(natia) ZIMBARDO

cedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arRvevs 

sizmris bunebriv mimdinareobas. 

hipnozi 

sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom 

hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs mis nebayoflobiT 

Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad 

marTebulia es mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra 

aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT 

xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/ 

validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba? termini 

hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi 

Zilis RmerTis saxelidan, momdinareobs. Tumca, 

hipnozi (Hypnosis) - cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, 

romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT 

(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da 

aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis 

cvlilebebiT. 

Zili aranairad ar monawileobs hipnozSi, Tu 

ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaqsirebuli 

adamianebi garegnulad Zilis magvar 

mdgomareobaSi imyofebian (Tu adamians marTlac 

sZinavs, maSin is ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro 

zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT, hipnozi aris cnobierebis 

Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic 

xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis gansakuTrebuli 

unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba, 

rasac Tan axlavs aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa 

da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi 

(Orne, 1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi, 

monawileebi momatebuli STagonebadobiT 

xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT 

_ isini xSirad grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovelgvari 

ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis gareSe 

xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968). 

mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas 

hipnozis dros moqmedi fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis 

Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998). 

zogierTi adreuli Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis 

zemoqmedebis qveS myofi individebi transis 

mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad 

gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis mdgomareobisgan. 

sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva 

araferia, Tu ara momatebuli motivacia. 

arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi 

socialuri roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, placebo 

reaqciis saxeobaa hipnotizioris mowonebis 

dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad, 

mkvlevrebma gamoricxes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, 

rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar 

cvlilebebs iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vinaidan 

individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec 

SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

qceviTi paternebis ganxorcieleba, 

naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an 

placebo procesebis garda sxva damatebiTi 

efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi stimulaciisa da 

hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis 

zogierT efeqts. 

hipnoturi stimulacia da 

hipnobiluroba 

hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic induction) 

iwyeba. es aris mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa 

erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs 

garegani gamRizianeblebi da monawileebs mxo- 

cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi 

209

Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi 

210 

lod SeTavazebul stimulebze amaxvilebinebs 

yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis 

gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad 

emzadebian. mosamzadebeli aqtivobebi gulisxmobs 

garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an 

movlenebisa da reaqciebis vizualizacias. 

ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi mosamzadebeli 

procedurebi daswavlili signalis 

funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad, monawileebi swrafad 

gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis 

tipuri procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis 

mdgomareobis SeTavazebas, Tumca zogierTi 

adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi stimulaciiTac 

hipnotizirdeba, rogoricaa velosipediT 

siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976). 

hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian 

STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala hipnotiziorisgan 

momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTaderTi 

umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria monawilis 

unari Tu „niWi~ imisa, rom hipnozs daeqvemdebaros. 

hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT 

eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi reaqciebis 

gancdis standartul instruqciebs. arsebobs 

individualur gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri, 

STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur 

STagonebadobamde. 

suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa 

procentul ganawilebas hipnobilurobis xarisxis 

mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares 

hipnoturi stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am 

skalaze „maRali~ an „Zalian maRali~ maCvenebeli? 

testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori 

iZleoda posthipnotur instruqciaTa serias, 

romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda. 

rodesac hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi 

gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda, Zalze 

hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen 

xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxvevaSi 

maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli 

mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul individebs 

ar SeeZloT „ara~-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva, 

Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar 

SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis „dabali~ 

maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar 

avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs. 

hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra 

xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi standartul 

hipnotur STagonebas. 

suraTi 6.5 

pirvelad gamowveuli hipnozis done 

grafiki gviCvenebs hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS pirvelad 

moxvedrili 533 individis Sedegebs. hipnobiluroba 

stanfordis hipnoturi damyolobis 12-debulebian 

skalaze gaizoma. 

hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasia- 

Tebelia. mozrdilebSi es maCvenebeli, faqtobrivad, 

ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi 

sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros 

(Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis testirebaSi 

monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da 

kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg Cautarda ganmeorebiTi 

testireba da miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad 

korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel 

monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro 

STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipnoturi 

STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozardobis 

periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs 

garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis genetikuri 

determinantebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, identuri 

tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, 

vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al., 

1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom hipnobiluroba SedarebiT 

stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT 

iseT pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mimndobloba 

an konformuloba (Fromm & Shor, 1979; 

Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs 

hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis 

unikalur kognitur unars. 

hipnozis efeqtebi 

hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris 

aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT 

standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis 

qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleb

lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen) 

da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT 

eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca, 

rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi 

hipnozis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan 

momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri 

survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mowoneba? 

am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad 

mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs, 

romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben 

namdvilad hipnotizirebul individebsa da 

simuliantebs. 

saidan 

viciT 

hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia 

eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi 

monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna 

hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis 

simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli 

eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad, 

maT unda moetyuebinaT meore eqsperimentatori 

da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom mar- 

Tlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis 

Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis 

seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis 

Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani 

nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romel- 

Sic cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda 

ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143). 

isini, visac erTjerze metad waredgina 

toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur mdgomareobaSi 

darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad 

amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris intensivobas. 

Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev 

hipnotur mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da 

amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT. 

savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigonoT. 

Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimentatoris 

moTxovnebis Sesabamisad individis 

moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda 

movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simulianti 

monawileebi msgavsad unda asrulebdnen 

moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar 

xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli individebi 

gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRweren: 

isini TavianT realur gamocdilebas- 

Tan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian, 

vidre imas, risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT 

eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996). 

am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad 

varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT, realuri 

hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan 

naTeli xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli 

wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis gamocdilebaSi. 

hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec 

ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis unaria 

(hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari 

ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis 

stimulebs. am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba 

hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tkivilis 

kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi STagonebiT 

miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis 

araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gake- 

Tebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancalkevebulad 

warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba 

sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad `damaxinjeba~. 

adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT 

tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri 

da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan 

(Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT 

Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, romelTanac 

SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miRweva, 

dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis 

dros da simsivniani pacientebisTvis, romlebic 

daavadebasTan da mis mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebul 

tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviThipnozi 

(autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi 

saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients tkivilis 

gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba. 

erT-erT kvlevaSi ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis 

mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT 

akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili 

orjer naklebi iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi 

(Spiegel et al., 1989). 

mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT 

aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi scildeba 

monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi 

molodinebis Sesabamisad moqcevis survils. 

Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan tkivilis 

Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqtu- 


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212 

rad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis Semamcirebeli 

sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993). 

saidan 

viciT 

hipnozi amcirebs tkivils 

moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis autaneli 

tkivili. individebis mier tkivilis 

amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi 

izomeboda: (1) Zalze mamotivirebeli 

instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis 

gamowveviT da (3) placebo kafsulis 

gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZleodaT, 

rogorc tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da 

(2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im 

efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda, 

romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa 

kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damoukideblad 

miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs Soris 

gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas 

iZleoda, rom hipnozi placebo efeqtze 

metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda 

testirebas, ar icoda, Tu romel cdis 

pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo kafsula 

da arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi 

analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24 cdis 

piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed 

hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen naxevars 

ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilurobis 

skalaze.placebo abebi mniSvnelovanwilad 

amcirebda tkivils yvela monawiles- 

Tan, motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxisagan 

damoukideblad. amasTan, hipnozis molodini 

tkivilis Sesamcireblad, aseve, 

yvela monawilesTan iZleoda mniSvnelovan 

efeqts – placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca, 

Zalze hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis 

amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis 

periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre naklebad 

hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva 

nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi 

ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan et al., 

1978). 

dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb: 

hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs hipnotizioris 

gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan; 

es mxolod im pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa 

hipnobilurobis Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi 

zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar 

niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis dakargvas; 

faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba 

individs kontrolis gavarjiSebis axali gzebis 

daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori 

SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT, romelic 

wvrTnis subieqts, romelic axorcielebs qcevas. 

es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac 

vuyurebT scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas, sadac 

adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs axorcieleben 

hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipnotiziori 

imiT qmnis cocxal sanaxaobas, rom 

egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebs 

sxvebis TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs 

axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba 

arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da 

TerapevtebisaTvis hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas, 

romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis SesaZleblobebis 

gamokvleva da modificireba. 

meditacia 

aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradiciuli 

fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba muSaobs 

cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri, 

aqtualuri safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben 

mentalur da spiritualur „me~-ze Sinagani 

fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens 

cnobierebis Secvlis formas, romelic mowodebulia 

Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis 

saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da 

subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis 

gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba 

SeiZleba fokusirdebodes da iwesrigebdes 

sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas pozebi), 

minimumamde dahyavdes garegani stimulacia, 

axdendes specifikuri mentaluri xatebis generirebas 

an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari 

azrisagan. 

garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis 

gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT, 

TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba 

meditacia (Meditation) - cnobierebis Secvlis forma, 

romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Semcirebis 

saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb 

codnisa da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

normalur „TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul mdgomareobasa 

da meditaciis konkretul procedurebs 

Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis 

damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri 

fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc 

mSvidi sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi 

aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri cnobierebis 

mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell, 

1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs 

SfoTvas, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac stresul 

garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al., 

1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). Tumca, meditaciuri praqtikis 

mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis 

droebiTi daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis 

praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT praqtikas 

regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT 

formas xelewifeba cnobierebis gaZliereba, 

gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT, 

rom individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis 

axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs aRqmisa da 

azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas 

avtomaturi, kargad daswavlili paternebis 

halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, romelic 

Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis ararsebobis 

pirobebSi. 

akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, 

rom meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs 

gonebis farglebs dasavluri fsiqologiis mier 

aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad 

SesaZlebelia gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix. 

Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al., 

1991) maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani 

budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh, 1991) 

gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva, 

ubralod davakvirdeT Cven irgvliv arsebul 

garemos da davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi, 

rac fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval 

gzaze dagvayenebs. 

halucinaciebi 

uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes 

cnobierebis damaxinjebas, rodesac individi 

xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/ 

obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia 

aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi 

stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris 

individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri konstruqcia. 

halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba iluziebisgan, 

romelic realuri stimulis perceptuli 

damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6. 

masze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs, 

Tumca, is „realurad~ ar aris gamosaxuli. am 

suraTi 6.6 

es iluziaa da ara halucinacia! 

miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs, 

adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds 

xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi 

ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi 

individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobidan 

warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli procesebisgan. 


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214 

faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac, 

rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cven 

mier samyaros aRqmis normaluri procesebis 

Sedegad „Cndeba~. Cven ver gavaqrobT am 

iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT, 

rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan gansxvavebiT, 

halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdilebaa, 

romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi 

moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halucinacia 

xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari 

TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad 

dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapirispirebiT, 

halucinaciuri gancda savaraudod 

dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi individebi 

ver axerxeben halucinaciebis „realurobis~ 

daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze 

zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992). 

halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli 

agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis mdgomareoba 

an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba. 

isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo, 

iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis, 

magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris 

an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilobis 

mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben 

Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini 

garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos. 

xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri 

nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa LSD da peioti 

da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze 

uaris Tqmas mwvave alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi 

(aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben, 

DTs). am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis 

arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa pirdapiri zemoqmedeba 

uwyobs xels. 

zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi 

halucinaciebi sasurveli da mniSvnelovani 

movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi 

mistikur xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac 

maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs. 

amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi 

spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara kontaqtis erTi 

da igive mkafio aRqma SeiZleba ganixilebodes, 

rogorc sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc 

gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad aseTi 

gonebrivi statusis Sefaseba Tanabrad aris 

damokidebuli rogorc damkvirveblis Sefasebaze, 

ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze. 

religiuri eqstazi 

meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri 

komunikacia religiuri gamocdilebis gaZlierebas, 

intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam 

jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba warmoadgens 

unikalur fsiqologiur gamocdilebas, 

romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa 

da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realurobisa 

da mkafioobis gancdiT, agreTve komunikaciis 

unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom 

vTqvaT, mTliani gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mravali 

adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba 

namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi 

cnobierebis nawils. 

TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda 

aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis religiur 

gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamocdileba. 

maTi rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis 

unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT gansakuTrebuli 

qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas 

aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi 

da cecxli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis 

sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen 

grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal, 

yuradRebis mimzidvel simRerebsa, velur 

trialsa da cekvebSi: 

enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars 

miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben da ir-

xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Sinaarss 

moklebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili 

ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur „axal enaze~ 

metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi 

erTmniSvnelovnad civia, cecxlis xelSi 

daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa 

Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi 

arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvlevebis 

monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT, 

TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba 

aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs 

gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa magaliTebi 

mohyavT (Watterlond, 1983, gv. 53, 55) 

gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis 

wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom 

isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli 

adamianebi arian, romlebic jgufSi yofniT 

Zlier fsiqologiur da socialur mxardaWeras 

iReben. „sulis momaswaveblebis~ ritualSi monawileoba 

„maTTvis personaluri jildos tolfasia, 

romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi 

aspeqti ver gautoldeba~ (Watterlond, 1983). 

cnobierebis Semcvleli 

nivTierebebi 

adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen 

sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis aRqmis 

Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri monacemebi, 

rom aSS-is samxreT-dasavleTsa da meqsikaSi 

10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen 

„Rrma Zilis marcvlebs~ (sophora seed) anu 

meskalis 5 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi 

azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan 

moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis 

mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda 

Teonanaqtalis, fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva, 

romelic „RmerTebis sxeulis~ saxeliTac aris 

cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel 

halucinaciebs iwvevs. 

dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTobasTan, 

dasvenebasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre 

jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel 

msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen, 

gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi aaridon arsebuli 

realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon 

5 erTgvari narkotiki. 

Tavi socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cnobierebis 

Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as welze 

meti xnis win uiliam jemsi, romlis citirebac 

Cven ukve ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc 

amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis, aRwerda 

cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier 

Catarebul eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis 

SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom „am 

mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri 

metafizikuri iluminaciis moWarbebuli aRmagznebeli 

SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis 

uxilavi movlenebis siRrmeSia da amavdroulad 

Riaa dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da 

TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis 

yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis analogi ar 

moiZebneba normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavavlebT 

paralels normaluri cnobierebis funqcionirebasTan~ 

(James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad, cnobierebis 

Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cnobierebis 

TviTgamowveuli Secvlili mdgomareobis 

kvlevamde gafarTovda. 

cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis 

gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos haqslis (Aldos 

Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ „aRqmis karibWis~ gamoqveynebis 

Semdeg daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobierebaze 

meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis 

gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998 

wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, 

romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxloebiT 

25 500 moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is moqalaqeTa 

6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli erTi 

wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti 

akrZaluli nivTiereba (Substance Abuse and Mental 

Health Services Administration - SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire 

gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi: 

16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4% da 18-20 wlis mozardebis 

19,9% aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime 

tipis moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7% 

gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xandaxan 

iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki - eweoda sigarets. es 

monacemebi xsnis imas, Tu ratom dgas aucileblobiT 

mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotikebis 

gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva. 

damokidebuleba da miCveva 

fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia, 

romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT 

zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da 


215


216 

qcevaze. xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis 

receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis blokirebas 

an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZvlianad 

cvlian tvinis sakomunikacio sistemas, 

zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze, gunebaganwyobilebasa 

da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTierebebis 

gaxangrZlivebuli gamoyenebis Sedegad 

viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis 

misaRwevad ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba 

saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur 

safuZvelze me-7 TavSi visaubrebT). tolerantobas 

Tan sdevs fiziologiuri damokidebuleba, 

procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da 

damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze, 

nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri arsebobiT, 

SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotransmiterebi. 

tolerantobisa da damokidebulobis 

tragikuli Sedegia miCveva. adamians, romelic 

miCveulia mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi 

esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar aris 

damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali, 

oflianoba, gulisreva da alkoholis ararsebobis 

zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itanjeba. 

Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyenebas 

imdenad sasurvelad da sasiamovnod miiCnevs, 

rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis 

an miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur 

damokidebulebas uwodeben. fsiqologiuri 

damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis 

fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) - 

qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis 

droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur 

procesebsa da qcevaze. 

tolerantoba (Tolerance) - situacia, romelic 

nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad 

iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs 

ufro da ufro meti doza sWirdeba. 

fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological dependence) 

- procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva 

da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze. 

miCveva (Addiction) - mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi 

iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba 

SeZlos, mis arqonaze yovelgvari fizikuri da 

fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan 

sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas. 

fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological dependence) 

- narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba 

an survili. 

mimarT ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebulebis 

Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili 

imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis irgvliv, 

rom izRudeba an mcirdeba misi funqcionirebis 

SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, narkotikis 

miRebis yoveldRiuri Cvevis Sesanar- 

Cuneblad da danaxarjebis dasafarad xSirad 

ubiZgebs nivTierebaze damokidebul individs 

qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken, prostituciisken an 

narkotikebiT vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT 

narkotikebze miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze momakvdinebeli 

safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis 

Tanaziari moxmarebis Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis 

saSiSroeba; intravenuri narkotikebis momxmareblebma 

sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba 

`gauziaron~ organizmis siTxe imaTac, visac es 

momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT. 

mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daRwevisa 

da yoveldRiur stresorebTan gasamklaveblad 

akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis 

Semdeg xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itanjebian. 

saidan 

viciT 

nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis 

Sedegebi 

mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis 

rvawliani kvleva 1976 wels daiwyo. 

gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavrebeli 

klasis 1634 moswavle los anjelesidan. 

sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi 

Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT Soris 10%ze 

naklebi regularulad an qronikulad 

moixmarda narkotikebs, 10%-ze naklebs ki 

saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi 

Sexeba. miRebuli Sedegebis dayofa oTx 

jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb & 

Bentler, 1988; Stacy et al., 1991): 

narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba 

uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da socialur 

adaptaciaze, arRvevda urTier- 

Tobebs, amcirebda swavlis potencials, 

zrdida kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da 

xels uwyobda dezorganizebul azrovnebas.

Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa 

stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida 

suiciduri da TviTdamangreveli azrebis 

sixSires da amcirebda socialur mxardaWeras, 

riTac xels uwyobda martoobas. 

nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi 

tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis Sesatyvisad. 

ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida 

konfrontacias da asustebda axlo urTier- 

Tobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri 

janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze damangrevel 

efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis 

kombinacia iZleoda. 

moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan, 

romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols 

da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRiniSneboda 

momatebuli socialuri integracia 

da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi 

Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad 

adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen. 

fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi 

gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis 

nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me-16 TavSi sxva 

tipis fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT, 

romlebic fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad 

gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor 

aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi 

maTTvis damaxasiaTebel fiziologiur da 

fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT 

nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul 

da socialur Sedegebs. 

cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs 

iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic halucinogenebis 

an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris 

cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis rogorc garegani 

samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas. 

rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi 

xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da `me~-sa da 

àra me~-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi 

yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini 

(miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba 

sokosgan) da LSD da PCP (sinTezirdeba 

laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri, 

iwvevs gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur 

reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians ekargeba 

tkivilis SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli 

sinamdvilisgan gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs. 

halucinogenuri nivTierebebi moqmedeben tvinSi 

specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur neirotransmiterze 

_ serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek, 

1993). 

kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea. 

misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC, romelic 

napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili 

fisi) da, aseve, marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari 

foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT 

gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia 

dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs msubuq, sasiamovno 

gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv 

halucinogenur reaqciebs. regularuli gamoyenebis 

SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad 

yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva 

da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan gasvlis gancdebi. 

Tumca, konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa 

negatiur efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva 

da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis manZilze 

icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri 

qimiuri naerTebi, Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis 

specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri 

receptorebi hipokampSi, anu mexsierebaze pasuxismgebel 

Tavis tvinis ubnebSia ganlagebuli. 

mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad 

aRmoCenili anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri, 

romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive 

receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). amitomac 

aRweven kanafinoidebi cnobierebis Semcvlel 

efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad 

arsebuli nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis 

ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma aRmoaCines, 

rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic 

gavlenas axdens tvinis mier anandamidis moxmarebaze 

(di Tomaso et al., 1996) Sokoladis 

molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri 

receptorebi an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos nervuli 

reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aRmoCenili 

TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba 

avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro xSirad 

undebaT rZisa da Savi Sokoladi. 

opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini, 

Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizianeblebze 

sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis intravenuri 

miRebis Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamovnebaSi 

gadaSveba _ yvela safiqralisa da sxeulebrivi 

moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils eiforiis 

grZnoba ikavebs. heroinis moxmareba 


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218 

cxrili 6.1 

fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da 

damokidebuleba 

opiatebi (narkotikebi) 

morfini 

heroini 

kodeini 

haluciogeni 

LSD 

PCP (penciklidini) 

meskalini (peioti) 

fsilocibini 

kanafi (marixuana) 

depresantebi 

barbituratebi 

(magaliTad, 

seqonali) 

benzodiazepini 

(magaliTad, valiumi) 

alkoholi 

stimulatorebi 

amfetamini 

kokaini 

nikotini 

kofeini 

samedicino gamoyeneba 

tkivilgamayuCebeli 

kvlevis procesSi 

tkivilgamayuCebeli, 

xvelis aRmkveTi 

ara 

veterinaruli 

anesTetiki 

ara 

ara 

qimioTerapiis 

Tanmxlebi gulisrevis 

aRmkveTi 

sedatiuri, Zilis 

wamali, anesTetiki, 

antikonvulsanti 

SfoTvis Semamcirebeli, 

sedatiuri, 

Zilis wamali, 

antikonvulsanti 

antiseptiki 

hiperkinezia, narkolefsia, 

wonis kontroli 

ara 

nikotinis saReWi 

rezini mowevisTvis 

Tavis dasanebeblad 

wonis kontroli, 

stimulanti mwvave 

respiratoruli 

sirTuleebisas, 

analgetiki 

xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. me-3 TavSi aRvniSneT, 

rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur 

morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas axdens 

guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis 

gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi narkotikebi 

tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs 

ikavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad, 

opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna) 

imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs, 

rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs, 

efeqtis 

xangrZlivoba 

(saaTebSi) 

3-6 

3-6 

3-6 

8-12 

varirebs 

8-12 

4-6 

2-4 

1-16 

4-8 

1-5 

2-4 

1-2 

varirebs 

4-5 

fsiqologiuri 

maRali 

maRali 

zomieri 

ara 

ar aris cnobili 

ara 


msubuqad zomieri 

zomierad maRali 


zomieri 

maRali 

maRali 

msubuqad maRali 



fiziologiuri 

maRali 

maRali 

zomieri 


maRali 






zomieri 

maRali 

maRali 


zomieri 

romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli niv- 

Tierebebis msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. 

rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad 

stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebiT, 

tvini kargavs faqiz balanss. 

depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da, 

gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia, alkoholi. am 

nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri 

aqtivobis daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur 

nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis gadacemis

Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresantebis 

moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva 

sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis 

SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotrasmiteri 

(Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA 

xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis funqcias 

asrulebs, riTac aixsneba depresantebis 

Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze 

saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi 

gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis dozis gadametebis 

SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbituratebze 

modioda (Howard, 1984). yvelaze xSirad 

daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi 

da qsanaqsi, mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba 

miCvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller, 1999). 

alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqoaqtiuri 

nivTiereba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneboda 

uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS 

myofi adamianebi sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megobrulebi 

da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi 

maTgani agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki 

iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi iZireba. 

mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad 

rogor moqmedebs alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva 

depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic 

zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996). 

mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba 

gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaqciebis 

siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca, 

organizms mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan 

SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi 

xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli 

sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri 

SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan, 

romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcvelobaa, 

vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli 

2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri intoqsikaciis 

meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur 

SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac 

Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis problemebi. rodesac 

sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs, 

adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas 

azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze, 

rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba 

da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva. 

alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri 

problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan dakavSirebuli 

avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikvdilianobis 

wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis 

raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze, 

auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs 

da seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas. 

aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alkoholizmi. 

fizikuri damokidebuloba, tolerantoba 

da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi 

intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi 

individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis 

unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis 

ki, alkoholizmi gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis 

Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998 

wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis 

Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s aReniSneboda 

intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5 

da met Wiqas erT jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT 

an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi 

(SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa 

saSualo maCvenebeli mamakacebTan (9,7%) gacilebiT 

maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%). 

stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da 

kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis mdgomareobis 

gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi 

moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi neirotrasmiterebis 

donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini, 

serotonini da dopamini. magaliTad, stimula- 

cnobierebebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi 

219


220 

torebi akaveben tvinSi im molekulebis moqmedebas, 

romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs 

sinafsebidan (Giros et al., 1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi 

sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamovnebis 

gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin, 

1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam sxvadasxva 

efeqts iwvevs: momatebuli TviTdarwmunebuloba, 

moWarbebuli energia da hiperaqtiuroba da 

eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba. 

intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel 

halucinaciebs da uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom 

sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben. 

am rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs uwodeben. 

kokainis moxmarebis Tanmxleb gansakuTrebul 

safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da Zalze 

depresiul Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti 

qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis momxmareblebs, 

rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe 

gazardon narkotikis moxmarebis sixSire da 

dozebi. kokainis yvelaze sufTa formaa crack-i, 

gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki, 

romelic swrafad abruebs da swrafadve kargavs 

moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da 

iafad iyideba, es nivTiereba yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia 

Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis; 

crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs. 

ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar 

aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebad, aris 

kofeini da nikotini. SeiZleba sakuTari gamocdilebidan 

vicodeT, rom ori finjani magari 

yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis kofeins Seicavs 

imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze, 

sisxlsa da cirkularul funqciebze da daZinebasTan 

dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas. 

TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini 

sakmarisad Zlieri stimulatoria, romelsac 

adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi maRali koncentraciiT 

iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa 

da transis gamosawvevad; Tumca, zogierTi 

Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT 

icodnen, rom nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did 

sifrTxiles iCendnen misi moxmarebisas. miCvevis 

gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad, nikotini 

tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur 

naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT dadgenilia tvinis 

moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia 

nikotinsa da kokainze miCvevis ganviTarebaze 

(Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri 

naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens, 

romelic Tavs kargad gvagrZnobinebs raime 

kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg; rac gvagrZnobinebs, 

rom yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni, 

romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod, 

nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs, 

romelic gvatyobinebs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa, 

roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris. 

nikotinis mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi 

zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba yvela 

sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas 

erTad, heroinis, kokainisa da alkoholis CaTvliT. 

sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris 

monacemebis Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000 

sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da 

sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is legalizebulia 

da yovelwliurad milionebi ixarjeba sigaretis 

reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev 

mwevelia, Tumca, mowevis sawinaaRmdego 

kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba 

mwevelTa saerTo raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995). 

yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs 

mowevas da maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi 

asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli sareklamo 

kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad 

swored axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa 

Soris mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvnelovani 

momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis 

Sedegad moxda (Pierce & Gilpin, 1995). 

es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT 

da SevecadeT mis gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina 

warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis 

Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad 

warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs Cven mier 

ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqtivobebi 

cnobierebis Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso 

SekiTxvas: saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor 

Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve 

viciT zogierTi Teoria, romelic pasuxs gascems 

am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am 

TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom 

cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs, 

rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa, 

rac adamianad gvaqcevs. 

aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro 

naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. Cven 

davsviT kiTxva: ratom arian adamianebi 

ukmayofiloni yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobierebiT 

da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mraval-

ferovan gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi 

arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare moTxovnebsa da 

situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis 

realobidan gamomdinare, SezRudvebsac vacnobierebT; 

aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia 

Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac 

arsebuli potencialis srulad gamovlenis 

SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT, 

sevda Segvipyrobs Cveuli realobis farglebs 

miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli 

usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis 

ganusazRvrelobas varCevT. 

Sejameba 

nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben 

cnobierebis Secvlis saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi 

sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom 

sZinavT da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kontrolireba. 

adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian 

imiT, Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hipnozis 

zemoqmedebas. mkvlevrebi adareben nam- 

sakvanZo 

sakiTxebi 

cnobierebis Sinaarsi 

� cnobiereba gonebis Sinaarsebis 

gacnobierebas, 

maT Sesaxeb codnas warmoadgens; 

� arsebobs cnobierebis 

sami done: (1) samyaros 

bazisuri cnobiereba, (2) 

gaazreba imisa, Tu ras 

vacnobierebT da (3) 

TviTcnobiereba; 

� RviZili periodis cnobierebis 

Sinaarsi gansxvavdeba 

aracnobieri 

procesebisgan, winarecnobieri 

mexsierebisgan, 

yuradRebis miRma dar- 

Cenili informaciisgan, 

aracnobierisgan da cnobieri 

aRqmisgan; 

� sakvlevi teqnikebi, rogoricaa 

xmamaRla fiqris 

oqmebi da eqsperimentis 

SerCeva cnobierebis Sinaarsis 

Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba. 

cnobierebis 

funqciebi 

� cnobiereba gvexmareba gadarCenaSi 

da gvaZlevs realobis 

pirovnuli da 

kulturuli konstruqtebis 

Seqmnis SesaZleblobas; 

� mkvlevrebi swavloben 

cnobier da aracnobier 

dvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simuliantebis 

reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis 

originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis mosagebad 

ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi 

gansakuTrebuli mZlavri teqnikaa tkivilis 

Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT „faruli 

damkvirveblis~ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs 

hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS yofnisas movlenebis 

farul, aracnobier aRqmas. 

meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvlilebebisa 

da sxva tipis kognituri winsvlis 

ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens 

mkafio perceptul gamocdilebas garegani gam- 

Rizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierTi 

adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, romelic 

ar aris Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili. 

cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis, 

rogorc eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis, 

gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa, radganac arsebobs 

albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer 

sikvdilisac ki. narkotikebi centralur nervul 

sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT, 

daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben. 

procesebs Soris arsebul 

urTierTmimarTebas. 

Zili da sizmari 

�cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs 

biologiuri saaTis moqmedebas; 

�Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi 

icvleba Tavis tvinis aqtivobis 

paternebi. REM 

Zili xasiaTdeba Tvalebis 

swrafi moZraobiT da 

Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmrebis 

periods. mTliani Zilis 

daaxloebiT 1/4 REM 

Zilia 4-5 calkeuli periodis 

ganmavlobaSi; 

sakvanZo sakiTxebi 

221


222 

�Zilis raodenoba da REM 

da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba 

asakTan erTad icvleba; 

�REM da NREM Zili sxvadasxva 

funqciebs emsaxureba, 

Senaxvisa da aRdgenis 

CaTvliT; 

�Zilis darRvevebi, rogoricaa 

insomnia, narkolefsia 

da Zilis apnoe 

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens 

dRis manZilze adamianis 

funqcionirebis 

unarze. dRis Zilianoba, 

aseve, farTod gavrcelebuli 

seriozuli problemaa; 

�froidi Tvlida, rom 

sizmrebis Sinaarsi aracnobieri 

masalaa, romelmac 

gaiara sizmris cenzura; 

�sxva kulturebSi sizmrebis 

interpretacia regularulad 

xdeba da amas 

gansakuTrebuli kulturuli 

rolis mqone adamianebi 

axorcieleben. interpretacia 

momavlis winaswarmetyvelebisfunqcias 

emsaxureba. 

�sizmris zogierTi Teoria 

maTi wyaroebis biologiur 

warmomavlobaze 

amaxvilebs yuradRebas, 

Tumca, es Teoriebi srulad 

ar Tanxvdeba sizmris 

Sinaarsebs. 

cnobierebis Secvlili 

mdgomareobebi 

� dakvirvebadi sizmrebi 

aris gacnobiereba imisa, 

rom sizmars vxedavT da 

mimarTulia sizmris kontrolze. 

�hipnozi cnobierebis Secvlili 

mdgomareobaa, romelic 

xasiaTdeba STagonebaze 

reaqciis saxiT hipnotizirebuli 

adamianebis 

aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa 

da TviTkontrolis 

SecvliT. 

�meditacia cvlis cnobier 

funqcionirebas ritualuri 

praqtikis saSualebiT, 

romelic garegani sazrunavebidan 

Sinagan gamocdilebaze 

gadaanacvlebs 

yuradRebas. 

� halucinaciebi naTeli aRqmaa, 

romelic Cndeba obieqturi 

gamRizianeblebis 

ararsebobis pirobebSi. 

�zogierT kulturul jguf- 

Si adamianebi intensiur religiur 

gamocdilebas ganicdian. 

�fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi, 

cvlian ra nervuli 

sistemis aqtivobas, zemoqmedeben 

mentalur procesebze 

cnobierebis droebiTi 

SecvliT. 

�cnobierebis cvlilebebis 

gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur niv- 

TierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis: 

halucinogenebi, opiatebi, 

depresantebi da stimulatorebi. 

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi 

aracnobieri 

gamocdilebis SerCevis 

meTodi 

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi 

dRis Zilianoba 

Tvalebis swrafi 

moZraobiT Zili (REM) 

Tvalebis swrafi 

moZraobis gareSe Zili 

(NREM) 

TviTcnobiereba 

insomnia 

meditacia 

midrekileba 

narkolefsia 

sizmris muSaoba 

tolerantoba 

faruli Sinaarsi 

fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi 

fsiqologiuri 


SeTanxmebuli validizacia 

cirkaduli ritmi 

cnobiereba 

winarecnobieri mexsiereba 

Zili apnoe 

xiluli Sinaarsi 

xmamaRla fiqris oqmi 

halucinaciebi 

hipnobiluroba 

hipnozi

daswavla daswavla da da qceviTi qceviTi analizi 

analizi 

7 

daswavlis unaris kvleva 

• ra aris daswavla 

• biheviorizmi da 

bihevioraluri 

analizi 

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba 

• pavlovis saocari 

dakvirvebebi 

• ganpirobebulobis 

procesi 

• SeZena 

• klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

gamoyeneba 

operantuli 

ganpirobebuloba: 

swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb 

• efeqtis kanoni 

• qcevis eqsperimentuli 

analizi 

• pirobiTi ganmtkiceba 

• ganmamtkicebelTa 

Tvisebebi 

• ganmamtkicebelTa 

cxrilebi 

• qcevis formireba 

(Seipingi) 

fsiqologia Cvens 

cxovrebaSi: afuWebs Tu 

ara bavSvs dausjeloba 

biologia da daswavla 

• instinqturi swrafva 

• gemos aversiiT 

daswavla 

kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze 

• cxovelTa kognicia 

• dakvirvebiT daswavla 


• ZiriTadi cnebebi 

223

Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi 

224 

Tavis wignSi _ „jadoqari lorenco~ 

_ mwerali robert franklin 

lesli daSavebuli cisferi Cxikvis, 

lorencos Tavgadasavals aRwers, romelic 

leslis ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. stumrobis 

epizodSi lorenco iseT rames swavlobs, rac 

bevri TqvenganisaTvis SeiZleba nacnobi iyos: 

rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks, 

romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT, didi 

dResaswauli movawyveT da misi megobari 

adamianebi moviwvieT. erTma Cemma megobarma 

am dResaswauls „Cxikvis bari micva~ (Bar 

Mitzvah) uwoda. sufra savse iyo lorencos 

sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT Rvino, 

funTuSa da Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis 

bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco 

samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan 

miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze yvela 

stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi, 

raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa danis saxelurze 

mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali 

Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli CanaweriviT 

JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, is TaviT Cavarda 

samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad 

savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac 

am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg ratom 

erideba lorenco Rvinos? pasuxi, romelic 

savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali 

asociacia daiswavla – leslis sityvebiT, man 

„praqtikuli codna SeiZina~, romelic SeiZleba 

kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze. 

dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia, Tu rogor iswavla 

lorencom Wkua da dainteresdebiT kidec, ra 

meqanizmiT moxda es. rogor aiTvisa lorencom 

es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive war- 

onkanis qveS meWira, man raRac „amoilu- 

RluRa~ da fexebis rtyma daiwyo. 

me is linoleumian iatakze gadmovsvi, 

vinaidan sveli frTebiT gadmofrenis 

uflebas ver mivcemdi. leam mas win sarke 

daudo, raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu 

rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli 

sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin 

iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma 

damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda 

sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli quTuToebidan, 

waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs 

daemxo. mas Semdeg, rac saswrafod galiaSi 

moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyureboda. 

meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. Cvenma 

TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse Citma axali praqtikuli 

codna SeiZina. veterinaris gamo- 

Zaxebisa Semrcxva, amitom me da lea vuvlidiT 

nabaxusev frinvels. 

mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia 

zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad dResaswaulebisa. 

man im sakvebzec ki Tqva uari, romelic 

RviniT mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar 

iyo absurduli. 

matebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs dausvaT 

SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal asociaciebs? 

fsiqologebi didi xania dainteresebulebi 

arian ganpirobebulobiT, anu im meqanizmebiT, 

romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena 

dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi 

ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) - gzebi, romliTac 

movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba 

erTmaneTTan.

ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori ZiriTadi tipi: 

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli 

ganpirobebuloba. TiToeuli maTgani organizmis 

gansxvavebul reaqciasa da informaciis gadamuSavebis 

formas warmoadgens. ganpirobebulobis 

TiToeuli formisaTvis aRvwerT ara marto 

ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas marTaven 

laboratoriis pirobebSi, aramed yoveldRiur 

cxovrebaSi misi gamoyenebis magaliTebsac. 

sanam ganpirobebulobis am formebs ganvixilavT, 

daswavlis fenomens evoluciuri poziciidan 

unda SevxedoT. daswavla, umetesad, 

genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc 

Cveni gamocdilebis sxva mravali aspeqti. adamianebi, 

iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi, memkvidreobiT 

iReben daswavlis unars. daswavlis 

unarebi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT. 

iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa qvewarmavlebi da 

amfibiebi, daswavlis unari garemosTan urTierTobiT 

umtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas. 

maTi gadarCena damokidebulia iseT garemoSi 

cxovrebaze, sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT, 

upasuxon garemos ama Tu im movlenas, isini an 

iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT, an ganeridebian arasasurvels.. 

sxva cxovelebSi, adamianebis CaTvliT, 

genebs gacilebiT ufro mcire roli aqvT garemoqcevis 

urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da gacilebiT 

elastiuri da variabiluria daswavlasTan 

mimarTebaSi. cxovelebs SeswevT unari, daiswavlon 

imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba garemo 

maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad. ar unda 

dagvaviwydes, rom genetikurad mxolod daswavlis 

unars viRebT. rogor moxdeba am unaris realizacia, 

es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli. 


am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad, 

ganvsazRvroT daswavlis cneba. 

ra aris daswavla 

daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac 

viRebT SedarebiT stabilur, mudmiv cvlilebas 

qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da romelic damyarebulia 

gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvrebaSi 

gamoiyofa sami kritikuli nawili. 

cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT 

potencialSi 

aSkaraa, rom daswavlis procesi maSin SeiZleba 

CaiTvalos ganxorcielebulad, rodesac 

Sedegi gvaqvs saxeze, magaliTad, SegiZliaT 

manqanis marTva an mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamoyeneba. 

SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT uSualod 

daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am procesiT 

gamowveuli cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans, 

magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara xdeba 

qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, 

xSirad qcevaSi ar vlindeba, rac naswavlia. 

xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi ganwyobebi, 

magaliTad, damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi 

an aRmosavluri filosofiis codna, 

rac ar vlindeba gazomvad moqmedebebSi. aseT 

SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia potencia qceviTi cvlilebisaTvis, 

radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba 

da Rirebulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen 

im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani kiTxulobs, 

agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis 

formaze. esaa saxecvlili daswavlis magaliTi 

– sxvaoba naswavlsa da qcevaSi gamoxatuls Soris. 

SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba 

imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc naswavli, 

daswavlili qceva an qceviTi potenciali unda 

iyos stabiluri da mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. 

magaliTad, Tu erTxel viswavleT curva, 

yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT am codnis gamoyenebas, 

viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze. aRsa- 


225


226 

niSnavia, rom stabiluri cvlileba araa yovel- 

Tvis mudmivi cvlileba. magaliTad, SeiZleba 

gavxdeT badros sakmaod kargi mtyorcneli mocemuli 

droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs davanebebT 

am sports, gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniSnavT, 

rom ise kargad veRar vflobT mas, Tumca, 

xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvile, 

romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis 

raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis 

Sedegad. am konteqstSi cvlileba SeiZleba 

mudmivi iyos. 

gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi 

daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT SeiZleba. 

gamocdileba gulisxmobs informaciis miRebas 

(Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas, 

rac gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba 

mexsierebis gakveTilebis Sedegad aRmocenebuli 

sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar gulisxmobs 

cvlilebas fizikuri momwifebis an tvinis 

ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis matebasTan 

erTad, agreTve, avadmyofobis an tvinis 

dazianebis dros. zogierT xangrZliv cvlilebas 

qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis, 

mzadyofnis kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT 

skala, romelzec asaxulia, ra asakSi 

iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoyenebas. 

yovelgvari cda am Cvevis daswavlisa im 

asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am unaris 

SemuSaveba, anu sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar ganvi- 

Tardeba, amao iqneba. fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT 

dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu qcevis ra 

aspeqtebi SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra meqanizmebiT 

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi. 

biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri 

analizi 

Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teoriebis 

didi nawili saTaves jon uotsonis 

(John Watson, 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma 

daaarsa fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cno- 

daswavla (Learning) - gamocdilebaze damyarebuli 

procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad 

icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali. 

daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance 

distinction) - gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo 

daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi. 

bilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT 50 

wlis manZilze amerikul fsiqologiaSi dominirebda 

bihevioristuli tradiciebi, romlebic 

gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis mier 1919 wels gamosul 

wignSi _ „fsiqologia bihevioristis 

gadmosaxedidan~. igi amtkicebda, rom introspeqcia 

– adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi 

gancdebis, xatebisa da SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar 

iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis Sesaswavlad, 

rogorc zedmetad subieqturi meTodi. rogor 

unda ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi TviTdakvirvebebis 

sizuste? magram Tuki introspeqcia 

uaryofilia, raRa iqneboda fsiqologiis sagani? 

uotsonis pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi 

qceva. misi sityvebiT: „cnobierebis mdgomareobebi, 

egreT wodebuli spiritualizmis fenomeni, 

araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT 

verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis~ 

(Watson, 1919, gv. 1). uotsonma, aseve, gansazRvra 

fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc „qcevis 

kontroli da prognozi~ (Watson, 1913, gv. 158). 

skinerma (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco 

uotsonis ideebi. misi pozicia cnobilia, rogorc 

radikaluri biheviorizmi. man aRiara, rom 

evoluciis Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia 

qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT. Tavis yvelaze 

popularul wignSi _ „Tavisuflebisa da 

Rirsebis miRma~ (1972) _ igi amtkicebs, rom am 

paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva 

ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc daswavlis martivi 

formebi.

skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda 

mas am poziciis formulirebamde. 1924 wels 

gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ „biheviorizmis~ 

_ wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs 

harvardSi. igi eTanxmeba uotsons Sinagani 

mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ararsebobaSi, 

Tumca, aqcents ufro metad akeTebs 

ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis, gamoyenebis 

SeuZleblobaze, aramed maT, rogorc qcevis 

gamomwvevi mizezebis ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990). 

sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri 

movlenebi, rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva, 

ar iwveven qcevas, metic, isini, Tavis mxriv, 

ganixilebian, rogorc qcevis formebi, romlebic 

garemo stimuliTaa ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, 

vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi; 

movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia, 

niskartis patara diskze dakakunebiT moipovos 

sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom is swored ase akeTebs. 

skineri am SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtredis 

qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT – 

SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis, 

gamoyenebiT. SimSilis subieqturi gancda, 

romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar 

SeiZleba, ar aris am qcevis mizezi, es qceva 

mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris 

mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mtredma SimSilis 

an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT daiwyo diskze 

kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi 

mtredi, ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani 

fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva. saWiroa, 

ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv principebs, 

romlebic saSualebas aZlevs mtreds, asociacia 

daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris. 

esaa skineris biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili 

(Delprato & Midgley, 1992). 

swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad 

bihevioralur analizs, fsiqologiis im sferos, 

romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garemo 

determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans, 

1994). sazogadod, bihevioraluri analizi 

cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri 

buneba SeiZleba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis 

bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Analysis) - fsiqologiis 

ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswavlisa 

da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs. 

meTodebisa da sferos gafarToebiT SeviswavloT. 

amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri 

kanonzomierebebi, romlebic saerToa cxovelTa 

yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT. 

mkvlevrebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi 

yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva 

formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT. 

amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze 

xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. daswavlis 

kompleqsuri formebi martivi procesebis 

kombinacias warmoadgenen. bihevioraluri analizi 

cdilobs aRmoaCinos is ZiriTadi principebi, 

romelTa mixedviT adamianis qceva icvleba 

gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. ZiriTadi aqcenti 

ki qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris 

kavSirze keTdeba da ara _ qcevasa da fsiqikur 

movlenebs Soris kavSirze. 

Sejameba 

daswavla aris procesi, romelic SedarebiT 

mdgradi qcevis an qceviTi potencialis cvlilebidan 

momdinareobs da gamocdilebas emyareba. 

qceviTi analizi amodis uotsonisa da skineris 

Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs daswavlisa 

da qcevis garemo determinantebze. 


warmoidgineT, rom kinoSi xarT da saSinelebaTa 

films uyurebT. filmis gmiri daxurul 

kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giCndebaT 

survili, iyviroT „ar Sexvide!~ amasobaSi 

aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT, SeiZleba 

gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacnairad 

Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla fiziologiuri 

reaqciis warmoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi 

garemo movlena dakavSirebulia meoresTan (da- 

Zabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am 

tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri 

ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis ZiriTadi forma, 

romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs, 

winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis 

gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs axal asociacias 

or stimuls Soris – pirvelsa, romelic adre 

ar iwvevda reaqcias, da meores Soris, romelmac 


227


228 

gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven gaqvT 

Tandayolili unari, sxartad daawyviloT movlenebi 

garemoSi asociaciis principiT, es ki 

qceviTi midrekilebaa. 

pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radikalur 

kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos fsiqologiis 

yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs, 

ivan pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva fiziologuri 

fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobebulobas 

igi SemTxveviT, saWmlis momnelebeli 

sistemis kvlevisas waawyda, risTvisac 1904 wels 

nobelis premia miiRo. 

pavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, gamoekvlia gadamuSavebis 

procesi ZaRlebSi, maT jirkvlebsa da 

saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT 

(ix. sur. 7.1). igi am teqnikiT gamoyofili sekretis 

raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas SeZlebda. 

sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asistenti 

ZaRls pirSi damuSavebul xorcs udebda. 

es procedura meordeboda gansazRruli raodenobiT, 

ris Semdegac pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom 

ZaRls nerwyvi gamoeyofoda manam, sanam mis pirSi 

xorci moxvdeboda, ubralod saWmlis danaxvaze 

da asistentis danaxvazec ki. metic, ZaRlma 

nerwyvis gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec 

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning) 

- daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli 

reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobebuli 

stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia 

biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan 

asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli stimuli). 

daiwyo. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri stimuli, 

romelic sistematurad win uswrebda saWmlis 

miRebas, nerwyvis gamoyofas iwvevda. sruliad 

SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom daswavla 

Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori stimulisa. 

pavlovSi, rogorc mecnierSi, am fenomenis 

mimarT cnobismoyvareobam gaiRviZa. man arafrad 

CaTvala im droisaTvis udidesi fiziologis, 

ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, Tavi daenebebina 

am suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova 

Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb da amiT 

samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis 

mimarTuleba (Pavlov, 1928). mTeli darCenili 

sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvladebis 

Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen kla- 

suraTi 7.1 

pavlovis eqsperimenti 

Tavis eqsperimentSi pavlovma gamoiyena sxvadasxva 

neitraluri stimuli: xmebi, zari, Suqi da metronomi. 

eqsperimentatori iyenebda erT-erTs am stimulTagan 

da sakvebs, nerwyvs agrovebdnen specialuri milis 

saSualebiT.

sikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, 

agreTve, pavloviseul ganpirobebulobad 

iwodeba, radgan ganpirobebulobis 

fenomeni swored mis aRmoCenad iTvleba. 

pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamocdilebam 

mas saSualeba misca, martivi strategiuli 

gegma aerCia, raTa ZaRlebSi nerwyvis 

gamoyofa ganepirobebina. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli 

sagangebo mowyobilobaSi iyo moTavsebuli, sadac 

regularuli intervalebiT iRebda stimuls 

zaris saxiT, ris Semdegac mas garkveuli 

raodenobis sakvebi eZleoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom 

ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa 

da sakvebs Soris. erTaderTi reaqcia zaris 

pirvel gagebaze saorientacio refleqsi iyo – 

ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis 

wyaros dasadgenad. Tumca, zarisa da sakvebis 

miwodebis ganmeorebiTma dawyvilebam gamoiwvia 

saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis 

gamoyofa. 

fenomeni, rasac pavlovi Tavis adrindel 

kvlevebSi akvirdeboda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. is 

SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo 

gamowveuli. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi 

efeqti iyo, pavlovma zaris garda gamoiyena 

mravalnairi stimuli, rogoricaa: naTura, eJvani, 

metronomi. 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad refleqsebi 

unda CaiTvalos. refleqsi aris 

dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia, magaliTad, nerwyvis 

gamoyofa, Tvalebis xamxami da misTanani. yvela 

refleqsi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli specifikuri 

stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria 

organizmisaTvis. nebismier stimuls, romelic 

bunebrivad iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, ganupirobebeli 

stimuli ewodeba, radgan swavla araa 

stimulis kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli piroba. 

qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli 

stimuliT, ganupirobebeli qcevaa. 

tipuri, klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentSi 

(sur. 7.2) neitraluri stimuli, magaliTad, 

sinaTle, zari da a.S., romelsac, Cveulebriv, 

aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs refleqsuri 

qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi ganupirobebel 

stimulTan ise, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli 

mohyveba neitralur stimuls. neitralur stimuls, 

magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls ganupirobebel 

stimulTan, ewodeba ganpirobebuli 

stimuli (CS), radgan misi Zala, gamoiwvios qceva, 

damokidebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan 

asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul 

stimuls mohyveba reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia (CR). Zalian xSirad, 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia hgavs ganupirobebel 

reaqcias. magaliTad, pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis 

orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca, 

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia 

bevrad gansxvavdeba ganupirobebeli reaqciisagan: 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens nebismier 

pasuxs, rac, Tavis mxriv, daswavlis Sedegia. 

amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupirobebeli 

stimuli-reaqciiT, magram daswavla 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT ganpirobebuli 

stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs qmnis. 

ganpirobebulobis procesi 

rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli 

stimulebis damTxveviT klasikuri 

ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea 

daswavla? ramdenad myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi 

vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba cxovelTa 

saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevis 

Sedegad. 

refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamowveuli 

dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac biologiuri 

mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis. 

ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus) 

_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi stimuli, romelic 

iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs. 

ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response) 

_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli 

stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari 

varjiSis an daswavlis gareSe. 

ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _ 

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi aqamde neitraluri 

stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias. 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _ 

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi reaqcia, romelic 

aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze. 

es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri 

stimuli Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel 

stimulTan. 

SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvelad aris gamowveuli 

ganpirobebuli stimuliT. 


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230 

suraTi 7.2 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi 

ganpirobebulobis procesamde, ganupirobebeli stimuli (UCS) bunebrivad iwvevs ganupirobebel 

reaqcias (UCS). neitralur stimuls ara aqvs gamomwvevi efeqti. ganpirobebulobis procesis dros 

neitraluri stimuli wyvildeba ganupirobebel stimulTan. amgvari dawyvilebis Sedegad neitraluri 

stimuli gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad da ganpirobebul reaqcias iwvevs, romelic ganupirobebeli 

reaqciis msgavsia. 

SeZena da Caqroba 

ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi, 

saerTod, ramdenjermeE unda dawyvildes, vidre 

ganpirobebuli stimuli ganpirobebul reaqcias 

ar gamoiwvevs (sur. 7.3, nawili 1). ganupirobebeli 

da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri 

dawyvilebiT, ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocendeba 

mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia 

vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli 

reaqcia. 

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogorc 

kargi anekdotis moyolis dros, dro Zalian 

mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli 

stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos 

unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom organizmma 

isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas (am wesis gamonakliss 

mogvianebiT aRvwerT sxva TavSi gemos 

aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT). mkvlevrebma 

SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or 

stimuls Soris, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze 

7.4 (Hearst, 1988). yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli 

tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic 

ganpirobebuli stimuli Cndeba da narCundeba 

manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli 

stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli 

stimuli Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba 

ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba 

is gavlena Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organizmze 

daetovebina ganpirobebul stimuls. Tan

xvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli 

gamovlenilia erTdroulad, xolo, droSi gadaweul 

ganpirobebulobaSi, ganpirobebuli stimuli 

gamovlenilia ganupirobeblis Semdeg. 

ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeqturia 

Seferxebuli ganpirobebulobis para- 

suraTi 7.4 

ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli 

stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi 

mkvlevrebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT 

ganawilebas ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel 

stimulebs Soris. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze 

efeqturia Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi 

ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs 

Soris mcire intervaliT. 

suraTi 7.3 

SeZena, Caqroba da spontanuri 

aRdgena klasikur 

ganpirobebulobaSi 

SeZenis dros (CS+UCS) ganpirobebuli 

stimulis siZliere swrafad matulobs. 

Caqrobis dros, roca ganupirobebeli 

stimuli aRar moyveba ganpirobebul 

stimuls, ganpirobebuli reaqciis siZliere 

nulamde Camodis. ganpirobebulma 

reaqciam SeiZleba Tavi iCinos mcire 

Sesvenebis Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca ganupirobebeli 

stimuli ar arsebobs. 

ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxal gamo- 

Cenas spontanuri aRdgena ewodeba. 

digmaSi, anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls 

Soris. Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa 

ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis, damokidebulia 

ramdenime faqtorze, magaliTad, ganpirobebuli 

stimulis intensivobasa da ganpirobebul 

reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul 

reaqciaze. magaliTad, iseTi kunTuri reaqciisaTvis, 

rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami, erTwamiani 

an naklebi intervalia saukeTeso; visceraluri 

reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da 

nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali SeiZleba 10-15 

wamamde gaizardos. ganpirobebuli SiSis aRmocenebisaTvis 

ki saWiroa kidev ufro didi 

intervali, wamebi da, zogjer, wuTebic ki. 

ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba 

Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli procesebis dros. 

droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba 

SeiZleba ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis 

Semdeg SevityoT, magram igi maleve qreba, radgan 

cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls 

mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli. orive 

SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia, radgan 

ganpirobebuli stimuli ar niSnavs ganupirobeblis 

aRmocenebas (winaswarmetyvelebisa da 

SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi 

davubrundebiT). 

magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls 

(magaliTad, xmas), romelic aRar winaswarmetyvelebs 

ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis 

fxvnils). aseT garemoebaSi ganpirobebuli 

reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa ganmavlobaSi 

sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba. 

rodesac ganpirobebuli reaqcia saerTod aRar 


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232 

suraTi 7.5 

stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi 

saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs msgavsi Tvisebis 

mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis A nawilSi, sust generalizaciaSi. magram, 

rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac 

ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian 

Zlieri, rogorc es sqemis B nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis 

gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis diskriminaciuli wvrTnis Catarebis Semdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi 

saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel stimulTan. 

vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an ganupirobebeli 

stimulis Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis 

process (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 2). ganpirobebuli 

reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis qceviTi 

repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti; Tumca, ganpirobebulma 

reaqciam SeiZleba susti formiT 

Segvaxsenos Tavi, Tuki ganpirobebuli stimuli 

marto aRmocendeba (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 3). 

pavlovi am movlenas gansazRvruli drois Semdeg, 

ganupirobebeli stimulis eqspoziciis gareSe 

swavlobda da mas spontanuri droebiTi 

aRmoceneba uwoda. 

Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli 

stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ararsebobis 

Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis 

Sesusteba. 

spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqrali 

ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena 

garkveuli periodis Semdeg. 

stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ 

ganpirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi gavrcoba 

yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila 

Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan. 

rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia, 

Caqrobis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli 

sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla 

dakavSirebulia im maragTan, romelic pirvelad 

daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad naklebi 

droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad. 

ase rom, zogierTma eqsperimentulma asociaciam

SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos organizms 

Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta 

daswavlili asociaciis gamovlena da ara 

saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored 

amitom unda gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis 

xarisxi daswavlis sawyis ganmartebaSi. 

stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia) 

davuSvaT, ZaRlma iswavla, rom garkveuli 

sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs sakvebis miRebas. 

specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod 

am stimulis mimarT? araa gasakviri, magram am 

kiTxvis pasuxia „ara~. zogadad, radgan erTxel 

gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamoiwvia 

gansazRvruli ganpirobebuli reaqcia, 

msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave warmatebiT 

gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu 

ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali 

sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali sixSirec gamoiwvevda 

ganpirobebul reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac 

ukbens didi ZaRli, am SemTxvevis Semdeg patara 

ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am avtomatur dawyvilebas 

stimulisa, romelic arasdros yofila dakav- 

Sirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, stimulis 

ganzogadeba ewodeba. rac ufro mimsgavsebulia 

mocemuli stimuli sawyis ganpirobebul stimulTan, 

miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. rodesac 

reaqciis siZliere izomeba mocemul ganzomilebaSi 

yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cxadi xdeba 

generalizaciis gradienti (ix. sur. 7.5). 

generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad 

unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan 

mniSvnelovani stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad 

vlindeba zustad erTi da imave formiT, stimulis 

ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswavlis 

speqtrs sawyisi gamocdilebis miRmac. amgvarad, 

axali movlena SieZleba aRqmul iqnes, 

rogorc imave Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis 

mqone, miuxedavad aSkara gansxvavebebisa. 

stimulis diskriminacia 

zogierT garemoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom 

reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire raodenobaze 

aRmocendes. organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos 

sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisgan 

garbodes, romelic namdvil mtacebels waagavs. 

stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis 

drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli 

reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis gansxvavebul 

stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba 

wyalsa da zeTs Soris). organizmis mier 

stimulis diskriminaciis daswavla SeiZleba 

eqsperimentuli procesiT, romlis drosac sxvadasxva 

intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi mxolod, 

magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba 

ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo sxvebi mis 

gareSe meordebian. ganpirobebulobis pirvel 

etapze ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi stimuli 

msgavs reaqcias, Tumca arc ise Zliers, 

warmoSobs. diskriminaciis treningis gagrZelebasTan 

erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs stimulebze 

iklebs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli 

stimuli moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls 

da romeli _ ara. 

organizmma rom qceva optimalurad, saWiro 

drosa da adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes 

balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da ganzogadebas 

Soris. ar aris saWiro, bevri dro daeTmos 

stimulis diskriminacias; amasobaSi, SesaZloa 

mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti 

reaqciaa saWiro, raTa yvela Crdili ar gva- 

Sinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms 

uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas 

aZlevs am ukanasknels, Sesabamisad reagirebdes 

garemos struqturebze (Garcia, 1990). 

SeZena 

am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im 

pirobebs, romlebic saWiroa klasikuri ganpirobebulobisaTvis. 

aqamde Cven klasikurad 

ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena aRvwereT, Tumca 

ar agvixsnia es fenomeni. pavlovi Tvlida, 

rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuli 

da ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebis Sedegia. 

misi azriT, Tu reaqcia klasikuradaa 

ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli 

stimulebi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda 

gamovlindnen, anu adgili hqondes droSi 

stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _ 

ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac organizmi 

swavlobs, gansxvavebulad upasuxos gam- 

Rizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli 

stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba. 


233


234 

Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma 

erTgvarad Secvales es Sexeduleba. 

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba 

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960 

wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo. 1960 wels robert 

reskorlam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob 

mravlismTqmeli eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli 

gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas 

eqsperimentSi zari (ganpirobebuli stimuli) 

emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli stimuli), rac, 

Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi 

iqneboda klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis. 

saidan 

viciT 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

mniSvneloba 

eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla 

wvrTnida ZaRlebs _ gadamxtariyvnen barierze 

ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval 

eleqtroSoks (sur. 7.6). Tu ZaRli ver 

SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks; 

Tu gadaxtomas moaxerxebda, eleqtroSoks 

airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires 

reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis 

gasazomad. 

rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze 

xtoma, reskorlam isini or jgufad dayo 

da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT Ser- 

Cevas ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) spontanurad 

da ganpirobebuli stimulisagan 

(zarisgan) (sur. 7.7) damoukideblad eZleoda. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom ganpirobebuli da 

ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlindebodnen 

droSi erTmaneTTan axlos an 

erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen 

Tanxvedrilni _ ganupirobebeli stimuli 

SeiZleba imave warmatebiT ganpirobebuli 

stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo, xolo 

sakontrolo jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli 

stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpirobebul 

stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis 

zari sando momaswavebeli iyo eleqtro- 

Sokisa. 

suraTi 7.6 

wvrTnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses 

saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari, romelic Soks 

moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda. 

ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi SerCevidan (ganpirobebuli-ganupirobebeli 

kavSiri) xtebodnen 

meti sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore Ser- 

Cevidan (sur. 7.8). 

amgvarad, garda imisa, rom ganpirobebuli 

stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda iyos ganupirobebelTan, 

is, agreTve, sandod unda moaswavebdes 

ganupirobebel stimuls – es ori piroba 

aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili hqondes 

klasikur ganpirobebulobas (Rescorla, 1988). es 

aRmoCena sakmaod mniSvnelovania. cxovrebiseul 

situaciebSi, sadac daswavla exmareba adamians 

adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difuzuria, 

vidre laboratoriaSi. 

informatiuloba 

reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi 

ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs klasikur 

ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin, 

1969) aCvena, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli (CS) 

SeiZleba informatiuli iyos (ix. sur. 7.9).

suraTi 7.7 

reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis 

SemTxveviTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli 

stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi 

ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli 

iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul 

stimulebs Soris. 

saidan 

viciT 

informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba 

kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis 

2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi pirvelad 

iwvrTneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWeraSi 

zaris rekvis dros (ganpirobebuli 

stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ganupirobebeli 

stimuli). amis Semdeg eqsperiments 

daemata kidev erTi ganpirobebuli 

stimuli – sinaTle. amjerad ganupirobebel 

stimuls ukve ori ganpirobebuli 

stimuli moaswavebda – zari da sinaTle. 

sakontrolo jgufSi vlindeboda 

mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra, anu 

am jgufSi zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis 

Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis 

ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod 

zarze. Tu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba sakmarisia 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad, 

maSin virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad 

unda epasuxa zarsa da Suqze, magram eqsperimentuli 

virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod 

zarze da ara _ sinaTleze, roca sakontrolo 

jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia 

hqondaT sinaTlesa da zarze (Kamin, 1969). 

suraTi 7.8 

pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli 

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi 

reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pirobiTi 

ganmamtkicebeli-upirobo ganmamtkicebelis 

pirobebSi iwvrTnebodnen, anu pirobiTi 

ganmtkicebis kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen 

(SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre ZaRlebi 

upirobod ganmtkicebis kavSiriT. 


235


236 

suraTi 7.9 

kaminis procedura 

dablokvis efeqtisaTvis 

eqsperimentuli jgufis vir- 

Txebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze 

(CS 1 ) Semdeg ki _ zarsa (CS 1 ) 

da sinaTleze (CS 2 ), virTxebs 

sakontrolo jgufSi unda 

epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa 

da zarze. roca Semowmda ganpirobebuloba 

mxolod zarze 

da mxolod sinaTleze, marto 

sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs 

hqondaT reaqcia orive stimulze. 

kaminis mixedviT, eqsperimentulma 

virTxebma imitom 

ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is 

aranair axal informacias ar 

Seicavda ganupirobebeli stimulis 

gamovlenis Sesaxeb; 

zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaTlis 

efeqti. 

kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpirobebuli 

stimulis informatiulobis konteqstSi 

axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan 

dakavSirebulma gamocdilebam aqtualoba daukarga 

zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli stimulis 

momaswavebels. virTxebisTvis sinaTle SeiZleboda 

arc arsebuliyo, radgan is aranair damatebiT 

informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpirobebuli 

stimulis unars, Seamciros meores 

informatiuloba, blokireba ewodeba. virTxebis 

sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle 

erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT ar hqondaT 

warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime 

maTganTan, amitom erTma ar Seamcira meores 

informatiuloba. informatiuloba xsnis, ratom 

vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad 

maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upirispirdeba 

garemoSi arsebul sxva mraval stimuls. 

rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli, 

blokireba (Blocking) – fenomeni, romlis drosac 

organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan 

axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul 

efeqtur signalTan erTad. 

miT ufro didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu 

gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba miiRoT, 

unda warmoadginoT Zlieri, ucxo stimuli 

ucnob garemoSi, an Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli 

ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976). 

cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba 

bevrad ufro rTuli meqanizmia, vidre amas 

pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli 

efeqtur ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod 

maSin, Tu is erTdroulad Tanxvedrili da, 

amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba 

im cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, romelSic 

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba did rols 

asrulebs. 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

gamoyeneba 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvexmareba, 

gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva. magaliTad, 

ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa 

miniWebaSi, sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan damokidebulebaSi; 

dabolos, rogor SeiZleba klasikuri

ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri 

funqciis gasamdidreblad. 

emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba 

gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis 

Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi aracnobierad daviswavleT 

asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpirobebuli 

stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs 

Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli – movlenebi, 

romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu 

kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom bevr 

movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris 

mizezsac xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara, 

es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyos? 

ganvixiloT situaciebi (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin 

at all 1986): 

� SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romelsac 

ubralod ZaRlis sasqeso organos forma 

aqvs? 

� dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars, 

Tuki Saqari Cayares im yuTidan romelsac SecdomiT 

ewera „Sxami~? 

� dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic 

sterilizebuli tarakani tivtivebs? 

Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT „araviTar 

SemTxvevaSi~, es imas niSnavs, rom klasikurma 

ganpirobebulobam Tavisi roli iTamaSa. klasikurad 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia: _ „es sazizRrobaa~ 

an „saxifaToa~, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli 

codnisa Tu gamocdilebisa. vinaidan klasikurad 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad gaCenili 

azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia is cnobieri mizez- 

SedegobriobiT CavaqroT. 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis erT-erTi yvelaze 

aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti SiSis 

ganpirobebulobaa. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze 

jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rainerma 

daadastures, rom SiSis reaqciebis umetesoba 

unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri stimulis 

dawyvileba raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am 

ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti 

patara albertze. 

saidan 

viciT 

patara albertis SeZenili SiSi 

uotsonma da rainerma (1920) alberti 

daaSines patara TeTri virTxiT, romelic 

Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri vir- 

Txis gamoCena daawyviles aversiul ganupirobebel 

stimulTan – bavSvis uknidan 

momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli 

iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis dartymiT. 

SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da 

emociuri distresi gaxda mizezi daswavlisa: 

alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri 

virTxis danaxvaze ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emociuri 

ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT 

ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma iswavla 

virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba, misgan 

gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda 

saerTod bewvian sagnebze – baWiaze, ZaRlze 

da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis 

dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave 

hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda, 

manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs 

mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra bedi 

ewia mas (Harris, 1979). 

axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi 

Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan erTad adamians 

SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba 

reaqcia. ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebobdes 

wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki, roca sawyisi 

ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmocenebula 

gamocdilebaSi. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma 

daadastures, rom meore msoflio omidan 15 

wlis gasvlis Semdeg, veteran mezRvaurebs jer 


237


238 

kidev hqondaT reaqcia „safrTxis niSanze~ – 

omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad gongi 

uxmobda – wuTSi 100-jer darekili zari. es 

gansakuTrebuli smeniTi paterni, romelic Tavis 

droze sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac 

agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas veteranebSi 

(Edwards & Acker, 1962). 

sainteresoa, rom, Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli, 

ganpirobebulobas SeiZleba adgili hqondes 

neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli 

stimulis mxolod erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi 

travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes 

fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs – es 

SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba gagrZeldes. magaliTad, 

erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva 

Weqa-quxilis dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac 

is saWesTan zis da wvimdeba, ewyeba panikuri 

SiSi im donemde, rom zogjer manqanasac aCerebs 

da elodeba, sanam wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi 

manqanis ukana nawilSi gadacocda da pirisaxiT 

qveviT daemxo wvimis Sewyvetamde. me-16 TavSi 

vnaxavT, rom Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis 

gzebi iseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis, romlebic 

TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

efeqturobas. 

yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom 

mxolod uaryofiTi reaqciebia klasikurad 

ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da 

aRfrTovanebis reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, 

rogorc klasikurad ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom 

reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

meqanizms eyrdnobian, rogorc 

dadebiT Zalas. magaliTad, isini amyareben 

asociaciebs TavianT produqtsa da vnebas Soris 

(jinsebi, sunamoebi da a.S.); isini imedovneben, 

rom maTi reklamebis verbaluri elementebi, 

magaliTad, „seqsualuri~, adamianebisa Tu situaciebis 

aRsawerad, imoqmedeben ganupirobebli 

stimulisa da reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT 

gaTvlili aqvT, rom produqti TavisTavad iqceva 

ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis 

procesi – ganpirobebul reaqciad. imisaTvis, 

rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis meti magaliTebi, 

sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze, 

rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi gancdebisa da emociebis 

mozRvaveba, magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi 

mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT. 

nivTierebebze damokidebulebis daswavla 

ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves 

kacis cxedari, romelsac mklavSi CarCenili 

hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis 

zedmeti doza daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom

es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT ufro 

did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am 

SemTxvevam aaforiaqa mkvlevrebi – rogor 

SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi, 

romelsac am nivTierebis sakmaod didi 

mimRebloba hqonda? 

pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam 

bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom mimRebloba 

narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes, 

rodesac adamiani elodeba wamlis farmakologiur 

moqmedebas. Tanamedrove mkvlevarma 

Sefard sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi. 

igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic gamoiyeneba 

wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul stimulad 

im situaciisaTvis, romelSic organizmi 

ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis 

miRebisas wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli) 

iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs, 

razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod 

homeostazis damyarebis mizniT (ix. Tavi 3). 

swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli 

reaqcia. droTa ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli 

reaqciac ganpirobebuli reaqcia xdeba. es 

niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic, Cveulebriv, 

asocirebulia wamlis gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobebuli 

stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad 

amzadebs Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis 

mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba Cndeba 

imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali 

metia kompensatorul reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba 

raime saxis „dadebiTi~ efeqti. mzardi doza 

niSnavs, rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac. 

sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi, 

gamoumuSava ra virTxebs mimRebloba heroinis 

mimarT. 

saidan 

viciT 

narkotikul nivTierebebze 

damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis 

aspeqtebi 

erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma 

kolegebma gamoiwvies virTxebSi heroinis 

ineqciis molodini – erT SemTxvevaSi (ganpirobebuli 

stimuli 1) da deqstrozis 

(tkbili Saqari) – meoreSi (ganpirobebuli 

stimuli 2) (Siegel et al., 1982). wvrTnis pirvel 

fazaSi yvela virTxas ganuviTarda mimRebloba 

heroinis mimarT. sakontrolo dRes 

yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis Cveulebrivze 

didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis 

naxevars heroini ukve miRebuli hqonda, 

xolo meore naxevars ganpirobebulobisaTvis 

eZleoda deqstrozi. ukanaskneli 

jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa, 

vidre pirvelidan (32). 

savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen 

heroins, ufro momzadebulebi iyvnen am potenciurad 

saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan 

konteqstma (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) gamoiwvia 

iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia (ganpirobebuli 

reaqcia 1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis 

tipur efeqts (Poulos & Cappell, 1991). 

imis gamosakvlevad, igive process SeiZleba 

Tu ara adgili hqondes adamianebSi, sigelma da 

misma kolegebma gamokiTxes heroinze damokidebulni, 

romlebic araerTxel sikvdilis piras 

iyvnen misulni zedmeti dozis gamo. aTidan 

Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal 

da ucxo garemoSi (Siegel, 1984). miuxedavad imisa, 

rom es aranair monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi 

xdeba, rom doza, romlis mimarTac individs 

SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba zedmet, 

momakvdinebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es 

analizi gveubneba, rom manhetenze napovn kacs 

arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas, 

sadac igi ipoves. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva 

exeboda heroins, klasikuri ganpirobebuloba 

mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis 

mimarT mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel, 

1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). ase rom, igive 

sawyisebi, romlebsac pavlovi swavlobda 

ZaRlebis, zarebis da nerwyvis gamoyofasTan 

dakavSirebiT, gvexmareba, avxsnaT zogierTi 

meqanizmi adamianis narkotikul nivTierebebze 

damokidebulebisa. 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba 

adreul, 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes 

aRmoCena, rom daswavlis procesebma SeiZleba 

gavlena iqonion organizmis imunur sistemaze. 

istoriulad dadasturebulia, rom imunologiuri 

reaqciebi _ antisxeulebis swrafi gamo- 


239


240 

muSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs, 

romlebic organizms vneben _ arsebobda. eqsperimentebma 

ganpirobebulobaze daadastures 

am daskvnebis mcdaroba. 

saidan 

viciT 

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da 

imunologiuri funqcia 

robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Robert 

Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981) virTxebs aswavles 

saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli) 

asocireba ciklofosfamidTan (ganupirobebeli 

stimuli), wamalTan, romelic 

asustebs imunur sistemas. sakontrolo 

jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins. mogvianebiT, 

roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces 

saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic saxarini 

ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvevda, 

warmoiSva metad naklebi antisxeulebi 

ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre sakontrolo 

jgufis virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili 

asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, 

rom Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi 

ufro mowyvladi gaexada sxvadasxva daavadebebis 

mimarT. daswavlis efeqti imdenad 

Zlieri iyo, rom zogierTi virTxa 

mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis 

Semdeg. 

aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos 

im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis Sesanar- 

Cuneblad. kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiroimunologiam 

Seiswavla aseTi tipis Sedegebi. 

am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri 

nervuli sistema da imunuri sistema (Ader & 

Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999). 

am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali 

teqnika, romelic saSualebas miscems ganpirobebulobas, 

Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi, 

romlebsac xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi movlenebi 

aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam antoni 

suxmanma, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone 

pacientebs, romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram 

mkurnalobdnen placeboTi, wneva ufro didxans 

SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre maT, 

romlebic ar iRebdnen placebo abebs (Suchman 

& Ader, 1989). rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs 

moexsna maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi viciT 

winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda narkotikuli 

nivTierebis mimarT mimReblobas. warmoidgineT 

rutina, romelic viTardeba wamlis 

regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis 

es rituali SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc ganpirobebuli 

stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganupirobebel 

stimuls – wamlis miRebas. mxolod 

Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba Seamciros sisxlis 

wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod 

qmnis rituals, iwvevs sasargeblo organul 

reaqcias. 

imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo 

meTodad iqces, mkvlevrebi unda darwmundnen, 

fsiqoneiroimunologia (Psychoneuroimmunology) 

– kvlevis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias 

iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogorebicaa 

reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis 

funqcionireba.

om wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlindeba 

ganpirobebulobis Sedegad. 

mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben 

teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da gazrdis imunur 

reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT. 

saidan 

viciT 

imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli 

gaumjobeseba 

mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebulobis 

situacia, romelSic saxarinis gemo 

dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan, 

romelic iwvevs reaqcias virTxis imunur 

sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asrulebda 

ganpirobebuli stimulis rols, 

xolo lisozimi – ganupirobebeli stimulisas. 

dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda. 

miuxedavad amisa, rodesac virTxebis erT 

jgufs saxariniT gazavebuli wamali misces, 

magram lisozimis gareSe, maT organizmebs 

hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri 

reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac 

mxolod lisizimi miewoda (Alvarez-Borda 

et al., 1995). 

es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom 

mxolod erTi epizodi, sadac ganpirobebuli 

stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel 

stimulTan, sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom 

imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul stimulze 

warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis potencia imunuri 

sistemis gasaZliereblad. 

vidre „fsiqologia da cxovrebas~ waikiTxavdiT, 

albaT Zalian cota ram icodiT klasikuri 

ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT 

bundovan warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze. 

vimedovnebT, rom ukve sakmaod kargad gaecaniT 

daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi 

mniSvneloba Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. 

Semdegi Cveni gansjis sagani iqneba daswavlis 

iseTi saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod, 

meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis kursis Seswavlas 

daiwyebdiT. Tu odesme mainc gifiqriaT 

imaze, Tu rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoeba da 

dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT operantuli 

ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi. 

Sejameba 

mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi principebi, 

mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im 

specifikur cvladebs dauTmo, romlebic 

ganpirobebulobaze axdenen gavlenas. klasikur 

ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli stimuli 

iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, romelsac ganupirobebeli 

pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba (unconditioned response). 

manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli 

stimulis ganupirobebel stimulTan Sewyvilebis 

Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs 

ganpirobebul reaqcias. drois faqtors didi 

mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZenisaTvis. 

stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs 

adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis 

msgavsi gamRizianebeli ganpirobebul reaqcias 

iwvevs. cxovelebis gawvrTna SesaZlebelia ise, 

rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SeZlon 

Sesatyvisi da Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli stimulis 

garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad ganpirobebuli 

reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia ganpirobebul 

da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris 

kontingentursa da informatiul damokidebulebaze. 

cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri 

ganpirobebulobisa gvxvdeba emociebis, narkotikul 

nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da 

fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi. 

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: 

swavleba Sedegebis 

Sesaxeb 

davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi 

damTavrda da Tqven gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni 

adgilidan. megobari, visTan erTadac uyureT 

films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven 

pasuxobT: „me viswavle, rom saSinelebaTa filmze 

aRar unda wamovide~. albaT, marTali xarT, magram 

ra saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel 

gadavyavarT XX saukunis dasawyisSi. 

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb 

241


242 

suraTi 7.10 

efeqtis kanoni 

daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi mu- 

Saobda ZaRlebTan klasikur ganpirobebulobaze, 

eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898) 

akvirdeboda katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT 

gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan (sur. 7.10). 

Torndaikma male gamoaqveyna kidec Tavisi dakvirvebebis 

Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad 

katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg, 

magram, radgan erTxel maTma romeliRac impulsurma 

moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba, 

„yvela warumatebeli da gamousadegari impulsebi 

CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini, romelsac 

SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde~ 

(Thorndike, 1898, gv. 13). 

ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis 

analizis mixedviT, daswavla iyo asociacia 

situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, romelic 

iswavla cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia 

efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ daswavlis ZiriTadi 

kanoni, romlis mixedviTac stimulis 

Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac 

reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac 

mas ar mohyveba jildo. 

kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi 

reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an 

kvanZze kawvra) romelic gansazRvruli stimulis 

pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans 

maT sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisufleba). 

gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R kavSiris daswavla 

TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da 

Secdomis meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi, 

romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqondaT, gaxSirda, 

isini TandaTan iqcen dominantur reaqciebad, 

rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda labirinTSi. 

Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs 

Soris efeqtis kanoni uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofilebeli 

SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis 

miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasurvel 

Sedegs iwvevs. 

qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi 

skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis 

Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi Zlier efeqts 

axdens qcevaze. man SeimuSava kvlevis programa, 

romlis mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebulobis 

sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im meqanizmisa, 

romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli 

qcevis did albaTobas sxvadasxva garemo 

pirobebSi. 

bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnierebaSi 

gansazRvruli qcevis gamovlinebaa 

gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli analizi 

ikvlevs albaTobas sixSiris an 

reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT. eqsperimentuli 

analizis amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yvela 

is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia 

reaqciis sixSire (Skinner, 1966, gv. 213-214). 

skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo, 

vidre Teoriuli: Teoretikosebi xelmZRvaneloben 

derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT 

sakuTari Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi, 

rogoric skineri iyo, eyrdnobian mxolod 

realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben 

eqperimentis konteqstSi monacemebis SegrovebiT 

da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime Teorias. 

imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeanalizebina, 

skinerma ganaviTara operantuli ganpirobebulobis 

procedura. igi manipulirebda 

organizmis Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom mi- 

Rebuli efeqti daenaxa. operantulia nebismieri

suraTi 7.11 

operantuli kabina 

sagangebo aparatSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis 

mowodebas virTxisTvis. 

qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier 

da SeiZleba daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi, 

konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens garemoze. 

sityvasityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze 

gavlenas, misiT operirebas (Skinner, 1938). operantuli 

qceva ar aRmocendeba gansazRvruli stimuliT, 

rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia. 

mtredebi kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben sakvebs, 

bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani laparakisas 

xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena ebmis. am qcevaTa 

albaToba momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an 

Semcirdes im Sedegebis mixedviT, rac maT 

mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT 

aCqarebs sasurvel kontaqts mSoblebTan, samo- 

operantuli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning) 

_ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis 

albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT. 

operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis 

mier ganxorcielebuli qceva, romelic SeiZleba 

mis mier garemoSi moxdenili TvalsaCino 

cvlilebis terminebiT aRiweros. 

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency) 

_ myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs 

Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs. 

mavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs. operantuli 

ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva 

operantuli qcevis albaTobas imdenad, ramdenadac 

isini, faqtobrivad, garemo Sedegebis 

funqciebad gvevlinebian. 

Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis gasagrZeleblad, 

skinerma Seqmna aparati, romlis 

meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs. 

mis mier Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxulia 

suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia, agreTve, rogor 

funqcionirebs is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs 

qcevis im meqanizms, romelic eqperimentators 

aqvs gansazRvruli, virTxa aWers Rilaks da 

sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi sa- 

Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is cvladebi, 

romlebic gavlenas axdenen daswavlaze 

an dauswavlelobaze. magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis 

daWeriT virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs 

sakvebs, roca kabinas Semouvlis (Seipingis 

procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT), is 

swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde kabinas 

unda Semouaros. 

operantul eqsperimentebSi did interess 

iwvevs is periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic 

cxovels SeiZleba gansazRvruli qcevis paterni 

axsovdes. mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi 

yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis ganmavlobaSi. 

es meTodologia saSualebas miscemda skiners, 

gaerkvia pirobiTi ganmtkicebis efeqti cxovelis 

qcevaze. 


pirobiTi ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri 

reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas Soris, 

romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs. 

magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti, 

romelSic mtredis mier firfitis kenkvas 

(reaqcia) mohyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Sesabamisi 

cvlileba garemoSi). es myari kavSiri 

anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs 

kenkvis intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom 

gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis sixSire, 

marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis 

Semdeg. miwodeba unda moxdes mkacrad kenkvis 

gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara Tavis 

mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg. 

skineris Sromaze dayrdnobiT, Tanamedrove 

bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas 


243


244 

pirobiTi ganmtkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro 

axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra iqna aRmoCenili 

am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT. 

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba 

davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa 

galiaSi wreze arbeninoT. aseTi qcevis sixSiris 

gasazrdelad saWiroa ganmamtkiceblis gamoyeneba. 

ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli, 

romelic myaradaa qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da 

zrdis am qcevis gamovlenis sixSires droTa 

ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba 

garkveul reaqciaze. 

ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa 

gansazRvruli im efeqtis mixedviT, romelsac 

is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu Tqven 

irgvliv samyaros gadaxedavT, aRmoaCenT stimulTa 

sam klass: (1) stimuli, romlis mimarTac 

neitralurad xarT ganwyobili; (2) stimuli, 

romelic gizidavT da (3) stimuli, romelic 

aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT maT. 

cxadia, rom am stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba 

gansxvavebuli iqneba TiToeuli individisaTvis. 

is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli, 

individualuri organizmis qceviT ganisazRvreba. 

magaliTad, marwyvi. miuxedavad imisa, rom 

marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi 

mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis. Tu aseT adamians 

SesTavazebT marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad 

miiRebT principulad gansxvavebul Sedegs, 

vidre maSin, marwyvi moyvaruls rom SesTavazoT. 

movlenas, rodesac qcevas sasargeblo stimulis 

miwodeba mohyveba, dadebiTi ganmtkiceba 

ewodeba. virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis 

ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) _ 

dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) _ 

uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement)) _ 

iwvevs. 

operatiuli Caqroba (Operant extinction 

Sedegi iqneba sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi 

kvlavac mohyvebian anekdotebs, Tuki amis Sedegad 

miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas, 

rac, Tavis mxriv, maT siamovnebas aniWebs. movlenas, 

rodesac qcevas aversiuli stimulis 

CamoSoreba mohyveba, uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba 

ewodeba. magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi 

ar uyvars, ganaxorcielebs qcevas, romelic mas 

aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis gamoyeneba wvimis 

dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri 

magaliTia uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis efeqtisa. 

am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia dasveleba. 

qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT 

mas. 

manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, er- 

Tgvarad, uaryofiTi ganmamtkiceblis funqcias 

asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli 

xmis gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds 

gadaiWers. 

imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmane- 

Tisgan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba, 

davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive 

– dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis 

im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win uswrebs 

maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis 

albaTobas sasargeblo stimulis miwodebiT, 

xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves, 

oRond sapirispiro meqanizmiT, aversiuli stimulis 

CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an SeferxebiT. 

gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi 

Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar mogvewodeba, 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive 

kanonzomiereba ZalaSia operantuli ganpirobebulobis 

SemTxvevaSi: Tu ganmamtkicebeli 

mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili 

aqvs operantul Caqrobas. amgvarad, Tuki qceva 

aRar iwvevs mosalodnel efeqtsa da Sedegs, is 

brundeba im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul 

ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebisas 

araa Zneli, aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic 

garkveuli periodi ganmtkicebuli iyo da Semdeg 

Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis 

aparatSi fulis Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila, 

ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT avtomatisTvis? 

Tuki am dros fuli Cavardeba avtomatSi, Tqven 

sxva drosac gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man 

erTxel ukve moitana Sedegi. magram momavalSi, 

Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, es qcevac 

Caqreba.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja 

albaT icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac 

– dasjas. damsjelia nebismieri stimuli, 

romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu 

im reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba, 

rasac mohyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi 

dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc 

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac 

qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli, movlenas 

ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (dadebiTi SegiZlia 

daimaxsovroT, rogorc raRac, rac situacias 

emateba). magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba iwvevs 

tkivils, rac „sjis~ masze adre aRmocenebul 

qcevas, amitom momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa, 

rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. movlenas, 

rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo, sasurveli 

stimulis Camocileba, uaryofiT dasjas vuwodebT 

(uaryofiTi SegiZliaT daimaxsovroT, 

rogorc raime, rac akldeba situacias). amgvarad, 

rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs imisTvis, rom 

man daartya patara Zmas, bavSvi swavlobs, rom 

meored Zmas aRar unda daartyas. romeli dasja 

xsnis, ratom aRar gindaT saSinelebaTa filmis 

naxva? 

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba 

Zalian axlos mdgomi cnebebia, isini mniSvnelovnad 

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze, 

pirvel rigSi, is migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva 

terminebiT aRvniSnavT. gansazRvrebis mixedviT, 

dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba 

ki yovelTvis zrdis mas. magaliTad, zogierT 

adamians awuxebs Tavis mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo 

kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris 

stimuli, romelic dadebiTad sjis yavis dalevis 

qcevas. Tumca, Tavis tkivilis dros xalxi 

xSirad mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad. 

wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic uaryofiTad 

ganamtkicebs wamlis miRebas (sur. 7.12). 

diskriminaciuli stimuli da 

ganzogadeba 

nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla 

yovelTvis gvindodes an gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba 

qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul 

konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda gavzardoT 

imis albaToba, rom bavSvi wynarad ijdeba 

saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi. 

konkretuli asociaciebiT, dasjis an ganmtki- 

cebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli stimuli, 

romelic win uswrebs reaqcias – diskriminaciul 

stimuls – qmnis am qcevis konteqsts. organizmi 

swavlobs, rom raime stimulis TandaswrebiT 

mis qcevas gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze. 

magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas 

ganmtkicebulia quCis gadakveTa; magram rodesac 

anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva SeiZleba daisajos 

– amas SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves jarima an 

ubeduri SemTxveva. skinerma SeimuSava stimuliqceva-Sedegi 

formula, rogorc sampirobiani 

albaToba (contigency, ix. cxrili 7.1) da Tvlida, 

rom swored es formula xsnida adamianis 

qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrilSi 7.1 

aRwerilia, Tu rogor SeiZleba sampirobianma 

albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis 

qceva. 

laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT 

manipulirebiT, diskriminaciuli stimulis 

miwodebiT SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva. 

magaliTad, mtreds SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi 

diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da ara 

wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi 

am SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli stimulia, 

romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma 

unda akenkos, xolo wiTeli Suqi aris diskriminaciuli 

stimuli, romelic sazRvravs im 

SemTxvevas, roca mtredma ar unda akenkos. 

organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis garCevas, 

reagirebs regularulad mxolod erT stimulze 

da ar reagirebs meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis 

komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva 

konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT. 

damsjeli (Punisher) – nebismieri stimuli, romelic 

amcirebs reaqciis sixSires. 

dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punishment) – qcevas 

mohyveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs 

qcevis albaTobas. 

uaryofiTi damsjeli (Negative Punishment) – qcevas 

mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac 

mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba. 

diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Stimulus) 

– stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas, 

radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo ganmtkicebuli. 

sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) – 

meqanizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom 

konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva 

gavlenas moaxdens garemoze. 


245


246 

suraTi 7.12 

operantuli ganpirobebuloba 

Tqvens 

cxovrebaSi 

organizmi, agreTve, ganazogadebs reaqcias 

sxva stimulzec, romelic diskriminaciuli 

stimulis msgavsia. Tuki erTxel reaqcia 

ganmtkicda diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi 

stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskriminaciul 

stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. magaliTad, 

mtredebi, romlebic gawvrTnes, rom diski 

mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT, 

mainc akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis 

SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven ganvazogadebT 

mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze. 

ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba 

Tu mzad xarT, rom Tqveni codna samuSaod 

gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi: 

rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic 

gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT? 

amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri 

qceva, romlis sixSiris Secvlac gindaT. 

rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar arian pirobiTi, 

maSin maT naklebi efeqti aqvT 

qcevaze. magaliTad, Tuki mSobeli kargi 

saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc 

cudi saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar iswavlis 

kargad moqcevas, Tumca, dadebiTi ganmtkicebis 

gamo, SeZleba gaizardos sxva 

qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos 

es?). 

rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti, 

romelSic qceva adekvaturi an araadekvaturia? 

gvaxsovdeT, rom iSviaTad 

gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa da gamovlenis 

Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, romelSic 

mSobels undoda bavSvis sasurveli 

qcevis gazrda klasSi. am SemTxvevaSi 

unda ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli stimuli 

da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod iqneba 

sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli 

msgavs stimulze. Tu, magaliTad, bavSvma

cxrili 7.1 

sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul stimuls, qcevasa da 

Sedegs Soris 

diskriminaciuli 

stimuli 

reaqcia 

Sedegi 

iswavla klasSi wynarad jdoma, ganzogaddeba 

Tu ara es qceva sxva seriozul 

situaciebSic? 

gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva Sem- 

TxveviT? davuSvaT, gsurT romelime qcevis 

Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis meqanizms, 

rogorc qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas 

(ufro dawvrilebiT seqciaSi „fsiqologia 

Cvens cxovrebaSi~), unda SeamowmoT, SegiZliaT 

Tu ara moZebnoT ganmamtkiceblebi 

am qcevisTvis. Tu SeZlebT, moaxerxebT, 

rom am ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT mocemuli 

qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT, 

magaliTad, rom axalgazrda ymawvili avlens 

didi raodenobiT tantrums. hkiTxeT 

sakuTars Tavs: „me xom ar ganvamtkice 

es tantrumebi, rodesac zedmet yuradRebas 

vaqcevdi mis kivils?~ Tu asea, tantrumis 

Semcireba ganmtkicebis SemcirebiT SegiZ- 


247


248 

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi 

gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauwkeplaoba 

bavSvs afuWebs~, anu 

bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer 

mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabolood 

gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven 

am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven 

emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa 

umetesobas. 991 amerikeli mSoblidan 

35%-ma aRiara fizikuri 

dasjis (magaliTad, mityepa, 

Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2 

wlis SvilebTan, xolo 94% 

iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis 

3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Straus 

& Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva, 

449-kacian jgufSi mSoblebis 

93% TviTon isjebodnen bavSvobaSi 

fizikurad da 87% eTanxmeboda 

dasjis am formas (Buntain-Ricklefs 

et al;1994). Tqven xedavT, 

rom mityepa sakmaod xSirad 

dasjis meTodia da adamianebi, 

ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc 

dasjis formas, magram ra aris 

dasjis am formis Sedegi? 

mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze 

pasuxis gacema im SesaZlo kav- 

Siris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis 

mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebasa 

da bavSvis agresiul qce- 

liaT. ukeTesia, Caqrobis kombinireba dadebiT 

ganmtkicebasTan. 

qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebismieri 

qceva, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas, 

jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri 

qceva, amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an 

sasacilo iyos, SeiZleba avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT. 

magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi 

zogjer imitom narCundeba, rom adamiani iRebs 

yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da Tavisufldeba 

Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtkicebaa 

da meti araferi. es meoradi sargebeli 

ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer, TviTdes- 

afuWebs Tu ara bavSvs dausjeloba? 

vas Soris iyo. xalxuri sibrZnis 

sawinaaRmdegod, bevri 

Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSoblebi 

iyeneben fizikur agresias 

Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im Sem- 

TxvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba 

araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvlelad, 

agresia gvevlineba bavSvebisaTvis 

qcevis modelad, rac 

situaciurad sxva individebis 

qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase 

rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi saku- 

Tari mSoblebisgan swavloben 

fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas 

(Cven ufro mets vityviT modelirebiT 

swavlis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT, 

TavSi ,,dakvirvebiT 

swavla~). rogor gamovikvlioT 

es hipoTeza? 

erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac indianasa 

da tenesis 273 sabavSvo 

baRis aRsazrdeli monawileobda, 

mSoblebs sTxoves, SeevsoT 

kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb, 

Tu fizikuri dasjis ra formebs 

iyenebdnen sakuTar bav- 

SvebTan mimarTebaSi (Strassberg 

et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis dedebze 

iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis 

6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic 

arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur 

dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipebodnen 

dedebis mier. danarCeni 

26% ki ufro intensiurad isjeboda 

fizikurad, dedebi maT 

an muStebiT urtyamdnen, an 

mujlugunebs wahkravdnen 

xolme. 

dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6 

Tvis Semdeg, daakvirdnen am 

bavSvebis urTierTobas TanatolebTan. 

mkvlevrebma daafiqsires 

bavSvebis agresia 

Tanatolebis mimarT. magaliTad, 

roca isini brazdebodnen, 

dascinodnen an 

scemdnen maT. TiToeuli bav- 

Svi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas 

agresiuli qcevisaTvis. rac 

ufro intensiur dasjas axorcielebdnen 

mSoblebi, miT 

ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi 

Svilebi. es monacemebi gvarwmunebs, 

rom bavSvebi agresiul 

qcevas TavianTi mSoblebisgan 

daiswavlian. Tqven 

SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es 

bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad 

iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvleva 

gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar 

truqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa 

ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis qceva, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda, 

iyos morcxvi. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovel- 

Tvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs 

garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac 

qceva xdeba metad an naklebad albaTuri, 

SegiZliaT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Catarebac 

scadoT. 

rekomendebulia, rom, rac SeiZleba met Sem- 

TxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad gamoviyenoT 

dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba 

avamoqmedoT sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi, 

rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi.

aris (Chess & Thomas; 1984). 

savaraudod, simarTlis marcvali, 

SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom 

,,cudi~ bavSvebi ufro xSirad 

imsaxureben fizikur dasjas. es 

kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri 

dasja ar gvaZlevs sasurvel 

Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud~ 

bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen 

ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000). 

Tu Cven jer kidev ver dagarwmuneT, 

rom fizikuri dasja 

araswori strategiaa mSoblebis 

mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT kidev 

erTi kvlevis Sedegebi. 

analizi dafuZnebulia erT-er- 

Ti mizanmimarTuli proeqtis 

monacemebze, romelic ikvlevda 

6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa 

SeeswavlaT maTi ojaxuri Zaladobis 

Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi 

mecnierebi dainteresebulni 

iyvnen gardatexis asakis bav- 

Svebze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri 

dasjis gavleniT maT 

momaval cxovrebaze (Straus & 

Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod 

dramatuli gamodga. mokled 

rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom 

maT fizikurad sjidnen Tineijerobisas 

(58% _ biWi, 44% _ 

gogo). maT, visac sjidnen, mogvianebiT 

hqondaT problemebi. 

isini Semdeg xvdebodnen risk 

ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi 

ganmamtkiceblebi operantuli ganpirobebulobis 

energiis brokerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 

— isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas. ganmamtkiceblebs 

bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri 

Tviseba aqvT. isini SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen 

gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologiurad 

ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon 

aqtivobebad da ara raime sagnebad. zog Sem- 

TxvevaSi, Cveuli Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZloa, 

ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa 

dominanturi qceva Seicvalos (aseT SemTxvevaSi 

jgufebSi: depresia, suicidi, 

alkoholizmi, sakuTari bav- 

Svebis mimarT fizikuri Seuracxyofa, 

(kacebTan) colebis 

cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom 

„nebismieri fizikuri dasjis 

gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvnelovan 

faqtorad gvevlineba 

bavSvTa fizikuri Seuracxyofis, 

depresiis, suicidis da alkoholizmis 

pirvelad prevenciaSi~ 

(gv. 558). 

Cven gvjera, konkretuli magaliTebiT 

dagarwmuneT, rom bav- 

Svebis gatyepa ar aris Sesatyvisi 

an efeqturi aRzrdis 

strategia. aRsaniSnavia, rom 

Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri 

dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa, 

arsebobdes situaciebi, sadac 

bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis 

SemaCereblad mxolod dasja 

gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs, 

rom dasja unda iTvaliswinebdes 

garkveul pirobebs (Walters 

& Grusec, 1977). 

dasja unda iyos: 

• swrafi da xanmokle; 

• unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve, 

rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs 

adgili; 

• intensivoba unda iyos limitirebuli; 

• es unda iyos pasuxi specifikur 

arasasurvel 

qcevaze da arasodes _ 

p i r o v n u l 

maxasiaTebelze; 

• limitirebuli unda 

iyos im situaciis 

Sesatyvisad, sadac 

reaqcias aqvs adgili; 

• Sedgebodes dasjisagan 

da ara _ fizikuri 

tkivilisagan. 

ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSirad, 

mizezi, ris gamoc bevri 

mSobeli dasjas iyenebs, aris 

is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba 

bavSvis arasasurveli qceva. 

mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis 

xanmokle mizans, imavdroulad, 

bavSvis myiseuli reaqcia 

ganamtkicebs mSoblis 

damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant & 

Evans, 1994), magram Sedegi 

aseTia _ ,,xanmokle sargebeli, 

xangrZlivi tkivili~. mSoblebma 

moTmineba unda gamoi- 

Cinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmokle 

ganmtkicebisagan sakuTari 

Svilebis Soreuli interesebis 

gamo. 

vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi ar yofila realuri 

ganmamtkiceblebi). 

pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi 

roca am qveyanas moevlineT, auracxeli pirveladi 

ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT, magaliTad, 

wyali da saWmeli, romelTa ganmamtkicebluri 

Taviseburebani bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli. 

droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocirda 

pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, rogorc 

pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli, ise gvevlineba 

operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtobrivad, 

adamianis qcevis umetes wilze gavlenas xSirad 


249


250 

sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli 

axdens da iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi 

ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi, mxardaWeris 

gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi 

da bevri sxva simbolo im pirobiT ganmamtkicebelTa 

ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens qcevas 

gansazRvraven. 

faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba 

iqces pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad, Tu is pirvelad 

stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT eqsperimentSi 

gamoyenebuli iyo martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa 

swavlebis dros. 

maswavleblebma da eqsperimentatorebma daadgines, 

rom pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli ufro martivi 

gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa, 

vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. vinaidan: (1) 

ramodenime pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli yovel- 

Tvisaa klasSi maSin, roca nebismieri stimulis 

gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontrolebs, 

SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes pirobiT 

ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi 

gacema; (3) isini advilad gadasatania; (4) maTi 

ganmtkicebis efeqti ufro swrafia, radgan is 

damokidebulia ganmamtkiceblis miRebaze da ara 

biologiur ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es 

pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis drosaa. 

zogierT dawesebulebaSi, magaliTad, fsiqiatriul 

saavadmyofoSi an narkologiur dispanserSi, 

Jetonebis ekonomika am principebs emyareba. 

sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis 

miReba) kargad ganimarteba da roca es qceva 

gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri gaicema 

momsaxure personalis mier. mogvianebiT, es 

Jetonebi pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva 

tipis jildoze an privilegiaze (Kazdin, 1994; 

Martin& Pear,1999). ganmamtkicebelTa es sistema 

gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis qcevis 

modificirebisTvis Tavis movlis qcevis TvalsazrisiT; 

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi 

pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebis gazrdis 

TvalsazrisiT. 

pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _ 

biologiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli 

_ saWmeli da wyali. 

pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcers) 

– klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT 

yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmamtkiceblad 

iqca. 

saidan 

viciT 

pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli 

SimpanzeebisTvis 

Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gadawyveta 

qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblis 

gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi 

JetonebiT Caanacvles. rogorc ki Jetonebi 

gamoCnda, maimunebma moTminebiT daiwyes 

muSaoba sakuTari ,,fulis~ mosapoveblad. 

maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT, gadaecvalaT 

Jetonebi qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937). 

savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc 

dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi 

davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac 

gaakeTebinoT; ar gindaT, mas gadauxadoT an 

misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT 

garigebas: ,,roca saSinao davalebas daasruleb, 

SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo~. Tqven 

mier gamoyenebuli ,,kompiuteruli TamaSi~

mocemul situaciaSi premakis principad gvevlineba, 

romelic david premakma (David Premak) 

1965 wels aRmoaCina. premakis mixedviT, ufro 

metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul 

garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs), 

SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad albaTuri 

qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi 

premakma aRmoaCina, rom wyliT deprivirebulma 

virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis 

mizniT sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqtivobas 

wylis daleva mohyveboda da, piriqiT, 

savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen 

wylis smis qcevas. premakis mixedviT, ganmamtkiceblad 

organizmisTvis mniSvnelovani nebismieri 

qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos. 

premakis principi xSirad gamoiyeneba gansakuTrebiT 

bavSvTa instituciebis iseTi qcevis 

sixSiris gasazrdelad, rogoricaa mSvidad jdoma 

da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia 

erTi klasikuri SemTxveva. 

saidan 

viciT 

bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom 

iTamaSon 

Caatares kvleva, romlis drosac klasSi 

gamoyofili iyo droiTi intervalebi, roca 

bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen dafas da 

zogjer esmodaT zaris xma. zaris xmas 

mohyveboda instruqcia: „gaiqeciT da iyvireT~.Mmoswavleebi 

dauyovnebliv wamoxtebodnen 

da darbodnen klasSi, yvirodnen 

da erTobodnen. ramdenime wuTSi Semdegi 

signali afrTxilebda maT, rom dabrunebuliyvnen 

TavianT adgilebze. mogvianebiT 

bavSvebs aZlevdnen Jetonebs dabali 

sixSiris qcevis — maTematikis mecadineobisTvis. 

bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas 

aZlevda, CarTuliyvnen SedarebiT maRali 

aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSoebiT 

TamaSi. am tipis proceduriT kontroli 

SesaniSnavad ganxorcielda ramodenime 

dReSi (homme et al,1963). 

sxva tipis saklaso programa, sadac maswavleblebis 

mier xSirad gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema 

da yvirili, Cavarda. 

axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT 

premakis principi dabali sixSiris qcevaSi 

bavSvebis CasarTavad. socialurad aqtiuri 

bavSvisaTvis amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs 

davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad sasiamovno 

qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis 

wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva bavSvebTan 

TamaSis qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri 

aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ganmamtkiceblad 

da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miRweul 

iqneba im qcevis sixSiris mateba, rac 

konkretul SemTxvevaSi naklebad albaTuria. 

ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi 

ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom 

Tqvens Sinaur cxovels ganumtkicoT raime 

konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia 

Tavis laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise, 

rom ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi ganmamtkicebeli 

Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomias 

akeTebda da virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac 

intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu 

ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met 

sakvebs veRar iRebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi 

ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur ganmamtkicebelTa 

formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed ganmtkicebaze. 

rogor fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxovelebs, 

roca isini qcevis Caqrobis safrTxis 

winaSe aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo? 

is virTxebi, romelTa qcevac ufro iSviaTad 

ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad aWerdnen 

GTaTs Rilaks, vidre isini, romlebsac 

ganmamtkicebeli yovel jerze eZleodaT. 

skineri, raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuaxlovda. 

am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam 

migviyvana kvlevamde ganmamtkicebelTa gansxvavebuli 

intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb (ix. 

sur. 7.13). Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtkiceblis 

gansxvavebuli efeqtis roli sakuTar 

cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT klasSi, 

maswavlebeli xan giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur 

cxovrebaSi an laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli 

SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc proporciuli 

ganmamtkiceblis forma — ramdenime 

konkretuli reaqciis Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli 

intervalebiT — roca ganmtkiceba drois raRac 


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252 

intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi 

SeiZleba adgili hqondes fiqsirebul an variabilur 

ganmtkicebas. axla Cven viciT parcialuri 

ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda, 

rom parcialurad ganmtkicebuli qceva metad 

gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre Tanmimdevrulad 

ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modi vnaxoT, sxva 

ra saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevrebma 

ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebTan dakav- 

SirebiT. 

fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis) 

cxrilebi 

fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebSi 

ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas Semdeg, rac organizmi 

gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul odenobas. 

roca ganmtkicebas mohyveba erTi reaqcia, 

cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1 (fp- 

1; es aris Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili). 

roca ganmamtkicebeli mosdevs yovel 25-e 

reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25. fiqsirebuli 

ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi ( 

fiqsirebuli ganmamtkicebeli 

verbaluri proporcia 

fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval 

schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic 

ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois 

gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas. 

cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval 

schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic 

ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas 

cvladi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSualoc 

winaswar gansazRvrulia. 

warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi 

(shaiping by successive approximations) – qceviTi 

meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs, 

romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da 

maqsimalurad axlos arian sasurvel reaqcias- 

Tan. 

suraTi 7.13 

ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi 

qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi yalibdeba ganmamtkicebelTa 

oTxi cxrilis gamoyenebiT. grafikebze 

arsebuli aRniSvnebi imaze miuTiTeben, Tu rodis 

miewodeba ganmamtkicebeli. 

proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal 

xarisxs, radgan reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris 

pirdapiri korelaciaa. mtreds SeuZlia, 

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi 

miiRos, ramdenic unda, Tu sakmarisad xSirad 

akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT 

metia pauza TiToeuli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg. 

ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad meti sapasuxo reaqciebis 

miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semcirebam 

im SemTxvevaSi, roca cxoveli gawvrTnili 

da momzadebuli ar aris amisaTvis, SeiZleba 

migviyvanos Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani gayidvebis 

industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT manamde 

unda gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba, 

vidre jamagirs aiReben. 

variabiluri proporciis cxrili 

variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar 

gansazRvrulia ganmamtkicebelTa Soris reaqciaTa 

raodenoba. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom

saSualod yovel 10 reaqcias mohyveba ganmamtkicebeli, 

magram ganmtkicebas SeiZleba adgili 

hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis 

Semdeg. aseTi saxiT ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod 

rezistentulia Caqrobis mimarT. davuSvaT, Tqven 

mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da 

Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi akenkavs 12000 

marcvals saaTSi da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis 

manZilze, ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki. azartuli 

TamaSebic SegviZlia vp cxrilebis kontrols 

daqvemdebarebulad miviCnioT. am princips 

emyareba saTamaSo manqanebis principi _ masSi 

monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT 

Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da 

agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili gayenebT gamocanis 

winaSe – rodis mova jildo. Tqven gjeraT, rom 

is Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba 

da ara ufro mogvianebiT (Rachlin, 1990). 

fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili 

roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis 

cxrilTan, ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirveli 

reaqciis Semdeg, anu fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis 

Semdeg. FI-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti 

iRebs ganmtkicebas, unda gavides 10 wami, sanam 

meore reaqcia ganmtkicdeba _ reaqciaTa raodenobisda 

miuxedavad. 

cvalebadi intervalis cxrili 

cvalebadi intervalis cxrilSi saSualo 

intervali winaswar aris gansazRvruli. magali- 

Tad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba, 

saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma 

iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT, magram Zalian stabiluri 

qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am 

dros etapobrivi da Zalian nelia. erT Sem- 

TxvevaSi mtredma 18 000-jer akenka pirveli 4 

saaTis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba 

Sewyda da 168 saaTi dasWirda am qcevis srul 

gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). SegiZliaT CaTvaloT, 

rom ci-20 cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT 

gamocdili, Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic 

araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT 

koloqviumebs. yoveldRe emzadebodiT momavali 

gakveTilisaTvis? 

qcevis formireba (Seipingi) 

erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT virTxebze, 

romlebic Rilaks aWerdnen TaTs saWmlis 

misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa. 

Tu mas operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT, 

ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs spontanurad. virTxas 

naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT 

gamoyeneba, magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes 

Camouwevia. rogor vaswavloT virTxas qcevebi, 

romlebic, savaraudod, iSviaTad vlindebian? 

Tqven moifiqreT ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri 

sakvebi, ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1), 

rogor moviqceT axla? imisaTvis, rom Tqven 

aswavloT axali rTuli qceva, unda gamoiyenoT 

Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT. 

am dros Tqven ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas, 

romelic warmatebulia da Tanac miaxloebuli 

saboloo mizanTan. 

es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis 

saWmliT deprivireba erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. 

deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imu- 

Saos, rogorc ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven 

sistematurad aTavsebT sakvebs kabinis erT 

kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven 

SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi imiT, rom sakvebis 

miwodebis sixSire daukavSiroT virTxis 

specifikur qceviT reaqcias, magaliTad, karis 

saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba 

mxolod maSin, roca is ufro axlos midis karis 

saxelurTan. ganmamtkicebeli ki im SemTxvevaSi 

gaicema, Tu virTxa exeba mas, xolo saWmlis 

misaRebad man unda saxelurs daaWiros. am dros 

virTxa swavlobs, rom saxeluris Camoweva misTvis 

sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis Tqven 

unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qcevis 

Sesatyvisad da gamoiyenoT diferencirebuli 

ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis formirebisaTvis. 

axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipingi 

gamoyenebul iqna patara autisti bavSvis 

cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. 

saidan 

viciT 

qcevis formireba autist bavSvTan 

pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac 

dausves autizmis diagnozi. mas hqonda 

normaluri socialuri da verbaluri 


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254 

qcevis deficiti. xSirad axorcielebda 

tantumebs da sakuTari Tavis damazianebel 

qcevebs. kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man 

uari Tqva saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac 

Zlier mniSvnelovani iyo misi mxedvelobisaTvis. 

pirvelad mas eZleoda kanfeti 

saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom, 

saWmelTan asociaciis fonze es xma pirobiTi 

ganmtkiceba gaxda. Semdeg treningi 

gagrZelda uSuSo saTvalis CarCoTi. 

Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara 

saTvalis CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es 

xma ismoda mas Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi 

yovndeboda, bolos _ roca bavSvs ekeTa 

saTvale. nel-nela biWi jildovdebida 

maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos mihqonda 

CarCo. ramodenime kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo 

CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad 

moirgo Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze 

bavSvma iswavla saTvalis tareba dReSi 

12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (Wolf et al., 1964). 

axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven 

mogindaT aswavloT virTxas galiaSi wreze 

sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am 

SemTxvevaSi? ra SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli 

qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven 

dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven 

Tavidan ganamtkicoT saWiro mimarTulebiT Tavis 

mibrunebis qcevac ki. Semdeg Tqven virTxas 

saWmeli im SemTxvevaSi unda misceT, Tu is 

mTel tans miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT. 

ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg? 

daswavlis ori forma ganvixileT — klasikuri 

ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirob- 

ebuloba, romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben 

daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi 

axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze, katebze, virTxebze 

da mtredebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic 

msgavs qcevas axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi, 

mkvlevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom daswavla 

bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli 

saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri SesaZleblobebiT. 

axla Cven gadavalT im procesebis

ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs 

SemosazRvraven. 

Sejameba 

Torndaikisa da skineris mier aRmoCenili 

operantuli ganpirobebulobis meTodika marTavs 

organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos 

Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba 

zrdis qcevis gamovlenis albaTobas. 

ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs 

generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobebuli 

ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas 

axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. 

premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom 

metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli 

naklebad albaTi aqtivobis gansamtkiceblad. 

ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi 

reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven. 

Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne qcevasTan 

warmatebulad miaxloeba diferencialurad 

iqnes ganmtkicebuli. 


is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTadi 

principebi adamianebTan da cxovelebTan msgavsia, 

pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma 

(David Hume) 1748 wels wamoayena. man Tqva, rom 

„nebismieri Teoria, romliTac Cven gagebis 

operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT 

mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive 

fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen 

cxovelTanac~ (Hume, 1748/1951, gv.104). 

am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive 

kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi 

fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadasxva kanonzomierebebi 

da SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis 

ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey, 1993; 

Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). mesame Tavidan 

Tqven ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis 

ganviTareba iyo reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze. 

bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris swored adaptaciiT 

SeiZleba aixsnas. zustad aseTive evoluciuri 

perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis 

unars (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu- 

leba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas 

memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba 

gamoyenebuli iqnes cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT 

da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT 

kvlevis or sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom 

qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa 

ganpirobebuli _ instinqturi swrafva da gemos 

aversiiT swavla. 

instinqturi swrafva 

cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic 

aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben. cirkSi da teleekranze. 

zogierTi cxoveli beisbols, pingpongs 

TamaSobs, zogi manqanas atarebs. wlebis 

manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi 

iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs, 

rom gamoewvrTnaT aTasobiT sxvadasxva 

saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom 

zogadi principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli 

kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac 

imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo 

niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis 

gareT. 

Tumca, wvrTnis raRac etapze zogierTi 

cxoveli „cudad moqcevas~ iwyebda. magaliTad, 

enoti iwvrTneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo 

yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi, magram 

enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis 

aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod 

wydeboda, anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda 

monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela 

monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan 

iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad 

axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac 

maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan. 

amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wvrTnidnen, raTa 

gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT, 

isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer dingiT 

ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev 

ismis kiTxva, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis 

es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi 

zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan 

qcevis es repertuari maT memkvidreobiT aqvT 

miRebuli. 

aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi, 

rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac etapamde 

cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi, 


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256 

daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken 

droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT 

instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland, 

1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantuli 

principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, 

Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi 

ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic 

SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. 

cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli 

iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis 

winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze 

SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs, 

rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela aspeqtis 

gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba metnaklebad 

advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc 

cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli 

reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin 

iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biologiurad 

aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad, 

ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta 

yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul 

iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori 

bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas. 

gemos aversiiT daswavla 

am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda 

gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris 

xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo 

meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze. 

Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili 

sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom 

Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi 

reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT 

es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs. 

daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints 

on learning) – nebismieri limiti organizmis 

daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia 

erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli 

sensorul-kognituri unarebiT. 

instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili 

qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi 

instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides. 

gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning) 

– daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba, 

romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis 

gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas. 

davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia 

ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven 

rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli 

paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT. 

rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels, 

Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raodenobas 

iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba 

maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da 

miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT 

iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs, 

maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian. 

am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT daswavla. 

am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas 

da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da 

romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs. 

gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis 

Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man 

„simTvraleSi~ gamoscada. 

gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia. 

gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis 

sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla 

mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba 

ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/ 

surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis 

– elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs 

avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti 

rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12 

saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa 

iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood, 

gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan, 

romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos 

aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdilebis 

Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom 

gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa 

darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden 

dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas. 

jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad 

daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laboratoriaSi 

da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es 

fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino 

gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli 

asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, 

rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuliganupirobebeli 

stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba 

klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul 

saxeobebSi.

saidan 

viciT 

stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena 

garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pirvel 

fazaSi virTxebi jer ecnobodnen 

situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda 

sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Sezavebul 

wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles. 

meore fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils 

lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod 

tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari – 

xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals. Semdeg 

orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis 

erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli Sokis 

zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda, 

xolo meore naxevari ki radiaciuli 

dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa 

da gulisrevas. wylis is raodenoba, romelic 

virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies, 

Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis 

raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcirdeboda, 

rodesac surnelovani wyali asocirdeboda 

avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia) 

da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocirdeboda 

tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod 

patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva 

pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli 

moaswavebda tkivils, an, rodesac Zlieri 

sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda 

avadmyofobas (ix. sur. 7.14). 

miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs 

aqvT Tandayolili unari, asociacia daamyaron 

konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs 

Soris (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis 

zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare, damokidebulia 

ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris 

kavSirze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor dispozicias 

avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis 

mimarT mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978). 

cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia im 

stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes 

safrTxes da romeli – jildos. amitom eqperimentatorebi, 

romlebic ecdebian am paternebis 

darRvevas, bevrs verafers miaRweven. 

mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqanizmis 

praqtikaSi gadmotanac scades. imisaTvis, 

suraTi 7.14 

Tandayolili unarebi 

garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom 

virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli 

stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan. 

virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avadmyofobas 

moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _ 

ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moaswavebda 

da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avadmyofoba 

mohyveboda. 

rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon 

garsiam da misma kolegebma daawyves batknis 

toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris 

tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavaddnen 

da ganuviTardaT zizRi batknis xorcis mimarT. 

amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis 

magivrad ukan ixevdnen. 

gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli 

aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi daavadebul pacientebSi, 

romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv 

sakvebs qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli 

gulisrevis gamo. 

saidan 

viciT 

mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi 

gemos arideba 

22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac 

dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos diagnozi, 

gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi prioritetebis 

Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis rva kursis 

ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi 

sami kvira iyo. qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi, 

rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze 


257


258 

Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini 

ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da sasmels 

1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian 

mowoneba). mkvlevrebi aversiis gamovlenas 

maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba 

4 quliT daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis 

46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire, 

erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi, 

romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis pirveli ori 

kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi 

gaxda, rom, virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT, 

pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva 

Terapiis Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, romlis 

Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli 

aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993). 

imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasikurad 

iyos ganpirobebuli, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, 

SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Berstein, 

1991). magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs 

sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes. amasTan, miwodebul 

kanfetebs an nayins sruliad specifikuri 

surneli hqonda anu aversia swored am surnelis 

mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs SeeZloT, 

kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti 

an nayini. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic 

pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli. 

bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis 

seansis dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romel- 

Sic isini mkurnalobdnen, ganpirobebul stimulad 

iqca (Tomoyasu et al., 1996). amgvari efeqtebis 

safuZvlebis gaanalizeba mkvlevrebs mkurnalobis 

meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevs. kidev 

erTxel _ ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis 

efeqtebis safuZvlebis codna mkvlevrebs saSualebas 

aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis sawinaaRmdego 

mkurnaloba. 

axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamedrove 

qceviTi analitikosebi yuradRebiT reaqciis 

im tipebis mimarT, romlebic ama Tu im saxeobisaTvis 

ufro Sesaferisebi arian dasaswavlad 

(Todd and Morris 1992). Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls 

aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis 

genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT potencials. 

Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdenadac 

jer ar SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs, 

romlebic umaRles kognitur procesebs moiTxoven. 

axla swored aseTi saxis daswavlas SevexoT. 

Sejameba 

instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs, 

rom organizmebi limitirebulni arian im 

TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan 

gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia 

imdenad Zlieria zogierT cxovelTan, rom is 

permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli 

stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis erTjeradi 

SewyvilebiTac ki. qimioTerapiaze myof 

adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul 

gemos aversias. mkvlevrebi cdiloben, gamoigonon 

klasikur ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili me- 

Todebi, raTa Tavidan aicilon, an gaauqmon es 

aversiebi.

kogniciis gavlena 

daswavlaze 

rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri 

SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi 

procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arseboben Tu 

ara daswavlis iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro 

kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi sWirdebaT? 

kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtivoba, 

romelic CarTulia codnis gadamuSavebisa da 

warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogorebicaa: 

azrovneba, mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom 

axla ganvixilavT daswavlis iseT formebs, 

romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod klasikuri 

an operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan 

gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qceva, nawilobriv, 

kognituri procesebis Sedegia. 

cxovelTa kognicia 

am TavSi ganvixileT daswavlis wesebi vir- 

Txebis, ZaRlebis da mtredebis magaliTze. 

mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod klasikuri 

da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT SeiZleba 

sxvadasxva saxeobebis unarebis ganzogadeba 

(Wasserman, 1993-1994). Tavis evoluciis TeoriaSi 

Carlz darvinma ganacxada, rom kognituri 

unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fizikur 

formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixilavT 

cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob STambeWdav, 

tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kognitur 

unarebze. 

kognituri rukebi 

edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman, 1886-1959) iyo 

pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri procesebis 

kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli 

situaciebis gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri, 

erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida cxovelis 

qcevas. daakvirdiT 7.15 suraTs. tolmenma da 

misma studentebma aCvenes, rom, rodesac labirinTSi 

blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki, 

virTxebi iq adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven 

umokles gzas gamosvlisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, 

rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman & 

Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise, 

TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen gansazRvrl 

suraTi 7.15 

kognituri rukebi labirinTebSi 

siarulis daswavlisas 

cdis pirebma upiratesoba pirdapir gzas (gza 1) 

mianiWes labirinTSi, roca is Tavisufali iyo. 

roca es gza daibloka A blokiT, isini meore 

gzaze gadavidnen. roca gamoCnda B bloki, vir- 

Txebma Cveulebriv mesame gza airCies. maTi qcevaa 

aCvenebda, rom saWmlis mopovebis kognituri ruka 

gaaCndaT. 

kognitur rukas – labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad 

imisa, rom brmad daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa 

da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman, 1948). 

tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba 

Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre ubralod 

asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas 

da, Semdeg, am daswavlili masalis warmoCenas 

qceviT konteqstSi. 

tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam 

gamoavlina sivrcobrivi mexsierebis gasaocari 

unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxovelebsa 

da adamianebSic ki (Tolman, 1948). kog- 

cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) – cxovelebis 

kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben 

kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva 

saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT, adamianamde. 

kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) – fizikuri sivrcis 

gonebrivi reprezentacia. 


259


260 

nituri rukis gasagebad yuradReba unda mivaqcioT 

im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxurebian: 

cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben 

sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis amosacnobad; 

maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqtebis 

misagnebad; 

garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad. 

Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri rukebis 

sxvadasxva funqcia frinvelTa sxvadasxva 

saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels far- 

To arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon 

saWmels saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. 

klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis 

gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es frinveli 

marxavs 6000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreTdasavleT 

nawilis mTebSi. isini marcvals 

momaval gazafxulze eZeben, anu maSin, 

rodesac damaluli sakvebi sWirdebaT 

bartyebisaTvis (Shettleworth, 1993, gv. 180). 

Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansazRvrul 

garemoSi, aramed, TuUgaumarTlaT, 

marcvlebs ki ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven 

maT nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg 

84% sizustiT brundebian am adgilze (Kamil & 

Balda, 1990). isini kargad agneben im adgilebsac, 

sadac adre hqondaT marcvlebi, magram isini 

ukve carielia. Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic 

didad arian damokidebulni gadamalul sakvebze, 

qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze axlomdgom 

saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxvaveba qcevis 

warmatebulobas Soris araa am saxeobisTvis, 

romelic samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi 

sivrcobriv eqsperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et 

al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom am Citebis 

qceva – samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa 

ganmtkicebuli. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi 

miagneben gadamalul sakvebs, Tuki maTi kognituri 

ruka SenarCundeba. 

konceptualuri qceva 

kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxovelebs 

garemoSi orientaciaSi, magram sxva ra 

kognituri procesebi unda hqondeT cxovelebs 

da raSi unda iyenebdnen maT? 

me-11 TavSi aRvniSnavT, rom metyvelebis 

dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amocanad 

iTvleba axali cnebebisa da kategoriebis 

daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi ar arian 

erTaderTi arsebebi, romelTac am amocanis 

daZleva SeuZliaT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom 

mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari, gamoiyenon 

konceptualuri gansxvavebebi. 

saidan 

viciT 

mtredebi gadawyvetilebebs 

kategorizaciis struqturis mixedviT 

iReben 

edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma 

(1992) warmoudgines mtredebs adamianebis, 

yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis fotoebi. 

yoveli mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili 

iyo or ufro did kategoriad (sur. 7.16). 

magaliTad, erTi mtredi miiRebda sakvebs, 

Tuki niskarts daartyamda narinjisfer 

Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis 

Semdeg da wiTel Rilaks _ yvavilis an 

skamis Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles

adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% swori 

feris Rilaks urtyamda niskarts. wvrTnis 

meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia unda 

SeemuSavebina ufro mcire kategoriis Ti- 

Toeuli suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds 

unda daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis 

suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze – skamis 

fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis 

80%-ma Tavi gaarTva amocanas. 

magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis 

an manqanis suraTi da uwevT, airCion mwvane, an 

TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis aranairi 

gamocdileba, Sesabamisad Cven ar SegviZlia 

daswavlis procesze dafuZnebuli qcevis winaswarmetyveleba. 

ras izamdiT Tqven, Tu msgavs 

situaciaSi aRmoCndebodiT? albaT, eqsperimentis 

pirvel fazaSi Tqven daiswavlidiT, rom yvavilebi 

da skamebi erTad moiazreba. eqsperimentis 

meore fazaSi ki iswavlidiT, rom unda gamoamJRavnoT 

erTi an ori reaqcia yvavilis Ti- 

Toeul fotoze. roca saqme skamebze midgeboda, 

Tqven, albaT, igive reaqcia geqnebodaT, rac 

yvavilze gqondaT. igives akeTeben mtredebic. 

testebis triadebis 60-70 procentSi maT 

gamoiyenes „kategorizaciis~ msgavsi informacia. 

dakvirvebiT daswavla 

imisaTvis, rom daswavlis axal formas 

gavecnoT, albaT, kargi iqneba SevexoT sakiTxs 

adamianebis da virTxebis mier axali sakvebis 

SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT. virTxebi gacilebiT 

frTxilebi arian am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, 

vidre adamianebi, ZiriTadad im mizezis gamo, 

rom akliaT mniSvnelovani informacia sxva 

virTxebisagan. roca Cven, adamianebi, axal sakvebs 

vsinjavT, yovelTvis gvaqvs konteqsti. es 

konteqsti imas gulisxmobs, rom viciT, sxva 

adamianebma ukve gasinjes da moewonaT igive 

sakvebi. Tqveni „saWmlis Wamis qceva~ sxva 

adamianebis codnis paternebiTaa ganmtkicebuli. 

es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT 

daiswavlon sxvebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, 

risTvisac isini kognitur unarebs gamoiyeneben. 

Sesabamisad, Cven vcvliT sakuTar qcevas sxvebis 

gamocdilebis mixedviT. 

Zalian xSirad, socialuri daswavla im 

situaciebSi iCens Tavs, sadac daswavla ar 

aris gamowveuli tradiciuli ganpirobebulobis 

TeoriiT. adamianebi ubralod sxvebze 

dakvirvebiT swavloben, anu, Tu adamiani uyurebs, 

Tu rogor daisaja an waxalisda sxva raRac 

qcevisTvis, cdilobs igive qceva gaimeoros an 

Seikavos Tavi. amas dakvirvebiT daswavla hqvia. 

asaniSnavia, rom Cveni kognicia dakvirvebiT 

daswavlisas garkveul molodinebs gamoimu- 

Savebs. roca models (adamians, romelic raRac 

qcevas axorcielebs) vuyurebT, Cven vfiqrobT, 

rom, Tu zustad imas gavimeorebT, rasac modeli 

akeTebs, igive jildos miviRebT an iseve 

davisjebiT. umcrosi Svili SesaZloa ukeT 

iqceodes, vidre ufrosi, radgan man ufrosis 

Secdomebze iswavla. 

daswavlis amgvari unari, razec zemoT iyo 

saubari, sakmaod momgebiania. aRaraa saWiro im 

cdisa da Secdomis meTodis mravalgzis gamoyeneba, 

rom raime viswavloT. sxvebis Secdomebis 

mixedviT SeiZleba daskvnebis gakeTeba. 

dakvirvebiT daswavla (Observational lerning) – 

suraTi 7.16 

kategoriebis swavla mtredebTan 

wvrTnis pirveli faza mtredebs aswavlis, 

Tu romeli cneba erTiandeba msxvil kategoriaSi. 

meore faza aswavlis axal reaqcias 

kategoriis cnebebis naxevarze. testirebis 

faza aCvenebs generalizacias, romelsac 

adgili aqvs axali kategoriis cnebebTan 

mimarTebaSi (es erTi magaliTia sxvadasxva 

mtredebTan stimulisa da reaqciis sxvadasxva 

kombinaciisa). 


261


262 

adamianis mier dakvirvebiT daswavlis klasikur 

magaliTebs adgili hqonda albert banduras 

laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebma 

uyures mozrdili modelis mier Tojinis cemas 

da Cqmetas, mogvianebiT maT igive qceva gamoam- 

JRavnes. amasTan, sxva bavSvebma, romelTac ar 

unaxavT es qceva, msgavsi agresia ar gamoavlines 

(Bandura et al., 1963). kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi 

agresiuli qcevis imitacias maSinac ki axdendnen, 

roca multiplikaciur filmSi qcevas akvirdebodnen. 

amgvarad, Cven prosocialur (daxmarebis) da 

antisocialur (dazianebis) qcevas modelebze 

dakvirvebis Sedegad vswavlobT. amasTan, Cven 

garSemo sakmaod bevri modeli arsebobs. sain- 

teresoa, ra cvladebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu 

romeli modeli moaxdens gavlenas Cvenze? 

kvlevebma aCvena (Baldwin &Baldwin, 1973, Bandura, 

1977), rom modeli gansakuTrebiT didi gavlenis 

mqonea, roca: 

adgili aqvs qcevis Sedegebis ganmtkicebas; 

modeli aRiqmeba dadebiTad, moswonT da 

endobian; 

arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveblis 

Tvisebebs Soris; 

damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis 

qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis; 

modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia 

– is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva modelebisagan; 

damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea 

damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba. 

mizezTa am CamonaTvalis gagebisaTvis, warmoidgineT 

sakuTari Tavi modelis situaciaSi da 

naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am 

siidan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT 

viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs; 

an gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos 

mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna mxolod 

sxvaTa dakvirvebiT. 

radgan xalxi ase efeqturad swavlobs modelisagan, 

advili gasagebia televiziis didi 

nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze: 

axdens Tu ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is, 

rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da 

dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca 

Zaladobis faqtebis Cvenebas televiziiT – 

mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi 

da TviTmkvleloba – Sedegad ki bavSvebis da 

mozrdilebis qceva. xels uwyobs Tu ara 

Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis imitacias? 

fsiqologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am 

kiTxvaze dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis, 

gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi (Comstock & 

Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime aTwleulis 

Semdeg gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac 

televizia uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mayureblis 

cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel 

rigSi, Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas. 

es asociacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 

bavSvebisaTvis _ agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena 

Zaladobis adreul asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba 

antisocialur qcevaSi gadaizardos ufro 

gviandel asakSi; meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori 

raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba 

Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar gaxdes Zala- 

--dobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi; mesame, Zaladobis 

yurebam SeiZleba migviyvanos desensitizaciamde 

– emociur aSlilobasa da distresamde. 

ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laboratoriuli 

magaliTi. 

saidan 

viciT 

mediaZaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis 

mimarT tolerantobas ayalibebs 

meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan 

TiToeuli Seiyvanes eqsperimentul oTax- 

Si, sadac unda eyurebinaT an Zaladobis 

scenebiani filmi „karates Svili~, an 

araagresiuli sportuli sanaxaoba 1984 

wlis zafxulis olimpiadidan. am kasetebis 

yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres, 

rom axla isini naxavdnen namdvil ambebs, 

rac Cumad gadaRebuli iyo videoze da 

maxlobel oTaxSi paralelurad xdeboda. 

sinamdvileSi es iyo videoCanaweri, romel- 

Sic ori bavSvi (6 wlis) jer TamaSobs 

oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba 

erTmaneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs 

instruqciaSi neba darTes, moeZebnaT eqsperimentatori, 

Tuki SeSfoTdebodnen imiT, 

rasac videoze uyurebdnen. studentebma, 

romlebsac „karates Svili~ hqondaT 

nanaxi, orjer ufro metxans uyures Canawers, 

vidre maT, vinc olimpiur TamaSebs 

uyura. amgvarad, mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom 

Zaladobis scenebis yurebam gamoiwvia meti 

tolerantoba namdvili agresiis mimarT 

(Molitor & Hirsch, 1994). 

Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laboratoriuli 

kvlevis mcire efeqti, magram warmoidgineT 

mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis 

saSualebac bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTvaliswineT, 

rom bavSvebma SeiZleba, agreTve, iswav- 

lon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki 

amis magaliTs televiziiT naxaven (Rosenkoetter, 

1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). seriozulad unda mivudgeT 

im azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben televiziidan 

imas, rasac uyureben, amitom mSobeli 

an momvleli unda zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis 

programebis SerCevaze. 

dakvirvebiT swavlis analizi avlens or 

kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did gavlenas axdens 

ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri 

SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac isini iyeneben qcevis 

Sesacvlelad. es midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi 

yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986). me-16 

TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul Terapiis programebs. 

davubrundeT saSinelebaTa filmis naxvas. 

rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni 

gamocdileba? 

Tu Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo 

waxvediT, e.i. uneblie ganmtkicebas daemorCileT; 

Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es Tqveni 

Cveuli rutinaa, aq kognituri rukis gavlenis 

efeqti SeimCneva; Tu SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven 

SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis bedze, es 

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqtia, magram, 

Tu Tqveni mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT, 

damTavrda imiT, rom aRarasodes mogindebaT 

saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia. 

mzad xarT kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad? 

Sejameba 

mkvlevrebma daswavlis kognituri formebi 

aRmoaCines, romlebic klasikuri da operantuli 

ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi 

cxovelebs moqmedebisa da gadarCenis saSualebas 

aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs SeuZliaT, 

daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze dayrdnobiT 

gansxvavebis gakeTeba, rac perceptualur 

ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris damokidebuli. 

qceviTi daswavlis Sedegebidan 

gamomdinare, adamianebi da cxovelebi swavloben 

axal qcevebs cxovrebiseul „sibrZneze~ dayrdnobiT. 

adamianebi prosocialur da antisocialur 

qcevebs modelirebiT daiswavlian. 


263


264 

sakvanZo 

sakiTxebi 

daswavla 

� daswavla iwvevs SedarebiT 

mudmiv cvlilebas 

qcvaSi an gamocdilebze 

damyarebul qceviT potenciaSi. 

� bihevioristebs sjeraT, 

rom qcevaTa umetesoba 

SesaZloa axsnil iqnes 

daswavlis martivi procedurebiT. 

�maT aseve sjeraT, rom nebismieri 

cocxali organizmisTvis 

daswavlis 

erTnairi principebia gamosadegi. 

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba: 

daswavlis 

ganmsazRvreli 

niSnebi 

� klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi 

pirveli wvlili 

pavlovma Seitana Semdegi 

aRmoCeniT: ganupirobebeli 

stimuli ganupirobebel 

reaqcias iwvevs. 

ganupirobebel stimul- 

Tan dawyvilebuli neitraluri 

stimuli ganpirobebul 

stimulad 

gadaiqceva, romelic 

Tavis mxriv iwvevs ganpirobebul 

reaqcias. 

� Caqrobas maSin aqvs adgili, 

roca ganupirobebeli 

stimuli aRar mohyveba 

ganpirobebul stimuls. 

� stimulis generalizacia 

movlenaa, roca ganpirobebuli 

stimulis msgavsi 

stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul 

reaqcias. 

� ganmasxvavebeli daswavla 

aviwroebs im ganpirobebuli 

stimulebis speqtrs, 

romlebzec reagirebs 

organizmi. 

� imisTvis, rom adgili hqondes 

klasikur ganpirobebulobas, 

saWiroa ganpirobebul da 

ganupirobebel stimulTa 

Soris uwyveti, informatiuli 

kavSiris arseboba. 

� klasikuri ganpirobebuloba 

xsnis narkotikis mimarT 

tolerantulobas da mraval 

emociur reaqcias. igi aseve 

gamoyenebul iqna imunuri 

sistemis funqcionirebis 

Sesacvlelad. 

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: 

swavleba 

Sedegebis Sesaxeb 

� Torndaikma aCvena, rom komfortuli, 

sasiamovno Sedegebis 

gamomwvev qcevebs aqvT 

gameorebis tendencia. 

� skineris qceviT-analizuri 

midgoba eyrdnoba ganmamtkiceblis 

ganpirobebulobiT 

manipulirebas da qcevaze am 

gavlenis Seswavlas. 

� qcevebis umetesoba dadebiTi 

da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis 

Sedegad yalibdeba. da naklebad 

yalibdeba dadebiTi 

an uaryofiTi dasjis Sedegad. 

� konteqstualurad Sesatyvisi 

qceva aixsneba Semdegi ganpirobebulobiT:ganmasxvavebeli 

stimuli – qceva _ 

qcevis Sedegi. 

� pirveladi ganmamtkiceblebi 

is stimulebia, romlebic 

ganmamtkiceblad gvevlinebian 

maSinac ki, roca organizms 

maTTan dakavSirebiT 

aranairi gamocdileba ar 

hqonia. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkiceblebi 

pirvelad 

ganmamtkiceblebTan asocirebiT 

formirdeba. 

� sacdeli aqtivobebi ise 

funqcionirebs, rogorc 

dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.DEGAD 

� qcevaze gavlenas ganmamtkicebelTa 

Semdegi cxrilebi 

axdenen: fiqsirebuli 

proporciis cxrili, variabeluri 

proporciis cxrili, 

fiqsirebuli intervalis 

da variabeluri intervalis 

cxrilebi. 

� kompleqsuri reaqciebi SesaZloa 

Seipingis Sedegad 

iqnes daswavlili. 


� kvlevebis mixedviT daswavla 

SesaZloa konstruirebul 

iqnes saxeobis specifikurobidan 

gamomdinare. 

� instiqtebma SeiZleba zogjer 

gadasZalos Sedegiganmtkicebis 

procesi. 

� gemos aversiiT daswavlis 

mixedviT, zogierTi saxeoba 

genetikurad mzadaa asociaciis 

zogierTi formebis- 

Tvis. 

kogniciis gavlena 

daswavlaze 

� daswavlis zogierTi forma 

ufro rTul, kompleqsur 

procesebs asaxavs, vidre 

klasikuri an operantuli 

ganpirobebulobaa. 

� cxovelebi kognitur rukebs 

SeimuSaveben da Semdeg maT 

rTul garemoSi funqcionirebisTvis 

iyeneben. 

� konceptualuri qceva sa- 

Sualebas aZlevs cxovelebs, 

generalizeba moaxdinon garemos 

struqturis Sesaxeb. 

� qcevebi xan waxalisdeba da 

xan isjeba. adamianebs da 

cxovelebs dakvirvebiT 

swavla SeuZliaT.


ganpirobebuloba 

daswavla 

klasikuri 


refleqsi 

ganupirobebeli stimuli 

ganupirobebeli reaqcia 

ganpirobebuli stimuli 

ganpirobebuli reaqcia 

SeZena 

Caqroba 

spontanuri aRdgena 

stimulis generalizeba 

stimulis diskriminacia 

blokireba 

efeqtis kanoni 

operantuli 


operantuli qceva 


ganmamtkicebeli 

dadebiTi ganmtkiceba 

uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba 

operantulobis Caqroba 

damsjeli 

dadebiTi damsjeli 

uaryofiTi damsjeli 

diskriminaciuli stimuli 

pirveladi 

ganmamtkicebeli 

pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli 

fiqsirebuli intervalis 

cxrili 

cvalebadi intervalis 

cxrili 

daswavlis biologiuri 

iZuleba 

instinqturi swrafva 


265

266 

mexsiereba 

mexsiereba 

8 

ra aris mexsiereba 

• ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas 

• mexsierebis 

tipebi • • mexsierebis 

procesebi 

sensoruli mexsiereba 

• xatiseburi mexsiereba 

• eqo-mexsiereba 

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa 

mexsiereba 

• xanmokle mexsierebis 

moculobis SezRuduloba 

• muSa mexsiereba 

xangrZlivi mexsiereba 

• kodireba da Senaxva 

• konteqsti da kodireba 

• mogonebis mimniSnebeli 

• kodirebis da aRdgenis 

procesi • arastruqturuli 

informaciis 

daxsomebis gaumjobeseba 

• metamexsiereba 

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: 

rogor SeioZleba 

mexsierebis gamokvlevebi 

dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis 

mzadebaSi 

xangrZlivi mexsierebis 

struqturebi 

• mexsierebis struqturebi 

• mexsierebis struqturebis 

gamoyeneba • 

mogoneba, rogorc 

rekonstruqciuli procesi 

fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi: 

adamianis da kompiuteris 

mexsiereba 

mexsierebis biologiuri 

aspeqtebi 

• engramis ZiebaSi 

• • tvinis suraTi (skanireba) 


• ZiriTadi cnebebi

Tavis avtobiografias marlon 

brando Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze 

adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT 

iwyebs: „rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis 

ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli, 

naTlad araferi magondeba da, mainc, im drois 

Cemi pirveli mogoneba ukavSirdeba, asaks, 

rodesac sul pawawina viyavi; im rodesac Tavis 

asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, er- 

Txel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer 

bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis 

(brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac 

Cavicvi da nabij-nabij daviwye saxlis win 

kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs 

vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver 

movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis 

zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis 

mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis 

win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas 

Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan. 

rodis moxda is? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es 

movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens 

mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive 

movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma? 

axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulodnelad 

rom aRmogeCinaT, rom dakargeT mexsiereba 

da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan - arc xalxi, 

romelTac icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic 

Tavs gadagxdaT; ar gaxsovT, rogor gamoiyureba 

dedaTqveni; dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens 

dabadebis dReze, rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT. 

Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis 

pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac 

daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin xarT, ras warmoadgenT. 

davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis 

dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles 

safexurze da daviwye lodini. rogorc Cans, 

gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom 

maRal xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi, 

bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo, bumbuli 

haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze. 

me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT 

moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals 

da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli 

mainc dameWira, magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen 

gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel 

bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis 

molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras. 

mze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs. 

swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo 

yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi cxovrebis 65 

wlis manZilze~. 

gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac 

ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis 

azrs gaigebT. yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad 

mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT 

da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar 

gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia 

nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis 

gareSe? 

Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqriaT, 

es imas niSnavs, rom, rogorc Cans, Tqveni 

mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs 

da rom Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT, 

rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv procesebs, magali- 

Tad, sunTqvis, an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romel- 

Ta moqmedebac, normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cnobieri 

Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac, 

iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis 

SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas maSin aqcevT 

yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba, 

ra aris mexsiereba? 

267

Tavi 8 / mexsiereba 

268 

magaliTad, gaviwydebaT manqanis gasaRebi, mniSvnelovani 

TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis Seki- 

Txvaze, romelic namdvilad iswavleT da icodiT. 

ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian usiamovnod 

ganicdeba, magram, isic unda gaacnobieroT, 

rom adamianis tvini saSualod informaciis 

100 trilion bits itevs. mexsierebidan garkveuli 

informaciis amosatanad ki, jer am uzarmazari 

moculobis gadaxedva unda moxdes. amitomac, 

ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis 

saWiroebisamebr swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba. 

Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor 

ixsomebT amdens da ratom iviwyebT zogjer 

imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi 

daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT 

fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava 

formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vimedovnebT, 

rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani 

faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven 

mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis, 

Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari. 

darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram 

aris mexsiereba. 

dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas 

exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavidanve CavrToT 

saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi 

37. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis, 

37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es iqneba testi. 


mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da 

aRdgenis unari. am TavSi mexsierebas ganvixilavT, 

rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erTerTi 

formas. mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli 

iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba 

informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvaviwydeba 

is (sxva sityvebiT, rogor Semodis informacia 

mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis 

am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis 

procesebis ganxilva SesaZleblobas mogcemT, 

daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba. Cven 

daviwyebT 1885 wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli 

mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb, 

Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa 

mier gamoyofil mexsierebis gansxvavebul formebs. 

ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas 

ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: „masala 

swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu is ar aris gaazrebuli 

da mimarTebaSi moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo 

Semdeg ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli~. 

sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad daiswavliT 

masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi 

nawili dagaviwydebaT. es mniSvnelovani da 

uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba germanel 

fsiqologs, herman ebinghauss ekuTvnis, romelmac 

amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria daadgina, 

ramac, Tavis mxriv, mis mier mexsierebis axali 

mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna ganapiroba. 

ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi 

iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvlevebis 

upiratesobis saCveneblad, magram amisTvis 

aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia da ebinghausmac 

brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas

_ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi 

iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tanxmovnisa 

da SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda, 

magaliTad, ceg an das. is azrian marcvlebTan 

SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR, upiratesobas uazro 

marcvlebs aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT 

sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SeZlebda, Tavisufals 

pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa 

da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvlevari 

iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqsperimentebSi. 

igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da 

Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda). 

dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis 

masalis daswavlaSi mdgomareobda. ebinghausi 

ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis 

daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo 

damokidebuli. 

ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro 

marcvlebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivis kiTxviT, 

pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToeuli 

marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili periodulobiT 

xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda 

manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aRdgenas 

SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli daswavlis 

kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi 

drois manZilze igi pirveli mwkrivisgan gansxvavebuli 

marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs 

swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel 

mwkrivs ubrundeboda da ganmeorebebis im raodenobas 

zomavda, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkrivis 

uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgeni- 

suraTi 8.1 

ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi 

mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis 

raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 

30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba 

qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba. 

saTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba 

sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo 

saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli 

iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored 

daswavlas naklebi dro. 

saidan 

viciT 

ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi 

Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba 

sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo 

9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xelmeored 

dasaswavlad, ekonomiis koeficienti 

25% iqneboda (12-9=3 anu 25%). am proceduris 

gamoyenebiT igi zomavda gansxvavebul 

droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Senaxuli 

informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, romelic 

man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze. 

rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas 

adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel 

dReebSi, xolo Semdeg daviwyebis tempi 

TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi 

tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze Catarebuli 

yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis. 

ebinghausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdenime 

aTeuli wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen uazro 

marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs. 

mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis 

Seswavlisas, mkvlevrebi imedovnebdnen, rom 

ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, romelTa 

daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli 

procesebis axsna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebi 

dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis 

dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis 

daxsomebazea gadatanili _ informaciis im saxeobaze, 

romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs 

adgili. 

mexsierebis tipebi 

rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs, 

pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris is situaciebi, 

romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _ 

igonebT Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio 

omis dawyebis TariRs da a.S. faqtobrivad, 


269


270 

suraTi 8.2 

ra Secdomaa daSvebuli 

am suraTze? 

Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magididan 

da Tqven gaifiqrebT _ 

`ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~ 

amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis 

procesebis mier samzareulos 

situaciis aracnobieri gadamu- 

Savebaa, romelic baWias samzareulosTvis 

zedmet elementad 

miiCnevs. 

mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia 

isaa, rom Tqvens individualur Tu sazogadoebriv 

warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes 

saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba, magram 

mexsierebis mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro metia. 

masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari 

Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis 

Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac quCaSi manqanis 

saWesTan zixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive 

mxares nacnobi, Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es 

mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, romelic 

cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mexsierebis 

tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT, Tu rogor 

muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad, 

xSirad aracnobier donezec. 

implicituri da eqsplicituri 

mexsiereba 

ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSvebuli 

am suraTze? pirveli, ramac gagakvirvaT, 

cocxali kurdRelia samzareuloSi, magram 

saidan modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar 

CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT: _ 

es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an _ es kabinetSi 

unda iyos? 

mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses 

of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan 

informaciis aRdgenisa. 

mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses 

of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis 

gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da 

aRdgena. 

es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas 

mexsierebis gamoyenebis implicitur da eqsplicitur 

unarebs Soris. Tqven mier kurdRlis 

SemCneva implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo, 

radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma samzareulos 

Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias 

yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe 

daukavSira, magram axla Tu gkiTxavT: _ ra aklia 

samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis 

gasacemad eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba 

dagWirdebaT. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi: _ rogoria 

tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT 

onkanze an gazquraze?). amrigad, rodesac saWiro 

xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamoyeneba, 

es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer impliciturad 

_ informacia amodis cnobieri Zalisxmevis 

gareSe, zogjer ki _ eqspliciturad _ informaciis 

amosatanad cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro. 

aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod 

warsulis aRdgenis, aramed axali informaciis 

miRebis, anu aRbeWdvis (kodirebis) procesSic. 

saidan iciT, ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme 

dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes samzareuloSi, 

an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara. 

ufro savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven aracnobierad 

SeiZineT da, piriqiT, samzareuloSi 

arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspliciturad 

daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, 

asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss 

Soris bavSvobaSi, eqsplicituri mexsierebis 

procesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba. Tqven daimaxsovreT 

sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac

viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze, 

rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze. 

es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur 

mexsierebas Soris Zalian afarTovebs mexsierebis 

Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons 

(Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). tradiciulad, 

ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba 

eqsplicitur mexsierebas Seiswavlida. eqsperimentatorebi, 

Cveulebriv, informaciis daxsomebas 

Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis 

Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi 

daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi da kanonzomierebani. 

axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis 

gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi implicituri 

mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla 

ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis 

saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla 

ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWdvis da 

aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc 

eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba (Toth., 

et al., 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis 

safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi. 

deklaraciuli da proceduruli 

mexsiereba 

SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT; 

Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin TiTebi daatkacuneT. 

mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxismgebeli 

am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT 

kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am moqmedebebs, magram 

axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe ake- 

TebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da implicituri 

mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi 

faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas exeba, 

romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba ewodeba, 

magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac, 

Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, an gavakeToT raime, 

rac proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa. 

ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da 

movlenebis daxsomebas da mogonebas exeba, 

saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes 

gakeTebis, an raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars. 

proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im 

gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic raime moqmedebis 

Sesrulebas, an raimes gakeTebas ganapirobebs. 

is safuZvlad udevs perceptuli, kognituri da 

motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli 

mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis 

droSi mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas 

(Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rogor xdeba 

gadasvla garkveuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli 

faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqtivobis 

aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an 

ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg 

xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis 

procesis met-naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da 

deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis 

droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas. 

am fenomenis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad 

gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba - telefonze 

nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze 

darekvas cdilobdiT, gixdebodaT yoveli cifris 

akrefis win dafiqreba, anu moqmedebdiT deklaraciuli 

faqtebiT: 

Tavidan unda avkrifo 2, 

Semdeg unda avkrifo 3, 

Semdeg isev 3 

da a.S. 

magram, Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris 

akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT telefonis nomers 

cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed 

erTianad, uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers. 

am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba (Anderson, 

1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT 

sxvadasxva moqmedebebis TanmimdevrobiT Sed- 

deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _ 

mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebaze. 

proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _ 

mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes 

moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes perceptuli, 

kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis 

SeZena da gamoyeneba. 


271


272 

genili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis 

Carevis gareSe SeasruloT, magram, amave dros, 

Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am moqmedebis 

calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis magaliTs 

davubrundebiT, arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba 

SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver 

gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis 

imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis kompilacia is 

maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli 

mexsiereba sxva formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme 

Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas) 

ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba, 

SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec yuradReba, rom 

miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba 

Zalian kargi mZRolebic iyvnen, mainc ver SeZles 

kargad da sworad gadmoecaT manqanis marTvisTvis 

aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba. 

Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yurad- 

Reba, rom codnis kompilacia, zogjer, Secdomebis 

mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven 

xSirad gixdebaT kompiuterze inglisurad beWdva 

da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi 

xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas. 

proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba 

uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan TiToeuli 

moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij 

mogiwevdaT da, miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis, 

rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT 

am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri 

Secdoma. 

mexsierebis procesebi 

mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami 

saxis mnemur moqmedebas: aRbeWdvas (kodirebas), 

Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis 

gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic informaciis 

mexsierebis sistemaSi Semosvlas 

emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkveuli 

drois manZilze. aRdgena Senaxuli in- 

kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac 

mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri 

reprezentaciebi. 

Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba 

garkveuli drois manZilze. 

aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena, 

amotana mexsierebidan. 

formaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis 

gamoyenebas warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT, 

kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi (Senaxva), 

akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo 

aRdgenas amoaqvs is. axla ufro vrclad ganvixiloT 

TiToeuli maTgani. 

kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi 

gare samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis 

Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis 

warmodgena Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analogiuria. 

vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is saukeTeso 

saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis 

dReze miiReT (igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari 

Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven 

agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba 

dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT, rogor iyenebT. 

yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis 

mxolod warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc 

erTi maTgani ar aris originalis identuri, 

TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvawvdis 

am saCuqris yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. 

mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve 

moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis 

yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSnebi, rac 

SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovidginoT 

warsuli gamocdileba. 

Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi 

Senaxva drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi 

moxdeba. Senaxvis procesSi Tavis tvinis struqturis 

xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi 

xdeba. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu rogor 

cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis 

is adgilebi, sadac xdeba axali da Zveli 

informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra 

xdeba amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, 

rodesac individebi kargaven axali informaciis 

Senaxvis unars. 

aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb 

Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis process SeuZlia wamebSi 

uzrunvelyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis 

migneba da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra 

uswrebs win Senaxvas: _ kodireba Tu dekodireba? 

axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve 

swrafad gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis 

cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT Tqveni 

pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis 

Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli 

erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana 

mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis

suraTi 8.3 

informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi 

aRdgena 

mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv 

mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoiyeneba. TeoriebSi 

informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWdva miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv 

mexsierebas; informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas, 

xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas 

informaciidan, udides interess iwvevs im 

fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis 

garkveva, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor 

SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba. 

marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis, 

rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri procesebis, 

daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam 

process Soris urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTulia. 

magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens mexsierebaSi 

vefxvis aRbeWdva moxdes, saWiroa, rom 

vefxvis cneba gqondeT; aseve, imisaTvis, rom 

mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: _ „is 

iseTive patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi~, 

saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba 

gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis 

wesebi, romlebic sityvebs winadadebebad kravs, 

dabolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul 

informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu 

rogori patiosani iyo benediqt arnoldi, 

revoluciuri omis es cnobili moRalate. 

axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad 

gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da 

aRdgenis procesebs. Semdgom Cven xanmokle 

mexsierebis formebs ganvixilavT, sensoruli 

mexsierebiT daviwyebT da xangrZlivi mexsierebis 

formebze gadavalT (sur. 8.3); agixsniT, 

rogor vixsomebT da ratom gvaviwydeba. Cveni 

mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad 

da rogor iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT, 

rom es Tqveni mexsierebis zogierTi aspeqtis 

gamosworebaSi dagexmarebaT. 

Sejameba 

mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc informaciis 

gadamuSavebis process. fsiqologebi 

Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis 

Sesvlasa da gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mexsierebis 

pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna 

kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis 

siswrafis fundamenturi kanonzomierebani. arsebobs 

mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri 

formebi. mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs 

deklaraciul mexsierebas _ faqtebis Sesaxeb 

codnas. zogierTi forma ki _ procedurul 

informacias _ codnas, rogor Sesruldes esa 

Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis 

Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben 

da gvexmarebian axali gamocdilebis SeZenasa 

da gamoyenebaSi. 


daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis sisustis 

demonstraciiT. 8.4 suraTze sakmaod 

rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT, 

momentalurad (daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi) 

SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT. 

amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT 

suraTTan dakavSirebiT: 

sensoruli mexsiereba (Sensory memory) _ 


273


274 

suraTi 8.4 

ramdens daixsomebT am 

scenidan? 

aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am 

naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT 

da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi 

dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv, 

xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelobiTi 

velidan mcire xniT mxolod 

wamier xats inaxavs. 

1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis 

qveda nawilSi? 

2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis 

SuaSi? 

3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals 

qolga marjvena xelSi uWiravs Tu marcxenaSi? 

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, suraTze 

xelmeored daxedva mogindebaT, ara? 

sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeored gadaxedvis 

SesaZlebloba Cadebulia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. 

fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli 

mexsiereba yovel sensorul modalobas gaaCnia. 

TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba gamRizianeblis 

fizikur Tvisebas wamis, an wamze naklebi 

drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. es mexsiereba kidev 

ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis 

SesaZleblobas. am azris naTelsayofad mxedvelobiT 

da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze Catarebul 

ramdenime gamokvlevas moviyvanT. 

xatiseburi mexsiereba (Iconic memory) _ 

xatiseburi mexsiereba 

mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas 

sensorul sferoSi xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes 

(Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi 

drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informaciis 

Zalian did raodenobas. xatiseburi mexsiereba, 

anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars 

grZeldeba. pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda 

eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs, ekranze wamis 

mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informaciis 

aRdgena evalebodaT. 

saidan 

viciT 


jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs 

awvdida asoebsa da cifrebisgan Sedgenil 

sam mwkrivs

7 1 V F 

X L 5 3 

B 4 W 7 

cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvavebuli 

amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis mTlianad 

aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maT unda aRedginaT 

maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZlebdnen. 

Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT 

oTxi wevris aRdgena xdeboda. 

cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawilobriv 

aRdgenas sTxovdnen, anu am dros 

maT mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. 

masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda dabali, 

saSualo, an maRali bgeriTi signali, 

romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli 

mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. sperlingma daadgina, 

rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkrivis 

aRdgenas mosTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am 

mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen. 

imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT 

aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis Sesabamisi nebismieri 

mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli 

miwodebuli informacia xatisebur mexsierebaSi 

gadadis. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did 

moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da 

nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli 

raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom 

informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis 

sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis 

pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi 

asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba. 

es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac 

bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis 

Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze 

Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan 

erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis raodenobas 

amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes 

is dro, romelic xatiseburi mexsierebidan informaciis 

waSlas sWirdeba (Gegenfurtner & Sperling, 

1993; Loftus et al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad 

cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi samyarodan, 

mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad 

unda gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi. 

gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba 

ar aris fotografiuli mexsierebis sinonimi, 

rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fotografiuli 

mexsierebis teqnikuri cnebaa 

eideturi warmodgena: _ xalxs, romelsac gaaCnia 

eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi 

xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre xatisebur mexsierebas, 

detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams 

da aRwers mas. „xalxi~ realurad bavSvebia, 

radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%, 

xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi (Neath, 

1998). ar arsebobs met-naklebad damakmayofilebeli 

Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba 

asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder, 

1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis 

mkiTxveli, damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle 

an kolejis studenti xarT, Tqven namdvilad 

ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi. 

eqo-mexsiereba 

bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo-mexsiereba 

ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve rogorc xatiseburi, 

mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met infor- 

suraTi 8.5 

mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis 

meTodiT 

uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi 

aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli masalis 

saSualo raodenobas rogorc uSualod 

miwodebis Semdeg, ise mogvianebiT. SedarebisTvis, 

wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masalis 

mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT 

(sperlingi, 1960). 


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276 

macias, vidre daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unari 

gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al., 

1967). eqo-mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan 

SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT metxans grZeldeba. misi 

aseTi xangrZlivoba SeiZleba droSi bgeraTa 

Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs davukavSiroT. 

magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT winadadebas, 

yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla 

xdeba Cvens yurSi. eqo-mexsiereba gvexmareba, 

rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras. 

eqo-mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma 

gamoavlina sensoruli mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani 

Tviseba: axlad Semosuli informacia 

advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme sityvaTa 

mwkrivs gikiTxavT, yoveli axali sityva gadaaadgilebs 

winas eqo-mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavidanve 

darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgavseba 

gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqomexsierebidan 

(Crowder, 1976), magram axla ukve 

viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi 

gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo 

(Ayres et al., 1979). garedan smeniTi informaciis 

Semosvlisas Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis 

nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, romeli 

bgerebi erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqomexsiereba 

damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ajgufebT 

smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamocdilebas 

(LeCompte & Watkins, 1995). 

saidan 

viciT 

kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqomexsierebaze 

studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqsperimenti, 

sadac maT ekiTxebodaT asoTa 

mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda. 

sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da 

JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini _ mee. eqsperimentis 

erT seriaSi monawile cdis 

pirebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es xma 

namdvilad cxvars ekuTvnoda, xolo meore 

seriaSi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom am 

xmas adamiani gamoscemda (rac, marTlac, 

ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod 

im SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo-mexsierebaSi, 

Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma adamianis 

iyo (Neath et al., 1993). 

yuradReba imas miaqcieT, rom moqmedi fizikuri 

gamRizianebeli erTi da igive iyo, magram 

mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo-mexsiereba, rodesac 

cdis pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias 

axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis xmiT 

wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis 

da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba 

aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas. 

Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas: ratom aqvs 

sensorul mexsierebas ori ZiriTadi niSani – 

wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva. 

saqme isaa, rom es niSnebi garemosTan Cvens 

urTierTobas asaxavs. Cvenze mudmivad moqmedebs 

axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeblebi. 

es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moi- 

Txovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlivoba 

sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba 

asaxos, magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaRmdegoba 

gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdilebebs. 

Cven Semdgom mexsierebis gadamuSavebis 

im saxeebs ganvixilavT, romlebic SesaZlebels 

xdian ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas. 

Sejameba 

sensoruli mexsiereba garemodan informaciis 

Semosvlas uzrunvelyofs. xatiseburi mexsiereba 

mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis formaa, romelic 

SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis 

informacia umciresi drois manZilze SevinaxoT. 

eqo _ mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs, Tumca, 

is ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi 

mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro advilad 

arRvevs. 

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa 

mexsiereba 

sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven, 

SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom xatiseburi da eqomexsiereba 

gqondaT, magram SeiZleba icodiT 

kidec, rom gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma, 

eqo-mexsiereba (Echoic memory) _ mexsiereba,

omelic mxolod xanmokle droiT informaciis 

Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian 

Cveulebrivi SemTxveva, rodesac satelefono 

wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri. 

Tu es nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT 

telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es magaliTi gasagebs 

xdis, Tu ratom gamoyves mkvlevrebma mexsierebis 

calke forma, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba 

uwodes. 

Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle 

mexsiereba specialuri adgilia, sadac daxsomebuli 

masala Sedis; is meqanizmi ufroa, 

romelic SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmodgenaTa 

momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan, 1999; 

Shiffrin, 1993), magram xanmokle mexsierebis resursebi 

Zalian cvalebadi da aramyaria. Tu telefonis 

nomris magaliTs gavixsenebT, imisTvis, 

rom ar dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi 

telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo zomebi unda 

miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven 

ufro farTod xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis 

SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic eqsplicituri 

mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs 

xels. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom implicituri 

mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlevrebma 

mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes, 

1999). winaswari monacemebiT, implicitur mexsierebasac 

SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, saidanac 

informacia implicituri mexsierebis 

xangrZliv formaSi gadava. 

amave qveTavSi Cven informaciis mexsierebaSi 

gadamuSavebis kidev erT formas SevexebiT, 

romelic azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da 

yovelwuTier mimdinareobas gansazRvravs. es 

aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT, muSa 

mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesasruleblad, 

rogoricaa metyveleba da msjeloba 

(Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daixsomoT 

telefonis nomeri da iwyebT fanqris 

da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni 

xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, 

SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri Tqvens mexsierebaSi, 

muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur 

xanmokle mexsiereba (Short-term memory (STM) _ mexsiereba, 

operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis 

procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas. ganxilva 

xanmokle mexsierebaze saubriT daviwyoT. 

xanmokle mexsierebis 

moculobis SezRuduloba 

xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia erTjeradi 

aRqmiT informaciis uSualo aRbeWdvaa 

cnobierebaSi. me-5 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yurad- 

Rebis funqcia gare samyarodan garkveul obieqtTa 

da movlenaTa seleqciaa. ramdenadac Tqveni 

yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, imdenad, 

SezRuduli iqneba xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosuli 

informaciis raodenoba. xanmokle mexsierebis 

SezRudul moculobas yuradRebis SezRuduloba 

ganapirobebs. 

xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad 

mkvlevrebma uSualo mexsierebis testi gamoiyenes. 

SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT 

msgavsi amocana: 

erTxel waikiTxeT mocemuli cifrebi, xolo 

Semdeg CamowereT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ramdensac 

SeZlebT: 

8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5 

ramdeni CamowereT sworad? 

axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi 

da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT, aRadgineT igive 

TanmimdevrobiT. 

I M R S O F L P T Z B 

ramdeni aRadgineT sworad? 

Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT, 

daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra erTeuls aRadgenT. 

jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, adamiani 

saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plus, an minus 

or) erTeuls, romelsac igi „magiur cifrs~ 

uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT 

ganlagebuli cifrebis, asoebis, marcvlebis, 

sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob 

masalaze. 

uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsierebis 

SesaZleblobebi gadafasebulia, radganac 

cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis 

Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaixseneT, 

magaliTad, rom eqo-mexsiereba SesaZleblobas 

gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masalidan 

ukeT daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri 

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba 

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278 

(Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs faqtorebi, 

romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis 

moculobas oridan oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976), 

magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac 

iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris, 

rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni mexsierebis 

aseT SezRudulobas? 

xanmokle mexsierebis 

mniSvneloba 

miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis 

moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia, es mexsiereba 

Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori 

mizezis gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs informaciis 

ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba ganmeorebebisa da 

dajgufebis saSualebiT da, meore, xanmokle 

mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad 

xdeba. 

ganmeoreba 

Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso 

gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel amokiTxuli telefonis 

nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi 

gonebaSi (an xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis 

am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba. 

ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias, 

kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier eqsperimentSi. 

saidan 

viciT 

xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis 

gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba 

cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans, 

magaliTad, F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi 

gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg 

unda aRadginon, romlis xangrZlivoba 3dan 

18 wamamde meryeobs. ganmeorebis 

Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da 

aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli 

amocana (distraqtori): cdis pirebs aZleven 

samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma 

daiTvalon samis gamoklebiT manam, sanam 

im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans miscemen. 

eqsperimenti sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis 

da gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalebis 

gamoyenebiT mraval cdis pirze Catarda. 

rogorc 8.6 suraTze Cans, aRdgenili 

masalis raodenoba sul ufro iklebs 

aRbeWdvasa da mogonebas Soris, drois 

zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis Semdeg ukve 

adgili hqonda daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg 

ki cdis pirebs aRaraferi axsovdaT. 

ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis 

SemTxvevaSi aRdgenili masalis raodenoba 

mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Paterson 

& Paterson, 1959). 

Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom 

informaciis ganmeoreba ar moxda. aradamakmayofilebelia 

imitomac, rom moxda am informaciis 

distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia 

(interferenciaze Cven Semdgom vimsjelebT). 

Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac 

wveulebaze pirovnebas gacnoben, is Tavis saxels 

da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve 

gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa 

isaa, rom saWiroa dro am saxelisa da gvaris 

ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagac- 

suraTi 8.6 

xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis 

gareSe 

rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da 

aRdgenas Soris sxva amocaniT aris Sevsebuli 

(distraqtoriT), mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba, 

ramdenadac intervali izrdeba.

noben adamians, manam, sanam saubars gaagrZelebdeT, 

gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da 

gvari. 

amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba 

dagexmarebaT, raTa SevinarCunoT informacia 

xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram, Tu es informacia 

sakmaod rTulia, an didia gasameoreblad, maSin 

mis SenarCunebaSi dajgufebis strategia dagexmarebaT. 

dajgufeba (Chunking) 

jgufi (Chank) azris matarebeli informaciis 

erTeulia (Anderson, 1996). es erTeuli SeiZleba 

erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan 

Semdgari jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos. 

magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba 1 9 8 4 oTxi 

erTeulisgan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba 

xanmokle mexsierebis moculobaSi. magram Tu 

Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads 

(1984 weli), an jorj orvelis wignis _ „1984" 

saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba da Tqvens 

xanmokle mexsierebaSi sxva masalisTvisac dagr- 

CebaT adgili. dajgufeba (Chunking), msgavsebis 

an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze, 

dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad 

rekonfiguraciis an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi 

Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT ufro didi 

jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesia (Baddeley, 1994). 

ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis mwkrivi 

_ 19411917186518121776? 

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT 

TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „20“, xolo 

Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis 

SeerTebul Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis 

mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba „5~. Tu Tqven meore 

strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac 

Zalian gagiadvildebaT igive TnmimdevrobiT am 

mwkrivis aRdgena, xolo Tu am mwkrivs, rogorc 

20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars ganixilavT, 

ara Tu misi TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad 

aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT. 

Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba 

aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven didi moculobis 

masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis 

gzas monaxavT. cnobil pirovnebas S. F-s (igi 

gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) 84 cifris daxsomeba 

SeeZlo maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT 

dajgufebis safuZvelze. 

saidan 

viciT 

dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba 

S.F-is oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvilobas. 

ramdenadac is grZel distanciebze 

darboda, man SeamCnia, rom mwkrivis bevri 

cifri SeiZleba dajgufebuliyo, rogorc 

garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. magaliTad, 

man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis 

Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: - 3:49,2 aris 

sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distanciaze 

garbenis dro; 9,35 sWirdeba 2 milis 

garbenas. Semdgom dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis 

dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks, 

RirSesaniSnav TariRebs, specialur cifrobriv 

kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi 

xangrZlivi mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa 

grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli 

wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina. 

magram, amave dros, S.F-s asoebze saSualo 

mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamomuSavebuli 

asoTa mwkrivis dajgufebis 

araviTari strategia (Chase & Ericsson, 1981; 

Ericsson & Chase, 1982). 

S.F-is msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad 

Semosuli informaciis gadastruqtureba moaxdinoT 

Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare 

(magaliTad, daukavSiroT is megobrebis, 

an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT axali masala 

Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs. 

maSinac ki, rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT Tqvens 

xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebis, 

mniSvnelobebis Tu kodebis gamoyeneba, am strategiiT 

sargebloba mainc SesaZlebelia. SegiZliaT 

daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis, an droiTi 

intervalebis mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460dan 

miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460). 

yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom 

aseTi dajgufebis principi mSvenivrad muSaobs 

telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas. 

xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis 

aRdgena 

ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli, 

Tu rogor aRibeWdeba informacia, raTa uzrunvelyofil 

iqnes misi Senaxva, magram am 


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280 

strategiuli midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom 

xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena Zalian 

efeqturia. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamokvlevaTa 

seriaSi (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoyenebuli 

iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im 

did siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi xanmokle 

mexsierebaSi Semosul informacias afasebdnen. 

saidan 

viciT 

xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis 

efeqturi aRdgena 

cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catarebuli 

cdebis TiToeul jerze eZleodaT 

dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan 

eqvsamde erTeuls moicavda, magaliTad, 

cifrebs 52946. cdidan cdamde es masala 

icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu romeli da 

ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli 

saxis masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi 

maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel tests 

– cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs 

unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu ara es cifri 

uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi. 

damokidebuli cvladi cnobis siswrafe 

iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs 

daeWira xeli Rilakze, romelzec aRniSnuli 

iyo „diax~, raTa daedasturebina, 

rom axsovda, rom es cifri iyo dasaxsomebel 

masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze 

aRniSvniT „ara~, raTa eCvenebina, rom darwmunebuli 

iyo, rom es cifri miwodebul 

cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiTvala 

es dro da aRmoCnda, rom testuri 

masalis aRbeWdvasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWirdeboda 

400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami _ 

am gamRizianeblis (cifris) mexsierebaSi 

Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi 

wami sWirdeba 30 aseT Sedarebas. rogorc 

vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis 

aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqturi 

aRmoCnda. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom Stenbergis Sedegebis 

asaxsnelad gansxvavaebuli Teoriebi iyo Semo- 

Tavazebuli (Ratcliff, 1978. Townsend, 1971, 1990), 

yvela Tanxmdeba, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan 

informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba. 

modiT, gavakeToT garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmo- 

Cenidan da paraleli gavavloT did samecniero 

biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wignebis 

didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel STabeWdilebaTa 

didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod, 

yovel jerze mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis 

ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli 

moculoba). davuSvaT, rom yoveli msurveli 

wigns Zalian swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle 

muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis 

unari, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi 

amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba 

da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis, 

sivrciT-vizualuri matricisa da centraluri 

aRmasruleblisagan. 

dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul 

wevrTa dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva 

maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.

atom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle 

mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi wignis 

monaxvis analogiuri? 

mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe). 

aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT 

biblioTekiT da iSviaTad gaacnobierebT biblioTekaSi 

moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis 

Sesaxeb. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs 

samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa da 

efeqtur aRdgenas Soris. 

muSa mexsiereba 

Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba 

xanmokle mexsierebaze da im rolze, romelsac 

xanmokle mexsiereba asrulebs axali informaciis 

eqspliciturad aRbeWdvis procesSi. rogorc 

adre aRvniSneT, Tqven gWirdebaT kidev 

iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia 

da nebismier momentSi nebismieri Tqveni moqmedebis 

ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT, 

mexsierebis im formebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic 

faqtebis aRbeWdvas udevs safuZvlad. amave 

dros, aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino 

Sedegis gamovlenamde mimdinare procesebic. 

gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT 

dagexsomebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT 

es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi mogoneba, maSasadame, 

Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli 

ricxvi – es mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven 

gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli, magaliTad, 

gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan 

meoreSi da paralelurad ukuRma iTvaloT samis 

gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mexsierebas 

ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlevrebma 

gaaanalizes mexsierebis is funqciebi, 

romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT 

da Seqmnes Teoria muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb, 

sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis 

formad ganixiles (Healy & McNamara, 1996). 

alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan Baddeley, 

1986, 1992; Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi 

sami komponenti gamoyves: 

fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze 

(metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli informaciis Semosvla 

da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri sacavi 

nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. rodesac 

daxsomebis mizniT imeorebiT am wuTSi 

mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers, 

am dros fonologiuri sacavis moqmedebas 

eyrdnobiT; 

mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: _ is fonologiuri 

sacavis msgavs funqcias asrulebs, oRond 

sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis 

mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni 

merxia Tqvens auditoriaSi, Tqven mxedvelobiTsivrciTi 

sqemis SesaZleblobebs iyenebT auditoriis 

warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT merxebis 

raodenobas; 

centraluri aRmasrulebeli _ aq xdeba 

yuradRebaze kontroli da fonologiuri sacavidan 

da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan 

miRebuli informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis, 

rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic fsiqikur procesTa 

koordinacias moiTxovs, Tqven centraluri 

aRmasruleblis funqcias eyrdnobiT, 

romelic warmarTavs Tqvens fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs 

amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasawyvetad 

(am sakiTxs me-9 TavSi davubrundebiT). 

xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis 

ufro farTo konteqstSi Seyvana amtkicebs im 

mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia 

da ara _ lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmianoba, 

magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu 

problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kognituri 

aqtioba, bevri gansxvavebuli elementis 

swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas 

moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba SegiZliaT ganixiloT, 

rogorc aucilebeli elementebis sagangebo da 

xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daak- 


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282 

cxrili 8.1 

muSa mexsierebis moculobis teqsti 

waikiTxeT es winadadebebi xmamaRla da Semdeg 

scadeT gaixsenoT TiToeuli winadadebis bolo 

sityvebi. 

kaci patronobda gogonas, rodesac is skolis 

moswavle iyo, xolo, roca studenti gaxda, 

mosvenebas aRar aZlevda. 

mas hqonda gawelili Tavis qala, romelic mis 

mxrebze ise idga, rogorc msxali langarze. 

cifruli eleqtronikis nawarmi mniSvnelovan 

rols Seasrulebs Tqvens momavalSi. 

taqsim auxvia miCiganis prospeqtze, saidanac tbis 

sruli xedi iSleboda. 

bolosdabolos, roca man Tvalebi gaaxila, 

triumfis sxivic da gabrazebis Crdilic ukve 

gamqraliyo. 

wyaro: deinmeni & karpenteri, 1980. 

virdeT romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT 

ufro metad gamokveToT is; muSa mexsierebas 

Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis 

warmodgenebis naTlad asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa 

mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am 

obieqtebTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebs. 

mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis 

mixedviT adamianebi individualurad gansxvavdebian 

erTmaneTisgan (Daneman, Merikle, 1956; 

Jenkins et. al., 1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi 

amis dasadgenad muSa mexsierebis moculobaa. 

am mizniT, mkvlevrebi cdis pirebs winadadebaTa 

seriis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli 

winadadebis bolo sityvebis aRdgenas sTxoven. 

8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime 

aseT winadadebas. am amocanis Sesruleba arc 

ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom maT, vinc saSualod 

4 an met erTeuls ixsomebs, kargi mexsierebis 

moculoba aqvT, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an 

naklebs ixsomebs - mcire moculoba. es gansxvavebuli 

amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli 

mravali cdidan gamoyvanili saSualo monacemia. 

ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze 

mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb verafers SeityobT. 

imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba imis 

sazomia, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri procesebis 

gamoyenebis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs 

individs, mecnierebi mas gansxvavebul amocanebze 

SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis 

iyeneben. 

saidan 

viciT 

muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas 

axdens teqstis daxsomebaze 

mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami 

jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls, Sesabamisad, 

hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mexsierebis 

moculoba. TiToeul cdis pirs 

sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba „mSvenieri 

Zveli saxlis~ Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv, 

myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis 

poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi 

da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo rogorc 

erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad. 

magaliTad, saxlis moZvelebul saxuravs 

upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleqcia. 

mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas 

moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is pozicia, 

romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqondaT. 

cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, orjer aRedginaT 

moTxroba – erTxel Tavdapirveli 

poziciis mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli) 

da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze 

(axla warmoidgine, rom xar...). cdis pirebs, 

romelTac mexsierebis didi moculoba 

hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao 

masalis aRdgena SeeZloT, rac ver SeZles 

sxva cdis pirebma (Lee-Sammons & Whitney, 

1991). 

mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo 

moculobis mexsierebis mqone cdis pirebi Tavidanve 

irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba, 

ZiriTadad, moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba. 

didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki SeuZliaT orive 

poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamu- 

Saveba. eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsierebis 

moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs imis 

garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis 

gamoyenebis individualur gansxvavebebs.

dabolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni 

fsiqologiuri awmyos SeCereba. swored misi 

saSualebiT Semodis konteqstSi axali informacia, 

damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan 

dakavSireba da erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. is 

gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis 

Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni 

STabeWdilebebi Tu warmodgenebi da gamokveToT 

arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi 

simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris 

rols TamaSobs Semosul informaciasa da xangrZliv 

mexsierebas Soris. axla gadavideT dro- 

Si ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxilvaze. 

Sejameba 

xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia eqsplicituri 

saxiT informaciis pirveladi aRbeWdvaa. xanmokle 

mexsiereba oridan oTxamde erTeuls itevs. 

ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xanmokle 

mexsierebaSi. moculoba izrdeba, Tu 

informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba. 

informaciis amotana xanmokle mexsierebidan 

swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis 

cneba Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis 

cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti asaxavs 

adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv 

process. 

xangrZlivi mexsiereba: 

kodireba da Senaxva 

ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi? 

ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis mexsiereba, romelsac 

TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels 

momxdari miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am 

miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras 

ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad 

mirboda yuresTan didi brezentis tomrebis 

wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel 

tomrebs da asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom 

saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma 

Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi 

da SfoTva, romelic am patara gogonam ganicada, 

rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor ingreoda qalaqi. 

rodesac fsiqologebi xangrZlivi mexsierebis 

Sesaxeb saubroben, isini gulisxmoben, rom 

daxsomebuli Sinaarsi da STabeWdileba xSirad 

SeiZleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes 

adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam unda axsnas 

ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia 

didi xniT, aramed isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia 

mexsierebas misi aRdgena-gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi 

mexsiereba SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis 

gziT miRebuli nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis 

sacavia. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia, 

emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi 

da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi mexsiereba inaxavs 

pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari 

Tavis Sesaxeb. 

fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad 

ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT daxsomeba, 

Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs. 

winaswari informacia gexmarebaT da erTgvari 

sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis 

ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis 

Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda giTxraT: Tqveni 

mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is 

pirobebi, romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda, 

daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba im pirobebs, 

romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. amis Sesaxeb 

mogvianebiT visaubrebT. 

konteqsti da kodireba 

manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris 

Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda ganvixiloT 

fenomeni, romelsac „konteqstis Soks~ uwodeben. 

xalxiT gavsebul oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba, 

romelsac grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT, 

magram ver mogigonebiaT vin aris da mxolod 

met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani 

dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba. 

imasac acnobierebT, rom gagiWirdaT misi mogoneba, 

radgan mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT. 

ras akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi 

mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso megobris 

wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi 

aseTi SemTxveva, mixvdebiT ra moiazreba 

xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ 

daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs 

informaciis Senaxvas da, Semdgom, nebismier 

dros mis aRdgenas. 

xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva 

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284 

kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: - mexsiereba 

yvelaze efeqturad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac 

aRdgenis procesis konteqsti kodirebis konteqsts 

emTxveva. vnaxoT, Tu rogor moaxdines mecnierebma 

am principis demonstrireba. 

kodirebis specifikuroba 

ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi 

informaciis swavlas? pirvelad endel tulvingma 

da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines 

kodirebis specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demonstrireba, 

rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas Soris 

Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego 

Sedegi miiRes. 

saidan 

viciT 

kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas 

axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze 

cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon 

sityvaTa mwkrivebi, magaliTad, vagoni _ 

Savi, magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom 

maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore 

sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze maT 

sTxoven sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal 

asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris 

SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa 

Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg 

cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaciebSi 

is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT 

eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan 

moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma mxolod 54%is 

mogoneba SeZles. xolo maSin, rodesac 

wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 % 

aRadgines. 

ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba? 

tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT, amis mizezi 

konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, romlebmac 

sityva Savi daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi, 

kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ 

es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili informaciis 

raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da 

aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi 

moqmedeben. 

rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wesebis 

daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT 

am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas 

xom wveulebaze SexvdiT? 

Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva 

TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan 

cvlilebas konteqstis es minimaluri cvlileba 

iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi 

arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba 

ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs. 

mecnierebma SeZles mexsierebaze konteqstis 

sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis eqsperimentuli gamowveva. 

erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi 

swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze 

da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa Semowmeba 

am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS) xdeboda. 

aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT 

meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair 

pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT 

masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan 

da arc yvinTvasTan (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). aseve, 

daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis aRdgenisas Tanmxlebi 

musika igivea, rac daxsomebisas (Balch & 

Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi daxsomebis efeqturoba 

ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis 

sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da aRdgena (Schab, 

1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris 

urTierTkavSirze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma 

gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi 

gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens 

konteqstis efeqtze.

saidan 

viciT 

mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols 

asrulebs 

romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani 

mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis? am 

mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva sunelis gamoyenebiT 

ramdenime eqsperimenti Catarda. erT 

SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis 

sruliad ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli 

osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareulkenkrovani 

mcenare; Herz, 1997, gv. 375), Cveulebrivi, 

nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo 

kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da 

laboratoriisTvis Cveuli (fiWvis) suni. 

hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni 

miipyrobda yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliTa 

da uCveulobiT da kodirebis procesSi 

CaerTveboda. hipoTeza dadasturda. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom kodirebasa da aRdgenas 

Soris 48 saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvnelovnad 

met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20sityviani 

mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis 

dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac aRbeWdvisas, 

magram es mxolod osmantuss da 

vanils exeboda (Herz, 1996). 

suraTi 8.7 

am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara 

yovelgvari suni monawileobs konteqstis efeqtSi. 

sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva 

konteqstSi icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRaziaSi 

SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc 

konteqstis elementma, dakargos. 

rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti 

konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba 

mexsierebis erT-erTi klasikuri kanonzomierebis 

– rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad 

gamoviyenoT. davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT 

sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT 

TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romelsac 

Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi iqneba 8.7 suraTze 

gamosaxuli Sedegisa: _ Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT 

mwkrivis dasawyisidan (dasawyisis efeqti) da 

bolodan ramdenime sityvas (daboloebis efeqti). 

mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTi-ori sityva 

gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanonzomiereba 

zogadia mexsierebis, rogorc Tavisufali 

wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaixseneT, 

ramdeni sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT), 

ise igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis 

SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT, 

ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT) da, agreTve, 

sxvadasxva raodenobis – 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis 

mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti 

mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli 

sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT, 

ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze 

kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti). 


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286 

suraTi 8.8 

konteqstis mixedviT 

gansxvaveba 

Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mexsierebaSi 

informacia matareblis 

liandagis msgavsad 

warmoidginoT. A nawilis analogiurad, 

SegiZliaT ifiqroT, 

rom didi xnis win Tqvens 

mexsierebaSi Semosuli informacia 

erTmaneTzea mWidrod 

miwyobili, rogorc 

moSorebiT ganlagebuli liandagis 

`Spalebi~, B nawilSi 

ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis 

acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre 

miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTmaneTisgan 

proporciulad da- 

Sorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve, 

SegiZliaT Zveli informacia 

gamokveToT fsiqologiurad 

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis 

miniWebis gziT. 

daxsomebis dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daadgines, 

rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti 

bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder, 

1976; Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom 

erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze 

kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi 

(Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)? 

mrudis aseTi forma mwkrivis wevrebis gansxvavebuli 

konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqveni 

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsebis 

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxva faqtorebiT 

aixsneba (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997; 

Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxva- 

rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position 

effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis procesis 

maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasawyisi 

da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba, 

vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa. 

dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli 

wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba. 

daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo 

wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba. 

konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctiveness) 

_ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkrivis 

adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena 

moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma 

gamocdilebam. 

vebis gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: „ramdenad 

gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti), romelSic 

me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romel- 

Sic me unda aRvadgino is?~ SevCerdeT daboloebis 

efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizualuri 

gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT, 

rom suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT. 

Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis 

ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom 

boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiTqos 

uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian 

sivrceSi daSorebulni. Cven ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, 

rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi 

gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni (liandagis bolosgan) 

konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla warmoidgineT, 

rom gindaT, moigonoT bolos nanaxi 

aTi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis 

msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi, 

Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac 

Tqven gamoyofT erTmaneTSi areuli suraTebidan 

imas, romelic ufro axlo warsuls miekuTvneba. 

am logikas Tu gavyvebiT, „Sua~ informacia ukeT 

daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ufro gamovkveTavT 

(erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea gaTvaliswinebulia 

8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi 

erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad arian daSorebulni.

saidan 

viciT 

mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa 

imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi 

Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT, saWiroa, 

liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT 

erTmaneTs. samagierod, nakls davinaxavT. 

mecnierebma es logika mexsierebis eqsperimentSi 

gamoiyenes, gaatares ra analogia 

sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs 

sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi, 

magram gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis 

pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdegnairad 

xorcieldeboda: _ cdis pirebs unda 

waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkveuli 

raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris 

ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda. Cveulebriv 

pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze 

or wyvils Sua ori cifri Cndeboda. proporciul 

pirobebSi ki (B nawilis msgavsad) 

pirvel wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo 

bolo wyvilebs Soris – arc erTi. amis 

Sedegad wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili 

unda yofiliyo iseve, rogorc liandagis 

SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli Canda ufro 

Sors. marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomebdnen 

Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im 

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT 

iyvnen gamokveTilni (Neath & Crowder, 1990). 

es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom standartuli 

daboloebis efeqts adgili aqvs imitom, 

rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtomaturad 

gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba 

avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: _ yovel jerze Tqven 

raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am 

axal konteqstSi pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa 

gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da daboloebis 

efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da 

igive liandagis mimarT ori pozicia _ TiToeuli 

TiTo bolodan. 

mogonebis mimniSneblebi 

ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWdvasa da 

mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni mexsierebac 

CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT 

klasikuri eqsperimenti mexsierebaze da amitom 

gTxovT daimaxsovroT sityvaTa ramdenime wyvili. 

gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam, 

sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod zepirad ar 

ityviT: 

vaSli – navi 

qudi – Zvali 

velosipedi – saaTi 

Tagvi – xe 

burTi – saxli 

yuri – sabani 

Tu Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa wyvilebi, 

am tests kidev ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla 

gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali – dro, romlis 

ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia 

mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis mizniT, 

visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac 

Tqveni mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT. 

Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT, an 

ar gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTodiTac 

ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair Sedegs 

miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT, 

rom implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsierebis 

testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZleven. 

jerjerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri 

mexsierebis ori meTodi: mogoneba da cnoba. 

mogonebis dros xdeba adre miwodebuli 

informaciis reproduqcia. „ra aris rigSi adgilmdebareobis 

efeqti?~ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa. 

cnobis dros ki imis gacnobiereba xdeba, rom 

raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven 

adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). „ra ewodeba 

mxedvelobiT sensorul mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2) 

engrama; (3) xati Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi?~ es 

ki cnobis kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens 

yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac ukavSirdeba. 

kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad policia 

mogonebis meTods iyenebs, rodesac dazaralebuls 

sTxovs aRweros da moigonos borotmoqmedis 

specifikuri niSnebi: _ „rame ucnauri 

mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis 

drosac individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli 

informaciis reproduqcia. 

cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis 

drosac individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba, 

rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven 

adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT). 


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288 

xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis garegnobaSi?~ 

xolo, rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmitanilTa 

fotoebs da ramdenimes Soris unda 

amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon 

borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofilebaSi, 

maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme. 

axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa 

SevamowmoT, Tu rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa 

wyvilebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT 

sityvaTa wyvili: 

qudi _ ? velosipedi _ ? yuri _ ? 

SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic 

daiswavleT? 

vaSli _ bavSvi Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli 

vaSli _ navi Tagvi _ ena burTi _ mTa 

vaSli _ boTli Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa 

cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis? 

asec unda iyos. axla am Sedegis axsna mogonebis 

mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT vcadoT. 

mogonebis mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSualebebs, 

romlebic mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis 

moZebnaSi gexmarebaT. es mimniSnebeli 

SeiZleba modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT, 

provokaciuli kiTxvebi („mexsierebis romel 

principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da 

Stenbergis kvlevebs?~), an, SeiZleba, Tqven 

TviTon SeqmnaT („sad minaxavs igi adre?~). Tqven 

yovelTvis cdilobT, eqspliciturad gaixsenoT. 

amas garkveuli mizniT akeTebT da am mizans 

xSirad mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT 

aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili iqneba 

gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniSnebelze. 

Tu Tqveni megobari gkiTxavT, „vin 

aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?~ Tqven unda 

gamoicnoT vis gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es 

mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan 

an garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvexmarebian 

mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis 

moZebnaSi. 

epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangr- 

Zlivi mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis 

movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac 

es movlenebi xdeba. 

semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ genetikuri, 

kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa sityvebis 

mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi. 

gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs: 

„vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?~ am 

kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT – „neroni~. 

davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas. 

mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs mimniSneblebs, 

magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT Sedegiania. 

mogonebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mxolod 

mimniSnebels unda miendoT, radgan is migiTi- 

TebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxevari 

saqme gakeTebulia. rodesac uyurebT sityvaTa 

wyvils Tagvi _ xe, Tqven mxolod „ki~ 

an „ara~ unda upasuxoT kiTxvas: „es aris, adre 

rac vnaxe (Tu viswavle?)?~ vidre maSin, rodesac 

pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; „ra vnaxe (ra viswavle)?~ 

rogorc xedavT, cnobis testi mniSvnelovnad 

gagiadvileT, magram axla warmoidgineT, rom 

amis nacvlad adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad 

gaZlevT. romelia amaTgan swori: 

qudi _ saaTi yuri _ navi 

qudi _ Zvali yuri _ sabani 

axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva, 

romelic adre naxeT, aramed misi Sesabamisi 

konteqstic (Cven isev gavixsenebT konteqstis 

ideas). Tu Tqven xSirad gagikeTebiaT mravlobiTi 

arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri 

SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia, magram umravles 

SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis Sedegebi ukeTesi 

iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis 

mimniSneblebi cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanmimarTulia. 

axla mogonebis mimniSneblebis 

zogierT sxva aspeqtsac gavecnoT. 

epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba 

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom mexsierebis gansxvavebuli 

formebi arsebobs. Tqven gaqvT rogorc 

implicituri da eqsplicituri, ise deklaraciuli 

da proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia 

sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT, romlis mixedviTac 

deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamoiyofa 

im mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZvelze, 

romlebic aucilebelia informaciis 

mexsierebidan amosatanad. kanadelma fsiqologma 

endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 wels 

pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis 

epizodur da semantikur formaze. 

epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad inaxavs 

pirovnebis mier gancdil movlenebs.

pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, magaliTad, 

wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan 

Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnilebaa. 

semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli informacia 

Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul 

sixaruls? 

magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis 

dRe, an pirveli kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsierebaSia 

Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT 

esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniSneblebi, 

romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros 

_ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas 

adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris 

damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im movlenis 

gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT 

Tqven mier kbilebis meaTed gamoxexvis stili 

riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis 

gamoxexvisgan? 

yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul 

konteqstTan erTad Semodis, magram aris informaciaTa 

garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac 

uceb poulobT sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi. 

am saxis informaciebi mexsierebaSi maTi 

Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da 

mimarTebis gareSe amodis. es semantikuri mexsiereba 

_ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa, 

rogorc, magaliTad, sityvebis Tu cnebebis 

mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis 

iseTi faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC 2 , an pasuxi 

kiTxvaze _ „romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?~ 

specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis, an ra situaciaSi 

SeiZina man es codna, ar moiTxovs. 

ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni 

semantikuri mexsiereba yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven 

mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba daga- 

viwydeT bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba 

im situacias, romelSic is aRiqviT Tu daiswavleT. 

saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi, 

rodesac ver igonebT semantikuri mexsierebidan 

informacias, isaa, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs, 

ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: „vici, rom 

romaeli imperatorebis saxelebi dasavleTis 

civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle~, es dagexmarebaT 

gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic 

mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas Segivseben. 

interferencia 

rodesac gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani 

asociaciebi, faqtobrivad, es iyo epizoduri 

mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla sxva saxis epizoduri 

mexsierebis amoqmedebas gTxovT. kidev erTxel 

scadeT daiswavloT sityvaTa es wyvilebi ise, 

rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer maTi ganmeoreba: 

vaSli – qurdi 

qudi – wre 

Tagvi – Jurnali 

velosipedi – saxuravi 

burTi – bavSvi 

yuri – centi 

rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom 

wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva axal sityvasTan 

aris dakavSirebuli. Zneli iyo am axali wyvilebis 

daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswavlilis 

mogoneba axla ufro gagiWirdebaT (aba, 

scadeT)? orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia _ 

„Znelia~. es patara savarjiSo mimniSneblis 

axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze miuTiTebs. interferencias 

adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimniSnebeli 

ver moqmedebs efeqturad da ver 

aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia 

am specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa 

raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi swori pasuxis 

aRdgena (Bower et al., 1994; Chandler & Gargano, 1995). 

Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri 

cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT, gangesxvavebinaT 

kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi er- 

TmaneTSi airia, moxda interferencia. proaq- 

interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni, 

romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniSneblebi 

ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT konkretul 

movlenaze. 


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290 

tiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli _ „Semdgomze 

moqmedi~) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic 

warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis 

aRbeWdvas. retroaqtiuli interferencia (retroaqtiuri 

_ „winaze moqmedi~) ki imaze miuTiTebs, 

rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis 

aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic 

Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias 

moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan 

geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis 

nomers. Tavidan telefonis axali nomris 

daxsomeba giWirT _ Zveli „amoxteba~ xolme 

(proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac 

bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT axal 

nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT 

Zveli, Tumca, wlebis manZilze iyenebdiT mas 

(retroaqtiuri interferencia). 

rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT 

Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac, pirvelad 

ebinghausma daiwyo, romelic TviTon swavlobda 

uazro marcvalTa wyvilebs. man aRmoaCina, rom 

daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac 

aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis 

studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperimentebi 

gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is 

mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre 

swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeorebdnen, 

aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi 

ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948, 1949). 

gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: _ 

mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia kodirebasa da 

aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. am Tavis Semdgomi 

ori nawilis gacnobisas naxavT, rogor ukavSirdeba 

nawilebi erTmaneTs mogonebis gansaxorcieleblad: 

konteqsti, romelSic cdilobT, 

warsuli movlenis aRdgenas, TviTon gamodis, 

rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo, 

rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mogonebis 

konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil 

mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac ki uSlis 

mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas. 

kodirebis da aRdgenis 

procesebi 

Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstisa da 

aRdgenis konteqstebis urTierTdamTxveva gadamwyvet 

rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla 

davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT, 

romelTac xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis 

miReba da aRdgena emyareba. Cven vnaxavT, rom am 

SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, radgan 

kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebi emTxveva 

erTmaneTs. 

gadamuSavebis doneebi 

daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba 

– yuradRebis forma, romelsac Tqven 

informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT – 

gavlenas axdens Tqven mier informaciis daxsomebaze. 

gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT, 

rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis 

gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba is 

adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik, 

1990). Tu gadamuSaveba masalis analizs, Sedarebebs, 

interpretacias da sxva saxis gadamuSavebebs 

moicavs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba. 

gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba, 

rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi dasaxsomebeli 

eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT 

sityva yurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur 

doneze warmarToT msjeloba: _ ra feris melniT 

aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT 

yuradReba _ eriTmeba is sityva berZens? an 

mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magali- 

Tad, imaze, rom is xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom 

yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro 

Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs _ met sityvebTan 

dakavSireba gWirdebaT (Lockhart & Craik, 1990). 

gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs 

yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT daazuston, 

Tu ratom vakuTvnebT gadamuSavebis zogierT 

process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki _ Rrmas. 

am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi 

miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT 

informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze, 

SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas. 

axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis 

procesebs Soris damTxveva gansakuTrebiT 

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs implicitur 

mexsierebaSi. 

gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba 

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqsplicitur 

da implicitur mexsierebas Soris kodirebis 

da aRdgenis gansxvavebaSi mdgomareobs 

(Roediger, 1990; Schacter et al., 1993). sxva pirobebTan

erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven 

impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala, 

romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad gqondaT 

aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac saxeliT mimar- 

TavT Tqvens saukeTeso megobars da saxelis 

gasaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar gWirdebaT. 

zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis 

yvelaze aSkara gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, 

rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri 

aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas 

gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-appropriate 

pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti 

yvelaze maRalia, rodesac kodirebis procesSi 

warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba 

aRdgenis procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad 

efeqturia es saSualeba, amas ramdenime meTodis 

aRweris safuZvelze vnaxavT, romelic implicitur 

mexsierebaSi gamoiyeneba; Semdeg ki 

giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da 

aRdgenis procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba. 

axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis 

Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti: _ mkvlevrebi 

studentebs sityvaTa mwkrivs aZlevdnen da 

sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno) 

5-mde (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze 

SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniSvneloba 

hqonda TiToeul maTgans (Rajaram & 

Roediger, 1993). eqsperimentis am pirveli fazis 

Semdeg cdis pirTa mexsiereba Semdegi oTxidan 

erT-erTi implicituri mexsierebis amocaniT 

mowmdeboda (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris 

sityva martorqa): 

fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs 

eZleva fragmentuli sityva —rt-rq-, romelic 

man TavSi mosuli pirvelive sityviT unda 

Seavsos. 

sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba 

Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad, mar______, 

TavSi mosuli pirveli sityviT. 

sityvis identifikacia. cdis pirebs monitorze 

eZlevaT sityvaTa rigi iseTi siswrafiT, 

rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon, magram 

unda gamoicnon es sityvebi. am SemTxvevaSi erTerTi 

sityva iqneba martorqa. 

anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva, 

magram areuli asoebiT, magaliTad, qatorarma 

da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva, 

romelic TavSi mouvaT. 

zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi, 

swor pasuxs TiToeul amocanaze gansazRvravs 

adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros, 

yvelaze sayuradRebo isaa, rom eqsperimentatori 

cdis piris yuradRebas specialurad ar warmar- 

Tavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul 

sityvebsa da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris – 

swored amitom aris mexsiereba implicituri. 

implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad 

mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs, romlebmac 

gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da 

Seafases sityvebi sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis 

mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udarebdnen 

imaT monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia 

ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas 

axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze: 

procenti gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines 

sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan, romlebic 

pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan 

SedarebiT, romelic am mwkrivebSi ar iyo. 

sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sityvaTa sxvadasxva 

mwkrivebi miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis 

SemTxvevaSi xedavT, rom upiratesoba adre nanax 

sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis 

pirebs mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis 

mixedviT moeTxovebaT maTi Sefaseba. am 

upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan 

winaswar sityvis aRqma TiTqos amzadebs da 

xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas. 

mexsierebis zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi 

praimingis efeqti kviraze metxans grZeldeba 

(Sloman et al., 1988). 

axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas 

Soris Tanxvdenis sakiTxs. implicituri mexsierebis 

oTxive testi masSi mocemuli informaciis 

fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras gulisxmobs. 

sxva sityvebiT, ra procesebic moqmedebs 

gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-processing 

theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro 

Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, 

miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians. 

gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate 

processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac 

mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac implicituri 

kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis 

procesebis damTxveva xdeba. 

praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis 

Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil 

sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba. 


291


292 

martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi 

ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar______s 

Sevsebas, magram arsebobs sxva _ kategoriuli 

asociaciis testi, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas 

efuZneba da ara _ fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis 

Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT „miTologiuri 

qmnilebebis~ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT, 

daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni Semadgeneli, 

ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi, 

magram Tu Tqven mogindebaT TqvaT „martorqa~ 

imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa 

mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoikiTxeT, 

saqme implicitur mexsierebasTan gveqneba. 

Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelobis 

praimingze damyarebul implicituri mexsierebis 

or gansxvavebul tests gamoviyenebT, 

vnaxavT kavSirs kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris. 

saidan 

viciT 

praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac 

gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvdena xdeba 

mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqsperimenti, 

raTa eCvenebinaT, rom implicituri 

mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxvavebuli 

tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili. 

cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi 

instruqciiT, rom an mniSvnelobis mixedviT 

(sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu 

usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis 

mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva) 

daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom 

suraTi 8.9 

impicituri mexsierebis 

testze praimingi 

praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amocanebiT 

manipulirebas sakontrolo sityvebze. 

gavlenis zogierTi implicituri 

testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis 

gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg. 

kategoriis asociaciis testi mniSvnelobas 

efuZneba. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa 

hipoTeza is iyo, rom kategoriis asociaciis 

testSi praimings eqneboda adgili, 

Tu Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve, 

fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT masalis 

damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod 

im testebSi, romelic masalis fizikuri 

maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs 

(Srinivas & Roediger, 1990). 

am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis 

Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss: 

Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis gadamuSavebis 

garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an 

mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs iyenebT, maSin 

am informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqturi iqneba, 

Tu am dros analizis igive tips gamoiyenebT 

(Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al., 

1995). adre Cven aseTi azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba 

yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi, 

romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva 

pirobebs, romelSic unda moxdes aRdgena. am 

TavSi am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi warmogidgineT. 

axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodirebisa 

da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi gamoyeneba. 

arastruqturuli informaciis 

daxsomebis gaumjobeseba 

am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda 

gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu 

rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mex

siereba – meti daimaxsovroT da naklebi 

daiviwyoT. qveTavi „fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi~ 

dagexmarebaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT es 

codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT, 

rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba, 

Tu mas igive konteqstSi igonebT, an gadamuSavebis 

igive tips iyenebT, romelic masalis 

Tavdapirvelad aRbeWdvis dros gamoiyeneT, magram 

aq garkveulwilad gansxvavebul viTarebasTan 

gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT. 

saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT 

informacias. 

warmoidgineT, rom maRaziaSi muSaobT gamyidvelad. 

Tqven unda daimaxsovroT uamravi ram, 

rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: „mwvane 

maisurian qals baRSi samuSao Sarvali da 

fexsacmlebi unda; cisferSarvlian mamakacs _ 2 

cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da 

saRebavis safxeki.~ es situacia Zalian hgavs 

eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven dawyvilebuli 

asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT. 

rogor daixsomeT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic 

wina TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT, 

cota geZnelaT, radgan wyvilebi TqvenTvis 

gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. mniSvnelobas 

moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia. 

imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels 

ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba, 

rom SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos. 

gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba 

aRbeWdvis gansamtkiceblad gamoyenebul 

ZiriTad strategias gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba 

ewodeba. am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom, 

rodesac informaciis aRbeWdvisas masalas 

imeorebT, amiT misi gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobac 

izrdeba. gadamuSavebis erT-erTi gzaa 

araSemTxveviTi, azriani asociaciebis damyareba 

sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, daimaxsovroT 

sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi – xe, unda 

warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali Tagvi, romelic 

eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu informaciis 

calkeul nawilebs patara moTxrobis 

saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis 

SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac 

TiToeul myidvels Tavisi moTxovnebiT adgils 

miuCendiT (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven, 

albaT, mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi 

saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi 

warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi 

warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia mogonebisTvis, 

radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis _ 

verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis _ SesaZleblobas 

iZleva (Paivio, 1972). 

gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZleblobas 

iZleva, dagicvaT mwkrivis Semdgomi 

efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis 

rigi an dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs, 

ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma. Tu odesme 

gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erTdroulad 

ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad 

gasagebi iqneba ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra 

erqva Tqven pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis 

mizezi sakuTari saxelis, an sakuTari SeniSvnis 

Tqmaze yuradRebis gadatanaa (Bond et al., 1991). 

amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa gadamamuSavebeli 

ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba 

mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT 

„liza~, TqviT _ „icinis, rogorc mona liza~. 

mnemonika 

mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualebaa 

specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac 

mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba (berZnuli sityvidan 

„moigone~). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romlebic 

xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas 

nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan 

dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi mza 

mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelTac wesrigSi mohyavT 

SemTxveviTi informacia. 

ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pirvelad 

berZenma oratorma gamoiyena. lokusi 

niSnavs „adgils~. lokusis meTodi niSnavs 

sityvis Tu movlenis adgilis mixedviT daxsomebas 

da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis _ 

xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis 

nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas. imisaTvis, rom 

gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal) 

_ mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba 

dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba. 

mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi 

an saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben 

faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob 

da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis 

gziT. 


293


294 

suraTi 4.2 

lokusis meTodi 

lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT 

dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad, 

sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgilebTan 

(magaliTad, institutidan 

saxlisken mimaval gzaze). 

daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermarketidan, 

gonebaSi isini saTiTaod unda ganalagoT 

im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midixarT. 

Semdeg, mogonebisas „CamouvliT~ maT da 

gaixsenebT (ix. sur. 8.10). 

mimniSnebeli sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis 

meTods, Tumca gansxvaveba isaa, rom mwkrivis 

wevrebs mimniSneblebs ukavSirebT da ara 

adgilebs. am meTodisTvis tipuri mimniSneblebi 

gariTmuli strofebia, sadac sityvebi cifrebs 

eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-skveri; ori-lori, 

sami-skami da sxv. SemTxveviTi informaciis 

daxsomebis gasaRebi informaciis iseTi saxiT 

dalagebaa, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon 

aRdgena. 

metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an 

eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da 

mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb; 

mexsierebis Semecneba. 

metamexsiereba 

davuSvaT, iseT situaciaSi xarT, rom raRacis 

mogoneba gWirdebaT. Tqven akeTebT yvelafers, 

rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic 

kodirebis situacias asaxaven, magram mainc 

verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi, rom 

aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, Tqveni darwmunebulobaa, 

rom Tqven flobT am informacias, 

magram, gacnobierebuli Tu gaqvT, ras warmoadgens 

Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs 

Tqveni mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am 

informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxvebia. 

metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: _ rodis da 

ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda imisa, rom 

vici. 

pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo 

j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac kvleva daiwyo 

imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi


yvelaze xSirad studentebi 

mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebis 

wakiTxvis Semdeg svamen 

kiTxvas: _ „rogor gamoviyeno 

miRebuli informacia swrafad?~ 

„rogor momexmareba es gamokvlevebi 

momavali gamocdebis- 

Tvis mzadebaSi?~ vnaxoT, ra 

tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT 

am gamokvlevebidan: 

kodirebis specifikuroba. 

rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis 

specifikurobis principi gulisxmobs, 

rom mogonebis 

konteqsti, anu pirobebi, romelSic 

mogoneba xdeba, daem- 

Txves kodirebis konteqsts. 

swavlis procesSi konteqsti 

xSirad „informaciis gansxvavebul 

konteqstsac~ niSnavs. 

Tu Tqven yovelTvis 

erTsa da imave konteqstSi 

swavlobT, gagiWirdebaT sxva 

konteqstSi misi aRdgena. ase 

magaliTad, Tu profesori 

odnav sxvagvarad dagisvamT 

kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT 

da ver upasuxoT, amitom 

Tqven swavlis procesSi 

konteqstebi unda cvaloT. 

gadaawyveT masala, dausviT 

Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva ki- 

Txvebi, scadeT masalaSi axali 

kombinaciebis Seqmna, magram 

Tu mainc SeferxdebiT 

gamocdaze, scadeT gamoiyenoT 

rac SeiZleba meti 

mimniSnebeli, raTa pirveladi 

konteqsti aRadginoT: 

_ „es xom igivea, rac xanmokle 

mexsierebis leqciaze 

movismine~; 

rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi 

dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi 

mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis 

efeqti. adgilmdebareobis 

efeqtis mruds Tu gavixsenebT, 

vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi 

ganlagebuli informacia yvelaze 

cudad gvamaxsovrdeba. 

faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro 

kargad axsovT leqciis dasawyisi 

da bolo, vidre Sua nawili 

(Holen & Oaster, 1976; Jensen, 1962). 

rodesac leqciaze xarT, ecadeT, 

swored leqciis Sua nawils 

miaqcioT gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba. swavlis dros 

Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalisxmeva 

unda gamoiyenoT masalis 

daswavlisaTvis, magram ecadeT, 

rom masala yovelTvis erTi 

da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar 

iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT yuradReba, 

rom es Tavi mexsierebis 

Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia 

ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli 

wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin 

mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva 

unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasawyis, 

an bolo Tavebs; 


da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zogjer, 

gamocdisTvis mzadebis 

procesSi iseTi gancda giCndebaT, 

TiTqos daulagebel, 

arastruqturirebul masalas 

swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven swavlobT 

tvinis gansxvavebuli 

nawilebis funqciebs. am Sem- 

TxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda 

ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis 

efeqturi gza _ an mxedvelobiTi 

warmodgenebi daixmareT, 

an winadadebebSi Car- 

TeT, an TiToeul cnebas patara 

istoria daukavSireT. am 

wignis erT-erT avtors dRemde 

axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri 

xerxi, romelic gamoiyena 

fsiqologiis SesavalSi ventramedialurihipoTalamusis, 

romlis abreviaturac 

laTinurad aris VMH, dasamaxsovreblad. 

es iyo Very 

Much Hungry, magram rogorc 

me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemonikuri 

xerxi mas Semdeg ukve 

aRar aris iseTi zusti. 


ki xels SegiwyobT naswavli 

kidev ufro ganamtkicoT; 

metamexsiereba. am sferoSi 

warmoebulma gamokvlevebma 

gviCvena, rom adamianebi kargad 

grZnoben, Tu ra ician 

da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven 

gamocdaze xarT, sadac dro 

SezRudulia, Tqven unda 

miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da 

andoT mas drois ganawileba. 

magaliTad, SegiZliaT 

bileTis mTeli kiTxvebi 

uceb gadaikiTxoT da naxoT, 

rogor grZnobT, romeli 

sakiTxi iciT ukeT. aris 

iseTi gamocdebic, sadac 

yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi savaldebulo 

ki ara, SerCeviTia, 

magram pasuxi siswrafes 

moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intuicias 

unda endoT da im 

kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT, 

romelTa pasuxis siswore- 

Sic darwmunebuli xarT. 

imedi gvaqvs, rom axla metnaklebad 

gasagebia, Tu rogor 

SeiZleba mexsierebaSi 

Catarebuli gamokvlevebi 

gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT 

momzadebaSi dagexmaroT. 


295


296 

ganaTlebidan. magaliTad, gekiTxebiT: _ „mzis 

sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?~ iciT 

am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiqceodiT, 

romel pasuxs airCevdiT am situaciaSi: 

„miuxedavad imisa, rom axla ar maxsovs pasuxi, 

vici, rom ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris 

avirCevdi swors~. msgavs kiTxvebs usvamda harti 

Tavis cdis pirebs. pasuxebSi darwmunebuloba 

maT 1-dan, („sakmaod darwmunebuli var, rom ver 

avirCev sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan~), 6-de 

qulebiT unda SeefasebinaT („savsebiT darwmunebuli 

var, rom sworad avirCev~). Tqven rogor 

gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es alternativebi: 

a. plutoni 

b. venera 

g. dedamiwa 

d. iupiteri 

Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT darwmunebulobis 

– „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas, maSin 

swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT („d~s), 

Tu Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSnvas 

naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba 1 iqneba 

(sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda, 

kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa saWiro). hartis mixedviT, 

visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba 

Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva 

maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian warmatebas 

uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom 

„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancda SeiZleba zusti 

indikatori iyos. 

metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimar- 

Tulia rogorc im procesebze, romlebic 

„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas iwveven, aseve imaze, 

Tu rogor miiRweva Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat & 

Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000). 

mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixedviT, 

adamianebi Tavisi „vgrZnob, rom vici~ 

gancdis dros mimniSneblis nacnobobas emyarebian. 

magaliTad, rodesac gekiTxebian: _ „ra 

erqva beThovens?~, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis 

Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime 

alternatividan amoicnobT mis saxels anu swor 

pasuxs (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz 

& Metcalfe, 1992). 

misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani 

cdilobs arasruli informaciidan swori pasu- 

xis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva: _ „ra erqva 

beThovens?~, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs informacias, 

romelic, Tqveni azriT, am kiTxvaze 

swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven 

gagiCndebaT gancda, rom swor pasuxs advilad 

gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995). 

orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba 

da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom Tqven SegiZliaT 

endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli 

xarT, rom iciT raRac (mogvianebiT Cven 

SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul gamokvlevebs, 

romelic am zogadi wesidan gamonaklisebze 

miuTiTebs). 

Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis 

Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da rogor aRdgeba 

informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT, 

Tu ras niSnavs aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis situaciebis 

„kargi Tanxvedra~. Semdeg qveTavSi mexsierebis 

procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsierebis 

Sinaarsebze, anu imaze, Tu ra xdeba 

mexsierebaSi. 

Sejameba 

xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnan, 

Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da Senaxva 

mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodirebis 

specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informaciis 

yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba maSin, 

rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba, 

emTxveva aRdgenis pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis 

efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeWdilebis 

(sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis 

konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba. 

Tqven daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT eZebT. 

cnoba xSirad ufro advilia, vidre mogoneba, 

radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met 

informacias Seicaven. epizodur mexsierebaSi 

daxsomeba aRbeWdvis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi 

xdeba. semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis 

aRbeWdvis garkveul epizodTan mimarTeba dakargulia. 

interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqtiuri, 

rodesac Zveli informacia ereva da xels 

uSlis axlis aRbeWdvas, an retroaqtiuri, 

rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels. 

informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT, 

informaciis ufro Rrma gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes

daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze 

Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da 

mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings. 

Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba 

gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri 

xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis specifikuri 

msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb 

tipuri da zustia. 


struqturebi 

aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi 

gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT 

izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli 

informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umravles 

SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli 

codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad, 

rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni 

xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi 

pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze? 

am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakav- 

Sirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsierebaSi 

informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan 

da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb, 

Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli 

codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsenebaSi. 

mexsierebis struqturebi 

mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia msgavsi STabeWdilebebis 

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa, raTa 

garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi 

gamoyeneba (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5 

TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT 

samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi individualuri 

STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT, 

romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi informaciis 

iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana 

gWirdebaT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave 

dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli 

struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobierebis 

CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis 

ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel 

wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas, 

ambobdeT: _ „es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs 

miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveulebrivi 

gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqturaSi 

garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT 

mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic 

Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri 

urTierTobis procesSi. 

kategorizacia da cnebebi 

daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT 

– im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa, 

raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva 

ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva 

mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas 

unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is 

situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da, 

agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT 

bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _ 

bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs 

ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli 

ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed 

amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias. 

individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis 

unari – erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba 

mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva 

_ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazisuri 

da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch, 

1981). 

Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi 

reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli, 

magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan 

dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis 

mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas (rogorc 

me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs 

dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba 

SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic 

mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod 

CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba. 

gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, magaliTad, 

sakuWnao da fexburTi. cnebebi SeiZleba 

asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad, wiTeli an didi; 

abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an 

siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani, 

vidre. TiToeuli cneba Tqven mier samyarosTan 

urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyalibebuli 

gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa. 

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi 

297


298 

prototipebi 

im ZaRlebs Soris, romlebic Tqven ginaxavT, 

romels warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT 

winadadebas: _ „ZaRli xravs Zvals~. SegiZliaT 

konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime 

tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela 

nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips warmoadgens? 

ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic 

dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi. 

saidan 

viciT 

prototipebis Camoyalibeba 

cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli 

adamianis saxeebis suraTebs, romlebic 

sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdebodnen prototipisgan 

(sur. 8.11); Semdeg maT aCvenebdnen 

saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi sura- 

Ti adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali 

iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo, 

agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic 

gansxvavdeboda pirvelad miwodebuli prototipisgan. 

cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoecnoT, 

Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT 

adre miwodebisas nanaxi. 

kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic 

mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis pirebi cnobdnen 

yvela im suraTs, romelic adre 

hqondaT nanaxi, maSinac ki, rodesac maTgan 

prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda 

msgavseba. axal suraTebze miuTiTebdnen, 

rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi prototipTan 

mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. cdis 

pirebi dabolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni 

iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi (Solso 

& McCarthy, 1981). 

am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen, 

TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela saxe, romelic ki 

unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT. 

kategoriebis, Tavisi TvisebebiTurT, prototipebi 

iqmneba mTeli Tqveni gamocdilebidan, 

amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba 

icvlebodes da mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT. 

aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im 

daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis 

prototipis reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba 

ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi 

TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc 

saSualo raRac moqmedebs (Hintzman, 1986; Nosofsly 

et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki 

am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipuli 

ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu 

Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi, 

an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav 

Seicvalos kidec. 

is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias, 

rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia, prototipi mounaxoT, 

gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis metnaklebad 

tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro 

meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis calkeul 

cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxeobebis, 

an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezentaciebi. 

prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze reprezentaciuli 

magaliTi.

suraTi 8.11 

A prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi 

B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba 

(A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs 

saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre 

es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes 

unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis 

SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan 

erTad. 

wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian 

isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis 

kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi 

tipur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema, an pingvini 

atipurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT, 

riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis 

warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi 

frinvelis kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis 

wevrTa tipuroba ki, Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac 

Tqvens prototips, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan 

momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlines, rom 

xalxi ufro swrafad reagirebs kategoriis tipur 

warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni 

reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi 

frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom 

siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel 

vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens 

gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT. 

am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc 

frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqlemisTvis 

(Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis 

manZilze didxans ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis 

garemocvaSi). 

ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi 

cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad 

ar aRmocendeba. rogorc suraTi 8.12 gviCvenebs, 

cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaer- 

Tiandenen. iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa 

cxoveli, gaaCnia qvekategoriebi _ frinveli da 

Tevzi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs: 

iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis 

mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria 

ufro didi kategoriisa _ cocxali arsebebi. 

cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informacias- 


299


300 

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi 

rodesac kompiuterisa da 

adamianis SesaZleblobebs 

adareben, xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba 

rCeba, rom kompiuteri 

jobnis adamians. kompiuteris 

mexsierebas bevrad 

meti – aTasobiT da milionobiT 

_ biti informaciis 

Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens 

mexsierebas, magram adamianis 

mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tviseba 

aqvs, romelic mis mexsierebas 

ufro maRla ayenebs. 

procesebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas 

gvaZleven, movigonoT 

specifikuri informacia, 

xSirad bevrad ufro efeqturia, 

vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis 

procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens 

megobars Tqveni gamocda unda 

am Tavis mixedviT da geki- 

TxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma 

Semoitanes kodirebis specifikurobis 

cneba?~ Tqven SegiZliaT 

gasceT swori pasuxi 

(tulvingi da tomsoni), mcdari 

pasuxi (soerlingi), an 

TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT, 

ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pasuxi, 

romelsac araviTari kav- 

Siri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. rogor 

ggoniaT, ra xdeba, rodesac 

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis 

davalebas manqanas aZlevT? 

pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac 

Google.com gvTavazobs, Semdegia: 

„aris Tu ara HIV-is izolacia 

miRweuli. meore mcdeloba 

AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir- 

Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis 

Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi 

saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa. 

rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli 

safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT 

moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego- 

adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba 

deba. is gvTavazobs imis definicias, 

Tu ra aris cneba. ratom 

aris kompiuteris mexsierebidan 

es pasuxebi adamianis 

mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli? 

Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mogonebis) 

or Taviseburebas gamovyofT, 

romelic kompiuterTan 

SedarebiT misi upiratesobis 

ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli: 

rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis 

mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs 

Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs, 

romlebic saZiebel informaciazea 

mimarTuli. is uzrunvelyofs 

imas, rom aRdgenili 

informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis 

Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiuteri 

ki, piriqiT, ar iTvaliswinebs 

konteqsts da ufro sityvis 

viwro mniSvnelobazea 

orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu 

Cven „kodirebis specifikurobas~ 

veZebT Google.com-Si an 

ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani 

maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds, 

romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel 

kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieblisTvis 

kiTxvis nawilebs, romlebic 

konteqstis dasazusteblad 

iqneba mimarTuli (romelma 

mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad 

uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis 

efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bevri 

pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian 

Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom 

kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimar- 

TulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore: 

adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi 

marTaven da ara sityvebi. rodesac 

Tqvens mexsierebaSi kodirebis 

specifikurobis Sesaxeb 

eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniSvneloba 

ras ityviT, „mkvlevars~ 

Tu „eqspermentators~, 

„aRmomCens~ Tu „Semqmnels~. 

cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul 

sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels. 

kompiuters ki saqme mxolod 

sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad, 

rodesac Cven Google.com-s 

veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmom- 

Ceni~ „SemqmneliT~, is gvaZlevs 

bmuls mexsierebis TeoriaSi 

garkveuli gverdis mi- 

TiTebiT. „mkvlevris~ Secvla 

„eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs, 

rogorc pirveli bmulis Sem- 

TxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT: 

„talRebi, pulsi, neironuli 

masis Teoria~. es patara eqsperimenti 

kargad uCvenebs, Tu 

kompiuteri, adamianis mexsierebisgan 

gansxvavebiT, rogor 

ufro metadaa damokidebuli 

sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla 

mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden 

upiratesobas kompiuterTan 

SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramdenime 

wuTi dauTmoT imaze 

fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba 

adamianis mexsierebis es Tvisebebi 

kompiutersac gadasceT. 

veb-gverdebi: 

www.google.com 

www.AskJeeves.com 

rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch, 

1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi 

yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze, 

rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis 

mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Safranze, 

rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa.

suraTi 8.12 

cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura 

kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi, 

TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis 

yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs 

SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons). 

bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon 

am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es, 

Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia 

(da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba). 

bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala 

aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da 

gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur 

jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT, 

bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali 

geqnebodaT. 

sqemebi 

Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierarqiaSi 

agurebis funqcias asruleben. maT es roli 

ufro rTul kompleqsebSic aqvT. gaixseneT 

suraTi 8.2. saidan xvdebiT instinqturad, rom 

baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi? Cven adre 

ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur 

mexsierebas emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams, 

Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis 

gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is, 

rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis reprezentacia 

mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos 

individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sarecxi 

niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _ 

gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris 

cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis, 

adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris 

„codnaTa Sekvrebi~, romlebSic garemos struqturis 

Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili. 

Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis 

sqema, samarSruto taqsis mZRolis da profesoris, 

qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT, 

bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done, 

romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT 

mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeqturad. 

sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situaciis 

Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis 

„klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic 

moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebs. 


301


302 

suraTi 8.13 

cnobis iluzia 

ixvi Tu kurdReli 

ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra 

da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli. 

erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, isaa, rom Tqveni 

sqema ar moicavs Tqveni cvalebadi gamocdilebis 

yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi 

kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis 

saSualoa, sqemaSi warmodgenilia garemoSi 

situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis 

saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni 

sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movlenebTan 

erTad icvleba (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni 

sqemac mxolod im detalebs moicavs, romelsac 

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad, 

rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra 

xatia Tu weria ocTeTrian monetaze, studentebi 

arasodes amboben, rom masze iremia gamoxatuli, 

Tumca, es gamosaxuleba yvela monetazea (Rubin 

& Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni 

sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi. 

axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza, romelSic 

cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT. 

mexsierebis struqturebis 

gamoyeneba 

modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsierebis 

zogierTi struqtura. Tqvenma sqemam 

SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT mimxvdariyaviT, 

rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar 

aris. axla gaixseneT me-5 Tavi, sadac ganvixileT, 

Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna orazrovani 

figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es 

figura (sur. 8.13)? ras xedavT _ ixvs Tu baWias? 

davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis, 

rom dainaxavdiT ixvs, anu Tu Tqven SeusabamebT 

naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur molodinebs 

am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba 

baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini. 

Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias, 

raTa gavamarTloT molodini. 

Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi, 

romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tqvens aRqmasa da 

mogonebaze (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999). 

magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis 

eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis da 

maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirovnebaze 

getyvian, rom is erT-erTi am profesiis 

warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmodgena 

miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasia- 

Teblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqologebis 

mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da 

sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moaxdinon 

am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze. 

es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struqturebs 

SeuZliaT, gavlena moaxdinon samyaros 

Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: _ Tqveni awmyo 

gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris 

Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis Tqvens molodinebs 

momavlis mimarT. male, aseve, naxavT, 

rom xSirad erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da 

sqemebi SeiZleba xels uSlides zust mogonebas. 

mogoneba, rogorc 

rekonstruqiuli procesi 

axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSualeba, 

romelSic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis struqtura. 

bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gTxoven, moigonoT 

garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver axerxebT 

amas. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT 

informacias ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli codnidan. 

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis naTelsayofad 

ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva: 

me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da~? 

1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes? 

sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs 

Soris? 

Tqven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs 

gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram, 

ra Tqma unda, am movlenebis konkretuli epi

zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis 

gamoklebiT, Tu, magaliTad, vinme 7 ivliss ar 

aris dabadebuli da misTvis es gansakuTrebuli 

dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven 

unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekonstruqcia 

gaukeToT mas da ivaraudoT, ra SeiZleba 

momxdariyo. rekonstruqciis es procesi 

ufro detalurad gavarCioT. 

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste 

Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi 

aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen zusti monacemebis 

aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia, 

aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstruirebuli 

mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebul iqneba 

realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs 

eqneba adgili. mexsierebis Secdomis erT-erTi 

yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia sakmaod 

Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi _ „mogoneba: eqsperimentuli 

da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvlevebi~ 

(1932) _ ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda 

sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdileba 

axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze. 

bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT 

gansxvavebuli kulturis Tqmulebebi da legendebi. 

yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis 

brZola~. 

bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis 

mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi gansxvavdeboda originalisgan, 

anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamaxsovreblad. 

Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis 

rekonstruqciul process moicavda: 

donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamartiveba; 

gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuTrebuli 

gaSuqeba; 

asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom 

isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi mosuliyvnen sakuTar 

codnasTan. 

amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas 

da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs Tavisi kulturisTvis 

Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: _ navi kanoes nacvlad, 

Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad. 

bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve, xSirad cvlidnen 

moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT 

zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic 

maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli. 

miyvnen ra bartletis kvals, Tanamedrove 

mkvlevrebma Seiswavles mexsierebis darRvevebis 

mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT 

mogonebis konstruqciuli procesebis gamoyenebis 

dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). magaliTad, 

mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzomiereba, 

romelsac „sapnis operis~ efeqti uwoda 

(Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis 

masalidan: 

nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man 

mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTvalierebina. 

igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis 

profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva 

misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumar- 

Ta erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo. 

nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad. 

koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar ainteresebda, 

Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis 

nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao, 

gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba. 

axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad 

aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven cdis pirTa 

rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive 

memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezentaciebis 

ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli 

codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis 

erTad ganlagebis procesi. 


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304 

meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar 

es Sesavali waakiTxes: 

nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno 

da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu 

ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac 

dainaxa? 

axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets 

da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis pirebisaTvis am 

winasityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadamwyveti 

mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis. 

rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi, an icnon 

nawyvetebi, isini, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT 

Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT 

„arasasurveli fexmZimobis~ sqema, ufro metad 

imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis 

fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis 

gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosalodnel 

damaxinjebas. 

magram unda gvaxsovdes da mniSvnelovanicaa, 

rom rogorc me-5 TavSi, rodesac aRqmis iluziebze 

vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis 

normaluri operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad 

iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT, romlebic 

Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis iluziebi 

ar gaiZuleben realurad kedelSi gasvlas, 

mexsierebis „iluziebic~ Zalian iSviaTad Tu 

SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da 

saqmianobaSi. 

mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT ganixiloT, 

rogorc Cveulebriv, Zalian kargad 

momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtobrivad, 

Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli 

epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki gWirdebaT, 

movlenaTa arsis aRdgena rekonstruqciiTac 

mSvenivrad xerxdeba. 

cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, romlis 

mixedviTac, detalebis aRdgena yovelTvis 

ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor 

SeuZlia rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam, 

raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans, 

gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu 

iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni 

sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamonaTqvamiT, 

magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: „gaixseneT, 

Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda 

_ „korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~. 

rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven 

arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba 

rekonstruqcias ukeTebs (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) da 

SegiZliaT sityvasityviT moitanoT is, an misi 

dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven 

Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma 

gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis 

cvlasTan erTad icvleba. 

saidan 

viciT 

miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze 

cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari 

xangrZliobis scenas videofilmidan da 

sTxovdnen daemaxsovrebinaT dialogi am 

nawyvetidan. maT 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac 

sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom TiToeul 

maTgans sakmaod zustad aRedgina dialogis 

teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves. 

TiToeul students dialogis Sinaarsi 

sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram 

erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba 

maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan 

axlos), xolo, meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen, 

rac SeiZleba saintereso yofiliyo maTi 

monaTxrobi. is cdispirebi, romlebsac 

maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruqcia 

hqondaT, 99%-iT, sityvasityviT aRadgendnen 

dialogs maSin, rodesac meore 

jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis mxolod 

62% aRadgines. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive 

jgufis wevrebma dialogis teqsti Zalian 

kargad daimaxsovres, meore jgufma, ubralod, 

arCia, rom ufro saintereso iqneboda, 

Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas 

(Wadi, Klark, 1993). 

es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni informaciis 

zustad aRdgenaze daxarjuli Zalisxmeva garemoebebzea 

damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom 

valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda, 

Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems 

waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT. 

zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac, 

sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac 

moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni 

gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac 

Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis

aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT 

mowmis mexsiereba. 

mowmis mexsiereba 

mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ „Tqvas 

simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven 

vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari, 

damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia 

aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi 

aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma 

ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan 

„simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT, 

maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles 

da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZiebisTvis 

xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa, 

romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrunvelyofs. 

am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi 

iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi 

kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992). 

maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom 

mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad 

icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT. 

magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac 

avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs 

ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis 

siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils 

kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ramdenad 

swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~ 

xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqariT 

moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini er- 

TmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis 

pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore 

kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT 

ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~ 

sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar 

iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis 

pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis 

namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod 

14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom 

informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis 

Cvenebaze. 

movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba 

daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, rodesac 

cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom 

eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi 

Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis 

namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxvavebas 

movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias 

Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995). 

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians 

ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi 

swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell 

& Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba 

arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis 

dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber & 

Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT 

mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad 

iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs, 

rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias 

ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva 

elementebis gavleniT. 

Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da 

aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba. 

dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur 

safuZvlebs ganvixilavT. 

Sejameba 

mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamocdilebis 

erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi 

ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs 

warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens 

gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis 

CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris 

aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba 

erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac 

adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT 

gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur 

CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis 

kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi. 

rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver 

xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq- 


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306 

ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviCvenes, 

rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis 

miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis 

Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas, 

magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia 

damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi informaciis 

gavleniT. 


aspeqtebi 

droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic 

Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda 

dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom, 

ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT 

im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic 

SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia 

monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas? 

aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul 

cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom 

es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde 

dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli 

xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva 

Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZlebeli? 

Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT 

nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom 

gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs 

biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro 

Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. 

engramis ZiebaSi 

modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi Tqven- 

Tvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, SevamowmoT 

Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia, 

romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda 

ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is? 

karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac 

Seqmna pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis 

Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis 

fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira. 

leSli virTagvebs labirinTSi gavlas aswavlida, 

Semdeg maT tvinis calkeul nawilebs 

engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali 

tvinSi. 

amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi naswavl 

qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT 

gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili 

qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva 

miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi 

nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsierebaze 

gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra 

nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT, 

engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar 

Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba. 

leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis lokalizacia, 

rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis 

sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs. 

labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedvelobiT 

da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiromecnierebis 

mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri 

informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sistemaSia 

ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskretuli 

codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxolod 

SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Markowitsch, 

2000; Rolls, 2000). 

mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul 

struqturas: 

naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs 

proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeorebas 

saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis; 

zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri 

struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimulireaqcia~ 

kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia; 

didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia sensoruli 

mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris 

asociaciebize; 

nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia 

faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul 

mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis 

daxsomebaze. 

tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi, 

bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri korteqsi, 

agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis 

sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis. 

me-3 TavSi tvinis anatomia ganvixileT. axla 

ganvixiloT is neirofsiqologiuri meTodebi, 

romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven gamovitanoT 

daskvnebi im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac tvinis 

specifikuri struqturebi asruleben mexsierebis 

muSaobaSi. Cven ori tipis gamokvlevebs SevexebiT. 

pirvel rigSi, visaubrebT „bunebriv eqsperimentze~, 

romelsac tvinis bunebrivi daziane

suraTi 4.16 

tvinis struqtura ........ 

ii 

bisas vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki im axal teqnikur 

saSualebebs aRvwerT, romelTac mkvlevrebi 

tvinSi mimdinare mexsierebis procesebis Sesaxeb 

codnis gasaRrmaveblad iyeneben. 

amnezia 

1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axalgazrda 

teqnikosi niki a. saSineli dazianebis 

msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi 

cxovreba. 

niki magidasTan ijda, misi mezobeli ki 

miniaturuli safarikao daSniT TamaSobda. 

moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda – 

swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia 

daSna. daSna nikis marjvena nestos moxvda da 

moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT ganagrZo. 

am SemTxvevam igi seriozulad daaziana. 

yvelaze mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi 

droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo 

niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba; wignSi 

ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli 

winadadebebi aRar axsovs; satelevizio gadacemidan 

azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis 

ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gaimeorebs 

oriode wuTis win nanaxs. 

mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacientebiT, 

radgan „bunebriv eqsperimentad~ Tvlian 

aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis 

adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSualeba 

misca mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis 

sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul 

ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs 

moqmedebebi, anu ara aqvs darRveuli proceduruli 

mexsiereba, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsiereba 

aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas 

axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala, 

magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi. 

eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi 

naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da 

implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli 

ubnebia CarTuli. 

amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva ......... 

mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi 

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308 

axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa, 

romelic SeiZleba gansxvavebul anatomiur 

struqturas davukavSiroT. gamokvlevebis Sedegad 

aRmoCnda, rom hipokampis dazianebis dros 

eqsplicituri mexsiereba irRveva da ara _ 

implicituri (Squire, 1992). 

saidan 

viciT 

amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba 

daculia 

gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileobdnen 

cdis pirebi, romelTac korsakovis 

sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi) 

Sedegad dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampi. 

rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise 

janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa 

mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emociuri 

TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva moswondaT 

da romeli – ara. maTi mexsierebis 

Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests. 

erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eZleodaT 

sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic 

unda SeevsoT TavSi mosuli pirvelive 

sityviT (Sevsebis testi), meore testSi 

ki marcvali mimniSneblis rols TamaSobda, 

radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT 

unda moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wakiTxuli 

mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT mogonebis 

testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis 

mqone pacientebi naklebs igonebdnen, vidre 

janmrTelebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis 

testSi pacientebis da janmrTelebis 

mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf 

et al., 1984). 

es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis 

sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis dazianeba gavlenas 

axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo 

implicitur mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs. 

mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba 

sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992). 

gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis 

Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani 

dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba 

ar irRveva. 

is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi 

forma azianebs eqsplicitur da ara implicitur 

mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs, 

amtkicon, rom mexsierebis es ori forma gansxvavebul 

kanonzomierebebs avlens kodirebisa 

da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 

is gzebi, riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs 

iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa _ „medicina 

arCens enabluobas~. Cven ukve viciT zemoT 

moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom amneziis mqone 

individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobierebis 

gareSe, magram ramdenad SeuZliaT codnis 

SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis 

Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic im individis 

monacemebs ukavSirdeba (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000), 

romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac 

gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod, 

medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT, 

aris – „ara~. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. perceptul 

implicitur mexsierebas avlenda, mas ar 

hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba. 

es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri 

mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis 

SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi 

SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT 

Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs 

da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias. 

tvinis suraTi (skanireba) 

fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves 

anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb 

amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT, 

magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli 

gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis 

procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZliaT 

gadaxedoT me-3 Tavs, sadac saubaria 

gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, PETskanis 

saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma 

kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994) 

daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodirebisa 

da aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevarsfero 

gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es 

gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis standartuli 

gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom 

kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa 

sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am 

gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri 

aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi

epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo 

marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZlierebul 

aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri 

informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri 

sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvaobebis 

garda, romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma 

aRmoaCines. 

funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI) 

warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac gamoavlina mexsierebis 

operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvnelovani 

detalebi (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997). 

saidan 

viciT 

tvini da kodirebis operaciebi 

magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis 

dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis eqsperimentebi 

utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT 

ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi, romlebsac 

xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi da evalebodaT, 

TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb ori 

tipis msjeloba ewarmoebinaT: _ semantikuri: 

_ „es sityva, (magaliTad, „skami~, 

an „siyvaruli~) abstaraqtulia, Tu konkretuli?~ 

an perceptuli _ „es sityva, 

(magaliTad, „ndoba~ an „wigni~) fanqriT 

aris dawerili, Tu melniT?~ funqcionaluri 

magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam 

gviCvena, rom marcxena prefrontaluri 

qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis 

aramotoruli ubani) semantikuri kodirebis 

ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili, 

vidre perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi 

(Gabrieli et al., 1996). 

mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis 

aqtivacias semantikuri kodireba iwvevs marcxena 

naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo (ix. 

Tavi 3). 

ramdenime axali gamokvleva tvinis specifikuri 

regionebis Seswavlas mieZRvna, romelTa 

aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros 

xdeba (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). am 

gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda 

SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi). 

(magaliTad, abstraqtulia Tu konkretulia esa 

Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros 

cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri 

rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis 

ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: - 

prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli 

(hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi 

iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi 

sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefasebac ukeT SeZles. 

am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis 

SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri 

safuZvlebi. 

skanirebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva 

disciplinis mecnierebma erTad unda imuSaon, 

raTa srulad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis 

kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis 

mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac 

Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa tvinis 

Sesabamisi struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros, 

fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben 

fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis, 

Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi 

momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT did 

warmatebebs uzrunvelyofen mexsierebis procesebis 

kvlevaSi. 

Sejameba 

karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc 

engramebis Zieba daiwyo, aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba 

mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa 

CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi. 

amneziis mqone pacientebze gamokvlevebma 

daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri 

procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli 

struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis 

teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros 

janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa 

biologiuri safuZvlebi. 

mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi 

309


310 

sakvanZo 

sakiTxebi 


� kognituri fsiqologiis 

warmomadgenlebi 

ganixilaven mexsierebas, 

rogorc informaciis 

gadamuSavebis process. 

� mexsiereba, romelic moi- 

Txovs cnobier Zalisxmevas, 

aris eqsplicituri. 

aracnobieri mexsiereba 

implicituria. 

� deklaraciuli mexsiereba 

uzrunvelyofs faqtebis 

daxsomebas. proceduruli 

mexsiereba ki 

unarebis SemuSavebas. 

� mexsierebas xSirad ganixilaven, 

rogorc kodirebis, 

Senaxvis da aRdgenis 

samsafexurian process. 


� sensoruli mexsierebis 

sistema didi moculobis, 

magram Zalian mcire xangrZlivobisaa. 

� xatiseburi mexsiereba 

mxedvelobiT vels wamebis 

ganmavlobaSi aCerebs. 

� eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gam- 

Rizianeblebs inaxavs. 

xanmokle mexsiereba 

da muSa mexsiereba 

� xanmokle mexsierebas SezRuduli 

moculoba aqvs 

da swrafad qreba ganmeorebis 

SesaZleblobis 

ararsebobis pirobebSi. 

� ganmeoreba masalas xanmokle 

mexsierebaSi aCerebs. 

� xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba 

SeiZleba gaizardos 

dasaxsomebeli wevrebis 

azrian jgufebad dalagebis 

Sedegad. 

� aRdgenis procesi xanmokle 

mexsierebidan efeqturad 

xorcieldeba. 

� muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba 

xanmokle mexsierebas moicavs. 

� muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti 

xels uwyobs gare samyarodan 

gamocdilebis yovelwuTier 

asaxvas. 

xangrZlivi mexsiereba. 

kodireba da aRdgena 

� xangrZlivi mexsiereba moicavs 

Tqvens srul codnas 

samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis 

Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganusazRvreli 

moculobisaa. 

� Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris 

pirobaa kodirebisa da aRdgenis 

pirobebis damTxveva. 

� swavlisa da aRdgenis konteqstebs 

Soris damTxveva 

ganapirobebs aRdgenas. 

� adgilmdebareobis mrudis 

Tavisebureba aixsneba konteqstebs 

Soris gansxvavebiT. 

� mogonebis mimniSneblebi 

xels uwyoben xangrZliv mexsierebaSi 

informaciis mo- 

Zebnas. 

� epizodur mexsierebas iseTi 

movlenebis daxsomebasTan 

aqvs saqme, romlebic pirovnebis 

subieqtur gamocdilebaSi 

monawileobdnen. 

semantikuri mexsiereba sityvebisa 

da cnebebis arsebiTi 

mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb 

mexsierebaa. 

� interferencias maSin aqvs 

adgili, rodesac mimniSneb- 

lebs mxolod Sesabamis 

informaciasTan (mexsierebasTan) 

ar mivyavarT. 

� rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamu- 

Savebuli informacia, miT 

ukeTesia daxsomeba. 

�implicituri mexsierebis- 

Tvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom 

kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebi 

msgavsi iyos. 

� mexsiereba SeiZleba gaviumjobesoT 

gadamamuSavebeli 

ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri 

xerxebiT. 

� Cveulebriv, darwmunebulobis 

gancdas zustad SeuZlia 

mexsierebaSi informaciis 

arsebobis winaswarmetyveleba. 


struqturebi 

� cnebebi aris azrovnebis- 

Tvis mexsierebis saSeni 

agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba 

xdeba, rodesac mexsierebaSi 

Camoyalibdeba saerTo 

niSnebis mqone obieqtebis, 

an azrTa jgufebi. 

� prototipi warmoadgens 

cnebis saSualo egzemplars. 

� cnebebi xSirad ierarqiulad 

arian dalagebulni 

zogadidan kerZosaken. 

� sqema ufro zogadi kognituri 

klasteria. 

� mexsierebis yvela es zogadi 

struqtura gamoiyeneba axali 

informaciis molodinebisa 

da interpretaciis 

konteqstisTvis. 

� mogoneba mxolod angariSi 

ar aris, is rekonstruqciuli 

da seleqciuri procesia.

� wina gamocdileba da 

miznebi gavlenas axdens 

mogonebaze. 

� axalma informaciam SeiZleba 

Secvalos mogoneba 

da amiT mowmis Cveneba 

arasando gaxados, Tu mas 

axali movlenis Semdgomi 

informacia Seereva. 


aspeqtebi 

� tvinis gansxvavebuli 

struqturebi (hipokampis, 

amigdalas, cerebelumis 

da cerebruli korteqsis 

CarTviT) monawileoben 

sxvadasva tipis 

mexsierebaSi. 

� eqsperimentebi amneziis 

mqone pacientebze daexmara 

mkvlevrebs imis 

garkvevaSi, Tu rogor 

xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis 

mexsierebis Camoyalibeba 

da tvinSi maTi 

ganawileba. 

� tvinis skanirebis teqnikam 

udidesi roli Seasrula 

mexsierebis kodirebis da 

aRdgenis procesebSi tvinis 

monawileobis Sesaxeb 

codnis mopovebaSi. 


amnezia 

bazisuri done 

dajgufeba 

cnebebi 

konteqstis mixedviT 

gansxvaveba 

deklaraciuli mexsiereba 

eqo-mexsiereba 

gadamamuSavebeli 

ganmeoreba 

kodireba 

kodirebis specifikuroba 

engrama 

epizoduri mexsiereba 

mexsierebis eqsplicituri 

gamoyeneba 


mexsierebis implicituri 

gamoyeneba 

interferencia 

gadamuSavebis doneebis 

Teoria 

xangrZlivi mexsiereba 

mexsiereba 

metamexsiereba 

mnemonika 

dasawyisis efeqti 

praimingi 

proceduruli mexsiereba 

prototipi 

mogoneba 

mwkrivis daboloebis 

efeqti 

cnoba 

rekonstruqciuli 

mexsiereba 

aRdgena 

mimniSneblebi 

sqemebi 

semantikuri mexsiereba 


adgilmdebareobis efeqti 

xanmokle mexsiereba 

sacavi 

gadatanis Sesabamisi 

gadamuSaveba 

muSa mexsiereba 


311

312 

kognituri kognituri procesebi 

procesebi 

9 

kognituri procesebis 

Seswavla 

• fsiqikuri procesebis 

aRmoCena 

• fsiqikuri procesebi da 

resursebii 

metyveleba 

• eqspresiuli metyveleba 

• impresiuli metyveleba 

• metyveleba, azrovneba 

da kultura 

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: 

SeuZliaT Tu ara 

cxovelebs enis Seswavla 

vizualuri Semecneba 

• vizualuri 

reprezentaciebis 

gamoyeneba 

• verbaluri da 

vizualuri 

reprezentaciebis 

kombinireba 

problemis gadaWra da 

azrovneba 

• problemis gadawyveta 

• deduqciuri azrovneba 

• induqciuri azrovneba 

fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi: 

eqspert-sistemebi da medicina 

msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis 

miReba 

• evristika da msjeloba 

• • gadawyvetilebis miRebis 

fsiqologia 


• ZiriTadi cnebebi

odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis 

salivanma [elen keleris 

maswavlebeli] xelze damawera 

sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis 

am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi, 

rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom 

sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTamaSobdi. 

erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi, 

misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva 

kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da Seecada 

mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo. 

manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs 

`t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdilobda, 

mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris 

talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me 

kvlav mereoda es ori... 

Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da 

mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis 

kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda. 

elen keleris avtobiografiis _ `Cemi cxovrebis 

ambavi~ _ am nawyvetSi avtori aRwers 

enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan detalebs. 

erTi wlis asakSi elenma gadaitana gaurkveveli 

daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac man dakarga 

mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas 

Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis cxovrebaSi 

gaCnda ana salivani _ misi maswavlebeli. 

salivanma SeZlo SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi 

da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca 

gamoecada àzris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli 

mRelvareba.~ 

Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxadad 

aRgeqvaT sakuTari kognituri procesebi. es 

procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi 

Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Camayofina. 

roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi 

Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva 

`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me 

wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi 

misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas. 

uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli 

gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda; 

da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin 

mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili 

raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam 

gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, 

imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZneleebi 

amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi 

ukve advilad gvardeboda. 

es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT 

davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli 

da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dabrunebisas 

yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi, 

sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990, 

gv.15-16). 

ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamianisaTvis 

SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad amisa, 

metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars 

xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri yofis 

arsebiT niSans. Tumca, roca kargad Camoyalibebuli 

moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an 

rodesac deteqtiur istoriaSi gamomZiebeli 

ramdenime samxilze awyobs danaSaulis gaxsnis 

virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT SemecnebiTi 

aqtiobis inteleqtualur triumfs. 

termini Semecneba SemecnebiTi procesebis 

yvela formas aerTianebs. rogorc 9.1 suraTzea 

naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla 

adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs 

(me-5 TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze 

kognituri procesebis Seswavla 

313

Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi 

314 

kognituri 

fsiqologia 

grZnoba ena inteleqti yuradReba mexsiereba 

suraTi 9.1 

kognituri fsiqologiis sfero 

aRwerili zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semecneba) 

aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise procesebs. 

SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven 

iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi, mogonebebi: 

`ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~; „wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs 

`sdeq~; `saxlidan wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kognituri 

procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipulirebT 

im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic 

gare samyaros interpretaciisa da cxovrebiseuli 

dilemebis dros racionaluri gadawyvetilebis 

miRebis saSualebas gaZlevT. 

fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqologiis 

specialistebi Seiswavlian. bolo sami 

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqologiasTan 

erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve 

axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _ kognituri 

mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic (ix. sur. 9.2). 

kognituri mecniereba fokusirebulia sxvadasxva 

fiqri da 

problemebis 

gadaWra 

kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba 

adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT. 

kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi 

umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aRqma, 

mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta 

da abstraqtuli azrovneba. 

Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi, 

romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxsenebas, 

azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis 

Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs. 

kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) – 

mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsiqikur 

procesebs – yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas, 

aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas. 

kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – informaciis 

gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sistemebis 

kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero. 

momijnave sferoebSi erTi da imave sakiTxis 

irgvliv arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos 

warmomadgenlebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, erTmaneTs 

monacemebi da aRmoCenebi gauziaron. me-8 TavSi 

Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsierebis 

biologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva 

kvlevebis gamoyenebiT, mexsierebis Teoriebis 

daxvewa: kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad 

gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis umrav- 

suraTi 9.2 

kognituri mecnierebis sfero 

kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis, 

neiromecnierebis, lingvistikis, kognituri 

fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis 

(xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.

lesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT, 

sxvadasxva momijnave specialistebis 

urTierTTanamSromlobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili. 

Semecnebis Seswavlas kognituri procesebis 

kvlevis mokle aRweriT daviwyebT _ rogor cdiloben 

mkvlevrebi kognituri funqcionirebis 

Sinagani procesebis gazomvas; Semdeg ganvixilavT 

kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis ZiriTad 

sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba 

aqvT: metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis 

gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis 

miReba. 

kognituri procesebis 

Seswavla 

rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirveli, 

rac TavSi mogivaT, isaa, rom kognituri 

procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven 

SegiZliaT dainaxoT masSi Sesuli informacia, 

magaliTad, fraza `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs 

_ darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT 

im moqmedebebis identifikacia, romlebic frazas 

Tqvens reaqciasTan akavSirebs? rogor SegiZliaT 

gaigoT, ra moxda am SualedSi _ romeli 

kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis 

aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am 

TavSi aRwerilia logikuri analizis is tipebi, 

romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda 

kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla. 

fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena 

fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi 

ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna 1868 wels holandieli 

fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders) 

mier. `fsiqikuri procesebis siswrafis~ Seswavlis 

mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli 

davalebebi, romelTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis 

dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gonebrivi safexurebis 

gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi 

9.1 mocemulia eqsperimenti, romelSic daculia 

dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT, 

gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba. 

ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis 

Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven unda 

cxrili 9.1 

dondersis fsikuri procesebis analizi 

(qarTuli varianti) 

CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli 

dro (wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli 

TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad 

swrafad. 

davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos 

daawereT Tavze „s~ 

iyo arabeTs rostevan, 

mefe RmrTisagan sviani, 

maRali, uxvi, mdabali, 

laSqar-mravali ymiani 

dro: __________ 

davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs 

daawereT Tavze „v~, xolo didad daweril 

Tanxmovnebs „s~ 





dro: ___________ 

davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos 

daawereT Tavze „v~ 





dro:__________ 

CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic gaiareT 

davalebis Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daaxloebiT 

aseTi iqneba: 

a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara; 

b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze „s~. 

ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis 

Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos Sesasruleblad 

studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti 

an kidev ufro meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi 

gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs 

CamovTvliT: 

a. gansazRvreT niSani didia Tu patara; 

b. gansazRvreT didi aso xmovania Tu 

Tanxmovani; 


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316 

g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze „s~, Tu 

xmovania, daawereT „v~. 

amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze 

gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori gonebrivi 

safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, 

rogorc stimulTa kategorizacia (xmovani Tu 

Tanxmovani) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s Tu s-s dawera). 

pirveli davaleba stimulTa kategorizaciis 

erT safexurs moiTxovs, meore davaleba ki _ 

aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve, 

or pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. vinaidan 

meore davalebaSi yvelafris gakeTeba giwevT, 

rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis, 

amitomac meore davalebis SesrulebisTvis meti 

droa saWiro. es iyo dondersis mosazrebis 

ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi safexuri 

(operacia) yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs 

SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom 

SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis 

Catarebis aucilebeli proceduraa. Cven unda 

davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da meore davalebis 

Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba 

ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT, rom v–s daweras 

sWirdeba meti dro, vidre s–s daweras. mesame 

davalebas ufro naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes, 

vidre meores (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo, ara?) 

Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom 

Tavis proceduras sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis 

xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis gamoiyenebda. 

misi meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZloT, 

gamogekloT pirveli davalebis SesrulebisaTvis 

daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze 

daxarjuli droisaTvis da gangesazRvraT 

stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevisTvis 

saWiro dro. Tu Tqven SeqmniT davalebas, 

romelic mxolod stimulis kategorizacias 

saWiroebs (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro, 

rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin Tqven 

SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ garkveuli dro 

_ calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, stimulis 

kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100 miliwami 

(wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150 

miliwami. 

kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi 

aRar iyeneben gamoklebis meTods, radganac 

nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokidebulia 

davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevrebi 

mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini 

xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois xangrZlivobas, 

romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba konkretuli 

davalebis Sesasruleblad. dondersis 

ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri 

procesi saWiroebs damatebiT dros, kvlav 

fundamentur wanamZRvars warmoadgens kognitur 

fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi. 

vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es mosazreba ukanaskneli 

130 wlis ganmavlobaSi. 

fsiqikuri procesebi da 

resursebi 

kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebis 

mier iseTi umaRlesi kognituri procesebis 

Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul 

procesebad) daSla, rogoricaa metyveleba da 

problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs. 

TiToeuli kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul 

komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac 

unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros 

TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da kubebi ise 

moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi 

ganxorcieldes. dondersis davalebebSi Tqven 

naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi 

(ix. sur. 9.3., nawili A). erT safexurs pirdapir 

mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli gamoyeneba 

saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZlebelia 

ramdenime procesis erTdrouli mimdinareoba 

(nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoadgens 

me-5 TavSi aRweril seriul da paralelur 

procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ilustracias. 

Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT 

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warimarTos paralelurad 

_ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba 

SesaZlebelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis 

Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli elementis seriul 

gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke, 

erTimeoris miyolebiT. 

procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareobis 

identifikaciis mizniT fsiqologebi 

xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros, Tumca, 9.3 

suraTis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi 

dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar 

amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba, 

romelic, savaraudod, or process moicavs. Tu 

Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis 

mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT

maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zustad, anu ar 

viqnebiT darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad 

mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad. 

kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan 

problemas warmoadgens davalebis 

iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas 

miscems eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi 

SesaZlo konfiguraciidan blokebis swori 

varianti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (romelic 

Tqven axlaxan gaakeTeT) Cven SegviZlia 

darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia, 

radgan erTi aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs 

Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar SegiZliaT 

moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s 

dasawerad), sanam ar gansazRvravT, Tu rogori 

unda iyos pasuxi. 

Teoretikosebi procesebis seriuli da paraleluri 

mimdinareobis gansazRvras xSirad 

aqtivobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxovnis 

xarisxis SefasebiT cdiloben. warmoidgineT, 

suraTi 9.3 

umaRlesi kognituri 

procesebis analizi 

kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gansazRvron 

im fsiqikuri procesebis identuroba 

da organizacia, romlebic umaRlesi 

kognituri procesebis (maRali donis 

kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas 

warmoadgenen; 

(A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli 

versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi 

Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes; 

(B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs seriulad, 

anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi 

ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad; 

(C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli 

dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs 

saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis paraleluri 

Tu seriuli mimdinareoba. 

rom megobarTan erTad midixarT saswavlebelSi. 

Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir 

da Tan isaubroT _ am dros gadaadgilebisa da 

metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs; 

magram ra moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze 

gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis gasakvlevad, 

SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari. 

axla gadaadgilebis procesi moiTxovs damatebiT 

resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyvelebis 

procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba. 

am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom 

adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli resursebi 

aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes 

sxvadasxva davalebaze (Kahneman, 1973; Navon & 

seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an 

meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevrulad, 

erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs. 

paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori 

an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erTdroulad 

mimdinareobs. 


317


318 

Gopher, 1979). am resursebis gadanawilebaze Tqveni 

yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5 TavSi yuradReba 

ganxilulia, rogorc procesebis erToblioba, 

romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situaciaSi 

amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli 

informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini yuradReba 

gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia, 

romeli fsiqikuri procesi unda iqnes amor- 

Ceuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi. 

aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule 

yvela procesi ar saWiroebs erTnair resurss. 

faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, 

avtomaturia procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols 

(Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi procesebi 

saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi procesebi 

ki, rogorc wesi _ ara. erTdroulad 

erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxorcieleba 

Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro 

met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis 

Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis 

kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes) 

_ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas; 

xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti 

kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba. 

avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ 

procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas, 

maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis 

paralelurad. 

cxrili 9.2 

paralelurad, masSi cnobieri CarTulobis 

gareSe. 

qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis 

magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT, SeasruloT 

9.2 cxrilSi mocemuli davaleba. rTuli iyo 

Tu ara A sia, B siasTan SedarebiT? 

saidan 

ricxvebis gadamuSaveba 

dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli 

wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es ricxvebis Tu sityvebis 

wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi). 

SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia. 

sia A. 

8-8 

2-1 

ori-ori 

erTi-erTi 

sia B. 

1-1 

2-9 

cxra-erTi 

2-2 

viciT 

cxra-rva 

8-9 

erTi-ori 

1-1 

cxra-ori 

rva-ori 

8-8 

1-8 

1-2 

9-9 

cxra-cxra 

ori-erTi 

erTi-erTi 

9-9 

rva-rva 

2-8 

rva-rva 

2-2 

rva-cxra 

9-8 

cxra-cxra 

1-9 

cxra-erTi 

ori-ori 

Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis 

`mniSvneloba~ 

cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9.2 

cxrilSi ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba. mi- 

Rebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs 

bevrad ufro uWirT, roca ricxvebi axlos 

mdgomni arian (magaliTad, 1-2) vidre maSin, 

roca maT Soris didi intervalia (magali- 

Tad, rva-erTi), ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra 

formiTaa cifrebi mocemuli _ arabuliT 

Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom 

pirvel siaSi mocemulia gansxvavebuli 

wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac mcire intervalebia, 

xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvilebs 

Soris intervali didia, amitom 

pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo.

magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis 

siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgavsebis 

gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTicxra 

fizikuri gansxvavebulobis xarisxis 

mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevrebi 

varaudoben, rom, rodesac xedavT 2-1 an 

ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis 

raodenobaze, maSinac ki, rodesac es xels 

uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. am dros 

xdeba ricxvis mniSvnelobis avtomaturi 

Sefaseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar 

gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein, 

1995). 

bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor euflebodiT 

raodenobas da ricxvis cnebebs. axla 

kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad 

avtomaturi gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva 

TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili 

davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi 

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mexsierebis 

efeqtur gamoyenebaze (Logan, 1988,1992). iqneba 

obieqti „2~ Tu „ori~ – aRqmulis mexsierebaSi 

gadamuSaveba uzrunvelyofs informacias raodenobis 

Sesaxeb. 

axla es informacia kontrolirebadi da 

avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb, gamoviyenoT 

erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis 

gansaxilvelad. swor gzaze siarulis dros 

ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac 

imaze miuTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da 

laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi aqtivobebia; 

Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia icvleba, 

rac gaiZulebT gzis mravali variantidan 

airCioT erT-erTi _ unda gadawyvitoT, 

saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT. 

radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqmedebis 

erTdroulad Sesruleba, Tqveni yurad- 

Reba „CixSi eqceva~ (Pashler, 1992,4). 

es magaliTi cxadyofs, ratom xdeba kontrolirebadi 

da avtomaturi procesebis xarisxis 

da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra. 

pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac 

avtomaturi iyo, ukve yuradRebis kontrols 

saWiroebs. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare, 

esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba met-nakleb yurad- 

Rebas iTxovdes. 

axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis 

logikas. rTuli saazrovno amocanebis gadaWris 

mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi 

gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombinirebulia 

rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise 

kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi. 

kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis 

mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna, 

romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiToeuli 

komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac 

ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis 

logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa 

gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven 

saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli 

kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi. daviwyebT 

metyvelebis gamoyenebiT. 

Sejameba 

kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnierebaSi 

momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian 

fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic 

saSualebas aZlevs adamians, gamoiyenos ena, 

gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba. 

dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis 

calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis 

meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri 

aqtivobis komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT 

Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis 

komponentebs, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da 

kontrolirebad procesebs. 

metyveleba 

SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT 

da iq aravin aris; ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs 

konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romelzec 

weria: „kata xaliCazea~. ras geubnebaT es 

Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es 

Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am 

SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesabamisi 

konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven saidumlo 

agenti xarT da instruqciebs yovel- 

Tvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven 

gecodinebaT, rom „kata~ aris Tqveni kontaqti, 

metyveleba 

319


320 

xolo „xaliCaze yofna~ sabrZolo adgils 

niSnavs, e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT. 

magram imisaTvis, rom fraza _ „kata xali- 

Cazea~ _ gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris aucilebeli, 

saidumlo agenti iyoT. mas SeiZleba 

sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes. 

warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze 

karis win mxolod maSin wveba da gelodebaT, 

roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni 

ojaxis romelime wevrs eubnebiT „kata xali- 

Cazea~, Tqven gulisxmobT: _ „SegiZlia, kata 

gareT gauSva?~ 

warmoidgineT, rom Tqvens megobars surs 

manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da SiSobs, radgan 

ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT: 

„kata xaliCazea~ da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT, 

rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia 

manqanis gamoyvana. 

warmoidgineT, rom gsurT SeajibroT 

Tqveni kata da Tqveni megobris ZaRli. am dros 

Tqven ambobT: „kata xaliCazea~, riTac miuTiTebT, 

rom „kata isvenebs da ar surs sirbili~. 

aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba 

winadadebis azrsa da mosaubris mier nagulisxmev 

azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis 

gamoyenebis Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents 

akeTeben rogorc produqciaze (eqspresiuli 

eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) – 

is, rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren; 

am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi. 

msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _ 

konkretul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsis 

formirebis procesi. 

suraTi 9.4 

eqspresiuli metyveleba 

SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars? 

ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni megobari rom brma 

iyos? 

metyveleba), ise mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi 

azris gagebaze (impresiuli metyveleba): 

nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad rogor 

iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs; 

rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier 

nagulisxmev azrs. 


SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecadeT, ramodenime 

sityviT aRweroT is. ris Tqmas apirebT? axla 

warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT 

brma adamians. ras SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu 

ara meore SemTxvevaSi gonebis ufro meti daZabva? 

eqspresiuli metyvelebis Seswavlisas aqcenti

cxrili 9.3 

1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met 

informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT. 

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens 

msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma. 

2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli 

faqtebic ar gaqvT. 

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqven mier miwodebuli informaciis 

dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmvis dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli 

faqtebi. 

3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba. 

graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb 

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri 

Tqven mier miwodebul Setyobinebasa da manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Tema anu 

Tqven mier Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven unda auxsnaT, ris 

Sesaxeb saubrobT. 

4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis gamoyenebas. teqsti agebul unda iqnes 

mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT. 

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli 

Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad 

gaiges, risi Tqmac gsurdaT. 

5. Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis aqsiomebs? 

ras amboben? ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom? 

giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi? 

daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels. 

giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram meSinia ar 

gamZarcvon. 

daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo adgilia. 

giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo? 

daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT. 

giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT? 

daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad SevZleb 

wamosvlas. 

giorgi: aa . . . 

daTo: hm 

keTdeba rogorc metyvelebis produqciaze (ras 

irCeven adamianebi mocemul momentSi saTqmelad), 

ise, im procesebze, romlebic Setyobinebebs, 

gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad. metyveleba ar 

gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyvelebaa, 

agreTve, wera da JestebiT saubari. advilad 

gasagebad saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia 

sityvebi: mosaubre – is, vinc metyvelebs anu 

wers an laparakobs (igulisxmeba JestebiT 

laparakic) da msmeneli – is, vinc ismens (igebs). 

ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom, albaT, ufro meti 

unda vuTxra, vidre, ubralod `ho~. 

ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi aqvs, mainc ar 

damijerebs. ra SeiZleba vuTxra iseTi, rac 

simarTles hgavs da Tanac daamSvidebs? 

Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar gavCerebulvar, 

SeiZleba ifiqros, rom sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi 

ram unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom ar 

SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. 

wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda uaris Tqma uxeSad 

gamomivides. mixvdeba giorgi, rom Tavs varideb? 

(Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob) 

gaeba maxeSi. 

msmenelis gaTvaliswineba 

Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi 

normaluri mxedvelobis mqone da brma adamianisTvis 

im mizniT, rom gamonaTqvami konkretuli 

msmenelis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegegmaT. 

nebismier SemTxvevaSi saubrisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT, 

vin aris Tqveni msmeneli da is informacia, 

romelic unda miawodoT auditoriis 

wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, 

metyveleba 

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322 

TavSi azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom 

`kata xaliCazea~, Tu man ar icis, rom kata 

xaliCaze mxolod maSin wveba, rodesac gareT 

gasvla surs. msmenelis gaTvaliswinebis wesi, 

romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, 

pirvelad filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul 

Grice) Semoitana. graisi TanamSromlobis princips 

ganixilavs, rogorc mosaubris instruqcias, 

gamonaTqvami aagos mimdinare saubris pirobebisa 

da mniSvnelobis mixedviT. 

am instruqciis arsis gasagebad graisma Camoayaliba 

oTxi aqsioma, romelsac gulisxmieri 

da yuradRebiani mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9.3. cxril- 

Si warmodgenilia TiToeuli aqsioma da SeTxzuli 

dialogi, sadac naCvenebia metyvelebis 

dros aRwerili aqsiomebis gavlena pasuxebis 

SerCevaze. rogorc 9.3 cxrilidan Cans, karg 

mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra 

SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma msmenelma. 

amgvarad, Tqven ar etyviT Tqvens megobars: „dRes 

aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, Tu darwmunebuli 

ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda 

amisa, TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob 

yvela aleqss Soris mxolod erTs axsenebT am 

konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar 

waxvalT); anu „saerTo codnaSi~ arsebobs vinme 

aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis, 

ise _ Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da 

qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark, Kethrine Marshal, 1981) 

miaCniaT, rom „saerTo codna~ informaciis sam 

wyaros eyrdnoba: 

jgufis wevroba – sxvadasxva sididis jgufis 

wevrebi Semoklebul msjelobebs iyeneben, 

roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo 

gamocdilebas da gasagebia misi wevrebisTvis; 

lingvisturi Tanaarseboba – saubrisas 

adamianebi ukve ganxilul informacias (wina 

saubrebis dros) miiCneven „saerTo codnis~ 

nawilad; 

fizikuri Tanaarseboba – roca mosaubre 

da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofebian 

da Sexeba aqvT erTsa da imave obieqtebTan. 

es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris garemos (sivrces, 

romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise _ maT 

garSemomyof adamianebs. 

amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis: 

„me dRes aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, SesaZloa, 

gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni 

megobari mcire jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac 

aleqsic miekuTvneba (jgufis wevroba), an, 

SesaZloa imitom, rom adre Tqven ukve aRniSneT 

aleqsis arseboba (lingvisturi Tanaarseboba), 

an, sulac, imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi 

(fizikuri Tanaarseboba). 

saidan 

viciT 

eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens 

jgufis wevroba 

eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevrebi 

studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT 

Sedarebis davaleba ise, rom winaswar arafers 

eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators win 

ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria 

baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT da mas 

ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom cdis pirebs 

swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebinaT isini. 

eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs 

ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT hqondaT saubris 

SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad 

SeeZlo ganesazRvra, icnobda Tu ara c.p. 

niu-iorks. rodesac isini niu-iorkis mcxovreblebs 

esaubrebodnen baraTebis aRsawerad, 

isini ufro metad iyenebdnen saku- 

Tar saxelebs: „es aris sitikorpis Senoba~, 

vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: „es aris 

maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT~ (Clark, 

1987). 

ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis 

wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom vinmes pirvelad 

xvdebiT. Tu Tqven gsurT, rom yuradRebiani da 

gulisxmieri mosaubre iyoT, pirvel rigSi unda 

gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas (jgufs) ekuTvnis 

igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvaliswinebs 

Tavis molodins msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu 

ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi). adamianebs SeuZliaT 

TiTqmis zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba 

icodnen sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca, 

tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom sxvebisTvisac 

cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician (Fussel & Kraus, 

1992). msmenelis codnis zusti gansazRvra SesaZlebels 

xdis eqspresiuli metyvelebis adekvatur 

regulacias.Y

daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri informacia 

unda miawodoT quCaSi adamians, romelic 

gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara 

konkretul kiTxvebs (magaliTad, iciT, sad aris 

meria?), cdilobT Tu ara misi Cacmulobidan 

da metyvelebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT, 

saidan aris igi da ramdenad dawvrilebiT unda 

aRuweroT gza. 

Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba 

Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc vnaxeT, gamona- 

Tqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze, 

romelsac esaubrebiT. axla ganvixiloT fsiqikuri 

procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT, 

gamoTqvaT azri. 

metyveleba da Secdomebi 

gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v.a. 

spuneri (Reverend W.A. Spooner) oqsfordis 

universitetidan, romlis saxelis mixedviTac, 

ori an meti sityvis pirveli marcvlebis gadanacvlebas 

spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma 

es saxeli samarTlianad daimsaxura. zarmac 

students semestris gacdenis SemTxvevaSi frazis 

„You have wasted the whole term~ („Sen mTeli semestri 

gaacdine~) nacvlad eubneboda: _ „You have 

tasted the whole worm~ _ („Sen mTeli matli SeWame~) 

(waste – gacdena; taste _ gemos gasinjva, term _ 

semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis 

erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros 

vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis azris gamoTqmis 

dagegmvis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan 

Cans, gamonaTqvamis dagegmva ramodenime erTmaneTisgan 

gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan 

TiToeulze SeiZleba gamovlindes metyvelebis 

Secdomebi (Bock&levet, 1994; Rapp&Goldrick, 2000). 

gasaocaria, magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc 

Cans, ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi – isini gasagebi 

xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis 

struqturas. mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos 

styvebis pirveli asoebi – „tips of the slung~– 

nacvlad „slips of the sung~-isa, magram arasodes 

ityvis „tlips of the sung~, radganac am SemTxvevaSi 

irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris wesi, 

romlis mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes 

gvxvdeba „tl~(Fromkin, 1980). 

metyvelebis Teoriuli modelebis agebisas 

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba metyvelebis Secdomebs, 

amitom mkvlevrebi ar Semoifarglebian aRniSnu- 

cxrili 9.4 

Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi 

dagegmvis doneebi: 

� mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic 

saukeTesod gamoxataven mis azrs. 

Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, magaliTad, 

`movifiqre~ da `movigone~, SeiZleba Tqvas _ 

`movifone~. 

� mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos 

da gaaerTianos winadadebaSi. 

radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian 

erTeuls, SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba. 

cxviridan sisxli wamskda → sisxlidan cxviri 

wamskda. 

lamazi gogos kaba → gogos lamazi kaba. 

� mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi, 

romelTa Tqmasac apirebs. 

radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven, 

SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa gadanacvleba. 

cali xeli → xali celi. 

li Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi 

dakvirvebiT da maTi aRnusxviT. maT Seiswavles 

eqsperimentul pirobebSi metyvelebis Secdomebis 

xelovnurad gamowvevis sxvadasxva xerxebi 

(Bock, 1996). 

am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda 

moqnili eqspresiuli metyvelebis safuZvlad 

mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezentaciebis 

met-naklebi gageba. 

procesebi. gaixseneT me-6 TavSi ganxiluli 

xelovnurad Seqmnili predispoziciuli 

spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs, 

laparakis dros dauSvan spunerizmiseuli Secdomebi 

(baars, 1992). cdis pirebs sTxoven, waiki- 

Txon dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac 

msgavsi fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L 

buzi-fuli 

baRi-fari 

boli-foni 

bedi-fexi 

Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan „feriberi~. 

rig SemTxvevebSi zogierTi cdis piri 

manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs 

„beri-feri~. 

metyveleba 

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324 

am teqnikebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebs saSualeba 

eZlevaT, Seiswavlon mosaubris mier Secdomebis 

daSvebis albaTobaze moqmedi faqtorebi. 

magaliTad, spunerizmis msgavsi Secdomebis 

albaToba izrdeba, rodesac bgerebis gadaadgileba 

realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al., 

1975; Stemberger, 1992); amgvarad, „feri-beri~-s magivrad 

„beri-feri~-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia, 

vidre, magaliTad, „coli-qmari~-s magivrad 

„qmoli-cari~-s Tqmis albaToba. msgavsi Sedegebi 

savaraudos xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli 

zogierTi kognituri procesi uzrunvelyofs 

kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da gasworebas. 

es procesebi ar gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis 

daSvebis uflebas, romlebic konkretuli 

enisaTvis miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis 

gamoTqmas gulisxmobs. 

reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis 

dros cdis pirebs sTxovdnen wyvil-wyvilad 

waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi, magaliTad, 

shoot the breeze – raise the roof (bevri laparaki – 

aurzauris atexva); ori wamis Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, 

rac SeiZleba swrafad gaexsenebinaT erTerTi. 

droSi SezRudvis pirobebSi cdis pirebi 

zogierT SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis 

sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof. Secdomis 

daSvebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro didia, 

vidre zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, radgan bolo 

or gamonaTqvams erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs. es 

Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis 

mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan 

aris mexsierebaSi dakavSirebuli: rodesac 

adamiani apirebs Tqvas erTi idioma, msgavsi 

mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma 

kavSirma SeiZleba ganapirobos kombinirebuli 

Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock, 1977). 

Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic 

ganapirobebs ama Tu im gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas 

da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs 

maT aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs, 

romlebic mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs 

igeben. 

impresiuli metyveleba 

warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs: `kata 

xaliCazea.~ Tqven ukve iciT, rom, konteqstidan 

gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba 

SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli azris 

gamosaxatad. Tqven, rogorc msmeneli, rogor 

airCevT mxolod erT azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze 

saubars orazrovani mniSvnelobis problemis 

ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT. 

orazrovnebis daZleva 

ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi 

ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT: erTi, 

romelic dakavSirebulia miwaTmoqmedebasTan 

(sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan) da meore, 

romelic dakavSirebulia kafesTan. warmoidgineT, 

rom vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari~, 

rogor xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul 

SemTxvevaSi? Tqven unda SeZloT am or mniSvnelobas 

Soris arsebuli leqsikuri orazrovnebis 

daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom zogierTi 

kognituri procesis gamoyenebiT, konteqstidan 

gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis orazrovnebis 

daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde 

_ samuSao iaraRebze Tu gasarTob adgilebze. 

es farTo konteqsti unda dagexmaroT sityvis 

ori mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi, magram 

rogor? 

sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT 

orazrovnebis kidev erT tips. ras niSnavs es 

winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces 

daxmareba.~ Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod 

erTi mniSvneloba, magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme 

gvaqvs struqturul orazrovnebasTan. (Akmajian 

et al., 1990) (ix. suraTi 9.5). lingvistebi winadadebis 

struqturis sailustraciod xSirad iyeneben 

diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winadadebis 

_ `kata xaliCazea~ _ analizi. am winadadebis 

struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III 

nawilSi ki warmodgenilia winadadebis _ `ninos 

da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori 

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli 

struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis 

mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis~ exeba dedas, 

erT adamians _ ori bavSvis dedas gadasces 

daxmareba. III nawilSi warmodgenili analizis 

mixedviT, winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvemdebare 

_ `ninos~ da `giorgis dedas~, e.i. or 

adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelobiT 

igebT winadadebas, rodesac mas pirvelad 

kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic 

winadadebas ori mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vub-

undebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri 

orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs 

konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis amorCevas ori an 

meti SesaZlo variantidan? 

davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis 

orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: 

„anas yvavili aqvs~. 

ra aris am SemTxvevaSi yvavili? warmoidgineT, 

rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvneloba, 

albaT, aseTi iqneba: 

gansazRvreba 1: mcenare. 

gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba. 

am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar 

gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo ori mniSvnelobidan 

avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis 

Sedegebi adasturebs, aseTi tipis winadadebis 

wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi 

xdeba sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998). 

konkretul situaciaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis 

gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, 

magram rogor gvexmareba is mniSvnelobis 

arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom 

konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime 

(tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al., 1998, 2000). ganvixiloT 

Semdegi magaliTebi: 

1. ana avadaa yvaviliT; 

2. ana krefda yvavilebs; 

3. ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs. 

pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis mixedviT, SesaZloa 

ganvsazRvroT, ra mniSvnelobiTaa gamoye- 

suraTi 9.5 

winadadebis 

struqtura 

winadadebis gramatikuli 

struqturis TvalsaCino 

ilustraciis mizniT, lingvistebi 

xSirad iyeneben 

diagramebs. I struqtura 

warmoadgens winadadebis _ 

`kata xaliCazea~ _ struqturul 

analizs; II da III struqtura 

ki gviCvenebs, rom 

winadadeba _ `ninos da giorgis 

dedas gadasces daxmareba~ 

_ ori erTmaneTisagan 

gansxvavebuli struqturuli 

analiziT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili. 

vis gadasces 

daxmareba? or adamians Tu 

erTs? 

nebuli yvavili, iseve, rogorc meore winadadebaSi. 

mesame winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwerilia 

situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts meore 

winadadebisTvis _ `yvavili aqvs~. es magaliTebi 

gviCvenebs, rom Tqven iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis 

sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli 

momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis 

mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris, 1995; Sereno, 1995). 

struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis 

mixedviT xdeba (MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993; 

Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT 

gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi arCevis 

SesaZleblobas konteqsti iZleva. 

modiT, Cvens magaliTs davubrundeT, romelic 

pirvelad ganvixileT da romelic sakmaod 

metyveleba 

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326 

cxrili 9.5 

orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri 

da sarkastuli interpretacia 

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami 

marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da 

marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man 

uTxra das: „Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra mSvenieria 

aq da rogor Tbila~. 

sarkastuli moTxovna 

tonis amxanagi, romelTanac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis 

Rias tovebs misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki, 

rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi Txovna – 

daeketa fanjara – uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria 

iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scioda da 

uTxra amxanags: „ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~. 

orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea~. am SemTxvevaSi 

orazrovneba ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT 

da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis 

struqturiT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom konteqstis 

mixedviT gadawyobis kanoni am Sem- 

TxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994). 

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis 

procesSi adamiani orazrovnebis dasaZlevad 

efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli 

SeTanxmebulobaa naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier 

gagebul azrs Soris. metyvelebis procesis 

ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. „msmenelis 

gaTvaliswineba~ _ procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac 

mosaubre mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis 

gamonaTqvams irCevs. impresiuli metyvelebis 

analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenels 

aqvs molodini, rom mosaubre sworad metyvelebs. 

amrigad, msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia, naTqvami 

fraza gaiazros konteqstidan gamomdinare. 

saidan 

viciT 

konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri 

mniSvnelobis gagebaSi 

ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: „aq mSvenieria 

da Tbila~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc 9.5 

cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia, am tipis 

martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxvadasxva istoriis 

SeTxzviT sxvadasxva azri mivaniWoT. Cven 

vnaxeT, rom sityvasityviT versia axlo 

kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvnelobasTan. 

igive gamonaTqvamis arapirdapiri 

versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas 

aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT zemoT aRniSnuli 

modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis 

ilustraciis mizniT. Tu mkiTxveli informacias 

sityvasityviT amuSavebs konstanturi 

rigis (Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT, 

maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad 

igi Seecdeba gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis 

gagebas. Tu es gza warumatebeli 

aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva 

mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975; 1978; 

Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis 

da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gagebas ufro 

meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamonaTqvamis. 

mkiTxvelisTvis ki ufro advilia 

sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre 

pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, 

rom mkiTxvelebi ufro swrafad 

igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive 

gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs, 

1986). 

ra gvesmis 

orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas 

aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu ras vigebT. axla 

yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze, 

Sesabamisad, kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba 

mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu 

mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? magaliTad, ra 

inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven gaigebT 

ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea~. kvlevebis 

safuZvelze dadginda, rom mniSvnelobis mqone 

reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri 

erTeulebiT, romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben 

(Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia 

gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis _ 

`kata xaliCazea~ _ ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom 

raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas 

Tqven gamoyofT propozicias ze da cdilobT, 

gaigoT katasa da xaliCas Soris arsebuli 

mimarTeba, romelic gamoxatulia am propoziciiT. 

propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze 

(kata, xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met 

propozicias Seicavs. ganvixiloT Semdegi

winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra 

taxtis qveS~. aq pirveli Semadgeneli propoziciaa 

qveS (Tagvi, taxti). aqedan vawyobT: 

SeZvra [(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]; sabolood 

ki miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS 

(Tagvi, taxti))]. 

qveS (Tagvi, taxti) 

SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)] 

uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, 

taxti))] 

rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT, rom mniSvnelobis 

fsiqikuri propoziciebi marTlac ase 

muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi 

Catarebuli zogierTi kvleva miznad isaxavda, 

eCvenebina propoziciuli reprezentaciebis 

roli metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc 

kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu frazaSi 

ori sityva ekuTvnis erTsa da imave propozicias, 

mexsierebaSi maTi warmodgena xdeba erTdroulad, 

maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan 

winadadebaSi. 

saidan 

viciT 

propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis 

struqturas 

ganvixiloT winadadeba: „mavzoleumi, 

sadac mefe ganisvenebda, moedans gadahyurebda~. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom am winadadebaSi 

mavzoleumi da moedani erTmane- 

Tisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli analizi 

gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini mexsierebaSi 

erTad unda Seikribos propoziciaSi 

gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi, moedani). 

am analizis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma 

cdis pirebs warudgines sityvebis CamonaTvali 

da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu 

ara TiToeuli sityva winadadebaSi. 

zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi 

uSualod moednis Semdeg miewoda, 

zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli 

sityvis Semdeg. pasuxi _ „diax, iyo 

mavzoleumi~ gacilebiT swrafad modioda 

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamonaTvalSi 

mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg iyo 

mocemuli, vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva 

propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRoda 

win. es Sedegi cxadyofs, rom cnebebi _ 

„mavzoleumi~ da „moedani~ erTad iyo 

warmodgenili mexsierebaSi (Ratclif &McKoon, 

1978). 

rodisme SegimCneviaT, rom Zalian Znelia 

vinmes naTqvamis zustad damaxsovreba? SesaZloa, 

gicdiaT zustad (sityvasityviT) dagemaxsovrebinaT 

raime fraza filmidan da saxlSi dabrunebuls 

aRmogiCeniaT, rom aqedan mxolod 

zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi miuTiTebs, 

Tu ratom ar aris srulyofili sityvasityviT 

damaxsovreba. imitom, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi 

operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba axorcielebs, 

propoziciebis gamoyofas gulixmobs, 

xolo propoziciebis zusti Tanmimdevroba 

swrafad ikargeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (magaliTad, 

„kata misdevs Tagvs~ _ „Tagvi gaurbis katas~). 

mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar 

aRmocendeba zustad miRebuli informaciis 

safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas 

daskvniT axerxeben, logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba 

SesaZlebelia mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciis 

safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori winadadeba: 

me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad. 

igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars. 

imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa, 

sul cota, ori daskvnis gakeTeba. Tqven unda 

gaarkvioT, vin aris ìgi~ meore winadadebaSi 

da rogor aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli 

dapirebasTan, rom giyidian namcxvars. megobari, 

vinc es winadadeba giTxraT, vTqvaT, darwmunebulia, 

rom Tqven SegiZliaT am ori momentis 

gaTvaliswineba. Tqven arasodes getyvian: _ `me 

mivdivar sakonditroSi TeasTan Sesaxvedrad; 

igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom miyidis 

namcxvars da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac 

gemrieli namcxvrebi iyideba~. mosaubre yovel- 

Tvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT 

akeTebs daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan. 

uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas, 

Tu ra saxis daskvnebs akeTeben msmenelebi regu- 

daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis 

Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis 

da Teoriis safuZvelze. 

metyveleba 

327


328 


Tqven, ra Tqma unda, ginaxavT 

filmi, an satelevizio 

Sou, sadac cxovelebi Cveulebriv 

saubroben adamianeb- 

Tan. gaxsovT mister edi _ 

molaparake cxeni? SesaZlebelia 

es realur cxovrebaSi? 

am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli 

saukunis 20-iani wlebidan 

daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades 

SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebinaT 

laparaki. radganac Simpanzeebs 

ar gaaCniaT laparakisaTvis 

Sesaferisi sametyvelo 

aparati, mkvlevrebi iZulebulni 

gaxdnen, komunikaciis 

damyarebis sxva meTodebi 

moeZebnaT. magaliTad, 

Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos, aswavles 

amerikuli niSnebis 

enis gamartivebuli varianti 

(Gardner & Gardner, 1969); Simpanzes, 

saxelad saras ki daaswavles 

simboloebiT manipulacia 

(simboloebi aRniSnavdnen 

iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa, 

magaliTad, vaSli, mi- 

larulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon & 

Ratcliff, 1992). aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri gamonaTqvamis 

SemTxvevaSi potenciuri daskvnebis 

raodenoba SeuzRudavia. magaliTad, vinaidan 

Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZliaT 

gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli, 

filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es TavSi 

azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT: 

`me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad~. 

kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenelebi 

sakmao sifrTxiliT ekidebian daskvnebis gake- 

Tebas. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: àrqiteqtorma 

daWra kaci~. 

rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi 

igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi, umravlesobam 

SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla 

cema) (Premark, 1971). am eqsperimentebis 

Sedegebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba 

warmoSva (Seidenberg & 

Pebitto, 1979). kritikosebi dainteresdnen 

Semdegi sakiTxebiT: 

Simpanzeebis mier simboloebis 

an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombinaciebis 

(magaliTad, vaSo bodiSi, 

Sen meti daleva) gamoyeneba 

aris Tu ara metyvelebis 

azriani gamoyeneba. aseve, mniSvnelobaTa 

umetesoba, rac miewereba 

maimunis gamonaTqvams, 

xom ar Cndeba adamianis da 

ara maimunis TavSi. 

ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi 

siu sevij-rumbaum (Sue 

Savage-Rumbaugh, 1998) da misma 

kolegebma Caatares kvleva, 

romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa 

aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis 

Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom am da msgavsi 

tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi 

adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana~ (Dosher 

& Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi Sedegebi adasturebs, 

rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar 

xdeba avtomaturad, magaliTad, viRaca daWres 

daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven 

akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina 

winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gulisxmobs 

mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa~ da nacvalsaxel 

ìgi~-s Soris da `sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~ 

Soris. aseTi daskvnebi saSualebas gaZlevT, 

gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia, 

romelsac mosaubre gadmogcemT.

ufro zusti monacemebi Simpanzeebis 

metyvelebis unaris Sesaxeb. 

sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad, 

bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze 

muSaobda, romlebic, evoluciuri 

TvalsazrisiT, ufro 

axlos arian adamianTan, vidre 

Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebi. aRsaniSnavia, 

rom bonobos jiSis 

orma maimunma, kinzim da mulikam 

kvlevis procesSi spontanurad 

aiTvises plastmasisagan 

damzadebuli simboloebis 

mniSvneloba; maT ar 

dasWirdaT rTuli treningi. 

isini simboloebis mniSvnelobebs 

avtomaturad daeuflnen 

adamianebsa da bonobos 

jiSis maimunebs Soris komunikaciis 

procesze dakvirvebisas. 

garda amisa, maT esmiT zogier- 

Ti inglisuri sityvis mniSvneloba, 

magaliTad, kanzas 

SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze 

dados misi Sesabamisi simbolo 

an foto. mkvlevrebma 

bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis 

ori maimunisaTvis Seqmnes 

pirobebi, sadac maimunebi 

metyvelebis iseT gamocdilebas 

iRebdnen, rogorc ada- 

metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram 

esaWiroeba mosaubres, raTa warmoTqvas swori 

winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa 

sworad gaigos mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi 

azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT. 

rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni 

kognituri procesebis muSaobis meqanizmebi? 

metyveleba, azrovneba da 

kultura 

Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea, 

rogor ggoniaT, or enaze Tqven gansxvavebulad 

fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena azrovnebaze? 

es is kiTxvaa, romelsac mkvlevrebi 

miani enis adreuli aTvisebis 

periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis 

safuZvelze dadginda, rom 

Simpanze-panpanzesac ki SeuZlia 

zogierTi inglisuri sityvis 

mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca, 

bonobos jiSis maimuns – panbaniSas 

bevrad ufro meti sityvis 

daswavlis unari aqvs (Brake & 

Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995). 

bonobos jiSis maimunebze mi- 

Rebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria, 

Tumca, metyvelebis unarisa da 

sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas 

Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavixsenoT 

e.w. msmenelTa gaTvaliswineba. 

SeuZliaT cxovelebs informaciis 

Secvla auditoriaze 

morgebis mizniT? mkvlevrebma 

gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am 

kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da robert 

seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney, 

Robert Seyfarth, 1990) didi kvleva 

Caatares. isini vervetis jiSis 

maimunebis komunikaciur unarebs 

swavlobdnen. sxvadasxva tipis 

saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leopardis, 

arwivis an gvelis moaxloebis 

dros es maimunebi 

gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen. 

maT auditoriidan gamomdinare 

SeuZliaT xmis Secvla _ 

mdedri maimunebi saSiSroebis 

dros ufro maRali sixSiris 

xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis 

STamomaval maimunebTan 

erTad arian, vidre sxvebTan. 

vervetis jiSis maimunebs ar 

SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis 

gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan 

gamomdinare, xmis Secvla: 

eqsperimentul pirobebSi 

Seqmnili saSiSroebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi deda vervetebi 

erTsa da imave xmebs gamoscemen 

marto yofnis drosac 

da maSinac, roca maTi STamomavali 

safrTxis momaswavebeli 

movlenis TviTmxilvelia. 

mkvlevrebma daadgines, 

rom adamiani erTaderTi 

cocxali arsebaa, romelsac 

SeuZlia sxvisi codnis gaTvaliswineba 

da, Sesabamisad, 

qcevis Secvla (Povinelli & 

Prince, 1998). 

rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa 

da bonobos jiSis maimunebs 

gaaCniaT adamianis msgavsi 

metyvelebisaTvis aucilebeli 

zogierTi, magram ara 

yvela unari. 

araerTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro 

konkretuli iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur 

magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa, 

rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi 

inglisurenovania, ityoda: _ Daddy threw the ball – 

`mamam isrola burTi~, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqulenovania, 

maSin ityoda Topu babam atti. rogor 

fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria 

mocemuli da mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli? 

es mTlad ase ar aris: -ti sufiqsi Turquli 

winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre 

movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca mosaubre 

gagonils hyveba, maSin winadadeba mis sufiqsiT 

mTavrdeba, anu iqneboda atmis. inglisur enaze 

mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im 

metyveleba 

329


330 

movlenebis mixedviT, romlebic sakuTari 

TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa 

cnobili (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZlebelia 

Tu ara, rom ori enis gansxvavebulma 

gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos 

azrovnebis stilze? Turquli da inglisuri 

enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ucnobia. 

xom ar gsurT CaataroT kvleva? es gansxvaveba 

gasagebs xdis azrovnebaze enis potenciuri 

zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebas. 

am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla edvard 

sepirma (Edward Sapir) da misma studentma benjamen 

lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort) daiwyes. kroslingvisturi 

kvlevebis safuZvelze miRebul 

Sedegebze dayrdnobiT avtorebma daaskvnes, rom 

enaSi gansxvavebebi azrSi gansxvavebebs 

ganapirobebs. sepiri aRniSnavs: 

„Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad ganvicdiT 

movlenebs, radganac Cveni sazogadoebis 

enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis 

gansazRvruli arCevanisadmi gangvawyobs~ 

(Sapir, 1941/1964, gv. 69) 

sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Catarebuli 

kvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze gaakeTes. 

uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic 

sepir-uorfis hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix. 

Brown, 1976). 

� lingvisturi fardobiToba _ enebs Soris 

arsebuli struqturuli gansxvavebebi aisaxeba 

am enebze molaparake individebis gansxvavebul 

aralingvistur kognitur unarebze. 

� lingvisturi determinizmi – enis struqtura 

Zlier gavlenas axdens da, SesaZloa, 

mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake 

individebis mier samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas. 

am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi determinizmi 

SedarebiT ufro Zlieria, radgan is 

amtkicebs, rom ena, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs 

azrovnebas. Tanamedrove mecnierebma – fsiqologebma, 

lingvistebma da anTropologebma 

araerTgzis scades kvlevis zusti meTodebis 

Seqmna am hipoTezis gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz & 

Levinson, 1996). 

ganvixiloT azrovnebaze enis gavlenis erTerTi 

aspeqti. SesaZloa, gagikvirdeT, rom sxvadasxva 

enaSi ferTa dasaxelebis gansxvavebuli 

raodenobaa. lingvisturi analizis safuZvelze 

dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi ferTa 11 dasaxelebaa 

(Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane, 

lurji, yavisferi, mewamuli, vardisferi, stafilosferi, 

nacrisferi), xolo zogierT enaSi, 

magaliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi, 

romelsac dani ewodeba, ferTa ori dasaxeleba 

arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da Ria) (Berlin & 

Kay, 1969). uorfi miiCnevs, rom adamiani `samyaros 

mSobliuri enis safuZvelze adiferencirebs~ 

(1956 gv. 213): mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom ferTa 

dasaxelebis raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa, 

gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre 

adamianebis mier ferebis klasifikaciis unarebze. 

Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze 

dadginda, rom sxvadaxsva enaze molaparake 

adamianebi erTnairad asruleben ferebis klasifikaciis 

davalebebs. es monacemebi eWvqveS 

ayeneben mtkicebas lingvisturi determinizmis 

Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevrebi mainc iziareben azrs 

SedarebiT susti gavlenis Sesaxeb – metyvelebaSi 

gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi 

sdevs Tan. 

saidan 

viciT 

metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis 

klasifikaciaze 

mkvlevrebma cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeemowmebinaT 

sami feris wiri. ferebi aRebuli 

iyo lurjidan mwvanemde speqtrul 

diapazonSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT, ganesazRvraT, 

sami elferidan yvelaze metad 

romeli gansxvavdeboda danarCeni orisagan. 

cdis pirTa erTi jgufi warmodgenili 

iyo inglisurenovani individebiT (inglisur 

enaSi arsebobs mwvanisa da lurjis 

leqsikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi), 

xolo meore – CrdiloeT meqsikaSi mcxovrebi 

individebiT, romlebic tarahumaras 

enaze laparakoben. am enaSi lurjisa da 

mwvane elferis aRsaniSnad arsebobs 

mxolod erTi sityva – Siyoname. mkvlevrebi 

varaudobdnen, rom, Tu sepir-uorfis 

hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani 

individebi SeZlebdnen lurjisa da mwva-

nis zRvarTan axlomyofi elferis garCevas, 

radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityvebi 

mwvane (green) da lurji (blue); xolo 

imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi 

gansxvavebuli erTeulebi ar arsebobs, am 

enaze molaparake cdis pirebi ver SeZlebdnen 

mosazRvre elferebis garCevas (Key 

& Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi 

adasturebs sepir-uorfis hipoTezas: ferTa 

triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros inglisurenovani 

cdis pirebi arCeven sxvadasxva 

elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake 

individebi ki _ vera. 

msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris 

uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa, rogorc es 

Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze 

giCveneT. Sesabamisad, arsebobs uamravi sakiTxi 

(hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs 

(gerrig &Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996). 

savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba enebs 

Soris arsebuli bevri iseTi leqsikuri da 

gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa, gansxvaveba 

sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom Cven kulturuli gansxvavebebi aRvwereT 

„fsiqologia da cxovrebaSi~, mizanSewonili 

iqneba, gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi 

fardobiTobisa da determinizmis sakiTxebi. Tu 

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gansxvavebuli 

kulturis warmomadgenlebi er- 

TmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben, 

SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi kulturul gansxvavebze 

metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb. 

axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis 

sakiTxidan gadavideT im pirobebis ganxilvaze, 

sadac mniSvneloba vizualur xatzec aris 

damokidebuli. 

Sejameba 

saubrisas adamianebi cdiloben, iyvnen 

gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi. Sesabamisi 

msmenelis arseboba saerTo codnis gaTvaliswinebas 

moiTxovs. spunerizmi da metyvelebis 

sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori 

frazebisa da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da 

Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas. 

orazrovani sityvebis, struqturebisa da gamonaTqvamebis 

gasagebad, mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo 

variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad 

msmenelebi iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri 

reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalibdeba. 

miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis 

gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis 

gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT 

xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, enebi, 

romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRvraven 

adamianis mier samyaros aRqmasa da gaazrebas. 

am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli 

faqti ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi 

gamovlinda. mkvlevrebis winaSe kvlav dgas enebs 

Soris arsebuli uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis 

sakiTxi, romelic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes 

azrovnebaze. 


9.6 suraTze mocemulia winadadebis _ „kata 

xaliCazea~ _ reprezentaciis ori nimuSi. romelia 

TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas 

lingvistur propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiazrebT, 

orive sworia – orive suraTze kata 

xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT, 

ufro misaRebi A variantia, radgan am winadadebis 

gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am 

suraTis Sesabamisi scena warmogidgebaT (Searle, 

1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb? 

cota ucnauria, ara? ase ggoniaT, kata sadacaa 

daecema. es SfoTva imitom Cndeba, rom Tqven 

SegiZliaT situacia gaiazroT suraTebze day- 


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332 

suraTi 9.6 

vizualuri reprezentaciebi 

aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze? 

rdnobiT da zustad warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba 

moxdes. am nawilSi Cven azrovnebaze vizualuri 

xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas ganvixilavT. 

vizualuri reprezentaciebis 

gamoyeneba 

kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze 

gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas 

(Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi 

ukve vaxseneT me-6 TavSi), romelmac benzolis 

qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros 

kekule xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave 

atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT jaWvSi 

erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi 

aRmoaCina, roca gvelismagvarma molekulaTa 

jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra. 

maikl faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi 

Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda maTematikaSi, 

magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda 

magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben, 

albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis 

terminebiT azrovnebda da mxolod maTze 

dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg 

gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da 

sityvebis saSualebiT. 

es magaliTebi imisaTvis movitaneT, rom 

Tqvenc vizualuri xatebiT azrovneba scadoT, 

Tumca, maTiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari 

mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT. 

ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac cdis 

pirebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis 

warmodgenaSi „datrialeba~. 

saidan 

viciT 

gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis 

msgavsia 

cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva 

kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso „R~-sa da 

misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli „ß~) nimuSebi 

(ix. sur 9.7). asos miwodebisTanave cdis pirs 

evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi 

„R~ iyo, Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda, 

rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli 

dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapirproporciul 

kavSirSia – rac ufro metad 

aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti 

dro sWirdeba mis identifikacias. miRebuli 

Sedegebi mowmobs, rom, cdis pirebi cdiloben, 

warmoidginon figura da moatrialon is vertikalur 

mdgomareobamde garkveuli fiqsirebuli 

siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyvetilebas. 

rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneblebi 

miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri 

rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard& 

Cooper, 1982). 

adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi 

rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5 TavSi naxeT, xSirad 

sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan 

gixdebaT. gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT, 

SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da moargoT 

xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba 

(Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). magaliTad, 

9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven, 

albaT, daatrialeT figura, raTa amogecnoT 

is, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi moatrialeT?). 

vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, 

agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis 

gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian: 

„golfis saTamaSo burTi ufro didia Tu ping

pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT 

erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri 

xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic, 

mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul 

saganTan. 

saidan 

viciT 

vizualuri xatebis skanireba 

erT-erTi kvlevis dros cdis pirebs 

sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli figura, 

kerZod, motoriani navi (ix. sur 9.8). 

Semdeg sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT TvalsaCinod 

da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT 

detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze; Semdeg sTxov- 

suraTi 9.7 

sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili 

`R~, romelic warmodgenis 

Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes 

cdis pirebs SemTxveviTi TanmimdevrobiT 

miewodebodaT figurebi da 

moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad 

ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli _ 

`R~ Tu misi sarkiseburi asli. rac 

ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili 

vertikaluri mdgomareobidan, miT 

ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro. 

dnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi detali, 

magaliTad, saqare mina an Ruza. 

aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis „dasanaxad~ (warmosadgenad) 

cdis pirebs ufro meti dro sWiro 

axlosaa ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis 

droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom 

adamianebi iseve aTvaliereben vizualur 

xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn, 

1980). 

ganvixiloT Semdegi problema: 

warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi 

furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze (miiRebT 

or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi 

gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar 

suraTi 9.8 

warmodgenis vizualuri 

skanireba 


333


334 

gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis 

iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)? 

pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili 

(2 50 x 0.028 diumi – qaRaldis sisqe), daaxloebiT 

dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven, 

albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena 

gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT. 

verbaluri da vizualuri 

reprezentaciebis kombinireba 

Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT 

vizualuri reprezentaciebis im tipebze, romelTa 

Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli 

vizualuri stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT 

gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi – 

mexsierebidan amotaniT. vizualur xatebs Tqven 

xSirad qmniT verbaluri informaciis safuZvelze. 

magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad 

arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT 

kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri 

informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizualuri 

reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 

verbaluri informaciis xatovani warmodgenis 

unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis 

dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs Seicavs. 

ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan: _ „ganzraxvidan 

mkvlelobamde~: 

mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis 

zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT 

dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT 

iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS 

ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT 

mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis 

ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara goraki 

esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida 

goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs 

Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda 

gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959 

gv. 19-20). 

scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmarebodiT 

bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is mas ipovis). 

kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis 

mizniT, SegiZliaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli 

SeqmnaT (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). mkvlevrebi 

araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs 

sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli realuri sivrciTi 

gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997). 

warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso 

nawyvets moTxrobidan: 

operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT. 

Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da 

esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs 

da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT 

eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic 

parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan, 

Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze Cuqur- 

Tmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, romelic 

kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad 

mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65). 

seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxvelebi) 

teqstebs swavlobdnen, romlebSic 

detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo 

arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky, 

1990). mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom gonebaSi 

warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis 

sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis 

Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis siswrafes. 

(sur. 9.9.) cdis pirebi ufro swrafad 

pasuxoben kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven win~, vidre 

kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven ukan~, miuxedavad imisa, 

rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi sizustiT iyo 

aRwerili. 

am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia, Tu 

dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros aRmocenebuli 

reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlevT „moxvdeT 

scenaze~; Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdileba 

gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT gamocdilebad. 

zogadad, Tqven garSemo arsebul samyaroze 

fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis gixdebaT informaciis 

vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis 

Sejereba. Tu gindaT darwmundeT amaSi, 

scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT 

amis gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobilia 

vizualuri gamocdilebiT, magaliTad, Tqven 

daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazuloba, 

radganac is nanaxi gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis 

zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias 

eyrdnoba, anu, SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia 

ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca, 

SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad unda daxatoT is. 

erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, romelic 49 

qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000

suraTi 9.9 

students sTxoves, daexataT msoflio ruka 

(Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena, 

Tu rogoria kulturaTa Soris sxvaoba msoflios 

vizualizaciis mixedviT; is mSvidobis xelSewyobasac 

isaxavda miznad. 

kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles 

SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli msoflio fokusirebulia 

evropaze – evropa mocemulia naxatis 

centrSi, xolo mis garSemo ganlagebulia 

sxvadasxva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpirobebuli 

iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi 

geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenil 

rukebze evropa rukis centrSia. Tumca, dafiqsirda 

kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.10 

da 9.11 suraTebze warmodgenilia CikagoSi da 

avstraliaSi mcxovrebi studentebis mier 

daxatuli rukebi. es rukebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra 

xdeba, roca verbaluri perspeqtiva – Cemi saxli 

unda iyos centrSi – gavlenas axdens vizualur 

reprezentaciaze. 

am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri 

procesebi da reprezentaciebi Seavsebs verbalur 

unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi 

yoveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da 

amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT saSualebebs 

warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi, 

sadac xdeba vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis 

gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis 

daZlevis dros. es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra 

da azrovneba. 

Sejameba 

adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezentaciebis 

gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi rotaciisaTvis. 

adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvaliereben 

ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri 

da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs 

SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis 

Seqmna. 

problemebis gadaWra da 

azrovneba 

warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli 

situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT CageketaT Tqveni 

saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da gareT darCiT. 

rogor moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT, 

Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs~ gadadgamdiT am 

problemis dasaZlevad. es ,,gonebrivi nabijebi~ 

aucileblad gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs, 

romlebic problemis gadwyvetasa da azrovnebas 

ganapirobeben. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es 

problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis 

procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli 

problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi 

momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs 

mTeli rigi fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT. 

msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi, 

rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT; 

mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimar- 

Tuli azrovnebis procesi. 

problemis gadaWra da azrovneba 

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336 

suraTi 9.10 

orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali 

informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul 

informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT problemis 

gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis 

or formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs. 

problemis gadawyveta 

,,ra arsebaa, romelic diliT oTx fexze 

dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo mzis Casvlis 

Semdeg _ samze?~ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, 

suraTi 9.11 

yuradReba miaqcieT _ msoflio 

avstraliaze centrirebulad 

aris warmodgenili. 

axla vin aris qvemoT? 

borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am 

amocanis amoxsna ubrZana, xolo sanam vinme mis 

amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmar- 

Tvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis 

elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe 

da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva 

periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis 

dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili 

adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo moxucebulobaSi 

adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis, 

siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs, e.i. sam fexze 

dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo _ ,,adamiani~.

Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar 

aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT rTuli, magram 

problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis 

ZiriTadi nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT 

problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT: 

rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis 

Sesruleba drois gansazRvrul periodSi; 

rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze; 

rogor gavwyvitoT urTierToba arasasurvel 

pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakav- 

Sirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro 

informacias Soris gansvlasTan. rodesac problemas 

wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro 

informaciis mopovebiT. problemis daZlevis 

arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12 

suraTze mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri 

kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT, 

naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gadawyvetis 

Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa, 

TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, romlebic 

davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi 

dagexmarebaT. 

problemuri situacia 

rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur 

cxovrebiseul pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven 

acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgo- 

mareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad, 

materialur gaWirvebas ganicdiT da fulis Sovna 

gsurT; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZliaT 

(an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZlevad. 

magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT 

raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis 

qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra 

sam elements moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972). 

problema ganisazRvreba: 

1. Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli 

informacia an aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; 

2. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi Tqven- 

Tvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb; 

3. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is savaraudo 

safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT mocemuli 

mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaRwevad. 

am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba 

problemuri situacia. ilustraciis mizniT 

problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT 

labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia), 

romelic sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli 

mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgilebas 

(mizani) gulisxmobs. am dros Tqven 

gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba. 

problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis 

umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami 

elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad 

gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli 

problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas 

hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili 

sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi, 

romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni 

amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT operaciebi 

pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli 

problema ki saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis 

daweras an Sidsis mkurnalobis meTodis aRmo- 

Cenas hgavs, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili 

sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT 

SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa problemis 

arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgo- 

problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi, 

romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba 

_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis 

aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ informacia 

an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis 

adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis 

mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde 

misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi. 


337


338 

(A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis 

gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT? 

(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea 

mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs 

milidan? 

(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa 

62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs. 

scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT? 

(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu 

xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT 

miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs? 

(E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi. 

daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze. 

(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3 

qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel 

konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba? 

suraTi 9.12 

SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I) 

scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT 

pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.) 

mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis 

SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena. 

rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac 

ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo 

mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia 

swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis 

misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT 

maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT, 

rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma 

mogcaT formula x 2 +x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazRvroT 

x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis? 

am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT 

gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa- 

fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis 

gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis problemebis 

gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs 

sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is 

swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi 

saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT. 

Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva 

variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4), 

gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis, 

SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis 

gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad 

gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac 

naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba

da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis 

SemTxvevaSi. 

rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, 

adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul 

meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba 

praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas. 

warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs saidumlo 

mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT gaarkvioT, 

vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven, 

SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma 

mokla, radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT, 

rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT 

banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, 

evristika warmoadgens msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis 

miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts. 

mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situaciaSi 

adamianebis mier algoriTmisa da evristikis 

gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis 

Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmama- 

Rali fiqris meTods, romelic fiqris verbalizacias 

gulisxmobs (Ericson & Simon, 1993). 

magaliTad, mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, SeeswavlaT 

is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac 

cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis problemas 

(suraTi 9.10, nawili C) (Kaplan & Simon, 

1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris 

xmamaRali fiqris oqmis Canaweri, sadac igi 

akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis 

gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod 

vertikalurad an horizontalurad daalagebs 

(dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda). 

,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es moklea,uhhh... 

vardisferi ufro metia, vidre 

Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa 

SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver 

vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es 

ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388). 

cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda, 

Tu dominoebs sul horizontalurad an vertikalurad 

daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevrebi cdis 

pirTa azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris 

modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben (Simon, 

1979, 1989). 

problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba 

ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu 

gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas, 

SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom „uamravi ram 

aris erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.~ problemis 

gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas zustad 

imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad problemis 

gadaWras aZnelebs is, rom misi gadawyvetis 

gonebrivi moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis 

arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky & 

Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli 

rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu 

moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli 

TiToeuli moqmedeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa, 

verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan saboloo 

miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT 

am SesaZlo problemis gadaWra? 

problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis 

didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni resursebis 

Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis 

SemuSavebas. 

Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis 

problemebis gadaWra, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba 

daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul 

komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtomatizacias 

da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al., 

1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niuiorkSi 

da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT 

gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba. 

SegiZliaT qalaqis sxvdasxva monakveTSi gansxvavebuli 

sapasuxo reaqciebi gamoimuSavoT. 

ase rom, Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi gadayvetilebis 

mza komponentebi geqnebaT, Tqven mTel yurad- 

Rebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi 

ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis 

safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni 

yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT. 

gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi 

gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. msof- 

algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safexureobrivi 

procedura, romlis saSualebiTac 

vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis 

problemis gadasaWrelad. 

evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an 

,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba 

rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis 

gadasaWrelad. 

xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols) 

_ 


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340 

suraTi 9.13 

SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II) 

aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan 

pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am 

amocanebs. 

lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis 

figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis 

gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili 

strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs 

erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos 

(Gobet & Simon, 1996). 

rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis 

povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaazrebis 

saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi 

mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis 

amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT. 

Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad 

maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, warmatebas 

ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi 

iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi 

mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams, 

1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian er- 

TmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT 

erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana 

damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas 

uzrunvelyofs swori – vizualuri da ara verbaluri 

an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamoyeneba. 

Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs 

gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob- 

lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis 

mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan 

ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro 

milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT 

Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad 

cxrili 9.6 

gamocana `beri~ 

erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti 

beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki 

viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis. 

spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwvervalisaken 

miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasveneblad, 

Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis 

Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis 

marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amosvlisas, 

beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba, 

isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camosvlisas 

misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad 

aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT, 

rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri 

zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvlisasac 

da Camosvlisasac 

(pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).

ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS, 

iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is, 

rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasamagreblad 

ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi 

gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli 

unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi, 

xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda 

miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcionaluri 

rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix. 

sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri 

rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad 

miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi 

axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac 

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze. 

rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT, 

pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT 

mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis 

gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi 

ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis 

saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi 

_ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli 

axali kombinaciis misaRebad. 

rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT, 

rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT. 

qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas, 

romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba. 

deduqciuri azrovneba 

warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da 

fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito 

baraTiT _ „American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT 

restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens 

suraTi 9.14 

gamocana `beri~-s 

amoxsna 

A suraTze naCvenebia ori 

beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan 

zemoT, meore _ 

zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze 

warmodgenilia maTi Sexvedris 

adgili dRis erTsa 

da imave momentSi. axla 

SecvaleT ori beri erTiT; 

amocana damtkicebulia. 

restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, „American Express~, 

sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT: 

„Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs 

viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT, 

rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben. 

ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT 

silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gake- 

Tebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma 

filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca: 

wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad 

sakredito baraTs; 

wanamZRvari 2. „American Express~ aris ZiriTadi 

sakredito ba-raTi; 

daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American 

Express~. 

aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimar- 

Teba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic 

realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri 

azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas 

gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi 

moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs 

logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac 

logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma 

gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven, 

funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) – 

sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali 

funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis 

unaris arqona. 

deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) – 

azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti 

wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis 

unars gulisxmobs. 


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342 

gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis formaluri 

wesebi (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi 

kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, marTlac 

gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari, 

magram realur samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze 

gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros 

Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebuli 

reprezentaciuli resursebi. 

modiT, es msjeloba qvemoT mocemul daskvnaze 

ganvavrcoT da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens 

codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT 

Semdegi silogizmi: 

wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava, 

sWirdeba benzini; 

wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT benzini; 

daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava. 

rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis 

wesebis Tanaxmad — ara, radgan pirveli 

wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT 

sagans, romelsac ara aqvs Zrava, agreTve, 

sWirdeba benzini. siZnele isaa, rom is, rac 

arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris aucilebeli, 

rom mcdari iyos realur cxovrebaSic. 

e.i., Tu Tqven mxolod pirvel da meore 

wanamZRvarSi mocemul informacias flobT da 

Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc formaluri 

logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna 

mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac cdis pirebi 

msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna 

logikurad ori wanamZR-vridan, isini dadebiTi 

pasuxisken ufro maSin ixrebian, rodesac daskvna 

avtomobils exeba, vidre, rodesac raime uazro 

termini gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989). 

aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs 

warmoadgens. rwmenis efeqti gulisxmobs, rom 

adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im daskvnebs, 

romelTaTvisac SeuZliaT realuri samyaros 

misaRebi modelis konstruireba (ageba), xolo 

mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac 

amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al., 1983; Janis & Frick, 

1943; Newstead et al., 1992). 

rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) – situacia, 

romelsac pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi 

amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis 

process, aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari 

argumentebi. 

Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna, 

romelic Seesabameba adamianis gonebaSi problemis 

reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad 

miiCneva. avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, codna avtomobilebis 

Sesaxeb aZnelebs am daskvnis uaryofas. 

Tumca, roca monawileebs misces zustad 

es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT daskvna, 

daaxloebiT naxevarma SeZlo sworad ganesazRvra, 

rom am formulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoitanda. 

amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro naklebi 

gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis 

procesebze, vidre Tqven mier sxvisi daskvnebis 

Sefasebaze (Rips, 1990). 

logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri instruqciebi, 

romlebic aq aris aRwerili, 

amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et 

al., 1994). 

azrovnebis unars gamocdilebac aumjobesebs. 

amaSi dasarwmuneblad SeadareT, Tu ro-gor 

asrulebT erTsa da imave davalebas abstraqtuli 

azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb 

realuri codnis gamoyenebiT. 

warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia 

4 baraTi, romelTagan TiToeulze weria „A~, 

„D~, „4", „7" ise, rogorc es 9.15 suraTzea warmodgenili. 

romeli baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT, 

rom SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu baraTis erT mxares 

xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~

suraTi 9.15 

abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba 

Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is baraTebi, 

romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: `Tu baraTis erT mxares mocemulia 

xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~. qveda rigSi mocemuli 

baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT, 

SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: `Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis 

dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos~. rogorc wesi, cdis pirebi meore 

(Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras izamdiT? umravlesoba 

fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi 

„ A~ — rac sworia da baraTi „4", rac arasworia. 

mocemuli wesis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad 

araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs baraTs „4", amitom 

mis gadmobrunebas azri ar aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?); 

Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi „7" da Tu 

naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani, 

gamodis, rom wesi ar aris swori. 

am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas 

(Wason selection task) uwodeben, romelic eWvqveS 

ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars. 

es negatiuri azri Semdgom modificirebul iqna 

ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevrebma gamoTqves 

varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, cdis pirebi bara- 

Tebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben aradeduqciur 

strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben, 

vidre uaryofen wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis 

ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am strategias 

mcdar deduqciur azrovnebamde mivyavarT, 

realur situaciaSi is mizanSewonilia mimarTebebis 

Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad 

(Oaksford, Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997). 

meore: deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba 

ufro efeqturia, rodesac cdis pirebs saSualeba 

aqvT, rom veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros 

gamoiyenon samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codna 

(Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoi-dgineT, Tqven 

gTxoves 9.13 suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul 

baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda 

SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu momxmarebeli apirebs 

alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis 

mainc unda iyos~ (CHeng & Holyoak, 1985). 

am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli 

baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT: „17" da „ludis 

daleva~. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis 

dros SegiZliaT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema 

gamoiyenoT. rogorc me-8 TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis 

Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven 

akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba gaqvT. gaixseneT 

is dro, rodesac geubnebodnen: „televizors 

ver uyureb, sanam saSinao davalebas ar Seasruleb~. 

aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi 

Tqven imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur 

cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac erTmaneTTan 

kavSirSia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia, 

xolo pirobiT situaciaSi, romelic luw ricxvebsa 

da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia 

ar xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis davalebebi 

ar iZleva deduqciuri azrovnebis unaris 

saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Sedegad 

gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi sqemebis 

SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea. 

zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis 

bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli variantis Catarebis 

dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT 

wesis gageba, Tu ra aris nebadarTuli da ra – 

akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom 

akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tandayolili 

iyos (Cummins, 1996). radgan is ar 

aris damokidebuli socialur normebze, SesaZ- 


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344 

loa, warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis 

nawils, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema adamians, 

rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999). 

am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia, 

saidanac Tqven swor deduqciur daskvnas 

akeTebdiT sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis 

Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi 

SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis 

gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki. 

axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis axal versias, 

romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis azrovnebas 

moiTxovs. 

induqciuri azrovneba 

warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT 

restoranSi da mxolod maSin gagaxsendaT, 

SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi 

fuli. aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni sakredito baraTis 

_ „American Express~ _ gamoyeneba mogiwevT, magram 

restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba restoranSi 

sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis Taobaze. 

restornis fanjrebidan moCans kargad Cacmuli 

momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi 

sakmaod maRalia. mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven 

garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas, 

mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT, 

rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens sakredito 

baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac 

is Tqvens varauds emyareba da ara _ logikur 

wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna ki induqciuri azrovnebis 

nimuSia, rodesac azrovneba gulisxmobs 

savaraudo (da ara sando) daskvnebs mocemul 

situaciaze dayrdnobiT. 

Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri azrovnebis 

ramdenime nimuSi. me-5 da me-8 TavebSi 

vnaxeT, rom adamianebi warsulSi dagrovil informacias 

iyeneben awmyosa da momavlis gansazRvris 

mizniT. Tqven induqciur azrovnebas 

Semdeg SemTxvevebSi iyenebT: haerSi popkornis 

surnelis safuZvelze askvniT, rom viRac 

popkorns akeTebs; induqciur azrovnebas iyenebT, 

Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze 

induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) – 

azrovnebis forma, romelic misawvdom mtkicebulebaze 

da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT 

garkveuli albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas 

gulisxmobs. 

uecrad ar gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni 

codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros). 

dabolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis tipebi, 

romlebic adamianis saubridan gamomdinareoben. 

Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad 

maRali wris warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis 

maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis 

nimuSs warmoadgens. 

realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris 

unari xSirad induqciur azrovnebazea damokidebuli. 

davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven 

SemTxveviT CageketaT kari da gareT darCiT. 

ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi aseT 

dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba 

pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia. am process 

problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam 

dros Tqven iwyebT awmyo da warsul situaciebs 

Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988; 

Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT 

darCenis~ warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze 

SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi _ ìseTi 

adamianebis moZebna, romelTac aqvT gasaRebi~. 

am wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am adamianebis 

gamoyofas da fiqrs, Tu rogor ipovoT 

isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990), risTvisac SeiZleba 

dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic Tqveni 

megobrebis mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis 

gadaWra imitom geadvilebaT, rom Tqven ukve 

mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas _ 

induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT, 

gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da swrafad 

gadaWraT axali problemebi. 

problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb 

kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba 

aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad, Tqveni maTematikisa 

da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswavleblebi 

gacnoben ramdenime amocanas Tavisi 

amonaxsniT. amocanebi ukve damuSavebuli pasuxebiT 

mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloebSic. Semdgom 

Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis amoxsna, 

romlebsac, savaraudod, daZlevT. aseTi midgoma 

emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Tqven gamoiyenebT 

induqciur azrovnebas da SeZlebT Zveli meTodebis 

gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad. 

mkvlevrebi Seecadnen, ganesazRvraT is pirobebi, 

romlebSic moswavleebi warsuli gamocdilebis 

maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett & 

Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991). zogadi 

daskvna, romelic maT gamoitanes, gulisxmobs,

om moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad 

daxmareba sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem 

SeZlos axal problemaSi Zveli problemis 

mniSvnelobis danaxva, xSirad saWiroa damatebiTi 

waxaliseba — miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis 

micema (Ross & Kennedy, 1990). modiT ganvixiloT 

magaliTi. 

saidan 

viciT 

msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs 

xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT 

daakvirdiT 9.16 suraTis I nawilSi mocemul 

figuras. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam 

milis zeda bolodan Caasxa wyali. ra 

mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi milis 

qveda bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZliaT 

gamoiyenoT meore nawilSi mocemuli 

nimuSebi. ganvixiloT odnav Secvlili 

varianti. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis 

TavSi Slangi daamagra. cvlis es rames? 

cdis pirebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT 

wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac, 

maTi azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamosvlis 

Semdeg. Semdgom sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT 

is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda 

maT naxats. erT-erT eqsperimentSi, sadac 

pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, cdis 

pirTa mxolod 30%-ma gasca swori pasuxi 

(f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis 

Semdeg es ricxvi 75%-mde gaizarda. ra 

ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc Cans, 

warsuli gamocdilebis eqsplicituri Sexsenebisas 

(magaliTad, gaixseneT, rogor 

gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan), 

cdis pirebi iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas, 

Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini fiqroben, 

rom „miamituri fizikis~ kanonidan gamomdinare, 

milidan gamosvlis Semdeg wylis 

nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul moZraobas 

(Catrambone et al., 1995). 

am eqsperimentSi kargad Cans, rom adamianebis 

umravlesobas problemis gadaWrisas sWirdeba 

Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon induqciuri 

azrovneba. 

Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sexseneba 

xSirad aucilebelia — maswavleblebi 

da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT 

miniSnebebs. ra unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven 

TviTon, SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli 

analogia; SeecadeT, gansazRvroT problemis 

struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi struqturis 

mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis 

daZlevis meTodi. 

rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli 

Zveli problemis komponentebi da struqtura, 

miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs 

Soris msgavsebis danaxva da gadawyvetilebis 

meTodis morgeba. manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT 

fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs da maT mier 

miRebuli Sedegebi maswavleblebs da saxelmZRvanelos 

avtorebs gauziaroT. 

suraTi 9.16 

ra mimarTulebiT wava 

wyali 

warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pirvel 

nawilSi daxatuli mowyobilobidan 

gamodis wylis nakadi. 

rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT 

wava wyali? daxateT. Semdeg ki, 

meore nawilSi warmodgenili 

nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi, 

romelic yvelaze metad hgavs 

Tqvens naxats. 


345


346 

induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev 

erTi ram unda aRvniSnoT. xSirad SesaZlebelia 

efeqturi gadawyvetilebis ganmeorebiT gamoyeneba, 

magram rig SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da 

axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa, 

warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli 

SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas. 9.12 

suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis amocana amis 

klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi 

warsul gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo 

SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins, 

1942). pirveli ori amocanis „F~ nawilSi Tqven 

aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs 

zogadi formula B-A-2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame 

amocanis amoxsnisas isev SeecdebiT mis gamoyenebas 

da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame 

amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda 

gaavsoT „A~ qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom 

Seivsos „C~ qila, ris Semdegac dagrCebaT wylis 

saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es 

rogor unda gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amosaxsnelad 

pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas 

niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis 

gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba, romelmac warmateba 

mogitanaT. ganwyoba - es aris fsiqikuri 

aqtivobis, azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi 

mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis 

zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis 

gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis gazrda. Tumca, 

maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli 

xerxebi axal situaciaSi ar aris produqtiuli, 

maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da 

damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze 

fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT ukan da hkiTxeT 

sakuTar Tavs _ warsuli warmateba xom ar 

ganapirobebs Tqveni xedvis SezRudvas? 

problemis gadaWrisas gaiTvaliswineT problemuri 

situaciebisa da maTi daZlevis rac 

SeiZleba farTo speqtri, rac ufro SemoqmedebiTs 

gaxdis daZlevis process. 

am nawilSi Cven problemis gadawyvetisa da 

azrovnebis sxvadasxva tipebi da konkretuli 

etapebi ganvixileT, romlebic realur pirobebSi 

moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT unda gaiaroT. 

am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias 

fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis 

dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis 

stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia. 

mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSvnelovani 

kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia 

gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis 

procesebTan; agreTve SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor 

unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan 

situaciaSi. 

Sejameba 

problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel 

mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig operaciebs, 

romelTa saSualebiTac Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan 

individi aRwevs mizans. problemis 

daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi 

gadawyvetilebis komponentebs gamocdian da 

sasargeblo reprezentaciebs pouloben. deduqciuri 

azrovnebis gamoyenebiT sando daskvnebs 

viRebT. kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda, 

rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian Tanmimdevrulni 

deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad, 

isini tyuvdebian rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca, 

„akrZalvebis~ situaciaSi deduqciuri azrovnebis 

efeqturoba imatebs. 

induqciuri azrovneba warsuli gamocdilebis 

generalizacias moiTxovs. induqcias didi 

gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris 

dros, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon 

misi analogiuri Zveli problema, romlis daZlevis 

gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia. 

msjeloba da 

gadawyvetilebis miReba 

msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis 

Sesaxeb saubars Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis 

erT-erTi yvelaze didi WeSmaritebiT 

daviwyebT: Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic 

savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT Tu ara 9 

dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba 

an mogewonoT an _ ara? gamocdis win Tqveni 

Canawerebis swavlas amjobinebT Tu saxelmZRvanelos 

xelaxla gadakiTxvas? mzad xarT 

Tu ara CaebaT xangrZliv urTierTobebSi? radgan 

momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SegiZliaT


Tu odesme gqoniaT seriozuli 

samedicino konsultacia 

eqimTan, Tavad yofilxarT 

im situaciis monawile, 

roca individis msjelobasa 

da problemis gadaWris unars 

udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. 

Tqvens janmrTelobaze pasuxismgebelma 

pirma unda 

moaxdinos Tqven mier CamoTvlili 

simptomebis erTobliobis 

(paternis) identifikacia 

da daadginos daavadebis 

gamomwvevi mizezi; miRebuli 

daskvnis safuZvelze individma 

samoqmedo gegma unda 

SeimuSavos. am procesSi mocemuli 

sirTuleebidan gamomdinare, 

warmoidgineT raoden 

Znelia zustad Tqveni daavadebis 

simptomebis aRwera ise, 

rom sxvebisaTvis gasagebi 

iyos. swored amitom kognitur 

mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ramdenime 

welia muSaoben kompiuterul 

programebze, romlebic 

mniSvnelovan daxmarebas 

uwevs eqimebsa da janmrTelobis 

dacvis personals 

diagnostikasa da mkuranlobis 

dagegmvaSi. 

am programebs ,,eqspertsistemebs~ 

uwodeben, romlebic 

profesionalTa mier 

problemebis gadaWris simulaciaa, 

arsebuli codnis 

gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema 

MYCIN, romelic SemuSavebul 

iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZvlad 

daedo mecnierul kvlevaTa 

did nawils am sferoSi. 

igi Seiqmna, rogorc infeqciur 

daavadebaTa diagnostikisa 

da mkurnalobis damxmare 

saSualeba (Shortliffe, 

eqspert-sistemebi da medicina 

1976). am programis muSaoba 

eyrdnoba ,,Tu – maSin~ wesebs, 

romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba 

wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi 

momuSave specialistebis evristikul 

codnaze (magaliTad, 

praqtikaze) damyarebuli daskvnebis 

dakavSireba. realuri 

samedicino diagnozis msgavsad, 

MYCIN sistemis saSualebiT 

SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa 

(magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis 

analizis pasuxis) da konkretuli 

daskvnis (magaliTad, 

diagnozis an mkurnalobis 

rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba. 

programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviCvenos 

(moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi), 

Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo 

daskvnamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom 

es sistema arasodes gamouyenebiaT 

praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove 

mkvlevrebis mier Seqmnili 

msgavsi programebi inarCuneben 

igive princips – rekomendaciebis 

garda momxmarebels 

miawodon informacia „azrovnebis 

procesebis~ Sesaxeb (Chae, 

1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000). 

faqtia, rom am programebis 

SesaZlebloba – daadginos 

daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi, 

mkurnalobis procesis warmatebis 

mniSvnelovani komponentia. 

warmoidgineT, magaliTad, 

eqimi, romelic iyenebs samedicino 

eqspert-sistemas. rogorc 

eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar 

aRiaroT, rom romelime kompiuterul 

programas SeuZlia 

Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros 

daavadeba da Secvalos Tqveni 

codna da mravalwliani gamocdileba, 

Tumca, mniSvnelovania 

imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eq- 

spert-sistemebi erTad uyris 

Tavs ama Tu im sferoSi dagrovil 

codnas. aseTi tipis sistemebSi 

mocemulia ara mxolod 

faqtebi, aramed maT am 

faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZliaT 

„azrovneba~. mecnierebi 

cdiloben iseTi sistemebis 

Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen 

axsnas, Tu ratom unda 

daakavSiros momxmarebelma 

(janmrTelobis dacvis mu- 

Sakma) faqtebis garkveuli 

erToblioba konkretul daskvnebTan 

(Chandrasckaran& Mittal, 

1999). 

axla pacientis TvaliT 

SevxedoT am yvelafers. ramdenadac 

XXI saukuneSi eqspert-sistemebismniSvnelovni 

gaumjobeseba xdeba, 

Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT eqims, 

romelic Seitans Tqvens konkretul 

monacemebs kompiuterSi 

da sakuTari codnis 

garda eqspert-sistemaSi mocemul 

codnasac gaiTvaliswinebs. 

veb-gverdebi: 

http://smi.stanford.edu es 

aris stenfordis samedicino 

informatikis veb-gverdi, sadac 

ganTavsebulia informacia 

mkvlevarTa jgufis 

Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganaxorcieles 

mTeli rigi proeqtebi 

medicinasa da eqspertul 

sistemebTan dakavSirebiT. 

www.cis.upenn.edu/~traumaid 

„TraumAID~ aris programa, 

romelic Seiqmna kritikul 

situaciaSi eqimTa dasaxmareblad. 

veb-gverdze ganTavsebulia 

eqspert-sistemebis 

sademonstracio versiebi. 

msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba 

347


348 

da radgan TiTqmis arasodes gagaCniaT sruli 

codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad 

SeiZleba iyoT darwmunebuli, rom sworad 

imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT. 

amgvarad, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis 

miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen 

ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri 

fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli herbert 

saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan 

SedarebiT, romelSic adamians uxdeba cxovreba, 

misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia~. 

is unda dakmayofildes problemebis ,,sakmaod 

kargi~ gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis ,,sakmaod 

kargi~ gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare, 

saimoni varaudobs, rom azrovnebis procesebi 

imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT. SesaZloa, 

Tqveni msjeloba da gadawyvetileba ar 

iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad kargi da racionaluri, 

rac ganpirobebulia SezRuduli 

resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT, 

romelic swraf moqmedebas moiTxovs. 

sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis 

ufro detalur analizze gadavidodeT, ganvixiloT 

gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyvetilebis 

miRebis procesebs Soris. msjelobis 

procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamogaqvT 

daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da 

movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad Tqven 

msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe. 

gadawyvetilebis miReba ki ramdenime alternatividan 

erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo variantebis 

seleqciasa da uaryofas gulisxmobs. 

msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba or urTier- 

TdakavSirebul process warmoadgens. magaliTad, 

SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT wveulebaze da 

xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani 

CaTvaloT saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da 

gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg Tqven SeiZleba 

gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze 

gaataroT masTan erTad da daTqvaT Sexvedra 

msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac 

adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs, 

akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an 

movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom 

masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegi. 

gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alternativebs 

Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo variantebis 

seleqcia da uaryofa. 

momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba 

mWidrod ukavSirdeba qceviT moqmedebas. davubrundeT 

azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas. 

evristika da msjeloba 

romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? warmoidgineT, 

rom Tqven gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu 

ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT 

cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT, 

Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo, meore mxares 

– ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti 

gamogivaT ufro grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni 

Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda 

awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul 

mxares, maTi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT 

(magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani 

iyos ,,msaxiobis Sesruleba~ (plusebis 

mxare), vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis efeqtebi~ (minusebis 

mxare). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven 

SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi, 

magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac 

iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi Tqven ufro 

xSirad da swrafad giwevT msjeloba. Tqven ar 

gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari 

formaluri procedurisaTvis. ras akeTebT amis 

nacvlad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema pirvelad 

amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma scades (Amos 

Tversky & Daniel Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom 

msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro evristikul, 

vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo 

aRniSnuli, evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul, 

praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs msjelobis 

(gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules. 

ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praqtikul, 

gamocdilebaze damyarebul meTodebs? 

rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevrebi upiratesobas 

aniWeben im garemo pirobebis aRweras, sadac 

aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs 

Secdomis daSvebas. am eqsperimentebis logika 

aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT 

SeiZleba aRqmis bunebis gageba da mexsierebis 

Seswavla – mexsierebis darRvevebis SeswavliT, 

aseve SesaZlebelia msjelobis procesebis 

Seswavla mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT 

(Kahneman, 1991). rogorc mexsierebis, aRqmisa da 

sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am drosac 

erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT meTodi da

daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqma ar aris 

srulyofili da fsiqologebs SeuZliaT dagarwmunon 

Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver 

ivliT; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad evristikuli 

msjelobebis gamo aRmocenebuli Secdomebisa, 

Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri SezRudvis barierebs. 

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad 

komfortulad grZnobT Tavs, roca aseTi tipis 

Secdomebs uSvebT? am SemTxvevaSi aRqmasTan 

Sedareba garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis 

iluziebis umravlesoba ar aris codnaze damokidebuli. 

Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT 

miuler-laieris iluziis (ix. Tavi 5) xazebis 

sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom 

iciT, isini erTi sigrZisani arian, xolo, Tu 

iciT, rom Tqvens gamocdilebaze damyarebuli 

msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs, SegiZliaT 

Tavidan aiciloT zogierTi tipis 

Secdoma. inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapirobeben 

Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas (zogierT 

SemTxvevebSi Zalian Wkviani adamianebic ki 

uSveben Secdomebs), specifikuri treningebis 

saSualebiT SesaZlebelia msjelobis gaumjobeseba. 

am nawilSi Cven swored am unarebis 

efeqturobis zrdis ramodenime saSualebas ganvixilavT. 

davubrundeT evristikis sam tips: 

misawvdomobas, reprezentatulobas da „Ruzis~ 

evristikas. 

misawvdomobis evristika 

gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv 

kiTxvaze (Cveni azriT, naklebad mosalodnelia 

swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul 

amocanas, raTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar 

CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT mo- 

Txrobis patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor 

ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba ufro 

meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k~-Ti 

(magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva, sadac aso ,,k~ 

mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven 

tverskisa da kanemanis cdis pirebis msgavsad 

fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin 

Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k~ ufro metad gvxvdeba 

xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuristic) 

_ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi 

Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias. 

sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi. realurad ki 

,,k~ orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi 

(inglisur enaSi). 

ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom 

,,k~ aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis TavSi? 

es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli 

xelmisawvdomi informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia 

im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic ,,k~-Ti iwyeba, 

vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k~ mesame 

adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens daskvnaze, 

rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis 

evristika _ Tqveni daskvna emyareba im informacias, 

romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebisaTvis 

da umravles SemTxvevaSi swor daskvnamde 

mivyavarT, amitom ganixileba, rogorc swori. 

Tu, magaliTad, Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi 

ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni 

daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas. 

problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, 

roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis 

aqtivacia xdeba; (2) mexsierebaSi Senaxuli 

informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am 

SesaZlo problemebis magaliTi. 

amocana, romelSic cdis pirebs „k~ asos 

Semcveli sityvebis raodenobis gansazRvra 

evalebaT, misawvdomobaze dafuZnebuli araswori 

msjelobis (daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens. 

mexsierebaSi sityvebis organizaciidan gamomdinare, 

bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba, 

roca gansazRvrulia maTi pirveli aso. ganvixiloT 

yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

kidev erTi msjeloba. 

saidan 

viciT 

guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens 

mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze 

mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, Tu ra 

zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos gunebaganwyobilebam 

adamianis msjelobaze. cdis 

pirebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno 

da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapirobebda 

Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis 

Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da 

uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad, sasiamovno 

saRamos da mtkivneuli Wrilobis 


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350 

gaxsenebas da, aseve, msgavsi movlenebis 

ganmeorebis albaTobis gansazRvras uaxloesi 

eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli 

Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, 

rom warsuli movlenebis gaxsenebaze 

gavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobileba, 

xolo am ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogonebebi 

gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb 

msjelobas. karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze 

myofi cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen sasiamovno 

movlenebs da fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi 

ufro meti sasiamovno da naklebi usiamovno 

movlena moxdeboda (MacLeod & 

Campbell, 1992). 

am eqsperimentiT naCvenebia, Tu ra gavlenas 

axdens msjelobaze mexsierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi 

informaciis tipi. mniSvnelovan samomavlo 

sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT 

guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena TqvenTvis misawvdom 

informaciaze da hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: 

,,aris Tu ara raime specifikuri Cems gunebaganwyobilebaSi, 

rac gavlenas moaxdens mexsierebidan 

amotanil informaciaze?~ 

misawvdomobasTan, rogorc msjelobis evristikasTan, 

dakavSirebuli meore sirTule Tavs 

iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens 

mexsierebaSi arsebuli informacia. erT-erTi 

kvlevis dros Seiswavlidnen kavSirs televizoris 

yurebasa da SeerTebuli Statebis 

mosaxleobis saSualo keTildReobis Sefasebas 

Soris (O’Guinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic 

ufro xSirad uyureben „dinastiisa~ da „dalasis~ 

tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr amerikel 

diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsaxureebi. 

mkvlevrebis azriT, es korelacia imiT 

aixsneba, rom satelevizio programebi qmnis 

keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic 

advilad misawvdomia mudmivi mayureblisaTvis. 

ganvixiloT meore magaliTi: adamianis msjeloba 

sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown 

& Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es 

oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT 

mciredan didisken: 

a. SvedeTi 

b. indonezia 

c. israeli 

d. nigeria 

kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom, rac 

ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis Sesaxeb, miT 

ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis 

Sefaseba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa 

qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu 

ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims~-is 

statiebSi mimdinare wels (sxvaTa Soris, swori 

pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia. 

SegiyvanaT Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam)? 

rogorc Cans, Znelia endoT Tqvens kognitur 

procesebs, radgan masmedia TqvenTvis xarveziani 

monacemebis mowodebas uzrunvelyofs. miuxedavad 

amisa, mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde, 

informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT Tqven SegiZliaT 

Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas. 

darwmunebuli xarT, rom rasac fiqrobT, Tqven- 

Tvis namdvilad cnobilia? 

reprezentaciuli evristika 

rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul evristikas 

eyrdnoba, Tqven iTvaliswinebT kategoriis 

arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an 

movlena am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxa-

warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kolegebis 

azriT, axirebuli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc ar 

SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras 

isini mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas 

ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo simaRlis adamiania; 

yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da 

aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi 

sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli saxeobiTaa 

igi dakavebuli? 

a. swrafi siaruliT 

b. burTis TamaSiT 

c. CogburTiT 

d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT 

suraTi 9.17 

reprezentaciuli evristikis 

gamoyeneba 

savaraudod 

sworia ufro metis 

momcveli kategoria. 

reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umravlesoba 

miiCnevs, rom advokatis sayvareli 

sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea 

naCvenebi, ufro sworia `burTiT TamaSebis~ 

dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs. 

siaTebeli niSniT xasiaTdeba, misi am kategoriisadmi 

mikuTvneba xdeba. evristikis es tipi 

nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. is gulisxmobs 

warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze msjelobis 

agebas mocemul, msgavs pirobebSi, rac induqciuri 

daskvnis arss warmoadgens. 

urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da 

kategoriebis Sesaxeb informaciis arsebobis 

dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgavsebis 

mixedviT. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, 

SeudgeT Tu ara varjiSs sportis iseT 

axal saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma, 

mizanSewonili iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu ramdenad 

hgavs is sportul saxeobaTa im kategorias, 

romelic adre gizidavdaT. Tumca, rogorc 

qvemoT naxavT, msgavsebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi 

SegiyvanoT, Tu misi gavleniT yuradRebas ar 

miaqcevT sxva mniSvnelovan informacias (Kahnemean 

& Tversky, 1973). 

ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.17. suraTze mocemuli 

warmatebuli iuristis daxasiaTeba. gaiTvaliswineT 

zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebi 

Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoekidebiT~ 

yvelaze tipur reprezentatul arCevans, 

sanam ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alternativis 

struqturas. 

saidan 

viciT 

reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens 

msjelobaze 

erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs miewodebodaT 

9.17 suraTze mocemuli pasuxebis 

CamonaTvali da eZleodaT 45 dolaris 

mogebis SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis 

maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT 

cifri `1". Tqven romel variants amoir- 

CevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc 

monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT 

45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi iqneba 

`CogburTi~ da ara `burTiT TamaSebi~. 

9.17 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans, Tu 

ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni. 

is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis~ kategoriaSi. 

cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi 

pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs sportuli TamaSis 

yvela is Tviseba, romelsac iuristi 

iTamaSebda (upiratesobas mianiWebda). reprezentatulobaze 

dafuZnebuli es msjeloba 

monawileebs ubiZgebs, ugulebelyon 

sxva tipis informacia, kerZod, kategoriis 

struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxvevaSi 

mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (Bar-Hille 

& Neter, 1993). 

ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore magaliTi, 

romelsac, agreTve SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos 

Tqven mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoidgineT, 

SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, monawileoba 

miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad 

reprezentaciuli evristika -(Representativeness 

heuristic) – kognituri strategia, romelic 

miakuTvnebs obieqts garkveul kategorias, am 

kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime 

niSnis safuZvelze. 


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352 

Tqven unda SearCioT sam mocemul ricxvSi 

cifrTa swori Tanmimdevroba, anu am cifrebidan 

romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis dadeba? 

859 101 333 

574 948 772 

Tu Tqven moTamaSeebis umravlesobas hgavxarT, 

Tavs aaridebT im ricxvebs, romlebSic cifrebi 

meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es 

ricxvebi SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobis reprezentatuli 

iyos. sinamdvileSi samcifriani ricxvebis 

27%-s, sadac TiToeuli cifri aRebulia 

SemTxveviTad diapazonidan 0-dan 9-is CaTvliT, 

eqneba ganmeorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa, 

gaTamaSebaSi „Indiana pick-3" 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi 

monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi 

ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992). 

imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis situaciebis 

umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia, 

maT sifrTxiliT moekidoT. umeteswilad, adamianebs 

imedi aqvT, rom reprezentatulobis mixedviT 

da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT 

gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans. 

„Ruza amoRebulia!~ 

evristikis mesame formis gasacnobad, scadeT 

azrovnebis eqsperimentis Catareba. daiwyeT 

qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis 

Semdeg dawereT miaxloebiTi pasuxi. 

1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____ 

5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramdenime 

moqmedebis Sesrulebas da miiRebT arasrul 

pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24-s, Semdeg ki gamoiyvanT 

saboloo pasuxs. 

axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna: 

8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____ 

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven SeamCnevT, rom 

es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dalagebuli igive 

ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod 

gansxavebuli iqneba. albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas 

daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT - 8 X 7 

da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze 

„Ruzis~ evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) – zogier- 

Ti movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb 

msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba 

an verSefaseba. 

gamravlebas, rac ukve sakmaod did ricxvs 

gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT Tqven 

isev nawilobriv pasuxs miiRebT da ganagrZobT 

magaliTis amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani (Amos 

Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis monawileebs 

aZlevdnen identuri problemis or 

variants. pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi pasuxebis 

mediana Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore variatis 

SemTxvevaSi _ 2,250-s (swori pasuxia 40320). 

rogorc Cans, nawilobrivi Sefaseba (5 wamis 

ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis pasuxi) 

gavlenas axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro 

didia nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi, miT ufro 

didia saboloo Sefaseba. A 

am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT Cven davasabuTeT 

„Ruzis~ efeqtis arseboba. raime movlenis 

an Sedegis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic emyareba 

„Ruzis~ evristikas, sakmarisi ar aris. misi 

gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri mniSvnelobis 

gadafasebas an verSefasebas. „Ruzis~ 

evristikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aris, 

roca Tavdapirveli Sefaseba Seicavs mocemuli 

msjelobisaTvis WeSmaritad relevantur informacias. 

miuxedavad amisa, im SemTxvevaSic 

ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad 

mniSvnelovani an saerTod usargebloa, adamianebi 

„Ruzis~ efeqtis Zlier zegavlenas 

ganicdian. 

saidan 

viciT 

SemTxveviTi `Ruza~ cvlis Sefasebas 

erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mianiWes 

pirobiTi saidentifikacio nomrebi 

(1,928-dan 1,935-mde), romlebic instruqciis 

mixedviT unda gadaeweraT Tavis kiTxvarebze 

(sakontrolo jgufis studentebi 

ar iRebdnen nomrebs). am ricxvze studentebis 

yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad sxvadasxva 

saSualebas (magaliTad, sTxovdnen 

aReniSnaT, iyo Tu ara is 1,940-ze meti) 

mimarTavdnen, magram saidentifikacio nomeri 

naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc 

sxva nebismieri pasuxisTvis irelevanturi. 

mogvianebiT, studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT 

adgilobriv sainformacio broSu-

aSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze 

aSkara gavlena moaxdina absoluturad 

irelevanturma, pirobiTma „Ruzam~. studentebi, 

romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles 

pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiqroben, 

rom broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis 

raodenoba didia – 631, vidre sakontrolo 

jgufis studentebis – 219. im SemTxvevaSic 

ki, roca studentebs specialurad afrTxilebdnen, 

rom saidentifikacio nomerma 

SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Sefasebaze, 

maTi Sefaseba gacilebiT maRali iyo (539), 

vidre sakontrolo jgufSi gaerTianebul 

studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219) 

(Wilson et al., 1996.). 

es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxureben 

yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki ar aRmoCnda 

sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben 

„Ruzis~ efeqts, roca cdiloben dagarwmunon, 

iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT 

axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZleba 

giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1 000 an 2 000 

dolaris gadaxdas, ara?~ mas Semdeg, rac maRal 

fasze ganewyobiT, realuri fasi (magaliTad 

599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT. 

vfiqrobT, am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT, 

Tavidan aiciloT „Ruzis~ uaryofiTi gavlena; 

rac mTavaria, Tqven gafrTxilebuli xarT, 

rom windaxeduleba gamoiCinoT. 

msjelobisas Tqven iyenebT evristikis iseT 

saxeebs, rogoricaa: xelmisawvdomoba, reprezentaciuloba 

da „Ruza~, radgan umravles Sem- 

TxvevaSi isini efeqturi da misaRebi msjelobis 

SesaZleblobas gaZlevT. situaciis gaurkvevlobidan 

da Tqveni SezRuduli resursebidan 

gamomdinare, Tqven, garkveulwilad, maqsimums 

akeTebT. Cven giCveneT, rom evristikam SeiZleba 

Secdomamde migiyvanoT. mniSvnelovani daskvnis 

gakeTebis dros SeecadeT gamoiyenoT es codna 

da SeamowmoT sakuTari azrovnebis procesebi. 

gansakuTrebiT kritikulad miudeqiT sxvebis 

SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari ganzraxviT zegavlena 

moaxdinon Tqvens msjelobaze. axla 

ganvixiloT gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad 

swored am msjelobis safuZvelze xdeba. 

gadawyvetilebis miRebis 

fsiqologia 

warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze 

fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis TvalsaCino 

magaliTs. ganvixiloT problema, romelic 

mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis pirvel nawilSi. waiki- 

TxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti. 

axla am problemis meore naSilSi warmodgenil 

variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT arCevans? 

eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxulobdnen 

am problemis erT-erT versias (Shafir, 

1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen, 

Tu romel variants amjobinebdnen, studentebis 

67% irCveda B variants, xolo, rodesac studentebs 

sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es 

maCvenebeli 52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B variants). 

ratom aris es cvlileba ucnauri? Tu 

yuradRebiT gadaxedavT problemis orive versias, 

naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar 

aris. erTi SexedviT, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, 

rom msgavsma informaciam imave gadawyvetilebamde 

unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase 

ar iqcevian. rogorc Cans, ,,upiratesobis~ 

miniWebis SemTxvevaSi adamianTa yuradReba 

koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur mxareebze 

_ Tqven agrovebT aSkara damamtkicebel sabuTebs 

raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca ,,gauqmebis~ 

moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis koncentrireba 

arCevanis negatiur aspeqtebze xdeba _ 

Tqven agrovebT informacias raRacis winaaRmdeg. 

amitom, SesaZloa, Tqveni gadawyvetileba 

Seicvalos. 

aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom 

gadawyvetilebis miRebaze did gavlenas axdens 

kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995), swored amitom 

saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri 

aspeqtebis codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni 

gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT, 

eqvemdebareba Tu ara is detalur analizs. am 

SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar 

Tavs: ,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu 

im variantis uaryofis da ara arCevis Sem- 

TxvevaSi?~ Tu romelime konkretul arCevans 

erT SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo 

meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT, es imas niSnavs, 

rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi 


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354 

cxrili 9.7 

mxareebi. bolos dasviT kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu 

ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni kritikuli azrovnebis 

unarebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs 

warmoadgens. 

arCevanis forma 

fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze 

nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba nawili 2: uaryofa 

1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis 

dros apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil 

adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, 

romelic iafi gijdebaT. turistul bro- 

SuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli 

informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul informaciaze 

dayrdnobiT, romel adgils amoir- 

CevdiT dasasveneblad? 

adgili A saSualo amindi 

saSualo sanapiro 

saSualo donis sastumro 

wylis zomieri temperatura 

RamiT zomieri garToba 

adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi 

brwyinvale sanapiroebi da 

marjnis rifebi 

ultraTanamedrove sastumro 

Zalian civi wyali 

Zalian Zlieri qari 

RamiT aranairi garToba 

gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze 

bunebriv gzas imis gansazRvra warmoadgens, Tu 

romeli arCevani mogvitans udides sargebels, 

an umcires danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben 

5 an 10 dolars, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe 

mixvdebiT, rom ukeTesia 10 dolaris arCeva. 

situacias arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da danakargis 

aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu 

ra formiTaa arCevani mocemuli. „forma~ warmoadgens 

arCevanis detalur aRweras. warmoidgineT, 

rom gekiTxebian: `ramdenad gagaxarebdaT xelfasis 

gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar 

elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es didi miRweva 

iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT, magram manamde 

Tu ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000 

forma (Frame) – arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera. 

gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gake- 

Tebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba, 

misi ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena. 

2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros 

apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. 

Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT. 

Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi 

unda gaauqmoT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis 

Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria. 

mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgilis 

javSans gaauqmebdiT? 

adgili A saSualo amindi 

saSualo sanapiro 

saSualo donis sastumro 

wylis zomieri temperatura 

RamiT zomieri garToba 

adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi 

brwyinvale sanapiroebi da 

marjnis rifebi 

ultraTanamedrove sastumro 

Zalian civi wyali 

Zalian Zlieri qari 

RamiT aranairi garToba 

dolariT gazrdas, maSin rogor xasiaTze dadgebiT? 

uecrad SeiZleba iseTi gancda dageufloT, 

TiTqos fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000 

dolari gacilebiT naklebia, vidre Tqven elodiT; 

Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi 1 000 dolariT 

mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _ obieqturad, Tqven 

zustad erTnair mdgomareobaSi iqnebodiT, magram 

fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian gansxvavebulia. 

ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani orientirebi 

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras 

ganvixilavT mogebad da ras _ danakargad, 

nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT 1 000 

dolaris an 10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec 

orientirebulia adamiani (am SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba 

SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi dar- 

Cenas). 

axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli magaliTi, 

romelSic `formireba~ ufro mniSvnelovan 

gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis mi- 

Rebaze. 9.8 cxrilSi Tqven filtvis simsivnis 

mkurnalobis meTodis arCeva gevalebaT _ 

operacia an radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT 

`gadarCenis~ formiT warmodgenili problema 

da airCieT mkurnalobis strategia; Semdeg ki 

`sikvdilianobis~ formiT gadmocemuli igive

problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara Tqvens 

arCevans. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi 

obieqturad erTi da igivea, gansxvaveba mxolod 

statistikuri monacemebis aRweraSia, romelic 

mkurnalobis TiToeuli meTodisaTvis gadarCenis 

an sikvdilianobis terminebiTaa warmodgenili. 

cdis pirebis mier mkurnalobis meTodis arCevaze 

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mogebaze da 

danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis~ 

formiT miwodebis SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias 

cdis pirTa 18% irCevs, `sikvdilianobis~ kuTxiT 

miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki – 44%. `formirebis~ 

es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis 

miRebaze klinikuri pacientebis, statistikis 

mcodne biznes studentebisa da gamocdili 

eqimebis jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982). 

es magaliTi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac 

masSi asaxulia Tqveni realuri cxovrebisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba. 

saidan 

viciT 

msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb 

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoven, monawileoba 

miiRoT disciplinarul komisiaSi, 

romelmac unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra 

TanxiT daajarimos kompania, romelic reklamis 

saSualebiT mcdar informacias 

avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas 

sakiTxis miwodebis forma Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze? 

eqsperimentSi kompaniis 

saqmianoba warmodgenili iyo erT Sem- 

TxvevaSi dadebiTi kuTxiT (magaliTad, 

,,20%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar 

icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis 

Sesaxeb~), xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi - negatiuri 

kuTxiT (magaliTad, `80%-ia imis 

Sansi, rom organizaciam icoda reklamaSi 

mcdari informaciis Sesaxeb~). xedavT, rom 

orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da igive 

informacias gvawodebs? cdis pirebi, 

romlebic kiTxulobdnen pozitiuri 

kuTxiT miwodebul gancxadebas, iZleodnen 

daaxloebiT 40,153 dolaris odenobis 

jarimis rekomendacias maSin, roca negatiuri 

formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis 

wakiTxvis Semdeg maTi rekomendacia iyo 

daaxloebiT 78,968 dolaris odenobis jarima 

(Dunegenm 1996). rogorc xedavT, 

ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena 

iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze. 

rogor SegviZlia aseTi Sedegebis sakuTar 

cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba? realur samyaroSi 

gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, romelic 

momavlis Sesaxeb Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis 

mosazrebas (varauds) eyrdnoba. aseT SemTxvevebSi, 

scadeT problemis rogorc mogebis, ise wagebis 

kuTxiT ganxilva. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom 

cxrili 9.8 

formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti 

gadarCena 

operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi 

jer kidev cocxalia 90, erTi wlis Semdeg – 68, xolo 

xuTi wlis Semdeg _ mxolod 34. 

radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 

100 adamianidan yvela cocxali rCeba; erTi wlis Semdeg 

cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg – 22. 

mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu 

radioTerapias? 

sikvdilianoba 

operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Semdgom 

periodSi iRupeba 10 adamiani, operaciidan erTi 

wlis ganmavlobaSi – 32, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ki – 

66. 

radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 

100 adamianidan arc erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan 

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani, 5 wlis 

ganmavlobaSi ki – 78. 

mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu 

radioTerapias? 


355


356 

cxrili 9.9 

gadawyvetilebis aversia 

A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas 

apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, Tu romeli 

modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia 

erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popularuli 

firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 

99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel 

fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT? 

1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~. 

daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi. 

B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas 

apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, romeli 

modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia 

erTdRiani fasdakleba, gTavazoben popularul 

firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99 

dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA `sidipleers~ 

159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro 

dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor 

moiqceviT? 

1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers~. 

2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~. 

daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi. 

Tqven axali manqanis yidvas apirebT. gamyidveli 

Seecdeba, yvelaferi warmogidginoT mogebis 

kuTxiT: `qsenoni~-s 78%-s SekeTeba ar sWirdeba 

pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi!~ Tqven SegiZliaT 

mis mier mowodebuli informaciis perefrazireba: 

,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvel wels!~ 

cvlis Tu ara axali formulireba Tqven mier 

situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa, romelic realur 

cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT. 

manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis 

saukeTeso magaliTia, rodesac viRac cdilobs 

informaciis iseTi formiT mowodebas, romelic 

saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena 

moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze. aseTi ram 

sistematurad xdeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, 

yovelTvis, arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori mowinaaRmdege 

kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa 

da sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia 

warmoadginos ise, rom amomrCevelTa simpaTia 

daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas: 

`vTvli, rom unda gavagrZelo im politikis 

gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) 

(Decision aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan 

Tavis aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia 

gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia misgan ganridebis 

albaToba. 

gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba moaqvs~ ; 

oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegod Tqvas, 

rom ,,mas eSinia axali ideebis.~ erTi kandidati 

SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika ekonomiur 

aRmavlobamde migviyvans.~ misi oponenti ki 

SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa 

garemosaTvis.~ xSir SemTxvevaSi orive marTals 

ambobs _ erTi da igive politika SeiZleba 

ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram garemosTvis 

_ saziano. aseT dros formis damajereblobas 

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis 

biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert, 

1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze 

gamonaTqvamis formulirebis gavlenis codna 

dagexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs 

msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad 

gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu 

Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis gagebis survili 

gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor 

moaxdines am adamianebma gadawyvetilebis formireba. 

gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba 

(aversia) 

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg 

sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeafaseT alternativebi. ra 

moxdeba Semdeg? SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom ar 

gindaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi 

aRwerilia iseTi pirobebi, romlebmac SeiZleba 

gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis survilis 

dakargva. ganvixiloT A nawilSi mocemuli 

situacia, ras airCevdiT? mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, 

rom mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom 

moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar 

miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992); axla ganvixiloT 

B nawilSi aRwerili odnav Secvlili situacia. 

gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinamdvileSi 

cdis pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti 

waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT 

informacias ar miiRebs. ra xdeba? (rogor ggoniaT, 

ratom?) Cveulebriv, Tqven eliT, rom axali 

alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alternativis 

xvedriT wils. Tu magaliTad, politikur 

arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, savaraudoa, 

rom igi xmebis garkveul raodenobas 

waarTmevs pirvel ors; Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi 

mesame SesaZleblobis gaCena 12%-iT zrdis erTerTi 

pirveli arCevanis xvedriT wils. ra xdeba?

aseTi Sedegi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, 

roca Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba. rodesac 

cdis pirebs miewodebodaT problemis iseTi 

varianti, sadac maT damatebiT, dabalxarisxiani 

`sidipleeris~ arCevis SesaZlebloba aqvT, 

monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom daicdian, 

sanam axal informacias ar miiReben. am maCveneblis 

Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba, 

rom `sonis~ arCeva advilia, Tumca, arCevanis 

gakeTeba `sonis~ SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa 

da umaRlesi xarisxis àivas~ Soris rTulia. 

ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT gadawyvetilebis 

miReba da davelodoT axal informacias. 

miuxedavad individualuri gansxvavebebisa, 

adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia 

gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan acilebis 

sakmaod Zlieri tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia 

ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT 

(Bettie et al., 1994): 

� adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis 

miReba, romlis Sedegadac zogs eqneba meti 

sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki – naklebi; 

� adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton, 

rogor inaneben, Tu maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani 

ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT 

ar gaakeTes; 

� adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen 

im gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac SeiZleba cudi 

Sedegi hqondes; 

� adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis 

miReba sxvebis magivrad. 

im pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, romlebSic 

adamianebi eZeben gadawyvetilebas, SegviZlia 

am ukanaskneli debulebis sapirispiros formulireba. 

ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT 

gadawyvetilebis miReba, isini ukeT grZnoben 

Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva gaakeTebs. es 

yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinoT. SeecadeT, 

TviTon gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani 

problemebi. nu daarwmunebT sakuTar Tavs imaSi, 

rom Zalian rTuli problemis winaSe dgaxarT 

da ar SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. 

ZiriTadad iqonieT Tqvens kognitur procesebze 

damyarebuli msjelobebis imedi da gamoiyeneT 

isini Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad! 

am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven movitaneT citata 

elen keleris publikaciidan _ ,,azris 

dabrunebiT gancdili mRelvareba~; Semdeg 

ganvixileT sxvadaxsva kognituri procesi _ 

metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis 

gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis 

miReba _ da vimedovnebT, rom Tqven dafiqrdebiT 

im sixarulze, romelsac es unarebi ganiWebT. 

SeecadeT, isargebloT elen keleris gamocdilebiT 

da ar moepyroT Tqvens SemecnebiT procesebs, 

rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls; ifiqreT 

Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb, daasabuTeT Tqveni 

argumentebi da a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri 

yofis arss. 

Sejameba 

msjelobaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, 

rom adamianebi ufro xSirad eyrdnobian 

evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evristikis 

xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs, rom 

adamianebi akeTeben daskvnas im informaciis 

safuZvelze, romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia 

mexsierebaSi. evristikis reprezentatulobis 

mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im sagnis an 

movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis arsebiTi niSnebis 

gansazRvras. `Ruzis~ evristikis mixedviT, 

adamianebis msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba 

sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare xdeba. kiTxvis 

forma gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. 

mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom gadawyvetilebis 

sirTule ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebisadmi 

antipatiur damokidebulebas. 


357


358 

sakvanZo 

sakiTxebi 

kogniciis Seswavla 

kognitur fsiqologiaSi 

momuSave specialistebi 

Seiswavlian fsiqikur 

procesebs da struqturebs, 

romlebic safuZvlad 

udevs adamianis 

aRqmis, metyvelebis, azrovnebis, 

problemis gadaWris, 

msjelobisa da 

gadawyvetilebis miRebis 

unarebs. 

im fsiqikuri procesebis 

gamoyofis mizniT, romlebic 

rTuli amocanis 

Sesrulebas udevs safuZvlad, 

mkvlevrebi mimar- 

Taven reaqciis drois 

gazomvas. 

metyveleba 

adamianebs SeuZliaT azris 

gamoTqma da naTqvamis 

gageba. 

gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis 

gansazRvra xdeba auditoriis 

gaTvaliswinebiT. 

metyvelebis Secdomebi 

naTels hfens metyvelebis 

dagegmvis bevr process. 

gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis 

gageba – orazrovnebis 

daZleva – xdeba konteqstis 

mixedviT. 

mniSvnelobis mexsierebaSi 

Senaxuli reprezentaciebi 

efuZneba propoziciebs, 

xolo maTi Sevseba 

xdeba daskvniT (varaudiT). 

ena, romelzec adamianebi 

laparakoben, SesaZloa 

gavlenas axdendes maT azrovnebaze. 

vizualuri kognicia 


SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes 

propoziciuli reprezentaciebis 

Sesavsebad. 


garemos vizualuri aspeqtebis 

gaazrebis saSualebas 

gvaZlevs. 

adamianebi qmnian vizualur 

reprezentaciebs, romlebSic 

gaerTianebulia rogorc 

verbaluri, ise vizualuri 

informacia. 

problemis gadaWra da 

azrovneba 

adamianebma unda gansazRvron 

sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani 

da is operaciebi, romlebic 

saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi 

mdgomareobidan miaRwion 

mizans. 

logikur wesebze damyarebuli 

wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze 

gakeTebuli daskvna 

deduqciuri azrovnebaa. 

induqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs 

daskvnis gakeTebas 

xdomilebis albaTobis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

msjeloba da 


msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis 

miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZneba 

evristikas, romelic 

adamians gadawyvetilebis 

swrafad miRebis saSualebas 

aZlevs. 

misawvdomobis, reprezentatulobisa 

da „Ruzis efeqtis~ 

arasworma gamoyenebam 

SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. 

gadawyvetilebis 

miRebaze gavlenas axdens 

arCevanis SesaZlo variantebis 

formireba. 

fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis 

gamo adamianebi avlenen 

rTuli gadawyvetilebis 

miRebis ganridebis tendencias. 


avtomaturi procesebi 

azrovneba 

algoriTmi 

gadawyvetilebis aversia 


deduqciuri azrovneba 

evristika 


varaudi 

induqciuri azrovneba 

kognituri procesebi 

kognituri fsiqologia 

kognituri mecnierebebi 

kontrolirebadi procesebi 

misawvdomobis evristika 

msmenelis gaTvaliswineba 

msjeloba 

paraleluri procesebi 

problemis gadaWra 

problemuri situacia 

reprezentaciuli evristika 

seriuli procesebi 

forma 

funqcionaluri rigidoba 

fsiqikuri ganwyoba 

Ruzis evristika 

Semecneba 

xmamaRali fiqris oqmi 

avtomaturi procesebi 

azrovneba 

algoriTmi 

gadawyvetilebis aversia

inteleqti inteleqti da da inteleqtis inteleqtis Sefaseba 

Sefaseba 

10 

ra aris Sefaseba 

• Sefasebis istoria 

• formaluri Sefasebis 

ZiriTadi niSnebi 

inteleqtis Sefaseba 

• inteleqtis testebis 

istoriuli safuZvlebi 

• IQ testebi 

fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi: 

Sefaseba internebtiT 

inteleqtis Teoriebi 

• inteleqtis fsiqometriuli 

Teoria 

• sternbergis inteleqtis 

triarqiuli Teoria 

• gardneris mravlobiTi 

inteleqti da emociuri 

inteleqti 

inteleqtis politika 

• jgufuri Sedarebebis 

istoria 

• memkvidreobiToba da IQ 

• garemo da IQ 

• kultura da IQ testebis 

validoba 

SemoqmedebiToba 

• kreatulobis Sefaseba 

da kavSiri inteleqtTan 

• • gansakuTrebuli 

kreatuloba da 

SeSliloba 

Sefaseba da sazogadoeba 



359

Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 

360 

adre, naklebad rTul droSi, imisaTvis, 

rom xeloba geswavlaT 

da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli 

gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven 

bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando 

xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba 

imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~ 

da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi 

`WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri testis 

punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal 

qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom 

ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvlebis 

ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel, 

superracionalur da postindustriul samyaroSi 

Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamocdilebas, 

amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi 

muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris 

nawarmoebSi, `Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT 

ZaRlebs am qalaqSi~, eseisti henri alfordi 

(Henry Alford, 1993) zogierT im testsa da gamocdas 

aRwers, romelic man Semosavliani samsaxuris 

Zebnisas gaiara. nebismierisaTvis, visac didi 

gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis kargad 

nacnobi iqneba alfordis mier aRwerili iumoristuli 

SemTxvevebi. damqiraveblebi TiToeuli 

kandidatis `SesaZleblobis~ gansasazRvrad 

sxvadasxva tests iyeneben. zogjer Zalian Znelia 

testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva, 

Tumca, TiTqmis yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi, 

romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi zomavs 

relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris. 

Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, savaraudoa, rom 

Tqveni `SesaZleblobebi~ bevrad ufro adre 

gazomiliyo, vidre samsaxurs daiwyebdiT _ 

dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba 

dagavalon. 

imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxoven 

damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organizaciebi 

TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan 

da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis 

samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocda- 

TerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi 

gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mravalferovani 

iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis 

meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samogzauro 

agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo 

uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZiebis 

biuros agentebisaTvis. 

Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli. 

me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests. 

umetes skolebSi maswavleblebi da administratorebi 

Tqveni cxovrebis adreul periodSi 

cdiloben Tqveni inteleqtis gazomvas. yvelaze 

xSirad mizani imis gansazRvraa, Tu saklaso 

davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis 

inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, rac maT 

garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs, Tumca, rogorc 

Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze 

inteleqtis testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis 

farglebs scildeba. 

am TavSi inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa 

da gamoyenebas SeviswavliT. mimovixilavT im 

wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis 

sferoSi individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi 

Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT azrTa im sxvadasxvaobaze, 

romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba, 

rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebebis axsnas

iwyeben. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu 

rogor muSaobs inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis 

nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom 

isini yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes, 

romlisTvisac arian gankuTvnilni. dabolos, 

davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic 

ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis rols 

sazogadoebaSi. 

Cvens fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamoyenebis 

mokle mimoxilviT daviwyebT. 


fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs individTa 

unarebis, qcevebisa da pirovnuli 

maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadgenili 

procedurebis gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri 

Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc individualuri 

gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan SefasebaTa 

umravlesoba adgens, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba, 

an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemuli 

niSnis mixedviT. fsiqologiuri testirebis 

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis detalur ganxilvamde 

mokled mimovixiloT Sefasebis istoria. es 

istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT 

Sefasebis rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi; 

aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis 

irgvliv arsebuli zogierTi dava. 

Sefasebis istoria 

SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili formaluri 

testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT 

axali saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic 

farTo asparezze mxolod 1990-iani wlebis 

dasawyisSi gamovida. Tumca, didi xniT adre, 

vidre dasavluri fsiqologia daiwyebda adamian- 

Ta Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis 

meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi. 

faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win gamoiyeneboda 

sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo 

samoqalaqo samsaxurSi misaRebi moxeleebis 

testirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo moxeleebs Tavian- 

Ti kompetenturobis gamovlena yovel mesame 

wels moeTxovebodaT zepir gamocdaze. ori 

aTasi wlis Semdeg, hanis dinastiis dros, weriTi 

testebi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi 

daqiravebuli moxeleebis kompetenturobis 

gamosavlenad gamoiyeneboda iseT sferoebSi, 

rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme, 

agronomia (an sasoflo-sameurneo saqme) da 

geografia. mingis dinastiis periodSi (Cv. w. 

aR-iT 1368-1664ww.) saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva 

samsafexuriani obieqturi SerCevis proceduraSi 

miRebuli Sdegebis safuZvelze xdeboda. pirvel 

etapze gamocdebi adgilobriv doneze tardeboda. 

im adamianebis 4%, romlebic warmatebiT abarebdnen 

gamocdebs, gamocdis meore etapze gadadiodnen, 

anu cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi 

werdnen narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze. 

mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc abarebda am gamocdas, 

ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo 

etapze, romelic qveynis dedaqalaqSi tardeboda. 

1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebuli 

SerCevis proceduras britaneli diplomatebi 

da misionerebi akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen. 

Zalian male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki amerikaSi, 

saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris personalis 

SerCevisaTvis danergil iqna Cinuri 

sistemis modificirebuli versiebi (Wiggins,1973). 

inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoria- 

Si erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs inglisel 

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment) 

_ individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli 

maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansazRvruli 

procedurebi. 


361


362 

aristokrats, ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis 

Galton). misi wigni `geniosobis memkvidreobiToba~ 

1869 wels gamoqveynda, romelmac mniSvnelovani 

gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis, 

Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. 

galtoni, romelic Carlz darvinis naTesavi 

iyo, adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas misi evoluciis 

Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda. mas ainteresebda, 

Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian 

adamianebi erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

unarebis mixedviT; agreTve, akvirvebda 

is, rom zogierTi adamiani niWieri da warmatebuli 

iyo, rogorc TviTon, xolo zogierTi ki 

_ ara. 

galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena 

oTxi mniSvnelovani idea inteleqtis Sefasebis 

Sesaxeb. pirvelis mixedviT inteleqtis mixedviT 

gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da inteleqtis 

xarisxis terminebiT aRiwereba. sxva sityvebiT 

rom vTqvaT, maT Soris gansxvavebis dasafiqsireblad 

raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba 

mieniWos adamianebis inteleqtis doneebs. meore, 

adamianebs Soris inteleqtis mixedviT gansxvavebebi 

zaris formis mruds, anu normalur 

ganawilebas qmnis. zaris formis mrudze adamian- 

Ta umravlesobis maCvenebeli ganawilebis Sua 

nawilSi grovdeba da mxolod mcire nawilia 

moTavsebuli ganawilebis ukidures _ geniosobis 

da mentaluri deficitis aRmniSvnel _ wertilebTan 

axlos (zaris formis mruds mogvianebiT 

davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqtis, anu gonebrivi 

unarebis gazomva SesaZlebelia obieqturi 

testebiT, romelTa TiToeul kiTxvas mxolod 

erTi swori pasuxi aqvs. meoTxe, testis ori 

jgufis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebis 

zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba statistikuri 

proceduriT, romelsac galtonma korelacia 

uwoda da romelic dResdReobiT korelaciis 

saxeliTaa cnobili. 

samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvnelovani 

kamaTis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas 

miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. 

misi azriT, talanti, an `sidiade~ 

formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sistematuri 

procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic 

gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba 

individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis 

(Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. 

memkvidreobiTia, xolo aRzrdas minimaluri 

gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. misi azriT, inteleqti 

darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveulwilad, 

moralur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. 

galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi 

politika genetikurad ùaresi~ (inferioruli) 

da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) adamianis cnebaze 

daefuZnebina. man Camoayaliba evgenikuri moZraoba, 

romelic, evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebiT, 

adamianTa modgmis gaumjobesebas uWerda 

mxars da dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili biologiurad 

superioruli adamianebis gamravlebisa 

da inferioruli adamianebis mxridan STamomavlobaze 

uaris Tqmisadmi. galtoni werda: àrsebobs 

mosazreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod 

usafuZvlo, inferioruli rasis TandaTanobiT 

gadaSendebis ideis gaumarTleblobis Sesaxeb~ 

(Galton, 1883/1907, gv. 200). 

es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiT im 

adamianebmac gamoTqves, romlebic Tvlidnen, 

rom inteleqtualuri (superioruli) rasa 

naklebad inteleqtualebis (inferiorebis) xarjze 

unda gamravldes. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris 

iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard) 

da termeni (Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac 

mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aseve, visaubrebT 

nacisti diqtatoris, adolf hitleris Teoriis 

Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es 

elitaruli ideebi dResac aqtualuria. 

ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara 

inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas. axla ganvixiloT 

formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasia- 

Tebeli Taviseburebebi. 

formaluri Sefasebis 

ZiriTadi niSnebi 

formaluri Sefasebis procedura, romelic 

gulisxmobs individebis klasifikacias, an maT 

SerCevas, sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes. 

Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2) 

validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu 

Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs, 

maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar 

iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Tavi 

inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba, formaluri 

Sefasebis qvemoT aRwerili procedura yvela 

saxis fsiqologiuri testirebis dros gamoi

yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo 

gamoyeneba gasagebi gaxdes, ganvixilavT magali- 

Tebs rogorc inteleqtis testirebidan, ise _ 

fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidan. 

sandooba 

sandooba gviCvenebs, esa Tu is Sefasebis 

instrumenti ramdenad iZleva sando monacemebs. 

Tu diliT abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da 

sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva Sedegs giCvenebT, 

ifiqrebT, rom is ar muSaobs. Tqven SegiZliaT 

TqvaT, rom is ar aris sando, vinaidan ver 

iRebT myar maCvenebels; Tu awonvebs Soris 

kargad danayrdebiT, maSin, bunebrivia, aRar 

geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTsa 

da imave wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis meTodebi 

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos 

sandod an arasandod, Tu ucvleli darCeba 

gasazomi sidide. 

testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia 

test-retestuli sandoobis gansazRvra. es aris 

korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs erTsa da 

imave cdis pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva 

dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul maCveneblebs 

Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis 

koeficientia +1.00, rac niSnavs imas, rom orive 

SemTxvevaSi erTnair maCveneblebs viRebT. Tu 

cdis pirebma pirveli testirebisas miiRes 

yvelaze maRali, an dabali qulebi, maSin igives 

miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad 

arasando testis maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis 

koeficienti 0.00-is tolia, rac niSnavs imas, 

rom aranairi urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs 

pirveli da meore testirebis maCveneblebs 

Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu cdis pirma 

pirvelad umaRlesi qulebi miiRo, meored 

SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos. 

korelaciis koeficientis zrdasTan (idealur 

+1.00-Tan miaxloebasTan) erTad testis sandoobac 

izrdeba. 

sandoobis Sefasebis kidev ori gza arsebobs. 

pirveli, erTi da imave testis nacvlad cdis 

pirs testis urTierTSemcvlel, paralelur 

formebs aZleven. paraleluri formebis gamoyeneba 

amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis 

SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, Tanamimdevruli 

Candes erTi testidan meoreze gadasvlisas. 

sandoobis meore sazomi Sinagani SeTanxmebulobaa, 

romelic erTi da igive testis 

pasuxebis Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, 

SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da kenti 

davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli 

qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli nawilisaTvis 

erTnairi qulebi miiReba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba 

iTqvas, rom testi Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis 

maRali doniT xasiTdeba, rac SuaSi gaxleCvis 

sandoobis meTodiT miiRweva. 

umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos ara 

marto TavisdaTavad sazomi instrumenti, aramed 

am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. davuSvaT, 

sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs 

erTnair qulebs testis nebismier dros 

gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis stabilurobas 

an konsistenturobas. 

test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _ 

erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis 

sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul 

qulebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi. 

paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis 

sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis 

Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs 

pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts 

an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsistenturoba 

erTi da igive amocanis mimarT. 

Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _ 

sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis, 

rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, SesrulebaSi 

miRebuli qulebis msgavsebis xarisxi. 

SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency) 

_ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi 

miRebuli qulebis Sedareba. 


363


364 

mkvlevrebs saklaso oTaxSi bavSvebis dakvirveba 

surdaT maTi agresiuli TamaSis donis Sesafaseblad. 

amisaTvis maT SeiZleba SeeqmnaT 

kodirebuli sqema, romelic saTanado gansxvavebis 

dadgenis saSualebas miscemda. es sqema 

maSin iqneboda sando, Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi 

awarmoebdnen dakvirvebas da igive Sefasebas 

miscemdnen. swored amitom aucilebelia im 

adamianebis momzadeba, romelTac SemdgomSi 

fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ganxorcieleba mouwevT. 

isini aucileblad unda flobdnen saTanado 

formiT gansxvavebis dadgenis sistemebis 

gamoyenebis unarebs. 

validoba 

testis validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT 

zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac surs eqsperts. 

inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTebels 

da Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebis 

saSualebas iZleva im situaciebSi, romelSic 

mniSvnelovan rols inteleqti asrulebs. kreatulobis 

validuri sazomiT miRebuli qulebi 

realur kreatulobas gviCvenebs da ara xatvis 

unars an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, vali- 

validoba (Validity) – gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad 

zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo miwodebuli. 

TvalsaCino validoba (Face validity) _ xarisxi, 

Tu ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod 

dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan 

validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity) 

_ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRvruli 

kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis 

Sedegebi Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT 

sxva kriteriums. 

doba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa Tu 

Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas, 

romelic dakavSirebulia testis mizanTan, an 

mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami Ziri- 

Tadi tipi: TvalsaCino validoba, validoba 

kriteriumis mixedviT da konstruqtuli validoba. 

validobis pirveli tipi testis Sinaarss 

eyrdnoba. Tu testis amocanebi uSualod ukav- 

Sirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia 

TvalsaCino validoba. aseT testebSi Zalian 

pirdapir da martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi, 

romlebic maT Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT. 

magaliTad, ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT 

Tu ara kreatuli? adamianisgan, romelic 

testirebaSi monawileobs, elian, rom is Zalze 

zustad da patiosnad upasuxebs testSi dasmul 

SekiTxvebs. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba 

xSirad ar aris sakmarisi zusti gazomvisTvis. 

pirveli rigSi, adamianebi SeiZleba arazustad 

aRiqvamdnen sakuTar Tavs, an SeiZleba ar icodnen, 

sxvebTan Sedarebisas rogor Seafason sakuTari 

Tavi. meore, rodesac testi sakmaod zustad 

zomavs ama Tu im maxasiaTebels, is Semsruleblebs 

maTTvis sasurveli STabeWdilebis 

moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT 

fsiqikuri problemebis mqone hospitalizirebuli 

pacientebis klasikuri SemTxveva, romel- 

Tac ar surdaT klinikis nacnobi, mowesrigebuli 

garemodan wasvla. 

saidan 

viciT 

pacientebi manipulireben 

fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT 

fsiqiatriuli klinikis personali 

SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi 

daavadebul pacientebs ekiTxeboda, 

ramdenad mZime iyo maTi mdgomareoba. 

rodesac maT ekiTxebodnen, iyvnen Tu ara 

isini imdenad kargad, rom saerTo palataSi 

gadaeyvanaT, pacientebi, ZiriTadad, 

dadebiT Sefasebas iZleodnen. Tumca, 

rodesac interviu stacionaridan 

gawerisTvis mzaobis Sefasebas isaxavda 

miznad, maSin maTi pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo,

vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im 

fsiqiatrebma, romlebic pacientebis 

intervius Sedegebs ajamebdnen, araferi 

icodnen intervius miznis eqsperimentuli 

variaciis Sesaxeb, amitom im pacientebis 

mdgomareobas ufro mZimed afasebdnen, 

romlebic ufro negatiur Sefasebas 

iZleodnen da amiT maT stacionaridan 

gaSvebaze uars ambobdnen. amrigad, 

pacientebma Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi 

miiRes. fsiqiatrebis Sefasebaze SeiZleba 

im mosazrebamac imoqmeda, rom, Tu vinmes 

fsiqiatriul klinikaSi surda darCena, 

maSin misi mdgomareoba mZime unda yofiliyo 

(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967). 

am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnelebi 

ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod TvalsaCino validobis 

mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT validobis 

sxva tipebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian 

zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas. 

testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis 

(cnobilia, aseve, rogorc prognostuli validoba) 

misaRwevad fsiqologebi erTmaneTs 

adareben cdis pirebis mier erT testSi miRebul 

qulebsa da sxva (imave parametrTan dakav- 

Sirebuli) standartis an kriteriumis mixedviT 

miRebul qulebs. magaliTad, Tu testis 

mizania kolejSi warmatebulobis prognozireba, 

maSin kolejis miRebuli niSnebi Sesabamisi 

kriteriumi iqneba. Tu testis qulebi korelirebs 

kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi validuria 

kriteriumis mixedviT. testis avtorebis 

ZiriTadi amocana Sesabamisi gazomvadi kriteriumis 

povnaa. Tu erTxel ukve naCvenebia Sefasebis 

instrumentis kriteriumis mixedviT 

validoba, maSin mkvlevrebi sandod miiCneven 

mas da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi prognozirebisaTvis. 

swored am logikiT iTxovs kolejis 

mimRebi komisia SAT-is qulebs. warsulSi SATis 

qulebi dadebiTad korelirebda kolejSi 

swavlis zogierT aspeqtTan, amitom administracias 

maTze dayrdnobiT kolejSi Tqveni 

momavali karieris prognozireba SeeZlo. 

pirobebi, romelSic testi validuria, Sei- 

Zleba Zalze specifikuri iyos, amitom yovelTvis 

saWiroa testis mimarT daisvas kiTxva: `risTvis 

aris is mowodebuli, risTvisaa validuri?~ Tu 

gvecodineba, kidev romel kriteriumebTan korelirebs 

an ar korelirebs mocemuli testi, 

maSin raime axlis danaxvas SevZlebT kriteriumebSi, 

maTi agebis koncefciebsa Tu adamianis 

qcevis sirTuleSi. vTqvaT, qmniT tests samedicino 

fakultetis studentebis stresTan gamklavebis 

unaris gasazomad; Semdeg aRmoaCenT, 

rom am testSi miRebuli qulebi korelirebs 

studentebis mier mecadineobis procesSi warmoqmnili 

stresuli situaciebis daZlevis unarTan. 

amasTan, varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve, 

korelaciaSi iqneba im stresuli situaciebis 

daZlevis unarTan, romelTa gadalaxvac uwevT 

studentebs gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis 

samsaxurSi muSaobisas, Tumca es varaudi ar 

dagidasturdaT. vinaidan nawilobriv ganisazRvra 

testis validoba, raRac axalic SeityveT 

Tqven testis Sesaxeb: (a) ra pirobebSia is validuri 

da (b) misi agebis koncefciis Sesaxeb _ 

sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors gansxvavebul 

Sedegebamde mivyavarT. amis Semdeg testis koreqtirebas 

akeTebT ise, rom masSi iTvaliswinebT 

gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxur- 

Si muSaobisTvis specifikur stresorebs. 

dafiqrdiT im kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelic 

sandoobasa da validobas Soris arsebobs. sandooba 

izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs 

testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros gamoyenebisas), 

xolo validoba _ imiT, Tu ra xarisxiT 

korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan 

(sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an eqspertis 

Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando, 

is arc validuria, radgan Tu testi ver 

winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, is 

ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magali- 

Tad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes agresiulobis 

testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCnda 

korelaciaSi meore dRes Catarebuli paraleluri 

formis qulebTan (arasandoobis magali- 

Ti), naklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes 

miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT iTqvas, Tu romeli 

studenti Cxubobda an kamaTobda yvelaze 

xSirad gasul kviras. bolos da bolos am ori 

testis qulebze dayrdnobiT erTnair winaswarmetyvelebasac 

ki ver gavakeTebdiT! meores mxriv, 

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos sando, 

magram _ aravaliduri. magaliTad, Tu inteleqtis 

sazomad mozrdili adamianis simaRlis 

gamoyenebas gadavwyvetT, albaT, iolad mixvdeb- 


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366 

iT, ratom SeiZleba, rom es sazomi iyos sando, 

magram aravaliduri. 

normebi da standartizacia 

amrigad, gvaqvs sando da validuri testi, 

magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis interpretaciisaTvis 

isev gvWirdeba normebi. magaliTad, 

depresiulobis xarisxis gamovlenisTvis mowodebul 

testSi 18 qula miiReT. rogorc fiqrobT, 

ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _ 

msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT 

depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis mniSvnelobis 

gasagebad, is sxva studentebis tipur qulebs, 

anu statistikur normebs unda Sedardes. testis 

normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gaigoT, 

Cveulebriv, ra diapazonSi nawildeba Tqveni 

asakisa da sqesis studentebis mier miRebuli 

qulebi da rogoria maTi gasaSualoebuli qula. 

es Seqmnis konteqts, romelSic SesaZlebeli 

normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia individebis 

didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze. 

normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT 

individisa da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis 

normebi. 

standartizacia (Stanradtization) – testirebis 

erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli cdis 

pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti 

Tu monacemebis registracia. 

iqneba Tqveni depresiulobis xarisxis interpretireba. 

Tu Tqven unarebis testi gagikeTebiaT, testis 

normebsac naxavdiT. testis normebi 

giCvenebT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni qulebi 

sxvebis qulebs da gexmarebaT imis dadgenaSi, 

Tu ramdenad axlosaa Tqveni Sedegi normatiuli 

populaciis SedegTan. individis qulebis 

interpretaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia 

jgufis normebis codna, rodesac Sesadarebeli 

jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi 

TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: asaki, 

socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba. 

imisaTvis, rom normebs azri hqondes, saWiroa, 

rom erTi da igive testi yvela cdis pirma 

erTnair, standartizirebul pirobebSi Seasrulos. 

standartizacia aris testirebis 

meTodikis erTnairad, erTnair pirobebSi 

gamoyeneba yvela cdis piris mimarT. standartizaciis 

aucilebloba Zalze TvalsaCinoa, 

magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar 

xerxdeba. zogs meti dro eZleva, zogs _ ufro 

naTeli da detaluri instruqcia; zogs aqvs 

SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba anda metad motivirebulebi 

arian davalebis ukeT SesrulebisTvis. 

ganvixiloT erT-erTi Cvenganis gamocdileba: 

ielis universitetis magistraturaSi 

swavlisas saSualo skolis moswavleebSi 

gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis donis 

gasazomad skalas viyenebdi. testirebis 

dawyebamde erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis 

moswavleebs uTxra: `Tqven es mSvenieri 

mamakaci axal TamaSs geTamaSebaT, romelic 

kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi 

Cven gagvamxiarulebs~. meore maswavlebelma 

ki Tavis moswavleebs ase mimarTa: ìelis 

universitetidan mosuli es fsiqologi 

apirebs testis Catarebas im mizniT, rom 

gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad 

SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad 

kargia Cveni klasi~ (Zimbardo, personal communication, 

1958). 

SeZlebdiT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebis 

pirdapir Sedarebas, romelic erTi testiT iqna 

miRebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, vinaidan 

testi ar gamoiyenes standartizirebuli 

formiT. am SemTxvevaSi meore klasis bavSvebis

qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis 

testSi ufro maRali iyo (albaT, es sruliad 

ar gikvirT). rodesac Sefasebis procedurebSi 

naTlad ar aris mocemuli miTiTebebi testis 

Catarebisa da miRebuli qulebis daTvlis gza, 

maSin gaZneldeba testis Sedegebis mniSvnelobebis 

interpretacia an imaze saubari, Tu ra 

mimarTebaSia es Sedegebi nebismier normatiuli 

SedegebTan. 

axla ganvixileT zogierTi im sakiTxTagani, 

romelic aRelvebT mkvlevrebs, rodesac isini 

qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinamdvileSi 

zomavs Tu ara testi imas, risi gazomvac 

surT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen 

testis sandoobasa da validobaSi; MmaT, aseve, 

unda daadginon testirebis standartuli 

pirobebi, mxolod amis Sedegad miRebul normebs 

aqvs azri. nebismieri testis qulebi unda 

Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT. 

aseve, unda Sefasdes Sesrulebis normebi da 

standartizaciis pirobebi, romelSic testi 

Catarda. 

Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleqtis 

gazomvas. 

Sejameba 

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia individualur 

gansxvavebebze, aseve, imis Seswavlaze, 

Tu riTi gansxvavdeba an hgavs erTi individi 

sxvebs. Sefasebis formebi antikur CineTSi 

Seiqmna. dasavlur samyaroSi pirvelad frensis 

galtonma Seqmna da gamoiyena Teoria inteleqtis 

testirebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis 

miTi biologiurad `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) 

da ùaresi~ (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb. 

testebi gamoyenebadia, Tu: (a) isini validuria, 

anu sxvadasxva dros am testis Sesrulebisas 

erTi da igive adamiani erTsa da imave qulebs 

iRebs da (b) iZleva sando, zust informacias 

im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris gasazomadac Seiqmna. 

aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis 

procedura iyos standartizirebuli da mi- 

Rebuli qulebi Sedardes Sesabamisi populaciis 

normas. 


ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni 

megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema inteleqtis 

gansazRvriT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana 

ar aris, magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52-kaciani 

jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad gansazRvrebaze: 

ìnteleqti aris Zalze zogadi gonebrivi 

SesaZlebloba, romelic, sxva komponentebTan 

erTad, moicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagegmvis, 

problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli azrovnebis, 

rTuli ideebis wvdomis, swrafad daswavlisa 

da gamocdilebis miRebis unars~ (Gottfredson,1997a, 

gv.13). SesaZleblobebis am farTo speqtrs Tu 

gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli gaxdeba, ratom 

aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is, Tu 

rogor axdenen Teoretikosebi inteleqtis da 

umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis konceptualizebas, 

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs, 

riTac isini mis gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg, 

1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis 

inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisazRvros 

da dayvanil iqnes erT garkveul qulaze; 

sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali 

komponentisgan Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke 

unda gaizomos; arian iseTebic, romlebic 

amboben, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis 

ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxe, rac gamocdilebis 

sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba. 

am qveTavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba 

inteleqtis testebi inteleqtis sxvadasxva 

koncefciebs. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis 

ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi 

da misi gazomvisadmi interesi. 

inteleqtis testebis 

istoriuli safuZvlebi 

1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi 

pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred bine (Alfred 

Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaTlebis 

ministris mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeq- 

inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sargeblis 

miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli 

informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi 

unari. 


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368 

turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis 

mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega 

Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom 

saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli 

iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva. 

man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis 

SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTarebaSi 

Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis 

da normaluri moswavleebisgan 

maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari 

testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas, 

naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier 

moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad 

tendenciur Sefasebebs. 

inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi 

maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem 

Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu 

testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac 

SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT 

bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi 

Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom 

SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gacemuli 

pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad 

miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT 

mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis 

Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad 

Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis 

Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis 

meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da 

daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911). 

testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs CautardaT 

da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad 

ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo 

qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis 

Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis 

saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa 

saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad 

ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas 

iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda. 

magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula 

utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo 

gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis 

sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis 

inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT 

gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis 

bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben. 

qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis 

dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis 

raodenoba. 

qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5, 

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronologiuri 

asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis 

raodenoba. 

bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSan- 

TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis 

qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare 

ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc 

Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis 

qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba 

surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiroeben 

da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame, 

igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis 

pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da 

ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis 

inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda, 

romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT 

gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi. 

dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova 

monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo 

Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba 

inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan. 

inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam 

didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul 

StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da 

socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kombinaciam 

ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis 

gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis 

SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da 

duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri 

da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi 

milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao 

ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT 

aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis 

moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa 

da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis 

meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis 

dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa 

gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris 

TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda 

amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali 

masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro 

kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda 

Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtualuri 

unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri 

testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoiyenes. 

gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic 

Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard 

Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi

× 

(Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagangebo 

viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT 

TveSi Seqmnes (Lennon,1985). 

am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis 

Sedegad amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi 

gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs SeuZliaT 

adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa 

da sxva socialurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis 

mixedviT, ramac xeli Seuwyo maT farTo 

gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba 

ganixileboda, rogorc qaotur sazogadoebaSi 

wesrigis Setanis saSualeba. aseve, es iyo sakmaod 

iafi, demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodiferencirebisa, 

visac ganaTlebidan da samxedro 

meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba 

SeeZlo. inteleqtis farTomasStabiani testirebis 

gamoyenebis gasaioleblad mkvlevrebi 

Zalas ar iSurebdnen da farTo gamoyenebis 

mqone testur procedurebs qmnidnen. 

IQ testebi 

miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis standartizebuli 

gazomva safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul 

male am saqmeSi wamyvani poziciebi aSS-is 

fsiqologebma daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, 

IQ, anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ inteleqtis 

ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomia. amJamad 

farTod gamoiyeneba individualuri gamoyenebisTvis 

mowodebuli IQ-testis ori jgufi: 

stenford-binesa (Stanford-Binet) da veqsleris 

skalebi (Wechsler). 

stenford-bines inteleqtis skala 

luis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis 

universitetis sajaro skolis yofilma administratorma, 

Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis 

gazomvis bineseuli meTodis mniSvneloba. 

aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT 

man moaxdina bines testis adaptireba aSS-is 

skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gaukeTa 

testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi 

normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis 

stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti, 

romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc stenford-bines 

inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916). 

am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada 

iseTi cnebisTvis, rogoricaa inteleqtis 

koeficienti, anu IQ (termini, romelic 1914 

wels Sternma Semoitana). IQ aris gonebrivi 

asakis Sefardeba qronologiur asakTan, gamravlebuli 

100-ze: 

IQ = gonebrivi asaki ÷ qronologiuri 

asaki 100 

bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki 8 welia 

da romlis testis qulebma aCvena gonebrivi 

asaki 10 weli, IQ 125 (10:8×100=125) eqneba, xolo 

igive qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac 

testi 6 wlis bavSvis doneze Seasrula, IQ 75 

(6:8×100=75) eqneba; individebs, romlebmac 

Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis Sesabamisi 

gonebrivi testi, IQ 100 eqnebaT. amrigad, 100 

qula saSualo IQ-ad iqna miCneuli.Q 

stenford-bines axali testi male gadaiqca 

klinikuri fsiqologiis, fsiqoTerapiis da 

saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad. 

es testi Seicavs mTel rig subtestebs, 

romelic konkretul gonebriv asakzea morgebuli 

da romelTac mcire reviziaTa CautardaT 

1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa 

miRweuliyo sami mizani: _ (1) mcirewlovani 

bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQis 

gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni; 

(2) ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi, 

romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi momxdar 

cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxlebuliyo 

normebisa da asakis Sesabamisi saSualo 

qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenfordbines 

testis ukanaskneli, me-4 gamocema (Torndike 

et al.,1986) testis validobis gaumjobesebis mizans 

emsaxureba, romelTac uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust 

gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis 

mqone individebisaTvis, ise, `fsiqikuri funqcionirebis 

problemebis mqone~, an niWieri individebisaTvis 

(Laurent et al.,1992). 

miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar 

miiReba gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze 

gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi 

inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient) 

_ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis 

standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ 

gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis 

qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze 

gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba, 

rogorc IQ testis qula. 


369


370 

Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba 

Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa qulebTan. 100-is 

toli IQ aris `saSualo~ da gviCvenebs, rom 

Tqveni asakis adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs 

agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris 

moTavsebuli qulebi `normaa~, xolo maTze meti 

(120 da zemoT) _ ùmaRlesi~. rodesac 18 wlamde 

asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs 

70-dan 75-mde, an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi 

CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums Seesabamebian, 

magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi, 

gonebrivad CamorCenilebad rom CaiTvalon, 

individebma cxovrebiseul amocanebTan dakavSirebuli 

adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRuduli 

unaric unda gamoavlinon (American Association 

on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). adreul 

wlebSi IQ qulebi msubuqi, zomieri, Zlieri da 

Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasificirebisaTvis 

gamoiyeneboda (ix. sur. 10.1.), magram, 

adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam 

eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa ukarnaxa 

iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod, 

rogoricaa `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone 

pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur mxardaWeras 

saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari 

gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _ 

rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 70- 

75-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve, 

rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amocanebis 

gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis 

unari. 

Tavis marTvis sferoebSi~, an `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis 

mqone pirovneba, romelic komunikaciasa 

da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras 

saWiroebs~ (American Association on Mental Retardation 

AAMR,1992. gv.34). 

veqsleris inteleqtis skala 

david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu 

iorkis belviu hospitalSi muSaobda, Tvlida, 

rom mozrdilTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura 

naklebad unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze 

damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna veqslerbelvius 

inteleqtis skala, romelSic verbaluri 

subtestebi kombinirebuli iyo araverbalur, 

anu praqtikuli Sesrulebis subtestebTan. 

amrigad, mTliani IQ qulebis garda, adamianebs 

damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da araverbaluri 

IQ-is damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. 1955 wels, 

mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg, tests Seecvala 

saxelwodeba da `veqsleris inteleqtis skala 

mozrdilTaTvis~ _ WAIS ewoda, xolo dResdReobiT 

misi gadasinjuli versia cnobilia, rogorc 

_ WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981). 

WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: informirebuloba, 

leqsikuri maragi, gageba, ariTmetikuli 

unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom 

aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi 

(eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa 

seriis gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc 

werilobiTi, ise _ zepiri. praqtikuli Sesru

cxrili 10.1 

lebis xuTi subtesti moicavs masaliT manipulirebas, 

praqtikulad ar aris sityvebi. magaliTad, 

kuburebis awyobis testSi individs 

baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSis gameoreba evaleba, 

risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad mxareebs usadagebs 

erTmaneTs. cifrebi-simboloebis testSi 

mocemulia gasaRebi, romelic 9 simbolos 9 

cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze 

moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi 

cifrebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. praqtikuli 

Sesrulebis danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis 

dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis 

ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s, TerTmetive 

subtesti unda SeasruloT da sami saxis qula 

_ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani, 

anu sruli skalis IQ _ miiRoT. 10.2 cxrilSi 

mocemulia magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra tipis 

kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si. WAIS-R gankuTvnilia 

18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram 

msgavsi testebi SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac 

(sur. 10.2). veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSvebisaTvis 

_ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler, 

1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da 

gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi 

gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu: 

••••• individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali; 

• dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia: 

komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT 

informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi; 

Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi; 

saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da 

yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva; 

socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi; 

komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris 

sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba; 

sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unar- 

Cvevebi; 

janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakav- 

Sirebuli Cvevebi; 

funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi 

(rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxorcielebaSi; 

Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan 

dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi; 

samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi. 

• CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi. 

wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41. 

veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis 

bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _ gadasinjulia 

(WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bav- 

SvebisaTvis. orive testis bolo reviziebma 

masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bav- 

SvebisaTvis sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma 

daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms 

warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993). 

WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis 

testebis ojaxs, romelic gvaZlevs verbalur 

IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel 

asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian 

subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas 

aZlevs mkvlevrebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro 

specifikuri inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi 

ganviTarebas. amis gamo veqsleris skalebi 

gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da 

igive individi testirebas gansxvavebul asakSi 

gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli 

saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo programebis 

Sedegad bavSvis mier miRweuli warmatebis 

monitoringi. 


371


372 

cxrili 10.2 

WAIS-R testis analogiuri sakiTxebi 

da problemebi 

verbaluri subtesti 

informirebuloba vin dawera `didi geTsbi~? 

gageba ras niSnavs, roca 

adamianebi amboben: `feri 

fersa - madli RmerTsa~. 

ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5 

dolari gadaixade da 

batibutSi - 2.5 dolari, 

maSin ocdolarianidan 

xurda ramdeni unda 

dagibrunon? 

msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs 

TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa 

navi? 

ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi: 

3 2 7 5 9 

leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs `paeqroba~? 

Sesrulebis subtesti 

ricxobrivi simbolo eqsperimentatori cdis pirs 

awvdis gasaRebs, romelic 

ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3) 

simboloebs (magaliTad, Ö, 

È, ) uTanadebs. cdis piri 

sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs 

gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod 

ricxvebi an simboloebia 

mocemuli. 

suraTis dasruleba cdis piri aTvalierebs 

suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia 

mas (magaliTad, cxeni 

fafaris gareSe) 

kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs, 

rom gamomcdelis mier 

mowodebuli nimuSi 

gaimeoros. 

suraTebis dalageba cdis piri alagebs muyaos 

suraTebis serias iseTi 

TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos 

moTxrobas hyveba; 

obieqtis ageba 

Sejameba 

eqsperimentatori awvdis 

cdis pirs muyaos firfitebis 

nawilebs, romelic 

cdis pirma ise unda daalagos, 

rom nacnobi sagnis 

suraTi miiRos. 

inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves 

iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan, romelsac 

is iseTi moswavleebis gamosavlenad axorcielebda, 

romlebic skolaSi swavlisas dama- 

suraTi 10.2 

tebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen. binem wamoayena 

winadadeba, rom TiToeuli bavSvi klasificirebuli 

yofiliyo misi gonebrivi asakis 

mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc 

funqcia _ gonebrivi asaki gayofili qronologiur 

asakze. luis termenma da david veqslerma 

IQ-s axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves. 


Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogierTi 

xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve SegiZliaT hkiTxoT 

sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi 

yovelive imas, rasac sityva inteleqti gulisxmobs? 

daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im 

unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts


inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis 

wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs 

xSirad uCndebaT interesi 

imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaar- 

Tmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens 

droSi sakamaod advilia 

ewvioT romelime veb-gverds, 

amoirCioT testi da miiRoT 

garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu 

ara rames miRebuli qulebi? 

am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi 

cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT, 

romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT. 

analizisaTvis monacemebi 

dagvWirda da Cvens megobars, 

romelsac pirobiTad poindeqsters 

vuwodebT, CvenTvis 

internetSi mudmivad arsebuli 

ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba 

vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil 

pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi 

sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac 

sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba 

mogvca. gavixsenoT, 

rom sandooba konsistentiurobas 

exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara 

msgavs qulebs is testebi, 

romlebic iTvleba rom, faqtobrivad, 

erTsa da imave rames 

zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi 

qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da 

130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrundebiT, 

vnaxavT, rom misi qulebi 

saSualoze maRalia (ra 

kargia poindeqsterisaTis!), 

magram miRebuli qulebidan 

Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi rom dagexmaroT, 

inteleqtis Teoriebs ganvixilavT. TiToeuli 

Teoriis gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: 

moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi 

momxreebi, Tu maTi inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s 

gamoiyenebdnen. 

ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~ 

kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _ 

sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalinteleqtualebSi~. 

aqedan gamomdinare, 

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, 

rom testis Sedegebi ar aris 

gansakuTrebiT sando. 

Tu testebi ar aris sando, 

isini verc validuri iqneba. davuSvaT, 

rom Cven SemTxvevaSi 

testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT 

yvela SemTxveva, rodesac daveWvdebodiT 

maT validobaSi: 

poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTvlili 

iyo misi Sedegis (20 ki- 

Txvaze miRebuli swori pasuxebis 

raodenoba) im individebis 

SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze 

adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula 

is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze 

mocemuli zaris formis ganawilebaze 

gadataniT veb-gverdi IQs 

afasebs. ra problemasTan 

gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar 

gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom 

veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa 

saSualo IQ (gazomili tradiciuli, 

sando arainternetuli 

testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc 

unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb 

adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im 

adamianebis mxridan, vinc vebgverdze 

mocemuli testi Seasrula? 

meore, Cven araviTari 

safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT, 

rom testi yvelam erTnair stan- 

Sefaseba internetiT 

dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa. 

magaliTad, testSi Sedis 

kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur 

marags saWiroebs. rogor 

SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, 

rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis 

gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi 

an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT 

ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko, 

yovelTvis vambobdi, rom 

geniosi var!~)? 

interneti TqvenTvis uzrunvelyofs 

rogorc IQ-is, 

ise sxva unarebisa da pirovnuli 

konstruqtis Sefasebis 

uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven 

unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi 

miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom 

frTxilad SeafasoT internetiT 

miRebuli qulebis sandooba 

da validoba. 

amasobaSi, poindeqsteri 

internetSi mocemuli IQtestebis 

daJinebul momxmareblad 

gadaiqca. èvropul IQtestebze~ 

misma saukeTeso 

qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi irwmuneba, 

rom 159 qula IQ-is 

validuri sazomia. Tqvenc 

darwunebuli xarT amaSi? 

veb-gverdebi: 

� www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _ 

veb-gverdi, sadac didi raodenobiT 

testebia mocemuli; 

� www.majon.com/iq.html --_ 

mravali testi erT saitze. 

inteleqtis fsiqometruli 

Teoriebi 

inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, Ziri- 

Tadad, imave filosofiur velSi warmoiSva, romelmac 

IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria 


373


374 

fsiqologiis dargia, romelic fsiqikuri funqciebis 

testirebas emsaxureba. mis mraval aspeqts 

Sorisaa pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba, 

inteleqtis Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva. 

amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro 

kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi 

ikvlevs statistikur mimarTebebs unarebis 

gansxvavebul sazomebs Soris, magaliTad, WAIS- 

R-is 11 subtests Soris da Semdeg am mimarTebaTa 

safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb 

daskvnebi gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic amisaTvis 

yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi 

ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura, 

romelic parametrebis, klasterebisa da faqtorebis 

ufro mcire raodenobis identificirebas 

axdens damoukidebel cvladTa ufro didi 

erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis 

mizani sakvlevi koncefciis ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri 

parametrebis dadgenaa. cxadia, statistikuri 

procedura mxolod statistikur 

mudmivebs adgens; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi 

dasabuTeba ukve fsiqologebis saqmea. 

Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) pirvelma 

gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi inteleqtis kvlevis 

sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. man 

aRmoaCina, rom individTa mier inteleqtis 

sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesrulebis Sedegad 

miRebuli qulebi kargad korelirebs erTmaneT- 

Tan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom 

arsebobs zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, anu 

faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis ganxorcielebas 

udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli 

calkeuli sfero, aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis 

fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dargi, 

romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testirebaSi 

specializirdeba. 

g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis 

faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar 

inteleqtualur aqtiobas. 

kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelligence) 

_ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic 

Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am 

codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leqsikuri 

maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi informirebulobis 

testebiT. 

fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inteleqtis 

komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli 

mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris 

unars. 

specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma s uwoda. 

magaliTad, leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi 

miRebuli Sedegebi damokidebulia rogorc 

zogad inteleqtze, ise am sferosaTvis damaxasia- 

Tebel specifikur unarebze. 

raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel, 1963) faqtoruli 

analizis ufro mowinave teqnikis gamoyenebiT 

daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba 

daiyos or, SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad, 

romelsac man kristalizebuli da fluiduri 

inteleqti uwoda. kristalizebuli inteleqti 

moicavs individis mier ukve aTvisebul codnas 

da am codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is 

izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi 

informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inteleqti 

rTuli mimarTebebis xedvisa da problemebis 

gadaWris unaria; is izomeba kuburebis 

nimuSisa da sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis testebiT, 

romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad saWiro 

fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba. TvalsaCino 

kristalizebuli inteleqti saSualebas 

gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis 

mimdinare, konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri 

inteleqti ki gexmarebaT, ieriSi miitanoT axal, 

abstraqtul problemebze. 

joi pol gilfordma (J.P.Guilford, 1961) faqtoruli 

analizi inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli 

mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamoiyena. 

inteleqtis struqturis miseul modelSi 

gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami 

niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi, anu informaciis tipi; 

produqti, anu forma, romliTac informacia 

aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli 

gonebrivi moqmedebebis tipi. 

rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi 

mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi, 

smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi; 

eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi, 

mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da 

implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba, 

konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli produqcia, 

mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis 

mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba 

ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis 

da operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa, 

gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia 

Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi 

modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoadgens. 

magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.2 suraTze,

leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis 

mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo 

sacekvao nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis 

mexsierebas saWiroebs. 

es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perioduli 

sistemis analogiuria. amgvari sistematuri 

sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi, 

qimiuri elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT 

aRmoCenamde iqnen postulirebuli. 1961 wels, 

rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina, 

cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40 inteleqtualuri 

unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebma 100-ze meti unari 

aRweres, rac gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis 

prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford, 1985). 

gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma 

gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia imisaTvis, 

rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre 

tradiciuli IQ testebis mixedviT gamovlenili 

SesaZleblobebia. amJamad ganvixilavT or 

Teorias, romelic scildeba IQ-is farglebs. 

sternbergis inteleqtis 

triarqiuli Teoria 

robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988) 

xazs usvams problemebis gadaWraSi kognituri 

procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro 

zogadi inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi 

suraTi 10.3 

inteleqtis struqtura 

inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gilfordi 

(J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri 

amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu 

informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas 

romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da 

operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi 

aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli 

TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi 

CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da operaciebis 

mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi 

adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis 

Semecnebis unars. 

ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _ Teorias.Dmis 

mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami 

saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstualuri 

_ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis 

gansxvavebul xerxebs warmoadgens. 

komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba komponentebis, 

anu saazrovno procesebis meSveobiT, 

romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas 

da problemebis gadawyvetas. sternbergi asaxelebs 

sami tipis komponents, romelTac centraluri 

mniSvneloba aqvT informaciis gadamu- 

SavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi axali 

faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponentebi 

problemis gadaWris strategiebisa da 

teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi 

strategiebis SerCevisa da warmatebisaken momavali 

procesis monitoringisaTvis. axla Tqveni 

komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad 

gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3- cxrilSi mocemuli 

savarjiSos Sesruleba. 

rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis 

amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad, Sesrulebis komponentebis 

da metakognituri komponentebis gamoyeneba 

dagWirdebaT. Sesrulebis komponentebi 

is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiTac 

gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba SegiZliaT; 

metakognituri komponentebi gadawyvetilebis 

mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas 


375


376 

cxrili 10.3 

komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis 

unari 

qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia. 

rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis 

amoxsna (Sternberg,1986). 

1. H-U-L-A-G __________ 

2. P-T-T-M-E __________ 

3. T-R-H-O-S __________ 

4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________ 

5. T-E-W-I-R __________ 

6. L-L-A-O-W __________ 

7. R-I-D-E-V __________ 

8. O-C-C-H-U __________ 

9. T-E-N-R-E __________ 

10. C-I-B-A-S __________ 

amoxsna mocemulia am Tavis bolos. 

iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor 

gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad? dasawyisisTvis saukeTeso 

strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTanxmebebis 

mosinjva, romlebic xSiria inglisur 

enaSi, rogoricaa S-H da T-H. strategiebis 

SerCeva metakognitur komponentebs saWiroebs, 

maTi ganxorcieleba ki _ Sesrulebis komponentebs. 

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kargi strategia 

zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama T- 

N-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians uWirs am anagramis 

amoxsna, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia, 

romliTac inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba, 

xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans cdilobdiT 

am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas, 

romelic T-H-iT iwyeba? 

sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad 

daSliT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, zustad gansazRvron 

procesebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli IQis 

mqone individebis mier testSi miRebul 

Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. magaliTad, 

mkvlevrebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom 

maRali IQ-is mqone moswavleTa metakognituri 

komponenti maT garkveuli tipis problemis 

gadasaWrelad gansxvavebuli strategiebis 

SerCevas karnaxobs, dabali IQ-is mqone Tanatolebisgan 

gansxvavebiT. 

empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis 

unars, gaumklavdes or ukiduresobas _ axal da 

rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, 

rom adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime 

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT 

jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze 

swrafad SeZlebs Sinisken mimavali gzis moZebnas. 

sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiCnioT 

im adamianis qceva, romelsac rutinuli 

amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu, 

magaliTad, adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTsa 

da imave amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze yvelaze 

did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, romelic 

amocanebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas àxali 

ideebis umciresi raodenobiT~ moaxerxebs. 

konteqstualuri inteleqti nebismier tipis 

saqmis praqtikul mogvarebaSi vlindeba. is axal 

da gansxvavebul viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan) 

adaptirebis, Sesatyvisi situaciebis SerCevisa 

da Tqveni moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi efeqturi 

garemos Seqmnis unars gulisxmobs. konteqstualuri 

inteleqti isaa, rasac adamianebi `gaqeqilobas~ 

da `saqmis alRos~ uwodeben. gamokvlevebma 

aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT 

maRali konteqstualuri inteleqti maRali IQ-s 

gareSe. 

saidan 

viciT 

konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze 

IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis 

warmatebas Soris mimarTebis dasadgenad 

mkvlevrebma ipodromis mudmivi klientebi 

SearCies. 30-kaciani jgufi daiyo eqspertebad 

da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswarmetyvelebis 

safuZvelze, Tu romel cxenebs 

eqneboda gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufis IQ 

saSualo 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis 

araviTari korelacia ar arsebobda IQ-sa 

da eqspertobas Soris, eqspertebma Sem- 

TxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad daasaxeles pirvel 

adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma ki 

_ SemTxvevaTa mxolod 33%-Si. mkvlevrebma 

isic aCvenes, rom eqspertebi TavianT zust 

Sefasebebs im xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic 

rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavda 

(Ceci & Liker, 1986).

vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi parametrebis 

mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe, miRebuli 

prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris 

unarianoba da a.S.), cvladebis gansxvavebul 

kombinacias warmoadgens, eqspertebis warmateba 

msgavsi situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver 

miewereba; ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ganuvi- 

TardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT 

garemos specifikurad esadageba. 

sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiarebulia, 

rom IQ qulebi inteleqtualur qcevas 

ver asaxaven srulad da nacadia imaze metis 

gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da 

dabali IQ-is iarliyebis miniWebaa.YdavuSvaT, 

mkvlevrebma gaiges, rom àragonier~ adamianebs 

garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom 

ver axerxeben mTeli relevanturi informaciis 

kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben `gonivrul~ 

Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents 

gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia 

komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. sternbergs, 

agreTve, miaCnia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT 

empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis 

gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad 

gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare komponentur 

process, mkvlevrebi SeZleben iseTi teqnikebis 

emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inteleqtis 

tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi: 

emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da 

gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis 

gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri 

codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari 

emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _ 

inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad. 

Seqmnas, romelTa meSveobiTac TiToeuli 

adamianis Sedegi SeiZleba `gonivrulad gamoiyurebodes~. 

gardneris mravlobiTi 

inteleqti da emociuri 

inteleqti 

hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner, 1983,1999) 

SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic inteleqtis 

cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTvaliswinebul 

unarebs. gardneri gamoyofs inteleqtis 

mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis 

gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul 

am unars gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba eniWeba 

adamianTa sazogadoebebSi imis mixedviT, Tu 

ras miiCnevs saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad 

mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4 cxrilSia 

naCvenebi, igi inteleqtis rva saxes gamoyofs. 

gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba 

wina planze ayenebs pirveli ori saxis 

inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi 

xSirad sxva saxeebia Rirebuli. magaliTad, 

mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs 

unda SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis 

gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da 

sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT. 

es unarebi am sazogadoebaSi ufro 

fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena. 

balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena 

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia, talantebi 

da musikaluri inteleqti, romelic rTuli 

sacekvao ileTebis koordinirebaSi monawileobs, 

gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur 


377


378 

cxrili 10.4 

inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili uWiravs 

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa iaponia, 

sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba 

da komunaluri cxovreba, vidre iseT individualistur 

sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa aSS (Triandis,1990). 

inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRaldisa 

da fanqris testebi _ martivi raodenobrivi 

sazomebi _ arasakmarisia. inteleqtis gardneriseuli 

Teoria moiTxovs, rom mas daakvirdnen 

da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul situaciebSi 

da, aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi, 

romelic inteleqtis tradiciul testebSia 

mocemuli. 

bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma inteleqtis iseTi 

tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoricaa emociuri 

inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interpersonaluri 

da intrapersonaluri inteleqtis 

cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri 

inteleqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc oTxi Ziri- 

gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe 

inteleqti saboloo statusi ZiriTadi komponentebi 

logikurmaTematikuri 

lingvisturi 

sabunebismetyvelo 

musikaluri 

sivrcobrivi 

sxeulebrivkinesTetikuri 

pirovnebaTSorisi 

Sidapirovnuli 

mecnieri 

maTematikosi 

poeti 

Jurnalisti 

biologi 

bunebrivi garemos 

mkvlevari 

kompozitori 

mevioline 

navigatori 

moqandake 

mocekvave 

aTleti 

fsiqoTerapevti 

saqonlis gasaRebis 

muSaki 

sakuTari Tavis 

detalurad mcodne 

pirovneba 

logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi 

mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msjelobis 

grZeli jaWvis agebis unari. 

sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelobebisadmi 

mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli 

funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba. 

mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa saxeobebs Siris 

gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal arsebebTan 

saTuTad mopyrobis unari. 

ritmis, simaRlis da tembris Seqmnisa da 

dafasebis unari; musikaluri gamomsaxvelobebis 

formebis codna 

vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros zustad 

aRqmis da sakuTari sawyisi aRqmebis 

transformirebis unari. 

sakuTari sxeulebrivi moZraobebis marTvis 

da obieqtebTan marjved urTierTobis unari. 

sxva adamianTa guneba-ganwyobilebis, temperamentis, 

motivebis da survilebis garCevisa da 

maTze Sesatyvisi reagirebis unarebi. 

sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba da maT 

Soris sxvaobis povnis unari da maT Sesatyvisad 

qcevis warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da 

susti mxareebis, survilebisa da gonebrivi 

SesaZleblobebis codna. 

Tadi komponentis mqone inteleqti (Mayer & 

Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). es komponentebia: 

emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis, 

Sefasebis da gamoxatvis unari; 

azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis gamoyenebis 

unari; 

emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve, 

emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyenebis unari; 

emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad 

sakuTari emociebis regulirebis unari. 

am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsazrisi 

emociebis pozitiuri rolis Sesaxeb inteleqtis 

funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emociebs 

SeuZliaT azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxadon, 

adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron 

sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi. 

ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac maswavlebeli 

Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas: `ra erqva stambuls 

Zvelad~? miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs,

pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs 

pasuxs _ `konstantinopoli~. Tqven gesmiT, rom 

pamela gabrazebulia, radgan tomma mas `dideba 

waarTva~. Tqven SeiZleba TvlideT, rom toms 

aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-is emociuri 

oreuli (Goleman,1995). Cven mier pamelas grZnobebis 

gageba _ EQ-is erT-erTi magaliTia. mkvlevrebi 

Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas, 

romlebic, maTi rwmeniT, EQ-is sando da 

validuri sazomebi iqneba. 

saidan 

viciT 

EQ-is gazomva 

503 mozrdilisa da 229 mozardisagan 

Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso `mravalfaqtoriani 

emociuri inteleqtis skala~, 

romelic individebisagan emociur problemaTa 

seriis gadaWris iseTi variantebis 

warmodgenas moiTxovs, rogoricaa mocemuli 

situaciiT aRZruli emociebis 

dadgena. monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda 

rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela 

im adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan 

mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses. EQis 

qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi 

iyo IQ-is qulebTan rogorc mozrdilebTan, 

ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ 

zomavs IQ-is tradiciuli sazomebisgan 

gansxvavebul unarebs. mozrdilebi ufro 

maRal qulebs iReben, vidre mozardebi, 

rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ mniSvnelovani 

garemoseuli komponentia. dabolos, 

emociuri inteleqtis am axal skalaze 

qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT 

didi upiratesoba hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs 

(Mayer et al., 1999). 

Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs 

mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom ar fiqrobT, 

rom amas buneba (qalis evoluciuri momzadeba 

garkveuli rolebisaTvis) an aRzrda (qalTa 

socializacia metad emociur arsebebad) ganagebs 

(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)? 

inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teoriebis 

mimoxilvam safuZveli moamzada im sazo- 

gadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac 

inteleqtis Temas esoden sadaos xdis. 

Sejameba 

Carlz spirmens miaCnda, rom inteleqti 

Sedgeba zogadi unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda 

g da sxvadasxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri 

unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva 

fsiqometrikosma mkvlevrebma inteleqtis sxva 

mdgenelebis kvleva scades. 

sternbergma gamoTqva varaudi, rom adamianebs 

sami saxis inteleqti aqvT: komponenturi, 

empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaafarTova 

inteleqtis gansazRvreba da masSi rva 

tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romlebic IQ-is 

tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs 

scildeba. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs individis 

unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos 

emociebi. 


Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove 

koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-is testSi 

miRebul qulebsa da pirovnebis inteleqts 

Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirs, magram dasavlur 

sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inteleqtis 

yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ 

testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis 

xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva 

jgufebis Sedareba maTi `saSualo~ IQ-is 

mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi 

jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda, 

rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Tan- 

Sobili genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis damadasturebeli 

sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT 

IQ testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas 

zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi arasrulfasovnebis 

maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs _ buneba 

Tu aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleqtis 

testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT moniWebuli 

da ra _ aRzrdis Sedegi. Tqven naxavT, rom 

fsiqologiaSi es politikurad yvelaze cvale- 

EQ – IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti. 


379


380 

badi sakiTxia, vinaidan saemigracio kvotebis, 

ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi 

SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris interpretirebuli 

jgufuri IQ-is monacemebi. 

jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria 

1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri 

godardi (Henry Goddard) amtkicebda, rom yvela 

emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis 

testireba da maT, visac `fsiqikuri defeqti~ 

aRmoaCndeba, `SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi 

Semosvla~. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis 

Setana SeeZlo emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis 

qveyanaSi SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri 

damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975; 

McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924 wels 

kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda 

emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis awesebda 

inteleqtis testebis gavlas niu iorkis 

navsadgurSive, an elisis kunZulze moxvedrisTanave. 

ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva 

erovnebis emigrantTa didi nawili IQ testebis 

safuZvelze klasificirebul iqna, rogorc 

`Wkuasusti~. zogierTma fsiqologma es statistikuri 

monacemebi imis sabuTad miiCnia, rom 

emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan 

genetikurad ufro dabal safexurze imyofebodnen, 

vidre CrdiloeT da dasavleTevropuli 

warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca, 

es àrasrulfasovani~ jgufebi yvelaze cudad 

icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas, 

romelsac eyrdnoba IQ testebi, radganac axali 

Casulebi iyvnen (ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg 

IQ testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi 

mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria inteleqtis 

sferoSi rasobrivi sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganagrZobda 

arsebobas). 

godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-is eTnikur 

warmomavlobasTan ubralo dakavSirebaze Sors 

wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT 

Tvisebebs maT moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri 

defeqturoba da amoraluri socialuri qceva 

daumates. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba cudi 

reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa 

da kilikakis ojaxis _ klinikuri Seswavlidan 

momdinareobda. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis 

Seswavla TiTqosda aCvenebda, rom ojaxur 

genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad 

defeqtur STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma 

igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri Seswavlidanac. 

maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi `kargi 

Teslis~ da meore `cudi Teslis~ mxareebi (am 

gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva, 

rac berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin kilikaks, 

revoluciuri omis jariskacs, arakanonieri 

vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris 

Tanaxmad, gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. maTma 

kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca. 

godardma aqedan 143 `defeqturad~, 46 ki _ 

`normalurad~ miiCnia. ojaxis danarCeni wevrebisaTvis 

ki aRmoaCina, rom maTTvis Cveuli ram 

iyo danaSauli, alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSli-

lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis sapirispirod, 

rodesac martin kilikakma meored 

`karg qalTan~ iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496 

STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna 

`defeqturad~ aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa, 

rom am maRalxarisxovani kavSiris mravali 

STamomavali `gamoCenili adamiani~ gaxda (Godard, 

1914). igi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidreobiTobam 

dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra inteleqti, 

genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo 

uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba, alkoholizmi, 

seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi 

CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki (McPherson,1985). 

saidan 

viciT 

genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi 

ityobinebodnen, rom (dawyebuli 1875 

wlidan) mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis 

`jukis sisxlis~ mqone ojaxebis 2000-ze 

meti wevri, radganac am ojaxs damyarebuli 

hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCenilobis, 

kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis 

samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrma 

ver SeZlo skolaSi swavla gonebrivi 

unarebis arqonis gamo. 171 kriminaluri 

warsulis adamiani aRmoCnda, xolo maTi 

sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri `glaxaki, 

TavaSvebuli da meZavi~ iyo. daaskvnes, rom 

memkvidreobiToba am saSineli ojaxis wevr- 

Ta samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faqtori 

iyo. 

genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli 

argumenti Semdgom ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom 

pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamoyenebul 

inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi 

da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb qulebs 

iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. luis 

termenma, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si 

IQ testirebas, Zalze aramecnieruli komentari 

gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT 

aSS-Si mcxovrebi rasobrivi umciresobebisgan 

Segrovda: 

`maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans, rasobrivia... 

amJamad ar Cans raime SesaZlebloba, 

davarwmunoT…sazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda 

mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, evgenikis 

TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveulebrivad 

swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seriozul 

problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 91- 

92). 

saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive 

darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi afroamerikelebi 

da laTinosebi standartizebul 

inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod, ufro dabal 

qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da 

TeTrkanianebi. cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian 

individebi, romelTa IQ qulebi umaRles (da 

udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogoraa SesaZlebeli 

IQ-is qulebSi aseTi jgufuri gansxvavebebis 

interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi 

da did britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis 

mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrulfasovnebas 

(bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac 

IQ-is maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis 

realurobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT meore 

SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviT, garemo 

pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan 

gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi 

kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani socialuri, 

ekonomikuri da politikuri Sedegebi 

mohyveba. 

memkvidreobiToba da IQ 

rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs inteleqtis 

genetikuri gansazRvrulobis xarisxis dadgena? 

am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi mkvlevrebisgan 

inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas 

moiTxovs. amrigad, sakiTxi is ki araa, axdens 

Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas, 

aramed is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara 

ojaxur xeTa SigniT IQ maCvenebeli. am konkretul 

kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebs sWirdebaT 

saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos gavlenaTa 

erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amisTvis mowodebuli 

erT-erTi meTodia identuri (monozigoturi) 

da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis 

da sxvadasxva donis genetikuri gadafarvis 

naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.3 suraTze 

warmodgenilia individTa IQ-is qulaTa Soris 

korelaciebi maTi genetikuri naTesaobis done- 


381


382 

suraTi 10.4 

memkvidreobiToba da IQ 

am suraTze warmodgenilia korelaciebi erTad gazrdili (erTsa da imave garemoSi), identuri (monozigoturi) 

da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ qulaTa Soris. Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia 

siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi. 

monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria `genetikuri naTesaobis~ 

qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos 

qveS, aCveneben, garemo igive iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi 

aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi, anu saxezea genetikuri 

gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian 

gazrdili, anu saxezea garemos gavlena. 

ebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT, 

rac ufro didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia 

IQ-is msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba unda 

miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena erTad 

gazrdilTa IQ-is didi msgavsebis saxiTac 

gamovlinda). 

mkvlevrebi amgvar Sedegebs IQ-is memkvidreobiTobis 

Sesafaseblad iyeneben. romelime niSan- 

Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis memkvidreobiT 

gadacemis SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis testuri 

qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas emyareba, 

rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros. 

memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate) 

_ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis 

xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba 

dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic 

icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT. 

es maCvenebeli miiReba mocemuli populaciis 

(magaliTad, kolejis studentebi, an fsiqikurad 

daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis 

variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg imis dadgeniT, 

Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur, 

anu memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es genetikuri 

gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis mqone adamianTa 

SedarebiT keTdeba. mkvlevrebi, romlebmac IQis 

memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sesaxeb Catarebuli 

mravali gamokvleva Seiswavles, askvnian, rom 

IQ qulebis variaciis daaxloebiT 50% genetikuri 

nakrebiTaa gamowveuli (Grigorenko, 2000; 

Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997), magram yvelaze 

saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom memkvidreoboTobis 

wili imatebs cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi: memkvidreobiToba 

daaxloebiT 40%-s utoldeba 4-6 wlis 

bavSvebTan, Tumca daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba 

adreul mozardobaSi da daaxloebiT 80%-s

aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs gaukvirda 

es Sedegi, radgan, intuiturad, asakis matebasTan 

erTad garemos sul ufro meti da ara naklebi 

gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo 

Sedegs mkvlevrebi aseT axsnas aZleven: `SesaZlebelia, 

genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben 

im garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri 

midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da Sedegad 

cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi momatebul memkvidrulobas 

viRebT~ (Plomin & Petrill,1997. gv. 51).A 

kvlav davubrundeT im wertils _ testuri 

qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da TeTrkanian 

amerikelebs Soris _ saidanac genetikuri 

analizi winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT es 

sxvaoba IQ-is 15 qulas Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa 

da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg 

erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove 

indikatorebis mixedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 qulas Soris 

Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997), 

Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze 

miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc 

afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli 

genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein 

&Murrey, 1994), magram, maSinac ki, Tu IQ memkvidreobiTia, 

asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian 

jgufSi Semaval individTa genetikur arasrulfasovnebas? 

pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania _ àra!~ 

memkvidreobiToba erTi konkretuli jgufis 

SigniT ganxorcielebul gazomvas efuZneba. is 

ar gamodgeba jgufTaSorisi gansxvavebebis 

interpretirebisTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu 

ramdenad didia maT Soris gansxvaveba obieqturi 

testis monacemebis mixedviT. memkvidreobis 

maCveneblebi individTa mocemuli populaciis 

Sesaxeb mxolod gasaSualoebul warmodgenaTa 

ricxvs ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT, 

rom simaRle, magaliTad, memkvidreobiTobis 

maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba (daaxloebiT 

90%), mainc ver gansazRvravT imas, Tu ramdenadaa 

Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli. 

igive argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis: -miuxedavad 

inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneblebisa, 

ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli individis 

IQ-Si, an jgufTaSoris saSualo IQ-Si 

genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi 

erTi rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri jgufi nakleb 

qulebs iRebs, vidre meore, ar unda niSnavdes 

imas, rom am jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba genetikuri 

warmoSobisaa maSinac ki, rodesac memkvidreobiTobis 

maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo 

dadgenili) IQ qulebisaTvis maRalia. 

meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba genetikuri 

nakrebi srulad iyos pasuxismgebeli jguf- 

TaSoris sxvaobaze, am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT 

sidides exeba. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad, 

arsebobs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra TiToeuli 

jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris 

gansxvaveba, TiToeul jgufSi individebis 

qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea 

(Loehlin, 2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad, 

gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufis genur 

nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis 

wevrebs Soris arsebul genetikur gansxvavebeb- 

Tan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic, 

aSS-Si rasa xSirad ufro socialuri konstruqtia, 

vidre biologiuri. ganvixiloT golfis 

SesaniSnavi axalgazrda moTamaSis taiger vudsis 

(Tiger Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad afrikel 

amerikelad moixsenieben da amiT uares 

pirobebSi ayeneben mas, Tumca, misi realuri 

warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winaprebi 

TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da 

adgilobrivi amerikelebi iyvnen). vudsi SesaniSnavi 

magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad ar 


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384 

Seesatyviseba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba 

biologiur realobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs 

seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivad 

gamijnuli jgufebis gansxvavebebi 

IQ-is mixedviT ganxilul iqnes, rogorc biologiuri 

faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvavebebi 

(Suzuki & Valencia, 1997). 

mkvlevrebma gamonaxes am Sexedulebis kvlevebis 

saSualebiT Semowmebis gzebi. eqsperimentSi 

monawileobdnen Savkaniani amerikelebi, romel- 

Tac TeTrkaniani amerikeli an evropeli mSoblebi 

hyavdaT. aSS-Si „Savi~ mosaxleobis 20-30% 

Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis 

mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis 

Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ramdenad aris 

datvirTuli evropuli geniT `Savi~ individi? 

im Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, romelic genebs 

yovelives qvekuTxedad miiCnevs, es cvlis 

viTarebas, Tumca, monacemebi gviCveneben, rom 

memkvidreobiT miRebul evropeiodulobasa da 

IQ-s Soris korelacia Zalze sustia (mravalricxovan 

kvlevebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 0.15s 

Seadgens). es samarTliania yvela SemTxvevaSi, 

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli maxasiaTebeli _ 

kanis feri Tu sisxlis jgufi _ gamoiyeneba 

rasobrivi aRrevis maCveneblad. im germaneli 

bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebis Sedarebam, romelTa 

mamebi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani samxedroebi 

iyvnen, ar gamoavlina gansxvaveba maT Soris. 

amasTanave, `Savkaniani-TeTrkaniani~ kavSiris 

Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs rva quliT maRali 

Sedegi hqondaT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac deda 

iyo TeTrkaniani. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna 

isaa, rom deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSvis 

inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi, vidre 

mama da, cxadia, es gansxvaveba ar unda mieweros 

genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikuri 

monacemebi orive mSoblis genetikiTaa 

ganpirobebuli (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998). 

genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis 

IQ-is formirebaSi, iseve rogorc mis bevr 

sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa, 

Cven vamtkicebT, rom rasobriv da eTnikur 

jgufebs Soris IQ-is mixedviT arsebuli gansxvavebebis 

memkvidreobiT axsna SeuZlebelia. 

is aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa 

amgvari maCveneblebis misaRebad. axla ganvixiloT, 

Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes ga- 

remo pirobebi IQ-is maCveneblebSi aseTi 

wyvetebis arsebobaSi. 

garemo da IQ 

vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi 1.0ze 

naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis 

IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris 

pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes 

gavlenas. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, garemos 

romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani? 

garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ 

testSi maRali qulebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze 

(Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki & 

Valencia, 1997.)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa 

rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba 

mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT rogorc fizikuri, 

ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZleba 

gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis 

mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive 

ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi 

mniSvnelobis mqone) fsiqologiur garemoSi 

imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT 

Tqven ojaxSi; Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcevdnen Tu 

ara maT erTnair yuradRebas mSoblebi? icvleboda 

Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi? 

Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finansuri 

SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni 

mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom 

garemo bevri komponentisgan Sedgeba da es 

komponentebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben da 

icvlebian droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, 

sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis 

gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi ra saxis garemo 

pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe, janmrTeloba, 

omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas IQ-ze. 

umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis 

centrSi iyo garemos ufro globaluri sazomebi, 

iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socioekonomikuri 

statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian 

longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti 

bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-is saukeTeso 

winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis socioekonomikuri 

statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done 

iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afrikeli, 

amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis 

(Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze 

naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena 

IQ-ze.

suraTi 10.5 

memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris 

arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa 

grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili 

IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQebi 

(memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc 

mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur 

klasTan (garemos gavlena). 

ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze? 

simdidres, iseve rogorc siRatakes, SeuZlia 

inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari 

gavlenis moxdena. maTgan yvelaze aSkara janmrTelobis 

da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis 

pirobebia. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTelobam 

da dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba 

mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli 

inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi 

xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi 

mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs davalebebze 

koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi 

ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis, 

kompiuterebis da sxva im nivTebis naklebobas, 

romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv 

ganviTarebas. òrientacia gadarCenaze~ nakleb 

drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs, 

gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon 

bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri 

stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad 

moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis 

Sesrulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ 

testebi. 

dabolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi 

garkveul daRs atareben Cvens sazogadoebaSi 

iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi, 

rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki, 

rogoric iaponiaa. magaliTad, burakaminis _ am 

sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris _ 

IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT 

dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma 

daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba 

uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebulobaze 

da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos 

testis Sedegebsa da saskolo miRwevebze, amitom 

bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis Sem- 

TxvevaSi TvalsaCino unda iyos garemos uSualo 

gavlena IQ-ze. 


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386 

suraTi 10.6 

naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ qulebi 

saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier naSvileb 

Savkanian da Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqondaT 

saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi arian 

im jgufebis wevrebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia 

saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli monacemebi 

aCveneben garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQze. 

saidan 

viciT 

garemos gavlena IQ-ze 

mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen bavSvebis or 

jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen 2 wlis 

asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSoblebis 

mier (Moore, 1986). erTi jgufis 

bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri 

mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo meore jgufis 

bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri 

mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, meore ki _ 

TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi 

veqsleris inteleqtis skalis gamoyenebiT 

afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s. 

im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac 

orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, 108.7 

iyo, xolo Sereuli bavSvebis IQ _ 107.2. 

rogorc naCvenebia 10.6 suraTze, es maCveneblebi 

saSualoze maRalia afrikeli amerikelebisaTvis 

(Lynn,1996). 

unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvavebas 

qmnis ara rasa, aramed ekonomikuri, janmrTelobis 

da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis 

resursebi, romelic, rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi, 

ise bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv 

mikuTvnebulobasTan. 

praqtikulad, ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi 

mkvlevrebi am Sedegis saxelmwifoebriv 

doneze ganzogadebas cdiloben. programa `Head 

Start~ federalurma mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels 

daafinansa. is gankuTvnili iyo `mcire SesaZleblobebis 

mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri 

janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri, 

saganmanaTleblo da emociuri mdgomareobis 

gasaumjobeseblad; garda amisa, specialuri 

mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida 

ojaxebis SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar 

Svilebze~ (Kassebaum, 1994, gv. 123). Head Start programis 

arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana privilegirebul 

pirobebSi, aramed im pirobebis gaumjobeseba, 

romelSic isini daibadnen da izrdebodnen. 

aRniSnuli programis mixedviT, bavSvebi 

iReben specialur skolamdel ganaTlebas, 

yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi 

iReben janmrTelobasTan da bavSvis aRzrdasTan 

dakavSirebul rCevebs. am programis efeqturobis 

pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo inteleqtis 

testebis da miRwevis sxva sazomebis mixedviT 

miRebuli Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze. faqtobrivad, 

programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime 

kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT gaizarda. 

samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, maTi 

IQ maCveneblebi isev mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998; 

Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am 

modelidan SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana: 

IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom, magram 

xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xangrZlivi. 

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Head Start programis 

SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma 

gadalaxa Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod 

IQ-is mimarT.

empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT 

rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi 

ambavi isaa, rom arc HHead Start-s da arc 

nebismier sxva skolamdel programas ar 

SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis damangreveli 

zemoqmedebisagan. adreul intervencias 

ubralod ar SeuZlia cxovrebis 

cudi pirobebis, aradamakmayifolebeli 

kvebisa da jandacvis, uaryofiTi roluri 

modelebisa da dabali donis skolebis 

daZleva. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom programebs 

SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba 

skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmareba 

maT daZlevisa da adaptaciis unarebis 

ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems 

maT, cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTesos 

Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc 

(Zigler&Styfco,1994, gv.129). 

Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo 

gansazRvrebas, romelic scildeba ubralod 

verbalur da araverbalur davalebebs inteleqtis 

testebSi, garemo faqtorebis gavlena 

ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri 

garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs 

inteleqtualur, saskolo miRwevebsa da situaciur 

adaptaciaSi. 

kultura da IQ testebis 

validoba 

adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ 

qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen Semdeg sasargeblo 

prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma 

aCvena, rom IQ qulebs sakmaod validurad 

SeuZliaT iseTi sakiTxebis prognozireba, rogoricaa 

saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli statusi 

da sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis xarisxi 

mraval sxvadasxva samuSaoze (Brody, 1997b; 

Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ 

testebi validurad zomavs inteleqtualur 

SesaZleblobebs, romlebic Zalian mniSvnelovania 

individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmatebis 

miRwevisTvis; es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad 

Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ IQis 

saSualebiT gazomili inteleqti uSualo 

gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma IQ- 

Si, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur moswrebasa 

da samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze 

arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis 

motivebi da rwmenebi. isini, visac maRali IQ 

aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warmatebulni 

iyvnen skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi 

ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRwevaze 

da optimisturad uyuron sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, 

rom Tavs gaarTmeven nebismier siZneles. 

aseve, bavSvebs, romelTac dabali IQ aqvT, 

SeiZleba `Tan sdevdes~ dabali donis skolebi 

da programebi, ramac, SeiZleba, garkveulwilad, 

imoqmedos maT TviTdarwmunebulobaze studentobis 

periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-ma SeiZleba 

ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros, 

IQ-s, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia axali garemo pirobebis 

_ rogorc ukeTesis, ise uaresis _ Seqmna. 

amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero 

gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros misi bedi 

inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri unarebis 

wvlilis miuxedavad. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis 

validoba maTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT gamoyenebisaTvis, 

bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev 

eWvqveS ayenebs maT validobas sxvadasxva 

kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas 

(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis 

da testirebis mravali forma SeiZleba ar 

Tanxvdebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas, 

an saTanado qcevas. ganvixiloT klasSi uaryofiTi 

Sefasebis erTi magaliTi: 

rodesac laTinoamerikeli warmoSobis 

emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi amerikul 

skolaSi wavidnen, isini gagebaze ufro 

metad iyvnen orientirebulni, vidre _ 

laparakze; maswavleblis avtoritetis 

pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari azrebis 

gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akademiuri 

Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT 

kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis forma 

_ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uaryofiTi 

Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi skolis 

pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli, 

mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul 

formad aris miCneuli. 

am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu 

rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi ise, rom 

daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavianT gonierebaSi. 

erT-erTi standartuli piroba imisa, rom IQ 

testebs sifrTxiliT ekidebian, maTi tendenci- 


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urobaa, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva 

kulturis wevrebis winaaRmdeg, an sasargeblod. 

kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris 

gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematuri 

mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi, rac maT aravalidursa 

da usamarTlos xdis umciresobebTan 

mimarTebaSi. maSinac ki, rodesac testebis 

Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli 

faqtori, masSi mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi 

xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es 

sakiTxi SeiZleba testis konteqsts ufro 

ukavSirdebodes, vidre testis Sinaarss. klaud 

stili (Claude Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998) 

aRniSnavda, rom adamianebis mier unarebis 

testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens stereotipuli 

muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereotipuli 

mowyvladobis saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe 

imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri 

stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. klaud 

stilis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, imis rwmenam, 

rom situaciaSi moqmedebs uaryofiTi stereotipi, 

SeiZleba gamoiwvios im cudi maCveneblis 

miReba, romelic stereotipSi moiazreboda. 

saidan 

viciT 

stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba 

erT-erT kvlevaSi gamosaSvebi kursis 

Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studentebi 

cdilobdnen epasuxaT magistraturaSi 

misaReb standartul testSi Semavali 

kiTxvebis msgavsi Zalze rTuli kiTxvebisTvis, 

romlebic enis kargad codnas 

moiTxovda. studentebis naxevars uTxres, 

rom am kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis 

mixedviT imsjelebdnen maTi inteleqtualuri 

unarebis Sesaxeb, meore naxevarma 

ki icoda, rom am eqsperimentiT amocanis 

gadaWris procesSi CarTul fsiqologiur 

faqtorebs ikvlevdnen. stereotipuli 

muqaris Teoriis mixedviT, SedarebiT 

dabali Sedegebi unda hqonodaT im studentebs, 

romelTac situaciam Seuqmna 

stereotipuli muqara, anu pirveli jgufis 

(maT icodnen, rom fasdeboda inteleqtualuri 

SesaZleblobebi) Savkanian 

studentebs. rogorc 10.7 suraTis A nawilze 

xedavT, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi 

daadastura. rodesac Savkaniani studentebi 

darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom testSi miRebuli 

qulebis mixedviT vinmes maTi inteleqtis 

Sesaxeb SeeZlo emsjela, isini davalebebs 

uaresad asrulebdnen (Steel & 

Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqariT 

gamowveuli logika muSaobs nebismier 

jgufSi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs arasrulfasovnebis 

stereotipi. magaliTad, 

stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs, mamakacebTan 

SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis naklebi 

unari aqvT. rogorc 10.7 suraTis B nawilze 

Cans, rTulma maTematikurma testma sqesis 

mixedviT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi mxolod 

maSin aCvena, rodesac studentebs eubnebodnen, 

rom aseTi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba 

yofiliyo (Steel, 1997), anu testze muSaobis 

dawyebamde. rodesac studentebi acnobierebdnen 

TavianT sqesobriv ganxvavebulobas, 

studentebs eubnebodnen, rom 

warsulSi aseTma testma aCvena sqesis 

mixedviT gansxvaveba. swored igive moxda 

am studentebis SemTxvevaSic. 

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi 

mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor afasebs situacias 

testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, 

rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba 

stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac miaCniaT, rom 

inteleqtis am testiT maTi stereotipulad 

cudi Sedegebi gamovlindeba, maT mier davalebebis 

Sesruleba uaresdeba. SesaZlebelia Tu 

ara IQ-is gazomva stereotipuli muqaris aRmocenebis 

gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevrebi 

verasodes SeZleben inteleqtualuri unarebis 

adekvaturad Sefasebas. 

dabolos, kidev erTi mosazreba inteleqtisa 

da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad, aSS-is kultura 

individualuri gansxvavebebis axsnisas 

tendenciuria da am gansxvavebebis genetikuri 

faqtoriT axsnisken ixreba. harold stivensonma 

da misma kolegebma (Harold Stevenson, 1993) 

ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da 

stereotipuli muqara (Stereotype threat) _ safrTxe 

imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri 

stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb.

suraTi 10.7 

stereotipuli muqara 

stereotipul muqaras adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom negatiuri 

stereotipebi marTebulia mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erT kvlevaSi swavloben 

stereotips: afro-amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebis 

_ Savkaniani da TeTri studentis _ naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo da 

zomavda maT inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas. cdis pirebis meore naxevars ar hqonda es 

informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi Sesruleba 

uaresdeboda (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad 

gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi). (B) meore kvlevaSi swavlobdnen stereotips: 

qalebi dabal qulebs iReben matematikis gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci 

studentebis naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena genderuli 

gansxvavebebi SedegebSi. cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar 

Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT 

gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda. 

amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri miRwevebis 

kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZnoblad 

jobnidnen TavianT amerikel Tanatolebs. 

1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo: 

`Cineli bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli 

bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali qulebi, 

rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs~. niSnavs 

Tu ara es imas, rom azieli bavSvebi genetikuri 

upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobrivad, 

ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi 

aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebdnen. rodesac 

stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen 

aziel da amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs 

da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovani 

iyo maTTvis: `bejiTad mecadineoba~ 

Tu `Tandayolili goniereba~, azieli respondentebi 

aqcents `bejiTad mecadineobaze~ 

akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki _ `Tandayolil 

gonierebaze~. axla xedavT, Tu rogor 

SeiZleba, rom am Sexedulebebma amerikelebi 

miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri 

upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis 

aTvisebaSi. vinaidan aseTi rwmena saxelmwifo 

politikaze aisaxeba, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa 

saWiro imisaTvis, rom amerikelebi daeuflon 

maTematikas maSin, rodesac ar aqvT am sagnis 

Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania zusti 

mecnieruli monacemebis gaanalizeba, raTa 

ganisazRvros, risi Secvlaa SesaZlebeli gonebrivi 

SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi da risi _ 

ara. 

Sejameba 

godardma xeli Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi 

da eTnikuri jgufebis genetikuri inferiulobis 

aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvidrebas. 

qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si 


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390 

mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena. 

Tumca, IQ-is gazomvas xSirad politikuri elferi 

dakravs, IQ-is mixedviT miRebuli rasobrivi 

gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevrebma daadgines 

garemos faqtorebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan 

gavlenas axdenen IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa, 

rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad SeuZlia iseTi 

cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogoricaa 

warmatebebi skolasa da samsaxurSi, misi 

gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva 

rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis SemTxveva- 

Si. magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtualuri 

SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas stereotipuli 

muqaris zemoqmedebas ganicdis. 


sanam inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas 

davasrulebT, mivubrundeT iseT sakiTxs, 

rogoricaa kreatuloba, anu SemoqmedebiToba. 

kreatuloba aris iseTi ideebis generirebisa 

da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali 

da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi (Sternbeg & 

Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis 

magaliTi. es meqanizmi axali iyo, radgan ucnob 

gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs, Tu ra sargeblis 

miReba SeiZleboda gagorebuli sagnebisgan. es 

gamogoneba pirobebis adekvaturi iyo, radgan 

Zalze cxadi iyo misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. 

pirobebTan Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi 

xSirad ucnaurad da uadgilod aRiqmeba. 

kreatulobas gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisadmi 

miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT, vinaidan bevri 

adamiani aRiarebs inteleqtsa da kreatulobas 

Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis 

dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, SemoqmedebiTi 

unarebis Sefaseba unda SegveZlos, xolo 

Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris 

kavSiris dadgena. amrigad, jer ganvixilavT 

meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an pro- 

kreatuloba (Creativity) – iseTi ideebis generirebisa 

da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic 

axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi. 

divergentuli azrovneba (Divergent thinking) _ 

duqtebi fasdeba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da 

SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg 

ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli (an uCveulo) 

kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSlilobasTan. 

vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT 

gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajildoebuli 

adamianebisagan. 

kreatulobis Sefaseba da 

kavSiri inteleqtTan 

rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, adamianebi 

(SedarebiT) kreatulebi arian Tu ara? bevri 

midgoma divergentul azrovnebaze fokusirdeba, 

romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc problemis 

sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari. 

kiTxvebi, romelebic zomaven divergentul 

azrovnebas, saSualebas aZleven testis 

Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos sxarti da 

moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan, 

1965): 

daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni 

azriT, oTxkuTxedia; 

sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac 

SeiZleba meti TeTri feris, saWmelad vargisi 

sagnebi; 

daasaxeleT aguris gamoyenebis yvela 

SesaZlo varianti, rac TavSi azrad mogivaT. 

pasuxebi fasdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixedviT, 

rogoricaa (1) sisxarte _ gansxvavebuli 

ideebis saerTo raodenoba; (2) unikaluroba _ 

im ideebis raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis 

SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba 

_ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva 

mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze naklebma 

(Runco,1991). 

rodesac kreatulobas am gziT afaseben, 

SesaZlebelia miRebuli maCveneblis Sedareba 

sxva sazomebTan da maT Soris kavSiris dadgena. 

xSirad mkvlevrebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergentuli 

azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s Soris. 

saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris arsebobs 

susti an zomieri korelacia, rodesac 

IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT ki 

korelacia mcirdeba (Sternberg & O’Hara, 1999). 

ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari 

fiqrobs rom ìnteleqtis~ garkveuli done

suraTi 10.8 

iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis SesaZleblobas, 

magram ar axdens mis stimulacias (Perkins, 

1998, gv. 319). sxva sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansazRvruli 

done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas, 

iyos kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoiyenos 

es SesaZlebloba. 

SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevrebi xSirad 

aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli azrovnebis 

testebi Zalian mWidrod ukavSirdeba inteleqtis 

testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebs 

(ramac SeiZleba axsnas maRali korelacia 120 

IQ-s farglebSi) (Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _ 

kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis 

gansxvavebul midgomas warmoadgens maT mier 

gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _ 

naxatis, leqsis an patara moTxrobis Seqmna. 

eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli produqtis 

kreatulobis xarisxi. gamokvlevebma 

aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod erTsulovanni 

arian produqtis kreatulobis Sefasebisas 

(Amabile, 1983). maT SeiZleba sakmaod zustad 

Seafason adamianebi naklebi an meti kreatulobis 

mixedviT. 

gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba 

da SeSliloba 

arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, 

romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs 

warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven 

gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi adamianis dasaxelebas? 

savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawilobriv, 

damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze, 

romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens 

prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxelon 

zigmund froidi; ferweriT, musikiT an 

cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba 

daasaxelon pablo pikaso, igor stravinski an 

marta grahami. SesaZlebelia Tu ara aseTi 

individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo 

maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic gansakuTrebuli 

SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis 

saSualebas mogvcems? hovard gardnerma (Howard 

Gardner, 1993) airCia is individebi, romelTa 

eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cven mier adre 

ganxiluli inteleqtis rva tipis relevanturi 

iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski 

da grahami. gardneris analizma saSualeba misca 

mas, Seeqmna tipuri Semoqmedis cxovrebiseuli 

gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac man E.C. 

uwoda. 

E.C. aRebs problemuri sferosa da 

gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos kars, 

romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es 

aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo momenti. 

am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanatolebisgan 

da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad 

unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom raRac 

aRmoCenis zRvarze imyofeba, romelic jer 

TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul 


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392 

momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri, 

ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is 

Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas axerxebs. 

amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe igi SeiZleba 

Zalisa da energiisagan daicalos (Gardner, 

1993, gv. 361). 

am pasaJis dasasrul gardneri moixseniebs 

tipur SemoqmedTa erT-erT yvelaze zogad 

stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer 

ki gulisxmobs SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb, 

rom udidesi SemoqmedebiToba mWidrod ukav- 

Sirdeba SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs 

da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba (Kessel, 1989). 

SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (1921) 

aRniSnavda, rom `maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT 

Sepyrobili~, anu bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone 

individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian azris 

Tavisuflad dinebis 1 pirobebs, rac xels uwyobs 

did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15 TavSi 

vnaxavT, mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis 

periodebiT. adamians amaRlebuli ganwyobileba 

aqvs da eqspansiuri qceviT, TavSeukaveblobiT 

xasiaTdeba. arsebobs mosazreba, rom xelovnebisa 

da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali 

gamoCenili moRvawe swored guneba-ganwyobilebis 

aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993), magram, 

rogor unda gansazRvron mkvlevrebma, imoqmeda 

Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am individebis 

azrovnebis realur procesze? 

saidan 

viciT 

kreatuloba da mania 

aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad 

kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert veisbergma 

(Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) Seiswavla kompozitor 

robert Sumanis Semoqmedeba, 

romelsac bipolaruli aSlilobis diagnozi 

hqonda. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa 

da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi 

kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma 

gacilebiT meti nawarmoebi Seqmna maniakaluri 

fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3), 

1 Free flowing though processes. 

vidre _ depresiul fazaSi (saSualod 2.7), 

Tumca, es kavSiri gacilebiT susti iyo 

nawarmoebebis xarisxis Sefasebisas. maniakalur 

periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi 

xarisxiT ar sjobnida depresiul periodSi 

Seqmnil nawarmoebebs. 

veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeSliloba 

(gamovlenili maniis saxiT) mniSvnelovnad 

zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi 

imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da bevrs qmnis. 

Tu pirovneba garkveuli talantiT gamoirCeva, 

am periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara 

yvela, nawarmoebi brwyinvale iqneba, Tumca, 

xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnil 

nawarmoebebze ukeTesi. istoriuli SemTxvevebis 

yuradRebiT Seswavlam, romelic SemoqmedebiTobasa 

da SeSlilobas Soris arsebul garkveuli 

xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti 

albert rotenbergi (Albert Rothengerg) miiyvana 

daskvnamde, rom `mcdari da romantiulia Sexeduleba, 

romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi 

TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon sxvebis 

mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba~ (Rothenberg, 1990, 

gv.164). 

mas mere, rac adamianma miiRo informacia 

gansakuTrebul kreatulobis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZ-

leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba 

mibaZoT riskis gawevis models; uaRresad kreatuli 

adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen `gaukvalav 

gzaze~. aseve, SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis 

modeli. gansakuTrebuli kreatulobiT dajildoebuli 

adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi 

daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian 

(Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebelia gaiziaroT Sinagani 

motivaciis modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation). 

SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined asruleben 

mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da 

kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian 

(Collins & Amabile, 1999). Tu Tqvens cxovrebaSi 

SeZlebT am sami modelis sakuTar Tavze 

morgebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi 

unarebis metad gamovlenas. 

axla ukve iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSualebiT 

fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian individualur 

gansxvavebebs, romelebic arseboben 

inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris, Tumca, 

ueWvelia, iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gacilebiT 

metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleqtualobisa 

da SemoqmedebiTobis xarisxis Sesaxeb. 

Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs, 

romliTac fsiqologebi iReben informacias im 

pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb, romlebic 

TiToeuli individis unikalurobas 

gansazRvravs. 

Sejameba 

kreatuloba divergentuli azrovnebis testebiT 

izomeba. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, 

ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri SemoqmedebiTobasa 

da SeSlilobas Soris, Tumca, 

SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis 

gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias. 


fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizani 

adamianebis zustad Sefasebaa, rac eqspertebis 

mier gakeTebul SeZlebisdagvarad uSecdobo 

daskvebSi aisaxeba. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia 

maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva 

Semfaseblebis subieqturi daskvnebis ufro 

obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romlebic 

sakmaod zedmiwevniT, guldasmiTaa agebuli da 

Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am 

mizanma misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul 

Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom testireba 

xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias 

da Seamcirebda sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privilegiebis, 

an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT 

kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs, 

Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis miuxedavad, 

fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro 

sakamaTo sfero. polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur 

sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis 

samarTlianobas, (2) ganaTlebis 

Sesafasebeli testebis vargisianobasa da (3) 

testis qulebis gamoyenebas individebis 

garkveul kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT. 

testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, 

rom zogierTebisTvis testirebis sazRauri, an 

uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre 

sxvebisaTvis (Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod 

maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec 


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394 

umciresobaTa jgufebma dabali qulebi miiRes, 

ar aZlevs maT garkveul samuSaoebis Sesrulebis 

uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo 

samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis 

dasawyebad, msurvelma unda gaiaros verbaluri 

testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri 

unarebis testi. mkvlevar uiliam benksis (William 

Banks) mixedviT, am strategiis mizani sxvadasxva 

umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSvebaa 

(1990). zogjer umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi 

testSi cud Sedegebs iZleodnen, radgan maTi 

Sedegebi arasaTanado normebis mixedviT fasdeboda. 

garda amisa, erTi jgufis kandidatebisaTvis 

SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli 

qulebi SeiZleba sxvebis mimarT iqnes gamoyenebuli 

SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas 

maSin, rodesac realurad ufro dabali 

gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani da, Sesabamisad, 

samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT 

miRebuli gadawyvetileba swori iqneboda. aRsaniSnavia 

isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli 

dayrdnoba kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas 

ganapirobebs, Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZleba 

ufro mogebuli darCes, Tu samuSaos 

aRwerilobebi adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da 

unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT modificirdeba. 

meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom 

testireba ara mxolod studentebis Sefasebas 

axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic 

garkveul rols asrulebs. saskolo sistemis 

xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad 

msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad 

warmatebiT asruleben maTi moswavleebi miRwevis 

standartul testebs. TviT maswavlebelTa 

xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos 

testebis Sedegebze, ramac skolebSi xeli Seuwyo 

TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs. 

magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi 

skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac gamoaSkaravda 

mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis 

Sedegebis gaumjobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTeklaselebma 

iseTi saxis daxmareba miiRes, rogoricaa 

damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored 

Sesruleba (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi 

TviTon moswavleebma gamoavlines, romelTac 

mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT TaRliTuri 

qcevis ganxorcieleba sTxoves. bavSvebi gaocebulni 

iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da mSoblebs 

maTi qcevis axsnas sTxovdnen. bavSvebis amgvari 

damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad 

saSiSi SeiZleba iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi 

ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. 

mesame eTikuri problema isaa, rom testis 

Sedegebi SeiZleba Seucvlel iarliyad iqces. 

adamianebi sakmaod xSirad aRiqvamen sakuTar 

Tavs 110-is toli IQ-is mqone individebad, an B 

qulis mimReb studentebad, TiTqos es maCveneblebi, 

an qulebi maT Sublze aweriaT. amgvari 

iarliyebi SeiZleba maTi winsvlis damabrkoleblad 

iqces, radgan adamianebi ijereben, rom 

maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi 

fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia; rom maT ar SeuZliaT 

sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba; 

testSi miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba 

uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da 

Seasustos TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli 

jgufebis arasrulfasovnad miCneva IQ monacemebis 

mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi 

Sedegia. isini, vinc ase sajarod arian `daRdasmulebi~, 

ijereben imas, rasac èqspertebi~ 

amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom skola da ganaTleba 

ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis 

saSualebad. 

testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli statusis 

miniWebis aseTi tendencia vrceldeba 

rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze. 

rodesac testis Sedegebi individis pirovnuli 

Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis, araadaptirebulobis, 

konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva, 

adamianebi gansakuTrebuli bavSvebis àranormalurobaze~ 

ufro iwyeben fiqrs, vidre ganaTlebis 

sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis 

imgvar modificirebas, rom TiToeul moswavleze 

morgebuli iyos. iarliyebs wina planze devianturi 

pirovnenebi ufro gamoyavs, vidre maTi 

garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. iseT individualistur 

sazogadoebebSi, rogoric, magaliTad, 

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, adamianebis 

umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba 

da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da, 

amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo 

pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians 

warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoebis 

danaSauls vamsubuqebT. Cven vaqebT pirovnebas 

warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT 

sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac 

SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven unda 

vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad,

ac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad 

Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens 

gavlenas maT qcevaze. 

es Tavi gvinda fil zimbardos piradi weriliT 

davasruloT, romelic SeiZleba STagonebis 

wyarod iqces im studentebisaTvis, 

romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur 

testebs: 

miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali 

fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem 

mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma testebma 

sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdam- 

Tavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi 

akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude) 

davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani) 

C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac 

gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis 

testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari 

miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze., 

Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos 

uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowveuli 

iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi 

fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul 

zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT 

aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli 

iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma 

Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis 

mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa 

da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi. 

am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT 

daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia 

warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb. 

sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo 

sakvanZo 

sakiTxebi 


fsiqologiur Sefasebas 

xangrZlivi istoria aqvs 

da dasabams antikuri 

CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT 

mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon 

boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi) 

sxvagan wavida staJirebaze. 

warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi 

gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod 

standartizebuli testebiT gazomili 

unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeblebia. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs 

SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod 

ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs, 

nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi 

SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas. 

adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qulebis 

pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac 

mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT, 

pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri ZalisxmeviT 

gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs. 

albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT 

sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis. 

Sejameba 

CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi 

mniSvnelovani wvlili 

Seitana ser frensis galtonma. 

Sefasebis instrumenti unda 

iyos sando, validuri da 

miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri testireba 

xSir SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa individisaTvis, 

jer kidev aris testebis upasuxismgeblod 

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs 

awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis 

Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis 

samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaTleblo 

praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis 

Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul kategoriebad 

daxarixebisaTvis. 

standartizirebuli. sando 

sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis 

Sedegebs. validuri sazomi 

afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa 

gasazomadac Seiqmna testi. 


395


396 

standartizirebuli testis 

Catareba da Sedegebis Sejameba 

yovelTvis erTi da 

igive gziT xdeba. normebis 

arseboba saSualebas gvaZlevs, 

SevadaroT pirovnebis 

qulebi igive asakis, sqesis 

da kulturis individTa 

saSualo maCvenebels. 


XX saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani 

wlebis dasawyisSi 

safrangeTSi alfred binem 

safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis 

obieqturi testirebis 

ganviTarebas. qulebi 

mocemuli iyo gonebrivi 

asakis terminebiT da bav- 

Svebis funqcionirebis arsebul 

dones asaxavda. 

aSS-Si termenma Seqmna stenford-bines 

inteleqtis skala 

da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis 

popularizacia. 

veqslerma Seqmna specialuri 

inteleqtis testebi 

mozrdilebisTvis, skolamdeli 

da saskolo asakis 

bavSvebisaTvis. 


IQ-is fsiqometriulma analizma 

aCvena, rom zogierT 

ZiriTad unars, rogoricaa 

inteleqtis fluiduri da 

kristaluri aspeqti, garkveuli 

wvlili Seaqvs IQ 

qulebSi. 

Tanamedrove Teoriebi Zalian 

farTod ganixilaven 

da zomaven inteleqts, 

msjeloben ra im unarebsa 

da insaitebze, romelTac 

adamianebi sxvadasxva amocanis 

gadasaWrelad iyeneben. 

10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta 

1. Laugh 

6. Allow 

2. Tempt 

7. Drive 

3. Short 

8. Cough 

4. Knight 

9. Enter 

5. Write 

10. Basic 

stenbergi ganasxvavebs inteleqtis 

komponentur, empiriul 

da konteqstualur 

aspeqtebs. 

gardnerma daadgina inteleqtis 

rva tipi, romelic 

moicavs da scildeba kidec 

standartuli IQ sazomebiT 

gazomvad inteleqtis formebs. 

Tanamedrove kvlevebi 

fokusirebulia emociur inteleqtze. 


Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis 

testebi eTnikuri da rasobrivi 

jgufebis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi 

gancxadebebis gasake- 

Teblad gamoiyeneboda. 

IQ-is maRali memkvidreobiTobis 

gamo zogierTi 

mkvlevari garkveuli rasobrivi 

da kulturuli jgufebis 

dabal Sedegebs maT 

Tandayolil arasrulfasovnebas 

miawers. 

araxelsayreli garemo pirobebiT 

da stereotipuli muqariT 

aixsneba zogierTi jgufis 

dabali IQ qulebi. gamokvleva 

aCvenebs, rom jgufuri 

gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli 

iyos garemo faqtorebiT. 


xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulobis 

Sefaseba divergentuli 

azrovnebis testebis saSualebiT 

xdeba. 

gansakuTrebiT kreatuli adamianebi 

midian riskze, gadian 

momzadebas da uaRresad motivirebulni 

arian. 

ar dadasturda kavSiri kreatulobasa 

da SeSlilobas 

Soris. 

Sefaseba da 

sazogadoeba 

miuxedavad imisa, rom testebi 

xSirad sasargeblod 

gamoiyeneba momavali SesrulebiswinaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, 

maTi Sedegebi ar 

unda ganapirobebdes individis 

ganviTarebisa da 

cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis 

SesaZleblobis SezRudvas. 

rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi 

momavalSi gavlenas axdens 

individis cxovrebaze, gamoyenebuli 

teqnikebi unda 

iyos sando da validuri 

rogorc am individTan, ise 

_ gamoyenebis mizanTan 

mimarTebaSi. 

ZiriTadi cnebebi 

qronologiuri asaki 

kreatuloba 

kriteriumis validoba 

kristalizebuli inteleqti 

divergentuli azrovneba 

emociuri inteleqtiQ 

TvalsaCino validoba 

fluiduri inteleqti 

formaluri Sefaseba 

memkvidreobiTobis 

maCvenebeli 

inteleqti 

inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) 

Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba 

gonebrivi asaki 

gonebrivi CamorCeniloba 

normebi 

paraleluri formebi 

prognozirebadi validuroba 

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba 

fsiqometria 

sandooba 

SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba 

standartizeba 

stereotipuli muqara 

test-retestuli sandooba 

validoba

adamianis adamianis ganviTareba ganviTareba cxovrebis cxovrebis manZilze 

manZilze 

11 

ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna 

• ganviTarebis aRwera • • ganvi- 

Tarebis axsna 

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis 

manZilze 

• ganviTareba Canasaxisa da 

adreuli bavSvobis periodSi 

• fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi 

• • • fizikuri cvlilebebi 

mozrdilobaSi 

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis 

manZilze 

• piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri 

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb • adreuli 

kognituri ganviTarebis 

Tanamedrove midgomebi 

• kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi 

enis aTviseba 

• sityvebisa da metyvelebis 

aRqma • sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa 

daswavla • • gramatikis 

Seswavla 

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis 

manZilze 

• eriksonis fsiqosocialuri 

stadiebi • • socialuri ganviTareba 

bavSvobaSi • • socialuri 

ganviTareba mozardobaSi 

• • socialuri ganvi- 

Tareba mozrdilobaSi 

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra 

gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis 

ganviTarebaze 

genderuli ganviTareba 

• • sqesi da genderi • • genderuli 

rolebis aTviseba 

moraluri ganviTareba 

• • moraluri gansjis stadiebi 

kolbergis mixedviT • • genderobisa 

da kulturis gavlena 

moralur gansjaze • • viswavloT 

sworad da warmatebulad 

dabereba 



397

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze 

398 

vfiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yvela 

inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo 

da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. TandaTan 

finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda 

da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda 

dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama 

cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis 

„mersedesi~, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva 

msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala. 

ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad, 

garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi 

mezobeli bavSvebisagan. 

vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me 

yvela araswori saqcielisaTvis visjebodi, magram 

arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo. 

es mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba, 

es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afroamerikelis, 

derilis, sityvebi. aSkaraa, rom 

movlenebma, romelTac misi warsuli ganapirobes, 

misi samomavlo miswrafebebic ganapirobes (Goodmillie, 

1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT 

daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba 

wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11 TavSi Cven SevecdebiT, 

gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic 

individTa cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze 

ayalibeben. 

warmoidgineT, rom xelSi axalSobili 

giWiravT. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT gansazRvroT, 

rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg? 

xuTi wlis Semdeg? TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis? 

samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis? Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, 

albaT, zogadisa da konkretulis 

rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc 

miiqcev ramiT. 

is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, Cemi sakuTari 

skolis gaxsnaa. aTi wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs 

skolaSi vxedav, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso 

oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba 

asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis 

mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upiratesobis 

mopovebas gulisxmobs. 

Cemi skola ubralod Tanasworuflebiani 

maswavleblebis skola iqneba _ TeTrkaniani, 

Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebismieri, 

radgan es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas 

da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komercia. 

fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi „mersedesi~ 

da vila, magram Tu Seni suli daukmayofilebelia, 

Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar. 

nazavs daefuZneba. bavSvi, albaT, namdvilad 

iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar 

iyos niWieri mwerali. Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, 

aseve, SeiZleba Tandayolilisa da garemo 

pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas daefuZnos: Tu orive 

mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven SeiZleba 

ifiqroT, rom bavSvic, aseve, literaturuli 

niWiT iqneba dajildoebuli. bavSvs rom ganaTleba 

mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli, 

Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom misi akademiuri 

moswreba gadaaWarbebda mSoblebisas. am TavSi 

Cven aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teoriebs, 

romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemurad 

gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis gakeTeba 

SegviZlia axalSobilis momavlis Sesaxeb.

cxrili 11.1 

ganviTarebis safexurebi 

safexuri asaki 

Canasaxovani 

(prenataluri) 

Cvili bavSvoba 

adreuli bavSvoba 

gviani bavSvoba 

mozardoba 

axalgazrdoba1 mowifuloba 

xnovani 

dabadebis wina periodi 

dabadebidan 18 Tvemde 

daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde 

daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13 wlamde 




daaxloebiT 65 wlidan zeviT 

ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis 

sfero, romelic Seiswavlis cvlilebebs adamianis 

fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi 

Casaxvidan sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis 

fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da 

ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmavlobaSi 

da aRweron da axsnan es cvlilebebi. 

mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa 

ganmavlobaSic pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva 

unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor 

icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is, 

rom adamianis fsiqikuri funqcionireba, socialuri 

urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod aucilebeli 

aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli 

cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1 miaxloebiT 

gviCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs. 

am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven 

mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor warmoadgenen 

im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben 

droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis 

axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebs 

sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da 

TiToeuli maTganis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixilavT 

ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yurad- 

Rebas fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTarebaze 

SevaCerebT. Semdeg ki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT 

socialuri urTierTobebis cvalebad 

1 cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTiandeba 

ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba. 

originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba, 

sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axalgazrdoba, 

(2) Suaxnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba 

da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani. (mTargmnelis 

SeniSvna) 

bunebaze sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im 

specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec adamianebi 

dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze. 

axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis Seswavla. 

ganviTarebis Seswavla da 

axsna 

warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvlilebis 

siis Sedgena, romelic, Tqveni azriT, 

bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras 

CawerdiT am siaSi? xom ar CaerTeT fizikuri 

gajansaRebis axal programaSi? an xom ar 

gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar 

gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an interesi? megobar- 

Ta axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuTrebiT 

xom ar dauaxlovdiT? rodesac ganviTarebas 

aRvwerT, Cven mis konceptualizacias 

cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT 

sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze 

fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina, rom cvlileba TiTqmis 

yovelTvis niSnavs kompromiss. xSirad 

adamianebi cxovrebas ganixilaven, rogorc, ZiriTadad, 

SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas) 

bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis process (danakargs, 

uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi. 

ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents 

imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da, Sesabamisad, 

mogebebi da danakargebi ganviTarebis yvela etaps 

axasiaTebs (Dixon 1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989). 

magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanamgzavrs 

irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis 

saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas. rodesac 

adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini 

Tmoben statuss, magram iZenen Tavisufal dros. 

agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom 

ganviTareba ar ganixiloT, rogorc pasiuri 

procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri 

cvlileba individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas 

moiTxovs (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner & Ceci, 

1994). 

ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) 

_ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs 

fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTierTqmedebas 

da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli 

cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan. 

ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna 

399

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze 

400 

axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevrebi ganviTarebis 

cvlilebebs. 

ganviTarebis aRwera 

imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli 

sasargeblo nabiji iqneba, davadginoT, Tu ras 

warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo 

adamiani garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi 

SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT. 

normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron konkretuli 

asakis, an ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis 

maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa sistematuri 

testirebis gziT, mkvlevrebi adgenen 

ganviTarebis TvalSisacem Tvisebebs. bevr adamianze 

dakvirvebis safuZvelze es monacemebi uzrunvelyofen 

normebs _ ganviTarebis, an miRwevis 

standartul paternebs, romelic didi raodenobiT 

adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli. 

normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqologebi 

erTmaneTisgan mijnaven qronologiur 

asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa 

Tu wlebis raodenobas da ganviTarebis asaks _ 

qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis umravlesoba 

avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTarebis 

garkveul dones. sami wlis bavSvi, romelic 

metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi, 

iTvleba, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebis mixedviT 

is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs standartul 

baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba 

individebisa da jgufebis urTierTSedareba. 

cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad 

ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis ramdenime 

normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) _ 

gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganvi- 

Tarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis 

aRweras. 

qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) _ individis 

dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis 

raodenoba. 

ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) _ qronologiuri 

asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umravlesoba 

amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi 

ganviTarebis garkveul dones. 

longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvlevis 

meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imave 

cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba 

droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis 

manZilze. 

models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamoyenebisas 

erTi da igive individebi mravali 

wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa 

da testirebis qveS imyofebian. magaliTad, 

mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi 

kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da 

igive bavSvebi, raTa, rac SeiZleba zustad 

daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi 

mza strategiis gamoyenebas daiwyebs ariTmetikuli 

amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler & Crowley, 

1991). cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs 

SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu, kerZod, ra 

uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevrebi 

longitudur meTods, aseve, xSirad iyeneben 

individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad. 

sxvadasxva adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa 

da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad mkvlevrebma SeiZleba 

Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi 

faqtorebisa, romelic cxovrebis adreul 

periodSi moqmedebs da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens 

es faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze. 

grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa, 

rom, vinaidan cdis pirebi, ZiriTadad, erTgvar 

sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave 

socialur-ekonomikur periodSi cxovroben, 

SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis 

dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereva socialuri 

pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie, 1989). am meTodis 

minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeTdes 

mxolod imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi Car- 

Tuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi dabadebul 

adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri 

kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan Znelia cdis 

pirebze dakvirveba drois xangrZlivi monakve- 

Tebis manZilze da, Tanac, monacemebi advilad 

SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gasvlis 

an gauCinarebis gamo. 

ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba e. w. jvaredini 

Seswavlis meTods iyenebs, sadac sxvadasxva 

qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa 

jgufebze erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da 

urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad, mkvlevars SeuZlia 

daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze, 

romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos 

asakobriv cvlilebebTan. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma 

imis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen 

erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur mxarda- 

Weras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli 

davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19 wlis mozardTa

(natia) ZIMBARDO

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