gadaSenebuli organizmebi - Ganatleba
gadaSenebuli organizmebi - Ganatleba
gadaSenebuli organizmebi - Ganatleba
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1<br />
Tavi<br />
1<br />
Tavi<br />
<strong>gadaSenebuli</strong> <strong>organizmebi</strong><br />
am nawilSi Seityob:<br />
rogor warmoiqmna dedamiwa;<br />
rodis gaCnda sicocxle dedamiwaze;<br />
rogori iyo buneba Zalian didi xnis win;<br />
rogor gaiges adamianebma dinozavrebis<br />
arsebobis Sesaxeb;<br />
ratom gadaSendnen dinozavrebi;<br />
SeZleb:<br />
<strong>gadaSenebuli</strong> <strong>organizmebi</strong><br />
Seadaro uZvelesi da Tanamedrove orga-<br />
nizmebi;<br />
aRadgino namarxi;<br />
CaerTo kvlevebSi da gaxde `patara<br />
mecnieri~;<br />
gamoTqva sakuTari mosazreba, Tu ratom<br />
gadaSendnen esa Tu is <strong>organizmebi</strong>.
1<br />
§ 12<br />
zavropodebi meCxeri<br />
kbilebiT foTlebs kargad<br />
wyvetdnen, magram ver<br />
ReWavdnen.<br />
22<br />
Tavi<br />
barozavri<br />
yvelaze didi dinozavrebi<br />
dedamiwaze odesme arsebul cxovelTa Soris<br />
yvelaze didebi mcenarismWameli dinozavrebi iyvnen.<br />
maT zavropodebi erqvaT. zavropodebs patara<br />
Tavi da Zalze grZeli kiseri hqondaT. aseTi<br />
kiseri maRal xeebze norCi ylortebis mowyvetaSi<br />
exmarebodaT.<br />
dRevandeli balaxismWameli cxovelebis<br />
msgavsad, zavropodebi mudam WamiT iyvnen dakavebulni.<br />
maT meCxeri kbilebi hqondaT. aseTi kbilebiT<br />
mcenareebis daReWva SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom<br />
isini saWmels dauReWavad ylapavdnen da Tan patara<br />
qvebs ayolebdnen. kuWSi moxvedrili qvebi erTmaneTs<br />
exaxuneboda, sakvebs aqucmacebda da fafad<br />
aqcevda.<br />
diplodoki<br />
apaTozavri<br />
braqiozavri<br />
es zavropodebis saxeobebia. zavropodebi<br />
mSvidad cxovrobdnen. sxva cxovelebi maT<br />
Tavdasxmas ver ubedavdnen.<br />
rogor fiqrob, ratom?<br />
zavropodebi jogebad cxovrobdnen. rodesac<br />
maT naSiers safrTxe emuqreboda, isini wres kravdnen<br />
da patarebs SuaSi moaqcevdnen xolme.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
zogi Tanamedrove cxovelic zavropodebis<br />
msgavsad icavs Tavis naSiers.<br />
1. rogor icavdnen naSiers mtrisgan didi dinozavrebi?<br />
<strong>gadaSenebuli</strong> <strong>organizmebi</strong><br />
es sainteresoa...<br />
zavropodebis msgavsad,<br />
sakvebTan erTad qvebs<br />
mravali Tanamedrove<br />
frinveli da zogi<br />
qvewarmavali, magaliTad,<br />
niangi, ylapavs.<br />
2. riT gansxvavdebodnen zavropodebi sxva mcenarismWameli dinozavrebisgan?<br />
3. rogor fiqrob, ra mouvidodaT zavropodebs foTlebTan erTad qvebic<br />
rom ar CaeylapaT?<br />
Seadare grZelkisera Jirafi zavropods, ipove maT agebulebaSi msgavseba<br />
da gansxvaveba. zavropodi qvewarmavlebis jgufs ekuTvnoda. cxovelebis<br />
romel jgufs ekuTvnis Jirafi?<br />
2
1<br />
§ 13<br />
es dinozavris brWyalebia.<br />
ra mniSvneloba hqonda<br />
msxverplis daWerisas aseT<br />
grZel brWyalebs?<br />
2<br />
Tavi<br />
veloceraptori<br />
xorcismWameli dinozavrebi<br />
mSvidobiani mcenarismWamelebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
xorcismWameli dinozavrebi sxva cxovelebs esxmodnen<br />
Tavs. Tumca zogierTi maTgani leSiT, anu<br />
mkvdari cxovelebiTac ikvebeboda.<br />
TiTqmis yvela xorcismWameli dinozavri ukana<br />
fexebze amarTuli dadioda. grZeli da Zlieri<br />
fexebiT isini swrafad darbodnen. wina kidurebi<br />
SedarebiT mokle hqondaT da msxverplis dasaWerad<br />
iyenebdnen.<br />
xorcismWameli dinozavrebi basri eSvebiT da<br />
brWyalebiT, mZlavri ybebiTa da Ronieri fexebiT<br />
gamoirCeodnen. gansakuTrebiT sastiki tiranozavri<br />
iyo. igi brWyalebiTa da kbilebiT iolad fatravda<br />
mowinaaRmdegis qerclian kansa da kunTebs.<br />
tiranozavri didi zomis iyo da damoukideblad nadirobda.<br />
daakvirdi tiranozavris kbilebs. saiT aris<br />
mimarTuli kbilebis wvetebi?<br />
rogor fiqrob, raSi daexmareboda kbilebis<br />
aseTi ganlageba xorcismWamelebs?<br />
celofizisi<br />
troodoni<br />
xorcismWamelebis mravali saxeoba arsebobda.<br />
zogi maTgani patara da mkvircxli iyo. isini<br />
did cxovelebze gundurad nadirobdnen.<br />
zogi mtacebeli sxva dinozavris budeebidan<br />
kvercxebs `iparavda~. aseT dinozavrebs kvercxis<br />
naWuWis dasamtvrevad niskarti ganuviTardaT.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
aRwere dinozavris niskarti. rogor<br />
fiqrob, ratom sWirdeboda aseTi<br />
agebulebis niskarti?<br />
1. riT gansxvavdebodnen xorcismWameli dinozavrebi sxva dinozavrebisgan?<br />
2. rogor fiqrob, ratom nadirobdnen patara zomis dinozavrebi gundurad?<br />
sxvadasxva dinozavrs TaTebze brWyalebis gansxvavebuli raodenoba<br />
hqonda. suraTebis mixedviT daadgine, ramdenbrWyaliani dinozavrebi<br />
arsebobdnen. Cawere monacemebi rveulSi mocemuli sqemis Sesabamis<br />
ujraSi.<br />
1 2<br />
5<br />
xorcismWameli dinozavrebi<br />
<strong>gadaSenebuli</strong> <strong>organizmebi</strong><br />
_ brWyaliani _ brWyaliani<br />
_ brWyaliani<br />
3<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2
1<br />
§ 14-15<br />
2<br />
Tavi<br />
lioplevrodoni<br />
pleziozavri<br />
qvewarmavlebi ipyroben<br />
dedamiwas<br />
Sen ukve gaecani xmeleTze mcxovreb qvewarmavlebs<br />
– dinozavrebs. dinozavrebTan erTad qvewarmavlebis<br />
sxva saxeobebi zRvebSi, xmeleTze da haer<br />
Si binadrobdnen.<br />
zRvaSi mcxovreb yvela qvewarmavals filtvebi<br />
hqonda. amitom isini haeris CasasunTqad wylis zedapirze<br />
amodiodnen. maTi umravlesoba kvercxs<br />
xmeleTze debda.<br />
iqTiozavri zRvis erTaderTi qvewarmavali iyo,<br />
romelic kvercxs ar debda. is Tavis naSiers cocxlad,<br />
wyalSi Sobda.<br />
es uZvelesi qvewarmavali sxeulis<br />
gasaTbobad zurgze aRmarTul<br />
`ialqans~ mzes uficxebda.<br />
zRvis uZvelesi qvewarmavlebi saukeTeso<br />
mcuravebi iyvnen. Seadare maTi agebuleba<br />
xmeleTis binadar qvewarmavlebs. sxeulis<br />
ra nawilebi aqvT zRvis qvewarmavlebs<br />
gansxvavebuli? rogor fiqrob, ratom?<br />
iqTiozavri<br />
adreuli niangi<br />
zogierT qvewarmavals droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
frTebi gaezarda. ase gaCnda mfrinavi qvewarmavlebi.<br />
maTi tyavis frTebi sxeulsa da kidurebs Soris<br />
iyo gadaWimuli. yvela mfrinav qvewarmavals<br />
saocrad msubuqi Zvlebi hqonda, rac frenas uadvilebda.<br />
aRwere mfrinavi qvewarmavlis –<br />
pterodaqtilis frTebi, niskarti.<br />
rogor fiqrob, sad unda ecxovra aseTi didi<br />
frTebis mqone qvewarmavals, rom afrenaSi<br />
xeli ar SeSloda? riT gansxvavdebian es<br />
qvewarmavlebi frinvelebisgan?<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
1. romel saarsebo garemoSi cxovrobdnen uZvelesi qvewarmavlebi?<br />
2. riT gansxvavdeba iqTiozavri yvela sxva qvewarmavlisgan? romel<br />
Tanamedrove cxovels mogagonebs igi?<br />
aRwere am uZvelesi niangis sxeulis,<br />
kudis, kbilebis agebuleba. rogor<br />
iyo igi Seguebuli wyalSi cxovrebas?<br />
daakvirdi sxvadasxva garemoSi<br />
mcxovreb qvewarmavalTa suraTebs.<br />
CamoTvale sxeulis is nawilebi,<br />
romlebic maT saarsebo garemosTan<br />
SeguebaSi exmareba. Cawere monacemebi<br />
rveulSi mocemuli sqemis<br />
Sesabamis ujraSi.<br />
saarsebo garemo garemosTan Seguebis niSnebi<br />
xmeleTi<br />
wyali<br />
haeri<br />
<strong>gadaSenebuli</strong> <strong>organizmebi</strong><br />
2
1<br />
§ 16<br />
asteroidi<br />
asteroidis dedamiwaze<br />
Camovardnas afeTqeba<br />
mohyva. dedamiwa mtvris<br />
RrublebiT daifara.<br />
asteroidis Camovardnam<br />
dedamiwaze miwisZvrebi da<br />
vulkanebis amofrqveva gamoiwvia.<br />
28<br />
Tavi<br />
ratom gadaSendnen<br />
dinozavrebi ?<br />
milionobiT wlis win dedamiwaze arsebuli mravali<br />
organizmi gadaSenda. maT Soris iyvnen dinozavrebi,<br />
zRvaSi mcxovrebi da mfrinavi qvewarmavlebi.<br />
ratom moxda es? mecnierebi am kiTxvaze zust<br />
pasuxs ver scemen. <strong>organizmebi</strong>s gadaSenebis ramdenime<br />
mosazreba arsebobs.<br />
zogi mecnieris azriT, dinozavrebis gadaSeneba<br />
uzarmazari asteroidis Camovardnam gamoiwvia.<br />
mtverSi gaxveul dedamiwaze mzis Suqi veRar aRwevda.<br />
Cvens planetaze ramdenime wliT sicivem,<br />
uhaerobam da sibnelem daisadgura.<br />
zogi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom mravali dinozavris<br />
erTdroulad sikvdilis mizezi wyaldidoba an sxva<br />
stiqiuri ubedureba unda yofiliyo.<br />
zogierTi mecnieris azriT dinozavrebis gadaSenebis<br />
mizezi amindis uecari cvlileba iyo. dedamiwaze<br />
acivda. dinozavrebi mzis siTboze iyvnen<br />
damokidebulni da dabal temperaturas ver Seeguvnen.<br />
amitom, maTi umravlesoba daiRupa.<br />
qvewarmavlebidan xvlikebi, gvelebi, kuebi da zogierTi<br />
saxeobis frTosani dinozavri gadarCa.<br />
gadarCenilTa Soris iyvnen ZuZumwovrebi<br />
da mwerebic.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
<strong>gadaSenebuli</strong> <strong>organizmebi</strong><br />
suraTze naCvenebia<br />
zogierTi gadarCenili<br />
cxoveli. daasaxele isini.<br />
rogor fiqrob, ram Seuwyo<br />
xeli maT gadarCenas?<br />
1. ratom ver SeZles dinozavrebma asteroidis CamovardniT gamowveul<br />
mtverSi cxovreba?<br />
2. gaixsene kvebiTi jaWvi da moifiqre, raze iyo damokidebuli xorcismWameli<br />
dinozavrebis sicocxle?<br />
3. dinozavrebis gadaSenebis romel versias emxrobi? daasabuTe Seni<br />
mosazreba.<br />
daxate dinozavrebis gadaSenebis amsaxveli naxati da miiRe monawileoba<br />
saskolo gamofenaSi. moifiqreT, rogor gamoavlenT gamarjvebulebs.<br />
29
1<br />
§ 17<br />
0<br />
Tavi<br />
uZvelesi niangi<br />
nilosis niangi<br />
Seadare uZvelesi niangi<br />
Tanamedrove niangs.<br />
daadgine, ra niSnebiT<br />
gansxvavdebian isini<br />
erTmaneTisgan.<br />
dinozavrebis gadaSenebis<br />
Semdeg...<br />
uZvelesi qvewarmavlebi didxans batonobdnen<br />
dedamiwaze. rogorc ici, zogierTi saxeoba gadaSenebas<br />
gadaurCa da dResac cxovrobs.<br />
Tanamedrove qvewarmavlebidan dinozavrTa uaxloes<br />
`naTesavebad~ niangebi iTvlebian.<br />
zogierTi dinozavri fafuki balniT an bumbuliT<br />
iyo dafaruli. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom am<br />
bumbuliani mtacebeli qvewarmavlebisgan droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi pirveli frinvelebi warmoiSvnen.<br />
arqeopteriqsi pirveli mfrinavi qvewarmavali<br />
iyo, romelic frinvels hgavda. igi frenisas mwerebze<br />
nadirobda.<br />
arqeopteriqss dinozavriviT grZeli,<br />
Zvlovani kudi, kbilebi da brWyalebi<br />
hqonda. riT hgavs Tanamedrove<br />
frinveli arqeopteriqss?<br />
dinozavrebis gadaSenebis Semdeg dedamiwaze<br />
mcenareebis da cxovelebis mravali axali saxeoba<br />
gaCnda. gansakuTrebiT ganviTardnen ZuZumwovrebi.<br />
pirveli ZuZumwovrebi uZveles qvewarmavlebTan<br />
erTad arsebobdnen. dinozavrebis gadaSenebis Semdeg<br />
ki maTi cxovreba gacilebiT usafrTxo gaxda.<br />
ZuZumwovrebis uamravi axali saxeoba gaCnda.<br />
dReisaTvis dedamiwaze isini erTerTi<br />
yvelaze Zlieri da gonieri arsebebi arian.<br />
qvewarmavlebis batonobis<br />
dros ZuZumwovrebi Zalian<br />
patara zomisani iyvnen.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
1. uZvelesi qvewarmavlebis romeli STamomavlebi binadroben dRemde<br />
dedamiwaze?<br />
2. Seni azriT, ratom ar aqvT Tanamedrove frinvelebs kbilebi?<br />
3. dinozavrebis arsebobis dros ZuZumwovrebi sakvebis mosapoveblad<br />
mxolod daRamebisas gamodiodnen. rogor fiqrob, ratom?<br />
zogierTi dRevandeli ZuZumwovari garegnulad uZveles qvewarmavals<br />
mogvagonebs. Seadare isini erTmaneTs da ipove msgavsebagansxvavebebi.<br />
triceratopsi martorqa<br />
pterodaqtili<br />
<strong>gadaSenebuli</strong> <strong>organizmebi</strong><br />
Ramura<br />
dinozavris fexi<br />
1
2<br />
2<br />
Tavi<br />
2<br />
am nawilSi Seityob:<br />
ra aris ruka da globusi;<br />
rogor warmoedginaT dedamiwa Zvelad;<br />
rogori forma aqvs dedamiwas;<br />
vin imogzaura pirvelad dedamiwis<br />
garSemo;<br />
Tavi<br />
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi<br />
vin aRmoaCina amerika;<br />
rogor daipyres arqtika da antarqtida;<br />
rogor ikvleven dRes dedamiwas.<br />
SeZleb:<br />
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi<br />
gaecno uZvelesi xalxis Sexedulebebs<br />
dedamiwis Sesaxeb;<br />
gaecno mogzaurebs da maT aRmoCenebs;<br />
imogzauro rukis daxmarebiT cnobili<br />
mogzaurebis kvaldakval;<br />
laSqrobebsa da mogzaurobebSi saWiro<br />
xelsawyoebis gamoyenebas;<br />
gzis gagnebas rukisa da kompasis daxmarebiT.
2<br />
§ 18-19<br />
horizontis mxareebi<br />
gaixsene, ra aris horizonti da horizontis xazi. daakvirdi suraTs da daadgine, rogori<br />
horizontia gamosaxuli – Ria Tu daxuruli? sad gadis horizontis xazi?<br />
d (W)<br />
Tavi<br />
C (N)<br />
s (S)<br />
a (E)<br />
es horizontis mTavari mxareebia.<br />
gaixsene, ras niSnavs<br />
aRniSvnebi: C, s, d, a?<br />
gaSlil sivrceSi ise Cans, TiTqos horizontis<br />
xazi Cven garSemo wres qmnis. am wreze oTx mTavar mimarTulebas<br />
varCevT: CrdiloeTs, samxreTs, dasavleTsa<br />
da aRmosavleTs.<br />
C (N)<br />
Tu Sen CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT<br />
midixar, ukan ra mimarTulebiT<br />
dabrundebi?<br />
horizontis oTxi mTavari mxaris codna mimar<br />
Tulebis dasadgenad yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris.<br />
zogjer mgzavrs siaruli ara CrdiloeTis an aRmosavleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT sWirdeba, aramed maT<br />
Soris. Aamitom horizontis wreze kidev oTx mxares<br />
gamoyofen. eseni horizontis Sualeduri mxareebia:<br />
CrdiloaRmosavleTi, CrdilodasavleTi,<br />
samxreTaRmosavleTi da samxreTdasavleTi.<br />
mgzavrma, romelic CrdiloeTsa<br />
da aRmosavleTs Soris aris wasasvleli,<br />
CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT unda imoZraos.<br />
horizontis Sualeduri mxareebi<br />
SemoklebiT ase aRiniSneba:<br />
Ca (NE) – CrdiloaRmosavleTi;<br />
Cd (NW) – CrdilodasavleTi;<br />
sa (SE) – samxreTaRmosavleTi;<br />
sd (SW) – samxreTdasavleTi.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi<br />
garemoSi horizontis<br />
mxareebis dasadgenad<br />
kompass iyeneben.<br />
Cd (NW)<br />
d (W)<br />
sd (SW)<br />
C (N)<br />
s (S)<br />
Ca (NE)<br />
a (E)<br />
sa (SE)<br />
horizontis mTavari da<br />
Sualeduri mxareebi<br />
1. SuadRisas horizontis romel mxaresaa Crdili mimarTuli? romelia<br />
misi sapirispiro mimarTuleba?<br />
2. CamoTvale horizontis Sualeduri mxareebi. rogor fiqrob, ratom<br />
hqvia maT Sualeduri?<br />
3. Tu mgzavri, romelic Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT moZraobda,<br />
Semotrialda da ukan brundeba, romeli mimarTulebiT ivlis igi?<br />
rveulSi Caxaze wre. wreSi wiTeli fanqriT gaavle horizontis mTavari mimarTulebebis<br />
maCvenebeli ori urTierTgadamkveTi xazi. maTi boloebi patara<br />
isrebiT moniSne. horizontis mxareebs miuwere Sesabamisi aRniSvnebi.<br />
Semdeg wiTel xazebs Soris ori, aseve urTierTgadamkveTi lurji feris<br />
xazi gaavle. maTac boloebze gaukeTe isrebi da horizontis Sualedur<br />
mxareebs miuwere aRniSvnebi.<br />
naxazis mixedviT daadgine, romelia CrdilodasavleTisa da samxreTdasavleTis<br />
sapirispiro mimarTulebebi?
2<br />
§ 20<br />
1<br />
2<br />
Tavi<br />
Zveli berZnebis azriT, dedamiwas<br />
Tavze TaRiviT ca dahyurebda,<br />
romelic RmerTebis mier dasjil<br />
goliaTs – atlants eWira. dedamiwis<br />
SuaSi aRmarTuli iyo olimpos<br />
mTa, sadac ukvdavi RmerTebi<br />
cxovrobdnen da iqidan mTel<br />
msoflios adevnebdnen Tvalyurs.<br />
rogor warmoedginaT<br />
dedamiwa Zvelad?<br />
Zvelad adamianebs dedamiwa brtyeli egonaT.<br />
isini dedamiwis zedapiris mxolod mcire nawils<br />
xedavdnen, romelic sadRac Sors, TiTqos cas uer-<br />
Tdeboda.<br />
sxvadasxva xalxs sxvadasxvanairi warmodgena<br />
hqonda dedamiwis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, babilonelebs<br />
dedamiwa wyliT garSemortymuli mTa<br />
egonaT, romlis erT ferdobze maTi qveyana - babiloni<br />
mdebareobda. mTis anu dedamiwis Tavze ki<br />
cis TaRi TasiviT iyo dapirqvavebuli.<br />
indoelTa azriT, dedamiwa spiloebis zurgze<br />
idga, romlebic giganturi kus bakanze iyvnen Semdgarni.<br />
Tavad ku spiloebis rZis ukidegano zRvaSi<br />
dacuravda.<br />
berZnebi fiqrobdnen, rom dedamiwa brtyeli,<br />
Tumca odnav amozneqili formis iyo, gars ki `far-<br />
To mdinare~ – okeane uvlida.<br />
3<br />
egviptelebs miaCndaT, rom dedamiwa mwoliare<br />
RmerTia da mis sxeulze xeebi, balaxebi da yvavilebi<br />
izrdeba. maTi azriT, zeca dedamiwis Tavze gadafarebuli<br />
qalRmerTi iyo, xolo varskvlavebi –<br />
misi samoselis Sesamkobi Zvirfasi Tvlebi.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianebma daiwyes ucnob<br />
adgilebSi mogzauroba. Sedegad TandaTan Seicvala<br />
da Seivso warmodgenebi dedamiwis Sesaxeb.<br />
egviptelTa azriT, caze marcxniv da<br />
marjvniv RmerTis gemebi moZraobdnen da<br />
mzes gzas uCvenebdnen aisidan daisamde.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
4<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xalxs sjeroda,<br />
rom dedamiwa brtyeli iyo da mis Soreul<br />
kideze mezRvaurebi saSineli urCxulis<br />
xaxaSi Cacvivdebodnen.<br />
1. rogor warmoedginaT dedamiwis forma Zvelad? ratom fiqrobdnen<br />
ase?<br />
2. dedamiwis Sesaxeb romeli warmodgena mogewona da ratom?<br />
3. sinamdvileSi rogori forma aqvs dedamiwas?<br />
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi<br />
es sainteresoa..<br />
evropelebi mxolod<br />
evropis, afrikisa<br />
da aziis kontinentebs<br />
icnobdnen. isini<br />
fiqrobdnen, rom<br />
dedamiwas uzarmazari<br />
TefSis forma hqonda,<br />
romlis SuaSi xmeleTi<br />
iyo, gars ki wyali ekra.<br />
daakvirdi suraTebs da teqstis saSualebiT daadgine, romeli suraTebi<br />
Seesabameba indoelebisa da babilonelebis warmodgenebs dedamiwis<br />
Sesaxeb?<br />
gaixsene, ramdeni okeane da kontinentia dedamiwaze, konturul rukaze<br />
(danarTi 3) gaukeTe warwerebi da gaaferade.<br />
5
2<br />
§ 21<br />
Tu mTvaris dabnelebisas,<br />
RamiT am ciur sxeuls<br />
daakvirdebi, aucileblad<br />
SeamCnev, rogor ecema<br />
dedamiwis Crdili mTvares da<br />
ra formisaa igi.<br />
8<br />
Tavi<br />
dedamiwis forma da sidide<br />
dedamiwa uzarmazari burTia, romelic gamudmebiT<br />
brunavs.<br />
berZenma mecnierebma jer kidev Zalian didi xnis<br />
win SeniSnes, rom mTvaris dabnelebisas masze warmoqmnili<br />
dedamiwis Crdili mrgvali iyo. es ki mowmobda,<br />
rom dedamiwa sferos formisaa.<br />
Cveni planeta rom brtyeli iyos, samzer milSi<br />
Cven mas mTlianad davinaxavdiT.<br />
dedamiwa rom mrgvalia, es zRvaSi moZrav gemze<br />
dakvirvebiTac mtkicdeba.<br />
simaRleze asvlisas horizonti farTovdeba da Cveni xedvis<br />
are izrdeba. Tu kargad daakvirdebi, SeamCnev, rom horizontis<br />
xazs yovelTvis rkalis forma aqvs.<br />
suraTze xedav, rom gemis napirTan moaxloebisas<br />
horizontze jer gemis anZa moCans, Semdeg ki – misi<br />
korpusi. roca gemi napirs Sordeba, piriqiT – horizontis<br />
miRma jer misi korpusi uCinardeba, Semdeg<br />
ialqnebi da bolos anZa. dedamiwa rom brtyeli yofiliyo<br />
da ara mrgvali, Sen gemis korpuss mTlianad<br />
dainaxavdi, sanam igi wertilad ar gadaiqceoda da<br />
sabolood ar gaqreboda TvalTaxedvidan.<br />
daaxloebiT 400 wlis win fernando magelanis<br />
eqspediciam pirvelad Semouara dedamiwas. man mogzauroba<br />
espaneTidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT<br />
daiwyo da sami wlis Semdeg aRmosavleTidan dabrunda.<br />
amiT kidev erTxel damtkicda dedamiwis<br />
simrgvale.<br />
dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi, rom dedamiwa<br />
mrgvalia. kosmosidan Cveni planeta, rogorc sferuli<br />
sxeuli, ise Cans. amas kosmosidan gadaRebuli<br />
fotoebic adasturebs.<br />
es kosmosidan gadaRebuli dedamiwaa. dedamiwa<br />
sakamod didia, Tumca mzeze bevrad pataraa. amJamad<br />
ukve zustad aris dadgenili Cveni planetis zomebi.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
1. rogori forma aqvs dedamiwas? moiyvane erTi damamtkicebeli mosazreba.<br />
2. ratom egonaT Zvel berZen mecnierebs dedamiwa mrgvali?<br />
3. rogor damtkicda f. magelanis mogzaurobiT, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia?<br />
4. rogor fiqrob, Seicvala Tu ara dedamiwam forma Tavisi arsebobis man-<br />
Zilze?<br />
5. rogor fiqrob, ratom xedaven Soridan jer mTis mwvervals da miaxloebisas<br />
– mTis Zirs?<br />
1. muyaos qaRaldebisgan gamoWeri kvadrati da wre. gaxvrite isini da<br />
Camokide Zafze. aiRe ZafiT kvadrati da is ise daiWire, rom anTebul<br />
fanarsa da kedels Soris moeqces. daakvirdi, rogori forma aqvs kvadratis<br />
Crdils. Semdeg Semoatriale Zafi da daadgine, Seicvala Tu ara<br />
kvadratis Crdilma forma? dakvirvebis Sedegebi CainiSne.<br />
2. aiRe Zafze Camokidebuli wre da igive gaimeore. daakvirdi, rogori<br />
forma aqvs wris Crdils, Seicvala Tu ara man<br />
forma Semobrunebisas da Sedegebi CainiSne.<br />
3. Semdeg aiRe Zafze Camokidebuli patara bur-<br />
Tula da igive cda Caatare. daadgine, icvleba<br />
Tu ara burTulis Crdilis forma misi<br />
Semobrunebisas?<br />
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi<br />
gaixsene, mzis sistemaSi<br />
meramdene planetaa dedamiwa<br />
da romelia misi mezobeli<br />
planetebi?<br />
4. dakvirvebis Sedegebis mixedviT daadgine, icvleboda Tu ara kvadratis,<br />
wrisa da burTulis Crdilis formebi Semobrunebisas. gamoitane daskvna,<br />
ra damtkicda am cdis Sedegad?<br />
9
2<br />
§ 22<br />
0<br />
Tavi<br />
pirveli globusi,<br />
daaxloebiT, xuTasi wlis<br />
win germanelma mogzaurma da<br />
geografma, martin behaimma<br />
daamzada. es globusi dResac<br />
germaniaSi, qalaq niurbergSi<br />
inaxeba.<br />
globusi<br />
mas Semdeg, rac sabolood dadginda, rom dedamiwas<br />
burTis forma aqvs, mecnierebma misi modeli<br />
Seqmnes. globusi Cveni planetis mraval milionjer<br />
Semcirebuli modelia.<br />
globusi dedamiwis formas gviCvenebs. masze<br />
zustad aris gamosaxuli okeaneebis, zRvebis, kontinentebis,<br />
kunZulebis, naxevarkunZulebis da sxva<br />
geografiuli obieqtebis moxazuloba.<br />
globusi liTonis RerZzea damagrebuli da mis<br />
garSemo Tavisuflad brunavs. dedamiwac aseve<br />
brunavs Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo,<br />
romelic mis polusebze gadis. daadgine, ramdeni<br />
polusi aqvs dedamiwas?<br />
globusze, iseve rogorc rukaze, wyali cisferi<br />
feriT aRiniSneba, xolo xmeleTi – mwvaned, yviTlad<br />
da yavisfrad.<br />
globusze mTeli dedamiwis erTdroulad danaxva<br />
SeuZlebelia. Tu mas RerZis garSemo davatrialebT,<br />
maSin CvenTvis saWiro adgils advilad<br />
movnaxavT.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
am globusze msoflios<br />
qveynebia gamosaxuli.<br />
1. ratom iTvleba globusi dedamiwis modelad?<br />
2. rogor fiqrob, ra upiratesoba da nakli aqvs<br />
globuss?<br />
3. daakvirdi globusis zedapirs da gansazRvre, ra<br />
ufro metia dedamiwaze, wyali Tu xmeleTi?<br />
moZebne globusze CrdiloeTi amerika, antarqtida,<br />
CrdiloeTi yinulovani okeane, avstralia, afrika.<br />
SegiZlia globusze am kontinentebis erTdroulad<br />
danaxva? ratom?<br />
daamzade saqarTvelos patara droSa. moZebne globusze<br />
Savi zRva da saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos adgilze<br />
Seni droSa plastiliniT daamagre.<br />
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi<br />
es sainteresoa..<br />
sityva `globusi~ laTinuri<br />
enidan modis da<br />
qarTulad `burTs~ niSnavs.<br />
sanqtpeterburgSi<br />
orasi wlis win damzadebuli<br />
araCveulebrivi<br />
globusi inaxeba. mis gareTa<br />
nawilze dedamiwaa<br />
gamosaxuli, SigniT ki<br />
– cis TaRi. globusis<br />
`mucelSi~ Tavisuflad<br />
eteva 12 kaci. roca<br />
globusi brunavs,<br />
garedan SegiZlia dedamiwis<br />
moZraobas daakvirde,<br />
Signidan ki – varskvlavian<br />
cas.<br />
1
2<br />
§ 23-24<br />
e v r o p a<br />
l i b i a<br />
eTiopiis okeane<br />
pirveli geografiuli ruka berZenma<br />
mecnierma, eratosTenem Seadgina. masze<br />
naCvenebi iyo im droisaTvis cnobili<br />
xmeleTis nawilebi da zRvebi.<br />
wynari okeane<br />
CrdiloeTi<br />
amerika<br />
es naxevarsferoebis rukaa.<br />
Seadare erTmaneTs globusi<br />
da naxevarsferoebis ruka.<br />
ra saerTo aqvT maT da riT<br />
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan?<br />
2<br />
Tavi<br />
a z i a<br />
CrdiloeTis<br />
yinulovani<br />
okeane<br />
eriTriis zRva<br />
antarqtida<br />
ra aris ruka?<br />
roca globuss vuyurebT, dedamiwis zedapiris<br />
mxolod naxevars vxedavT. dedamiwa furcelze rom<br />
gamovsaxoT, amisaTvis saWiroa misi or nawilad<br />
`gaWra~. mecnierebi asec moiqcnen, maT dedamiwa or<br />
nawilad gayves da Sesabamisad ori – dasavleTi da<br />
aRmosavleTi naxevarsfero miiRes.<br />
atlantis<br />
okeane<br />
samxreTi<br />
amerika<br />
ruka naxatia, romelic zevidan danaxuli<br />
da dapataravebuli dedamiwis<br />
zedapiris ama Tu im nawils asaxavs. igi<br />
adgilis aRweris erT-erTi saSualebaa.<br />
rukaze SeiZleba mTeli dedamiwa, erTi<br />
romelime kontinenti, qveyana an sulac<br />
erTi raioni iyos gamosaxuli.<br />
dasavleTi naxevarsfero aRmosavleTi naxevarsfero<br />
afrika<br />
evropa<br />
CrdiloeTis<br />
yinulovani okeane<br />
indoeTis<br />
okeane<br />
azia<br />
antarqtida<br />
avstralia<br />
erTsa da imave adgils SeiZleba ramdenime<br />
saxis ruka asaxavdes da am adgilis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva<br />
informacias gvaZlevdes. amitom rukebi<br />
sxvadasxva Sinaarsisaa.<br />
wynari okeane<br />
fizikur rukaze naCvenebia mTebi, mdinareebi, vakeebi<br />
da sxva. arsebobs specialuri daniSnulebis<br />
rukebi: samxedro, sazRvao, turistuli da sxva.<br />
rukas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. misi daxmarebiT<br />
vadgenT ama Tu im obieqtis adgilmdebareobas, vecnobiT<br />
kontinentebisa da qveynebis bunebas, xalxs,<br />
qalaqebs. rukebi gvexmareba mogzaurobaSi, naosnobaSi,<br />
samSeneblo da samxedro saqmeSi da a. S.<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
a t l a s i<br />
rukebis krebuls atlasi<br />
ewodeba. masSi sxvadasxva<br />
Sinaarsis rukebia<br />
Tavmoyrili.<br />
savarjiSoebi<br />
Zveli rukebis daxmarebiT vigebT, Tu rogor icvleboda esa<br />
Tu is adgili droTa ganmavlobaSi. Tu Zvel da axal rukebs<br />
SevadarebT, SevniSnavT, Tu rogor qreba Zveli da Cndeba<br />
axali qveynebi, qalaqebi, gzebi.<br />
rogor fiqrob, romeli rukebia ufro<br />
zusti, Zveli Tu axali?<br />
1. ra aris ruka da ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas?<br />
2. rogor fiqrob, ra iqneba aRniSnuli turistul rukaze?<br />
3. gaixsene, romeli rukebi ginaxavs da ra iyo maTze aRniSnuli?<br />
1. CamoTvale, romeli kontinentebi mdebareobs aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi?<br />
dasavleT naxevarsferoSi?<br />
2. romeli okeane mdebareobs afrikasa da avstralias Soris?<br />
3. romeli okeaneebi esazRvreba CrdiloeT amerikas dasavleTidan da<br />
aRmosavleTidan?<br />
4. romeli okeane mdebareobs yvelaze CrdiloeTiT?<br />
5. romeli kontinenti mdebareobs yvelaze samxreTiT?<br />
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi<br />
es sainteresoa..<br />
qarTvelebis winaprebs,<br />
kolxebsac SeudgeniaT<br />
rukebi. am rukebs kirbebi<br />
erqva. Tixis firfitebze<br />
gzebi, wylisa<br />
da xmeleTis sazRvrebi<br />
yofila aRniSnuli.
7<br />
134<br />
Tavi<br />
7<br />
Tavi<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
am nawilSi Seityob:<br />
sad mdebareobs saqarTvelo;<br />
rogoria saqarTvelos buneba;<br />
romelia saqarTvelos yvelaze<br />
didi mdinare da tba;<br />
romeli mxareebia saqarTveloSi;<br />
romeli qalaqebia saqarTveloSi.<br />
SeZleb:<br />
ipovo saqarTvelo msoflios rukaze;<br />
moZebno saqarTvelos rukaze mTebi,<br />
dablobebi, mdinareebi, tbebi, qalaqebi,<br />
mxareebi;<br />
aRniSno konturul rukaze saqarTvelos<br />
mTavari geografiuli obieqtebi.<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
135
7<br />
§ 92<br />
faravnis tbis wyali gamudmebuli<br />
Relvis gamo yovelTvis mRvriea. am<br />
tbaSi bevri Tevzia. tbis zedapiri<br />
zamTrobiT yinuliT ifareba.<br />
saqarTvelos tbebi<br />
da wyalsacavebi<br />
riwis tba afxazeTSi, mTis xeobaSi mdebareobs. misi wylis<br />
feri sezonebis mixedviT icvleba. mag., gazafxulze igi mwvane<br />
ferisaa, zamTarSi ki _ lurji. silamazis gamo riwis tbas<br />
`tbebis dedofals~ uwodeben.<br />
142<br />
Tavi<br />
saqarTveloSi mravali tbaa. isini erTmaneTisgan<br />
sididiT, warmoSobiT, wylis marilianobiT,<br />
siRrmiTa da mniSvnelobiT gansxvavdebian.<br />
tbaTa siuxviT samxreTi saqarTvelo – javaxeTi<br />
gamoirCeva. swored aq mdebareobs Cveni qveynis<br />
udidesi tba faravani da yvelaze wyaluxvi tba<br />
– tabawyuri.<br />
riwis tba yvelaze Rrmaa ara marto saqarTveloSi,<br />
aramed mTel samxreT kavkasiaSi. misi siRrme<br />
101 metria.<br />
paliastomis tba mdinare rionisa da Savi zRvis SeerTebis<br />
adgilas mdebareobs. tbis midamoebi WaobiTa da tyeebiT<br />
aris dafaruli.<br />
Tbilisis wyalsacavi anu `Tbilisis zRva~ sami mlaSe tbis adgilas Seiqmna.<br />
igi ori – didi da mcire `zRvisgan~ Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan<br />
arxebiT aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
saqarTveloSi 40-ze meti xelovnuri<br />
tba – wyalsacavia. maT sarwyavad<br />
da Tevzis mosaSeneblad iyeneben.<br />
zog maTganze eleqtrosadgurebia<br />
aSenebuli.<br />
savarjiSoebi:<br />
1. javaxeTs xSirad `tbebis<br />
mxaresac~ uwodeben. rogor<br />
fiqrob, ratom?<br />
2. daadgine, aris Tu ara Sens<br />
mxareSi tba an wyalsacavi.<br />
risTvis iyenebs mas mosaxleoba?<br />
daadgine msgavseba- gansxvavebaa tbasa da<br />
wyalsacavs Soris da Seavse sqema:<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
Jinvalis wyalsacavis Seqmna<br />
Jinvalis hidroeleqtrosadguris<br />
mSeneblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. misi<br />
wyliT qalaq Tbilisis mosaxleobis<br />
didi nawili maragdeba.<br />
tba msgavseba wyalsacavi<br />
1. moZebne saqarTvelos rukaze (danarTi 14 ) sami tba. daadgine, romeli<br />
mdinare gamoedineba tbidan an Caedineba masSi?<br />
2. aRniSne konturul rukaze (danarTi 15) Semdegi tbebi: faravani, riwa,<br />
paliastomi, tabawyuri.<br />
3. danarTi 14-is gamoyenebiT daadgine, romel mdinareebzea Seqmnili<br />
Jinvalis, Saoris, sionis wyalsacavebi.<br />
143
7<br />
§ 96<br />
qalaqi rusTavi qvemo<br />
qarTlSi, mdinare mtkvris<br />
orive napirze mdebareobs. igi<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli da<br />
yvelaze `axalgazrda~ qalaqia<br />
saqarTveloSi.<br />
qalaqi foTi uZvelesi droidan iyo<br />
saqarTvelos `sazRvao WiSkari~. dResac, igi<br />
ara marto Cveni qveynis, aramed mTeli samxreTi<br />
kavkasiis udidesi navsadguria.<br />
146<br />
Tavi<br />
saqarTvelos qalaqebi<br />
da soflebi<br />
qveynis mosaxleobad is xalxebi iTvleba,<br />
romlebic am qveyanaSi cxovroben.<br />
saqarTveloSi, qarTvelebis garda, sxva erovnebis<br />
adamianebic cxovroben: somxebi, azerbaijanelebi,<br />
rusebi, osebi, afxazebi da sxva.<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis udidesi nawili<br />
qristiania, Tumca Cvens qveyanaSi aseve sxva<br />
religiis warmomadgenlebic cxovroben. saqar-<br />
Tvelo CvenTan erTad mcxovrebi yvela xalxis<br />
saerTo samSobloa.<br />
Cveni qveynis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili<br />
saqarTvelos mTaTaSoris barSi, mdinareebisa<br />
da Savi zRvis sanapiroze cxovrobs. dablob<br />
adgilebsa da zRvis sanapiro zolSi qalaqebic<br />
bevria da soflebic.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis didi<br />
nawili mTebs, cicabo ferdobebsa<br />
da Rrma xeobebs ukavia. aseT adgilebSi<br />
cxovreba da saqmianoba<br />
ufro rTulia. amitom isini naklebadaa<br />
dasaxlebuli.<br />
sofeli uSguli kavkasionis mTebSi, zemo svaneTSi mdebareobs.<br />
igi ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed evropaSic erT-erT<br />
yvelaze maRla mdebare dasaxlebul adgilad iTvleba.<br />
qalaqis sidide mosaxleobis raodenobazea damokidebuli.<br />
Cveni qveynis udidesi qalaqia Tbilisi.<br />
qalaqebi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan arseboben.<br />
zogi maTgani dRemde SemorCa, isev qalaqia an<br />
soflad gadaiqca, zogierTi ki _ aRar arsebobs.<br />
dRes saqarTveloSi 54 qalaqi da 3500-ze meti<br />
sofelia.<br />
savarjiSoebi:<br />
kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi ufliscixe gorTan axlos, mdinare<br />
mtkvris marcxena napirze mdebareobs. igi kavkasiis<br />
teritoriaze mdebare erT-erTi uZvelesi dasaxlebaa.<br />
gaixsene, kidev romeli Zveli qalaqebi ici saqarTveloSi?<br />
1. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris bari ufro metad dasaxlebuli, vidre mTiani<br />
mxareebi?<br />
2. Seni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa qalaqsa da sofels Soris?<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
es sainteresoa..:<br />
amboben, rom qarTvelebi<br />
Zalian didxans<br />
cocxloben da maTi<br />
dRegrZelobis erTerTi<br />
saidumlo mawonSi<br />
imaleba. amJamad,<br />
Cvens qveyanaSi daaxloebiT<br />
150 adamiani<br />
100 welze meti asakisaa.<br />
3. rogor fiqrob, ra saqmianobas eweva mosaxleoba soflad da qalaqad?<br />
dawere patara moTxroba: `Cemi qalaqi~ (sofeli).<br />
aRwere: a) sad mdebareobs; b) ra hqvia da ratom; g) ramdeni adamiani cxovrobs;<br />
d) ra RirsSesaniSnaobebia; e) ra saqmianobas eweva mosaxleoba; v) gamoTqvi<br />
mosazrebebi, rogori ginda iyos Seni qalaqi.<br />
danarTi 17-is gamoyenebiT:<br />
a) amoiwere rveulSi saqarTvelos qalaqebi.<br />
b) qvemoT CamoTvlili qalaqebi daalage aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis mimar-<br />
TulebiT: foTi, rusTavi, quTaisi, Telavi, Tbilisi, gori, baTumi.<br />
g) CamoTvale oTxi qalaqi, romlebic mdinaris piras mdebareobs.<br />
d) daasaxele Savi zRvis piras mdebare qalaqebi.<br />
147
maia bliaZe<br />
rusudan axvlediani<br />
giorgi kvantaliani<br />
buneba 4<br />
moswavlis rveuli
saxeli<br />
gvari<br />
qalaqi/sofeli<br />
skola<br />
klasi<br />
es me var
masalebis SerCeva da gamoyeneba<br />
daxate velosipedi. mis TiToeul nawils miuwere, ra masalisgan daamzadebdi.<br />
axseni, ratom gamoiyene es masala?<br />
miuwere TiToeul sxeuls: a) ra Tvisebebi unda hqondes? b) ra masalisgan<br />
SeiZleba misi damzadeba?<br />
26<br />
sxeulebi Tvisebebi masala<br />
lursmani<br />
kovzi<br />
sarke<br />
burTi<br />
simkvrive, maxvili wveri,<br />
brtyeli Tavi ...<br />
rkinisgan ...
xe - bunebrivi masala<br />
rukis gamoyenebiT (danarTi 9) daadgine, romel kontinentze rogori tyeebia<br />
gavrcelebuli da Seavse cxrili:<br />
kontinenti wiwvovani tye foTlovani tye tropikuli tye<br />
(junglebi)<br />
afrika<br />
Semoxaze is sagnebi, romlebic xisgan mzaddeba:<br />
+<br />
27
sxvadasxva masalebi<br />
Seadare erTmaneTs qviSisa da Tixis Tvisebebi, daadgine maT Soris msgavsebagansxvaveba<br />
da Seavse diagrama:<br />
28<br />
qviSis Tvisebebi msgavsi Tvisebebi Tixis Tvisebebi<br />
daakavSire isrebiT masala da misgan damzadebuli sxeuli:
Tanmimdevrulad danomre bambisgan maisuris damzadebis procesi:<br />
es avtomobili sxvadasxva masalisganaa damzadebuli. daakvirdi mas da upasuxe<br />
kiTxvebs:<br />
1. ratom aris manqanis fanjrebi minisgan damzadebuli?<br />
2. ratom iyeneben rezins manqanis saburavebis dasamzadeblad?<br />
3. kidev ra masalaa gamoyenebuli? ratom?<br />
29
Caasxi jamSi onkanis wyali da Sig Cade Termometri. Caiwere wylis temperatura.<br />
Cayare jamSi yinulebi, Cade Termometri da daakvirdi mas:<br />
– ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs vercxliswyali TermometrSi?<br />
– ra niSnulze gaCerda? Caiwere miRebuli Sedegi.<br />
maswavleblis daxmarebiT aduRebul wyalSi Cade Termometri da upasuxe<br />
kiTxvebs:<br />
– siTxe Termometris milSi imave mimarTulebiT moZraobs?<br />
– ra niSnulze gaCerda vercxliswyali TermometrSi? Caiwere Sedegi.<br />
– Sen mier Catarebul cdebSi rogor icvleba vercxliswylis moZraobis<br />
mimarTuleba Termometris milSi?<br />
30<br />
wyali temperatura ( 0 C)<br />
onkanis<br />
yinulebiT<br />
aduRebuli<br />
aRwere Termometri:<br />
civi da Tbili<br />
Termometris milSi ...<br />
es siTxe temperaturis cvlilebasTan erTad ...<br />
janmrTeli adamianis temperatura ...
siTbos kargi da cudi gamtarebi<br />
naxatis mixedviT axseni, ratom SeinarCuna nayinma forma TermosSi da ratom<br />
dadna magidaze?<br />
sqemaSi daajgufe zamTrisa da zafxulis tansacmeli. Seadare erTmaneTs da<br />
daadgine maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvaveba. rogor fiqrob, ra masalisganaa isini<br />
damzadebuli?<br />
2<br />
1<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
tansacmeli<br />
cxeli amindis civi amindis<br />
7<br />
6<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
31
daalage saxlis nawilebi siTbos dakargvis mixedviT (pirvel adgilas dawere<br />
saxlis is nawili, romelmac yvelaze meti temperatura dakarga da a. S.):<br />
fanjrebidan 3%<br />
karidan 2%<br />
saxuravidan 5%<br />
kedlebidan 7%<br />
iatakidan 2%<br />
moiZie saxlSi sxvadasxva masalisgan damzadebuli sxeulebi. daajgufe isini<br />
Tbogamtarebad da Tboizolatorebad da Seavse cxrili:<br />
32<br />
siTbos SenarCuneba<br />
Tbogamtari Tboizolatori<br />
sxeuli masala sxeuli masala<br />
qvabi alumini maisuri bamba
masa masa da da wonasworoba wonasworoba<br />
TefSebiani sasworisa da sawonebis daxmarebiT awone Seni saskolo nivTebi:<br />
fanqari, saSleli, rveuli, penali, wigni...<br />
sasworis erT TefSze morigeobiT daawyve asawoni nivTebi, xolo meore<br />
TefSze – Sesabamisi simZimis sawonebi. sxeulebi daalage maTi masis zrdis mixedviT<br />
(umciresidan udidesisken) da monacemebi Seitane cxrilSi:<br />
N<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
saswavlo nivTebi masa (gr. kg.)<br />
gamoicani ras unda iwonides TiToeuli giri, rom saswori wonasworobaSi<br />
iyos:<br />
7 kg<br />
33
mcenareebis sasicocxlo cikli<br />
gazome mcenareebis Teslis sigrZe da Cawere cxrilSi.<br />
mcenaris<br />
saxeli<br />
mcenaris<br />
simaRle<br />
muxa 15-20 m. 2 sm.<br />
Teslis<br />
sigrZe<br />
SeniSvna<br />
sxvadasxva wiwvovan mcenareebs gansxvavebuli formis girCebi aqvs. daalage<br />
wignSi mocemuli girCebi (gv. 119) sqemaze miTiTebuli formebis mixedviT:<br />
wiwvovani mcenareebis girCas formebi<br />
Teslis aRmocenebisTvis saWiroa sami piroba: siTbo, haeri da wyali.<br />
maswavleblis daxmarebiT Caatare cdebi da daadgine, aucilebelia Tu ara<br />
samive pirobis erTdroulad Sesruleba.<br />
34<br />
cda romeli piroba sruldeba dakvirvebis Sedegebi<br />
I<br />
II<br />
III<br />
IV<br />
daskvna:
cxovelebis sasicocxlo cikli<br />
suraTebze rgolebi gadanomre peplis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT:<br />
kvercxidan – zrdasrulobamde. TiToeul suraTs miuwere sasicocxlo ciklis<br />
Sesabamisi etapebi.<br />
daalage wignSi mocemuli Wiamaias sasicocxlo ciklis etapebi (gv. 125)<br />
TanmimdevrobiT. ujrebSi Cawere ganviTarebis etapebi, wreebSi ki TiToeuli<br />
etapis Sesabamisi fotos nomeri:<br />
kvercxi<br />
Wiamaias ganviTarebis etapebi<br />
daalage wignSi mocemuli bayayis sasicocxlo ciklis etapebi (gv. 127)<br />
TanmimdevromiT. ujrebSi Cawere ganviTarebis etapebi, wreebSi ki TiToeuli etapis<br />
Sesabamisi fotos nomeri:<br />
amfibiis ganviTarebis etapebi<br />
axalgazrda bayayi<br />
35
ipove msgavseba-gansxvaveba qvewarmavlisa da frinvelis sasicocxlo ciklebs<br />
Soris da Seavse sqema:<br />
36<br />
qvewarmavlebis da frinvelebis sasicocxlo cikli<br />
frinvelebi msgavsi niSnebi qvewarmavlebi<br />
daTvale, ramdeni kvercxia suraTze:
upasuxe kiTxvas:<br />
sad mdebareobs saqarTvelo?<br />
romel okeanes ukavSirdeba Savi zRva?<br />
CamoTvale saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi, daadgine maTi dedaqalaqebi da<br />
Seavse cxrili:<br />
qveyana dedaqalaqi<br />
mocemul rukaze gaaferade saqarTvelo da misi mezobeli qveynebi sxvadasxva<br />
frad. TiToeul qveyanas da maT dedaqalaqs gaukeTe Sesabamisi warwera:<br />
37
moZebne saqarTvelos fizikur rukaze (danarTi 5) kavkasionis mTavari qedi<br />
da mwvervalebi: Sxara, uSba, TeTnuldi, tebulo da myinvarwveri. daadgine maTi<br />
simaRle:<br />
Sxara<br />
uSba<br />
myinvarwveri<br />
saqarTvelos ruka<br />
TeTnuldi<br />
tebulo<br />
saqarTvelos rukis gamoyenebiT daadgine, saqarTvelos romel nawilSi mdebareobs<br />
kolxeTis dablobi, alaznis vake, Sida qarTlis vake, imereTis maRlobi<br />
da Seavse cxrili:<br />
dasavleT saqarTvelo aRmosavleT saqarTvelo<br />
ipove teqstSi Secdomebi da gaaswore:<br />
saqarTvelos samxreTiT kavkasionis mTavari qedia gadaWimuli. aq mdebare<br />
mwvervalebi dabali simaRlisaa da arasodes ifareba TovliT. saqarTvelos<br />
umaRlesi mwvervalia uSba. is saqarTvelos samxreT mTianeTSia.<br />
38
saqarTvelos mdinareebi<br />
daadgine, sad iRebs saTaves da sad Caedineba mdinareebi rioni, alazani, enguri,<br />
iori, aragvi da Seavse cxrili:<br />
mdinare iRebs saTaves Caedineba<br />
daadgine, romeli mdinareebi uerTdeba mtkvarsa da rions marjvena da marcxena<br />
mxridan da Seavse cxrili:<br />
mdinare mtkvari<br />
marjvena Senakadi marcxena Senakadi<br />
mdinare rioni<br />
marjvena Senakadi marcxena Senakadi<br />
Seavse krosvordi saqrTvelos mdinareebis saxelebis gamoyenebiT:<br />
mtkvari<br />
rioni<br />
kodoriiori<br />
aragvi<br />
alazani<br />
enguri<br />
m d i n a r e<br />
39
40<br />
ipove saqarTvelos rukaze sami Secdoma da gaaswore:<br />
md. alazani<br />
md.iori<br />
md.aragvi<br />
md. rioni<br />
md. enguri<br />
md.mtkvari<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
Secdomaa unda iyos
saqarTvelos tbebi da wyalsacavebi<br />
saqarTvelos mdinareebi, tbebi da wyalsacavebi xazebiT daakavSire swor<br />
saxelwodebasTan:<br />
sioni<br />
iori<br />
faravani<br />
tabawyuri<br />
enguri<br />
mdinare<br />
mtkvari<br />
Jinvali<br />
tba<br />
wyalsacavi<br />
aragvi<br />
riwa<br />
paliastomi<br />
alazani<br />
Saori<br />
rioni<br />
amoxseni rebusebi, TiToeul maTgans miuwere mdinarea, tba Tu wyalsacavi:<br />
2<br />
swyali<br />
vani<br />
i misi 2 Sa<br />
41
saqarTvelos mxareebi<br />
danarTi 17-is gamoyenebiT daadgine, romeli mxareebi mdebareobs lixis qedis<br />
dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT. amowere mxareebi cxrilSi da TiToeuls miuwere<br />
mTavari qalaqi.<br />
42<br />
dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mxareebi<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mxareebi<br />
mxare qalaqi mxare qalaqi<br />
imereTi quTaisi samcxe-javaxeTi axalcixe<br />
Seavse krosvordi saqarTvelos kuTxeebis saxelwodebiT:<br />
svaneTi<br />
qarTli<br />
kaxeTi<br />
romeli mxare mdebareobs saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi?<br />
aWara<br />
guria<br />
javaxeTi<br />
afxazeTi<br />
imereTi<br />
leCxumi<br />
samegrelo<br />
s<br />
a<br />
q<br />
a<br />
r<br />
T<br />
v<br />
e<br />
l<br />
o
saqarTvelos qalaqebi da soflebi<br />
dawere patara moTxroba: `Cemi qalaqi~ (sofeli).<br />
aRwere: a) sad mdebareobs; b) ra hqvia da ratom; g) ramdeni adamiani cxovrobs;<br />
d) ra RirsSesaniSnaobebia; e) ra saqmianobas eweva mosaxleoba; v) gamoTqvi<br />
mosazrebebi, rogori ginda iyos Seni qalaqi.<br />
danarTi 17-is gamoyenebiT:<br />
a) amoiwere rveulSi saqarTvelos qalaqebi;<br />
b) qvemoT CamoTvlili qalaqebi daalage aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis mimar-<br />
TulebiT: foTi, rusTavi, quTaisi, Telavi, Tbilisi, gori, baTumi;<br />
g) CamoTvale oTxi qalaqi, romelic mdinaris piras mdebareobs;<br />
d) daasaxele Savi zRvis piras mdebare qalaqebi.<br />
a)<br />
b)<br />
g)<br />
d)<br />
43
a)<br />
b)<br />
44<br />
Tbilisi<br />
danarTi 19-is gamoyenebiT: a) daadgine, ramdeni raionia TbilisSi?<br />
b) amoiwere metros sami sadguri da sami eklesia.<br />
amoxseni rebusebi,<br />
rus 2 g<br />
sa a<br />
qvemoT mocemul asoebs mouZebne erTnairi daboloeba:<br />
ri<br />
si<br />
x
a aris stiqiuri movlenebi?<br />
rukis gamoyenebiT daadgine, romel kontinentebze mdebareobs moqmedi vulkanebi,<br />
xdeba miwisZvrebi da Seavse cxrili:<br />
kontinenti moqmedi vulkani miwisZvra<br />
evropa<br />
azia<br />
CrdiloeTi<br />
amerika<br />
samxreTi<br />
amerika<br />
avstralia<br />
afrika<br />
antarqtida<br />
+ +<br />
gaixsene SenTvis nacnobi stiqiuri movlenebi da CarCoebSi Cawere maTi saxelebi:<br />
stiqiuri<br />
movlenebi<br />
45
46<br />
rogor aviciloT Tavidan stiqiuri movlenebi?<br />
gaixsene, ra mniSvneloba aqvs tyes da Seavse sqema:<br />
Seavse sqema:<br />
tyis<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
stiqiuri<br />
movlena Sedegi usafrTxoeba<br />
wyaldidoba<br />
stiqiuri<br />
movlena Sedegi usafrTxoeba
garemosTan Segueba<br />
aRwere romelime cxoveli Semdegi gegmis mixedviT:<br />
a) cxovelis saxelwodeba;<br />
b) misi saarsebo garemo;<br />
c) vin arian misi bunebrivi mtrebi;<br />
g) ra Tvisebebi exmareba mas mtrisgan Tavis dacvaSi;<br />
a)<br />
b)<br />
g)<br />
d)<br />
Semoxaze am Tvisebebidan isini, romlebic focxvers sakvebis mopovebaSi exmareba.<br />
daasabuTe Seni arCevani.<br />
didi brWyalebi<br />
simsuqne<br />
cudi smena<br />
siswrafe<br />
kargi mxedveloba<br />
SeumCnevlad miparvis unari<br />
cudi cudi mxedveloba<br />
mxedveloba<br />
kargi smena<br />
moqniloba<br />
47
Camowere an Caxate Sen irgvliv arsebuli mcenareebi da cxovelebi. TiToeul<br />
maTgans miuwere, rogor icaven isini Tavs mtrisgan?<br />
48<br />
cxoveli/mcenare riTi icavs Tavs?<br />
aRwere am cxovelebis sacxovrebeli garemo:<br />
gveli<br />
Wiamaia<br />
Seferiloba<br />
pepela<br />
xoWo<br />
bayayi
zamTrisTvis mzadeba<br />
TanmimdevrobiT SeaerTe cifrebi naxatze da gaaferade. upasuxe kiTxvas,<br />
rogor egueba sicives naxatze miRebuli cxoveli?<br />
49
daakvirdi udabnoebis rukas (danarTi 20). Camowere kontinentebi udabnos<br />
farTobis klebis mixedviT:<br />
50<br />
Cawere cxrilis Sesabamis svetSi fotoze naCvenebi <strong>organizmebi</strong>s saxelebi:<br />
zamTrisTvis mzadeba<br />
foTolcvena migracia zamTris Zili bewvis cvla
cxrilis Sesabamis svetSi Cawere Sesabamisi winadadeba:<br />
bevri kvercxis dadeba<br />
budis aSeneba<br />
mravali Teslis warmoqmna<br />
STamomavlobaze zrunva<br />
gamokveba<br />
SvilebTan TamaSi<br />
ZuZus woveba<br />
Svilebze xangrZlivad zrunva<br />
mcenare ZuZumwovari frinveli<br />
51
3 testi<br />
1. CamonaTvalSi erTi xazi gausvi masalas, ori – sxeuls:<br />
mina qoTani rkina CanTa lursmani tyavi<br />
kovzi finjani Tixa matyli xelTaTmani qviSa<br />
2. xazebiT daakavSire erTmaneTTan masala da misgan damzadebuli sagnebi:<br />
3. foTolSi Cawere bunebrivi masalisgan damzadebuli sxeulebi, xolo CanTaSi -<br />
xelovnuri masalisgan damzadebuli sxeulebi:<br />
4. daajgufe sagnebi masalis mixedviT da Cawere cifrebi Sesabamis sqemaSi:<br />
1<br />
60<br />
2<br />
erTjeradi gamoyenebis<br />
3 4 5 6 7<br />
masalebi<br />
bunebrivi xelovnuri<br />
mravaljeradi gamoyenebis erTjeradi gamoyenebis mravaljeradi gamoyenebis<br />
8
5. miuwere TiToeul sxeuls, kidev ra masalisgan SeiZleba misi damzadeba:<br />
muyao<br />
oqro<br />
spilenZi<br />
mina<br />
vercxli<br />
tyavi<br />
plastmasa<br />
6. mocemuli sityvebiT Seadgine winadadebebi ise, rom Candes maT Soris kavSiri:<br />
bunebrivi mina Tixa arsebobs bamba<br />
adamiani iyenebs Sedgeba xe-tye qaRaldi<br />
xelovnuri liTonebi plastmasa masala qviSa<br />
sxeuli arsebobs<br />
bunebrivi masalebia: adamiani<br />
masalebi da maTi Tvisebebi<br />
61
9 testi<br />
1. xazebze miawere, rogori Seferiloba exmareba suraTze gamosaxul organizmebs garemosTan<br />
SeguebaSi:<br />
2. rogor exmareba kaqtuss garemosTan SeguebaSi Rero, fesvi da ekali:<br />
72<br />
Rero<br />
fesvi<br />
eklebi<br />
1.<br />
2.
3. rogor garemoSi cxovroben es cxovelebi? cxrilSi Cawere, rogor arian es cxovelebi<br />
Seguebuli TavianT garemoSi cxovrebas:<br />
4. Seavse krosvordi:<br />
organizmi garemosTan SeguebaSi exmareba...<br />
1. Seferiloba, romelic SeumCnevels xdis organizmebs saarsebo garemoSi;<br />
2. kaqtusis sxeulis nawili, sadac wyals imara-<br />
gebs;<br />
3. erTdroulad mravali cxovelis mier sacxo-<br />
vrebeli adgilis Secvla;<br />
4. matylis mosasxami, romelsac saqarTvelos mTaSi mcxo-<br />
vrebi adamianebi iyeneben;<br />
5. Wiamaias msgavsad, gamokveTili Seferilobis organiz-<br />
mis Tavdacvis saSualeba;<br />
6. raSic frinveli kvercxs debs da bartyebs zrdis;<br />
7. ra ferisaa CrdiloeTis daTvi?<br />
8. `saxli~, romelSic futkrebis ojaxi mravldeba, sakvebs<br />
imaragebs da STamomavlobaze zrunavs ;<br />
1<br />
garemosTan Segueba<br />
5 6<br />
4<br />
8<br />
7<br />
2<br />
3<br />
73
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