(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO (natia) ZIMBARDO
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 368 turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva. man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas, naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad tendenciur Sefasebebs. inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gacemuli pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911). testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs CautardaT da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda. magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben. qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis raodenoba. qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronologiuri asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis raodenoba. bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSan- TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiroeben da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame, igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda, romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi. dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan. inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kombinaciam ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtualuri unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoiyenes. gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi
× (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagangebo viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT TveSi Seqmnes (Lennon,1985). am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis Sedegad amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs SeuZliaT adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa da sxva socialurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, ramac xeli Seuwyo maT farTo gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba ganixileboda, rogorc qaotur sazogadoebaSi wesrigis Setanis saSualeba. aseve, es iyo sakmaod iafi, demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodiferencirebisa, visac ganaTlebidan da samxedro meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba SeeZlo. inteleqtis farTomasStabiani testirebis gamoyenebis gasaioleblad mkvlevrebi Zalas ar iSurebdnen da farTo gamoyenebis mqone testur procedurebs qmnidnen. IQ testebi miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis standartizebuli gazomva safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul male am saqmeSi wamyvani poziciebi aSS-is fsiqologebma daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, IQ, anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ inteleqtis ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomia. amJamad farTod gamoiyeneba individualuri gamoyenebisTvis mowodebuli IQ-testis ori jgufi: stenford-binesa (Stanford-Binet) da veqsleris skalebi (Wechsler). stenford-bines inteleqtis skala luis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis universitetis sajaro skolis yofilma administratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis gazomvis bineseuli meTodis mniSvneloba. aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT man moaxdina bines testis adaptireba aSS-is skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gaukeTa testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti, romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc stenford-bines inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916). am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada iseTi cnebisTvis, rogoricaa inteleqtis koeficienti, anu IQ (termini, romelic 1914 wels Sternma Semoitana). IQ aris gonebrivi asakis Sefardeba qronologiur asakTan, gamravlebuli 100-ze: IQ = gonebrivi asaki ÷ qronologiuri asaki 100 bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki 8 welia da romlis testis qulebma aCvena gonebrivi asaki 10 weli, IQ 125 (10:8×100=125) eqneba, xolo igive qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac testi 6 wlis bavSvis doneze Seasrula, IQ 75 (6:8×100=75) eqneba; individebs, romlebmac Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis Sesabamisi gonebrivi testi, IQ 100 eqnebaT. amrigad, 100 qula saSualo IQ-ad iqna miCneuli.Q stenford-bines axali testi male gadaiqca klinikuri fsiqologiis, fsiqoTerapiis da saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad. es testi Seicavs mTel rig subtestebs, romelic konkretul gonebriv asakzea morgebuli da romelTac mcire reviziaTa CautardaT 1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa miRweuliyo sami mizani: _ (1) mcirewlovani bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQis gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni; (2) ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi, romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi momxdar cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxlebuliyo normebisa da asakis Sesabamisi saSualo qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenfordbines testis ukanaskneli, me-4 gamocema (Torndike et al.,1986) testis validobis gaumjobesebis mizans emsaxureba, romelTac uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis mqone individebisaTvis, ise, `fsiqikuri funqcionirebis problemebis mqone~, an niWieri individebisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992). miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar miiReba gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient) _ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba, rogorc IQ testis qula. inteleqtis Sefaseba 369
- Page 109 and 110: maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zusta
- Page 111 and 112: magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxveb
- Page 113 and 114: cxrili 9.3 1. raodenoba: Setyobineb
- Page 115 and 116: daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri in
- Page 117 and 118: undebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqs
- Page 119 and 120: winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, r
- Page 121 and 122: ufro zusti monacemebi Simpanzeebis
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- Page 129 and 130: Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi
- Page 131 and 132: da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli
- Page 133 and 134: ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis
- Page 135 and 136: suraTi 9.15 abstraqtuli da sagnobri
- Page 137 and 138: om moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad
- Page 139 and 140: fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi Tu odesme
- Page 141 and 142: daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqm
- Page 143 and 144: warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kol
- Page 145 and 146: aSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebz
- Page 147 and 148: problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara T
- Page 149 and 150: aseTi Sedegi SesaZlebelia im SemTxv
- Page 151 and 152: inteleqti inteleqti da da inteleqti
- Page 153 and 154: iwyeben. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi i
- Page 155 and 156: yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principeb
- Page 157 and 158: vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im f
- Page 159: qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli Sf
- Page 163 and 164: cxrili 10.1 lebis xuTi subtesti moi
- Page 165 and 166: fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi inteleqtis
- Page 167 and 168: leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri
- Page 169 and 170: vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi
- Page 171 and 172: pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan w
- Page 173 and 174: lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxveveb
- Page 175 and 176: aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs ga
- Page 177 and 178: suraTi 10.5 memkvidreobas, garemosa
- Page 179 and 180: empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT r
- Page 181 and 182: suraTi 10.7 stereotipuli muqara ste
- Page 183 and 184: suraTi 10.8 iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis
- Page 185 and 186: leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven Sei
- Page 187 and 188: ac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodne
- Page 189 and 190: adamianis adamianis ganviTareba gan
- Page 191 and 192: cxrili 11.1 ganviTarebis safexurebi
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
368<br />
turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis<br />
mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega<br />
Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom<br />
saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli<br />
iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva.<br />
man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis<br />
SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTarebaSi<br />
Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis<br />
da normaluri moswavleebisgan<br />
maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari<br />
testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas,<br />
naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier<br />
moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad<br />
tendenciur Sefasebebs.<br />
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi<br />
maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem<br />
Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu<br />
testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT<br />
bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi<br />
Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom<br />
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gacemuli<br />
pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad<br />
miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT<br />
mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis<br />
Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad<br />
Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis<br />
Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis<br />
meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da<br />
daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911).<br />
testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs CautardaT<br />
da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad<br />
ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo<br />
qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis<br />
Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis<br />
saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa<br />
saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad<br />
ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas<br />
iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda.<br />
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula<br />
utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo<br />
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis<br />
sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis<br />
inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT<br />
gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis<br />
bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben.<br />
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis<br />
dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis<br />
raodenoba.<br />
qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5,<br />
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronologiuri<br />
asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis<br />
raodenoba.<br />
bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSan-<br />
TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis<br />
qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare<br />
ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc<br />
Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis<br />
qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba<br />
surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiroeben<br />
da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame,<br />
igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis<br />
pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da<br />
ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis<br />
inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda,<br />
romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT<br />
gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi.<br />
dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova<br />
monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo<br />
Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba<br />
inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan.<br />
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam<br />
didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da<br />
socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kombinaciam<br />
ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis<br />
gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da<br />
duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri<br />
da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi<br />
milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao<br />
ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT<br />
aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis<br />
moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa<br />
da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis<br />
meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis<br />
dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa<br />
gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris<br />
TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda<br />
amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali<br />
masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro<br />
kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda<br />
Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtualuri<br />
unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri<br />
testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoiyenes.<br />
gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic<br />
Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard<br />
Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi
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