(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO (natia) ZIMBARDO
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi 256 daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland, 1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantuli principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela aspeqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba metnaklebad advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biologiurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad, ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas. gemos aversiiT daswavla am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze. Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs. daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints on learning) – nebismieri limiti organizmis daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT. instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides. gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning) – daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba, romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas. davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT. rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels, Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raodenobas iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs, maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian. am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT daswavla. am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs. gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man „simTvraleSi~ gamoscada. gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/ surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis – elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12 saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood, gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan, romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdilebis Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas. jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laboratoriaSi da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuliganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul saxeobebSi.
saidan viciT stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi virTxebi jer ecnobodnen situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Sezavebul wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles. meore fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari – xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals. Semdeg orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli Sokis zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda, xolo meore naxevari ki radiaciuli dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa da gulisrevas. wylis is raodenoba, romelic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies, Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcirdeboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali asocirdeboda avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia) da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocirdeboda tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli moaswavebda tkivils, an, rodesac Zlieri sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda avadmyofobas (ix. sur. 7.14). miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, asociacia daamyaron konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs Soris (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare, damokidebulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris kavSirze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor dispozicias avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis mimarT mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978). cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia im stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes safrTxes da romeli – jildos. amitom eqperimentatorebi, romlebic ecdebian am paternebis darRvevas, bevrs verafers miaRweven. mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqanizmis praqtikaSi gadmotanac scades. imisaTvis, suraTi 7.14 Tandayolili unarebi garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan. virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avadmyofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _ ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moaswavebda da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avadmyofoba mohyveboda. rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon garsiam da misma kolegebma daawyves batknis toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavaddnen da ganuviTardaT zizRi batknis xorcis mimarT. amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis magivrad ukan ixevdnen. gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi daavadebul pacientebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv sakvebs qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli gulisrevis gamo. saidan viciT mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi gemos arideba 22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos diagnozi, gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi prioritetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis rva kursis ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi sami kvira iyo. qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi, rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze biologia da daswavla 257
- Page 1 and 2: cedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arR
- Page 3 and 4: lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver
- Page 5 and 6: normalur „TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul
- Page 7 and 8: xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur S
- Page 9 and 10: Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa stim
- Page 11 and 12: Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT.
- Page 13 and 14: ferovan gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi
- Page 15 and 16: daswavla daswavla da da qceviTi qce
- Page 17 and 18: ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori Zir
- Page 19 and 20: skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic m
- Page 21 and 22: sikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze. klasi
- Page 23 and 24: xvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive sti
- Page 25 and 26: SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxseno
- Page 27 and 28: suraTi 7.7 reskorlas procedura alba
- Page 29 and 30: ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunolo
- Page 31 and 32: es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebi
- Page 33 and 34: om wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar ga
- Page 35 and 36: suraTi 7.11 operantuli kabina sagan
- Page 37 and 38: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja albaT i
- Page 39 and 40: cxrili 7.1 sampirobiani albaToba: d
- Page 41 and 42: aris (Chess & Thomas; 1984). savara
- Page 43 and 44: mocemul situaciaSi premakis princip
- Page 45 and 46: saSualod yovel 10 reaqcias mohyveba
- Page 47: ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zoga
- Page 51 and 52: kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze rogorc
- Page 53 and 54: adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% s
- Page 55 and 56: cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis ara
- Page 57 and 58: ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ganpirobebuloba
- Page 59 and 60: Tavis avtobiografias marlon brando
- Page 61 and 62: _ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTode
- Page 63 and 64: viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am s
- Page 65 and 66: suraTi 8.3 informaciis gadasvla xan
- Page 67 and 68: 7 1 V F X L 5 3 B 4 W 7 cdis pirebs
- Page 69 and 70: omelic mxolod xanmokle droiT inform
- Page 71 and 72: noben adamians, manam, sanam saubar
- Page 73 and 74: atom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmo
- Page 75 and 76: dabolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeb
- Page 77 and 78: saidan viciT mkveTri suni mimniSneb
- Page 79 and 80: saidan viciT mwkrivis elementebis g
- Page 81 and 82: pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi,
- Page 83 and 84: erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad,
- Page 85 and 86: siereba - meti daimaxsovroT da nakl
- Page 87 and 88: fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi yvelaze
- Page 89 and 90: daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsi
- Page 91 and 92: suraTi 8.11 A prototipuli saxe da c
- Page 93 and 94: suraTi 8.12 cnebaTa ierarqiulad org
- Page 95 and 96: zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im S
- Page 97 and 98: aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ga
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
256<br />
daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT<br />
instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland,<br />
1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantuli<br />
principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba,<br />
Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi<br />
ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic<br />
SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT.<br />
cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli<br />
iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis<br />
winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze<br />
SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs,<br />
rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela aspeqtis<br />
gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba metnaklebad<br />
advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc<br />
cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli<br />
reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin<br />
iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biologiurad<br />
aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad,<br />
ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta<br />
yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul<br />
iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori<br />
bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas.<br />
gemos aversiiT daswavla<br />
am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda<br />
gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris<br />
xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo<br />
meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze.<br />
Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom<br />
Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi<br />
reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT<br />
es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs.<br />
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints<br />
on learning) – nebismieri limiti organizmis<br />
daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia<br />
erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli<br />
sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.<br />
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili<br />
qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.<br />
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning)<br />
– daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba,<br />
romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis<br />
gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.<br />
davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia<br />
ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven<br />
rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli<br />
paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT.<br />
rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels,<br />
Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raodenobas<br />
iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba<br />
maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da<br />
miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT<br />
iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs,<br />
maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian.<br />
am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT daswavla.<br />
am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas<br />
da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da<br />
romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs.<br />
gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis<br />
Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man<br />
„simTvraleSi~ gamoscada.<br />
gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia.<br />
gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla<br />
mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba<br />
ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/<br />
surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis<br />
– elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs<br />
avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti<br />
rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12<br />
saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa<br />
iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood,<br />
gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan,<br />
romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos<br />
aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdilebis<br />
Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom<br />
gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa<br />
darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden<br />
dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas.<br />
jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad<br />
daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laboratoriaSi<br />
da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es<br />
fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino<br />
gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli<br />
asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,<br />
rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuliganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba<br />
klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul<br />
saxeobebSi.
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