019 Genderi da Politika
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
genderi<br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
politika<br />
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris<br />
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze<br />
intensiuri seminari<br />
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />
lela xomeriki<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori:<br />
enobrivi re<strong>da</strong>qtori:<br />
marine CitaSvili<br />
lia kaWarava<br />
<strong>da</strong>kabadoneba, ydis dizaini:<br />
giorgi bagrationi<br />
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
wigni momzadebulia <strong>da</strong> gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />
bu<strong>da</strong>peStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,<br />
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foun<strong>da</strong>tion and the Higher Education<br />
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Bu<strong>da</strong>pest.<br />
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 5 - 8
s a r C e v i<br />
Tema I<br />
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, qalTa warmomadgenloba<br />
saxelmwifo struqturebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneze,<br />
qalTa politikaSi winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi ....................... 6<br />
Tema II<br />
genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi..................................... 10<br />
Tema III<br />
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis genderuli aspeqtebi.................. 12<br />
Tema IV<br />
specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis ............. 13<br />
Tema V<br />
qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi..... 18<br />
Tema VI<br />
sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis genderuli politika...................... 22<br />
Tema VII<br />
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika.<br />
mediaSi politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi .......................... 24<br />
Tema VIII<br />
saxelmwifo politika genderuli <strong>da</strong><br />
qalTa problemebis sferoSi ............................................................................ 26<br />
Tema IX<br />
genderuli biujeti ................................................................................................ 30<br />
Tema X<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli<br />
politikis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi................................................ 31<br />
Tema XI<br />
genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze............... 35<br />
Tema 12<br />
genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis,<br />
analizis, <strong>da</strong>gegmvis instrumenti .................................................................. 37<br />
Tema XIII<br />
genderuli meinstrimingi ................................................................................... 40<br />
Tema XIV<br />
genderuli analizi. cnebis ganmarteba,<br />
genderuli analizis instrumentebi............................................................ 42<br />
savaldebulo literatura ....................................................................................... 44<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura <strong>da</strong> sxva saswavlo masala .................................... 45<br />
GENDER AND POLITICS .................................................................................................46
saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: erTi semestri (15 kvira).<br />
saswavlo kursis mizani<br />
saseminaro kursi mimoixilavs genderul problematikas Tanamedrove politikur<br />
TeoriaSi, qalTa politikuri uflebebis koncefciis ganviTarebas, qalTa politikuri<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> erovnul samarTlebriv meqanizmebs.<br />
studentebi gaecnobian <strong>da</strong> imsjeleben erTi mxriv, politikaSi qalTa winsvlis<br />
Semafarxebel mizezebze, meore mxriv, qalTa politikuri monawileobis gazrdis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva strategiebze. ganxiluli iqneba saxelmwifo genderuli politikis<br />
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi kanonmdebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo struqturebi. kursi orientirebulia Teoriuli codnis<br />
paralelurad studentebs aswavlos genderuli analizis instrumentebis gamoyeneba.<br />
amisaTvis kursi isea agebuli, rom konkretuli saleqcio Temis gacnobis<br />
paralelurad, studentebi miRebul codnaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ganaxorcieleben<br />
qarTuli kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri procesebis garkveuli aspeqtebis<br />
genderul analizs.<br />
saswavlo kursis formati<br />
swavlebis dros gamoyenebuli iqneba swavlebis Semdegi formebi: Teoriuli<br />
prezentacia, fasilitirebuli diskusia, konkretuli SemTxvevebis ganxilva,<br />
mcire jgufebSi muSaoba, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli muSaoba, literaturis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba,<br />
mcire genderuli analizis ganxorcieleba.<br />
swavlis Sedegebi<br />
kursi gavlis Semdeg studentebi SesZleben gamoiyenon genderi, rogorc erTerTi<br />
kategoria politikuri procesebis SeswavlisaTvis <strong>da</strong> gaanalizon sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
politikuri sistemis, institutebis, programebis genderuli aspeqtebi.<br />
studentebs SeeZlebaT politikaSi genderuli problemebis identificireba <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis genderuli politikebis Se<strong>da</strong>reba. studentebs SeeZlebaT<br />
ganmarton genderuli analizis, genderuli meinstrimingis, genderuli biujetis,<br />
genderuli statistikis cnebebi. SemTxvevebis ganxilvis, saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebebis<br />
Sesrulebisa <strong>da</strong> diskusiebis dros gavarjiSdebian politikis genderuli<br />
eqspertizis ganxorcielebaSi, rac maT SemdgomSi saSualebas miscems miRebuli<br />
codna praqtikula<strong>da</strong>c gamoiyenon.<br />
saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi<br />
Tema I. qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, politikaSi qalTa winsvlis Semaferxebeli<br />
mizezebi, qalTa warmomadgenloba saxelmwifo struqturebSi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneze<br />
• qalTa warmomadgenlobis dinamika sakanonmdeblo organoebSi<br />
• qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi<br />
Tema II. genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi<br />
• Si<strong>da</strong> partiuli demokratia <strong>da</strong> qalebis monawileoba<br />
• politikuri partiebi <strong>da</strong> saarCevno procesebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdis<br />
zomebi<br />
• politikuri partiebis mier kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa rekrutirebisa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris (maT<br />
Soris, finansuri) formebis mimoxilva<br />
• qalTa seqciebi partiebSi<br />
• genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi partiaTa programebSi<br />
Tema III. saarCevno sistemaTa genderuli aspeqtebi<br />
saarCevno sistemebis gavlena qalTa warmomadgenlobaze politikaSi<br />
amomrCevel qalTa saarCevno qceva, amomrCevel qalTa interesTa jgufebi<br />
4
Tema IV. specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />
• specialuri droebiTi zomebis definicia <strong>da</strong> misi saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlebrivi CarCo<br />
• samarTlebrivi <strong>da</strong> administraciuli bazisi specialuri droebiTi<br />
zomebisaTvis<br />
• specialuri droebiTi zomebis ganxoricielebis praqtika evropis qveynebSi<br />
• rogor mivaRwioT genderul balanss <strong>da</strong>niSnul sabWoebsa <strong>da</strong> Tanamdebobebze<br />
Tema V. qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi — e. w.<br />
qalTa paraleluri kampaniebi, paritetuli koaliciebi. norvegiis magaliTis<br />
Seswavla.<br />
Tema VI. sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis genderuli politika. genderuli<br />
linzebi. genderulad brma, genderulad gacnobierebuli <strong>da</strong> genderulad<br />
transformaciuli politika. SemTxvevebis Seswavla.<br />
Tema VII. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika. mediaSi<br />
politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi. mediis genderuli analizis<br />
instrumentis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> ramdenime media saSualebis genderuli Seswavlis<br />
ganxorcieleba.<br />
Tema VIII. saxelmwifo genderuli politika<br />
• saxelmwifo genderuli politikis ZiriTadi komponentebi<br />
• genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli kanonmdebloba<br />
Tema IX. genderuli biujeti. cnebis ganmarteba <strong>da</strong> konceptis Camoyalibebis<br />
mokle istoria. genderuli biujetis mniSvneloba.<br />
Tema X. genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli politikis<br />
ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi<br />
• genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis instituciuri meqanizmebi<br />
• genderuli Tanasworobis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma<br />
Tema XI. genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze<br />
• sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi (saaris mxaris magaliTis ganxilva)<br />
• samoqmedo gegmebi <strong>da</strong> programebi<br />
Tema XII. genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis, analizis, <strong>da</strong>gegmvis<br />
instrumenti.<br />
Tema XIII. genderuli meinstrimingis cnebis ganmarteba. politikis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
sferoSi genderuli meinstrimingis saukeTeso praqtikebis ganxilva<br />
Tema XIV. genderuli analizi<br />
cnebis ganmarteba, genderuli analizis instrumentebis gacnoba (longves<br />
uflebamosilebaTa CarCo, harvardis analitikuri sqema). SemTxvevis Seswavla<br />
genderuli analizis instrumentis gamoyenebiT.l<br />
Tema XV. struqturebsa <strong>da</strong> organizaciebSi genderuli midgomebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis<br />
Sefaseba. organizaciis genderuli mgrZnobiarobis Sefasebis analitikuri<br />
instrumentis Seswavla.<br />
5
Tema I<br />
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, qalTa warmomadgenloba<br />
saxelmwifo struqturebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneze, qalTa<br />
politikaSi winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi.<br />
qalTa warmomadgenloba politikaSi<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi qalma warmatebas miaRwia ganaTlebis,<br />
samarTlis, ekonomikis, sportisa Tu xelovnebis sferoebSi, politikur arenaze<br />
qalebi mainc cotani arian. marTalia, meoce saukunis bolosaTvis qveynebis 95%-<br />
Si qalebs mopovebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T saarCevno uflebebi, 1998 wlisaTvis msoflio<br />
masStabiT qali lideri hyav<strong>da</strong> partiebis mxolod 11%-s, xolo parlamentari<br />
qalebi msoflio parlamentarTa ricxvis 11,4%-s Seadgendnen. 2006 wlisaTvis<br />
msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa ricxvma<br />
umniSvnelod moimata <strong>da</strong> saSualod 16,3% Seadgina.<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa monawileobis saSualo procentuli<br />
maCvenebeli msoflio masStabiT 2006 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT Semdegnairia:<br />
orive palata erTad<br />
parlamentarTa jamuri<br />
raodenoba<br />
genderulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>calkevebuli statistika<br />
arsebobs<br />
44'204<br />
43'387<br />
kaci 36'827<br />
qali 7'160<br />
qalTa monawileobis % 16.3%<br />
erTpalatiani parlamentebi <strong>da</strong><br />
qve<strong>da</strong> palata<br />
parlamentarTa jamuri<br />
raodenoba<br />
genderulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>calkevebuli statistika<br />
arsebobs<br />
37'269<br />
36'994<br />
kaci 30'887<br />
qali 6'107<br />
qalTa monawileobis % 16.5%<br />
ze<strong>da</strong> palata an senati<br />
parlamentarTa jamuri<br />
raodenoba<br />
genderulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>calkevebuli statistika<br />
arsebobs<br />
6'935<br />
6'993<br />
kaci 5'940<br />
qali 1'053<br />
qalTa monawileobis % 15.1%<br />
6
saSualo maCvenebeli regionebis mixedviT<br />
erpalatiani<br />
parlamentebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> qve<strong>da</strong><br />
palatebi<br />
ze<strong>da</strong><br />
palata an<br />
senati<br />
orive<br />
palata<br />
erTad<br />
skandinaviis qveynebi 40.0% --- 40.0%<br />
amerika 20.1% 19.9% 20.1%<br />
evropa — euTos wevri<br />
qveynebi skandinaviuri<br />
qveynebis CarTviT<br />
evropa — euTos wevri<br />
qveynebi skandinaviuri<br />
qveynebis gamoklebiT<br />
19.0% 16.3% 18.4%<br />
16.9% 16.3% 16.8%<br />
saharis qvemo afrika 16.4% 17.6% 16.6%<br />
azia 16.1% 14.5% 15.9%<br />
wynari okenis qveynebi 12.0% 26.5% 13.9%<br />
arabuli qveunebi 7.0% 5.9% 6.8%<br />
wyaro: parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri (The Inter-parliamentary Union),<br />
http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm<br />
qalTa warmomadgenloba sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qveynebis mixedviT ix.<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis suraTi<br />
Semdegia:<br />
arCevnebis<br />
TariRi<br />
sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
1919 w. <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli<br />
kreba<br />
deputatTa<br />
saerTo<br />
raodenoba<br />
deputat<br />
qalTa<br />
raodenoba<br />
qalTa<br />
monawileobis<br />
%<br />
130 4 3%<br />
1990 w. uzenaesi sabWo 250 18 7,2%<br />
1992 w. parlamenti 222 14 6,3%<br />
1995 w. parlamenti 250 16 6,4%<br />
1999 w. parlamenti 235 17 7,2%<br />
2004 w. parlamenti 235 22 9,4%<br />
2001 wlis Semodgomaze nino burjanaZe gax<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos parlamentarizmis<br />
istoriaSi pirveli spikeri qali. 2004 wels isev n. burjanaZe iqna arCeuli<br />
parlamentis Tavmjdomared.<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. 1998 wlisa <strong>da</strong> 2000 wlis mTavrobis reorganizaciebis<br />
Sedegad or-ori ministri qali iyo mTavrobaSi. 2003 wels, vardebis<br />
revoluciis win mTavrobaSi 18 ministri<strong>da</strong>n mxolod 2 iyo qali (nino CxobaZe,<br />
garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis ministri <strong>da</strong> sesili gogiberiZe, kulturis ministri). vardebis<br />
revoluciis Semdeg 2004 wlis TebervalSi <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebul ministrTa kabinetSi<br />
7
4 ministri qali iyo (Tamar lebaniZe — garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis ministri, Tamar suluxia —<br />
infrastruqturis ministri, eTer astemirova - ltolvilTa <strong>da</strong> gansaxlebis<br />
ministri, Tamar beruCaSvili — evropasTan integraciis saxelmwifo ministri,<br />
mogvianebiT maT <strong>da</strong>emata sagareo saqmeTa ministri — salome zurabiSvili) <strong>da</strong><br />
ministr qalTa ricxvma mTavrobis wevrTa 20% Seadgina, rac saqarTvelosaTvis<br />
rekorduli maCvenebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebisas<br />
pirvelad gaesva xazi, genderul maxasiaTebels. 2006 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis<br />
mTavrobaSi ministr qalTa ricxvi mkveTrad Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ministris postze<br />
mxolod erTi qali <strong>da</strong>rCa (samoqalaqo integraciis saxelmwifo ministri —<br />
zinai<strong>da</strong> bestaeva).<br />
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze<br />
saqarTveloSi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi qalTa monawileobis<br />
maCveneblebi arc ise saxarbieloa: 1998 wels Catarebuli arCevnebiT sakrebulos<br />
wevrTa Soris qalebma mxolod 14% Seadgines.<br />
2002 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad qalTa ricxvma sakrebuloebSi kidev ufro iklo<br />
<strong>da</strong> pirveli donis TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi mxolod 11,9% Seadgina.<br />
adgilobriv organoebSi qalTa monawileobis xarisxi regionebis mixedviTac<br />
gansxvavdeba. yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali procentia eTnikuri umciresobebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul<br />
raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c kompaqturad cxovrobs azerbaijaneli<br />
mosaxleoba: magaliTad, marneulSi — 1,9%, bolnisSi 4,7%.<br />
orive arCevnebis Sedegad gamoikveTa Zalze sayuradRebo tendencia: rac<br />
ufro msxvildeba administraciuli erTeuli, miT ufro klebulobs qalTa<br />
procenti adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi. 1998 wels soflis<br />
sakrebuloebSi qalebi Seadgenen 15%-s, raionuli mniSvnelobis qalaqebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>bebSi — 13%-s, raionis sakrebuloebSi 9-%-s, did qalaqebSi ki mxolod 7,4%-s.<br />
2002 welsac didi qalqis sakrebuloebSi qalTa ricxvi 7%-s ar scildeba.<br />
ukiduresad arasaxarbielod arian warmodgenili qalebi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
xelmZRvanel poziciebze: magaliTad, 1998 wels 60 raionis<br />
sakrebulo<strong>da</strong>n mxolod erTis Tavmjdomare iyo qali (1,6%). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c meti Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> resursia, iq naklebi qalia.<br />
2002 wels mkveTrad Semcir<strong>da</strong> qalTa warmomadgenloba raionul sakrebuloebSi,<br />
radganac axali saarCevno kanoniT raionis sakrebulo kompleqtdeba<br />
soflis sakrebuloTa TavmjdomareebiT <strong>da</strong> radganac, qali praqtikulad ver<br />
xvdeba xelmZRvanel postze, Sesabamisad, meore donis TviTmmarTvelobaSic<br />
ukiduresad mcired aris warmodgenili.<br />
2006 wels TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi axali kanoniT Catardeba, romelic<br />
TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis gamsxilebasa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, maTi ricxvis mkveTrad<br />
Semcirebas iTvaliswinebs, rac adgilebze politikur konkurencias gazrdis <strong>da</strong><br />
qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis Sansebs Seamcirebs. amitom, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi<br />
qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrdisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>udebeli amocanaa winasaarCevno<br />
periodSi kandi<strong>da</strong>t qalTa mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri programebis ganxorcieleba.<br />
mniSvnelovania, seriozuli muSaobis warmarTva politikur partiebTan, raTa<br />
partiebSi kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa SerCevis mkafio <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgenili procedura Camoyalibdes,<br />
romelSic genderuli xedvac iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. kargia, qalTa<br />
organizaciebma erToblivi ZalebiT miadevnon Tvalyuri, Tu ramdeni kandi<strong>da</strong>ti<br />
qali hyavs <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ama Tu im partias. mniSvnelovania aseve, amomrCevel<br />
qalTa samoqalaqo ganaTlebis programebis ganxorcileba, raTa <strong>da</strong>Cqardes maTi<br />
interesebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnebis mkafio formulireba, rac aiZulebs politikur<br />
partiebs meti yuradRebiT moekidon qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis wamowevasa <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
problematikis CarTvas winasaarCevno programebSi.<br />
politikaSi qalTa winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi<br />
wyaro: Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral<br />
Assistance, 1998.<br />
8
gamoyofen politikaSi qalTa rolis gazrdis xelisSemSlel politikur,<br />
socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiur mizezebs.<br />
arsebul politikur sistemebSi bevri <strong>da</strong>brkolebaa qalTa politikaSi<br />
winsvlisaTvis, kerZod:<br />
• politikuri cxovreba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo struqturebi maskulinuri modelisaa;<br />
• politikur arenaze mamakacebi dominireben, isini gansazRvraven<br />
politikuri TamaSis wesebs <strong>da</strong> politikosis Sefasebis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs;<br />
• politikuri cxovreba <strong>da</strong> muSaobis reJimi organizebulia mamakacuri<br />
normebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis cxovrebis stilis Sesabamisad;<br />
• politika <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia `gamarjveba-<strong>da</strong>marcxebisa~ <strong>da</strong> Sejibrisa <strong>da</strong> konfrontacis<br />
modelze <strong>da</strong> ara urTierTpativiscemaze, TanamSromlobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
konsensusis miRwevaze;<br />
• aseTi zedmetad mamakacuri politika aRiqmeba WuWyian saqmed <strong>da</strong> qalebs ar<br />
surT aseT garemoSi moxvedra;<br />
• kandi<strong>da</strong>t qalebs partiebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n naklebi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera aqvT, maT Soris<br />
finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> politikuri sistemebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli barierebisa, SeiZleba<br />
gamovyoT sxva xelisSemSleli mizezebic:<br />
• saojaxo movaleobebis araTanabari ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong> socialuri samsaxurebis<br />
nakleboba qalebs araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs politikuri<br />
aqtivobisaTvis saWiro drois TvalsazrisiT.<br />
• masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi arasakmarisad warmoadgens qalTa<br />
politikur xmebs, maT Sexedulebebs, liderobis moTxovnebs. es niSnavs, rom<br />
qalebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTari politikuri identifikaciis modeli.<br />
• qalTa ufro <strong>da</strong>bali Semosavali <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong>bali ekonomikuri<br />
statusi, winaswari ganwyoba, rom qalis Semosavali mTlianad ojaxis<br />
saWiroebebze un<strong>da</strong> midiodes araTanabar finansur sastarto pirobebs qmnis<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacisaTvis.<br />
• Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolis kerZo Tu sazogadoebrivi formebi, romlebic<br />
gamoiyeneba qalebis mimarT, zRu<strong>da</strong>ven <strong>da</strong> akontroleben qalTa qcevas,<br />
gansakuTrebiT iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c saWiroa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba sarisko<br />
situaciaSi.<br />
wyaro: g. aSvordi, genderuli midgomebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo,<br />
UNDP.<br />
9
Tema II<br />
genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi<br />
qalTa monawileoba saqarTvelos politikuri partiebSi<br />
qalTa <strong>da</strong> genderuli sakiTxebi qarTul politikur diskursSi saerTod ar<br />
JRers. arc erT partias jerjerobiT ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli pozicia genderul<br />
sakiTxze; wevrTa genderuli statistikac ki ar warmoebs. gamokiTxvisas isini<br />
aRniSnavdnen, rom am niSniT ar ganasxvaveben TavianT wevrebs <strong>da</strong> kiTxvaze:<br />
“ramdeni qalia Tqvens partiaSi?”, yvelaze tipuri pasuxia _ wevrTa <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
mesamedi.<br />
am Sefasebas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs 1998 <strong>da</strong> 2001 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi 1 ,<br />
romelTa mixedviTac qalebi politikuri partiebis wevrTa saerTo raodenobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30%-s Seadgenen. qalTa monawileobis procenti gacilebiT <strong>da</strong>balia<br />
partiebis mmarTvel organoebSi. 1995 wels partiaTa centralur xelmZRvanel<br />
organoebSi qalTa ricxvi mxolod 9% iyo, Semdgom ki umniSvnelod moimata <strong>da</strong><br />
11%-s miaRwia.<br />
1997 wels 158 politikuri partii<strong>da</strong>n qalebi xelmZRvanelobdnen aTs<br />
(partiaTa saerTo ricxvis 6%). 1998 wels arsebuli 79 partii<strong>da</strong>n qali lideri<br />
hyav<strong>da</strong> mxolod 4 partias (5%). 1999 wels registrirebuli 124 partii<strong>da</strong>n qalebi<br />
xelmZRvanelobdnen 5 partias (4%).<br />
partiebis programebi qalTa sakiTxebs srulebiT ar iTvaliswinebs. zogierTi<br />
partia Tvlis, rom qveyanaSi Seqmnili saerTo mZime mdgomareobis fonze es<br />
problema jerjerobiT aqtualuri ar aris. bevris azriT, ar aris aucilebeli<br />
qalTa problematikis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad specifikuri, mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis<br />
warmarTva, radgan socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamosworeba<br />
avtomaturad moagvarebs qalTa problemebsac. iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiT<br />
partiul programebSi gvxdeba dedobis xelSewyobis sakiTxi (igulisxmeba<br />
mravalSvilian, martoxela <strong>da</strong> CvilbavSvian de<strong>da</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong>xmareba).<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d, qarTul politikur partiebs araTanmimdevruli <strong>da</strong> bundovani<br />
ideologiuri poziciebi aqvT, Sesabamisad, Znelia am bundovan ideologiur<br />
suraTSi mkafio genderuli xedvebisaTvis adgilis moZebna.<br />
im politikuri partiebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mniSvnelovan rols<br />
asruleben politikur cxovrebaSi, qalTa seqciebi erT-or partiaSi Tu aris<br />
Seqmnili, magram ar arian imdenad Zlierni, rom gavlenas axdendnen partiis<br />
prioritetebis Camoyalibebaze. jerjerobiT partiebSi ar Canan genderulad<br />
mgrZnobiare <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis sakiTxebze samuSaod motivirebuli qalebi,<br />
romlebic SeZlebdnen qarTul politikur diskursSi qalTa <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
problematikis wamowevas.<br />
2005 wlis Semodgomaze kavkasiuri institutis mier Catarebuli kvlevis<br />
Sedegebis Tanaxmad partiebis qalTa seqciebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, saqvelmoqmedo<br />
saqmianobiT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli, «qalTa organizaciebis iniciativiT partiebs<br />
bevrjer gauweviaT mravalSviliani <strong>da</strong> invalidi ojaxebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba. isini<br />
aRricxaven socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel ojaxebs, swavloben maT problemebs <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi gascemen... finansur <strong>da</strong> sxva materialur<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebebs». calkeul SemTxvevebSi politikuri partiebis wevr qalebs<br />
liderobisa <strong>da</strong> sxva saWiro unar-Cvevebis treningebs saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong><br />
1<br />
xomeriki l., n. CubiniZe, qalebi saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi/cnobari -<br />
saqarTvelos politikur partiaTa cnobari, samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso<br />
centri, Tbilisi, 1998.<br />
l. xomeriki, S. murusiZe, qalTa monawileoba saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi,<br />
genderuli problematika saqarTveloSi, qalTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis centri,<br />
Tbilisi, 2002.<br />
10
adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi utareben, «Tumca, msgavsi<br />
proeqtebi araregularulia <strong>da</strong> maTSi monawileTa raodenoba SezRudulia 2 ».<br />
partiebSi qalTa rolis gamokveTisaTvis saintereso masalas iZleva partiaTa<br />
saarCevno siebi. maTi Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom im SemTxveveaSic ki, rodesac<br />
partiuli sia genderulad ase Tu ise <strong>da</strong>balansebulia, pirvel aTeulSi qali<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi praqtikulad ar arian warmodgenili <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d siis bolo<br />
adgilebze gvxvdebian, rac aisaxeba kidec arCevnebis Sedegebze.<br />
saqarTvelos politikuri partiebSi qalTa monawileobis zr<strong>da</strong>s bevri mizezi<br />
aferxebs; maTgan erT-erTi mTavaria Si<strong>da</strong>partiuli demokratiis zogadi<br />
ganuviTarebloba. im pirobebSi, roca partiebis organizaciuli struqtura ar<br />
aris demokratiuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uxvewavia Si<strong>da</strong>partiuli arCevnebis sistema,<br />
qalebisaTvis Zalian Znelia partiul ierarqiaSi <strong>da</strong>winaureba. kavkasiuri<br />
institutis mier Catarebuli zemoT naxsenebi kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad,<br />
qarTul partiebSi wevrebs Soris urTierToba araformalur, erTmaneTis mimaT<br />
pirad ndobazea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli <strong>da</strong> naklebi yuradReba eqceva zoga<strong>da</strong>d aRiarebul<br />
principebsa <strong>da</strong> formalurad gansazRvrul procedurebs, partiebis wevrebis<br />
umravlesobis TqmiT, maT Soris urTierToba ojaxuri urTierTobebis msgavsia.<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>, rac ufro naklebad patronaJulia partiaSi <strong>da</strong>winaurebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saarCevno siebSi moxvedris sistema, miT ufro advilia qalebisaTvis partiaSi<br />
Tanamdebobrivi winsvla. Sesabamisad, partiebSi mkafio Si<strong>da</strong> procedurebis<br />
arseboba, erTi mxriv, Si<strong>da</strong> partiuli marTvis demokratiuli modelis<br />
Camoyalibebas moemsaxureba, meore mxriv ki, partiul struqturebSi genderuli<br />
balansis miRwevasac Seuwyobs xels.<br />
genderuli sakiTxebis politikur dRis wesrigSi moxvedras isic aferxebs,<br />
rom ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra qalTa, rogorc amomrCevelTa specifikuri jgufis, interesTagamokveTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> am interesTa garSemo konsolidireba, rac aiZuleb<strong>da</strong><br />
politikur partiebs eRiarebinaT qalTa <strong>da</strong> genderuli problematika <strong>da</strong><br />
CaerToT TavianT programebSi.<br />
saSinao <strong>da</strong>valeba studentebisaTvis: kiTxvaris SemuSaveba politikuri<br />
partiebis analizisaTvis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi qalTa<br />
monawileobis analizi (wevroba, xelmZRvaneli organoebi, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebis meqanizmi, saarCevno siebi, saarCevno programebi, muSaoba amomrCevel<br />
qalebTan).<br />
2 saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi, gamowvevebi <strong>da</strong><br />
perspeqtivebi, re<strong>da</strong>qtorebi: gia nodia, alvaro pinto sqoltabaxi, mSvidobis. demokratiis<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, niderlandebis mravalpartiuli<br />
demokratiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006 w.<br />
11
Tema III<br />
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis genderuli aspeqtebi<br />
saqarTveloSi tardeba 3 saxis arCevnebi: parlamentis, prezidentis <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa arCevnebi.<br />
arCevnebs aregulirebs saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi. saqarTveloSi 75 saar-<br />
Cevno olqia.<br />
parlamentis arCevnebi tardeba Sereuli principiT: maJoritaruliT <strong>da</strong> proporciuliT.<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebic aseve ori sistemiT<br />
tardeba: maJoritaruliTa <strong>da</strong> proporciuliT.<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebis magaliTze, iTvleba rom proporciuli sistema<br />
ufro xelsayrelia qalebisaTvis vidre maJoritaruli, parlamentis arCevnebis<br />
dros es saqarTveloSic asea, parlamentSi arCeuli 22 deputati qali<strong>da</strong>n mxolod<br />
samia maJoritaruli wesiT arCeuli (kerZod, quTaisis (nino burjanaZe),<br />
bolnisisa (sofio larculiani) <strong>da</strong> yvarlis (nana patarkaciSvili) saarCevno<br />
olqi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
rac Seexeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c adgilebze 1998<br />
wlisa <strong>da</strong> 2002 wlis arCevnebze airCeo<strong>da</strong> 1100 pirveli donis adgilobrivi<br />
sakrebulo, <strong>da</strong> arCevnebi naklebad konkurentuli iyo, aq ar Cans didi gansxvaveba<br />
imaSi, qalebis arCevisaTvis romeli sistemaa ufro sasargeblo.<br />
ra SeiZleba post-sabWoTa saarCevno gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n CaiTvalos sakanonmdeblo<br />
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze xelisSemSlelad qalebisaTvis?<br />
2002 wlis mowvevis raionis sakrebuloebi aris e.w. asocirebuli sakrebuloebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Sedgeba raionSi Semavali pirveli donis sakrebulos Tavmjdomareebisagan.<br />
amitom, radganac qali iSviaTad xdeba sakrebulos Tavmjdomare, Sesabamisad 2002<br />
wlis mowvevis raionul sakrebuloebSi bevrad naklebi qali Sevi<strong>da</strong> (praqtikulad<br />
ar arian qalebi raionis doneze). 1998 wlis arCevnebSi raionis sakrebuloebi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir airCeodnen <strong>da</strong> maTSi iyo garkevuli procenti qalebisa. kerZod, raionis<br />
sakrebuloebSi qalTa ricxvi 9-%-s Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aseve sayuradReboa, rom Tu 1998 wels did qalaqebSi qalTa warmomadgenloba<br />
sakrebuloebSi iyo 7,8%, 2002 wels arCeul quTaisisa <strong>da</strong> rusTavis sakrebuloSi<br />
arc erTi qali deputati ar aris. es SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, rom 2002 wlis<br />
adgilobriv arCevnebze partiebi meti SemarTebiT ibrZodnen, radgan es arCevnebi<br />
2003 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis tramplinad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>, meorec SesaZloa<br />
imiT, rom arCevnebi 1998 wlisagan gansxvavebiT amjerad maJoritarulad Catar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sakanonmdeblo doneze problema is aris, rom saarCevno kodeqsi genderulad<br />
neitraluria <strong>da</strong> ar iTvaliswinebs garkveul xelSeswyobas genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis. amitom, genderuli TvalsazrisiT misi mTavari<br />
naklic es aris.<br />
12
Tema IV<br />
specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />
kvotebi qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad<br />
radgan politikaSi qalTa ricxvi nela izrdeba, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi<br />
qalebi moiTxoven efeqturi meTodebis gamoyenebas politikaSi genderuli<br />
balansis misaRwevad. kvota erT-erTi aseTi efeqturi meqanizmia, romelic<br />
saSualebas iZleva naxtomiseburad gavzardoT politikos qalTa raodenoba.<br />
amitom genderuli Tanasworobis bevri momxre kvotebs imediT uyurebs. amave<br />
dros kvotebis sistema badebs bevr seriozul kiTxvas <strong>da</strong>, xSirad, Zalian<br />
seriozul winaaRmdegobas awydeba. ra aris kvotebis ganxorcielebis saukeTeso<br />
gza? ra argumentebi arsebobs kvotebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad <strong>da</strong> mis sawinaaRmdegod?<br />
ra aris kvota?<br />
kvotebis ideis safuZvelia, ga<strong>da</strong>laxos politikisagan qalebis izolirebis<br />
arsebuli mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> CarTos qalebi politikur procesSi.<br />
kvotebis sistema qalebis politikaSi CarTvis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs ara<br />
calkeul qalebs, aramed politikur partiebs, romlebic politikaSi<br />
rekrutirebis process akontroleben.<br />
kvotas sxvagvarad specialuri droebiTi zomebs uwodeben, radganac is<br />
warmoadgens droebiT RonisZiebas, romelic manamde moqmedebs, sanam<br />
politikaSi qalTa monawileobis barierebi <strong>da</strong>iZleva.<br />
kvotebi SeiZleba iyos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli an<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba iyos Si<strong>da</strong><br />
partiuli, anu politikuri partiebis mier iyos <strong>da</strong>wesebuli.<br />
saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli kvotebis ganxorcieleba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
ioli gansaxorcielebelia <strong>da</strong>niSvniT adgilebze, vidre arCeviTze, radganac<br />
arCevnebis dros kvotebis sistema exeba demokratiuli procesis safuZvlebs <strong>da</strong><br />
SeiZleba Seejaxos amomrCevelTa mier arCevanis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebis<br />
ideas, TumcaRa kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis nominaciis procesze amomrCevlebis met-naklebi<br />
gavlenis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, saarCevno sistemebis umravlesobaSi kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis SerCeva<strong>da</strong>saxelebis<br />
prerogativa politikur partiebis xelSia.<br />
saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli kvotebis erT-erTi saxeobaa e. w.<br />
rezervirebuli adgilebi. rezervirebuli adgilebis sawinaaRmdegoa is<br />
argumenti, rom zogierT qveyanaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c demokratiuli sistema ar aris<br />
srulyofili, xelisuflebas SeuZlia kvotebis sistema Tavis sasargeblod<br />
gamoiyenos. specialurad SerCeuli qalebiT miiRos Tavisi morCili jgufi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanac Tavi moiwonos politikaSi qalTa <strong>da</strong>winaurebisaTvis xelSewyobiT.<br />
qalTa moZraobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n rezervirebuli adgilebis kritika (miT ufro Tu aseTi<br />
adgilebis ricxvi 1/3-s ar aRemateba an amaze mcirea) efuZneba arguments, rom<br />
aseTi sistema aferxebs qalTa ricxvis zr<strong>da</strong>s, mas Semdeg, roca moTxovna<br />
Sesrulebulia.<br />
`kvota avadmyofobis wamalia, magram gverdiTi movlenebica aqvs. kvotas<br />
SeuZlia gamoiwvios erTgvari ze<strong>da</strong> zRvaris <strong>da</strong>weseba qalTa<br />
monawileobisaTvis. agreTve, mas SeiZleba ar mohyves avtomaturad<br />
politikuri kulturis ganviTareba.~<br />
kristin pinta, inter-saparlamento kavSiri<br />
13
kvotebi politikur partiebSi. kvotirebis efeqturi <strong>da</strong> warmatebuli nimuSia<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> partiuli kvotebi. aseTi kvotebi gamoiyeneba CrdiloeTis qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
qalTa warmomadgenloba politikaSi yvelaze maRalia. (1998 wlis monacemebiT<br />
SvedeTis parlamentSi qalebi Seadgenden 40%-s, norvegiaSi 38%-s, fineTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>niaSi 34%-s).<br />
arc konstitucia <strong>da</strong> arc saarCevno kanoni ar awesebs qalTa maRali<br />
warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas. qalTa ricxvis gazr<strong>da</strong> politikaSi<br />
ukavSirdeba partiebis qalTa seqciebisa <strong>da</strong> qalTa organizaciebis zewolas<br />
politikur partiebze. aseTi moTxovnis sapasuxod, raTa ar <strong>da</strong>ekarga iseT<br />
amomrCevelTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, romelTa simpaTiac genderulad <strong>da</strong>balansebul<br />
partiebis mxares ixrebo<strong>da</strong>, zogierTma partiam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita genderuli kvotebis<br />
sistema SemoeRo partiis SigniT. 1970-80 wlebSi kvotebi SemoiRes memarcxene<br />
partiebma. centristuli <strong>da</strong> memarjvene partiebis umetesobas aseTi RonisZiebebi<br />
im xanad araliberalurad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
1983 wlis norvegiis leiboristulma partiam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, rom `yvela arCevnebze<br />
TiToeuli sqesis kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendnen minimum 40%-s~.<br />
1988 wels <strong>da</strong>niis social-demokratiulma partiam ganacxa<strong>da</strong> `TiToeul sqess aqvs<br />
ufleba warmoadgendes sul mcire 40%-s partiis kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa siaSi adgilobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> regionaluri arCevnebisaTvis. Tu ar iqna sakmarisi raodenoba TiToeuli<br />
sqesis kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis, es ufleba srulad ver ganxorcieldeba~. es wesi 1996 wels<br />
gauqm<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1994 wels SvedeTis social-demokratiulma partiam SemoiRo principi `yoveli<br />
meore siaSi qali un<strong>da</strong> iyos~.<br />
partiebi, kvotebs ara mxolod sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donis arCevnebis dros iyeneben, aramed<br />
Si<strong>da</strong>partiuli struqturebisa <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvanelobis arCevisTvisac.<br />
kvotebis SemoRebas skandinaviis qveynebSi ori ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba hqon<strong>da</strong>:<br />
xan<strong>da</strong>xan Znelia qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis saTanado ricxvis moZieba, meorec xSirad<br />
problematuria partiis inkumbenti mamakaci wevrebis gverdiT gaweva qalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawinaureblad. SvedeTSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niaSi adgilobriv arCevnebSi inkumbentebis 2/3-s<br />
xelaxla irCeven. maTi umetesoba mamakacia <strong>da</strong> cxadia, isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen<br />
qalebisaTvis kvotebis SemoRebas, radganac eSino<strong>da</strong>T adgilebis <strong>da</strong>kargva.<br />
am tipis konfliqtis Sesamcireblad partiebi iyeneben Semdeg strategias:<br />
<strong>da</strong>niis social-demokratiulma partiam, rodesac Si<strong>da</strong> partiul postebze 40%-<br />
iani kvota <strong>da</strong>awesa, gazar<strong>da</strong> komitetis wevrTa ricxvi, ise rom mamakacma wevrebma<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>karges TavianTi adgilebi. aseve, Tu manamde partiis xelmZRvanels erTi<br />
moadgile hyav<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>amates kidev erTi posti moadgilis, romelze<strong>da</strong>c qali<br />
airCies.<br />
calkeuli qveynebis gamocdileba kvotebis gamoyenebis sferoSi<br />
radganac ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis organoebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrdis<br />
koeficienti mcirea, politikaSi genderuli dibalansis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad msoflios<br />
70-ze met qveyanaSi moisinja iseTi specialuri RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa<br />
saarCevno kvotebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, kvotebi mravalferovania, konstituciiT<br />
an kanonmdeblobiT <strong>da</strong>wesebuli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli politikuri paartiebis mier<br />
nebayoflobiT SemoRebuli Si<strong>da</strong>partiuli kvotebiT gaTavebuli.<br />
mimovixiloT ramdenime qveynis gamocdileba kvotebis gamoyenebis sferoSi.<br />
wyaro: genderuli kvotebis globaluri monacemTa baza, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
arCevne-bis saerTaSoriso instituti <strong>da</strong> stokholmis unoversiteti<br />
(http://www.quotaproject.org/).<br />
14
norvegia<br />
norvegia Si<strong>da</strong>partiuli kvotebis gamoyenebis pioneria. memarcxene socialistur<br />
partias (SV) 1975 wli<strong>da</strong>n aqvs SemoRebuli 40% kvota orive sqesisaTvis. aseve<br />
axorcielebs siaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa monacvleobis wess (zipping<br />
system).<br />
40% kvota orive sqesisaTvis aseve <strong>da</strong>wesebuli aqvs norvegiis leiboristuli<br />
partias 1983 wli<strong>da</strong>n, centristul partias 1989 wli<strong>da</strong>n, qristanul saxalxo<br />
partias 1993 wli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
germania<br />
germaniSi kvotebi arc konstituciiTa gansazRvruli <strong>da</strong> arc saarCevno kanoniT.<br />
magram politikuri partiebi iyeneben Si<strong>da</strong>partiul kvotebs saarCevno siis<br />
formirebisas. magaliTad, demokratiuli socializmis partia (PDS) iyenebs 50%<br />
kvotas partiul siebSi. aliansi 90/mwvaneebic 1986 wli<strong>da</strong>n iyeneben aseve 50%-ian<br />
kvotas. qristian-demokratiul partiaSi 1996 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wes<strong>da</strong>, rom siaSi minimum<br />
yoveli mesame kandi<strong>da</strong>ti qali un<strong>da</strong> iyos. social-demokratiuli partiam (SPD)<br />
kvotebis sistema SemoiRo 1988 wli<strong>da</strong>n. 1990 wlisaTvis mizani iyo 25% qali<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tis CarTva siebSi, 1994 wlisaTvis 33%-s, <strong>da</strong> 1998 wlisaTvis ki ukve 40%-<br />
isa. 40%-iani genderuli kovta moiTxovs aseve, siis ise agebas, rom siis bolo<br />
adgilebze mxolod erTi sqesi ar moxvdes, risTvisac siaSi minimum yoveli mexuTe<br />
mainc iyos gansxvavebuli sqesis, vidre wina oTxeuli.<br />
rakiRa 80-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n TiTqmis yvela partiam <strong>da</strong>uWira mxari sakanonmdeblo<br />
organoebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdisaTvis mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis<br />
ganxorcielebas, bundestagSi qalTa ricxvi gaizar<strong>da</strong> 10%-<strong>da</strong>n (1983 w.) 20%-mde<br />
(1990 w.), 1997 w. gax<strong>da</strong> 26,6%, 2005 wlisaTvis ki 31,8%-s miaRwia.<br />
didi britaneTi<br />
britaneTSi didi xnis manZilze qalebi mxars uWerdnen konservatiul partias <strong>da</strong><br />
iTvlebodnen konservatorTa `saidumlo iaraRad~. 1990 wlebSi konservatiuli<br />
partia mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom qalTa mdgomareobaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri radikaluri<br />
cvlilebebis Semdeg, mas erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod ar hqon<strong>da</strong> garantirebuli qali<br />
amomrCevlebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. partiam <strong>da</strong>iwyo qalebis mimarT pozitiuri<br />
deklaraciebis <strong>da</strong> saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. 1992 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis<br />
Semdeg partiis Tavmjdomarem n. faulerma mouwo<strong>da</strong> Tavis partias waredginaT ara<br />
nakleb 100 qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tisa, parlamentis Semdgomi arCevnebisaTvis. marTalia, es<br />
mizani bolomde ver iqna miRweuli, magram 1997 wlis arCevnebze konservatorebma<br />
waradgines 67 kandi<strong>da</strong>ti qali.<br />
liberal-demokratiul partias aqvs wesi, rom yovel saarCevno olqSi<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa CamonaTvalSi arc erTi sqesi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos erT mesamedze naklebi.<br />
aseve, partiam gamoiyena saarCevno siaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa<br />
monacvleobis principi evropis parlamentis arCevnebze 1999 wels.<br />
leiboristuli partiisaTvis, romelic 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1979-<strong>da</strong>n 1997<br />
wlamde) opoziciaSi iyo, qalTa <strong>da</strong>winaureba partiaSi amomrCevelTa Soris<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gazrdis erT-erTi gza aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. genderuli demokratiis<br />
gafarToeba iyo nawili partiis zogadi modernizaciisa <strong>da</strong> demokratizaciisa,<br />
ramac xeli Seuwyo leiboristebis gamarjvebas. partiam Seicvala Tavisi<br />
`mamakacuri~ imiji <strong>da</strong> 80-iani wlebis bolos SeimuSava genderuli kvotirebis<br />
programa. <strong>da</strong>wes<strong>da</strong> 40%-iani genderuli kvota partiis yvela arCeviTi<br />
15
organosaTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isaxa gegma saparlamento fraqciaSi qalTa ricxvs mieRwia<br />
50%-Tvis. es bolo debulebis Sesrulebas bevri siZnele axl<strong>da</strong>, radganac<br />
britaneTSi moqmedebs maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema, erTman<strong>da</strong>tian olqebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
airCeva TiTo deputati.<br />
leiboristulma partiam 1992 wels ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita gaTavisuflebuli, vakanturi<br />
adgilebis 50%-ze mxolod qalebis <strong>da</strong>esaxelebina. magram es ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
gasaCivr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 1996 wels sasamarTlom is gaauqma, rogorc mamakacebisaTvis<br />
diskriminaciuli <strong>da</strong> 1975 wels miRebuli “sqesebis diskriminaciis aqtTan”<br />
SeuTavsebeli. Sotlandiis parlamentisa <strong>da</strong> uelsis erovnuli ansambleis 1999<br />
wlis arCevnebisaTvis leiboristulma partiam gamoiyena mezobeli saarCevno<br />
olqebis <strong>da</strong>wyvilebis sistema. TiToeul wyvilisaTvis am ori olqis partiis<br />
wevrebi ikribebodnen <strong>da</strong> erTad irCevdnen erT qalsa <strong>da</strong> erT mamakac kandi<strong>da</strong>ts.<br />
partiis TiToeul wevrs hqon<strong>da</strong> ori xma erTi qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tis asarCevad <strong>da</strong> erTic<br />
mamakaci kandi<strong>da</strong>tisaTvis.<br />
2001 wels parlamentma miiRo sqesTa diskriminaciis (saarCevno kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis)<br />
aqti, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs politikur partias ganaxorcielos<br />
pozitiuri qmedebebi (positive action) qal kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa sasargeblod, ise rom ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>arRvios Sromis kanonmdebloba.<br />
safrangeTi<br />
safrangeTSi genderuli kvotebis aucilebloba konstituciiT aris<br />
gansazRvruli. 1999 wels konstituciaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>meteba, romlis mixedviTac<br />
“kanonmdebloba mxars uWers qalisa <strong>da</strong> kacisaTvis saarCevno man<strong>da</strong>tTa Tanabar<br />
misawvdomobas” <strong>da</strong> politikurs partiebs akisrebs Tanabari misawvdomobis<br />
uzrunvelyofis pasuxismgeblobas. am Sesworebas “paritetuli reforma” ewo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
200 wels axali saarCevno kanoniT ganisazRvra, rom paritetuli reforma<br />
50%-50% Seexeba yvela donis proporciul arCevnebs:<br />
• municipalur arCevnebs qalaqebisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c 3 500 meti mcxovrebia;<br />
• senatis arCevnebs, proporciulad arCeuli senatorTa man<strong>da</strong>tebisaTvis;<br />
• regionul arCevnebs;<br />
• evropis parlamentis arCevnebs;<br />
• parizis sabWos arCevnebs;<br />
• parizis, lionisa <strong>da</strong> marselis raionis sabWoebis arCevnebs.<br />
es reforma moiTxovs aseve partiebis mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebul kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa Soris<br />
genderuli balansis <strong>da</strong>cvas safrangeTis parlamentis arCevnebisas, romelic<br />
orturiani maJoritaruli sistemiT tardeba.<br />
2000 wlis saarCevno kanonma <strong>da</strong>awesa finansuri <strong>da</strong>sja im politikuri<br />
organizaciebisaTvis, romlebic ar <strong>da</strong>icavdnen <strong>da</strong>saxelebul kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa Soris<br />
genderul balanss. safrangeTSi saxelmwifo finansirebas politikuri<br />
organizaciebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, 1999 wels saxelmwifo<br />
dotaciam Seadgina politikuri subieqtebis mTeli Semosavlis 51 procenti.<br />
saxelmwifosagan miRebuli finansebi mcirdeba, Tu pariteti<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xra gacdeba<br />
2%-s. amgvarad, partia, romelic <strong>da</strong>asaxelebs 49% qal kadi<strong>da</strong>ts <strong>da</strong> 51% mamakacs<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>jarimdeba, magram meti gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>jarimdeba, Semdegi wesiT:<br />
Tu partiis mier wardgenili qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis ricxvi 2%-ze metad<br />
gansxvavdeba, maSin saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmareba mcirdeba am gansxvavebis naxevriT.<br />
magaliTad, Tu partiim waradgina 60% mamakaci kandi<strong>da</strong>ti, xolo 40% qali,<br />
gansxvaveba 20%-is toli iqneba <strong>da</strong> maSin partias saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
Seumcirdeba 10%-iT.<br />
16
municipalur doneze ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba,<br />
kvotebi kidev ufro efeqturad tardeba: saarCevno administracia ubralod ar<br />
gaatarebs registraciaSi iseTi partiis sias, romelic paritetis moTxovnas ar<br />
Seesabameba.<br />
politikuri partiebi<strong>da</strong>n safrangeTis socialistur partias (Parti Socialiste) 1990<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n hqon<strong>da</strong> 50% kvota saarCevno siebisaTvis.<br />
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi<br />
sloveniaSi gaerTianebul social-demokratebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T 33% kvota orive<br />
sqesisaTvis.<br />
poloneTSi 30% kvota orive sqesisaTvis SemoRebuli aqvs sam partias:<br />
demokratiul memarcxene alianss, Sromis kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis kavSirs.<br />
CexeTis social-demokratiul partii<strong>da</strong>n arCeulTa 25% un<strong>da</strong> iyos qali. Tu<br />
partiis adgilobrivi organizacia ver <strong>da</strong>asaxelebs 25%-s qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebisa,<br />
maSin social-demokratebis qalTa organizacias aqvs ufleba <strong>da</strong>asaxelos<br />
eqstrakandi<strong>da</strong>tebi kvotis Sesavsebad.<br />
ungreTis socialistur partias <strong>da</strong>wesebuli aqvs 20% kvota qalebisaTvis.<br />
baltiis qveynebi<br />
litvis social-demokratiul partias aqvs <strong>da</strong>wesebuli kvota - minimum 1/3 orive<br />
sqesisaTvis.<br />
genderuli kvotirebis <strong>da</strong>debiTi mxareebi <strong>da</strong> siZneleebi<br />
kvotebis warmatebul sistemas mosdevs:<br />
• partiebis mier aqtiuri politikis warmoeba kvalificiuri kandi<strong>da</strong>ti<br />
qalebis mosazi<strong>da</strong>d;<br />
• qalebs saSualeba eZlevaT gavlena moaxdinon ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis<br />
procesze;<br />
• politikaSi Cndeba qalTa kritikuli masa, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena<br />
moaxdinos politikur normebsa <strong>da</strong> kulturaze.<br />
kvotebis ganxorcielebas partiisaTvis Semdegi <strong>da</strong>debiTi mxareebi aqvs:<br />
• partias emateba axali resursi, izrdeba partiaSi aqtiuri wevri qalebis<br />
ricxvi;<br />
• partia ukeT muSaobs amomrCevel qalebTan, Sesabamisad izreba partiis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>mWer qalTa ricxvi.<br />
kvotebis SemoRebas Tan sdevs siZneleebi:<br />
_ kvotebis SemoReba imisTvisaa saWiro rom qalebi gaaZlieros, magram Tu qalebi<br />
ukve garkveul Zalas ar floben, kvotebis SemoRebas ver miaRweven, radgan,<br />
rogorc wesi, kvotebis <strong>da</strong>weseba gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas awydeba.<br />
_ kvotebis efeqturad asamuSaveblad aucilebelia kandi<strong>da</strong>ti qalebis mozidva.<br />
Zneli ar aris politikur saqmianobaSi ukve CarTuli qalebis <strong>da</strong>Tanxmeba ze<strong>da</strong><br />
poziciebze wasawevad. Znelia, qalebis pirveladi <strong>da</strong>intereseba politikaSi<br />
monawileobis misaRebad adgilobriv doneze.<br />
_ gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom sami arCevnebi mainc aris saWiro, rom kvotebis<br />
sistema srulyofilad amuSavdes.<br />
_ kvotebis bevr momxres hgonia, rom kamaTi <strong>da</strong> konfliqti kvotebis garSemo<br />
droebiTi movlenaa <strong>da</strong> mis miRebasTan erTad Sewydeba, magram gamocdileba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom amgvari debatebi merec ar wydeba.<br />
17
Tema V<br />
qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi<br />
politikaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis warmatebuli gazr<strong>da</strong><br />
(norvegiis magaliTi)<br />
wyaro: Jill M. Bystydzienski, Women in Politics in Norway/Women and Politics,<br />
Vol. 8, Haworth Press, Inc. 1988.<br />
1969 wels norvegiis parlamentSi qalebi mxolod 9%-iT iyvnen warmodgenili.<br />
1970 wels adgilobriv TviTmmrTvelobaSi iyo 17% qali, 1975 wels qalTa ricxvi<br />
25% gax<strong>da</strong>, 1983 wels ki 33%. rogor <strong>da</strong> ratom miaRwies norvegielma qalebma<br />
uCveulod maRal warmomadgenlobas politikaSi? qalTa politikaSi winsvlis ra<br />
xelSemwyobi socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri winapirobebi arsebob<strong>da</strong>?<br />
istoriuli <strong>da</strong> kulturuli faqtorebi:<br />
• istoriulad norvegiaSi Zlieria Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
samarTlianobis Rirebulebebi. norvegielTa rwmeniT, saxelmwifo un<strong>da</strong><br />
asrulebdes ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri gansxvavebebis gamaTanabrebel rols<br />
<strong>da</strong> exmarebodes im jgufebs, romelTac naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli<br />
sazogadoebriv resursebze. am pirobebSi qalTa mier sqesTaSoris<br />
Tanasworobis moTxovnebi legitimurad aRiqmeba.<br />
• norvegiuli sazogadoeba tradiciulad Zalian organizebulia. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
tipis bevri asociaciaa, romlebic uzrunvelyofen monawileobis maRal<br />
xarisxs. qalebi warmodgenili iyvnen yvela tipis sazogadoebebSi, agreTve,<br />
qalTa organizaciebSi, rogoricaa diasaxlisebis <strong>da</strong> soflis qalTa<br />
asociaciebi, saqvelmoqmedo saagentoebi. sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi<br />
saqmianobam qalebs ganuviTara politikaSi monawileobisaTvis saWiro unar-<br />
Cvevebi: sajaro sityvis warmoTqma, Sexvedrebis gamarTva, lobingi.<br />
• zoga<strong>da</strong>d, norvegiaSi politikuri aqtivobis done maRalia.<br />
• norvegiaSi saarCevno <strong>da</strong> partiuli sistema Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Ria <strong>da</strong><br />
monawileobiTia.<br />
norvegiaSi politikur partiaTa farTo speqtria radikaluri memarcxeneebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
memarjveneebamde. politikuri partiebis sistema demokratiuli, Ria <strong>da</strong><br />
monawileobiTia. arCevnebi xdeba proporciuli sistemiT. partiis saarCevno siebi<br />
dgeba Ria Sexvedrebze <strong>da</strong> partiis nebismier wevrs SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>asaxelos<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tura. arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba. saerTod,<br />
proporciuli sistemis dros qalebi ufro advilad modian politikaSi, radganc<br />
maJoritaruli sistemis dros, rodesac erT adgilze mxolod erTi kandi<strong>da</strong>ti<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeirCes, qalebs rogorc wesi, uWirT upiratesobis mopoveba.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> proporciuli sistemisa norvegiaSi saarCevno kanoniT amomrCevlebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi meqanizmebi aqvT imis gasakontroleblad Tu vis irCeven. amomrCevels<br />
SeuZlia saarCevno biuletenSi ara marto ga<strong>da</strong>xazos gvarebi, aramed Caumatos<br />
axali kandi<strong>da</strong>tis gvari. (marTalia, es wesi SemdegSi nawilobriv Seicvala, magram<br />
raRac etapze mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula politikur postebze qalebis<br />
ricxvis gazr<strong>da</strong>Si).<br />
bevr qveyanaSi finansuri <strong>da</strong>brkoleba umTavresia qalebis politikaSi winsvlisaTvis.<br />
norvegiaSi saarCevno kampania, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, administraciis <strong>da</strong> TviT<br />
partiebis mier finansdeba. amitom kandi<strong>da</strong>tebs didi finansuri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis<br />
gaReba ar uxdebaT, rac uadvilebs qalebs politikaSi CarTvas.<br />
18
norvegiis saxelisuflebo sistema samdoniania: erovnuli, saolqo <strong>da</strong><br />
municipaluri doneebi. tipiuri politikuri kariera gulisxmobs am doneebis<br />
meTodur gavlas. dramatuli aRmasvla politikaSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.<br />
TiTqos<strong>da</strong> ise Cans, rom aman politikaSi axali jgufebis gamoCenas xeli un<strong>da</strong><br />
SeuSalos, magram sinamdvileSi praqtika gviCvenebs, rom aseTi sistema saSualebas<br />
aZlevs politikos qalebs Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT misaRebi <strong>da</strong> legitimuri gaxdnen.<br />
50-iani wlebis bolos <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT 60-ian wlebSi skandinaviis yvela<br />
qveyanaSi farTo diskusia gaCaR<strong>da</strong> genderuli rolebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis Sesaxeb.<br />
momzad<strong>da</strong> oficialuri angariSebi norvegiaSi qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 1959 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> Tanabari anazRaurebis sabWo, mecnierebma <strong>da</strong> aqtivistebma<br />
popularizacia gauwies sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis ideas. amgvarad, 60-iani<br />
wlebis Sua xnebSi xelsayreli klimati Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> qalTa aqciebisaTvis.<br />
1967 wlis politikuri kampania. qalTa mobilizaciis pirveli mniSvnelovani<br />
aqcia politikaSi qalis rolis gasazrdelad organizebuli iyo 1967 wlis<br />
adgilobrivi arCevnebisaTvis. aqcias xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> qalTa erovnuli sabWo.<br />
es sabWo gaxl<strong>da</strong>T qolga organizacia, romelic Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />
organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri partiebis qalTa seqciebis<br />
warmomadgenlebisagan. sabWos saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo<br />
politikuri partiebTan muSaoba saarCevno siebSi kandi<strong>da</strong>ti qalebis ricxvis<br />
gasazrdelad. aseve midio<strong>da</strong> muSaoba imisaTvis, rom qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi<br />
moxvedriliyvnen siis ze<strong>da</strong> nawilSi, raTa hqono<strong>da</strong>T Sansi gamarjvebisa.<br />
paralelurad amisa, mido<strong>da</strong> farTo sareklamo kampania qalebis arCevis ideis<br />
popularizaciisaTvis.<br />
SemuSavebuli strategiis Semdegi nabijebisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />
• Sesaferisi kandi<strong>da</strong>turebis moZieba;<br />
• maTi <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba TavianT ZalebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tanxmeba saarCevno brZolisaTvis;<br />
• partiebTan muSaoba, maTi <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba rom am kandi<strong>da</strong>ti qalis CarTva siaSi<br />
kargi ideaa <strong>da</strong> partias bevr xmas moutons;<br />
• siaSi Seyvanis Semdeg Tvalyuris devneba <strong>da</strong> muSaoba imaze, rom qali<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi siaSi perspeqtiul poziciebze moxvedriliyvnen;<br />
• <strong>da</strong>skvniTi nabiji iyo mediisa <strong>da</strong> sajaro forumebis saSualebiT<br />
eleqtoratTan muSaoba, qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebisaTvis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris misaRwevad.<br />
1967 wlis aqciebma sagrZnobi Sedegi moitanes, qalTa ricxvi adgilobriv<br />
TviTmmarTvelobaSi gaormag<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 5%-<strong>da</strong>n 12%-mde gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magram politikaSi qalebi isev mcire jgufad rCebodnen <strong>da</strong> 1971 wels organiz<strong>da</strong><br />
meore mniSvnelovani aqcia. amjerad istebliSmentis qalebs SeuerTdnen axali<br />
feministebi, romelic 1970 wels norvegiaSi Zalian gaaqtiurdnen.<br />
1971 weli ise<strong>da</strong>c politikurad aqtiuri weli iyo norvegiis istoriaSi. qveyanaSi<br />
gaCaR<strong>da</strong> cxare debatebi evropis ekonomiur TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebis<br />
garSemo. 1972 w. Catar<strong>da</strong> referendumi am sakiTxze. debatebma bevri qalis<br />
politizireba moaxdina. memarcxene Tu memarjvene Sexedulebebis bevri qali<br />
politikurad aqtiuri gax<strong>da</strong> swored am debatebis dros. is qalebi, romlebic<br />
yvelaze metad Candnen sazogadoebriv asparezze gaxdnen logikuri kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi<br />
moaxloebul adgilobriv arCevnebSi.<br />
am arCevnebis drosac gamoyenebuli iqna is taqtika, rac 1967 wlis arCevnebSi,<br />
Tanac <strong>da</strong>emata amomrCevlebTan muSaoba biuletenis SevsebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
amomrCevlebs un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exazaT yvela mamakaci kandi<strong>da</strong>ti, raTa qal kandi<strong>da</strong>ts,<br />
romelic ar iyo siis mowinave poziciaze arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Sansi miscemo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saarCevno kanoni iZleo<strong>da</strong> kandi<strong>da</strong>tis Camatebis SesaZleblobasac.<br />
19
istebliSmentis qalebi <strong>da</strong> axali feministebi paralelurad muSaodnen. axali<br />
feministebi TavianTi gamosvlebiT qmnidnen xelsayrel sazogadoebriv klimats<br />
qalebis politikaSi winsvlisaTvis, xolo istebliSmentis qalebi asrulebdnen<br />
instrumentalur samuSaos (kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis SerCeva, partiebis <strong>da</strong>Tanxmeba,<br />
amomrCevlebTan muSaoba).<br />
1971 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba. sam did<br />
municipalitetSi askerSi, oslosa <strong>da</strong> trondheimSi qalebma ga<strong>da</strong>abijes 50%<br />
bariers. (trondheimSi 20%-<strong>da</strong>n 54%-s miaRwies, askerSi 26%-<strong>da</strong>n-57%-s, osloSi<br />
28%-<strong>da</strong>n 56%-s). 6 municipalitetSi qalTa ricxvma 40%-ze mets miaRwia.<br />
aseTi warmatebis Semdeg qalebma garkveuli ukansvla ganicades. Zalian bevri<br />
qali kandi<strong>da</strong>ti ar elo<strong>da</strong> aseT warmatebas <strong>da</strong> ar elo<strong>da</strong>, rom arCeuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
politikuri cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> saojaxo pasuxismgeblobebis SeTavsebis siZneleebma<br />
bevrs ga<strong>da</strong>afiqrebina Semdeg arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba. politikosma<br />
kacebma qalebs brali <strong>da</strong>sdes `arademokratiul taqtikis~ gamoyenebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
Secvales saarCevno kanonis is nawili, romelic nebas aZlev<strong>da</strong> amomrCevlebs<br />
CaematebinaT biuletenSi axali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi. mamakacebma 1975 wlis arCevnebSi<br />
qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes biulteni<strong>da</strong>n gvarebis amoSlis is<br />
taqtika, rac qalebma ganaviTares 1971 wlis arCevnebSi.<br />
am gamocdilebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>isaxa qalTa mobilizaciis axali taqtika, romelic<br />
fokusirebuli iyo ara builetenebiT manipulirebaze, aramed mimarTuli iyo<br />
partiul siebSi qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis ricxvis maqsimaluri gazrdisaken.<br />
formalurma qalTa organizaciebma <strong>da</strong> axalma feministebma ufro mWidro aliansi<br />
Seqmnes. axali feministebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli ixsenebs: `70-iani wlebis<br />
meore naxevramde axali feministebi ar vewinaaRmdegebodiT meti qalis arCevas<br />
politikur postebze, magram ar vTvlidiT saWirod muSaobas politikur<br />
sistemasTan. Cven vcdilobdiT gagvezar<strong>da</strong> qalTa TviTSegneba, raTa ki ar<br />
gveTanamSromla qalebis SemzRu<strong>da</strong>v sistemasTan, aramed Segvecvala is. im xanebSi<br />
Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom un<strong>da</strong> Segvecvala is gare<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ara Signi<strong>da</strong>n. 1975 wlis<br />
Semdeg Cven mivxvdiT, rom Tu gvsurs cvlilebebis ganxocieleba, saWiroa qalebma<br />
moipovon Zalaufleba arsebul sistemaSi~.<br />
1977 wlis saparlamento arCevnebisa <strong>da</strong> 1979 wlis municipaluri arCevnebis win<br />
qalebma axali kampaniebi gamarTes. Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> e.w. `400-is koalicia~, masSi<br />
Sediodnen qalebi yvela politikuri partii<strong>da</strong>n, qalTa organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
feministebis warmomadgenlebi. am qalebs Soris bevr sakiTxze iyo uTanxmoeba,<br />
magaliTad, memarjveneebi abortis winaaRmdegni iyvnen, xolo memarcxeneebi<br />
momxreni, magram maT aerTianeb<strong>da</strong>T erTi ram, undo<strong>da</strong>T yvela politikur<br />
poziciaze 50% qali yofiliyo.<br />
koalicia ori mimarTulebiT muSaob<strong>da</strong>:<br />
• saarCevno siebSi meti qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tis Casma;<br />
• qalTa politikuri dRis wesrigis SemuSaveba, anu SemuSaveba qalebisaTvis<br />
misaRebi politikisa cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoebSi: ganaTleba,<br />
ekonomika, samarTlebrivi sistema, xelovneba, religia.<br />
koaliciaSi Seiqmna komitetebi qalTa politikuri xedvebis SesamuSaveblad.<br />
partiebze zewolis Sedegad miaRwies imas, rom partiebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes <strong>da</strong>Tanxeba<br />
genderuli kvotis SemoRebaze. 1976 wlisaTvis 2 partia <strong>da</strong>eTanxma genderul<br />
kvotas liberalebi <strong>da</strong> memarcxene socialistebi, 1983 wels maT SeuerT<strong>da</strong><br />
leiboristuli partia.<br />
20
evri ram scenis miRma ganviTar<strong>da</strong>. bevr partiul, profkavSirul <strong>da</strong> mewarme<br />
lider qals ar sur<strong>da</strong> identifikacia radikalur feministebTan, magram<br />
TanaugrZnobdnen koalicias <strong>da</strong> faqtobrivad iyvnen misi wevrebi ise, rom ar<br />
akeTebdnen amis afiSirebas.<br />
koalicia moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> 18 Tve <strong>da</strong> sagrZnob warmatebebs miaRwia. parlamentSi qalTa<br />
ricxvma 16% <strong>da</strong>n 24%-mde aiwia. parlamentis dRis wesrigSi qalTa sakiTxebi<br />
permanentulad xvdebo<strong>da</strong>. 1980-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis cxrave partiam CarTo<br />
Tavis programebSi qalTa moTxovnebi.<br />
1979 wels qalTa organizaciebma <strong>da</strong> axalma feministebma Camoayalibes komiteti<br />
<strong>da</strong> droebiTi samdivno. rogorc adre muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi iyo:<br />
• meti qalis CarTva partiaTa saarCevno siebSi;<br />
• zewola partiebze qalTa moTxovnebis programebSi CasarTavad;<br />
• muSaoba eleqtoratTan kandi<strong>da</strong>ti qalebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gasaZliereblad.<br />
amgvari kampaniebi 80-ian wlebSic gagrZel<strong>da</strong>, magram aseTi mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
intensiobiT ara. qalTa moZraoba ise Zlieri aRar iyo. didi nawili misi<br />
aqtivistebisa Sevidnen politikur partiebSi, profkavSirebSi, saxelmwifo<br />
administraciaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, qalTa warmomadgenlobis zr<strong>da</strong> politikaSi<br />
gagrZel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulminacias miaRwia gro harlem brundtlandis mmarTveli<br />
kabinetis dros, 1987 wels _ es iyo msoflio rekordi, qalebi Seadgendnen<br />
social-demokratiuli partiis mier Sedgenili mmarTveli kabinetis 44%-s.<br />
21
Tema VI<br />
sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis genderuli politika<br />
genderuli Tanasworoba harmoniuli, socialuri samarTlianobis principebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia. genderuli<br />
Tanasworoba niSnavs, rom qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacs aqvT Tanabari pirobebi <strong>da</strong><br />
cxovrebiseuli Sansebi TavianTi potencialis sruli realizaciisaTvis,<br />
Tanabrad monawileoben politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli<br />
ganviTarebis procesebSi <strong>da</strong> Tanabrad sargebloben sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebiT,<br />
SesaZleblobebiTa <strong>da</strong> resursebiT.<br />
genderuli Tanasworoba ar niSnavs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis igiveobas, piriqiT _<br />
demokratiul pluralistur sazogadoebaSi aRiarebulia, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aqvT<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> miznebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saWiroebebi <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesi,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, maTi interesebi Tanabrad un<strong>da</strong> iyos gaTvaliswinebuli yvela<br />
doneze, isini un<strong>da</strong> sargeblobdnen Tanabari uflebebiTa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
hqondeT erTnairi pasuxismgeblobebi <strong>da</strong> valdebulebebi.<br />
rodesac genderuli Tanasworobas vexebiT, ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes, rom erTi<br />
mxriv, igi demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxia, meore mxriv, ki<br />
igive genderuli Tanasworoba keTildReobis mniSvnelovani pirobaa.<br />
mravalferovneba TavisTavadi Rirebulebaa, romelic keTildReobas qmnis.<br />
warmatebuli demokratia gulisxmobs sazogado saqmeebis warmarTvisas qalsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mamakacs Soris WeSmarit TanamSromlobas, maT Tanaswor <strong>da</strong> Semavsebel<br />
saqmianobas, urTierTgamdidrebas TavianTi gansxvavebulobiT. (demokratiis<br />
universaluri deklaracia, parlamentTaSorisi sabWo, 1997 w.).<br />
genderuli politikebi<br />
genderuli politikaa, iseTi politika, romelic iTvaliswinebs genderul<br />
parametrebs <strong>da</strong> mimarTulia genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken.<br />
ganasxvaveben genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneebs.<br />
genderulad brma politika<br />
genderulad "brma" politika, programebi, proeqtebi ugulvebelyofs qalebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakacebis gansxvavebul moTxovnilebebs. "Cven yvelas erTnairad vepyrobiT".<br />
aseT SemTxvevebSi:<br />
• ar xdeba qalisa <strong>da</strong> makacis moTxovnilebebis, prioritetebis <strong>da</strong> interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba. mosaxleoba, samuSao koleqtivi an sxva jgufi ganixileba<br />
erTgvarovan jgufad;<br />
• ar iwarmoeba <strong>da</strong>calkevebuli statistika: magaliTad, vis ukavia umaRlesi<br />
Tanamdebobebi, vis aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis <strong>da</strong> kvalifikaciis miRebis meti<br />
SesaZlebloba.<br />
22
genderulad neitraluri politika<br />
es politika zogjer gamosadegia moklevadiani problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad.<br />
• aseTi midgomisas yuradReba mimarTulia qalebis praqtikul <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
strategiul moTxovnilebebze;<br />
• ucvleli rCeba resursebis <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis arsebuli ganawileba.<br />
genderulad gacnobierebuli politika<br />
genderuli cnobiereba niSnavs realobas SevxedoT ”axali” TvaliT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT<br />
genderuli gansxvavebebi. am midgomas axasaiTebs:<br />
• gacnobiereba <strong>da</strong> aRiareba, rom arsebobs sxvaobebi;<br />
• genderulad <strong>da</strong>calkevebuli monacemebis Segroveba;<br />
• konsultireba rogorc mamakacebTan, ise qalebTan.<br />
genderulad transformaciuli politika gulisxmobs:<br />
• arsebuli gansxvavebebis, saWiroebebis, diskriminaciis mizezebis Seswavlas;<br />
• orive sqesis praqtikuli <strong>da</strong> strategiuli moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>dgenasa <strong>da</strong><br />
gaTvaliswinebas;<br />
• arsebuli genderuli rolebis <strong>da</strong> tradiciebis eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>yenebas <strong>da</strong><br />
kritikulad gaazrebas;<br />
• qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas;<br />
• qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis potencialis gaZlierebas, maTTvis samsaxurSi<br />
miRebisa <strong>da</strong> kvalifikaciis gazrdis Tanabari Sansebis micemas.<br />
Tu ar ganxorcieldeba transformaciuli politika:<br />
• ucvlelad <strong>da</strong>rCeba resursebis <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis arsebul usamarTlo<br />
ganawilebas;<br />
• ver amaRldeba cnobiereba <strong>da</strong> imis gaazreba, rom arsebobs genderuli<br />
gansxvavebebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis erTi naxevris SesaZleblobebi bolomde ar aris<br />
realizebuli.<br />
genderuli midgoma<br />
genderuli midgoma niSnavs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi sqesisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis politikis ganxorcielebis xerxebis<br />
SemuSavebas.<br />
genderuli midgomis ganxorcielebis etapebi SegviZlia Semdegnairad<br />
warmovidginoT:<br />
• konkretuli genderuli problemis (genderuli uTanasworobis) arsebobis<br />
gacnobiereba<br />
• viTarebis Seswavla, informaciis mopovebis, kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis saSualebiT<br />
• genderuli cvlilebis strategiis SemuSaveba<br />
• strategiis ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegmis Camoyalibeba<br />
• samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba<br />
• ganxorcielebis SemuSaveba<br />
23
Tema VII<br />
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika.<br />
mediaSi politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi<br />
mediis genderuli analizi, an<strong>da</strong> mediis genderuli monitoringi masobrivi<br />
informaciis saSualebebis genderuli parametrebis Seswavlaa.<br />
media udides rols asrulebs genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris formirebasa <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d, stereotipebis, maT Soris, genderuli<br />
stereotipebis Camoyalibebasa Tu kvlavwarmoebaSi, amitom igi xSirad xdeba<br />
genderuli analizis samizne. mediis monitoringebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />
praqtikaa. tardeba globaluri media-monitoringebic ki, romelTac msoflio<br />
masStabis aqciis saxe eZlevaT. msgavsi RonisZieba, `vin akeTebs axal ambebs~,<br />
pirvelad 1995 wlis 18 ianvars Catar<strong>da</strong>, romlis drosac gaanalizes 71 qveynis 15<br />
aTasamde media siuJeti. msoflio monitoringi meored 2000 wels, mesamed ki 2005<br />
wels ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mediis monitoringis dros gamoiyeneba kvlevis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise<br />
Tvisebrivi meTodebi.<br />
qarTuli media <strong>da</strong> genderuli sakiTxebi<br />
qarTul mediaSi qalebi mcired arian warmodgenilebi, qalTa <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
sakiTxebi saTanado moculobiTa <strong>da</strong> siRrmiT ar Suqdeba, sare<strong>da</strong>qcio politika<br />
movlenebis gaSuqebisas ar iTvaliswinebs genderul ganzomilebas, Jurnalistebi<br />
ar arian genderulad mgrZnobiareni. saerTo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli<br />
media xels uwyobs <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli genderuli stereotipebis kvlavwarmoebas.<br />
mediis yuradReba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mipyrobilia politikuri movlenebisadmi, qarTul<br />
politikur diskursSi ki qalTa sakiTxebi saerTod ar JRers. politika dRemde<br />
rCeba sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis yvelaze maskulinizebul sferod. aseve<br />
naklebad ismis qalebis azri mimdinare mniSvnelovani procesebis Sesaxeb, rac<br />
gamowveulia politikuri diskusiis sazRvrebis siviwroviT, rodesac mniSvnelovani<br />
politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoeba naklebad<br />
monawileobs.<br />
qalebi TiTqmis ar Canan ekonomikis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil rubrikebSi,<br />
radganac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, mcire biznesiT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli, xolo ekonomikis es<br />
sfero qarTul mediaSi mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc aqtiurad ar Suqdeba aseve, <strong>da</strong>umuSavebeli<br />
Temaa mediisaTvis Sromis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d, SromiTi urTierTobebi, romlis<br />
saTanadod gaSuqebis SemTxvevaSic genderuli problematika aucileblad iCen<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavs. mediaSi warmodgenil qalTa simcires gansazRvravs agreTve is faqtori,<br />
rom Zalian mcired <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad Suqdeba ganaTlebis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, socialuri<br />
sferoebi, anu is sferoebi, romlebSic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, qalebi arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Jurnalistebis umetesoba qalia, qarTuli medias aklia<br />
genderuli mgrZnobiaroba. saqarTveloSi globalur media-monitoringis<br />
CarCoebSi JurnalistTa asociacia `gendermediakavkasiis mier 2005 wels<br />
ganxorcielebulma analizma gamoarkvia, rom:<br />
• televiziisa <strong>da</strong> radios wamyvanTa Soris 92 procenti qalia, 8 procenti _<br />
mamakaci;<br />
• reportiorTa Soris 71 procenti qalia, 29 procenti mamakaci;<br />
• axali ambebis gmirebs Soris ki mxolod 19 procentia qali.<br />
monitoringis Sedegebi SegiZliaT ixiloT internetSi:<br />
http://www.gmc.ge/images/news.html<br />
raTa naTeli gaxdes suraTi, Tu rogor arian qalebi warmodgenili<br />
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul mediaSi, mogvyavs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wlebis qarTul<br />
24
presaSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> qalTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb masalebis moculobis procentuli<br />
maCveneblebi:<br />
masalebi qalebis Sesaxeb<br />
1989 1990 1999 2001<br />
23,4% 7,2% 9% 15%<br />
wyaro: l. xomeriki, n. javaxiSvili, m. nikuraZe, genderuli politika <strong>da</strong><br />
masmedia, Tbilisi, 2002.<br />
1990 wlis mediaSi jer kidev SeiniSneba qalebisadmi formalur yuradRebis<br />
sabWouri inercia. niSandoblivia, rom pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebis<br />
Semdeg, 1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n qalebis Sesaxeb masalebi mkveTrad iklebs 7,2%-mde.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros sagazeTo fotoebis 39% mamakacTa individualuri<br />
fotoebia, xolo 54% Seadgens jgufuri fotoebi, romlebze<strong>da</strong>c erovnuli<br />
moZraobis warmomadgeneli mamakaci politikosebi arian warmodgenili. radganac<br />
qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis ideologiisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
sakiTxi absoluturad araaqtualuri iyo, qalebsa <strong>da</strong> qalTa problematikis<br />
Sesaxeb publikaciebs ricxvis aseTi kleba bunebrivia.<br />
qarTuli mediis analizma gamokveTa is tendenciebi, romlebic xels uSlian Zveli<br />
genderuli stereotipebis moSlas;<br />
• im publikaciebSi, romlebic ojaxs, mis simtkices, meuRleTa movaleobebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d, ojaxur tradiciebs Seexeba, Zalian xSirad ikveTeba, rom ojaxur<br />
simyudrovesa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis SenarCunebaze pasuxismgebloba mTlianad qals<br />
ekisreba.<br />
• qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis seqsualuri qcevis Sefaseba umeteswilad ormagi<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtiT xdeba, is rac qalisaTvis <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia, mamakacisaTvis mxolod<br />
xalisiani Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlia.<br />
• interviuebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva tipis siuJetebsa Tu publikaciebSi sacolis<br />
motaceba xSirad saxeldeba, rogorc gavrcelebuli <strong>da</strong> rac yvelaze cudia,<br />
savsebiT misaRebi forma <strong>da</strong>qorwinebis, romelic aramcTu aRSfoTebas,<br />
gakvirvebasac ar iwvevs.<br />
• publikaciebSi Zalze xSirad gvxdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac gaTxovebis<br />
Semdeg qalebi Tavs anebeben an zRu<strong>da</strong>ven TavianT profesiul karieras.<br />
• bolo xanebSi farTod gavrcelebul e. w. saojaxo interviuebSi<br />
umeteswilad ikveTeba, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac qalic qmris<br />
paralelurad saintereso <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani profesiuli saqmianobiT aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli mTeli saojaxo saqmeebi mas awevs mxrebze.<br />
• stereotipebi gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans reklamaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
qalis ori tipi figurirebs:<br />
⇒ ojaxis de<strong>da</strong>, kargi diasaxlisi <strong>da</strong> mzrunveli ojaxis sisufTavesa <strong>da</strong><br />
kvebaze (sakvebisa <strong>da</strong> sarecxi fxvnilebis reklamaSi).<br />
⇒ komerciuli saxe lamazi <strong>da</strong> seqsualuri qalisa, romelic nebismieri<br />
tipis saqonlis reklamaSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.<br />
• rodesac masala qals Seexeba, maSinac ki, rodesac Tema sakmaod<br />
seriozulia, xSirad axlavs erotiuli Seferilobis foto.<br />
• iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxdeba aSkarad seqsisturi gamonaTqvamebi.<br />
• sityva feminizmi, qarTul mediaSi Zalian iSviaTad JRers <strong>da</strong> umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi Zalian uaryofiT konteqstSi.<br />
• niSandoblivia, rom genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb antistereotipuli<br />
masalebi <strong>da</strong> azrebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gvxdeba iseT statiebSi, romlebic ucxoeTs<br />
Seexeba.<br />
25
Tema VIII<br />
saxelmwifo politika genderuli <strong>da</strong> qalTa problemebis sferoSi<br />
bevri qveyana aRiarebs, rom arsebobs genderuli <strong>da</strong> qalTa problemebi, romelTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wrac moiTxovs konkretuli strategiebis SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong> specialuri<br />
zomebis ganxorcielebas.<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi genderuli uTanasworobis problemis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad<br />
kompleqsuri <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTuli politikis aucilebloba xazgasmiT aRiniSna<br />
pekinSi gamarTul qalTa msoflio konferenciazec. am Sexvedris erT-erT<br />
sakvanZo moTxovnas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> mTavrobebis mier erovnuli strategiebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
programebis SemuSaveba.<br />
qalTa <strong>da</strong> genderuli sakiTxebis mogvarebisadmi mimarTuli saxelmwifo programebi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari <strong>da</strong> mravalferovania, magram Tu Zalian ganvazogadebT<br />
SesaZlebelia gamovyoT msgavsi Semadgeneli nawilebi, rogoricaa:<br />
⇒ srulyofili gederuli statistikis warmoeba;<br />
⇒ problemebis yovelmxrivi samecniero Seswavla;<br />
⇒ statistikuri monacemebisa <strong>da</strong> kvlevis Sedegebis farTod gavrceleba,<br />
sainformacio kampaniebis mowyoba, sazogadoebis codnis amaRleba qalTa <strong>da</strong><br />
genderuli sakiTxebis sferoSi;<br />
⇒ statistikur monacemebsa <strong>da</strong> kvlevebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT genderuli <strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />
sakiTxebis mogvarebis erovnuli strategiis SemuSaveba;<br />
⇒ sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis SemuSaveba kanonmdeblobis Semdgomi <strong>da</strong>xvewis<br />
mizniT;<br />
⇒ saxelmwifo programiT <strong>da</strong>saxuli RonisZiebebis institucionaluri safuZvlis<br />
Seqmna <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba (socialuri samsaxurebi, krizisuli centrebi,<br />
monitoringis samsaxurebi);<br />
⇒ Tanasworobis sakiTxebze momuSave saxelmwifo struqturis Seqmna<br />
(magaliTad, saberZneTis Tanasworobis biuro, portugaliis Tanasworobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalTa uflebebis komisia);<br />
⇒ qalTa monacemTa bazebis Seqmna (1974 wels irlandiis mTavrobam Seqmna kvalificiur<br />
qalTa monacemTa baza, risi meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifo samsaxurisaTvis<br />
Sesabamisi kandi<strong>da</strong>turebis moZieba. 1995 wels niderlandis mTavrobam<br />
<strong>da</strong>arsa organizacia `Toplinki~, romlis mizanic aris Seqmnas kvalificiur<br />
qalTa monacemTa baza, romelic <strong>da</strong>exmareba saxelmwifo saagentoebs, partiebs,<br />
kerZo kompaniebs moZebnon Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis qalebi).<br />
rogorc wesi, qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTuli saxelmwifo<br />
programebi aucileblad moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:<br />
⇒ dedobisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis <strong>da</strong>xmareba (ra xasiaTisaa <strong>da</strong> moculobis amgvari<br />
programebi, rogoria <strong>da</strong>finanseba);<br />
⇒ martoxela mSoblebisa <strong>da</strong> mravalSviliani ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba;<br />
⇒ ojaxuri Zaladoba <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba qalis mimarT (rogoria kanonmdebloba,<br />
arsebobs Tu ara <strong>da</strong>xmarebis samsaxurebi, ra xarisxisa <strong>da</strong> moculobis<br />
momsaxurebis gaweva SeuZliaT, rogoria samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebSi<br />
Zaladobis SemTxvevebze reagirebisa <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo saqmeebis warmoebis<br />
xarisxi, tardeba Tu ara prevenciuli zomebi);<br />
⇒ ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis procesSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
⇒ trefikingi;<br />
⇒ prostitucia;<br />
⇒ jan<strong>da</strong>cvis programebi _ orsulTa, axalSobilTa <strong>da</strong> mSobiareTa, bavSvTa<br />
26
jan<strong>da</strong>cva, reproduqciuli janmrTeloba, kontracefciisa <strong>da</strong> maT Soris,<br />
abortis sakixebi, qalur organoTa <strong>da</strong>avadebebi (maT Soris, simsivnuri).<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi kanonmdebloba<br />
litva<br />
1998 wels litvam miiRo kanoni qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebis Tanabari<br />
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>awesa Tanabari SesaZleblobebis<br />
kontrolioris samsaxuri. es iyo postsabWoTa sivrceSi amgvari xasiaTis kanonis<br />
miRebis pirveli SemTxveva.<br />
kanoni moqmedebis sfero moicavs saswavlo, samecniero <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs,<br />
saxelmwifo marTvis organoebs <strong>da</strong> sakuTrebis nebismieri formis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs.<br />
Tanabari SesaZleblobebis kontroliori ganixilavs saCivrebs genderuli<br />
diskriminaciisa <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilze seqsualuri iZulebis Sesaxeb. kontroliors<br />
SeuZlia SemTxvevis Seswavlis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>awesos administraciuli jarima an<br />
sasamarTlos ga<strong>da</strong>sces saqme. fuladi jarimebi midis saxelmwifos biujetSi <strong>da</strong><br />
ara <strong>da</strong>zaralebul pirTan. kontroliors gamoZiebebs awarmoebs Tavisi<br />
iniciativiTac, aseve monitorings uwevs diskriminaciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebs<br />
presaSi, SeimuSavebs wina<strong>da</strong>debebs kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>xvewis mizniT.<br />
kanonis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolioris samsaxuris gaCenis Semdeg latviis presaSi<br />
Semcir<strong>da</strong> diskriminaciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebi. 2000-2001 wlebSi, anu<br />
funqcionirebis pirvel wels qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis<br />
kontrolioris samsaxurma ganixila 47 gancxadeba. saCivrebis ricxvi izrdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
litvis rigiTi moqalaqeebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven Tanabari SesaZleblobebis<br />
kontroliors.<br />
estoneTi<br />
estoneTma 2000 wels xeli moawera evropis sabWos socialur qartias (Social<br />
Charter of Council of Europe). estoneTs hyavs Tavisi warmomadgeneli evropis sabWos<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasworobis komitetSi (Steering Committee for Equality Between<br />
Women and Men).<br />
evropis sabWom miiRo <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 20 dokumenti, genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
politikis gasaviTareblad evropis saxelmwifoebSi. estoneTma <strong>da</strong>iwyo Tavisi<br />
kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong> evropis sabWos kanonmdeblobis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi analizi.<br />
gamoCn<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani gansvlebi Tanasworobis evropul stan<strong>da</strong>rtebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
estoneTis kanonmdeblobas Soris. estoneTma aiRo valdebuleba miiRos<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis aqti. genderuli Tanasworobis kanonis miReba iqneba<br />
erT-erTi winapiroba estoneTis mierTebisa evropis kavSirisadmi. Tanasworobis<br />
kanonma un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas samarTlebrivi bazisi genderuli Tanasworobisadmi<br />
mimarTuli saqmianobebis saxelmwifo doneze warsamarTavad.<br />
saxelmwifo politika ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi<br />
(kanadis magaliTi)<br />
kana<strong>da</strong> mowinave qveyanaa ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi efeqturi saxelmwifo<br />
politikis SemuSavebisa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT. kana<strong>da</strong>Si kargad aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebuli federaluri <strong>da</strong> regionaluri kanonebi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb<br />
<strong>da</strong>, aseve, arsebobs efeqturi socialuri programebi adgilobriv doneze.<br />
Seqmnilia ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli strategiis SemmuSavebeli komisia.<br />
1988 wli<strong>da</strong>n moqmedebs ojaxuri Zaladobis samTavrobo programa.<br />
federaluri done<br />
sakiTxis Seswavla. qalis winaaRmdeg Zaladobis problemis kvleva kana<strong>da</strong>Si 20<br />
welze meti xania rac mimdinareobs. 1991-93 ww. Catar<strong>da</strong> msxvilmaStabiani<br />
27
gamokiTxva, romelmac mTeli qveyana moicva. Seikriba monacemebi ojaxuri<br />
Zaladobis problemis bunebisa <strong>da</strong> masStabis gasarkvevad. arsebobs ojaxuri<br />
Zaladobis Semswavleli 5 cnobili kvleviTi centri, romlebic finansirdeba<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamentisa <strong>da</strong> kanadis socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> humanitaruli mecnierebebis samecniero sabWos mier. es centrebi<br />
uzrunvelyofen partniorul urTierTobebsa <strong>da</strong> urTierTTanamSromlobas<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxze momuSave mecnierebs, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs, praqtikosebs,<br />
politikosebsa <strong>da</strong> qveynis masStabiT moqmed 600-ze met arasamTvarobo<br />
organizacias Soris.<br />
kanondebloba. specialuri calke federaluri kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis<br />
Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. magram 1994 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi<br />
Sedis Sesworebebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben samarTlebrivi zomebis sistemis<br />
Seqmnas qalebis, bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>zmulTa Zaladobisagan <strong>da</strong>sacavad.<br />
programebi. 1997/98 ww. ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesamcireblad mimarTulma<br />
federalurma finansirebam Seadgina 30,7 mln. dolari, es Tanxa xmardeba<br />
TavSesafrebis Senaxvasa <strong>da</strong>, aseve, profilaqtikur muSaobas.<br />
kanadis mTavrobis saqmianoba warmoadgens ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikis ganviTarebis axal safexurs. am<br />
problemaze muSaoba integrirebulia iseTi struqturebis mimdinare<br />
programebSi, rogoricaa jan<strong>da</strong>cvis departamenti, policia, qalTa saqmeebis<br />
saministro, iusticiis saministro, statistikis sammarTvelo, mSeneblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
uZravi qonebis saministro, moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> imigraciis saministro.<br />
saxelmwifo programa mraval mimarTulebiania:<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro axorcielebs saqmianobas msxverplTaTvis samedicino<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gasaumjobeseblad:<br />
⇒ samedicino personalisaTvis specialuri swavlebis organizeba (seminarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kursebis Catareba samedicino saswavleblebTan <strong>da</strong> eqimebisa <strong>da</strong> eqTnebis<br />
asociaciebTan TanamSromlobiT);<br />
⇒ kvlevis ganxorcieleba `jan<strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba qalis winaaRmdeg~ (Zaladobis<br />
gavlenis Seswavla msxverplTa fizikur <strong>da</strong> fsiqikur janmrTelobaze);<br />
⇒ Zaladobis msxverplebTan mopyrobisas qcevis wesebis SemuSaveba eqimebisaTvis;<br />
⇒ saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba eqTnebisaTvis, romlebic <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uweven<br />
ojaxuri ZaladobiT <strong>da</strong>zaralebulT.<br />
generaluri prokuratura <strong>da</strong> iusticiis saministros gansaxorcielebel<br />
saqmianobaSi Sedis:<br />
⇒ Sesworebebis momzadeba parlamentSi warsadgenad kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>xvewis<br />
mizniT;<br />
⇒ policielTa, prokurorTa, sapatrulo samsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> penitencialuri<br />
sistemis muSakTa treningi;<br />
⇒ specialuri instruqciis SemuSaveba policielebisaTvis, rogor imoqmedon<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebSi;<br />
⇒ sainformacio masalebis SemuSaveba policielebisaTvis, imis Sesaxeb Tu<br />
rogor aRmouCinon <strong>da</strong>xmareba ZaladobiT <strong>da</strong>zaralebulebs;<br />
⇒ saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba socialuri muSakebisaTvis.<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis problemaze muSaoba regionul doneze<br />
calkeul provinciebs aqvT SemuSavebuli specialuri regionaluri kanonebi<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxze. magaliTad, albertis provinciam 1998 wels miiRo<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis aqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs ojaxis yvela<br />
28
wevris (qalebis, mamakacebis, bavSvebis, xanSiSesulebis) <strong>da</strong>cvas Zaladobisagan.<br />
1995 wels saskeCevanis provinciam miiRo aqti ojaxuri Zaladobis mxverplTa<br />
Sesaxeb. aqti iTvaliswinebs specialuri orderebis gacemas, romelic iZleva<br />
policiis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>uyovnebeli Carevis uflebas <strong>da</strong> avalebs policias Tvalyuri<br />
adevnon krizisul ojaxebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvan misi wevrebi moZaladisagan.<br />
regionebSi moqmedebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari programebi, gansakuTrebiT didi<br />
yuradReba eqceva prevenciuli zomebis miRebas. tardeba sainformacio<br />
kampaniebi, mozardebisaTvis SemuSavebulia sainformacio paketi Zaladobis<br />
Sesaxeb aucilebeli informaciis misaRebad.<br />
ontarios provinciaSi tardeba yovelwliuri treningi im prokurorebisaTvis,<br />
vinc specializdebian ojaxuri Zaladobis saqmeebze. warmatebiT moqmedebs,<br />
agreTve, programa `mowme _ msxverpli~, romelic iTvaliswinebs im mowmeebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas, romlebic TviTonac <strong>da</strong>zaraldnen. am mowmeebis umravlesoba qalebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> bavSvebi arian.<br />
manitobas provinciaSi moZaladeebisaTvis SemuSavebulia 3 tipis programa:<br />
⇒ jgufuri Terapiis 24 saaTiani mecadineobebi;<br />
⇒ 84 saaTiani intensiuri Terapiis programa (maTTvis, visac pirobiTi sasjeli aqvs);<br />
⇒ 300 saaTiani programa msjavrdebulebisaTvis.<br />
moqmedebs qalTa <strong>da</strong>cvis programebi (The Women’s Advocacy Program), romelTa<br />
farglebSic xdeba qalebs exmareba samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav sistemasTan urTierTobis<br />
nebismier safexurze.<br />
erT-erT provinciaSi Seqmnilia ojaxuri Zaladobis sasamarTlo, qalebis,<br />
bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>zmulTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis SemTxvevebis meti yuradRebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> profesionalurad ganxilvisaTvis. mosamarTleebsa <strong>da</strong> prokurorebs specialuri<br />
swavleba aqvT miRebuli <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo Zalze warmatebulad muSaobs.<br />
ontarioSi ojaxuri Zaladobis orgvari sasamarTlo moqmedebs, erTi, romelic<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iol SemTxvevebs ganixilavs (rodesac ojaxis wevrebs, surT SemdgomSi<br />
erTad cxovrebis gagrZeleba), <strong>da</strong> meore, romelsac seriozul saqmeebTana aqvs<br />
saqme. aseTma specializaciam marTlmsajulebis xarisxi mkveTrad gaaumjobesa.<br />
did qalaqebSi, magaliTad, torontoSi moqmedebs ojaxur Zladobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>uyovnebeli reagirebis sistema (Domestic Violence Emergency Response System). am<br />
sistemis <strong>da</strong>mnergavebi arian kanadis usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, torontos policia<br />
<strong>da</strong> msxverplTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebis samsaxurebi.<br />
sistema muSaobs 24 saaTian reJimSi. Zaladobis msxverplebi usasyidlod arian<br />
uzrunvelyofili portatiuli sasignalo aparaturiT, rac saSualebas aZlevT<br />
saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi saswarfod gamoiZaxon policiis TanamSromeli. riskjgufis<br />
gansazRvras axdenen adgilobrivi socialuri samsaxurebi.<br />
TavSesafrebi. kana<strong>da</strong>Si amJamad moqmedebs mxsverplTa TavSesafrebis qseli,<br />
romelSic gaerTianebulia 470 <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba. TavSesafrebi aris rogorc<br />
qalaqebSi, ise sasoflo raionebSi.<br />
TavSesafrebis <strong>da</strong>finansebis 82% modis federaluri saxsrebi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>narCens<br />
regionisa <strong>da</strong> municipaluri saxsrebi Seadgens. 30 mln. dolari Semodis<br />
arasamTavrobo wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n (Semowirulobebi, saqvelmoqmedo latariebi, grantebi).<br />
90-ian wlebSi kanadis mTavrobam gaiTvaliswina ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli<br />
strategiis SemmuSavebeli komisiis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi <strong>da</strong> gaafarTova muSaoba iseT<br />
jgufebTan, romlebisTvisac naklebad misawvdomi iyo krizisuli centrebis<br />
momsaxureba. aseTi jgufebia: soflad mcxovrebi qalebi, eTnikuri umciresobebi,<br />
emigrantebi, invalidebi.<br />
29
Tema IX<br />
genderuli biujeti<br />
biujetis genderuli analizi niSnavs qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebze biujetis<br />
gansxvavebuli zemoqmedebis kvlevas. genderuli biujeti xels uwyobs sajaro<br />
saxsrebis samarTlian ganawilebasa <strong>da</strong> maT efeqtur ganTavsebas, biujetis<br />
<strong>da</strong>gegmvisas samizne jgufebze orientirebas. genderuli biujeti, aseve, xels<br />
uwyobs kargi marTvis principebis gamyarebas, angariSvaldebulebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamWvirvalobas.<br />
genderuli biujetis iniciativa pirvelad avstraliaSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> 1984<br />
wels. gaanaliz<strong>da</strong> biujetis gavlena genderul urTierTobebze. avstraliuri<br />
gamocdileba mniSvnelovani iyo ara mxolod cnobierebis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
aramed es midgoma sarekomen<strong>da</strong>cio iyo Semdgomi iniciativebisaTvis.<br />
britaneTSi 1989 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli qalTa sabiujeto jgufi (British Women’s<br />
Budjet Group), romelic aerTianebs eqspertebs universitetebi<strong>da</strong>n, arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> profkavSirebi<strong>da</strong>n, yovelwliurad aqveynebs komentarebs<br />
erovnul biujetze.<br />
1993 wels mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis qalTa saerTaSoriso ligam wamoiwyo<br />
genderuli biujetis iniciativa kana<strong>da</strong>Si. usafrTxoebis alternatiul<br />
koncefciaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli es iniciativa fokusirebulia socialuri<br />
uzrunvelyofisa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis xarjebze. britaneTisa <strong>da</strong> kanadis gar<strong>da</strong><br />
genderuli biujetis proeqtebis umetesoba samxreT naxevarsferoSi<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia samxreT afrikis qalTa sabiujeto<br />
iniciativa, wamowyebuli 1995 wlis pirveli demokratiuli arCevnebis Semdeg.<br />
amJamad genderuli biujetireba xorcieldeba msoflios 40-ze qveyanaSi.<br />
genderuli biujetirebis inicirebisa <strong>da</strong> warmarTvis praqtika mravalferovania.<br />
(Parliament, the Budget and Gender, Joachim Wehner, Winnie Byanyima, the handbook<br />
jointly produced by the IPU, UNDP, WBI and UNIFEM).<br />
genderuli biujeti — Tanamedrove socialuri teqnologiaa, romelic<br />
saSualebas iZleva <strong>da</strong>inergos samTavrobo politikis mier interesTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebis diferencirebadi aRricxvis principi socialur-genderuli<br />
niSnis mixedviT. genderuli biujeti ar warmoadgens gansxvavebul biujetebs<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacisaTvis, is iTvaliswinebs sabiujeto procesSi genderuli<br />
aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas. genderuli biujeti aris finansuri meqanizmi<br />
Tanasworobis politikis gansaxorcieleblad. (Carita jaSi, genderuli<br />
biujeti/seminaris masalebi, Tbilisi, 2004).<br />
30
Tema X<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli<br />
politikis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi<br />
qarTul sazogadoebaSi mTeli postsabWoTa periodis manZilze momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> xSirad radikaluri cvlilebebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli midgomebis <strong>da</strong>nergva saxelmwifo<br />
Tu adgilobrivi politikis formirebaSi jer kidev did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.<br />
sqesTa Soris uTanasworobis problemis aqtualizebas xels uSlis wlebis<br />
manZilze <strong>da</strong>grovili <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli uamravi socialur-ekonomikuri problema,<br />
romlebic rogorc politikuri speqtris, iseve sazogadoebis umetesi nawilis<br />
mier ufro mniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba. amave dros, jer ar aris saTanadod<br />
gaazrebuli, rom nebismieri sferos politikis SemuSavebisas, nebismieri<br />
erovnuli Tu adgilobrivi donis programis warmatebulobisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
masSi genderuli midgomebis <strong>da</strong>nergva. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebi didi xania aRiareben, rom genderuli meinstrimingi, anu<br />
genderuli parametrebis sistemuri integracia politikis formirebis,<br />
ganxorcielebis, monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebis procesSi ara marto genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis miRwevas uwyobs xels, aramed, nebismieri politikis efeqturobis<br />
mniSvnelovani winapirobacaa. genderuli midgomebis <strong>da</strong>nergva, anu gansxvavebuli<br />
saWiroebebisa <strong>da</strong> problemebis <strong>da</strong>naxva, gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> xedvebis mTeli<br />
mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswineba, TavisTavad Zalian Rirebulia <strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs<br />
socialurad mgrZobiare, sazogadoebis interesebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli politikis<br />
ganxorcielebas. mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove koncefcia genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis principis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.<br />
saxelmwifo doneze efeqturi genderuli politikis gatarebisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia qveyanaSi arsebobdes instituciuri meqanizmebi, romlebic<br />
uzrunvelyofen genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis strategiis SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganxorcielebas, agreTve, am sferoSi aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis<br />
Sesrulebis koordinirebas.<br />
1994 wels saqarTvelo miuerT<strong>da</strong> `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis<br />
likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis konvencias~. 1995 wels ki, pekinSi gamarTul qalTa IV msoflio<br />
konferenciaze SeuerT<strong>da</strong> im qveyanaTa ricxvs, romlebic SeTanxmdnen,<br />
SeemuSavebinaT qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma<br />
pekinis platformis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. dRemde am mimarTulebiT<br />
saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nabijebi ar ga<strong>da</strong>udgams.<br />
pekinis platformis 12 mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTi swored erovnul doneze<br />
instituciuri meqanizmebis Seqmnaa. msoflio praqtikam aCvena, genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis erovnulma instituciurma meqanizmma efeqturad rom imuSaos, anu<br />
warmatebiT moaxdinos saxelmwifo politikis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoebSi genderuli<br />
parametrebis integrireba, saWiroa is maRal samTavrobo doneze arsebobdes,<br />
flobdes garkveul finansur <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianur resursebs <strong>da</strong> hqondes politikis<br />
formirebaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba.<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong> demokratiis qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi<br />
politikur dRis wesrigSi ar Sedis, saxelmwifo doneze genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
uzrunvelyofis instituciuri meqanizmis Camoyalibebis stimulirebas xSirad<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi axdenen. 1998 wels gaeros ganviTarebis programis<br />
proeqtis `qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi“ xelSewyobiT prezidentis<br />
gankargulebiT saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWoSi Seiqmna qalTa mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobesebis erovnuli komisia. es iyo pirveli mcdeloba saqarTveloSi<br />
samTavrobo doneze genderul problematikaze momuSave struqturis Seqmnisa.<br />
Tumca, am struqturis efeqturi amoqmedeba im periodisaTvis ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samwuxarod aseve qaRaldze <strong>da</strong>rCa pekinis samoqmedo platformis moTxovnebis<br />
Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis 1998-2000 wlebis<br />
31
samoqmedo gegma, romelsac mohyva 2000-2004 wlis samoqmedo gegma, romelic wina<br />
arSesrulebuli dokumentis TiTqmis meqanikuri aslia.<br />
saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnuli<br />
instituciuri meqanizmis Camoyalibebis Semdgomi etapi vardebis revoluciis<br />
Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo. muSaoba ori mimarTulebiT warimarTa: adgilobrivi qalTa<br />
organizaciebis koaliciis erTma jgufma mTavrobas warudgina iniciativa,<br />
romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo komisiis<br />
Seqmnas, xolo gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) axalamoqmedebulma<br />
proeqtma „genderi <strong>da</strong> politika“ miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa parlamentis spikerTan arsebuli<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis sabWos Camoyalibeba. orive mimarTulebiT gaweuli<br />
didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi pirvelad miviReT iseTi mdgomareoba,<br />
roca genderul Tanasworobaze momuSave struqtura arsebobs xelisuflebis<br />
rogorc aRmasrulebel, ise sakanonmdeblo StoSi.<br />
gansakuTrebul aRniSvnas moiTxovs is garemoeba, rom samTavrobo komisia<br />
Seiqmna adgilobrivi organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT, anu iniciativiT «qvemo<strong>da</strong>n»,<br />
rac sakmaod uCveulo precedentia. am iniciativis warmateba mianiSnebs imaze, rom<br />
qalTa organizaciebi wina periodTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad axal<br />
etapze ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen. es ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im pirobebSi, roca<br />
xelisuflebisaTvis genderuli Tanasworoba ar aris prioritetuli sakiTxi <strong>da</strong><br />
instituciuri meqanizmebis mdgradobisa <strong>da</strong> maTi efeqturi muSaobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />
swored is faqtori gaxdeba ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti, Tu rogor moaxerxebs<br />
sazogadoebrivi seqtori resursebis mobilizebas am axali struqturebis<br />
gasaZliereblad.<br />
qalTa <strong>da</strong> genderul sakiTxebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
koaliciis instituciuri meqanizmebis jgufma, samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis<br />
iniciativis paralelurad, euTos misiis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT ganaxorciela proeqti,<br />
romlis farglebSic SemuSav<strong>da</strong> genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis<br />
axali erovnuli samoqmedo gegma. gegmis efeqturobis winapirobad Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />
<strong>da</strong>isaxa, rom misi SemuSavebis procesi farTo <strong>da</strong> monawileobiTi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />
marTlac, erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba miiRo qalTa<br />
koaliciis 56 wevrma-organizaciam, qalTa samSvidobo qselis 41 warmomadgenelma,<br />
qalTa regionuli organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis 88<br />
warmomadgenelma saqarTvelos 10 regioni<strong>da</strong>n. paralelurad mox<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
struqturebis, kerZod 14 saministros 45 warmomadgenlis CarTva SemuSavebis<br />
procesSi. gegmis proeqti gaigzavna, agreTve, saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi<br />
eqspertizisa <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis misaRebad. amgvarad, axali samoqmedo gegmis<br />
SemuSavebis etapze <strong>da</strong>cul iqna pekinis platformis 294 punqtis moTxovna, rom<br />
erovnuli samoqmedo gegmiT un<strong>da</strong> waxalisdes aqtiuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> farTo<br />
monawileoba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva institucionaluri aqtorebisa, maT Soris<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoebis, akademiuri <strong>da</strong> kvleviTi institutebisa, profesiuli<br />
asociaciebis, mediis, adgilobrivi saTemo jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo, maT<br />
Soris qalTa organizaciebisa.<br />
amgvarad, am etapze miRweul warmatebad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos instituciuri<br />
meqanizmebis Seqmna xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel StoebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
axali erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebuli proeqtis arseboba. Tumca win<br />
urTulesi amocanebia:<br />
• samoqmedo gegmis warmatebuli lobireba <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba mTavrobis mier;<br />
• instituciuri meqanizmebis koodrinirebuli <strong>da</strong> efeqturi <strong>da</strong> nayofieri<br />
muSaobis awyoba;<br />
• samoqmedo gegmis warmatebulad Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnulma samoqmedo gegmam<br />
gamokveTa ZiriTadi genderuli problemebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxa strategiuli miznebi, anu<br />
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. gegmis Tanaxmad,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gagrZeldes muSaoba efeqturi instituciuri meqanizmebis Semdgomi<br />
ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saministroSi<br />
32
genderul sakiTxebze momuSave pasuxismgebeli piris, e.w. genderuli oficeris<br />
Tanamdebobis SemoReba, saministroebis genderuli erTeulebis kapacitetis<br />
gaZliereba, maTi teqnikuri aRWurva <strong>da</strong> specialistebis treningebi. aseve,<br />
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia, genderuli Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebis<br />
saqmianobis sabiujeto uzrunvelyofa. Sedegad, samizne saministroebSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
miviRoT, iseTi genderuli erTeulebi, romelTac SeuZliaT saministros<br />
saqmianobis, proeqtebisa <strong>da</strong> programebis genderuli eqspertizis ganxorcieleba,<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis gaweva <strong>da</strong> saministros mier SemuSavebul politikaSi genderuli<br />
midgomebis integrireba.<br />
marTvaSi genderuli parametrebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti<br />
srulyofili genderuli statistikaa. amitom, aucilebelia genderuli<br />
statistikis indikatorebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>nergva informaciis mopovebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavebis Sesabamis doneebze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, genderuli<br />
statistikis gavrcelebisa <strong>da</strong> efeqturad gamoyenebis formebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebis<br />
srulyofa. genderuli statistikis ganviTarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba<br />
genderuli analizis siRrmis miRweva, mkafio, gazomvadi miznebis <strong>da</strong>saxva <strong>da</strong><br />
miRweuli Sedegebis zusti Sefaseba.<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi sakanonmdeblo bazis SeqmnisaTvis,<br />
umniSvnelovanesia ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, trefikingis winaaRmdeg,<br />
migraciis Sesaxeb kanonebis miReba. Zalze aqtualuri <strong>da</strong> mtkivneuli sakiTxia<br />
Sromis kodeqsis proeqtis <strong>da</strong>xvewa genderuli TvalsazrisiT. xelisuflebis mier<br />
warmodgenil proeqtSi bevri xarvezi iyo am TvalsazrisiT, ramac mwvave sajaro<br />
debatebi gamoiwvia.<br />
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
mimarTulebaa genderuli biujetis principebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis xelSewyoba rogorc<br />
saxelmwifo, ise adgilobrivi biujetebis formirebisas. genderuli biujetis<br />
cneba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT axalia <strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebs biujetis genderul analizs, romelic<br />
warmoaCens qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebze sabiujeto xarjebis gansxvavebuli gavlenas<br />
<strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs biujetis iseT <strong>da</strong>gegmvas, romelic sabiujeto resursebs<br />
Tanabrad misawvdoms xdis orive sqesisaTvis. rakiRa genderuli biujeti axali<br />
cnebaa, <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis saWiroa 2006 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis genderuli<br />
analizis ganxorcieleba, sabiujeto procesis Sefasebis genderuli<br />
indikatorebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> specialuri saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba, romelic<br />
xels Seuwyobs genderuli biujetirebis Sesaxeb codnis gavrclebas <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>exmareba saministroebisa Tu adgilobrivi xelisuflebis genderul<br />
erTeulebs ganaxorcielon sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva programebisa <strong>da</strong> proeqtebis biujetebis<br />
genderuli analizi.<br />
saxelmwifo genderuli politikis mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes<br />
genderuli parametrebis <strong>da</strong>nergva socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi, rac gulisxobs Sromis bazarze genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobas,<br />
mcire biznesis ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> mewarme qalTa waxalisebas, saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis politikis SemuSavebas genderuli parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
genderulad mgrZnobiare socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis politikisa <strong>da</strong> demografiuli<br />
politikis SemuSavebas.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom pirveli nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>idga trefikingis winaaRmdeg<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. qmediTi RonisZiebebis<br />
ganxorcielebisTvis <strong>da</strong> trefikingis <strong>da</strong>naSaulis <strong>da</strong> misi xelSemwyobi mizezebis<br />
aRmofxvris mizniT, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2004 wlis 29 dekembris 623<br />
brZanebulebiT <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
2005-2006 wlebis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma <strong>da</strong> am samoqmedo gegmis efeqtiani<br />
ganxorcielebis mizniT, 2005 wlis 1 Tebervals Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos a<strong>da</strong>mianis vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
droebiTi uwyebaTaSorisi komisia. Tumca, 2005-2006 wlis samoqmedo gegmiT<br />
gansazRvrul RonisZiebaTa umravlesoba ar Sesrulebula. trefikingis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolis sistema jer ar Camoyalibebula, Sesabamisi konvenciebi ar<br />
aris ratificirebuli, trefikingis Sesaxeb kanonma mxolod pirveli<br />
saparlamento mosmena gaiara, Senoba TavSesafrisaTvis ar aris gamoyofili.<br />
33
ga<strong>da</strong>udebeli amocanaa, agreTve, ojaxuri Zaladobisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis efeqturi<br />
sistemis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> saTanado samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis amoqmedeba.<br />
cxadia, amgvari kompleqsuri amocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
saxelmwifo komisiisa <strong>da</strong> saparlamento sabWos Semdgom gaZlierebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
erTobliv nayofier saqmianobas moiTxovs. saparlamento sabWom <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
komisiam erToblivad SeimuSava saxelmwifo genderuli politikis koncefcia,<br />
romlis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebac 2006 wlis zafxulSia mosalodneli. koncefcia <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqmedo gegma un<strong>da</strong> iqcnen im ZiriTad dokumentebad, romelic gansazRvravs<br />
saxelmwifos strategias genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis sferoSi.<br />
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis<br />
instituciuri safuZvlis Seqmnis procesi adgilobriv donezec warimarTa.<br />
kerZod, sazogadoebrivi organizacia “qalTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis<br />
saerTaSoriso centrma” britaneTis saelCosa <strong>da</strong> euTos mier mxar<strong>da</strong>Werili<br />
programis farglebSi “aqtiuri qalebi cvlilebebisaTvis”, SesZlo oTxi raionis<br />
(mcxeTa, duSeTi, Coxatauri, axalcixe) mmarTvelobaSi genderul saqmeTa<br />
samsaxurebis Seqmnis procesis inicireba. es saqarTveloSi pirveli precedentia<br />
adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi genderul problematikaze momuSave specialuri<br />
struqturis Seqmnisa. axalSeqmnili samsaxurebi teqnikurad aRWurva gaeros<br />
ganviTarebis programis proeqtma “genderi <strong>da</strong> politika”, xolo samsaxurebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis misaRebad ramdenime treningi<br />
gaiares, maT Soris, “partniorebi demokratiuli cvlilebebisaTvis _<br />
saqarTvelosa” <strong>da</strong> “partniorebi — poloneTis” erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi,<br />
rac am sferoSi polonuri gamocdilebis gaziarebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. imisaTvis,<br />
rom axalSeqmnilma erTeulebma SesZlon TavianTi sicocxlisunarianobis<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba, <strong>da</strong>agrovon gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> nayofieri saqmianobis pozitiuri<br />
magaliTi Seqmnan sxva adgilobrivi xelisuflebebisaTvis, raionis gamgeobebis<br />
genderuli samsaxurebis a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri resursebis gaZliereba<br />
aucilebelia SemdgomSic gagrZeldes, miT ufro, rom am samsaxurebs debulebiT<br />
sakmaod farTo pasuxismgeblobebi akisriaT, kerZod:<br />
• genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb monacemTa miRebisa <strong>da</strong> analizis sistemis<br />
Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong> genderuli statistikis Seqmna raionis masStabiT;<br />
• adgilobrivi socialur — ekonomikuri situaciis yovelwliuri<br />
genderuli analizi;<br />
• genderuli parametrebis uzrunvelyofa adgilobriv biujetSi, qalebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mamakacebze adgilobrivi biujetis xarjebis gansxvavebis analizi <strong>da</strong><br />
saTanado rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis SemuSaveba;<br />
• adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis moxeleTa genderuli ganaTlebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa;<br />
• adgilobrivi programebis genderuli analizi <strong>da</strong> programebis<br />
SemuSavebisas genderuli parametrebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis xelSewyoba;<br />
• saxelmwifo programebis genderuli komponentebis Sesrulebis<br />
xelSewyoba adgilobriv doneze;<br />
• angariSebis miReba calkeuli ganyofilebebisa <strong>da</strong> samsaxurebis mier<br />
genderuli parametrebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebis gaZliereba, politikur<br />
dRis wesrigSi zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis wamoweva <strong>da</strong> maTi ga<strong>da</strong>Wra<br />
SeuZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> Zalisxmevisa <strong>da</strong> resursebis maqsimaluri<br />
mobilizeba, genderul problemebze momuSave, rogorc adgilobrivi, ise<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. pekinis moqmedebaTa platformis 289 punqtis<br />
Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, „arasamTavrobo organizaciebs gansakuTrebuli roli aqvT qalisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mamakacis Tanasworobaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
inteleqtualuri klimatis SeqmnaSi. qalTa organizaciebi aqtiurad un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen<br />
CarTuli genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisaken mimarTuli politikis<br />
ganxorcielebasa <strong>da</strong> monitoringSi“.<br />
34
Tema XI<br />
genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze<br />
germania/ zaaris mxaris magaliTi<br />
1996 wlis zaaris mxaris landTagma (samxareo parlamentma) miiRo kanoni qalTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworuflebianobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. kanonis mizania<br />
genderuli Tanasworuflebianobis realurad ganxorcieleba sajaro<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi, rac gulisxmobs nebismier funqciur <strong>da</strong> saSemosavlo doneze<br />
qalTa warmomadgenlobis arsebuli simciris moSlas <strong>da</strong> samsaxureobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxur-mzrunvelobiTi movaleobebis SeTanxmebas. ojaxuri movaleoba<br />
gulisxmobs mcirwlovani bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> ojaxis im wevrebze zrunvas,<br />
romlebic movlas saWiroeben.<br />
kanoniT sajaro <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs evaleba:<br />
• genderuli statistikis warmoeba, romelic moicavs Semdeg kategoriebs:<br />
qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis mier <strong>da</strong>kavebuli sruli <strong>da</strong> arasruli Statebi<br />
satarifo Tanrigebis mixedviT, Sromis anazRaureba, Svebulebebis raodenoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> xangrZlioba, profesiuli ganaTlebis mimRebTa raodenoba sqesebis<br />
mixedviT. es statistika un<strong>da</strong> qveyndebodes <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi <strong>da</strong> agreTve, un<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>eces statistikis departamentsa <strong>da</strong> qalTa, samuSaos, jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministros. un<strong>da</strong> gaanalizdes Sedegebi samxareo<br />
doneze <strong>da</strong> gamoqveyndes sul mcire sam weliwadSi erTxel.<br />
• qalTa Tanasworuflebiani ganviTarebis gegmis SemuSaveba. TiToeulma<br />
samsaxurma un<strong>da</strong> waradginos samwliani gegma qalTa warmomadgenlobis simciris<br />
aRsakveTad. gegma un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes metwilad mamakacebiT <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli<br />
samuSao adgilebis imgvarad Secvlas, rom maTi <strong>da</strong>kaveba qalebmac SesZlon.<br />
• samuSao drois modelebis gamoc<strong>da</strong> profesiuli <strong>da</strong> saojaxo movaleobebis<br />
SeTavsebisaTvis. im pirebma, romlebic zrunaven ojaxis wevrebze SeuZliaT<br />
garkveuli xniT moiTxovon arasruli samuSao dro (dRiuri, kvireuli, Tviuri<br />
an wliuri).<br />
• RonisZiebebis gatareba samuSao adgilze seqsualuri iZulebis winaaRmdeg;<br />
• qalTa rwmunebulebi. sajaro samsaxurebma un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aweson qalTa rwmunebulis<br />
Tanamdeboba, romelic konsultacias gauwevs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>exmareba rogorc mTlianobaSi<br />
samsaxurs, ise TanamSromlebsac Tanasworuflebianobis realurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaSi. qalTa rwmunebuls irCeven mdedrobiTi sqesis TanamSromlebi<br />
sami wlis vadiT. qalTa municipaluri rwmunebuli monawileobas iRebs yvela<br />
gegmis, RonisZiebis, proeqtis SemuSaveba-SefasebaSi, romlebmac gavlena<br />
SeiZleba moaxdinos im municipaliteteSi mcxovrebi qalebis cxovrebaze.<br />
zaaris mxareSi arsebobs qalTa, samuSaos, jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri uzrunvelyofis<br />
saministro. saarbriukenis meriaSi Seqmnilia qalTa ganyofileba,<br />
romlis movaleobacaa Tvali adevnos adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier miRebul<br />
nebismier dokuments, ganviTarebis gegmas, biujets, moaxdinos genderuli<br />
analizi <strong>da</strong> SeimuSaos rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi iseT debulebebze, romelic ar<br />
iTvaliswineben an ewinaaRmdegebian qalTa interesebs.<br />
saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT samxareo doneze politikis formirebaSi genderuli<br />
midgomebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis erTaderTi iniciativa, gaeros ganviTarebis programis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT Seqmnilma qalTa regionulma centrma wamoiwyo. kerZod, centrma<br />
organizeba gaukeTa samcxe-javaxeTSi genderuli politikis grZelvadiani<br />
samoqmedo gegmis (2006-2008 w.w.) SemuSavebis process. samoqmedo gegma miznad<br />
35
isaxavs samcxe-javaxeTSi genderuli politikis mimarTulebebis gansazRvras,<br />
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis lobirebas, marTvis procesSi genderuli<br />
parametrebis gaTvaliswinebisa <strong>da</strong>, regionSi arsebuli genderuli asimetriis<br />
Semcirebis xelSewyobas. gegma kompleqsuria <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznebis<br />
Sesasruleblad xelisuflebis organoebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaerTianebaa saWiro. samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis procesSic monawileoba<br />
miiRes rogorc xelisuflebis, maT Soris, regionis eqvsive raionis gamgebelma,<br />
ise sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, mediisa <strong>da</strong> akademiuri wreebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma. samcxe-javaxeTis genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis<br />
samoqmedo gegma saqarTveloSi samxareo doneze SemuSavebuli am saxis pirveli<br />
dokumentia <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, adgilobriv doneze genderuli politikis<br />
formirebis pirveli mcdelobaa.<br />
36
Tema 12<br />
genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis,<br />
analizis, <strong>da</strong>gegmvis instrumenti<br />
wyaro: UNECE's Gender Statistics Website for Europe & North America<br />
http://www.unece.org/stats/gender/web<br />
ra aris genderuli statistika?<br />
genderuli statistika Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT axali <strong>da</strong>rgia <strong>da</strong> konceftualurad ufro mets<br />
niSnavs, vidre, ubralod, sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>yofili monacemebi. genderuli<br />
statistika asaxavs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis mdgomareobas yvela sferoSi — <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZleblobas iZleva genderuli sakiTxebis sistemuri SeswavlisaTvis.<br />
genderuli statistikis Seqmna niSnavs tradiciul statistikis sistemaSi<br />
genderis meinstrimingis ganxorcielebas, anu genderuli infikatorebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergvas statistikis sistemis yvela sferoSi <strong>da</strong> yvela doneze. srulyofili<br />
genderuli statistika gulisxmobs genderuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas<br />
monacemTa Sekrebis, analizisa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenis dros <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria, monacemebis<br />
gavrcelebas momxmareblisaTvis moxerxebul formatSi.<br />
ratom aris saWiro genderuli statistika?<br />
genderuli statistika xels uwyobs sazogadoebis mier genderuli problemebis<br />
swor aRqmasa <strong>da</strong> genderuli stereotipebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS <strong>da</strong>yenebas.<br />
genderuli statistika arwmunebs politikis SemmuSaveblebs koreqtireba<br />
gaukeTon politikas <strong>da</strong> ukeT upasuxon rogorc mamakacis, ise qalis interesebs.<br />
genderuli statistikis Seqmna aucilebelia, agreTve, genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
xelSewyobis sferoSi cvlilebebis monitoringisaTvis.<br />
genderuli statistikis warmoeba<br />
genderuli inidkatorebis <strong>da</strong>sadgenad aucilebelia ganisazRvros, Tu ra<br />
genderuli problemebis winaSe dgas sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> ra Sesabamisi statistikuri<br />
monacemebis Sekrebaa saWiro problemebis yovelmxriv warmosaCenad <strong>da</strong> Sesaswavlad.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania TanamSromloba politikis Semmu-<br />
Saveblebsa, genderul problematikaze momuSaveTa <strong>da</strong> statistikis mwarmoebelTa<br />
Soris. monacemTa Sekrebisas gamoyenebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos iseTi meTodika, romelsac<br />
SeuZlia adekvaturad asaxos arsebuli genderuli gansxvavebebi.<br />
genderuli statistikis ZiriTadi funqciebi<br />
• genderuli statistika <strong>da</strong> indikatorebi aucilebelia genderulad<br />
koreqtuli politikisa <strong>da</strong> gegmebis SemuSavebisaTvis.<br />
• genderuli statistika mniSvnelovani instrumentia cvlilebebis<br />
monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT<br />
progresis Sesafaseblad.<br />
• genderuli statistika xels uwyobs genderuli stereotipebis<br />
aRmofxvras.<br />
37
genderuli statistikis gavrceleba<br />
genderuli statistikis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan gzad miCneulia<br />
mopovebuli monacemebis iseTi formiT gavrceleba, romelic morgebulia<br />
momxmarebelTa saWiroebaze. amisaTvis aucilebelia momxmarebelTan kavSirebis<br />
ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> maTgan Sesabamisi ukukavSiris miReba. magaliTad, did britaneTSi<br />
am mizniT specialuri jgufic ki aris Seqmnili: genderuli statistikis<br />
momxarebelTa jgufi. es jgufi miznad isaxavs imgvari monacemebis mopovebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gavrcelebis ganviTarebas, romelic genderuli gansxvavebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
uTanasworobis gaazrebasa <strong>da</strong> am mimarTulebiT politikis SemuSavebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sefasebis gaumjobesebas emsaxureba.<br />
genderuli statistikis momxmarebelTa jgufis amocanebia:<br />
• statistikis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebis im aspeqtebisa <strong>da</strong> sakiTxebis<br />
gamovlena, romelsac gaumjobeseba esaWiroeba;<br />
• Tematuri diskusiiebis organizeba konkretul sferoebSi genderuli<br />
statistikis gaumjobesebis gzebis gamosavlenad;<br />
• mWidro kavSiris Camoyalibeba statistikis mwarmoeblebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
momxareblebs Soris, momxmarebelTa interesebis wardgena saxelmwifo<br />
statistikuri samsaxurisa <strong>da</strong> oficialuri statistikis sxva mwarmoebelTa<br />
winaSe ;<br />
• momxmarebelTa Soris informaciisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli statistikis saukeTeso<br />
praqtikis nimuSebis gacvlis xelSewyoba.<br />
wyaro: www.eoc.org.uk<br />
genderuli statistika saqarTveloSi<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departaments garkveuli gamocdileba<br />
aqvs genderuli statistikis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, TumcaRa mwiri finansuri<br />
resursebis gamo srulyofilad ver flobs informacas genderul WrilSi.<br />
SvedeTis statsamsaxuris <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT saqarTvelos statistikis departamentma<br />
garkveuli nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>dga genderulad <strong>da</strong>calkevebuli statistikuri<br />
monacemebis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, statistikuri <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />
formebs <strong>da</strong>emata rigi maCveneblebi, romlis Sesabamisad gamoica statistikuri<br />
publikacia “qali <strong>da</strong> kaci saqarTveloSi” 1999, 2003 <strong>da</strong> 2005 wlebSi.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, saWiroa, kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>ixvewos genderuli indikatorebi,<br />
SesabamisobaSi movides saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inergos informaciis<br />
Sekrebis yvela doneze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania genderuli statistikis<br />
gavrcelebis axali formatebis SemuSaveba, raTa erTi mxriv, sazogadoeba<br />
informirebuli iyos genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
sferoSi erovnul, Tu adgilobriv doneze politikis SemuSavebisas ar moxdes<br />
genderuli faqtorebis ignorireba.<br />
statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia<br />
genderulad <strong>da</strong>calkevebuli monacemebi iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa:<br />
anazRaurebadi <strong>da</strong> aunazRaurebeli Sroma, drois biujetis gamoyeneba, bavSvTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis maCveneblebi asakisa <strong>da</strong> ganTavsebis struqturis mixedviT, calkeuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebebis <strong>da</strong> asakobrivi jgufebis, eqimTan vizitebis sixSire, specialisti<br />
eqimebis raodenoba, <strong>da</strong>salevi wylis misawvdomoba, <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveoba <strong>da</strong>naSaulis<br />
saxeebis mixedviT, Zaladobis msxverpli <strong>da</strong>naSaulis saxeebis mixedviT,<br />
trefikingi, kinoTeatrebSi, TeatrebSi, biblioTekebSi, eklesiebSi, sportul<br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazebSi, sakoncerto <strong>da</strong>rbazebSi <strong>da</strong>swrebaTa, mwevelTa raodenoba asakisa <strong>da</strong><br />
38
qorwinebis statusis mixedviT, eleqtoratis raodenoba <strong>da</strong> sxva. zemoaRniSnuli<br />
sakiTxebi saWiroebs specialuri statistikuri kvlevebis Catarebas. statitikis<br />
departamenti aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlebSi moTxovna genderul TanasworobasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul statistikur informaciaze gaizar<strong>da</strong>; agreTve gafarTov<strong>da</strong><br />
momxmarebelTa wre.<br />
39
Tema XIII<br />
genderuli meinstrimingi<br />
genderuli meinstrimingi aris qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa prioritetebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saWiroebebis sistemuri integracia politikis formirebis, ganxorcielebis,<br />
monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebis procesSi, genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobis<br />
mizniT.<br />
genderuli meinstrimingi _ rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi <strong>da</strong> dinamiurad<br />
ganviTarebadi konceptia. ar arsebobs misi erTiani, martivi ganmarteba.<br />
Tanxmobaa mxolod misi miznis _ genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis<br />
gansazRvraSi.<br />
ekososis ganmartebiT, genderuli meinstrimingi “yoveli <strong>da</strong>gegmarebadi<br />
saqmianobis, maT Soris, kanonmdeblobis, politikis, nebismieri sferosa <strong>da</strong> yvela<br />
donis programebis qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebze zegavlenis Sefasebis procesia”.<br />
evrosabWos ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis komiteti: - “genderuli meinstrimingi aris<br />
iniciativebi, romlebic rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs saSualebas aZlevs<br />
gamoxaton TaviTi Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong> miiRon monawileoba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebaSi TavianTi problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad”.<br />
evrokomisia ganmartavs genderul meinstrimings, rogorc “strategiuli<br />
grZelvadiani midgomas, romelic nergavs genderul Tanasworobas sistemebSi,<br />
struqturebSi, institutebSi, programebSi, politikasa <strong>da</strong> praqtikaSi”.<br />
genderuli menistrimingi praqtikuli amocanaa, magram safuZvlad udevs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva filosofiuri, sociologiuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri Sexedulebebi.<br />
sityva meinstrimingis Sesatyvisis moZebna qarTulad sakmaod Znelia. ara mxolod<br />
qarTvelebi frangebi, Svedebi, holandielebi, rusebic pir<strong>da</strong>pir iyeneben am<br />
termins. meinstrimingi niSnavs periferii<strong>da</strong>n ZiriTad nakadSi moqcevas (arsebobs<br />
azri, rom es termini gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad gadmoRebulia<br />
ganaTlebis politikisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis leqsikoni<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c meinstrimingi niSnavs<br />
moswavlis ga<strong>da</strong>yvanas specialuri kompensatoruli ganaTlebis kursi<strong>da</strong>n ZiriTad<br />
saswavlo nakadSi).<br />
genderuli meinstrimingis idea warmoiSva 1970-ian wlebSi, <strong>da</strong>muSav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTar<strong>da</strong> 1980-ian wlebSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wiaRSi (aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento<br />
(USAID), msoflio banki, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia). pekinis moqmedebaTa<br />
platformam mkafiod gansazRvra genderuli meinstrimingi, rogorc praqtikuli<br />
politikis mizani.<br />
sami ZiriTadi jgufi SeiZleba gamoiyos im struqturebis, romlebmac<br />
ganaviTares genderuli meinstrimingis idea: 1) ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso<br />
saagentoebi, 2) gaeros struqturebi (gansakuTrebiT: gaeros ganviTarebis<br />
programa UNDP, gaeros qalTa programa UNIFEM), 3) evropuli struqturebi.<br />
genderuli meinstrimingis idea amoizar<strong>da</strong> midgomi<strong>da</strong>n `qalebi ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi~ (Women in Development). es midgoma Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad SeimuSava<br />
ganviTarebis sakiTxebze momuSave socialurad <strong>da</strong> politikurad aqtiurma qalTa<br />
jgufma vaSingtonSi.<br />
40
<strong>da</strong>isva sakiTxi, ra ufro swori <strong>da</strong> efeqturia: calkeuli, specialuri proeqtebi<br />
qalebisaTvis Tu qalTa komponentis integracia yvela proeqtSi (msoflio bankis<br />
parqtika).<br />
ganviTarebis tradiciuli Teoriebis mixedviT, modernizacias avtomaturad<br />
mohyveba qalTa mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> statusis gaumjobeseba. feministebi Tvlidnen,<br />
rom modernizacias qalis mxolod nawilobrivi emansipacia SeuZlia <strong>da</strong><br />
aucilebelia axali midgomis SemuSaveba.<br />
genderuli meinstrimingis argumenti, ara mxolod socialuri samarTlianobaa,<br />
aramed efeqturobac _ qalis potencialis srulad gamoyeneba (ara marto qalebi<br />
moigeben ganviTarebiT, aramed ganviTarebac qalTa monawileobiT). midgoma WID<br />
(qalebi ganviTarebaSi) Seicvala GAD (genderi <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba).<br />
genderuli meinstrimingis operacionalizacia anu praqtikaSi <strong>da</strong>nergva<br />
genderuli meinstrimingis realizacia or doneze xdeba — politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
teqnikur doneze. (UNIFEN).<br />
teqnikuri done gulisxmobs _ momzadebuli kadrebis arsebobas, Teoriuli<br />
bazisa <strong>da</strong> kvlevis Sedegebis qonas. politikur doneze — politikuri nebis<br />
Camoyalibebas — saTanado kanonmdeblobis qonas, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis efeqturi meqanizmebis arsebobas.<br />
genderuli meinstrimingis ganxorcielebis SefasebisaTvis auclebelia kriteriumebis<br />
qona: magaliTad, evrosabWos aqvs sqema konkretuli sferoebisaTvis,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia asaxos dinamika. magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferos sqema.<br />
genderuli meinstrimingis araswori interpretaciaa, roca imis nacvlad rom<br />
fokusi gakeTdes genderul Tansworobaze, rogorc mizanze, ZiriTadi aqcenti<br />
keTdeba qalebis CarTvaze saqmianobaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebis roli umniSvneloa (sara<br />
longve, evropis ganviTarebis komitetisaTvis Catarebuli kvleva).<br />
mniSvnelovania ara ubralo monawileoba, aramed monawileoba garkveuli<br />
pirobebiT - ara marto dRis wesrigSi Sesvla, aramed dRis wesrigis formireba.<br />
41
Tema XIV<br />
genderuli analizi. cnebis ganmarteba,<br />
genderuli analizis instrumentebi<br />
genderuli analizi warmoadgens qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacze, ama Tu im politikis,<br />
programis, strategiuli midgomis, institutis gansxvavebuli zemoqmedebis<br />
gamovlenasa <strong>da</strong> Seswavlas. genderuli analizi zogadi politikuri <strong>da</strong> socialurekonomikuri<br />
analizis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />
genderuli analizi bunebrivia moiTxovs sqesis niSniT gancalkevebul monacemebs.<br />
genderuli analizisas, aanalizeben resursebis misawvdomobas, resursebis<br />
kontrols, saqmianobis saxeebs, xelisSemSlel faqtorebs, saWiroebebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
moTxovnilebebs, calke qalebisa <strong>da</strong> calke mamakacebisaTvis.<br />
genderuli analizis mizania, maqsimalurad gacnobierdes genderuli gansxvavebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> politika Tu programa ise <strong>da</strong>igegmos <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes, rom maqsimalurad<br />
upasuxos gansxvavebul saWiroebebs. genderuli analizi aumjobesebs<br />
marTvasa <strong>da</strong> efeqturi politikis SemuSavebas, radgan orientirebulia maqsimalurad<br />
upasuxos mravalferovan <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebul interesebs. genderuli<br />
analizi xels uwyobs procesebSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis srul CarTulobas <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisad, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebis srulyofil gamoyenebas.<br />
politikis ganxorcielebisas genderuli meinstrimingis aucileblobis gacnobierebam<br />
genderuli analizis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. magaliTad, kana<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
genderuli analizis mniSvneloba saxelmwifo donezea aRiarebuli, genderul<br />
Tanasworobaze momuSave specialur struqturam - kanadis qalTa statusma — 1999<br />
wels Seqmna genderuli analizis direqtorati.<br />
es direqtorati Semdegnairad gansazRvravs genderuli analizis sayrden<br />
principebs:<br />
aucilebelia yvela sferoSi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris konstruqciuli<br />
TanamSromlobis ganviTareba;<br />
yoveli programa, qmedeba, proeqti, socialur-ekonomikuri tendencia<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad aisaxeba qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacze;<br />
genderuli Tanasworoba niSnavs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanabari statusis <strong>da</strong><br />
ara msgavsebis miRwevas;<br />
Tanabari mopyroba ar niSnavs Tanabari Sedegebis miRwevas. genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis Tanamedrove koncefcia acnobierebs, rom qalebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mamakacebs zogjer gansxvavebuli mopyroba sWirdebaT, raTa Tanabar<br />
Sedegebs miaRwion.<br />
qali ekonomikuri, socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri procesebis ara mxolod<br />
samizne, aramed agentic un<strong>da</strong> iyos;<br />
arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad specialuri zomebis<br />
miRebaa saWiro;<br />
qalis statusis gaZliereba sakvanZoa genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis<br />
zrunvisas;<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> iqnes <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli, rom politikurma <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikurma<br />
tendenciebma SesaZloa mamakacebzec moaxdinos negatiuri gavlena.<br />
42
SesaZloa nebismieri sferos genderuli analizis ganxorcieleba. mogvyavs mcire<br />
magaliTi, romelSic <strong>da</strong>saqmebis politikis genderuli aspeqtebia warmoCenili.<br />
SemTxvevis Seswavla. <strong>da</strong>saqmebis politikis genderuli analizi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis bazarze dRemde dominantur modelad iTvleba sruli samuSao dRe<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenili saaTebiT. nel-nela inergeba moqnili samuSao drois sistemac, Tumca<br />
normad mainc <strong>da</strong>dgenili saaTebi rCeba.<br />
saWiroa zoga<strong>da</strong>d samuSaos bunebis axleburad gaazreba <strong>da</strong> imis gacnobiereba,<br />
rom mouqneli samuSao saaTebis sistemas Tavisi genderuli aspeqti aqvs. raki<br />
dRemde ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalebi arian saojaxo saqmisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze<br />
pasuxismgebelni, maT mamakacebze metad sWirdebaT <strong>da</strong> awyobT arasruli samuSao<br />
dRe, an Tun<strong>da</strong>c sruli samuSao dRe oRond moqnili <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>dgenili saaTebiT.<br />
aris meore momentic, mag. did britaneTSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis komisiis<br />
mier 2004 wels ganxorcielebulma arasruli <strong>da</strong> moqnili samuSaos (part-time job)<br />
kvlevam aCvena, rom arasruli samuSao dReze momuSave qalebis anazRaureba<br />
TiToeuli namuSevari saaTisaTvis 40% naklebia, vidre mTlian samuSao dReze<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli mamakacebisa.<br />
Tanamedrove pirobebSi moqnili samuSao dRiT momuSaveTa ricxvi izrdeba,<br />
magram amgvari modelis ufro farTod <strong>da</strong>nergvas Semdegi winaaRmdegobebi<br />
xvdeba:<br />
• Sromis bazari mouqnelia <strong>da</strong> SezRudul SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs.<br />
• moqnili samuSao dRis modeli efeqturi rom iyos, menejersa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebuls Soris kargi komunikacia <strong>da</strong> ndobaa saWiro.<br />
• xSirad moqnili samuSao droiT momuSaves problemebi eqmneba sapensio<br />
sferoSi.<br />
genderuli analizis instrumentebi mimarTulia specifiur sferosa Tu<br />
sakiTxis genderuli ganzomilebis gamovlenisaken <strong>da</strong> aCvenebs Tu rogor aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtorebi, genderze, asakze, socialur fenaze,<br />
eTnikurobaze.<br />
arsebobs genderuli analizis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari instrumentebi, imis Sesabamisad<br />
Tu ra sferos an ra tipis programas vaanalizebT. magaliTad mogvyavs genderuli<br />
analizis erTerTi intrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba konkretuli SemoTavazebuli<br />
midgomis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufis uflebamosilebis gaZlierebaze zemoqmedebis<br />
Sesafaseblad.<br />
longves uflebamosilebaTa CarCo<br />
kontroli<br />
mobilizacia<br />
cnobiereba<br />
misawvdomoba<br />
keTildReoba<br />
qali<br />
mamakaci<br />
procesi zemoqmedeba procesi zemoqmedeba<br />
wyaro: Gender Equity Builging Blocks, Care, 2002.<br />
43
savaldebulo literatura:<br />
• Men and Women in Politics: Democracy Still in the Making. A World Comparative Study, Inter-<br />
Parliamnetary Union, 1997.<br />
• l. xomeriki, qalTa monawileoba adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi/ qalebi <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, qalTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis centris<br />
almanaxi, Tbilisi, 2001.<br />
• l. xomeriki, genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi postsabWoTa saqarTvelo-<br />
Si/demokratiis mSenebloba saqarTveloSi, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> saarCevno<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis saerTaSoriso instituti, 2003.<br />
• saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi,<br />
gamowvevebi <strong>da</strong> perspeqtivebi, re<strong>da</strong>qtorebi: gia nodia, alvaro pinto<br />
sqoltabaxi, mSvidobis. demokratiis <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti,<br />
niderlandebis mravalpartiuli demokratiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006 w.<br />
• Richard E. Matland, Enhancing Women’s Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment and<br />
Electoral Systems/Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy<br />
and Electoral Assistance, 1998.<br />
• l. xomeriki, “<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebis gamocdileba politikaSi qalTa<br />
warmomadgenlobis gazrdis sferoSi”/genderuli problematika saqarTveloSi,<br />
Tbilisi, 2003.<br />
• Using quotas to increase women’s political representation/Women in Parliament: Beyond<br />
Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998. pp. 91-115.<br />
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri monawileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,<br />
seminaris masalebi.<br />
• l. xomeriki, n. javaxiSvili, m. nikuraZe, genderuli politika <strong>da</strong> masmedia,<br />
Tbilisi, 2002.<br />
• l. xomeriki, saxelmwifo genderuli politika/genderuli problematika<br />
saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2003.<br />
• lela xomeriki, genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli<br />
politikis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2006.<br />
• Gender Statistics, UNECE's Gender Statistics Website for Europe & North America!<br />
http://www.unece.org/stats/gender/web<br />
• Gender mainstreaming - Conceptual framework, methodology and presentation of good practices,<br />
Section Equality between Women and Men, Directorate General of Human Rights, Council of<br />
Europe, Strasbourg, February 1999<br />
• Parliament, the Budget and Gender, Joachim Wehner (Germany) and Winnie Byanyima, MP<br />
(Ugan<strong>da</strong>), the handbook jointly produced by the IPU, UNDP, WBI and UNIFEM/Chapter 4, A<br />
gender perspective on the budget, Chapter 5, Strengthening legislative participation, pages 55-81.<br />
• An Integrated Approach to Gender-based Analysis, Gender-based analyses directorate, Status of<br />
Women Cana<strong>da</strong>, 2004 Edition.<br />
• genderuli analizis instrumenti — harvardis analitikuri CarCo.<br />
• Analytical Tool for Assessing Gender Sensitivity of organizations, Cor<strong>da</strong>id, 2004.<br />
44
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi literatura <strong>da</strong> sxva saswavlo masala:<br />
• Jill M. Bystydzienski, Women in Electoral Politics, 1995.<br />
• Global Database of Quotas for Women, International IDEA and Stockholm University,<br />
http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm<br />
• http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral<br />
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri moanwileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,<br />
seminaris masalebi.<br />
• nino javaxiSvili, feminizmis mimarTulebebi, feministuri <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
moZraoba/gederuli problematika saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2002. gv. 63-78.<br />
• qali masmediaSi: portreti Tu karikatura, JurnalistTa asociaci, gender<br />
media kavkasia, Tbilisi, 2005.<br />
• Global Database of Quotas for Women, International IDEA and Stockholm University,<br />
http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm<br />
• http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral<br />
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri moanwileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,<br />
seminaris masalebi.<br />
• saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnuli samoqmedo<br />
gegmis proeqti, qalTa organizaciebis koaliciis instituciuri meqanizmebis<br />
jgufi, 2006<br />
• genderuli Tanasworobis kanonmdeblobis nimuSi, germaniis saaris mxaris<br />
kanonmdeblobis magaliTi, qalTa informaciisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis centri,<br />
Tbilisi, 2000.<br />
• samcxe-javaxeTis regionis genderuli politikis samoqmedo gegma, qalTa<br />
regionuli centri, axalcixe, 2006.<br />
• qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci saqarTveloSi, weliwdeuli, 2005, saqarTvelos statistikis<br />
departamenti.<br />
45
LELA KHOMERIKI<br />
GENDER AND POLITICS<br />
Duration of the course: one academic term, 15 weeks, 30 classroom hours plus 95 hours<br />
of student’s independent work.<br />
Course description:<br />
The course reviews gender problems in modern political theory, trends of development of<br />
women’s right concept, national and international legal mechanisms of protection of<br />
women’s political rights. The course also reviews main directions of state gender policy, as<br />
well as gender equality supporting legislation and institutional machinery. Along with<br />
providing students with theoretical knowledge the course is also aiming at helping students<br />
apply concrete instruments of gender analysis. The course structure allows teacher<br />
supplement theoretical presentations with practical assignments, based on the knowledge<br />
obtained through the course, students will conduct gender analysis of Georgian legislation<br />
and specific aspects of political processes.<br />
Course objectives:<br />
At the completion of the course, students will be able to apply gender as one of the<br />
categories for analysis of political processes and will better understand gender aspects of<br />
different political systems, institutions and policies. Students will be able to identify gender<br />
related problems in politics. They will compare different gender policies. They will be able to<br />
list main components of gender state policy and describe structure and competences of<br />
institutional machinery for Gender equality. They will be introduced to concepts of gender<br />
analysis, gender mainstreaming, gender Budget, gender statistics. Homework, discussions,<br />
case studies will familiarize students with concrete instruments of gender analysis, help them<br />
practice skills of gender analysis and apply the knowledge and skills obtained through the<br />
course in practice.<br />
Methods of teaching:<br />
Theoretical presentations, group discussions, group work, student presentations, case<br />
studies, writing of essay, mini researches.<br />
Course Content<br />
Topic I. Women's participation in politics. Obstacles to women’s participation in<br />
politics. Women’s representation in decision making bodies on different levels.<br />
• Dynamics of women's participation in elective decision-making bodies<br />
• Obstacles to women’s political participation (Political, socio- economic and<br />
psychological hindrances)<br />
• How far the entry of women on the parliamentary scene produces a qualitative change in<br />
legislative work.<br />
• Participation of women in local government bodies.<br />
Topic II. Women in Political Parties<br />
• How women are incorporated in the decision-making structures of parties.<br />
• Political Parties and Special Measures Enhancing Women's Participation in Electoral<br />
Processes.<br />
• The role of political parties in recruiting candi<strong>da</strong>tes for elections, the nomination of and<br />
party support for candi<strong>da</strong>tes, including financial support;<br />
• Women's section of parties;<br />
• Gender problems in parties programs.<br />
• Female participation in political parties of Georgia (membership, management, electoral<br />
lists, party programs, work with women electorate)<br />
46
Topic III. Gender aspects of electoral systems<br />
• Differential impact of the electoral systems on female political representation<br />
• Electoral behaviour of woman voters<br />
• Electoral system of Georgia from gender perspectives<br />
Topic IV. Positive action in the field of equality between women and men<br />
• Definitions and the international legal framework for positive action<br />
• Legal and administrative basis of positive action in the field of equality between<br />
women and men<br />
• The practice of positive action in the different member States of the Council of<br />
Europe<br />
• Examples of how to reach gender balance in appointed bodies, boards and councils<br />
Topic V. Strategies for enchancing women’s political participation<br />
• women’s parallel campaigns<br />
• The Nordic Case<br />
Topic VI. Gender Politics of sistems and organizations<br />
• Gender blinde, Gender awere, Gender transformative politics<br />
Topic VII. Gender politics of Media.<br />
• Methods of Gender analysis of Media<br />
• Gender aspects of Georgian media<br />
Topic VIII. State Gender Policy<br />
• Main Components of Gender state Policy<br />
• Gender equality supporting legislation<br />
• What is Institutional machinery for Enhancing Gender Equality?<br />
• Beijing Platform for Action and National Plans of Action<br />
Topic IX. Gender-sensitive Budget<br />
• Defining concept of a gender-sensitive budget<br />
• How budget have differential effects on men and women<br />
• How to perform a gender analysis of budgets<br />
• The ways of responding to the specific needs of both men and women, mechanisms and<br />
methods for developing a gender-sensitive budget.<br />
Topic X. Georgian State policy in the Field of Gender Equality.<br />
• Gender Equality Institutional Machinery (background and current situation)<br />
• National Plan of Action<br />
Topic XI. Gender policy on the Regional level<br />
• Legal mechanisms (Case study – Gender equality law of Saarland)<br />
• Action plans and specific programs on regional level<br />
Topic XII. Gender statistics - as a tool for policy planning and evaluation<br />
• Defining concepts of gender disaggregated <strong>da</strong>ta and gender statistics<br />
• Main functions of gender statistics<br />
• Producing gender statistics<br />
• Presenting gender statistics (preparing easily accessible, user-friendly formats)<br />
Topic XIII. Gender Mainstriming<br />
• What is gender mainstreaming?<br />
• Importance of gender mainstreaming<br />
• Actors of gender mainstreaming<br />
47
• Gender Mainstreaming tools<br />
• presentation of good practices<br />
Topic XIV. Gender analysis<br />
• How and where can we use Gender analysis<br />
• how GA can improve the policy/program development and/or implementation process to<br />
support gender equality<br />
• Analytical techniques and tools (checklists; guidelines and terms of reference; Gender<br />
impact assessment, Harvard framework)<br />
• Public policy on women and gender issues in Georgia<br />
Topic XV. Gender Analysis of Gender Sensitivity of organizations<br />
• Gender Analysis of vision, mission, values, strategies, structure, systems, procedures,<br />
management, leadership, competencies, staff of the organisation.<br />
• Cor<strong>da</strong>id’s Analytical Tool for Assessing Gender Sensitivity of organizations<br />
48
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