(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO
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Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
290<br />
tiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli _ „Semdgomze<br />
moqmedi~) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic<br />
warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis<br />
aRbeWdvas. retroaqtiuli interferencia (retroaqtiuri<br />
_ „winaze moqmedi~) ki imaze miuTiTebs,<br />
rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis<br />
aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic<br />
Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias<br />
moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan<br />
geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis<br />
nomers. Tavidan telefonis axali nomris<br />
daxsomeba giWirT _ Zveli „amoxteba~ xolme<br />
(proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac<br />
bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT axal<br />
nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT<br />
Zveli, Tumca, wlebis manZilze iyenebdiT mas<br />
(retroaqtiuri interferencia).<br />
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT<br />
Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac, pirvelad<br />
ebinghausma daiwyo, romelic TviTon swavlobda<br />
uazro marcvalTa wyvilebs. man aRmoaCina, rom<br />
daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac<br />
aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis<br />
studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperimentebi<br />
gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is<br />
mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre<br />
swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeorebdnen,<br />
aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi<br />
ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948, 1949).<br />
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: _<br />
mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia kodirebasa da<br />
aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. am Tavis Semdgomi<br />
ori nawilis gacnobisas naxavT, rogor ukavSirdeba<br />
nawilebi erTmaneTs mogonebis gansaxorcieleblad:<br />
konteqsti, romelSic cdilobT,<br />
warsuli movlenis aRdgenas, TviTon gamodis,<br />
rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo,<br />
rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mogonebis<br />
konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil<br />
mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac ki uSlis<br />
mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas.<br />
kodirebis da aRdgenis<br />
procesebi<br />
Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstisa da<br />
aRdgenis konteqstebis urTierTdamTxveva gadamwyvet<br />
rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla<br />
davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT,<br />
romelTac xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis<br />
miReba da aRdgena emyareba. Cven vnaxavT, rom am<br />
SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, radgan<br />
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebi emTxveva<br />
erTmaneTs.<br />
gadamuSavebis doneebi<br />
daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba<br />
– yuradRebis forma, romelsac Tqven<br />
informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT –<br />
gavlenas axdens Tqven mier informaciis daxsomebaze.<br />
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis<br />
gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba is<br />
adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik,<br />
1990). Tu gadamuSaveba masalis analizs, Sedarebebs,<br />
interpretacias da sxva saxis gadamuSavebebs<br />
moicavs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.<br />
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba,<br />
rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi dasaxsomebeli<br />
eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT<br />
sityva yurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur<br />
doneze warmarToT msjeloba: _ ra feris melniT<br />
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT<br />
yuradReba _ eriTmeba is sityva berZens? an<br />
mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magali-<br />
Tad, imaze, rom is xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom<br />
yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro<br />
Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs _ met sityvebTan<br />
dakavSireba gWirdebaT (Lockhart & Craik, 1990).<br />
gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs<br />
yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT daazuston,<br />
Tu ratom vakuTvnebT gadamuSavebis zogierT<br />
process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki _ Rrmas.<br />
am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi<br />
miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT<br />
informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze,<br />
SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas.<br />
axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis<br />
procesebs Soris damTxveva gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs implicitur<br />
mexsierebaSi.<br />
gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba<br />
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqsplicitur<br />
da implicitur mexsierebas Soris kodirebis<br />
da aRdgenis gansxvavebaSi mdgomareobs<br />
(Roediger, 1990; Schacter et al., 1993). sxva pirobebTan
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