kompiuteris periferiuli mowyobilobebi

a. benaSvili 

kompiuteris periferiuli 

mowyobilobebi 

II nawili 

`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti 

a. benaSvili 

kompiuteris periferiuli 


II nawili 

Tbilisi 

2009 

registrirebulia stu-s 

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo 

sabWos mier

naSromSi warmodgenilia periferiuli mowyobilobebis 

standartebi, maxasiaTeblebi, muSaobis principebi. 

kompiuterTan SeerTebis sakiTxebi. ganxilulia Tanamedrove 

tendenciebi periferiuli mowyobilobebis ganviTarebis 

sferoSi. 

saxelmZRvanelo gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos 

teqnikuri universitetis informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis 

fakultetis 2201 `kompiuteruli sistemebi da qselebi~ 

specialobis studentebisTvis da magistrebisTvis. 

recenzenti asoc. profesori l. imnaiSvili 

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 

ISBN 978-99940-952-9-2 (yvela nawili) 

ISBN 978-9941-14-543-8 (meore nawili) 

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ 

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, 

ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu 

meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis 

gareSe. 

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

Sinaarsi 

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Tavi 1 videokontrolerebi da monitorebi 7 

1.1. videokontrolerebi da videoreJimebi . . . . 8 

1.2. videointerfeisebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

1.3. monitorebi eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiT 23 

1.4. Txevadkristaluri monitorebi . . . . . . . . . 28 

Tavi 2 monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis 

mowyobilobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

2.1. muSaobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

2.2. wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia . . . 40 

2.3. monacemebis kodirebis saSualebebi . . . . . . 50 

Tavi 3 drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi 56 

3.1 drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis 

konstruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

56 

3.2. diskis logikuri struqtura . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

3.3. diskuri mowyobilobebis standartebi . . . . 64 

3.4. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis CarTva . . . 69 

Tavi 4 vinCesteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

4.1. vinCesteris muSaobis principi da 

maxasiaTeblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

4.2. vinCesteris konstruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 

4.3. vinCesterebis standartebi. konfigurireba 107 

4.4. vinCesteris logikuri struqtura . . . . . . . 112 

4.5. vinCesteris CarTva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 

4.6. RAID-masivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 

3 

Tavi 5 monacemTa optikuri Senaxvis 

saSualebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 

5.1. CD-ROM diskuri mowyobilobebis 

konstruqcia da diskebis damzadebis 

teqnologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 

5.2. kompaqt-diskebis logikuri struqtura . . . 147 


maxasiaTeblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 

5.4. kompaqt-diskebis formatebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 

5.5. kompaqt-diskebis failuri sistemebi . . . . . 173 

5.6. CD-R da CD-RW teqnologiebi 

kompaqt-diskebze Cawera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 

5.7. DVD-diskebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 

literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 

4

Sesavali 

kompiuteris mowyobilobebs, romlebic gankuTvnilia 

gare samyarodan informaciis misaRebad 

da gare samyarosaTvis informaciis misawodeblad, 

periferiuli mowyobilobebi ewodeba. es 

termini jer kidev 60-ian wlebSi damkvidrda, rodesac 

gamomTvleli manqanis im dros yvelaze Zvirad- 

Rirebuli centraluri nawili ganTavsebuli iyo 

calke dgarSi, romelTanac kabelebis saSualebiT 

sxvadasxva periferiuli mowyobilobebi erTdeboda. 

amJamad rigi periferiuli mowyobilobebisa (mag. 

diskuri mowyobilobebi) kompiuteris centralur nawilTan 

erTad erT korpusSi Tavsdeba. 

gamoTvliTi teqnikis ganviTarebasTan erTad 

gamoCnda axali, wina Taobebis eleqtronul-gamom- 

Tvlel manqanebTan (egm) SedarebiT bevrad ufro 

mZlavri da mcire zomis egm-ebi, romelTac personaluri 

kompiuterebi ewoda. 

personaluri kompiuteris centralur nawil- 

Tan erTad periferiuli mowyobilobebic viTardeba. 

periferiuli mowyobilobebis daniSnulebaa 

kompiuterisTvis programebisa da monacemebis miwodeba 

da kompiuteris muSaobis Sedegebis adamianis- 

Tvis misaRebi formiT gamoyvana, an sxva kompiuterze 

gadacema. 

kompiuteris centralur nawilTan erTad periferiuli 

mowyobilobebic mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobeben 

personaluri kompiuteris SesaZleblobebs 

da gamoyenebis sferos. 

5 

saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia videokontrolerebi 

da monitorebi, drekadi, xisti da optikuri 

diskuri mowyobilobebi, informaciis magnituri da 

optikuri Caweris principebi. 

saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia periferiuli 

mowyobilobebis rogorc zogadi daniSnuleba 

da moqmedebis principebi, aseve maTi konstruqcia, 

standartebi, maxasiaTeblebi, konfigurirebisa da 

servisis sakiTxebi. 

6

Tavi I 

videokontrolerebi da monitorebi 

monitori informaciis vizualuri gamosaxvis 

saSualebas warmoadgens. signalebi, romelsac iRebs 

monitori (ricxvebi, simboloebi, grafikuli informacia, 

sinqronizaciis signalebi), videokontroleris 

mier formirdeba. amrigad, monitori da videokontroleri 

erTgvar tandems warmoadgens, romelic 

optimaluri muSaobisTvis Sesabamisad unda daregulirdes. 

monitoris funqcionirebis ori reJimi arsebobs: 

teqsturi (AN – alphanumeric) da grafikuli (APA 

– all pixels adressable). monitoris muSaobis reJims videokontroleri 

gansazRvravs, romelic, Tavis mxriv 

Sesabamis instruqciebs iRebs operaciuli sistemidan 

da Sesabamisi draiverebidan. 

teqstur reJimSi ekrani pirobiTad striqonebad 

da svetebad iyofa. amasTan erTad, yoveli 

calkeuli ujredi piqselebis matricas warmoadgens. 

Tavad piqseli (picture element) monitoris ekranis rastris 

minimaluri asaxvadi elementia. 

grafikul reJimSi ekranis TiToeuli piqseli 

cal-calke imarTeba, rac nebismieri formis gamosaxulebis 

gamosaxvis saSualebas iZleva. 

horizontaluri da vertikauri xazebis raodenobas, 

romlis asaxvis SesaZleblobac monitors gaaCnia, 

ekranis gadawyvetunarianoba (resolution) ewodeba. 

rac ufro metia ekranis horizontaluri da 

vertikaluri xazebis raodenoba, miT meti piqseli 

7 

gaaCnia ekrans da ufro maRalia misi gadawyvetunarianoba. 

meti gadawyvetunarianoba monitoris ekranis 

farTis erTulze meti informaciis asaxvis Sesa- 

Zleblobas iZleva. Tumca meti gadawyvetunarianoba 

yovelTvis ar ganapirobebs gamosaxulebis ufro ma- 

Ral xarisxs. ekranis gamosaxuleba informatiulia 

manamde, sanam gamosaxulebis simWidrove da monitoris 

gadawyvetunarianoba gamosaxulebis calkeuli 

detalebis identificirebis saSualebas iZleva. 

1.1. videokontrolerebi da videoreJimebi 

personaluri kompiuterebis ganviTarebasTan 

erTad videostandartebic viTardeboda. sxvadasxva 

videostandartebs Soris realizebulia SeTavsebadobis 

principi qvevidan zeviT, rac, sxva faqtoreb- 

Tan erTad, Tanamedrove kompiuterebSi Zveli programebis 

CatvirTvis SesaZleblobasac iZleva. 

standarti MDA 

MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) personaluri 

kompiuteris sawyis modelebSi gamoiyeneboda. luminoforis 

naTebis feridan gamomdinare ferebis Semdegi 

kombinaciebi gamoiyeneboda: mwvane/Savi, an TeTri/Savi. 

MDA standarti grafikul reJims mxars ar 

uWers da ekranze mxolod teqsturi informaciis 

asaxvis saSualebas iZleva. mas erTaderTi gadawyvetunarianoba 

gaaCnia _ 80 striqoni/25 svetze. TiToeuli 

simbolosTvis 9x14 piqselze matrica gamoiyeneba. 

8

amrigad, mTliani gadawyvetunarianobaa _ 720/350 piqselze. 

MDA reJimSi muSaobs operaciuli sistema MS- 

DOS-is garemos rigi programebisa. 

standarti CGA 

CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) standarti MDA videokontrolerebis 

Semdeg ganviTarebas warmoadgens. 

CGA videokontrolerebs grafikuli reJimis mxarda- 

Wera gaaCniaT da ekranze ferad gamosaxulebas gadascemen. 

teqstur reJimSi CGA videokontroleri 

MDA videostandartSi muSaobs, xolo grafikul re- 

JimSi muSaobis ori varianti gaaCnia: 

- 640/200 piqseli gadawyvetunarianoba da orferiani 

gamosaxuleba; 

- 320/200 piqseli gadawyvetunarianoba da oTxferiani 

gamosaxuleba. 

standarti EGA 

EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter) standarti grafikuli 

adapterebis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens. 

standartuli 16 feri sami ZiriTadi feris (wi- 

Teli, mwvane, lurji) SereviT da intensiurobis 

cvlilebiT miiReba (cxrili 1.1). 

tipiur EGA videokontrolers 640/350 piqseli 

gadawyvetunarianoba gaaCnia. igi MDA da CGA reJimebsac 

uWers mxars. videokontroleris muSaobis re- 

Jims, operaciuli sistemisa da videodraiveris saSualebiT, 

mimdinare programa gansazRvravs. 

9 

cxrili 1.1 

EGA videokontroleris standartuli ferebi 

intensiuroba 

wiTeli mwvane lurji feri 

0 0 0 0 Black 

0 0 0 1 Blue 

0 0 1 1 Green 

0 0 1 0 Cyan 

0 1 0 0 Red 

0 1 0 1 Magenta 

0 1 1 0 Brown 

0 1 1 1 Light gray 

1 0 0 0 Dark gray 

1 0 0 1 Light blue 

1 0 1 0 Ligh green 

1 0 1 1 Ligh cyan 

1 1 0 0 Ligh red, pink 

1 1 0 1 Ligh magenta 

1 1 1 0 Yellow 

1 1 1 1 White (bright) 

standarti VGA 

VGA (Video Graphic Array) Tanamedrove videostandartebis 

safuZvels warmoadgens. standarti VGA 

MDA, CGA da EGA standartebsac iTavsebs. standartuli 

VGA videokontroleri 640/480 piqseli gadawyvetunarianobas 

uzrunvelyofs 16, an 256 feriT. fe- 

10

ebis raodenoba videomexsierebis moculobazea damokidebuli. 

cxrilSi 1.2 warmodgenilia standartuli 15kontaqtiani 

VGA gasarTis kontaqtebis daniSnuleba. 

VGA gasarTis kontaqtebi 

11 

cxrili 1.2 

kontaqti signali gadacemis 

mimarTuleba 

1 wiTeli gamosasvleli 

2 mwvane gamosasvleli 

3 lurji gamosasvleli 

4 monitori ID 2 Sesasvleli 

5 logikuri nuli (monitoris 

TviTtestireba) 

6 wiTeli analoguri signalis 

damiweba 

7 mwvane analoguri signalis 

damiweba 

8 lurji analoguri signalis 

damiweba 

9 gasaRebi _ 

10 damiweba sinqronizaciisTvis _ 



13 striqonebis sinqronizacia gamosasvleli 

14 svetebis sinqronizacia gamosasvleli 


_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

standarti Super VGA (SVGA) 

grafikaze orientirebuli programebi bevrad 

ukeT da swrafad muSaoben ekranis maRali gadawyvetunarianobis 

SemTxvevaSi. zogierTi programa arc 

ki instalirdeba, Tu dayenebuli gadawyvetunarianoba 

da videokontroleri mis moTxovnebs ar Seesabameba. 

amitom VGA standartma Semdgomi ganvi- 

Tareba hpova e.w. SVGA standartis saxiT. SVGA erTian 

standarts ar warmoadgens. videokontrolerebi sxvadasxva 

gadawyvetunarianobas gvTavazoben _ 800/600, 

1024/768, 1280/1024 da a.S. miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa, 

yovel maTgans SVGA standarts miakuTvneben. SVGA 

videokontrolerebis sxvadasxva mwarmoeblebis specifikaciebi 

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, 

Tumca VGA da SVGA videokontrolerebis gasar- 

Tebi identuria. 

ferebis reJimebi 

amJamad sami ZiriTadi reJimi gamoiyeneba: HiColor, 

Real Color, True Color. 

Cveulebrivi VGA videokontroleris videomexsierebaSi 

Cawerili informacia oTxTanriga, an rva- 

Tanriga kods warmoadgens. kodi videoadapteris kontroleris 

mier TvrametTanriga sityvad gardaiqmneba 

(eqvs-eqvsi biti wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebis- 

Tvis). video kontroleris SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 

cifrul-analoguri gardamqmneli, romelic mocemul 

cifrul informacias analogur formaSi gardaqmnis 

da awvdis monitors. 

12

HiColor, Real Color, True Color reJimebSi mexsierebaSi 

Caewerili ricxvi pirdapir gadaecema cifrulanalogur 

gardamqmnels, amitom mocemul sityvaSi 

yoveli piqselisTvis feris informacia sruli mniSvnelobiT 

Caiwereba. 

HiColor 

HiColor reJims moqmedebaSi mohyavs 2 15 =32768 ferisgan 

Semdgari palitra. TiToeuli piqselisTvis 

gamoyofilia 15 Tanrigi. TiToeuli feris (wiTeli, 

mwvane, lurji) gradacias 5-5 biti emsaxureba. 

Real Color 

Real Color reJimi mxars uWers 216 =65536 fers. es 

reJimi HiColor reJimis analogiuria, Tumca yoveli 

piqselis kodirebisTvis ara 15, aramed 16 bitia gamoyofili. 

informaciis ganawileba ferebs Soris ara- 

Tanabaria. igi efuZneba adamianis Tvalis speqtralur 

mgrZnobiarobas, romelic maqsimums aRwevs mwvane 

ferisTvis. swored amitom mwvane ferisTvis damatebulia 

me-6 biti. 

True Color 

True Color reJimi mxars uWers 2 24 =16,7 milion, an 

2 32 fers. TiToeuli piqseli 24, an 32 TanrigiT kodirdeba. 

pirvel SemTxvevaSi yoveli ferisTvis (wi- 

Teli, mwvane, lurji) 8-8 biti, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi 

wiTeli da lurji ferebisTvis 10-10 biti, xolo 

mwvane ferisTvis _ 12 biti gamoiyofa. 

13 

ferebis raodenobis Semdgom zrdas azri ara 

aqvs, radgan adamianis Tvali mxolod 2 milioni 

ferisgan Semdgar palitras aRiqvams. 

interfeisi ISA 

1.2. videointerfeisebi 

salte ISA (Industry standart architecture – samrewvelo 

standartuli arqiteqtura) mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi 

personaluri kompiuterebis standartul universalur 

saltes warmoadgenda. arsebobda 8-, 16- da 

32-Tanriga (EISA – Extended ISA) (nax. 1.1) versiebi. am- 

Jamad ISA salte moralurad moZvelebulia. Pentium III 

da ufro Tanamedrove arqiteqturebs ISA (EISA) standartis 

mxardaWera aRar gaaCniaT. 

lokaluri salte VESA 

nax. 1.1. 32-Tanriga EISA sloti 

lokaluri salte VESA (VESA Local Bus _ VLB) 

videoeleqtronikis standartebis asociaciis (Video 

14

Electronics Sdandart Association _ VESA) mier damuSavda. 

VESA saltis Seqmnis aucilebloba videomonacemebis 

gadacemisTvis EISA saltis arasakmarisma gamtarunarianobam 

ganapiroba. 

VESA salte warmoadgens ara absoluturad 

axal mowyobilobas sistemur plataze, aramed EISA 

saltis gafarToebas videomonacemebis gadacemisaTvis 

(nax. 1.2). Tumca videoplatebis garda sxva tipis 

(magaliTad IDE, SCSI vinCesterebis da a.S) VLB kontrolerebic 

gamoiyeneboda. 

nax. 1.2. sistemuri platis fragmenti VESA saltis slotiT 

VESA standaris videokontrolerebi gamoiyeneboda 

IBM-AT-386 da IBM-AT-486 modelis personalur 

kompiuterebSi. Tanamedrove kompiuterebs VESA salte 

aRar gaaCnia. 

15 

salte PCI 

salte PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect — periferiuli 

komponentebis damakavSirebeli) damuSavda 

firma Intel-is mier da Tanamedrove kompiuterebisTvis 

de-faqto standarts warmoadgens. Tanamedrove plata-kontrolerebis 

umetesoba PCI standarts miekuTvneba. 

Tumca Tanamedrove programebis mxridan videosistemaze 

sul ufro mxardi datvirTvis pirobebSi, 

rac gansakuTrebiT mkafiod grafikisa da videos 

kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi vlindeba, PCI saltis SesaZleblobebi 

(standartuli PCI saltis samuSao six- 

Sirea 33 mhc, xolo gamtarunarianoba _ 133 mbaiti/wm- 

Si) sakmarisi ar aris. amitom grafikuli qvesistemisTvis 

calke saltis damuSaveba gaxda saWiro. 

grafikuli salte AGP 

firma Intel-ma daamuSava daCqarebuli grafikuli 

porti (Accelerated Graphics Port - AGP) (nax. 1.3). AGP 

PCI saltis gafarToebas warmoadgens, Tumca absoluturad 

damoukidebelia misgan da qmnis maRali 

swrafqmedebis mqone calke magistrals videokontrolersa 

da kompiuteris sistemur logikas Soris. 

PCI saltisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic warmoadgens 

universalur saltes ramdenime slotiT, AGP 

efeqturi specializirebuli saltea videokontrolerisaTvis 

(nax. 1.4). 

16

nax. 1.3. grafikuli porti AGP 

nax. 1.4. AGP videokontroleri 

maRali swrafqmedebis misaRwevad AGP salte 

gansazRvrulia, rogorc pirdapiri, uSualo (point-topoint) 

interfeisi. igi procesorsa da mexsierebas ara 

saerTo saltiT, aramed pirdapir, sistemuri logi- 

17 

kis North Bridge an Memory Controller Hub mikrosqemis 

saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. AGP sistemas gaaCnia grafikuli 

kontrolerebis mxardaWera rogorc sistemur 

platis mikrosqemebis krebulSi, aseve gare videoplata-adapterebSi. 

AGP saltis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia: 

• PCI saltisagan gansxvavebiT, romelSic misamarTi 

da monacemi droSi gancalkevebulad, multipleqsirebuli 

saltis gamoyenebiT gadaicema, AGP 

saltes calke samisamarTo da calke monacemTa 

salteebi gaaCnia, rac misamarTisa da monacemis 

erTdrouli gadacemis saSualebas iZleva; 

• monacemTa konveiruli damuSaveba; 

1996 wels firma Intel-is mier realizebul iqna 

AGP1.0 specifikacia. mocemuli specifikaciis mixedviT 

salte muSaobs 66 mhc sixSireze, iyenebs 3,3 v 

Zabvas da 1x an 2x reJimebs (x _ erT taqtSi gadacemuli 

monacemebis raodenoba). 

1998 wels gamovida AGP2.0 (4x), xolo 2003 wels 

_ AGP 3.0 (8x) versia. samuSao Zabva 1,5 v-mde iqna Semcirebuli. 

cxrilSi 1.2 warmodgenilia AGP reJimebis parametrebi. 

bevr Zvel sistemur platas mxolod 3,3 v-iani 

AGP 1x da 2x videoplatebis mxardaWera gaaCnia. 1,5 v 

Zabvaze momuSave videoplatis 3,3 v-ian slotSi mo- 

Tavseba iwvevs rogorc videoplatis, aseve sistemuri 

platis dazianebas. amis Tavidan asacileblad AGP 

specifikaciiT gansazRvrulia gansxvavebuli kon- 

18

struqciis slotebi 1,5 da 3,3 v-iani videoadapterebisaTvis. 

agreTve arsebobs universaluri slotebic, 

romlebSic orive tipis videoadapteris dayenebaa 

SesaZlebeli. 

AGP 

standarti 

AGP reJimebis parametrebi 

Tanrigianoba, 

biti 

saltis 

sixSire, 

mhc 

19 

monacemTa 

ciklebi/ 

taqti 

cxrili 1.2 

monacemTa 

gadacemis 

siCqare, 

mbaiti/wm 

AGP 1x 32 66 1 266 

AGP 2x 32 66 2 533 

AGP 4x 32 66 4 1066 

AGP 8x 32 66 8 2133 

AGP Pro 1.0 specifikaciiT gansazRvrulia gazrdili 

sigrZis sloti. orive boloSi damatebulia 

kontaqtebi kvebis miwodebisTvis. damatebiT kvebis 

signalebs saWiroeben videokontrolerebi, romlebic 

25 vt-ze met energias moixmaren (maqsimumi _ 110 vt). 

AGP 1x da AGP 2x videokontrolerebis dayenebis Tavidan 

asacileblad damatebiTi kontaqtebi slotis 

erT boloSi saxuraviT ifareba. AGP Pro videokontroleris 

dayenebis win saxuravi unda moixsnas. 

AGP Pro slotSi Cveulebrivi AGP 4x da AGP 8x videokontrolerebis 

dayenebacaa SesaZlebeli. 

garda maRali swrafqmedebisa, AGP interfeisi 

ZiriTad operatiul mexsierebasTan swrafi uSualo 

miRwevis SesaZleblobiTac gamoirCeva. 

ramdenadac AGP videoadapters ZiriTadi operatiuli 

mexsierebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia, videomexsierebis 

moTxovnileba mcirdeba. es gansakuTrebiT 

mniSvnelovania samganzomilebiani obieqtebis swrafi 

vizualizaciisTvis da videosTan muSaobis dros, 

rodesac intensiurad xdeba mexsierebis didi moculobis 

gamoyeneba. 

salte PCI Express 

PCI Express saltis gamoSveba kidev erTxel 

adasturebs personaluri kompiuteris interfeisebis 

paraleluridan mimdevrobiT arqiteqturaze gadasvlis 

tendencias. 

PCI Express maRali swrafqmedebis mqone mimdevrobiTi 

saltea. momavali 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi 

PCI Express specifikacia personaluri kompiuteris 

universaluri salteebis dominirebadi arqiteqtura 

iqneba. igi mTlianad Secvlis standartul paralelur 

PCI saltes. 

nax. 1.5-ze warmodgenilia sistemuri platis 

fragmenti PCI da PCI Express slotebiT. 

PCI Express saltis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli 

Tvisebebia: 

• arsebul PCI saltesTan da sxvadasxva mowyobilobebis 

programul draiverebTan sruli SeTavsebadoba; 

• spilenZis, optikuri da sxva saSualebebiT realizebuli 

fizikuri SeerTeba; 

20

nax. 1.5. sistemuri platis fragmenti PCI Express x1, PCI 

Express x16 da paraleluri PCI slotebiT 

• yoveli gamomyvanis maqsimaluri gamtarunarianoba, 

rac saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes saltis formfaqtori 

da Rirebuleba, gamartivdes platebis 

konstruqcia, gadaiWras signalis mTlianobasTan 

da SeferxebebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi; 

• sinqronizaciis `CaSenebuli~ sistema, rac saltis 

sixSiris swrafi Secvlis SesaZleblobas iZleva; 

• sixSirisa da Tanrigianobis gazrdis saSualebiT 

saltis gamtarunarianobis zrdis SesaZlebloba; 

• molodinis mcire dro, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 

iseTi programebisTvis, romlebic izoqronul 

(droze damokidebul) reJimSi monacemebis 

(magaliTad, nakaduri videomonacemebis) miwodebas 

moiTxoven. 

• adapterebis `cxeli~ komutaciis da `cxeli~ Secvlis 

saSualeba (kompiuteris gamorTvis gareSe); 

21 

• kvebis reJimis marTvis SesaZlebloba. 

PCI Express salteze monacemebis gadacema xdeba 

dupleqsur reJimSi. am dros monacemebi erTdroulad 

miiReba da gaicema gamtarebis ori diferencialuri 

wyvilis saSualebiT, romlebsac zolebs, an 

trasebs uwodeben. monacemTa gadacemis siCqare erTi 

mimarTulebiT, TiToeuli trasisTvis, 250 mbiti/wm-s 

aRwevs. amasTan erTad, TiToeuli salte SeiZleba 1, 

2, 4, 8, 16 an 32 trasas Seicavdes (nax. 1.6). magaliTad, 

maRali gamtarunarianobis mqone 16-trasiani PCI Express 

x16 salte, romelic Tanamedrove videointerfeisis 

saxiT gamoiyeneba, erTdroulad monacemTa 16 

bitis gadacemis saSualebas iZleva da misi siCqarea 

4 gbiti/wm-Si. 

nax. 1.6. PCI Express slotebi 

PCI Express saltis sixSiris gasazrdelad IBM 

kompaniis mier SemuSavebuli 8b/10b kodirebis sqema 

gamoiyeneba, romelic signalebis avtosinqronizacias 

ganapirobebs. PCI Express saltis sixSire dReisaTvis 

2,5 ghc-s Seadgens, xolo momavalSi SeiZleba 10 ghc- 

22

mde gaizardos, rac spilenZis gamtarebisTvis teqnologiur 

zRvars warmoadgens. sixSiris zrdis potenciuri 

saSualeba da erTdroulad 32 trasis gamoyenebis 

SesaZlebloba saSualebas iZleva PCI Express 

salteze monacemebis gadacemis siCqare gaizardos 32 

gbiti/wm-mde. 

1.3. monitorebi eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiT 

Sav-TeTri monitorebi 

monitoris korpusSi moTavsebulia eleqtronul-sxivuri 

milaki (esm) da misi kvebis wyaroebi. 

esm-is SigniTa mxares moTavsebulia bade. rodesac 

badeze dadebiTi Zabva zemoqmedebs, eleqtronebi 

aRigznebian da sxivi ekranisken miemarTeba, romelic 

garkveuli drois Semdeg naTdeba. uaryofiTi 

Zabvis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT _ eleqtronebi 

ganidevnebian da bades ar gaivlian. am dros ekrani 

Savia. 

amrigad, badeze zemoqmedi Zabva ekranze Sesabamisi 

bitebis miRebas ganapirobebs. aseTi meqanizmi 

orobiTi eleqtronuli signalis displeis Ria da 

muq wertilebad gardaqmnis saSualebas iZleva. 

esm-s (nax. 1.7) ZiriTadi elementia eleqtronuli 

`zarbazani~, romelic eleqtronebis nakads 

ekranisken `gaisvris~. esm-is wina nawili Signidan 

luminescenturi feniTaa dafaruli. 

esm-s balonSi (9) vakuumia Seqmnili. eleqtronuli 

sxivis (2) misaRebad gamoiyeneba mowyobiloba, 

23 

romelsac eleqtronuli `zarbazani~ ewodeba. ka- 

Todi (8) varvaris ZafiT (5) xurdeba da eleqtronebs 

gaisvris. kaTodi specialuri masalebiT ifareba, 

romlebic, rogorc wesi, esm-ebis umsxvilesi mwarmoeblebis 

mieraa dapatentebuli. 

nax. 1.7. Sav-TeTri eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki 

1 _ magnituri gadamxreli sistema; 2 _ eleqtronuli 

sxivi; 3 _ mafokusirebeli eleqtrodis xvia, 4 _ 

luminofori, 5 _ varvaris Zafi, 6 _ grafitis fena, 7 _ 

maRalvoltiani bude, 8 _ kaTodi, 9 _ baloni, 10 _ ekrani, 

11 _ mafokusirebeli eleqtrodis gulana, 12 _ mmarTveli 

eleqtrodi, 13 _ kineskopis gamomyvanebi, 14 _ anodi. 

mmarTvel eleqtrodze (modulatorze) (12) miwodebuli 

Zabvis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli 

sxivis intensivobis Secvla da, aqedan gamomdinare, 

gamosaxulebis sikaSkaSis Secvlac. mmar- 

24

Tveli eleqtrodis garda, Tanamedrove esm-ebis `zarbazani~ 

Seicavs mafokusirebel eleqtrods (3, 11), 

romelic sxivs ekranis saWiro wertilSi afokusirebs, 

damaCqarebel eleqtrods, romelic `zarbaznis~ 

SigniT eleqtronebis damatebiTi aCqarebas uzrunvelyofs 

da anods (14). 

`zarbaznis~ datovebisas eleqtronebi anodis 

mier damatebiT aCqardeba. anods warmoadgens kineskopis 

konusis zedapiris metalizebuli safarveli, 

romelic `zarbaznis~ amaCqarebel eleqtrodTanaa 

SeerTebuli. 

amis Semdeg sxivi magnitur gadamxrel sistemas 

(1) gaivlis, romelsac sxivis mimarTulebis 

Secvla SeuZlia. eleqtronuli sxivi ekranze (10) 

ecema, romelic luminoforiTaa (4) dafaruli. eleqtronebis 

bombardirebisgan luminofori naTdeba. 

swrafad moZravi sinaTlis `laqa~ ekranze gamosaxulebas 

aformirebs. 

eleqtronebidan gamomdinare luminofori uaryofiT 

muxts iZens da iwyeba meoradi emisia _ luminofori 

Tavad gamoyofs eleqtronebs. amis Sedegad 

mTlianad milaki uaryofiTad imuxteba. amis Tavidan 

asacileblad milakis mTeli zedapiri damiwebis gamtarTan 

SeerTebuli grafitis safuZvelze damuSavebuli 

specialuri feniTaa (6) dafaruli. kineskopi 

gamomyvanebiT (13) da maRalvoltiani budiT (7) 

erTdeba. 

25 

feradi monitorebi 

Sav-TeTri monitorebisgan gansxvavebiT, feradi 

monitorebi (nax. 1.8) sam eleqtronul `zarbazans~ 

Seicavs _ wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebisTvis (1). 

nax. 1.8. feradi eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki. 

1 _ eleqtronuli `zarbaznebi~; 2 _ eleqtronuli sxivebi; 

3 _ mafokusirebeli xvia; 4 _ gadamxreli xviebi; 

5 _ anodi; 6 _ `niRabi~; 7 _ luminoforis wiTeli, mwvane 

da lurji `marcvlebi~; 8 _ luminoforis `niRabi~ da 

`marcvlebi (gadidebuli)~ 

Sesabamisad ekranze (7) datanilia luminoforis 

sami saxe _ wiTeli, mwvane da lurji ferebisTvis 

(8). `wiTel~ luminofors sxivi mxolod 

wiTeli `niRbidan~ ecema, mwvanes _ mxolod mwvanidan, 

xolo lurjs _ mxolod lurjidan. es miiRweva 

`zarbaznebs~ da ekrans Soris ganTavsebuli metaluri 

`mesriT~, romelsac `niRabi~ ewodeba (nax. 1.9). 

26

nax. 1.9. sxvadasxva tipis `niRbebi~ 

rastruli `gaSla~ 

ekranze gamosaxulebis misaRebad horizontalluri 

`gaSlis~ dros eleqtronebis `kona~ ekranze 

daaxloebiT 50 mkwm-Si gaiSleba, aformirebs ra 

horizontalur striqons ekranze. amis Semdeg sxivi 

asrulebs horizontalur ukusvlas ekranis marcxena 

kidisken, raTa horizontaluri `gaSlis~ Semdegi xazi 

aagos. mowyobilobas, romelic striqon-striqon 

aformirebs gamosaxulebas, rastruli `gaSlis~ mowyobiloba 

ewodeba. 

Tanamedrove monitorebSi rastruli `gaSlis~ 

ori ZiriTadi saxeoba gamoiyeneba: 

• striqonuli 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 da a.S.; 

• striqonis gamotovebiT _ 1-3-5-7-..., xolo amis 

Semdeg _ 2-4-6-8-... da a.S. 

horizontaluri `gaSla~ wrfivad zrdadi ZabviT 

kontrolirdeba, romelic horizontaluri gadaxris 

firfitebze zemoqmedebs. firfitebi eleq- 

27 

tronuli `zarbaznis~ marcxniv da marjvniv aris 

ganTavsebuli. 

vertikaluri `gaSla~ ufro nela zrdadi ZabviT 

kontrolirdeba, romelic vertikaluri gadaxris 

firfitebze zemoqmedebs. firfitebi eleqtronuli 

`zarbaznis~ zeviT da qveviT arian ganTavsebulni. 

`gaSlis~ ciklebis garkveuli raodenobis Semdeg 

(Cveulebriv 400-dan 1000-mde) vertikaluri da 

horizontaluri gadaxris firfitebze Zabva vardeba 

da sxivi ekranis zeda marcxena kuTxeSi brundeba. 

mTliani gamosaxulebis aRdgena Zveli monitorebis- 

Tvis wamSi 30-dan 60-mde sruldeboda. Tanamedrove 

eleqtronul-sxivur monitorebs gamosaxulebis wam- 

Si 150-jer da metjer ganaxlebac SeuZliaT. 

1.4. Txevadkristaluri monitorebi 

eleqtronul-sxivuri monitorebi sakmaod didi 

zomisaa da mZimea. amitom portatiuli kompiuterebisTvis 

saWiro gaxda displeis absoluturad gansxvavebuli 

teqnologiis damuSaveba. 

swored aman ganapiroba Txevadkristaluri monitorebis 

Seqmna. Txevadkristaluri teqnologia 

sakmaod rTulia, ganxorcielebis ramdenime varianti 

gaaCnia da swrafad icvleba. amJamad SeimCneva Txevadkristaluri 

monitorebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis 

da gaiafebis tendencia, ramac ganapiroba maTi far- 

To gamoyeneba samagido kompiuterebSic. 

28

Txevadi kristalebi blant organul molekulebs 

warmoadgenen, romlebic iseve moZraoben, rogorc 

siTxis molekulebi, Tumca kristaluri struqtura 

gaaCniaT. 

Txevadi kristalebi aRmoCenili iqna avstrieli 

mecnieris, reiniceris mier, 1888 wels. maTi gamoyeneba 

1960 wlidan, kalkulatorebisa da saaTebis 

displeebSi daiwyo. 

muSaobis principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: rodesac 

molekulebi erT rigSi arian ganTavsebulni, 

kristalis optikuri Tvisebebi damokidebulia zemoqmedi 

sinaTlis mimarTulebaze da polarizaciaze. 

eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi molekulebis 

rigi da Sesabamisad optikuri Tvisebebi icvleba. 

Tu Txevad kristalze sinaTlis sxivi zemoqmedebs, 

Tavad Txevadi kristalidan gamomavali 

sinaTlis sxivis intensivoba SeiZleba eleqtrobis 

saSualebiT kontroldebodes. 

Txevadkristaluri displeis TiToeuli piqseli 

or gamWvirvale elqtrods Soris moTavsebuli 

molekulebis fenisgan da ori mapolarizebeli filtrisgan 

Sedgeba, romelTa polarizaciis sibrtyeebi, 

rogorc wesi, urTierTperpendikularulia. Txevadi 

kristalebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi pirveli filtris 

mier gatarebuli Suqi praqtikulad mTlianad 

blokirdeba meore filtris mier. 

eleqtrodebis sibrtye, romelic kontaqtSia 

Txevad kristalebTan, specialuradaa damuSavebuli 

molekulebis erTi mimarTulebiT orientaciisTvis. 

29 

TN (Twisted Nematic) matricaSi es mimarTulebebi urTierTperpendikularulia. 

amitom Zabvis ararasebobis 

SemTxvevaSi molekulebi vintismagvar struturaSi 

damwkrivdeba. es struqtura Suqs iseTnairad gardatexs, 

rom meore filtramde misi polarizaciis 

sibrtye mobrundeba da misi gavliT Suqi danakargebis 

gareSe gaivlis. Tu ar CavTvliT pirveli filtris 

mier arapolarizebuli Suqis naxevris STan- 

Tqmas, ujredi gamWvirvaled SegviZlia CavTvaloT. 

Tu eleqtrodebze Zabvaa miwodebuli, molekulebi 

cdiloben velis gaswvriv daewyon, rac maT 

xraxnisebr struqturas amaxinjebs. am dros drekadobis 

Zalebi amas ewinaaRmdegeba da Zabvis gamor- 

Tvisas molekulebi sawyis mdgomareobaSi brundeba. 

velis sakmarisi sididis SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad 

yvela molekula paraleluri xdeba, rac struqturis 

aragamWvirvalobas ganapirobebs. 

Zabvis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia gamWvirvalobis 

marTva, Tu mudmivi Zabva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi 

iqneba miwodebuli, Txevadkristaluri struqtura, 

ionebis migraciis gamo, SeiZleba degradirdes. am 

problemis mosagvareblad cvladi deni, an polarobis 

Secvla ujredis yoveli damisamarTebis dros 

(struqturis gaumWvirvaloba velis polarobaze ar 

aris damokidebuli) gamoiyeneba. 

mTel matricaSi yoveli ujredis cal-calke 

marTvaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca maTi raodenobis gazrdisas 

es rTulad Sesasrulebelia, radgan izrdeba 

saWiro eleqtrodebis raodenoba. amitom faqtiurad 

yovelTvis gamoiyeneba damisamarTeba stri- 

30

qonebisa da svetebis mixedviT. ujredebSi gamavali 

Suqi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi, Tumca umetesad Suqis 

xelovnuri wyaro gamoiyeneba. gare ganaTebisgan damoukideblobis 

garda igi agreTve astabilebs gamosaxulebis 

Tvisebebs. 

Txevadkristaluri displeis ekrani paralelurad 

ganTavsebuli ori minis firfitisgan Sedgeba. 

firfitebs Soris moTavsebulia hermetuli 

sivrce Txevadi kristaliT. 

orive firfitas uerTdeba gamWvirvale eleqtrodi. 

bunebrivi, an xelovnuri sinaTle ukana firfitis 

mxridan ekrans Signidan anaTebs. firfitebze 

miyvanili eleqtrodebi gamoiyeneba Txevad kristalSi 

eleqtruli velebis Sesaqmnelad. ekranis 

sxvadasxva adgilebze gansxvavebuli Zabvebi zemoqmedeben, 

rac gamosaxulebis agebis saSualebas iZleva. 

ekranis wina da ukana firfitebze miwebebulia 

polaroidebi, radgan teqnologiurad displei polarizebul 

Suqs saWiroebs. 

amJamad Txevadkristaluri displeebis gansxvavebuli 

tipebi gamoiyeneba. ganvixiloT erT-erTi maTgani 

_ Twisted Nematic, TN (nax. 1.10). displeis ukana 

firfitas gaaCnia miniaturuli horizontaluri Rarebi, 

xolo wina firfitas _ vertikaluri Rarebi. 

eleqtruli velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi molekulebi 

am Rarebis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba. 

radgan Rarebi erTmaneTis mimarT perpendikularulad 

aris ganTavsebuli, Txevadi kristalis molekulebi 

900-iT moRunuli aRmoCndeba. 

31 

gamWvirvale eleqtrodebi 

horizontaluri filtri 

Suqfiltri 

nax. 1.10. Txevadkristaluri displei 

displeis ukana firfitaze ganTavsebulia horizontaluri 

polaroidi. is mxolod horizontalurad 

polarizebul Suqs atarebs. displeis wina 

firfitaze imyofeba vertikaluri polaroidi. is 

mxolod vertikalurad polarizebul Suqs atarebs. 

firfitebs Soris Txevadi kristali rom ar arsebobdes, 

ukana panelidan gatarebuli horizontalurad 

polarizebuli Suqi blokirebuli iqneboda 

wina firfitaze myofi vertikaluri polaroidis mier. 

am SemTxvevaSi ekrani mTlianad Savi iqneboda. 

Tumca molekulebis gaRunuli kristaluri 

struqtura, romelsac Suqi gaivlis, cvlis Suqis 

polarizaciis sibrtyes. eleqtruli velis ararse- 

32 

vertikaluri 

filtri 

Txevadkristaluri 

molekula

obis SemTxvevaSi Txevadkristaluri ekrani mTlianad 

anaTebs. Tu firfitis garkveul monakveTebs 

Zabva miewodeba, gadaRunuli struqtura irRveva da 

mocemul adgilebSi Suqis gavla blokirdeba. 

Zabvis miwodebisTvis ori midgoma gamoiyeneba. 

iaffasian pasiur matricul indikatorSi orive 

eleqtrodSi gamtarebi erTmaneTis mimarT paralelurad 

arian ganTavsebulni. magaliTad 640/480 displeis 

ukana firfitis eleqtrodi 640 vertikalur 

gamtars Seicavs, xolo wina firfitis eleqtrodi _ 

480 horizontalur gamtars. Tu Zabva erT-erT vertikalur 

gamtars miewodeba, xolo Semdeg Zabvis impulsebi 

_ erT-erT horizontalur gamtars, SesaZlebelia 

Zabvis cvlileba garkveuli pozicis piqselSi 

da misi gaSaveba. Tu igive Sesruldeba Semdegi 

piqselebisTvis, SesaZlebelia gaSlis striqonis 

miReba, romelic analogiuria eleqtronul-sxivuri 

monitoris striqonisa. gamosaxuleba, rogorc 

wesi, ekranze wamSi 60-jer ganaxldeba, raTa miRebul 

iqnas mudmivi gamosaxulebis STabeWdileba. 

meore midgomaa aqtiuri matriculi indikatoris 

gamoyeneba. igi bevrad Zviria pasiur indikator- 

Tan SedarebiT, Tumca ukeTesi xarisxis gamosaxulebis 

miRebas uzrunvelyofs. perpendikularulad 

ganTavsebuli gamtarebis ori jgufis nacvlad aqtiuri 

matriculi indikatoris erT-erT eleqtrodze 

piqselis yovel poziciaSi miniaturuli gadamrTveli 

gaaCnia. gadamrTvelebis mdgomareobis cvlilebis 

safuZvelze ekranze, miwodebuli bitebidan 

gamomdinare, Zabvebis sxvadasxva kombinaciebis Seq- 

33 

mnaa SesaZlebeli. mocemul gadamrTvelebs Txelafskiani 

tranzistorebi (Thin Film Transistor, TFT) ewodebaT. 

xolo Sesabamis tipis ekranebs _ TFT displeebi. 

amJamad nouTbuqebis da avtonomiuri Txevadkristaluri 

displeebis umetesoba TFT teqnologiis 

safuZvelze iwarmoeba. 

aqamde Cven aRvwereT Sav-TeTri monitorebis 

muSaobis principi. rac Seexeba ferad Txevadkristalur 

monitorebs, isini igive principebiT muSaoben, 

Tumca maTi detalebi bevrad rTulia. TeTri 

feris wiTel, mwvane da lurj ferebad dayofisTvis 

piqselis yovel poziciaSi optikuri filtrebi gamoiyeneba. 

amitom es ferebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad 

aisaxeba. mocemuli sami feris safuZvelze 

nebismieri feris miRebaa SesaZlebeli. 

amrigad, Txevadkristaluri monitori Sedgeba 

eleqtronikisgan, romelic amuSavebs Semaval videosignals, 

Txevadkristaluri matricisgan, ganaTebis 

modulisgan, kvebis blokisgan da korpusisgan. swored 

CamoTvlili elementebis erToblioba gansaz- 

Rvravs monitoris maxasiaTeblebs, Tumca zogierTi 

maTganis maxasiaTeblebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. 

Txevadkristaluri monitorebis teqnikuri 

maxasiaTeblebi 

• gadawyvetunarianoba _ horizontaluri da vertikaluri 

zomebi, romlebic piqselebSi gamoisaxeba. 

eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiani monitorebisgan 

gansxvavebiT, Txevadkristalur monitorebs mxo- 

34

lod erTi, `mSobliuri~ gadawyvetunarianoba gaaCnia. 

danarCeni mniSvnelobebi interpolaciis 

• 

gziT miiRweva. 

piqselis zoma _ mezobeli piqselebis centrebs 

Soris manZili. uSualod ukavSirdeba fizikur 

gadawyvetunarianobas. 

• ekranis zomebis Sefardeba (formati) _ siganis 

simaRlesTan Sefardeba, magaliTad 5:4, 4:3, 5:3, 8:5, 

16:9. 

• xedvadi diagonali _ Tavad panelis zoma, romelic 

diagonalze izomeba. 

• kontrastuloba _ sxvaoba yvelaze naTeli da 

yvelaze muqi wertilebis sikaSkaSeebs Soris. 

• sikaSkaSe _ Suqis raodenoba, romelic displeis 

mier gamoiyofa. Cveulebriv izomeba kandelebSi 

kvadratul metrze. 

• gadarTvis dro _ minimaluri dro, romelic 

• 

sWirdeba piqsels sikaSkaSis SecvlisTvis. 

xedvis kuTxe _ kuTxe, romlis SemTxvevaSic kontrastis 

Semcireba garkveul mniSvnelobas aRwevs. 

• matricis tipi _ teqnologia, romlis mixedviTacaa 

damzadebuli Txevadkristaluri matrica. 

35 

Tavi 2 

monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis 


2.1. muSaobis principi 

personalur kompiuterebSi informacia inaxeba 

matareblebze, romlebic magnituri, an optikuri teqnologiebis 

safuZvelze muSaobs. 

monacemebis magnituri Senaxvis mowyobilobeb- 

Si orobiTi monacemebi warmodgenilia brtyel diskze 

ganTavsebuli mcire zomis liTonis magnituri 

nawilakebis saxiT. wakiTxvis dros isini orobiTi 

monacemebis saxiT gaiSifreba. 

xist da drekad diskebze magnituri damgroveblebis 

muSaobas safuZvlad udevs eleqtromagnitizmis 

movlena. eleqtromagnitizmis arsi imaSi 

mdgomareobs, rom gamtarSi eleqtruli denis gatarebisas 

mis garSemo magnituri veli warmoiqmneba 

da piriqiT, gamtarSi, romelzedac cvladi magnituri 

veli zemoqmedebs, eleqtruli deni warmoiqmneba. 

magnituri velis polarobis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi 

eleqtruli denis mimarTulebac icvleba. 

diskuri damgroveblis Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki 

Seicavs U-tipis feromagnitur gulanas da masze 

daxveul koWas (xviebs), romelSic eleqtruli deni 

tardeba. am dros Tavakis gulanaSi magnituri veli 

warmoiqmneba (nax. 2.1). 

denis mimarTulebis cvlilebisas magnituri 

velis polarobac icvleba. amrigad, Tavakebi eleq- 

36

tromagnitebs warmoadgenen, romelTa polarobac 

Zalian swrafad icvleba eleqtruli denis mimar- 

Tulebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. 

matareblis damagnitebuli 

(gasworebuli) nawilakebi 

nax. 2.1 Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki 

magnituri veli gulanis Riobze vrceldeba. 

Tu Riobis maxloblad moTavsebulia sxva feromagnetiki 

(matareblis magnituri fena), magnituri veli 

swored masze lokalizdeba, radgan feromagnitur 

masalas, haerTan SedarebiT, bevrad naklebi magnituri 

winaaRmdegoba gaaCnia. Riobis gadamkveTi magnituri 

veli feromagnitur matarebelze ikvreba da 

iwvevs matareblis elementaruli magnituri nawilakebis 

(domenebis) polarizacias magnituri velis zemoqmedebis 

mimarTulebiT. magnituri velis mimarTuleba 

da Sedegad, domenebis narCeni damagniteba, damokidebulia 

TavakSi eleqtruli denis polarobaze. 

drekadi magnituri diskebi Cveulebriv mzaddeba 

lavsanis, xolo xisti magnituri diskebi _ 

aluminis, an mina-keramikis fuZeSreze. muSa fena, rogorc 

wesi, rkinis zeJangisgan mzaddeba, sxvadasxva 

danamatebiT. 

37 

xvia 

matareblis 

gulana 

daumagnitebeli 

Riobi nawilakebi 

diskis gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba 

matareblis 

fena 

magnituri velebi, romlebic cariel diskze 

arsebuli magnituri domenebiT iqmneba, SemTxveviTadaa 

orientirebuli da diskis nebismier makroskopul 

monakveTze erTmaneTs akompensirebs. amitom nar- 

Ceni damagniteba nulis tolia. 

matarebelze magnituri velis miwodebisas nawilakebi, 

romlebic Riobis qvemoT aRmoCndeba, Cawera/wakiTxvis 

Tavakis mier warmoqmnili magnituri 

velis zemoqmedebis mimarTulebiT orientirdeba. rodesac 

magnituri domenebi garkveuli mimarTulebiT 

mwkrivdeba, maTi magnituri velebi erTmaneTs aRar 

akompensireben, rac iwvevs Sesabamis monakveTze gamokveTili 

magnituri velis Seqmnas. warmoqmnili 

lokaluri magnituri veli iqmneba magnituri nawilakebis 

simravliT, romlebic, rogorc erTi mTliani, 

ise funqcionireben da erTi mimarTulebis magnitur 

vels qmnian. 

amrigad, Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakis xviaSi impulsuri 

formis cvladi denis gavlisas, mbrunav 

diskze iqmneba niSniT (mimarTulebiT) gansxvavebuli 

narCeni damagnitebis mqone monakveTebis Tanmimdevroba. 

Cawerili informaciis Semdgomi wakiTxvisTvis 

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is zonebi, romlebSic 

narCeni magnituri velis niSani (mimarTuleba) icvleba. 

magnituri Tavaki monacemebis Cawerisas diskze 

niSnis cvlilebis zonebs aTavsebs. monacemebis yoveli 

bitis (an bitebis) Cawerisas diskis specialur 

adgilebSi niSnis cvlilebis zonebis Tanmimdevroba 

iwereba. am velebs bituri, an gadasvlis ujredebi 

38

ewodeba. amrigad, gadasvlis ujredi diskis specialuri 

velia, romelSic Tavaki niSnis cvlilebis 

zonas aTavsebs. gadasvlis ujredis geometriuli 

zoma damokidebulia Caweris sataqto signalis six- 

Sireze da diskis brunvis siCqareze. 

diskidan informaciis wakiTxvisas Tavaki muSaobs, 

rogorc niSnis cvlilebebis deteqtori da yoveli 

aseTi zonis gadakveTis dros Zabvis impulsebs 

gamoimuSavebs. im monakveTebSi, sadac niSnis Secvla 

ar xdeba, impulsebis gamomuSaveba ar xdeba. 

nax. 2.2-ze warmodgenilia wakiTxvis da Caweris 

signalebis (impulsebis) formebis damokidebuleba 

diskze Caweril niSnis cvlilebis zonebze. 

diskis 

magnituri 

fena 

Caweris 

signali 

wakiTxvis 

signali 

Tavakis xvia 

magnituri nakadis 

mimarTulebis cvlileba 

nax. 2.2. informaciis Cawera da wakiTxva 

magnituri diskidan 

39 

Cawera/wakiTxvis 

Tavaki RiobiT 

diskis brunvis 

mimarTuleba 

Casaweri monacemebi marTkuTxa formis talRovan 

impulsebs warmoadgenen, romlebic Zabvis dadebiT 

da uaryofiT mniSvnelobebs Seesabameba. isini 

iwveven magnituri matareblis polarizacias Sesabamisi 

mimarTulebiT. 

wakiTxvis dros Tavaki niSnis cvlilebis zonebs 

aregistrirebs da Sesabamis impulsebs gamoimu- 

Savebs. niSnis cvlileba Tu ar xdeba, Zabvis impulsic 

ar gamomuSavdeba. sataqto sixSiris cnobili 

mniSvnelobis safuZvelze diskuri mowyobilobis 

eleqtruli sqema gansazRvravs impulsis (niSnis 

cvlilebis) Sesabamisobas gadasvlis ujredeb- 

Tan. 

2.2. wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia 

diskuri mowyobilobebis warmoebis teqnologiis 

gaumjobesebasTan erTad viTardeba wakiTxva/ 

Caweris Tavakebis konstruqcia. 

diskuri mowyobilobebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva 

etapebze Semdegi tipis Tavakebi gamoiyeneboda: 

• ferituli; 

• metaliT RiobSi (MIG); 

• Txelafskiani (TF); 

• magnitorezistuli (MR); 

• giganturi magnitorezistuli (GMR). 

40

ferituli da metaliT RiobSi Tavakebi moralurad 

moZvelebulia da Tanamedrove diskur mowyobilobebSi 

aRar gamoiyeneba. 

magnitorezistuli Tavaki 

magnitorezistuli (Magneto-Resistive _ MR) (nax. 

2.4) Tavaki damuSavebulia firma IBM-is mier da 

pirvelad gamoyenebuli iqna 1991 wels, 1 gbaiti tevadobis 

mqone vinCesterebSi. 

magnitorezistuli Tavaki deteqtoria, romelic 

damagnitebis zonaSi cvlilebebs aregistrirebs 

da gardaqmnis maT signalebad, romlebic, rogorc 

monacemebi, ise interpretirdeba. 

magnituri Caweris dros adgili aqvs erT 

problemas. magnituri matareblis domenebis zomebis 

Semcireba (rac Seuqcevadi procesia da ganpirobebulia 

Caweris simWidrovis zrdis tendenciiT) Tavakis 

signalis donesac amcirebs. am dros izrdeba `xmauris~ 

namdvil signalad miRebis albaToba. problemis 

gadasawyvetad saWiroa efeqturi Tavakis gamoyeneba, 

romelic meti sizustiT gansazRvravs signalis 

arsebobas. swored aseT efeqtur Tavaks warmoadgens 

magnitorezistuli Tavaki. 

magnitorezistuli Tavaki monacemebs Semdegnairad 

kiTxulobs: TavakSi gaedineba susti mudmivi 

deni. magnitorezistobis efeqtis Tanaxmad sxvadasxva 

polarobis narCeni damagnitebis monakveTebis 

gavlisas Tavakis winaRoba icvleba. winaRobis cvlileba 

TavisTavad ganapirobebs Tavakze Zabvis var- 

41 

dnis da Sesabamisad TavakSi gamavali denis Zalis 

cvlilebas. 

magnitorezistuli efeqti mxolod wamkiTxavi 

Tavakis agebis saSualebas iZleva. amitom Tanamedrove 

damgroveblebSi gamoyenebuli magnitorezistuli 

Tavaki sinamdvileSi erT konstruqciaSi gaer- 

Tianebuli ori Tavakia. monacemebis Casawerad gamoiyeneba 

Txelafskiani (TF) Tavaki, xolo Casawerad _ 


feritul, metaliT RiobSi da Txelafskovan 

Tavakebs erTRiobian Tavakebsac uwodeben, radgan 

rogorc wakiTxvisaTvis, aseve CawerisaTvis erTi 

Riobi gamoiyeneba. 

erTRiobian TavakebSi saWiroa kompromisze 

wasvla Riobis zomasTan dakavSirebiT. wakiTxvis 

dros saWiroa SedarebiT mcire zomis Riobi (wakiTxvis 

gadawyvetunarianobis gasazrdelad), xolo Caweris 

dros _ SedarebiT didi zomis Riobi, radgan 

saimedo CawerisaTvis magniturma nakadma unda SeaRwios 

muSa fenis mTel siRrmeze. 

magnitorezistul TavakSi es problema gadaWrilia, 

radgan TiToeul Tavaks gansxvavebuli zomis 

Riobi gaaCnia. Txelafskovani (Camweri) Tavaki diskze 

SedarebiT ufro ganier bilikebs aformirebs, vidre 

es saWiroa magnitorezistuli (wamkiTxavi) Tavakis 

muSaobisTvis. aseT konstruqcias kidev erTi upiratesoba 

gaaCnia: wamkiTxavi Tavaki magnituri xel- 

SeSlebis gavlenas sxva bilikebidan naklebad ganicdis. 

42

nax. 2.3-ze warmodgenilia IBM-is tipiuri 


gamyofi 

nax. 2.3. magnitorezistuli Tavaki 

Tavakis wamkiTxav elements magnitorezistuli 

sensori warmoadgens, romelic rkina-nikelis (NiFe) 

afskisgan Sedgeba. magnituri velis gavleniT rkinanikelis 

afskis winaRoba icvleba. 

gverdiTi, an SemTxveviTi magnituri velis 

zemoqmedebisgan wamkiTxavi elementis dasacavad maekranirebeli 

(gamyofi) fena gamoiyeneba. rkina-nikelis 

da maekranirebeli fenebi gamoyofilia maRali eleqtruli 

winaaRmdegobis mqone feniT. 

Caweris simWidrovis gazrdasTan erTad magnitorezistuli 

elementebis zomebic mcirdeba. Tanamedrove 

TavakebSi gverdiT kontaqtebs Soris arsebuli 

rkina-nikelis afskis sigane 0,5 mikrons ar 

aRemateba. 

giganturi magnitorezistuli Tavaki 

1997 wels firma IBM-is mier warmodgenili 

iqna magnitorezistuli Tavakis axali, bevrad ufro 

maRali mgrZnobiarobis mqone tipi _ giganturi mag- 

43 

nitorezistuli Tavaki (Giant Magnitoresistive - GMR) (nax. 

2.4). 

nax. 2.4. giganturi magnitorezistuli Tavaki 

GMR efeqti SemdegSi mdgomareobs: magnituri 

velSi moTavsebul, sxvadasxva liTonebis uTxelesi 

fenebisgan Semdgar gamtars winaRobis cvlilebis 

farTo diapazoni gaaCnia. 

giganturi magnitorezistuli TavakebSi gamoiyeneba 

magnituri liTonebis ori fena, romelTa SuaSic 

moTavsebulia aramagnituri masalisgan damzadebuli 

gamyofi fena. erT-erTi magnitur fena fiqsirebulia, 

anu mas gaaCnia winaswar arCeuli magnituri 

orientacia, xolo meore _ Tavisufalia, rac 

orientaciis Tavisufal cvlilebas gulisxmobs. 

rodesac Tavisufali da fiqsirebuli magnituri 

fenebi erTi da igive magnitur orientacias 

iReben, saerTo winaRoba mcirdeba, xolo Tu Tavisufali 

magnituri fena iRebs fiqsirebuli magnituri 

fenis sawinaaRmdego orientacias, mTliani winaRoba 

mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. 

gigantur magnitorezistul Tavakze magnituri 

diskebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli susti magnituri ve- 

44

lis zemoqmedebisas Tavakis Tavisufali magnituri 

fenis nawilakebi icvlian orientacias fiqsirebuli 

fenis mimarT, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis saerTo winaRobas. 

Caweris zedapiruli simWidrove 

Caweris zedapiruli simWidrove magnituri 

diskis Sefasebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumia. misi 

gansazRvrisTvis bilikze Caweris wrfivi sim- 

Widrove (BPI – Bits Per Inch) mravldeba diuimSi arsebul 

bilikebis raodenobaze (TPI – Tracks Per Inch) (nax. 

2.5). 

Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi am parametris mniSvnelobaa 

10-20 gbiti/diuimi2 , xolo eqsperimentul 

modelebSi _ 40 gbiti/diuimi2 . 

bilikebis raodenoba 

diuimze (TPI) 

bilikis 

bitebi 

Caweris 

dabali 

zedapiruli 

simWidrove 

bitebis 

raodenoba 

diuimze 

(BPI) 

nax. 2.5. Caweris simWidrovis grafikuli warmodgena 

45 

bilikebis raodenoba 

diuimze (TPI) 

Caweris 

maRali 

zedapiruli 

simWidrove 

bitebis 

raodenoba 

diuimze 

(BPI) 

AFC teqnologia 

Cveulebriv damgroveblebSi gamoyenebul xist 

diskebs mxolod erTi magnituri fena gaaCnia. informaciis 

Caweris simWidrovis gazrda SesaZlebelia 

mxolod magnituri monakveTebis zomebis SemcirebiT. 

magram zomebis zRvruli Semcireba supermagnetizmis 

efeqts iwvevs, romelic magnituri monakveTebis TandaTanobiTi 

ganmagnitebiT gamoixateba. 

1990 wels IBM-is specialistebma aRmoaCines, 

rom liTonuri ruteniumi yvelaze efeqturi aramagnituri 

masalaa, romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia 

gigantur magnitorezistul TavakebSi gamyofi fenis 

saxiT. Tumca aRniSnuli aRmoCena realizebuli iqna 

mxolod 2001 wels, rodesac IBM-ma gamouSva 80 da 

120 gbaiti tevadobis Deskstar GPX damgroveblebi. 

nax. 2.6-ze warmodgenilia Cveulebrivi erTfeniani 

da AFC matareblebi. 

damgrovebeli, romelSic liTonuri ruteniumis 

fena gamoiyeneba, AFC (antiferomagnituri ormagi 

feniT) damgrovebeli ewodeba. liTonuri ruteniumis 

uTxelesi (sami atomis sisqis) fenis gamoyenebis 

Sedegad Caweris simWidrove 25 gbaiti/diuimi2-mde gaizarda. 

or magnitur fenas Soris moTavsebuli liTonuri 

ruteniumis uTxelesi fena am fenebis magnituri 

nawilakebis erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT 

orientaciis saSualebas iZleva. samfeniani konstruqcia 

Cveulebriv magnitur fenasTan SedarebiT 

fizikurad ufro sqelia, magram nawilakebis sapiris- 

46

piro orientaciis Sedegad matarebeli funqcionirebs, 

rogorc erTi fena bevrad naklebi saerTo 

sisqiT. 

AFC damgroveblebSi Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebs 

ufro mWidro Canaweris gakeTebis saSualeba eZleva. 

am dros damgroveblis tevadoba izrdeba Caweris 

xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe. 

magnituri nawilakebi Cveulebrivi 

matareblis zedapirze 

AFC matareblis 

zeda fenis 

magnituri 

nawilakebi 

or magnitur fenas Soris 

moTavsebuli ruteniumis fena 

nax. 2.6. magnituri fenebi Cveulebriv da AFC matareblebSi 

47 

giganturi magnitorezistuli 

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavaki 

AFC matareblis 

qveda fenis 

magnituri 

nawilakebi 

monacemTa perpendikularuli (vertikaluri) 

Senaxvis sistemebi 

praqtikulad yvela vinCesterSi da sxva diskur 

damgrovebelSi monacemTa horizontaluri Cawera 

gamoiyeneba. am dros magnituri nawilakebi matareblis 

zedapiris mimarT horizontalurad gan- 

Tavsdeba. 

monacemTa perpendikularuli Caweris meTodi 

monacemebis Caweris simWidrovis mniSvnelovnad gazrdis 

saSualebas iZleva, radgan vertikalurad orientirebuli 

nawilakebi diskze bevrad nakleb adgils 

ikavebs horizontalurad Caweril nawilakeb- 

Tan SedarebiT (nax. 2.7). 

Camweri 

velebi 

horizontaluri Caweris 

sistema 

matareblis 

damagniteba 

xvia 

Camweri 

fena 

rbili 

qvefena 

nax. 2.7. Caweris horizontaluri da vertikaluri 

(perpendikularuli) sistemebi 

48 

vertikaluri Caweris 

sistema 

xvia 

Camweri 

velebi

perpendikularuli Caweris meTodi SemoTavazebuli 

iqna jer kidev 1976 wels, Tumca misi praqtikuli 

realizacia moxda mxolod 1989 wels, 2,88 mbaitian 

drekad diskebSi. 

vinCesterebis wamyvani damamzadebeli kompaniebi 

intensiurad muSaoben perpendikularuli Caweris 

teqnologiis srulyofaze, rac SesaZlebels 

gaxdis Caweris simWidrovis gazrdas amJamad umaRlesi 

maCveneblebis mqone AFC (antiferromagnetically coupled) 

samuSao feniT dafarul vinCesterebTan SedarebiT. 

gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom matarebelze informaciis 

perpendikularuli Caweris meTodis realizacia 

SesaZlebels gaxdis Caweris simWidrovis 500-1000 

gbaiti/diuimi2-mde gazrdas. 

Tumca perpendikularuli Caweris meTodis realizaciis 

SemTxvevaSi saWiro gaxdeba Tavakebis da 

vinCesteris sxva elementebis konstruqciis mTliani 

Secvla. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aseTi modernizacia 

sakmaod did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo 

GMR da AFC teqnologiebi jer-jerobiT akmayofileben 

Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, vertikaluri Caweris 

teqnologiis farTod gavrceleba uaxloes periodSi 

naklebsavaraudoa. 

49 

2.3. monacemebis kodirebis saSualebebi 

magnitur matarebelze cifruli monacemebi 

analoguri formiT inaxeba. Caweris signalSi impulsebis 

optimaluri ganawilebisTvis cifruli monacemebi 

miewodeba specialur mowyobilobas, romelsac 

koder-dekoderi (coder-decoder) ewodeba. es mowyobiloba 

orobiT monacemebs gardaqmnis eleqtrul 

signalebad, romlebic optimizirebulia Casawer bilikze 

niSnis cvlilebis zonebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT. 

cifrul monacemebTan muSaobis dros gansakuTrebuli 

mniSvneloba sinqronizacias eniWeba. Cawerisas 

da wakiTxvisas uaRresad mniSvnelovania niSnis 

cvlilebis yoveli momentis zusti gansazRvra. 

sinqronizaciis ararsebobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios 

niSnis cvlilebis momentis araswori gansazRvra da 

aqedan gamomdinare, informaciis damaxinjeba. 

gadamcemi da mimRebi mowyobilobebis muSaoba 

mkacrad unda iyos sinqronizebuli. sinqronizaciis 

ori zogadi saSualeba arsebobs: 

• sinqrosignalis gadacema kavSiris specialuri 

arxis saSualebiT; 

• sinqrosignalis gaerTianeba monacemTa signalTan 

da maTi erTi kavSiris arxiT gadacema. 

sinqronizaciis pirveli meTodi damgrovebleb- 

Si Semdegi mizezis gamo ar gamoiyeneba: davuSvaT 0vani 

bitis Cawera diskze xdeba erTi polarobis 

domenebis saxiT. maSin 10 nulovani bitis Caweris Se- 

50

degad diskze miiReba 10 erTnairi, mimdevrobiT gan- 

Tavsebuli monakveTi. warmovidginoT, rom moxda mcire 

darRveva makodirebeli mowyobilobis sinqronizaciis 

sqemaSi. sataqto signalebis sixSiris mcired 

gazrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios makodirebeli mowyobilobis 

mier grZeli, cvlilebis zonebis armqone 10ujrediani 

velis monacemTa 9 ujrad warmodgena da 

piriqiT, sinqronizaciis sixSiris Semcirebis Sedegad 

makodirebelma mowyobilobam 10-ujrediani veli 

SeiZleba waikiTxos, rogorc 11-Tanriga monacemi. 

matareblebze monacemTa Cawerisas agreTve unda 

gaTvaliswindes erTi sapirispiro faqtori: Tavakebis 

da damgroveblebis damzadebis teqnologiuri 

SesaZleblobebi zRudaven diskze cvlilebis velebis 

raodenobas. 

amitom damgroveblebSi sinqronizaciis meore 

meTodi gamoiyeneba. igi kodirebis specialuri sistemebis 

gamoyenebiT realizdeba. 

kodirebis sitemebi rogorc grZeli erTgvarovani 

velebis Tavidan acilebis, aseve cvlilebis velebis 

optimaluri raodenobis miRebis saSualebas 

iZleva. 

sixSiruli modulacia (FM) 

kodirebis FM (Frequency Modulation) meTodi gamoiyeneboda 

1970-ian wlebSi, 80 kbaitian drekad diskebSi 

da bevr sxva mowyobilobaSic. amJamad FM modulacia 

aRar gamoiyeneba. 

51 

modificirebuli sixSiruli modulacia (MFM) 

cxrilSi 2.1 warmodgenilia monacemTa bitebsa 

da niSnis cvlilebis velebs Soris Sesabamisoba 

MFM modulaciis dros. 

MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation _ modificirebuli 

sixSiruli modulacia) meTodi, FM meTod- 

Tan SedarebiT, niSnis cvlilebis zonebis raodenobis 

orjer Semcirebis da diskis sasargeblo moculobis 

orjer gazrdis SesaZleblobas iZleva. 

amitom MFM meTodiT Caweril diskebs zogjer diskebs 

ormagi simWidroviTac uwodeben. 

cxrili 2.1 

MFM kodireba 

monacemTa biti niSnis Secvlis zonebis 

Tanmimdevroba 

1 NT * 

0, wina TanrigSi 0 TN 

0, wina TanrigSi 1 NN 

T _ aris niSnis Secvla; 

N _ ar aris niSnis Secvla. 

kodirebis MFM meTodi amJamad 1,44 mbaitian 

drekad diskebSi gamoiyeneba. 

kodireba Caweris velis sigrZis SezRudviT (RLL) 

kodireba Caweris velis sigrZis SezRudviT 

(Run Length Limited - RLL) amJamad kodirebis yvelaze 

ufro popularuli meTodia. kodirebis RLL meTodi 

52

FM meTodTan SedarebiT 3-jer, xolo MFM meTodTan 

SedarebiT 1,5-jer meti informaciis ganTavsebis sa- 

Sualebas iZleva vinCesterze. RLL meTodis mixedviT 

ara calkeuli bitebi, aramed bitebis jgufebi kodirdeba, 

ris Sedegadac niSnis cvlilebis zonebis 

garkveuli Tanmimdevrobebi iqmneba. 

RLL meTodi IBM-is mier iqna damuSavebuli da 

Tavdapirvelad did manqanebSi gamoiyeneboda. 1980-ian 

wlebSi am meTodis gamoyeneba vinCesterebSi daiwyes, 

xolo amJamad faqtiurad yvela damgrovebelSi gamoiyeneba, 

drekadi diskebis garda. 

RLL kodireba or ZiriTad parametrs efuZneba: 

gadasvlebis armqone zonebis minimalur (garbenis 

sigrZe) da maqsimalur (garbenis zRvari) raodenobas. 

am parametrebis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia kodirebis 

sxvadasxva meTodebis miReba. praqtikulad RLL 2,7 

(garbenis minimaluri sigrZe _ 2, garbenis zRvari _ 

7) meTodi gamoiyeneba. 

FM da MFM meTodebi RLL meTodis konkretuli 

variantebia (Sesabamisad RLL 0,1da RLL 1,3), Tumca am 

meTodebs ufro Cveuli, FM da MFM terminebiT aRweren. 

RLL meTodis iSviaTad gamoyenebuli variantia 

RLL 3,9. zogjer mas gaumjobesebul RLL-sac (Advanced 

RLL - ARLL) uwodeben. RLL 3,9 meTodis gamoyenebiT 

mniSvnelovnad izrdeba diskze informaciis Caweris 

simWidrove, magram mcirdeba saimedooba. iyo mcdeloba 

ARLL kontrolerebis vinCesterebSi gamoyenebi- 

53 

sa, magram maTi gamoSveba SemdgomSi dabali saimedobis 

gamo Sewyda. 

kodirebis erTi da imave sistemisTvis SesaZlebelia 

aTasobiT sxvadasxva variantis arCeva. 

cxrilSi 2.2 warmodgenilia RLL 2,7 kodirebis erTerTi 

farTod gavrcelebuli varianti. monacemebis 2, 

3 da 4-bitiani jgufebi Sesabamisad 4, 6 da 8-bitur 

ujredebad gardaiqmneba. kodirebis meTodi niSnis 

cvlilebis velebs Soris araumcires 2 da araumetes 

7 gadasvlisgareSe ujredis (garbenis) arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. 

cxrili 2.2 

RLL 2,7 kodireba 

monacemebis bitebi niSnis Secvlis zonebis 

Tanmimdevroba 

10 NTNN 

11 TNNN 

000 NNNTNN 

010 TNNTNN 

011 NNTNNN 

0010 NNTNNTNN 

0011 NNNNTNNN 

nax. 2.8-ze warmodgenilia vinCesterze `X~ simbolos 

(ASCII kodi _ 01011000) Cawerisas formirebuli 

signalebis diagrama kodirebis sxvadasxva 

sistemebisTvis. 

54

FM (RLL 0,1), monacemTa gadacemis erTjeradi sataqto sixSire 

MFM (RLL 1,3), monacemTa gadacemis gaormagebuli sataqto sixSire 

(RLL 2,7), monacemTa gadacemis gasammagebuli sataqto sixSire 

T _ aris niSnis Secvla; 

N _ ar aris niSnis Secvla. 

- _ bituri ujredebis sazRvrebi 

nax. 2.8. X~ simbolos Cawerisas formirebuli signalebi 

FM, MFM da RLL 2,7 kodirebis sistemebisaTvis 

55 

Tavi 3 

drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi 

drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi (Floppy Disk 

Drive - FDD) personaluri kompiuterebis uZvelesi 

periferiuli mowyobilobebia. informaciis matareblis 

saxiT isini 3,5’’ diametris disketebs iyeneben. 

disketaze informaciis damaxsovreba xdeba 

misi damagnitebis SecvliT. magnituri velis Secvla 

ganapirobebs magnituri nawilakebis orientacias 

`CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~, an `samxreTi-CrdiloeTi~ mimarTulebiT, 

rac Seesabameba logikur mdgomareobebs 

`1~ da `0~. 

3.1 drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis 

konstruqcia 

konstruqciulad drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi 

mcire raodenobis eleqtronul da didi raodenobis 

meqanikur elementebs Seicaven. amitom diskuri 

mowyobilobis saimedo muSaobisTvis aucilebelia 

amZravi meqanizmis mdgradi muSaoba. diskuri mowyobiloba 

oTxi ZiriTadi elementisgan Sedgeba: 

� muSa Zrava; 

� muSa Tavakebi; 

� Tavakebis amZravi; 

� mmarTveli eleqtronika. 

56

muSa Zrava 

muSa Zrava disks abrunebs da mxolod maSin 

CairTveba, rodesac diskur mowyobilobaSi moTavsebulia 

disketa. Zrava uzrunvelyofs disketis brunvis 

mudmiv siCqares _ 300 br/wT. 

diskuri mowyobiloba kompiuterSi horizontalurad, 

an vertikalurad unda dayendes. winaaRmdeg 

SemTxvevaSi brunvis siCqaris mudmivoba SeiZleba dairRves. 

diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebi 

diskuri mowyobilobebi aRWurvilia ori kombinirebuli 

TavakiT. TiToeuli Tavaki informaciis 

rogorc Caweris, aseve wakiTxvisTvis gamoiyeneba. 

ramdenadac drekadi diskebi ormxrivia, erTi Tavaki 

emsaxureba diskis zeda, xolo meore _ qveda zedapirs. 

TiToeuli Tavaki rTul mowyobilobas warmoadgens, 

romelSic wakiTxva/Caweris Tavaki or wam- 

Slel Tavaks Sorisaa moTavsebuli (nax. 3.1). 

TiToeuli Tavaki aRWurvilia zambariT da 

disks garkveuli wneviT eWireba. amrigad, wakiTxva/Caweris 

operaciis Sesrulebisas Tavaksa da 

disks Soris uSualo kontaqts aqvs adgili. ramdenadac 

diskis brunvis siCqare mxolod 300 br/wTia, 

wneva ar qmnis xaxunTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul 

problemebs. Tumca xaxunis Sesamcireblad 

diskebi mainc ifareba specialuri SemadgenlobebiT. 

57 

bilikis mimarT 

Tavakis 

gadaadgilebis 

mimarTuleba 

Tavakis bloki 

nax. 3.1. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis 

Tavakis konstruqcia 

Caweris meTodi 

drekad diskebze Cawera xdeba `gvirabisebri 

gasufTavebis~ meTodiT. bilikze monacemebis Cawerisas 

damatebiTi Tavakebi Slian magnitur informacias 

bilikebis gare sazRvrebis gaswvriv _ asworeben 

bilikebs. amrigad, TiToeul bilikze monacemebi 

viwro `gvirabSi~ iwereba, rac erTi bilikis 

signalebis mezobeli bilikis signalebiT damaxinjebas 

gamoricxavs. 

Tavakebis amZravi 

Tavakis ganlagebas im bilikis mimarT, romelzedac 

Cawera an wakiTxva sruldeba, pozicionireba 

ewodeba. Tavakebis pozicionireba bijuri Zravis ba- 

58 


Tavaki 

`gvirabisebri 

gasufTavebis~ 

Tavakebi

zaze agebuli amZravis saSualebiT sruldeba. amZravi 

Tavakebs wrfivad, ori mimarTulebiT _ diskis 

centrisken, an kidisken amoZravebs. bijuri Zrava 

zustad gansazRvruli kuTxiT trialdeba da Cerdeba. 

am dros Tavaki sasurvel bilikze yendeba. 

bijur Zravas uwyveti pozicionireba ar SeuZlia. 

gadadgilebis TiToeuli biji diskis Semdeg 

bilikze gadasvlas gansazRvravs. amZravs marTavs 

diskuri mowyobilobis kontroleri, romlis brZanebebis 

mixedviTac Tavaki SeiZleba nebismieri bijiT 

gadaadgildes amZravis gadaadgilebis sazRvrebSi. 

magaliTad, 25-e bilikze Tavakebis pozicionirebisTvis 

amZravma unda miiRos brZaneba nulovani cilindridan 

25-e poziciaSi bijuri Zravis gadaadgilebis 

Sesaxeb. 

drekad diskur mowyobilobebSi dayenebuli 

amZravi garkveuli bijiT gadaadgildeba, romelic 

diskis bilikebs Soris manZiliT ganisazRvreba. Tanamedrove 

diskuri mowyobilobebi aRWurvilia mobrunebis 

1,8 ° bijuri kuTxis mqone amZraviT. 

ramdenadac zeda da qveda Tavakebi erT meqanizmzea 

damontaJebuli, isini mxolod erTdroulad 

gadaadgildeba. kompiuteris CarTvisas Tavakebis am- 

Zravi specifiur xmas gamoscems da Tavakebis sawyisi 

pozicionirebiT diskur mowyobilobas amowmebs. 

nax. 3.2-ze warmodgenilia standartuli ormxrivi 

drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis, xolo nax. 

3.3-ze _ diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebis konstruqcia. 

59 

disketis mimmarTvelebi 

disketis Casadebi 

Riobis saxuravi 

wina paneli 

indikatori 

knopi diskis amoRebisTvis 

nax. 3.2. standartuli 3,5-diuimiani diskuri mowyobiloba 


Tavaki (mxare 0) 

nax. 3.3. diskuri mowyobilobis Tavakebis bloki 

60 

damgroveblis saxuravi 

samagrebi 

Cawera/ 

wakiTxvis 

Tavaki 

diskis 

amosaRebi 

meqanizmi 

kvebis gasarTi 

interfeisis plata 

Spindeli 

diskis tipis sensori 

Zravas magniti (xviebi damalulia Spindelis qveviT) 


Tavaki (mxare 1) 

Tavakebis urika

mmarTveli eleqtronika 

eleqtronuli sqema moTavsebulia diskuri mowyobilobis 

qveda mxares. igi marTavs muSa Zravas, 

Tavakebis amZravs, Tavakebs, diskis gadamwodebs da 

agreTve Semdeg funqciebs asrulebs: 

� gadascems signalebs diskur mowyobilobasa da 

diskuri mowyobilobis kontrolers Soris; 

� gardaqmnis TavakebiT wakiTxul, an Caweril monacemebs. 

3.2. diskis logikuri struqtura 

informaciis Cawerisa da wakiTxvisTvis aucilebelia 

diskis garkveul monakveTebad dayofa, anu 

diskis logikuri struqturis Seqmna. amisTvis diski 

unda daformatdes. 

diskis daformateba programulad, operaciuli 

sistemis saSualebiT sruldeba. drekadi diskisTvis 

rogorc dabali, aseve maRali donis daformateba 

erTdroulad sruldeba. daformatebis 

Sedegad diskze iqmneba bilikebi, seqtorebi (nax. 3.4) 

da iwereba operaciuli sistemisaTvis aucilebeli 

informacia _ fesvuri katalogi da failebis ganlagebis 

cxrili. 

daformatebis Sedegad diski or nawilad iyofa 

(nax. 3.5): 

• sistemur velad; 

• monacemebis velad. 

61 

nax. 3.4. diskis bilikebad da seqtorebad dayofa 

CamtvirTavi 

Canaweri 

sistemuri veli monacemebis veli 

failebis 

ganlagebis 

cxrili 

fesvuri 

katalogi 

nax. 3.5. diskis struqtura 

monacemTa velis daniSnulebaa failebis Senaxva. 

sistemur velSi iwereba: 

• diskis CamtvirTavi Canaweri _ Boot Record; 

• failebis ganlagebis cxrili _ FAT (File Allocation 

Table); 

62

• fesvuri katalogi. 

operaciuli sistema TiTqmis mTlianad arezervebs 

diskis gare biliks (biliki 0) Tavisi saWiroebisTvis. 

0-vani bilikis 1-eli seqtori Camtvir- 

Tavi seqtoria (Boot Sector) da masSi CamtvirTavi Canaweri 

(Boot Record) iwereba. CamtvirTavi Canaweri mokle 

programaa (ramdenime aseuli baiti), romelic kompiuteris 

operatiul mexsierebaSi CamtvirTavi (sistemuri) 

diskidan operaciuli sistemis CatvirTvas uzrunvelyofs. 

sistemuri velis Semdeg nawils ikavebs FAT. 

igi diskze orjer iwereba (meore egzemplari pirvelis 

kopioa). FAT-is saSualebiT operaciuli sistema 

gansazRvravs, Tu ra failebia diskze Cawerili 

da romel seqtorebSi arian isini ganTavsebulni. 

FAT diskze Cawerili failebis nebismier cvlilebas 

asaxavs. 

operaciuli sistema disks hyofs klasterebad. 

klasteri aris diskis umciresi nawili, romelic 

operaciulma sistemam failis CawerisTvis SeiZleba 

gamoiyenos. klasteris zoma diskis tipzea damokidebuli 

da SeiZleba erTi, an ramdenime seqtorisgan 

Sedgebodes. rac ufro metia FAT-is elementis Tanrigianoba, 

miT ufro met klasterTan SeuZlia operaciul 

sistemas muSaoba. drekadi diskebisTvis FATis 

elementebis sigrZe 12 bitia. 

FAT-is saSualebiT operaciuli sistema gansazRvravs 

diskuri sivrcis ganawilebas, amitom FAT 

diskis yvelaze ufro kritikul ubans warmoadgens 

63 

da maqsimalur dacvas moiTxovs. amitom diskze FATis 

ori kopio iwereba. maT Soris muSaobisas mxolod 

pirveli kopio gamoiyeneba. meore kopios mxolod 

dazianebuli diskebis da informaciis aRmdgeni 

programebi mimarTaven. 

sistemuri velis bolo nawils fesvuri katalogi 

ikavebs. diskze saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba 

qvekatalogebis Seqmnac. yoveli failisTvis 

arsebobs katalogis elementi, romelic failis saxels, 

gafarToebas, bolo redaqtirebis TariRsa da 

dros Seicavs. amas garda, katalogis elementSi failis 

sawyisi klasteris nomeri da atributebi iwereba, 

romlebic failis maxasiaTeblebis registraciisTvis 

gamoiyeneba. 

fesvuri katalogis TiToeuli elementis sigrZe 

32 baitia, amitom erT 512-baitian seqtorSi 16 

elementi Tavsdeba. diskis TiToeuli tipisTvis fesvuri 

katalogis moculoba fiqsirebulia. magali- 

Tad, 3,5’’ formatis da 1,44 mbaiti moculobis diskze 

fesvuri katalogisTvis gamoyofilia 14 seqtori, 

romelSic SeiZleba 224 (16X14=224) failis Sesaxeb 

informaciis Cawera. 

3.3. diskuri mowyobilobebis standartebi 

IBM standartis personalur kompiuterebs 5,25diuimiani 

da 3,5-diuimiani drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis 

mxardaWera gaaCnia. zogierTi parametri 

yvela diskur mowyobilobaSi erTnairia (seqtoris 

64

zoma, mxareebis da FAT-ebis raodenoba), xolo zogierTi 

_ gansxvavebuli. 

5,25-diuimiani drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi 

moralurad moZvelebulia. Tanamedrove personalur 

kompiuterebSi praqtikulad mxolod 3,5-diuimiani 

drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi gamoiyeneba. 

3,5-diuimiani disketebi 

nax. 3.6-ze warmodgenilia 3,5-diuimiani diskis 

konstruqcia. disks gaaCnia Camketi, romelic diskis 

muSa zedapiris mtvrisgan dacvas uzrunvelyofs da 

avtomaturad mxolod maSin iReba, rodesac diski Cadebulia 

diskur mowyobilobaSi. 

Riobi 

Cawera/wakiTxvisaTvis 

Riobi 1,44 

mbaitiani 

diskebisTvis 

nax. 3.6. 3,5-diuimiani disketi 

disketis erTi kuTxe CaWrilia, rac icavs mas 

diskur mowyobilobaSi araswori Cadebisgan. diski 

65 

Camketi 

Rrmuli 

diskis 

CavlebisaTvis 

fanjara 

diskis 

Cawerisgan 

dacvisaTvis 

mxolod maSin trialebs, rodesac is sworedaa Cadebuli 

diskur mowyobilobaSi. 

disks gaaCnia Riobi plastmasis CamketiT. Tu 

Riobi dafarulia CamketiT, diskidan SesaZlebelia 

monacemebis rogorc wakiTxva, aseve Cawera da daformateba. 

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi diskidan mxolod 

monacemebis wakiTxvaa SesaZlebeli. 

Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi umetesad 

gamoiyeneba 3,5-diuimiani diskuri mowyobiloba 

1,44 mbaitiani diskebiT _ standarti HD (High Dencity). 

720 kbaitiani diskuri mowyobilobebi _ standarti 

DD (Double dencity _ ormagi simWidrove) moralurad 

moZvelebulia da aRar gamoiyeneba. 

HD standartis diskebSi monacemebis Caweris 

simWidrove (18 seqtori bilikze) orjer metia DD 

standartis diskebTan SedarebiT (9 seqtori bilikze), 

rac HD diskis moculobis 1,44 mbaitamde gazrdis 

saSualebas iZleva. 

damuSavebulia agreTve 3,5-diuimiani diskuri 

mowyobilobebi, romlebic samuSaod 2,88 mbaitian 

drekad diskebs iyeneben (standarti ED). ED standartis 

diski Caweris zemaRali simWidroviT gamoirCeva 

(36 seqtori bilikze). diskis magnituri fenis safuZveli 

bariumis feritia. ED standartis diskebSi, 

sxva standartis diskebisgan gansxvavebiT, Caweris 

vertikaluri meTodi gamoiyeneba. am dros magnituri 

domenebi orientirebulia vertikalurad, ufro kompaqturad 

da ara horizontalurad, rogorc sxva 

standartis drekad diskebSi. 

66

ED standartma farTo gavrceleba ver hpova 

maRali Rirebulebis da jer-jerobiT naklebad gavrcelebuli 

vertikaluri Caweris meTodis gamoyenebis 

gamo. 

cxrili 3.1 warmodgenilia 3,5-diuimiani drekadi 

diskebis parametrebi. 

cxrili 3.1 

drekadi diskebis daformatebis parametrebi 

diskis moculoba, kbaiti 2880 1440 720 

mxareebis (Tavakebis) raodenoba 2 2 2 

bilikebis raodenoba TiToeul 

mxareze 

80 80 80 

seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze 36 18 9 

seqtoris moculoba, baiti 512 512 512 

seqtorebis raodenoba klasterSi 2 1 2 

FAT-is sigrZe seqtorebSi 9 9 3 

FAT-ebis raodenoba 2 2 2 

fesvuri katalogis sigrZe seqtorebSi 15 14 7 

fesvur katalogSi elementebis 

maqsimaluri raodenoba 

67 

240 224 112 

seqtorebis saerTo raodenoba diskze 5760 2880 1440 

programulad miRwevadi seqtorebis 

raodenoba 

5726 2847 1426 

koercitiuli Zala da magnituri fenis sisqe 

koercitiuli Zala aRniSnavs magnituri fenis 

daZabulobas, romelic aucilebelia diskze monacemebis 

sworad CawerisTvis. koercitiuli Zala, iseve 

rogorc magnituri fenis daZabuloba, estredebSi (e) 

izomeba. maRali koercitiuli Zalis mqone diskze 

CawerisTvis saWiroa SedarebiT Zlieri magnituri 

veli, xolo mcire koercitiuli Zalis mqone diskebze 

Cawera ufro susti magnituri veliT xdeba. amrigad, 

rac ufro dabalia koercitiuli Zala, miT 

ufro mgrZnobiarea diski. 

diskis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia magnituri 

fenis sisqe. rac ufro viwroa magnituri fena, miT 

ufro nakleb zegavlenas axdens diskis erTi monakveTi 

meoreze. amitom viwro magnituri fenis mqone 

diskebs axasiaTebT diuimze meti informaciis Caweris 

SesaZlebloba xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe. 

cxrilSi 3.2 warmodgenilia sxvadasxva standartis 

3,5-diuimiani diskebis magnituri safaris parametrebi. 

cxrili 3.2 

diskebis magnituri safaris parametrebi 

magnituri safaris 

parametri 

bilikebis simWidrove 

(TPI) 

wrfivi simWidrove 

(BPI) 

magnituri fenis 

safuZveli 

ormagi 

simWidrove 

(DD) 

68 

maRali 

simWidrove 

(HD) 

zemaRali 

simWidrove 

(ED) 

135 135 135 

8717 17434 34868 

Co Co Ba 

koercitiuli Zala, e 600 720 750 

sisqe, mikrodiuimi 70 40 100 

Caweris polaroba horizontaluri 

horizontaluri 

vertikaluri

3.4. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis CarTva 

drekad diskur mowyobilobebs ori standartuli 

gasarTi gaaCnia: 

• gasarTi diskur mowyobilobasa da FDD kontrolers 

Soris mmarTveli signalebis da monacemebis 

gacvlisTvis; 

• gasarTi diskuri mowyobilobis kvebisTvis. 

FDD kontroleri 

IBM XT personalur kompiuterebSi vinCesterisa 

da drekadi diskuri mowyobilobisTvis cal-calke 

kontrolerebi gamoiyeneboda. IBM AT-286 modelidan 

dawyebuli kombinirebuli kontroleri _ CombController 

gamoiyenes, romelic rogorc vinCesters, aseve 

drekad diskur mowyobilobebsac marTavda. 

Tanamedrove sistemur platebSi FDD kontroleri 

CaSenebulia sistemuri platis chipset-Si. sistemur 

plataze damontaJebulia specialuri gasarTi 

kabelis SesaerTeblad (nax. 3.7). 

diskuri mowyobilobebi kontrolers brtyeli, 

34-gamtariani kabelis saSualebiT uerTdeba (nax. 3.8). 

kabelSi 6 gamtari gadabrunebulia. am gamtarebiT 

damgroveblis arCevis da amZravis CarTvis signalebi 

gadaicema. 

kabelis mavTulebis gadabruneba aucilebelia 

ori drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis dayenebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi, maTTvis sxvadasxva saxelebis misaniWeblad 

(A: da B:). FDD1 gasarTTan SeerTebul drekad diskur 

69 

mowyobilobas eniWeba saxeli A:, xolo FDD2 gasar- 

TTan SeerTebul drekad diskur mowyobilobas _ 

saxeli B:. 

nax. 3.7. sistemur plataze arsebuli FDD da 

HDD gasarTebi 

FDD 1gasarTi 

nax. 3.8. 34-gamtariani kabeli diskuri mowyobilobis 

SesaerTeblad 

70 

HDD 

kontroleris 

gasarTebi 

FDD 

kontroleris 

gasarTi 

feradi markirebuli mavTuli Pin=1 

FDD 2 gasarTi FDD kontroleris gasarTi

pirveli FDD kontrolerebi ganTavsebulni iyvnen 

calke plataze da oTxi drekadi diskuri mowyobilobis 

SeerTebis saSualebas iZleodnen. monacemTa 

gadacemis siCqare 30-35 kbaiti/wm-s aRwevda. 

Tanamedrove FDD kontrolerebi mxolod ori 

drekadi diskur mowyobilobis CarTvis SesaZleblobas 

iZleva, Tumca monacemebis gadacemis siCqare 

gazrdilia 62 kbaiti/wm-mde standartuli 1,44 mbaitiani 

diskuri mowyobilobebisTvis da 125 kbaiti/wm-mde 

_ damagroveblebisTvis, romelTac 2,88 

mbaiti moculobis ED diskebis mxardaWera gaaCniaT. 

Tu sistemur platas FDD kontroleri ar gaaCnia, 

SesaZlebelia specialuri plata-adapteris gamoyeneba 

(nax. 3.9). 

nax. 3.9. FDD adapteri 

cxrilSi 3.3 warmodgenilia standartuli diskuri 

mowyobilobis gasarTis kontaqtebis daniSnuleba. 

71 

cxrili 3.3 

standartuli diskuri mowyobilobis gasarTis 

kontaqtebi 

kon- 

kategoria signali daniSnuleba 

taqti 

2 Sesasvleli High/normal 

density 

72 

Caweris maRali/normatiuli 

simWidrove 

4 Sesasvleli Unused damamzadeblis 

specifikacia 

6 Sesasvleli Unused damamzadeblis 

specifikacia 

8 gamosasvleli Index ineqsuri Riobis 

identifikacia 

10 Sesasvleli Motor Enable 0 A diskuri mowyobilobis 

Zravas CarTva 

12 Sesasvleli Drive Select 1 B diskuri mowyobilobis 

aqtivizacia 

14 Sesasvleli Drive Select 0 A diskuri mowyobilobis 

aqtivizacia 

16 Sesasvleli Motor Enable 1 B diskuri mowyobilobis 

Zravas CarTva 

18 Sesasvleli Direction 

Select 

Tavakis gadaadgilebis 

mimarTuleba 

20 Sesasvleli Step impulsi Tavakis 

gadaadgilebisTvis 

22 Sesasvleli Write Data monacemTa Cawera 

24 Sesasvleli Wtite Gate signali monacemTa 

zemodan gadawerisaTvis 

26 gamosasvleli Track 00 Tavakis nulovan 

bilikze gadayvana 

28 gamosasvleli Write Protect diskis dacva 

cvlilebebisgan

kontaqti 

kategoria signali daniSnuleba 

30 gamosasvleli Read Data monacemTa wakiTxva 

32 Sesasvleli Side Select mimarTva diskis pirvel, 

an meore mxareze 

34 gamosasvleli Drive Status diskuri mowyobilobis 

mzadyofna 

diskuri mowyobilobis kveba 

diskuri moyobilobebis kvebisaTvis AMP kompaniis 

mier damuSavebuli, didi da mcire zomis oTxkontaqtiani 

Mate-N-Lock gasarTebi 

3.10). 

gamoiyeneba (nax. 

1 _ (+12 v) yviTeli 

2 _ (miwa) Savi 


4 _ (+5 v) wiTeli 

nax. 3.10. drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis 

kvebis gasarTebi 

5,25-diuimian diskur mowyobilobebSi gamoiyeneba 

didi zomis gasarTi, xolo 3,5-diuimian diskur 

mowyobilobebSi _ iSviaTad didi, xolo umetesad 

mcire zomis gasarTi. 

erT-erTi problema, romelic warmoiqmneba 

Zvel kompiuterebSi 3,5 diuimian diskuri mowyobi- 

73 

4 _ (+12 v) yviTeli 



1 _ (+5 v) wiTeli 

lobis dayenebis dros, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom 

kvebis bloks SeiZleba gaaCndes didi zomis, xolo 

drekad diskur mowyobilobas _ mcire zomis gasarTi. 

am SemTxvevaSi gasarTis meqanikuri gadake- 

Teba saSiSia, radgan didi da mcire zomis gasar- 

Tebis kontaqtebis signalebi gansxvavebulia. am Sem- 

TxvevaSi umjobesia specialuri adapteris gamoyeneba, 

romlis saSualebiTac kvebis blokis didi zomis 

gasarTi diskuri mowyobilobis mcire zomis gasarTs 

ukavSirdeba. 

2002 wlidan bevrma kompaniam daiwyo personaluri 

kompiuterebis gamoSveba drekadi diskuri 

mowyobilobebis gareSe. am mimarTulebis ganviTareba 

portatiuli kompiuterebidan daiwyo, romlebSic 

kompiuteris korpusSi dayenebuli drekadi diskuri 

mowyobilobebis nacvlad maTi USB versiebi iqna SemoTavazebuli. 

Legacy-Free arqiteqtura FDD kontrolers saer- 

Tod ar iTvaliswinebs. amitom, aucileblobis Sem- 

TxvevaSi, gare drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebi gamoiyeneba, 

romlebic kompiuters USB, Fire-Wire, an paraleluri 

portis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. 

personaluri kompiuteris standartuli konfiguraciidan 

drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis gamoricxvis 

tendencia ganpirobebulia Flash-damgroveblebis 

da Mt. Ranier teqnologiis gavrcelebiT, 

romlis mixedviTac drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis 

nacvlad CD-RW diskuri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebaa 

SesaZlebeli. 

74

Tavi 4 

vinCesteri 

4.1. vinCesteris muSaobis principi da 


vinCesteri personaluri kompiuteris erT-erTi 

umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. iseve rogorc drekad 

diskze, vinCesterSic informacia diskis magnitur 

fenaze iwereba. 

vinCesteris mbrunav diskebze monacemebi Caiwereba 

da waikiTxeba universaluri Cawera/wakiTxvis 

Tavakebis saSualebiT. TiToeuli diski dayofilia 

bilikebad da seqtorebad (nax. 4.1). TiToeuli seqtoris 

sainformacio moculoba 512 baitia. 

gare biliki (0) 

Sua biliki 

Siga 

biliki 

nax. 4.1. vinCesteris diskis bilikebi da seqtorebi 

75 

seqtori 

vinCesteri Sedgeba ramdenime _ Cveulebriv 

ori, an sami diskisgan. Tumca arsebobs 11 da meti 

diskisgan Semdgari mowyobilobebic. informacia diskebis 

orive mxareze iwereba. erTtipiuri (erTmaneTis 

qveviT ganlagebuli) bilikebi cilindrebad 

erTiandebian (nax. 4.2). 

gare cilindri (0) 

diskebi 

nax. 4.2. vinCesteris cilindrebi 

TiToeuli diskuri zedapirisTvis Sesabamisi 

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakia gaTvaliswinebuli. yvela 

Tavaki erT saerTo dgarzea damontaJebuli da erTdroulad 

(sinqronulad) gadaadgildeba. amitom, vin- 

Cesteris logikuri struqturis aRwerisas Cveulebriv 

cilindrebi (da ara bilikebi) ganisazRvreba. 

76 

Sua 

cilindri 

Siga 

cilindri

vinCesteri umetesad xistad yendeba personaluri 

kompiuteris korpusSi, Tumca moxsnadi damgroveblebic 

gamoiyeneba. 

vinCesteris ZiriTadi parametrebia: 

• tevadoba; 

• swrafqmedeba; 

• umtyuno muSaobis dro. 

tevadoba 

ZiriTad kriteriums vinCesteris arCevis dros 

warmoadgens misi tevadoba, anu monacemTa maqsimaluri 

moculoba, romelic SeiZleba Caiweros vinCesterze. 

vinCesteris tevadoba Semdegi formuliT 

gamoiTvleba: 

V (baiti) = C ⋅ H ⋅ S ⋅ 512 (baiti), 

sadac 

C _ cilindrebis raodenobaa; 

H _ Tavakebis raodenoba; 

S _ seqtorebis raodenoba. 

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom vinCesterze Cawerili 

monacemebis maqsimaluri moculoba yovelTvis 

naklebia vinCesteris tevadobaze, radgan diskuri 

mexsierebis nawili vinCesterze monacemebis ganTavsebis 

marTvisTvis gamoiyeneba. 

zonur-seqciuri Caweris meTodi 

praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove IDE da SCSI 

vinCesterSi zonur-seqciuri Caweris wesi (Zone bit 

recording) gamoiyeneba, romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva 

77 

bilikebi seqtorebis gansxvavebul raodenobas Seicaven. 

bilikebi, romlebic dacilebulia centridan, 

SedarebiT grZelia diskis centrTan arsebul bilikebTan 

SedarebiT, amitom SesaZlebelia maTi met seqtorad 

dayofa. 

gare cilindrebis Siga cilindrebTan SedarebiT 

meti raodenobis seqtorebad dayofa diskis 

moculobis gazrdis efeqturi meTodia (nax. 4.3). 

Siga zona 

nax. 4.3. zonur-seqciuri Caweris meTodi 

zonuri Caweris dros cilindrebi jgufebad 

iyofa, romlebsac zonebi ewodeba. bilikebi, romlebic 

erT zonas miekuTvneba, erTi da igive raodenobis 

seqtorebad iyofa. rac ufro axlosaa zona 

diskis gare kidesTan, masSi Semavali bilikebi, Siga 

zonebSi moTavsebul bilikebTan SedarebiT, seqtorebis 

met raodenobad iyofa. Tanamedrove vinCesterebi 

10 da met zonad iyofa. 

moZebnis saSualo dro 

moZebnis saSualo dro (Average Seek Time) warmoadgens 

droiT intervals, romlis ganmavlobaSic 

78 

gare zona 

seqtori

vinCesteris Tavakebi erTi cilindridan meoreze gadaadgildeba. 

am parametris gamoTvlisTvis SemTxveviT 

arCeul bilikebze gadasvlis operaciebis seria 

unda Sesruldes da moZebnebis jamuri dro operaciebis 

raodenobaze gaiyos. 

vinCesteris sapasporto monacemebSi moZebnis 

saSualo drod umetesad mieTiTeba Tavakebis gadaadgilebis 

dro diskebis Casaweri zonis siganis mesamedze. 

monacemTa gadacemis siCqare 

moZebnis saSualo dro damokidebulia mxolod 

Tavakebis pozicionirebis siswrafeze, xolo 

monacemTa wakiTxvis siCqare damokidebulia vinCesteris 

iseT maxasiaTeblebze, rogorebicaa baitebis 

raodenoba seqtorSi, seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze 

da diskis brunvis sixSire. 

CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze gamoiTvleba 

monacemTa gadacemis maqsimaluri siCqare _ 

(Maximum Data Transfer Rate, MDTR): 

MDTR= SPT ⋅ 512 ⋅ PRM / 60 (baiti/wm), 

sadac 

SPT _ seqtorebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa bilikze; 

PRM _ diskis brunvis siCqarea (br/wT). 

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vinCesteris dokumentaciaSi 

miTiTebul MDTR-ze ufro mniSvnelovani 

parametria monacemebis gadacemis saSualo siCqare. 

vinCesteri, rogorc wesi, dayofilia 10, an met zonad, 

romlebic seqtorebis gansxvavebul raodenobas 

Seicavs. ramdenadac vinCesteris gare zonebi met 

79 

seqtorebs Seicavs Siga zonebTan SedarebiT, monacemTa 

gadacemis siCqarec maTTvis ufro maRalia. 

cxrilSi 4.1 warmodgenilia saSualo klasis 120 

gbaitiani Maxtor-DiamondMax vinCesteris 

gadacemis siCqareebi. 

monacemTa 

cxrili 4.1 

Maxtor-DiamondMax vinCesteris maxasiaTeblebi 

matareblis seqtorebis brunvis monacemebis 

zona raodenoba siCqare gadacemis 

bilikze (br/wT) siCqare 

gare zona 896 5400 41,29 

Siga zona 448 5400 20,64 

Sua zona 672 5400 30,97 

amrigad, monacemebis gadacemis realuri siCqare 

meryeobs 41,29-dan 20,64 mbait/wm-mde, xolo sa- 

Sualo siCqarea _ 30,91 mbaiti/wm. saSualo klasis 

vinCesterebisTvis interfeisis sixSire (ATA 66/100/ 

133, SATA) monacemTa gadacemis siCqareze gavlenas 

praqtikulad ar axdens. Tumca suraTi icvleba ma- 

Rali klasis vinCesterebisTvis, romlebsac didi 

moculoba da diskebis brunvis maRali (10000-15000 

br/wT) siCqare gaaCnia. 

umtyuno muSaobis dro 

vinCesteris dokumentaciaSi mieTiTeba iseTi 

parametri, rogoricaa mtyunebebs Soris saSualo 

statistikuri dro (Mean Time Between Failures,). igi 

80

axasiaTebs mowyobilobis saimedobas, romelic SeiZleba 

20000-500000 saaTs da mets Seadgendes. MTBF 

mosalodneli parametria (garkveuli albaTobiT). 

mowyobilobis saimedobis Sesaxeb zusti monacemebis 

misaRebad erTnairi vinCesterebis jgufi unda Semowmdes 

MTBF-ze daaxloebiT orjer meti drois 

ganmavlobaSi, rac ararealuria. amitom sapasporto 

MTBF monacemi vinCesteris realur saimedobas 

yovelTvis ar Seesabameba. 

rogorc gamocdileba aCvenebs, Tu vinCesteri 

umtyunod muSaobs pirveli sagarantio Tvis ganmavlobaSi, 

is moralur daZvelebamde imuSavebs. 

vinCesteris Cash-mexsiereba 

Cash-mexsierebis qveS ara centraluri operatiuli 

mexsierebis buferi, aramed vinCesteris kontrolerSi 

arsebuli mexsierebis ujredebi igulisxmeba. 

Cash-mexsierebis arseboba mniSvnelovnad 

zrdis monacemebis gadacemis siCqares, radgan vinCesteridan 

winaswar wakiTxul im monacemebs inaxavs, 

romlebic procesors didi albaTobiT SeiZleba da- 

Wirdes. 

Cash-mexsiereba yvela Tanamedrove vinCesters 

gaaCnia. misi moculoba, rogorc wesi, 2-32 mbaits 

Seadgens. 

Interleave 

diskis brunvisas Tavaki 512-baitian seqtors 

mTlianad kiTxulobs da monacemebs kontrolers ga- 

81 

dascems. diski brunvas agrZelebs da Tavaks Semdegi 

seqtoris wakiTxvas sTavazobs, xolo kontroleri 

am dros monacemebis procesorTan gacvliTaa dakavebuli. 

Semdegi seqtoris wakiTxvisTvis Tavakma diskis 

mTlian Semobrunebas unda daucados. 

amitom Zveli modelis vinCesterebis diskebis 

organizacia xdeboda seqtorebis ara TanmimdevrobiTi 

ganlagebiT, aramed Interleave-faqtoris mixedviT 

(nax. 4.4). am SemTxvevaSi Tavakebis pozicionirebisas 

kontrolers sakmarisi dro gaaCnia monacemebis gadacemisTvis 

diskis mTliani Semobrunebis gareSe. 

nax. 4.4. seqtorebis ganawileba 1:1 da 3:1 Interleavefaqtorebis 

mixedviT 

Tanamedrove kontrolerebi sxva principiT mu- 

Saobs, amitom vinCesteris Interleave-faqtori mniSvnelovan 

rols aRar TamaSobs. vinCesteris seqtorebis 

uwyveti wakiTxvis organizaciisTvis monacemebi 

erTdroulad ramdenime seqtoridan ikiTxeba 

(maT saWiroebaze `winaswarmetyvelebiT~) da buferSi 

82

inaxeba. saWiro monacemebi muSavdeba kontroleris 

mier, xolo zedmeti monacemebi _ iSleba. 

vinCesteris seqtorebis uwyveti wakiTxvis me- 

Todis realizacia mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, 

rac vinCesteris kontrolerma plata-adapteridan 

vinCesteris korpusSi gadainacvla. `CaSenebuli~ kontroleri 

vinCesteris meqanikisa da eleqtronikis optimaluri 

muSaobis SesaZleblobas iZleva. 

vinCesteris Interleave-faqtoris Secvla SesaZlebelia 

mxolod specialuri programuli saSualebebiT. 

am dros monacemebi mTlianad nadgurdeba, 

radgan vinCesteris logikuri struqtura icvleba. 

S.M.A.R.T teqnologia 

vinCesteris komponentebis daZvelebis, cveTis, 

saeqspluatacio reJimebis darRvevis Sedegad diskebze 

Cawerili informacia SeiZleba daikargos. ase- 

Ti SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad vinCesterebis 

umsxvilesma damamzadeblebma SeimuSaves vinCesteris 

mdgomareobis Sefasebis da avtomaturi profilaqtikis 

S.M.A.R.T. teqnologia. 

S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analisys and Reporting Technology 

_ TviTtestirebis, analizis da Sedegebis moxsenebis 

teqnologia) samrewvelo standartia, romelic 

aRwers vinCesteris Secdomebis warmoqmnis winaswarmetyvelebis 

meTodebs. S.M.A.R.T. sistemis aqtivizaciisas 

gansazRvruli parametrebi mowmdeba, rac 

vinCesteris dazianebis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas 

iZleva. 

83 

Tu parametrebis Semowmebisas dadginda, rom 

vinCesteris dazianebis albaToba gaizarda, S.M.A.R.T. 

sistema kompiuteris BIOS-isTvis gamoimuSavebs Setyobinebas 

Seqmnili uwesrigobis Sesaxeb. 

Seagate Technology kompaniis monacemebis mixedviT 

vinCesteris Secdomebis 60% meqanikuria. swored meqanikuri 

parametrebi mowmdeba S.M.A.R.T. sistemis mier. 

IDE/ATA da SCSI damagroveblebisaTvis S.M.A.R.T. sistema 

1995 wels iqna realizebuli. standartis damu- 

SavebaSi monawileobdnen kompaniebi: Seagate Technology, 

Fujitsu, Hewlett-Packard, Maxtor, Quantum, Western Digital. vin- 

Cesterebis umetesobaSi Semdegi parametrebi registrirdeba: 

• Tavakis dacileba vinCesteris diskis zedapiridan; 

• vinCestersa da vinCesteris Cash-mexsierebas Soris 

monacemTa gadacemis siCqare; 

• dazianebuli (bad) seqtorebis raodenoba; 

• vinCesteris brunvebis raodenoba muSaobis ganmavlobaSi; 

• vinCesteris Tavakebis gadaadgilebis raodenoba; 

• diskebis nominaluri siCqariT datrialebis dro; 

• Seferxebebis sixSire monacemebis moZebnis dros; 

• vinCesteris ganmeorebiTi dakalibrebebis raodenoba. 

yovel parametrs zRvruli mniSvneloba gaaCnia, 

romlis mixedviTac Secdoma ganisazRvreba. 

zRvrul mniSvnelobebs vinCesteris damamzadebeli 

gansazRvravs da misi Secvla SeuZlebelia. 

84

S.M.A.R.T. sistemis funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia: 

• S.M.A.R.T.-Tavsebadi vinCesteri; 

• BIOS, romelsac S.M.A.R.T.-mxardaWera gaaCnia, an 

vinCesteris specialuri draiveri gamoyenebuli 

operaciuli sistemisTvis. 

vinCesteri S.M.A.R.T. Setyobinebas IDE, an SCSI 

(gamomdinare vinCesteris tipidan) Sesabamisi brZanebiT 

ugzavnis sistemur BIOS-Si Caweril vinCesteris 

draivers, xolo es ukanaskneli _ operaciul sistemas. 

am dros ekranze daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis 

Canaweri gamoCndeba: 

Immediately back up your data and raplace your hard disk drive. 

A failure may be immitent. 

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vinCesteri, romlis 

Semowmebisas gamoCnda Setyobineba S.M.A.R.T.mtyunebis 

Sesaxeb, nebismier dros SeiZleba gamovides 

mwyobridan, amitom saswrafod unda SevasruloT 

monacemebis sarezervo kopireba. 

Tu BIOS mxars ar uWers S.M.A.R.T.-teqnologias, 

vinCesteris diagnostikisTvis SesaZlebelia specialuri 

programuli utilitebis, magaliTad kompania 

Symantec-is Norton Utilities diagnostikuri programis gamoyeneba. 

85 

4.2. vinCesteris konstruqcia 

damuSavebulia vinCesteris bevri sxvadasxva 

tipi, Tumca yvela maTgani erTi da igive ZiriTadi 

kvanZebisgan Sedgeba. kvanZebis konstruqcia da gamoyenebuli 

masalebi SeiZleba gansxvavebulic iyos, 

Tumca maTi ZiriTadi muSa maxasiaTeblebi da funqcionirebis 

principebi identuria. tipiuri vinCesteris 

(nax. 4.5) ZiriTadi konstruqciuli elementebia: 

korpusis zeda nawili 

navreti 

filtrisTvis 

(haeris filtri 

qveviTaa 

moTavse- 

buli) 

nax. 4.5. vinCesteris ZiriTadi kvanZebi 

• diskebi; 

• wakiTxva/Caweris Tavakebi; 

• Tavakebis amZravi meqanizmi; 

• diskebis amZravi meqanizmi; 

berketi Tavakis gadaadgilebisTvis 

Tavakebis 

diskebi 

amZravi 

samagri naxvretebi 

86 

Sasi 


Tavaki 

plata mmarTveli sqemiT gasarTi Zravis marTvisTvis 


gasarTi 

vinCesteris 

kontrolerTan 

SeerTebisTvis 

interfeisis 

gasarTi

• nabeWdi plata mmarTveli sqemiT; 

• kabelebi da gasarTebi; 

• konfiguraciuli elementebi (gadamwodebi da gadamrTvelebi). 

diskebi, diskebis amZravi, Tavakebi, Tavakebis 

amZravi meqanizmi moTavsebulia HDA (Head Disk Assembly) 

korpusSi, xolo nabeWdi plata, konfiguraciuli 

elementebi da samontaJo nawilebi moxsnadia. 

diskebi 

vinCesteri ramdenime disks Seicavs, romlebic 

erTmaneTis qveviT arian damontaJebulni (nax. 4.6). 

diskebis raodenoba vinCesteris moculobis erTerTi 

ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. 

nax. 4.6. magnituri diskebis bloki 

drekadi diskebisgan gansxvavebiT, vinCesteris 

diskebi aluminis, an arakristaluri minis safuZvelze 

mzaddeba. maTi gadaRunva SeuZlebelia, amitom 

vinCesters agreTve xist diskur mowyobilobas _ 

87 

HDD (Hurd Disk Drive), an xist diskebze damgrovebels 

uwodeben. 

warsulSi vinCesteris diskebi mxolod aluminis 

naerTebisgan mzaddeboda. Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi 

saWiro gaxda iseTi damgroveblebis damzadeba, 

romlebSic mcire zoma da didi sainformacio 

tevadoba iqneboda Sexamebuli. amitom diskebis 

ZiriTad dasamzadebel masalad minis (ufro zustad, 

minisa da keramikis safuZvelze Seqmnili kompozituri 

masalebis) gamoyeneba daiwyes. minis diski 

aluminis diskTan SedarebiT ufro xisti da mtkicea. 

igi temperaturis cvlilebebis mimarT naklebi 

mgrZnobiarobiT gamoirCeva. 

diskis magnituri fena 

diski iseTi nivTierebis feniT ifareba, romelic 

narCen damagnitebas magnituri velis zemoqmedebis 

mosnis Semdegac inarCunebs. am fenas muSa, an 

magnituri fena ewodeba. swored muSa fenaze iwereba 

informacia. muSa fenis yvelaze ufro metad gavrcelebuli 

tipebia: 

• oqsiduri; 

• Txelafskovani; 

• ormagi antiferomagnituri (antiferromagnetically coupled 

- AFC). 

oqsiduri fena 

oqsiduri fena warmoadgens polimerul zedapirs 

rkinis zeJangiT. oqsiduri fena vinCesteris 

88

diskebze Semdegnairad daitaneba: Tavdapirvelad 

swrafad mbrunavi aluminis diskis zedapirs polimerSi 

gaxsnili rkinis zeJangis fxvnilis suspenzia 

eSxefeba. centridanuli Zalebis zemoqmedebiT diskis 

centridan xsnari napirebisken miedineba da Tanabrad 

faravs diskis mTel zedapirs. xsnaris polimerizaciis 

Semdeg diskis zedapiri ixexeba. amis Semdeg 

diskze daitaneba kidev erTi, sufTa polimeris 

fena, romelic sakmarisi simtkiciT da xaxunis mcire 

koeficientiT gamoirCeva. bolos diski prialdeba. 

oqsiduri feniT dafaruli diski yviTel, an yavisfer 

Seferilobas iZens. 

rac ufro didia damgroveblis sainformacio 

tevadoba, miT ufro Txeli da swori unda iyos muSa 

fena. ramdenadac oqsiduri fena sakmaod rbilia, is 

TavakebTan Sejaxebis dros imtvreva. amitom Tanamedrove 

vinCesterebSi oqsiduri teqnologia aRar gamoiyeneba. 

Txelafskovani fena 

Txelafskovani fena oqsidurTan SedarebiT 

ufro Txeli da mtkicea. igi eleqtrolizis saSualebiT 

miiReba. disks ramdenjerme aTavseben sxvadasxva 

xsnarebis Semcvel abazanebSi, ris Sedegadac 

igi liTonis afskis ramdenime feniT ifareba. muSa 

fenas 0,025-0,05 mkm sisqis kobaltis Senadnobi warmoadgens. 

muSa fena naxevargamtaruli teqnologiis safuZvelze 

miiReba. specialur vakuumur kamerebSi 

nivTierebebi da naerTebi airul mdgomareobaSi ga- 

89 

daiyvaneba, xolo Semdeg fuZeSreze daitaneba, romelsac 

am SemTxvevaSi diskis zedapiri warmoadgens. 

diskze Tavdapirvelad nikelis fosforiti, xolo 

Semdeg kobaltis magnituri Senadnobi daitaneba. magnituri 

fena 0,025 mkm sisqis naxSirbadis damcveli 

feniT ifareba, romelic gansakuTrebuli simtkiciT 

xasiaTdeba. es yvelaze ZviradRirebuli procesia, 

radgan vakuumTan miaxloebul pirobebSi tardeba. 

Txelafskovanma teqnologiam SesaZlebeli gaxada 

disksa da Tavakebs Soris dacilebis Semcireba 

da Caweris simWidrovis gazrda. Tavdapirvelad 

Txelafskovani diskebi mxolod didi tevadobis mqone 

ZviradRirebul vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneboda, xolo 

amJamad praqtikulad yvela vinCesteris diski am 

teqnologiiT mzaddeba. 

ormagi antiferomagnituri fena 

Tanamedrove damgroveblebSi amJamad ukve sakmaod 

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs supermagnituri 

SezRudva. magnituri kristalebis zomebis Semdgomi 

Semcireba iwvevs maT arastabilurobas da magnituri 

diskebze informaciis Senaxvis dabal saimedobas. 

am problemis nawilobriv gadawyvetas warmoadgens 

vinCesteris diskebis damzadebis uaxlesi 

teqnologiuri miRweva _ ormagi antiferomagnituri 

fenebis gamoyeneba. igi diskis muSa fenis sisqis 

mniSvnelovani Semcirebis saSualebas iZleva. diskebze 

Caweris simWidrove aRwevs 35 gbiti/diuimi 2 -ze 

(teqnologiuri zRvaria 50 gbiti/diuimi 2 ). 

90

ormagi antiferomagnituri fenis matarebeli 

ori magnituri fenisgan Sedgeba, romlebic gayofilia 

liTonuri ruTeniumis Txeli, 3 atomis (6 

angstremi) sisqis feniT. aseTi mravalfeniani konstruqcia 

qmnis antiferomagnitur SenaerTs, romelic 

mTeli diskis masStabiT zeda da qveda magnituri 

fenebisgan Sedgeba. ormagi antiferomagnituri 

teqnologia fizikurad ufro sqeli magnituri fenis 

gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Tumca damgrovebeli 

funqcionirebs rogorc erTfeniani, romelic 

magnituri fenis bevrad naklebi sisqiT gamoirCeva. 

Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebi 

yovel disks wakiTxva/Caweris ori Tavaki Seesabameba. 

yvela Tavaki erT moZrav karkaszea damontaJebuli 

da erTdroulad gadaadgildeba. 

yoveli Tavaki damontaJebulia zambaraze damagrebuli 

berketis boloSi, romlis saSualebiTac 

diskisken miizideba. Tumca drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebisgan 

gansxvavebiT, vinCesteris muSaobis 

dros diskebsa da Tavakebs Soris uSualo kontaqts 

adgili ara aqvs. diskebis brunvisas aerodinamikuri 

wneva Tavakebis qveviT izrdeba, Tavakebi diskebs 

wydebian da maT Soris sahaero baliSi iqmneba. diskis 

sruli siCqariT brunvis dros manZili Tavakebsa 

da diskebs Soris 0,5-1⋅10-5 mm-s Seadgens. 

diskebis brunvis maRali siCqaris da sahaero 

baliSis siviwrovis gamo magnituri matareblebis- 

Tvis mtvris umciresi nawilakic ki saSiSroebas war- 

91 

moadgens. amitom vinCesteris korpusis gaxsna mxolod 

safirmo laboratoriebSia nebadarTuli. 

avtodayeneba 

kompiuteris gamorTvisas Tavakebi diskis zedapirze 

eSveba. am dros diski cvdeba, rac diskidan 

mcire zomis nawilakebis àmogdebaSi~ gamoixateba. 

Tu am dros vibracias aqvs adgili, vinCesteris diskebis 

da Tavakebis dazianebis albaToba mniSvnelovnad 

izrdeba. 

diskebis dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad Tanamedrove 

vinCesterebi aRWurvilia kontaqturi avtodayenebis 

sistemiT (Contact Start Stop _ CSS), romelic 

kvebis gamorTvis Semdeg Tavakebis daSvebas uzrunvelyofs 

ara diskis zedapirze, aramed daxril firfitaze, 

romelic diskebis zeviTaa ganTavsebuli. dasayenebel 

adgils Landing Zone, an SemoklebiT L-Zone 

ewodeba. 

rodesac kveba CarTulia, Tavakebi arCeul cilindrze 

moZravi koWis magnituri velis zemoqmedebiT 

pozicionirdebian. kvebis gamorTvis Semdeg Tavakis 

konkretul cilindrze Semakavebeli magnituri 

veli qreba da Tavakma wesiT ukontrolod unda isrialos 

diskis zedapirze, rac aucileblad daazianebs 

rogorc Tavakebs, aseve diskebs. 

vinCesteris dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad 

Tavakebis bloki SeerTebulia damabrunebel zambarasTan. 

rodesac kveba CarTulia, magnituri velis 

Zala zambaris drekadobas aRemateba, magram kvebis 

gamorTvisas magnituri veli qreba da Tavakebi, zam- 

92

aris gavleniT, avtodayenebis zonaSi (Landing Zone) 

gadaadgildeba. 

Tavakebis amZravi meqanizmi 

Tavakebis amZravebis bevri konstruqcia arsebobs, 

Tumca yoveli maTgani or ZiriTad tips miekuTvneba: 

• amZravi bijuri ZraviT; 

• amZravi moZravi koWiT. 

amZravis tipi damagroveblis swrafqmedebas da 

saimedobas, temperaturul stabilurobas, mdebareobis 

da vibraciebis mimarT mgrZnobiarobas gansaz- 

Rvravs. 

amZravi bijuri ZraviT 

bijuri Zrava eleqtroZravas warmoadgens, romlis 

rotori brunavs mxolod safexurobrivad, 

mkacrad gansazRvruli kuTxiT. bijuri Zrava damgroveblis 

gareT yendeba, Tumca misi lilvi Sedis 

vinCesteris korpusis naxvretSi, romelic hermetuli 

SuasadebiTaa aRWurvili. 

bijuri Zravis safuZvelze agebuli meqanizmebis 

ZiriTadi problema temperaturuli arastabilurobaa. 

gaTboba-gacivebis dros diskebi gafarToeba-SekumSvas 

ganicdian, ris Sedegadac bilikebi sawyisi 

mdebareobebis mimarT inacvlebs. ramdenadac Tavakebis 

amZravi meqanizmi Tavakebis erT bijze (erT 

bilikze) ufro mcire manZilze wanacvlebis saSualebas 

ar iZleva, temperaturuli xarvezebis kompensacia 

SeuZlebelia. 

93 

nax. 4.7-ze warmodgenilia vinCesteri bijuri 

ZraviT. 

amZravis berketi 

nulovani biliki 

(SemzRudi) 

RerZi 

nax. 4.7. amZravi bijuri ZraviT 

bijuri Zravebi 1980-1990-ian wlebSi, 100 mb-mde 

tevadobis vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneboda. 

amZravi moZravi koWiT 

amZravi moZravi koWiT praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove 

vinCesterSi gamoiyeneba. bijuri Zravisgan 

gansxvavebiT, amZravi moZravi koWiT ukukavSiris signals 

iyenebs, rac bilikis mimarT Tavakis mdebareobis 

zusti gansazRvris da saWiroebis mixedviT koreqciis 

saSualebas iZleva. amZravi moZravi koWiT, 

bijur ZravasTan SedarebiT, ufro maRal swrafqmedebas, 

sizustes da saimedobas uzrunvelyofs. 

94 

bijuri Zrava

amZravi moZravi koWiT eleqtromagnitizmis 

principiT muSaobs. amZravis tipiur konstruqciaSi 

moZravi koWa xistad uerTdeba Tavakebis bloks da 

mudmivi magnitis velSi Tavsdeba. koWa da magniti ar 

arian dakavSirebulni. koWa eleqtromagnituri Zalis 

zemoqmedebiT gadaadgildeba. 

amZravs moZravi koWiT fiqsirebuli mdebareobebi 

ar gaaCnia. Tavakebis gadaadgilebas specialuri 

meqanizmi _ servoamZravi asrulebs, romelic Tavakebis 

zusti pozicionirebisTvis Tavakebisa da bilikebis 

urTierTmdebareobis Sesaxeb informaciis 

matarebel ukusignals iyenebs. aseT sistemas zogjer 

sistemas ukukavSiriT, an avtomaturi regulirebiT 

uwodeben. 

temperaturis cvlileba amZravis sizusteze ar 

moqmedebs. diskebis bilikebis poziciebis cvlilebebi 

SekumSvis da gafarToebis dros servoamZravis 

mier fiqsirdeba da Tavakebis poziciebi (romlebic 

winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli) koreqtirdeba. 

moZravi koWiT amZravis ori meqanizmi gamoiyeneba: 

• wrfivi; 

• brunvadi. 

wrfivi amZravi 

wrfivi amZravi (nax. 4.8) Tavakebs wrfivad, diskis 

radiusis gaswvriv gadaaadgilebs. 

koWebi mudmiv magnitebs Soris Tavsdeba. wrfivi 

amZravis dadebiTi Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 

mas brunviTi amZravebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli azimu- 

95 

turi cdomileba ar gaaCnia (azimuti kuTxea Tavakis 

Riobsa da bilikis mimarTulebas Soris). erTi cilindridan 

meoreze gadaadgilebis dros Tavakebi ar 

brundeba da azimuti ar icvleba. 

Tavakebis 

gadaadgilebis 

mimarTuleba 

moZravi 

koWebi 

servoamZravi 


Tavakebi 

magnitebi 

nax. 4.8. wrfivi amZravi moZravi koWiT 

Tumca wrfiv amZravebs erTi mniSvnelovani 

uaryofiTi Tviseba gaaCnia: maTi konstruqcia metismetad 

masiuria, rodesac damgroveblis warmadobis 

gazrdisTvis amZravi meqanizmis da Tavakebis masis 

Semcirebaa saWiro. rac ufro msubuqia meqanizmi, miT 

ufro meti aCqarebiTaa SesaZlebeli misi erTi cilindridan 

meoreze gadatana. wrfivi amZravebi bev- 

96

ad mZimea brunvad meqanizmebTan SedarebiT, amitom 

Tanamedrove damgroveblebSi aRar gamoiyeneba. 

brunvadi amZravi 

brunvadi amZravis (nax. 4.9) koWaze Tavakebis 

berketebis boloebi magrdeba. moZraobis procesSi 

Tavakebis gadamaadgilebeli berketebi mobrundeba 

da Tavakebs diskis RerZisken, an kidisken gadaaadgilebs. 

aseTi konstruqcia SedarebiT msubuqia, 

meqanizmis swrafi aCqareba problemas ar warmoadgens, 

rac monacemebamde miRwevis dros amcirebs. 

moZravi koWa 

brunvis RerZi 

nax. 4.9. Cawera/wakiTxvis Tavakebi da brunvadi amZravi 

moZravi koWiT 

brunvadi amZravis uaryofiTi Tvisebaa Tavakebis 

mobruneba. Tavakis Riobis zedapirsa da bilikis 

mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe icvleba. amitom diskis 

muSa zona (romelSic ganTavsebulia bilikebi) Sez- 

97 


Tavakebi 

Rudulia (raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli azimuturi 

kuTxis dasaSvebi cdomilebis gadaWarbeba). 

cxrilSi 4.2 warmodgenilia damgroveblis maxasiaTeblebis 

damokidebuleba amZrav meqanizmze. 

cxrili 4.2 

damgroveblis maxasiaTeblebis damokidebuleba 

amZrav meqanizmze 

maxasiaTebeli amZravi bijuri 

ZraviT 

monacemebamde miRwevis 

dro 

temperaturuli 

stabiluroba 

mgrZnobiaroba samuSao 

mdgomareobis arCevis 

mimarT 

Tavakebis sawyis 

mdgomareobaSi 

avtomaturi dayeneba 

profilaqtikuri 

momsaxureba 

didi mcire 

dabali maRali 

98 

amZravi moZravi 

koWiT 

mudmivi ar gaaCnia 

yovelTvis ar 

sruldeba 

perioduli 

daformateba 

yovelTvis 

sruldeba 

ar sWirdeba 

saimedoba dabali maRali 

servoamZravi 

moZravi koWiT amZravis marTvisTvis SesaZlebelia 

ukukavSiris wredis agebis sami meTodis gamoyeneba: 

• damxmare `soliT~; 

• CaSenebuli kodebiT; 

• specializirebuli diskiT.

ukukavSiris wredebi mxolod teqnikuri realizaciiT 

gansxvavdeba da erT mizans _ Tavakebis 

adgilmdebareobis mudmiv koreqtirebas da Sesabamis 

cilindrze maT zust pozicionirebas emsaxureba. 

ukukavSiris wredis muSaobisTvis saWiroa specialuri 

informacia _ servokodebi, romelic diskze misi 

damzadebis dros iwereba. servokodebis waSla da 

koreqtireba SeuZlebelia ara marto Cveulebrivi wakiTxva/Caweris, 

aramed diskis dabali donis daformatebis 

drosac ki. 

damxmare `soli~ 

damxmare `solis~ meTodis mixedviT mTeli informacia, 

romelic Tavakis zusti pozicionirebis- 

Tvisaa aucilebeli, yoveli cilindris dasawyisSi, 

bilikis dasawyisis ganmsazRvrel indeqsur Wdemde 

arsebul winaindeqsur intervalSi, viwro `solis~ 

saxiT iwereba (nax. 4.10). 

winaindeqsur intervals vinCesteris kontroleri 

ar mimarTavs. es monakveTi aucilebelia diskis 

brunvis araTanabari siCqaris da Caweris sataqto 

sixSiris arastabilurobis kompensaciisTvis. 

meTodis uaryofiTi Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs, 

rom servokodebis wakiTxva diskis mxolod 

mTliani mobrunebis drosaa SesaZlebeli. es niSnavs, 

rom Tavakebis poziciebis zusti gansazRvris 

da maTi pozicionirebisTvis diskma ramdenime bruni 

unda Sesasrulos. 

99 

informacia diskze 

bilikis ganlagebis 

Sesaxeb 

damxmare soli 

nax. 4.10. damxmare `soli~ 

damxmare `solis~ meTodis uaryofiTi Tviseba 

Tavidanve naTeli iyo, amitom am meTodma farTo gavrceleba 

ver hpova. Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi damxmare 

`solis~ meTodi saerTod aRar gamoiyeneba. 

CaSenebuli kodebi 

`CaSenebuli kodebi~ `solis~ meTodis gaumjobesebuli 

variantia. servokodebi ara marto TiToeuli 

cilindris, aramed TiToeuli seqtoris dasawyisSi 

iwereba (nax. 4.11). 

ukukavSiris signalebi Tavakebis amZrav meqanizms 

diskis yoveli brunis dros ramdenjerme miewodeba 

da Tavakebi saWiro mdgomareobaSi bevrad 

ufro swrafad pozocionirdeba. 

100 

samomsaxuro kodi bilikze 

Tavakis zusti 

pozicionirebisaTvis 

seqtorebi

seqtorebi monacemebiT 

bilikis dasawyisi 

(indeqsuri Wde) 

nax. 4.11. CaSenebuli servokodebi 

`CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistema Tanamedrove vin- 

CesterebSi farTod gamoiyeneba. iseve, rogorc `solis~, 

aseve `CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistemaSi servokodebi 

waSlisgan daculia. Caweris nebismieri operacia 

blokirdeba, rodesac Tavakebi diskis samomsaxuro 

monakveTebTan aRmoCndeba. amitom servokodebis 

waSla vinCesteris dabal doneze daformatebis 

drosac ki SeuZlebelia. 

sistema specializirebuli diskiT 

sistema specializirebuli diskiT `solis~ da 

`CaSenebuli kodebis~ sistemebTan SedarebiT bevrad 

efeqturia, radgan Tavakebis amZrav meqanizmze servokodebis 

uwyvet miwodebas uzrunvelyofs. 

101 

informacia diskze 

bilikis ganlagebis 

Sesaxeb 

samomsaxuro kodi bilikze 

Tavakis zusti 

pozicionirebisaTvis 

mocemuli sistemis realizacia gulisxmobs 

servokodebis mTeli bilikis gaswvriv da ara bilikis, 

an seqtoris dasawyisSi Caweras. bunebrivia, 

am SemTxvevaSi diskze monacemebis Casawerad adgili 

aRar rCeba. 

nax. 4.12-ze warmodgenilia vinCesteris sqema 

specializirebuli diskiT. 

bilikebi 

cilindri 

nax. 4.12. sistema specializirebuli diskiT 

servokodebi vinCesteris erT-erTi diskis erT 

mxareze iwereba. am disks specializirebuli ewodeba. 

specializirebuli diskis gamoyeneba TiTqos mni- 

Svnelovnad unda amcirebdes vinCesteris tevadobas, 

Tumca imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom servokodebi vin- 

102 

servoTavaki 

Tavaki 4 

Tavaki 3 

Tavaki 2 

Tavaki 1 

Tavaki 0 

Tavakebis 

amZravi

Cesteris sxva diskebze aRar iwereba, sasargeblo 

diskuri moculoba `CaSenebul kodebTan~ SedarebiT 

ar mcirdeba. 

specializirebuli diskis mqone vinCesterebs 

sainformacio Tavakebis kenti raodenoba axasiaTebT, 

radgan erTi Tavaki mTlianad servokodebis wakiTxvas 

emsaxureba. specializirebuli diskis meTodi 

realizebulia bevr Tanamedrove, didi moculobis 

vinCesterSi. 

diskebis amZravi meqanizmi 

diskebis paketi moZraobaSi Spindeluri (spindle) 

Zravas saSualebiT moiyvaneba. Spindeluri Zrava 

uSualo kavSirSia diskebis brunvis RerZTan. masSi 

Rvedebi da kbilanebi ar gamoiyeneba. 

Zrava unda iyos uxmauro. nebismieri vibracia 

diskebs gadaecema, ramac monacemebis wakiTxvis da 

Caweris dros SeiZleba Secdomebi gamoiwvios. vin- 

Cesteris diskebi maSinac brunaven, rodesac maTze 

mimarTva ar xdeba, amitom vinCesteris dayeneba mxolod 

horizontalurad, an vertikalurad SeiZleba. 

Zravis brunvis sixSire mkacrad gansazRvrulia 

da Tanamedrove vinCesterebisTvis 3600-15000 

bruni/wT-s Seadgens. sixSiris stabilizacias avtomaturad 

asrulebs Zravis mmarTveli sqema ukukavSiriT. 

Spindeluri Zrava +12v Zabvaze muSaobs da sakmaod 

did simZlavres moixmars, gansakuTrebiT diskebis 

sawyisi gaqanebis dros. Tu kompiuterSi ramdenime 

damgrovebelia dayenebuli, kompiuteris Car- 

103 

Tvis Semdeg, ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi, did 

gadatvirTvas aqvs adgili. kvebis blokze maRali 

datvirTvis Tavidan asacileblad damgroveblebis 

Zravebi TanmimdevrobiT CairTveba. Spindeluri Zravis 

dayovnebiT gaSveba IDE da SCSI damgroveblebis 

kontrolerebSi gaTvaliswinebulia. 

Spindelur eleqtroZravebSi tradiciulad burTulovani 

sakisrebi gamoiyeneba. aseTi konstruqciis 

ZiriTad nakli radialuri dartymebia, romlebic 

RreCoSi burTulebis ganivi, Cveulebriv 0,1 mikrodiuimiT 

gadaadgilebis dros warmoiqmneba. radialuri 

dartymebis Zala sakmaod mcirea, Tumca Tanamedrove 

damgroveblebSi Caweris simWidrovis gazrda 

misi ignorirebis saSualebas ar iZleva. 

problemis gadawyvetas warmoadgens axali, 

hidrodinamikuri sakisris gamoyeneba, romelSic ZiriTad 

rols Spindelsa da Zravis miliss Soris gan- 

Tavsebuli maRalplastikuri sacxi TamaSobs. sacxis 

gamoyeneba sakisris radialuri dartymis siganes 0,01 

mikrodiuimamde amcirebs, rac vibracias da diskebis 

gadaxras mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. 

hidrodinamikuri sakisrebi amJamad maRali 

klasis vinCesterebSi gamoiyeneba, romlebic brunvis 

didi siCqariT, monacemTa Caweris maRali simWidroviT 

da xmauris mimarT mkacri moTxovnebiT gamoirCeva. 

ramdenime weliwadSi hidrodinamikuri sakisari 

vinCesterebis umetesobis Cveulebrivi komponenti 

gaxdeba. 

104

filtri 

yvela vinCesters ori sahaero filtri gaaCnia 

(nax. 4.13): 

• recilkuraciis filtri; 

• barometruli filtri. 

recilkuraciis filtri 

haeris nakadebis 

mimarTuleba 

nax. 4.13. haeris cirkulacia vinCesterSi 

recilkuraciis filtris daniSnulebaa diskis 

meqanikuri nawilebis muSaobis Sedegad miRebuli 

nawilakebis mocileba. ramdenadac vinCesteris korpusSi 

haeris garedan miwodeba ar xdeba, vinCesters 

muSaoba dabinZurebul da mtvrian garemoSic SeuZlia. 

barometruli filtris daniSnulebaa diskur 

mowyobilobasa da gare samyaros Soris wnevis gaTa- 

105 

brunvadi amZravi 

moZravi koWiT 

nabreba. naxvreti aRWurvilia mikrofiltriT, raTa 

diskebi da Tavakebi gare mtvrisgan daicvas. 

vinCesteri ar warmoadgens mTlianad hermetul 

mowyobilobas, amitom atmosferuli wnevis cvlilebasTan 

erTad, vinCestersa da gare samyaros Soris 

wnevis gaTanabrebisTvis, haeri gamodis vinCesteridan, 

an Sedis vinCesterSi savelintacio naxvretidan. 

es ukanaskneli ki iwvevs vinCesteris Siga àtmosferos~ 

dabinZurebas, radgan naxvretSi dayenebuli 

barometruli filtri 0,3 mkm-ze naklebi zomis nawilakebs 

ver akavebs. 

amitom damamzadeblebi zRvis donidan simaRlis 

diapazons miuTiTeben, romelSic SesaZlebelia 

vinCesteris muSaoba (Cveulebriv -300-dan 3000 m-mde). 

am SezRudvis Tavidan asacileblad kompania 

Adstar-ma (IBM-is Svilobili kompania) mTlianad hermetuli 

vinCesterebi daamuSava (haeri Tavidanve moTavsebulia 

vinCesteris korpusSi, Tumca gare samyarosgan 

mTlianad izolirebulia), romelTa gamoyenebac 

SesaZlebelia zRvis donidan nebismier simaRleze da 

eqstremalur pirobebSi. aseTi damgroveblebi gankuTvnilia 

samxedro da samrewvelo miznebisTvis. 

gagrileba 

garemos maRali temperatura diskuri mowyobilobebis 

muSaobis vadis Semcirebis erT-erTi xel- 

Semwyobi faqtoria. Tbil haers civ haerTan SedarebiT 

naklebi simWidrove gaaCnia, amitom Tavaksa da 

disks Soris sahaero baliSis sigane mcirdeba. diskis 

datrialebisa da SeCerebis dros sahaero baliSi 

106

dagvianebiT iqmneba, ramac SeiZleba diskis zedapiris, 

an Tavakis dazianeba gamoiwvios. damamzadeblebi 

vinCesteris umtyuno muSaobis garantias 0-500C ze muSaobisas iZlevian. optimaluri samuSao temperaturaa 

200C. 4.3. vinCesterebis standartebi. konfigurireba 

B 

vinCesterebi informaciis ganTavsebis wesisa 

da interfeisis mixedviT klasificirdeba. kompiuterebis 

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebze vinCesteris 

Semdegi standartebi gamoiyeneboda: 

• MFM; 

• RLL; 

• ESDI; 

• IDE (ATA); 

• SCSI; 

• SATA. 

yoveli standartis vinCesteri Sesabamisi kontroleriT 

imarTeba. 

MFM, RLL da ESDI standartebi 

MFM, RLL da ESDI standartis vinCesterebi garegnulad 

erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba. samive Sem- 

TxvevaSi plata-kontroleri gamoiyeneba, romelic 

ISA interfeisis slotSi yendeba da vinCesters ori 

kabeliT ukavSirdeba. 34-kontaqtiani kabeliT xdeba 

mmarTveli signalebis, xolo 20-kontaqtiani kabeliT 

107 

_ monacemebis gadacema. vinCesteris mmarTveli eleqtronika 

plata-kontrolerSia ganTavsebuli. MFM, 

RLL da ESDI standartebi erTmaneTisgan mxolod 

vinCesterze informaciis Caweris wesiT gansxvavdeba. 

MFM, RLL da ESDI standartis vinCesterebi moralurad 

moZvelebulia da Tanamedrove personalur 

kompiuterebSi aRar gamoiyeneba, Tumca informaciis 

Caweris MFM meTodi amJamadac gamoiyeneba drekad 

diskebSi, xolo RLL meTodi _ vinCesterSi. 

standarti IDE (ATA) 

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) dasaxeleba miuTiTebs, 

rom mmarTveli eleqtronika ara kontrolerSi, 

aramed Tavad vinCesterSia moTavsebuli. es 

informaciis gadacemis da miRebis dros mniSvnelovan 

upiratesobebs ganapirobebs. IDE kontroleri vin- 

Cesteris (HDD) kontrolers 40-gamtariani kabeliT 

ukavSirdeba. IDE vinCesteris dabal doneze daformateba 

momxmareblis mier ar xdeba, radgan es samuSao 

damamzadeblis mier ukve Sesrulebulia. momxmarebelma 

Semdegi operaciebi unda Seasrulos: 

• CMOS Setup-Si vinCesteris parametrebis dayeneba; 

• vinCesteris ganyofilebebad dayofa; 

• maRali donis daformateba operaciuli sistemis 

saSualebiT. 

IDE standartiT gaTvaliswinebulia ori mimdevrobiT 

CarTuli vinCesteris muSaobis organizacia. 

problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom orive IDE 

damgrovebeli erT interfeiss uerTdeba da imav- 

108

droulad TiToeul damgrovebels sakuTari kontroleri 

gaaCnia. rodesac vinCesteri (da Sesabamisi kontroleri) 

oria, brZanebebi orive kontrolers erTdroulad 

miewodeba. konfigurireba iseTnairad unda 

Sesruldes, rom TiToeuli vinCesteri mxolod mis- 

Tvis gankuTvnil brZanebebze reagirebdes. amitom 

calsaxad unda ganisazRvros, romeli damgrovebeli 

warmoadgens pirvelad, da romeli _ meorad mowyobilobas. 

pirvelad da meorad damgroveblebs Soris 

aris mxolod erTi funqcionaluri gansxvaveba: sistemis 

sawyis mdgomareobaSi dayenebis dros meoradi 

damgrovebeli pirvelads DASP signals ugzavnis, 

romliTac Tavisi arsebobis Sesaxeb ityobineba. 

meoradi mowyobilobis arsebobis signali agreTve 

meoradi damagroveblis diskis amoZravebis 

ramdenime wamiT dayovnebas ganapirobebs, rac kvebis 

blokze datvirTvas mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. 

ori IDE vinCesteris dayenebis SemTxvevaSi pirveli 

vinCesteri konfigurirebuli unda iyos rogorc 

Master, xolo meore vinCesteri _ rogorc Slave. 

vinCesteris statusi (Master, an Slave) gadamwodis 

Sesabamis mdgomareobaSi dayenebiT ganisazRvreba. 

damgroveblebis umetesoba Semdegnairad konfigurirdeba: 

• pirveladi (erTi damgrovebeli); 

• pirveladi (ori damgrovebeli); 

• meoradi (ori damgrovebeli); 

109 

• kabeliT arCeva. 

cxrilSi 4.3 warmodgenilia ATA (IDE) damgroveblebis 

gadamwodebis dayenebis wesebi konfigurirebis 

pirveli sami variantis SemTxvevaSi. 

gadamwodis 

dasaxeleba 

cxrili 4.3 

vinCesteris konfigurirebis wesi 

erTi 

damgrovebeli 

pirveladi, 

ori 

damgrovebeli 

110 

meoradi, ori 

damgrovebeli 

Master (M/S) On On Off 

Slave Present Off On On 

Cable Select Off Off Off 

nax. 4.14-ze warmodgenilia sistemaSi momxmareblis 

mier ori vinCesteris konfigurirebis magaliTi. 

konfigurireba 

Master, Slave-is 

gareSe 

Master da Slave 

Slave 

nax. 4.14. sistemaSi ori vinCesteris 

konfigurirebis magaliTi

kabeliT arCevis reJimis dayenebis SemTxvevaSi 

orive damgroveblisTvis CS gadamwodi unda dayendes 

mdgomareobaSi On, xolo danarCeni gadamwodebi 

_ mdgomareobaSi Off. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom gadamwodebis konfiguracia 

zogjer gansxvavebulia ara marto sxvadasxva 

firma-damamzadeblebisTvis, aramed erTi firmis 

sxvadasxva modelebisTvis. gaurkvevel SemTxvevaSi 

vinCesteris dokumentaciiT unda visargebloT. 

standarti SCSI 

SCSI vinCesterebi monacemTa gadacemis yvelaze 

maRali siCqariT gamoirCeva, Tumca maTi ZiriTadi 

upiratesoba ara maRali siCqare, aramed mTlianad 

SCSI sistemis didi SesaZleblobebia. SCSI-adapters 

SeuZlia ara marto vinCesteris, aramed sxva periferiuli 

mowyobilobebis (CD diskuri mowyobiloba, 

skaneri, strimeri da a.S.) marTvac, Tu maT SCSI protokolis 

mxardaWera gaaCniaT. yovel SCSI periferiul 

mowyobilobas logikuri nomeri (Logical Unit - LU) 

eniWeba, romlis mixedviTac SCSI-adapteri axdens mis 

identifikacias da marTvas. 

SCSI Host-adapters sakuTari BIOS gaaCnia, amitom 

vinCesteris identifikaciisas kompiuteris BIOSze 

mimarTva ar xdeba. SCSI vinCesteri kompiuteris 

BIOS-Si ganisazRvreba rogorc Not Installed. 

111 

4.4. vinCesteris logikuri struqtura 

vinCesteri bilikebad da seqtorebad iyofa 

(nax. 3.15). yoveli biliki calsaxad ganisazRvreba Tavakis 

nomriT da rigiTi nomriT diskze (aTvlis 

mimarTulebaa diskis garedan SigniT). seqtorebis 

aTvla iwyeba bilikebis dasawyisidan, 1-dan, xolo 

Tavakebis da cilindrebis aTvla _ 0-dan. bilikze 

seqtorebis raodenoba SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli 

(Tanamedrove vinCesterebisTvis 380-700). 

yoveli seqtori samomsaxuro informacias da 

monacemebs Seicavs. seqtoris moculoba, rogorc wesi, 

571 baitia. seqtoris dasawyisSi iwereba prefiqsi 

(prefix portion), romlis mixedviTac seqtoris dasawyisi 

da nomeri ganisazRvreba, xolo seqtoris boloSi _ 

sufiqsi (suffix portion). sufiqsi Seicavs sakontrolo 

jams (cheksum), romlis mixedviTac monacemTa Caweris 

siswore ganisazRvreba. 

seqtori 1 seqtori 2 

cilindri 

nax. 4.15. vinCesteris bilikebad da seqtorebad dayofa 

112 

biliki 0 

biliki 1 

Tavaki 0 

Tavaki 1 

Tavaki 2 

Tavaki 3 

Tavaki 4 

Tavaki 5

TavsarTsa da bolosarTs Soris aris monacemTa 

veli, romlis moculoba 512 baitia. bilikebze 

monacemebi ara mudmivi nakadiT, aramed 512-baitiani 

porciebiT iwereba. 

cxrilSi 4.4 warmodgenilia standartuli, 571baitiani 

seqtoris formati. 

yoveli bilikis dasawyisSi iwereba 16-baitiani 

POST INDEX GAP (indeqsis Semdgomi intervali), romelic 

bilikis dasawyisze miuTiTebs, xolo yoveli 

bilikis boloSi _ 693-baitiani PRE-INDEX GAP (indeqsis 

wina intervali), romelic bilikis dasasruls 

miuTiTebs. baitebis mniSvnelobebia 4Eh. 

baitebis 

raodenoba 

cxrili 4.4 

vinCesteris seqtoris formati 

dasaxeleba aRwera 

13 ID VFO LOCK (generatoris 

Cavleba 

seqtoris identifikatoris 

waki- 

TxvisTvis) 

1 SYNC BYTE 

(sinqronizaciis 

baiti) 

1 ADDRESS MARK 

(misamarTis Wde) 

yvela baiti udris 00h, sruldeba 

generatoris sinqronizacia 

seqtoris identifikatoris (ID) 

wakiTxvamde 

A1h, kontrolers seqtoris ID 

monakveTis dawyebis Sesaxeb 

atyobinebs (moyveba monacemebi) 

FEh, ityobineba ID velis dawyebis 

Sesaxeb 

113 

baitebis 

raodenoba 


2 CYLINDER NUMBER 

(cilindris nomeri) 

1 HEAD NUMBER 

(Tavakis nomeri) 

1 SECTOR NUMBER 

(seqtoris nomeri) 

baitebis mniSvneloba Tavakebis 

pozicionirebas gansazRvravs 

baitis mniSvneloba cilindris 

nomers Seesabameba 

baitis mniSvneloba seqtoris 

nomers Seesabameba 

2 CRC sakontrolo CRC baitebi seqtoris 

ID monacemebis Semowmebis- 

Tvis 

3 WRITE TURN-ON 

GAP (Caweris Car- 

Tvis intervali) 

13 DATA SYNC VFO 

LOCK (generatoris 

Cavleba 

monacemTa waki- 

TxvisaTvis) 

1 SYNC BYTE 

(sinqronizaciis 

baiti) 

1 ADDRESS MARK 

(misamarTis Wde) 

yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. Caiwereba 

monacemebis ganaxlebis 

win maTi sxva monakveTebisgan gancalkevebisaTvis 

yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. 

sruldeba generatoris sinqronizacia 

monacemebis wakiTxvis win 

A1h, atyobinebs kontrolers monacemTa 

velis dawyebis Sesaxeb 

A1h, atyobinebs kontrolers monacemTa 

velis dawyebis Sesaxeb 

512 DATA (monacemebi) monacemTa veli 

2 CRC CRC sakontrolo jami monacemebis 

SemowmebisTvis 

114

aitebis 

raodenoba 


3 WRITE TURN-OFF 

GAP (Caweris gamorTvisintervali) 

15 INTER-RECORD GAP 

(Canawerebs Soris 

intervali) 

yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. Caiwereba 

monacemebis ganaxlebis 

win maTi sxva monakveTebisgan 

gancalkevebisTvis 

yvela baiti 00h-is tolia. damzRvevi 

zona. diskis brunvis six- 

Siris nominaluri mniSvnelobidan 

gadaxrisas icavs monacemebs 

waSlisagan 

diskebis daformateba 

diskebis daformatebis ori done arsebobs: 

• fizikuri, anu dabali donis daformateba; 

• logikuri, anu maRali donis daformateba. 

drekadi diskebisTvis daformatebis orive done 

erTdroulad, operaciuli sistemis saSualebiT 

sruldeba. 

vinCesterebisTvis fizikuri da logikuri daformateba 

cal-calke sruldeba da mesame etapic 

gamoiyeneba, romelic fizikur da logikur daformatebas 

Soris sruldeba _ diskis ganyofilebebad dayofa. 

dabali donis daformateba 

dabali donis daformatebis dros diski seqtorebad 

iyofa. am dros seqtorebSi prefiqsebi da 

115 

sufiqsebi Caiwereba. agreTve formirdeba intervalebi 

seqtorebsa da bilikebs Soris. monacemTa velebi 

fiqtiuri CanawerebiT, an monacemTa specialuri testuri 

krebulebiT ivseba. seqtorebis raodenoba bilikze 

vinCesteris kontrolerze da interfeiszea 

damokidebuli. 

dabali donis daformatebas firma-damamzadebeli 

asrulebs. 

diskis ganyofilebebad dayofa 

diskis ganyofilebebad dayofis dros pirvel 

seqtorSi iwereba specialuri programa, romelic sa- 

Wiroa operaciuli sistemis CatvirTvisTvis da dayofis 

cxrili (Partition Table, PT), romelSic iwereba 

informacia ganyofilebebis Sesaxeb. am seqtors ewodeba 

mTavari CamtvirTavi seqtori, xolo Canawers _ 

mTavari CamtvirTavi Canaweri (Master Boot Record, MBR). 

ganasxvaveben sami tipis ganyofilebas: 

• MS-DOS-is pirveladi ganyofileba; 

• MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofileba; 

• ara-MS-DOS-is ganyofileba. 

vinCesterze SesaZlebelia erTi MS-DOS-is pirveladi 

ganyofilebis, erTi MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli 

ganyofilebis da ramdenime ara-MS-DOS-is ganyofilebis 

formireba (nax. 4.16). 

MS-DOS-Si da Windows-Si samuSaod aucilebelia 

MS-DOS-is pirveladi ganyofilebis arseboba. 

masSi iqmneba logikuri diski saxeliT C:. 

116

CamtvirTavi 

seqtori 

sistemuri 

logikuri 

diski 

logikuri 

diski 

MS-DOS-is pirveladi 

ganyofileba 

logikuri 

diski 

MS-DOS-is 

gafarToebuli 

ganyofileba 

nax. 4.16. vinCesteris logikuri struqtura 

MS-DOS-is gafarToebuli ganyofileba SeiZleba 

erT, an met logikur diskad daiyos, romlebsac 

sxvadasxva saxelebi eniWeba. Tumca MS-DOS-is gafar- 

Toebuli ganyofilebis formireba ar aris aucilebeli. 

am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteri warmodgenili iqneba 

erTi logikuri diskiT _ C:. 

bunebrivia, vinCesteris sruli sainformacio 

moculoba calkeuli logikuri diskebis sainformacio 

moculobebis jams Seadgens. 

vinCesterze Seqmnili ganyofilebebi sxvadasxva 

failuri sistemebis mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofen: 

• FAT 16 (File Allocation Table _ failebis ganlagebis 

cxrili) _ failuri sistemaa 16-Tanriga damisamarTebiT. 

FAT 16 sistema mxars uWers klasterebis 

da aqedan gamomdinare Cawerili failebis sakmaod 

mcire raodenobas _ 216 =65536. ramdenadac FAT 

16 standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli ganyofilebis 

117 

logikuri 

diski 

logikuri 

diski 

ara MS-DOS-is 

ganyofileba 

(logikuri tomis) maqsimaluri moculoba 2 gbaitia, 

erTi klasteris moculoba sakmaod didia _ 

32 kbaiti. amrigad, 1-baitiani failic ki 32 kbait 

diskur mexsierebas ikavebs, rac vinCesteris moculobis 

araekonomiur gamoyenebas ganapirobebs. 

amJamad FAT 16 failuri sistema moralurad moZvelebulia 

da Tanamedrove vinCesterebSi aRar 

gamoiyeneba. 

• FAT 32 _ Tanamedrove failuri sistemaa 32-Tanriga 

damisamarTebiT. FAT 32 cxrilSi ganlagebis 

ujredebs 32-Tanriga ricxvebi Seesabameba, xolo 

tomis (logikuri diskis) maqsimaluri moculoba 

2048 gbaitia. MS-DOS-is garemoSi failis saxelis 

dasaSvebi sigrZe 11 simboloa (8 simbolo failis 

saxelisTvis, xolo 3 simbolo _ failis gafar- 

ToebisaTvis). Windows-is garemoSi failis saxelis 

dasaSvebi sigrZe 255 simboloa. 

• NTFS (Windows NT File System _ Windows NT-s failuri 

sistema) Tanamedrove failuri sistemaa. failis 

saxelis maqsimaluri sigrZe 256 simboloa, xolo 

logikuri diskis maqsimaluri (Teoriuli) moculoba 

_ 16 ebaiti (16x10 18 baiti). NTFS-s damatebiTi 

SesaZleblobebic gaaCnia, romlebic sxva 

failur sistemebs ar gaaCnia, magaliTad, usafrTxoebis 

saSualebebi. 

Windows XP-is gavrcelebamde umetesad FAT 32 

gamoiyeneboda. Tanamedrove sistemebSi upiratesoba 

NTFS-s eniWeba, romelic Windows XP-is `mSobliuri~ 

standartia. Tumca FAT 32-is dayeneba optimaluri va- 

118

iantia Sereul operaciul garemoebSi muSaobis 

dros, radgan mas mxars uWers praqtikulad yvela 

operaciuli sistema. 

maRali donis daformateba 

maRali donis daformatebis dros operaciuli 

sistema vinCesterze qmnis struqturebs failebTan 

da monacemebTan samuSaod. TiToeul ganyofilebaSi 

(logikuri diski) Seiyvaneba tomis CamtvirTavi seqtori 

(Volum Boot Sector - VBS) failebis ganlagebis 

cxrilis (FAT) ori kopio da fesvuri katalogi (Root 

Directory). am struqturebis saSualebiT operaciuli 

sistema anawilebs diskur sivrces, poulobs failebs 

da gverds uvlis diskis defeqtur seqtorebs. 

yvelaze ufro farTo gavrceleba hpova FAT32 

failurma sistemam (nax. 4.17), romlis mixedviTac 

diski iyofa klasterebad. klasteri diskuri moculobis 

umciresi erTeulia, romelSic SeiZleba failis 

Cawera. klasteri ramdenime seqtoris gaer- 

Tianebas warmoadgens. 

ganyofilebebis cxrili (PT) Semdegi Canawerebisagan 

Sedgeba: 

• informacia vinCesteris Tavakebis, bilikebis da 

seqtorebis Sesaxeb; 

• seqtorebis saerTo raodenoba diskze; 

• failuri sistemis tipi. 

tomis CamtvirTav seqtorSi (VBS) iwereba failuri 

sistemis aRwera: 

• klasteris zoma; 

119 

• FAT-is zoma, tipi da raodenoba. 

ganyofilebebis 

cxrili 

mTavari Camtvir- 

Tavi Canaweri 

tomis Camtvir- 

Tavi seqtori 

failebis 

ganlagebis 

cxrili 

fesvuri 

katalogi 

monacemebis 

veli 

klasteri 

saxeli tipi TariRi zoma maCvenebeli 

nax. 4.17. failuri sistema FAT. 

fesvuri katalogSi (Roor Directory) aRiwereba 

diskze ganTavsebuli failebi: maTi saxelebi, tipebi, 

Seqmnisa da redaqtirebis TariRebi, zomebi, atributebi. 

amas garda fesvuri katalogi Seicavs failebis 

pirveli klasterebis misamarTebs. katalogi 

fesvur katalogSi iseve aRiwereba, rogorc faili. 

failebis ganlagebis cxrilSi iwereba klasterebs 

Soris kavSirebi, romlebSic Cawerilia faili. 

daformatebis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT: 

• iseve rogorc ganyofilebebad dayofisas, daformatebis 

drosac vinCesterze Cawerili monacemebi 

iSleba; 

120

• arsebobs specialuri programuli utilitebi (magaliTad, 

Restore), romlebic daformatebis dros 

waSlili failebis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. 

Tumca aRdgenis 100%-ian garantias arc erTi maTgani 

ar iZleva. 

amitom vinCesteris daformatebamde saWiroa 

monacemebis sarezervo kopireba. 

damisamarTebis meTodebi 

arsebobs ori ZiriTadi meTodi, romelic ATA 

vinCesterebis seqtorebis damisamarTebisTvis gamoiyeneba 

_ CHS (Cylinder Head Sector) da LBA (Logical Block 

Address). 

CHS meTodis safuZveli damgroveblis fizikuri 

struqturaa, xolo LBA meTodi seqtorebis numeraciis 

ufro martivi da logikuri saSualebaa, 

romelic ar aris damokidebuli vinCesteris Siga fizikur 

arqiteqturaze. 

IDE (ATA) vinCesterebSi Tavdapirvelad damisamarTebis 

CHS meTodi gamoiyeneboda. vinCesteris maqsimaluri 

moculoba iyo SezRuduli da 504 mbaits 

Seadgenda. 

SezRudva IDE interfeisis da sistemuri BIOSis 

gansxvavebuli programuli moTxovnebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 

Tavakebis, cilindrebisa da seqtorebis 

damisamarTebisTvis IDE interfeisi da sistemuri 

BIOS Tanrigebis gansxvavebul raodenobas iyenebdnen, 

amitom maTi erTdrouli muSaobisTvis TiToeuli pa- 

121 

rametris maqsimaluri mniSvnelobidan umciresi unda 

SerCeuliyo. 

cxrilSi 4.5. warmodgenilia vinCesteris CHS 

maxasiaTeblebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi BIOS-Si 

da IDE standartSi. 

cxrili 4.5 

vinCesteris CHS maxasiaTeblebi 

vinCesteris IDE (ATA) BIOS 

maxasiaTeblebi Tanrigi raodenoba Tanrigi raodenoba 

cilindrebi 16 65536 10 1024 

seqtorebi 4 16 8 256 

Tavakebi 8 256 6 64 

cxrili 4.5-is mixedviT, vinCesteris maqsimaluri 

moculoba SeiZleba iyos 

V = C ⋅ H ⋅ S ⋅512 

= 1024 ⋅16 

⋅63 

⋅512 

= 504 mbaiti 

vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculobis SezRudvis 

daZleva diskis realuri CHS misamarTebis fiqtiur 

misamarTebSi gadayvaniTaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, 

Tu vinCesteri 1500 cilindrs da 16 Tavaks 

Seicavs, gadaTvlis Sedegad BIOS mas aRiqvams rogorc 

vinCesters 750 cilindriT da 32 TavakiT. 

Tumca SezRudva realurad mxolod ATA-2 

standartis damuSavebis Semdeg moixsna, romelSic 

damisamarTebis CHS meTodis nacvlad gamoyenebuli 

iqna LBA meTodi. 

LBA damisamarTebis realizaciisTvis ori piroba 

unda dakmayofildes: 

122

• kompiuteri aRWurvili unda iyos ATA-2, an ufro 

axali standartis interfeisiT; 

• sistemuri BIOS mxars unda uWerdes minimum ATA-2 

interfeiss. 

LBA meTodis Tanxmad yvela seqtori, dawyebuli 

(0, 0, 1) seqtoridan, romelsac logikuri misamarTi 

0 eniWeba, TanmimdevrobiT inomreba. amrigad. 

CHS misamarTi 28-bitian LBA misamarTad gardaiqmneba. 

am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba 

SeiZleba iyos 

28 

V = 65536 ⋅16 

⋅256 

⋅512 

= 2 = 128 gbaiti. 

Tumca operaciuli sistemisTvis aucilebelia 

seqtorebis gadaTvlili mniSvnelobebi. amitom BIOS 

Tavdapirvelad seqtorebis saerTo raodenobas gansazRvravs, 

xolo Semdeg gadaTvlis maT CHS monacemebad. 

am SemTxvevaSi vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba 

SeiZleba iyos 

V = 1024 ⋅ 256 ⋅63 

⋅512 

= 8, 

4 gbaiti . 

1998 wlis da ufro Tanamedrove sistemur 

BIOS-ebSi moxsnilia vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculobis 

8,4 gbaitiani SezRudva, xolo 2002 wlis da 

ufro Tanamedrove versiebSi _ 128 gbaitiani SezRudvac. 

Tumca 128 gbaitiani SezRudvis moxsnisTvis kompiuteri 

aRWurvili unda iyos ATA-6, an ufro axali 

standartis interfeisiT. 

ATA-6 standarti 48-Tanriga LBA damisamarTebas 

iTvaliswinebs. seqtorebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa 

248 , xolo vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba 

123 

_ 248x512=144 petabaiti. Tumca 128 gbaitze meti 

moculobis vinCesteris SeZenamde unda davrwmundeT, 

rom Sesabamisi vinCesterebis mxardaWera kompiuteris 

sistemur BIOS-sac gaaCnia. 

problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia IDE 

standartis vinCesterebis maqsimaluri moculobis 

SezRudvasTan, aranairad ar exeba SCSI standartis 

vinCesterebs. 

SCSI standarti Tavidanve maRali klasis vin- 

CesterebTan samuSaod iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, amitom 

pirvelive SCSI standarti 232 seqtoris damisamarTebis 

da aqedan gamomdinare, 2 terabaitamde moculobis 

vinCesterebis mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofda. 

Tanamedrove SCSI standartis mixedviT SesaZlebelia 

264 seqtoris damisamarTeba. amrigad, vin- 

Cesteris maqsimaluri moculoba praqtikulad Seuz- 

Rudavia. 

rac Seexeba sistemuri BIOS-is SezRudvas, mas 

SCSI vinCesterebisTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar eni- 

Weba. SCSI vinCesterebis mxardaWera xdeba ara sistemuri 

BIOS-is, aramed SCSI host-adapteris doneze. 

124

4.5. vinCesteris CarTva 

Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi umetesad 

ori IDE host-adapteri _ IDE 1 da IDE2 gamoiyeneba 

(nax. 4.18). 

nax. 4.18. CaSenebuli IDE host-kontrolerebi 

ATA interfeisi paralelur 16-Tanriga saltes 

warmoadgens. host-adapteri da mowyobilobebi specialuri 

40-, an 80-gamtariani kabeli-Sleifis saSualebiT 

4.19) erTdeba. 

me-20 gamomyvani gasaRebis rols asrulebs. igi 

ar iZleva kabelis araswori SeerTebis SesaZleblobas. 

tradiciuli paraleluri ATA interfeisi simartiviT 

da realizaciis dabali RirebulebiT gamoirCeva, 

magram misi Semdgomi ganviTareba rig teqnologiur 

sirTuleebs da Rirebulebis zrdas ukav- 

Sirdeba. amJamad paraleluri ATA interfeisis axali 

standartebi aRar muSavdeba. upiratesoba mimdevrobiT 

SATA interfeiss mieniWa. 

125 

nax. 4.20-ze warmodgenilia sistemuri platis 

fragmenti SATA host-adapterebiT. 

1 2 3 4 

wiTeli (+5v) 

Savi (miwa) 

Savi (miwa) 

yviTeli (+12v) 

kvebis kabeli 

nax. 4.19. ATA vinCesteris SeerTeba 

SATA interfeisSi wamyvani da marTuli (Master/Slave) 

mowyobilobebis cneba ar arsebobs. gasar- 

Tebi mxolod kabelis boloebSia ganTavsebuli. dis- 

126 

gasaRebi, romelic 

gasarTis araswor 

SeerTebas 

gamoricxavs 

IDE gasarTi 

kabelis pirveli 

kontaqtis niSani

kuri mowyobiloba kontrolers viwro, mrgvali da 

drekadi kabeliT uerTdeba, rac mosaxerxebelia SeerTebisTvis 

da kompiuteris ventilacias aumjobesebs. 

SATA kabelis maqsimaluri sigrZe SeiZleba iyos 

araumetes 1 m-sa. nax 4.21-ze warmodgenilia SATA monacemTa 

kabeli. 

nax. 4.20. SATA host-adapterebi 

nax 4.21. SATA monacemTa kabeli 

127 

ramdenadac gamtarebis raodenoba SATA kabel- 

Si bevrad ufro naklebia paralelur ATA kabelTan 

SedarebiT, SesaZlebelia bevrad ufro kompaqturi 

da mosaxerxebeli gasarTebis gamoyeneba. Sedarebis- 

Tvis, nax 4.22-ze, warmodgenilia tradiciuli paraleluri 

ATA da SATA gasarTebi. 

paraleluri ATA-s 


SATA-s kvebis 

gasarTi 

nax. 4.22. SATA da paraleluri ATA gasarTebi 

unda aRvniSnoT, rom SATA interfeisis kvebis 

gasarTi paraleluri ATA interfeisis kvebis gasarTs 

zomiT aRemateba. es dakavSirebulia SATA interfeisSi 

damatebiT +3,3 v Zabvis gamoyenebasTan. 

SATA gasarTebs specialuri gasaRebebi gaaCnia, 

rac SeuZlebels xdis sistemur plataze ganTavsebul 

host-kontrolerTan da diskur mowyobilobeb- 

Tan maT araswor SeerTebas. nax. 4.23-ze warmodgeni- 

128 

paraleluri ATA-s monacemTa 

kabelis gasarTi 

SATA-s monacemTa 

kabelis gasarTi

lia sainformacio da kvebis gasarTis fizikuri SeerTeba 

diskur mowyobilobasTan. 

nax. 4.23. SATA gasarTebis SeerTeba diskur 

mowyobilobasTan 

Tu personaluri kompiteris kvebis bloks SA- 

TA standartis kvebis gasarTi ar gaaCnia, specialuri 

gadamyvani gamoiyeneba (nax. 4.24). 

nax. 4.24. ATA-SATA gadamyvani. 

129 

ramdenadac SATA paraleluri ATA interfeisis 

Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens, momxmarebels, 

specialuri adapterebis gamoyenebiT, ATA-100 da ATA- 

133 vinCesterebis SATA interfeisTan SeerTeba SeuZlia. 

nax. 4.25-ze warmodgenilia erT-erTi aseTi adapteri 

_ HighPoint RocketHead-100. 

nax. 4.25. SATA-adapteri HighPoint RocketHead-100. 

4.6. RAID-masivebi 

bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi procesorebis warmadoba 

yovel 1,5 weliwadSi saSualod 2-jer izrdeba, 

xolo diskebis warmadobis zrdasTan dakav- 

SirebiT suraTi bevrad uaresia. 

procesoris warmadobis gazrdisTvis monacem- 

Ta paraleluri damuSavebis teqnologia gamoiye- 

130

neba. damproeqteblebs didi xania daebadaT azri, 

rom cudi ar iqneboda Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobebsac 

SeZlebodaT paraleluri muSaoba. swored am 

ideebma ganapiroba Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobebis 

axali klasis gamoCena, romelsac RAID ewoda. 

Tavdapirvelad abreviatura RAID iSifreboda 

rogorc Redundant Array of Inexpective Disks (iafi diskebis 

Warbi masivi). Tumca SemdgomSi abreviaturis I simbolom 

Inexpective (iafi) nacvlad Independent (damoukidebeli) 

aRmniSvnelis daniSnuleba miiRo. 

RAID idea ZiriTadad SemdegSi mdgomareobs: kompiuteris 

(Cveulebriv didi serveris) gverdiT yendeba 

diskebis masivi, diskebis kontrolerebis nacvlad 

RAID-kontroleri gamoiyeneba, monacemebi RAIDmasivSi 

kopirdeba da Semdeg Cveulebrivi diskuri 

operaciebi sruldeba. 

operaciuli sistema RAID-masivs rogorc SLED 

(Single Large Expensive Disk) _ erT ZviradRirebul didi 

moculobis disks ganixilavs. amave dros RAID-masivis 

warmadoba da saimedoba SLED-diskis analogiur 

maCveneblebs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba. 

RAID-mowyobilobebis umetesoba SCSI-kontrolers 

Seicavs, romelic marTavs RAID-masivs da SCSIdiskebis 

boqss, romelsac operaciuli diski aRiqvams 

ise, rogorc erTi didi moculobis disks. 

SCSI-sistemis gamoyeneba Semdegi mosazrebebi- 

Taa ganpirobebuli: 

131 

• SCSI-diskebi maRali warmadobiT da arcTu ise ma- 

Rali fasiT gamoirCeva; 

• erT SCSI-kontrolers ramdenime diskis marTva SeuZlia 

(8-Tanriga SCSI-modelebs _ 7 diskis, xolo 

16-Tanriga SCSI-modelebs _ 15 diskis). 

amrigad, RAID-masivis gamoyenebisTvis saWiro 

ar aris raime cvlilebis Setana programul uzrunvelyofaSi, 

rac sistemuri administratorebisTvis 

sakmaod xelsayrelia. 

RAID-sistemebs ramdenime dadebiTi Tviseba gaaCnia: 

• programuli uzrunvelyofa RAID-masivs erTi didi 

moculobis diskis saxis aRiqvams; 

• RAID-masivis diskebze monacemebi iseTnairad nawildeba, 

rom SesaZlebeli iyos paraleluri operaciebis 

Sesruleba. 

amJamad ZiriTadad RAID-masivebis eqvsi done 

gamoiyeneba. termini `done~ tradiciulia, Tumca ar 

aris zusti, radgan doneebs Soris aranair ierarqiul 

struqturas ar aqvs adgili. ufro zusti iqneboda 

termini `saxeoba~, anu ubralod arsebobs RAIDdiskebis 

organizaciis eqvsi sxvadasxva varianti. 

0-vani donis RAID-masivi warmodgenilia nax. 

4.26 a-ze. igi virtualur disks warmoadgens, romelic 

zolebadaa (Strips) dayofili. TiToeuli zoli k 

seqtorisgan Sedgeba. 0-dan k-1-mde seqtorebi ikaveben 

zols 0, k-dan 2k-1-mde seqtorebi zols 1 da a.S. k=1- 

132

Tvis TiToeuli zoli erTi seqtorisgan Sedgeba, 

k=2-Tvis _ ori seqtorisagan da a.S. 

0-vani donis RAID-masivSi zolebi Tanmimdevrulad, 

wriulad iwereba. Caweris mocemul wess diskebze 

monacemebis ganawileba (striping) ewodeba. nax. 

4.26 a-ze warmodgenilia oTxi diskisgan Semdgari 

RAID-masivi. 

magaliTad, Tu programuli uzrunvelyofa iZaxebs 

brZanebas monacemTa blokis wakiTxvisaTvis, romelic 

oTxi Tanmimdevruli zolisgan Sedgeba da 

zolebs Soris sazRvridan iwyeba, RAID-kontroleri 

brZanebas dayofs oTx calkeul brZanebad, romlebic 

calkeuli diskebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli da 

brZanebebs paralelurad asrulebs. amrigad, viRebT 

paraleluri Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobas programuli 

uzrunvelyofis Secvlis gareSe. 

0-vani donis RAID-masivi yvelaze ukeT did 

moTxovnebTan muSaobs _ rac ufro didia moTxovna, 

miT ukeTesi. Tu moTxovnis dakmayofilebisTvis saWiroa 

imaze meti zolis CarTva, vidre RAID-masivSi 

diskebis raodenobaa, zogierTi diski ramdenime moTxovnas 

iRebs. rogorc ki diski pirvel moTxovnas 

asrulebs, meore moTxovnis Sesrulebaze gadadis da 

a.S. kontroleris amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 

moTxovna dayos amocanis Sesabamisad, swori TanmimdevrobiT 

gaagzavnos moTxovnebi Sesabamis diskebze 

da bolos sworad Caweros Sedegebi mexsierebaSi. 

133 

nax. 4.26. RAID-masivebis arqiteqtura 

134

aseTi midgomis dros sistemis warmadoba 

sakmaod maRalia da misi realizacia arcTu ise 

rTulia. 

0-vani donis RAID-masivi yvelaze ufro cudad 

operaciul sistemebTan muSaobs, romlebic dro da 

dro monacemebis mcire porciebs moiTxoven (erT seqtors 

mimarTvaze). am SemTxvevaSi muSaobis Sedegebi, 

rasakvirvelia swori iqneba, Tumca aranair paralelizms 

da, aqedan gamomdinare, warmadobis mxriv aranair 

mogebas adgili ar eqneba. 

0-vani donis RAID-masivis kidev erTi uaryofi- 

Ti mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi saimedoba potenciurad 

SLED-diskTan SedarebiT ufro dabalia. 

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT RAID-masivi, romelic 

oTxi diskisgan Sedgeba da TiToeul diskze 

mtyuneba SeiZleba saSualod yoveli 40 000 sT-is 

Semdeg moxdes. am SemTxvevaSi RAID-masivis mtyuneba 

saSualod yoveli 10000 sT-is Semdeg moxdeba da am 

dros yvela monacemi daikargeba. 

Tu SLED-diskis mtyuneba agreTve saSualod 

yoveli 40 000 sT-is Semdeg xdeba, misi saimedoba 

oTxjer ufro maRalia, radgan igi erT disks warmoadgens. 

ramdenadac 0-vani donis RAID-masivs aranairi 

siWarbe ar gaaCnia, mas àranamdvil~, an `namdvil, 

oRond 0-vani donis~ RAID-masivs uwodeben. 

135 

RAID-masivebis Semdeg nairsaxeobas 1-li donis 

RAID-masivi warmoadgens. igi warmodgenilia nax. 4.26 

b-ze. 0-vani donis RAID-masivisgan gansxvavebiT igi 

`namdvili~ RAID-masivia. mocemul struqturaSi yvela 

diski dublirebulia. amrigad, 4 sawyisi diski da 4 

sarezervo kopio miiReba. 

yoveli Caweris operaciis dros TiToeuli 

zoli orjer iwereba. wakiTvisas ori kopiodan nebismieri 

SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes. imavdroulad SesaZlebelia 

informaciis meti diskidan CatvirTva, 

vidre amas 0-vani donis RAID-masivi iZleva. 

aqedan gamomdinare, Caweris dros 0-vani 1-li 

donis RAID-masivebis warmadoba erTi da igivea, xolo 

wakiTxvis dros 1-li donis RAID-masivis warmadoba 

0-vani donis RAID-masivis warmadobaze ufro 

maRalia (maqsimum 2-jer). 

1-eli donis RAID-masivis kidev erT dadebiT 

Tvisebas misi saukeTeso mtynubamedegoba warmoadgens. 

Tu diskze xdeba mtyuneba, mis nacvlad kopio 

gamoiyeneba. 1-eli donis RAID-masivis aRdgenac Zalian 

martivia. amisTvis unda Seicvalos dazianebuli 

diski da moxdes sarezervo kopiodan masze informaciis 

gadawera. 

0-vani da 1-li donis RAID-masivebisgan gansxvavebiT, 

romlebic seqtorebis zolebTan muSaoben, me-2 

donis RAID-masivi (nax. 4.26 g) sityvebTan da zogjer 

baitebTanac ki muSaobs. warmovidginoT, rom virtu- 

136

aluri diskis yoveli baiti or fragmentad iyofa. 

TiToeuli fragmentis moculoba 4 bitia. amis Semdeg 

yovel maTgans emateba gasworebis hemingis kodi. 

amrigad, 7 bitisgan Semdgari sityva miiReba, romelSic 

1, 2 da 4 bitebi _ luwobis bitebia. amis 

Semdeg warmovidginoT 7 biti hemingis kodiT da 7 

diski _ TiTo biti TiTo diskze. 

aseTi sqemis praqtikuli realizacia SemdegSi 

mdgomareobs: 32-Tanriga monacemis sityvas luwobis 6 

biti (hemingis kodi) emateba. Sedegad 38-Tanriga sityva 

miiReba, romelsac luwobis 39-e biti emateba. mi- 

Rebuli sityva 39 diskze iwereba. saerTo warmadoba 

Zalian maRalia, radgan erTdroulad SesaZlebelia 

monacemTa 32 seqtoris Cawera. diskis dazianebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi problemebi agreTve ar warmoiqmneba, radgan 

erTi diskis dazianeba 39-Tanriga sityvis mxolod 

erTi bitis dakargvas iwvevs. am problemas ki hemingis 

kodi momentalurad asworebs. 

Tumca mocemuli sqema moiTxovs yvela diskis 

sinqronizacias brunvis mixedviT. garda amisa, mis 

gamoyenebas mxolod maSin aqvs azri, rodesac gvaqvs 

diskebis sakmaod didi raodenoba (monacemTa 32 diskisa 

da luwobis bitebis 6 diskis arsebobis Sem- 

TxvevaSi damatebiTi danaxarjebi 19%-s Seadgens). 

amas garda sakmaod didi datvirTva awveba kontrolers, 

radgan igi yoveli bitis gadacemis dros unda 

iTvlides hemingis kods. 

137 

me-3 donis RAID-masivi me-2 donis RAID-masivis 

gamartivebul versias warmoadgens. igi gamosaxulia 

nax. 4.26 d-ze. am SemTxvevaSi monacemTa yovelis sityvisTvis 

luwobis 1 biti gamoiTvleba da luwobis 

diskze iwereba. iseve, rogorc me-2 donis RAID-masivis 

SemTxvevaSi, diskebi zustad unda iyos sinqronizebuli, 

ramdenadac monacemTa yoveli sityva 

ramdenime diskze unda iyos ganawilebuli. 

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom luwobis 

erTi biti Secdomebis mxolod aRmoCenis da 

ara gasworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Tu saubari 

gveqneba nebismier Secdomaze, bunebrivia es dakvirveba 

sworia. Tumca rodesac saubaria diskis mtyunebaze, 

luwobis biti uzrunvelyofs erTi biti Secdomis 

gasworebas, radgan araswori bitis pozicia 

cnobilia. Tu xdeba mtyuneba, kontroleri gascems 

informacias, rom yvela biti nulis tolia. Tu 

sityvaSi Cndeba luwobis Secdoma, im diskis biti, 

romelzedac moxda mtyuneba, unda udrides erTs da 

igi, bunebrivia, swordeba. 

Tumca me-2 da me-3 donis RAID-masivebi monacemTa 

gadacemis Zalian maRal siCqares uzrunvelyofen, 

Setana-gamotanis mowyobilobebidan wamSi 

moTxovnebis ricxvi ar aris meti, vidre erTi diskis 

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. 

me-4 da me-5 donis RAID-masivebi, iseve rogorc 

sawyisi donis RAID-masivebi, muSaoben zolebTan da 

138

ara sityvebTan, romelTac luwobis bitebi gaaCniaT 

da diskebis sinqronizacias ar moiTxoven. 

me-4 donis RAID-masivi (nax. 4.26, e) isevea mowyobili, 

rogorc 0-vani donis RAID-masivi. gansxvaveba 

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom me-4 donis RAID-masivs damatebiTi 

diski gaaCnia, romelzedac luwobis zolebi 

iwereba. 

davuSvaT TiToeuli zoli k baitisgan Sedgeba. 

yvela zoli unda imyofebodes an-ara damokidebulebaSi 

da luwobis zoli am damokidebulebis SemowmebisTvis 

agreTve unda Sedgebodes k baitisgan. Tu 

diskze mtyuneba moxdeba, dakarguli bitebis aRdgena 

SesaZlebelia luwobis diskze Cawerili informaciis 

saSualebiT. 

aseTi gadawyveta danakargebs diskebze Tavidan 

gvacilebs, magram mcire gasworebebis SemTxvevaSi 

warmadobas mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. Tu icvleba 

erTi seqtori, informaciis wakiTxva unda moxdes 

yvela diskidan, raTa luwobis bitebi Tavidan gamoiTvalos 

da moxdes maTi Tavidan Cawera. 

amis naclad SesaZlebelia diskidan wina monacemebis 

da wina luwobis bitebis wakiTxva da maTgan 

luwobis axali bitebis gamoTvla. magram aseTi optimizaciis 

procesis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic ki 

mcire gasworebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa 

ori wakiTxvis da ori Caweris operaciis Sesruleba. 

139 

luwobis diskze monacemebis CatvirTvisas 

aseTi sirTuleebi SeiZleba didi winaRoba iyos ma- 

Rali warmadobis miRwevisTvis. 

es problema gadawyvetilia me-5 donis RAIDmasivSi, 

romelSic luwobis bitebi yvela diskze Tanabradaa 

gadanawilebuli da wriulad iwereba (nax. 

4.26, v). magram diskis mtyunebis SemTxvevaSi masze Cawerili 

informaciis aRdgena sakmaod rTulia, Tumca 

SesaZlebelia. 

140

Tavi 5 

monacemTa optikuri Senaxvis saSualebebi 

informaciis Senaxvis optikur mowyobilobeb- 

Si monacemTa Cawera da wakiTxva mbrunav kompaqtdiskze, 

lazeris sxivis da ara magnituri velis sa- 

SualebiT sruldeba. 

kompiuteruli optikuri teqnologiebis standartebi 

or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: 

• CD (CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW); 

• DVD (DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW). 

personaluri kompiuteris standartul konfiguracias 

CD (Compact Disk) diskuri mowyobiloba miekuTvneba. 

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory) _ mexsiereba 

kompaqt-diskze mxolod wakiTxvisTvis) _ informaciis 

optikur matarebels warmoadgens da mxolod 

monacemTa wakiTxvisTvisaa gankuTvnili. 

Sony da Philips kompaniebma 1980 wels warmoadgines 

musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis pirveli standarti 

_ CD-DA, romlis formatsac Red Book ewoda. mocemuli 

specifikaciiT ganisazRvra xmis Cawera-damuSavebis 

standartebi da diskis diametri _ 120 mm, romelic 

amJamadac standartulia yvela kompaqt-diskis- 

Tvis. 

Sony da Philips kompaniebma gaagrZeles Tanam- 

Sromloba da 1984 wels warmoadgines pirveli CD- 

ROM (specifikacia Yellow Book). standarti iseT kompaqt-diskebTan 

muSaobas iTvaliswinebs, romlebze- 

141 

dac Cawerilia kompiuterul sistemebSi gamoyenebuli 

monacemebi. kompaqt-diskidan SesaZlebelia mxolod 

monacemebis wakiTxva. 

CD-ROM damgrovebeli CD-DA damgroveblisgan 

mxolod eleqtronuli sqemiT gansxvavdeba, romelic 

Secdomebis aRmoCenis da koreqciis damatebiT SesaZleblobebs 

uzrunvelyofs. 


konstruqcia da diskebis damzadebis 

teqnologia 

CD-ROM damgroveblis konstruqcia 

CD-ROM damgrovebeli (nax. 5.1) Semdegnairad 

muSaobs: 

1. naxevargamtaruli lazeri amrekli sarkisken mimarTul 

mcire simZlavris infrawiTel sxivs gamoimuSavebs; 

2. CaSenebuli mikroprocesoridan miwodebuli brZanebebis 

Sesabamisad servoamZravi moZrav urikas, 

romelzedac damontaJebulia amrekli sarke, kompaqt-diskis 

sasurvel bilikze gadaaadgilebs; 

3. diskidan areklili sxivi diskis qveviT arsebuli 

linzis saSualebiT fokusirdeba, sarkidan airekleba 

da gamyof prizmas miewodeba; 

4. gamyofi prizma areklil sxivs meore mafokusirebel 

linzaze mimarTavs; 

142

5. mafokusirebeli linza areklil sxivs fotogadamwodze 

mimarTavs, romelic sinaTlis energias 

eleqtrul impulsebad gardaqmnis; 

6. fotogadamwodis mier gamomuSavebuli signalebi 

CaSenebuli mikroprocesoris mier dekodirdeba 

da kompiuters monacemebis saxiT miewodeba. 

fotogadamwodi 

linzebi 

naxevargamtaruli 

lazeri gamyofi 

prizma 

servoamZravi 

nax. 5.1. CD-ROM damgroveblis struqtura 

CD-ROM matareblebis masiuri warmoeba 

kompaqt-diski polikarbonatuli firfitaa. misi 

diametria 120 mm, xolo sisqe _ 1,2 mm. diskis SuaSi 

aris 15 mm diametris Riobi. Tu kompaqt-disks wakiTxvis 

mxridan (qvevidan) SevxedavT, is saaTis isris 

sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. informacia 

spiralur bilikze iwereba, romelic amaRlebuli 

(pits) da brtyeli (lands) monakveTebisgan Sedgeba. 

lazeruli sxivi, romelic kompaqt-diskidan 

monacemebis wakiTxvisTvis gamoiyeneba, Tavisuflad 

143 

gadis gamWvirvale polikarbonatSi, amitom diskis 

zedapiri amrekli liTonis (Cveulebriv aluminis) 

feniT ifareba. aluminis fena, Tavis mxriv, akrilis 

lakis Txeli damcavi feniT ifareba, romelzedac 

gamosaxuleba daitaneba. 

Tumca kompaqt-diskebis masiuri komerciuli 

warmoeba ara lazeriT amowviT, aramed dapresvis me- 

TodiT xdeba (nax. 5.2). marTalia, minis master-diskze 

monacemebi swored lazeruli sxiviT amoiwveba, magram 

aseTi meTodiT aseulobiT da aTaseulobiT diskis 

damzadeba araekonomiuria. 

fotorezistuli 

fenis datana 

lazeruli Cawera 

master-diskis 

formireba 

eleqtrolituri 

formireba 

master-diskis 

dayofa 

diskis 

daStampva 

moliToneba 

damcavi 

fenis datana 

saboloo 

produqti 

fotorezistuli fena 

mina 

lazeri 

lazeriT damuSavebuli fotorezistuli 

mina fena 

eleqtrolituri formireba 

moliTonebuli fena 

liTonis diski (`mama~) 

minis master-diski 

liTonis matrica (`Svili~) 

gamlRvari polikarbonatuli masa 

liTonis matrica 

plastmasis diskis Camosxmuli fuZeSre 

liTonis matrica 


aluminis amrekli fena 


akrilis lakis damcavi fena 

dabeWdili etiketi 

akrilis lakis damcavi fena 



Rrmulebi da zedapirebi 

lazeri 

nax. 5.2. teqnologiuri procesis sqema 

144

kompaqt-diskebis damzadeba etapobrvad sruldeba: 

1. fotorezistuli fenis dadeba. 240 mm diametris 

da 6 mm sisqis gaprialebuli minis firfita 150 

mikroni sisqis fotorezistis feniT ifareba, ris 

Semdegadac 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, 80 ° C-ze iwveba; 

2. lazeruli Cawera. lazeruli Camweri (Laser Beam 

Recorder _ LBR) lurji, an iasamnisferi Suqis impulsebs 

agzavnis, romlebic minis master-diskis 

fotorezistuli fenis gansazRvrul monakveTebs 

asxivebs da arbilebs; 

3. master-diskis formireba. damuSavebuli minis diski 

natriumis hidrooqsidis xsnariT muSavdeba, 

romelic lazeriT eqsponirebul monakveTebs gaxsnis 

da fotorezistul fenaSi Rrmulebs aformirebs; 

4. eleqtrolituri formireba. master-diski galvanoplastikis 

meTodiT ifareba nikelis SenadnobiT. 

Sedegad liTonis master-diski iqmneba, romelsac 

`mama~ (father) diski ewodeba; 

5. master-diskis dayofa. liTonis matrica minis master-disks 

scildeba da diskebis partiis damzadebisTvis 

SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. liTonis 

master-diskis mocilebis dros minis safuZveli 

xSirad ziandeba, amitom, rogorc wesi, ramdenime 

minis `deda~ (mother) master-disks qmnian; 

6. diskebis Stampva. liTonis muSa matrica samsxmelo 

manqanaSi gamlRvar 18 gram polikarbonatul 

masaSi Rrmulebis da zedapirebis formirebisTvis 

145 

gamoiyeneba. muSa temperatur 350 ° C-ia, dapresvis 

wneva _ 20000 futi/diuimi 2 -ze, diskis damzadebis 

dro _ 3 wm; 

7. moliToneba. amrekli zedapiris misaRebad diskze 

damtvervis meTodiT aluminis Txeli (0,05-0,1 mikroni) 

fena daitaneba; 

8. damcavi zedapiri. aluminis fenis Semdgomi daJangvis 

Tavidan asacileblad moliTonebul diskze 

akrilis lakis Txeli (6-7 mikroni) fena daitaneba, 

romelic ultraiisferi sxivebiT myardeba. 

9. saboloo produqti. trafaretuli beWdvis wesiT 

diskze teqsti, an gamosaxuleba daitaneba, romelic 

ultraiisferi sxivebis zemoqmedebiT Sreba. 

Rrmulebi da zedapirebi 

informaciis wakiTxva diskis liTonuri zedapiridan 

areklili dabali simZlavris lazeruli 

sxivis rxevebis registraciis process warmoadgens. 

lazeri fokusirebul sxivs diskis qveda mxareze 

agzavnis, xolo areklili sxivi mgrZnobiare fotoreceptors 

miewodeba. diskis zedapiridan lazeris 

sxivi airekleba, xolo diskis Rrmulidan lazeruli 

sxivis arekvla ar xdeba. 

diski lazeris da fotoreceptoris (mimRebis) 

qveviT brunavs. lazeri mudmivad asxivebs sinaTles, 

xolo mimRebi aRiqvams Suqis naTebas, romelic 

Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis Tanmimdevrobas asaxavs. 

areklili signalis yovel cvlilebas, romelic 

ganpirobebulia Rrmulis sazRvris gadakveTiT, dam- 

146

groveblis mikroprocesori gardaqmnis bitad, romlis 

mniSvnelobaa `1~, xolo vels, romelic ar Seicavs 

gadasvlebs _ bitad, romlis mniSvnelobaa `0~. 

orobiTi Tanrigebis miRebuli krebuli CD-ROM diskis 

SemTxvevaSi gardaiqmneba monacemebad, xolo CD- 

DA diskis SemTxvevaSi _ xmovan signalebad. 

Rrmulebi diskis bilikebs aformireben. maTi 

siRrmea 0,125 mikroni, xolo sigane _ 0,6 mikroni. 

Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis minimaluri sigrZea 0,9 

mikroni, xolo maqsimaluri _ 3,3 mikroni (nax. 5.3) 

0,6 mkm 

0,9 mkm 

(minimumi) 

1,6 mkm 

Rrmulebi 

3,3 mkm 

(maqsimumi) 

nax. 5.3. kompaqt-diskis bilikis maformirebeli 

Rrmulebisa da zedapirebis geometria 

5.2. kompaqt-diskebis logikuri struqtura 

biliki da seqtorebi 

Rrmulebi aformireben erTaderT spiralur 

biliks xviebs Soris 1,6 mikroni dacilebiT, rac 625 

xvias milimetrze Seesabameba. standartuli 74-wuTiani 

(650 mb) diskis biliki mTlianobaSi 22188 xviisgan 

Sedgeba. diski eqvs ZiriTad velad iyofa. 

147 

zedapirebi 

• diskis fiqsirebis veli. fiqsirebis (dayenebis) 

veli kompaqt-diskis centraluri nawilia. fiqsirebis 

velSi gakeTebulia Riobi, romliTac 

diski damgroveblis amZrav meqanizmze Tavsdeba. 

fiqsirebis veli ar Seicavs raime informacias, 

an monacemebs; 

• simZlavris dakalibrebis veli (PCA). mxolod 

Camwer diskebs (CD-D, CD-RW) gaaCnia. PCA-s saSualebiT 

Camweri diskuri mowyobiloba diskis 

• 

testirebas asrulebs, ris Sedegadac diskis optimaluri 

amowvisTvis saWiro lazeris simZlavres 

gansazRvravs. TiToeuli diskis testireba 

99-jer SeiZleba Sesruldes; 

mexsierebis programirebadi veli (PMA). mxolod 

Camwer diskebs (CD-D, CD-RW) gaaCnia da sarCevis 

droebiTi cxrilis (Table Of Content _ TOC) Caweris- 

Tvis gamoiyeneba. Caweris seansis dasrulebis Semdeg 

nulovan bilikze gadaiwereba; 

• nulovani biliki. masze diskis (an seansis) sar- 

Cevi iwereba, romelic Seicavs monacemebs yvela 

musikaluri, an monacemTa bilikis sawyisi misamarTis 

da sigrZis Sesaxeb. nulovan bilikze agreTve 

iwereba programuli (monacemTa) velis sigrZe, 

informacia Caweris yoveli seansis Sesaxeb. 

kompaqt-diski, romelic Cawerilia mTlianad er- 

Ti seansis ganmavlobaSi (Disk At Once – DAO reJimi), 

mxolod erT nulovan biliks Seicavs, xolo diski, 

romelic Cawerilia ramdenime seansis ganmavlobaSi 

_ ramdenime nulovan biliks, radgan Ca- 

148

• 

weris yoveli seansi nulovani bilikiT iwyeba. 

nulovani bilikis sigrZe 4500 seqtoria (erTi wu- 

Ti, monacemTa 9,2 mbaiti). igi agreTve miuTiTebs, 

aris Tu ara diski mravalsesiuri da diskze 

Semdegi Caweris misamarTs (Tu diskze aris Tavisufali 

adgili); 

programuli (sainformacio) veli. diskis centridan 

25 mm-is daSorebiT iwyeba. programul velSi 

Tavad monacemebi iwereba; 

• damabolovebeli zona. aRniSnavs diskis programuli 

(sainformacio) zonis dasasruls an Caweris 

seansis dasasruls mravalsesiuri Caweris 

dros. damabolovebeli zona ar Seicavs raime 

informacias da mxolod markeris saxiT gamoiyeneba. 

pirveli (erTaderTi damabolovebeli zona, 

Tu diski Cawerilia DAO reJimSi) 6750 seqtors 

(1,5 wuTi, an 13,8 mbaiti) ikavebs. yoveli Semdegi 

damabolovebeli zona (Tu diski Cawerilia mravalsesiur 

reJimSi) 2250 seqtors (0,5 wuTi, an 4,6 

mbaiti) ikavebs. 

diskis fiqsirebis zona, programuli veli, nulovani 

biliki da damabolovebeli zona yvela tipis 

kompaqt-disks gaaCnia. CD-R da CD-RW diskebi damatebiT 

simZlavris dakalibrebis da mexsierebis programirebad 

velsac Seicavs (nax. 5.4). 

cxrilSi 5.1 warmodgenilia 74-wuTiani (650 

mebibaiti) da 80-wuTiani (700 megabaiti) kompaqt-diskebis 

ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebi. 80-wuTiani 

versia 74-wuTianTan SedarebiT xviebis ufro mWidro 

ganlagebiT gamoirCeva. 

149 

centraluri 

Riobi 

25 mm 

23 mm 

22,35 mm 

20,5 mm 

7,5 mm 

diskis 

dasayenebeli 

veli 

veli 

(PCA) 

veli 

(PMA) sawyisi 

(nulovani) 

veli 

nax. 5.4. kompaqt-diskis velebi 

spiraluri biliki dayofilia seqtorebad. 

garbenis siCqare Cawera/wakiTxvis dros Seadgens 75 

seqtori/wm-Si. amrigad diskze, romelzedac Cawerilia 

74 wuTi musikaluri informacia, SeiZleba maqsimum 

333 000 seqtori arsebobdes. TiToeuli seqtori 

98 sainformacio blokad (freimad) iyofa. yoveli 

bloki 33 baits Seicavs, romlidanac 24 baiti 

musikaluri monacemebia, 1 baiti qvekods (samomsaxuro 

kodur informacias) Seicavs, xolo 8 baiti luwobaze 

kontrolisTvis da Secdomebis koreqciis- 

Tvis (ECC) gamoiyeneba. 

150 

60 mm 

58,5 mm 

58 mm 

monacemTa 

veli 

damabolovebeli 

zona

cxrili 5.1 

kompaqt-diskebis ZiriTadi teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi 

kompaqt-diskis sigrZe (wT) 74 * 80 

kompaqt-diskis zoma (mib) 650 700 

wakiTxvis siCqare 1x, m/wm 1,3 1,3 

dacileba xviebs Soris, mikroni 1,6 1,48 

xviebis raodenoba 1 milimetrSi 625 676 

bilikis mTliani sigrZe, metri 5772 6240 

Rrmulis sigane, mikroni 0,6 0,6 

Rrmulis siRrme 0,125 0,125 

Rrmulis minimaluri sigrZe, mikroni 0,9 0,9 

Rrmulis maqsimaluri sigrZe, mikroni 3,31 3,31 

nulovani bilikis Siga radiusi, mm 23 23 

monacemTa velis Siga radiusi, mm 25 25 

monacemTa velis gare radiusi, mm 58 58 

damabolovebeli zonis gare radiusi, mm 58,5 58,5 

monacemTa velis sigane, mm 33 33 

bilikis velis mTliani sigane, mm 35,5 35,5 

brunvis maqsimaluri siCqare 1x, CLV ** , 

br/wT 

brunvis minimaluri siCqare 1x, CLV, 

br/wT 

monacemTa velSi bilikis xviebis 

raodenoba 

151 

540 540 

212 212 

20625 22297 

bilikis xviebis saerTo raodenoba 22188 23986 

* Mib – Mebibite (1 048 576 baiti); 

** CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) – mudmivi wrfivi siCqare. 

diskretizacia 

musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis Caweris dros monacemTa 

diskretizacia 44100 taqti/wm sixSiriT 

sruldeba. xmovani monacemebis TiToeuli amorCeva 

(Sample) marcxena da marjvena arxebis komponents 

(stereo) Seicavs. arxis komponenti 16-Tanriga ricxviT 

warmodgindeba. amrigad, SesaZlebelia 65536 

sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis miReba, romlebic drois 

gansazRvrul momentSi arxis xmovani talRebis 

amplitudas Seesabameba. 

diskretizaciis sixSire xmovani sixSireebis 

diapazons gansazRvravs, romelic cifruli Caweris 

dros SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli. diskretizaciis six- 

Sire rac ufro maRalia, miRebuli Sedegi originalTan 

miT ufro axlosaa. naikvist-kotelnikovis 

Teoriis Tanaxmad, sawyisi signalis zusti aRdgenisTvis 

diskretizaciis sixSire orjer meti unda 

iyos amorCevaSi arsebul yvelaze maRal sixSires- 

Tan SedarebiT. 

adamiani maqsimum 20000 hc sixSiris xmovan signalebs 

aRiqvams. swored amitom Sony da Philips kompaniebma 

musikaluri kompaqt-diskebis CawerisTvis 

daaxloebiT orjer meti _ 44100 hc diskretizaciis 

sixSire gamoiyenes. 

qvekodebi 

qvekodebis baitebi damgroveblis mier spiralur 

bilikze simRerebis, anu xmovani bilikebis 

(Tracks) mosaZebnad da kompaqt-diskis Sesaxeb damatebiTi 

informaciis gadasacemad gamoiyeneba. 

152

yovel seqtorSi qvekodebi 98 baits ikavebs 

(erT freimSi _ erTi qvekodis baiti). 2 baiti gamoiyeneba 

rogorc blokis dasawyisis da dasrulebis 

markeri, xolo danarCeni 96 baiti _ qvekodis monacemebis 

Sesanaxad. es 96 baiti, Tavis mxriv, rva 12baitian 

blokad iyofa, romelTagan TiToeuls P-W 

aRniSvna eniWeba. umetesad qvekodis P da Q blokebi 

gamoiyeneba. 

qvekodis P bloki xmovani bilikis dasawyisis 

identifikaciisTvis gamoiyeneba, xolo Q bloki sxvadasxva 

monacemebs Seicavs: 

• mocemuli seqtori audioa (CD-DA), Tu sainformacio 

(CD-ROM). es monacemi ablokirebs CD-DA 

firsakravze sainformacio diskis gaSvebas, ramac 

SeiZleba akustikuri sistemis dazianeba gamoiwvios. 

• audiomonacemebi orarxiania, Tu oTxarxiani (oTxarxiani 

monacemebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba); 

• nebadarTulia Tu ara cifruli kopireba. es monacemi 

CD-R da CD-RW damgroveblebs ar exeba. igi 

mxolod CD-DA damgroveblebSi gamoiyeneba, sim- 

Rerebis cifrul audiokasataze gadaweris blokirebisTvis; 

• simRerebis Caweris dros gamoyenebuli iqna Tu 

ara damaxinjebebis koreqciis meTodi. es meTodi 

xmaurs da SiSins amcirebs; 

• diskze audiobilikis (simReris) adgilmdebareoba; 

• audiobilikis (simReris) nomeri; 

153 

• mimdinare simReris dasawyisidan gasuli wuTebi, 

wamebi da blokis (freimis) nomeri; 

• audiobilikebis (simRerebis) ukuaTvla; 

• pirveli simReris dasawyisidan gasuli wuTebi, 

wamebi da blokis (freimis) nomeri; 

• kompaqt-diskis Strix-kodi; 

• Canaweris saerTaSoriso standartuli kodi (International 

Standard Recording Code - ISRC). es kodi kompaqt-diskis 

yoveli audiobilikisTvis (simReris- 

Tvis) unikaluria. 

R-W blokebi gamoiyeneba specializirebul, magaliTad 

CD-G diskebSi, romlebSic audiofailebTan 

erTad SezRuduli moculobis teqsturi da grafikuli 

informaciac iwereba. 

Secdomebis gasworeba 

Red-Book standartis damuSavebis dros gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba Secdomebis gasworebas mieqca. 

am mizniT luwobaze kontroli da rid-solomonis 

kodebi (CIRC) gamoiyeneba. 

Secdomebis gasworebis teqnologia blokebis 

(freimebis) doneze muSaobs. informaciis Senaxvis 

dros monacemebis 24 baiti rid-solomonis SifratoriT 

muSavdeba, ris Sedegad luwobaze kontrolis 4baitiani 

Q-kodi iqmneba. miRebuli 28-baitiani ricxvi 

meore Sifrators gadaecema, romelic qmnis damatebiT, 

4-baitian luwobaze kontrolis P-kods (kontrolis 

P da Q kodebi aranair kavSirSi ar aris P 

da Q qvekodebTan). amrigad, miiReba 32-baitiani ric- 

154

xvi (24 sawyisi baiti da luwobaze kontrolis baitebi), 

romelsac qvekodis baiti (informacia bilikis 

Sesaxeb) emateba. sabolood yoveli blokisTvis 

33-baitiani ricxvi miiReba. 

nafxaWnebis da fizikuri dazianebis gavlenis 

minimizaciisTvis, romlebic, rogorc wesi, mezobel 

blokebs azianebs, blokebSi Cawera araTanmimdevrulad, 

109 blokis gamotovebiT sruldeba. es blokebi 

ara TanmimdevrobiT, aramed sxvadasxva seqtorebSi 

aris ganTavsebuli, rac TanmimdevrobiT wasakiTx monacemebze 

nafxaWnebis da fizikuri dazianebebis gavlenas 

amcirebs. 

CIRC-teqnologia rogorc audio, aseve CD- 

ROM-diskebis Caweris dros gamoiyeneba da 3784 biti 

(2,6 mm) Secdomis gasworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. 

musikalur kompaqt-diskebSi damatebiT interpolaciis 

meTodic gamoiyeneba, romelic 13282 biti 

(8,9 mm) Secdomis gasworebis saSualebas iZleva. interpolacia 

monacemebis miaxloebiTi gamoTvlis da 

gasaSualoebis meTodiT aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. 

musikaluri firsakravi kompaqt-diskze Caweril cifrul 

informacias analogur signalebad gardaqmnis, 

romelic stereogamaZliereblis mier muSavdeba. am 

dros msmenelma mcire xarvezi SeiZleba verc ki SeamCnios. 

interpolaciis meTodi CD-ROM-diskebSi ar gamoiyeneba, 

radgan CD-ROM-diskidan monacemTa araswori 

wakiTxva dauSvebelia. amitom, CD-DA diskebisgan 

gansxvavebiT, CD-ROM-diskebi ZiriTad monace- 

155 

mebTan erTad didi moculobis damatebiT ECC (Secdomebis 

koreqciis kodi) informacias Seicavs. 

diskze monacemTa kodireba 

98 blokis erT seqtorad gaerTianebis Semdeg 

iwyeba informaciis kodirebis procesi _ EFM (Eightto-fourteen 

Modulation) modulacia. monacemTa yoveli 

baiti (8 biti) 14-Tanriga kodad gardaiqmneba. kodi 

iseTnairadaa damuSavebuli, rom ricxvi ar SeiZleba 

zedized Seicavdes 2-ze nakleb da 10-ze met 0-s. 

kodirebis mocemul wess, Caweris velis Sez- 

Ruduli sigrZiT (RLL – Run Length Limited), ewodeba RLL 

2,10 (zogadad RLL x,y, sadac x _ nulovani bitebis 

velis minimaluri, xolo y _ maqsimaluri sigrZea). 

cxrilSi 5.2 warmodgenilia N da O simboloebis 

warmodgena kompaqt-diskze Caweris win, xolo 

nax. 5.5-ze _ kompaqt-diskze Caweris Semdeg. 

RLL 2,10 kodirebis magaliTi 

simbolo N O 

156 

cxrili 5.2 

orobiTi ASCII kodi 01001110 01001111 

RLL kodi 00010001000100 00100001000100 

gamaerTianebeli 

bitebi 

nax. 5.5. monacemebis EFM-kodireba kompaqt-diskze



monacemebis gadacemis siCqare 

monacemebis gadacemis siCqare (DTR) _ maqsimaluri 

siCqarea, romliTac monacemebi diskidan kompiuteris 

operatiul mexsierebaSi gadaigzavneba. monacemebis 

gadacemis siCqare CD-ROM-ebis umniSvnelovanesi 

maxasiaTebelia, romlis miTiTebac yovelTvis 

xdeba damgroveblis modelTan erTad. monacemTa gadacemis 

siCqare uSualodaa dakavSirebuli diskis 

brunvis siCqaresTan. 

pirveli CD-ROM-ebi, iseve rogorc audio kompaqt-diskebis 

firsakravebi, monacemebs 150 kbaiti/wm 

siCqariT gadascemdnen. CD-ROM-ebis Semdegi TaobebisTvis 

monacemTa gadacemis siCqare am ricxvis jeradia 

(150 kbaiti/wm). magaliTad, CD-ROM 50x aRniSnavs, 

rom gadacemis maqsimaluri siCqarea 7500 kbaiti/wm. 

cxrilSi 5.3 warmodgenilia CD-ROM-ebis monacemTa 

gadacemis siCqaris damokidebuleba jeradobaze. 

N-jeradi siCqaris CD-ROM-ebisTvis monacemebis 

gadacemis siCqare damokidebulia diskze Cawerili 

monacemebis tipze. Tu informaciis wakiTxva audio 

kompaqt-diskidan sruldeba, monacemTa gadacemis 

siCqare 150 kbaiti/wm-Si iqneba (Normal Speed). Tu monacemebis 

failebi ikiTxeba, maTi gadacemis siCqare 

SeiZleba iyos 300, 450, 600 da a.S. kbaiti/wm-Si, rac 

damokidebulia CD-ROM-is maqsimalur siCqareze. 

157 

cxrili 5.3 

CD-ROM-ebis monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris damokidebuleba 

amZravis muSaobis siCqaris jeradobaze 

CD-ROM jeradoba monacemTa gadacemis 

siCqare, kbaiti/wm 

1x 150 

2x 300 

8x 1200 

16x 2400 

24x 3600 

32x 4800 

36x 5400 

40x 6000 

50x 7500 

60x 9000 

pirveli CD-diskuri mowyobiloba audiofirsakravs 

warmoadgenda, romlisTvisac umTavresia monacemTa 

mudmivi siCqariT gadacema. amitom CD-ROMisTvis, 

vinCesterisgan gansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovania 

ara diskis brunvis kuTxuri siCqare, aramed wamkiTxavi 

meqanizmis mimarT diskis pitebis gadaadgilebis 

wrfivi siCqare. 

swored amitom CD-ROM-ebSi Tavdapirvelad informaciis 

mudmivi wrfivi siCqariT (Constant Linear Velocity, 

CLV) wakiTxvis meTodi gamoiyeneboda. am Sem- 

TxvevaSi diskis brunvis siCqare cvladia da damokidebulia 

diskze informaciis adgilmdebareobaze 

(brunvis siCqare mcirdeba diskis centridan kidis 

mimarTulebiT). 

158

Tumca 2400 kbaiti/wm-Si (16x) da ufro maRal 

siCqareebze monacemebis gadacemisas CLV meTodis gamoyeneba 

seriozul teqnikur problemebs awydeba. 

brunvis siCqaris xSiri cvla diskis maRali kuTxuri 

siCqariT brunvis dros rTuldeba. amitom CD- 

ROM-ebis Tanamedrove modelebSi diskis nawilobriv 

mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT brunvis meTodi (Partial 

Constant Angular Velocity, PCAV) gamoiyeneba. PCAV meTodi 

(zogjer CLV-CAV termini gamoiyeneba) centridan kidis 

mimarTulebiT diskis zonebad dayofas gulisxmobs. 

monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris sapasporto 

mniSvneloba mxolod diskis kideebSi arsebuli seqtorebidan 

informaciis wakiTxvis dros miiRweva, 

xolo centrTan axlos mdebare seqtorebidan monacemTa 

gadacemis siCqare TiTqmis orjer ufro dabalia. 

miRwevis saSualo dro 

miRwevis saSualo dro (Access Time, AT) aris is 

dro, romelic damgrovebels diskze saWiro monacemebis 

moZebnisTvis sWirdeba. 

miRwevis dro SedarebiT mcirea diskis Siga 

seqtorebidan monacemebis wakiTxvis dros da diskis 

gare seqtorebisTvis TandaTanobiT izrdeba. amitom 

damgroveblis sapasporto monacemebSi miRwevis saSualo 

dro mieTiTeba, romelic diskis SemTxveviT ar- 

Ceuli seqtorebidan monacemebis wakiTxvis saSualo 

droiT ganisazRvreba. 

159 

CD-ROM-ebis srulyofasTan erTad miRwevis sa- 

Sualo droc mcirdeba, magram es parametri vin- 

Cesteris analogiur parametrs (100-200 mwm CD-ROMisTvis 

da 8-12 mwm vinCesterisTvis) mainc mniSvnelovnad 

Camouvardeba. aseTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba 

ganpirobebulia maTi konstruqciebis principialuri 

gansxvavebiT: vinCesterSi ramdenime magnituri Tavaki 

gamoiyeneba, romelTa gadaadgilebis diapazonic SedarebiT 

mcirea CD-ROM-is amZravis erTaderT optikur 

TavakTan SedarebiT. 

cxrilSi 5.4. warmodgenilia sxvadasxva CD- 

ROM-ebis amZravebis miRwevis saSualo dro. 

cxrili 5.4 

CD-ROM-ebis amZravebis miRwevis saSualo dro 

amZravis siCqaris jeradoba miRwevis saSualo dro, mwm 

1x 400 

2x 300 

3x 200 

4x-6x 150 

8x-20x 100 

24x-34x 80 

36-60x 75 

160

5.4. kompaqt-diskebis formatebi 

Red book - CD-DA 

standarti Red book 1980 wels, Sony da Philips kompaniebis 

mier gamoqveynda da kompaqt-diskebis yvela 

Semdegi specifikaciis safuZvels warmoadgens. standarti 

Red book diskis geometriul zomebs, audioparametrebs, 

diskis struqturas, optikur maxasiaTeblebs, 

modulaciis da Secdomebis gasworebis 

sistemebs gansazRvravs. 

Red book standartis safuZvelze musikaluri 

CD-DA kompaqt-diskebi damuSavda. Red book standartis 

bolo redaqcia 1999 wels gamoqveynda. 

Yellow book – CR-ROM 

standarti Yellow book warmodgenili iqna Sony da 

Philips kompaniebis mier 1983 wels, xolo 1989 wels 

gaformda, rogorc saerTaSoriso standarti CD- 

ROM. am standartis mixedviT SenarCunda Red book 

standartiT gansazRvruli diskis geometriuli parametrebi 

da daemata Secdomebis koreqciis damatebiTi 

SesaZleblobebi, ramac cifruli monacemebis 

saimedo Senaxva gaxada SesaZlebeli. Semotanili iqna 

agreTve damatebiTi sinqronizacia da saTauri informacia, 

ramac seqtorebis adgilmdebareobis ufro 

zusti gansazRvra gaxada SesaZlebeli. 

Yellow book standartiT seqtorebis dayofis ori 

reJimi ganisazRvreba: Mode 1, romlis drosac seqtori 

Secdomebis koreqciis sqemas Seicavs da Mode 2, 

161 

rodesac seqtori Secdomebis koreqciis sqemas ar 

Seicavs. 

arsebobs informaciis garkveuli tipi, romlisTvisac 

savsebiT dauSvebelia Secdomebi, magali- 

Tad kompiuteruli failebi. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia 

Secdomebis aRmoCenisa da gasworebis aparatis 

gamoyeneba. Tumca amasTan erTad arsebobs monacemebis 

sxva tipebic, magaliTad videogamosaxulebebi da 

xmovani failebi, romelTa wakiTxvisas Secdomebis 

garkveuli raodenoba dasaSvebia. 

Secdomebis koreqciis armqone reJimSi Caweris 

dros diskis ufro did moculoba eTmoba samomxmareblo 

failebs, magram gamousworebeli Secdomebis 

gamoCenis albaTobac izrdeba. 

Green book - CD-i 

standarti Green book Sony da Philips kompaniebis 

mier 1986 wels iqna warmodgenili. Green book aramarto 

diskis formatia, aramed sruli interaqtiuli 

sistemis specifikaciaa, romelic televizorTan SesaerTebel 

firsakravs, audio da videogamosaxulebis 

realur droSi SemaTanxmebel programul uzrunvelyofas, 

matareblebs da formatebs Seicavs. 

CD-i firsakravi faqtiurad calke kompiuteria. igi 

damuSavebulia Motorola 6800 procesoris bazaze da 

Microware OS/9 Real Time operaciul sistemaSi muSaobs. 

CD-i kompaqt-diskebze iwereba saswavlo, saTamaSo 

programebi, enciklopediebi, musikaluri Canawerebi, 

kinofilmebi da a.S. 

162

personaluri kompiuteri CD-i kompaqt-diskebs 

ver kiTxulobs. Tumca damuSavebulia specialuri 

draiverebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac kompiuters CD-i 

failebis wakiTxva SeuZlia. 

amJamad CD-i standarti moZvelebulia. 

CD-ROM XA 

standarti CD-ROM-XA gamoqveynebuli iqna Sony, 

Philips da Microsoft kompaniebis mier 1989 wels. CD-XA 

warmoadgens Yellow book standartis damatebas. 

CD-ROM XA standartis mixedviT Yellow book 

standarts Green book standartiT gansazRvruli sami 

funqcia daemata: 

• audio da videomonacemebis monacvleoba; 

• Mode 2 seqtorebis gansazRvris gafarToeba; 

• audiomonacemebis SekumSvis standarti _ ADPCM. 

fragmentebis monacvleoba 

CD-ROM XA standartis damgroveblebi monacvleobiT 

(interleaving) meTods iyeneben. XA standartis 

mixedviT Caweril diskebSi TanmimdevrobiTaa ganlagebuli 

iseTi fragmentebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli 

bunebis informacias Seicavs. yoveli fragmentis dasawyisSi 

specialuri kodi iwereba, romlis mixedviTac 

damgrovebeli gansazRvravs, Tu monacemebis 

romeli tipia (audio, teqsturi, grafikuli) Cawerili 

mimdinare seqtorSi. fragmentebis Tanmimdevroba 

SeiZleba nebismieri iyos. 

163 

miuxedavad imisa, rom monacemebi sxvadasxva 

seqtorebidan araerTdroulad ikiTxeba, momxmarebels 

isini sinqronulad miewodeba, rogorc kompaqtdiskis 

avtorebis mier aris gansazRvruli. 

seqtorebis reJimebi da formebi 

reJimi 1 (Mode 1) Yellow book standartis seqtoris 

formatia. seqtori ECC da EDC kodebs Seicavs, 

rac sistemis uSecdomo muSaobas uzrunvelyofs. 

cxrilSi 5.5 warmodgenilia Mode 1 seqtoris formati. 

Mode 1 seqtoris formati 

164 

cxrili 5.5 

luwobaze kontrolis baitebi Q da P 784 

qvekodis baitebi 98 

sinqronizaciis baitebi 12 

saTauris baitebi 4 

monacemTa baitebi 2048 

EDC baitebi 4 

carieli baitebi 8 

ECC baitebi 276 

baitebis saerTo raodenoba seqtorSi 3234 

originaluri Yellow book standartis mixedviT 

reJimi 2 (Mode 2) seqtorSi Secdomebis koreqciis 

EDC da EDC kodebis arsebobas ar iTvaliswinebs, 

xolo erT audio, an sainformacio kompaqt-diskze 

Mode 1 da Mode 2 reJimebis monacvleobiTi gamoyeneba 

SeuZlebelia.

Green book standartiT gansazRvrulia sxvadasxva 

tipis monacemebis erT diskze Caweris SesaZlebloba. 

am mizniT seqtoris formatSi damatebiTi 

qvejgufebi (qvesaTauris baitebi) Seitaneba, romlebic 

SemdgomSi CD-ROM XA standartSic iqna Setanili. 

amrigad, erT diskze SeiZleba Cawerili iqnas 

rogorc programebi da samomsaxuro monacemebi, romlebSic 

dauSvebelia Secdoma, aseve audio da videomonacemebi, 

romelTaTvisac Secdomebis garkveuli 

raodenoba daSvebulia. 

amitom Mode 2 meTodiT seqtorebis Caweris 

ori forma arsebobs _ Form 1 (cxrili 5.6) da Form 2 

(cxrili 5.7). 

cxrili 5.6 

Mode 2 Form 1 meTodiT Cawerili seqtori 





qvesaTauris baitebi 8 


EDC baitebi 4 

ECC baitebi 276 


Form 2 Secdomebis koreqciis kodebs ar Seicavs, 

amitom am formaSi iwereba audio da videomonacemebi. 

Secdomebis koreqciis kodebis mocilebis 

165 

Sedegad izrdeba seqtorSi Cawerili sasargeblo monacemebis 

moculoba da monacemebis gadacemis siCqare. 

cxrili 5.7 

Mode 2 Form 2 meTodiT Cawerili seqtori 








Orange Book 

standarti Orange Book warmodgenili iqna Sony 

da Philips kompaniebis mier 1989 wels. Orange Book sami 

nawilisgan Sedgeba. I nawilSi CD-MO (magnitur-optikuri) 

formati aRiwereba, romlis praqtikuli realizacia 

ar momxdara, II nawilSi _ CD-R, xolo III 

nawilSi _ CD-RW teqnologia aRiwereba. 

CD-R standartis aRweriloba dayofilia or 

tomad. I tomSi Caweris 1x, 2x, 4x siCqareebi, xolo II 

tomSi, romelic 1998 wels gamoqveynda _ Caweris 8x 

da 16x siCqareebi ganisazRvra. 

Orange Book specifikaciiT gansazRvruli CD-R 

standarti warmoadgens formats erTjeradi CaweriT 

da mravaljeradi wakiTxviT (Write once Read Mostly, 

WORM). Cawerili diski Red Book da Yellow Book stan- 

166

dartebis SeTavsebadia, anu CD-DA da CD-ROM damgroveblebis 

mier ikiTxeba. 

Orange Book standartis III nawilSi aRwerilia 

CD-RW teqnologia, romlis mixedviTac diskze SesaZlebelia 

monacemebis waSla da axli monacemebis 

Cawera. I tomSi ganisazRvra Caweris 1x, 2x, 4x siCqareebi, 

xolo II tomSi, romelic 1998 wels gamoqveynda 

_ Caweris 4x-10x siCqareebi ganisazRvra. 

Orange Book specifikaciis mixedviT kompaqtdiskze 

SesaZlebelia mravalsesiuri Canaweris gake- 

Teba. 

mravalsesiuri Cawera 

Orange Book specifikaciis Seqmnamde kompaqtdiskebi 

mxolod erT sesiad iwereboda. sesia (session) 

nulovan biliks warmoadgens, romelsac erTi, an 

ramdenime sainformacio biliki moyveba. nulovani biliki 

diskze 4500 seqtors (1 wuTi, an 9,2 mbaiti moculobis 

monacemebi) adgils ikavebs. nulovan bilikze 

Cawerili monacemebi aCvenebs, aris Tu ara diski 

mravalsesiuri da diskze Semdegi Caweris misamarTs 

gansazRvravs. pirveli (an erTaderTi, Tu diski erTsesiuria, 

anu Cawerilia Disk-At-Once reJimSi) damabolovebeli 

zona 6750 seqtors (1,5 wuTi, an 13,8 mbaiti 

moculobis monacemebi) ikavebs. 

mravalsesiuri kompaqt-diski ramdenime sesias 

Seicavs. TiToeul sesias sakuTari nulovani biliki 

da damabolovebeli zona gaaCnia. nulovani bilikis 

da damabolovebeli zonis arseboba TiToeuli sesi- 

167 

isTvis aucilebelia, rac diskis sainformacio moculobas 

amcirebs. magaliTad, 48 sesia momxmareblis 

monacemebis Caweris gareSec ki TiTqmis mTlianad 

avsebs 74-wuTian kompaqt-disks. 

Orange Book specifikaciis mixedviT Caweris sami 

ZiriTadi meTodi ganisazRvreba: 

• Disk-At-Once (DAO); 

• Track-At-Once (TAO); 

• paketuri Cawera. 

Disk-At-Once 

Disk-At-Once kompaqt-diskebze Caweris erTsesiuri 

meTodia. am dros nulovani biliki, monacemTa 

bilikebi da damabolovebeli zona erTi operaciis 

ganmavlobaSi, lazeris gamorTvis gareSe Caiwereba. 

diskze cvlilebebis Setana SemdgomSi SeuZlebelia. 

Track-At-Once 

mravalsesiuri diskebis CawerisTvis Cveulebriv 

Track-At-Once, an paketuri meTodi gamoiyeneba. 

Track-At-Once meTodiT Cawerisas sesiis yoveli 

biliki cal-calke Caiwereba (lazeri gamoirTveba da 

CairTveba), ris Semdegac sesia ixureba. sesiaSi damatebiTi 

bilikebis Semdgomi Cawera SeuZlebelia. 

diskis daxurvis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba axali 

sesiebis damatebac. 

Track-At-Once meTodiT Cawerili bilikebi, rogorc 

wesi, 2 wm-iani intervalebiT gamoiyofa. yoveli 

Cawerili biliki 150 samomsaxuro seqtors Seicavs, 

168

omlebic SesvlisTvis, gamosvlisTvis, intervalis 

SeqmnisTvis da kavSirisTvis gamoiyeneba. 

paketuri Cawera 

paketuri meTodi erT bilikze ramdenime Canaweris 

gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva, rac diskuri 

sivrcis araracionalur gamoyenebas amcirebs. yovel 

paketSi oTxi seqtori SesvlisTvis gamoiyeneba, ori 

_ gamosvlisTvis, xolo erTi _ dakavSirebisTvis. 

paketis sigrZe SeiZleba iyos cvladi, an fiqsirebuli, 

Tumca rogorc damgroveblebis, aseve paketuri 

Caweris programebis umetesoba fiqsirebul sigrZes 

iyenebs, rac paketebis damuSavebas amartivebs. 

paketebis Caweris dros umetesad UDF (Universal 

Disk Format) failuri sistema gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi 

failebis waSla-Cawera iseve xdeba, rogorc 

drekad diskze. process marTavs paketuri Caweris 

programa da failuri sistema UDF. 

samwuxarod Tanamedrove operaciul sistemebs 

paketuri meTodis da UDF failuri sistemis mxardaWera 

ar gaaCnia. amitom Caweris paketuri reJimis 

realizaciisTvis kompiuterSi saWiroa specialuri 

draiveris da gamoyenebiTi programis (magaliTad, 

DirectCD) dayeneba. 

Photo CD 

standarti Photo CD 1992 wels gamoqveynda. fotofiri 

kompania Kodak-is warmomadgenlobaSi igzavneba. 

suraTi skanirdeba da kompiuterulad muSavde- 

169 

ba. feradi suraTi sakamaod maRalxarisxiania da SeiZleba 

15-20 mbaiti moculoba gaaCndes. 

amis Semdeg suraTi kompaqt-diskze iwereba. Cawera 

Orange book specifikaciis mravalsesiuri Caweris 

meTodiT sruldeba. ramdenadac monacemebi diskze 

CD-ROM XA standartSi Mode 2, Form 2 meTodiT iwereba, 

kompaqt-diskze meti moculobis monacemebis Caweraa 

SesaZlebeli. 

Photo CD programuli uzrunvelyofa fotografiis 

sxvadasxva gadawyvetunarianobiT daTvalierebis 

da standartuli grafikuli programebiT (magaliTad, 

Photoshop) damuSavebis saSualebas iZleva. 

White Book – Video CD 

standarti Video CD 1993 wels, Philips, JVC, Matsushita 

da Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. Video CD 

Green Book da CD-ROM XA standartebis safuZvelze 

Seiqmna. videomonacemebi MPEG-1, xolo cifruli 

audiomonacemebi _ ADPCM formatSi inaxeba. informaciis 

sruli moculoba 74 wuTamdea. 

Video CD diskebi Windows Media Player programis 

saSualebiT ikiTxeba. 

Super Video CD 

Super Video CD specifikacia 1999 wels gamoqveynda. 

igi White Book standartis gafarToebul variants 

warmoadgens. Super Video CD specifikaciaSi SekumSvis 

MPEG-2 standarti, ekranis NTSC 480x480 da 

PAL 480x576 gadawyvetunarianoba gamoiyeneba. 

170

Blue Book – CD EXTRA 

specifikacia Blue Book – CD EXTRA 1995 wels, 

Philips da Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. Blue Book 

specifikaciis mixedviT kompaqt-diskebSi audio da 

sainformacio bilikebis gancalkevebisTvis mravalsesiuri 

teqnologia gamoiyeneba. diskis audio nawili 

Sedgeba 98 Red Book standartis bilikisgan, xolo 

monacemTa nawili CD XA, Mode 2 reJimSi iwereba. 

audio kompaqt-diskebis standartuli firsakravi 

erTsesiuria da amitom mxolod audio sesias 

kiTxulobs, xolo personalur kompiuteris CD-ROM 

kiTxulobs rogorc audio, aseve monacemTa sesiasac. 

Purple Book 

specifikacia Purple Book 2000 wels, Philips da 

Sony kompaniebis mier gamoqveynda. standarti Purple 

Book gansazRvravs damgroveblebs ormagi simWidroviT 

_ CD-ROM (DD-ROM) CD-R (DD-R), CD-RW (DD-RW). 

DD-RW damgrovebeli wakiTxva/Caweris operaciebs 

standartul CD-ROM, CD-R da CD-RW diskebze 

asrulebs, Tumca Cawera xdeba ormagi simWidroviT, 

ris Sedegadac diskis tevadoba 1,3 gbaits aRwevs. 

DD damgroveblebi mxars uWeren saavtoro uflebebis 

cifrul dacvas _ musikaluri kompaqt-diskidan 

kopirebis blokirebas. 

cxrilSi 5.8 warmodgenilia Purple Book/DD-ROM 

standartSi, Mode2, Form2 meTodiT Cawerili seqtoris 

struqtura. 

171 

cxrili 5.8 

Purple Book/DD-ROM standartSi, Mode2, Form2 

meTodiT Cawerili seqtori 







EDC baitebi 4 


miuxedavad ormagi moculobisa, DD damgroveblebma 

farTo gamoyeneba ver hpoves, rac DVD damgroveblebis 

farTo gavrcelebiTaa ganpirobebuli. 

5.5. kompaqt-diskebis failuri sistemebi 

Yellow Book da Semdegi specifikaciebi mxolod 

monacemTa seqtorebis struqturas aRweren. isini saerTod 

ar exebian failur sistemas da monacemTa 

formatebs, romelTa wakiTxvac sxvadasxva operaciul 

sistemebSi unda Sesruldes. amitom sxvadasxva 

mwarmoeblebis mier gamoSvebuli pirveli CD-ROM 

diskebis wasakiTxad Sesabamisi programuli uzrunvelyofis 

instalacia iyo aucilebeli. 

personaluri kompiuterebis aparaturuli da 

programuli uzrunvelyofis mwarmoeblebi CD-ROM 

diskebis failuri formatis standartizaciiT iyvnen 

172

dainteresebulni, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida iseTi 

kompaqt-diskebis warmoebas, romlebic waikiTxeboda 

yvela sistemis mier, specialuri draiverebis damu- 

Savebis gareSe. 

1986 wels ramdenime kompaniis SeTanxmebuli 

muSaobis Sedegad damuSavda pirveli standartuli 

failuri sistema High Sierra, romelmac uzrunvelyo 

CD-ROM diskebis Tavsebadoba faqtiurad yvela damgrovebelTan. 

kompaqt-diskebSi 

sistema gamoiyeneba: 

amJamad ramdenime failuri 

• High Sierra; 

• ISO 9660 (High Sierra-s bazaze); 

• Joliet; 

• UDF (Universal Disk Format); 

• Mac HFS (Hierarchical File System); 

• Rock Ridge; 

• Mount Ranier. 

High Sierra 

High Sierra formatis diskebTan muSaobas operaciul 

sistemaSi CaSenebuli draiveri (Cveulebriv 

Mscdex.exe) uzrunvelyofs. es draiveri ATAPI aparaturuli 

uzrunvelyofis draiverTan urTierTqmedebs. 

ISO 9660 

standarti ISO 9660 damuSavda High Sierra formatis 

safuZvelze, 1988 wels. 

173 

ISO 9660 nawilobriv gansxvavdeba High Sierra 

formatisgan, Tumca misi draiverebi High Sierra formatis 

diskebsac uproblemod kiTxulobs. ISO 9660 

standarts sami done gaaCnia. 

ISO 9660 standartis I done failuri sistemebis 

gamaerTianebeli formatia, romelic faqtiurad 

yvela kompiuterul platformas uTavsdeba 

(maT Soris UNIX-s da Macintosh-s). failur sistemas 

ramdenime uaryofiTi Tviseba gaaCnia: 

• failebis saxeli SeiZleba Seicavdes mxolod 

• 

did simboloebs (A-Z), cifrebs (0-9) da xazgasmis 

`_~ simbolos; 

failis saxelSi da gafarToebaSi simboloebis 

maqsimaluri raodenobaa 8.3 (Ms-Dos-is SezRudvis 

safuZvelze); 

• katalogis saxelis maqsimaluri sigrZe 8 simboloa 

(gafarToeba ar aris nebadarTuli); 

• daSvebulia ara umetes 8 qvekatalogisa; 

• failis saxeli unda iyos uwyveti. 

II done I donisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom failis 

saxelis da gafarToebis saerTo sigrZe SeiZleba 

30 simbolos Seadgendes (`.~ gamyofis gareSe), 

xolo III donis mixedviT nebadarTulia failebis 

wyvetili saxelebi. 

ISO 9660 standartis Tanaxmad kompaqt-diskis 

sivrce sam nawilad iyofa: 

• Semavali veli (Lead in), romelSic moTavsebulia 

saTauri (Volume Table Of Contents, VTOC), Canawerebis 

174

misamarTebi, bilikebis raodenoba da Canaweris 

saerTo dro (moculoba); 

• monacemTa veli; 

• gamosvlis veli (Lead Out). masSi specialuri Wde 

Tavsdeba, romelic Canaweris dasasruls aRniSnavs. 

Joliet 

Joliet warmoadgens ISO 9660 standartis gafar- 

Toebas. damuSavebulia Microsoft-is mier Widows 95 da 

ufro Tanamedrove operaciuli sistemebSi gamoyenebisTvis. 

kompaqt-diskze Cawerisas failuri formati 

Joliet failebis 64 simbolomde sigrZis saxelebis 

gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. im programebisTvis, 

romelTac failebis grZeli saxelebis mxardaWera 

ar gaaCniaT, standartiT gaTvaliswinebulia 8.3 formatis 

fsevdosaxelebad gardaqmna. 

Joliet standartis ZiriTadi Tvisebebia: 

• failebisa da katalogebis saxelebis sigrZe SeiZleba 

maqsimum 64 simbolos Seicavdes; 

• katalogis saxeli SeiZleba gafarToebasac Seicavdes; 

• qvekatalogebis raodenoba SeuzRudavia; 

• mravalsesiuri Caweris mxardaWera. 

Tu operaciul sistemas (magaliTad Ms-Dos-is 

Zvel versias) Joilet standartis mxardaWera ar gaaCnia, 

failebi wakiTxvisas ISO 9660 standartis mixedviT 

(mokle saxelebiT) interpretirdeba. 

175 

universaluri diskuri formati (UDF) 

UDF (Universal Disk Format) SedarebiT axali failuri 

sistemaa, romelic miRebuli iqna samrewvelo 

standartis saxiT CD da DVD mowyobilobebisTvis. 

failuri sistema UDF mxars uWers 255 simbolomde 

sigrZis failebis saxelebs. UDF damuSavda 

paketuri CawerisTvis. igi CD-R da CD-RW diskebze 

mcire moculobis monacemebis Caweris standarts 

warmoadgens. 

Mac HFS 

Mac HFS gamoiyeneba Macintosh-is operaciuli 

sistemis mier da IBM standartis personalur kompiuterTan 

SeuTavsebelia. Tumca SesaZlebelia kombinirebuli 

diskebis Cawerac, romlebSic erTdroulad 

Joliet da HFS, an ISO 9660 da HFS failuri sistemebi 

gamoiyeneba. 

Rock Ridge 

standarti RRIP (Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol) _ 

UNIX/POSIX failuri sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

damatebiTi informaciis Caweris saSualebas iZleva. 

Rock Ridge standarts mxars ar uWers Ms-Dos da Windows 

operaciuli sistemebi. 

miuxedavad amisa, Rock Ridge formatSi Cawerili 

failebi nebismier kompiuterSi ikiTxeba. SeuTavseblobis 

SemTxvevaSi RRIP gafarToebebi ubralod 

ignorirdeba. 

176

Mount Ranier 

standarti Mount Ranier (Easy Write) damuSavebuli 

iqna Philips, Sony, Microsoft da Compaq kompaniebis mier. 

pirveli Mount Ranier damgrovebeli (Philips RWDV1610B) 

2001 wels gamouSves. 

Mount Ranier standartis safuZvelze operaciul 

sistemas CD-RW diskebTan efeqturi muSaobis saSualeba 

eZleva. CD-RW damgroveblis funqciebi integrirebulia 

operaciul sistemaSi. amitom diskebze 

CawerisTvis aRar aris aucilebeli specialuri draiverebisa 

da programebis gamoyeneba. 

Mount Ranier standartis realizaciisTvis aucilebelia: 

• Tanamedrove CD-RW damgrovebeli, romelic mxars 

uWers Mount Ranier standarts; 

• Tanamedrove operaciuli sistema, magaliTad Window 

XP, romelic agreTve mxars uWers Mount Ranier 

standarts. Zveli operaciuli sistemis arsebobis 

SemTxvevaSi unda dainstalirdes romelime specialuri 

gamoyenebiTi programa. 

standarti Mount Ranier saSualebas iZleva CD- 

RW damgrovebeli gamoyenebuli iqnas drekadi da 

sxva tipis (magaliTad Zip, Super Disk da sxv.) diskuri 

mowyobilobebis maRalefeqturi alternativis saxiT. 

177 

5.6. CD-R da CD-RW teqnologiebi. 

kompaqt-diskebze Cawera 

CD-R teqnologia 

CD-R diskebis wakiTxva SesaZlebelia faqtiurad 

nebismieri standartuli CD-ROM damgroveblis 

saSualebiT. 

CD-R diskebi igive principiT muSaoben, rogoriTac 

standartuli CD-ROM diskebi. lazeruli 

sxivi fokusirdeba diskis zedapirze, xolo fotoreceptori 

areklili sxivis parametrebis mixedviT 

afiqsirebs Rrmuli/zedapiri da zedapiri/Rrmuli gadasvlebis 

Tanmimdevrobas. 

Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskSi spiraluri biliki 

polikarbonatul masaSi iStampeba, anu Rrmulebi da 

zedapirebi fizikuradaa formirebuli. misgan gansxvavebiT 

CD-R diskze fizikurad datanilia erTi 

amaRlebuli spiralur biliki, romelzedac amomwvaria 

Rrmulebis suraTi. 

CD-R da CD-ROM diskebis damzadebis procesi 

TiTqmis analogiuria. orive SemTxvevaSi xdeba gamlRvari 

polikarbonatuli masis dapresva formis 

mimcemi matriciT. magram Rrmulebis da zedapirebis 

nacvlad CD-R diskze spiraluri naRari (pregroove) 

formirdeba. Tu mas lazeris mxridan SevxedavT, es 

naRari spiralur amonawevs warmoadgens. spiraluri 

amonawevis sazRvrebs ganivi RerZis mimarT mcire gadaxrebi 

gaaCnia (e.w. rxevebi). rxevebis amplituda na- 

Raris siganesTan SedarebiT sakmaod mcirea. naRaris 

178

xviebs Soris manZili 1,6 mikronia, xolo rxevebis 

amplituda _ 0,03 mikroni. 

CD-R naRaris rxevebis safuZvelze damatebiTi 

informacia modulirdeba, romelic damgroveblis 

mier waikiTxeba. sinqronizaciis signali, romelic 

naRaris rxevebiT ganisazRvreba, droiT kodTan da 

sxva monacemebTan erTad modulirdeba. mas sawyisi 

bilikis absoluturi dro (Absolute Time In Pregroove - 

ATIP) ewodeba. droiTi kodi `saaTi: wuTi: wami:~ formatSi 

gamoisaxeba da kadris Q-qvekodebSi Seiyvaneba. 

ATIP signali damgrovebels saSualebas aZlevs Caweris 

win diskuri velis ganawileba moaxdinos. 

CD-R diskis damzadebis Semdegi etapia centrifugirebis 

meTodiT organuli saRebavis datana, romelic 

oqros amrekli feniT ifareba. amis Semdeg 

diski ultraiisferi sxivebiT gamyarebuli akrilis 

lakis damcavi feniT ifareba. 

akrilis lakis feniT dafarul diskze trafaretuli 

beWdvis meTodiT saRebavis fena daitaneba, 

romelic diskis identifikaciisTvis da damatebiTi 

dacvisTvis gamoiyeneba. 

gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad organuli saRebaviT 

dafaruli alumini swrafad Jangdeba. swored aman 

ganapiroba CD-R diskebSi oqros amrekli fenis gamoyeneba. 

CD-R diskis organuli saRebavis da oqros amrekl 

fenebs igive optikuri maxasiaTeblebi gaaCnia, 

rogoric CD-ROM diskis zedapirebs. erTi da igivea 

179 

CD-R da CD-ROM diskuri mowyobilobebis lazeris 

sxivis sigrZec _ 780 nanometri. 

Caweris dros CD-R diskuri mowyobilobis impulsur 

reJimSi momuSave lazeris simZlavre daaxloebiT 

10-jer izrdeba da organuli saRebavis fenas 

250-300°C-mde acxelebs. aseT temperaturaze organuli 

saRebavis fena iwveba da faqtiurad gaumWvirvale 

xdeba. 

SemdgomSi, diskis wakiTxvis dros, Sesabamis 

monakveTebSi lazeruli sxivi oqros amrekl fenamde 

veRar aRwevs da aRar airekleba. am dros igive efeqti 

miiReba, rogorc areklili lazeruli sxivis Cax- 

Sobisas daStampul CD-ROM diskebSi. 

nax. 5.6-ze warmodgenilia CD-R diskis fenebi 

da spiraluri naRari, romelic organuli saRebavis 

fenaSi amomwvar `Rrmulebs~ Seicavs. 

amomwvari 

`Rrmulebi~ 

sawyisi naRari 

nax. 5.6. CD-R diskis fenebi 

amrigad, wakiTxvis dros, lazeri ararsebul 

Rrmulebs kiTxulobs, romelTa rolsac dabali 

180 

trafareti 

lakis damcavi fena 

oqros amrekli fena 

organuli saRebavis 

Camweri fena 

polikarbonatuli 

fuZeSre 

Camwer/wamkiTxavi 

lazeri

arekvlisunarianobis mqone amomwvari monakveTebi asrulebs. 

es monakveTebi organuli saRebavis gaxurebisas 

formirdeba, amitom CD-R diskze Caweras zogjer 

amowvasac uwodeben. 

organuli saRebavis fenis amowva cvlis mis 

optikur Tvisebebs, rac mxolod erTxel SeiZleba 

moxdes. amitom CD-R diskebs matareblebs erTjeradi 

CaweriTac uwodeben. 

CD-R diskebis moculoba 

CD-R damgroveblebi rogorc 74-wuTian (650 mbaiti), 

aseve 80-wuTian (700 mbaiti) diskebTan muSaoben. 

Tumca 80-wuTiani diski zogierTi Zveli modelis 

CD-DA, CD-ROM damgroveblebis da avtomobilis audiofirsakravis 

mier ar ikiTxeba. es problema gamomdinareobs 

damatebiTi 6 wuTi (50 megabaiti) tevadobis 

misaRebad spiraluri bilikis xviebs Soris man- 

Zilis Semcirebidan. 

amJamad zogierTi damamzadebelis mier iwarmoeba 

gaumjobesebuli optikuri maxasiaTeblebis 

mqone 90-wuTiani (790 mbaiti) da 99-wuTiani (870 mbaiti) 

diskebi. maTTan Tanamedrove CD-diskuri mowyobilobebis 

umetesoba uproblemod muSaobs. 

CD-RW 

1996 wels samrewvelo konsorciumma Ricoh, Sony, 

Philips, Yamaha, Hewlett-Packard da Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation 

kompaniebis SemadgenlobiT gamoaqvena formati 

CD-RW. imave wels gamouSves pirveli CD-RW damgro- 

181 

vebelic _ MP6200S, romelic warmoadgenda moduls 

2/2/6 (2x _ Cawera, 2x _ gadawera, 6x _ wakiTxva) nominaluri 

siCqareebiT. imave wels Orange Book specifikaciac 

gamoqveynda, romelmac oficialurad gansazRvra 

CD-RW standarti. 

CD-RW damgrovebeli iTavsebs CD-R damgroveblis 

funqciebsac, anu asrulebs CD-R diskis wakiTxvis 

da erTjeradi Caweris operaciebs. amitom 

CD-RW damgroveblebma kompiuteruli bazridan faqtiurad 

gamodevna CD-R damgroveblebi. 

CD-RW da CD-R damgroveblebi diskze Caweris 

operacias erTi da igive principiT asruleben. Tumca 

CD-RW damgrovebeli CD-RW diskze Cawerili 

informaciis waSlis da sxva monacemebis Caweris 

saSualebasac iZleva. paketuri Caweris Sesabamisi 

programuli uzrunvelyofis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi 

CD-RW diskebTan iseve xdeba muSaoba, rogorc drekad 

diskebTan: SesaZlebelia failebis gadaadgileba, 

gadawera da waSla. 

CD-RW matareblebi CD-R matareblebisgan oTxi 

ZiriTadi TvisebiT gansxvavdeba: 

• SesaZlebelia arsebuli monacemebis waSla da 

axali informaciis Cawera; 

• ufro ZviradRirebulia; 

• Caweris ufro dabali siCqare gaaCnia; 

• lazeruli sxivis SedarebiT naklebi arekvlisunarianobiT 

gamoirCeva. 

CD-RW diski polikarbonatul fuZeSreze mzaddeba, 

romelzedac datanilia talRuri formis spi- 

182

aluri naRari. naRaris rxevebi pozicionirebis informacias 

gansazRvravs. polikarbonatuli fena dieleqtrikuli 

feniT (izolaciiT) ifareba, romelzedac 

Camweri fena, kidev erTi dieleqtrikis fena da 

aluminis amrekli fena daitaneba. 

muSa fenebis dasacavad diski ultraiisferi 

sxivebiT gamyarebuli akrilis lakiT ifareba. Camweri 

fenis zeviT da qveviT moTavsebuli dieleqtrikis 

fenebis daniSnulebaa Caweris dros polikarbonatuli 

fuZeSrisa da liTonis amrekli fenis 

intensiuri gaxurebisgan ekranireba. 

nax. 5.7-ze naCvenebia CD-RW diskis fenebi da 

spiraluri naRari. 

CD-RW diskis Camweri fena vercxlis, indiumis, 

stibiumis da teluris (Ag-In-Sb-Te) Senadnobs wamoadgens, 

romelsac polikristaluri struqtura gaaCnia, 

20%-iani arekvlisunarianobiT. 

lakis damcavi fena dieleqtrikis fena Camweri fena 

polikarbonatuli fuZeSre 

nax. 5.7. CD-RW diskis fenebi 

Caweris dros lazeri or _ P-Caweris da PwaSlis 

reJimSi muSaobs. P-Caweris reJimSi lazeru- 

183 


li sxivi Camweri fenis nivTierebas 500-700°C temperaturamde 

axurebs, rac iwvevs mis dnobas. Txevad 

mdgomareobaSi Senadnobis molekulebi Tavisuflad 

gadaadgildeba, nivTiereba kristalur struqturas 

kargavs da amorful mdgomareobaSi gadadis. am 

dros Camweri fenis arekvlisunarianoba 5%-mde 

mcirdeba. diskis wakiTxvis dros sxvadasxva arekvlisunarianobis 

mqone monakveTebi rogorc Rrmulebi 

da zedapirebi, ise aRiqmeba. 

CD-RW diskebi SemdgomSi mxolod wakiTxvis- 

Tvis rom gamoiyenebodes, procesi amiT dasruldeboda. 

magram ramdenadac unda arsebobdes CD-RW 

diskebze axali informaciis Caweris SesaZlebloba, 

unda arsebobdes Camweri fenis nivTierebis polikristaluri 

formis aRdgenis saSualebac. 

am mizniT dabali simZlavris P-waSlis reJimi 

gamoiyeneba. waSlis dros Camweri fenis nivTiereba 

200°C-mde xurdeba, rac dnobis temperaturaze bevrad 

naklebia, Tumca nivTierebis darbilebisTvis sakmarisia. 

aqtiuri fenis 200°C-mde gaxurebisa da Semdgomi 

TandaTanobiTi gacivebis dros nivTierebis 

struqtura molekularul doneze gardaiqmneba da 

amorfulidan kristalur mdgomareobas ubrundeba. 

nivTierebis arekvlisunarianoba 20%-mde izrdeba. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom lazeris muSaobis am 

reJims P-waSla ewodeba, uSualod monacemebis waSla 

ar xdeba. CD-RW diskebSi monacemebis `zemodan 

gadaweris~ meTodi gamoiyeneba. seqtorebi da monacemebi 

ki ar iSleba, aramed maTze `zemodan~ xdeba 

184

axali seqtorebis da monacemebis gadawera. Caweris 

dros lazeri mudmivad CarTulia da sxvadasxva sim- 

Zlavris impulsebs gamoimuSavebs, ris Sedegadac 

diskze sxvadasxva arekvlisunarianobis mqone amorfuli 

da polikristaluri monakveTebi miiReba. 

CD-RW damgroveblebis siCqare 

sawyisi Orange book specifikaciis Tanaxmad CD- 

RW diskebis Caweris maqsimaluri siCqarea 4x. 2000 

wels gamoqveynda Orange book specifikaciis meore 

redaqcia _ High-Speed Rewritable, romlis mixedviTac 

CD-RW diskebis Caweris 4x-10x siCqare ganisazRvra, 

xolo 2000 wels _ mesame redaqcia _ Ultra-Speed Rewritable, 

romlis mixedviTac CD-RW diskebis Caweris 

8x-24x siCqare ganisazRvra. 

High-Speed da Ultra-Speed diskebi standartuli 

diskebisgan gansxvavdeba, amitom maTze Cawera High- 

Speed da Ultra-Speed damgroveblebSi unda moxdes. 

High-Speed da Ultra-Speed damgroveblebi Cveulebriv 

CD-RW diskebzec iweren, Tumca Cawera unda moxdes 

diskisTvis gansazRvruli siCqariT, winaaRmdeg 

SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba Setyobineba Secdomis Sesaxeb. 

CD-damgroveblebis Tavsebadoba. 

specifikacia Multiread 

kompaqt-diskebis originaluri _ Red Book da 

Yellow Book standartebis Tanaxmad kompaqt-diskis minimaluri 

(28%) da maqsimaluri (70%) arekvlisunari- 

185 

anoba ganisazRvra. es niSnavs, rom diskis zedapirma 

unda aireklos sxivebis aranakleb 70%, xolo Rrmulebma 

_ araumetes 28%. es standartebi 1980-iani wlebis 

dasawyisSi damuSavda, rodesac damgroveblis 

fotomimRebSi gamoyenebuli diodebi maRali mgrZnobiarobiT 

ar gamoirCeoda. amitom zedapirebsa da 

Rrmulebs Soris sakmarisi kontrastulobis misaRwevad 

gamoyenebuli masalis optikur Tvisebebs sakmaod 

maRali moTxovnebi waeyeneboda. 

CD-RW diskis zedapirebis arekvlisunarianoba 

daaxloebiT 20%-ia, xolo Rrmulebisa _ mxolod 5%, 

rac bevrad naklebia sawyis moTxovnebTan SedarebiT. 

amitom Zvel (1996 wlamde gamoSvebis) CD-ROM-damgroveblebSi 

CD-RW diskebis wakiTxvisas garkveul 

problemebs aqvs adgili. 

Tanamedrove CD-ROM-damgroveblebi aRWurvilia 

gaZlierebis avtomaturi regulirebis sqemiT, 

romelic mniSvnelovnad zrdis deteqtoris sqemis 

gaZlierebis koeficients. aseTi CD-ROM damgroveblebi 

uproblemod kiTxuloben CD-RW diskebs, miekuTvnebian 

Multiread specifikacias da miniWebuli 

aqvT Sesabamisi logotipi. 

5.7. DVD-diskebi 

ZiriTadi formatis kompaqt-diskebi (CD) 1980 

wlidan gamoiyeneba. Tumca mas Semdeg teqnologiebi 

sakmaod ganviTarda. ufro didi moculobis kompaqt- 

186

diskebi amJamad sakmaod iafia da maTze moTxovnileba 

sakmaod maRalia. video, kompiuteruli da sayofacxovrebo 

teqnikis moTxovnebma DVD-diskebis Seqmna 

ganapiroba. 

Tavdapirvelad abreviatura DVD iSifreboda 

rogorc Digital Video Disk (cifruli videodiski), xolo 

amJamad _ rogorc Digital Versatile Disk (cifruli mravalmiznobrivi 

diski). DVD-diski kompaqt-diskisgan 

garegnulad ar gansxvavdeba. CD-diskebis msgavsad, 

misi diametric 120 mm-ia, polikarbonatis safuZvelze 

mzaddeba, Rrmulebs da zedapirebs Seicavs, romlebic 

lazeruli diodiT naTdeba da fotodeteqtoris 

saSualebiT ikiTxeba. Tumca gansxvavebebsac 

aqvs adgili: 

• DVD-diski Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskTan SedarebiT 

Rrmulebis naklebi zomiT (0,4 mikroni 0,8 mikronis 

nacvlad) gamoirCeva; 

• Cveulebriv kompaqt-diskTan SedarebiT DVD-disks 

ufro mWidro spirali (0,74 mikroni 1,06 mikronis 

nacvlad) gaaCnia; 

• DVD-teqnologiaSi wiTeli lazeri (0,65 mikroni 

talRis sigrZiT 0,78 mikronis nacvlad) gamoiyeneba; 

zemoTCamoTvlilma teqnologiurma siaxleebma 

diskis moculobis 7-magi zrda (4,7 gb-mde) ganapiroba. 

wamkiTxavi DVD-1x mowyobiloba 1,4 mb/wm siCqa- 

187 

riT muSaobs (Cveulebrivi kompaqt-diskuri mowyobilobis 

wakiTxvis siCqare 150 kb/wm-ia). 

samwuxarod wiTel lazerze gadasvlam DVDwamkiTxavebSi 

ori lazeris da garTulebuli optikuri 

sistemis gamoyeneba ganapiroba, raTa SesaZlebeli 

yofiliyo arsebuli musikaluri da kompiuteruli 

diskebis wakiTxvac. zogierT Zvel DVD-damgrovebels 

aseTi sistema ar gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi 

SeuZlebeli xdeba Cveulebrivi kompaqt-diskebis wakiTxva. 

zogierTi DVD-damgrovebeli CD-DA da CD- 

ROM diskebsac kiTxulobs, Tumca SeiZleba CD-R da 

CD-RW diskebis wakiTxvis dros gaCndes problemebi. 

4,7 gbaiti moculobis DVD-diskze SesaZlebelia 

133 wuTis xangrZlivobis, maRali gadawyvetis 

(720X480) mqone videoCanaweris ganTavseba. umetes Sem- 

TxvevaSi es sakmarisia (holivudSi gadaRebuli filmebis 

92% xangrZlivobiT 133 wuTze naklebia). Tumca 

zogierT SemTxvevaSi (mag. multimediuri TamaSebis- 

Tvis, erT diskze ramdenime filmis Cawerisas, sacnobaro 

gamocemebisTvis da a.S) SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes 

ufro didi moculobis matareblebis gamoyeneba. 

amis Sedegad DVD-diskebis oTxi formati Seiqmna: 

• erTmxrivi erTfeniani diskebi (4,7 gb). 

• erTmxrivi orfeniani diskebi (8,5 gb). 

• ormxrivi erTfeniani diskebi (9,4 gb). 

• ormxrivi orfeniani diskebi (17 gb). 

188

ismis kiTxva, ra saWiroa amdeni formati? pasuxi 

martivia: Philips da Sony kompaniebma CaTvales, rom 

momxmareblebisTvis mouxerxebeli iqneboda diskebis 

gadabruneba da SeimuSaves erTmxrivi diskebi ori 

feniT, xolo Toshiba-m da Time Warner-ma gadawyvites, 

rom aseTi diskebi ver imuSavebdnen da gamouSves 

ormxrivi erTfeniani diskebi. 

orfeniani teqnologiis SemTxvevaSi qveda amrekl 

fenaze zemodan naxevrad amrekli fena daitaneba. 

imisda mixedviT, Tu sad xdeba lazeris 

fokusireba, is an erTi, an meore fenidan airekleba. 

informaciis saimedo wakiTxvisTvis qveda fenis 

Rrmulebis da zedapirebis zomebi zeda fenis Rrmulebis 

da zedapirebis zomebs odnav aRemateba. amitom 

qveda fenis sainformacio moculoba zeda fenis 

sainformacio moculobasTan SedarebiT naklebia. 

ormxrivi diskebi ori erTmxrivi, 0,6 mm sisqis 

diskis Sewebebis Sedegad iqmneba. yvela standartis 

diskis Tanabari sisqis uzrunvelyofisaTvis 0,6 mm 

sisqis erTmxriv disks cariel safuZvelze awebeben. 

orfeniani ormxrivi diskis struqtura warmodgenilia 

nax. 5.8-ze. 

DVD-diski damuSavebuli iqna holivudis mTavar 

studiebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis Sedegad, 

sayofacxovrebo teqnikis mwarmoebeli 10 (maT Soris 

7 iaponuri) kompaniisgan Semdgari korporaciis mier. 

damuSavebaSi ar iyo CarTuli arc kompiuteruli da 

189 

arc satelekomunikacio mrewveloba. aqcenti gakeTebuli 

iyo DVD-diskebze Cawerili filmebis gaqiravebaze 

da gayidvaze. CamovTvaloT DVD-s ramdenime 

standartuli Tavisebureba: 

nax. 5.8. ormagi DVD-diski ormagi feniT 

• filmidan arasasurveli scenebis mocilebis saSualeba; 

• eqvsarxiani audio; 

• masStabirebis SesaZlebloba. 

es ukanaskneli Tavisebureba DVD-firsakravs 

saSualebas aZlevs Tavad gadawyvitos, Tu rogor 

CamoWras gamosaxulebis CarCos marcxena da marjvena 

kideebi iseTi filmebisTvis, romelTaTvisac siganis 

da simaRlis Sefardebaa 3:2, raTa xarisxis gauaresebis 

gareSe iyos SesaZlebeli maTi gaSveba Tanamedrove 

televizorebze, romelTaTvisac siganis da 

simaRlis Sefardebaa 4:3. 

DVD-diskebis kidev erT Taviseburebas warmoadgens 

aSS-Tvis, evropuli da sxva kontinentebis 

qveynebisTvis diskebis Segnebuli SeuTavsebloba. 

190

literatura 

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(I nawili). teqnikuri universiteti. (2007 _ 

137 gv.: il.) 

2. a. benaSvili. periferiuli mowyobilobebis interfeisebi. 

`teqnikuri universiteti~. 2006 _ 125 gv.: 

il. 

3. Scott Mueller.Upgrading and Repairing PCs. 14th Edition. 2003. 

4. Мюллер Скотт. Модернизация и ремонт ПК. 15-е юбилейное 

издание. Пер. с англ. – М.: издательский дом «Вильямс», 

2004.- 1344 с.: ил. 

5. Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Structured Computer Organization. 2006 

6. Аиден М. Колесниченко О. Крамер М. Аппаратные средства 

PC. 2-е издание, переработанное и дополненное – BHV – 

Санкт-Петербург, 1998. – 608 с.:ил 

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ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT 

gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 

02.06.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 12. 

tiraJi 100 egz. 

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, 

kostavas 77 

i.m. `goCa dalaqiSvili~, 

q. Tbilisi, varkeTili 3, korp. 333, bina 38

kompiuteris periferiuli mowyobilobebi

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