemas gaaCnia grafikuli<br />
kontrolerebis mxardaWera rogorc sistemur<br />
platis mikrosqemebis krebulSi, aseve gare videoplata-adapterebSi.<br />
AGP saltis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia:<br />
• PCI saltisagan gansxvavebiT, romelSic misamarTi<br />
da monacemi droSi gancalkevebulad, multipleqsirebuli<br />
saltis gamoyenebiT gadaicema, AGP<br />
saltes calke samisamarTo da calke monacemTa<br />
salteebi gaaCnia, rac misamarTisa da monacemis<br />
erTdrouli gadacemis saSualebas iZleva;<br />
• monacemTa konveiruli damuSaveba;<br />
1996 wels firma Intel-is mier realizebul iqna<br />
AGP1.0 specifikacia. mocemuli specifikaciis mixedviT<br />
salte muSaobs 66 mhc sixSireze, iyenebs 3,3 v<br />
Zabvas da 1x an 2x reJimebs (x _ erT taqtSi gadacemuli<br />
monacemebis raodenoba).<br />
1998 wels gamovida AGP2.0 (4x), xolo 2003 wels<br />
_ AGP 3.0 (8x) versia. samuSao Zabva 1,5 v-mde iqna Semcirebuli.<br />
cxrilSi 1.2 warmodgenilia AGP reJimebis parametrebi.<br />
bevr Zvel sistemur platas mxolod 3,3 v-iani<br />
AGP 1x da 2x videoplatebis mxardaWera gaaCnia. 1,5 v<br />
Zabvaze momuSave videoplatis 3,3 v-ian slotSi mo-<br />
Tavseba iwvevs rogorc videoplatis, aseve sistemuri<br />
platis dazianebas. amis Tavidan asacileblad AGP<br />
specifikaciiT gansazRvrulia gansxvavebuli kon-<br />
18
struqciis slotebi 1,5 da 3,3 v-iani videoadapterebisaTvis.<br />
agreTve arsebobs universaluri slotebic,<br />
romlebSic orive tipis videoadapteris dayenebaa<br />
SesaZlebeli.<br />
AGP<br />
standarti<br />
AGP reJimebis parametrebi<br />
Tanrigianoba,<br />
biti<br />
saltis<br />
sixSire,<br />
mhc<br />
19<br />
monacemTa<br />
ciklebi/<br />
taqti<br />
cxrili 1.2<br />
monacemTa<br />
gadacemis<br />
siCqare,<br />
mbaiti/wm<br />
AGP 1x 32 66 1 266<br />
AGP 2x 32 66 2 533<br />
AGP 4x 32 66 4 1066<br />
AGP 8x 32 66 8 2133<br />
AGP Pro 1.0 specifikaciiT gansazRvrulia gazrdili<br />
sigrZis sloti. orive boloSi damatebulia<br />
kontaqtebi kvebis miwodebisTvis. damatebiT kvebis<br />
signalebs saWiroeben videokontrolerebi, romlebic<br />
25 vt-ze met energias moixmaren (maqsimumi _ 110 vt).<br />
AGP 1x da AGP 2x videokontrolerebis dayenebis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad damatebiTi kontaqtebi slotis<br />
erT boloSi saxuraviT ifareba. AGP Pro videokontroleris<br />
dayenebis win saxuravi unda moixsnas.<br />
AGP Pro slotSi Cveulebrivi AGP 4x da AGP 8x videokontrolerebis<br />
dayenebacaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
garda maRali swrafqmedebisa, AGP interfeisi<br />
ZiriTad operatiul mexsierebasTan swrafi uSualo<br />
miRwevis SesaZleblobiTac gamoirCeva.<br />
ramdenadac AGP videoadapters ZiriTadi operatiuli<br />
mexsierebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia, videomexsierebis<br />
moTxovnileba mcirdeba. es gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania samganzomilebiani obieqtebis swrafi<br />
vizualizaciisTvis da videosTan muSaobis dros,<br />
rodesac intensiurad xdeba mexsierebis didi moculobis<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
salte PCI Express<br />
PCI Express saltis gamoSveba kidev erTxel<br />
adasturebs personaluri <strong>kompiuteris</strong> interfeisebis<br />
paraleluridan mimdevrobiT arqiteqturaze gadasvlis<br />
tendencias.<br />
PCI Express maRali swrafqmedebis mqone mimdevrobiTi<br />
saltea. momavali 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
PCI Express specifikacia personaluri <strong>kompiuteris</strong><br />
universaluri salteebis dominirebadi arqiteqtura<br />
iqneba. igi mTlianad Secvlis standartul paralelur<br />
PCI saltes.<br />
nax. 1.5-ze warmodgenilia sistemuri platis<br />
fragmenti PCI da PCI Express slotebiT.<br />
PCI Express saltis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Tvisebebia:<br />
• arsebul PCI saltesTan da sxvadasxva <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
programul draiverebTan sruli SeTavsebadoba;<br />
• spilenZis, optikuri da sxva saSualebebiT realizebuli<br />
fizikuri SeerTeba;<br />
20
nax. 1.5. sistemuri platis fragmenti PCI Express x1, PCI<br />
Express x16 da paraleluri PCI slotebiT<br />
• yoveli gamomyvanis maqsimaluri gamtarunarianoba,<br />
rac saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes saltis formfaqtori<br />
da Rirebuleba, gamartivdes platebis<br />
konstruqcia, gadaiWras signalis mTlianobasTan<br />
da SeferxebebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi;<br />
• sinqronizaciis `CaSenebuli~ sistema, rac saltis<br />
sixSiris swrafi Secvlis SesaZleblobas iZleva;<br />
• sixSirisa da Tanrigianobis gazrdis saSualebiT<br />
saltis gamtarunarianobis zrdis SesaZlebloba;<br />
• molodinis mcire dro, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
iseTi programebisTvis, romlebic izoqronul<br />
(droze damokidebul) reJimSi monacemebis<br />
(magaliTad, nakaduri videomonacemebis) miwodebas<br />
moiTxoven.<br />
• adapterebis `cxeli~ komutaciis da `cxeli~ Secvlis<br />
saSualeba (<strong>kompiuteris</strong> gamorTvis gareSe);<br />
21<br />
• kvebis reJimis marTvis SesaZlebloba.<br />
PCI Express salteze monacemebis gadacema xdeba<br />
dupleqsur reJimSi. am dros monacemebi erTdroulad<br />
miiReba da gaicema gamtarebis ori diferencialuri<br />
wyvilis saSualebiT, romlebsac zolebs, an<br />
trasebs uwodeben. monacemTa gadacemis siCqare erTi<br />
mimarTulebiT, TiToeuli trasisTvis, 250 mbiti/wm-s<br />
aRwevs. amasTan erTad, TiToeuli salte SeiZleba 1,<br />
2, 4, 8, 16 an 32 trasas Seicavdes (nax. 1.6). magaliTad,<br />
maRali gamtarunarianobis mqone 16-trasiani PCI Express<br />
x16 salte, romelic Tanamedrove videointerfeisis<br />
saxiT gamoiyeneba, erTdroulad monacemTa 16<br />
bitis gadacemis saSualebas iZleva da misi siCqarea<br />
4 gbiti/wm-Si.<br />
nax. 1.6. PCI Express slotebi<br />
PCI Express saltis sixSiris gasazrdelad IBM<br />
kompaniis mier SemuSavebuli 8b/10b kodirebis sqema<br />
gamoiyeneba, romelic signalebis avtosinqronizacias<br />
ganapirobebs. PCI Express saltis sixSire dReisaTvis<br />
2,5 ghc-s Seadgens, xolo momavalSi SeiZleba 10 ghc-<br />
22
mde gaizardos, rac spilenZis gamtarebisTvis teqnologiur<br />
zRvars warmoadgens. sixSiris zrdis potenciuri<br />
saSualeba da erTdroulad 32 trasis gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZlebloba saSualebas iZleva PCI Express<br />
salteze monacemebis gadacemis siCqare gaizardos 32<br />
gbiti/wm-mde.<br />
1.3. monitorebi eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiT<br />
Sav-TeTri monitorebi<br />
monitoris korpusSi moTavsebulia eleqtronul-sxivuri<br />
milaki (esm) da misi kvebis wyaroebi.<br />
esm-is SigniTa mxares moTavsebulia bade. rodesac<br />
badeze dadebiTi Zabva zemoqmedebs, eleqtronebi<br />
aRigznebian da sxivi ekranisken miemarTeba, romelic<br />
garkveuli drois Semdeg naTdeba. uaryofiTi<br />
Zabvis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT _ eleqtronebi<br />
ganidevnebian da bades ar gaivlian. am dros ekrani<br />
Savia.<br />
amrigad, badeze zemoqmedi Zabva ekranze Sesabamisi<br />
bitebis miRebas ganapirobebs. aseTi meqanizmi<br />
orobiTi eleqtronuli signalis displeis Ria da<br />
muq wertilebad gardaqmnis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
esm-s (nax. 1.7) ZiriTadi elementia eleqtronuli<br />
`zarbazani~, romelic eleqtronebis nakads<br />
ekranisken `gaisvris~. esm-is wina nawili Signidan<br />
luminescenturi feniTaa dafaruli.<br />
esm-s balonSi (9) vakuumia Seqmnili. eleqtronuli<br />
sxivis (2) misaRebad gamoiyeneba mowyobiloba,<br />
23<br />
romelsac eleqtronuli `zarbazani~ ewodeba. ka-<br />
Todi (8) varvaris ZafiT (5) xurdeba da eleqtronebs<br />
gaisvris. kaTodi specialuri masalebiT ifareba,<br />
romlebic, rogorc wesi, esm-ebis umsxvilesi mwarmoeblebis<br />
mieraa dapatentebuli.<br />
nax. 1.7. Sav-TeTri eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki<br />
1 _ magnituri gadamxreli sistema; 2 _ eleqtronuli<br />
sxivi; 3 _ mafokusirebeli eleqtrodis xvia, 4 _<br />
luminofori, 5 _ varvaris Zafi, 6 _ grafitis fena, 7 _<br />
maRalvoltiani bude, 8 _ kaTodi, 9 _ baloni, 10 _ ekrani,<br />
11 _ mafokusirebeli eleqtrodis gulana, 12 _ mmarTveli<br />
eleqtrodi, 13 _ kineskopis gamomyvanebi, 14 _ anodi.<br />
mmarTvel eleqtrodze (modulatorze) (12) miwodebuli<br />
Zabvis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli<br />
sxivis intensivobis Secvla da, aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
gamosaxulebis sikaSkaSis Secvlac. mmar-<br />
24
Tveli eleqtrodis garda, Tanamedrove esm-ebis `zarbazani~<br />
Seicavs mafokusirebel eleqtrods (3, 11),<br />
romelic sxivs ekranis saWiro wertilSi afokusirebs,<br />
damaCqarebel eleqtrods, romelic `zarbaznis~<br />
SigniT eleqtronebis damatebiTi aCqarebas uzrunvelyofs<br />
da anods (14).<br />
`zarbaznis~ datovebisas eleqtronebi anodis<br />
mier damatebiT aCqardeba. anods warmoadgens kineskopis<br />
konusis zedapiris metalizebuli safarveli,<br />
romelic `zarbaznis~ amaCqarebel eleqtrodTanaa<br />
SeerTebuli.<br />
amis Semdeg sxivi magnitur gadamxrel sistemas<br />
(1) gaivlis, romelsac sxivis mimarTulebis<br />
Secvla SeuZlia. eleqtronuli sxivi ekranze (10)<br />
ecema, romelic luminoforiTaa (4) dafaruli. eleqtronebis<br />
bombardirebisgan luminofori naTdeba.<br />
swrafad moZravi sinaTlis `laqa~ ekranze gamosaxulebas<br />
aformirebs.<br />
eleqtronebidan gamomdinare luminofori uaryofiT<br />
muxts iZens da iwyeba meoradi emisia _ luminofori<br />
Tavad gamoyofs eleqtronebs. amis Sedegad<br />
mTlianad milaki uaryofiTad imuxteba. amis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad milakis mTeli zedapiri damiwebis gamtarTan<br />
SeerTebuli grafitis safuZvelze damuSavebuli<br />
specialuri feniTaa (6) dafaruli. kineskopi<br />
gamomyvanebiT (13) da maRalvoltiani budiT (7)<br />
erTdeba.<br />
25<br />
feradi monitorebi<br />
Sav-TeTri monitorebisgan gansxvavebiT, feradi<br />
monitorebi (nax. 1.8) sam eleqtronul `zarbazans~<br />
Seicavs _ wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebisTvis (1).<br />
nax. 1.8. feradi eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki.<br />
1 _ eleqtronuli `zarbaznebi~; 2 _ eleqtronuli sxivebi;<br />
3 _ mafokusirebeli xvia; 4 _ gadamxreli xviebi;<br />
5 _ anodi; 6 _ `niRabi~; 7 _ luminoforis wiTeli, mwvane<br />
da lurji `marcvlebi~; 8 _ luminoforis `niRabi~ da<br />
`marcvlebi (gadidebuli)~<br />
Sesabamisad ekranze (7) datanilia luminoforis<br />
sami saxe _ wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebisTvis<br />
(8). `wiTel~ luminofors sxivi mxolod<br />
wiTeli `niRbidan~ ecema, mwvanes _ mxolod mwvanidan,<br />
xolo lurjs _ mxolod lurjidan. es miiRweva<br />
`zarbaznebs~ da ekrans Soris ganTavsebuli metaluri<br />
`mesriT~, romelsac `niRabi~ ewodeba (nax. 1.9).<br />
26
nax. 1.9. sxvadasxva tipis `niRbebi~<br />
rastruli `gaSla~<br />
ekranze gamosaxulebis misaRebad horizontalluri<br />
`gaSlis~ dros eleqtronebis `kona~ ekranze<br />
daaxloebiT 50 mkwm-Si gaiSleba, aformirebs ra<br />
horizontalur striqons ekranze. amis Semdeg sxivi<br />
asrulebs horizontalur ukusvlas ekranis marcxena<br />
kidisken, raTa horizontaluri `gaSlis~ Semdegi xazi<br />
aagos. mowyobilobas, romelic striqon-striqon<br />
aformirebs gamosaxulebas, rastruli `gaSlis~ mowyobiloba<br />
ewodeba.<br />
Tanamedrove monitorebSi rastruli `gaSlis~<br />
ori ZiriTadi saxeoba gamoiyeneba:<br />
• striqonuli 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 da a.S.;<br />
• striqonis gamotovebiT _ 1-3-5-7-..., xolo amis<br />
Semdeg _ 2-4-6-8-... da a.S.<br />
horizontaluri `gaSla~ wrfivad zrdadi ZabviT<br />
kontrolirdeba, romelic horizontaluri gadaxris<br />
firfitebze zemoqmedebs. firfitebi eleq-<br />
27<br />
tronuli `zarbaznis~ marcxniv da marjvniv aris<br />
ganTavsebuli.<br />
vertikaluri `gaSla~ ufro nela zrdadi ZabviT<br />
kontrolirdeba, romelic vertikaluri gadaxris<br />
firfitebze zemoqmedebs. firfitebi eleqtronuli<br />
`zarbaznis~ zeviT da qveviT arian ganTavsebulni.<br />
`gaSlis~ ciklebis garkveuli raodenobis Semdeg<br />
(Cveulebriv 400-dan 1000-mde) vertikaluri da<br />
horizontaluri gadaxris firfitebze Zabva vardeba<br />
da sxivi ekranis zeda marcxena kuTxeSi brundeba.<br />
mTliani gamosaxulebis aRdgena Zveli monitorebis-<br />
Tvis wamSi 30-dan 60-mde sruldeboda. Tanamedrove<br />
eleqtronul-sxivur monitorebs gamosaxulebis wam-<br />
Si 150-jer da metjer ganaxlebac SeuZliaT.<br />
1.4. Txevadkristaluri monitorebi<br />
eleqtronul-sxivuri monitorebi sakmaod didi<br />
zomisaa da mZimea. amitom portatiuli kompiuterebisTvis<br />
saWiro gaxda displeis absoluturad gansxvavebuli<br />
teqnologiis damuSaveba.<br />
swored aman ganapiroba Txevadkristaluri monitorebis<br />
Seqmna. Txevadkristaluri teqnologia<br />
sakmaod rTulia, ganxorcielebis ramdenime varianti<br />
gaaCnia da swrafad icvleba. amJamad SeimCneva Txevadkristaluri<br />
monitorebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis<br />
da gaiafebis tendencia, ramac ganapiroba maTi far-<br />
To gamoyeneba samagido kompiuterebSic.<br />
28
Txevadi kristalebi blant organul molekulebs<br />
warmoadgenen, romlebic iseve moZraoben, rogorc<br />
siTxis molekulebi, Tumca kristaluri struqtura<br />
gaaCniaT.<br />
Txevadi kristalebi aRmoCenili iqna avstrieli<br />
mecnieris, reiniceris mier, 1888 wels. maTi gamoyeneba<br />
1960 wlidan, kalkulatorebisa da saaTebis<br />
displeebSi daiwyo.<br />
muSaobis principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: rodesac<br />
molekulebi erT rigSi arian ganTavsebulni,<br />
kristalis optikuri Tvisebebi damokidebulia zemoqmedi<br />
sinaTlis mimarTulebaze da polarizaciaze.<br />
eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi molekulebis<br />
rigi da Sesabamisad optikuri Tvisebebi icvleba.<br />
Tu Txevad kristalze sinaTlis sxivi zemoqmedebs,<br />
Tavad Txevadi kristalidan gamomavali<br />
sinaTlis sxivis intensivoba SeiZleba eleqtrobis<br />
saSualebiT kontroldebodes.<br />
Txevadkristaluri displeis TiToeuli piqseli<br />
or gamWvirvale elqtrods Soris moTavsebuli<br />
molekulebis fenisgan da ori mapolarizebeli filtrisgan<br />
Sedgeba, romelTa polarizaciis sibrtyeebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, urTierTperpendikularulia. Txevadi<br />
kristalebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi pirveli filtris<br />
mier gatarebuli Suqi praqtikulad mTlianad<br />
blokirdeba meore filtris mier.<br />
eleqtrodebis sibrtye, romelic kontaqtSia<br />
Txevad kristalebTan, specialuradaa damuSavebuli<br />
molekulebis erTi mimarTulebiT orientaciisTvis.<br />
29<br />
TN (Twisted Nematic) matricaSi es mimarTulebebi urTierTperpendikularulia.<br />
amitom Zabvis ararasebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi molekulebi vintismagvar struturaSi<br />
damwkrivdeba. es struqtura Suqs iseTnairad gardatexs,<br />
rom meore filtramde misi polarizaciis<br />
sibrtye mobrundeba da misi gavliT Suqi danakargebis<br />
gareSe gaivlis. Tu ar CavTvliT pirveli filtris<br />
mier arapolarizebuli Suqis naxevris STan-<br />
Tqmas, ujredi gamWvirvaled SegviZlia CavTvaloT.<br />
Tu eleqtrodebze Zabvaa miwodebuli, molekulebi<br />
cdiloben velis gaswvriv daewyon, rac maT<br />
xraxnisebr struqturas amaxinjebs. am dros drekadobis<br />
Zalebi amas ewinaaRmdegeba da Zabvis gamor-<br />
Tvisas molekulebi sawyis mdgomareobaSi brundeba.<br />
velis sakmarisi sididis SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad<br />
yvela molekula paraleluri xdeba, rac struqturis<br />
aragamWvirvalobas ganapirobebs.<br />
Zabvis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia gamWvirvalobis<br />
marTva, Tu mudmivi Zabva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
iqneba miwodebuli, Txevadkristaluri struqtura,<br />
ionebis migraciis gamo, SeiZleba degradirdes. am<br />
problemis mosagvareblad cvladi deni, an polarobis<br />
Secvla ujredis yoveli damisamarTebis dros<br />
(struqturis gaumWvirvaloba velis polarobaze ar<br />
aris damokidebuli) gamoiyeneba.<br />
mTel matricaSi yoveli ujredis cal-calke<br />
marTvaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca maTi raodenobis gazrdisas<br />
es rTulad Sesasrulebelia, radgan izrdeba<br />
saWiro eleqtrodebis raodenoba. amitom faqtiurad<br />
yovelTvis gamoiyeneba damisamarTeba stri-<br />
30
qonebisa da svetebis mixedviT. ujredebSi gamavali<br />
Suqi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi, Tumca umetesad Suqis<br />
xelovnuri wyaro gamoiyeneba. gare ganaTebisgan damoukideblobis<br />
garda igi agreTve astabilebs gamosaxulebis<br />
Tvisebebs.<br />
Txevadkristaluri displeis ekrani paralelurad<br />
ganTavsebuli ori minis firfitisgan Sedgeba.<br />
firfitebs Soris moTavsebulia hermetuli<br />
sivrce Txevadi kristaliT.<br />
orive firfitas uerTdeba gamWvirvale eleqtrodi.<br />
bunebrivi, an xelovnuri sinaTle ukana firfitis<br />
mxridan ekrans Signidan anaTebs. firfitebze<br />
miyvanili eleqtrodebi gamoiyeneba Txevad kristalSi<br />
eleqtruli velebis Sesaqmnelad. ekranis<br />
sxvadasxva adgilebze gansxvavebuli Zabvebi zemoqmedeben,<br />
rac gamosaxulebis agebis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
ekranis wina da ukana firfitebze miwebebulia<br />
polaroidebi, radgan teqnologiurad displei polarizebul<br />
Suqs saWiroebs.<br />
amJamad Txevadkristaluri displeebis gansxvavebuli<br />
tipebi gamoiyeneba. ganvixiloT erT-erTi maTgani<br />
_ Twisted Nematic, TN (nax. 1.10). displeis ukana<br />
firfitas gaaCnia miniaturuli horizontaluri Rarebi,<br />
xolo wina firfitas _ vertikaluri Rarebi.<br />
eleqtruli velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi molekulebi<br />
am Rarebis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba.<br />
radgan Rarebi erTmaneTis mimarT perpendikularulad<br />
aris ganTavsebuli, Txevadi kristalis molekulebi<br />
900-iT moRunuli aRmoCndeba.<br />
31<br />
gamWvirvale eleqtrodebi<br />
horizontaluri filtri<br />
Suqfiltri<br />
nax. 1.10. Txevadkristaluri displei<br />
displeis ukana firfitaze ganTavsebulia horizontaluri<br />
polaroidi. is mxolod horizontalurad<br />
polarizebul Suqs atarebs. displeis wina<br />
firfitaze imyofeba vertikaluri polaroidi. is<br />
mxolod vertikalurad polarizebul Suqs atarebs.<br />
firfitebs Soris Txevadi kristali rom ar arsebobdes,<br />
ukana panelidan gatarebuli horizontalurad<br />
polarizebuli Suqi blokirebuli iqneboda<br />
wina firfitaze myofi vertikaluri polaroidis mier.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ekrani mTlianad Savi iqneboda.<br />
Tumca molekulebis gaRunuli kristaluri<br />
struqtura, romelsac Suqi gaivlis, cvlis Suqis<br />
polarizaciis sibrtyes. eleqtruli velis ararse-<br />
32<br />
vertikaluri<br />
filtri<br />
Txevadkristaluri<br />
molekula
obis SemTxvevaSi Txevadkristaluri ekrani mTlianad<br />
anaTebs. Tu firfitis garkveul monakveTebs<br />
Zabva miewodeba, gadaRunuli struqtura irRveva da<br />
mocemul adgilebSi Suqis gavla blokirdeba.<br />
Zabvis miwodebisTvis ori midgoma gamoiyeneba.<br />
iaffasian pasiur matricul indikatorSi orive<br />
eleqtrodSi gamtarebi erTmaneTis mimarT paralelurad<br />
arian ganTavsebulni. magaliTad 640/480 displeis<br />
ukana firfitis eleqtrodi 640 vertikalur<br />
gamtars Seicavs, xolo wina firfitis eleqtrodi _<br />
480 horizontalur gamtars. Tu Zabva erT-erT vertikalur<br />
gamtars miewodeba, xolo Semdeg Zabvis impulsebi<br />
_ erT-erT horizontalur gamtars, SesaZlebelia<br />
Zabvis cvlileba garkveuli pozicis piqselSi<br />
da misi gaSaveba. Tu igive Sesruldeba Semdegi<br />
piqselebisTvis, SesaZlebelia gaSlis striqonis<br />
miReba, romelic analogiuria eleqtronul-sxivuri<br />
monitoris striqonisa. gamosaxuleba, rogorc<br />
wesi, ekranze wamSi 60-jer ganaxldeba, raTa miRebul<br />
iqnas mudmivi gamosaxulebis STabeWdileba.<br />
meore midgomaa aqtiuri matriculi indikatoris<br />
gamoyeneba. igi bevrad Zviria pasiur indikator-<br />
Tan SedarebiT, Tumca ukeTesi xarisxis gamosaxulebis<br />
miRebas uzrunvelyofs. perpendikularulad<br />
ganTavsebuli gamtarebis ori jgufis nacvlad aqtiuri<br />
matriculi indikatoris erT-erT eleqtrodze<br />
piqselis yovel poziciaSi miniaturuli gadamrTveli<br />
gaaCnia. gadamrTvelebis mdgomareobis cvlilebis<br />
safuZvelze ekranze, miwodebuli bitebidan<br />
gamomdinare, Zabvebis sxvadasxva kombinaciebis Seq-<br />
33<br />
mnaa SesaZlebeli. mocemul gadamrTvelebs Txelafskiani<br />
tranzistorebi (Thin Film Transistor, TFT) ewodebaT.<br />
xolo Sesabamis tipis ekranebs _ TFT displeebi.<br />
amJamad nouTbuqebis da avtonomiuri Txevadkristaluri<br />
displeebis umetesoba TFT teqnologiis<br />
safuZvelze iwarmoeba.<br />
aqamde Cven aRvwereT Sav-TeTri monitorebis<br />
muSaobis principi. rac Seexeba ferad Txevadkristalur<br />
monitorebs, isini igive principebiT muSaoben,<br />
Tumca maTi detalebi bevrad rTulia. TeTri<br />
feris wiTel, mwvane da lurj ferebad dayofisTvis<br />
piqselis yovel poziciaSi optikuri filtrebi gamoiyeneba.<br />
amitom es ferebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad<br />
aisaxeba. mocemuli sami feris safuZvelze<br />
nebismieri feris miRebaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
amrigad, Txevadkristaluri monitori Sedgeba<br />
eleqtronikisgan, romelic amuSavebs Semaval videosignals,<br />
Txevadkristaluri matricisgan, ganaTebis<br />
modulisgan, kvebis blokisgan da korpusisgan. swored<br />
CamoTvlili elementebis erToblioba gansaz-<br />
Rvravs monitoris maxasiaTeblebs, Tumca zogierTi<br />
maTganis maxasiaTeblebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.<br />
Txevadkristaluri monitorebis teqnikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
• gadawyvetunarianoba _ horizontaluri da vertikaluri<br />
zomebi, romlebic piqselebSi gamoisaxeba.<br />
eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiani monitorebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, Txevadkristalur monitorebs mxo-<br />
34
lod erTi, `mSobliuri~ gadawyvetunarianoba gaaCnia.<br />
danarCeni mniSvnelobebi interpolaciis<br />
•<br />
gziT miiRweva.<br />
piqselis zoma _ mezobeli piqselebis centrebs<br />
Soris manZili. uSualod ukavSirdeba fizikur<br />
gadawyvetunarianobas.<br />
• ekranis zomebis Sefardeba (formati) _ siganis<br />
simaRlesTan Sefardeba, magaliTad 5:4, 4:3, 5:3, 8:5,<br />
16:9.<br />
• xedvadi diagonali _ Tavad panelis zoma, romelic<br />
diagonalze izomeba.<br />
• kontrastuloba _ sxvaoba yvelaze naTeli da<br />
yvelaze muqi wertilebis sikaSkaSeebs Soris.<br />
• sikaSkaSe _ Suqis raodenoba, romelic displeis<br />
mier gamoiyofa. Cveulebriv izomeba kandelebSi<br />
kvadratul metrze.<br />
• gadarTvis dro _ minimaluri dro, romelic<br />
•<br />
sWirdeba piqsels sikaSkaSis SecvlisTvis.<br />
xedvis kuTxe _ kuTxe, romlis SemTxvevaSic kontrastis<br />
Semcireba garkveul mniSvnelobas aRwevs.<br />
• matricis tipi _ teqnologia, romlis mixedviTacaa<br />
damzadebuli Txevadkristaluri matrica.<br />
35<br />
Tavi 2<br />
monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis<br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong><br />
2.1. muSaobis principi<br />
personalur kompiuterebSi informacia inaxeba<br />
matareblebze, romlebic magnituri, an optikuri teqnologiebis<br />
safuZvelze muSaobs.<br />
monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis mowyobilobeb-<br />
Si orobiTi monacemebi warmodgenilia brtyel diskze<br />
ganTavsebuli mcire zomis liTonis magnituri<br />
nawilakebis saxiT. wakiTxvis dros isini orobiTi<br />
monacemebis saxiT gaiSifreba.<br />
xist da drekad diskebze magnituri damgroveblebis<br />
muSaobas safuZvlad udevs eleqtromagnitizmis<br />
movlena. eleqtromagnitizmis arsi imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom gamtarSi eleqtruli denis gatarebisas<br />
mis garSemo magnituri veli warmoiqmneba<br />
da piriqiT, gamtarSi, romelzedac cvladi magnituri<br />
veli zemoqmedebs, eleqtruli deni warmoiqmneba.<br />
magnituri velis polarobis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi<br />
eleqtruli denis mimarTulebac icvleba.<br />
diskuri damgroveblis Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki<br />
Seicavs U-tipis feromagnitur gulanas da masze<br />
daxveul koWas (xviebs), romelSic eleqtruli deni<br />
tardeba. am dros Tavakis gulanaSi magnituri veli<br />
warmoiqmneba (nax. 2.1).<br />
denis mimarTulebis cvlilebisas magnituri<br />
velis polarobac icvleba. amrigad, Tavakebi eleq-<br />
36
tromagnitebs warmoadgenen, romelTa polarobac<br />
Zalian swrafad icvleba eleqtruli denis mimar-<br />
Tulebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad.<br />
matareblis damagnitebuli<br />
(gasworebuli) nawilakebi<br />
nax. 2.1 Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki<br />
magnituri veli gulanis Riobze vrceldeba.<br />
Tu Riobis maxloblad moTavsebulia sxva feromagnetiki<br />
(matareblis magnituri fena), magnituri veli<br />
swored masze lokalizdeba, radgan feromagnitur<br />
masalas, haerTan SedarebiT, bevrad naklebi magnituri<br />
winaaRmdegoba gaaCnia. Riobis gadamkveTi magnituri<br />
veli feromagnitur matarebelze ikvreba da<br />
iwvevs matareblis elementaruli magnituri nawilakebis<br />
(domenebis) polarizacias magnituri velis zemoqmedebis<br />
mimarTulebiT. magnituri velis mimarTuleba<br />
da Sedegad, domenebis narCeni damagniteba, damokidebulia<br />
TavakSi eleqtruli denis polarobaze.<br />
drekadi magnituri diskebi Cveulebriv mzaddeba<br />
lavsanis, xolo xisti magnituri diskebi _<br />
aluminis, an mina-keramikis fuZeSreze. muSa fena, rogorc<br />
wesi, rkinis zeJangisgan mzaddeba, sxvadasxva<br />
danamatebiT.<br />
37<br />
xvia<br />
matareblis<br />
gulana<br />
daumagnitebeli<br />
Riobi nawilakebi<br />
diskis gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba<br />
matareblis<br />
fena<br />
magnituri velebi, romlebic cariel diskze<br />
arsebuli magnituri domenebiT iqmneba, SemTxveviTadaa<br />
orientirebuli da diskis nebismier makroskopul<br />
monakveTze erTmaneTs akompensirebs. amitom nar-<br />
Ceni damagniteba nulis tolia.<br />
matarebelze magnituri velis miwodebisas nawilakebi,<br />
romlebic Riobis qvemoT aRmoCndeba, Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavakis mier warmoqmnili magnituri<br />
velis zemoqmedebis mimarTulebiT orientirdeba. rodesac<br />
magnituri domenebi garkveuli mimarTulebiT<br />
mwkrivdeba, maTi magnituri velebi erTmaneTs aRar<br />
akompensireben, rac iwvevs Sesabamis monakveTze gamokveTili<br />
magnituri velis Seqmnas. warmoqmnili<br />
lokaluri magnituri veli iqmneba magnituri nawilakebis<br />
simravliT, romlebic, rogorc erTi mTliani,<br />
ise funqcionireben da erTi mimarTulebis magnitur<br />
vels qmnian.<br />
amrigad, Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakis xviaSi impulsuri<br />
formis cvladi denis gavlisas, mbrunav<br />
diskze iqmneba niSniT (mimarTulebiT) gansxvavebuli<br />
narCeni damagnitebis mqone monakveTebis Tanmimdevroba.<br />
Cawerili informaciis Semdgomi wakiTxvisTvis<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is zonebi, romlebSic<br />
narCeni magnituri velis niSani (mimarTuleba) icvleba.<br />
magnituri Tavaki monacemebis Cawerisas diskze<br />
niSnis cvlilebis zonebs aTavsebs. monacemebis yoveli<br />
bitis (an bitebis) Cawerisas diskis specialur<br />
adgilebSi niSnis cvlilebis zonebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
iwereba. am velebs bituri, an gadasvlis ujredebi<br />
38
ewodeba. amrigad, gadasvlis ujredi diskis specialuri<br />
velia, romelSic Tavaki niSnis cvlilebis<br />
zonas aTavsebs. gadasvlis ujredis geometriuli<br />
zoma damokidebulia Caweris sataqto signalis six-<br />
Sireze da diskis brunvis siCqareze.<br />
diskidan informaciis wakiTxvisas Tavaki muSaobs,<br />
rogorc niSnis cvlilebebis deteqtori da yoveli<br />
aseTi zonis gadakveTis dros Zabvis impulsebs<br />
gamoimuSavebs. im monakveTebSi, sadac niSnis Secvla<br />
ar xdeba, impulsebis gamomuSaveba ar xdeba.<br />
nax. 2.2-ze warmodgenilia wakiTxvis da Caweris<br />
signalebis (impulsebis) formebis damokidebuleba<br />
diskze Caweril niSnis cvlilebis zonebze.<br />
diskis<br />
magnituri<br />
fena<br />
Caweris<br />
signali<br />
wakiTxvis<br />
signali<br />
Tavakis xvia<br />
magnituri nakadis<br />
mimarTulebis cvlileba<br />
nax. 2.2. informaciis Cawera da wakiTxva<br />
magnituri diskidan<br />
39<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavaki RiobiT<br />
diskis brunvis<br />
mimarTuleba<br />
Casaweri monacemebi marTkuTxa formis talRovan<br />
impulsebs warmoadgenen, romlebic Zabvis dadebiT<br />
da uaryofiT mniSvnelobebs Seesabameba. isini<br />
iwveven magnituri matareblis polarizacias Sesabamisi<br />
mimarTulebiT.<br />
wakiTxvis dros Tavaki niSnis cvlilebis zonebs<br />
aregistrirebs da Sesabamis impulsebs gamoimu-<br />
Savebs. niSnis cvlileba Tu ar xdeba, Zabvis impulsic<br />
ar gamomuSavdeba. sataqto sixSiris cnobili<br />
mniSvnelobis safuZvelze diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
eleqtruli sqema gansazRvravs impulsis (niSnis<br />
cvlilebis) Sesabamisobas gadasvlis ujredeb-<br />
Tan.<br />
2.2. wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia<br />
diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s warmoebis teqnologiis<br />
gaumjobesebasTan erTad viTardeba wakiTxva/<br />
Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia.<br />
diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s ganviTarebis sxvadasxva<br />
etapebze Semdegi tipis Tavakebi gamoiyeneboda:<br />
• ferituli;<br />
• metaliT RiobSi (MIG);<br />
• Txelafskiani (TF);<br />
• magnitorezistuli (MR);<br />
• giganturi magnitorezistuli (GMR).<br />
40
ferituli da metaliT RiobSi Tavakebi moralurad<br />
moZvelebulia da Tanamedrove diskur mowyobilobebSi<br />
aRar gamoiyeneba.<br />
magnitorezistuli Tavaki<br />
magnitorezistuli (Magneto-Resistive _ MR) (nax.<br />
2.4) Tavaki damuSavebulia firma IBM-is mier da<br />
pirvelad gamoyenebuli iqna 1991 wels, 1 gbaiti tevadobis<br />
mqone vinCesterebSi.<br />
magnitorezistuli Tavaki deteqtoria, romelic<br />
damagnitebis zonaSi cvlilebebs aregistrirebs<br />
da gardaqmnis maT signalebad, romlebic, rogorc<br />
monacemebi, ise interpretirdeba.<br />
magnituri Caweris dros adgili aqvs erT<br />
problemas. magnituri matareblis domenebis zomebis<br />
Semcireba (rac Seuqcevadi procesia da ganpirobebulia<br />
Caweris simWidrovis zrdis tendenciiT) Tavakis<br />
signalis donesac amcirebs. am dros izrdeba `xmauris~<br />
namdvil signalad miRebis albaToba. problemis<br />
gadasawyvetad saWiroa efeqturi Tavakis gamoyeneba,<br />
romelic meti sizustiT gansazRvravs signalis<br />
arsebobas. swored aseT efeqtur Tavaks warmoadgens<br />
magnitorezistuli Tavaki.<br />
magnitorezistuli Tavaki monacemebs Semdegnairad<br />
kiTxulobs: TavakSi gaedineba susti mudmivi<br />
deni. magnitorezistobis efeqtis Tanaxmad sxvadasxva<br />
polarobis narCeni damagnitebis monakveTebis<br />
gavlisas Tavakis winaRoba icvleba. winaRobis cvlileba<br />
TavisTavad ganapirobebs Tavakze Zabvis var-<br />
41<br />
dnis da Sesabamisad TavakSi gamavali denis Zalis<br />
cvlilebas.<br />
magnitorezistuli efeqti mxolod wamkiTxavi<br />
Tavakis agebis saSualebas iZleva. amitom Tanamedrove<br />
damgroveblebSi gamoyenebuli magnitorezistuli<br />
Tavaki sinamdvileSi erT konstruqciaSi gaer-<br />
Tianebuli ori Tavakia. monacemebis Casawerad gamoiyeneba<br />
Txelafskiani (TF) Tavaki, xolo Casawerad _<br />
magnitorezistuli Tavaki.<br />
feritul, metaliT RiobSi da Txelafskovan<br />
Tavakebs erTRiobian Tavakebsac uwodeben, radgan<br />
rogorc wakiTxvisaTvis, aseve CawerisaTvis erTi<br />
Riobi gamoiyeneba.<br />
erTRiobian TavakebSi saWiroa kompromisze<br />
wasvla Riobis zomasTan dakavSirebiT. wakiTxvis<br />
dros saWiroa SedarebiT mcire zomis Riobi (wakiTxvis<br />
gadawyvetunarianobis gasazrdelad), xolo Caweris<br />
dros _ SedarebiT didi zomis Riobi, radgan<br />
saimedo CawerisaTvis magniturma nakadma unda SeaRwios<br />
muSa fenis mTel siRrmeze.<br />
magnitorezistul TavakSi es problema gadaWrilia,<br />
radgan TiToeul Tavaks gansxvavebuli zomis<br />
Riobi gaaCnia. Txelafskovani (Camweri) Tavaki diskze<br />
SedarebiT ufro ganier bilikebs aformirebs, vidre<br />
es saWiroa magnitorezistuli (wamkiTxavi) Tavakis<br />
muSaobisTvis. aseT konstruqcias kidev erTi upiratesoba<br />
gaaCnia: wamkiTxavi Tavaki magnituri xel-<br />
SeSlebis gavlenas sxva bilikebidan naklebad ganicdis.<br />
42
nax. 2.3-ze warmodgenilia IBM-is tipiuri<br />
magnitorezistuli Tavaki.<br />
gamyofi<br />
nax. 2.3. magnitorezistuli Tavaki<br />
Tavakis wamkiTxav elements magnitorezistuli<br />
sensori warmoadgens, romelic rkina-nikelis (NiFe)<br />
afskisgan Sedgeba. magnituri velis gavleniT rkinanikelis<br />
afskis winaRoba icvleba.<br />
gverdiTi, an SemTxveviTi magnituri velis<br />
zemoqmedebisgan wamkiTxavi elementis dasacavad maekranirebeli<br />
(gamyofi) fena gamoiyeneba. rkina-nikelis<br />
da maekranirebeli fenebi gamoyofilia maRali eleqtruli<br />
winaaRmdegobis mqone feniT.<br />
Caweris simWidrovis gazrdasTan erTad magnitorezistuli<br />
elementebis zomebic mcirdeba. Tanamedrove<br />
TavakebSi gverdiT kontaqtebs Soris arsebuli<br />
rkina-nikelis afskis sigane 0,5 mikrons ar<br />
aRemateba.<br />
giganturi magnitorezistuli Tavaki<br />
1997 wels firma IBM-is mier warmodgenili<br />
iqna magnitorezistuli Tavakis axali, bevrad ufro<br />
maRali mgrZnobiarobis mqone tipi _ giganturi mag-<br />
43<br />
nitorezistuli Tavaki (Giant Magnitoresistive - GMR) (nax.<br />
2.4).<br />
nax. 2.4. giganturi magnitorezistuli Tavaki<br />
GMR efeqti SemdegSi mdgomareobs: magnituri<br />
velSi moTavsebul, sxvadasxva liTonebis uTxelesi<br />
fenebisgan Semdgar gamtars winaRobis cvlilebis<br />
farTo diapazoni gaaCnia.<br />
giganturi magnitorezistuli TavakebSi gamoiyeneba<br />
magnituri liTonebis ori fena, romelTa SuaSic<br />
moTavsebulia aramagnituri masalisgan damzadebuli<br />
gamyofi fena. erT-erTi magnitur fena fiqsirebulia,<br />
anu mas gaaCnia winaswar arCeuli magnituri<br />
orientacia, xolo meore _ Tavisufalia, rac<br />
orientaciis Tavisufal cvlilebas gulisxmobs.<br />
rodesac Tavisufali da fiqsirebuli magnituri<br />
fenebi erTi da igive magnitur orientacias<br />
iReben, saerTo winaRoba mcirdeba, xolo Tu Tavisufali<br />
magnituri fena iRebs fiqsirebuli magnituri<br />
fenis sawinaaRmdego orientacias, mTliani winaRoba<br />
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba.<br />
gigantur magnitorezistul Tavakze magnituri<br />
diskebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli susti magnituri ve-<br />
44
lis zemoqmedebisas Tavakis Tavisufali magnituri<br />
fenis nawilakebi icvlian orientacias fiqsirebuli<br />
fenis mimarT, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis saerTo winaRobas.<br />
Caweris zedapiruli simWidrove<br />
Caweris zedapiruli simWidrove magnituri<br />
diskis Sefasebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumia. misi<br />
gansazRvrisTvis bilikze Caweris wrfivi sim-<br />
Widrove (BPI – Bits Per Inch) mravldeba diuimSi arsebul<br />
bilikebis raodenobaze (TPI – Tracks Per Inch) (nax.<br />
2.5).<br />
Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi am parametris mniSvnelobaa<br />
10-20 gbiti/diuimi2 , xolo eqsperimentul<br />
modelebSi _ 40 gbiti/diuimi2 .<br />
bilikebis raodenoba<br />
diuimze (TPI)<br />
bilikis<br />
bitebi<br />
Caweris<br />
dabali<br />
zedapiruli<br />
simWidrove<br />
bitebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
diuimze<br />
(BPI)<br />
nax. 2.5. Caweris simWidrovis grafikuli warmodgena<br />
45<br />
bilikebis raodenoba<br />
diuimze (TPI)<br />
Caweris<br />
maRali<br />
zedapiruli<br />
simWidrove<br />
bitebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
diuimze<br />
(BPI)<br />
AFC teqnologia<br />
Cveulebriv damgroveblebSi gamoyenebul xist<br />
diskebs mxolod erTi magnituri fena gaaCnia. informaciis<br />
Caweris simWidrovis gazrda SesaZlebelia<br />
mxolod magnituri monakveTebis zomebis SemcirebiT.<br />
magram zomebis zRvruli Semcireba supermagnetizmis<br />
efeqts iwvevs, romelic magnituri monakveTebis TandaTanobiTi<br />
ganmagnitebiT gamoixateba.<br />
1990 wels IBM-is specialistebma aRmoaCines,<br />
rom liTonuri ruteniumi yvelaze efeqturi aramagnituri<br />
masalaa, romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia<br />
gigantur magnitorezistul TavakebSi gamyofi fenis<br />
saxiT. Tumca aRniSnuli aRmoCena realizebuli iqna<br />
mxolod 2001 wels, rodesac IBM-ma gamouSva 80 da<br />
120 gbaiti tevadobis Deskstar GPX damgroveblebi.<br />
nax. 2.6-ze warmodgenilia Cveulebrivi erTfeniani<br />
da AFC matareblebi.<br />
damgrovebeli, romelSic liTonuri ruteniumis<br />
fena gamoiyeneba, AFC (antiferomagnituri ormagi<br />
feniT) damgrovebeli ewodeba. liTonuri ruteniumis<br />
uTxelesi (sami atomis sisqis) fenis gamoyenebis<br />
Sedegad Caweris simWidrove 25 gbaiti/diuimi2-mde gaizarda.<br />
or magnitur fenas Soris moTavsebuli liTonuri<br />
ruteniumis uTxelesi fena am fenebis magnituri<br />
nawilakebis erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT<br />
orientaciis saSualebas iZleva. samfeniani konstruqcia<br />
Cveulebriv magnitur fenasTan SedarebiT<br />
fizikurad ufro sqelia, magram nawilakebis sapiris-<br />
46
piro orientaciis Sedegad matarebeli funqcionirebs,<br />
rogorc erTi fena bevrad naklebi saerTo<br />
sisqiT.<br />
AFC damgroveblebSi Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebs<br />
ufro mWidro Canaweris gakeTebis saSualeba eZleva.<br />
am dros damgroveblis tevadoba izrdeba Caweris<br />
xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe.<br />
magnituri nawilakebi Cveulebrivi<br />
matareblis zedapirze<br />
AFC matareblis<br />
zeda fenis<br />
magnituri<br />
nawilakebi<br />
or magnitur fenas Soris<br />
moTavsebuli ruteniumis fena<br />
nax. 2.6. magnituri fenebi Cveulebriv da AFC matareblebSi<br />
47<br />
giganturi magnitorezistuli<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki<br />
AFC matareblis<br />
qveda fenis<br />
magnituri<br />
nawilakebi<br />
monacemTa perpendikularuli (vertikaluri)<br />
Senaxvis sistemebi<br />
praqtikulad yvela vinCesterSi da sxva diskur<br />
damgrovebelSi monacemTa horizontaluri Cawera<br />
gamoiyeneba. am dros magnituri nawilakebi matareblis<br />
zedapiris mimarT horizontalurad gan-<br />
Tavsdeba.<br />
monacemTa perpendikularuli Caweris meTodi<br />
monacemebis Caweris simWidrovis mniSvnelovnad gazrdis<br />
saSualebas iZleva, radgan vertikalurad orientirebuli<br />
nawilakebi diskze bevrad nakleb adgils<br />
ikavebs horizontalurad Caweril nawilakeb-<br />
Tan SedarebiT (nax. 2.7).<br />
Camweri<br />
velebi<br />
horizontaluri Caweris<br />
sistema<br />
matareblis<br />
damagniteba<br />
xvia<br />
Camweri<br />
fena<br />
rbili<br />
qvefena<br />
nax. 2.7. Caweris horizontaluri da vertikaluri<br />
(perpendikularuli) sistemebi<br />
48<br />
vertikaluri Caweris<br />
sistema<br />
xvia<br />
Camweri<br />
velebi
perpendikularuli Caweris meTodi SemoTavazebuli<br />
iqna jer kidev 1976 wels, Tumca misi praqtikuli<br />
realizacia moxda mxolod 1989 wels, 2,88 mbaitian<br />
drekad diskebSi.<br />
vinCesterebis wamyvani damamzadebeli kompaniebi<br />
intensiurad muSaoben perpendikularuli Caweris<br />
teqnologiis srulyofaze, rac SesaZlebels<br />
gaxdis Caweris simWidrovis gazrdas amJamad umaRlesi<br />
maCveneblebis mqone AFC (antiferromagnetically coupled)<br />
samuSao feniT dafarul vinCesterebTan SedarebiT.<br />
gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom matarebelze informaciis<br />
perpendikularuli Caweris meTodis realizacia<br />
SesaZlebels gaxdis Caweris simWidrovis 500-1000<br />
gbaiti/diuimi2-mde gazrdas.<br />
Tumca perpendikularuli Caweris meTodis realizaciis<br />
SemTxvevaSi saWiro gaxdeba Tavakebis da<br />
vinCesteris sxva elementebis konstruqciis mTliani<br />
Secvla. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aseTi modernizacia<br />
sakmaod did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo<br />
GMR da AFC teqnologiebi jer-jerobiT akmayofileben<br />
Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, vertikaluri Caweris<br />
teqnologiis farTod gavrceleba uaxloes periodSi<br />
naklebsavaraudoa.<br />
49<br />
2.3. monacemebis kodirebis saSualebebi<br />
magnitur matarebelze cifruli monacemebi<br />
analoguri formiT inaxeba. Caweris signalSi impulsebis<br />
optimaluri ganawilebisTvis cifruli monacemebi<br />
miewodeba specialur mowyobilobas, romelsac<br />
koder-dekoderi (coder-decoder) ewodeba. es mowyobiloba<br />
orobiT monacemebs gardaqmnis eleqtrul<br />
signalebad, romlebic optimizirebulia Casawer bilikze<br />
niSnis cvlilebis zonebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
cifrul monacemebTan muSaobis dros gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba sinqronizacias eniWeba. Cawerisas<br />
da wakiTxvisas uaRresad mniSvnelovania niSnis<br />
cvlilebis yoveli momentis zusti gansazRvra.<br />
sinqronizaciis ararsebobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios<br />
niSnis cvlilebis momentis araswori gansazRvra da<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, informaciis damaxinjeba.<br />
gadamcemi da mimRebi <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s muSaoba<br />
mkacrad unda iyos sinqronizebuli. sinqronizaciis<br />
ori zogadi saSualeba arsebobs:<br />
• sinqrosignalis gadacema kavSiris specialuri<br />
arxis saSualebiT;<br />
• sinqrosignalis gaerTianeba monacemTa signalTan<br />
da maTi erTi kavSiris arxiT gadacema.<br />
sinqronizaciis pirveli meTodi damgrovebleb-<br />
Si Semdegi mizezis gamo ar gamoiyeneba: davuSvaT 0vani<br />
bitis Cawera diskze xdeba erTi polarobis<br />
domenebis saxiT. maSin 10 nulovani bitis Caweris Se-<br />
50
degad diskze miiReba 10 erTnairi, mimdevrobiT gan-<br />
Tavsebuli monakveTi. warmovidginoT, rom moxda mcire<br />
darRveva makodirebeli mowyobilobis sinqronizaciis<br />
sqemaSi. sataqto signalebis sixSiris mcired<br />
gazrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios makodirebeli mowyobilobis<br />
mier grZeli, cvlilebis zonebis armqone 10ujrediani<br />
velis monacemTa 9 ujrad warmodgena da<br />
piriqiT, sinqronizaciis sixSiris Semcirebis Sedegad<br />
makodirebelma mowyobilobam 10-ujrediani veli<br />
SeiZleba waikiTxos, rogorc 11-Tanriga monacemi.<br />
matareblebze monacemTa Cawerisas agreTve unda<br />
gaTvaliswindes erTi sapirispiro faqtori: Tavakebis<br />
da damgroveblebis damzadebis teqnologiuri<br />
SesaZleblobebi zRudaven diskze cvlilebis velebis<br />
raodenobas.<br />
amitom damgroveblebSi sinqronizaciis meore<br />
meTodi gamoiyeneba. igi kodirebis specialuri sistemebis<br />
gamoyenebiT realizdeba.<br />
kodirebis sitemebi rogorc grZeli erTgvarovani<br />
velebis Tavidan acilebis, aseve cvlilebis velebis<br />
optimaluri raodenobis miRebis saSualebas<br />
iZleva.<br />
sixSiruli modulacia (FM)<br />
kodirebis FM (Frequency Modulation) meTodi gamoiyeneboda<br />
1970-ian wlebSi, 80 kbaitian drekad diskebSi<br />
da bevr sxva mowyobilobaSic. amJamad FM modulacia<br />
aRar gamoiyeneba.<br />
51<br />
modificirebuli sixSiruli modulacia (MFM)<br />
cxrilSi 2.1 warmodgenilia monacemTa bitebsa<br />
da niSnis cvlilebis velebs Soris Sesabamisoba<br />
MFM modulaciis dros.<br />
MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation _ modificirebuli<br />
sixSiruli modulacia) meTodi, FM meTod-<br />
Tan SedarebiT, niSnis cvlilebis zonebis raodenobis<br />
orjer Semcirebis da diskis sasargeblo moculobis<br />
orjer gazrdis SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
amitom MFM meTodiT Caweril diskebs zogjer diskebs<br />
ormagi simWidroviTac uwodeben.<br />
cxrili 2.1<br />
MFM kodireba<br />
monacemTa biti niSnis Secvlis zonebis<br />
Tanmimdevroba<br />
1 NT *<br />
0, wina TanrigSi 0 TN<br />
0, wina TanrigSi 1 NN<br />
T _ aris niSnis Secvla;<br />
N _ ar aris niSnis Secvla.<br />
kodirebis MFM meTodi amJamad 1,44 mbaitian<br />
drekad diskebSi gamoiyeneba.<br />
kodireba Caweris velis sigrZis SezRudviT (RLL)<br />
kodireba Caweris velis sigrZis SezRudviT<br />
(Run Length Limited - RLL) amJamad kodirebis yvelaze<br />
ufro popularuli meTodia. kodirebis RLL meTodi<br />
52
FM meTodTan SedarebiT 3-jer, xolo MFM meTodTan<br />
SedarebiT 1,5-jer meti informaciis ganTavsebis sa-<br />
Sualebas iZleva vinCesterze. RLL meTodis mixedviT<br />
ara calkeuli bitebi, aramed bitebis jgufebi kodirdeba,<br />
ris Sedegadac niSnis cvlilebis zonebis<br />
garkveuli Tanmimdevrobebi iqmneba.<br />
RLL meTodi IBM-is mier iqna damuSavebuli da<br />
Tavdapirvelad did manqanebSi gamoiyeneboda. 1980-ian<br />
wlebSi am meTodis gamoyeneba vinCesterebSi daiwyes,<br />
xolo amJamad faqtiurad yvela damgrovebelSi gamoiyeneba,<br />
drekadi diskebis garda.<br />
RLL kodireba or ZiriTad parametrs efuZneba:<br />
gadasvlebis armqone zonebis minimalur (garbenis<br />
sigrZe) da maqsimalur (garbenis zRvari) raodenobas.<br />
am parametrebis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia kodirebis<br />
sxvadasxva meTodebis miReba. praqtikulad RLL 2,7<br />
(garbenis minimaluri sigrZe _ 2, garbenis zRvari _<br />
7) meTodi gamoiyeneba.<br />
FM da MFM meTodebi RLL meTodis konkretuli<br />
variantebia (Sesabamisad RLL 0,1da RLL 1,3), Tumca am<br />
meTodebs ufro Cveuli, FM da MFM terminebiT aRweren.<br />
RLL meTodis iSviaTad gamoyenebuli variantia<br />
RLL 3,9. zogjer mas gaumjobesebul RLL-sac (Advanced<br />
RLL - ARLL) uwodeben. RLL 3,9 meTodis gamoyenebiT<br />
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba diskze informaciis Caweris<br />
simWidrove, magram mcirdeba saimedooba. iyo mcdeloba<br />
ARLL kontrolerebis vinCesterebSi gamoyenebi-<br />
53<br />
sa, magram maTi gamoSveba SemdgomSi dabali saimedobis<br />
gamo Sewyda.<br />
kodirebis erTi da imave sistemisTvis SesaZlebelia<br />
aTasobiT sxvadasxva variantis arCeva.<br />
cxrilSi 2.2 warmodgenilia RLL 2,7 kodirebis erTerTi<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli varianti. monacemebis 2,<br />
3 da 4-bitiani jgufebi Sesabamisad 4, 6 da 8-bitur<br />
ujredebad gardaiqmneba. kodirebis meTodi niSnis<br />
cvlilebis velebs Soris araumcires 2 da araumetes<br />
7 gadasvlisgareSe ujredis (garbenis) arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
cxrili 2.2<br />
RLL 2,7 kodireba<br />
monacemebis bitebi niSnis Secvlis zonebis<br />
Tanmimdevroba<br />
10 NTNN<br />
11 TNNN<br />
000 NNNTNN<br />
010 TNNTNN<br />
011 NNTNNN<br />
0010 NNTNNTNN<br />
0011 NNNNTNNN<br />
nax. 2.8-ze warmodgenilia vinCesterze `X~ simbolos<br />
(ASCII kodi _ 01011000) Cawerisas formirebuli<br />
signalebis diagrama kodirebis sxvadasxva<br />
sistemebisTvis.<br />
54
FM (RLL 0,1), monacemTa gadacemis erTjeradi sataqto sixSire<br />
MFM (RLL 1,3), monacemTa gadacemis gaormagebuli sataqto sixSire<br />
(RLL 2,7), monacemTa gadacemis gasammagebuli sataqto sixSire<br />
T _ aris niSnis Secvla;<br />
N _ ar aris niSnis Secvla.<br />
- _ bituri ujredebis sazRvrebi<br />
nax. 2.8. X~ simbolos Cawerisas formirebuli signalebi<br />
FM, MFM da RLL 2,7 kodirebis sistemebisaTvis<br />
55<br />
Tavi 3<br />
drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong><br />
drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> (Floppy Disk<br />
Drive - FDD) personaluri kompiuterebis uZvelesi<br />
<strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>a. informaciis matareblis<br />
saxiT isini 3,5’’ diametris disketebs iyeneben.<br />
disketaze informaciis damaxsovreba xdeba<br />
misi damagnitebis SecvliT. magnituri velis Secvla<br />
ganapirobebs magnituri nawilakebis orientacias<br />
`CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~, an `samxreTi-CrdiloeTi~ mimarTulebiT,<br />
rac Seesabameba logikur mdgomareobebs<br />
`1~ da `0~.<br />
3.1 drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
konstruqcia<br />
konstruqciulad drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong><br />
mcire raodenobis eleqtronul da didi raodenobis<br />
meqanikur elementebs Seicaven. amitom diskuri<br />
mowyobilobis saimedo muSaobisTvis aucilebelia<br />
amZravi meqanizmis mdgradi muSaoba. diskuri mowyobiloba<br />
oTxi ZiriTadi elementisgan Sedgeba:<br />
� muSa Zrava;<br />
� muSa Tavakebi;<br />
� Tavakebis amZravi;<br />
� mmarTveli eleqtronika.<br />
56
muSa Zrava<br />
muSa Zrava disks abrunebs da mxolod maSin<br />
CairTveba, rodesac diskur mowyobilobaSi moTavsebulia<br />
disketa. Zrava uzrunvelyofs disketis brunvis<br />
mudmiv siCqares _ 300 br/wT.<br />
diskuri mowyobiloba kompiuterSi horizontalurad,<br />
an vertikalurad unda dayendes. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi brunvis siCqaris mudmivoba SeiZleba dairRves.<br />
diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebi<br />
diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> aRWurvilia ori kombinirebuli<br />
TavakiT. TiToeuli Tavaki informaciis<br />
rogorc Caweris, aseve wakiTxvisTvis gamoiyeneba.<br />
ramdenadac drekadi diskebi ormxrivia, erTi Tavaki<br />
emsaxureba diskis zeda, xolo meore _ qveda zedapirs.<br />
TiToeuli Tavaki rTul mowyobilobas warmoadgens,<br />
romelSic wakiTxva/Caweris Tavaki or wam-<br />
Slel Tavaks Sorisaa moTavsebuli (nax. 3.1).<br />
TiToeuli Tavaki aRWurvilia zambariT da<br />
disks garkveuli wneviT eWireba. amrigad, wakiTxva/Caweris<br />
operaciis Sesrulebisas Tavaksa da<br />
disks Soris uSualo kontaqts aqvs adgili. ramdenadac<br />
diskis brunvis siCqare mxolod 300 br/wTia,<br />
wneva ar qmnis xaxunTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul<br />
problemebs. Tumca xaxunis Sesamcireblad<br />
diskebi mainc ifareba specialuri SemadgenlobebiT.<br />
57<br />
bilikis mimarT<br />
Tavakis<br />
gadaadgilebis<br />
mimarTuleba<br />
Tavakis bloki<br />
nax. 3.1. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
Tavakis konstruqcia<br />
Caweris meTodi<br />
drekad diskebze Cawera xdeba `gvirabisebri<br />
gasufTavebis~ meTodiT. bilikze monacemebis Cawerisas<br />
damatebiTi Tavakebi Slian magnitur informacias<br />
bilikebis gare sazRvrebis gaswvriv _ asworeben<br />
bilikebs. amrigad, TiToeul bilikze monacemebi<br />
viwro `gvirabSi~ iwereba, rac erTi bilikis<br />
signalebis mezobeli bilikis signalebiT damaxinjebas<br />
gamoricxavs.<br />
Tavakebis amZravi<br />
Tavakis ganlagebas im bilikis mimarT, romelzedac<br />
Cawera an wakiTxva sruldeba, pozicionireba<br />
ewodeba. Tavakebis pozicionireba bijuri Zravis ba-<br />
58<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavaki<br />
`gvirabisebri<br />
gasufTavebis~<br />
Tavakebi
zaze agebuli amZravis saSualebiT sruldeba. amZravi<br />
Tavakebs wrfivad, ori mimarTulebiT _ diskis<br />
centrisken, an kidisken amoZravebs. bijuri Zrava<br />
zustad gansazRvruli kuTxiT trialdeba da Cerdeba.<br />
am dros Tavaki sasurvel bilikze yendeba.<br />
bijur Zravas uwyveti pozicionireba ar SeuZlia.<br />
gadadgilebis TiToeuli biji diskis Semdeg<br />
bilikze gadasvlas gansazRvravs. amZravs marTavs<br />
diskuri mowyobilobis kontroleri, romlis brZanebebis<br />
mixedviTac Tavaki SeiZleba nebismieri bijiT<br />
gadaadgildes amZravis gadaadgilebis sazRvrebSi.<br />
magaliTad, 25-e bilikze Tavakebis pozicionirebisTvis<br />
amZravma unda miiRos brZaneba nulovani cilindridan<br />
25-e poziciaSi bijuri Zravis gadaadgilebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
drekad diskur mowyobilobebSi dayenebuli<br />
amZravi garkveuli bijiT gadaadgildeba, romelic<br />
diskis bilikebs Soris manZiliT ganisazRvreba. Tanamedrove<br />
diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> aRWurvilia mobrunebis<br />
1,8 ° bijuri kuTxis mqone amZraviT.<br />
ramdenadac zeda da qveda Tavakebi erT meqanizmzea<br />
damontaJebuli, isini mxolod erTdroulad<br />
gadaadgildeba. <strong>kompiuteris</strong> CarTvisas Tavakebis am-<br />
Zravi specifiur xmas gamoscems da Tavakebis sawyisi<br />
pozicionirebiT diskur mowyobilobas amowmebs.<br />
nax. 3.2-ze warmodgenilia standartuli ormxrivi<br />
drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis, xolo nax.<br />
3.3-ze _ diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebis konstruqcia.<br />
59<br />
disketis mimmarTvelebi<br />
disketis Casadebi<br />
Riobis saxuravi<br />
wina paneli<br />
indikatori<br />
knopi diskis amoRebisTvis<br />
nax. 3.2. standartuli 3,5-diuimiani diskuri mowyobiloba<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavaki (mxare 0)<br />
nax. 3.3. diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebis bloki<br />
60<br />
damgroveblis saxuravi<br />
samagrebi<br />
Cawera/<br />
wakiTxvis<br />
Tavaki<br />
diskis<br />
amosaRebi<br />
meqanizmi<br />
kvebis gasarTi<br />
interfeisis plata<br />
Spindeli<br />
diskis tipis sensori<br />
Zravas magniti (xviebi damalulia Spindelis qveviT)<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavaki (mxare 1)<br />
Tavakebis urika
mmarTveli eleqtronika<br />
eleqtronuli sqema moTavsebulia diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
qveda mxares. igi marTavs muSa Zravas,<br />
Tavakebis amZravs, Tavakebs, diskis gadamwodebs da<br />
agreTve Semdeg funqciebs asrulebs:<br />
� gadascems signalebs diskur mowyobilobasa da<br />
diskuri mowyobilobis kontrolers Soris;<br />
� gardaqmnis TavakebiT wakiTxul, an Caweril monacemebs.<br />
3.2. diskis logikuri struqtura<br />
informaciis Cawerisa da wakiTxvisTvis aucilebelia<br />
diskis garkveul monakveTebad dayofa, anu<br />
diskis logikuri struqturis Seqmna. amisTvis diski<br />
unda daformatdes.<br />
diskis daformateba programulad, operaciuli<br />
sistemis saSualebiT sruldeba. drekadi diskisTvis<br />
rogorc dabali, aseve maRali donis daformateba<br />
erTdroulad sruldeba. daformatebis<br />
Sedegad diskze iqmneba bilikebi, seqtorebi (nax. 3.4)<br />
da iwereba operaciuli sistemisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
informacia _ fesvuri katalogi da failebis ganlagebis<br />
cxrili.<br />
daformatebis Sedegad diski or nawilad iyofa<br />
(nax. 3.5):<br />
• sistemur velad;<br />
• monacemebis velad.<br />
61<br />
nax. 3.4. diskis bilikebad da seqtorebad dayofa<br />
CamtvirTavi<br />
Canaweri<br />
sistemuri veli monacemebis veli<br />
failebis<br />
ganlagebis<br />
cxrili<br />
fesvuri<br />
katalogi<br />
nax. 3.5. diskis struqtura<br />
monacemTa velis daniSnulebaa failebis Senaxva.<br />
sistemur velSi iwereba:<br />
• diskis CamtvirTavi Canaweri _ Boot Record;<br />
• failebis ganlagebis cxrili _ FAT (File Allocation<br />
Table);<br />
62
• fesvuri katalogi.<br />
operaciuli sistema TiTqmis mTlianad arezervebs<br />
diskis gare biliks (biliki 0) Tavisi saWiroebisTvis.<br />
0-vani bilikis 1-eli seqtori Camtvir-<br />
Tavi seqtoria (Boot Sector) da masSi CamtvirTavi Canaweri<br />
(Boot Record) iwereba. CamtvirTavi Canaweri mokle<br />
programaa (ramdenime aseuli baiti), romelic <strong>kompiuteris</strong><br />
operatiul mexsierebaSi CamtvirTavi (sistemuri)<br />
diskidan operaciuli sistemis CatvirTvas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
sistemuri velis Semdeg nawils ikavebs FAT.<br />
igi diskze orjer iwereba (meore egzemplari pirvelis<br />
kopioa). FAT-is saSualebiT operaciuli sistema<br />
gansazRvravs, Tu ra failebia diskze Cawerili<br />
da romel seqtorebSi arian isini ganTavsebulni.<br />
FAT diskze Cawerili failebis nebismier cvlilebas<br />
asaxavs.<br />
operaciuli sistema disks hyofs klasterebad.<br />
klasteri aris diskis umciresi nawili, romelic<br />
operaciulma sistemam failis CawerisTvis SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyenos. klasteris zoma diskis tipzea damokidebuli<br />
da SeiZleba erTi, an ramdenime seqtorisgan<br />
Sedgebodes. rac ufro metia FAT-is elementis Tanrigianoba,<br />
miT ufro met klasterTan SeuZlia operaciul<br />
sistemas muSaoba. drekadi diskebisTvis FATis<br />
elementebis sigrZe 12 bitia.<br />
FAT-is saSualebiT operaciuli sistema gansazRvravs<br />
diskuri sivrcis ganawilebas, amitom FAT<br />
diskis yvelaze ufro kritikul ubans warmoadgens<br />
63<br />
da maqsimalur dacvas moiTxovs. amitom diskze FATis<br />
ori kopio iwereba. maT Soris muSaobisas mxolod<br />
pirveli kopio gamoiyeneba. meore kopios mxolod<br />
dazianebuli diskebis da informaciis aRmdgeni<br />
programebi mimarTaven.<br />
sistemuri velis bolo nawils fesvuri katalogi<br />
ikavebs. diskze saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />
qvekatalogebis Seqmnac. yoveli failisTvis<br />
arsebobs katalogis elementi, romelic failis saxels,<br />
gafarToebas, bolo redaqtirebis TariRsa da<br />
dros Seicavs. amas garda, katalogis elementSi failis<br />
sawyisi klasteris nomeri da atributebi iwereba,<br />
romlebic failis maxasiaTeblebis registraciisTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba.<br />
fesvuri katalogis TiToeuli elementis sigrZe<br />
32 baitia, amitom erT 512-baitian seqtorSi 16<br />
elementi Tavsdeba. diskis TiToeuli tipisTvis fesvuri<br />
katalogis moculoba fiqsirebulia. magali-<br />
Tad, 3,5’’ formatis da 1,44 mbaiti moculobis diskze<br />
fesvuri katalogisTvis gamoyofilia 14 seqtori,<br />
romelSic SeiZleba 224 (16X14=224) failis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis Cawera.<br />
3.3. diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s standartebi<br />
IBM standartis personalur kompiuterebs 5,25diuimiani<br />
da 3,5-diuimiani drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
mxardaWera gaaCnia. zogierTi parametri<br />
yvela diskur mowyobilobaSi erTnairia (seqtoris<br />
64
zoma, mxareebis da FAT-ebis raodenoba), xolo zogierTi<br />
_ gansxvavebuli.<br />
5,25-diuimiani drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong><br />
moralurad moZvelebulia. Tanamedrove personalur<br />
kompiuterebSi praqtikulad mxolod 3,5-diuimiani<br />
drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> gamoiyeneba.<br />
3,5-diuimiani disketebi<br />
nax. 3.6-ze warmodgenilia 3,5-diuimiani diskis<br />
konstruqcia. disks gaaCnia Camketi, romelic diskis<br />
muSa zedapiris mtvrisgan dacvas uzrunvelyofs da<br />
avtomaturad mxolod maSin iReba, rodesac diski Cadebulia<br />
diskur mowyobilobaSi.<br />
Riobi<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvisaTvis<br />
Riobi 1,44<br />
mbaitiani<br />
diskebisTvis<br />
nax. 3.6. 3,5-diuimiani disketi<br />
disketis erTi kuTxe CaWrilia, rac icavs mas<br />
diskur mowyobilobaSi araswori Cadebisgan. diski<br />
65<br />
Camketi<br />
Rrmuli<br />
diskis<br />
CavlebisaTvis<br />
fanjara<br />
diskis<br />
Cawerisgan<br />
dacvisaTvis<br />
mxolod maSin trialebs, rodesac is sworedaa Cadebuli<br />
diskur mowyobilobaSi.<br />
disks gaaCnia Riobi plastmasis CamketiT. Tu<br />
Riobi dafarulia CamketiT, diskidan SesaZlebelia<br />
monacemebis rogorc wakiTxva, aseve Cawera da daformateba.<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi diskidan mxolod<br />
monacemebis wakiTxvaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi umetesad<br />
gamoiyeneba 3,5-diuimiani diskuri mowyobiloba<br />
1,44 mbaitiani diskebiT _ standarti HD (High Dencity).<br />
720 kbaitiani diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> _ standarti<br />
DD (Double dencity _ ormagi simWidrove) moralurad<br />
moZvelebulia da aRar gamoiyeneba.<br />
HD standartis diskebSi monacemebis Caweris<br />
simWidrove (18 seqtori bilikze) orjer metia DD<br />
standartis diskebTan SedarebiT (9 seqtori bilikze),<br />
rac HD diskis moculobis 1,44 mbaitamde gazrdis<br />
saSualebas iZleva.<br />
damuSavebulia agreTve 3,5-diuimiani diskuri<br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>, romlebic samuSaod 2,88 mbaitian<br />
drekad diskebs iyeneben (standarti ED). ED standartis<br />
diski Caweris zemaRali simWidroviT gamoirCeva<br />
(36 seqtori bilikze). diskis magnituri fenis safuZveli<br />
bariumis feritia. ED standartis diskebSi,<br />
sxva standartis diskebisgan gansxvavebiT, Caweris<br />
vertikaluri meTodi gamoiyeneba. am dros magnituri<br />
domenebi orientirebulia vertikalurad, ufro kompaqturad<br />
da ara horizontalurad, rogorc sxva<br />
standartis drekad diskebSi.<br />
66
ED standartma farTo gavrceleba ver hpova<br />
maRali Rirebulebis da jer-jerobiT naklebad gavrcelebuli<br />
vertikaluri Caweris meTodis gamoyenebis<br />
gamo.<br />
cxrili 3.1 warmodgenilia 3,5-diuimiani drekadi<br />
diskebis parametrebi.<br />
cxrili 3.1<br />
drekadi diskebis daformatebis parametrebi<br />
diskis moculoba, kbaiti 2880 1440 720<br />
mxareebis (Tavakebis) raodenoba 2 2 2<br />
bilikebis raodenoba TiToeul<br />
mxareze<br />
80 80 80<br />
seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze 36 18 9<br />
seqtoris moculoba, baiti 512 512 512<br />
seqtorebis raodenoba klasterSi 2 1 2<br />
FAT-is sigrZe seqtorebSi 9 9 3<br />
FAT-ebis raodenoba 2 2 2<br />
fesvuri katalogis sigrZe seqtorebSi 15 14 7<br />
fesvur katalogSi elementebis<br />
maqsimaluri raodenoba<br />
67<br />
240 224 112<br />
seqtorebis saerTo raodenoba diskze 5760 2880 1440<br />
programulad miRwevadi seqtorebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
5726 2847 1426<br />
koercitiuli Zala da magnituri fenis sisqe<br />
koercitiuli Zala aRniSnavs magnituri fenis<br />
daZabulobas, romelic aucilebelia diskze monacemebis<br />
sworad CawerisTvis. koercitiuli Zala, iseve<br />
rogorc magnituri fenis daZabuloba, estredebSi (e)<br />
izomeba. maRali koercitiuli Zalis mqone diskze<br />
CawerisTvis saWiroa SedarebiT Zlieri magnituri<br />
veli, xolo mcire koercitiuli Zalis mqone diskebze<br />
Cawera ufro susti magnituri veliT xdeba. amrigad,<br />
rac ufro dabalia koercitiuli Zala, miT<br />
ufro mgrZnobiarea diski.<br />
diskis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia magnituri<br />
fenis sisqe. rac ufro viwroa magnituri fena, miT<br />
ufro nakleb zegavlenas axdens diskis erTi monakveTi<br />
meoreze. amitom viwro magnituri fenis mqone<br />
diskebs axasiaTebT diuimze meti informaciis Caweris<br />
SesaZlebloba xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe.<br />
cxrilSi 3.2 warmodgenilia sxvadasxva standartis<br />
3,5-diuimiani diskebis magnituri safaris parametrebi.<br />
cxrili 3.2<br />
diskebis magnituri safaris parametrebi<br />
magnituri safaris<br />
parametri<br />
bilikebis simWidrove<br />
(TPI)<br />
wrfivi simWidrove<br />
(BPI)<br />
magnituri fenis<br />
safuZveli<br />
ormagi<br />
simWidrove<br />
(DD)<br />
68<br />
maRali<br />
simWidrove<br />
(HD)<br />
zemaRali<br />
simWidrove<br />
(ED)<br />
135 135 135<br />
8717 17434 34868<br />
Co Co Ba<br />
koercitiuli Zala, e 600 720 750<br />
sisqe, mikrodiuimi 70 40 100<br />
Caweris polaroba horizontaluri <br />
horizontaluri <br />
vertikaluri
3.4. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis CarTva<br />
drekad diskur mowyobilobebs ori standartuli<br />
gasarTi gaaCnia:<br />
• gasarTi diskur mowyobilobasa da FDD kontrolers<br />
Soris mmarTveli signalebis da monacemebis<br />
gacvlisTvis;<br />
• gasarTi diskuri mowyobilobis kvebisTvis.<br />
FDD kontroleri<br />
IBM XT personalur kompiuterebSi vinCesterisa<br />
da drekadi diskuri mowyobilobisTvis cal-calke<br />
kontrolerebi gamoiyeneboda. IBM AT-286 modelidan<br />
dawyebuli kombinirebuli kontroleri _ CombController<br />
gamoiyenes, romelic rogorc vinCesters, aseve<br />
drekad diskur mowyobilobebsac marTavda.<br />
Tanamedrove sistemur platebSi FDD kontroleri<br />
CaSenebulia sistemuri platis chipset-Si. sistemur<br />
plataze damontaJebulia specialuri gasarTi<br />
kabelis SesaerTeblad (nax. 3.7).<br />
diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> kontrolers brtyeli,<br />
34-gamtariani kabelis saSualebiT uerTdeba (nax. 3.8).<br />
kabelSi 6 gamtari gadabrunebulia. am gamtarebiT<br />
damgroveblis arCevis da amZravis CarTvis signalebi<br />
gadaicema.<br />
kabelis mavTulebis gadabruneba aucilebelia<br />
ori drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis dayenebis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, maTTvis sxvadasxva saxelebis misaniWeblad<br />
(A: da B:). FDD1 gasarTTan SeerTebul drekad diskur<br />
69<br />
mowyobilobas eniWeba saxeli A:, xolo FDD2 gasar-<br />
TTan SeerTebul drekad diskur mowyobilobas _<br />
saxeli B:.<br />
nax. 3.7. sistemur plataze arsebuli FDD da<br />
HDD gasarTebi<br />
FDD 1gasarTi<br />
nax. 3.8. 34-gamtariani kabeli diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
SesaerTeblad<br />
70<br />
HDD<br />
kontroleris<br />
gasarTebi<br />
FDD<br />
kontroleris<br />
gasarTi<br />
feradi markirebuli mavTuli Pin=1<br />
FDD 2 gasarTi FDD kontroleris gasarTi
pirveli FDD kontrolerebi ganTavsebulni iyvnen<br />
calke plataze da oTxi drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
SeerTebis saSualebas iZleodnen. monacemTa<br />
gadacemis siCqare 30-35 kbaiti/wm-s aRwevda.<br />
Tanamedrove FDD kontrolerebi mxolod ori<br />
drekadi diskur mowyobilobis CarTvis SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva, Tumca monacemebis gadacemis siCqare<br />
gazrdilia 62 kbaiti/wm-mde standartuli 1,44 mbaitiani<br />
diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>sTvis da 125 kbaiti/wm-mde<br />
_ damagroveblebisTvis, romelTac 2,88<br />
mbaiti moculobis ED diskebis mxardaWera gaaCniaT.<br />
Tu sistemur platas FDD kontroleri ar gaaCnia,<br />
SesaZlebelia specialuri plata-adapteris gamoyeneba<br />
(nax. 3.9).<br />
nax. 3.9. FDD adapteri<br />
cxrilSi 3.3 warmodgenilia standartuli diskuri<br />
mowyobilobis gasarTis kontaqtebis daniSnuleba.<br />
71<br />
cxrili 3.3<br />
standartuli diskuri mowyobilobis gasarTis<br />
kontaqtebi<br />
kon-<br />
kategoria signali daniSnuleba<br />
taqti<br />
2 Sesasvleli High/normal<br />
density<br />
72<br />
Caweris maRali/normatiuli<br />
simWidrove<br />
4 Sesasvleli Unused damamzadeblis<br />
specifikacia<br />
6 Sesasvleli Unused damamzadeblis<br />
specifikacia<br />
8 gamosasvleli Index ineqsuri Riobis<br />
identifikacia<br />
10 Sesasvleli Motor Enable 0 A diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
Zravas CarTva<br />
12 Sesasvleli Drive Select 1 B diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
aqtivizacia<br />
14 Sesasvleli Drive Select 0 A diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
aqtivizacia<br />
16 Sesasvleli Motor Enable 1 B diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
Zravas CarTva<br />
18 Sesasvleli Direction<br />
Select<br />
Tavakis gadaadgilebis<br />
mimarTuleba<br />
20 Sesasvleli Step impulsi Tavakis<br />
gadaadgilebisTvis<br />
22 Sesasvleli Write Data monacemTa Cawera<br />
24 Sesasvleli Wtite Gate signali monacemTa<br />
zemodan gadawerisaTvis<br />
26 gamosasvleli Track 00 Tavakis nulovan<br />
bilikze gadayvana<br />
28 gamosasvleli Write Protect diskis dacva<br />
cvlilebebisgan
kontaqti<br />
kategoria signali daniSnuleba<br />
30 gamosasvleli Read Data monacemTa wakiTxva<br />
32 Sesasvleli Side Select mimarTva diskis pirvel,<br />
an meore mxareze<br />
34 gamosasvleli Drive Status diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
mzadyofna<br />
diskuri mowyobilobis kveba<br />
diskuri moyobilobebis kvebisaTvis AMP kompaniis<br />
mier damuSavebuli, didi da mcire zomis oTxkontaqtiani<br />
Mate-N-Lock gasarTebi<br />
3.10).<br />
gamoiyeneba (nax.<br />
1 _ (+12 v) yviTeli<br />
2 _ (miwa) Savi<br />
3 _ (miwa) Savi<br />
4 _ (+5 v) wiTeli<br />
nax. 3.10. drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
kvebis gasarTebi<br />
5,25-diuimian diskur mowyobilobebSi gamoiyeneba<br />
didi zomis gasarTi, xolo 3,5-diuimian diskur<br />
mowyobilobebSi _ iSviaTad didi, xolo umetesad<br />
mcire zomis gasarTi.<br />
erT-erTi problema, romelic warmoiqmneba<br />
Zvel kompiuterebSi 3,5 diuimian diskuri mowyobi-<br />
73<br />
4 _ (+12 v) yviTeli<br />
3 _ (miwa) Savi<br />
2 _ (miwa) Savi<br />
1 _ (+5 v) wiTeli<br />
lobis dayenebis dros, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
kvebis bloks SeiZleba gaaCndes didi zomis, xolo<br />
drekad diskur mowyobilobas _ mcire zomis gasarTi.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi gasarTis meqanikuri gadake-<br />
Teba saSiSia, radgan didi da mcire zomis gasar-<br />
Tebis kontaqtebis signalebi gansxvavebulia. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi umjobesia specialuri adapteris gamoyeneba,<br />
romlis saSualebiTac kvebis blokis didi zomis<br />
gasarTi diskuri mowyobilobis mcire zomis gasarTs<br />
ukavSirdeba.<br />
2002 wlidan bevrma kompaniam daiwyo personaluri<br />
kompiuterebis gamoSveba drekadi diskuri<br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s gareSe. am mimarTulebis ganviTareba<br />
portatiuli kompiuterebidan daiwyo, romlebSic<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong> korpusSi dayenebuli drekadi diskuri<br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s nacvlad maTi USB versiebi iqna SemoTavazebuli.<br />
Legacy-Free arqiteqtura FDD kontrolers saer-<br />
Tod ar iTvaliswinebs. amitom, aucileblobis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, gare drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> gamoiyeneba,<br />
romlebic kompiuters USB, Fire-Wire, an paraleluri<br />
portis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba.<br />
personaluri <strong>kompiuteris</strong> standartuli konfiguraciidan<br />
drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s gamoricxvis<br />
tendencia ganpirobebulia Flash-damgroveblebis<br />
da Mt. Ranier teqnologiis gavrcelebiT,<br />
romlis mixedviTac drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
nacvlad CD-RW diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s gamoyenebaa<br />
SesaZlebeli.<br />
74
Tavi 4<br />
vinCesteri<br />
4.1. vinCesteris muSaobis principi da<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
vinCesteri personaluri <strong>kompiuteris</strong> erT-erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. iseve rogorc drekad<br />
diskze, vinCesterSic informacia diskis magnitur<br />
fenaze iwereba.<br />
vinCesteris mbrunav diskebze monacemebi Caiwereba<br />
da waikiTxeba universaluri Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavakebis saSualebiT. TiToeuli diski dayofilia<br />
bilikebad da seqtorebad (nax. 4.1). TiToeuli seqtoris<br />
sainformacio moculoba 512 baitia.<br />
gare biliki (0)<br />
Sua biliki<br />
Siga<br />
biliki<br />
nax. 4.1. vinCesteris diskis bilikebi da seqtorebi<br />
75<br />
seqtori<br />
vinCesteri Sedgeba ramdenime _ Cveulebriv<br />
ori, an sami diskisgan. Tumca arsebobs 11 da meti<br />
diskisgan Semdgari <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>c. informacia diskebis<br />
orive mxareze iwereba. erTtipiuri (erTmaneTis<br />
qveviT ganlagebuli) bilikebi cilindrebad<br />
erTiandebian (nax. 4.2).<br />
gare cilindri (0)<br />
diskebi<br />
nax. 4.2. vinCesteris cilindrebi<br />
TiToeuli diskuri zedapirisTvis Sesabamisi<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakia gaTvaliswinebuli. yvela<br />
Tavaki erT saerTo dgarzea damontaJebuli da erTdroulad<br />
(sinqronulad) gadaadgildeba. amitom, vin-<br />
Cesteris logikuri struqturis aRwerisas Cveulebriv<br />
cilindrebi (da ara bilikebi) ganisazRvreba.<br />
76<br />
Sua<br />
cilindri<br />
Siga<br />
cilindri
vinCesteri umetesad xistad yendeba personaluri<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong> korpusSi, Tumca moxsnadi damgroveblebic<br />
gamoiyeneba.<br />
vinCesteris ZiriTadi parametrebia:<br />
• tevadoba;<br />
• swrafqmedeba;<br />
• umtyuno muSaobis dro.<br />
tevadoba<br />
ZiriTad kriteriums vinCesteris arCevis dros<br />
warmoadgens misi tevadoba, anu monacemTa maqsimaluri<br />
moculoba, romelic SeiZleba Caiweros vinCesterze.<br />
vinCesteris tevadoba Semdegi formuliT<br />
gamoiTvleba:<br />
V (baiti) = C ⋅ H ⋅ S ⋅ 512 (baiti),<br />
sadac<br />
C _ cilindrebis raodenobaa;<br />
H _ Tavakebis raodenoba;<br />
S _ seqtorebis raodenoba.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom vinCesterze Cawerili<br />
monacemebis maqsimaluri moculoba yovelTvis<br />
naklebia vinCesteris tevadobaze, radgan diskuri<br />
mexsierebis nawili vinCesterze monacemebis ganTavsebis<br />
marTvisTvis gamoiyeneba.<br />
zonur-seqciuri Caweris meTodi<br />
praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove IDE da SCSI<br />
vinCesterSi zonur-seqciuri Caweris wesi (Zone bit<br />
recording) gamoiyeneba, romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva<br />
77<br />
bilikebi seqtorebis gansxvavebul raodenobas Seicaven.<br />
bilikebi, romlebic dacilebulia centridan,<br />
SedarebiT grZelia diskis centrTan arsebul bilikebTan<br />
SedarebiT, amitom SesaZlebelia maTi met seqtorad<br />
dayofa.<br />
gare cilindrebis Siga cilindrebTan SedarebiT<br />
meti raodenobis seqtorebad dayofa diskis<br />
moculobis gazrdis efeqturi meTodia (nax. 4.3).<br />
Siga zona<br />
nax. 4.3. zonur-seqciuri Caweris meTodi<br />
zonuri Caweris dros cilindrebi jgufebad<br />
iyofa, romlebsac zonebi ewodeba. bilikebi, romlebic<br />
erT zonas miekuTvneba, erTi da igive raodenobis<br />
seqtorebad iyofa. rac ufro axlosaa zona<br />
diskis gare kidesTan, masSi Semavali bilikebi, Siga<br />
zonebSi moTavsebul bilikebTan SedarebiT, seqtorebis<br />
met raodenobad iyofa. Tanamedrove vinCesterebi<br />
10 da met zonad iyofa.<br />
moZebnis saSualo dro<br />
moZebnis saSualo dro (Average Seek Time) warmoadgens<br />
droiT intervals, romlis ganmavlobaSic<br />
78<br />
gare zona<br />
seqtori
vinCesteris Tavakebi erTi cilindridan meoreze gadaadgildeba.<br />
am parametris gamoTvlisTvis SemTxveviT<br />
arCeul bilikebze gadasvlis operaciebis seria<br />
unda Sesruldes da moZebnebis jamuri dro operaciebis<br />
raodenobaze gaiyos.<br />
vinCesteris sapasporto monacemebSi moZebnis<br />
saSualo drod umetesad mieTiTeba Tavakebis gadaadgilebis<br />
dro diskebis Casaweri zonis siganis mesamedze.<br />
monacemTa gadacemis siCqare<br />
moZebnis saSualo dro damokidebulia mxolod<br />
Tavakebis pozicionirebis siswrafeze, xolo<br />
monacemTa wakiTxvis siCqare damokidebulia vinCesteris<br />
iseT maxasiaTeblebze, rogorebicaa baitebis<br />
raodenoba seqtorSi, seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze<br />
da diskis brunvis sixSire.<br />
CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze gamoiTvleba<br />
monacemTa gadacemis maqsimaluri siCqare _<br />
(Maximum Data Transfer Rate, MDTR):<br />
MDTR= SPT ⋅ 512 ⋅ PRM / 60 (baiti/wm),<br />
sadac<br />
SPT _ seqtorebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa bilikze;<br />
PRM _ diskis brunvis siCqarea (br/wT).<br />
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vinCesteris dokumentaciaSi<br />
miTiTebul MDTR-ze ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
parametria monacemebis gadacemis saSualo siCqare.<br />
vinCesteri, rogorc wesi, dayofilia 10, an met zonad,<br />
romlebic seqtorebis gansxvavebul raodenobas<br />
Seicavs. ramdenadac vinCesteris gare zonebi met<br />
79<br />
seqtorebs Seicavs Siga zonebTan SedarebiT, monacemTa<br />
gadacemis siCqarec maTTvis ufro maRalia.<br />
cxrilSi 4.1 warmodgenilia saSualo klasis 120<br />
gbaitiani Maxtor-DiamondMax vinCesteris<br />
gadacemis siCqareebi.<br />
monacemTa<br />
cxrili 4.1<br />
Maxtor-DiamondMax vinCesteris maxasiaTeblebi<br />
matareblis seqtorebis brunvis monacemebis<br />
zona raodenoba siCqare gadacemis<br />
bilikze (br/wT) siCqare<br />
gare zona 896 5400 41,29<br />
Siga zona 448 5400 20,64<br />
Sua zona 672 5400 30,97<br />
amrigad, monacemebis gadacemis realuri siCqare<br />
meryeobs 41,29-dan 20,64 mbait/wm-mde, xolo sa-<br />
Sualo siCqarea _ 30,91 mbaiti/wm. saSualo klasis<br />
vinCesterebisTvis interfeisis sixSire (ATA 66/100/<br />
133, SATA) monacemTa gadacemis siCqareze gavlenas<br />
praqtikulad ar axdens. Tumca suraTi icvleba ma-<br />
Rali klasis vinCesterebisTvis, romlebsac didi<br />
moculoba da diskebis brunvis maRali (10000-15000<br />
br/wT) siCqare gaaCnia.<br />
umtyuno muSaobis dro<br />
vinCesteris dokumentaciaSi mieTiTeba iseTi<br />
parametri, rogoricaa mtyunebebs Soris saSualo<br />
statistikuri dro (Mean Time Between Failures,). igi<br />
80
axasiaTebs mowyobilobis saimedobas, romelic SeiZleba<br />
20000-500000 saaTs da mets Seadgendes. MTBF<br />
mosalodneli parametria (garkveuli albaTobiT).<br />
mowyobilobis saimedobis Sesaxeb zusti monacemebis<br />
misaRebad erTnairi vinCesterebis jgufi unda Semowmdes<br />
MTBF-ze daaxloebiT orjer meti drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi, rac ararealuria. amitom sapasporto<br />
MTBF monacemi vinCesteris realur saimedobas<br />
yovelTvis ar Seesabameba.<br />
rogorc gamocdileba aCvenebs, Tu vinCesteri<br />
umtyunod muSaobs pirveli sagarantio Tvis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
is moralur daZvelebamde imuSavebs.<br />
vinCesteris Cash-mexsiereba<br />
Cash-mexsierebis qveS ara centraluri operatiuli<br />
mexsierebis buferi, aramed vinCesteris kontrolerSi<br />
arsebuli mexsierebis ujredebi igulisxmeba.<br />
Cash-mexsierebis arseboba mniSvnelovnad<br />
zrdis monacemebis gadacemis siCqares, radgan vinCesteridan<br />
winaswar wakiTxul im monacemebs inaxavs,<br />
romlebic procesors didi albaTobiT SeiZleba da-<br />
Wirdes.<br />
Cash-mexsiereba yvela Tanamedrove vinCesters<br />
gaaCnia. misi moculoba, rogorc wesi, 2-32 mbaits<br />
Seadgens.<br />
Interleave<br />
diskis brunvisas Tavaki 512-baitian seqtors<br />
mTlianad kiTxulobs da monacemebs kontrolers ga-<br />
81<br />
dascems. diski brunvas agrZelebs da Tavaks Semdegi<br />
seqtoris wakiTxvas sTavazobs, xolo kontroleri<br />
am dros monacemebis procesorTan gacvliTaa dakavebuli.<br />
Semdegi seqtoris wakiTxvisTvis Tavakma diskis<br />
mTlian Semobrunebas unda daucados.<br />
amitom Zveli modelis vinCesterebis diskebis<br />
organizacia xdeboda seqtorebis ara TanmimdevrobiTi<br />
ganlagebiT, aramed Interleave-faqtoris mixedviT<br />
(nax. 4.4). am SemTxvevaSi Tavakebis pozicionirebisas<br />
kontrolers sakmarisi dro gaaCnia monacemebis gadacemisTvis<br />
diskis mTliani Semobrunebis gareSe.<br />
nax. 4.4. seqtorebis ganawileba 1:1 da 3:1 Interleavefaqtorebis<br />
mixedviT<br />
Tanamedrove kontrolerebi sxva principiT mu-<br />
Saobs, amitom vinCesteris Interleave-faqtori mniSvnelovan<br />
rols aRar TamaSobs. vinCesteris seqtorebis<br />
uwyveti wakiTxvis organizaciisTvis monacemebi<br />
erTdroulad ramdenime seqtoridan ikiTxeba<br />
(maT saWiroebaze `winaswarmetyvelebiT~) da buferSi<br />
82
inaxeba. saWiro monacemebi muSavdeba kontroleris<br />
mier, xolo zedmeti monacemebi _ iSleba.<br />
vinCesteris seqtorebis uwyveti wakiTxvis me-<br />
Todis realizacia mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli,<br />
rac vinCesteris kontrolerma plata-adapteridan<br />
vinCesteris korpusSi gadainacvla. `CaSenebuli~ kontroleri<br />
vinCesteris meqanikisa da eleqtronikis optimaluri<br />
muSaobis SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
vinCesteris Interleave-faqtoris Secvla SesaZlebelia<br />
mxolod specialuri programuli saSualebebiT.<br />
am dros monacemebi mTlianad nadgurdeba,<br />
radgan vinCesteris logikuri struqtura icvleba.<br />
S.M.A.R.T teqnologia<br />
vinCesteris komponentebis daZvelebis, cveTis,<br />
saeqspluatacio reJimebis darRvevis Sedegad diskebze<br />
Cawerili informacia SeiZleba daikargos. ase-<br />
Ti SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad vinCesterebis<br />
umsxvilesma damamzadeblebma SeimuSaves vinCesteris<br />
mdgomareobis Sefasebis da avtomaturi profilaqtikis<br />
S.M.A.R.T. teqnologia.<br />
S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analisys and Reporting Technology<br />
_ TviTtestirebis, analizis da Sedegebis moxsenebis<br />
teqnologia) samrewvelo standartia, romelic<br />
aRwers vinCesteris Secdomebis warmoqmnis winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
meTodebs. S.M.A.R.T. sistemis aqtivizaciisas<br />
gansazRvruli parametrebi mowmdeba, rac<br />
vinCesteris dazianebis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas<br />
iZleva.<br />
83<br />
Tu parametrebis Semowmebisas dadginda, rom<br />
vinCesteris dazianebis albaToba gaizarda, S.M.A.R.T.<br />
sistema <strong>kompiuteris</strong> BIOS-isTvis gamoimuSavebs Setyobinebas<br />
Seqmnili uwesrigobis Sesaxeb.<br />
Seagate Technology kompaniis monacemebis mixedviT<br />
vinCesteris Secdomebis 60% meqanikuria. swored meqanikuri<br />
parametrebi mowmdeba S.M.A.R.T. sistemis mier.<br />
IDE/ATA da SCSI damagroveblebisaTvis S.M.A.R.T. sistema<br />
1995 wels iqna realizebuli. standartis damu-<br />
SavebaSi monawileobdnen kompaniebi: Seagate Technology,<br />
Fujitsu, Hewlett-Packard, Maxtor, Quantum, Western Digital. vin-<br />
Cesterebis umetesobaSi Semdegi parametrebi registrirdeba:<br />
• Tavakis dacileba vinCesteris diskis zedapiridan;<br />
• vinCestersa da vinCesteris Cash-mexsierebas Soris<br />
monacemTa gadacemis siCqare;<br />
• dazianebuli (bad) seqtorebis raodenoba;<br />
• vinCesteris brunvebis raodenoba muSaobis ganmavlobaSi;<br />
• vinCesteris Tavakebis gadaadgilebis raodenoba;<br />
• diskebis nominaluri siCqariT datrialebis dro;<br />
• Seferxebebis sixSire monacemebis moZebnis dros;<br />
• vinCesteris ganmeorebiTi dakalibrebebis raodenoba.<br />
yovel parametrs zRvruli mniSvneloba gaaCnia,<br />
romlis mixedviTac Secdoma ganisazRvreba.<br />
zRvrul mniSvnelobebs vinCesteris damamzadebeli<br />
gansazRvravs da misi Secvla SeuZlebelia.<br />
84
S.M.A.R.T. sistemis funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia:<br />
• S.M.A.R.T.-Tavsebadi vinCesteri;<br />
• BIOS, romelsac S.M.A.R.T.-mxardaWera gaaCnia, an<br />
vinCesteris specialuri draiveri gamoyenebuli<br />
operaciuli sistemisTvis.<br />
vinCesteri S.M.A.R.T. Setyobinebas IDE, an SCSI<br />
(gamomdinare vinCesteris tipidan) Sesabamisi brZanebiT<br />
ugzavnis sistemur BIOS-Si Caweril vinCesteris<br />
draivers, xolo es ukanaskneli _ operaciul sistemas.<br />
am dros ekranze daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis<br />
Canaweri gamoCndeba:<br />
Immediately back up your data and raplace your hard disk drive.<br />
A failure may be immitent.<br />
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vinCesteri, romlis<br />
Semowmebisas gamoCnda Setyobineba S.M.A.R.T.mtyunebis<br />
Sesaxeb, nebismier dros SeiZleba gamovides<br />
mwyobridan, amitom saswrafod unda SevasruloT<br />
monacemebis sarezervo kopireba.<br />
Tu BIOS mxars ar uWers S.M.A.R.T.-teqnologias,<br />
vinCesteris diagnostikisTvis SesaZlebelia specialuri<br />
programuli utilitebis, magaliTad kompania<br />
Symantec-is Norton Utilities diagnostikuri programis gamoyeneba.<br />
85<br />
4.2. vinCesteris konstruqcia<br />
damuSavebulia vinCesteris bevri sxvadasxva<br />
tipi, Tumca yvela maTgani erTi da igive ZiriTadi<br />
kvanZebisgan Sedgeba. kvanZebis konstruqcia da gamoyenebuli<br />
masalebi SeiZleba gansxvavebulic iyos,<br />
Tumca maTi ZiriTadi muSa maxasiaTeblebi da funqcionirebis<br />
principebi identuria. tipiuri vinCesteris<br />
(nax. 4.5) ZiriTadi konstruqciuli elementebia:<br />
korpusis zeda nawili<br />
navreti<br />
filtrisTvis<br />
(haeris filtri<br />
qveviTaa<br />
moTavse-<br />
buli)<br />
nax. 4.5. vinCesteris ZiriTadi kvanZebi<br />
• diskebi;<br />
• wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebi;<br />
• Tavakebis amZravi meqanizmi;<br />
• diskebis amZravi meqanizmi;<br />
berketi Tavakis gadaadgilebisTvis<br />
Tavakebis<br />
diskebi<br />
amZravi<br />
samagri naxvretebi<br />
86<br />
Sasi<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavaki<br />
plata mmarTveli sqemiT gasarTi Zravis marTvisTvis<br />
kvebis gasarTi<br />
gasarTi<br />
vinCesteris<br />
kontrolerTan<br />
SeerTebisTvis<br />
interfeisis<br />
gasarTi
• nabeWdi plata mmarTveli sqemiT;<br />
• kabelebi da gasarTebi;<br />
• konfiguraciuli elementebi (gadamwodebi da gadamrTvelebi).<br />
diskebi, diskebis amZravi, Tavakebi, Tavakebis<br />
amZravi meqanizmi moTavsebulia HDA (Head Disk Assembly)<br />
korpusSi, xolo nabeWdi plata, konfiguraciuli<br />
elementebi da samontaJo nawilebi moxsnadia.<br />
diskebi<br />
vinCesteri ramdenime disks Seicavs, romlebic<br />
erTmaneTis qveviT arian damontaJebulni (nax. 4.6).<br />
diskebis raodenoba vinCesteris moculobis erTerTi<br />
ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.<br />
nax. 4.6. magnituri diskebis bloki<br />
drekadi diskebisgan gansxvavebiT, vinCesteris<br />
diskebi aluminis, an arakristaluri minis safuZvelze<br />
mzaddeba. maTi gadaRunva SeuZlebelia, amitom<br />
vinCesters agreTve xist diskur mowyobilobas _<br />
87<br />
HDD (Hurd Disk Drive), an xist diskebze damgrovebels<br />
uwodeben.<br />
warsulSi vinCesteris diskebi mxolod aluminis<br />
naerTebisgan mzaddeboda. Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
saWiro gaxda iseTi damgroveblebis damzadeba,<br />
romlebSic mcire zoma da didi sainformacio<br />
tevadoba iqneboda Sexamebuli. amitom diskebis<br />
ZiriTad dasamzadebel masalad minis (ufro zustad,<br />
minisa da keramikis safuZvelze Seqmnili kompozituri<br />
masalebis) gamoyeneba daiwyes. minis diski<br />
aluminis diskTan SedarebiT ufro xisti da mtkicea.<br />
igi temperaturis cvlilebebis mimarT naklebi<br />
mgrZnobiarobiT gamoirCeva.<br />
diskis magnituri fena<br />
diski iseTi nivTierebis feniT ifareba, romelic<br />
narCen damagnitebas magnituri velis zemoqmedebis<br />
mosnis Semdegac inarCunebs. am fenas muSa, an<br />
magnituri fena ewodeba. swored muSa fenaze iwereba<br />
informacia. muSa fenis yvelaze ufro metad gavrcelebuli<br />
tipebia:<br />
• oqsiduri;<br />
• Txelafskovani;<br />
• ormagi antiferomagnituri (antiferromagnetically coupled<br />
- AFC).<br />
oqsiduri fena<br />
oqsiduri fena warmoadgens polimerul zedapirs<br />
rkinis zeJangiT. oqsiduri fena vinCesteris<br />
88
diskebze Semdegnairad daitaneba: Tavdapirvelad<br />
swrafad mbrunavi aluminis diskis zedapirs polimerSi<br />
gaxsnili rkinis zeJangis fxvnilis suspenzia<br />
eSxefeba. centridanuli Zalebis zemoqmedebiT diskis<br />
centridan xsnari napirebisken miedineba da Tanabrad<br />
faravs diskis mTel zedapirs. xsnaris polimerizaciis<br />
Semdeg diskis zedapiri ixexeba. amis Semdeg<br />
diskze daitaneba kidev erTi, sufTa polimeris<br />
fena, romelic sakmarisi simtkiciT da xaxunis mcire<br />
koeficientiT gamoirCeva. bolos diski prialdeba.<br />
oqsiduri feniT dafaruli diski yviTel, an yavisfer<br />
Seferilobas iZens.<br />
rac ufro didia damgroveblis sainformacio<br />
tevadoba, miT ufro Txeli da swori unda iyos muSa<br />
fena. ramdenadac oqsiduri fena sakmaod rbilia, is<br />
TavakebTan Sejaxebis dros imtvreva. amitom Tanamedrove<br />
vinCesterebSi oqsiduri teqnologia aRar gamoiyeneba.<br />
Txelafskovani fena<br />
Txelafskovani fena oqsidurTan SedarebiT<br />
ufro Txeli da mtkicea. igi eleqtrolizis saSualebiT<br />
miiReba. disks ramdenjerme aTavseben sxvadasxva<br />
xsnarebis Semcvel abazanebSi, ris Sedegadac<br />
igi liTonis afskis ramdenime feniT ifareba. muSa<br />
fenas 0,025-0,05 mkm sisqis kobaltis Senadnobi warmoadgens.<br />
muSa fena naxevargamtaruli teqnologiis safuZvelze<br />
miiReba. specialur vakuumur kamerebSi<br />
nivTierebebi da naerTebi airul mdgomareobaSi ga-<br />
89<br />
daiyvaneba, xolo Semdeg fuZeSreze daitaneba, romelsac<br />
am SemTxvevaSi diskis zedapiri warmoadgens.<br />
diskze Tavdapirvelad nikelis fosforiti, xolo<br />
Semdeg kobaltis magnituri Senadnobi daitaneba. magnituri<br />
fena 0,025 mkm sisqis naxSirbadis damcveli<br />
feniT ifareba, romelic gansakuTrebuli simtkiciT<br />
xasiaTdeba. es yvelaze ZviradRirebuli procesia,<br />
radgan vakuumTan miaxloebul pirobebSi tardeba.<br />
Txelafskovanma teqnologiam SesaZlebeli gaxada<br />
disksa da Tavakebs Soris dacilebis Semcireba<br />
da Caweris simWidrovis gazrda. Tavdapirvelad<br />
Txelafskovani diskebi mxolod didi tevadobis mqone<br />
ZviradRirebul vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneboda, xolo<br />
amJamad praqtikulad yvela vinCesteris diski am<br />
teqnologiiT mzaddeba.<br />
ormagi antiferomagnituri fena<br />
Tanamedrove damgroveblebSi amJamad ukve sakmaod<br />
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs supermagnituri<br />
SezRudva. magnituri kristalebis zomebis Semdgomi<br />
Semcireba iwvevs maT arastabilurobas da magnituri<br />
diskebze informaciis Senaxvis dabal saimedobas.<br />
am problemis nawilobriv gadawyvetas warmoadgens<br />
vinCesteris diskebis damzadebis uaxlesi<br />
teqnologiuri miRweva _ ormagi antiferomagnituri<br />
fenebis gamoyeneba. igi diskis muSa fenis sisqis<br />
mniSvnelovani Semcirebis saSualebas iZleva. diskebze<br />
Caweris simWidrove aRwevs 35 gbiti/diuimi 2 -ze<br />
(teqnologiuri zRvaria 50 gbiti/diuimi 2 ).<br />
90
ormagi antiferomagnituri fenis matarebeli<br />
ori magnituri fenisgan Sedgeba, romlebic gayofilia<br />
liTonuri ruTeniumis Txeli, 3 atomis (6<br />
angstremi) sisqis feniT. aseTi mravalfeniani konstruqcia<br />
qmnis antiferomagnitur SenaerTs, romelic<br />
mTeli diskis masStabiT zeda da qveda magnituri<br />
fenebisgan Sedgeba. ormagi antiferomagnituri<br />
teqnologia fizikurad ufro sqeli magnituri fenis<br />
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Tumca damgrovebeli<br />
funqcionirebs rogorc erTfeniani, romelic<br />
magnituri fenis bevrad naklebi sisqiT gamoirCeva.<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebi<br />
yovel disks wakiTxva/Caweris ori Tavaki Seesabameba.<br />
yvela Tavaki erT moZrav karkaszea damontaJebuli<br />
da erTdroulad gadaadgildeba.<br />
yoveli Tavaki damontaJebulia zambaraze damagrebuli<br />
berketis boloSi, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
diskisken miizideba. Tumca drekadi diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>sgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, vinCesteris muSaobis<br />
dros diskebsa da Tavakebs Soris uSualo kontaqts<br />
adgili ara aqvs. diskebis brunvisas aerodinamikuri<br />
wneva Tavakebis qveviT izrdeba, Tavakebi diskebs<br />
wydebian da maT Soris sahaero baliSi iqmneba. diskis<br />
sruli siCqariT brunvis dros manZili Tavakebsa<br />
da diskebs Soris 0,5-1⋅10-5 mm-s Seadgens.<br />
diskebis brunvis maRali siCqaris da sahaero<br />
baliSis siviwrovis gamo magnituri matareblebis-<br />
Tvis mtvris umciresi nawilakic ki saSiSroebas war-<br />
91<br />
moadgens. amitom vinCesteris korpusis gaxsna mxolod<br />
safirmo laboratoriebSia nebadarTuli.<br />
avtodayeneba<br />
<strong>kompiuteris</strong> gamorTvisas Tavakebi diskis zedapirze<br />
eSveba. am dros diski cvdeba, rac diskidan<br />
mcire zomis nawilakebis `amogdebaSi~ gamoixateba.<br />
Tu am dros vibracias aqvs adgili, vinCesteris diskebis<br />
da Tavakebis dazianebis albaToba mniSvnelovnad<br />
izrdeba.<br />
diskebis dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad Tanamedrove<br />
vinCesterebi aRWurvilia kontaqturi avtodayenebis<br />
sistemiT (Contact Start Stop _ CSS), romelic<br />
kvebis gamorTvis Semdeg Tavakebis daSvebas uzrunvelyofs<br />
ara diskis zedapirze, aramed daxril firfitaze,<br />
romelic diskebis zeviTaa ganTavsebuli. dasayenebel<br />
adgils Landing Zone, an SemoklebiT L-Zone<br />
ewodeba.<br />
rodesac kveba CarTulia, Tavakebi arCeul cilindrze<br />
moZravi koWis magnituri velis zemoqmedebiT<br />
pozicionirdebian. kvebis gamorTvis Semdeg Tavakis<br />
konkretul cilindrze Semakavebeli magnituri<br />
veli qreba da Tavakma wesiT ukontrolod unda isrialos<br />
diskis zedapirze, rac aucileblad daazianebs<br />
rogorc Tavakebs, aseve diskebs.<br />
vinCesteris dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad<br />
Tavakebis bloki SeerTebulia damabrunebel zambarasTan.<br />
rodesac kveba CarTulia, magnituri velis<br />
Zala zambaris drekadobas aRemateba, magram kvebis<br />
gamorTvisas magnituri veli qreba da Tavakebi, zam-<br />
92
aris gavleniT, avtodayenebis zonaSi (Landing Zone)<br />
gadaadgildeba.<br />
Tavakebis amZravi meqanizmi<br />
Tavakebis amZravebis bevri konstruqcia arsebobs,<br />
Tumca yoveli maTgani or ZiriTad tips miekuTvneba:<br />
• amZravi bijuri ZraviT;<br />
• amZravi moZravi koWiT.<br />
amZravis tipi damagroveblis swrafqmedebas da<br />
saimedobas, temperaturul stabilurobas, mdebareobis<br />
da vibraciebis mimarT mgrZnobiarobas gansaz-<br />
Rvravs.<br />
amZravi bijuri ZraviT<br />
bijuri Zrava eleqtroZravas warmoadgens, romlis<br />
rotori brunavs mxolod safexurobrivad,<br />
mkacrad gansazRvruli kuTxiT. bijuri Zrava damgroveblis<br />
gareT yendeba, Tumca misi lilvi Sedis<br />
vinCesteris korpusis naxvretSi, romelic hermetuli<br />
SuasadebiTaa aRWurvili.<br />
bijuri Zravis safuZvelze agebuli meqanizmebis<br />
ZiriTadi problema temperaturuli arastabilurobaa.<br />
gaTboba-gacivebis dros diskebi gafarToeba-SekumSvas<br />
ganicdian, ris Sedegadac bilikebi sawyisi<br />
mdebareobebis mimarT inacvlebs. ramdenadac Tavakebis<br />
amZravi meqanizmi Tavakebis erT bijze (erT<br />
bilikze) ufro mcire manZilze wanacvlebis saSualebas<br />
ar iZleva, temperaturuli xarvezebis kompensacia<br />
SeuZlebelia.<br />
93<br />
nax. 4.7-ze warmodgenilia vinCesteri bijuri<br />
ZraviT.<br />
amZravis berketi<br />
nulovani biliki<br />
(SemzRudi)<br />
RerZi<br />
nax. 4.7. amZravi bijuri ZraviT<br />
bijuri Zravebi 1980-1990-ian wlebSi, 100 mb-mde<br />
tevadobis vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneboda.<br />
amZravi moZravi koWiT<br />
amZravi moZravi koWiT praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove<br />
vinCesterSi gamoiyeneba. bijuri Zravisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, amZravi moZravi koWiT ukukavSiris signals<br />
iyenebs, rac bilikis mimarT Tavakis mdebareobis<br />
zusti gansazRvris da saWiroebis mixedviT koreqciis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. amZravi moZravi koWiT,<br />
bijur ZravasTan SedarebiT, ufro maRal swrafqmedebas,<br />
sizustes da saimedobas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
94<br />
bijuri Zrava
amZravi moZravi koWiT eleqtromagnitizmis<br />
principiT muSaobs. amZravis tipiur konstruqciaSi<br />
moZravi koWa xistad uerTdeba Tavakebis bloks da<br />
mudmivi magnitis velSi Tavsdeba. koWa da magniti ar<br />
arian dakavSirebulni. koWa eleqtromagnituri Zalis<br />
zemoqmedebiT gadaadgildeba.<br />
amZravs moZravi koWiT fiqsirebuli mdebareobebi<br />
ar gaaCnia. Tavakebis gadaadgilebas specialuri<br />
meqanizmi _ servoamZravi asrulebs, romelic Tavakebis<br />
zusti pozicionirebisTvis Tavakebisa da bilikebis<br />
urTierTmdebareobis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
matarebel ukusignals iyenebs. aseT sistemas zogjer<br />
sistemas ukukavSiriT, an avtomaturi regulirebiT<br />
uwodeben.<br />
temperaturis cvlileba amZravis sizusteze ar<br />
moqmedebs. diskebis bilikebis poziciebis cvlilebebi<br />
SekumSvis da gafarToebis dros servoamZravis<br />
mier fiqsirdeba da Tavakebis poziciebi (romlebic<br />
winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli) koreqtirdeba.<br />
moZravi koWiT amZravis ori meqanizmi gamoiyeneba:<br />
• wrfivi;<br />
• brunvadi.<br />
wrfivi amZravi<br />
wrfivi amZravi (nax. 4.8) Tavakebs wrfivad, diskis<br />
radiusis gaswvriv gadaaadgilebs.<br />
koWebi mudmiv magnitebs Soris Tavsdeba. wrfivi<br />
amZravis dadebiTi Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />
mas brunviTi amZravebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli azimu-<br />
95<br />
turi cdomileba ar gaaCnia (azimuti kuTxea Tavakis<br />
Riobsa da bilikis mimarTulebas Soris). erTi cilindridan<br />
meoreze gadaadgilebis dros Tavakebi ar<br />
brundeba da azimuti ar icvleba.<br />
Tavakebis<br />
gadaadgilebis<br />
mimarTuleba<br />
moZravi<br />
koWebi<br />
servoamZravi<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavakebi<br />
magnitebi<br />
nax. 4.8. wrfivi amZravi moZravi koWiT<br />
Tumca wrfiv amZravebs erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
uaryofiTi Tviseba gaaCnia: maTi konstruqcia metismetad<br />
masiuria, rodesac damgroveblis warmadobis<br />
gazrdisTvis amZravi meqanizmis da Tavakebis masis<br />
Semcirebaa saWiro. rac ufro msubuqia meqanizmi, miT<br />
ufro meti aCqarebiTaa SesaZlebeli misi erTi cilindridan<br />
meoreze gadatana. wrfivi amZravebi bev-<br />
96
ad mZimea brunvad meqanizmebTan SedarebiT, amitom<br />
Tanamedrove damgroveblebSi aRar gamoiyeneba.<br />
brunvadi amZravi<br />
brunvadi amZravis (nax. 4.9) koWaze Tavakebis<br />
berketebis boloebi magrdeba. moZraobis procesSi<br />
Tavakebis gadamaadgilebeli berketebi mobrundeba<br />
da Tavakebs diskis RerZisken, an kidisken gadaaadgilebs.<br />
aseTi konstruqcia SedarebiT msubuqia,<br />
meqanizmis swrafi aCqareba problemas ar warmoadgens,<br />
rac monacemebamde miRwevis dros amcirebs.<br />
moZravi koWa<br />
brunvis RerZi<br />
nax. 4.9. Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebi da brunvadi amZravi<br />
moZravi koWiT<br />
brunvadi amZravis uaryofiTi Tvisebaa Tavakebis<br />
mobruneba. Tavakis Riobis zedapirsa da bilikis<br />
mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe icvleba. amitom diskis<br />
muSa zona (romelSic ganTavsebulia bilikebi) Sez-<br />
97<br />
Cawera/wakiTxvis<br />
Tavakebi<br />
Rudulia (raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli azimuturi<br />
kuTxis dasaSvebi cdomilebis gadaWarbeba).<br />
cxrilSi 4.2 warmodgenilia damgroveblis maxasiaTeblebis<br />
damokidebuleba amZrav meqanizmze.<br />
cxrili 4.2<br />
damgroveblis maxasiaTeblebis damokidebuleba<br />
amZrav meqanizmze<br />
maxasiaTebeli amZravi bijuri<br />
ZraviT<br />
monacemebamde miRwevis<br />
dro<br />
temperaturuli<br />
stabiluroba<br />
mgrZnobiaroba samuSao<br />
mdgomareobis arCevis<br />
mimarT<br />
Tavakebis sawyis<br />
mdgomareobaSi<br />
avtomaturi dayeneba<br />
profilaqtikuri<br />
momsaxureba<br />
didi mcire<br />
dabali maRali<br />
98<br />
amZravi moZravi<br />
koWiT<br />
mudmivi ar gaaCnia<br />
yovelTvis ar<br />
sruldeba<br />
perioduli<br />
daformateba<br />
yovelTvis<br />
sruldeba<br />
ar sWirdeba<br />
saimedoba dabali maRali<br />
servoamZravi<br />
moZravi koWiT amZravis marTvisTvis SesaZlebelia<br />
ukukavSiris wredis agebis sami meTodis gamoyeneba:<br />
• damxmare `soliT~;<br />
• CaSenebuli kodebiT;<br />
• specializirebuli diskiT.
ukukavSiris wredebi mxolod teqnikuri realizaciiT<br />
gansxvavdeba da erT mizans _ Tavakebis<br />
adgilmdebareobis mudmiv koreqtirebas da Sesabamis<br />
cilindrze maT zust pozicionirebas emsaxureba.<br />
ukukavSiris wredis muSaobisTvis saWiroa specialuri<br />
informacia _ servokodebi, romelic diskze misi<br />
damzadebis dros iwereba. servokodebis waSla da<br />
koreqtireba SeuZlebelia ara marto Cveulebrivi wakiTxva/Caweris,<br />
aramed diskis dabali donis daformatebis<br />
drosac ki.<br />
damxmare `soli~<br />
damxmare `solis~ meTodis mixedviT mTeli informacia,<br />
romelic Tavakis zusti pozicionirebis-<br />
Tvisaa aucilebeli, yoveli cilindris dasawyisSi,<br />
bilikis dasawyisis ganmsazRvrel indeqsur Wdemde<br />
arsebul winaindeqsur intervalSi, viwro `solis~<br />
saxiT iwereba (nax. 4.10).<br />
winaindeqsur intervals vinCesteris kontroleri<br />
ar mimarTavs. es monakveTi aucilebelia diskis<br />
brunvis araTanabari siCqaris da Caweris sataqto<br />
sixSiris arastabilurobis kompensaciisTvis.<br />
meTodis uaryofiTi Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom servokodebis wakiTxva diskis mxolod<br />
mTliani mobrunebis drosaa SesaZlebeli. es niSnavs,<br />
rom Tavakebis poziciebis zusti gansazRvris<br />
da maTi pozicionirebisTvis diskma ramdenime bruni<br />
unda Sesasrulos.<br />
99<br />
informacia diskze<br />
bilikis ganlagebis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
damxmare soli<br />
nax. 4.10. damxmare `soli~<br />
damxmare `solis~ meTodis uaryofiTi Tviseba<br />
Tavidanve naTeli iyo, amitom am meTodma farTo gavrceleba<br />
ver hpova. Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi damxmare<br />
`solis~ meTodi saerTod aRar gamoiyeneba.<br />
CaSenebuli kodebi<br />
`CaSenebuli kodebi~ `solis~ meTodis gaumjobesebuli<br />
variantia. servokodebi ara marto TiToeuli<br />
cilindris, aramed TiToeuli seqtoris dasawyisSi<br />
iwereba (nax. 4.11).<br />
ukukavSiris signalebi Tavakebis amZrav meqanizms<br />
diskis yoveli brunis dros ramdenjerme miewodeba<br />
da Tavakebi saWiro mdgomareobaSi bevrad<br />
ufro swrafad pozocionirdeba.<br />
100<br />
samomsaxuro kodi bilikze<br />
Tavakis zusti<br />
pozicionirebisaTvis<br />
seqtorebi
seqtorebi monacemebiT<br />
bilikis dasawyisi<br />
(indeqsuri Wde)<br />
nax. 4.11. CaSenebuli servokodebi<br />
`CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistema Tanamedrove vin-<br />
CesterebSi farTod gamoiyeneba. iseve, rogorc `solis~,<br />
aseve `CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistemaSi servokodebi<br />
waSlisgan daculia. Caweris nebismieri operacia<br />
blokirdeba, rodesac Tavakebi diskis samomsaxuro<br />
monakveTebTan aRmoCndeba. amitom servokodebis<br />
waSla vinCesteris dabal doneze daformatebis<br />
drosac ki SeuZlebelia.<br />
sistema specializirebuli diskiT<br />
sistema specializirebuli diskiT `solis~ da<br />
`CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistemebTan SedarebiT bevrad<br />
efeqturia, radgan Tavakebis amZrav meqanizmze servokodebis<br />
uwyvet miwodebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
101<br />
informacia diskze<br />
bilikis ganlagebis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
samomsaxuro kodi bilikze<br />
Tavakis zusti<br />
pozicionirebisaTvis<br />
mocemuli sistemis realizacia gulisxmobs<br />
servokodebis mTeli bilikis gaswvriv da ara bilikis,<br />
an seqtoris dasawyisSi Caweras. bunebrivia,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi diskze monacemebis Casawerad adgili<br />
aRar rCeba.<br />
nax. 4.12-ze warmodgenilia vinCesteris sqema<br />
specializirebuli diskiT.<br />
bilikebi<br />
cilindri<br />
nax. 4.12. sistema specializirebuli diskiT<br />
servokodebi vinCesteris erT-erTi diskis erT<br />
mxareze iwereba. am disks specializirebuli ewodeba.<br />
specializirebuli diskis gamoyeneba TiTqos mni-<br />
Svnelovnad unda amcirebdes vinCesteris tevadobas,<br />
Tumca imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom servokodebi vin-<br />
102<br />
servoTavaki<br />
Tavaki 4<br />
Tavaki 3<br />
Tavaki 2<br />
Tavaki 1<br />
Tavaki 0<br />
Tavakebis<br />
amZravi
Cesteris sxva diskebze aRar iwereba, sasargeblo<br />
diskuri moculoba `CaSenebul kodebTan~ SedarebiT<br />
ar mcirdeba.<br />
specializirebuli diskis mqone vinCesterebs<br />
sainformacio Tavakebis kenti raodenoba axasiaTebT,<br />
radgan erTi Tavaki mTlianad servokodebis wakiTxvas<br />
emsaxureba. specializirebuli diskis meTodi<br />
realizebulia bevr Tanamedrove, didi moculobis<br />
vinCesterSi.<br />
diskebis amZravi meqanizmi<br />
diskebis paketi moZraobaSi Spindeluri (spindle)<br />
Zravas saSualebiT moiyvaneba. Spindeluri Zrava<br />
uSualo kavSirSia diskebis brunvis RerZTan. masSi<br />
Rvedebi da kbilanebi ar gamoiyeneba.<br />
Zrava unda iyos uxmauro. nebismieri vibracia<br />
diskebs gadaecema, ramac monacemebis wakiTxvis da<br />
Caweris dros SeiZleba Secdomebi gamoiwvios. vin-<br />
Cesteris diskebi maSinac brunaven, rodesac maTze<br />
mimarTva ar xdeba, amitom vinCesteris dayeneba mxolod<br />
horizontalurad, an vertikalurad SeiZleba.<br />
Zravis brunvis sixSire mkacrad gansazRvrulia<br />
da Tanamedrove vinCesterebisTvis 3600-15000<br />
bruni/wT-s Seadgens. sixSiris stabilizacias avtomaturad<br />
asrulebs Zravis mmarTveli sqema ukukavSiriT.<br />
Spindeluri Zrava +12v Zabvaze muSaobs da sakmaod<br />
did simZlavres moixmars, gansakuTrebiT diskebis<br />
sawyisi gaqanebis dros. Tu kompiuterSi ramdenime<br />
damgrovebelia dayenebuli, <strong>kompiuteris</strong> Car-<br />
103<br />
Tvis Semdeg, ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi, did<br />
gadatvirTvas aqvs adgili. kvebis blokze maRali<br />
datvirTvis Tavidan asacileblad damgroveblebis<br />
Zravebi TanmimdevrobiT CairTveba. Spindeluri Zravis<br />
dayovnebiT gaSveba IDE da SCSI damgroveblebis<br />
kontrolerebSi gaTvaliswinebulia.<br />
Spindelur eleqtroZravebSi tradiciulad burTulovani<br />
sakisrebi gamoiyeneba. aseTi konstruqciis<br />
ZiriTad nakli radialuri dartymebia, romlebic<br />
RreCoSi burTulebis ganivi, Cveulebriv 0,1 mikrodiuimiT<br />
gadaadgilebis dros warmoiqmneba. radialuri<br />
dartymebis Zala sakmaod mcirea, Tumca Tanamedrove<br />
damgroveblebSi Caweris simWidrovis gazrda<br />
misi ignorirebis saSualebas ar iZleva.<br />
problemis gadawyvetas warmoadgens axali,<br />
hidrodinamikuri sakisris gamoyeneba, romelSic ZiriTad<br />
rols Spindelsa da Zravis miliss Soris gan-<br />
Tavsebuli maRalplastikuri sacxi TamaSobs. sacxis<br />
gamoyeneba sakisris radialuri dartymis siganes 0,01<br />
mikrodiuimamde amcirebs, rac vibracias da diskebis<br />
gadaxras mniSvnelovnad amcirebs.<br />
hidrodinamikuri sakisrebi amJamad maRali<br />
klasis vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneba, romlebic brunvis<br />
didi siCqariT, monacemTa Caweris maRali simWidroviT<br />
da xmauris mimarT mkacri moTxovnebiT gamoirCeva.<br />
ramdenime weliwadSi hidrodinamikuri sakisari<br />
vinCesterebis umetesobis Cveulebrivi komponenti<br />
gaxdeba.<br />
104
filtri<br />
yvela vinCesters ori sahaero filtri gaaCnia<br />
(nax. 4.13):<br />
• recilkuraciis filtri;<br />
• barometruli filtri.<br />
recilkuraciis filtri<br />
haeris nakadebis<br />
mimarTuleba<br />
nax. 4.13. haeris cirkulacia vinCesterSi<br />
recilkuraciis filtris daniSnulebaa diskis<br />
meqanikuri nawilebis muSaobis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
nawilakebis mocileba. ramdenadac vinCesteris korpusSi<br />
haeris garedan miwodeba ar xdeba, vinCesters<br />
muSaoba dabinZurebul da mtvrian garemoSic SeuZlia.<br />
barometruli filtris daniSnulebaa diskur<br />
mowyobilobasa da gare samyaros Soris wnevis gaTa-<br />
105<br />
brunvadi amZravi<br />
moZravi koWiT<br />
nabreba. naxvreti aRWurvilia mikrofiltriT, raTa<br />
diskebi da Tavakebi gare mtvrisgan daicvas.<br />
vinCesteri ar warmoadgens mTlianad hermetul<br />
mowyobilobas, amitom atmosferuli wnevis cvlilebasTan<br />
erTad, vinCestersa da gare samyaros Soris<br />
wnevis gaTanabrebisTvis, haeri gamodis vinCesteridan,<br />
an Sedis vinCesterSi savelintacio naxvretidan.<br />
es ukanaskneli ki iwvevs vinCesteris Siga `atmosferos~<br />
dabinZurebas, radgan naxvretSi dayenebuli<br />
barometruli filtri 0,3 mkm-ze naklebi zomis nawilakebs<br />
ver akavebs.<br />
amitom damamzadeblebi zRvis donidan simaRlis<br />
diapazons miuTiTeben, romelSic SesaZlebelia<br />
vinCesteris muSaoba (Cveulebriv -300-dan 3000 m-mde).<br />
am SezRudvis Tavidan asacileblad kompania<br />
Adstar-ma (IBM-is Svilobili kompania) mTlianad hermetuli<br />
vinCesterebi daamuSava (haeri Tavidanve moTavsebulia<br />
vinCesteris korpusSi, Tumca gare samyarosgan<br />
mTlianad izolirebulia), romelTa gamoyenebac<br />
SesaZlebelia zRvis donidan nebismier simaRleze da<br />
eqstremalur pirobebSi. aseTi damgroveblebi gankuTvnilia<br />
samxedro da samrewvelo miznebisTvis.<br />
gagrileba<br />
garemos maRali temperatura diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
muSaobis vadis Semcirebis erT-erTi xel-<br />
Semwyobi faqtoria. Tbil haers civ haerTan SedarebiT<br />
naklebi simWidrove gaaCnia, amitom Tavaksa da<br />
disks Soris sahaero baliSis sigane mcirdeba. diskis<br />
datrialebisa da SeCerebis dros sahaero baliSi<br />
106
dagvianebiT iqmneba, ramac SeiZleba diskis zedapiris,<br />
an Tavakis dazianeba gamoiwvios. damamzadeblebi<br />
vinCesteris umtyuno muSaobis garantias 0-500C ze muSaobisas iZlevian. optimaluri samuSao temperaturaa<br />
200C. 4.3. vinCesterebis standartebi. konfigurireba<br />
B<br />
vinCesterebi informaciis ganTavsebis wesisa<br />
da interfeisis mixedviT klasificirdeba. kompiuterebis<br />
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebze vinCesteris<br />
Semdegi standartebi gamoiyeneboda:<br />
• MFM;<br />
• RLL;<br />
• ESDI;<br />
• IDE (ATA);<br />
• SCSI;<br />
• SATA.<br />
yoveli standartis vinCesteri Sesabamisi kontroleriT<br />
imarTeba.<br />
MFM, RLL da ESDI standartebi<br />
MFM, RLL da ESDI standartis vinCesterebi garegnulad<br />
erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba. samive Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi plata-kontroleri gamoiyeneba, romelic<br />
ISA interfeisis slotSi yendeba da vinCesters ori<br />
kabeliT ukavSirdeba. 34-kontaqtiani kabeliT xdeba<br />
mmarTveli signalebis, xolo 20-kontaqtiani kabeliT<br />
107<br />
_ monacemebis gadacema. vinCesteris mmarTveli eleqtronika<br />
plata-kontrolerSia ganTavsebuli. MFM,<br />
RLL da ESDI standartebi erTmaneTisgan mxolod<br />
vinCesterze informaciis Caweris wesiT gansxvavdeba.<br />
MFM, RLL da ESDI standartis vinCesterebi moralurad<br />
moZvelebulia da Tanamedrove personalur<br />
kompiuterebSi aRar gamoiyeneba, Tumca informaciis<br />
Caweris MFM meTodi amJamadac gamoiyeneba drekad<br />
diskebSi, xolo RLL meTodi _ vinCesterSi.<br />
standarti IDE (ATA)<br />
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) dasaxeleba miuTiTebs,<br />
rom mmarTveli eleqtronika ara kontrolerSi,<br />
aramed Tavad vinCesterSia moTavsebuli. es<br />
informaciis gadacemis da miRebis dros mniSvnelovan<br />
upiratesobebs ganapirobebs. IDE kontroleri vin-<br />
Cesteris (HDD) kontrolers 40-gamtariani kabeliT<br />
ukavSirdeba. IDE vinCesteris dabal doneze daformateba<br />
momxmareblis mier ar xdeba, radgan es samuSao<br />
damamzadeblis mier ukve Sesrulebulia. momxmarebelma<br />
Semdegi operaciebi unda Seasrulos:<br />
• CMOS Setup-Si vinCesteris parametrebis dayeneba;<br />
• vinCesteris ganyofilebebad dayofa;<br />
• maRali donis daformateba operaciuli sistemis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
IDE standartiT gaTvaliswinebulia ori mimdevrobiT<br />
CarTuli vinCesteris muSaobis organizacia.<br />
problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom orive IDE<br />
damgrovebeli erT interfeiss uerTdeba da imav-<br />
108
droulad TiToeul damgrovebels sakuTari kontroleri<br />
gaaCnia. rodesac vinCesteri (da Sesabamisi kontroleri)<br />
oria, brZanebebi orive kontrolers erTdroulad<br />
miewodeba. konfigurireba iseTnairad unda<br />
Sesruldes, rom TiToeuli vinCesteri mxolod mis-<br />
Tvis gankuTvnil brZanebebze reagirebdes. amitom<br />
calsaxad unda ganisazRvros, romeli damgrovebeli<br />
warmoadgens pirvelad, da romeli _ meorad mowyobilobas.<br />
pirvelad da meorad damgroveblebs Soris<br />
aris mxolod erTi funqcionaluri gansxvaveba: sistemis<br />
sawyis mdgomareobaSi dayenebis dros meoradi<br />
damgrovebeli pirvelads DASP signals ugzavnis,<br />
romliTac Tavisi arsebobis Sesaxeb ityobineba.<br />
meoradi mowyobilobis arsebobis signali agreTve<br />
meoradi damagroveblis diskis amoZravebis<br />
ramdenime wamiT dayovnebas ganapirobebs, rac kvebis<br />
blokze datvirTvas mniSvnelovnad amcirebs.<br />
ori IDE vinCesteris dayenebis SemTxvevaSi pirveli<br />
vinCesteri konfigurirebuli unda iyos rogorc<br />
Master, xolo meore vinCesteri _ rogorc Slave.<br />
vinCesteris statusi (Master, an Slave) gadamwodis<br />
Sesabamis mdgomareobaSi dayenebiT ganisazRvreba.<br />
damgroveblebis umetesoba Semdegnairad konfigurirdeba:<br />
• pirveladi (erTi damgrovebeli);<br />
• pirveladi (ori damgrovebeli);<br />
• meoradi (ori damgrovebeli);<br />
109<br />
• kabeliT arCeva.<br />
cxrilSi 4.3 warmodgenilia ATA (IDE) damgroveblebis<br />
gadamwodebis dayenebis wesebi konfigurirebis<br />
pirveli sami variantis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
gadamwodis<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
cxrili 4.3<br />
vinCesteris konfigurirebis wesi<br />
erTi<br />
damgrovebeli<br />
pirveladi,<br />
ori<br />
damgrovebeli<br />
110<br />
meoradi, ori<br />
damgrovebeli<br />
Master (M/S) On On Off<br />
Slave Present Off On On<br />
Cable Select Off Off Off<br />
nax. 4.14-ze warmodgenilia sistemaSi momxmareblis<br />
mier ori vinCesteris konfigurirebis magaliTi.<br />
konfigurireba<br />
Master, Slave-is<br />
gareSe<br />
Master da Slave<br />
Slave<br />
nax. 4.14. sistemaSi ori vinCesteris<br />
konfigurirebis magaliTi
kabeliT arCevis reJimis dayenebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
orive damgroveblisTvis CS gadamwodi unda dayendes<br />
mdgomareobaSi On, xolo danarCeni gadamwodebi<br />
_ mdgomareobaSi Off.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom gadamwodebis konfiguracia<br />
zogjer gansxvavebulia ara marto sxvadasxva<br />
firma-damamzadeblebisTvis, aramed erTi firmis<br />
sxvadasxva modelebisTvis. gaurkvevel SemTxvevaSi<br />
vinCesteris dokumentaciiT unda visargebloT.<br />
standarti SCSI<br />
SCSI vinCesterebi monacemTa gadacemis yvelaze<br />
maRali siCqariT gamoirCeva, Tumca maTi ZiriTadi<br />
upiratesoba ara maRali siCqare, aramed mTlianad<br />
SCSI sistemis didi SesaZleblobebia. SCSI-adapters<br />
SeuZlia ara marto vinCesteris, aramed sxva <strong>periferiuli</strong><br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s (CD diskuri mowyobiloba,<br />
skaneri, strimeri da a.S.) marTvac, Tu maT SCSI protokolis<br />
mxardaWera gaaCniaT. yovel SCSI periferiul<br />
mowyobilobas logikuri nomeri (Logical Unit - LU)<br />
eniWeba, romlis mixedviTac SCSI-adapteri axdens mis<br />
identifikacias da marTvas.<br />
SCSI Host-adapters sakuTari BIOS gaaCnia, amitom<br />
vinCesteris identifikaciisas <strong>kompiuteris</strong> BIOSze<br />
mimarTva ar xdeba. SCSI vinCesteri <strong>kompiuteris</strong><br />
BIOS-Si ganisazRvreba rogorc Not Installed.<br />
111<br />
4.4. vinCesteris logikuri struqtura<br />
vinCesteri bilikebad da seqtorebad iyofa<br />
(nax. 3.15). yoveli biliki calsaxad ganisazRvreba Tavakis<br />
nomriT da rigiTi nomriT diskze (aTvlis<br />
mimarTulebaa diskis garedan SigniT). seqtorebis<br />
aTvla iwyeba bilikebis dasawyisidan, 1-dan, xolo<br />
Tavakebis da cilindrebis aTvla _ 0-dan. bilikze<br />
seqtorebis raodenoba SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli<br />
(Tanamedrove vinCesterebisTvis 380-700).<br />
yoveli seqtori samomsaxuro informacias da<br />
monacemebs Seicavs. seqtoris moculoba, rogorc wesi,<br />
571 baitia. seqtoris dasawyisSi iwereba prefiqsi<br />
(prefix portion), romlis mixedviTac seqtoris dasawyisi<br />
da nomeri ganisazRvreba, xolo seqtoris boloSi _<br />
sufiqsi (suffix portion). sufiqsi Seicavs sakontrolo<br />
jams (cheksum), romlis mixedviTac monacemTa Caweris<br />
siswore ganisazRvreba.<br />
seqtori 1 seqtori 2<br />
cilindri<br />
nax. 4.15. vinCesteris bilikebad da seqtorebad dayofa<br />
112<br />
biliki 0<br />
biliki 1<br />
Tavaki 0<br />
Tavaki 1<br />
Tavaki 2<br />
Tavaki 3<br />
Tavaki 4<br />
Tavaki 5
TavsarTsa da bolosarTs Soris aris monacemTa<br />
veli, romlis moculoba 512 baitia. bilikebze<br />
monacemebi ara mudmivi nakadiT, aramed 512-baitiani<br />
porciebiT iwereba.<br />
cxrilSi 4.4 warmodgenilia standartuli, 571baitiani<br />
seqtoris formati.<br />
yoveli bilikis dasawyisSi iwereba 16-baitiani<br />
POST INDEX GAP (indeqsis Semdgomi intervali), romelic<br />
bilikis dasawyisze miuTiTebs, xolo yoveli<br />
bilikis boloSi _ 693-baitiani PRE-INDEX GAP (indeqsis<br />
wina intervali), romelic bilikis dasasruls<br />
miuTiTebs. baitebis mniSvnelobebia 4Eh.<br />
baitebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
cxrili 4.4<br />
vinCesteris seqtoris formati<br />
dasaxeleba aRwera<br />
13 ID VFO LOCK (generatoris<br />
Cavleba<br />
seqtoris identifikatoris<br />
waki-<br />
TxvisTvis)<br />
1 SYNC BYTE<br />
(sinqronizaciis<br />
baiti)<br />
1 ADDRESS MARK<br />
(misamarTis Wde)<br />
yvela baiti udris 00h, sruldeba<br />
generatoris sinqronizacia<br />
seqtoris identifikatoris (ID)<br />
wakiTxvamde<br />
A1h, kontrolers seqtoris ID<br />
monakveTis dawyebis Sesaxeb<br />
atyobinebs (moyveba monacemebi)<br />
FEh, ityobineba ID velis dawyebis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
113<br />
baitebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
dasaxeleba aRwera<br />
2 CYLINDER NUMBER<br />
(cilindris nomeri)<br />
1 HEAD NUMBER<br />
(Tavakis nomeri)<br />
1 SECTOR NUMBER<br />
(seqtoris nomeri)<br />
baitebis mniSvneloba Tavakebis<br />
pozicionirebas gansazRvravs<br />
baitis mniSvneloba cilindris<br />
nomers Seesabameba<br />
baitis mniSvneloba seqtoris<br />
nomers Seesabameba<br />
2 CRC sakontrolo CRC baitebi seqtoris<br />
ID monacemebis Semowmebis-<br />
Tvis<br />
3 WRITE TURN-ON<br />
GAP (Caweris Car-<br />
Tvis intervali)<br />
13 DATA SYNC VFO<br />
LOCK (generatoris<br />
Cavleba<br />
monacemTa waki-<br />
TxvisaTvis)<br />
1 SYNC BYTE<br />
(sinqronizaciis<br />
baiti)<br />
1 ADDRESS MARK<br />
(misamarTis Wde)<br />
yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. Caiwereba<br />
monacemebis ganaxlebis<br />
win maTi sxva monakveTebisgan gancalkevebisaTvis<br />
yvela baiti 00h-is tolia.<br />
sruldeba generatoris sinqronizacia<br />
monacemebis wakiTxvis win<br />
A1h, atyobinebs kontrolers monacemTa<br />
velis dawyebis Sesaxeb<br />
A1h, atyobinebs kontrolers monacemTa<br />
velis dawyebis Sesaxeb<br />
512 DATA (monacemebi) monacemTa veli<br />
2 CRC CRC sakontrolo jami monacemebis<br />
SemowmebisTvis<br />
114
aitebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
dasaxeleba aRwera<br />
3 WRITE TURN-OFF<br />
GAP (Caweris gamorTvisintervali)<br />
15 INTER-RECORD GAP<br />
(Canawerebs Soris<br />
intervali)<br />
yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. Caiwereba<br />
monacemebis ganaxlebis<br />
win maTi sxva monakveTebisgan<br />
gancalkevebisTvis<br />
yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. damzRvevi<br />
zona. diskis brunvis six-<br />
Siris nominaluri mniSvnelobidan<br />
gadaxrisas icavs monacemebs<br />
waSlisagan<br />
diskebis daformateba<br />
diskebis daformatebis ori done arsebobs:<br />
• fizikuri, anu dabali donis daformateba;<br />
• logikuri, anu maRali donis daformateba.<br />
drekadi diskebisTvis daformatebis orive done<br />
erTdroulad, operaciuli sistemis saSualebiT<br />
sruldeba.<br />
vinCesterebisTvis fizikuri da logikuri daformateba<br />
cal-calke sruldeba da mesame etapic<br />
gamoiyeneba, romelic fizikur da logikur daformatebas<br />
Soris sruldeba _ diskis ganyofilebebad dayofa.<br />
dabali donis daformateba<br />
dabali donis daformatebis dros diski seqtorebad<br />
iyofa. am dros seqtorebSi prefiqsebi da<br />
115<br />
sufiqsebi Caiwereba. agreTve formirdeba intervalebi<br />
seqtorebsa da bilikebs Soris. monacemTa velebi<br />
fiqtiuri CanawerebiT, an monacemTa specialuri testuri<br />
krebulebiT ivseba. seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze<br />
vinCesteris kontrolerze da interfeiszea<br />
damokidebuli.<br />
dabali donis daformatebas firma-damamzadebeli<br />
asrulebs.<br />
diskis ganyofilebebad dayofa<br />
diskis ganyofilebebad dayofis dros pirvel<br />
seqtorSi iwereba specialuri programa, romelic sa-<br />
Wiroa operaciuli sistemis CatvirTvisTvis da dayofis<br />
cxrili (Partition Table, PT), romelSic iwereba<br />
informacia ganyofilebebis Sesaxeb. am seqtors ewodeba<br />
mTavari CamtvirTavi seqtori, xolo Canawers _<br />
mTavari CamtvirTavi Canaweri (Master Boot Record, MBR).<br />
ganasxvaveben sami tipis ganyofilebas:<br />
• MS-DOS-is pirveladi ganyofileba;<br />
• MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofileba;<br />
• ara-MS-DOS-is ganyofileba.<br />
vinCesterze SesaZlebelia erTi MS-DOS-is pirveladi<br />
ganyofilebis, erTi MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli<br />
ganyofilebis da ramdenime ara-MS-DOS-is ganyofilebis<br />
formireba (nax. 4.16).<br />
MS-DOS-Si da Windows-Si samuSaod aucilebelia<br />
MS-DOS-is pirveladi ganyofilebis arseboba.<br />
masSi iqmneba logikuri diski saxeliT C:.<br />
116
CamtvirTavi<br />
seqtori<br />
sistemuri<br />
logikuri<br />
diski<br />
logikuri<br />
diski<br />
MS-DOS-is pirveladi<br />
ganyofileba<br />
logikuri<br />
diski<br />
MS-DOS-is<br />
gafarToebuli<br />
ganyofileba<br />
nax. 4.16. vinCesteris logikuri struqtura<br />
MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofileba SeiZleba<br />
erT, an met logikur diskad daiyos, romlebsac<br />
sxvadasxva saxelebi eniWeba. Tumca MS-DOS-is gafar-<br />
Toebuli ganyofilebis formireba ar aris aucilebeli.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteri warmodgenili iqneba<br />
erTi logikuri diskiT _ C:.<br />
bunebrivia, vinCesteris sruli sainformacio<br />
moculoba calkeuli logikuri diskebis sainformacio<br />
moculobebis jams Seadgens.<br />
vinCesterze Seqmnili ganyofilebebi sxvadasxva<br />
failuri sistemebis mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofen:<br />
• FAT 16 (File Allocation Table _ failebis ganlagebis<br />
cxrili) _ failuri sistemaa 16-Tanriga damisamarTebiT.<br />
FAT 16 sistema mxars uWers klasterebis<br />
da aqedan gamomdinare Cawerili failebis sakmaod<br />
mcire raodenobas _ 216 =65536. ramdenadac FAT<br />
16 standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli ganyofilebis<br />
117<br />
logikuri<br />
diski<br />
logikuri<br />
diski<br />
ara MS-DOS-is<br />
ganyofileba<br />
(logikuri tomis) maqsimaluri moculoba 2 gbaitia,<br />
erTi klasteris moculoba sakmaod didia _<br />
32 kbaiti. amrigad, 1-baitiani failic ki 32 kbait<br />
diskur mexsierebas ikavebs, rac vinCesteris moculobis<br />
araekonomiur gamoyenebas ganapirobebs.<br />
amJamad FAT 16 failuri sistema moralurad moZvelebulia<br />
da Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi aRar<br />
gamoiyeneba.<br />
• FAT 32 _ Tanamedrove failuri sistemaa 32-Tanriga<br />
damisamarTebiT. FAT 32 cxrilSi ganlagebis<br />
ujredebs 32-Tanriga ricxvebi Seesabameba, xolo<br />
tomis (logikuri diskis) maqsimaluri moculoba<br />
2048 gbaitia. MS-DOS-is garemoSi failis saxelis<br />
dasaSvebi sigrZe 11 simboloa (8 simbolo failis<br />
saxelisTvis, xolo 3 simbolo _ failis gafar-<br />
ToebisaTvis). Windows-is garemoSi failis saxelis<br />
dasaSvebi sigrZe 255 simboloa.<br />
• NTFS (Windows NT File System _ Windows NT-s failuri<br />
sistema) Tanamedrove failuri sistemaa. failis<br />
saxelis maqsimaluri sigrZe 256 simboloa, xolo<br />
logikuri diskis maqsimaluri (Teoriuli) moculoba<br />
_ 16 ebaiti (16x10 18 baiti). NTFS-s damatebiTi<br />
SesaZleblobebic gaaCnia, romlebic sxva<br />
failur sistemebs ar gaaCnia, magaliTad, usafrTxoebis<br />
saSualebebi.<br />
Windows XP-is gavrcelebamde umetesad FAT 32<br />
gamoiyeneboda. Tanamedrove sistemebSi upiratesoba<br />
NTFS-s eniWeba, romelic Windows XP-is `mSobliuri~<br />
standartia. Tumca FAT 32-is dayeneba optimaluri va-<br />
118
iantia Sereul operaciul garemoebSi muSaobis<br />
dros, radgan mas mxars uWers praqtikulad yvela<br />
operaciuli sistema.<br />
maRali donis daformateba<br />
maRali donis daformatebis dros operaciuli<br />
sistema vinCesterze qmnis struqturebs failebTan<br />
da monacemebTan samuSaod. TiToeul ganyofilebaSi<br />
(logikuri diski) Seiyvaneba tomis CamtvirTavi seqtori<br />
(Volum Boot Sector - VBS) failebis ganlagebis<br />
cxrilis (FAT) ori kopio da fesvuri katalogi (Root<br />
Directory). am struqturebis saSualebiT operaciuli<br />
sistema anawilebs diskur sivrces, poulobs failebs<br />
da gverds uvlis diskis defeqtur seqtorebs.<br />
yvelaze ufro farTo gavrceleba hpova FAT32<br />
failurma sistemam (nax. 4.17), romlis mixedviTac<br />
diski iyofa klasterebad. klasteri diskuri moculobis<br />
umciresi erTeulia, romelSic SeiZleba failis<br />
Cawera. klasteri ramdenime seqtoris gaer-<br />
Tianebas warmoadgens.<br />
ganyofilebebis cxrili (PT) Semdegi Canawerebisagan<br />
Sedgeba:<br />
• informacia vinCesteris Tavakebis, bilikebis da<br />
seqtorebis Sesaxeb;<br />
• seqtorebis saerTo raodenoba diskze;<br />
• failuri sistemis tipi.<br />
tomis CamtvirTav seqtorSi (VBS) iwereba failuri<br />
sistemis aRwera:<br />
• klasteris zoma;<br />
119<br />
• FAT-is zoma, tipi da raodenoba.<br />
ganyofilebebis<br />
cxrili<br />
mTavari Camtvir-<br />
Tavi Canaweri<br />
tomis Camtvir-<br />
Tavi seqtori<br />
failebis<br />
ganlagebis<br />
cxrili<br />
fesvuri<br />
katalogi<br />
monacemebis<br />
veli<br />
klasteri<br />
saxeli tipi TariRi zoma maCvenebeli<br />
nax. 4.17. failuri sistema FAT.<br />
fesvuri katalogSi (Roor Directory) aRiwereba<br />
diskze ganTavsebuli failebi: maTi saxelebi, tipebi,<br />
Seqmnisa da redaqtirebis TariRebi, zomebi, atributebi.<br />
amas garda fesvuri katalogi Seicavs failebis<br />
pirveli klasterebis misamarTebs. katalogi<br />
fesvur katalogSi iseve aRiwereba, rogorc faili.<br />
failebis ganlagebis cxrilSi iwereba klasterebs<br />
Soris kavSirebi, romlebSic Cawerilia faili.<br />
daformatebis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT:<br />
• iseve rogorc ganyofilebebad dayofisas, daformatebis<br />
drosac vinCesterze Cawerili monacemebi<br />
iSleba;<br />
120
• arsebobs specialuri programuli utilitebi (magaliTad,<br />
Restore), romlebic daformatebis dros<br />
waSlili failebis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
Tumca aRdgenis 100%-ian garantias arc erTi maTgani<br />
ar iZleva.<br />
amitom vinCesteris daformatebamde saWiroa<br />
monacemebis sarezervo kopireba.<br />
damisamarTebis meTodebi<br />
arsebobs ori ZiriTadi meTodi, romelic ATA<br />
vinCesterebis seqtorebis damisamarTebisTvis gamoiyeneba<br />
_ CHS (Cylinder Head Sector) da LBA (Logical Block<br />
Address).<br />
CHS meTodis safuZveli damgroveblis fizikuri<br />
struqturaa, xolo LBA meTodi seqtorebis numeraciis<br />
ufro martivi da logikuri saSualebaa,<br />
romelic ar aris damokidebuli vinCesteris Siga fizikur<br />
arqiteqturaze.<br />
IDE (ATA) vinCesterebSi Tavdapirvelad damisamarTebis<br />
CHS meTodi gamoiyeneboda. vinCesteris maqsimaluri<br />
moculoba iyo SezRuduli da 504 mbaits<br />
Seadgenda.<br />
SezRudva IDE interfeisis da sistemuri BIOSis<br />
gansxvavebuli programuli moTxovnebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
Tavakebis, cilindrebisa da seqtorebis<br />
damisamarTebisTvis IDE interfeisi da sistemuri<br />
BIOS Tanrigebis gansxvavebul raodenobas iyenebdnen,<br />
amitom maTi erTdrouli muSaobisTvis TiToeuli pa-<br />
121<br />
rametris maqsimaluri mniSvnelobidan umciresi unda<br />
SerCeuliyo.<br />
cxrilSi 4.5. warmodgenilia vinCesteris CHS<br />
maxasiaTeblebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi BIOS-Si<br />
da IDE standartSi.<br />
cxrili 4.5<br />
vinCesteris CHS maxasiaTeblebi<br />
vinCesteris IDE (ATA) BIOS<br />
maxasiaTeblebi Tanrigi raodenoba Tanrigi raodenoba<br />
cilindrebi 16 65536 10 1024<br />
seqtorebi 4 16 8 256<br />
Tavakebi 8 256 6 64<br />
cxrili 4.5-is mixedviT, vinCesteris maqsimaluri<br />
moculoba SeiZleba iyos<br />
V = C ⋅ H ⋅ S ⋅512<br />
= 1024 ⋅16<br />
⋅63<br />
⋅512<br />
= 504 mbaiti<br />
vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculobis SezRudvis<br />
daZleva diskis realuri CHS misamarTebis fiqtiur<br />
misamarTebSi gadayvaniTaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad,<br />
Tu vinCesteri 1500 cilindrs da 16 Tavaks<br />
Seicavs, gadaTvlis Sedegad BIOS mas aRiqvams rogorc<br />
vinCesters 750 cilindriT da 32 TavakiT.<br />
Tumca SezRudva realurad mxolod ATA-2<br />
standartis damuSavebis Semdeg moixsna, romelSic<br />
damisamarTebis CHS meTodis nacvlad gamoyenebuli<br />
iqna LBA meTodi.<br />
LBA damisamarTebis realizaciisTvis ori piroba<br />
unda dakmayofildes:<br />
122
• kompiuteri aRWurvili unda iyos ATA-2, an ufro<br />
axali standartis interfeisiT;<br />
• sistemuri BIOS mxars unda uWerdes minimum ATA-2<br />
interfeiss.<br />
LBA meTodis Tanxmad yvela seqtori, dawyebuli<br />
(0, 0, 1) seqtoridan, romelsac logikuri misamarTi<br />
0 eniWeba, TanmimdevrobiT inomreba. amrigad.<br />
CHS misamarTi 28-bitian LBA misamarTad gardaiqmneba.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba<br />
SeiZleba iyos<br />
28<br />
V = 65536 ⋅16<br />
⋅256<br />
⋅512<br />
= 2 = 128 gbaiti.<br />
Tumca operaciuli sistemisTvis aucilebelia<br />
seqtorebis gadaTvlili mniSvnelobebi. amitom BIOS<br />
Tavdapirvelad seqtorebis saerTo raodenobas gansazRvravs,<br />
xolo Semdeg gadaTvlis maT CHS monacemebad.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba<br />
SeiZleba iyos<br />
V = 1024 ⋅ 256 ⋅63<br />
⋅512<br />
= 8,<br />
4 gbaiti .<br />
1998 wlis da ufro Tanamedrove sistemur<br />
BIOS-ebSi moxsnilia vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculobis<br />
8,4 gbaitiani SezRudva, xolo 2002 wlis da<br />
ufro Tanamedrove versiebSi _ 128 gbaitiani SezRudvac.<br />
Tumca 128 gbaitiani SezRudvis moxsnisTvis kompiuteri<br />
aRWurvili unda iyos ATA-6, an ufro axali<br />
standartis interfeisiT.<br />
ATA-6 standarti 48-Tanriga LBA damisamarTebas<br />
iTvaliswinebs. seqtorebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa<br />
248 , xolo vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba<br />
123<br />
_ 248x512=144 petabaiti. Tumca 128 gbaitze meti<br />
moculobis vinCesteris SeZenamde unda davrwmundeT,<br />
rom Sesabamisi vinCesterebis mxardaWera <strong>kompiuteris</strong><br />
sistemur BIOS-sac gaaCnia.<br />
problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia IDE<br />
standartis vinCesterebis maqsimaluri moculobis<br />
SezRudvasTan, aranairad ar exeba SCSI standartis<br />
vinCesterebs.<br />
SCSI standarti Tavidanve maRali klasis vin-<br />
CesterebTan samuSaod iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, amitom<br />
pirvelive SCSI standarti 232 seqtoris damisamarTebis<br />
da aqedan gamomdinare, 2 terabaitamde moculobis<br />
vinCesterebis mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofda.<br />
Tanamedrove SCSI standartis mixedviT SesaZlebelia<br />
264 seqtoris damisamarTeba. amrigad, vin-<br />
Cesteris maqsimaluri moculoba praqtikulad Seuz-<br />
Rudavia.<br />
rac Seexeba sistemuri BIOS-is SezRudvas, mas<br />
SCSI vinCesterebisTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar eni-<br />
Weba. SCSI vinCesterebis mxardaWera xdeba ara sistemuri<br />
BIOS-is, aramed SCSI host-adapteris doneze.<br />
124
4.5. vinCesteris CarTva<br />
Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi umetesad<br />
ori IDE host-adapteri _ IDE 1 da IDE2 gamoiyeneba<br />
(nax. 4.18).<br />
nax. 4.18. CaSenebuli IDE host-kontrolerebi<br />
ATA interfeisi paralelur 16-Tanriga saltes<br />
warmoadgens. host-adapteri da <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong> specialuri<br />
40-, an 80-gamtariani kabeli-Sleifis saSualebiT<br />
4.19) erTdeba.<br />
me-20 gamomyvani gasaRebis rols asrulebs. igi<br />
ar iZleva kabelis araswori SeerTebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
tradiciuli paraleluri ATA interfeisi simartiviT<br />
da realizaciis dabali RirebulebiT gamoirCeva,<br />
magram misi Semdgomi ganviTareba rig teqnologiur<br />
sirTuleebs da Rirebulebis zrdas ukav-<br />
Sirdeba. amJamad paraleluri ATA interfeisis axali<br />
standartebi aRar muSavdeba. upiratesoba mimdevrobiT<br />
SATA interfeiss mieniWa.<br />
125<br />
nax. 4.20-ze warmodgenilia sistemuri platis<br />
fragmenti SATA host-adapterebiT.<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
wiTeli (+5v)<br />
Savi (miwa)<br />
Savi (miwa)<br />
yviTeli (+12v)<br />
kvebis kabeli<br />
nax. 4.19. ATA vinCesteris SeerTeba<br />
SATA interfeisSi wamyvani da marTuli (Master/Slave)<br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s cneba ar arsebobs. gasar-<br />
Tebi mxolod kabelis boloebSia ganTavsebuli. dis-<br />
126<br />
gasaRebi, romelic<br />
gasarTis araswor<br />
SeerTebas<br />
gamoricxavs<br />
IDE gasarTi<br />
kabelis pirveli<br />
kontaqtis niSani
kuri mowyobiloba kontrolers viwro, mrgvali da<br />
drekadi kabeliT uerTdeba, rac mosaxerxebelia SeerTebisTvis<br />
da <strong>kompiuteris</strong> ventilacias aumjobesebs.<br />
SATA kabelis maqsimaluri sigrZe SeiZleba iyos<br />
araumetes 1 m-sa. nax 4.21-ze warmodgenilia SATA monacemTa<br />
kabeli.<br />
nax. 4.20. SATA host-adapterebi<br />
nax 4.21. SATA monacemTa kabeli<br />
127<br />
ramdenadac gamtarebis raodenoba SATA kabel-<br />
Si bevrad ufro naklebia paralelur ATA kabelTan<br />
SedarebiT, SesaZlebelia bevrad ufro kompaqturi<br />
da mosaxerxebeli gasarTebis gamoyeneba. Sedarebis-<br />
Tvis, nax 4.22-ze, warmodgenilia tradiciuli paraleluri<br />
ATA da SATA gasarTebi.<br />
paraleluri ATA-s<br />
kvebis gasarTi<br />
SATA-s kvebis<br />
gasarTi<br />
nax. 4.22. SATA da paraleluri ATA gasarTebi<br />
unda aRvniSnoT, rom SATA interfeisis kvebis<br />
gasarTi paraleluri ATA interfeisis kvebis gasarTs<br />
zomiT aRemateba. es dakavSirebulia SATA interfeisSi<br />
damatebiT +3,3 v Zabvis gamoyenebasTan.<br />
SATA gasarTebs specialuri gasaRebebi gaaCnia,<br />
rac SeuZlebels xdis sistemur plataze ganTavsebul<br />
host-kontrolerTan da diskur mowyobilobeb-<br />
Tan maT araswor SeerTebas. nax. 4.23-ze warmodgeni-<br />
128<br />
paraleluri ATA-s monacemTa<br />
kabelis gasarTi<br />
SATA-s monacemTa<br />
kabelis gasarTi
lia sainformacio da kvebis gasarTis fizikuri SeerTeba<br />
diskur mowyobilobasTan.<br />
nax. 4.23. SATA gasarTebis SeerTeba diskur<br />
mowyobilobasTan<br />
Tu personaluri kompiteris kvebis bloks SA-<br />
TA standartis kvebis gasarTi ar gaaCnia, specialuri<br />
gadamyvani gamoiyeneba (nax. 4.24).<br />
nax. 4.24. ATA-SATA gadamyvani.<br />
129<br />
ramdenadac SATA paraleluri ATA interfeisis<br />
Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens, momxmarebels,<br />
specialuri adapterebis gamoyenebiT, ATA-100 da ATA-<br />
133 vinCesterebis SATA interfeisTan SeerTeba SeuZlia.<br />
nax. 4.25-ze warmodgenilia erT-erTi aseTi adapteri<br />
_ HighPoint RocketHead-100.<br />
nax. 4.25. SATA-adapteri HighPoint RocketHead-100.<br />
4.6. RAID-masivebi<br />
bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi procesorebis warmadoba<br />
yovel 1,5 weliwadSi saSualod 2-jer izrdeba,<br />
xolo diskebis warmadobis zrdasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT suraTi bevrad uaresia.<br />
procesoris warmadobis gazrdisTvis monacem-<br />
Ta paraleluri damuSavebis teqnologia gamoiye-<br />
130
neba. damproeqteblebs didi xania daebadaT azri,<br />
rom cudi ar iqneboda Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobebsac<br />
SeZlebodaT paraleluri muSaoba. swored am<br />
ideebma ganapiroba Setana-gamotanis <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
axali klasis gamoCena, romelsac RAID ewoda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad abreviatura RAID iSifreboda<br />
rogorc Redundant Array of Inexpective Disks (iafi diskebis<br />
Warbi masivi). Tumca SemdgomSi abreviaturis I simbolom<br />
Inexpective (iafi) nacvlad Independent (damoukidebeli)<br />
aRmniSvnelis daniSnuleba miiRo.<br />
RAID idea ZiriTadad SemdegSi mdgomareobs: <strong>kompiuteris</strong><br />
(Cveulebriv didi serveris) gverdiT yendeba<br />
diskebis masivi, diskebis kontrolerebis nacvlad<br />
RAID-kontroleri gamoiyeneba, monacemebi RAIDmasivSi<br />
kopirdeba da Semdeg Cveulebrivi diskuri<br />
operaciebi sruldeba.<br />
operaciuli sistema RAID-masivs rogorc SLED<br />
(Single Large Expensive Disk) _ erT ZviradRirebul didi<br />
moculobis disks ganixilavs. amave dros RAID-masivis<br />
warmadoba da saimedoba SLED-diskis analogiur<br />
maCveneblebs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba.<br />
RAID-<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s umetesoba SCSI-kontrolers<br />
Seicavs, romelic marTavs RAID-masivs da SCSIdiskebis<br />
boqss, romelsac operaciuli diski aRiqvams<br />
ise, rogorc erTi didi moculobis disks.<br />
SCSI-sistemis gamoyeneba Semdegi mosazrebebi-<br />
Taa ganpirobebuli:<br />
131<br />
• SCSI-diskebi maRali warmadobiT da arcTu ise ma-<br />
Rali fasiT gamoirCeva;<br />
• erT SCSI-kontrolers ramdenime diskis marTva SeuZlia<br />
(8-Tanriga SCSI-modelebs _ 7 diskis, xolo<br />
16-Tanriga SCSI-modelebs _ 15 diskis).<br />
amrigad, RAID-masivis gamoyenebisTvis saWiro<br />
ar aris raime cvlilebis Setana programul uzrunvelyofaSi,<br />
rac sistemuri administratorebisTvis<br />
sakmaod xelsayrelia.<br />
RAID-sistemebs ramdenime dadebiTi Tviseba gaaCnia:<br />
• programuli uzrunvelyofa RAID-masivs erTi didi<br />
moculobis diskis saxis aRiqvams;<br />
• RAID-masivis diskebze monacemebi iseTnairad nawildeba,<br />
rom SesaZlebeli iyos paraleluri operaciebis<br />
Sesruleba.<br />
amJamad ZiriTadad RAID-masivebis eqvsi done<br />
gamoiyeneba. termini `done~ tradiciulia, Tumca ar<br />
aris zusti, radgan doneebs Soris aranair ierarqiul<br />
struqturas ar aqvs adgili. ufro zusti iqneboda<br />
termini `saxeoba~, anu ubralod arsebobs RAIDdiskebis<br />
organizaciis eqvsi sxvadasxva varianti.<br />
0-vani donis RAID-masivi warmodgenilia nax.<br />
4.26 a-ze. igi virtualur disks warmoadgens, romelic<br />
zolebadaa (Strips) dayofili. TiToeuli zoli k<br />
seqtorisgan Sedgeba. 0-dan k-1-mde seqtorebi ikaveben<br />
zols 0, k-dan 2k-1-mde seqtorebi zols 1 da a.S. k=1-<br />
132
Tvis TiToeuli zoli erTi seqtorisgan Sedgeba,<br />
k=2-Tvis _ ori seqtorisagan da a.S.<br />
0-vani donis RAID-masivSi zolebi Tanmimdevrulad,<br />
wriulad iwereba. Caweris mocemul wess diskebze<br />
monacemebis ganawileba (striping) ewodeba. nax.<br />
4.26 a-ze warmodgenilia oTxi diskisgan Semdgari<br />
RAID-masivi.<br />
magaliTad, Tu programuli uzrunvelyofa iZaxebs<br />
brZanebas monacemTa blokis wakiTxvisaTvis, romelic<br />
oTxi Tanmimdevruli zolisgan Sedgeba da<br />
zolebs Soris sazRvridan iwyeba, RAID-kontroleri<br />
brZanebas dayofs oTx calkeul brZanebad, romlebic<br />
calkeuli diskebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli da<br />
brZanebebs paralelurad asrulebs. amrigad, viRebT<br />
paraleluri Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobas programuli<br />
uzrunvelyofis Secvlis gareSe.<br />
0-vani donis RAID-masivi yvelaze ukeT did<br />
moTxovnebTan muSaobs _ rac ufro didia moTxovna,<br />
miT ukeTesi. Tu moTxovnis dakmayofilebisTvis saWiroa<br />
imaze meti zolis CarTva, vidre RAID-masivSi<br />
diskebis raodenobaa, zogierTi diski ramdenime moTxovnas<br />
iRebs. rogorc ki diski pirvel moTxovnas<br />
asrulebs, meore moTxovnis Sesrulebaze gadadis da<br />
a.S. kontroleris amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />
moTxovna dayos amocanis Sesabamisad, swori TanmimdevrobiT<br />
gaagzavnos moTxovnebi Sesabamis diskebze<br />
da bolos sworad Caweros Sedegebi mexsierebaSi.<br />
133<br />
nax. 4.26. RAID-masivebis arqiteqtura<br />
134
aseTi midgomis dros sistemis warmadoba<br />
sakmaod maRalia da misi realizacia arcTu ise<br />
rTulia.<br />
0-vani donis RAID-masivi yvelaze ufro cudad<br />
operaciul sistemebTan muSaobs, romlebic dro da<br />
dro monacemebis mcire porciebs moiTxoven (erT seqtors<br />
mimarTvaze). am SemTxvevaSi muSaobis Sedegebi,<br />
rasakvirvelia swori iqneba, Tumca aranair paralelizms<br />
da, aqedan gamomdinare, warmadobis mxriv aranair<br />
mogebas adgili ar eqneba.<br />
0-vani donis RAID-masivis kidev erTi uaryofi-<br />
Ti mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi saimedoba potenciurad<br />
SLED-diskTan SedarebiT ufro dabalia.<br />
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT RAID-masivi, romelic<br />
oTxi diskisgan Sedgeba da TiToeul diskze<br />
mtyuneba SeiZleba saSualod yoveli 40 000 sT-is<br />
Semdeg moxdes. am SemTxvevaSi RAID-masivis mtyuneba<br />
saSualod yoveli 10000 sT-is Semdeg moxdeba da am<br />
dros yvela monacemi daikargeba.<br />
Tu SLED-diskis mtyuneba agreTve saSualod<br />
yoveli 40 000 sT-is Semdeg xdeba, misi saimedoba<br />
oTxjer ufro maRalia, radgan igi erT disks warmoadgens.<br />
ramdenadac 0-vani donis RAID-masivs aranairi<br />
siWarbe ar gaaCnia, mas `aranamdvil~, an `namdvil,<br />
oRond 0-vani donis~ RAID-masivs uwodeben.<br />
135<br />
RAID-masivebis Semdeg nairsaxeobas 1-li donis<br />
RAID-masivi warmoadgens. igi warmodgenilia nax. 4.26<br />
b-ze. 0-vani donis RAID-masivisgan gansxvavebiT igi<br />
`namdvili~ RAID-masivia. mocemul struqturaSi yvela<br />
diski dublirebulia. amrigad, 4 sawyisi diski da 4<br />
sarezervo kopio miiReba.<br />
yoveli Caweris operaciis dros TiToeuli<br />
zoli orjer iwereba. wakiTvisas ori kopiodan nebismieri<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes. imavdroulad SesaZlebelia<br />
informaciis meti diskidan CatvirTva,<br />
vidre amas 0-vani donis RAID-masivi iZleva.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, Caweris dros 0-vani 1-li<br />
donis RAID-masivebis warmadoba erTi da igivea, xolo<br />
wakiTxvis dros 1-li donis RAID-masivis warmadoba<br />
0-vani donis RAID-masivis warmadobaze ufro<br />
maRalia (maqsimum 2-jer).<br />
1-eli donis RAID-masivis kidev erT dadebiT<br />
Tvisebas misi saukeTeso mtynubamedegoba warmoadgens.<br />
Tu diskze xdeba mtyuneba, mis nacvlad kopio<br />
gamoiyeneba. 1-eli donis RAID-masivis aRdgenac Zalian<br />
martivia. amisTvis unda Seicvalos dazianebuli<br />
diski da moxdes sarezervo kopiodan masze informaciis<br />
gadawera.<br />
0-vani da 1-li donis RAID-masivebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
romlebic seqtorebis zolebTan muSaoben, me-2<br />
donis RAID-masivi (nax. 4.26 g) sityvebTan da zogjer<br />
baitebTanac ki muSaobs. warmovidginoT, rom virtu-<br />
136
aluri diskis yoveli baiti or fragmentad iyofa.<br />
TiToeuli fragmentis moculoba 4 bitia. amis Semdeg<br />
yovel maTgans emateba gasworebis hemingis kodi.<br />
amrigad, 7 bitisgan Semdgari sityva miiReba, romelSic<br />
1, 2 da 4 bitebi _ luwobis bitebia. amis<br />
Semdeg warmovidginoT 7 biti hemingis kodiT da 7<br />
diski _ TiTo biti TiTo diskze.<br />
aseTi sqemis praqtikuli realizacia SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareobs: 32-Tanriga monacemis sityvas luwobis 6<br />
biti (hemingis kodi) emateba. Sedegad 38-Tanriga sityva<br />
miiReba, romelsac luwobis 39-e biti emateba. mi-<br />
Rebuli sityva 39 diskze iwereba. saerTo warmadoba<br />
Zalian maRalia, radgan erTdroulad SesaZlebelia<br />
monacemTa 32 seqtoris Cawera. diskis dazianebis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi problemebi agreTve ar warmoiqmneba, radgan<br />
erTi diskis dazianeba 39-Tanriga sityvis mxolod<br />
erTi bitis dakargvas iwvevs. am problemas ki hemingis<br />
kodi momentalurad asworebs.<br />
Tumca mocemuli sqema moiTxovs yvela diskis<br />
sinqronizacias brunvis mixedviT. garda amisa, mis<br />
gamoyenebas mxolod maSin aqvs azri, rodesac gvaqvs<br />
diskebis sakmaod didi raodenoba (monacemTa 32 diskisa<br />
da luwobis bitebis 6 diskis arsebobis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi damatebiTi danaxarjebi 19%-s Seadgens).<br />
amas garda sakmaod didi datvirTva awveba kontrolers,<br />
radgan igi yoveli bitis gadacemis dros unda<br />
iTvlides hemingis kods.<br />
137<br />
me-3 donis RAID-masivi me-2 donis RAID-masivis<br />
gamartivebul versias warmoadgens. igi gamosaxulia<br />
nax. 4.26 d-ze. am SemTxvevaSi monacemTa yovelis sityvisTvis<br />
luwobis 1 biti gamoiTvleba da luwobis<br />
diskze iwereba. iseve, rogorc me-2 donis RAID-masivis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, diskebi zustad unda iyos sinqronizebuli,<br />
ramdenadac monacemTa yoveli sityva<br />
ramdenime diskze unda iyos ganawilebuli.<br />
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom luwobis<br />
erTi biti Secdomebis mxolod aRmoCenis da<br />
ara gasworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Tu saubari<br />
gveqneba nebismier Secdomaze, bunebrivia es dakvirveba<br />
sworia. Tumca rodesac saubaria diskis mtyunebaze,<br />
luwobis biti uzrunvelyofs erTi biti Secdomis<br />
gasworebas, radgan araswori bitis pozicia<br />
cnobilia. Tu xdeba mtyuneba, kontroleri gascems<br />
informacias, rom yvela biti nulis tolia. Tu<br />
sityvaSi Cndeba luwobis Secdoma, im diskis biti,<br />
romelzedac moxda mtyuneba, unda udrides erTs da<br />
igi, bunebrivia, swordeba.<br />
Tumca me-2 da me-3 donis RAID-masivebi monacemTa<br />
gadacemis Zalian maRal siCqares uzrunvelyofen,<br />
Setana-gamotanis <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>dan wamSi<br />
moTxovnebis ricxvi ar aris meti, vidre erTi diskis<br />
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
me-4 da me-5 donis RAID-masivebi, iseve rogorc<br />
sawyisi donis RAID-masivebi, muSaoben zolebTan da<br />
138
ara sityvebTan, romelTac luwobis bitebi gaaCniaT<br />
da diskebis sinqronizacias ar moiTxoven.<br />
me-4 donis RAID-masivi (nax. 4.26, e) isevea mowyobili,<br />
rogorc 0-vani donis RAID-masivi. gansxvaveba<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom me-4 donis RAID-masivs damatebiTi<br />
diski gaaCnia, romelzedac luwobis zolebi<br />
iwereba.<br />
davuSvaT TiToeuli zoli k baitisgan Sedgeba.<br />
yvela zoli unda imyofebodes an-ara damokidebulebaSi<br />
da luwobis zoli am damokidebulebis SemowmebisTvis<br />
agreTve unda Sedgebodes k baitisgan. Tu<br />
diskze mtyuneba moxdeba, dakarguli bitebis aRdgena<br />
SesaZlebelia luwobis diskze Cawerili informaciis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
aseTi gadawyveta danakargebs diskebze Tavidan<br />
gvacilebs, magram mcire gasworebebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
warmadobas mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. Tu icvleba<br />
erTi seqtori, informaciis wakiTxva unda moxdes<br />
yvela diskidan, raTa luwobis bitebi Tavidan gamoiTvalos<br />
da moxdes maTi Tavidan Cawera.<br />
amis naclad SesaZlebelia diskidan wina monacemebis<br />
da wina luwobis bitebis wakiTxva da maTgan<br />
luwobis axali bitebis gamoTvla. magram aseTi optimizaciis<br />
procesis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic ki<br />
mcire gasworebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa<br />
ori wakiTxvis da ori Caweris operaciis Sesruleba.<br />
139<br />
luwobis diskze monacemebis CatvirTvisas<br />
aseTi sirTuleebi SeiZleba didi winaRoba iyos ma-<br />
Rali warmadobis miRwevisTvis.<br />
es problema gadawyvetilia me-5 donis RAIDmasivSi,<br />
romelSic luwobis bitebi yvela diskze Tanabradaa<br />
gadanawilebuli da wriulad iwereba (nax.<br />
4.26, v). magram diskis mtyunebis SemTxvevaSi masze Cawerili<br />
informaciis aRdgena sakmaod rTulia, Tumca<br />
SesaZlebelia.<br />
140
Tavi 5<br />
monacemTa optikuri Senaxvis saSualebebi<br />
informaciis Senaxvis optikur mowyobilobeb-<br />
Si monacemTa Cawera da wakiTxva mbrunav kompaqtdiskze,<br />
lazeris sxivis da ara magnituri velis sa-<br />
SualebiT sruldeba.<br />
kompiuteruli optikuri teqnologiebis standartebi<br />
or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa:<br />
• CD (CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW);<br />
• DVD (DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW).<br />
personaluri <strong>kompiuteris</strong> standartul konfiguracias<br />
CD (Compact Disk) diskuri mowyobiloba miekuTvneba.<br />
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory) _ mexsiereba<br />
kompaqt-diskze mxolod wakiTxvisTvis) _ informaciis<br />
optikur matarebels warmoadgens da mxolod<br />
monacemTa wakiTxvisTvisaa gankuTvnili.<br />
Sony da Philips kompaniebma 1980 wels warmoadgines<br />
musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis pirveli standarti<br />
_ CD-DA, romlis formatsac Red Book ewoda. mocemuli<br />
specifikaciiT ganisazRvra xmis Cawera-damuSavebis<br />
standartebi da diskis diametri _ 120 mm, romelic<br />
amJamadac standartulia yvela kompaqt-diskis-<br />
Tvis.<br />
Sony da Philips kompaniebma gaagrZeles Tanam-<br />
Sromloba da 1984 wels warmoadgines pirveli CD-<br />
ROM (specifikacia Yellow Book). standarti iseT kompaqt-diskebTan<br />
muSaobas iTvaliswinebs, romlebze-<br />
141<br />
dac Cawerilia kompiuterul sistemebSi gamoyenebuli<br />
monacemebi. kompaqt-diskidan SesaZlebelia mxolod<br />
monacemebis wakiTxva.<br />
CD-ROM damgrovebeli CD-DA damgroveblisgan<br />
mxolod eleqtronuli sqemiT gansxvavdeba, romelic<br />
Secdomebis aRmoCenis da koreqciis damatebiT SesaZleblobebs<br />
uzrunvelyofs.<br />
5.1. CD-ROM diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
konstruqcia da diskebis damzadebis<br />
teqnologia<br />
CD-ROM damgroveblis konstruqcia<br />
CD-ROM damgrovebeli (nax. 5.1) Semdegnairad<br />
muSaobs:<br />
1. naxevargamtaruli lazeri amrekli sarkisken mimarTul<br />
mcire simZlavris infrawiTel sxivs gamoimuSavebs;<br />
2. CaSenebuli mikroprocesoridan miwodebuli brZanebebis<br />
Sesabamisad servoamZravi moZrav urikas,<br />
romelzedac damontaJebulia amrekli sarke, kompaqt-diskis<br />
sasurvel bilikze gadaaadgilebs;<br />
3. diskidan areklili sxivi diskis qveviT arsebuli<br />
linzis saSualebiT fokusirdeba, sarkidan airekleba<br />
da gamyof prizmas miewodeba;<br />
4. gamyofi prizma areklil sxivs meore mafokusirebel<br />
linzaze mimarTavs;<br />
142
5. mafokusirebeli linza areklil sxivs fotogadamwodze<br />
mimarTavs, romelic sinaTlis energias<br />
eleqtrul impulsebad gardaqmnis;<br />
6. fotogadamwodis mier gamomuSavebuli signalebi<br />
CaSenebuli mikroprocesoris mier dekodirdeba<br />
da kompiuters monacemebis saxiT miewodeba.<br />
fotogadamwodi<br />
linzebi<br />
naxevargamtaruli<br />
lazeri gamyofi<br />
prizma<br />
servoamZravi<br />
nax. 5.1. CD-ROM damgroveblis struqtura<br />
CD-ROM matareblebis masiuri warmoeba<br />
kompaqt-diski polikarbonatuli firfitaa. misi<br />
diametria 120 mm, xolo sisqe _ 1,2 mm. diskis SuaSi<br />
aris 15 mm diametris Riobi. Tu kompaqt-disks wakiTxvis<br />
mxridan (qvevidan) SevxedavT, is saaTis isris<br />
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. informacia<br />
spiralur bilikze iwereba, romelic amaRlebuli<br />
(pits) da brtyeli (lands) monakveTebisgan Sedgeba.<br />
lazeruli sxivi, romelic kompaqt-diskidan<br />
monacemebis wakiTxvisTvis gamoiyeneba, Tavisuflad<br />
143<br />
gadis gamWvirvale polikarbonatSi, amitom diskis<br />
zedapiri amrekli liTonis (Cveulebriv aluminis)<br />
feniT ifareba. aluminis fena, Tavis mxriv, akrilis<br />
lakis Txeli damcavi feniT ifareba, romelzedac<br />
gamosaxuleba daitaneba.<br />
Tumca kompaqt-diskebis masiuri komerciuli<br />
warmoeba ara lazeriT amowviT, aramed dapresvis me-<br />
TodiT xdeba (nax. 5.2). marTalia, minis master-diskze<br />
monacemebi swored lazeruli sxiviT amoiwveba, magram<br />
aseTi meTodiT aseulobiT da aTaseulobiT diskis<br />
damzadeba araekonomiuria.<br />
fotorezistuli<br />
fenis datana<br />
lazeruli Cawera<br />
master-diskis<br />
formireba<br />
eleqtrolituri<br />
formireba<br />
master-diskis<br />
dayofa<br />
diskis<br />
daStampva<br />
moliToneba<br />
damcavi<br />
fenis datana<br />
saboloo<br />
produqti<br />
fotorezistuli fena<br />
mina<br />
lazeri<br />
lazeriT damuSavebuli fotorezistuli<br />
mina fena<br />
eleqtrolituri formireba<br />
moliTonebuli fena<br />
liTonis diski (`mama~)<br />
minis master-diski<br />
liTonis matrica (`Svili~)<br />
gamlRvari polikarbonatuli masa<br />
liTonis matrica<br />
plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre<br />
liTonis matrica<br />
plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre<br />
aluminis amrekli fena<br />
plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre<br />
akrilis lakis damcavi fena<br />
dabeWdili etiketi<br />
akrilis lakis damcavi fena<br />
aluminis amrekli fena<br />
plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre<br />
Rrmulebi da zedapirebi<br />
lazeri<br />
nax. 5.2. teqnologiuri procesis sqema<br />
144
kompaqt-diskebis damzadeba etapobrvad sruldeba:<br />
1. fotorezistuli fenis dadeba. 240 mm diametris<br />
da 6 mm sisqis gaprialebuli minis firfita 150<br />
mikroni sisqis fotorezistis feniT ifareba, ris<br />
Semdegadac 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, 80 ° C-ze iwveba;<br />
2. lazeruli Cawera. lazeruli Camweri (Laser Beam<br />
Recorder _ LBR) lurji, an iasamnisferi Suqis impulsebs<br />
agzavnis, romlebic minis master-diskis<br />
fotorezistuli fenis gansazRvrul monakveTebs<br />
asxivebs da arbilebs;<br />
3. master-diskis formireba. damuSavebuli minis diski<br />
natriumis hidrooqsidis xsnariT muSavdeba,<br />
romelic lazeriT eqsponirebul monakveTebs gaxsnis<br />
da fotorezistul fenaSi Rrmulebs aformirebs;<br />
4. eleqtrolituri formireba. master-diski galvanoplastikis<br />
meTodiT ifareba nikelis SenadnobiT.<br />
Sedegad liTonis master-diski iqmneba, romelsac<br />
`mama~ (father) diski ewodeba;<br />
5. master-diskis dayofa. liTonis matrica minis master-disks<br />
scildeba da diskebis partiis damzadebisTvis<br />
SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. liTonis<br />
master-diskis mocilebis dros minis safuZveli<br />
xSirad ziandeba, amitom, rogorc wesi, ramdenime<br />
minis `deda~ (mother) master-disks qmnian;<br />
6. diskebis Stampva. liTonis muSa matrica samsxmelo<br />
manqanaSi gamlRvar 18 gram polikarbonatul<br />
masaSi Rrmulebis da zedapirebis formirebisTvis<br />
145<br />
gamoiyeneba. muSa temperatur 350 ° C-ia, dapresvis<br />
wneva _ 20000 futi/diuimi 2 -ze, diskis damzadebis<br />
dro _ 3 wm;<br />
7. moliToneba. amrekli zedapiris misaRebad diskze<br />
damtvervis meTodiT aluminis Txeli (0,05-0,1 mikroni)<br />
fena daitaneba;<br />
8. damcavi zedapiri. aluminis fenis Semdgomi daJangvis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad moliTonebul diskze<br />
akrilis lakis Txeli (6-7 mikroni) fena daitaneba,<br />
romelic ultraiisferi sxivebiT myardeba.<br />
9. saboloo produqti. trafaretuli beWdvis wesiT<br />
diskze teqsti, an gamosaxuleba daitaneba, romelic<br />
ultraiisferi sxivebis zemoqmedebiT Sreba.<br />
Rrmulebi da zedapirebi<br />
informaciis wakiTxva diskis liTonuri zedapiridan<br />
areklili dabali simZlavris lazeruli<br />
sxivis rxevebis registraciis process warmoadgens.<br />
lazeri fokusirebul sxivs diskis qveda mxareze<br />
agzavnis, xolo areklili sxivi mgrZnobiare fotoreceptors<br />
miewodeba. diskis zedapiridan lazeris<br />
sxivi airekleba, xolo diskis Rrmulidan lazeruli<br />
sxivis arekvla ar xdeba.<br />
diski lazeris da fotoreceptoris (mimRebis)<br />
qveviT brunavs. lazeri mudmivad asxivebs sinaTles,<br />
xolo mimRebi aRiqvams Suqis naTebas, romelic<br />
Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis Tanmimdevrobas asaxavs.<br />
areklili signalis yovel cvlilebas, romelic<br />
ganpirobebulia Rrmulis sazRvris gadakveTiT, dam-<br />
146
groveblis mikroprocesori gardaqmnis bitad, romlis<br />
mniSvnelobaa `1~, xolo vels, romelic ar Seicavs<br />
gadasvlebs _ bitad, romlis mniSvnelobaa `0~.<br />
orobiTi Tanrigebis miRebuli krebuli CD-ROM diskis<br />
SemTxvevaSi gardaiqmneba monacemebad, xolo CD-<br />
DA diskis SemTxvevaSi _ xmovan signalebad.<br />
Rrmulebi diskis bilikebs aformireben. maTi<br />
siRrmea 0,125 mikroni, xolo sigane _ 0,6 mikroni.<br />
Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis minimaluri sigrZea 0,9<br />
mikroni, xolo maqsimaluri _ 3,3 mikroni (nax. 5.3)<br />
0,6 mkm<br />
0,9 mkm<br />
(minimumi)<br />
1,6 mkm<br />
Rrmulebi<br />
3,3 mkm<br />
(maqsimumi)<br />
nax. 5.3. kompaqt-diskis bilikis maformirebeli<br />
Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis geometria<br />
5.2. kompaqt-diskebis logikuri struqtura<br />
biliki da seqtorebi<br />
Rrmulebi aformireben erTaderT spiralur<br />
biliks xviebs Soris 1,6 mikroni dacilebiT, rac 625<br />
xvias milimetrze Seesabameba. standartuli 74-wuTiani<br />
(650 mb) diskis biliki mTlianobaSi 22188 xviisgan<br />
Sedgeba. diski eqvs ZiriTad velad iyofa.<br />
147<br />
zedapirebi<br />
• diskis fiqsirebis veli. fiqsirebis (dayenebis)<br />
veli kompaqt-diskis centraluri nawilia. fiqsirebis<br />
velSi gakeTebulia Riobi, romliTac<br />
diski damgroveblis amZrav meqanizmze Tavsdeba.<br />
fiqsirebis veli ar Seicavs raime informacias,<br />
an monacemebs;<br />
• simZlavris dakalibrebis veli (PCA). mxolod<br />
Camwer diskebs (CD-D, CD-RW) gaaCnia. PCA-s saSualebiT<br />
Camweri diskuri mowyobiloba diskis<br />
•<br />
testirebas asrulebs, ris Sedegadac diskis optimaluri<br />
amowvisTvis saWiro lazeris simZlavres<br />
gansazRvravs. TiToeuli diskis testireba<br />
99-jer SeiZleba Sesruldes;<br />
mexsierebis programirebadi veli (PMA). mxolod<br />
Camwer diskebs (CD-D, CD-RW) gaaCnia da sarCevis<br />
droebiTi cxrilis (Table Of Content _ TOC) Caweris-<br />
Tvis gamoiyeneba. Caweris seansis dasrulebis Semdeg<br />
nulovan bilikze gadaiwereba;<br />
• nulovani biliki. masze diskis (an seansis) sar-<br />
Cevi iwereba, romelic Seicavs monacemebs yvela<br />
musikaluri, an monacemTa bilikis sawyisi misamarTis<br />
da sigrZis Sesaxeb. nulovan bilikze agreTve<br />
iwereba programuli (monacemTa) velis sigrZe,<br />
informacia Caweris yoveli seansis Sesaxeb.<br />
kompaqt-diski, romelic Cawerilia mTlianad er-<br />
Ti seansis ganmavlobaSi (Disk At Once – DAO reJimi),<br />
mxolod erT nulovan biliks Seicavs, xolo diski,<br />
romelic Cawerilia ramdenime seansis ganmavlobaSi<br />
_ ramdenime nulovan biliks, radgan Ca-<br />
148
•<br />
weris yoveli seansi nulovani bilikiT iwyeba.<br />
nulovani bilikis sigrZe 4500 seqtoria (erTi wu-<br />
Ti, monacemTa 9,2 mbaiti). igi agreTve miuTiTebs,<br />
aris Tu ara diski mravalsesiuri da diskze<br />
Semdegi Caweris misamarTs (Tu diskze aris Tavisufali<br />
adgili);<br />
programuli (sainformacio) veli. diskis centridan<br />
25 mm-is daSorebiT iwyeba. programul velSi<br />
Tavad monacemebi iwereba;<br />
• damabolovebeli zona. aRniSnavs diskis programuli<br />
(sainformacio) zonis dasasruls an Caweris<br />
seansis dasasruls mravalsesiuri Caweris<br />
dros. damabolovebeli zona ar Seicavs raime<br />
informacias da mxolod markeris saxiT gamoiyeneba.<br />
pirveli (erTaderTi damabolovebeli zona,<br />
Tu diski Cawerilia DAO reJimSi) 6750 seqtors<br />
(1,5 wuTi, an 13,8 mbaiti) ikavebs. yoveli Semdegi<br />
damabolovebeli zona (Tu diski Cawerilia mravalsesiur<br />
reJimSi) 2250 seqtors (0,5 wuTi, an 4,6<br />
mbaiti) ikavebs.<br />
diskis fiqsirebis zona, programuli veli, nulovani<br />
biliki da damabolovebeli zona yvela tipis<br />
kompaqt-disks gaaCnia. CD-R da CD-RW diskebi damatebiT<br />
simZlavris dakalibrebis da mexsierebis programirebad<br />
velsac Seicavs (nax. 5.4).<br />
cxrilSi 5.1 warmodgenilia 74-wuTiani (650<br />
mebibaiti) da 80-wuTiani (700 megabaiti) kompaqt-diskebis<br />
ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebi. 80-wuTiani<br />
versia 74-wuTianTan SedarebiT xviebis ufro mWidro<br />
ganlagebiT gamoirCeva.<br />
149<br />
centraluri<br />
Riobi<br />
25 mm<br />
23 mm<br />
22,35 mm<br />
20,5 mm<br />
7,5 mm<br />
diskis<br />
dasayenebeli<br />
veli<br />
veli<br />
(PCA)<br />
veli<br />
(PMA) sawyisi<br />
(nulovani)<br />
veli<br />
nax. 5.4. kompaqt-diskis velebi<br />
spiraluri biliki dayofilia seqtorebad.<br />
garbenis siCqare Cawera/wakiTxvis dros Seadgens 75<br />
seqtori/wm-Si. amrigad diskze, romelzedac Cawerilia<br />
74 wuTi musikaluri informacia, SeiZleba maqsimum<br />
333 000 seqtori arsebobdes. TiToeuli seqtori<br />
98 sainformacio blokad (freimad) iyofa. yoveli<br />
bloki 33 baits Seicavs, romlidanac 24 baiti<br />
musikaluri monacemebia, 1 baiti qvekods (samomsaxuro<br />
kodur informacias) Seicavs, xolo 8 baiti luwobaze<br />
kontrolisTvis da Secdomebis koreqciis-<br />
Tvis (ECC) gamoiyeneba.<br />
150<br />
60 mm<br />
58,5 mm<br />
58 mm<br />
monacemTa<br />
veli<br />
damabolovebeli<br />
zona
cxrili 5.1<br />
kompaqt-diskebis ZiriTadi teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
kompaqt-diskis sigrZe (wT) 74 * 80<br />
kompaqt-diskis zoma (mib) 650 700<br />
wakiTxvis siCqare 1x, m/wm 1,3 1,3<br />
dacileba xviebs Soris, mikroni 1,6 1,48<br />
xviebis raodenoba 1 milimetrSi 625 676<br />
bilikis mTliani sigrZe, metri 5772 6240<br />
Rrmulis sigane, mikroni 0,6 0,6<br />
Rrmulis siRrme 0,125 0,125<br />
Rrmulis minimaluri sigrZe, mikroni 0,9 0,9<br />
Rrmulis maqsimaluri sigrZe, mikroni 3,31 3,31<br />
nulovani bilikis Siga radiusi, mm 23 23<br />
monacemTa velis Siga radiusi, mm 25 25<br />
monacemTa velis gare radiusi, mm 58 58<br />
damabolovebeli zonis gare radiusi, mm 58,5 58,5<br />
monacemTa velis sigane, mm 33 33<br />
bilikis velis mTliani sigane, mm 35,5 35,5<br />
brunvis maqsimaluri siCqare 1x, CLV ** ,<br />
br/wT<br />
brunvis minimaluri siCqare 1x, CLV,<br />
br/wT<br />
monacemTa velSi bilikis xviebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
151<br />
540 540<br />
212 212<br />
20625 22297<br />
bilikis xviebis saerTo raodenoba 22188 23986<br />
* Mib – Mebibite (1 048 576 baiti);<br />
** CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) – mudmivi wrfivi siCqare.<br />
diskretizacia<br />
musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis Caweris dros monacemTa<br />
diskretizacia 44100 taqti/wm sixSiriT<br />
sruldeba. xmovani monacemebis TiToeuli amorCeva<br />
(Sample) marcxena da marjvena arxebis komponents<br />
(stereo) Seicavs. arxis komponenti 16-Tanriga ricxviT<br />
warmodgindeba. amrigad, SesaZlebelia 65536<br />
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis miReba, romlebic drois<br />
gansazRvrul momentSi arxis xmovani talRebis<br />
amplitudas Seesabameba.<br />
diskretizaciis sixSire xmovani sixSireebis<br />
diapazons gansazRvravs, romelic cifruli Caweris<br />
dros SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli. diskretizaciis six-<br />
Sire rac ufro maRalia, miRebuli Sedegi originalTan<br />
miT ufro axlosaa. naikvist-kotelnikovis<br />
Teoriis Tanaxmad, sawyisi signalis zusti aRdgenisTvis<br />
diskretizaciis sixSire orjer meti unda<br />
iyos amorCevaSi arsebul yvelaze maRal sixSires-<br />
Tan SedarebiT.<br />
adamiani maqsimum 20000 hc sixSiris xmovan signalebs<br />
aRiqvams. swored amitom Sony da Philips kompaniebma<br />
musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis CawerisTvis<br />
daaxloebiT orjer meti _ 44100 hc diskretizaciis<br />
sixSire gamoiyenes.<br />
qvekodebi<br />
qvekodebis baitebi damgroveblis mier spiralur<br />
bilikze simRerebis, anu xmovani bilikebis<br />
(Tracks) mosaZebnad da kompaqt-diskis Sesaxeb damatebiTi<br />
informaciis gadasacemad gamoiyeneba.<br />
152
yovel seqtorSi qvekodebi 98 baits ikavebs<br />
(erT freimSi _ erTi qvekodis baiti). 2 baiti gamoiyeneba<br />
rogorc blokis dasawyisis da dasrulebis<br />
markeri, xolo danarCeni 96 baiti _ qvekodis monacemebis<br />
Sesanaxad. es 96 baiti, Tavis mxriv, rva 12baitian<br />
blokad iyofa, romelTagan TiToeuls P-W<br />
aRniSvna eniWeba. umetesad qvekodis P da Q blokebi<br />
gamoiyeneba.<br />
qvekodis P bloki xmovani bilikis dasawyisis<br />
identifikaciisTvis gamoiyeneba, xolo Q bloki sxvadasxva<br />
monacemebs Seicavs:<br />
• mocemuli seqtori audioa (CD-DA), Tu sainformacio<br />
(CD-ROM). es monacemi ablokirebs CD-DA<br />
firsakravze sainformacio diskis gaSvebas, ramac<br />
SeiZleba akustikuri sistemis dazianeba gamoiwvios.<br />
• audiomonacemebi orarxiania, Tu oTxarxiani (oTxarxiani<br />
monacemebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba);<br />
• nebadarTulia Tu ara cifruli kopireba. es monacemi<br />
CD-R da CD-RW damgroveblebs ar exeba. igi<br />
mxolod CD-DA damgroveblebSi gamoiyeneba, sim-<br />
Rerebis cifrul audiokasataze gadaweris blokirebisTvis;<br />
• simRerebis Caweris dros gamoyenebuli iqna Tu<br />
ara damaxinjebebis koreqciis meTodi. es meTodi<br />
xmaurs da SiSins amcirebs;<br />
• diskze audiobilikis (simReris) adgilmdebareoba;<br />
• audiobilikis (simReris) nomeri;<br />
153<br />
• mimdinare simReris dasawyisidan gasuli wuTebi,<br />
wamebi da blokis (freimis) nomeri;<br />
• audiobilikebis (simRerebis) ukuaTvla;<br />
• pirveli simReris dasawyisidan gasuli wuTebi,<br />
wamebi da blokis (freimis) nomeri;<br />
• kompaqt-diskis Strix-kodi;<br />
• Canaweris saerTaSoriso standartuli kodi (International<br />
Standard Recording Code - ISRC). es kodi kompaqt-diskis<br />
yoveli audiobilikisTvis (simReris-<br />
Tvis) unikaluria.<br />
R-W blokebi gamoiyeneba specializirebul, magaliTad<br />
CD-G diskebSi, romlebSic audiofailebTan<br />
erTad SezRuduli moculobis teqsturi da grafikuli<br />
informaciac iwereba.<br />
Secdomebis gasworeba<br />
Red-Book standartis damuSavebis dros gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba Secdomebis gasworebas mieqca.<br />
am mizniT luwobaze kontroli da rid-solomonis<br />
kodebi (CIRC) gamoiyeneba.<br />
Secdomebis gasworebis teqnologia blokebis<br />
(freimebis) doneze muSaobs. informaciis Senaxvis<br />
dros monacemebis 24 baiti rid-solomonis SifratoriT<br />
muSavdeba, ris Sedegad luwobaze kontrolis 4baitiani<br />
Q-kodi iqmneba. miRebuli 28-baitiani ricxvi<br />
meore Sifrators gadaecema, romelic qmnis damatebiT,<br />
4-baitian luwobaze kontrolis P-kods (kontrolis<br />
P da Q kodebi aranair kavSirSi ar aris P<br />
da Q qvekodebTan). amrigad, miiReba 32-baitiani ric-<br />
154
xvi (24 sawyisi baiti da luwobaze kontrolis baitebi),<br />
romelsac qvekodis baiti (informacia bilikis<br />
Sesaxeb) emateba. sabolood yoveli blokisTvis<br />
33-baitiani ricxvi miiReba.<br />
nafxaWnebis da fizikuri dazianebis gavlenis<br />
minimizaciisTvis, romlebic, rogorc wesi, mezobel<br />
blokebs azianebs, blokebSi Cawera araTanmimdevrulad,<br />
109 blokis gamotovebiT sruldeba. es blokebi<br />
ara TanmimdevrobiT, aramed sxvadasxva seqtorebSi<br />
aris ganTavsebuli, rac TanmimdevrobiT wasakiTx monacemebze<br />
nafxaWnebis da fizikuri dazianebebis gavlenas<br />
amcirebs.<br />
CIRC-teqnologia rogorc audio, aseve CD-<br />
ROM-diskebis Caweris dros gamoiyeneba da 3784 biti<br />
(2,6 mm) Secdomis gasworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
musikalur kompaqt-diskebSi damatebiT interpolaciis<br />
meTodic gamoiyeneba, romelic 13282 biti<br />
(8,9 mm) Secdomis gasworebis saSualebas iZleva. interpolacia<br />
monacemebis miaxloebiTi gamoTvlis da<br />
gasaSualoebis meTodiT aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
musikaluri firsakravi kompaqt-diskze Caweril cifrul<br />
informacias analogur signalebad gardaqmnis,<br />
romelic stereogamaZliereblis mier muSavdeba. am<br />
dros msmenelma mcire xarvezi SeiZleba verc ki SeamCnios.<br />
interpolaciis meTodi CD-ROM-diskebSi ar gamoiyeneba,<br />
radgan CD-ROM-diskidan monacemTa araswori<br />
wakiTxva dauSvebelia. amitom, CD-DA diskebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, CD-ROM-diskebi ZiriTad monace-<br />
155<br />
mebTan erTad didi moculobis damatebiT ECC (Secdomebis<br />
koreqciis kodi) informacias Seicavs.<br />
diskze monacemTa kodireba<br />
98 blokis erT seqtorad gaerTianebis Semdeg<br />
iwyeba informaciis kodirebis procesi _ EFM (Eightto-fourteen<br />
Modulation) modulacia. monacemTa yoveli<br />
baiti (8 biti) 14-Tanriga kodad gardaiqmneba. kodi<br />
iseTnairadaa damuSavebuli, rom ricxvi ar SeiZleba<br />
zedized Seicavdes 2-ze nakleb da 10-ze met 0-s.<br />
kodirebis mocemul wess, Caweris velis Sez-<br />
Ruduli sigrZiT (RLL – Run Length Limited), ewodeba RLL<br />
2,10 (zogadad RLL x,y, sadac x _ nulovani bitebis<br />
velis minimaluri, xolo y _ maqsimaluri sigrZea).<br />
cxrilSi 5.2 warmodgenilia N da O simboloebis<br />
warmodgena kompaqt-diskze Caweris win, xolo<br />
nax. 5.5-ze _ kompaqt-diskze Caweris Semdeg.<br />
RLL 2,10 kodirebis magaliTi<br />
simbolo N O<br />
156<br />
cxrili 5.2<br />
orobiTi ASCII kodi 01001110 01001111<br />
RLL kodi 00010001000100 00100001000100<br />
gamaerTianebeli<br />
bitebi<br />
nax. 5.5. monacemebis EFM-kodireba kompaqt-diskze
5.3. CD-ROM diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
monacemebis gadacemis siCqare<br />
monacemebis gadacemis siCqare (DTR) _ maqsimaluri<br />
siCqarea, romliTac monacemebi diskidan <strong>kompiuteris</strong><br />
operatiul mexsierebaSi gadaigzavneba. monacemebis<br />
gadacemis siCqare CD-ROM-ebis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
maxasiaTebelia, romlis miTiTebac yovelTvis<br />
xdeba damgroveblis modelTan erTad. monacemTa gadacemis<br />
siCqare uSualodaa dakavSirebuli diskis<br />
brunvis siCqaresTan.<br />
pirveli CD-ROM-ebi, iseve rogorc audio kompaqt-diskebis<br />
firsakravebi, monacemebs 150 kbaiti/wm<br />
siCqariT gadascemdnen. CD-ROM-ebis Semdegi TaobebisTvis<br />
monacemTa gadacemis siCqare am ricxvis jeradia<br />
(150 kbaiti/wm). magaliTad, CD-ROM 50x aRniSnavs,<br />
rom gadacemis maqsimaluri siCqarea 7500 kbaiti/wm.<br />
cxrilSi 5.3 warmodgenilia CD-ROM-ebis monacemTa<br />
gadacemis siCqaris damokidebuleba jeradobaze.<br />
N-jeradi siCqaris CD-ROM-ebisTvis monacemebis<br />
gadacemis siCqare damokidebulia diskze Cawerili<br />
monacemebis tipze. Tu informaciis wakiTxva audio<br />
kompaqt-diskidan sruldeba, monacemTa gadacemis<br />
siCqare 150 kbaiti/wm-Si iqneba (Normal Speed). Tu monacemebis<br />
failebi ikiTxeba, maTi gadacemis siCqare<br />
SeiZleba iyos 300, 450, 600 da a.S. kbaiti/wm-Si, rac<br />
damokidebulia CD-ROM-is maqsimalur siCqareze.<br />
157<br />
cxrili 5.3<br />
CD-ROM-ebis monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris damokidebuleba<br />
amZravis muSaobis siCqaris jeradobaze<br />
CD-ROM jeradoba monacemTa gadacemis<br />
siCqare, kbaiti/wm<br />
1x 150<br />
2x 300<br />
8x 1200<br />
16x 2400<br />
24x 3600<br />
32x 4800<br />
36x 5400<br />
40x 6000<br />
50x 7500<br />
60x 9000<br />
pirveli CD-diskuri mowyobiloba audiofirsakravs<br />
warmoadgenda, romlisTvisac umTavresia monacemTa<br />
mudmivi siCqariT gadacema. amitom CD-ROMisTvis,<br />
vinCesterisgan gansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovania<br />
ara diskis brunvis kuTxuri siCqare, aramed wamkiTxavi<br />
meqanizmis mimarT diskis pitebis gadaadgilebis<br />
wrfivi siCqare.<br />
swored amitom CD-ROM-ebSi Tavdapirvelad informaciis<br />
mudmivi wrfivi siCqariT (Constant Linear Velocity,<br />
CLV) wakiTxvis meTodi gamoiyeneboda. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi diskis brunvis siCqare cvladia da damokidebulia<br />
diskze informaciis adgilmdebareobaze<br />
(brunvis siCqare mcirdeba diskis centridan kidis<br />
mimarTulebiT).<br />
158
Tumca 2400 kbaiti/wm-Si (16x) da ufro maRal<br />
siCqareebze monacemebis gadacemisas CLV meTodis gamoyeneba<br />
seriozul teqnikur problemebs awydeba.<br />
brunvis siCqaris xSiri cvla diskis maRali kuTxuri<br />
siCqariT brunvis dros rTuldeba. amitom CD-<br />
ROM-ebis Tanamedrove modelebSi diskis nawilobriv<br />
mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT brunvis meTodi (Partial<br />
Constant Angular Velocity, PCAV) gamoiyeneba. PCAV meTodi<br />
(zogjer CLV-CAV termini gamoiyeneba) centridan kidis<br />
mimarTulebiT diskis zonebad dayofas gulisxmobs.<br />
monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris sapasporto<br />
mniSvneloba mxolod diskis kideebSi arsebuli seqtorebidan<br />
informaciis wakiTxvis dros miiRweva,<br />
xolo centrTan axlos mdebare seqtorebidan monacemTa<br />
gadacemis siCqare TiTqmis orjer ufro dabalia.<br />
miRwevis saSualo dro<br />
miRwevis saSualo dro (Access Time, AT) aris is<br />
dro, romelic damgrovebels diskze saWiro monacemebis<br />
moZebnisTvis sWirdeba.<br />
miRwevis dro SedarebiT mcirea diskis Siga<br />
seqtorebidan monacemebis wakiTxvis dros da diskis<br />
gare seqtorebisTvis TandaTanobiT izrdeba. amitom<br />
damgroveblis sapasporto monacemebSi miRwevis saSualo<br />
dro mieTiTeba, romelic diskis SemTxveviT ar-<br />
Ceuli seqtorebidan monacemebis wakiTxvis saSualo<br />
droiT ganisazRvreba.<br />
159<br />
CD-ROM-ebis srulyofasTan erTad miRwevis sa-<br />
Sualo droc mcirdeba, magram es parametri vin-<br />
Cesteris analogiur parametrs (100-200 mwm CD-ROMisTvis<br />
da 8-12 mwm vinCesterisTvis) mainc mniSvnelovnad<br />
Camouvardeba. aseTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba<br />
ganpirobebulia maTi konstruqciebis principialuri<br />
gansxvavebiT: vinCesterSi ramdenime magnituri Tavaki<br />
gamoiyeneba, romelTa gadaadgilebis diapazonic SedarebiT<br />
mcirea CD-ROM-is amZravis erTaderT optikur<br />
TavakTan SedarebiT.<br />
cxrilSi 5.4. warmodgenilia sxvadasxva CD-<br />
ROM-ebis amZravebis miRwevis saSualo dro.<br />
cxrili 5.4<br />
CD-ROM-ebis amZravebis miRwevis saSualo dro<br />
amZravis siCqaris jeradoba miRwevis saSualo dro, mwm<br />
1x 400<br />
2x 300<br />
3x 200<br />
4x-6x 150<br />
8x-20x 100<br />
24x-34x 80<br />
36-60x 75<br />
160
5.4. kompaqt-diskebis formatebi<br />
Red book - CD-DA<br />
standarti Red book 1980 wels, Sony da Philips kompaniebis<br />
mier gamoqveynda da kompaqt-diskebis yvela<br />
Semdegi specifikaciis safuZvels warmoadgens. standarti<br />
Red book diskis geometriul zomebs, audioparametrebs,<br />
diskis struqturas, optikur maxasiaTeblebs,<br />
modulaciis da Secdomebis gasworebis<br />
sistemebs gansazRvravs.<br />
Red book standartis safuZvelze musikaluri<br />
CD-DA kompaqt-diskebi damuSavda. Red book standartis<br />
bolo redaqcia 1999 wels gamoqveynda.<br />
Yellow book – CR-ROM<br />
standarti Yellow book warmodgenili iqna Sony da<br />
Philips kompaniebis mier 1983 wels, xolo 1989 wels<br />
gaformda, rogorc saerTaSoriso standarti CD-<br />
ROM. am standartis mixedviT SenarCunda Red book<br />
standartiT gansazRvruli diskis geometriuli parametrebi<br />
da daemata Secdomebis koreqciis damatebiTi<br />
SesaZleblobebi, ramac cifruli monacemebis<br />
saimedo Senaxva gaxada SesaZlebeli. Semotanili iqna<br />
agreTve damatebiTi sinqronizacia da saTauri informacia,<br />
ramac seqtorebis adgilmdebareobis ufro<br />
zusti gansazRvra gaxada SesaZlebeli.<br />
Yellow book standartiT seqtorebis dayofis ori<br />
reJimi ganisazRvreba: Mode 1, romlis drosac seqtori<br />
Secdomebis koreqciis sqemas Seicavs da Mode 2,<br />
161<br />
rodesac seqtori Secdomebis koreqciis sqemas ar<br />
Seicavs.<br />
arsebobs informaciis garkveuli tipi, romlisTvisac<br />
savsebiT dauSvebelia Secdomebi, magali-<br />
Tad kompiuteruli failebi. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia<br />
Secdomebis aRmoCenisa da gasworebis aparatis<br />
gamoyeneba. Tumca amasTan erTad arsebobs monacemebis<br />
sxva tipebic, magaliTad videogamosaxulebebi da<br />
xmovani failebi, romelTa wakiTxvisas Secdomebis<br />
garkveuli raodenoba dasaSvebia.<br />
Secdomebis koreqciis armqone reJimSi Caweris<br />
dros diskis ufro did moculoba eTmoba samomxmareblo<br />
failebs, magram gamousworebeli Secdomebis<br />
gamoCenis albaTobac izrdeba.<br />
Green book - CD-i<br />
standarti Green book Sony da Philips kompaniebis<br />
mier 1986 wels iqna warmodgenili. Green book aramarto<br />
diskis formatia, aramed sruli interaqtiuli<br />
sistemis specifikaciaa, romelic televizorTan SesaerTebel<br />
firsakravs, audio da videogamosaxulebis<br />
realur droSi SemaTanxmebel programul uzrunvelyofas,<br />
matareblebs da formatebs Seicavs.<br />
CD-i firsakravi faqtiurad calke kompiuteria. igi<br />
damuSavebulia Motorola 6800 procesoris bazaze da<br />
Microware OS/9 Real Time operaciul sistemaSi muSaobs.<br />
CD-i kompaqt-diskebze iwereba saswavlo, saTamaSo<br />
programebi, enciklopediebi, musikaluri Canawerebi,<br />
kinofilmebi da a.S.<br />
162
personaluri kompiuteri CD-i kompaqt-diskebs<br />
ver kiTxulobs. Tumca damuSavebulia specialuri<br />
draiverebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac kompiuters CD-i<br />
failebis wakiTxva SeuZlia.<br />
amJamad CD-i standarti moZvelebulia.<br />
CD-ROM XA<br />
standarti CD-ROM-XA gamoqveynebuli iqna Sony,<br />
Philips da Microsoft kompaniebis mier 1989 wels. CD-XA<br />
warmoadgens Yellow book standartis damatebas.<br />
CD-ROM XA standartis mixedviT Yellow book<br />
standarts Green book standartiT gansazRvruli sami<br />
funqcia daemata:<br />
• audio da videomonacemebis monacvleoba;<br />
• Mode 2 seqtorebis gansazRvris gafarToeba;<br />
• audiomonacemebis SekumSvis standarti _ ADPCM.<br />
fragmentebis monacvleoba<br />
CD-ROM XA standartis damgroveblebi monacvleobiT<br />
(interleaving) meTods iyeneben. XA standartis<br />
mixedviT Caweril diskebSi TanmimdevrobiTaa ganlagebuli<br />
iseTi fragmentebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli<br />
bunebis informacias Seicavs. yoveli fragmentis dasawyisSi<br />
specialuri kodi iwereba, romlis mixedviTac<br />
damgrovebeli gansazRvravs, Tu monacemebis<br />
romeli tipia (audio, teqsturi, grafikuli) Cawerili<br />
mimdinare seqtorSi. fragmentebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
SeiZleba nebismieri iyos.<br />
163<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom monacemebi sxvadasxva<br />
seqtorebidan araerTdroulad ikiTxeba, momxmarebels<br />
isini sinqronulad miewodeba, rogorc kompaqtdiskis<br />
avtorebis mier aris gansazRvruli.<br />
seqtorebis reJimebi da formebi<br />
reJimi 1 (Mode 1) Yellow book standartis seqtoris<br />
formatia. seqtori ECC da EDC kodebs Seicavs,<br />
rac sistemis uSecdomo muSaobas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
cxrilSi 5.5 warmodgenilia Mode 1 seqtoris formati.<br />
Mode 1 seqtoris formati<br />
164<br />
cxrili 5.5<br />
luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P 784<br />
qvekodis baitebi 98<br />
sinqronizaciis baitebi 12<br />
saTauris baitebi 4<br />
monacemTa baitebi 2048<br />
EDC baitebi 4<br />
carieli baitebi 8<br />
ECC baitebi 276<br />
baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi 3234<br />
originaluri Yellow book standartis mixedviT<br />
reJimi 2 (Mode 2) seqtorSi Secdomebis koreqciis<br />
EDC da EDC kodebis arsebobas ar iTvaliswinebs,<br />
xolo erT audio, an sainformacio kompaqt-diskze<br />
Mode 1 da Mode 2 reJimebis monacvleobiTi gamoyeneba<br />
SeuZlebelia.
Green book standartiT gansazRvrulia sxvadasxva<br />
tipis monacemebis erT diskze Caweris SesaZlebloba.<br />
am mizniT seqtoris formatSi damatebiTi<br />
qvejgufebi (qvesaTauris baitebi) Seitaneba, romlebic<br />
SemdgomSi CD-ROM XA standartSic iqna Setanili.<br />
amrigad, erT diskze SeiZleba Cawerili iqnas<br />
rogorc programebi da samomsaxuro monacemebi, romlebSic<br />
dauSvebelia Secdoma, aseve audio da videomonacemebi,<br />
romelTaTvisac Secdomebis garkveuli<br />
raodenoba daSvebulia.<br />
amitom Mode 2 meTodiT seqtorebis Caweris<br />
ori forma arsebobs _ Form 1 (cxrili 5.6) da Form 2<br />
(cxrili 5.7).<br />
cxrili 5.6<br />
Mode 2 Form 1 meTodiT Cawerili seqtori<br />
luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P 784<br />
qvekodis baitebi 98<br />
sinqronizaciis baitebi 12<br />
saTauris baitebi 4<br />
qvesaTauris baitebi 8<br />
monacemTa baitebi 2048<br />
EDC baitebi 4<br />
ECC baitebi 276<br />
baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi 3234<br />
Form 2 Secdomebis koreqciis kodebs ar Seicavs,<br />
amitom am formaSi iwereba audio da videomonacemebi.<br />
Secdomebis koreqciis kodebis mocilebis<br />
165<br />
Sedegad izrdeba seqtorSi Cawerili sasargeblo monacemebis<br />
moculoba da monacemebis gadacemis siCqare.<br />
cxrili 5.7<br />
Mode 2 Form 2 meTodiT Cawerili seqtori<br />
luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P 784<br />
qvekodis baitebi 98<br />
sinqronizaciis baitebi 12<br />
saTauris baitebi 4<br />
qvesaTauris baitebi 8<br />
monacemTa baitebi 2324<br />
baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi 3234<br />
Orange Book<br />
standarti Orange Book warmodgenili iqna Sony<br />
da Philips kompaniebis mier 1989 wels. Orange Book sami<br />
nawilisgan Sedgeba. I nawilSi CD-MO (magnitur-optikuri)<br />
formati aRiwereba, romlis praqtikuli realizacia<br />
ar momxdara, II nawilSi _ CD-R, xolo III<br />
nawilSi _ CD-RW teqnologia aRiwereba.<br />
CD-R standartis aRweriloba dayofilia or<br />
tomad. I tomSi Caweris 1x, 2x, 4x siCqareebi, xolo II<br />
tomSi, romelic 1998 wels gamoqveynda _ Caweris 8x<br />
da 16x siCqareebi ganisazRvra.<br />
Orange Book specifikaciiT gansazRvruli CD-R<br />
standarti warmoadgens formats erTjeradi CaweriT<br />
da mravaljeradi wakiTxviT (Write once Read Mostly,<br />
WORM). Cawerili diski Red Book da Yellow Book stan-<br />
166
dartebis SeTavsebadia, anu CD-DA da CD-ROM damgroveblebis<br />
mier ikiTxeba.<br />
Orange Book standartis III nawilSi aRwerilia<br />
CD-RW teqnologia, romlis mixedviTac diskze SesaZlebelia<br />
monacemebis waSla da axli monacemebis<br />
Cawera. I tomSi ganisazRvra Caweris 1x, 2x, 4x siCqareebi,<br />
xolo II tomSi, romelic 1998 wels gamoqveynda<br />
_ Caweris 4x-10x siCqareebi ganisazRvra.<br />
Orange Book specifikaciis mixedviT kompaqtdiskze<br />
SesaZlebelia mravalsesiuri Canaweris gake-<br />
Teba.<br />
mravalsesiuri Cawera<br />
Orange Book specifikaciis Seqmnamde kompaqtdiskebi<br />
mxolod erT sesiad iwereboda. sesia (session)<br />
nulovan biliks warmoadgens, romelsac erTi, an<br />
ramdenime sainformacio biliki moyveba. nulovani biliki<br />
diskze 4500 seqtors (1 wuTi, an 9,2 mbaiti moculobis<br />
monacemebi) adgils ikavebs. nulovan bilikze<br />
Cawerili monacemebi aCvenebs, aris Tu ara diski<br />
mravalsesiuri da diskze Semdegi Caweris misamarTs<br />
gansazRvravs. pirveli (an erTaderTi, Tu diski erTsesiuria,<br />
anu Cawerilia Disk-At-Once reJimSi) damabolovebeli<br />
zona 6750 seqtors (1,5 wuTi, an 13,8 mbaiti<br />
moculobis monacemebi) ikavebs.<br />
mravalsesiuri kompaqt-diski ramdenime sesias<br />
Seicavs. TiToeul sesias sakuTari nulovani biliki<br />
da damabolovebeli zona gaaCnia. nulovani bilikis<br />
da damabolovebeli zonis arseboba TiToeuli sesi-<br />
167<br />
isTvis aucilebelia, rac diskis sainformacio moculobas<br />
amcirebs. magaliTad, 48 sesia momxmareblis<br />
monacemebis Caweris gareSec ki TiTqmis mTlianad<br />
avsebs 74-wuTian kompaqt-disks.<br />
Orange Book specifikaciis mixedviT Caweris sami<br />
ZiriTadi meTodi ganisazRvreba:<br />
• Disk-At-Once (DAO);<br />
• Track-At-Once (TAO);<br />
• paketuri Cawera.<br />
Disk-At-Once<br />
Disk-At-Once kompaqt-diskebze Caweris erTsesiuri<br />
meTodia. am dros nulovani biliki, monacemTa<br />
bilikebi da damabolovebeli zona erTi operaciis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, lazeris gamorTvis gareSe Caiwereba.<br />
diskze cvlilebebis Setana SemdgomSi SeuZlebelia.<br />
Track-At-Once<br />
mravalsesiuri diskebis CawerisTvis Cveulebriv<br />
Track-At-Once, an paketuri meTodi gamoiyeneba.<br />
Track-At-Once meTodiT Cawerisas sesiis yoveli<br />
biliki cal-calke Caiwereba (lazeri gamoirTveba da<br />
CairTveba), ris Semdegac sesia ixureba. sesiaSi damatebiTi<br />
bilikebis Semdgomi Cawera SeuZlebelia.<br />
diskis daxurvis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba axali<br />
sesiebis damatebac.<br />
Track-At-Once meTodiT Cawerili bilikebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, 2 wm-iani intervalebiT gamoiyofa. yoveli<br />
Cawerili biliki 150 samomsaxuro seqtors Seicavs,<br />
168
omlebic SesvlisTvis, gamosvlisTvis, intervalis<br />
SeqmnisTvis da kavSirisTvis gamoiyeneba.<br />
paketuri Cawera<br />
paketuri meTodi erT bilikze ramdenime Canaweris<br />
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva, rac diskuri<br />
sivrcis araracionalur gamoyenebas amcirebs. yovel<br />
paketSi oTxi seqtori SesvlisTvis gamoiyeneba, ori<br />
_ gamosvlisTvis, xolo erTi _ dakavSirebisTvis.<br />
paketis sigrZe SeiZleba iyos cvladi, an fiqsirebuli,<br />
Tumca rogorc damgroveblebis, aseve paketuri<br />
Caweris programebis umetesoba fiqsirebul sigrZes<br />
iyenebs, rac paketebis damuSavebas amartivebs.<br />
paketebis Caweris dros umetesad UDF (Universal<br />
Disk Format) failuri sistema gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
failebis waSla-Cawera iseve xdeba, rogorc<br />
drekad diskze. process marTavs paketuri Caweris<br />
programa da failuri sistema UDF.<br />
samwuxarod Tanamedrove operaciul sistemebs<br />
paketuri meTodis da UDF failuri sistemis mxardaWera<br />
ar gaaCnia. amitom Caweris paketuri reJimis<br />
realizaciisTvis kompiuterSi saWiroa specialuri<br />
draiveris da gamoyenebiTi programis (magaliTad,<br />
DirectCD) dayeneba.<br />
Photo CD<br />
standarti Photo CD 1992 wels gamoqveynda. fotofiri<br />
kompania Kodak-is warmomadgenlobaSi igzavneba.<br />
suraTi skanirdeba da kompiuterulad muSavde-<br />
169<br />
ba. feradi suraTi sakamaod maRalxarisxiania da SeiZleba<br />
15-20 mbaiti moculoba gaaCndes.<br />
amis Semdeg suraTi kompaqt-diskze iwereba. Cawera<br />
Orange book specifikaciis mravalsesiuri Caweris<br />
meTodiT sruldeba. ramdenadac monacemebi diskze<br />
CD-ROM XA standartSi Mode 2, Form 2 meTodiT iwereba,<br />
kompaqt-diskze meti moculobis monacemebis Caweraa<br />
SesaZlebeli.<br />
Photo CD programuli uzrunvelyofa fotografiis<br />
sxvadasxva gadawyvetunarianobiT daTvalierebis<br />
da standartuli grafikuli programebiT (magaliTad,<br />
Photoshop) damuSavebis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
White Book – Video CD<br />
standarti Video CD 1993 wels, Philips, JVC, Matsushita<br />
da Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. Video CD<br />
Green Book da CD-ROM XA standartebis safuZvelze<br />
Seiqmna. videomonacemebi MPEG-1, xolo cifruli<br />
audiomonacemebi _ ADPCM formatSi inaxeba. informaciis<br />
sruli moculoba 74 wuTamdea.<br />
Video CD diskebi Windows Media Player programis<br />
saSualebiT ikiTxeba.<br />
Super Video CD<br />
Super Video CD specifikacia 1999 wels gamoqveynda.<br />
igi White Book standartis gafarToebul variants<br />
warmoadgens. Super Video CD specifikaciaSi SekumSvis<br />
MPEG-2 standarti, ekranis NTSC 480x480 da<br />
PAL 480x576 gadawyvetunarianoba gamoiyeneba.<br />
170
Blue Book – CD EXTRA<br />
specifikacia Blue Book – CD EXTRA 1995 wels,<br />
Philips da Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. Blue Book<br />
specifikaciis mixedviT kompaqt-diskebSi audio da<br />
sainformacio bilikebis gancalkevebisTvis mravalsesiuri<br />
teqnologia gamoiyeneba. diskis audio nawili<br />
Sedgeba 98 Red Book standartis bilikisgan, xolo<br />
monacemTa nawili CD XA, Mode 2 reJimSi iwereba.<br />
audio kompaqt-diskebis standartuli firsakravi<br />
erTsesiuria da amitom mxolod audio sesias<br />
kiTxulobs, xolo personalur <strong>kompiuteris</strong> CD-ROM<br />
kiTxulobs rogorc audio, aseve monacemTa sesiasac.<br />
Purple Book<br />
specifikacia Purple Book 2000 wels, Philips da<br />
Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. standarti Purple<br />
Book gansazRvravs damgroveblebs ormagi simWidroviT<br />
_ CD-ROM (DD-ROM) CD-R (DD-R), CD-RW (DD-RW).<br />
DD-RW damgrovebeli wakiTxva/Caweris operaciebs<br />
standartul CD-ROM, CD-R da CD-RW diskebze<br />
asrulebs, Tumca Cawera xdeba ormagi simWidroviT,<br />
ris Sedegadac diskis tevadoba 1,3 gbaits aRwevs.<br />
DD damgroveblebi mxars uWeren saavtoro uflebebis<br />
cifrul dacvas _ musikaluri kompaqt-diskidan<br />
kopirebis blokirebas.<br />
cxrilSi 5.8 warmodgenilia Purple Book/DD-ROM<br />
standartSi, Mode2, Form2 meTodiT Cawerili seqtoris<br />
struqtura.<br />
171<br />
cxrili 5.8<br />
Purple Book/DD-ROM standartSi, Mode2, Form2<br />
meTodiT Cawerili seqtori<br />
luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P 276<br />
qvekodis baitebi 98<br />
sinqronizaciis baitebi 12<br />
saTauris baitebi 4<br />
qvesaTauris baitebi 8<br />
monacemTa baitebi 2048<br />
EDC baitebi 4<br />
baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi 2352<br />
miuxedavad ormagi moculobisa, DD damgroveblebma<br />
farTo gamoyeneba ver hpoves, rac DVD damgroveblebis<br />
farTo gavrcelebiTaa ganpirobebuli.<br />
5.5. kompaqt-diskebis failuri sistemebi<br />
Yellow Book da Semdegi specifikaciebi mxolod<br />
monacemTa seqtorebis struqturas aRweren. isini saerTod<br />
ar exebian failur sistemas da monacemTa<br />
formatebs, romelTa wakiTxvac sxvadasxva operaciul<br />
sistemebSi unda Sesruldes. amitom sxvadasxva<br />
mwarmoeblebis mier gamoSvebuli pirveli CD-ROM<br />
diskebis wasakiTxad Sesabamisi programuli uzrunvelyofis<br />
instalacia iyo aucilebeli.<br />
personaluri kompiuterebis aparaturuli da<br />
programuli uzrunvelyofis mwarmoeblebi CD-ROM<br />
diskebis failuri formatis standartizaciiT iyvnen<br />
172
dainteresebulni, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida iseTi<br />
kompaqt-diskebis warmoebas, romlebic waikiTxeboda<br />
yvela sistemis mier, specialuri draiverebis damu-<br />
Savebis gareSe.<br />
1986 wels ramdenime kompaniis SeTanxmebuli<br />
muSaobis Sedegad damuSavda pirveli standartuli<br />
failuri sistema High Sierra, romelmac uzrunvelyo<br />
CD-ROM diskebis Tavsebadoba faqtiurad yvela damgrovebelTan.<br />
kompaqt-diskebSi<br />
sistema gamoiyeneba:<br />
amJamad ramdenime failuri<br />
• High Sierra;<br />
• ISO 9660 (High Sierra-s bazaze);<br />
• Joliet;<br />
• UDF (Universal Disk Format);<br />
• Mac HFS (Hierarchical File System);<br />
• Rock Ridge;<br />
• Mount Ranier.<br />
High Sierra<br />
High Sierra formatis diskebTan muSaobas operaciul<br />
sistemaSi CaSenebuli draiveri (Cveulebriv<br />
Mscdex.exe) uzrunvelyofs. es draiveri ATAPI aparaturuli<br />
uzrunvelyofis draiverTan urTierTqmedebs.<br />
ISO 9660<br />
standarti ISO 9660 damuSavda High Sierra formatis<br />
safuZvelze, 1988 wels.<br />
173<br />
ISO 9660 nawilobriv gansxvavdeba High Sierra<br />
formatisgan, Tumca misi draiverebi High Sierra formatis<br />
diskebsac uproblemod kiTxulobs. ISO 9660<br />
standarts sami done gaaCnia.<br />
ISO 9660 standartis I done failuri sistemebis<br />
gamaerTianebeli formatia, romelic faqtiurad<br />
yvela kompiuterul platformas uTavsdeba<br />
(maT Soris UNIX-s da Macintosh-s). failur sistemas<br />
ramdenime uaryofiTi Tviseba gaaCnia:<br />
• failebis saxeli SeiZleba Seicavdes mxolod<br />
•<br />
did simboloebs (A-Z), cifrebs (0-9) da xazgasmis<br />
`_~ simbolos;<br />
failis saxelSi da gafarToebaSi simboloebis<br />
maqsimaluri raodenobaa 8.3 (Ms-Dos-is SezRudvis<br />
safuZvelze);<br />
• katalogis saxelis maqsimaluri sigrZe 8 simboloa<br />
(gafarToeba ar aris nebadarTuli);<br />
• daSvebulia ara umetes 8 qvekatalogisa;<br />
• failis saxeli unda iyos uwyveti.<br />
II done I donisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom failis<br />
saxelis da gafarToebis saerTo sigrZe SeiZleba<br />
30 simbolos Seadgendes (`.~ gamyofis gareSe),<br />
xolo III donis mixedviT nebadarTulia failebis<br />
wyvetili saxelebi.<br />
ISO 9660 standartis Tanaxmad kompaqt-diskis<br />
sivrce sam nawilad iyofa:<br />
• Semavali veli (Lead in), romelSic moTavsebulia<br />
saTauri (Volume Table Of Contents, VTOC), Canawerebis<br />
174
misamarTebi, bilikebis raodenoba da Canaweris<br />
saerTo dro (moculoba);<br />
• monacemTa veli;<br />
• gamosvlis veli (Lead Out). masSi specialuri Wde<br />
Tavsdeba, romelic Canaweris dasasruls aRniSnavs.<br />
Joliet<br />
Joliet warmoadgens ISO 9660 standartis gafar-<br />
Toebas. damuSavebulia Microsoft-is mier Widows 95 da<br />
ufro Tanamedrove operaciuli sistemebSi gamoyenebisTvis.<br />
kompaqt-diskze Cawerisas failuri formati<br />
Joliet failebis 64 simbolomde sigrZis saxelebis<br />
gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. im programebisTvis,<br />
romelTac failebis grZeli saxelebis mxardaWera<br />
ar gaaCniaT, standartiT gaTvaliswinebulia 8.3 formatis<br />
fsevdosaxelebad gardaqmna.<br />
Joliet standartis ZiriTadi Tvisebebia:<br />
• failebisa da katalogebis saxelebis sigrZe SeiZleba<br />
maqsimum 64 simbolos Seicavdes;<br />
• katalogis saxeli SeiZleba gafarToebasac Seicavdes;<br />
• qvekatalogebis raodenoba SeuzRudavia;<br />
• mravalsesiuri Caweris mxardaWera.<br />
Tu operaciul sistemas (magaliTad Ms-Dos-is<br />
Zvel versias) Joilet standartis mxardaWera ar gaaCnia,<br />
failebi wakiTxvisas ISO 9660 standartis mixedviT<br />
(mokle saxelebiT) interpretirdeba.<br />
175<br />
universaluri diskuri formati (UDF)<br />
UDF (Universal Disk Format) SedarebiT axali failuri<br />
sistemaa, romelic miRebuli iqna samrewvelo<br />
standartis saxiT CD da DVD <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>sTvis.<br />
failuri sistema UDF mxars uWers 255 simbolomde<br />
sigrZis failebis saxelebs. UDF damuSavda<br />
paketuri CawerisTvis. igi CD-R da CD-RW diskebze<br />
mcire moculobis monacemebis Caweris standarts<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
Mac HFS<br />
Mac HFS gamoiyeneba Macintosh-is operaciuli<br />
sistemis mier da IBM standartis personalur kompiuterTan<br />
SeuTavsebelia. Tumca SesaZlebelia kombinirebuli<br />
diskebis Cawerac, romlebSic erTdroulad<br />
Joliet da HFS, an ISO 9660 da HFS failuri sistemebi<br />
gamoiyeneba.<br />
Rock Ridge<br />
standarti RRIP (Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol) _<br />
UNIX/POSIX failuri sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
damatebiTi informaciis Caweris saSualebas iZleva.<br />
Rock Ridge standarts mxars ar uWers Ms-Dos da Windows<br />
operaciuli sistemebi.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, Rock Ridge formatSi Cawerili<br />
failebi nebismier kompiuterSi ikiTxeba. SeuTavseblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi RRIP gafarToebebi ubralod<br />
ignorirdeba.<br />
176
Mount Ranier<br />
standarti Mount Ranier (Easy Write) damuSavebuli<br />
iqna Philips, Sony, Microsoft da Compaq kompaniebis mier.<br />
pirveli Mount Ranier damgrovebeli (Philips RWDV1610B)<br />
2001 wels gamouSves.<br />
Mount Ranier standartis safuZvelze operaciul<br />
sistemas CD-RW diskebTan efeqturi muSaobis saSualeba<br />
eZleva. CD-RW damgroveblis funqciebi integrirebulia<br />
operaciul sistemaSi. amitom diskebze<br />
CawerisTvis aRar aris aucilebeli specialuri draiverebisa<br />
da programebis gamoyeneba.<br />
Mount Ranier standartis realizaciisTvis aucilebelia:<br />
• Tanamedrove CD-RW damgrovebeli, romelic mxars<br />
uWers Mount Ranier standarts;<br />
• Tanamedrove operaciuli sistema, magaliTad Window<br />
XP, romelic agreTve mxars uWers Mount Ranier<br />
standarts. Zveli operaciuli sistemis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi unda dainstalirdes romelime specialuri<br />
gamoyenebiTi programa.<br />
standarti Mount Ranier saSualebas iZleva CD-<br />
RW damgrovebeli gamoyenebuli iqnas drekadi da<br />
sxva tipis (magaliTad Zip, Super Disk da sxv.) diskuri<br />
<strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s maRalefeqturi alternativis saxiT.<br />
177<br />
5.6. CD-R da CD-RW teqnologiebi.<br />
kompaqt-diskebze Cawera<br />
CD-R teqnologia<br />
CD-R diskebis wakiTxva SesaZlebelia faqtiurad<br />
nebismieri standartuli CD-ROM damgroveblis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
CD-R diskebi igive principiT muSaoben, rogoriTac<br />
standartuli CD-ROM diskebi. lazeruli<br />
sxivi fokusirdeba diskis zedapirze, xolo fotoreceptori<br />
areklili sxivis parametrebis mixedviT<br />
afiqsirebs Rrmuli/zedapiri da zedapiri/Rrmuli gadasvlebis<br />
Tanmimdevrobas.<br />
Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskSi spiraluri biliki<br />
polikarbonatul masaSi iStampeba, anu Rrmulebi da<br />
zedapirebi fizikuradaa formirebuli. misgan gansxvavebiT<br />
CD-R diskze fizikurad datanilia erTi<br />
amaRlebuli spiralur biliki, romelzedac amomwvaria<br />
Rrmulebis suraTi.<br />
CD-R da CD-ROM diskebis damzadebis procesi<br />
TiTqmis analogiuria. orive SemTxvevaSi xdeba gamlRvari<br />
polikarbonatuli masis dapresva formis<br />
mimcemi matriciT. magram Rrmulebis da zedapirebis<br />
nacvlad CD-R diskze spiraluri naRari (pregroove)<br />
formirdeba. Tu mas lazeris mxridan SevxedavT, es<br />
naRari spiralur amonawevs warmoadgens. spiraluri<br />
amonawevis sazRvrebs ganivi RerZis mimarT mcire gadaxrebi<br />
gaaCnia (e.w. rxevebi). rxevebis amplituda na-<br />
Raris siganesTan SedarebiT sakmaod mcirea. naRaris<br />
178
xviebs Soris manZili 1,6 mikronia, xolo rxevebis<br />
amplituda _ 0,03 mikroni.<br />
CD-R naRaris rxevebis safuZvelze damatebiTi<br />
informacia modulirdeba, romelic damgroveblis<br />
mier waikiTxeba. sinqronizaciis signali, romelic<br />
naRaris rxevebiT ganisazRvreba, droiT kodTan da<br />
sxva monacemebTan erTad modulirdeba. mas sawyisi<br />
bilikis absoluturi dro (Absolute Time In Pregroove -<br />
ATIP) ewodeba. droiTi kodi `saaTi: wuTi: wami:~ formatSi<br />
gamoisaxeba da kadris Q-qvekodebSi Seiyvaneba.<br />
ATIP signali damgrovebels saSualebas aZlevs Caweris<br />
win diskuri velis ganawileba moaxdinos.<br />
CD-R diskis damzadebis Semdegi etapia centrifugirebis<br />
meTodiT organuli saRebavis datana, romelic<br />
oqros amrekli feniT ifareba. amis Semdeg<br />
diski ultraiisferi sxivebiT gamyarebuli akrilis<br />
lakis damcavi feniT ifareba.<br />
akrilis lakis feniT dafarul diskze trafaretuli<br />
beWdvis meTodiT saRebavis fena daitaneba,<br />
romelic diskis identifikaciisTvis da damatebiTi<br />
dacvisTvis gamoiyeneba.<br />
gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad organuli saRebaviT<br />
dafaruli alumini swrafad Jangdeba. swored aman<br />
ganapiroba CD-R diskebSi oqros amrekli fenis gamoyeneba.<br />
CD-R diskis organuli saRebavis da oqros amrekl<br />
fenebs igive optikuri maxasiaTeblebi gaaCnia,<br />
rogoric CD-ROM diskis zedapirebs. erTi da igivea<br />
179<br />
CD-R da CD-ROM diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s lazeris<br />
sxivis sigrZec _ 780 nanometri.<br />
Caweris dros CD-R diskuri mowyobilobis impulsur<br />
reJimSi momuSave lazeris simZlavre daaxloebiT<br />
10-jer izrdeba da organuli saRebavis fenas<br />
250-300°C-mde acxelebs. aseT temperaturaze organuli<br />
saRebavis fena iwveba da faqtiurad gaumWvirvale<br />
xdeba.<br />
SemdgomSi, diskis wakiTxvis dros, Sesabamis<br />
monakveTebSi lazeruli sxivi oqros amrekl fenamde<br />
veRar aRwevs da aRar airekleba. am dros igive efeqti<br />
miiReba, rogorc areklili lazeruli sxivis Cax-<br />
Sobisas daStampul CD-ROM diskebSi.<br />
nax. 5.6-ze warmodgenilia CD-R diskis fenebi<br />
da spiraluri naRari, romelic organuli saRebavis<br />
fenaSi amomwvar `Rrmulebs~ Seicavs.<br />
amomwvari<br />
`Rrmulebi~<br />
sawyisi naRari<br />
nax. 5.6. CD-R diskis fenebi<br />
amrigad, wakiTxvis dros, lazeri ararsebul<br />
Rrmulebs kiTxulobs, romelTa rolsac dabali<br />
180<br />
trafareti<br />
lakis damcavi fena<br />
oqros amrekli fena<br />
organuli saRebavis<br />
Camweri fena<br />
polikarbonatuli<br />
fuZeSre<br />
Camwer/wamkiTxavi<br />
lazeri
arekvlisunarianobis mqone amomwvari monakveTebi asrulebs.<br />
es monakveTebi organuli saRebavis gaxurebisas<br />
formirdeba, amitom CD-R diskze Caweras zogjer<br />
amowvasac uwodeben.<br />
organuli saRebavis fenis amowva cvlis mis<br />
optikur Tvisebebs, rac mxolod erTxel SeiZleba<br />
moxdes. amitom CD-R diskebs matareblebs erTjeradi<br />
CaweriTac uwodeben.<br />
CD-R diskebis moculoba<br />
CD-R damgroveblebi rogorc 74-wuTian (650 mbaiti),<br />
aseve 80-wuTian (700 mbaiti) diskebTan muSaoben.<br />
Tumca 80-wuTiani diski zogierTi Zveli modelis<br />
CD-DA, CD-ROM damgroveblebis da avtomobilis audiofirsakravis<br />
mier ar ikiTxeba. es problema gamomdinareobs<br />
damatebiTi 6 wuTi (50 megabaiti) tevadobis<br />
misaRebad spiraluri bilikis xviebs Soris man-<br />
Zilis Semcirebidan.<br />
amJamad zogierTi damamzadebelis mier iwarmoeba<br />
gaumjobesebuli optikuri maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mqone 90-wuTiani (790 mbaiti) da 99-wuTiani (870 mbaiti)<br />
diskebi. maTTan Tanamedrove CD-diskuri <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s<br />
umetesoba uproblemod muSaobs.<br />
CD-RW<br />
1996 wels samrewvelo konsorciumma Ricoh, Sony,<br />
Philips, Yamaha, Hewlett-Packard da Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation<br />
kompaniebis SemadgenlobiT gamoaqvena formati<br />
CD-RW. imave wels gamouSves pirveli CD-RW damgro-<br />
181<br />
vebelic _ MP6200S, romelic warmoadgenda moduls<br />
2/2/6 (2x _ Cawera, 2x _ gadawera, 6x _ wakiTxva) nominaluri<br />
siCqareebiT. imave wels Orange Book specifikaciac<br />
gamoqveynda, romelmac oficialurad gansazRvra<br />
CD-RW standarti.<br />
CD-RW damgrovebeli iTavsebs CD-R damgroveblis<br />
funqciebsac, anu asrulebs CD-R diskis wakiTxvis<br />
da erTjeradi Caweris operaciebs. amitom<br />
CD-RW damgroveblebma kompiuteruli bazridan faqtiurad<br />
gamodevna CD-R damgroveblebi.<br />
CD-RW da CD-R damgroveblebi diskze Caweris<br />
operacias erTi da igive principiT asruleben. Tumca<br />
CD-RW damgrovebeli CD-RW diskze Cawerili<br />
informaciis waSlis da sxva monacemebis Caweris<br />
saSualebasac iZleva. paketuri Caweris Sesabamisi<br />
programuli uzrunvelyofis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
CD-RW diskebTan iseve xdeba muSaoba, rogorc drekad<br />
diskebTan: SesaZlebelia failebis gadaadgileba,<br />
gadawera da waSla.<br />
CD-RW matareblebi CD-R matareblebisgan oTxi<br />
ZiriTadi TvisebiT gansxvavdeba:<br />
• SesaZlebelia arsebuli monacemebis waSla da<br />
axali informaciis Cawera;<br />
• ufro ZviradRirebulia;<br />
• Caweris ufro dabali siCqare gaaCnia;<br />
• lazeruli sxivis SedarebiT naklebi arekvlisunarianobiT<br />
gamoirCeva.<br />
CD-RW diski polikarbonatul fuZeSreze mzaddeba,<br />
romelzedac datanilia talRuri formis spi-<br />
182
aluri naRari. naRaris rxevebi pozicionirebis informacias<br />
gansazRvravs. polikarbonatuli fena dieleqtrikuli<br />
feniT (izolaciiT) ifareba, romelzedac<br />
Camweri fena, kidev erTi dieleqtrikis fena da<br />
aluminis amrekli fena daitaneba.<br />
muSa fenebis dasacavad diski ultraiisferi<br />
sxivebiT gamyarebuli akrilis lakiT ifareba. Camweri<br />
fenis zeviT da qveviT moTavsebuli dieleqtrikis<br />
fenebis daniSnulebaa Caweris dros polikarbonatuli<br />
fuZeSrisa da liTonis amrekli fenis<br />
intensiuri gaxurebisgan ekranireba.<br />
nax. 5.7-ze naCvenebia CD-RW diskis fenebi da<br />
spiraluri naRari.<br />
CD-RW diskis Camweri fena vercxlis, indiumis,<br />
stibiumis da teluris (Ag-In-Sb-Te) Senadnobs wamoadgens,<br />
romelsac polikristaluri struqtura gaaCnia,<br />
20%-iani arekvlisunarianobiT.<br />
lakis damcavi fena dieleqtrikis fena Camweri fena<br />
polikarbonatuli fuZeSre<br />
nax. 5.7. CD-RW diskis fenebi<br />
Caweris dros lazeri or _ P-Caweris da PwaSlis<br />
reJimSi muSaobs. P-Caweris reJimSi lazeru-<br />
183<br />
aluminis amrekli fena<br />
li sxivi Camweri fenis nivTierebas 500-700°C temperaturamde<br />
axurebs, rac iwvevs mis dnobas. Txevad<br />
mdgomareobaSi Senadnobis molekulebi Tavisuflad<br />
gadaadgildeba, nivTiereba kristalur struqturas<br />
kargavs da amorful mdgomareobaSi gadadis. am<br />
dros Camweri fenis arekvlisunarianoba 5%-mde<br />
mcirdeba. diskis wakiTxvis dros sxvadasxva arekvlisunarianobis<br />
mqone monakveTebi rogorc Rrmulebi<br />
da zedapirebi, ise aRiqmeba.<br />
CD-RW diskebi SemdgomSi mxolod wakiTxvis-<br />
Tvis rom gamoiyenebodes, procesi amiT dasruldeboda.<br />
magram ramdenadac unda arsebobdes CD-RW<br />
diskebze axali informaciis Caweris SesaZlebloba,<br />
unda arsebobdes Camweri fenis nivTierebis polikristaluri<br />
formis aRdgenis saSualebac.<br />
am mizniT dabali simZlavris P-waSlis reJimi<br />
gamoiyeneba. waSlis dros Camweri fenis nivTiereba<br />
200°C-mde xurdeba, rac dnobis temperaturaze bevrad<br />
naklebia, Tumca nivTierebis darbilebisTvis sakmarisia.<br />
aqtiuri fenis 200°C-mde gaxurebisa da Semdgomi<br />
TandaTanobiTi gacivebis dros nivTierebis<br />
struqtura molekularul doneze gardaiqmneba da<br />
amorfulidan kristalur mdgomareobas ubrundeba.<br />
nivTierebis arekvlisunarianoba 20%-mde izrdeba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom lazeris muSaobis am<br />
reJims P-waSla ewodeba, uSualod monacemebis waSla<br />
ar xdeba. CD-RW diskebSi monacemebis `zemodan<br />
gadaweris~ meTodi gamoiyeneba. seqtorebi da monacemebi<br />
ki ar iSleba, aramed maTze `zemodan~ xdeba<br />
184
axali seqtorebis da monacemebis gadawera. Caweris<br />
dros lazeri mudmivad CarTulia da sxvadasxva sim-<br />
Zlavris impulsebs gamoimuSavebs, ris Sedegadac<br />
diskze sxvadasxva arekvlisunarianobis mqone amorfuli<br />
da polikristaluri monakveTebi miiReba.<br />
CD-RW damgroveblebis siCqare<br />
sawyisi Orange book specifikaciis Tanaxmad CD-<br />
RW diskebis Caweris maqsimaluri siCqarea 4x. 2000<br />
wels gamoqveynda Orange book specifikaciis meore<br />
redaqcia _ High-Speed Rewritable, romlis mixedviTac<br />
CD-RW diskebis Caweris 4x-10x siCqare ganisazRvra,<br />
xolo 2000 wels _ mesame redaqcia _ Ultra-Speed Rewritable,<br />
romlis mixedviTac CD-RW diskebis Caweris<br />
8x-24x siCqare ganisazRvra.<br />
High-Speed da Ultra-Speed diskebi standartuli<br />
diskebisgan gansxvavdeba, amitom maTze Cawera High-<br />
Speed da Ultra-Speed damgroveblebSi unda moxdes.<br />
High-Speed da Ultra-Speed damgroveblebi Cveulebriv<br />
CD-RW diskebzec iweren, Tumca Cawera unda moxdes<br />
diskisTvis gansazRvruli siCqariT, winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba Setyobineba Secdomis Sesaxeb.<br />
CD-damgroveblebis Tavsebadoba.<br />
specifikacia Multiread<br />
kompaqt-diskebis originaluri _ Red Book da<br />
Yellow Book standartebis Tanaxmad kompaqt-diskis minimaluri<br />
(28%) da maqsimaluri (70%) arekvlisunari-<br />
185<br />
anoba ganisazRvra. es niSnavs, rom diskis zedapirma<br />
unda aireklos sxivebis aranakleb 70%, xolo Rrmulebma<br />
_ araumetes 28%. es standartebi 1980-iani wlebis<br />
dasawyisSi damuSavda, rodesac damgroveblis<br />
fotomimRebSi gamoyenebuli diodebi maRali mgrZnobiarobiT<br />
ar gamoirCeoda. amitom zedapirebsa da<br />
Rrmulebs Soris sakmarisi kontrastulobis misaRwevad<br />
gamoyenebuli masalis optikur Tvisebebs sakmaod<br />
maRali moTxovnebi waeyeneboda.<br />
CD-RW diskis zedapirebis arekvlisunarianoba<br />
daaxloebiT 20%-ia, xolo Rrmulebisa _ mxolod 5%,<br />
rac bevrad naklebia sawyis moTxovnebTan SedarebiT.<br />
amitom Zvel (1996 wlamde gamoSvebis) CD-ROM-damgroveblebSi<br />
CD-RW diskebis wakiTxvisas garkveul<br />
problemebs aqvs adgili.<br />
Tanamedrove CD-ROM-damgroveblebi aRWurvilia<br />
gaZlierebis avtomaturi regulirebis sqemiT,<br />
romelic mniSvnelovnad zrdis deteqtoris sqemis<br />
gaZlierebis koeficients. aseTi CD-ROM damgroveblebi<br />
uproblemod kiTxuloben CD-RW diskebs, miekuTvnebian<br />
Multiread specifikacias da miniWebuli<br />
aqvT Sesabamisi logotipi.<br />
5.7. DVD-diskebi<br />
ZiriTadi formatis kompaqt-diskebi (CD) 1980<br />
wlidan gamoiyeneba. Tumca mas Semdeg teqnologiebi<br />
sakmaod ganviTarda. ufro didi moculobis kompaqt-<br />
186
diskebi amJamad sakmaod iafia da maTze moTxovnileba<br />
sakmaod maRalia. video, kompiuteruli da sayofacxovrebo<br />
teqnikis moTxovnebma DVD-diskebis Seqmna<br />
ganapiroba.<br />
Tavdapirvelad abreviatura DVD iSifreboda<br />
rogorc Digital Video Disk (cifruli videodiski), xolo<br />
amJamad _ rogorc Digital Versatile Disk (cifruli mravalmiznobrivi<br />
diski). DVD-diski kompaqt-diskisgan<br />
garegnulad ar gansxvavdeba. CD-diskebis msgavsad,<br />
misi diametric 120 mm-ia, polikarbonatis safuZvelze<br />
mzaddeba, Rrmulebs da zedapirebs Seicavs, romlebic<br />
lazeruli diodiT naTdeba da fotodeteqtoris<br />
saSualebiT ikiTxeba. Tumca gansxvavebebsac<br />
aqvs adgili:<br />
• DVD-diski Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskTan SedarebiT<br />
Rrmulebis naklebi zomiT (0,4 mikroni 0,8 mikronis<br />
nacvlad) gamoirCeva;<br />
• Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskTan SedarebiT DVD-disks<br />
ufro mWidro spirali (0,74 mikroni 1,06 mikronis<br />
nacvlad) gaaCnia;<br />
• DVD-teqnologiaSi wiTeli lazeri (0,65 mikroni<br />
talRis sigrZiT 0,78 mikronis nacvlad) gamoiyeneba;<br />
zemoTCamoTvlilma teqnologiurma siaxleebma<br />
diskis moculobis 7-magi zrda (4,7 gb-mde) ganapiroba.<br />
wamkiTxavi DVD-1x mowyobiloba 1,4 mb/wm siCqa-<br />
187<br />
riT muSaobs (Cveulebrivi kompaqt-diskuri mowyobilobis<br />
wakiTxvis siCqare 150 kb/wm-ia).<br />
samwuxarod wiTel lazerze gadasvlam DVDwamkiTxavebSi<br />
ori lazeris da garTulebuli optikuri<br />
sistemis gamoyeneba ganapiroba, raTa SesaZlebeli<br />
yofiliyo arsebuli musikaluri da kompiuteruli<br />
diskebis wakiTxvac. zogierT Zvel DVD-damgrovebels<br />
aseTi sistema ar gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeuZlebeli xdeba Cveulebrivi kompaqt-diskebis wakiTxva.<br />
zogierTi DVD-damgrovebeli CD-DA da CD-<br />
ROM diskebsac kiTxulobs, Tumca SeiZleba CD-R da<br />
CD-RW diskebis wakiTxvis dros gaCndes problemebi.<br />
4,7 gbaiti moculobis DVD-diskze SesaZlebelia<br />
133 wuTis xangrZlivobis, maRali gadawyvetis<br />
(720X480) mqone videoCanaweris ganTavseba. umetes Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi es sakmarisia (holivudSi gadaRebuli filmebis<br />
92% xangrZlivobiT 133 wuTze naklebia). Tumca<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi (mag. multimediuri TamaSebis-<br />
Tvis, erT diskze ramdenime filmis Cawerisas, sacnobaro<br />
gamocemebisTvis da a.S) SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes<br />
ufro didi moculobis matareblebis gamoyeneba.<br />
amis Sedegad DVD-diskebis oTxi formati Seiqmna:<br />
• erTmxrivi erTfeniani diskebi (4,7 gb).<br />
• erTmxrivi orfeniani diskebi (8,5 gb).<br />
• ormxrivi erTfeniani diskebi (9,4 gb).<br />
• ormxrivi orfeniani diskebi (17 gb).<br />
188
ismis kiTxva, ra saWiroa amdeni formati? pasuxi<br />
martivia: Philips da Sony kompaniebma CaTvales, rom<br />
momxmareblebisTvis mouxerxebeli iqneboda diskebis<br />
gadabruneba da SeimuSaves erTmxrivi diskebi ori<br />
feniT, xolo Toshiba-m da Time Warner-ma gadawyvites,<br />
rom aseTi diskebi ver imuSavebdnen da gamouSves<br />
ormxrivi erTfeniani diskebi.<br />
orfeniani teqnologiis SemTxvevaSi qveda amrekl<br />
fenaze zemodan naxevrad amrekli fena daitaneba.<br />
imisda mixedviT, Tu sad xdeba lazeris<br />
fokusireba, is an erTi, an meore fenidan airekleba.<br />
informaciis saimedo wakiTxvisTvis qveda fenis<br />
Rrmulebis da zedapirebis zomebi zeda fenis Rrmulebis<br />
da zedapirebis zomebs odnav aRemateba. amitom<br />
qveda fenis sainformacio moculoba zeda fenis<br />
sainformacio moculobasTan SedarebiT naklebia.<br />
ormxrivi diskebi ori erTmxrivi, 0,6 mm sisqis<br />
diskis Sewebebis Sedegad iqmneba. yvela standartis<br />
diskis Tanabari sisqis uzrunvelyofisaTvis 0,6 mm<br />
sisqis erTmxriv disks cariel safuZvelze awebeben.<br />
orfeniani ormxrivi diskis struqtura warmodgenilia<br />
nax. 5.8-ze.<br />
DVD-diski damuSavebuli iqna holivudis mTavar<br />
studiebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis Sedegad,<br />
sayofacxovrebo teqnikis mwarmoebeli 10 (maT Soris<br />
7 iaponuri) kompaniisgan Semdgari korporaciis mier.<br />
damuSavebaSi ar iyo CarTuli arc kompiuteruli da<br />
189<br />
arc satelekomunikacio mrewveloba. aqcenti gakeTebuli<br />
iyo DVD-diskebze Cawerili filmebis gaqiravebaze<br />
da gayidvaze. CamovTvaloT DVD-s ramdenime<br />
standartuli Tavisebureba:<br />
nax. 5.8. ormagi DVD-diski ormagi feniT<br />
• filmidan arasasurveli scenebis mocilebis saSualeba;<br />
• eqvsarxiani audio;<br />
• masStabirebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
es ukanaskneli Tavisebureba DVD-firsakravs<br />
saSualebas aZlevs Tavad gadawyvitos, Tu rogor<br />
CamoWras gamosaxulebis CarCos marcxena da marjvena<br />
kideebi iseTi filmebisTvis, romelTaTvisac siganis<br />
da simaRlis Sefardebaa 3:2, raTa xarisxis gauaresebis<br />
gareSe iyos SesaZlebeli maTi gaSveba Tanamedrove<br />
televizorebze, romelTaTvisac siganis da<br />
simaRlis Sefardebaa 4:3.<br />
DVD-diskebis kidev erT Taviseburebas warmoadgens<br />
aSS-Tvis, evropuli da sxva kontinentebis<br />
qveynebisTvis diskebis Segnebuli SeuTavsebloba.<br />
190
literatura<br />
1. a. benaSvili. <strong>kompiuteris</strong> <strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong><br />
(I nawili). teqnikuri universiteti. (2007 _<br />
137 gv.: il.)<br />
2. a. benaSvili. <strong>periferiuli</strong> <strong>mowyobilobebi</strong>s interfeisebi.<br />
`teqnikuri universiteti~. 2006 _ 125 gv.:<br />
il.<br />
3. Scott Mueller.Upgrading and Repairing PCs. 14th Edition. 2003.<br />
4. Мюллер Скотт. Модернизация и ремонт ПК. 15-е юбилейное<br />
издание. Пер. с англ. – М.: издательский дом «Вильямс»,<br />
2004.- 1344 с.: ил.<br />
5. Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Structured Computer Organization. 2006<br />
6. Аиден М. Колесниченко О. Крамер М. Аппаратные средства<br />
PC. 2-е издание, переработанное и дополненное – BHV –<br />
Санкт-Петербург, 1998. – 608 с.:ил<br />
191
ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT<br />
gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad<br />
02.06.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 12.<br />
tiraJi 100 egz.<br />
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,<br />
kostavas 77<br />
i.m. `goCa dalaqiSvili~,<br />
q. Tbilisi, varkeTili 3, korp. 333, bina 38
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