(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO
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Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
362<br />
aristokrats, ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis<br />
Galton). misi wigni `geniosobis memkvidreobiToba~<br />
1869 wels gamoqveynda, romelmac mniSvnelovani<br />
gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis,<br />
Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.<br />
galtoni, romelic Carlz darvinis naTesavi<br />
iyo, adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas misi evoluciis<br />
Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda. mas ainteresebda,<br />
Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian<br />
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
unarebis mixedviT; agreTve, akvirvebda<br />
is, rom zogierTi adamiani niWieri da warmatebuli<br />
iyo, rogorc TviTon, xolo zogierTi ki<br />
_ ara.<br />
galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena<br />
oTxi mniSvnelovani idea inteleqtis Sefasebis<br />
Sesaxeb. pirvelis mixedviT inteleqtis mixedviT<br />
gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da inteleqtis<br />
xarisxis terminebiT aRiwereba. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, maT Soris gansxvavebis dasafiqsireblad<br />
raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba<br />
mieniWos adamianebis inteleqtis doneebs. meore,<br />
adamianebs Soris inteleqtis mixedviT gansxvavebebi<br />
zaris formis mruds, anu normalur<br />
ganawilebas qmnis. zaris formis mrudze adamian-<br />
Ta umravlesobis maCvenebeli ganawilebis Sua<br />
nawilSi grovdeba da mxolod mcire nawilia<br />
moTavsebuli ganawilebis ukidures _ geniosobis<br />
da mentaluri deficitis aRmniSvnel _ wertilebTan<br />
axlos (zaris formis mruds mogvianebiT<br />
davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqtis, anu gonebrivi<br />
unarebis gazomva SesaZlebelia obieqturi<br />
testebiT, romelTa TiToeul kiTxvas mxolod<br />
erTi swori pasuxi aqvs. meoTxe, testis ori<br />
jgufis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebis<br />
zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba statistikuri<br />
proceduriT, romelsac galtonma korelacia<br />
uwoda da romelic dResdReobiT korelaciis<br />
saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />
samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvnelovani<br />
kamaTis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas<br />
miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda.<br />
misi azriT, talanti, an `sidiade~<br />
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sistematuri<br />
procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic<br />
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba<br />
individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis<br />
(Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.<br />
memkvidreobiTia, xolo aRzrdas minimaluri<br />
gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. misi azriT, inteleqti<br />
darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveulwilad,<br />
moralur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi<br />
politika genetikurad `uaresi~ (inferioruli)<br />
da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) adamianis cnebaze<br />
daefuZnebina. man Camoayaliba evgenikuri moZraoba,<br />
romelic, evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebiT,<br />
adamianTa modgmis gaumjobesebas uWerda<br />
mxars da dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili biologiurad<br />
superioruli adamianebis gamravlebisa<br />
da inferioruli adamianebis mxridan STamomavlobaze<br />
uaris Tqmisadmi. galtoni werda: `arsebobs<br />
mosazreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod<br />
usafuZvlo, inferioruli rasis TandaTanobiT<br />
gadaSendebis ideis gaumarTleblobis Sesaxeb~<br />
(Galton, 1883/1907, gv. 200).<br />
es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiT im<br />
adamianebmac gamoTqves, romlebic Tvlidnen,<br />
rom inteleqtualuri (superioruli) rasa<br />
naklebad inteleqtualebis (inferiorebis) xarjze<br />
unda gamravldes. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris<br />
iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard)<br />
da termeni (Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac<br />
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aseve, visaubrebT<br />
nacisti diqtatoris, adolf hitleris Teoriis<br />
Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es<br />
elitaruli ideebi dResac aqtualuria.<br />
ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara<br />
inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas. axla ganvixiloT<br />
formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasia-<br />
Tebeli Taviseburebebi.<br />
formaluri Sefasebis<br />
ZiriTadi niSnebi<br />
formaluri Sefasebis procedura, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs individebis klasifikacias, an maT<br />
SerCevas, sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes.<br />
Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2)<br />
validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu<br />
Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs,<br />
maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar<br />
iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Tavi<br />
inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba, formaluri<br />
Sefasebis qvemoT aRwerili procedura yvela<br />
saxis fsiqologiuri testirebis dros gamoi
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