(natia) ZIMBARDO

ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs
SemosazRvraven.
Sejameba
Torndaikisa da skineris mier aRmoCenili
operantuli ganpirobebulobis meTodika marTavs
organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos
Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
zrdis qcevis gamovlenis albaTobas.
ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs
generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobebuli
ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas
axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli.
premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom
metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli
naklebad albaTi aqtivobis gansamtkiceblad.
ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi
reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven.
Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne qcevasTan
warmatebulad miaxloeba diferencialurad
iqnes ganmtkicebuli.
biologia da daswavla
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTadi
principebi adamianebTan da cxovelebTan msgavsia,
pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma
(David Hume) 1748 wels wamoayena. man Tqva, rom
„nebismieri Teoria, romliTac Cven gagebis
operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT
mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive
fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen
cxovelTanac~ (Hume, 1748/1951, gv.104).
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive
kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi
fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadasxva kanonzomierebebi
da SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis
ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey, 1993;
Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). mesame Tavidan
Tqven ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis
ganviTareba iyo reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze.
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris swored adaptaciiT
SeiZleba aixsnas. zustad aseTive evoluciuri
perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis
unars (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu-
leba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT
da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT
kvlevis or sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom
qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
ganpirobebuli _ instinqturi swrafva da gemos
aversiiT swavla.
instinqturi swrafva
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic
aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben. cirkSi da teleekranze.
zogierTi cxoveli beisbols, pingpongs
TamaSobs, zogi manqanas atarebs. wlebis
manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi
iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs,
rom gamoewvrTnaT aTasobiT sxvadasxva
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom
zogadi principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli
kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac
imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo
niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis
gareT.
Tumca, wvrTnis raRac etapze zogierTi
cxoveli „cudad moqcevas~ iwyebda. magaliTad,
enoti iwvrTneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo
yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi, magram
enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis
aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod
wydeboda, anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda
monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela
monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan
iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad
axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac
maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan.
amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wvrTnidnen, raTa
gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT,
isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer dingiT
ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev
ismis kiTxva, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis
es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi
zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan
qcevis es repertuari maT memkvidreobiT aqvT
miRebuli.
aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi,
rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac etapamde
cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi,
biologia da daswavla
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