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artur sulamaniZe<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba<br />

`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti<br />

a. sulamaniZe<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba<br />

damtkicebulia stu-s<br />

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos<br />

mier. 02.07.2009, oqmi #6<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2009

saxelmZRvanelo Seicavs im masalis minimums,<br />

romelic gaTvaliswinebulia „winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

teqnologia da mowyobilobis“ kursis programiT.<br />

amitom cxadia, rom aq ganxiluli sakiTxebi ufro<br />

vrclad da amomwuravad aris gaSuqebuli mraval<br />

sxva saxelmZRvanelosa da monografiaSi, kerZod, im<br />

wignebSi, romlebic CamoTvlilia saxelmZRvanelos<br />

boloSi.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis Tanamedrove Teoria da<br />

praqtika dafuZnebulia mTel rog zogadteqnikuri<br />

disciplinebze, upirveles yovlisa ki eleqtroteqnikasa,<br />

samrewvelo eleqtronikasa, liTonmcodneobasa<br />

da Termodinamikaze, romelTa Seswavlac, ra Tqma<br />

unda, win unda uswrebdes aRniSnuli kursis gavlas.<br />

recenzenti asoc. profesori m. xuciSvili<br />

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009<br />

ISBN 978-9941-14-692-3<br />

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/<br />

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,<br />

ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu<br />

meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis<br />

gareSe.<br />

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

eZRvneba didebuli pirovnebis, Cveni pedagogisa<br />

da sasiqadulo mamuliSvilis, saqarTveloSi<br />

SeduRebis kaTedris pirveldamaarseblis,<br />

baton grigol RuRuniSvilis<br />

naTel xsovnas<br />

2

avtorisagan<br />

warmodgenil saxelmZRvaneloSi ganmartebulia<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis calkeuli procesis fizikuri arsi,<br />

ganxilulia maT Sesaswavlad arsebuli Teoriis<br />

ZiriTadi debulebani, aRwerilia SeduRebis teqnologiis<br />

Sesasruleblad saWiro mowyobiloba da aparatura.<br />

garda dRevandeli saswavlo sistemis nebismieri<br />

safexuris studentebisa, wigni sasargeblo iqneba<br />

sawarmoebsa da samecniero-kvleviT organizaciebSi<br />

momuSave inJinrebisa da axalgazrda mecniermuSakTaTvis.<br />

4

Sinaarsi<br />

sarCevi<br />

Sesavali ...............................................................................................13<br />

1. winaRobiT SeduRebis arsi da istoriuli<br />

winamZRvrebi.................................................................................................14<br />

2. winaRobiT SeduRebis fizikuri<br />

procesebi.......................................................................................................22<br />

2.1. zogadi warmodgena dauSleli SeerTebis<br />

Camoyalibebaze..........................................................................................22<br />

2.2. SeduReba energetikuli procesia.........................24<br />

2.3. SesaduR masalaTa Tbofizikuri Tvisebebi..28<br />

2.4. gaxurebis Taviseburebani................................................31<br />

2.5. SeduRebis denis/daSuntva...................................................35<br />

3. moZRvrebani eleqtrul kontaqtebze...................40<br />

3.1. sakontaqto zedapiri....................................................................40<br />

3.2. fizikuri procesebi kontaqtis zedapirze................46<br />

3.3. afskebi kontaqtur zedapirze ...............................................49<br />

3.3.1. adgeziuri afskebi.............................................................................51<br />

3.3.2. gabundovanebis afskebi ...........................................................52<br />

3.3.3. pasiuri afskebi.................................................................................57<br />

3.3.4. wylis afskebi .....................................................................................57<br />

3.4. kontaqturi winaRoba........................................................................59<br />

3.5. polaruli winaRobani kontaqtebSi...................................63<br />

3.6. kontaqturi Zalis gavlena winaRobaze.........................65<br />

4. winaRobiT SeduRebis saxeebi..............................................70<br />

5

4.1. winaRobiT SeduRebis klasifikacia da<br />

konstruqciaTa saxeebi.............................................................................70<br />

4.2. SeduRebis saxeebi SeerTebis formis mixedviT....73<br />

4.2.1. pirapira SeduReba..........................................................................73<br />

4.2.2. SeduReba ignatievis meTodiT...........................................76<br />

4.2.3. wertilovani SeduReba ...........................................................77<br />

4.2.4. reliefuri SeduReba ................................................................81<br />

4.2.5. T-sebri SeduReba...............................................................................82<br />

4.2.6. gorgolaWovani SeduReba.........................................................83<br />

4.2.7. gorgolaWovan-pirapira SeduReba.................................86<br />

5. winaRobiT SeduRebis manqanaTa daproeqtebis<br />

safuZvlebi .........................................................................................................88<br />

5.1. SeduRebis manqanaTa daproeqtebis teqnologiuri<br />

winamZRvrebi.........................................................................................................88<br />

5.2. eleqtrodTa daproeqteba.......................................................90<br />

5.3. SeduRebis konturis daproeqteba ................................95<br />

5.3.1. konturis mimarT wardgenili moTxovnebi...............96<br />

5.3.2. denis miyvanis sqemebi .................................................................96<br />

5.3.3. gasaxsneli kontaqtebi ..............................................................99<br />

5.4. SeduRebis konturis kontaqtTa angariSi..............103<br />

5.5. SeduRebis konturis winaRobis angariSi.............106<br />

5.6. erTfaza manqanis SeduRebis transformatoris<br />

daproeqteba .....................................................................................................108<br />

5.6.1. denis regulirebis meTodis SerCeva ........................108<br />

5.6.2. transformatoris elementTa konstruqciis<br />

SerCeva da angariSi....................................................................................113<br />

5.6.3. gularis angariSi ......................................................................114<br />

6

5.6.4. pirveladi xviebis angariSi ...............................................117<br />

5.6.5. meoradi gragnilis kveTisa da xvivTa ricxvis<br />

SerCeva.....................................................................................................................120<br />

6. winaRobiT SeduRebis kvebis wyaroebi ...................121<br />

6.1. denis wyaroebi kondensatorTa pirdapiri<br />

ganmuxtviT .........................................................................................................121<br />

6.2. mudmivi denis kvebis wyaroebi ......................................122<br />

6.3. dabali sixSiris denis wyaroebi ................................123<br />

6.4. eleqtroakumulatorTa denis wyaroebi................125<br />

6.5. magnitur velSi dagrovili energiis denis<br />

wyaroebi.................................................................................................................125<br />

6.6. dagrovili kinetikuri energiis kvebis<br />

wyaroebi ..............................................................................................................126<br />

7. winaRobiT SeduRebis Taviseburebani .......................127<br />

7.1. SeduRebadoba winaRobiT SeduRebis dros ......127<br />

7.2. Savi liTonebis SeduRebadoba ......................................131<br />

7.2.1. naxSirbadovani da mciredlegirebuli<br />

sakonstruqcio foladebis SeduRebis<br />

Taviseburebani.................................................................................................131<br />

7.2.2. austenitis klasis foladebis SeduRebis<br />

Taviseburebani.................................................................................................152<br />

7.3. feradi liTonebis SeduRebadoba ..............................159<br />

7.3.1. aluminisa da mis SenadnobTa SeduRebadoba......159<br />

7.3.2. spilenZisa da mis SenadnobTa SeduRebadoba....164<br />

8. winaRobiT SeduRebis teqnologiis<br />

safuZvlebi..........................................................................................................168<br />

8.1. winaRobiT SeduRebis zogadi mimoxilva,<br />

gamoyenebis are da perspeqtivebi ..............................................168<br />

7

8.2. maRalxarisxovani nakeris miRebis fizikurqimiuri<br />

pirobebi...........................................................................................170<br />

8.2.1. saWiro gaxurebiT uzrunvelyofa................................171<br />

8.2.2. saWiro meqanikuri moqmedebani........................................176<br />

8.2.3. saWiro gasufTaveba ...................................................................178<br />

8.3. winaRobiT SeduRebis siTbos wyaroebi..................179<br />

8.4. TanabarkveTi sadenis gaxureba.......................................182<br />

8.5. gaxurebis saerTo gantolebis anu Tburi<br />

balansis Sedgena .......................................................................................185<br />

8.6. pirapira SeduRebis teqnologia...................................188<br />

8.6.1. procesis zogadi maCveneblebi .....................................188<br />

8.6.2. pirapira SenaduRi konstruqciebi..............................190<br />

8.6.3. pirapira nakeris struqtura da simtkice .........191<br />

8.7. wertilovani SeduRebis teqnologia............................194<br />

8.7.1. procesis zogadi maCveneblebi...........................................195<br />

8.7.2. wertilovani SenaduRi konstruqciebi..................197<br />

8.7.3. SeduRebis teqnologiuri ciklebi...............................199<br />

8.7.4. SenaduRi wertilis Camoyalibeba...............................201<br />

8.7.5. wertilovani nakeris struqtura da<br />

simtkice ...............................................................................................203<br />

8.8. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis teqnologia ..............205<br />

8.8.1. procesis zogadi maCveneblebi........................................205<br />

8.8.2. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis teqnologiuri<br />

sqemebi......................................................................................................................209<br />

8.8.3. SeduRebis teqnologiuri Taviseburebani ........212<br />

9. xarisxis dominant faqtorTa SesaZlo marTva.......214<br />

8

9.1. xarisxisadmi wardgenili ZiriTadi<br />

moTxovnebi...........................................................................................................214<br />

9.2. praqtikuli problemebi..........................................................215<br />

9.3. SeduRebis procesis ciklograma.......................................216<br />

9.4. SeduRebis densa da temperaturas Soris<br />

damokidebuleba.............................................................................................219<br />

9.5. moZRvrebani Termoeleqtrobis Sesaxeb.......................225<br />

9.5.1. denis gvarobis gavlena SeduRebis xarisxze..231<br />

9.5.2. kontaqtSi mimdinare Termoeleqtruli<br />

movlenebi.............................................................................................................235<br />

9.5.3. polaruli procesis Tbur da eleqtrul<br />

parametrTa Soris damokidebuleba.......................................240<br />

9.5.4. pelties siTbos raodenobis angariSi...................241<br />

9.5.4.1 balkovecis meTodi.....................................................................241<br />

9.5.4.2 balderis meTodi.......................................................................242<br />

9.5.4.3 Solcis meTodi............................................................................243<br />

9.5.5. kaganovis, sulamaniZisa da SaSanis meTodi.....246<br />

9.5.5.1. pelties Zabvisa da siTbos raodenobrivi<br />

Sefaseba.................................................................................................................246<br />

9.5.5.2 gardamavali kontaqtis temperaturasa da<br />

Zabvas Soris kavSiri...............................................................................250<br />

9.5.5.3. SeduRebis parametrTa gavlena pelties<br />

Zabvaze.....................................................................................................................260<br />

9.5.6. pelties efeqtis gavlenis ugulebelyofa<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi......................................................................261<br />

9.6. sxvadasxva sisqis detalTa SeduRebis<br />

Taviseburebani................................................................................................265<br />

9

9.6.1. sisqeTa fardobis gavlena Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmdebareobaze....................................................................265<br />

9.6.1.1. sisqecvalebadi nimuSis siRrmeSi<br />

temperaturis ganawilebis Teoriuli gansazRvra...281.<br />

9.6.1.2 sisqecvalebadi nimuSis centrSi Tburi<br />

mdgomareobis cvalebadobis makrografia.........................286<br />

9.6.1.3 sisqeTa sxvaobiT gamowveuli Tbur procesTa<br />

aviseburebani....................................................................................288<br />

9.6.1.4 sisqeTa fardobis mixedviT Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmonacvleobis metalografiul, metrologiur<br />

da meqanikur kvlevaTa Sedegebi...................................................295<br />

9.6.1.5. reJimis parametrTa gavlena wertilis<br />

adgilmdebareobaze....................................................................................300<br />

9.6.1.6 SeduRebis zonis fizikuri modelireba..............304<br />

9.7 sisqecvalebadobis gardamavali gavlena<br />

wertilis adgilmdebareobaze........................................................317<br />

9.8. teqnologiuri procesis marTvis optimizaciis<br />

gzebi.........................................................................................................................320<br />

9.8.1 kontaqturi SeduRebis sulamaniZis xerxi........321<br />

9.8.2 sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa winaRobiT<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis eleqtrodebi...................................330<br />

9.9. SeduRebis xarisxis stabilurobis<br />

Sefaseba..................................................................................................................335<br />

10. winaRobiT SeduRebis avtomatizacia da<br />

robotizacia.....................................................................................................339<br />

10.1. SeduRebis avtomatizaciis ZiriTadi<br />

xerxebi....................................................................................................................339<br />

10.2. SeduRebis drois mwyvetarebi...........................................343<br />

10

10.3. droisa da denis mwyvetarebi .........................................347<br />

10.4. simZlavris mwyvetarebi...........................................................348<br />

10.5. temperaturis cvalebadobis mwyvetarebi..............351<br />

10.6. SeduRebis modulatorebi....................................................356<br />

10.7. SeduRebis robotebi.....................................................................361<br />

10.7.1. robotis aRweriloba .............................................................361<br />

10.7.2. samrewvelo robotebi..............................................................363<br />

11. manqanaTa gamarTva, eqspluatacia da<br />

usafrTxoeba.....................................................................................................367<br />

11.1. manqanaTa gamarTva, gaSveba................................................367<br />

11.2. manqanaTa eqspluataciis pirobebi.............................371<br />

11.3. usafrTxoebis teqnika.............................................................374<br />

12. praqtikuli samuSaoebi.............................................................376<br />

samuSao #1<br />

foladis firfitebs Soris arsebuli kontaqtis<br />

winaRobis gansazRvra ...........................................................................377<br />

samuSao #2<br />

pirapira SeduRebis winaRobis angariSi ..............384<br />

samuSao #3<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis winaRobis angariSi.....388<br />

samuSao #4<br />

winaRobiTi pirapira SeduRebis Tburi<br />

angariSi ...............................................................................................................392<br />

samuSao #5<br />

SemodnobiT SeduRebis Tburi angariSi..................397<br />

samuSao #6<br />

gaxurebis angariSi ignatievis meTodiT<br />

SeduRebisas .....................................................................................................401<br />

11

samuSao #7<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis Tburi angariSi ............403<br />

samuSao #8<br />

Suntis winaRobisa da denis angariSi.......................413<br />

13. danarTi<br />

testebi winaRobiT SeduRebis operatorTa<br />

Teoriuli codnisa da praqtikuli Cvevebis<br />

saatestaciod ...........................................................................................420<br />

13.1 testebis pasuxTa variantebi ...............................................434<br />

literatura. ...................................................................................................435<br />

avtoris საქმიანობის ვითარება..........................................................437<br />

boloTqma.............................................................................................................440<br />

12

Sesavali<br />

SeduReba aris masalaTa dauSleli SeerTebis<br />

teqnologiuri procesi atomTaSorisi Zalebis<br />

SeWidulobis xarjze. igi warmoadgens iseT teqnologiur<br />

process, romliskenac ganuxrelad mzardi yuradRebaa<br />

mipyrobili rogorc samamulo, aseve sazRvargareTis<br />

mecnier-mkvlevarTa da konstruqtorTa mravalricxovani<br />

koleqtivebisa. es aixsneba SeduRebis procesis farTo<br />

gamoyenebiT mrewvelobis mTel rig dargebSi sxvadasxva<br />

saxis konstruqciaTa dasamzadeblad da SesakeTeblad.<br />

amasTanave, liTonkonstruqciaTa damzadebis dros<br />

gamoyenebul sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT: sxmuli, Weduri,<br />

moqlonuri, analogiuri SenaduRi konstruqcia ufro<br />

msubuqia da saWiro liTonis ekonomia Seadgens 50%-mde.<br />

aRaniSnavia isic, rom SeduRebiT miiRweva gansxvavebuli<br />

masalebisagan damzadebuli konstruqciis calkeul<br />

nawilTa SeerTeba. es saSualebas iZleva mravalgvari<br />

daniSnulebis nakeTobaTa dasamzadeblad gamoyenebul<br />

iqnas axali sakonstruqcio masalebi da Senadnobebi.<br />

amJamad mrewvelobaSi moqmed saSemduReblo<br />

manqanaTa parkis daaxloebiT 30%-s Seadgens<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT (kontaqturi) SeduRebis danadgarebi,<br />

rac ganpirobebulia danarCen saxeebTan SedarebiT misi<br />

Semdegi upiratesobebiT: SenaerTis saimedooba,<br />

meqanizaciisa da robotizaciis maRali done, procesis<br />

maRali mwarmoebloba, warmoebis kultura da sxv.<br />

13

1. winaRobiT SeduRebis arsi da<br />

istoriuli winamZRvrebi<br />

1. jer kidev 1877 wels e. tomsonma gaiTvaliswina<br />

imis SesaZlebloba, rom foladis ori nimuSi SeiZleba<br />

SeerTdes dauSlelad, Tu maTi gaTbobis agentad<br />

gamoyenebuli iqneba nimuSebSi gamWolad gamavali did<br />

Zalis eleqtruli deni.<br />

mxolod rva wlis gavlis Semdeg, 1885 wels<br />

gamomgonebelma gadawyvita Seemowmebina Tavisi<br />

gamogonebis praqtikuli Rirebuleba. imdroindeli<br />

warmoebisaTvis tomsonis mier Catarebuli cdebi<br />

damakmayofilebeli gaxda da 1886 wlis 10 agvistos e.<br />

tomsonma miiRo Tavisi gamogonebis pirveli diplomipatenti,<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis manqanis Sesaxeb.<br />

ase daibada winaRobiT SeduRebis teqnologiuri<br />

procesi.<br />

rusul literaturaSi (rogorc „sabWoTamde“, aseve<br />

misi periodis) aRniSnaven, rom „naxSiris eleqtrodebiT<br />

eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis niWierma rusma<br />

gamomgonebelma n. benardosma 1887 wels daapatenta<br />

naxSiris eleqtrodebs Soris wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

SesaZlebloba“ (a.s.gelmani „kontaqturi<br />

eleqtroSeduReba“, „manqanaTmSeneblobis gamomcemloba“,<br />

moskovi, 1949. gv. 5, rusul enaze).<br />

amrigad, winaRobiT SeduRebis dabadebis TariRia<br />

1886 wlis 10 agvisto da misi avtoria sayovelTaod<br />

aRiarebuli didi mecnieri elihu tomsoni.<br />

es gamogoneba Zalian adre daibada, warmoeba ar<br />

iyo mzad mis misaRebad, amitom man SeumCnevlad ganvlo<br />

14

naxevari saukune da mxolod Semdeg moaxerxa SeeZra<br />

liTonTa damuSavebis msoflio industria.<br />

2. gamoyenebis are. dReisaTvis ganusazRvrelad<br />

didia eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebis gamoyenebis are:<br />

manqanaTmSenebloba: satransporto saSualebaTa warmoeba,<br />

saxlTmSenebloba, soflis meurneoba, Tbomeurneoba,<br />

samxedro mrewveloba, xelsawyoTmSenebloba, marTvis<br />

sistemebis uzustes mowyobilobaTa warmoeba, saiuveliro<br />

saqme, kosmosi.<br />

konkretul magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT:<br />

msubuqi avtomobili, nebismieri maTganis konstruqciaSi<br />

SenaduR wertilTa raodenoba 5000-ze mets aRwevs;<br />

Tanamedrove laineri saWiroebs ramodenime aTeul aTass<br />

da met SenaduR wertils; mzis batareis mxolod erTi<br />

Tburi elementis nakeris sigrZe _ 500m-ia da a. S.<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba aris dauSleli SeerTebis<br />

warmoqmnis iseTi teqnologiuri procesi, romelic<br />

mimdinareobs SesaduR nawilTa gaxurebiT, maTSi eleqtro<br />

denis gatarebiTa da SeerTebis zonis plastikuri<br />

deformaciis TanxlebiT.<br />

fizikuri TvalsazrisiT winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

dros, iseve rogorc SeduRebis sxva saxeobisas, SenaerTi<br />

miiReba atomTaSorisi Zalebis SeWidulobis safuZvelze.<br />

or liTonur sakontaqto zedapirs Soris<br />

atomTaSorisi SeWidulobis Zalebis moqmedeba iwyeba<br />

maSin, roca maT Soris manZili gautoldeba (4÷5)10-8 sm-s.<br />

zedapiris umaRlesi sizustiT damuSavebis Sedegad<br />

miiReba (0,3÷1)10-4 sm zomis mikroxorklianoba. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, sakontaqto zedapirze moqmedi mcire<br />

sididis SemkumSavi Zala umniSvnelo plastikuri<br />

15

deformaciiT aRZravs atomTaSoris SeWidulobis Zalebs<br />

calkeul mikrogamonaSverebSi, xolo RreCoebSi ki<br />

liTonsa da adsorbciuli fenis airul an Txevad<br />

molekulebs Soris myardeba mxolod adgeziuri kavSiri.<br />

SeduRebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia an<br />

maRali sididis SemkumSavi Zalis moqmedeba, ris gamoc<br />

sakontaqto zedapiris mimdebare liTonis garkveuli<br />

moculoba daiyvaneba plastikur deformaciamde, an iseTi<br />

gaxureba, romelic gamoiwvevs sakristalizacio meseris<br />

nawilakTa aqtiurobisa da moZraobis gazrdas, garkveuli<br />

SemkumSavi Zalis moqmedebis paralelurad.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis dros gaxureba da<br />

erTdrouli plastikuri deformacia uzrunvelyofs<br />

metad xelsayrel pirobebs atomTaSorisi SeWidulobis<br />

Zalebis warmoqmnisaTvis. denis mier siTbos gamoyofa<br />

xdeba rogorc SesaduR nawilTa sakuTari winaRobiT,<br />

aseve maT Soris kontaqturi winaRobis safuZvelze, rac<br />

ganapirobebs TviT procesis saxelwodebas.<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba xorcieldeba rogorc<br />

saTanado zonaSi liTonis adgilobrivi gadnobiT, aseve<br />

dnobis gareSec. SeduRebis erT-erT pirvelsaxed<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos WedviT SeduReba. jer kidev uZveles<br />

droSi mWedeli flobda rkinis damuSavebisa da im<br />

periodisaTvis ZiriTadi teqnologiis _ SeduRebis<br />

saidumloebas, rac iTvleboda metad wminda _ saRmrTo<br />

(Бог сварог _ сварка) saqmed. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis<br />

Sedegad napovni, Cvens welTaRricxvamde VIII-VII saukunis<br />

iaraRebi, saWurveli da sasoflo-sameurneo xelsawyoebi<br />

warmoadgens imis damadasturebel magaliTebs, rom<br />

uZveles droSi WedviT SeduReba iyo erTaderTi<br />

16

teqnologiuri procesi rkinisagan nebismieri nakeTobis<br />

miRebisa. es saWurveli da iaraRebi gakvirvebas iwveven<br />

ara marto iseT sxvadasxvagvar liTonTa _ rogoricaa<br />

evteqtoiduri foladi _ sufTa rkina – SeduRebis<br />

maRali xarisxiT, aramed SesaduRi nakeTobis<br />

racionaluri konstruqciiTac. nax. 1.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />

im droisaTvis farTod gavrcelebuli danisa da<br />

maxvilis kveTebi. 2_5 mm sisqis maRalnaxSirbadiani<br />

foladis furclebi Zalian moxerxebuladaa CaduRebuli<br />

danis, maxvilisa an sxva nakeTobis gularSi.<br />

nax. 1.1. Zveli slavuri danebisa (1)<br />

da maxvilebis (2) SenaduRi konstruqciebi<br />

aseve ostaturadaa miduRebuli rkinis saxelurze<br />

saWreli piris naxSirbadiani zoli. aRsaniSnavia isic,<br />

rom danisa da maxvilis konstruqcias safuZvlad udevs<br />

TviTalesvadi iaraRis Seqmnis idea. es idea gamoyenebuli<br />

iqna meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSic, roca daiwyes<br />

SeduRebis ignatievis meTodiT iaraRTa SenaduRi<br />

konstruqciis damzadeba. samWedlo quraTi SeduRebis<br />

xelovnebiT Seqmnili nimuSebis cqera dResac atkbobs<br />

bevr mnaxvels. leningradis sazafxulo baRis cnobili<br />

meseri, mdinare fontankis sanapiro galavani warmoadgens<br />

17

gunda rkinis konstruqciebs, damzadebuls WedviT<br />

SeduRebiT.<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebis yvelaze farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove xerxis gamoyeneba daiwyes<br />

mecxramete saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, kerZod ki mas Semdeg,<br />

rac 1887 wels rusma gamomgonebelma benardosma gamoTqva<br />

azri ganexorcielebinaT liTonis wertilovani SeduReba<br />

naxSiris eleqtrodebs Soris ubralo marwuxebis<br />

saSualebiT (nax 1.2), romelic warmoadgens Tanamedrove<br />

Camosakidi wertilovani manqanis pirvelsaxes. benardoss<br />

ekuTvnis agreTve gorgolaWovani SeduRebis gamogoneba.<br />

TiTqmis imave dros, 1886 wels e. tompsonma (aSS)<br />

gamoigona winaRobiT pirapira SeduReba. cota<br />

mogvianebiT iqna SemuSavebuli Tanamedrove wertilovani<br />

SeduReba spilenZis eleqtrodebiT. 1887 wels g. kofeqsis<br />

mier (germania) gamogonebuli iqna SemodnobiT pirapira<br />

SeduReba.<br />

nax. 1.2. n. n. benardosis marwuxebi<br />

wertilovani SeduRebisaTvis.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis farTo gamoyeneba<br />

mrewvelobaSi daiwyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi. 1927<br />

wels s. kirovis piradi miTiTebiT leningradis qarxana<br />

18

„eleqtrikma“ miiRo davaleba eleqtrokontaqtur<br />

saSemduReblo manqanaTa daproeqtebisa, romlis<br />

safuZvelze 1928 wlidan aRniSnulma qarxanam daiwyo<br />

wertilovan manqanaTa samrewvelo warmoeba, xolo<br />

momdevno wlebSi ki kontaqtur manqanaTa sxva tipebis<br />

gamoSvebac.<br />

stalinuri xuTwledebis periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

wliTiwlobiT izrdeba kontaqtur manqanaTa warmoeba,<br />

srulyofili xdeba maTi konstruqcia, avtomatizebuli<br />

xdeba SeduRebis procesebi. amasTanave, mniSvnelovnad<br />

izrdeba warmoebul manqanaTa simZlavre da farTovdeba<br />

maTi specializacia.<br />

mTel rig avtorTa: a. ignatievi (ignatievis xerxiT<br />

SeduReba), d. balkoveci (specialuri gorgolaWovani<br />

manqanebi), v. lvovi (hidravlikuri wertilovani manqanebi),<br />

a. aleqseevi, a. axuni, n. koCanovski da sxvaTa Sromebis<br />

safuZvelze Seiqmna originaluri konstruqciis<br />

kontaqturi manqanebi, romlebic TavianTi teqnikuri<br />

monacemebiT saukeTesoa Soreuli sazRvargareTis<br />

manqanebTan SedarebiT.<br />

pirvelad SeduRebis teqnikaSi v. vologdinma<br />

gamoiyena ionuri xelsawyoebi Txevadi kaTodiT<br />

kontaqtur manqanaTa avtomaturi marTvisaTvis.<br />

sabWoTa mecnieris g. babatis mier Seqmnili iqna<br />

pirveli wertilovani manqana kondensatoris energiis<br />

ganmuxtvis gamoyenebiT.<br />

didi samamulo omis wlebSi calkeul<br />

saministroTa mier organizebul iqna kontaqtur manqanaTa<br />

warmoeba sakuTari saWiroebisaTvis. kerZod, gamoSvebul<br />

iqna specializebuli gorgolaWovani da<br />

19

mravalwertilovani manqanebi avtoqarxnebis mier.<br />

kontaqturi SeduRebis Teoriis damuSavebisa, axali<br />

konstruqciis manqanaTa da maTi marTvis avtomatizebuli<br />

sistemis SeqmnaSi didi Sroma gaswies: sabWoTa qarxnebma<br />

„eleqtrikma“ da „revtrudma“, uralis SesaduRma<br />

manqanaTmSenebelma qarxanam; leningradisa da uralis<br />

politeqnikur institutTa, n. e. baumanis saxelobis<br />

moskovis umaRlesi teqnikuri saswavleblis SeduRebis<br />

kaTedrebma, kievis e. o. patonis eleqtroSeduRebis<br />

institutis TanamSromlebma da sxv.<br />

gansakuTrebiT daCqarda ufro srulyofil<br />

kontaqtur manqanaTa gamoSveba meore msoflio omis<br />

Semdgom wlebSi. eleqtromrewvelobis mier (qarxana<br />

„eleqtriki“, eleqtroSesaduR mowyobilobaTa sakavSiro<br />

samecniero sakvlevi instituti) dawyebuli iqna erT da<br />

mravalwlovan avtomatur manqanaTa warmoeba, rogoricaa,<br />

1000 kvt simZlavris specialuri manqana msubuqi<br />

Senadnobebis SesaduReblad, 600 kvt simZlavris SesaduRi<br />

wnexebi, avtomaturi pirapira manqana eleqtro da<br />

hidravlikuri amZravebiT, gorgolaWovani manqanebi<br />

ignitronuli denmwyvetebiT, vagonmSenebeli da<br />

saavtomobilo qarxnebis mier (moskovis lixaCovis<br />

saxelobis qarxana, gorkis saavtomobilo qarxana)<br />

Seqmnili iqna mTeli rigi specializirebuli<br />

mrvalwertilovani manqanebi; kievis e. i. patonis<br />

saxelobis eleqtroSeduRebis institutSi SemuSavebuli<br />

iqna specialuri danadgarebi didi diametris milebis<br />

pirapira SeduRebisaTvis navTobisa da gazgayvanilobaTa<br />

asawyobad. manqanaTmSeneblobis teqnologiis sakavSiro<br />

centraluri samecniero-sakvlevi institutis mier<br />

20

Seqmnili iqna Txeli zolis pirapira SeduRebisaTvis<br />

saWiro mZlavri manqanebi da milSesaduRi danadgarebi;<br />

Seqmnili iqna rkinabetonis armaturis SesaduRi mTeli<br />

rigi manqanebi. moskovis n. e. baumanis saxelobis<br />

umaRlesi teqnikuri saswavleblis SeduRebis kaTedraze<br />

Seqmnili iqna kondensatoruli manqanebi<br />

xelsawyoTmSeneblobasa da vakuumur teqnikaSi arsebuli<br />

mcire kveTis sakvanZo nawilTa SesaduReblad.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis mowyobilobis srulyofa<br />

xdeboda procesis teqnologiis srulyofasTan erTad.<br />

gasuli saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi farTo gamoyeneba hpova<br />

wetilovani manqanis impulsuri kvebis sqemebma da<br />

procesis programulma regulirebam; gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebis dros _ SesaduR nawilTa bijurma<br />

gadaadgilebam; pirapira SeduRebis dros _ konturuli<br />

SeduRebis transformatorebma; pirapira nakeruli<br />

SeduRebis dros _ maRali da radiosixSiris denebma da<br />

sxva.<br />

araCveulebrivad mravalferovani da rTulia<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis Tanamedrove teqnika, rac<br />

ganisazRvreba rogorc SesaduR nawilTa kveTis didi<br />

diapazoniT _ 25+25 mm-dan ramodenime aTeul mikronamde _<br />

agreTve Sereul liTonTa Tu SenadnobTa<br />

mravalgvarovnebiT. kontaqturi SeduRebis udidesi roli<br />

Tanamedrove saxalxo mrewvelobaSi ganpirobebulia ara<br />

marto procesis maRali mwarmoeblobiT, aramed misi<br />

meqanizaciis, avtomatizaciisa da robotizaciis<br />

siadviliT, gansakuTrebiT ki gamoyenebis farTo<br />

diapazoniT masiur warmoebaSi.<br />

21

2. winaRobiT SeduRebis fizikuri procesebi<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba warmoadgens dauSleli<br />

SeerTebis teqnologiur process joulis siTbosa da<br />

meqanikuri dawnevis xarjze.<br />

teqnologia aris masalisa da energiis<br />

urTierTqmedeba garkveul garemoSi saWiro produqtis<br />

misaRebad.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />

SesaduR masalaTa gvarobas, maT fiziko-meqanikur<br />

Tvisebebsa da energiis saxes.<br />

2.1. zogadi warmodgena dauSleli SeerTebis<br />

Camoyalibebaze<br />

cnobilia, rom myari nivTiereba plastikuri<br />

deformaciis dros Txieri nivTierebis Tvisebebs iCens.<br />

igi ara marto denadobs, rogorc siTxe sxvadasxva<br />

naxvretebsa da milebSi, aramed aqvs namdvili siTxis<br />

difuziis unari. Tu ori myari sxeulis nimuSs SexebaSi<br />

moviyvanT da Semdeg masze vawarmoebT dawnevas, maSin<br />

nimuSebiT miviRebT erT mTlian nimuSs da maT Soris<br />

SeiZleba warmoiSos myari xsnari, qimnaerTi an<br />

mikromeqanikuri narevi.<br />

cdebiT gamokvleulia, rom rac ufro maRal<br />

temperaturamde iqneba gaxurebuli liTonis nimuSebi, miT<br />

naklebia Zala da naklebi dro iqneba saWiro maTi<br />

SeerTebisaTvis. teqnikaSi aseT SeerTebas xSirad wnevis<br />

qveS SeduReba hqvia. cxadia, ufro xelsayreli iqneba<br />

SeduReba iseTi liTonebisa, romlebic gadnobis win<br />

22

cTomebriv mdgomareobas iReben, e. i. iseT mdgomareobas,<br />

rodesac liTons didi denadobis unari aqvs.<br />

imisda mixedviT, Tu ra energiiT xurdeba liToni<br />

SeduRebisaTvis, wnevis qveS SeduRebas or ZiriTad<br />

jgufad hyofen: WedviT da eleqtroSeduRebad.<br />

WedviT SeduRebisaTvis liTons gaaxureben TeTrad<br />

varvarebamde saWiro temperaturamde samWedlo<br />

RumelebSi. RumelSi gaxurebas Semdegi nakli aqvs:<br />

airebis gavleniT liToni xenjiT ifareba, xurdeba<br />

araTanabrad sxvadasxva siRrmeSi da calkeul adgilebSi.<br />

zedmeti gaxurebis gamo SeiZleba ar gadaiwvas.<br />

xenjis mosacileblad gaxurebul zedapirs<br />

moayrian fluss, romelic xenjTan erTad advildnad<br />

widas warmoSobs. es wida dneba SeduRebis temperaturaze<br />

da Semdeg nimuSis miWerisas gamoidevneba SesaduR<br />

adgilidan.amasTan, Znelad mosalodnelia widis<br />

mTlianad gamodevna, amitomac mWedluri SeduRebiT<br />

miRebuli adgilis simtkice ar aRemateba mTliani<br />

nawilis 0,80 simtkices.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis dros kontaqtSi moTavsebul<br />

or SesaduR nimuSSi eldens gauSveben. cxadia, rom<br />

kontaqtSi did winaRobas unda hqondes adgili da amis<br />

gamo liToni Sexebis adgilSi Zlier unda gaxurdes.<br />

aseTi SeduRebis upiratesoba WedviT SeduRebasTan<br />

SedarebiT imaSia, rom aq SesaduRi detalebi winaswar<br />

urTierTmiWerilia da, maSasadame, haeri ver miudgeba<br />

SesaduRebel zedapirs. garda amisa, xurdeba mxolod<br />

SesaduRi adgili. gaxureba Tanabaria mTel SesaduR<br />

zedapirze. SesaZlebelia agreTve SeduRebis temperaturis<br />

zusti regulireba.<br />

23

yvela amis Sedegi is aris, rom eleqtrodeniT<br />

SeduRebuli adgilis simtkice ara Tu naklebia, xSirad<br />

ufro metic ki aris liTonis simtkiceze.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebas zogjer kontaqtur<br />

SeduRebas uwodeben.<br />

procesis meqanizaciis xarisxis mixedviT<br />

kontaqturi SeduReba daiyofa avtomatur, naxevaravtomatur<br />

da robotizebul SeduRebad.<br />

avtomatur-kontaqtur SeduRebas iseT SeduRebas<br />

uwodeben, rodesac denis CarTva da gamorTvis garda<br />

avtomatizirebulia nimuSTa SeduRebisaTvis miWerac.<br />

naxevar-avtomatur SeduRebisas avtomaturad<br />

warmoebs mxolod denis CarTva-gamorTva.<br />

SeduRebis procesis robotizaciisas ki sawarmos<br />

am ubanze mxolod procesis Tvalyuris madevnebeli Tu<br />

SeiniSneba.<br />

2.2. SeduReba energetikuli procesia<br />

rogorc yvela nivTiereba, misi mdgomareobisagan<br />

damokidebulebiT, flobs sxvadasxva raodenobis qimiur<br />

energias. agregatul mdgomareobaTa mixedviT, cxadia, rom<br />

liTonis energia orTqlis mdgomareobaSi metia, vidre<br />

TxevadSi da Txevadi liToni energetikulad ufro<br />

maRalia, vidre myari. amasTanave, cnobilia, rom myari<br />

mdgomareobis liTonis rogorc elementarul<br />

kristalebs, aseve marcvlebs SeiZleba gaaCndeT<br />

sxvadasxva energetikuli doneebi. magaliTad,<br />

plastikurad deformacia gancdili da aseve nawrTobi<br />

liTonis marcvalTa energia ufro maRalia, vidre igive<br />

24

liTonis marcvlebisa momwvar mdgomareobaSi.<br />

TviTdinebiT mimdinare yvela procesi mimdinareobs<br />

energiis kargviT. ase magaliTad, gamyarebisa da<br />

kristalizaciis procesebi.<br />

energiis gafantvasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi<br />

procesi SeiZleba SevaCeroT da amiT gamoviwvioT<br />

sistemaSi energiis dagroveba, Senaxva, romelic SeiZleba<br />

ganimuxtos saTanado pirobaTa SeqmniT. amis mkafio<br />

magaliTia rekristalizaciis procesi. am dros civi<br />

plastikuri deformacia qmnis erTmaneTis gverdiT<br />

energetikulad gauwonasworebel marcvalTa did<br />

raodenobas. amasTanave, mcire zomis marcvlebs gaaCnia<br />

SedarebiT ufro maRali energiebi didi zomis<br />

marcvlebTan SedarebiT, radganac isini naklebad<br />

dazaraldnen deformaciis Sedegad. aseTi dagrovili<br />

Sinagani energia SeiZleba didxans SevinarCunoT, Tu<br />

liTonze ar vimoqmedebT.<br />

energiis aseTi Senaxva (konservacia) liTonSi ar<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba energiis SemcirebiT momxdar TviTdinebad<br />

procesebs.amis TvalsaCinoeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT<br />

elementaruli modelis sqemis saSualebiT (nax. 2.1).<br />

nax. 2.1. liTonuri kristalebis<br />

energetikul doneTa modeli<br />

25

urTula moxvda 1-mdgomareobaSi da gaCerda<br />

energiis am doneze. Tumca misi yvelaze dabali<br />

energetikuli mdgomareoba aris 3. a doneze is moxdeba<br />

mxolod iseTi energetikuli biZgis miRebis Semdeg,<br />

romelic sakmarisi iqneba energetikuli barieri 2-is<br />

dasaZlevad. plastikurad deformirebuli sxeulisaTvis<br />

aseT biZgad gvevlineba gaxureba, romlis Semdeg<br />

dagrovili energia daiwyebs ganmuxtvas. am procesSi<br />

monaTesave marcvlebi STanTqaven erTmaneTs da miiReben<br />

iseT formas, romlis drosac maTi Siga energia gaxdeba<br />

minimaluri. es TviTdinebadi procesia da adgili aqvs<br />

sxvadasxva<br />

SemTxvevaSi.<br />

nivTierebaTa gansxvavebuli temperaturis<br />

liTonis SeduReba gaxlavT iseTive TviTdinebadi<br />

da bunebrivi procesi, rogoricaa magaliTad,<br />

kristalizacia.<br />

SeduReba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc masalis<br />

erT-erTi TvisebaTagani. amitom savsebiT bunebrivia is,<br />

rom SemduReblebi SeduRebadobis procesTa mimarTebaSi<br />

gamoiyeneben igive kanonebsa da urTierTdamokidebulebas,<br />

romlebic damuSavebulia liTonTa dnobis, Camosxmis,<br />

plastikuri deformaciisa da Termuli damuSavebisaTvis<br />

metalurgTa mier.<br />

naTqvamidan gamomdinare, unda virwmunoT, rom<br />

SeduRebis procesi, bunebrivia, unda SeviswavloT<br />

koordinatebSi: temperatura _ dro, dawneva _<br />

temperatura da a. S.<br />

amasTanave, yuradsaRebia isic, rom zogierTi<br />

eleqtruli da fizikuri movlenebi TavisTavad axdens<br />

iseT gansakuTrebul qmedebebs liTonsa da mis<br />

26

struqturaze, romelnic SeuZlebelia aixsnas mxolod<br />

maRali an dabali temperaturiT.<br />

cxadia, rom winaRobiT SeduRebis dros<br />

gamoyenebuli maRali simkvrivis eleqtruli denebi,<br />

eleqtruli ganmuxtvebi, mkumSavi Zalebi, mimdinare<br />

maRali temperaturuli procesebi da Tanamdevi<br />

Termoeleqtruli movlenebi migvaniSnebs, imaze, rom<br />

SeuZlebelia SeduRebis yvela procesi xasiaTdebodes<br />

mxolod metalurgiaSi miRebul koordinatebSi.unda<br />

gvaxsovdes, rom: 1. kvlevis dros mraval SemTxvevaSi<br />

liTonis saSualo temperatura ar gansazRvravs liTonis<br />

mikromoculobebSi gansakuTrebul temperaturul<br />

mdgomareobebs; 2. liTonis makromoculobaTa<br />

kanonzomierebani<br />

mikromoculobebzec.<br />

ar SeiZleba gavrceldes<br />

liTonuri kontaqtis erTi fizikuri wertilis<br />

elementaruli naperwkluri ganmuxtva_esaa<br />

gansakuTrebuli katastrofa im mikromoculobebisa,<br />

romelSic mimdinareobs procesi. es katastrofa iwvevs<br />

uZlieres wnevebs da SeiZleba SevadaroT mniSvnelovan<br />

afeTqebebs.<br />

naperwklur SualedSi, RreCoSi xdeba liTonis<br />

orTqlad qceva, RreCo ionizirdeba. nawili liTonisa<br />

gardaiqmneba mtvrad. drois am periodSi zedapiruli<br />

marcvlebi ganicdian uZlieres plastikur deformacias.<br />

sabolood ki es mikromoculobis katastrofa mTeli<br />

liTonuri masisaTvis fiqsirdeba mxolod da mxolod<br />

rogorc umniSvnelo SeTboba. aseT SemTxvevas adgili<br />

aqvs SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebis procesSi.<br />

27

2.3. SesaduR masalaTa Tbofizikuri Tvisebebi<br />

SeduRebis dros liTonis (an Senadnobis)<br />

Tbogamtaroba λ da Tbotevadoba C did gavlenas axdens<br />

gaxurebasa da siTbos ganawilebaze. erTeulebis fizikur<br />

sistemaSi Tbogamtaroba izomeba kal/sm⋅wm0C-iT erTeulebis eleqtrul sistemaSi Tbogamtaroba izomeba<br />

vt/sm0C-iT. Tbotevadoba izomeba kal/g0C-iT erTeulebis<br />

fizikur sistemaSi da vt⋅wm/g0C erTeulebis eleqtrul<br />

sistemaSi. 2.1 cxrilSi mocemulia zogierTi liTonisa da<br />

Senadnobis, Tbogamtarobisa da Tbotevadobis<br />

mniSvnelobani oTaxis temperaturaze, agreTve kuTri wona<br />

da dnobis temperatura. amave cxrilSi mocemulia<br />

temperaturagamtarobis mniSvnelobani, romelic<br />

axasiaTebs siTbos gavrcelebis siCqares<br />

araTanabarzomierad gaxurebul sxeulSi.<br />

temperaturagamtarobis koeficienti<br />

λ<br />

a=<br />

γC<br />

da<br />

izomeba sm2 /wm. rogorc Cans 2.1 cxrilidan<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis Tbogamtaroba 6-8-jer naklebia<br />

spilenZis Tbogamtarobaze. qromnikeliani uJangavi<br />

foladis Tbogamtaroba TiTqmis 3-jer naklebia<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis Tbogamtarobaze. es<br />

Tanafardobani gamodgeba mxolod oTaxis temperaturisas<br />

da isini SeiZleba Zlier Seicvalon SeduRebis procesSi<br />

gaxurebis dros.<br />

28

cxrili 2.1.<br />

zogierTi liTonisa da Senadnobis Tbofizikuri<br />

Tvisebebi, roca T=20 0<br />

masalis dasaxeleba<br />

spilenZi<br />

alumini<br />

duralumini Д-16<br />

magniumis Senadnobi МА-<br />

1<br />

TiTberi Л-59<br />

fosforovani brinjao<br />

mcirenaxSirbadiani<br />

foladi<br />

niqromi<br />

austenitis foladi<br />

(18%Cr da 9%Ni)<br />

austenitis foladi<br />

(25%Cr da 20%Ni)<br />

Tbogamtaro<br />

ba,<br />

kal/sm·wm°C<br />

0,86<br />

0,49<br />

0,32-0,35<br />

0,20-0,30<br />

0,14-0,22<br />

0,12<br />

0,11-0,15<br />

0,03<br />

0,044<br />

0,033<br />

liTonebisa da SenadnobTa Tbofizikuri Tvisebebi<br />

Zlier icvleba temperaturis SecvliT.<br />

nax. 2.2. 1-ze naCvenebia naxSirbadmcire (1),<br />

swrafmWreli (2) da austenituri foladis (3)<br />

Tbogamtarobis cvlileba 20-dan 900 0 -mde temperaturis<br />

SualedSi. sxvadasxva qimiuri Semadgenlobis<br />

foladebisaTvis mrudebis msvleloba sruliad<br />

gansxvavebulia: naxSirbadmcire foladis Tbogamtaroba<br />

mcirdeba 800 0 -mde temperaturis farglebSi. austenitSi<br />

gadasvliT foladis Tbogamtaroba kvlav iwyebs zrdas.<br />

29<br />

Tbotevadoba<br />

, kal/g°C<br />

0,092<br />

0,21<br />

0,20<br />

0,25<br />

0,09<br />

0,087<br />

0,11<br />

0,11<br />

0,11<br />

0,11<br />

kuTri wona,<br />

g/sm3 8,90<br />

2,71<br />

2,80<br />

1,80<br />

8,4-5,7<br />

8,90<br />

7,85<br />

8,17<br />

7,86<br />

7,9<br />

dnobis<br />

temperatura<br />

°C<br />

1083<br />

658<br />

648<br />

690<br />

930<br />

1050<br />

1530<br />

1375<br />

1440<br />

1430<br />

temperatura<br />

gamtaroba,<br />

sm2/wm<br />

1,05<br />

0,73<br />

0,62<br />

0,44-0,66<br />

0,18-0,27<br />

0,15<br />

0,15<br />

0,033<br />

0,05<br />

0,038

uxvadlegirebuli foladis Tbogamtaroba sagrZnoblad<br />

mcirea, vidre naxSirbadmcire foladisa da temperaturis<br />

aweviT nela matulobs. naxSirbadmcire da austenitis<br />

foladis (romelic daaxloebiT 18% Cr-sa da 9% Ni-s<br />

Seicavs) Tbotevadobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze<br />

warmodgenilia nax. 2.2. 2-ze. naxSirbadmcire foladis<br />

Tbotevadobis mrudis piki dakavSirebulia siTbos<br />

STanTqvasTan foladis mier magnituri Tvisebebis<br />

dakargvis dros (kiuris wertilSi). aramagnitur uJangav<br />

folads piki ar aqvs.<br />

spilenZisa da aluminis, iseve rogorc sufTa<br />

liTonebis Tbogamtaroba, izrdeba temperaturis<br />

awevasTan erTad.<br />

nax. 2.2. foladebis Tbofizikuri Tvisebebis<br />

damokidebuleba temperaturaze: naxSirbadmcire (1),<br />

swrafmWreli (2) da austenituri foladis 1X18H9T (3);<br />

Tbogamtarobis cvlileba; α-rkinisa da γ-rkinis (naxSirbadmcire<br />

da austenituri foladi) namdvili Tbotevadoba.<br />

30

2.4. gaxurebis Taviseburebani winaRobiT SeduRebisas<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebisas eleqtrodTaSoris zonaSi<br />

eleqtruli denis gavlis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbo Qgam. ixarjeba SesaerTebeli adgilis gasaxureblad Qsas., da<br />

mis mimdebare liTonur zonaSi Tbogadacemaze QTb.gamt. da<br />

gaxurebis mimdebare garemoSi Tbogamosxivebaze _ Qgam., anu<br />

Qgam. = Qsas. + QTb.gamt. + QTb.gam. (2.1)<br />

gaxurebis xangrZlivobis gazrdasTan erTad<br />

izrdeba siTbos danakargebic. amasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

SeduRebis procesis xangrZlivobis t gazrdasTan erTad<br />

gaizrdeba agreTve SeduRebisaTvis aucilebeli siTbos<br />

saerTo raodenoba Q (nax. 2.3. 1).<br />

temperaturagamtarobis aweva iwvevs agreTve<br />

siTbos danakargTa mkveTr gazrdas.<br />

drois erTeulSi (wamSi) gamoyofili (da<br />

daxarjuli) siTbos raodenoba saSualod udris<br />

Q<br />

q = kal/wm. (2.2)<br />

t<br />

SeduRebis zonaSi daxarjul simZlavres<br />

gansazRvravs q mniSvneloba (simZlavris danarCeni nawili<br />

ixarjeba TviT SemduRebel manqanaSi transformatorisa<br />

da SeduRebis wredis dengamtari nawilebis gaxurebaze).<br />

es simZlavre SeiZleba gamovxatoT rogorc siTbos<br />

(kal/wm), ise eleqtruli erTeulebiT (vatebiT).<br />

31

gaxurebis xangrZliobis gazrdasTan erTad<br />

mocemul detalTa SeduRebisaTvis aucilebeli simZlavre<br />

mcirdeba jer swrafad, Semdeg ki nela (nax. 2.3. 2).<br />

Qlbm<br />

tbt<br />

Q=Q +Q<br />

2<br />

lbs hw<br />

Q tbt Q lbshw<br />

txn<br />

32<br />

q<br />

lbmxn<br />

nax. 2.3. SeduRebisaTvis saWiro siTbos raodenobis<br />

xarjisa (1) da SeduRebis dros moxmarebuli simZlavris<br />

(2) damokidebulebani gaxurebis xangrZliobaze.<br />

SeduRebis zonaSi temperaturis gazrdis kanoni<br />

damokidebulia am zonaSi moxmarebul simZlavreze. q1<br />

simZlavris SedarebiT didi mniSvnelobisas (nax. 2.4)<br />

temperatura TiTqmis xazovani kanonis mixedviT izrdeba<br />

da swrafad aRwevs SeduRebis gansaxorcieleblad<br />

aucilebel ISed mniSvnelobas. simZlavris SemcirebasTan<br />

erTad temperaturis zrdis siCqare klebulobs. qzRv garkveuli zRvruli mniSvnelobis SemTxvevaSi ISed saWiro<br />

temperaturas SeiZleba mivaRwioT drois Zalian didi<br />

Sualedis gavlis Semdeg. dabolos, Tu q

TC<br />

0<br />

T{Sws<br />

q 2<br />

33<br />

q {Sw<br />

nax. 2.4. SeduRebis zonaSi temperaturis tipiuri<br />

damokidebulebani gaxurebis xangrZliobaze.<br />

mocemul detalTa winaRobiT SeduRebisaTvis<br />

saWiro simZlavre mudmiv sidides ar warmoadgens. igi<br />

mcirdeba gaxurebis procesis gaxangrZlivebiT, magram ar<br />

SeiZleba gaxdes qzRv -zRvrul mniSvnelobaze naklebi.<br />

simZlavris Semcireba iwvevs SeduRebis xangrZliobis<br />

gazrdas da Sromis warmadobis daqveiTebas. gaxurebis<br />

xangrZliobis, temperaturasa da simZlavres Soris<br />

raodenobrivi kavSiri myardeba siTburi gaangarisebebiT,<br />

romelsac safuZvlad udevs joulis kanoni da<br />

Tbogadacemis gantolebani. kontaqturi SeduRebis<br />

TeoriaSi siTburi gaangariSebis safuZvelze amoixsneba<br />

sami ZiriTadi amocana, romelTagan pirvel ors udidesi<br />

praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs:<br />

1. procesis mocemuli xangrZliobisas<br />

(magaliTad, mocemulia SeduRebis raodenoba saaTsa an<br />

cvlaSi) ganvsazRvroT am procesis gansaxorcieleblad<br />

saWiro siTbos raodenoba da simZlavre e. i. saWiro<br />

mowyobilobis simZlavris gansazRvra;<br />

2. mocemuli simZlavrisas (samuSaos<br />

Sesasruleblad SesaZlebelia SezRuduli simZlavris<br />

q 3<br />

txn

manqanis gamoyeneba) ganvsazRvroT SeduRebis minimaluri<br />

xangrZlioba, e. i. procesis warmadoba;<br />

3. SeduRebis procesSi movnaxoT temperaturis<br />

cvlilebaTa kanoni.<br />

kontaqturi SeduRebis dros gaxurebis mixedviT<br />

amocanebis zusti gadawyveta did siZneles warmoadgens<br />

Semdegi mizezebis gamo:<br />

1. SeduRebis procesSi siTbos wyaroebis sidide<br />

da ganawileba icvleba siTbos gamoyofis intensivoba<br />

winaRobis proporciulia; SeduRebis dros rogorc<br />

sakuTari, ise kontaqturi winaRoba did farglebSi<br />

icvleba; gaxurebis dasasruls es ukanaskneli xSirad<br />

nulamde ecema;<br />

2. SesaduRebeli liTonebisa da SenadnobTa<br />

Tbofizikuri Tvisebebi mudmivi ar aris (magaliTad,<br />

naxSirbadmcire) foladis 8000 temperaturamde gaxurebis<br />

dros temperaturagamtaroba oTaxis temperaturaze mis<br />

mniSvnelobebTan SedarebiT TiTqmis 3-jer mcirdeba λ<br />

Tbogamtarobis Semcirebisa (nax. 2.2) da C Tbotevadobis<br />

erTdrouli gazrdis gamo (nax. 2.3);<br />

3. siTbos acilebis pirobebi garTulebulia.<br />

amitom kontaqturi SeduRebis Tburi procesebis<br />

analizis dros gamartivebis mizniT xorcieldeba esa Tu<br />

is daSvebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba<br />

miviRoT amocanis mxolod miaxloebiTi gadawyveta, es<br />

amoxsna, rogorc wesi, Sesworebuli unda iqnas<br />

praqtikuli monacemebis an calkeul SemTxvevebSi<br />

specialuri sakontrolo cdebiT.<br />

34

2.5. SeduRebis denis daSuntva<br />

SeduRebisaTvis aucilebeli denis daangariSebisas<br />

SeduRebis manqanis meorad wredSi bevr SemTxvevaSi deni<br />

saangariSo mniSvnelobaze meti unda iyos, radgan<br />

meoradi denis nawili zogjer gaivlis SeduRebad<br />

detalebaSi ise, rom gverds auvlis uSualod SeduRebis<br />

zonas. am movlenas denis daSuntva ewodeba.<br />

pirapira SeduRebis dros daSuntvas adgili aqvs<br />

nakeTobebSi Sekruli konturiT (nax. 2.5 1). wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis dros denis nawili Suntdeba ukve adre<br />

SeduRebuli wertilebis (nax. 2.5 2) anda detalebs Soris<br />

SemTxveviTi kontaqtebis gavliT, gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebis dros deni Suntdeba ukve adre SeduRebuli<br />

nakeris ubnis gavliT.<br />

yvela SemTxvevaSi manqanis meoradi wredis jamuri<br />

denis Zala<br />

I2 = ISed + IS. (2.3)<br />

omis kanonis mixedviT ganStoebuli wredisaTvis,<br />

romlis ekvivalenturi sqema mocemulia nax. 5.5 3-ze, Zabva<br />

an<br />

U = I Sed R Sed = I S Z S (2.4)<br />

RSed IS = ISed ____ , (2.5)<br />

ZS 35

2<br />

2Tfe<br />

m<br />

4<br />

3<br />

2<br />

1<br />

l2<br />

d5 d5<br />

h<br />

1<br />

l<br />

4 7<br />

3<br />

:<br />

P<br />

l<br />

36<br />

lTfe<br />

z/2<br />

z/ n 2<br />

3 4<br />

δ mm<br />

h/l<br />

3<br />

2<br />

1<br />

zn<br />

mRn<br />

h<br />

5 9 23<br />

2<br />

nax. 2.5. denis daSuntva pirapira da<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros:<br />

z<br />

n<br />

7<br />

ln<br />

Rtfe u<br />

1. daSuntva rgolis pirapira SeduRebis dros: 2.<br />

daSuntva ormxrivi wertilovani SeduRebis dros; 3.<br />

eqvivalenturi sqema daSuntvis dros; 4. gamtaris<br />

pirobiTi sigane Suntis winaRobis daangariSebis dros; 5.<br />

grafiki daSuntvis dros gamtaris pirobiTi siganis<br />

gansazRvrisaTvis; 6. Suntis winaRobis zedapiruli<br />

efeqtis koeficientis damokidebuleba detalis sisqeze<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis furclebis wertilovani<br />

SeduRebisa da wertilebis normaluri bijis SemTxvevaSi;<br />

7. Suntis winaRobis tipuri damokidebuleba masSi<br />

gamaval denze.<br />

sadac: ISed aris SeduRebis zonaSi gamavali deni;<br />

h/δ

I S _ SuntSi gamavali deni;<br />

RSed _ SeduRebadi detalebis aqtiuri<br />

winaRoba (rogorc wesi, maTi reatiuli winaRoba<br />

SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT);<br />

ZS _ Suntis mTliani winaRoba.<br />

amrigad, SeduRebis deni da daSuntvis deni<br />

saTanado winaRobebis ukuproporciulia. zogad<br />

SemTxvevaSi Suntis winaRoba ganisazRvreba<br />

damokidebulebiT:<br />

ZS = √ (m RS) 2 2<br />

+ xS , (2.6)<br />

sadac: R S aris daSuntvis wredis omuri winaRoba;<br />

m _ zedapiruli efeqtis koeficienti;<br />

xS _ Suntis induqtiuri winaRoba.<br />

naxSirbadmcire an sxva magnituri foladis<br />

mrgvali Rerosagan moRunuli rgolebis pirapiruli<br />

SeduRebis dros, roca Reros diametri 20 mm-ze naklebia<br />

da sisqe 10 mm-s ar aRemateba, zedapiruli efeqtis<br />

gavlena SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT ( m ≈ 1,<br />

0 ). roca diametri<br />

udris 40 mm-s da, Sesabamisad, sisqe 20 mm, daaxloebiT<br />

m = 1,<br />

5 , xolo roca diametri 60 mm-ia, m aRwevs 2,5-s,<br />

rgolis omuri winaRoba<br />

R<br />

πD<br />

S = ρ ,<br />

0<br />

F<br />

(2.7)<br />

sadac: D aris rgolis diametri;<br />

F _ misi ganivkveTis farTi;<br />

ρ _ foladis kuTri winaRoba.<br />

0<br />

rgolis induqciuri winaRoba damokidebulia mis<br />

geometriul zomebze da masSi denis simkvriveze. pirveli<br />

37

miaxloebiT 100-dan 500 mm-mde diametris rgolebis<br />

induqciuri winaRoba SeiZleba miviRoT 300-1500 mkomis<br />

toli (cvladi denis normaluri sixSirisas, 50 hc<br />

SemTxvevaSi). es winaRoba rgolis diametris<br />

proporciulia da izrdeba denis simkvrivis<br />

SemcirebasTan erTad.<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros Suntis omuri<br />

winaRoba SeiZleba gamovTvaloT formuliT (nax. 2.5 4):<br />

R l<br />

S = 2ρ<br />

,<br />

0<br />

hδ<br />

sadac: δ aris SesaduR detalTa sisqe;<br />

(2.8)<br />

l _ manZili mosazRvre wertilebis centrebs Soris<br />

(wertilebis biji);<br />

ρ 0 _ kuTri winaRoba;<br />

h _ gamtaris ekvivalenturi sigane.<br />

IT<br />

ITfe<br />

u<br />

zn<br />

z1<br />

RTfe RTfe<br />

38<br />

1<br />

2<br />

nax. 2.6. denebis ganawilebis sqema (1)<br />

da eleqtruli wredebis<br />

eqvivalenturi sqema (2) erTmxrivi<br />

orwertilovani SeduRebis dros.<br />

δ1 δ2

nax. 2.5-ze mocemuli grafiki saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />

ganvsazRvroT<br />

h<br />

fardoba, l / dw fardobasTan<br />

l<br />

damokidebulebiT, sadac dw aris wertilis birTvis<br />

diametri. SedarebiT didi sisqis foladis detalebis<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros zedapiruli efeqtis<br />

koeficienti udidesia, xolo Txeli detalebis SeduRebis<br />

dros (2 mm-ze naklebi sisqis) igi SeiZle ugulebelvyoT.<br />

m-is damokidebuleba δ-ze wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

pirobebSi mocemulia nax. 2.5.6-ze. SuntSi denis simkvrivis<br />

cvlileba iwvevs induqciuri winaRobis mkveTr Secvlas.<br />

dasawyisSi denis gazrdiT (nax. 2.5.7) igi izrdeba, xolo<br />

Semdeg nela ecema. Cveulebriv SuntSi denis simkvrive<br />

imdenad didia, rom Suntis winaRobis induqciuri<br />

Semadgeneli wertilovani SeduRebis dros SeiZleba<br />

ugulebelvyoT. maSin Suntis winaRoba<br />

ZS = m RS. (2.9)<br />

denis daSuntvas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />

erTmxrivi wertilovani SeduRebis dros (nax. 2.6, 1). am<br />

SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi SeduRebis wredis winaRoba<br />

warmoadgens kontaqtebisa da qveda furclis winaRobaTa<br />

jams (nax. 5.6, 2). qveda furclis winaRoba SeiZleba<br />

movnaxoT (2.2) formulis mixedviT m koeficientis<br />

SetaniT nax. 2.5. 6-is Tanaxmad. Suntis, e.i. zeda furclis<br />

winaRoba, uSualod ganisazRvreba (2.2) formulis<br />

mixedviT Sesabamisad m koeficientis SetaniT.<br />

39

3. moZRvrebani eleqtrul kontaqtebze<br />

saerTo gansazRvrebani<br />

sityva kontaqti warmodgeba laTinuri<br />

sityvisagan „contactus“, rac Sexebas niSnavs.<br />

eleqtruli kontaqtis mcneba niSnavs ori<br />

gamtaris iseT SeerTebas, romelic iZleva denis<br />

gatarebis saSualebas. teqnikaSi eleqtrul kontaqts<br />

gansazRvraven rogorc „denis gadasvlis adgils erTi<br />

dengamtari elementidan meoreSi“ (nax. 4.1).<br />

urTierTSemxeb elementebs ewodebaT sakontaqto<br />

elementebi. eleqtrul wredSi maTi daniSnulebis<br />

mixedviT, sakontaqto elementebs SeiZleba ewodos<br />

anodi an kaTodi.<br />

Zalas, romliTac sakontaqto elementebi<br />

erTmaneTs mieWireba, ewodeba kontaqturi Zala.<br />

winaRobas, romelic warmoiqmneba eleqtruli<br />

kontaqtis zedapirze, ewodeba kontaqturi winaRoba.<br />

3.1. sakontaqto zedapiri<br />

teqnikaSi zedapiris mcnebis qveS gulisxmoben<br />

sazRvars realurad arsebul sxeulsa da mis irgvliv<br />

myof garemos Soris. zedapiris umartivesi forma aris<br />

sibrtye. zedapiris mkacrad gansazRvruli formis<br />

miReba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. liTonuri<br />

zedapiris mdgomareoba xasiaTdeba misi talRovanebiTa<br />

da simqisiT. talRovaneba gansazRvravs zedapiris<br />

makroskopul geometrias, simqise ki _ mikroskopiul<br />

geometrias. Tu idealurad sufTa liTonis makro da<br />

40

mikroprofils pirobiTad davyofT or<br />

profilogramad, maSin zedapiris geometria SeiZleba<br />

warmovidginoT ori mrudis saxiT: talRis mrudi (nax.<br />

4.1, 1) da simqisis mrudiT (nax. 4.1, 2), romelic<br />

daefareba talRaze. Tavisi formis, mikroSverilTa<br />

simaRlisa da maT wveroTa Soris manZilis mixedviT<br />

mqisianoba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari. liTonis<br />

zedapiris mqisianobis xarisxi damokidebulia misi<br />

damuSavebis xerxze. qvemoT moyvanilia damokidebuleba<br />

damuSavebis xarisxsa da mikroSverilTa saSualo<br />

simaRlis daaxloebiT zomebs (mikronebSi) Soris:<br />

agleja zumfaris qaRaldiT 40 _ 120<br />

xarateba, randva 20 _ 40<br />

gaprialeba 0,3 _ 1<br />

iohansonis sazomi filebi 0,02<br />

nax. 3.2-ze naCvenebia sufTa liTonis zedapirul<br />

fenaTa mikrostruqtura. zeda fenebi gansxvavdebian<br />

ara marto simqisiT, aramed imiTac, rom<br />

mikroSverilTa Semadgeneli elementaruli kristalebi<br />

Zalian aqtiuria imis gamo, rom maT ukve ganicades<br />

Zlieri plastikuri deformacia. amis Sedegad maTSi<br />

darCa Warbi energiis mniSvnelovani maragi, romlis<br />

gamavrcelebels warmoadgens dislokaciebi, vakansiebi,<br />

kvanZTaSorisi atomebi da sxva mikrodefeqtebi.<br />

zedapirTa daaxloebisas deformacias ganicdis<br />

rogorc mikrosimqiseebi, aseve talRovanebic da Tu<br />

zedapirebi idealurad myaria, maTi urTierTSexeba<br />

moxdeba araumetes sam weliwadSi. rogorc wesi,<br />

sakontaqto Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad sakontaqto<br />

elementTa masalebSi yovelTvis aRiZvreba plastikuri<br />

41

an drekadi deformacia. mcire sakontaqto Zalis<br />

Sedegad aRZruli drekadi deformaciis dros Sexebis<br />

sawyisi wertilebi gardaiqmnebian sakontaqto<br />

zedapirebad ΔS, romlebzec faqtiurad xorcieldeba<br />

dawneva da xdeba axali sakontaqto wertilebis<br />

warmoqmna. mikrokontaqtTa jami warmoadgens faqtiur<br />

kontaqtur zedapirs Sf (nax. 3.3).<br />

S f = n · ΔS, (3.1)<br />

sadac n aris elementarul mikrokontaqtTa ricxvi.<br />

faqtiuri kontaqturi zedapiri es is zedapiria,<br />

romelzec uSualod moqmedebs sakontaqto Zala da<br />

Tavisi zomiT mcirea moCvenebiT kontaqtur zedapirze<br />

Sm-ze, romlis sazRvrebSi ganlagdebian yvela<br />

calkeuli elementaruli mikrokontaqtebi.<br />

Sn aris nominaluri farTobi, romelic<br />

ganisazRvreba urTierTSemxeb zedapirTa zomebiT.<br />

nax.3.1. talRuri da mqisi zedapirebis<br />

profilogramebi:<br />

1. talRis profili;<br />

2. mikrosimqisis profili<br />

42

nax. 3.2. meqanikurad damuSavebuli<br />

idealurad sufTa liTonuri<br />

zedapiris mikrostruqturis sqema<br />

hbnubsfcmpcjt<br />

!mbrfcj<br />

α<br />

nax. 3.3. liTonuri nimuSis nax. 3.4. mqisi zedapiris<br />

meqanikuri kontaqti. mikroreliefis sqema haerze<br />

α _ laqebi naCvenebia<br />

muqi wertilebiT.<br />

nax.3.5. liTonuri zedapiri haerze<br />

1_ionizirebuli mtvris nawilakebi:<br />

2 _ cximovan molekulaTa fena;<br />

3 _ wylis molekulaTa fena;<br />

4 _ Jangbadis anionTa da haeris<br />

neitralur molekulaTa<br />

adsorbirebuli fena;<br />

5 _ JangeulTa fena, liTonis zeda<br />

fenebisa da Siga Tu gare sazRvarTa<br />

maxasiaTebeli polaroba naCvenebia +<br />

da – niSnebiT;<br />

6 _ Siga mikrobzarebi;<br />

43

7 _ sruliad araorientirebul kristalTa zedapiruli<br />

fena JangeulTa fenebiT;<br />

8 _ liTonis siRrmiseuli fena, romelsac ar<br />

ganucdia plastikuri deformacia.<br />

eqsperimentuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom civ<br />

mdgomareobaSi myof mikromqisian zedapirze moqmedi<br />

sakontaqto Zali gazrda iwvevs mikrokontaqtTa<br />

ricxvis swraf zrdas, amasTanave elementarul<br />

mikrokontaqtTa saSualo zomebi izrdeba umniSvnelod.<br />

zedapiri, romelzedac uSualod moqmedebs<br />

sakontaqto Zala, Sedgeba Semdegi ubnebisagan:<br />

1. liTonuri kontaqtis ubani, romelSic deni<br />

gaivlis SeumCneveli gardamavali winaRobiT<br />

iseve, rogorc mkvrivi liTonis sxvadasxva<br />

kristalebs Soris;<br />

2. moCvenebiTi liTonuri kontaqtis ubani,<br />

romelic dafarulia Txeli afskiT da<br />

miuxedavad afskis masalis gamtareblobisa,<br />

gvirabuli efeqtis wyalobiT advilad atarebs<br />

dens. aseTi gvaris tipiur afskebs warmoadgens<br />

Jangbadis atomTa adgeziuri an sxva fenebi,<br />

romlebic warmoiqmneba liTonis sruliad sufTa<br />

zedapirze misi haerze dayovnebisas.<br />

3. monomolekuluri afskiT dafaruli ubani,<br />

gansakuTrebiT gamabundovanebeli afskebi,<br />

rogoricaa Jangeulebi, sulfidebi da sxva saxis<br />

afskebi<br />

rols.<br />

praqtikulad asrulebs izolatorTa<br />

44

gamtar kontaqtur zedapirebs ewodebaT α-laqebi<br />

(nax. 3.3). nax. 3.4. da 3.5-ze naCvenebia kontaqturi<br />

zedapiri haerze.<br />

teqnikaSi miRebulia zedapirTa pirobiTad<br />

dayofa swor gluv, swor mqise da araswor<br />

zedapirebad. gluv zedapirebs SeiZleba miekuTvnos<br />

optikur xelsawyoTa mxolod zogierTi zedapirebi.<br />

eleqtrul kontaqtTa zedapirebi ki Cveulebriv<br />

warmoadgens mqise zedapirebs.<br />

daniSnulebis mixedviT zedapirebi iyofa or<br />

jgufad: aqtiur da pasiur zedapirebad. aqtiuria<br />

zedapirebi, romlebic eqspluataciis procesSi<br />

urTierTqmedebs sxva zedapirebTan, aRiqvams<br />

datvirTvebs, ganicdis xaxuns da icviTeba. aseTebia<br />

SedarebiT kargi makro da mikrogeometriis mqone<br />

detalebi. am jgufs miekuTvneba eleqtrul kontaqtTa<br />

zedapirebic. pasiuri iseTi zedapirebia, romlebic<br />

eqspluataciis procesSi ar urTierTqmedebs sxva<br />

zedapirebTan, isini mxolod aumjobesebs nakeTobis<br />

gare xeds da icavs mas koroziisagan.<br />

eleqtrul kontaqtTa xangrZlivoba<br />

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli maTi zedapiris<br />

xarisxisagan. zedapiris xarisxi ganisazRvreba<br />

liTonis gare Txeli fenebis sisufTaviT,<br />

mikrogeometriiTa da fiziko-qimiuri TvisebebiT<br />

(simtkice, mikrostruqtura, narCeni Zabvebi da a.S.).<br />

zedapiris araswori forma mniSvnelovan gavlenas<br />

axdens agreTve eleqtrul kontaqtTa iseT<br />

saeqspluatacio Tvisebebze, rogoricaa: urTierTSemxeb<br />

45

zedapirTa cveTamedegoba, daRlilobiTi simtkice,<br />

eroziisadmi winaRoba, koroziisadmi medegoba da sxv.<br />

3.2. fizikuri procesebi kontaqtis zedapirze<br />

liTonis zedapirze da kontaqtebSi mimdinare<br />

procesebi Zalian rTuli da mravalferovania. ZiriTad<br />

damaxasiaTebel zedapirul movlenaTa asaxsnelad<br />

warmovadgenT martiv Teoriul sqemebs.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, yoveli liToni Sedgeba<br />

marcvlebisagan, xolo yoveli marcvali ki kristalTa<br />

blokebisagan. calkeuli bloki ki warmoadgens<br />

erTnairad<br />

did jgufs.<br />

orientirebul elementarul kristalTa<br />

calkeul kristalTa yvela elementarul<br />

nawilTa urTierTkavSiri Tavisi bunebiT sufTa<br />

eleqtrulia. amasTanave, atomTaSorisi sivrce savsea<br />

uwyvetad moZravi Tavisufali eleqtronebiT,<br />

romlebic ar miekuTvneba romelime atoms. aRniSnul<br />

sivrces moixsenieben rogorc eleqtronul airs.<br />

liTonis fizikuri Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa:<br />

TboSemcveloba, Tbogamtaroba, Tbogamosxiveba,<br />

eleqtrogamtaroba, eleqtrowinaRoba garkveulwilad<br />

ganisazRvreba kerZod, eleqtronuli airis moZraobiT..<br />

eleqtronul<br />

Semdegi Tvisebani:<br />

masas aireulidan ganasxvavebs<br />

1. eleqtronebi temperaturaTa nebismieri<br />

mniSvnelobisaTvis, Tundac absoluturi<br />

nulis pirobebSi, xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva<br />

sididis kinetikuri energiiT.<br />

46

airuli molekulebi ki absoluturi<br />

2.<br />

nulovani temeraturisas kargavs kinetikuri<br />

energiis mTel marags da xdeba umoZrao;<br />

calkeul eleqtronTagans, Tundac erTi da<br />

igive masalisas, temperaturis Tanabari<br />

mniSvnelobisaTvis gaaCnia energiaTa<br />

gansxvavebuli raodenoba. kerZod,<br />

temperaturis absoluturi nulis dros maTi<br />

energia sxvadasxvaa:<br />

a. Zalian mcirea eleqtronTa<br />

b.<br />

raodenobisaTvis;<br />

Zalian didia umravlesi eleqtronisaTvis;<br />

3. calkeuli liToni flobs eleqtronTa<br />

gansxvavebul raodenobas, xolo yovel<br />

eleqtrons axasiaTebs gansxvavebuli sidids<br />

kinetikuri energiis maqsimumi.<br />

energiis am maqsimums uwodeben zRvruls an<br />

fermis energias.<br />

sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom liTonis<br />

zedapiruli fenis eleqtronTa kavSiri sustia. es<br />

aixsneba imiT, rom zedapirul fenaze imyofeba fermis<br />

doneze ufro meti energiis mqone eleqtronebi.<br />

energiis am siWarbes uwodeben gamosvlis muSaobas,<br />

romelic eleqtronebs aniWebs liTonis zedapiridan<br />

mowyvetis, amovardnis unars.<br />

Tu sufTa liTons movaTavsebT vakuumSi,<br />

temperaturis sididis miuxedavad, mis zedapirze<br />

myisierad Seiqmneba Warbi energiis mqone eleqtronTa<br />

Rrubeli. am dros eleqtronTa Rrubelis mowyvetisas<br />

zedapiri daimuxteba dadebiTad da liToni-vakuumis<br />

47

zRvarze Seiqmneba ormagi eleqtruli fena: minusi _<br />

eleqtronuli Rrubeli da pliusi _ liTonis<br />

zedapiri. aseTi suraTi iarsebebs maSin, roca<br />

liTonomimdinare sivrceSi ar iqneba eleqtruli da<br />

magnituri velebi.<br />

ganvixiloT,<br />

zRvarze.<br />

Tu ra xdeba liToni-haeris<br />

absoluturad sufTa liTonuri zedapiris<br />

haerTan Sexebisas, haerSi (nax. 3.5) arsebuli Jangbadis<br />

oratomiani molekulebidan TiToeuli myisierad da<br />

advilad miitacebs TiTo eleqtrons da Seiqmneba<br />

Jangbadis erTmuxtiani uaryofiTi ionebi. Jangbadis<br />

molekulaTa aseT mdgomareobaSi qimiurad Zalian<br />

aqtiuria, amitim Tu drois sawyis momentSi liTonihaeris<br />

zRvarze iqmneba ormagi eleqtruli fena,<br />

Jangbadis uaryofiTi molekulebi _ liTonis<br />

zedapiris dadebiTi fena, drois momdevno<br />

mniSvnelobidan iwyeba Jangbadis liTonTan qimiuri<br />

kavSirebis Seqmna, anu warmoiqmneba JangeulTa<br />

molekulebi ise, rom JangeulTa fenis gare zedapirze<br />

SenarCundeba dadebiTi, xolo Sigaze _ uaryofiTi<br />

muxti. gamodis, rom am SemTxvevaSic liTonis haerTan<br />

sazRvarze iqmneba ormagi eleqtruli fena.<br />

aseTi ormagi eleqtruli fenis Camoyalibeba<br />

damaxasiaTebelia erTi nivTierebis meoresTan<br />

nebismier sazRvarze da raRa Tqma unda, liTonur<br />

kontaqtSic, roca calkeuli liTonis gamosvlis<br />

energiebi sxvadasxvaa.<br />

48

3.3. afskebi kontaqtur zedapirze<br />

idealurad sufTa liTonuri zedapiris miReba<br />

SeiZleba mxolod Rrma vakuumis pirobebSi. garda<br />

amisa, is arsebobs agreTve gatexili liTonis<br />

zedapirze an misi meqanikuri damuSavebis Semdeg<br />

drois metad mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi (wamis<br />

nawilebi). atmosferosTan urTierTSexebaSi myofi<br />

eleqtruli kontaqtis zedapiris yvela<br />

mikrogamonaSveri da Rrmuli myisierad ifareba<br />

garkveuli saxis rTuli qimiuri Sedgenilobis mqone<br />

afskebiT. afskis sisqe da Semadgenloba<br />

damokidebulia sakontaqto masalis gvarobaze, qimiur<br />

aqtivobaze, sakontaqto zedapiris gasufTavebis<br />

xarisxze, irgvlivmyofi garemos mdgomareobasa da<br />

qimiur Semadgenlobaze da masTan sakontaqto<br />

zedapiris urTierTqmedebis xangrZlivobaze.<br />

yvela sufTa liTonuri zedapiri haerze<br />

myisierad ifareba garkveuli sisqis feniT, rac<br />

garkveviT Cans qvemoT moyvanili cxrilidan.<br />

cxrili 3.1<br />

liToni fenis sisqe (sm) drois xangrZlivoba (wm)<br />

spilenZi 3·10 -7 30<br />

alumini 12·10 -2 15<br />

rkina 2·10 -7 40<br />

molibdeni (2÷3)·10 -7 40<br />

germaniumi (2÷3)·10 -7 80<br />

49

oqsidur fenaTa Semdgomi zrda mimdinareobs<br />

umniSvnelod da mxolod im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu<br />

moxdeba afskis meqanikurad dazianeba an liTonis<br />

gaxureba, an agreTve irgvlivmyofi garemosa da TviT<br />

liTonuri zedapiris garkveuli aqtivizacia.<br />

garda oqsiduri afskisa, liTonis zedapiri<br />

haeridan ifareba agreTve wylis, airebisa da cximovan<br />

masalaTa adsorbirebul molekulaTa fenebiT (nax. 3.4,<br />

3.5). TiToeul fenaTa sisqe da Tanmimdevroba SeiZleba<br />

iyos sxvadasxva irgvlivmyofi garemos<br />

Sedgenilobisagan damokidebulebiT, magram liTonur<br />

pirvel fenad yovelTvis gvevlineba oqsiduri fena<br />

(nax. 3.5, fena e).<br />

oqsiduri fena uSualod emijneba liTons da<br />

warmoadgens Zalian fxvier danafars, romelic<br />

struqturulad mieSeneba liTonis kristalur mesers.<br />

oqsiduri fenis zrdasTan erTad wesrigdeba misi<br />

kristaluri wyoba da mcirdeba misi warmoqmnis<br />

siCqare, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom TviTon oqsiduri<br />

fena gvevlineba liTonuri kaTionebisa da Jangbadis<br />

molekulaTa<br />

Semaferxeblad.<br />

urTierTSemxvedri moZraobis<br />

liTonis sazRvarTan oqsiduri fena inarCunebs<br />

uaryofiT potencials TviT liTonis dadebiTi<br />

potencialis mimarT, xolo oqsiduri danafaris gare<br />

fena xdeba dadebiTi potencialis mqone; is<br />

adsorbirebs Tavis Tavze Jangbadis uaryofiT fenas,<br />

romelic, liTonis Tavisufali kaTionebis uqonlobis<br />

gamo, kargavs qimiur kavSirs. amrigad, daJanguli<br />

liToni ifareba ormagi eleqtruli fenebiT (nax. 3.5),<br />

50

ac warmoadgens mis tipiur eleqtrul struqturas.<br />

aseve sufTa ormagi eleqtruli fenebiT xasiaTdeba<br />

kavSiri cximovan molekulaTa da liTons Soris, rac<br />

uzrunvelyofs liTonsa da erTmolekuluri sisqis<br />

afsks Soris mtkice kavSirs.<br />

cximovan molekulebs axasiaTebT agreTve<br />

liTonis zedapiris mikrobzarebSi Rrmad SeWris<br />

unari, amis gamo erTmolekuluri cximovani fenebi<br />

awarmoeben uZlieres gamTiSvel dawnevas<br />

mikroxvrelebis SigniT, kerZod, 10-7 sm siganis mqone<br />

xvrelis wveroSi cximovan molekulaTa mier<br />

gamowveuli dawnevis Zala aRwevs liTonis denadobis<br />

zRvars.<br />

sxvadasxva afskTa warmoqmnis dros mimdinare<br />

fiziko-qimiuri procesebi Tvisebrivad gansxvavdebian<br />

erTmaneTisagan, amitom afskebi iyofian: 1. adgeziur; 2.<br />

gabundovanebis; 3. pasiur da 4. wylis afskebad.<br />

3.3.1. adgeziuri afskebi<br />

am saxis afskebs gaaCniaT SedarebiT mcire<br />

sisqe, romelic ar aRemateba (2,5-3)⋅10-7 sm-s. eleqtruli<br />

denis wredisaTvis isini warmoadgenen dengamtarebs,<br />

rac xdeba gvirabuli efeqtis wyalobiT.<br />

Tu adgeziuri afskis sisqe aRemateba (2,5-3)⋅10-7 sm-s, maSin eleqtronebi veRar axdenen didi<br />

potencialuri zRvaris gadalaxvas da afskebi iqcevian<br />

dieleqtrikebad.<br />

51

3.3.2. gabundovanebis afskebi.<br />

es afskebi Cveulebriv, miekuTvneba<br />

dieleqtrikul afskebs. maTi warmoqmnis dros liToni<br />

kargavs brwyinvalebas, ris gamoc aseT afskebs<br />

ewodebaT gabundovanebis afskebi. arsebobs<br />

gabundovanebis afskTa ori saxesxvaoba; JangeulTa<br />

afskebi, romlebic warmoiqmnebian haeris JangbadTan<br />

liTonis Sexebis Sedegad da sulfiduri afskebi,<br />

romlebic<br />

SeerTebiT.<br />

warmoiqmnebian liTonis gogirdTan<br />

gabundovanebis afskTa winaRoba sxva<br />

faqtorebis garda damokidebulia liTonis<br />

kristaluri gisosis agebulebisagan. Cveulebriv,<br />

liTonis zedapirze warmoqmnil aseT afskebs aqvT<br />

araTanabari sisqe. eqsperimentuli monacemebi<br />

gviCveneben, rom gabundovanebis afskTa xvedriTi<br />

winaRoba icvleba 104_109 omi/sm sazRvrebSi.<br />

liTonis zedapirTan Sexebisas Jangbadis<br />

molekulebi Tavdapirvelad liTons ukavSirdeba ufro<br />

susti, narCeni kavSirebiT _ van-der-vaalsis ZalebiT.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, es Zalebi gacilebiT sustia<br />

liTonuri kavSiris ZalebTan SedarebiT, romelic<br />

warmoqmnis liTonTa myar kristalur kavSirs dadebiT<br />

ionTa savalento eleqtronebTan kavSiris safuZvelze.<br />

daJangvis Semdgomi procesi iwvevs arsebuli<br />

kavSiris xasiaTis cvlas, rac gamowveulia Jangbadis<br />

atomis kristalur gisosSi SeWris Sedegad<br />

warmoqmnil JangeulTa ufro mtkice gisosTa Seqmnis<br />

gamo.<br />

52

Jangeulis afskis warmoqmnis procesi<br />

mimdinareobs Semdegi sqemis mixedviT: Jangbadi Cajdeba<br />

liTonis zedapirze, liTonis atomebi difundirdebian<br />

Jangbadis afskSi, xdeba qimiuri reaqcia, rac<br />

mTavrdeba Jangeulis molekulaTa warmoqmniT.<br />

temperaturis zrda xels uwyobs difuziis procesis<br />

daCqarebas da JangeulTa afskis warmoqmnas. es<br />

procesi aqtiurdeba agreTve naperwklisa an rkalis<br />

warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi, denis xangrZlivad gatarebis<br />

dros da eleqtrul kontaqtTa JangbadiT mdidar an<br />

sxva aqtiur reagentebian garemoSi xangrZlivi<br />

dayovnebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

zogierTi liTonis zedapirze JangeulTa afskis<br />

warmoqmna xdeba Zalian swrafad (wamis nawilebi),<br />

xolo zogierTebze ki Camoyalibdeba wuTis<br />

ganmavlobaSi.<br />

gabundovanebis afskis zRvruli sisqe<br />

damokidebulia<br />

aqtivobisagan.<br />

liTonis JangbadTan qimiuri<br />

zogierTi SemTxvevisaTvis garkveuli<br />

cdomilebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros afskis sisqe<br />

reagentTa temperaturisa da moqmedebis droisagan<br />

damokidebulebiT. ase magaliTad, winaswar gawmendili<br />

sufTa spilenZis zedapirze warmoqmnili JangeulTa<br />

afskis sisqe gamoiTvleba empiriuli formuliT:<br />

1310<br />

8,<br />

2−<br />

T<br />

δ = 400 + t ⋅10<br />

, (3.2)<br />

sadac: δ aris warmoqmnili afskis sisqe, 10 -6 sm;<br />

53

T _ temperatura, 0 K;<br />

t _ sakontaqto zedapiris Jangbadze dayovnebis<br />

dro, sT.<br />

sakontaqto masalad gamoyenebul liTonTa<br />

umetesoba ifareba gabundovanebis afskiT. ase<br />

magaliTad, nikelis zedapirze temperaturaTa mcire<br />

sidideebis dros JangeulTa afski Zalian nela<br />

yalibdeba, xolo maRali temperaturis dros ki afskis<br />

sisqe swrafad izrdeba. sabolood es iwvevs<br />

eleqtruli wredis gawyvetas. uares Sedegs aqvs<br />

adgili aluminis SemTxvevaSi, saimedo eleqtruli<br />

kontaqtis miReba sakmaod rTulia. es gamowveulia<br />

imiT, rom (10-15)⋅10-7 sm sisqis mkvrivi Jangeulis afskis<br />

warmoqmna xdeba didi siCqariT da grZeldeba mxolod<br />

aTeul wams.<br />

SedarebiT advilad iJangeba TuTberi, ris gamoc<br />

misi xmareba eleqtruli kontaqtis masalad<br />

arasasurvelia.<br />

brinjao normaluri temperaturis dros<br />

SesamCnevad ar iJangeba.<br />

volframis zedapirze maizolirebeli afskebi<br />

ar warmoiqmneba, Tu garemos temperatura ar aris<br />

didi.<br />

oqro maRali temperaturis dros ki Zalian<br />

umniSvnelod iJangeba. mis zedapirze warmoiqmneba<br />

mxolod adgeziuri afskis Txeli fena.<br />

platina srulebiT ar iJangeba, xolo zogierT<br />

naxSirwyalbadian airebTan SeerTebisas mis zedapirze<br />

SeiZleba warmoiqmnas naxevradsaizolacio afski, rac<br />

iwvevs kontaqturi winaRobis ramdenadme zrdas.<br />

54

vercxli Zalian umniSvnelod iJangeba. mis<br />

zedapirze warmoqmnili JangeulTa afski aramtkicea da<br />

advilad ixsneba rogorc maRali temperaturis<br />

gavleniT, aseve meqanikuri ZaliT. mniSvnelovnad<br />

saxifaTo da mtkicea vercxlis gogirdTan SeerTebiT<br />

warmoqmnili afski, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, Tu es<br />

xdeba tenian garemoSi. am dros vercxli bundovandeba,<br />

mis zedapirze warmoiqmneba muqi laqebi. yovelive es<br />

vercxlis kontaqtze advilad moixsneba garkveuli<br />

meqanikuri moqmedebis Sedegad, ris gamoc kvlav<br />

aRorZindebian gamtareblobis kerebi.<br />

gabundovanebis afskTa mosaxsnelad liTonis<br />

zedapiridan arsebobs mTeli rigi xerxebi. afskis fena<br />

SeiZleba gasufTavdes qlibiT, zumfaris qaRaldiT,<br />

SeiZleba moixsnas qimiuri meTodiT. garda amisa,<br />

SesaZlebelia afskis damsxvreva SerxeviT, vibraciiT,<br />

dartymiTi an statikuri damwnevi Zalis moqmedebiT.<br />

aseT xerxebs ewodebaT xelovnuri dabereba. imis gamo,<br />

rom liTonis zedapirze adsorbirebuli Jangbadi aris<br />

liTonTan SekavSirebuli umniSvnelo ZalebiT, kerZod,<br />

van-der-valsis narCeni ZalebiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

xdeba afskis daskdoma, moSoreba liTonis zedapiridan<br />

da umjobesdeba eleqtruli kontaqti. am process _<br />

kontaqtis TandaTanobiT gaumjobesebas misi<br />

xangrZlivi<br />

dabereba.<br />

eqspluataciis dros ewodeba bunebrivi<br />

garda aRniSnuli xelovnuri da bunebrivi<br />

daberebis xerxebisa, gabundovanebis afskis darRvevas<br />

iwvevs agreTve fitingis movlenac, rac mdgomareobs<br />

afskis eleqtrul gaxvretaSi. magaliTad, Tu afskis<br />

55

sisqe mniSvnelovania da aRwevs (30-40)⋅10-7 sm-s, maSin<br />

warmoqmnili dieleqtrikis fenis xvedriTi<br />

eleqtrowinaRoba iqneba didi, kerZod, (107 ÷109 ) omi.sm.<br />

amaSi advilad SeiZleba darwmuneba, Tu afskis or<br />

mxares moedeba Zabva da wredSi CairTveba ampermetri<br />

da voltmetri. Tu Zabvis mniSvneloba iqneba 1 voltze<br />

naklebi, maSin wredSi deni praqtikulad ar iarsebebs<br />

(Seadgens mikroamperis nawilebs), xolo Zabvis<br />

sididis Semdgomi gazrda garkveul mniSvnelobamde<br />

gamoiwvevs wredSi denis sididis mkacr zrdas. am<br />

eqsperimentis monacemebidan Cans, rom Zabvis sididis<br />

garkveuli mniSvnelobis dros warmoebs<br />

dieleqtrikuli afskis eleqtruli gaxvreta da denis<br />

gamtareblobis kerebis aRdgena.<br />

gabundovanebis afskis gaxvreta aris<br />

dieleqtrikis darRvevisa da dengamtari<br />

eleqtronebiTa da ionebiT savse arxis warmoSobis<br />

procesi. gaxvretis adgilze aRiZvreba maRali<br />

temperatura, liToni dneba da vrceldeba<br />

gabundovanebis afskis sisqeSi, sadac iqmneba xidi<br />

eleqtruli denisaTvis. gabundovanebis afskis<br />

gaxvreta warmoebs im momentSi, roca afskis<br />

sazRvrebze eleqtruli velis daZabuloba miaRwevs<br />

(106 ÷107 ) v/sm sidides.<br />

Tu eleqtruli gaxvretis energia SedarebiT<br />

mcirea da ar xdeba liTonis dnoba, maSin gaxvretis<br />

kerebTan axlos gabundovanebis afski garkveulad<br />

Txeldeba, ris gamoc afskisagan ganTavisuflebuli<br />

elqtruli kontaqtis zedapiri ramdenadme izrdeba.<br />

56

3.3.3. pasiuri afskebi.<br />

afskebs adgeziursa da gabundovanebis afskebs<br />

Soris ewodeba pasiuri afskebi. pasiuri afskebi<br />

warmoiqmneba zogierT 2 da metvalentian (mag., cinki)<br />

liTonTa zedapirebze. aseT afskTa sisqe ufro<br />

stabiluria da tolia (1-1,5)⋅10-7 sm, magram maTi<br />

eleqtruli winaRoba ramdenadme icvleba. drois<br />

mixedviT gvirabuli efeqtis gavlenis xarisxisagan<br />

damokidebulebiT.<br />

3.3.4. wylis afskebi.<br />

wylis afski SeiZleba warmoiqmnas nebismieri<br />

liTonis zedapirze, xolo misi sisqe yvela<br />

liTonisaTvis iqneba sxvadasxva. Tu atmosferos<br />

fardobiTi tenianoba iqneba 70-80%-ze meti, maSin<br />

wyali ganicdis adsorbcias liTonis zedapirze da<br />

warmoqmnis keTilSobili liTonebis SemTxvevaSi 5⋅10-7 sm, xolo danarCeni liTonebisaTvis 10⋅10-7 sm-mde<br />

sisqis fenas.<br />

liTonis zedapirze warmoqmnili wyali xsnis<br />

mis zeda fenebs. am dros liTonis ionebi gadadis<br />

wyalSi. garkveuli drois Semdeg eleqtrul muxtTa<br />

matarebeli wylis dipoluri molekulebi qmnian<br />

liTonis zedapirze eleqtrul vels da liTonis<br />

ionTa garkveuli raodenoba gadaaqvT xsnarSi, es<br />

procesi Semdeg wydeba, radgan wydeba potencialTa<br />

sxvaoba, romelic aucilebelia ionTa moZraobis<br />

57

gasagrZeleblad. ase iqmneba dinamiuri wonasworobis<br />

mdgomareoba da Cndeba garkveuli sisqis wylis afski.<br />

ufro sxvagvarad mimdinareobs rkinis zedapirze<br />

afskis warmoqmnis procesi. erTmaneTis Sesaxvedrad<br />

moZravi rkinis ionebi Fe + da wylis narCenis ionebi<br />

OH_ warmoqmnian FeOH-is hidromJavas molekulebs,<br />

romlebic ganlagdeba liTonis zedapirze<br />

erTmaneTisagan sakmao manZiliT daSorebulni,<br />

warmoiqmneba gorakebi, romelTa qveSac advilad<br />

grZeldeba hidromJavas molekulaTa warmoqmnis<br />

procesi. amis Sedegad gorakebi TandaTanobiT izrdeba,<br />

mZimdeba da advilad Sordeba liTonis zedapirs. im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu atmosferos sineste, romelSic<br />

imyofeba rkinis naWeri, Seadgens 80-90%-s, maSin zemoT<br />

aRniSnuli procesi SeiZleba gagrZeldes uwyvetad.<br />

aRweril movlenas ewodeba rkinis korozia anu Jangva.<br />

rkinis nakeToba Jangvis procesSi Txeldeba,<br />

sabolood liToni iSleba calkeul nawilebad da<br />

gadadis irgvlivmyof garemoSi yavisferi wvrili<br />

nawilakebis mtvris saxiT.<br />

koroziuli procesis siCqare damokidebulia<br />

adgilmdebareobis xasiaTsa da klimatur pirobebze.<br />

magaliTad, soflis adgilas zomieri klimatis<br />

pirobebSi rkinis korozia mimdinareobs daaxloebiT<br />

2,6 mkm/weliwadi siCqariT. rac igive sartylis<br />

qalaqebSi 200 mkm/weliwadi, xolo tropikul<br />

sartyelSi _ zRvis napiras ki siCqare aRwevs 620<br />

mkm/weliwads.<br />

58

3.4. kontaqturi winaRoba<br />

eleqtruli kontaqti SeiZleba imyofebodes sam<br />

mdgomareobaSi:<br />

1. kontaqti Caketilia da deni dabrkolebis<br />

gareSe gaivlis mas;<br />

2. kontaqti Riaa, sakontaqto elementebi<br />

sakmaod daSorebulia erTmaneTisagan, maT<br />

Soris imyofeba mniSvnelovani sisqis<br />

dieleqtrikis fena, magaliTad haerisa da<br />

3.<br />

amitom deni ar gadis;<br />

kontaqti iyo Caketili da daiwyo misi gaReba<br />

an kontaqti iyo Ria da daiwyo misi Caketva,<br />

daiwyo sakontaqto elementTa daaxloeba<br />

manam, sanam maT Soris manZili ar gaxdeba<br />

umciresi, romelsac ewodeba RreCo. am dros<br />

marTla ar arsebobs pirdapiri liTonuri<br />

kontaqti, magram mainc SeiZleba Seikras<br />

eleqtruli wredi RreCoSi realuri<br />

procesis aRgznebis safuZvelze.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi denis sidide ar SeiZleba iyos<br />

mudmivi, amitom kontaqtTa muSaobis reJims RreCos<br />

arsebobisas ewodeba arastacionaluri, aramdgradi,<br />

gardamavali reJimi. eleqtrul kontaqtTa<br />

daproeqtebisas maTi gamoTvla yovelTvis ise unda<br />

moxdes, rom aramdgradi reJimis xangrZlivoba iyos<br />

minimaluri.<br />

gamtareblobis mixedviT arCeven kontaqtis ori<br />

saxis zedapirs, 1. idealursa da 2. realurs. idealur<br />

Caketil kontaqtSi eleqtrul dens atarebs mTeli<br />

geometriuli zedapiri, xolo realur Caketil<br />

59

kontaqtSi ki mxolod calkeuli gamtareblobis<br />

kerebi, ris gamoc, realuri zedapiris eleqtruli<br />

gamtarebloba ramdenjerme, daaxloebiT 100-jer, ufro<br />

mcirea, vidre idealuri zedapirisa. gamtareblobis<br />

realuri zedapiris kerebi naCvenebia nax. 3.3-ze Savi<br />

laqebis saxiT.<br />

idealuri kontaqtis SemTxvevaSi misi<br />

eleqtruli gardamavali winaRoba Tavisi simciris<br />

gamo SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi ar iqnes miRebuli.<br />

sinamdvileSi ki, realuri kontaqtis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

radganac eleqtruli deni gaivlis mxolod<br />

gamtareblobis kerebis, ΔS-is saSualebiT (nax. 3.6.2),<br />

eleqtruli denis xazebi mTel geometriul zedapirze<br />

ar SeiZleba ganawildes Tanabrad. isini iZulebulia,<br />

Tavi moiyaros gamtareblobis keraTa adgilebze da<br />

mrudxazovandebian (nax. 3.6.3). aqedan gamomdinare, denis<br />

xazTa Tamoyra da Seviwroeba gamtareblobis kerebSi<br />

iwvevs eleqtruli winaRobis gazrdas. am damatebiT<br />

winaRobas ewodeba Tavmoyris winaRoba RT. nax. 3.6. sadenSi cvladi denis gavlis magaliTebi:<br />

1. mTliani sadeni;<br />

2. gaWrili orad A-A xazis gaswvriv.<br />

Rl _ sufTa liTonuri winaRoba;<br />

Rk _ kontaqtis winaRoba;<br />

ΔS _ gamtareblobis kerebi anu<br />

denis Tavmoyris adgili.<br />

60

oca denis gamtari zedapiri Sedgeba ramdenime<br />

gamtareblobis kerisagan, kontaqtis mTliani<br />

Tavmoyris winaRoba ganisazRvreba rogorc calkeul<br />

gamtareblobaTa kerebis jamuri winaRobis<br />

Sebrunebuli sidide. mravali SemTxvevisaTvis<br />

Tavmoyris winaRobis gansazRvra bevr siZneleebTanaa<br />

dakavSirebuli, rogoricaa: gamtareblobis calkeul<br />

keraTa formis sirTule, keraTa zomebisa da maT<br />

Soris manZilis gamoTvla, maTi araTanabari<br />

ganawileba sakontaqto zedapirze da sxva. garda amisa,<br />

gamtareblobis yoveli keris winaRoba icvleba<br />

kontaqtis zedapiris temperaturi cvlasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT drois mixedviT.<br />

Tu gamtareblobis keraTa zedapirebze<br />

gaCndebian afskebi, magaliTad, gabundovanebis afskebi,<br />

keraTa muSa zedapiri Semcirdeba, rac kidev ufro<br />

aZlierebs denis xazTa Tavmoyris efeqts da iqmneba<br />

damatebiTi winaRoba.<br />

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia agreTve is, rom<br />

liTonTa uSualo Sexebis adgilebSic ki TiTqmis ar<br />

aris atomTa iseTi wyoba, rogorc ZiriTad liTonSi, e.<br />

i. aris iseTi sahaero zRude _ RreCo (nax. 3.7),<br />

romelic iwvevs winaaRmdegobis gazrdas.<br />

amgvarad, kontaqturi winaRoba SeiZleba<br />

warmodgenili iqnas rogorc Semdeg winaRobaTa jami:<br />

Rk = RT + Rg + Raf + RRr , (3.3)<br />

sadac: RT aris Tavmoyris winaRoba (denis Seviwroebis<br />

xazebis winaRoba), sufTa liTonuri xasiaTis;<br />

Rg _ gamonaSveris winaRoba (gamtareblobis<br />

mikrokeraTa winaRoba);<br />

61

Raf _ zedapiruli afskis winaRoba;<br />

RRr _ sahaero RreCos _ barieris winaRoba.<br />

TiToeuli am winaaRmdegobis gamoTvla<br />

SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad:<br />

lT RT = ρliT _______<br />

n·FT.saS. CT (3.4)<br />

Rg = ρg.liT _______<br />

n·Fg.saS. ∂af (3.5)<br />

Raf = ρaf _______<br />

Faf ∂Rr (3.6)<br />

RRr = ρRr _______<br />

FRr (3.7)<br />

sadac: ρliT aris sakontaqto elementis liTonis<br />

xvedriTi winaRoba;<br />

lT _ denis Seviwroebis xazTa sigrZe;<br />

n _ Sexebis wertilTa ricxvi, damokidebulia<br />

zedapiruli damuSavebis sisufTaveze.<br />

FT.saS. _ denis Seviwroebis xazTa saSualo<br />

kveTis farTi;<br />

ρg.liT _ gamonaSveris liTonis xvedriTi<br />

winaRoba;<br />

Cg _ gamonaSveris simaRle;<br />

Fg.saS. _ gamonaSveris saSualo kveTis farTi;<br />

ρaf _ afskis masalis xvedriTi winaRoba;<br />

∂af _ afskis sisqe;<br />

Faf _ afskis Sexebis farTi;<br />

ρRr _ RreCos garemos xvedriTi winaRoba.<br />

haerisTvis ρRr=108 omi;<br />

62

∂Rr _ RreCos ssqe;<br />

FRr _ RreCos Sexebis farTi.<br />

eleqtruli kontaqtis<br />

elementTa masala<br />

63<br />

cxrili 3.2.<br />

kontaqturi winaRoba (omi)<br />

koroziamde koroziis Semdeg<br />

spilenZi _ spilenZi 0,009 _ 0,012 0,084 _ 0,27<br />

spilenZi _ grafiti 0,0042 _ 0,0144 0,1 _ 0,6<br />

volframi _ volframi 0,0033 _ 0,01<br />

volframi _ vercxli 0,0006 _ 0,0009<br />

dieleqtrikuli<br />

afski<br />

0,74-dan<br />

dieleqtrikul<br />

afskamde<br />

vercxli _ vercxli 0,00008 0,0006<br />

vercxli _ grafiti<br />

0,00014 0,00033<br />

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens kontaqtur<br />

winaRobaze atmosfero, ris gamoc izrdeba misi winaRoba<br />

ramdenjerme. zogierTi realuri sakontaqto wyvilis<br />

winaRobis cvla atmosferos gavlenisagan<br />

damokidebulebiT moyvanilia cxrilSi 3.2.<br />

3.5. polaruli winaRobani kontaqtSi<br />

sakontaqto sibrtyis lokaluri winaRoba<br />

ganisazRvreba mikrosimqiseTa SexebiTa da moTelviT.<br />

sxvadasxva praqtikuli pirobisaTvis ki procesze<br />

gardauval gavlenas axdens sxva efeqtebic da SesamCnevad<br />

cvlis SesaduRi kontaqtis zedapirTa winaRobas. kerZod,<br />

mxedvelobaSia Termoeleqtrul efeqtTa gamovlena<br />

SeduRebis zonis eleqtrodTaSoris rogorc cxel

(detali-detali),<br />

kontaqtebSi.<br />

aseve civ (eleqtrodi-detali),<br />

Termoeleqtruli Teoriidan cnobilia, rom<br />

rogorc myari mdgomareobis sxvadasxvagvar liTonTa,<br />

aseve liTonsa da naxevargamtars Soris kontaqtSi<br />

warmoiqmneba potencialTa sxvaoba. amasTanave, aseTive<br />

TermoeleqtromamoZravebeli Zalebi da Termodenebi<br />

aRiZvreba erTi da igive liTonis gansxvavebul<br />

kristalur struqturaTa sazRvarze, magaliTad, myar da<br />

Txevad agregatul mdgomareobaTa zRvarze (nax. 3.7).<br />

aq sruli kontaqturi winaRoba gamoiTvleba<br />

gamosaxulebiT:<br />

Rk = RT + Rg + Raf + RRr + Rp1 + Rp2 , (3.3.1)<br />

romelic winaT warmodgenilisagan gansxvavebiT Seicavs<br />

or damatebiT wevrs da Sesabamisad warmoadgenen:<br />

Rp1 aris polaruli winaRoba Txevad da myar liTonTa<br />

sazRvarze (nax. 3.7-ze 1.1.);<br />

Rp2 ki aris polaruli winaRoba myar liTonsa da<br />

JangeulTa fenas Soris (nax. 3.7-ze 2.2.).<br />

nax. 3.7. pirapira kontaqtis sruli eleqtruli winaRoba<br />

64

Termoeleqtrul efeqtTa gavlena winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebis Tbur procesebze metad mniSvnelovania da<br />

moiTxovs specialur ganxilvas.<br />

3.6. kontaqturi Zalis gavlena winaRobaze<br />

kontaqturi zedapiris zomebi da misgan<br />

gamomdinare eleqtruli winaRoba pirdapirproporciul<br />

damokidebulebaSia kontaqturi Zalis sididesTan.<br />

eleqtruli kontaqtis SemTxvevaSi kontaqturi Zala<br />

warmoadgens sakontaqto elementebze moqmed SemkumSav<br />

meqanikur Zalas.<br />

xSir SemTxvevebSi kontaqturi winaRobis<br />

damokidebuleba sakontaqto ZalasTan gamoisaxeba<br />

empiriuli formuliT:<br />

Zk<br />

Rk<br />

α<br />

p<br />

= (3.8)<br />

sadac:<br />

Zk aris winaRobis koeficienti da<br />

damokidebulia liTonis gvarobaze:<br />

foladisaTvis: Zk = 0,004 ÷ 0,006<br />

sufTa spilenZisaTvis: Zk = 0,001 ÷ 0,0015<br />

α aris koeficienti, damokidebuli kontaqtis<br />

formasa da zedapiris<br />

zomebze:<br />

foladisaTvis: α = 0,5 ÷ 1<br />

sufTa spilenZisaTvis: α = 0,75 ÷ 0,85<br />

es sidideebi aRebulia daaxloebiTi<br />

mniSvnelobebiT.<br />

65

winaRobis cvlis xasiaTi kontaqturi Zalis 1.<br />

mcire, 2. saSualo da 3. did mniSvnelobaTa dros<br />

ramdenadme icvleba, magram yvela SemTxvevisaTvis<br />

kontaqtTa moWeras mivyevarT jer drekad, xolo Semdeg<br />

plastikur deformaciamde. bunebrivia, rom moWeris Zalis<br />

cvla iwvevs liTonis Siga Zabvebis cvlas.<br />

1. winaRoba mcire kontaqturi Zalis dros<br />

mcire kontaqtur Zalad miRebulia iseTi Zala,<br />

romlis sidide Seadgens gram-Zalis meaTased an meased<br />

nawilebs. sxvadasxvagvari liTonisagan Sedgenil<br />

kontaqtTa winaRobis damcemi maxasiaTebeli, gamowveuli<br />

sakontaqto Zalis gazrdis Sedegad, araerTnairia;<br />

SesaZlebelia winaRobis dacema naxtomiseburad, aCqareba<br />

da agreTve misi Semcirebis Sewyvetac.<br />

sakontaqto elementebi, erTgvarovani iqnebian<br />

isini, Tu sxvadasxvagvarovani, gansxvavebulad reagireben<br />

momWer Zalaze. miuxedavad amisa, am dros maTSi mimdinare<br />

procesebi erTnair xasiaTs atareben. dasawyisSi kontaqti<br />

gaTiSulia, winaRoba usasruloa, Semdeg warmoebs mcire<br />

dawola, rac iwvevs mxolod drekad deformacias da<br />

eleqtruli gamtareblobis warmoqmnas gvirabuli efeqtis<br />

xarjze da bolos, mniSvnelovani dawola, plastikuri<br />

deformaciis warmoqmna, rasac Tanxvdeba gabundovanebis<br />

afskis daSla da gamtareblobis keraTa didi ricxvis<br />

Seqmna. dawolis Zalis Semdgomi zrda iwvevs<br />

gamtareblobis keraTa ricxvis mdoredan naxtomiseburad<br />

zrdas.<br />

66

mcire kontaqturi Zalis SemTxvevaSi drekadi<br />

deformaciis dros sufTa liTonebisaTvis miRebulia<br />

kontaqtur Zalasa da winaRobas Soris Semdegi<br />

damokidebuleba:<br />

R k<br />

1<br />

−<br />

3<br />

≈ P (3.9)<br />

iseT kontaqtebs, romelTa elementebi warmoadgenen<br />

magnitur masalebs (nikeli da sxv.), SeuZliaT SeinarCunon<br />

Caketili mdgomareoba momWeri Zalis Semcirebis an<br />

moxsnis Semdegac rogorc mikvris an civad SeduRebis,<br />

agreTve damagnitebis Semdegac.<br />

2. winaRoba saSualo kontaqturi Zalis dros<br />

saSualo mniSvnelobis kontaqtur Zalad<br />

miRebulia iseTi Zala, romlis sidide meryeobs gram-<br />

Zalis nawilebidan aseul gram-Zalamde.<br />

kontaqturi zedapiris deformaciis xasiaTi,<br />

gamtareblobis keraTa warmoqmnis siCqare da raodenoba<br />

yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis damokidebulia<br />

kontaqtTa geometriul formaze, sakontaqto elementTa<br />

masalaze, zedapiris sisufTavis xarisxze. zedapiris<br />

faqizad gaprialeba sxva danarCeni Tanabari pirobebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi ganapirobebs upiratesad drekad<br />

deformaciaTa aRZvras.<br />

am SemTxvevisaTvis kontaqtur Zalasa da winaRobas<br />

Soris damokidebuleba SeiZleba gamoisaxos 3.9 tolobiT.<br />

67

3. winaRoba didi kontaqturi Zalis dros<br />

didi kontaqturi Zalis dros sakontaqto<br />

elementTa zedapirebze asi gram-Zalidan aTeul<br />

kilogramamde sididis moWeris Zalebi. kontaqturi Zalis<br />

zrdiT gamowveuli kontaqturi winaRobis Semcirebis<br />

xasiaTi iseTivea, rogorc saSualo Zalebis moqmedebis<br />

dros.<br />

didi Zalebi iwveven kontaqtTa plastikur<br />

deformaciebs, kontaqtis liTonis gasresas, ris gamoc<br />

umjobesdeba eleqtruli kontaqti. es movlena imiT<br />

aixsneba, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi gabundovanebis afskebs<br />

gaaCniaT SedarebiT msxvrevadi struqtura, didi Zalebis<br />

gavlenis qveS ar aqvT plastikuri deformaciis unari da<br />

imsxvrevian, amis gamo warmoiqmneba gamtareblobis axal<br />

keraTa didi ricxvi.<br />

didi kontaqturi Zalis SemTxvevaSi sufTa<br />

plastikuri deformaciis dros kontaqtur Zalasa da<br />

winaRobas Soris arsebobs Semdegi damokidebuleba:<br />

R k<br />

1<br />

−<br />

2<br />

≈ P (3.10)<br />

didi kontaqturi Zalis qveS arsebuli winaRoba<br />

ufro stabiluria drois mixedviT, vidre winaRoba<br />

saSualo da miT umetes, mcire kontaqturi Zalis qveS.<br />

praqtikulad sufTa sakontaqto elementebs Soris<br />

arsebuli kontaqturi winaRobis zogadad saangariSod,<br />

roca kontaqturi Zala didia (ganisazRvreba<br />

kilogramebiT),<br />

gamoyeneba:<br />

SeiZleba eqsperimentuli formulis<br />

68

R ρ 1 + ρ2<br />

H<br />

k = (3.11)<br />

2 P<br />

sadac: ρ 1 da ρ 2 aris sakontaqto elementTa masalis<br />

xvedriTi winaRoba;<br />

H aris or sakontaqto elementTagan ufro rbili<br />

masalis simtkice.<br />

69

4. winaRobiT SeduRebis saxeebi<br />

4.1. winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

klasifikacia konstruqciaTa saxeebi<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis mravali meTodi<br />

mizanSewonilia daiyos Semdeg niSanTa mixedviT: 1.<br />

SeduRebis transformatoris kvebis xerxiT; 2. SeduRebis<br />

SeerTebis formiT; 3. teqnikuri niSniT; 4. SesaduR<br />

detalebTan denis miyvanis mixedviT.<br />

1. transformatoris kvebis wyaros mixedviT<br />

arCeven: 1.1. cvladi deniTa da 1.2. momaragebuli energiiT<br />

SeduReba.<br />

2. SeerTebis formis mixedviT gvxvdeba: 2.1.<br />

pirapiruli; 2.2. ignatievis xerxiT; 2.3. wertilovani; 2.4.<br />

reliefuri; 2.5. T-seburi; 2.6. gorgolaWovani da 2.7.<br />

gorgolaWovan-pirapiruli SeduReba.<br />

3. teqnikuri niSnis mixedviT arsebobs: 3.1. pirapira<br />

SeduReba winaRobisa da 3.2. pirapiruli SeduReba<br />

Semodnobis meTodebiT; 3.3. uwyveti gorgolaWovani da 3.4.<br />

wyvetili gorgolaWovani SeduReba;<br />

4. SesaduR detalebTan denis miyvanis mixedviT<br />

iyofa: 4.1. erTmxrivi da 4.2. ormxrivi wertilovani<br />

SeduReba.<br />

ufro vrceli klasifikacia winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

xerxebisa warmodgenilia sqemaze (nax. 4.1.).<br />

70

ignatievis<br />

meTodiT<br />

wnexviT<br />

ganuwyveteli<br />

dabali<br />

sxSiriT<br />

(2_5 hc)<br />

winaRobiT<br />

cvladi deniT<br />

sa mrewvelo<br />

sixSiriT<br />

(50 hc)<br />

pirapiruli<br />

uwyveti<br />

SemolRobiT<br />

SeTbobiT<br />

SemolRobiT<br />

maRali<br />

sioxSiriT<br />

(150_300 hc)<br />

denis ganuwyveteli<br />

gatarebiT<br />

ormxrivi erTwertilovani<br />

kontaqturi<br />

SeduReba<br />

wertilovani<br />

mravalimpulsiani<br />

calmxrivi<br />

orwertilovani<br />

eleqgroTermiu-li<br />

damuSavebiT<br />

71<br />

momaragebuli energiiT<br />

kondensatoruli<br />

ganmuxtviT<br />

reliefuri<br />

denis ganuwyveteli<br />

gatarebiT<br />

calmxrivi<br />

erTwertilovani<br />

mr avalimpul-sia ni<br />

magnituri<br />

velis<br />

energiiT<br />

eleqgroTermiu-li<br />

damuSavebiT<br />

kinetikuri<br />

energiiT<br />

T-sebri<br />

ormxrivi<br />

ganuwyveteli<br />

calmxrivi<br />

(erTi nakeriT)<br />

gorgola-<br />

Wovani<br />

nax. 4.1. winaRobiT SeduRebis klasifikaciis sqema.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis xerxTa mravalsaxeoba,<br />

agreTve teqnologiis, danadgarTa da SeerTebis xarisxis<br />

diagnostikis Tanamedrove done saSualebas iZleva<br />

Seiqmnas sxvadasxva daniSnulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis<br />

nakeTobani.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis xerxTa mravalsaxeoba,<br />

agreTve teqnologiis, mowyobilobisa da nakeris xarisxis<br />

Semowmebis Tanamedrove done saSualebas iZleva Seiqmnas<br />

wyvetili<br />

calmxrivi<br />

(ori nakeriT)<br />

fiWuri<br />

gorgolaWovan<br />

pirapiruli

sxvadasxva daniSnulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis<br />

nakeTobani.<br />

SeduRebis praqtikaSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc<br />

konstruqciaTa mravalsaxeoba _ Ria, naxevraddaxuruli<br />

da daxuruli (nax. 4.2.), aseve gansxvavebuli sisqis (an<br />

kveTis) SesaerTebeli nawilebi, maTgan erTis sisqe<br />

SeiZleba icvlebodes δ1=(0,02÷7,00) mm-is sazRvrebSi, xolo<br />

meorisa ki _ δ2=(0,02÷ ∞) mm.<br />

1.<br />

2.<br />

3.<br />

nax. 4.2. elwinaRobiT SenaduR konstruqciaTa<br />

SesaZlo saxeebi:<br />

1. Ria;<br />

2. naxevraddaxuruli;<br />

3. daxuruli.<br />

72

4.2. SeduRebis saxeebi SeerTebis formis mixedviT<br />

4.2.1. pirapira SeduReba<br />

pirapira SeduReba aris kontaqturi SeduRebis<br />

saxeoba, roca SesaerTebeli detalebi SeduRdebian maTi<br />

Sexebis mTel sibrtyeSi. pirapira SeduRebis gamoyenebis<br />

tipuri magaliTebi naCvenebia naxazze 4.3.<br />

nax. 4.3. pirapira SeduRebis gamoyeneis magaliTebi.<br />

nax. 4.4. pirapiruli manqanis<br />

eleqtro-kinematikuri sqema<br />

73

pirapira SeduRebis dros ori detali 1 da 2 (nax.<br />

4.4.), romelTac erTnairi an erTmaneTisagan odnav<br />

gansxvavebuli kveTis zomebi aqvT, magrdebian manqanis<br />

eleqtrodebs (tuCebs) Soris. umartivesi araavtomaturi<br />

pirapira manqana berketiani amZraviT Sedgeba sadgarisagan<br />

(1), romelzedac damagrebulia uZravi fila (2) marcxena<br />

momWeriT (3). moZravi fila (suporti) (4) marjvena<br />

momWeriT (5), romelic sqemaze gaSlili saxiT aris<br />

naCvenebi, xistad aris dakavSirebuli or StangasTan (6);<br />

isini berketuli sistemis (7) saSualebiT gadadgildebian<br />

mimmarTvelebSi (8). sqematurad naCvenebi SeduRebis<br />

transformatori (9) seqciuri gadamrTveliT (10)<br />

damontaJebulia sadgarSi. transformatoris meoradi xvia<br />

moqnili salteebiT (11) SeerTebulia momWer<br />

mowyobilobebTan. denis CarTva xorcieldeba CamrTvelis<br />

(12) saSualebiT, romelic dakavSirebulia marTvis<br />

berketTan. transformatoris pirveladi gragnili<br />

ikvebeba cvladi denis qselidan seqciuri gadamrTvelis<br />

saSualebiT, romelic cvlis am gragnilis CarTul<br />

xviaTa ricxvs da amis Semdeg manqanis SeduRebis wredis<br />

Zabvasa da densac, e. i. SeduRebis dros ganviTarebul<br />

simZlavres.<br />

arsebobs pirapira SeduRebis ori ZiriTadi xerxi<br />

_ 1. winaRobiTa da 2. SemodnobiT. 1. winaRobiT pirapira<br />

SeduReba aris pirapiruli SeduRebis saxeoba, roca<br />

erTmaneTTan mWidrod miWeril detalebSi gaivlis<br />

eleqtruli deni da xurdeba dnobis temperaturis qvemoT.<br />

am dros SeduReba xdeba plastikur mdgomareobaSi.<br />

amrigad, winaRobiT SeduRebis dros detalebi<br />

74

ganuwyvetliv ikumSebian da xurdebian SeduRebis mTeli<br />

procesis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

2. SemodnobiT pirapira SeduReba aris pirapira<br />

SeduRebis saxeoba, roca SesaduR detalTa torsebi<br />

xurdeba dnobis temperaturis zemoT (100-150)°C-iT, rac<br />

xorcieldeba denis qveS maTi erTmaneTTan daaxloebisas<br />

sagrZnobi Zalis modebis gareSe, Semdeg xdeba gaxurebul<br />

detalTa swrafi SekumSva (dajdoma), es ki iwvevs<br />

SenaduRi naerTis warmoqmnas.<br />

SemodnobiT SeduRebis dros deni CairTveba<br />

mkumSavi Zalis modebamde. pirapiruli manqanis (nax. 4.04.)<br />

moZravi filis (4) nela gadaadgilebas Tan sdevs SesaduR<br />

detalTa torsebis zedapirebze erT an ramdenime<br />

wertilSi eleqtruli kontaqtebis warmoqmna. am<br />

kontaqtebTan axlos liToni Zalian swrafad (wamis<br />

meaTased nawilebSi) xurdeba gadnobamde, detalebs Soris<br />

warmoiqmneba Txevadi liTonis erTi an ramdenime Semrevi<br />

xidi (Sesakravi), romlebic Semdgomi gaxurebiTa da<br />

afeTqebiT irRvevian. SesakravTa rRveva mimdinareobs<br />

torsebs Soris RreCodan naperwklebis ramdenadme<br />

damoklebiT. detalebis erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetliv<br />

daaxloebis dros warmoiqmneba sul axali da axali<br />

Sesakravebi, romlebic iwvevs detalTa torsebis<br />

intensiur gaxurebas. Sesakravebis afeTqeba, romlebic<br />

mimdinareobs drois Zalian mcire SualedebSi erTimeores<br />

miyolebiT, qmnis naperwklebis warmoqmnis ganuwyveteli<br />

procesis STabeWdilebas, rac axasiaTebs SemolRobiT<br />

SeduRebas. detalebis sakmao sigrZis gawvis Semdeg maTi<br />

torsebidan xorcieldeba dajdoma da denis Tanadrouli<br />

gamorTva.<br />

75

pirapira SeduRebis dros ganuwyvetliv naperwklis<br />

warmoqmnis stadias Semodnoba ewodeba. saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi (Tu didia SesaduRi kveTis farTi),<br />

SemodnobiT SeduRebis procesi rTuldeba liTonis<br />

winaswari gaxurebis SemoRebiT; winaswari gaxureba<br />

xorcieldeba eleqtruli deniT uSualod pirapira<br />

manqanaSi. SemodnobiT (winaswari gaxurebiT)<br />

SesaduRebeli foladis kveTis farTma SeiZleba miaRwios<br />

25000 mm2-s. 4.2.2. SeduReba ignatievis meTodiT<br />

SeduReba ignatievis meTodiT aris kontaqturi<br />

SeduRebis saxeoba, romelic winaRobiT pirapira<br />

SeduRebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom eleqtruli deni<br />

SesaduR detalebSi gadis maTi SeerTebis sibtrtyis ara<br />

perpendikularulad, aramed paralelurad.<br />

nax. 4.5. ignatievis xerxiT wnexviT (1) da uwyveti (2)<br />

SeduRebis principuli sqemebi<br />

76

ignatievis meTodiT wnexvis SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

(nax. 4.5.1) firfita (1) daedeba firfita 2-s, romelTanac<br />

denis miyvana xorcieldeba eleqtrodebis (3) saSualebiT.<br />

siTbos danakargTa Semcirebis mizniT gamoiyeneba<br />

azbestis Suasadebi (4). nela gaxurebis dros detalebis<br />

mTel kveTze temperatura praqtikulad erTnairia.<br />

saTanado temperaturis miRwevis Semdeg firfitebi 1 da 2<br />

SemoiWireba wnexis (5) saSualebiT da mimdinareobs maTi<br />

SeduReba plastikur mdgomareobaSi. ignatievis meTodiT<br />

uwyveti SeduRebis dros (nax. 4.5.2) ori zolovani namzadi<br />

1 da 2 gadaadgildeba v siCqariT mbrunav gorgolaWebSi<br />

(3) da (4), romlebic SeerTebulia SeduRebis<br />

transformatorTan (5). gorgolaWebs Soris ubanze<br />

zodebi xurdebian da P1 Zalvis moqmdebiT SeduRdebian.<br />

ignatievis meTodiT SeduReba gamoyenebulia saiaraRo<br />

warmoebaSi.<br />

4.2.3. wertilovani SeduReba<br />

wertilovani SeduReba aris kontaqturi SeduRebis<br />

saxeoba, roca SesaerTebeli detalebi SeduRdebian maTi<br />

Sexebis ara mTel zedapirze, aramed calkeul<br />

wertilebSi. wertilovani SeduRebis gamoyenebis tipiuri<br />

magaliTebi naCvenebia 4.6. naxazze. umartivesi<br />

araavtomaturi moqmedebis wertilovani manqana<br />

nax. 4.6. wertilovani SeduRebis gamoyenebis<br />

umartivesi magaliTebi<br />

77

nax. 4.7. wertilovani manqanis eleqtrokinematikuri sqema<br />

saterfuliani amZraviT Sedgeba sadgarisagan (1) (nax. 4.7)<br />

masSi moTavsebuli SeduRebis transformatoriT (2),<br />

romelic SeerTebulia manqanis mkvebav qselTan seqciuri<br />

gadamrTveli (3). eleqtrodebi (4) magrdeba uSualod<br />

manqanis mxrebSi (5) an specialur eleqtroddamWerSi (6).<br />

qveda sadgarisagan izolirebuli mxari masze WanWikebiT<br />

aris damagrebuli da SeerTebulia transformatoris<br />

meorad xviasTan saltiT (7), moqanave berketze (8)<br />

damagrebuli zeda mxari SeerTebulia transformatoris<br />

meorad xviasTan spilenZis moqnili saltiT (9). moqanave<br />

berketi (8) SeerTebulia saberketo sistemasTan (14)<br />

zambaris (11) saSualebiT, romelic aregulirebs<br />

SeduRebadi detalebis SekumSvis xarisxs saterfulis<br />

78

erketis (12) bolosTan. saterfulze daWeriT<br />

eleqtrodebi kumSaven detalebs (13) da meqanikuri<br />

CamrTveliT (22) miewodeba SeduRebis deni. SeduRebis<br />

damTavrebis Semdeg saterfulis moSvebiT deni<br />

gamoirTveba da detalebi ganTavisufldebian.<br />

wertilovan manqanaTa saeleqtrodo masalad<br />

gamoiyeneba spilenZi an spilenZis specialuri<br />

Senadnobebi, romelTac axasiaTebs maRali eleqtro da<br />

siTbogamtaroba. amis Semdeg eleqtrodebTan Semxebi<br />

detalebis zedapirTa gaxureba mimdinareobs ufro nela<br />

SeduRebadi wertilis zonaSi mdebare liTonis Siga<br />

fenebTan SedarebiT. SeduRebis procesi Cveulebriv<br />

grZeldeba manam, sanam SeduRebadi detalebis centralur,<br />

ufro metad gaxurebul zonaSi liToni ar daiwyebs<br />

lRobas. amis Sedegad warmoqmnili SeduRebis wertili<br />

warmoadgens Camosxmuli liTonis ospisebr birTvs (nax<br />

4.8. birTvis kveTi daStrixulia), garemoculs liTonis<br />

rgoliT, romlis zRvrebSic ganxorcielda SeduReba<br />

plastikur mdgomareobaSi dnobis gareSe. es rgoli,<br />

romelic gaxurebis dros ikumSeba eleqtrodebze<br />

modebuli ZaliT, ewinaaRmdegeba Txevadi liTonis<br />

gamodenas wertilis birTvidan.<br />

yoveli wertilis SeduRebis Semdeg jer<br />

gamoirTveba deni, Semdeg ki moixsneba eleqtrodebze<br />

modebuli dawnevis Zala da detalebi ganTavisufldeba<br />

manqanidan. Tu SevcvliT am Tanmimdevrobas da denis<br />

gamorTvamde movxsniT wnevas, maSin eleqtrodebsa da<br />

detalebs Soris warmoiqmdeba cudi eleqtruli kontaqti<br />

(rogorc SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebis dros), romelic<br />

Zalian swrafad gaxurdeba da Semoiwveba. aseT<br />

79

SemTxevvaSi daziandeba rogorc SeduRebadi detalebi,<br />

aseve eleqtrodebi.<br />

erTdroulad SeduRebadi wertilebis ricxvis<br />

mixedviT arCeven erTwertilovan, orwertilovan da<br />

mravalwertilovan SeduRebas. Tu deni miiyvaneba<br />

SeduRebadi detalebis orive mxares (nax. 4.8.1), aseT<br />

SeduRebas ormxrivi ewodeba; denis erTimxriv miyvanis<br />

SemTxvevaSi ki (nax. 4.8.2) erTmxrivi. erTmxrivi SeduRebis<br />

dros deni, romelic gaivlis manqanis meorad wredSi,<br />

ganawildeba zeda da qveda detalebs Soris, rogorc es<br />

naCvenebia isrebiT 2.8.2 nax-ze. SeduRebis gaxureba<br />

ZiriTadad xorcieldeba denis im nawiliT, romelic<br />

gaivlis qveda detalsa da detalebs Soris kontaqtSi.<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros detalebs Soris<br />

SeerTeba xorcieldeba SedarebiT mcire farTobze _<br />

wertilze. wertilis diametric (dw, nax.4.8.1)<br />

damokidebulia SeduRebadi detalebis sisqeze da<br />

miRebul teqnologiur procesze. Cveulebriv misi<br />

mniSvneloba uaxlovdeba eleqtrodis sakontaqto<br />

zedapiris diameters de da 3_25 mm-is farglebSia.<br />

1 2<br />

nax. 4.8. eleqtrodebis ganlageba ormxrivi<br />

erTwertilovani (1) da erTmxrivi<br />

orwertilovani (2) SeduRebis dros.<br />

80

detalebis SesaerTeblad Cveulebriv miRebulia<br />

ramdenime wertili. did SenaduR kvanZebSi wertilebis<br />

raodenoba SeiZleba aRwevdes ramdenime aTass (magaliTad,<br />

avtomobilis Zara, mTliani liTonuri vagonis<br />

Semonakeri). wertilovani SeduReba aris kontaqturi<br />

SeduRebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba. igi SeiZleba<br />

ganxorcieldes rogorc samrewvelo da arasamrewvelo<br />

sixSiris cvladi deniT, aseve momaragebuli energiiTac.<br />

4.2.4. reliefuri SeduReba<br />

reliefuri SeduReba aris wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

analogiuri konatqturi SeduRebis saxeoba, romlis dros<br />

detalebis SeerTeba xorcieldeba erTdroulad<br />

ramdenime wertilSi. maTi mdgomareobis dadgena warmoebs<br />

SverilebiT (reliefebiT, romlebic erT-erT detalze<br />

amoitvifreba (4.9). SeduRebadi detalebi (1) da (2) (maTgan<br />

zedas aqvs Sverilebi 3) qveda uZrav (4) da zeda moZrav (5)<br />

sakontaqto filebs Soris ikumSebian P ZaliT. misi<br />

moqmedebiT SeduRebadi detalebi Sverilebis adgilebSi<br />

mWidrod miekvrian erTmaneTs. sakontaqto filebTan<br />

mierTebuli SeduRebis transformatoris (6) CarTvis<br />

Sedegad mimdinareobs detalebis intensiuri gaxureba<br />

SverilebTan axlos. Sverilebis sakmaod gaxurebisa da<br />

nawilobriv gadnobis Semdeg xorcieldeba SeduReba<br />

Sverilebis erTdrouli gabrtyelebiT. SeduRebuli<br />

detalebi mWidrod ekvrian erTmaneTs mTel zedapirze.<br />

reliefuri SeduReba Tavisi arsiT cotaTi gansxvavdeba<br />

wertilovani SeduRebisagan. misTvis gamoiyeneba sakmarisi<br />

simZlavris Cveulebrivi wertilovani manqanebi. SesaduR<br />

81

nawilTa wyvetili gadaadgileba enacvleba denis<br />

impulsebs _ calkeul wertilTa SeduReba warmoebs<br />

SesaduR nawilTa uZrav mdgomareobaSi yofnis dros,<br />

romlebic aRWurvilia saTanado formis eleqtrodebiT an<br />

specializebuli SeduRebis wnexebiT. es ukanasknelni<br />

wertilovani manqanebisagan gansxvavdebian sadgaris didi<br />

sixistiT, kumSvis meqanizmis mier ganviTarebuli<br />

gadidebuli ZaliT, da SedarebiT mcire SverliT, e. i.<br />

manZiliT eleqtrodebis RerZebidan an sakontaqto<br />

filebidan manqanis korpusamde. manqanis Sveri<br />

gansazRvravs zRvrul zomebs detalebisas, romlebic<br />

Seiyvaneba manqanis konturSi SeduRebis dros.<br />

nax. 4.9. reliefuri SeduRebis manqanis sqema<br />

4.2.5. T-sebri SeduReba<br />

T-sebri SeduReba aris winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

saxeoba, romlis dros didi zedapiris mqone detals<br />

mieduReba mcire kveTis mqone detali.<br />

am dros patara detali SeiZleba miduRdes mis<br />

mTlian kveTze (nax. 4.10),<br />

82

nax. 4.10. reliefuri SeduReba sqema<br />

a) da T-sebri SeerTebis saxeoba patara detalis mTel<br />

farTobze 1 da wriuli Sverilis 2 SeduRebis dros.<br />

an calkeul ubnebze, romlebic ganisazRvreba detalis<br />

zedapiris erT-erTi SesaduRi zedapiris winaswari<br />

momzadebiT. T-sebr SeduRebas awarmoeben wertilovan<br />

manqanebze an SeduRebis wnexebze. reliefuri da T-sebri<br />

SeduReba ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba masiur warmoebaSi,<br />

kerZod, saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi.<br />

4.2.6. gorgolaWovani SeduReba<br />

gorgolaWovani (anu nakeriT) SeduReba aris<br />

kontaqturi SeduRebis saxeoba, romlis dros SeduRebad<br />

detalebs Soris warmoiqmneba uwyveti nakeri nawilobriv<br />

erTmaneTis gadamfaravi SenaduRi wertilebis<br />

TanmimdevrobiT rigad dasmiT (nax. 4.11.). gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduReba uzrunvelyofs nakeris simkvrives, e. i. is<br />

siTxisa da airisaTvis SeuRwevadia. mkvrivi nakerebi<br />

aucilebelia sxvadasxva avzebSi, WurWlebsa da maT<br />

msgavs nawarmSi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba<br />

saavtomobilo da satraqtoro mrewvelobaSi,<br />

83

TviTmfrinavTmSeneblobaSi da a. S. gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebis gamoyenebis tipuri magaliTebi mocemulia<br />

nax. 4.11. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis sqema 1<br />

da gamoyenebis magaliTebi<br />

nax. 4.12. gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebis manqanis sqema<br />

84

4.11 2 da 3 naxazze. gorgolaWovani SeduReba, rogorc<br />

wesi, xorcieldeba gorgolaWovan manqanebze, romlebic<br />

aRWurvilia mbrunavi diskuri eleqtrodebiT. detalebis<br />

momWeri meqanizmis saterfulian amZraviani umartivesi<br />

saxis gorgolaWovani manqanis eleqtrokinematikuri sqema<br />

naCvenebia 4.12 naxazze. SeduRebadi detalebi 1<br />

saterfulis 2 saSualebiT mieWireba eleqtrodebs 3<br />

Soris. qveda eleqtrodi brunavs eleqtruli ZraviT 4,<br />

gadacemis sistemaSi (cilindruli da konusuri<br />

kbilanebi, Wiaxraxnuli reduqtori) da awarmoebs<br />

detalebis gadaadgilebas maTi nakeris mimarTulebis<br />

mixedviT. manqanas aqvs Cveulebrivi erTfaziani<br />

transformatori 5, romelic salteebiT uerTdeba zeda<br />

da qveda mxrebs 6. simZlavris regulireba xorcieldeba<br />

saseqcio gadamrTveliT 7. SeduRebadi detalebis kumSvis<br />

Zala ganisazRvreba zambaris 8 deformaciis xarisxiT.<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduReba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />

SeduRebadi detalebis uwyveti gadaadgilebiT da<br />

SeduRebis denis uwyvetad CarTviT. es aris uwyveti<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduReba. uwyveti SeduRebis, rogorc<br />

gorgoloWovani SeduRebis procesis yvelaze martivi<br />

sqemis praqtikuli gamoyeneba Zalian SezRudulia, radgan<br />

uwyveti SeduRebis dros SeduRebadi detalebis gare<br />

zedapirebi, romlebic eleqtrodebs exebian, Zalian<br />

xurdeba, ris Sedegadac SeduRebis xarisxi uaresdeba da<br />

eleqtrodebi dauSveblad swrafad cvdeba. mrewvelobaSi<br />

yvelaze farTo gamoyeneba hpova wyvetilma<br />

gorgolaWovanma SeduRebam, romlis dros detalebi<br />

gadaadgildeba ganuwyvetliv, xolo SeduRebis denis<br />

CarTva xdeba calkeuli impulsebiT, xangrZlivobiT wamis<br />

85

amdenime measedi nawilebidan 0,25 wamamde igive an ufro<br />

xangrZlivi pauzebis monacemebiT. iSviaTad gamoiyeneba<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis mesame xerxi _ bijuri<br />

SeduReba, romlis dros detalebi wyvetilad<br />

gadaadgildeba da SeduRebis deni CairTveba mxolod<br />

maTi gaCerebisas. wyvetili da bijuri SeduRebis dros<br />

denis CarTa da amorTva xorcieldeba specialuri<br />

mowyobilobiT _ mwyvetaraTi, romlis saimedo muSaobazea<br />

ufro metad damokidebuli SenaduRi nakeris xarisxi.<br />

4.2.7. gorgolaWovan-pirapira SeduReba<br />

gorgolaWovan-pirapira SeduReba aris<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis saxesxvaoba, romlis dros<br />

uwyveteli SenaduRi nakeri warmoiqmneba pirapiris<br />

SesaerTebeli furclebis nawiburebs Soris.<br />

gorgolaWovan-pirapira SeduReba ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba<br />

milebis damzadebisas, 4.13 nax-ze mocemuli sqemis<br />

mixedviT. milis namzadi 1, romelic furclisagan<br />

specialur sayalibo manqanaSia moTavsebuli, moWerilia<br />

or gorgolaWs 2 Soris; isini pirapiris adgilas<br />

wnexaven namzadis nawiburebs garkveuli P ZaliT. mili<br />

nax. 4.13. milis gorgoloWovan-pirapiruli<br />

SeduRebis sqema.<br />

86

gadaadgildeba eleqtrodebis 3 qveS, romlebic SeaerTebs<br />

SeduRebis dens nawiburebTan. eleqtrodebi mierTebulia<br />

SeduRebis transformatorTan 4. namzadis<br />

gadaadgilebasTan erTad warmoebs misi uwyveti SeduReba.<br />

aRniSnuli xerxebiT winaRobiT SeduRebis dros<br />

nakeris Camoyalibeba ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi fizikurqimiur<br />

procesTa mimdinareobiT, rac warmoadgens<br />

teqnologiis Teoriul safuZvels.<br />

87

5. winaRobiT SeuRebis manqanaTa<br />

daproeqtebis safuZvlebi<br />

5.1. SeduRebis manqanaTa daproeqtebis<br />

teqnologiuri winamZRvrebi<br />

zemoaRniSnuli xerxebiT winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

dros nakeris Camoyalibeba ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi<br />

fizikur-qimiur procesTa mimdinareobiT, rac warmoadgens<br />

teqnologiis Teoriul safuZvels.<br />

klasikuri ganmartebiT, teqnologia aris masalisa<br />

da energiis urTierTmoqmedeba garkveul garemoSi saWiro<br />

produqciis misaRebad. igi gansazRvravs saSemduReblo<br />

mowyobilobisadmi wayenebul mTel rig moTxovnebs.<br />

saSemduReblo mowyobiloba ki TavisTavad warmoadgens<br />

sxvadasxva meqanizmTa da danadgarTa mTlian kompleqss.<br />

mowyobilobis ZiriTad elements warmoadgens SeduRebis<br />

manqana Tavisi marTvis sistemiT, romelic Sedgeba<br />

eleqtruli Zaluri nawilisagan, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis<br />

amZravi meqanizmebisa da ZiriTadi konstruqciuli<br />

elementebisagan. eleqtrul Zalur nawilSi Sedis<br />

eleqtruli energiis kvebis wyaro _ transformatori da<br />

denmimyvani elementebi _ spilenZis salteebi, mxrebi,<br />

eleqtrodebi da a. S. amZrav meqanizmebSi Sedis:<br />

wertilovani da nakeruli SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi _<br />

SesaduR nawilTa winaswar urTierTmWidrod mimWeri<br />

meqanizmi, pirapira SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi ki SesaduR<br />

nawilTa meorad konturSi Camagrebisa da gadaadgilebis<br />

meqanizmebi da sxva. konstruqciul elementebs Seadgens<br />

manqanis korpusi an sadgari, sabrjenebi, sayrdenebi,<br />

eleqtrodebi, filebi da sxv. maTi daniSnulebaa<br />

88

uzrunvelyos manqanis sixiste da simtkice. saSemduReblo<br />

manqana SeiZleba aRWurvili iyos SeerTebis xarisxis<br />

Tanmxlebi Semowmebis, agreTve damxmare operaciaTa<br />

meqanizaciisa da avtomatizaciis saSualebebiT.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis teqnologiuri procesi<br />

iZleva stabiluri simtkicis SenaerTs, aranaklebs<br />

ZiriTadi liTonisa. didia agreTve Sromis mwarmoebloba.<br />

dReisaTvis Cveulebriv aduReben 60 m/wT siCqariT, xolo<br />

radiosixSiris denebiT SeduRebis dros siCqare aRwevs<br />

150m/wT-s. Tanamedrove wertilovani SeduRebis maqanis<br />

siCqare aRwevs 16000 wertils wuTSi. did mwarmoeblobas<br />

aRweven aseve Cveulebriv mravalwertilovan manqanazec.<br />

magaliTad, moskovis lixaCovis saxelobis avtoqarxanaSi<br />

aRweven 8000 wertilis SeduRebas saaTSi. SeduRebis sxva<br />

saxeebTan SedarebiT winaRobiT SeduReba xasiaTdeba<br />

Sromis kargi higienuri pirobebiT, garda amisa SeduRebis<br />

manqana xSirad Sedis erTian nakadur xazSi da advili<br />

SesaZlebelia SeduRebis procesis avtomatizacia.<br />

yovelive zemoCamoTvlilis safuZvelze maRalia<br />

Sromisnayofiereba da nakeris xarisxi.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis uaryofiT mxareebad SeiZleba<br />

CaiTvalos is, rom manqana moiTxovs SedarebiT didi<br />

simZlavris eleqtroenergias, saWiroa warmoebis maRali<br />

kultura, e. i. kargi xarisxis produqciis misaRebad<br />

saWiroa momzadebisa da awyobis mTeli rigi pirobebis<br />

dacva da agreTve isic, rom kontaqturi manqanebi arian<br />

didi Rirebulebis.<br />

miuxedavad miRweuli warmatebebisa, winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebis sferoSi dReisaTvis arsebobs mravali<br />

gadasawyveti amocana, rogorebicaa: mimdinare rTuli<br />

89

Termoeleqtromeqanikur procesTa Seswavla, nakeris<br />

wunisa da manqanis mwyobridan gamosvlis mizezebis<br />

gamokvleva, axali kvebis wyaroebis Seqmna, uwyveti<br />

nakaduri xazisaTvis kontaqtur manqanaTa axali tipebis<br />

SemuSaveba, unificirebul nawilTa da kvanZTa Seqmna<br />

(damwnevi meqanizmi, eleqtrodis damWeri, SesaduRi<br />

transformatori da sxv.), romelTa saSualebiTac<br />

manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnebSi TviTon SeZleben aawyon<br />

maTTvis saWiro SesaduRi manqanebi, romlebic uSualod<br />

CairTveba nakadur xazebSi.<br />

am amocanaTa gadasaWrelad dReisaTvis Seqmnilia<br />

yvela piroba SeduRebis saqmis muSakTa didi koleqtivis<br />

Tanmimdevruli da erToblivi SemoqmedebiTi SromisaTvis.<br />

SeduRebis specialistebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia<br />

sazRvargareTuli mecnierebisa da teqnikis axali<br />

miRwevebi, raTa droulad da warmatebiT iqnas<br />

gadawyvetili samrewvelo ganviTarebis is amocanebi,<br />

romlebic komunisturi mSeneblobis gegmebiTaa<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />

5.2 eleqtrodTa daproeqteba<br />

winaRobiT-kontaqturi SeduRebis manqanis<br />

daproeqteba unda daiwyos eleqtrodebidan.<br />

eleqtrodi, esaa SeduRebis manqanis muSa iaraRi,<br />

romlis xarisxisganac damokidebulia: 1. SeerTebis _<br />

nakeris xarisxi; 2. procesis mwarmoebloba; 3.<br />

SemduReblis muSaobis pirobebi da sxv.<br />

eleqtrodis konstruqcia xasiaTdeba Semdegi<br />

pirobebiT: 1. masalis, 2. formisa da 3. zomebisagan.<br />

90

amasTanave, eleqtrodebi unda uzrunvelyofdes: 1.<br />

xarisxiani nakeris miRebas, 2. maRal Sromisunarianobas,<br />

rogoricaa simtkice _ SeduRebaTa raodenoba mopirvaTa<br />

Soris.<br />

1. masalis arCeva<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi saeleqtrodo masalebs<br />

waeyenebaT Semdegi moTxovnebi: 1. maRali Tbo da<br />

eleqtrogamtaroba, raTa ar moxdes gardamaval<br />

kontaqtSi gadaxureba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />

eleqtrodi an mieduRos detalis zedapirs, an misi<br />

nawilakebi gadavides SesaduR liTonSi;<br />

2. saeleqtrodo masalas maRali temperaturis<br />

pirobebSi unda gaaCndes deformaciisadmi didi winaRoba<br />

an darbilebis didi zRvari;<br />

darbilebis<br />

Tdarb=(180-200) zRvari sufTa spilenZisaTvis<br />

0 C<br />

HB darbilebis<br />

zRvari<br />

3<br />

2<br />

1<br />

nax. 5.1. Mmasalis darbilebis zRvaris<br />

damokidebuleba temperaturisagan<br />

91

3. SeduRebis procesSi saeleqtrodo masala<br />

naklebad unda iJangebodes. Tu es ase ar iqneba, maSin<br />

maRaltemperaturuli muSaobis pirobebSi xistad<br />

gaizrdeba saeleqtrodo kontaqtTa eleqtrowinaRoba;<br />

4. naklebi unda iyos SesaduR detalze<br />

eleqtrodis muSa zedapiris mikvris albaToba;<br />

5. xels unda uwyobdes pelties efeqtis<br />

sasargeblod gamoyenebas, anu liTonTa Termoeleqtrul<br />

mwkrivSi saeleqtrodo da SesaduRi masalebi unda iyos<br />

axlos erTmaneTTan, an xels uwyobdes saeleqtrodo<br />

kontaqtSi siTbos raodenobis Semcirebas.<br />

es movlenis gaTvaliswineba saWiroa mxolod<br />

polaruli deniT SeduRebisas.<br />

praqtikaSi saeleqtrodo masalad umetesad<br />

gamoiyeneba sufTa spilenZi M0 an M1 markebisa. markis<br />

zrdiT izrdeba minarevTa raodenoba. kargia civnaWedi<br />

spilenZi.<br />

am masalis uaryofiTi Tvisebaa dabali darbilebis<br />

zRvari (180-200) 0C, amitom sasurvelia gamoyenebul iqnas<br />

Semdegi Senadnobebi: 1. kadmiumiani spilenZi MK; 2.<br />

qromcinkiani brinjao ЭB; 3. qromkadmoumiani brinjao MC-<br />

5Б; 4. qromiani brinjao БрX_0,7; 5. qromcirkoniumiani<br />

brinjao МЦ–5А; 6. nikelberiliumtitaniani brinjao НБТ<br />

(Savi liTonebis SesaduReblad); 7. spilenZvercxlis<br />

Senadnobebi; 8. sufTa volframi; 9. molibdeni; 10.<br />

fxvnilebisgan Secxobili Senadnobebi W+MC _ elkoniti<br />

(kiriti).<br />

garda CamonaTvalisa, gamoiyeneba agreTve<br />

volframvercxlis SenaerTebi. sasurvelia SesaduR<br />

92

detalTa calkeuli wyvilisaTvis SerCeuli iqnas<br />

specialuri saeleqtrodo masala.<br />

sufTa spilenZis nacvlad specialur SenadnobTa<br />

gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva sakmaod gaizardos<br />

mwarmoebloba.<br />

2. formis SerCeva.<br />

eleqtrodis forma unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg<br />

moTxovnebs:<br />

1. misi muSa zedapiri ar unda xurdebodes<br />

dasaSvebi zRvris zeviT. rac naklebia aRniSnuli<br />

temperatura, miT metia masalis mdgradoba;<br />

2. advili unda iyos eleqtrodis misadgomloba<br />

samuSao adgilisadmi;<br />

3. eleqtrodis formam unda uzrunvelyos maRali<br />

mdgradoba.<br />

eleqtrodis forma da muSa zedapiris konstruqcia<br />

damokidebulia SeduRebis saxeobisagan.<br />

1. pirapira<br />

saxeebi:<br />

SeduRebisaTvis gamodgeba Semdegi<br />

1<br />

3<br />

nax. 5.2. pirapira SeduRebis eleqtrodis muSa zedapirTa<br />

savaraudo sqemebi: 1, 2. prizmuli; 3. sferuli; 4. fasonuri<br />

93<br />

2<br />

4

2. wertilovani SeduRebis eleqtrodTa formebi<br />

1 2 3<br />

nax. 5.3. wertlilovani SeduRebis eleqtrodis muSa<br />

zedapirTa savaraudo formebi: 1. konusuri,<br />

2. sferuli, 3, 4. fasonuri.<br />

3. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis eleqtrodTa formebi<br />

Cu Cu Cu<br />

1 2 3 4<br />

nax. 5.4. gorgoloWovani SeduRebis eleqtrodis<br />

muSa zedapirTa savaraudo formebi: 1. konusuri,<br />

2. cilindruli, 3. sferuli, 4. Sedgenili.<br />

94<br />

4<br />

Cu<br />

Wo<br />

garda naxazze naCvenebisa, arsebobs agreTve<br />

specialuri fasonuri formis gorgolaWovani SeduRebis<br />

eleqrodebi.<br />

3. zomebis gansazRvra.<br />

eleqtrodTa zomebs gansazRvravs maTze mqomedi: 1.<br />

meqanikuri da 2. eleqtruli datvirTvebi.

1. pirapira SeduRebisas eleqtrodis ganikveTis<br />

farTi SeirCeva im pirobiT, rom dawnevis xvedriTi Zala<br />

ar aRematebodes Semdegs:<br />

P = (2 _ 4) kg /mm 2 (3.1.)<br />

2. wertilovani SeduRebisas es sidide aseTia:<br />

P = (7 _ 10) kg /mm 2 (3.2.)<br />

3. gorgoloWovani SeduRebis dawnevis xvedriTi<br />

Zalebi igive unda iyos, rac wertilovanis dros.<br />

eleqtrodTa damzadebisas aRsaniSnavia is<br />

mniSvnelovani faqtoric, rom konstruqciis kuTxeebSi ar<br />

unda iyos mkacri fxaurebi, rac (1,5÷2)jer gazrdis<br />

eleqtrodTa mdgradobas da ugulebelyofs SenaduR<br />

adgilze zogierTi saxis wunis warmoqmnas.<br />

5.3. SeduRebis konturis daproeqteba<br />

SeduRebis konturis qveS vgulisxmobT dengamtar<br />

nakeTobebsa da kvanZebs, romlebic aerTebs kvebis wyaros<br />

eleqtrodebTan. saSemduReblo konturis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sesul elementebs (detalebs) miekuTvneba:<br />

1. eleqtrodis damWeri;<br />

2. dengamtari konsolebi da filebi;<br />

3. denis gamtari sakisrebi;<br />

4. kronSteni;<br />

5. drekadi salte;<br />

6. konturis CamoTvlil elementebs Soris arsebobs<br />

gasaxsneli kontaqtebic.<br />

95

5.3.1. konturis mimarT wardgenili moTxovnebi<br />

1. SeduRebis, anu gare konturi saSualebas unda<br />

iZleodes ganvaxorcieloT SeduReba mocemuli jgufis<br />

SeerTebaze, kerZod, miviyvanoT eleqtrodebi TiToeul<br />

SesaduR SeerTebasTan mocemul nakeTobebze;<br />

2. konturi unda flobdes mcire aqtiur<br />

winaaRmdegobas. e. i. min winaRobas cvlad denTan;<br />

3. Sesabamisi xerxiT SeduRebisas konturs unda<br />

hqondes racionaluri induqciuri winaRoba;<br />

4. manqanis xangrZlivi eqspluataciis pirobebSi<br />

konturis aqtiuri winaRoba ar unda icvlebodes;<br />

5. imisaTvis, rom SenaduR SeerTebebs gadavceT max<br />

datvirTva denis gareSe, konturi unda iyos sakmaod<br />

xisti da mtkice.<br />

garda amisa, konturi unda iyos iafi, martivi da<br />

mosaxerxebeli samarTavad, eleqtrodTa gamosacvlelad<br />

da sxv.<br />

5.3.2. denis miyvanis sqemebi<br />

konturis CarTvis mimdevroba iwyeba:<br />

konturis principuli eleqtruli sqemis<br />

gansazRvridan, kerZod ki SesaduRebel nakeTobasTan<br />

denis miyvanis meTodiT.<br />

1. pirapira SeduRebis SemTxvevebi:<br />

1. pirapira sisqis nakeTobis SesaduReblad<br />

kmayofildebian calmxrivi denis miyvaniT (nax. 5.5.1).<br />

96

2. didi zomis nakeTobis SesaduReblad (didi<br />

diametris milebi) gamoiyeneben ormxriv denis miyvanas<br />

(nax. 5.5.2).<br />

1 2 3<br />

nax. 5.5. pirapira SeduRebis detalebTan<br />

denis miyvanis meTodebi<br />

1. calmxrivi; 2. ormxrivi; 3. diagonaluri.<br />

2.<br />

diagonaluri denmiyvana (nax. 5.5.3) iSviaTad<br />

gamoiyeneba. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi TiToeul wyvils<br />

aqvs Tavisi individualuri denmimyvanebi (nax. 5.6).<br />

nax. 5.6. pirapira SeduRebis denmimyvanis<br />

specialuri meTodebi.<br />

1. individualuri; 2. velosipedis CarCos SeduRebisas.<br />

97

2. wertilovani SeduRebis SemTxvevebi:<br />

1<br />

2<br />

nax. 5.7. wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

denis miyvanis meTodebi<br />

1. Cveulebrivi wertilovani SeduReba;<br />

2. calmxrivi wertilovani SeduReba;<br />

3. ormxrivi orwertilovani<br />

denis miyvanis specialuri xerxebi.<br />

praqtikaSi xSirad gvxvdeba denis miyvanis sxva<br />

xerxebic (nax. 5.8.)<br />

nax. 5.8. denis miyvanis sxva xerxebi:<br />

1. konturuli SeduReba;<br />

2. reliefuri SeduReba<br />

3. gorgoloWovani SeduRebisas gamoiyeneba denis<br />

miyvanis igive meTodebi, rac wertilovani SeduRebisas.<br />

98<br />

+<br />

_<br />

3<br />

_<br />

+

3. SeduRebis konturis zomebi.<br />

SeduRebis konturis zomebi damokidebulia:<br />

1. SesaduRi nakeTobis konstruqciasa da 2. denis<br />

miyvanis sqemaze. zomebi unda davicvaT ise, rom SesaduRi<br />

nakeToba moTavsdes konturis SigniT da eleqtrodebi<br />

miyvanil iqnas nakeris (romelic gvinda) wertilTan.<br />

amisaTvis saWiroa movaxdinoT nakeTobis winaswari<br />

eskizuri<br />

SigniT.<br />

ganlageba ramodenime variantiT konturis<br />

zomebis zedmetad gadideba ar SeiZleba, raTa<br />

aqtiuri winaRoba iyos mcire, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />

gaizrdeba aqtiuri da induqciuri winaRobebi.<br />

konturis winaRoba unda iyos ara umetes 20 μΩ-sa.<br />

5.3.3. gasaxsneli kontaqtebi<br />

eleqtrul kontaqtSi yovelTvis adgili aqvs<br />

garkveuli simZlavris kargvas.<br />

Tu R k=100⋅10 -6 Ω, maSin I=10000A denis Zalisas am<br />

kontaqtSi dakarguli simZlavre iqneba<br />

W = 100 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ 10000 2 = 10000BA.<br />

gasaxsneli kontaqtebis SeduRebis konturebi<br />

SeiZleba davyoT 3 jgufad:<br />

1. mudmivi aramoZravi _ ar regulirdeba<br />

urTierTganlagebuli kontaqtebi transformatoris<br />

gamomyvanebsa da drekad salteebs Soris.<br />

2. cvladi aramoZravi _ muSaobis procesSi<br />

erTierTganlageba ar icvleba, magram gadaadgileba<br />

99

SeiZleba gamorTvis dros, magaliTad, eleqtrodis<br />

gacveTisas.<br />

3. mcocavi an moZravi kontaqti _ mudmivad<br />

gadaadgildeba SeduRebis procesSi (denis momyvan<br />

sakisars da gorgolaWebis RerZs Soris).<br />

karg kontaqtebad iTvlebian iseTebi, romlebis<br />

winaRoba aris:<br />

Rk1 ≤ (1÷2)⋅10 -6 Ω=(1÷2) μΩ<br />

Rk2 = (3÷5)⋅10 -6 Ω=(3÷5) μΩ<br />

R k3 = (10÷20)⋅10 -6 Ω=(10÷20) μΩ<br />

kontaqtebis daproeqtebisas mizanSeuwonelia<br />

SeduRebis iseTi konturebi, romlis drosac eleqtrodze<br />

miyenebuli meqanikuri datvirTvebi iZenen kontaqtis<br />

momWerebis moSvebas da Sesustebas.<br />

4. mirCiluli kontaqti _ SeduRebis konturebis<br />

daproeqtebisas aucilebelia: 1. gasaxsneli kontaqtebis<br />

raodenoba iyos minimaluri. zog SemTxvevaSi gasaxsneli<br />

kontaqtebis magivrad mizanSewonilia gamoviyenoT<br />

mirCiluli (SeduRebuli) kontaqtebi. aucileblobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba maTi moxsna (gancalkeveba).<br />

5. Txevadi kontaqti _ am dros sakontaqto Siga<br />

zedapirebi winaswar ifareba kaliT specialuri<br />

konstruqciis sicarieleSi (nax. 5.9.1), Semdeg Caasxamen<br />

vudis Senadnobs, romelic ver iRebs meqanikur<br />

datvirTvebs, magram aqvs patara winaRoba (vudis<br />

Senadnobis Txevadi faza praqtikulad ar icvleba).<br />

100

101<br />

2<br />

nax. 5.9. Txevadi kontaqti<br />

1. moZravi nawili;<br />

2. liTonuri siTxe;<br />

3. uZravi nawili<br />

Senadnobis dnobis temperatura dabalia, T dn=68 0 C da<br />

aseTi kontaqtis winaRobac dabalia. winaRoba Rk=(0,5÷1) μΩ. jerjerobiT aseTi meTodi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba,<br />

magram mas aqvs didi perspeqtivebi (MΒΤY). kontaqturi<br />

winaRoba ucvlelia aTeuli wlobiT.<br />

kontaqtis daproeqtebisas aucilebelia agreTve<br />

Tavidan aviciloT iseTi konstruqciebi, romlis drosac<br />

mocemuli kontaqti ganicdis sakmao meqanikur datvirTvas<br />

da iwvevs: 1. kontaqtis miSvebas da 2. kontaqtur<br />

zedapirze amcirebs SeWidulobis Zalas.<br />

zogierT manqanaze winaRoba sagrZnoblad icvleba<br />

ori Tvis ganmavlobaSic: Rk= (1÷2)⋅10 -6 Ω -dan<br />

Rk= (150÷30)⋅10Ω -mde. amis Semdeg isini swrafad gamodis<br />

mwyobridan.<br />

1<br />

3

6. TviTmWeqi kontaqti.<br />

102<br />

1<br />

2<br />

Pnhl<br />

nax. 5.10. gamWeqi kontaqtis sqema.<br />

1. eleqtroddamWeri; 2. eleqtrodi<br />

TviTmWeqi kontaqtis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi saWiroa maSin, roca Tavidan unda aviciloT<br />

iseT nakeTobaTa gamoyeneba, romlis drosac kontaqtireba<br />

mimdinareobs aluminsa da mis Senadnobebs Soris.<br />

aluminis zedapiri kontaqtis muSaobisas ifareba maRali<br />

winaRobis Jangeulis feniT, ris Sedegadac manqana<br />

swrafad, or kviraSi SeiZleba gamovides mwyobridan. Tu<br />

aucilebelia aluminis Senadnobis gamoyeneba, maSin<br />

saWiroa kontaqtis adgilas winaswar mivaduRoT<br />

spilenZis sadebi.<br />

mcocavi kontaqtis daproeqtebisas, maTi winaRobis<br />

Semcirebis mizniT, xSirad gamoiyeneben sakontaqto<br />

zedapirze vercxlis fenis mirCilvis wess, an daaduReben<br />

Senadnobs vercxlis fuZeze. vercxls gaaCnia dabali<br />

eleqtrowinaRoba da maRali gamtaroba. aseve maRali<br />

eleqtrogamtaria vercxlis Jangic.

ogorc vTqviT, Txevadi kontaqtebisaTvis iyeneben<br />

vudis Senadnobs, romelic unda gavaxuroT 700C, rac misi<br />

erT-erTi uaryofiTi mxarea. am mizniT SesaZlebelia<br />

gamoyenebuli iqnas agreTve kaliumis Senadnobi, romelic<br />

ar moiTxovs winaswar gaxurebas da iTvleba<br />

perspeqtiulad, magram igi deficituri da Zviria.<br />

5.4. SeduRebis konturis kontaqtTa angariSi<br />

am samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiroa Catardes<br />

Semdegi Tanmimdevruli angariSi:<br />

1. kontaqtis farTisa Sk, 2. dawnevis Zalisa P, 3. saWiro<br />

WanWikTa ricxvisa n.<br />

kontaqtis farTi Sk iangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:<br />

I xangr<br />

S k= (5.3)<br />

ρ xangr<br />

sadac Ixangr denis xangrZlivobaa;<br />

ρxangr _ denis simkvrive.<br />

TiToeulis angariSi warmoebs Semdegnairad:<br />

`Cx ~<br />

Ixangr = ISed ISed _ iangariSeba Tburi balansis gantolebidan<br />

„Cx“ _ CarTvis xangrZlivoba ki _ manqanis<br />

reJimidan da tolia<br />

t denis t denis<br />

„Cx = = (5.4)<br />

t ciklis t denis + t dayovnebis<br />

103

2. dawnevis Zala _ P<br />

moWeris Zala iangariSeba Semdegi formulidan:<br />

zk Rk= , (5.5)<br />

P α<br />

sadac: zk aris mudmivi sidide da damokidebulia: 1.<br />

liTonis gvarobaze; zedapiris mdgomareobaze. sufTa<br />

spilenZisaTvis zk=2,4⋅10 -4 Ω. α koeficientia da udris 0,7-s.<br />

sasurvelia winaRoba iyos Semdegi sididis:<br />

Rk = (1÷2)⋅10 -6 Ω omi. mocemul sidideTa Casmisas<br />

gantolebaSi miviRebT dawevis Zalis ricxviT<br />

mniSvnelobas, romelic P>1000kg.<br />

3. WanWikTa ricxvi.<br />

WanWikTa ricxvi aiReba Semdegi grafikis mixedviT<br />

(nax. 5.11):<br />

minimaluri P-s iZleva II ubani, roca WanWikis<br />

raodenobaa n=(4_6).<br />

I ubanSi Tu n10_4 kg /mm 2 -sa, raTa misma simtkicem ar miaRwios<br />

denadobis zRvars. muSaobisas (gaxurebisas) yuradReba<br />

unda mieqces Semdeg moTxovnebs:<br />

104

1. zedapirebi unda momzaddes zedmiwevniT sufTad,<br />

kerZod, sasurvelia, rom iyos Sexeba did farTze;<br />

2. miRebul iqnas saTanado zomebi sakontaqto<br />

zedapirTa daJangvis winaaRmdeg. Jangeulis fena zrdis<br />

kontaqtur winaRobas Rk-s. es ki iwvevs gaxurebas,<br />

gaxureba ki Tavis mxriv adidebs Jangvis process da a. S.<br />

aRniSnulis sarealizaciod arsebobs Semdegi meTodebi:<br />

1. kontaqtis zedapirebi unda moikalos;<br />

2. kontaqturi zedapirebi unda gaipoxos sufTa<br />

samedicino vazeliniT;<br />

3. daifaros haeris Sexebisagan.<br />

yvela es RonisZiebani miRebuli unda iqnas<br />

kontaqtebisaTvis. konturis elementTa temperatura ar<br />

unda aRematebodes 70°C-s.<br />

nax. 5.11. gasaxsneli eleqtruli kontaqtis winaRobis<br />

damokidebuleba momWer WanWikTa ricxvisagan.<br />

105

5.5. SeduRebis konturis winaRobis angariSi<br />

konturis sruli winaRoba tolia:<br />

Z=<br />

R + X (5.6),<br />

S.k.<br />

sadac RS.k. aris SeduRebis konturis aqtiuri<br />

winaRoba da tolia:<br />

RS.k. = Rd.m. + Re.e.+ Rk. (5.7),<br />

sadac Rd.m. _ aris denmimyvan nawilTa winaRoba da<br />

tolia:<br />

l<br />

Rd.m. = Kz. ρ0.+(1+ α ΔT) (5.8)<br />

S<br />

Re.e _ aris eleqtrodTaSorisi zonis winaRoba<br />

SesaduR detalTa CaTvliT;<br />

Rk _ aris SeduRebis konturis kontaqtTa winaRoba<br />

106<br />

S.k.<br />

X S.k.= X k.+ X S.d. (5.9),<br />

sadac: Kz._ aris zedapiruli efeqtis koeficienti,<br />

aiReba cxrilebidan;<br />

ρ0 _ liTonis xvedriTi winaRoba nulovani<br />

temperaturis dros;<br />

ΔT _ temperaturis namatis dasaSvebi maqsimaluri<br />

mniSvneloba;<br />

l _ denmimyvan nawilTa ganikveTis farTi;<br />

Rk. _ konturis yvela kontaqtis winaRobaTa jami;<br />

Re.e.-is angariSi Znelia, SeiZleba aviRoT rogorc<br />

SesaduRi liTonis dnobis Zabva da tolia (0,5-2)

voltamde. induqciuri winaRoba SeiZleba viangariSoT<br />

ori xerxiT:<br />

1. Xk. = f(SS.k.) da empiriuli formuliT:<br />

X S.k. =<br />

0,<br />

73 -6 S Sk ⋅10 Ω (5.10)<br />

2. mTeli konturi daiyofa ubnebad Semdegnairad:<br />

β<br />

⎛ b − r ⎞<br />

X=1,37⎜<br />

⎟<br />

⎝ r ⎠<br />

0,<br />

38<br />

⎛ b − β α ⎞<br />

X=0,38⎜<br />

⋅ ⎟<br />

⎝ β β ⎠<br />

r<br />

α<br />

107<br />

b<br />

b<br />

·10 -6 Ω /sm (5.11)<br />

0,<br />

45<br />

·10 -6 Ω /sm (5.12)<br />

(ix. glebovis wigni „kontaqturi SeduRebis<br />

manqanaTa daproeqtebis safuZvlebi“, rusul enaze).

5.6. erTfaza manqanis SeduRebis transformatoris<br />

daproeqteba<br />

moTxovnebi saSemduReblo transformatorisadmi<br />

1. transformatori unda uzrunvelyofdes saWiro<br />

sazRvrebSi SeduRebis denis miRebasa da uzrunvelyofas;<br />

2. gulari da gragnilebi ar unda xurdebodes<br />

dasaSveb temperaturaze maRla, maqsimaluri denis<br />

gamoyenebis dros CarTvis xangrZlivobis minimaluri<br />

mniSvnelobisas;<br />

3. unda akmayofilebdes usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs;<br />

4. unda itandes meqanikur datvirTvebs, romelic<br />

warmoiqmneba meorad gragnilSi denis gavlis dros<br />

eleqtromagnituri Zalebis zemoqmedebiT.<br />

5.6.1. denis regulirebis meTodis SerCeva<br />

winaswar<br />

parametrebi:<br />

saWiroa vicodeT Semdegi eleqtruli<br />

V20<br />

1. I Sed = ;<br />

Z<br />

V1<br />

2. V20<br />

K<br />

=<br />

sadac V20 _ mdgradi e.m.Z. Zalis `uqmi~ svlis Zabvaa<br />

2<br />

2<br />

3. Z R +<br />

X ;<br />

2<br />

108<br />

2<br />

2<br />

2

4.<br />

W<br />

K =<br />

W<br />

sadac _ transformaciis koeficientia<br />

Z2 _ SeduRebis wredis sruli winaRobaa<br />

5.<br />

I<br />

Sed<br />

1<br />

2<br />

2<br />

109<br />

1<br />

2<br />

=<br />

U1<br />

⋅W2<br />

W ⋅ R + X<br />

2<br />

2<br />

(5.11)<br />

es denis Zalis saangariSo gantolebaa, saidanac<br />

gamomdinareobs yvela SesaZlebeli meTodebi denis Zalis<br />

regulirebisaTvis<br />

es SeduRebis denis Zalis gantolebaa, saidanac<br />

gamomdinareobs yvela SesaZlebeli meTodebi denis Zalis<br />

regulirebisaTvis.<br />

denis Zalis gantolebidan (5.13) gamomdinare, denis<br />

regulireba SeiZleba moxdes sxvadasxva xerxebiT (ix. nax.<br />

5.12, 5.13).<br />

denis regulireba U1 pirveladi Zabvis cvliT.<br />

aq ganixileba ramodenime sqema:

1. aqtiuri winaRobis daxmarebiT. …<br />

2. induqciuri winaRobis (droselis)<br />

daxmarebiT.<br />

3. avtotransformatoris daxmarebiT.<br />

4. ormagi avtotransformatoriT.<br />

5. denis regulireba tranformatoriT<br />

xviaTa ricxvis cvliT<br />

xviaTa raodenobis zrdiT deni mcirdeba<br />

U03>U01<br />

110

nax.<br />

sqemebi<br />

5.12. transformatoris denis regulirebis<br />

6. xviaTa gaxleCis meTodiT<br />

Sualeduri RreCos xarjze regulirebis zRvrebi<br />

matulobs.<br />

7<br />

7. xviebis mimdevrobiTi _ paraleluri<br />

SeerTebis meTodi.<br />

nax. 5.13. transformatoris denis regulirebis sqemebi.<br />

1. Tu xviebi erTdebian paralelurad, maSin xviaTa<br />

ricxvi toli iqneba erTi gragnilis xviaTa ricxvisa da<br />

deni iqneba maqsimaluri.<br />

111

2. Tu xviebs SevaerTebT wyvilad mimdevrobiT,<br />

xolo weevils paralelurad, maSin deni iqneba<br />

Sualeduri, wledSi yovelTvis CairTveba yvela xvia.<br />

paraleluri SeerTebisas xviebis kveTi izrdeba,<br />

e.i. igi tolia yvela kveTis jamisa, amitom deni<br />

maqsimaluria, mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas deni<br />

minimaluria. am meTodis uaryofiTi mxarea regulirebis<br />

siuxeSe.<br />

es meTodi eTanadeba rbili regulirebis meTods. M<br />

8. meoradi xviebis SemcirebiT gamowveuli<br />

regulireba.<br />

Tu gvaqvs 2 an 3 xviaTa ricxvi, e. i. roca gvinda<br />

miviRoT meti eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala.<br />

9. aqtiuri winaRobis R2 cvla.<br />

es meTodi ekonomiurad araxelsayrelia, vinaidan<br />

meoradi deni didia da R2-is cvla iwvevs garkveuli<br />

energiis kargvas.<br />

10. induqciuri winaRobis cvla X2.<br />

gamoiyeneba iSviaTad, aqvs Tavisi upiratesoba imis<br />

gamo, rom induqciuri winaRobis cvla SeiZleba:<br />

1. SeduRebis konturis sigrZis an farTis<br />

cvlilebiT. rac metia sigrZe da farTi, miT metia X.<br />

2. feromagnitur masaSi RreCos cvliT. Mmisi<br />

upiratesobaa: denis siCqaris zrdis saSualeba da amiT<br />

SeduRebis aridan liTonis gamoSxefis Semcirebis<br />

albaToba;<br />

11. SeduRebis transformatoris pirveladi xviebis<br />

raodenobis cvla, rac TavisTavad cvlis SeduRebis<br />

denis mniSvnelobas.<br />

112

am meTodiT SeiZleba uzrunvelvyoT denis mdore<br />

regulireba;<br />

meTodis uaryofiTi mxarea is, rom klebulobs cosϕ.<br />

5.6.2. transformatoris elementTa konstruqciis<br />

SerCeva da angariSi<br />

transformatori ZiriTadad Sedgeba: 1. gularisa,<br />

2. pirveladi da 3. meoradi xviebisagan.<br />

gularisa da pirveladi gragnilis sqemebi<br />

warmodgenilia nax. 5.14-sa da 5.15-ze.<br />

didi denebi gansazRvravs didi eleqtrodinamiuri<br />

Zalebis warmoqmnas.<br />

b<br />

1 2 3<br />

nax. 5.14. transformatoris gularis saxeebi:<br />

1. Reroiani, 2. javSniani, 3. rgolisebri.<br />

L<br />

1 2<br />

nax. 5.15. transformatoris pirveladi gragnilebi:<br />

1. cilindruli, 2. diskuri.<br />

113<br />

D<br />

b<br />

D<br />

L

arsebobs gragnilis zomebs Soris Semdegi<br />

Tanafardobani: cilindruli gragnilisaTvis: 4>>D>>h,<br />

diskurisaTvis: L

κ=1,11 denis simrudis formis koeficientia;<br />

f = 50 hc _ denis sixSire;<br />

W = 1-an 2 meoradi gragnilis xviaTa ricxvia;<br />

B =10000_ 26000<br />

dasaSvebi induqciaa;<br />

gauxs. gularSi maqsimalurad<br />

2. fanjris zomebi ganisazRvreba xviebis<br />

angariSis Semdeg:<br />

Sg. spilenZi<br />

Sfanj = (5.15)<br />

0,45÷0,65<br />

sadac: 0,45÷0,65 izolaciis xarjze fanjris<br />

Sevsebis koeficientia. gularis sruli kveTi iangariSeba<br />

gamosaxulebiT:<br />

Sg. S = (5.16)<br />

KSevs. sadac, KSevs. iTvaliswinebs izolaciis xasiaTs da<br />

aiReba:<br />

KSevs. = 0,88 _ 0,9, qaRaldisaTvis.<br />

KSevs. = 0,92 _ 0,95 laqiT dafaruli<br />

furclebisaTvis.<br />

115

h<br />

b<br />

gularis zomebi:<br />

g<br />

g<br />

= 1÷ 2,<br />

5<br />

hh<br />

116<br />

bh<br />

Cveulebriv cdiloben, rom gularis<br />

tvifrva iyos unarCenod (transformatoris furclebi<br />

saxelmwifo standartis mixedviT arsebobs (750X1500 mm)<br />

zomisa. qarxana „eleqtrikSi“ tvifraven or furcels ise,<br />

rom gamodis unarCenod.<br />

aseTi gularebis awyoba mimdinareobs<br />

Semdegnairad:<br />

.<br />

A B<br />

1 2 3 4<br />

bh 1<br />

nax. 5.15. gularis awyobis sqemebi:<br />

1. javSnianis tvifrva; 2. javSniani, asawyobi;<br />

3. Reroiani asawyobi; 4. javSniani awyobili.<br />

me-2 SemTxvevaSi RreCoebis ricxvi miiReba naklebi,<br />

javSnianis SemTxvevaSi bg = 2A = 2Б. aseTi awyobiT miiReba<br />

gularis Reroebi. javSniani gularis misaRebad alageben<br />

2

gverdigverd 2 cal Reroian gulars da xviebs aTavseben<br />

Sua nawilSi. nax. 5.15.4-ze 1 _ gulari, 2 _ xviebi.<br />

5.6.4. pirveladi xviebis angariSi<br />

1. saWiroa ganisazRvros pirveladi xviebis<br />

raodenoba.<br />

U1<br />

W1 = _______ ·W2 , W=1…2.<br />

U20<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, roca denis regulirebisTvis<br />

gamoiyeneba meTodi, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli<br />

transformatoris transformaciis koeficientTan,<br />

SeiZleba U20 toli iyos misi maqsimaluri mniSvnelobisa:<br />

U20 = I Sed ⋅ Ζ2<br />

rodesac denis regulirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />

transformaciis koeficienti, saWiroa ganisazRvros<br />

SesaerTebeli xviebis maqsimaluri da minimaluri<br />

raodenoba da xviebis raodenobis Sealeduri mniSvneloba<br />

TiToeul safexurze:<br />

U1<br />

W1max = W2 _______ (5.17)<br />

U20min<br />

U1<br />

W1max = W2 _______ (5.18)<br />

U20max<br />

U1<br />

117

W1Sualed. = W2 __________ (5.19)<br />

U20Sualed.<br />

U20 saangariSo yovelTvis iReba boloswina<br />

safexurisaTvis<br />

U20angariSi<br />

U20max = ___________ , an U20max = U20ang. KP<br />

KP<br />

sadac, Kp Zabvis cvlilebaa safexurebs Soris. Tu Kp _<br />

warmoebulia, maSin Kp=1,1 ÷ 1,2.<br />

U20max<br />

_______ =1,6 ÷ 2,5<br />

U20min<br />

Kp=1,6 _ mkacrad gansazRvruli nakeTobis SeduRebisaTvis,<br />

xolo Kp=2,5 _ mravali daniSnulebis manqanebisaTvis.<br />

U20Sualed. gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa vicodeT<br />

regulirebis safexurTa raodenoba. saxelmwifo<br />

standartiT miRebulia, rom n=5, didi denebisaTvis ufro<br />

metia: n = 5 ÷ 16. zogjer manqanebSi n=25.<br />

U20 max + U20min<br />

ΔU = ___________ ,<br />

n _ 1<br />

did transformatorebSi pirveladi xvia Sedgeba<br />

ramodenime koWisagan<br />

W2max<br />

W1koW = _______ ramdeni koWaa saWiro?<br />

nkoWa 1. mavTulis kveTis angariSi.<br />

118

mavTulis kveTi gamoiTvleba:<br />

I1xangrZ.<br />

f1 = _______ (5.20)<br />

J1xangrZ.<br />

sadac: f1 _ pirveladi xviis kveTia;<br />

I1xangrZ. _ denis sididis xangrZlivoba;<br />

J1xangrZ._ pirveladi gragnilis denis simkvrivis dasaSvebi<br />

xangrZlivoba da tolia:<br />

I<br />

I<br />

`Cx ~<br />

K<br />

Sed<br />

1 xangrZ =<br />

(5.21)<br />

sadac: K _ transformaciis koeficientia.<br />

J1xangrZ.=(1,5 ÷3,5)A/mm 2b da damokidebulia xviis masalis<br />

gaciebis intensiobaze.<br />

2. pirveladi xviis kveTis zomebi<br />

pirveladi xvia mzaddeba spilenZisa an<br />

aluminisagan, romlis kveTic sworkuTxaa. zomebi aiReba<br />

saxelmwifo standartidan. daxvevis moxerxebulobisaTvis<br />

kargi iqneba, Tu SevarCevT (1,5 ÷2) mm-mde kveTis mavTuls.<br />

daxvevis mavTulebs Soris fenebSi udeben safenebs<br />

izolaciisaTvis. koWas radialuri zoma ar unda<br />

aRematebodes fanjris zomas. Tu yvelaferi es<br />

gvecodineba, SegviZlia gavigoT, Tu ramdeni xvia<br />

119

moTavsdeba koWaze. Tu viciT xviebis raodenoba TiToeul<br />

koWaze, SegviZlia gavigoT koWebis saerTo raodenoba.<br />

sasurvelia, rom koWebis raodenoba iyos luwi.<br />

5.6.5. meoradi gragnilis kveTisa da xviaTa<br />

ricxvis SerCeva<br />

kveTi iangariSeba gamosaxulebiT (5.22)<br />

f1 =<br />

I<br />

J<br />

2x<br />

2k<br />

=<br />

I<br />

Sed<br />

J<br />

2k<br />

120<br />

`Cx ~<br />

(5.22)<br />

sadac J2k. = (1,5 ÷ 3,5)A/mm 2 , Cveulebrivi gaciebis dros;<br />

J2x.=(10_15)A/mm 2 , roca gaciveba intensiuria, anu meoradi<br />

xvia mzaddeba Txelkedliani milisagan.<br />

rac Seexeba xviaTa ricxvs, is SeirCeva Semdegi<br />

monacemebis mixedviT:<br />

roca U20 < (10_12) voltisa, W2 = 1, xolo Tu U20 >12<br />

voltze, maSin W2 = 2, zogjer 3-s.<br />

transformatoris angariSis Semdeg xdeba misi<br />

awyoba. am dros didi yuradReba unda mieqces damagrebis<br />

sixistes. am mizniT xandaxan TiToeul seqciaSi asxamen<br />

kvarcis narevs specialur masalebTan. es aadvilebs<br />

mwyobridan gamosuli seqciis gamoRebasa da mis Secvlas<br />

axliT.<br />

ra Tqma unda, didi mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve<br />

SeduRebis transformatoris swori saeqspluatacio<br />

normebis dacvas.

6. winaRobiT SeduRebis kvebis wyaroTa saxesxvaobani<br />

garda cvladi denisa, arsebobs winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

denis wyaros sxva saxeebi. ganvixiloT yoveli maTgani<br />

cal-calke.<br />

6.1. denis wyaroebi kondensatoris pirdapiri ganmuxtviT<br />

kondensatoruli SeduRebis (dartymiTi SeduReba)<br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi xelsayrelia aseTi sqemis<br />

gamoyeneba (ix.nax. 6.1.).<br />

n<br />

lc<br />

121<br />

TftbevSj<br />

efubmfcj<br />

nax 6.1. dartymiTi kondensatoruli<br />

SeduRebis sqema<br />

am SemTxvevaSi denis wyaros rols asrulebs<br />

kondensatorTa batarea (k.b.). darymiTi kondensatoruli<br />

SeduRebisas xdeba naperwkluri ganmuxtva da detalebis<br />

SeduReba xdeba wnevis qveS. es meTodi farTod<br />

gamoiyeneba mcire ganivkveTis mqone detalebis<br />

SesaduReblad. SeduRebis avtomaki asrulebs 30<br />

operacias. mis maxloblad (mis gverdiT) muSa ar aris.<br />

xdeba 130 wyvilis SeduReba 1 wuTSi.

6.2. mudmivi denis kvebis wyaroebi<br />

6<br />

122<br />

i<br />

2 1<br />

nax. 6.2. SeduRebis mudmivi denis wyaro da denis mrudebi<br />

km _ komutaciis mowyobiloba, g_ gammarTveli<br />

2.1. mudmivi deni; 2.2. modulirebuli deni.<br />

meorad xviaSi gvaqvs gammarTveli (g) da miiReba<br />

gamarTuli pulsirebuli deni. denis miwodeba xdeba<br />

pirveladi denis wredSi. es SedarebiT advilia. manqana<br />

Zviria, radgan Zviria gammarTvelebi. komunikaciis<br />

mowyobiloba km _ es aris samfaza transformatori,<br />

romelSic CarTulia ignitronebi da tiratronebi.<br />

gamoyenebis mTavari idea: mudmivi denisas SeduRebis<br />

konturis induqciuri winaRoba TiTqmis ar gvaqvs da<br />

simZlavre izrdeba. (X qmnis met danakargebs). 250<br />

kilovati simZlavris deni utoldeba aTas kilovatiani<br />

simZlavris cvalebadi denis efeqturobas. e.i. saWiro<br />

simZlavre mcirdeba 4-jer.<br />

ormxridan marTvisas SeiZleba miviRoT modelirebuli<br />

mrudi (nax. 6.2-ze mrudi 2).<br />

t

6.3. dabali sixSiris denis wyaroebi<br />

CarTvis momentSi mudmivi deni xvdeba induqciur<br />

winaRobas da pirveladi deni nela izrdeba. aseve xdeba<br />

meoradi denisTvisac.<br />

mudmivi denis CarTvisas Zlier transformatorze deni<br />

nel-nela izrdeba, icvleba magnituri nakadi da iwvevs<br />

meoradi wredis e.m.Z.-is<br />

4!gb{b<br />

hbnnbsU<br />

wfmj<br />

+<br />

_<br />

nax. 6.3. dabali sixSiris denis wyaros<br />

sqema da denis mrudebi<br />

1. denis wyaros eleqtruli sqema; 2. denis mrudeebi<br />

Secvlas. saWiroa SevzRudoT pirveladi denis zrdis<br />

dro, sxva SemTxvevaSi gulari gajerebulia da deni<br />

wamierad izrdeba, ikargeba gragnilis induqciuri<br />

winaRoba, xolo aqtiuri winaRoba mcirea, denis<br />

momenturi gamorTvisaTvis ayeneben specialur<br />

mowyobilobas.<br />

123<br />

i2<br />

i2<br />

i1<br />

t

i<br />

nax. 6.3. denis damokidebuleba droisagan<br />

denis gamorTvis Semdeg gulari rCeba damagnitebuli da<br />

xelmeored CarTvisTvis deni izrdeba ara nulidan,<br />

aramed romelime sidididan (nax. 6.3), amitom denis<br />

mimarTulebis SecvlisaTvis saWiroa jvaredini<br />

CamrTveli (ix. nax. 6.3.1.).<br />

es funqcia SeiZleba Sesruldes: 1. magnituri<br />

gadamrTvelis,<br />

saSualebiT.<br />

2. ignitronebis an 3. tiristorebis<br />

denis sixSires gansazRvravs gadarTvis perioduloba.<br />

erT wm-Si 5 gadarTva aris 5 herci, 10 gadarTva ki 10<br />

herci.<br />

aseTi manqanebis daniSnulebaa sixSiris SemcirebiT<br />

SevamciroT saWiro simZlavre.<br />

SeduRebis konturSi induqciuri winaRoba<br />

proporciulia denis sixSirsa, rac metia sixSire miT<br />

metia induqciuri winaRoba X-i da miT metia simZlavre,<br />

e.i. sixSiris SemcirebiT Cven vamcirebT simZlavres.<br />

saaviacio warmoebaSi Al-is Senadnobebi siganiT (8+10)mm<br />

saWiroeben did simZlavres _ 2000 kilovats (kw), roca<br />

erTfaza manqanas rTaven wredSi da qarxanaSi yvela<br />

dazga iwyebs arastabilurad muSaobas.<br />

124<br />

t

SeduRebis yvela manqanisaTvis saWiroa cal-calke<br />

eleqtroqselis qvesadgurebi.<br />

6.4. eleqtroakumulatorTa kvebis wyaroebi<br />

praqtikaSi SeiZleba eleqtroakumulatori<br />

gamoyenebuli iqnas, rogorc SeduRebis mudmivi denis<br />

kvebis wyaro. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania es procesi<br />

savele pirobebSi muSaobisas.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT amJamad midis muSaoba akumulatoris<br />

gasaumjobeseblad. mTavar siZneleebs warmoadgens am<br />

dros uSualod mcire wredSi didi denebis CarTvagamorTva.<br />

6.5. magnitur velSi dagrovili energiis denis wyaroebi<br />

4!gb{b<br />

hbnnbsU<br />

wfmj<br />

+<br />

_<br />

1 2<br />

nax. 6.4. magnitur velSi energiis dagrovebis<br />

wyaros sqema 1 da miRebuli denis droisagan<br />

damokidebulebis diagrama 2.<br />

procesis dawyebis momentisas gamomrTveli Caketilia,<br />

SeduRebis transformatoris gulari magnitdeba da imis<br />

Semdeg, rac is miaRwevs gansazRvrul zRvars (nax. 6.4, 2.<br />

wertili 1), wredi ganirTveba. wredis ganrTvis Semdeg<br />

125<br />

i2<br />

i 1<br />

2<br />

t

gularis magnituri nakadi swrafad mcirdeba. rac iwvevs<br />

SeduRebis wredSi e.m.Z.-is warmoqmnas da SeduRebis<br />

wredis mZlavri impulsis aRZvras.<br />

mTavari naklia: amorTvis dros maRali Zabva da misi<br />

induqciuroba aRagznebs rkals.<br />

dadebiTi: ar saWiroebs maRal Zabvas kondensatorul<br />

manqanebTan SedarebiT.<br />

6.6. kvebis wyaroebi kinetikuri energiis dagrovebiT<br />

aq mTavari amocanaa saWiro simZlavris Semcireba<br />

(ix.nax. 6.5.). el. Zravas (1) gaaCnia mcire simZlavre (ix.<br />

sqema).<br />

3<br />

4<br />

2<br />

6<br />

nax. 6.5. dagrovili kinetikuri energiis kvebis wyaros sqema<br />

1. eleqtro Zravi; 2. generatori; 3. mqnevara;<br />

4. CamrTveli; 5. SeduRebis adgili.<br />

roca miRweulia saWiro brunTa ricxvi, generatoris<br />

wredi Caiketeba SeduRebis detalebze 4 da generatori<br />

ganirTveba, magram mbrunavi masa _ mqnevara 3 ganagrZobs<br />

muSaobas da am dros moqmedebs SeduRebis deni.<br />

126<br />

5

7. winaRobiT SeduRebis Taviseburebani<br />

7.1. SeduRebadoba winaRobiT SeduRebis dros<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba xorcieldeba dawnevis ZaliTa da<br />

SesaerTebeli detalebis adgilobrivi gaxurebiT im<br />

temperaturamde, romelic SesaduRebeli liTonis dnobis<br />

temperaturis mniSvnelobis zemoT an qvemoTaa. pirvels<br />

adgili aqvs winaRobiT pirapira SeduRebis dros (Zalian<br />

iSviaT SemTxvevaSi wertilovani SeduRebis dros), meores<br />

ki rogorc wesi, wertilovani da gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebisa da SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebis dros.<br />

kontaqturi SeduRebis dros xarisxovani SeerTebis<br />

miRebas Cveulebriv Tan sdevs SesaerTebeli detalebis<br />

sazRvarze liTonis saerTo marcvlebis warmoqmna (nax.<br />

7.1.)_urTierTkristalizacia. aseTi marcvlebis<br />

warmosaqmnelad saWiroa Semdegi sami pirobis dacva: 1.<br />

SesaduRi zedapirebi mWidrod unda exebodes erTmaneTs<br />

(modebuli unda iyos sakmarisi Zala); 2. SesaduR<br />

zedapirebs ar unda hqondes Jangis, WuWyisa da sxva<br />

gareSe nivTierebaTa afskebi, romlebic xels uSlian<br />

SesaduR detalTa atomebis uSualo urTierTobas (maTi<br />

zedapirebi winaswar saTanadod unda gasufTavdes); 3.<br />

SeduRebis dros uzrunvelyofili unda iyos axal<br />

kristalTa warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa,<br />

sxvadasxva liTonTa detalebis SeduRebis dros am<br />

masalebma Tavisi fizikuri bunebiT unda SeZlos saerTo<br />

kristalebis warmoqmna.<br />

axali kristalebis warmoqmna SesaZlebelia: 1.<br />

rekristalizaciis gziT, e.i. arsebuli kristalebis<br />

zomebisa da formebis SecvliT maTi kristaluri gisosis<br />

127

Seucvlelad, anda 2. gadakristalebis, e.i. iseTi procesis<br />

gziT, roca kristalTa zomebisa da formis Secvlas Tan<br />

sdevs maTi kristaluri gisosis Secvla, magaliTad,<br />

foladSi feritis gardaqmna austenitad.<br />

cnobilia, rom SedarebiT dabali temperaturis dros<br />

rekristalizacia mxolod im liTonSi SeiZleba, romelic<br />

winaswar ganicdis plastikur deformacias. ramdenadac<br />

maRalia gaxurebis temperatura, imdenad naklebi unda<br />

iyos winaswari civWedvis xarisxi rekristalizaciis<br />

gansaxorcieleblad. TiToeuli liTonisa da<br />

SenadnobisaTvis arsebobs rekristalizaciis minimaluri<br />

temperatura. am temperaturaze dabal mniSvnelobamde<br />

gaxurebis SemTxvevaSi rekristalizacia SeuZlebelia,<br />

rogorc Zlieradac ar unda iyos liToni winaswar<br />

civnaWedi. maRali temperaturis dros iwyeba Semkrebi<br />

rekristalizacia (marcvlis zrda), romelic mimdinareobs<br />

winaswari plastikuri deformaciis gareSe.<br />

128

1<br />

1<br />

nax. 7.1. saerTo kristalebi pirapiris sibrtyeSi (1-1)<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis galRobis gareSe SeduRebis dros.<br />

pirapirSi Cans calkeuli araliTonuri CanarTebi (X 500).<br />

foladis rekristalizaciis minimaluri temperatura<br />

uaxlovdeba 4500C-s. am temperaturaze foladis<br />

rekristalizacia moiTxovs mniSvnelovan civWedvas da<br />

ukiduresad nela mimdinareobs. minimaluri temperatura,<br />

129

omlis drosac zogjer SeimCneva rbili foladis<br />

adgilobrivi SeduReba, uaxlovdeba 6000C-s, zogierTi<br />

liTonis, magaliTad aluminis, rekristalizaciis<br />

minimaluri temperatura umniSvnelod aRemateba oTaxis<br />

temperaturas. amitom, Tu sufTa aluminis kargad<br />

gasufTavebul detalebs movaqcevT energiuli dawnevis<br />

gavlenis qveS, romelsac Tansdevs mniSvnelovani<br />

plastikuri deformacia da, rogorc wesi, garkveuli<br />

adgilobrivi gaxurebac, maSin SeiZleba SevqmnaT<br />

aucilebeli pirobebi rekristalizaciis procesis<br />

gansaxorcieleblad ise, rom detalebi ar gavaxuroT<br />

eleqtruli deniT an sxva gareSe siTbos wyaroTi _<br />

ganxorcieldeba ,,civi" SeduReba.<br />

Cveulebriv winaRobiT SeduReba xorcieldeba Semkrebi<br />

rekristalizaciis (magaliTad, foladisaTvis 10000C-ze meti) da ufro maRali temperaturis dros. radgan<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba yovelTvis xorcieldeba<br />

mniSvnelovani wnevis modebiT, aseTi xerxiT SesaduRi<br />

liTonebi sakmaod plastikurni unda iyos SeduRebis<br />

temperaturis dros.<br />

cxeli glinviT (gawelva, wnexva da Wedva) miRebul<br />

liTonebsa da Senadnobebs, sakmaod maRali temperaturisa<br />

da wnevis dros, rogorc wesi, aqvT iseTi Tvisebebi,<br />

romlebic maTi wneviT SeduRebis saSualebas iZlevian.<br />

yvela liTonsa da Senadnobs erTnairad rodi axasiaTebs<br />

SeduRebadoba.<br />

SeduRebadobaSi unda vigulisxmoT masalis unari<br />

Seqmnas mtkice SeerTeba SeduRebis racionaluri<br />

procesis gamoyenebis dros ise, rom TviT SeerTebisa da<br />

mis momijnave SeduRebis Termuli gavlenis zonaSi (zona,<br />

130

omelSic gaxurebis Sedegad ZiriTad liTonSi<br />

mimdinareobs esa Tu is struqturuli cvlilebebi)<br />

SesaduR masalaTa meqanikuri Tvisebebi mniSvnelovnad ar<br />

Semcirdes. am teqnologiuri gansazRvridan<br />

gamomdinareobs, rom SeduRebadoba ar aris masalis<br />

ucvleli Tviseba. SeduRebis teqnologiis srulyofiT<br />

cudi SeduRebadobis masalebi SeiZleba gadavidnen kargi<br />

SeduRebadobis jgufSi.<br />

amrigad, SeduRebadoba ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT TviT<br />

teqnologiuri procesisagan mowyvetiT. winamdebare TavSi<br />

ganxilulia mxolod ZiriTadi movlenebi, romlebic Tan<br />

sdevs sxvadasxva liTonebisa da SenadnobTa winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebas da gavlenas axdens maT SeduRebadobaze.<br />

7.2. Savi liTonebis SeduRebadoba.<br />

7.2.1 naxSirbadovani da mciredlegirebuli<br />

sakonstruqcio foladebis SeduRebis Taviseburebani<br />

naxSirbadovani da mciredlegirebuli foladebi<br />

ekuTvnis e.w. perlitis klass, radgan haerze gacivebisas<br />

maT aqvT ferito-perlitis struqtura. maT ekuTvnis<br />

naxSirbadovani foladebi, romlebic Seicaven 0,8%-mde C<br />

da sakonstruqcio foladebis umravlesoba, romlebic<br />

gamoiyeneba saerTo mSeneblobaSi. kerZod,<br />

avtomSeneblobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba qromiani<br />

foladebi, romlebic Seicavs 0,1_0,5% C; 1_1,5% Cr da<br />

qromnikeliani foladebi 0,2_0,4% C-iT; 0,8_1,5% Cr; 3_3,5%<br />

Ni; qvabebis damzadebaSi gamoiyeneba siTbomedegi<br />

qrommolibdeniani foladis milebi 0,02_0,2% C; 0,8_1,2% Cr;<br />

0,4_0,6% Mo; TviTmfrinavTmSeneblobaSi _ foladi<br />

131

qromansili 0,15_0,35% C; 0,8_1,1% Cr; 0,8_1,1% Mn; 0,9_1,2% SI;<br />

vagonmSeneblobaSi_НЛ-2 tipis qromnikelspilenZiani<br />

foladi Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: 0,12_0,18% C; 0,5_0,8% Mn;<br />

0,3_0,5% SI; 0,5_0,8% Cr; 0,3_0,7%Ni; S ≤0,045% da P≤ 0,04%.<br />

ganvixiloT calkeuli procesebi, romlebic<br />

mimdinareobs winaRobiT SeduRebis dros liTonSi<br />

uSualod SeerTebis adgilas da nakeris axlo zonaSi.<br />

rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo, SeduReba SeiZleba<br />

ganvaxorcieloT liTonis gadnobiT an gaudnoblad.<br />

SeduRebis procesis arsi liTonis gaundoblad<br />

ganxiluli iyo wina nawilSi. foladis detalebis<br />

gaxurebis dros garkveuli temperaturidan, romelic<br />

damokidebulia foladis qimiur Semadgenlobaze,<br />

detalebis zedapirebis mdgomareobasa da modebul<br />

wnevaze, SeiZleba daiwyos SeduReba, e.i. mWidrod<br />

SekumSul detalebs Soris sazRvarze saerTo<br />

kristaluri marcvlebis warmoqmna. temperaturisa da<br />

wnevis gazrdiT aseTi marcvlebis ricxvi matulobs da<br />

miRebuli SenaduRi SeerTebis simkvrive izrdeba. iseTi<br />

Semxebi zedapirebis SeduRebis temperaturamde gaxurebis<br />

dros, romlebic erTmaneTTan zustad arasodes ar arian<br />

morgebulni, Cndeba Jangeulis metad Tu naklebad sqeli<br />

fenebi. Jangeulebi, romlebic rCeba SeerTebaSi SeduRebis<br />

Semdeg, arsebiTad amcirebs mis meqanikur Tvisebebsa da<br />

gansakuTrebiT plastikur maCveneblebs (wagrZeleba<br />

gaWimvis dros, Runvis kuTxe, dartymiTi siblante).<br />

temperaturisa da kuTri wnevis gazrda aadvilebs<br />

foladis SeduRebas gaudnoblad, rac warmodgenilia 7.2.<br />

nax-ze (k.a. koCergini). grafikze abscisaTa RerZze<br />

gadazomilia SeerTebis adgilis is temperatura, romlis<br />

132

drosac ganxorcielda naxSirbadmcire foladis 0,7 mm<br />

sisqis furclebis wertilovani SeduReba, xolo<br />

ordinatTa RerZze ki mrRvevi datvirTvis mniSvnelobani,<br />

romlebic miRebulia SenaduRi nimuSebis gamocdis dros<br />

(gamocdebi tardeba oTaxis temperaturaze). aRweril<br />

cdebSi SeduReba mimdinareobda 650-12500C temperaturis<br />

farglebSi. moyvanili mrudebidan gamomdinareobs, rom<br />

temperaturisa da dawnevis Zalis gazrda SesamCnevad<br />

zrdis SeerTebis simkices. simkvrivis garkveuli<br />

dadableba 850-9000C temperaturis intervalSi<br />

dakavSirebulia feritis austenitad gardaqmnasTan. am<br />

temperaturis dros austenitis rekristalizacia<br />

mimdinareobs gacilebiT nela, vidre feritis<br />

rekristalizacia. austenitis Senelebuli<br />

rekristalizacia aZnelebs saerTo marcvlebis warmoqmnas<br />

da iwvevs SenaduRi SeerTebis simticis Semcirebas.<br />

foladis SemadgenlobaSi naxSirbadis gazrda da masSi<br />

legirebadi elementebis arseboba aZnelebs gaudnoblad<br />

SeduRebas. amitom kontaqturi SeduRebis es saxeoba,<br />

kerZod ki winaRobiT pirapira SeduReba, praqtikulad<br />

gamoiyeneba mxolod naxSirbadmcire foladis detalebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi. am siZneleebis mizezia _ legirebuli<br />

foladis dadablebuli plastikuroba maRali<br />

temperaturis dros, zogierTi legirebadi elementis<br />

SedarebiT advili Jangva, magaliTad, qromis, titanis,<br />

zogierT mciredlegirebul foladSi medegi karbidebis<br />

arseboba, romlebic ar ixsneba austenitSi Zalian maRal<br />

temperaturamde gaxurebis dros da iwvevs marcvlis<br />

zrdis Senelebas. SeduReba gaudnoblad advildeba<br />

detalebis gaxurebis dros damcvel atmosferoSi,<br />

133

omelic gamoricxavs SeduRebis zonaSi haeridan<br />

Jangbadis moxvedras.<br />

gadnobiT kontaqturi SeduRebis Taviseburebas,<br />

dnobiT SeduRebis sxva xerxebTan (magaliTad,<br />

eleqtrorkaluri da airuli) SedarebiT, warmoadgens<br />

mniSvnelovani dawnevis Zalis arseboba SenaduRi<br />

SeerTebis warmoqmnis momentSi (liTonis gaxurebisa da<br />

gadnobis dros wneva SeiZleba ar arsebobdes, magaliTad,<br />

SemodnobiTi pirapira SeduRebis dros).<br />

am wnevis moqmedeba iwvevs gaxurebis dros gamdnari<br />

liTonis mTlianad gandevnas pirapiridan, Tu amisaTvis<br />

ar arsebobs dabrkolebani, rogorc magaliTad, sworad<br />

Catarebuli wertilovani SeduRebis dros, roca gamdnari<br />

liTonis birTvi SemosazRvrulia mWidrod SekumSuli<br />

plastikuri liTonis rgoliT, romelic Txevad liTons<br />

akavebs birTvSi.<br />

lh<br />

311<br />

291<br />

22kg/mm<br />

271<br />

251<br />

231<br />

211<br />

91<br />

71<br />

51<br />

31<br />

2<br />

10kg/mm<br />

tSed=2wm<br />

2<br />

5kg/mm 2<br />

2kg/mm 2<br />

711º 911º 2111º 2311º Cº<br />

nax. 7.2. SenaduRi wertilis simtkicis cvlileba<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis 0,7+0,7 mm sisqis furclebis<br />

SeerTebis sibrtyeSi sxvadasxva kuTri wnevis dros<br />

temperaturaze damokidebulebiT.<br />

134

pirapiridan Txevadi liTonis gandevnam SeiZleba<br />

gamoiwvis SeduRebis zonaSi foladis qimiuri<br />

Semadgenlobis Secvla ZiriTad liTonTan SedarebiT. es<br />

cvlileba imiT aixsneba, rom foladis gaxurebis dros<br />

pirvel rigSi dneba naxSirbadiT gamdidrebuli liToni.<br />

Tu dajdomis dros Txevadi liToni ganidevneba, maSin<br />

pirapiris zonaSi darCenili liToni unda Seicavdes<br />

naxSirbadis nakleb raodenobas ZiriTadad liTonTan<br />

SedarebiT. foladis Semadgenlobis Secvla gamowveulia<br />

agreTve masSi naxSirbadis raodenobis SemcirebiT haeris<br />

Jangbadis uSualo zemoqmedebis dros. wertilovani da<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis dros gamdnari liToni<br />

mTlianad rCeba SeerTebaSi da uSualod atmosferos<br />

haers ar exeba. am dros foladis qimiuri Semadgenloba<br />

SeduRebis zonaSi ar gansxvavdeba ZiriTadi liTonis<br />

Semadgenlobisagan, Tu SeduRebis win zedapirze ar iyo<br />

Jangeulebi an specialuri safari.<br />

1 2<br />

nax. 7.3. 4 mm sisqis foladis furclebze SenaduRi<br />

wertilis liTonis mikrostruqtura (s.s. astafievi):<br />

1. birTvi makrodefeqtis gareSe;<br />

2. birTvi Cajdomis niJariT.<br />

135

liTonmcodneobidan cnobilia, rom foladi myari<br />

mdgomareobidan Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadadis<br />

temperaturaTa garkveul intervalSi, romelic aris<br />

solidusis (dnobis dasawyisi temperatura) da<br />

likvidusis (dnobis dasrulebis temperatura) Soris.<br />

temperaturaTa am intervalSi foladi orfaza<br />

mdgomareobaSia, e.i. warmoadgens naxSirbadiT da sxva<br />

minarevebiT gamdidrebuli Txevadi liTonisa (Txevadi<br />

faza) da myari kristalebis (myari faza) narevs.<br />

pirapirTan axlos foladis nawilobrivi gadnoba,<br />

SeduRebis zonaSi liTonis araerTgvarovani qimiuri<br />

Semadgenlobis garda, zogjer iwvevs cxel bzarebs,<br />

araliTonur CanarTebs da sxva naklovanebebs, romlebic<br />

amcirebs SenaduRi SeerTebis xarisxs. foladis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi naxSirbadis gazrda iwvevs misi<br />

nawilobrivi gadnobis temperaturuli intervalis<br />

gafarToebas. amis gamo izrdeba nawilobrivi gadnobis<br />

zonis sigrZe da masSi wunis warmoqmnis saSiSroebac. es<br />

aris imis erT-erTi mizezi, rom foladis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

naxSirbadis gazrdiT misi winaRobiT SeduReba Zneldeba.<br />

foladis gaWuWyianeba adviladnadi araliTonuri<br />

CanarTebiT, pirvel rigSi FeS (rkinis sulfidi) tipis<br />

gogirdovani CanarTebiT, iwvevs SeduRebis dros foladis<br />

nawilobrivi gadnobis zonis mniSvnelovan gafarToebas<br />

da auaresebs SeduRebis xarisxs.<br />

SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebis dros, rogorc wesi,<br />

Txevadi liToni mTlianad ganidevneba pirapiridan misi<br />

dajdomis dros, sxmuli liTonis ubnebis aRmoCena<br />

metalografiulad iSviaTad xerxdeba. wertilovani da<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebisas gaxurebis dros gamdnari<br />

136

liToni rCeba SenaerTSi da advilad gamovlindeba<br />

foladis struqturis mixedviT.<br />

mkvrivi ospiseburi birTviT SenaduRi wertilis<br />

tipiuri makrostruqtura naCvenebia 7.3, 1. nax.-ze. birTvs<br />

aqvs sxmuli liTonis dendrituli struqtura, rac imis<br />

udavo damamtkicebelia, rom misi gadnoba moxda<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros. liTonis wertils birTvSi<br />

gaxurebisa da gadnobis dros ar SeuZlia Tavisuflad<br />

gafarToeba, xolo SemdgomSi gacivebiT ki _ Tavisuflad<br />

SekumSva. amis Sedegad wertilis birTvSi SeiZleba<br />

warmoiqmnas Cajdomis niJarebi (nax. 7.3,2.), xolo didi<br />

raodenobiT naxSirbadis Semcveli da aseve legirebuli<br />

foladebis dros _ bzarebi. am SemTxvevaSi SenaduRi<br />

wertilis zonaSi warmoiqmneba mniSvnelovani sakuTari<br />

Zabvebi. eleqtrodebiT SenaduRi wertilis didi wneviT<br />

SekumSva misi kristalizaciis dros amWidroebs birTvis<br />

liTons da xels uwyobs masSi CajdomasTan dakavSirebul<br />

naklovanebaTa Semcirebas, anda maT mTlian mospobas.<br />

yvela saxeobis winaRobiT SeduRebis dros nakeris axlo<br />

zonaSi adgilobrivi xasiaTis gaxurebis Sedegad<br />

temperatura icvleba SesaduR detalTa sawyisi<br />

temperaturidan (specialuri gaxurebis gareSe SeduRebis<br />

dros is SeiZleba miviRoT 0 0 C toli) an 1200, 13000C mde (gaudnobad SeduRebis dros).<br />

gaxurebisa da Semdgomi gacivebis Sedegad nakeris<br />

axlo zonaSi (SeduRebis Termuli gavlenis zona)<br />

liTonSi warmoebs sxvadasxva cvlilebebi, romlebic<br />

gavlenas axdens SenaduRi SeerTebis struqturasa da<br />

meqanikur Tvisebebze. Termuli gavlenis zonaSi<br />

cvlilebebi damokidebulia foladis qimiur<br />

137

Semadgenlobaze, winaswar mis meqanikur (civWedviT) da<br />

Termul damuSavebaze, temperaturaze, gaxurebis<br />

xangZlivobasa da, bolos, gacivebis siCqareze.<br />

kontaqturi SeduRebis pirobebSi foladi moqmedebs<br />

Termuli damuSavebis saerTo kanonebis Tanaxmad. am dros<br />

unda gaviTvaliswinoT kontaqturi SeduRebis ori<br />

Tavisebureba, romlebsac SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani<br />

gavlena moaxdinon foladis Tvisebebze Termuli<br />

gavlenis zonaSi: 1. calkeul SemTxvevebSi gaxurebisa da<br />

gacivebis gansakuTrebiT didi siCqare (magaliTad,<br />

foladis wertilovani SeduRebis dros 0,1 wm<br />

ganmavlobaSi gaxurebis siCqare aRemateba 15,000C/wm) da 2.<br />

liTonis gaxureba siTbos Sinagani wyaroebiT (RumelSi<br />

gareSe wyaroebiT gaxurebisagan gansxvavebiT, roca siTbo<br />

nela vrceldeba sxeulis zedapiridan mis siRrmeSi).<br />

ganvixiloT cvlilebebi, romlebsac amCneven cxlad<br />

gaglinuli mcirenaxSirbadiani foladis SeduRebis dros.<br />

7.4.1. nax-ze naCvenebia nakeris axlo zonaSi maqsimaluri<br />

temperaturis ganawilebis savaraudo mrudi da saTanado<br />

struqturebis sqemebi. im ubnebze, sadac liToni<br />

gaxurebuli iyo sawyisi temperaturidan temperaturamde,<br />

romelic ramdenadme aRemateba AC 1 wertilis<br />

temperaturas (perlitis austenitad gardaqmnis<br />

temperatura), romelic udris 7230C, cxlad gaglinuli<br />

aracivnaWedi foladis struqturuli cvlileba ar moxda.<br />

aq SemCneulia naxSirbadmcire foladisaTvis Cveulebrivi<br />

ferito-perlitis struqtura (na. 7.5.1.). im ubanze romelic<br />

gaxurebulia temperaturamde A C1-sa da C3-s Soris<br />

(foladis gadakristalebis damTavrebis temperatura, e.i.<br />

misi mTlianad austanitad gardaqmna), foladi ganicdis<br />

138

nawilobriv gadakristalebas. naxSirbadmcire foladSi<br />

am procesis Sedegi damokidebuli iqneba gaxurebisa da<br />

gacivebis siCqareze. wertilovani SeduRebis umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi da, rogorc wesi, pirapira da gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebis dros nawilobrivi gakristalebis zonaSi<br />

gacivebis Semdeg SenarCunebulia ferito-perlituri<br />

struqtura (perlitis axlad warmoqmnili wvrili<br />

marcvlebi Semofargluli aris feritis Zveli badiT).<br />

didi siCqariT gaxurebisas wertilovani SeduRebis dros<br />

austenitis is ubnebi, romlebic perlitis gardaqmnis<br />

dros warmoiqmna, Seicaven 0,8% C. gaxurebis mcire<br />

xangZlivobis Sedegad foladis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

naxSirbadi ver aswrebs gaTanabrebas. Tu foladis<br />

swrafad gacivebiT austenitis is ubnebi, romlebic didi<br />

raodenobiT Seicaven naxSirbads, gamoiwrTobian, amis<br />

Sedegad miviRebT mcirenaxSirbadian foladisaTvis<br />

aradamaxasiaTebel myife da sali martensitis<br />

struqturas, romelic Semofarglulia rbili feritis<br />

badiT (nax. 7.5.2.). amrigad, naxSirbadmcire foladis<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros SesaZlebelia adgilobrivi<br />

wrToba.<br />

139

HB<br />

300<br />

200<br />

100<br />

HB<br />

150<br />

100<br />

50<br />

pi ra piris<br />

RerZi<br />

1<br />

pirapiris<br />

RerZi<br />

TC º<br />

1500<br />

1000<br />

500<br />

TC º<br />

1500<br />

1000<br />

500<br />

Ac 1<br />

Ac1<br />

1000º<br />

Ac1<br />

Ac 1<br />

1000º<br />

3 2 1 0 1 2 sm3<br />

3<br />

sm<br />

sm<br />

140<br />

ºC<br />

1200<br />

800<br />

400<br />

HB<br />

1200<br />

800<br />

400<br />

HB<br />

400<br />

200<br />

3 2 1 0 1 2 sm3<br />

pirapiris<br />

RerZi<br />

3 2 1 0 1 2 sm3<br />

2<br />

pirapiris<br />

RerZi<br />

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 sm 3<br />

nax. 7.4. struqturebi, simagre da temperaturis<br />

cvlileba nakeris axlo zonaSi<br />

perlituri foladebis SeduRebis dros:<br />

1. cxladglinuli naxSirbadmcire foladi;<br />

2. civadglinuli naxSirbadmcire foladi;<br />

3. winaswar nawrTobi da moSvebuli legirebuli foladi;<br />

4. sisalis diagrama imave foladis SeduRebis dros<br />

momwvar mdgomareobaSi.<br />

4

naxSirbadmcire foladis zomieri siCqariT<br />

gaxurebis dros im temperaturamde, romelic AC3 wertilidan SedarebiT 30_500-iT zeviTaa, xorcieldeba<br />

foladis mTliani gadakristaleba (misi gadasvla<br />

austenitSi) marcvlis SeumCneveli gazrdiT. am<br />

temperaturidan gacivebis Semdeg foladi SeiZens<br />

wvrilmarcvlovan ferito-perilitur struqturas,<br />

romelic sawyisi liTonis struqturas waagavs. SemdgomSi<br />

gaxureba gamoiwvevs marcvlis zrdas. yvelaze ufro<br />

msxvili marcvali warmoiqmneba SeduRebis adgilidan<br />

axlos. aq xSirad gvxvdeba vidmanSteturi struqtura,<br />

romelic iwvevs SenaduR SeerTebaSi foladis<br />

plastikuri Tvisebebisa da upirveles yovlisa dartymiTi<br />

siblantis Semcirebas. vidmanStetis struqturis<br />

warmoqmnis Sedegad mcirenaxSirbadiani foladis<br />

dartymiTi siblante 10_12 kgm/sm2-dan SeiZleba Semcirdes<br />

2_4 kgm/sm2-mde. foladis vidmanStetis struqtura (nax.<br />

7.5.3.) xasiaTdeba foladis gacivebis dros Warbi feritis<br />

gamoyofiT ara badis saxiT austenitis marcvlebis<br />

sazRvrebTan, aramed am marcvlebis SigniT paraleluri<br />

firfitebiT. arasasurveli vidmanSteturi struqturis<br />

warmoqmnas xels uwyobs austenitis marcvlis zrda da<br />

misi gacivebis mcire siCqare.<br />

didi siCqariT gaxurebis dros, rogorc farTo<br />

gamokvlevebma gviCvenes, gadakristalebis damTavrebis<br />

temperatura izrdeba sufTa feritis austenitad<br />

gardaqmnis temperaturamde (9100C) da SesamCnevad<br />

matulobs marcvlis intensiuri zrdis temperatura<br />

(150_2000C-iT), magram perlitis foladis 1150_12000C-ze metad gaxurebis dros marcvlis zrdis Tavidan acileba<br />

141

ver xerxdeba gaxurebis verc erTi praqtikulad<br />

gansaxorcielebeli siCqaris dros. Cveulebriv foladi,<br />

romelsac gaxurebis Sedegad aqvs msxvili marcvali,<br />

SeiZleba gawvrildes ganmeorebiTi Termuli damuSavebiT,<br />

magaliTad, normalizaciiT (C3 wertilze ramdenadme<br />

maRal temperaturamde gaxurebiT da haerze gacivebiT).<br />

foladis SedarebiT neli gaxurebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

magaliTad, SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebis dros<br />

winaswari gaxurebiT solidusTan axlo temperaturamde,<br />

SesaZlebelia moxdes foladis e.w. mdgradi gadaxureba,<br />

romlis drosac austenitis marcvlebis sazRvrebTan<br />

gamoiyofa patara CanarTebi, romlebic ar ixsnebian<br />

ganmeorebiTi Termuli damuSavebis dros (nax.7.5.4.). aseTi<br />

struqtura folads aniWebs simyifes. foladis<br />

xangrZlivma dayovnebam maRal temperaturaze SeiZleba<br />

gamoiwvios misi gadawva, rasac mohyveba austenitis<br />

marcvlis sazRvrebis daJangva. winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

pirobebSi gadawvas Cveulebriv adgili ara aqvs.<br />

142

nax. 7.5. pirapira SeduRebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia perlitis<br />

foladis mikrostruqtura: 1_feriliti+perliti aracivnaWed<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladSi X 125; 2 _ martensitis ubnebi,<br />

romlebic Semofarglulia feritis<br />

badiT, X375 (s.k. sliozbergi);<br />

3 _ feriti+perlitis vidmanSteturi wyoba<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladSi pirapiris axlos<br />

marcvlis intensiuri zrdis zonaSi. X400;<br />

4 _ wvrili CanarTebis bade austenitis<br />

sawyisi marcvlebis sazRvrebTan naxSirbadmcire foladis<br />

mdgradi gadaxurebis dros X300 (n.s. kabanovi).<br />

143

gaxurebisa da gacivebis zomieri siCqaris dros cxlad<br />

gaglinuli naxSirbadmcire foladis sisale Termuli<br />

gavlenis zonaSi ar gansxvavdeba ZiriTadi liTonis<br />

sisalisagan da mxolod uSualod naerTTan axlos<br />

(pirapiruli SeduRebis dros) sisale Cveulebriv<br />

umniSvnelod mcirdeba, rac naxSirbadis Semadgenlobis<br />

SemcirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />

civad gaglinuli naxSirbadmcire foladis winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebis dros struqturisa da meqanikur TvisebaTa<br />

xasiaTi nakeris axlo zonaSi ufro rTulia, vidre<br />

naxSirbadis imave Semcvelobis cxladglinuli foladis<br />

SeduRebis dros.<br />

jer kidev 200_3000C temperaturamde civadglinuli<br />

foladis gaxurebis dros iwyeba Sinagan ZabvaTa<br />

Semcireba, rac misi civWedviT aris gamowveuli civad<br />

glinvis dros, da sisalis saTanadod daqveiTeba. 4500C temperaturamde nela gaxurebis dros xdeba<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis ukuqceva, e.i. misi simtkicisa da<br />

sisalis daqveiTeba imave qimiuri Semadgenlobis<br />

mniSvnelobamde. ukuqcevas ar mohyveba foladis<br />

struqturis SesamCnevi cvlilebebi. SemdgomSi gaxurebiT<br />

iwyeba civadnaWedi foladis rekristalizacia, romelic<br />

swrafad mimdinareobs 6500-ze maRali temperaturis dros.<br />

neli gaxurebis dros rekristalizaciis Sedegad<br />

SesaZlebelia marcvlis mniSvnelovani gazrda. magram<br />

foladis winaRobiT SeduRebis dros rekristalizaciis<br />

temperaturis qveS dayovnebis dro, rogorc wesi,<br />

sakmarisi ar aris aseTi zrdisaTvis. procesebi,<br />

romlebic mimdinareobs civad gaglinuli foladis ufro<br />

maRal temperaturamde gaxurebis dros, ar gansxvavdeba<br />

144

cxlad gaglinul foladSi zemoT aRwerili<br />

procesebisagan. civadglinuli foladis SeduRebis dros<br />

temperaturasa da sisalis ganawilebis sqemebi mocemulia<br />

7.4.2. nax-ze.<br />

civad gaglinuli mcirenaxSirbadiani foladis<br />

SenaduRi nimuSis gaWimvaze gamocdisas irRveva TviT<br />

pirapiri an nakeris axlo zona. aq foladis meqanikuri<br />

Tvisebebis daqveiTeba, romelic ukuqceviT da<br />

rekristalizaciiT aris gamowveuli, ar SeiZleba<br />

aviciloT SemdgomSi Termuli damuSavebiT, radgan<br />

mcirenaxSirbadiani foladi ar iwrToba da Termuli<br />

damuSavebis dros ar myardeba. aqedan gamomdinareobs,<br />

rom civad gaglinuli Termulad damuSavebuli foladis<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba aucilebelia vawarmooT<br />

minimalurad SesaZlo Termuli gavlenis zoniT, e.i.<br />

SeduRebis gaxurebis mcire xangZlivobiT.<br />

perlitis klasis foladebis SeduRebis dros,<br />

romelsac aqvs wrTobis aTvisebis unari (SeduRebis<br />

pirobebSi), saboloo struqtura, sisalis ganawileba,<br />

agreTve, meqanikuri Tvisebebi damokidebulia foladis<br />

qimiur Semadgenlobaze, mis mdgomareobaze SeduRebis win<br />

da gaxurebisa da gacivebis pirobebze. winaswar nawrTobi<br />

da moSvebuli legirebuli da perlitis klasis<br />

sakonstruqcio foladebis SeduRebis dros momxdari<br />

struqturuli cvlilebebi sqematurad warmodgenilia<br />

7.4.3. nax-ze. iqve gavlebulia SeduRebis dros gaxurebis<br />

maqsimalur temperaturaTa mrudebi da nakeris axlo<br />

zonaSi sisalis ganawilebis diagrama.<br />

SeduRebis dros foladis gaxureba moSvebis<br />

temperaturaze dabal mniSvnelobamde, foladis<br />

145

struqturasa da mis meqnikur TvisebebSi, araviTar<br />

cvlilebas ar iwvevs. gaxureba moSvebidan AC1-mde temperaturis intervalSi iwvevs foladis damatebiT<br />

moSvebas, romelsac mohyveba misi simtkicisa da sisalis<br />

daqveiTeba sawyisi liTonis igive maxasiaTeblebTan<br />

SedarebiT, plastikurobis saTanado gazrdiT.<br />

eleqtruli gaxureba mniSvnelovnad aCqarebs moSvebis<br />

process, rac SesamCnev gavlenas axdens foladis<br />

Tvisebebze winaRobiT SeduRebis pirobebSiac ki, romlis<br />

dros Tburi zemoqmedebis xangZlivoba Zalian mcirea.<br />

foladi, romelic gaxurebulia AC1 da AC3 temperaturaTa Soris farglebSi, gadis nawilobriv<br />

gadakristalebas. gacivebis sakmarisi siCqaris dros aq<br />

amCneven nawilobriv (adgilobriv) wrTobas, sisalis<br />

TandaTanobiT zrdas A C1 temperaturamde gaxurebuli<br />

wertilidan A C3 wertilamde. im zonaSi, romelicA C3-ze zeviTaa gaxurebuli, iseve, rogorc naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladis SeduRebis adre ganxilul SemTxvevaSi,<br />

warmoebs mTliani gakristaleba. SeduRebis adgilTan<br />

uSualod axlos SeimCneva marcvlis intensiuri zrda.<br />

foladis saboloo struqtura im zonaSi, romelmac<br />

gaxurebis dros gaiara mTliani gadakristaleba,<br />

damokidebulia foladis qimiur Semadgenlobaze da<br />

gacivebis siCqareze, rac teqnologiuri procesiT<br />

ganisazRvreba. ase, magaliTad 0,6% C-is Semcvelobis<br />

foladis relsis SedarebiT neli gacivebis dros<br />

SemodnobiT SeduRebis Semdeg SenaduR SeerTebas<br />

SeiZleba hqondes sisale brinelis mixedviT sul 50_100<br />

erTeuliT meti, vidre ZiriTad liTonSi SeduRebis<br />

Termuli gavlenis zonis gareT (foladis sawyisi sisale<br />

146

udris 220 HB). imave foladis gaxurebis gareSe<br />

SemodnobiT Sedurebis dros pirapiris zonaSi SeiZleba<br />

sisale iyos 150 _ 250 erTeuliT meti, vidre ZiriTad<br />

liTonSi. aseTi foladis wertilovani SeduRebis dros<br />

0,1 wm gaxurebis xangZlivobiT wertilis birTvSi<br />

warmoiqmneba martensituli struqtura sisaliT 600 HBmde.<br />

nax. 7.6. perlitis foladis gacivebis mrudebis<br />

SemoTavazebuli sqematuri diagrama<br />

austenitis izoTermuli gardaqmnis mrudebTan<br />

foladis gacivebis siCqaris gavlena mis struqturaze<br />

TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili austenitis izoTermuli<br />

gardaqmnis C-sebri diagramisa da foladis gacivebis<br />

mrudis SeTavazebiT (nax. 7.6.). rogorc cnobilia, C-sebri<br />

diagrama gansazRvravs drois dayovnebas mocemuli<br />

mudmivi temperaturis SemTxvevaSi, romelic aucilebelia<br />

austenitad gardaqmnis dawyebisa da damTavrebisaTvis.<br />

147

magaliTad, Tu saTanado qimiuri Sedgenilobis austenits<br />

swrafad gavacivebT 6300C-mde, maSin austenitis gardaqmna<br />

(nax. 7.6.) daiwyeba 10 wm Semdeg da damTavrdeba 100 wm<br />

Semdeg. Tumca C-sebri diagramebi aigeba austenitis<br />

gardaqmisaTvis mudmivi temperaturis dros (izoTermuli<br />

procesebisaTvis) isini saSualebas gvaZlevs daaxloebiT<br />

SevafasoT im gardaqmnaTa xasiaTi, romlebsac adgili<br />

aqvs cvladi temperaturis SemTxvevaSi foladis<br />

gacivebis dros, magaliTad, SeTbobiT, SemodnobiT<br />

pirapira SeduRebis Semdeg neli gacivebis dros B<br />

mrudis mixedviT austeniti gadaiqceva perlitad, amasTan<br />

am gardaqmnis dasawyisi diagramaze ganisazRvreba B1 wertiliT. sinamdvileSi austenitis gardaqmis<br />

temperatura iqneba ramdenadme dabali, vidre T2, radgan<br />

dro, romelic aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom daiwyos<br />

gardaqmna mudmivi T2 temperaturis dros, sakmarisi ar<br />

aris cvladi temperaturis SemTxvevaSi, romelic icvleba<br />

T1 _ T2 intervalSi. austenitis gardaqmnas perlitad Tan<br />

sdevs siTbos garkveuli raodenobis gamoyofa. es iwvevs<br />

gacivebis mrudze patara horizontaluri nawilis Seqmnas.<br />

austenitis perlitad gardaqmna mTavrdeba B2 wertilSi<br />

T3 temperaturis dros.<br />

didi siCqariT gaxurebisa da, rogorc Sedegi, didi<br />

siCqariT gacivebis dros (magaliTad, wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis dros) gacivebis mrudi (nax. 7.6, mrudi G) ar<br />

gadaikveTeba foladSi perlituri gardaqmnis mrudiT.<br />

amis Sedegad foladis gacivebis dros M wertilis<br />

Sesabamis temperaturaze dabla moxdeba martensituli<br />

gardaqmna da foladi mTlianad iwrToba. D saSualedo<br />

mrude foladis gaciebis dros D1 wertilSi iwyeba<br />

148

trostitis warmoqmna, romelic ver aswrebs damTavrebas.<br />

dauSleli austenitis nawili M temperaturaze dabla<br />

gacivebis dros gadadis martensitad. aseTi siCqariT<br />

gacivebis dros folads eqneba arasruli wrTobis<br />

struqtura, romelic Sedgeba wrTobis trostitisa da<br />

martensitisagan.<br />

D<br />

nax. 7.8 martensiti X375 foladis<br />

SeduRebis dros<br />

149

ogorc liTonmcodneobidan aris cnobili, C-sebri<br />

diagramis forma damokidebulia foladis qimiur<br />

Semadgenlobaze. amis gamo SeduRebis erTnair pirobebSi<br />

(e.i. gacivebis erTnairi siCqareebis dros) pirapiris<br />

zonaSi sxvadasxva foladis saboloo struqturebi<br />

SeiZleba arsebiTad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan.<br />

gacivebis siCqare 450_6500C temperaturaTa<br />

diapazonSi, romelic gansazRvravs umetesi<br />

sakonstruqcio foladebisaTvis SeduRebis zonaSi<br />

liTonis saboloo struqturasa da Tvisebebs, SeiZleba<br />

SevcvaloT ara marto SeduRebis procesis regulirebiT,<br />

aramed SeduRebis win saTanado SeTbobiT (xSirad<br />

SeduRebis manqanaSi an SeduRebuli detalebis<br />

Senelebuli Tbosaizolacio garemoSi an RumelSi<br />

SeduRebis dasrulebisTanave. zogjer gamoiyeneba agerTve<br />

SeduRebis Semdeg detalebis damatebiTi gaxureba<br />

uSualod SeduRebis manqanaSi. am operaciaTa Sedegad<br />

mcirdeba gacivebis siCqare da wrTobis intensivoba.<br />

winaRobiT SeuRebis Termuli ciklis Sedegad<br />

gamowrTobili foladis tipuri struqtura naCvenebia 7.8.<br />

nax-ze. pirapirTan uSualod axlos gaxurebis dros<br />

warmoiqmneba austenitis msxvili marcvlebi, romlebic<br />

SemdgomSi gacivebiT gardaiqmneba msxvil nemsisebur<br />

martensitad.<br />

zemoT ganxiluli iyo nakeris axlo zonaSi sisalisa<br />

da struqturis cvlilebebi legirebuli da<br />

naxSirbadovani foladis SeduRebis dros, romlebmac<br />

gaiara winaswari wrToba moSvebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi im<br />

zonaSi, romelic gaxurebulia moSvebis temperaturaze<br />

maRla, magram AC1 temperaturaze dabla, amCneven sisalis<br />

150

daqveiTebas (ix. nax. 7.4.3.) imave qimiuri Semadgenlobis<br />

momwvari foladis SeduRebis dros sisalisa da<br />

simtkicis daqveiTebis are ar arsebobs da sisalis<br />

ganawilebis diagramas aqvs 7.4.4. nax.-ze naCvenebi saxe.<br />

ganxilulidan gamomdinareobs, rom perlitis klasis<br />

konstruqciuli foladebis kontaqturi SeduRebis dros<br />

SeduRebadobis xarisxis Sefasebas safuZvlad unda<br />

davudoT Semdegi monacemebi: 1. plastikuri Tvisebebi<br />

maRali temperaturis dros. ramdenadac plastikuria<br />

foladi, imdenad advilad SeiZleba misi SeduReba wneviT.<br />

2. foladis mdgomareobis diagrama. ramdenadac mcirea<br />

silidusis da likvidusis temperaturaTa sxvaoba,<br />

imdenad ukeT SeduRdeba foladi da 3. austenitis<br />

izoTermuli gardaqmnis C _ ebri diagrama. ramdenadac<br />

metia gacivebis siCqare, romelic aucilebelia<br />

martensitis struqturis misaRebad, imdenad naklebi<br />

midrekileba aqvs folads wrTobisadmi da SedarebiT<br />

advilad SeduRdeba igi.<br />

yvelaze ukeTesi SeduRebadoba axasiaTebs<br />

naxSirbadmcire folads, radgan maRali temperaturis<br />

dros igi savsebiT plastikuria, aqvs Zalian mcire<br />

intervali solodusisa da likvidusis temperaturebs<br />

Soris da naklebi midrekileba wrTobisadmi.<br />

foladis SemadgenlobaSi naxSirbadis gazrda iwvevs<br />

misi SeduRebadobis daqveiTebas yvela maCveneblis<br />

mixedviT.<br />

151

7.2.2. austenitis klasis foladebis<br />

SeduRebis Taviseburebani<br />

foladebi, romelic mSvid haerze gacivebis dros<br />

inarCunebs austenitis Tvisebas, miekuTvneba austenitis<br />

klass. am foladebs bevri Zvirfasi Tviseba axasiaTebs:<br />

maRali koroziuli medegoba (uJangavi da mJavagamZle<br />

foladebi), mniSvnelovani simtkice maRalitemperaturis<br />

dros da cocvadobis mcire siCqare, mxurvalgamZleoba,<br />

da bolos mxurvalmedegoba, e.i. daJangvisadmi, xenjis<br />

warmoqmnisadmi mcire midrekileba mniSvnelovani<br />

gaxurebis dros. liTonebsa da maT Senadnobebs maRali<br />

temperaturis dros axasiaTebs ganuwyvetlivi<br />

deformaciis (cocvis) Tviseba ucvleli, SedarebiT<br />

dabali datvirTvebis SemTxvevaSi. ramdenadac metia<br />

cocvadobis siCqare, imdenad Cqara amoiwureba masalis<br />

deformaciuli unarianobis zRvari da Cqara moxdeba misi<br />

rRveva. amitom cocvadobis mcire siCqare, romliTac<br />

sxvadsxvagvarad xasiaTdeba yvela austenituri foladi,<br />

warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze ufro Zvirfas teqnikur<br />

Tvisebas.<br />

austenitis foladebis farTo klasis yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebuli warmomadgenelia 18-9 tipis qromnikeliani<br />

foladi, romelic Seicavs 17-19,5 Cr da 8-10% Ni. T=1100-<br />

11500-dan oTaxis temperaturamde gacivebis dros es<br />

foladebi inarCunebs austenitis erTfazian struqturas<br />

(nax.7.9.1.).<br />

152

1 2<br />

3<br />

nax. 7.9. austenituri foladis mikrostruqtura:<br />

1 _ nawrTobi nimuSebisausteniti calkeuli<br />

karbidebiT (e.s. slepaki X125);<br />

2 _ qromis karbidebi austenitis marcvlebis sazRvrebTan. X500;<br />

3 _ austeniti da titaniskarbidebi SeduRebis zonaSi; moCans<br />

Zvris xazebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba dajdomis dro plastikuri<br />

deformaciiT (e.s. slepaki X500).<br />

153

erTfaza agebuleba da qromis maRali Semcveloba<br />

aniWebs mniSvnelovan mdgradobas koroziis winaaRmdeg<br />

haerze, zRvis wyalsa da sxva qimiurad aqtiur garemoSi,<br />

magaliTad azotis mJavaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT 18-9<br />

tipis folads ewodeba uJangavi foladi.<br />

praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba uJangavi foladis<br />

wertilovani da gorgolaWovani SeduReba, xolo<br />

zogierT calkeul SemTxvevaSi SemodnobiT pirapira<br />

SeduRebac.<br />

18-9 tipis uJangav foladSi neli gacivebis dros<br />

sufTa austenitis struqtura SenarCunebulia mxolod<br />

maSin, roca foladi Seicavs ara umetes 0,02% naxSirbads.<br />

roca foladi naxSirbadis met raodenobas Seicavs, maSin<br />

neli gacivebis dros masSi warmoiqmneba qromis karbidis<br />

met-naklebi raodenoba. Tu qromis karbidebian foladebs<br />

gavaxurebT sakmaod maRal temperaturamde (daxloebiT<br />

11000 ), isini mTlianad gaixsneba austenitSi. foladi masSi<br />

gaxnili karbidebiT swrafi gacivebis (wrTobis) Semdeg<br />

miiRebs austenitis erTfaza struqturas, romelSic<br />

imyofeba mTeli naxSirbadi.<br />

18-9 tipis uJangav nawrTob Ffolads, romelsac aqvs<br />

erTgvarovani austenitis struqtura, Tu gavaxurebT 500-<br />

8000-mde, maSin Warbi naxSirbadi foladSi (0,02%-ze meti<br />

gaxsnili austenitSi neli gacivebis pirobebSi)<br />

gamoiyofa myari xsnaridan da warmoqmnis qromis<br />

karbidebs (nax. 7.9.2.). maTi gamoyofa dakavSirebulia<br />

imasTan, rom qroms aqvs meti naTesaoba naxSirbadTan,<br />

vidre rkinasTan. qromis karbidebi warmoiqmneba<br />

austenitis marcvlebis sazRvarTan ganlagebuli qromis<br />

atomebis xarjze. marcvlebis sazRvrebTan austeniti<br />

154

Zalian Raribdeba qromiT, rac iwvevs maTi koroziuli<br />

simtkicis mkveTr daqveiTebas. qimiurad aqtiuri airis<br />

zemoqmedebiT marcvlebis sazRvrebis swrafi rRvevis<br />

process kristalTaSorisi korozia ewodeba.<br />

kristalTaSorisi koroziis Sedegad foladis simtkice<br />

mcirdeba da mkveTrad ecema misi plastikuri Tvisebebi.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom 18-9 tipis uJangavi foladi, romelic<br />

gaxurebulia 8000C-ze met temperaturamde, gacivebis<br />

Semdeg, masSi qromis karbidebis arsebobis miuxedavad,<br />

kristalTaSoris korozias ar ganicdis. es imiT aixsneba,<br />

rom kristalTaSorisi koroziis mizezia ara qromis<br />

karbidebi TavisTavad, aramed marcvlebis sazRvarTa<br />

gaerTianeba. qromiT. foladis gaxurebisas 8000C-ze meti<br />

temperaturiT qromis karbidebi warmoiqmneba, magram am<br />

temperaturis dros qromis atomebi, romlebic austenitSi<br />

aris gaxsnili, iZens Zvradobas, rac sakmarisia imisTvis,<br />

rom qromis Semcveloba austenitis marcvalTa mTel<br />

moculobaSi gaTanabrdes. am dros mimdinareobs qromis<br />

saSualo Semcvelobis umniSvnelo Semcireba austenitSi,<br />

rac arsebiT gavlenas ar axdens foladis koroziul<br />

mdgomareobaze da ar xdeba marcvlebis sazRvrebis<br />

saSiSi gaRaribeba qromis mxriv.<br />

imis gamo, rom marcvlebis sazRvrebTan qromis<br />

karbidebis warmoqmna dakavSirebulia myar rkinaSi<br />

naxSirbadisa da qromis atomTa gadaadgilebasTan, e.i.<br />

difuziis procesebTan, igi saWiroebs sakmaris dros<br />

Tavisi arsebobisaTvis, amitom ramdenadac mcirea<br />

foladis gaxurebis xangZlivoba temperaturis saSiS<br />

intervalSi, imdenad SedarebiT maRalia qromis<br />

karbidebis saSiSi temperatura.<br />

155

winaRobiT SeduRebis dros nakeris axlos zonaSi<br />

foladi aucileblad xurdeba im temparaturamde,<br />

romelic karbidis amovardnis TvalsazrisiT saSiS<br />

intervalSia. am temperaturaze foladis dayovnebis<br />

xangZlivoba SedarebiT mcirea, amitom wertilovanma<br />

SeduRebam<br />

korozia.<br />

SeiZleba ar gamoiwvios kristalTaSorisi<br />

karbidebis amovardnis saSiSroebis Sesamcireblad<br />

SeduRebis dros gamoiyeneben austenitur qromnikelian<br />

foladebs naxSirbadis SemadgenlobiT 0,07%-mde. foladis<br />

gaxurebisadmi grZnobiarobis Semcireba miRweulia<br />

agreTve masSi specialuri malegirebeli danamatis<br />

SetaniT. austenituri foladis mastabilizebel<br />

danamatebad gamoiyeneba titani da niobiumi. am elementebs<br />

axasiaTebs ufro meti naTesaoba naxSirbadTan (karbidis<br />

warmoqmnis didi unari), vidre qroms, da warmoqmnian ra<br />

titanis karbidebs _ nax. 7.9.3. (an niobiumis), winaRobas<br />

uweven qromis karbidebis warmoqmnas. Warbi naxSirbadis<br />

SesakavSireblad titanisa da niobiumis sakmarisi<br />

raodenobiT arsebobis SemTxvevaSi qromis karbidebi ar<br />

warmoiqmneba, austenitis marcvlebis mTel moculobaSi<br />

qromi Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli da folads ar aqvs<br />

midrekileba kristalSorisi koroziisadmi. foladebSi<br />

titanis an niobiumis damatebiTi naxSirbadis Semcveloba<br />

SeiZleba gaizardos 0,12%-mde.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis dros austenituri foladebis<br />

teqnologiuri reJimebi ganisazRvreba am foladTa<br />

Semdegi TaviseburebebiT:<br />

1. austenituri foladis plastikuri deformaciisaTvis<br />

maRali temperaturisas saWiroa mniSvnelovnad ufro<br />

156

didi Zabvebi, vidre naxSirbadmcire an perlitis klasis<br />

sxva foladis deformaciisaTvis, amitom austenituri<br />

foladebis winaRobiT SeduRebisas gamoyenebuli unda<br />

iqnas dajdomis ufro didi kuTri wneva, vidre perlitis<br />

klasis foladebis SeduRebisas;<br />

2. austenituri foladebi Ceulebriv gamoiyeneba<br />

SenaduR konstruqciebSi civad gaglinuli furclebis an<br />

profilebis saxiT. gaxurebis dros foladis simtkicis<br />

maRali maCveneblebi, romlebic miiReba civWedvis an<br />

civad glinvis Sedegad, mkveTrad ecema, amitom<br />

austenitis foladebis winaRobiT SeduRebis dros<br />

gamoyenebuli unda iqnes SedarebiT ,,xisti" reJimebi<br />

(SeduRebis ,,xisti" reJimi xasiaTdeba SeduRebisas<br />

gaxurebis mcire xangZlivobiT; ,,rbili" reJimi ki _<br />

gaxurebis SedarebiT didi xangrZlivobiT); ,,xisti"<br />

reJimebiT SeduRebis dros gaxurebis zonas foladis<br />

ukuqcevis temperaturaze maRla eqneba minimaluri zomebi<br />

da ukuqceva moxdeba metad SezRudel areSi. ,,xisti"<br />

reJimebis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT saWiroa iseTi<br />

foladis SeduRebis dros, romelsac aqvs miswrafeba<br />

kristalTaSoriso koroziisadmi;<br />

3. austenitis foladebs axasiaTebT SedarebiT maRali<br />

eleqtruli winaRoba da dabali Tbogamtaroba, amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT austenitis foladis gaxureba winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebis dros xorcieldeba mcire deniTa da<br />

Sesabamisad SeduRebis manqanis mcire simZlavriT, vidre<br />

naxSirbadmcire an perlitis imave kveTis sxva foladis<br />

detalebis SeduRebis dros;<br />

4. austenitur foladebs aqvT xazovani gafarToebis<br />

maRali koeficienti gaxurebis dros, magaliTad, (20-<br />

157

1000) 0C temperaturis intervalSi 18-9 tipis austenitis<br />

foladis α=20·10 -6 ; xolo naxSirbadmcire foladis α=12·10 -<br />

6<br />

, ris gamoc austenituri foladebis SeduRebis dros<br />

mosalodnelia mniSvnelovani deformaciebi. am<br />

foladebis kontaqturi SeduRebis dros maTi dabali<br />

Tbogamtarobis gamo gaxurebis zona mcirea, deformaciebi<br />

umniSvneloa da ar iwvevs ganakuTrebul deformaciebs;<br />

5. austenitur foladebSi Semavali zogierTi elementi,<br />

magaliTad qromi, advilad iJangeba, qmnis Zneldnobad<br />

Jangeulebs da arsebiTad aZnelebs xarisxovani SeerTebis<br />

miRebas im SemTxvevebSi, roca SesaduRebeli zedapirebi<br />

gaxurebisas Semofargluli aris haeriT, amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT austenituri foladebis pirapira SeduReba<br />

ufro Znelia, vidre naxSirbadovani foladebisa;<br />

6. bevri austenituri foladi Seicavs medeg karbidebs,<br />

magaliTad titanis karbidebi, romlebic austenitSi ar<br />

ixsneba foladis dnobis temperaturasTan axlo<br />

temperaturazec ki. am karbidebis arseboba aZnelebs<br />

foladis plastikur deformacias da amuxruWebs<br />

rekristalizacias, es ki arasasurvel gavlenas axdens<br />

foladis moqmedebaze pirpira SeduRebis dros.<br />

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom austenituri<br />

foladebi unda SeduRdes wertilovani da<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebiT ,,xist" reJimebze,<br />

eleqtrodebze maRali wnevisa da Semcirebuli<br />

simZlavris gamoyenebiT. austenituri foladebis pirapira<br />

SeduReba plastikuri deformaciis siZneleebisa da<br />

maRal temperaturaze daJangvisaken miswrafebis gamo<br />

gamoiwvevs met siZneleebs, vidre naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladisa da perlitis sxva foladebis SeduReba.<br />

158

7.3. feradi liTonebis SeduRebadoba<br />

7.3.1. aluminisa da mis SenadnobTa SeduRebadoba<br />

sufTa alumins axasiaTebs maRali Tbo da<br />

eleqtrogamtarebloba. aluminis eleqtrogamtaroba<br />

Seadgens spilenZis eleqtrogamtarianobis 62%-s, alumini<br />

Zalian advilad iJangeba, warmoqmnis ra zedapirze<br />

Zneldnobad Al2O3-is araeleqtrogamtar afskebs. maRali<br />

temperaturis pirobebSi alumins axasiaTebs<br />

mniSvnelovani simtkice da SedarebiT dabali plastikuri<br />

Tvisebebi. magaliTad, civnaWedi aluminis simtkicis<br />

zRvari, romelic oTaxis temperaturaze Seadgens 25kg/mm2 ,<br />

5000 temperaturaze 28kg/mm2-s uaxlovdeba; am<br />

temperaturaze fardobiTi wagrZeleba 15%-s ar aRemateba.<br />

yovelive es sufTa aluminis winaRobiT SeduRebas<br />

aZnelebs. sufTa aluminis wertilovani da<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduReba iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, radgan<br />

saWiroebs Zalian didi simZlavris manqanebs da<br />

eleqtrodebis swraf cveTasTanaa dakavSirebuli. kargad<br />

gasufTavebuli aluminis wertilovani da gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduReba SesaZlebelia oTaxis tempereturaze<br />

eleqtruli gaxurebis gareSe. ,,civi" SeduRebis<br />

gaxorcielebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens<br />

SeerTebis adgilas detalebis metad mniSvnelovani<br />

plastikuri deformacia, ris Sedegadac aluminSi<br />

mimdinareobs intensiuri rekristalizaciis procesebi,<br />

romlebic xels uwyobs SeduRebisaTvis aucilebeli<br />

saerTo marcvlebis warmoqmnas.<br />

aluminis winaRobiT pirapira SeduReba savsebiT<br />

SesaZlebelia, magram ukeTes Sedegebs vRebulobT<br />

SemodnobiT SeduRebis dros, radgan alumini xasiaTdeba<br />

159

daJangvisadmi didi miswrafebiT, amitom Semodnoba metad<br />

intensiurad unda mimdinareobdes, rasac Tan sdevs<br />

swrafi dajdoma. aluminis dabali eleqtruli winaRobis<br />

gamo misi pirapira SeduRebisaTvis (iseve, rogorc<br />

wertilovani SeduRebisaTvis) saWiroa mowyobilobis<br />

mniSvnelovani kuTri simZlavre (simZlavre, romelic<br />

modis SesaduRi detalebis ganikveTis farTis erTeulze).<br />

mrewvelobaSi xSirad iyeneben didi simtkicis<br />

aluminis SenadnobTa winaRobiT SeduRebas. ganmtkicebis<br />

mizniT es Senadnobebi konstruqciaSi gamoyenebamde<br />

ganicdian civWedvas (civi glinviT) an specialur Termul<br />

damuSavebas. im SenadnobTa damaxasiaTebel<br />

warmomadgenlad, romelTa ganmtkiceba civWedviT xdeba,<br />

iTvleba Senadnobi AMц. igi Seicavs 1_1,65% Mn, 1%-mde Fe<br />

da 1%-mde Si, danarCeni _ Al-a. civnaWed Senadnobs (AMцH)<br />

axasiaTebs Semdegi meqanikuri Tvisebebi: gaWimvis dros<br />

simtkicis zRvari aranakleb 22 kg/mm2 , SefardbiTi<br />

wagrZeleba ≥5%. imave Senadnobs gamomwvar mdgomareobaSi<br />

(Senadnobi AMцM) aqvs simtkicis minimaluri zRvari 12<br />

kg/mm2 da SefardebiTi wagrZeleba ≈20%. civnaWedi<br />

Senadnobis 250/300 0 C met temperaturamde gaxurebisas<br />

warmoiqmneba didi nawilobrivi an maRali<br />

rekristalizacia, romelsac Tan axlavs ukuqceva.<br />

civnaglini aluminis SenadnobTa winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

dros yovelTvis SesaZlebelia maTi adgilobrivi<br />

ukuqceva nakermimdebare zonaSi.<br />

aluminis jgufSi Semaval SenadnobTa Soris,<br />

romlebic Termuli damuSavebiT myari xdeba (wrTobiTa<br />

da Semdgomi daberebiT), yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia<br />

duraluminis tipis Senadnobebi. isini warmoadgens<br />

160

spilenZTan da aluminTan sammag Senadnobs. magaliTad,<br />

Д16 markis duralumini Seicavs 3,6 _ 4,7% Cu; 1,25 _ 1,75%<br />

Mg; 0,3 _ 0,9% Mn; ≤0,8% Si da ≤0,8% Fe; danarCeni _ Al.<br />

duralumins axasiaTebs dabali koroziuli medegoba,<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT masze Cveulebriv miitkiceba sufTa<br />

aluminis Txeli fena. gamomwvar duralumins (Д16M) aqvT<br />

simtkicis zRvari aranakleb 21kg/mm2 , minimaluri<br />

SefardebiTi wagrZelebisas 18%. mitkecil duralumins,<br />

romelic nawrTobia da bunebrivadaa daberebuli (Д16M),<br />

aqvs simtkicis zRvari aranakleb 42kg/mm2 18 %-iani<br />

SefardebiT wagrZelebisas. duraluminis tipis Termulad<br />

damuSavebuli Senadnobebis maRali simtkice aixsneba myar<br />

aluminSi spilenZisa da magniumis SezRuduli xsnadobiT.<br />

7.10 nax.-ze mocemulia Cu_Al Senadnobis mdgomareobis<br />

diagramis marcxena nawili. alumini da spilenZi<br />

warmoqmnian liTonTa Soris (intermetalur) SeerTebas<br />

CuAl 2 (54% Cu da 46% Al). temperaturis daqveiTebiT<br />

aluminSi spilenZis xsnadoba mcirdeba BS xazis mixedviT.<br />

wrTobisaTvis duralumins BS xazze maRal<br />

temperaturaze (daaxloebiT 5000C), gaxurebis dros<br />

spilenZi da magniumi, romelsac Senadnobi Seicavs, myar<br />

aluminSi mTlianad ixsneba. Senadnobis swrafi gaciveba<br />

(wrToba) spilenZisa da magniumis atomebs myari aluminis<br />

xsnarSi afiqsirebs. aseve gadajerebuli myari xsnari<br />

aramdgradia da CuAl2, Al2CUMg da sxva umciresi<br />

(dispersiuli) nawilakebi eswrafvian misgan gamoyofas.<br />

mcire dispersiuli nawilakebis (romelTa aRmoCena<br />

mikroskopiTac ki SeuZlebelia) gamoyofis process<br />

dabereba ewodeba. daberebas eleqtruli winaRobis<br />

erTdroul SemcirebasTan erTad Tan sdevs Senadnobis<br />

161

sisalisa da simtkicis zrda. duraluminis bunebrivi<br />

daberebisas nawrTobi Senadnobi oTaxis temperaturaze<br />

unda vamyofoT. am periodSi misi sisale da simtkice<br />

izrdeba, xolo eleqtrowinaRoba ar mcirdeba. es imiT<br />

aixsneba, rom duraluminis bunebrivi daberebis dros<br />

myari xsnaridan dispersiuli nawilakebis gamoyofa ki ar<br />

warmoebs aramed xorcieldeba mxolod spilenZisa da<br />

magniumis atomebis gadajgufeba, romelic win uswrebs am<br />

nawilakebis gamoyofas. es gadajgufeba iwvevs Senadnobis<br />

sisalis zrdas, rac misi eleqtrogamtarianeblobis<br />

Seucvlelad xdeba. bunebrivad daberebuli duraluminis<br />

gaxurebas Tan sdevs misi sisalisa da simtkicis<br />

daqveiTeba. duraluminis sruli gamowva warmoebs 340-<br />

350 0 C-ze. amasTan dakavSirebiT nakeris axlo zonaSi<br />

yovelTvis xdeba duraluminis adgilobrivi ukuqceva,<br />

romelic imdenad naklebad arsebiTia, ramdenadac viwroa<br />

SeduRebisas gaxurebis Termuli gavlenis zona.<br />

duraluminis 510-520 0 C-is zeviT gaxurebisas warmoebs<br />

zedapirTa marcvlebis adgilobrivi Semodnoba, rasac<br />

gacivebis dros Tan axlavs marcvlebis sazRvrebTan<br />

evteqtikis warmoqmna. duraluminis aseTi gadaxurebis<br />

(gadawvis) Sedegad misi simtkice da plastikuroba<br />

mkveTrad ecema.<br />

162

nax. 7.10. spileZ-aluminis ormagi Senadnobis<br />

mdgomareobis diagramis nawili.<br />

amrigad, winaRobiT SeduRebis dros aluminis<br />

SenadnobebisaTvis, romlebic ganmtkicebulia rogorc<br />

civWedviT, iseve Termuli damuSavebiT, sasurvelia<br />

,,xisti" raJimis gamoyeneba Termuli gavlenis minimaluri<br />

zoniT. es gansakuTrebiT arsebiTia duraluminis tipis<br />

SenadnobebisaTvis romlebic gadawvisaken miiswrafis.<br />

aluminis Senadnobis maRali Tbo da<br />

eleqtrogamtareblobis gmo ,,xisti" reJimis gamoyeneba<br />

mizanSewonilia agreTve SeduRebis dros<br />

eleqtroenergiis xarjis Sesamcireblad.<br />

163

7.3.2. spilenZisa da mis SenadnobTa<br />

SeduRebadoba<br />

spilenZis kontaqturi SeduReba gaZnelebulia imis<br />

gamo, rom mas axasiaTebs gansakuTrebiT maRali Tbo da<br />

eleqtrogamtaroba da temperaturis mcire diapazoni,<br />

romelzec igi SeiZleba SeduRdes.<br />

spilenZi, romelic oTaxis temperaturaze Zalian<br />

plastikuria, dnobis temperaturamde miaxloebuli<br />

gaxurebis dros myife xdeba. spilenZi SeiZleba<br />

SevaduRoT winaRobiT pirapira SeduRebiT.<br />

SeduRebadobis misi viwro temperaturuli diapazonis<br />

gamo unda vawarmooT pirapira SeduRebis procesis<br />

mkacri kontroli, rac praqtikulad mxolod avtomaturi<br />

mowyobilobis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganvaxorcieloT.<br />

spilenZis SemodnobiT pirapira SeduReba praqtikulad<br />

Zalian gaZnelebulia, radgan gaxurebuli detalebis<br />

siRrmeSi siTbos intensiuri acilebis Sedegad ver<br />

xerxdeba Semodnobis mdgradi procesis SenarCuneba da<br />

detalebis torsebze gamdnari liTonis fenis Seqmna, rac<br />

aucilebelia dajdomis win xarisxovani SenaduRi<br />

SeerTebis misaRebad.<br />

spilenZis wertilovani da gorgolaWovani SeduReba<br />

SesaZlebelia mxolod Zneldnobadi eleqtrodebis,<br />

volframis an molifdenis gamoyenebiT, romelTa<br />

SedarebiT mcire Tbo da eleqtrogamtaroba axasiaTebs,<br />

vidre spilenZs, rac amcirebs siTbos acilebas<br />

gaxurebis procesSi. dabali Tbogamtarobis<br />

eleqtrodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi spilenZis detalTa<br />

zedapirebi, romlebic eleqtrodebs ekvris, Zalian<br />

164

xurdeba, zog adgilebSi ki dneba kidec. amis Sedegad<br />

detalebis gare xedi fuWdeba, Zalian izrdeba<br />

eleqtrodebis cveTa, amasTan dakavSirebiT spilenZis<br />

wertilovani da gorgolaWovani SeduReba praqtikulad<br />

ar gamoiyeneba.<br />

spilenZis Senadnobebi (TiTberi da brinjao)<br />

kontaqturi SeduRebiT araerTnairad kargad duRdeba.<br />

maTi SeduRebadoba damokidebulia Senadnobis qimiur<br />

Semadgenlobasa da mis eleqtrogamtarobaze.<br />

calkeuli elementebi, romlebic Cveulebriv Sedis<br />

spilenZis SenadnobTa SemadgenlobaSi, procesze axdens<br />

Semdeg gavlenas:<br />

1. TuTia _ Senadnobis eleqtro gamtarobas (nax. 7.11)<br />

SedarebiT naklebad amcirebs, radgan TuTiis dnobis<br />

temperatura (930 0 C) zogierTi TiTberis dnobis<br />

temperaturaze dabalia, SeduRebis dros am ukanasknelTa<br />

gadnobam SeiZleba TuTiis aorTqlebac ki gamoiwvios.<br />

2. kala _ swrafad amcirebs SenadnobTa<br />

eleqtrogamtarobas. spilenZis Senadnobebs kala aniWebs<br />

Txeldenadobas da zrdis solidusisa da likvidusis<br />

Soris temperaturaTa sxvaobas.<br />

3. fosfori _ SeduRebis dros advilad orTqldeba da<br />

moqmedebs ra eleqtrodis muSa zedapirze, rogorc<br />

energiuli mJangveli, iwvevs eleqtrodebis mikvras<br />

SesaduR detalTa zedapirebze. es auaresebs detalebis<br />

zedapiris<br />

cveTas.<br />

sisufTaves da iwvevs eleqtrodebis swraf<br />

165

nax. 7.11. minarevebis gavlena<br />

spilenZis eleqtrogamtarobaze.<br />

4. nikeli _ mkveTrad amcirebs Senadnobis<br />

eleqtrogamtarobas, rac aadvilebs mis SeduRebas.<br />

spilenZnikelis SenadnobTa winaRobiT SeduReba xdeba<br />

yovelgvari siZneleebis gareSe.<br />

5. kaJi _ Zalian swrafad amcirebs spilenZis<br />

SenadnobTa eleqtrogamtarobas. igi winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

temperaturis dros araaqroladia. maRal temperaturaze<br />

kaJi ar amcirebs Senadnobis plastikur Tvisebebs.<br />

6. tyvia _ spilenZTan ar warmoqmnis myar xsnarebs,<br />

tyviis gaxurebisas dnobis temperaturaze zeviT<br />

Senadnobis marcvlebs Soris Cndeba misi damSleli<br />

Txevadi tyviis Sua SreebSi.<br />

7. surma da bismuti _ Cveulebriv, spilenZis<br />

SenadnobebSi mavne minarevebia. isini spilenZTan ar<br />

iZleva myar xsnarebs da maTi moqmedeba SeduRebis dros<br />

tyviis moqmedebis analogiuria.<br />

mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargebSi gamosayenebeli<br />

166

spilenZis SenadnobTa didi raodenobidan, sxvebze ufro<br />

xSirad, kontaqturi SeduRebiT aduReben TiTbersa da<br />

siliciumian brinjaos.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis dros TiTberis SeduRebadoba<br />

masSi TuTiis Semcvelobazea damokidebuli. SedarebiT<br />

kargi SeduRebaoba axasiaTebs egreTwodebul α_TiTbers,<br />

romelic Seicavs 28-330% TuTias (magaliTad, Л68 markis<br />

TiTberi). amasTan TiTberis eleqtrogamtaroba Seadgens<br />

spilenZis eleqtrogamtarobis 28%-s. TiTberSi TuTiis<br />

Semcvelobis zrda Senadnobis eleqtrogamtarobas Tumca<br />

amcirebs, magram auaresebs TuTiis SeduRebadobas maRali<br />

temperaturis dros misi plastikurobis Semcirebis gamo.<br />

SenadnobSi TuTiis Semcvelobis Semcireba misi<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT aseve<br />

arasasurvelia, radgan am dros Senadnobis eleqtruli<br />

winaRoba mcirdeba da saWiroa Zalian didi simZlavris<br />

manqanis gamoyeneba. garda amisa, Tu TiTberSi TuTiis<br />

Semcvelobas SevamcirebT, Senadnobis dnobis temperatura<br />

gaizrdeba, amitom SenadnobSi TuTiis dabali<br />

Semcvelobis pirobebSi TuTia ufro advilad orTqldeba,<br />

vidre TiTberSi, romelic Seicavs daaxloebiT 30% Zn.<br />

8. sisliciumiani brinjao (4%-mde Si) maRali<br />

plastikurobisa da dabali eleqtrogamtarobis<br />

(spilenZis eleqtrogamtarobis 10%-mde) gamo Tavis<br />

SeduRebadobiT wertilovani da gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebis dros uaxlovdeba naxSirbadmcire folads.<br />

kargad SeduRdebian agreTve spilenZ-nikelis<br />

sxvadasxva Senadnobebi, magaliTad Senadnobi melqiori,<br />

nitinoli _ damaxsovrebis unaris mqone masala da a.S.<br />

167

8. winaRobiT SeduRebis teqnologiis safuZvlebi<br />

klasikuri ganmartebiT, teqnologia aris masalisa<br />

da energiis uTierTqmedeba garkveul garemoSi saWiro<br />

produqtis misaRebad.<br />

8.1. winaRobiT SeduRebis zogadi mimoxilva,<br />

gamoyenebis are da perspeqtivebi<br />

winaRobiT SeduReba esaa masalaTa dauSleli<br />

SeerTeba joulis siTbosa da dawnevis Zalis qmedebiT.<br />

ix. pirobiTi sqema _ nax. 8.1.<br />

S<br />

1<br />

P<br />

1<br />

1<br />

2<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

168<br />

0<br />

PI 1<br />

I II III<br />

nax. 8.1. winaRobiT SeduRebis sqema 1 da ciklograma 2<br />

anu denisa I da dawnevis Zalis P–s grafikuli<br />

damokidebuleba droisagan _ t<br />

1. eleqtrodebi; 2. saeleqtrodo anu e. w. „civi<br />

kontaqtebi“; 3. SesaduRi detalebi; 4. detali-detali, anu<br />

e. w. „cxeli“kontaqti.<br />

2<br />

I (t)<br />

P (t)

I. pirveli nawili _ winaswari dawneva anu dawneva<br />

denis gareSe. sakontaqto zedapirTa momzadebis,<br />

moTelvis periodi;<br />

II. meore nawili _ dawneva denis qveS, anu<br />

SeduRebis periodi;<br />

III. mesame nawili _ saboloo dawneva, isic denis<br />

gareSe. SenaduRi wertilis Termuli damuSaveba _<br />

dawvrilmarcvlovaneba.<br />

dReisaTvis dauSleli SeerTebis warmoebaSi 30-35%<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebas ekuTvnis. igi gamoiyeneba warmoebis<br />

nebismier dargSi, mikrodetalebidan dawyebuli,<br />

eleqtronuli mrewveloba, gamomTvleli manqanebi,<br />

eleqtroteqnikuri warmoeba, sxvadasxva saxis gamzomi<br />

xelsawyoebi, CamrTvel-gadamrTvelebi da sxv. tranportis<br />

yvela saxis warmoeba (sazRvao, saxmeleTo, sahaero),<br />

kerZod, TviTmfrinavis Zravi Seicavs ramdenime aTas<br />

wertilovan SenaerTs, nebismieri msubuqi avtomobilis<br />

Zara 20-25 aTas SenaduR wertils. kosmosuri xomaldi<br />

(apoloni, jeminai) Seicavs 200 metramde sigrZis nakerul<br />

SeerTebas. aseve didia misi wili soflis meurneobaSi,<br />

relsebis SeduRebaSi, saojaxo warmoebis dargSi da<br />

sxvadasxva.<br />

duRdeba nebismieri masala 20mkr sisqidan<br />

dawyebuli da zeviT, rogorc erTgvarovani, aseve<br />

araerTgvarovani; rogorc Tanabari, aseve araTanabari<br />

sisqeebic; rogorc Savi, aseve feradi liTonebi da maTi<br />

Senadnobebi.<br />

yovelive zemoTCamoTvlili uzrunvelyofilia<br />

mTeli rigi upiratesobebiT: 1. saWiro masalaTa<br />

umniSvnelo xarji (igulisxmeba eleqtrodebi); 2.<br />

169

teqnologiuri procesis simartive, ris gamoc ar<br />

gvWirdeba maRalkvalificiuri muSa personali; 3.<br />

advildeba warmoebis avtomatizacia; 4. miRweulia<br />

robotizacia; 5. garemos sisufTave, e. i.<br />

uzrunvelyofilia kargi ekologiuri pirobebi; 6.<br />

uzrunvelyofilia muSaxelis usafrTxoeba; 7. miRweulia<br />

maRali da stabiluri xarisxis miReba; 8. produqciis<br />

dabali TviTRirebuleba da mravali sxva.<br />

SemdgomSi saWiro iqneba: axali ufro srulyofili<br />

kvebis wyaroTa damuSaveba energiis sxvadasxva saxeTa<br />

gamoyenebiT: 1. dagrovili energia: SeiZleba iyos<br />

kondensatorebSi, akumulatorebSi, mrunav sxeulebSi,<br />

aseve 2. mzis, 3. qimiuri da a. S. energiebi. amasTanave,<br />

saWiro gaxdeba energiis dozatorTa gaumjobeseba,<br />

aqtiuri kontrolis meTodTa Zieba. perspeqtivaSi<br />

igulisxmeba agreTve samecniero da sainJinro kadrTa<br />

momzadebis donis Semdgomi zrda.<br />

8.2. maRalxarisxovani nakeris miRebis fizikurqimiuri<br />

pirobebi<br />

aRniSnuli maRalxarisxovani nakeris misaRebad<br />

unda SevasruloT 3 piroba: 1. uzrunvelyofili iqnes<br />

SesaduR ubanSi gaxureba; 2. meqanikuri moqmedeba; 3.<br />

sakontaqto adgilebSi JangulTa afskisa da sxva WuWyis<br />

sruli moSoreba.<br />

170

8.2.1. saWiro gaxurebis uzrunvelyofa<br />

1. wertilovani SeduRebis SemTxveva<br />

nax. 8.2. wertilovani SeduRebis Tburi zonebi.<br />

1. SenaduRi wertili, nakeri;<br />

2. Termuli gavlenis zona;<br />

3. „civi“ kontaqtis (saeleqtrodo) Termuli zona.<br />

P<br />

ganvixiloT TiToeuli zonis arsi cal-calke:<br />

1. nakeris SeduRebis zona _ umetesi<br />

SemTxvevebisaTvis aq gulisxmoben liTonis miyvanas<br />

dnobis temperaturamde. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki<br />

darbilebis temperaturamde. e. i. gvaqvs ori SemTxveva:<br />

nakeri SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Txevad mdgomareobaSi da<br />

myar mdgomareobaSi.<br />

2. Termuli gavlenis zona _ aq yvelaferi<br />

ganisazRvreba liTonis gvarobiT, aucilebelia, rom<br />

Termuli zona flobdes plastikurobasa da simtkices.<br />

171<br />

3<br />

3<br />

2<br />

1

SerCevis TvalsazrisiT liTonebi SeiZleba daiyos<br />

ramodenime jgufad:<br />

1. Termuli damuSavebis mimarT inertuli da<br />

gadaxurebisadmi naklebad mgrZnobiare liTonebi.<br />

magaliTad, dabalnaxSirbadiani foladi. Termuli<br />

gavlenis zona SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes sxvadasxva<br />

ciklebiT, rac damokidebulia gaxurebis xasiaTze.<br />

magaliTad, kondensatoruli SeduRebisas _ TSed.=0,05-dan 0,005 wamamde, e. i. gaxurebis dro Zalian mcirea, Tumca<br />

temperatura maRalia da foladic iwrToba, xdeba mtkice,<br />

mimdinareobs naxSirbadiT gajereba.<br />

2. liTonebi, romlebic wrTobisas iZens simyifes<br />

da amasTanave aris gadaxurebisadmi mgrZnobiare,<br />

magaliTad, saSualo da maRalnaxSirbadiani foladebi,<br />

daballegirebuli da saiaraRo foladebi. rogor unda<br />

moxdes maTi SeduReba? radganac swrafi gaxurebisas<br />

isini myifdebian, saWiroa Termuli gavlenis zona iyos<br />

SedarebiT viwro, rac iwvevs xistad gaciebas, xolo am<br />

dros ki miiRweva foladis wrToba. liTonTa aseTi<br />

jgufebisaTvis<br />

ixileT sqema:<br />

saWiroa gamoviyenoT saSualo reJimi.<br />

I<br />

0<br />

1<br />

172<br />

2<br />

nax. 8.3. reJimTa saxeebi:<br />

1. xisti; 2. saSualo; 3. rbili.<br />

3<br />

t

mcirenaxSirbadiani foladisagan qvemexis<br />

damzadebis dros gamoiyenebdnen xist reJimebs. am dros<br />

denis mkacrma zrdam gamoiwvia gamonaSxefebi. e. i. reJimi<br />

arasworad iyo SerCeuli, saWiro iyo saSualo reJimi.<br />

3. liTonebi, romlebic maRal temperaturaze<br />

xangrZlivi dayovnebisas kargavs antikoroziul<br />

Tvisebebs. magaliTgad, uJangavi foladi, maTi<br />

SeduRebisas Termuli gavlenis zona unda iyos mcire. e.<br />

i. gamoyenebuli unda iqnas xisti reJimebi.<br />

4. liTonebi, romlebic xangrZlivi dayovnebisas<br />

garkveul temperaturaze myifdeba, irRveva boWkovani<br />

agebuleba da miiReba TanabarRerZovani struqtura. am<br />

dros saWiroa metad xisti reJimebisa da iseTi wyaroebis<br />

gamoyeneba, rogoric aris kondensatoruli.<br />

5. alumini, magniumi _ amaTi Senadnobebi. maTi<br />

SeduRebisas xdeba eleqtrodis liTonis nawilakTa<br />

miduReba nakeTobis zedapirze, maTze agresiuli garemos<br />

moqmedebiT viTardeba korozia da nakeToba fuWdeba.<br />

2. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis SemTxveva<br />

h<br />

a b<br />

l<br />

173<br />

VT<br />

nax. 8.4. gorgolaWovani nakeris sqema.

aA _ aris mezobel wertilTa gadafarvis zoma da<br />

b<br />

udris a = ;<br />

3<br />

l _ wertilis sigrZe;<br />

h _ wertilis siRrme;<br />

VS _ SeduRebis siCqare.<br />

am dros saWiroa: 1. rom gadnes liTonis garkveuli<br />

moculoba; 2. mas gaaCndes garkveuli sigane; 3. siRrme _<br />

h/2; 4. wertilTa garkveuli gadafarva _ a, romelic toli<br />

unda iyos saorientaciod wertilis sigrZis mesamedis. 5.<br />

Termuli gavlenis zonis liTonma unda SeinarCunos<br />

plastikuroba; 6. namzadis zedapiri eleqtrodis Sexebis<br />

adgilas iyos swori, CaRrmavebis, niJarebis, bzarebisa da<br />

JangeulTa gareSe.<br />

amasTanave, yvelaferi is, rac aRniSnuli iyo<br />

wertilovan SeduRebaze, ucvlelad vrceldeba<br />

gorgolaWovan SeduRebaze.<br />

3. saWiro gaxureba pirapira SeduRebis dros<br />

P 1<br />

2<br />

174<br />

P 1<br />

1 1<br />

nax. 8.5. pirapira SeduRebis sqema<br />

1. SesaduRi detalebi; 2. damWeri tuCebi, eleqtrodebi;<br />

P _ SeduRebis dawnevis Zala, P ٰٰٰٰٰ<br />

_ moWeris Zala.<br />

2<br />

P

arsebobs pirapira SeduRebis ori saxe: 1<br />

winaRobiT da 2 SemodnobiT (SemolRobiT).<br />

SeniSvna: winaRobiT SeduRebis yvela saxeobidan<br />

nakeri myar mdgomareobaSi Camoyalibdeba mxolod<br />

SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebis pirobebSi, yvela<br />

danarCenSi ki _ gamdnar mdgomareobaSi.<br />

P, I<br />

I<br />

I II III<br />

1<br />

P<br />

t<br />

175<br />

P I<br />

I II III<br />

nax. 8.6. pirapira SeduRebis ciklogramebi<br />

1. winaRobiTi SeduReba;<br />

2. SemodnobiT SeduReba.<br />

1. winaRobiT pirapira SeduReba _ liToni xurdeba<br />

dnobis temperaturamde. am dros saWiroa moxdes<br />

SesaerTebel adgilebze plastikuri deformacia. Tu<br />

gaxureba ar aris saTanado, maSin ar xdeba plastikuri<br />

deformacia (dajdoma) da daJanguli liToni rCeba<br />

SeduRebis zonaSi. e. i. ar xdeba liTonis gare gamodineba<br />

da xarisxic iqneba cudi. am dros gaxureba unda iyos<br />

iseTi, rom ar gamoiwvios simyife da plastikurobis<br />

dacema. saeleqtrodo zonaSi ki saWiroa gaxurebam<br />

gamoiwvios detalTa zedapiruli wva, is iyos<br />

Jangeulebisagan sufTa, e. i. am zonaSi gaxureba unda<br />

I<br />

2<br />

P<br />

t

ٰٰٰ<br />

iyos mcire. es advili misaRwevia pirapira SeduRebisas<br />

imis gamo, rom saeleqtrodi kontaqtSi dawnevis Zala<br />

(nax. 8.5,P') regulirdeba SeduRebis Zalisagan<br />

damoukideblad. amis gamo SeiZleba is gavzardoT ise,<br />

rom meti iyos SeduRebis dawnevis Zalaze Pٰ >P. amis<br />

gamo ki gaizrdeba civ kontaqtTa farTi Sk, rac<br />

gamoiwvevs amave kontaqtis winaRobisa da, saTanadod,<br />

siTbos Semcirebasac.<br />

SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebisas gadnobis<br />

zonis saWiro gaxureba ciklogramis pirveli periodis<br />

dros unda iyos iseTi, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />

pirapiris zedapiris mTeli farTobis Semodnobas ise,<br />

rom pirapiris zedapirebi daifaros Txevadi liTonis<br />

mTliani feniT, romelic Semdgomi dajdomisas<br />

gamoidevneba liTonidan. meore periodis gaxureba<br />

unda iyos iseTi, rom mocemuli dawnevisas moxdes<br />

plastikuri deformacia sakmao siRrmeze, anu II da III<br />

periodis gaxureba unda iyos iseTi, rogorc<br />

winaRobiT pirapira SeduRebis dros.<br />

aseTia kontaqturi SeduRebis saxesxvaobaTa<br />

saWiro gaxurebis pirobebi, misi xarisxovani niSnebi.<br />

8.2.2. saWiro meqanikuri moqmedebani<br />

meqanikur moqmedebaze didadaa damokidebuli<br />

gaxureba da piriqiT, gaxureba xSirad gansazRvravs<br />

meqanikur moqmedebas, e. i. meqanikuri moqmedeba<br />

iTvleba energetikul faqtorad.<br />

meqanikuri<br />

Semdeg moTxovnebs:<br />

moqmedeba unda akmayofilebdes<br />

176

1. uzrunvelyos saWiro gaxureba, kerZod, Tu<br />

gveqneba ultraTxel detalTa wertilovani SeduReba<br />

da gamoviyenebT did meqanikur Zalebs, SeduReba ar<br />

moxdeba, SeduRebis zonaSi Txevadi birTvi ar<br />

warmoiqmneba.<br />

Txeli firfitebis SeduRebis dros dawnevis<br />

Zala unda iyos mcire, raTa ar moxdes Txevadi<br />

birTvis ganRvra, xolo sqeli firfitebis dros<br />

SeiZleba vixmaroT dawnevis didi Zala.<br />

2. dawnevis Zalam unda uzrunvelyos SesaduR<br />

zedapirTa gaxurebis adgilas iseTi daaxloeba, rom<br />

manZili b Semcirdes da gautoldes a-s (nax. 8.7). rac<br />

uzrunvelyofs SeduRebis process.<br />

P<br />

a b a<br />

1 2 P<br />

nax. 8.7. atomTaSoris manZilTa warmodgeniTi sqema.<br />

1, 2 _ ori detalis sakontaqto zedapirebi:<br />

a aris atomTa Soris daSoreba _ SeWiduloba;<br />

b ki_or mezobel pirapiraTa umoklesi atomTaSorisi<br />

manZili.<br />

roca P izrdeba, maSin b mcirdeba da advildeba<br />

piroba: b=a an b< a: es pirobebi saWiroa SeduRebisaTvis.<br />

3. meqanikurma moqmedebam unda gamoiwvios<br />

saWiro plastikuri deformacia, romelic<br />

aucilebelia: 1. gadaxurebul da xandaxan Txevadi<br />

177

liTonis mosacileblad. 2. raTa warmoiqmnas aqtiuri<br />

centrebi _ dislokacia da gamamkvrivebeli sartyeli.<br />

ix. nax. 8.8.<br />

1 2 3<br />

nax. 8.8. SenaduRi wertilis zona:<br />

1. Txevadi birTvi; 2. gamamkvrivebeli sartyeli;<br />

3, 4. SesaduRi detalebi.<br />

4. meqanikuri moqmedeba saWiroa agreTve SeduRebis<br />

zonaSi Sida Zabvebis Sesamcireblad da Sesabamisad<br />

Txevadi liTonis gamyarebis procesSi bzarebis Cajdomis<br />

niJarebis aRZvris aRmosafxvrelad.<br />

8.2.3. saWiro gasufTaveba<br />

saWiro gasufTaveba gulisxmobs SeduRebis<br />

zonidan JangeulTa afskebisa da sxva gaWuWyianebis srul<br />

mocilebas, rac yovelTvis ver miiRweva da iwvevs wuns.<br />

JangeulTa afski muSaobs rogorc ZabvaTa<br />

koncentratori. wunis magaliTi: Tu 5500 mm2 relsis<br />

kveTaSi aRmoCndeba (3÷5)mm2 JangeulTa afskebi, maSin<br />

produqcia fasdeba uvargisad. JangeulTa arseboba<br />

ganapirobebs maRal winaRobasa da Sesabamisad gaxurebas.<br />

maT mosacileblad saWiroa plastikuri deformacia da<br />

meqanikuri moqmedeba.<br />

178<br />

4

8.3. winaRobiT SeduRebis siTbos wyaroebi<br />

winaRobiT anu kontaqturi SeduRebis<br />

ganmartebidan gamomdinareobs, rom SeduRebis dros<br />

siTbo gamoiyofa SesaduRi kontaqtis adgilas arsebuli<br />

winaRobis xarjze. am dros siTbos wyaroebad<br />

gvevlinebian: liTonis raRac garkveuli moculoba,<br />

SesaduR detalTa Soris kontaqti. rogorc cnobilia,<br />

TanabarkveTi<br />

formuliT:<br />

sadenis winaRoba (nax. 8.9) gamoiTvleba<br />

�<br />

R = ρ0<br />

,<br />

S<br />

sadac ρ 0 aris kuTri winaRoba mudmivi denis dros,<br />

xolo cvladi denisaTvis:<br />

�<br />

R = K F ρ , (8.1)<br />

S<br />

sadac K F aris fildas koeficienti (zedapiruli<br />

efeqtis koeficienti) da damokidebulia: 1. sadenis<br />

ganivkveTis farTze; 2. kveTis konfiguraciaze; 3. denis<br />

sixSireze; 4. sadenis masalis gvarobaze. sadac � aris<br />

sigrZe, sadac S aris kveTi. fildas koeficienti<br />

zogadad gamoiTvleba formuliT:<br />

Raqt<br />

KF= ______ = (10÷20)<br />

Rom sadac Raqt aris winaRoba cvladi denis dros da<br />

ganisazRvreba TbogamoyofiT, xolo Rom _ winaRoba<br />

mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

179

�<br />

ρ S<br />

nax.8.9. denis xazebi Tanabari kveTis sadenSi.<br />

SeniSvna: (fildas koeficientis mniSvnelobebi<br />

mocemulia wignSi Третьяк и Лисов "основы тепловых россчетов<br />

электрических машин"). cnobilia, rom temperaturis<br />

mxedvelobaSi miRebiT sadenis winaRoba iangariSeba<br />

Semdegi formuliT:<br />

�<br />

R = ρ 0 ( 1+<br />

αT<br />

) , xolo zusti angariSisaTvis<br />

S<br />

2 3 �<br />

R = ρ 0 ( 1+<br />

αT<br />

+ βT<br />

+ γT<br />

+ ...)<br />

(8.2)<br />

S<br />

feradi liTonebisaTvis da<br />

=<br />

−3<br />

α 4 10 .<br />

1. denis xazebis mimarTuleba araTanabari kveTis<br />

mqone sadenis SemTxveva<br />

didi zomis furcelTa wertilovani SeduRebisas<br />

(ix. qvemoT nax.7.10) gvaqvs denis xazebis araTanabari<br />

ganawileba.<br />

180<br />

⋅<br />

�

181<br />

d0<br />

İ İ İ İ İ<br />

nax. 8.10. denis xazebis araTanabari ganawileba.<br />

am dros furclis winaRoba SeiZleba gamoixatos<br />

gamosaxulebebiT:<br />

ρT R = A0<br />

(8.3)<br />

σδ<br />

d 0<br />

sadac A 0 = f ( ) , romlebSic A0 aris garkveuli<br />

δ<br />

koeficienti da aiReba Ao=0,5÷0,3. d0_kontaqtis diametria<br />

da δ furclis sisqe.<br />

SeniSvna: furclis winaRobis angariSi warmoadgens<br />

a.s. gelmanis sadoqtoro disertaciis ZiriTad Temas da<br />

es sakiTxi ganxilulia mis wignSi.<br />

denis xazebis geometriis cvalebadoba SesaduRi<br />

furclis geometriisa da SesaduR detalTa sisqeebis<br />

fardobisgan damokidebulebiT, am dros SenaduRi

wertilis xarisxis stabiluroba dawvrilebiTaa<br />

gamokvleuli a. sulamaniZis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi.<br />

Tu SesaduR furcelSi gvaqvs raime amonaWeri, es<br />

iwvevs agreTve denis araTanabar ganawilebas (ix. nax. 8.11).<br />

1<br />

1<br />

P(S )<br />

nax. 8.11. araTanabari kveTis mqone sadeni (1) da<br />

masSi denis xazebis ganawilebis sqema (2).<br />

8.4. TanabarkveTis sadenis gaxureba<br />

zemoT ganxilulTa analizidan Cans, rom: 1.<br />

mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSic ki denis ganawileba<br />

damokidebulia sadenis konfiguraciaze, e. i. sadenis<br />

formaze, xolo 2. cvladi denisas amas emateba<br />

zedapiruli efeqti.<br />

sadenSi Tbur procesTa SeswavlisaTvis, saWiroa<br />

gavixsenoT<br />

mixedviTac:<br />

Semdegi mcnebani: joulis kanoni, romlis<br />

1. Tbogamoyofa:<br />

Q gam = 0,24 I 2 Rt = 0,24 UIt,<br />

sadac Qgam sadenSi denis gavlisas gamoyofili siTbos<br />

raodenobaa, I denis moqmedi mniSvneloba, romelic<br />

tolia: I= imax 2 , e. i. sinusoidaluri denis moqmedi<br />

mniSvneloba udris iseT mudmiv dens, romelic igive<br />

182<br />

2

muSaobas asrulebs, rasac mocemuli sinusoidaluri deni<br />

(nax.8.12);<br />

I<br />

+İ<br />

0<br />

-İ<br />

183<br />

imax<br />

nax. 8.12. denis moqmedi mniSvnelobis gansazRvris<br />

warmodgeniTi suraTi.<br />

R aris sadenis sruli winaRoba, t denis moqmedebis dro<br />

(wm), U Zabva (volti).<br />

2. TboSemcvelobis gantoleba:<br />

q1 = GCT = VγCT = SlγCT.<br />

es aris sasargeblod daxarjuli siTbo, sadac G<br />

gasaxurebeli liTonis wonaa (kg), C _ TboSemcvelobis<br />

koeficienti (aiReba cxrilebidan masalis gvarobis<br />

mixedviT), T _ gaxurebis temperatura, V _ gasaxurebeli<br />

liTonis moculoba, γ _ kuTri wona, S _ ganivkveTis<br />

farTobi, l _ sigrZe, SeiZleba iyos simaRlec.<br />

t

3. Tbogamtarobis gantoleba (furies gantoleba):<br />

q2 = λSΔTt ,<br />

sadac λ Tbogamtarobis koeficientia, S _ ganivkveTis<br />

farTobi, t _ dro (Tbogadacemis), ΔT _ temperaturis<br />

gradienti, anu sigrZis erTeulze temperaturis nazardi<br />

drois erTeulis monakveTi (ix. nax. 8.13).<br />

q 3<br />

q 3<br />

Ti<br />

q 2<br />

1500 Tmax<br />

T2 ΔT<br />

x1<br />

184<br />

x2<br />

dx<br />

nax. 8.13. temperaturis gradientis warmodgenis sqema.<br />

T1 > T2<br />

T1<br />

T2<br />

ΔT(x1,x2) = T1 - T2<br />

gansaxilveli dx fenis sazRvrebze.<br />

q 3<br />

q 3<br />

4. Tbogamosxiveba (niutonis gantoleba):<br />

q3 = HFΔQt,<br />

sadac H aris mocemuli zedapiris mier irgvlivmyof<br />

garemoSi Tbogadacemis koeficienti; F _ zedapiris

farTi, ΔQ _ temperaturuli gradienti, anu sxvaoba<br />

zedapirsa da irgvlivmyof garemos temperaturaTa Soris,<br />

t _ dro.<br />

8.5. gaxurebis saerTo gantolebis anu Tburi<br />

balansis Sedgena<br />

ganvixiloT ramdenime SemTxveva mTliani<br />

TanabarmkveTi sadenisaTvis.<br />

SemTxveva 1.<br />

⎧R<br />

= const;<br />

⎨<br />

⎩i<br />

= const;<br />

0<br />

⎪⎧<br />

T ↓ −pataraa∠100<br />

C<br />

⎨<br />

⎪⎩ t ↑ −didia<br />

(saaTebi, dRe - Rame).<br />

sigrZis erTeulze Tbogamoyofa iqneba Tanabari, l<br />

sigrZis gaxurebisas gamoyofili siTbo iqneba:<br />

Ql = I 2 Rl t. (8.4)<br />

daxarjuli siTbo iqneba:<br />

q1 = GlCT;<br />

q3 = HPlΔQt;<br />

siTbos balansi iqneba Q = q1 + q3<br />

SeniSvna: Txeli an wvrili sadenisas q1 « q3 da gamodis,<br />

rom miRebuli q3=0, maSin angariSi unda vawarmooT Q = q3<br />

tolobis mixedviT. Tu CavsvamT saTanado mniSvnelobebs,<br />

miviRebT:<br />

185

0,24 I 2 Rt = HPlΔQt.<br />

am gantolebidan SeiZleba vipovoT denis sidide.<br />

kerZod:<br />

I =<br />

186<br />

HP�<br />

ΔQ<br />

0,<br />

24R<br />

SemTxveva 2.<br />

igive Tanabari kveTis sadeni xurdeba maRal<br />

temperaturaze. q1 » q3 vuSvebT, rom q3=0, gantoleba Q = q1<br />

+ q3 miiRebs saxes: Q = q1. mniSvnelobaTa CasmiT gveqneba:<br />

I 2 Rt = GCT , saidanac:<br />

GCT<br />

I =<br />

0,<br />

24Rt<br />

sadenis xvedriTi winaRoba mkveTrad icvleba<br />

temperaturis cvlaze damokidebulebiT, amitom es<br />

gamosaxuleba unda warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:<br />

2 �<br />

I ρT t = F�γCT<br />

F<br />

aramagnituri masalebisaTvis ρ = ρ ( 1+<br />

γT<br />

) da<br />

γ = 0,<br />

004 , maSin gveqneba: 2 �<br />

0, 24I<br />

ρ 0 ( 1+<br />

γT<br />

) dt = F�γcdt,<br />

Tu<br />

F<br />

miviRebT mxedvelobaSi imas, rom I = jF,<br />

sadac j aris<br />

denis simkvrive da F _ ganivkveTis farTobi, maSin<br />

gveqneba:<br />

T<br />

0

ρ ( 1+<br />

αT<br />

) dt = γCdT<br />

0<br />

t 2<br />

t dT<br />

S 0 i ρ 0dt<br />

= S 0 γC<br />

1+<br />

αT<br />

1<br />

ρ odt<br />

= γC<br />

ln( 1+<br />

αT<br />

)<br />

α<br />

am gantolebidan SeiZleba miviRoT nebismieri<br />

Tanafardobani.<br />

SemTxveva<br />

gaxureba.<br />

3. araTanabari kveTis mqone sadenis<br />

q2<br />

q3<br />

q1<br />

q2 q2 q3 q3 187<br />

l<br />

q3<br />

nax. 8.14. araTanabari kveTis mqone sadenis gaxureba.<br />

am naxazis mixedviT saqme gvaqvs araTanabar<br />

gaxurebasTan. am SemTxvevaSi sadenis gaxurebaze Zlier<br />

gavlenas axdens gasaxurebeli adgilis mezobel ubanTa<br />

mier siTbos acileba. SevadginoT am ubnisaTvis Tburi<br />

balansis gantoleba:<br />

1. gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba toli iqneba:<br />

Q gam = I 2 R � t = UIt .<br />

2. daxarjul siTboTa raodenoba saTanadod<br />

toli iqneba:<br />

q1 =CT = γCT.<br />

q2 = 2λFΔTt,<br />

q3 = HSΔQt.<br />

q2<br />

(8.5)

Tu CavsvamT saTanado mniSvnelobebs, SegviZlia<br />

ganvsazRvroT denis Zala:<br />

FelγCT<br />

+ 2λFΔTt + HSΔΘt<br />

I =<br />

(8.6)<br />

Ret<br />

esaa winaRobiT SeduRebis dros gaxurebis saerTo<br />

gantoleba.<br />

SeniSvna: Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT procesis dros<br />

arsebul maRal temperaturas da drois SedarebiT mcire<br />

monakveTs, Tbogamosxivebaze daxarjuli siTbo SeiZleba<br />

mxedvelobaSi ar miviRoT: q 3 ≈ 0 , aseve gamoyofili<br />

siTbos raodenobad vigulisxmebT UIt-s, maSin gaxurebis<br />

saerTo gantoleba miiRebs saxes:<br />

FlγCT<br />

+ 2 λFΔTt<br />

I =<br />

Ult<br />

esaa damokidebuleba SeduRebis denis Zalasa da<br />

misi moqmedebis dros Soris, anu rogorc SemdgomSi<br />

movixsenebT,<br />

gamosaxuleba.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis Tburi balansis<br />

8.6. pirapira SeduRebis teqnologia<br />

8.6.1. zogadi maCveneblebi<br />

1. gamoyenebis sfero. pirapira SeduReba farTod<br />

gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sididis ReroTa (cilindruli,<br />

kvardatuli da a. S.) SesaduReblad. 10 mkr-dan 100 mm-mde<br />

diametriT; furclebis SesaduReblad (1÷8) mm sisqis da 2metromde<br />

sigrZis (duRdeba mTel sigrZeze).<br />

amerikaSi 12000 mm sigrZis milebs aduReben 45<br />

wamSi. am dros kvebis wyarod gamoiyeneba specialuri<br />

188<br />

(8.7)

eleqtrosadguri 1100 kilovati simZlavriT. moskovis<br />

baumanis saxelobis teqnikur universitetSi 0,1 mm sisqis<br />

furclebis pirapira SeduRebas awarmoeben 1,5<br />

kilovatiani simZlavriT.<br />

pirapira SeduReba gamoiyeneba relsebis, SverilTa,<br />

milebis SeerTeba da a. S. am meTodiT. SeiZleba SeduRdes<br />

ara marto swori, aramed nebismieri kuTxiT, rogorc<br />

erTgvarovani, aseve araerTgvarovani masalebi. jaWvis<br />

kvanZebis SeduReba (kerZod Ruzis jaWvebi) dafuZnebulia<br />

pirapira SeduRebaze. saiaraRo warmoebaSi daaxloebiT<br />

iTvlian 1500-mde saxis SeerTebis tipebs.<br />

2. simtkicis maCveneblebi. Tavisi simtkiciT<br />

pirapira nakeri ar Camouvardeba ZiriTadi liTonis<br />

maCveneblebs. SeerTebis darRveva xdeba ara SeduRebis<br />

adgilze. amis gamo farTod gamoiyeneba mrewvelobaSi<br />

(magaliTad, meore msoflio omis dros ssrk-Si Seiqmna<br />

relsis SesaduRi manqana-matarebeli da 1 wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi 2 mln pirapira adgili iqna SeduRebuli.<br />

milebis pirapira SeduRebis ZiriTadi siZnele esaa _<br />

dacentreba.<br />

3. mwarmoeblobis maCvenebeli. sakmaod maRalia<br />

pirapira SeduRebis mwarmoeblobis maCvenebeli.<br />

magaliTad radionaTuris eleqtrodebi, varvarebis<br />

naTurebi: aq duRdeba 130 wyvili wamSi (moskovis<br />

elnaTurebis qarxana).<br />

SedarebiT didi kveTis SemTxvevaSi (avtomobilis<br />

borbali) mwarmoebloba aRwevs 500-600 nakers saaTSi,<br />

xolo ufro msxvil nakeTobebSi (relsebi da sxv.) 15-20<br />

pirapiras saaTSi.<br />

189

4. procesis avtomatizacia. umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />

procesi avtomatizebulia. mag.: gorkis saxelobis<br />

saavtomobilo qarxanaSi muSaobs jaWvebis saSemduReblo<br />

avtomatebi.<br />

8.6.2. pirapira SenaduRi konstruqciebi<br />

qvemoT naCvenebia pirapira SeduRebisaTvis<br />

SesaeTebel detalTa konstruqciuli Sesrulebis<br />

magaliTebi (nax. 8.15).<br />

nax. 8.15. pirapira SesaduRi konstruqciebi.<br />

1. racionaluri; 2. arasasurveli;<br />

3. nawiburTa momzadebis nimuSebi SeduRebis win.<br />

SeduRebis win konstruqciis awyobisas dasaSvebia<br />

Semdegi gadaxrebi: 1. diametris an kvardatis mxares<br />

detalis kveTis gaswvriv _ 15%; 2. furclis, zolovani<br />

konstruqciisa da milis kedlis gaswvriv _ 10%, maRali<br />

190

xarisxis nakeris misaRebad saWiroa momzaddes<br />

SesaerTebel adgilTa nawiburebi, kerZod damuSavdes da<br />

gasufTavdes teqnikuri pirobebis Sesabamisad.<br />

detalTa winaswari damuSaveba unda Sesruldes:<br />

civad _ saxarato, safrezo an sarand Carxebze; cxlad _<br />

Termuli WriT, JangbadiT, plazmiT da bolos unda<br />

moxdes naRvenTi widis da JangeulTa mocileba.<br />

sakontaqto zedapirTa gasufTavebis saxeebia:<br />

meqanikuri damuSaveba, qimiuri damuSaveba da garecxva.<br />

gasufTavebuli zedapirebiani detalebis<br />

SeduRebisas garda uxarisxo nakeris miRebisa,<br />

gardauvalia eleqtrodTa cveTis gazrdac.<br />

8.6.3. pirapira nakeris struqtura da simtkice<br />

pirapira SeduReba umTavresad gamoiyeneba<br />

foladis nakeTobebSi. amitom racionaluria ganvixiloT<br />

liTonis qceva SeduRebisas da foladis SenaduR nakerTa<br />

Tvisebebi mxolod saerTo principul safuZvlebze.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT pirvel rigSi ganvixiloT<br />

foladis Reroebis SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebiT<br />

miRebuli nakeris tipiuri struqtura (nax. 8.16). aq<br />

temperaturis mrudi gamoxatavs ReroSi Tbur<br />

mdgomareobas denis gamorTvis momentisaTvis. mrudis<br />

Sesabamisad naCvenebia igive marjvena Reros gaswvriv<br />

liTonis agebulebis tipiuri struqtura.<br />

191

nax. 8.16. SemodnobiT SeduRebuli liTonis<br />

Reroebis struqtura.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, aq gvaqvs ramodenime<br />

gansxvavebuli zona 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 da 6.<br />

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.<br />

zona 1 _ rgolis formisaa da miRebulia<br />

SeduRebis dros Reroebis dawnevis Zalis gamo cxeli<br />

kontaqtis sibrtyidan Txevadi liTonis gamodevnis<br />

Sedegad pirapiris mTel garSemowerilobaze.<br />

zona 2 _ TeTri viwro SuaSre, araTanabari sisqis<br />

fena _ centrSi viwro, periferiebisken SedarebiT<br />

gafarToebuli. es sxadasxva sisqeoba aixsneba liTonis<br />

dajdomis stadiisas zonaSi dawnevis sxvadasxva Zalis<br />

moqmedebis gamo.<br />

192

zona 3 _ xasiaTdeba liTonis marcvalTa sakmaod<br />

didi zomebiT. aq temperatura 1100°C-ze metia da amitomac<br />

aseTi saxis struqturas uwodeben gadaxurebuls. aseTi<br />

marcvlebis mqone liToni xasiaTdeba dabali<br />

plastikurobiT, amitom sasurvelia es fena iyos rac<br />

SeiZleba Txeli.<br />

zona 4 _ ekuTvnis iseT temperaturul Sualeds,<br />

sadac dayovneba SeduRebis droze ufro metia da xdeba<br />

misi neli gaciveba, rac uzrunvelyofs liTonis<br />

TandaTanobiT dawvrilmarcvlovanebas.<br />

zona 5 _ xurdeba Ac3 temperaturaze odnav zeviT,<br />

swored amitom ganicada man sruli perekristalizacia.<br />

me-5 da me-6 zonebs Soris liToni xurdeba Ac1-sa da Ac3<br />

temperaturul zRvrebs Soris da man amitom ganicada<br />

mxolod nawilobrivi perekristalizacia.<br />

zona 6 _ miekuTvneba liTonis iseT fenebs,<br />

romlebic xurdeba Ac1 wertilis qvemoT, amitom<br />

araviTari cvlileba ar SeimCneva masSi arc marcvalTa<br />

agebulebisa da arc sididis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

rogorc Cans, SesaduRi Reroebi dajdomis<br />

procesSi plastikur Tvisebebs floben ara mTel<br />

sigrZeze pirapiridan damWer tuCebamde _<br />

eleqtrodebamde, aramed mxolod zona 2_7-sa da<br />

nawilobriv zona 5_7-Si, roca dajdomis Zala<br />

mniSvnelovania, saxeldobr, am sazRvrebSi mdebareobs<br />

manZili X, daSoreba sakontaqto sibrtyidan im zonamde,<br />

sadac liTonma ar ganicada araviTari plastikuri<br />

deformaciebi da SeduRebulma detalma ar Seicvala<br />

sawyisi zomebi (ix. nax. 8.17).<br />

193

1 2 3<br />

nax. 8.17. sxvadasxva meTodiT SeduRebul<br />

ReroTa garegani saxeebi.<br />

1. kondensatoruli, 2. SemodnobiT; 3. winaRobiT.<br />

am zonas ewodeba nulovani deformaciis zona da<br />

aRiniSneba X0d. misi mniSvnelobani damokidebulia<br />

SeduRebis meTodze. X-manZilis mniSvneloba saTanado<br />

proporciulad aisaxeba nakeris simtkiceze.<br />

8.7. wertilovani SeduRebis teqnologia<br />

wertilovani SeduRebac arsebobs gansxvavebuli<br />

saxeebisa: 1. Cveulebrivi da 2. specialuri. maTi saerTo<br />

niSania is, rom eleqtrodebze dawneva praqtikulad<br />

mudmivia, deni moqmedebs uwyvetad da erTi wertilis<br />

misaRebad gamoiyeneba mxolod erTi impulsi. 1.<br />

Cveulebrivi SeduReba esaa ormxriv erTwertilovani,<br />

xolo 2. specialuri, SesaduRi konstruqciis<br />

moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva _ erTmxriv<br />

orwertilovani, mravalwertilovani.<br />

194

8.7.1. procesis zogadi maCveneblebi<br />

1. gamoyenebis sfero.<br />

wertilovani SeduReba farTod gamoiyeneba<br />

datvifruli SenaduRi konstruqciebis warmoebisas, sadac<br />

martivi formis ori an meti datvifruli detali<br />

SenaduRi wertilebiT SeerTdeba rTuli konfiguraciis<br />

kvanZis warmosaqmnelad. aseTi konstruqciebi<br />

damaxasiaTebelia saavtomobilo mSeneblobaSi, kerZod ki,<br />

wertilovani SeduRebiTaa awyobili avtomobilis kabinis<br />

karkasi. didia wertilovani SeduRebis roli<br />

transportis nebismier sferoSi, rogorc miwaze, aseve<br />

miwisqveSa (metros), rogorc wyalqveSa da wyalzeda,<br />

aseve kosmosur safren aparaturasa da mowyobilobaTa<br />

damzadebaSi.<br />

warmatebiT gamoiyeneba wertilovani SeduReba<br />

gaglinulian datvifruli profilis karkasebze<br />

furclovani Semonakeris misaerTeblad. kerZod, am<br />

xerxiT mzaddeba rkinigzis vagonebis, liftis kabinebisa<br />

da karebis, soflis meurneobis manqanaTa, bunkerebisa da<br />

sxva Semonakerebi.<br />

wertilovani SeduReba farTod gamoiyeneba<br />

safreni aparatebis mSeneblobis sferoSi, kerZod,<br />

TviTmfrinavTmSemeblobaSi msubuqi Senadnobebisa, mcired<br />

da uxvad legirebuli foladebis kvanZebSi.<br />

am xerxis gamoyenebis metad mniSvnelovani sferoa<br />

samoqalaqo mSenebloba, kerZod foladis Reroebisagan<br />

damzadebuli badeebisa da karkasebis SeduReba<br />

armirebuli rkinabetonisaTvis. aRniSnul kvanZebSi<br />

195

jvaredinad duRdeba (4_25) mm da ufro meti diametris<br />

wnelebi.<br />

yvelaze farTod wertilovani SeduReba<br />

gamoiyeneba msxvil, 2,5_3 mm-mde da wvril, (5_6) mm-mde<br />

nakeTobaTa warmoebaSi. dReisaTvis SeiZleba uproblemod<br />

SeduRdes (8_10) mm sisqis detalebi.<br />

SeniSvna: am zomis qveS igulisxmeba SesaduR<br />

detalTagan erT-erTis sisqe, xolo meorisa _<br />

ganusazRvrelia.<br />

didi zomis sivrciTi konstruqciebis SeduReba<br />

moiTxovs gadasatani mowyobilobis gamoyenebas. is unda<br />

iyos gansakuTrebiT msubuqi.<br />

didi zomisa da mravali wertilis Semcveli<br />

nakeTobis SeduRebisaTvis gamoyenebuli unda iqnas<br />

mravalwertilovani manqana. aris SemTxvevebi, roca<br />

manqana gadaadgildeba nakeTobis mimarT an gamoiweva<br />

manqanidan.<br />

aseTi teqnologiurad racionaluri moTxovnebis<br />

safuZvelze Seiqmna da dainerga masobriv da farTo<br />

seriul warmoebaSi mravali wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

avtomati da roboti.<br />

bolo aTwleulebSi farTod gaizarda moTxovnebi<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis gamoyenebisa mikrosisqis<br />

detalTa dauSleli SeerTebisadmi. es dargebia:<br />

radioeleqtronika, xelsawyoTmSenebloba,<br />

mikroeleqtronika, kosmosuri safreni aparatebisa da<br />

gamzom saSualebaTa, mzis enrgiis kvebis wyaroTa<br />

damzadeba da a. S. magaliTebi:<br />

1. kosmosuri xomaldebis jeminais, apolonis da<br />

sxvaTa frTebze dagegmarebuli mzis elementTa Tburi<br />

196

atareis, kedlis sisqe 50+300 mikroni, SenaduRi nakeris<br />

sigrZe TiToeulze Seadgens daaxloebiT 200 metrs.<br />

2. saqarTveloSi damzadebuli da gamoSvebuli<br />

kosmosuri antenis (1998 w.) furclebis (50+50 mikroni,<br />

masala _ uJangavi foladi) SesaerTeblad saWiro iyo<br />

2000-mde SenaduRi wertilis miReba.<br />

rac Seexeba kosmoss, misi aTviseba moiTxovs<br />

saTanado danadgarTa, aparaturisa Tu xelsawyoTa<br />

masalis wonis Semcirebasa da specialur TvisebaTa<br />

Seqmnas, romelsac eqneboda damaxsovrebis unari. diax,<br />

damaxsovrebis unari, kerZod, unari misi erT garemoSi<br />

muSaobisas saWiro formis SenarCunebisa misi<br />

deformaciis formis Secvlis Semdeg da am formis<br />

avtomaturad aRdgenisa igive garemoSi moxvedrisas. es<br />

aadvilebs rTuli konstruqciis transportirebas. am<br />

Tvisebas uwodeben deformaciis damaxsovrebis unars.<br />

aseTi liToni ukve Seqmnilia, mas ewodeba nitinoli da<br />

amJamad vmuSaobT misi wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

damuSavebaze.<br />

8.7.2. wertilovani SenaduRi konstruqciebi<br />

qvemoT naCvenebia wertilovani SeduRebisaTvis<br />

SesaerTebel detalTa SesaZlo konstruqciuli<br />

Sesrulebis<br />

(nax. 8.18).<br />

magaliTebi Tavisi sirTuleebis mixedviT<br />

197

1 2 3 4<br />

nax. 8.18. wertilovan SenaduR konstruqciaTa saxeebi<br />

1. moxerxebuli; 2. Nnormaluri; 3. mouxerxebeli;<br />

4. Znelad Sesasrulebeli.<br />

SeniSvna: grZivi ganzomileba _ zomebi mocemulia<br />

milimetrebSi.<br />

SeduRebis win, konstruqciis awyobisas<br />

Casatarebelia TiTqmis igive operaciebi, rac pirapira<br />

SeduRebis<br />

SemTxvevebi.<br />

dros, igulisxmeba makroSeduRebis<br />

rac Seexeba mosamzadebel samuSaoebs<br />

mikroSeduRebis win, kerZod zedapirTa gasufTavebas, is<br />

unda Sesruldes spirtSi an acetonSi dasvelebuli<br />

bambiT an sxva rbili qsoviliT.<br />

unda gasufTavdes rogorc cxeli, aseve civi<br />

sakontaqto zedapirebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />

mosalodnelia sxvadasxva gamonaSxefebis warmoqmna<br />

198

liTonuri Txevadi birTvidan, eleqtrodis muSa<br />

zedapiris mikvra, miduReba orive an erT-erT SesaduR<br />

detalze. am ukanasknels xSirad aqvs adgili polaruli<br />

deniT mikroSeduRebisas.<br />

8.7.3. SeduRebis teqnologiuri ciklebi<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis teqnologias gansazRvras<br />

mimdinare Tburi procesebi, rac TavisTavad<br />

damokidebulia kontaqturi _ winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

manqanis kvebis wyarosagan, kerZod ki gamoyenebuli<br />

SeduRebis denis mrudebisagan (nax. 8.19).<br />

nax. 8.19. wertilovan manqanaSi gamoyenebuli<br />

SeduRebis denis mrudebi.<br />

199

wertilovani SeduRebis Tanamedrove warmoebaSi<br />

gamoiyeneba SeduRebis denis mrudis sxvadasxva formebi.<br />

maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulTagan Semdegia:<br />

1. cvladi denis manqanaTa normaluri sinusoida. is<br />

ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba foladis konstruqciaTa<br />

SesaduReblad;<br />

2. modulirebuli denis mrudi, gamoiyeneba aluminis<br />

SenadnobTa SesaduReblad. misi upiratesobaa kontaqtSi<br />

Tbogamoyofis koncentraciis sixistis acileba da<br />

ugulebelyofs gamonaSxefebis arsebobas, ar saWiroebs<br />

zedapirTa specialur damuSavebas (qimiuri an foladis<br />

susti jagrisebiT).<br />

3 da 4 _ esenia kondensatorul manqanaTa umetesi<br />

tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mrudebi. 3 _Mmrudi milevadi<br />

ganmuxtviT ufro gavrcelebulia mcire simZlavris<br />

kondensatorul manqanebSi. didi simZlavris manqanebSi ki<br />

xdeba mxolod pirveli dadebiTi talRis gamoyeneba.<br />

kondensatiruli manqanebi gamoiyeneba rogorc aluminisa<br />

da magniumis SenadnobTa, aseve sxvadasxva ferad<br />

liTonTa SesaduReblad;<br />

3, 4, 5 da 6 mrudebi miekuTvneba impulsul<br />

manqanebs. maTgan:<br />

5 _ eleqtromagnituri manqanebi ufro naklebad<br />

gamoiyeneba, xolo<br />

6 _ manqanebi mudmivi denis impulsiT ufro<br />

farTodaa gavrcelebuli;<br />

7 _ mrudi damaxasiaTebelia mudmivi denis<br />

manqanebisaTvis. am tipis manqanebisaTvis SeduRebis deni<br />

miiReba meorad konturSi ganlagebuli naxevargamtaruli<br />

gammarTvelebiT.<br />

200

arsebobs agreTve rTuli teqnologiuri cikliT<br />

momuSave wertilovani manqanebi. am dros SeduRebis erTi<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi icvleba rogorc denis mrudi,<br />

eleqtrodTa dawnevis Zala, agreTe birTvis temperatura<br />

da Termuli gavlenis zonac. isini farTodaa<br />

warmodgenili literaturul wyaroebSi.<br />

8.7.4. SenaduRi wertilis Camoyalibeba<br />

ٰٰٰٰ<br />

ganvixiloT wertilis SeduRebis procesis<br />

ramodemine calkeuli momenti. adre ganxiluli gaxurebis<br />

Tburi gantolebidan gamomdinare (7.7): 1. rTuli<br />

temperaturuli veli unda Seiqmnas SeduRebis zonis<br />

liTonSi saeleqtrodo RerZis gaswvriv (nax. 8.20). am<br />

SemTxvevaSi angariSi unda gaewios gardamaval civ,<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtebSi aRZrul joulis siTbos,<br />

romelTa wyalobiT eleqtrodebSi siTbos acileba iqneba<br />

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli im mniSvnelobisagan,<br />

romelsac miviRebT angariSiT am wyaroTa CaTvlis gareSe.<br />

denis gamorTvis Semdeg Sewydeba aRniSnuli q da<br />

qٰ ٰٰٰٰٰ<br />

wyaroebi, daiwyeba SeduRebis zonis liTonis metad<br />

intensiuri gaciveba. am wyaroTa arsebobisa da Sewyvetis<br />

Sedegad SeduRebis wertilis gaxurebisa da gacivebis<br />

realuri mrudebi iqnebian erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad<br />

gansxvavebuli da ara erTmaneTis sarkuli<br />

gamosaxulebani, rasac adgili aqvs sxva SemTxvevebSi,<br />

kerZod ki sxeulis Siga wyaroebiT gaxurebis<br />

SemTxvevebSi. suraTze SenaduRi wertilis naTeli zolis<br />

(arSia, qoba) irgvliv arsebuli liTonis fenas ewodeba<br />

Termuli gavlenis zona. nakeris metalografiuli<br />

201

analizis dros es zona aCvenebs marcvalis agebulebisa<br />

da zomebis yvela SesaZlo cvalebadobis zRvars, rac<br />

xdeba liTonSi rekristalizaciisa, perekristalizaciisa<br />

nax. 8.20. temperaturis ganawileba<br />

birTvis irgvliv saeleqtrodo RerZis gaswvriv<br />

202

Tu sxva procesTa gavleniT gamowveuli struqturuli<br />

gardaqmnebis Sedegad. Tburi balansis Tanaxmad SesaduR<br />

detalebSi sxmuli, anu Txevadi birTvis irgvliv cxeli<br />

kontaqtis gaswvrivac iarsebebs swrafad cvalebadi<br />

temperaturuli<br />

rogorc wina<br />

veli (nax. 8.21). igive momentebisaTvs,<br />

nax. 8.21. temperaturis ganawileba birTvis irgvliv cxeli<br />

kontaqtis sibrtyis gaswvriv.<br />

8.7.5. wertilovani nakeris struqtura da simtkice<br />

rogorc cnobilia, wertilovani nakeris xarisxi<br />

ganisazRvreba wertilis zomebiT: sigrZe, simaRle.<br />

ukanaskneli unda uaxlovdebodes SesaduR furcelTa<br />

jamur sisqes. birTvi, esaa Txevadi liToni,<br />

Camoyalibebuli gawelil kristalTa (dendritTa) saxiT<br />

(nax. 8.22).<br />

203

1 2<br />

nax. 8.22. SenaduRi wertilis struqtura (1) da simtkicis<br />

ganawileba SenaduR wertilSi (2).<br />

cifri 1 (nax. 8.22.2) aCvenebs gamdnar da gamyarebul<br />

birTvs, romlis saSualo temperatura ramodenimeTi<br />

aRemateboda dnobis temperaturis mniSvnelobas.<br />

ramdenadac liToni birTvSi iyo gamdnari, imdenad misi<br />

struqtura msgavsia liTonis formaSi Casxmuli Txevadi<br />

liTonisa.<br />

cifri 2-iT aRniSnulia is fena, romlis<br />

sazRvrebSi liToni awydeba maRaltemperaturul<br />

gaxurebas, kerZod ki wrTobis mdgomareobas; bolo 3<br />

cifriT aRniSnul fenaSi liToni xurdeba ukve kritikul<br />

temperaturaze dabla, ris gamoc aq ar miiReba nawrTobi<br />

struqtura da SeimCneva mxolod marcvlis sididis<br />

cvalebadoba.<br />

unda aRiniSnos is, rom mkacri sazRvari 2 da 3<br />

zonebs Sori pirobiTaa miRebuli. sinamdvileSi erTi<br />

fenis struqturis meoreSi gadasvla xdeba TandaTanobiT.<br />

rac Seexeba SenaduRi wertilis zonis simtkices<br />

(nax. 8.22.2), Tu mas gavzomavT brinelis meTodiT, Sedegebi<br />

204

anu SenaduR nakerSi simtkicis ganawileba SeiZleba<br />

gamovsaxoT 1-mrudiT (rogorc Cans, Termuli gavlenis<br />

zonaSi liToni Zalian myaria da Sesabamisad,<br />

naklebplastikuri. SenaduRi adgilis datvirTvisas yvela<br />

daZabva (daZagvra) aRiqmeba wertilis irgvliv kidura<br />

fenebis mier da yvelaze metad a_a zonebSi, sadac miiReba<br />

SenaduR furclebs Soris maxvili kuTxe.<br />

mravali mkacrad wrTobadi foladis SeduRebisas<br />

kargia Catardes moSvebis operacia, rac simkvrivis 1mruds<br />

Secvlis mrudi 2-iT. SeduRebis aseTi cikliT<br />

Termuli gavlenis zonaSi moixsneba nawrTobi fena an<br />

mkacrad nawrTobi struqtura gardaiqmneba zomierSi.<br />

8.8. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis teqnologia<br />

8.8.1. procesis zogadi maCveneblebi<br />

wertiliT SeduReba gvaZlevs mtkice, magram ara<br />

mkvriv, hermetul nakers. ukanaskneli saWiroa siTxis an<br />

airis WurWlisaTvis. mkvrivi nakeris miReba SeiZleba<br />

ganuwyveteli nakeriT, romelsac gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduReba gvaZlevs. gorgolaWiT SeduRebas bevri nakli<br />

aqvs, amitom igi gamoiyeneba mxolod Txelfurcliani<br />

arasapasuxismgeblo detalebis SeduRebisaTvis.<br />

gorgolaWebiT SeduRebis dros furclebis<br />

SeerTeba warmoebs sxvadasxva xerxiT (nax. 8.23).<br />

yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli xerxi, romelic<br />

simkvriviT da simtkiciT saukeTesod unda CaiTvalos,<br />

aris meore (nax. 8.23.2).<br />

205

1 2 3 4 5<br />

nax. 8.23. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis saxesxvaobani<br />

gorgolaWiT SeduReba warmoebs sami meTodiT:<br />

1. gorgolaWebis uwyveti moZraoba denis uwyveti<br />

miwodebiT;<br />

2. gorgolaWebis uwyveti moZraoba denis wyvetili<br />

miwodebiT;<br />

3. gorgolaWebis wyvetili moZraoba denis<br />

wyvetili miwodebiT (bijiT SeduReba).<br />

1. pirveli xerxi damakmayofilebel Sedegebs<br />

iZleva mxolod mokle nakerebisa da Zalian kargi<br />

masalisaTvis.<br />

saqme is aris, rom denis ganuwyveteli miwodebisas,<br />

gorgolaWis gadagorebis dros, deni gaivlis wina<br />

SeduRebuli wertilis nawilSi maSin, rodesac es<br />

wertili jer gaciebuli ar aris. am SemTxvevaSi masalis<br />

winaRoba Semcirebuli unda iqnes, deni metad<br />

gaZlierdeba da SesaZlebelia liTonis gadawva. Tu ki<br />

gadawvis Tavidan asacileblad ufro sust reJims<br />

gamoviyenebT, maSin SesaZlebelia SeduReba ar moxdes.<br />

206

2. meore xerxiT SeduRebis dros deni CairTveba im<br />

momentSi, rodesac gorgolaWi ukve gadagordeba meore<br />

wertilis SeduRebisaTvis. aseTi xerxi yvelaze ufro<br />

gavrcelebulia prqtikaSi. meore xerxi uaxlovdeba<br />

wertiliT SeduRebas, mxolod aq wertilebi zedized<br />

daismeba.<br />

3. mesame xerxma ver miiRo gavrceleba, radgan igi<br />

moiTxovs Zalian rTul mowyobilobas.<br />

1. gamoyenebis sfero. gorgolaWovan SeduRebas<br />

iyeneben naxSirbadmcire, uJangavi da xurvalmtkice<br />

foladebis, milimetris nawilebidan 1,5 mm-mde, xolo<br />

calkeul SemTxvevaSi 2 mm (rbili naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladebis SeduRebis dros) sisqis xurvalmtkice da<br />

msubuqi Senadnobebis nakeTobebze mtkice an mtkicemkvrivi<br />

(hermetuli) nakerebis misaRebad.<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis efeqturi gamoyenebis<br />

magaliTebia: avtomobilis benzinis avzi, romelsac<br />

aduReben konturiT ori datvifruli naxevridan;<br />

avtomobilis mayuCi, romelSic korpusis sigrZivi nakeri<br />

da misi SeerTeba fskerTan xorcieldeba gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebiT; rZis bidoni, romelSic yvela ZiriTadi<br />

SeerTeba sruldeba gorgolaWovani SeduRebiT.<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduReba farTod aris gamoyenebuli<br />

oTaxis eleqtromacivrebis (karadebis, saorTqleblebis<br />

damzadebaSi), airgeneratorebis, cecxlsaqrobebis,<br />

reaqtiuli Zravebisa da bevri sxva nakeTobis warmoebaSi.<br />

masalis sisqe gorgolaWovani SeduRebis dros<br />

Cveulebriv ifargleba mniSvnelobebiT (mm):<br />

rbili dekapirebuli foladi2+2<br />

cxlad glinuri naxSirbadmcire foladi 1,75+1,75<br />

207

uJangavi da xurvalmtkice foladebi da Senadnobebi1,5+1,5<br />

TiTberi da kaJiani brinjao 1,2+1,2<br />

aluminis Senadnobebi 1,5+1,5<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis dros udidesi<br />

gavrceleba hpova SeerTebis orma tipma: mogobviTa da<br />

pirgadadebiT SeerTebam. pirvelis magaliTs warmoadgens<br />

benzinis avzi. am SeerTebis upiratesobebia: SeduRebis<br />

dros nakeTobis moTavseba SeduRebis manqanis konturis<br />

gareT da gadajvaredinebuli nakerebis arseboba. amiT<br />

uzrunvelyofilia SeduRebis pirobebis mudmivoba<br />

SeerTebis mTel perimetrze da, rogorc Sedegi, nakeris<br />

erTgvarovani xarisxi mis mTel sigrZeze. am tipis<br />

konstruqciis ZiriTadi naklia avzis detalebis Rrma<br />

gamoWimviT datvifris aucilebloba, rac moiTxovs<br />

mZlavri wnexebis gamoyenebas da anazRaurebulia mxolod<br />

masiur warmoebaSi.<br />

mogobvis sigane ar unda iyos 12 mm-ze naklebi<br />

foladis 1 mm sisqis SemTxvevaSi, 16 mm, roca δ=1,5 mm da<br />

18 mm, roca δ=2 mm. mogobvis ufro mcire siganis<br />

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia gaxurebuli liTonis ganze<br />

gamoWyleta, rasac Tan sdevs detalebis adgilobrivi<br />

gaTxeleba da SeerTebis simtkicis dacema. detalebis<br />

normaluri jamuri sisqe SeduRebis adgilas 2δ-s<br />

uaxlovdeba.<br />

mrewvelobaSi udidesi gavrceleba hpova<br />

pirgadadebiT SeerTebam. pirgadadebis minimaluri sigane<br />

iseve, rogorc mogobviT SeerTebisas, 12_18 mm farglebSia.<br />

amasTan, nakeTobis sisqe SeduRebis adgilSi agreTve 2δ-s<br />

uaxlovdeba. zogierT SemTxvevebSi sasurvelia SeduRebis<br />

Semdeg nakeTobis gluvi zedapiris miReba uSverilebod,<br />

208

isTvisac saWiroa ganieri gorgolaWiT viwro<br />

pirgadadebaze muSaoba.<br />

es xerxebi ar iZleva SeerTebis simkvrivis<br />

garantias. SeerTeba viwro pirgadadebiT iwvevs<br />

gorgolaWebis mniSvnelovan cveTas. Suasadebisa da<br />

misarTi<br />

process.<br />

mavTulis gamoyeneba arTulebs da aZvirebs<br />

gorgolaWovan SeduRebas xSirad iyeneben<br />

cilindrul nakeTobaTa (kasrebi, bidonebi da a. S.)<br />

damzadebisas. am dros yvelaze arasaimedoa grZivi da<br />

rgolovani nakerebis gadakveTis adgili, sadac SeiZleba<br />

RriWos warmoqmna, Tu ar iqna detalebi SeduRebis win<br />

specialurad momzadebuli.<br />

8.8.2. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis<br />

teqnologiuri sqemebi<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis Tbogamyofis procesi<br />

Taviseburia da iseve gansxvavdeba calke erTi wertilis<br />

SeduRebis Tburi suraTisagan, rogorc gansxvavdeba<br />

liTonis moZravi rkaliT gaxureba uZravi rkaliT<br />

gaxurebisagan.<br />

rac Seexeba SenaduRi nakeris aRnagobasa da<br />

nakeriT denis Suntirebis xasiaTs, is SeiZleba<br />

ganxiluli iqnas rogorc wertilovani bijuri SeduReba<br />

axlosmdebare wertilTa SemTxvevisaTvis. arCeven<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis procesis sxvadasxva<br />

teqnologiur sqemebs (nax. 8.24).<br />

209

nax. 8.24. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis<br />

konstruqciaTa saxeebi.<br />

praqtikaSi SedarebiT farTo gamoyeneba hpova<br />

wyvetili nakeriT SeduRebis sqemam, roca gorgolaWi<br />

brunavs uwyvetad mudmivi siCqariT, xolo deni CairTveba<br />

wyvetilad t1-droiT (nax. 8.24) t2 SesvenebiT. denis<br />

SesvenebaTa regulirebis mixedviT calkeul<br />

SemTxvevebSi bijuri nakeris (marjvena sqema nax. 8.24-ze)<br />

misaRebad wertilovan manqanaTa nacvlad gamoiyeneben<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis manqanebs. denis CarTvis drois<br />

210

fardobas sruli ciklis drosTan ewodeba CarTvis<br />

xangrZlivoba: Cx= t1 / t1+ t2.<br />

tS anu „Cx“= (8.8)<br />

tS+ tp es koeficienti sxvadasxvaa SesaduRi liTonisagan<br />

damokidebulebiT, kerZod: saSualonaxSirbadiani<br />

foladebisaTvis aiReba 0,5÷0,7; uJangavi foladisaTvis<br />

0,4÷0,6; aluminis SenadnobTaTvis 0,15÷0,35.<br />

amasTanave, rac ufro xistia SeduRebis reJimi, miT<br />

ufro naklebi gamodis CarTvis xangrZlivoba.<br />

SeduRebis reJimisa da CarTvis xangrZlivobis<br />

SerCeva araa damokidebuli SesaduR detalebTan denis<br />

miyvanis xerxze. SeduRebis denis komutaciis normalur<br />

sqemad iTvleba grZivi (nax. 8.24, zeda marcxena) da ganivi<br />

(zeda marjvena) nakerebi.<br />

igive naxazze, qveviT warmodgenilia sxvadasxva<br />

konstruqciis gorgolaWovani SeduRebis tipiuri<br />

teqnologiuri sqemebi. maT Soris yvelaze metadaa<br />

gavrcelebuli Tavgadadebuli, Semdeg ki gorgolaWovanpirapira.<br />

gansakuTrebiT lentisagan milis damzadebisas.<br />

bolo periodSi warmatebiT sruldeba nakerulreliefuri<br />

SeduReba kievis e. patonis saxelobis<br />

eleqtroSeduRebis institutis sqemis mixedviT.<br />

ai, es ganxiluli ramodenime magaliTi iZleva<br />

warmodgenas kontaqturi nakeruli SeduRebis<br />

SesaZleblobebze<br />

dasamzadeblad.<br />

mtkice da mkvriv nakeTobaTa<br />

211

8.8.3. SeduRebis teqnologiuri Taviseburebani<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

Taviseburebani SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes.<br />

detalebi SeduRebis win ganicdian ormxriv saerTo<br />

an adgilobriv, daaxloebiT 20 mm siganeze gasufTavebas.<br />

gasufTavebis xerxi damokidebulia SeduRebadi masalis<br />

saxeobaze.<br />

gasufTavebuli detalebis awyoba warmoebs<br />

samarjvebSi Waxrakebis saSualebiT, xolo Semdeg yovel<br />

75_150 mm-ze wertilebiT miekvrebian. rac ufro sqeli da<br />

xistia SeduRebadi detalebi, miT iSviaTad SeiZleba<br />

ganlagdes mikvris wertilebi. detalebis mikvra iwyeba<br />

SeerTebis adgilidan da warimarTeba boloebisaken.<br />

mikvris dros nawiburebis gaxurebis gamo SeiZleba<br />

moxdes maTi gamrudeba (nax. 8.25.1), amitom mikvris<br />

procesSi saWiroa Tvalyuri adevnon SesaerTebeli<br />

nawiburebis urTierTganlagebis siswores. mikvris<br />

adgilebs ganalageben gorgolaWovani SeduRebis nakeris<br />

RerZis gaswvriv. saWiroa moveridoT mikvris dros<br />

zedapirze Rrma CaTelvis warmoqmnas, radgan aseTma<br />

CaTelvam SeiZleba daarRvios gorgolaWovani SeduRebis<br />

Semdgomi normaluri svla (amas iTvaliswineben<br />

wertilovani mikvris reJimis SerCevis dros).<br />

RriWoebi detalebs Soris, magaliTad, fskersa da<br />

cilindrul rkals Soris, SeZlebisamebr Tanabrad unda<br />

iyos ganawilebuli. SeerTebis perimetrze mikvris Semdeg<br />

awyobis xarisxi yuradRebiT unda gakontroldes. Tu am<br />

dros aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani RriWoebi, saWiroa maTi<br />

mocileba gasworebis saSualebiT.<br />

212

1 2 3<br />

nax. 8.25. deformacia gorgolaWovani SeduRebisas.<br />

SesaZlo gawvis Tavidan asacileblad<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebis win mikvris adgilebze xenjs<br />

asufTaveben zumfaris qaRaldiT an foladis jagrisiT.<br />

amavdroulad maTi gadakveTis adgilebSi gaiqlibeba<br />

„iribad“ (ix. nax. 8.25.2), Tuki gamoyenebulia nawiburebis<br />

damuSavebis es xerxi.<br />

mokle nakerebis gorgolaWovan SeduRebas<br />

awarmoeben erTi bolodan meorisaken, grZeli nakerebis<br />

SeduRebas ki _ Suidan boloebisaken. gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduReba, rogorc wesi, iwvevs SeduRebis SesamCnev<br />

deformaciebs, romlis damaxasiaTebeli magaliTebi 2, 3<br />

naxazzea naCvenebi. 8.25. naxazze sqematurad naCvenebia<br />

detalis diametris Semcireba rgoluri nakeris adgilas.<br />

me-3 naxazze _ cilindruli rkalis Semqmnelis gamrudeba<br />

sigrZivi nakeris SeduRebis Semdeg. mniSvnelovani<br />

deformaciebis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia CaquCiT<br />

gasworeba mrgval budeSi an filaze deformirebuli<br />

kvanZis zomebisa da formis mixedviT.<br />

213

9. xarisxis dominant faqtorTa SesaZlo marTva<br />

SeniSvna: winaRobiT SeduRebis calkeuli saxeTa<br />

problemebi, kerZod, SeduRebis zonaze Tu Txevad<br />

birTvze calkeul faqtorTa gavlenis ganxilvis<br />

magaliTad SeiZleba zogadad gamodges wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis procesi. amitom Semdgom, Cveni yuradReba<br />

miqceuli iqneba ZiriTadad wertilovan SeduRebaze.<br />

9.1. xarisxisadmi wardgenili ZiriTadi moTxovnebi<br />

rogorc avRniSneT SeduRebis xarisxi umTavresad<br />

ganisazRvreba SenaduRi wertilis adgilmdebareobiT da<br />

zomebiT. misdami wardgenili moTxovnebi Camoyalibebulia<br />

nax. 9.1-is ganxilviT.<br />

>δmin/3<br />

h<br />

h1<br />

h2<br />

P<br />

d α<br />

d<br />

v<br />

ρ1<br />

ρ2<br />

214<br />

δ1<br />

δ2<br />

Tel<br />

d=(0,9÷ 1,4)del<br />

d=5 el δmin<br />

h=h 1+h2 h 1=h 2=0,4+0,7δmin nax. 9.1. SenaduRi nakerisadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnebi:<br />

δ1, δ2 _ SesaduR nawilTa sisqeebi; del_ eleqtrodis muSa<br />

zedapiris diametri;P P - SeduRebis zonis dawnevis Zala; V _<br />

zeda eleqtrodis gadaadgileba; ρ1, ρ2 _ SesaduR nawilTa kuTri<br />

eleqtrowinaRobebi; d _ SenaduRi wertilis Txevadi birTvis<br />

diametri; h _ SenaduRi wertilis simaRle; h1, h2 _ SenaduRi<br />

wertilis Cadnobis siRrmeebi.

9.2. praqtikuli problemebi<br />

nakerisadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnebi advilad<br />

dakmayofilebadia, roca xdeba erTnairi eleqtrodebiT<br />

eTgvarovani masalisa da Tanabari sisqis nawilTa<br />

cvladi denis manqaniT SeduReba. Tu am pirobaTagan erTerTi<br />

icvleba (nax. 9.2.) irRveva SenaduRi wertilis<br />

Cadnobis mniSvnelobaTa toloba (h1≠h2), Sesabamisad<br />

Txevadi birTvis Camoyalibeba asimetriulad daiZvris Z<br />

manZiliT (nax. 9.2.6.) SesaduR nimuSTa sakontaqto<br />

sibrtyis mimarT da nakeris xarisxi xdeba<br />

aradamakmayofilebeli misi ganikveTis farTis (s)<br />

Semcirebisas da nimuSis zedapiris erT-erTi polarobis<br />

(pliusniSniani) eleqtrodTan mikvrisa an SeduRebis gamo.<br />

nax. 9.2. praqtikuli broblemebi<br />

1 _ eleqtrodTa diametrebi sxvadasxvaa; 2 _ SesaduR nimuSTa<br />

masala araerTgvarovania; 3.4. _ monopolaruli denis wyaro; 3 _<br />

215

SesaduR nimuSTa masala erTgvarovania da eleqtrodTa masala<br />

erTgvarovani, 4 _ SesaduR nimuSTa da eleqtrodTa masala<br />

erTgvarovania, 5. Tanabari sisqis nimuSebi; 6.7. _ araTanabari<br />

sisqis SesaduRi nimuSebi; d _ Txevadi birTvis diametri; 2r _<br />

SenaduRi nakeris diametri; z _ Txevadi birTvis daZvra<br />

sakontaqto sibrtyidan, S _ SenaduRi nakeris ganivkveTis farTi.<br />

9.3. SeduRebis procesis ciklograma<br />

Tanamedrove klasikuri midgomidan gamomdinare<br />

SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rom teqnologia esaa masalisa da<br />

energiis urTierTqmedeba garkveul garemoSi saWiro<br />

produqtis misaRebad. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduReba aris masalaTa dauSleli<br />

SeerTebis teqnologiuri procesi meqanikuri energiisa da<br />

joulis siTbos kombinaciis xarjze. teqnologiur<br />

cvladTa mravalgvarovanebiT wertilovani SeduReba<br />

warmoadgens SeduRebis erT-erT yvelaze rTul process,<br />

rogorc zogadad ganvixileT, misi ciklograma (nax. 9.3.)<br />

Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi stadiisagan:<br />

I_winaswari dawneva (dawneva udenod), romelmac unda<br />

uzrunvelyos eleqtrodTaSorisi zonis gardamaval<br />

kontaqtTa (rogorc "cxeli" aseve "civi") winaRobis<br />

stabiluroba. pirobiTad "cxeli" ewodeba SeduRebad<br />

kontaqts, sadac temperatura aRemateba dnobis<br />

mniSvnelobas;<br />

pirobiTad "civi" ewodeba saeleqtrodo kontaqtebs,<br />

sadac temperatura naklebi unda iyos masalis<br />

darbilebis sidideze.<br />

I_stadiis dros dawnevis gamo xdeba sakontaqto<br />

zedapirze calkeul gamonaSverTa moxsna maTi<br />

216

TandaTanobiT rRvevis Sedegad, gamoidevneba zedapiruli<br />

Jangeulobani, Sesabamisad izrdeba kontaqtis fizikuri<br />

Sexebis farTi da mcirdeba kontaqturi winaRoba Rc (nax.<br />

9.4.). yovelive amas adgili aqvs dawnevis Zalis zrdisas<br />

garkveul zRvramde _ Pcr, romelsac dawnevis kritikuli<br />

mniSvneloba ewodeba, miuxedavad zemoTaRniSnulisa, I_<br />

stadiis bolosaTvis SesaduR nawilTa fizikuri Sexeba<br />

xdeba eleqtrodTaSorisi zonis mxolod calkeul<br />

ubnebze.<br />

II_ stadiis dasawyisSi denis gavla ZiriTadad iwyeba<br />

mxolod calkeuli Sexebis ubnebSi, izrdeba maTSi denis<br />

simkvrive, eleqtrowinaRoba da maTi temperatura<br />

myisierad aRwevs dnobis sidides, Semdgom ki dawnevis<br />

Zalisa da denis Tburi kombinirebuli moqmedebiT<br />

warmoebs dengamtar mikroubanTa moTelva, SexebaSi<br />

modian sxva gamonaSverebi _ ubnebi, xdeba maTSi denis<br />

gadanawileba, isinic moiTelebian da dens saSualeba<br />

eZleva gadanawildes mTel sakontaqto sibrtyeSi da<br />

amrigad, II stadiis bolosaTvis mTavrdeba nakeris Txevad<br />

mdgomareobaSi Camoyalibebis procesi.<br />

III _ stadia iwyeba liTonis gacivebiT, romelsac<br />

dawnevis gareSe SeiZleba daerTos Semdegi uaryofiTi<br />

movlenebi: 1. liTonis Cajdoma, 2. niJarebis warmoqmna, 3.<br />

bzarebi, 4. SenaduRi nakeris plastikurobis Semcireba<br />

ZiriTad liTonTan SedarebiT da a.S. am movlenaTa<br />

Tavidan asacileblad II stadiisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />

dawnevis moqmedebis calkeuli programirebuli meTodebi,<br />

rac SesamCnevad zrdis nakeris liTonis fiziko-meqanikur<br />

Tvisebebs.<br />

217

0<br />

P1I I II III<br />

218<br />

I (t)<br />

P (t)<br />

nax. 9.3. procesis ciklograma:<br />

P _ dawnevis Zala; I _ denis moqmedi mniSvneloba;<br />

t _ denis moqmedebis dro.<br />

Rc<br />

α=0,65→0,85 P cr P<br />

a b<br />

t<br />

Rc=<br />

P<br />

r 1=0,003→0,006 α<br />

α<br />

nax. 9.4. gardamaval (kontaqtis) winaRobasa<br />

da dawnevis Zalas Soris damokidebulebani:<br />

a. grafikuli, b. anlizuri.<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebisadmi miZRvnili<br />

literaturis umetesoba gankuTvnilia teqnologebisaTvis.<br />

rac Seexeba danadgarebs, maT Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />

literaturuli wyaroebi garda gamonaklisi avtorebisa:<br />

b.patoni, v.lebedevi, l.glebovi, n.peskariovi, z.riskova,<br />

ZiriTadad atareben aRweriT xasiaTs da mxolod

nawilobriv akmayofileben am dargSi momuSave<br />

specialistTa moTxovnebs.<br />

zemoTaRniSnuli migviTiTebs imaze, rom<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebis racionaluri teqnologiis<br />

ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia mniSvnelovani<br />

yuradReba mieqces saWiro danadgarebs, upirveles<br />

yovlisa kvebis wyarosa da marTvis sistemebs.<br />

9.4. SeduRebis densa da temperaturas<br />

Soris damokidebuleba<br />

masalaTa eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebisaTvis<br />

SesaZlebelia xmarebul iqnas rogorc cvladi denis,<br />

aseve monopolaruli impulsis (mudmivi denis,<br />

kondensatoruli da a.S.) danadgarebi (nax. 9.5.).<br />

1. cvladi denis manqaniT SeduRebisas fazuri<br />

regulirebis pirobebis gamo iS_isa ganicdis wyvetad<br />

pulsacias (nax. 9.5.1), rasac Seesabameba gamoyofili<br />

siTbos xasiaTic. SeduRebis zonaSi temperatura _ T<br />

Tavis maqsimalur mniSvnelobas aRwevs denis pirveli<br />

naxevarperiodis ganmavlobaSi, yalibdeba Txevadi zona,<br />

xolo denis naxevarperiodTa amplitudebs Soris<br />

mcirdeba. SeduRebis denis Semdgomi moqmedebis dros<br />

Txevadi zonis sidide praqtikulad ar izrdeba. es<br />

aixsneba imiT, rom Txevadi zonis Camoyalibebis procesSi<br />

izrdeba kontaqti eleqtrodi_Txeli nimuSi, mcirdeba<br />

eleqtrodTaSorisi zonis eleqtrowinaRoba, rac<br />

arsebiTad amcirebs Tbogamoyofis intensiurobas.<br />

gadnobis zonis sididis zrda miiRweva SeduRebis denis<br />

gazrdiT, magram denis zrdis frontis simkveTris gazrda<br />

219

(tfr < 0,005 wm) iwvevs liTonis gamonaSxefTa warmoqmnas<br />

Txeli nimuSis zedapirze.<br />

gamonaSxefTa ugulebelsayofad SeiZleba Semcirdes<br />

cvladi denis pirveli impulsis amplituda modulaciis<br />

gamoyenebiT. es ki iwvevs denis moqmedebis SesvenebaTa<br />

zrdas, Sesabamisad SeduRebis zonaSi Tbogamoyofis<br />

intensiurobis Semcirebas da denis pirveli<br />

naxevarperiodis Semdeg mkveTrad mcirdeba temperatura.<br />

yovelive aRniSnulis Sedegad mcirdeba gadnobis<br />

zonis sidide da Txeli nimuSis Cadnobis siRrme, rac<br />

mkveTrad auaresebs nakeris xarisxs.<br />

220<br />

nax 9.5. SeduRebis denisa iS da<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis zonaSi<br />

temperaturis cvalebadobis<br />

xasiaTi _ T0 Semdegi SemTxvevebisaTvis:<br />

(foladi fol. X18H9T, δ1 = 0,5<br />

mm; tS = 0,04 wm);<br />

1. cvladi denis manqana;<br />

2. mudmivi denis manqana;<br />

3. kondensatoruli manqana.<br />

zemoTqmulidan gamomdnare,<br />

araTanabari sisqis namzadTa<br />

SeduRebisas, roca δmin ≤ 0,5<br />

mm, cvladi denis manqanaTa<br />

gamoyeneba iwvevs arsebiT<br />

siZneleebs SeduRebis<br />

xarisxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

2. mudmivi denisa da dabali sixSiris manqanebs

axasiaTebs SeduRebis denis uwyveti zrda (nax.9. 5.2.). es<br />

qmnis "cxel" kontaqtSi siTbos intensiuri gamoyofis<br />

pirobebs da saWiro sididis Txevadi zonis warmoqmnas,<br />

magram maTi gamoyenebis diapazoni SezRudulia.<br />

3. kondensatoruli manqanebi (nax. 9.5.3.) xasiaTdeba<br />

SedarebiT xisti reJimebiT, amitom gamonaSxefTa<br />

ugulebelyofa moiTxovs gazrdili dawnevis Zalis<br />

gamoyenebas. maT upiratesobas warmoadgens denis sakmaod<br />

mdored regulirebis SesaZlebloba, reJimis Serbileba<br />

kondensatorTa tevadobis gazrdiT.<br />

yvela danarCeni tipis manqanebiT SesaZlebelia<br />

SeduRebis denis mxolod safexurebrivi (0,02 wm-is<br />

SualediT) gazrda, rac araTanabari sisqis namzadTa<br />

SeduRebis rigi SemTxvevebisaTvis iTvleba Zalian uxeS<br />

regulirebad.<br />

rac Seexeba kondensatoruli tipis manqanebs,<br />

n.kaganovis sakmaod Tanmimdevruli damajereblobiT<br />

ayalibebs procesis specifikurobebs roca gadmogvcems,<br />

rom maTTvis SesaduRi nimuSebis sisqeTa diapazoni<br />

calkeuli SemTxvevisaTvis sakmaod didia _ 50 mk-dan<br />

ramodenime mm-mde, xolo sisqeTa fardoba ganisazRvreba:<br />

Txeli namzadis 0,1_0,5 mm da sqeli _ 10-20 mm sisqisa da<br />

meti. SeiZleba SeduRdes nebismieri liTonuri masalebi,<br />

rogorc erTgvarovnebi, aseve araerTgvarovnebic.<br />

amasTanave SeerTebis formisa da tipis raodenoba<br />

aseulobiT aRiricxeba.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom araTanabar sisqeTa<br />

SeduRebisaTvis Txeli namzadi unda gadnes araumetes<br />

Tavisi sisqis erTi mesamedi, ori mesamedisa. yovelive es<br />

qmnis kondensatoruli SeduRebis procesis Semdeg<br />

221

specifikurobebs:<br />

SeduRebis maRali xarisxis misaRebad saWiroa<br />

wertilis birTvis temperatura aRwevdes dnobis<br />

mniSvnelobas, xolo birTvis mimdebare zonis<br />

temperatura iyos mniSvnelovnad dabali, raTa<br />

ugulebelyofili iqnas daJangvis procesi;<br />

SesaduR nimuSTa zomebisa da denis moqmedebis drois<br />

simcire miTxovs yoveli wertilisaTvis saWiro energiis<br />

mcire dozebs, rac zrdis energiis dozatorisadmi<br />

moTxovnebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi energiis umniSvnelo<br />

cvlileba arRvevvs SeduRebis xarisxis stabilurobas.<br />

sisqeTa simciris gamo mcirdeba manZili eleqtrodis<br />

muSa zedapirsa da "cxel" kontaqts Soris, riTac<br />

Zlierdeba eleqtrodSi Tboacilebis gavlena Txevadi<br />

birTvis Tbur balansze. dawnevis Zalis gazrdisas ki<br />

Tboacilebis intensiuroba imdenad didia, rom SeduRebis<br />

kontaqtSi Tburi wonasworoba myardeba SeduRebis<br />

temperaturaze dabali mniSvnelobisaTvis da adgili aqvs<br />

SeuduReblobas;<br />

eleqtrodis muSa zedapiris miaxloeba wertilis<br />

birTvTan xels uwyobs Txevadi birTvis irgvliv<br />

garsacmis sisqis Semcirebas. SedarebiT mniSvnelovani<br />

dawnevs Zalis pirobebSi xdeba aRniSnuli garsacmis<br />

nawilobrivi rRvevva da Txevadi liToni modis<br />

eleqtrodTan SexebaSi eleqtrodi miekvreba nimuSis<br />

zedapirs. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa dawnevis mcire<br />

Zalebis gamoyeneba _ kilogramebi, xandaxan gramebic da<br />

misi mdored regulireba;<br />

dawnevis mcire ZalebiT sargebloba denis moqmedebis<br />

drois simciris (0,01 _ 0,02 wm) SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad<br />

222

izrdeba "cxeli" kontaqtis gavlena SeduRebis zonis<br />

Tbur balansze, amitom dawnevis Zalis odnavi gadaxra<br />

saWiro normidan mkacrad cvlis nimuSTa SigniT<br />

temperaturul vels da Sesabamisad, SeduRebis xarisxsac.<br />

es moiTxovs dawnevis Zalis maRal stabilurobas.<br />

garda ganxiluli specifikurobebisa, n.kaganovi<br />

sxvebze adre miuTiTebs denis impulsis zrdis frontis<br />

xasiaTis gadamwyvet gavlenas SeduRebis Sedegebze da<br />

gvTavazobs denis impulis pirveli naxevartalRis saWiro<br />

geometriis gansazRvris saangariSo-eqsperimentalur<br />

meTods. es saSualebas iZleva SeduRebis reJimTa<br />

SerCevisas<br />

moculoba.<br />

Semcirdes eqsperimentul samuSaoTa<br />

zemoTCamoTvlilidan gamomdimare p.CuliSnikovi<br />

saWirod Tvlis, rom SeduRebis optimalur reJimTa<br />

SerCeva, realizacia da maTi stabilurobis SenarCuneba<br />

ganisazRvros gamoyenebul manqanaTa srulyofis gzebiT,<br />

upirvelesad yovlisa ki danadgarTa eleqtroenergiis<br />

dozirebiTa da wnevis Zalis meqanizmTa srulyofiT.<br />

am or avtorTa Sromebis ganxilvisas naTelia maTi<br />

radikalurad gansxvavebuli midgoma dawnevis Zalis<br />

mniSvnelobaTa Serevisadmi. savsebiT misaRebia n.<br />

kaganovis mier SemoTavazebuli SeduRebis procesis<br />

Taviseburebani da misi xarisxisa da stabilurobis<br />

gasaumjobeseblad danadgarTa srulyofa, ara marto<br />

aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT SeduRebis arsebuli<br />

meTodebisaTvis eleqtroenergiisa da dawnevis Zalis<br />

meqanizmTa srulyofiT, aramed agreTve aucilebelia maTi<br />

Semdgomi kvlevis safuZvelze araTanabari sisqis<br />

masalaTa axali, SeduRebis srulyofili xerxebis Zieba.<br />

223

ganxilul samuSaoTa analizi adasturebs moTxovnas<br />

eleqtrodTaSoris zonaSi mimdinare rTul<br />

Termoeleqtrul da Termul procesTa konkretuli<br />

analizis bazaze Catardes sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebis procesis madominirebel<br />

faqtorTa gamokvleva.<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis xarisxisadmi wardgenili<br />

moTxovnebidan gamomdinare dadgenilia pirdapiri<br />

damokidebuleba SenaduRi nakeris simtkicesa da misi<br />

ganivkveTis farTs S-s Soris (9.2.5.6.7.). am TvalsazrisiT<br />

nakeris xarisxis ganmsazRvrel mTavar kriteriumad<br />

SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas SenaduRi wertilis mdebareoba<br />

eleqtrodTa Soris sivrceSi. kerZod, wertilis<br />

mdebareoba optimalurad iTvleba maSin (nax. 9.1.), roca<br />

misi horizontaluri RerZi mdebareobs SesaduR nawilTa<br />

sakontaqto sibrtyeSi, anu Txevadi birTvis Cadnobis<br />

sidideebi (h1, h2) SesaduR nimuSebSi Tanabaria, amasTanave,<br />

sasurvelia, rom TviT wertilis forma iyos<br />

simetriulad Camoyalibebuli misi RerZebis mimarT.<br />

SeduRebis praqtikaSi gvxvdeba uamravi SemTxveva,<br />

romelic iwvevs SenaduRi nakerisadmi wayenebuli<br />

ZiriTadi moTxovnebidan mniSvnelovan gadaxrebs. maTgan<br />

dReisaTvis naklebad Seswavlilia iseTi madominirebuli<br />

faqtorebi, rogorcaa:<br />

1. SeduRebis denis gvaroba da<br />

2. SesaduRi detalebis sisqeTa sxvaoba.<br />

arsebul problemaTa gadawyveta SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT (kontaqturi) SeduRebis zonaSi<br />

mimdinare eleqtro-Termo-meqanikuri procesebis<br />

TaviseburebaTa gamokvleviTa da SeduRebis arsebul<br />

224

xerxTa srulyofis gzebiT (a.sulamaniZe).<br />

kerZod dadgenili iqna, rom Txevadi birTvis<br />

Camoyalibebis adgilis ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelovan<br />

faqtorad unda CaiTvalos:<br />

1. SeduRebis denis gvaroba, konkretulad ki<br />

monopolaruli denis mimarTuleba eleqtrodTaSorisi<br />

zonis cakleul, cxel da civ kontaqtebSi<br />

2. SesaduRi detalebis sisqeTa sxvaoba, anu maTi<br />

fardobis mniSvnelobaTa diapazonebi.<br />

9.5. moZRvrebani Termoeleqtrobis Sesaxeb<br />

(T.e. maxasiaTeblebi)<br />

ori sxvadsxvagvarovani gamtaris Sexebisas<br />

potencialTa kontaqturi sxvaobis aRZvra aRmoCenili<br />

iqna voltas mier XVII saulunis bolos. am movlenam<br />

miipyro fizikosTa farTo yuradReba sxvadasxvagvari<br />

masalaTa wredebSi mimdinare procesTa Seswavlisas. am<br />

dargSi erT-erT fundamentalur Sromad, romelmac<br />

safuZveli Cauyara Termoeleqtrul gamokvlevebs,<br />

iTvleba germaneli mecnieris, zeebekis statia<br />

"temperaturaTa sxvaobis pirobebSi aRZruli zogierTi<br />

masalisa da sabados magnituri polarizaciis sakiTxi",<br />

gamoqveynebuli prusiis mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />

moxsenebebSi 1822w. zeebekis mier Catarebul eqsperimentTa<br />

procesSi SemCneuli movlenis arsi, romelsac Semdgom<br />

ewoda "zeebekis efeqti", mdgomareobs SemdegSi: aiReboda<br />

ori sxvadasxvagvari liTonisagan Tavisufali boloebiT<br />

SekavSirebuli wredi ise, rom boloebs gaaCndaT<br />

225

gansxvavebuli temperaturebi. wredis Sekvrisas masTan<br />

axlos mdebare magnituri isari iseve gadaixreboda,<br />

rogorc magnituri masalis miaxloebiT. amasTanave, isris<br />

mobrunebis kuTxe damokidebuli iyo gamosakvlevi wredis<br />

SekavSirebul boloebze temperaturaTa sxvaobisagan.<br />

wredis gawyvetisas ki isari ubrundeboda sawyis<br />

mdebareobas. zeebekma am movlenas uwoda<br />

"Termomagnitizmi" da ar xsnida mas wredSi aRZruli<br />

eleqtruli deniT da piriqiT, rigi wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

aqtiurad ebrZoda im mecnierebs, romlebic aRmoCenili<br />

movlenis Sesaxeb gamoTqvamdnen swor hipoTezebs.<br />

magaliTad, erstedma jer kidev 1821 wels zeebekis<br />

pirveli cdebis msvlelobisas urCia avtors aRniSnuli<br />

efeqtisaTvis ewodebina "Termoeleqtruli movlena"<br />

zeebeki mainc gulmodgined ganagrZobda Tavis<br />

eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebs da Seadgina liTonTa e.w.<br />

zeebekis rigi (mwkrivi).<br />

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom liTonTa wyvilis<br />

magnitur isarze gavlenis damaxasiaTebeli xarisxis<br />

kriteriumad zeebekma airCia sidideebi α,σ (sadac α<br />

_T.e.m.Z.-is koeficientia, xolo σ _ kuTri<br />

eleqtrogamtarebloba), anu iseTi parametri, romelic<br />

Zalian axlosaa Tanamedrove Termoeleqtrul masalaTa<br />

xarisxis maxasiaTebel sididesTan. amitomacaa, rom ufro<br />

mogvianebiT Sedgenili masalaTa Termoeleqtruli rigebi<br />

(iusti _ 1948 w, meisneri _ 1955 w.) Zalian axlos aris<br />

zeebekis rigTan.<br />

1834 w. zeebekis aRmoCenidan 12 wlis Semdeg<br />

Sveicarielma mesaaTem da didma moyvarulma<br />

eqsperimentatorma Sarl anri peltiem frangul JurnalSi<br />

226

,,qimia da fizika, matiane" gamoaqveyna statia<br />

,,sxvadsxvagvar gamtarTa wredSi mudmivi eleqtruli<br />

denis gatarebisas SeerTebis axlos temperaturul<br />

efeqtTa Sesaxeb".<br />

peltiem, iseve rogorc zeebekma Tavisi cdebis<br />

Sedegebi arasworad axsna. is Seecada daemtkicebina<br />

axladaRmoCenili joulis kanonis miuRebloba eleqtrul<br />

wredebSi susti denis gatarebis SemTxvevisaTvis.<br />

marTlac, garegnulad ise Canda, rom joulis kanoni,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki sxvadasxvagvar gamtarTa SeerTebis<br />

adgilas, ar sruldeboda. erTi SemTxvevisaTvis<br />

gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba aRemateboda joulis<br />

angariSiT miRebuls, meore SemTxvevaSi ki naklebi iyo.<br />

dadginda, rom aseTi gadaxrebi gamowveuli iyo<br />

eleqtruli wredis masalaTa individualuri<br />

Tvisebebisagan. peltiem SeamCnia denis mimarTulebis<br />

mkacri gavlena efeqtze: polarobis Secvlisas wredis<br />

SenaerTi boloebi TiTqosda adgils icvlidnen Tburi<br />

damokidebulebis mixedviT. rigi wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

pelties movlenis bunebis mimarT mecnierTa wreSi ar<br />

arsebobda saerTo azri.<br />

1838 w. akademikosma lencma Caatara originaluri<br />

eqsperimenti. man aiRo masalaTa Termoeleqtrul mwkrivSi<br />

sakaod daSorebuli nivTierebani _ bismuti da kala.<br />

maTgan Sekra wredi da Sepirapirebis siRrmeSi gaakeTa<br />

sferoseburi mcire sicariele, romelSic moaTavsa wylis<br />

wveTi, Semdgom wredSi gaatara ramodenime aTeuli amperi<br />

sididis mudmivi deni jer erTi, Semdeg ki meore<br />

mimarTulebiT. Sepirapirebis adgilis gaxsnisas denis<br />

erTi mimarTulebiT gavlis Semdeg iq arsebuli wylis<br />

227

wveTi aRmoCnda gayinuli, xolo denis meore<br />

mimarTulebiT gavlisas ki _ aorTqlebuli. am cdebis<br />

Sedegad ra Tqma unda, arsebuli wredisaTvis joulis<br />

kanonis Seusabamoba cxadi iyo. lencma gaigo, rom am<br />

SemTxvevaTaTvis adgili aqvs axali efeqtis moqmedebas,<br />

rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom arsebul sxvadasxvagvar<br />

masalaTa eleqtrul kontaqtSi denis mimarTulebis<br />

mixedviT adgili aqvs joulis siTbosTan SefardebiT<br />

gansxvavebul siTbos damatebas an gamoklebas. amasTanave,<br />

axali siTbo SeiZleba joulisazec meti iyos.<br />

ufro mogvianebiT, 1847 wels bekerelma aCvena rom<br />

damatebiTi siTbos raodenoba izrdeba orive gamtaris<br />

zeebekis Termoeleqtruli mwkrivis sxvadasxva<br />

boloebTan miaxloebisas.<br />

male damtkicebul iqna pelties siTbos raodenobis<br />

denis pirveli xarisxis proporciuloba (da ara denis<br />

meore xarisxisa, rogorc joulis siTbosaTvis).<br />

zeebekisa da pelties movlenaTa SedarebiT Cans, rom<br />

isini erTmaneTis antipodebi arian: pirvel SemTxvevaSi<br />

Sekrul wredSi temperaturaTa sxvaoba iwvevs mudmivi<br />

eleqtruli denis aRgznebas, xolo meoreSi ki mudmivi<br />

denis gatareba aRagznebs SeerTebaTa Soris<br />

temperaturaTa sxvaobas. am or efeqtTan mWidro<br />

kavSirSia Termodinamikuri fardobidan gamoyvanili da<br />

Semdgom, 1856 wels tomsonis mier aRmoCenili mesame<br />

Termoeleqtruli movlena _ tomsonis efeqti.<br />

tomsonis efeqtis arsi Semdegia: Tu sadenSi gvaqvs<br />

temperaturaTa gradienti, es mis moculobaSi aRZravs<br />

agreTve potencialTa gradients, romlis mimarTuleba<br />

damokidebulia gamosakvlevi gamtaris mdebareobaze<br />

228

zeebekis Termoeleqtrul rigSi. fizikuri gagebiT<br />

tomsonis efeqti es igivea, rac pelties Siga efeqti,<br />

romelic aRiZvreba T.e.m.Z.-is gansxvavebul<br />

koeficientebian ubanTa sazRvrebze.<br />

zeebekis aRmoCenidan asi wlis Semdeg, 1921 w.<br />

benediqsma gaakeTa moxseneba mis mier ori axali<br />

Termoeleqtruli efeqtis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb. is maT<br />

xsnida ara sadenis boloebze arsebul temperaturaTa<br />

sxvaobiT, aramed temperaturuli gradientis sididiT.<br />

aRniSnulis Semowmebam sxva mkvlevarTa mier ar<br />

daadastura benediqsis efeqtis arseboba. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom benediqsis efeqti Tu arsebobs, is umniSvnelod<br />

mcirea tomsonis efeqtTan SedarebiT.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom samive aRniSnuli efeqti ZalaSia<br />

yoveli Termoeleqtruli procesis msvlelobisas,<br />

amasTanave SeuZlebelia maTi moqmedebis gamoricxva.<br />

garda temperaturisa da mudmivi eleqtruli denisa,<br />

Termoeleqtrul efeqtebze gavlenas axdens iseTi<br />

faqtorebi, rogoricaa: dawnevis Zala da magnituri veli.<br />

maTi gavlena, garda orientirebuli magnituri velisa,<br />

bolo monacemebiT SedarebiT umniSvneloa.<br />

unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom<br />

TermoeleqtromamoZravebeli Zalebi TavianTi moqmedebaTa<br />

procesSi ganicdian garkveul inversias, maT<br />

temperaturisagan gavlenis saerTo kanonzomiereba<br />

ucnobia da saerTod, gamtarTa Termoeleqtruli<br />

Tvisebebi, SedarebiT maT Tbo da<br />

eleqtrogamtareblobasTan, warmoadgens Zalian rTul<br />

suraTs. meisnerma daamtkica, rom gamtarTa<br />

Termoeleqtruli movlenebisaTvis ar arsebobs araviTari<br />

229

saerTo kanonzomierebani.<br />

aRniSnul movlenaTa rTuli xasiaTi gureviCma axsna<br />

temperaturis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisaTvis T.e.m.Z.-is<br />

aRmZvreli sxvadasxva meqanizmebiT. magaliTad, roca<br />

sadenSi arsebobs temperaturuli gradienti, maSin<br />

rogorc gamtarobis eleqtronebi, aseve kristaluri<br />

gisosis rxevebi ganlagebulia arasrulad<br />

gawonasworebuli saxiT. amasTanave, eleqtronTa<br />

wonasworobidan gadaxra da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />

Termoeleqtruli deni (an Ria wredSi Termoeleqtruli<br />

veli) SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas ori meqanizmiT:<br />

1. eleqtronze temperaturis gradientis uSualo<br />

moqmedebiT.<br />

2. temperaturis gradientis Seqmnili gisosTa<br />

talRuri<br />

gatacebiT.<br />

nakadis anu fononTa mier eleqtronTa<br />

temperaturuli gradientis aRniSnuli meore meqanizmi,<br />

arapirdapiri moqmedeba temperaturaTa garkveuli<br />

intervalisaTvis SeiZleba aRmoCndes ufro Zlieri, vidre<br />

pirveli meqanizmi _ pirdapiri moqmedeba, xolo sxva<br />

intervalebSi _ ufro susti. aseTi msjelobiT SeiZleba<br />

davaskvnaT, rom Termoe.m.Z._is anomaluri xasiaTi<br />

Etemperaturis cvalobadobisas gamowveulia misi aRZvris<br />

erTi meqanizmidan meoreze gadasvliT.<br />

ganxiluli masalis analizidan gamomdinare,<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis zonaSi adgili unda hqondes<br />

Termoeleqtrul movlenaTa aRZvras, xolo Tu<br />

visargeblebT zogierTi avtoris mosazrebiT da<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqts CaTvliT rogorc xelovnur<br />

Termowyvils, maSin saWiroa ZiriTadi yuradReba mieqces<br />

230

monopolaruli deniT winaRobiT SeduRebis procesSi<br />

pelties efeqtis rolis dadgenas.<br />

9.5.1. denis gvarobis gavlena SeduRebis xarisxze<br />

uaxlesi teqnikis ganviTarebam, kerZod,<br />

eleqtrovakuumur nakeTobaTa, zusti gamzomi _<br />

sakontrolo da sxvadasxva daniSnulebis eleqtronul<br />

xelsawyoTa warmoebam, mikrosqemaTa awyobisas SeduRebis<br />

gamoyenebis aucileblobam da a.S. moiTxova<br />

pirveladxmarebeli samrewvelo sixSiris cvladi denis<br />

kvebis wyaroTa Semdgomi gaumjobeseba da axali, denis<br />

monopolaruli impulsiis manqanaTa Seqmna. am droidan<br />

SesamCnevi gaxda SeduRebis denis gvarobis, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki polarobis gavlena SenaduRi wertilis Camoyalibebis<br />

xasiaTze (nax. 9.6.) Tanabari sisqis erTgvarovan masalaTa<br />

cvladi deniT SeduRebisas (nax 9.6.1.) SenaduRi wertili<br />

simetriuladaa ganlagebuli orive nimuSi, xolo<br />

polaruli denis SemTxvevaSi (nax. 9.6.2.3.) igi araTanabrad<br />

nawildeba da gadaadgildeba erT-erTi niSnis (,,+") mqone<br />

nimuSSi.<br />

ultraTxeli araTanabari sisqis erTgavrovan<br />

masalaTa monopolaruri (kondensatoruli) denis<br />

impulsiT SeduRebisas mdgomareoba ufro rTulia, garda<br />

Txevadi birTvis simetriulobis darRvevisa (nax. 9.2.3.4.),<br />

xdeba nimuSis mikvra, miduReba pliusniSniani<br />

eleqtrodis muSa zedapirze. es ki warmoadgens SeduRebis<br />

dabali xarisxis ZiriTad da xSir mizezs.<br />

yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT sworad<br />

iqna mimarTuli mkvlevarTa garkveuli jgufis<br />

231

n.kaganovis, n.andreevis, r.holmis, d.balkovecis,<br />

t.balderis, s.Solcis da sxvaTa Sromebi _ Seswavliliyo<br />

polarobis, anu denis mimarTulebis gavlena SenaduRi<br />

wertilis Camoyalibebis procesze.<br />

n.kaganovis gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom SesaduRi<br />

nimuSis erT-erT eleqtrodze mikvra denis<br />

kondensatoruli impulsiT SeduRebis dros gamowveulia<br />

denis impulsTa pirvel da momdevno naxevartalRaTa<br />

Soris mkveTri gansxvavebiT da Sesabamisad SeduRebis<br />

zonis gaxurebaze pirveli naxevartalRis gadamwyveti<br />

gavleniT, e.i. saeleqtro kontaqtebSi denis<br />

mimarTulebaTa sxvadasxvaobiT.<br />

9.6. denis gvarobis gavlena SenaduRi wertilis<br />

adgilmdebareobaze: 1 _ cvladi denis SeduReba,<br />

2, .3 _ polaruli deniT SeduReba.<br />

232

Txevadi birTvis pliusniSniani eleqtrodisaken, anu<br />

denis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod gadaadgilebis<br />

procesi n.andreevis varaudiT, gamowveuli unda iyos<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtebSi Seqmnili JangeulTa afskebis<br />

gammarTveli moqmedebis gamo. movlenis aseT ganmartebas<br />

damajereblad ar Tvlis d.balkoveci Semdeg mizezTa<br />

gamo: 1. gazomvaTa Sedegad ar dadasturda denis<br />

mimarTulebis gavlena saeleqtrodo kontaqtis<br />

gardamaval winaRobaze; 2. oqsidur gammarTvelTa<br />

ventiluri moqmedeba mkacrad mcirdeba (80_120) 0c temperaturis zeviT, xolo saeleqtrodo kontaqtis<br />

temperatura, rogorc cnobilia, aRemateba 2000C-s; 3.<br />

Txevadi zonis adgilmonacvleoba SeiniSneba mxolod<br />

SesaduR nimuSTa zedapirebis teqnikuri gasufTavebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, e.i. JangeulTa afskebis sruli gasufTavebis<br />

Semdeg. amitom d.balkoveci Txevadi zonis aRniSnul<br />

gadaadgilebas ukavSirebs pelties movlenas, rasac<br />

sakuTari eqsperimentebidanac gamomdinare, (nax. 9.7.,9.8.)<br />

savsebiT eTanxmeba warmodgenili wignis avtoric.<br />

rogorc wesi, mikvra xdeba im saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi,<br />

sadac deni gadis eleqtrodidan nimuSisaken.<br />

birTvis gadaadgileba ,,dadebiTi" eleqtrodisaken da<br />

eleqtrodis mikvra xSirad iwvevs SeuduReblobas,<br />

gamonaSxefebs, Canaglejebs, saeleqtrodo kontaqtis<br />

zedapirTa gaWuWyianeba-dazianebas da sabolood,<br />

SeerTebis<br />

miRebas.<br />

xarisxis aradamakmayofilebel maCvenebelTa<br />

denis mimarTuliebis aseTi mniSvnelovani gavlena<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis procesze moiTxova denis<br />

monopolaruli impulsiT SeduRebisas mimdinare<br />

233

Termoeleqtul movlenaTa dawvrilebiT analizi.<br />

a. (X84)<br />

2. (X84)<br />

nax. 9.7. SenaduR wertilTa ganivkveTis makrostruqturebi:<br />

1. "pliusi" niSani mierTebulia sqel nimuSze;<br />

2. "pliusi" niSani mierTebulia Txel nimuSze;<br />

nimuSTa masala _ nikeli np-2;<br />

nimuSTa sisqeeba: δ1=0,05 mm., δ2=0,3 mm.<br />

234

nax. 9.8. polarobis gavlena nakeris Camoyalibebaze:<br />

1. nimuSis zedapiri ekvris qveda eleqtrods;<br />

2. nimuSis zedapiri ekvris zeda eleqtrods;<br />

q1_ q4 da q 1<br />

1 _ q41 _ SeduRebis zonis xxvadasxva<br />

ubanSi polarobis gansxvavebul SemTxvevaTaTvis<br />

gamoyofil siTboTa raodenobani.<br />

9.5.2. kontaqtSi mimdinare Termoeleqtruli movlenebi<br />

mravlricxovani Tanmimdevruli gamokvlevebiT da<br />

Catarebul rig eqsperimentTa SedegebiT damarwmuneblad<br />

naCvenebia, rom denis monopolaruli impulsiT winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebisas saeleqtrodo kontaqtebSi mimdinare<br />

eleqtroTburi procesebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba<br />

erTmaneTisagan.<br />

radganac TiToeulSi am kontaqtTagan gaivlis erTi<br />

da igive mniSvnelobis deni, amitom Tanabari sawyisi<br />

pirobebisaTvis maTSi aRZrul Termoeleqtrul procesTa<br />

sxvadasxvaoba ganpirobebuli unda iyos mxolod denis<br />

mimarTulebiT.<br />

235

sxvadasxvagvar sadenTa kontaqtSi aRZrul<br />

Termoeleqtrul procesTa damokidebuleba masSi<br />

gamavali denis mimarTulebaze, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,<br />

pirvelad SemCneuli iqna frangi mesaaTis pelties mier<br />

da am movlenas ewodeba pelies efeqti.<br />

am efeqtis fizikuri buneba axsna a.zommeferdlma mis<br />

mierve damuSavebul liTonTa eleqtruli Teoriis<br />

safuZvelze. am Teoriis mixedviT, roca SexebaSia<br />

erTgvarovani sadenebi da ar ganicdian gare eleqtruli<br />

velis gavlenas, eleqtronebs SeuZliaT Tavisuflad<br />

gadavidnen erTi sadenidan meoreSi ise, rom arc erTi<br />

liTonisaTvis ar Seicvleba eleqtronTa sruli<br />

kinetikuri energia. am dros ar aRiZvrebian araviTari<br />

Tburi efeqtebi.<br />

sxvadasxvagvar myar masalaTa kontaqtSi (an erTi da<br />

igive masalis myar da Txevad mdgomareobaTa sazRvarze)<br />

monopolaruli eleqtruli denis gatarebisas yovel<br />

urTierTSemxeb gamtarSi arsebiTad icvleba eleqtronTa<br />

saSualo kinetikuri energia, amasTan yovel maTganSi<br />

gansxvavebulad. amgvarad, denis gavlisas araerTgvarovan<br />

masalaTa kontaqtis sxvadasxva mxares eleqtronTa<br />

sruli energiebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian<br />

erTmaneTisagan.<br />

Tu gare eleqtruli veli isea mimarTuli, rom igi<br />

iwvevs eleqtronTa gadasvlas didi energiis mqone<br />

gamtaridan mcire energiis mqone gamtarSi, maSin<br />

gardamavali eleqtronebi, aTanabrebs ra TavianTi<br />

energiis dones adgilobriv eleqtronebTan, kargavs<br />

TavianTi energiis nawils. energiis es nawili<br />

gardaiqmneba ra siTboSi, zrdis kontaqtis<br />

236

TboSemcvelobas da piriqiT.<br />

imisaTvis, rom kontaqtze gadasulma eleqtronma<br />

gaaTanabros Tavisi eneria adgilobriv eleqtronTan,<br />

saWiroa misi ramodenime dajaxeba kristalur meserTan,<br />

amitom siTbos gamoyofa da STanTqma warmoebs gamtarTa<br />

zedapiruli Sexebis Txel sasazRvro fenaSi.<br />

eleqtronTa sruli energiis sxvadasxva doneebi<br />

SeiZleba aRiZvres aseve erTi sadenis SigniT ara marto<br />

gare eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT, aramed agreTve mis<br />

calkeul nawilTa gaxurebis araTanabari doneebiT.<br />

gamtaris mezobeli ubnebis temperaturaTa sxvaoba<br />

ganapirobebs difuzias metad gaxurebulidan naklebad<br />

gaxurebul adgilebSi. amis Sdegad gamtaris naklebad<br />

gaxurebuli donis nawilebSi izrdeba eleqtronTa<br />

simkvrive, xolo metad gaxurebuli donis nawilebSi ki _<br />

mcirdeba. es iwvevs gamtaris cxel da civ nawilebs<br />

Soris potencialTa sxvaobis warmoSobas. misi garkveuli<br />

mniSvnelobisas Cerdeba eleqtronTa Semdegi difuzia.<br />

potencialTa sxvaobis is mniSvneloba, romlis drosac<br />

Cerdeba eleqtronTa Semdgomi difuzia, damokidebulia<br />

liTonis gvarobisagan. es sxvaoba gamtarTa<br />

Termowyvilad SeerTebisas iwvevs nulisagan gansxvavebul<br />

TermoeleqtromamoZravebeli Zalis _ T.u.m.Z._is aRZvras.<br />

Termoeleqtrul movlenaTa Teoriul da<br />

eqsperimentul gamokvlevaTa mdgomareoba asaxulia<br />

akademikos a.iofes, a.samoiloviCisa da l.korenblitis,<br />

a.burSteinis, e.iordaniSvilis, a.stilbansisa da sxvaTa<br />

SromebSi.<br />

denis monopolaruli impulsis eleqtrowinaRobiT<br />

SeduRebis SemTxvevisaTvis Termoeleqtrul movlenaTa<br />

237

ganxilvisas arsebiTad mniSvnelovania gairkves Tu<br />

mocemul sxvadasxvagvar liTonur kontaqtSi denis<br />

rogori mimarTulebisaTvis emateba pelties siTbo<br />

joulisas an akldeba mas. amisaTvis saWiroa mxedveloba<br />

gvqondes Semdegi viTarebani:<br />

1. Termoeleqtrobis TeoriaSi miRebulia, rom<br />

Termowyvilis SeerTebis adgilis gacxelebisas<br />

Termodeni miedineba dadebiTi potencialis mqone<br />

liTonidan, anu, eleqtroteqnikaSi pirobiTad miRebuli<br />

denis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod. amitom, roca<br />

amboben, rom mocemuli masala termoeleqtruli gagebiT<br />

uaryofiTia sxva masalasTan SedarebiT, es niSnavs, rom<br />

deni gaivlis pirvelidan meorisaken (Termoeleqtrobis<br />

TeoriaSi miRebuli mimarTulebis Tanaxmad).<br />

2. Termoeleqtruli Tanafardobisagan<br />

damokidebulebiT Termoeleqtrul mwkrivSi masalebi<br />

ganlagebulia iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, rom yoveli masala<br />

uaryofiTia yvela winamdebaresTan, xolo dadebiTia<br />

yvela mis momdevnosTan SedarebiT (cxr. 9.1.).<br />

imis dasadgenad, emateba Tu akldeba pelties siTbo<br />

joulis siTbos denis monopolaruli impulsiiT<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebisas, mosaxerxebelia<br />

eleqtroteqnikaSi miRebuli denis mimarTulebiT<br />

sargebloba. am pirobisaTvis Tu kontaqtSi deni gadis<br />

Termoeleqtruli gagebiT dadebiTi masalidan<br />

uaryofiTisaken, pelties siTbo emateba joulis siTbos,<br />

xolo roca deni gadis Tboeleqtruli gagebiT<br />

uaryofiTi masalidan dadebiTisaken, maSin pelties siTbo<br />

akldeba joulis siTbos. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare<br />

SemdgomSi im eleqtrods, romelzec mierTebuli iqneba<br />

238

denis wyaros dadebiTi polusi da iwvevs pelties siTbos<br />

mimatebs joulis siTbosTan, ewodeba "dadebiTi"<br />

(“pliusiani") eleqtrodi. im eleqtrods ki, romelic<br />

mierTebulia denis wyaros uaryofiT polusTan da<br />

amasTanave iwvevs pelties siTbos gamoklebas joulis<br />

siTbosagan, ewodeba "uaryofiTi" ("minusiani") eleqtrodi.<br />

cxrili 9.1.<br />

masalaTa Termoeleqtruli mwkrivi<br />

Si Sb Fe Mo Cd W Au Ag Cu<br />

Zn Rh Ir Te Cs Ta Sn Pb Mg<br />

Al Hg Pt Na Pd K Ni Co Bi<br />

40<br />

30<br />

26<br />

20<br />

10<br />

5<br />

0<br />

-5<br />

-10<br />

dE<br />

dT<br />

400 600 800 1000 1200 T[K]<br />

-15<br />

nax. 9.9. diferencialur Termo-e.m.Z._is damokidebuleba<br />

temperaturisagan (balderis diagrama).<br />

239

9.5.3. polaruli procesis Tbur da eleqtrul<br />

parametrTa Soris damokidebuleba<br />

gamtarTa kontaqtSi Termoeleqtrul movlenaTa<br />

analizis safuZvelze tomsonma daadgina Semdegi<br />

Tanafardobani:<br />

Up = eT (9.1.)<br />

Qp = eTIt (9.2.)<br />

sadac Up _<br />

mxolod misi<br />

kontaqtis Zabvaa, romelic aRiZvreba<br />

temperaturis cvliT da iwodeba pelties<br />

Zabvad;<br />

e_diferencialuri TermoeleqtromamoZravebeli Zala,<br />

romelic axasiaTebs kontaqtSi temperaturis 10C-iT cvlilebisas aRZrul Termo-e.m.m.-is cvlas;<br />

T _ kontaqtis temperatura kelvinis gradusebSi;<br />

I _ kontaqtSi gamavali mudmivi denis sidide;<br />

t _ denis moqmedebis dro.<br />

sidide e-s Tu gamovsaxoT diferencialuri formiT,<br />

miviRebT:<br />

dE<br />

e = (9.3.)<br />

dT<br />

sadac E aris mocemuli temperaturisaTvis e.m.Z.-is<br />

absoluturi mniSvneloba.<br />

gamosaxuleba dE/dT-s ricxviTi mniSvnelobani<br />

240

zogierTi liTonisaTvis platinasTan damokidebulebiT<br />

moyvanilia nax. 9.9-ze t. balderis mier warmodgenil<br />

diagramaze.<br />

aRniSnulis mixedviT nebismieri wyvili sakontaqto<br />

masalisaTvis diferencialuri Termo-e.m.Z.-is dasadgenad<br />

jer unda SeirCes temperaturis ricxviTi mniSvneloba<br />

abscisaTa RerZze, Semdeg am wertilidan gatardes<br />

ordinatTa RerZis paraleluri wiri saZieb masalaTa<br />

mrudeebis gadakveTamde da gaizomos sxvaoba maT Soris.<br />

9.5.4. pelties siTbos raodenobis saangariSo meTodebi<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis procesis racionalurad<br />

warmarTvisaTvis, garda joulis siTbos angariSisa,<br />

saWiroa SegveZlos pelties siTbos raodenobrivi<br />

angariSi, romelic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens<br />

SenaduRi nakeris xarisxze.<br />

arsebobs pelties siTbos raodenobis saangariSo,<br />

ramodenime yuraTsaRebi meTodi, ganvixiloT TiToeuli<br />

maTgan cal-calke.<br />

9.5.4.1 balkovecis meTodi<br />

balkovecma pelties siTbos raodenobis saangariSod<br />

gamoiyena tomsonis gantoleba (9.2.). amasTan, pirveli<br />

miaxloebisaTvis miRebulia, rom T=mt da I=kt, sadac m da<br />

k proporciulobis koeficientebia. aseTi pirobisaTvis<br />

241

Qp =∫ max t<br />

t<br />

0<br />

ekmt 2 dt (9.4.)<br />

samwuxarod balkovecis SromaSi ar aris miTiTebuli<br />

m da k koeficientTa SerCevis meTodika. amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT avtori aRniSnavs, rom pelties siTbos<br />

raodenobis miTiTebuli meTodiT angariSi aris<br />

miaxloebuli xasiaTis.<br />

9.5.4.2 balderis meTodi<br />

pelties siTbos raodenobis saangariSod baldermac<br />

gamoiyena tomsonis gantoleba Semdegi saxiT:<br />

t dE<br />

Qp = ∫ idt<br />

t dT<br />

max<br />

0<br />

242<br />

(9.5.)<br />

sadac dE/dT-s gansazRvra xdeba igive diagramis (nax.<br />

9.9.)-is mixedviT, xolo rac Seexeba temperaturis mruds _<br />

T(t)-s (nax. 9.10), is agebulia sami sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis<br />

_ oTaxis, ufro mtkice liTonis dnobisa da gaxurebis<br />

stadiis damTavrebisas (rac airCeva intuiciiT)<br />

temperaturaTa Sesabamisad. denis mrudi _ i(t) miRebulia<br />

oscilografiT. pelties Zabvis mrudi _ Up(t) agebulia<br />

tomsonis pirveli damokidebulebis (1.2) safuZvelze, rac<br />

TavisTavad damokidebulia saTanadod agebuli T(t)<br />

mrudisagan.

T[K]<br />

1200<br />

800<br />

400<br />

0<br />

i[A]<br />

Q<br />

T<br />

p = ∫<br />

0<br />

dE<br />

Tidt<br />

dT<br />

Q p = ± 0,05Qj<br />

243<br />

T(t)<br />

Up(t)<br />

i(t)<br />

Np<br />

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 t(ms)<br />

Np<br />

T<br />

(mv) [VA]<br />

140<br />

120<br />

100<br />

nax. 9.10. balderis mixedviT pelties siTbos angariSi:<br />

T(t) _ SenaduRi adgilis temperatura;<br />

Up(t) _ pelties Zabva:<br />

Np(t) _ pelties simZlavre.<br />

SesaduRi masalebi: nikeli + molibdeni.<br />

pelties simZlavris mrudi _ Np(t) agebulia denisa da<br />

pelties Zabvis myisier mniSvnelobaTa namravliT.<br />

pelties siTbos raodenoba _ Qp gansazRvrulia<br />

pelties simZlavris mrudsa _ Np(t) da abscisaTa RerZs<br />

Soris arsebuli farTiT masStabis gaTvaliwinebiT.<br />

pelties siTbos angariSis<br />

miaxloebuli xasiaTisaa.<br />

aseTi meTodic Zalian<br />

9.5.4.3 Solcis meTodi<br />

igi mdgomareobs mza, jvaredinad SenaduRi SeerTebis<br />

kontaqtebSi winaRobaTa gazomvasa da SedarebaSi, rac<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

0

gamoxatavs TiToeul kontaqtSi SeduRebisaTvis<br />

daxarjul eleqtroenergiaTa raodenobriv<br />

damokidebulebas. duRdeba sami mavTuli jvaruli<br />

SeerTebiT (nax. 9.11.1.). SeduRebis win "cxel" kontaqtTa<br />

eleqtro winaRoba unda iyos erTnairi sididis.<br />

SeduRebis Semdeg Catarebul gazomvaTa Sedegad<br />

miRebuli wirebis (nax. 9.11.2.2.1.) Sesabamis daxraTa<br />

fardobiT. liTonTa wyvilebisaTvis oqro _ paladiumi<br />

Solci Rebulobs pelties siTbos Semdeg gamosaxulebas:<br />

ΔW<br />

W<br />

=<br />

0 , 13 ÷ 0,<br />

15<br />

1<br />

R =f(w)<br />

244<br />

0 0,1 0,3<br />

Wp<br />

W<br />

1 2<br />

1 -3 [10 om]<br />

R<br />

6<br />

4<br />

2<br />

w[vts]<br />

= ±0,065 0,075 →<br />

nax. 9.11. Solcis mixedviT pelties<br />

fardobiTi siTbos povna denis<br />

ori mimarTulebis funqciis<br />

erTmaneTisadmi horizontalurad

gadaadgilebis mixedviT. grafikebi miRebulia<br />

empiriul wertilTa saSualo mniSvnelobebze wirebis<br />

gavleniT:<br />

1_ Seesabameba SeduRebis zeda adgils;<br />

2 _ Seesabameba SeduRebis qveda adgils.<br />

aRniSnuli meTodiT pelties fardobiTi siTbos<br />

gansazRvrisas Cven SezRuduli varT liTonTa<br />

kombinaciis arCeviT, radgan isini unda akmayofilebdes<br />

Semdeg moTxovnebs: 1. liTonTa SerCeul wyvils unda<br />

axasiaTebdes didi Termo-e.m.Z., radgan winaaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi pelties efeqtis mkafio gamovlenas adgili<br />

ar eqneba; 2. orive liTonis eleqtrogamtaroba unda iyos<br />

SeZlebisdagvarad Tanabari, raTa TiToeul maTganSi<br />

moxdes joulis siTbos Tanabar raodenobaTa gamoyofa; 3.<br />

liTonuri zedapirebi unda iqnes JangeulTa afskisagan<br />

Tavisufalni, raTa maT gavlena ar moaxdinon gazomvaTa<br />

Sedegebze.<br />

aRniSnuli SezRudvebi saSualebas ar iZleva<br />

gamoyenebuli iqnas Solcis meTodi praqtikaSi xSirad<br />

xmarebuli masalebis SeduRebisas.<br />

dRemde arsebul pelties siTbos saangariSo meTodTa<br />

analizidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom isini<br />

an arasakmarisad zusti meTodebia, an maTi praqtikaSi<br />

gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. yovelive aRniSnulis gamo<br />

avtoris mier damuSavebuli iqna winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtebSi pelties Zabvisa da siTbos<br />

angariSis ufro misaRebi Teoriuli da eqsperimentuli<br />

meTodebi.<br />

245

9.5.5. kaganovis, sulamaniZisa da SaSanis meTodi<br />

9.5.5.1. pelties Zabvisa da siTbos<br />

raodenobrivi Sefaseba<br />

avtorebis n.kaganovisa da a.sulamaniZis da SaSinis<br />

mier zemoTganxilul problemaTa gadasawyvetad<br />

SemoTavazebuli iqna pelties Zabvis raodenobrivi<br />

Sefasebis saangariSo_eqsperimentaluri meTodi da misi<br />

temperaturasTan urTierTkavSiri, romelic dafuZnebulia<br />

Semdeg winapirobebze: erTi liTonis firfita (mag.<br />

nikelis) moTavsebulia meore liTonis (mag. spilnZi) or<br />

erTnair eleqtrods Soris garkveuli dawnevis ZliT (nax.<br />

9.12). Tu monopolaruli impulsis dens gavatarebT<br />

eleqtrodebs Soris, maSin “dadebiT” kontaqtSi deni<br />

gaivlis spilenZidan nikelisaken, xolo uaryofiT<br />

kontaqtSi ki piriqiT, nikelidan spilenZisaken.<br />

Termoeleqtrobis Teoriis Sesabamisad “dadebiT”<br />

kontaqtSi pelties siTbo emateba, xolo “uaryofiTSi” ki<br />

akldeba joulis siTbos, e.i. dt droisaTvis:<br />

aqedan<br />

dQ + = dQj + dQp (9.6)<br />

dQ - = dQj – dQp (9.7)<br />

+ −<br />

dQp = dQ − dQ<br />

(9.8)<br />

2<br />

dQ + = U + · idt (9.9)<br />

dQ - = U - · idt (9.10)<br />

Tu CavsvamT bolo ors maT winamdebareSi, miviRebT:<br />

246

meore mxriv<br />

+ −<br />

dQp = ( U − U ) idt<br />

(9.11)<br />

2<br />

dQp + Upidt (9.12)<br />

bolo oris erTmaneTTan gaTanabrebiT miviRebT:<br />

Up = 0,5(U + - U - ) (9.13)<br />

romlis mixedviT pelties Zabvis mniSvneloba tolia<br />

sxvadasxvagvar liTonTa “dadebiT” da “uaryofiT”<br />

kontaqtebSi ZabvaTa vardnebis naxevarsxvaobisa.<br />

aRwerili meTodis Teoriis eqsperimentalurad<br />

dadasturebisaTvis saWiroa "dadebiTi" da "uaryofiTi"<br />

kontaqtebSi "civ”' winaRobaTa Tanabar<br />

mniSvnelobaTaTvis denisa da Zabvebis myisier<br />

mniSvnelobaTa oscilografia.<br />

zeda da qveda saeleqtro kontaqtebis (nax. 9.12)<br />

winaRobaTa gaTanabreba miiRweva eleqtrodTa firfitaze<br />

dawnevis qveS spacialuri moTelviT.<br />

aRniSnul kontaqtTa gaxurebisa da am dros aRZruli<br />

Termo e.m.Z.-ebis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT winaRobaTa<br />

gazomva unda Catardes 1,5-2 a. cvladi denis gamoyenebiT.<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtebidan Zabva miiyvaneba naTurian<br />

voltmetrze. garkveuli momzadebis Semdeg TiToeul<br />

kontaqtTa winaRoba SeiZleba toli iyos 40X10-6 omis<br />

farglebSi.<br />

kontaqtebSi Zabvis vardnaTa da denis impulsis<br />

oscilografiiT miRebuli mrudebi 1 da 2 axasiaTeben<br />

"dadebiT" da "uaryofiT" saeleqtrodo kontaqtebSi Zabvis<br />

247

vardnaTa geometrias, xolo mrudi 3 axasiaTebs denis<br />

mrudis geometrias.<br />

Tanaxmad formulisa 9.13, miTiTebul ZabvaTa sxvaobis<br />

Suaze gayofiT miviRebT pelties Zabvis drois mixedviT<br />

myisier mniSvnelobebs (mrudi Up(t), nax. 9.14).<br />

nax. 9.12 eleqtrul parametrTa gazomvis sqema.<br />

nax. 9.13 SeduRebis denisa da saeleqtro<br />

kontaqtebSi Zabvis vardnaTa oscilogramebi:<br />

1. U - ep, Zabva qveda eleqtrodsa da detals Soris;<br />

2. U + ep, Zabva zeda eleqtrodsa da detals Soris;<br />

3. i, denis Zala eleqtrodebs Soris.<br />

248

denisa da pelties Zabvis myisier mniSvnelobaTa<br />

mixedviT gamoiTvleba pelties simZlavris drois<br />

mixedviT myisier mniSvnelobaTa cvalebadobani. Semdeg<br />

grafikuli integrirebiT ganisazRvreba pelties efeqtis<br />

moqmedebis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbo, Np(t) mrudis qveS<br />

arsebuli farTobi (nax. 9.14). igi tolia Qp = 0,085 j.<br />

pelties siTbos joulis siTbosTan procentuli<br />

Tanafardobis dasadgenad "dadebiT" da "uaryofiT"<br />

kontaqtebSi ZabvaTa myisier mniSvnelobaTa mixedviT<br />

ganisazRvreba saSualo ZabvaTa drois mixedviT<br />

cvalebedobis myisieri mniSvnelobani (mrudi U(t) nax. 9.14)<br />

da Sesabamisad, joulis simZlavre da siTbo, rac tolia<br />

Qj = 0,875 j. mocemuli SemTxvevisaTvis gamodis, rom<br />

pelties siTbo Seadgens joulis siTbos 8%-s.<br />

"dadebiT" kontaqtSi gamoyofili siTbos saerTo<br />

raodenoba toli iqneba:<br />

Q + = Qj + Qp = 0,96 j,<br />

xolo "uaryofiT" kontaqtSi ki:<br />

Q - = Qj - Qp = 0,76 j.<br />

amrigad, damuSavebuli meTodi saSualebas iZleva<br />

ganisazRvros pelties siTbos raodenobrivi wili<br />

sxvadasxvagvar masalaTa eleqtrul kontaqtSi.<br />

249

nax. 9.14. drois mixedviT myisier mniSvnelobaTa cvalebadoba:<br />

i(t) _ denis;<br />

U + (t) da U - (t) _ "dadebiT" da "uaryofiT" saeleqtrodo<br />

kontaqtTa Zabvebis;<br />

U(t) _ omuri Zabvis;<br />

T(t) _ "dadebiTi" saeleqtrodo kontaqtis temperaturis;<br />

Np(t) _ pelties simZlavris;<br />

Up(t) _ pelties Zabvis.<br />

9.5.5.2 gardamavali kontaqtis temperaturasa da<br />

Zabvas Soris kavSiri<br />

eleqtrodTa SesaduR nimuSebze mikvra da saeleqtro<br />

kontaqtebSi mimdinare mravali sxva procesebi<br />

ganpirobebulia SeduRebis wredis am nawilebSi<br />

temperaturebis rogorc myisier mniSvnelobaTa<br />

cvalebadobis xasiaTiT, aseve maTi maqsimluri<br />

mniSvnelobebiT.<br />

250

temperaturaTa mkacri zrdis pirobebSi _ (105_106 ) 0C/wm, roca maqsimaluri gaxurebis zonasTan midgoma<br />

gaZnelebulia, am temperaturaTa uSualo gazomva<br />

SeuZlebelia, amitom metad sainteresoa temperaturaTa<br />

cvalebadobis kinetikisa da maT maqsimalur<br />

mniSvnelobaTa arapirdapiri meTodis damuSaveba.<br />

am temperaturaTa saangariSod Cvens mier gamoyenebul<br />

iqna tomsonis pirveli Tanafardoba (9.1), romlis<br />

mixedviTac<br />

T = Up (9.14)<br />

es Tanafardoba axasiaTebs im kontaqtis temperaturas,<br />

romelSic pelties siTbo emateba joulis siTbos, anu<br />

Cveni terminologiis mixedviT "dadebiTi" kontaqtis.<br />

dasmuli amocanis gadasawyvetad saWiroa vicodeT<br />

pelties Zabva Up da diferencialuri Termo-e.m.Z. -e.<br />

pelties Zabvis gansazRvris meTodi gadmocemulia wina<br />

qveTavSi (9.5.5.1.). drois sxvadasxva myisieri momentisaTvis<br />

pelties ZabvaTa mniSvnelobani kondesatoruli<br />

SeduRebisaTvis warmodgenilia mrudis saxiT Up(t) (nax.<br />

9.14).<br />

amgvarad, temperaturis gansazRvrisaTvis gamosavleni<br />

darCa Termo-e.m.Z.-is e-s gansazRvra.<br />

spilenZi _ nikelis liTonTa wyvilisaTvis e-s<br />

mniSvnelobas vpoulobT balderis eqsperimentaluri<br />

monacemebis mixedviT winaT aRwerili meTodis<br />

Sesabamisad, rogorc am mrudidan Cans, 300-dan 9000 K<br />

temperaturis intervalSi e-s mniSvnelobani SedarebiT<br />

umniSvnelod icvleba da amitom saangariSod vRebulobT<br />

maT saSualo mniSvnelobas, romelic tolia 26mkv/ 0 (nax.<br />

9.15). gasaSualebis maqsimaluri cdomileba ar aRemateba<br />

251

±5%-s.<br />

pelties Zabvisa da e-s aRniSnul mniSvnelobaTa CasmiT<br />

formula (9.14)-Si miiReba kondensatoruli SeduRebis<br />

"dadebiTi" kontaqtis temperaturebis myisier<br />

mniSvnelobaTa mrudi T(t) (nax. 9.14).<br />

rac Seexeba "uaryofiTi” kontaqtis temperaturas, misi<br />

gansazRvra SeiZleba Semdegi daSvebidan gamomdinare:<br />

erTnairia Tboacileba orive _ "dadebiT" da "uaryofiTi"<br />

kontaqtidan da temperqturebi ki maTSi Tbogamoyofis<br />

proporciulia.<br />

radganac yovel saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi gadis erTi<br />

da igive geometriis mqone denis impulsi (nax. 9.14. mrudi<br />

3), calkeuli kontaqtis temperaturaTa mniSvnelovani<br />

proporciulni unda iyos maTze ZabvaTa mniSvnelobebisa<br />

aqedan:<br />

252<br />

(9.15)<br />

(9.16)<br />

Tu CavsvavT T + -is mniSvnelobebs gamosaxuleba (9.16)-Si,<br />

miviRebT "uaryofiTi" kontaqtis temperaturaTa<br />

cvalebadobis mruds. 9.14 naxazze naCveneb ricxobriv<br />

mniSvnelobaTaTvis temperaturaTa maqsimaluri<br />

mniSvnelobani tolebi arian: "dadebiT" kontaqtSi 2000C isa, uaryofiTSi ki 1660C-is.

Up[mv]<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

2<br />

400 800 1200 1600 º K<br />

253<br />

3<br />

1<br />

55[mkv / º K]<br />

de/dT<br />

nax. 9.15. temperaturisagan damokidebulebani:<br />

1-(dE/dT)Cu-Ni _ diferencialuri Termo-e.m.Z.-Ta<br />

namdvil mniSvnelobaTaTvis;<br />

2-(dE/dT)saS.Cu-Ni _ diferencialur Termo-e.m.Z.-Ta<br />

saSualo mniSvnelobaTaTvis;<br />

dE<br />

3-Up = T pelties Zabvis sidide<br />

dT<br />

dengamtar masalaTa gaxurebisa da deformacisas maTSi<br />

mimdinare rTuli procesebis Sesaxeb aRniSnaven rogorc<br />

adreuli periodis _ samocdaaTian wlebamde, aseve<br />

Semdgomdroindel gamokvlevebSi. amasTanave liTonur<br />

kontaqtebsa Tu maTi eleqtruli gnmuxtvis areSi<br />

mimdinare metad garTulebuli procesebi specifikuri<br />

midgomebiT ganixileba mravalricxovan avtorTa<br />

SromebSi. rac Seexeba eleqtruli kontaqtis<br />

45<br />

35<br />

25<br />

15<br />

5

temperaturasa da Zabvas Soris kavSiris dadgenas,<br />

pirvelad mosinjuli iqna germaneli mecnieris, berlinis<br />

saimperatoro satelegrafo gamosacdeli sadguris<br />

saswavlo kursebis maswavleblis, doqtor kolrauSis<br />

mier. am gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom kontaqtSi Zabvis<br />

vardnasa da tempeqrturas Soris arsebobs<br />

damokidebuleba<br />

U (9.17)<br />

sadac U _ kontaqtis orive mxaris T 0 temperaturismqone<br />

or wertils Sori Zabvis mniSvnelobaa;<br />

λ _ Tbogamtarobis koeficienti;<br />

ρ _ liTonis xvedriTi eleqtrowinaRoba.<br />

videman-franc-lorencis formulis Tanaxmad ki<br />

ρλ = aT (9.18)<br />

ukanasknelis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT kolrauSis<br />

gantoleba SeiZleba warmoadgenili iqnas Semdegnairad:<br />

(9.19)<br />

es gamosaxuleba ZalaSia kontaqtSi dnobis<br />

adgilobrivi kerebis gamovlenis dasawyisis momentamde.<br />

kolrauSis aRniSnuli gamosaxuleba aRiarebuli iqna<br />

rigi mecnierebis: diselhorsti, devidsoni, grinvudi da<br />

iuliamsi, Solci, holmi da sxvaTa mier.<br />

integrirebis Semdeg gamosaxuleba (9.19) Rebulobs<br />

Semdeg saxes:<br />

254

2<br />

2 2 U<br />

Tmax<br />

− T0<br />

=<br />

(9.20)<br />

4a<br />

saidanac gardaqmnis Semdeg miiReba<br />

videman-franc-lorencis formulis Tanaxmad<br />

255<br />

(9.21)<br />

ρ ⋅ λ<br />

a =<br />

T<br />

da aris mudmivi sidide, toli 2,45X10-8 -sa<br />

To - aris oTaxis temperatura da SeiZleba miviRoT<br />

toli 3000K-sa. Tu T0-sa da a -s miTiTebul mniSvnelobebs<br />

CavsvamT (9.17)-Si, miviRebT:<br />

Tmax = 3200 · U (9.22)<br />

Cveni SemTxvevisaTvis aRebuli unda iqnas "dadebiTi"<br />

kontaqtis Zabvis mniSvnelobani. Tu (9.22) gamosaxulebaSi<br />

CavsvamT Cvens mier "dadebiT" kontaqtSi Zabvis<br />

oscilografiiT mirebul drois ramodenime Sualedis<br />

Sesabamis sidideebs, (mrudi U + (t) nax. 9.14), miviRebT<br />

temperaturaTa Semdeg mniSvnelobebs (ix. cxr. 9.2).<br />

SedarebisaTvis cxrilSi moyvanilia avtoris mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli meTodiT angariSis Sedegebi igive<br />

wertilebisaTvis. aqedan Cans, rom kolrauSis<br />

gantolebiTa da avtoris meTodiT miRebul<br />

temperaturaTa<br />

erTmaneTisagan.<br />

sidideebi umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian

wertilis #<br />

nax.5.3-is<br />

mixedviT<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

7<br />

cxrili 9.2.<br />

angariSis Sedegebi<br />

“dadebiTi” kontaqtis temperatura<br />

kolrauSis<br />

mixedviT<br />

137<br />

192<br />

209<br />

201<br />

194<br />

187<br />

155<br />

256<br />

sulamaniZis<br />

meTodis mixedviT<br />

134<br />

182<br />

200<br />

190<br />

182<br />

163<br />

132<br />

qvemo cxrilSi moyvanilia kontaqtis sxvadasxva<br />

mdgomareobisaTvis ZabvaTa mniSvnelobani.<br />

Zabva<br />

masa<br />

dar.<br />

dnob<br />

aor<br />

cxrili 9.3.<br />

liTonur kontaqtTa darbilebis, dnobisa da<br />

aorTqlebis ZabvaTa mniSvnelobani<br />

Fe<br />

0,21<br />

0,6<br />

Mo<br />

0,25<br />

0,75<br />

1,1<br />

Cd<br />

0,15<br />

W<br />

0,4<br />

1,1<br />

2,1<br />

Au<br />

0,08<br />

0,43<br />

0,9<br />

Ag<br />

0,09<br />

0,37<br />

0,67<br />

Cu<br />

0,12<br />

0,43<br />

0,79<br />

Zn<br />

0,1<br />

0,17<br />

Sn<br />

0,07<br />

0,13<br />

Pb<br />

0,12<br />

0,19<br />

Al<br />

0,1<br />

0,3<br />

Pt<br />

0,25<br />

0,65<br />

1,5<br />

Pd<br />

0,57<br />

1,3<br />

Ni<br />

0,22<br />

0,65

Zabvisa da temperaturis dadgenili urTierTkavSiriT<br />

SeiZleba Sefasdes saeleqtrodo kontaqtis maqsimaluri<br />

temperaturis is sidide, roca iwyeba SesaduRi nimuSis<br />

eleqtrodis muSa zedapirze mikvris procesi. amisaTvis<br />

saWiroa vicodeT kontaqtSi am procesis Sesabamisi Zabvis<br />

vardnis mniSvneloba.<br />

holmis mixedviT liTonis mikvra iwyeba kontaqtSi<br />

Zbvis vardnis sruliad garkveuli mniSvnelobisaTvis da<br />

eTanadeba darbilebis Zabvas (cxrili 9.3, pirveli<br />

strofi).<br />

sxvadasxvagvar liTonTa kontaqtSi mikvris Zabvad<br />

SeiZleba miRebul iqnas darbilebis ZabvaTa ori<br />

mniSvnelobidan zeda zRvari.<br />

mikvris dawyebis Zabvisa da temperaturis gamosavlenad<br />

nax. 9.12-ze mocemuli sqemis mixedviT Catarebuli iqna<br />

rigi eqsperimentebisa. amasTanave "dadebiTi" da<br />

"uaryofiTi" kontaqtebi mzaddeboda iseTnairad, rom maTi<br />

winaRobani mudmivi denisadmi iyo Tanabari. nikelis<br />

firfitaSi tardeboda sxvadasxva sididis denis Zalebi<br />

da izomeboda orive kontaqtSi Zabvis vardnebi,<br />

erTdroulad mowmdeboda eleqtrodis firfitaze mikvris<br />

arseboba.<br />

Zabvis gazomvaTa monacemebis CasmiT formula 9.13-sa<br />

da 9.14-Si ganisaRvreboda pelties Zabva da iangariSeboda<br />

kontaqtis temperatura.<br />

am eqspermentTa Sedegebi warmodgenilia nax. 9.15-ze.<br />

naTeli wreebiT aRniSnulia ZabvaTa da temperaturaTa is<br />

sidideebi, roca ar xdeboda eleqtrodis mikvra nimuSze.<br />

muqi wreebi ki miuTiTeben mikvris arsebobas.<br />

ordinatTa marcxena RerZze gadazomilia palties<br />

257

ZabvaTa mniSvnelobani, marjvenaze ki _ "dadebiT"<br />

kontaqtSi ZabvaTa jamuri vardnis mniSvnelobani.<br />

abscisaTa ReZze ki gadazomilia angariSiT miRebuli<br />

kontaqtis temperaturaTa mniSvnelobani.<br />

nax. 9.15 '”dadebiT" saeleqtro kontaqtSi pelties Zabvisa<br />

da jamuri Zabvis vardnis temperaturisagan damokidebulebani:<br />

● _ dafiqsirebulia eleqtrodis nimuSze<br />

mikvra;<br />

○ _ mikvra ar aris.<br />

zemoTaRniSnul naxazze moyvanili grafikuli<br />

gamosaxulebis analizidan Cans, rom spilenZis<br />

eleqtrodis nikelis firfitaze mikvris procesi iwyeba<br />

maSin, roca pelties Zabva utoldeba 18 milivolts da<br />

"dadebiTi" kontaqtis jamuri Zabva _ 0,22 volts, rac<br />

Seesabameba 4300C temperaturis mniSvnelobas.<br />

radganac mikvris temperatura daaxloebiT eTanadeba<br />

ufro mtkice masalis darbilebis temperaturas, amitom<br />

literaturuli monacemebiT masalaTa mniSvnelovani<br />

darbilebis sawyisi temperaturiT SeiZleba vimjeloT<br />

mikvris sawyis temperaturaze.<br />

258

spilenZis "dadebiTi" eleqtrodis nikelis nimuSze<br />

mikvris Zabvis mier miRebuli monacemebi kargad emTxveva<br />

holmis monacemebs (cxrili. 9.3.) nikelisaTvis, rogorc<br />

ufro mtkice masala spilenZTan SedarebiT.<br />

aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom mikvris<br />

ugulebelsayofad saWiroa, rom "dadebiT" saeleqtrodo<br />

kontaqtSi Zabva ar aRematebodes 0,22 volts, xolo<br />

temperatura ki unda iyos 4300C-ze naklebi.<br />

avtoris TvalsazrisiT "dadebiTi" kontaqtSi Zabvis<br />

vardnisa da pelties Zabvis monacemebTa dapirispireba<br />

gviCvenebs, rom maT Soris damokidebuleba spilenZinikelis<br />

wyvilisaTvis SeiZleba gamoisaxos formuliT<br />

U Up = 0,082U + (9.23)<br />

am gamosaxulebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT spilenZinikelis<br />

kontaqtisaTvis SeiZleba SemovifargloT U U + -is<br />

gansazRvriT.<br />

Semdgom formula (9.14)-Si pelties Zabvis 9.23<br />

gamosaxulebiT miRebuli mniSvnelobisa da e-s dadgenil<br />

saSualo mniSvnelobaTa CasmiT miviRebT, rom<br />

T = 3150UU + (9.24)<br />

Tanafardoba (9.24) kargad emTxveva kolrauSis<br />

miaxloebiT Tanafardobas (9.22).<br />

amgvarad, eleqtruli kontaqtis temperaturis<br />

saangariSo orive meTodi kargad emTxvevian erTmaneTs da<br />

avtoris mier miRebuli gamosaxuleba (9.24) SeZleba<br />

gamoyenebuli iqnas winaRobiT SeduRebis zonis<br />

259

kontaqtTa<br />

praqtikaSi.<br />

maqsimaluri temperaturis angariSis<br />

9.5.5.3. SeduRebis parametrTa gavlena<br />

pelties Zabvaze<br />

winamdebare qveTavSi naCvenebia, rom pelties Zabva<br />

pirdapirproporciulia kontaqtis gaxurebis<br />

temperaturisa. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT,<br />

rom amaTu im faqtoris moqmedeba kontaqtze rac ufro<br />

metad zrdis misi temperaturis sidides, miT ufro metad<br />

gaizrdeba kontaqtSi pelties Zabvis mniSvnelobac.<br />

aRniSnulis gaTvaliwinebiT logikuri msjelobisas<br />

SeiZleba gamoiTqvas Semdegi mosazreba: 1. radgan denis<br />

Zalis zrda joulis kanonidan gamomdinare, iwvevs<br />

kontaqtis temperaturis gazrdas, Sesabamisad man unda<br />

gamoiwvios pelties Zabvis gazrdac; 2. Tu dawnevis Zalis<br />

gazrda iwvevs kontaqtis winaRobis Semcirebas, am<br />

drosac, joulis kanonis mixedviT unda moxdes pelties<br />

Zabvis Semcirebac; 3. rac Seexeba nimuSis sisqis zrdas,<br />

rogorc avtoris mier Catarebuli Teoriuleqsperimentuli<br />

gamokvlevebiT dadginda, igi iwvevs<br />

aqtiur kveTSi jamuri siTbos Semcirebas, ramac<br />

Sesabamisad unda moaxdinos pelties Zabvis Semcirebac.<br />

Camoyalibebuli prognozirebis Sesamowmeblad Catarda<br />

ramodenime seria eqsperimentebisa.<br />

denis impulsis amplitudis, eleqtrodTa dawnevis<br />

Zalisa da nimuSis liTonis sisqis "dadebiT" da<br />

"uaryofiT" kontaqtebSi ZabvaTa mniSvnelobebze anu<br />

pelties Zabvis sidideze gavlenis gamokvlevis SedegTa<br />

260

jamuri monacemebi moyvanilia nax. 9.16-ze diagramaTa<br />

saxiT. am monacemTa analizi adasturebs dasmuli<br />

prognozis siswores, denis amplitudis impulsis zrdiT<br />

pelties Zabva izrdeba. eleqtrodTa dawnevis Zalis<br />

zrdiT palties Zabva mcirdeba da nimuSis sisqis zrdac<br />

iwvevs pelties Zabvis SesamCnev Semcirebas.<br />

rac mTavaria, pelties Zabvis SemcirebiT iklebs<br />

SesaduRi nimuSis eleqtrodze mikvris albaToba.<br />

Im[KA] P[Kg]<br />

2<br />

1<br />

0 5 10 15 20 Vp [mv]<br />

261<br />

3<br />

δ[mk]<br />

nax. 9.16. pelties efeqtis gamovlenis damokidebuleba:<br />

1_ denis amplitudur mniSvnelobaTagan;<br />

2_ eleqtrodTa dawnevis Zalisagan;<br />

3_ liTonis sisqisagan.<br />

400<br />

300<br />

200<br />

100<br />

9.5.6. pelties efeqtis gavlenis ugulebelyofa<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi<br />

zemoTmiRebul SedegTa logikuri analizis<br />

safuZvelze unda vivaraudoT, rom erT-erT eleqtrodze<br />

(pliusniSnian) SesaduRi detalis mikvris procesis<br />

Tavidan asacileblad, anu am saeleqtrodo gardamaval<br />

eleqtronul kontaqtSi pelties siTbos Sesamcireblad,

saWiroa ganxorcieldes dawnevis Zalis gazrda<br />

SeduRebis dawnevis Zalisagan damoukideblad. yovelive<br />

es SesaZlebeli gaxda Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli sqemis<br />

(nax. 9.17) praqtikuli gamoyenebiT.<br />

nax. 9.17. winaRobiT SeduRebis originaluri xerxis<br />

praqtikuli realizaciis mowyobilobaTa sqemebi<br />

1. wertilovani da 2. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis<br />

SemTxvevebisaTvis:<br />

1 _ zeda muSa eleqtrodi;<br />

2 _ brtyeli dadebiT niSniani uqmi eleqtrodi;<br />

3, 4 _ SesaduRi nimuSebi;<br />

5 _ xisti dieleqtrikuli qvesadebi;<br />

262

6_ elastikuri safeni; 7_ momWimi;<br />

8 _ nakeruli SeduRebis gadasaadgilebeli gorgolaWi.<br />

warmodgenili sqemis mixedviT SesaduR nimuSebs 3,4<br />

deni miewodebaT uaryofiTniSniani Cveulebrivi 1 da<br />

dadebiTniSniani brtyeli 2 eleqtrodebiT. nimuSTa<br />

SeerTebis zona Tavsdeba xist dieleqtrikul sadebze 5,<br />

romelic Camagrebulia brtyel eleqtrodSi 2. zeda<br />

eleqtrodze 1 moedeba SeduRebisaTvis saWiro dawnevis<br />

Zala P. qveda sqeli nimuSi 4 mieWireba brtyel-qveda<br />

eleqtrods SeduRebis dawnevaze meti ZaliT P 1 , romlis<br />

TanabarganawilebisaTvis momWersa 7 da nimuSs 4 Soris<br />

Tavsdeba eleqstikuri safeni 6. gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba gadaadgilebis gorgolaWi 8.<br />

SeduRebis aRniSnuli xerxis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba<br />

iZleva saSualebas absoliuturad gamoiricxos SesaduRi<br />

detalis zedapiris mikvra pliusniSniani eleqtrodis<br />

muSa zedapirze.<br />

amasTanave dadgenilia, rom:<br />

1. `dadebiTi~ saeleqtrodo kontaqtis dawnevis Zala<br />

meti unda iyos cxel (SeduRebis) kontaqtis dawnevis<br />

Zalaze 2-3-jer.<br />

2. SemoTavazebuli xerxiT SeduRebisas saeleqtrodo<br />

zonaSi xdeba eleqtruli energiis sasargeblod<br />

gadanawileba, kerZod, dawnevis Zalis gazrda iwvevs<br />

winaRobis Semcirebas, rac TavisTavad zrdis SeduRebis<br />

denis Zalas (8-10) 0C-iT da Sesabamisad izrdeba SenaduRi<br />

wertilis zomebi daaxloebiT 1,5-jer.<br />

3. kontaqtis dawnevis Zalis gazrda zrdis<br />

kontaqtidan siTbos acilebis process;<br />

4. mniSvnelovnad umjobesia SenaduRi nakeris<br />

263

garegnuli saxe (nax. 9.18).<br />

nax. 9.18. gorgolaWovani Senaduri nakeris garegani saxe:<br />

1. arsebuli klasikuri xerxi;<br />

2. avtoris originaluri xerxi.<br />

3.<br />

1 _ wertiliT aRniSnulia pelties efeqtis Sedegebi,<br />

nakeris<br />

zedapiris eleqtodze aqtiuri mikvris ubnebi.<br />

amrigad, SeduRebis reJimis axali parametris<br />

pliusniSnian saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi SeduRebis dawnevis<br />

Zalisagan (P) damoukideblad regulirebad dawnevis<br />

Zalis (P ' ) Seqmna, nax. 9.17, saSualebas iZleva:<br />

1. Tavidan aviciloT xarisxis erT-erTi dominanti<br />

faqtoris, polarobis anu Termoeleqtruli procesis<br />

uaryofiTi gavlena, detalis erT-erT eleqtrodze mikvra<br />

da ufro metic:<br />

2. SevamciroT (8-10)%-iT SeduRebisTvis saWiro<br />

eleqtroenergiis xarji.<br />

yovelive aRniSnuli exeba winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

ZiriTad saxeebs, wertilovan da gorgolaWovan<br />

SeduRebas. pirapira Sedurebisas ki polaruli<br />

movlenebis aRZvra saeleqtrodo kontaqtebSi, anu manqanis<br />

momWer tuCebsa da SesaduRi masalis zedapirebs Soris<br />

saziano araa imdenad, ramdenadac iq didia Tboacilebis<br />

264

efeqti SesaduRi masalis tuCebTan Sexebis farTis<br />

sididisa da maTi tuCebSi miWeris Zala regulirdeba<br />

SeduRebis Zalisagan damoukideblad.<br />

9.6. sxvadasxva sisqis detalTa SeduRebis Taviseburebani<br />

9.6.1. sisqeTa fardobis gavlena Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmdebareobaze<br />

winaRobiT SenaduRi SeerTebis vargisianobis erT-erT<br />

mTavar kriteriumad iTvleba Txevadi birTvis anu<br />

SenaduRi wertilis Camoyalibebis adgili, kerZod,<br />

rogorc ukve viciT, is unda ganlagdes simetriulad<br />

SesaduR nimuSTa Sexebis _ sakontaqto sibrtyis mimarT,<br />

amasTanave ar unda moxdes SesaduR detalTa zedapirebis<br />

mikvra _ miduReba gamoyenebuli danadgaris eleqtrodTa<br />

muSa zedapirebze. am pirobaTa uzrunvelyofa<br />

jerjerobiT praqtikulad gaZnelebulia rogorc cvladi<br />

denis wyaroebiT sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa SeduRebisas,<br />

aseve monopolaruli denis wyaros gamoyenebisas _<br />

mikroSeduRebisas, rogorc Tanabari, aseve araTanabari<br />

sisqis nimuSTa SemTxvevebisaTvis.<br />

sxvadasxva sisqis namzadTa wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

problemebisadmi mecnierTa yuradReba mipyrobili iqna<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, rac aixsneba am periodidan<br />

dawyebuli teqnikuri progresis aRmasvliT.<br />

qronologiurad Tu mivudgebiT, eleqtrowinaRobiT<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis Txevadi birTvis ganviTarebis<br />

procesis Sesaxeb TandaTanobiT ayalibebdnen TavianT<br />

Sexedulebebs sxvadasxva qveynis mkvlevarebi: a.gelmani,<br />

n.kaganovi, k.koCergini, r.vilsoni, v.moravski, l.zaicevi,<br />

265

.orlovi, p.CuloSnikovi, s.semergeevi, t.bekerti,<br />

n.kabanovi, a.atamanovi, v.iliSevi, s.sliozbergi,<br />

e.rapoporti, l.bukina, r.gaze, J.guldi da sxvebi. maTgan<br />

ganvixiloT is naSromebi, romlebSic gaSuqebulia<br />

erTgvarovani masalis araTanabari sisqis nimuSTa<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT<br />

problemebi.<br />

SeduRebis teqnologiuri procesis<br />

a.gelmani aRniSnavs, rom sisqeTa fardobis zrdis<br />

SemTxvevaSi Txevadi birTvi daiZvris sakontaqto<br />

sibrtyidan da fardobis mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad<br />

gadaadgildeba sqel nimuSSi. amitom SedarebiT advilad<br />

SeduRebadia nimuSebi sisqeTa fardobamde _ δ2/δ1=3:1.<br />

amasTanave, SeduRebis reJimis parametrebi gansazRvrulni<br />

unda iyos Txeli nimuSis sisqis mixedviT. sqel nimuSSi<br />

siTbos gaZlierebuli acilebis sakompensaciod saWiroa<br />

denis Zalis an misi moqmedebis garkveuli gazrda.<br />

r.vilsoni miuTiTebs, rom Txevadi birTvis “cxeli”<br />

kontaqtisaken gadasaadgileblad saWiroa SeirCes erTerTi<br />

eleqtrodisaTvis meorisagan gansxvavebuli masala<br />

an zomebi; Semdeg ki a.gelmani winaTqmulisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT miuTiTebs, rom mdgomareobis<br />

gamosasworeblad saWiroa mxolod denis Zalis<br />

umniSvnelod gazrda.<br />

avtorebi l.zaiCiki, b.orlovi da p.CuloSnikovi _<br />

sisqeTa fardobis arasasurvel zRvrad miiCneven igive<br />

mniSvnelobas _ 3:1, rasac a.gelmani da aRniSnaven, rom<br />

misi Semdgomi zrdisas gadnobis zona SeiZleba mTlianad<br />

imyofebodes sqel nimuSSi ise, rom arc ki exebodes Txl<br />

nimuSs. maTi, azriT, gamdnari zonis sasurveli<br />

mdebareobis misaRebad saWiroa daregulirdes: 1.<br />

266

eleqtrodebSi siTbos acilebis intensiuroba da 2.<br />

nimuSTa pirapirSi denis simkvrive. aqedan, eleqtrodSi<br />

Tboacilebis intensiurobis Semcireba miiRweva: 1.<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtis farTis SemcirebiT Txeli<br />

detalis mxridan, kerZod, eleqtrodis muSa zedapiris<br />

radiusis SemcirebiT da SeduRebis xisti reJimis<br />

gamoyenebiT; 2. Txeli nimuSis mxridan dabali<br />

Tboeleqtrogamtarobis mqone saeleqtrodo masalis<br />

gamoyenebiT; 3. saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi siTbos<br />

eleqtrodSi acilebis Semamcirebeli safenis _ Tburi<br />

ekranis moTavsebiT; 4. sqel nimuSze gamWoli reliefis<br />

gamoyvaniT; 5. “cxel” kontaqtSi maRali<br />

eleqtrowinaRobisa da dnobis temperaturis mqone<br />

Sualeduri safenis moTavsebiT. amasTan, Tburi ekranis<br />

dasamzadeblad SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnes<br />

SesaduRi nimuSis masala, magram ukeTasia (0,5_0,2)mm sisqis<br />

uJangavi foladis zonari. denis gavlisas saekrano<br />

firfita xurdeba da siTbos gadacems SesaduR nimuSebs.<br />

amrigad, siTbos ori wyaros (deni da gaxurebuli<br />

foladis firfita) kombinaciam “cxel” kontaqtSi<br />

SeiZleba warmoqmnas gamdnari zona. gadnoba unda daiwyos<br />

Txeli nimuSis zedapirze da gagrZeldes sqel nimuSSi.<br />

zemoTxsenebuli avtorebi miuTiTeben aRwerili<br />

teqnologiuri xerxis naklovan mxareebzec. kerZod,<br />

ekranis gamoyeneba iwvevs: 1. gadnobis zonaSi niJarebisa<br />

da bzarebis warmoqmnas, romlis ugulebelyofa moiTxovs<br />

rbil reJimebze SeduRebas da Wedvis ZaliT damuSavebas<br />

procesis ciklogramis III-stadiis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, aluminisa da magniumis<br />

maRalsimtkiciani SenadnobebisaTvis SenaduR nakerSi<br />

267

zarebisa da niJaraTa warmoqmna gardauvalia; 2. Txevadi<br />

zonis gamosvlas SesaduRi nimuSis gare zedapirze da<br />

Sesabamisad,<br />

Semcirebas.<br />

SenaduRi nakeris koroziamedegobis<br />

p.CuloSnikovi ganmartavs, rom sisqeTa didi<br />

sxvaobisas Txevadi birTvis adgilmdebareobas<br />

gansakuTrebiT gansazRvravs SeduRebis reJimis xasiaTi<br />

(xisti an rbili). 1. xisti reJimis SemTxvevaSi (tSed=0,14wm.) Tboacilebis procesebi arsebiT gavlenas ar axdens<br />

Txevadi zonis warmoqmnaSi, amitom is ufro<br />

simetriuladaa ganlagebuli SesaduR nimuSTa Sexebis<br />

sibrtyis mimarT. 2. rbili reJimis dros (tSed=1,0wm.) ki<br />

piriqiT, Tboacilebis procesebi SesaduR nimuSTa<br />

liTonSi da eleqtrodebSi axdens did gavlenas Txevadi<br />

zonis warmoqmnaSi, amitom SesaduRi wertili<br />

gadainacvlebs sqel nimuSSi da Camoyalibdeba SesaduR<br />

nimuSTa jamuri sisqis centris simetriulad. es<br />

gamonaTvami axsnilia imiT, rom rbili reJimis dros<br />

gaxurebis procesi SedarebiT nelia, ris gamoc ufro<br />

intensiurad mimdinareobs Tbogadacemis procesebi<br />

SeduRebis zonis SigniT da agreTve Txeli nimuSidan<br />

eleqtrodisken. SeduRebadi kontaqtis periferiul da<br />

centralur zonaTa temperaturebi Tanabrdeba. Txeli<br />

nimuSidan eleqtrodSi intensiuri Tbogadacemis Sedegad<br />

maqsimalur temperaturaTa are Seiqmneba nimuSTa<br />

sakontaqto sibrtyisagan moSorebiT _ sqel nimuSSi.<br />

swored amitom Txevadi zonac ganlagdeba sqel nimuSSi<br />

ise, rom srulebiT ar exebodes Txel nimuSs. radganac<br />

avtoris azriT, gamonaSxefTa Tavidan acilebis mizniT<br />

araTanabari sisqis masalaTa SeduReba mizanSewonilia<br />

268

ganxorcieldes cvladi denis manqanebze (maTi reJimebi<br />

ufro rbilia, vidre kondensatoruli manqanebisa). is<br />

saWirod Tvlis am SemTxvevisaTvis pirapirSi (“cxel”<br />

kontaqtSi) da Txel nimuSSi gaizardos temperatura<br />

zemoTaRniSnuli xerxebis msgavsad _ Txeli nimuSis<br />

mxridan dabali Tbo-eleqtrogamtarebis mqone<br />

eleqtrodisa da saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi Tburi ekranisafenis<br />

gamoyenebiT. aRniSnuli xerxi ganxorcieldeba<br />

Txeli nimuSis mxridan eleqtrodis muSa zedapirze<br />

volframis an molibdenis nawilis CayenebiT, an Txel<br />

nimuSsa da eleqtrods Soris cxelmedegi masalis (vJ 98,<br />

molibdeni da a.S.) 0,15_0,25 mm sisqis safenis gamoyenebiT.<br />

procesis naklovaneba isaa, rom safeni SeiZleba<br />

miekros_mieduRos Txel nimuSs. amitom SeduRebis reJimi<br />

unda SeirCes faqizad da safenisa da Txeli nimuSis<br />

zedapirebi winaswar bejiTad gaiwmindos liTonur<br />

brwyinvalebamde.<br />

n.kabanovis mixedviT SesaduRi nimuSebis sisqeTa didi<br />

sxvaobis dros Txevadi zona ganlagdeba sqel nimuSSi<br />

ise, rom Txel nimuSs arc Seexeba. misi gadaadgileba<br />

Txeli nimuSisaken SesaZlebelia: 1. nimuSTa kontaqtSi<br />

gamoyofil da 2. eleqtrodebSi acilebul siTboTa<br />

regulirebiT. aqedan pirveli miiRweva “cxel” kontaqtSi<br />

denis simkvrivis gazrdiT. amisaTvis saWiroa reliefis<br />

gamoyvana Txeli an sqeli nimuSis sakontaqto adgilze.<br />

denis simkvrivis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT metad<br />

perspeqtiulia kondensatoruli SeduReba. rac Seexeba<br />

meores, eleqtrodebSi siTbos acilebis regulireba<br />

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: saleqtrodo kontaqtTa<br />

zomebisa da eleqtrodis masis SecvliT “civi” kontaqtis<br />

269

zonaSi, kerZod, maTi gazrda gamoiwvevs sakontaqto<br />

zonaSi temperaturaTa vardnis zrdas da daCqardeba<br />

gaxurebuli liTonis gaciveba. praqtikulad sqeli<br />

nimuSis mxridan ayeneben didi diametrisa da didi<br />

sakontaqto zedapiris mqone eleqtrods, xolo Txelis<br />

mxridan _ mcire diametrisas, rac zog SemTxvevaSi iwvevs<br />

gamonaSxefebs, Rrma CaTelvas da SenaduRi wertilis<br />

zomaTa Semcirebas. aluminis SenadnobTa SeduRebisas<br />

Txeli nimuSis mxridan saeleqtrodo masalad gamoiyeneba<br />

Senadnobi Мц-5D, xolo foladis SeduRebisas _<br />

volfrani, molibdeni da agreTve milibdenisa da 15%<br />

spilenZis pudris Senacxobi, s.sliozbergi da<br />

p.CuloSnikovi gvamcnoben, rom Txevadi zonis<br />

CamoyalibebaSi arsebiT gavlenas axdens saeleqtrodo<br />

kontaqtSi denis simkvrivis xasiaTi, xolo am kontaqtSi<br />

denis simkvrivis ganawileba mniSvnelovnadaa<br />

damokidebuli: 1. eleqtrodis muSa nawilis formisagan.<br />

magaliTad, wagrZelebuli konusuri muSa nawilis mqone<br />

eleqtrodis SemTxvevaSi saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi denis<br />

simkvrive ufro Tanabarzomieria, vidre cilindruli<br />

formis muSa nawilis mqone eleqtrodis dros; 2.<br />

eleqtrodis gamaciebeli arxis Ziridan mis muSa<br />

zedapiramde arsebuli sawyisi kveTis SemcirebiT (rac<br />

gardauvalia eqspluataciis pirobebSi eleqtrodis muSa<br />

zedapiris periodulad gadaCarxvis aucileblobiT)<br />

mniSvnelovnad irRveva masSi gamavali denis<br />

Tanabarsimkvriveoba _ saeleqtrodo kontaqtis<br />

periferiebSi xdeba SedarebiT meti; vidre mis centralur<br />

nawilSi. es iwvevs Txevadi birTvis diametrisa da misi<br />

nimuSSi Cadnobis sididis Semcirebas. avtorebi aRniSnaven<br />

270

agreTve saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi denis simkvrivis<br />

sasurveli cvalebadobis miRwevas rogorc eleqtrodTa<br />

formisa da zomebis, aseve maTi masalebis SerCeviT,<br />

magram amasTanave miuTiTeben mis naklovanebazec. kerZod,<br />

dasaSvebia saeleqtro masalis eleqtrogamtarobis<br />

Semcireba spilenZis eleqtrogamtarobis mxolod 30%-mde,<br />

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am kontaqtSi mniSvnelovani<br />

Tbogamoyofis gamo eleqtrodi mieduReba Txeli nimuSis<br />

zedapirs.<br />

p.CuloSnikovi Semdgom naSromSi anviTarebs Tavis<br />

adrindel Sexedulebebs, kvlav amaxvilebs yuradRebas<br />

SeduRebis reJimsa da sxmuli birTvis<br />

urTierTdamokidebulebaze da aqedan gamomdinare<br />

aRniSnavs, rom: 1. sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa SeduRebisas<br />

saWiro manqana_danadgarebs waeyenebaT specifikuri<br />

moTxovnebi. maT unda hqondeT adviladmoZravi da<br />

mcireinerciuli eleqtrodTa dawnevis amZravi meqanizmebi.<br />

eleqtrodebiT dawneva una xdebodes gansakuTrebiT<br />

stabilurad da Txeli nimuSis sisqis mixedviT unda<br />

regulirdebodes SedarebiT did zRvrebSi, magliTad (150-<br />

500)kg.Z., 2. xisti reJimiT SeduRebisas Txeli nimuSis<br />

Cadnobis sidide ar aris damokidebuli sqeli nimuSis<br />

mxridan moqmedi eleqtrodis muSa zedapiris zomebisagan.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, sasurvelia mas qondes brtyeli<br />

(cilindruli) muSa zedapiri, rac xels SeuSlis sqeli<br />

nimuSis gadaxurebas da mis zedapirze CaTelil adgilTa<br />

warmoqmnas. igi aRwers agreTve saintereso, magram<br />

damafiqrebel Sedegebs. magaliTad: 1. nax. 9.19-ze<br />

warmodgenilia Txevadi birTvis Camoyalibebis procesi<br />

drois mixedviT. 1 _ Seesabameba gadnobis zonis<br />

271

mdgomareobas wertilovani SeduRebis procesis<br />

ciklogramis II _ periodis sawyis moments. es aixsneba<br />

"cxeli" kontaqtis kveTSi denis simkvrivis araTanabari<br />

ganawilebiT (nax. 9.19.4). misi maqsimaluri mniSvnelobani<br />

aRiniSnebian periferiebze, ris gamoc araTanabaria<br />

kontaqtis temperaturuli veli da amitom liTonis<br />

periferiuli zonebi dnobis temperaturamde xurdebian<br />

ufro adre, vidre kontaqti centralur nawilSi. drois<br />

Semdgom mniSvnelobaTaTvis periferiul zonaTa<br />

gaxurebis Sedegad izrdeba maTi eleqtrowinaRoba da<br />

Tanmimdevrulad xdeba denis gadanawileba kontaqtis<br />

centralur nawilSi, rac TavisTavad iwvevs iq denis<br />

simkvrivis zrdas da liTonis dnobis dawyebas, amgvarad<br />

warmoiqmneba normaluri Txevadi zona (nax. 9.19.2),<br />

procesis amgvar ganviTarebas p.CuloSnikovi savaraudod<br />

miiCnevs xisti reJimis SemTxvevaSi, risi dadasturebac<br />

moiTxovs Semdgom kvlevaTa Catarebas.<br />

rac Seexeba mis mier SemoTavazebul sqel nimuSSi<br />

eleqtruli velis (nax. 9.19.3) dengamtari konusis<br />

saangariSo formulas:<br />

D = (3 ÷ 3,5)deL (9.25)<br />

avtoris azriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom: jer erTi, aq ar<br />

aris mocemuli am meqanizmis roli sxmuli birTvis<br />

ganviTarebis procesisaTvis da Semdeg meore, denis velis<br />

xasiaTi ar SeiZleba calsaxad iyos damokidebuli<br />

mxolod eleqtrodis diametrze da masze gavlenas ar<br />

axdendes agreTve TviT nimuSis geometriuli parametrebi,<br />

kerZod ki sisqe. bolos ki, denis xazebis gamrudeba unda<br />

272

moxdes orive nimuSSi _ rogorc sqelSi, aseve TxelSic.<br />

nax. 9.19 gansxvavebul sisqeTa nimuSebis xisti reJimiT<br />

SeduRebisas gadnobis zonisa da denis velis xasiaTebi:<br />

1. 0,544 mm. sisqeTa foladis X18H9T<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros miRebuli<br />

wriuli Cadnoba;<br />

2. 0,5+3 mm sisqeTa foladis fol. X18H9T<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros miRebuli<br />

Txevadi birTvi;<br />

3. denis veli;<br />

4. cxel kontaqtSi (nimuSi-nimuSi) denis<br />

simkrive.<br />

rac Seexeba sisqeTa fardobis gavlenas Txevadi zonis<br />

adgilmde-bareobaze, p. CuloSnikovis Tvalsazrisis<br />

dasadgenad Cvens mier dalagebuli iqna gansaxilvel<br />

273

naSromSi warmodgenili metalografiuli kvlevis<br />

Sedegebi (nax. 9.20) da Sesabamisi sacxrilo monacemebi.<br />

amrigad nax. 9.20-ze Tavmoyril masalaTa analizi<br />

metyvelebs Semdegs: SesaduRi nimuSebis sisqeTa fardobis<br />

zrdiT 4-dan 20-mde gadnobis zona rom moedos Txel<br />

nimuSsac, saWiroa: 1. fardobis 4-dan 13-is CaTvliT<br />

SualedisaTvis (9.20.1,2,3,4) gamoyenebuli iqnas rogorc<br />

xisti, aseve umetesad rbili reJimebi; amasTanave, yvela<br />

SemTxvevisaTvis damatebiT aucilebelia garkveuli<br />

teqnologiuri xerxis xmareba. 2. sisqeTa fardobis<br />

Semdgomi gazrdiT, kerZod δ2/δ1 = 20, araviTari<br />

teqnologiuri xerxis gamoyeneba saWiro ar aris da<br />

gadnobis zona (Txevadi birTvi) TiTqmis simetriuladaa<br />

ganlagebuli nimuSTa Sexebis sakontaqto sibrtyis<br />

mimarT (nax. 9.20.5,6).<br />

am bolo SedegTan dakavSirebiT yuradsaRebia<br />

avtoriseuli saintereso daskvnac: silfonTa xisti<br />

reJimiT SeduRebisas SedarebiT didi diametris (

mniSvnelobis Semdgomi zrdisas gadnobis zona unda<br />

mTlianad moTavsdes sqel nimuSSi.<br />

am gansxvavebul Sexedulebebidan gamomdinade, Cveni<br />

azriT, Txevadi birTvis adgilmonacvleobis<br />

kanionzomierebis dadgena moiTxovs garkveul kvleviT<br />

samuSaoTa Catarebas.<br />

nax. 9.20 araTanabari sisqeebis nimuSTa SeduRebisas<br />

Txevadi zonis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevebi (nimuSTa<br />

masala_foladi X18H9T; 1,2,3,4-wertilovani, 5,6 gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduReba) qveda cxrilSi naCvenebi teqnoligiuri<br />

xerxebis mixedviT:<br />

275

# aRniSvna fardoba<br />

1.<br />

2.<br />

3.<br />

4.<br />

5.<br />

6.<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

δ2/δ 1<br />

4,0<br />

6,6<br />

8,0<br />

113,3<br />

20,2<br />

20,0<br />

sisqeebi<br />

(mm)<br />

0,5; 2<br />

0,3; 2<br />

0,5; 4<br />

0,15; 2<br />

0,15; 3<br />

0,2; 4<br />

276<br />

reJimi teqnologiuri<br />

xerxi<br />

rbili<br />

rbili<br />

rbili<br />

xisti<br />

_<br />

_<br />

safeni<br />

sferuli<br />

eleqtrodi<br />

volframis Casma<br />

brtyeli<br />

eleqtrodi<br />

_<br />

_<br />

sainteresoa avtorTa jgufis _ v. atamanovi, a. isaevi, n.<br />

kaganovi _ mier damuSavebuli kondensatoruli SeduRebis<br />

xarisxis stbilurobis aqtiuri kontrolis meTodi. is<br />

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: liTonTa dnobis Sedegad<br />

xvedriTi winaRobis mkveTri zrda (nax. 9.21) gamoyenebulia<br />

dnobis stadiis aqtiuri kontrolis signalad, amasTan,<br />

misi aRricxva xdeba uSualod SeduRebis eleqtrodebidan<br />

da gamoiyeneba ukukavSirebis dasadgenad. meTodis<br />

gansaxorcielebeli mowyobilobis eleqtronuli sqemis<br />

muSaobas safuZvlad udevs SeduRebis eleqtridebs Soris<br />

Zabvis mniSvnelobis Sedarebis principi saregulirebel<br />

sayrden ZabvasTan (rac aiReba SesaduRi masalis dnobis<br />

Zabvis toli). roca SeduRebis eleqtrodebze Zabvis<br />

mniSvneloba gautoldeba saregulirebeli Zabvis<br />

dadgenil dones, amoqmeddeba eleqtronuli sqema, ris<br />

Sedegad moxdeba SeuduRebis transformatoris pirveladi<br />

gragnilis uinercio Suntireba, am dros ki mkveTrad<br />

ecema meoradi wredis deni da SeduRebis procesi wydeba.<br />

am meTodiT SeiZleba gnxorcieldes SeduRebis zonis<br />

sigrZis cvla (6.21.3). saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom aRwerili

meTodi saSualebas mogvcems SenaduRi nakeris<br />

dauSlelad (metalografiuli analizis gareSe)<br />

davadginoT, nakeri Camoyalibda myar mdgomareobaSi Tu<br />

gadnobiT. xolo rac mTavaria, Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisa da misi saWiro<br />

regulirebis sakiTxi, aq ar ganixileba.<br />

d<br />

I<br />

u<br />

I<br />

u<br />

nax. 9.21 SeduRebis denisa (i) da Zabvis vardnis (U)<br />

oscilogramebi (1,2) "cxel" kontaqtSi da SeduRebis<br />

zonis sigrZis (diametris _ d) damokidebuleba kontaqtis<br />

Zabvis (U) amplitudisagan. kondensatorTa<br />

batareis damuxtvis Zabva:<br />

1 _ 216 v; dnobis procesi ar aRZrula;<br />

2 _ 222 v; dnobis procesi aRZrulia.<br />

b. orlovi garkveulad iziarebs umetes avtorTa<br />

277<br />

t<br />

t<br />

1<br />

2<br />

Uee<br />

3

mosazrebebs araTanabari sisqis nimuSTa SeduRebis<br />

TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb, amasTanave ufro meti simZafriT<br />

warmoadgens aRniSnul teqnologiur process da<br />

aRniSnavs, rom sisqeTa sxvaobis zrda (aluminis<br />

SenadnobebisaTvis 1:2-ze da foladisaTvis 1:3-ze metad)<br />

teqnologebis winaSe ayenebs sakmaod seriozul<br />

problemebs procesis mdgradobis SenarCunebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT. am SemTxvevaSi is ususurad miiCnevs<br />

mdgomareobis gamosworebas reJimTa SerCeviT (nax. 9.22).<br />

sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, b.orlovi "cxel" kontaqtSi<br />

denis simkvrivis gazrdis mizezad Tvlis sqeli nimuSis<br />

kveTSi denis Zlier ganSlas. aqedan gamomdinare<br />

mdgomareobis gansaumjobeseblad adre CamoTvlil<br />

klasikur meTodebTan damatebiT gvirCevs magnituri denis<br />

xazTa xelovnur SekumSvas, ramac unda gaaZlieros<br />

Tbogamoyofa Txel nimuSSi da ugulebelyos Txevadi<br />

birTvis sqel nimuSSi gadaadgileba. Cveni azriT,<br />

yovelgvari teqnologiuri xerxebis gamoyeneba da<br />

miTumetes, denis xazebis xelovnuri SekumSva<br />

dakavSirebulia specifikur siZneleebTan da mainc ver<br />

iZleva sasurvel Sedegebs. magnituri velis gamoyeneba ki<br />

gamoiwvevs denis xazebis SekumSvas sqel nimuSSic da<br />

Sesabamisad masSic Tbogamoyofis gazrdas. ukeTesi iqneba<br />

miinaxos meqanizmi, romelic uzrunvelyofs sqeli nimuSis<br />

kveTidan Tboacilebis gaZlierebas.<br />

Semdgomi periodis literaturaSi Txeli nimuSis<br />

mxridan sxvadsxva diametris eleqtrodTa<br />

SemTxvevebisaTvis aRniSnulia, rom rac ufro mcirea<br />

birTvis diametri, (e.i. mcirea eleqtrodis diametri), miT<br />

ukeTesadaa uzrunvelyofili Txeli nimuSis gadnoba.<br />

278

aqedan gamomdinare avtori askvnis, rom Zalian<br />

racionaluria reliefis gamoyvana Txel nimuSze. es<br />

rekomendacia ewinaaRmdegeba igive mkvlevaris<br />

TanaavtorobiT adre gamoqveynebul naSromSi<br />

Camoyalibebul azrs, sadac araTanabari sisqis masalaTa<br />

SeduRebisas gvirCeven reliefis gamoyvanas sqel nimuSze.<br />

nax. 9.22 araTanabari sisqis namzadTa SeduRebis<br />

dros gadnobis zona da denis simkvrive:<br />

1. rbili reJimi; 2. xisti reJimi.<br />

monografiuli xasiaTis naSromis "winaRobiT<br />

SeduReba"-s im nawilis daskvnaSi sadac ganxilulia<br />

sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa SeduRebis dros arsebuli<br />

praqtikuli problemebi, rolan gaze ambobs, rom es<br />

sakiTxi dReisaTvis metad aqtualuria, magram ar<br />

279

arsebobs sakmarisi gamokvlevebi arsebul problemaTa<br />

mosagvareblad.<br />

Catarebuli literaturuli analizis safuZvelze<br />

miRebuli mosazrebani SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: sisqeTa<br />

tolobis darRvevis momentidan δ2/δ1> 1 fardobis<br />

garkveul mniSvnelobamde xdeba Txevadi birTvis<br />

TandaTanobiTi gadaadgileba sqeli nimuSis siRrmeSi da<br />

is warmoiqmneba SesaduR nimuSTa jamuri sisqis Sua<br />

adgilas. sisqeTa fardobis garkveuli mniSvnelobis<br />

Semdgomi zrdiT Txevadi birTvi brundeba ukan da<br />

SeiZleba gamovides Txeli nimuSis zedapirze.<br />

d.balkovecisa da r.xolmis hipoTezaTa mixedviT ki erTerTi<br />

nimuSis sisqis zrdiT Txevadi birTvi uwyvetad<br />

unda gadaadgildes sqel nimuSSi jamuri sisqis<br />

ganikveTis centrSi. aseTi mosalodneli Sedegi romelsac<br />

axsnilia imiT, rom es adgili yvelaze metad<br />

daSorebulia gamaciebeli eleqtrodebidan da amitom<br />

yvelaze metad unda iyos gaxurebuli. gamodis, rom es<br />

gamonaTqvamebi arasakmarisia da araTanabari sisqis<br />

masalaTa eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebis Txevadi birTvis<br />

Camoyalibebis procesi moiTxovs dazustebul damatebiT<br />

ganmartebebs.<br />

gakeTebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare saWiro iyo<br />

Semdgomi metalografiuli da metrologiuri kvlevebis,<br />

meqanikuri gamocdebisa da fizikuri modelirebis<br />

safuZvelze dadgeniliyo: sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa<br />

SeduRebisas Txevadi birTvis adgilmonacvleobis<br />

kanonzomiereba; gamovleniliyo sisqeTa fardobis<br />

kritikuli da optimaluri mniSvnelobani; garkveuliyo<br />

SenaduRi wertlis adgilmdebareobis ganmsazRvreli<br />

280

ZiriTadi faqtorebi, yovelive amiT ki axsniliyo erTerTi<br />

nimuSis sisqis zrdis gavlenis meqanzmi SeduRebis<br />

zonaSi mimdinare Tbur proesebze.<br />

am amocanaTa gadawyvetas mieZRvna avtoris sadoqtoro<br />

naSromi, sadac gamokvleuli problemebisa da miRebuli<br />

Sedegebis Sesaxeb qvemoT mogaxsenebT.<br />

9.6.1.1. sisqecvalebadi nimuSis siRrmeSi temperaturis<br />

ganawilebis Teoriuli gansazRvra<br />

Catarebulma literaturulma analizma gviCvena, rom<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis erT-erTi nimuSis sisqis<br />

ganuxreli zrda iwvevs Txevadi birTvis (an gaxurebis<br />

maqsimaluri zonis) daZvras sqeli nimuSis centrisaken da<br />

piriqiT. am movlenis mniSvnelovan madominirebel<br />

faqtorad ganisazRvra swored nimuSis sisqis cvla da<br />

denis gvaroba. aqedan gamomdinare, procesis Semdgomi<br />

regulirebisa da optimalurad marTvisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia Teoriulad da eqsperimentalurad<br />

Seswavlili da axsnili iqnas cvalebadi sisqis nimuSis,<br />

rogorc Txevadi birTvis adgilmonacvleobis meqanizmis<br />

roli winaRobiT SeduRebis zonis Tburi procesisaTvis.<br />

gadasawyveti sakiTxisadmi Teoriuli midgoma SeiZleba<br />

ganxorcieldes winaRobiT SeduRebis procesTa<br />

tradiciuli saangariSo meTodebis, kerZod akad. n.<br />

rikalinis mier gamoyvanili myisieri wriuli Tburi<br />

wyarosaTvis naxevarsasrul sxeulSi Tbogadacemis<br />

gantolebaTa safuZvelze.<br />

aRniSnulis mixedviT SesaduR nimuSTa sakontaqto<br />

sibrtyidan X _ manZiliT daSorebuli dx mcire kveTis<br />

281

sasazRvro wertilis temperatura drois garkveuli<br />

mniSvnelobisaTvis gamoiTvleba mocemuli formuliT:<br />

T<br />

( x,<br />

t)<br />

= T ( 1−<br />

k<br />

2<br />

π<br />

282<br />

2<br />

∫<br />

0<br />

−<br />

y<br />

y<br />

e<br />

dy)<br />

(9.26)<br />

(gamosaxuleba miRebulia Tbogamtarobis gantolebis<br />

amoxsniT siTbos wrfivi gavrcelebis SemTxvevisaTvis)<br />

sadac, TK _ “cxeli” kontaqtis temperaturaa da aiReba<br />

masalis dnobis temperaturis farglebSi<br />

0C –iT;<br />

rkinisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis<br />

miRebulia<br />

TK = 15000C; , xolo<br />

x _ aris gansaxilveli wertilis daSoreba<br />

“cxeli” kontaqtidan mm-Si, SeirCeva<br />

angariSis<br />

farglebSi;<br />

win SesaduRi nimuSis sisqis<br />

t _ aris dro wam-Si, SeirCeva aseve angariSis win<br />

SeduRebis procesis drois farglebSi;<br />

a _ temperaturagamtarobis koeficienti;<br />

λ _ SesaduRi masalis Tbogamtarobis koeficienti<br />

_ kal/sm wm0C-Si, SeirCeva cxrilebidan;<br />

γ _ SesaduRi masalis xvedriTi wona _ g/sm 3 -Si,<br />

SeirCeva cxrilebidan;<br />

C _ SesaduRi masalis TboSemcveloba _ kal/g-Si,<br />

SeirCeva cxrilebidan.<br />

aRniSnuli (9.26) gamosaxuleba SeiZleba gamoyenebuli<br />

iqnas ufro gamartivebuli saxiT:

sadac φ(y) = [1-f(y)]<br />

T(x,t)=Tkφ(y) (9.27)<br />

xolo gamosaxuleba _ φ(y)-is gansazRvra SeiZleba<br />

moxdes ori gziT: 1. k.koCerginis mier mocemuli<br />

temperaturis droisa da kooordinatis mixedviT<br />

ganawilebis gansazRvris funqciur damokidebulebaTa<br />

grafikuli monacemiT da 2. gausis integralis<br />

maTematikuri cxrilebis gamoyenebiT (cxr. 9.4).<br />

ganxiluli monacemebis safuZvelze avtoris mier<br />

Catarebuli iqna SeduRebis sqeli nimuSis siRrmeSi,<br />

kerZod misi aqtiuri ganikveTis centrSi temperaturis<br />

mniSvnelobaTa angariSi sisqeTa fardobis zrdis<br />

mixedviT. manZilis koordinati X-i aRebulia nebismieri<br />

sisqisaTvis misi naxevramniSvnelobis toli. nimuSis<br />

masalad aRebulia igive liTonebi, rac winaswari<br />

metalografiul eqsperimentTa SemTxvevebisaTvis. sisqeTa<br />

fardobis cvalebadoba xdeboda sazRvrebSi 1/22, amasTan,<br />

Txeli nimuSis sisqe miRebulia ucvlelad, kerZod,<br />

nikelisaTvis δ1=0,05 mm, foladisaTvis δ1=0,5 mm. fizikur<br />

sidideTa: λ, γ, C-s ricxviTi mniSvnelobani aRebulia<br />

literaturul wyaroTa sacxrilo monacemebidan r.<br />

xolmisa da b. livSicis mixedviT. gamosaxuleba φ(y)-is<br />

mniSvneloba aRebul iqna cxrili 9.4-is monacemebidan.<br />

Catarebuli angariSiT miRebuli Sedegebi<br />

warmodgenilia grafikTa saxiT (nax. 9.23). isini naTlad<br />

metyveleben, rom nimuSis sisqis zrda, miuxedavad<br />

masalisa, iwvevs misi ganikveTis centrSi maqsimaluri<br />

temperaturis mkveTrad Semcirebas. amasTanave,<br />

283

temperaturis mniSvnelobaTa aRniSnuli Semcireba ar<br />

aris sisqeTa fardobis zrdisagan wrfivad damokidebuli.<br />

roca fardoba δ2/ δ1=(1÷3)-mde, temparaturis dacema<br />

swarmoebs xistad, Tumca maTi absolituri mniSvnelobani<br />

jer kidev maRalia; δ2/δ1>3-18, temperatura ecema SedarebiT<br />

mdored, xolo fardobis Semdgomi zrdisaTvis _ δ2/ δ1>18, temperaturis dacema SedarebiT umniSvnelo xdeba.<br />

Tu movaxdenT miRebuli Sedegis Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmonacvleobis kanonzomierebasTan Sedarebas,<br />

davinaxavT garkveul analogias sisqTa fardobis<br />

zrdisagan damokidebulebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba<br />

ufro damajereblad vTqvaT, rom winaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

erT-erTi nimuSis sisqis cvalebadobis meqanizmi<br />

warmoadgens Txevadi birTvis adgilmdebareobis<br />

ganmsazRvrel madominirebel faqtors.<br />

y<br />

φ(y)<br />

y<br />

φ(y)<br />

y<br />

φ(y)<br />

y<br />

φ(y)<br />

y<br />

φ(y)<br />

cxrili 9.4<br />

gausis integralis maTematikuri monacemebi<br />

0,05<br />

0,944<br />

0,45<br />

0,524<br />

0,85<br />

0,229<br />

1,25<br />

0,077<br />

1,65<br />

0,020<br />

0,10<br />

0,887<br />

0,50<br />

0,479<br />

0,90<br />

0,203<br />

1,30<br />

0,066<br />

1,70<br />

0,016<br />

0,15<br />

0,832<br />

0,55<br />

0,437<br />

0,95<br />

0,178<br />

1,35<br />

0,056<br />

1,75<br />

0,013<br />

0,20<br />

0,777<br />

0,60<br />

0,396<br />

1,00<br />

0,157<br />

1,40<br />

0,048<br />

1,80<br />

0,010<br />

284<br />

0,25<br />

0,724<br />

0,65<br />

0,358<br />

1,05<br />

0,139<br />

1,45<br />

0,040<br />

1,85<br />

0,009<br />

0,30<br />

0,681<br />

0,70<br />

0,322<br />

1,10<br />

0,120<br />

1,50<br />

0,034<br />

1,90<br />

0,007<br />

0,35<br />

0,621<br />

0,75<br />

0,289<br />

1,15<br />

0,104<br />

1,55<br />

0,028<br />

1,95<br />

0,006<br />

0,470<br />

0,581<br />

0,80<br />

0,258<br />

1,20<br />

0,090<br />

1,60<br />

0,024<br />

2,00<br />

0,005

y<br />

y<br />

x t = Tk<br />

− ∫ e<br />

− 2<br />

2<br />

( , ) ( 1<br />

π 0<br />

T<br />

T<br />

( x,<br />

t)<br />

= T ϕ(<br />

y)<br />

k<br />

x<br />

y =<br />

2 at<br />

λ<br />

a =<br />

γ ⋅C<br />

dy)<br />

285<br />

t = 10<br />

σ<br />

1<br />

2<br />

−4<br />

γ = 0,<br />

5σ<br />

( 10<br />

2<br />

−2<br />

) sec<br />

σ = const = 0,<br />

05(<br />

0 ⋅ 5)<br />

mm<br />

= Var<br />

nax. 9.23 sxvadasxva masalis<br />

sisqecvalebadi nimuSis centrSi<br />

temperaturis Teoriuli angariSis Sedegebi.<br />

gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis gansamtkiceblad saWiroa<br />

Catardes Teoriulad miRebuli Sedegebis realuri<br />

eqsperimentebiT dasabuTeba.

9.6.1.2 sisqecvalebadi nimuSis centrSi Tburi<br />

mdgomareobis cvalebadobis makrografia<br />

kvlevis obieqtad gamoiyeneba rogorc feradi (nikelis<br />

furclebi, δ1=0,05 mm, δ2=var), aseve Savi (foladis<br />

furclovanis masala δ2=0,5 mm, δ2=var) liTonis<br />

saSemduReblo nimuSebi. amasTan, denis wyarod rogorc<br />

kondensatoruli (t=10_4wm), aseve cvladi denis<br />

samrewvelo sixSiris manqanebi. icvleba sisqeTa fardoba,<br />

xolo SeduRebis reJimis parametrebi yoveli calkeuli<br />

SemTxvevisaTvis rCeba mudmivi. SeduRebis procesis Semdeg<br />

mzaddeboda nimuSebi makrografiuli dakvirvebebisaTvis.<br />

miRebuli Sedegebis (nax. 9.24) mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas: roca sisqeTa fardoba 1

procesebze, kerZod, am fardobis gavlena procesis Tburi<br />

balansis xasiaTze.<br />

nax. 9.24 sisqezrdadi nimuSis kveTis Tburi mdgomareobis<br />

cvalebadobis makrografiuli kvlevis Sedegebi (X8)<br />

287

9.6.1.3 sisqeTa sxvaobiT gamowveuli Tbur<br />

procesTa Taviseburebani<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis eleqtrodTaSoris zonaSi<br />

mimdinare procesis Tburi balansis xasiaTi garkveulad<br />

gamoxatavs masSi monawile siTbos gamoyofisa da<br />

acilebis calkeul faqtorTa bunabas, amasTanave,<br />

mxolod Tburi balansis angariSis safuZvelze SeiZleba<br />

gamoTvlil iqnas SeduRebis denisa da misi moqmedebis<br />

drois ricxviTi mniSvnelobani. aqedan cxadad Cans<br />

procesis Tburi balansis angariSis racionalurad<br />

asaxvisa da praqtikulad gamoyenebis mniSvneloba<br />

dasaxul amocanaTa optimalurad gadawyvetaSi.<br />

Cven ukve gvqonda Sexeba gaxurebis saerTo<br />

gantolebasTan (T.7.5) pirapira SeduRebis SemTxvevisaTvis.<br />

gavixsenoT es masala da gamoviyenoT wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis procesisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki sxvadasxva<br />

sisqis masalaTa SeduRebisas (nax. 9.25.1) sawyisi pirobaa<br />

miRebul Q + da daxarjul Q - siTboTa wonasworoba:<br />

Q + = Q -<br />

sadac Q + _ joulis siTbo iangariSeba miRebuli<br />

klasikuri gamosaxulebiT:<br />

+<br />

t<br />

2<br />

Q = 0, 24∫<br />

I ( t)<br />

Ree<br />

( t)<br />

dt = 0,<br />

24u(<br />

t)<br />

I ( t)<br />

d(<br />

t)<br />

0<br />

daxarjuli siTbo: Q - = Q1 + Q2 + Q3<br />

288

nax. 9.25 winaRobiT SeduRebis procesis Tburi<br />

balansis saangariSo sqemebi:<br />

1 _ pirapira SeduRebisaTvis;<br />

2 _ Tanabarsisqis nimuSTa wertilovani<br />

SeduRebisaTvis;<br />

3_sxvadasxva sisqis nimuSTa wertilovani<br />

SeduRebisaTvis.<br />

289

sadac: Q1 = GCT _ TboSemcvelobaze daxarjuli siTboa;<br />

Q2 = 2λFΔTt _ Tbogadacemaze daxarjuli siTboa;<br />

Q1 = HSΔθt _ Tbogamosxivabaze daxarjuli siTboa.<br />

Tbogamosxivabaze daxarjuli siTbos ugulvebelyofiT<br />

(misi simciris gamo), denis moqmedi (efeqturi)<br />

sididisaTvis, mdgenelTa Sesabamis mniSvnelobaTa CasmiT<br />

sawyis gamosaxulebaSi miiReba saboloo saxe:<br />

0,24I 2 Rt = FeγCT + 2λFΔTt<br />

an<br />

0,24UIt=FeγCT + 2λFΔTt (9.28)<br />

sadac: I _ SeduRebis (meoradi) denis Zalaa, amperebSi;<br />

U _ Zabvis vardna SeduRebis zonaSi, voltebSi;<br />

R _ SeduRebis zonis sruli eleqtrowinaRoba,<br />

omebSi;<br />

t _ denis moqmedebis dro, wamebSi;<br />

F _ SesaduR nimuSTa kveTis farTi, sm2-Si;<br />

e _ SeduRebis zonis ubani, romlisTvisac<br />

Sedgenilia siTbos balansi, sm-Si;<br />

γ _ SesaduRi liTonis xvedriTi wona, g/sm3-Si;<br />

C _ SesaduRi liTonis TboSemcveloba, kal/g-Si;<br />

T _ ubnis saSualo temperatura gaxurebis stadiis<br />

bolosaTvis, 0C-Si; λ _ SesaduRi liTonis Tbogamtarobis koeficienti,<br />

kal/sm.wm 0C-Si; ΔT _ gansaxilveli ubnis sazRvarTan sigrZis<br />

erTeulze temperaturis saSualo vardna.<br />

misi mniSvneloba drois sxvadasxva momentisaTvis<br />

ganisazRvreba gansaxilveli ubnis or sxvadasxva mxares<br />

290

0,05 sm-is daSorebiT mdebare wertilebis temperaturaTa<br />

sxvaobiT.<br />

rac Seexeba eleqtrodTaSoris winaRobas, is<br />

iangariSeba:<br />

R = Rc + Rm<br />

sadac<br />

Rc _ gardamaval kontaqtTa winaRobaa om-Si da calkeuli<br />

kontaqtisaTvis miRebulia<br />

Rc = r1 + r2 + r3<br />

sadac<br />

r1_faqtiur sakontaqto adgilebSi (mikrogamonaSverebSi)<br />

Seviwroebuli denis gzis (nax. 3.25.3) winaRobaa;<br />

r2 _ faqtiur sakontaqto gamonaSverTa winaRobaa;<br />

r3 _ calkeul sakontaqto adgilTa JangeulTa afskisa da<br />

adsorbirebul gazTa winaRobaa.<br />

bolo gamosaxulebis TiToeuli mdgeneli iangariSeba<br />

ase:<br />

lSev<br />

r1<br />

= ρliT<br />

FSev<br />

hgam<br />

r2<br />

= ρgam<br />

Fgam<br />

δafs<br />

r3<br />

= ρafs<br />

F<br />

sadac:<br />

ρ liT. _ sakontaqto liTonis xvedriTi winaRobaa;<br />

291<br />

afs<br />

l Sev. _ denis xazTa Seviwroebis sigrZea;<br />

F Sev. _ denis xazTa Seviwroebis saSualo kveTia;<br />

ρ gam. _ sakontaqto gamonaSverTa liTonis xvedriTi<br />

winaRobaa;

h gam. _ sakontaqto gamosaSverTa jamuri simaRle;<br />

F gam. _ sakontaqto gamonaSverTa saSualo kveTia;<br />

ρ afsk. _ JangeulTa afskis xvedriTi winaRobaa;<br />

δ afsk. _ JangeulTa afskis sisqea;<br />

Fafsk. _ JangeulTa afskis sakontaqto Sexebis farTi.<br />

rogorc Cans, gamosaxuleba (9.3)-is saangariSod<br />

Casatarebeli rigi gazomvebisa da gamoTvlebisa mraval<br />

sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amasTanave, TviT<br />

SeduRebis procesis ciklis dawyebis momentidan<br />

arsebiTad rTuldeba rogorc “civi”, aseve “cxeli”<br />

gardamavali kontaqtebis winaRobaTa buneba. yovelive<br />

aRniSnulidan amomdinare, praqtikaSi miRebulia<br />

saWiroebis mixedviT an SeduRebis procesis dawyebis win<br />

moxdes kontaqtur winaRobaTa gazomva, an visargebloT<br />

eleqtroteqnikaSi miRebuli dasaSleli kontaqtis<br />

winaRobis saangariSo formuliT (“civi” kontaqtisaTvis):<br />

sadac rc _ xvedriTi winaRobaa, roca dawnevis Zala P = 1<br />

kg da aiReba sazRvrebSi 0,003_0,006;<br />

P _ kontaqtis dawnevis Zala kg-Si;<br />

α _ xarisxis maCvenebeli koeficientia, aiReba<br />

sazRvrebSi 0,5_ 1,0.<br />

kontaqtis kargi morgebis SemTxvevisaTvis<br />

eqsperimentuli monacemebiT miRebulia empiriuli<br />

damokidebuleba<br />

Soris:<br />

kontaqtur da liTonur winaRobaTa<br />

292<br />

Rc<br />

≈ 100<br />

Rm

ac Seexeba liTonur winaRobas _ Rm, misi angariSi<br />

pirapira SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi, roca TiTqmis ar xdeba<br />

SesaduR ReroebSi gamavali denis xazebis Seviwroeba,<br />

SeiZleba Catardes klasikuri gamosaxulebiT:<br />

an ufro swori iqneba Caiweros temperaturis<br />

mxedvelobaSi miRebiT:<br />

xolo cvladi denis SemTxvisaTvis, zedapiruli efeqtis<br />

moqmedebis gamo mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli<br />

fildas koeficienti KF, maSin gveqneba:<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi, Tanabari sisqis<br />

nimuSebisaTvisac ki (nax. 3.3,b), maT SigniT denis xazTa<br />

gamrudebis gamo rTuldeba nimuSis im aqtiuri ganikveTis<br />

farTis (S) angariSi, romelSic faqtiurad gaivlian denis<br />

xazebi.<br />

Tu SesaduRi iqneba araTanabari sisqis nimuSebi<br />

(nax.3,3,5), maSin denis xazebis gamrudebasTan erTad<br />

calkeul nimuSSi adgili eqneba maTi simetriulobis<br />

darRvevasac, anu irRveva TiToeul nimuSSi denis<br />

gavlenis qveS e.w. liTonis aqtiur moculobaTa toloba<br />

da aqedan gamomdinare, xdeba garkveuli gadaxrebi<br />

procesis siTburi balansis pirobidan.<br />

aRniSnuli msjelobis safuZvelze SeiZleba<br />

Camoyalibdes Semdegi saxis hipoTeza: winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebis procesis Tburi balansis gantoleba<br />

293

(formula 9.3), rom vargisi iyos araTanabari sisqis<br />

masalaTa wertilovani SeduRebis SemTxvevisaTvis,<br />

aucilebelia gairkves: 1.erT-erTi nimuSis sisqis<br />

cvalebadobis gavlena misi liTonuri winaRobis xasiaTze<br />

da Sesabamisad, 2.dadgindes sisqeTa fardobis zrdis<br />

roli sqeli nimuSis centrSi aRZrul Q + m da dakargul<br />

Q + m siTboTa raodenobaze.<br />

bolo gamonaTqvamis dasadgenad, imis mxedvelobaSi<br />

miRebiT, rom nimuSis sisqis zrdiT icvleba mis kveTSi<br />

denis xazTa ganlagebis suraTi, e.i. denis simkvrive da<br />

Sesabamisad gaxurebis intensiuroba, TviT nimuSis mier<br />

gamoyofili joulis siTbos saangariSo gamosaxulebaSi<br />

SevcvaloT<br />

I = jF<br />

da gveqneba:<br />

Q - m = 0,24IjFmt[kal.]<br />

sadac Q + m aris nimuSis mier gamoyofili siTbo.<br />

rac Seexeba nimuSis sisqis zrdiT mis mier dakarguli<br />

siTbos raodenobis cvalebadobas, es movlena cnobilia<br />

da liTonSi dakarguli siTbos raodenobis saangariSod<br />

k.koCerginis mier rekomendebulia ubralo, gamartivebuli<br />

saxis formula:<br />

Q - m = 4IπλδTt[kal.] 9.29<br />

sadac:<br />

λ _ liTonis Tbogamtarobis koeficientia _ kal/sm wm 0 C;<br />

δ _ SesaduRi nimuSis sisqea _ mm-Si;<br />

T _ SeduRebis zonis cilindris gverdiTi zedapiris<br />

saSualo temperaturaa t _ drois ganmavlobaSi da<br />

aiReba 10000C-is toli;<br />

t _ SeduRebis dro _ wm-Si.<br />

294

nimuSis sisqis meqanizmis rolis asaxsnelad<br />

SeduRebis siTburi balansis angariSi, da Sesabamisad,<br />

Txevadi birTvis adgilmonacvleobis kanonzomierebaSi<br />

saWiroa moxdes bolo ori gamosaxulebis mixedviT<br />

angariSis Catareba. formula (9.5)-Tvis es advilad<br />

SesaZlebelia, xolo formula (9.4)-Tvis ki saWiroa<br />

vicodeT nimuSis aqtiuri moculobis liTonuri winaRoba<br />

(Rm) da kuTri denis (j) saangariSo gamosaxulebani<br />

SesaduRi nimuSis geometriul da fizikur<br />

maxasiaTeblebTan Sesabamisad.<br />

9.6.1.4 sisqeTa fardobis mixedviT Txevadi<br />

birTvis adgilmonacvleobis metalografiul,<br />

metrologiur da meqanikur kvlevaTa Sedegebi<br />

aRniSnuli samuSaos Sedegad dadginda Txevadi<br />

birTvis adgilmonacvleobis saerTo kanonzomiereba da<br />

amasTanave gamovlinda sisqeTa fardobis kritikuli da<br />

optimaluri mniSvnelobani. SeduRebis reJimis<br />

parametrebi SerCeuli iyo Txeli nimuSis sisqis mixedviT<br />

da rCeboda ucvleli sisqeTa fardobis nebismieri<br />

mniSvnelobisaTvis.<br />

1. metalografiuli kvleva<br />

Catarebul mravalricxovan eqsperimentTa sanimuSo<br />

makrostruqturebi rogorc Cveulebrivi, aseve<br />

mikroSeduRebisaTvis, masalisa da sisqeTa fardobis<br />

Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT naCvenebia naxazze 9.26.<br />

miRebuli mikroSlifebidan naTlad Cans, rom, sisqeTa<br />

fardobis zrdiT garkveul mniSvnelobaTa (4:1) Semdeg<br />

Txevadi birTvi mTlianad gadaadgilebulia sqel<br />

295

nimuSSi. fardobis kvlav zrdiT meore garkvul<br />

mniSvnelobaTa Semdeg (18:1, 20:1) birTvi daaxloebiT<br />

warmoiqmneba SesaduR nimuSTa gamyof pirapirze da misi<br />

aseTi mdebareoba rCeba stabilur mdebareobaSi<br />

miuxedavad sisqeTa fardobis SemdgomSi ganuxreli<br />

zrdisa (22:1, 25:1...). yovelive es adasturebs<br />

kondensatoruli SeduRebis SemTxvevisaTvis avtoris<br />

mier adre gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis siswores.<br />

2. metrologiuri kivleva saWiro gaxda miRebul<br />

dakvirvebaTa Sedegebis dasazusteblad da Txevadi<br />

birTvis adgilmonacvleobis kanonzomierebis gasarkvevad.<br />

izomeboda manZili SesaduR nimuSTa sakontaqto<br />

sibrtyesa da Txevadi birTvis horizontaluri simetriis<br />

RerZs Soris _ Z. miRebul ricxviT mniSvnelobaTa<br />

mixedviT agebul iqna Txevadi birTvis<br />

agdilmonacvleobis kanonzomierebaTa SesaduRi nimuSebis<br />

sisqeTa fardobisagan damokidebulebiT Z=f(δ2/δ1) (nax.<br />

9.27). aRniSnuli diagramidan cxadia, rom SesaduRi<br />

nimuSebis sisqeTa fardobis kritikul mniSvnelobebad<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos: δ2/δ1=6_8. am dros birTvis<br />

gadaadgileba “cxeli” kontaqtidan aRwevs maqsimalur<br />

sidides. rac Seexeba fardobis optimalur mniSvnelobas,<br />

mas Seesabameba Semdegi sidideebi: 1=δ2/δ1>18. 3. nakeris xarisxis meqanikuri gamocdis Sedegebi,<br />

damokidebuleba Rt=f(δ2/δ1), (nax. 9.27) ki:<br />

1. mkafiod adasturebs Catarebul metalografiul<br />

da metrologiur kvlevaTa analizi sisqeTa<br />

fardobis kritikul mniSvnelobaTa Sesaxeb;<br />

296

2. man gvaCvena, rom sisqeTa fardobis or optimalur<br />

mniSvnelobaTagan nakeris ukeTesi meqanikuri<br />

Tvisebebis misaRebad umjobesia pirveli, δ2/δ1=1. nax. 9.26 SenaduRi SerTebis makrostruqturebi<br />

a. foladi+foladi, δmin=const=0,5 (cvladi deni);<br />

b. nikeli+nikeli δmin=const=0,5 (kondensatoruli deni).<br />

297

nax. 9.27 nakeris meqanikuri gamocdisa _ Rt=f(δ2/δ1) da metrologiuri kvlevis Z=f(δ2/δ1) Sedegebi:<br />

Rt _ nakeris simtkice<br />

Z _ Txevadi birTvis dacileba nimuSTa SesaduRi<br />

zedapirebis urTierTSexebis sibrtyidan.<br />

rac Seexeba sisqeTa fardobis meore optimalur<br />

mniSvnelobaTa diapazons δ2/δ1>18, am zRvrebSi nakeris<br />

meqanikuri Tvisebebis Semcireba, miuxedavad Txevadi<br />

birTvis normaluri adgilmdebareobisa, gamowveuli unda<br />

iyos mxolod birTvis geometriuli zomebis SemcirebiT,<br />

rac TavisTavad axdens nakeris kveTisa da Sesabamisad,<br />

298

misi meqanikuri simtkicis Semcirebas. aqedan gamomdinare<br />

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom:<br />

3. sisqeTa fardobis optimalur mniSvnelobaTa meore<br />

diapazonisaTvis (δ2/δ1>18) SenaduRi nakeris xarisxis<br />

gasazrdelad aucilebelia procesisaTvis saWiro Tburi<br />

energiis gazrda erT-erTi nimuSis sisqis zrdis<br />

Sesabamisad.<br />

Catarebul eqsperimentul samuSaoTa Sedegebis naTel<br />

suraTs iZleva winaRobiT SesaduRi nimuSebis sisqeTa<br />

fardobis mixedviT Txevadi birTvis adgilmonacvleobis<br />

warmodgeniTi zogadi sqema (nax. 9.28). rogorc Cans,<br />

sisqeTa fardobis kritikuli mniSvnelobani (δ2/δ1=6_8) Tavsdeba fardobis or optimalur mniSvnelobaTa<br />

(1=δ2/δ1>18) Soris, roca Txevadi birTvi gadaadgilebulia<br />

sakontaqto sibrtyidan ise, rom igi sisqeTa fardobis<br />

zrdis Sesabamisad an scildeba, an uaxlovdeba “cxel”<br />

kontaqts.<br />

nax. 9.28 sisqeTa fardobis mixedviT Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmonacvleobis warmodgeniTi zogadi sqema:<br />

Z - “cxeli” kontaqtis sibrtyidan Txevadi birTvis, SenaduRi<br />

wertilis gadaadgilebis sidide.<br />

299

Semdgom saWiroa SeviswavloT sisqeTa arasasurveli<br />

fardobis SemTxvevisaTvis, kerZod or optimalur<br />

mniSvnelobaTa SualedSi birTvis adgilmonacvleobaze<br />

moqmedi faqtorebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes am procesis<br />

marTva. am mimarTulebiT mizanSewonilia Tavdapirvelad<br />

gairkves SeduRebis reJimis ZiriTad parametrTa (I,t,P)<br />

cvalebadobis gavlena SenaduRi wertilis<br />

adgilmdebareobaze.<br />

9.6.1.5. reJimis parametrTa gavlena<br />

wertilis adgilmdebareobaze<br />

kvlevis obieqtad SerCeulia sisqeTa fardobis<br />

kritikuli mniSvnelobani, kerZod: δ2/δ1=6, maT Soris<br />

δ1=0,5 mm. masalad gamoyenebulia wynari foladi, kvebis<br />

wyarod _ cvladi denis pf-2 tipis wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis manqana. parametrTa sawyisi mniSvnelobani<br />

SeirCa a.gelmanis monacemebiT. Semdgom, erTi cvladi<br />

funqciis mixedviT, xdeboda denis sididis (I), misi<br />

moqmedebis drosa (t) da eleqtrodebze dawnevis Zalis (P)<br />

cvalebadoba_TandaTanobiTi zrda ramodenime Sualedur<br />

ricxviT mniSvnelobaTaTvis, nakeris simtkiceze<br />

gamocdiT. miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,<br />

naTlad Cans, rom SeduRebis procesSi daxarjuli Tburi<br />

energiis gazrdam garkveul zRvramde gamoiwvia nakeris<br />

xarisxis _ meqanikuri Tvisebis gazrda (nax. 9.29),<br />

mrudeebi: Rt = f(I) da Rt = f(t), xolo dawnevis Zalis<br />

Semcirebam ki piriqiT, mrudi Rt = f(P), nakeris xarisxis<br />

uwyveti gauareseba. miRebul Sedegebs Tu SevadarebT<br />

300

sisqeTa Tanabari fardobis pirobas, (nax. 9.27), miuxedavad<br />

energiis gazrdis ori SemTxvevisa (I,t) nakeris meqanikuri<br />

gamocdis Sedegebi sisqeTa kritikuli fardobisaTvis (6/1)<br />

SesamCnevad dabalia, vidre nakeris meqanikuri gamocdis<br />

Sedegebi Tanabari sisqis nimuSTa SeduRebis dros.<br />

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom SeduRebis denis<br />

mniSvnelobis zrdis gavlenis xarisxi nakeris simtkiceze<br />

ufro metia, vidre denis moqmedebis drois zrdisa.<br />

aRiSnuli movlenis gasarkvevad Catarda miRebuli<br />

nakeris rogorc vizualuri (nax. 9.30.1), aseve<br />

metalografiuli (nax. 9.30.2) Semowmeba.<br />

Catarebul eqsperimentTa Sedegebidan naTlad Cans rom<br />

SeduRebis denis zrda iwvevs Txevadi birTvis zomebis<br />

Sesabamis zrdas siRrmeSi, xolo denis moqmedebis drois<br />

zrda ki _ Txevadi birTvis sigrZis zrdas, rac emTxveva<br />

umravles mkvlevarTa azrs am sakiTxs irgvliv. swored<br />

am niSnebiT aixsneba denisa da misi moqmedebis drois<br />

mniSvnelobaTa raodenobrivad gansxvavebuli gavlena<br />

nakeris xarisxis meqanikur Tvisebaze.<br />

301

nax. 9.29 SeduRebis reJimis parametrTa<br />

optimizaciis Sedegebi:<br />

Rt _ nakeris simtkice;<br />

I _ SeduRebis deni;<br />

t _ denis moqmedebis dro;<br />

P _ dawnevis Zala.<br />

302

1. (X8)<br />

2. (X8)<br />

nax. 9.30 SeduRebis reJimis parametrTa gavlena<br />

SenaduRi wertilis Camoyalibebaze:<br />

1. nakeris vizualuri saxe;<br />

2. nakeris makrografia;<br />

3. 1,1 _ IS. = max;<br />

4. 2,2 _ tS. = max;<br />

5. 3,3 _ PS. = max.<br />

303

yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom gamosakvlev SeduRebis<br />

reJimis parametrTagan _ deni, dro, dawnevis Zala _ arc<br />

erTis cvla faqtiur gavlenas ar axdens Txevadi<br />

birTvis adgilmonacvleobaze, e.i. ar iwvevs misi<br />

xarisxis optimalur mniSvnelobamde gazrdas energiis<br />

sakmaod gadaxarjvis miuxedavad.<br />

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, problemis gadasawyvetad<br />

saWiroa moxdes Catarebuli eqsperimentebis<br />

informaciaTa sruli damuSaveba da Semdgom Catardes<br />

procesis Tburi balansis specifikuri analizi.<br />

9.6.1.6 SeduRebis zonis fizikuri modelireba<br />

1. zogadi monacemebi<br />

winamdebare nawilSi dasmul sakiTxTa _ sqeli nimuSis<br />

aqtiuri moculobis liTonuri winaRobisa da kuTri<br />

denis nimuSis geometrul da fizikur monacemebTan<br />

maTematikur damokidebulebaTa gamosayvanad Catarebuli<br />

iqna winaRobiT wertilovani SeduRebis zonis brtyeli<br />

fizikuri modelireba, romelTa saSualebiT gamoCenili<br />

iqna SesaduR nimuSTa sisqeSi denis ganawilebis<br />

xarisxobrivi suraTi.<br />

miRebuli Sedegebi muSavdeboda maTematikurad.<br />

modelis masalad gamoiyeneboda: uJangavi foladis<br />

furclebi sisqiT _ 1 mm., agreTve aluminis SenadnobTa<br />

mikrosisqis furclebi. modelSi CairTveboda mudmivi<br />

denis wyaro eleqtruli monacemiT: denis Zala (0,3_10) a,<br />

Zabva (12_20) v. (nax. 9.31.2).<br />

modelireba xdeboda rogorc sisqeTa sxvaobisa,<br />

304

agreTve eleqtrodTa sxvadasxva diametrebisa. modeli<br />

Sesabamisad ise iyo ganTavsebuli, rom masSi mudmivi<br />

denis gatarebisas SesaZlebeli yofiliyo mgrZnobiare<br />

xelsawyos saSualebiT garkveul wertilebSi gagvezoma<br />

Zabvis vardna an denis mniSvneloba. am mizniT<br />

gamoyenebuli iqna ori nemsisebri kontaqti, romelTa<br />

Soris daSoreba iyo mudmivad 2 mm.<br />

modelis masalis kargi Tbogamtarobis gamo misi<br />

yvela wertilis temperatura dadgenili reJimisaTvis<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tanabari mniSvnelobis.<br />

nemsisebri kontaqtebiT modelis calkeuli ubnis<br />

winaRobaTa mudmivi mniSvnelobis SemTxvevaSi izomeboda<br />

denis simkvrivis an Zabvis proporciuli sidide<br />

nebismieri sasurveli mimarTulebisaTvis. Semdgom<br />

xdeboda denis gavlis kidura xazebis ageba nimuSis<br />

kveTis gaswvriv, ris mixedviT izomeboda dengamtar<br />

konusTa diametri (D). gazomvaTa Sedegebis safuZvelze<br />

dgeboda garkveuli cxrilebi da igeboda<br />

damokidebulebaTa diagramebi.<br />

305

nax. 9.31 SeduRebis zonis modelireba:<br />

1 _ nimuSis aqtiuri naxevarkveTis eleqtrowinaRobis<br />

saangariSo sqema;<br />

2 _ eleqtrodTaSorisi zonis brtyeli fizikuri<br />

modelis sqema.<br />

analogiuri gamokvlevebi tardeboda agreTve sxva<br />

samodelo masalaTa gamoyenebiT, mag. nikelisaTvis, marka<br />

np_2, sisqe 0,05 mm. spilenZisaTvis, marka m1, sisqe _ 0,2 mm.<br />

Semdeg xdeboda yvela SedegTa xarisxobrivi suraTebis<br />

Sedareba.<br />

306

2. nimuSis aqtiuri kveTis<br />

eleqtrowinaRobis angariSi<br />

SesaduRi nimuSis aqtiuri kveTis liTonuri<br />

eleqtrowinaRobis angariSs safuZvlad daedo v.<br />

arkadievis mier rekomendebuli wakveTili konusis<br />

formis sadenis eleqtrowinaRobis saangariSo formula<br />

(nax. 9.31.1)<br />

307<br />

(9.30)<br />

warmodgenili sadenis sqema eTanadeba erT-erTi SesaduRi<br />

nimuSis aqtiuri (denis moqmedebis qveS arsebuli)<br />

moculobis naxevars, anu gvaqvs or tol wakveTil<br />

konusTa a′b′c′d′, a′′d′c′ b′′ didi fuZeebiT zeddebis suraTi<br />

(nax. 9.31.2), aqedan gamomdinare miviRebT<br />

(9.31)<br />

sadac ρ _ sadenis masalis kuTri winaRobaa, aiReba<br />

cxrilebidan;<br />

δ _ sadenis sisqe, miiReba sadenis gazomviT;<br />

d _ sadenis mcire diametri, gaizomeba;<br />

D _ sadenis (wakveTili konusis) didi diametri,<br />

gaizomeba.<br />

aRniSnuli gamosaxuleba SeduRebis nimuSis<br />

SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad ar gamodgeba, radgan<br />

daudgenelia dengamtari wakveTili konusis didi<br />

diametris (D) angariSis meTodi.

ogorc modelis sqemmidan Cans (nax. 9.31.2), denis<br />

moqmedebis qveS arsebuli liTonis moculoba ZiriTadad<br />

ganisazRvreba dengamtari konusis diametriT D, romlis<br />

mniSvneloba, p.CuloSnikovis monacemebiT: D=(3_3,5)d, sadac<br />

d aris eleqtrodis sakontaqto zedapiris diametri.<br />

aRniSnuli gamosaxuleba migviTiTebs, rom sisqeTa<br />

fardobis cvalebadobam eleqtrodis muSa zedapiris<br />

diametris mudmivi mniSvnelobis SemTxvevaSi ar unda<br />

gamoiwvios Txevadi birTvis adgilmebareobis cvla, rac,<br />

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, avtoris azriT praqtikaSi ar<br />

dasturdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, dengamtari konusis<br />

diametris analizuri gamosaxulebis misaRebad brtyeli<br />

modeliT aRwerili iqna nimuSis sisqeSi denis<br />

ganawilebis xarisxobrivi suraTi. modelis masalad<br />

ixmareboda uJangavi foladis furclebi sisqiT 1 mm. erT<br />

SemTxvevaSi icvleboda qveda nimuSis sisqeebi, meore<br />

SemTxvevaSi ki qveda eleqtrodis diametrebi. modeli<br />

CairTveboda 10 amperis mudmivi denis wredSi, Zabva ki iyo<br />

20 volti. Semdgom garkveul wertilebSi mgrZnobiare<br />

xelsawyoebiT izomeboda Zabvis vardna da denis<br />

simkvrive, amgvarad igeboda denis kidura<br />

eqvipotencialuri xazebi nimuSis kveTSi, Semdeg ki<br />

dengamtari konusis diametrebi. Sedegebi moyvanilia<br />

cxrilebisa (cxr. 9.5, 9.6) da diagramaTa saxiT (nax. 9.3.2,<br />

9.3.3).<br />

308

cxrili 9.5<br />

nimuSis sisqis gavlena denis xazebis eqstremalur<br />

ganStoebaTa sidideze<br />

sisqe δ<br />

[mm]<br />

nimuSis eleqtrodis diametric d[mm]<br />

10<br />

δ1 = δ2 D1 D2 D1 D2 D1 D2<br />

5 32 32 44 44 50 50<br />

10 44 44 56 56 62 62<br />

15 56 56 65 65 75 75<br />

20 70 70 78 78 86 86<br />

25 80 80 88 88 94 94<br />

30 92 93 98 98 106 106<br />

msgavsi gamokvlevebi Catarda sxva masalebzec,<br />

magaliTad 0,05 mm. sisqis np1 markis nikelze, 0,2 mm sisqis<br />

m1 _ markis sufTa spilenZze da miRebul iqna yvela<br />

SedegTa erTnairi xarisxobrivi suraTi.<br />

309<br />

20<br />

30

nax. 9.32 nimuSis sisqis gavlena mis kveTSi<br />

dengamtari konusis diametrTa mniSvnelobebze:<br />

_ eqsperimentTa Sedegebi; _ angariSis Sedegebi.<br />

310

nax. 9.33 eleqtrodis diametris gavlena nimuSis kveTSi<br />

dengamtari konusis diametrTa mniSvnelobebze:<br />

_ eqsperimentTa Sedegebi; _ angariSis Sedegebi.<br />

eqspermentTa monacemebma gviCvena, rom rogorc nimuSis<br />

sisqis, aseve eleqtrodis diametris zrda iwvevs<br />

dengamtari konusis Sesabamis zrdas. eqsperimentebiT<br />

miRebul SedegTa maTematikuri aproqsimaciiT<br />

Camoyalibda Semdegi gamosaxuleba:<br />

D=1,25d + 2,8 δ (9.32)<br />

311

cxrili 9.6<br />

eleqtrodis diametris gavlena denis xazebis<br />

eqstremalur ganStoebaTa sidideze<br />

eleqtrodis<br />

nimuSis sisqe δ[mm]<br />

diametri δ1 = δ2 = 10 δ1 = δ2 = 10 δ1 = δ2 = 10<br />

5<br />

10<br />

15<br />

20<br />

25<br />

30<br />

24<br />

28<br />

34<br />

40<br />

44<br />

50<br />

24<br />

28<br />

34<br />

40<br />

44<br />

50<br />

312<br />

40<br />

44<br />

48<br />

54<br />

57<br />

60<br />

40<br />

44<br />

48<br />

54<br />

57<br />

60<br />

romlis SetaniT wina formulaSi (9.6) gveqneba:<br />

(9.32)<br />

amrigad gardaqmnili gamosaxuleba vargisia SeduRebis<br />

praqtikaSi inJinruli gamoTvlebisaTvis.<br />

Catarebulma aeqsperimentebma aCvenes aseve, rom sisqeTa<br />

fardobis miuxedavad, Txeli nimuSis ucvleli sisqis<br />

SemTxvevaSi masSi dengamtari wakveTili konusis didi<br />

diametri D1 faqtiurad ucvlelia da igi yovelTvis<br />

mdebareobs nimuSis sisqis centris horizontalur<br />

sibrtyeze. miRebul SedegTa maTematikuri damuSavebiT<br />

gamoyvanili iqna agreTve Semdegi mniSvnelovani<br />

saangariSo gamosaxulebani:<br />

66<br />

70<br />

76<br />

80<br />

82<br />

86<br />

1. D2 = 0,5D 1(1+δ1/ δ2), (9.33)<br />

romelic saWiroa detalis aqtiuri kveTis liTonuri<br />

66<br />

70<br />

76<br />

80<br />

82<br />

86

winaRobis gamosaTvlelad da:<br />

2.<br />

2<br />

P1<br />

δ1<br />

d ⎛ 2 D1<br />

+ δ 2 + d 2D<br />

⎞ 1<br />

1−<br />

⋅ ⋅ ⎜<br />

⎟<br />

2<br />

δ P<br />

1 2 δ 2 d ⎜<br />

1 2 δ ⎟<br />

⎝ D + 1 + d1D<br />

2<br />

= ⋅<br />

⎠ , (9.34)<br />

Z<br />

δ<br />

δ<br />

2<br />

1<br />

1+<br />

δ<br />

romelic saWiroa wertilis normaluri<br />

mdebareobidan gadaadgilebis mniSvnelobis apriorulad<br />

dadgenisaTvis.<br />

3. sqel nimuSSi denis simkvrivis ganawilebis xasiaTi<br />

sqeli nimuSis mier gamoyofili siTbos raodenobis<br />

gamosaTvlelad (formula 9.4) garda liTonuri<br />

winaRobisa (Rm), saWiroa vicodeT kuTri deni (j).<br />

zemoTdadgenili grafikuli damokidebulebis<br />

Sesabamisad saWiro empiriuli formulis SerCevisaTvis<br />

sakiTxi dgeba sxvadasxva sisqis namzadTa winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebis eqsperimentuli kvlevis procesSi miRebul<br />

ganazomTa ori rigis, SesaduRi nimuSis sisqeTa fardobis<br />

(δ2/δ1) cvlisagan (δ1=cost, δ2=var) sqeli detalis centrSi<br />

denis simkvrivis (j) damokidebulebis mixedviT funqciis<br />

algebruli gamosaxulebis SerCevaSi, aRniSnul funqcias<br />

j=f(δ2/δ1) uwodeben empiriul formulas. misi SerCevis<br />

aucilebloba konkretul SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebulia<br />

Sesaswavli procesis sirTuliT da amasTanave SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs am damokidebulebis aRweris<br />

raime zogadi analizuri gamosaxleba. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

gamoyenebuli iqna gamartivebuli saxis miaxloebiTi<br />

2<br />

313

empiriuli formula, romelic SerCeuli iqna<br />

orparametriani damokidebulebisaTvis kvadratuli<br />

polinomis gamoyenebiT. formulam miiRo saxe:<br />

y = 41,75 _4,114X _ 0,127x 2 ,<br />

2<br />

romlisTvisac ΣE = 7,<br />

7698,<br />

xolo avtokorelaciaze<br />

Semowmebam sawyisi aRniSvnis SetaniT miRebulia Semdegi<br />

saxis gamosaxuleba<br />

δ 2 δ 2 2<br />

j=41,75 _ 4,114 + 0,<br />

127(<br />

) (9.35)<br />

δ<br />

esaa miaxloebiT empiriuli formula mocemuli<br />

saZiebeli damokidebulebis adeqvaturi asaxvisaTvis.<br />

winamdebare gamosaxulebis Sesabamisad nimuSis<br />

centrSi (nax. 9.34, b_wertlili) nebismieri sisqisaTvis<br />

gvaqvs denis simkvriveTa minimaluri mniSvnelobani, xolo<br />

maqsimaluri mniSvnelobani nawildeba nimuSis aqtiuri<br />

moculobis periferiebSi (nax. 9.34, a da c wertilebi);<br />

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom nimuSis sisqis zrda iwvevs<br />

denis simkvrivis rogorc maqsimalur, aseve minimalur<br />

mniSvnelobaTa Semcirebas.<br />

1<br />

314<br />

δ<br />

1

nax. 9.34 nimuSis sisqis gavlena mis kveTSi gamavali<br />

denis simkvrivis cvalebadobis xasiaTze.<br />

bolos Seswavlili iqna sisqeTa sxvadasxva<br />

fardobisaTvis eleqtruli denis simkvrivis ganawilebis<br />

xasiaTi sqel nimuSSi. eqsperimentebiT miRebuli ricxviTi<br />

monacemebiT agebuli diagramidan Cans (nax. 9.35) rom,<br />

sisqeTa fardobis zrdis Sesabamisad sqeli nimuSis<br />

315

centralur nawilSi: 1. mcirdeba denis simkvrive j (nax.<br />

9.35 wyvetili mrudi) da 2. izrdeba denis simkvrivis<br />

minmalur mniSvnelobaTa zona _ Δδ2, (nax. 9.35, uwyveti<br />

mrudi), rac damatebiT adasturebs Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmonacvleobis realuri procesis gamokvleviT<br />

dadgenil kanonzomierebas.<br />

nax. 9.35 sisqecvalebadi nimuSis aqtiuri<br />

moculobis centrSi denis simkvrivis<br />

ganawilebis xasiaTi.<br />

316

9.7 sisqecvalebadobis gardamavali gavlena<br />

wertilis adgilmdebareobaze<br />

SesaduRi nimuSis aqtiuri moculobis liTonuri<br />

winaRobisa (Rm) da kuTri denis (j) saangariSo sarwmuno<br />

gamosaxulebaTa miRebam SesaZlebelio gaxada<br />

garkveuliyo erT-erTi nimuSis sisqis cvalebadobis<br />

gavlena SeduRebis procesis Tburi balansis xasiaTze. am<br />

mizniT 9.36-e naxazze warmodgenili sqemis Sesabamisad<br />

Catarda TviT nimuSis mier gamoyofil da dakargul<br />

siTboTa raodenobis angariSi sisqis zrdisagan<br />

damokidebulebiT (erTeuli moculobisa da droisaTvis).<br />

gamoyofili siTbos raodenobis Q + m gamosaTvlelad<br />

gamoyenebuli iqna formula (9.4). masSi j-sa, formula (9.35)<br />

da Rm-is, formula (9.32), miRebul damokidebulebaTa<br />

SetaniT. dakarguli siTbos Q - m raodenobis angariSi<br />

Sesrulda formula (9.29)-iT. miRebuli ricxviTi<br />

monacemebis Sedegebi warmodgenilia Sesabamisi<br />

grafikebis saxiT (nax. 9.36).<br />

Semdeg Catarda am ori diagramis grafikuli<br />

Sejameba:<br />

(nax. 3.36, uwyveti xazi).<br />

amrigad miRebul informaciaTa analizidan<br />

gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT: 1. sisqeTa tolobis<br />

darRvevis momentidan icvleba xasiaTi sqel nimuSSi<br />

arsebuli ori Tburi, erTdroulad moqmedi meqanizmisa:<br />

siTbos gamoyofisa _ arawrfivi (nax. 9.36, wyvetili mrudi)<br />

da siTbos dakargvisa _ wrfivi, wyvetil-wertilovani<br />

wrfe. 2. sisqecvalebad nimuSSi aRZruli siTboTa jamuri<br />

317

mniSvneloba uwyveti mrudi, klebadi da<br />

niSancvalebadi xasiaTisaa sisqeTa fardobisagan<br />

damokidebulebiT. kerZod, roca δ2/δ16,<br />

aRniSnuli daskvnebi mkafiod xsnis sxvadasxva sisqis<br />

masalaTa winaRobiT SeduRebis Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmonacvleobis dadgenil kanonzomierebas (nax. 9.27).<br />

ase magaliTad: Tu meore daskvnaSi miTiTebul sisqeTa<br />

fardobis zRvars δ2/δ1=6 (roca sisqecvalebad nimuSSi<br />

aRZruli siTboTa jamuri mniSvneloba xdeba uaryofiTi<br />

niSnis) davafiqsirebT birTvis adgilmdebareobis<br />

diagramis abscisaTa RerZze (nax. 9.27) da ganvixilavT mis<br />

mimarT birTvis gadaadgilebas, SevamCnevT, rom am zRvris<br />

marcxniv birTvi scildeba mis normalur mdebareobas,<br />

xolo marjvniv ki _ uaxlovdeba. SeiZleba am movlenis<br />

sxva formiTac Camoyalibeba, magaliTad:<br />

1. Tu sisqeTa fardoba iseTia, rom igi iwvevs sqel<br />

nimuSSi jamuri siTbos gamoyofas, maSin Txevadi<br />

birTvi miiswrafis “cxeli” kontaqtidan sqeli<br />

details centrisken da piriqiT:<br />

2. Tu sisqeTa fardoba iseTia, rom igi iwvevs sqel<br />

nimuSSi jamuri siTbos dakargvas, maSin Txevadi<br />

birTvi nimuSis centridan brundeba “cxeli”<br />

kontaqtisaken.<br />

318

Q<br />

[kk]<br />

20<br />

15<br />

10<br />

5<br />

0<br />

-5<br />

-10<br />

-15<br />

-20<br />

-25<br />

Q + m<br />

Q - m<br />

319<br />

Q - m<br />

d<br />

P<br />

Q + m Q - m<br />

Q + m=IJFRmt J- sa daRm is<br />

miRebul mniSvnelobaTa<br />

CasmiT gveqneba:L<br />

Q- m=4πλδ Tt<br />

T=1000° C<br />

ΣQm<br />

δ1<br />

δ2<br />

ΣQm=(Q + m+Q - m)<br />

Q + m=<br />

2 2 10 14 18<br />

98Iρt d δ<br />

nax. 9.36 erT-erTi nimuSis sisqis zrdis gavlena<br />

misi aqtiuri moculobis centrSi mimdinare Tbur<br />

procesebze:<br />

_ dakarguli siTbos raodenoba;<br />

_ gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba;<br />

_ jamuri siTbos raodenoba.<br />

es movlena mxedvelobaSi ar aris miRebuli winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebis procesis siTburi balansis tradiciuli

gantolebisaTvis (9.3)da SemdgomSi miRebul SedegTa<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT saWiroa misi srulyofa, raTa igi<br />

saangariSod vargisi gaxdes araTanabar sisqeTa<br />

SemTxvevisaTvisac.<br />

amrigad, miRebul gamosaxulebaTa gamoyenebiT<br />

procesis Tburi balansis analiziT dadgenil<br />

formulaTa sargeblobisas axsnili iqna araTanabari<br />

sisqis erTgvarovan nimuSTa SeduRebis Txevadi birTvis<br />

adgilmonacvleobis dadgenili kanonzomierebis meqanizmi.<br />

aRniSnuli meqanizmis analizi migviTiTebs, rom<br />

mosalodneli wunis ugulvelsayofad saWiroa<br />

ganxorcieldes sqel namzadSi denis eqstremalur<br />

ganStoebaTa xelovnuri gazrda Semdeg mniSvnelobamde:<br />

Dx=10·(D1-D2), rac gamoiwvevs mis kveTSi Tburi<br />

mdgomareobis racionalurad regulirebas.<br />

9.8. teqnologiuri procesis marTvis<br />

optimizaciis gzebi<br />

mas Semdeg rac dadgenili iqna sisqecvalebadi nimuSis<br />

roli mis kveTSi miRebul da dakargul siTboTa<br />

mniSvnelobebze da axsnil iqna sxmuli birTvis<br />

adgilmonacvleobis gamomwvevi meqanizmi, cxadad<br />

gamoikveTa wunis ugulebelyofis gzebi, kerZod,<br />

SeduRebis zonaSi sqeli nimuSis aqtiuri moculobis<br />

xelovnuri gazrda eleqtrodTa urTierTdaZvriT maTi<br />

simetriis RerZis paralelurad garkveuli manZiliT.<br />

320

9.8.1 kontaqturi SeduRebis sulamaniZis xerxi<br />

(patenti gamogonebaze GEP 1999 1785B, inteleqtualuri<br />

sakuTrebis erovnuli centri “saqpatenti”)<br />

gamogoneba ganekuTvneba eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebis<br />

sferos, keZod ki sisqeTa nebismieri fardobisa da/an<br />

nebismieri masalis detalTa kontaqtur SeduRebas<br />

nebismieri gvaris deniT.<br />

gamogonebis formula<br />

“kontaqturi SeduRebis xerxi, romelic iTvaliswinebs<br />

detalebze eleqtrodTa ormxriv modebas dawneviT,<br />

gansxvavdeba imiT, rom eleqtrodebis modebas<br />

axorcieleben SesaduRebeli detalebis jamur sisqesTan<br />

SedarebiT eleqtrodebis muSa zedapirebis centrebs<br />

Soris manZilis metobis gaTvaliswinebiT da<br />

damoukideblad<br />

9.37)<br />

regulirebadi dawnevis ZalebiT.” (nax.<br />

nax. 9.37 kontaqturi SeduRebis sulamaniZis xerxis sqema<br />

1,2 _ SesaduRi detalebi; 3,4 _ eleqtrodebi;<br />

5,6 _ eleqtrodTa muSa zedapirebis centrebi.<br />

321

xerxis Catareba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />

Semdegnairad: eleqtrodebs 3 da 4 modeben SesaduR<br />

detalebze 1 da 2 dawneviT, eleqtrodTa modebas<br />

detalebze awarmoeben maTi muSa zedapirebis centrebs 5<br />

da 6 Soris manZilis metobis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaduRi<br />

detalebis jamur sisqeze, amasTan erTad SesaZlebelia<br />

eleqtrodebis dawnevis Zalebis detalebze<br />

damoukideblad regulireba. am xerxis Catareba<br />

uzrunvelyofs detalebis dengamtari moculobis<br />

gazrdas, rac Tavis mxriv uzrunvelyofs am detalebSi<br />

optimaluri temperaturuli reJimis Seqmnas, rodesac<br />

denis nakadi uaxlovdeba detalebis urTierTsakontaqto<br />

zedapirebs, sadac am zedapirebis simqisis gamo<br />

mimdinareobs denis nakadis SemWidroeba da, rogorc<br />

Sedegi, urTierTsakontaqto zedapirze maqsimaluri<br />

temperaturuli (SeduRebis) reJimis Seqmna, rac<br />

uzrunvelyofs<br />

Camoyalibebas.<br />

simetriuli sxmuli birTvis<br />

damuSavebuli xerxis konstruqciul _ teqnologiur<br />

TvisebebTa Seswavlisas gamovlinda, rom<br />

tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT is Seicavs or axal<br />

parameters: 1.eleqtrodebis RerZTaSoris manZils X-s da<br />

2.dawnevis meore Zalas P-s (nax. 9.38). aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

Semdgom Seswavlili iqna SeduRebis aRniSnuli<br />

srulyofili xerxis konstruqciul _ teqnologiuri<br />

SesaZleblobani da Taviseburebani.<br />

322

δ 2<br />

δ 1<br />

D 2/2<br />

P<br />

d 1<br />

D 2<br />

x=Dx-D 2<br />

ΔX<br />

x<br />

Dx<br />

323<br />

d 2<br />

P΄> P<br />

D 2/2<br />

nax. 9.38 winaRobiT SeduRebis saorientacio modeli:<br />

X _ saeleqtrodo RerZTaSorisi manZili;<br />

ΔX_ eleqtrodTaSorisi manZili;<br />

P _ SeduRebis dawnevis Zala;<br />

P′ _ ganmxoloebuli saeleqtrodo kontaqtis dawnevis Zala;<br />

Dx _ sqel nimuSSi denis xazebis eqstremalur ganStoebaTa<br />

xelovnurad gazrdili diametri;<br />

d1 _ zeda eleqtrodis diametri.<br />

rogorc ukve ganvixileT, SenaduRi wertilis<br />

normaluri mdebareoba miiReba nimuSebis sisqeTa<br />

fardobis meore zRvrul mniSvnelobaTaTvis, roca<br />

δ2/δ1≥19. amasTanave SeduRebis zonis fizikurma<br />

modelirebam gamoavlina, rom sisqeTa fardobis zrda<br />

iwvevs sqeli nimuSis aqtiuri moculobis zrdas, anu<br />

didi fuZeebiT zeddebul wakveTil konusTa didi<br />

diametris D2-is zrdas (nax. 9.31). es ki iwvevs Txevadi<br />

birTvis adgilmdebareobas im zRvramde, sanam sqeli<br />

nimuSis aqtiuri kveTis wakveTili konusis didi fuZis<br />

P΄

xelovnuri diametric Dx (nax. 9.38) ar gautoldeba Tavis<br />

mniSvnelobas sisqeTa optimaluri fardobisaTvis: δ2/δ1=19.<br />

SeduRebis SemoTavazebuli xerxi Tavisi konstruqciul<br />

_ teqnologiuri SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare,<br />

saSualebas iZleva miviRoT SenaduRi nakeri Semdegi<br />

upiratesobiT: maRali hermetuloba da meqanikuri<br />

Tvisebebi, damakmayofilebeli gare xedi (nax. 9.39),<br />

Txevadi birTvis normaluri mdgomareoba da zomebi<br />

sisqeTa nebismieri TanafardobisaTvis, rogorc cvladi<br />

(nax. 9.40), ase monopolaruli denis (nax. 9.41) gamoyenebiT.<br />

normaluria agreTve gorgolaWovani SeduRebis procesSi<br />

calkeul wertilTa Tavgadadebis mniSvnelobani (nax.<br />

9.39), rac TavisTavad sawindaria nakeris maRali<br />

hermetulobisa.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am dros gamoricxulia<br />

detalis eleqtrodze mikvrac.<br />

axali xerxis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli eqsperimentebis<br />

Sedegad dadginda SeduRebis sarekomendacio reJimebi<br />

rogorc sinusoidaluri cvladi denis SemTxvevisaTvis,<br />

nimuSis sisqeTa diapazoniT 0,5 mm-dan dawyebuli da<br />

zeviT, aseve monopolaruli denis impulsis gamoyenebiT,<br />

mikro SeduRebis pirobebSi (ix. cxrilebi 9.9, 9.10).<br />

sacxrilo monacemebi damuSavebulia: 1. samrewveli<br />

sixSiris sinusoida-luri cvladi denis seriuli<br />

avtomaturi manqanebisaTvis: 2. mikro SeduRebisaTvis ki K-<br />

51 tipis kondesatoruli SeduRebis dagadgaris<br />

magaliTze.<br />

SeduRebis dawnevis Zala SeirCa gardamaval<br />

winaRobaTa stabilizaciis pirobisaTvis kontaqtis<br />

zonaSi plastikur deformaciaTa mimdinareobis<br />

324

Sesabamisad. “dadebiTi” saeleqtrodo kontaqtis dawnevis<br />

Zala unda iyos 2-jer meti mainc vidre SeduRebisa,<br />

saeleqtrodo RerZTaSorisi manZili ki SeZlebisdagvarad<br />

minimaluri. saeleqtrodo masalad gamoiyeneboda m1 _<br />

markis spilenZi, diametri (4_6)mm. laboratoriul<br />

pirobebSi SeduRebulma nimuSebma gaiara teqnikuri<br />

pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamocdebi. nakeris gare<br />

xedi da simtkice iyo maRali.<br />

SeduRebis damuSavebuli xerxi da saTanado danadgari<br />

dainerga moskovis denis wyaroTa institutis sacdeleqsperimentul<br />

warmoebaSi.<br />

325

nax. 9.39 SemoTavazebuli xerxiT nikelis Tbur<br />

elementTa (0,05+0,3) SeduRebis Sedegebi:<br />

1 _ nakeris (gorgolaWovani) gare xedi_mikvris gareSe.<br />

2 _ aglejis xazi _ aCvenebs uwyvet SeduRebas.<br />

3,4 _ nakeris grZivi kveTis makrostruqtura, Cans normalurad<br />

Camoyalibebuli Tavgadadebuli Txevadi birTvebi.<br />

5. _ wertilTa Tavgadadebis adgilebi.<br />

326

nax. 9.40 sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa (foladis) cvladi deniT<br />

tradiciuli da SemoTavazebuli xerxebiT SeduRebul<br />

Sesadarebel nimuSTa makrostruqturebi (X80):<br />

1_tradiciuli xerxi_SenaduRi wertili gadaadgilebulia<br />

sqeli (qveda) nimuSis siRrmeSi (Z>0);<br />

2,3,4_SemoTavazebuli xerxi _ SenaduR wertilTa mdebareoba<br />

normaluria (Z=0).<br />

327

nax. 9.41 sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa (nikelis)<br />

monopolaruli deniT tradiciuli da SemoTavazebuli<br />

xerxebiT SeduRebul Sesadarebel nimuSTa makrostruqturebi:<br />

1_ tardiciuli xerxi _ SenaduRi wertili gadaadgilebulia<br />

sqeli (qveda) nimuSis siRrmeSi (Z>0);<br />

2,3_SemoTavazebuli xerxi _ SenaduR wertilTa<br />

mdebareoba normaluria (Z=0).<br />

328

cxrili 9.9<br />

ZiriTad parametrTa mniSvnelobani samrewvelo<br />

sixSiris cvadi deniT wertilovani makro SeduRebisas<br />

simuSis sisqe<br />

(mcire<br />

naxSirbadiani<br />

foladi) mm<br />

0,5 _ 1,0<br />

0,5 _ 1,5<br />

0,5 _2<br />

0,5 _ 2,5<br />

0,5 _ 3,0<br />

eleqtrodis<br />

sakontaqto<br />

zedapiris<br />

diametri mm<br />

4<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

6<br />

SeduRebis<br />

dawnevis<br />

Zala kg<br />

30<br />

30<br />

35<br />

40<br />

40<br />

329<br />

denis<br />

Zala<br />

4000<br />

4200<br />

4400<br />

4700<br />

500<br />

denis<br />

moqmedebis<br />

dro wm<br />

0,15<br />

0,15<br />

0,20<br />

0,25<br />

0,25<br />

manqanis<br />

saWiro<br />

simZlavre<br />

kva<br />

10<br />

10<br />

10 _ 20<br />

10 _ 20<br />

20<br />

cxrili 9.10<br />

ZiriTad parametrTa mniSvnelobani denis<br />

kondensatoruli impulsiT mikroSeduRebisis<br />

simuSis sisqe<br />

(nikeli+nikeli)<br />

mm<br />

0,05 _ 0,3<br />

0,15 _ 0,15<br />

0,3 _ 0,3<br />

dasamuxti<br />

Zabva<br />

420<br />

350<br />

400<br />

kondnsatorTa<br />

batareis<br />

tevadoba mkf<br />

540<br />

1500<br />

1500<br />

SeduRebis<br />

dawnevis<br />

Zala<br />

12<br />

15<br />

15<br />

impulsTa<br />

sixSire<br />

impulse/wT<br />

150<br />

120<br />

100<br />

SeduRebis<br />

siCqare<br />

mm/wm<br />

60<br />

60<br />

60

9.8.2 sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa winaRobiT<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis eleqtrodebi<br />

wina nawilSi warmodgenili masalebi ZiriTadad<br />

ganekuTvneba nakeruli (gorgolaWovani) SeduRebis<br />

SemTxvevas sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa dauSleli<br />

SeerTebis miRebis aucilebelobis SemTxvevisaTvis.<br />

warmodgenili sqema da saTanadod damuSavebuli modeli<br />

ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba igive dadebiT Sedegebze<br />

orientaciiT SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis SemTxvevebisaTvisac, farTod xmarebul<br />

praqtikul saqmianobaSi. amasTanave mxedvelobaSi iqna ra<br />

miRebuli SemoTavazebuli xerxis konstruqciuli<br />

Taviseburebisagan gamomdinare praqtikulad<br />

Sesasruleblad garkveuli saxis teqnikuri sirTuleebi,<br />

SemdgomSi avtorTa garkveuli koleqtivis mier,<br />

warmoebis moTxovnolebaTa Sesabamisad, (1998w. kosmosuri<br />

antenis qarTuli varianti, xel-li meZmariaSvili),<br />

damuSavebuli iqna sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa winaRobiT<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis specialuri eleqtrodebi. qvemoT<br />

ganxiluli iqneba TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.<br />

1 kontaqturi wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

eleqtrodi, patenti U439<br />

avtorebis a.k. sulamaniZisa da g.a. sulamaniZis mier<br />

1999 wels damuSavebuli, dapatentebuli da<br />

SemoTavazebuli iqna kontaqturi wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

eleqtrodi sxvadasxva sisqisa da/an sxvadasxvagvari<br />

330

masalis detalTa cvladi an polaruli deniT<br />

SeduRebisaTvis.<br />

saTanado analogebSi da prototipSi moyvanil<br />

eleqtrodebs axasiaTebT konstruqciis, damzadebisa da<br />

eqsploataciis sirTule. didi ekonomiuri danaxarjebi,<br />

aseve eleqtrodis muSa nawilis ganivkveTSi arsebuli<br />

gardamavali elqtruli kontaqtis mier gamowveuli<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtis gadaxureba Sesabamisad ki<br />

eleqtrodis muSaobis xangZlivobis daqveiTeba, misi muSa<br />

zedapirisa da SenaduRi namzadis gare xedis gauareseba.<br />

aRniSnuli gamogoneba uzrunvelyofs zemoTCamoTvlil<br />

naklovanebaTa aucileblobas (ix. nax. 9.42).<br />

nax. 9.42 eleqtrodis ganivi kveTi.<br />

1 _ tani; 2 _ gamaciebeli gamWoli wylis arxi;<br />

3 _ muSa nawili; 4 _sayrdeni, dengaumtari masala.<br />

SeduRebis aseTi konstruqciis eleqtrodTa<br />

sarkiseburi gamosaxulebis mqone ganlagebiT<br />

uzrunvelyofilia zeda da qveda eleqtrodTa dengamtari<br />

muSa nawilakebis RerZTa Soris paraleluri daZvra<br />

331

garkveuli manZiliT, SeduRebis reJimis axali<br />

parametriT, rac TavisTavad iwvevs SenaduR detalTa<br />

jamur sisqesTan SedarebiT eleqtrodis muSa zedapirTa<br />

centrTaSorisi manZilis gazrdas, rac uzrunvlyofs<br />

sqeli detalis siRrmeSi dengamtari moculobis<br />

xelovnurad gazrdasa da gamoyofili siTbos raodenobis<br />

Semcirebas. misi teqnikuri Sedegia SeduRebis<br />

eleqtrodis konsrtuqciis gamartiveba, saWiro<br />

danaxarjebis Semcireba da SeduRebis ufro maRali da<br />

stabiluri xarisxis miReba.<br />

aRniSnuli teqnikuri Sedegi miiRweva zeda da qveda<br />

eleqtrodTa dengamtari nawilebis urTierTparalelurad<br />

daZvriT maTSi dengaumtari nawilebis iseTi CasmiT, rom<br />

moxdes SesaduR detalTa ganikveTebSi denis gavlis<br />

centraluri sworxazovani gzis eleqtrodTa RerZebis<br />

paralelurobidan garkveuli kuTxiT gadaxra, misi<br />

sigrZis gazrda, denis gzis kidura eqvipotencialuri<br />

xazebis urTierTdaSoreba da Sesabamisad liTonis<br />

aqtiur moculobaTa sqel an naklebeleqtro da<br />

Tbogamtarobis mqone detalSi metad, xolo Txel an meti<br />

eleqtro da Tbogamtarobis mqone detalSi naklebad<br />

zrda. amiT ki sqeli an naklebi eleqtro da<br />

Tbogamtarobis mqone detalis siRrmeSi mcirdeba<br />

gamoyofili da izrdeba Tbogadacemaze daxarjuli<br />

siTbos raodenoba da Sesabamisad masSi aRmoifxvreba<br />

liTonis gadnobis kerebis warmoqmnis pirobebi,<br />

privilegirebuli xdeba cxeli kontaqtis roli Txevadi<br />

birTvis adgilis gansazRvraSi da Camoyalibdeba SesaduR<br />

detalTa sakontaqto sibrtyisadmi simetriulad<br />

ganlagebuli SenaduRi wertrili.<br />

332

2 wertilovani SeduRebis eleqtrodi, patenti U1142<br />

avtorTa koleqtivis, a. sulamaniZis, g. kiknaZis, g.<br />

kuciasa da g. sulamaniZis mier 2004 wels damuSavebuli,<br />

dapatentebuli da SemoTavazebuli iqna sasargeblo<br />

modeli sxvadasxva sisqis detalTa kontaqturi<br />

SeduRebis eleqtrodi (ix. nax. 9.43).<br />

D'1

am SemTxvevaSi sasurveli Sedegi miiRweva zeda da<br />

qveda eleqtrodTa dengamtari nawilebis urTierTdaZvriT<br />

maTSi dengaumtari nawilebis iseTi CasmiT, rom moxdes<br />

SesaduR detalTa ganivkveTebSi denis gavlis<br />

centraluri sworxazovani gzis eleqtrodTa RerZebis<br />

paralelurobidan garkveuli kuTxiT gadaxra, misi gzis<br />

sigrZis gzrda sqelsa da Semcireba Txel detalSi,<br />

kerZod, D′1D2;<br />

eleqtodebis aseTi konstruqcia uzrunvelyofs sqeli<br />

da/an naklebi eleqtro da Tbogamtarobis detalebis<br />

siRrmeSi dengamtari moculobis xelovnurad zrdas, rac,<br />

TavisTavad garkveulad Seamcirebs masSi temperaturis<br />

mniSvnelobas da ugulvebelyofs iq liTonis gamdnari<br />

zonis warmoqmnis SesaZleblobas. amasTanave izrdeba<br />

detalTSorisi eleqtruli kontaqtis rolis aqtiuroba,<br />

Cndeba maT Soris gadnobis kerebi da yalibdeba am<br />

kontaqtisadmi simetriulad ganlagubuli sxmuli birTvi<br />

_ SenaduRi wertili.<br />

ufro metic, klasikur xerxTan SedarebiT, roca zeda<br />

da qveda eleqtrodTa moCvenebiTi diametrebi erTnairia,<br />

SemoTavazebuli xerxis konstruqciisaTvis ara marto<br />

izrdeba sqel detalSi denis xazebis ganStoebaTa<br />

diametri, aramed mcirdeba Txeli detalis siRrmeSi igive<br />

denis xazebis ganStoebaTa diametric da saTanadod<br />

izrdeba mis mxares gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba.<br />

yovelive es ki xels uwyobs wertilis normalurad<br />

ganlagebas.<br />

334

9.9. SeduRebis xarisxis stabilurobis Sefaseba<br />

damuSavebuli xerxiT miRebul SenaduR SeerTebaTa<br />

xarisxisa da TviT SeduRebis xerxis stabilurobis<br />

Sesafaseblad nakeris rRvevaze gamocdis Sedegebis<br />

mixedviT Catarda xarisxis statistikuri analizi. am<br />

mizniT gamoyenebuli iqna e. vencelisa da r. Stormis<br />

maTodika. arsebuli da SemoTavazebuli xerxebiT K _ 51<br />

tipis kondensatorul danadgarze SeduRda<br />

Tavgadadebuli tipis as-asi sasinji nimuSebi nikelis<br />

firfitebisagan sisqiT 0,05 + 0,3 mm. Semdeg reJimebiT:<br />

1. arsebuli xerxisaTvis; SeduRebis dawnevis Zala<br />

P=12 kg., kondesatorTa batareis tevadoba C=540 mkf.,<br />

damuxtvis Zabva U=500 v.; 2. SemoTavazebuli xerxisaTvis;<br />

SeduRebis dawnevis Zala P=12 kg., kondensatorTa<br />

batareis tevadoba C=540 mkf, damuxtvis Zabva U=420 v.,<br />

eleqtrodTaSorisi manZili ΔX=1 mm., “dadebiT”<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtebSi dawnevis Zala P’=50 kg.<br />

SeduRebul nimuSTa gamocda Catarda simtkiceze<br />

“uesima sisakuise”-s firmis (iaponia) manqanaze.<br />

gamosacdeli datvirTvis ganawilebis kanonis<br />

gasarkvevad aigo SenaduRi SeerTebis simtkicis<br />

ganawilebis histogramebi. dajgufebis itervalis sigrZe<br />

Seadgenda Δ=0,1 kg. simtkicis ganawilebis histogramebi<br />

atareben normalurTan axlos xasiaTs, rac kargad<br />

eTanxmeba arsebul warmodgenebs. simtkicis ganawilebis<br />

normaluroba Semowmda albaTobis qaRaldze da<br />

miRebuli iqna eqsperimentTa da Teoriuli normaluri<br />

mrudebis SedegTa kargi damTxveva. am mrudebs gaaCniaT<br />

Semdegi saxeebi:<br />

335

Zvelix xerxisaTvis:<br />

axali xerxisaTvis:<br />

rogorc angariSebma gviCvena, nakeris simtkice da<br />

saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra Zveli da axali<br />

xerxebisaTvis Sesabamisad Seadgens: X1=3,28 kg., SX1=0,47<br />

kg., X2=7,02 kg., SX1=0,24 kg. SeduRebis xerxTa<br />

stabilurobis Sefaseba Catarda variaciis koeficientis<br />

povniT arsebuli damokidebulebis Sesabamisad:<br />

da miviReT Semdegi mniSvnelobani: 1. Zveli xerxiT V1 =<br />

14%; 2. axali xerxiT V2 = 3,4,%, e.i. SeduRebis axali<br />

xerxi uzrunvelyofs xarisxis SedarebiT maRal<br />

stabilurobas.<br />

SeduRebis tradiciuli da SemoTavazebuli xerxiT<br />

miRebul nakerTa Tanabarsaimedobis SedarebiTi<br />

albaToba gamoTvlili iqna xarisxis fardobiTi<br />

maCveneblis Qγi-s gansazRvriT.<br />

1' 2'<br />

1.<br />

336

1' 2'<br />

2.<br />

nax. 9.44. SenaduRi nakeris xarisxis Sefaseba<br />

statikuri monacemebiT:<br />

1 _ simtkicis ganawilebis histogramebi;<br />

2 _ simtkicis ganawilebis normalurobis Semowmeba;<br />

1' _ SeduRebis arsebuli xerxisaTvis;<br />

2' _ SeduRebis SemoTavazebuli, srulyofili<br />

xerxisaTvis.<br />

am mizniT gamoyenebuli iqna v.volCenkos<br />

SemoTavazebuli maTodika, romlis Tanaxmadac Qγ1-sa da<br />

Qγ2-is mniSvnelobani ganisazRvreba Semdeg<br />

damokidebulebaTa mixedviT:<br />

sadac,<br />

X _ ZiriTadi liTonis simtkicis saSualo ariTmetikuli<br />

mniSvnelobaa;<br />

SX _ ZiriTadi liTonis simtkicis saSualo kvadratuli<br />

gadaxraa;<br />

Zγ _ normaluri ganawilebis qvantilia Sesabamisad X1-sa da X2-is Tanabari albaTobisaTvis.<br />

337

ZiriTadi liTonis simtkicis saSualo mniSvnelobis Xisa<br />

da simtkicis mniSvnelobis saSualo kvadratuli<br />

gadaxris SX-is sapovnelad eqsperimentTa Catarebis<br />

sirTulisa, agreTve literaturaSi aseT monacemTa<br />

uqonlobis gamo napovni iqna Zveli da axali xerxebiT<br />

SeduRebul nakerTa xarisxis maCvenebelTa fardoba.<br />

Sesadarebel SenaduR SeerTebaTa Tanabari simtkicis<br />

pirobisaTvis gveqneba:<br />

Qγ = Qγ2/Qγ1 = 1<br />

statikur utyuar mniScnelobaTa cdiseuli monacemebiT<br />

miRebuli iqna<br />

γ = 0,95. SemTxveviTi sididis calmxrivi SemosazRvruli<br />

γ-saTvis qvantili iqneba Zγ = 1,645.<br />

Tu X1, X2, SX1, SX2 da Zγ-s miRebul mniSvnelobebs<br />

CavsvamT gamosaxuleba<br />

Q<br />

γ<br />

X 2 − Zγ<br />

⋅ SX 2<br />

=<br />

X Z ⋅ SX<br />

1<br />

miviRebT: Qr = 2,75>>1, e.i. SemoTavazebuli xerxiT<br />

miRebuli nakeris Tanabarsaimedobis albaToba SedarebiT<br />

metia, vidre tradiciuli xerxiT SeduRebisa.<br />

amrigad, tradiciuli da damuSavebuli xerxebiT<br />

miRebul SenaduR SeerTebaTa xarisxis statistikuri<br />

analizidan Cans, rom:<br />

1. srulyofili xerxiT SenaduRi nakeris simtkice<br />

izrdeba 2-jer,<br />

2. xolo stabiluroba _ 4-jer.<br />

γ<br />

338<br />

1

10. winaRobiT SeduRebis avtomatizacia da robotizacia<br />

10.1. SeduRebis avtomatizaciis<br />

ZiriTadi xerxebi<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis avtomatizaciis mTavar<br />

amocanas warmoadgens mocemuli simtkicis SenaduRi<br />

wertilebis miReba procesis maRali warmadobis dros.<br />

rogorc ukve vTqviT, SenaduR wertilebs sxmuli birTvis<br />

erTnairi zomebisa da struqturis dros axasiaTebs<br />

Tanabari simtkice. birTvis zomebi da struqtura<br />

ganisazRvreba SeduRebis wertilis gaxurebisa da<br />

gacivebis pirobebiTa da temperaturis ganawilebiT<br />

SeduRebis zonaSi procesis damTavrebis procesSi.<br />

SeduRebis wertilebis gaxureba damokidebulia Zalian<br />

bevr parametrze, romlebidanac ZiriTads warmoadgens: 1.<br />

SeduRebis denis CarTvis xangZlivoba t Sed., 2. SeduRebis<br />

wredis denis I2 Zala, 3. eleqtrodebs Soris wredis<br />

ubnis winaRoba R, 4. dawnevis Zala P, romelic<br />

modebulia eleqtrodebze SeduRebis dros da<br />

eleqtrodis sakontaqto zedapiri d e. maTgan 4 parametri<br />

damoukidebelia, xolo winaRoba R ganisazRvreba<br />

sidideebiT P da de da SesaduRi detalebis zedapirTa<br />

mdgomareobiT. mocemuli masalis mudmivi sisqis<br />

detalebiis wertilovani SeduRebisas TiToeuli<br />

wertilis Tanabari gaxureba da, maSasadame, Tanabari<br />

sisale uzrunvelyofili iqneba procesis zemoT<br />

CamoTvlili 5 ZiriTadi parametris mudmivobis dros.<br />

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom mxolod sami parametris, 1.<br />

SeduRebis denis CarTvis xangZlivobis, 2. denis Zalisa<br />

da 3. winaRobis mudmivobis dros joulis kanonis<br />

339

Sesabamisad SeduRebis zonaSi uzrunvelyofili iqneba<br />

ucvleli raodenobiT siTbos gamoyofa. magram procesis<br />

danarCeni ori parametris (P da de) aramudmivobisas am<br />

siTbos ganawileba SesaduRi detalebis sxeulSi<br />

SeiZleba Seicvalos, rac gamoiwvevs SeduRebis dros<br />

Txevadi birTvis zomebis Secvlasa da misi simtkicis<br />

aramudmivobas _ SeduRebis xarisxi arastabiluri iqneba.<br />

aseT mdgomareobas vamCnevT, magaliTad, eleqtrodebis<br />

sakontaqto diametris mniSvnelovani gadidebis dros,<br />

rodesac siTbos mocemuli raodenoba ixarjeba liTonis<br />

gadidebuli moculobis gaxurebaze.<br />

sawarmoos pirobebSi metad Znelia wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis yvela parametris mudmivobis miRweva.<br />

SeduRebis denis CarTvis xangZlivoba icvleba: 1.<br />

CamrTvel mowyobilobaTa arasrulyofilobisa da 2.<br />

drois regulirebis arasizustis Sedegad.<br />

denis Zala Seicvleba: 1. SeduRebis manqanis mkvebav<br />

qselSi Zabvis cvlis, 2. SesaduRi detalebis winaRobaTa<br />

Secvlis, 3. manqanis konturSi magnituri masalis Setanisa<br />

da 4. denis daSuntebis Sedegad.<br />

SesaduRi detalebis winaRobani SeiZleba Seicvalos: 1.<br />

im Zalis SecvliT, romelic uSualod moqmedebs SesaduR<br />

detalebs Soris kontaqtze; 2. eleqtrodebis kontaqturi<br />

zedapirebis SecvliT, 3. SesaduR detalTa araerTnairi<br />

xarisxiT winaswari gawmendis gamo.<br />

eleqtrodebze modebuli Zala SeiZleba gadaixaros<br />

mocemuli sidididan: 1. sahaero reduqtorebis arazusti<br />

muSaobis gamo, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs mudmiv wnevas<br />

wertilovani manqanis kumSvis meqanizmis muSa cilindrSi;<br />

2. kumSvis meqanizmis moZrav elementebSi xaxunis Zalebis<br />

340

mniSvnelovani da aramudmivi sididis gamo mimmarTvelTa<br />

gaWeqvis, cudi SezeTvis, SesamWidroebeli samajurebis<br />

aradamakmayofilebeli kontruqciisa da sxva mizezebis<br />

Sedegad; 3. moZravi nawilebis didi inerciis gamo<br />

(manqanebSi, romlebic muSaoben SeduRebis gansakuTrebiT<br />

xist reJimebSi, magaliTad, induqciur manqanebSi); 4.<br />

eleqtrodebis sigrZeTa Secvlis Sedegad (es arsebiTia im<br />

manqanebSi, romlebSic Zala eleqtrodebze zambarebiT<br />

gadaecema, eleqtrodebis sigrZeTa Secvlis dros icvleba<br />

maregulirebeli zambaris kumSvis xarisxi).<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros avtomatizebulma<br />

mowyobilobam unda uzrunvelyos SeduRebis srul<br />

ciklSi Semavali calkeuli operaciebis mocemuli<br />

xangZlivoba da maTi Sesruleba zustad gansazRvruli<br />

TanmimdevrobiT.<br />

mowyobilobas, romelic CarTavs da aregulirebs<br />

Seguebis dens, mwyvetara ewodeba. rogorc zemoT iyo<br />

naCvenebi, SeduRebisaTvis gaxurebis xangZlivobis<br />

uzrunvelyofa jer kidev ar uzrunvelyofs SenaduR<br />

wertilTa Tanabar xarisxs. amitom zogierT Tanamedrove<br />

mwyvetaraSi wertilovani SeduRebis procesis avtomaturi<br />

marTvisaTvis gaxurebis xangrZlivoba mudmivi ki ar aris,<br />

aramed avtomaturad regulirdeba danarCeni parametrebis<br />

mixedviT, romlebic gavlenas axdenen SeduRebadi<br />

wertilebis gaxurebaze. wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

mwyvetarebi moqmedebis principiT SeiZleba daiyos or<br />

ZiriTad jgufad: 1. mwyvetarebi, romlebic SeduRebis<br />

process marTaven erTi an ramodenime eleqtruli<br />

parametriT da 2. mwyvetarebi, romlebic marTaven process<br />

341

ama Tu im fizikuri parametriT. es parametrebi uSualod<br />

arian dakavSirebuli SenaduRi wertilis warmoqmnasTan.<br />

pirvel jgufs miekuTneba: 1. mwyvetarebi, romlebic<br />

uzrunvelyofen SeduRebis denis CarTvis mudmiv<br />

xangZlivobas, tSed.=const, 2. mwyvetarebi, romlebic<br />

erTdroulad inarCuneben SeduRebis droisa t Sed. da<br />

denis I2 mocemul mniSvnelobebs, tSed.=const da I=const, 3.<br />

mwyvetarebi, romlebic zRudaven TiToeuli wertilis<br />

SeduRebis dros daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis<br />

raodenobas UIt =const.<br />

meore jgufs miekuTvneba mwyvetarebi, romlebic<br />

CarTaven SeduRebis dens, roca: 1. kontaqtSi<br />

(eleqtrodi_detali) miiRweva garkveuli temperatura<br />

(Termolegulatori) an da 2. eleqtrodebs Soris<br />

moWerili SesaduRi detalebis mocemul sididemde<br />

gafarToebis dros, rac dakavSirebulia detalebis<br />

gaxurebis xarisxTan (dilatometri).<br />

amJamad gamoyenebuli mwyvetarebis didi umravlesoba<br />

ar axorcielebs procesis avtomatur regulirebas,<br />

aramed asrulebs mxolod SeduRebis denis gamorTvas<br />

procesis ama Tu im parametris (an maTi jgufis) mocemul<br />

sididemde miRwevis momentSi. mwyvetarebi, romlebic<br />

erTdroulad akontroleben da aregulireben procesis<br />

ZiriTad parametrebs; principulad ufro srulyofilni<br />

arian, magram maTi konstruqcia da eleqtruli sqema<br />

gacilebiT rTulia da jerjerobiT SezRudulad<br />

gamoiyeneba. am mwyvetarebs miekuTvneba tSed. = const da I =<br />

const tipis mwyvetara, radgan igi akontrolebs process<br />

CarTvis xangZlivobiT, avtomaturad inarCunebs ra am<br />

procesis umniSvnelovanes parametrs _ denis Zalas.<br />

342

10.2. SeduRebis drois mwyvetarebi<br />

am tipis mwyvetarebi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia<br />

mrewvelobaSi. arsebiTad aseTi mwyvetara warmoadgens<br />

drois met-naklebad srulyofil reles. isini SeiZleba<br />

iyos asinqronuli an sinqronuli. eleqtroamZravian<br />

manqanebSi Cveulebriv iyeneben martiv asinqronul muSa<br />

mwyvetaras, romlis principuli sqema mocemulia 9.1, 1<br />

nax.-ze. muSta K modis brunvaSi ZraviT da CarTavs<br />

kontaqts K1, romelic Sekravs kontaqtoris K2 koWas<br />

wreds. pnevmaturamZravian manqanebSi xSirad iyeneben<br />

drois eleqtronul reles, eleqtromagnitur<br />

kontaqtorTan an ignitronul CamrTvelTan erTad.<br />

K Rilakze (nax. 9.1,2) daWeris dros eleqtrosarqveli<br />

ЭК1 miawodebs haers muSa cilindrs C. masSi mocemuli<br />

wnevis miRwevisas Seikvreba kontaqtori K1 da<br />

erTdroulad CairTveba kontaqtorebi K2 (iwyeba<br />

SeduReba) da sarqveli ЭК2, romelic awodebs SekumSul<br />

haers drois pnevmatur reles PR (sqemaze naCvenebi ar<br />

aris). drois dadgenili Sualedis gasvlis Semdeg es<br />

rele ganrTavs normalurad Sekrul kontaqtebs PR da<br />

SeduReba mTavrdeba. asinqronuli ignitronuli<br />

mwyvetarebis (romlebic dafuZvnebulia umartivesi<br />

ignitronuli CamrTvelebis gamoyenebaze drois<br />

eleqtronul relesTan SerwymiT) xmareba umravles<br />

SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofs SenaduRi wertilebis<br />

sruliad stabilur xarisxs, xolo ufro srulyofil da<br />

rTul sinqronul ignitronul mwyvetarebze gadasvla<br />

SeduRebis xarisxobrivi Sedegebis arsebiT gaumjobesebas<br />

ar iZleva. es ori mizeziT aixsneba: erTi mxriv imiT, rom<br />

343

ignitronuli mwyvetaris nebismieri tipis SemTxvevaSi<br />

(amaT Soris asinqronulis) denis gamorTva yovelTvis<br />

warmoebs misi nulovani mniSvnelobisas daugvianebliv,<br />

rac SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, Cveulebrivi<br />

eleqtromagnituri kontaqtoris gamoyenebis dros<br />

gawyvetis momentSi rkalis Seqmnis gamo, xolo, meores<br />

mxriv imiT, rom t Sed. formulaSi Sedis pirvel xarisxSi,<br />

rac gansazRvravs SeduRebisas gamoyofili siTbos<br />

raodenobas im dros, rodesac I2 deni masSi Sedis<br />

kvadratSi. amitom rxevebi t Sed. sididiT, rac gardauvalia<br />

asinqronuli CarTvis dros, gacilebiT nakleb gavlenas<br />

axdens. SeduRebis Sedegebze, vidre, I2 sididis<br />

cvalebadoba _ gadaxrebi garkveul daSvebaTa zRvrebSi.<br />

sinqronuli ignitronuli mwyvetarebis upiratesobaa:<br />

CarTvis dros ufro zusti dozireba asinqronul<br />

mwyvetarebTan SedarebiT. simZlavris mdore regulirebis<br />

SesaZlebloba (ignitronebis anTebis momentis Secvlis<br />

gziT denis sinusoidis mimarT), manqanis pirvelad wredSi<br />

denis zrdis Semcireba denis mimarTulebiT swori<br />

Tanmimdevrobis Sedegad misi CarTvisa da gamorTvis<br />

momentSi (magaliTad, CarTva yovelTvis warmoebs cvladi<br />

denis dadebiT, xolo gamorTva uaryofiT _<br />

naxevarperiodSi; Tu es piroba ar aris daculi, e.i.<br />

SeduRebis transformatori CarTulia denis im<br />

naxevarsferoSi, romelic mimarTulebiT emTxveva denis<br />

naxevarperiods misi adrindeli CarTvis momentSi,<br />

transformatoris pirvelad wredSi gaivlis Zalian didi<br />

deni transformatoris gularis erTi da imave<br />

mimarTulebiT ganmeorebiTi damagnitebis gamo).<br />

344

nax. 10.1. mwyvetarebis principuli<br />

sqemebi tSed.=const tipis wertilovani SeduRebisaTvis<br />

damuSavebulia sinqronuli ignitronuli mwyvetarebis<br />

ori ZiriTadi tipi: 1. eleqtruli masinqronizebeli<br />

mowyobilobebiT da 2. eleqtromeqanikuri. orive tipSi<br />

SeduRebis transformatoris pirveladi wredis CarTva<br />

xorcieldeba ori ignitroniT И1 da И2, romelTa<br />

amanTeblebi CarTulia damxmare tiratronebis T1 da T2<br />

anodur wredSi (nax. 9.1,3). pirveli tipis sinqronul<br />

mwyvetaraSi K kontaqtis Sekvris Semdeg (magaliTad,<br />

pnevmaturi reles amoqmedebis momentSi) eleqtrodebs<br />

Soris SeduRebadi detalebis moWerisas komutatori BK,<br />

romelsac abrunebs sinqronuli eleqtroZrava, iwyebs<br />

cvladi denis sinusoidas mimarT drois zustad<br />

345

gansazRvrul miwodebas, romlebic rigrigobiT xsnian<br />

tiratronebs T1 da T2-s. amis Sedegad ainTeba Sesabamisi<br />

ignitronebi da amrigad, CairTveba SeduRebis<br />

transformatori. komutatoris musebis mdgomareobis<br />

regulirebiT SeiZleba ignitronebis anTebis momentis<br />

Secvla. amasTan Seicvleba SeduRebis transformatoris<br />

efeqturi simZlavre.<br />

1. eleqtruli tipis masinqronebeli mowyobiloba<br />

Sedgeba Semdegi ZiriTadi elementebisagan: drois<br />

eleqtronuli rele, pikuri transformatori da<br />

fazoregulatori. amuSavebis Rilakze daWeris dros<br />

CairTveba drois rele da pikuri transformatoriT<br />

iwyeben impulsebis miwodebas damxmare tiratronebis<br />

badeebze. am impulsebis miwodebis momenti SeiZleba<br />

regulirdebodes fazoregulatoriT. am xerxiT<br />

SesaZlebelia SeduRebis dros simZlavris mdore<br />

regulireba. masinqronebeli mowyobilobis sqemas<br />

Cveulebriv iseTnairad asruleben, rom pirvelad ainTos<br />

yovelTvis erTi da igive tiratroni (magaliTad, T1),<br />

romelsac wamyvans uwodeben. amitom TiToeuli wertilis<br />

SeduReba iwyeba erTi da imave mimarTulebis denis<br />

naxevarperiodidan. T1 tiratrionisa da misiT marTuli И1<br />

ignitronis CarTvis naxevarperiodis damTavrebisas<br />

anTebis impulsi avtomaturad miewodeba T2 tiratrons,<br />

romelic aanTebs И2 ignitrons. am SemTxvevaSi T2<br />

tiratrons ewodeba amyoli. SeduReba grZeldeba<br />

yovelTvis denis naxevarperiodebis luwi ricxviTa da<br />

mTavrdeba И2 ingnitronis CaqrobiT. am sqemis SemTxvevaSi<br />

daculia denis mimarTulebis iZulebiTi Tanmimdevroba<br />

SeduRebis transformatoris CarTvisa da gamorTvis<br />

346

dros da transformatoris erTmxrivi ganmeorebiTi<br />

damagniteba SeuZlebelia.<br />

2. eleqtromeqanikuri marTvis upiratesobaa sqemis<br />

simartive; ZiriTadi nakli _ mbrunavi meqanizmebisa da<br />

samuso komutatoris arseboba. seriozuli gamoSvebis<br />

sinqronul mwyvetarebs amzadeben umTavresad<br />

eleqtronuli marTviT, magaliTad, ПИТ-1 tipis<br />

ignitronuli mwyvetara wertilovani SeduRebisaTvis.<br />

10.3. droisa da denis mwyvetarebi<br />

am tipis mwyvetarebi gansakuTrebiT mizanSewonilia im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SesaZlebelia denis mniSvnelovani<br />

gadaxrebi_rxevebi SeduRebis dros, magaliTad, im qselis<br />

Zabvis rxevisas, romelic SeduRebis manqanas kvebavs da<br />

SeduRebis procesSi manqanis meorad konturSi magnituri<br />

masis elementebis Setanisas. nax.9.2-ze warmodgenili<br />

diagramiT ilustrirebulia ganxiluli tipis mwyvetaras<br />

gamoyenebis efeqturoba. am diagramaze abscisaTa RerZze<br />

gadazomilia Zabvis vardna procentebSi nominaluris<br />

mimarT, ordinatTa RerZze _ SenaduRi wertilis<br />

damrRvevi datvirTva gadakveTaze misi gamocdis dros.<br />

1_mrudi Seesabameba SeduRebas Cveulebrivi tSed.=const tipis sinqronuli mwyvetariT, xolo 2 wrfe _ im<br />

mwyvetaris gamoyenebas, romelic avtomaturad<br />

uzrunvelyofs denis mudmivobas. rogorc diagramidan<br />

Cans, Zabvis dacemisas 20%-ze im wertilis simtkice,<br />

romelic SeduRebulia tSed.=const dros, qveiTdeba TiTqmis<br />

40%-iT, maSin, rodesac tSed da I mudmivobisas daqveiTeba<br />

praqtikulad ar xdeba.<br />

347

%<br />

100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

0<br />

348<br />

2<br />

1<br />

10 20 Δ u%<br />

nax.10.2. SenaduRi wertilis sisalis damokidebuleba<br />

qselis Zabvis dacemaze:<br />

1.Cveulebrivi tSed.=const tipis mwyvetara da<br />

2. tSed.= const da I = const tipis mwyvetara.<br />

aRwerili mwyvetarebi isea mowyobili, rom Zabvis<br />

dacemis dros avtomaturad Seicvleba damxmare<br />

tiratronebis anTebis momenti. Zabvis Semcirebis dros<br />

gaizrdeba SeduRebis denis faqtiurad CarTvis<br />

xangZlivoba TiToeuli naxevarperiodis ganmavlobaSi da,<br />

piriqiT, Zabvis zrdisas am CarTvis xangZlivoba ecema<br />

amasTan, efeqturi deni praqtikulad mudmivi rCeba. denis<br />

Zalis avtomaturad regulirebadi mwyvetarebis seriuli<br />

warmoeba amJamad aTvisebis procesSia.<br />

10.4. simZlavris mwyvetarebi<br />

am tipis mwyvetara uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli wertilis<br />

SeduRebis dros eleqtroenergiis Tanabari procesiT<br />

xarjvas. iyeneben SeduRebis dros UI tSed.= const miRebis<br />

or xerxs:

1. pirveli am miznisaTvis iyeneben eleqtroenergiis<br />

mricxvels, romelic gamorTavs SeduRebis<br />

transformators procesze dadgenili eleqtroenergiis<br />

daxarjvis Semdeg. am mwyvetaraSi UI sididis rxevebi,<br />

romelic SeimCneva, kerZod, Zabvis vardnis dros qselSi,<br />

avtomaturad kompensirdeba misi avtomaturad saTanadod<br />

gazomviT. SeduRebis transformatoris pirvelad wredSi<br />

denis gavlisas mricxvelis disko mobrundeba kuTxiT,<br />

romelic daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis raodenobis<br />

proporciulia. diskos mobrunebis dros mocemuli<br />

kuTxiT Seikvreba damxmare kontaqtebi da<br />

transformatori avtomaturad gamoirTveba _ SeduReba<br />

mTavrdeba. 1.SeduRebis xisti reJimebisas aRwerili<br />

mwyvetarebi uvargisia maTi moZravi nawilebis<br />

mniSvnelovani inerciis gamo. 2.SeduRebis rbili reJimebis<br />

drosac mwyvetarebi, romlebic Sesrulebulia<br />

eleqtroenergiis mricxvelis saxiT, ar iZlevian<br />

damakmayofilebel Sedegebs. es kerZod imiT aixsneba, rom<br />

procesis mniSvnelovnad gagrZelebisas siTbos<br />

raodenoba, romelic sakmarisia wertilis SeduRebisaTvis<br />

normalur pirobebSi, arasakmarisi xdeba, radgan<br />

SeduRebis gaWianurebiT izrdeba siTbos danakargebi, rac<br />

dakavSirebulia wertilis garemomcveli zonis zedmet<br />

gaxurebisas da eleqtrodebSi siTbos acilebasTan. UI<br />

tSed.=const tipis mwyvetaras originaluri sqema<br />

SemogvTavaza k.a.koCerginma. am sqemaSi energiis mricxveli<br />

uSualod reagirebs SeduRebis wredis densa da Zabvaze<br />

eleqtrodebs Soris, riTac uzrunvelyofs SeduRebisas<br />

qselidan moxmarebul ara saerTo energiis xarjvis<br />

mudmivobas, aramed sasargeblo xarjvis mudmivobas<br />

349

SeduRebis zonaSi. am mwyvetaris eqsperimentulma<br />

Semowmebam cxadyo SeduRebis wertilis sisalis<br />

maCvenebelTa kargi damTxveva mwyvetaris maCvenebelTan.<br />

aRweril sqemas aqvs iseTive naklovanebani, rogorc UI<br />

tSed.=const tipis yvela mwyvetaras, romlebic tSed cvlad<br />

mniSvnelobaze muSaobs.<br />

2. gacilebiT ukeTes Sedegs iZleva UI tSed.=const miRebis meore xerxi: igi dafuZnebulia TiToeuli<br />

wertilis SeduRebisaTvis eleqtroenergiis mocemuli<br />

porciis gamoyenebaze, romelic ixarjeba drois mudmivi<br />

an umniSvnelod cvalebadi intervalis ganmavlobaSi. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi erTdroulad uzrunvelyofen UI =const da<br />

tSed.=const. am principiT muSaobs kondensatoruli da<br />

induqciuri manqanebi, romlebic axorcieleben SeduRebas<br />

dagrovili energiiT. Tu am dros uzrunvelyofili iqna<br />

eleqtrodebTan modebuli Zalebis P da eleqtrodebis<br />

kontaqturi zedapirebis diametris de mudmivoba, Seiqmneba<br />

pirobebi metad stabiluri xarisxis SenaduRi wertilebis<br />

miRebisaTvis. sinamdvileSi dagrovili energiiT SeduReba<br />

uzrunvelyofs stabilur Sedegebs. dagrovili energiis<br />

impulsebiT SeduRebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba<br />

SezRudulia am impulsis sididiT, romlis gadideba<br />

iwvevs SeduRebis manqanaTa gaZvirebas, kondensatorebis<br />

tevadobis gazrdas, anda induqciur manqanebSi SeduRebis<br />

transformatoris zomebisa da wonis gadidebas.<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis procesis marTvis yvela<br />

aRwerili sistemis arsebiTi naklia is, rom isini ar<br />

reagireben SeduRebis denis daSuntvisadmi. im<br />

SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mwyvetara inarCunebs denis<br />

350

mudmiv mniSvnelobas, an avtomaturad cvlis misi<br />

CarTvis xangZlivobas<br />

I-s cvlilebis dros. aparatura reagirebs srul denze,<br />

romelic gadis manqanis pirvelad wredSi (iSviaT<br />

SemTxvevaSi meoradSi). denis nawilis ganStoeba SuntSi,<br />

romelic amcirebs SenaduRi wertilebis gaxurebis<br />

intensivobas, ver kompensirdeba aRwerili mwyvetarebiT.<br />

10.5. temperaturis cvalebadobis mwyvetarebi<br />

dReisaTvis axlo sazRvargareTis qveynebSi<br />

funqcionirebs mwyvetarebis ori tipi, romlebic<br />

uSualod reagirebs gasaxurebel detalTa fizikuri<br />

Tvisebebis Secvlaze.<br />

1. aseTi mwyvetaris pirvel tipSi sakontrolo<br />

parametrs warmoadgens temperatura kontaqtSi<br />

eleqtrodi_detali. Catarebulma cdebma cxadyo, rom<br />

SesaduRi wertilis temperatura am kontaqtSi gaxurebis<br />

bolosaTvis uaxlovdeba 0,5Tdn, sadac Tdn SesaduRi<br />

detalebis liTonis dnobis temperaturaa.<br />

2. gaxurebis procesis marTvis meore sistema<br />

(d.s.balokeci) dafuZvnebulia imaze, rom detalebis<br />

gaxurebisas da gansakuTrebiT wertilis birTvis dnobis<br />

dros, warmoebs liTonis SesamCnevi gafarToeba. Txevad<br />

birTvs ar SeuZlia Tavisuflad gafarTovdes siganeSi,<br />

radgan birTvi garSemortymulia SedarebiT civi liTonis<br />

sartyeliT, romlis deformacia da gafarToeba<br />

gaZnelebulia.<br />

SesaduRi detalebis gaxurebisas eleqtrodebs Soris<br />

manZili diddeba, xolo SeduRebis denis gamorTvis<br />

351

Semdeg kvlav mcirdeba, amasTan detalebis saboloo sisqe<br />

maTi gacivebis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, sawyis sisqeze<br />

naklebia SeduRebis dros detals zedapirze warmoqmnili<br />

CanaWyletebis Sedegad. cdis saSualebiT dadginda, rom<br />

foladis, gansakuTrebiT, austenturi foladis<br />

SeduRebisas, romelsac xazovani gafarToebis didi<br />

koeficienti axasiaTebs, deformacia gaxurebis dros<br />

SeiZleba warmoadgendes maTi gaxurebis sazoms. foladis<br />

dnobis temperaturaze qveviT gaxurebisas gafarToebasa<br />

da gadnobis Semdeg gafarToebas Soris arsebiTi<br />

gansxvavebaa. es saSualebas iZleva detalebis gaxurebis<br />

xasiaTis, e.i. SeduRebis dros eleqtrodebs Soris<br />

manZilis gadidebis mixedviT vimsjeloT gadnobili<br />

liTonis birTvis ar arsebobasa an arsebobaze.<br />

35з<br />

T Э D<br />

K1 R<br />

гр<br />

R RB<br />

KG<br />

352<br />

K<br />

RB K2<br />

220з<br />

nax. 10.3. wertilovani SeduRebis Termoregulatoris<br />

principuli eleqtrosqema.<br />

saeleqtrodo kontaqtSi, eleqtrodi_detali,<br />

temperaturiT wertilovani SeduRebis procesis marTvis<br />

xelsawyos ewodeba wertilovani SeduRebis

Termoregulatori, romlis martivi sqema gamosaxulkia<br />

nax. 10.3.-ze.<br />

SeduReba iwyeba K CamrTvelis SekvriT, romelic<br />

CarTavs SeduRebis transformatoris kontaqtebs КЛ.<br />

eleqtrodis Э Termoeleqtro- mamoZravebeli Zala,<br />

romelic aRiZvreba detalebis D SeduRebis dros,<br />

zemoqmedebs specialurad momarjvebul sakontaqto<br />

galvanometris koWaze KG. eleqtrodi Э warmoadgens<br />

Termowyvils, romelic Seqmnilia TviT spilenZis<br />

eleqtrodiTa da konstantanis wvrili mavTuliT T,<br />

romelic Setanilia eleqtrodSi gamoburRul arsSi. es<br />

mavTuli Semoxveulia minis boWkoze Txeli izolaciiT<br />

da mWidrod aris Cawnexili eleqtrodis xvrelSi ise,<br />

rom faqtiurad kontaqti konstantansa da spilenZs<br />

Soris, e.i. Termowyvilis narCili eleqtrodis kontaqtur<br />

zedapirzea moTavsebuli.<br />

24 voltiani mudmivi denis damxmare wredi gadis<br />

galvanometris isarSi mis moZrav kontaqtSi K1 da R<br />

reles koWaSi SesaduRi detalebis zedapirze mocemuli<br />

temperaturis miRwevisas galvanometris isari KG Sekravs<br />

am wreds, ris Sedegadac amoqmeddeba R da mis Semdeg<br />

mablokirebeli rele RB gawyvets mTavari kontaqtoris<br />

koWis operatiul wreds K2-s, SeduReba mTavrdeba.<br />

Termoregulatoris samrewvelo modelSi sakontaqto<br />

galvanometri Secvlilia uinercio sarkiani vibratoriT.<br />

am xelsawyoSi termoeleqtromamoZravebeli Zala<br />

moabrunebs vibratoris sarkes. SesaduRi detalis<br />

mocemul temperaturaze sinaTlis Suqi, areklili<br />

vibratoris sarkidan, anaTebs fotoelements, romelic<br />

353

specialuri releTi (gamaZlierebliT) gamorTavs manqanis<br />

mTavar kontaqtors.<br />

0,02<br />

I2<br />

1 2<br />

nax.10.4. eleqtrodis gadaadgilebis Canaweri<br />

kargi (1) da cudi (2) SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

Termolegulatori amaRlebs SenaduRi wertilebis<br />

xarisxobriv maCvenebelTa stabilurebas, amcirebs ra<br />

SeuduReblobis saSiSroebas denis Semcirebisas SesaduRi<br />

kontaqturi zedapirebis gadidebis, SesaduRi detalebis<br />

sisqis SemTxveviTi gazrdisa da zogierTi sxva mizezis<br />

gamo. Termoregulatoris gamoyeneba ar iZleva dadebiT<br />

Sedegs cudad gawmendil zedapiriani foladis SeduRebis<br />

dros, radgan SeiZleba mwyobridan gamovides<br />

Termowyvili.<br />

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis kontrolisa da avtomaturi marTvis<br />

dilatometrulma meTodma SeiZleba kargi Sedegi mogvces<br />

foladis, pirvel rigSi ki austenitis klasis foladisa<br />

da mxurvalmtkice Senadnobis detalTa SeduRebis dros.<br />

nax.8.4. mocemulia SeduRebisas denisa da eleqtrodebs<br />

Soris manZilis cvlilebis oscilografiuli Canawerebi<br />

or SemTxvevaSi: wertilis kargi SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi 1<br />

354<br />

I2

da SeduRebis ararsebobisas 2. amJamad damuSavebulia<br />

foladis detalebis wertilovani SeduRebis procesis<br />

kontrolis aparatura dilatometruli meTodis<br />

samrewvelo gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />

wertilovani SeduRebisaTvis mwyvetaris tipis<br />

arCevisas aucilebelia 1. saeqsploatacio da 2.<br />

teqnologiur moTxovnilebaTa gaTvaliswineba. pirvels<br />

miekuTvneba konstruqciis simartive da aparaturis<br />

eleqtruli sqemebi, misi saimedooba eqspuataciaSi.<br />

teqnologiuri moTxovna ganisazRvreba SesaduRi masalis<br />

saxeobiTa da sisqiT, nakeTobis konfiguraciiTa da<br />

pasuxismgeblobis xarisxiT. wertilovani SeduRebis<br />

procesis marTvis sxvadasxva xerxis racionaluri<br />

gamoyenebis sferoebi Semdegia:<br />

1. tSed.=const tipis asinqronuli mwyvetarebi (drois<br />

eleqtromeqanikuri da eleqtronuli regulatoriT)<br />

mcire da saSualo sisqis (5_6 mm-mde) naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladis SeduRebis dros SedarebiT rbili reJimebiT<br />

(t Sed ≥ 0,25 wm);<br />

2. tSed.=const tipis asinqronuli ignitronuli<br />

mwyvetarebi uJangavi foladisa da mxurvalmtkice<br />

Senadnobis detalTa SeduRebisa da, calkeul<br />

SemTxvevaSi, aluminis Senadnobebis detalebis SeduRebis<br />

dros;<br />

3. tSed.=const tipis sinqronuli ignitronuli<br />

mwyvetarebi aluminisa da magniumis SenadnobTa<br />

SesaduReblad;<br />

4. ISed.=const tipis da I .=const tipis asinqronuli an<br />

sinqronuli ignitronuli mwyvetarebi magnituri<br />

355

foladebis didi zomebis nakeTobaTa, magaliTad,<br />

mTlianliTonuri vagonis gverdulas SesaduReblad;<br />

5. sistemebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs UIt=const<br />

aluminis Senadnobis sapasuxismgeblo kvanZebis<br />

SeduRebis dros;<br />

6. SeduRebis Termolegulatorebi 2 mm-ze meti<br />

sisqis foladis SeduRebisa da dilatrometrebi<br />

austentis foladebisa da mxurvalmtkice SenadnobTa<br />

SeduRebis dros<br />

10.6. SeduRebis modulatorebi<br />

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebis maRali xarisxi uzrunveiyofilia SeduRebis<br />

denis wyvetadi CarTviT. denis impulsebis swori<br />

monacvleoba mocemuli xangZlivobis pauzebTan miiRweva<br />

mwyvetarebiT. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis dros, iseve<br />

rogorc wertilovani SeduRebisas, gamoyenebulia<br />

asinqronuli da sinqronuli mwyvetarebi. sinqronuli<br />

CarTvisas amCneven denis mniSvnelovan naxtomebs<br />

SeduRebis transformatoris pirvelad wredSi (nax. 10.5,1.),<br />

rasac Tan sdevs denis naklebad mniSvnelovani rxevebi<br />

SeduRebis wredSi. sinqronuli CarTvisas (nax. 10.5,2) denis<br />

TiToeul impulss aqvs zustad garkveuli xangZlivoba<br />

denis mimarTulebis regularuli monacvleobiT misi<br />

CarTvisa da gamorTvis momentSi. siTbos raodenoba,<br />

romelic gamoiyofa denis TiToeuli impulsis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, erTnairia, ris gamoc nakeris xarisxi<br />

erTgvarovania mis mTel sigrZeze.<br />

356

1<br />

Nnax. 10.5. pirveladi denis oscilogramebi SeduRebis<br />

transformatorSi gorgolaWovani SeduRebis dros<br />

asinqronuli (1) da sinqronuli (2) CarTviT.<br />

1. sapauxismgeblo nakeTobaTa SeduRebis Tanamedrove<br />

praqtikaSi yvelaze farTo gavrceleba moipova<br />

ignitronulma sinqronulma mwyvetaram. gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebisaTvis sinqronuli mwyvetarebis ori ZiriTadi<br />

tipia gamoyenebuli: eleqtromeqanikuri da eleqtronuli<br />

sinqronizatori. mwyvetaris pirvel tipSi gamoyenebulia<br />

komutatori, romelic moZraobaSi mohyavs sinqronul<br />

eleqtroZravs. aseTi sinqronizatoris erT-erTi SesaZlo<br />

sqema naCvenebia 10.6. naxazze. sinqronuli eleqtroZrava 1<br />

abrunebs jaWvuri gadacemis 3 varskvlavas 4. jaWvs 100<br />

rgoli aqvs. gadacema isea daproeqtebuli, rom 1 wm<br />

ganmavlobaSi sakontaqto sistemis 5 gverdiT gaivlis<br />

jaWvis yvela 100 rgoli. TiToeul maTganSi aris<br />

xvretili wkiris (Stiftis) 6-is dasamagreblad. Stifti<br />

kontaqtebis 5 gverdiT gavlisas isini xanmokled<br />

Seikvreba, miawvdis ra operatiuli wrediT 7 denis<br />

saWiro impulss damxmare transformatorze,<br />

tiratronebisa da mwyvetaras Zalovan ignitronebze.<br />

amasTan, ignitronebis anTebis faqtiuri momenti<br />

ganisazRvreba calkeuli pikuri transformatoris<br />

357<br />

2

awyobiT, rac xorcieldeba Sesabamisi<br />

fazoregulatoriT. mwyvetaris wredSi Camagrebuli<br />

TiToeuli Stifti uzrunvelyofs SeduRebis denis<br />

CarTvas erT naxevarperiodSi. mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT<br />

wkiriani an uwkiro rgolebis monacvleobisas xerxdeba<br />

saWiro SeduRebis ciklis miReba. magaliTad, eqvsi<br />

wkiriani da oTxi uwkiro rgolis monacvleobiT<br />

vRebulobT SeduRebis denis impulsis xangZlivobas (0,06<br />

_ 0,04)wm-is pauzis dros. advili saCvenebelia, rom am<br />

dros dens CarTvisa da gamorTvisas sxvadasxva niSani<br />

eqneba da rogorc Sedegi, gamoiricxeba<br />

transformatoris ganmeorebiTi damagniteba erTi<br />

mimarTulebiT, rasac mivyavarT denis mniSvnelovan<br />

naxtomebTan transformatoris pirvelad wredSi.<br />

SesaZlebelia agreTve doluri komutatorebisa da sxva<br />

sisitemebis sinqronizatorTa gamoyeneba sinqronul<br />

Zravas sqemis ZiriTadi elementis saxiT.<br />

2. meore tipis sinqronizatorebs mbrunavi elementebi<br />

ara aqvs. denis impulsebis xangZlivoba da sixSire<br />

ganisazRvreba eleqtruli regulatorebiT. kerZod, am<br />

sqemiT asruleben ПИШ-2-2 tipis seriul mwyvetarebs. am<br />

mwyvtarebis naklia eleqtruli sqemis sirTule, rac<br />

aZnelebs maT momsaxureobas eqsploataciis dros.<br />

eleqtromeqanikur sinqronizatorebiani mwyvetarebi<br />

martivia. amave dros saeqsploatacio TvisebebiT isini<br />

ar CamorCeba eleqtronulsinqronizatorebian<br />

mwyvetarebs.<br />

358

1<br />

3<br />

4<br />

nax. 10.6. eleqtromeqanikuri sinqronizatoris<br />

sqema gorgolaWovani SeduRebis mwyvetarasaTvis.<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebisas damakmayofilebeli<br />

xarisxis nakeris miReba, rogorc wesi, SeiZleba<br />

aramarto SeduRebis denis sruli gamorTvisas pauzis<br />

droSi, aramed misi perioduli Semcirebis drosac.<br />

gorgolaWovani manqanis wredSi denis periodul<br />

Semcirebis mowyobilobas modulatori ewodeba.<br />

umartivesi modulatori warmoadgens drosels 1 (nax.<br />

10.7.) mbrunavi uRliT 2 magnitur wredSi. droseli<br />

CairTveba SeduRebis transformatoris 3 pirvelad<br />

wredSi. uReli 2 siCqareTa yuTis 4 saSualebiT<br />

uerTdeba sinqronuli Zravas lilvs 5. droselis<br />

magnituri wredis winaRoba icvleba mbrunavi uRlis<br />

mdgomareobis mixedviT. magnitur wredSi didi RreCos<br />

SemTxvevaSi (uReli gamosaxulia mTliani xazebiT) am<br />

wredSi winaRoba Zalian didia, xolo droselis<br />

induqciuroba SedarebiT naklebi. mcire RreCos<br />

359<br />

7<br />

2<br />

5<br />

6

SemTxvevaSi (uReli naCvenebia punqtiriT) magnituri<br />

wredis winaRoba mcirdeba, xolo droselis<br />

induqciuroba izrdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeduRebis<br />

wredSi gadis udidesi deni, xolo meoreSi _ umciresi.<br />

denisa da simZlavris cvlileba uRlis brunvis dros<br />

grafikulad naCvenebia 10.7, 2 da 3 naxazebze. denis<br />

Secvlis erTi ciklis t c xangZlivoba ganisazRvreba<br />

uRlis brunTa ricxviT da regulirdeba siCqareTa yuTis<br />

gadarTviT.<br />

1<br />

1<br />

2<br />

4<br />

3<br />

5<br />

I<br />

P<br />

nax. 10.7. modulatorebi gorgolaWovani SeduRebisaTvis:<br />

1 _ principuli sqema;<br />

2 _ denis cvlilebis (modulirebis mrudi);<br />

3 _ simZlavris cvlilebis mrudi.<br />

aRwerili modulatoris naklia modulirebuli denis<br />

mrudis formis Secvlis SeuZlebloba. es zRudavs aseTi<br />

modulatorebis gamoyenebas. feradi liTonebis<br />

SeduRebisas es modulatorebi uvargisia. cnobilia<br />

ufro rTuli sistemis modulatorebi, romlebic<br />

dasaSvebia maqsimaluri denis periodebs Soris<br />

xangZlivobis nebismieri fardobis miRma. magram es<br />

360<br />

tn<br />

2<br />

3<br />

t<br />

t

modulatorebi rTulia da Zviri, maT ar SeuZliaT<br />

konkurencia<br />

mwyvetarebs.<br />

gauwion sinqronul ignitronul<br />

10.7. SeduRebis robotebi<br />

Tanamedrove robotebi farTod inergeboda SeduRebis<br />

praqtikaSi jer kidev meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />

rogorc axlo, aseve Soreuli sazRvargareTis qveynebSi.<br />

maT Soris SesamCnevia winaRobiT, (kontaqturi)<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis masiuri warmoebis robotizacia.<br />

10.7.1. robotis aRweriloba<br />

roboti es aris atomaturad moqmedi manipulatori,<br />

romelsac gaaCnia programuli marTvis sistema.<br />

roboti asrulebs sawarmoo operaciebs umetesad<br />

adamianis monawileobis gareSe. mas gaaCnia sami ZiriTadi<br />

moqmedi kvanZi: 1. Semsrulebeli muSa organo; 2.<br />

eleqtronul-gammarTveli manqana, romelic marTavs muSa<br />

organos da 3. damamaxsovrebeli mowyobiloba.<br />

robotis muSa organos bolos gaaCnia wamtaci (10.8,8),<br />

romelic mogvagonebs xelis mtevans; `xeli” (10.8,1)<br />

SeiZleba gadaadgildes sami urTierTperpendikularuli<br />

ReZis (X,Y,Z)-is mimarT. xolo wamtaci ki brunavs am<br />

RerZebis irgvliv. garda amisa, TviT robotic ganicdis<br />

gadaadgilebas im mimmarTvelTa saSualebiT, romelzec<br />

TviTonaa damagrebuli.<br />

SeduRebis robotTa umetesoba gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

programaTa mniSvnelovan raodenobaze imisgan<br />

361

damokidebulebiT, Tu ra saxis SesaduRi kvanZebis<br />

kompleqsTan gveqneba saqme.<br />

Semsrulebel organos brZaneba miewodeba<br />

dammaxsovrebeli mowyobilobidan. wamtaci aRWurvilia<br />

specialuri wertilovani SeduRebis marwuxebiT,<br />

romelic uzrunvelyofs did mwarmoeblobas _ 180<br />

wertils wuTSi. amasTanave garantirebulia SenaduRi<br />

nakeris maRali da stabiluri xarisxi da rac mTavaria,<br />

samuSaos Sesruleba Znelmisadgom adgilebSi. SenaduR<br />

wertilTa ganlagebis sizuste aRwevs ±(0,5-1,5)mm-s.<br />

wamtacis tvirTamweoba aris 100 kg-mde, misi<br />

sworxazovani gadaadgilebis siCqare icvleba 0,05-dan 0,5mde<br />

metri wamSi; xolo brunvis siCqare aRwevs 10-dan 300mde<br />

graduss wamSi.<br />

robotis urika 7 SeiZleba gadaadgildes<br />

mimmarTvelTa gaswvriv mocemuli programis sazRvrebSi.<br />

wamtaci 8 SeiZleba daixaros damWeris 9 mimarT. xelis<br />

amZravi 2 uzrunvelyofs mis Y RerZis gaswvriv<br />

moZraobas. svetis gamomwvevi nawili 3 da misi<br />

mamoZravebeli meqanizmi 5 axdens svetis gadaadgilebasa<br />

da mobrunebas Z_RerZis mimarT. urikaze moTavsebulia<br />

marTvis kolofi 6.<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis robotTa gamoyeneba<br />

mizanSewonilia masiur da msxvilseriul warmoebaSi,<br />

magaliTad, saavtomobilo qarxnebSi.<br />

362

nax. 10.8. SeduRebis roboti<br />

1_”xeli”; 2_xelis amZravi; 3_svetis mosawevi nawili;<br />

4_sveti; 5_svetis mabrunebeli meqanizmi; 6_marTvis<br />

kolofi; 7_urika; 8_wamtaci; 9_wamtacis damweri<br />

.<br />

10.7.2. samrewvelo robotebi<br />

SenaduR konstruqciaTa warmoebis dargSi ocdameerTe<br />

saukunis dasawyisisaTvis farTod inergeba samrewvelo<br />

robotebi _ programul marTviani avtomaturi<br />

mowyobilobani. maTi meqanikuri nawili warmoadgens samieqvsi<br />

Tavisuflebis xarisxis mqone manipulators.<br />

SeduRebis samrewvelo robotebs Soris ganixilaven<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis or variants: 1. SeduReba<br />

specialuri marwuxebis an pistolet-avtomatebis<br />

gamoyenebiT, romlebic magrdeba robotis xelze da 2.<br />

363

SesaduR kvanZTa transportireba _ maTi dayeneba<br />

SeduRebis stacionaluri manqanis eleqtrodTa qveS,<br />

gadaadgileba, moxsna da Semdegi kvanZis dayeneba. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi robotis muSa organos warmoadgens wamtaci<br />

mowyobiloba.<br />

muSa organos moZraoba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />

koordinatTa sworkuTxa, cilindrul an sferul<br />

sistemebSi (nax. 10.9.). maTgan: 1. koordinatTa sworkuTxa<br />

sistemas Seesabameba sami winsvliTi moZraoba; 2.<br />

koordinatTa cilindrul sistemas Seesabameba ori<br />

winsvliTi da erTi brunviTi moZraoba da 3.<br />

koordinatTa sferul sistemas ki Seesabameba erTi<br />

winsvliTi da ori brunviTi moZraoba.<br />

1. koordinatTa sworkuTxa sistemis robotis xeliT<br />

momsaxure samuSao sivrce warmoadgens paralelopipeds.<br />

koordinatTa 2. cilindruli da 3. sferuli sistema<br />

robotebs axasiaTebs momsaxure sivrcis didi. 2 metri<br />

radiusis moculoba, maSin roca TviT manipulatoris<br />

fuZis farTi SedarebiT mcirea. am SemTxvevaSi detalTa<br />

watacebisa da SeduRebis Zalis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba<br />

hidravlikuri pnevmaturi amZravebi. am dros<br />

ganviTarebulma Zalam SeiZleba miaRwios 5 kH-s.<br />

samrewvelo robotebs axasiaTebs: swrafi moqmedeba<br />

SenaduRi wertilis dasma, gadasaadgilebeli<br />

marwuxebisa Tu SesaduRi kvanZebis masis maqsimaluri<br />

mniSvneloba. magaliTad, Tanamedrove robotebi: 1. muSa<br />

organos gadaadgilebis siCqare _ 0,05 metrs wamSi, 2.<br />

poziciis sizustes _ ±0,4 milimetrs, 3.xelis<br />

tvirTamweobas 200 kilograms, rac iZleva<br />

364

SesaZleblobas<br />

robotis xelSi.<br />

SeduRebis transformatori moTavsdes<br />

gansakuTrebiT perspeqtiulia mrewvelobisaTvis<br />

modulaturi robotebi. maTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom<br />

gaaCniaT universaluri sacvleli blokebi, modulebi,<br />

romlebic uzrunvelyofs xazobriv an brunviT<br />

moZraobas da maTgan SeiZleba aiwyos specialuri<br />

robotebi Tavisuflebis xarisxis minimaluri ricxviT<br />

warmoebis garkveuli pirobebisaTvis. aseTi robotebis<br />

samrewvelo gamoyenebisas, msubuqi avtomobilis Zaris<br />

SeduRebisas, miRweuli iqna avtomatizaciis sakmaod<br />

maRali xarisxi_ 80%.<br />

nax. 10.9. samrewvelo roboti.<br />

1. kinematikuri sqema; 2. gare saerTo xedi<br />

robotis marTvis sistemis avtomaturi muSaobisas<br />

Semsrulebel elementebs gadaecema sakomando signalebi,<br />

romlebic inaxeba damamaxsovrebel mowyobilobaSi. es<br />

signalebi miiReba robotis “swavlebiT”. swavlebis<br />

reJimSi operatori SeduRebis manqanasTan ganlagebul<br />

gamosatan pultTan atarebs samuSaos calkeuli<br />

365

wertilebis mixedviT. muSa organos mdgomareobis<br />

Sesaxeb informacia moxdeba damamaxsovrebel<br />

mowyobilobaSi da iq inaxeba magnitur saperforacio<br />

zonarze.<br />

dReisaTvis mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebul robotTa<br />

umetesoba muSaobs xisti programiT da reagirebs gare<br />

pirobaTa cvalebadobaze. isini iTvleba pirveli Taobis<br />

robotebad. robotTa mcire Taobas gaaCnia marTvis<br />

srulyofili sistemebi da aqvs unari: 1. moaxdinos<br />

gansazRvrul programaTa SerCeva; 2. Secvalon SeduRebis<br />

reJimi da a.S. es TviTawyobadi robotebi aRWurvilia<br />

iseTi xelsawyoebiT, romelTac SuZlia gansazRvros<br />

SesaduR detalTa ganlageba eleqtrodebis mimarT da<br />

SeduRebis reJimis parametrTa mniSvnelobani.<br />

sawarmoos robotizebul kompleqsTa daproeqtebisas<br />

maTi centralizebuli marTvisas gamoiyeneba<br />

eleqtronuli gamomrTveli manqanebi. magaliTad,<br />

germaniis saavtomobilo firma “Volkswagen”-Si<br />

ramodenime asakref xazze gamoiyeneba 165 roboti, maTgan<br />

135_wertilovani SeduRebisaTvis. samrewvelo robotTa<br />

gamoyeneba garda Sromis mwarmoeblobis gazrdisa,<br />

sagrZnoblad aumjobesebs produqciis xarisxs.<br />

mTel rig qveynebSi saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi<br />

robotTa gamoyeneba aRwevs danadgarTa saerTo<br />

raodenobis 30%-s, Sromis mwarmoebloba izrdeba 1,5_2jer<br />

da raRa Tqma unda, mcirdeba xeliT mZime Sromis<br />

moculoba.<br />

366

11. manqanaTa gamarTva, eqsploatacia da usafrTxoeba<br />

manqanaTa swori eqsploataciisaTvis saWiroa maTi<br />

sworad dayeneba, gamarTva da muSaobis usafrTxoebis<br />

pirobebis mkacrad dacva.<br />

11.1. manqanaTa gamarTva, gaSveba<br />

winaRobiTi SeduRebis manqanebis dadgma-dayenebisas<br />

saWiroa daculi iqnes Semdegi pirobebi:<br />

1. saamqroSi ganlagdes manqanebi dasaxuli<br />

teqnologiuri procesis gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />

2. uzrunvelyofili<br />

momsaxureoba;<br />

iqnes manqanis mosaxerxebeli<br />

3. uzrunvelyofili iqnes manqanis kveba<br />

eleqtroenergiiT, ise rom ar dairRves saamqroSi<br />

energiis sxva momxmarebelTa normaluri muSaoba;<br />

4. gaTvaliswinebul iqnes gacivebisaTvis wylis<br />

mosaxerxebeli miwodeba da gadineba;<br />

5. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofili iqnes<br />

manqanasTan SekumSuli haeris mowodeba saTanado<br />

wneviT da raodenobiT.<br />

kontaqturi SeduRebis manqanebi SeiZleba ganlagdes<br />

gamTbari saamqros nebismier adgilze, radgan maTi<br />

eqsploataciis dros, rogorc wesi, ar gamoiyofa mavne<br />

airebi an gamosxiveba, romlebic specialur dacvas<br />

saWiroeben. amitom manqanebs Cveulebriv teqnoloogiur<br />

nakadSi ganalageben. SemodnobiT pirapiruli SeduRebis<br />

dros SeduRebis zonaSi gavarvarebuli liTonidan<br />

367

amovardnilma nawilakebma mezobeli Carxebisa da<br />

manqanebis damuSavebul zedapirze moxvedrisas SeiZleba<br />

daazianos isini. amitom saCarxo mowyobiloba unda<br />

ganlagdes sakmao manZilze pirapiruli manqanebidan.<br />

garda amisa, uSualod pirapiruli SeduRebis manqanaze<br />

gamoyenebuli<br />

mowyobilobani.<br />

unda iyos adgilobrivi damcavi<br />

muSa farTobis ekonomiis mizniT damxmare<br />

mowyobiloba da aparatura xSirad iatakze ki ar aris<br />

ganlagebuli, aramed specialur kronSteinebze, romlebic<br />

kedlebsa da svetebzea damagrebuli.<br />

manqanis mosaxerxebeli momsaxureoba iTvaliswinebs<br />

Tavisufal midgomas mis yvela nawilebTan. gansakuTrebiT<br />

unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli manqanidan SeduRebis<br />

transformatoris amoRebis SesaZlebloba SesakeTeblad<br />

manqanis mTlianad daSlis gareSe.<br />

saamqros eleqtroqselTan winaRobis SeduRebis<br />

manqanaTa mierTebis xerxs didi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc<br />

am manqanaTa muSaobisTvis, aseve saamqroSi arsebuli sxva<br />

eleqtruli manqanebisa da aparatebis eqsploataciisaTvis.<br />

SeduRebis manqana rogorc wesi, momaragebulia<br />

erTfaziani transformatoriT. amitom rodesac saamqroSi<br />

ramdenime aseTi manqanaa, isini unda ikvebebodes<br />

sxvadasxva fazidan, raTa SesaZleblobisamebr<br />

uzrunvelyofili iyos datvirTvisTvis Tanabari<br />

ganawileba yvela fazas Soris. didi simZlavris<br />

SeduRebis manqanis xanmokle CarTvisas xSirad SeimCneva<br />

Zabvis mkveTri vardna saamqros qselSi, rac iwvevs<br />

eleqtronaTurebis arasasiamovno cimcims. es SeiZleba<br />

acilebuli iqnes, Tu mZlavri SeduRebis manqanebi<br />

368

calkeuli Zalovani transformatoridan ikvebeba.<br />

saamqroebSi, sadac SeduRebis manqanebi didi<br />

raodenobiTaa, kvebis aseTi sistema saukeTeso Sedegebs<br />

iZleva da farTod aris gavrcelebuli.<br />

Zabvis vardna im sadenebSi, romlebic kvebaven<br />

SeduRebis manqanebs, ar unda aRematebodes 5%-s. amitom<br />

sadenebis gaangariSebisas maT amowmeben ara marto<br />

gaxurebaze, aramed Zabvis vardnazec. amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, manqanasa da mis mkvebav wyaros Soris<br />

manZilis gazrdisas sadenebis kveTebi unda gadiddes.<br />

Tumca sadenebis gaxureba am manZilze ki ar aris<br />

damokidebuli, aramed damokidebulia mxolod masSi<br />

gamavali denis simkvriveze. saamqroSi didi raodenobiT<br />

SeduRebis manqanebis dadgmis dros maTi kveba warmoebs<br />

saerTo salteebidan, romlebic manqanebs dadgmis<br />

adgilTan axlos gadis. amasTan, mcirdeba spilenZis<br />

xarjva sadenebSi da uzrunvelyofilia Zabvis minimaluri<br />

vardna wredis ubanze Zalovan da SeduRebis<br />

transformatorebs Soris.<br />

gansakuTrebiT sapasuxismgeblo SeduRebis operaciebis<br />

Sesrulebisas, rogorc SeduRebis stabiluri xarisxis<br />

uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa SeduRebis reJimis yvela<br />

parametris mudmivobis mkacri dacva, dauSvebelia<br />

mniSvnelovani rxevebi manqanis mkvebav qselSi.<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis manqanebs Cveulebriv aqvT<br />

SedarebiT dabali simZlavris koeficienti (cosφ). mis<br />

gasaumjibeseblad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes<br />

kondensatorebi, romelTac SeduRebis transformatoris<br />

paralelurad CarTaven.<br />

369

specialur gamomrTvel mowyobilobaTa garda,<br />

romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia TviT SeduRebis manqanebSi,<br />

misi mierTeba qselTan yovelTvis unda warmoebdes<br />

damoukidebeli gamomrTvelisa da dnadi mcvelebis<br />

saSualebiT. aseTi gamorTva saSualebas iZleva Catardes<br />

Semowmeba, specialur gamomrTvel mowyobilobaTa mcire<br />

remonti da dnadi mcvelebis mosaxerxebeli gamocvla.<br />

mcvelebis kveTebs arCeven SeduRebis transformatoris<br />

pirveladi wredis nominaluri deniT.<br />

gacivebisaTvis iyeneben rogorc sasmel, ise teqnikur<br />

wyals. gawmendili wylis gamoyeneba ufro sasurvelia,<br />

radgan am dros danaleqis raodenoba milakebSi mcirea.<br />

SeduRebis manqanis win mkvebav milsadenze akeTeben<br />

individualur onkans, romelic saSualebas iZleva<br />

regulirebul iqnes wylis miwodeba manqanaSi da<br />

sruliad Sewydes kidec xangZlivi gaCerebis dros,<br />

magaliTad, samuSao cvlis bolos. gamacivebeli wylis<br />

Casxma manqanidan katalizatorSi aucileblad Ria ZabriT<br />

unda moxdes, romelic isea moTavsebuli, rom muSaobis<br />

dros SemduRebeli xedavs mas. wylis gacivebis<br />

ramodenime paraleluri Stos SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad,<br />

transformatorisa da eleqtrodebis damoukideblad<br />

gacivebisas, TiToeul Stos Tavisi Ria Casxma unda<br />

hqondes, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva Tvalyuri adevnon<br />

wylis normalur mowodebas gacivebis TiToeul StoSi.<br />

wylis Casxmisas saerTo milakSi wylis gacivebis<br />

sistemis erT-erTi Stos gamognesa SeiZleba SeumCneveli<br />

darCes, rac gamoiwvevs manqanis ama Tu im elementis<br />

dazianebas, magaliTad, transformatoris dawvas,<br />

370

gaucivebeli eleqtrodebis swraf gamosvlas mwyobridan<br />

da sxv.<br />

pnevmaturamZraviani manqanis muSaoba damokidebulia<br />

SekumSuli haeriT maTi kvebis pirobebze. am manqanebis<br />

normaluri muSaobisaTvis wneva qselSi, rogorc wesi,<br />

unda iyos aranaklebi 5 atmosferosi. Tu SeduRebis<br />

manqanas ara aqvs Cadgmuli haersakrebi, maSin manqanasTan<br />

unda dadges damoukidebeli sakrebi, romelic awesrigebs<br />

sahaero qselis wnevasa da uzrunvelyofs manqanaSi<br />

SeduRebis momentSi didi raodenobiT haeris miwodebas im<br />

magistralis gamtarunarianobis damoukideblad, romelic<br />

manqanas aerTebs kompresorTan an saamqros saerTo<br />

haersakrebTan. manqanaSi Sesuli haeri SeZlebisamebr unda<br />

gaSres da gaifiltros. am miznisaTvis saWiro<br />

mowyobilobani Cveulebriv gaTvaliswinebulia saamqros<br />

SekumSuli haeris qselSi.<br />

11.2. manqanaTa eqsploataciis pirobebi<br />

kontaqturi SeduRebis manqanaTa eqsplloatacia<br />

Sedgeba maT meqanizmebsa da eleqtromowyobilobebze<br />

sistematuri dakvirvebisa da movlisagan. amZravis moZravi<br />

nawilebis regularuli SezeTvis garda, saWiroa<br />

mimmarTvelebis sisufTavis dacva, pirvel rigSi<br />

pirapirul manqanebSi.<br />

1. pirapirul manqanebSi aucilebelia periodulad<br />

Semowmdes mimmarTvelebsa da moZravi filebis miwodebis<br />

meqanizmTa elementebSi RreCoebis arseboba. am mizniT<br />

foladis Zelaks an wnels mouWeren manqanis orive<br />

momWerSi ise, rom eleqtrodebis daaxloeba SeuZlebeli<br />

371

gaxdes da Semdeg, SeduRebis denis CaurTvelad, iwyeben<br />

filis miwodebis amZravis saxeluris mobrunebas an am<br />

amZravis mTavari lilvis mobrunebas xeliT<br />

(eleqtroamZravian manqanebSi). maTi mobrunebis kuTxe<br />

axasiaTebs sistemaSi arsebul RreCoTa sidides. RreCoebi<br />

warmoiqmneba kbilebis mocveTis gamo Wiaxraxnulsa da<br />

kbilanur gadacemebSi, lilvakebisa da milisebis<br />

mocveTis gamo saxsrovan SeerTebebSi, sogmanebisa da<br />

WanWikur SeerTebaTa Sesustebis, sakisrebis damuSavebisa<br />

da sxva mizezebis Sedegad. RreCoebis aRmoCenisas maTi<br />

gamomwvevi mizezebi acilebuli unda iqnes gacveTili<br />

detalebis Secvlis gziT, modebis elementTa<br />

urTierTganlagebis SecvliT maTi udidesi datvirTvis<br />

momentSi, e.i. dajdomisas da a.S. periodulad unda<br />

warmoebdes agreTve mimmarTvelebis Semowmeba da<br />

regulireba.<br />

2. gorgolaWovani SeduRebis manqanaTa eqspluataciis<br />

dros gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroebs SeduRebis<br />

wredSi mosriale kontaqti, romelic erTdroulad<br />

manqanis rogorc meqanikuri, ise eleqtruli nawilebis<br />

sapasuximgeblo elements warmoadgens. manqanis muSaobis<br />

dros SeduRebis gorgolaWis RerZi Tavisuflad unda<br />

brunavdes sakisarSi, qanaobis gareSe.<br />

3. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs eleqtrodebis<br />

kontaqturi zedapiris mocemuli zomebis SenarCuneba da<br />

sisufTave.<br />

4. SeduRebis manqanebis eleqtruli nawilis muSaoba<br />

moiTxovs agreTve sistematur yuradRebasa da movlas.<br />

372

5. SemduRebelma pirvel rigSi Tval-yuri unda adevnos<br />

wyliT gacivebis sistemiT muSaobas imisaTvis, rom<br />

manqanis elementebi da eleqtrodebi ar gadaxurdnen.<br />

6. SeduRebis manqanis intensiuri muSaobisas misi<br />

SeduRebis wredis elementebi SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaxurdes. am dros amCneven kontaqturi zedapirebis<br />

SesamCnev daJangvas SeduRebis konturis calkeul<br />

elementTa SeerTebis adgilebSi. es iwvevs sakontaqto<br />

winaRobis mkveTr gazrdas da, rogorc Sedegi, SeduRebis<br />

wredSi deni mcirdeba da manqana modunebulad iwyebs<br />

muSaobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT intensiuri eqsploataciis<br />

dros manqanis SeduRebis yvela elementi unda daiSalos<br />

yovel 1_2 TveSi. am dros, kontaqturi zedapirebi<br />

gaiwmindeba liTonur bzinvarebamde da awyobis Semdeg<br />

yvela kontaqts saimedodD mouWeren WanWikebiT.<br />

7. manqanis pirvelad wredSi sistematur dakvirvebas<br />

saWiroebs meqanikuri CamrTvelebi da eleqtromagnituri<br />

kontaqtorebi. am mowyobilobaTa kontaqtebi xSirad<br />

WuWyiandeba da moiwveba. amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

aucilebelia yovel 2_3 dReSi es kontaqtebi gaiwmindos<br />

zumfariT an wvrili qlibiT. asinqronuli ignitronuli<br />

mwyvetarebis arsebobisas, gansakuTrebiT ki wertilovani<br />

da gorgolaWovani SeduRebisas, sinqronuli mwyvetarebis<br />

eqsploataciis dros, maT muSaobaze dakvirveba<br />

mniSvnelovnad martivdeba oscilografis gamoyenebiT,<br />

romlis arseboba avtomaturi moqmedebis manqanaTa parkSi<br />

savaldebuloa.<br />

373

11.3. usafrTxoebis teqnika<br />

Sromis pirobebis Sefaseba winaRobiT SeduRebisas da<br />

usafrTxoebis teqnikis RonisZiebaTa gamomuSaveba am<br />

saxeobis SeduRebis dros unda warmoebdes: 1. SeduRebisas<br />

ganaTebis energiis gamoyofis; 2. haeris gaWuWyianebis; 3.<br />

damwvrobis saSiSroebisa da 4. eleqtruli deniT<br />

dazianebaTa SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

sxivuri siTbos gamoyofa kontaqturi SeduRebis dros<br />

SedarebiT did ar aris. wertilovani da gorgolaWovani<br />

SeduRebisas mas praqtikuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs.<br />

pirapira SeduRebis drosac ki siTburi moqmedebis<br />

xanmokleobis Sedegad saWiro ar aris specialuri<br />

RonisZiebani SemduReblis dasacavad arasasurveli<br />

siTburi Semosxivebisagan. kontaqturi SeduRebisa da<br />

pirvel rigSi ki, SemodnobiT pirapira SeduRebisas,<br />

gamoiyofa didi raodenobiT liTonuri mtveri, rac<br />

aWuWyianebs haers. amasTan gamoiyofa garkvuli<br />

raodenobis naxSirorJanga airi CO. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

rodesac warmoebs feradi liTonebis an danafaris mqone<br />

foladebis SeduReba, romelTa gaxurebisas SesaZlebelia<br />

mavne nivTierebaTa gamoyofa, magaliTad, tyviis an<br />

TuTiis, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes adgilobrivi an<br />

saerTo nakadur-gamwovi ventiliacia.<br />

SemduRebeli daculi unda iyos damwvrobisagan, rac<br />

mosalodnelia amoSxefiT wertilovani da<br />

gorgolaWovani SeduRebisa da SemodnobiT pirapira<br />

SeduRebis dros. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi manqanaze<br />

gaTvaliswinebulia SemduReblis muSa adgilis<br />

adgilobrivi dacva SeduRebis zonidan amovardnili<br />

374

gavarvarebuli liTonis nawilakTa pirdapir<br />

moxvedrisagan. wertilovani da gorgolaWovani SeduRebis<br />

dros SemduRebeli Tvalebs icavs ufero minis<br />

saTvaleebiT. garda amisa, SemduReblisTvis ukeTesia<br />

winsafris xmareba.<br />

SemduReblisaTvis udides safrTxes warmoadgens<br />

eleqtroenergiiT dazianebis SesaZlebloba. manqanebis<br />

meoradi Zabva didi ar aris da SemduReblisaTvis<br />

uSualo safrTxes ar warmoadgens. magram SeduRebis<br />

transformatoris pirvelad da meorad gragnilebs Soris<br />

izolaciis SemTxveviTi dazianebisas SemduRebelma<br />

SeiZleba maRali Zabvis moqmedeba ganicados. amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT manqanis meoradi wredis erTi wertili<br />

yovelTvis eleqtrulad aris SeerTebuli manqanis<br />

sadgarTan, xolo TviT sadgari saimedod unda iyos<br />

damiwebuli.<br />

375

12. praqtikuli samuSaoebi<br />

dasaxeleba gverdi<br />

1. samuSao # 1<br />

foladis firfitebs Soris arsebuli<br />

kontaqtis winaRobis gansazRvra........................................................ 271<br />

2. samuSao # 2<br />

pirapira SeduRebis winaRobis<br />

angariSi..........................................................................................................................276<br />

3. samuSao # 3<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis winaRobis<br />

angariSi..........................................................................................................................279<br />

4. samuSao # 4<br />

winaRobiTi pirapira SeduRebis Tburi<br />

angariSi..........................................................................................................................282<br />

5. samuSao # 5<br />

SemodnobiT SeduRebis Tburi<br />

angariSi.........................................................................................................................285<br />

6. samuSao # 6<br />

gaxurebis angariSi ignatievis meTodiT<br />

SeduRebisas...............................................................................................................288<br />

7. samuSao # 7<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis Tburi<br />

angariSi.........................................................................................................................289<br />

8. samuSao # 8<br />

Suntis winaRobisa da denis<br />

angariSi.........................................................................................................................296<br />

376

samuSao # 1<br />

foladis firfitebs Soris arsebuli<br />

kontaqtis winaRobis gansazRvra<br />

mocemulia: 1. dawnevis Zala P = 400kg.<br />

2. miviRoT, rom: α = 0,75 pv da<br />

377<br />

Z k= 0,006<br />

saWiro monacemebi<br />

1. liTonis zedapiris mdgomareoba kontaqtis<br />

winaRobaze did gavlenas axdens, rac foladisaTvis<br />

ilustrirebulia cxr.1-is monacemebiT, xolo aluminis<br />

SenadnobebisaTvis 3.2 nax.-ze, unda gvaxsovdes, rom<br />

ucvleli xerxiT zedapiris damuSavebisa da dawnevis<br />

Zalis erTnairi mniSvnelobis dros kontaqturi<br />

winaRoba SeiZleba meryeobdes SedarebiT did farglebSi<br />

(200_300%).<br />

eleqtrodsa (maRali eleqtrogamtareblobis<br />

spilenZi an misi Senadnobi) da liTonur bzinvarebamde<br />

gasufTavebul foladis detals Soris kontaqturi<br />

winaRoba udris:<br />

R el= 0,5R k , (1)<br />

sadac, Rk aris foladis detalebs Soris<br />

arsebuli kontaqturi winaRoba imave pirobebSi.

kontaqturi winaRoba 3 mm sisqis naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladis furclebs Soris T=20 0 C da 200 kg dawnevis<br />

Zalis dros, roca maTi zedapirebi sxvadasxvanairad<br />

arian momzadebuli<br />

cxrili 1<br />

momzadebis saxeoba<br />

amoWma mJavaSi .....................................................<br />

gasufTaveba zumfaris qargoliT.............................<br />

igive SemdgomSi JangviT ................................................<br />

zeTiT dafarva gasufTavebis Semdeg....................<br />

zedapiri xenjiT .................................................................<br />

zedapiri xenjiTa da JangiT .....................................<br />

damuSaveba saWrisiT ..........................................................<br />

damuSaveba qlibiT ............................................................<br />

xexa .....................................................................................................<br />

378<br />

winaRoba<br />

mikroomebiT<br />

(µΩ)<br />

300<br />

100<br />

80000<br />

300<br />

80000<br />

500000<br />

1200<br />

280<br />

110<br />

Eeleqtrodsa da aluminis Senadnobis amoWmul<br />

detalebs Soris kontaqturi winaRoba SeiZleba iyos 0,5<br />

R k mniSvnelobaze gacilebiT naklebi, Sexebis adgilze<br />

Jangeulis afskis SesaZlo rRvevis gamo.<br />

xoloDduraluminis orTofosformJavaSi amoWmis<br />

Sedegad winaRoba R el TiTqmis 25-jer naklebia<br />

kontaqturi winaRobis mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT.<br />

2. kontaqtis gaxurebisas misi winaRoba Zlier<br />

icvleba. es cvalebadoba dakavSirebulia or<br />

movlenasTan: 1. temperaturis gadidebis Sedegad

kontaqtis mimdinare liTonis fenis kuTri winaRobis<br />

gazrdisa da 2. liTonis gaxurebisas SedarebiT msubuqi<br />

deformaciis Sedegad calkeuli kontaqtebis<br />

raodenobisa da farTobis gazrdiT. kontaqturi<br />

SeduRebis pirobebSi kontaqtis gaxurebis Sedegad misi<br />

farTobis gazrda gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens kontaqtis<br />

winaRobis mniSvnelobaze. winaRobiT SeduRebis dros<br />

tempereturis gazrdiT kontaqtis winaRoba, rogorc<br />

wesi, swrafad ecema (nax.1).<br />

μΩ<br />

51<br />

31<br />

1<br />

P=350lh<br />

P=1500lh<br />

211 311 411 511 611 °C<br />

379<br />

P=120lh<br />

P=20lh<br />

lpoubrujt!ufnqfsbuvsb<br />

nax. 1 mcirenaxSirbadiani foladis detalebs<br />

Soris kontaqtis winaRobis damokidebuleba<br />

temperaturaze kontaqtSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis<br />

Zalis moqmedebis dros.<br />

foladis detalebisaTvis daaxloebiT 6000 temperaturaze kontaqtis winaRobis mniSvneloba<br />

praqtikulad ar aris damokidebuli dawnevis Zalaze

da Cveulebrivi mcirenaxSirbadiani foladisaTvis<br />

Zalian mcire xdeba. A<br />

aluminis Senadnobis kontaqturi winaRoba 350 0 C<br />

temperaturaze TiTqmis mTlianad qreba. zogierT<br />

SemTxvevaSi gaxurebis dros adgili aqvs Jangis<br />

furCis rRvevas, rac agreTve xels uwyobs<br />

kontaqturis winaRobis Semcirebas.<br />

3. dawnevis Zalisa da kontaqtur winaRobas Soris<br />

analizuri damokidebuleba eqsperimentTa<br />

monacemebiT damtkicebulia, rom:<br />

Zk<br />

Rk<br />

= α<br />

(2)<br />

P<br />

sadac: R k __ aris kontaqtis winaRoba (Ω);<br />

P __ kontaqtze moqmedi Zala (N);<br />

Z k __ erTeuli sakontaqto winaRoba,<br />

roca Zala P=1 kg;<br />

α __ xarisxis maCvenebeli, mdebareobs<br />

0,50 _ 1,00-is farglebSi.<br />

erTeuli sakontaqto winaRoba Z k damokidebulia<br />

liTonis gvarobaze.<br />

4. liTonis kuTri winaRobis damokidebuleba<br />

temperaturaze SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegi saxiT:<br />

ρt=ρ0(1+αT) (3)<br />

sadac: ρ0 _ aris kuTri winaRoba O O C dros;<br />

ρt _ igive T 0 C dros;<br />

380

α_eleqtruli winaRobis temperaturuli<br />

koeficienti, romelic sufTa aramagnituri<br />

liTonebisaTvis (spilenZi, alumini da sxva)<br />

daaxloebiT 0,004-s udris. foladisaTvis es<br />

koeficienti mudmiv sidides ar warmoadgens da ρ da T<br />

sidideTa damokidebuleba mocemulia me-2 nax.-ze.<br />

foladis kuTri winaRoba oTaxis temperaturaze did<br />

farglebSi icvleba, Tu SevcvliT mis qimiur<br />

Semadgenlobas. ase, magaliTad, uJangavi austenituri<br />

qromnikeliani foladis kuTri winaRoba, roca T = 20 0 C 5-6jer<br />

metia mcirenaxSirbadiani foladis kuTr winaRobaze.<br />

μΩ<br />

231<br />

91<br />

71<br />

1<br />

3<br />

2<br />

511!!!!!911!!!2311!!!!°C<br />

nax. 2. kuTri winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze:<br />

1. mcirenaxSirbadiani foladisaTvis;<br />

2. uJangavi austenituri foladisaTvis.<br />

oTaxis temperaturis pirobebSi mcirenaxSirbadiani da<br />

austenituri foladis kuTri winaRobis mniSvnelobaTa<br />

381

Soris arsebuli didi gansxvaveba praqtikulad qreba<br />

maTi gaxurebiT 850_9000C-mde. am temperaturaze orive<br />

folads aqvs erTnairi struqtura (austeniti) da amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT msgavsi eleqtruli Tvisebebic. amitom<br />

foladis kuTri winaRoba oTaxis temperaturaze ar<br />

warmoadgens misi SeduRebisas siTbos gamoyofis<br />

intensiobis zust maCvenebelebs.<br />

5. zedapiruli efeqti.<br />

gamtarSi gamavali cvladi deni mis miurve Seqmnil<br />

magnitur velTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad ganicdis<br />

Seviwroebas gamtaris gare zedapirisagan, rasac<br />

zedapirisagan, rasac zedapirul efeqts uwodeben.<br />

am movlenis Sedegia gamtaris aqtiur da intensiur<br />

winaRobaTa zrda omur winaRobasTan (mudmivi denis<br />

gavlisas) SedarebiT.<br />

pirapira SeduRebisas am efeqtis gavlena metad<br />

SesamCnevia (50-150). kiuris wertilze (7680C) zeviT<br />

gaxurebisas rkina kargavs magnitur Tvisebebs da<br />

zedapiruli efeqtis gavlenac umniSvneloa.<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros ki, denis Zalian didi<br />

simkvrivis gamo, zedapiruli efeqtis gavlena mcirea da<br />

SeiZleba ugulvebelvyoT.<br />

6. dawnevis Zalasa da kontaqtis winaRobas Soris<br />

grafikuli damokidebuleba aseTia:<br />

382

μΩ<br />

711<br />

611<br />

511<br />

411<br />

311<br />

211<br />

1<br />

311!!511!!!711<br />

Kg<br />

μΩ<br />

711<br />

611<br />

511<br />

411<br />

311<br />

211<br />

1<br />

!!311!!511!!!711<br />

383<br />

4<br />

3<br />

2<br />

Kg<br />

μΩ<br />

711<br />

611<br />

511<br />

411<br />

311<br />

211<br />

1<br />

3<br />

4 2<br />

311!!!511!!711<br />

nax. 3. civi kontaqtis winaRobis<br />

damokidebuleba dawnevis Zalaze:<br />

1. kargad gawmendili naxSirbadmcire foladisaTvis;<br />

2. Д 16 Т duraluminisaTvis furclebs Soris kontaqtSi: 1_1,5+1,5<br />

mm sisqis, foladis jagrisiT gawmendili 2_1,5+1,5 mm<br />

orTofosformJavaSi amoWriT, 3-0,5+0,5 mm sisqis,<br />

orTofosformJavaSi amoWmiT;<br />

3.spilenZis eleqtrodsa da Д 16 Т duraluminis furclebs<br />

Soris; 1_1,5 mm sisqis foladis jagrisiT gawmendili; 2_imave<br />

sisqis, orTofosformJavaSi amoWriT;<br />

3_0,5 mm sisqis, orTofosformJavaSi amoWriT.<br />

davubrundeT samuSaos amoxsnas. visargebloT formuliT<br />

(2)-iT:<br />

R<br />

Z<br />

k<br />

k α<br />

p<br />

=<br />

maCvenebeli α icvleba aluminis SenadnobebisaTvis 0,75<br />

_ 0,85 farglebSi; foladebisaTvis _ 0,65 - 0,75 farglebSi.<br />

erTeuli winaRoba masalis saxeobisa da misi zedapiris<br />

mdgomareobis mixedviT mkveTrad icvleba: kargad<br />

gasufTavebuli foladisaTvis Zk mniSvneloba icvleba<br />

0,005_0,006 omis farglebSi; alumins SenadnobisaTvis<br />

Kg

(zedapiris gulmodgined meqanikuri gasufTavebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi (0,001_0,002 omis farglebSi).<br />

SevitanoT saTanado mniSvnelobani da miviRebT:<br />

R k<br />

0,<br />

006 67<br />

= = omi = 67μΩ<br />

0,<br />

75 400 106<br />

R k = 67 μΩ<br />

daskvna:<br />

mcirenaxSirbadiani foladis civ firfitebs Soris<br />

arsebuli kontaqtis winaRoba 400kg. dawnevis Zalisas<br />

Seadgens 67 mikrooms.<br />

samuSao # 2<br />

pirapira SeduRebis angariSi<br />

ganisazRvros naxSirbadmcire foladis Reros<br />

winaRoba procesis dasawyisSi da dasasruls.<br />

cnobilia: 1. kveTi tolia 400 mm 2 (diametri 22 mm).<br />

2. gamonaSveris sigrZe 25 mm.<br />

3. Semodnobis siCqare _ 0,2sm/wm.<br />

4. tenis simkvrive udris 18 A/ mm 2<br />

5. dajdomis moqmedi Zala udris 400kg.<br />

miviRoT, rom SeduRebis procesis dasasruls pirapiris<br />

temperatura TSed=12500C. procesis dasawyisSi civi<br />

detalebis kontaqturi winaRoba, roca P = 400kg. nax. 3-is<br />

grafikis mixedviT, udris:<br />

384

Rk = 30 μΩ<br />

Reroebis sakuTari winaRoba, roca P0=13,5 μΩ, sm (cxrili<br />

1, saSualo mniSvneloba naxSirbadmcire foladisaTvis)<br />

civi detalebisaTvis (roca Reroebis diametri 30 mm-ze<br />

naklebia (zedapiruli efeqtis gavlenas ugulebelvyofT)<br />

udris:<br />

2l<br />

5<br />

2RRer = ρ 0 = 13,<br />

5 17μΩ<br />

F 4<br />

SeduRebis dasawyisSi saerTo winaRoba:<br />

R = 17 + 30 = 47 μΩ<br />

zogierTi liTonisa da Senadnobis kuTri winaRoba,<br />

masala<br />

rodesac T=20 0 C<br />

alumini ...................................................................................<br />

duralumini Д 16 .................................................................<br />

magniumis Senadnobi MA-1 .........................................<br />

mcirenaxSirbadiani foladi....................................<br />

TiTberi Л 59 ...........................................................................<br />

fosforiani brinjao (5% kala) .........................<br />

spilenZi ....................................................................................<br />

nikeli .........................................................................................<br />

niqromi .......................................................................................<br />

austenitis foladi (18% Cr da 9% Ni) ..........<br />

austenitis foladi (25% Cr da 20% Ni) .......<br />

swrafmWreli foladi ................................................<br />

385<br />

cxrili 1.<br />

kuTri<br />

winaRoba<br />

μΩ*Sm<br />

2,8<br />

3,4<br />

7<br />

12_15<br />

7_10<br />

9,7<br />

1,75<br />

9<br />

110<br />

70_75<br />

88<br />

48

*1 m sigrZisa da 1 mm2 ganikveTis gamtaris kuTri<br />

winaRobis gansazRvrisas cxrilis monacemebi<br />

aucileblad unda gavamravloT 10000-ze.<br />

SeduRebis dasasruls kontaqtis winaRoba Rk=0, Reroebis saSualo temperatura tuCebidan<br />

(eleqtrodebidan) gamoSveril ubanze daaxloebiT<br />

movnaxoT (ix. nax. 1) 1 naxazis mixedviT. 1.1 nax-ze es<br />

temperatura udris: 0,75·TSed = 9350C. naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladis kuTri winaRoba am temperaturis dros (samuSao<br />

1, nax. 2-is grafikis mixedviT) udris 116 μΩ·Sm, maSin:<br />

2R Rer<br />

saSualo saangariSo winaRoba:<br />

2 ⋅ 2,<br />

5<br />

= 116 = 145μΩ<br />

4<br />

47 + 145<br />

R = = 96μΩ<br />

2<br />

naxSirmcire foladis mrgvali Reroebis kontaqturi<br />

winaRoba<br />

mixedviT:<br />

SemodnobiT SeduRebis dros formulis<br />

maSin:<br />

R Semod =<br />

R<br />

Semod<br />

K1<br />

⋅<br />

=<br />

1<br />

2 3 F ⋅V<br />

⋅ j<br />

9500<br />

9500 ⋅ 1 9500<br />

=<br />

= 360μΩ<br />

2 1<br />

2.<br />

52 ⋅ 0.<br />

58 ⋅18<br />

3 3 4 ⋅ 0,<br />

2 ⋅18<br />

386

gaxurebis dasasruls pirapiris temperatura aRwevs<br />

15000C. Reroebis gamoSverili boloebis saSualo<br />

temperatura SemodnobiT SeduRebis dros winaswari<br />

gaxurebiT (nax. 1, xazi 2) daaxloebiT udris TsaS=0,50. TSemodn=7500C. am temperaturaze naxSirbadmcire foladis<br />

kuTri winaRoba (samuSao # 1, nax. 2) Seadgens 100 mkomi ·<br />

sm. Reroebis sakuTari winaRoba SemodnobiT SeduRebis<br />

dasasruls (winaswari gaxurebiT) tolia:<br />

1-4T<br />

2<br />

1-6a 1-6a<br />

1-5a 1-5a<br />

3a<br />

2<br />

RRer t<br />

2l<br />

2 ⋅ 2,<br />

5<br />

= ρ = 100 = 125μΩ<br />

.<br />

F 4<br />

2 34<br />

TTfe<br />

Teopc<br />

nax. 1. pirapira SeduRebis dros nimuSebis gaswvriv<br />

temperaturis ganawilebis mrudebi:<br />

1. saangariSo sqema; 2. namdvili ganawileba;<br />

1. winaRobis meTodiT SeduReba;<br />

2 SeduReba SemodnobiTa da gaxurebiT;<br />

3. gaxurebis gareSe SemodnobiT SeduReba.<br />

Semodnobis procesis dasasruls saerTo winaRoba:<br />

R = 125 + 360 = 485 μΩ<br />

387<br />

3a<br />

3<br />

2 34<br />

TTfe<br />

Teopc

pirapiris dajdomis momentSi saerTo winaRoba<br />

mkveTrad Semcirdeba da gautoldeba gaxurebuli<br />

liTonebis sakuTar winaRobas (mocemul SemTxvevaSi 125<br />

μΩ).<br />

daskvna:<br />

miRebuli cifrebis analizidan SeiZleba ori<br />

mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotana: 1. SemodnobiTi<br />

pirapiruli SeduRebis dros saerTo winaRoba<br />

mniSvnelovnad ufro maRalia winaRobis meTodiT<br />

SeduRebasTan SedarebiT da 2. winaRobis meTodiT<br />

SeduRebis dros sakuTari winaRobis mniSvneloba<br />

kontaqtur winaRobasTan SedarebiT didia, xolo<br />

SemodnobiT SeduRebis dros SedarebiT mcirea.<br />

samuSao # 3<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis winaRobis angariSi<br />

saWiroa ganisazRvros naxSirbadmcire foladis ori<br />

detalis winaRoba wertilovani SeduRebisas.<br />

cnobilia:<br />

1. TiToeuli detalis sisqe δ = 4,0 mm,<br />

2. eleqtrodis dawnevis Zala ρ = 800 kg,<br />

3. eleqtrodis sakontaqto zedapiris diametri<br />

de = 12 mm.<br />

firfitis omuri winaRobis gamosaangariSeblad<br />

aucilebeli<br />

formuliT:<br />

sidide d0 formulidan ganisazRvreba<br />

d<br />

0 =<br />

4P<br />

, (1)<br />

πσ<br />

T<br />

388

sadac: P _ aris kontaqtis dawnevis Zava kg;<br />

σ T _ liTonis Telvis winaRoba kg/sm 2 .<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis detalebisaTvis spilenZis<br />

eleqtrodebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba miviRoT, rom σT= 4000 kg/sm2 .<br />

SeduRebis dros gaxurebisas detalebis sakuTari<br />

winaRoba icvleba rTuli kanonis mixedviT: erTis mxriv<br />

igi unda gaizardos liTonis kuTri winaRobis gazrdis<br />

Sedegad, xolo, meores mxriv, unda Semcirdes kontaqturi<br />

zedapiris gazrdis gamo (gaxurebis dros liTonis<br />

plastikuri deformacia advildeba). gaxurebis sawyis<br />

stadiaSi detalebis sakuTari winaRoba Cveulebriv<br />

ramdenadme izrdeba, Semdeg ki, rogorc wesi, met-naklebad<br />

swrafad ecema. SeduRebis dasasruls eleqtrodis Sexeba<br />

detalTan xorcieldeba mis mTlian muSa zedapirze.<br />

gaxurebul detalebs Soris kontaqtis saangariSo<br />

diametri am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT (1)<br />

formulis mixedviT da miviRebT, rom naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladisaTvis σ T = 4000 kg/sm 2 .<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dasasruls detalebis<br />

sakuTari winaRoba ganisazRvreba formuliT:<br />

= A K<br />

R′det 0<br />

ρt<br />

δ<br />

389<br />

, (2)<br />

sadac, ρt_ aris kuTri winaRoba, romelic Seesabameba<br />

denis gavlis zonaSi SesaduRi detalebis saSualo<br />

temperaturas (SeduRebis dasasruls foladisaTvis ρt<br />

SeiZleba miviRoT I = 1200_1300 0 C mniSvnelobis mixedviT);

K _ erTze naklebi (0,8_0,9) koeficientia,<br />

iTvaliswinebs detalis winaRobis Semcirebas naklebi<br />

xvedriTi winaRobis SesaduRebeli wertilis gverdiT<br />

liTonis SedarebiT civ ubnebSi denis garkveuli nawilis<br />

gavlis gamo.<br />

koeficienti A0, moinaxeba nax.1-ze mocemuli grafikis<br />

d 0<br />

mixedviT, fardobasTan damokidebulebiT.<br />

δ<br />

A0<br />

2-3<br />

2-1<br />

1-9<br />

1-7<br />

1-5<br />

1-3<br />

G0<br />

1 2-3!!!3-1!!!!4-1!!!5-1!!!6-1 δ<br />

nax. 1. A0 koeficientis grafiki detalebis<br />

sakuTari winaRobis gansazRvrisaTvis<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis dros.<br />

erT-erTi firfitis namdvili omuri winaRoba<br />

gamoiTvleba formuliT:<br />

ρ0 nam A0<br />

(3)<br />

R =<br />

sadac: ρ 0 _ aris firfitis sakuTreba winaRoba omi.sm-Si<br />

δ _ firfitis sisqe sm;<br />

390<br />

δ

0<br />

A 0<br />

δ<br />

d fardobaze damokidebuli koeficientia.<br />

civi kontaqtebis saangariSo diametric (1) formulis<br />

mixedviT, Tu vigulisxmebT, rom σ T = 4000 kg/sm 2 , udris<br />

4P<br />

4 ⋅800<br />

d0 = =<br />

= 0,<br />

5sm<br />

πσ 3,<br />

14 ⋅ 4000<br />

T<br />

am SemTxvevaSi d 0 0,<br />

5<br />

= = 1,<br />

25<br />

δ 0,<br />

4<br />

da (1 nax-is) grafikis<br />

mixedviT A0 = 0,42. roca<br />

p0 = 13,5 μΩ. sm. (3) formula gvaZlevs:<br />

ρ 0,<br />

42 ⋅13,<br />

5<br />

= 0 = = 14μΩ<br />

∂ 0,<br />

4<br />

o<br />

Rdet A<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladisaTvis, roca P = 800 kg. nax. 1-is<br />

grafikis mixedviT, civi detalebis kontaqturi winaRoba<br />

Rk = 15 μΩ, kargad gasufTavebuli foladis detalebisa<br />

da spilenZis eleqtrodebis SemTxvevaSi kontaqtis<br />

(eleqtrodi_detali) winaRoba iqneba Re=0,5 Rk=7,5 μΩ. civi<br />

detalebis saerTo winaRoba SeduRebis dasawyisSi<br />

Rcivi = 2 · 14 + 15 + 2 · 7,5 = 58 μΩ<br />

SeduRebis dasasruls kontaqtis (eleqtrodi_detali)<br />

saangariSo diametrs vRebulobT eleqtrodis muSa<br />

diametris tolad, maSin d1=d0=1,2 sm.<br />

SeduRebis dasasruls detalebs Soris kontaqtis<br />

saangariSo diametris mniSvnelobas ganvsazRvravT (4)<br />

formulis mixedviT;<br />

d2=<br />

4 p<br />

πδ<br />

T<br />

vgulisxmobT ra, rom σT = 4000 kg/sm 2 , maSin:<br />

391<br />

(4)

4 p 4 ⋅800<br />

d 2 = =<br />

= 1,<br />

5sm<br />

πσ T 3,<br />

14 ⋅ 450<br />

kontaqtis saangariSo diametris saSualo mniSvneloba:<br />

ddet =<br />

1 , 2 + 1,<br />

5<br />

= 1,35 sm<br />

2<br />

1 nax.-is grafikis mixedviT:<br />

mniSvnelobas<br />

392<br />

d 0<br />

=<br />

δ<br />

1,<br />

35<br />

0,<br />

4<br />

=3,38-Tvis movnaxavT<br />

A0 = 0,1. CaTvaloT, rom (11) formulaSi k = 0,85 da ρt = 135<br />

μΩ . sm; miviRebT:<br />

R det. = 0,1 · 0,85<br />

135<br />

= 29 μΩ<br />

0,<br />

4<br />

SeduRebis dasasruls winaRobebi Rk da Rel praqtikulad<br />

iqneba:<br />

nulis tolia, amitom saerTo winaRoba<br />

Rcx = 2Rdet.cx = 2 · 29 = 58 μΩ<br />

daskvna:<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis detalis saerTo winaRoba:<br />

R cx = 58 mikroms.<br />

samuSao # 4<br />

winaRobiTi pirapira SeduRebis Tburi angariSi<br />

1. saWiroa ganisazRvros pirapiris temperatura<br />

400mm 2 kveTis naxSirbadmcire foladis Reroebis<br />

winaRobiT SeduRebis dros.<br />

mocemulia:

1. TiToeuli Reros dasayenebeli sigrZe, gamonaSveri<br />

aris 25 mm 2 .<br />

2. dajdomis Zala _ 400 N;<br />

3.Ogaxurebis xangZlivoba _ t = 12 S;<br />

4. denis Zala _ I = 12000 A.<br />

saWiro monacemebi:<br />

civ detalebs Soris kontaqtis winaRoba:<br />

Rk=30 mkomi=30· 10_6 , Ω (ix. magaliTi samuSao #3)<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladisaTvis miviRoT Semdegi saSualo<br />

mniSvnelobani;<br />

λ = 0,1, C = 0,15 j da ρt = 48 · 10 _6 Ω sm .<br />

K2=0,75–0,9, spec. koeficientia; m1=0,4 da<br />

iTvaliswinebs Rk-s cvlilebas gaxurebis procesSi.<br />

gaxurebis<br />

formuliT:<br />

dasasruls temperatura gamoiTvleba (1)<br />

2<br />

2<br />

T=T1+T2= 0, 24K<br />

2ρ<br />

+ Ι 2t<br />

0,<br />

24m1RΙ<br />

2 t<br />

+<br />

(1)<br />

2<br />

F Cγ<br />

F πγCλ<br />

masSi saTanado mniSvnelobaTa CasmiT miviRebT:<br />

T=T1+T2<br />

0,<br />

24<br />

−6<br />

⋅ 0,<br />

75⋅<br />

48⋅10<br />

⋅12000<br />

2<br />

0,<br />

15⋅<br />

7,<br />

85⋅<br />

4<br />

2⋅12<br />

−6<br />

2<br />

0,<br />

24⋅<br />

0,<br />

4 ⋅30<br />

⋅10<br />

⋅12000<br />

12<br />

0<br />

+<br />

= 710 + 600 = 1310 C<br />

4 3,<br />

14 ⋅ 7,<br />

85⋅<br />

0,<br />

15⋅<br />

0,<br />

10<br />

393

2. gasnvsazRvroT pirapira manqanis minimaluri<br />

simZlavre, romelic aucilebelia naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladis Reroebis (diametriT 10 mm) winaRobiT<br />

SeduRebisaTvis, warmadobiT 600 SeduReba saaTSi.<br />

cnobilia, rom damxmare dro, romelic saWiroa<br />

detalebis dasayeneblad, mosaWerad da manqanidan<br />

mosaxsnelad, Seadgens 4 wm-s.<br />

SeduRebis erTi mTliani ciklis xangZlioba:<br />

tSed = 3600<br />

= 6S<br />

600<br />

gaxurebis SesaZlo maqsimaluri xangZlioba mocemuli<br />

warmadobis SemTxvevaSi:<br />

t gax. = 6 _ 4 = 2S<br />

miviRoT, rom dajdomis Zala udris 150 kg. aseTi Zalis<br />

dros civi kontaqtis winaRoba Rk = 80 MΩ-s,<br />

SeduRebis temperaturamde gaxurebisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli denis Zala (miviRoT, rom TSed=12500C) ganisazRvreba (2) formuliT:<br />

Ι<br />

2<br />

=<br />

I<br />

0,<br />

24K<br />

2ρ<br />

+ t 0,<br />

24m1R3<br />

t<br />

+<br />

2<br />

F Cγ<br />

F πγCλ<br />

Sed (2)<br />

(Tbofizikur maxasiaTebelTa mniSvneloba<br />

iseTivea, rogorc wina magaliTSi), maSin gveqneba:<br />

394

Ι<br />

2<br />

6<br />

1250<br />

1250 ⋅10<br />

=<br />

=<br />

= 5150A<br />

−6<br />

−6<br />

0,<br />

24 ⋅ 0,<br />

75⋅<br />

48⋅10<br />

⋅ 2 0,<br />

24 ⋅ 0,<br />

40 ⋅80<br />

⋅10<br />

2 24,<br />

6 + 22,<br />

7<br />

+ 2<br />

0,<br />

15⋅<br />

7,<br />

85⋅<br />

0,<br />

78 0,<br />

78 3,<br />

14 ⋅ 7,<br />

85⋅<br />

0,<br />

15⋅<br />

0,<br />

10<br />

viciT ra saWiro denis Zalis mniSvneloba,<br />

cnobarTa monacemebis mixedviT SegviZlia SevarCioT<br />

saTanaddo simZlavris manqana. Tu gansaxilveli<br />

SemTxvevisaTvis manqanis meorad wredSi pirveli<br />

miaxloebiTi Zabvis mniSvnelobad miviRebT 2,3 v., maSin<br />

manqanis simZlavre iqneba daaxloebiT 12 kVA.<br />

3. 50 kVA simZlavris pirapirul manqanaze<br />

(SeduRebis maqsimaluri deni 15000 A) saWiroa pirapiri<br />

SevaduRoT winaRobiTi 400mm2 kveTis naxSirbadmcire<br />

foladis Reroebi. unda ganvsazRvroT procesis SesaZlo<br />

maqsimaluri warmadoba im pirobiT, rom SeduRebis<br />

damxmare dro Seadgenda 8 s-s.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi R k=30 · 10 -6 Ω. Tu (1) formulaSi<br />

CavsvamT yvela mniSvnelobas, miviRebT kvadratul<br />

gantolebas t-s mimarT:<br />

an<br />

1250 =<br />

0,<br />

24<br />

−6<br />

2<br />

−6<br />

2<br />

⋅ 0,<br />

75 ⋅ 48 ⋅10<br />

⋅15000<br />

t 0,<br />

24 ⋅ 0,<br />

40 ⋅ 0,<br />

30 ⋅10<br />

⋅15000<br />

t<br />

+<br />

2<br />

0,<br />

15 ⋅ 7,<br />

85 ⋅ 4<br />

4 ⋅3,<br />

14 ⋅ 7,<br />

85 ⋅ 0,<br />

15 ⋅ 0,<br />

10<br />

1250 = 103t + 270 t , aqedan:<br />

t = 1,<br />

4 da t = 5,8 S<br />

erTi SeduRebis operaciis sruli xangZlivoba:<br />

395

t 1 = 8 + 5,8 = 13,8 S<br />

saaTobrivi warmadoba 3600<br />

N = = 260 cali<br />

13,<br />

8<br />

daskvna:<br />

SemodnobiTi SeduRebis dros gaxureba unda<br />

ganvixiloT or SermTxvevaSi: 1. SeduRebisas, roca ar<br />

warmoebs detalebis winaswari gaxureba (uwyvati<br />

SemodnobiTi SeduReba) da 2. winaswari gaxurebiT<br />

SeduRebisas. uwyvati SemodnobiT SeduReba xasiTdeba<br />

temperaturis Zalian swrafi dacemiT pirapiris<br />

sibrtyidan dacilebasTan erTad (ix. mrudi B, samuSao #<br />

2, nax. 1). es imiT aixsneba, rom Semodnobis dros<br />

SeduRebadi detalebis pirapirSi RreCodan ganuwyvetliv<br />

amoityorcneba pirapiris axlomdebare liTonis<br />

SedarebiT gaxurebuli nawilebi, romalTac Tan miaqvT<br />

siTbos didi raodenoba. am dros pirapiris sibrtyis<br />

ganuwyvetliv uaxlovdeba detalebis SedarebiT civi<br />

ubnebi. ramdenadac metia Semodnobis siCqare (detalebis<br />

jamuri damokleba drois erTeulSi), imdenad SedarebiT<br />

mcire manZilze aswrebs gavrcelebas siTbo SesaduRebeli<br />

detalebis gaswvriv pirapiris sibrtidan da miT ufro<br />

swrafad ecema temperatura pirapiridan daSorebasTan<br />

erTad, miT ufro metia temperaturis gradienti.<br />

396

samuSao # 5<br />

SemodnobiTi SeduRebis Tburi angariSi<br />

unda SeduRdes naxSirbadmcire foladis milebi<br />

cnobilia: 1. miRebis gare diametri udris 150mm;<br />

2. kedlis sisqe tolia 20 mm;<br />

3. pirapira SeduRebis manqana iZleva 2500 A<br />

denis Zalas;<br />

4. milis kveTis farTi udris 82000 mm 2 .<br />

angariSi daviwyoT 1 mm/s siCqariT SesaZlebeli<br />

uwyveti SemodnobiT SeduRebis Semowmebidan.<br />

vigulisxmoT, rom (1) formulaSi T SeT = 0 0 C-s,<br />

q Semodn.=V Semodn.FL[C(T Semod._T SeT.)+m0], (1)<br />

sadac: VSemoRn _ aris Semodnobis siCqare;<br />

TSemodn _Semodnobis dros liTonis amotyorcnili<br />

nawilakebis<br />

saSualo temperatura (foladis SeduRebis dros<br />

T Semodn. ≈ 2000 0 C;<br />

T SeT _ SeTbobis temperatura;<br />

m0 _ dnobis faruli siTbo. foladisaTvis m0 = 65.<br />

maSin miviRebT siTbos xarjs SemodnobisaTvis:<br />

qSemodn.=0,1·7,85 82(0,15·2000+65)=23600kal/wm.= 98884 v/s<br />

danakargebi detalSi siTbos acilebaze udris:<br />

q ac. = 2 · 0,1 · 82 · 4000 = 65200 kal/wm. = 273188 v/s<br />

397

Semodnobis dros kontaqtSi gamoyofili siTbos<br />

raodenoba iangareSeba formula (2)-iT<br />

q Semod.=q_q ac. (2)<br />

da Seadgens: qk. = 98884 + 273188 = 372072 v/s<br />

Tu Semodnobis dros kontaqtis winaRobas<br />

viangariSebT cnobili formula (3)-iT<br />

RSemod.= K<br />

F V<br />

398<br />

⋅ (3)<br />

1<br />

2 1<br />

3 3<br />

9500<br />

Aam dros CavTvliT rom: K1=(1-1,1); V = 0,1 da j = 3.<br />

miviRebT:<br />

RSemodn.= 9500<br />

2 1<br />

3 3 82 ⋅ 0,<br />

1 ⋅3<br />

= 360μΩ<br />

= 360 ⋅10<br />

Semodnobis dros wamSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba<br />

ρ k=0,24 · 0,7 · 360 · 10 -6 ·25000 2 kal/wm = 15922 j/s<br />

faqtiurad gamoyofili siTbosa da SeduRebisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli siTbos raodenobis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom<br />

uwyveti SemodnobiT SeduRebis ganxorcieleba<br />

SeuZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa winaswari gaxureba.<br />

ganvsazRvroT Semodnobis siCqare, romelic SesaZlebelia<br />

T SeT.=1000 0C - mde gaxurebis Semdeg; am SemTxvevaSi:<br />

j<br />

−6<br />

Ω

1500 −1000<br />

ρac=2·0,1·82·4000 = 22000kal/wm<br />

= ρ<br />

1500<br />

uSualod Semodnobaze SeiZleba daixarjos:<br />

ρ Semodn. = 38000 _ 22000 = 16000 kal/wm = 67040j/s<br />

Semdgom (1) formulis mixedviT movnaxavT<br />

16000<br />

7,<br />

85 ⋅82<br />

⋅ 0,<br />

15(<br />

2000 −1000)<br />

+ 65<br />

VSemodn.= = 0,<br />

115sm<br />

/ s<br />

gaxurebis dros deni ufro maRalia, vidre<br />

SemolRobis dros da udris 550000A.<br />

UTu gamoviyenebT detalTa temperaturis saangariSo<br />

formulas:<br />

2<br />

0,<br />

24K<br />

2ρ<br />

xI<br />

2 t<br />

T1<br />

= (4)<br />

2<br />

F γC<br />

da amovxsnaT t-s mimarT ganvsazRvroT gaxurebisaTvis<br />

aucilebel xangZlivoba. mas aqvs aseTi saxe:<br />

2<br />

t= 1000 ⋅ 7,<br />

85⋅<br />

0,<br />

15⋅<br />

82<br />

= 265s<br />

−6<br />

2<br />

0,<br />

24 ⋅ 48⋅10<br />

⋅55000<br />

⋅ 0,<br />

75<br />

gaxurebis mTliani xangZlivoba denis calkeul<br />

impulsebs Soris pauzebis CaTvliT Seadgens:<br />

t= 1,3t = 1,3 · 265 = 344 s<br />

399

am gaangariSebiT sargeblobisas saWiroa mxedvelobaSi<br />

miviRoT Semdegi: isini emyareba mraval arasavsebiT zust<br />

daSvebas, ris gamoc am gaangariSebaTa Sedegebi unda<br />

dazustdes cdis saSualebiT SeduRebis teqnologiuri<br />

procesis mowesrigebis dros. kerZod, (1) formula<br />

gviCvenebs, rom SemodnobisaTvis aucilebeli simZlavre<br />

izrdeba Semodnobis siCqaris zrdasTan da gaxurebis<br />

temperaturis SemcirebasTan erTad. foladis SeduRebis<br />

siCqareebi (1÷3) mm/s-is farglebSia.<br />

iseTi foladebis SeduRebis dros, romlebsac<br />

wrTobisadmi midrekileba aqvs, zogjer saWiroa<br />

SevzRudoT gacivebis siCqare ise, rom Tavidan aviciloT<br />

SeerTebis dauSvebeli simyife. ramdenadac maRalia<br />

gaxurebis siCqare, imdenad metia Semdgomi gacivebis<br />

siCqarec. Ees ilustrirebulia temperaturis cvlilebaTa<br />

mrudebiT swrafi (nax. 1, mrudi A) da neli (nax. 1, mrudi<br />

B) gaxurebis dros.<br />

°C<br />

1<br />

2<br />

ΔT<br />

α<br />

Δt<br />

t<br />

nax. 1. gaxurebisa da gaciebis dros temperaturis<br />

cvlilebis mrudebi:<br />

1. swrafi gaxureba; 2. neli gaxureba<br />

400

gacivebis siCqare, romelic udris Δ T<br />

= tgα<br />

pirvel<br />

Δt<br />

SemTxvevaSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre meoreSi.<br />

winaswari gaxureba, romelic amcirebs temperaturis<br />

matebas, iwvevs gacivebis siCqaris Semcirebas.<br />

daskvna:<br />

Aamrigad, SemodnobiT SeduRebis dros gaxureba xels<br />

uwyobs aucilebeli simZlavris Semcirebas, iwvevs<br />

detalebSi temperaturis SedarebiT Tanabarzomierad<br />

ganawilebas da amcirebs gacivebis siCqares SeduRebis<br />

Semdeg.<br />

samuSao # 6<br />

gaxurebis angariSi ignatevis meTodiT<br />

SeduRebisasganvsazRvroT siTbos raodenoba da<br />

eleqtroenergiis xarji Semdegi monacemebisaTvis:<br />

1. erTi firfitis kveTia 50 × 20 mm;<br />

2. misi sigrZea 100 mm;<br />

3. meore firfitis kveTia 20 × 20 mm;<br />

4. misi sigrZea igive 100 mm;<br />

5. nimuSTa masala foladi.<br />

saWiro monacemebi:<br />

1. ignatievis meTodiT SeduRebis dros detalebis<br />

gaxurebisaTvis aucilebeli siTbos saerTo<br />

raodenoba ganisazRvreba formuliT (1):<br />

Q = K4G · C · TSed. (1)<br />

401

sadac, G _ SeduRebadi detalebis wona, kg.<br />

TSed._aris gaxurebisaTvis saWiro temperatura, 0C; C_SesaduRebeli foladebis saSualo Tbotevadoba<br />

oTaxis temperaturidan T Sed. temperaturemde farglebSi;<br />

K4 _ koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs siTbos<br />

danakargebs (K4=3-4)<br />

ignatevis meTodiT SeduRebis dros foladi<br />

Cveulebriv xurdeba 12500 _ 13000-mde. wneviT SeduRebis<br />

dros Tanazomier gaxurebas uzrunvelyofen temperaturis<br />

neli zrdiT saSualod 70C/wm siCqariT, rac Seexeba 3<br />

wuTamde gaxurebis saerTo xangZlivobas, am dros 1kg<br />

wonis namzadis gaxurebisaTvis aucilebeli sasargeblo<br />

simZlavre, 12 _ 25 kvt/kg-is farglebSia, xolo SeduRebis<br />

manqanis kuTri simZlavre (simZlavre namzadis 1kg<br />

wonasTan SedarebiT) aRwevs 50 kva/kg-s.<br />

ignatievis meTodiT uwyveti SeduRebis dros (ix. nax.<br />

1.6.) wamSi gaxurebuli liTonis wona (gramebiT) udris<br />

G1 = vFγ, (2)<br />

sadac: v _ aris namzadebis gadaadgilebis siCqare<br />

(SeduRebis siCqare) sm/s ,<br />

2<br />

F _ namzadTa ganivkveTis jamuri farTi, sm ,<br />

γ _ foladis kuTri wona.<br />

siTbos xarji wamSi ganisazRvreba formuliT:<br />

q = K4G1CTSed., sadac, T _ aris gaxurebis saWiro temperatura, 0 C;<br />

C _ saSualo Tbotebadoba;<br />

K4 _ koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs siTbos<br />

danakargebs.<br />

uwyveti SeduRebis dros (ix.nax.1-6) Tanabarzomieri<br />

gaxureba ufro advilad miiRweva, vidre wneviT SeduRebis<br />

402

dros. amasTan dakavSirebiT, uwyveti SeduRebis dros<br />

dasaSvebia gaxurebis didi siCqare, rac mkveTrad<br />

amcirebs siTbos danakargebs (K4 koeficienti 1,5_2,0<br />

farglebSia).<br />

davubrundeT angariSs:<br />

SeduRebadi detalebis jamuri wona:<br />

( 5 + 20)<br />

20 ⋅100<br />

⋅ 7,<br />

85<br />

1000<br />

G1 = ≈ 390g<br />

(1) formulis mixedviT, roca K4 =3,5<br />

Q = K4CTSed.G = 3,5 ·0,15·1300·390=266000 kal=111454 j<br />

an 266000/0,24 = 1110000 vt · wm. uSualod SeduRebis zonaSi<br />

moxmarebuli simZlavre 3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi gaxurebis<br />

dros iqneba<br />

A =<br />

1110000<br />

= 6,<br />

2kw<br />

3⋅<br />

60 ⋅1000<br />

daskvna:<br />

ganxilul magaliTSi gasaxureblad saWiro siTbos<br />

raodenoba tolia 111454 joulisa, saWiro<br />

eleqtroenergiis xarji Seadgens 6,2 kilovats.<br />

samuSao # 7<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis Tburi angariSi<br />

magaliTi 1. ganvsazRvroT siTbos saerTo xarji da<br />

deni naxSirbadmcire foladis firfitebis wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis dros, mocemulia:<br />

403

1. TiToeuli firfitis sisqe udris 4,0 mm;<br />

2. konusuri eleqtrodis muSa diametric de = 12 mm;<br />

3. dawnevis eleqtrodebze P = 800kg;<br />

4. SeduRebis denis CarTvis xangZlivoba t = 1,0 S;<br />

5. Tbotevadoba foladis C = 0,16, spilenZis _ 0,09.<br />

saWiro monacemebi<br />

formula 1-is mixedviT iangariSeba saTburi rgolis<br />

gare sazRvris zoma X-i, (1)<br />

X=4 at , (1)<br />

sadac: a _ aris temperaturagamtarobis koeficienti<br />

sm2 /s;<br />

t _ SeduRebis xangZlivoba S.<br />

foladisaTvis X = 1 , 2 t = 1,<br />

2 1 = 1,<br />

2sm<br />

spilenZisaTvis X 1 = 3 , 6 t = 3,<br />

6 1 = 3,<br />

6sm<br />

siTbos raodenoba ganisazRvreba formuliT (2)<br />

Q=Q1+Q2+ Q3 + Q4, (2)<br />

sadac: Q aris erTi wertilis SeduRebis dros<br />

eleqtrodebs Soris (SesaduReblad detalebSi da<br />

gardamaval<br />

raodenoba;<br />

kontaqtebSi) gamoyofili siTbos saerTo<br />

Q1 – siTbo, romelic ixarjeba eleqtrodebs Soris<br />

moWerili liTonis pirobiTad gamoyofil del diametric<br />

svetis gaxurebaze da ganisazRvreba centraluri svetis<br />

404

zomebiT eleqtrodebis muSa zedapiris diametriT del SesaduRebeli masalis sisqiT δ) da liTonis Tofizikuri<br />

TvisebebiT. igi TiTqmis ar aris damokidebuli gaxurebis<br />

xangZlivobaze, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im siTbos, romelic<br />

aucilebelia birTvSi liTonis gadnobisaTvis, SeduRebis<br />

gaxurebis dasasruls centraluri svetis saSualo<br />

saangariSo temperatura SeiZleba miviRoT dnobis<br />

temperaturis Tdnob. tolad, maSin ori detalis<br />

SeduRebis dros<br />

2<br />

πdel<br />

Q1= 2δCγT<br />

(3)<br />

dnob<br />

4<br />

sadac: C _ aris saSualo Tbotevadoba gadnobis<br />

temperaturamde gaxurebis<br />

t _ gaxurebis dro;<br />

γ _ kuTri wona;<br />

Q2 _ siTbo, romelic ixarjeba centraluri<br />

svetis Semomfargvleli detalebis liTonis gaxurebaze;<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis SeduRebis dros<br />

centraluri svetis Semomfargvleli rgolis saSualo<br />

temperature udris 0,25Tdnob = 375 0 C. am temperaturis dros<br />

a = 0,09 sm/s da X = 4√0,09t = 1,2√t. spilenZisaTvis X 1 = 3,6√t da<br />

aluminisaTvis X=3,1√t. siTbo Q2 SeiZleba gamoviangariSoT<br />

formuliT:<br />

Q2=K1πx(d el+X)2δcγ (4)<br />

sadac: π X (d el+X) aris rgolis moculoba,<br />

T dn _ rgolis saSualo temperatura;<br />

4<br />

405

K1 _ koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs<br />

rgolis araTanabar gaxurebas da miiReba<br />

0,8-is toli.<br />

Q3 _ siTbo, romelic ixarjeba eleqtrodebis<br />

gasaxureblad<br />

igi SeiZleba gamoviangariSoT, Tu miviRebT, rom maTi<br />

sakontaqto zedapirebis temperatura Te = 0,5Tdnob. am<br />

dros eleqtrodebis X 1 sigrZis intensiurad gaxurebuli<br />

ubnis temperatura Seadgens T 1 e=0,25Tel. eleqtrodis<br />

gaxurebuli nawilis moculoba udris:<br />

V<br />

πd<br />

2<br />

el 2<br />

= K 2 x<br />

(5)<br />

4<br />

sadac: del aris eleqtrodis sakontaqto zedapiris<br />

diametri (SeiZleba SevcvaloT wertilis birTvis<br />

diametric dw); X 1 _ manZili sakontaqto zedapiridan eleqtrodSi<br />

siTbos gavrcelebis pirobiT sazRvramde;<br />

K1 _ koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs<br />

eleqtrodebis formas<br />

1.cilindruli eleqtrodisaTvis K2=1;<br />

2. konusuri eleqtrodidisaTvis SeiZleba miviRoT K2 = 1,5;<br />

3.sferuli sakontaqto zedapirebis eleqtrodebisaTvis<br />

K2 = 2.<br />

ori eleqtrodis gaxurebaze daxarjuli siTbo Q3<br />

ganisazRvreba formuliT:<br />

Q3=2K2 (6)<br />

406

sadac: C 1 da γ 1 aris eleqtrodebis liTonis Tbotevadoba<br />

da kuTri wona;<br />

Q4 _ siTbos danakargebi SeduRebadi detalebis<br />

zedapirebidan gamosxivebisas.<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis xanmokle procesebis dros<br />

gamosxivebaze siTbos danakargebi SeiZleba<br />

ugulvebelvyoT. am SemTxvevaSi siTbos balansis<br />

gantoleba miiRebs aseT saxes (ori detalis SeduRebisas):<br />

2<br />

2<br />

Q= πd<br />

el<br />

Tdn<br />

πd<br />

e T<br />

1 1 1 dnob<br />

2δCγTdnob<br />

+ K1πx(<br />

d 0 + x)<br />

2δCγ<br />

+ 2K<br />

2 x C γ (7)<br />

4<br />

4 4 8<br />

detalebsa da eleqtrodebSi temperaturis ganawilebis<br />

sqemebi naCvenebia 1. nax.-ze.<br />

siTbos saerTo raodenoba Q, romelic (7) formulis<br />

mixedviT unda gamoviangariSod, damokidebulia gaxurebis<br />

xangZlivobaze T, Tumca am formulaSi T sidide aSkara<br />

saxiT ar Sedis _ gaxurebis xangZlivobis gazrdiT<br />

izrdeba X da X 1 sidideebi.<br />

amrigad, miRebuli gamosaxulebiT (7) Tu<br />

ganvsazRvravT siTbos saerTo raodenobas. miviRoT, rom<br />

K1 = 0,8; K2 = 1,5, gveqneba:<br />

3,<br />

14 ⋅ 1,<br />

2<br />

Q = 2 ⋅ 0,<br />

4 ⋅ 0,<br />

16 ⋅ 7,<br />

85 ⋅ 1500 + 0,<br />

3 ⋅ 3,<br />

14 ⋅ 1,<br />

2(<br />

1,<br />

2 + 1,<br />

2)<br />

⋅ 2 ⋅ 0,<br />

4 ⋅ 016 ⋅<br />

4<br />

2<br />

1500 3,<br />

14 ⋅ 1,<br />

2 3,<br />

6 ⋅ 0,<br />

09 ⋅ 1500<br />

⋅ 7,<br />

85 ⋅ + 2 ⋅ 1,<br />

5 ⋅<br />

= 1700 + 2270 + 1830 =<br />

4<br />

4<br />

8<br />

= 5800kal<br />

= 24302<br />

pasuxi: Q = 24302 jouli.<br />

407

warmodgenil magaliTSi gamoangariSebuli iyo 4mm<br />

sigrZisa da gaxurebul detalTa saboloo winaRoba,<br />

roca P = 800kg, igi udris 58 MΩ-is miviRoT, rom M2 = 1,2-s.<br />

SeduRebis zonis<br />

temperaturis ganawilebis sqemebi<br />

eleqtrodebSi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, maRali Tbo<br />

da eleqtrogamtarobiT xasiaTdebian, siTbos intensiuri<br />

acilebis Sedegad temperatura Zalian swrafad ecema<br />

birTvis sazRvridan detalebis gare zedapirisken, sadac<br />

igi Cveulebriv (0,4_0,6) T dnob. ar aRemateba.<br />

wertilis gamdnari birTvis sazRvridan dacilebasTan<br />

erTad temperatura radialuri mimarTulebiT SedarebiT<br />

iseve swrafad ecema. ramdenadac maRalia SesaduRebi<br />

detalebis temperaturagamtaroba, imdenad nela<br />

mimdinareobs<br />

gradiantic.<br />

es Semcireba da mcirea temperaturuli<br />

408

mm<br />

T°C<br />

do<br />

T°C<br />

2311<br />

:11<br />

711<br />

411 36<br />

3<br />

2<br />

T<br />

mm<br />

mm x d2 x mm<br />

mm<br />

nax. 1. temperaturis ganawileba wertilovani SeduRebis dros:<br />

1. tipiuri temperaturuli veli maRali (1) da dabali<br />

(2) temperaturagamtarobis liTonebis SeduRebis dros;<br />

2. da 3. saangariSo sqema.<br />

1.1. nax-ze naCvenebia temperaturis ganawilebis sqemebi<br />

RerZuli (z) da radialuri (R) mimarTulebiT maRali (A)<br />

(magaliTad, alumini) da dabali (B)<br />

temperaturagamtarobis (magaliTad, foladi) liTonebis<br />

SeduRebis dros.<br />

409<br />

2<br />

3<br />

T°C<br />

0,57<br />

T<br />

T°C

SeduRebis denis sidide ganisazRvreba formula (8)-is<br />

mixedviT:<br />

I 2=<br />

Q<br />

0,<br />

24m<br />

R<br />

sadac: I 2 aris SeduRebis wredis deni;<br />

410<br />

2<br />

cx<br />

, (8)<br />

t<br />

R cx _ detalebis saerTo winaRoba SesaduReblad<br />

gaxurebis dasasruls;<br />

t _ SeduRebis xangZlivoba;<br />

m2 _ koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs winaRobis<br />

cvlilebas<br />

SeduRebis<br />

m2≈1,0 ÷ 1,1;<br />

procesSi; foladis detalebisaTvis<br />

aluminis SenadnobisaTvis m2≈1,2 ÷ 1,4.<br />

am formulebiT sargeblobis dros saWiroa<br />

gvaxsovdes, rom siTbo q da masTan dakavSirebuli sidide<br />

q = Q/t axasiaTebs mxolod SeduRebis wredSi eleqtrodebs<br />

Soris moTavsebul ubanze moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis<br />

xarjsa da simZlavres, magram sruliad ar gansazRvravs<br />

SeduRebis dros energies xarjis saerTo raodenobis<br />

simZlavres, radgan wertilovani SeduRebis dros,<br />

rogorc wesi, eleqtroeneergiis Zalian didi nawili<br />

ixarjeba TviT manqanis elementebSi.<br />

formula (8)-Si saWiro mniSvnelobaTa CasmiT miviRebT:<br />

I2= Q<br />

5800<br />

= = 18600a<br />

≈ 19000A.<br />

−6 0,<br />

24m<br />

R t 0,<br />

24⋅1,<br />

2⋅<br />

58⋅10<br />

⋅1<br />

2 cx

moyvanili cifrebidan Cans, rom erTi wertilis<br />

SeduRbisaTvis daxarjuli siTbos saerTo raodenobis<br />

daaxloebiT 30% ixarjeba eleqtrodebis gaxurebaze.<br />

magaliTi 2. gamoviangariSoT siTbos saerTo<br />

raodenoba, romelic aucilebelia Д16T duraluminis 1 mm<br />

sisqis furclebis wertilovani SeduRebisaTvis.<br />

mocemulia:<br />

1. eleqtrodebs aqvT sferuli sakontaqto<br />

zedapiri<br />

2. eleqtrodebze modebuli Zala P = 240kg;<br />

3. wertilis dasaangariSebeli diametri dw=5 mm;<br />

4. SeduRebis denis CarTvis xangZlivoba t = 0,18 s.<br />

duraluminisaTvis: X = 3,1√t = 3,1√0,18 = 1,31sm spilenZis<br />

eleqtrodebisaTvis: X 1 = 3,6√t = 3,6√0,18 = 1,52 sm.<br />

duraluminis Tbotevadoba udris 0,20 kal/g0C, kuTri<br />

wona 2,8 g/sm 2 . duraluminisaTvis k1 koeficienti miviRoT<br />

0,8-is toli. sferuli eleqtrodebisaTvis koeficienti k2<br />

udris 2-s.<br />

siTbos saerTo raodenoba (35) formulis mixedviT<br />

udris<br />

2<br />

3,<br />

14 ⋅ 0,<br />

5<br />

648<br />

Q = ⋅ 2 ⋅ 0,<br />

1⋅<br />

0,<br />

2 ⋅ 2,<br />

8⋅<br />

648 ⋅ 0,<br />

8⋅<br />

3,<br />

14 ⋅1,<br />

31(<br />

1,<br />

31+<br />

0,<br />

5)<br />

⋅ 2 ⋅ 0,<br />

1⋅<br />

0,<br />

2 ⋅ 2,<br />

8 +<br />

4<br />

4<br />

2<br />

3,<br />

14 ⋅ 0,<br />

5<br />

648<br />

+ 2 ⋅ 2 1,<br />

52 ⋅ 0,<br />

09 ⋅8,<br />

8 = 14 + 101+<br />

77 = 192kal<br />

= 804,<br />

48 j<br />

4<br />

8<br />

saerTo denis Zalis gamosaangariSeblad aucilebelia<br />

winaswar ganvsazRvroT efeqturi winaRoba. roca<br />

wertilis diametri d w = 5 mm da furclis sisqe 1 mm,<br />

411

dw<br />

dw<br />

maSin fardoba = 5 . am mniSvnelobisaTvis 1.1. nax-iT<br />

σ δ<br />

movnaxavT A0 = 0,06. oTaxis temperaturaze duraluminis<br />

kuTri winaRoba ρ0=3,4µΩ·sm. duraluminisaTvis kuTri<br />

winaRobis temperaturuli koeicienti udris 0,0022. kuTri<br />

winaRoba 648 0 C dros<br />

ρt = ρ0 (1+αT) = 3,4(1+0,0022 · 648) = 8,3 µΩ·sm.<br />

roca k = 0,9, maSin<br />

detalisaTvis gvaqvs<br />

(11) formulis mixedviT ori<br />

iqneba:<br />

8 , 3<br />

Rcx = 2 · 0,06 = 10 µΩ<br />

0,<br />

1<br />

formulis I Q<br />

2= = mixedviT aucilebeli deni<br />

0,<br />

24m<br />

R t<br />

I 2 =<br />

2<br />

cx<br />

192<br />

0,<br />

24 ⋅ 0,<br />

18 ⋅1,<br />

4 ⋅10<br />

⋅10<br />

412<br />

−6<br />

=18000°.<br />

pasuxi: SeduRebis saWiro deni tolia 1800<br />

amperis.<br />

eleqtrodebSi siTbos danakargebi duraluminis<br />

SeduRebis dros ufro metia, vidre foladis SewduRebis<br />

dros da ganxilul magaliTSi aRwevs 45%-s.

daskvna:<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladisa da duraluminis<br />

wertilovani SeduRebis gaangariSebaTa Sedegebis<br />

Sedarebidan Cans, rom praqtikulad erTsa da imave denis<br />

SemTxvevaSi foladis detalebis sisqe da miRebuli<br />

wertilis zomebi ramdenjerme metia, vidre duraluminis<br />

detalebis SeduRebis dros. amasTan, aluminis Senadnobis<br />

SeduRebis dros siTbos xarji, Sesworebac ki rom<br />

SevitanoT procesis araTanabar xangZlivobaSi, bevrJer<br />

ufro mcirea, vidre foladis detalebis SeduRebis dros.<br />

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom msubuq SenadnobTa<br />

SeduRebisaTvis saWiro SedarebiT maRali simZlavre<br />

dakavSirebulia am SenadnobTa ara Tbofizikur<br />

TvisebebTan (maRal TbogamtarobasTan), aramed ZiriTadad<br />

maT dabal eleqtrul winaRobasTan.<br />

samuSao #8<br />

Suntis winaRobisa da denis angariSi<br />

ganvsazRvroT Suntis winaRoba da deni<br />

naxSirbadmcire foladis mrgvali wnelisagan moRunuli<br />

rgolis SemolRobiT pirapira SeduRebis dros.<br />

mocemulia:<br />

1. wnelis kveTi udris 700 mm 2 da diametric 300 mm 2 ;<br />

2. SeduRebis dros eleqtrodebze Zabva udris 2,5 v.<br />

saWiro monacemebi:<br />

SeduRebadi detalebis winaRoba, Tu ugulebelvyoT<br />

eleqtrodebidan gamoSverili rgolis ubnebis<br />

413

sakuTar winaRobas, ganisazRvreba empiriuli<br />

formuliT (1)<br />

RSemodn.= K19500<br />

,<br />

2<br />

3<br />

F ν<br />

1<br />

3<br />

sadac: F aris SeduRebadi detalebis kveTis farTi, sm2 ;<br />

v _ Semodnobis siCqare, sm/s;<br />

j _ denis simkvrive, A/mm 2 ;<br />

K _koeficienti romelic iTvaliswinebs gasadnobi<br />

foladis Tvisebebs (naxSirbadiani da<br />

ligirebuli sakonstruqcio foladebisaTvis<br />

K1=1; austenitis foladebisaTvis K1=1,1).<br />

denis simkvrive (1) formulaSi ganisazRvreba<br />

SeduRebis denis I2 gayofiT SesaduRebeli detalebis F<br />

kveTis farTze.<br />

vlRob.=0,2 sm/wm da j=10 a/mm2 mniSvnelobebisaTvis Tu<br />

viangariSebT, miviRebT:<br />

Rdnob.= 9500<br />

2 1<br />

3 3 20 ⋅ 0,<br />

2 ⋅10<br />

= 220<br />

j<br />

414<br />

(1)<br />

mkomi = 220 · 10 -6 Ω<br />

Suntis omuri winaRoba ganisazRvreba formula (2)<br />

mixedviT:<br />

R S.=<br />

πD<br />

F<br />

ρ 0 (2)<br />

sadac: D _ aris siTburi rgolis gare diametri:

F _ misi ganikveTis farTi;<br />

ρ0 _ foladis kuTri winaRoba.<br />

Suntis omuri winaRoba (2) formulis mixedviT udris:<br />

πD<br />

−6 3,<br />

14 ⋅ 30<br />

−6<br />

RS.= ρ 0 = 13,<br />

5 ⋅10<br />

⋅ = 180 ⋅10<br />

Ω<br />

F<br />

7<br />

Suntis aqtiuri winaRoba zedapiruli efeqtis<br />

koeficientis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic 30 mm diametris<br />

SemTxvevaSi udris 1,2, iqneba<br />

mR S.= 1,2 · 180 · 10 -6 = 216 · 10 -6 = 216 μΩ<br />

300 mm diametric rgolis induqciuri winaRoba<br />

daaxloebiT udris 600 μΩ-s. Suntis mTliani winaRoba<br />

2 2<br />

2 2<br />

ZS = ( mR ) + x = 216 + 600 = 638μΩ<br />

winaRobaTa miRebuli mniSvnelobisas SesaduRi deni<br />

da SuntSi gamavali deni<br />

2,<br />

5<br />

ISed. = = 11300A,<br />

−6<br />

220 ⋅10<br />

IS =<br />

2,<br />

5<br />

3900<br />

6<br />

638 10<br />

= −<br />

⋅<br />

saWiroa mxedvelobaSi miviRoT, zedapiruli efeqtis<br />

koeficienti da rgolis induqciuri winaRoba, roca<br />

415

didad aris damokidebuli rgolSi gamavali denis<br />

Zalaze, maSin miRebuli denis saangariSo mniSvneloba IS SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc miaxloebuli.<br />

SeduRebis manqanis meorad wredSi gamavali jamuri<br />

deni udris ISed da IS denebis geometriul jams.<br />

gansaxilvel magaliTSi ISed deni sufTa _ aqtiuria,<br />

xolo IS deni _ TiTqmis sufTa reaqtiuli, amis gamo<br />

isini daZruRli arian faziT 900-iT, da saerTo deni<br />

2<br />

2<br />

I2 = 2 2 = 11300 + 3900 = 11900<br />

Sed + S<br />

pasuxi: I2 = 11900 A.<br />

ganvsazRvroT Suntis winaRoba da deni<br />

naxSirbadmcire<br />

SeduRebis dros.<br />

foladis ori detalis wertilovani<br />

mocemulia:<br />

1. TiToeuli details sisqe udris 4 mm;<br />

2. wertilebis biji 75 mm;<br />

3. eleqtrodebze modebuli dawnevis Zala 800 kg;<br />

4. eleqtrodebis sakontaqto zedepiris diametric 12,5<br />

mm;<br />

5. wertilis diametric aseve 12,5 mm.<br />

6.<br />

� 75<br />

= = 6 mniSvnelobisaTvis 1.2. nax-is grafikis<br />

d 12,<br />

5<br />

h<br />

mixedviT = 1,28,<br />

�<br />

saidanac: h = 1,28 · 75 = 96 mm = 9,6 sm<br />

416

Suntis omuri winaRoba iangariSeba<br />

R S.= 2 ρ0<br />

417<br />

e<br />

(3)<br />

hδ<br />

formula (3)-is da nax. 1-is mixedviT. saTanado<br />

mniSvneloba CasmiT gveqneba:<br />

RS = � 2ρ0<br />

−6 7,<br />

5<br />

−6<br />

2 ⋅13,<br />

5⋅10<br />

= 53⋅10<br />

Ω<br />

hδ<br />

9,<br />

6 ⋅ 0,<br />

4<br />

4 mm sisqis detalebisaTvis nax. 1.3-is mixedviT<br />

zedapiruli efeqtis koeficienti m=2,2. Suntis aqtiuri<br />

winaRoba 2,2·53·10 -6 omi=116·10 -6 Ω=116μΩ Suntis induqciur<br />

winaRobas ugulebelvyofT.<br />

SeduRebadi detalebis winaRoba udris 58 mkoms (ix.<br />

winaRobis daangariSebis magaliTi wertilovani<br />

SeduRebis dros).

d5 d5<br />

h<br />

2<br />

l<br />

m<br />

4<br />

3<br />

2<br />

1<br />

4 7<br />

4<br />

418<br />

h/l<br />

3<br />

2<br />

:<br />

1<br />

5 9 23<br />

3<br />

δ mm<br />

nax.1. gamtaris pirobiTi sigane h Suntis winaRobis<br />

gangariSebisaTvis (1.1) da grafiki daSuntvisas<br />

gamtaris pirobiTi siganis gansazRvrisaTvis (1.2)<br />

Suntis winaRobis zedapiruli efeqtis koeficientis,<br />

m-is damokidebuleba detalis sisqeze (1.3).<br />

Suntis deni iangariSeba formuliT (3)<br />

Sesabamisad:<br />

I S=I Sed.<br />

R<br />

Z<br />

R<br />

(3)<br />

Z<br />

58<br />

116<br />

IS = ISed. = I = 0,<br />

5I<br />

Sed.<br />

h/δ

daskvna:<br />

praqtikulad Suntis deni naklebia miRebul<br />

saangariSo mniSvnelobaze Suntis gaxurebis dros misi<br />

liTonis kuTri winaRobis gazrdisa da Suntis winaRobis<br />

induqciuri Semadgenlis arsebobis gamo. moyvanili<br />

magaliTidan Cans rom, wertilovani SeduRebis dros<br />

denis daSuntva arsebiT gavlenas axdens SeduRebis<br />

procesze.<br />

419

danarTi<br />

13. testebi winaRobiT SeduRebis operatorTa<br />

Teoriuli codnisa da praqtikuli Cvevebis<br />

saatestaciod<br />

1. rogori SeerTeba aris SeduReba<br />

a. maRaltemperaturuli;<br />

b. dauSleli;<br />

g. gasaSleli.<br />

2. ra Zalebis xarjze miiReba SenaduRi nakeri<br />

a. meqanikuri;<br />

b. eleqtruli;<br />

g. atomTaSorisi.<br />

3. ra elementTa urTierTqmedeba aris<br />

teqnologia<br />

a. droisa da temperaturis;<br />

b. dawnevisa da denis;<br />

g. masalisa da energiis.<br />

4. ra aris winaRobiT SeduRebis ciklograma<br />

a. damokidebuleba drosa da energias Soris;<br />

420

. damokidebuleba, drosa da siTbos Soris;<br />

g. damokidebuleba drosa, dawnevasa da dens<br />

Soris.<br />

5. rogori SeiZleba iyos SeduRebis reJimi<br />

a. susti, saSualo da Zlieri;<br />

b. maRali, saSualo da dabali;<br />

g. xisti, saSualo da rbili.<br />

6. riT ganisazRvreba SenaduRi wertilis<br />

diametri<br />

a. denis sididiT;<br />

b. eleqtrodis diametriT;<br />

g. SesaduRi masalis gvarobiT.<br />

7. ras udris erT-erT detalSi wertilis<br />

Cadnobis siRrme<br />

a. odnav metia an naklebia detalis sisqis<br />

naxevrisa;<br />

b. tolia eleqtrodis diametrisa;<br />

g. wertilis diametris naxevars.<br />

421

8. romelia yvelaze advilad Sesasrulebeli<br />

operacia<br />

a. sxvadasxva masalaTa SeduReba;<br />

b. sxvadasxva sisqeTa SeduReba;<br />

g. erTnair sisqeTa da masalaTa SeduReba.<br />

9. ra problemaa sxvadasxva sisqeTa SeduRebisas<br />

a. detali miekvris erT-erTi eleqtrodis<br />

zedapirs;<br />

b. SenaduRi wertili anu sxmuli birTvi<br />

gamoiRvenTeba gareT;<br />

g. sxmuli birTvi gadaadgildeba sqel<br />

detalSi.<br />

10. ra problemaa sxvadasxva masalaTa<br />

SeduRebisas<br />

a. wertili gadaadgildeba meti winaRobis<br />

mqone detalSi;<br />

b. naklebi winaRobis mqone masala ar dneba;<br />

g. meti winaRobis mqone masala orTqldeba;<br />

11. romeli pirobebia ufro sasurveli<br />

422

a. erTnairi masalisa da sisqis SeduReba<br />

cvladi deniT;<br />

b. erTnairi masalisa da sisqis SeduReba<br />

polaruli deniT;<br />

g. sxvadsxva sisiqis masalaTa SeduReba<br />

cvladi deniT.<br />

12. romeli parametri iwvevs wertilis diametris<br />

cvlas<br />

a. denis Zala;<br />

b. dawnevis Zala;<br />

g. denis moqmedebis dro.<br />

13. romeli parametri iwvevs Cadnobis siRrmis<br />

zrdas<br />

a. denis Zala;<br />

b. dawnevis Zala;<br />

g. denis moqmedebis dro.<br />

14. SeduRebis ciklogramis ZiriTadi periodebia<br />

a. winaswari<br />

TermodamuSaveba;<br />

dawneva, SeduReba,<br />

b. SeTboba, SeduReba, dawneva;<br />

423

g. dawneva, SeduReba, daduReba.<br />

15. romelia kontaqturi SeduRebis ZiriTadi<br />

saxeebi<br />

a. pirapira, wertilovani, gorgolaWovani;<br />

b. reliefuri, ignatievis xerxiT, erTmxrivi<br />

orwertilovani;<br />

g. SeduReba civad myar da Txevad<br />

mdgomareobaSi.<br />

16. romelia SeduRebis zonis “cxeli” kontaqtebi<br />

a. eleqtrodsa da detals Soris;<br />

b. detalebs Soris;<br />

g. eleqtrodsa da mis damWers Soris.<br />

17. romelia SeduRebis zonis “civi” kontaqtebi<br />

a. eleqtrodebs Soris;<br />

b. eleqtrodsa da detals Soris;<br />

g. detalsa da eleqtrods Soris.<br />

18. ra faqtorebi moqmedebs kontaqtur winaRobaze<br />

a. denis Zala;<br />

b. dawnevis Zala;<br />

424

g. dro.<br />

19. ra mosdis kontaqtur winaRobas dawnevis<br />

gazrdiT<br />

a. izrdeba;<br />

b. ugulebeliyofa;<br />

g. mcirdeba.<br />

20. ra mosdis kontaqtur winaRobas farTis<br />

gazrdiT<br />

a. izrdeba;<br />

b. mcirdeba;<br />

g. ar icvleba.<br />

21. ra mosdis kontaqtur winaRobas siTbos<br />

gazrdiT<br />

a. ucvlelia;<br />

b. izrdeba;<br />

g. mcirdeba.<br />

22. ras iwvevs dasaSleli kontaqtis WanWikTa<br />

ricxvis cvla<br />

a. WanWikis diametris Semcirebas;<br />

425

. kontaqtis gaxurebas;<br />

g. kontaqturi winaRobis cvlas.<br />

23. ras iwvevs sakontaqto zedapiris gasufTaveba<br />

a. maTi bunenis Secvlas;<br />

b. kontaqturi winaRobis Semcirebas;<br />

g. kuTri denis gazrdas.<br />

24. romeli kanoniT iangariSenba sadenSi<br />

gamoyofili siTbo<br />

a. omis;<br />

b. arqimedes;<br />

g. joulis.<br />

25. ra gziT SeiZleba kontaqtSi siTbos gazrda<br />

a. eleqtrodTa dawnevis Zalis gazrdiT;<br />

b. kontaqtSi<br />

moTavsebiT;<br />

damatebiTi firfitis<br />

g. eleqtriodTa winaswari gaxurebiT.<br />

26. ras gamoiwvevs eleqtrodTa TanaRerZulobis<br />

darRveva<br />

a. misi eleqtrowinaRobis Semcirebas;<br />

426

. Txevadi birTvis gamoSxefas;<br />

g. wertilis zomebis Semcirebas.<br />

27. ra ZiriTadi nawilebisagan Sedgeba<br />

kontaqturi manqana<br />

a. eleqtruli da meqanikurisagan;<br />

b. Tburi, hidravlikuri da<br />

eleqtronulisagan;<br />

g. gasaSleli, gauSleli da<br />

mosabrunebulisagan.<br />

28. ra ZiriTadi nawilebisagan Sedgeba<br />

transformatori<br />

a. gularisa, pirveladi da meoradi<br />

gragnilebisagan;<br />

b. dengadamrTvelebisa,<br />

gularisagan;<br />

drois reles da<br />

g. induqciuri da aqtiuri winaRobaTa<br />

koWebisagan.<br />

29. ra elementebisagan Sesdgeba manqanis<br />

SeduRebis wredi<br />

a. SesaduRi detalebisagan;<br />

427

. transformatorisa da eleqtrodebisagan;<br />

g. transformatoris meoradi gragnilisa da<br />

denmimyvani nawilebisagan.<br />

30. ra aris SeduRebis eleqtrodebi<br />

a. ZiriTadi muSa iaraRi;<br />

b. dawnevis meranizmi;<br />

g. denmimyvani elementi.<br />

31. dawnevis ra saSualebani arsebobs<br />

a. giragi da brtyeltuCa;<br />

b. meqanikuri, hidravlikuri da pnevmaturi;<br />

g. zambariani, Wiaxraxniani da berketisebri.<br />

32. rogoria xisti reJimi<br />

a. deni didia, dro mcire;<br />

b. deni didia, dro didi;<br />

g. deni mcirea, dro mcire.<br />

33. rogoria rbili reJimi<br />

a. deni mcirea, dro mcire;<br />

b. deni didia, dro didi;<br />

428

g. deni mcirea, dro didi;<br />

34. rogor yalibdeba SenaduRi wertili drois<br />

mixedviT<br />

a. periferiebidan centrisken;<br />

b. centridan periferiisaken;<br />

g. zeda eleqtrodidan qvedasken.<br />

35. rogori forma aqvs SenaduR wertils<br />

a. weriuli;<br />

b. birTviseburi;<br />

g. elifsuri.<br />

36. transformatoris gularis ra saxeobebia<br />

cnobili<br />

a. xviiseburi da cilindruli;<br />

b. Reroiani, javSniani da wriuli;<br />

g. tesebri, oTxkuTxa da wriuli.<br />

37. rogor xdeba SeduRebis denis regulireba<br />

a. pirveladi<br />

cvliT;<br />

gragnilis xviaTa ricxvis<br />

b. meoradi gragnilis xviaTa ricxvis cvliT;<br />

429

g. gajerebis droseliT;<br />

38. romeli masalis SeduRebaa gaZnelebuli<br />

a. uJangavi foladis;<br />

b. dabalnaxSirbadiani foladis;<br />

g. Tujis<br />

39. romeli masalis SeduRebaa ufro advili<br />

a. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebisa;<br />

b. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebisa;<br />

g. nukelisa.<br />

40. rodisaa SenaduRi wertili normaluri<br />

a. rodesac is zeda eleqtrodisken aris<br />

gadaxrili;<br />

b. rodesac is qveda eleqtrodisken aris<br />

gadaxrili;<br />

g. rodesac is “cxeli” kontaqtisadmi aris<br />

ganlagebuli.<br />

41. xarisxis kontrolis romeli xerxi<br />

gansazRvravs wertilis adgils<br />

a. metalografiuli;<br />

430

. meqanikuri;<br />

g. fizikuri.<br />

42. manqanis markebSi “mtm”, “mtp” da a.S. ras<br />

niSnavs mesame aso<br />

a. dawnevis meqanizmis saxes _ meqanikuri,<br />

pnevmaturi;<br />

b. gamoSvebis adgils _ moskovi, permi;<br />

g. zomas _ maRals, pataras.<br />

43. ra masalisgan aris damzadebuli manqanis<br />

sadgari<br />

a. foladisgan;<br />

b. feradi masalisgn;<br />

g. Tujisgan.<br />

44. ras uwyobs xels Tujis sadgari SeduRebisas<br />

a. Jangvis Tavidan acilebas;<br />

b. rxevebis CaxSobas, bzarebis<br />

ugulvebelyofas;<br />

g. manqanis myarad dogmas samuSao adgilze.<br />

431

45. ras gulixmobs kontaqturi SeduRebis<br />

winaswari kontroli<br />

a. SesaduRi masalis, awyobisa da danadgaris<br />

teqnikuri mdgomarobis Semowmebas;<br />

b. namzadTa meqanikur gamocdas;<br />

g. SeduRebis reJimis monacemTa gazomvas.<br />

46. ras niSnavs kontroli SeduRebis procesSi<br />

a. SeduRebis<br />

Semowmebas;<br />

samarjveebisa da iaraRis<br />

b. manqanis meoradi wredis sruli winaRobis<br />

Semowmebas;<br />

g. teqnologiuri sinjis Catarebas, maqanikuri<br />

gamocdebis da<br />

reJimis Semowmebas.<br />

47. ras gulisxmobs mza nakeTobis kontroli<br />

a. garegan daTvalierebas, rentgenuli<br />

gamosxivebiTa da ultrabgeriT Semowmebas;<br />

b. nakeTobis gabarituli zomebis Semowmebas;<br />

g. nakeTobis gamocdas eqspluataciis<br />

pirobebSi.<br />

432

48. ras niSnavs manqanis montaJi<br />

a. avtomatebis fundamentiTa da Cveulebriv<br />

ufundamentod dayenebas;<br />

b. saSualo simZlavris manqanaTa magidebze<br />

moTavsebas;<br />

g. samuSao adgilis dagegmvas.<br />

49. rogoria manqanis teqnikuri momsaxureoba<br />

a. yoveldRiuri, yovelkvireuli,<br />

yovelTviuri da kvartaluri;<br />

b. naxevarwliuri;<br />

g. orwliuri.<br />

50. ra elementebs Sicavs Sromis dacva<br />

a. haeris sisufTaves, eleqtrodenisagan<br />

izolirebas, nakleb xmaurs;<br />

b. saxanZro usafrTxoebas;<br />

g. garemos klimatis SerCevas.<br />

433

testebis pasuxTa varianti<br />

1 a b g 26 a b g<br />

2 a b g 27 a b g<br />

3 a b g 28 a b g<br />

4 a b g 29 a b g<br />

5 a b g 30 a b g<br />

6 a b g 31 a b g<br />

7 a b g 32 a b g<br />

8 a b g 33 a b g<br />

9 a b g 34 a b g<br />

10 a b g 35 a b g<br />

11 a b g 36 a b g<br />

12 a b g 37 a b g<br />

13 a b g 38 a b g<br />

14 a b g 39 a b g<br />

15 a b g 40 a b g<br />

16 a b g 41 a b g<br />

17 a b g 42 a b g<br />

18 a b g 43 a b g<br />

19 a b g 44 a b g<br />

20 a b g 45 a b g<br />

21 a b g 46 a b g<br />

22 a b g 47 a b g<br />

23 a b g 48 a b g<br />

24 a b g 49 a b g<br />

25 a b g 50 a b g<br />

434

literatura<br />

1. Такези Окамото. Электросварка сопротивлением, Москва,<br />

1936.<br />

2. Э.С.М., Машиностроение, энциклопедический справочник, т.<br />

1, 2, Москва, 1947, 49.<br />

3. g.k. gedevaniSvili, SeduReba, Tbilisi. 1948.<br />

4. g.i. RuRuniSvili, SeduReba, Wra da rCilva,<br />

5.<br />

Tbilisi, 1958.<br />

Хольм Р. Электрические контакты, Москва, 1961.<br />

6. Кабанов Н.С. Слепак Э.Ш. Стыковая сварка, Москва, 1962.<br />

7. Аксельрод Ф.А. и др., Контактная сварка, Москва, 1962.<br />

8. тр. МВТУ, №132, технология и автоматизация процессов<br />

сварки и паики, Москва, 1969.<br />

9. Патон Б.Е., Лебедев В.К. эл. оборудование для Контактной<br />

сварки, Москва, 1969.<br />

10. Буткевич Г.В. и др. Основы теории электрических аппаратов,<br />

Москва, 1969.<br />

11. Слиозберг С.К. Чулошников П.Л., электроды для контактной<br />

сварки, Москва, 1972.<br />

12. Кочергин К.А. Сварка давлением, Ленинград, 1972.<br />

13. Волченко В.Н. Контроль качества сварки, Москва, 1975.<br />

14. G.Cotant, Technologie professionnalle du travail des metaux en<br />

feuilles, tubes, profiles, Paris, 1976.<br />

15. Сергеев Н.П. справочник молодого сваршика на контактных<br />

машинах, Москва 1984<br />

16. Орлов Б.Д. технология и оборудование контактной сварки,<br />

Москва, 1986.<br />

17. Кочергин К.А. Контактная сварка, Москва, 1983.<br />

435

18. a.k. sulamaniZe, sxvadasxva sisqis masalaTa<br />

eleqtrowinaRobiT SeduRebis Taviseburebani da<br />

srulyofis gzebi. sad. dis. Tbilisi, 1995.<br />

19. Орлов Б.Д., Чулошников П.Л. и др. Контроль точечной и<br />

роликовой электросварки. Москва, 1973.<br />

436

avtoris საქმიანობის ვითარება<br />

CV<br />

სახელი, გვარი : არტურ სულამანიძე<br />

დაბადების თარიღი: 18.05.1940<br />

დაბადების ადგილი: simoneTi, თერჯოლა,<br />

საქართველო<br />

მოქალაქეობა: ქართველი<br />

მისამართი: თბილისი, დიღმის მასივი, მე-5 კვ; მე-20 კორპ; ბ.6<br />

ტელეფონი: (+995 32) 523715; +995 93 74 15 13<br />

ელ–ფოსტა: arturosula@yahoo.com<br />

ოჯახური მდგომარეობა: დაოჯახებული<br />

განათლება:<br />

1960 - 1965 წ.წ. "საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტი"<br />

შედუღების ტექნოლოგია და მანქანები<br />

1963 - 1965 წ.წ. თბილისის უცხო ენათა ინსტიტუტი,<br />

ფრანგული<br />

ენა<br />

1971 - 1974 წ.წ. მოსკოვის ბაუმანის სახ. ტექნიკური<br />

უნივერსიტეტის ასპირანტურა, შედუღების<br />

სპეციალობით<br />

1977 - 1978 წ.წ. მოსკოვის მორის ტორეზის სახ. უცხო ენათა<br />

ინსტიტუტის 10-თვიანი კურსები, ფრანგული<br />

ენის სპეციალობა<br />

1992 - 1994 წ.წ. "სტუ"–ს დოქტორანტურა<br />

გამოცდილება:<br />

437

1960 - 1961 წ.წ. თბილისის ლითონკონსტრუქციის ქარხანა,<br />

მუშა<br />

– შემდუღებელი<br />

1967 - 1969 წ.წ. სმოლენსკის ხელსაწყოთმშენებლობის ს.კ.<br />

ინსტიტუტი, ინჟინერ – შემდუღებელი<br />

1969 - 1975 წ.წ. ასისტენტი, სტუ–ს შედუღების სპეციალობის<br />

კათედრა<br />

1975 - 1995 წ.წ. უფროსი მასწავლებელი, დოცენტი<br />

1995 - 2006 წ.წ. პროფესორი<br />

2006 - დღემდე stu-s სრული პროფესორი, საშემდუღებლო<br />

წარმოების მიმართულების ხელ-ლი<br />

პედაგოგიურ მოღვაწეობასთან ერთად:<br />

2003 - 2004 წ.წ. იყო თანამედროვე ჰუმანიტარული აკადემიის<br />

პირველი პრორექტორი – თბილისში<br />

1987 - 1991 წ.წ. იყო საბჭოთა სპეციალისტების კონტრაქტის<br />

უფროსი ალჟირის ქალაქ ბლიდის<br />

საუნივერსიტეტო kompleqsSi<br />

1983 - 1984 წ.წ. იყო "სტუ"–ს ქალაქ რუსთავის საღამოს<br />

სწავლების ფაკ–ის დეკანის მოადგილე სასწავლო<br />

დარგში<br />

თანამშრომლობდა:<br />

2003 წ. შპს " ჰიდროენერგეტიკასთან" – ხელმძღვანელობდა<br />

"ბახვის ჰესის" მილსადენის<br />

კონსტრუქციის შედუღების ტექნოლოგიის დამუშავებას<br />

2002 წ. ფირმა "გეოინჟინერინგთან" misi xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

მომზადებული იქნა საერთაშორისო კვალიფიკაციის<br />

ხელით ელექტროშემდუღებელთა მუშა ჯგუფი, საქ.<br />

438

ტერიტორიაზე გამავალ მილსადენთა სამუშაოების<br />

შესასრულებლად<br />

1996 - 1997 წ.წ. საქ. კოსმოსურ ნაგებობათა ინსტიტუტთან –<br />

შემუშავებულ იქნა ქართული ანტენა-რეფლექტორის<br />

(ფურცლის სისქე 0.05+0.05მმ) კონტაქტური შედუღების<br />

ტექნოლოგია და დანადგარი<br />

1997 - 1998 წ.წ. საფრანგეთი (ანტრეპოზი) – საქართველოს<br />

(მაგთი)<br />

საერთო პროექტის კონსულტანტი შედუღების<br />

ტექნოლოგიასა და რადიოგრაფიაში (სუფსის<br />

ტერმინალი<br />

– საქართველო)<br />

არჩეულია:<br />

1991 წ. ალჟირის ქალაქ ბლიდის საუნივერსიტეტო კომპლექსის<br />

საპატიო დოქტორად<br />

2000 წ. საქ. საინჟინრო აკადემიის წევრ–კორად<br />

2005 წ. საქ. საინჟინრო აკადემიის ნამდვილ წევრად -<br />

აკადემიკოსად<br />

დაჯილდოვებულია:<br />

1982 წ. ალჟირში ყოფილი სსრკ–ის საელჩოს საპატიო სიგელით<br />

ენები:<br />

ქართული – მშობლიური<br />

რუსული – სრულყოფილად<br />

ფრანგული – kargad<br />

გერმანული – საშუალოდ<br />

ინტერესთა სფერო:<br />

439

კლასიკური მუსიკა, ფსიქოლოგიური ლიტერატურა, ლექსების<br />

წერა<br />

boloTqma<br />

danarTi studentebisaTvis<br />

* * *<br />

imedis Taobas<br />

Tqven eZebT, eZebT,<br />

asparezs eZebT...<br />

da asfrenad emzadeba<br />

Tqveni Taoba,<br />

eZebeT Svilo,<br />

Tu ar eZeb da ar daeZeb,<br />

mona xar maSin,<br />

mona xar da araraoba.<br />

aanTeT cecxli,<br />

samSoblos ca rom ar dabinddes,<br />

frTa frTas gahkariT,<br />

gadaenTeT am bnel qarafebs,<br />

wadiT ifrineT,<br />

erovnuli suli azideT,<br />

RmerTi gfaravdeT,<br />

saqarTvelos droSa<br />

gfaravdeT.<br />

440

tvmb!<br />

!<br />

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!tvmjfsfcb!<br />

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!v{fobftpcjt!<br />

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!mbnqbsjb!<br />

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!boUfcvmj!<br />

!<br />

441

ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT<br />

gadaeca warmoebas 03.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad<br />

09.07.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 20.<br />

tiraJi 100 egz.<br />

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,<br />

kostavas 77

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