(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO (natia) ZIMBARDO
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi 340 suraTi 9.13 SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II) aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am amocanebs. lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos (Gobet & Simon, 1996). rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT. Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, warmatebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams, 1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian er- TmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas uzrunvelyofs swori – vizualuri da ara verbaluri an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamoyeneba. Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob- lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad cxrili 9.6 gamocana `beri~ erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis. spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwvervalisaken miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasveneblad, Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amosvlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba, isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camosvlisas misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT, rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvlisasac da Camosvlisasac (pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).
ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS, iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is, rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasamagreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi, xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcionaluri rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix. sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze. rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT, pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi _ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli axali kombinaciis misaRebad. rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT, rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT. qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas, romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba. deduqciuri azrovneba warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito baraTiT _ „American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens suraTi 9.14 gamocana `beri~-s amoxsna A suraTze naCvenebia ori beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan zemoT, meore _ zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze warmodgenilia maTi Sexvedris adgili dRis erTsa da imave momentSi. axla SecvaleT ori beri erTiT; amocana damtkicebulia. restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, „American Express~, sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT: „Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT, rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben. ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gake- Tebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca: wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs; wanamZRvari 2. „American Express~ aris ZiriTadi sakredito ba-raTi; daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American Express~. aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimar- Teba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven, funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) – sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis unaris arqona. deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) – azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unars gulisxmobs. problemis gadaWra da azrovneba 341
- Page 81 and 82: pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi,
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- Page 111 and 112: magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxveb
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- Page 117 and 118: undebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqs
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- Page 121 and 122: ufro zusti monacemebi Simpanzeebis
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- Page 137 and 138: om moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad
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- Page 161 and 162: × (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen o
- Page 163 and 164: cxrili 10.1 lebis xuTi subtesti moi
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ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS,<br />
iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is,<br />
rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasamagreblad<br />
ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi<br />
gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli<br />
unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi,<br />
xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda<br />
miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcionaluri<br />
rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix.<br />
sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri<br />
rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad<br />
miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi<br />
axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac<br />
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze.<br />
rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT,<br />
pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT<br />
mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis<br />
gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi<br />
ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis<br />
saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi<br />
_ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli<br />
axali kombinaciis misaRebad.<br />
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT,<br />
rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT.<br />
qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas,<br />
romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.<br />
deduqciuri azrovneba<br />
warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da<br />
fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito<br />
baraTiT _ „American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT<br />
restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens<br />
suraTi 9.14<br />
gamocana `beri~-s<br />
amoxsna<br />
A suraTze naCvenebia ori<br />
beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan<br />
zemoT, meore _<br />
zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze<br />
warmodgenilia maTi Sexvedris<br />
adgili dRis erTsa<br />
da imave momentSi. axla<br />
SecvaleT ori beri erTiT;<br />
amocana damtkicebulia.<br />
restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, „American Express~,<br />
sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT:<br />
„Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs<br />
viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT,<br />
rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben.<br />
ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT<br />
silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gake-<br />
Tebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma<br />
filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:<br />
wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad<br />
sakredito baraTs;<br />
wanamZRvari 2. „American Express~ aris ZiriTadi<br />
sakredito ba-raTi;<br />
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American<br />
Express~.<br />
aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimar-<br />
Teba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic<br />
realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri<br />
azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas<br />
gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi<br />
moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs<br />
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac<br />
logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma<br />
gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven,<br />
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) –<br />
sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali<br />
funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis<br />
unaris arqona.<br />
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) –<br />
azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti<br />
wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis<br />
unars gulisxmobs.<br />
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba<br />
341
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