(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO (natia) ZIMBARDO
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi 338 (A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT? (B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs milidan? (C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa 62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs. scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT? (D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs? (E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi. daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze. (F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3 qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba? suraTi 9.12 SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I) scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.) mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena. rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT, rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma mogcaT formula x 2 +x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazRvroT x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis? am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa- fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis problemebis gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT. Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4), gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis, SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba
da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas. warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs saidumlo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT gaarkvioT, vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven, SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma mokla, radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT, rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, evristika warmoadgens msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts. mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situaciaSi adamianebis mier algoriTmisa da evristikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmama- Rali fiqris meTods, romelic fiqris verbalizacias gulisxmobs (Ericson & Simon, 1993). magaliTad, mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, SeeswavlaT is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis problemas (suraTi 9.10, nawili C) (Kaplan & Simon, 1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris xmamaRali fiqris oqmis Canaweri, sadac igi akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod vertikalurad an horizontalurad daalagebs (dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda). ,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es moklea,uhhh... vardisferi ufro metia, vidre Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388). cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda, Tu dominoebs sul horizontalurad an vertikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevrebi cdis pirTa azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben (Simon, 1979, 1989). problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas, SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom „uamravi ram aris erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.~ problemis gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas zustad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad problemis gadaWras aZnelebs is, rom misi gadawyvetis gonebrivi moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky & Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli TiToeuli moqmedeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa, verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan saboloo miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT am SesaZlo problemis gadaWra? problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni resursebis Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis SemuSavebas. Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis problemebis gadaWra, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtomatizacias da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al., 1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niuiorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba. SegiZliaT qalaqis sxvdasxva monakveTSi gansxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi gamoimuSavoT. ase rom, Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi gadayvetilebis mza komponentebi geqnebaT, Tqven mTel yurad- Rebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT. gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. msof- algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safexureobrivi procedura, romlis saSualebiTac vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis problemis gadasaWrelad. evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an ,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis gadasaWrelad. xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols) _ problemis gadaWra da azrovneba 339
- Page 79 and 80: saidan viciT mwkrivis elementebis g
- Page 81 and 82: pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi,
- Page 83 and 84: erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad,
- Page 85 and 86: siereba - meti daimaxsovroT da nakl
- Page 87 and 88: fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi yvelaze
- Page 89 and 90: daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsi
- Page 91 and 92: suraTi 8.11 A prototipuli saxe da c
- Page 93 and 94: suraTi 8.12 cnebaTa ierarqiulad org
- Page 95 and 96: zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im S
- Page 97 and 98: aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ga
- Page 99 and 100: suraTi 4.16 tvinis struqtura ......
- Page 101 and 102: epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dro
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- Page 105 and 106: odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis sa
- Page 107 and 108: lesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi
- Page 109 and 110: maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zusta
- Page 111 and 112: magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxveb
- Page 113 and 114: cxrili 9.3 1. raodenoba: Setyobineb
- Page 115 and 116: daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri in
- Page 117 and 118: undebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqs
- Page 119 and 120: winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, r
- Page 121 and 122: ufro zusti monacemebi Simpanzeebis
- Page 123 and 124: nis zRvarTan axlomyofi elferis garC
- Page 125 and 126: pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZ
- Page 127 and 128: suraTi 9.9 students sTxoves, daexat
- Page 129: Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi
- Page 133 and 134: ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis
- Page 135 and 136: suraTi 9.15 abstraqtuli da sagnobri
- Page 137 and 138: om moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad
- Page 139 and 140: fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi Tu odesme
- Page 141 and 142: daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqm
- Page 143 and 144: warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kol
- Page 145 and 146: aSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebz
- Page 147 and 148: problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara T
- Page 149 and 150: aseTi Sedegi SesaZlebelia im SemTxv
- Page 151 and 152: inteleqti inteleqti da da inteleqti
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- Page 155 and 156: yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principeb
- Page 157 and 158: vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im f
- Page 159 and 160: qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli Sf
- Page 161 and 162: × (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen o
- Page 163 and 164: cxrili 10.1 lebis xuTi subtesti moi
- Page 165 and 166: fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi inteleqtis
- Page 167 and 168: leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri
- Page 169 and 170: vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi
- Page 171 and 172: pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan w
- Page 173 and 174: lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxveveb
- Page 175 and 176: aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs ga
- Page 177 and 178: suraTi 10.5 memkvidreobas, garemosa
- Page 179 and 180: empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT r
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
338<br />
(A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis<br />
gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT?<br />
(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea<br />
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs<br />
milidan?<br />
(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa<br />
62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs.<br />
scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT?<br />
(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu<br />
xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT<br />
miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs?<br />
(E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.<br />
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.<br />
(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3<br />
qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel<br />
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?<br />
suraTi 9.12<br />
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)<br />
scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT<br />
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.)<br />
mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis<br />
SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena.<br />
rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac<br />
ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo<br />
mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia<br />
swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis<br />
misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT<br />
maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT,<br />
rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma<br />
mogcaT formula x 2 +x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazRvroT<br />
x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis?<br />
am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT<br />
gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa-<br />
fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis<br />
gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis problemebis<br />
gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs<br />
sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is<br />
swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi<br />
saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT.<br />
Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva<br />
variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4),<br />
gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis,<br />
SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis<br />
gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad<br />
gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac<br />
naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba
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