(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO
(natia) ZIMBARDO
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cedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arRvevs<br />
sizmris bunebriv mimdinareobas.<br />
hipnozi<br />
sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom<br />
hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs mis nebayoflobiT<br />
Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad<br />
marTebulia es mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra<br />
aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/<br />
validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba? termini<br />
hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi<br />
Zilis RmerTis saxelidan, momdinareobs. Tumca,<br />
hipnozi (Hypnosis) - cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba,<br />
romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT<br />
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da<br />
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis<br />
cvlilebebiT.<br />
Zili aranairad ar monawileobs hipnozSi, Tu<br />
ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaqsirebuli<br />
adamianebi garegnulad Zilis magvar<br />
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian (Tu adamians marTlac<br />
sZinavs, maSin is ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro<br />
zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT, hipnozi aris cnobierebis<br />
Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic<br />
xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis gansakuTrebuli<br />
unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba,<br />
rasac Tan axlavs aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa<br />
da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi<br />
(Orne, 1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi,<br />
monawileebi momatebuli STagonebadobiT<br />
xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT<br />
_ isini xSirad grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovelgvari<br />
ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis gareSe<br />
xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968).<br />
mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas<br />
hipnozis dros moqmedi fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis<br />
Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998).<br />
zogierTi adreuli Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis<br />
zemoqmedebis qveS myofi individebi transis<br />
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad<br />
gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis mdgomareobisgan.<br />
sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva<br />
araferia, Tu ara momatebuli motivacia.<br />
arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi<br />
socialuri roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, placebo<br />
reaqciis saxeobaa hipnotizioris mowonebis<br />
dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad,<br />
mkvlevrebma gamoricxes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar<br />
cvlilebebs iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vinaidan<br />
individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec<br />
SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
qceviTi paternebis ganxorcieleba,<br />
naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an<br />
placebo procesebis garda sxva damatebiTi<br />
efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi stimulaciisa da<br />
hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis<br />
zogierT efeqts.<br />
hipnoturi stimulacia da<br />
hipnobiluroba<br />
hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic induction)<br />
iwyeba. es aris mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa<br />
erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs<br />
garegani gamRizianeblebi da monawileebs mxo-<br />
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi<br />
209
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi<br />
210<br />
lod SeTavazebul stimulebze amaxvilebinebs<br />
yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis<br />
gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad<br />
emzadebian. mosamzadebeli aqtivobebi gulisxmobs<br />
garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an<br />
movlenebisa da reaqciebis vizualizacias.<br />
ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi mosamzadebeli<br />
procedurebi daswavlili signalis<br />
funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad, monawileebi swrafad<br />
gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis<br />
tipuri procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis<br />
mdgomareobis SeTavazebas, Tumca zogierTi<br />
adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi stimulaciiTac<br />
hipnotizirdeba, rogoricaa velosipediT<br />
siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).<br />
hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian<br />
STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala hipnotiziorisgan<br />
momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTaderTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria monawilis<br />
unari Tu „niWi~ imisa, rom hipnozs daeqvemdebaros.<br />
hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT<br />
eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi reaqciebis<br />
gancdis standartul instruqciebs. arsebobs<br />
individualur gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri,<br />
STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur<br />
STagonebadobamde.<br />
suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa<br />
procentul ganawilebas hipnobilurobis xarisxis<br />
mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares<br />
hipnoturi stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am<br />
skalaze „maRali~ an „Zalian maRali~ maCvenebeli?<br />
testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori<br />
iZleoda posthipnotur instruqciaTa serias,<br />
romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda.<br />
rodesac hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi<br />
gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda, Zalze<br />
hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen<br />
xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxvevaSi<br />
maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli<br />
mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul individebs<br />
ar SeeZloT „ara~-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva,<br />
Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar<br />
SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis „dabali~<br />
maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar<br />
avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs.<br />
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra<br />
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi standartul<br />
hipnotur STagonebas.<br />
suraTi 6.5<br />
pirvelad gamowveuli hipnozis done<br />
grafiki gviCvenebs hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS pirvelad<br />
moxvedrili 533 individis Sedegebs. hipnobiluroba<br />
stanfordis hipnoturi damyolobis 12-debulebian<br />
skalaze gaizoma.<br />
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasia-<br />
Tebelia. mozrdilebSi es maCvenebeli, faqtobrivad,<br />
ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros<br />
(Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis testirebaSi<br />
monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da<br />
kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg Cautarda ganmeorebiTi<br />
testireba da miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad<br />
korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel<br />
monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro<br />
STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipnoturi<br />
STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozardobis<br />
periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs<br />
garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis genetikuri<br />
determinantebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, identuri<br />
tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs,<br />
vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al.,<br />
1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom hipnobiluroba SedarebiT<br />
stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT<br />
iseT pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mimndobloba<br />
an konformuloba (Fromm & Shor, 1979;<br />
Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs<br />
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis<br />
unikalur kognitur unars.<br />
hipnozis efeqtebi<br />
hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris<br />
aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT<br />
standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis<br />
qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleb
lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen)<br />
da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT<br />
eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca,<br />
rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi<br />
hipnozis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan<br />
momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri<br />
survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mowoneba?<br />
am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad<br />
mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs,<br />
romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben<br />
namdvilad hipnotizirebul individebsa da<br />
simuliantebs.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia<br />
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi<br />
monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna<br />
hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis<br />
simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli<br />
eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad,<br />
maT unda moetyuebinaT meore eqsperimentatori<br />
da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom mar-<br />
Tlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis<br />
Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis<br />
seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis<br />
Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani<br />
nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romel-<br />
Sic cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda<br />
ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).<br />
isini, visac erTjerze metad waredgina<br />
toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur mdgomareobaSi<br />
darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad<br />
amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris intensivobas.<br />
Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev<br />
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da<br />
amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT.<br />
savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigonoT.<br />
Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimentatoris<br />
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad individis<br />
moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda<br />
movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simulianti<br />
monawileebi msgavsad unda asrulebdnen<br />
moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar<br />
xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli individebi<br />
gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRweren:<br />
isini TavianT realur gamocdilebas-<br />
Tan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian,<br />
vidre imas, risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT<br />
eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996).<br />
am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad<br />
varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT, realuri<br />
hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan<br />
naTeli xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli<br />
wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis gamocdilebaSi.<br />
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec<br />
ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis unaria<br />
(hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari<br />
ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis<br />
stimulebs. am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba<br />
hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tkivilis<br />
kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi STagonebiT<br />
miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis<br />
araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gake-<br />
Tebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancalkevebulad<br />
warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba<br />
sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad `damaxinjeba~.<br />
adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT<br />
tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri<br />
da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan<br />
(Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT<br />
Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, romelTanac<br />
SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miRweva,<br />
dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis<br />
dros da simsivniani pacientebisTvis, romlebic<br />
daavadebasTan da mis mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebul<br />
tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviThipnozi<br />
(autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi<br />
saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients tkivilis<br />
gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba.<br />
erT-erT kvlevaSi ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis<br />
mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT<br />
akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili<br />
orjer naklebi iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi<br />
(Spiegel et al., 1989).<br />
mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT<br />
aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi scildeba<br />
monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi<br />
molodinebis Sesabamisad moqcevis survils.<br />
Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan tkivilis<br />
Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqtu-<br />
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi<br />
211
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi<br />
212<br />
rad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis Semamcirebeli<br />
sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993).<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
hipnozi amcirebs tkivils<br />
moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis autaneli<br />
tkivili. individebis mier tkivilis<br />
amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi<br />
izomeboda: (1) Zalze mamotivirebeli<br />
instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis<br />
gamowveviT da (3) placebo kafsulis<br />
gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZleodaT,<br />
rogorc tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da<br />
(2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im<br />
efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda,<br />
romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa<br />
kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damoukideblad<br />
miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs Soris<br />
gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas<br />
iZleoda, rom hipnozi placebo efeqtze<br />
metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda<br />
testirebas, ar icoda, Tu romel cdis<br />
pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo kafsula<br />
da arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi<br />
analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24 cdis<br />
piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed<br />
hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen naxevars<br />
ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilurobis<br />
skalaze.placebo abebi mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
amcirebda tkivils yvela monawiles-<br />
Tan, motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxisagan<br />
damoukideblad. amasTan, hipnozis molodini<br />
tkivilis Sesamcireblad, aseve,<br />
yvela monawilesTan iZleoda mniSvnelovan<br />
efeqts – placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca,<br />
Zalze hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis<br />
amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis<br />
periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre naklebad<br />
hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva<br />
nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi<br />
ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan et al.,<br />
1978).<br />
dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb:<br />
hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs hipnotizioris<br />
gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan;<br />
es mxolod im pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa<br />
hipnobilurobis Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi<br />
zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar<br />
niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis dakargvas;<br />
faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba<br />
individs kontrolis gavarjiSebis axali gzebis<br />
daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori<br />
SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT, romelic<br />
wvrTnis subieqts, romelic axorcielebs qcevas.<br />
es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac<br />
vuyurebT scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas, sadac<br />
adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs axorcieleben<br />
hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipnotiziori<br />
imiT qmnis cocxal sanaxaobas, rom<br />
egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebs<br />
sxvebis TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs<br />
axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba<br />
arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da<br />
TerapevtebisaTvis hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas,<br />
romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis SesaZleblobebis<br />
gamokvleva da modificireba.<br />
meditacia<br />
aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradiciuli<br />
fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba muSaobs<br />
cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri,<br />
aqtualuri safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben<br />
mentalur da spiritualur „me~-ze Sinagani<br />
fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens<br />
cnobierebis Secvlis formas, romelic mowodebulia<br />
Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis<br />
saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da<br />
subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis<br />
gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba<br />
SeiZleba fokusirdebodes da iwesrigebdes<br />
sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas pozebi),<br />
minimumamde dahyavdes garegani stimulacia,<br />
axdendes specifikuri mentaluri xatebis generirebas<br />
an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari<br />
azrisagan.<br />
garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis<br />
gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT,<br />
TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba<br />
meditacia (Meditation) - cnobierebis Secvlis forma,<br />
romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Semcirebis<br />
saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb<br />
codnisa da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
normalur „TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul mdgomareobasa<br />
da meditaciis konkretul procedurebs<br />
Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis<br />
damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri<br />
fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc<br />
mSvidi sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi<br />
aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri cnobierebis<br />
mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell,<br />
1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs<br />
SfoTvas, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac stresul<br />
garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al.,<br />
1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). Tumca, meditaciuri praqtikis<br />
mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis<br />
droebiTi daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis<br />
praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT praqtikas<br />
regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT<br />
formas xelewifeba cnobierebis gaZliereba,<br />
gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT,<br />
rom individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis<br />
axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs aRqmisa da<br />
azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas<br />
avtomaturi, kargad daswavlili paternebis<br />
halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, romelic<br />
Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis ararsebobis<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs,<br />
rom meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs<br />
gonebis farglebs dasavluri fsiqologiis mier<br />
aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad<br />
SesaZlebelia gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix.<br />
Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al.,<br />
1991) maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani<br />
budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh, 1991)<br />
gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva,<br />
ubralod davakvirdeT Cven irgvliv arsebul<br />
garemos da davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi,<br />
rac fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval<br />
gzaze dagvayenebs.<br />
halucinaciebi<br />
uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes<br />
cnobierebis damaxinjebas, rodesac individi<br />
xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/<br />
obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia<br />
aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi<br />
stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris<br />
individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri konstruqcia.<br />
halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba iluziebisgan,<br />
romelic realuri stimulis perceptuli<br />
damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6.<br />
masze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs,<br />
Tumca, is „realurad~ ar aris gamosaxuli. am<br />
suraTi 6.6<br />
es iluziaa da ara halucinacia!<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs,<br />
adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds<br />
xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi<br />
ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi<br />
individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobidan<br />
warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli procesebisgan.<br />
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi<br />
213
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi<br />
214<br />
faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,<br />
rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cven<br />
mier samyaros aRqmis normaluri procesebis<br />
Sedegad „Cndeba~. Cven ver gavaqrobT am<br />
iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT,<br />
rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdilebaa,<br />
romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi<br />
moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halucinacia<br />
xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari<br />
TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad<br />
dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapirispirebiT,<br />
halucinaciuri gancda savaraudod<br />
dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi individebi<br />
ver axerxeben halucinaciebis „realurobis~<br />
daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze<br />
zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992).<br />
halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli<br />
agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis mdgomareoba<br />
an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba.<br />
isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo,<br />
iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis,<br />
magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris<br />
an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilobis<br />
mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben<br />
Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini<br />
garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos.<br />
xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri<br />
nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa LSD da peioti<br />
da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze<br />
uaris Tqmas mwvave alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi<br />
(aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben,<br />
DTs). am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis<br />
arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa pirdapiri zemoqmedeba<br />
uwyobs xels.<br />
zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi<br />
halucinaciebi sasurveli da mniSvnelovani<br />
movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi<br />
mistikur xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac<br />
maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs.<br />
amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi<br />
spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara kontaqtis erTi<br />
da igive mkafio aRqma SeiZleba ganixilebodes,<br />
rogorc sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc<br />
gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad aseTi<br />
gonebrivi statusis Sefaseba Tanabrad aris<br />
damokidebuli rogorc damkvirveblis Sefasebaze,<br />
ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze.<br />
religiuri eqstazi<br />
meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri<br />
komunikacia religiuri gamocdilebis gaZlierebas,<br />
intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam<br />
jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba warmoadgens<br />
unikalur fsiqologiur gamocdilebas,<br />
romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa<br />
da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realurobisa<br />
da mkafioobis gancdiT, agreTve komunikaciis<br />
unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, mTliani gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mravali<br />
adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba<br />
namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi<br />
cnobierebis nawils.<br />
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda<br />
aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis religiur<br />
gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamocdileba.<br />
maTi rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis<br />
unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT gansakuTrebuli<br />
qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi<br />
da cecxli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis<br />
sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen<br />
grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal,<br />
yuradRebis mimzidvel simRerebsa, velur<br />
trialsa da cekvebSi:<br />
enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars<br />
miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben da ir-
xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Sinaarss<br />
moklebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili<br />
ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur „axal enaze~<br />
metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad civia, cecxlis xelSi<br />
daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa<br />
Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi<br />
arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvlevebis<br />
monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT,<br />
TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba<br />
aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs<br />
gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa magaliTebi<br />
mohyavT (Watterlond, 1983, gv. 53, 55)<br />
gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis<br />
wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom<br />
isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli<br />
adamianebi arian, romlebic jgufSi yofniT<br />
Zlier fsiqologiur da socialur mxardaWeras<br />
iReben. „sulis momaswaveblebis~ ritualSi monawileoba<br />
„maTTvis personaluri jildos tolfasia,<br />
romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi<br />
aspeqti ver gautoldeba~ (Watterlond, 1983).<br />
cnobierebis Semcvleli<br />
nivTierebebi<br />
adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen<br />
sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis aRqmis<br />
Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri monacemebi,<br />
rom aSS-is samxreT-dasavleTsa da meqsikaSi<br />
10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen<br />
„Rrma Zilis marcvlebs~ (sophora seed) anu<br />
meskalis 5 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi<br />
azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan<br />
moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis<br />
mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda<br />
Teonanaqtalis, fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva,<br />
romelic „RmerTebis sxeulis~ saxeliTac aris<br />
cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel<br />
halucinaciebs iwvevs.<br />
dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTobasTan,<br />
dasvenebasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre<br />
jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel<br />
msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen,<br />
gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi aaridon arsebuli<br />
realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon<br />
5 erTgvari narkotiki.<br />
Tavi socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cnobierebis<br />
Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as welze<br />
meti xnis win uiliam jemsi, romlis citirebac<br />
Cven ukve ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc<br />
amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis, aRwerda<br />
cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier<br />
Catarebul eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis<br />
SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom „am<br />
mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri<br />
metafizikuri iluminaciis moWarbebuli aRmagznebeli<br />
SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis<br />
uxilavi movlenebis siRrmeSia da amavdroulad<br />
Riaa dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da<br />
TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis<br />
yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis analogi ar<br />
moiZebneba normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavavlebT<br />
paralels normaluri cnobierebis funqcionirebasTan~<br />
(James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad, cnobierebis<br />
Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cnobierebis<br />
TviTgamowveuli Secvlili mdgomareobis<br />
kvlevamde gafarTovda.<br />
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis<br />
gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos haqslis (Aldos<br />
Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ „aRqmis karibWis~ gamoqveynebis<br />
Semdeg daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobierebaze<br />
meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis<br />
gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998<br />
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT,<br />
romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxloebiT<br />
25 500 moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is moqalaqeTa<br />
6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli erTi<br />
wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti<br />
akrZaluli nivTiereba (Substance Abuse and Mental<br />
Health Services Administration - SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire<br />
gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi:<br />
16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4% da 18-20 wlis mozardebis<br />
19,9% aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime<br />
tipis moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7%<br />
gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xandaxan<br />
iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki - eweoda sigarets. es<br />
monacemebi xsnis imas, Tu ratom dgas aucileblobiT<br />
mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotikebis<br />
gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.<br />
damokidebuleba da miCveva<br />
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia,<br />
romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT<br />
zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da<br />
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi<br />
215
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi<br />
216<br />
qcevaze. xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis<br />
receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis blokirebas<br />
an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZvlianad<br />
cvlian tvinis sakomunikacio sistemas,<br />
zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze, gunebaganwyobilebasa<br />
da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTierebebis<br />
gaxangrZlivebuli gamoyenebis Sedegad<br />
viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis<br />
misaRwevad ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba<br />
saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur<br />
safuZvelze me-7 TavSi visaubrebT). tolerantobas<br />
Tan sdevs fiziologiuri damokidebuleba,<br />
procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da<br />
damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze,<br />
nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri arsebobiT,<br />
SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotransmiterebi.<br />
tolerantobisa da damokidebulobis<br />
tragikuli Sedegia miCveva. adamians, romelic<br />
miCveulia mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi<br />
esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar aris<br />
damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali,<br />
oflianoba, gulisreva da alkoholis ararsebobis<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itanjeba.<br />
Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyenebas<br />
imdenad sasurvelad da sasiamovnod miiCnevs,<br />
rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis<br />
an miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur<br />
damokidebulebas uwodeben. fsiqologiuri<br />
damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis<br />
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) -<br />
qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis<br />
droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur<br />
procesebsa da qcevaze.<br />
tolerantoba (Tolerance) - situacia, romelic<br />
nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad<br />
iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs<br />
ufro da ufro meti doza sWirdeba.<br />
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological dependence)<br />
- procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva<br />
da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze.<br />
miCveva (Addiction) - mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi<br />
iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba<br />
SeZlos, mis arqonaze yovelgvari fizikuri da<br />
fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan<br />
sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas.<br />
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological dependence)<br />
- narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba<br />
an survili.<br />
mimarT ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebulebis<br />
Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili<br />
imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis irgvliv,<br />
rom izRudeba an mcirdeba misi funqcionirebis<br />
SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, narkotikis<br />
miRebis yoveldRiuri Cvevis Sesanar-<br />
Cuneblad da danaxarjebis dasafarad xSirad<br />
ubiZgebs nivTierebaze damokidebul individs<br />
qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken, prostituciisken an<br />
narkotikebiT vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT<br />
narkotikebze miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze momakvdinebeli<br />
safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis<br />
Tanaziari moxmarebis Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis<br />
saSiSroeba; intravenuri narkotikebis momxmareblebma<br />
sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba<br />
`gauziaron~ organizmis siTxe imaTac, visac es<br />
momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT.<br />
mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daRwevisa<br />
da yoveldRiur stresorebTan gasamklaveblad<br />
akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis<br />
Semdeg xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itanjebian.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis<br />
Sedegebi<br />
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis<br />
rvawliani kvleva 1976 wels daiwyo.<br />
gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavrebeli<br />
klasis 1634 moswavle los anjelesidan.<br />
sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi<br />
Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT Soris 10%ze<br />
naklebi regularulad an qronikulad<br />
moixmarda narkotikebs, 10%-ze naklebs ki<br />
saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi<br />
Sexeba. miRebuli Sedegebis dayofa oTx<br />
jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb &<br />
Bentler, 1988; Stacy et al., 1991):<br />
narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba<br />
uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da socialur<br />
adaptaciaze, arRvevda urTier-<br />
Tobebs, amcirebda swavlis potencials,<br />
zrdida kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da<br />
xels uwyobda dezorganizebul azrovnebas.
Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa<br />
stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida<br />
suiciduri da TviTdamangreveli azrebis<br />
sixSires da amcirebda socialur mxardaWeras,<br />
riTac xels uwyobda martoobas.<br />
nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi<br />
tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis Sesatyvisad.<br />
ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida<br />
konfrontacias da asustebda axlo urTier-<br />
Tobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri<br />
janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze damangrevel<br />
efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis<br />
kombinacia iZleoda.<br />
moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan,<br />
romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols<br />
da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRiniSneboda<br />
momatebuli socialuri integracia<br />
da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi<br />
Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad<br />
adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen.<br />
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi<br />
gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis<br />
nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me-16 TavSi sxva<br />
tipis fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT,<br />
romlebic fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad<br />
gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor<br />
aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi<br />
maTTvis damaxasiaTebel fiziologiur da<br />
fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT<br />
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul<br />
da socialur Sedegebs.<br />
cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs<br />
iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic halucinogenebis<br />
an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris<br />
cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis rogorc garegani<br />
samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas.<br />
rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi<br />
xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da `me~-sa da<br />
`ara me~-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi<br />
yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini<br />
(miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba<br />
sokosgan) da LSD da PCP (sinTezirdeba<br />
laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri,<br />
iwvevs gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur<br />
reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians ekargeba<br />
tkivilis SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli<br />
sinamdvilisgan gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs.<br />
halucinogenuri nivTierebebi moqmedeben tvinSi<br />
specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur neirotransmiterze<br />
_ serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek,<br />
1993).<br />
kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea.<br />
misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC, romelic<br />
napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili<br />
fisi) da, aseve, marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari<br />
foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT<br />
gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia<br />
dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs msubuq, sasiamovno<br />
gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv<br />
halucinogenur reaqciebs. regularuli gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad<br />
yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva<br />
da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan gasvlis gancdebi.<br />
Tumca, konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa<br />
negatiur efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva<br />
da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis manZilze<br />
icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri<br />
qimiuri naerTebi, Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis<br />
specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri<br />
receptorebi hipokampSi, anu mexsierebaze pasuxismgebel<br />
Tavis tvinis ubnebSia ganlagebuli.<br />
mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad<br />
aRmoCenili anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri,<br />
romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive<br />
receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). amitomac<br />
aRweven kanafinoidebi cnobierebis Semcvlel<br />
efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad<br />
arsebuli nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis<br />
ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma aRmoaCines,<br />
rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic<br />
gavlenas axdens tvinis mier anandamidis moxmarebaze<br />
(di Tomaso et al., 1996) Sokoladis<br />
molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri<br />
receptorebi an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos nervuli<br />
reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aRmoCenili<br />
TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba<br />
avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro xSirad<br />
undebaT rZisa da Savi Sokoladi.<br />
opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini,<br />
Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizianeblebze<br />
sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis intravenuri<br />
miRebis Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamovnebaSi<br />
gadaSveba _ yvela safiqralisa da sxeulebrivi<br />
moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils eiforiis<br />
grZnoba ikavebs. heroinis moxmareba<br />
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi<br />
217
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi<br />
218<br />
cxrili 6.1<br />
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da<br />
damokidebuleba<br />
opiatebi (narkotikebi)<br />
morfini<br />
heroini<br />
kodeini<br />
haluciogeni<br />
LSD<br />
PCP (penciklidini)<br />
meskalini (peioti)<br />
fsilocibini<br />
kanafi (marixuana)<br />
depresantebi<br />
barbituratebi<br />
(magaliTad,<br />
seqonali)<br />
benzodiazepini<br />
(magaliTad, valiumi)<br />
alkoholi<br />
stimulatorebi<br />
amfetamini<br />
kokaini<br />
nikotini<br />
kofeini<br />
samedicino gamoyeneba<br />
tkivilgamayuCebeli<br />
kvlevis procesSi<br />
tkivilgamayuCebeli,<br />
xvelis aRmkveTi<br />
ara<br />
veterinaruli<br />
anesTetiki<br />
ara<br />
ara<br />
qimioTerapiis<br />
Tanmxlebi gulisrevis<br />
aRmkveTi<br />
sedatiuri, Zilis<br />
wamali, anesTetiki,<br />
antikonvulsanti<br />
SfoTvis Semamcirebeli,<br />
sedatiuri,<br />
Zilis wamali,<br />
antikonvulsanti<br />
antiseptiki<br />
hiperkinezia, narkolefsia,<br />
wonis kontroli<br />
ara<br />
nikotinis saReWi<br />
rezini mowevisTvis<br />
Tavis dasanebeblad<br />
wonis kontroli,<br />
stimulanti mwvave<br />
respiratoruli<br />
sirTuleebisas,<br />
analgetiki<br />
xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. me-3 TavSi aRvniSneT,<br />
rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur<br />
morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas axdens<br />
guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis<br />
gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi narkotikebi<br />
tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs<br />
ikavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad,<br />
opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna)<br />
imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs,<br />
rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs,<br />
efeqtis<br />
xangrZlivoba<br />
(saaTebSi)<br />
3-6<br />
3-6<br />
3-6<br />
8-12<br />
varirebs<br />
8-12<br />
4-6<br />
2-4<br />
1-16<br />
4-8<br />
1-5<br />
2-4<br />
1-2<br />
varirebs<br />
4-5<br />
fsiqologiuri<br />
maRali<br />
maRali<br />
zomieri<br />
ara<br />
ar aris cnobili<br />
ara<br />
ar aris cnobili<br />
msubuqad zomieri<br />
zomierad maRali<br />
msubuqad zomieri<br />
zomieri<br />
maRali<br />
maRali<br />
msubuqad maRali<br />
ar aris cnobili<br />
damokidebuleba<br />
fiziologiuri<br />
maRali<br />
maRali<br />
zomieri<br />
ar aris cnobili<br />
maRali<br />
ar aris cnobili<br />
ar aris cnobili<br />
ar aris cnobili<br />
zomierad maRali<br />
msubuqad zomieri<br />
zomieri<br />
maRali<br />
maRali<br />
zomierad maRali<br />
zomieri<br />
romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli niv-<br />
Tierebebis msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba.<br />
rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad<br />
stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebiT,<br />
tvini kargavs faqiz balanss.<br />
depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da,<br />
gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia, alkoholi. am<br />
nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri<br />
aqtivobis daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur<br />
nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis gadacemis
Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresantebis<br />
moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva<br />
sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis<br />
SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotrasmiteri<br />
(Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA<br />
xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis funqcias<br />
asrulebs, riTac aixsneba depresantebis<br />
Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze<br />
saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi<br />
gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis dozis gadametebis<br />
SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbituratebze<br />
modioda (Howard, 1984). yvelaze xSirad<br />
daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi<br />
da qsanaqsi, mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba<br />
miCvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller, 1999).<br />
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqoaqtiuri<br />
nivTiereba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneboda<br />
uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS<br />
myofi adamianebi sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megobrulebi<br />
da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi<br />
maTgani agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki<br />
iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi iZireba.<br />
mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad<br />
rogor moqmedebs alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva<br />
depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic<br />
zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996).<br />
mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaqciebis<br />
siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca,<br />
organizms mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan<br />
SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi<br />
xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli<br />
sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri<br />
SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan,<br />
romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcvelobaa,<br />
vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli<br />
2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri intoqsikaciis<br />
meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur<br />
SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac<br />
Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis problemebi. rodesac<br />
sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs,<br />
adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas<br />
azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze,<br />
rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba<br />
da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva.<br />
alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri<br />
problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan dakavSirebuli<br />
avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikvdilianobis<br />
wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis<br />
raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze,<br />
auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs<br />
da seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas.<br />
aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alkoholizmi.<br />
fizikuri damokidebuloba, tolerantoba<br />
da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi<br />
intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi<br />
individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis<br />
unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis<br />
ki, alkoholizmi gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis<br />
Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998<br />
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis<br />
Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s aReniSneboda<br />
intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5<br />
da met Wiqas erT jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT<br />
an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />
(SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa<br />
saSualo maCvenebeli mamakacebTan (9,7%) gacilebiT<br />
maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%).<br />
stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da<br />
kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis mdgomareobis<br />
gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi<br />
moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi neirotrasmiterebis<br />
donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini,<br />
serotonini da dopamini. magaliTad, stimula-<br />
cnobierebebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi<br />
219
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi<br />
220<br />
torebi akaveben tvinSi im molekulebis moqmedebas,<br />
romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs<br />
sinafsebidan (Giros et al., 1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi<br />
sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamovnebis<br />
gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin,<br />
1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam sxvadasxva<br />
efeqts iwvevs: momatebuli TviTdarwmunebuloba,<br />
moWarbebuli energia da hiperaqtiuroba da<br />
eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba.<br />
intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel<br />
halucinaciebs da uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom<br />
sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben.<br />
am rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs uwodeben.<br />
kokainis moxmarebis Tanmxleb gansakuTrebul<br />
safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da Zalze<br />
depresiul Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti<br />
qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis momxmareblebs,<br />
rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe<br />
gazardon narkotikis moxmarebis sixSire da<br />
dozebi. kokainis yvelaze sufTa formaa crack-i,<br />
gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki,<br />
romelic swrafad abruebs da swrafadve kargavs<br />
moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da<br />
iafad iyideba, es nivTiereba yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia<br />
Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis;<br />
crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs.<br />
ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar<br />
aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebad, aris<br />
kofeini da nikotini. SeiZleba sakuTari gamocdilebidan<br />
vicodeT, rom ori finjani magari<br />
yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis kofeins Seicavs<br />
imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze,<br />
sisxlsa da cirkularul funqciebze da daZinebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas.<br />
TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini<br />
sakmarisad Zlieri stimulatoria, romelsac<br />
adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi maRali koncentraciiT<br />
iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa<br />
da transis gamosawvevad; Tumca, zogierTi<br />
Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT<br />
icodnen, rom nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did<br />
sifrTxiles iCendnen misi moxmarebisas. miCvevis<br />
gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad, nikotini<br />
tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur<br />
naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT dadgenilia tvinis<br />
moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia<br />
nikotinsa da kokainze miCvevis ganviTarebaze<br />
(Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri<br />
naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens,<br />
romelic Tavs kargad gvagrZnobinebs raime<br />
kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg; rac gvagrZnobinebs,<br />
rom yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni,<br />
romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod,<br />
nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs,<br />
romelic gvatyobinebs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa,<br />
roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris.<br />
nikotinis mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi<br />
zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba yvela<br />
sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas<br />
erTad, heroinis, kokainisa da alkoholis CaTvliT.<br />
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris<br />
monacemebis Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000<br />
sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da<br />
sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is legalizebulia<br />
da yovelwliurad milionebi ixarjeba sigaretis<br />
reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev<br />
mwevelia, Tumca, mowevis sawinaaRmdego<br />
kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba<br />
mwevelTa saerTo raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995).<br />
yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs<br />
mowevas da maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi<br />
asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli sareklamo<br />
kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad<br />
swored axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa<br />
Soris mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvnelovani<br />
momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis<br />
Sedegad moxda (Pierce & Gilpin, 1995).<br />
es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT<br />
da SevecadeT mis gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina<br />
warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis<br />
Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad<br />
warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs Cven mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqtivobebi<br />
cnobierebis Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso<br />
SekiTxvas: saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor<br />
Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve<br />
viciT zogierTi Teoria, romelic pasuxs gascems<br />
am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am<br />
TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom<br />
cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs,<br />
rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa,<br />
rac adamianad gvaqcevs.<br />
aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro<br />
naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. Cven<br />
davsviT kiTxva: ratom arian adamianebi<br />
ukmayofiloni yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobierebiT<br />
da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mraval-
ferovan gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi<br />
arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare moTxovnebsa da<br />
situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis<br />
realobidan gamomdinare, SezRudvebsac vacnobierebT;<br />
aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia<br />
Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac<br />
arsebuli potencialis srulad gamovlenis<br />
SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT,<br />
sevda Segvipyrobs Cveuli realobis farglebs<br />
miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli<br />
usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis<br />
ganusazRvrelobas varCevT.<br />
Sejameba<br />
nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben<br />
cnobierebis Secvlis saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi<br />
sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom<br />
sZinavT da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kontrolireba.<br />
adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian<br />
imiT, Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hipnozis<br />
zemoqmedebas. mkvlevrebi adareben nam-<br />
sakvanZo<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
cnobierebis Sinaarsi<br />
� cnobiereba gonebis Sinaarsebis<br />
gacnobierebas,<br />
maT Sesaxeb codnas warmoadgens;<br />
� arsebobs cnobierebis<br />
sami done: (1) samyaros<br />
bazisuri cnobiereba, (2)<br />
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras<br />
vacnobierebT da (3)<br />
TviTcnobiereba;<br />
� RviZili periodis cnobierebis<br />
Sinaarsi gansxvavdeba<br />
aracnobieri<br />
procesebisgan, winarecnobieri<br />
mexsierebisgan,<br />
yuradRebis miRma dar-<br />
Cenili informaciisgan,<br />
aracnobierisgan da cnobieri<br />
aRqmisgan;<br />
� sakvlevi teqnikebi, rogoricaa<br />
xmamaRla fiqris<br />
oqmebi da eqsperimentis<br />
SerCeva cnobierebis Sinaarsis<br />
Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba.<br />
cnobierebis<br />
funqciebi<br />
� cnobiereba gvexmareba gadarCenaSi<br />
da gvaZlevs realobis<br />
pirovnuli da<br />
kulturuli konstruqtebis<br />
Seqmnis SesaZleblobas;<br />
� mkvlevrebi swavloben<br />
cnobier da aracnobier<br />
dvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simuliantebis<br />
reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis<br />
originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis mosagebad<br />
ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi<br />
gansakuTrebuli mZlavri teqnikaa tkivilis<br />
Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT „faruli<br />
damkvirveblis~ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs<br />
hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS yofnisas movlenebis<br />
farul, aracnobier aRqmas.<br />
meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvlilebebisa<br />
da sxva tipis kognituri winsvlis<br />
ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens<br />
mkafio perceptul gamocdilebas garegani gam-<br />
Rizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierTi<br />
adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, romelic<br />
ar aris Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili.<br />
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis,<br />
rogorc eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis,<br />
gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa, radganac arsebobs<br />
albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer<br />
sikvdilisac ki. narkotikebi centralur nervul<br />
sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT,<br />
daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben.<br />
procesebs Soris arsebul<br />
urTierTmimarTebas.<br />
Zili da sizmari<br />
�cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs<br />
biologiuri saaTis moqmedebas;<br />
�Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi<br />
icvleba Tavis tvinis aqtivobis<br />
paternebi. REM<br />
Zili xasiaTdeba Tvalebis<br />
swrafi moZraobiT da<br />
Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmrebis<br />
periods. mTliani Zilis<br />
daaxloebiT 1/4 REM<br />
Zilia 4-5 calkeuli periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi;<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
221
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi<br />
222<br />
�Zilis raodenoba da REM<br />
da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba<br />
asakTan erTad icvleba;<br />
�REM da NREM Zili sxvadasxva<br />
funqciebs emsaxureba,<br />
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis<br />
CaTvliT;<br />
�Zilis darRvevebi, rogoricaa<br />
insomnia, narkolefsia<br />
da Zilis apnoe<br />
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens<br />
dRis manZilze adamianis<br />
funqcionirebis<br />
unarze. dRis Zilianoba,<br />
aseve, farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
seriozuli problemaa;<br />
�froidi Tvlida, rom<br />
sizmrebis Sinaarsi aracnobieri<br />
masalaa, romelmac<br />
gaiara sizmris cenzura;<br />
�sxva kulturebSi sizmrebis<br />
interpretacia regularulad<br />
xdeba da amas<br />
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli<br />
rolis mqone adamianebi<br />
axorcieleben. interpretacia<br />
momavlis winaswarmetyvelebisfunqcias<br />
emsaxureba.<br />
�sizmris zogierTi Teoria<br />
maTi wyaroebis biologiur<br />
warmomavlobaze<br />
amaxvilebs yuradRebas,<br />
Tumca, es Teoriebi srulad<br />
ar Tanxvdeba sizmris<br />
Sinaarsebs.<br />
cnobierebis Secvlili<br />
mdgomareobebi<br />
� dakvirvebadi sizmrebi<br />
aris gacnobiereba imisa,<br />
rom sizmars vxedavT da<br />
mimarTulia sizmris kontrolze.<br />
�hipnozi cnobierebis Secvlili<br />
mdgomareobaa, romelic<br />
xasiaTdeba STagonebaze<br />
reaqciis saxiT hipnotizirebuli<br />
adamianebis<br />
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa<br />
da TviTkontrolis<br />
SecvliT.<br />
�meditacia cvlis cnobier<br />
funqcionirebas ritualuri<br />
praqtikis saSualebiT,<br />
romelic garegani sazrunavebidan<br />
Sinagan gamocdilebaze<br />
gadaanacvlebs<br />
yuradRebas.<br />
� halucinaciebi naTeli aRqmaa,<br />
romelic Cndeba obieqturi<br />
gamRizianeblebis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi.<br />
�zogierT kulturul jguf-<br />
Si adamianebi intensiur religiur<br />
gamocdilebas ganicdian.<br />
�fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi,<br />
cvlian ra nervuli<br />
sistemis aqtivobas, zemoqmedeben<br />
mentalur procesebze<br />
cnobierebis droebiTi<br />
SecvliT.<br />
�cnobierebis cvlilebebis<br />
gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur niv-<br />
TierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis:<br />
halucinogenebi, opiatebi,<br />
depresantebi da stimulatorebi.<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi<br />
aracnobieri<br />
gamocdilebis SerCevis<br />
meTodi<br />
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi<br />
dRis Zilianoba<br />
Tvalebis swrafi<br />
moZraobiT Zili (REM)<br />
Tvalebis swrafi<br />
moZraobis gareSe Zili<br />
(NREM)<br />
TviTcnobiereba<br />
insomnia<br />
meditacia<br />
midrekileba<br />
narkolefsia<br />
sizmris muSaoba<br />
tolerantoba<br />
faruli Sinaarsi<br />
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi<br />
fsiqologiuri<br />
damokidebuleba<br />
SeTanxmebuli validizacia<br />
cirkaduli ritmi<br />
cnobiereba<br />
winarecnobieri mexsiereba<br />
Zili apnoe<br />
xiluli Sinaarsi<br />
xmamaRla fiqris oqmi<br />
halucinaciebi<br />
hipnobiluroba<br />
hipnozi
daswavla daswavla da da qceviTi qceviTi analizi<br />
analizi<br />
7<br />
daswavlis unaris kvleva<br />
• ra aris daswavla<br />
• biheviorizmi da<br />
bihevioraluri<br />
analizi<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
• pavlovis saocari<br />
dakvirvebebi<br />
• ganpirobebulobis<br />
procesi<br />
• SeZena<br />
• klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
operantuli<br />
ganpirobebuloba:<br />
swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
• efeqtis kanoni<br />
• qcevis eqsperimentuli<br />
analizi<br />
• pirobiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
• ganmamtkicebelTa<br />
Tvisebebi<br />
• ganmamtkicebelTa<br />
cxrilebi<br />
• qcevis formireba<br />
(Seipingi)<br />
fsiqologia Cvens<br />
cxovrebaSi: afuWebs Tu<br />
ara bavSvs dausjeloba<br />
biologia da daswavla<br />
• instinqturi swrafva<br />
• gemos aversiiT<br />
daswavla<br />
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze<br />
• cxovelTa kognicia<br />
• dakvirvebiT daswavla<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
• ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
223
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
224<br />
Tavis wignSi _ „jadoqari lorenco~<br />
_ mwerali robert franklin<br />
lesli daSavebuli cisferi Cxikvis,<br />
lorencos Tavgadasavals aRwers, romelic<br />
leslis ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. stumrobis<br />
epizodSi lorenco iseT rames swavlobs, rac<br />
bevri TqvenganisaTvis SeiZleba nacnobi iyos:<br />
rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks,<br />
romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT, didi<br />
dResaswauli movawyveT da misi megobari<br />
adamianebi moviwvieT. erTma Cemma megobarma<br />
am dResaswauls „Cxikvis bari micva~ (Bar<br />
Mitzvah) uwoda. sufra savse iyo lorencos<br />
sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT Rvino,<br />
funTuSa da Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis<br />
bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco<br />
samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan<br />
miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze yvela<br />
stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi,<br />
raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa danis saxelurze<br />
mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali<br />
Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli CanaweriviT<br />
JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, is TaviT Cavarda<br />
samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad<br />
savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac<br />
am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg ratom<br />
erideba lorenco Rvinos? pasuxi, romelic<br />
savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali<br />
asociacia daiswavla – leslis sityvebiT, man<br />
„praqtikuli codna SeiZina~, romelic SeiZleba<br />
kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze.<br />
dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia, Tu rogor iswavla<br />
lorencom Wkua da dainteresdebiT kidec, ra<br />
meqanizmiT moxda es. rogor aiTvisa lorencom<br />
es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive war-<br />
onkanis qveS meWira, man raRac „amoilu-<br />
RluRa~ da fexebis rtyma daiwyo.<br />
me is linoleumian iatakze gadmovsvi,<br />
vinaidan sveli frTebiT gadmofrenis<br />
uflebas ver mivcemdi. leam mas win sarke<br />
daudo, raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu<br />
rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli<br />
sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin<br />
iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma<br />
damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda<br />
sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli quTuToebidan,<br />
waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs<br />
daemxo. mas Semdeg, rac saswrafod galiaSi<br />
moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyureboda.<br />
meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. Cvenma<br />
TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse Citma axali praqtikuli<br />
codna SeiZina. veterinaris gamo-<br />
Zaxebisa Semrcxva, amitom me da lea vuvlidiT<br />
nabaxusev frinvels.<br />
mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia<br />
zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad dResaswaulebisa.<br />
man im sakvebzec ki Tqva uari, romelic<br />
RviniT mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar<br />
iyo absurduli.<br />
matebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs dausvaT<br />
SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal asociaciebs?<br />
fsiqologebi didi xania dainteresebulebi<br />
arian ganpirobebulobiT, anu im meqanizmebiT,<br />
romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena<br />
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi<br />
ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) - gzebi, romliTac<br />
movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba<br />
erTmaneTTan.
ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori ZiriTadi tipi:<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli<br />
ganpirobebuloba. TiToeuli maTgani organizmis<br />
gansxvavebul reaqciasa da informaciis gadamuSavebis<br />
formas warmoadgens. ganpirobebulobis<br />
TiToeuli formisaTvis aRvwerT ara marto<br />
ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas marTaven<br />
laboratoriis pirobebSi, aramed yoveldRiur<br />
cxovrebaSi misi gamoyenebis magaliTebsac.<br />
sanam ganpirobebulobis am formebs ganvixilavT,<br />
daswavlis fenomens evoluciuri poziciidan<br />
unda SevxedoT. daswavla, umetesad,<br />
genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc<br />
Cveni gamocdilebis sxva mravali aspeqti. adamianebi,<br />
iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi, memkvidreobiT<br />
iReben daswavlis unars. daswavlis<br />
unarebi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT.<br />
iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa qvewarmavlebi da<br />
amfibiebi, daswavlis unari garemosTan urTierTobiT<br />
umtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas.<br />
maTi gadarCena damokidebulia iseT garemoSi<br />
cxovrebaze, sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT,<br />
upasuxon garemos ama Tu im movlenas, isini an<br />
iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT, an ganeridebian arasasurvels..<br />
sxva cxovelebSi, adamianebis CaTvliT,<br />
genebs gacilebiT ufro mcire roli aqvT garemoqcevis<br />
urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da gacilebiT<br />
elastiuri da variabiluria daswavlasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. cxovelebs SeswevT unari, daiswavlon<br />
imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba garemo<br />
maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad. ar unda<br />
dagvaviwydes, rom genetikurad mxolod daswavlis<br />
unars viRebT. rogor moxdeba am unaris realizacia,<br />
es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli.<br />
daswavlis unaris kvleva<br />
am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad,<br />
ganvsazRvroT daswavlis cneba.<br />
ra aris daswavla<br />
daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac<br />
viRebT SedarebiT stabilur, mudmiv cvlilebas<br />
qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da romelic damyarebulia<br />
gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvrebaSi<br />
gamoiyofa sami kritikuli nawili.<br />
cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT<br />
potencialSi<br />
aSkaraa, rom daswavlis procesi maSin SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos ganxorcielebulad, rodesac<br />
Sedegi gvaqvs saxeze, magaliTad, SegiZliaT<br />
manqanis marTva an mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamoyeneba.<br />
SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT uSualod<br />
daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am procesiT<br />
gamowveuli cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans,<br />
magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara xdeba<br />
qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,<br />
xSirad qcevaSi ar vlindeba, rac naswavlia.<br />
xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi ganwyobebi,<br />
magaliTad, damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi<br />
an aRmosavluri filosofiis codna,<br />
rac ar vlindeba gazomvad moqmedebebSi. aseT<br />
SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia potencia qceviTi cvlilebisaTvis,<br />
radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba<br />
da Rirebulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen<br />
im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani kiTxulobs,<br />
agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis<br />
formaze. esaa saxecvlili daswavlis magaliTi<br />
– sxvaoba naswavlsa da qcevaSi gamoxatuls Soris.<br />
SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba<br />
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc naswavli,<br />
daswavlili qceva an qceviTi potenciali unda<br />
iyos stabiluri da mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi.<br />
magaliTad, Tu erTxel viswavleT curva,<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT am codnis gamoyenebas,<br />
viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze. aRsa-<br />
daswavlis unaris kvleva<br />
225
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
226<br />
niSnavia, rom stabiluri cvlileba araa yovel-<br />
Tvis mudmivi cvlileba. magaliTad, SeiZleba<br />
gavxdeT badros sakmaod kargi mtyorcneli mocemuli<br />
droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs davanebebT<br />
am sports, gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniSnavT,<br />
rom ise kargad veRar vflobT mas, Tumca,<br />
xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvile,<br />
romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis<br />
raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis<br />
Sedegad. am konteqstSi cvlileba SeiZleba<br />
mudmivi iyos.<br />
gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi<br />
daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT SeiZleba.<br />
gamocdileba gulisxmobs informaciis miRebas<br />
(Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas,<br />
rac gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba<br />
mexsierebis gakveTilebis Sedegad aRmocenebuli<br />
sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar gulisxmobs<br />
cvlilebas fizikuri momwifebis an tvinis<br />
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis matebasTan<br />
erTad, agreTve, avadmyofobis an tvinis<br />
dazianebis dros. zogierT xangrZliv cvlilebas<br />
qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis,<br />
mzadyofnis kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT<br />
skala, romelzec asaxulia, ra asakSi<br />
iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoyenebas.<br />
yovelgvari cda am Cvevis daswavlisa im<br />
asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am unaris<br />
SemuSaveba, anu sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar ganvi-<br />
Tardeba, amao iqneba. fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu qcevis ra<br />
aspeqtebi SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra meqanizmebiT<br />
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi.<br />
biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri<br />
analizi<br />
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teoriebis<br />
didi nawili saTaves jon uotsonis<br />
(John Watson, 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma<br />
daaarsa fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cno-<br />
daswavla (Learning) - gamocdilebaze damyarebuli<br />
procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad<br />
icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.<br />
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance<br />
distinction) - gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo<br />
daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.<br />
bilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT 50<br />
wlis manZilze amerikul fsiqologiaSi dominirebda<br />
bihevioristuli tradiciebi, romlebic<br />
gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis mier 1919 wels gamosul<br />
wignSi _ „fsiqologia bihevioristis<br />
gadmosaxedidan~. igi amtkicebda, rom introspeqcia<br />
– adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi<br />
gancdebis, xatebisa da SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar<br />
iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis Sesaswavlad,<br />
rogorc zedmetad subieqturi meTodi. rogor<br />
unda ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi TviTdakvirvebebis<br />
sizuste? magram Tuki introspeqcia<br />
uaryofilia, raRa iqneboda fsiqologiis sagani?<br />
uotsonis pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi<br />
qceva. misi sityvebiT: „cnobierebis mdgomareobebi,<br />
egreT wodebuli spiritualizmis fenomeni,<br />
araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT<br />
verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis~<br />
(Watson, 1919, gv. 1). uotsonma, aseve, gansazRvra<br />
fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc „qcevis<br />
kontroli da prognozi~ (Watson, 1913, gv. 158).<br />
skinerma (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco<br />
uotsonis ideebi. misi pozicia cnobilia, rogorc<br />
radikaluri biheviorizmi. man aRiara, rom<br />
evoluciis Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia<br />
qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT. Tavis yvelaze<br />
popularul wignSi _ „Tavisuflebisa da<br />
Rirsebis miRma~ (1972) _ igi amtkicebs, rom am<br />
paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva<br />
ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc daswavlis martivi<br />
formebi.
skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda<br />
mas am poziciis formulirebamde. 1924 wels<br />
gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ „biheviorizmis~<br />
_ wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs<br />
harvardSi. igi eTanxmeba uotsons Sinagani<br />
mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ararsebobaSi,<br />
Tumca, aqcents ufro metad akeTebs<br />
ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis, gamoyenebis<br />
SeuZleblobaze, aramed maT, rogorc qcevis<br />
gamomwvevi mizezebis ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990).<br />
sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri<br />
movlenebi, rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva,<br />
ar iwveven qcevas, metic, isini, Tavis mxriv,<br />
ganixilebian, rogorc qcevis formebi, romlebic<br />
garemo stimuliTaa ganpirobebuli. magaliTad,<br />
vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi;<br />
movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia,<br />
niskartis patara diskze dakakunebiT moipovos<br />
sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom is swored ase akeTebs.<br />
skineri am SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtredis<br />
qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT –<br />
SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis,<br />
gamoyenebiT. SimSilis subieqturi gancda,<br />
romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar<br />
SeiZleba, ar aris am qcevis mizezi, es qceva<br />
mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris<br />
mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mtredma SimSilis<br />
an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT daiwyo diskze<br />
kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi<br />
mtredi, ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani<br />
fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva. saWiroa,<br />
ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv principebs,<br />
romlebic saSualebas aZlevs mtreds, asociacia<br />
daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris.<br />
esaa skineris biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili<br />
(Delprato & Midgley, 1992).<br />
swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad<br />
bihevioralur analizs, fsiqologiis im sferos,<br />
romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garemo<br />
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans,<br />
1994). sazogadod, bihevioraluri analizi<br />
cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri<br />
buneba SeiZleba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis<br />
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Analysis) - fsiqologiis<br />
ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswavlisa<br />
da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs.<br />
meTodebisa da sferos gafarToebiT SeviswavloT.<br />
amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri<br />
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic saerToa cxovelTa<br />
yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT.<br />
mkvlevrebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi<br />
yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva<br />
formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT.<br />
amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze<br />
xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. daswavlis<br />
kompleqsuri formebi martivi procesebis<br />
kombinacias warmoadgenen. bihevioraluri analizi<br />
cdilobs aRmoaCinos is ZiriTadi principebi,<br />
romelTa mixedviT adamianis qceva icvleba<br />
gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. ZiriTadi aqcenti<br />
ki qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris<br />
kavSirze keTdeba da ara _ qcevasa da fsiqikur<br />
movlenebs Soris kavSirze.<br />
Sejameba<br />
daswavla aris procesi, romelic SedarebiT<br />
mdgradi qcevis an qceviTi potencialis cvlilebidan<br />
momdinareobs da gamocdilebas emyareba.<br />
qceviTi analizi amodis uotsonisa da skineris<br />
Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs daswavlisa<br />
da qcevis garemo determinantebze.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
warmoidgineT, rom kinoSi xarT da saSinelebaTa<br />
films uyurebT. filmis gmiri daxurul<br />
kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giCndebaT<br />
survili, iyviroT „ar Sexvide!~ amasobaSi<br />
aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT, SeiZleba<br />
gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacnairad<br />
Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla fiziologiuri<br />
reaqciis warmoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi<br />
garemo movlena dakavSirebulia meoresTan (da-<br />
Zabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am<br />
tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri<br />
ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis ZiriTadi forma,<br />
romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs,<br />
winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis<br />
gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs axal asociacias<br />
or stimuls Soris – pirvelsa, romelic adre<br />
ar iwvevda reaqcias, da meores Soris, romelmac<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
227
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
228<br />
gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven gaqvT<br />
Tandayolili unari, sxartad daawyviloT movlenebi<br />
garemoSi asociaciis principiT, es ki<br />
qceviTi midrekilebaa.<br />
pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radikalur<br />
kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos fsiqologiis<br />
yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs,<br />
ivan pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva fiziologuri<br />
fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobebulobas<br />
igi SemTxveviT, saWmlis momnelebeli<br />
sistemis kvlevisas waawyda, risTvisac 1904 wels<br />
nobelis premia miiRo.<br />
pavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, gamoekvlia gadamuSavebis<br />
procesi ZaRlebSi, maT jirkvlebsa da<br />
saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT<br />
(ix. sur. 7.1). igi am teqnikiT gamoyofili sekretis<br />
raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas SeZlebda.<br />
sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asistenti<br />
ZaRls pirSi damuSavebul xorcs udebda.<br />
es procedura meordeboda gansazRruli raodenobiT,<br />
ris Semdegac pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom<br />
ZaRls nerwyvi gamoeyofoda manam, sanam mis pirSi<br />
xorci moxvdeboda, ubralod saWmlis danaxvaze<br />
da asistentis danaxvazec ki. metic, ZaRlma<br />
nerwyvis gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning)<br />
- daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli<br />
reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia<br />
biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan<br />
asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli stimuli).<br />
daiwyo. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri stimuli,<br />
romelic sistematurad win uswrebda saWmlis<br />
miRebas, nerwyvis gamoyofas iwvevda. sruliad<br />
SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom daswavla<br />
Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori stimulisa.<br />
pavlovSi, rogorc mecnierSi, am fenomenis<br />
mimarT cnobismoyvareobam gaiRviZa. man arafrad<br />
CaTvala im droisaTvis udidesi fiziologis,<br />
ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, Tavi daenebebina<br />
am suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova<br />
Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb da amiT<br />
samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis<br />
mimarTuleba (Pavlov, 1928). mTeli darCenili<br />
sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvladebis<br />
Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen kla-<br />
suraTi 7.1<br />
pavlovis eqsperimenti<br />
Tavis eqsperimentSi pavlovma gamoiyena sxvadasxva<br />
neitraluri stimuli: xmebi, zari, Suqi da metronomi.<br />
eqsperimentatori iyenebda erT-erTs am stimulTagan<br />
da sakvebs, nerwyvs agrovebdnen specialuri milis<br />
saSualebiT.
sikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba,<br />
agreTve, pavloviseul ganpirobebulobad<br />
iwodeba, radgan ganpirobebulobis<br />
fenomeni swored mis aRmoCenad iTvleba.<br />
pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamocdilebam<br />
mas saSualeba misca, martivi strategiuli<br />
gegma aerCia, raTa ZaRlebSi nerwyvis<br />
gamoyofa ganepirobebina. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli<br />
sagangebo mowyobilobaSi iyo moTavsebuli, sadac<br />
regularuli intervalebiT iRebda stimuls<br />
zaris saxiT, ris Semdegac mas garkveuli<br />
raodenobis sakvebi eZleoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa<br />
da sakvebs Soris. erTaderTi reaqcia zaris<br />
pirvel gagebaze saorientacio refleqsi iyo –<br />
ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis<br />
wyaros dasadgenad. Tumca, zarisa da sakvebis<br />
miwodebis ganmeorebiTma dawyvilebam gamoiwvia<br />
saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis<br />
gamoyofa.<br />
fenomeni, rasac pavlovi Tavis adrindel<br />
kvlevebSi akvirdeboda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. is<br />
SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo<br />
gamowveuli. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi<br />
efeqti iyo, pavlovma zaris garda gamoiyena<br />
mravalnairi stimuli, rogoricaa: naTura, eJvani,<br />
metronomi.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad refleqsebi<br />
unda CaiTvalos. refleqsi aris<br />
dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia, magaliTad, nerwyvis<br />
gamoyofa, Tvalebis xamxami da misTanani. yvela<br />
refleqsi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli specifikuri<br />
stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria<br />
organizmisaTvis. nebismier stimuls, romelic<br />
bunebrivad iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli ewodeba, radgan swavla araa<br />
stimulis kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli piroba.<br />
qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuliT, ganupirobebeli qcevaa.<br />
tipuri, klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentSi<br />
(sur. 7.2) neitraluri stimuli, magaliTad,<br />
sinaTle, zari da a.S., romelsac, Cveulebriv,<br />
aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs refleqsuri<br />
qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi ganupirobebel<br />
stimulTan ise, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli<br />
mohyveba neitralur stimuls. neitralur stimuls,<br />
magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls ganupirobebel<br />
stimulTan, ewodeba ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli (CS), radgan misi Zala, gamoiwvios qceva,<br />
damokidebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan<br />
asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul<br />
stimuls mohyveba reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (CR). Zalian xSirad,<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia hgavs ganupirobebel<br />
reaqcias. magaliTad, pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis<br />
orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca,<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia<br />
bevrad gansxvavdeba ganupirobebeli reaqciisagan:<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens nebismier<br />
pasuxs, rac, Tavis mxriv, daswavlis Sedegia.<br />
amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli-reaqciiT, magram daswavla<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs qmnis.<br />
ganpirobebulobis procesi<br />
rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulebis damTxveviT klasikuri<br />
ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea<br />
daswavla? ramdenad myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi<br />
vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba cxovelTa<br />
saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamowveuli<br />
dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac biologiuri<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.<br />
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus)<br />
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi stimuli, romelic<br />
iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs.<br />
ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response)<br />
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli<br />
stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari<br />
varjiSis an daswavlis gareSe.<br />
ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _<br />
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi aqamde neitraluri<br />
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _<br />
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi reaqcia, romelic<br />
aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze.<br />
es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri<br />
stimuli Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel<br />
stimulTan.<br />
SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvelad aris gamowveuli<br />
ganpirobebuli stimuliT.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
229
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
230<br />
suraTi 7.2<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi<br />
ganpirobebulobis procesamde, ganupirobebeli stimuli (UCS) bunebrivad iwvevs ganupirobebel<br />
reaqcias (UCS). neitralur stimuls ara aqvs gamomwvevi efeqti. ganpirobebulobis procesis dros<br />
neitraluri stimuli wyvildeba ganupirobebel stimulTan. amgvari dawyvilebis Sedegad neitraluri<br />
stimuli gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad da ganpirobebul reaqcias iwvevs, romelic ganupirobebeli<br />
reaqciis msgavsia.<br />
SeZena da Caqroba<br />
ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi,<br />
saerTod, ramdenjermeE unda dawyvildes, vidre<br />
ganpirobebuli stimuli ganpirobebul reaqcias<br />
ar gamoiwvevs (sur. 7.3, nawili 1). ganupirobebeli<br />
da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri<br />
dawyvilebiT, ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocendeba<br />
mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia<br />
vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli<br />
reaqcia.<br />
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogorc<br />
kargi anekdotis moyolis dros, dro Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli<br />
stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos<br />
unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom organizmma<br />
isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas (am wesis gamonakliss<br />
mogvianebiT aRvwerT sxva TavSi gemos<br />
aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT). mkvlevrebma<br />
SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or<br />
stimuls Soris, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze<br />
7.4 (Hearst, 1988). yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic<br />
ganpirobebuli stimuli Cndeba da narCundeba<br />
manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba<br />
ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba<br />
is gavlena Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organizmze<br />
daetovebina ganpirobebul stimuls. Tan
xvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli<br />
gamovlenilia erTdroulad, xolo, droSi gadaweul<br />
ganpirobebulobaSi, ganpirobebuli stimuli<br />
gamovlenilia ganupirobeblis Semdeg.<br />
ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeqturia<br />
Seferxebuli ganpirobebulobis para-<br />
suraTi 7.4<br />
ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli<br />
stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi<br />
mkvlevrebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT<br />
ganawilebas ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel<br />
stimulebs Soris. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze<br />
efeqturia Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi<br />
ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs<br />
Soris mcire intervaliT.<br />
suraTi 7.3<br />
SeZena, Caqroba da spontanuri<br />
aRdgena klasikur<br />
ganpirobebulobaSi<br />
SeZenis dros (CS+UCS) ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulis siZliere swrafad matulobs.<br />
Caqrobis dros, roca ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli aRar moyveba ganpirobebul<br />
stimuls, ganpirobebuli reaqciis siZliere<br />
nulamde Camodis. ganpirobebulma<br />
reaqciam SeiZleba Tavi iCinos mcire<br />
Sesvenebis Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli ar arsebobs.<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxal gamo-<br />
Cenas spontanuri aRdgena ewodeba.<br />
digmaSi, anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls<br />
Soris. Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa<br />
ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis, damokidebulia<br />
ramdenime faqtorze, magaliTad, ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulis intensivobasa da ganpirobebul<br />
reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul<br />
reaqciaze. magaliTad, iseTi kunTuri reaqciisaTvis,<br />
rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami, erTwamiani<br />
an naklebi intervalia saukeTeso; visceraluri<br />
reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da<br />
nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali SeiZleba 10-15<br />
wamamde gaizardos. ganpirobebuli SiSis aRmocenebisaTvis<br />
ki saWiroa kidev ufro didi<br />
intervali, wamebi da, zogjer, wuTebic ki.<br />
ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba<br />
Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli procesebis dros.<br />
droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba<br />
SeiZleba ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis<br />
Semdeg SevityoT, magram igi maleve qreba, radgan<br />
cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls<br />
mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli. orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia, radgan<br />
ganpirobebuli stimuli ar niSnavs ganupirobeblis<br />
aRmocenebas (winaswarmetyvelebisa da<br />
SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi<br />
davubrundebiT).<br />
magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls<br />
(magaliTad, xmas), romelic aRar winaswarmetyvelebs<br />
ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis<br />
fxvnils). aseT garemoebaSi ganpirobebuli<br />
reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba.<br />
rodesac ganpirobebuli reaqcia saerTod aRar<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
231
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
232<br />
suraTi 7.5<br />
stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi<br />
saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs msgavsi Tvisebis<br />
mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis A nawilSi, sust generalizaciaSi. magram,<br />
rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac<br />
ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian<br />
Zlieri, rogorc es sqemis B nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis<br />
gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis diskriminaciuli wvrTnis Catarebis Semdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel stimulTan.<br />
vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an ganupirobebeli<br />
stimulis Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis<br />
process (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 2). ganpirobebuli<br />
reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis qceviTi<br />
repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti; Tumca, ganpirobebulma<br />
reaqciam SeiZleba susti formiT<br />
Segvaxsenos Tavi, Tuki ganpirobebuli stimuli<br />
marto aRmocendeba (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 3).<br />
pavlovi am movlenas gansazRvruli drois Semdeg,<br />
ganupirobebeli stimulis eqspoziciis gareSe<br />
swavlobda da mas spontanuri droebiTi<br />
aRmoceneba uwoda.<br />
Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli<br />
stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ararsebobis<br />
Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis<br />
Sesusteba.<br />
spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqrali<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena<br />
garkveuli periodis Semdeg.<br />
stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _<br />
ganpirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi gavrcoba<br />
yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila<br />
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.<br />
rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia,<br />
Caqrobis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli<br />
sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla<br />
dakavSirebulia im maragTan, romelic pirvelad<br />
daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad naklebi<br />
droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad.<br />
ase rom, zogierTma eqsperimentulma asociaciam
SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos organizms<br />
Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta<br />
daswavlili asociaciis gamovlena da ara<br />
saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored<br />
amitom unda gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis<br />
xarisxi daswavlis sawyis ganmartebaSi.<br />
stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia)<br />
davuSvaT, ZaRlma iswavla, rom garkveuli<br />
sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs sakvebis miRebas.<br />
specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod<br />
am stimulis mimarT? araa gasakviri, magram am<br />
kiTxvis pasuxia „ara~. zogadad, radgan erTxel<br />
gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamoiwvia<br />
gansazRvruli ganpirobebuli reaqcia,<br />
msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave warmatebiT<br />
gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu<br />
ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali<br />
sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali sixSirec gamoiwvevda<br />
ganpirobebul reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac<br />
ukbens didi ZaRli, am SemTxvevis Semdeg patara<br />
ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am avtomatur dawyvilebas<br />
stimulisa, romelic arasdros yofila dakav-<br />
Sirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, stimulis<br />
ganzogadeba ewodeba. rac ufro mimsgavsebulia<br />
mocemuli stimuli sawyis ganpirobebul stimulTan,<br />
miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. rodesac<br />
reaqciis siZliere izomeba mocemul ganzomilebaSi<br />
yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cxadi xdeba<br />
generalizaciis gradienti (ix. sur. 7.5).<br />
generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad<br />
unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan<br />
mniSvnelovani stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad<br />
vlindeba zustad erTi da imave formiT, stimulis<br />
ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswavlis<br />
speqtrs sawyisi gamocdilebis miRmac. amgvarad,<br />
axali movlena SieZleba aRqmul iqnes,<br />
rogorc imave Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone, miuxedavad aSkara gansxvavebebisa.<br />
stimulis diskriminacia<br />
zogierT garemoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire raodenobaze<br />
aRmocendes. organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos<br />
sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisgan<br />
garbodes, romelic namdvil mtacebels waagavs.<br />
stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis<br />
drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli<br />
reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis gansxvavebul<br />
stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba<br />
wyalsa da zeTs Soris). organizmis mier<br />
stimulis diskriminaciis daswavla SeiZleba<br />
eqsperimentuli procesiT, romlis drosac sxvadasxva<br />
intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi mxolod,<br />
magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba<br />
ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo sxvebi mis<br />
gareSe meordebian. ganpirobebulobis pirvel<br />
etapze ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi stimuli<br />
msgavs reaqcias, Tumca arc ise Zliers,<br />
warmoSobs. diskriminaciis treningis gagrZelebasTan<br />
erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs stimulebze<br />
iklebs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli<br />
stimuli moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls<br />
da romeli _ ara.<br />
organizmma rom qceva optimalurad, saWiro<br />
drosa da adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes<br />
balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da ganzogadebas<br />
Soris. ar aris saWiro, bevri dro daeTmos<br />
stimulis diskriminacias; amasobaSi, SesaZloa<br />
mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti<br />
reaqciaa saWiro, raTa yvela Crdili ar gva-<br />
Sinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms<br />
uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas<br />
aZlevs am ukanasknels, Sesabamisad reagirebdes<br />
garemos struqturebze (Garcia, 1990).<br />
SeZena<br />
am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im<br />
pirobebs, romlebic saWiroa klasikuri ganpirobebulobisaTvis.<br />
aqamde Cven klasikurad<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena aRvwereT, Tumca<br />
ar agvixsnia es fenomeni. pavlovi Tvlida,<br />
rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuli<br />
da ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebis Sedegia.<br />
misi azriT, Tu reaqcia klasikuradaa<br />
ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli<br />
stimulebi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda<br />
gamovlindnen, anu adgili hqondes droSi<br />
stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _<br />
ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac organizmi<br />
swavlobs, gansxvavebulad upasuxos gam-<br />
Rizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
233
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
234<br />
Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma<br />
erTgvarad Secvales es Sexeduleba.<br />
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960<br />
wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo. 1960 wels robert<br />
reskorlam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob<br />
mravlismTqmeli eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli<br />
gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas<br />
eqsperimentSi zari (ganpirobebuli stimuli)<br />
emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli stimuli), rac,<br />
Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi<br />
iqneboda klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla<br />
wvrTnida ZaRlebs _ gadamxtariyvnen barierze<br />
ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval<br />
eleqtroSoks (sur. 7.6). Tu ZaRli ver<br />
SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks;<br />
Tu gadaxtomas moaxerxebda, eleqtroSoks<br />
airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires<br />
reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis<br />
gasazomad.<br />
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze<br />
xtoma, reskorlam isini or jgufad dayo<br />
da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT Ser-<br />
Cevas ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) spontanurad<br />
da ganpirobebuli stimulisagan<br />
(zarisgan) (sur. 7.7) damoukideblad eZleoda.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganpirobebuli da<br />
ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlindebodnen<br />
droSi erTmaneTTan axlos an<br />
erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen<br />
Tanxvedrilni _ ganupirobebeli stimuli<br />
SeiZleba imave warmatebiT ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo, xolo<br />
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpirobebul<br />
stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis<br />
zari sando momaswavebeli iyo eleqtro-<br />
Sokisa.<br />
suraTi 7.6<br />
wvrTnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses<br />
saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari, romelic Soks<br />
moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda.<br />
ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi SerCevidan (ganpirobebuli-ganupirobebeli<br />
kavSiri) xtebodnen<br />
meti sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore Ser-<br />
Cevidan (sur. 7.8).<br />
amgvarad, garda imisa, rom ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda iyos ganupirobebelTan,<br />
is, agreTve, sandod unda moaswavebdes<br />
ganupirobebel stimuls – es ori piroba<br />
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili hqondes<br />
klasikur ganpirobebulobas (Rescorla, 1988). es<br />
aRmoCena sakmaod mniSvnelovania. cxovrebiseul<br />
situaciebSi, sadac daswavla exmareba adamians<br />
adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difuzuria,<br />
vidre laboratoriaSi.<br />
informatiuloba<br />
reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi<br />
ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs klasikur<br />
ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin,<br />
1969) aCvena, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli (CS)<br />
SeiZleba informatiuli iyos (ix. sur. 7.9).
suraTi 7.7<br />
reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis<br />
SemTxveviTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi<br />
ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli<br />
iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul<br />
stimulebs Soris.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba<br />
kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis<br />
2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi pirvelad<br />
iwvrTneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWeraSi<br />
zaris rekvis dros (ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli). amis Semdeg eqsperiments<br />
daemata kidev erTi ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli – sinaTle. amjerad ganupirobebel<br />
stimuls ukve ori ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli moaswavebda – zari da sinaTle.<br />
sakontrolo jgufSi vlindeboda<br />
mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra, anu<br />
am jgufSi zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis<br />
Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis<br />
ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod<br />
zarze. Tu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba sakmarisia<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad,<br />
maSin virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad<br />
unda epasuxa zarsa da Suqze, magram eqsperimentuli<br />
virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod<br />
zarze da ara _ sinaTleze, roca sakontrolo<br />
jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia<br />
hqondaT sinaTlesa da zarze (Kamin, 1969).<br />
suraTi 7.8<br />
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli<br />
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi<br />
reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pirobiTi<br />
ganmamtkicebeli-upirobo ganmamtkicebelis<br />
pirobebSi iwvrTnebodnen, anu pirobiTi<br />
ganmtkicebis kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen<br />
(SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre ZaRlebi<br />
upirobod ganmtkicebis kavSiriT.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
235
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
236<br />
suraTi 7.9<br />
kaminis procedura<br />
dablokvis efeqtisaTvis<br />
eqsperimentuli jgufis vir-<br />
Txebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze<br />
(CS 1 ) Semdeg ki _ zarsa (CS 1 )<br />
da sinaTleze (CS 2 ), virTxebs<br />
sakontrolo jgufSi unda<br />
epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa<br />
da zarze. roca Semowmda ganpirobebuloba<br />
mxolod zarze<br />
da mxolod sinaTleze, marto<br />
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs<br />
hqondaT reaqcia orive stimulze.<br />
kaminis mixedviT, eqsperimentulma<br />
virTxebma imitom<br />
ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is<br />
aranair axal informacias ar<br />
Seicavda ganupirobebeli stimulis<br />
gamovlenis Sesaxeb;<br />
zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaTlis<br />
efeqti.<br />
kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulis informatiulobis konteqstSi<br />
axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan<br />
dakavSirebulma gamocdilebam aqtualoba daukarga<br />
zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli stimulis<br />
momaswavebels. virTxebisTvis sinaTle SeiZleboda<br />
arc arsebuliyo, radgan is aranair damatebiT<br />
informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulis unars, Seamciros meores<br />
informatiuloba, blokireba ewodeba. virTxebis<br />
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle<br />
erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT ar hqondaT<br />
warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime<br />
maTganTan, amitom erTma ar Seamcira meores<br />
informatiuloba. informatiuloba xsnis, ratom<br />
vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad<br />
maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upirispirdeba<br />
garemoSi arsebul sxva mraval stimuls.<br />
rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli,<br />
blokireba (Blocking) – fenomeni, romlis drosac<br />
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan<br />
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul<br />
efeqtur signalTan erTad.<br />
miT ufro didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu<br />
gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba miiRoT,<br />
unda warmoadginoT Zlieri, ucxo stimuli<br />
ucnob garemoSi, an Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli<br />
ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).<br />
cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
bevrad ufro rTuli meqanizmia, vidre amas<br />
pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli<br />
efeqtur ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod<br />
maSin, Tu is erTdroulad Tanxvedrili da,<br />
amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba<br />
im cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, romelSic<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba did rols<br />
asrulebs.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvexmareba,<br />
gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva. magaliTad,<br />
ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa<br />
miniWebaSi, sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan damokidebulebaSi;<br />
dabolos, rogor SeiZleba klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri<br />
funqciis gasamdidreblad.<br />
emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba<br />
gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis<br />
Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi aracnobierad daviswavleT<br />
asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs<br />
Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli – movlenebi,<br />
romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu<br />
kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom bevr<br />
movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris<br />
mizezsac xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara,<br />
es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyos?<br />
ganvixiloT situaciebi (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin<br />
at all 1986):<br />
� SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romelsac<br />
ubralod ZaRlis sasqeso organos forma<br />
aqvs?<br />
� dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars,<br />
Tuki Saqari Cayares im yuTidan romelsac SecdomiT<br />
ewera „Sxami~?<br />
� dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic<br />
sterilizebuli tarakani tivtivebs?<br />
Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT „araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi~, es imas niSnavs, rom klasikurma<br />
ganpirobebulobam Tavisi roli iTamaSa. klasikurad<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia: _ „es sazizRrobaa~<br />
an „saxifaToa~, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli<br />
codnisa Tu gamocdilebisa. vinaidan klasikurad<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad gaCenili<br />
azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia is cnobieri mizez-<br />
SedegobriobiT CavaqroT.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti SiSis<br />
ganpirobebulobaa. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze<br />
jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rainerma<br />
daadastures, rom SiSis reaqciebis umetesoba<br />
unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri stimulis<br />
dawyvileba raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am<br />
ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti<br />
patara albertze.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi<br />
uotsonma da rainerma (1920) alberti<br />
daaSines patara TeTri virTxiT, romelic<br />
Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri vir-<br />
Txis gamoCena daawyviles aversiul ganupirobebel<br />
stimulTan – bavSvis uknidan<br />
momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli<br />
iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis dartymiT.<br />
SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da<br />
emociuri distresi gaxda mizezi daswavlisa:<br />
alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri<br />
virTxis danaxvaze ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emociuri<br />
ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT<br />
ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma iswavla<br />
virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba, misgan<br />
gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda<br />
saerTod bewvian sagnebze – baWiaze, ZaRlze<br />
da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis<br />
dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave<br />
hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda,<br />
manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs<br />
mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra bedi<br />
ewia mas (Harris, 1979).<br />
axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi<br />
Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan erTad adamians<br />
SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba<br />
reaqcia. ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebobdes<br />
wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki, roca sawyisi<br />
ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmocenebula<br />
gamocdilebaSi. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma<br />
daadastures, rom meore msoflio omidan 15<br />
wlis gasvlis Semdeg, veteran mezRvaurebs jer<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
237
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
238<br />
kidev hqondaT reaqcia „safrTxis niSanze~ –<br />
omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad gongi<br />
uxmobda – wuTSi 100-jer darekili zari. es<br />
gansakuTrebuli smeniTi paterni, romelic Tavis<br />
droze sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac<br />
agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas veteranebSi<br />
(Edwards & Acker, 1962).<br />
sainteresoa, rom, Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli,<br />
ganpirobebulobas SeiZleba adgili hqondes<br />
neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli<br />
stimulis mxolod erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi<br />
travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes<br />
fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs – es<br />
SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba gagrZeldes. magaliTad,<br />
erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva<br />
Weqa-quxilis dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac<br />
is saWesTan zis da wvimdeba, ewyeba panikuri<br />
SiSi im donemde, rom zogjer manqanasac aCerebs<br />
da elodeba, sanam wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi<br />
manqanis ukana nawilSi gadacocda da pirisaxiT<br />
qveviT daemxo wvimis Sewyvetamde. me-16 TavSi<br />
vnaxavT, rom Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis<br />
gzebi iseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
efeqturobas.<br />
yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom<br />
mxolod uaryofiTi reaqciebia klasikurad<br />
ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da<br />
aRfrTovanebis reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT,<br />
rogorc klasikurad ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom<br />
reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
meqanizms eyrdnobian, rogorc<br />
dadebiT Zalas. magaliTad, isini amyareben<br />
asociaciebs TavianT produqtsa da vnebas Soris<br />
(jinsebi, sunamoebi da a.S.); isini imedovneben,<br />
rom maTi reklamebis verbaluri elementebi,<br />
magaliTad, „seqsualuri~, adamianebisa Tu situaciebis<br />
aRsawerad, imoqmedeben ganupirobebli<br />
stimulisa da reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT<br />
gaTvlili aqvT, rom produqti TavisTavad iqceva<br />
ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis<br />
procesi – ganpirobebul reaqciad. imisaTvis,<br />
rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis meti magaliTebi,<br />
sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze,<br />
rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi gancdebisa da emociebis<br />
mozRvaveba, magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi<br />
mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT.<br />
nivTierebebze damokidebulebis daswavla<br />
ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves<br />
kacis cxedari, romelsac mklavSi CarCenili<br />
hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis<br />
zedmeti doza daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom
es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT ufro<br />
did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am<br />
SemTxvevam aaforiaqa mkvlevrebi – rogor<br />
SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi,<br />
romelsac am nivTierebis sakmaod didi<br />
mimRebloba hqonda?<br />
pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam<br />
bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom mimRebloba<br />
narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes,<br />
rodesac adamiani elodeba wamlis farmakologiur<br />
moqmedebas. Tanamedrove mkvlevarma<br />
Sefard sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi.<br />
igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic gamoiyeneba<br />
wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul stimulad<br />
im situaciisaTvis, romelSic organizmi<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis<br />
miRebisas wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli)<br />
iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs,<br />
razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod<br />
homeostazis damyarebis mizniT (ix. Tavi 3).<br />
swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli<br />
reaqcia. droTa ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli<br />
reaqciac ganpirobebuli reaqcia xdeba. es<br />
niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic, Cveulebriv,<br />
asocirebulia wamlis gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad<br />
amzadebs Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis<br />
mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba Cndeba<br />
imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali<br />
metia kompensatorul reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba<br />
raime saxis „dadebiTi~ efeqti. mzardi doza<br />
niSnavs, rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac.<br />
sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi,<br />
gamoumuSava ra virTxebs mimRebloba heroinis<br />
mimarT.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
narkotikul nivTierebebze<br />
damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma<br />
kolegebma gamoiwvies virTxebSi heroinis<br />
ineqciis molodini – erT SemTxvevaSi (ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli 1) da deqstrozis<br />
(tkbili Saqari) – meoreSi (ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli 2) (Siegel et al., 1982). wvrTnis pirvel<br />
fazaSi yvela virTxas ganuviTarda mimRebloba<br />
heroinis mimarT. sakontrolo dRes<br />
yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis Cveulebrivze<br />
didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis<br />
naxevars heroini ukve miRebuli hqonda,<br />
xolo meore naxevars ganpirobebulobisaTvis<br />
eZleoda deqstrozi. ukanaskneli<br />
jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa,<br />
vidre pirvelidan (32).<br />
savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen<br />
heroins, ufro momzadebulebi iyvnen am potenciurad<br />
saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan<br />
konteqstma (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) gamoiwvia<br />
iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia (ganpirobebuli<br />
reaqcia 1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis<br />
tipur efeqts (Poulos & Cappell, 1991).<br />
imis gamosakvlevad, igive process SeiZleba<br />
Tu ara adgili hqondes adamianebSi, sigelma da<br />
misma kolegebma gamokiTxes heroinze damokidebulni,<br />
romlebic araerTxel sikvdilis piras<br />
iyvnen misulni zedmeti dozis gamo. aTidan<br />
Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal<br />
da ucxo garemoSi (Siegel, 1984). miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom es aranair monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi<br />
xdeba, rom doza, romlis mimarTac individs<br />
SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba zedmet,<br />
momakvdinebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es<br />
analizi gveubneba, rom manhetenze napovn kacs<br />
arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas,<br />
sadac igi ipoves.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva<br />
exeboda heroins, klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis<br />
mimarT mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel,<br />
1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). ase rom, igive<br />
sawyisebi, romlebsac pavlovi swavlobda<br />
ZaRlebis, zarebis da nerwyvis gamoyofasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, gvexmareba, avxsnaT zogierTi<br />
meqanizmi adamianis narkotikul nivTierebebze<br />
damokidebulebisa.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba<br />
adreul, 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes<br />
aRmoCena, rom daswavlis procesebma SeiZleba<br />
gavlena iqonion organizmis imunur sistemaze.<br />
istoriulad dadasturebulia, rom imunologiuri<br />
reaqciebi _ antisxeulebis swrafi gamo-<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
239
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
240<br />
muSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs,<br />
romlebic organizms vneben _ arsebobda. eqsperimentebma<br />
ganpirobebulobaze daadastures<br />
am daskvnebis mcdaroba.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da<br />
imunologiuri funqcia<br />
robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Robert<br />
Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981) virTxebs aswavles<br />
saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli)<br />
asocireba ciklofosfamidTan (ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli), wamalTan, romelic<br />
asustebs imunur sistemas. sakontrolo<br />
jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins. mogvianebiT,<br />
roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces<br />
saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic saxarini<br />
ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvevda,<br />
warmoiSva metad naklebi antisxeulebi<br />
ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre sakontrolo<br />
jgufis virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili<br />
asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,<br />
rom Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi<br />
ufro mowyvladi gaexada sxvadasxva daavadebebis<br />
mimarT. daswavlis efeqti imdenad<br />
Zlieri iyo, rom zogierTi virTxa<br />
mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos<br />
im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis Sesanar-<br />
Cuneblad. kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiroimunologiam<br />
Seiswavla aseTi tipis Sedegebi.<br />
am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri<br />
nervuli sistema da imunuri sistema (Ader &<br />
Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999).<br />
am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali<br />
teqnika, romelic saSualebas miscems ganpirobebulobas,<br />
Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi,<br />
romlebsac xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi movlenebi<br />
aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam antoni<br />
suxmanma, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone<br />
pacientebs, romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram<br />
mkurnalobdnen placeboTi, wneva ufro didxans<br />
SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre maT,<br />
romlebic ar iRebdnen placebo abebs (Suchman<br />
& Ader, 1989). rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs<br />
moexsna maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi viciT<br />
winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda narkotikuli<br />
nivTierebis mimarT mimReblobas. warmoidgineT<br />
rutina, romelic viTardeba wamlis<br />
regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis<br />
es rituali SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganupirobebel<br />
stimuls – wamlis miRebas. mxolod<br />
Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba Seamciros sisxlis<br />
wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod<br />
qmnis rituals, iwvevs sasargeblo organul<br />
reaqcias.<br />
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo<br />
meTodad iqces, mkvlevrebi unda darwmundnen,<br />
fsiqoneiroimunologia (Psychoneuroimmunology)<br />
– kvlevis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias<br />
iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogorebicaa<br />
reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis<br />
funqcionireba.
om wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlindeba<br />
ganpirobebulobis Sedegad.<br />
mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben<br />
teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da gazrdis imunur<br />
reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli<br />
gaumjobeseba<br />
mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebulobis<br />
situacia, romelSic saxarinis gemo<br />
dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan,<br />
romelic iwvevs reaqcias virTxis imunur<br />
sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asrulebda<br />
ganpirobebuli stimulis rols,<br />
xolo lisozimi – ganupirobebeli stimulisas.<br />
dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac virTxebis erT<br />
jgufs saxariniT gazavebuli wamali misces,<br />
magram lisozimis gareSe, maT organizmebs<br />
hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri<br />
reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac<br />
mxolod lisizimi miewoda (Alvarez-Borda<br />
et al., 1995).<br />
es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom<br />
mxolod erTi epizodi, sadac ganpirobebuli<br />
stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel<br />
stimulTan, sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom<br />
imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul stimulze<br />
warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis potencia imunuri<br />
sistemis gasaZliereblad.<br />
vidre „fsiqologia da cxovrebas~ waikiTxavdiT,<br />
albaT Zalian cota ram icodiT klasikuri<br />
ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT<br />
bundovan warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze.<br />
vimedovnebT, rom ukve sakmaod kargad gaecaniT<br />
daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi<br />
mniSvneloba Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.<br />
Semdegi Cveni gansjis sagani iqneba daswavlis<br />
iseTi saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod,<br />
meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis kursis Seswavlas<br />
daiwyebdiT. Tu odesme mainc gifiqriaT<br />
imaze, Tu rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoeba da<br />
dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT operantuli<br />
ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.<br />
Sejameba<br />
mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi principebi,<br />
mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im<br />
specifikur cvladebs dauTmo, romlebic<br />
ganpirobebulobaze axdenen gavlenas. klasikur<br />
ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli stimuli<br />
iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, romelsac ganupirobebeli<br />
pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba (unconditioned response).<br />
manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulis ganupirobebel stimulTan Sewyvilebis<br />
Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs<br />
ganpirobebul reaqcias. drois faqtors didi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZenisaTvis.<br />
stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs<br />
adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis<br />
msgavsi gamRizianebeli ganpirobebul reaqcias<br />
iwvevs. cxovelebis gawvrTna SesaZlebelia ise,<br />
rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SeZlon<br />
Sesatyvisi da Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli stimulis<br />
garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad ganpirobebuli<br />
reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia ganpirobebul<br />
da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris<br />
kontingentursa da informatiul damokidebulebaze.<br />
cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri<br />
ganpirobebulobisa gvxvdeba emociebis, narkotikul<br />
nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da<br />
fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi.<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba:<br />
swavleba Sedegebis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi<br />
damTavrda da Tqven gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni<br />
adgilidan. megobari, visTan erTadac uyureT<br />
films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven<br />
pasuxobT: „me viswavle, rom saSinelebaTa filmze<br />
aRar unda wamovide~. albaT, marTali xarT, magram<br />
ra saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel<br />
gadavyavarT XX saukunis dasawyisSi.<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
241
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
242<br />
suraTi 7.10<br />
efeqtis kanoni<br />
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi mu-<br />
Saobda ZaRlebTan klasikur ganpirobebulobaze,<br />
eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898)<br />
akvirdeboda katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT<br />
gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan (sur. 7.10).<br />
Torndaikma male gamoaqveyna kidec Tavisi dakvirvebebis<br />
Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad<br />
katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
magram, radgan erTxel maTma romeliRac impulsurma<br />
moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba,<br />
„yvela warumatebeli da gamousadegari impulsebi<br />
CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini, romelsac<br />
SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde~<br />
(Thorndike, 1898, gv. 13).<br />
ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis<br />
analizis mixedviT, daswavla iyo asociacia<br />
situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, romelic<br />
iswavla cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia<br />
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ daswavlis ZiriTadi<br />
kanoni, romlis mixedviTac stimulis<br />
Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac<br />
reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac<br />
mas ar mohyveba jildo.<br />
kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi<br />
reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an<br />
kvanZze kawvra) romelic gansazRvruli stimulis<br />
pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans<br />
maT sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisufleba).<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R kavSiris daswavla<br />
TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da<br />
Secdomis meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi,<br />
romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqondaT, gaxSirda,<br />
isini TandaTan iqcen dominantur reaqciebad,<br />
rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda labirinTSi.<br />
Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs<br />
Soris efeqtis kanoni uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofilebeli<br />
SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis<br />
miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasurvel<br />
Sedegs iwvevs.<br />
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi<br />
skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis<br />
Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi Zlier efeqts<br />
axdens qcevaze. man SeimuSava kvlevis programa,<br />
romlis mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebulobis<br />
sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im meqanizmisa,<br />
romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli<br />
qcevis did albaTobas sxvadasxva garemo<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnierebaSi<br />
gansazRvruli qcevis gamovlinebaa<br />
gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli analizi<br />
ikvlevs albaTobas sixSiris an<br />
reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT. eqsperimentuli<br />
analizis amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yvela<br />
is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia<br />
reaqciis sixSire (Skinner, 1966, gv. 213-214).<br />
skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo,<br />
vidre Teoriuli: Teoretikosebi xelmZRvaneloben<br />
derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT<br />
sakuTari Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi,<br />
rogoric skineri iyo, eyrdnobian mxolod<br />
realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben<br />
eqperimentis konteqstSi monacemebis SegrovebiT<br />
da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime Teorias.<br />
imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeanalizebina,<br />
skinerma ganaviTara operantuli ganpirobebulobis<br />
procedura. igi manipulirebda<br />
organizmis Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom mi-<br />
Rebuli efeqti daenaxa. operantulia nebismieri
suraTi 7.11<br />
operantuli kabina<br />
sagangebo aparatSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis<br />
mowodebas virTxisTvis.<br />
qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier<br />
da SeiZleba daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi,<br />
konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens garemoze.<br />
sityvasityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze<br />
gavlenas, misiT operirebas (Skinner, 1938). operantuli<br />
qceva ar aRmocendeba gansazRvruli stimuliT,<br />
rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia.<br />
mtredebi kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben sakvebs,<br />
bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani laparakisas<br />
xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena ebmis. am qcevaTa<br />
albaToba momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an<br />
Semcirdes im Sedegebis mixedviT, rac maT<br />
mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT<br />
aCqarebs sasurvel kontaqts mSoblebTan, samo-<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning)<br />
_ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis<br />
albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.<br />
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis<br />
mier ganxorcielebuli qceva, romelic SeiZleba<br />
mis mier garemoSi moxdenili TvalsaCino<br />
cvlilebis terminebiT aRiweros.<br />
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency)<br />
_ myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs<br />
Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.<br />
mavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs. operantuli<br />
ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva<br />
operantuli qcevis albaTobas imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
isini, faqtobrivad, garemo Sedegebis<br />
funqciebad gvevlinebian.<br />
Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis gasagrZeleblad,<br />
skinerma Seqmna aparati, romlis<br />
meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs.<br />
mis mier Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxulia<br />
suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia, agreTve, rogor<br />
funqcionirebs is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs<br />
qcevis im meqanizms, romelic eqperimentators<br />
aqvs gansazRvruli, virTxa aWers Rilaks da<br />
sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi sa-<br />
Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is cvladebi,<br />
romlebic gavlenas axdenen daswavlaze<br />
an dauswavlelobaze. magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis<br />
daWeriT virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs<br />
sakvebs, roca kabinas Semouvlis (Seipingis<br />
procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT), is<br />
swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde kabinas<br />
unda Semouaros.<br />
operantul eqsperimentebSi did interess<br />
iwvevs is periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic<br />
cxovels SeiZleba gansazRvruli qcevis paterni<br />
axsovdes. mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi<br />
yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
es meTodologia saSualebas miscemda skiners,<br />
gaerkvia pirobiTi ganmtkicebis efeqti cxovelis<br />
qcevaze.<br />
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri<br />
reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas Soris,<br />
romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs.<br />
magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti,<br />
romelSic mtredis mier firfitis kenkvas<br />
(reaqcia) mohyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Sesabamisi<br />
cvlileba garemoSi). es myari kavSiri<br />
anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs<br />
kenkvis intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom<br />
gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis sixSire,<br />
marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis<br />
Semdeg. miwodeba unda moxdes mkacrad kenkvis<br />
gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara Tavis<br />
mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg.<br />
skineris Sromaze dayrdnobiT, Tanamedrove<br />
bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
243
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
244<br />
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro<br />
axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra iqna aRmoCenili<br />
am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa<br />
galiaSi wreze arbeninoT. aseTi qcevis sixSiris<br />
gasazrdelad saWiroa ganmamtkiceblis gamoyeneba.<br />
ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli,<br />
romelic myaradaa qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da<br />
zrdis am qcevis gamovlenis sixSires droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba<br />
garkveul reaqciaze.<br />
ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa<br />
gansazRvruli im efeqtis mixedviT, romelsac<br />
is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu Tqven<br />
irgvliv samyaros gadaxedavT, aRmoaCenT stimulTa<br />
sam klass: (1) stimuli, romlis mimarTac<br />
neitralurad xarT ganwyobili; (2) stimuli,<br />
romelic gizidavT da (3) stimuli, romelic<br />
aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT maT.<br />
cxadia, rom am stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba<br />
gansxvavebuli iqneba TiToeuli individisaTvis.<br />
is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli,<br />
individualuri organizmis qceviT ganisazRvreba.<br />
magaliTad, marwyvi. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi<br />
mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis. Tu aseT adamians<br />
SesTavazebT marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad<br />
miiRebT principulad gansxvavebul Sedegs,<br />
vidre maSin, marwyvi moyvaruls rom SesTavazoT.<br />
movlenas, rodesac qcevas sasargeblo stimulis<br />
miwodeba mohyveba, dadebiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
ewodeba. virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis<br />
ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) _<br />
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) _<br />
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement)) _<br />
iwvevs.<br />
operatiuli Caqroba (Operant extinction<br />
Sedegi iqneba sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi<br />
kvlavac mohyvebian anekdotebs, Tuki amis Sedegad<br />
miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas,<br />
rac, Tavis mxriv, maT siamovnebas aniWebs. movlenas,<br />
rodesac qcevas aversiuli stimulis<br />
CamoSoreba mohyveba, uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
ewodeba. magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi<br />
ar uyvars, ganaxorcielebs qcevas, romelic mas<br />
aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis gamoyeneba wvimis<br />
dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri<br />
magaliTia uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis efeqtisa.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia dasveleba.<br />
qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT<br />
mas.<br />
manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, er-<br />
Tgvarad, uaryofiTi ganmamtkiceblis funqcias<br />
asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli<br />
xmis gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds<br />
gadaiWers.<br />
imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmane-<br />
Tisgan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba,<br />
davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive<br />
– dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis<br />
im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win uswrebs<br />
maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis<br />
albaTobas sasargeblo stimulis miwodebiT,<br />
xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves,<br />
oRond sapirispiro meqanizmiT, aversiuli stimulis<br />
CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an SeferxebiT.<br />
gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi<br />
Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar mogvewodeba,<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive<br />
kanonzomiereba ZalaSia operantuli ganpirobebulobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi: Tu ganmamtkicebeli<br />
mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili<br />
aqvs operantul Caqrobas. amgvarad, Tuki qceva<br />
aRar iwvevs mosalodnel efeqtsa da Sedegs, is<br />
brundeba im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul<br />
ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebisas<br />
araa Zneli, aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic<br />
garkveuli periodi ganmtkicebuli iyo da Semdeg<br />
Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis<br />
aparatSi fulis Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila,<br />
ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT avtomatisTvis?<br />
Tuki am dros fuli Cavardeba avtomatSi, Tqven<br />
sxva drosac gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man<br />
erTxel ukve moitana Sedegi. magram momavalSi,<br />
Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, es qcevac<br />
Caqreba.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja<br />
albaT icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac<br />
– dasjas. damsjelia nebismieri stimuli,<br />
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu<br />
im reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba,<br />
rasac mohyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi<br />
dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc<br />
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac<br />
qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli, movlenas<br />
ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (dadebiTi SegiZlia<br />
daimaxsovroT, rogorc raRac, rac situacias<br />
emateba). magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba iwvevs<br />
tkivils, rac „sjis~ masze adre aRmocenebul<br />
qcevas, amitom momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa,<br />
rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. movlenas,<br />
rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo, sasurveli<br />
stimulis Camocileba, uaryofiT dasjas vuwodebT<br />
(uaryofiTi SegiZliaT daimaxsovroT,<br />
rogorc raime, rac akldeba situacias). amgvarad,<br />
rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs imisTvis, rom<br />
man daartya patara Zmas, bavSvi swavlobs, rom<br />
meored Zmas aRar unda daartyas. romeli dasja<br />
xsnis, ratom aRar gindaT saSinelebaTa filmis<br />
naxva?<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba<br />
Zalian axlos mdgomi cnebebia, isini mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze,<br />
pirvel rigSi, is migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva<br />
terminebiT aRvniSnavT. gansazRvrebis mixedviT,<br />
dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba<br />
ki yovelTvis zrdis mas. magaliTad, zogierT<br />
adamians awuxebs Tavis mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo<br />
kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris<br />
stimuli, romelic dadebiTad sjis yavis dalevis<br />
qcevas. Tumca, Tavis tkivilis dros xalxi<br />
xSirad mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad.<br />
wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic uaryofiTad<br />
ganamtkicebs wamlis miRebas (sur. 7.12).<br />
diskriminaciuli stimuli da<br />
ganzogadeba<br />
nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla<br />
yovelTvis gvindodes an gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba<br />
qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul<br />
konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda gavzardoT<br />
imis albaToba, rom bavSvi wynarad ijdeba<br />
saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
konkretuli asociaciebiT, dasjis an ganmtki-<br />
cebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli stimuli,<br />
romelic win uswrebs reaqcias – diskriminaciul<br />
stimuls – qmnis am qcevis konteqsts. organizmi<br />
swavlobs, rom raime stimulis TandaswrebiT<br />
mis qcevas gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze.<br />
magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas<br />
ganmtkicebulia quCis gadakveTa; magram rodesac<br />
anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva SeiZleba daisajos<br />
– amas SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves jarima an<br />
ubeduri SemTxveva. skinerma SeimuSava stimuliqceva-Sedegi<br />
formula, rogorc sampirobiani<br />
albaToba (contigency, ix. cxrili 7.1) da Tvlida,<br />
rom swored es formula xsnida adamianis<br />
qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrilSi 7.1<br />
aRwerilia, Tu rogor SeiZleba sampirobianma<br />
albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis<br />
qceva.<br />
laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT<br />
manipulirebiT, diskriminaciuli stimulis<br />
miwodebiT SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva.<br />
magaliTad, mtreds SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi<br />
diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da ara<br />
wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi<br />
am SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli stimulia,<br />
romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma<br />
unda akenkos, xolo wiTeli Suqi aris diskriminaciuli<br />
stimuli, romelic sazRvravs im<br />
SemTxvevas, roca mtredma ar unda akenkos.<br />
organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis garCevas,<br />
reagirebs regularulad mxolod erT stimulze<br />
da ar reagirebs meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis<br />
komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva<br />
konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT.<br />
damsjeli (Punisher) – nebismieri stimuli, romelic<br />
amcirebs reaqciis sixSires.<br />
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punishment) – qcevas<br />
mohyveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs<br />
qcevis albaTobas.<br />
uaryofiTi damsjeli (Negative Punishment) – qcevas<br />
mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac<br />
mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.<br />
diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Stimulus)<br />
– stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas,<br />
radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo ganmtkicebuli.<br />
sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) –<br />
meqanizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom<br />
konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva<br />
gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
245
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
246<br />
suraTi 7.12<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba<br />
Tqvens<br />
cxovrebaSi<br />
organizmi, agreTve, ganazogadebs reaqcias<br />
sxva stimulzec, romelic diskriminaciuli<br />
stimulis msgavsia. Tuki erTxel reaqcia<br />
ganmtkicda diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi<br />
stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskriminaciul<br />
stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. magaliTad,<br />
mtredebi, romlebic gawvrTnes, rom diski<br />
mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT,<br />
mainc akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis<br />
SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven ganvazogadebT<br />
mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze.<br />
ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba<br />
Tu mzad xarT, rom Tqveni codna samuSaod<br />
gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi:<br />
rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic<br />
gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT?<br />
amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri<br />
qceva, romlis sixSiris Secvlac gindaT.<br />
rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar arian pirobiTi,<br />
maSin maT naklebi efeqti aqvT<br />
qcevaze. magaliTad, Tuki mSobeli kargi<br />
saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc<br />
cudi saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar iswavlis<br />
kargad moqcevas, Tumca, dadebiTi ganmtkicebis<br />
gamo, SeZleba gaizardos sxva<br />
qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos<br />
es?).<br />
rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti,<br />
romelSic qceva adekvaturi an araadekvaturia?<br />
gvaxsovdeT, rom iSviaTad<br />
gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa da gamovlenis<br />
Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, romelSic<br />
mSobels undoda bavSvis sasurveli<br />
qcevis gazrda klasSi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
unda ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli stimuli<br />
da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod iqneba<br />
sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli<br />
msgavs stimulze. Tu, magaliTad, bavSvma
cxrili 7.1<br />
sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul stimuls, qcevasa da<br />
Sedegs Soris<br />
diskriminaciuli<br />
stimuli<br />
reaqcia<br />
Sedegi<br />
iswavla klasSi wynarad jdoma, ganzogaddeba<br />
Tu ara es qceva sxva seriozul<br />
situaciebSic?<br />
gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva Sem-<br />
TxveviT? davuSvaT, gsurT romelime qcevis<br />
Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis meqanizms,<br />
rogorc qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas<br />
(ufro dawvrilebiT seqciaSi „fsiqologia<br />
Cvens cxovrebaSi~), unda SeamowmoT, SegiZliaT<br />
Tu ara moZebnoT ganmamtkiceblebi<br />
am qcevisTvis. Tu SeZlebT, moaxerxebT,<br />
rom am ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT mocemuli<br />
qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT,<br />
magaliTad, rom axalgazrda ymawvili avlens<br />
didi raodenobiT tantrums. hkiTxeT<br />
sakuTars Tavs: „me xom ar ganvamtkice<br />
es tantrumebi, rodesac zedmet yuradRebas<br />
vaqcevdi mis kivils?~ Tu asea, tantrumis<br />
Semcireba ganmtkicebis SemcirebiT SegiZ-<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
247
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
248<br />
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi<br />
gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauwkeplaoba<br />
bavSvs afuWebs~, anu<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer<br />
mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabolood<br />
gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven<br />
am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven<br />
emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa<br />
umetesobas. 991 amerikeli mSoblidan<br />
35%-ma aRiara fizikuri<br />
dasjis (magaliTad, mityepa,<br />
Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2<br />
wlis SvilebTan, xolo 94%<br />
iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis<br />
3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Straus<br />
& Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva,<br />
449-kacian jgufSi mSoblebis<br />
93% TviTon isjebodnen bavSvobaSi<br />
fizikurad da 87% eTanxmeboda<br />
dasjis am formas (Buntain-Ricklefs<br />
et al;1994). Tqven xedavT,<br />
rom mityepa sakmaod xSirad<br />
dasjis meTodia da adamianebi,<br />
ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc<br />
dasjis formas, magram ra aris<br />
dasjis am formis Sedegi?<br />
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze<br />
pasuxis gacema im SesaZlo kav-<br />
Siris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis<br />
mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebasa<br />
da bavSvis agresiul qce-<br />
liaT. ukeTesia, Caqrobis kombinireba dadebiT<br />
ganmtkicebasTan.<br />
qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebismieri<br />
qceva, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas,<br />
jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri<br />
qceva, amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an<br />
sasacilo iyos, SeiZleba avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT.<br />
magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi<br />
zogjer imitom narCundeba, rom adamiani iRebs<br />
yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da Tavisufldeba<br />
Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtkicebaa<br />
da meti araferi. es meoradi sargebeli<br />
ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer, TviTdes-<br />
afuWebs Tu ara bavSvs dausjeloba?<br />
vas Soris iyo. xalxuri sibrZnis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod, bevri<br />
Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSoblebi<br />
iyeneben fizikur agresias<br />
Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im Sem-<br />
TxvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba<br />
araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvlelad,<br />
agresia gvevlineba bavSvebisaTvis<br />
qcevis modelad, rac<br />
situaciurad sxva individebis<br />
qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase<br />
rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi saku-<br />
Tari mSoblebisgan swavloben<br />
fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas<br />
(Cven ufro mets vityviT modelirebiT<br />
swavlis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT,<br />
TavSi ,,dakvirvebiT<br />
swavla~). rogor gamovikvlioT<br />
es hipoTeza?<br />
erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac indianasa<br />
da tenesis 273 sabavSvo<br />
baRis aRsazrdeli monawileobda,<br />
mSoblebs sTxoves, SeevsoT<br />
kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu fizikuri dasjis ra formebs<br />
iyenebdnen sakuTar bav-<br />
SvebTan mimarTebaSi (Strassberg<br />
et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis dedebze<br />
iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis<br />
6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic<br />
arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur<br />
dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipebodnen<br />
dedebis mier. danarCeni<br />
26% ki ufro intensiurad isjeboda<br />
fizikurad, dedebi maT<br />
an muStebiT urtyamdnen, an<br />
mujlugunebs wahkravdnen<br />
xolme.<br />
dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6<br />
Tvis Semdeg, daakvirdnen am<br />
bavSvebis urTierTobas TanatolebTan.<br />
mkvlevrebma daafiqsires<br />
bavSvebis agresia<br />
Tanatolebis mimarT. magaliTad,<br />
roca isini brazdebodnen,<br />
dascinodnen an<br />
scemdnen maT. TiToeuli bav-<br />
Svi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas<br />
agresiuli qcevisaTvis. rac<br />
ufro intensiur dasjas axorcielebdnen<br />
mSoblebi, miT<br />
ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi<br />
Svilebi. es monacemebi gvarwmunebs,<br />
rom bavSvebi agresiul<br />
qcevas TavianTi mSoblebisgan<br />
daiswavlian. Tqven<br />
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es<br />
bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad<br />
iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvleva<br />
gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar<br />
truqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa<br />
ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis qceva, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda,<br />
iyos morcxvi. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovel-<br />
Tvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs<br />
garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac<br />
qceva xdeba metad an naklebad albaTuri,<br />
SegiZliaT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Catarebac<br />
scadoT.<br />
rekomendebulia, rom, rac SeiZleba met Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad gamoviyenoT<br />
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba<br />
avamoqmedoT sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi,<br />
rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi.
aris (Chess & Thomas; 1984).<br />
savaraudod, simarTlis marcvali,<br />
SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom<br />
,,cudi~ bavSvebi ufro xSirad<br />
imsaxureben fizikur dasjas. es<br />
kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri<br />
dasja ar gvaZlevs sasurvel<br />
Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud~<br />
bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen<br />
ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000).<br />
Tu Cven jer kidev ver dagarwmuneT,<br />
rom fizikuri dasja<br />
araswori strategiaa mSoblebis<br />
mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT kidev<br />
erTi kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />
analizi dafuZnebulia erT-er-<br />
Ti mizanmimarTuli proeqtis<br />
monacemebze, romelic ikvlevda<br />
6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa<br />
SeeswavlaT maTi ojaxuri Zaladobis<br />
Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi<br />
mecnierebi dainteresebulni<br />
iyvnen gardatexis asakis bav-<br />
Svebze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri<br />
dasjis gavleniT maT<br />
momaval cxovrebaze (Straus &<br />
Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod<br />
dramatuli gamodga. mokled<br />
rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom<br />
maT fizikurad sjidnen Tineijerobisas<br />
(58% _ biWi, 44% _<br />
gogo). maT, visac sjidnen, mogvianebiT<br />
hqondaT problemebi.<br />
isini Semdeg xvdebodnen risk<br />
ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi<br />
ganmamtkiceblebi operantuli ganpirobebulobis<br />
energiis brokerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
— isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas. ganmamtkiceblebs<br />
bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri<br />
Tviseba aqvT. isini SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen<br />
gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologiurad<br />
ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon<br />
aqtivobebad da ara raime sagnebad. zog Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, Cveuli Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZloa,<br />
ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa<br />
dominanturi qceva Seicvalos (aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
jgufebSi: depresia, suicidi,<br />
alkoholizmi, sakuTari bav-<br />
Svebis mimarT fizikuri Seuracxyofa,<br />
(kacebTan) colebis<br />
cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom<br />
„nebismieri fizikuri dasjis<br />
gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvnelovan<br />
faqtorad gvevlineba<br />
bavSvTa fizikuri Seuracxyofis,<br />
depresiis, suicidis da alkoholizmis<br />
pirvelad prevenciaSi~<br />
(gv. 558).<br />
Cven gvjera, konkretuli magaliTebiT<br />
dagarwmuneT, rom bav-<br />
Svebis gatyepa ar aris Sesatyvisi<br />
an efeqturi aRzrdis<br />
strategia. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri<br />
dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa,<br />
arsebobdes situaciebi, sadac<br />
bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis<br />
SemaCereblad mxolod dasja<br />
gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs,<br />
rom dasja unda iTvaliswinebdes<br />
garkveul pirobebs (Walters<br />
& Grusec, 1977).<br />
dasja unda iyos:<br />
• swrafi da xanmokle;<br />
• unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve,<br />
rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs<br />
adgili;<br />
• intensivoba unda iyos limitirebuli;<br />
• es unda iyos pasuxi specifikur<br />
arasasurvel<br />
qcevaze da arasodes _<br />
p i r o v n u l<br />
maxasiaTebelze;<br />
• limitirebuli unda<br />
iyos im situaciis<br />
Sesatyvisad, sadac<br />
reaqcias aqvs adgili;<br />
• Sedgebodes dasjisagan<br />
da ara _ fizikuri<br />
tkivilisagan.<br />
ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSirad,<br />
mizezi, ris gamoc bevri<br />
mSobeli dasjas iyenebs, aris<br />
is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba<br />
bavSvis arasasurveli qceva.<br />
mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis<br />
xanmokle mizans, imavdroulad,<br />
bavSvis myiseuli reaqcia<br />
ganamtkicebs mSoblis<br />
damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant &<br />
Evans, 1994), magram Sedegi<br />
aseTia _ ,,xanmokle sargebeli,<br />
xangrZlivi tkivili~. mSoblebma<br />
moTmineba unda gamoi-<br />
Cinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmokle<br />
ganmtkicebisagan sakuTari<br />
Svilebis Soreuli interesebis<br />
gamo.<br />
vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi ar yofila realuri<br />
ganmamtkiceblebi).<br />
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi<br />
roca am qveyanas moevlineT, auracxeli pirveladi<br />
ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT, magaliTad,<br />
wyali da saWmeli, romelTa ganmamtkicebluri<br />
Taviseburebani bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocirda<br />
pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, rogorc<br />
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli, ise gvevlineba<br />
operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtobrivad,<br />
adamianis qcevis umetes wilze gavlenas xSirad<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
249
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
250<br />
sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli<br />
axdens da iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi<br />
ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi, mxardaWeris<br />
gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi<br />
da bevri sxva simbolo im pirobiT ganmamtkicebelTa<br />
ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens qcevas<br />
gansazRvraven.<br />
faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba<br />
iqces pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad, Tu is pirvelad<br />
stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT eqsperimentSi<br />
gamoyenebuli iyo martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa<br />
swavlebis dros.<br />
maswavleblebma da eqsperimentatorebma daadgines,<br />
rom pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli ufro martivi<br />
gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa,<br />
vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. vinaidan: (1)<br />
ramodenime pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli yovel-<br />
Tvisaa klasSi maSin, roca nebismieri stimulis<br />
gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontrolebs,<br />
SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes pirobiT<br />
ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi<br />
gacema; (3) isini advilad gadasatania; (4) maTi<br />
ganmtkicebis efeqti ufro swrafia, radgan is<br />
damokidebulia ganmamtkiceblis miRebaze da ara<br />
biologiur ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es<br />
pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis drosaa.<br />
zogierT dawesebulebaSi, magaliTad, fsiqiatriul<br />
saavadmyofoSi an narkologiur dispanserSi,<br />
Jetonebis ekonomika am principebs emyareba.<br />
sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis<br />
miReba) kargad ganimarteba da roca es qceva<br />
gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri gaicema<br />
momsaxure personalis mier. mogvianebiT, es<br />
Jetonebi pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva<br />
tipis jildoze an privilegiaze (Kazdin, 1994;<br />
Martin& Pear,1999). ganmamtkicebelTa es sistema<br />
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis qcevis<br />
modificirebisTvis Tavis movlis qcevis TvalsazrisiT;<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi<br />
pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebis gazrdis<br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _<br />
biologiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli<br />
_ saWmeli da wyali.<br />
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcers)<br />
– klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT<br />
yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmamtkiceblad<br />
iqca.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli<br />
SimpanzeebisTvis<br />
Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gadawyveta<br />
qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblis<br />
gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi<br />
JetonebiT Caanacvles. rogorc ki Jetonebi<br />
gamoCnda, maimunebma moTminebiT daiwyes<br />
muSaoba sakuTari ,,fulis~ mosapoveblad.<br />
maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT, gadaecvalaT<br />
Jetonebi qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937).<br />
savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc<br />
dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi<br />
davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac<br />
gaakeTebinoT; ar gindaT, mas gadauxadoT an<br />
misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT<br />
garigebas: ,,roca saSinao davalebas daasruleb,<br />
SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo~. Tqven<br />
mier gamoyenebuli ,,kompiuteruli TamaSi~
mocemul situaciaSi premakis principad gvevlineba,<br />
romelic david premakma (David Premak)<br />
1965 wels aRmoaCina. premakis mixedviT, ufro<br />
metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul<br />
garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs),<br />
SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad albaTuri<br />
qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi<br />
premakma aRmoaCina, rom wyliT deprivirebulma<br />
virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis<br />
mizniT sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqtivobas<br />
wylis daleva mohyveboda da, piriqiT,<br />
savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen<br />
wylis smis qcevas. premakis mixedviT, ganmamtkiceblad<br />
organizmisTvis mniSvnelovani nebismieri<br />
qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos.<br />
premakis principi xSirad gamoiyeneba gansakuTrebiT<br />
bavSvTa instituciebis iseTi qcevis<br />
sixSiris gasazrdelad, rogoricaa mSvidad jdoma<br />
da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia<br />
erTi klasikuri SemTxveva.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom<br />
iTamaSon<br />
Caatares kvleva, romlis drosac klasSi<br />
gamoyofili iyo droiTi intervalebi, roca<br />
bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen dafas da<br />
zogjer esmodaT zaris xma. zaris xmas<br />
mohyveboda instruqcia: „gaiqeciT da iyvireT~.Mmoswavleebi<br />
dauyovnebliv wamoxtebodnen<br />
da darbodnen klasSi, yvirodnen<br />
da erTobodnen. ramdenime wuTSi Semdegi<br />
signali afrTxilebda maT, rom dabrunebuliyvnen<br />
TavianT adgilebze. mogvianebiT<br />
bavSvebs aZlevdnen Jetonebs dabali<br />
sixSiris qcevis — maTematikis mecadineobisTvis.<br />
bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas<br />
aZlevda, CarTuliyvnen SedarebiT maRali<br />
aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSoebiT<br />
TamaSi. am tipis proceduriT kontroli<br />
SesaniSnavad ganxorcielda ramodenime<br />
dReSi (homme et al,1963).<br />
sxva tipis saklaso programa, sadac maswavleblebis<br />
mier xSirad gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema<br />
da yvirili, Cavarda.<br />
axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT<br />
premakis principi dabali sixSiris qcevaSi<br />
bavSvebis CasarTavad. socialurad aqtiuri<br />
bavSvisaTvis amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs<br />
davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad sasiamovno<br />
qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis<br />
wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva bavSvebTan<br />
TamaSis qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri<br />
aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ganmamtkiceblad<br />
da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miRweul<br />
iqneba im qcevis sixSiris mateba, rac<br />
konkretul SemTxvevaSi naklebad albaTuria.<br />
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi<br />
ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom<br />
Tqvens Sinaur cxovels ganumtkicoT raime<br />
konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia<br />
Tavis laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise,<br />
rom ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi ganmamtkicebeli<br />
Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomias<br />
akeTebda da virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac<br />
intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu<br />
ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met<br />
sakvebs veRar iRebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi<br />
ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur ganmamtkicebelTa<br />
formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed ganmtkicebaze.<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxovelebs,<br />
roca isini qcevis Caqrobis safrTxis<br />
winaSe aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo?<br />
is virTxebi, romelTa qcevac ufro iSviaTad<br />
ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad aWerdnen<br />
GTaTs Rilaks, vidre isini, romlebsac<br />
ganmamtkicebeli yovel jerze eZleodaT.<br />
skineri, raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuaxlovda.<br />
am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam<br />
migviyvana kvlevamde ganmamtkicebelTa gansxvavebuli<br />
intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb (ix.<br />
sur. 7.13). Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtkiceblis<br />
gansxvavebuli efeqtis roli sakuTar<br />
cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT klasSi,<br />
maswavlebeli xan giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur<br />
cxovrebaSi an laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli<br />
SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc proporciuli<br />
ganmamtkiceblis forma — ramdenime<br />
konkretuli reaqciis Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli<br />
intervalebiT — roca ganmtkiceba drois raRac<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
251
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
252<br />
intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeiZleba adgili hqondes fiqsirebul an variabilur<br />
ganmtkicebas. axla Cven viciT parcialuri<br />
ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda,<br />
rom parcialurad ganmtkicebuli qceva metad<br />
gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre Tanmimdevrulad<br />
ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modi vnaxoT, sxva<br />
ra saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevrebma<br />
ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT.<br />
fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis)<br />
cxrilebi<br />
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebSi<br />
ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas Semdeg, rac organizmi<br />
gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul odenobas.<br />
roca ganmtkicebas mohyveba erTi reaqcia,<br />
cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1 (fp-<br />
1; es aris Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili).<br />
roca ganmamtkicebeli mosdevs yovel 25-e<br />
reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25. fiqsirebuli<br />
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi (<br />
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkicebeli<br />
verbaluri proporcia<br />
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval<br />
schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic<br />
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois<br />
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.<br />
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval<br />
schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic<br />
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas<br />
cvladi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSualoc<br />
winaswar gansazRvrulia.<br />
warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi<br />
(shaiping by successive approximations) – qceviTi<br />
meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs,<br />
romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da<br />
maqsimalurad axlos arian sasurvel reaqcias-<br />
Tan.<br />
suraTi 7.13<br />
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi<br />
qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi yalibdeba ganmamtkicebelTa<br />
oTxi cxrilis gamoyenebiT. grafikebze<br />
arsebuli aRniSvnebi imaze miuTiTeben, Tu rodis<br />
miewodeba ganmamtkicebeli.<br />
proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal<br />
xarisxs, radgan reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris<br />
pirdapiri korelaciaa. mtreds SeuZlia,<br />
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi<br />
miiRos, ramdenic unda, Tu sakmarisad xSirad<br />
akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT<br />
metia pauza TiToeuli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg.<br />
ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad meti sapasuxo reaqciebis<br />
miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semcirebam<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, roca cxoveli gawvrTnili<br />
da momzadebuli ar aris amisaTvis, SeiZleba<br />
migviyvanos Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani gayidvebis<br />
industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT manamde<br />
unda gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba,<br />
vidre jamagirs aiReben.<br />
variabiluri proporciis cxrili<br />
variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar<br />
gansazRvrulia ganmamtkicebelTa Soris reaqciaTa<br />
raodenoba. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom
saSualod yovel 10 reaqcias mohyveba ganmamtkicebeli,<br />
magram ganmtkicebas SeiZleba adgili<br />
hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis<br />
Semdeg. aseTi saxiT ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod<br />
rezistentulia Caqrobis mimarT. davuSvaT, Tqven<br />
mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da<br />
Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi akenkavs 12000<br />
marcvals saaTSi da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis<br />
manZilze, ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki. azartuli<br />
TamaSebic SegviZlia vp cxrilebis kontrols<br />
daqvemdebarebulad miviCnioT. am princips<br />
emyareba saTamaSo manqanebis principi _ masSi<br />
monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT<br />
Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da<br />
agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili gayenebT gamocanis<br />
winaSe – rodis mova jildo. Tqven gjeraT, rom<br />
is Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba<br />
da ara ufro mogvianebiT (Rachlin, 1990).<br />
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili<br />
roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis<br />
cxrilTan, ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirveli<br />
reaqciis Semdeg, anu fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis<br />
Semdeg. FI-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti<br />
iRebs ganmtkicebas, unda gavides 10 wami, sanam<br />
meore reaqcia ganmtkicdeba _ reaqciaTa raodenobisda<br />
miuxedavad.<br />
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili<br />
cvalebadi intervalis cxrilSi saSualo<br />
intervali winaswar aris gansazRvruli. magali-<br />
Tad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba,<br />
saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma<br />
iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT, magram Zalian stabiluri<br />
qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am<br />
dros etapobrivi da Zalian nelia. erT Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi mtredma 18 000-jer akenka pirveli 4<br />
saaTis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba<br />
Sewyda da 168 saaTi dasWirda am qcevis srul<br />
gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). SegiZliaT CaTvaloT,<br />
rom ci-20 cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT<br />
gamocdili, Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic<br />
araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT<br />
koloqviumebs. yoveldRe emzadebodiT momavali<br />
gakveTilisaTvis?<br />
qcevis formireba (Seipingi)<br />
erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT virTxebze,<br />
romlebic Rilaks aWerdnen TaTs saWmlis<br />
misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa.<br />
Tu mas operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT,<br />
ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs spontanurad. virTxas<br />
naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT<br />
gamoyeneba, magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes<br />
Camouwevia. rogor vaswavloT virTxas qcevebi,<br />
romlebic, savaraudod, iSviaTad vlindebian?<br />
Tqven moifiqreT ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri<br />
sakvebi, ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1),<br />
rogor moviqceT axla? imisaTvis, rom Tqven<br />
aswavloT axali rTuli qceva, unda gamoiyenoT<br />
Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT.<br />
am dros Tqven ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas,<br />
romelic warmatebulia da Tanac miaxloebuli<br />
saboloo mizanTan.<br />
es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis<br />
saWmliT deprivireba erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imu-<br />
Saos, rogorc ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven<br />
sistematurad aTavsebT sakvebs kabinis erT<br />
kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven<br />
SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi imiT, rom sakvebis<br />
miwodebis sixSire daukavSiroT virTxis<br />
specifikur qceviT reaqcias, magaliTad, karis<br />
saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba<br />
mxolod maSin, roca is ufro axlos midis karis<br />
saxelurTan. ganmamtkicebeli ki im SemTxvevaSi<br />
gaicema, Tu virTxa exeba mas, xolo saWmlis<br />
misaRebad man unda saxelurs daaWiros. am dros<br />
virTxa swavlobs, rom saxeluris Camoweva misTvis<br />
sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis Tqven<br />
unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qcevis<br />
Sesatyvisad da gamoiyenoT diferencirebuli<br />
ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis formirebisaTvis.<br />
axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipingi<br />
gamoyenebul iqna patara autisti bavSvis<br />
cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
qcevis formireba autist bavSvTan<br />
pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac<br />
dausves autizmis diagnozi. mas hqonda<br />
normaluri socialuri da verbaluri<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
253
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
254<br />
qcevis deficiti. xSirad axorcielebda<br />
tantumebs da sakuTari Tavis damazianebel<br />
qcevebs. kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man<br />
uari Tqva saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac<br />
Zlier mniSvnelovani iyo misi mxedvelobisaTvis.<br />
pirvelad mas eZleoda kanfeti<br />
saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom,<br />
saWmelTan asociaciis fonze es xma pirobiTi<br />
ganmtkiceba gaxda. Semdeg treningi<br />
gagrZelda uSuSo saTvalis CarCoTi.<br />
Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara<br />
saTvalis CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es<br />
xma ismoda mas Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi<br />
yovndeboda, bolos _ roca bavSvs ekeTa<br />
saTvale. nel-nela biWi jildovdebida<br />
maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos mihqonda<br />
CarCo. ramodenime kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo<br />
CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad<br />
moirgo Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze<br />
bavSvma iswavla saTvalis tareba dReSi<br />
12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (Wolf et al., 1964).<br />
axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven<br />
mogindaT aswavloT virTxas galiaSi wreze<br />
sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am<br />
SemTxvevaSi? ra SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli<br />
qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven<br />
dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven<br />
Tavidan ganamtkicoT saWiro mimarTulebiT Tavis<br />
mibrunebis qcevac ki. Semdeg Tqven virTxas<br />
saWmeli im SemTxvevaSi unda misceT, Tu is<br />
mTel tans miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT.<br />
ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg?<br />
daswavlis ori forma ganvixileT — klasikuri<br />
ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirob-<br />
ebuloba, romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben<br />
daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi<br />
axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze, katebze, virTxebze<br />
da mtredebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic<br />
msgavs qcevas axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi,<br />
mkvlevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom daswavla<br />
bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli<br />
saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri SesaZleblobebiT.<br />
axla Cven gadavalT im procesebis
ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs<br />
SemosazRvraven.<br />
Sejameba<br />
Torndaikisa da skineris mier aRmoCenili<br />
operantuli ganpirobebulobis meTodika marTavs<br />
organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos<br />
Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
zrdis qcevis gamovlenis albaTobas.<br />
ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs<br />
generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobebuli<br />
ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas<br />
axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli.<br />
premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom<br />
metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli<br />
naklebad albaTi aqtivobis gansamtkiceblad.<br />
ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi<br />
reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven.<br />
Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne qcevasTan<br />
warmatebulad miaxloeba diferencialurad<br />
iqnes ganmtkicebuli.<br />
biologia da daswavla<br />
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTadi<br />
principebi adamianebTan da cxovelebTan msgavsia,<br />
pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma<br />
(David Hume) 1748 wels wamoayena. man Tqva, rom<br />
„nebismieri Teoria, romliTac Cven gagebis<br />
operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT<br />
mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive<br />
fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen<br />
cxovelTanac~ (Hume, 1748/1951, gv.104).<br />
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive<br />
kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi<br />
fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadasxva kanonzomierebebi<br />
da SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis<br />
ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey, 1993;<br />
Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). mesame Tavidan<br />
Tqven ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis<br />
ganviTareba iyo reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze.<br />
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris swored adaptaciiT<br />
SeiZleba aixsnas. zustad aseTive evoluciuri<br />
perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis<br />
unars (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu-<br />
leba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas<br />
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba<br />
gamoyenebuli iqnes cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT<br />
da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT<br />
kvlevis or sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom<br />
qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa<br />
ganpirobebuli _ instinqturi swrafva da gemos<br />
aversiiT swavla.<br />
instinqturi swrafva<br />
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic<br />
aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben. cirkSi da teleekranze.<br />
zogierTi cxoveli beisbols, pingpongs<br />
TamaSobs, zogi manqanas atarebs. wlebis<br />
manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi<br />
iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs,<br />
rom gamoewvrTnaT aTasobiT sxvadasxva<br />
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom<br />
zogadi principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli<br />
kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac<br />
imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo<br />
niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis<br />
gareT.<br />
Tumca, wvrTnis raRac etapze zogierTi<br />
cxoveli „cudad moqcevas~ iwyebda. magaliTad,<br />
enoti iwvrTneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo<br />
yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi, magram<br />
enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis<br />
aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod<br />
wydeboda, anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda<br />
monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela<br />
monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan<br />
iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad<br />
axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac<br />
maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan.<br />
amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wvrTnidnen, raTa<br />
gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT,<br />
isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer dingiT<br />
ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev<br />
ismis kiTxva, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis<br />
es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi<br />
zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan<br />
qcevis es repertuari maT memkvidreobiT aqvT<br />
miRebuli.<br />
aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi,<br />
rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac etapamde<br />
cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi,<br />
biologia da daswavla<br />
255
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
256<br />
daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT<br />
instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland,<br />
1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantuli<br />
principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba,<br />
Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi<br />
ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic<br />
SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT.<br />
cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli<br />
iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis<br />
winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze<br />
SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs,<br />
rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela aspeqtis<br />
gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba metnaklebad<br />
advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc<br />
cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli<br />
reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin<br />
iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biologiurad<br />
aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad,<br />
ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta<br />
yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul<br />
iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori<br />
bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas.<br />
gemos aversiiT daswavla<br />
am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda<br />
gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris<br />
xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo<br />
meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze.<br />
Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom<br />
Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi<br />
reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT<br />
es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs.<br />
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints<br />
on learning) – nebismieri limiti organizmis<br />
daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia<br />
erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli<br />
sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.<br />
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili<br />
qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.<br />
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning)<br />
– daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba,<br />
romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis<br />
gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.<br />
davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia<br />
ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven<br />
rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli<br />
paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT.<br />
rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels,<br />
Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raodenobas<br />
iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba<br />
maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da<br />
miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT<br />
iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs,<br />
maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian.<br />
am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT daswavla.<br />
am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas<br />
da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da<br />
romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs.<br />
gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis<br />
Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man<br />
„simTvraleSi~ gamoscada.<br />
gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia.<br />
gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla<br />
mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba<br />
ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/<br />
surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis<br />
– elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs<br />
avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti<br />
rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12<br />
saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa<br />
iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood,<br />
gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan,<br />
romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos<br />
aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdilebis<br />
Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom<br />
gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa<br />
darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden<br />
dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas.<br />
jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad<br />
daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laboratoriaSi<br />
da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es<br />
fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino<br />
gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli<br />
asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,<br />
rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuliganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba<br />
klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul<br />
saxeobebSi.
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena<br />
garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pirvel<br />
fazaSi virTxebi jer ecnobodnen<br />
situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda<br />
sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Sezavebul<br />
wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles.<br />
meore fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils<br />
lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod<br />
tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari –<br />
xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals. Semdeg<br />
orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis<br />
erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli Sokis<br />
zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda,<br />
xolo meore naxevari ki radiaciuli<br />
dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa<br />
da gulisrevas. wylis is raodenoba, romelic<br />
virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies,<br />
Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis<br />
raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcirdeboda,<br />
rodesac surnelovani wyali asocirdeboda<br />
avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia)<br />
da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocirdeboda<br />
tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod<br />
patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva<br />
pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli<br />
moaswavebda tkivils, an, rodesac Zlieri<br />
sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda<br />
avadmyofobas (ix. sur. 7.14).<br />
miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs<br />
aqvT Tandayolili unari, asociacia daamyaron<br />
konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs<br />
Soris (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis<br />
zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare, damokidebulia<br />
ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris<br />
kavSirze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor dispozicias<br />
avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis<br />
mimarT mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978).<br />
cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia im<br />
stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes<br />
safrTxes da romeli – jildos. amitom eqperimentatorebi,<br />
romlebic ecdebian am paternebis<br />
darRvevas, bevrs verafers miaRweven.<br />
mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqanizmis<br />
praqtikaSi gadmotanac scades. imisaTvis,<br />
suraTi 7.14<br />
Tandayolili unarebi<br />
garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom<br />
virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli<br />
stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan.<br />
virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avadmyofobas<br />
moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _<br />
ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moaswavebda<br />
da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avadmyofoba<br />
mohyveboda.<br />
rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon<br />
garsiam da misma kolegebma daawyves batknis<br />
toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris<br />
tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavaddnen<br />
da ganuviTardaT zizRi batknis xorcis mimarT.<br />
amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis<br />
magivrad ukan ixevdnen.<br />
gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli<br />
aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi daavadebul pacientebSi,<br />
romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv<br />
sakvebs qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli<br />
gulisrevis gamo.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi<br />
gemos arideba<br />
22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac<br />
dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos diagnozi,<br />
gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi prioritetebis<br />
Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis rva kursis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi<br />
sami kvira iyo. qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi,<br />
rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze<br />
biologia da daswavla<br />
257
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
258<br />
Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini<br />
ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da sasmels<br />
1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian<br />
mowoneba). mkvlevrebi aversiis gamovlenas<br />
maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba<br />
4 quliT daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis<br />
46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire,<br />
erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi,<br />
romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis pirveli ori<br />
kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi<br />
gaxda, rom, virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva<br />
Terapiis Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, romlis<br />
Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli<br />
aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993).<br />
imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasikurad<br />
iyos ganpirobebuli, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT,<br />
SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Berstein,<br />
1991). magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs<br />
sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes. amasTan, miwodebul<br />
kanfetebs an nayins sruliad specifikuri<br />
surneli hqonda anu aversia swored am surnelis<br />
mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs SeeZloT,<br />
kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti<br />
an nayini. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic<br />
pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli.<br />
bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis<br />
seansis dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romel-<br />
Sic isini mkurnalobdnen, ganpirobebul stimulad<br />
iqca (Tomoyasu et al., 1996). amgvari efeqtebis<br />
safuZvlebis gaanalizeba mkvlevrebs mkurnalobis<br />
meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevs. kidev<br />
erTxel _ ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis<br />
efeqtebis safuZvlebis codna mkvlevrebs saSualebas<br />
aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis sawinaaRmdego<br />
mkurnaloba.<br />
axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamedrove<br />
qceviTi analitikosebi yuradRebiT reaqciis<br />
im tipebis mimarT, romlebic ama Tu im saxeobisaTvis<br />
ufro Sesaferisebi arian dasaswavlad<br />
(Todd and Morris 1992). Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls<br />
aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis<br />
genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT potencials.<br />
Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdenadac<br />
jer ar SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs,<br />
romlebic umaRles kognitur procesebs moiTxoven.<br />
axla swored aseTi saxis daswavlas SevexoT.<br />
Sejameba<br />
instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs,<br />
rom organizmebi limitirebulni arian im<br />
TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan<br />
gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia<br />
imdenad Zlieria zogierT cxovelTan, rom is<br />
permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis erTjeradi<br />
SewyvilebiTac ki. qimioTerapiaze myof<br />
adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul<br />
gemos aversias. mkvlevrebi cdiloben, gamoigonon<br />
klasikur ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili me-<br />
Todebi, raTa Tavidan aicilon, an gaauqmon es<br />
aversiebi.
kogniciis gavlena<br />
daswavlaze<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri<br />
SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi<br />
procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arseboben Tu<br />
ara daswavlis iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro<br />
kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi sWirdebaT?<br />
kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtivoba,<br />
romelic CarTulia codnis gadamuSavebisa da<br />
warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogorebicaa:<br />
azrovneba, mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom<br />
axla ganvixilavT daswavlis iseT formebs,<br />
romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod klasikuri<br />
an operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qceva, nawilobriv,<br />
kognituri procesebis Sedegia.<br />
cxovelTa kognicia<br />
am TavSi ganvixileT daswavlis wesebi vir-<br />
Txebis, ZaRlebis da mtredebis magaliTze.<br />
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod klasikuri<br />
da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT SeiZleba<br />
sxvadasxva saxeobebis unarebis ganzogadeba<br />
(Wasserman, 1993-1994). Tavis evoluciis TeoriaSi<br />
Carlz darvinma ganacxada, rom kognituri<br />
unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fizikur<br />
formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixilavT<br />
cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob STambeWdav,<br />
tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kognitur<br />
unarebze.<br />
kognituri rukebi<br />
edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman, 1886-1959) iyo<br />
pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri procesebis<br />
kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli<br />
situaciebis gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri,<br />
erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida cxovelis<br />
qcevas. daakvirdiT 7.15 suraTs. tolmenma da<br />
misma studentebma aCvenes, rom, rodesac labirinTSi<br />
blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki,<br />
virTxebi iq adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven<br />
umokles gzas gamosvlisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman &<br />
Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise,<br />
TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen gansazRvrl<br />
suraTi 7.15<br />
kognituri rukebi labirinTebSi<br />
siarulis daswavlisas<br />
cdis pirebma upiratesoba pirdapir gzas (gza 1)<br />
mianiWes labirinTSi, roca is Tavisufali iyo.<br />
roca es gza daibloka A blokiT, isini meore<br />
gzaze gadavidnen. roca gamoCnda B bloki, vir-<br />
Txebma Cveulebriv mesame gza airCies. maTi qcevaa<br />
aCvenebda, rom saWmlis mopovebis kognituri ruka<br />
gaaCndaT.<br />
kognitur rukas – labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad<br />
imisa, rom brmad daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa<br />
da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman, 1948).<br />
tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba<br />
Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre ubralod<br />
asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas<br />
da, Semdeg, am daswavlili masalis warmoCenas<br />
qceviT konteqstSi.<br />
tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam<br />
gamoavlina sivrcobrivi mexsierebis gasaocari<br />
unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxovelebsa<br />
da adamianebSic ki (Tolman, 1948). kog-<br />
cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) – cxovelebis<br />
kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben<br />
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva<br />
saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT, adamianamde.<br />
kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) – fizikuri sivrcis<br />
gonebrivi reprezentacia.<br />
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze<br />
259
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
260<br />
nituri rukis gasagebad yuradReba unda mivaqcioT<br />
im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxurebian:<br />
cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben<br />
sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis amosacnobad;<br />
maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqtebis<br />
misagnebad;<br />
garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad.<br />
Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri rukebis<br />
sxvadasxva funqcia frinvelTa sxvadasxva<br />
saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels far-<br />
To arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon<br />
saWmels saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis<br />
gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es frinveli<br />
marxavs 6000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreTdasavleT<br />
nawilis mTebSi. isini marcvals<br />
momaval gazafxulze eZeben, anu maSin,<br />
rodesac damaluli sakvebi sWirdebaT<br />
bartyebisaTvis (Shettleworth, 1993, gv. 180).<br />
Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansazRvrul<br />
garemoSi, aramed, TuUgaumarTlaT,<br />
marcvlebs ki ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven<br />
maT nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg<br />
84% sizustiT brundebian am adgilze (Kamil &<br />
Balda, 1990). isini kargad agneben im adgilebsac,<br />
sadac adre hqondaT marcvlebi, magram isini<br />
ukve carielia. Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic<br />
didad arian damokidebulni gadamalul sakvebze,<br />
qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze axlomdgom<br />
saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxvaveba qcevis<br />
warmatebulobas Soris araa am saxeobisTvis,<br />
romelic samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi<br />
sivrcobriv eqsperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et<br />
al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom am Citebis<br />
qceva – samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa<br />
ganmtkicebuli. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi<br />
miagneben gadamalul sakvebs, Tuki maTi kognituri<br />
ruka SenarCundeba.<br />
konceptualuri qceva<br />
kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxovelebs<br />
garemoSi orientaciaSi, magram sxva ra<br />
kognituri procesebi unda hqondeT cxovelebs<br />
da raSi unda iyenebdnen maT?<br />
me-11 TavSi aRvniSnavT, rom metyvelebis<br />
dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amocanad<br />
iTvleba axali cnebebisa da kategoriebis<br />
daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi ar arian<br />
erTaderTi arsebebi, romelTac am amocanis<br />
daZleva SeuZliaT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom<br />
mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari, gamoiyenon<br />
konceptualuri gansxvavebebi.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
mtredebi gadawyvetilebebs<br />
kategorizaciis struqturis mixedviT<br />
iReben<br />
edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma<br />
(1992) warmoudgines mtredebs adamianebis,<br />
yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis fotoebi.<br />
yoveli mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili<br />
iyo or ufro did kategoriad (sur. 7.16).<br />
magaliTad, erTi mtredi miiRebda sakvebs,<br />
Tuki niskarts daartyamda narinjisfer<br />
Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis<br />
Semdeg da wiTel Rilaks _ yvavilis an<br />
skamis Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles
adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% swori<br />
feris Rilaks urtyamda niskarts. wvrTnis<br />
meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia unda<br />
SeemuSavebina ufro mcire kategoriis Ti-<br />
Toeuli suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds<br />
unda daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis<br />
suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze – skamis<br />
fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis<br />
80%-ma Tavi gaarTva amocanas.<br />
magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis<br />
an manqanis suraTi da uwevT, airCion mwvane, an<br />
TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis aranairi<br />
gamocdileba, Sesabamisad Cven ar SegviZlia<br />
daswavlis procesze dafuZnebuli qcevis winaswarmetyveleba.<br />
ras izamdiT Tqven, Tu msgavs<br />
situaciaSi aRmoCndebodiT? albaT, eqsperimentis<br />
pirvel fazaSi Tqven daiswavlidiT, rom yvavilebi<br />
da skamebi erTad moiazreba. eqsperimentis<br />
meore fazaSi ki iswavlidiT, rom unda gamoamJRavnoT<br />
erTi an ori reaqcia yvavilis Ti-<br />
Toeul fotoze. roca saqme skamebze midgeboda,<br />
Tqven, albaT, igive reaqcia geqnebodaT, rac<br />
yvavilze gqondaT. igives akeTeben mtredebic.<br />
testebis triadebis 60-70 procentSi maT<br />
gamoiyenes „kategorizaciis~ msgavsi informacia.<br />
dakvirvebiT daswavla<br />
imisaTvis, rom daswavlis axal formas<br />
gavecnoT, albaT, kargi iqneba SevexoT sakiTxs<br />
adamianebis da virTxebis mier axali sakvebis<br />
SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT. virTxebi gacilebiT<br />
frTxilebi arian am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
vidre adamianebi, ZiriTadad im mizezis gamo,<br />
rom akliaT mniSvnelovani informacia sxva<br />
virTxebisagan. roca Cven, adamianebi, axal sakvebs<br />
vsinjavT, yovelTvis gvaqvs konteqsti. es<br />
konteqsti imas gulisxmobs, rom viciT, sxva<br />
adamianebma ukve gasinjes da moewonaT igive<br />
sakvebi. Tqveni „saWmlis Wamis qceva~ sxva<br />
adamianebis codnis paternebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.<br />
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT<br />
daiswavlon sxvebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT,<br />
risTvisac isini kognitur unarebs gamoiyeneben.<br />
Sesabamisad, Cven vcvliT sakuTar qcevas sxvebis<br />
gamocdilebis mixedviT.<br />
Zalian xSirad, socialuri daswavla im<br />
situaciebSi iCens Tavs, sadac daswavla ar<br />
aris gamowveuli tradiciuli ganpirobebulobis<br />
TeoriiT. adamianebi ubralod sxvebze<br />
dakvirvebiT swavloben, anu, Tu adamiani uyurebs,<br />
Tu rogor daisaja an waxalisda sxva raRac<br />
qcevisTvis, cdilobs igive qceva gaimeoros an<br />
Seikavos Tavi. amas dakvirvebiT daswavla hqvia.<br />
asaniSnavia, rom Cveni kognicia dakvirvebiT<br />
daswavlisas garkveul molodinebs gamoimu-<br />
Savebs. roca models (adamians, romelic raRac<br />
qcevas axorcielebs) vuyurebT, Cven vfiqrobT,<br />
rom, Tu zustad imas gavimeorebT, rasac modeli<br />
akeTebs, igive jildos miviRebT an iseve<br />
davisjebiT. umcrosi Svili SesaZloa ukeT<br />
iqceodes, vidre ufrosi, radgan man ufrosis<br />
Secdomebze iswavla.<br />
daswavlis amgvari unari, razec zemoT iyo<br />
saubari, sakmaod momgebiania. aRaraa saWiro im<br />
cdisa da Secdomis meTodis mravalgzis gamoyeneba,<br />
rom raime viswavloT. sxvebis Secdomebis<br />
mixedviT SeiZleba daskvnebis gakeTeba.<br />
dakvirvebiT daswavla (Observational lerning) –<br />
suraTi 7.16<br />
kategoriebis swavla mtredebTan<br />
wvrTnis pirveli faza mtredebs aswavlis,<br />
Tu romeli cneba erTiandeba msxvil kategoriaSi.<br />
meore faza aswavlis axal reaqcias<br />
kategoriis cnebebis naxevarze. testirebis<br />
faza aCvenebs generalizacias, romelsac<br />
adgili aqvs axali kategoriis cnebebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi (es erTi magaliTia sxvadasxva<br />
mtredebTan stimulisa da reaqciis sxvadasxva<br />
kombinaciisa).<br />
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze<br />
261
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
262<br />
adamianis mier dakvirvebiT daswavlis klasikur<br />
magaliTebs adgili hqonda albert banduras<br />
laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebma<br />
uyures mozrdili modelis mier Tojinis cemas<br />
da Cqmetas, mogvianebiT maT igive qceva gamoam-<br />
JRavnes. amasTan, sxva bavSvebma, romelTac ar<br />
unaxavT es qceva, msgavsi agresia ar gamoavlines<br />
(Bandura et al., 1963). kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi<br />
agresiuli qcevis imitacias maSinac ki axdendnen,<br />
roca multiplikaciur filmSi qcevas akvirdebodnen.<br />
amgvarad, Cven prosocialur (daxmarebis) da<br />
antisocialur (dazianebis) qcevas modelebze<br />
dakvirvebis Sedegad vswavlobT. amasTan, Cven<br />
garSemo sakmaod bevri modeli arsebobs. sain-<br />
teresoa, ra cvladebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu<br />
romeli modeli moaxdens gavlenas Cvenze?<br />
kvlevebma aCvena (Baldwin &Baldwin, 1973, Bandura,<br />
1977), rom modeli gansakuTrebiT didi gavlenis<br />
mqonea, roca:<br />
adgili aqvs qcevis Sedegebis ganmtkicebas;<br />
modeli aRiqmeba dadebiTad, moswonT da<br />
endobian;<br />
arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveblis<br />
Tvisebebs Soris;<br />
damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis<br />
qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis;<br />
modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia<br />
– is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva modelebisagan;<br />
damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea<br />
damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba.<br />
mizezTa am CamonaTvalis gagebisaTvis, warmoidgineT<br />
sakuTari Tavi modelis situaciaSi da<br />
naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am<br />
siidan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT<br />
viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs;<br />
an gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos<br />
mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna mxolod<br />
sxvaTa dakvirvebiT.<br />
radgan xalxi ase efeqturad swavlobs modelisagan,<br />
advili gasagebia televiziis didi<br />
nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze:<br />
axdens Tu ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is,<br />
rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da<br />
dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca<br />
Zaladobis faqtebis Cvenebas televiziiT –<br />
mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi<br />
da TviTmkvleloba – Sedegad ki bavSvebis da<br />
mozrdilebis qceva. xels uwyobs Tu ara<br />
Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis imitacias?<br />
fsiqologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am<br />
kiTxvaze dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi (Comstock &<br />
Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime aTwleulis<br />
Semdeg gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac<br />
televizia uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mayureblis<br />
cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel<br />
rigSi, Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas.<br />
es asociacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
bavSvebisaTvis _ agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena<br />
Zaladobis adreul asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba<br />
antisocialur qcevaSi gadaizardos ufro<br />
gviandel asakSi; meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori<br />
raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba<br />
Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar gaxdes Zala-<br />
--dobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi; mesame, Zaladobis<br />
yurebam SeiZleba migviyvanos desensitizaciamde<br />
– emociur aSlilobasa da distresamde.<br />
ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laboratoriuli<br />
magaliTi.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
mediaZaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis<br />
mimarT tolerantobas ayalibebs<br />
meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan<br />
TiToeuli Seiyvanes eqsperimentul oTax-<br />
Si, sadac unda eyurebinaT an Zaladobis<br />
scenebiani filmi „karates Svili~, an<br />
araagresiuli sportuli sanaxaoba 1984<br />
wlis zafxulis olimpiadidan. am kasetebis<br />
yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres,<br />
rom axla isini naxavdnen namdvil ambebs,<br />
rac Cumad gadaRebuli iyo videoze da<br />
maxlobel oTaxSi paralelurad xdeboda.<br />
sinamdvileSi es iyo videoCanaweri, romel-<br />
Sic ori bavSvi (6 wlis) jer TamaSobs<br />
oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba<br />
erTmaneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs<br />
instruqciaSi neba darTes, moeZebnaT eqsperimentatori,<br />
Tuki SeSfoTdebodnen imiT,<br />
rasac videoze uyurebdnen. studentebma,<br />
romlebsac „karates Svili~ hqondaT<br />
nanaxi, orjer ufro metxans uyures Canawers,<br />
vidre maT, vinc olimpiur TamaSebs<br />
uyura. amgvarad, mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom<br />
Zaladobis scenebis yurebam gamoiwvia meti<br />
tolerantoba namdvili agresiis mimarT<br />
(Molitor & Hirsch, 1994).<br />
Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laboratoriuli<br />
kvlevis mcire efeqti, magram warmoidgineT<br />
mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis<br />
saSualebac bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTvaliswineT,<br />
rom bavSvebma SeiZleba, agreTve, iswav-<br />
lon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki<br />
amis magaliTs televiziiT naxaven (Rosenkoetter,<br />
1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). seriozulad unda mivudgeT<br />
im azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben televiziidan<br />
imas, rasac uyureben, amitom mSobeli<br />
an momvleli unda zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis<br />
programebis SerCevaze.<br />
dakvirvebiT swavlis analizi avlens or<br />
kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did gavlenas axdens<br />
ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri<br />
SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac isini iyeneben qcevis<br />
Sesacvlelad. es midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi<br />
yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986). me-16<br />
TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul Terapiis programebs.<br />
davubrundeT saSinelebaTa filmis naxvas.<br />
rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni<br />
gamocdileba?<br />
Tu Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo<br />
waxvediT, e.i. uneblie ganmtkicebas daemorCileT;<br />
Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es Tqveni<br />
Cveuli rutinaa, aq kognituri rukis gavlenis<br />
efeqti SeimCneva; Tu SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven<br />
SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis bedze, es<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqtia, magram,<br />
Tu Tqveni mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT,<br />
damTavrda imiT, rom aRarasodes mogindebaT<br />
saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia.<br />
mzad xarT kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad?<br />
Sejameba<br />
mkvlevrebma daswavlis kognituri formebi<br />
aRmoaCines, romlebic klasikuri da operantuli<br />
ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi<br />
cxovelebs moqmedebisa da gadarCenis saSualebas<br />
aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs SeuZliaT,<br />
daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze dayrdnobiT<br />
gansxvavebis gakeTeba, rac perceptualur<br />
ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris damokidebuli.<br />
qceviTi daswavlis Sedegebidan<br />
gamomdinare, adamianebi da cxovelebi swavloben<br />
axal qcevebs cxovrebiseul „sibrZneze~ dayrdnobiT.<br />
adamianebi prosocialur da antisocialur<br />
qcevebs modelirebiT daiswavlian.<br />
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze<br />
263
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi<br />
264<br />
sakvanZo<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
daswavla<br />
� daswavla iwvevs SedarebiT<br />
mudmiv cvlilebas<br />
qcvaSi an gamocdilebze<br />
damyarebul qceviT potenciaSi.<br />
� bihevioristebs sjeraT,<br />
rom qcevaTa umetesoba<br />
SesaZloa axsnil iqnes<br />
daswavlis martivi procedurebiT.<br />
�maT aseve sjeraT, rom nebismieri<br />
cocxali organizmisTvis<br />
daswavlis<br />
erTnairi principebia gamosadegi.<br />
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba:<br />
daswavlis<br />
ganmsazRvreli<br />
niSnebi<br />
� klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi<br />
pirveli wvlili<br />
pavlovma Seitana Semdegi<br />
aRmoCeniT: ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli ganupirobebel<br />
reaqcias iwvevs.<br />
ganupirobebel stimul-<br />
Tan dawyvilebuli neitraluri<br />
stimuli ganpirobebul<br />
stimulad<br />
gadaiqceva, romelic<br />
Tavis mxriv iwvevs ganpirobebul<br />
reaqcias.<br />
� Caqrobas maSin aqvs adgili,<br />
roca ganupirobebeli<br />
stimuli aRar mohyveba<br />
ganpirobebul stimuls.<br />
� stimulis generalizacia<br />
movlenaa, roca ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulis msgavsi<br />
stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul<br />
reaqcias.<br />
� ganmasxvavebeli daswavla<br />
aviwroebs im ganpirobebuli<br />
stimulebis speqtrs,<br />
romlebzec reagirebs<br />
organizmi.<br />
� imisTvis, rom adgili hqondes<br />
klasikur ganpirobebulobas,<br />
saWiroa ganpirobebul da<br />
ganupirobebel stimulTa<br />
Soris uwyveti, informatiuli<br />
kavSiris arseboba.<br />
� klasikuri ganpirobebuloba<br />
xsnis narkotikis mimarT<br />
tolerantulobas da mraval<br />
emociur reaqcias. igi aseve<br />
gamoyenebul iqna imunuri<br />
sistemis funqcionirebis<br />
Sesacvlelad.<br />
operantuli ganpirobebuloba:<br />
swavleba<br />
Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
� Torndaikma aCvena, rom komfortuli,<br />
sasiamovno Sedegebis<br />
gamomwvev qcevebs aqvT<br />
gameorebis tendencia.<br />
� skineris qceviT-analizuri<br />
midgoba eyrdnoba ganmamtkiceblis<br />
ganpirobebulobiT<br />
manipulirebas da qcevaze am<br />
gavlenis Seswavlas.<br />
� qcevebis umetesoba dadebiTi<br />
da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis<br />
Sedegad yalibdeba. da naklebad<br />
yalibdeba dadebiTi<br />
an uaryofiTi dasjis Sedegad.<br />
� konteqstualurad Sesatyvisi<br />
qceva aixsneba Semdegi ganpirobebulobiT:ganmasxvavebeli<br />
stimuli – qceva _<br />
qcevis Sedegi.<br />
� pirveladi ganmamtkiceblebi<br />
is stimulebia, romlebic<br />
ganmamtkiceblad gvevlinebian<br />
maSinac ki, roca organizms<br />
maTTan dakavSirebiT<br />
aranairi gamocdileba ar<br />
hqonia. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkiceblebi<br />
pirvelad<br />
ganmamtkiceblebTan asocirebiT<br />
formirdeba.<br />
� sacdeli aqtivobebi ise<br />
funqcionirebs, rogorc<br />
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.DEGAD<br />
� qcevaze gavlenas ganmamtkicebelTa<br />
Semdegi cxrilebi<br />
axdenen: fiqsirebuli<br />
proporciis cxrili, variabeluri<br />
proporciis cxrili,<br />
fiqsirebuli intervalis<br />
da variabeluri intervalis<br />
cxrilebi.<br />
� kompleqsuri reaqciebi SesaZloa<br />
Seipingis Sedegad<br />
iqnes daswavlili.<br />
biologia da daswavla<br />
� kvlevebis mixedviT daswavla<br />
SesaZloa konstruirebul<br />
iqnes saxeobis specifikurobidan<br />
gamomdinare.<br />
� instiqtebma SeiZleba zogjer<br />
gadasZalos Sedegiganmtkicebis<br />
procesi.<br />
� gemos aversiiT daswavlis<br />
mixedviT, zogierTi saxeoba<br />
genetikurad mzadaa asociaciis<br />
zogierTi formebis-<br />
Tvis.<br />
kogniciis gavlena<br />
daswavlaze<br />
� daswavlis zogierTi forma<br />
ufro rTul, kompleqsur<br />
procesebs asaxavs, vidre<br />
klasikuri an operantuli<br />
ganpirobebulobaa.<br />
� cxovelebi kognitur rukebs<br />
SeimuSaveben da Semdeg maT<br />
rTul garemoSi funqcionirebisTvis<br />
iyeneben.<br />
� konceptualuri qceva sa-<br />
Sualebas aZlevs cxovelebs,<br />
generalizeba moaxdinon garemos<br />
struqturis Sesaxeb.<br />
� qcevebi xan waxalisdeba da<br />
xan isjeba. adamianebs da<br />
cxovelebs dakvirvebiT<br />
swavla SeuZliaT.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi<br />
ganpirobebuloba<br />
daswavla<br />
klasikuri<br />
ganpirobebuloba<br />
refleqsi<br />
ganupirobebeli stimuli<br />
ganupirobebeli reaqcia<br />
ganpirobebuli stimuli<br />
ganpirobebuli reaqcia<br />
SeZena<br />
Caqroba<br />
spontanuri aRdgena<br />
stimulis generalizeba<br />
stimulis diskriminacia<br />
blokireba<br />
efeqtis kanoni<br />
operantuli<br />
ganpirobebuloba<br />
operantuli qceva<br />
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
ganmamtkicebeli<br />
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba<br />
operantulobis Caqroba<br />
damsjeli<br />
dadebiTi damsjeli<br />
uaryofiTi damsjeli<br />
diskriminaciuli stimuli<br />
pirveladi<br />
ganmamtkicebeli<br />
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli<br />
fiqsirebuli intervalis<br />
cxrili<br />
cvalebadi intervalis<br />
cxrili<br />
daswavlis biologiuri<br />
iZuleba<br />
instinqturi swrafva<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
265
266<br />
mexsiereba<br />
mexsiereba<br />
8<br />
ra aris mexsiereba<br />
• ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas<br />
• mexsierebis<br />
tipebi • • mexsierebis<br />
procesebi<br />
sensoruli mexsiereba<br />
• xatiseburi mexsiereba<br />
• eqo-mexsiereba<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa<br />
mexsiereba<br />
• xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
moculobis SezRuduloba<br />
• muSa mexsiereba<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba<br />
• kodireba da Senaxva<br />
• konteqsti da kodireba<br />
• mogonebis mimniSnebeli<br />
• kodirebis da aRdgenis<br />
procesi • arastruqturuli<br />
informaciis<br />
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba<br />
• metamexsiereba<br />
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:<br />
rogor SeioZleba<br />
mexsierebis gamokvlevebi<br />
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis<br />
mzadebaSi<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis<br />
struqturebi<br />
• mexsierebis struqturebi<br />
• mexsierebis struqturebis<br />
gamoyeneba •<br />
mogoneba, rogorc<br />
rekonstruqciuli procesi<br />
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:<br />
adamianis da kompiuteris<br />
mexsiereba<br />
mexsierebis biologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
• engramis ZiebaSi<br />
• • tvinis suraTi (skanireba)<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
Tavis avtobiografias marlon<br />
brando Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze<br />
adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT<br />
iwyebs: „rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis<br />
ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli,<br />
naTlad araferi magondeba da, mainc, im drois<br />
Cemi pirveli mogoneba ukavSirdeba, asaks,<br />
rodesac sul pawawina viyavi; im rodesac Tavis<br />
asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, er-<br />
Txel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer<br />
bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis<br />
(brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac<br />
Cavicvi da nabij-nabij daviwye saxlis win<br />
kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs<br />
vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver<br />
movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis<br />
zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis<br />
mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis<br />
win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas<br />
Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan.<br />
rodis moxda is? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es<br />
movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens<br />
mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive<br />
movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma?<br />
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulodnelad<br />
rom aRmogeCinaT, rom dakargeT mexsiereba<br />
da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan - arc xalxi,<br />
romelTac icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic<br />
Tavs gadagxdaT; ar gaxsovT, rogor gamoiyureba<br />
dedaTqveni; dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens<br />
dabadebis dReze, rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT.<br />
Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis<br />
pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac<br />
daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin xarT, ras warmoadgenT.<br />
davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis<br />
dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles<br />
safexurze da daviwye lodini. rogorc Cans,<br />
gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom<br />
maRal xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi,<br />
bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo, bumbuli<br />
haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.<br />
me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT<br />
moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals<br />
da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli<br />
mainc dameWira, magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen<br />
gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel<br />
bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis<br />
molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras.<br />
mze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.<br />
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo<br />
yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi cxovrebis 65<br />
wlis manZilze~.<br />
gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac<br />
ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis<br />
azrs gaigebT. yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad<br />
mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT<br />
da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar<br />
gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia<br />
nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis<br />
gareSe?<br />
Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqriaT,<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom, rogorc Cans, Tqveni<br />
mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs<br />
da rom Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT,<br />
rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv procesebs, magali-<br />
Tad, sunTqvis, an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romel-<br />
Ta moqmedebac, normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cnobieri<br />
Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac,<br />
iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas maSin aqcevT<br />
yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba,<br />
ra aris mexsiereba?<br />
267
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
268<br />
magaliTad, gaviwydebaT manqanis gasaRebi, mniSvnelovani<br />
TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis Seki-<br />
Txvaze, romelic namdvilad iswavleT da icodiT.<br />
ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian usiamovnod<br />
ganicdeba, magram, isic unda gaacnobieroT,<br />
rom adamianis tvini saSualod informaciis<br />
100 trilion bits itevs. mexsierebidan garkveuli<br />
informaciis amosatanad ki, jer am uzarmazari<br />
moculobis gadaxedva unda moxdes. amitomac,<br />
ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis<br />
saWiroebisamebr swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba.<br />
Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor<br />
ixsomebT amdens da ratom iviwyebT zogjer<br />
imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi<br />
daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT<br />
fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava<br />
formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vimedovnebT,<br />
rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani<br />
faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven<br />
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis,<br />
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.<br />
darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram<br />
aris mexsiereba.<br />
dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas<br />
exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavidanve CavrToT<br />
saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi<br />
37. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis,<br />
37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es iqneba testi.<br />
ra aris mexsiereba<br />
mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da<br />
aRdgenis unari. am TavSi mexsierebas ganvixilavT,<br />
rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erTerTi<br />
formas. mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli<br />
iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba<br />
informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvaviwydeba<br />
is (sxva sityvebiT, rogor Semodis informacia<br />
mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis<br />
am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis<br />
procesebis ganxilva SesaZleblobas mogcemT,<br />
daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba. Cven<br />
daviwyebT 1885 wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli<br />
mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb,<br />
Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa<br />
mier gamoyofil mexsierebis gansxvavebul formebs.<br />
ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas<br />
ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: „masala<br />
swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu is ar aris gaazrebuli<br />
da mimarTebaSi moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo<br />
Semdeg ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli~.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad daiswavliT<br />
masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi<br />
nawili dagaviwydebaT. es mniSvnelovani da<br />
uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba germanel<br />
fsiqologs, herman ebinghauss ekuTvnis, romelmac<br />
amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria daadgina,<br />
ramac, Tavis mxriv, mis mier mexsierebis axali<br />
mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna ganapiroba.<br />
ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi<br />
iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvlevebis<br />
upiratesobis saCveneblad, magram amisTvis<br />
aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia da ebinghausmac<br />
brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas
_ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi<br />
iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tanxmovnisa<br />
da SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda,<br />
magaliTad, ceg an das. is azrian marcvlebTan<br />
SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR, upiratesobas uazro<br />
marcvlebs aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT<br />
sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SeZlebda, Tavisufals<br />
pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa<br />
da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvlevari<br />
iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqsperimentebSi.<br />
igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da<br />
Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda).<br />
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis<br />
masalis daswavlaSi mdgomareobda. ebinghausi<br />
ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis<br />
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo<br />
damokidebuli.<br />
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro<br />
marcvlebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivis kiTxviT,<br />
pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToeuli<br />
marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili periodulobiT<br />
xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda<br />
manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aRdgenas<br />
SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli daswavlis<br />
kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi<br />
drois manZilze igi pirveli mwkrivisgan gansxvavebuli<br />
marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs<br />
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel<br />
mwkrivs ubrundeboda da ganmeorebebis im raodenobas<br />
zomavda, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkrivis<br />
uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgeni-<br />
suraTi 8.1<br />
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi<br />
mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis<br />
raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT<br />
30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba<br />
qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.<br />
saTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba<br />
sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo<br />
saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli<br />
iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored<br />
daswavlas naklebi dro.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi<br />
Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba<br />
sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo<br />
9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xelmeored<br />
dasaswavlad, ekonomiis koeficienti<br />
25% iqneboda (12-9=3 anu 25%). am proceduris<br />
gamoyenebiT igi zomavda gansxvavebul<br />
droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Senaxuli<br />
informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, romelic<br />
man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze.<br />
rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas<br />
adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel<br />
dReebSi, xolo Semdeg daviwyebis tempi<br />
TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi<br />
tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze Catarebuli<br />
yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.<br />
ebinghausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdenime<br />
aTeuli wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen uazro<br />
marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.<br />
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis<br />
Seswavlisas, mkvlevrebi imedovnebdnen, rom<br />
ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, romelTa<br />
daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli<br />
procesebis axsna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebi<br />
dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis<br />
dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis<br />
daxsomebazea gadatanili _ informaciis im saxeobaze,<br />
romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs<br />
adgili.<br />
mexsierebis tipebi<br />
rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs,<br />
pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris is situaciebi,<br />
romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _<br />
igonebT Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio<br />
omis dawyebis TariRs da a.S. faqtobrivad,<br />
ra aris mexsiereba?<br />
269
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
270<br />
suraTi 8.2<br />
ra Secdomaa daSvebuli<br />
am suraTze?<br />
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magididan<br />
da Tqven gaifiqrebT _<br />
`ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~<br />
amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis<br />
procesebis mier samzareulos<br />
situaciis aracnobieri gadamu-<br />
Savebaa, romelic baWias samzareulosTvis<br />
zedmet elementad<br />
miiCnevs.<br />
mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia<br />
isaa, rom Tqvens individualur Tu sazogadoebriv<br />
warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes<br />
saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba, magram<br />
mexsierebis mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro metia.<br />
masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari<br />
Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis<br />
Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac quCaSi manqanis<br />
saWesTan zixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive<br />
mxares nacnobi, Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es<br />
mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, romelic<br />
cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mexsierebis<br />
tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT, Tu rogor<br />
muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad,<br />
xSirad aracnobier donezec.<br />
implicituri da eqsplicituri<br />
mexsiereba<br />
ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSvebuli<br />
am suraTze? pirveli, ramac gagakvirvaT,<br />
cocxali kurdRelia samzareuloSi, magram<br />
saidan modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar<br />
CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT: _<br />
es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an _ es kabinetSi<br />
unda iyos?<br />
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses<br />
of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan<br />
informaciis aRdgenisa.<br />
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses<br />
of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis<br />
gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da<br />
aRdgena.<br />
es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas<br />
mexsierebis gamoyenebis implicitur da eqsplicitur<br />
unarebs Soris. Tqven mier kurdRlis<br />
SemCneva implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo,<br />
radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma samzareulos<br />
Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias<br />
yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe<br />
daukavSira, magram axla Tu gkiTxavT: _ ra aklia<br />
samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />
gasacemad eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba<br />
dagWirdebaT. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi: _ rogoria<br />
tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT<br />
onkanze an gazquraze?). amrigad, rodesac saWiro<br />
xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamoyeneba,<br />
es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer impliciturad<br />
_ informacia amodis cnobieri Zalisxmevis<br />
gareSe, zogjer ki _ eqspliciturad _ informaciis<br />
amosatanad cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro.<br />
aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod<br />
warsulis aRdgenis, aramed axali informaciis<br />
miRebis, anu aRbeWdvis (kodirebis) procesSic.<br />
saidan iciT, ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme<br />
dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes samzareuloSi,<br />
an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara.<br />
ufro savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven aracnobierad<br />
SeiZineT da, piriqiT, samzareuloSi<br />
arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspliciturad<br />
daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT,<br />
asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss<br />
Soris bavSvobaSi, eqsplicituri mexsierebis<br />
procesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba. Tqven daimaxsovreT<br />
sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac
viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze,<br />
rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze.<br />
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur<br />
mexsierebas Soris Zalian afarTovebs mexsierebis<br />
Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons<br />
(Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). tradiciulad,<br />
ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba<br />
eqsplicitur mexsierebas Seiswavlida. eqsperimentatorebi,<br />
Cveulebriv, informaciis daxsomebas<br />
Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis<br />
Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi<br />
daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi da kanonzomierebani.<br />
axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis<br />
gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi implicituri<br />
mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla<br />
ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis<br />
saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla<br />
ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWdvis da<br />
aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc<br />
eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba (Toth.,<br />
et al., 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis<br />
safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi.<br />
deklaraciuli da proceduruli<br />
mexsiereba<br />
SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT;<br />
Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin TiTebi daatkacuneT.<br />
mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxismgebeli<br />
am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT<br />
kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am moqmedebebs, magram<br />
axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe ake-<br />
TebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da implicituri<br />
mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi<br />
faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas exeba,<br />
romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba ewodeba,<br />
magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac,<br />
Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, an gavakeToT raime,<br />
rac proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa.<br />
ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da<br />
movlenebis daxsomebas da mogonebas exeba,<br />
saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes<br />
gakeTebis, an raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars.<br />
proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im<br />
gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic raime moqmedebis<br />
Sesrulebas, an raimes gakeTebas ganapirobebs.<br />
is safuZvlad udevs perceptuli, kognituri da<br />
motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli<br />
mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis<br />
droSi mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas<br />
(Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rogor xdeba<br />
gadasvla garkveuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli<br />
faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqtivobis<br />
aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an<br />
ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg<br />
xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis<br />
procesis met-naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da<br />
deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis<br />
droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.<br />
am fenomenis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad<br />
gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba - telefonze<br />
nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze<br />
darekvas cdilobdiT, gixdebodaT yoveli cifris<br />
akrefis win dafiqreba, anu moqmedebdiT deklaraciuli<br />
faqtebiT:<br />
Tavidan unda avkrifo 2,<br />
Semdeg unda avkrifo 3,<br />
Semdeg isev 3<br />
da a.S.<br />
magram, Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris<br />
akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT telefonis nomers<br />
cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed<br />
erTianad, uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers.<br />
am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba (Anderson,<br />
1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT<br />
sxvadasxva moqmedebebis TanmimdevrobiT Sed-<br />
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _<br />
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebaze.<br />
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _<br />
mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes<br />
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes perceptuli,<br />
kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis<br />
SeZena da gamoyeneba.<br />
ra aris mexsiereba?<br />
271
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
272<br />
genili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis<br />
Carevis gareSe SeasruloT, magram, amave dros,<br />
Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am moqmedebis<br />
calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis magaliTs<br />
davubrundebiT, arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba<br />
SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver<br />
gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis<br />
imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis kompilacia is<br />
maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli<br />
mexsiereba sxva formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme<br />
Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas)<br />
ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba,<br />
SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec yuradReba, rom<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba<br />
Zalian kargi mZRolebic iyvnen, mainc ver SeZles<br />
kargad da sworad gadmoecaT manqanis marTvisTvis<br />
aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba.<br />
Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yurad-<br />
Reba, rom codnis kompilacia, zogjer, Secdomebis<br />
mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven<br />
xSirad gixdebaT kompiuterze inglisurad beWdva<br />
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi<br />
xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas.<br />
proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba<br />
uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan TiToeuli<br />
moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij<br />
mogiwevdaT da, miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis,<br />
rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT<br />
am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri<br />
Secdoma.<br />
mexsierebis procesebi<br />
mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami<br />
saxis mnemur moqmedebas: aRbeWdvas (kodirebas),<br />
Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis<br />
gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic informaciis<br />
mexsierebis sistemaSi Semosvlas<br />
emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkveuli<br />
drois manZilze. aRdgena Senaxuli in-<br />
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri<br />
reprezentaciebi.<br />
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba<br />
garkveuli drois manZilze.<br />
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena,<br />
amotana mexsierebidan.<br />
formaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis<br />
gamoyenebas warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT,<br />
kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi (Senaxva),<br />
akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo<br />
aRdgenas amoaqvs is. axla ufro vrclad ganvixiloT<br />
TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi<br />
gare samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis<br />
Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis<br />
warmodgena Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analogiuria.<br />
vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is saukeTeso<br />
saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis<br />
dReze miiReT (igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari<br />
Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven<br />
agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba<br />
dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT, rogor iyenebT.<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis<br />
mxolod warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc<br />
erTi maTgani ar aris originalis identuri,<br />
TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvawvdis<br />
am saCuqris yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze.<br />
mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve<br />
moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSnebi, rac<br />
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovidginoT<br />
warsuli gamocdileba.<br />
Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi<br />
Senaxva drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
moxdeba. Senaxvis procesSi Tavis tvinis struqturis<br />
xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi<br />
xdeba. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu rogor<br />
cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis<br />
is adgilebi, sadac xdeba axali da Zveli<br />
informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra<br />
xdeba amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac individebi kargaven axali informaciis<br />
Senaxvis unars.<br />
aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb<br />
Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis process SeuZlia wamebSi<br />
uzrunvelyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis<br />
migneba da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra<br />
uswrebs win Senaxvas: _ kodireba Tu dekodireba?<br />
axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve<br />
swrafad gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis<br />
cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT Tqveni<br />
pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis<br />
Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli<br />
erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana<br />
mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis
suraTi 8.3<br />
informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi<br />
aRdgena<br />
mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv<br />
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoiyeneba. TeoriebSi<br />
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWdva miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv<br />
mexsierebas; informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas,<br />
xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas<br />
informaciidan, udides interess iwvevs im<br />
fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis<br />
garkveva, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor<br />
SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba.<br />
marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis,<br />
rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri procesebis,<br />
daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam<br />
process Soris urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTulia.<br />
magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens mexsierebaSi<br />
vefxvis aRbeWdva moxdes, saWiroa, rom<br />
vefxvis cneba gqondeT; aseve, imisaTvis, rom<br />
mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: _ „is<br />
iseTive patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi~,<br />
saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba<br />
gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis<br />
wesebi, romlebic sityvebs winadadebebad kravs,<br />
dabolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul<br />
informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu<br />
rogori patiosani iyo benediqt arnoldi,<br />
revoluciuri omis es cnobili moRalate.<br />
axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad<br />
gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da<br />
aRdgenis procesebs. Semdgom Cven xanmokle<br />
mexsierebis formebs ganvixilavT, sensoruli<br />
mexsierebiT daviwyebT da xangrZlivi mexsierebis<br />
formebze gadavalT (sur. 8.3); agixsniT,<br />
rogor vixsomebT da ratom gvaviwydeba. Cveni<br />
mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad<br />
da rogor iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT,<br />
rom es Tqveni mexsierebis zogierTi aspeqtis<br />
gamosworebaSi dagexmarebaT.<br />
Sejameba<br />
mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc informaciis<br />
gadamuSavebis process. fsiqologebi<br />
Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis<br />
Sesvlasa da gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mexsierebis<br />
pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna<br />
kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis<br />
siswrafis fundamenturi kanonzomierebani. arsebobs<br />
mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri<br />
formebi. mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs<br />
deklaraciul mexsierebas _ faqtebis Sesaxeb<br />
codnas. zogierTi forma ki _ procedurul<br />
informacias _ codnas, rogor Sesruldes esa<br />
Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis<br />
Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben<br />
da gvexmarebian axali gamocdilebis SeZenasa<br />
da gamoyenebaSi.<br />
sensoruli mexsiereba<br />
daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis sisustis<br />
demonstraciiT. 8.4 suraTze sakmaod<br />
rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT,<br />
momentalurad (daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi)<br />
SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT.<br />
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT<br />
suraTTan dakavSirebiT:<br />
sensoruli mexsiereba (Sensory memory) _<br />
sensoruli mexsiereba<br />
273
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
274<br />
suraTi 8.4<br />
ramdens daixsomebT am<br />
scenidan?<br />
aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am<br />
naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT<br />
da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi<br />
dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv,<br />
xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelobiTi<br />
velidan mcire xniT mxolod<br />
wamier xats inaxavs.<br />
1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis<br />
qveda nawilSi?<br />
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis<br />
SuaSi?<br />
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals<br />
qolga marjvena xelSi uWiravs Tu marcxenaSi?<br />
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, suraTze<br />
xelmeored daxedva mogindebaT, ara?<br />
sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeored gadaxedvis<br />
SesaZlebloba Cadebulia Tqvens mexsierebaSi.<br />
fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli<br />
mexsiereba yovel sensorul modalobas gaaCnia.<br />
TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba gamRizianeblis<br />
fizikur Tvisebas wamis, an wamze naklebi<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. es mexsiereba kidev<br />
ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis<br />
SesaZleblobas. am azris naTelsayofad mxedvelobiT<br />
da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze Catarebul<br />
ramdenime gamokvlevas moviyvanT.<br />
xatiseburi mexsiereba (Iconic memory) _<br />
xatiseburi mexsiereba<br />
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas<br />
sensorul sferoSi xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes<br />
(Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informaciis<br />
Zalian did raodenobas. xatiseburi mexsiereba,<br />
anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars<br />
grZeldeba. pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda<br />
eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs, ekranze wamis<br />
mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informaciis<br />
aRdgena evalebodaT.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
xatiseburi mexsiereba<br />
jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs<br />
awvdida asoebsa da cifrebisgan Sedgenil<br />
sam mwkrivs
7 1 V F<br />
X L 5 3<br />
B 4 W 7<br />
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvavebuli<br />
amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis mTlianad<br />
aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maT unda aRedginaT<br />
maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZlebdnen.<br />
Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT<br />
oTxi wevris aRdgena xdeboda.<br />
cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawilobriv<br />
aRdgenas sTxovdnen, anu am dros<br />
maT mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda aRedginaT.<br />
masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda dabali,<br />
saSualo, an maRali bgeriTi signali,<br />
romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli<br />
mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. sperlingma daadgina,<br />
rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkrivis<br />
aRdgenas mosTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am<br />
mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.<br />
imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT<br />
aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis Sesabamisi nebismieri<br />
mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli<br />
miwodebuli informacia xatisebur mexsierebaSi<br />
gadadis. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did<br />
moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da<br />
nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli<br />
raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom<br />
informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis<br />
sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis<br />
pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi<br />
asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba.<br />
es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac<br />
bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis<br />
Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze<br />
Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan<br />
erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis raodenobas<br />
amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes<br />
is dro, romelic xatiseburi mexsierebidan informaciis<br />
waSlas sWirdeba (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,<br />
1993; Loftus et al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad<br />
cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi samyarodan,<br />
mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad<br />
unda gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba<br />
ar aris fotografiuli mexsierebis sinonimi,<br />
rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fotografiuli<br />
mexsierebis teqnikuri cnebaa<br />
eideturi warmodgena: _ xalxs, romelsac gaaCnia<br />
eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi<br />
xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre xatisebur mexsierebas,<br />
detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams<br />
da aRwers mas. „xalxi~ realurad bavSvebia,<br />
radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%,<br />
xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi (Neath,<br />
1998). ar arsebobs met-naklebad damakmayofilebeli<br />
Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba<br />
asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder,<br />
1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis<br />
mkiTxveli, damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle<br />
an kolejis studenti xarT, Tqven namdvilad<br />
ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.<br />
eqo-mexsiereba<br />
bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo-mexsiereba<br />
ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve rogorc xatiseburi,<br />
mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met infor-<br />
suraTi 8.5<br />
mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis<br />
meTodiT<br />
uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi<br />
aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli masalis<br />
saSualo raodenobas rogorc uSualod<br />
miwodebis Semdeg, ise mogvianebiT. SedarebisTvis,<br />
wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masalis<br />
mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT<br />
(sperlingi, 1960).<br />
sensoruli mexsiereba<br />
275
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
276<br />
macias, vidre daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unari<br />
gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al.,<br />
1967). eqo-mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan<br />
SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT metxans grZeldeba. misi<br />
aseTi xangrZlivoba SeiZleba droSi bgeraTa<br />
Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs davukavSiroT.<br />
magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT winadadebas,<br />
yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla<br />
xdeba Cvens yurSi. eqo-mexsiereba gvexmareba,<br />
rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras.<br />
eqo-mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma<br />
gamoavlina sensoruli mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani<br />
Tviseba: axlad Semosuli informacia<br />
advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme sityvaTa<br />
mwkrivs gikiTxavT, yoveli axali sityva gadaaadgilebs<br />
winas eqo-mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavidanve<br />
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgavseba<br />
gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqomexsierebidan<br />
(Crowder, 1976), magram axla ukve<br />
viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi<br />
gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo<br />
(Ayres et al., 1979). garedan smeniTi informaciis<br />
Semosvlisas Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis<br />
nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, romeli<br />
bgerebi erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqomexsiereba<br />
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ajgufebT<br />
smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamocdilebas<br />
(LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqomexsierebaze<br />
studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqsperimenti,<br />
sadac maT ekiTxebodaT asoTa<br />
mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda.<br />
sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da<br />
JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini _ mee. eqsperimentis<br />
erT seriaSi monawile cdis<br />
pirebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es xma<br />
namdvilad cxvars ekuTvnoda, xolo meore<br />
seriaSi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom am<br />
xmas adamiani gamoscemda (rac, marTlac,<br />
ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod<br />
im SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo-mexsierebaSi,<br />
Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma adamianis<br />
iyo (Neath et al., 1993).<br />
yuradReba imas miaqcieT, rom moqmedi fizikuri<br />
gamRizianebeli erTi da igive iyo, magram<br />
mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo-mexsiereba, rodesac<br />
cdis pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias<br />
axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis xmiT<br />
wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis<br />
da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.<br />
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas: ratom aqvs<br />
sensorul mexsierebas ori ZiriTadi niSani –<br />
wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva.<br />
saqme isaa, rom es niSnebi garemosTan Cvens<br />
urTierTobas asaxavs. Cvenze mudmivad moqmedebs<br />
axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeblebi.<br />
es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moi-<br />
Txovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlivoba<br />
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba<br />
asaxos, magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaRmdegoba<br />
gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdilebebs.<br />
Cven Semdgom mexsierebis gadamuSavebis<br />
im saxeebs ganvixilavT, romlebic SesaZlebels<br />
xdian ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas.<br />
Sejameba<br />
sensoruli mexsiereba garemodan informaciis<br />
Semosvlas uzrunvelyofs. xatiseburi mexsiereba<br />
mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis formaa, romelic<br />
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis<br />
informacia umciresi drois manZilze SevinaxoT.<br />
eqo _ mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs, Tumca,<br />
is ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi<br />
mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro advilad<br />
arRvevs.<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa<br />
mexsiereba<br />
sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven,<br />
SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom xatiseburi da eqomexsiereba<br />
gqondaT, magram SeiZleba icodiT<br />
kidec, rom gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma,<br />
eqo-mexsiereba (Echoic memory) _ mexsiereba,
omelic mxolod xanmokle droiT informaciis<br />
Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian<br />
Cveulebrivi SemTxveva, rodesac satelefono<br />
wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri.<br />
Tu es nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT<br />
telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es magaliTi gasagebs<br />
xdis, Tu ratom gamoyves mkvlevrebma mexsierebis<br />
calke forma, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba<br />
uwodes.<br />
Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle<br />
mexsiereba specialuri adgilia, sadac daxsomebuli<br />
masala Sedis; is meqanizmi ufroa,<br />
romelic SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmodgenaTa<br />
momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan, 1999;<br />
Shiffrin, 1993), magram xanmokle mexsierebis resursebi<br />
Zalian cvalebadi da aramyaria. Tu telefonis<br />
nomris magaliTs gavixsenebT, imisTvis,<br />
rom ar dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi<br />
telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo zomebi unda<br />
miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven<br />
ufro farTod xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis<br />
SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic eqsplicituri<br />
mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs<br />
xels. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom implicituri<br />
mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlevrebma<br />
mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes,<br />
1999). winaswari monacemebiT, implicitur mexsierebasac<br />
SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, saidanac<br />
informacia implicituri mexsierebis<br />
xangrZliv formaSi gadava.<br />
amave qveTavSi Cven informaciis mexsierebaSi<br />
gadamuSavebis kidev erT formas SevexebiT,<br />
romelic azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da<br />
yovelwuTier mimdinareobas gansazRvravs. es<br />
aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT, muSa<br />
mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesasruleblad,<br />
rogoricaa metyveleba da msjeloba<br />
(Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daixsomoT<br />
telefonis nomeri da iwyebT fanqris<br />
da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas,<br />
SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri Tqvens mexsierebaSi,<br />
muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba (Short-term memory (STM) _ mexsiereba,<br />
operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis<br />
procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas. ganxilva<br />
xanmokle mexsierebaze saubriT daviwyoT.<br />
xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
moculobis SezRuduloba<br />
xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia erTjeradi<br />
aRqmiT informaciis uSualo aRbeWdvaa<br />
cnobierebaSi. me-5 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yurad-<br />
Rebis funqcia gare samyarodan garkveul obieqtTa<br />
da movlenaTa seleqciaa. ramdenadac Tqveni<br />
yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, imdenad,<br />
SezRuduli iqneba xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosuli<br />
informaciis raodenoba. xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
SezRudul moculobas yuradRebis SezRuduloba<br />
ganapirobebs.<br />
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad<br />
mkvlevrebma uSualo mexsierebis testi gamoiyenes.<br />
SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT<br />
msgavsi amocana:<br />
erTxel waikiTxeT mocemuli cifrebi, xolo<br />
Semdeg CamowereT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ramdensac<br />
SeZlebT:<br />
8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5<br />
ramdeni CamowereT sworad?<br />
axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi<br />
da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT, aRadgineT igive<br />
TanmimdevrobiT.<br />
I M R S O F L P T Z B<br />
ramdeni aRadgineT sworad?<br />
Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT,<br />
daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra erTeuls aRadgenT.<br />
jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, adamiani<br />
saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plus, an minus<br />
or) erTeuls, romelsac igi „magiur cifrs~<br />
uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT<br />
ganlagebuli cifrebis, asoebis, marcvlebis,<br />
sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob<br />
masalaze.<br />
uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi gadafasebulia, radganac<br />
cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis<br />
Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaixseneT,<br />
magaliTad, rom eqo-mexsiereba SesaZleblobas<br />
gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masalidan<br />
ukeT daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba<br />
277
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
278<br />
(Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs faqtorebi,<br />
romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
moculobas oridan oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976),<br />
magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac<br />
iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris,<br />
rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni mexsierebis<br />
aseT SezRudulobas?<br />
xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia, es mexsiereba<br />
Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori<br />
mizezis gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs informaciis<br />
ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba ganmeorebebisa da<br />
dajgufebis saSualebiT da, meore, xanmokle<br />
mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad<br />
xdeba.<br />
ganmeoreba<br />
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso<br />
gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel amokiTxuli telefonis<br />
nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi<br />
gonebaSi (an xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis<br />
am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba.<br />
ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias,<br />
kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier eqsperimentSi.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis<br />
gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba<br />
cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans,<br />
magaliTad, F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi<br />
gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg<br />
unda aRadginon, romlis xangrZlivoba 3dan<br />
18 wamamde meryeobs. ganmeorebis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da<br />
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli<br />
amocana (distraqtori): cdis pirebs aZleven<br />
samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma<br />
daiTvalon samis gamoklebiT manam, sanam<br />
im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans miscemen.<br />
eqsperimenti sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis<br />
da gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalebis<br />
gamoyenebiT mraval cdis pirze Catarda.<br />
rogorc 8.6 suraTze Cans, aRdgenili<br />
masalis raodenoba sul ufro iklebs<br />
aRbeWdvasa da mogonebas Soris, drois<br />
zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis Semdeg ukve<br />
adgili hqonda daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg<br />
ki cdis pirebs aRaraferi axsovdaT.<br />
ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi aRdgenili masalis raodenoba<br />
mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Paterson<br />
& Paterson, 1959).<br />
Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom<br />
informaciis ganmeoreba ar moxda. aradamakmayofilebelia<br />
imitomac, rom moxda am informaciis<br />
distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia<br />
(interferenciaze Cven Semdgom vimsjelebT).<br />
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac<br />
wveulebaze pirovnebas gacnoben, is Tavis saxels<br />
da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve<br />
gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa<br />
isaa, rom saWiroa dro am saxelisa da gvaris<br />
ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagac-<br />
suraTi 8.6<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis<br />
gareSe<br />
rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da<br />
aRdgenas Soris sxva amocaniT aris Sevsebuli<br />
(distraqtoriT), mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba,<br />
ramdenadac intervali izrdeba.
noben adamians, manam, sanam saubars gaagrZelebdeT,<br />
gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da<br />
gvari.<br />
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba<br />
dagexmarebaT, raTa SevinarCunoT informacia<br />
xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram, Tu es informacia<br />
sakmaod rTulia, an didia gasameoreblad, maSin<br />
mis SenarCunebaSi dajgufebis strategia dagexmarebaT.<br />
dajgufeba (Chunking)<br />
jgufi (Chank) azris matarebeli informaciis<br />
erTeulia (Anderson, 1996). es erTeuli SeiZleba<br />
erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan<br />
Semdgari jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos.<br />
magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba 1 9 8 4 oTxi<br />
erTeulisgan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba<br />
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobaSi. magram Tu<br />
Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads<br />
(1984 weli), an jorj orvelis wignis _ „1984"<br />
saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba da Tqvens<br />
xanmokle mexsierebaSi sxva masalisTvisac dagr-<br />
CebaT adgili. dajgufeba (Chunking), msgavsebis<br />
an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze,<br />
dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad<br />
rekonfiguraciis an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi<br />
Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT ufro didi<br />
jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesia (Baddeley, 1994).<br />
ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis mwkrivi<br />
_ 19411917186518121776?<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT<br />
TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „20“, xolo<br />
Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis<br />
SeerTebul Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis<br />
mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba „5~. Tu Tqven meore<br />
strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac<br />
Zalian gagiadvildebaT igive TnmimdevrobiT am<br />
mwkrivis aRdgena, xolo Tu am mwkrivs, rogorc<br />
20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars ganixilavT,<br />
ara Tu misi TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad<br />
aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT.<br />
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba<br />
aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven didi moculobis<br />
masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis<br />
gzas monaxavT. cnobil pirovnebas S. F-s (igi<br />
gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) 84 cifris daxsomeba<br />
SeeZlo maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT<br />
dajgufebis safuZvelze.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba<br />
S.F-is oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvilobas.<br />
ramdenadac is grZel distanciebze<br />
darboda, man SeamCnia, rom mwkrivis bevri<br />
cifri SeiZleba dajgufebuliyo, rogorc<br />
garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. magaliTad,<br />
man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis<br />
Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: - 3:49,2 aris<br />
sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distanciaze<br />
garbenis dro; 9,35 sWirdeba 2 milis<br />
garbenas. Semdgom dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis<br />
dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks,<br />
RirSesaniSnav TariRebs, specialur cifrobriv<br />
kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa<br />
grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli<br />
wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina.<br />
magram, amave dros, S.F-s asoebze saSualo<br />
mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamomuSavebuli<br />
asoTa mwkrivis dajgufebis<br />
araviTari strategia (Chase & Ericsson, 1981;<br />
Ericsson & Chase, 1982).<br />
S.F-is msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad<br />
Semosuli informaciis gadastruqtureba moaxdinoT<br />
Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare<br />
(magaliTad, daukavSiroT is megobrebis,<br />
an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT axali masala<br />
Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs.<br />
maSinac ki, rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT Tqvens<br />
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebis,<br />
mniSvnelobebis Tu kodebis gamoyeneba, am strategiiT<br />
sargebloba mainc SesaZlebelia. SegiZliaT<br />
daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis, an droiTi<br />
intervalebis mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460dan<br />
miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460).<br />
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom<br />
aseTi dajgufebis principi mSvenivrad muSaobs<br />
telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas.<br />
xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis<br />
aRdgena<br />
ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli,<br />
Tu rogor aRibeWdeba informacia, raTa uzrunvelyofil<br />
iqnes misi Senaxva, magram am<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba<br />
279
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
280<br />
strategiuli midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom<br />
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena Zalian<br />
efeqturia. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamokvlevaTa<br />
seriaSi (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoyenebuli<br />
iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im<br />
did siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi xanmokle<br />
mexsierebaSi Semosul informacias afasebdnen.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis<br />
efeqturi aRdgena<br />
cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catarebuli<br />
cdebis TiToeul jerze eZleodaT<br />
dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan<br />
eqvsamde erTeuls moicavda, magaliTad,<br />
cifrebs 52946. cdidan cdamde es masala<br />
icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu romeli da<br />
ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli<br />
saxis masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi<br />
maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel tests<br />
– cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs<br />
unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu ara es cifri<br />
uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi.<br />
damokidebuli cvladi cnobis siswrafe<br />
iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs<br />
daeWira xeli Rilakze, romelzec aRniSnuli<br />
iyo „diax~, raTa daedasturebina,<br />
rom axsovda, rom es cifri iyo dasaxsomebel<br />
masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze<br />
aRniSvniT „ara~, raTa eCvenebina, rom darwmunebuli<br />
iyo, rom es cifri miwodebul<br />
cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiTvala<br />
es dro da aRmoCnda, rom testuri<br />
masalis aRbeWdvasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWirdeboda<br />
400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami _<br />
am gamRizianeblis (cifris) mexsierebaSi<br />
Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi<br />
wami sWirdeba 30 aseT Sedarebas. rogorc<br />
vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis<br />
aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqturi<br />
aRmoCnda.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Stenbergis Sedegebis<br />
asaxsnelad gansxvavaebuli Teoriebi iyo Semo-<br />
Tavazebuli (Ratcliff, 1978. Townsend, 1971, 1990),<br />
yvela Tanxmdeba, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan<br />
informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba.<br />
modiT, gavakeToT garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmo-<br />
Cenidan da paraleli gavavloT did samecniero<br />
biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wignebis<br />
didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel STabeWdilebaTa<br />
didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod,<br />
yovel jerze mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis<br />
ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli<br />
moculoba). davuSvaT, rom yoveli msurveli<br />
wigns Zalian swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle<br />
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis<br />
unari, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi<br />
amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba<br />
da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis,<br />
sivrciT-vizualuri matricisa da centraluri<br />
aRmasruleblisagan.<br />
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul<br />
wevrTa dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva<br />
maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.
atom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle<br />
mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi wignis<br />
monaxvis analogiuri?<br />
mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).<br />
aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT<br />
biblioTekiT da iSviaTad gaacnobierebT biblioTekaSi<br />
moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis<br />
Sesaxeb. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs<br />
samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa da<br />
efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.<br />
muSa mexsiereba<br />
Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba<br />
xanmokle mexsierebaze da im rolze, romelsac<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba asrulebs axali informaciis<br />
eqspliciturad aRbeWdvis procesSi. rogorc<br />
adre aRvniSneT, Tqven gWirdebaT kidev<br />
iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia<br />
da nebismier momentSi nebismieri Tqveni moqmedebis<br />
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT,<br />
mexsierebis im formebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic<br />
faqtebis aRbeWdvas udevs safuZvlad. amave<br />
dros, aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino<br />
Sedegis gamovlenamde mimdinare procesebic.<br />
gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT<br />
dagexsomebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT<br />
es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi mogoneba, maSasadame,<br />
Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli<br />
ricxvi – es mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven<br />
gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli, magaliTad,<br />
gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan<br />
meoreSi da paralelurad ukuRma iTvaloT samis<br />
gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mexsierebas<br />
ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlevrebma<br />
gaaanalizes mexsierebis is funqciebi,<br />
romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT<br />
da Seqmnes Teoria muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb,<br />
sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
formad ganixiles (Healy & McNamara, 1996).<br />
alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan Baddeley,<br />
1986, 1992; Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi<br />
sami komponenti gamoyves:<br />
fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze<br />
(metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli informaciis Semosvla<br />
da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri sacavi<br />
nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. rodesac<br />
daxsomebis mizniT imeorebiT am wuTSi<br />
mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers,<br />
am dros fonologiuri sacavis moqmedebas<br />
eyrdnobiT;<br />
mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: _ is fonologiuri<br />
sacavis msgavs funqcias asrulebs, oRond<br />
sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis<br />
mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni<br />
merxia Tqvens auditoriaSi, Tqven mxedvelobiTsivrciTi<br />
sqemis SesaZleblobebs iyenebT auditoriis<br />
warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT merxebis<br />
raodenobas;<br />
centraluri aRmasrulebeli _ aq xdeba<br />
yuradRebaze kontroli da fonologiuri sacavidan<br />
da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan<br />
miRebuli informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis,<br />
rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic fsiqikur procesTa<br />
koordinacias moiTxovs, Tqven centraluri<br />
aRmasruleblis funqcias eyrdnobiT,<br />
romelic warmarTavs Tqvens fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs<br />
amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasawyvetad<br />
(am sakiTxs me-9 TavSi davubrundebiT).<br />
xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis<br />
ufro farTo konteqstSi Seyvana amtkicebs im<br />
mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia<br />
da ara _ lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmianoba,<br />
magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu<br />
problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kognituri<br />
aqtioba, bevri gansxvavebuli elementis<br />
swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas<br />
moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba SegiZliaT ganixiloT,<br />
rogorc aucilebeli elementebis sagangebo da<br />
xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daak-<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba<br />
281
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
282<br />
cxrili 8.1<br />
muSa mexsierebis moculobis teqsti<br />
waikiTxeT es winadadebebi xmamaRla da Semdeg<br />
scadeT gaixsenoT TiToeuli winadadebis bolo<br />
sityvebi.<br />
kaci patronobda gogonas, rodesac is skolis<br />
moswavle iyo, xolo, roca studenti gaxda,<br />
mosvenebas aRar aZlevda.<br />
mas hqonda gawelili Tavis qala, romelic mis<br />
mxrebze ise idga, rogorc msxali langarze.<br />
cifruli eleqtronikis nawarmi mniSvnelovan<br />
rols Seasrulebs Tqvens momavalSi.<br />
taqsim auxvia miCiganis prospeqtze, saidanac tbis<br />
sruli xedi iSleboda.<br />
bolosdabolos, roca man Tvalebi gaaxila,<br />
triumfis sxivic da gabrazebis Crdilic ukve<br />
gamqraliyo.<br />
wyaro: deinmeni & karpenteri, 1980.<br />
virdeT romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT<br />
ufro metad gamokveToT is; muSa mexsierebas<br />
Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis<br />
warmodgenebis naTlad asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa<br />
mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am<br />
obieqtebTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebs.<br />
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis<br />
mixedviT adamianebi individualurad gansxvavdebian<br />
erTmaneTisgan (Daneman, Merikle, 1956;<br />
Jenkins et. al., 1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi<br />
amis dasadgenad muSa mexsierebis moculobaa.<br />
am mizniT, mkvlevrebi cdis pirebs winadadebaTa<br />
seriis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli<br />
winadadebis bolo sityvebis aRdgenas sTxoven.<br />
8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime<br />
aseT winadadebas. am amocanis Sesruleba arc<br />
ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom maT, vinc saSualod<br />
4 an met erTeuls ixsomebs, kargi mexsierebis<br />
moculoba aqvT, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an<br />
naklebs ixsomebs - mcire moculoba. es gansxvavebuli<br />
amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli<br />
mravali cdidan gamoyvanili saSualo monacemia.<br />
ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze<br />
mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb verafers SeityobT.<br />
imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba imis<br />
sazomia, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri procesebis<br />
gamoyenebis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs<br />
individs, mecnierebi mas gansxvavebul amocanebze<br />
SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis<br />
iyeneben.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas<br />
axdens teqstis daxsomebaze<br />
mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami<br />
jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls, Sesabamisad,<br />
hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mexsierebis<br />
moculoba. TiToeul cdis pirs<br />
sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba „mSvenieri<br />
Zveli saxlis~ Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv,<br />
myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis<br />
poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi<br />
da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo rogorc<br />
erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad.<br />
magaliTad, saxlis moZvelebul saxuravs<br />
upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleqcia.<br />
mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas<br />
moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is pozicia,<br />
romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqondaT.<br />
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, orjer aRedginaT<br />
moTxroba – erTxel Tavdapirveli<br />
poziciis mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli)<br />
da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze<br />
(axla warmoidgine, rom xar...). cdis pirebs,<br />
romelTac mexsierebis didi moculoba<br />
hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao<br />
masalis aRdgena SeeZloT, rac ver SeZles<br />
sxva cdis pirebma (Lee-Sammons & Whitney,<br />
1991).<br />
mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo<br />
moculobis mexsierebis mqone cdis pirebi Tavidanve<br />
irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba,<br />
ZiriTadad, moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba.<br />
didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki SeuZliaT orive<br />
poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamu-<br />
Saveba. eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsierebis<br />
moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs imis<br />
garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis<br />
gamoyenebis individualur gansxvavebebs.
dabolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni<br />
fsiqologiuri awmyos SeCereba. swored misi<br />
saSualebiT Semodis konteqstSi axali informacia,<br />
damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan<br />
dakavSireba da erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. is<br />
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis<br />
Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni<br />
STabeWdilebebi Tu warmodgenebi da gamokveToT<br />
arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi<br />
simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris<br />
rols TamaSobs Semosul informaciasa da xangrZliv<br />
mexsierebas Soris. axla gadavideT dro-<br />
Si ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxilvaze.<br />
Sejameba<br />
xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia eqsplicituri<br />
saxiT informaciis pirveladi aRbeWdvaa. xanmokle<br />
mexsiereba oridan oTxamde erTeuls itevs.<br />
ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xanmokle<br />
mexsierebaSi. moculoba izrdeba, Tu<br />
informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba.<br />
informaciis amotana xanmokle mexsierebidan<br />
swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
cneba Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis<br />
cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti asaxavs<br />
adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv<br />
process.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba:<br />
kodireba da Senaxva<br />
ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi?<br />
ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis mexsiereba, romelsac<br />
TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels<br />
momxdari miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am<br />
miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras<br />
ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad<br />
mirboda yuresTan didi brezentis tomrebis<br />
wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel<br />
tomrebs da asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom<br />
saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma<br />
Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi<br />
da SfoTva, romelic am patara gogonam ganicada,<br />
rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor ingreoda qalaqi.<br />
rodesac fsiqologebi xangrZlivi mexsierebis<br />
Sesaxeb saubroben, isini gulisxmoben, rom<br />
daxsomebuli Sinaarsi da STabeWdileba xSirad<br />
SeiZleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes<br />
adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam unda axsnas<br />
ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia<br />
didi xniT, aramed isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia<br />
mexsierebas misi aRdgena-gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi<br />
mexsiereba SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis<br />
gziT miRebuli nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis<br />
sacavia. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia,<br />
emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi<br />
da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi mexsiereba inaxavs<br />
pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari<br />
Tavis Sesaxeb.<br />
fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad<br />
ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT daxsomeba,<br />
Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs.<br />
winaswari informacia gexmarebaT da erTgvari<br />
sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis<br />
ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis<br />
Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda giTxraT: Tqveni<br />
mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is<br />
pirobebi, romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda,<br />
daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba im pirobebs,<br />
romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. amis Sesaxeb<br />
mogvianebiT visaubrebT.<br />
konteqsti da kodireba<br />
manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris<br />
Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda ganvixiloT<br />
fenomeni, romelsac „konteqstis Soks~ uwodeben.<br />
xalxiT gavsebul oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba,<br />
romelsac grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT,<br />
magram ver mogigonebiaT vin aris da mxolod<br />
met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani<br />
dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba.<br />
imasac acnobierebT, rom gagiWirdaT misi mogoneba,<br />
radgan mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT.<br />
ras akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi<br />
mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso megobris<br />
wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi<br />
aseTi SemTxveva, mixvdebiT ra moiazreba<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _<br />
daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
informaciis Senaxvas da, Semdgom, nebismier<br />
dros mis aRdgenas.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva<br />
283
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
284<br />
kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: - mexsiereba<br />
yvelaze efeqturad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac<br />
aRdgenis procesis konteqsti kodirebis konteqsts<br />
emTxveva. vnaxoT, Tu rogor moaxdines mecnierebma<br />
am principis demonstrireba.<br />
kodirebis specifikuroba<br />
ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi<br />
informaciis swavlas? pirvelad endel tulvingma<br />
da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines<br />
kodirebis specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demonstrireba,<br />
rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas Soris<br />
Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego<br />
Sedegi miiRes.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas<br />
axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze<br />
cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon<br />
sityvaTa mwkrivebi, magaliTad, vagoni _<br />
Savi, magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom<br />
maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore<br />
sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze maT<br />
sTxoven sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal<br />
asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris<br />
SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa<br />
Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg<br />
cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaciebSi<br />
is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT<br />
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan<br />
moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma mxolod 54%is<br />
mogoneba SeZles. xolo maSin, rodesac<br />
wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 %<br />
aRadgines.<br />
ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba?<br />
tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT, amis mizezi<br />
konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, romlebmac<br />
sityva Savi daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi,<br />
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _<br />
es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili informaciis<br />
raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da<br />
aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi<br />
moqmedeben.<br />
rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wesebis<br />
daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT<br />
am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas<br />
xom wveulebaze SexvdiT?<br />
Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva<br />
TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan<br />
cvlilebas konteqstis es minimaluri cvlileba<br />
iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi<br />
arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba<br />
ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs.<br />
mecnierebma SeZles mexsierebaze konteqstis<br />
sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis eqsperimentuli gamowveva.<br />
erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi<br />
swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze<br />
da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa Semowmeba<br />
am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS) xdeboda.<br />
aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT<br />
meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair<br />
pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT<br />
masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan<br />
da arc yvinTvasTan (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). aseve,<br />
daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis aRdgenisas Tanmxlebi<br />
musika igivea, rac daxsomebisas (Balch &<br />
Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi daxsomebis efeqturoba<br />
ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis<br />
sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da aRdgena (Schab,<br />
1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris<br />
urTierTkavSirze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma<br />
gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi<br />
gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens<br />
konteqstis efeqtze.
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols<br />
asrulebs<br />
romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis? am<br />
mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva sunelis gamoyenebiT<br />
ramdenime eqsperimenti Catarda. erT<br />
SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis<br />
sruliad ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli<br />
osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareulkenkrovani<br />
mcenare; Herz, 1997, gv. 375), Cveulebrivi,<br />
nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo<br />
kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da<br />
laboratoriisTvis Cveuli (fiWvis) suni.<br />
hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni<br />
miipyrobda yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliTa<br />
da uCveulobiT da kodirebis procesSi<br />
CaerTveboda. hipoTeza dadasturda. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom kodirebasa da aRdgenas<br />
Soris 48 saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvnelovnad<br />
met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20sityviani<br />
mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis<br />
dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac aRbeWdvisas,<br />
magram es mxolod osmantuss da<br />
vanils exeboda (Herz, 1996).<br />
suraTi 8.7<br />
am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara<br />
yovelgvari suni monawileobs konteqstis efeqtSi.<br />
sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva<br />
konteqstSi icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRaziaSi<br />
SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc<br />
konteqstis elementma, dakargos.<br />
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti<br />
konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba<br />
mexsierebis erT-erTi klasikuri kanonzomierebis<br />
– rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad<br />
gamoviyenoT. davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT<br />
sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT<br />
TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romelsac<br />
Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi iqneba 8.7 suraTze<br />
gamosaxuli Sedegisa: _ Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT<br />
mwkrivis dasawyisidan (dasawyisis efeqti) da<br />
bolodan ramdenime sityvas (daboloebis efeqti).<br />
mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTi-ori sityva<br />
gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanonzomiereba<br />
zogadia mexsierebis, rogorc Tavisufali<br />
wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaixseneT,<br />
ramdeni sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT),<br />
ise igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis<br />
SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT,<br />
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT) da, agreTve,<br />
sxvadasxva raodenobis – 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis<br />
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti<br />
mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli<br />
sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,<br />
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze<br />
kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva<br />
285
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
286<br />
suraTi 8.8<br />
konteqstis mixedviT<br />
gansxvaveba<br />
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mexsierebaSi<br />
informacia matareblis<br />
liandagis msgavsad<br />
warmoidginoT. A nawilis analogiurad,<br />
SegiZliaT ifiqroT,<br />
rom didi xnis win Tqvens<br />
mexsierebaSi Semosuli informacia<br />
erTmaneTzea mWidrod<br />
miwyobili, rogorc<br />
moSorebiT ganlagebuli liandagis<br />
`Spalebi~, B nawilSi<br />
ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis<br />
acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre<br />
miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTmaneTisgan<br />
proporciulad da-<br />
Sorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve,<br />
SegiZliaT Zveli informacia<br />
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad<br />
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis<br />
miniWebis gziT.<br />
daxsomebis dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daadgines,<br />
rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti<br />
bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder,<br />
1976; Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom<br />
erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze<br />
kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi<br />
(Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)?<br />
mrudis aseTi forma mwkrivis wevrebis gansxvavebuli<br />
konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqveni<br />
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsebis<br />
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxva faqtorebiT<br />
aixsneba (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997;<br />
Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxva-<br />
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position<br />
effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis procesis<br />
maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasawyisi<br />
da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba,<br />
vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.<br />
dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli<br />
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.<br />
daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo<br />
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.<br />
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctiveness)<br />
_ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkrivis<br />
adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena<br />
moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma<br />
gamocdilebam.<br />
vebis gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: „ramdenad<br />
gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti), romelSic<br />
me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romel-<br />
Sic me unda aRvadgino is?~ SevCerdeT daboloebis<br />
efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizualuri<br />
gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT,<br />
rom suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT.<br />
Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis<br />
ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom<br />
boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiTqos<br />
uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian<br />
sivrceSi daSorebulni. Cven ki SegviZlia vTqvaT,<br />
rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi<br />
gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni (liandagis bolosgan)<br />
konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla warmoidgineT,<br />
rom gindaT, moigonoT bolos nanaxi<br />
aTi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis<br />
msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac<br />
Tqven gamoyofT erTmaneTSi areuli suraTebidan<br />
imas, romelic ufro axlo warsuls miekuTvneba.<br />
am logikas Tu gavyvebiT, „Sua~ informacia ukeT<br />
daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ufro gamovkveTavT<br />
(erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi<br />
erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad arian daSorebulni.
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa<br />
imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi<br />
Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT, saWiroa,<br />
liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT<br />
erTmaneTs. samagierod, nakls davinaxavT.<br />
mecnierebma es logika mexsierebis eqsperimentSi<br />
gamoiyenes, gaatares ra analogia<br />
sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs<br />
sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi,<br />
magram gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis<br />
pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdegnairad<br />
xorcieldeboda: _ cdis pirebs unda<br />
waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkveuli<br />
raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris<br />
ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda. Cveulebriv<br />
pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze<br />
or wyvils Sua ori cifri Cndeboda. proporciul<br />
pirobebSi ki (B nawilis msgavsad)<br />
pirvel wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo<br />
bolo wyvilebs Soris – arc erTi. amis<br />
Sedegad wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili<br />
unda yofiliyo iseve, rogorc liandagis<br />
SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli Canda ufro<br />
Sors. marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomebdnen<br />
Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT<br />
iyvnen gamokveTilni (Neath & Crowder, 1990).<br />
es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom standartuli<br />
daboloebis efeqts adgili aqvs imitom,<br />
rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtomaturad<br />
gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba<br />
avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: _ yovel jerze Tqven<br />
raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am<br />
axal konteqstSi pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa<br />
gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da daboloebis<br />
efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da<br />
igive liandagis mimarT ori pozicia _ TiToeuli<br />
TiTo bolodan.<br />
mogonebis mimniSneblebi<br />
ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWdvasa da<br />
mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni mexsierebac<br />
CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT<br />
klasikuri eqsperimenti mexsierebaze da amitom<br />
gTxovT daimaxsovroT sityvaTa ramdenime wyvili.<br />
gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam,<br />
sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod zepirad ar<br />
ityviT:<br />
vaSli – navi<br />
qudi – Zvali<br />
velosipedi – saaTi<br />
Tagvi – xe<br />
burTi – saxli<br />
yuri – sabani<br />
Tu Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa wyvilebi,<br />
am tests kidev ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla<br />
gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali – dro, romlis<br />
ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia<br />
mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis mizniT,<br />
visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac<br />
Tqveni mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT.<br />
Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT, an<br />
ar gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTodiTac<br />
ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair Sedegs<br />
miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT,<br />
rom implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsierebis<br />
testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZleven.<br />
jerjerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri<br />
mexsierebis ori meTodi: mogoneba da cnoba.<br />
mogonebis dros xdeba adre miwodebuli<br />
informaciis reproduqcia. „ra aris rigSi adgilmdebareobis<br />
efeqti?~ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa.<br />
cnobis dros ki imis gacnobiereba xdeba, rom<br />
raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven<br />
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). „ra ewodeba<br />
mxedvelobiT sensorul mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2)<br />
engrama; (3) xati Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi?~ es<br />
ki cnobis kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens<br />
yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac ukavSirdeba.<br />
kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad policia<br />
mogonebis meTods iyenebs, rodesac dazaralebuls<br />
sTxovs aRweros da moigonos borotmoqmedis<br />
specifikuri niSnebi: _ „rame ucnauri<br />
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis<br />
drosac individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli<br />
informaciis reproduqcia.<br />
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis<br />
drosac individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba,<br />
rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven<br />
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva<br />
287
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
288<br />
xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis garegnobaSi?~<br />
xolo, rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmitanilTa<br />
fotoebs da ramdenimes Soris unda<br />
amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon<br />
borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofilebaSi,<br />
maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa<br />
SevamowmoT, Tu rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa<br />
wyvilebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT<br />
sityvaTa wyvili:<br />
qudi _ ? velosipedi _ ? yuri _ ?<br />
SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic<br />
daiswavleT?<br />
vaSli _ bavSvi Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli<br />
vaSli _ navi Tagvi _ ena burTi _ mTa<br />
vaSli _ boTli Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa<br />
cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis?<br />
asec unda iyos. axla am Sedegis axsna mogonebis<br />
mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT vcadoT.<br />
mogonebis mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSualebebs,<br />
romlebic mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis<br />
moZebnaSi gexmarebaT. es mimniSnebeli<br />
SeiZleba modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT,<br />
provokaciuli kiTxvebi („mexsierebis romel<br />
principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da<br />
Stenbergis kvlevebs?~), an, SeiZleba, Tqven<br />
TviTon SeqmnaT („sad minaxavs igi adre?~). Tqven<br />
yovelTvis cdilobT, eqspliciturad gaixsenoT.<br />
amas garkveuli mizniT akeTebT da am mizans<br />
xSirad mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT<br />
aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili iqneba<br />
gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniSnebelze.<br />
Tu Tqveni megobari gkiTxavT, „vin<br />
aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?~ Tqven unda<br />
gamoicnoT vis gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es<br />
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan<br />
an garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvexmarebian<br />
mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis<br />
moZebnaSi.<br />
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangr-<br />
Zlivi mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis<br />
movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac<br />
es movlenebi xdeba.<br />
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ genetikuri,<br />
kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa sityvebis<br />
mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.<br />
gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs:<br />
„vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?~ am<br />
kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT – „neroni~.<br />
davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas.<br />
mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs mimniSneblebs,<br />
magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT Sedegiania.<br />
mogonebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mxolod<br />
mimniSnebels unda miendoT, radgan is migiTi-<br />
TebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxevari<br />
saqme gakeTebulia. rodesac uyurebT sityvaTa<br />
wyvils Tagvi _ xe, Tqven mxolod „ki~<br />
an „ara~ unda upasuxoT kiTxvas: „es aris, adre<br />
rac vnaxe (Tu viswavle?)?~ vidre maSin, rodesac<br />
pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; „ra vnaxe (ra viswavle)?~<br />
rogorc xedavT, cnobis testi mniSvnelovnad<br />
gagiadvileT, magram axla warmoidgineT, rom<br />
amis nacvlad adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad<br />
gaZlevT. romelia amaTgan swori:<br />
qudi _ saaTi yuri _ navi<br />
qudi _ Zvali yuri _ sabani<br />
axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva,<br />
romelic adre naxeT, aramed misi Sesabamisi<br />
konteqstic (Cven isev gavixsenebT konteqstis<br />
ideas). Tu Tqven xSirad gagikeTebiaT mravlobiTi<br />
arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri<br />
SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia, magram umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis Sedegebi ukeTesi<br />
iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis<br />
mimniSneblebi cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanmimarTulia.<br />
axla mogonebis mimniSneblebis<br />
zogierT sxva aspeqtsac gavecnoT.<br />
epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba<br />
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom mexsierebis gansxvavebuli<br />
formebi arsebobs. Tqven gaqvT rogorc<br />
implicituri da eqsplicituri, ise deklaraciuli<br />
da proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia<br />
sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT, romlis mixedviTac<br />
deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamoiyofa<br />
im mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZvelze,<br />
romlebic aucilebelia informaciis<br />
mexsierebidan amosatanad. kanadelma fsiqologma<br />
endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 wels<br />
pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis<br />
epizodur da semantikur formaze.<br />
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad inaxavs<br />
pirovnebis mier gancdil movlenebs.
pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, magaliTad,<br />
wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan<br />
Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnilebaa.<br />
semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli informacia<br />
Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul<br />
sixaruls?<br />
magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis<br />
dRe, an pirveli kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsierebaSia<br />
Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT<br />
esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniSneblebi,<br />
romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros<br />
_ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas<br />
adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris<br />
damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im movlenis<br />
gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT<br />
Tqven mier kbilebis meaTed gamoxexvis stili<br />
riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis<br />
gamoxexvisgan?<br />
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul<br />
konteqstTan erTad Semodis, magram aris informaciaTa<br />
garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac<br />
uceb poulobT sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi.<br />
am saxis informaciebi mexsierebaSi maTi<br />
Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da<br />
mimarTebis gareSe amodis. es semantikuri mexsiereba<br />
_ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa,<br />
rogorc, magaliTad, sityvebis Tu cnebebis<br />
mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis<br />
iseTi faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC 2 , an pasuxi<br />
kiTxvaze _ „romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?~<br />
specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis, an ra situaciaSi<br />
SeiZina man es codna, ar moiTxovs.<br />
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni<br />
semantikuri mexsiereba yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven<br />
mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba daga-<br />
viwydeT bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba<br />
im situacias, romelSic is aRiqviT Tu daiswavleT.<br />
saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac ver igonebT semantikuri mexsierebidan<br />
informacias, isaa, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs,<br />
ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: „vici, rom<br />
romaeli imperatorebis saxelebi dasavleTis<br />
civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle~, es dagexmarebaT<br />
gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic<br />
mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas Segivseben.<br />
interferencia<br />
rodesac gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani<br />
asociaciebi, faqtobrivad, es iyo epizoduri<br />
mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla sxva saxis epizoduri<br />
mexsierebis amoqmedebas gTxovT. kidev erTxel<br />
scadeT daiswavloT sityvaTa es wyvilebi ise,<br />
rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer maTi ganmeoreba:<br />
vaSli – qurdi<br />
qudi – wre<br />
Tagvi – Jurnali<br />
velosipedi – saxuravi<br />
burTi – bavSvi<br />
yuri – centi<br />
rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom<br />
wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva axal sityvasTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli. Zneli iyo am axali wyvilebis<br />
daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswavlilis<br />
mogoneba axla ufro gagiWirdebaT (aba,<br />
scadeT)? orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia _<br />
„Znelia~. es patara savarjiSo mimniSneblis<br />
axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze miuTiTebs. interferencias<br />
adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimniSnebeli<br />
ver moqmedebs efeqturad da ver<br />
aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia<br />
am specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa<br />
raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi swori pasuxis<br />
aRdgena (Bower et al., 1994; Chandler & Gargano, 1995).<br />
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT, gangesxvavebinaT<br />
kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi er-<br />
TmaneTSi airia, moxda interferencia. proaq-<br />
interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,<br />
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniSneblebi<br />
ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT konkretul<br />
movlenaze.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva<br />
289
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
290<br />
tiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli _ „Semdgomze<br />
moqmedi~) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic<br />
warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis<br />
aRbeWdvas. retroaqtiuli interferencia (retroaqtiuri<br />
_ „winaze moqmedi~) ki imaze miuTiTebs,<br />
rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis<br />
aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic<br />
Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias<br />
moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan<br />
geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis<br />
nomers. Tavidan telefonis axali nomris<br />
daxsomeba giWirT _ Zveli „amoxteba~ xolme<br />
(proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac<br />
bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT axal<br />
nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT<br />
Zveli, Tumca, wlebis manZilze iyenebdiT mas<br />
(retroaqtiuri interferencia).<br />
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT<br />
Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac, pirvelad<br />
ebinghausma daiwyo, romelic TviTon swavlobda<br />
uazro marcvalTa wyvilebs. man aRmoaCina, rom<br />
daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac<br />
aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis<br />
studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperimentebi<br />
gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is<br />
mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre<br />
swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeorebdnen,<br />
aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi<br />
ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948, 1949).<br />
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: _<br />
mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia kodirebasa da<br />
aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. am Tavis Semdgomi<br />
ori nawilis gacnobisas naxavT, rogor ukavSirdeba<br />
nawilebi erTmaneTs mogonebis gansaxorcieleblad:<br />
konteqsti, romelSic cdilobT,<br />
warsuli movlenis aRdgenas, TviTon gamodis,<br />
rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo,<br />
rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mogonebis<br />
konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil<br />
mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac ki uSlis<br />
mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas.<br />
kodirebis da aRdgenis<br />
procesebi<br />
Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstisa da<br />
aRdgenis konteqstebis urTierTdamTxveva gadamwyvet<br />
rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla<br />
davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT,<br />
romelTac xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis<br />
miReba da aRdgena emyareba. Cven vnaxavT, rom am<br />
SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, radgan<br />
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebi emTxveva<br />
erTmaneTs.<br />
gadamuSavebis doneebi<br />
daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba<br />
– yuradRebis forma, romelsac Tqven<br />
informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT –<br />
gavlenas axdens Tqven mier informaciis daxsomebaze.<br />
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis<br />
gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba is<br />
adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik,<br />
1990). Tu gadamuSaveba masalis analizs, Sedarebebs,<br />
interpretacias da sxva saxis gadamuSavebebs<br />
moicavs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.<br />
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba,<br />
rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi dasaxsomebeli<br />
eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT<br />
sityva yurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur<br />
doneze warmarToT msjeloba: _ ra feris melniT<br />
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT<br />
yuradReba _ eriTmeba is sityva berZens? an<br />
mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magali-<br />
Tad, imaze, rom is xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom<br />
yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro<br />
Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs _ met sityvebTan<br />
dakavSireba gWirdebaT (Lockhart & Craik, 1990).<br />
gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs<br />
yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT daazuston,<br />
Tu ratom vakuTvnebT gadamuSavebis zogierT<br />
process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki _ Rrmas.<br />
am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi<br />
miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT<br />
informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze,<br />
SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas.<br />
axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis<br />
procesebs Soris damTxveva gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs implicitur<br />
mexsierebaSi.<br />
gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba<br />
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqsplicitur<br />
da implicitur mexsierebas Soris kodirebis<br />
da aRdgenis gansxvavebaSi mdgomareobs<br />
(Roediger, 1990; Schacter et al., 1993). sxva pirobebTan
erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven<br />
impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala,<br />
romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad gqondaT<br />
aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac saxeliT mimar-<br />
TavT Tqvens saukeTeso megobars da saxelis<br />
gasaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar gWirdebaT.<br />
zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis<br />
yvelaze aSkara gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme,<br />
rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri<br />
aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas<br />
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-appropriate<br />
pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti<br />
yvelaze maRalia, rodesac kodirebis procesSi<br />
warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba<br />
aRdgenis procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad<br />
efeqturia es saSualeba, amas ramdenime meTodis<br />
aRweris safuZvelze vnaxavT, romelic implicitur<br />
mexsierebaSi gamoiyeneba; Semdeg ki<br />
giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da<br />
aRdgenis procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba.<br />
axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis<br />
Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti: _ mkvlevrebi<br />
studentebs sityvaTa mwkrivs aZlevdnen da<br />
sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno)<br />
5-mde (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze<br />
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniSvneloba<br />
hqonda TiToeul maTgans (Rajaram &<br />
Roediger, 1993). eqsperimentis am pirveli fazis<br />
Semdeg cdis pirTa mexsiereba Semdegi oTxidan<br />
erT-erTi implicituri mexsierebis amocaniT<br />
mowmdeboda (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris<br />
sityva martorqa):<br />
fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs<br />
eZleva fragmentuli sityva —rt-rq-, romelic<br />
man TavSi mosuli pirvelive sityviT unda<br />
Seavsos.<br />
sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba<br />
Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad, mar______,<br />
TavSi mosuli pirveli sityviT.<br />
sityvis identifikacia. cdis pirebs monitorze<br />
eZlevaT sityvaTa rigi iseTi siswrafiT,<br />
rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon, magram<br />
unda gamoicnon es sityvebi. am SemTxvevaSi erTerTi<br />
sityva iqneba martorqa.<br />
anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva,<br />
magram areuli asoebiT, magaliTad, qatorarma<br />
da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva,<br />
romelic TavSi mouvaT.<br />
zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
swor pasuxs TiToeul amocanaze gansazRvravs<br />
adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros,<br />
yvelaze sayuradRebo isaa, rom eqsperimentatori<br />
cdis piris yuradRebas specialurad ar warmar-<br />
Tavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul<br />
sityvebsa da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris –<br />
swored amitom aris mexsiereba implicituri.<br />
implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad<br />
mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs, romlebmac<br />
gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da<br />
Seafases sityvebi sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis<br />
mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udarebdnen<br />
imaT monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia<br />
ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas<br />
axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze:<br />
procenti gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines<br />
sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan, romlebic<br />
pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan<br />
SedarebiT, romelic am mwkrivebSi ar iyo.<br />
sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sityvaTa sxvadasxva<br />
mwkrivebi miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi xedavT, rom upiratesoba adre nanax<br />
sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis<br />
pirebs mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis<br />
mixedviT moeTxovebaT maTi Sefaseba. am<br />
upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan<br />
winaswar sityvis aRqma TiTqos amzadebs da<br />
xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas.<br />
mexsierebis zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi<br />
praimingis efeqti kviraze metxans grZeldeba<br />
(Sloman et al., 1988).<br />
axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas<br />
Soris Tanxvdenis sakiTxs. implicituri mexsierebis<br />
oTxive testi masSi mocemuli informaciis<br />
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras gulisxmobs.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, ra procesebic moqmedebs<br />
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-processing<br />
theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro<br />
Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba,<br />
miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.<br />
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate<br />
processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac<br />
mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac implicituri<br />
kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis<br />
procesebis damTxveva xdeba.<br />
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis<br />
Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil<br />
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva<br />
291
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
292<br />
martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi<br />
ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar______s<br />
Sevsebas, magram arsebobs sxva _ kategoriuli<br />
asociaciis testi, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas<br />
efuZneba da ara _ fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis<br />
Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT „miTologiuri<br />
qmnilebebis~ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT,<br />
daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni Semadgeneli,<br />
ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi,<br />
magram Tu Tqven mogindebaT TqvaT „martorqa~<br />
imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa<br />
mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoikiTxeT,<br />
saqme implicitur mexsierebasTan gveqneba.<br />
Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelobis<br />
praimingze damyarebul implicituri mexsierebis<br />
or gansxvavebul tests gamoviyenebT,<br />
vnaxavT kavSirs kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac<br />
gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvdena xdeba<br />
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqsperimenti,<br />
raTa eCvenebinaT, rom implicituri<br />
mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxvavebuli<br />
tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili.<br />
cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi<br />
instruqciiT, rom an mniSvnelobis mixedviT<br />
(sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu<br />
usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva)<br />
daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom<br />
suraTi 8.9<br />
impicituri mexsierebis<br />
testze praimingi<br />
praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amocanebiT<br />
manipulirebas sakontrolo sityvebze.<br />
gavlenis zogierTi implicituri<br />
testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis<br />
gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg.<br />
kategoriis asociaciis testi mniSvnelobas<br />
efuZneba. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa<br />
hipoTeza is iyo, rom kategoriis asociaciis<br />
testSi praimings eqneboda adgili,<br />
Tu Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve,<br />
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT masalis<br />
damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod<br />
im testebSi, romelic masalis fizikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs<br />
(Srinivas & Roediger, 1990).<br />
am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis<br />
Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss:<br />
Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis gadamuSavebis<br />
garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an<br />
mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs iyenebT, maSin<br />
am informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqturi iqneba,<br />
Tu am dros analizis igive tips gamoiyenebT<br />
(Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al.,<br />
1995). adre Cven aseTi azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba<br />
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi,<br />
romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva<br />
pirobebs, romelSic unda moxdes aRdgena. am<br />
TavSi am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi warmogidgineT.<br />
axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodirebisa<br />
da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi gamoyeneba.<br />
arastruqturuli informaciis<br />
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba<br />
am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda<br />
gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />
rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mex
siereba – meti daimaxsovroT da naklebi<br />
daiviwyoT. qveTavi „fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi~<br />
dagexmarebaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT es<br />
codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT,<br />
rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba,<br />
Tu mas igive konteqstSi igonebT, an gadamuSavebis<br />
igive tips iyenebT, romelic masalis<br />
Tavdapirvelad aRbeWdvis dros gamoiyeneT, magram<br />
aq garkveulwilad gansxvavebul viTarebasTan<br />
gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT.<br />
saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT<br />
informacias.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom maRaziaSi muSaobT gamyidvelad.<br />
Tqven unda daimaxsovroT uamravi ram,<br />
rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: „mwvane<br />
maisurian qals baRSi samuSao Sarvali da<br />
fexsacmlebi unda; cisferSarvlian mamakacs _ 2<br />
cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da<br />
saRebavis safxeki.~ es situacia Zalian hgavs<br />
eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven dawyvilebuli<br />
asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT.<br />
rogor daixsomeT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic<br />
wina TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT,<br />
cota geZnelaT, radgan wyvilebi TqvenTvis<br />
gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. mniSvnelobas<br />
moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia.<br />
imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels<br />
ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba,<br />
rom SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos.<br />
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba<br />
aRbeWdvis gansamtkiceblad gamoyenebul<br />
ZiriTad strategias gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba<br />
ewodeba. am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom,<br />
rodesac informaciis aRbeWdvisas masalas<br />
imeorebT, amiT misi gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobac<br />
izrdeba. gadamuSavebis erT-erTi gzaa<br />
araSemTxveviTi, azriani asociaciebis damyareba<br />
sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, daimaxsovroT<br />
sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi – xe, unda<br />
warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali Tagvi, romelic<br />
eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu informaciis<br />
calkeul nawilebs patara moTxrobis<br />
saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis<br />
SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac<br />
TiToeul myidvels Tavisi moTxovnebiT adgils<br />
miuCendiT (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven,<br />
albaT, mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi<br />
saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi<br />
warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi<br />
warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia mogonebisTvis,<br />
radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis _<br />
verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis _ SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva (Paivio, 1972).<br />
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva, dagicvaT mwkrivis Semdgomi<br />
efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis<br />
rigi an dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs,<br />
ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma. Tu odesme<br />
gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erTdroulad<br />
ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad<br />
gasagebi iqneba ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra<br />
erqva Tqven pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis<br />
mizezi sakuTari saxelis, an sakuTari SeniSvnis<br />
Tqmaze yuradRebis gadatanaa (Bond et al., 1991).<br />
amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa gadamamuSavebeli<br />
ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba<br />
mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT<br />
„liza~, TqviT _ „icinis, rogorc mona liza~.<br />
mnemonika<br />
mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualebaa<br />
specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac<br />
mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba (berZnuli sityvidan<br />
„moigone~). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romlebic<br />
xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas<br />
nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi mza<br />
mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelTac wesrigSi mohyavT<br />
SemTxveviTi informacia.<br />
ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pirvelad<br />
berZenma oratorma gamoiyena. lokusi<br />
niSnavs „adgils~. lokusis meTodi niSnavs<br />
sityvis Tu movlenis adgilis mixedviT daxsomebas<br />
da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis _<br />
xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis<br />
nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas. imisaTvis, rom<br />
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal)<br />
_ mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba<br />
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.<br />
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi<br />
an saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben<br />
faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob<br />
da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis<br />
gziT.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva<br />
293
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
294<br />
suraTi 4.2<br />
lokusis meTodi<br />
lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT<br />
dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad,<br />
sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgilebTan<br />
(magaliTad, institutidan<br />
saxlisken mimaval gzaze).<br />
daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermarketidan,<br />
gonebaSi isini saTiTaod unda ganalagoT<br />
im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midixarT.<br />
Semdeg, mogonebisas „CamouvliT~ maT da<br />
gaixsenebT (ix. sur. 8.10).<br />
mimniSnebeli sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis<br />
meTods, Tumca gansxvaveba isaa, rom mwkrivis<br />
wevrebs mimniSneblebs ukavSirebT da ara<br />
adgilebs. am meTodisTvis tipuri mimniSneblebi<br />
gariTmuli strofebia, sadac sityvebi cifrebs<br />
eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-skveri; ori-lori,<br />
sami-skami da sxv. SemTxveviTi informaciis<br />
daxsomebis gasaRebi informaciis iseTi saxiT<br />
dalagebaa, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon<br />
aRdgena.<br />
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an<br />
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da<br />
mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb;<br />
mexsierebis Semecneba.<br />
metamexsiereba<br />
davuSvaT, iseT situaciaSi xarT, rom raRacis<br />
mogoneba gWirdebaT. Tqven akeTebT yvelafers,<br />
rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic<br />
kodirebis situacias asaxaven, magram mainc<br />
verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi, rom<br />
aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, Tqveni darwmunebulobaa,<br />
rom Tqven flobT am informacias,<br />
magram, gacnobierebuli Tu gaqvT, ras warmoadgens<br />
Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs<br />
Tqveni mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am<br />
informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxvebia.<br />
metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: _ rodis da<br />
ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda imisa, rom<br />
vici.<br />
pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo<br />
j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac kvleva daiwyo<br />
imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi<br />
yvelaze xSirad studentebi<br />
mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebis<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg svamen<br />
kiTxvas: _ „rogor gamoviyeno<br />
miRebuli informacia swrafad?~<br />
„rogor momexmareba es gamokvlevebi<br />
momavali gamocdebis-<br />
Tvis mzadebaSi?~ vnaxoT, ra<br />
tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT<br />
am gamokvlevebidan:<br />
kodirebis specifikuroba.<br />
rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis<br />
specifikurobis principi gulisxmobs,<br />
rom mogonebis<br />
konteqsti, anu pirobebi, romelSic<br />
mogoneba xdeba, daem-<br />
Txves kodirebis konteqsts.<br />
swavlis procesSi konteqsti<br />
xSirad „informaciis gansxvavebul<br />
konteqstsac~ niSnavs.<br />
Tu Tqven yovelTvis<br />
erTsa da imave konteqstSi<br />
swavlobT, gagiWirdebaT sxva<br />
konteqstSi misi aRdgena. ase<br />
magaliTad, Tu profesori<br />
odnav sxvagvarad dagisvamT<br />
kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT<br />
da ver upasuxoT, amitom<br />
Tqven swavlis procesSi<br />
konteqstebi unda cvaloT.<br />
gadaawyveT masala, dausviT<br />
Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva ki-<br />
Txvebi, scadeT masalaSi axali<br />
kombinaciebis Seqmna, magram<br />
Tu mainc SeferxdebiT<br />
gamocdaze, scadeT gamoiyenoT<br />
rac SeiZleba meti<br />
mimniSnebeli, raTa pirveladi<br />
konteqsti aRadginoT:<br />
_ „es xom igivea, rac xanmokle<br />
mexsierebis leqciaze<br />
movismine~;<br />
rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi<br />
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi<br />
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis<br />
efeqti. adgilmdebareobis<br />
efeqtis mruds Tu gavixsenebT,<br />
vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi<br />
ganlagebuli informacia yvelaze<br />
cudad gvamaxsovrdeba.<br />
faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro<br />
kargad axsovT leqciis dasawyisi<br />
da bolo, vidre Sua nawili<br />
(Holen & Oaster, 1976; Jensen, 1962).<br />
rodesac leqciaze xarT, ecadeT,<br />
swored leqciis Sua nawils<br />
miaqcioT gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba. swavlis dros<br />
Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalisxmeva<br />
unda gamoiyenoT masalis<br />
daswavlisaTvis, magram ecadeT,<br />
rom masala yovelTvis erTi<br />
da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar<br />
iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT yuradReba,<br />
rom es Tavi mexsierebis<br />
Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia<br />
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli<br />
wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin<br />
mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva<br />
unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasawyis,<br />
an bolo Tavebs;<br />
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba<br />
da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zogjer,<br />
gamocdisTvis mzadebis<br />
procesSi iseTi gancda giCndebaT,<br />
TiTqos daulagebel,<br />
arastruqturirebul masalas<br />
swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven swavlobT<br />
tvinis gansxvavebuli<br />
nawilebis funqciebs. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda<br />
ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis<br />
efeqturi gza _ an mxedvelobiTi<br />
warmodgenebi daixmareT,<br />
an winadadebebSi Car-<br />
TeT, an TiToeul cnebas patara<br />
istoria daukavSireT. am<br />
wignis erT-erT avtors dRemde<br />
axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri<br />
xerxi, romelic gamoiyena<br />
fsiqologiis SesavalSi ventramedialurihipoTalamusis,<br />
romlis abreviaturac<br />
laTinurad aris VMH, dasamaxsovreblad.<br />
es iyo Very<br />
Much Hungry, magram rogorc<br />
me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemonikuri<br />
xerxi mas Semdeg ukve<br />
aRar aris iseTi zusti.<br />
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba<br />
ki xels SegiwyobT naswavli<br />
kidev ufro ganamtkicoT;<br />
metamexsiereba. am sferoSi<br />
warmoebulma gamokvlevebma<br />
gviCvena, rom adamianebi kargad<br />
grZnoben, Tu ra ician<br />
da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven<br />
gamocdaze xarT, sadac dro<br />
SezRudulia, Tqven unda<br />
miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da<br />
andoT mas drois ganawileba.<br />
magaliTad, SegiZliaT<br />
bileTis mTeli kiTxvebi<br />
uceb gadaikiTxoT da naxoT,<br />
rogor grZnobT, romeli<br />
sakiTxi iciT ukeT. aris<br />
iseTi gamocdebic, sadac<br />
yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi savaldebulo<br />
ki ara, SerCeviTia,<br />
magram pasuxi siswrafes<br />
moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intuicias<br />
unda endoT da im<br />
kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT,<br />
romelTa pasuxis siswore-<br />
Sic darwmunebuli xarT.<br />
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla metnaklebad<br />
gasagebia, Tu rogor<br />
SeiZleba mexsierebaSi<br />
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi<br />
gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT<br />
momzadebaSi dagexmaroT.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva<br />
295
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
296<br />
ganaTlebidan. magaliTad, gekiTxebiT: _ „mzis<br />
sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?~ iciT<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiqceodiT,<br />
romel pasuxs airCevdiT am situaciaSi:<br />
„miuxedavad imisa, rom axla ar maxsovs pasuxi,<br />
vici, rom ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris<br />
avirCevdi swors~. msgavs kiTxvebs usvamda harti<br />
Tavis cdis pirebs. pasuxebSi darwmunebuloba<br />
maT 1-dan, („sakmaod darwmunebuli var, rom ver<br />
avirCev sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan~), 6-de<br />
qulebiT unda SeefasebinaT („savsebiT darwmunebuli<br />
var, rom sworad avirCev~). Tqven rogor<br />
gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es alternativebi:<br />
a. plutoni<br />
b. venera<br />
g. dedamiwa<br />
d. iupiteri<br />
Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT darwmunebulobis<br />
– „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas, maSin<br />
swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT („d~s),<br />
Tu Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSnvas<br />
naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba 1 iqneba<br />
(sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda,<br />
kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa saWiro). hartis mixedviT,<br />
visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba<br />
Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva<br />
maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian warmatebas<br />
uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom<br />
„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancda SeiZleba zusti<br />
indikatori iyos.<br />
metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimar-<br />
Tulia rogorc im procesebze, romlebic<br />
„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas iwveven, aseve imaze,<br />
Tu rogor miiRweva Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat &<br />
Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000).<br />
mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixedviT,<br />
adamianebi Tavisi „vgrZnob, rom vici~<br />
gancdis dros mimniSneblis nacnobobas emyarebian.<br />
magaliTad, rodesac gekiTxebian: _ „ra<br />
erqva beThovens?~, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis<br />
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime<br />
alternatividan amoicnobT mis saxels anu swor<br />
pasuxs (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz<br />
& Metcalfe, 1992).<br />
misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani<br />
cdilobs arasruli informaciidan swori pasu-<br />
xis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva: _ „ra erqva<br />
beThovens?~, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs informacias,<br />
romelic, Tqveni azriT, am kiTxvaze<br />
swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven<br />
gagiCndebaT gancda, rom swor pasuxs advilad<br />
gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995).<br />
orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba<br />
da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom Tqven SegiZliaT<br />
endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli<br />
xarT, rom iciT raRac (mogvianebiT Cven<br />
SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul gamokvlevebs,<br />
romelic am zogadi wesidan gamonaklisebze<br />
miuTiTebs).<br />
Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da rogor aRdgeba<br />
informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT,<br />
Tu ras niSnavs aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis situaciebis<br />
„kargi Tanxvedra~. Semdeg qveTavSi mexsierebis<br />
procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsierebis<br />
Sinaarsebze, anu imaze, Tu ra xdeba<br />
mexsierebaSi.<br />
Sejameba<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnan,<br />
Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da Senaxva<br />
mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodirebis<br />
specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informaciis<br />
yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba maSin,<br />
rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba,<br />
emTxveva aRdgenis pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis<br />
efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeWdilebis<br />
(sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis<br />
konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.<br />
Tqven daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT eZebT.<br />
cnoba xSirad ufro advilia, vidre mogoneba,<br />
radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met<br />
informacias Seicaven. epizodur mexsierebaSi<br />
daxsomeba aRbeWdvis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi<br />
xdeba. semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis<br />
aRbeWdvis garkveul epizodTan mimarTeba dakargulia.<br />
interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqtiuri,<br />
rodesac Zveli informacia ereva da xels<br />
uSlis axlis aRbeWdvas, an retroaqtiuri,<br />
rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels.<br />
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
informaciis ufro Rrma gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes
daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da<br />
mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings.<br />
Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba<br />
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri<br />
xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis specifikuri<br />
msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb<br />
tipuri da zustia.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis<br />
struqturebi<br />
aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi<br />
gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT<br />
izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli<br />
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli<br />
codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad,<br />
rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni<br />
xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi<br />
pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze?<br />
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakav-<br />
Sirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsierebaSi<br />
informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan<br />
da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli<br />
codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsenebaSi.<br />
mexsierebis struqturebi<br />
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia msgavsi STabeWdilebebis<br />
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa, raTa<br />
garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi<br />
gamoyeneba (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5<br />
TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT<br />
samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi individualuri<br />
STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT,<br />
romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi informaciis<br />
iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana<br />
gWirdebaT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave<br />
dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli<br />
struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobierebis<br />
CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis<br />
ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel<br />
wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas,<br />
ambobdeT: _ „es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs<br />
miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveulebrivi<br />
gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqturaSi<br />
garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT<br />
mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic<br />
Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri<br />
urTierTobis procesSi.<br />
kategorizacia da cnebebi<br />
daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT<br />
– im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa,<br />
raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva<br />
ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva<br />
mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas<br />
unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is<br />
situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da,<br />
agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT<br />
bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _<br />
bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs<br />
ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli<br />
ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed<br />
amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.<br />
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis<br />
unari – erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba<br />
mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva<br />
_ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazisuri<br />
da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch,<br />
1981).<br />
Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi<br />
reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli,<br />
magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan<br />
dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis<br />
mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas (rogorc<br />
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs<br />
dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba<br />
SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic<br />
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod<br />
CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba.<br />
gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, magaliTad,<br />
sakuWnao da fexburTi. cnebebi SeiZleba<br />
asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad, wiTeli an didi;<br />
abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an<br />
siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani,<br />
vidre. TiToeuli cneba Tqven mier samyarosTan<br />
urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyalibebuli<br />
gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi<br />
297
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
298<br />
prototipebi<br />
im ZaRlebs Soris, romlebic Tqven ginaxavT,<br />
romels warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT<br />
winadadebas: _ „ZaRli xravs Zvals~. SegiZliaT<br />
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime<br />
tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela<br />
nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips warmoadgens?<br />
ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic<br />
dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
prototipebis Camoyalibeba<br />
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli<br />
adamianis saxeebis suraTebs, romlebic<br />
sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdebodnen prototipisgan<br />
(sur. 8.11); Semdeg maT aCvenebdnen<br />
saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi sura-<br />
Ti adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali<br />
iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo,<br />
agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic<br />
gansxvavdeboda pirvelad miwodebuli prototipisgan.<br />
cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoecnoT,<br />
Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT<br />
adre miwodebisas nanaxi.<br />
kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic<br />
mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis pirebi cnobdnen<br />
yvela im suraTs, romelic adre<br />
hqondaT nanaxi, maSinac ki, rodesac maTgan<br />
prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda<br />
msgavseba. axal suraTebze miuTiTebdnen,<br />
rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi prototipTan<br />
mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. cdis<br />
pirebi dabolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni<br />
iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi (Solso<br />
& McCarthy, 1981).<br />
am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen,<br />
TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela saxe, romelic ki<br />
unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.<br />
kategoriebis, Tavisi TvisebebiTurT, prototipebi<br />
iqmneba mTeli Tqveni gamocdilebidan,<br />
amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba<br />
icvlebodes da mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im<br />
daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis<br />
prototipis reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba<br />
ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi<br />
TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc<br />
saSualo raRac moqmedebs (Hintzman, 1986; Nosofsly<br />
et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki<br />
am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipuli<br />
ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu<br />
Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi,<br />
an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav<br />
Seicvalos kidec.<br />
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias,<br />
rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia, prototipi mounaxoT,<br />
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis metnaklebad<br />
tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro<br />
meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis calkeul<br />
cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxeobebis,<br />
an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezentaciebi.<br />
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze reprezentaciuli<br />
magaliTi.
suraTi 8.11<br />
A prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi<br />
B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba<br />
(A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs<br />
saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre<br />
es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes<br />
unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan<br />
erTad.<br />
wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian<br />
isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis<br />
kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi<br />
tipur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema, an pingvini<br />
atipurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT,<br />
riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis<br />
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi<br />
frinvelis kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis<br />
wevrTa tipuroba ki, Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac<br />
Tqvens prototips, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan<br />
momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlines, rom<br />
xalxi ufro swrafad reagirebs kategoriis tipur<br />
warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni<br />
reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi<br />
frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom<br />
siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel<br />
vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens<br />
gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc<br />
frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqlemisTvis<br />
(Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis<br />
manZilze didxans ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis<br />
garemocvaSi).<br />
ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi<br />
cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad<br />
ar aRmocendeba. rogorc suraTi 8.12 gviCvenebs,<br />
cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaer-<br />
Tiandenen. iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa<br />
cxoveli, gaaCnia qvekategoriebi _ frinveli da<br />
Tevzi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs:<br />
iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis<br />
mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria<br />
ufro didi kategoriisa _ cocxali arsebebi.<br />
cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informacias-<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi<br />
299
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
300<br />
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi<br />
rodesac kompiuterisa da<br />
adamianis SesaZleblobebs<br />
adareben, xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba<br />
rCeba, rom kompiuteri<br />
jobnis adamians. kompiuteris<br />
mexsierebas bevrad<br />
meti – aTasobiT da milionobiT<br />
_ biti informaciis<br />
Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens<br />
mexsierebas, magram adamianis<br />
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tviseba<br />
aqvs, romelic mis mexsierebas<br />
ufro maRla ayenebs.<br />
procesebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas<br />
gvaZleven, movigonoT<br />
specifikuri informacia,<br />
xSirad bevrad ufro efeqturia,<br />
vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis<br />
procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens<br />
megobars Tqveni gamocda unda<br />
am Tavis mixedviT da geki-<br />
TxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma<br />
Semoitanes kodirebis specifikurobis<br />
cneba?~ Tqven SegiZliaT<br />
gasceT swori pasuxi<br />
(tulvingi da tomsoni), mcdari<br />
pasuxi (soerlingi), an<br />
TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT,<br />
ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pasuxi,<br />
romelsac araviTari kav-<br />
Siri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. rogor<br />
ggoniaT, ra xdeba, rodesac<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis<br />
davalebas manqanas aZlevT?<br />
pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac<br />
Google.com gvTavazobs, Semdegia:<br />
„aris Tu ara HIV-is izolacia<br />
miRweuli. meore mcdeloba<br />
AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir-<br />
Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi<br />
saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli<br />
safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT<br />
moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego-<br />
adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba<br />
deba. is gvTavazobs imis definicias,<br />
Tu ra aris cneba. ratom<br />
aris kompiuteris mexsierebidan<br />
es pasuxebi adamianis<br />
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli?<br />
Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mogonebis)<br />
or Taviseburebas gamovyofT,<br />
romelic kompiuterTan<br />
SedarebiT misi upiratesobis<br />
ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli:<br />
rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis<br />
mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs<br />
Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs,<br />
romlebic saZiebel informaciazea<br />
mimarTuli. is uzrunvelyofs<br />
imas, rom aRdgenili<br />
informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis<br />
Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiuteri<br />
ki, piriqiT, ar iTvaliswinebs<br />
konteqsts da ufro sityvis<br />
viwro mniSvnelobazea<br />
orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu<br />
Cven „kodirebis specifikurobas~<br />
veZebT Google.com-Si an<br />
ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani<br />
maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds,<br />
romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel<br />
kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieblisTvis<br />
kiTxvis nawilebs, romlebic<br />
konteqstis dasazusteblad<br />
iqneba mimarTuli (romelma<br />
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad<br />
uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis<br />
efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bevri<br />
pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian<br />
Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom<br />
kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimar-<br />
TulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore:<br />
adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi<br />
marTaven da ara sityvebi. rodesac<br />
Tqvens mexsierebaSi kodirebis<br />
specifikurobis Sesaxeb<br />
eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniSvneloba<br />
ras ityviT, „mkvlevars~<br />
Tu „eqspermentators~,<br />
„aRmomCens~ Tu „Semqmnels~.<br />
cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul<br />
sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.<br />
kompiuters ki saqme mxolod<br />
sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad,<br />
rodesac Cven Google.com-s<br />
veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmom-<br />
Ceni~ „SemqmneliT~, is gvaZlevs<br />
bmuls mexsierebis TeoriaSi<br />
garkveuli gverdis mi-<br />
TiTebiT. „mkvlevris~ Secvla<br />
„eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs,<br />
rogorc pirveli bmulis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT:<br />
„talRebi, pulsi, neironuli<br />
masis Teoria~. es patara eqsperimenti<br />
kargad uCvenebs, Tu<br />
kompiuteri, adamianis mexsierebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, rogor<br />
ufro metadaa damokidebuli<br />
sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla<br />
mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden<br />
upiratesobas kompiuterTan<br />
SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramdenime<br />
wuTi dauTmoT imaze<br />
fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvisebebi<br />
kompiutersac gadasceT.<br />
veb-gverdebi:<br />
www.google.com<br />
www.AskJeeves.com<br />
rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch,<br />
1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi<br />
yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,<br />
rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis<br />
mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Safranze,<br />
rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa.
suraTi 8.12<br />
cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura<br />
kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi,<br />
TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis<br />
yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs<br />
SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons).<br />
bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon<br />
am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es,<br />
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia<br />
(da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba).<br />
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala<br />
aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da<br />
gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur<br />
jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT,<br />
bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali<br />
geqnebodaT.<br />
sqemebi<br />
Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierarqiaSi<br />
agurebis funqcias asruleben. maT es roli<br />
ufro rTul kompleqsebSic aqvT. gaixseneT<br />
suraTi 8.2. saidan xvdebiT instinqturad, rom<br />
baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi? Cven adre<br />
ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur<br />
mexsierebas emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams,<br />
Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis<br />
gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is,<br />
rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis reprezentacia<br />
mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos<br />
individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sarecxi<br />
niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _<br />
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris<br />
cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis,<br />
adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris<br />
„codnaTa Sekvrebi~, romlebSic garemos struqturis<br />
Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili.<br />
Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis<br />
sqema, samarSruto taqsis mZRolis da profesoris,<br />
qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,<br />
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,<br />
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT<br />
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeqturad.<br />
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situaciis<br />
Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis<br />
„klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic<br />
moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebs.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi<br />
301
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
302<br />
suraTi 8.13<br />
cnobis iluzia<br />
ixvi Tu kurdReli<br />
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra<br />
da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli.<br />
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, isaa, rom Tqveni<br />
sqema ar moicavs Tqveni cvalebadi gamocdilebis<br />
yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi<br />
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis<br />
saSualoa, sqemaSi warmodgenilia garemoSi<br />
situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis<br />
saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni<br />
sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movlenebTan<br />
erTad icvleba (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni<br />
sqemac mxolod im detalebs moicavs, romelsac<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad,<br />
rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra<br />
xatia Tu weria ocTeTrian monetaze, studentebi<br />
arasodes amboben, rom masze iremia gamoxatuli,<br />
Tumca, es gamosaxuleba yvela monetazea (Rubin<br />
& Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni<br />
sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi.<br />
axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza, romelSic<br />
cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.<br />
mexsierebis struqturebis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsierebis<br />
zogierTi struqtura. Tqvenma sqemam<br />
SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT mimxvdariyaviT,<br />
rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar<br />
aris. axla gaixseneT me-5 Tavi, sadac ganvixileT,<br />
Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna orazrovani<br />
figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es<br />
figura (sur. 8.13)? ras xedavT _ ixvs Tu baWias?<br />
davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis,<br />
rom dainaxavdiT ixvs, anu Tu Tqven SeusabamebT<br />
naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur molodinebs<br />
am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba<br />
baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini.<br />
Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,<br />
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.<br />
Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi,<br />
romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tqvens aRqmasa da<br />
mogonebaze (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999).<br />
magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis<br />
eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis da<br />
maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirovnebaze<br />
getyvian, rom is erT-erTi am profesiis<br />
warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmodgena<br />
miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasia-<br />
Teblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqologebis<br />
mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da<br />
sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moaxdinon<br />
am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze.<br />
es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struqturebs<br />
SeuZliaT, gavlena moaxdinon samyaros<br />
Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: _ Tqveni awmyo<br />
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris<br />
Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis Tqvens molodinebs<br />
momavlis mimarT. male, aseve, naxavT,<br />
rom xSirad erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da<br />
sqemebi SeiZleba xels uSlides zust mogonebas.<br />
mogoneba, rogorc<br />
rekonstruqiuli procesi<br />
axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSualeba,<br />
romelSic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis struqtura.<br />
bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gTxoven, moigonoT<br />
garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver axerxebT<br />
amas. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT<br />
informacias ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli codnidan.<br />
rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis naTelsayofad<br />
ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva:<br />
me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da~?<br />
1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?<br />
sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs<br />
Soris?<br />
Tqven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs<br />
gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram,<br />
ra Tqma unda, am movlenebis konkretuli epi
zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis<br />
gamoklebiT, Tu, magaliTad, vinme 7 ivliss ar<br />
aris dabadebuli da misTvis es gansakuTrebuli<br />
dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven<br />
unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekonstruqcia<br />
gaukeToT mas da ivaraudoT, ra SeiZleba<br />
momxdariyo. rekonstruqciis es procesi<br />
ufro detalurad gavarCioT.<br />
rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste<br />
Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi<br />
aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen zusti monacemebis<br />
aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia,<br />
aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstruirebuli<br />
mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebul iqneba<br />
realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs<br />
eqneba adgili. mexsierebis Secdomis erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia sakmaod<br />
Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi _ „mogoneba: eqsperimentuli<br />
da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvlevebi~<br />
(1932) _ ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda<br />
sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdileba<br />
axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze.<br />
bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturis Tqmulebebi da legendebi.<br />
yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis<br />
brZola~.<br />
bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis<br />
mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi gansxvavdeboda originalisgan,<br />
anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamaxsovreblad.<br />
Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis<br />
rekonstruqciul process moicavda:<br />
donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamartiveba;<br />
gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuTrebuli<br />
gaSuqeba;<br />
asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom<br />
isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi mosuliyvnen sakuTar<br />
codnasTan.<br />
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas<br />
da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs Tavisi kulturisTvis<br />
Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: _ navi kanoes nacvlad,<br />
Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad.<br />
bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve, xSirad cvlidnen<br />
moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT<br />
zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic<br />
maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
miyvnen ra bartletis kvals, Tanamedrove<br />
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles mexsierebis darRvevebis<br />
mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT<br />
mogonebis konstruqciuli procesebis gamoyenebis<br />
dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). magaliTad,<br />
mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzomiereba,<br />
romelsac „sapnis operis~ efeqti uwoda<br />
(Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis<br />
masalidan:<br />
nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man<br />
mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTvalierebina.<br />
igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis<br />
profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva<br />
misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumar-<br />
Ta erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo.<br />
nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad.<br />
koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar ainteresebda,<br />
Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis<br />
nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao,<br />
gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba.<br />
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad<br />
aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven cdis pirTa<br />
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive<br />
memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezentaciebis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli<br />
codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis<br />
erTad ganlagebis procesi.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi<br />
303
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
304<br />
meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar<br />
es Sesavali waakiTxes:<br />
nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno<br />
da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu<br />
ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac<br />
dainaxa?<br />
axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets<br />
da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis pirebisaTvis am<br />
winasityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis.<br />
rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi, an icnon<br />
nawyvetebi, isini, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT<br />
Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT<br />
„arasasurveli fexmZimobis~ sqema, ufro metad<br />
imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis<br />
fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis<br />
gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosalodnel<br />
damaxinjebas.<br />
magram unda gvaxsovdes da mniSvnelovanicaa,<br />
rom rogorc me-5 TavSi, rodesac aRqmis iluziebze<br />
vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis<br />
normaluri operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad<br />
iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT, romlebic<br />
Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis iluziebi<br />
ar gaiZuleben realurad kedelSi gasvlas,<br />
mexsierebis „iluziebic~ Zalian iSviaTad Tu<br />
SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da<br />
saqmianobaSi.<br />
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT ganixiloT,<br />
rogorc Cveulebriv, Zalian kargad<br />
momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtobrivad,<br />
Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli<br />
epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki gWirdebaT,<br />
movlenaTa arsis aRdgena rekonstruqciiTac<br />
mSvenivrad xerxdeba.<br />
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, romlis<br />
mixedviTac, detalebis aRdgena yovelTvis<br />
ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor<br />
SeuZlia rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam,<br />
raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans,<br />
gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu<br />
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni<br />
sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamonaTqvamiT,<br />
magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: „gaixseneT,<br />
Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda<br />
_ „korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~.<br />
rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven<br />
arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba<br />
rekonstruqcias ukeTebs (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) da<br />
SegiZliaT sityvasityviT moitanoT is, an misi<br />
dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven<br />
Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma<br />
gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis<br />
cvlasTan erTad icvleba.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze<br />
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari<br />
xangrZliobis scenas videofilmidan da<br />
sTxovdnen daemaxsovrebinaT dialogi am<br />
nawyvetidan. maT 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac<br />
sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom TiToeul<br />
maTgans sakmaod zustad aRedgina dialogis<br />
teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves.<br />
TiToeul students dialogis Sinaarsi<br />
sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram<br />
erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba<br />
maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan<br />
axlos), xolo, meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen,<br />
rac SeiZleba saintereso yofiliyo maTi<br />
monaTxrobi. is cdispirebi, romlebsac<br />
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruqcia<br />
hqondaT, 99%-iT, sityvasityviT aRadgendnen<br />
dialogs maSin, rodesac meore<br />
jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis mxolod<br />
62% aRadgines. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive<br />
jgufis wevrebma dialogis teqsti Zalian<br />
kargad daimaxsovres, meore jgufma, ubralod,<br />
arCia, rom ufro saintereso iqneboda,<br />
Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas<br />
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).<br />
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni informaciis<br />
zustad aRdgenaze daxarjuli Zalisxmeva garemoebebzea<br />
damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom<br />
valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda,<br />
Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems<br />
waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT.<br />
zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac,<br />
sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac<br />
moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni<br />
gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac<br />
Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis
aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT<br />
mowmis mexsiereba.<br />
mowmis mexsiereba<br />
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ „Tqvas<br />
simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven<br />
vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,<br />
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia<br />
aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi<br />
aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma<br />
ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan<br />
„simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT,<br />
maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles<br />
da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZiebisTvis<br />
xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa,<br />
romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrunvelyofs.<br />
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi<br />
iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi<br />
kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992).<br />
maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom<br />
mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad<br />
icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT.<br />
magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac<br />
avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs<br />
ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis<br />
siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils<br />
kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ramdenad<br />
swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~<br />
xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqariT<br />
moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini er-<br />
TmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis<br />
pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore<br />
kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT<br />
ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~<br />
sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar<br />
iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis<br />
pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis<br />
namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod<br />
14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom<br />
informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis<br />
Cvenebaze.<br />
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba<br />
daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, rodesac<br />
cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom<br />
eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi<br />
Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis<br />
namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxvavebas<br />
movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias<br />
Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995).<br />
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians<br />
ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi<br />
swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell<br />
& Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba<br />
arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis<br />
dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &<br />
Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT<br />
mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad<br />
iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs,<br />
rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias<br />
ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva<br />
elementebis gavleniT.<br />
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da<br />
aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.<br />
dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur<br />
safuZvlebs ganvixilavT.<br />
Sejameba<br />
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamocdilebis<br />
erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi<br />
ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs<br />
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens<br />
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis<br />
CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris<br />
aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba<br />
erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac<br />
adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT<br />
gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur<br />
CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis<br />
kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi.<br />
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver<br />
xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq-<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi<br />
305
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
306<br />
ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviCvenes,<br />
rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis<br />
miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis<br />
Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas,<br />
magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia<br />
damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi informaciis<br />
gavleniT.<br />
mexsierebis biologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic<br />
Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda<br />
dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,<br />
ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT<br />
im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic<br />
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia<br />
monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas?<br />
aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul<br />
cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom<br />
es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde<br />
dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli<br />
xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva<br />
Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?<br />
Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT<br />
nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom<br />
gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro<br />
Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.<br />
engramis ZiebaSi<br />
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi Tqven-<br />
Tvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, SevamowmoT<br />
Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia,<br />
romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda<br />
ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is?<br />
karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac<br />
Seqmna pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis<br />
Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis<br />
fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira.<br />
leSli virTagvebs labirinTSi gavlas aswavlida,<br />
Semdeg maT tvinis calkeul nawilebs<br />
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali<br />
tvinSi.<br />
amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi naswavl<br />
qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT<br />
gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili<br />
qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva<br />
miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi<br />
nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsierebaze<br />
gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra<br />
nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT,<br />
engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar<br />
Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.<br />
leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis lokalizacia,<br />
rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis<br />
sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs.<br />
labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedvelobiT<br />
da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiromecnierebis<br />
mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri<br />
informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sistemaSia<br />
ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskretuli<br />
codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxolod<br />
SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Markowitsch,<br />
2000; Rolls, 2000).<br />
mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul<br />
struqturas:<br />
naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs<br />
proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeorebas<br />
saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis;<br />
zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri<br />
struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimulireaqcia~<br />
kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia;<br />
didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia sensoruli<br />
mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris<br />
asociaciebize;<br />
nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia<br />
faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul<br />
mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis<br />
daxsomebaze.<br />
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi,<br />
bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri korteqsi,<br />
agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis<br />
sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis.<br />
me-3 TavSi tvinis anatomia ganvixileT. axla<br />
ganvixiloT is neirofsiqologiuri meTodebi,<br />
romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven gamovitanoT<br />
daskvnebi im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac tvinis<br />
specifikuri struqturebi asruleben mexsierebis<br />
muSaobaSi. Cven ori tipis gamokvlevebs SevexebiT.<br />
pirvel rigSi, visaubrebT „bunebriv eqsperimentze~,<br />
romelsac tvinis bunebrivi daziane
suraTi 4.16<br />
tvinis struqtura ........<br />
ii<br />
bisas vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki im axal teqnikur<br />
saSualebebs aRvwerT, romelTac mkvlevrebi<br />
tvinSi mimdinare mexsierebis procesebis Sesaxeb<br />
codnis gasaRrmaveblad iyeneben.<br />
amnezia<br />
1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axalgazrda<br />
teqnikosi niki a. saSineli dazianebis<br />
msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi<br />
cxovreba.<br />
niki magidasTan ijda, misi mezobeli ki<br />
miniaturuli safarikao daSniT TamaSobda.<br />
moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda –<br />
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia<br />
daSna. daSna nikis marjvena nestos moxvda da<br />
moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT ganagrZo.<br />
am SemTxvevam igi seriozulad daaziana.<br />
yvelaze mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi<br />
droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo<br />
niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba; wignSi<br />
ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli<br />
winadadebebi aRar axsovs; satelevizio gadacemidan<br />
azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis<br />
ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gaimeorebs<br />
oriode wuTis win nanaxs.<br />
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacientebiT,<br />
radgan „bunebriv eqsperimentad~ Tvlian<br />
aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis<br />
adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSualeba<br />
misca mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis<br />
sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul<br />
ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs<br />
moqmedebebi, anu ara aqvs darRveuli proceduruli<br />
mexsiereba, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsiereba<br />
aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas<br />
axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala,<br />
magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi.<br />
eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi<br />
naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da<br />
implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli<br />
ubnebia CarTuli.<br />
amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva .........<br />
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi<br />
307
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
308<br />
axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa,<br />
romelic SeiZleba gansxvavebul anatomiur<br />
struqturas davukavSiroT. gamokvlevebis Sedegad<br />
aRmoCnda, rom hipokampis dazianebis dros<br />
eqsplicituri mexsiereba irRveva da ara _<br />
implicituri (Squire, 1992).<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba<br />
daculia<br />
gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileobdnen<br />
cdis pirebi, romelTac korsakovis<br />
sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi)<br />
Sedegad dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampi.<br />
rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise<br />
janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa<br />
mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emociuri<br />
TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva moswondaT<br />
da romeli – ara. maTi mexsierebis<br />
Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests.<br />
erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eZleodaT<br />
sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic<br />
unda SeevsoT TavSi mosuli pirvelive<br />
sityviT (Sevsebis testi), meore testSi<br />
ki marcvali mimniSneblis rols TamaSobda,<br />
radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT<br />
unda moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wakiTxuli<br />
mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT mogonebis<br />
testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis<br />
mqone pacientebi naklebs igonebdnen, vidre<br />
janmrTelebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis<br />
testSi pacientebis da janmrTelebis<br />
mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf<br />
et al., 1984).<br />
es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis<br />
sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis dazianeba gavlenas<br />
axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo<br />
implicitur mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs.<br />
mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba<br />
sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992).<br />
gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis<br />
Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani<br />
dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba<br />
ar irRveva.<br />
is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi<br />
forma azianebs eqsplicitur da ara implicitur<br />
mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs,<br />
amtkicon, rom mexsierebis es ori forma gansxvavebul<br />
kanonzomierebebs avlens kodirebisa<br />
da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad,<br />
is gzebi, riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs<br />
iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa _ „medicina<br />
arCens enabluobas~. Cven ukve viciT zemoT<br />
moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom amneziis mqone<br />
individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobierebis<br />
gareSe, magram ramdenad SeuZliaT codnis<br />
SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis<br />
Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic im individis<br />
monacemebs ukavSirdeba (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000),<br />
romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac<br />
gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod,<br />
medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT,<br />
aris – „ara~. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. perceptul<br />
implicitur mexsierebas avlenda, mas ar<br />
hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba.<br />
es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri<br />
mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis<br />
SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi<br />
SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT<br />
Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs<br />
da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias.<br />
tvinis suraTi (skanireba)<br />
fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves<br />
anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb<br />
amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT,<br />
magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis<br />
procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZliaT<br />
gadaxedoT me-3 Tavs, sadac saubaria<br />
gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, PETskanis<br />
saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma<br />
kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994)<br />
daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodirebisa<br />
da aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevarsfero<br />
gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es<br />
gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis standartuli<br />
gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom<br />
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa<br />
sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am<br />
gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri<br />
aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi
epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo<br />
marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZlierebul<br />
aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri<br />
informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri<br />
sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvaobebis<br />
garda, romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma<br />
aRmoaCines.<br />
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI)<br />
warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac gamoavlina mexsierebis<br />
operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvnelovani<br />
detalebi (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi<br />
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis<br />
dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis eqsperimentebi<br />
utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT<br />
ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi, romlebsac<br />
xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi da evalebodaT,<br />
TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb ori<br />
tipis msjeloba ewarmoebinaT: _ semantikuri:<br />
_ „es sityva, (magaliTad, „skami~,<br />
an „siyvaruli~) abstaraqtulia, Tu konkretuli?~<br />
an perceptuli _ „es sityva,<br />
(magaliTad, „ndoba~ an „wigni~) fanqriT<br />
aris dawerili, Tu melniT?~ funqcionaluri<br />
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam<br />
gviCvena, rom marcxena prefrontaluri<br />
qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis<br />
aramotoruli ubani) semantikuri kodirebis<br />
ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili,<br />
vidre perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
(Gabrieli et al., 1996).<br />
mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis<br />
aqtivacias semantikuri kodireba iwvevs marcxena<br />
naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo (ix.<br />
Tavi 3).<br />
ramdenime axali gamokvleva tvinis specifikuri<br />
regionebis Seswavlas mieZRvna, romelTa<br />
aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros<br />
xdeba (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). am<br />
gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda<br />
SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi).<br />
(magaliTad, abstraqtulia Tu konkretulia esa<br />
Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros<br />
cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri<br />
rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis<br />
ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: -<br />
prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli<br />
(hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi<br />
iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi<br />
sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefasebac ukeT SeZles.<br />
am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis<br />
SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri<br />
safuZvlebi.<br />
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva<br />
disciplinis mecnierebma erTad unda imuSaon,<br />
raTa srulad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis<br />
kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis<br />
mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac<br />
Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa tvinis<br />
Sesabamisi struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros,<br />
fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben<br />
fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis,<br />
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi<br />
momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT did<br />
warmatebebs uzrunvelyofen mexsierebis procesebis<br />
kvlevaSi.<br />
Sejameba<br />
karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc<br />
engramebis Zieba daiwyo, aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba<br />
mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa<br />
CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi.<br />
amneziis mqone pacientebze gamokvlevebma<br />
daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri<br />
procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli<br />
struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis<br />
teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros<br />
janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa<br />
biologiuri safuZvlebi.<br />
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi<br />
309
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba<br />
310<br />
sakvanZo<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
ra aris mexsiereba<br />
� kognituri fsiqologiis<br />
warmomadgenlebi<br />
ganixilaven mexsierebas,<br />
rogorc informaciis<br />
gadamuSavebis process.<br />
� mexsiereba, romelic moi-<br />
Txovs cnobier Zalisxmevas,<br />
aris eqsplicituri.<br />
aracnobieri mexsiereba<br />
implicituria.<br />
� deklaraciuli mexsiereba<br />
uzrunvelyofs faqtebis<br />
daxsomebas. proceduruli<br />
mexsiereba ki<br />
unarebis SemuSavebas.<br />
� mexsierebas xSirad ganixilaven,<br />
rogorc kodirebis,<br />
Senaxvis da aRdgenis<br />
samsafexurian process.<br />
sensoruli mexsiereba<br />
� sensoruli mexsierebis<br />
sistema didi moculobis,<br />
magram Zalian mcire xangrZlivobisaa.<br />
� xatiseburi mexsiereba<br />
mxedvelobiT vels wamebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi aCerebs.<br />
� eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gam-<br />
Rizianeblebs inaxavs.<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba<br />
da muSa mexsiereba<br />
� xanmokle mexsierebas SezRuduli<br />
moculoba aqvs<br />
da swrafad qreba ganmeorebis<br />
SesaZleblobis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi.<br />
� ganmeoreba masalas xanmokle<br />
mexsierebaSi aCerebs.<br />
� xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba<br />
SeiZleba gaizardos<br />
dasaxsomebeli wevrebis<br />
azrian jgufebad dalagebis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
� aRdgenis procesi xanmokle<br />
mexsierebidan efeqturad<br />
xorcieldeba.<br />
� muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba<br />
xanmokle mexsierebas moicavs.<br />
� muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti<br />
xels uwyobs gare samyarodan<br />
gamocdilebis yovelwuTier<br />
asaxvas.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba.<br />
kodireba da aRdgena<br />
� xangrZlivi mexsiereba moicavs<br />
Tqvens srul codnas<br />
samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis<br />
Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganusazRvreli<br />
moculobisaa.<br />
� Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris<br />
pirobaa kodirebisa da aRdgenis<br />
pirobebis damTxveva.<br />
� swavlisa da aRdgenis konteqstebs<br />
Soris damTxveva<br />
ganapirobebs aRdgenas.<br />
� adgilmdebareobis mrudis<br />
Tavisebureba aixsneba konteqstebs<br />
Soris gansxvavebiT.<br />
� mogonebis mimniSneblebi<br />
xels uwyoben xangrZliv mexsierebaSi<br />
informaciis mo-<br />
Zebnas.<br />
� epizodur mexsierebas iseTi<br />
movlenebis daxsomebasTan<br />
aqvs saqme, romlebic pirovnebis<br />
subieqtur gamocdilebaSi<br />
monawileobdnen.<br />
semantikuri mexsiereba sityvebisa<br />
da cnebebis arsebiTi<br />
mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb<br />
mexsierebaa.<br />
� interferencias maSin aqvs<br />
adgili, rodesac mimniSneb-<br />
lebs mxolod Sesabamis<br />
informaciasTan (mexsierebasTan)<br />
ar mivyavarT.<br />
� rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamu-<br />
Savebuli informacia, miT<br />
ukeTesia daxsomeba.<br />
�implicituri mexsierebis-<br />
Tvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom<br />
kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebi<br />
msgavsi iyos.<br />
� mexsiereba SeiZleba gaviumjobesoT<br />
gadamamuSavebeli<br />
ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri<br />
xerxebiT.<br />
� Cveulebriv, darwmunebulobis<br />
gancdas zustad SeuZlia<br />
mexsierebaSi informaciis<br />
arsebobis winaswarmetyveleba.<br />
xangrZlivi mexsierebis<br />
struqturebi<br />
� cnebebi aris azrovnebis-<br />
Tvis mexsierebis saSeni<br />
agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba<br />
xdeba, rodesac mexsierebaSi<br />
Camoyalibdeba saerTo<br />
niSnebis mqone obieqtebis,<br />
an azrTa jgufebi.<br />
� prototipi warmoadgens<br />
cnebis saSualo egzemplars.<br />
� cnebebi xSirad ierarqiulad<br />
arian dalagebulni<br />
zogadidan kerZosaken.<br />
� sqema ufro zogadi kognituri<br />
klasteria.<br />
� mexsierebis yvela es zogadi<br />
struqtura gamoiyeneba axali<br />
informaciis molodinebisa<br />
da interpretaciis<br />
konteqstisTvis.<br />
� mogoneba mxolod angariSi<br />
ar aris, is rekonstruqciuli<br />
da seleqciuri procesia.
� wina gamocdileba da<br />
miznebi gavlenas axdens<br />
mogonebaze.<br />
� axalma informaciam SeiZleba<br />
Secvalos mogoneba<br />
da amiT mowmis Cveneba<br />
arasando gaxados, Tu mas<br />
axali movlenis Semdgomi<br />
informacia Seereva.<br />
mexsierebis biologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
� tvinis gansxvavebuli<br />
struqturebi (hipokampis,<br />
amigdalas, cerebelumis<br />
da cerebruli korteqsis<br />
CarTviT) monawileoben<br />
sxvadasva tipis<br />
mexsierebaSi.<br />
� eqsperimentebi amneziis<br />
mqone pacientebze daexmara<br />
mkvlevrebs imis<br />
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor<br />
xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis<br />
mexsierebis Camoyalibeba<br />
da tvinSi maTi<br />
ganawileba.<br />
� tvinis skanirebis teqnikam<br />
udidesi roli Seasrula<br />
mexsierebis kodirebis da<br />
aRdgenis procesebSi tvinis<br />
monawileobis Sesaxeb<br />
codnis mopovebaSi.<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi<br />
amnezia<br />
bazisuri done<br />
dajgufeba<br />
cnebebi<br />
konteqstis mixedviT<br />
gansxvaveba<br />
deklaraciuli mexsiereba<br />
eqo-mexsiereba<br />
gadamamuSavebeli<br />
ganmeoreba<br />
kodireba<br />
kodirebis specifikuroba<br />
engrama<br />
epizoduri mexsiereba<br />
mexsierebis eqsplicituri<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
xatiseburi mexsiereba<br />
mexsierebis implicituri<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
interferencia<br />
gadamuSavebis doneebis<br />
Teoria<br />
xangrZlivi mexsiereba<br />
mexsiereba<br />
metamexsiereba<br />
mnemonika<br />
dasawyisis efeqti<br />
praimingi<br />
proceduruli mexsiereba<br />
prototipi<br />
mogoneba<br />
mwkrivis daboloebis<br />
efeqti<br />
cnoba<br />
rekonstruqciuli<br />
mexsiereba<br />
aRdgena<br />
mimniSneblebi<br />
sqemebi<br />
semantikuri mexsiereba<br />
sensoruli mexsiereba<br />
adgilmdebareobis efeqti<br />
xanmokle mexsiereba<br />
sacavi<br />
gadatanis Sesabamisi<br />
gadamuSaveba<br />
muSa mexsiereba<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
311
312<br />
kognituri kognituri procesebi<br />
procesebi<br />
9<br />
kognituri procesebis<br />
Seswavla<br />
• fsiqikuri procesebis<br />
aRmoCena<br />
• fsiqikuri procesebi da<br />
resursebii<br />
metyveleba<br />
• eqspresiuli metyveleba<br />
• impresiuli metyveleba<br />
• metyveleba, azrovneba<br />
da kultura<br />
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:<br />
SeuZliaT Tu ara<br />
cxovelebs enis Seswavla<br />
vizualuri Semecneba<br />
• vizualuri<br />
reprezentaciebis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
• verbaluri da<br />
vizualuri<br />
reprezentaciebis<br />
kombinireba<br />
problemis gadaWra da<br />
azrovneba<br />
• problemis gadawyveta<br />
• deduqciuri azrovneba<br />
• induqciuri azrovneba<br />
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:<br />
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba<br />
• evristika da msjeloba<br />
• • gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
fsiqologia<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis<br />
salivanma [elen keleris<br />
maswavlebeli] xelze damawera<br />
sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis<br />
am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi,<br />
rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom<br />
sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTamaSobdi.<br />
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi,<br />
misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva<br />
kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da Seecada<br />
mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo.<br />
manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs<br />
`t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdilobda,<br />
mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris<br />
talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me<br />
kvlav mereoda es ori...<br />
Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da<br />
mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis<br />
kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.<br />
elen keleris avtobiografiis _ `Cemi cxovrebis<br />
ambavi~ _ am nawyvetSi avtori aRwers<br />
enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan detalebs.<br />
erTi wlis asakSi elenma gadaitana gaurkveveli<br />
daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac man dakarga<br />
mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas<br />
Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis cxovrebaSi<br />
gaCnda ana salivani _ misi maswavlebeli.<br />
salivanma SeZlo SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi<br />
da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca<br />
gamoecada `azris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
mRelvareba.~<br />
Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxadad<br />
aRgeqvaT sakuTari kognituri procesebi. es<br />
procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi<br />
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Camayofina.<br />
roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi<br />
Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva<br />
`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me<br />
wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi<br />
misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas.<br />
uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli<br />
gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda;<br />
da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin<br />
mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili<br />
raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam<br />
gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle,<br />
imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZneleebi<br />
amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi<br />
ukve advilad gvardeboda.<br />
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT<br />
davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli<br />
da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dabrunebisas<br />
yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi,<br />
sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,<br />
gv.15-16).<br />
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamianisaTvis<br />
SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars<br />
xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri yofis<br />
arsebiT niSans. Tumca, roca kargad Camoyalibebuli<br />
moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an<br />
rodesac deteqtiur istoriaSi gamomZiebeli<br />
ramdenime samxilze awyobs danaSaulis gaxsnis<br />
virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT SemecnebiTi<br />
aqtiobis inteleqtualur triumfs.<br />
termini Semecneba SemecnebiTi procesebis<br />
yvela formas aerTianebs. rogorc 9.1 suraTzea<br />
naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla<br />
adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs<br />
(me-5 TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze<br />
kognituri procesebis Seswavla<br />
313
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
314<br />
kognituri<br />
fsiqologia<br />
grZnoba ena inteleqti yuradReba mexsiereba<br />
suraTi 9.1<br />
kognituri fsiqologiis sfero<br />
aRwerili zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semecneba)<br />
aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise procesebs.<br />
SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven<br />
iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi, mogonebebi:<br />
`ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~; „wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs<br />
`sdeq~; `saxlidan wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kognituri<br />
procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipulirebT<br />
im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic<br />
gare samyaros interpretaciisa da cxovrebiseuli<br />
dilemebis dros racionaluri gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis saSualebas gaZlevT.<br />
fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqologiis<br />
specialistebi Seiswavlian. bolo sami<br />
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqologiasTan<br />
erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve<br />
axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _ kognituri<br />
mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic (ix. sur. 9.2).<br />
kognituri mecniereba fokusirebulia sxvadasxva<br />
fiqri da<br />
problemebis<br />
gadaWra<br />
kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba<br />
adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.<br />
kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi<br />
umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aRqma,<br />
mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta<br />
da abstraqtuli azrovneba.<br />
Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi,<br />
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxsenebas,<br />
azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis<br />
Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.<br />
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) –<br />
mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsiqikur<br />
procesebs – yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,<br />
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.<br />
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – informaciis<br />
gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sistemebis<br />
kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero.<br />
momijnave sferoebSi erTi da imave sakiTxis<br />
irgvliv arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos<br />
warmomadgenlebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, erTmaneTs<br />
monacemebi da aRmoCenebi gauziaron. me-8 TavSi<br />
Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsierebis<br />
biologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva<br />
kvlevebis gamoyenebiT, mexsierebis Teoriebis<br />
daxvewa: kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad<br />
gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis umrav-<br />
suraTi 9.2<br />
kognituri mecnierebis sfero<br />
kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis,<br />
neiromecnierebis, lingvistikis, kognituri<br />
fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis<br />
(xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.
lesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT,<br />
sxvadasxva momijnave specialistebis<br />
urTierTTanamSromlobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili.<br />
Semecnebis Seswavlas kognituri procesebis<br />
kvlevis mokle aRweriT daviwyebT _ rogor cdiloben<br />
mkvlevrebi kognituri funqcionirebis<br />
Sinagani procesebis gazomvas; Semdeg ganvixilavT<br />
kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis ZiriTad<br />
sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba<br />
aqvT: metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis<br />
gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba.<br />
kognituri procesebis<br />
Seswavla<br />
rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirveli,<br />
rac TavSi mogivaT, isaa, rom kognituri<br />
procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven<br />
SegiZliaT dainaxoT masSi Sesuli informacia,<br />
magaliTad, fraza `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs<br />
_ darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT<br />
im moqmedebebis identifikacia, romlebic frazas<br />
Tqvens reaqciasTan akavSirebs? rogor SegiZliaT<br />
gaigoT, ra moxda am SualedSi _ romeli<br />
kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis<br />
aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am<br />
TavSi aRwerilia logikuri analizis is tipebi,<br />
romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />
kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla.<br />
fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena<br />
fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna 1868 wels holandieli<br />
fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders)<br />
mier. `fsiqikuri procesebis siswrafis~ Seswavlis<br />
mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli<br />
davalebebi, romelTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis<br />
dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gonebrivi safexurebis<br />
gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi<br />
9.1 mocemulia eqsperimenti, romelSic daculia<br />
dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT,<br />
gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba.<br />
ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis<br />
Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven unda<br />
cxrili 9.1<br />
dondersis fsikuri procesebis analizi<br />
(qarTuli varianti)<br />
CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli<br />
dro (wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli<br />
TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad<br />
swrafad.<br />
davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos<br />
daawereT Tavze „s~<br />
iyo arabeTs rostevan,<br />
mefe RmrTisagan sviani,<br />
maRali, uxvi, mdabali,<br />
laSqar-mravali ymiani<br />
dro: __________<br />
davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs<br />
daawereT Tavze „v~, xolo didad daweril<br />
Tanxmovnebs „s~<br />
iyo arabeTs rostevan,<br />
mefe RmrTisagan sviani,<br />
maRali, uxvi, mdabali,<br />
laSqar-mravali ymiani<br />
dro: ___________<br />
davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos<br />
daawereT Tavze „v~<br />
iyo arabeTs rostevan,<br />
mefe RmrTisagan sviani,<br />
maRali, uxvi, mdabali,<br />
laSqar-mravali ymiani<br />
dro:__________<br />
CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic gaiareT<br />
davalebis Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daaxloebiT<br />
aseTi iqneba:<br />
a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara;<br />
b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze „s~.<br />
ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis<br />
Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos Sesasruleblad<br />
studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti<br />
an kidev ufro meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi<br />
gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs<br />
CamovTvliT:<br />
a. gansazRvreT niSani didia Tu patara;<br />
b. gansazRvreT didi aso xmovania Tu<br />
Tanxmovani;<br />
kognituri procesebis Seswavla<br />
315
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
316<br />
g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze „s~, Tu<br />
xmovania, daawereT „v~.<br />
amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze<br />
gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori gonebrivi<br />
safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,<br />
rogorc stimulTa kategorizacia (xmovani Tu<br />
Tanxmovani) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s Tu s-s dawera).<br />
pirveli davaleba stimulTa kategorizaciis<br />
erT safexurs moiTxovs, meore davaleba ki _<br />
aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve,<br />
or pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. vinaidan<br />
meore davalebaSi yvelafris gakeTeba giwevT,<br />
rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis,<br />
amitomac meore davalebis SesrulebisTvis meti<br />
droa saWiro. es iyo dondersis mosazrebis<br />
ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi safexuri<br />
(operacia) yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs<br />
SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom<br />
SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis<br />
Catarebis aucilebeli proceduraa. Cven unda<br />
davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da meore davalebis<br />
Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba<br />
ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT, rom v–s daweras<br />
sWirdeba meti dro, vidre s–s daweras. mesame<br />
davalebas ufro naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes,<br />
vidre meores (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo, ara?)<br />
Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom<br />
Tavis proceduras sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis<br />
xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis gamoiyenebda.<br />
misi meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZloT,<br />
gamogekloT pirveli davalebis SesrulebisaTvis<br />
daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze<br />
daxarjuli droisaTvis da gangesazRvraT<br />
stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevisTvis<br />
saWiro dro. Tu Tqven SeqmniT davalebas,<br />
romelic mxolod stimulis kategorizacias<br />
saWiroebs (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro,<br />
rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin Tqven<br />
SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ garkveuli dro<br />
_ calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, stimulis<br />
kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100 miliwami<br />
(wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150<br />
miliwami.<br />
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi<br />
aRar iyeneben gamoklebis meTods, radganac<br />
nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokidebulia<br />
davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevrebi<br />
mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini<br />
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois xangrZlivobas,<br />
romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba konkretuli<br />
davalebis Sesasruleblad. dondersis<br />
ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri<br />
procesi saWiroebs damatebiT dros, kvlav<br />
fundamentur wanamZRvars warmoadgens kognitur<br />
fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi.<br />
vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es mosazreba ukanaskneli<br />
130 wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
fsiqikuri procesebi da<br />
resursebi<br />
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebis<br />
mier iseTi umaRlesi kognituri procesebis<br />
Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul<br />
procesebad) daSla, rogoricaa metyveleba da<br />
problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs.<br />
TiToeuli kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul<br />
komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac<br />
unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros<br />
TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da kubebi ise<br />
moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi<br />
ganxorcieldes. dondersis davalebebSi Tqven<br />
naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi<br />
(ix. sur. 9.3., nawili A). erT safexurs pirdapir<br />
mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli gamoyeneba<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZlebelia<br />
ramdenime procesis erTdrouli mimdinareoba<br />
(nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoadgens<br />
me-5 TavSi aRweril seriul da paralelur<br />
procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ilustracias.<br />
Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warimarTos paralelurad<br />
_ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba<br />
SesaZlebelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis<br />
Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli elementis seriul<br />
gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke,<br />
erTimeoris miyolebiT.<br />
procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareobis<br />
identifikaciis mizniT fsiqologebi<br />
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros, Tumca, 9.3<br />
suraTis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi<br />
dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar<br />
amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba,<br />
romelic, savaraudod, or process moicavs. Tu<br />
Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis<br />
mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT
maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zustad, anu ar<br />
viqnebiT darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad<br />
mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad.<br />
kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan<br />
problemas warmoadgens davalebis<br />
iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas<br />
miscems eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi<br />
SesaZlo konfiguraciidan blokebis swori<br />
varianti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (romelic<br />
Tqven axlaxan gaakeTeT) Cven SegviZlia<br />
darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia,<br />
radgan erTi aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs<br />
Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar SegiZliaT<br />
moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s<br />
dasawerad), sanam ar gansazRvravT, Tu rogori<br />
unda iyos pasuxi.<br />
Teoretikosebi procesebis seriuli da paraleluri<br />
mimdinareobis gansazRvras xSirad<br />
aqtivobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxovnis<br />
xarisxis SefasebiT cdiloben. warmoidgineT,<br />
suraTi 9.3<br />
umaRlesi kognituri<br />
procesebis analizi<br />
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gansazRvron<br />
im fsiqikuri procesebis identuroba<br />
da organizacia, romlebic umaRlesi<br />
kognituri procesebis (maRali donis<br />
kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas<br />
warmoadgenen;<br />
(A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli<br />
versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi<br />
Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes;<br />
(B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs seriulad,<br />
anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi<br />
ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad;<br />
(C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli<br />
dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs<br />
saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis paraleluri<br />
Tu seriuli mimdinareoba.<br />
rom megobarTan erTad midixarT saswavlebelSi.<br />
Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir<br />
da Tan isaubroT _ am dros gadaadgilebisa da<br />
metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs;<br />
magram ra moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze<br />
gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis gasakvlevad,<br />
SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari.<br />
axla gadaadgilebis procesi moiTxovs damatebiT<br />
resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyvelebis<br />
procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba.<br />
am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom<br />
adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli resursebi<br />
aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes<br />
sxvadasxva davalebaze (Kahneman, 1973; Navon &<br />
seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an<br />
meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevrulad,<br />
erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.<br />
paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori<br />
an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erTdroulad<br />
mimdinareobs.<br />
kognituri procesebis Seswavla<br />
317
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
318<br />
Gopher, 1979). am resursebis gadanawilebaze Tqveni<br />
yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5 TavSi yuradReba<br />
ganxilulia, rogorc procesebis erToblioba,<br />
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situaciaSi<br />
amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli<br />
informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini yuradReba<br />
gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia,<br />
romeli fsiqikuri procesi unda iqnes amor-<br />
Ceuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule<br />
yvela procesi ar saWiroebs erTnair resurss.<br />
faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,<br />
avtomaturia procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols<br />
(Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi procesebi<br />
saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi procesebi<br />
ki, rogorc wesi _ ara. erTdroulad<br />
erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxorcieleba<br />
Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro<br />
met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis<br />
Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis<br />
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes)<br />
_ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas;<br />
xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti<br />
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.<br />
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _<br />
procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas,<br />
maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis<br />
paralelurad.<br />
cxrili 9.2<br />
paralelurad, masSi cnobieri CarTulobis<br />
gareSe.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis<br />
magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT, SeasruloT<br />
9.2 cxrilSi mocemuli davaleba. rTuli iyo<br />
Tu ara A sia, B siasTan SedarebiT?<br />
saidan<br />
ricxvebis gadamuSaveba<br />
dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli<br />
wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es ricxvebis Tu sityvebis<br />
wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi).<br />
SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia.<br />
sia A.<br />
8-8<br />
2-1<br />
ori-ori<br />
erTi-erTi<br />
sia B.<br />
1-1<br />
2-9<br />
cxra-erTi<br />
2-2<br />
viciT<br />
cxra-rva<br />
8-9<br />
erTi-ori<br />
1-1<br />
cxra-ori<br />
rva-ori<br />
8-8<br />
1-8<br />
1-2<br />
9-9<br />
cxra-cxra<br />
ori-erTi<br />
erTi-erTi<br />
9-9<br />
rva-rva<br />
2-8<br />
rva-rva<br />
2-2<br />
rva-cxra<br />
9-8<br />
cxra-cxra<br />
1-9<br />
cxra-erTi<br />
ori-ori<br />
Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis<br />
`mniSvneloba~<br />
cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9.2<br />
cxrilSi ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba. mi-<br />
Rebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs<br />
bevrad ufro uWirT, roca ricxvebi axlos<br />
mdgomni arian (magaliTad, 1-2) vidre maSin,<br />
roca maT Soris didi intervalia (magali-<br />
Tad, rva-erTi), ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra<br />
formiTaa cifrebi mocemuli _ arabuliT<br />
Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom<br />
pirvel siaSi mocemulia gansxvavebuli<br />
wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac mcire intervalebia,<br />
xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvilebs<br />
Soris intervali didia, amitom<br />
pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo.
magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis<br />
siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgavsebis<br />
gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTicxra<br />
fizikuri gansxvavebulobis xarisxis<br />
mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevrebi<br />
varaudoben, rom, rodesac xedavT 2-1 an<br />
ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis<br />
raodenobaze, maSinac ki, rodesac es xels<br />
uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. am dros<br />
xdeba ricxvis mniSvnelobis avtomaturi<br />
Sefaseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar<br />
gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein,<br />
1995).<br />
bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor euflebodiT<br />
raodenobas da ricxvis cnebebs. axla<br />
kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad<br />
avtomaturi gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva<br />
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili<br />
davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi<br />
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mexsierebis<br />
efeqtur gamoyenebaze (Logan, 1988,1992). iqneba<br />
obieqti „2~ Tu „ori~ – aRqmulis mexsierebaSi<br />
gadamuSaveba uzrunvelyofs informacias raodenobis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
axla es informacia kontrolirebadi da<br />
avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb, gamoviyenoT<br />
erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis<br />
gansaxilvelad. swor gzaze siarulis dros<br />
ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac<br />
imaze miuTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da<br />
laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi aqtivobebia;<br />
Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia icvleba,<br />
rac gaiZulebT gzis mravali variantidan<br />
airCioT erT-erTi _ unda gadawyvitoT,<br />
saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT.<br />
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqmedebis<br />
erTdroulad Sesruleba, Tqveni yurad-<br />
Reba „CixSi eqceva~ (Pashler, 1992,4).<br />
es magaliTi cxadyofs, ratom xdeba kontrolirebadi<br />
da avtomaturi procesebis xarisxis<br />
da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra.<br />
pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac<br />
avtomaturi iyo, ukve yuradRebis kontrols<br />
saWiroebs. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare,<br />
esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba met-nakleb yurad-<br />
Rebas iTxovdes.<br />
axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis<br />
logikas. rTuli saazrovno amocanebis gadaWris<br />
mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi<br />
gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombinirebulia<br />
rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise<br />
kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi.<br />
kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis<br />
mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna,<br />
romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiToeuli<br />
komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac<br />
ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis<br />
logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa<br />
gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven<br />
saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli<br />
kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi. daviwyebT<br />
metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
Sejameba<br />
kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnierebaSi<br />
momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian<br />
fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic<br />
saSualebas aZlevs adamians, gamoiyenos ena,<br />
gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.<br />
dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis<br />
calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis<br />
meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri<br />
aqtivobis komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT<br />
Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis<br />
komponentebs, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da<br />
kontrolirebad procesebs.<br />
metyveleba<br />
SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT<br />
da iq aravin aris; ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs<br />
konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romelzec<br />
weria: „kata xaliCazea~. ras geubnebaT es<br />
Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es<br />
Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am<br />
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesabamisi<br />
konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven saidumlo<br />
agenti xarT da instruqciebs yovel-<br />
Tvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven<br />
gecodinebaT, rom „kata~ aris Tqveni kontaqti,<br />
metyveleba<br />
319
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
320<br />
xolo „xaliCaze yofna~ sabrZolo adgils<br />
niSnavs, e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT.<br />
magram imisaTvis, rom fraza _ „kata xali-<br />
Cazea~ _ gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris aucilebeli,<br />
saidumlo agenti iyoT. mas SeiZleba<br />
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze<br />
karis win mxolod maSin wveba da gelodebaT,<br />
roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni<br />
ojaxis romelime wevrs eubnebiT „kata xali-<br />
Cazea~, Tqven gulisxmobT: _ „SegiZlia, kata<br />
gareT gauSva?~<br />
warmoidgineT, rom Tqvens megobars surs<br />
manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da SiSobs, radgan<br />
ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT:<br />
„kata xaliCazea~ da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT,<br />
rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia<br />
manqanis gamoyvana.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom gsurT SeajibroT<br />
Tqveni kata da Tqveni megobris ZaRli. am dros<br />
Tqven ambobT: „kata xaliCazea~, riTac miuTiTebT,<br />
rom „kata isvenebs da ar surs sirbili~.<br />
aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba<br />
winadadebis azrsa da mosaubris mier nagulisxmev<br />
azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis<br />
gamoyenebis Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents<br />
akeTeben rogorc produqciaze (eqspresiuli<br />
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) –<br />
is, rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren;<br />
am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.<br />
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _<br />
konkretul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsis<br />
formirebis procesi.<br />
suraTi 9.4<br />
eqspresiuli metyveleba<br />
SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars?<br />
ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni megobari rom brma<br />
iyos?<br />
metyveleba), ise mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi<br />
azris gagebaze (impresiuli metyveleba):<br />
nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad rogor<br />
iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs;<br />
rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier<br />
nagulisxmev azrs.<br />
eqspresiuli metyveleba<br />
SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecadeT, ramodenime<br />
sityviT aRweroT is. ris Tqmas apirebT? axla<br />
warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT<br />
brma adamians. ras SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu<br />
ara meore SemTxvevaSi gonebis ufro meti daZabva?<br />
eqspresiuli metyvelebis Seswavlisas aqcenti
cxrili 9.3<br />
1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met<br />
informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT.<br />
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens<br />
msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma.<br />
2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli<br />
faqtebic ar gaqvT.<br />
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqven mier miwodebuli informaciis<br />
dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmvis dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli<br />
faqtebi.<br />
3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba.<br />
graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb<br />
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri<br />
Tqven mier miwodebul Setyobinebasa da manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Tema anu<br />
Tqven mier Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven unda auxsnaT, ris<br />
Sesaxeb saubrobT.<br />
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis gamoyenebas. teqsti agebul unda iqnes<br />
mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT.<br />
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli<br />
Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad<br />
gaiges, risi Tqmac gsurdaT.<br />
5. Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis aqsiomebs?<br />
ras amboben? ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom?<br />
giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi?<br />
daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels.<br />
giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram meSinia ar<br />
gamZarcvon.<br />
daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo adgilia.<br />
giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo?<br />
daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT.<br />
giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT?<br />
daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad SevZleb<br />
wamosvlas.<br />
giorgi: aa . . .<br />
daTo: hm<br />
keTdeba rogorc metyvelebis produqciaze (ras<br />
irCeven adamianebi mocemul momentSi saTqmelad),<br />
ise, im procesebze, romlebic Setyobinebebs,<br />
gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad. metyveleba ar<br />
gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyvelebaa,<br />
agreTve, wera da JestebiT saubari. advilad<br />
gasagebad saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia<br />
sityvebi: mosaubre – is, vinc metyvelebs anu<br />
wers an laparakobs (igulisxmeba JestebiT<br />
laparakic) da msmeneli – is, vinc ismens (igebs).<br />
ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom, albaT, ufro meti<br />
unda vuTxra, vidre, ubralod `ho~.<br />
ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi aqvs, mainc ar<br />
damijerebs. ra SeiZleba vuTxra iseTi, rac<br />
simarTles hgavs da Tanac daamSvidebs?<br />
Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar gavCerebulvar,<br />
SeiZleba ifiqros, rom sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi<br />
ram unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom ar<br />
SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.<br />
wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda uaris Tqma uxeSad<br />
gamomivides. mixvdeba giorgi, rom Tavs varideb?<br />
(Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob)<br />
gaeba maxeSi.<br />
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba<br />
Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi<br />
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone da brma adamianisTvis<br />
im mizniT, rom gamonaTqvami konkretuli<br />
msmenelis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegegmaT.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi saubrisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT,<br />
vin aris Tqveni msmeneli da is informacia,<br />
romelic unda miawodoT auditoriis<br />
wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT,<br />
metyveleba<br />
321
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
322<br />
TavSi azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom<br />
`kata xaliCazea~, Tu man ar icis, rom kata<br />
xaliCaze mxolod maSin wveba, rodesac gareT<br />
gasvla surs. msmenelis gaTvaliswinebis wesi,<br />
romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba,<br />
pirvelad filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul<br />
Grice) Semoitana. graisi TanamSromlobis princips<br />
ganixilavs, rogorc mosaubris instruqcias,<br />
gamonaTqvami aagos mimdinare saubris pirobebisa<br />
da mniSvnelobis mixedviT.<br />
am instruqciis arsis gasagebad graisma Camoayaliba<br />
oTxi aqsioma, romelsac gulisxmieri<br />
da yuradRebiani mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9.3. cxril-<br />
Si warmodgenilia TiToeuli aqsioma da SeTxzuli<br />
dialogi, sadac naCvenebia metyvelebis<br />
dros aRwerili aqsiomebis gavlena pasuxebis<br />
SerCevaze. rogorc 9.3 cxrilidan Cans, karg<br />
mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra<br />
SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma msmenelma.<br />
amgvarad, Tqven ar etyviT Tqvens megobars: „dRes<br />
aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, Tu darwmunebuli<br />
ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda<br />
amisa, TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob<br />
yvela aleqss Soris mxolod erTs axsenebT am<br />
konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar<br />
waxvalT); anu „saerTo codnaSi~ arsebobs vinme<br />
aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis,<br />
ise _ Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da<br />
qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark, Kethrine Marshal, 1981)<br />
miaCniaT, rom „saerTo codna~ informaciis sam<br />
wyaros eyrdnoba:<br />
jgufis wevroba – sxvadasxva sididis jgufis<br />
wevrebi Semoklebul msjelobebs iyeneben,<br />
roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo<br />
gamocdilebas da gasagebia misi wevrebisTvis;<br />
lingvisturi Tanaarseboba – saubrisas<br />
adamianebi ukve ganxilul informacias (wina<br />
saubrebis dros) miiCneven „saerTo codnis~<br />
nawilad;<br />
fizikuri Tanaarseboba – roca mosaubre<br />
da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofebian<br />
da Sexeba aqvT erTsa da imave obieqtebTan.<br />
es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris garemos (sivrces,<br />
romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise _ maT<br />
garSemomyof adamianebs.<br />
amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis:<br />
„me dRes aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, SesaZloa,<br />
gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni<br />
megobari mcire jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac<br />
aleqsic miekuTvneba (jgufis wevroba), an,<br />
SesaZloa imitom, rom adre Tqven ukve aRniSneT<br />
aleqsis arseboba (lingvisturi Tanaarseboba),<br />
an, sulac, imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi<br />
(fizikuri Tanaarseboba).<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens<br />
jgufis wevroba<br />
eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevrebi<br />
studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT<br />
Sedarebis davaleba ise, rom winaswar arafers<br />
eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators win<br />
ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria<br />
baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT da mas<br />
ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom cdis pirebs<br />
swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebinaT isini.<br />
eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs<br />
ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT hqondaT saubris<br />
SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad<br />
SeeZlo ganesazRvra, icnobda Tu ara c.p.<br />
niu-iorks. rodesac isini niu-iorkis mcxovreblebs<br />
esaubrebodnen baraTebis aRsawerad,<br />
isini ufro metad iyenebdnen saku-<br />
Tar saxelebs: „es aris sitikorpis Senoba~,<br />
vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: „es aris<br />
maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT~ (Clark,<br />
1987).<br />
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis<br />
wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom vinmes pirvelad<br />
xvdebiT. Tu Tqven gsurT, rom yuradRebiani da<br />
gulisxmieri mosaubre iyoT, pirvel rigSi unda<br />
gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas (jgufs) ekuTvnis<br />
igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvaliswinebs<br />
Tavis molodins msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu<br />
ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi). adamianebs SeuZliaT<br />
TiTqmis zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba<br />
icodnen sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca,<br />
tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom sxvebisTvisac<br />
cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician (Fussel & Kraus,<br />
1992). msmenelis codnis zusti gansazRvra SesaZlebels<br />
xdis eqspresiuli metyvelebis adekvatur<br />
regulacias.Y
daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri informacia<br />
unda miawodoT quCaSi adamians, romelic<br />
gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara<br />
konkretul kiTxvebs (magaliTad, iciT, sad aris<br />
meria?), cdilobT Tu ara misi Cacmulobidan<br />
da metyvelebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT,<br />
saidan aris igi da ramdenad dawvrilebiT unda<br />
aRuweroT gza.<br />
Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba<br />
Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc vnaxeT, gamona-<br />
Tqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze,<br />
romelsac esaubrebiT. axla ganvixiloT fsiqikuri<br />
procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT,<br />
gamoTqvaT azri.<br />
metyveleba da Secdomebi<br />
gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v.a.<br />
spuneri (Reverend W.A. Spooner) oqsfordis<br />
universitetidan, romlis saxelis mixedviTac,<br />
ori an meti sityvis pirveli marcvlebis gadanacvlebas<br />
spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma<br />
es saxeli samarTlianad daimsaxura. zarmac<br />
students semestris gacdenis SemTxvevaSi frazis<br />
„You have wasted the whole term~ („Sen mTeli semestri<br />
gaacdine~) nacvlad eubneboda: _ „You have<br />
tasted the whole worm~ _ („Sen mTeli matli SeWame~)<br />
(waste – gacdena; taste _ gemos gasinjva, term _<br />
semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis<br />
erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros<br />
vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis azris gamoTqmis<br />
dagegmvis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan<br />
Cans, gamonaTqvamis dagegmva ramodenime erTmaneTisgan<br />
gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan<br />
TiToeulze SeiZleba gamovlindes metyvelebis<br />
Secdomebi (Bock&levet, 1994; Rapp&Goldrick, 2000).<br />
gasaocaria, magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc<br />
Cans, ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi – isini gasagebi<br />
xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis<br />
struqturas. mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos<br />
styvebis pirveli asoebi – „tips of the slung~–<br />
nacvlad „slips of the sung~-isa, magram arasodes<br />
ityvis „tlips of the sung~, radganac am SemTxvevaSi<br />
irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris wesi,<br />
romlis mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes<br />
gvxvdeba „tl~(Fromkin, 1980).<br />
metyvelebis Teoriuli modelebis agebisas<br />
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba metyvelebis Secdomebs,<br />
amitom mkvlevrebi ar Semoifarglebian aRniSnu-<br />
cxrili 9.4<br />
Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi<br />
dagegmvis doneebi:<br />
� mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic<br />
saukeTesod gamoxataven mis azrs.<br />
Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, magaliTad,<br />
`movifiqre~ da `movigone~, SeiZleba Tqvas _<br />
`movifone~.<br />
� mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos<br />
da gaaerTianos winadadebaSi.<br />
radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian<br />
erTeuls, SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba.<br />
cxviridan sisxli wamskda → sisxlidan cxviri<br />
wamskda.<br />
lamazi gogos kaba → gogos lamazi kaba.<br />
� mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi,<br />
romelTa Tqmasac apirebs.<br />
radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven,<br />
SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa gadanacvleba.<br />
cali xeli → xali celi.<br />
li Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi<br />
dakvirvebiT da maTi aRnusxviT. maT Seiswavles<br />
eqsperimentul pirobebSi metyvelebis Secdomebis<br />
xelovnurad gamowvevis sxvadasxva xerxebi<br />
(Bock, 1996).<br />
am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />
moqnili eqspresiuli metyvelebis safuZvlad<br />
mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezentaciebis<br />
met-naklebi gageba.<br />
procesebi. gaixseneT me-6 TavSi ganxiluli<br />
xelovnurad Seqmnili predispoziciuli<br />
spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs,<br />
laparakis dros dauSvan spunerizmiseuli Secdomebi<br />
(baars, 1992). cdis pirebs sTxoven, waiki-<br />
Txon dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac<br />
msgavsi fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L<br />
buzi-fuli<br />
baRi-fari<br />
boli-foni<br />
bedi-fexi<br />
Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan „feriberi~.<br />
rig SemTxvevebSi zogierTi cdis piri<br />
manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs<br />
„beri-feri~.<br />
metyveleba<br />
323
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
324<br />
am teqnikebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebs saSualeba<br />
eZlevaT, Seiswavlon mosaubris mier Secdomebis<br />
daSvebis albaTobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.<br />
magaliTad, spunerizmis msgavsi Secdomebis<br />
albaToba izrdeba, rodesac bgerebis gadaadgileba<br />
realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al.,<br />
1975; Stemberger, 1992); amgvarad, „feri-beri~-s magivrad<br />
„beri-feri~-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia,<br />
vidre, magaliTad, „coli-qmari~-s magivrad<br />
„qmoli-cari~-s Tqmis albaToba. msgavsi Sedegebi<br />
savaraudos xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli<br />
zogierTi kognituri procesi uzrunvelyofs<br />
kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da gasworebas.<br />
es procesebi ar gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis<br />
daSvebis uflebas, romlebic konkretuli<br />
enisaTvis miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis<br />
gamoTqmas gulisxmobs.<br />
reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis<br />
dros cdis pirebs sTxovdnen wyvil-wyvilad<br />
waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi, magaliTad,<br />
shoot the breeze – raise the roof (bevri laparaki –<br />
aurzauris atexva); ori wamis Semdeg ki sTxovdnen,<br />
rac SeiZleba swrafad gaexsenebinaT erTerTi.<br />
droSi SezRudvis pirobebSi cdis pirebi<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis<br />
sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof. Secdomis<br />
daSvebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro didia,<br />
vidre zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, radgan bolo<br />
or gamonaTqvams erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs. es<br />
Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan<br />
aris mexsierebaSi dakavSirebuli: rodesac<br />
adamiani apirebs Tqvas erTi idioma, msgavsi<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma<br />
kavSirma SeiZleba ganapirobos kombinirebuli<br />
Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock, 1977).<br />
Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic<br />
ganapirobebs ama Tu im gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas<br />
da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs<br />
maT aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs,<br />
romlebic mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs<br />
igeben.<br />
impresiuli metyveleba<br />
warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs: `kata<br />
xaliCazea.~ Tqven ukve iciT, rom, konteqstidan<br />
gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba<br />
SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli azris<br />
gamosaxatad. Tqven, rogorc msmeneli, rogor<br />
airCevT mxolod erT azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze<br />
saubars orazrovani mniSvnelobis problemis<br />
ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT.<br />
orazrovnebis daZleva<br />
ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi<br />
ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT: erTi,<br />
romelic dakavSirebulia miwaTmoqmedebasTan<br />
(sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan) da meore,<br />
romelic dakavSirebulia kafesTan. warmoidgineT,<br />
rom vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari~,<br />
rogor xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul<br />
SemTxvevaSi? Tqven unda SeZloT am or mniSvnelobas<br />
Soris arsebuli leqsikuri orazrovnebis<br />
daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom zogierTi<br />
kognituri procesis gamoyenebiT, konteqstidan<br />
gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis orazrovnebis<br />
daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde<br />
_ samuSao iaraRebze Tu gasarTob adgilebze.<br />
es farTo konteqsti unda dagexmaroT sityvis<br />
ori mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi, magram<br />
rogor?<br />
sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT<br />
orazrovnebis kidev erT tips. ras niSnavs es<br />
winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces<br />
daxmareba.~ Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod<br />
erTi mniSvneloba, magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme<br />
gvaqvs struqturul orazrovnebasTan. (Akmajian<br />
et al., 1990) (ix. suraTi 9.5). lingvistebi winadadebis<br />
struqturis sailustraciod xSirad iyeneben<br />
diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winadadebis<br />
_ `kata xaliCazea~ _ analizi. am winadadebis<br />
struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III<br />
nawilSi ki warmodgenilia winadadebis _ `ninos<br />
da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori<br />
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli<br />
struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis<br />
mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis~ exeba dedas,<br />
erT adamians _ ori bavSvis dedas gadasces<br />
daxmareba. III nawilSi warmodgenili analizis<br />
mixedviT, winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvemdebare<br />
_ `ninos~ da `giorgis dedas~, e.i. or<br />
adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelobiT<br />
igebT winadadebas, rodesac mas pirvelad<br />
kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic<br />
winadadebas ori mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vub-
undebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri<br />
orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs<br />
konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis amorCevas ori an<br />
meti SesaZlo variantidan?<br />
davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis<br />
orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba:<br />
„anas yvavili aqvs~.<br />
ra aris am SemTxvevaSi yvavili? warmoidgineT,<br />
rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvneloba,<br />
albaT, aseTi iqneba:<br />
gansazRvreba 1: mcenare.<br />
gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba.<br />
am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar<br />
gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo ori mniSvnelobidan<br />
avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis<br />
Sedegebi adasturebs, aseTi tipis winadadebis<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi<br />
xdeba sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998).<br />
konkretul situaciaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvaliswineba,<br />
magram rogor gvexmareba is mniSvnelobis<br />
arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom<br />
konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime<br />
(tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al., 1998, 2000). ganvixiloT<br />
Semdegi magaliTebi:<br />
1. ana avadaa yvaviliT;<br />
2. ana krefda yvavilebs;<br />
3. ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs.<br />
pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis mixedviT, SesaZloa<br />
ganvsazRvroT, ra mniSvnelobiTaa gamoye-<br />
suraTi 9.5<br />
winadadebis<br />
struqtura<br />
winadadebis gramatikuli<br />
struqturis TvalsaCino<br />
ilustraciis mizniT, lingvistebi<br />
xSirad iyeneben<br />
diagramebs. I struqtura<br />
warmoadgens winadadebis _<br />
`kata xaliCazea~ _ struqturul<br />
analizs; II da III struqtura<br />
ki gviCvenebs, rom<br />
winadadeba _ `ninos da giorgis<br />
dedas gadasces daxmareba~<br />
_ ori erTmaneTisagan<br />
gansxvavebuli struqturuli<br />
analiziT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili.<br />
vis gadasces<br />
daxmareba? or adamians Tu<br />
erTs?<br />
nebuli yvavili, iseve, rogorc meore winadadebaSi.<br />
mesame winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwerilia<br />
situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts meore<br />
winadadebisTvis _ `yvavili aqvs~. es magaliTebi<br />
gviCvenebs, rom Tqven iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis<br />
sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli<br />
momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris, 1995; Sereno, 1995).<br />
struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis<br />
mixedviT xdeba (MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993;<br />
Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT<br />
gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi arCevis<br />
SesaZleblobas konteqsti iZleva.<br />
modiT, Cvens magaliTs davubrundeT, romelic<br />
pirvelad ganvixileT da romelic sakmaod<br />
metyveleba<br />
325
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
326<br />
cxrili 9.5<br />
orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri<br />
da sarkastuli interpretacia<br />
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami<br />
marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da<br />
marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man<br />
uTxra das: „Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra mSvenieria<br />
aq da rogor Tbila~.<br />
sarkastuli moTxovna<br />
tonis amxanagi, romelTanac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis<br />
Rias tovebs misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki,<br />
rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi Txovna –<br />
daeketa fanjara – uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria<br />
iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scioda da<br />
uTxra amxanags: „ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~.<br />
orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea~. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
orazrovneba ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT<br />
da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis<br />
struqturiT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom konteqstis<br />
mixedviT gadawyobis kanoni am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994).<br />
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis<br />
procesSi adamiani orazrovnebis dasaZlevad<br />
efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli<br />
SeTanxmebulobaa naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier<br />
gagebul azrs Soris. metyvelebis procesis<br />
ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. „msmenelis<br />
gaTvaliswineba~ _ procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac<br />
mosaubre mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis<br />
gamonaTqvams irCevs. impresiuli metyvelebis<br />
analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenels<br />
aqvs molodini, rom mosaubre sworad metyvelebs.<br />
amrigad, msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia, naTqvami<br />
fraza gaiazros konteqstidan gamomdinare.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri<br />
mniSvnelobis gagebaSi<br />
ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: „aq mSvenieria<br />
da Tbila~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc 9.5<br />
cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia, am tipis<br />
martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxvadasxva istoriis<br />
SeTxzviT sxvadasxva azri mivaniWoT. Cven<br />
vnaxeT, rom sityvasityviT versia axlo<br />
kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvnelobasTan.<br />
igive gamonaTqvamis arapirdapiri<br />
versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT zemoT aRniSnuli<br />
modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis<br />
ilustraciis mizniT. Tu mkiTxveli informacias<br />
sityvasityviT amuSavebs konstanturi<br />
rigis (Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT,<br />
maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad<br />
igi Seecdeba gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis<br />
gagebas. Tu es gza warumatebeli<br />
aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva<br />
mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975; 1978;<br />
Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis<br />
da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gagebas ufro<br />
meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamonaTqvamis.<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis ki ufro advilia<br />
sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre<br />
pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda,<br />
rom mkiTxvelebi ufro swrafad<br />
igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive<br />
gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs,<br />
1986).<br />
ra gvesmis<br />
orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas<br />
aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu ras vigebT. axla<br />
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze,<br />
Sesabamisad, kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba<br />
mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu<br />
mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? magaliTad, ra<br />
inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven gaigebT<br />
ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea~. kvlevebis<br />
safuZvelze dadginda, rom mniSvnelobis mqone<br />
reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri<br />
erTeulebiT, romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben<br />
(Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia<br />
gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis _<br />
`kata xaliCazea~ _ ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom<br />
raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas<br />
Tqven gamoyofT propozicias ze da cdilobT,<br />
gaigoT katasa da xaliCas Soris arsebuli<br />
mimarTeba, romelic gamoxatulia am propoziciiT.<br />
propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze<br />
(kata, xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met<br />
propozicias Seicavs. ganvixiloT Semdegi
winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra<br />
taxtis qveS~. aq pirveli Semadgeneli propoziciaa<br />
qveS (Tagvi, taxti). aqedan vawyobT:<br />
SeZvra [(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]; sabolood<br />
ki miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS<br />
(Tagvi, taxti))].<br />
qveS (Tagvi, taxti)<br />
SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]<br />
uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi,<br />
taxti))]<br />
rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT, rom mniSvnelobis<br />
fsiqikuri propoziciebi marTlac ase<br />
muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi<br />
Catarebuli zogierTi kvleva miznad isaxavda,<br />
eCvenebina propoziciuli reprezentaciebis<br />
roli metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc<br />
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu frazaSi<br />
ori sityva ekuTvnis erTsa da imave propozicias,<br />
mexsierebaSi maTi warmodgena xdeba erTdroulad,<br />
maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan<br />
winadadebaSi.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis<br />
struqturas<br />
ganvixiloT winadadeba: „mavzoleumi,<br />
sadac mefe ganisvenebda, moedans gadahyurebda~.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom am winadadebaSi<br />
mavzoleumi da moedani erTmane-<br />
Tisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli analizi<br />
gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini mexsierebaSi<br />
erTad unda Seikribos propoziciaSi<br />
gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi, moedani).<br />
am analizis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma<br />
cdis pirebs warudgines sityvebis CamonaTvali<br />
da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu<br />
ara TiToeuli sityva winadadebaSi.<br />
zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi<br />
uSualod moednis Semdeg miewoda,<br />
zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli<br />
sityvis Semdeg. pasuxi _ „diax, iyo<br />
mavzoleumi~ gacilebiT swrafad modioda<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamonaTvalSi<br />
mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg iyo<br />
mocemuli, vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva<br />
propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRoda<br />
win. es Sedegi cxadyofs, rom cnebebi _<br />
„mavzoleumi~ da „moedani~ erTad iyo<br />
warmodgenili mexsierebaSi (Ratclif &McKoon,<br />
1978).<br />
rodisme SegimCneviaT, rom Zalian Znelia<br />
vinmes naTqvamis zustad damaxsovreba? SesaZloa,<br />
gicdiaT zustad (sityvasityviT) dagemaxsovrebinaT<br />
raime fraza filmidan da saxlSi dabrunebuls<br />
aRmogiCeniaT, rom aqedan mxolod<br />
zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi miuTiTebs,<br />
Tu ratom ar aris srulyofili sityvasityviT<br />
damaxsovreba. imitom, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba axorcielebs,<br />
propoziciebis gamoyofas gulixmobs,<br />
xolo propoziciebis zusti Tanmimdevroba<br />
swrafad ikargeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (magaliTad,<br />
„kata misdevs Tagvs~ _ „Tagvi gaurbis katas~).<br />
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar<br />
aRmocendeba zustad miRebuli informaciis<br />
safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas<br />
daskvniT axerxeben, logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba<br />
SesaZlebelia mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciis<br />
safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori winadadeba:<br />
me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad.<br />
igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars.<br />
imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa,<br />
sul cota, ori daskvnis gakeTeba. Tqven unda<br />
gaarkvioT, vin aris `igi~ meore winadadebaSi<br />
da rogor aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli<br />
dapirebasTan, rom giyidian namcxvars. megobari,<br />
vinc es winadadeba giTxraT, vTqvaT, darwmunebulia,<br />
rom Tqven SegiZliaT am ori momentis<br />
gaTvaliswineba. Tqven arasodes getyvian: _ `me<br />
mivdivar sakonditroSi TeasTan Sesaxvedrad;<br />
igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom miyidis<br />
namcxvars da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac<br />
gemrieli namcxvrebi iyideba~. mosaubre yovel-<br />
Tvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT<br />
akeTebs daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan.<br />
uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas,<br />
Tu ra saxis daskvnebs akeTeben msmenelebi regu-<br />
daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis<br />
Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis<br />
da Teoriis safuZvelze.<br />
metyveleba<br />
327
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
328<br />
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi<br />
Tqven, ra Tqma unda, ginaxavT<br />
filmi, an satelevizio<br />
Sou, sadac cxovelebi Cveulebriv<br />
saubroben adamianeb-<br />
Tan. gaxsovT mister edi _<br />
molaparake cxeni? SesaZlebelia<br />
es realur cxovrebaSi?<br />
am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli<br />
saukunis 20-iani wlebidan<br />
daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades<br />
SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebinaT<br />
laparaki. radganac Simpanzeebs<br />
ar gaaCniaT laparakisaTvis<br />
Sesaferisi sametyvelo<br />
aparati, mkvlevrebi iZulebulni<br />
gaxdnen, komunikaciis<br />
damyarebis sxva meTodebi<br />
moeZebnaT. magaliTad,<br />
Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos, aswavles<br />
amerikuli niSnebis<br />
enis gamartivebuli varianti<br />
(Gardner & Gardner, 1969); Simpanzes,<br />
saxelad saras ki daaswavles<br />
simboloebiT manipulacia<br />
(simboloebi aRniSnavdnen<br />
iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa,<br />
magaliTad, vaSli, mi-<br />
larulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon &<br />
Ratcliff, 1992). aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri gamonaTqvamis<br />
SemTxvevaSi potenciuri daskvnebis<br />
raodenoba SeuzRudavia. magaliTad, vinaidan<br />
Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZliaT<br />
gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli,<br />
filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es TavSi<br />
azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT:<br />
`me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad~.<br />
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenelebi<br />
sakmao sifrTxiliT ekidebian daskvnebis gake-<br />
Tebas. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: `arqiteqtorma<br />
daWra kaci~.<br />
rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi<br />
igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi, umravlesobam<br />
SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla<br />
cema) (Premark, 1971). am eqsperimentebis<br />
Sedegebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba<br />
warmoSva (Seidenberg &<br />
Pebitto, 1979). kritikosebi dainteresdnen<br />
Semdegi sakiTxebiT:<br />
Simpanzeebis mier simboloebis<br />
an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombinaciebis<br />
(magaliTad, vaSo bodiSi,<br />
Sen meti daleva) gamoyeneba<br />
aris Tu ara metyvelebis<br />
azriani gamoyeneba. aseve, mniSvnelobaTa<br />
umetesoba, rac miewereba<br />
maimunis gamonaTqvams,<br />
xom ar Cndeba adamianis da<br />
ara maimunis TavSi.<br />
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
siu sevij-rumbaum (Sue<br />
Savage-Rumbaugh, 1998) da misma<br />
kolegebma Caatares kvleva,<br />
romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa<br />
aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis<br />
Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom am da msgavsi<br />
tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi<br />
adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana~ (Dosher<br />
& Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi Sedegebi adasturebs,<br />
rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar<br />
xdeba avtomaturad, magaliTad, viRaca daWres<br />
daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven<br />
akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina<br />
winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gulisxmobs<br />
mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa~ da nacvalsaxel<br />
`igi~-s Soris da `sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~<br />
Soris. aseTi daskvnebi saSualebas gaZlevT,<br />
gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia,<br />
romelsac mosaubre gadmogcemT.
ufro zusti monacemebi Simpanzeebis<br />
metyvelebis unaris Sesaxeb.<br />
sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad,<br />
bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze<br />
muSaobda, romlebic, evoluciuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ufro<br />
axlos arian adamianTan, vidre<br />
Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebi. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom bonobos jiSis<br />
orma maimunma, kinzim da mulikam<br />
kvlevis procesSi spontanurad<br />
aiTvises plastmasisagan<br />
damzadebuli simboloebis<br />
mniSvneloba; maT ar<br />
dasWirdaT rTuli treningi.<br />
isini simboloebis mniSvnelobebs<br />
avtomaturad daeuflnen<br />
adamianebsa da bonobos<br />
jiSis maimunebs Soris komunikaciis<br />
procesze dakvirvebisas.<br />
garda amisa, maT esmiT zogier-<br />
Ti inglisuri sityvis mniSvneloba,<br />
magaliTad, kanzas<br />
SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze<br />
dados misi Sesabamisi simbolo<br />
an foto. mkvlevrebma<br />
bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis<br />
ori maimunisaTvis Seqmnes<br />
pirobebi, sadac maimunebi<br />
metyvelebis iseT gamocdilebas<br />
iRebdnen, rogorc ada-<br />
metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram<br />
esaWiroeba mosaubres, raTa warmoTqvas swori<br />
winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa<br />
sworad gaigos mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi<br />
azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT.<br />
rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni<br />
kognituri procesebis muSaobis meqanizmebi?<br />
metyveleba, azrovneba da<br />
kultura<br />
Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea,<br />
rogor ggoniaT, or enaze Tqven gansxvavebulad<br />
fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena azrovnebaze?<br />
es is kiTxvaa, romelsac mkvlevrebi<br />
miani enis adreuli aTvisebis<br />
periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis<br />
safuZvelze dadginda, rom<br />
Simpanze-panpanzesac ki SeuZlia<br />
zogierTi inglisuri sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca,<br />
bonobos jiSis maimuns – panbaniSas<br />
bevrad ufro meti sityvis<br />
daswavlis unari aqvs (Brake &<br />
Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995).<br />
bonobos jiSis maimunebze mi-<br />
Rebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria,<br />
Tumca, metyvelebis unarisa da<br />
sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas<br />
Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavixsenoT<br />
e.w. msmenelTa gaTvaliswineba.<br />
SeuZliaT cxovelebs informaciis<br />
Secvla auditoriaze<br />
morgebis mizniT? mkvlevrebma<br />
gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am<br />
kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da robert<br />
seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney,<br />
Robert Seyfarth, 1990) didi kvleva<br />
Caatares. isini vervetis jiSis<br />
maimunebis komunikaciur unarebs<br />
swavlobdnen. sxvadasxva tipis<br />
saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leopardis,<br />
arwivis an gvelis moaxloebis<br />
dros es maimunebi<br />
gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen.<br />
maT auditoriidan gamomdinare<br />
SeuZliaT xmis Secvla _<br />
mdedri maimunebi saSiSroebis<br />
dros ufro maRali sixSiris<br />
xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis<br />
STamomaval maimunebTan<br />
erTad arian, vidre sxvebTan.<br />
vervetis jiSis maimunebs ar<br />
SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis<br />
gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, xmis Secvla:<br />
eqsperimentul pirobebSi<br />
Seqmnili saSiSroebis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi deda vervetebi<br />
erTsa da imave xmebs gamoscemen<br />
marto yofnis drosac<br />
da maSinac, roca maTi STamomavali<br />
safrTxis momaswavebeli<br />
movlenis TviTmxilvelia.<br />
mkvlevrebma daadgines,<br />
rom adamiani erTaderTi<br />
cocxali arsebaa, romelsac<br />
SeuZlia sxvisi codnis gaTvaliswineba<br />
da, Sesabamisad,<br />
qcevis Secvla (Povinelli &<br />
Prince, 1998).<br />
rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa<br />
da bonobos jiSis maimunebs<br />
gaaCniaT adamianis msgavsi<br />
metyvelebisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
zogierTi, magram ara<br />
yvela unari.<br />
araerTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro<br />
konkretuli iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur<br />
magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa,<br />
rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi<br />
inglisurenovania, ityoda: _ Daddy threw the ball –<br />
`mamam isrola burTi~, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqulenovania,<br />
maSin ityoda Topu babam atti. rogor<br />
fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria<br />
mocemuli da mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli?<br />
es mTlad ase ar aris: -ti sufiqsi Turquli<br />
winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre<br />
movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca mosaubre<br />
gagonils hyveba, maSin winadadeba mis sufiqsiT<br />
mTavrdeba, anu iqneboda atmis. inglisur enaze<br />
mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im<br />
metyveleba<br />
329
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
330<br />
movlenebis mixedviT, romlebic sakuTari<br />
TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa<br />
cnobili (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZlebelia<br />
Tu ara, rom ori enis gansxvavebulma<br />
gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos<br />
azrovnebis stilze? Turquli da inglisuri<br />
enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ucnobia.<br />
xom ar gsurT CaataroT kvleva? es gansxvaveba<br />
gasagebs xdis azrovnebaze enis potenciuri<br />
zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebas.<br />
am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla edvard<br />
sepirma (Edward Sapir) da misma studentma benjamen<br />
lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort) daiwyes. kroslingvisturi<br />
kvlevebis safuZvelze miRebul<br />
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT avtorebma daaskvnes, rom<br />
enaSi gansxvavebebi azrSi gansxvavebebs<br />
ganapirobebs. sepiri aRniSnavs:<br />
„Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad ganvicdiT<br />
movlenebs, radganac Cveni sazogadoebis<br />
enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis<br />
gansazRvruli arCevanisadmi gangvawyobs~<br />
(Sapir, 1941/1964, gv. 69)<br />
sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze gaakeTes.<br />
uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic<br />
sepir-uorfis hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix.<br />
Brown, 1976).<br />
� lingvisturi fardobiToba _ enebs Soris<br />
arsebuli struqturuli gansxvavebebi aisaxeba<br />
am enebze molaparake individebis gansxvavebul<br />
aralingvistur kognitur unarebze.<br />
� lingvisturi determinizmi – enis struqtura<br />
Zlier gavlenas axdens da, SesaZloa,<br />
mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake<br />
individebis mier samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas.<br />
am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi determinizmi<br />
SedarebiT ufro Zlieria, radgan is<br />
amtkicebs, rom ena, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs<br />
azrovnebas. Tanamedrove mecnierebma – fsiqologebma,<br />
lingvistebma da anTropologebma<br />
araerTgzis scades kvlevis zusti meTodebis<br />
Seqmna am hipoTezis gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz &<br />
Levinson, 1996).<br />
ganvixiloT azrovnebaze enis gavlenis erTerTi<br />
aspeqti. SesaZloa, gagikvirdeT, rom sxvadasxva<br />
enaSi ferTa dasaxelebis gansxvavebuli<br />
raodenobaa. lingvisturi analizis safuZvelze<br />
dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi ferTa 11 dasaxelebaa<br />
(Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane,<br />
lurji, yavisferi, mewamuli, vardisferi, stafilosferi,<br />
nacrisferi), xolo zogierT enaSi,<br />
magaliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi,<br />
romelsac dani ewodeba, ferTa ori dasaxeleba<br />
arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da Ria) (Berlin &<br />
Kay, 1969). uorfi miiCnevs, rom adamiani `samyaros<br />
mSobliuri enis safuZvelze adiferencirebs~<br />
(1956 gv. 213): mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom ferTa<br />
dasaxelebis raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa,<br />
gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre<br />
adamianebis mier ferebis klasifikaciis unarebze.<br />
Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze<br />
dadginda, rom sxvadaxsva enaze molaparake<br />
adamianebi erTnairad asruleben ferebis klasifikaciis<br />
davalebebs. es monacemebi eWvqveS<br />
ayeneben mtkicebas lingvisturi determinizmis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevrebi mainc iziareben azrs<br />
SedarebiT susti gavlenis Sesaxeb – metyvelebaSi<br />
gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi<br />
sdevs Tan.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis<br />
klasifikaciaze<br />
mkvlevrebma cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeemowmebinaT<br />
sami feris wiri. ferebi aRebuli<br />
iyo lurjidan mwvanemde speqtrul<br />
diapazonSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT, ganesazRvraT,<br />
sami elferidan yvelaze metad<br />
romeli gansxvavdeboda danarCeni orisagan.<br />
cdis pirTa erTi jgufi warmodgenili<br />
iyo inglisurenovani individebiT (inglisur<br />
enaSi arsebobs mwvanisa da lurjis<br />
leqsikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi),<br />
xolo meore – CrdiloeT meqsikaSi mcxovrebi<br />
individebiT, romlebic tarahumaras<br />
enaze laparakoben. am enaSi lurjisa da<br />
mwvane elferis aRsaniSnad arsebobs<br />
mxolod erTi sityva – Siyoname. mkvlevrebi<br />
varaudobdnen, rom, Tu sepir-uorfis<br />
hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani<br />
individebi SeZlebdnen lurjisa da mwva-
nis zRvarTan axlomyofi elferis garCevas,<br />
radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityvebi<br />
mwvane (green) da lurji (blue); xolo<br />
imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi<br />
gansxvavebuli erTeulebi ar arsebobs, am<br />
enaze molaparake cdis pirebi ver SeZlebdnen<br />
mosazRvre elferebis garCevas (Key<br />
& Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi<br />
adasturebs sepir-uorfis hipoTezas: ferTa<br />
triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros inglisurenovani<br />
cdis pirebi arCeven sxvadasxva<br />
elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake<br />
individebi ki _ vera.<br />
msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris<br />
uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa, rogorc es<br />
Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze<br />
giCveneT. Sesabamisad, arsebobs uamravi sakiTxi<br />
(hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs<br />
(gerrig &Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996).<br />
savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba enebs<br />
Soris arsebuli bevri iseTi leqsikuri da<br />
gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa, gansxvaveba<br />
sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom Cven kulturuli gansxvavebebi aRvwereT<br />
„fsiqologia da cxovrebaSi~, mizanSewonili<br />
iqneba, gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi<br />
fardobiTobisa da determinizmis sakiTxebi. Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gansxvavebuli<br />
kulturis warmomadgenlebi er-<br />
TmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben,<br />
SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi kulturul gansxvavebze<br />
metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.<br />
axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis<br />
sakiTxidan gadavideT im pirobebis ganxilvaze,<br />
sadac mniSvneloba vizualur xatzec aris<br />
damokidebuli.<br />
Sejameba<br />
saubrisas adamianebi cdiloben, iyvnen<br />
gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi. Sesabamisi<br />
msmenelis arseboba saerTo codnis gaTvaliswinebas<br />
moiTxovs. spunerizmi da metyvelebis<br />
sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori<br />
frazebisa da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da<br />
Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas.<br />
orazrovani sityvebis, struqturebisa da gamonaTqvamebis<br />
gasagebad, mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo<br />
variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad<br />
msmenelebi iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri<br />
reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalibdeba.<br />
miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis<br />
gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis<br />
gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT<br />
xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, enebi,<br />
romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRvraven<br />
adamianis mier samyaros aRqmasa da gaazrebas.<br />
am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli<br />
faqti ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi<br />
gamovlinda. mkvlevrebis winaSe kvlav dgas enebs<br />
Soris arsebuli uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis<br />
sakiTxi, romelic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes<br />
azrovnebaze.<br />
vizualuri Semecneba<br />
9.6 suraTze mocemulia winadadebis _ „kata<br />
xaliCazea~ _ reprezentaciis ori nimuSi. romelia<br />
TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas<br />
lingvistur propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiazrebT,<br />
orive sworia – orive suraTze kata<br />
xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT,<br />
ufro misaRebi A variantia, radgan am winadadebis<br />
gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am<br />
suraTis Sesabamisi scena warmogidgebaT (Searle,<br />
1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb?<br />
cota ucnauria, ara? ase ggoniaT, kata sadacaa<br />
daecema. es SfoTva imitom Cndeba, rom Tqven<br />
SegiZliaT situacia gaiazroT suraTebze day-<br />
vizualuri Semecneba<br />
331
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
332<br />
suraTi 9.6<br />
vizualuri reprezentaciebi<br />
aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze?<br />
rdnobiT da zustad warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba<br />
moxdes. am nawilSi Cven azrovnebaze vizualuri<br />
xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas ganvixilavT.<br />
vizualuri reprezentaciebis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze<br />
gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas<br />
(Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi<br />
ukve vaxseneT me-6 TavSi), romelmac benzolis<br />
qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros<br />
kekule xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave<br />
atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT jaWvSi<br />
erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi<br />
aRmoaCina, roca gvelismagvarma molekulaTa<br />
jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra.<br />
maikl faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi<br />
Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda maTematikaSi,<br />
magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda<br />
magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben,<br />
albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis<br />
terminebiT azrovnebda da mxolod maTze<br />
dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg<br />
gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da<br />
sityvebis saSualebiT.<br />
es magaliTebi imisaTvis movitaneT, rom<br />
Tqvenc vizualuri xatebiT azrovneba scadoT,<br />
Tumca, maTiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari<br />
mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT.<br />
ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac cdis<br />
pirebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis<br />
warmodgenaSi „datrialeba~.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis<br />
msgavsia<br />
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso „R~-sa da<br />
misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli „ß~) nimuSebi<br />
(ix. sur 9.7). asos miwodebisTanave cdis pirs<br />
evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi<br />
„R~ iyo, Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda,<br />
rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli<br />
dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapirproporciul<br />
kavSirSia – rac ufro metad<br />
aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti<br />
dro sWirdeba mis identifikacias. miRebuli<br />
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom, cdis pirebi cdiloben,<br />
warmoidginon figura da moatrialon is vertikalur<br />
mdgomareobamde garkveuli fiqsirebuli<br />
siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyvetilebas.<br />
rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneblebi<br />
miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri<br />
rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard&<br />
Cooper, 1982).<br />
adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi<br />
rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5 TavSi naxeT, xSirad<br />
sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan<br />
gixdebaT. gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT,<br />
SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da moargoT<br />
xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba<br />
(Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). magaliTad,<br />
9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven,<br />
albaT, daatrialeT figura, raTa amogecnoT<br />
is, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi moatrialeT?).<br />
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT,<br />
agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis<br />
gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian:<br />
„golfis saTamaSo burTi ufro didia Tu ping
pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT<br />
erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri<br />
xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic,<br />
mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul<br />
saganTan.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
vizualuri xatebis skanireba<br />
erT-erTi kvlevis dros cdis pirebs<br />
sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli figura,<br />
kerZod, motoriani navi (ix. sur 9.8).<br />
Semdeg sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT TvalsaCinod<br />
da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT<br />
detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze; Semdeg sTxov-<br />
suraTi 9.7<br />
sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili<br />
`R~, romelic warmodgenis<br />
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes<br />
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTi TanmimdevrobiT<br />
miewodebodaT figurebi da<br />
moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad<br />
ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli _<br />
`R~ Tu misi sarkiseburi asli. rac<br />
ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili<br />
vertikaluri mdgomareobidan, miT<br />
ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.<br />
dnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi detali,<br />
magaliTad, saqare mina an Ruza.<br />
aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis „dasanaxad~ (warmosadgenad)<br />
cdis pirebs ufro meti dro sWiro<br />
axlosaa ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis<br />
droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom<br />
adamianebi iseve aTvaliereben vizualur<br />
xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn,<br />
1980).<br />
ganvixiloT Semdegi problema:<br />
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi<br />
furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze (miiRebT<br />
or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi<br />
gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar<br />
suraTi 9.8<br />
warmodgenis vizualuri<br />
skanireba<br />
vizualuri Semecneba<br />
333
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
334<br />
gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis<br />
iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)?<br />
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili<br />
(2 50 x 0.028 diumi – qaRaldis sisqe), daaxloebiT<br />
dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven,<br />
albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena<br />
gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT.<br />
verbaluri da vizualuri<br />
reprezentaciebis kombinireba<br />
Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT<br />
vizualuri reprezentaciebis im tipebze, romelTa<br />
Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli<br />
vizualuri stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT<br />
gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi –<br />
mexsierebidan amotaniT. vizualur xatebs Tqven<br />
xSirad qmniT verbaluri informaciis safuZvelze.<br />
magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad<br />
arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT<br />
kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri<br />
informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizualuri<br />
reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
verbaluri informaciis xatovani warmodgenis<br />
unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis<br />
dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs Seicavs.<br />
ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan: _ „ganzraxvidan<br />
mkvlelobamde~:<br />
mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis<br />
zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT<br />
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT<br />
iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS<br />
ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT<br />
mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis<br />
ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara goraki<br />
esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida<br />
goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs<br />
Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda<br />
gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959<br />
gv. 19-20).<br />
scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmarebodiT<br />
bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is mas ipovis).<br />
kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis<br />
mizniT, SegiZliaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli<br />
SeqmnaT (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). mkvlevrebi<br />
araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs<br />
sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli realuri sivrciTi<br />
gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).<br />
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso<br />
nawyvets moTxrobidan:<br />
operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT.<br />
Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da<br />
esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs<br />
da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT<br />
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic<br />
parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan,<br />
Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze Cuqur-<br />
Tmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, romelic<br />
kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad<br />
mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65).<br />
seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxvelebi)<br />
teqstebs swavlobdnen, romlebSic<br />
detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo<br />
arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky,<br />
1990). mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom gonebaSi<br />
warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis<br />
sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis<br />
Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis siswrafes.<br />
(sur. 9.9.) cdis pirebi ufro swrafad<br />
pasuxoben kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven win~, vidre<br />
kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven ukan~, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi sizustiT iyo<br />
aRwerili.<br />
am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia, Tu<br />
dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros aRmocenebuli<br />
reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlevT „moxvdeT<br />
scenaze~; Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdileba<br />
gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT gamocdilebad.<br />
zogadad, Tqven garSemo arsebul samyaroze<br />
fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis gixdebaT informaciis<br />
vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis<br />
Sejereba. Tu gindaT darwmundeT amaSi,<br />
scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT<br />
amis gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobilia<br />
vizualuri gamocdilebiT, magaliTad, Tqven<br />
daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazuloba,<br />
radganac is nanaxi gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis<br />
zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias<br />
eyrdnoba, anu, SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia<br />
ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca,<br />
SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad unda daxatoT is.<br />
erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, romelic 49<br />
qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000
suraTi 9.9<br />
students sTxoves, daexataT msoflio ruka<br />
(Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena,<br />
Tu rogoria kulturaTa Soris sxvaoba msoflios<br />
vizualizaciis mixedviT; is mSvidobis xelSewyobasac<br />
isaxavda miznad.<br />
kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli msoflio fokusirebulia<br />
evropaze – evropa mocemulia naxatis<br />
centrSi, xolo mis garSemo ganlagebulia<br />
sxvadasxva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpirobebuli<br />
iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenil<br />
rukebze evropa rukis centrSia. Tumca, dafiqsirda<br />
kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.10<br />
da 9.11 suraTebze warmodgenilia CikagoSi da<br />
avstraliaSi mcxovrebi studentebis mier<br />
daxatuli rukebi. es rukebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra<br />
xdeba, roca verbaluri perspeqtiva – Cemi saxli<br />
unda iyos centrSi – gavlenas axdens vizualur<br />
reprezentaciaze.<br />
am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri<br />
procesebi da reprezentaciebi Seavsebs verbalur<br />
unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi<br />
yoveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da<br />
amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT saSualebebs<br />
warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi,<br />
sadac xdeba vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis<br />
gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis<br />
daZlevis dros. es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra<br />
da azrovneba.<br />
Sejameba<br />
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezentaciebis<br />
gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi rotaciisaTvis.<br />
adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvaliereben<br />
ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri<br />
da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs<br />
SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis<br />
Seqmna.<br />
problemebis gadaWra da<br />
azrovneba<br />
warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli<br />
situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT CageketaT Tqveni<br />
saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da gareT darCiT.<br />
rogor moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT,<br />
Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs~ gadadgamdiT am<br />
problemis dasaZlevad. es ,,gonebrivi nabijebi~<br />
aucileblad gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs,<br />
romlebic problemis gadwyvetasa da azrovnebas<br />
ganapirobeben. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es<br />
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis<br />
procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli<br />
problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi<br />
momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs<br />
mTeli rigi fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.<br />
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi,<br />
rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT;<br />
mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimar-<br />
Tuli azrovnebis procesi.<br />
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba<br />
335
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
336<br />
suraTi 9.10<br />
orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali<br />
informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul<br />
informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT problemis<br />
gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis<br />
or formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs.<br />
problemis gadawyveta<br />
,,ra arsebaa, romelic diliT oTx fexze<br />
dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo mzis Casvlis<br />
Semdeg _ samze?~ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad,<br />
suraTi 9.11<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT _ msoflio<br />
avstraliaze centrirebulad<br />
aris warmodgenili.<br />
axla vin aris qvemoT?<br />
borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am<br />
amocanis amoxsna ubrZana, xolo sanam vinme mis<br />
amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmar-<br />
Tvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis<br />
elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe<br />
da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva<br />
periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis<br />
dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili<br />
adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo moxucebulobaSi<br />
adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis,<br />
siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs, e.i. sam fexze<br />
dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo _ ,,adamiani~.
Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar<br />
aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT rTuli, magram<br />
problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />
ZiriTadi nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT<br />
problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT:<br />
rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis<br />
Sesruleba drois gansazRvrul periodSi;<br />
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze;<br />
rogor gavwyvitoT urTierToba arasasurvel<br />
pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakav-<br />
Sirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro<br />
informacias Soris gansvlasTan. rodesac problemas<br />
wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro<br />
informaciis mopovebiT. problemis daZlevis<br />
arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12<br />
suraTze mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT,<br />
naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gadawyvetis<br />
Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa,<br />
TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, romlebic<br />
davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi<br />
dagexmarebaT.<br />
problemuri situacia<br />
rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur<br />
cxovrebiseul pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven<br />
acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgo-<br />
mareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad,<br />
materialur gaWirvebas ganicdiT da fulis Sovna<br />
gsurT; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZliaT<br />
(an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZlevad.<br />
magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT<br />
raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis<br />
qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra<br />
sam elements moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972).<br />
problema ganisazRvreba:<br />
1. Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli<br />
informacia an aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;<br />
2. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi Tqven-<br />
Tvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;<br />
3. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is savaraudo<br />
safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT mocemuli<br />
mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.<br />
am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba<br />
problemuri situacia. ilustraciis mizniT<br />
problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT<br />
labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia),<br />
romelic sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli<br />
mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgilebas<br />
(mizani) gulisxmobs. am dros Tqven<br />
gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba.<br />
problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis<br />
umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami<br />
elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad<br />
gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli<br />
problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas<br />
hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili<br />
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi,<br />
romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni<br />
amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT operaciebi<br />
pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli<br />
problema ki saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis<br />
daweras an Sidsis mkurnalobis meTodis aRmo-<br />
Cenas hgavs, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili<br />
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa problemis<br />
arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgo-<br />
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,<br />
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba<br />
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis<br />
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ informacia<br />
an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis<br />
adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis<br />
mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde<br />
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.<br />
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba<br />
337
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
338<br />
(A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis<br />
gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT?<br />
(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea<br />
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs<br />
milidan?<br />
(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa<br />
62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs.<br />
scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT?<br />
(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu<br />
xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT<br />
miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs?<br />
(E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.<br />
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.<br />
(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3<br />
qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel<br />
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?<br />
suraTi 9.12<br />
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)<br />
scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT<br />
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.)<br />
mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis<br />
SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena.<br />
rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac<br />
ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo<br />
mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia<br />
swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis<br />
misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT<br />
maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT,<br />
rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma<br />
mogcaT formula x 2 +x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazRvroT<br />
x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis?<br />
am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT<br />
gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa-<br />
fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis<br />
gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis problemebis<br />
gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs<br />
sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is<br />
swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi<br />
saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT.<br />
Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva<br />
variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4),<br />
gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis,<br />
SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis<br />
gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad<br />
gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac<br />
naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba
da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia,<br />
adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul<br />
meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba<br />
praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs saidumlo<br />
mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT gaarkvioT,<br />
vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven,<br />
SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma<br />
mokla, radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT,<br />
rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT<br />
banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT,<br />
evristika warmoadgens msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.<br />
mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situaciaSi<br />
adamianebis mier algoriTmisa da evristikis<br />
gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis<br />
Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmama-<br />
Rali fiqris meTods, romelic fiqris verbalizacias<br />
gulisxmobs (Ericson & Simon, 1993).<br />
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, SeeswavlaT<br />
is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac<br />
cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis problemas<br />
(suraTi 9.10, nawili C) (Kaplan & Simon,<br />
1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris<br />
xmamaRali fiqris oqmis Canaweri, sadac igi<br />
akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis<br />
gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod<br />
vertikalurad an horizontalurad daalagebs<br />
(dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda).<br />
,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es moklea,uhhh...<br />
vardisferi ufro metia, vidre<br />
Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa<br />
SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver<br />
vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es<br />
ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).<br />
cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda,<br />
Tu dominoebs sul horizontalurad an vertikalurad<br />
daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevrebi cdis<br />
pirTa azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris<br />
modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben (Simon,<br />
1979, 1989).<br />
problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba<br />
ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu<br />
gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas,<br />
SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom „uamravi ram<br />
aris erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.~ problemis<br />
gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas zustad<br />
imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad problemis<br />
gadaWras aZnelebs is, rom misi gadawyvetis<br />
gonebrivi moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis<br />
arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky &<br />
Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli<br />
rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu<br />
moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli<br />
TiToeuli moqmedeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa,<br />
verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan saboloo<br />
miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT<br />
am SesaZlo problemis gadaWra?<br />
problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni resursebis<br />
Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis<br />
SemuSavebas.<br />
Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis<br />
problemebis gadaWra, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba<br />
daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul<br />
komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtomatizacias<br />
da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al.,<br />
1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niuiorkSi<br />
da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT<br />
gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba.<br />
SegiZliaT qalaqis sxvdasxva monakveTSi gansxvavebuli<br />
sapasuxo reaqciebi gamoimuSavoT.<br />
ase rom, Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi gadayvetilebis<br />
mza komponentebi geqnebaT, Tqven mTel yurad-<br />
Rebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi<br />
ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis<br />
safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni<br />
yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT.<br />
gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi<br />
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. msof-<br />
algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safexureobrivi<br />
procedura, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis<br />
problemis gadasaWrelad.<br />
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an<br />
,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba<br />
rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis<br />
gadasaWrelad.<br />
xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols)<br />
_<br />
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba<br />
339
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
340<br />
suraTi 9.13<br />
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II)<br />
aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan<br />
pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am<br />
amocanebs.<br />
lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis<br />
figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis<br />
gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili<br />
strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs<br />
erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos<br />
(Gobet & Simon, 1996).<br />
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis<br />
povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaazrebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi<br />
mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis<br />
amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT.<br />
Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad<br />
maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, warmatebas<br />
ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi<br />
iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi<br />
mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams,<br />
1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian er-<br />
TmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT<br />
erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana<br />
damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas<br />
uzrunvelyofs swori – vizualuri da ara verbaluri<br />
an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamoyeneba.<br />
Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs<br />
gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob-<br />
lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis<br />
mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan<br />
ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro<br />
milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT<br />
Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad<br />
cxrili 9.6<br />
gamocana `beri~<br />
erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti<br />
beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki<br />
viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis.<br />
spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwvervalisaken<br />
miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasveneblad,<br />
Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis<br />
Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis<br />
marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amosvlisas,<br />
beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba,<br />
isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camosvlisas<br />
misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad<br />
aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT,<br />
rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri<br />
zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvlisasac<br />
da Camosvlisasac<br />
(pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).
ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS,<br />
iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is,<br />
rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasamagreblad<br />
ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi<br />
gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli<br />
unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi,<br />
xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda<br />
miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcionaluri<br />
rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix.<br />
sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri<br />
rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad<br />
miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi<br />
axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac<br />
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze.<br />
rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT,<br />
pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT<br />
mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis<br />
gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi<br />
ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis<br />
saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi<br />
_ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli<br />
axali kombinaciis misaRebad.<br />
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT,<br />
rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT.<br />
qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas,<br />
romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.<br />
deduqciuri azrovneba<br />
warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da<br />
fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito<br />
baraTiT _ „American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT<br />
restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens<br />
suraTi 9.14<br />
gamocana `beri~-s<br />
amoxsna<br />
A suraTze naCvenebia ori<br />
beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan<br />
zemoT, meore _<br />
zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze<br />
warmodgenilia maTi Sexvedris<br />
adgili dRis erTsa<br />
da imave momentSi. axla<br />
SecvaleT ori beri erTiT;<br />
amocana damtkicebulia.<br />
restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, „American Express~,<br />
sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT:<br />
„Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs<br />
viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT,<br />
rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben.<br />
ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT<br />
silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gake-<br />
Tebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma<br />
filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:<br />
wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad<br />
sakredito baraTs;<br />
wanamZRvari 2. „American Express~ aris ZiriTadi<br />
sakredito ba-raTi;<br />
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American<br />
Express~.<br />
aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimar-<br />
Teba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic<br />
realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri<br />
azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas<br />
gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi<br />
moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs<br />
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac<br />
logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma<br />
gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven,<br />
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) –<br />
sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali<br />
funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis<br />
unaris arqona.<br />
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) –<br />
azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti<br />
wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis<br />
unars gulisxmobs.<br />
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba<br />
341
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
342<br />
gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis formaluri<br />
wesebi (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi<br />
kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, marTlac<br />
gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari,<br />
magram realur samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze<br />
gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros<br />
Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
reprezentaciuli resursebi.<br />
modiT, es msjeloba qvemoT mocemul daskvnaze<br />
ganvavrcoT da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens<br />
codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT<br />
Semdegi silogizmi:<br />
wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava,<br />
sWirdeba benzini;<br />
wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT benzini;<br />
daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava.<br />
rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis<br />
wesebis Tanaxmad — ara, radgan pirveli<br />
wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT<br />
sagans, romelsac ara aqvs Zrava, agreTve,<br />
sWirdeba benzini. siZnele isaa, rom is, rac<br />
arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris aucilebeli,<br />
rom mcdari iyos realur cxovrebaSic.<br />
e.i., Tu Tqven mxolod pirvel da meore<br />
wanamZRvarSi mocemul informacias flobT da<br />
Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc formaluri<br />
logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna<br />
mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac cdis pirebi<br />
msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna<br />
logikurad ori wanamZR-vridan, isini dadebiTi<br />
pasuxisken ufro maSin ixrebian, rodesac daskvna<br />
avtomobils exeba, vidre, rodesac raime uazro<br />
termini gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).<br />
aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs<br />
warmoadgens. rwmenis efeqti gulisxmobs, rom<br />
adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im daskvnebs,<br />
romelTaTvisac SeuZliaT realuri samyaros<br />
misaRebi modelis konstruireba (ageba), xolo<br />
mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac<br />
amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al., 1983; Janis & Frick,<br />
1943; Newstead et al., 1992).<br />
rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) – situacia,<br />
romelsac pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi<br />
amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis<br />
process, aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari<br />
argumentebi.<br />
Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna,<br />
romelic Seesabameba adamianis gonebaSi problemis<br />
reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad<br />
miiCneva. avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, codna avtomobilebis<br />
Sesaxeb aZnelebs am daskvnis uaryofas.<br />
Tumca, roca monawileebs misces zustad<br />
es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT daskvna,<br />
daaxloebiT naxevarma SeZlo sworad ganesazRvra,<br />
rom am formulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoitanda.<br />
amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro naklebi<br />
gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis<br />
procesebze, vidre Tqven mier sxvisi daskvnebis<br />
Sefasebaze (Rips, 1990).<br />
logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri instruqciebi,<br />
romlebic aq aris aRwerili,<br />
amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et<br />
al., 1994).<br />
azrovnebis unars gamocdilebac aumjobesebs.<br />
amaSi dasarwmuneblad SeadareT, Tu ro-gor<br />
asrulebT erTsa da imave davalebas abstraqtuli<br />
azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb<br />
realuri codnis gamoyenebiT.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia<br />
4 baraTi, romelTagan TiToeulze weria „A~,<br />
„D~, „4", „7" ise, rogorc es 9.15 suraTzea warmodgenili.<br />
romeli baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT,<br />
rom SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu baraTis erT mxares<br />
xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~
suraTi 9.15<br />
abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba<br />
Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is baraTebi,<br />
romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: `Tu baraTis erT mxares mocemulia<br />
xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~. qveda rigSi mocemuli<br />
baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT,<br />
SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: `Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis<br />
dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos~. rogorc wesi, cdis pirebi meore<br />
(Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras izamdiT? umravlesoba<br />
fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi<br />
„ A~ — rac sworia da baraTi „4", rac arasworia.<br />
mocemuli wesis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad<br />
araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs baraTs „4", amitom<br />
mis gadmobrunebas azri ar aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?);<br />
Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi „7" da Tu<br />
naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani,<br />
gamodis, rom wesi ar aris swori.<br />
am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas<br />
(Wason selection task) uwodeben, romelic eWvqveS<br />
ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars.<br />
es negatiuri azri Semdgom modificirebul iqna<br />
ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevrebma gamoTqves<br />
varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, cdis pirebi bara-<br />
Tebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben aradeduqciur<br />
strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben,<br />
vidre uaryofen wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis<br />
ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am strategias<br />
mcdar deduqciur azrovnebamde mivyavarT,<br />
realur situaciaSi is mizanSewonilia mimarTebebis<br />
Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad<br />
(Oaksford, Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997).<br />
meore: deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba<br />
ufro efeqturia, rodesac cdis pirebs saSualeba<br />
aqvT, rom veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros<br />
gamoiyenon samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codna<br />
(Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoi-dgineT, Tqven<br />
gTxoves 9.13 suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul<br />
baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda<br />
SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu momxmarebeli apirebs<br />
alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis<br />
mainc unda iyos~ (CHeng & Holyoak, 1985).<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli<br />
baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT: „17" da „ludis<br />
daleva~. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis<br />
dros SegiZliaT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema<br />
gamoiyenoT. rogorc me-8 TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis<br />
Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven<br />
akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba gaqvT. gaixseneT<br />
is dro, rodesac geubnebodnen: „televizors<br />
ver uyureb, sanam saSinao davalebas ar Seasruleb~.<br />
aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi<br />
Tqven imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur<br />
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac erTmaneTTan<br />
kavSirSia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia,<br />
xolo pirobiT situaciaSi, romelic luw ricxvebsa<br />
da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia<br />
ar xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis davalebebi<br />
ar iZleva deduqciuri azrovnebis unaris<br />
saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Sedegad<br />
gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi sqemebis<br />
SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea.<br />
zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis<br />
bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli variantis Catarebis<br />
dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT<br />
wesis gageba, Tu ra aris nebadarTuli da ra –<br />
akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom<br />
akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tandayolili<br />
iyos (Cummins, 1996). radgan is ar<br />
aris damokidebuli socialur normebze, SesaZ-<br />
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba<br />
343
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
344<br />
loa, warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis<br />
nawils, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema adamians,<br />
rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999).<br />
am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia,<br />
saidanac Tqven swor deduqciur daskvnas<br />
akeTebdiT sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis<br />
Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi<br />
SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis<br />
gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki.<br />
axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis axal versias,<br />
romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis azrovnebas<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
induqciuri azrovneba<br />
warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT<br />
restoranSi da mxolod maSin gagaxsendaT,<br />
SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi<br />
fuli. aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni sakredito baraTis<br />
_ „American Express~ _ gamoyeneba mogiwevT, magram<br />
restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba restoranSi<br />
sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis Taobaze.<br />
restornis fanjrebidan moCans kargad Cacmuli<br />
momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi<br />
sakmaod maRalia. mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven<br />
garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas,<br />
mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT,<br />
rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens sakredito<br />
baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac<br />
is Tqvens varauds emyareba da ara _ logikur<br />
wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna ki induqciuri azrovnebis<br />
nimuSia, rodesac azrovneba gulisxmobs<br />
savaraudo (da ara sando) daskvnebs mocemul<br />
situaciaze dayrdnobiT.<br />
Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri azrovnebis<br />
ramdenime nimuSi. me-5 da me-8 TavebSi<br />
vnaxeT, rom adamianebi warsulSi dagrovil informacias<br />
iyeneben awmyosa da momavlis gansazRvris<br />
mizniT. Tqven induqciur azrovnebas<br />
Semdeg SemTxvevebSi iyenebT: haerSi popkornis<br />
surnelis safuZvelze askvniT, rom viRac<br />
popkorns akeTebs; induqciur azrovnebas iyenebT,<br />
Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze<br />
induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) –<br />
azrovnebis forma, romelic misawvdom mtkicebulebaze<br />
da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT<br />
garkveuli albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas<br />
gulisxmobs.<br />
uecrad ar gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni<br />
codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros).<br />
dabolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis tipebi,<br />
romlebic adamianis saubridan gamomdinareoben.<br />
Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad<br />
maRali wris warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis<br />
maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis<br />
nimuSs warmoadgens.<br />
realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris<br />
unari xSirad induqciur azrovnebazea damokidebuli.<br />
davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven<br />
SemTxveviT CageketaT kari da gareT darCiT.<br />
ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi aseT<br />
dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba<br />
pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia. am process<br />
problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam<br />
dros Tqven iwyebT awmyo da warsul situaciebs<br />
Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988;<br />
Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT<br />
darCenis~ warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze<br />
SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi _ `iseTi<br />
adamianebis moZebna, romelTac aqvT gasaRebi~.<br />
am wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am adamianebis<br />
gamoyofas da fiqrs, Tu rogor ipovoT<br />
isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990), risTvisac SeiZleba<br />
dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic Tqveni<br />
megobrebis mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis<br />
gadaWra imitom geadvilebaT, rom Tqven ukve<br />
mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas _<br />
induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT,<br />
gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da swrafad<br />
gadaWraT axali problemebi.<br />
problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb<br />
kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba<br />
aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad, Tqveni maTematikisa<br />
da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswavleblebi<br />
gacnoben ramdenime amocanas Tavisi<br />
amonaxsniT. amocanebi ukve damuSavebuli pasuxebiT<br />
mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloebSic. Semdgom<br />
Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis amoxsna,<br />
romlebsac, savaraudod, daZlevT. aseTi midgoma<br />
emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Tqven gamoiyenebT<br />
induqciur azrovnebas da SeZlebT Zveli meTodebis<br />
gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad.<br />
mkvlevrebi Seecadnen, ganesazRvraT is pirobebi,<br />
romlebSic moswavleebi warsuli gamocdilebis<br />
maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett &<br />
Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991). zogadi<br />
daskvna, romelic maT gamoitanes, gulisxmobs,
om moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad<br />
daxmareba sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem<br />
SeZlos axal problemaSi Zveli problemis<br />
mniSvnelobis danaxva, xSirad saWiroa damatebiTi<br />
waxaliseba — miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis<br />
micema (Ross & Kennedy, 1990). modiT ganvixiloT<br />
magaliTi.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs<br />
xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT<br />
daakvirdiT 9.16 suraTis I nawilSi mocemul<br />
figuras. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam<br />
milis zeda bolodan Caasxa wyali. ra<br />
mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi milis<br />
qveda bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZliaT<br />
gamoiyenoT meore nawilSi mocemuli<br />
nimuSebi. ganvixiloT odnav Secvlili<br />
varianti. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis<br />
TavSi Slangi daamagra. cvlis es rames?<br />
cdis pirebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT<br />
wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac,<br />
maTi azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamosvlis<br />
Semdeg. Semdgom sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT<br />
is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda<br />
maT naxats. erT-erT eqsperimentSi, sadac<br />
pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, cdis<br />
pirTa mxolod 30%-ma gasca swori pasuxi<br />
(f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis<br />
Semdeg es ricxvi 75%-mde gaizarda. ra<br />
ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc Cans,<br />
warsuli gamocdilebis eqsplicituri Sexsenebisas<br />
(magaliTad, gaixseneT, rogor<br />
gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan),<br />
cdis pirebi iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas,<br />
Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini fiqroben,<br />
rom „miamituri fizikis~ kanonidan gamomdinare,<br />
milidan gamosvlis Semdeg wylis<br />
nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul moZraobas<br />
(Catrambone et al., 1995).<br />
am eqsperimentSi kargad Cans, rom adamianebis<br />
umravlesobas problemis gadaWrisas sWirdeba<br />
Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon induqciuri<br />
azrovneba.<br />
Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sexseneba<br />
xSirad aucilebelia — maswavleblebi<br />
da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT<br />
miniSnebebs. ra unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven<br />
TviTon, SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli<br />
analogia; SeecadeT, gansazRvroT problemis<br />
struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi struqturis<br />
mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis<br />
daZlevis meTodi.<br />
rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli<br />
Zveli problemis komponentebi da struqtura,<br />
miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs<br />
Soris msgavsebis danaxva da gadawyvetilebis<br />
meTodis morgeba. manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT<br />
fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs da maT mier<br />
miRebuli Sedegebi maswavleblebs da saxelmZRvanelos<br />
avtorebs gauziaroT.<br />
suraTi 9.16<br />
ra mimarTulebiT wava<br />
wyali<br />
warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pirvel<br />
nawilSi daxatuli mowyobilobidan<br />
gamodis wylis nakadi.<br />
rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT<br />
wava wyali? daxateT. Semdeg ki,<br />
meore nawilSi warmodgenili<br />
nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi,<br />
romelic yvelaze metad hgavs<br />
Tqvens naxats.<br />
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba<br />
345
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
346<br />
induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev<br />
erTi ram unda aRvniSnoT. xSirad SesaZlebelia<br />
efeqturi gadawyvetilebis ganmeorebiT gamoyeneba,<br />
magram rig SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da<br />
axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa,<br />
warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli<br />
SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas. 9.12<br />
suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis amocana amis<br />
klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
warsul gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo<br />
SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins,<br />
1942). pirveli ori amocanis „F~ nawilSi Tqven<br />
aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs<br />
zogadi formula B-A-2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame<br />
amocanis amoxsnisas isev SeecdebiT mis gamoyenebas<br />
da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame<br />
amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda<br />
gaavsoT „A~ qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom<br />
Seivsos „C~ qila, ris Semdegac dagrCebaT wylis<br />
saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es<br />
rogor unda gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amosaxsnelad<br />
pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis<br />
gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba, romelmac warmateba<br />
mogitanaT. ganwyoba - es aris fsiqikuri<br />
aqtivobis, azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi<br />
mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis<br />
zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis<br />
gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis gazrda. Tumca,<br />
maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli<br />
xerxebi axal situaciaSi ar aris produqtiuli,<br />
maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da<br />
damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze<br />
fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT ukan da hkiTxeT<br />
sakuTar Tavs _ warsuli warmateba xom ar<br />
ganapirobebs Tqveni xedvis SezRudvas?<br />
problemis gadaWrisas gaiTvaliswineT problemuri<br />
situaciebisa da maTi daZlevis rac<br />
SeiZleba farTo speqtri, rac ufro SemoqmedebiTs<br />
gaxdis daZlevis process.<br />
am nawilSi Cven problemis gadawyvetisa da<br />
azrovnebis sxvadasxva tipebi da konkretuli<br />
etapebi ganvixileT, romlebic realur pirobebSi<br />
moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT unda gaiaroT.<br />
am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias<br />
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis<br />
dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis<br />
stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.<br />
mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSvnelovani<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia<br />
gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
procesebTan; agreTve SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor<br />
unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan<br />
situaciaSi.<br />
Sejameba<br />
problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel<br />
mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig operaciebs,<br />
romelTa saSualebiTac Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan<br />
individi aRwevs mizans. problemis<br />
daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi<br />
gadawyvetilebis komponentebs gamocdian da<br />
sasargeblo reprezentaciebs pouloben. deduqciuri<br />
azrovnebis gamoyenebiT sando daskvnebs<br />
viRebT. kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda,<br />
rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian Tanmimdevrulni<br />
deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad,<br />
isini tyuvdebian rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca,<br />
„akrZalvebis~ situaciaSi deduqciuri azrovnebis<br />
efeqturoba imatebs.<br />
induqciuri azrovneba warsuli gamocdilebis<br />
generalizacias moiTxovs. induqcias didi<br />
gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris<br />
dros, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon<br />
misi analogiuri Zveli problema, romlis daZlevis<br />
gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia.<br />
msjeloba da<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
Sesaxeb saubars Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze didi WeSmaritebiT<br />
daviwyebT: Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic<br />
savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT Tu ara 9<br />
dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba<br />
an mogewonoT an _ ara? gamocdis win Tqveni<br />
Canawerebis swavlas amjobinebT Tu saxelmZRvanelos<br />
xelaxla gadakiTxvas? mzad xarT<br />
Tu ara CaebaT xangrZliv urTierTobebSi? radgan<br />
momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SegiZliaT
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi<br />
Tu odesme gqoniaT seriozuli<br />
samedicino konsultacia<br />
eqimTan, Tavad yofilxarT<br />
im situaciis monawile,<br />
roca individis msjelobasa<br />
da problemis gadaWris unars<br />
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />
Tqvens janmrTelobaze pasuxismgebelma<br />
pirma unda<br />
moaxdinos Tqven mier CamoTvlili<br />
simptomebis erTobliobis<br />
(paternis) identifikacia<br />
da daadginos daavadebis<br />
gamomwvevi mizezi; miRebuli<br />
daskvnis safuZvelze individma<br />
samoqmedo gegma unda<br />
SeimuSavos. am procesSi mocemuli<br />
sirTuleebidan gamomdinare,<br />
warmoidgineT raoden<br />
Znelia zustad Tqveni daavadebis<br />
simptomebis aRwera ise,<br />
rom sxvebisaTvis gasagebi<br />
iyos. swored amitom kognitur<br />
mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ramdenime<br />
welia muSaoben kompiuterul<br />
programebze, romlebic<br />
mniSvnelovan daxmarebas<br />
uwevs eqimebsa da janmrTelobis<br />
dacvis personals<br />
diagnostikasa da mkuranlobis<br />
dagegmvaSi.<br />
am programebs ,,eqspertsistemebs~<br />
uwodeben, romlebic<br />
profesionalTa mier<br />
problemebis gadaWris simulaciaa,<br />
arsebuli codnis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema<br />
MYCIN, romelic SemuSavebul<br />
iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZvlad<br />
daedo mecnierul kvlevaTa<br />
did nawils am sferoSi.<br />
igi Seiqmna, rogorc infeqciur<br />
daavadebaTa diagnostikisa<br />
da mkurnalobis damxmare<br />
saSualeba (Shortliffe,<br />
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina<br />
1976). am programis muSaoba<br />
eyrdnoba ,,Tu – maSin~ wesebs,<br />
romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba<br />
wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi<br />
momuSave specialistebis evristikul<br />
codnaze (magaliTad,<br />
praqtikaze) damyarebuli daskvnebis<br />
dakavSireba. realuri<br />
samedicino diagnozis msgavsad,<br />
MYCIN sistemis saSualebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa<br />
(magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis<br />
analizis pasuxis) da konkretuli<br />
daskvnis (magaliTad,<br />
diagnozis an mkurnalobis<br />
rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba.<br />
programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviCvenos<br />
(moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi),<br />
Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo<br />
daskvnamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
es sistema arasodes gamouyenebiaT<br />
praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove<br />
mkvlevrebis mier Seqmnili<br />
msgavsi programebi inarCuneben<br />
igive princips – rekomendaciebis<br />
garda momxmarebels<br />
miawodon informacia „azrovnebis<br />
procesebis~ Sesaxeb (Chae,<br />
1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000).<br />
faqtia, rom am programebis<br />
SesaZlebloba – daadginos<br />
daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi,<br />
mkurnalobis procesis warmatebis<br />
mniSvnelovani komponentia.<br />
warmoidgineT, magaliTad,<br />
eqimi, romelic iyenebs samedicino<br />
eqspert-sistemas. rogorc<br />
eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar<br />
aRiaroT, rom romelime kompiuterul<br />
programas SeuZlia<br />
Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros<br />
daavadeba da Secvalos Tqveni<br />
codna da mravalwliani gamocdileba,<br />
Tumca, mniSvnelovania<br />
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eq-<br />
spert-sistemebi erTad uyris<br />
Tavs ama Tu im sferoSi dagrovil<br />
codnas. aseTi tipis sistemebSi<br />
mocemulia ara mxolod<br />
faqtebi, aramed maT am<br />
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZliaT<br />
„azrovneba~. mecnierebi<br />
cdiloben iseTi sistemebis<br />
Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen<br />
axsnas, Tu ratom unda<br />
daakavSiros momxmarebelma<br />
(janmrTelobis dacvis mu-<br />
Sakma) faqtebis garkveuli<br />
erToblioba konkretul daskvnebTan<br />
(Chandrasckaran& Mittal,<br />
1999).<br />
axla pacientis TvaliT<br />
SevxedoT am yvelafers. ramdenadac<br />
XXI saukuneSi eqspert-sistemebismniSvnelovni<br />
gaumjobeseba xdeba,<br />
Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT eqims,<br />
romelic Seitans Tqvens konkretul<br />
monacemebs kompiuterSi<br />
da sakuTari codnis<br />
garda eqspert-sistemaSi mocemul<br />
codnasac gaiTvaliswinebs.<br />
veb-gverdebi:<br />
http://smi.stanford.edu es<br />
aris stenfordis samedicino<br />
informatikis veb-gverdi, sadac<br />
ganTavsebulia informacia<br />
mkvlevarTa jgufis<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganaxorcieles<br />
mTeli rigi proeqtebi<br />
medicinasa da eqspertul<br />
sistemebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
www.cis.upenn.edu/~traumaid<br />
„TraumAID~ aris programa,<br />
romelic Seiqmna kritikul<br />
situaciaSi eqimTa dasaxmareblad.<br />
veb-gverdze ganTavsebulia<br />
eqspert-sistemebis<br />
sademonstracio versiebi.<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
347
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
348<br />
da radgan TiTqmis arasodes gagaCniaT sruli<br />
codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad<br />
SeiZleba iyoT darwmunebuli, rom sworad<br />
imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT.<br />
amgvarad, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen<br />
ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri<br />
fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli herbert<br />
saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan<br />
SedarebiT, romelSic adamians uxdeba cxovreba,<br />
misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia~.<br />
is unda dakmayofildes problemebis ,,sakmaod<br />
kargi~ gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis ,,sakmaod<br />
kargi~ gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare,<br />
saimoni varaudobs, rom azrovnebis procesebi<br />
imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT. SesaZloa,<br />
Tqveni msjeloba da gadawyvetileba ar<br />
iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad kargi da racionaluri,<br />
rac ganpirobebulia SezRuduli<br />
resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT,<br />
romelic swraf moqmedebas moiTxovs.<br />
sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis<br />
ufro detalur analizze gadavidodeT, ganvixiloT<br />
gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis procesebs Soris. msjelobis<br />
procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamogaqvT<br />
daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da<br />
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad Tqven<br />
msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe.<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba ki ramdenime alternatividan<br />
erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo variantebis<br />
seleqciasa da uaryofas gulisxmobs.<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba or urTier-<br />
TdakavSirebul process warmoadgens. magaliTad,<br />
SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT wveulebaze da<br />
xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani<br />
CaTvaloT saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da<br />
gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg Tqven SeiZleba<br />
gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze<br />
gaataroT masTan erTad da daTqvaT Sexvedra<br />
msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs,<br />
akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an<br />
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom<br />
masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegi.<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alternativebs<br />
Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo variantebis<br />
seleqcia da uaryofa.<br />
momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
mWidrod ukavSirdeba qceviT moqmedebas. davubrundeT<br />
azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas.<br />
evristika da msjeloba<br />
romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? warmoidgineT,<br />
rom Tqven gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu<br />
ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT<br />
cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT,<br />
Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo, meore mxares<br />
– ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti<br />
gamogivaT ufro grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni<br />
Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda<br />
awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul<br />
mxares, maTi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
(magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
iyos ,,msaxiobis Sesruleba~ (plusebis<br />
mxare), vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis efeqtebi~ (minusebis<br />
mxare). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven<br />
SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi,<br />
magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac<br />
iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi Tqven ufro<br />
xSirad da swrafad giwevT msjeloba. Tqven ar<br />
gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari<br />
formaluri procedurisaTvis. ras akeTebT amis<br />
nacvlad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema pirvelad<br />
amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma scades (Amos<br />
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom<br />
msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro evristikul,<br />
vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo<br />
aRniSnuli, evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul,<br />
praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs msjelobis<br />
(gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules.<br />
ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praqtikul,<br />
gamocdilebaze damyarebul meTodebs?<br />
rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevrebi upiratesobas<br />
aniWeben im garemo pirobebis aRweras, sadac<br />
aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs<br />
Secdomis daSvebas. am eqsperimentebis logika<br />
aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT<br />
SeiZleba aRqmis bunebis gageba da mexsierebis<br />
Seswavla – mexsierebis darRvevebis SeswavliT,<br />
aseve SesaZlebelia msjelobis procesebis<br />
Seswavla mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT<br />
(Kahneman, 1991). rogorc mexsierebis, aRqmisa da<br />
sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am drosac<br />
erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT meTodi da
daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqma ar aris<br />
srulyofili da fsiqologebs SeuZliaT dagarwmunon<br />
Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver<br />
ivliT; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad evristikuli<br />
msjelobebis gamo aRmocenebuli Secdomebisa,<br />
Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri SezRudvis barierebs.<br />
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad<br />
komfortulad grZnobT Tavs, roca aseTi tipis<br />
Secdomebs uSvebT? am SemTxvevaSi aRqmasTan<br />
Sedareba garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis<br />
iluziebis umravlesoba ar aris codnaze damokidebuli.<br />
Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT<br />
miuler-laieris iluziis (ix. Tavi 5) xazebis<br />
sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
iciT, isini erTi sigrZisani arian, xolo, Tu<br />
iciT, rom Tqvens gamocdilebaze damyarebuli<br />
msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs, SegiZliaT<br />
Tavidan aiciloT zogierTi tipis<br />
Secdoma. inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapirobeben<br />
Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas (zogierT<br />
SemTxvevebSi Zalian Wkviani adamianebic ki<br />
uSveben Secdomebs), specifikuri treningebis<br />
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia msjelobis gaumjobeseba.<br />
am nawilSi Cven swored am unarebis<br />
efeqturobis zrdis ramodenime saSualebas ganvixilavT.<br />
davubrundeT evristikis sam tips:<br />
misawvdomobas, reprezentatulobas da „Ruzis~<br />
evristikas.<br />
misawvdomobis evristika<br />
gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv<br />
kiTxvaze (Cveni azriT, naklebad mosalodnelia<br />
swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul<br />
amocanas, raTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar<br />
CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT mo-<br />
Txrobis patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor<br />
ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba ufro<br />
meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k~-Ti<br />
(magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva, sadac aso ,,k~<br />
mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven<br />
tverskisa da kanemanis cdis pirebis msgavsad<br />
fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin<br />
Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k~ ufro metad gvxvdeba<br />
xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuristic)<br />
_ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi<br />
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.<br />
sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi. realurad ki<br />
,,k~ orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi<br />
(inglisur enaSi).<br />
ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom<br />
,,k~ aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis TavSi?<br />
es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli<br />
xelmisawvdomi informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia<br />
im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic ,,k~-Ti iwyeba,<br />
vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k~ mesame<br />
adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens daskvnaze,<br />
rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis<br />
evristika _ Tqveni daskvna emyareba im informacias,<br />
romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebisaTvis<br />
da umravles SemTxvevaSi swor daskvnamde<br />
mivyavarT, amitom ganixileba, rogorc swori.<br />
Tu, magaliTad, Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi<br />
ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni<br />
daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas.<br />
problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis<br />
aqtivacia xdeba; (2) mexsierebaSi Senaxuli<br />
informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am<br />
SesaZlo problemebis magaliTi.<br />
amocana, romelSic cdis pirebs „k~ asos<br />
Semcveli sityvebis raodenobis gansazRvra<br />
evalebaT, misawvdomobaze dafuZnebuli araswori<br />
msjelobis (daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens.<br />
mexsierebaSi sityvebis organizaciidan gamomdinare,<br />
bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba,<br />
roca gansazRvrulia maTi pirveli aso. ganvixiloT<br />
yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
kidev erTi msjeloba.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens<br />
mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze<br />
mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, Tu ra<br />
zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos gunebaganwyobilebam<br />
adamianis msjelobaze. cdis<br />
pirebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno<br />
da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapirobebda<br />
Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis<br />
Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da<br />
uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad, sasiamovno<br />
saRamos da mtkivneuli Wrilobis<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
349
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
350<br />
gaxsenebas da, aseve, msgavsi movlenebis<br />
ganmeorebis albaTobis gansazRvras uaxloesi<br />
eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli<br />
Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda,<br />
rom warsuli movlenebis gaxsenebaze<br />
gavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobileba,<br />
xolo am ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogonebebi<br />
gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb<br />
msjelobas. karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze<br />
myofi cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen sasiamovno<br />
movlenebs da fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi<br />
ufro meti sasiamovno da naklebi usiamovno<br />
movlena moxdeboda (MacLeod &<br />
Campbell, 1992).<br />
am eqsperimentiT naCvenebia, Tu ra gavlenas<br />
axdens msjelobaze mexsierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />
informaciis tipi. mniSvnelovan samomavlo<br />
sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT<br />
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena TqvenTvis misawvdom<br />
informaciaze da hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs:<br />
,,aris Tu ara raime specifikuri Cems gunebaganwyobilebaSi,<br />
rac gavlenas moaxdens mexsierebidan<br />
amotanil informaciaze?~<br />
misawvdomobasTan, rogorc msjelobis evristikasTan,<br />
dakavSirebuli meore sirTule Tavs<br />
iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens<br />
mexsierebaSi arsebuli informacia. erT-erTi<br />
kvlevis dros Seiswavlidnen kavSirs televizoris<br />
yurebasa da SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
mosaxleobis saSualo keTildReobis Sefasebas<br />
Soris (O’Guinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic<br />
ufro xSirad uyureben „dinastiisa~ da „dalasis~<br />
tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr amerikel<br />
diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsaxureebi.<br />
mkvlevrebis azriT, es korelacia imiT<br />
aixsneba, rom satelevizio programebi qmnis<br />
keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic<br />
advilad misawvdomia mudmivi mayureblisaTvis.<br />
ganvixiloT meore magaliTi: adamianis msjeloba<br />
sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown<br />
& Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es<br />
oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT<br />
mciredan didisken:<br />
a. SvedeTi<br />
b. indonezia<br />
c. israeli<br />
d. nigeria<br />
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom, rac<br />
ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis Sesaxeb, miT<br />
ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis<br />
Sefaseba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa<br />
qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu<br />
ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims~-is<br />
statiebSi mimdinare wels (sxvaTa Soris, swori<br />
pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia.<br />
SegiyvanaT Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam)?<br />
rogorc Cans, Znelia endoT Tqvens kognitur<br />
procesebs, radgan masmedia TqvenTvis xarveziani<br />
monacemebis mowodebas uzrunvelyofs. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde,<br />
informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT Tqven SegiZliaT<br />
Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas.<br />
darwmunebuli xarT, rom rasac fiqrobT, Tqven-<br />
Tvis namdvilad cnobilia?<br />
reprezentaciuli evristika<br />
rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul evristikas<br />
eyrdnoba, Tqven iTvaliswinebT kategoriis<br />
arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an<br />
movlena am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxa-
warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kolegebis<br />
azriT, axirebuli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc ar<br />
SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras<br />
isini mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas<br />
ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo simaRlis adamiania;<br />
yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da<br />
aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi<br />
sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli saxeobiTaa<br />
igi dakavebuli?<br />
a. swrafi siaruliT<br />
b. burTis TamaSiT<br />
c. CogburTiT<br />
d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT<br />
suraTi 9.17<br />
reprezentaciuli evristikis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
savaraudod<br />
sworia ufro metis<br />
momcveli kategoria.<br />
reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umravlesoba<br />
miiCnevs, rom advokatis sayvareli<br />
sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea<br />
naCvenebi, ufro sworia `burTiT TamaSebis~<br />
dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs.<br />
siaTebeli niSniT xasiaTdeba, misi am kategoriisadmi<br />
mikuTvneba xdeba. evristikis es tipi<br />
nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. is gulisxmobs<br />
warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze msjelobis<br />
agebas mocemul, msgavs pirobebSi, rac induqciuri<br />
daskvnis arss warmoadgens.<br />
urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da<br />
kategoriebis Sesaxeb informaciis arsebobis<br />
dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgavsebis<br />
mixedviT. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas,<br />
SeudgeT Tu ara varjiSs sportis iseT<br />
axal saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma,<br />
mizanSewonili iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu ramdenad<br />
hgavs is sportul saxeobaTa im kategorias,<br />
romelic adre gizidavdaT. Tumca, rogorc<br />
qvemoT naxavT, msgavsebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi<br />
SegiyvanoT, Tu misi gavleniT yuradRebas ar<br />
miaqcevT sxva mniSvnelovan informacias (Kahnemean<br />
& Tversky, 1973).<br />
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.17. suraTze mocemuli<br />
warmatebuli iuristis daxasiaTeba. gaiTvaliswineT<br />
zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebi<br />
Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoekidebiT~<br />
yvelaze tipur reprezentatul arCevans,<br />
sanam ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alternativis<br />
struqturas.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens<br />
msjelobaze<br />
erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs miewodebodaT<br />
9.17 suraTze mocemuli pasuxebis<br />
CamonaTvali da eZleodaT 45 dolaris<br />
mogebis SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis<br />
maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT<br />
cifri `1". Tqven romel variants amoir-<br />
CevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc<br />
monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT<br />
45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi iqneba<br />
`CogburTi~ da ara `burTiT TamaSebi~.<br />
9.17 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans, Tu<br />
ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni.<br />
is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis~ kategoriaSi.<br />
cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi<br />
pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs sportuli TamaSis<br />
yvela is Tviseba, romelsac iuristi<br />
iTamaSebda (upiratesobas mianiWebda). reprezentatulobaze<br />
dafuZnebuli es msjeloba<br />
monawileebs ubiZgebs, ugulebelyon<br />
sxva tipis informacia, kerZod, kategoriis<br />
struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (Bar-Hille<br />
& Neter, 1993).<br />
ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore magaliTi,<br />
romelsac, agreTve SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos<br />
Tqven mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoidgineT,<br />
SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, monawileoba<br />
miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad<br />
reprezentaciuli evristika -(Representativeness<br />
heuristic) – kognituri strategia, romelic<br />
miakuTvnebs obieqts garkveul kategorias, am<br />
kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime<br />
niSnis safuZvelze.<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
351
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
352<br />
Tqven unda SearCioT sam mocemul ricxvSi<br />
cifrTa swori Tanmimdevroba, anu am cifrebidan<br />
romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis dadeba?<br />
859 101 333<br />
574 948 772<br />
Tu Tqven moTamaSeebis umravlesobas hgavxarT,<br />
Tavs aaridebT im ricxvebs, romlebSic cifrebi<br />
meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es<br />
ricxvebi SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobis reprezentatuli<br />
iyos. sinamdvileSi samcifriani ricxvebis<br />
27%-s, sadac TiToeuli cifri aRebulia<br />
SemTxveviTad diapazonidan 0-dan 9-is CaTvliT,<br />
eqneba ganmeorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
gaTamaSebaSi „Indiana pick-3" 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi<br />
ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992).<br />
imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis situaciebis<br />
umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia,<br />
maT sifrTxiliT moekidoT. umeteswilad, adamianebs<br />
imedi aqvT, rom reprezentatulobis mixedviT<br />
da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT<br />
gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans.<br />
„Ruza amoRebulia!~<br />
evristikis mesame formis gasacnobad, scadeT<br />
azrovnebis eqsperimentis Catareba. daiwyeT<br />
qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis<br />
Semdeg dawereT miaxloebiTi pasuxi.<br />
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____<br />
5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramdenime<br />
moqmedebis Sesrulebas da miiRebT arasrul<br />
pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24-s, Semdeg ki gamoiyvanT<br />
saboloo pasuxs.<br />
axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna:<br />
8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven SeamCnevT, rom<br />
es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dalagebuli igive<br />
ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod<br />
gansxavebuli iqneba. albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas<br />
daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT - 8 X 7<br />
da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze<br />
„Ruzis~ evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) – zogier-<br />
Ti movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb<br />
msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba<br />
an verSefaseba.<br />
gamravlebas, rac ukve sakmaod did ricxvs<br />
gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT Tqven<br />
isev nawilobriv pasuxs miiRebT da ganagrZobT<br />
magaliTis amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani (Amos<br />
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis monawileebs<br />
aZlevdnen identuri problemis or<br />
variants. pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi pasuxebis<br />
mediana Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore variatis<br />
SemTxvevaSi _ 2,250-s (swori pasuxia 40320).<br />
rogorc Cans, nawilobrivi Sefaseba (5 wamis<br />
ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis pasuxi)<br />
gavlenas axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro<br />
didia nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi, miT ufro<br />
didia saboloo Sefaseba. A<br />
am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT Cven davasabuTeT<br />
„Ruzis~ efeqtis arseboba. raime movlenis<br />
an Sedegis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic emyareba<br />
„Ruzis~ evristikas, sakmarisi ar aris. misi<br />
gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri mniSvnelobis<br />
gadafasebas an verSefasebas. „Ruzis~<br />
evristikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aris,<br />
roca Tavdapirveli Sefaseba Seicavs mocemuli<br />
msjelobisaTvis WeSmaritad relevantur informacias.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad<br />
mniSvnelovani an saerTod usargebloa, adamianebi<br />
„Ruzis~ efeqtis Zlier zegavlenas<br />
ganicdian.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
SemTxveviTi `Ruza~ cvlis Sefasebas<br />
erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mianiWes<br />
pirobiTi saidentifikacio nomrebi<br />
(1,928-dan 1,935-mde), romlebic instruqciis<br />
mixedviT unda gadaeweraT Tavis kiTxvarebze<br />
(sakontrolo jgufis studentebi<br />
ar iRebdnen nomrebs). am ricxvze studentebis<br />
yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad sxvadasxva<br />
saSualebas (magaliTad, sTxovdnen<br />
aReniSnaT, iyo Tu ara is 1,940-ze meti)<br />
mimarTavdnen, magram saidentifikacio nomeri<br />
naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc<br />
sxva nebismieri pasuxisTvis irelevanturi.<br />
mogvianebiT, studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT<br />
adgilobriv sainformacio broSu-
aSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze<br />
aSkara gavlena moaxdina absoluturad<br />
irelevanturma, pirobiTma „Ruzam~. studentebi,<br />
romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles<br />
pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiqroben,<br />
rom broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis<br />
raodenoba didia – 631, vidre sakontrolo<br />
jgufis studentebis – 219. im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, roca studentebs specialurad afrTxilebdnen,<br />
rom saidentifikacio nomerma<br />
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Sefasebaze,<br />
maTi Sefaseba gacilebiT maRali iyo (539),<br />
vidre sakontrolo jgufSi gaerTianebul<br />
studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219)<br />
(Wilson et al., 1996.).<br />
es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxureben<br />
yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki ar aRmoCnda<br />
sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben<br />
„Ruzis~ efeqts, roca cdiloben dagarwmunon,<br />
iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT<br />
axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZleba<br />
giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1 000 an 2 000<br />
dolaris gadaxdas, ara?~ mas Semdeg, rac maRal<br />
fasze ganewyobiT, realuri fasi (magaliTad<br />
599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT.<br />
vfiqrobT, am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT,<br />
Tavidan aiciloT „Ruzis~ uaryofiTi gavlena;<br />
rac mTavaria, Tqven gafrTxilebuli xarT,<br />
rom windaxeduleba gamoiCinoT.<br />
msjelobisas Tqven iyenebT evristikis iseT<br />
saxeebs, rogoricaa: xelmisawvdomoba, reprezentaciuloba<br />
da „Ruza~, radgan umravles Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi isini efeqturi da misaRebi msjelobis<br />
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT. situaciis gaurkvevlobidan<br />
da Tqveni SezRuduli resursebidan<br />
gamomdinare, Tqven, garkveulwilad, maqsimums<br />
akeTebT. Cven giCveneT, rom evristikam SeiZleba<br />
Secdomamde migiyvanoT. mniSvnelovani daskvnis<br />
gakeTebis dros SeecadeT gamoiyenoT es codna<br />
da SeamowmoT sakuTari azrovnebis procesebi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT kritikulad miudeqiT sxvebis<br />
SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari ganzraxviT zegavlena<br />
moaxdinon Tqvens msjelobaze. axla<br />
ganvixiloT gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad<br />
swored am msjelobis safuZvelze xdeba.<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
fsiqologia<br />
warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze<br />
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis TvalsaCino<br />
magaliTs. ganvixiloT problema, romelic<br />
mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis pirvel nawilSi. waiki-<br />
TxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti.<br />
axla am problemis meore naSilSi warmodgenil<br />
variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT arCevans?<br />
eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxulobdnen<br />
am problemis erT-erT versias (Shafir,<br />
1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen,<br />
Tu romel variants amjobinebdnen, studentebis<br />
67% irCveda B variants, xolo, rodesac studentebs<br />
sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es<br />
maCvenebeli 52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B variants).<br />
ratom aris es cvlileba ucnauri? Tu<br />
yuradRebiT gadaxedavT problemis orive versias,<br />
naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar<br />
aris. erTi SexedviT, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT,<br />
rom msgavsma informaciam imave gadawyvetilebamde<br />
unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase<br />
ar iqcevian. rogorc Cans, ,,upiratesobis~<br />
miniWebis SemTxvevaSi adamianTa yuradReba<br />
koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur mxareebze<br />
_ Tqven agrovebT aSkara damamtkicebel sabuTebs<br />
raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca ,,gauqmebis~<br />
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis koncentrireba<br />
arCevanis negatiur aspeqtebze xdeba _<br />
Tqven agrovebT informacias raRacis winaaRmdeg.<br />
amitom, SesaZloa, Tqveni gadawyvetileba<br />
Seicvalos.<br />
aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze did gavlenas axdens<br />
kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995), swored amitom<br />
saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri<br />
aspeqtebis codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni<br />
gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT,<br />
eqvemdebareba Tu ara is detalur analizs. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar<br />
Tavs: ,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu<br />
im variantis uaryofis da ara arCevis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi?~ Tu romelime konkretul arCevans<br />
erT SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT, es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
353
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
354<br />
cxrili 9.7<br />
mxareebi. bolos dasviT kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu<br />
ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni kritikuli azrovnebis<br />
unarebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
arCevanis forma<br />
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze<br />
nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba nawili 2: uaryofa<br />
1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis<br />
dros apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil<br />
adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani,<br />
romelic iafi gijdebaT. turistul bro-<br />
SuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli<br />
informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul informaciaze<br />
dayrdnobiT, romel adgils amoir-<br />
CevdiT dasasveneblad?<br />
adgili A saSualo amindi<br />
saSualo sanapiro<br />
saSualo donis sastumro<br />
wylis zomieri temperatura<br />
RamiT zomieri garToba<br />
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi<br />
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da<br />
marjnis rifebi<br />
ultraTanamedrove sastumro<br />
Zalian civi wyali<br />
Zalian Zlieri qari<br />
RamiT aranairi garToba<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze<br />
bunebriv gzas imis gansazRvra warmoadgens, Tu<br />
romeli arCevani mogvitans udides sargebels,<br />
an umcires danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben<br />
5 an 10 dolars, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe<br />
mixvdebiT, rom ukeTesia 10 dolaris arCeva.<br />
situacias arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da danakargis<br />
aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu<br />
ra formiTaa arCevani mocemuli. „forma~ warmoadgens<br />
arCevanis detalur aRweras. warmoidgineT,<br />
rom gekiTxebian: `ramdenad gagaxarebdaT xelfasis<br />
gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar<br />
elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es didi miRweva<br />
iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT, magram manamde<br />
Tu ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000<br />
forma (Frame) – arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera.<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gake-<br />
Tebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba,<br />
misi ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.<br />
2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros<br />
apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas.<br />
Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.<br />
Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi<br />
unda gaauqmoT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis<br />
Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria.<br />
mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgilis<br />
javSans gaauqmebdiT?<br />
adgili A saSualo amindi<br />
saSualo sanapiro<br />
saSualo donis sastumro<br />
wylis zomieri temperatura<br />
RamiT zomieri garToba<br />
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi<br />
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da<br />
marjnis rifebi<br />
ultraTanamedrove sastumro<br />
Zalian civi wyali<br />
Zalian Zlieri qari<br />
RamiT aranairi garToba<br />
dolariT gazrdas, maSin rogor xasiaTze dadgebiT?<br />
uecrad SeiZleba iseTi gancda dageufloT,<br />
TiTqos fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000<br />
dolari gacilebiT naklebia, vidre Tqven elodiT;<br />
Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi 1 000 dolariT<br />
mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _ obieqturad, Tqven<br />
zustad erTnair mdgomareobaSi iqnebodiT, magram<br />
fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian gansxvavebulia.<br />
ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani orientirebi<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras<br />
ganvixilavT mogebad da ras _ danakargad,<br />
nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT 1 000<br />
dolaris an 10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec<br />
orientirebulia adamiani (am SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba<br />
SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi dar-<br />
Cenas).<br />
axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli magaliTi,<br />
romelSic `formireba~ ufro mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis mi-<br />
Rebaze. 9.8 cxrilSi Tqven filtvis simsivnis<br />
mkurnalobis meTodis arCeva gevalebaT _<br />
operacia an radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT<br />
`gadarCenis~ formiT warmodgenili problema<br />
da airCieT mkurnalobis strategia; Semdeg ki<br />
`sikvdilianobis~ formiT gadmocemuli igive
problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara Tqvens<br />
arCevans. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi<br />
obieqturad erTi da igivea, gansxvaveba mxolod<br />
statistikuri monacemebis aRweraSia, romelic<br />
mkurnalobis TiToeuli meTodisaTvis gadarCenis<br />
an sikvdilianobis terminebiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
cdis pirebis mier mkurnalobis meTodis arCevaze<br />
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mogebaze da<br />
danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis~<br />
formiT miwodebis SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias<br />
cdis pirTa 18% irCevs, `sikvdilianobis~ kuTxiT<br />
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki – 44%. `formirebis~<br />
es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebaze klinikuri pacientebis, statistikis<br />
mcodne biznes studentebisa da gamocdili<br />
eqimebis jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982).<br />
es magaliTi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
masSi asaxulia Tqveni realuri cxovrebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb<br />
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoven, monawileoba<br />
miiRoT disciplinarul komisiaSi,<br />
romelmac unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra<br />
TanxiT daajarimos kompania, romelic reklamis<br />
saSualebiT mcdar informacias<br />
avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas<br />
sakiTxis miwodebis forma Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze?<br />
eqsperimentSi kompaniis<br />
saqmianoba warmodgenili iyo erT Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi dadebiTi kuTxiT (magaliTad,<br />
,,20%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar<br />
icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis<br />
Sesaxeb~), xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi - negatiuri<br />
kuTxiT (magaliTad, `80%-ia imis<br />
Sansi, rom organizaciam icoda reklamaSi<br />
mcdari informaciis Sesaxeb~). xedavT, rom<br />
orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da igive<br />
informacias gvawodebs? cdis pirebi,<br />
romlebic kiTxulobdnen pozitiuri<br />
kuTxiT miwodebul gancxadebas, iZleodnen<br />
daaxloebiT 40,153 dolaris odenobis<br />
jarimis rekomendacias maSin, roca negatiuri<br />
formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg maTi rekomendacia iyo<br />
daaxloebiT 78,968 dolaris odenobis jarima<br />
(Dunegenm 1996). rogorc xedavT,<br />
ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena<br />
iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze.<br />
rogor SegviZlia aseTi Sedegebis sakuTar<br />
cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba? realur samyaroSi<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, romelic<br />
momavlis Sesaxeb Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis<br />
mosazrebas (varauds) eyrdnoba. aseT SemTxvevebSi,<br />
scadeT problemis rogorc mogebis, ise wagebis<br />
kuTxiT ganxilva. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom<br />
cxrili 9.8<br />
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti<br />
gadarCena<br />
operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi<br />
jer kidev cocxalia 90, erTi wlis Semdeg – 68, xolo<br />
xuTi wlis Semdeg _ mxolod 34.<br />
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi<br />
100 adamianidan yvela cocxali rCeba; erTi wlis Semdeg<br />
cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg – 22.<br />
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu<br />
radioTerapias?<br />
sikvdilianoba<br />
operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Semdgom<br />
periodSi iRupeba 10 adamiani, operaciidan erTi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi – 32, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ki –<br />
66.<br />
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi<br />
100 adamianidan arc erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan<br />
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani, 5 wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ki – 78.<br />
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu<br />
radioTerapias?<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
355
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
356<br />
cxrili 9.9<br />
gadawyvetilebis aversia<br />
A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas<br />
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, Tu romeli<br />
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia<br />
erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popularuli<br />
firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac<br />
99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel<br />
fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?<br />
1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.<br />
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.<br />
B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas<br />
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, romeli<br />
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia<br />
erTdRiani fasdakleba, gTavazoben popularul<br />
firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99<br />
dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA `sidipleers~<br />
159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro<br />
dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor<br />
moiqceviT?<br />
1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers~.<br />
2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.<br />
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.<br />
Tqven axali manqanis yidvas apirebT. gamyidveli<br />
Seecdeba, yvelaferi warmogidginoT mogebis<br />
kuTxiT: `qsenoni~-s 78%-s SekeTeba ar sWirdeba<br />
pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi!~ Tqven SegiZliaT<br />
mis mier mowodebuli informaciis perefrazireba:<br />
,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvel wels!~<br />
cvlis Tu ara axali formulireba Tqven mier<br />
situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa, romelic realur<br />
cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT.<br />
manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis<br />
saukeTeso magaliTia, rodesac viRac cdilobs<br />
informaciis iseTi formiT mowodebas, romelic<br />
saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena<br />
moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze. aseTi ram<br />
sistematurad xdeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,<br />
yovelTvis, arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori mowinaaRmdege<br />
kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa<br />
da sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia<br />
warmoadginos ise, rom amomrCevelTa simpaTia<br />
daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas:<br />
`vTvli, rom unda gavagrZelo im politikis<br />
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia)<br />
(Decision aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan<br />
Tavis aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia misgan ganridebis<br />
albaToba.<br />
gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba moaqvs~ ;<br />
oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegod Tqvas,<br />
rom ,,mas eSinia axali ideebis.~ erTi kandidati<br />
SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika ekonomiur<br />
aRmavlobamde migviyvans.~ misi oponenti ki<br />
SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa<br />
garemosaTvis.~ xSir SemTxvevaSi orive marTals<br />
ambobs _ erTi da igive politika SeiZleba<br />
ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram garemosTvis<br />
_ saziano. aseT dros formis damajereblobas<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis<br />
biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert,<br />
1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze<br />
gamonaTqvamis formulirebis gavlenis codna<br />
dagexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs<br />
msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad<br />
gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu<br />
Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis gagebis survili<br />
gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor<br />
moaxdines am adamianebma gadawyvetilebis formireba.<br />
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba<br />
(aversia)<br />
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg<br />
sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeafaseT alternativebi. ra<br />
moxdeba Semdeg? SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom ar<br />
gindaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi<br />
aRwerilia iseTi pirobebi, romlebmac SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis survilis<br />
dakargva. ganvixiloT A nawilSi mocemuli<br />
situacia, ras airCevdiT? mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,<br />
rom mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom<br />
moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar<br />
miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992); axla ganvixiloT<br />
B nawilSi aRwerili odnav Secvlili situacia.<br />
gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinamdvileSi<br />
cdis pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti<br />
waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT<br />
informacias ar miiRebs. ra xdeba? (rogor ggoniaT,<br />
ratom?) Cveulebriv, Tqven eliT, rom axali<br />
alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alternativis<br />
xvedriT wils. Tu magaliTad, politikur<br />
arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, savaraudoa,<br />
rom igi xmebis garkveul raodenobas<br />
waarTmevs pirvel ors; Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
mesame SesaZleblobis gaCena 12%-iT zrdis erTerTi<br />
pirveli arCevanis xvedriT wils. ra xdeba?
aseTi Sedegi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
roca Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba. rodesac<br />
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT problemis iseTi<br />
varianti, sadac maT damatebiT, dabalxarisxiani<br />
`sidipleeris~ arCevis SesaZlebloba aqvT,<br />
monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom daicdian,<br />
sanam axal informacias ar miiReben. am maCveneblis<br />
Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba,<br />
rom `sonis~ arCeva advilia, Tumca, arCevanis<br />
gakeTeba `sonis~ SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa<br />
da umaRlesi xarisxis `aivas~ Soris rTulia.<br />
ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba da davelodoT axal informacias.<br />
miuxedavad individualuri gansxvavebebisa,<br />
adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan acilebis<br />
sakmaod Zlieri tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia<br />
ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT<br />
(Bettie et al., 1994):<br />
� adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba, romlis Sedegadac zogs eqneba meti<br />
sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki – naklebi;<br />
� adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton,<br />
rogor inaneben, Tu maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani<br />
ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT<br />
ar gaakeTes;<br />
� adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen<br />
im gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac SeiZleba cudi<br />
Sedegi hqondes;<br />
� adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba sxvebis magivrad.<br />
im pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, romlebSic<br />
adamianebi eZeben gadawyvetilebas, SegviZlia<br />
am ukanaskneli debulebis sapirispiros formulireba.<br />
ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba, isini ukeT grZnoben<br />
Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva gaakeTebs. es<br />
yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinoT. SeecadeT,<br />
TviTon gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
problemebi. nu daarwmunebT sakuTar Tavs imaSi,<br />
rom Zalian rTuli problemis winaSe dgaxarT<br />
da ar SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba.<br />
ZiriTadad iqonieT Tqvens kognitur procesebze<br />
damyarebuli msjelobebis imedi da gamoiyeneT<br />
isini Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad!<br />
am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven movitaneT citata<br />
elen keleris publikaciidan _ ,,azris<br />
dabrunebiT gancdili mRelvareba~; Semdeg<br />
ganvixileT sxvadaxsva kognituri procesi _<br />
metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis<br />
gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis<br />
miReba _ da vimedovnebT, rom Tqven dafiqrdebiT<br />
im sixarulze, romelsac es unarebi ganiWebT.<br />
SeecadeT, isargebloT elen keleris gamocdilebiT<br />
da ar moepyroT Tqvens SemecnebiT procesebs,<br />
rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls; ifiqreT<br />
Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb, daasabuTeT Tqveni<br />
argumentebi da a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri<br />
yofis arss.<br />
Sejameba<br />
msjelobaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs,<br />
rom adamianebi ufro xSirad eyrdnobian<br />
evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evristikis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs, rom<br />
adamianebi akeTeben daskvnas im informaciis<br />
safuZvelze, romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia<br />
mexsierebaSi. evristikis reprezentatulobis<br />
mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im sagnis an<br />
movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis arsebiTi niSnebis<br />
gansazRvras. `Ruzis~ evristikis mixedviT,<br />
adamianebis msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba<br />
sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare xdeba. kiTxvis<br />
forma gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.<br />
mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom gadawyvetilebis<br />
sirTule ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebisadmi<br />
antipatiur damokidebulebas.<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
357
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi<br />
358<br />
sakvanZo<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
kogniciis Seswavla<br />
kognitur fsiqologiaSi<br />
momuSave specialistebi<br />
Seiswavlian fsiqikur<br />
procesebs da struqturebs,<br />
romlebic safuZvlad<br />
udevs adamianis<br />
aRqmis, metyvelebis, azrovnebis,<br />
problemis gadaWris,<br />
msjelobisa da<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
unarebs.<br />
im fsiqikuri procesebis<br />
gamoyofis mizniT, romlebic<br />
rTuli amocanis<br />
Sesrulebas udevs safuZvlad,<br />
mkvlevrebi mimar-<br />
Taven reaqciis drois<br />
gazomvas.<br />
metyveleba<br />
adamianebs SeuZliaT azris<br />
gamoTqma da naTqvamis<br />
gageba.<br />
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis<br />
gansazRvra xdeba auditoriis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
metyvelebis Secdomebi<br />
naTels hfens metyvelebis<br />
dagegmvis bevr process.<br />
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis<br />
gageba – orazrovnebis<br />
daZleva – xdeba konteqstis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
mniSvnelobis mexsierebaSi<br />
Senaxuli reprezentaciebi<br />
efuZneba propoziciebs,<br />
xolo maTi Sevseba<br />
xdeba daskvniT (varaudiT).<br />
ena, romelzec adamianebi<br />
laparakoben, SesaZloa<br />
gavlenas axdendes maT azrovnebaze.<br />
vizualuri kognicia<br />
vizualuri reprezentaciebi<br />
SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes<br />
propoziciuli reprezentaciebis<br />
Sesavsebad.<br />
vizualuri reprezentaciebi<br />
garemos vizualuri aspeqtebis<br />
gaazrebis saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs.<br />
adamianebi qmnian vizualur<br />
reprezentaciebs, romlebSic<br />
gaerTianebulia rogorc<br />
verbaluri, ise vizualuri<br />
informacia.<br />
problemis gadaWra da<br />
azrovneba<br />
adamianebma unda gansazRvron<br />
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani<br />
da is operaciebi, romlebic<br />
saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi<br />
mdgomareobidan miaRwion<br />
mizans.<br />
logikur wesebze damyarebuli<br />
wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze<br />
gakeTebuli daskvna<br />
deduqciuri azrovnebaa.<br />
induqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs<br />
daskvnis gakeTebas<br />
xdomilebis albaTobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
msjeloba da<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZneba<br />
evristikas, romelic<br />
adamians gadawyvetilebis<br />
swrafad miRebis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs.<br />
misawvdomobis, reprezentatulobisa<br />
da „Ruzis efeqtis~<br />
arasworma gamoyenebam<br />
SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos.<br />
gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebaze gavlenas axdens<br />
arCevanis SesaZlo variantebis<br />
formireba.<br />
fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis<br />
gamo adamianebi avlenen<br />
rTuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis ganridebis tendencias.<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi<br />
avtomaturi procesebi<br />
azrovneba<br />
algoriTmi<br />
gadawyvetilebis aversia<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
deduqciuri azrovneba<br />
evristika<br />
eqspresiuli metyveleba<br />
varaudi<br />
induqciuri azrovneba<br />
kognituri procesebi<br />
kognituri fsiqologia<br />
kognituri mecnierebebi<br />
kontrolirebadi procesebi<br />
misawvdomobis evristika<br />
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba<br />
msjeloba<br />
paraleluri procesebi<br />
problemis gadaWra<br />
problemuri situacia<br />
reprezentaciuli evristika<br />
seriuli procesebi<br />
forma<br />
funqcionaluri rigidoba<br />
fsiqikuri ganwyoba<br />
Ruzis evristika<br />
Semecneba<br />
xmamaRali fiqris oqmi<br />
avtomaturi procesebi<br />
azrovneba<br />
algoriTmi<br />
gadawyvetilebis aversia
inteleqti inteleqti da da inteleqtis inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
Sefaseba<br />
10<br />
ra aris Sefaseba<br />
• Sefasebis istoria<br />
• formaluri Sefasebis<br />
ZiriTadi niSnebi<br />
inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
• inteleqtis testebis<br />
istoriuli safuZvlebi<br />
• IQ testebi<br />
fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi:<br />
Sefaseba internebtiT<br />
inteleqtis Teoriebi<br />
• inteleqtis fsiqometriuli<br />
Teoria<br />
• sternbergis inteleqtis<br />
triarqiuli Teoria<br />
• gardneris mravlobiTi<br />
inteleqti da emociuri<br />
inteleqti<br />
inteleqtis politika<br />
• jgufuri Sedarebebis<br />
istoria<br />
• memkvidreobiToba da IQ<br />
• garemo da IQ<br />
• kultura da IQ testebis<br />
validoba<br />
SemoqmedebiToba<br />
• kreatulobis Sefaseba<br />
da kavSiri inteleqtTan<br />
• • gansakuTrebuli<br />
kreatuloba da<br />
SeSliloba<br />
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
• ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
359
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
360<br />
adre, naklebad rTul droSi, imisaTvis,<br />
rom xeloba geswavlaT<br />
da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli<br />
gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven<br />
bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando<br />
xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba<br />
imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~<br />
da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi<br />
`WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri testis<br />
punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal<br />
qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom<br />
ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvlebis<br />
ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel,<br />
superracionalur da postindustriul samyaroSi<br />
Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamocdilebas,<br />
amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi<br />
muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris<br />
nawarmoebSi, `Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT<br />
ZaRlebs am qalaqSi~, eseisti henri alfordi<br />
(Henry Alford, 1993) zogierT im testsa da gamocdas<br />
aRwers, romelic man Semosavliani samsaxuris<br />
Zebnisas gaiara. nebismierisaTvis, visac didi<br />
gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis kargad<br />
nacnobi iqneba alfordis mier aRwerili iumoristuli<br />
SemTxvevebi. damqiraveblebi TiToeuli<br />
kandidatis `SesaZleblobis~ gansasazRvrad<br />
sxvadasxva tests iyeneben. zogjer Zalian Znelia<br />
testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva,<br />
Tumca, TiTqmis yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi,<br />
romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi zomavs<br />
relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris.<br />
Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, savaraudoa, rom<br />
Tqveni `SesaZleblobebi~ bevrad ufro adre<br />
gazomiliyo, vidre samsaxurs daiwyebdiT _<br />
dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba<br />
dagavalon.<br />
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxoven<br />
damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organizaciebi<br />
TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan<br />
da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis<br />
samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocda-<br />
TerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi<br />
gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mravalferovani<br />
iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis<br />
meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samogzauro<br />
agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo<br />
uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZiebis<br />
biuros agentebisaTvis.<br />
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli.<br />
me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests.<br />
umetes skolebSi maswavleblebi da administratorebi<br />
Tqveni cxovrebis adreul periodSi<br />
cdiloben Tqveni inteleqtis gazomvas. yvelaze<br />
xSirad mizani imis gansazRvraa, Tu saklaso<br />
davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis<br />
inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, rac maT<br />
garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs, Tumca, rogorc<br />
Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze<br />
inteleqtis testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis<br />
farglebs scildeba.<br />
am TavSi inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa<br />
da gamoyenebas SeviswavliT. mimovixilavT im<br />
wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis<br />
sferoSi individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi<br />
Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT azrTa im sxvadasxvaobaze,<br />
romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba,<br />
rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebebis axsnas
iwyeben. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu<br />
rogor muSaobs inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis<br />
nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom<br />
isini yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes,<br />
romlisTvisac arian gankuTvnilni. dabolos,<br />
davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic<br />
ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis rols<br />
sazogadoebaSi.<br />
Cvens fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamoyenebis<br />
mokle mimoxilviT daviwyebT.<br />
ra aris Sefaseba<br />
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs individTa<br />
unarebis, qcevebisa da pirovnuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadgenili<br />
procedurebis gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri<br />
Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc individualuri<br />
gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan SefasebaTa<br />
umravlesoba adgens, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba,<br />
an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemuli<br />
niSnis mixedviT. fsiqologiuri testirebis<br />
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis detalur ganxilvamde<br />
mokled mimovixiloT Sefasebis istoria. es<br />
istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT<br />
Sefasebis rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi;<br />
aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis<br />
irgvliv arsebuli zogierTi dava.<br />
Sefasebis istoria<br />
SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili formaluri<br />
testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT<br />
axali saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic<br />
farTo asparezze mxolod 1990-iani wlebis<br />
dasawyisSi gamovida. Tumca, didi xniT adre,<br />
vidre dasavluri fsiqologia daiwyebda adamian-<br />
Ta Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis<br />
meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi.<br />
faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win gamoiyeneboda<br />
sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo<br />
samoqalaqo samsaxurSi misaRebi moxeleebis<br />
testirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo moxeleebs Tavian-<br />
Ti kompetenturobis gamovlena yovel mesame<br />
wels moeTxovebodaT zepir gamocdaze. ori<br />
aTasi wlis Semdeg, hanis dinastiis dros, weriTi<br />
testebi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi<br />
daqiravebuli moxeleebis kompetenturobis<br />
gamosavlenad gamoiyeneboda iseT sferoebSi,<br />
rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme,<br />
agronomia (an sasoflo-sameurneo saqme) da<br />
geografia. mingis dinastiis periodSi (Cv. w.<br />
aR-iT 1368-1664ww.) saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva<br />
samsafexuriani obieqturi SerCevis proceduraSi<br />
miRebuli Sdegebis safuZvelze xdeboda. pirvel<br />
etapze gamocdebi adgilobriv doneze tardeboda.<br />
im adamianebis 4%, romlebic warmatebiT abarebdnen<br />
gamocdebs, gamocdis meore etapze gadadiodnen,<br />
anu cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi<br />
werdnen narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze.<br />
mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc abarebda am gamocdas,<br />
ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo<br />
etapze, romelic qveynis dedaqalaqSi tardeboda.<br />
1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebuli<br />
SerCevis proceduras britaneli diplomatebi<br />
da misionerebi akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen.<br />
Zalian male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki amerikaSi,<br />
saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris personalis<br />
SerCevisaTvis danergil iqna Cinuri<br />
sistemis modificirebuli versiebi (Wiggins,1973).<br />
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoria-<br />
Si erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs inglisel<br />
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment)<br />
_ individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansazRvruli<br />
procedurebi.<br />
ra aris Sefaseba<br />
361
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
362<br />
aristokrats, ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis<br />
Galton). misi wigni `geniosobis memkvidreobiToba~<br />
1869 wels gamoqveynda, romelmac mniSvnelovani<br />
gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis,<br />
Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.<br />
galtoni, romelic Carlz darvinis naTesavi<br />
iyo, adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas misi evoluciis<br />
Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda. mas ainteresebda,<br />
Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian<br />
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
unarebis mixedviT; agreTve, akvirvebda<br />
is, rom zogierTi adamiani niWieri da warmatebuli<br />
iyo, rogorc TviTon, xolo zogierTi ki<br />
_ ara.<br />
galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena<br />
oTxi mniSvnelovani idea inteleqtis Sefasebis<br />
Sesaxeb. pirvelis mixedviT inteleqtis mixedviT<br />
gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da inteleqtis<br />
xarisxis terminebiT aRiwereba. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, maT Soris gansxvavebis dasafiqsireblad<br />
raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba<br />
mieniWos adamianebis inteleqtis doneebs. meore,<br />
adamianebs Soris inteleqtis mixedviT gansxvavebebi<br />
zaris formis mruds, anu normalur<br />
ganawilebas qmnis. zaris formis mrudze adamian-<br />
Ta umravlesobis maCvenebeli ganawilebis Sua<br />
nawilSi grovdeba da mxolod mcire nawilia<br />
moTavsebuli ganawilebis ukidures _ geniosobis<br />
da mentaluri deficitis aRmniSvnel _ wertilebTan<br />
axlos (zaris formis mruds mogvianebiT<br />
davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqtis, anu gonebrivi<br />
unarebis gazomva SesaZlebelia obieqturi<br />
testebiT, romelTa TiToeul kiTxvas mxolod<br />
erTi swori pasuxi aqvs. meoTxe, testis ori<br />
jgufis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebis<br />
zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba statistikuri<br />
proceduriT, romelsac galtonma korelacia<br />
uwoda da romelic dResdReobiT korelaciis<br />
saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />
samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvnelovani<br />
kamaTis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas<br />
miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda.<br />
misi azriT, talanti, an `sidiade~<br />
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sistematuri<br />
procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic<br />
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba<br />
individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis<br />
(Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.<br />
memkvidreobiTia, xolo aRzrdas minimaluri<br />
gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. misi azriT, inteleqti<br />
darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveulwilad,<br />
moralur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi<br />
politika genetikurad `uaresi~ (inferioruli)<br />
da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) adamianis cnebaze<br />
daefuZnebina. man Camoayaliba evgenikuri moZraoba,<br />
romelic, evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebiT,<br />
adamianTa modgmis gaumjobesebas uWerda<br />
mxars da dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili biologiurad<br />
superioruli adamianebis gamravlebisa<br />
da inferioruli adamianebis mxridan STamomavlobaze<br />
uaris Tqmisadmi. galtoni werda: `arsebobs<br />
mosazreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod<br />
usafuZvlo, inferioruli rasis TandaTanobiT<br />
gadaSendebis ideis gaumarTleblobis Sesaxeb~<br />
(Galton, 1883/1907, gv. 200).<br />
es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiT im<br />
adamianebmac gamoTqves, romlebic Tvlidnen,<br />
rom inteleqtualuri (superioruli) rasa<br />
naklebad inteleqtualebis (inferiorebis) xarjze<br />
unda gamravldes. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris<br />
iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard)<br />
da termeni (Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac<br />
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aseve, visaubrebT<br />
nacisti diqtatoris, adolf hitleris Teoriis<br />
Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es<br />
elitaruli ideebi dResac aqtualuria.<br />
ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara<br />
inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas. axla ganvixiloT<br />
formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasia-<br />
Tebeli Taviseburebebi.<br />
formaluri Sefasebis<br />
ZiriTadi niSnebi<br />
formaluri Sefasebis procedura, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs individebis klasifikacias, an maT<br />
SerCevas, sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes.<br />
Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2)<br />
validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu<br />
Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs,<br />
maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar<br />
iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Tavi<br />
inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba, formaluri<br />
Sefasebis qvemoT aRwerili procedura yvela<br />
saxis fsiqologiuri testirebis dros gamoi
yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo<br />
gamoyeneba gasagebi gaxdes, ganvixilavT magali-<br />
Tebs rogorc inteleqtis testirebidan, ise _<br />
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidan.<br />
sandooba<br />
sandooba gviCvenebs, esa Tu is Sefasebis<br />
instrumenti ramdenad iZleva sando monacemebs.<br />
Tu diliT abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da<br />
sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva Sedegs giCvenebT,<br />
ifiqrebT, rom is ar muSaobs. Tqven SegiZliaT<br />
TqvaT, rom is ar aris sando, vinaidan ver<br />
iRebT myar maCvenebels; Tu awonvebs Soris<br />
kargad danayrdebiT, maSin, bunebrivia, aRar<br />
geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTsa<br />
da imave wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis meTodebi<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
sandod an arasandod, Tu ucvleli darCeba<br />
gasazomi sidide.<br />
testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia<br />
test-retestuli sandoobis gansazRvra. es aris<br />
korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs erTsa da<br />
imave cdis pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva<br />
dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul maCveneblebs<br />
Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis<br />
koeficientia +1.00, rac niSnavs imas, rom orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi erTnair maCveneblebs viRebT. Tu<br />
cdis pirebma pirveli testirebisas miiRes<br />
yvelaze maRali, an dabali qulebi, maSin igives<br />
miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad<br />
arasando testis maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis<br />
koeficienti 0.00-is tolia, rac niSnavs imas,<br />
rom aranairi urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs<br />
pirveli da meore testirebis maCveneblebs<br />
Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu cdis pirma<br />
pirvelad umaRlesi qulebi miiRo, meored<br />
SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos.<br />
korelaciis koeficientis zrdasTan (idealur<br />
+1.00-Tan miaxloebasTan) erTad testis sandoobac<br />
izrdeba.<br />
sandoobis Sefasebis kidev ori gza arsebobs.<br />
pirveli, erTi da imave testis nacvlad cdis<br />
pirs testis urTierTSemcvlel, paralelur<br />
formebs aZleven. paraleluri formebis gamoyeneba<br />
amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis<br />
SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, Tanamimdevruli<br />
Candes erTi testidan meoreze gadasvlisas.<br />
sandoobis meore sazomi Sinagani SeTanxmebulobaa,<br />
romelic erTi da igive testis<br />
pasuxebis Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad,<br />
SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da kenti<br />
davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli nawilisaTvis<br />
erTnairi qulebi miiReba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom testi Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis<br />
maRali doniT xasiTdeba, rac SuaSi gaxleCvis<br />
sandoobis meTodiT miiRweva.<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos ara<br />
marto TavisdaTavad sazomi instrumenti, aramed<br />
am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. davuSvaT,<br />
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
erTnair qulebs testis nebismier dros<br />
gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis stabilurobas<br />
an konsistenturobas.<br />
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _<br />
erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis<br />
sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul<br />
qulebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.<br />
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis<br />
sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis<br />
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs<br />
pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts<br />
an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsistenturoba<br />
erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.<br />
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _<br />
sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,<br />
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, SesrulebaSi<br />
miRebuli qulebis msgavsebis xarisxi.<br />
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency)<br />
_ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi<br />
miRebuli qulebis Sedareba.<br />
ra aris Sefaseba<br />
363
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
364<br />
mkvlevrebs saklaso oTaxSi bavSvebis dakvirveba<br />
surdaT maTi agresiuli TamaSis donis Sesafaseblad.<br />
amisaTvis maT SeiZleba SeeqmnaT<br />
kodirebuli sqema, romelic saTanado gansxvavebis<br />
dadgenis saSualebas miscemda. es sqema<br />
maSin iqneboda sando, Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi<br />
awarmoebdnen dakvirvebas da igive Sefasebas<br />
miscemdnen. swored amitom aucilebelia im<br />
adamianebis momzadeba, romelTac SemdgomSi<br />
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ganxorcieleba mouwevT.<br />
isini aucileblad unda flobdnen saTanado<br />
formiT gansxvavebis dadgenis sistemebis<br />
gamoyenebis unarebs.<br />
validoba<br />
testis validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT<br />
zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac surs eqsperts.<br />
inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTebels<br />
da Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva im situaciebSi, romelSic<br />
mniSvnelovan rols inteleqti asrulebs. kreatulobis<br />
validuri sazomiT miRebuli qulebi<br />
realur kreatulobas gviCvenebs da ara xatvis<br />
unars an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, vali-<br />
validoba (Validity) – gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad<br />
zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo miwodebuli.<br />
TvalsaCino validoba (Face validity) _ xarisxi,<br />
Tu ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod<br />
dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan<br />
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity)<br />
_ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRvruli<br />
kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis<br />
Sedegebi Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT<br />
sxva kriteriums.<br />
doba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa Tu<br />
Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas,<br />
romelic dakavSirebulia testis mizanTan, an<br />
mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami Ziri-<br />
Tadi tipi: TvalsaCino validoba, validoba<br />
kriteriumis mixedviT da konstruqtuli validoba.<br />
validobis pirveli tipi testis Sinaarss<br />
eyrdnoba. Tu testis amocanebi uSualod ukav-<br />
Sirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia<br />
TvalsaCino validoba. aseT testebSi Zalian<br />
pirdapir da martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi,<br />
romlebic maT Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT.<br />
magaliTad, ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT<br />
Tu ara kreatuli? adamianisgan, romelic<br />
testirebaSi monawileobs, elian, rom is Zalze<br />
zustad da patiosnad upasuxebs testSi dasmul<br />
SekiTxvebs. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba<br />
xSirad ar aris sakmarisi zusti gazomvisTvis.<br />
pirveli rigSi, adamianebi SeiZleba arazustad<br />
aRiqvamdnen sakuTar Tavs, an SeiZleba ar icodnen,<br />
sxvebTan Sedarebisas rogor Seafason sakuTari<br />
Tavi. meore, rodesac testi sakmaod zustad<br />
zomavs ama Tu im maxasiaTebels, is Semsruleblebs<br />
maTTvis sasurveli STabeWdilebis<br />
moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT<br />
fsiqikuri problemebis mqone hospitalizirebuli<br />
pacientebis klasikuri SemTxveva, romel-<br />
Tac ar surdaT klinikis nacnobi, mowesrigebuli<br />
garemodan wasvla.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
pacientebi manipulireben<br />
fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT<br />
fsiqiatriuli klinikis personali<br />
SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
daavadebul pacientebs ekiTxeboda,<br />
ramdenad mZime iyo maTi mdgomareoba.<br />
rodesac maT ekiTxebodnen, iyvnen Tu ara<br />
isini imdenad kargad, rom saerTo palataSi<br />
gadaeyvanaT, pacientebi, ZiriTadad,<br />
dadebiT Sefasebas iZleodnen. Tumca,<br />
rodesac interviu stacionaridan<br />
gawerisTvis mzaobis Sefasebas isaxavda<br />
miznad, maSin maTi pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo,
vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im<br />
fsiqiatrebma, romlebic pacientebis<br />
intervius Sedegebs ajamebdnen, araferi<br />
icodnen intervius miznis eqsperimentuli<br />
variaciis Sesaxeb, amitom im pacientebis<br />
mdgomareobas ufro mZimed afasebdnen,<br />
romlebic ufro negatiur Sefasebas<br />
iZleodnen da amiT maT stacionaridan<br />
gaSvebaze uars ambobdnen. amrigad,<br />
pacientebma Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi<br />
miiRes. fsiqiatrebis Sefasebaze SeiZleba<br />
im mosazrebamac imoqmeda, rom, Tu vinmes<br />
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi surda darCena,<br />
maSin misi mdgomareoba mZime unda yofiliyo<br />
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967).<br />
am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnelebi<br />
ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod TvalsaCino validobis<br />
mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT validobis<br />
sxva tipebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian<br />
zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas.<br />
testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis<br />
(cnobilia, aseve, rogorc prognostuli validoba)<br />
misaRwevad fsiqologebi erTmaneTs<br />
adareben cdis pirebis mier erT testSi miRebul<br />
qulebsa da sxva (imave parametrTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli) standartis an kriteriumis mixedviT<br />
miRebul qulebs. magaliTad, Tu testis<br />
mizania kolejSi warmatebulobis prognozireba,<br />
maSin kolejis miRebuli niSnebi Sesabamisi<br />
kriteriumi iqneba. Tu testis qulebi korelirebs<br />
kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi validuria<br />
kriteriumis mixedviT. testis avtorebis<br />
ZiriTadi amocana Sesabamisi gazomvadi kriteriumis<br />
povnaa. Tu erTxel ukve naCvenebia Sefasebis<br />
instrumentis kriteriumis mixedviT<br />
validoba, maSin mkvlevrebi sandod miiCneven<br />
mas da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi prognozirebisaTvis.<br />
swored am logikiT iTxovs kolejis<br />
mimRebi komisia SAT-is qulebs. warsulSi SATis<br />
qulebi dadebiTad korelirebda kolejSi<br />
swavlis zogierT aspeqtTan, amitom administracias<br />
maTze dayrdnobiT kolejSi Tqveni<br />
momavali karieris prognozireba SeeZlo.<br />
pirobebi, romelSic testi validuria, Sei-<br />
Zleba Zalze specifikuri iyos, amitom yovelTvis<br />
saWiroa testis mimarT daisvas kiTxva: `risTvis<br />
aris is mowodebuli, risTvisaa validuri?~ Tu<br />
gvecodineba, kidev romel kriteriumebTan korelirebs<br />
an ar korelirebs mocemuli testi,<br />
maSin raime axlis danaxvas SevZlebT kriteriumebSi,<br />
maTi agebis koncefciebsa Tu adamianis<br />
qcevis sirTuleSi. vTqvaT, qmniT tests samedicino<br />
fakultetis studentebis stresTan gamklavebis<br />
unaris gasazomad; Semdeg aRmoaCenT,<br />
rom am testSi miRebuli qulebi korelirebs<br />
studentebis mier mecadineobis procesSi warmoqmnili<br />
stresuli situaciebis daZlevis unarTan.<br />
amasTan, varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve,<br />
korelaciaSi iqneba im stresuli situaciebis<br />
daZlevis unarTan, romelTa gadalaxvac uwevT<br />
studentebs gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis<br />
samsaxurSi muSaobisas, Tumca es varaudi ar<br />
dagidasturdaT. vinaidan nawilobriv ganisazRvra<br />
testis validoba, raRac axalic SeityveT<br />
Tqven testis Sesaxeb: (a) ra pirobebSia is validuri<br />
da (b) misi agebis koncefciis Sesaxeb _<br />
sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors gansxvavebul<br />
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. amis Semdeg testis koreqtirebas<br />
akeTebT ise, rom masSi iTvaliswinebT<br />
gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxur-<br />
Si muSaobisTvis specifikur stresorebs.<br />
dafiqrdiT im kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
sandoobasa da validobas Soris arsebobs. sandooba<br />
izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs<br />
testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros gamoyenebisas),<br />
xolo validoba _ imiT, Tu ra xarisxiT<br />
korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan<br />
(sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an eqspertis<br />
Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando,<br />
is arc validuria, radgan Tu testi ver<br />
winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, is<br />
ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magali-<br />
Tad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes agresiulobis<br />
testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCnda<br />
korelaciaSi meore dRes Catarebuli paraleluri<br />
formis qulebTan (arasandoobis magali-<br />
Ti), naklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT iTqvas, Tu romeli<br />
studenti Cxubobda an kamaTobda yvelaze<br />
xSirad gasul kviras. bolos da bolos am ori<br />
testis qulebze dayrdnobiT erTnair winaswarmetyvelebasac<br />
ki ver gavakeTebdiT! meores mxriv,<br />
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos sando,<br />
magram _ aravaliduri. magaliTad, Tu inteleqtis<br />
sazomad mozrdili adamianis simaRlis<br />
gamoyenebas gadavwyvetT, albaT, iolad mixvdeb-<br />
ra aris Sefaseba<br />
365
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
366<br />
iT, ratom SeiZleba, rom es sazomi iyos sando,<br />
magram aravaliduri.<br />
normebi da standartizacia<br />
amrigad, gvaqvs sando da validuri testi,<br />
magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis interpretaciisaTvis<br />
isev gvWirdeba normebi. magaliTad,<br />
depresiulobis xarisxis gamovlenisTvis mowodebul<br />
testSi 18 qula miiReT. rogorc fiqrobT,<br />
ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _<br />
msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT<br />
depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis mniSvnelobis<br />
gasagebad, is sxva studentebis tipur qulebs,<br />
anu statistikur normebs unda Sedardes. testis<br />
normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gaigoT,<br />
Cveulebriv, ra diapazonSi nawildeba Tqveni<br />
asakisa da sqesis studentebis mier miRebuli<br />
qulebi da rogoria maTi gasaSualoebuli qula.<br />
es Seqmnis konteqts, romelSic SesaZlebeli<br />
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia individebis<br />
didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze.<br />
normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT<br />
individisa da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis<br />
normebi.<br />
standartizacia (Stanradtization) – testirebis<br />
erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli cdis<br />
pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti<br />
Tu monacemebis registracia.<br />
iqneba Tqveni depresiulobis xarisxis interpretireba.<br />
Tu Tqven unarebis testi gagikeTebiaT, testis<br />
normebsac naxavdiT. testis normebi<br />
giCvenebT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni qulebi<br />
sxvebis qulebs da gexmarebaT imis dadgenaSi,<br />
Tu ramdenad axlosaa Tqveni Sedegi normatiuli<br />
populaciis SedegTan. individis qulebis<br />
interpretaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia<br />
jgufis normebis codna, rodesac Sesadarebeli<br />
jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi<br />
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: asaki,<br />
socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba.<br />
imisaTvis, rom normebs azri hqondes, saWiroa,<br />
rom erTi da igive testi yvela cdis pirma<br />
erTnair, standartizirebul pirobebSi Seasrulos.<br />
standartizacia aris testirebis<br />
meTodikis erTnairad, erTnair pirobebSi<br />
gamoyeneba yvela cdis piris mimarT. standartizaciis<br />
aucilebloba Zalze TvalsaCinoa,<br />
magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar<br />
xerxdeba. zogs meti dro eZleva, zogs _ ufro<br />
naTeli da detaluri instruqcia; zogs aqvs<br />
SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba anda metad motivirebulebi<br />
arian davalebis ukeT SesrulebisTvis.<br />
ganvixiloT erT-erTi Cvenganis gamocdileba:<br />
ielis universitetis magistraturaSi<br />
swavlisas saSualo skolis moswavleebSi<br />
gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis donis<br />
gasazomad skalas viyenebdi. testirebis<br />
dawyebamde erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis<br />
moswavleebs uTxra: `Tqven es mSvenieri<br />
mamakaci axal TamaSs geTamaSebaT, romelic<br />
kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi<br />
Cven gagvamxiarulebs~. meore maswavlebelma<br />
ki Tavis moswavleebs ase mimarTa: `ielis<br />
universitetidan mosuli es fsiqologi<br />
apirebs testis Catarebas im mizniT, rom<br />
gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad<br />
SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad<br />
kargia Cveni klasi~ (Zimbardo, personal communication,<br />
1958).<br />
SeZlebdiT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebis<br />
pirdapir Sedarebas, romelic erTi testiT iqna<br />
miRebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, vinaidan<br />
testi ar gamoiyenes standartizirebuli<br />
formiT. am SemTxvevaSi meore klasis bavSvebis
qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis<br />
testSi ufro maRali iyo (albaT, es sruliad<br />
ar gikvirT). rodesac Sefasebis procedurebSi<br />
naTlad ar aris mocemuli miTiTebebi testis<br />
Catarebisa da miRebuli qulebis daTvlis gza,<br />
maSin gaZneldeba testis Sedegebis mniSvnelobebis<br />
interpretacia an imaze saubari, Tu ra<br />
mimarTebaSia es Sedegebi nebismier normatiuli<br />
SedegebTan.<br />
axla ganvixileT zogierTi im sakiTxTagani,<br />
romelic aRelvebT mkvlevrebs, rodesac isini<br />
qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinamdvileSi<br />
zomavs Tu ara testi imas, risi gazomvac<br />
surT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen<br />
testis sandoobasa da validobaSi; MmaT, aseve,<br />
unda daadginon testirebis standartuli<br />
pirobebi, mxolod amis Sedegad miRebul normebs<br />
aqvs azri. nebismieri testis qulebi unda<br />
Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT.<br />
aseve, unda Sefasdes Sesrulebis normebi da<br />
standartizaciis pirobebi, romelSic testi<br />
Catarda.<br />
Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleqtis<br />
gazomvas.<br />
Sejameba<br />
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia individualur<br />
gansxvavebebze, aseve, imis Seswavlaze,<br />
Tu riTi gansxvavdeba an hgavs erTi individi<br />
sxvebs. Sefasebis formebi antikur CineTSi<br />
Seiqmna. dasavlur samyaroSi pirvelad frensis<br />
galtonma Seqmna da gamoiyena Teoria inteleqtis<br />
testirebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis<br />
miTi biologiurad `saukeTeso~ (superioruli)<br />
da `uaresi~ (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb.<br />
testebi gamoyenebadia, Tu: (a) isini validuria,<br />
anu sxvadasxva dros am testis Sesrulebisas<br />
erTi da igive adamiani erTsa da imave qulebs<br />
iRebs da (b) iZleva sando, zust informacias<br />
im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris gasazomadac Seiqmna.<br />
aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis<br />
procedura iyos standartizirebuli da mi-<br />
Rebuli qulebi Sedardes Sesabamisi populaciis<br />
normas.<br />
inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni<br />
megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema inteleqtis<br />
gansazRvriT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana<br />
ar aris, magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52-kaciani<br />
jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad gansazRvrebaze:<br />
`inteleqti aris Zalze zogadi gonebrivi<br />
SesaZlebloba, romelic, sxva komponentebTan<br />
erTad, moicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagegmvis,<br />
problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli azrovnebis,<br />
rTuli ideebis wvdomis, swrafad daswavlisa<br />
da gamocdilebis miRebis unars~ (Gottfredson,1997a,<br />
gv.13). SesaZleblobebis am farTo speqtrs Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli gaxdeba, ratom<br />
aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is, Tu<br />
rogor axdenen Teoretikosebi inteleqtis da<br />
umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis konceptualizebas,<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs,<br />
riTac isini mis gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg,<br />
1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis<br />
inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisazRvros<br />
da dayvanil iqnes erT garkveul qulaze;<br />
sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali<br />
komponentisgan Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke<br />
unda gaizomos; arian iseTebic, romlebic<br />
amboben, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis<br />
ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxe, rac gamocdilebis<br />
sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba.<br />
am qveTavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba<br />
inteleqtis testebi inteleqtis sxvadasxva<br />
koncefciebs. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis<br />
ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi<br />
da misi gazomvisadmi interesi.<br />
inteleqtis testebis<br />
istoriuli safuZvlebi<br />
1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi<br />
pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred bine (Alfred<br />
Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaTlebis<br />
ministris mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeq-<br />
inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sargeblis<br />
miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli<br />
informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi<br />
unari.<br />
inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
367
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
368<br />
turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis<br />
mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega<br />
Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom<br />
saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli<br />
iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva.<br />
man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis<br />
SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTarebaSi<br />
Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis<br />
da normaluri moswavleebisgan<br />
maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari<br />
testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas,<br />
naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier<br />
moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad<br />
tendenciur Sefasebebs.<br />
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi<br />
maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem<br />
Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu<br />
testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT<br />
bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi<br />
Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom<br />
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gacemuli<br />
pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad<br />
miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT<br />
mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis<br />
Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad<br />
Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis<br />
Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis<br />
meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da<br />
daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911).<br />
testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs CautardaT<br />
da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad<br />
ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo<br />
qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis<br />
Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis<br />
saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa<br />
saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad<br />
ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas<br />
iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda.<br />
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula<br />
utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo<br />
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis<br />
sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis<br />
inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT<br />
gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis<br />
bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben.<br />
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis<br />
dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis<br />
raodenoba.<br />
qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5,<br />
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronologiuri<br />
asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis<br />
raodenoba.<br />
bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSan-<br />
TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis<br />
qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare<br />
ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc<br />
Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis<br />
qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba<br />
surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiroeben<br />
da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame,<br />
igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis<br />
pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da<br />
ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis<br />
inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda,<br />
romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT<br />
gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi.<br />
dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova<br />
monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo<br />
Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba<br />
inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan.<br />
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam<br />
didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da<br />
socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kombinaciam<br />
ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis<br />
gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da<br />
duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri<br />
da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi<br />
milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao<br />
ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT<br />
aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis<br />
moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa<br />
da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis<br />
meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis<br />
dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa<br />
gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris<br />
TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda<br />
amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali<br />
masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro<br />
kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda<br />
Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtualuri<br />
unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri<br />
testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoiyenes.<br />
gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic<br />
Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard<br />
Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi
×<br />
(Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagangebo<br />
viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT<br />
TveSi Seqmnes (Lennon,1985).<br />
am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis<br />
Sedegad amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi<br />
gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs SeuZliaT<br />
adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa<br />
da sxva socialurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mixedviT, ramac xeli Seuwyo maT farTo<br />
gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba<br />
ganixileboda, rogorc qaotur sazogadoebaSi<br />
wesrigis Setanis saSualeba. aseve, es iyo sakmaod<br />
iafi, demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodiferencirebisa,<br />
visac ganaTlebidan da samxedro<br />
meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba<br />
SeeZlo. inteleqtis farTomasStabiani testirebis<br />
gamoyenebis gasaioleblad mkvlevrebi<br />
Zalas ar iSurebdnen da farTo gamoyenebis<br />
mqone testur procedurebs qmnidnen.<br />
IQ testebi<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis standartizebuli<br />
gazomva safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul<br />
male am saqmeSi wamyvani poziciebi aSS-is<br />
fsiqologebma daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve,<br />
IQ, anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ inteleqtis<br />
ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomia. amJamad<br />
farTod gamoiyeneba individualuri gamoyenebisTvis<br />
mowodebuli IQ-testis ori jgufi:<br />
stenford-binesa (Stanford-Binet) da veqsleris<br />
skalebi (Wechsler).<br />
stenford-bines inteleqtis skala<br />
luis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis<br />
universitetis sajaro skolis yofilma administratorma,<br />
Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis<br />
gazomvis bineseuli meTodis mniSvneloba.<br />
aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT<br />
man moaxdina bines testis adaptireba aSS-is<br />
skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gaukeTa<br />
testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi<br />
normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis<br />
stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti,<br />
romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc stenford-bines<br />
inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916).<br />
am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada<br />
iseTi cnebisTvis, rogoricaa inteleqtis<br />
koeficienti, anu IQ (termini, romelic 1914<br />
wels Sternma Semoitana). IQ aris gonebrivi<br />
asakis Sefardeba qronologiur asakTan, gamravlebuli<br />
100-ze:<br />
IQ = gonebrivi asaki ÷ qronologiuri<br />
asaki 100<br />
bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki 8 welia<br />
da romlis testis qulebma aCvena gonebrivi<br />
asaki 10 weli, IQ 125 (10:8×100=125) eqneba, xolo<br />
igive qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac<br />
testi 6 wlis bavSvis doneze Seasrula, IQ 75<br />
(6:8×100=75) eqneba; individebs, romlebmac<br />
Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis Sesabamisi<br />
gonebrivi testi, IQ 100 eqnebaT. amrigad, 100<br />
qula saSualo IQ-ad iqna miCneuli.Q<br />
stenford-bines axali testi male gadaiqca<br />
klinikuri fsiqologiis, fsiqoTerapiis da<br />
saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad.<br />
es testi Seicavs mTel rig subtestebs,<br />
romelic konkretul gonebriv asakzea morgebuli<br />
da romelTac mcire reviziaTa CautardaT<br />
1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa<br />
miRweuliyo sami mizani: _ (1) mcirewlovani<br />
bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQis<br />
gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni;<br />
(2) ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi,<br />
romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi momxdar<br />
cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxlebuliyo<br />
normebisa da asakis Sesabamisi saSualo<br />
qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenfordbines<br />
testis ukanaskneli, me-4 gamocema (Torndike<br />
et al.,1986) testis validobis gaumjobesebis mizans<br />
emsaxureba, romelTac uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust<br />
gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis<br />
mqone individebisaTvis, ise, `fsiqikuri funqcionirebis<br />
problemebis mqone~, an niWieri individebisaTvis<br />
(Laurent et al.,1992).<br />
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar<br />
miiReba gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze<br />
gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi<br />
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient)<br />
_ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis<br />
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ<br />
gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis<br />
qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze<br />
gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba,<br />
rogorc IQ testis qula.<br />
inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
369
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
370<br />
Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba<br />
Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa qulebTan. 100-is<br />
toli IQ aris `saSualo~ da gviCvenebs, rom<br />
Tqveni asakis adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs<br />
agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris<br />
moTavsebuli qulebi `normaa~, xolo maTze meti<br />
(120 da zemoT) _ `umaRlesi~. rodesac 18 wlamde<br />
asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs<br />
70-dan 75-mde, an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi<br />
CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums Seesabamebian,<br />
magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi,<br />
gonebrivad CamorCenilebad rom CaiTvalon,<br />
individebma cxovrebiseul amocanebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRuduli<br />
unaric unda gamoavlinon (American Association<br />
on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). adreul<br />
wlebSi IQ qulebi msubuqi, zomieri, Zlieri da<br />
Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasificirebisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneboda (ix. sur. 10.1.), magram,<br />
adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam<br />
eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa ukarnaxa<br />
iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod,<br />
rogoricaa `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone<br />
pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur mxardaWeras<br />
saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari<br />
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _<br />
rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 70-<br />
75-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve,<br />
rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amocanebis<br />
gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis<br />
unari.<br />
Tavis marTvis sferoebSi~, an `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis<br />
mqone pirovneba, romelic komunikaciasa<br />
da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras<br />
saWiroebs~ (American Association on Mental Retardation<br />
AAMR,1992. gv.34).<br />
veqsleris inteleqtis skala<br />
david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu<br />
iorkis belviu hospitalSi muSaobda, Tvlida,<br />
rom mozrdilTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura<br />
naklebad unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze<br />
damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna veqslerbelvius<br />
inteleqtis skala, romelSic verbaluri<br />
subtestebi kombinirebuli iyo araverbalur,<br />
anu praqtikuli Sesrulebis subtestebTan.<br />
amrigad, mTliani IQ qulebis garda, adamianebs<br />
damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da araverbaluri<br />
IQ-is damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. 1955 wels,<br />
mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg, tests Seecvala<br />
saxelwodeba da `veqsleris inteleqtis skala<br />
mozrdilTaTvis~ _ WAIS ewoda, xolo dResdReobiT<br />
misi gadasinjuli versia cnobilia, rogorc<br />
_ WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981).<br />
WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: informirebuloba,<br />
leqsikuri maragi, gageba, ariTmetikuli<br />
unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom<br />
aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi<br />
(eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa<br />
seriis gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc<br />
werilobiTi, ise _ zepiri. praqtikuli Sesru
cxrili 10.1<br />
lebis xuTi subtesti moicavs masaliT manipulirebas,<br />
praqtikulad ar aris sityvebi. magaliTad,<br />
kuburebis awyobis testSi individs<br />
baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSis gameoreba evaleba,<br />
risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad mxareebs usadagebs<br />
erTmaneTs. cifrebi-simboloebis testSi<br />
mocemulia gasaRebi, romelic 9 simbolos 9<br />
cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze<br />
moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi<br />
cifrebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. praqtikuli<br />
Sesrulebis danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis<br />
dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis<br />
ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s, TerTmetive<br />
subtesti unda SeasruloT da sami saxis qula<br />
_ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani,<br />
anu sruli skalis IQ _ miiRoT. 10.2 cxrilSi<br />
mocemulia magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra tipis<br />
kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si. WAIS-R gankuTvnilia<br />
18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram<br />
msgavsi testebi SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac<br />
(sur. 10.2). veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSvebisaTvis<br />
_ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler,<br />
1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da<br />
gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi<br />
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:<br />
••••• individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali;<br />
• dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia:<br />
komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT<br />
informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;<br />
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi;<br />
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da<br />
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;<br />
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;<br />
komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris<br />
sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;<br />
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unar-<br />
Cvevebi;<br />
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli Cvevebi;<br />
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi<br />
(rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxorcielebaSi;<br />
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;<br />
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi.<br />
• CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.<br />
wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41.<br />
veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis<br />
bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _ gadasinjulia<br />
(WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bav-<br />
SvebisaTvis. orive testis bolo reviziebma<br />
masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bav-<br />
SvebisaTvis sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma<br />
daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms<br />
warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).<br />
WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis<br />
testebis ojaxs, romelic gvaZlevs verbalur<br />
IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel<br />
asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian<br />
subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas<br />
aZlevs mkvlevrebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro<br />
specifikuri inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi<br />
ganviTarebas. amis gamo veqsleris skalebi<br />
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da<br />
igive individi testirebas gansxvavebul asakSi<br />
gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli<br />
saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo programebis<br />
Sedegad bavSvis mier miRweuli warmatebis<br />
monitoringi.<br />
inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
371
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
372<br />
cxrili 10.2<br />
WAIS-R testis analogiuri sakiTxebi<br />
da problemebi<br />
verbaluri subtesti<br />
informirebuloba vin dawera `didi geTsbi~?<br />
gageba ras niSnavs, roca<br />
adamianebi amboben: `feri<br />
fersa - madli RmerTsa~.<br />
ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5<br />
dolari gadaixade da<br />
batibutSi - 2.5 dolari,<br />
maSin ocdolarianidan<br />
xurda ramdeni unda<br />
dagibrunon?<br />
msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs<br />
TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa<br />
navi?<br />
ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi:<br />
3 2 7 5 9<br />
leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs `paeqroba~?<br />
Sesrulebis subtesti<br />
ricxobrivi simbolo eqsperimentatori cdis pirs<br />
awvdis gasaRebs, romelic<br />
ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3)<br />
simboloebs (magaliTad, Ö,<br />
È, ) uTanadebs. cdis piri<br />
sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs<br />
gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod<br />
ricxvebi an simboloebia<br />
mocemuli.<br />
suraTis dasruleba cdis piri aTvalierebs<br />
suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia<br />
mas (magaliTad, cxeni<br />
fafaris gareSe)<br />
kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs,<br />
rom gamomcdelis mier<br />
mowodebuli nimuSi<br />
gaimeoros.<br />
suraTebis dalageba cdis piri alagebs muyaos<br />
suraTebis serias iseTi<br />
TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos<br />
moTxrobas hyveba;<br />
obieqtis ageba<br />
Sejameba<br />
eqsperimentatori awvdis<br />
cdis pirs muyaos firfitebis<br />
nawilebs, romelic<br />
cdis pirma ise unda daalagos,<br />
rom nacnobi sagnis<br />
suraTi miiRos.<br />
inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves<br />
iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan, romelsac<br />
is iseTi moswavleebis gamosavlenad axorcielebda,<br />
romlebic skolaSi swavlisas dama-<br />
suraTi 10.2<br />
tebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen. binem wamoayena<br />
winadadeba, rom TiToeuli bavSvi klasificirebuli<br />
yofiliyo misi gonebrivi asakis<br />
mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc<br />
funqcia _ gonebrivi asaki gayofili qronologiur<br />
asakze. luis termenma da david veqslerma<br />
IQ-s axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves.<br />
inteleqtis Teoriebi<br />
Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogierTi<br />
xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve SegiZliaT hkiTxoT<br />
sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi<br />
yovelive imas, rasac sityva inteleqti gulisxmobs?<br />
daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im<br />
unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi<br />
inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs<br />
xSirad uCndebaT interesi<br />
imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaar-<br />
Tmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens<br />
droSi sakamaod advilia<br />
ewvioT romelime veb-gverds,<br />
amoirCioT testi da miiRoT<br />
garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu<br />
ara rames miRebuli qulebi?<br />
am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi<br />
cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT,<br />
romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT.<br />
analizisaTvis monacemebi<br />
dagvWirda da Cvens megobars,<br />
romelsac pirobiTad poindeqsters<br />
vuwodebT, CvenTvis<br />
internetSi mudmivad arsebuli<br />
ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba<br />
vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil<br />
pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi<br />
sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac<br />
sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba<br />
mogvca. gavixsenoT,<br />
rom sandooba konsistentiurobas<br />
exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara<br />
msgavs qulebs is testebi,<br />
romlebic iTvleba rom, faqtobrivad,<br />
erTsa da imave rames<br />
zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi<br />
qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da<br />
130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrundebiT,<br />
vnaxavT, rom misi qulebi<br />
saSualoze maRalia (ra<br />
kargia poindeqsterisaTis!),<br />
magram miRebuli qulebidan<br />
Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi rom dagexmaroT,<br />
inteleqtis Teoriebs ganvixilavT. TiToeuli<br />
Teoriis gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs:<br />
moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi<br />
momxreebi, Tu maTi inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s<br />
gamoiyenebdnen.<br />
ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~<br />
kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _<br />
sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalinteleqtualebSi~.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />
rom testis Sedegebi ar aris<br />
gansakuTrebiT sando.<br />
Tu testebi ar aris sando,<br />
isini verc validuri iqneba. davuSvaT,<br />
rom Cven SemTxvevaSi<br />
testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT<br />
yvela SemTxveva, rodesac daveWvdebodiT<br />
maT validobaSi:<br />
poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTvlili<br />
iyo misi Sedegis (20 ki-<br />
Txvaze miRebuli swori pasuxebis<br />
raodenoba) im individebis<br />
SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze<br />
adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula<br />
is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze<br />
mocemuli zaris formis ganawilebaze<br />
gadataniT veb-gverdi IQs<br />
afasebs. ra problemasTan<br />
gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar<br />
gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom<br />
veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa<br />
saSualo IQ (gazomili tradiciuli,<br />
sando arainternetuli<br />
testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc<br />
unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb<br />
adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im<br />
adamianebis mxridan, vinc vebgverdze<br />
mocemuli testi Seasrula?<br />
meore, Cven araviTari<br />
safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT,<br />
rom testi yvelam erTnair stan-<br />
Sefaseba internetiT<br />
dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.<br />
magaliTad, testSi Sedis<br />
kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur<br />
marags saWiroebs. rogor<br />
SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli,<br />
rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis<br />
gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi<br />
an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT<br />
ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko,<br />
yovelTvis vambobdi, rom<br />
geniosi var!~)?<br />
interneti TqvenTvis uzrunvelyofs<br />
rogorc IQ-is,<br />
ise sxva unarebisa da pirovnuli<br />
konstruqtis Sefasebis<br />
uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven<br />
unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi<br />
miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom<br />
frTxilad SeafasoT internetiT<br />
miRebuli qulebis sandooba<br />
da validoba.<br />
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri<br />
internetSi mocemuli IQtestebis<br />
daJinebul momxmareblad<br />
gadaiqca. `evropul IQtestebze~<br />
misma saukeTeso<br />
qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi irwmuneba,<br />
rom 159 qula IQ-is<br />
validuri sazomia. Tqvenc<br />
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?<br />
veb-gverdebi:<br />
� www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _<br />
veb-gverdi, sadac didi raodenobiT<br />
testebia mocemuli;<br />
� www.majon.com/iq.html --_<br />
mravali testi erT saitze.<br />
inteleqtis fsiqometruli<br />
Teoriebi<br />
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, Ziri-<br />
Tadad, imave filosofiur velSi warmoiSva, romelmac<br />
IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria<br />
inteleqtis Teoriebi<br />
373
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
374<br />
fsiqologiis dargia, romelic fsiqikuri funqciebis<br />
testirebas emsaxureba. mis mraval aspeqts<br />
Sorisaa pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba,<br />
inteleqtis Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva.<br />
amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro<br />
kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi<br />
ikvlevs statistikur mimarTebebs unarebis<br />
gansxvavebul sazomebs Soris, magaliTad, WAIS-<br />
R-is 11 subtests Soris da Semdeg am mimarTebaTa<br />
safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb<br />
daskvnebi gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic amisaTvis<br />
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi<br />
ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura,<br />
romelic parametrebis, klasterebisa da faqtorebis<br />
ufro mcire raodenobis identificirebas<br />
axdens damoukidebel cvladTa ufro didi<br />
erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis<br />
mizani sakvlevi koncefciis ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri<br />
parametrebis dadgenaa. cxadia, statistikuri<br />
procedura mxolod statistikur<br />
mudmivebs adgens; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi<br />
dasabuTeba ukve fsiqologebis saqmea.<br />
Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) pirvelma<br />
gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi inteleqtis kvlevis<br />
sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. man<br />
aRmoaCina, rom individTa mier inteleqtis<br />
sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesrulebis Sedegad<br />
miRebuli qulebi kargad korelirebs erTmaneT-<br />
Tan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom<br />
arsebobs zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, anu<br />
faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis ganxorcielebas<br />
udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli<br />
calkeuli sfero, aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis<br />
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dargi,<br />
romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testirebaSi<br />
specializirdeba.<br />
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis<br />
faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar<br />
inteleqtualur aqtiobas.<br />
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelligence)<br />
_ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic<br />
Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am<br />
codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leqsikuri<br />
maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi informirebulobis<br />
testebiT.<br />
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inteleqtis<br />
komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli<br />
mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris<br />
unars.<br />
specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma s uwoda.<br />
magaliTad, leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi<br />
miRebuli Sedegebi damokidebulia rogorc<br />
zogad inteleqtze, ise am sferosaTvis damaxasia-<br />
Tebel specifikur unarebze.<br />
raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel, 1963) faqtoruli<br />
analizis ufro mowinave teqnikis gamoyenebiT<br />
daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba<br />
daiyos or, SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad,<br />
romelsac man kristalizebuli da fluiduri<br />
inteleqti uwoda. kristalizebuli inteleqti<br />
moicavs individis mier ukve aTvisebul codnas<br />
da am codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is<br />
izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi<br />
informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inteleqti<br />
rTuli mimarTebebis xedvisa da problemebis<br />
gadaWris unaria; is izomeba kuburebis<br />
nimuSisa da sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis testebiT,<br />
romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad saWiro<br />
fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba. TvalsaCino<br />
kristalizebuli inteleqti saSualebas<br />
gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis<br />
mimdinare, konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri<br />
inteleqti ki gexmarebaT, ieriSi miitanoT axal,<br />
abstraqtul problemebze.<br />
joi pol gilfordma (J.P.Guilford, 1961) faqtoruli<br />
analizi inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli<br />
mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamoiyena.<br />
inteleqtis struqturis miseul modelSi<br />
gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami<br />
niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi, anu informaciis tipi;<br />
produqti, anu forma, romliTac informacia<br />
aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli<br />
gonebrivi moqmedebebis tipi.<br />
rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi<br />
mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi,<br />
smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi;<br />
eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi,<br />
mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da<br />
implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba,<br />
konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli produqcia,<br />
mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis<br />
mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba<br />
ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis<br />
da operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa,<br />
gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia<br />
Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi<br />
modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoadgens.<br />
magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.2 suraTze,
leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis<br />
mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo<br />
sacekvao nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis<br />
mexsierebas saWiroebs.<br />
es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perioduli<br />
sistemis analogiuria. amgvari sistematuri<br />
sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi,<br />
qimiuri elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT<br />
aRmoCenamde iqnen postulirebuli. 1961 wels,<br />
rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina,<br />
cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40 inteleqtualuri<br />
unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebma 100-ze meti unari<br />
aRweres, rac gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis<br />
prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford, 1985).<br />
gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma<br />
gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia imisaTvis,<br />
rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre<br />
tradiciuli IQ testebis mixedviT gamovlenili<br />
SesaZleblobebia. amJamad ganvixilavT or<br />
Teorias, romelic scildeba IQ-is farglebs.<br />
sternbergis inteleqtis<br />
triarqiuli Teoria<br />
robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988)<br />
xazs usvams problemebis gadaWraSi kognituri<br />
procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro<br />
zogadi inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi<br />
suraTi 10.3<br />
inteleqtis struqtura<br />
inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gilfordi<br />
(J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri<br />
amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu<br />
informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas<br />
romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da<br />
operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi<br />
aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli<br />
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi<br />
CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da operaciebis<br />
mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi<br />
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis<br />
Semecnebis unars.<br />
ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _ Teorias.Dmis<br />
mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami<br />
saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstualuri<br />
_ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis<br />
gansxvavebul xerxebs warmoadgens.<br />
komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba komponentebis,<br />
anu saazrovno procesebis meSveobiT,<br />
romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas<br />
da problemebis gadawyvetas. sternbergi asaxelebs<br />
sami tipis komponents, romelTac centraluri<br />
mniSvneloba aqvT informaciis gadamu-<br />
SavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi axali<br />
faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponentebi<br />
problemis gadaWris strategiebisa da<br />
teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi<br />
strategiebis SerCevisa da warmatebisaken momavali<br />
procesis monitoringisaTvis. axla Tqveni<br />
komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad<br />
gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3- cxrilSi mocemuli<br />
savarjiSos Sesruleba.<br />
rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis<br />
amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad, Sesrulebis komponentebis<br />
da metakognituri komponentebis gamoyeneba<br />
dagWirdebaT. Sesrulebis komponentebi<br />
is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiTac<br />
gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba SegiZliaT;<br />
metakognituri komponentebi gadawyvetilebis<br />
mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas<br />
inteleqtis Teoriebi<br />
375
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
376<br />
cxrili 10.3<br />
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis<br />
unari<br />
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia.<br />
rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis<br />
amoxsna (Sternberg,1986).<br />
1. H-U-L-A-G __________<br />
2. P-T-T-M-E __________<br />
3. T-R-H-O-S __________<br />
4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________<br />
5. T-E-W-I-R __________<br />
6. L-L-A-O-W __________<br />
7. R-I-D-E-V __________<br />
8. O-C-C-H-U __________<br />
9. T-E-N-R-E __________<br />
10. C-I-B-A-S __________<br />
amoxsna mocemulia am Tavis bolos.<br />
iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor<br />
gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad? dasawyisisTvis saukeTeso<br />
strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTanxmebebis<br />
mosinjva, romlebic xSiria inglisur<br />
enaSi, rogoricaa S-H da T-H. strategiebis<br />
SerCeva metakognitur komponentebs saWiroebs,<br />
maTi ganxorcieleba ki _ Sesrulebis komponentebs.<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kargi strategia<br />
zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama T-<br />
N-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians uWirs am anagramis<br />
amoxsna, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia,<br />
romliTac inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba,<br />
xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans cdilobdiT<br />
am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas,<br />
romelic T-H-iT iwyeba?<br />
sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad<br />
daSliT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, zustad gansazRvron<br />
procesebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli IQis<br />
mqone individebis mier testSi miRebul<br />
Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. magaliTad,<br />
mkvlevrebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom<br />
maRali IQ-is mqone moswavleTa metakognituri<br />
komponenti maT garkveuli tipis problemis<br />
gadasaWrelad gansxvavebuli strategiebis<br />
SerCevas karnaxobs, dabali IQ-is mqone Tanatolebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT.<br />
empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis<br />
unars, gaumklavdes or ukiduresobas _ axal da<br />
rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,<br />
rom adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT<br />
jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze<br />
swrafad SeZlebs Sinisken mimavali gzis moZebnas.<br />
sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiCnioT<br />
im adamianis qceva, romelsac rutinuli<br />
amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu,<br />
magaliTad, adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTsa<br />
da imave amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze yvelaze<br />
did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, romelic<br />
amocanebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas `axali<br />
ideebis umciresi raodenobiT~ moaxerxebs.<br />
konteqstualuri inteleqti nebismier tipis<br />
saqmis praqtikul mogvarebaSi vlindeba. is axal<br />
da gansxvavebul viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan)<br />
adaptirebis, Sesatyvisi situaciebis SerCevisa<br />
da Tqveni moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi efeqturi<br />
garemos Seqmnis unars gulisxmobs. konteqstualuri<br />
inteleqti isaa, rasac adamianebi `gaqeqilobas~<br />
da `saqmis alRos~ uwodeben. gamokvlevebma<br />
aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT<br />
maRali konteqstualuri inteleqti maRali IQ-s<br />
gareSe.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze<br />
IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis<br />
warmatebas Soris mimarTebis dasadgenad<br />
mkvlevrebma ipodromis mudmivi klientebi<br />
SearCies. 30-kaciani jgufi daiyo eqspertebad<br />
da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
safuZvelze, Tu romel cxenebs<br />
eqneboda gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufis IQ<br />
saSualo 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis<br />
araviTari korelacia ar arsebobda IQ-sa<br />
da eqspertobas Soris, eqspertebma Sem-<br />
TxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad daasaxeles pirvel<br />
adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma ki<br />
_ SemTxvevaTa mxolod 33%-Si. mkvlevrebma<br />
isic aCvenes, rom eqspertebi TavianT zust<br />
Sefasebebs im xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic<br />
rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavda<br />
(Ceci & Liker, 1986).
vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi parametrebis<br />
mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe, miRebuli<br />
prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris<br />
unarianoba da a.S.), cvladebis gansxvavebul<br />
kombinacias warmoadgens, eqspertebis warmateba<br />
msgavsi situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver<br />
miewereba; ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ganuvi-<br />
TardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT<br />
garemos specifikurad esadageba.<br />
sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiarebulia,<br />
rom IQ qulebi inteleqtualur qcevas<br />
ver asaxaven srulad da nacadia imaze metis<br />
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da<br />
dabali IQ-is iarliyebis miniWebaa.YdavuSvaT,<br />
mkvlevrebma gaiges, rom `aragonier~ adamianebs<br />
garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom<br />
ver axerxeben mTeli relevanturi informaciis<br />
kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben `gonivrul~<br />
Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents<br />
gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia<br />
komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. sternbergs,<br />
agreTve, miaCnia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT<br />
empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis<br />
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad<br />
gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare komponentur<br />
process, mkvlevrebi SeZleben iseTi teqnikebis<br />
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inteleqtis<br />
tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:<br />
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da<br />
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis<br />
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri<br />
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari<br />
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _<br />
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.<br />
Seqmnas, romelTa meSveobiTac TiToeuli<br />
adamianis Sedegi SeiZleba `gonivrulad gamoiyurebodes~.<br />
gardneris mravlobiTi<br />
inteleqti da emociuri<br />
inteleqti<br />
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner, 1983,1999)<br />
SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic inteleqtis<br />
cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTvaliswinebul<br />
unarebs. gardneri gamoyofs inteleqtis<br />
mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis<br />
gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul<br />
am unars gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba eniWeba<br />
adamianTa sazogadoebebSi imis mixedviT, Tu<br />
ras miiCnevs saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad<br />
mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4 cxrilSia<br />
naCvenebi, igi inteleqtis rva saxes gamoyofs.<br />
gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba<br />
wina planze ayenebs pirveli ori saxis<br />
inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi<br />
xSirad sxva saxeebia Rirebuli. magaliTad,<br />
mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs<br />
unda SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis<br />
gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da<br />
sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT.<br />
es unarebi am sazogadoebaSi ufro<br />
fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena.<br />
balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena<br />
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia, talantebi<br />
da musikaluri inteleqti, romelic rTuli<br />
sacekvao ileTebis koordinirebaSi monawileobs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur<br />
inteleqtis Teoriebi<br />
377
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
378<br />
cxrili 10.4<br />
inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili uWiravs<br />
koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa iaponia,<br />
sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba<br />
da komunaluri cxovreba, vidre iseT individualistur<br />
sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa aSS (Triandis,1990).<br />
inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRaldisa<br />
da fanqris testebi _ martivi raodenobrivi<br />
sazomebi _ arasakmarisia. inteleqtis gardneriseuli<br />
Teoria moiTxovs, rom mas daakvirdnen<br />
da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul situaciebSi<br />
da, aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi,<br />
romelic inteleqtis tradiciul testebSia<br />
mocemuli.<br />
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma inteleqtis iseTi<br />
tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoricaa emociuri<br />
inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interpersonaluri<br />
da intrapersonaluri inteleqtis<br />
cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri<br />
inteleqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc oTxi Ziri-<br />
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe<br />
inteleqti saboloo statusi ZiriTadi komponentebi<br />
logikurmaTematikuri<br />
lingvisturi<br />
sabunebismetyvelo<br />
musikaluri<br />
sivrcobrivi<br />
sxeulebrivkinesTetikuri<br />
pirovnebaTSorisi<br />
Sidapirovnuli<br />
mecnieri<br />
maTematikosi<br />
poeti<br />
Jurnalisti<br />
biologi<br />
bunebrivi garemos<br />
mkvlevari<br />
kompozitori<br />
mevioline<br />
navigatori<br />
moqandake<br />
mocekvave<br />
aTleti<br />
fsiqoTerapevti<br />
saqonlis gasaRebis<br />
muSaki<br />
sakuTari Tavis<br />
detalurad mcodne<br />
pirovneba<br />
logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi<br />
mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msjelobis<br />
grZeli jaWvis agebis unari.<br />
sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelobebisadmi<br />
mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli<br />
funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.<br />
mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa saxeobebs Siris<br />
gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal arsebebTan<br />
saTuTad mopyrobis unari.<br />
ritmis, simaRlis da tembris Seqmnisa da<br />
dafasebis unari; musikaluri gamomsaxvelobebis<br />
formebis codna<br />
vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros zustad<br />
aRqmis da sakuTari sawyisi aRqmebis<br />
transformirebis unari.<br />
sakuTari sxeulebrivi moZraobebis marTvis<br />
da obieqtebTan marjved urTierTobis unari.<br />
sxva adamianTa guneba-ganwyobilebis, temperamentis,<br />
motivebis da survilebis garCevisa da<br />
maTze Sesatyvisi reagirebis unarebi.<br />
sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba da maT<br />
Soris sxvaobis povnis unari da maT Sesatyvisad<br />
qcevis warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da<br />
susti mxareebis, survilebisa da gonebrivi<br />
SesaZleblobebis codna.<br />
Tadi komponentis mqone inteleqti (Mayer &<br />
Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). es komponentebia:<br />
emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis,<br />
Sefasebis da gamoxatvis unari;<br />
azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis gamoyenebis<br />
unari;<br />
emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve,<br />
emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyenebis unari;<br />
emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad<br />
sakuTari emociebis regulirebis unari.<br />
am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsazrisi<br />
emociebis pozitiuri rolis Sesaxeb inteleqtis<br />
funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emociebs<br />
SeuZliaT azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxadon,<br />
adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron<br />
sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi.<br />
ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac maswavlebeli<br />
Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas: `ra erqva stambuls<br />
Zvelad~? miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs,
pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs<br />
pasuxs _ `konstantinopoli~. Tqven gesmiT, rom<br />
pamela gabrazebulia, radgan tomma mas `dideba<br />
waarTva~. Tqven SeiZleba TvlideT, rom toms<br />
aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-is emociuri<br />
oreuli (Goleman,1995). Cven mier pamelas grZnobebis<br />
gageba _ EQ-is erT-erTi magaliTia. mkvlevrebi<br />
Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas,<br />
romlebic, maTi rwmeniT, EQ-is sando da<br />
validuri sazomebi iqneba.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
EQ-is gazomva<br />
503 mozrdilisa da 229 mozardisagan<br />
Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso `mravalfaqtoriani<br />
emociuri inteleqtis skala~,<br />
romelic individebisagan emociur problemaTa<br />
seriis gadaWris iseTi variantebis<br />
warmodgenas moiTxovs, rogoricaa mocemuli<br />
situaciiT aRZruli emociebis<br />
dadgena. monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda<br />
rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela<br />
im adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses. EQis<br />
qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi<br />
iyo IQ-is qulebTan rogorc mozrdilebTan,<br />
ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ<br />
zomavs IQ-is tradiciuli sazomebisgan<br />
gansxvavebul unarebs. mozrdilebi ufro<br />
maRal qulebs iReben, vidre mozardebi,<br />
rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ mniSvnelovani<br />
garemoseuli komponentia. dabolos,<br />
emociuri inteleqtis am axal skalaze<br />
qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT<br />
didi upiratesoba hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs<br />
(Mayer et al., 1999).<br />
Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs<br />
mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom ar fiqrobT,<br />
rom amas buneba (qalis evoluciuri momzadeba<br />
garkveuli rolebisaTvis) an aRzrda (qalTa<br />
socializacia metad emociur arsebebad) ganagebs<br />
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?<br />
inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teoriebis<br />
mimoxilvam safuZveli moamzada im sazo-<br />
gadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac<br />
inteleqtis Temas esoden sadaos xdis.<br />
Sejameba<br />
Carlz spirmens miaCnda, rom inteleqti<br />
Sedgeba zogadi unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda<br />
g da sxvadasxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri<br />
unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva<br />
fsiqometrikosma mkvlevrebma inteleqtis sxva<br />
mdgenelebis kvleva scades.<br />
sternbergma gamoTqva varaudi, rom adamianebs<br />
sami saxis inteleqti aqvT: komponenturi,<br />
empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaafarTova<br />
inteleqtis gansazRvreba da masSi rva<br />
tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romlebic IQ-is<br />
tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs<br />
scildeba. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs individis<br />
unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos<br />
emociebi.<br />
inteleqtis politika<br />
Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove<br />
koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-is testSi<br />
miRebul qulebsa da pirovnebis inteleqts<br />
Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirs, magram dasavlur<br />
sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inteleqtis<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ<br />
testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva<br />
jgufebis Sedareba maTi `saSualo~ IQ-is<br />
mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi<br />
jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda,<br />
rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Tan-<br />
Sobili genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis damadasturebeli<br />
sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT<br />
IQ testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas<br />
zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi arasrulfasovnebis<br />
maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs _ buneba<br />
Tu aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleqtis<br />
testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT moniWebuli<br />
da ra _ aRzrdis Sedegi. Tqven naxavT, rom<br />
fsiqologiaSi es politikurad yvelaze cvale-<br />
EQ – IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.<br />
inteleqtis politika<br />
379
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
380<br />
badi sakiTxia, vinaidan saemigracio kvotebis,<br />
ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi<br />
SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris interpretirebuli<br />
jgufuri IQ-is monacemebi.<br />
jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria<br />
1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri<br />
godardi (Henry Goddard) amtkicebda, rom yvela<br />
emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis<br />
testireba da maT, visac `fsiqikuri defeqti~<br />
aRmoaCndeba, `SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi<br />
Semosvla~. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis<br />
Setana SeeZlo emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis<br />
qveyanaSi SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri<br />
damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975;<br />
McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924 wels<br />
kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda<br />
emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis awesebda<br />
inteleqtis testebis gavlas niu iorkis<br />
navsadgurSive, an elisis kunZulze moxvedrisTanave.<br />
ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva<br />
erovnebis emigrantTa didi nawili IQ testebis<br />
safuZvelze klasificirebul iqna, rogorc<br />
`Wkuasusti~. zogierTma fsiqologma es statistikuri<br />
monacemebi imis sabuTad miiCnia, rom<br />
emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan<br />
genetikurad ufro dabal safexurze imyofebodnen,<br />
vidre CrdiloeT da dasavleTevropuli<br />
warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca,<br />
es `arasrulfasovani~ jgufebi yvelaze cudad<br />
icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas,<br />
romelsac eyrdnoba IQ testebi, radganac axali<br />
Casulebi iyvnen (ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg<br />
IQ testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi<br />
mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria inteleqtis<br />
sferoSi rasobrivi sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganagrZobda<br />
arsebobas).<br />
godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-is eTnikur<br />
warmomavlobasTan ubralo dakavSirebaze Sors<br />
wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT<br />
Tvisebebs maT moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri<br />
defeqturoba da amoraluri socialuri qceva<br />
daumates. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba cudi<br />
reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa<br />
da kilikakis ojaxis _ klinikuri Seswavlidan<br />
momdinareobda. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis<br />
Seswavla TiTqosda aCvenebda, rom ojaxur<br />
genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad<br />
defeqtur STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma<br />
igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri Seswavlidanac.<br />
maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi `kargi<br />
Teslis~ da meore `cudi Teslis~ mxareebi (am<br />
gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva,<br />
rac berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin kilikaks,<br />
revoluciuri omis jariskacs, arakanonieri<br />
vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris<br />
Tanaxmad, gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. maTma<br />
kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca.<br />
godardma aqedan 143 `defeqturad~, 46 ki _<br />
`normalurad~ miiCnia. ojaxis danarCeni wevrebisaTvis<br />
ki aRmoaCina, rom maTTvis Cveuli ram<br />
iyo danaSauli, alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis sapirispirod,<br />
rodesac martin kilikakma meored<br />
`karg qalTan~ iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496<br />
STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna<br />
`defeqturad~ aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa,<br />
rom am maRalxarisxovani kavSiris mravali<br />
STamomavali `gamoCenili adamiani~ gaxda (Godard,<br />
1914). igi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidreobiTobam<br />
dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra inteleqti,<br />
genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo<br />
uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba, alkoholizmi,<br />
seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi<br />
CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki (McPherson,1985).<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi<br />
ityobinebodnen, rom (dawyebuli 1875<br />
wlidan) mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis<br />
`jukis sisxlis~ mqone ojaxebis 2000-ze<br />
meti wevri, radganac am ojaxs damyarebuli<br />
hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCenilobis,<br />
kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis<br />
samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrma<br />
ver SeZlo skolaSi swavla gonebrivi<br />
unarebis arqonis gamo. 171 kriminaluri<br />
warsulis adamiani aRmoCnda, xolo maTi<br />
sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri `glaxaki,<br />
TavaSvebuli da meZavi~ iyo. daaskvnes, rom<br />
memkvidreobiToba am saSineli ojaxis wevr-<br />
Ta samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faqtori<br />
iyo.<br />
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli<br />
argumenti Semdgom ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom<br />
pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamoyenebul<br />
inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi<br />
da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb qulebs<br />
iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. luis<br />
termenma, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si<br />
IQ testirebas, Zalze aramecnieruli komentari<br />
gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT<br />
aSS-Si mcxovrebi rasobrivi umciresobebisgan<br />
Segrovda:<br />
`maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans, rasobrivia...<br />
amJamad ar Cans raime SesaZlebloba,<br />
davarwmunoT…sazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda<br />
mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, evgenikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveulebrivad<br />
swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seriozul<br />
problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 91-<br />
92).<br />
saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive<br />
darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi afroamerikelebi<br />
da laTinosebi standartizebul<br />
inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod, ufro dabal<br />
qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da<br />
TeTrkanianebi. cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian<br />
individebi, romelTa IQ qulebi umaRles (da<br />
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogoraa SesaZlebeli<br />
IQ-is qulebSi aseTi jgufuri gansxvavebebis<br />
interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
da did britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis<br />
mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrulfasovnebas<br />
(bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac<br />
IQ-is maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis<br />
realurobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT meore<br />
SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviT, garemo<br />
pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi<br />
kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani socialuri,<br />
ekonomikuri da politikuri Sedegebi<br />
mohyveba.<br />
memkvidreobiToba da IQ<br />
rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs inteleqtis<br />
genetikuri gansazRvrulobis xarisxis dadgena?<br />
am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi mkvlevrebisgan<br />
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas<br />
moiTxovs. amrigad, sakiTxi is ki araa, axdens<br />
Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas,<br />
aramed is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara<br />
ojaxur xeTa SigniT IQ maCvenebeli. am konkretul<br />
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebs sWirdebaT<br />
saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos gavlenaTa<br />
erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amisTvis mowodebuli<br />
erT-erTi meTodia identuri (monozigoturi)<br />
da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis<br />
da sxvadasxva donis genetikuri gadafarvis<br />
naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.3 suraTze<br />
warmodgenilia individTa IQ-is qulaTa Soris<br />
korelaciebi maTi genetikuri naTesaobis done-<br />
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suraTi 10.4<br />
memkvidreobiToba da IQ<br />
am suraTze warmodgenilia korelaciebi erTad gazrdili (erTsa da imave garemoSi), identuri (monozigoturi)<br />
da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ qulaTa Soris. Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia<br />
siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi.<br />
monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria `genetikuri naTesaobis~<br />
qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos<br />
qveS, aCveneben, garemo igive iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi<br />
aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi, anu saxezea genetikuri<br />
gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian<br />
gazrdili, anu saxezea garemos gavlena.<br />
ebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT,<br />
rac ufro didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia<br />
IQ-is msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba unda<br />
miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena erTad<br />
gazrdilTa IQ-is didi msgavsebis saxiTac<br />
gamovlinda).<br />
mkvlevrebi amgvar Sedegebs IQ-is memkvidreobiTobis<br />
Sesafaseblad iyeneben. romelime niSan-<br />
Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis memkvidreobiT<br />
gadacemis SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis testuri<br />
qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas emyareba,<br />
rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros.<br />
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate)<br />
_ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis<br />
xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba<br />
dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic<br />
icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.<br />
es maCvenebeli miiReba mocemuli populaciis<br />
(magaliTad, kolejis studentebi, an fsiqikurad<br />
daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis<br />
variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg imis dadgeniT,<br />
Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur,<br />
anu memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es genetikuri<br />
gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis mqone adamianTa<br />
SedarebiT keTdeba. mkvlevrebi, romlebmac IQis<br />
memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
mravali gamokvleva Seiswavles, askvnian, rom<br />
IQ qulebis variaciis daaxloebiT 50% genetikuri<br />
nakrebiTaa gamowveuli (Grigorenko, 2000;<br />
Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997), magram yvelaze<br />
saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom memkvidreoboTobis<br />
wili imatebs cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi: memkvidreobiToba<br />
daaxloebiT 40%-s utoldeba 4-6 wlis<br />
bavSvebTan, Tumca daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba<br />
adreul mozardobaSi da daaxloebiT 80%-s
aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs gaukvirda<br />
es Sedegi, radgan, intuiturad, asakis matebasTan<br />
erTad garemos sul ufro meti da ara naklebi<br />
gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo<br />
Sedegs mkvlevrebi aseT axsnas aZleven: `SesaZlebelia,<br />
genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben<br />
im garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri<br />
midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da Sedegad<br />
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi momatebul memkvidrulobas<br />
viRebT~ (Plomin & Petrill,1997. gv. 51).A<br />
kvlav davubrundeT im wertils _ testuri<br />
qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da TeTrkanian<br />
amerikelebs Soris _ saidanac genetikuri<br />
analizi winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT es<br />
sxvaoba IQ-is 15 qulas Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa<br />
da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg<br />
erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove<br />
indikatorebis mixedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 qulas Soris<br />
Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997),<br />
Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze<br />
miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc<br />
afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli<br />
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein<br />
&Murrey, 1994), magram, maSinac ki, Tu IQ memkvidreobiTia,<br />
asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian<br />
jgufSi Semaval individTa genetikur arasrulfasovnebas?<br />
pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania _ `ara!~<br />
memkvidreobiToba erTi konkretuli jgufis<br />
SigniT ganxorcielebul gazomvas efuZneba. is<br />
ar gamodgeba jgufTaSorisi gansxvavebebis<br />
interpretirebisTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu<br />
ramdenad didia maT Soris gansxvaveba obieqturi<br />
testis monacemebis mixedviT. memkvidreobis<br />
maCveneblebi individTa mocemuli populaciis<br />
Sesaxeb mxolod gasaSualoebul warmodgenaTa<br />
ricxvs ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT,<br />
rom simaRle, magaliTad, memkvidreobiTobis<br />
maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba (daaxloebiT<br />
90%), mainc ver gansazRvravT imas, Tu ramdenadaa<br />
Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli.<br />
igive argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis: -miuxedavad<br />
inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneblebisa,<br />
ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli individis<br />
IQ-Si, an jgufTaSoris saSualo IQ-Si<br />
genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi<br />
erTi rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri jgufi nakleb<br />
qulebs iRebs, vidre meore, ar unda niSnavdes<br />
imas, rom am jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba genetikuri<br />
warmoSobisaa maSinac ki, rodesac memkvidreobiTobis<br />
maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo<br />
dadgenili) IQ qulebisaTvis maRalia.<br />
meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba genetikuri<br />
nakrebi srulad iyos pasuxismgebeli jguf-<br />
TaSoris sxvaobaze, am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT<br />
sidides exeba. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad,<br />
arsebobs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra TiToeuli<br />
jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris<br />
gansxvaveba, TiToeul jgufSi individebis<br />
qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea<br />
(Loehlin, 2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad,<br />
gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufis genur<br />
nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis<br />
wevrebs Soris arsebul genetikur gansxvavebeb-<br />
Tan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic,<br />
aSS-Si rasa xSirad ufro socialuri konstruqtia,<br />
vidre biologiuri. ganvixiloT golfis<br />
SesaniSnavi axalgazrda moTamaSis taiger vudsis<br />
(Tiger Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad afrikel<br />
amerikelad moixsenieben da amiT uares<br />
pirobebSi ayeneben mas, Tumca, misi realuri<br />
warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winaprebi<br />
TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da<br />
adgilobrivi amerikelebi iyvnen). vudsi SesaniSnavi<br />
magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad ar<br />
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Seesatyviseba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba<br />
biologiur realobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs<br />
seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivad<br />
gamijnuli jgufebis gansxvavebebi<br />
IQ-is mixedviT ganxilul iqnes, rogorc biologiuri<br />
faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvavebebi<br />
(Suzuki & Valencia, 1997).<br />
mkvlevrebma gamonaxes am Sexedulebis kvlevebis<br />
saSualebiT Semowmebis gzebi. eqsperimentSi<br />
monawileobdnen Savkaniani amerikelebi, romel-<br />
Tac TeTrkaniani amerikeli an evropeli mSoblebi<br />
hyavdaT. aSS-Si „Savi~ mosaxleobis 20-30%<br />
Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis<br />
mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis<br />
Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ramdenad aris<br />
datvirTuli evropuli geniT `Savi~ individi?<br />
im Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, romelic genebs<br />
yovelives qvekuTxedad miiCnevs, es cvlis<br />
viTarebas, Tumca, monacemebi gviCveneben, rom<br />
memkvidreobiT miRebul evropeiodulobasa da<br />
IQ-s Soris korelacia Zalze sustia (mravalricxovan<br />
kvlevebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 0.15s<br />
Seadgens). es samarTliania yvela SemTxvevaSi,<br />
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli maxasiaTebeli _<br />
kanis feri Tu sisxlis jgufi _ gamoiyeneba<br />
rasobrivi aRrevis maCveneblad. im germaneli<br />
bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebis Sedarebam, romelTa<br />
mamebi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani samxedroebi<br />
iyvnen, ar gamoavlina gansxvaveba maT Soris.<br />
amasTanave, `Savkaniani-TeTrkaniani~ kavSiris<br />
Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs rva quliT maRali<br />
Sedegi hqondaT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac deda<br />
iyo TeTrkaniani. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna<br />
isaa, rom deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSvis<br />
inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi, vidre<br />
mama da, cxadia, es gansxvaveba ar unda mieweros<br />
genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikuri<br />
monacemebi orive mSoblis genetikiTaa<br />
ganpirobebuli (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).<br />
genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis<br />
IQ-is formirebaSi, iseve rogorc mis bevr<br />
sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
Cven vamtkicebT, rom rasobriv da eTnikur<br />
jgufebs Soris IQ-is mixedviT arsebuli gansxvavebebis<br />
memkvidreobiT axsna SeuZlebelia.<br />
is aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa<br />
amgvari maCveneblebis misaRebad. axla ganvixiloT,<br />
Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes ga-<br />
remo pirobebi IQ-is maCveneblebSi aseTi<br />
wyvetebis arsebobaSi.<br />
garemo da IQ<br />
vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi 1.0ze<br />
naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis<br />
IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris<br />
pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes<br />
gavlenas. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, garemos<br />
romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani?<br />
garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ<br />
testSi maRali qulebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze<br />
(Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki &<br />
Valencia, 1997.)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa<br />
rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba<br />
mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT rogorc fizikuri,<br />
ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZleba<br />
gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis<br />
mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive<br />
ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone) fsiqologiur garemoSi<br />
imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT<br />
Tqven ojaxSi; Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcevdnen Tu<br />
ara maT erTnair yuradRebas mSoblebi? icvleboda<br />
Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi?<br />
Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finansuri<br />
SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni<br />
mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom<br />
garemo bevri komponentisgan Sedgeba da es<br />
komponentebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben da<br />
icvlebian droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis<br />
gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi ra saxis garemo<br />
pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe, janmrTeloba,<br />
omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas IQ-ze.<br />
umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis<br />
centrSi iyo garemos ufro globaluri sazomebi,<br />
iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socioekonomikuri<br />
statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian<br />
longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti<br />
bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-is saukeTeso<br />
winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis socioekonomikuri<br />
statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done<br />
iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afrikeli,<br />
amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis<br />
(Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze<br />
naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena<br />
IQ-ze.
suraTi 10.5<br />
memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris<br />
arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa<br />
grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili<br />
IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQebi<br />
(memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc<br />
mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur<br />
klasTan (garemos gavlena).<br />
ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze?<br />
simdidres, iseve rogorc siRatakes, SeuZlia<br />
inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari<br />
gavlenis moxdena. maTgan yvelaze aSkara janmrTelobis<br />
da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis<br />
pirobebia. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTelobam<br />
da dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba<br />
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli<br />
inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi<br />
xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi<br />
mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs davalebebze<br />
koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi<br />
ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis,<br />
kompiuterebis da sxva im nivTebis naklebobas,<br />
romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv<br />
ganviTarebas. `orientacia gadarCenaze~ nakleb<br />
drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon<br />
bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri<br />
stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad<br />
moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis<br />
Sesrulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ<br />
testebi.<br />
dabolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi<br />
garkveul daRs atareben Cvens sazogadoebaSi<br />
iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi,<br />
rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki,<br />
rogoric iaponiaa. magaliTad, burakaminis _ am<br />
sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris _<br />
IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT<br />
dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma<br />
daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba<br />
uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebulobaze<br />
da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos<br />
testis Sedegebsa da saskolo miRwevebze, amitom<br />
bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi TvalsaCino unda iyos garemos uSualo<br />
gavlena IQ-ze.<br />
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suraTi 10.6<br />
naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ qulebi<br />
saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier naSvileb<br />
Savkanian da Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqondaT<br />
saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi arian<br />
im jgufebis wevrebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia<br />
saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli monacemebi<br />
aCveneben garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQze.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
garemos gavlena IQ-ze<br />
mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen bavSvebis or<br />
jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen 2 wlis<br />
asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSoblebis<br />
mier (Moore, 1986). erTi jgufis<br />
bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri<br />
mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo meore jgufis<br />
bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri<br />
mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, meore ki _<br />
TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi<br />
veqsleris inteleqtis skalis gamoyenebiT<br />
afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.<br />
im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac<br />
orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, 108.7<br />
iyo, xolo Sereuli bavSvebis IQ _ 107.2.<br />
rogorc naCvenebia 10.6 suraTze, es maCveneblebi<br />
saSualoze maRalia afrikeli amerikelebisaTvis<br />
(Lynn,1996).<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvavebas<br />
qmnis ara rasa, aramed ekonomikuri, janmrTelobis<br />
da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis<br />
resursebi, romelic, rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi,<br />
ise bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv<br />
mikuTvnebulobasTan.<br />
praqtikulad, ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mkvlevrebi am Sedegis saxelmwifoebriv<br />
doneze ganzogadebas cdiloben. programa `Head<br />
Start~ federalurma mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels<br />
daafinansa. is gankuTvnili iyo `mcire SesaZleblobebis<br />
mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri<br />
janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri,<br />
saganmanaTleblo da emociuri mdgomareobis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad; garda amisa, specialuri<br />
mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida<br />
ojaxebis SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar<br />
Svilebze~ (Kassebaum, 1994, gv. 123). Head Start programis<br />
arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana privilegirebul<br />
pirobebSi, aramed im pirobebis gaumjobeseba,<br />
romelSic isini daibadnen da izrdebodnen.<br />
aRniSnuli programis mixedviT, bavSvebi<br />
iReben specialur skolamdel ganaTlebas,<br />
yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi<br />
iReben janmrTelobasTan da bavSvis aRzrdasTan<br />
dakavSirebul rCevebs. am programis efeqturobis<br />
pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo inteleqtis<br />
testebis da miRwevis sxva sazomebis mixedviT<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze. faqtobrivad,<br />
programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime<br />
kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT gaizarda.<br />
samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, maTi<br />
IQ maCveneblebi isev mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998;<br />
Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am<br />
modelidan SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana:<br />
IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom, magram<br />
xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xangrZlivi.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Head Start programis<br />
SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma<br />
gadalaxa Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod<br />
IQ-is mimarT.
empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT<br />
rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi<br />
ambavi isaa, rom arc HHead Start-s da arc<br />
nebismier sxva skolamdel programas ar<br />
SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis damangreveli<br />
zemoqmedebisagan. adreul intervencias<br />
ubralod ar SeuZlia cxovrebis<br />
cudi pirobebis, aradamakmayifolebeli<br />
kvebisa da jandacvis, uaryofiTi roluri<br />
modelebisa da dabali donis skolebis<br />
daZleva. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom programebs<br />
SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba<br />
skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmareba<br />
maT daZlevisa da adaptaciis unarebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems<br />
maT, cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTesos<br />
Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc<br />
(Zigler&Styfco,1994, gv.129).<br />
Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo<br />
gansazRvrebas, romelic scildeba ubralod<br />
verbalur da araverbalur davalebebs inteleqtis<br />
testebSi, garemo faqtorebis gavlena<br />
ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri<br />
garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs<br />
inteleqtualur, saskolo miRwevebsa da situaciur<br />
adaptaciaSi.<br />
kultura da IQ testebis<br />
validoba<br />
adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ<br />
qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen Semdeg sasargeblo<br />
prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma<br />
aCvena, rom IQ qulebs sakmaod validurad<br />
SeuZliaT iseTi sakiTxebis prognozireba, rogoricaa<br />
saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli statusi<br />
da sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis xarisxi<br />
mraval sxvadasxva samuSaoze (Brody, 1997b;<br />
Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ<br />
testebi validurad zomavs inteleqtualur<br />
SesaZleblobebs, romlebic Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />
individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmatebis<br />
miRwevisTvis; es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad<br />
Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ IQis<br />
saSualebiT gazomili inteleqti uSualo<br />
gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma IQ-<br />
Si, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur moswrebasa<br />
da samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze<br />
arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis<br />
motivebi da rwmenebi. isini, visac maRali IQ<br />
aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warmatebulni<br />
iyvnen skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi<br />
ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRwevaze<br />
da optimisturad uyuron sakuTar SesaZleblobebs,<br />
rom Tavs gaarTmeven nebismier siZneles.<br />
aseve, bavSvebs, romelTac dabali IQ aqvT,<br />
SeiZleba `Tan sdevdes~ dabali donis skolebi<br />
da programebi, ramac, SeiZleba, garkveulwilad,<br />
imoqmedos maT TviTdarwmunebulobaze studentobis<br />
periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-ma SeiZleba<br />
ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros,<br />
IQ-s, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia axali garemo pirobebis<br />
_ rogorc ukeTesis, ise uaresis _ Seqmna.<br />
amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero<br />
gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros misi bedi<br />
inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri unarebis<br />
wvlilis miuxedavad.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis<br />
validoba maTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT gamoyenebisaTvis,<br />
bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev<br />
eWvqveS ayenebs maT validobas sxvadasxva<br />
kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas<br />
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis<br />
da testirebis mravali forma SeiZleba ar<br />
Tanxvdebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas,<br />
an saTanado qcevas. ganvixiloT klasSi uaryofiTi<br />
Sefasebis erTi magaliTi:<br />
rodesac laTinoamerikeli warmoSobis<br />
emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi amerikul<br />
skolaSi wavidnen, isini gagebaze ufro<br />
metad iyvnen orientirebulni, vidre _<br />
laparakze; maswavleblis avtoritetis<br />
pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari azrebis<br />
gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akademiuri<br />
Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT<br />
kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis forma<br />
_ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uaryofiTi<br />
Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi skolis<br />
pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli,<br />
mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul<br />
formad aris miCneuli.<br />
am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu<br />
rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi ise, rom<br />
daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavianT gonierebaSi.<br />
erT-erTi standartuli piroba imisa, rom IQ<br />
testebs sifrTxiliT ekidebian, maTi tendenci-<br />
inteleqtis politika<br />
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Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
388<br />
urobaa, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva<br />
kulturis wevrebis winaaRmdeg, an sasargeblod.<br />
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris<br />
gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematuri<br />
mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi, rac maT aravalidursa<br />
da usamarTlos xdis umciresobebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. maSinac ki, rodesac testebis<br />
Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli<br />
faqtori, masSi mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi<br />
xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es<br />
sakiTxi SeiZleba testis konteqsts ufro<br />
ukavSirdebodes, vidre testis Sinaarss. klaud<br />
stili (Claude Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998)<br />
aRniSnavda, rom adamianebis mier unarebis<br />
testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens stereotipuli<br />
muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereotipuli<br />
mowyvladobis saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe<br />
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri<br />
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. klaud<br />
stilis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, imis rwmenam,<br />
rom situaciaSi moqmedebs uaryofiTi stereotipi,<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios im cudi maCveneblis<br />
miReba, romelic stereotipSi moiazreboda.<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba<br />
erT-erT kvlevaSi gamosaSvebi kursis<br />
Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studentebi<br />
cdilobdnen epasuxaT magistraturaSi<br />
misaReb standartul testSi Semavali<br />
kiTxvebis msgavsi Zalze rTuli kiTxvebisTvis,<br />
romlebic enis kargad codnas<br />
moiTxovda. studentebis naxevars uTxres,<br />
rom am kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis<br />
mixedviT imsjelebdnen maTi inteleqtualuri<br />
unarebis Sesaxeb, meore naxevarma<br />
ki icoda, rom am eqsperimentiT amocanis<br />
gadaWris procesSi CarTul fsiqologiur<br />
faqtorebs ikvlevdnen. stereotipuli<br />
muqaris Teoriis mixedviT, SedarebiT<br />
dabali Sedegebi unda hqonodaT im studentebs,<br />
romelTac situaciam Seuqmna<br />
stereotipuli muqara, anu pirveli jgufis<br />
(maT icodnen, rom fasdeboda inteleqtualuri<br />
SesaZleblobebi) Savkanian<br />
studentebs. rogorc 10.7 suraTis A nawilze<br />
xedavT, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi<br />
daadastura. rodesac Savkaniani studentebi<br />
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom testSi miRebuli<br />
qulebis mixedviT vinmes maTi inteleqtis<br />
Sesaxeb SeeZlo emsjela, isini davalebebs<br />
uaresad asrulebdnen (Steel &<br />
Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqariT<br />
gamowveuli logika muSaobs nebismier<br />
jgufSi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs arasrulfasovnebis<br />
stereotipi. magaliTad,<br />
stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs, mamakacebTan<br />
SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis naklebi<br />
unari aqvT. rogorc 10.7 suraTis B nawilze<br />
Cans, rTulma maTematikurma testma sqesis<br />
mixedviT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi mxolod<br />
maSin aCvena, rodesac studentebs eubnebodnen,<br />
rom aseTi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba<br />
yofiliyo (Steel, 1997), anu testze muSaobis<br />
dawyebamde. rodesac studentebi acnobierebdnen<br />
TavianT sqesobriv ganxvavebulobas,<br />
studentebs eubnebodnen, rom<br />
warsulSi aseTma testma aCvena sqesis<br />
mixedviT gansxvaveba. swored igive moxda<br />
am studentebis SemTxvevaSic.<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi<br />
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor afasebs situacias<br />
testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba<br />
stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac miaCniaT, rom<br />
inteleqtis am testiT maTi stereotipulad<br />
cudi Sedegebi gamovlindeba, maT mier davalebebis<br />
Sesruleba uaresdeba. SesaZlebelia Tu<br />
ara IQ-is gazomva stereotipuli muqaris aRmocenebis<br />
gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevrebi<br />
verasodes SeZleben inteleqtualuri unarebis<br />
adekvaturad Sefasebas.<br />
dabolos, kidev erTi mosazreba inteleqtisa<br />
da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad, aSS-is kultura<br />
individualuri gansxvavebebis axsnisas<br />
tendenciuria da am gansxvavebebis genetikuri<br />
faqtoriT axsnisken ixreba. harold stivensonma<br />
da misma kolegebma (Harold Stevenson, 1993)<br />
ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da<br />
stereotipuli muqara (Stereotype threat) _ safrTxe<br />
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri<br />
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb.
suraTi 10.7<br />
stereotipuli muqara<br />
stereotipul muqaras adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom negatiuri<br />
stereotipebi marTebulia mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erT kvlevaSi swavloben<br />
stereotips: afro-amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebis<br />
_ Savkaniani da TeTri studentis _ naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo da<br />
zomavda maT inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas. cdis pirebis meore naxevars ar hqonda es<br />
informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi Sesruleba<br />
uaresdeboda (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad<br />
gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi). (B) meore kvlevaSi swavlobdnen stereotips:<br />
qalebi dabal qulebs iReben matematikis gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci<br />
studentebis naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena genderuli<br />
gansxvavebebi SedegebSi. cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar<br />
Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.<br />
amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri miRwevebis<br />
kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZnoblad<br />
jobnidnen TavianT amerikel Tanatolebs.<br />
1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo:<br />
`Cineli bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli<br />
bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali qulebi,<br />
rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs~. niSnavs<br />
Tu ara es imas, rom azieli bavSvebi genetikuri<br />
upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobrivad,<br />
ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi<br />
aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebdnen. rodesac<br />
stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen<br />
aziel da amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs<br />
da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo maTTvis: `bejiTad mecadineoba~<br />
Tu `Tandayolili goniereba~, azieli respondentebi<br />
aqcents `bejiTad mecadineobaze~<br />
akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki _ `Tandayolil<br />
gonierebaze~. axla xedavT, Tu rogor<br />
SeiZleba, rom am Sexedulebebma amerikelebi<br />
miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri<br />
upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis<br />
aTvisebaSi. vinaidan aseTi rwmena saxelmwifo<br />
politikaze aisaxeba, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa<br />
saWiro imisaTvis, rom amerikelebi daeuflon<br />
maTematikas maSin, rodesac ar aqvT am sagnis<br />
Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania zusti<br />
mecnieruli monacemebis gaanalizeba, raTa<br />
ganisazRvros, risi Secvlaa SesaZlebeli gonebrivi<br />
SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi da risi _<br />
ara.<br />
Sejameba<br />
godardma xeli Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi<br />
da eTnikuri jgufebis genetikuri inferiulobis<br />
aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvidrebas.<br />
qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si<br />
inteleqtis politika<br />
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Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
390<br />
mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena.<br />
Tumca, IQ-is gazomvas xSirad politikuri elferi<br />
dakravs, IQ-is mixedviT miRebuli rasobrivi<br />
gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevrebma daadgines<br />
garemos faqtorebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdenen IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad SeuZlia iseTi<br />
cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogoricaa<br />
warmatebebi skolasa da samsaxurSi, misi<br />
gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva<br />
rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis SemTxveva-<br />
Si. magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtualuri<br />
SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas stereotipuli<br />
muqaris zemoqmedebas ganicdis.<br />
SemoqmedebiToba<br />
sanam inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas<br />
davasrulebT, mivubrundeT iseT sakiTxs,<br />
rogoricaa kreatuloba, anu SemoqmedebiToba.<br />
kreatuloba aris iseTi ideebis generirebisa<br />
da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali<br />
da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi (Sternbeg &<br />
Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis<br />
magaliTi. es meqanizmi axali iyo, radgan ucnob<br />
gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs, Tu ra sargeblis<br />
miReba SeiZleboda gagorebuli sagnebisgan. es<br />
gamogoneba pirobebis adekvaturi iyo, radgan<br />
Zalze cxadi iyo misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
pirobebTan Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi<br />
xSirad ucnaurad da uadgilod aRiqmeba.<br />
kreatulobas gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisadmi<br />
miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT, vinaidan bevri<br />
adamiani aRiarebs inteleqtsa da kreatulobas<br />
Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis<br />
dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, SemoqmedebiTi<br />
unarebis Sefaseba unda SegveZlos, xolo<br />
Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris<br />
kavSiris dadgena. amrigad, jer ganvixilavT<br />
meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an pro-<br />
kreatuloba (Creativity) – iseTi ideebis generirebisa<br />
da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic<br />
axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi.<br />
divergentuli azrovneba (Divergent thinking) _<br />
duqtebi fasdeba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da<br />
SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg<br />
ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli (an uCveulo)<br />
kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSlilobasTan.<br />
vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT<br />
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajildoebuli<br />
adamianebisagan.<br />
kreatulobis Sefaseba da<br />
kavSiri inteleqtTan<br />
rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, adamianebi<br />
(SedarebiT) kreatulebi arian Tu ara? bevri<br />
midgoma divergentul azrovnebaze fokusirdeba,<br />
romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc problemis<br />
sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari.<br />
kiTxvebi, romelebic zomaven divergentul<br />
azrovnebas, saSualebas aZleven testis<br />
Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos sxarti da<br />
moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan,<br />
1965):<br />
daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni<br />
azriT, oTxkuTxedia;<br />
sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac<br />
SeiZleba meti TeTri feris, saWmelad vargisi<br />
sagnebi;<br />
daasaxeleT aguris gamoyenebis yvela<br />
SesaZlo varianti, rac TavSi azrad mogivaT.<br />
pasuxebi fasdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixedviT,<br />
rogoricaa (1) sisxarte _ gansxvavebuli<br />
ideebis saerTo raodenoba; (2) unikaluroba _<br />
im ideebis raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis<br />
SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba<br />
_ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva<br />
mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze naklebma<br />
(Runco,1991).<br />
rodesac kreatulobas am gziT afaseben,<br />
SesaZlebelia miRebuli maCveneblis Sedareba<br />
sxva sazomebTan da maT Soris kavSiris dadgena.<br />
xSirad mkvlevrebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergentuli<br />
azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s Soris.<br />
saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris arsebobs<br />
susti an zomieri korelacia, rodesac<br />
IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT ki<br />
korelacia mcirdeba (Sternberg & O’Hara, 1999).<br />
ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari<br />
fiqrobs rom `inteleqtis~ garkveuli done
suraTi 10.8<br />
iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis SesaZleblobas,<br />
magram ar axdens mis stimulacias (Perkins,<br />
1998, gv. 319). sxva sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansazRvruli<br />
done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas,<br />
iyos kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoiyenos<br />
es SesaZlebloba.<br />
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevrebi xSirad<br />
aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli azrovnebis<br />
testebi Zalian mWidrod ukavSirdeba inteleqtis<br />
testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebs<br />
(ramac SeiZleba axsnas maRali korelacia 120<br />
IQ-s farglebSi) (Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _<br />
kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis<br />
gansxvavebul midgomas warmoadgens maT mier<br />
gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _<br />
naxatis, leqsis an patara moTxrobis Seqmna.<br />
eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli produqtis<br />
kreatulobis xarisxi. gamokvlevebma<br />
aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod erTsulovanni<br />
arian produqtis kreatulobis Sefasebisas<br />
(Amabile, 1983). maT SeiZleba sakmaod zustad<br />
Seafason adamianebi naklebi an meti kreatulobis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba<br />
da SeSliloba<br />
arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi,<br />
romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs<br />
warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven<br />
gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi adamianis dasaxelebas?<br />
savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawilobriv,<br />
damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze,<br />
romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens<br />
prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxelon<br />
zigmund froidi; ferweriT, musikiT an<br />
cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba<br />
daasaxelon pablo pikaso, igor stravinski an<br />
marta grahami. SesaZlebelia Tu ara aseTi<br />
individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo<br />
maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic gansakuTrebuli<br />
SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
saSualebas mogvcems? hovard gardnerma (Howard<br />
Gardner, 1993) airCia is individebi, romelTa<br />
eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cven mier adre<br />
ganxiluli inteleqtis rva tipis relevanturi<br />
iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski<br />
da grahami. gardneris analizma saSualeba misca<br />
mas, Seeqmna tipuri Semoqmedis cxovrebiseuli<br />
gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac man E.C.<br />
uwoda.<br />
E.C. aRebs problemuri sferosa da<br />
gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos kars,<br />
romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es<br />
aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo momenti.<br />
am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanatolebisgan<br />
da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad<br />
unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom raRac<br />
aRmoCenis zRvarze imyofeba, romelic jer<br />
TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul<br />
SemoqmedebiToba<br />
391
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
392<br />
momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri,<br />
ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is<br />
Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas axerxebs.<br />
amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe igi SeiZleba<br />
Zalisa da energiisagan daicalos (Gardner,<br />
1993, gv. 361).<br />
am pasaJis dasasrul gardneri moixseniebs<br />
tipur SemoqmedTa erT-erT yvelaze zogad<br />
stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer<br />
ki gulisxmobs SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom udidesi SemoqmedebiToba mWidrod ukav-<br />
Sirdeba SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs<br />
da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba (Kessel, 1989).<br />
SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (1921)<br />
aRniSnavda, rom `maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT<br />
Sepyrobili~, anu bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone<br />
individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian azris<br />
Tavisuflad dinebis 1 pirobebs, rac xels uwyobs<br />
did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15 TavSi<br />
vnaxavT, mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis<br />
periodebiT. adamians amaRlebuli ganwyobileba<br />
aqvs da eqspansiuri qceviT, TavSeukaveblobiT<br />
xasiaTdeba. arsebobs mosazreba, rom xelovnebisa<br />
da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali<br />
gamoCenili moRvawe swored guneba-ganwyobilebis<br />
aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993), magram,<br />
rogor unda gansazRvron mkvlevrebma, imoqmeda<br />
Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am individebis<br />
azrovnebis realur procesze?<br />
saidan<br />
viciT<br />
kreatuloba da mania<br />
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad<br />
kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert veisbergma<br />
(Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) Seiswavla kompozitor<br />
robert Sumanis Semoqmedeba,<br />
romelsac bipolaruli aSlilobis diagnozi<br />
hqonda. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa<br />
da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi<br />
kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma<br />
gacilebiT meti nawarmoebi Seqmna maniakaluri<br />
fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3),<br />
1 Free flowing though processes.<br />
vidre _ depresiul fazaSi (saSualod 2.7),<br />
Tumca, es kavSiri gacilebiT susti iyo<br />
nawarmoebebis xarisxis Sefasebisas. maniakalur<br />
periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi<br />
xarisxiT ar sjobnida depresiul periodSi<br />
Seqmnil nawarmoebebs.<br />
veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeSliloba<br />
(gamovlenili maniis saxiT) mniSvnelovnad<br />
zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi<br />
imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da bevrs qmnis.<br />
Tu pirovneba garkveuli talantiT gamoirCeva,<br />
am periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara<br />
yvela, nawarmoebi brwyinvale iqneba, Tumca,<br />
xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnil<br />
nawarmoebebze ukeTesi. istoriuli SemTxvevebis<br />
yuradRebiT Seswavlam, romelic SemoqmedebiTobasa<br />
da SeSlilobas Soris arsebul garkveuli<br />
xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti<br />
albert rotenbergi (Albert Rothengerg) miiyvana<br />
daskvnamde, rom `mcdari da romantiulia Sexeduleba,<br />
romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi<br />
TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon sxvebis<br />
mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba~ (Rothenberg, 1990,<br />
gv.164).<br />
mas mere, rac adamianma miiRo informacia<br />
gansakuTrebul kreatulobis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZ-
leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba<br />
mibaZoT riskis gawevis models; uaRresad kreatuli<br />
adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen `gaukvalav<br />
gzaze~. aseve, SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis<br />
modeli. gansakuTrebuli kreatulobiT dajildoebuli<br />
adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi<br />
daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian<br />
(Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebelia gaiziaroT Sinagani<br />
motivaciis modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation).<br />
SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined asruleben<br />
mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da<br />
kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian<br />
(Collins & Amabile, 1999). Tu Tqvens cxovrebaSi<br />
SeZlebT am sami modelis sakuTar Tavze<br />
morgebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi<br />
unarebis metad gamovlenas.<br />
axla ukve iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSualebiT<br />
fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian individualur<br />
gansxvavebebs, romelebic arseboben<br />
inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris, Tumca,<br />
ueWvelia, iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gacilebiT<br />
metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleqtualobisa<br />
da SemoqmedebiTobis xarisxis Sesaxeb.<br />
Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs,<br />
romliTac fsiqologebi iReben informacias im<br />
pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />
TiToeuli individis unikalurobas<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
Sejameba<br />
kreatuloba divergentuli azrovnebis testebiT<br />
izomeba. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri SemoqmedebiTobasa<br />
da SeSlilobas Soris, Tumca,<br />
SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis<br />
gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias.<br />
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba<br />
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizani<br />
adamianebis zustad Sefasebaa, rac eqspertebis<br />
mier gakeTebul SeZlebisdagvarad uSecdobo<br />
daskvebSi aisaxeba. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia<br />
maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva<br />
Semfaseblebis subieqturi daskvnebis ufro<br />
obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romlebic<br />
sakmaod zedmiwevniT, guldasmiTaa agebuli da<br />
Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am<br />
mizanma misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul<br />
Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom testireba<br />
xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias<br />
da Seamcirebda sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privilegiebis,<br />
an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT<br />
kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs,<br />
Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis miuxedavad,<br />
fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro<br />
sakamaTo sfero. polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur<br />
sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis<br />
samarTlianobas, (2) ganaTlebis<br />
Sesafasebeli testebis vargisianobasa da (3)<br />
testis qulebis gamoyenebas individebis<br />
garkveul kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT.<br />
testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven,<br />
rom zogierTebisTvis testirebis sazRauri, an<br />
uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre<br />
sxvebisaTvis (Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod<br />
maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec<br />
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba<br />
393
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
394<br />
umciresobaTa jgufebma dabali qulebi miiRes,<br />
ar aZlevs maT garkveul samuSaoebis Sesrulebis<br />
uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo<br />
samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis<br />
dasawyebad, msurvelma unda gaiaros verbaluri<br />
testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri<br />
unarebis testi. mkvlevar uiliam benksis (William<br />
Banks) mixedviT, am strategiis mizani sxvadasxva<br />
umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSvebaa<br />
(1990). zogjer umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi<br />
testSi cud Sedegebs iZleodnen, radgan maTi<br />
Sedegebi arasaTanado normebis mixedviT fasdeboda.<br />
garda amisa, erTi jgufis kandidatebisaTvis<br />
SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli<br />
qulebi SeiZleba sxvebis mimarT iqnes gamoyenebuli<br />
SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas<br />
maSin, rodesac realurad ufro dabali<br />
gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani da, Sesabamisad,<br />
samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetileba swori iqneboda. aRsaniSnavia<br />
isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli<br />
dayrdnoba kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas<br />
ganapirobebs, Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZleba<br />
ufro mogebuli darCes, Tu samuSaos<br />
aRwerilobebi adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da<br />
unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT modificirdeba.<br />
meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom<br />
testireba ara mxolod studentebis Sefasebas<br />
axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic<br />
garkveul rols asrulebs. saskolo sistemis<br />
xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad<br />
msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad<br />
warmatebiT asruleben maTi moswavleebi miRwevis<br />
standartul testebs. TviT maswavlebelTa<br />
xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos<br />
testebis Sedegebze, ramac skolebSi xeli Seuwyo<br />
TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs.<br />
magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi<br />
skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac gamoaSkaravda<br />
mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis<br />
Sedegebis gaumjobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTeklaselebma<br />
iseTi saxis daxmareba miiRes, rogoricaa<br />
damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored<br />
Sesruleba (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi<br />
TviTon moswavleebma gamoavlines, romelTac<br />
mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT TaRliTuri<br />
qcevis ganxorcieleba sTxoves. bavSvebi gaocebulni<br />
iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da mSoblebs<br />
maTi qcevis axsnas sTxovdnen. bavSvebis amgvari<br />
damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad<br />
saSiSi SeiZleba iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi<br />
ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.<br />
mesame eTikuri problema isaa, rom testis<br />
Sedegebi SeiZleba Seucvlel iarliyad iqces.<br />
adamianebi sakmaod xSirad aRiqvamen sakuTar<br />
Tavs 110-is toli IQ-is mqone individebad, an B<br />
qulis mimReb studentebad, TiTqos es maCveneblebi,<br />
an qulebi maT Sublze aweriaT. amgvari<br />
iarliyebi SeiZleba maTi winsvlis damabrkoleblad<br />
iqces, radgan adamianebi ijereben, rom<br />
maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />
fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia; rom maT ar SeuZliaT<br />
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba;<br />
testSi miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba<br />
uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da<br />
Seasustos TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli<br />
jgufebis arasrulfasovnad miCneva IQ monacemebis<br />
mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi<br />
Sedegia. isini, vinc ase sajarod arian `daRdasmulebi~,<br />
ijereben imas, rasac `eqspertebi~<br />
amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom skola da ganaTleba<br />
ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis<br />
saSualebad.<br />
testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli statusis<br />
miniWebis aseTi tendencia vrceldeba<br />
rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze.<br />
rodesac testis Sedegebi individis pirovnuli<br />
Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis, araadaptirebulobis,<br />
konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva,<br />
adamianebi gansakuTrebuli bavSvebis `aranormalurobaze~<br />
ufro iwyeben fiqrs, vidre ganaTlebis<br />
sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis<br />
imgvar modificirebas, rom TiToeul moswavleze<br />
morgebuli iyos. iarliyebs wina planze devianturi<br />
pirovnenebi ufro gamoyavs, vidre maTi<br />
garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. iseT individualistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi, rogoric, magaliTad,<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, adamianebis<br />
umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba<br />
da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da,<br />
amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo<br />
pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians<br />
warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoebis<br />
danaSauls vamsubuqebT. Cven vaqebT pirovnebas<br />
warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT<br />
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven unda<br />
vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad,
ac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad<br />
Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens<br />
gavlenas maT qcevaze.<br />
es Tavi gvinda fil zimbardos piradi weriliT<br />
davasruloT, romelic SeiZleba STagonebis<br />
wyarod iqces im studentebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur<br />
testebs:<br />
miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali<br />
fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem<br />
mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma testebma<br />
sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdam-<br />
Tavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi<br />
akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude)<br />
davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani)<br />
C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac<br />
gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis<br />
testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari<br />
miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze.,<br />
Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos<br />
uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowveuli<br />
iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi<br />
fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul<br />
zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT<br />
aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli<br />
iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma<br />
Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis<br />
mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa<br />
da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi.<br />
am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT<br />
daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia<br />
warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb.<br />
sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo<br />
sakvanZo<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
ra aris Sefaseba<br />
fsiqologiur Sefasebas<br />
xangrZlivi istoria aqvs<br />
da dasabams antikuri<br />
CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT<br />
mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon<br />
boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi)<br />
sxvagan wavida staJirebaze.<br />
warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi<br />
gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod<br />
standartizebuli testebiT gazomili<br />
unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeblebia.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs<br />
SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod<br />
ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs,<br />
nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas.<br />
adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qulebis<br />
pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac<br />
mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT,<br />
pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri ZalisxmeviT<br />
gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs.<br />
albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT<br />
sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.<br />
Sejameba<br />
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi<br />
mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />
Seitana ser frensis galtonma.<br />
Sefasebis instrumenti unda<br />
iyos sando, validuri da<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri testireba<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa individisaTvis,<br />
jer kidev aris testebis upasuxismgeblod<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs<br />
awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis<br />
Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis<br />
samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaTleblo<br />
praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis<br />
Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul kategoriebad<br />
daxarixebisaTvis.<br />
standartizirebuli. sando<br />
sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis<br />
Sedegebs. validuri sazomi<br />
afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa<br />
gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
395
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
396<br />
standartizirebuli testis<br />
Catareba da Sedegebis Sejameba<br />
yovelTvis erTi da<br />
igive gziT xdeba. normebis<br />
arseboba saSualebas gvaZlevs,<br />
SevadaroT pirovnebis<br />
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis<br />
da kulturis individTa<br />
saSualo maCvenebels.<br />
inteleqtis Sefaseba<br />
XX saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani<br />
wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
safrangeTSi alfred binem<br />
safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis<br />
obieqturi testirebis<br />
ganviTarebas. qulebi<br />
mocemuli iyo gonebrivi<br />
asakis terminebiT da bav-<br />
Svebis funqcionirebis arsebul<br />
dones asaxavda.<br />
aSS-Si termenma Seqmna stenford-bines<br />
inteleqtis skala<br />
da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis<br />
popularizacia.<br />
veqslerma Seqmna specialuri<br />
inteleqtis testebi<br />
mozrdilebisTvis, skolamdeli<br />
da saskolo asakis<br />
bavSvebisaTvis.<br />
inteleqtis Teoriebi<br />
IQ-is fsiqometriulma analizma<br />
aCvena, rom zogierT<br />
ZiriTad unars, rogoricaa<br />
inteleqtis fluiduri da<br />
kristaluri aspeqti, garkveuli<br />
wvlili Seaqvs IQ<br />
qulebSi.<br />
Tanamedrove Teoriebi Zalian<br />
farTod ganixilaven<br />
da zomaven inteleqts,<br />
msjeloben ra im unarebsa<br />
da insaitebze, romelTac<br />
adamianebi sxvadasxva amocanis<br />
gadasaWrelad iyeneben.<br />
10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta<br />
1. Laugh<br />
6. Allow<br />
2. Tempt<br />
7. Drive<br />
3. Short<br />
8. Cough<br />
4. Knight<br />
9. Enter<br />
5. Write<br />
10. Basic<br />
stenbergi ganasxvavebs inteleqtis<br />
komponentur, empiriul<br />
da konteqstualur<br />
aspeqtebs.<br />
gardnerma daadgina inteleqtis<br />
rva tipi, romelic<br />
moicavs da scildeba kidec<br />
standartuli IQ sazomebiT<br />
gazomvad inteleqtis formebs.<br />
Tanamedrove kvlevebi<br />
fokusirebulia emociur inteleqtze.<br />
inteleqtis politika<br />
Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis<br />
testebi eTnikuri da rasobrivi<br />
jgufebis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi<br />
gancxadebebis gasake-<br />
Teblad gamoiyeneboda.<br />
IQ-is maRali memkvidreobiTobis<br />
gamo zogierTi<br />
mkvlevari garkveuli rasobrivi<br />
da kulturuli jgufebis<br />
dabal Sedegebs maT<br />
Tandayolil arasrulfasovnebas<br />
miawers.<br />
araxelsayreli garemo pirobebiT<br />
da stereotipuli muqariT<br />
aixsneba zogierTi jgufis<br />
dabali IQ qulebi. gamokvleva<br />
aCvenebs, rom jgufuri<br />
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli<br />
iyos garemo faqtorebiT.<br />
SemoqmedebiToba<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulobis<br />
Sefaseba divergentuli<br />
azrovnebis testebis saSualebiT<br />
xdeba.<br />
gansakuTrebiT kreatuli adamianebi<br />
midian riskze, gadian<br />
momzadebas da uaRresad motivirebulni<br />
arian.<br />
ar dadasturda kavSiri kreatulobasa<br />
da SeSlilobas<br />
Soris.<br />
Sefaseba da<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom testebi<br />
xSirad sasargeblod<br />
gamoiyeneba momavali SesrulebiswinaswarmetyvelebisaTvis,<br />
maTi Sedegebi ar<br />
unda ganapirobebdes individis<br />
ganviTarebisa da<br />
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis<br />
SesaZleblobis SezRudvas.<br />
rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi<br />
momavalSi gavlenas axdens<br />
individis cxovrebaze, gamoyenebuli<br />
teqnikebi unda<br />
iyos sando da validuri<br />
rogorc am individTan, ise<br />
_ gamoyenebis mizanTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
qronologiuri asaki<br />
kreatuloba<br />
kriteriumis validoba<br />
kristalizebuli inteleqti<br />
divergentuli azrovneba<br />
emociuri inteleqtiQ<br />
TvalsaCino validoba<br />
fluiduri inteleqti<br />
formaluri Sefaseba<br />
memkvidreobiTobis<br />
maCvenebeli<br />
inteleqti<br />
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)<br />
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba<br />
gonebrivi asaki<br />
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba<br />
normebi<br />
paraleluri formebi<br />
prognozirebadi validuroba<br />
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba<br />
fsiqometria<br />
sandooba<br />
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba<br />
standartizeba<br />
stereotipuli muqara<br />
test-retestuli sandooba<br />
validoba
adamianis adamianis ganviTareba ganviTareba cxovrebis cxovrebis manZilze<br />
manZilze<br />
11<br />
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna<br />
• ganviTarebis aRwera • • ganvi-<br />
Tarebis axsna<br />
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis<br />
manZilze<br />
• ganviTareba Canasaxisa da<br />
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi<br />
• fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi<br />
• • • fizikuri cvlilebebi<br />
mozrdilobaSi<br />
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis<br />
manZilze<br />
• piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri<br />
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb • adreuli<br />
kognituri ganviTarebis<br />
Tanamedrove midgomebi<br />
• kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi<br />
enis aTviseba<br />
• sityvebisa da metyvelebis<br />
aRqma • sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa<br />
daswavla • • gramatikis<br />
Seswavla<br />
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis<br />
manZilze<br />
• eriksonis fsiqosocialuri<br />
stadiebi • • socialuri ganviTareba<br />
bavSvobaSi • • socialuri<br />
ganviTareba mozardobaSi<br />
• • socialuri ganvi-<br />
Tareba mozrdilobaSi<br />
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra<br />
gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis<br />
ganviTarebaze<br />
genderuli ganviTareba<br />
• • sqesi da genderi • • genderuli<br />
rolebis aTviseba<br />
moraluri ganviTareba<br />
• • moraluri gansjis stadiebi<br />
kolbergis mixedviT • • genderobisa<br />
da kulturis gavlena<br />
moralur gansjaze • • viswavloT<br />
sworad da warmatebulad<br />
dabereba<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxebi<br />
• ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
397
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze<br />
398<br />
vfiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yvela<br />
inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo<br />
da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. TandaTan<br />
finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda<br />
da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda<br />
dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama<br />
cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis<br />
„mersedesi~, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva<br />
msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala.<br />
ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad,<br />
garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi<br />
mezobeli bavSvebisagan.<br />
vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me<br />
yvela araswori saqcielisaTvis visjebodi, magram<br />
arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo.<br />
es mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba,<br />
es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afroamerikelis,<br />
derilis, sityvebi. aSkaraa, rom<br />
movlenebma, romelTac misi warsuli ganapirobes,<br />
misi samomavlo miswrafebebic ganapirobes (Goodmillie,<br />
1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT<br />
daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11 TavSi Cven SevecdebiT,<br />
gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic<br />
individTa cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze<br />
ayalibeben.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom xelSi axalSobili<br />
giWiravT. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT gansazRvroT,<br />
rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg?<br />
xuTi wlis Semdeg? TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis?<br />
samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis? Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba,<br />
albaT, zogadisa da konkretulis<br />
rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc<br />
miiqcev ramiT.<br />
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, Cemi sakuTari<br />
skolis gaxsnaa. aTi wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs<br />
skolaSi vxedav, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso<br />
oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba<br />
asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis<br />
mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upiratesobis<br />
mopovebas gulisxmobs.<br />
Cemi skola ubralod Tanasworuflebiani<br />
maswavleblebis skola iqneba _ TeTrkaniani,<br />
Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebismieri,<br />
radgan es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas<br />
da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komercia.<br />
fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi „mersedesi~<br />
da vila, magram Tu Seni suli daukmayofilebelia,<br />
Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar.<br />
nazavs daefuZneba. bavSvi, albaT, namdvilad<br />
iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar<br />
iyos niWieri mwerali. Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba,<br />
aseve, SeiZleba Tandayolilisa da garemo<br />
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas daefuZnos: Tu orive<br />
mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven SeiZleba<br />
ifiqroT, rom bavSvic, aseve, literaturuli<br />
niWiT iqneba dajildoebuli. bavSvs rom ganaTleba<br />
mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli,<br />
Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom misi akademiuri<br />
moswreba gadaaWarbebda mSoblebisas. am TavSi<br />
Cven aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teoriebs,<br />
romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemurad<br />
gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis gakeTeba<br />
SegviZlia axalSobilis momavlis Sesaxeb.
cxrili 11.1<br />
ganviTarebis safexurebi<br />
safexuri asaki<br />
Canasaxovani<br />
(prenataluri)<br />
Cvili bavSvoba<br />
adreuli bavSvoba<br />
gviani bavSvoba<br />
mozardoba<br />
axalgazrdoba1 mowifuloba<br />
xnovani<br />
dabadebis wina periodi<br />
dabadebidan 18 Tvemde<br />
daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde<br />
daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13 wlamde<br />
daaxloebiT 13 wlidan 20 wlamde<br />
daaxloebiT 20 wlidan 30 wlamde<br />
daaxloebiT 30 wlidan 65 wlamde<br />
daaxloebiT 65 wlidan zeviT<br />
ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis<br />
sfero, romelic Seiswavlis cvlilebebs adamianis<br />
fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi<br />
Casaxvidan sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis<br />
fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da<br />
ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmavlobaSi<br />
da aRweron da axsnan es cvlilebebi.<br />
mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa<br />
ganmavlobaSic pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva<br />
unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor<br />
icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is,<br />
rom adamianis fsiqikuri funqcionireba, socialuri<br />
urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod aucilebeli<br />
aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli<br />
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1 miaxloebiT<br />
gviCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs.<br />
am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven<br />
mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor warmoadgenen<br />
im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis<br />
axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebs<br />
sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da<br />
TiToeuli maTganis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixilavT<br />
ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yurad-<br />
Rebas fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTarebaze<br />
SevaCerebT. Semdeg ki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT<br />
socialuri urTierTobebis cvalebad<br />
1 cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTiandeba<br />
ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.<br />
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba,<br />
sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axalgazrdoba,<br />
(2) Suaxnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba<br />
da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani. (mTargmnelis<br />
SeniSvna)<br />
bunebaze sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im<br />
specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec adamianebi<br />
dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze.<br />
axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis Seswavla.<br />
ganviTarebis Seswavla da<br />
axsna<br />
warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvlilebis<br />
siis Sedgena, romelic, Tqveni azriT,<br />
bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras<br />
CawerdiT am siaSi? xom ar CaerTeT fizikuri<br />
gajansaRebis axal programaSi? an xom ar<br />
gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar<br />
gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an interesi? megobar-<br />
Ta axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuTrebiT<br />
xom ar dauaxlovdiT? rodesac ganviTarebas<br />
aRvwerT, Cven mis konceptualizacias<br />
cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT<br />
sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze<br />
fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina, rom cvlileba TiTqmis<br />
yovelTvis niSnavs kompromiss. xSirad<br />
adamianebi cxovrebas ganixilaven, rogorc, ZiriTadad,<br />
SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas)<br />
bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis process (danakargs,<br />
uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi.<br />
ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents<br />
imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da, Sesabamisad,<br />
mogebebi da danakargebi ganviTarebis yvela etaps<br />
axasiaTebs (Dixon 1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989).<br />
magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanamgzavrs<br />
irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis<br />
saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas. rodesac<br />
adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini<br />
Tmoben statuss, magram iZenen Tavisufal dros.<br />
agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom<br />
ganviTareba ar ganixiloT, rogorc pasiuri<br />
procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri<br />
cvlileba individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas<br />
moiTxovs (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner & Ceci,<br />
1994).<br />
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology)<br />
_ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs<br />
fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTierTqmedebas<br />
da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli<br />
cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan.<br />
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna<br />
399
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze<br />
400<br />
axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevrebi ganviTarebis<br />
cvlilebebs.<br />
ganviTarebis aRwera<br />
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli<br />
sasargeblo nabiji iqneba, davadginoT, Tu ras<br />
warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo<br />
adamiani garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi<br />
SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT.<br />
normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron konkretuli<br />
asakis, an ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa sistematuri<br />
testirebis gziT, mkvlevrebi adgenen<br />
ganviTarebis TvalSisacem Tvisebebs. bevr adamianze<br />
dakvirvebis safuZvelze es monacemebi uzrunvelyofen<br />
normebs _ ganviTarebis, an miRwevis<br />
standartul paternebs, romelic didi raodenobiT<br />
adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli.<br />
normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqologebi<br />
erTmaneTisgan mijnaven qronologiur<br />
asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa<br />
Tu wlebis raodenobas da ganviTarebis asaks _<br />
qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis umravlesoba<br />
avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTarebis<br />
garkveul dones. sami wlis bavSvi, romelic<br />
metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi,<br />
iTvleba, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebis mixedviT<br />
is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs standartul<br />
baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba<br />
individebisa da jgufebis urTierTSedareba.<br />
cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad<br />
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis ramdenime<br />
normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) _<br />
gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganvi-<br />
Tarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis<br />
aRweras.<br />
qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) _ individis<br />
dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis<br />
raodenoba.<br />
ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) _ qronologiuri<br />
asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umravlesoba<br />
amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis garkveul dones.<br />
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvlevis<br />
meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imave<br />
cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis<br />
manZilze.<br />
models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamoyenebisas<br />
erTi da igive individebi mravali<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa<br />
da testirebis qveS imyofebian. magaliTad,<br />
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />
kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da<br />
igive bavSvebi, raTa, rac SeiZleba zustad<br />
daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi<br />
mza strategiis gamoyenebas daiwyebs ariTmetikuli<br />
amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler & Crowley,<br />
1991). cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs<br />
SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu, kerZod, ra<br />
uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevrebi<br />
longitudur meTods, aseve, xSirad iyeneben<br />
individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad.<br />
sxvadasxva adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa<br />
da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad mkvlevrebma SeiZleba<br />
Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi<br />
faqtorebisa, romelic cxovrebis adreul<br />
periodSi moqmedebs da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens<br />
es faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze.<br />
grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa,<br />
rom, vinaidan cdis pirebi, ZiriTadad, erTgvar<br />
sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave<br />
socialur-ekonomikur periodSi cxovroben,<br />
SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis<br />
dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereva socialuri<br />
pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie, 1989). am meTodis<br />
minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeTdes<br />
mxolod imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi Car-<br />
Tuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi dabadebul<br />
adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri<br />
kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan Znelia cdis<br />
pirebze dakvirveba drois xangrZlivi monakve-<br />
Tebis manZilze da, Tanac, monacemebi advilad<br />
SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gasvlis<br />
an gauCinarebis gamo.<br />
ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba e. w. jvaredini<br />
Seswavlis meTods iyenebs, sadac sxvadasxva<br />
qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa<br />
jgufebze erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da<br />
urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad, mkvlevars SeuZlia<br />
daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze,<br />
romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos<br />
asakobriv cvlilebebTan. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma<br />
imis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen<br />
erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur mxarda-<br />
Weras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli<br />
davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19 wlis mozardTa