adamiani bibliur droSi - Reso Kiknadze

A adamiani cxovelTa Soris da adamiani cxovelSi an piruku 

(bibliur-Suamdinaruli tradicia) 

biblia religiuri wignia, magram is garkveulad miwisken da, sabolood, 

adamianisken aris orientirebuli. misTvis ZiriTadia anTropologia preambulis 

Semdeg _ `dasawyisSi RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa~ _ ca ukana planze gadadis, 

efareba mkiTxvelis Tvals da asparezze gamodis miwa (`da miwa iyo...~), rogorc 

adamianis momavali samyofeli da mis qmedebaTa asparezi. biblia ar 

gvelaparakeba caze _ angelozebis samyaroze, arc adamis ciur-kosmiur 

ganzomilebaze, aramed mxolod miwierze. esaia winaswarmetyveli ambobs, rom miwa 

ùdaburobisTvis ar Seqmnila~ (45:18). miwa misma Semqmnelma daasaxla adamianebiT 

da sxva cocxali arsebebiT. 

_ ra adgili uWiravs arsebaTa ierarqiaSi adamians, ra masalisgan aris igi 

Seqmnili? ra gansxvavebaa adamiansa da cxovels Soris, romlebic bibliis 

Tanaxmad erTsadaimave meeqvse dRes Seiqmnen? 

_ r o g o r i a p i r v e l q m n i l i a d a m i a n i ? g a n s x v a v e b i T b i b l i u r i 

anTropogoniisa, Suamdinaruli koncepciiT, adamiani arasrulyofil arsebad 

Seiqmna, romelsac esaWiroeba gansruleba. bunebis Svili, rogoradac is Seqmnes 

RmerTebma, unda gaemijnos cxovelTa samyaros, romlis niSnebsac igi atarebs 

Tavisi gaCenisas. 

_ ras moelis adamianisgan RmerTi (bibliis Tanaxmad) da ras moelodnen 

misgan RmerTebi (Suamdinaruli teqstebis Tanaxmad). 

_ adamianis moRvaweoba gaSlilia, erTi mxriv, geosferoSi, meore mxriv, 

biosferoSi, kerZod, cxovelTa samyaroSi, romelTa Soris erTni Sinaurni arian, 

meoreni _ gareulni. TiToeuli maTganis mimarT mas gansakuTrebuli 

damokidebuleba aqvs. 

TiToeuli es sakiTxi kulturologiur aspeqtSi moelis gadawyvetas. 

I. adamianebi da cxovelebi 

bibliis meore TavSi vkiTxulobT sityvebs, romlebic SegviZlia bibliuri 

anTropologiis fuZemdebel teqstad miviCnioT. 

`Tqva ufalma RmerTma: ar varga adamis martod yofna. gavuCen Semwes, mis 

Sesafers. 

da gamosaxa ufalma RmerTma miwisagan velis yvela cxoveli da cis yvela 

frinveli da mihgvara adams, rom enaxa, ras daarqmevda. romeli suldgmuls ras 

daarqmevda adami, misi saxelic is iqneboda. 

da darqva adamma saxeli yvela pirutyvs, cis frinvels da velis yvela cxovels. 

magram adams ar gamouCnda Semwe, misi Sesaferi~ (2:18-20). 

es iyo gasaubreba. RmerTma `Sesaqmis gvirgvini~ gaasaubra sxva 

qmnilebebTan. es iyo maTi pirveli Sexvedra, erTmaneTis gacnoba, adams unda 

moesinja TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebi Tavisi misiis aRsasruleblad 

dedamiwaze. 

cxadia, RmerTi arc moeloda, rom adami cxovelTa Soris amoarCevda Tavis 

Sesafer arsebas. aq RmerTma adams misca amocana, Tavad gaevlo zRvari Tavis, 

rogorc RvTis xatis, bunebasa da im arsebaTa bunebas Soris, romlebic, 

figuralurad rom vTqvaT, meeqvse dRis diliT Seiqmna, Tavad ki SuadRisas. adami 

mixvda, rom maT Soris, miuxedavad raRac msgavsebisa, iyo mniSvnelovani 

gansxvavebac da imgvari siucxove, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida maT 

urTierTSemweobas cxovrebaSi da SemoqmedebaSi. rogor mixvda am sxvaobas 

adami? is mixvda im unaris gamoyenebiT, romelic mas mieca rogorc gonier da 

metyvel arsebas. am pasaJSi RmerTi amowmebs adams, rogor gamoiyenebs igi am 

unars: Tu adami RvTis xatad Seiqmna, saxeldebis aqts mis xelSi unda hqonoda 

SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi. mas iseve SemoqmedebiTad unda gamoeyenebina sityvis 

unari, rogorc RmerTs _ roca is jer samyaros qmnida (`da Tqva RmerTma... da 

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iqmna~) da mere, roca saxelebs arqmevda TiToeul qmnilebas (`naTels RmerTma 

uwoda dRe...~). 

saxeldebis aqtis mizani qmnilebaTa erTmaneTisgan gamijvnaa, maT Soris 

arsebuli gansxvavebis sityvierad gamoxatva. magram moyvanil konteqstSi 

saxeldeba ar aris meqanikuri aqti, es ar aris iarliyebis Camokideba arsebebze 

maTi erTmaneTisgan garCevis mizniT. roca Cven dRes varqmevT saxelebs, 

srulebiT ar vfiqrobT, rom saxels SeeZleba im sagnis Tu arsebis bunebis 

gamoxatva da gansazRvra, visac varqmevT saxels. anu Cven Serigebuli varT, rom 

saxeli sagnis bunebis adeqvaturi ar iqneba. magram bibliis am pasaJSi iseve, 

rogorc Zvel teqstebSi (gansakuTrebiT es reliefurad Cans vedebSi), sagnisTvis 

saxelis darqmeva, niSnavda, pirvel rigSi, sagnis Sinaganis amocnobas 

(identifikacias), Secnobas da Semecnebas. ufro sworad, saxeldebis aqts win 

uswrebs, an misi erTdroulia, qmnilebis Sinagani bunebis ganWvreta, romlis 

sityvieri gamoxatulebaa saxeli. raime nivTi, mxolod imdenad arsebobs, 

ramdenadac igi saxeldebulia. nivTi sakuTar saxelTan erTad iZens arsebobas. 

amrigad, saxeldebis aqtiT adamma RvTis qmnilebaTa bunebisken gaikvlia gza, 

amoicno maTi niri da xasiaTi, rogoradac isini Seqmna RmerTma. ufro zustad, 

saxeldebam gamoxata is, rac adamma maT bunebaSi SeRweviT da wvdomiT Seicno. 

saxeldebis aqtma adams daanaxva, rom arc erTi am arsebaTan, romelsac man 

saxelebi daarqva, ar gamodgeboda mis Semwed misi gamCenis mier dakisrebuli 

amocanis aRsrulebaSi. biblia cdilobs adamianuri eniT sakmaod sicxadiT, 

Tumca simbolurad, gamoxatos es fundamenturi gansxvaveba: Tu adami Seiqmna 

RvTis xatad, cxovelebze naTqvamia, rom isini warmoSva miwam (dab. 1:24). 

marTalia, adamic miwisgan gamoisaxa, magram RvTis xatad gamoisaxa. amiT 

naTqvamia, rom igi ar aris oden miwieri arseba. garkveuli azriT, adamsa da 

cxovels Soris gansxvaveba casa da miwas Soris gansxvavebis anareklia. 

biblia ar aris samecniero traqtati, rom movelodeT misgan adamianis 

anatomiis Sesaxeb konkretul miTiTebebs. magram mainc bibliis teqstSi, Tumca 

simbolurad, Cans adamianis fizikuri masalis gansakuTrebuloba. roca adamma 

Tavisi Rrma ganWvretiT ver aRmoaCina cxovelebSi iseTi arseba, romelic misi 

Sesaferi iqneboda, maSin RmerTma misi organizmidan gamoiyvana eva. adamma am 

sityvebiT `Zvalia Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci Cemi xorcTagani~ (2:23), romlebic 

man warmoTqva evas danaxvisas, isic Tqva, rom, miuxedavad garegnuli msgavsebisa, 

sxvaa misi xorci da sxvaa im arsebaTa xorci, romelnic man saxeldebiT gamijna 

erTmaneTisgan. axla aRmoCnda, rom eva swored is arsebaa, romelic gaswevs mis 

Semweobas, radgan misi Zvali udgas da misi xorciT aris Semosili. bibliam 

iribad gaacxada is WeSmariteba, rom adamianis xorci sxvaa, cxovelisa _ sxva. 

bibliam es Tqva miwis Sesaxeb, rom sxvaa is miwa, romlisganac cxoveli Seiqmna 

da sxvaa miwa, romlisganac adami gamoisaxa. pavle mociquli aSkarad 

laparakaobs sxvadasxva arsebaTa gansxvavebul xorcze: 

`yvela xorci (sarqs) erTi xorci rodia, aramed sxvaa damianis xorci, da 

sxvaa cxovelis xorci, sxva frinvelis xorci, da sxvaa Tevzisa (1kor. 15:39). 

im enaSi (ebraulSi), romlis kategoriebiTac azrovnebs mociquli, sityvebi 

xorci (basar) da Zvali (yecem) ufro mets niSnavs, vidre misi Sesatyvisebi 

berZnulSi. SegviZlia vilaparakoT Zvalze, rogorc yvelaze myar da mkvriv 

elemetze (semituri Ziri ycm, saidanac Zvalis aRmniSvneli sityvaa nawarmoebi, 

Seicavs simtkicis, simkvrivis da simyaris semantikas). adamianis sxeulSi, 

romelic yvelaze didxans uZlebs JamTasvlas da, faqtiurad, uxrwneli 

bunebisaa. igi itvirTavs adamianis TavisTavadobis, individis Sinagani arsebis 

gamoxatvas. rogorc identifikaciis niSani Zvali gadadis Taobidan Taobamde 

STamomavlobaSi. Zval-gvari xevsurul dialeqtze Seurevnel STamomavlobas anu 

gvaris Tavis TavTan identobaze miuTiTebs. am TvalTaxedviT, Zvali is 

substanciaa, romelzec aRbeWdili tvifari waruSlelia. `me kacisa arc sikeTe 

damcildebisa’ arc siave: orTav ZvalT damewerebis~ [WinWarauli, 1054]. ix. 

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ezekielis xilva: Zvlebis aRdgoma RvTis sulis STaberviT (37:1-8), kecalkoatlis 

mier `Zvirfasi Zvlebis~ moZieba kacTa modgmis asaRorZineblad nahuatlis 

miTologiaSi. 

Suamdinarul kosmo-anTropogoniur teqstebSi. adamiani iqmneba Tixis, 

xorcisa da sisxlisgan. Tixa mis miwier mxareze laparakobs, xorci da sisxli _ 

RvTiurze: es sisxli da xorci adamianis Sesaqmnelad msxverplad Sewiruli 

RmerTis sisxli da xorcia. teqsti ambobs: 

èrTi RmerTi unda daiklas, 

mis xorcSi da sisxlSi 

ninxursangam Tixa mozilos, 

raTa RmerTi da adamiani TixaSi gaerTiandnen...~ 

[ebelingi 1931, gv. 176] 

adamianis xorcis gansakuTrebuloba sxvagvaradac aris gamoxatuli. 

ùzumuaSi, cisa da miwis kavSirSi, 

lamga-RvTaebebi unda davklaT, 

maTi sisxlisgan kacTa modgma SevqmnaT...~ 

[ebelingi 1916, str. 24-26] 

uzu-mu-a, romelic samyaros centrSi (duranqi) mdebareobs, Tavisi 

etimologiiT metyvelebs Tavis Tavze, igi niSnavs `xorcis aRmocenebis (adgils) 

~. am adgilze mxolod adamianuri arseba iqmneba, ara cxovelebi. 

wina teqstis erTi RmerTi da es lamga-RvTaeba kosmogoniuri miTosis 

arsebebia, romlebic qaosis laSqarSi ibrZodnen kosmosis RmerTebis winaaRmdeg. 

am miTosiT ori ram aris naTqvami: a) adamianis xorci gansakuTrebuli 

warmoSobisaa da b) adamianSi damnaSave da dasjilis (amitom aris adamiani 

codvad midrekili), sisxli Cqefs. es sixli Tavs iCens warRvnis epizodSi: 

qaosis RmerTi axla adamianis bunebidan ganagrZobs amboxs kosmosis winaaRmdeg. 

adamiani isjeba warRvniT, romelic TavisTavad qaosis mobrunebaa. adamiani 

isjeba imave danasaulisTvis, rac qaosi RmerTebma kosmosis RmerTebis 

winaaRmdeg Caidines. 

II. adamiani _ miwaTmoqmedi 

`da aiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla 

edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad~ (dab. 2:15). 

es fuZemdebluri pasaJi gveubneba, rom edemis baRi miwis gansakuTrebuli 

monakveTia, romelic absoluturad gansxvavdeba edems gareT mdebare danarCeni 

teritoriisgan, sadac adami moxvda dacemis Semdeg. edemSi adamis 

damokidebuleba miwisadmi gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisgan, romelic edems 

gareT warmoiSva. enas surs gamoxatos es damokidebuleba. ramdenime Targmani 

miaxloebiT gadmoscems am pasaJis Canafiqrs. martin buberi, ganTqmuli 

bibleisti da religiuri moazrovne, amgvar Targmans gvTavazobs: Ihn zu bedienen 

und ihn zu hüten, `raTa emsaxuros mas (miwas) da daicvas igi~ [buberi]. aseve andre 

Suraki (Chouraqui) frangulad: Pour le servir et pour le garder [Suraki] da iungi 

inglisur sityvasityviT TargmanSi: to serve [iangi]. yvela danarCeni Targmani, maT 

Soris qarTulic, utilitarul damokidebulebas xedavs am urTierTobaSi, rac 

ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli _ igi adamsa da miwas Soris mxolod edems gareT 

Seqmnil urTierTobas asaxavs da, amdenad, calmxrivia. edemSi sazrdos mopoveba 

adamisgan ar moiTxovda oflis mRvrel Sromas. uflis sasjeli `tanjviT 

miiRebde misgan sazrdels (dab. 3:17)~ da `pirofliani Wamde purs~ (dab. 3:19) 

gulisxmobs Secvlil mdgomareobas, roca adamis msaxureba miwisadmi edems 

gareT mZime Sromad da satanjvelad aris Secvlili. ebraul zmnebs yabad da 

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Samar Zveli aRTqmis mTel teqstSi religiuri msaxurebis, morCielbis da 

Tayvaniscemis Sinaarsi aqvs, mxolod zogierT SemTxvevaSi ixmareba es zmna 

sekularuli _ rogorc raimes fizikuri xeliT keTebis an Senaxvis _ 

mniSvnelobiT [leqsikoni, 640]. biblia dums imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad raSi 

gamoixateboda miwisadmi msaxureba da misi dacva, an ra saxis iyo is sazrdo, 

romelic adams am msaxurebis sanacvlod unda moepovebina. magram es msaxureba 

rom RvTis xatis Sesaferi sulier-SemoqmedebiTi aqti unda yofiliyo da ara 

pragmatul-utilitaruli, aSkaraa. 

Suamdinaruli koncefciis Tanaxmad, romelsac bibliuri anTropogonia 

exmaureba, am adamianis pirveli amocana miwasTan aris dakavSirebuli da is 

religiis niSans atarebs. yvelaferi, rasac adamiani akeTebs miwaze, Tundac es 

iyo Tavis gamokveba da dedamiwaze cxovrebis mowtoba, dawyebuli utilitaruli 

saqmianobiT, kulturis mSeneblobit damtavrebuli, RmerTebis samsaxurisTvis 

keTdeba. aamianis yvela saqmianoba religiuri mzsaxurebis gamoxatulebaa. 

`RmerTTa samsaxuri xvedrad davuwesoT: 

maradRe izrunon sasazRvro arxebze, 

Toxi da godori xelSi eWiroT, 

aSenon RmerTebis sadgomebi, 

mindori mindvrisgan gamijnon, 

arxebs swori gza warumarTon, 

morwyan qveynis oTxive mxare, 

mcenareebi miwidan aRmoacenon, 

gaapoxieron anunaqTa veli, 

qveynad siuxve amravlon, 

gamarTon RmerTebis dResaswaulebi...~ 

[ebelingi 1916, str. 27...] 

zogadad rom vTqvaT, am teqstis Tanaxmad, adamianis movaleoba 

mdgomareobs RmerTebis mier dawyebuli saqmis gagrZelebaSi. RmerTebs 

gamzadebuli aqvT miwis reliefi im mizandasaxulobiT, rom adamiani arxebs 

gaiyvans mdinareTa Soris (es mdinareebi tigrosi da evfratia), anu Seqmnas 

sarwyavi qseli da mudmivad izrunos mis wesrigze. amitomac aris, rom 

Suamdinareli mefe qveynis miwaTmoqmedis (engar) tituls atarebs. da 

niSandoblivia, rom misi sainauguracio himnSi mas arxebis gayvanisken 

mouwodeben. niSandoblivia isic, rom pirveli qmedeba, rasac mefe sCadis 

kurTxvevis Semdeg, taZris ezoSi xis dargvaa. 

miwaTmoqmedebis religiur ganzomilebas amxels enac: miwaTmoqmedeba 

adamianis saarsebo amocanebs emsaxureba, magram, amavdroulad da, SesaZloa, 

pirvel rigSi, es saqmianoba RmerTebis samsaxuris erT-erTi saxea 

msxverplSewirvebisa da religiur dResaswaulTa gverdiT. amitomac sruliad 

kanonzomieria, rom Tavad enac gamoxatavdes am igiveobas. babilonur enaze 

palix niSnavs `moSiSsac” (palix ili `RvTis moSiSi”) da `miwis mxvnelsac”. 

sxvadasxva xalxebis miTebi mowmoben miwaTmoqmedebis saRvTo warmoSobaze 

(gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa es berZnul samyaroSi, sadac miwaTmoqmedeba 

qalRmerT demetres mier aRmoCenilad da daarsebulad aris miCneuli. demetresa 

da kores miToszea dafuZnebuli elevsinis misteria, romelic samiwaTmoqmedo 

weliwadis dawyebis aRsaniSnavad imarTeboda aTenSi). 

III. mwyemsi 

Tumca adamma ver hpova mis mier saxeldebul arsebebSi Tavisi bunebis 

Tanaziari arseba, erT rames mainc miaRwia, saxeldobr, imas, risTvisac RmerTma 

ganawesa igi: èpatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs...~ (1:26). radgan 

saxeldebaSi arsebaTa SecnobasTan erTad maTze patronobac igulisxmeba. visac 

saxels varqmevT, Cveni sapatronebelia da vuflobT maTze. saxelis codna 

saxelmdebels aZlevs patronobis uflebas da akisrebs valdebulebasac. 

4

meore sakiTxi, romelic wamoiWreba am konteqstSi: biblia gveubneba, rom 

yvela qmnileba, maT Soris cxovelebic, `Tav-Tavis gvarisda mixedviT~ Seiqmna 

(dab. 1:21,24,25). `Tav-Tavis gvarisda mixedviT~ Seqmnil cxovelebs Tav-Tavisi 

saxelebi aqvT: erTi gvarisani (behemah) is cxovelebi arian, romlebic unda 

daqvemdebarebuliyvnen adamianur sazogadoebaSi Semosvlas. meore gvaris 

cxovelebi (xaiaT ha-arec) im gvaris cxovelTa samyaroa, romelic velur 

pirobebSi unda darCeniliyo. gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, TiTqos adamianma 

cxovelebi sameurneo miznebisTvis moiSinaura, magram arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, 

romlis Tanaxmad adamianma cxovelebi Tavis sazogadoebaSi Tavisi simartovis 

amosavsebad Semoiyvana, rasac mxolod cxovelebTan, ara miwasTan, urTierTobis 

ZaliT SeZlebda. sxva TvalsazrisiT, Tavad cxovelebi mividnen adamianebTan, 

Tavi dauxares da, maTgan mfarvelobis sanacvlod, samsaxuri gamoucxades. xolo, 

rac Seexeba gareul cxovelebs, maTTan adamianebs sxva ena hqondaT. adamianis 

mimarT cxovelTa am gansxvavebul poziciaSi yofnas ena sagangebod mijnavs 

erTmaneTisgan: Sinauri cxoveli daikvlis (an msxverplad Seiwirvis), gareuli 

moikvlis. da- da mo- zmniswinebiT gamoxatuli aqtebis gadamisamarTeba 

Seuracxmyofelia rogorc erTisTvis, ise meorisTvis. 

adamianuri arsebis maRali warmoSobisa da misi gansakuTrebulobis 

fonze Suamdinarul literaturaSi da xelovnebaSi vadasturebT sruliad 

gansxvavebul koncefcias adamianis warsulis Sesaxeb. am koncefcias SegviZlia 

paleo-evolucionisturi an, Tundac, paleo-darvinistuli vuwodoT. ai, rogoria 

pirvelSeqmnili adamiani Suamdinaruli warmodgeniT: 

`kacobriobam im Zvel dReebSi 

puris Wama ar icoda, 

tanisamosis Cacma ar icoda, 

xalxi tanSiSveli dadioda, 

balaxs, rogorc cxvari, piriT Wamda, 

wyals arxebidan svamda~ 

[xorbali da cxvari str. 20-25]. 

pirvelSeqmnili adamianis es koncefcia realizebulia `gilgameSis 

eposSi~ enqidus saxiT. igi Tavisi Seqmnidanve cxovelur saxes atarebs. eposis 

erT-erTi personaJi, usaxelo monadire, romelic mas sanadiro adgilebSi 

gadaeyara, mas moixseniebs rogorc lula-amelus, rac sxva arafers niSnavs, Tu 

ara velurs kacs. [aRsaniSnavia, rom kompozitis pirveli wevri lula (Tu 

lulu) zagrosis mTianeTis erT-erTi tomis saxelia]. magram es lula-amelu ara 

ubralod aracivilizebuli arsebaa, aramed cxoveluri atributebiT aris 

Semkuli da cxoveluri wesiT cxovrobs: sxeuli banliT aqvs dafaruli 

(SesaZloa, rqebic amSvenebdes da Cliqebic hqondes, rogorc amas gliptikuri 

sabeWdavebi gvisuraTebs) da cxoveliviT Zovs balaxs da cxoveliviT iklavs 

wyurvils. erTaderTi niSani, riTac is Tavisi samwyosgan gansxvavdeba, orfexze 

siarulia. da erTaderTi movaleoba, romelic am arsebas akisria, es aris 

gareuli pirutyvebis (Tavadac pir-utyvia) patronoba. 

magram jer rac Seexeba enqidus gaCenas, anTropogoniis am versiisTvis 

mainc ucxo ar aris adamianis RvTis xatad Seqmnis bibliuri idea. ai, rogor 

iqceva enqidus Semqmneli qalRmerTi aruru: 

`cis RmerTis xati gulSi Caisaxa, 

merme ganibana xelebi arurum, 

Tixa mozila, velze dagdo, 

velad moavlina gmiri enqidu, 

velebis naSieri, ninurTas Zalisa, 

Tmebi mozrdia dedakaciviT, 

nisabas darad ayria varjebi, 

ar icis xalxi, arc mkvidri mxare, 

tanT sumukanis samosi mosavs. 

qurcikTan erTad saZovrad dadis, 

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gareul jogTan wyals ewafeba... 

[gilgameSi, I, 56-67]. 

`cis RmerTis (an: anis) xati~ (ziqru Sa anim) es gamoTqma amgvaradac 

SeiZleba gavigoT, ziqru sityvis amosaval mniSvnelobas (sityva, fiqri, idea) 

daveyrdnobiT: aruru qmnis am arsebas cis RmerTis brZanebis an Canafiqris 

mixedviT, rac Sors ar aris RvTisxatobis ideisgan. asea Tu ise, enqidus arseba 

caSia Cafiqrebuli, igi ar aris savsebiT miwieri warmoSobis, Tumca 

adamianobamde, araTu RmerTamde, bevri uklia. kacoba misi aucdeneli xvedia, misi 

bedisweraa, xolo cxoveloba misi kacuri biografiis winaistoriaa da, amdenad, 

warmavali. enqiduSi cxoveluri kacuris sawyisiT unda daiZlios. 

viciT, rom adamianis xorci samyaros SuagulSi (uzumua, duranqi) Seiqmna, 

`gilgameSianis~ versiiT ki enqidu civilizebuli samyaros gareT _ velze 

ibadeba iseve, rogorc `velis jogi~ (bul ceri), romelic aseve arurus 

gaCenilia. amitomac enqidu ufro met msgavsebas gareul jogebTan iCens. `tanT 

sumukanis samosi mosavs~ gvamcnobs mis tyiur garegnobas. `sumukanis samosi~ 

gareuli cxovelebis mwyemsis samosia. enqidu, rogorc velis jogebis mwyemsi, 

upirispirdeba adamians, Sinauri pirutyvis mwyemss da mis umaRles gansaxierebas 

_ mefes, romelic tradiciulad Suamdinarul teqstebSi Tavisi xalxis mwyemsad 

iwodeba. magram rac unda didi iyos mefis avtoriteti, misi mwyemsoba ar 

vrceldeba velur pirutyvze, romelTac Tavisi patroni hyavs. es aris sumukani, 

romelsac im adgilze, sadac eposis usaxelo monadire moRvaweobs, enqidu cvlis 

Tavisi mxecur-adamianuri personiT. magram Tu enqidus bunebaSi Cadebulia 

ganviTarebis impulsi, sumukani, romlis oreulebi samonadireo kulturebSi 

mravlad arian, samudamod rCeba nadiris mwyemsad. masa da adamians Soris 

iseTive gadaulaxavi ufskrulia, rogoric Sinaur da gareul cxovelebs Soris. 

es cxovelebi, romlebic ase morCilad dayvebian maT mwyemss, arasodes an 

verasodes gadalaxaven im samans, romelic gavlebulia Sinaursa da gareuls 

Soris, dabasa da udabnos Soris, kulturasa da bunebas Soris. veluri jogi 

rCeba nadirad, romelsac inadirebs adamiani an ZaliT, an cbierebiT, an 

motacebiT _ amas yvelafers ewodeba efiS ceri `velis saqme~ _ anu veloba, 

sityva, romelic sxvaTa Soris xevsurul dialeqtze sxvas arafers niSnavs Tu 

ara, `brZolad yofnas~, xolo nadirobac igive brZolaa, sadac ara mxolod 

nadiri, aramed monadirec iRupeba. 

monadireoba saomari moqmedebaa, gansakuTrebiT koleqtiuri nadiroba, rom 

araferi vTqvaT individualur nadirobaze, romelic xSirad orTabrZolis 

xasiaTs iRebs, ris magaliTad "leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa" kmara. gareuli mxeci 

ucxoa, rogorc barbarosi, da nadiroba omia maT winaaRmdeg, romelsac 

ganuwyvetliv eweva qveynis mefe. is Tavis qveyanas icavs rogorc momxduri 

mtrebisgan, aseve mxecebisgan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maTgan Semosevis mudmiv 

saSiSroebas. bibliis Tanaxmad, rogorc mteri, iseve mxeci SimSilTan da Sav 

WirTan erTad iaraRia uflis xelSi, romelTac igi periodulad mouvlens urC 

xalxs dasasjelad. da mefe, qveynis politikuri usafrTxoebisa da nayofierebis 

garanti, valdebulia daicvas qveyana am oTxi ubedurebisgan. arsebobs erTgvari 

analogia Tavdamsxmel gareul mxecebsa da momxdur ucxo tomebs Soris, 

amitomac ar iqneba moulodneli, Tu nadirobis scenebs (lom-vefxvebTan da sxva 

mtacebel mxecebTan), romlebic amSvebdnen aSurel mefeTa sasaxlis kedlebs, 

qveynis mtrebTan brZolis simbolur gamoxatulebad CavTvliT. 

nadirobasa da brZolas Soris analogiisTvis: nadirobis iseve, rogorc brZolis 

Sedegi SeiZleba iyo sicocxlis ganadgureba _ mtrebs da nadirs xocaven; an tyved 

wasxma _ mters tyved igdeben, cxovelebs xafangebiT an ormoebis saSualebiT 

inadireben, gansxvaveba is aris, rom gareuli cxovelebs ver iSinaureben, raTa tyveebiviT 

amuSaon meurneobaSi; an gadasaxleba _ dapyrobil mosaxleobas axal teritoriebze 

daasaxleben, cxovelebs rezervuarebSi aTavseben, erTic da meorec farTod iyo 

gavrcelebuli Suamdinarel, gansakuTrebiT, aSurel mefeTa praqtikaSi. 

6

gilgameSis eposis mizandasaxulobisTvis, ufro sworad, enqidus, rogorc 

movlenis, sazrisis gaxsnisTvis, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom pirveli adamiani, visac 

gadaeyreba gareuli jogis mwyemsi, monadirea. vidre adamianTa sazogadoebaSi 

misi integracia moxdebodes, igi jer monadires, Tavis antagonists, unda Sexvdes, 

raTa moixsnas, gadailaxos totaluri dapirispireba. es aris nadirTmwyemsis da 

monadiris interesTa Sejaxeba. isini erTmaneTis dauZinebeli mtrebi arian da, 

vidre enqidu gareuli jogis mwyemsia, es mtroba grZeldeba. vidre igi udabnos 

jogTan erTad moZraobs sanadiro sivrceSi, monadire sulmudam xelmocaruli 

iqneba. enqidu ara mxolod xels uSlis nadirobaSi monadires (arRvevs mis 

xafangebs, avsebs ormoebs), aramed moiwevs dasaxlebuli teritoriisken, 

afarToebs ra Tavisi jogebisTvis asparezs. sabolood, es aris bunebis Seteva 

kulturaze. amis sapasuxod monadirem unda gaaumjobesos Tavisi sanadiro 

iaraRi, srulyos nadirobis meTodebi. mas gacilebiT meti resursi aqvs 

saamisod, radgan is adamiania, iaraRis mkeTebeli arsebaa. da mis gzas 

srulyofilebisken dasasruli ara aqvs. nadirTpatronis SesaZleblobebi ki 

SezRudulia im azriT, rom erTxel da samudamod mocemuli da dasazRvrulia. 

masSi ar aris Cadebuli ganviTarebis muxti. aseTia samonadireo miTosis nadirT 

patroni da mwyemsi. samonadireo miTosSi mogvarebulia es winaaRmdegoba, es 

interesTa konfliqti. monadire da nadirT patroni deben xelSekrulebas: 

mwyemsi iZleva nadirs, samagierod monadires raRac pirobis Sesruleba hmarTebs. 

am xelSekrulebis ZaliT dapirispireba megobrobaSi gadaizrdeba, an 

siyvarulSi, Tu nadirT mwyemsi dedria: dali, tyaSimafa, artemisi da sxvani da 

sxvani, romlebiTac dasaxlebulia msoflio samonadireo miTosis samyaro. 

magram samonadireo miTosi, romelic unda asaxavdes monadirisa da 

n a d i r T b a t o n i s u r T i e r T o b a s , S u a m d i n a r u l w e r i l o b i T t e q s t e b S i 

dadasturebuli ar aris. `gilgameSianSi~ amgvari urTierToba monadiresa da 

nadirTmwyemss Soris realizebuli ar aris. enqidu, rogors nadirTpatroni da 

mwyemsi sxvagvarad aris neitralizebuli, raTa moinadires daubrkoleblad 

SeeZlos nadiroba. magram vidre enqidus gankacebaze gadavidodeT, unda vaxsenoT 

kidev erTi arseba, romelsac aseve gankacebis gza aqvs gasavleli. rogor xdeba 

tradiciul miTosSi im arsebis gankaceba, zemoT rom SevxvdiT, romelmac puris 

Wama ar ar icis, tanis Semosva ar icis? ai, rogor grZeldeba is pasaJi, romelic 

am pirvelqmnili arsebis portrets da daxasiaTebas iZleva (ix. zemoT): 

maSin RmerTebis Seqmnis adgilze, 

maT saxlSi, brwyinvale borcvze 

cxvari da xorbali Seiqmna 

[xorbali da cxvari, 26-27]. 

cxvari da xorbali brwyinvale borcvidan Camoiyvanes, 

cxvari Tavis farexSi dabinavda, 

balaxi uxvad uwilades, 

xorbali Tavis yanaSi moaTavses, 

uReli da guTani misces... 

[xorbali da cxvari, 42-46]. 

da es Seqmnili `cxvari~ da `xorbali~, romlebSic mejogeoba da miwaTmoqmedebaa 

ganivTebuli, RmerTebma Camouyvanes am arsebebs `metafizikuri~ samyarodan, raTa 

maTi saSualebiT srulqmnili adamianobisTvis mieRwiaT. es arseba, rogorc 

bavSvi, saWiroebda aRzrdas da ganswavlas, raTa cxvrisa da xorblis gamoyeneba 

SeZleboda. anu masSi adamianuri cxovrebis unarebi unda Canergiliyo an 

gaRviZebuliyo. Tumca SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom Suamdinaruloi anTropologia 

ar cnobs adamianSi Tandayolil unarebs. adamiani, am koncefciiT, gaCenilia 

rogorc sufTa dafa (tabula rasa), romelzec RvTaebrivma arsebebma àdamianoba~ 

(nam-lu-ulu) unda daweron. sagulisxmoa. es arsebani ki okeanidan (sibrZnis 

RmerTis enqis samflobelodan, àbzus wylebidan~) amosuli Tevz-kacebia 

(afqalebi), romlebmac sxvadasxva adgilebSi erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi am 

pirvelqmnil arsebebs aswavles adamianuri cxovreba da Caunerges saamiso 

7

unarebi, ris Semdegac maT ukve unda SeZlebodaT miwaze civilizebuli yofis 

damkvidreba: jogebis moSeneba (cxvris mwyemsoba), miwis piris ganayofiereba 

(xorblis kultivireba), qalaqTa gaSeneba, RmerTebisTvis taZrebis ageba da sxva 

da sxva. 

es aris gankacebis tradiciulad miRebuli miTosi, magram enqidus 

gankaceba-ganswavla sxva gziT xorcieldeba. 

IV. enqidus meored dabadeba 

`RmerTo, moZRvaro! adamianis RmerTo, 

Cemi RmerTi xar Sen, romelmac, rogorc 

lekvs, Tvali amixile, adamianad maqcie~ 

(babilonuri locva) 

gamoCndeba qali, romelic gamoZerwavs misgan an gaaRviZebs masSi adamians. 

es qali, saxelad SamxaT (mxiaruli~), ekuTvnis inanas taZris qalqurumTa dass, 

romelic saRvTo qorwinebis ritualebs warmarTavs uruqSi, sadac dedris 

prioriteti TavlsaCinoa: es qalaqi qalRmerT inanas sapatronebeli qalaqia, 

qalRmerTma aRWurva es qalaqi civilizaciis sawyisebiT, romlebic man Tavisi 

qaluri momxiblaobis meSveobiT gamostyua sibrZnis RmerTs enqis. axla inanas 

erT-erTi msaxuri itvirTavs enqidus gankacebas, raTa igi Seiyvanos qalaqis 

civilizebul sazogadoebaSi. gankaceba, romelic SamxaTis xeliT monadiris 

Tvalwin mimdinareobs, gulisxmobs misi fizikuri sxeulis da mSvinvier-sulieri 

bunebis TandaTanobiT gardaqmna-feriscvalebas. qalTan urTierTobam, romelic 

fizikuri SeuRlebis aqtiT iwyeba, velurs TandaTan SeaTvisebina adamianuri 

elementaruli Cvevebi. es aris Semosva, moSvebuli Tmebis Sekveca, sma-Wamis 

wesebi... 

`saWmeli daudes win, 

pirmokumuli uWvrets, aSterdeba: 

ar icis enqidum saWmelis Wama, 

sasmelis sma ar uswavlia 

SamxaTma ganaxvna bage, enqidus eubneba: 

Wame saWmeli, enqidu, sicicxlis sazrdo, 

sasmeli Sesvi, qveynis wesisamebr. 

igema enqidum Wamadi ZRomamde, 

da Svidi kaTxa sasmeli Sesva, 

guli moelxina, saxe gaunaTlda, 

xeli moisva faCvnier tanze, 

zeTiT daizila, kacad gadaiqca, 

Caicva samosi, siZes daemsgavsa...~ 

[gilgameSi, II, 16-32] 

aq sainteresoa, rom adamianis formireba, `bunebis Svilis~ adamianad 

gardaqmna siZis statusiT gvirgvindeba, raSic qalis monawileoba gadamwyvetia. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is enqidu, romelic uruqis sazogadoebas moevlina, 

SamxaTis, rogorc pedagogis, Semoqmedebaa. es qali marTlac namdvili pedagogia 

am sityvis amosavali mniSvnelobiT: paid-agogos `bavSvis gamZRoli~. sxva 

saxeliT, Tua ara pedagogad, ver movixseniebT am qals, romelzec naTqvamia, rom 

igi `ZmasaviT wauZRva enqidus mwyemsTa sufrisken, farexisken~, sadac veluri 

Wama-smis adamianur wesebs da Sinauri cxovelebis mwyemsobis kulturas eziara. 

dedris prioriteti daZmur urTierTobaSi moulodneli ar iqneba, Tu 

gavixsenebT dumuzis eposs, sadac ori qali _ satrfo inana da da _ geSTinana 

aSkarad upiratesoben dumuzize: inanam Seiyvana mokvdavi kaci ukvdavTa ojaxSi, 

xolo geSTinana misi sizmrebis amxsneli da mudmivi mrCevelia, romlis gareSe 

dumuzi nabijsac ver dgams. 

8

enqidu ki gahyva qals uruqisken _ kulturisa da civilizaciisken, magram 

ra emarTeba mis sapatronebel jogs, sad midis igi? gankacebuls mounda 

ukanasknelad Seexeda Tavisi samwysosTvis: 

`saxe miabruna Tavisi jogisken. 

Sexedes enqidus da garbian qurcikni, 

velis jogi ganeSora mas~ 

[gilgameSi, I, 163-165]. 

Cans, jogma igrZno, rom enqidu veRar gauwevs maT mwyemsobas ara mxolod imis 

gamo, mas, rogorc adamians, aRar SeeZleba maTTan erTad siaruli (teqstSi 

naTqvamia, rom dakarga Zala, romelic sisxlxorceulad akavSirebda mas 

cxovelTa samyarosTan), ara mxolod fizikuri feriscvaleba abrkolebs maTi 

mwyemsobisgan, aramed zneobriv-mentaluri feriscvaleba _ fizikuri siZliere 

adamianuri unarebiT aris Senacvlebuli. Tumc mTvari am epizodSi is aris, rom 

enqidum gadainacvla arsebaTa sxva kategoriaSi. amieridan is SeiZleba 

monadirec gaxdes, amas grZnobs jogi da amitomac garbis misgan. jogi grZnobs, 

rom enqidu veRar iqneba maTi Semwe da maTi Sesaferi. 

sanam uruqSi ar misula, enqidu an monadirea, maSasadame, Tavisi Zveli 

samwysos mteri, an Sinauri jogebis mwyemsia. Tu adre udabnos jogs icavda 

mtacebeli mxecebisgan, axla mas Sinauri jogis dacva uxdeba; warmatebiT iyenebs 

udabnos gamocdilebas, oRond ukve homo faberis rolSi: pirveli, rac enqidum 

adamianurad Wama-smis (simbolurad, Tasis moxmarebis) Semdeg iswavla mwyemsebis 

sazogadoebaSi, iaraRis xelSi daWeraa: 

àiRo maxvili lomebis mosagerieblad, 

raTa moesvenaT farexSi mwyemsebs... 

mglebs daereoda, lomebs Seipyrobda, 

sarqlebs rom eZinaT. 

enqidu maTi mfarvelia, 

kaci mRviZare, uebro moyme~ 

[gilgameSi, II, 33-38] 

SamxaTis Semdeg enqidus gzaze kvlav vxvdebiT qals, romelic saboloo 

beWeds daasvams mis gankacebas: es aris gilgameSis deda, romelic aseve qalaqis 

dedac (ama-uru) aris, ninsuna, romlis meSveobiTac enqidu ukve sabolood 

eziareba uruqis urbanistul civilizacias _ mis sasikeTo da saziano mxareebs. 

amrigad, enqidus gankacebaSi sami qali monawileobs: aruru, romelmac mis 

bunebaSi adamianuri embrioni Cado; SamxaTi, romelmac moamzada igi qalaqSi 

Sesasvlelad da, bolos ninsuna, `qalaqis deda~, romelmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, 

meored SobiT aqcia igi uruqis srulyofil moqalaqed, qalaqis Svilad (dumuuru). 

VI. marTus CasiZeba Sumeris qalaqSi 

qalis roli gankacebaSi ar Semoifargleba enqidus miTosiT. oRond Tu 

enqidus SemTxvevaSi erT pirovnebas exeba saqme, Tumca is SeiZleba kacobriobis 

ontogenezs gamoxatavdes, arsebobs miTosi, sadac gveuwyeba kacis ambavi, 

romelsac, rogorc mTeli tomis eponims an, ufro, RvTaebas, Tavisi xalxi 

kacobriul kulturaSi Sehyavs, Tavad ki Sumer-aqadis panTeonSi imkvidrebs 

adgils. kaci Tu RvTaeba marTu warmoadgens semituri modgmis amorevelTa toms 

(amurru), romelic Sumeris miTosur istoriaSi marginalurad aris miCneuli, 

radgan igi moklebulia fundamentur koncepts _ àdamianobas~ (Sumerulad namlu-ulu, 

aqadurad ameluTu). marTus, rogorc kulturul kacobriobas 

mowyvetili adamianis yofa, romelic arc Tu Sorsaa enqidus cxovrebis 

nirisgan, qrestomaTiulia Sumerul mwerlobaSi. magram gankaceba ar aris 

marTus problema. misi problema kulturologiuria. 

9

ai, rogor axasiaTebs marTus Sumeruli teqstebi. erT kosmogoniur 

miTosSi kacobriobis gulSetkivarma RmerTma enqim dovlaTis ganawilebisas da 

xalxebis bedis gadawyvetisas `marTus, romelsac qalaqi ara aqvs, romelsac 

saxli ara aqvs, cxovelebi aCuqa~. amiT naTqvamia, rom uqalaqoba da usaxloba 

SesabamisobaSia mejogeobasTan da gamoricxavs miwaTmoqmedebas, rogorc mkvidri 

cxovrebis kulturas. Sumerulo teqstebSi marTus Tansdevs stereotipi: 

`marTu, romelmac xorbali (Se) ar icis~, an ufro srulad: `mTis marTu, 

romelmac xorbali ar icis~. am formulaSi xorbali (Se) ara mxolod 

miwaTmoqmedebis, mkvidri cxovrebis da civilizaciis, aramed adamianobis 

simboloc aris. puris codna da Wamaa, riTac adamiani sxva cocxal arsebaTagan 

gamoicnoba. es misi privilegiaa. ai, es privilegia ar mianiWa marTus yovlis 

ganmkargvelma RmerTma enqim. amitomac marTus Sumereli adamiani ar Tvlis 

srulyofil adamianad. `xorblis umecari~ (Se nu-zu) misi mudmivi epiTetia, Tan 

sdevs mas teqstidan teqstSi, sadac ki ixsenieba igi. samagierod, rogorc 

enqidus, mas aqvs didi Zala, rac SiSis zars scems civilizebul qveyanas. is 

eqspansiuria, miiwevs win, rogorc enqidu Tavisi jogiTurT, magram Sumeri 

igeriebs mas, rogorc monadire igeriebs enqidus: 

`mas Jams marTu, xorblis umecari, mTels Sumers da aqads Semoadga, magram 

uruqis kedeli frinvelTsaWeri badesaviT gadaefina udabnos...~ 

[lugalbanda, 304-305] 

magram marTu yovelTvis ar cdilobs ZaliT SeiWras civilizebul 

samyaroSi. miTosi mas gakulturebis sxva gzas sTavazobs. 

aris Sumeruli qalaqi qazalu, misi patroni RmerTi numuSda, numuSdas 

asuli adgar-qidugi. qalaqis dResaswaulze moxvdeba marTu, romelic 

asparezobaSi gaimarjvebs. numuSda jildod oqro-vercxls sTavazobs, magram 

marTu aras aqnevs nivTier dovlaTs, mas misi qaliSvilis xeli surs. qazalus 

RmerTi ar iwunebs sasiZod marTus. jeri qalwulzea, romelic Tanaxmaa gayves 

mas colad, magram saboloo gadawyvetileba ar miuRia da surs Tavisi 

daqalebis rCeva moisminos. daqalebi ase uxasiaTeben sasiZos da mis qveSevrdom 

xalxs: 

nanaris akrZaluls Wamen, SiSi ara aqvT; 

mudam udabnoSi daexetebian, 

tyavebiT arian Semosilni, 

karvebia maTi sacxovrebeli, 

minebebulni qarsa da wvimas, 

locvebis warmoTqma maT ar uwyian, 

muxlis moyra maT ar uwyian, 

umi xorcia maTi saWmeli, 

ar ician saxli, ar ician qalaqi, 

roca kvdebian, ar imarxebian” 

[marTu, 128-138]. 

daqalebi sabolood ekiTxeba qalwuls: `kidev mosurveb misTxovde 

marTus?” magram adgar-qidugs ar abrkolebs marTus barbarosoba, misi pasuxi 

uryevia da lakoniuri: `marTus mivTxovdebi”. 

marTus miTosi gvacnobs kulturis erTi xalxidan meore xalxze 

gadacemis process. marTu, marTu-xalxis RmerTi Tu RvTaebrivi eponimi, 

eziareba Sumeris kulturas, rogorc misi erT-erTi qalaqis RmerTis siZe. Tu 

marTu CasiZebulia qazalus RvTiur ojaxSi, aseve SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom marTus 

xalxic CasiZebulia qazalus sazogadoebaSi, romelic Sumeris kulturis ara 

mxolod nawils Seadgens, aramed mTlianad asaxavs kidec mas. 

garda `gilgameSianis” klasikuri magaliTisa, roca qalis xeliT 

xorcieldeba gadamwyveti aqtebi, rogoric SeiZleba iyos da aris, adamianis 

gardaqmna, feriscvaleba, Semobruneba an axal gzaze dadgoma da a. S., adamianis 

istorias amSvenebs sokrates aRsareba, sadac is Tavis inteleqtualur 

10

mowifulobas, rac WeSmaritebis siyvarulSi gamoixata, qals umadlis. 

yvelaferi, rasac sokrate `nadimSi~ laparakobs, ucxoeli qalis monaTxrobia. am 

qalis saxeli aris diotima, romelsac sokrate WeSmaritebis bebiaqals uwodebs. 

rogorc bebiaqali exmareba mSobiares bavSvis SobaSi, aseve diotima daexmara 

sokrates masSi azrovnebis unaris gaRviZebaSi. sokratec diotimas gzas adgas: 

Tu gadaavlebT Tvals platonis dialogebs, dainaxavT, rogor cdilobs 

sokrate, aswavlos Tavis Tanamosaubres azrovneba da am gziT aSobios 

WeSmariteba. Tu bebiaqalobis xelovnebas Cvens TemasTan davakavSirebT, unda 

iTqvas Semdegi: is, rasac bebiaqali aSobiebs mSobiares, Tavad mSobiareSia da 

ara garedan miwodebuli. Tu WeSmaritebaze iTqmis, rom igi adamianSia da mas 

mxolod gamovlena esaWiroeba, raTa adamianisTvis nacnobi gaxdes, igive 

SeiZleba iTqvas marTuze da `gilgameSianis” enqiduze, romelTa bunebaSi maTgan 

gaucnobiereblad SesaZleblobebis saxiT Tvlemda yvela is unari, romelTa 

manifestacia qalis meSveobiT ganxorcielda. 

VI. marTus antiparadigma 

RmerTi amurru (neoSumeruli teqstebis marTu), romelmac Sumerul-aqadur 

panTeonSi Semosvlisas cis RmerTis anis Zeoba miiRo, aRiwereba rogorc 

mwyemsi, rac savsebiT miesadageba momTabare amorevelTa warsuls. da rogorc 

RmerTi amurru-marTu damkvidrda Suamdinarul panTeonSi, aseve misi xalxi 

amorevelebi xangrZlivi infiltraciis Semdeg imdenad damkvidrdnen 

SuamdinareTSi, rom axali imperia Seqmnes babilonis saxiT, romlis istorias 

amoreuli dinastia (babilonis I dinastia) warmarTavda mTeli Svidi saukunis 

ganmavlobaSi (Zv. w. 1959-1659). ufro adre ki daaxloebiT oTxasi wlis winaT 

aqadis dinastiis mefe Sar-qali-Sari erTdroulad ebrZoda amorevelebs, 

rogorc stiqiur Zalas (mefem kedlis aSenebac ki daiwyo maTi urdoebis 

SesaCereblad) da maT TanamomTabare guTiums. magram Tu amorevelebma, marTus 

xalxma, Suamdinaruli kulturis SemTviseblebma, ganaviTares da gaamdidres igi, 

axal safexurze aiyvanes da TavianTi saboloo mkvidrobis niSnad samaradisod 

datoves kanonebis krebuli (xamurabis kanonebi), guTiumi, romelic asi wlis 

manZilze batonobda Sumerze, ver CaesiZa Sumeris kulturas da, rogoric iyo, 

imgvarive dabrunda Tavis mTianeTSi _ 

literatura 

`guTiumi, mTis gveleSapi, RmerTebis mteri, romelmac Sumeris mefoba mTaSi 

gaitaca, Sumeri SfoTiT aavso, colians coli mostaca, Svilians Svili 

mostaca, qveynad SuRli da mtroba daamkvidra...~ 

buberi: Die Schrift, verdeutscht von Martin Buber gemeinsam mit Franz Rosenzweig, Die 

fünf Bücher der Weisung, Darmstadt, 1988. 

gilgameSi: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, Tbilisi, 1984. 

ebelingi 1931: Ebeling E. Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellung der Babylonier I Teil: Texte, 

Berlin und Leipzig, 1931. 

ebelingi 1916: Ebeling E. Die Erschaffung des Menschen bei den Babyloniern (ZDMG, 70, 

1916). 

iangi: Young’s Literal Translation, eleqtronuli gamocema: http://yltbible.com/genesis/ 

1.htm 

leqsikoni: Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, vol. 2, R. Laird Harris (ed.), Moody 

Press, Chicago 

11

lugalbanda: Sumeruli teqstis eleqtronuli gamocema http:// 

etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.1.8.2*# 

marTu: Sumeruli teqstis eleqtronuli gamocema http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgibin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.1.7.1&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc# 

Suraki: La Bible traduite et présentée par André Chouraqui, Desclée de Brouwer, 1989. 

xorbali da cxvari: Sumeruli teqstis eleqtronuli gamocema http:// 

etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgibin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.5.3.2&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc# 

WinWarauli: WinWarauli al., xevsuruli leqsikoni, `qarTuli ena~, 

Tbilisi, 2005. 

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adamiani bibliur droSi - Reso Kiknadze

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