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<strong>maqs</strong> <strong>veberis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>1. <strong>maqs</strong> veberi: pirovneba da mecnieri2. <strong>veberis</strong> sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi3. idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqcia4. ga<strong>ge</strong>bis problema da “socialuri moqmedebis” kategoria5. mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorc <strong>veberis</strong> sociologiismeTodologiuri kategoria.6. socialuri moqmedeba da “ganwyoba sxvaze” “molodini”7. socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi.8. formaluri racionaluroba rogorc <strong>veberis</strong>euli sociologiiskategoria9. <strong>veberis</strong> moZRvreba batonobis tipebis Sesaxeb10. religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>11. veberi da Tanamedroveoba<strong>maqs</strong> veberi – akademiuri biografia (frenk parkinis mixedviT)<strong>maqs</strong> veberi iyo <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli sociologiis erT–erTi yvelaze TvalsaCinowarmomad<strong>ge</strong>neli da gamoCenili sazogado moRvawe; man agreTve politikaSic scadabedi.igi daibada 1864 wlis 21 aprils prusiis q. erfrutSi, mdidari mewarmis ojaxSi;is ufrosi Svili iyo. mamamisi iyo ara marto warmatebuli mewarme (misi saqmianobamsubuq mrewvelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli), aramed agreTve liberaluri mrwamsispolitikuri moRvawe. <strong>maqs</strong>i 4 wlis iyo, rodesac ojaxi berlinSi gadavidasacxovreblad, sadac mamamisis politikuri moRvaweoba kidev ufro gaaqtiurda:1872–84 wlebSi is iyo axladgaerTiaebuli <strong>ge</strong>rmaniis raixstagis deputati; Zalzeaqtiur monawileobas iRebda berlinis politikur cxovrebaSi rogorc bismarkismxardamWeri „erovnul-liberaluri partiis“ warmomad<strong>ge</strong>neli.rac Seexeba mis dedas, elens, is iyo Rrmad morwmune protestanti, romelicaqtiurad monawileobda humanitarul saqmianobaSi. mklevarebi Tvlian, rom dedamdidi gavlena iqonia <strong>maqs</strong>is sulier da inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze.veberebis bina berlinSi gadaiqca salonad, sadac ikrifebodnen mecnierebi,mewarmeebi, mxatvrebi da politikosebi, da ukve pataraobidan <strong>maqs</strong> vebers hqondasaSualeba, gascnoboda Tavisi droisaTvis mowinave politikur da mecnierulideebs.1882 wels, skolis damTavrebis Semdeg veberma swavla gaagrZela haidelbergisuniversitetis iuridiul fakultetze, eswreboda leqciebs istoriaSi,ekonomikaSi, Teologiasa da filosofiaSi. haidelbergSi veberi Cveulebrivistudenturi cxovrebiT cxovrobda – „cotaodeni swavla da bevri qeifi“.1
1884 w. man gaatara strasburgSi, savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi. amis Semdegmamis TxovniT swavla ukve berlinis universitetSi gaagrZela – <strong>veberis</strong> mamasundoda, rom Svils Sin ecxovra; Tumca, 1885 wels erTi semestri vebermagiotin<strong>ge</strong>nis universitetSi gaatarga.1889 wels <strong>maqs</strong> veberma daamTavra Tavisi sadoqtoro disertacia ekonomiuriistoriis dargSi, romelic miZRvnili iyo Sua saukuneebis savaWro kompaniebisistoriisadmi. am naSromis Seqmnis mizniT man damoukideblad Seiswavla italiurida espanuri enebi. maleve, 1891 w. veberi wers kidev erT did istoriul naSroms,„romis agraruli istoria da misi mniSvneloba saxelmwifo da kerZosamarTlisaTvis“.1892 wels veberma Tavisi pirveli sociologiuri naSromi dawera, romelicSeiswavlida aRmosavleT <strong>ge</strong>rmaniis agraruli muSebis mdgomareobas.1893 wels veberma muSaoba daiwyo berlinis universitetSi, sadac is kiTxulobdaleqciebs samarTalSi. am samsaxurma mas finansuri damoukidebloba moutana, daswored am periodSi is daqorwinda Tavis kuzina mariana Snit<strong>ge</strong>rze.1895 wels veberi gadavida fraiburgis universitetSi, sadac is politikuriekonomiis profesorad muSaobda, xolo 1896 wels igi miiwvies haidelbergisuniversitetSi.1897 wlis agvistoSi gardaicvala <strong>veberis</strong> mama. veberma Zalze mwvaved ganicadamamis sikvdili. miuxedavad imisa, rom is Seecada ganeaxlebina Tavisi saqmianobauniversitetSi, axali, 1898 wlis dasawyisSi mas ukve etyoboda nerviuli sisustisniSnebi – fizikuri sisuste, uZiloba, daRliloba, rac saboloo jamSi seriozulavadmyofobaSi gadaizarda. am avadmyofobam didi xniT moswyvita igi srulfasovanakademiur cxovrebas. dakarga ra koncentrirebis unari, veberma ramodenime weligaatara mogzaurobebSi – iyo amerikaSi, samxreT evropaSi, italiaSi, rac Seexebamis amerikul STabeWdilebebs, bevri evropelisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic xazsusvamdnen amerikis naklovanebebs, veberma daafasa iq gavrcelebuli racionalizmikomerciuli operaciebis gatarebisas.mxolod 1903 wels aRidgina veberma janmrTeloba da daubrunda srulfasovanmecnierul muSaobas haidelbergis universitetSi.1904–05 ww. veberi wers Tavis pirvel axlebur naSroms – “protestantul eTikas dakapitalizmis suls“. es naSromi gamoqveynda JurnalSi „Archiv fur Sozialwiissenschaftund Sozialpolitik“ da 1910 wlamde mwvave diskusiis sagans warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda. aRsaniSnavia,rom am diskusiaSi TviT vebermac aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo.amave periodSi Seiqmna <strong>veberis</strong> umniSvnelovanesi meTodologiuri naSromebi,romlebmac safuZveli Cauyara socialuri mecnierebebis meTodologiis dRemdemZlavr tradicias. erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani am naSromebs Sorisaris misi esse „obieqturoba socialur mecnierebebSi“ (1904 w.), romelic agreTve„Archiv“-Si iqna gamoqveynebuli.2
1904 wlidan veberi iyo „Archiv fur Sozialwiissenschaft und Sozialpolitik“-is TanaredaqtorizombartTan da iafesTan erTad; es Jurnali, gamoCenili sociologis edvardSilzis TqmiT, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda „socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi arsebul udidesperiodul gamocemas nebismier enaze“.<strong>maqs</strong> veberi dainteresebuli iyo msoflioSi mimdinare procesebiT. misi yuradRebismiRma ar darCenila ruseTSi 1905 wels momxdari revolucia. raTa saSualebahqonoda originalSi gascnoboda rusul gazeTebs da publikaciebs, mandamoukideblad Seiswavla rusuli ena. 1906 wels gamovida misi ramdenime naSromi,romlebic mieZRvna ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebis analizs.<strong>veberis</strong> Sromisunarianoba gamaognebeli iyo. 1908–09 wlebSi man Seiswavlasameurneo saqmianobis fsiqologia qarxnis muSebTan Catarebuli empiriuligamokvlevis safuZvelze.veberi akademiur cxovrebaSic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda. 1910wels Taviskole<strong>ge</strong>bTan, tionisTan da zimelTan erTad, man daarsa <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli sociologiurisazogadoeba. ramdenime wlis manZilze swored veberi iyo arCeuli amsazogadoebis mdivnad da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda mis saqmianobaze.am droisaTvis veberi ukve dainteresda religiuri sistemebis, samarTlebriviinstitutebis funqcionirebis SeswavliT, politekonomiiT da politikurigamokvlevebiT.1907 wels veberma miiRo memkvidreoba, ramac is finansurad damoukidebeli gaxada.veberi 50 wlis iyo, rodesac pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo. asakis gamo mas arSeeZlo omSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca amis didi survili hqonda. magram issakmaod aqtiur monawileobas iRebda Tavisi qalaqis saavadmyofos marTvaSi,Semdeg muSaobda saidumlo ganyofilebaSi, romelsac gzebis marTva evaleboda,xolo omis bolo 2 weli akeTebda imas, risi gakeTebac yvelaze kargad SeeZlo –`werda sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, imis magivrad, rom emarTa is~.SemdgomSi veberma monawileoba miiRo franqfurtis saarCevno ubanSi gamarTularCevnebSi. is <strong>ge</strong>rmaniis demokratiuli partiis siiT iyo ward<strong>ge</strong>nili, da Tumcadamarcxda, saarCevno komisiam is mainc Seiyvana parlamentSi, rogorc TvalsaCinopirovneba. am ambavma Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina veberze. rogorc parkini werda,„adamiani, romelic ase gamWriaxad erkveoda Zalauflebis meqanizmebSi Teoriuldoneze, erTgvarad miamiti aRmoCnda, rodesac dadga dro, praqtikuladgamoeyenebina es codna“.is, rom veberma ver SeZlo politikuri kariera gaekeTebina, saboloo jamSi kargiciyo, radgan, rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, misgan SeiZleba `saSineli politikosigamosuliyo“.1916 wels veberma gamosca religiis sociologiis ciklis, „Religions Rejections of theWorld and Their Directions“-is pirveli naSromebi, romlebic exeboda CineTisa daindoeTis religiur sistemebs. erTi wlis Semdeg gamovida am ciklis Semdegi3
naSromi, romelic mieZRvna Zvel iudaizms. SemdgomSi veberma kidev ufro ganavrcoes naSromebi da gamoaqveyna „msoflio religiaTa socialuri fsiqologia“ (1918) da„msoflio religiaTa sameurnao eTika“ (1919).mxolod 1918 wels daubrunda veberi leqciebis kiTxvas, amjerad – venisuniversitetSi. Semdeg man miiRo miunxenis universitetis miwveva, sadac waikiTxaTavisi cnobili leqciebi, „mecniereba rogorc mowodeba da profesia“ da„politika rogorc mowodeba da profesia“ (1919 w). aseve miunxenis universitetSiwakiTxuli leqciebis studentiseuli konspeqtebis safuZvelze iqna Sed<strong>ge</strong>nili<strong>veberis</strong> „saerTo ekonomikuri istoria“, romelic iZleva srul STabeWdilebas<strong>veberis</strong> uzomod farTo ganswavlulobisa da misi unikaluri azrovnebis Sesaxeb.1920 wlis 14 ivniss, 56 wlis asakSi, veberi filtvebis anTebiT gardaicvalamiunxenSi. mas uamravi naSromi darCa daumTavrebeli, maT Soris erT-erTiumniSvnelovanesi, „ekonomika da sazogadoeba“, gamocemuli iqna 2 tomad misigardacvalebis Semdeg, 1922 wels. aseve misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamovida misisamtomiani „religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>“<strong>sociologia</strong>Si veberi „movida“ ekonomikidan da istoriidan, da is arc TvlidaTavs sociologad – mas politikur ekonomistad miaCnda Tavi. misi sauniversitetomoRvaweobac, diurkemisagan gansxvavebiT, arasodes yofila dakavSirebuli kerZod<strong>sociologia</strong>sTan, da arc arasodes yofila igi sociologiis profesori.miuxedavamd amisa, <strong>veberis</strong> roli sociologiis istoriaSi da misi gavlenasociologiis rogorc mecnierebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze uzomod didia; manSemoitana <strong>sociologia</strong>Si mravali axali Tema da problema, romlebic dRemdeaqtualurad rCeba.misi Tanamedrove moazrovneTagan, <strong>veberis</strong> naSromebze yvelaze didi gavlenamarqsma da nicSem iqonies. veberi kargad icnobda orive maTganis naazrevs daiziarebda maT mier wamoWril problematikas, Tumca am problemebis arsis axxsnisada maTi gadaWris gzebis TvalsazrisiT bevr rameSi ar eTanxmeboda maT.<strong>maqs</strong> veberi: biografiuli narkvevi (ritceris mixedviT)maqvs veberi daibada erfurtSi, <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi, 1864 wlis 21 aprils, saSualo klasisojaxSi. mis mSoblebs Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas gavlena hqonda rogorc misintelequalur orientaciaze, ise fsiqologiur ganviTarebaze. <strong>veberis</strong> mamabiurokrati iyo da sakmaod mniSvnelovan politikur Tanamdebobasac flobda. igipolitikuri sivrcis wevri iyo da Sesabamisad gmobda yvela qmedebasa Tu ideas,romelic moiTxovda personalur Tavdadebas an safrTxes uqmnida mis poziciassistemaSi. amasTanave ufrosi veberi iseTi kaci iyo, romelsac Zalian uyvardaamqveyniuri siamovnebis miReba, riTac da ara mxolod amiT, Zalian gansxvavdebodasakuTari meuRlisagan. <strong>maqs</strong> <strong>veberis</strong> deda kalvinisti iyo, qali romelic asketurcxovrebas misdevda da didad gansxvavdeboda sakuTari meuRlisagan. misi azrebiufro metad araamqveyniuri iyo; igi wuxda arasrulyofilebaze, romelic Tavismxriv imis niSans warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda rom mas codvebi ar mieteveboda da ar4
gadarCeboda. mSoblebs Soris aseTma gansxvavebam Zalian did gavlena iqoniaveberze.imis gamo, rom SeuZlebeli iyo orive mSoblis gzas erTdroulad dasdgomoda,vebers bavSvobidanve gamokveTili arCevani warudgines (mariane veberi, 1975:62).Tavdapirvelad igi mamamisis gzas daadga, Tumca mogvianebiT igi ufro metaddedis arCevans miuaxlovda. imisda miuxedavd, Tu ras airCevda veberi, msgavspolarul gansxvavebas <strong>veberis</strong> fsiqikaze negatiuri efeqti hqonda.Tvrameti wlis asakSi <strong>maqs</strong> veberi cota xniT heidelbergis universitetSisaswavleblad gaemgzavra. miuedavad imisa, rom vebers ukve demonstrirebulihqonda Tavisi intelaqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, socialur doneze heidelbergisuniversititSi igi morcxvi da dabal ganviTarebuli Cairicxa. Tumca, es maleveSeicvala mas Semdeg rac igi SeuerTda mamamisis cxovrebis gzas. aq igisocialurad ganviTarda, Tumca ufro metad ludis im didi raodenobis gamo,romelsac Tavis TanatolebTan erTad miirTmevda. amasTanave, igi amayad ukeTebdademonstracias duelis Sedegad miRebul Sramebs, romlebic aseTi cxovrebisniSans warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ndnen. veberma ara mxolod mamamisis cxovrebis wesi airCia, aramedprofesiul gadawyvetilebaSic mas gahyva, radgan gadawyvita samarTali Seeswavla.sami semestris Semdeg veberma samxedro samsaxuris gamo dastova heidelbergi da1884 wels dabrunda berlinSi, Tavisi mSoblebis saxlSi, raTa berlinisuniversitetSi swavla gaegrZelebina. igi iq momavali rva wlis ganmavlobaSidarCa, daasrula swavla, moipova doqtoris xarisxi, gaxda samarTalmcodne, daberlinis universitetSi leqciebis wakiTxvac daiwyo. am procesSi misi interesebiSemoifargleboda ufro metad misi cxovrebiseuli interesebiT – ekonomikiT,istoriiTa da sociologiiT. am rva wlis ganmavlobaSi veberi finansurad mamazeiyo damokidebuli, rac mas sul ufro naklebad moswonda. am periodSi igi ufrometad dauaxlovda dedis Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisad mamis mimarT antipaTiagaizarda. man asketuri cxovrebis wess mihyo xeli da mTlianad CaerTo TavissamuSaoSi. magaliTad, swavlis periodSi misi erTi dRis, Cveulebrivi semestrulisamuSao Cvevebi Semdegnairad xasaiTdeba: “igi misdevs samuSaos mkacr disciplinas,Tavisi cxovrebis regulirebas saaTis meSveobiT axdens, yoveldRiur rutinasyofs konkretul seqciebad sxvadasxva samuSaosTvis, inaxavs fuls imis xarjzerom saRamoobiT sakuTar Tavs xorciTa da oTxi kvercxiT gamokvebavs sakuTaroTaxSi” (micmani, 1969/1971:48; mariana veberi, 1975:105). dedis gzis dadgomiT veberiasketuri cxovrebis gzas daadga, gaxda didi mSromeli da Tanamedrove terminebiTrom avRweroT “Workaholic”-ic ki.msgavsma muSaobam veberi 1896 wels heidelbergis universitetSi ekonomikisprofesoris poziciamde miiyvana. Tumca 1897 wels, rodesac <strong>veberis</strong> akademiurikariera ifurCqneboda, mamamisi gardaicvala, rac maT Soris saSinel kamaTs mohyva.cota xnis Semdeg veberi ukve amJRavnebda iseT simptomebs, romlebic nerviuliaSlilobis niSani iyo. xSirad igi ver axerxebda Zils an muSaobas, momavali eqvsi-Svidi weli man fataluri kolafsis piras gaatara. 1903 wels mas zogierTi Zaladaubrunda, Tumca mxolod 1904 wlidan, rodesac a.S.S-Si eqvs naxevari wlis Semdegpirvelad waikiTxa leqcia, daubrunda igi aqtiur akademiur cxovrebas. 1904 da 19055
wlebSi man gamoaqveyna Tavisi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi “protestantulieTika da kapitalizmis suli”. Tavis SromaSi man gamoacxada dedamisis religiisdominanturoba akademiur doneze. veberi did dros uTmobda religiis Seswavlas,miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad religiuri ar yofila.miuxedavad imisa, rom mas kvlav awuxebda garkveuli fsiqologiuri problemebi,ukve 1904 wlidan mas funqcionireba mainc SeeZlo da ramodenime mniSvnelovaniSromac gamosca. am wlebSi veberma gamosca msoflio religiebis Seswavlamsoflio-istoriul perspeqtivaSi (magaliTad, CineTi, indoeTi da antikuriiudaizmi). misi gardacvalebis periodSi (1920 wlis 4 ivnisi) igi muSaobda Tavisyvelaze mniSvnelovan Sromaze “ekonomika da sazogadoeba”. miuxedavd imisa, rom eswigni ar iyo dasrulebuli, igi mainc gamoqveynda da iTargmna ramodenime enaze.miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi Zalian bevrs werda am periodSi igi sxvaaqtivobebSic iyo Cabmuli. igi monawileobda <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli sociologiurisazogadoebis daarsebaSi 1910 wels. igi mravali inteleqtualis centri gaxda, maTSoris iyvnen sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bic – <strong>ge</strong>org zimeli, robert miSeli da misi Zma alfredi,aseve filosofosi da literaturis kritikosi <strong>ge</strong>org lukaCi (Scaff, 1989:186-222).garda amisa, veberi politikuradac sakmaod aqtiuri iyo da yoveldRiur Temebzecbevrs werda.<strong>veberis</strong> cxovrebasa da akademiur moRvaweobaSi mudmivad iyo dapirispirebabiurokratiasa, romelic mamamisis mier iyo reperezentirebuli da dedamisisreligiurobas Soris. am dausrulebel dapirispirebas mihyavda <strong>veberis</strong> rogorcpiradi cxovreba ise misi Sromebi.6
<strong>maqs</strong> <strong>veberis</strong> sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi(frank parkinis mixedviT)<strong>maqs</strong> veberi iTvleba sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis erT-erT damaarseblad. masdawerili aqvs uamravi naSromi, romlebic klasikuradaa aRiarebuli, da dResac kiiwveven did interess da samecniero diskusiebs rogorc mecnierul samyaroSi,aseve farTo sazogadoebaSi, imaT Soris, visac surs Tanamedrove sazogadoebisfunqcionirebis safuZvlebis Seswavla.1. meTodebi da procedurebiVERSTEN-is meTodisociologiis sxva fuZemdeblebisgan, kerZod, emil diurkemisgan gansxvavebiT,romelic sociologiuri kvlevis mTavar erTeulad `socialuri faqts~ miiCnevda,veberi Tvlida, rom <strong>sociologia</strong>m individi unda Seiswavlos. diurkemis azriT,`socialuri faqti~ warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda `koleqtiuri cnobierebis zewolas daZaldatanebas, romlebic aiZuleben adamians garkveulnairad imoqmedon~. diurkemiaRiqvamda socialur faqtebs rogorc nivTebs da ambobda, rom `sazogadoebaarsebobs obieqturad, yoveli CvenTaganisagan damoukideblad, Sesabamisad, isSeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes dakvirvebis obieqturi meTodebis meSveobiT~. individisroli aseT sazogadoebaSi meorexarisxovania, is mxolod da mxolod erTobisnawilia, im erTobis, romelic aTasi misnairisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba. <strong>veberis</strong> azriT ki,piriqiT, socialuri jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT `ise TiTqos~ isini individebiiyvnen, magram `es SeiZleba iyos mxolod da mxolod dasaSvebi Teoriuli fiqcia~.amrigad, gansxvaveba diurkemisa da <strong>veberis</strong>eul kvlevis erTeulebs Sorisfundamentur xasiaTs iZens.sociologiuri gamokvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare ar arsebobs iseTi cnebarogoricaa koleqtiuri pirovneba, romelic `moqmedebs~. rodesac sociologiurkonteqstSi moiazreba saxelmwifo, nacia, korporacia, ojaxi an SeiaraRebulinawili, an kidev sxva analogiuri gaerTianeba, igulisxmeba ... mxolodindividualuri pirovnebebis mier realurad an Teoriulad ganxorcielebadisocialuri moqmedebebis garkveuli varianti.koleqtivs ar SeuZlia ifiqros, ganicdides ama Tu im grZnobebs, hqondes aRqmisunari _ es mxolod adamianebs SeuZliaT. amitomac socialuri mecnierebis mizaniaindividis moqmedebebis `subieqturi ga<strong>ge</strong>ba~. veberi amtkicebs, rom Cven `arSegviZlia gavigoT ujredebis moqmedeba an planetebis moZraoba. Cven vakvirdebiTujredebis struqturas da varskvlavebis moZraobas da Semdeg vcdilobTCamovayaliboT saerTo kanonebi maTi struqturis da moZraobis wesebis Sesaxeb~,da am kanonebis Camoyalibebisas xdeba Cveni axsnis koncefciebis da kategoriebisgadatana am fenomenebze.rac Seexeba socialuri moqmedebas, aq sruliad sxva situaciaa. ujredebisa davarskvlavebisagan gansxvavebiT. adamianebi TavianTi motivebis Tanaxmad moqmedeben.7
adamianebis moqmedeba agreTve ganpirobebulia im subieqturi mniSvnelobebiT,romelsac isini aniWeben am moqmedebas, e. i. adamianebs aqvT maTi saqcielissakuTari axsna-ganmarteba.subieqturi azris Cawvdomis mTavar saSualebas <strong>veberis</strong>Tvis Verstehen-is (`ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~)meTodi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. am sityviT aRiniSneba `socialuri moqmedebis aRqmismcdeloba ... damkvirveblis mxridan momqmedTan kavSiris damyarebis meSveobiT,romelsac TanagrZnoba udevs safuZvlad~. mkvlevarisaTvis mTavaria, gaaigivossakuTari Tavi momqmed individTan, gaigos misi motivebi da Sexedos moqmedebasmomqmedis poziciidan. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, veberi ganixilavs `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~meTods ara mxolod rogorc interviuebis an sxva tipis empiriuli gamokvlevebissaSualebiT momqmedi individebis motivebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis SesaZleblobas, aramedistoriuli movlenebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis saSualebasac situaciebSi, `rodesac aravin ardarCenila cocxali, rom gamovikiTxoT~.Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT rekonstruqcia gavukeToT arCevanis situacias, radganCven mSvenivrad SegviZlia Tavi sxvis adgilze davayenoT da warmovidginoT, Turas gavakeTebdiT aqtorebis adgilze, garkveul garemoSi da garkveul pirobebSirom vyofiliyaviT. rogorc veberi wers, `ar aris aucilebeli iyo keisari, raTagaugo keisars~ _ Cven SegviZlia gavigoT yvelaze cnobili adamianebismoqmedebebic, Tu gvecodineba maTi motivebi.Verstehen-is koncefciaSi veberi gansakuTrebulad usvams xazs im garemoebas, romadamianis winaSe yovelTvis dgas arCevanis problema. adamianis qceva ar imarTebazeindividualuri ZalebiT, romlebic `amoZraveben adamianebs ama Tu immimarTulebiT~.8 adamianebi damoukideblad iReben gadawyvetilebebs sakuTariinteresebidan gamomdinare, magram am gadawyvetilebebze Zalian did gavlenasaxdens is, Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini sakuTar SesaZleblobebs da imwinaaRmdegobebs, romlebic maT winaSea.veberi gamoyofs ga<strong>ge</strong>bis or saxeobas: `ga<strong>ge</strong>ba pirdapiri dakvirvebis meSveobiT~(`direct observational understanding~) da `ga<strong>ge</strong>ba axsnis meSveobiT~ (`explanatory understanding~).am terminebis ganmartebis mizniT vebers Semdegi magaliTebi mohyavs. Cven SegviZliamivxvdeT, rom viRac ganrisxebulia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu davinaxavT mis saxes, angavi<strong>ge</strong>bT mis yvirils an brZanebas, e. i. ubralo dakvirvebis meSveobiT. aseve, Cvengvsmis monadiris moqmedeba, rodesac is tyeSi mxecs umiznebs, an SeSis mWrelismoqmedeba, rodesac is xes Wris. `am moqmedebebis ubralo dakvirvebac sakmarisiaimisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ra xdeba. xolo, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratomxdeba es, aucilebelia mivmarToT gavigoT sxvadasxva moqmedebis motivebi dasubieqturi mniSvnelobebi. amrigad, xis mWrelis moqmedeba ufro gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi xdebaiqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mizniT Wris is SeSas: imisTvis, rom lukma-puri iSovos,saxlis gasaTbobad, an ubralod imitom, raTa gaivarjiSos. aseTive wesiT SeiZlebaganvixiloT monadiris moqmedeba _ is SeiZleba umiznebdes cxovels, raTa saWmeliiSovos, an misTvis es SeiZleba sportis saxeoba iyos. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs,8
`Cven vwvdebiT ama Tu im moqmedebis mniSvnelobas am moqmedebis mniSvnelobaTaufro farTo konteqstSi moTavsebis meSveobiT~.zemoT Tqmuli ar niSnavs, rom veberi ganixilavda ga<strong>ge</strong>bis meTods rogorcerTaderT SesaZlebel meTods socialuri moqmedebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis mizniT. piriqiT, misiazriT, es meTodi unda gamxdariyo `damxmare~, damatebiTi, da unda gamoiyurebodessxva kvleviT meTodebTan erTad. rogorc parkini Tvlis, Verstehen-is meTodSi imhipoTezebisa, romlebic SemdgomSi empiriuli gamokvlevebis obieqti davalidizaciis sagani unda gamxdariyo.amrigad, veberi ar iyo imis winaaRmdegi, rom socialur mecnierebebSigamoyenebuliyo statistikuri meTodebi da empiriuli gamokvlevebi. piriqiT, isxedavda maTSi mecnieruli hipoTezebis Semowmebis mniSvnelovan saSualebas. amavedros, <strong>veberis</strong>Tvis, sxva mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, is garemoeba, rom or cvladsSoris Zlieri urTierTkavSiri aRiniSneba, ar amtkicebda imas, rom maT Sorisarsebuli kavSiri mizez-Sedegobrivi bunebisaa. statistikurma korelaciamSeiZleba migvaniSnos aseTi kavSiris SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, magram misCamoyalibebaze darwmunebiT mxolod maSin SeiZleba saubari, Tu adgili aqvs`motivaciebis Tanmimdevrobas~.rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, <strong>veberis</strong> ga<strong>ge</strong>bis meTodi mecnierebis mxridan garkveulkritikas iwvevs, kerZod, im garemoebis gamo, rom imisTvis, raTa gavigoT individismoqmedeba masTan gaigivebis meSveobiT, aucilebelia, rom mkvlevaris da aqtorisnormatiul-moraluri baza erTi donisa iyos. Tu maTi Sexedulebebi Zaliangansxvavdeba, an Tu maTi warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi SeuTavsebelia, maT Soris ar SeiZlebasrulas Camoyalibdes kavSiri TanagrZnobis safuZvelze.sxva mxriv, ga<strong>ge</strong>bis meTodi iTvaliswinebs, rom adamianebi principSi yovelTvisuweven angariSs im motivebs, romlebic maT amoZraveben. magram rogorc TviTonveberi aRniSnavs, umravles SemTxvevaSi adamianebs ara aqvT bolomdegacnobierebuli Tavisi moqmedebis motivebi, maTi saqcieli arcTu iSviaTadSeiZleba Seugnebeli iyos: `mxolod SemTxveviT xdeba, rom ... momqmedis subieqturimniSvneloba, gind racionaluri da gind iracionaluri, naTeli xdeba misicnobierebisaTvis. mniSvnelobis mqone moqmedebis idialuri tipi, romelSicmniSvneloba srulad aris aRqmuli da gaazrebuli da ar aris orWofuli,marginalur SemTxvevas warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns~.amrigad, kanonzomierad wamoiWreba SekiTxva: rodesac TviTon momqmeds ar SeuZliayovelTvis srulad aRiqvas Tavisi moqmedebebis mniSvneloba, rogor SeuZliamkvlevars Caswvdes moqmedebis arss da rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli aseTSemTxvevaSi Verstehen-is meTodi? gamosavali, romelsac veberi gvTavazobs, SeiZlebaarc ise gamosadegi iyos _ sociologi unda gamomdinareobdes iqidan, `TiTqos~momqmedi bolomde axerxebs sakuTari moqmedebis mniSvnelobis gaazrebas. TuerTmaneTs SevadarebT ama Tu im moqmedebis idealur tips da imas, Tu realuradrogor moqmedebs individi, SeiZleba dafiqsirdes gadaxrebi am moqmedebisWeSmaritad racionaluri saxeobisagan. aseTi Sedareba `sufTa~, Teoriul tipsa da9
socialuri moqmedebis realur saxeobebs Soris warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns `instruments,romelsac veberi xSirad uwevs rekomendacias Tavis meTodologiur naSromebSi~.idealuri tipi`idealuri tipi~ <strong>veberis</strong> meTodologiis konceptualuri cnebaa. idealuri tipiwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns Teoriul abstraqcias, romelic gamoiyeneba rTuli msoflios ga<strong>ge</strong>bisamocanis gaadvilebis mizniT. `veberi ... migvaniSnebs, rom Cven ar SegviZliasrulad CavwvdeT socialur fenomenebs~. iseTi cnobebi, rogorebicaa`protestantizmi~,`biurokratia~ an `kapitalizmi~ Sed<strong>ge</strong>bian rogorc normatiuli, asevestruqturuli xasiaTis uamravi urTierTdakavSirebuli komponentebisgan, daimisTvis, raTa gavigoT isini, aucilebelia maTi `dayvana~ maT `ZiriTadelementebamde~. rogorc parkini Tvlis, es niSnavs, rom `savaraudoa, romkapitalizmis an burJuaziuli revoluciis idealuri tipebi ... ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nenrealuri movlenebis zustasaxvas~. Tumca aseTi tipebis konstruqciebs aqvT realobis damaxasiaTebeligarkveuli niSanTvisebebi, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini realobas zustad daxarvezebis gareSe asaxavdnen.idealuri tipi Taviseburi sazomia, romelsac unda SevadaroT empiriuligamokvlevebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi. am proceduras veberi mosamzadebel procedurad miiCnevs,romelic aucilebelia Semdgomi mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnisaTvis.rogorc ar unda iyos idealuri tipis Sinaarsi ... mas mxolod erTi funqcia aqvsempiriul gamokvlevebSi. misi funqcia aris Sedareba empiriul realobasTan.imisTvis, raTa dad<strong>ge</strong>nili iqnas misi gansxvaveba an msgavseba {am idealur tipTan} ...da imisTvi, rom gavigoT da kauzalurad avxsnaT isini.magram, radgan idealuri tipis Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli elementebis amorCeva ar eqvemdebarebaraime kanonebs, ar SeiZleba mas vuwodoT `swori~ an `araswori~. amrigad, veberiambobs, rom ar aris gamarTlebuli, gvqondes warmod<strong>ge</strong>na, TiTqos Cven SegviZliaraimenairad CavwvdeT socialuri sinamdvilis namdvil arss. socialursinamdviles ara aqvs realuri arsi imitom, rom is SeiZleba konstruirebuli iqnasramdenime gansxvavebuli xerxis saSualebiT.II. kapitalizmisocialuri moqmedeba da rwmena<strong>veberis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong> garkveulwilad antimarqsistulia. es yvelaze naTlad Cansmis naSromebSi protestantizmis Sesaxeb.`protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ aris <strong>veberis</strong> erT-erTi yvelazecnobili naSromi, romelSic is ganixilavs kavSirs realobis specifikurreligiur aRqmasa da kapitalizmis warmoSobas Soris. <strong>veberis</strong> am naSromis mTavari10
azri xSirad vulgarizebuli formiT gadmoicema, romlis Tanaxmadac TiTqmiskapitalizmis warmoSobis mTavar mizezs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda kalvinizmi, protestantulireligiis erT-erTi ganStoeba.Tavis naSromebSi protestantizmis Sesaxeb veberi cdilobda gaerkvia`damokidebuleba gansakuTrebul religiur eTikasa da kapitalisturisuliskveTebis garkveul saxeobas Soris~. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, aucilebeliavisaubroT swored kapitalizmis `garkveuli saxeobis~ Sesaxeb, radgan veberigamoyofs kapitalizmis ramdenime saxeobas, romelTaganac yvelaze mniSvnelovnebia:mZarcveli kapitalizmi (booty capitalism), gandegilebis kapitalizmi (pariah capitalism),tradiciuli kapitalizmi (traditional capitalism) da racionaluri kapitalizmi (rationalcapitalism).mZarcveli kapitalizmi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns kapitalis dagrovebas da moxveWas omebis,Zarcvebis an riskiani wamowyebebis meSveobiT, amgvari kapitalizmis magaliTswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen `mZarcveli baronebi~ (robber barons).meore SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs komerciul saqmianobasTan, rogoricaamevaxSeoba, romelsac ewevian sazogadoebidan gamoriyuli socialuri jgufebi(mag., ebraelebi). swored aseT konteqstSi aRiqvams veberi ebraelebs, rogorcgandegilTa kapitalizmis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebs. tradiciuli kapitalizmis formebiyvela kulturaSimoiZebneba, adreuli xanidan dawyebuli. am saxis kapitalizmis ganmasxvavebeliniSani aris is, rom is mimarTulia garkveuli, SezRuduli Sedegis miRebaze da masar axasiaTebs kapitalis da saxsrebis Semdgomi akumulacia.da bolos, racionaluri kapitalizmi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebulia regulirebadibazari, mkacri buRalteria da miswrafeba, miRebuli iqnas rac SeiZlebadidi mo<strong>ge</strong>ba kanonieri gzebis gamoyenebiT. garda amisa, racionaluri kapitalizmiaxorcielebs Tavisufali muSaxelis daqiravebas da amrigad, warmoSobsproletariatis klass. swored aseTi tipis kapitalizmia damaxasiaTebelidasavluri sazogadoebisaTvis da swored aseTia, <strong>veberis</strong> azriT, Tanamedrovekapitalizmi. Tumca kapitalizmis yvela sxva saxeoba SeiZleba aRmoCenili iqnasmsoflios sxvadasxva mxareSi da sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, racionalurikapitalizmi warmoiSva mxolod dasavleT evropaSi XVII-XVIII ss.-Si da esgaremoeba, rogorc veberi aRniSnavs, aris garkveuli faqtebis da movlenebisSerwymis _ `konstelaciis~ _ Sedegi. SemdegSi veberi ganixilavs im mizezebs,romlebmac Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSoba ganapirobes.veberi gamoyofs racionaluri kapitalizmis warmoSobis or gansxvavebulwinapirobas _ es aris racionaluri `suli~ da materialuri `Sinaarsi~ (substance).amrigad, adgili aqvs 4 SesaZlebel kombinacia:11
suliSinaarsi(a) _ _(b) _ +(c) + _(d) + +rogorc vxedavT, pirvel, (a) SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi winapiroba ar arsebobs. aseTisazogadoebis magaliTia tomobrivi sazogadoeba, romelSic ar aris arcnormatiuli da arc instituciuri mxardaWera imisaTvis, rom warmoiSvasracionaluri kapitalizmi.meore, (b) SemTxveva damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavleTis sazogadoebebisaTvis, sadac`materialuri infrastruqtura ... SesaniSnavad esada<strong>ge</strong>boda kapitalistureqspluatacias~, magram Sesabamisi suliskveTebis ararsebobis gamo is ver iqnagadayvanili racionaluri warmoebis principebze.mesame, (c) SemTxvevaSi amis sapirispiro mdgomareobaa _ magaliTis saxiT vebersmohyavs benjamen franklinis droindeli pensilvaniis Stati. benjamen frankliniganmsWvaluli iyo kapitalisturi suliskveTebiT _ es naTeli xdeba, Tu CvengadavxedavT mis Canawerebs, magram maSindeli pensilvaniis sawarmoo ganviTarebaar aZlevda franklins imis saSualebas, rom cxovreba racionalur principebzeaewyo.da bolos, rogorc es cxrilidan Cans, mxolod meoTxe, (d) SemTxvevaSiagaerTianebuli orive winapiroba. isini erTiandebian imisaTvis, rom `SeqmnanfeTqebadi SenaerTi, romelic gardaqmnis ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebissafuZvlebs da iwvevs Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobas~.`protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~protestantuli suliskveTebis ganxilvas veberi iwyebs kalvinisturireligiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli swavlebiT gan<strong>ge</strong>bis Sesaxeb. am swavlebis arsiimaSi mdgomareobs, rom RmerTma yvela adamianis bedi mis dabadebamde gadawyvita.es gadawyvetileba aranairad ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor icxovrebsadamiani, ra moqmedebebs Caidens da rogori pirovneba iqneba. dabadebisTanaveadamians `misjili~ aqvs an gadarCena, an mudmivi tanjva. kalvinistebs amSegrZnebiT uxdebodaT cxovreba, da am garemoebam maTSi gamoimuSava `udidesimiswrafeba gadarCenisadmi~, survili, darwmundnen imaSi, rom sikvdilis Semdeguzrunvelyofili aqvT mudmivi cxovreba. magram cxovrebis manZilze adamianebmaaraferi icodnen imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bedi elodaT, da amitom, `TandaTan maTdaiwyes keTilganwyobis niSnebis an mtkicebulebebis Zebna. yoveli morwmunecdilobda daerwmunebina sakuTari Tavi da sxvebi imaSi, rom is erT-erTigamorCeulTagani iyo. am miznis miRwevas ukeT emsaxureboda is saxeoba, romelsacmohqonda TvalnaTeli nayofi da materialuri mtkicebulebebi~. amrigad, keTilisaqmeebi, materialuri warmateba gaxda `praqtikuli saSualeba, romlismeSveobiTac WeSmariti morwmune aRmoaCenda~, iyo Tu ara mis mimarT RmerTi12
gulmowyale, Sesabamisad, gaCnda rwmena, rom kalvinists SeuZlia sakuTari SromiTmoipovos gadarCena, an, rac ufro swori iqneba, darwmundes imaSi, rom isgadarCeba.miswrafebam gadarCenis, maradiuli cxovrebisadmi, gardaqmna kalvinisturiswavleba gan<strong>ge</strong>bis Sesaxeb iseT swavlebaSi, romelsac safuZvlad edo Sroma dakidev erTxel Sroma sruli gadarCenis mosapoveblad.<strong>veberis</strong> am naSromSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mowodebis koncefcias,romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom TiToeulma adamianma unda misdios im mowodebas,romelic mas RmerTma mianiWa. rodesac kalvinisti warmatebas aRwevs ama Tu imsferoSi moRvaweobiT, is Tavisufldeba im SiSisagan, romelsac is ganicdis TavisbedTan dakavSirebiT.misi {morwmune kalvinistis} mo<strong>ge</strong>bis da qonebis gazrda iyo ... RmerTis wyalobisniSani ... RmerTs Tavisi sakuTari mizezi hqonda, raTa amoerCia is...ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom, <strong>veberis</strong> azriT, mowodebis koncefciisgavlena hqonda ara marto mewarmeebze, warmoebis xelmZRvanelebze, aramed ubralomuSebzec, romlebic am sawarmoebSi muSaobdnen. Tumca Tavdapirvelad Sromisnayofierebis gazrdam misi intensiurobis gazrdis xarjze muSebis mxridanwinaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia, es winaaRmdegoba, romelic saerTod damaxasiaTebeliatradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, gadalaxuli iqna muSebis moraluri dafsiqologiuri transformaciis Sedegad. imisTvis ki, rom es momxdariyo,aucilebeli iyo Secvliliyo damokidebuleba Sromisadmi, rac muSebis ganaTlebisdonis amaRlebam gamoiwvia. es ki niSnavs, rom kapitalisturi suliskveTeba pirvelrigSi warmoiSva qalaqSi, da ara soflad.kalvinisturma swavlebam pirvelma daiwyo Sromis faseulobebis rogorc aseTisqada<strong>ge</strong>ba, ise, TiTqos Sroma yofiliyos `saboloo mizani, mowodeba~. amgvarad,protestantizmi ara marto kapitalizmis suliskveTebis wyaroa, aramed garkveulisaxis `Sromis suliskveTebisa~. Sesabamisad, kalvinizmi warmogvid<strong>ge</strong>ba rogorcreligia, romelic zegavlenas axdens yvela adamianze maTi socialurimdgomareobis miuxedavad. garda amisa, veberi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda imgaremoebas, rom sxvareligiebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic adamians ubralod exmarebian, SeeCvion daSeeguon maT garSemo arsebul samyaros, kalvinizmi, da ufro farTod,protestantizmi, aiZulebs xalxs, Secvalon TviT msoflio, gardaqmnan dagadaakeTon is.kalvinizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli niSania is, rom masuaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs simdidris mimarT. simdidre, romelic mimarTuliahedonisturi survilebis dasakmayofileblad, kalvinizmSi warmod<strong>ge</strong>nilia rogorcboroteba, eSmakis xrikebi.13
atonoba da legitimuroba<strong>veberis</strong> politologiuri naSromebi ara nakleb mniSvnelovania _ maT gareSefaqtiurad SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tanamedrove politikuri sociologiissafuZvlebis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba.veberi Tvlida, rom `batonoba am sityvis farTo ga<strong>ge</strong>biT aris socialurimoqmedebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementi~. sazogadoebaSi yovelTvisaqvs adgili Zaladobas, Zaldatanebas da Zalas, da swored Zaladobas eyrdnobasaxelmwifoebi. amitom sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia gamoyofiliiqnes ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva tipebs, mag.,totalitarulsa da demokratiuls, burJuaziulsa da monarqiuls Soris.veberi ganasxvavebs `saxelmwifosa~ da `nacias~. nacia misTvis aris `kulturuligaerTianeba, romlis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebic mWidrod arian dakavSirebulnierTmaneTTan saerTo enis da moraluri urTierTobebis meSveobiT, romlebicmSobliuri enis meSveobiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi~, maSin rodesac saxelmwifopirvel rigSi garkveul teritorias niSnavs. veberi, romelic Tavad mgznebarenacionalisti iyo, Tvlida, rom aucilebelia sakuTari kulturuliTviTmyofadobis dacva gareSe mtrebisagan, da amisTvis saWiroa, rom naciebiCamoyalibdnen saxelmwifoebad, xolo saxelmwifoebi unda warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ndnen naciebs,raTa SeinarCunon Sinagani erTianoba.veberi batonobis or saxeobas gamoyofs. pirveli warmoiSveba arsebul bazarzeekonomikuri resursebis monopoliuri kontrolis SemTxvevaSi. batonoba aqxorcieldeba iribad, da `isini, vinc misgan itanjebian, formalurad Tavisufalniarian, imoqmedon sakuTari racionaluri ekonomikuri interesebis Tanaxmad~. meoreSemTxvevaSi, Cven saqme gvaqvs pirdapir batonobasTan, romelic erTis mxrivdafuZnebulia Zalaze, xolo meores mxriv _ damorCilebaze. vebers swored bolosaxis batonoba ainteresebs.gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom veberi batonobis am saxeobasganmartavs `ara ubralod rogorc xelmZRvanelobis da marTvis struqturas,romelic damorCilebas iwvevs, aramed rogorc sakuTari nebiT damorCilebas~.<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, arc erTi reJimi ar SeiZleba iyos dafuZnebuli mxolod damxolod iZulebaze, misi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia `qvemodan~ mxardaWerisgarkveuli, Tundac minimaluri done, e. i. erTis mxriv, ubralo xalxis TvalSibatnoba unda iyos legitimuri, xolo meores mxriv, mmarTveli jgufi yovelTvisunda acxadebdes pretenzias am legitimurobaze. amitomaa, rom <strong>veberis</strong>Tvisbatonobis sinonims warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns gamoTqma `legitimuri avtoriteti~.legitimurobaze pretenziis gamoTqma SeiZleba sami tipis iyos: tradiciuli,qarizmuli da kanonier-racionaluri:14
atonobis saxeobatradiciuliqarizmulikanonierracionalurimorCilebis moTxovnis safuZveli`damemorCile, imitom rom swored amasakeTebdnen Cveni winaprebi~.`damemorCile, imitom rom me SemiZlia Senicxovreba Sevcvalo~.`damemorCile, imitom rom me var Senikanonieri ufrosi~.dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT batonobis es saxeobebi.tradiciuli batonobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani tipia, sadac Zalaufleba ar arisdamyarebuli arc kanonebze da arc formalur SezRudvebze. amgvari batonobismagaliTi SeiZleba iyo mSoblis _ mamis _ batonoba Tavis ojaxSi, sadac misdamidamorCileba `pirad loialurobazea~ dafuZnebuli. tradiciuli batonobis meoresaxeobaa patrimonialuri batonoba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia feodalurisazogadoebebisaTvis. misi gansxvaveba patriarqalurisagan imaSi mdgomareobs, romaq urTierTobebi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze viTardeba.batonobis qarizmatul saxeobas veberi upirispirebs rogorc tradiciuls, asevekanonier-racionalurs, vinaidan, Tumca es ori tipi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebaerTmaneTisgan, maT safuZvlad udevT `formaluri da grZelvadiani struqturebi~.qarizma ki, rogorc veberi aRniSnavs, ar aris dafuZnebuli arc ierarqiulwesrigze, arc daqiravebul muSaxelze da arc kanonebze. `qarizmatuli liderisavtoriteti damokidebulia mxolod mis unarze, daarwmunos Tavisi mimdevrebi damoswavleebi sakuTar araordinalur SesaZleblobebSi~.Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, sadac mmarTvelobis sadaveebi biurokratias ukavia,<strong>veberis</strong> azriT, xasiaTdeba batonobis kanonier-racionaluri tipiT. Tu sxvaSemTxvevaSi arsebuli avtoritetis safuZvels TviT adamianebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen _ojaxis mama, feodali Tu politikuri lideri, _ biurokratia Tavis batonobaskanonebis sistemaze afuZnebs, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs, rom biurokratebimiukerZoeblad moqmedeben da xelmZRvaneloben mxolod kanoniT, romelsac isinierTnairad iyeneben yvela adamianis mimarT, maT socialuri materialurimdgomareobis miuxedavad. magram, samwuxarod, funqcionerebi yovelTvis armoqmedeben kanonis Tanaxmad, maTTvisac ar aris ucxo adamianuri sisusteebi, daisini xSirad iyeneben kanonebs sakuTari _ piradi _ miznebis misaRwevad.Tu isini pirnaTlad asruleben sakuTar funqciebs, biurokratebi daqvemdebarebulmdgomareobaSi unda imyofebodnen, da ver ibatoneben. xolo Tu biurokratia xelTigdebs Zalauflebas, is amas ukanonod akeTebs, da amitom kargavs legitimurobas.klasi, statusi da partia<strong>veberis</strong> stratifikaciuli naSromi `klasi, statusi da partia~ eZRvnebasazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawilebis am sami fenomenis ganxilvas. veberi aramtkicebda, rom sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawileba da sazogadoebriviierarqiis Camoyalibeba mxolod am sam fenomenze aris dafuZnebuli, magram sworedklass, statuss da partias aniWebda is uaRresad did mniSvnelobas.15
klasi. socialuri klasis ganmartebaSi veberi TiTqos marqsis azrs eTanxmeba daTvlis, rom klasebis Camoyalibebisas mTavaria sakuTreba da adgili Sromisbazarze. iq, sadac gamanawilebeli sistema ar aris dafuZnebuli sabazro Zalebzeda pirad sakuTrebaze. klasebi ar arseboben _ iq jgufebs da gaerTianebebs aqvsadgili. Sesabamisad, monebi, rogorc Sromis bazris araTavisufali monawileni,qmnian ara klass, aramed `statusur jgufs~.rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, aseT ganmartebisas warmoiSveba klasebs Sorisganmasxvavebeli sazRvris gayvanis problema, romelic sakmaod seriozul xasiaTsiRebs. amas Tan erTvis isic, rom Tumca TviTon veberi xSirad xmarobda termins`klasi~, mas ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli klasebis mtkice da sistematuri koncefcia.`Tavis makrosocialur da SedarebiT gamokvlevebSi is xSirad iyenebda klasebisnacnob, marqsiseul kategoriebs: aristokratia, glexoba, burJuazia, proletariati.magram kapitalisturi sazogadoebis Tavis ganxilvaSi mas arasdros ar ganumartiabolomde is formaluri kriteriumebi, romlebiTac burJuazia da proletariatierTmaneTisgan unda gansxvavdebodnen~.statusi an statusuri jgufi. statusuri jgufebis safuZvels warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns`simboluri jildoebis~ ganawileba, romlebic yovelTvis ar Seesabamebianmaterialuri faseulobebis ganawilebas. statusuri jgufebi ufro `moralurigaerTianebebia~, romlebic aRiqvamen TavianT identurobas da sazRvrebs sakuTarijgufis wevrebsa da sxvebs Soris.partia. partia aris Zalauflebis ganawilebis mesame aspeqti sazogadoebaSi, magramklasTan da statusur jgufTan SedarebiT veberi mas nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs.sazogadoebaSi, romelmac ganviTarebis biurokratiul stadias miaRwia, cota ramSeiZleba Seicvalos `radikaluri socialuri inJinrebis~ meSveobiT. partiebs argaaCniaT sakmarisi Zala, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinon sazogadoebaze dagardaqmnan is. partiebis erTaderTi sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo funqcia aris is, rom `gamoCenililiderebis seleqcias~ awarmoeben, romlebsac veberi `pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bel liderebs~uwodebs, da es liderebi nacionalur interesebs klasobriv da jgufurinteresebze maRla ayeneben~. es liderebi iyofian or jgufad: isini, vinc sakuTarqcevas `pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis eTikaze~ afuZneben, da isini, vinc `saboloo mizniseTikas~ misdeven. pirvelebi Tanaxmani arian, rom wavidnen kompromisebze,daTanxmdnen ufro naklebze, `imisTvis, raTa miaRwion sakuTar arc Tu Zalianambiciur mizans~. meoreni ki piriqiT, bolomde dganan Tavisaze, ris gamoc bolosda bolos xSirad yvelafers kargaven.16
<strong>maqs</strong> <strong>veberis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>1) kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa meTodologiuri problemebi.<strong>veberis</strong>euli sociologiis meTodologiuri principebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuliXIX saukunis dasasrulis dasavluri sazogadoebaTmcodneobis TeoriulsituaciasTan, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sworad gavigoT <strong>veberis</strong>damokidebuleba v. dilTaisa da neokantianelTa ideebisadmi.kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa sayovelTaobis problema <strong>veberis</strong> gamokvlevaSicentraluri gaxda. erT sakiTxSi igi eTanxmeba v.dilTais, man gaiziara misiantinaturalizmi da darwmunebuli iyo rom adamianis saqmianobis SeswavlisasSeuZlebelia amovideT imave meTodologiuri principebidan, romlebidanac amodisastronomia, romelic ciur sxeulTa moZraobas Seiswavlis. rogorc dilTai,veberic Tvlida, rom abstrahireba imisgan, rom adamiani cnobieri arsebaa arSeuZlia arc istorikoss, arc sociologs da arc ekonomists, magram socialuricxovrebis Seswavlisas msgavsi wesis rezultatebi ar floben sayovelTaobas.<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, dilTaisa da misi mimdevrebis ZiriTadi Secdoma fsiqologizmia,nacvlad imisa, rom vikvlioT istorikosSi garkveuli warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis warmoqmnisfsiqologiuri procesebi, im TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogori wesiT gamovlindnen missulSi es warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi da subieqturad Tu rogor movida maT Soris kavSirebisga<strong>ge</strong>bsaTan - sxva sityvebiT, nacvlad imisa, rom vikvlioT istorikosis gancdaTasamyaro, veberi gvTavazobs, SeviswavloT im cnebaTa warmoqmnis logika,romlebiTac am dros operirebs istorikosi, vinaidan mxolod imis gamoxatvasayovelTao mniSvnelobis cnebebis formaSi, rac wvdomilia intuiturad,istorikosis warmod<strong>ge</strong>naTa subieqtur samyaros aqcevs istoriul mecnierebisobieqtur samyarod.Tavis meTodologiur gamokvlevaSi veberi arsebiTad SeuerTda istoriulmecnierebis antinaturalisturi dafuZnebis neokantianur variants. henrixrikertis kvalad veberi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs or aqts -RirebulebisadmimikuTvnebas da Sefasebas. Tu pirveli Cven individualur STabeWdilebas obieqturda sayovelTao mniSvnelobis msjelobad gardaqmnis, maSin meore ar gadissubieqturobis farglebidan. kulturis, sazogadoebis da istoriis Sesaxebmecniereba, - acxadebs veberi - aseve unda iyos Tavisufali SefasebiTimsjelobisagan, rogorc bunebis mecniereba. aseTi moTxovna srulebiTac arniSnavs, rom mecnierebam saerTod uari Tqvas sakuTar Sefasebasa da <strong>ge</strong>movnebaze. -ara, isini ubralod ar unda iWrebodnen misi mecnieruli msjelobis sazRvrebSi.am sazRvrebis miRma mas sruli ufleba aqvs, gamoTqvas isini,ramdenic surs, magramukve ara rogorc mecnierma, aramed rogorc kerZo pirma.magram vebers arsebiTi Sesworeba Seaqvs rikertis wanamZRvrebSi. rikertisgangansxvavebiT, romelic Rirebulebebs da maT ierarqias ganixilavs, rogorc raRaczeistoriuls, veberi Rirebulebas gansazRvravs, rogorc ama Tu im istoriuliepoqis ganwyobas, rogorc epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli interesis mimarTulebas:amiT Rirebulebebi zeistoriuli sferodan gadaitaneba istoriaSi, xoloRirebulebebis Sesaxeb neokantianuri moZRvreba uaxlovdeba pozitivizms, gamoTqma:17
“Rirebulebisadmi mikuTvneba” gulisxmobs mxolod filosofiur ganmartebas imspecifikur mecnieruli interesisa, romelic xelmZRvanelobs empiriuligamokvlevis obieqtis arCevansa da damuSavebas.epoqis interesi - es aris raRac ufro myari da obieqturi, vidre ama Tu immkvlevaris ubralo kerZo interesi, romelic neokantianelebTan “Rirebulebis”saxelwodeba miiRo, - rikertTan Rirebulebas fesvebi gadgmuli qondazeistoriul realobaSi - transcendentur subieqtSi. gardaqmnis ra maT “epoqisinteresebad”, e.i. raRac SefardebiTad, veberi amiT ukve axdens rikertismecnierebaTmoZRvrebis gadaazrebas. ramdenadac <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, RirebulebebiTavis drois epoqis zogadi ganwyobebis mxolod da mxolod gamoTqmebia, amdenadyovel drosa da epoqas Tavisi “absolutebi”aqvs. amgvarad, absolutebi aRmoCndaistoriuli, maSasadame SefardebiTi.2) idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqciaveberi iyo erT - erTi yvelaze didi istorikosi da sociologi, romelic SeecadaSegnebulad gamoeyenebina cnebaTa neokantianuri instrumentebi empiriuli kvlevispraqtikaSi. rikertis moZRvreba cnebebis Sesaxeb rogorc empiriuli sinamdvilisintensiuri da eqstensiuri mravalsaxeobis gadalaxvis saSvalebebis Sesaxeb,veberTan Taviseburad gardatyda “idealuri tipis” kategoriaSi.zogadad rom vTqvaT, idealuri tipi aris “epoqis interesi” gamoTqmuliTeoriuli konstruqciis saxiT. amgvarad, idealuri ar amoiReba empiriulisinamdvilidan - realobidan, aramed i<strong>ge</strong>ba rogorc Teoriuli sqema. am azriTveberi idealur tips “utopias” uwodebs. “rac ufro mkveTrad daerTmniSvnelovnadaa a<strong>ge</strong>buli - konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi, maSasadame, amazriT, rac ufro ucxoni arian isini samyarosadmi, miT ufro kargad asrulebenisini TavianT daniSnulebas - rogorc terminologiur da klasifikatorul, iseevristikul mimarTebaSic”.amgvarad <strong>veberis</strong>euli idealuri tipi axlosaa idealur modelTan, romliTacsar<strong>ge</strong>blobs bunebismecniereba. es kargad esmis TviT vebersac. azrobrivikonstruqciebi, romlebic atareben idealuri tipebis saxelwodebas, ambobs igi.“SeiZleba, iseve nakleb gvxvdebodes realobaSi, rogorc fizikuri reaqciebi,romlebic gamoTvlili gamoangariSebulia, mxolod absoluturad carielisivrcis a<strong>ge</strong>bisas”. veberi idealur tips Cveni fantaziis produqts uwodebs,“romelic Seqmnilia Cvens mier wminda azrobrivi saxiT”, is ufro amiT xazs usvamsmis gareempiriul warmoSobas.msgavsad imisa rogorc idealuri modelebi i<strong>ge</strong>ba bunebis mkvlevaris mier bunebisSemecnebis instrumentis, saSualebis saxiT, aseve idealuri tipebic iqmnebarogorc instrumenti istoriuli realobis misaRwevad. “abstraqtuli idealuritipebi - wers veberi – ganixileba ara rogorc mizani, aramed rogorc saSualeba”.swored empiriuli realobidan Tavisi mowyvetilobis an Tavisi gansxvavebulobiswyalobiT idealur tips SeuZlia gamogvad<strong>ge</strong>s TiTqosda masTan - realobasTanidealuri tipis Tanafardobis dad<strong>ge</strong>nis masStabad. (“raTa gavigoT namdvilikavSirebi, Cven va<strong>ge</strong>bT aranamdvils”.)iseTi cnebebi rogorebicaa “ekonomikuri gacvla”, “Homo ockonomicus”(ekonomikuri adamiani) “sarewi”, “kapitalizmi”, “eklesia”, “seqta”, “qristianoba”,18
“Suasaukunoebrivi saqalaqo meurneoba”, <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad arian idealur - tipiurikonstruqciebi, romlebic gamoiyenebian individualuri istoriuli warmonaqmnebisgamoxatvisa da gamosaxvis saSualebebis saxiT. erT - erT yvelaze gavrcelebulSecdomad, veberi Tvlis, idealuri tipebis “ realistur” (Sua saukuneebis azriT)ganmartebas, e.i. am gonebrivi konstruqciebis gaigivebis TviT istoriul -kulturul realobasTan, maT “substancializacias”.magram aq veberi vardeba siZneleebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sakiTxTan imisSesaxeb mainc rogor i<strong>ge</strong>ba - konstruirdeba idealuri tipi. AerT - erTi miseuliganmarteba: ”Sinaarsobrivad am konstruqcias (idealur tips) aqvs raRac utopiisxasiaTi, romelic warmoSobilia sinamdvilis garkveuli elementebis azrovnebiTigaZlierebis, gamoyofis dros”. aq SeiZleba advilad aRmovaCinoT winaaRmdegobaidealuri tipebis ganmartebaSi. namdvilad, erTis mxriv, veberi aqcents akeTebsimaze, rom idealuri tipebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen “utopias”, “fantazias. meores mxriv,cxadi xdeba, rom isini aRebulia TviT sinamdvilisgan - marTalia raRacnairi misi“deformaciis” gziT: im elementebis gaZlierebiT, gamoyofiT, gamaxvilebiT,romlebic mkvlevars warmoedgineba rogorc tipiurni. gamodis rom idealurikonstruqcia garkveuli azriT amoRebulia TviT empiriuli realobisagan.maSasadame, idealuri tipi - ra aris igi: aprioruli konstruqcia, Tu empiriuliganzogadeba? magaliTad iseTi cnebis Seqmnis mizniT, rogoricaa “qalaquri sarewimeurneoba”, gulisxmobs individualuri movlenebidan raRac Tu yvelasaTvis arasaerTosi da zogadisa, maSin ukidures SemTxvevaSi raRac iseTisa, romelicmravalTaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Ees procedura pirdapir dapirispirebuliaindividualuri istoriuli cnebebis warmonaqmnisadmi, rogorc es warmoedginarikerts; igi ufro emsgavseba ma<strong>ge</strong>neralizebel cnebaTa Camoyalibebas. amwinaamRdegobis gadasawyvetad, veberi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs istoriul dasociologiur idealur tipebs.jer kidev rikerti aRniSnavda, rom istoriisgan gansxvavebiT <strong>sociologia</strong>rogorc mecniereba, romelic kanonebs ad<strong>ge</strong>ns, unda mivakuTvnoT nomoTeTikurtipis mecnierebas, romelic ma<strong>ge</strong>neralizebel meTods iyenebs. maTSi zogadi cnebebigvevlinebian ara rogorc saSualebebi, aramed rogorc Semecnebis mizani.sociologiuri cnebebis warmoqmnis wesi rikertis mixedviT, logikurad argansxvavdeba bunebismecnieruli cnebebis warmoqmnis wesisgan. idealuri tipi<strong>veberis</strong>euli koncefciis Tavisebureba da mTeli rigi siZneleebi, romlebicmasTanaa dakavSirebuli, imiT ganisazRvreba, rom idealuri tipi veberTanemsaxureba meTodologiuri principis saxiT rogorc istoriul, ise sociologiurmecnierebasac. rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs <strong>veberis</strong> erT - erTi mkvlevari“maindividualizebeli da ma<strong>ge</strong>neralizebeli tendenciebi veberTan ... mudamerTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli, ramdenadac masTan istoria da <strong>sociologia</strong> xSiradganuyofelia.”1904 wlis sociologiur - meTodologiur SromebSi, rodesac pirvelad gamoiyenaidealuri tipis cneba, veberi mas ZiriTadad ganixilavs rogorc istoriuliSemecnebis saSualebas, rogorc istoriul idealur tips. swored amitom igixazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom idealuri tipi aris Semecnebis mxolod saSualeba daara Semecnebis mizani.19
magram veberi istoriuli mecnierebis amocanebis TviT ga<strong>ge</strong>biTac ki gansxvavdebarikertisagan igi ar izRudeba imis rekonstruqciiT, “rac sinamdvileSi iyo”,rogorc amas rekonstruirebas uwevda rikerti, romelic orientirebuli iyoleopold rankes istoriul skolaze. veberi miiswrafvis dauqvemdebarosistoriul - individualuri kauzalur analizs, ukve amiT vebers Seaqvs istoriulgamokvlevebSi <strong>ge</strong>neralizaciis momenti, ris Sedegadac gansxvaveba istoriasa da<strong>sociologia</strong>s Soris arsebiTad mcirdeba, ai rogor gansazRvravs veberi idealuritipis rols <strong>sociologia</strong>sa da istoriaSi: “<strong>sociologia</strong> rogorc es mravaljeraRiniSneboda TavisTavad gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi azriT, qmnis tipebis cnebebs da eZebsxdomilebaTa zogad wesebs, istoriis sapirispirod, romelic miiswrafviskauzaluri analizi gaukeTos individualur, kulturul mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovanmoqmedebebs, warmonaqmnebs, pirovnebebs”.amgvarad, istoriis amocanebi, <strong>veberis</strong> azriT mdgomareobs individualuristoriul warmonaqmnebs Soris kauzaluri kavSiris dad<strong>ge</strong>naSi, aq idealuri tipiwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns istoriul movlenaTa <strong>ge</strong>netikuri kavSiris dad<strong>ge</strong>nis - aRmoCenissaSualebas, amitom Cven mas vuwodebT <strong>ge</strong>netikur idealur tips. (ai <strong>ge</strong>netikuriidealuri tipebis magaliTebi veberTan: Suasaukuneebrivi qalaqi”, “kalvinizmi”,“meTodizmi”, da a.S. yvela isini Seqmnilia rogorc veberi gvixsnis, empiriuladmocemuli faqtebis erT - erTi mxaris xazgasmiT. magram maTsa da zogadadgvareobiT cnebebs Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom gvareobiTi cnebebi, rogorcvaraudobs veberi, miiRebian yvela mocemul movlenaTa niSnebisgan erTisgamoyofis gziT, maSin rodesac <strong>ge</strong>netikuri idealuri tipi srulebiTac argulisxmobs aseT formalur sayovelTaobas.)ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns sociologiuri idealuri tipi? Tu istoria <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad,unda eswrafvodes individualuri movlenebis, e.i. droSi da sivrceSilokalizebuli movlenebis kauzalur ga<strong>ge</strong>bas, maSin sociologiis amocanaa -daadginos xdomilebaTa arsi droul - vrceul gansazRvrulobebTan mimarTebisgareSe. am azriT idealuri tipebi rogorc sociologiuri kvlevis instrumentebi,rogorc Cans, unda iyvnen ufro zogadni, da <strong>ge</strong>netikuri tipebisgan gansxvavebiTSeiZleba wodebul iqnen “wminda idealur tipebad”. ase a<strong>ge</strong>bs sociologibatonobis (qarizmatuli, racionaluri da tradiciuli) wminda idealur modelebs,romlebic gvxvdebian yvela istoriul epoqebSi da dedamiwis yvela wertilSi.“wminda tipebi” miT ufro gamosadegia gamokvlevebSi, rac ufro “wmindaa” e.i. racufro Sorsaa namdvili, empiriulad arsebuli movlenebisgan.sociologiis “wminda tipebs” veberi adarebs politikuri ekonomiis idealur -tipobriv konstruqciebs im mimarTebaSi, rom pirveli, orive SemTxvevaSi adgiliaqvs iseTi adamianuri moqmedebis konstruirebas, rom TiTqos igi warmoiqmnebodes -mimdinareobdes idealur pirobebSi da meore, orive disciplina moqmedebismimdinareobis am idealur formas ganixilaven adgilisa da drois lokaluripirobebisgan damoukideblad, igulisxmeba, rom Tu Sesrulebuli iqneba idealuripirobebi, maSin yovel epoqaSi, yovel qveyanaSi moqmedeba Sesruldeba sworedamgvarad, gansxvaveba da maTi gavlena moqmedebis msvlelobaze, <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad,fiqsirdeba idealuri tipisgan im gadaxvevis mixedviT, romelic mudam gvxvdeba,magram am gadaxvevis SemCnevisa da sayovelTao mniSvneladi saxiT - wesiTgamoTqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs mxolod idealuri - tipiuri konstruqcia.20
ogorc aRniSnaven <strong>veberis</strong> Semoqmedebis mkvlevarni <strong>ge</strong>netikuri idealuri tipebigansxvavdebian wminda tipebisgan mxolod zogadobis xarisxiT. <strong>ge</strong>netikuri tipigamoiyeneba lokalurad drosa da sivrceSi, wminda tipis gamoyeneba ki ar arislokalizebuli; <strong>ge</strong>netikuri tipi aris im kavSiris gamovlenis saSualeba, romeliciyo mxolod erTxel, mxolod wminda ki warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns mudam arsebuli kavSirebisgamovlenis saSualebas. <strong>sociologia</strong>s da istorias Soris arsebuli rikertiseuliTvisebrivi gansxvaveba icvleba veberTan raodenobrivi gansxvavebiT:rac Seexeba istoriuli cnebebis Seqmnas, aq veberi scildeba rikerts imiT, romaZlierebs <strong>ge</strong>neralizaciis moments, <strong>sociologia</strong>Si ki piriqiT, aq veberirikertiseul nomoTekurobis moments asustebs da Semoyavs “individualizaciis”momenti. es ukanaskneli gamoixateba imaSi, rom veberi uars ambobs socialuricxovrebis kanonebis dad<strong>ge</strong>naze, da ufro moridebuli amocaniT ifargleba - ad<strong>ge</strong>nssocialur xdomilebaTa mimdinareobis wesebs.amgvarad, Tu SevajamebT zemoTmoyvanil msjelobebs, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom iswinaamRdegobani, romlebic warmoiqmnen veberTan - idealur - tipobrivi cnebebiswarmoebisas, mniSvnelovnad dakavSirebulni arian idealuri tipebis gansxvavebulfunqciebTan da gansxvavebul warmoSobasTan istoriasa da <strong>sociologia</strong>Si. Tuistoriul idealur tipTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns araSemecniebis mizans, aramed saSualebas, maSin sociologiur idealur tipTanmimarTebaSi amis Tqma yovelTvis ar SeiZleba. ufro metic, Tu istoriulmecnierebebSi idealur tips Seaqvs zogadis elementi, maSin <strong>sociologia</strong>Si igiufro kanonzomieri kavSirebis tipiuriT Secvlis funqcias asrulebs. idealuritipis daxmarebiT veberi mniSvnelovnad aviwroebs <strong>sociologia</strong>s da istoriasSoris arsebul ufskruls, romelmac gayo es ori mecniereba badenis skolisTeoriaSi. am kuTxiT marTalia <strong>ge</strong>rmaneli sociologi hans fraieri, romelicSeniSnavs, rom “idealuri tipis cneba arbilebs azrovnebismaindividualizirebeli da ma<strong>ge</strong>neralizebeli wesebis dapirispirebas, ramdenadacigi, erTis mxriv, gamoyofs individualurSi damaxasiaTebels, xolo<strong>ge</strong>neralizaciis gzaze midis mxolod tipiuramde, magram ara kanonisuzogadesobamde”.3) ga<strong>ge</strong>bis problema da “socialuri moqmedebis” kategoriarom SegveZlos imis Tqma Tu rogor gamoiyeneba idealuri tipis cneba veberTan,aucilebelia gavaanalizoT es cneba Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiTac. amisTvis kiaucilebelia SemovitanoT <strong>veberis</strong> sociologiis kidev erTi kategoria - ga<strong>ge</strong>biskategoria. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, unda iTqvas, rom veberi Tavisgamokvlevebis msvlelobaSi iZulebuli iyo esar<strong>ge</strong>bla kategoriebiT, romliswinaamRdegac igi gamodioda dilTaisTan, kroCesTan da intivituizmis sxvawarmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebTan. marTalia isic, rom veberTan “ga<strong>ge</strong>bas” sxva mniSvneloba aqvs,vidre intuitivizmSi.<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad Tavisi gamokvlevis sagnis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis aucilebloba ganasxvavebs<strong>sociologia</strong>s bunebismetyvelebisagan. “adamianuri moqmedeba, iseve rogorc yvelasxva sxdomileba avlens mimdinareobis kavSirebsa da kanonzomierebebs. magramadamianuri moqmedebis (qcevis) gansxvaveba isaa, rom SeiZleba mis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad21
ganmarteba”. is garemoeba, rom adamianuri moqmedeba, (qceva). emorCileba gaazrebulganmartebas, gulisxmobs adamianuri moqmedebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis (sociologiis)specifikur gansxvavebas bunebismetyvelebisgan. swored aq xedavda dilTaicgonebis Sesaxeb mecnierebebsa da bunebismecnierebebs Soris gansxvavebas.magram veberi maSinve cdilobs gaimijnos dilTaisgan: igi ar upirispirebs“ga<strong>ge</strong>bas”, “mizezobriv axsnas”, aramed piriqiT, maT mWidrod akavSirebserTmaneTTan. “<strong>sociologia</strong> (am sityvis aq nagulisxmevi azriT) niSnavs mecnierebas,romelsac surs ganmartebuli saxiT - wesiT gaigos (deutend verstehen) socialurimoqmedeba da amis wyalobiT mizezobrivad axsnas igi mis mimdinareobasa daSede<strong>ge</strong>bSi”. ga<strong>ge</strong>bis <strong>veberis</strong>euli kategoriis gansxvaveba dilTais Sesabamisikategoriisagan mdgomareobs ara mxolod imaSi, rom veberi ga<strong>ge</strong>bas uwanamZRvrebsaxsnas, maSin rodesac dilTai maT erTmaneTs upirispirebs - ga<strong>ge</strong>ba, garda amisa,<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, ar aris fsiqologiuri kategoria, rogorc amas fiqrobdadilTai, amis Sesabamisad ki gam<strong>ge</strong>bi <strong>sociologia</strong> ar aris fsiqologiis nawili.ganvixiloT <strong>veberis</strong>euli argumentacia. <strong>sociologia</strong>m, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, iseverogorc istoriam Tavisi gamokvlevebis amosavali punqtis saxiT unda aiRosindividis an individTa jgufis moqmedeba (qceva). calkeuli individi da misimoqmedeba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns TiTqosda sociologiisa da istoriis “ujreds”, “maTatoms”, im “umartives erTianobas”, romelic TviT ukve aRar eqvemdebareba Semdgomdanawevrebasa da dayofas. magram individis qcevas swavlobs fsiqologia da raSimdgomareobs individualuri moqmedebis (qcevis) Seswavlisadmi fsiqologiur dasociologiur midgomebs Soris ganxvaveba?<strong>sociologia</strong>, ambobs veberi, ganixilavs pirovnebis qcevas (moqmedebas) mxolodimdenad, ramdenadac pirovneba Tavis moqmedebebSi debs garkveul sazriss. mxolodaseTi qceva SeiZleba ainteresebdes <strong>sociologia</strong>s, rac Seexeba fsiqologias, maSinmisTvis es momenti ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns ganmsazRvrels. amgvarad, moqmedebis (qcevis)sociologiuri cneba <strong>veberis</strong> mier Semoitaneba sazrisis cnebis meoxebiT.“moqmedebad (qcevad) - wers igi - iwodeba adamianuri qceva ... im SemTxvevaSi daimdenad, Tu da ramdenadac moqmedi individi an moqmedi individebi ukavSireben massubieqtur sazriss”.mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom vebers mxedvelobaSi aqvs is sazrisi, romelsacmoqmedebaSi debs TviT individi; igi mravaljer aRniSnavs, rom bWoba exeba ara“metafizikur” sazriss, romelic ganixileba rogorc raRac “umaRlesi”,“WeSmariti” sazrisi (<strong>sociologia</strong>s, <strong>veberis</strong> azriT, saqme ara aqvs metafizikurrealobebTan da ar aris normatiuli mecniereba) da arc im “obieqtur” sazriss,romelic SeiZleba miiRos saboloo jamSi, individis moqmedebam misinebasurvilisagan damoukideblad. rasakvirvelia, amiT veberi ar uaryofs rogorcnormatiul disciplinaTaAarsebobis SesaZleblobas, ise individualuri moqmedebissubieqturad nagulisxmev sazrissa da zogierT mis obieqtur sazriss Soriss“daSorebis”, “uTanxmoebis” SesaZleblobasac. magram ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi igiamjobinebs ar gamoiyenos “sazrisis” termini, ramdenadac “sazrisi: gulisxmobssubieqts romlisTvisac igi arsebobs. veberi mxolod amtkicebs, romsociologiuri gamokvlevis sagania subieqturad nagulisxmev azrTandakavSirebuli moqmedeba. <strong>sociologia</strong>, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, unda iyos “gam<strong>ge</strong>bi”imdenad, ramdenadac individis moqmedeba gaazrebulia. magram es ga<strong>ge</strong>ba ar aris22
“fsiqologiuri”, ramdenadac sazrisi ar miekuTvneba fsiqologiuris sferos da araris fsiqologiis sagani.ga<strong>ge</strong>bis principTan dakavSirebulia <strong>veberis</strong>euli sociologiis erT - erTicentraluri meTodologiuri kategoria - socialuri moqmedebis kategoria.ramdenad mniSvnelovania <strong>veberis</strong>Tvis es kategoria SeiZleba vimsjeloT imismixedviT, rom igi gansazRvravs <strong>sociologia</strong>s rogorc socialuri moqmedebisSemswavlel mecnierebebs.rogorRa gansazRvravs veberi TviT socialur moqmedebas? “moqmedebad undaiwodos ... adamianis qceva (sulerTia garegani Tu Sinagani qmedebaa, umoqmedobaa Tugancdaa), ramdenadac moqmedi an moqmedni ukavSireben mas raRac subieqtur sazriss.magram “socialuri moqmedeba” unda ewodos iseTs, romelic moqmedis an moqmedTamier nagulisxmevi sazrisis mixedviT mimarTulia, mipyrobilia sxvaTa moqmedebebzeda amiT orientirebulia Tavis mimdinareobaSi” (dinebaSi)”.amgvarad, socialuri moqmedeba, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, gulisxmobs or moments:individis an jgufis subieqtur motivacias, romlis gareSec saerTod SeuZlebeliavilaparakoT moqmedebis Sesaxeb, da sxvaze (sxvebze) orientacias, romelsac veberiuwodebs kidec “molodinsac” da romlis gareSec moqmedeba SeuZlebeliaganxilul iqnes rogorc socialuri.gavCerdeT pirveli momentis analizze. veberi daJinebiT moiTxovs imis aRiarebas,rom moqmedi individis motivTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe <strong>sociologia</strong>s ar SeuZliadaadginos is mizezobrivi kavSirebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi, saSualebasgvaZleven SevqmnaT socialuri procesis obieqturi suraTi.socialuri moqmedebis kategoria, romelic moiTxovs amovideT calkeuli -erTeuli individis motivTa ga<strong>ge</strong>bisgan, aris is gadamwyveti momenti - punqti,romeliTac gansxvavdeba <strong>veberis</strong> sociologiuri midgoma diurkemissociologiisagan. socialuri moqmedebis cnebis SemotaniT, veberi arsebiTad,iZleva socialuri faqtis ganmartebas, romelic polemikurad mimarTulia imiswinaamRdeg, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo diurkemis mier. diurkemis sapirispirod,veberi Tvlis, rom arc sazogadoeba mTlianobaSi, arc koleqtiurobis esa Tu isforma, Tu mivud<strong>ge</strong>biT sakiTxs mkacri mecnierulobiT, ar unda ganixilebodesmoqmedebis subieqtebis saxiT: aseTebi SeiZleba iyos mxolod calkeuliindividebi. “sxva (mag. iuridiuli) SemecnebiTi miznebisa an praqtikulimiznebisTvis SeiZleba mizanSewonili da ubralod aucilebelic ki aRmoCndessocialuri warmonaqmnebis (“saxelmwifo”, “amxanagoba”, “aqcioneruli sazogadoeba”,“dawesebuleba”) ganxilva zustad ise, TiTqosda isini iyvnen calkeuli individebi(mag. rogorc uflebaTa da movaleobaTa matarebelni an rogorc damnaSavenimoqmedebebSi, romlebTac aqvT iuridiuli Zala). magram sociologiisTvalsazrisiT, romelic iZleva moqmedebis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad ganmartebas, es warmonaqmnebiarian mxolod calkeul adamianTa specifikuri moqmedebebis procesebi dakavSirebi, radgan mxolod adamianebi arian CvenTvis gasa<strong>ge</strong>b moqmedebaTamatareblebi, moqmedebaTa, romelTac aqvT sazrisiseuli orientacia”. <strong>veberis</strong>Tanaxmad, koleqtivebi <strong>sociologia</strong>s SeuZlia ganixilos rogorc maTi Semad<strong>ge</strong>neliindividebisgan warmoebuli ram; koleqtivebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen ara damoukidebelrealobebs, rogorc es diurkemTana, aramed ufro calkeul individTa moqmedebebisorganizaciis wesebs.23
veberi ar gamoricxavs <strong>sociologia</strong>Si iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebas, rogorebicaaojaxi, eri, saxelmwifo, armia, romelTa gareSec sociologs ar SeuZlia fonsgavides. magram igi amave dros moiTxovs imis ar daviwyebas, rom koleqtiurobaTaes formebi ar arian socialuri moqmedebis realuri subieqtebi, da amitom arunda mieweros maT neba an azrovneba, ar unda mivmarToT koleqtiuri nebis ankoleqtiuri azris cnebebs sxvagvarad Tu ara metaforuli azriT. SeuZlebelia araRiniSnos, rom Tavis “meTodologiur individualizms” igi yovelTvisTanmimdevrulad ver atarebs. mas eqmneba mTeli rigi winaamRdegobebi, rodesac igicdilobs, gamoiyenos socialuri moqmedebis kategoria, gansakuTrebiT tradiciulisazogadoebis analizisas.maSasadame, “subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisis”, motivaciaTa ga<strong>ge</strong>ba –sociologiuri kvlevis aucilebeli momentia. Mmagram ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns “ga<strong>ge</strong>ba”,mas xom veberi ar uigivebs ga<strong>ge</strong>bis im ganmartebas, romelsac fsiqologiagvTavazobs?<strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, sxvaTa sulier mdgomareobis fsiqologiuri ga<strong>ge</strong>basociologisa da istorikosisaTvis mxolod damxmare da ara mTavari saSualebaa.mas SeiZleba mivmarToT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu asaxsneli moqmedebaSeuZlebelia ga<strong>ge</strong>buli iqnes misi sazrisis mixedviT. “moqmedebis iracionalurimomentebis axsnisas – wers veberi – gam<strong>ge</strong>b fsiqologias namdvilad SeuZliagagviwios ueWvelad mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. magram es, xazs usvams igi - arafersar cvlis meTodologiur principebSi”.rogoria es meTodologiuri principebi? “Tavisi sazrisiseuli struqturismixedviT, uSualod yvelaze gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia is moqmedeba, romelic orientirebuliasubieqturad mkacrad racionaluri saxiT saSualebebTan SesabamisobaSi, romlebiciTvlebian (subieqturad) erTmniSvnelovan adeqvatur saSualebebad. (subieqturad)erTmniSvnelovani da naTlad Segnebuli gacnobierebuli miznebis misaRwevad”.gavaanalizoT moyvanili gansazRvreba. amgvarad, <strong>sociologia</strong> orientirebuliunda iqnes individis an individTa jgufis moqmedebebze. am dros yvelaze“gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia” gasazrisianebuli - gaazrebuli moqmedeba e.i. 1) moqmedeba, romelicmimarTulia TviT moqmedi individebis mier naTlad gacnobierebuli miznebismisaRwevad da 2) romelic am mizanTa misaRwevad iyenebs iseT saSualebebs,romlebic TviT moqmedi individebis mier aRiarebulia adeqvatur da SesabamissaSualebad. amgavard, moqmedi individis cnobiereba aucilebeli aRmoCndaimisTvis, raTa Sesaswavli moqmedeba mogvevlinos socialuri realobis saxiT.moqmedebis aRwerili tips veberi uwodebs mizanracionalurs -racionalmiznobrivs (Zweckrationale). Mmizanracionaluri moqmedebis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad,<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, araa saWiro fsiqologiisadmi mimarTva. “moqmedeba rac ufroerTmniSvnelovnadaa orientirebuli swori racionalurobis tipis (richtig –keitslationalitat) Sesatyvisad miT ufro naklebadaa saWiro aixsnas misi mimdinareobaromelime fsiqologiuri mosazrebiT”. SeniSvna: (swori – racionaluri moqmedebiscnebas veberi iyenebs obieqtur – racionaluri moqmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad;mizanracionaluri da swor – racionaluri moqmedebani erTmaneTs emTxvevian imSemTxvevaSi, Tu saSualeba, SerCeuli subieqturad garkveuli miznis misaRwevadrogorc yvelaze adeqvatur ram, amave dros aRmoCnda obieqturadac yvelazeadeqvaturi rame).24
gaazrebuli mizanracionaluri moqmedeba ar aris fsiqologiis sagani sworedimitom, rom mizani, romelsac individi isaxavs, SeuZlebelia gavigoT, Tu amovalTmxolod misi sulieri cxovrebis analizisgan. Amiznis ganxilvas gavyavarTfsiqologizmis sazRvrebidan. marTalia, mizansa da misi realizaciisaTvisSerCeul saSualebebs Soris kavSiri gaSualebulia individis fsiqologiiT,magram, <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, rac ufro axlosaa moqmedeba mizanracionalurTan, miTufro naklebia fsiqologiuri gardatexvis koeficinti, miT ufro “wmindaa”,racionaluria kavSiri mizansa da saSualebebs Soris.rasakvirvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom veberi mizanracionalur moqmedebasganixilavs rogorc moqmedebis raRac uzogades princips: piriqiT, igi ara mxolodar Tvlis mas sayovelTaod – uzogades raimed, aramed upiratesobis mqonedac kiar Tvlis empiriul sinamdvileSi. mizanracionaluri moqmedeba-esaa idealuritipi da ara empiriuli zogadi, miT ufro sayovelTao da uzogadesi ram. rogorcidealuri tipi, igi wminda saxiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba realobaSi. sworedmizanracionaluri moqmedeba aris socialuri moqmedebis nimuSi, romelsacSeefardebian moqmedebis yvela sxva saxeebi. maT veberi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiTCamoTvlis: “sociologiisaTvis arseboben moqmedebis Semdegi tipebi: 1) daaxloebiTmetad Tu naklebad miRweuli swori tipi(Richtigkeitstypus); 2) (subieqturad)mizanracionalurad orientirebuli tipi; 3) metad Tu naklebad cnobierad dametad Tu naklebad erTmniSvnelovnad mizanracionalurad orientirebulimoqmedeba; 4) moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia ara mizanracionalurad, magramgasa<strong>ge</strong>bia Tavisi sazrisis mixedviT; 5) moqmedeba, romelic Tavisi sazrisismixedviT metad Tu naklebad gasa<strong>ge</strong>badaa motivirebuli, magram darRvevadia - metadTu naklebad Zlierad - gau<strong>ge</strong>bar elementTa SeWriT da bolos, 6) moqmedeba,romelSic savsebiT gau<strong>ge</strong>bari fsiqikuri an fizikuri faqtebi dakavSirebuliaadamian”Tan” an adamian”Si” SeumCneveli gadasvlebiT.rogorc vxedavT es Skala a<strong>ge</strong>bulia mizanracionalur (anu swor-racionalur)moqmedebasTan yoveli moqmedebis Sedarebis principis mixedviT. yvelaze gasa<strong>ge</strong>bimizanracionaluri moqmedeba - aq sicxadis xarisxi - done umaRlesia.racionalurobis klebasTan erTad – klebis zomis Sesatyvisad moqmedeba xdebasul ufro naklebad gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi, misi uSualo sicxade sul ufro mcirdeba. da TumcarealobaSi mizanracionaluri moqmedebis iracionalurobisgan gamyofi sazRvrisdad<strong>ge</strong>na arasdros ar SeiZleba mkacrad iqnes dad<strong>ge</strong>nili, Tumca “yovelisociologiurad relevanturi moqmedebis nawili (gansakuTrebiT tradiciulsazogadoebaSi) dgas erTisa da meoris zRvarze - pirze”. miuxedavad amisasociologi unda amovides mizanracionaluri moqmedebisgan rogorc idealur -tipiuri moqmedebisgan da ganixilos adamianuri moqmedebis sxva saxeebi rogorcidealuri tipisgan gadaxveva.amgvarad, <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, ga<strong>ge</strong>bas wminda saxiT iq aqvs adgili, sadac Cvens winaa- mizanracionaluri moqmedeba. TviT veberi Tvlis, rom am SemTxveveaSi ukveSeuZlebelia - ar SeiZleba vilaparakoT fsiqologiuri ga<strong>ge</strong>bis Sesaxeb,ramdenadac moqmedebis sazrisi, misi mizani Zevs fsiqologiis farglebs miRmamagram davsvaT sakiTxi sxvagvarad: saxeldobr ras vi<strong>ge</strong>bT Cven mizanracionalurimoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi: moqmedebis sazriss Tu TviT moqmedebas? davuSvaT CvenxvedavT adamians romelic tyeSi Cexavs SeSas. Cven SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna,25
om igi amas akeTebs an gasamrjelosaTvis, an imisTvis, raTa zamTrisTvismoipovos saTbobi da a.S. amgvari wesiT msjelobisas , Cven vcdilobT gavigoTmoqmedebis sazrisi da ara TviT moqmedi. magram igive operacia SegviZliagamogvad<strong>ge</strong>s Cven TviTmoqmedi individis analizis saSualebad. siZnele, romelicaq warmoiSoba, friad arsebiTia. Tuki <strong>sociologia</strong> iswrafvis gaigos TviT moqmediindividi, maSin misTvis yovelgvari moqmedeba gamodis rogorc raRacis niSani,sinamdvileSi savsebiT sxva ramisa, imisa, rasac an individi TviT ver xvdeba(i<strong>ge</strong>bs) an Tu xvdeba, maSin cdilobs dafaros (sxvebisgan an TviT sakuTariTavisagan). aseTia individis moqmedebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bisadmi midgoma, mag. froidisfsiqoanalizSi.amgavri midgomis SesaZleblobas veberi principulad ar gamoricxavda. “gam<strong>ge</strong>bifsiqologiis muSaobis arsebiTi nawili werda igi - mdgomareobs sworedarasakmarisad SesamCnev an savsebiT SeumCnevel da am azriT ara subieqtur -racionalurad orientirebul kavSirTa aRmoCenebSi, romlebic miuxedavad amisa,aranaklebad obieqturad - racionaluria (da rogorc aseTebi gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia). Tu Cven aqsavsebiT ganveyenebiT e.w. fsiqoanalizis Sromebis zogierTi nawilisagan,romlebic atareben am xasiaTs, maSin iseT konstruqcias, rogoricaa magressentiment - is nicSeanuri Teoria, garegani qcevis obieqturi racionalurobagamoyavs garkveuli - cnobili interesebidan amosvliT. Tanac, meTodurmimarTebaSi es zustad ise keTdeba, rogorc amas ramdenime aTwleulis ukanakeTebda ‘ekonomikuri materializmis Teoria”. rogorc vxedavT socialurimovlenebisadmi amgavar midgomas veberi xedavs imaSi, rom “aseT SemTxvevebSisubieqturad, Tumca SeumCnevlad (TviT mkvlevarisTvisac ki), mizanracionaluri daobieqturad swori - racionaluri erTmaneTis mimarT aranaTel urTierTobaSiaRmoCndebian”. vebers aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs Semdegi friad seriozuli siZnele,romelic “fsiqologiuri midgomisas warmoiSoba. Tu individi TviTon naTladacnobierebs mis mier dasaxul mizans da mxolod eswrafvis sxvebisgan misdafarvas, maSin amis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba araa Zneli, aseTi situacia savsebiiT SesaZlebeliaSeviyvanoT mizanracionaluri qcevis sqemis qveS. magram Tu bWoba exeba iseTmoqmedebas, rodesac individma ar uwyis sakuTari miznebi (swored am moqmedebebsikvlevs fsiqoanalizi), maSin warmoiSoba kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara mkvlevars sakmarisisafuZveli imis mtkicebisa, rom igi ufro kargad i<strong>ge</strong>bs moqmed individs, vidreTviT moqmedi individisakuTar Tavs? namdvilad: xom ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT, rom fsiqoanalizis meTodiwarmoiSva sulierad avadmyofTa mkurnalobis praqtikisgan, romelTa mimarT eqimisakuTar Tavs Tvlis maTi mdgomareobis ukeT gam<strong>ge</strong>bad, vidre es TviTon maTgae<strong>ge</strong>baT. namdvilad, igi xom janmrTeli adamiania, isini ki – avadmyofebi. magramra safuZvelze SeuZlia mas gamoiyenos es meTodi sxva janmrTeli adamianebismimarT? amisTvis SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi safuZveli: rwmena imisa, romisinic:”avadmyofebia”. magram maSin avadmyofobis cneba gadatanili aRmoCndebamedicinis sferodan zogadsocialur sferoSi, xolo mkurnaloba aseT SemTxvevaSiAaRmoCndeba fsiqoTerapia, saboloo jamSi ki mTeli sazogadoebis mkurnalobad -anu fsiqoTerapia mTeli sazogadoebis mkurnali xdeba.cxadia, am mosazrebebma aiZules veberi SeezRuda amgvar midgomaTa gamoyenebissfero socialur da istoriul gamokvlevebSi, magram maSin rogorRa wyvets26
TviTon igi mainc ga<strong>ge</strong>bis Sesaxeb sakiTxs? saxeldobr ras vi<strong>ge</strong>bT Cvenmizanracionaluri moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi: moqmedebis sazrisis Tu TviTon moqmedsveberma imitom airCia idealur – tipiuri modelis saxiT mizanracionalurimoqmedeba, rom masSi orive es momenti erTmaneTs emTxveva: moqmedebis sazrisisga<strong>ge</strong>ba - es kidec niSnavs mocemul SemTxvevaSi moqmedis ga<strong>ge</strong>bas, mxolod moqmedisga<strong>ge</strong>ba – niSnavs misi saqcielis – moqmedebis sazrisis ga<strong>ge</strong>bas. veberi amgvardamTxvevas Tvlis im idealur SemTxvevad, romlidanac unda amovides <strong>sociologia</strong>.realurad yvelaze xSirad orive es momenti erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, magrammecnierebas ar SeuZlia, <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, amovides empiriuli faqtisgan: man undaSeqmnas TavisTvis idealizirebuli sivrce. sociologiisTvis aseT “sivrces”warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns mizanracionaluri moqmedeba.4) mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorc <strong>veberis</strong> sociologiis meTodologiurikategoria.ramdenadac veberi mizanracionalur moqmedebas ganixilavs rogorc idealurtips, amitom mas ufleba aqvs ganacxados, rom misi meTodis “racionalisturi”xasiaTi srulebiTac ar gulisxmobs TviT socialuri realobis racionalisturganmartebas. Mmizanracionaluroba - <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT - esaa mxolod sociologiisMmeTodologiuri da ara “ontologiuri” ganwyoba, esaa sinamdvilis analizissaSualeba da ara TviT am sinamdvilis daxasiaTeba. am moments veberi specialuradxazgasmiT aRniSnavs.marTalia veberi zrunavs imis Sesaxeb, raTa mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorckonstruirebuli idealuri tipi gamoyos TviT empiriuli realobidan, magramidealuri - tipobrivi da empiriuli realobis Tanafardobis problema araa iseioli gadasawyveti, rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans, da am problemiserTmniSvnelovani gadawyveta TviT vebersac ki ar aqvs. rogor ar surda veberserTxel da samudamod mkafiod gaecalkevebina es sferoebi, magram idealur -tipobrivi konstruqciebiT realurad muSaobis pirvelive cdaze, es sicxade damkafioba gamyofisa ikar<strong>ge</strong>ba. saerTo formiT Cven ukve gamovavlineT es siZneleebi,romelic aq vebers warmoeqmneba.sociologiuri TeoriisTvis ra mniSvnelovan wanamZRvrebs Seicavsmizanracionaluri moqmedeba? sociologiisTvis meTodologiuri safuZvlis saxiTmizanracionaluri moqmedebis arCeviT veberi emijneba im sociologiur Teoriebs,romlebic amosavali realobis saxiT iReben socialur “totalobebs”, magaliTad:“xalxs,” “sazogadoebas”, ”saxelmwifos”, ”ekonomikas”. amasTan dakavSirebiT veberimkacrad akritikebs “organicistul <strong>sociologia</strong>s”, romelic calkeul individsganixilavs rogorc romeliRac socialuri organizmis nawils “ujreds”. veberigadaWriT winaamRdegia biologiuri modeliT sazogadoebis ganxilvisa:sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi organizmis cneba SeiZleba iyos mxolod metaforada meti araferi.“sxva SemecnebiTi miznebisTvis SeiZleba sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo iyos an aucilebelicalkeuli individis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba,magaliTad rogorc raRac “ujredTa” gansazogadoebaanu bioqimiur reaqciaTa komleqsisa... magram sociologiisTvis (am sityvis aqgamoyenebuli mniSvnelobis azriT) iseve rogorc istoriisTvis, Semecnebis obieqts27
warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns swored moqmedebis, qcevis sazrisiseuli kavSiri”. sazogadoebisSeswavlisadmi cnobierad - Segnebulad moqmedi arseba. individsa da sxeulisujreds (an mis organos) Soris analogia SesaZlebelia mxolod im pirobiT, Tucnobierebis faqtori ara arsebiT raimed CaiTvleba. amis winaamRdeg gamodisveberi, ayenebs ra socialuri moqmedebis iseT models, romelic am faqtors iRebsarsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqoned. xolo ramdenadac veberi am faqtors acxadebssociologiis aucilebel wanamZRvrad, amitom igi Tavis gamokvlevebSi amodis arasocialuri “mTelisgan”, aramed calkeuli individisgan, “moqmedeba rogorcgasa<strong>ge</strong>b sazrisze orientirebuli qceva, CvenTvis mudam arsebobs mxolod rogorcerTi an mraval calkeul pirovnebaTa moqmedeba”.amgvarad, “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” principi aRmoCnda kriteriumi, romlis daxmarebiTacgamoiyofa sociologisaTvis relevanturi sfero im sferosgan, romelicSeuZlebelia iyos sociologiuri gamokvlevis sagani. individis qcevas Cven vi<strong>ge</strong>bT,ujredisas ki - ara. Aaseve ver “vi<strong>ge</strong>bT” Cven am sityvis <strong>veberis</strong>euli mniSvnelobiTxalxis an saxalxo meurneobis “moqmedebas”, Tumca savsebiT SegviZlia gavigoTxalxis (an saxalxo meurneobaSi monawile) Semad<strong>ge</strong>nel individTa moqmedebani. airatom ambobs veberi: “iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa “saxelmwifo”, “amxanagoba”,“feodalizmi” da sxva sociologiisaTvis aRniSnaven, sazogadod rom vTqvaT,adamianTa erToblivi moqmedebebis gansazRvruli saxis kategoriebs dasociologiis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini daiyvanos “gasa<strong>ge</strong>b”moqmedebebze, e.i. gamonaklisis gareSe calkeul monawileTa moqmedebebze”. <strong>veberis</strong>mixedviT aseTi midgoma savaldebuloa sociologiisaTvis. ase magaliTad,iurisprudencias garkveul pirobebSi SeuZlia “samarTlebrivi piris” saxiTganixilos saxelmwifoca da esa Tu is sxva koleqtivic.<strong>sociologia</strong>s ki amisgakeTebis uflebac ki ara aqvs. misi midgoma gulisxmobs TviT iseTi socialuriwarmonaqmnebis, rogoricaa samarTali, ganxilvas mxolod im formiT, ra formiTacigi gardatydeba calkeuli individis mizanracionaluri moqmedebis (maSasadame,cnobierebis) prizmaSi ramdenadac “samarTali” sociologiis kvlevis obieqtixdeba, amdenad mas saqme aqvs ara samarTlebriv principTa logikurad swor“obieqtur” Sinaarsis saSualebebTan, aramed (individis) moqmedebasTan, romlisdeterminantebsa da rezultatebSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben agreTve adamianiswarmod<strong>ge</strong>nebic garkveuli iuridiuli principebis sazrisisa da “mniSvnelobisSesaxeb”.amgavarad, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, ramdenadac sazogadoebrivi institutebi(samarTali,saxelmwifo,religia da sxva) unda Seiswavlebodes sociologiis mierim formiT, ra formiTac isini mniSvnelovani xdebian calkeul individTaTvis, raformiTac es ukanasknelni realurad arian maTze orientirebulni TavianTmoqmedebebSi, amdenad ixsneba “metafizikis” is elferi, romelic mudam arsebobssocialur moZRvrebebSi, romelTac amosavlad swored institutebi aaqvT (rogorcsaerTod “mTlianobebi”). es elementi aucileblad SeigrZnoba am socialurTeoriebSi, romlebic a<strong>ge</strong>bulia realizmis (am cnebis Suasaukuneobrivi azriT)meTodologiuri wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze. am Tvalsazriss veberi – upirispirebsmoTxovnas imis Sesaxeb, rom <strong>sociologia</strong>Si amovideT calkeul individTamoqmedebebisgan. misi pozicia nominalisturia. magram es araa adeqvaturidaxasiaTeba. individualuri moqmedebebidan amosvlis moTxovna wamoyenebulia28
ogorc Semecnebis principi, <strong>veberis</strong> neokantianuri ganwyobis ZaliT SemecnebisprincipTa daxasiaTeba srulebiTac ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns amave dros TviT socialurirealobis daxasiaTebas. realoba plastikuria im azriT, rom igi SeiZlebaSeviswavloT agreTve sxvagvaradac, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba miviRoT mecniereba,romelic gansxvavebuli iqneba sociologiisgan. mag. samarTalmcodneoba anpolitekonomia maSasadame. individualuri mizanracionaluri moqmedebebis Sesaxeblaparakisas, veberi ar amtkicebs, rom igi aris TviT socialuri cxovrebisrealobis daxasiaTeba, aramed mas iRebs idealuri tipis saxiT, romelic wmindasaxiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba sinamdvileSi, amitom mizanSewonili iqneboda gvelaparaka<strong>veberis</strong> MmeTodologiuri nominalizmis an ufro zustad, meTodologiurindividualizmis Sesaxeb.magram meTodologiur individualzmsac aqvs, rasakvirvelia, TavisiSinaarsobrivi (“ontologiuri”) implikaciebi. Mmizanracionaluri moqmedebisamosaval punqtad postulirebisas, veberi upirispirdeba cnobierebis rogorcepifenomenis ganmartebas. <strong>veberis</strong> ZiriTadi amosavali punqti SeiZlebodagangvesazRvra ase: adamianma TviTon icis, rac mas surs, rameTu mizanracionalurimoqmedeba – es xom idealuri SemTxvevaa. magram sociologi unda amodiodesswored am idealuri SemTxvevidan, rogorc Teoriul – meTodologiurwanamZRvrebisagan.Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aRniSnul Sinaarsobriv implikaciebs, romlebicgulisxmoben socialuri moqmedebis meTodur ga<strong>ge</strong>bas, maSin ar SeiZleba ardaveTanxmoT i.konis mtkicebas, rom “<strong>veberis</strong>euli meTodologiuri principebimWidrodaa dakavSirebuli istoriuli procesis miseul ga<strong>ge</strong>basTan. sazogadoebrivicxovreba, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, aris calkeul individTa, adamianTa urTierToba –urTierTqmedeba”. da Tumca TviT veberi mudam xazs usvams Tavis idealur –tipobriv konstruqciebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, Cven miuxedavad amisa, undadavadginoT, rom misi meTodologiuri individualizmi ganuyofladaadakavSirebuli misi msoflmxedvelobis individualizmTan da sazogadoebisrogorc individaTa urTierTqmedebis ganmartebasTan, e.i. sociologiurnominalizmTan.5. socialuri moqmedeba da “ganwyoba sxvaze” “molodini”socialuri moqmedebis meore aucilebel - savaldebulo momentad vebers moqmedipiris sxva - meore individze (an sxva individebze) orientacia miaCnia. axsnisas Tusaxeldobr romel orientacias exeba saqme.veberi wers: “socialuri moqmedeba...SeiZleba orientirebuli iyos sxva individTa warsul, awmyo (Tanamedrove) damomavalSi mosalodnel moqmedebebze (qcevebze). warsulSi momxdari Tavdasxmisgamo SurisZieba, awmyoSi Tavdasxmis dros mowyobili dacva, Tavdacvis zomebismiReba (momavali Tavdasxmis gamo). “sxvaTa” saxiT SeiZleba gamovidnen garkveuliindividi an ganusazRvrelad mravalni da savsebiT ucnobebic ki. (magaliTad“fuli” warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns gacvlis saSualebas, romelsac moqmedi individi iRebsgacvlis dros, radgan warmarTavs Tavis moqmedebas imis molodinze, rommomavalSi misi gacvlis dros Tavis mxriv am fuls miiReben misTvis ucnobni daganusazRvrelad mravali sxva individebi)”.29
<strong>sociologia</strong>Si “sxvaze orientaciis” principis Semotana warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nsmeTodologiuri individualizmis SigniT da am ukanasknelis saSualebebiT raRacuzogadesis mopovebis cdas, mxedvelobaSi miReba, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,socialuris im substanciisa, romlis gareSec mizanracionaluri moqmedebadarCeba robinzoniadis klasikur modelad. robinzoniadis avtorebi individismoqmedebebSi ar iTvaliswinebdnen araviTar “sxvaze orientacias” individismoqmedebis safuZvelSi maTTvis ido individualuri “interesi”, - da araaSemTxveveiTi, rom swored robizoniada daedo safuZvlad e.w. homo oeconomicus(ekonomikuri adamiani) models .<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, <strong>sociologia</strong> iwyebs iq, sadacaRmoCndeba rom ekonomikuri adamiani, - adamianis friad gamartivebuli modeliamagram aq SeiZleba warmoiSvas kiTxva:ratom dasWirda vebers amdenad “SemovliTigza”, raTa misuliyo “uzogadesis” arsebobis aRiarebasTan? saqme isaa, rommxolod iseTi gziT SeuZlia vebers aCvenos Tu rogori formiT gamodissociologiuri mecnierebisaTvis “uzogadesi”, Tu rogor formaSi eZlevaigi:mecnierebam ar unda ganixilos “socialuroba” individTa gareSe da maTigverdis avliT, aseve man ar unda dauSvas socialuris substancializaciisaCrdilic ki, (SeniSvna:aq gadis kvlav wyalgamyofi <strong>veberis</strong>eul <strong>sociologia</strong>sa dadiurkemis sociologiis principebs Soris), mxolod im zomiT da imdenad, razomiTac da ramdenadac “uzogadesi” aRiarebulia calkeuli individebis mier dawarmarTavs maT realur moqmedebas, mxolod amdenad arsebobs igi. veberi gvixsnis,rom arseboba iseTi, zogadobebisa, erTobebisa rogoricaa “saxelmwifo, kavSiri”sociologiis TvalsazrisiT sxva arafers ar niSnavs, Tu ara rogorc imis did annakleb (mcire) SesaZleblobas, rom individebi Tavis moqmedebebSi mxedvelobaSiiReben am warmonaqmnebs rodesac es SesaZlebloba mcirdeba, mocemuliinstitutisTvis arseboba ufro problematuri xdeba; am SesaZleblobis nulzedayvana mocemuli institutis (saxelmwifo, samarTali da sxva) dasasrulsmoaswavebs.“sxvaze orientaciis” <strong>veberis</strong>euli kategoria, eWvs gareSea, Tavis sawyisssamarTlis sferodan iRebs da warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nssamarTalmcodneobis da samarTlisfilosofiis sakvanZo kategoriis ‘’aRiarebis” sociologiur interpretacias.Amgvarad, samarTlis <strong>sociologia</strong>, - esaa ara ubralod <strong>veberis</strong> sociologiis erT –erTi kerZo ganyofileba: “aRiareba” rogorc marTlSegnebis (iurisprudenciis)umniSvnelovanesi pricnipi, <strong>veberis</strong> mier gamocxadebulia sazogadod yovelgvarisocialuri moqmedebis konstituciur momentad.amgvarad, subieqturi sazrisisa da sxvebze orientaciis arseboba – socialurimoqmedebis ori aucilebeli niSania. am gansazRvrebis Sesatyvisad ara yovelimoqmedeba, xazs usvams veberi, SeiZleba iwodos socialur moqmedebad. ase mag. Tuindividis moqmedeba orientirebulia ara sxva individebis mxridan gansazRvruli“qcevis” mosalodnelobebze - (molodinze), aramed nivTobriv saganTa mimarT(manqanebi, bunebis movlenebi da a.S.), maSin igi SeuZlebelia iwodos socialurmoqmedebebad <strong>veberis</strong>euli azriT. zustad aseve ar aris socialuri moqmedebaindividis religiuri aqcia, rodesac igi eZleva Wvretas, TavisTvis martoiloceba da a.S. individis sameurneo saqmianoba mxolod maSin xdeba socialurimoqmedeba Tu garkveuli ekonomikuri dovlaTis (qonebis) ganm<strong>ge</strong>blobisasmxedvelobaSi miiReba sxva (an sxvebi) individi (-ebi) da moqmedeba mimdinareobs am30
sxvebze orientaciis mimarTulebiT. Aar SeiZleba, magaliTad, CavTvaloTsocialurad mraval individTa moqmedeba, Tu igi Tavisi xasiaTiT da SinaarsiTganisazRvreba rogorc romelime bunebriv movlenaze orientirebuli moqmedeba.“Tu quCaSi, - wers veberi - adamianTa umravlesoba erTdroulad gaxsnian qol<strong>ge</strong>bs,rodesac wvima iwyeba, maSin am dros (rogorc wesi) erTis moqmedeba ar arisorientirebuli sxvis moqmedebaze, aramed yvelas moqmedeba Tanabari zomiTgamowveulia wvimisagan dasvelebis Tavidan acilebis moTxovniT”.veberi socialur moqmedebad ar Tvlis agreTve wminda mibaZviT moqmedebas,romelic Sesrulebulia individis rogorc masis, brbos atomis mier. aseTimoqmedeba, aRwerili kerZod gustav lebonis mier, <strong>veberis</strong> mier CaTvlilia arasociologiis, aramed “masebis fsiqologiis” kvlevis sagnad. marTalia,<strong>sociologia</strong>sac SeuZlia, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, mravalTa moqmedebis ganxilva, da aramxolod erTi individisa, magram igi aseT koleqtiur moqmedebas ganixilavsindividualuris modelis mixedviT, aRmoaCens ra koleqtivis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nel individTamoqmedebebis subieqturad nagulisxmev sazriss da maT urTierTganwyobas erTi -meoreze da “mesameze”.sainteresoa, rom gansazRvrul adgilze Tavmoyrili brbos qcevis analogiuradveberi ganixilavs aralokalizebuli brbos qcevisac.calkeuli individebi“masebad” iqcevian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi qceva ganpirobebulia mraval sxvaTaerTdroulad Tanmimdevrulad moqmedi qceviT, rac miiRweva magaliTad, masobrivkomunikaciaTa saSualebebis daxmarebiT. “im martivi faqtis wyalobiT, romindividi Tavs romeliRac “masis” nawilad grZnobs, pirvelad xdeba SesaZlebeblireaqciaTa garkveuli tipebi, maSin rodesac reaqciis sxva tipebi gaZnelebulia.sabolood gansazRvrulma xdomilebam an adamianurma qcevam SeiZleba gamoiwvionyvelaze gansxvavebuli grZnobebi: mxiaruleba, mrisxaneba,aRmafrena,sasowarkveTileba da yovladSesaZlebeli vnebebi, romlebic ar warmoiqmnebodnen(an yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar warmoiqmnebodnen ase advilad) gafantulobisas dayvelaferi es individis qcevasa da mis gamasobrivebis faqts Soris yovelgvarisazrisiseuli damokidebulebebis gareSe”.rogorc istorikosi da sociologi, veberi rasakvirvelia i<strong>ge</strong>bs, rom masobrivimoqmedebani - sociologiis kvlevis erT - erTi mniSvnelovani sagania, magramsociologiis xedvis specifikuri kuTxe, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT gulisxmobs “individisqcevasa da mis gamasobrivebis (masad qcevis) faqts Soris sazrisiseulimimarTebis - damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebas”, e.i. martivad rom vTqvaT,sociologma unda gaigos, Tu rogori subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisiakavSirebs individs sxvebTan, Tu ra safuZvelze erTiandebian adamianebi masad.“moqmedebas, romelsac Tavis mimdinareobaSi mizezad aqvs an mraval mizezTaganerT - erT mizezad aqvs masis rogorc aseTis martivi faqtis zemoqmedeba daganisazRvreba am faqtis mier mxolod reaqtiulad da ar exeba mas gaazrebulad,ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns socialur moqmedebas” aq dad<strong>ge</strong>nili sityvis sazrisiT -mniSvnelobiT”.mniSvnelovania <strong>veberis</strong> gamoTqma “masisadmi Tavisi mikuTvnebulobis faqtis mimarTsazrisiseuli damokidebuleba”. maSasadame, sakmarisia individma, romelic Sead<strong>ge</strong>nsmasis “atoms” (gaazrebulad) gaasazrisianos Tavisi “gamasobriveba”, rom ukvegaCndeba distancia masa da mis “masobriobas’’ Soris da es garemoeba31
ganmsazRvreli iqneba agreTve TviT masis struqturisaTvis. am punqtSi masobrivimovlenebisadmi <strong>veberis</strong> sociologiuri midgoma arsebiTad gansxvavdeba socialur- fsiqologiuri midgomisgan. Mmag. Lleboniseuli midgomisagan, leboni masisfenomens miudga rogorc fsiqologi: igi miiswrafvoda daefiqsirebina is saerTo(zogadi), rasac adgili aqvs yovelgvar brboSi, iqneba es revoluciuri masebiparizis quCebSi an romael jariskacTa “brboebi”, mayurebelTa brbo TeatrSi dajvarosanTa brboebi. namdvilad yovel “brboSi” rogoric ar unda iyos misSemad<strong>ge</strong>nel elementTa socialuri mikuTvnebuloba, rogoric ar unda iyos maTiinteleqtualuri done, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT qcevis garkveuli erTianoba –zogadoba: yvela brbosaTvis saerTo iqneba is, rac mis qcevaSi ganisazRvrebawmindad reaqtiulad, stiqiurad. magram socialuri fsiqologiis TvalTaxedvisareSi am dros ar xvdeba is, rac ganasxvavebs iseTi tipis brbos meorisgan, da racunda Seiswavlos, <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, ukve ara fsiqologiam, aramed brbos<strong>sociologia</strong>m. am punqtSi sociologiis sagnad unda iyos ara imdenad masisuSualo qceva - moqmedeba, ramdenadac misi sazrisiseuli rezultati. masobrivimoZraobis xasiaTi, romelic mniSvnelovnad gansazRvrulia sazrisiseuliganwyobebiT, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben masis Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli individebi, TavsiCens - didi an mcire gadaxrebiT - im religiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxvainstitutebis xasiaTebze, romlebic yalibdebian am moZraobaTa msvlelobaSi daSedegad, religiis, samarTlisa da politikis <strong>sociologia</strong>Si veberi sworedcdilobs masobriv moZraobaTa analizis Tavisi meTodis ganxorcielebas.6) socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi.moqmedebis saxeTa <strong>veberis</strong>euli dayofis ganxilvisas Cven SevZlebT gavigoT Turogor gamoiyeneba mizanracionaluri moqmedebis “idealuri modeli”. veberiaxasiaTebs moqmedebis oTx saxes: 1. Mmizanracionalurs (zweck rationale) 2.RirebulebiT - racionalurs (wert wartionale), 3. afeqtursa da 4. tradiciuls.“socialuri moqmedeba yovelgvari moqmedebis msgavsad, SeiZleba ganisazRvros: 1.mizanracionalurad e.i. garegani samyaros sagnebis da sxva adamianTa garkveuliqcevis – moqmedebis imedis (molodinis) meSveobiT da am molodinis rogorcracionalurad warmarTuli da regulirebadi miznebisTvis “pirobis” an rogorc“saSualebis” gamoyenebis dros. (racionalurobis kriteriumia warmateba). 2.RirebulebiT - racionalurad, e.i. gansazRvruli moqmedebis, eTikuri, esTetikuri,religiuri an sxvagvarad ga<strong>ge</strong>buli upirobo sakuTari Rirebulebis(TviTRirebulebis) Segnebuli rwmenis meSveobiT da damoukidebladwarmatebebisgan. 3. afeqturad, gansakuTrebiT emocionalurad – aqtualuriafeqtebisa da grZnobebis meSveobiT. 4. tradiciulad, e.i. Cveulebis meSveobiT.ar SeiZleba axlave ar aRvniSnoT, rom moqmedebis ori ukanaskneli saxe -afeqturi da tradiciuli ar arian socialuri moqmedebani am sityvis sakuTrivimniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac aq Cven saqme ar gvaqvs gacnobierebul sazrisTan. TviTveberi aRniSnavs, rom “mkacrad tradiciuli qceva, iseve rogorc wmindadreaqciuli mibaZva, mTlianad da savsebiT dgas zRvarze, xolo xSirad imis miRmamxarezec ki, rasac SeiZleba saerTod sazrisis mixedviT orientirebuli moqmedebavuwodoT; vinaidan es mTlian xSirad mxolod dablagvebuli, dasustebuli32
eaqciaa SeCveul – Cveul gaRizianebebze, romelic mimdinareobs erTxel miRebuliSeCveuli ganwyobis mixedviT.mxolod RirebulebiT - racionaluri da mizanracionaluri moqmedebani ariansocialuri moqmedebani am sityvis <strong>veberis</strong>euli mniSvnelobiT. “wmindad-RirebulebiT - racionalurad - ambobs veberi moqmedebs is, vinc ar iTvaliswinebsmosalodnel Sede<strong>ge</strong>bs, angariSs ar uwevs mosalodnel Sede<strong>ge</strong>bs da moqmedebsTavisi rwmenis – Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad da asrulebs imas, rasac, rogorc mashgonia, misgan moiTxovs movaleoba, Rirseba, mSveniereba, religiuri daniSnuleba,pieteti an romelime ... “saqmis” umniSvnelovanesoba. RirebulebiT – racionalurimoqmedeba mudam aris “mcnebis” an “moTxovnebis” Sesatyvisi moqmedeba, romlebsacmoqmedi misadmi - TavisTavisadmi wayenebulad Tvlis. mxolod ramdenadacadamianuri moqmedeba ... orientirebulia aseT moTxovnebze ... Cven vilaparakebTRirebulebiTi racionalurobis Sesaxeb”. RirebulebiT racionaluri da afeqturimoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis mizans warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns TviTon igi da ara raRacsxva (Sedegi, warmateba, rezultati;] meorexarisxovani, araZiriTadi Sede<strong>ge</strong>birogorc pirvelSi, ise meore SemTxvevaSi angariSSi ar iTvleba.RirebulebiT - racionaluri moqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT ukanaskneli, meoTxe,mizanracionaluri moqmedebis tipi - yvela mimarTebaSi eqvemdebareba danawevrebas.“mizanracionalurad - wers veberi - moqmedebs is, vinc Tavis moqmedebaswarmarTavs mizanTan, saSualebebTan da meorad Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan SesatyvisobaSi da amavedros, racionalurad wonis rogorc saSualebebs mizanTan mimarTebaSi, ise mizansmeorad Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan mimarTebaSi da bolos sxvadasxva SesaZlebel miznebserTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.”rogorc vxedavT, moqmedebis oTxi miTiTebuli tipi <strong>veberis</strong> mier ganla<strong>ge</strong>buliamzardi racionalurobis wesrigis mixedviT: Tu tradiciuli da afeqturimoqmedeba SeiZleba iwodos subieqtur racionalurad (obieqturad orive SeiZlebaaRmoCndes racionaluri), maSin RirebulebiT – racionaluri moqmedeba ukveSeicavs Tavis TavSi subieqtur – racionalur moments, ramdenadac moqmediSegnebulad ufardebs Tavis qcevebs garkveul Rirebulebas rogorc mizans, magrammoqmedebis es tipi mxolod SefardebiTaa racionaluri, ramdenadac TviTRirebuleba miiReba Semdgomi gaSualebisa da dafuZnebis gareSe da SemdegSimxedvelobaSi ar miiReba qcevis meoradi rezultatebi. absoluturadracionaluria <strong>veberis</strong>euli mniSvnelobiT Mmxolod mizanracionaluri moqmedeba,Tuki igi mimdinareobs wminda saxiT.individis realurad mimdinare qceva ambobs veberi, orientirebulia rogorc wesi,moqmedebis ori an meti saxis Sesatyvisad: masSi adgili aqvs rogorcmizanracionalurs, ise RirebulebiT - racionalurs, afeqtursa da tradiciulmomentebsac. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva tipebSi moqmedebis esa Tu is saxe SeiZlebaiyos gabatonebuli, upiratesobis mqone: tradiciul sazogadoebebSi Warbobsmoqmedebis orientaciis tradiciuli da afeqturi tipebi, industrialurSi - mizan- da RirebulebiT- racionaluri, pirvelis mier meoris gamodevnis tendenciiT.socialuri moqmedebis kategoriis SemotaniT, veberma mainc ver SeZlo imsiZneleebis gadaWra, romlebic warmoiSva am kategoriis gamoyenebasTandakavSirebiT. pirveli, esaa moqmedebis obieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisisgansazRvris siZnele. iswrafvoda ra daezustebina Tu romel sazrissze unda iyos33
aq saubari, veberi mravali wlis ganmalobaSi Tavs imtvrevda sociologiuri‘’ga<strong>ge</strong>bis’’kategoriis damuSavebaze, ise rom bolomde ver ganTavisufldafsiqologizmisagan.meore, socialuri moqmedebis kategoria socialuri cxovrebis amosavali“ujredis” saxiT ar iZleva sazogadoebrivi procesis rezultatebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bisSesaZleblobas, romlebic mTlianad ar emTxvevian individualuri moqmedebebismimarTulebas. : radganac veberi anawevrebs socialur mTels mis Semadenelindividualur - fsiqologiur komponentebad da TiToeul maTgans ganixilavs cal- calke mTelTan kavSiris gareSe, amdenadac man ver SeZlo moexdina zogadiistoriuli perspeqtivis rekonstruireba”.7) formaluri racionaluroba rogorc <strong>veberis</strong>euli sociologiis kategoriaveberma SemTxveviT ar ganalaga socialuri moqmedebis oTxi aRwerili tipiracionalurobis zrdis mixedviT, amgvari wesrigi ara mxolod meTodologiurixerxia, romelic mosaxerxebelia axsnisTvis: veberi darwmunebulia, romsocialuri moqmedebis racionalizacia – esaa TviT istoriuli procesistendencia. da Tumca es procesi ar mimdinareobs “dabrkolebisa” da gadaxrebisgareSe mainc ukansakneli saukuneebis evropuli istoria da industrializaciisgzaze sxva araevropuli civilizaciebis CarTva, gzaze romelic gakvala evropammowmoben <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, imas, rom racionalizacia aris msoflio - istoriuliprocesi. moqmedebis “racionalizaciis” erT - erTi arsebiTi komponentia moqmedizne - Cveulebebis da adaTebisadmi Sinagani erTgulebis Secvla interesisgaTvaliswinebisadmi <strong>ge</strong>gmazomieri SeguebiT. rasakvirvelia es procesi aramowuravs moqmedebis “racionalizaciis” cnebas, vinaidan moqmedeba SeiZlebamimdinareobdes, garda amisa, pozitiurad - cnobieri RirebulebiTiracionalizaciis mimarTulebiT - da negatiurad - ara mxolod zne – Cveulebebisdangrevis meoxebiT, aramed afeqturi moqmedebis gamodevnis xarjze da bolos,agreTve RirebulebiT - racionaluri qcevis gamodevnis xarjze wmindamizanracionaluris sasar<strong>ge</strong>blod, romlis drosac ukve aRar swamT Rirebulebis”.ras niSnavs mizanracanionaluri moqmedebis rolis zrda mTlianad sazogadoebisstruqturis TvalsazrisiT? racionaluri xdeba meurneobis warmoebis wesi,racionaluri xdeba marTva - rogorc ekonomikis sferoSi, ise politikis,mecnierebis, kulturis sferoSi - socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi;racionaluri xdeba adamianTa azrovnebis wesi , ise rogorc maTi grZnobisa dacxovrebis wesi mTlianobaSi. Yyvelafer amas Tan hyveba mecnierebis socialurirolis zrda, romelic <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns racionalurobis principisyvelaze wminda ganxorcielebas, mecniereba upirveles yovlisa iWreba warmoebaSi,Semdeg ki marTvaSi, da bolos agreTve yofaSic - amaSi xedavs veberi Tanamedrovesazogadoebis universaluri racionalizaciis erT - erT mowmobasa da sabuTs.racionalizacia <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns mTeli rigi istoriulifaqtorebis SeerTebis rezultats, romlebmac winaswar gansazRvres evropisganviTarebis mimarTuleba ukanaskneli 300 - 400 wlis manZilze. am faqtorTakonstelacia <strong>veberis</strong> mier ar ganixileba rogorc raRac winaswar gansazRvruli -dad<strong>ge</strong>nili - ufro esaa Taviseburi saxis istoriuli SemTxveviToba, amitom34
acionalizacia, misi TvalsazrisiT, aris ara imdenad istoriuli ganviTarebisaucilebloba, ramdenadac misi bediswera – bedi. moxda ise, rom gansazRvruldroul periodSi da samyaros gansazRvrul raionSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen randenimefenomeni, romlebic Tavis TavSi atarebdnen racionalur sawyiss: antikurimecniereba gansakuTrebiT maTematika, romelsac aRorZinebis epoqaSi daemataeqsperimenti da romelmac galileis droidan SeiZina axali, eqsperimentaluri,teqnikasTan Sinaganad dakavSirebuli mecnierebis xasiaTi. racionaluri romissamarTali, romelsac ar icnobda sazogadoebis adrindeli tipebi da romelmacevropul niadagze miiRo Tavisi Semdgomi ganviTareba SuasaukuneebSi. meurneobisgaZRolis racionaluri wesi, romelic warmoiSva warmoebis saSualebebisagansamuSao Zalis gamoyofis wyalobiT da maSasadame, imis safuZvelze, rasac marqsmaTavis droze uwoda “abstraqtuli Sroma” - Sroma, romelic misadgomiaraodenobrivi gazomvisaTvis. xolo am elementebis masinTezirebel faqtorad,<strong>veberis</strong> azriT, mogvevlina protestantizmi, romelmac Seqmna msoflmxedvelobriviwanamZRvrebi meurneobis gaZRolis racionaluri wesis ganxorcielebisaTvis(uwinares yovlisa ekonomikaSi mecnierebaTa miRwevebis danergvisaTvis damecnierebis uSualo sawarmoo Zalad gardaqmna), ramdenadac ekonomikuri warmatebaprotestantuli eTikis mier ayvanili iyo religiuri mowodebis rangSi.ris Sedegadac evropaSi pirvelad warmoiSva axali, adre arsad ar arsebuli daistoriaSi analogiis ar mqone sazogadoebis tipi, romelsac Tanamedrovesociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi uwodeben industrialurs, yvela adre arsebul sazogadoebaTa tips,gansxvavebiT Tanamedrovisgan, veberi tradiciuls uwodebs. tradiciulsazogadoebaTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegia - maTSi formalur - racionalurisawyisis ar arseboba. ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns es ukanaskneli?Fformaluri racionaluroba - es uwinares yovlisa gamoTvladobaa,kalkulirebaa, formalur – racionaluri - esaa is, rac eqvemdebareba raodenobrivaRricxvas, rac naSTis gareSe amoiwureba raodenobrivi daxasiaTebiT. "meurneobisformaluri racionaluroba ganisazRvreba teqnikurad misTvis SesaZlebeli danamdvilad mis mier miRebuli gaangariSebis zomiT. piriqiT, materialuriracionaluroba xasiaTdeba xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac adamianTa garkveuli jgufismomara<strong>ge</strong>ba sasicocxlo sikeTeebiT, xorcieldeba ekonomikurad orientirebulisocialuri moqmedebis gziT garkveuli... RirebulebiTi postulatebisTvalsazrisiT.” sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika xelmZRvanelobs ra garkveulikrieriumebiT, romlebic Zevs im sazRvrebs miRma, rac SeiZleba racionaluradgamovTvaloT, da rasac veberi “RirebulebiT postulatebs” uwodebs, e.i. ekonomika,romelic emsaxureba ara TviT mis mierve gansazRvrul miznebs, xasiaTdeba rogorc“materialurad (e.i. Sinaarsobrivad) gansazRvruli.” materialuri "racionalurobaesaaracionaluroba raRacisTvis; formaluri racionaluroba - esaaracionaluroba “arafrisTvis,” racionaluroba TavisTavad, aRebuli rogorcTviTmizani, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom formaluri racionalurobis cnebaesaaidealuri tipi da empiriul realobaSi igi wminda saxiT gvxvdeba ZalianiSviaTad. magram formaluri racionalizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba esaa—rogorc amas veberi aCvenebs Tavis mraval SromaSi--TviT istoriuli procesismoZraoba. sazogadoebis adrindel tipebSi Warbobda “materialuri35
acionaluroba,” TanamedroveSi ki--formaluri racionaluroba, rac Seesatyvisebayvela sxva tipis moqmedebebze moqmedebis mizanracionaluri tipis siWarbes.is, rasac veberi formalur racionalurobas uwodebs, Tavis Ddroze aRmoCeniliiyo k.marqsis mier, “abstraqtuli Sromis saxiT”. marTalia es cneba marqsTan ufrosxva rols TamaSobs, vidre veberTan formaluri racionaluroba, magram marqsisgavlena veberze aq eWvsgareSea. abstraqtuli Sromis umniSvnelovanesi niSanimarqsTan es aris is, rom igi “ar flobs araviTar Tvisebebs da amitom mxolodgazomvadia raodenobriv mimarTebaSi”. marqsis mixedviT, Sromis wmindaraodenobrivi daxasiaTeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod kapitalistursazogadoebaSi, romelmac Seqmna “Sromis burJuaziuli forma misi antikuri daSuasaukuneobrivi formebis sapirispirod”. am Sromis Tavisebureba dagansakuTrebuleba uwinares yovlisa esaa misi abstraqtuli sayovelTaoba, e.i.gulgriloba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs esukanaskneli. abstraqtuli sayovelTao Sromis marqsiseuli gansazRvrebaafiqsirebda Sromis “sazogadod simdidris Seqmnis saSualebad” gadaqcevis faqts.adamiani da misi moTxovnilebebi, rogorc aCvena marqsma, am dros iqcevian mxolodwarmoebis normaluri cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli saSualebad, momentad.analogiuri da ufro arsebiTia formaluri racionalurobis daxasiaTebaveberTan, rogorc aRniSnavs erT - erTi misi mimdevari - karl leviti, mdgomareobsimaSi, rom “meurneobis wesi xdeba imdenad damoukidebeli, rom ... mas ukve ar aqvsaraviTari naTeli damoukidebloba adamianis rogorc aseTis moTxovnebTan”.Fformaluri racionaluroba - esaa principi, romelsac eqvemdebareba ara mxolodTanamedrove ekonomika, aramed tendenciaSi agreTve Tanamedrove sazogadoebiscxovrebiseuli warmonaqmnebis mTeli erToblioba.formaluri racionalurobis Sesaxeb moZRvreba – es, arsebiTad, kapitalizmis<strong>veberis</strong>euli Teoriaa. aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, mWidro kavSiri <strong>veberis</strong>eulmeTodologias, kerZod socialuri moqmedebis Teoriasa da moqmedebis tipTagamoyofas Soris erTis mxriv da kapitalizmis <strong>ge</strong>nezisis miseul Teorias Sorismeores mxriv. sinamdvileSi – namdvilad veberi xazs usvamda, rom mkvlevariidealur - tipobrivi konstruqciis Seqmnisas, saboloo jamSi xelmZRvanelobs“epoqis interesiT”, romelic aZlevs mas kidec “Sexedulebis mimarTulebasac”,epoqam dasva <strong>veberis</strong> winaSe centraluri saxiT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra arisTanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoeba, rogoria misi warmoSoba da ganviTarebisgzebi, rogoria individis bedi am sazogadoebaSi da rogor moaxdina man anmoaxdens momavalSi im idealebis realizebas, romlebic 17 – 18 e saukuneebSi misiideolo<strong>ge</strong>bis mier gacxadebuli iyo rogorc “gonebis idealebi”. sakiTxis xasiaTmawinaswar gansazRvra <strong>veberis</strong> meTodologiuri instrumentebi. Seiqmna “socialurimoqmedebis”, kerZod mizanracionaluri moqmedebis tipi, romelic aRmoCnda aTvliswertili moqmedebis sxva tipebis konstruirebisTvis. damaxasiaTebelia, rom TviTveberi Tvlida yvelaze wminda empiriul nimuSad mizanracionaluri moqmedebisasindividis qmedebas ekonomikur sferoSi. Aaraa SemTxveviTi, rom mizanracionalurimoqmedebis magaliTebi vebers moyavs, rogorc wesi, am sferodan: esaa an saqonelTagacvla, an konkretuli brZola bazarze, an sabirJo TamaSi, da a.S. Sesabamisad,rodesac bWoba exeba tradiciul sazogadoebebs, veberi aRniSnavs, rom moqmedebismiznaracionaluri tipi aq upiratesad gvxvdeba meurneobis sferoSi.36
kapitalizmis bedis Sesaxeb sakiTxma ganapiroba <strong>veberis</strong> meTodologiuriindividualizmi. veberma amiT daikava savsebiT gansazRvruli socialuri pozicia:igi gamovida Tavis <strong>sociologia</strong>Si rogorc burJuaziis msoflmxedvelobisa dainteresebis gamomxatveli.8) <strong>veberis</strong> moZRvreba batonobis tipebis SesaxebCven davinaxeT, rom “racionalizaciis” <strong>veberis</strong>euli Teoria yvelaze mWidroddakavSirebulia socialuri moqmedebis miseul ga<strong>ge</strong>basTan. ara nakleb mWidrodaadakavSirebuli socialuri moqmedebis kategoriasTan Zalauflebis <strong>veberis</strong>euli<strong>sociologia</strong>. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, veberi socialuri moqmedebis ganuyofelmomentad “sxvaze orientacias” Tvlis, romelic sxva araferia, Tu arasamarTalmcodneobis tradiciuli kategoria “aRiareba”. Tu “aRiarebis” kategoriasgavanTavisuflebT im normatiuli mniSvnelobisgan, romelic mas aqvsiurisprudenciaSi, da im “metafizikuri” mniSvnelobisgan romelic mas hqonda“bunebrivi samarTlis” TeoriebSi, maSin Cven miviRebT swored “molodinis” cnebas,romelsac veberi aucileblad Tvlis sazogadoebis sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis.Zalian mniSvnelovania am cnebis roli <strong>veberis</strong> moZRvrebaSi legitimuri batonobistipebis Sesaxeb. e.i. iseTi batonobis Sesaxeb, romelic aRiarebulia qveSevrdomTae.i. marTuli individebis mier. damaxasiaTebelia batonobis <strong>veberis</strong>euligansazRvreba: “batonoba - wers igi - niSnavs garkveuli brZanebisadmidamorCilebis Sanss”. amgvarad, batonoba gulisxmobs urTierTmolodins: imas, vincbrZanebs, - rom mis brZanebas daemorCilebian; imaT molodins, vinc emorCileba-rombrZanebas eqneba is xasiaTi, ra xasiaTsac isini moelian e.i. aRiareben. TavisimeTodologiis sruli SesatyvisobiT veberi batonobis legitimuri tipebisanalizs iwyebs “morCilebis” SesaZlebel (tipobriv) motivTa ganxilviT. amgvarmotivebs veberi poulobs sams da maT Sesatyvisad ganasxvavebs batonobis samwminda tips. “batonoba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos interesebiT, e.i.upiratesobaTa an ara xelsayrelobaTa (usarfoba) mimarT qveSevrdomTa (morCilTa)mizanracionaluri mosazrebebiT: Semdeg igi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyosubralod “zne - CveulebebiT, garkveul qcevaTa CveviT; da bolos, igi SeiZlebaefuZnebodes qveSevrdomTa martiv pirad midrekilebebs, miswrafebebs, siyvaruls,e.i. hqondes afeqturi baza”.rogorc vxedavT batonobis pirvel tips - romelsac veberi “legalurs uwodebs -“damTmoblobis motivis” saxiT aqvs interesis mosazrebebi (interesTagaTvaliswineba); mis safuZvelSi devs mizanracionaluri moqmedeba. amgvar tipsveberi miakuTvnebs Tanamedrove evropul saxelmwifoebs: ingliss, safran<strong>ge</strong>Ts, aSS- s da sxva. aseT saxelmwifoSi, xazs usvams veberi, emorCilebian ara pirovnebebs,aramed dad<strong>ge</strong>nil kanonebs; maT emorCilebian ara mxolod marTulni, aramedmmarTvelnic (Cinovnikebic). marTvis aparati Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba specialurad ganswavluliCinovnikebisgan, maT waeyenebaT moTxovna imoqmedon “provnebaTagauTvalsiwineblad, e.i. imoqmedon mkacri formaluri da racionaluri wesebisSesatyvisad. formalur – samarTlebrivi sawyisi – esaa principi, romelic Zevs“legaluri batonobis” safuZvelSi, <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, swored es principi aRmoCnda37
Tanamedrove kapitalizmis rogorc formaluri racionalurobis sistemis erT –erTi aucilebeli wanamZRvari.biurokratia, ambobs veberi, teqnikurad warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns legaluri batonobisyvelaze wminda tips. magram veraviTari batonoba ver iqneba mxolodbiurokratiuli: “kibis saTaveSi - mwvervalze dganan an memkvidreobiTi monarqebi,an xalxis mier arCeuli liderebi ...” magram yoveldRiuri, ganuwyveteli muSaobamimdinareobs am dros specialist - CinovnikTa ZalebiT. e.i. marTvis manqaniT,romlis saqmianobac SeuZlebelia SeCerebul iqnes ise, rom aman ar gamoiwviosseriozuli darRvevebi socialuri meqanizmis funqcionirebaSi.saxelmwifos “racionaluri” tipis Sesatyvisi iuridiuli ganaTlebis gardaCinovniki unda flobdes specialur ganaTlebas, ramdenadac misgan moiTxovebakompententurobac. ai rogor aRwers veberi racionalur-biurokratiulimmarTvelobis wminda tips: “mTlianobaSi mmarTvelobis Stabi Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba calkeuliCinovnikebisgan, romlebic 1)piradad Tavisufalni arian da eqvemdebarebian,mxolod saqmian samsaxureobriv movaleobas; 2) aqvT myari samsaxureobriviierarqia; 3) aqvT mtkiced garkveuli samsaxureobrivi kompentencia; 4) muSaobenkontraqtis ZaliT, maSasadame principulad Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelzespecialuri kvalifikaciis Sesdatyvisad; 5) gasamrjelos iReben mudmivi fuladisargoebiT; 6) TavianT samsaxurs ganixilaven rogorc erTaderT an mTavarprofesiad; 7) TavianT karieras, “dawinaurebas” winaswarWvreten - xedaven - ansamsaxurSi ufrosobis Sesatyvisad an ufrosis Sexedulebisgan damoukidebladunarTa - niWTa SesatyvisobaSi; 8) muSaoben “marTvis saSualebebisgan srulimowyvetis” pirobebSi da samsaxureobrivi adgilebis miTvisebis gareSe; 9)eqvemdebarebian erTian mkacr samsaxureobriv disciplinasa da kontrols”.batonobis es tipi <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT yvelaze ufro Seesatyviseba 19 - e saukunisbolos evropasa da aSS - i Camoyalibebuli ekonomikis formalur - racionalurstruqturas, marTvis sferSi adgili aqvs iseTive specializacias da Sromisdanawilebas, rogorc warmoebaSi. aqac iseve, rogorc iqac, emorCilebian upirovno– saqmian princips, mmarTvelic iseve “mowyvetilia mmarTvelobis saSualebebisgan”,rogorc mwarmoebeli - warmoebis saSulebebisgan. “biurokratiuli marTva niSnavscodnis meSveobiT batonobas - amaSia misi specifikuri racionaluri xasiaTi”.<strong>veberis</strong> mier aRwerili formalur - racionaluri mmarTvelobis idealuri tipi,upirobod warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns nivTTa realuri viTarebis idealizacias, mas ar hqonia daarca aqvs empiriuli ganxorcieleba arcerTi Tanamedrove dasavlur saxelmwifoSi.vebers aq arsebiTad, mxedvelobaSi aqvs marTvis manqana, manqana am sityvis sityva -sityviTi mniSvnelobiT - am ukansaknels namdvilad ar SeiZleba hqondes araviTariinteresebi, garda “saqmis interesebisa”, da igi ar eqvemdebareba korufcias. veberiTvlis, rom aseTi adamianuri “manqana” ufros zusti da iafia, vidre meqanikuriagregati. “samyaros veraviTari maSineria (manqana) ver SeZlebs imuSaos iseTisizustiT, rogorc am adamianurma manqanam da amave dros iyos ase iafic”. magrammarTvis manqana, yoveli manqanis msgavsad, saWiroebs programas. Pprograma kiSeiZleba mas misces mxolod politikurma liderma (an liderebma), romlebicgarkveul miznebs isaxaven, e.i. sxva sityvebiT, romlebic mmarTvelobis formalurmeqanizms ayeneben garkveuli politikuri Rirebulebis samsaxurSi. <strong>veberis</strong>euli38
meTodologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “mecnierebisa” da “Rirebulebis” gacalkevebagaTiSva batonobis <strong>sociologia</strong>Sic poulobs kidev erT gamoyenebas.legitimuri batonobis meore tips, romelic ganpirobebulia garkveuli qcevisadmiadamianTa zne – CveulebebiT”, veberi uwodebs tradiciuls. tradiciuli batonobadafuZnebulia ara mxolod kanonierebis rwmenaze, aramed uZveles droSi arsebuliwesrigisa da Zalauflebis RvTaebriobis rwmenazec. maSasadame, mis safuZvelSiZevs, tradiciuli moqmedeba. amgvari batonobis yvelaze wminda tips warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nspatriarqaluri moqmedeba. gabatonebulTa kavSiri warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns erTobas (gunds),ufrosis tips - “batoni”, mmaTvelobis Stabs - “msaxurni”, daqvemdebarebulni –“qveSevrdomT, romlebic batonis morCilni arian pietetis (mowiwebulidamokidebuleba vinmesadmi, raimesadmi) ZaliT. veberi xazs usvams, rom batonobispatriarqaluri tipi Tavisi struqturis mixedviT mraval rameSi emsgavseba ojaxisstruqturas. (swored es garemoeba aqcevs legitimurobis am tips gansakuTrebiTmtkice – gamZle tipad, romelic damaxasiaTebelia am tipis batonobisTvis.“arsebiTad ojaxuri kavSiri aris batonobis tradiciuli urTierTobebis ujredi”.am gamoTqmaSi araa Zneli davinaxoT is, rom Zalauflebis tradiciuli dalegitimuri tipebis gansxvaveba amodis Fferdinand tionisis mier gaanalizebulisocialuri struqturis ori ZiriTadi tipis <strong>ge</strong>mainSaftisa da <strong>ge</strong>zelSaftisdapirispirebidan. Ggarda amisa, veberi araerTxel aRniSnavda TanamedrovesamarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi legitimurobis sisustesa da aramdgradobas;marTalia batonobis legaluri tipi mas ufro Sesatyvisad eCveneba Tanamedroveindustrialuri sazogadoebisaTvis, magram miaCnia, rom igi saWiroebs raRacnair“gamagrebas”, swored amitom veberi sasar<strong>ge</strong>blod Tvlida memkvidreobiTi monarqisSenarCunebas saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, rogorc es iyo zogierT evropulqveyanaSi)am tipis batonobisas mmarTvelobis aparati Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba batonze piradaddamokidebul SinamosamsaxureTagan, naTesavTagan, piradi megobrebisgan an piradadmisdami erTguli vasalebisgan. yvela SemTxvevaSi ara samsaxureobrivi disciplinada ara saqmiani kompetenturoba, rogorc amas adgili hqonda ukve ganxilulbatonobis tipis arsebobisas, aramed swored piradi erTguleba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nssafuZvels Tanamdebobaze daniSvnasa da ierarqiul kibeze winwawevisaTvis.ramdenadac araferi ar zRudavs batonis TviTnebobasa da neba – survils, amdenadierarqiuli danawevreba – kibe xSirad irRveva privilegiebiT.veberi ganasxvavebs tradiciuli batonobis or formas: mmarTvelobis wmindapatriarqalur da wodebriv struqturas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi “msaxurni” mTlianadpirad damokidebulebaSi imyofebian batonTan, anu batonze mTlianad piradadarian damokidebuli, amasTanave mmarTvelobaSi SeiZleba CarTon, miizidonadamianebi savsebiT uuflebo fenebidan da dasvan mTavris naTesavebis damegobrebis gverdiT. tradiciuli batonobis aseTi saxe gvxvdeba magaliTad,bizantiaSi. meore SemTxvevaSi “msaxurni” ar arian batonze piradad damokidebulni,maTi mmarTveloba garkveul zomamde “avtokefaluria” da avtonomiuri. aq Zalaaqvs wodebrivi Riresebis – pativis princips, romlis Sesaxebac laparakic kiSeuZlebelia, mmarTvelobis patriarqaluri struqturis dros. am tipTan yvelazeaxlos dganan dasavleT evropis feodaluri saxelmwifoebi. “mmarTvelobapatrimonialurad damokidebulTa (monebis, ymebis daxmarebiT rogorc adgili39
hqonda wina aziasa da egvipteSi TiTqmis mamluqTa epoqamde, aris arawodebrivi,wminda patrimonialuri batonobis ukiduresi da yovelTvis Tanmimdevruli tipi.Tavisufali plebeebis daxmarebiT marTva SedarebiT axlosaa racionalurCinovnikobasTan. humanitarTa daxmarebiT marTvas SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebuluixasiaTi magram mudam uaxlovdeba wodebriv tips: brahmanebi, mandarinebi,budisturi da qristianuli klirikebi”.tradiciuli batonobis Cveulebrivi saxeebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia formalurisamarTlis ararseboba da Sesabamisad arc imis moTxovna, ar gaviTvaliswinoTpirebi, “ar SevxedoT saxeze’’,yovel sferoSi urTierTobaTa sfero – uaRresadpiradulia; marTalia, rom wminda piraduli sawyisisgan garkveuli TavisuflebiTtradiciuli sazogadoebis yvela tipebSi, rogorc aRniSnavs veberi, sar<strong>ge</strong>blobsvaWrobis sfero, magram es Tavisufleba SefardebiTia, Tavisufali vaWrobisgverdiT mudam arsebobs misi tradiciuli forma.<strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT batonobis mesame wminda tips warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns qarizmatulibatonoba. Qqarizmis cneba (nawarmoebia berZnulidan – RvTaebrivi niWi, saCuqari –madli) <strong>veberis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>Si mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs; qarizma ukiduresSemTxvevaSi am sityvis etimologiuri mniSvnelobis Sesatyvisad aris raRaceqstraordinaluri unari, romelic gamoyofs individs danarCenebisgan da racmTavaria,mis mier SeZenili da mopovebuli ki araa, aramed naCuqaria misdami –bunebis, RmerTis Tu bedis mier. Qqarizmatul unarebs veberi miakuTvnebs magiurunarebs, winaswarmetyvelebis niWs, gonisa da sityvis gamorCeul Zalas; <strong>veberis</strong>mixedviT qarizmas floben gmirebi, didi mxedarTmTavrebi, jadoqrebi,winaswarmetyvelebi da naTelmxilvelni, <strong>ge</strong>nialuri xelovanni, gamoCenilipolitikosebi, msoflio religiebis damfuZnebelni – buda, ieso, muhamedi,saxelmwifoTa damfuZnebelni – soloni da likur<strong>ge</strong>, didi dampyroblebi –aleqsandre makedoneli, keisari, napoleoni.legitimuri batonobis qarizmatuli tipi tradiciuli tipis pirdapirsapirispiroa: Tu batonis tradiciuli tipi arsebobs, Tavs inarCunebs CveulebiT,erTxel da samudamod gadmocemulis, Cveulebrivis, adaTebis erTgulebiT, maSinqarizmatuli, piriqiT, eyrdnoba raRac araCveulebrivs, adre arasodes aRiarebuls,araa SemTxveviTi, rom winaswarmetyvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT,aseTi tipis gamoTqma: “naTqvamia ... me ki <strong>ge</strong>ubnebiT Tqven ...” socialuri moqmedebisafeqturi tipi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns qarizmatuli batonobis ZiriTad bazas. veberiganixilavs qarizmas rogorc “did revoluciur Zalas”, romelic arsebobstradiciuli tipis sazogadoebaSi da romelsac unari Seswevs Seitanoscvlilebebi am sazogadoebaTa dinamizms moklebul struqturaSi. magrammiuxedavad batonobis tradiciul qarizmatul tipTa Soris gansxvavebisa dadapirispirebisa, maT Soris aris raRac saerToc, saxeldobr: erTic da meoreceyrdnobian batonsa da qveSevrdoms Soris pirad urTierTobebs. am mimarTebiTorive es tipi upirispirdebian batonobis formalur – racionalur tips rogorcupirovnos – arapiraduls. qarizmatuli liderisadmi – xelmwifisadmi piradierTgulebis wyaroa ara tradicia da ara misi formaluri samarTlis_uflebisaRiareba aramed misadmi emocionalurad Seferili erTguleba da misiqarizmisadmi rwmena. swored amitom, xazs usvams veberi, qarizmatulma beladmamudam unda asabuTos am qarizmis Tavis TavSi arseboba. gabatonebulTa kavSiri,40
ogorc winandel SemTxvevaSi, aris <strong>ge</strong>mainSafti – erToba, romelSicgaerTianebulia – qarizmis xasiaTis mixedviT – maswavlebeli da misimoswavleebi, beladi da misi mimdevrebi da momxreebi da a.S. mmarTvelobis aparatid<strong>ge</strong>ba mmarTvelebSi qarizmis arsebobisa da beladisadmi piradi erTgulebissafuZvelze – “kompententurobis” racionaluri cneba, aq srulebiTac ar arsebobsrogorc formalur-racionalurisagan, ise batonobis tradiciuli tipisaganqarizmatuli gansxvavdeba imiT, rom aq ar aris dad<strong>ge</strong>nili (racionalurad Tutradiciis mixedviT) wesebi: yvela sakiTxi wydeba iracionalurad “gamocxadebis anSemoqmedebis, saqmianobisa da piradi magaliTis safuZvelze SemTxvevidan-SemTxvevamde.”legitimurobis qarizmatuli principi formalur-racionalurisagan gansxvavebiTavtoritarulia. arsebiTad, qarizmatis avtoriteti efuZneba mis Zalas, oRond arauxeS, fizikurs (rac srulebiTac ar aris gamoricxuli), aramed misi qarizmisZalas. Aar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mivaqcioT imas, rom veberi qarizmas ganixilavsmis SinaarsTan yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSe, rasac gvauwyebs, risTvisac gamodis,rac moaqvs qarizmatiks, erTgulia ra Tavisi sociologiis, romlis Tanaxmadac<strong>sociologia</strong> rogorc mecniereba Tavisufali unda iyos Rirebulebebisagan, veberixazgasmiT gulgrilia qarizmatuli lideris mier samyaroSi SemotaniliRirebebulebisadmi: perikle, kleoni, napoleoni, ieso an Cingis xani--<strong>veberis</strong>TvalsazrisiT rogorc Zalauflebis sociologisaTvis-erTnairad qarizmatulimoRvaweebia. maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi an religiuri gaerTianebebiwinmoadgnen batonobis qarizmatuli tipis saxesxvaobebs.<strong>veberis</strong> meTodologiuri principebi gamoricxaven im tipispolitikosis, rogoric iyo perikle, politikuri demagogis im tipisgan, rogoriciyo hitleri gansxvavebis SesaZleblobas, romlebic eyrdnoboda masebzezemoqmdebis su<strong>ge</strong>stiur – emocionalur formebs da amitom savsebiT Sedisqarizmatikis <strong>veberis</strong>eul gansazRvrebaSi, ramdenadac <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, sociologsunda ainteresebdes ara subieqturi gansxvaveba (vTqvaT, namdvili religiurobisfsevdoreligiurobisgan), aramed ama Tu im istoriuli pirovnebis moqmedebaTaobieqturi rezultatebi, amdenad <strong>veberis</strong>euli <strong>sociologia</strong> aucileblobiT atarebsTavis TavSi orazrovnebas. Aam orazrovnebam TviT <strong>veberis</strong> politikuriganwyobisgan damoukideblad uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa im rTul social -politikur situaciaSi, romelic Camoyalibda <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi pirveli msoflio omisSemdeg vaimaris respublikis periodSi.9. <strong>veberis</strong> politikuri poziciis winaamRdegobaCven ukve vaxseneT, rom <strong>veberis</strong> azriT legalur batonobas aqvs ufro sustimalegitimirebeli Zala, vidre tradiciuls an qarizmatuls. batonobis legaluritipis safuZvelSi veberi mizanracionalur moqmedebas, e.i. interesTagaTvaliswinebas debs. maSasadame, Tavisi wminda saxiT legalur batonobasRirebulebiTi fundamenti ar aqvs, da amitom am tipis batonobisganmaxorcielebeli formalur racionaluri biurokratia unda emsaxurebodesgansakuTrebiT “saqmis interesebs”. misi upirovno xasiaTi Seesabameba misnagulisxmev “uRirebulebo ganwyobebs”.41
“racionalur” saxelmwifoSi batonobis urTierTobani <strong>veberis</strong> mier ganixilebakerZo mewarmeobis sferoSi arsebul urTierTobaTa analogiurad (akimizanracionaluri moqmedebas modelis saxiT ekonomikiuri moqmedeba ara aqvs).<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, ekonomikis sferoSi arsebuli urTierTobani is “ujredia”,romlisganac viTardeba batonobis legaluri tipi. ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns es “ujredi”.Tanamedrove kapitalizmis racionaluri ekonomikis yvelaze zogadi wanamZRvariakapitalis racionaluri gaangariSeba rogorc norma yoveldRiuri moTxovnaTadasakmayofileblad momuSave yvela didi samrewvelo “sawarmoTaTvis” sworedbalansis Sed<strong>ge</strong>nis gziT sawarmos Semosavlianobis mkacri aRricxvis daangariSiani kontrolis SesaZlebloba, romelic vlindeba mxolod iseTwanamZRvarTa safuZvelze, romlebic adre ar iyo cnobili, gzas uxsnis“racionaluri” ekonomikis ganviTarebas. rogoria es specifikuri wanamZRvrebi?pirveli, esaa avtonomiuri kerZo samrewvelo sawarmoTa mier warmoebis nivTobrivsaSualebebze (miwa, xelsawyoebi, manqanebi, iaraRebi da a.S.) TavisufalisakuTrebis miTviseba.meore, Tavisufali bazari, e.i. bazris ganTavisufleba gacvlis araracionaluriSeviwroebebisgan, magaliTad wodebrivi SezRudvebisgan...mesame, racionaluri, e.i. mkacrad gaTvlil - gaangariSebuli da amitommeqanizirebuli teqnika rogorc warmoebis ise gacvlis ...meoTxe, racionaluri e.i. mtkiced dad<strong>ge</strong>nili samarTali. raTa kapitalisturmawyobam – wesrigma imuSaos - ifunqciros, racionaluri meurneoba unda daeyrdnossasamarTlos da marTvis myar samarTlebriv normebs ...mexuTe, Tavisufali Sroma, e.i. iseT adamianTa arseboba, romelTac ara mxolodufleba aqvT bazarze gayidon Tavisi samuSao Zala, aramed ekonomikuradiZulebuli arian gaakeTon es ...meeqvse, meurneobis komerciuli organizacia, romlis qveSac aq igulisxmebafasiani qaRaldebis farTo gamoyeneba warmoebaSi monawileobis uflebis dasakuTrebaze uflebis dasad<strong>ge</strong>nad, erTi sityviT: gansakuTrebuli orientirebisSesaZlebloba sabazro moTxovnilebebis dafarvaze da sawarmoTa Semosavlebisdros.kapitalisturi meurneobis wanamZRvarTa am CamonaTvals aqvs erTi saerTo momenti,romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc ganTavisufleba bazrisa - wodebriviSezRudvebisgan, samarTlisa - zne - CveulebebTan gadabmisgan, mwarmoeblis -warmoebis saSualebebisgan. advili gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia, Tu ratomaa es wanamZRvrebiaucilebeli imisTvis, raTa ganxorcieldes kapitalis racionaluri gaangariSeba:angariSi xom gulisxmobs yvela Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebis raodenobrivadgardaqmnis SesaZleblobas da yvelaferi is rac ar eqvemdebareba aseT gardaqmnas,gvevlineba rogorc dabrkoleba racionaluri kapitalisturi meurneobisganviTarebis gzaze.racionaloba – <strong>veberis</strong>euli ga<strong>ge</strong>biT – esaa formaluri, funqcionaluriracionaluroba. misi sruli ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia, raTa warmoiqmnasaseTive funqcionaluri e.i. yovelgvari Sinaarsobrivi (RirebulebiTi)momentebisgan Tavisufali, mmarTvelobis tipi.aseT tipad, veberi Tvlis legalurbatonobas. magram radganac formaluri racionaluroba, rogorc misi Sesatyvisimizanracionaluri moqmedeba, aris ara TviTmizani, aramed raRac sxvis miRwevis42
saSualeba, amdenad legalurs ara aqvs sakmarisad Zlieri legitimuroba da undagamagrdes raRaca sxvaTi: tradiciiT an qarizmiT. Tu <strong>veberis</strong> am debulebasgadavTargmniT politikis enaze maSin mas aseTi JReradoba eqneba: klasikuriliberalizmis mier dasavlur evropuli burJuaziuli samarTlebrivi tipissaxelmwifoSi erTaderT samarTlebrivad kanonier (legitimur) organodparlamentaruli demokratiis aRiarebas, masebis TvalSi ara aqvs sakmarisimalegimitilebeli Zala da amitom damatebul unda iqnes an memkvidreobiTimonarqiT (romlis uflebebic ra sakvirvelia, SezRudulia parlamentis mier), anplebiscentrulad arCeuli politikuri lideriT. (SeniSvna: imisTvis, raTa arCavardeT <strong>veberis</strong> politikuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas calmxrivobaSi, saWiroa,mxedvelobaSi gvqondes, rom igi, arasdros ar ayenebda parlamentis aucileblobiseWvis qveS, romelic SezRudavda plebiscistarulad arCeuli liderisZalauflebas da ganaxorcielebda rogorc mis mimarT, ise mmarTvelobis aparatismimarT kontrolis funqciebs swored sami urTierTSemvsebi da damatebiTimomentebis arseboba – marTvis aparatis (manqanis) rogorc Zalauflebisganxorcielebis racionaluri saSualebis, politikuri lideris – qarizmatikisrogorc politikuri programis (“Rirebulebis”) Camomyalibebeli da gamtarebeli,da bolos parlamentis rogorc instanciis, romelic kritikuladmakontrolebelia ZiriTadi aparatisa, magram nawilobriv ki prezidentisa, -aucilebelia, <strong>veberis</strong> TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebisTvis,erT-erTi motivi, romelmac aiZula veberi gansakuTrebiT gaesva xazi plebiscitismniSvnelobisTvis, iyo miswrafeba SeezRuda burJuaziul partiaTa aparatisyovelmxriv mzardi Zala, romelic ukve mis dros atarebda Tavis TavSi TviT im“partiuli oligarqiis” saSiSroebas, romlis Sesaxebac SeSfoTebiT sweren axladasavleTSi.pirvel SemTxvevaSi legaluri batonobis legitimuroba Zlierdeba tradiciissaSualebiT, meoreSi - qarizmis daxmarebiT. TviT veberi Tavisi moRvaweobisukanasknel periodSi mivida parlamentaluri legalobis swored plebiscitarulilegitimiurobiT Sevseba - damatebis aucileblobis Sesxeb daskvnamde:politikuri lideris saxiT unda gamovides, ara parlamentis mier arCeuli,aramed mTeli xalxis mier arCeuli politikuri lideri, romelsac ufleba eqnebauSualod mimarTos xalxs parlamentis meSveobiT.mxolod plebiscists SeuZlia - <strong>veberis</strong> azriT - mianiWos politikur liderslegitimurobis is Zala, romelic nebas miscems - nebas darTavs gaatarosgarkveuli wesiT orientirebuli politika, e.i. daayenos saxelmwifeobriv -biurokratiuli manqana ama Tu im Rirebulebebis samsaxurSi.amave dros, Tu gavixsenebT, rom <strong>veberis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>Si qarizma principulad aruSvebs araviTar Sinaarsobriv ganmartebas, maSin gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia, rom <strong>veberis</strong>politikuri pozicia gamoiyureba friad orazrovnad im xdomilebaTa Suqze,romlebic moxda <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi <strong>veberis</strong> sikvilidan 13 wlis Semdeg da Tu misimimdevrebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom, man Teoriulad iwinaswarmetyvela evropaSitotalitaruli reJimis warmoSoba da gvafrTxilebda am ukanasknelTaSesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb, maSin sxvebi adanaSauleben mas imaSi, rom TeoriuladmarTalia arapirdapir - man xeli Seuwyo am reJimTa warmoqmnas. mag. <strong>ge</strong>rmanelifilosofosi karl loviti wers: “pozitiurad, man gza gaukafa avtoritarul da43
diqtatorul saxelmwifos imis ZaliT, rom man wamoayena iracionaluriqarizmatuli fiurerizmisa da “manqanaze dayrdnobili - dafuZnebuli beladebisdemokratiis” idea, xolo negatiurad - ki Tavisi politikuri eTosis uSinaarsobis,formalizmis gamo, romlis ukanaskneli sityva iyo erTi Rirebulebis gabeduliarCevani, yvela danarCenebidan ise rom mniSvneloba ar hqonda, Tu romeli iqnebodaigi”.namdvilad veberma mogvca seriozuli safuZveli aseTi SefasebebisTvis: misipolitikuri pozicia, iseve rogorc batonobis misi Teoria, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ndaklasikuri liberalizmisagan arsebiT gadaxvevas, romelic <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi Teoriuladwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nili iyo, kerZod neokantianelTa mier. Teoriulad es gadaxveva yvelazenaTlad gamovlinda samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos, rogorc wminda funqcionaluriwarmonaqmnis ganxilvaSi, romelsac sWirdeba misTvis garegani “Rirebulebebis”legitimireba. (SeniSvna: sxvaTaSoris, swored am sakiTxis irgvliv gaCaRdaukanasknel wlebSi kamaTi <strong>veberis</strong> interpretatorebsa da kritikosebs Soris).<strong>ge</strong>rmanelma sociologma vinkelmanma specialurad ikvlia, raTa daesabuTebina, romveberi arsebiTad amodioda klasikuri liberalizmis winamZRvrebidan. vinkelmanismixedviT legalur batonobas aqvs sakmarisad legitimirebadi Zala, ramdenadacigi eyrdnoba ara imdenad mizanracionalur, ramdenadac RirebulebiT-racionalurmoqmedebas. sakiTxis principuli dayenebis Sesatyvisad “legaluri batonobis”cnebas veberi akuTvnebs racionalur, saxeldobr _ RirebulebiT – racionaluradorientirebul batonobas, romelic gadagvarda uRirss, RirebulebebTanmimarTebaSi neitralur “wminda mizanracionalur, legalobis formalurbatonobad mxolod mis de<strong>ge</strong>neraciul formaSi.” sxva sityvebiT, vilkelmanisTanaxmad, Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo a<strong>ge</strong>bulia ara wmindafunqcionaluri principis mixedviT – mis safuZvelSi Zevs garkveuliRirebulebebi, romlebic Tavis droze wamoyenebuli iyo liberalizmis ideologTamier, da romelTac fesvebi gadadgmuli aqvT, rogorc amas vinkelmani asabuTebs,suverenitetze pirovnebis bunebriv uflebaSi. samarTlebriv-saxelmwifoebrivdawesebulebebTan mimarTebaSi sxva pirebTan erTad Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebrivuflebebSi da a.S.esaa is Rirebulebebi, romelsac axali dro icavda Sua saukuneTa RirebulebebiswinaaRmdeg brZolaSi, Rirebulebebi, romelTac vinkelmanis rwmeniT, aqvT aranaklebi malegitimirebeli Zala, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs,da amitom ar aris imis araviTari saWiroeba, gavamagroT isini tradiciuli anqarizmatuli elementebiT.sociologi momzeni ewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>ba vinkelmans, miuTiTebs ra, rom vebermalegaluri batonoba daafuZna mizanracionalur da ara RirebulebiTracionalurze,da Sesabamisad, Tavis samarTlis <strong>sociologia</strong>Si gamodiodapozitivizmis poziciebidan. Mmomzenis Tezisis dasadastureblad SeiZlebamoviyvanoT mravali gancxadeba <strong>veberis</strong>a imis Sesaxeb, rom bunebiTi samarTlisTeoria sxvas arafers ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, Tu ara rogorc filosofiur-samarTlebriviaraRs, romliTac Cveulebriv sar<strong>ge</strong>blobs qarizmatuli pirovneba, romeliciswrafvis daasabuTos Tavis moqmedebaTa legitimuroba arsebul tradiciulbatonobasTan mimarTebaSi. amiT vebers arsebiTad, bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriadahyavs ideologiur warmonaqmnebze da arTmevs maT ontologiur statiebs,44
omlis SenarCunebac swadda vinkelmans. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom momzenisTvalsazriss Tavis mxareze aqvs amdenad seriozuli argumentebi, vinkelmanis cdacar aris safuZvlebs moklebuli.is faqti, rom samarTlisa da saxelmwifos <strong>veberis</strong>euli <strong>sociologia</strong> iZlevagarkveul safuZvlebs aseTi sapirispiro interpreti-rebisaTvis, kidev erTxelmowmobs <strong>veberis</strong>aTvis sakvanZo cnebis-racionalurobas, radikalur orazrovnebas.aq <strong>veberis</strong> poziciis orazrovneba dakavSirebulia racionaluri tradiciisadmi miswinaaRmdegobriv damokidebulebasTan. erTis mxriv veberi gamodis rogorcracionalizmis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>neli. Ees vlindeba rogorc mis meTodologiaSi,romelic orientirdeba gacnobierebulad subieqturad motivirebul individualurmoqmedebaze, ise mis politikur SexedulebebSic: gasuli saukunis 90 wlebidan<strong>veberis</strong> gamosvlebi da politikuri statiebi mimarTulia agralurikonservatizmisa da <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli iunkrobis ideologiis winaaRmdeg, romelTacveberi upirispirebs burJuaziul-liberalur pozicias. sicocxlis filosofiisromantikuli iracionalizmis <strong>veberis</strong>euli kritika savsebiT SeesatyvisebapolitikaSi konservatuli iunkrobis kritikas. meTodologiaSi racionalizmsSeesatyviseba racionalobis Segnebuli dacva, rogorc burJUaziuli ekonomikisZiriTadi principisa.racionalizmisadmi, rogorc eTikuri principisadmi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoRirebulebiTi damokidebuleba vlindeba mis mier e.w. pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis eTikisadmi(Verantwortundethik) upiratesobis miniWebaSi “darwmunebis eTikasTan” (<strong>ge</strong>sinnungsethik)SedarebiT. “pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis eTika,” romelic situaciis fxizel Sefasebasgulisxmobs, alternatul SesaZleblobaTa mkacrad racionalur formulirebas,erT-erTi SesaZleblobis Segnebul arCevansa da mis cxovrebaSi ganuxreladgatarebas, da agreTve am arCevanisadmi pirad pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobas gulisxmobs, mudamiyo TviT <strong>veberis</strong> saqmianobis saxelmZRvanelo principi. igi moiTxovdagvexelmZRvanela swored im principiT, rogorc mecnierebis sferoSi (misiidealuri tipebi, arsebiTad mowodebulia, misces mkacri racionaluriformulireba alternatiul, urTierTgamomricxvel SesaZleblobebs), isepolitikis sferoSi.<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad “pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis eTika” savaldebuloapolitikuri liderisaTvis.roSerTan, knisTan da maierTan polemikaSi veberi miuTiTebda “racionalobis”cnebis misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan “RirebulebasTan” – TavisuflebasTankavSirze. (SeniSvna: Tu romantikulad ganwyobili knisisaTvis pirovnebissafuZvelSi Zevs iracionaluri, arafriT ar ganpirobebuli Tavisufleba, maSin<strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, adamianuri moqmedebis racionalurobis zoma aris misiTavisuflebis zoma. "cxadia, - wers igi, daSvebis simcdare, rom… nebis“Tavisufleba moqmedebis “iracionalobis” igiveobrivia. specifikuri“arawinaswarmetyveladoba” tolia “bneli bunebrivi Zalebis”arawinaswarmetyvelebisa, magram meti arafriT araa - es SeSlilis privilegiaa.piriqiT, “Tavisuflebis empiriuli grZnobis” yvelaze didi xarisxi axlavsCvenTvis im moqmedebebs, romlebic Cvens mier gacnobierebulnia, rogorcracionalurad ganxorcielebadni, e.i. fizikuri an fsiqikuri “iZulebis”, vnebiTi“afeqtebis” da “SemTxveviTi msjelobebis sicxadis SezRudulobis gareSe, ismoqmedebebi, romlebTac Cven mivsdevT gacnobierebul “mizans” im saSualebaTa45
daxmarebiT, romlebic Cveni codnis Sesabamisad gveCveneba yvelaze adeqvatursaSualebebad, e.i. miznebs mivsdevT cdis wesebis Sesatyvisad”.magram veberi bolomde arc racionalisturi tradiciis principebsac ar iziarebs.igi aRiarebs racionalizmis ara ontologiur, aramed meTodologiurmniSvnelobas; TviT <strong>veberis</strong> tendencia erTis mxriv meTodologiisa da ontologiisgaTiSvisadmi, xolo meores mxriv, meTodologiisa da msoflmxedvelobisa, aixsnebaswored racionalobis principisagan <strong>veberis</strong> zogierTi gadaxriT. politikurplanSi es gamoixateba klasikuri liberalizmidan <strong>veberis</strong> gadaxraSi _daSorebaSi. es daSoreba yvelaze metad SeimCneva masTan politikuri ekonomiisproblemebis ganxilvisas. politikur ekonomias – werda igi – ar SeuZliaorientacia warmarTos arc eTikur, arc sawarmoo-teqnikur, arc evdemonistur“idealebze” – mas SeuZlia da unda orientirebul iyos “erovnul” ideebze: misimizani unda iyos eris ekonomikuri gaZliereba da gafurCqvna. “eri” veberTangvevlineba rogorc mniSvnelovani politikuri “Rirebulebac”. marTalia, <strong>veberis</strong>racionalizmi srulebiTac ar atarebda iseT xasiaTs, rogorc <strong>ge</strong>rmanulkonservatorebTan aqvs mas: veberi SesaZleblad ar miiCnevda “eris” gulisTviscalkeul individTa politikuri Tavisuflebebis Sewirvas. misi ideali iyopolitikuri Tavisuflebebisa da erovnuli Zlierebis Serwyma. politikuriliberalizmis erovnul motivebTan Serwyma sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia<strong>ge</strong>rmaniisaTvis da aqac veberi ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns gansakuTrebulobas, magram igi“nacionalizmis” ideebs aZlevs ramdenadma sxvagvar dasabuTebas, vidre XX-is<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli liberalizmi.aseTive ormagobaa damaxasiaTebeli formaluri racionalurobisadmi <strong>veberis</strong>eulidamokidebulebisadmidac. amerikeli sociologi micmeni Seecada eCvenebina, romformaluri nacionalurobisadmi <strong>veberis</strong> damokidebuleba arsebiTad icvlebodamisi ganviTarebis proceSi. Micmeni Tvlis, rom Tu veberi Tavisi moRvaweobispirvel periodSi iyo racionalobis momxre da damcveli, maSin pirveli msoflioomis Semdeg igi racionalobis princips epyroba kritikulad, upirispirebs ram asiracionalur qarizmas. Cven gvgonia, rom <strong>veberis</strong> SemoqmedebaSi aseTi mkveTrievoluciis dad<strong>ge</strong>na SeuZlebelia. Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs <strong>veberis</strong> iseTqmnilebebs, rogoricaa “protestantuli eTika da katalizmis suli” (igiganekuTvneba pirvel periods <strong>veberis</strong> moRvaweobisas) da “mecniereba rogorcmowodeba da profesia’ (<strong>veberis</strong> sicocxlis ukanaskneli weli), maSin erTSic dameoreSic SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT racionalobis principisadmi <strong>veberis</strong>ambivalenturi damokidebuleba. SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod aqcentebis SecvlisSesaxeb: “gmiruli pesimizmis” ganwyobileba, romelic sustad iyo warmod<strong>ge</strong>niliaxalgazrda veberTan, sicocxlis bolo periodSi wlidan wlamde Zlierdeboda.ara mxolod racionalobisadmi hqonda vebers ormagi damokidebuleba;aranakleb ormagad exeba igi mis antipods – qarizmas da TviT misdami yvelazeucxo “tradicias”. es garemoeba yovelTvis paralizebas ukeTebda <strong>veberis</strong>, rogorcpolitikosis moqmedebas. ama Tu im politikuri sakiTxis erTmniSvnelovangadawyvetas: yoveli dRes napovni gamosavali mas warmoedgina rogorc xvalindeliCixi. isini vinc icnobdnen <strong>veberis</strong> politikur temperaments, gakvirvebulni iyvnen,rodesac man amjobina mecnieris kariera profesionali politikosis karieras,magram, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSna momzenma, <strong>veberis</strong> piradi tra<strong>ge</strong>dia46
mdgomareobda imaSi, rom Tumca igi dabadebuli iyo moRvawed, misi aqtiurobayovelTvis paralizdeboda gansjis mier.10. religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>idealuri tipebisadmi – racionalurobis, qarizmis, tradiciis mimarT <strong>veberis</strong>eulidamokidebulebis ormagoba yvelaze naTlad gamovlinda mis religiis<strong>sociologia</strong>Si.religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>Si <strong>veberis</strong>euli gamokvlevebi daiwyo misi Sromidan“protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli” (1904) da dasrulda didiistoriul-sociologiuri eqskursebiT, romelic eZRvneba msoflio religiebisanalizs: induizmi, budizmi, konfucianeloba, daoizmi, iudaizmi da sxv. religiisSesaxeb <strong>veberis</strong> SromebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori etapi, romlebic gansxvavdebianara mxolod sagnis, aramed nawilobriv kvleviTi interesis mimarTulebiTac.pirvel etapze “protestantul eTikaze” muSaobis periodSi, religiisadmi <strong>veberis</strong>interesi ZiriTadad izRudeboda sakiTxiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra roli iTamaSareligiuri eTikis Secvlam, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo protestantizmiswarmoSobiTa da ganviTarebiT, Tanamedrove kapitalizmis CamoyalibebaSi dafarTod-cxovrebaSi racionalobis principis gatarebaSi. amitom <strong>veberis</strong> kvlevissagani xdeba religiur-eTikur principebsa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebsSoris kavSiri, Tan <strong>veberis</strong> polemikuri patosi mimarTulia religiis rogorcekonomikur urTierTobaTa produqtis marqsistuli ga<strong>ge</strong>bis winaaRmdeg.“protestantul eTikaSi“ dasaxuli Tema – religiis da ekonomikis kavSiri daurTierTgavlena – inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas religiis Semdgom <strong>veberis</strong>eulgamokvlevebSic. rogor gavlenas axdenen religiur-eTikuri ganwyobani ekonomikurisaqmianobis ganxorcielebis xasiaTsa da wesze, da rac mTavaria, misi motivaciisformebze, Semdeg, meurneobis marTvis esa Tu is principi rogor axdenenreligiur-eTikuri principebis “deformirebas” _ ai <strong>veberis</strong> erT-erTi mTavari Temamsoflio religiebis kvlevisas. amasTanave analizis ZiriTad saSualebas veberTanwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns Sedareba: amas moiTxovs idealuri tipizirebis misi meTodi. SedarebissafuZvlad uwinares yovlisa, gvemsaxureba (rasakvirvelia, ara gansakuTrebiT) amaTu im religiuri eTikis mier daSvebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis racionalizaciisxarisxi. racionalizaciis xarisxi, rogorc aCvenebs veberi _ ukuproporciuliamagiuri elementis Zalisa, romelic gansxvavebuli xarisxiT arsebobs yovelreligiaSi. dapirispirebuli wyvili “racionaluri-magiuri” warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns analiziserT-erT instruments “msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikaSi”. (am saxelwodebiTgamoaqveyna veberma 1916-1919 wlebSi statiaTa seria religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>SiJurnal “Archiv fur Sozialwissennschaft und Sozialpolitik” 1916, Bd 41, 1916-17, Bd 42 1917-18, Bd44, 1918-19, Bd 46).magram, imis da mixedviT, Tu rogori zomiT gadioda veberi Tanamedrovekapitalizmis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb sakiTxidan sociologiisrogorc sazogadoebis Sesaxeb dadebiTi empiriuli mecnierebis uSualo Seqmnaze,im zomiT, ra zomiTac igi iazrebda religiuri faqtoris rolsa da adgilssocialuri warmonaqmnebis struqturaSi, misi religiis <strong>sociologia</strong> _adrindelTan erTad, iRebda datvirTvas: swored religiis sociologiisdaxmarebiT cdilobda veberi aRmoeCina-aexsna socialuri moqmedebis kategoriis47
Sinaarsi: religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>s Tavis sagnad aqvs subieqturad nagulisxmeviazri-sazrisi. Tu samarTlisa da saxelmwifos <strong>sociologia</strong>Si veberi aanalizebs“sxvaze orientaciis” formebs, maSin religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>Si igi axdens sazrisTaZiriTadi saxeebis tipologizacias, rogorc isini gamodiodnen istoriaSi.saboloo jamSi, religiis <strong>sociologia</strong> iqca mTeli <strong>veberis</strong>euli sociologiis erTerTcentralur ganyofilebad.rogorc realur socialur moqmedebaSi Znelia erTmaneTisagan gamoyo misimomentebi _ “subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisi” da “sxvaze orientacia”, aseveZnelia erTmaneTisagan ganvacalkevoT religiur-eTikuri da saxelmwifoebrivsamarTlebriviwarmonaqmnebi, romlebic istoriaSi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTandakavSirebulni. magram analizis mizniT veberi Segnebulad anawevrebs ammomentebs, raTa Semdeg kvlevis msvlelobaSi axsnas maTi kavSiris “meqanizmebi”.amitom “msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikaSi” bWoba exeba ukve ara mxolodreligiis da meurneobis Tanafardobas, aramed religiisa da Zalauflebisformebis, religiisa da xelovnebis, mecnierebis, filosofiis da a.S. TanafardobissakiTxebsac.magram miuxedavad Temis gafarToebisa da gaRrmavebisa religiuri eTikis analizismeTodologiuri saSualebebi veberTan mniSvnelovnad adrindeli rCeba.SedarebisTvis etalonad aqac, iseve rogorc misi sociologiis sxvaganyofilebebSi rCeba mizanracionaluri moqmedeba, xolo mis yvelaze wmindavariants warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda ekonomikuri moqmedeba . amitom religiis swored sameurneoeTikasTan kavSiris tipis dad<strong>ge</strong>na <strong>veberis</strong>aTvis kvlavindeburad rCeba mniSvnelovansaSualebad rogorc TviT religiis analizisaTvis, ise samarTlisadmi,saxelmwifosadmi da a.S. misi damokidebulebis analizisaTvis.es Sedareba <strong>veberis</strong> mier ar iwarmoeba religiuri moqmedebis garegnuladfiqsirebuli momentebis safuZvelze _ swored rom religiur movlenebTanmimarTebaSi gvaZlevs es midgoma yvelaze cotas. mxolod Sesrulebul moqmedebaTasazrisis, e.i. moqmedi individebis motivTa ga<strong>ge</strong>ba gvaZlevs religiissociologiuri analizis SesaZleblobas. manam, sanam movaxdendeT religiuriqcevis tipTa klasifikacias da Sedarebas, saWiroa davinaxoT is sagani, romelicSedarebul da klasificirebul unda iqnas. religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>SigansakuTrebiT naTelia ga<strong>ge</strong>bis meTodis roli. Tu idealuri tipis konstruqciavebers aaxloebs pozitivizmTan da nominalizmTan, maSin “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” misi principipiriqiT, moiTxovs ufro Wvretasa da “Tanagancdas, rac safuZvels gvaZlevsSevadaroT <strong>veberis</strong> religiis <strong>sociologia</strong> Eedmund huserlisa da <strong>maqs</strong> Selerisfenomenologias. swored aman misca saSualeba pitirim sorokins, emtkicebina, romreligiis <strong>veberis</strong>euli <strong>sociologia</strong> arsebiTad aris mTlianad kulturis<strong>sociologia</strong>a. <strong>veberis</strong>euli midgoma erTi mxriv gansxvavdeba franguli skolisagan(diurkemi, levi-briuli da sxv.) da meores mxriv teilorisa da freizerisaganmomdinare inglisuri tradiciebisagan. rogorc franguli skolisaTvis, iseingliselebisTvis uwinares yovlisa, damaxasiaTebelia religiis <strong>ge</strong>nezisis, misiadrindeli formebis kvleva: araa SemTxveviTi, rom erTnic da meorenic mimarTavenpirvelyofili sazogadoebis religiur warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs, da misgan amosvlisasganixilaven religiuri cnobierebis rogorc aseTis struqturas. ingliselieTnografebi da religiaTmcodneni, xelmZRvaneloben ra evolucionizmis48
principebiT, ver iazreben religia gaigon sxvagvarad Tu ara rogorc misiwarmoSobis dad<strong>ge</strong>nis gziT. Ddiurkemi, romelic Tvlida rom religiisa dasocialurobis cneba sazogadod rom vTqvaT, igiveobrivia,ganixilavs religiisarsebisa da warmoSobis problemas sazogadoebis arsebisa warmoSobisigiveobrivad, _ amitom gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas aniWebs igi religiis<strong>sociologia</strong>Si mimdinare gamokvlevebs.ramdenadac veberi centraluri saxiT ar svams religiis warmoSobis sakiTxs,amdenad igi specialurad ar ganixilavs sakiTxs misi arsebis Sesaxebac. rogorcsworad SeniSna e. kasirerma, Tavis <strong>sociologia</strong>Si veberi svams sakiTxs religiisara empiriul da TviT Teoriul warmoSobazec ki, aramed mis wminda“Sed<strong>ge</strong>nilobaze” (Bestand), “Cvevebze”. sazogadod saqme unda gvqondes ara religiis“arsebasTan”, gansazRvruli saxis erTobis _ Temis moqmedebis (Gemeinschaftslandeln)pirobebTan da Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan, romelTa ga<strong>ge</strong>bac aqac SeiZleba mopovebul iqnasmxolod calkeuli individis subieqturi gancdebis, warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis, miznebisaganamosvliT; e.i. “sazrisisagan” amosvliT, radgan maTi garegnuli mim dinareobaumaRlesi xarisxiT mravalsaxeobrivia.’’ moTxovniT amovideT calkeuliindividebisa misi motivebis-gancdebis, warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis, miznebisagan _ veberixelmZRvanelobs religiis gamokvlevebis drosac. amitom gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia, rom igidiurkemisagan gansxvavebiT xazs usvams yovelgvari, maT Soris primitiuli,religiis savsebiT sxva moments _ misi azriT magiur da kultobriv moqmedebebsmudam aqvT amqveyniuri (miwieri) miznebi. “moqmedebebi, romlebic motivirebulniarian religiurad an magiurad... Tavdapirveladve mimarTulni arian amqveyniurmiznebze”. Eesaa uwinares yovlisa, amindis regulireba (wvimis gamowveva, qariSxlismoTviniereba-Cadgoma da a.S.) avadmyofobisagan gankurneba (maT Soris avadmyofissxeulisagan boroti sulebis gandevna), momavali xdomilebebis winaswarmetyvelebada a.S. swored ramdenadac magiur da ritualur moqmedebebs _ <strong>veberis</strong> rwmeniT _TavianT miznad aqvT garkveuli, savsebiT amqveyniuri da am azriT racionalurirezultatebis _ Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis miRweva, amdenad igi SesaZleblad Tvlisdaakvalificiros es moqmedeba, rogorc “ukidures SemTxvevaSi SefardebiTracionalur” moqmedebad.religiis <strong>veberis</strong>euli sociologiis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqtia _ misiyuradRebis gamaxvileba individis araCveulebrivi, zebunebrivi unarebis rolisSesaxeb, romlis wyalobiTac mas SeuZlia iyos magikosi, Samani, winaswarmetyveli,axali religiis damaarsebeli. es unarebi (individualuri qarizma) warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen<strong>veberis</strong> azriT, uzarmazar socialur Zalas, magram iracionalur Zalas, romelsacigi upirispirebs racionalur faqtorebs. amave dros qarizma <strong>veberis</strong> mier kvlavganixileba rogorc faqtori, romelic miuTiTebs individuumze da romelicmoiTxovs imas, rom mxedvelobaSi miviRoT swored individualuri moqmedebarogorc socialuri procesis ujredi.Tavisi interesebisa da meTodis Sesatyvisad veberi irCevs kvlevis sagansac:ZiriTadad igi swavlobs ganviTarebul sazogadoebaTa religiebs, e.i. msoflioreligiebs, romlebic gulisxmoben socialuri diferenciaciis SedarebiT maRaldones, mniSvnelovan inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, naTeli TviTcnobierebis mqonepirovnebis arsebobas. marTalia, ritualur-kultobriv moments adgili TviTmsoflio religiebSic aqvs, magram am zomiT, ra zomiTac aq sustdeba jgufuri49
sawyisi da gamoiyofa individualuri, izrdeba dogmatur da eTikur elementTamniSvneloba adaT-wesebTan da ritualebTan SedarebiT. Dda ai aq <strong>veberis</strong>eulimeTodologia, romelic moiTxovs moqmed individTa motivebis analizs, poulobskvlevis Sesatyvis sagans.religiuri cxovrebis maRalganviTarebuli formebis uzarmazar masalazeempiriuli dakvirvebebisa da Sedarebebis gziT veberi afiqsirebs, sad da rogorisocialuri arsebobisas, romel socialur fenebsa da profesiul jgufebs SorisWarbobs religiaSi ritualur-kultobrivi sawyisi, sad asketur-mosaqme, sadmistikur mWvretelobiTi, sad inteleqtualur-dogmaturi. mag.: <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad,magiuri elementebi yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebelia miwaTmoqmed xalxTareligiebisaTvis da _ maRalganviTarebul kulturaTa farglebSi _ glexTafenisaTvis; racionalur xasiaTs atarebs qalaqur fenaTa religiebi, kerZodxelosanTa, romlebic naklebaa damokidebuli, vidre glexebi garegan bunebrivpirobebze da gacilebiT metad arian damokidebulni Sromis ritmulad swor,racionalur organizaciaze. magram ramdenadac msoflio religiebi, rogorc wesi,warmoiqmnebian da vrceldebian ara mxolod erT fenaSi, amdenad maTSi TaviseburiSerwymiT arseboben sxvadasxva momentTa mTeli rigi.magaliTisaTvis gavCerdeT konfucianelobis <strong>veberis</strong>eul analizze. marTalia,mkacri azriT, konfucianelobas arc ki SeiZleba religia ewodos, rameTu masSi ararsebobs mag: saiqio cxovrebis rwmena, magram misi socialuri mniSvnelobisa da imrolis mixedviT, romelic man iTamaSa Cinuri kulturis SigniT, igi <strong>veberis</strong>mixedviT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT msoflio religiebs. konfucianeloba, ambobsveberi zRvrulad realisturia, misTvis ucxoa miRmuri samyarosadmi interesi.konfucianuri eTikis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani saTnoeba _ sikeTenia:dRegrZeloba, janmrTeloba, simdidre _ erTi sityviT, bednieri _ keTildReobiTsavse miwieri sicocxle. Aamitom misTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli arc esqatologiurimotivebi, arc saiqio cxovrebis rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli codvaTa monaniebis _gamosyidvis, xsnis motivebi, misTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli; da Tumca CineTSic,rogorc aRniSnavs veberi, arsebobda kidec amqveyniuri mxsneli _ imperatorismesianisturi imedi da rwmena, magram mas ar miuRia utopiis rwmenis is forma,romelic damaxasiaTebelia iudevelobisa an qristianobisTvis.saboloo jamSi saxelmwifoebrivi kulti iyo xazgasmiT gonivruli – saRi damartivi – ubralo: msxverpli, ritualuri locva, musika da ritmuli cekva.kultidan mkacrad iyo gamoricxuli yovelgvari origiastuli elementi.konfucianelobisTvis ucxo iyo rogorc eqstativizmi, ise asketizmic: yvelaferies warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili iyo iracionalur sawyisad, romelsac uwesrigobisa da SfoTissuliskveTeba Sehqonda mkacrad racionalur eTikaSi da klasikurad mowesri<strong>ge</strong>bulkultSi. “rasakvirvelia, oficialur konfucianelobaSi ar iyo individualurilocvebi am sityvis dasavluri azriT; man icoda mxolod ritualuri formebi”.adamiansa da RmerTs Soris individualuri, piradi urTierTobis ararsebobis gamoSeuZlebeli iyo warmoSobiliyo “Sewyalebis”, “RvTis rCeulobis” ideebi. “rogorcbudizmi, konfucianeloba iyo mxolod eTika. magram budizmis sapirispirod, igiiyo gansakuTrebiT Sida samyaroseuli profanuli eTika da budizmTan ufrokontrastulad igi iyo Segueba samyarosadmi, misi wesrigisa da pirobebisadmi...”weswyobileba _ wyoba, wesrigi da harmonia _ ai konfucianuri eTikis ZiriTadi50
principebi, romlebic Tanabrad misaRebia saxelmwifoebrivi viTarebisa daadamianuri sulis mdgomareobisaTvis. “konfucianelobis goneba”, _ wers veberi _iyo wesrigis racionalizmi... aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis amocanebi mTlianaddaqvemdebarebuli iyo am ZiriTad Rirebulebebze. ganaTleba atarebda humanitarulxasiaTs (“literaturul xasiaTs”): klasikuri Cinuri literaturis codnaleqsTwyobis xelovnebis floba, mravalricxovan ritualTa faqizi codna _ ai iswminda tradiciuli elementebi, romlebic aucilebeli iyo aeTvisebina Cinelaristokrats.konfucionaluri eTikis specifikaa is, rom miuxedavadracionalizmisa igi ar aris magiis mimarT mtrul damokidebulebaSi. marTalia,eTikuri saTnoebani magiur Tilismebze _ jadoze da Selocvebze maRla dganan:“magia saTnoebaTa winaaRmdeg uZluria”, _ Tvlida konfuci, magram principuladmagia ar aris uaryofili, aRiarebulia, rom mas Zalaufleba _ Zala aqvs borotsulebze, Tumca ara aqvs Zala keTilze _ da es Seesatyviseboda bunebis Sesaxebkonfucianur warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs, romelic savse iyo sulebiT rogorc keTili, iseboroti sulebiT. amgvarad, veberi aCvenebs, rom konfucianelobaSi SeerTebuli iyoori sawyisi: eTikur-racionaluri da iracionalur – magiuri; aq racionalizmshqonda gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba racionalizmisdasavluri tipisgan: igi gaerTianebuli iyo magiasTan da tradicionalizmTan.Swored am garemoebaTa ZaliT CineTSi ver SeZlo warmoqmna mecnierebis im tipma,romelic ganviTarda dasavlur-evropul niadagze, da ver SesZlo SeeqmnammarTvelobis formalur-racionaluri tipi.SemdgomSi sxva msoflio religiur-eTikur sistemaTa individualuri saxisganxilvisas, veberi iZleva maT klasifikacias imasTan SedarebiT, daSesabamisobaSi, Tu saxeldobr romeli socialuri fenebi iyvnen am sistemaTamTavari matareblebi: konfucianelobis matarebeli _ msoflios mamoZravebelibiorokrati, induizmisa _ msoflios momwesri<strong>ge</strong>beli magia_jadoqari, budizmis _msoflioSi moxetiale beri _ mWvreteli, islamisa _ msoflios mpyrobeli _damamorCilebeli meomari; qristianobisa _ moxetiale xelosani.<strong>veberis</strong> gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro pariebis e.w. religiis problemam, e.i.jgufTa religiam, romlebic idgnen socialuri ierarqiis yvelaze dabalsafexurze an am ierarqiis miRmac ki imyofebodnen. Tu yvelaze privilegirebul,aristokratiuli fenebisaTvis, rogorc wesi (magram ara gansakuTrebiT),damaxasiaTebelia interesTa mimarTuleba amqveyniur samyaroze, mowesri<strong>ge</strong>bismiswrafeba (konfucianeloba), organizebis miswrafeba (induizmi), am samyarosgaSuqeba _ ganaTeba (samyaros msoflios am “gaSuqebis” miswrafebis elementebiSeiZleba vipovoT qristianobis kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur variantebSi),maSin “pariebis religiaSi” pirvel planze gamodian esqatologiuri motivebi,“miRmurisaken” miswrafebani.“pariebis religiuri eTikis” iudaizmis masalaze analizisas, gansakuTrebiTwinaswarmetyvelTa religiebis, agreTve sxvadasxva Sida qristianulmimdinareobaTa da seqtaTa analizisas, veberi aCvenebs, rom “pariaTa”religiurobis matarebelni arasdros yofilan monebi an Tavisufali medReurimSromelebi, romlebic <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, saerTod ar arian aqtiurni religiur51
mimarTebaSi. am gamonakliss ar Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns, <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, misi Tanamedroveproletariatic. religiur mimarTebaSi yvelaze aqtiurni araprivilegirebulTafenebSi, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, arian wvrili xelosnebi, ufro privilegirebulifenebisgan gamosuli gaRaribebulni (mag: Cinel mandarinTa) an mRvdelTa –moZRvarTa (induizmi, iudaizmi) da a.S. inteleqtualizmi.veberi religiis klasifikacias axdens agreTve samyarosadmi maTi sxvadasxvadamokidebebulebis safuZvelze. mag: konfucianelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliasamyaros miReba; piriqiT, samyaros uaryofa da miuRebloba damaxasiaTebeliabudizmisaTvis. indoeTi, <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, esaa religiur-eTikur moZRvrebaTaakvani, romlebic Teoriulad da praqtikuladac uaryofen samyaros _ moflios.zogierTi religia samyaros _ msoflios iRebs misi gaumjobesebisa dagamosworebis pirobiT: aseTebia islami, qristianoba, zoroastrizmi. imisagan,miiReba samyaro Tu ara da Tu miiReba, maSin rogori zomiT, damokidebuliareligiuri eTikis mimarTeba politikis sferosadmi, sazogadod Zalauflebisadmida Zaladobisadmi. samyaros _ msoflios uarmyofeli religia, rogorc wesi ,apolitikuria, igi gamoricxavs Zaladobas; aq yvelaze Tanmimdevrulia budizmi,Tumca araZaladobis ideebi damaxasiaTebelia agreTve qristianobisTvisac. iq,sadac samyaro mTlianad miRebulia, religiuri Sexedulebebi, SeniSnavs veberi,advilad eTanadebian politikur sferos, sazogadod magiuri religiebi arupirispirdebian politikas.msoflio religiebi atareben, rogorc wesi, soteriologiur xasiaTs. xsnisproblema _ erT-erTi centraluria religiur eTikaSi. veberi aanalizebsreligiur-eTikur ganwyobebs imisda mixedviT. Tu xsnis rogor gzebs gvTavazobenisini; uwinares yovlisa, SesaZlebelia ori varianti: xsna sakuTari moqmedebebismeSveobiT, mag: budizmSi, da xsna Suamavali _ mxsnelis meSveobiT (iudaizmi,islami, qristianoba). pirvel SemTxvevaSi xsnis meTodebia an ritualuri sakultomoqmedebani da ceremoniebi, an socialuri moqmedebani (moyvasis siyvaruli, sikeTismqneloba, axloblebze zrunva _ konfucianelobaSi), da bolos, TviTsrulyofileba.meore SemTxvevaSic (xsna macxovris meSveobiT) agreTve ramdenime variantia xsnisa.pirveli, institucionalizaciis (eklesiisadmi mikuTvnebuloba rogorc xsnispiroba kaTolicizmSi) meSveobiT; meore, gan<strong>ge</strong>bis, bedisweris wyalobis meSveobiT(islami, kalvinizmi).bolos veberi ganasxvavebs xsnis gzebs, romlebic damokidebulnia ara imdenadmorwmuneTa mier mcnebebisa da saritualo moqmedebebis Sesrulebaze, ramdenadacmaT Sinagan ganwyobebze. aqac igi aRmoaCens or gansxvavebul tips: xsna aqtiurieTikuri moqmedebiT da mistikuri Wvretis meSveobiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi morwmuneacnobierebs Tavis Tavs rogorc RvTaebrivi nebis iaraRs. misi saqmianobis eTikurixasiaTis aucilebeli pirobaa _ asketizmi. aqac Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia oriSemTxveva: an mizania msofliosagan gaqceva _ da maSin asketizmi arisganTavisufleba yvela jaWvisagan, romlebic adamians msofliosTan akavSireben,anda mizania samyaros _ msoflios gardaqmna (kalvinizmi) _ da aqac asketizmiemsaxureba Sida ekonomikuri, mecnieruli da sxva saxis saqmianobaTa miznebs.meore _ WvretiT _ gzas miznad aqvs mistikuri ganaTebis mdgomareobis miRweva,union mistica-s miRweva, RvTaebrivSi gansveneba. aqac askezi atarebs racionalur52
xasiaTs. magram racionalur-asketuri qceva mimarTulia amqveynidan gandgomaze dausasrulobis WvretaSi Caflobaze.rogorc vxedavT, klasifikaciisa da Sedarebebis is meTodebi, romlebsac mudammimarTavs veberi, moiTxoven religiuri cnobierebis fenomenTa dapirispireba-Sepirispirebasa da mudmiv gansxvavebas. gansxvavebis safuZvlad veberTan kvlavgvevlinebian idealuri tipebi, romlebic gamodian rogorc racionaluri,qarizmatuli da tradiciuli.am idealuri tipebis ukan dganan TviT <strong>veberis</strong> “ukanaskneli Rirebulebani”: 1. Zmurisiyvarulis eTika (“sikeTe”); 2. Rirebulebebisagan ganTavisuflebuli da wmindadfunqcionalurad gamxdari “goneba”, e.i. formaluri racionaluroba (yofili“WeSmariteba”, sekuliarizebul meqanizmamde); 3. stiqiur-eqstatikuri sawyisi,qarizma _ magiur religiaTa safuZveli. (iracionaluri “Zala”, stiqiuri“Zala_Zliereba”, “mSveniereba”, romlis mxarezea yvelaze iracionalurisasicocxlo Zala _ sqesobrivi siyvaruli).ueWvelia, rom es sami “sawyisi” _ idealuri tipebia, rom empiriul sinamdvileSiisini wminda saxiT, rogorc wesi, ar gvxvdebian, magram ueWvelia isic, rom yvelaisini warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen ZiriTad “Rirebulebebs”, romlebic TviT <strong>veberis</strong>msoflmxedvelobaSic iseve iswrafvian erTmaneTisken da gamoricxaven erTmaneTs,rogorc maT Sesabamisad konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi. “Cven dRes viciT aramxolod is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos mSvenieri, Tumca igi ar aris keTili, aramedisic,rom igi mSvenieria swored imaSi, raSic igi ar aris keTili; es CvenTviscnobilia nicSes droidan, xolo kidev ufro adre Tqven ipoviT mas “borotebisyvavilebSi”, rogorc bodlerma uwoda misi leqsebis tips da ukve moxetialemoarulisibrZnea is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti, imdenad. ramdenadac igi“araa mSvenieri, araa wminda da araa keTili”. (veberi, rC. Canawerebi gv.726).poliTeizmi “RmerTTa maradiuli brZola” _ <strong>veberis</strong> azrovnebismsoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvelia, religiis <strong>sociologia</strong>Si igi gamoCnda yvelazegansakuTrebuli sicxadiT, ramdenadac TviT veberi ganixilavs religiis rogorcyvela RirebulebaTa ukanasknel, sxvaze dauyvanad safuZvels; erTmaneTisdapirispirebul _ mebrZol “RirebulebaTa” Seri<strong>ge</strong>ba, <strong>veberis</strong> mier SeuZlebelia ,rom veraviTari mecnieruli azrovneba, veraviTari filosofiuri meditacia, veraaSemZle ipovos sakmarisi safuZveli RirebulebaTa erTi jgufis meorezeupiratesobis dasad<strong>ge</strong>nad. “Tu rogor iazreben frangul da <strong>ge</strong>rmanul kulturebsSoris “mecnieruli” arCevanis SesaZleblobas, es me ar vici. aqac igive kamaTiagansxvavebul RmerTTa da kamaTi maradiulia... xolo am RmerTebze da maTbrZolaze batonobs bediswera _ bedi, magram ara “mecniereba...”…romeli adamianigabedavs “mecnierulad uaryos” mTiani qada<strong>ge</strong>bis eTika, magaliTad debuleba“borotebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobis Sesaxeb” an igavi adamianis Sesaxeb,romelic uSvers marcxena da marjvena loyas da miuxedavad amisa, naTelia, rom aq,Tu amas SevxedavT saero TvalsazrisiT, naqada<strong>ge</strong>bia eTika, romelic moiTxovssakuTari Rirsebis grZnobebze uaris Tqmas. saWiroa, arCevani gavakeToT religiurRirsebaze, romelsac gvaZlevs es eTika da mamakacur Rirsebas Soris, rom eTikaqada<strong>ge</strong>bs raRaca savsebiT sxvas: “winaaRmdegoba gauwios borotebas, sxvagvarad Senpasuxism<strong>ge</strong>beli iqnebi Seni wili pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobisa, Tu igi dagZalavs”. individissaboloo ganwyobis Sesabamisad erT-erTi am eTikuri poziciebidan amodis53
eSmakisagan, meore _ RmerTisagan, da individma unda gadaWras, vinaa misTvis RmerTida vin _ eSmaki”. (726-727).es “poliTeizmi” “saboloo RirebulebaTa” doneze avlens veberSi ukve araimdenad kantisa da neokantianelebis mimdevars, ramdenadac moazrovnes, romelicTavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi ganwyobebiTa da tradiciebiT axlosaa hobsis,makiavelis, nicSes poziciebTan. swored maTgan miiRo veberma memkvidreobiTmoTxovna mkacri da vaJkacuri miswrafebisa WeSmaritebis Semecnebisaken, rogorcar unda yofiliyo igi. swored am tradiciisagan momdinareobs <strong>veberis</strong> Rrmarwmena, rom WeSmariteba _ ufro saSineli da mkacria, vidre damamSvidebeli.Taviseburi “winaaRmdegobizmi”, “bedisweris siyvaruli”, rogori mkacric ar undaiyos igi, veberma memkvidreobiT miiRo nicSesgan.<strong>veberis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>m Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana yvela is winaaRmdegobani, romelicdamaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebisaTvis. es winaaRmdegobani<strong>veberis</strong> azrovnebas afeTqeben Signidan. marqsisti sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bis azriT, saWiroa,TviT wanamZRvrebis Secvla, burJuaziuli tipis msoflmxedvelobis gadalaxva,rasac veberi principulad da Segnebulad akeTebs da ar surs, rameTu “meburJuaziuli klasis wevri var, vgrZnob Tavs aseTad da aRzrdili var misiSexedulebebiTa da idealebiT” _ araorazrovnad acxadebda igi jer kidev 1885wels.54
<strong>veberis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong> da meTodologiajorj ritceris mixedviT (moamzada ana kvintraZem)1. istoria da <strong>sociologia</strong>2. Verstehen3. kauzaloba4. idealuri tipebi5. Rirebulebebi6. substanciuri <strong>sociologia</strong>7. ra aris <strong>sociologia</strong>?8. socialuri moqmedeba9. klasi, statusi da partia10. mmarTvelobis struqtura11. racionalizacia12. religia da kapitalizmis aRmasvla<strong>maqs</strong> veberi (1864-1920) savaraudod yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani figuraasociologiur TeoriaSi. <strong>veberis</strong> Sromebi imdenad gansxvavebuli da sxvadasxvainterpretaciis mqonea, rom man sociologiuri Teoriis sakmaod farTo nawilzemoaxdina gavlena. mas namdvilad hqonda gavlena struqturul funqcionalizmze,talkot parsonsis Sromebidan gamomdinare. mas aseve didi gavlena hqondakonfliqtisa da kritikuli Teoriebis tradiciaze, romelic iseve gansazRvra<strong>veberis</strong> ideebma, rogorc marqsis orientaciam, iseve rogorc iur<strong>ge</strong>n habermasma,rogorc kritikuli-Teoriis tradiciebis STamomavalma. simboluriinteraqcionizmic moeqca <strong>veberis</strong> gavlenis qveS, verstehen-isa da sxva Sromebis gamo.alfred Sutci, romelsac Cven mecamete TavSi ganvixilavT, <strong>veberis</strong>mniSvnelobebisa da motivebis Sesaxeb Teoriebis gavlenis qveS iyo, da man Tavismxriv umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula fenomenologiisa da eTnomeTodologiisganviTarebaSi. veberi iyo da rCeba mniSvnelovnad gavlenian Teoretikosad.am Tavs Cven daviwyebT <strong>veberis</strong> im ideebis gacnobiT, romelic socialurimecnierebebis meTodologias exeba (1903-17/1949) (rac dResac ki sakmaodmniSvnelovani da nayofieria). am ideebis srulyofilad ga<strong>ge</strong>ba mniSvnelovania<strong>veberis</strong> substanciuri da Teoriuli ideebis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad. veberi upirispirdebodawminda abstraqtul Teoritizirebas. amis sapirispirod misi Teoriuli ideebiCaflulia empiriul, ZiriTadad istoriul, gamokvlevebSi. <strong>veberis</strong> meTodologiagansazRvravda mis kvlevas, am oris kombinacia ki qmnis misi Teoriulimimdinareobis bazas.meTodologiaistoria da <strong>sociologia</strong>veberi meTodologiis sakiTxebs did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. rogorc lasmanida velodi aRniSnaven “vebers namdvilad ar hqonia kanonebis krebuli sworipraqtikisaTvis... misi meTodologiuri naSromebi ufro metad warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns55
filosofiur refleqsias istoriuli da socialuri codnis debulebebisxasiaTisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb” (1989:192). am zogadi sakiTxebis ganxilva<strong>veberis</strong>aTvis “nayofieri inteleqtualuri Sromis mosamzadebel fazas”warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda (1903-17/1949:115; ixileT aseve mariana veberi, 1975:309). veberifokusirebas axdenda substanciur samuSaoze: “mxolod substanciuri problemebisgadawyvetiT SesZlebs mecniereba Tavisi meTodebis ganviTarebas. TumcaRa, mxolodepistemologiur da meTodologiur refleqsiebs arasdros ar uTamaSiaTgadamwyveti roli aseT ganviTarebaSi” (1903-17/1949:116).imisaTvis, rom <strong>veberis</strong> meTodologias CavwvdeT, jer misi damokidebuleba undagavigoT istoriisa da sociologiis Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,rom veberi samarTlis studenti iyo da misi pirveli akademiuri samsaxuricsamarTalTan iyo dakavSirebuli, misi adreuli kariera istoriisadmi interesiTxasiaTdeba. misi sadoqtoro disertaciac Sua saukuneebisa da romis istoriulSeswavlas Seexeboda. Tumca, mogvianebiT wlebSi is ufro da ufro metadidentificirdeba <strong>sociologia</strong>sTan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom swored 1909 wlidan,rodesac veberma Tavis masiur Sromaze “ekonomika da sazogadoeba” daiwyo muSaoba,miuZRvna sakuTari Tavi mTlianad <strong>sociologia</strong>s (R. Frank, 1976:13).rac ufro metad miiwevda veberi sociologiis SedarebiT axali dargisaken, miTufro metad cdilobda Tavisi damokidebulebis gamorkvevas ukve Camoyalibebulistoriis dargTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani saWiroebda meores,sociologiis amocanad is istoriisTvis “samuSaos Sesrulebas” ganixilavda (Roth,1976:307). <strong>veberis</strong> sityvebiTve, <strong>sociologia</strong> asrulebda “mosamzadebel, sakmaodumniSvnelo samuSaos” (R. Frank, 1976:21). veberma gansazRvra gansxvaveba<strong>sociologia</strong>sa da istorias Soris: “<strong>sociologia</strong> miznad isaxavs empiriuliprocesebis tipiuri konceptebis da <strong>ge</strong>neralizebuli formebis Camoyalibebas. esganasxvavebs mas istoriisgan, romelic orientirebulia kulturuli mniSvnelobismatarebeli individualuri qmedebebis, struqturebisa da pirovnebebis mizez-Sedegobriv analizsa da axnaze” (1921/1968:19). miuxedavad am mkveTri gansxvavebisa,veberi mainc axerxebs am oris dakavSirebas Tavis SromebSi. misi <strong>sociologia</strong>orientirebuli iyo naTeli cnebebis ganviTarebaze, raTa SesZleboda istoriulifenomenebis mizez-Sedegobrivi gaanalizeba. veberma Tavisi idealuri proceduragansazRvra rogorc: “istoriul realobaSi individis konkretuli qmedebebisdarwmunebiTi pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bloba konkretul istoriul SemTxvevebSi im zustiempiriuli monacemebis Seswavlis gziT, romlebic amorCeuli iqna specifiurTvalTaxedvebze dayrdnobiT” (1903-17/1949:69). Cven veberi SegviZlia istoricistulsociologad miviCnioT.sociologiis Sesaxeb <strong>veberis</strong> Sexedulebaze gavlena iqonia im inteleqtualurmadebatebma (Methodenstreit) romlebic im periodis <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi mimdinareobda. amaTganyvelaze mniSvnelovani Seexeboda istoriisa da mecnierebis urTierTmimarTebas. amdebatebis saZirkvels warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda is Sexedulebebi romlebic (pozitivistebi)Tvlian rom istoria Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba zogadi (nomoTeturi) kanonebisagan da isiniromlebsac (subieqtivistebi) istoria dayavT idiosinkretul (ideografiul)moqmedebebsa da movlenebze. (pozitivistebi Tvlidnen, rom istoria SegviZlia56
ganvixiloT rogorc naturaluri mecniereba da obieqtivistebi am orsradikalurad ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisgan.) magaliTad, nomoTeturi mozarovnemoaxdens ganzogadoebebs socialuri revoluciebis Sesaxeb, xolo ideografiulianalitikosi fokusirebas im specifiur movlenebze moaxdens, romlebsacamerikuli revoluciisaken mivyavarT. veberi am or radikalur mimarTebasuaryofda da istoriuli sociologiis gansxvavebul gzas anviTarebda. <strong>veberis</strong>azriT, istoria Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba unikaluri empiriuli movlnebisagan: empiriul donezeveranairi <strong>ge</strong>neralizeba ver moxerxdeba. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bma erTmaneTisgan undaganacalkevon empiriuli samyaro im konceptualuri universidan, romelsac isiniqmnian. konceptebi verasdros srulad ver aRweren empiriul samyaros, Tumca maTigamoyeneba SesaZlebelia realobis ukeTesad ga<strong>ge</strong>bisaTvis. am konceptebismeSveobiT sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bs SeuZliaT <strong>ge</strong>neralizeba, magram es ganzogadoebebi arwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen istorias da ar SeiZleba maTi empiriul realobaSi areva.miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ganzogadoebebis momxre iyo, is mainc uaryofda imistorikosebis Sexedulebas, romelTac istoria kanonebis martiv Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobzedayavdaT: “konkretuli istoriuli fenomenebis Sesaxeb codnis misaRebad, yvelazezogadi kanonebi yvelaze nakleb Rirebulia, radgan isini Tavs arideben Sinaarss”(1903-17/1949:80). magaliTad, veberi uaryofda erT-erT istorikoss (vilhelm roSers),romelic xalxTa istoriuli evoluciis kanonebs eZebda, da Tvlida, rom xalxebmaganviTarebis tipiuri stadiebi ganvles (1903-06/1975). rogorc veberma gansazRvra,“empiriuli realobis “kanonebze” dayvana azrs moklebulia” (1903-17/1949:80). sxvasityvebiT rom vTqvaT: “kulturis sistemuri mecniereba azrs moklebulia TavisTavSive” (veberi, 1903-17/1949:84). es Sexeduleba asaxulia mraval istoriulkvlevebSi. magaliTad Tavis kvlevaSi antikuri civilizaciis Sesaxeb veberiacxadebs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul doneze adreuli wlebi imiswinamZRvari iyo, rac momavalSi moxdeboda, “xmelTaSuazRvis evropulicivilizacia ar xasiaTdeba sruli ciklebiT an lineuri progresiT. zogjerantikuri civilizaciis fenomenebi sruliad uCinardebodnen da Semdeg sruliadaxali konteqstiT aRmocendebodnen” (1896-1906/1976:366).<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli istoriuli mecnierebis am ori midgomis uaryofiT veberi ayalibebsTavis sakuTar perspeqtivas, romelic am ori orientaciis sinTezs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns.veberi grZnobda, rom istoria (anu, istoriuli <strong>sociologia</strong>) aucileblad iyodakavebuli rogorc individualizmiT, ise ganzogadebiT. maTi gaerTianebamoxerxda zogadi konceptebis ganviTarebiTa da gamoyenebiT (romelTac CvenmogvianebiT “idealur tipebs” vuwodebT) kerZo individis, movlenisa Tusazogadoebis Seswavlisas. es zogadi konceptebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnas“TiToeuli ganviTarebis identifikaciisa da gansazRvris dros, im TaviseburebebisgansazRvrisas, romlebic ase ansxvaveben erT maTgans meorisagan. amis Semdeg, ukveSesaZlebeli gaxdeba im mizezebis Zieba, romlebmac am gansxvavebisken ubiZgamovlenebs” (veberi, 1896-1906/1976:385). am tipis mizez-Sedegobrivi (kauzaluri)analizisas veberi istoriis manZilze mxolod erTi kauzaluri mizezis Zebnasuaryofda, yovel SemTxvevaSi cnobier doneze mainc. amis nacvlad, man Tavisi57
konceptualuri arsenali mocemuli istoriuli SemTxvevisaTvis kauzalurimniSvnelovnebis xarisxiT sxvadasxvagvarad daalaga (Roth, 1971).<strong>veberis</strong> Sexeduleba istoriuli sociologiis Sesaxeb garkveulwiladgansazRvruli iyo erTis mxriv empiriuli istoriuli monacemebis arsebobiTa dameores mxriv misi mondomebiT Seeswavla es monacemebi. igi ekuTvnoda mecnierebispirvel Taobas, romelsac xeli miuwvdeboda sando monacemebze istoriulifenomenebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxvadasxva nawilidan (MacRae, 1974). veberi ufrometad iyo dainteresebuli gamoekvlia es monacemebi, vidre istoriis Sesaxebabstraqtuli ganzogadoebebi moexdina. miuxedavad imisa, rom aman migviyvanazogierT mniSvnelovan Sexedulebamde, aseve didi problema Seqmna misi Sromisga<strong>ge</strong>bisas; zogjer igi imdenad erTveboda istoriul detalebSi, rom istoriuliSeswavlis bazisur mizezs sruliad scildeboda. amasTanave, istoriulmamecnierebam imdeni epoqa da sazogadoeba gamoiara, rom mas uxeSi <strong>ge</strong>neralizaciisgarda araferi darCenoda (Roth, 1971). miuxedavad am problemebisa, <strong>veberis</strong>mondomebam, empiriuli fenomeni Seeswavla mecnierulad, igi amerikis SeerTebulStatebSi ganviTarebadi sociologiis disciplinisaTvis mimzidveli gaxada.jamSi, vebers sjeroda, rom istoria specifiuri fenomenebis dausrulebelinakrebisgan Sed<strong>ge</strong>boda. am fenomenebis Sesaswavlad, saWiro iyo sxvadasxvakonceptebis ganviTareba, romlebic realur cxovrebaSi kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebadiiqneboda. rogorc wesi, arc veberi da arc sociologTa da istorikosTaumravlesoba emorCileba mkacrad imas rom, sociologiis amocanaa ganeviTarosiseTi konceptebi, romelTac istoria sxvadasxva istoriuli fenomenis kauzalurianalizisas gamoiyenebs. am gziT, veberi konkretulisa da zogadis erTmaneTTanSerwymiT cdilobda ganeviTarebina mecniereba, romelic socialuri cxovrebiskompleqsur bunebas gamoikvlevda.Verstehenveberi grZnobda, rom sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bs bunebis mecnierebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobagaaCndaT. es upiratesoba mdgomarobda imaSi, rom sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bs SeeZloTsocialuri fenomenis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba, maSin rodesac bunebis mecnierebs ar SeeZloT atomisan qimiuri naerTis moqmedebis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba. ga<strong>ge</strong>bis <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli Sesatyvisi aris sityvaverstehen. <strong>veberis</strong> mier am terminis specialurad gamoyeneba Tavis istoriulkvlevaSi aris misi yvelaze metad cnobili da yvelaze kontroversuli wvliliTanamderove sociologiis meTodologiur ganviTarebaSi. mas Semdeg, racganvsazRvarv Tu ras gulisxmobda veberi verstehen-Si, Cven aseve davinaxavT impoblemebs romlebic dakavSirebulia mis konceptualizaciasTan. im dapirispirebasrac Tan sdevs koncepts verstehen da aseve im problemebs rac erTvis mis<strong>veberis</strong>euli interpretacias, mivyavarT <strong>veberis</strong> meTodologiuri azrovnebis zogadproblemebamde. rogorc Tomas bur<strong>ge</strong>ri acxadebs, veberi ar yofila arcdarwmunebuli da arc mdgardi Tavis meTodologiur gancxadebebSi (1976, aseve ix.hekmani, 1983:26). igi did yuradRebas ar uTmobda d arc azustebda, radgan Tvlida,rom igi ubralod imeorebda im ideebs romlebic ukve kargad iyo cnobili misi58
drois <strong>ge</strong>rmanel istorikosebSi. amas garda, rogorc zemoT ukve davinaxeT, veberididad ar ufiqrdeboda meTodologiur refleqsiebs.<strong>veberis</strong> azrebi verstehen-is Sesaxeb kargad iyo cnobili im periodis <strong>ge</strong>rmenelistorikosebs Soris, da momdinareobda iseTi dargidan rogoric hermenevtikaa(Mueller-Vollmer, 1985; Pressler & Dasilva, 1996). hermanevtika warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda specialurmidgomas gamoqveynebuli naSromebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bisa da interpretaciisaTvis. mis mizanswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda rogorc avtoris naazrevis, aseve teqstis bazisuri struqturisga<strong>ge</strong>ba. veberi da sxvebi (magaliTad vilhelm dilTai) cdilobdnen teqsis ga<strong>ge</strong>bisideis socialur cxovrebaze gavrcelebas:rogorc ki gavaanalizebT, rom misi istoriuli meTodi sxva araferia Tu arainterpretaciis klasikuri meTodi, romelic mor<strong>ge</strong>bulia moqmedebebze da arateqstze, meTodi, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianis dizainis identificirebas,“mniSvnelobis” povnas dakvirvebad movlenebSi, Cven aRar gagviZneldeba imis miReba,rom igi SeiZleba iseve moergos adamianTa interaqcias, rogorc individualuraqtors. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, mTeli istoria warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns interaqcias,romlis interpretireba unda moxdes sxvadasxva aqtorebis mtruli <strong>ge</strong>gmebisterminebSi.(Lachman, 1971:20)sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, veberi iyenebda hermanevtikis iaraRebs, raTaCaswvdomoda aqtorebs, interqcias, da mTlianad adamianur istorias. verstehen-iserT-erTi yvelaze xSir miskoncepcias warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns misi mkvlevris “intuiciasTan”gaigiveba. Sesabamisad, bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs mas, rogorc “rbil”, iracionalurda subieqtur kvlevis meTodologiad. Tumca, veberi aqtiurad ewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>boda imideas, rom verstehen moicavs ubralod intuicias, simpateTikur monawileobas anempaTias (1903-17/1949). misTvis, verstehen moicavda sistematur da TavauRebel kvlevasda ara ubralod teqstisa da socialuri fenomenis Sesaxeb “SegrZnebis”Camoyalibebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, <strong>veberis</strong>aTvis (1921/1968) verstehen Seswavlisracionalur proceduras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda.<strong>veberis</strong>euli verstehen-is interpretaciisas sakvanZo SekiTxvaa is Tu misi azriTverstehen ufro metad miesada<strong>ge</strong>boda individualuri aqtoris subieqturimdgomareobis aRweras Tu ufro farTo masStabiani struqturebis (magaliTad,kulturis) subieturi aspeqtebis analizisasac gamod<strong>ge</strong>boda. Tuki mxolod <strong>veberis</strong>pozicias daveyrdnobiT, mivxvdebiT rom igi verstehen-is individualur donezeinterpretaciisaken ixreba (magaliTad, veberi, 1903-06/1975:125). am interpretaciasiziarebs damkvirvebelTa garkveuli jgufic (Bur<strong>ge</strong>r, 1976; Shutz, 1932/1967; Warriner,1969). Tumca zogierTma verstehen-isa da <strong>veberis</strong> Sexedulebis interpretaciamoaxdines rogorc gamosadegi teqnikis, romlis mizani kulturis ga<strong>ge</strong>bacaa. susanhekmani amas <strong>veberis</strong> axlebur interpretaciad miiCnevs, iseT kulturulelementebze fokusirebisas, rogorebicaa “intersubieqturi mniSvnelobebi ansocialurad konstruirebuli wesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven moqmedebaskonkretuli sazogadoebis farglebSi” (1983:46). l. m. lakmani gansakuTrebiT59
yuradRebas am aspeqts aqcevs: “<strong>ge</strong>gmiuri elementebi romlebic Cven gvainteresebs arwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen milionobiT adamianis miznebs, aramed im saerTo elementebs,rogorebicaa normebi, institutebi da zogadi garemo, romelSic es yvela <strong>ge</strong>gmaunda realizdes” (1971:21). msgavsi TvalsazrisiTve, v. g. runcimani (1972) da m. veqsi(1967) verstehen-s mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturisa da enis Seswavlis iaraRadmiiCnevdnen.sabolood, zogierTma moazrovnem wamoayena Tvalsazrisi rom verstehen moicavsorive midgomas. magaliTad, p. a. munqi (1975) ambobs, rom moqmedebis sruliadga<strong>ge</strong>bisaTvis Cven (1) unda movaxdinoT moqmedebis avtoriseuli miznisidentificireba da (2) unda gavarCioT is konteqsti romelsac es moqmedebaekuTvnis da romlisTvisac azrs iZens.verstehen-is mravali interpretacia gvexmareba imis danaxvaSi Tu ratom ikavebsveberi aseT centralur rols sociologiur TeoriaSi. verstehen-is kulturuldoneze interpretacia makro donis mqone Teoriebis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nelia (magaliTad,struqturuli funqcionalizmis), xolo indvidualur doneze interpretacia mikrodonis mqone Teoriebisa (magaliTad, simboluri interaqcionizmi). munqisurTierTTavsebadi midgoma ki misaRebia orive tipis TeoriebisaTvis. am samidan,romeli interpretaciaa swori? erTis mxriv, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom amas didmniSvneloba ar aqvs. mniSvnelovani ki swored is aris, rom arsebobs mravaliinterpretacia da maT gavlena moaxdines sxvadasxva Teoriul prespeqtivebze.Tumca meores mxriv, Cven unda SevTanxmdeT verstehen-is Sesaxeb <strong>veberis</strong> SromebSi.yvelaze sando informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras gulisxmobda veberi verstehen-Si dasxva meTodologiur iaraRebSi, moipoveba ara mis programul gancxadebebSimeTodologiis Sesaxeb, aramed mis substanciur SromebSi. rogorc vnaxavT, <strong>veberis</strong>kulturul da socio-struqturul konteqstebze fokuss mivyavarT verstehen-is iseTxedvamde, romelic mas makro-donis analizis iaraRad ganixilavs.kauzaloba<strong>veberis</strong> meTodologiis kidev erT aspeqts warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda mis mier kauzalobisSeswavla (Rin<strong>ge</strong>r, 1997:75). veberi socialuri fenomenebis mizezebis Seswavlasistoriis dargSi ufro metad xedavda vidre sociologiis. da imdenad ramdenadacsociologiisa da istoriis gancalkeveba mkafiod ar xdeba – da isini namdviladar arian gancalkevebulni <strong>veberis</strong> substanciur SromebSi – kauzalobis sakiTxirelevanturia sociologiisTvisac. kauzaloba aseve mniSvnelovania, radganacrogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT igi swored is adgilia sadac veberi nomoTeturi daidiografiuli midgomebis gaerTianebas isaxavda miznad.kauzalobis qveS vebers (1921/1968) ubralod esmoda imis albaToba, rom garkveulmovlenas mohyveba an Tan sdevs sxva movlena. misi azriT, sxva istorikosebismsgavsad mxolod istoriuli ganmeorebadobebis, analogiebisa da paralelebisZebna sakmarisi ar aris. amis magivrad mkvlevarma unda eZebos istoriulicvlilebebis mizezebi da aseve mniSvnelobebi (Roth, 1971). miuxedavad imisa, romSeiZleba ganvixiloT, rom vebers hqonda rogorc erTmniSvnelovani kauzaluri60
modeli – marqsis mizezobriobis dialeqtikuri modelis sapirispirod – Tavissubstanciur <strong>sociologia</strong>Si igi ikvlevda interdamokidebulebas ekonomikas,sazogadoebas, politikas, organizacias, social stratifikacias, religiasa dasxva mravals Soris (Roth, 1968). veberi multikauzaluri midgomiT operirebda,sadac “interaqtiuli gavlenis maspinZlebi (mimRebni) sakmaod xSirad efeqturikauzaluri faqtorebi iyvnen” (kalbergi, 1994:13).veberi sakmaod mkafio iyo multikauzalobis Sesaxeb protestantizmisa dakapitalizmis sulis damokidebulebis swavlisas. Tumca xandaxan misiinterpretacia gansxvavebulad xdeba, veberi (1904-05/1958) ubraod Tvlida romprotestantuli eTika erT-erTi faqtori iyo Tanamedrove kapitalizmis sulisaRmasvalSi. igi “sulelurad” miiCnevda iseT ideas, romlis mixedviTacprotestantizmi erTaderTi mizezi iyo. aseve sulelurad miiCnevda im xedvasac,rom kapitalizmi “mxolod” protestantuli reformaciis Sedegad aRmocenda; sxvafaqtorebsac SesaZloa igive gamoewviaT. qvemoT moyvanilia Tu rogorgansazRvarvda amas veberi:Cven rac SeiZleba kargad unda ganvsazRvoT is zogadi gza, romliTac religiurmamimdinareobebma gavlena iqonies materialuri kulturis ganviTarebaze. mxolodmas Semdeg rac es iqneba mniSvnelovani akuratulobiT gansazRvruli,SesaZlebelia imis garkveva Tu ra ZaliT SeiZleba Tanamedrove kulturisistoriuli ganviTareba mivakuTvnoT am religiur Zalebs da ra ZaliT sxvebs.(veberi, 1904-05/1958:91-92)protestantul eTikasa da kapitalizmis sulSi da aseve sxva istoriul SromebSiveberi kauzalobiT Zalian iyo dainteresebuli, Tumca mxolod calmxrivimodeliT ar operirebda; igi yovelTvis sxvadasxva socialur faqtorebs SorisurTierTobiT iyo dainteresebuli.<strong>veberis</strong> kauzalobis Sesaxeb saubrisas kritikulia imis gaxseneba, rom radgan CvenSegviZlia socialuri cxovrebis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba (verstehen), socialuri mecnierebebiskauzaluri codna gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis kauzaluricodnisgan. rogorc veberma gansazRvra: “mniSvnelobiT savse interpretirebadiadamianuri qmedebebi (“moqmedeba”) identificirebadia “Sefasebasa” damniSvnelobasTan mimarTebaSi. swored am mizezis gamo, kauzaluri axsnis Cveneulikriteriumebi floben unikalur dakmayofilebas msgavsi “erTobis” “istoriuli”axsnisas” (1903-06/1975:185). swored amitomac, socialur mecnierTa kauzaluri codnagansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierTa codnisagan.kauzalobis Sesaxeb <strong>veberis</strong> Sexedulebebi dakavSirebulia mis cdasTan gadaelaxakonfliqti nomoTetur da idiografiul codnas Soris. isini, vinc nomoTeturTvalsazriss emxrobian Tvlian, rom aucileblad arsebobs kavSiri socialurfenomenebs Soris, amis sapirispirod, idiografiuli perspeqtivis mixedviT amerTobebs Soris kavSiri mxolod SemTxveviTia. rogorc yovelTvis veberi saSualopozicias ikavebda, da saubrobda iseTi terminiT rogoricaa “adekvaturikauzaloba”. adekvaturi kauzalobis mixeviT saukeTeso rac Cven SegviZlia61
gavakeToT sociologiis farglebSi aris albaTuri xasiaTis debulebebiswamoyeneba socialur fenomenebs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb; es niSnavs, rom Tuki Xarsebobs, maSin SesaZloa aseve iarsebos Y-m. mizania “rom Sefasdes is xarisxi radonezec faqti “xelSewyobilia” garkveuli ‘pirobebiT’’’ (veberi, 1903-17/1949:183).idealuri tipebiidealuri tipis cneba <strong>veberis</strong> erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani SenataniaTanamedrove <strong>sociologia</strong>Si (Drysdale, 1996; Hekman, 1983; Lindbekk, 1992; McKinney, 1966).rogorc ukve vnaxeT, <strong>veberis</strong> azriT, sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blebi iyvnenganeviTarebinaT konceptualuri iaraRebi, romelTac mogvianebiT istorikosebi dasociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi gamoiyenebdnen. msgavs konceptualur iaraRebs Soris yvelazemniSvnelovani idealuri tipi iyo:ideluri tipi Seqmnilia erTi an ramodenime midgomis erTmxrivi aqcentirebiT dauamravi difuziuri, gansxvavebuli, met-naklebad warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili da SemTxveviTararsebuli individualuri fenomenebis sinTeziT, romlebic dala<strong>ge</strong>bulia erTiananalitikur konstruqtad am erTmxrivad xazgasmuli xedviT... Tavis konceptualursiwmindeSi, es mentaluri konstruqti... realobaSi empiriulad mocemuli ar aris.(veberi, 1903-17/1949:90)miuxedavad am gansazRvrebisa, veberi mainc ar inarCunebda SeTanxmebulobasidealuri tipis gamoyenebisas. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Tu ras niSnavs es koncepti,aucileblad unda gadavxedoT zogierT SeuTavseblobas. upirveles yovlisa,idealuri tipi aris socialuri mecnieris mier, misi interesebidan da Teoriuliorientaciidan gamomdinare, Seqmnili konstruqti, romelic saWiroa socialurifenomenebis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebis Sesaswavlad.idealuri tipis Sesaxeb yvelaze mniSvelovni aris is, rom igi damxmare xasiaTisaa,igi gamoiyeneba da gvexmareba empiriuli kvlevis warmarTvaSi da socialurisamyraos (an “istoriuli individis”) specifiuri aspeqtis ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi. rogorclakmanma aRniSna idealuri tipi “Sinaganad mzomavi iaraRia” (1971:26) an kelbergismixedviT “kriteriumi” (1994:87). qvemoT moyvanilia <strong>veberis</strong>euli ganmarteba: “misifunqcia empiriul realobasTan SedarebaSi mdgomareobs, raTa davinaxoTmsgavsebebi an gansxvavebebi, raTa avRweroT isini yvelaze naklebad bundovani,Wkvianuri konceptebiT, da gavigoT da avxsnaT isini kauzalurad” (1903-17/1949:43).idealuri tipebi istoriuli realobis nawilebis Sesaswavli damxmareinstrumentebia. magaliTad, socialuri mecnierebi Seqmnian biurokratiis idelurtips, maTi istoriul monacemebSi gamoCenis mixedviT. idealuri tipi SemdegSesaZlebelia rom Sedardes realurad arsebul biurokratias. mkvlevari cdilobsipovos is gansxvavebebi rac arsebobs realursa da idealur tips Soris. amisSemdeg, socialurma mecnierma unda eZios deviaciuri SemTxvevebis mizezebi.zogierTi tipiuri mizezi am gansxvevebisa aris:1. biurokratTa is moqmedebebi, romelic misi informaciiT imarTeba.2. biurokratiuli liderebis mier daSvebuli strategiuli Secdomebi.62
3. liderebis an maTi mimdevrebis moqmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli logikuriwarumateblobebi.4. emociebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.5. biurokratiuli liderebisa da maTi mimdevrebis moqmedebebis nebismieriiracionaluroba.sxva magaliTi rom ganvixiloT, idelur-tipuri samxedro brZola aseTi tipisbrZolis yvela principul komponents Seicavs – mowinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong> armiebi,mowinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong> strategiebi, TiToeuli maTganis xelT arsebuli materialuriSesaZleblobebi, miwa, romelic brZolis mizezi gaxda (“arcerTi adamianis” miwa),resursebi da damxmare Zalebi, gankargulbiTi centrebi, da liderTa xarisxi.uSualod brZolas SesaZloa ar hqondes es yvela elemti, da swored es aris erTerTisakiTxi risi codnac mkvlevars ainteresebs. aq mniSvnelovani sakiTxi sworedimaSi mdgomarobs, rom nebismieri samxedro brZolis elementebi SeiZleba Sedardesidealur tipSi identificirebul elementebTan.idealuri tipis (magaliTad idealur-tipuri samxedro brZolis) elementebiuyuradRebod ar unda SeirCes; maTi kombinireba swored maTi Tavsebadobidangamomdinare xdeba. rogorc hekmani gansazRvravs: “idealuri tipebi socialurimecnierebis keTilganwobis an arakeTilganwyobis produqtebs ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen,isini logikurad konstruirebuli konstruqtebia” (1983:32). (Tumca isini SeiZlebada sasurvelicaa rom asaxavdnen socialuri mecnieris interesebs).<strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, idealuri tipi socialuri istoriuliis samyarodan induqciismeTodiT unda aigos. <strong>veberis</strong> azriT, mxolod yuradRebiT SerCeuli konceptebiserTobliobis SeTavazeba sakmarisi ar iyo, miTumetes Tu isini abstraqtuliTeoriidan deduqciis gziTaa miRebuli. konceptebi unda iyos empiriuladadekvaturni (Roth, 1971). Sesabamisad, imisaTvis rom miviRoT idealuri tipi,mkvlevarma pirvel rigSi istoriul realobaSi unda SeaRwios da Semdeg amrealobidan Seqmnas es tipi.nomoTetur da idiografiul codnas Soris oqros Sualedis povnis cdis Sedegad,<strong>veberis</strong> azriT, idaluri tipi arc Zalian zogadi unda iyos, da arc Zaliankonkretuli. magaliTad, istoriis SemTxvevaSi, igi uaruofda zogadad religiisistorias rogorc idealur tips, magram amavdroulad igi kritikulad SexvdebodaZalzed specifiuri fenomenis, magaliTad individualuri religiuri gamocdilebisidealur tips. amis nacvlad, idealuri tipebi iqmneba iseTi saSualo fenomenebismixedviT rogorebicaa kalvinizmi, meTodizmi da baptizmi (veberi, 1904-05/1957).miuxedavad imisa, rom idealuri tipebi realuri samyarodan iqmneba, isini mainc arunda warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ndnen am samyaros sarkisebur suraTs. amis nacvlad, isini undawarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ndnen imis erTmniSvnelovan gazviadebas (mkvlevaris interesebidangamomdinare) Tu ra xdeba am realur samyaroSi. <strong>veberis</strong> mixedviT, rac ufrogadaWarbebulia idealuri tipi, miT ufro gamosadegi iqneba is istoriulikvlevisaTvis.63
sityvis idealuri an utopia xmareba ar unda moxdes iseT konteqstSi, romelic amkonceptSi saukeTeso samyaros arsebobas gulisxmobs. rogorc Tavad veberiiyenebda, es koncepti aRwers iseT formas, romelic iSviaTad an arsdros gvxvdebarealobaSi. veberi Tvlida, rom idealuri tipi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorcpozitiuri an swori; idealuri tipi aseve SeiZleba iyos negatiuri an moraluriTvalsazrisiT autaneli (1903-17/1949).idealuri tipebi TavisTavSive unda qmnidnen azrs, maTi komponentebis mniSvnelobaurTierT Tavsebadi unda iyos da realuri samyaros ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi unda gvexmarebodnen.miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven mivediT im azramde rom idealuri tipebi gamoiyenebastatikuri erTobebis aRsawerad, veberi Tvlida, rom maTi gamoyeneba aseveSesaZlebelia rogorc statikuri ise dinamiuri erTobebis aRsawerad. ase rom,Cven SegviZlia gvqondes socilauri struqturis, magaliTad biurokratiis,idealuri tipi, da aseve socialuri ganviTarebis, vTqvT biurokratizaciisidealuri tipi.idealuri tipebi ar yalibdebian mxolod erTxel da yvelafrisaTvis. gamomdinareiqedan, rom icvleba rogorc socialuri samyaro, ise socialuri mecnierisinteresebi, aucilebelia ganvaviTaroT axali tipologiebi, romelic moer<strong>ge</strong>bacvalebad realobas. es kidev erTxel miyveba <strong>veberis</strong> im ideas, romlis mixedviTacsocialur mecnierebebSi ar arsebobs maradiuli terminebi (Roth, 1968).miuxedavd imisa, rom idealuri tipis sakmado garkveuli xati SevqmeniT, <strong>veberis</strong>mier am konceptis gansazRvrisas mainc arsebobs winaaRmdegobebi. amasTanave, Tavissubstanciur SromaSi, veberi ise iyenebda am koncepts, rogoradac gansazRvravdarom ar unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. rogorc bur<strong>ge</strong>rma aRniSna: “SromaSiekonomika da sazogadoeba warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili idealuri tipebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nengansazRvrebebis, klasifikaciis, da specifiuri hipoTezebis erTobliobas,romelic sakmado gansxvavebulia imisaTvis, rom moergos <strong>veberis</strong> gancxadebebs”(1976:118). miuxedavad imisa, rom hekmani (1983:38-59) ewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>ba bur<strong>ge</strong>ris ideas<strong>veberis</strong> mier idealuri tipis gansazRvrisas araerTgvarovnebaSi, igi aseve Tvlis,rom veberma idealuri tipis sxvadasxva variantebi SemogvTavaza:1. istoriuli idealuri tipebi. es gulisxmobs garkveul fenomenebs, romlebicSeiZleba aRmovaCinoT konkretul istoriul epoqaSi (magaliTad, Tanamedrovekapitalistur bazarze).2. zogadi sociologiuri idealuri tipebi. es gulisxmobs im fenomenebs,romlebic arseboben ramdenime istoriul periodsa da sazogadoebaSi(magaliTad, biurokratia).3. moqmedebis idealuri tipebi. es gulismobs aqtoris motivaciaze dafuZnebulmoqmedebebis idealur tipebs (magaliTad, afeqturi moqmedeba).4. struqturuli idealuri tipebi. es ki gulisxmobs iseT formebs, romlebicaRebulia socialuri moqmedebis mizezebidan (magaliTad, tradiciulidominireba).64
naTelia, rom veberma idealuri tipebis gansxvavebuli variacia SemogvTavaza, damisi Sromis Rirsebac swored am gansxvavebulobidan gamomdinareobs, Tumca is,rasac TiToeuli maTgani iziarebs aris maTi construirebis meTodi.kalbergi (1994) aseve miiCnevs, rom rodesac vsaubrobT empiriul kvlevaSiidealuri tipebis damxmare rolze, ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom isini sakvanZoTeoriul rols asruleben vebris SromaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi uaryofsTeoriul wesebs, idealur tipebs sxvadasxva gziT Teoriuli modelebisSesaqmneladac iyenebs. anu, idealuri tipebi qmnian Teoriul samSeneblo agurebssxvadasxva Teoriuli modelebis konstruqciisaTvis (magaliTad, qarizma, ansazogadoebis racionalizacia – orive maTgani mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli amTavSi), da es modelebi Semdeg konkretuli istoriuli ganviTarebisanalizisTvisaa gamoyenebuli.RirebulebebiTanamderove amerikuli sociologiuri midgoma socialur mecnierebebSiRirebulebebis rolis Sesaxeb Camoyalibda <strong>veberis</strong> Rirebulebebisgan-Tavisufalisociologiis xSirad martivi da SecdomiTi interpretaciiT (Hennis, 1994). <strong>veberis</strong>midgomis yvelaze xSiri warmod<strong>ge</strong>na gulisxmobs imas, rom socialurma mecnierebmaar unda miscen sakuTar Tavs imis neba, rom maTma personalurma Rirebulebebmaraime tipis gavlena iqonion mecnierul kvlevaze. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, <strong>veberis</strong>Sroma Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb ufro metad rTulia, da ar unda moxdes misi dayvanaim martiv Sexedulebaze, romlis mixedviTac <strong>sociologia</strong> Rirebulebebisagan undagavanTavisufloT (Tribe, 1983:3).Rirebulebebi da swavla. veberi (1903-17/1949) yvelaze kargad gansazRvravda imas,Tu rogor unda Seikavon Tavi maswavleblebma saklaso oTaxSi sakuTariRirebulebebis gamovlenisagan. misi azriT, akademikosebs Tavsuflad SeuZliaTsakuTari perosonaluri Rirebulebebis gamovlena TavianT gamosvlebSi, presaSida ase Semdeg, magram saleqcio auditoria sul sxvaa. veberi ewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>boda imleqtorebs, romlebic “SekiTxvebze sakuTar Sefasebebs qada<strong>ge</strong>bdnen “mecnierebissaxeliT” mTavrobis privilegirebul saleqcio auditoriebSi sadac arc maTigakontroleba xdeba, arc Semowmeba diskusiis gziT, da arcSewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>ba...saleqcio auditoria gancalkevebuli unda iyos sajarodiskusiisagan” (1903-17/1949:4). yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sajaro gamosvlasada leqcias Soris auditoriis bunebaSia. xalxi, romelic sajaro gamosvlasusmens iq sakuTari surviliT mivida da nebismier dros SeuZlia wasvla. magramstudentebs, miTumetes Tu warmatebis miRweva surT, sakuTari profesorisRirebulebebiT-Seferili poziciis yuradRebiT mosmenis garda araferi darCeniaT.arsebobs mcire gaurkvevloba <strong>veberis</strong> poziciaSi Rirebulebisgan-TavisuflebisSesaxeb. akademikosma auditoriaSi unda gamoxatos “faqtebi”, da ara Tavisipersonaluri Rirebulebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maswavlebels SeiZleba didicduneba hqondes sakuTari Rirebulebebis gamoxatvisa, radgan es ufrosainteresoso gaxdidida leqcias, Tumca leqtorma mainc Tavi unda SeikavosRirebulebebis CarTvisagan, radgan es studentebs “Seumcirebs wminda empiriuli65
analizis Catarebis survils” (veberi, 1903-17/1949:9). mniSvnelovan kiTxvad rCeba Turamdenad realuria rom profesorebma sakuTari Rirebulebebis amogdeba SesZlonprezentaciebidan. veberi miiRebda am pozicias, radgan misi azriT SesaZlebeliafaqtisa da Rirebulebebis gamijvna. Tumca, marqsi mas ar daeTanxmeboda, radganmisi azriT faqtebi da Rirebulebebi urTierTgadabmulia da dialeqtikurkavSirSi imyofebian.Rirebulebebi da kvleva. <strong>veberis</strong> pozicia kvelvaSi Rirebulebebis adgilis Sesaxebkidev ufro bundovania. vebers swamda rom SesaZlebelia faqtisa da Rirebulebebisgamijvna da misi es pozicia SegviZlia kvleviT samyarozec ganvavrcoT:“mkvlevarma da maswavleblebma upirobod unda ganacalkevon empiriuli faqtebisganviTareba... da misi piradi Sefaseba, magaliTad, imis Sefaseba Tu ramdenaddamakmayofilebeli an aradamakmayofilebelia es faqtebi” (1903-17/1949:11). igixSirad ganacalkevebda erTmaneTisagan egzistencialur codnas imis Sesaxeb Tu raaris da normatiul codnas imis Sesaxeb Tu ra unda iyos (veberi, 1903-17/1949).magaliTad, <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli sociologiuri asociaciis dafuZnebisas man ganacxada:“asociacia principulad da aucileblad uaryofs nebismier qmedebazeorientirebuliideis propagandas”. amis nacvlad, asociacia mimarTuli iyo imisSeswavlaze Tu “ra aris, ratom aris iseTi saxiT rogoriTac aris, da raistoriuli da socialuri mizezebis gamo” (Roth, 1968:5).miuxedavad zemoT aRwerilisa, faqtebi imasac mowmoben, rom veberi zogjer arxelmZRvanelobda im martivi midgomiT, rom Rirebulebebi sruliad undagamovTiSoT kvlevidan. veberi Rirebulebebis rols kvlevis specifiur aspeqtSixedavda da miiCnevda rom isini kvlevis monacemTa Segrovebis procesisgan undaCamovaSoroT. amiT veberi gulisxmobda, rom Cven unda vixelmZRvaneloTmecnieruli kvlevis regularuli procedurebiT, rogorebicaa dakvirveba dasistematuri Sedareba.Rirebulebebi aseve unda SevzRudoT im periodisaTvis sanam kvleva uSualoddaiwyeba. maT unda gansazRvon imis SerCeva Tu risi Seswavla gadavwyviteT. <strong>veberis</strong>(1903-17/1949:21) idea Rirebulebebis rolze kvlevis dawyebamde procesSi kargadaris warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili mis konceptSi RirebulebiT-relevanturi. rogorc <strong>veberis</strong>bevri sxva meTodologiuri koncepti RirebulebiT-relevanturoba asevemomdinareobs <strong>ge</strong>rmanel istorikos heinrix rikertisgan, romlisTvisac es konceptigulisxmobda “empiriuli realobis im nawilebis SerCevas romlebicadamianebisaTvis moicaven im kulturul Rirebulebebs, romelTac iziarebs issazogadoeba sadac mecnieri damkvirveblebi cxovroben” (Bur<strong>ge</strong>r, 1976:36). istoriulkvlevaSi es gulisxmobs, rom Sesaswavli obieqtebis SerCeva moxdeba imissafuZvelze Tu ra miiCneva mniSvnelovnad im konkretul sazogadoebaSi sadacmkvlevari cxovrobs. anu, isini warsulis faqtebis Seswavlas gadawyveten iqidangamomdinare Tu rogoria Tanamedrove RirebulebiTi sistema. Tavis konkretulSemTxvevaSi, veberi RirbulebiTi-relevanturobis Sesaxeb “Tanamedrove evropelisTvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare” werda (1903-17/1949:30). magaliTad, biurikratia <strong>veberis</strong>droindeli <strong>ge</strong>rmaniis Zalzed mniSvnelovani nawili iyo da swored amitom66
gadawvita man Seeswavla am fenomenis (an misi ar arsebobis) SemTxvevebi sxvadasxvaistoriul periodSi.Sesabamisad, <strong>veberis</strong> azriT, RirebulebiTi gansjebi srulebiT ar undaCamovaSoroT mecnierul diskurss. miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>bodaRirebulebebisa da faqtebis aRrevas, igi mainc ar Tvlida rom Rirebulebebisruliad unda CamovaSoroT socialur mecnierebebs: “moraluri indiferentulobisdamokidebulebas araferi ar aqvs saerTo mecnierul “obieqturobasTan”” (1903-17/1949:60). igi Tvlida, rom Rirebulebebs garkveul adgili aqvT, Tumca aseveafrTxilebda mkvlevarebs rom frTxilad yofiliyvnen Rirebulebebis rolisTaobaze: “aucileblad unda ganisazRvros... Tu rodis Cumdeba mecnierulimkvlevari, da rodis iwyebs Semfasebeli da moqmedi adamiani saubars” (veberi, 1903-17/1949:60). rodesac gamoxataven RirebulebiT pozicias, sociologi mkvlevarebiyovelTvis unda ecadon moaridon sakuTari Tavica da auditoriac am poziciebs.didi gansxvaveba arsebobs imas Soris Tu ras ambobda da ras akeTebda veberi.vebers ar eSinoda RirebulebiTi gansjis gamovlena, Tundac es yofiliyoistoriuli monacemebis analizi. magaliTad, igi acxadebda rom romi itanjebodasakuTari socialuri sxeulis avadmyofobisagan. SegviZlia ganvacxadoT rom veberiRurebulebebs mxolod Sesaswavli obieqtebis SerCevisas ar gamoiyenebda, igi maTsocialuri samyaros Sesaxeb codnis drosac iyenebda. gari abrahami (1992) Tvlida,rom <strong>veberis</strong> Sromebi da gansakuTrebiT misi Sexedulebebi iudaizmis, rogorcmsoflio religiis Sesaxeb, misive Rirebulebebis gavlenis qveS iyo. Tavisireligiis <strong>sociologia</strong>Si (romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT am TavSi) igiebraelebs “pariaTul xalxs” uwodebda. veberma es autsaideris pozicia kidevufro gaamyara ebraelebis surviliT moexdinaT segregacia da ar gamoetovebinaTsakuTari Tavi mTeli darCenili sazoggadoebidan. igi eTanxmeboda imdroindelgavrcelebul Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac imisaTvis rom ebarelebisasimilacia momxdariyo <strong>ge</strong>rmanul sazogadoebaSi saWiro iyo ebraelebsmietovebinaT iudaizmi. abrahamis mixedviT msgavsi uzustobebi gavlenas axdenen aramxolod <strong>veberis</strong> Sexedulebebze ebraelebis Sesaxeb, aramed mis Sromebze zogadad.es ki eWvs aRZravs <strong>veberis</strong> rogorc Rirebulebisgan-Tavisufali sociologis darogorc liberali moazrovnis Sesaxeb. rogorc abrahami ambobs: “<strong>maqs</strong> veberi iseveaxlos iyo tolerantul liberalizmTan, rogoradac amis saSualebas <strong>ge</strong>rmanuliumravlesoba aZlvda” (1992:22). veberi ufro metad nacionalisti iyo, romelicumciresobaTa jgufebis asimilaciis momxre iyo, vidre klasikuri liberaliromelic mxars dauWerda pluralizms, da am faqtma didi gavlena iqonia misSromebze.amerikeli sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bis umravlesoba vebers Rirebulebisgan-Tavisufalisociologis eqponantad miiCnevs. saqme ki imaSia, rom amerikeli sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bisumravlesoba miuTiTeben Rirebulebisgan-Tavisuflebaze, da sakuTari poziciisgasamyareblad veebris moSveliebas cdiloben. da rogorc ukve vnaxeT, <strong>veberis</strong>Sromebze didi gavlena swored Rirebulebebs aqvT.67
<strong>veberis</strong> Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb Sromis kidev erTi aspeqti mdgomareobs im rolSi,romlis mixedviTac socialuri mecnierebebi adamianebs sxvadasxva RirebulebiTpoziciebebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebaSi exmarebian. <strong>veberis</strong> idea mdgomareobs imaSi,rom warmoud<strong>ge</strong>nelia alternatiul RirebulebiT poziciebs Soris mecnieruladgaakeTo arCevani. Sesabamisad, socialur mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT msgavsi arCevanisadamianebis magivrad gakeTeba. “socialuri mecnierebebi, romlebic wmindadempiriuli mecnierebebia, yvelaze naklebad exmarebian adamianebs rTuli arCevanisgakeTebaSi” (veberi, 1903-17/1949:19). socialur mecniers SeuZlia miiRos garkveulifaqtobrivi daskvnebi socialuri kvlevidan, magram am kvelvas ar SuZlia uTxrasadamianebs Tu ra “unda” gaakeTon maT. empiriul kvlevas SeuZlia daexmarosadamianebs miznis misaRwevi adekvaturi saSualebis arCevaSi, magram ver daexmarebaam miznis arCevaSi sxva miznebidan. veberi ambobs: “empiriuli mecnierebis amocanasarasodes ar Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns normebisa da idealebis miwodeba, romlis mixedviTacganxorcieldeba moqmedebebi” (1903-17/1949).68
<strong>maqs</strong> veberi da Tanamedroveoba 1entoni gidensisocialur mecnierebebSi arsebul naSromebs Soris (<strong>veberis</strong>) `protestantulieTika da kapitalizmis suli~ ueWvelad erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da amave drossadavoa. es naSromi pirvelad gamoqveynda 1904-05 wlebSi JurnalSi `ArshivSozialwissernschaft und Sozialpolitik~ (veberi am Jurnalis erT-erTi redaqtorTagani iyo)da maSinve gamoiwvia kritikuli diskusia, romelSic Tavad veberic aqtiurmonawileobas iRebda. am diskusias Svidi aTeuli wlis Semdegac jer kidev ardaukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba.< . . . >`protestantuli eTika~ veberma dawera Tavisi inteleqtualuri karierisumniSvnelovanes periodSi, maleve mas Semdeg, rac gamojanmrTelda mZimeavadmyofobisagan, romelmac oTxiode wlis manZilze moswyvita igi seriozulmecnierul muSaobas. am avadmyofobamde <strong>veberis</strong> naSromTa umravlesobawarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda umetesad teqnikuri xasiaTis gamokvlevebs ekonomikuri istoriis,ekonomikisa da iurisprudenciis sferoSi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, am naSromebSi ukvegamokveTili iyo is Temebi, romlebic centraluri gaxda <strong>veberis</strong> Semoqmedebisgviandel periodSi. misi adrindeli naSromebi miZRvnili iyo iseTi sakiTxebisadmi,rogorebicaa Sua saukuneebis savaWro kanonmdebloba (es misi sadoqtorodisertaciis Tema iyo), miwaTmflobelobis wesebis ganviTareba romSi, sasoflosameurneomuSebis socialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareoba <strong>veberis</strong> TanamedroveaRmosavleT <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi. <strong>veberis</strong> interesi am Temebisadmi garkveulwiladganpirobebuli iyo ekonomikur mecnierebaTa e.w. `istoriuli skolis~ gavleniT,romlis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebic xazs usvamdnen ekonomikuri cxovrebis Seswavlisaucileblobas kulturis istoriuli ganviTarebis analizis farTo konteqstSi.veberi mTeli Tavisi Semoqmedebis manZilze iziarebda am Tvalsazriss. magram isnaSromebi, romlebic man Seqmna gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg, da is sakiTxebi,romlebiTac is iyo dakavebuli Tavisi mecnieruli saqmianobis bolo wlebSi,gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtrs moicavs, vidre es mis adrindel naSromebsaxasiaTebda. `protestantuli eTika~ am axleburi midgomis pirveli nayofi iyo.imisTvis, raTa sworad moxdes imis Sefaseba, Tu ras miaRwia veberma amnaSromiT, saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT am naSromis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebulgaremoebaTa or jgufs: (1) inteleqtualuri garemo, romelSic es naSromi Seiqmna,da (2) rogoraa dakavSirebuli es naSromi im farTo SemecnebiT programasTan,romelic veberma daisaxa Tavisi karieris meore etapze.1. winamZRvrebibritanuli tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, XIX saukuneSi <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli filosofia,politikuri Teoria da ekonomika ar ganicdida utilitarizmis da klasikuripolitikuri ekonomiis gavlenas. amis sapirispirod, <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi mefobda idealizmi,xolo XIX saukunis dasasruls aq sul ufro did gavlenas iZenda marqsizmi.1 wignidan: Max Weber. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Poutld<strong>ge</strong>, 1992. Pp.vii-xxvi.69
itanelma j.s. milma Tavis `logikis sistemaSi (1843) gaerTianebulisabunebismetyvelo da socialuri mecnierebebi Tavisi qveynis tradiciebsdaukavSira. mili iyo kontis yvelaze gamorCeuli britaneli mimdevari. miuxedavadimisa, rom is mwvaved akritikebda frangi mecnieris zogierT debulebas. racSeexeba <strong>ge</strong>rmanias, aq kontis pozitivizmma ver pova noyieri niadagi; dilTaismxridan `moraluri mecnierebebis~ miliseburi versiis TanamgrZnobma, magramkritikulma Sexvedram biZgi misca im dinebis Camoyalibebas, romelic SemdgomSicnobili gaxda Geisteswissenschaften-is saxeliT (da romelic TavdapirveladaRiqmeboda rogorc `moraluri mecnierebebis~ zusti [<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli] Targmani).Geisteswissenschaften-is `hermenevtikul~ 2 tradicias safuZveli dilTaize bevrad ufroadre Caeyara, da ukve XVIII saukunis Sua wlebidan dawyebuli is ukavSirdeba,Tumca amasTanave upirispirdeba kidec, <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli idealisturi filosofiisfarTo dinebas. is mecnierebi, romlebic hermenevtikul tradicias iziareben,moiTxovdnen sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis gancalkevebas adamianis Semswavlelimecnierebebisagan. Tumca isini SesaZleblad miiCnevdnen bunebrivi movlenebis`axsnas~ mizezobrivi kanonebis meSveobiT, adamianis saqciels isini ganixilavdnenrogorc mravalmniSvnelovans, amitom misi `axsnis~ an `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ saSualebebigansxvavebuli unda yofiliyo im saSualebebisagan, romlebic sabunebismetyvelomecnierebebSi gamoiyeneboda. es pozicia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli istoriulimecnierebis upiratesobis aRiarebasTan adamianTa saqcielis, ekonomikuri qcevis dasxva sferoebis Seswavlis saqmeSi, vinaidan arsebuli rwmenis Tanaxmad, iskulturuli faseulobebi, romlebic aniWeben azrs adamianTa cxovrebas,socialuri ganviTarebis specifikuri procesebis Sedegad iqmneba.SeiTvisa ra idea, rom istoriis mniSvneloba socialuri mecnierebebisaTvisgadamwyvetia, veberma daaskvna, rom adamianTa qmedebis (action) axsnis umTavrespirobas am qcevis mniSvnelobis `ga<strong>ge</strong>ba~ (Verstehen) warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. amasTan, iskritikulad afasebda iseT midgomebs, rogorebicaa `intuicia~, `empatia~(TanagrZnoba) da sxv., romlebic, sxva mecnierebis azriT, aucilebel pirobaswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen qcevis interpretaciisa da ga<strong>ge</strong>bisaTvis. rac ufro mniSvnelovania,man uaryo is Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianTa qcevis`mravalmniSvnelovnebis~ aRiareba gulisxmobda imas, rom socialur mecnierebebSiSeuZlebelia mizezobrivi axsnebis gamonaxva. abstraqtuli meTodis doneze vebermaver SeZlo damakmayofileblad daekavSirebina erTmaneTTan is gansxvavebulielementebi, romelTa Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Seswavlasac is cdilobda;magram aseTi sinTezis mcdelobis Sedegad man SeimuSava istoriuli gamokvlevisaxleburi stili, romelic xasiaTdeba gansxvavebuli kulturuli azrebis mimarTgamoCenili gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT da moiTxovs istoriuli ganviTarebisaxsnas `materialuri~ faqtebis gavlenidan gamomdinare.swored aseTi inteleqtualuri gadasaxedidan uyurebda veberi marqsizms,rogorc swavlebas da rogorc politikur Zalas, romelic praqtikuli miznebisganxorcielebas cdilobda. veberi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli liberaluradganwyobil mecnierTa jgufTan `Verein fur Sozialpolitik~ (`socialuri politikisasociacia~), romlis wevrebic dainteresebulni iyvnen progresuli socialurireformebis gatarebiT. veberi ekuTvnoda am asociaciis e.w. `axalgazrdul~ frTas;70
es iyo pirveli jgufi [<strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi], romelmac safuZvlianad Seiswavla marqsisTeoria da cdilobda, SemoqmedebiTad gamoeyenebina marqsizmis elementebi _miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar Tvlidnen marqsizms azrovnebis dasrulebulsistemad da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iziarebdnen mis revoluciur politikurmidgomas. aRiarebda ra marqsis miRwevebs, Tavisi saxelmoxveWili Tanamedrovis,zombartisagan 3 gansxvavebiT veberi sakmaod TavdaWerilad afasebda marqsizms (daxSirad mwvaved akritikebda marqsis mimdevrebis naSromebsac da maT politikursaqmianobasac). Tumca, veberic da zombartic did dainteresebas amJRavnebdnenindustrialuri kapitalizmis warmoSobisa da misi ganviTarebis SesaZlo gzebismimarT rogorc <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi, aseve, ufro farTod, dasavleTSi. kerZod, isiniaRiarebdnen im ekonomikuri winapirobebis arsebobas, romlebmac, marqsis rwmeniT,ganapirobes kapitalizmis ganviTareba da misi Semdgomi cvlilebebi. orivem TavisinaSromebis didi nawili miuZrvna dasavleTis Tanamedrove kapitalisturi wyobis`eTikis~, an `sulis~ (Geist) warmoSobis Seswavlas.2. `protestantuli eTikis~ TemebiTanamedrove kapitalizmis gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis gamovlenis mizniT `protestantuli eTikaSi~ veberi upirveles yovlisa erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebskapitalistur sawarmos da [ubralod[ mo<strong>ge</strong>bis miRebisadmi ltolvas.simdidrisadmi midrekileba yvelgan da yovelTvis arsebobda, da TavisTavad amasaraferi aqvs saerTo kapitalisturi xasiaTis saqmianobasTan, romelic gulisxmobsmo<strong>ge</strong>bis miRebaze orientacias regularuli da, rogorc wesi, mSvidobiani gacvlagamocvlisSedegad. amgvarad gansazRvruli `kapitalizmi~, romlis ZiriTaddamaxasiaTebel Tvisebas savaWro operaciebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen, sxvadsxva tipissazogadoebaSi arsebobda: babilonSi, Zvel egvipteSi, CineTSi, indoeTsa da Suasaukuneebis evropaSi. magram mxolod dasavleTSi, da SedarebiT bolo periodSimoxda kapitalisturi saqmianobis dakavSireba formalurad Tavisufali samuSaoZalis racionalur organizaciasTan. samuSao Zalis `racionalur organizaciaSi~veberi gulisxmobs mis sistematur da gaangariSebul marTvas uwyvetad moqmedsawarmoebSi.racionaluri kapitalisturi sawarmos arseboba ori pirobis dakmayofilebasmoiTxovs: disciplinirebul samuSao Zalas da kapitalis uwyvet dabandebas. orivees piroba mkveTrad ewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>ba ekonomikuri saqmianobis tradiciul tips.pirveli pirobis did mniSvnelobas adasturebs maTi gamocdileba, vinc daaarsaTanamedrove tipis sawarmoebi garemoSi, sadac aseTi saqmianoba manamde ar iyocnobili. warmovidginoT aseTi mewarmeebi, romlebic warmoebis efeqturobisgazrdis mizniT aweseben sacalo anazRaurebas da Tvlian, rom SromisanazRaurebis aseTi principi gamoiwvevs Sromis nayofierebis gazrdas, vinaidan amSemTxvevaSi muSebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba, meti imuSaon da ufro maRalianazRaureba miiRon. sinamdvileSi ki amis Sedegi, SesaZloa, sapirispiro iyos:muSebi naklebs imuSaveben, vinaidan isini dainteresebulni arian ara TavisiyoveldRiuri anazRaurebis <strong>maqs</strong>imalur gazrdaSi, aramed imaSi, rom miiRon iseTianazRaureba, romelic daakmayofilebs maT tradiciul moTxovnilebebs.analogiuri fenomeni SeiniSneba tradiciuli sazogadoebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nelmdidrebs Sorisac: kapitalistur sawarmoSi miRebuli mo<strong>ge</strong>biT isini miznad71
isaxaven mxoloddamxolod fulis Sovnas, raTa Seiqmnan materialuri komforti,uzrunvelyon maTTvis sasiamovno cxovrebis stili an Zalaufleba. tradiciulitipis mewarmeTaTvis ucxoa zrunva kapitalis uwyvet reproduqciaze, raciTvaliswinebs mis mudmiv investirebas warmoebaSi. aseTi tipis saqmianobagansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis Sedegia, da swored es gansxvavebulimsoflmxedveloba gamoyofs mewarmeebs, romelTa mizansac warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nsmxoloddamxolod simdidris dagroveba simdidrisTvisave, da ara im materialuriwaxalisebebisaTvis, romelTa motanac am simdidres SeuZlia. `isini fulsSouloben, SeZena maTi cxovrebis saboloo mizani xdeba. ekonomiuri mo<strong>ge</strong>ba aRarwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns adamianisaTvis misi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebissaSualebas~. <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad, swored amaSi mdgomareobs Tanamedrovekapitalizmis suli.rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es istoriulad gansakuTrebuli fenomeni, romelicxasiaTdeba, erTis mxriv, simdidris moxveWis surviliT da amave dros argamoxatavs raime interess amqveyniuri, siamovnebis momtani survilebisdakmayofilebisadmi, risi uzrunvelyofac am simdidres SeuZlia? <strong>veberis</strong> azriT,mcdari iqneboda mosazreba, TiTqos es tradiciuli moralis dasustebiT aixsneba,vinaidan es axleburi msoflmxedveloba xazgasmulad moraluri xasiaTisaa dasinamdvileSi iSviaT TviTdisciplinas moiTxovs. mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebicracionaluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebas uwyoben xels, damaxasiaTebelia mo<strong>ge</strong>bismiRebisadmi ltolva da amave dros, xazgasmiT mokrZalebuli, zomieri cxovrebisstili. <strong>veberis</strong> azriT, es aixsneba puritanizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `amqveyniuriasketizmiT~, romelic gamoxatulia `mowodebis~ koncefciaSi. <strong>veberis</strong> Tanaxmad,mowodebis cneba ar arsebobda arc antikur da arc kaTolikur TeologiaSi; isreformaciam Semoitana. misi ZiriTadi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianisumTavres moralur valdebulebas warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebaamqveyniur saqmianobaSi. aseTi TvalTaxedvis Sedegad, religiuri saqcieliyoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili xdeba, da upirispirdeba samonastro cxovrebiskaTolikur wess, romlis mizania saero cxovrebis moTxovnilebebis daZleva.metic, protestantis moraluri pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bloba kumulatiur xasiaTs atarebs,vinaidan protestantizmSi ara aqvs adgili kaTolikuri samyarosadmidamaxasiaTebeli codvis, monaniebisa da patiebis cikls, romelic SesaZlebeliausasrulod ganaxldes kaTolikes cxovrebis manZilze.miuxedavad imisa, rom mowodebis idea ukve luTeris doqtrinebSi gvxvdeba,veberi amtkicebs, rom is gacilebiT ufro Rrmad iqna ganviTarebuli puritanuliseqtebis _ kalvinizmis, meTodizmis, pietizmis da baptizmis swavlebaSi. <strong>veberis</strong>ganxilva ZiriTadad pirvel maTganze, kalvinizmzea dayrdnobili, Rumca isdainteresebulia ara imdenad kalvinisturi doqtrinebiT, ramdenadac maTiSemdgomi ganviTarebiT. kalvinizmis im elementebs Soris, romlebsac veberigansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs, misi mTavari TezisisaTvis yvelaze ufromniSvnelovani, albaT, bedisweris (predestination) doqtrinaa: rwmena, rom mxolodadamianTa nawilia SerCeuli jojoxeTidan gadasarCenad, da es arCevani winaswaraagansazRvruli RmerTis mier. TviTon kalvini SeiZleba darwmunebuli yofiliyosakuTar gadarCenaSi, vinaidan is RvTiuri winaswarmetyvelebis instrumentswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda; magram arc erT mis mimdevars ar SeeZlo gaeziarebina es rwmena.72
`Tavis ukidures arahumanurobaSi, _ ambobs veberi, _ am doqtrinas sul cotaumniSvnelovanesi gavlena unda hqonoda im Taobis cxovrebaze, romelic misigavlenis qveS imyofeboda ... _ uprecedento Sinagani martoobis grZnoba~. <strong>veberis</strong>azriT, swored am tanjvam gamoiwvia kapitalizmis sulis Camoyalibeba. adgilihqonda or mniSvnelovan cvlilebas: (1) savaldebulo gaxda, adamians rCeuladCaeTvala Tavi, xolo amgvari darwmunebis nakleboba gaxda arasakmarisi rwmenismaCvenebeli; (2) saero saqmianobaSi `kargi saqmeebis~ keTeba aRiqmeboda rogorcmacne, romelic iuwyeboda am adamianis `SerCevis~ Sesaxeb. amrigad, mowodebaSiwarmatebis miRweva CaiTvala im `niSnad~, romelic adasturebs, rom es adamianirCeulTa ricxvs ekuTvnis. simdidris dagroveba moralurad iqna sanqcionirebuliimdenad, ramdenadac es procesi dakavSirebuli iyo zomier cxovrebasa da muyaiTsaqmianobasTan; simdidre iZraxeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamoiyenebodafufunebaSi usaqmod drostarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.<strong>veberis</strong> mtkicebiT, kalvinizmi aZlevs kapitalistur mewarmes moralur energiasada stimuls; veberi Tvlis, rom kalvinistur doqtrinebs axasiaTebs `rkiniseburiTanmimdevroba~ Tavisi mimdevrebisagan pirquSi disciplinis moTxovnaSi. ra Tqmaunda, saero saqmeebSi asketuri TavdaWerilobis da TviTkontrolis elementi sxvapuritanuli seqtebisTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli; magram maT akldaT kalvinizmisdinamizmi. amitom veberi Tvlis, rom maTi gavlena mdgomareobda ZiriTadadmoraluri msoflmxedvelobis SemuSavebaSi, romelic aZlierebda samuSaodisciplinis kapitalisturi sawarmos dabal da saSualo rgolebSi. `pietizmixazs usvamda Tavis keTilganwyobas im Rirsebebis mimarT~, rogorebicdamaxasiaTebeli iyo, magaliTad, `erTguli Tanamdebobis piris, klerkis, muSis anmoaxlisaTvis~.3. `protestantuli eTika~ <strong>veberis</strong> sxva naSromebis konteqstSimiuxedavad imisa, rom ase farTodaa cnobili, `protestantuli eTika~ <strong>veberis</strong>naSromebis mxolod erT fragments warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, is ufro mcire moculobisa danaklebad detaluria, vidre <strong>veberis</strong> mier sxva `msoflio religiebis~ _ Zveliidealizmis, induizmis da konfucianobis _ Seswavla (veberi <strong>ge</strong>gmavda agreTveislamis srul Seswavlas, magram man es veRar moaswro). es naSromebi erTian ciklswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen. arc `protestantuli eTika~ da arc romelime sxva am naSromebidanar moiazreba <strong>veberis</strong> mier rogorc religiis tipebis ubralo aRwera. isiniCafiqrebuli iyo rogorc kulturis racionalizaciis gansxvavebuli tipebisanalizi da rogorc mcdeloba, gamovleniliyo aseTi gansxvavebebis mniSvnelobasazogadoebis socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis.< . . . >veberi ambobs, rom `protestantul eTikaSi~ is ganixilavs `mizezobrivi jaWvismxolod erT mxares~, kerZod, imas, romelic akavSirebs puritanizms TanamedrovekapitalizmTan. is ar cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom religiuri eTikisracionalizaciis formebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi, romlebsac is gamohyofs,warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen erTaderT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas ekonomikuri ganviTarebisdasavlur tipebs Soris. piriqiT, is ayalibebs ramdenime sxva fundamentur socioekonomikurfaqtors, romlebic ganasxvaveben evropul gamocdilebas indoeTisa daCineTis gamocdilebebisagan, da romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes Tanamedrove73
kapitalizmis Camoyalibebis procesSi. es Semdegi faqtorebia: 1. warmoebis gamotanaSinameurneobis farglebs gareT, rac jer kidev industriuli kapitalizmisganviTarebamde gacilebiT ufro miRebuli iyo dasavleTSi vidre is odesmeganviTarda msoflios nebismier sxva kuTxeSi. kerZod, CineTSi ekonomikuriTanamSromlobis ZiriTadi formebi farTo naTesaur urTierTobebs eyrdnoboda,rac bunebrivad zRudavda rogorc profesiuli amqrebis, aseve kerZo mewarmeebissaqmianobas. 2. dasavluri tipis qalaqebis ganviTareba. Sua saukuneebis SemdgomperiodSi evropis qalaqebma miaRwies politikuri avtonomiis maRal dones, dagamoiwvies dapirispireba `burJuaziul~ sazogadoebasa da agrarul feodalizmsSoris. aRmosavleTSi ki qalaqebi mWidrod darCa dakavSirebuli adgilobrivagrarul ekonomikasTan, rac nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo naTesauri kavSirebisgavleniT, romlebic asusteben gansxvavebebs cxovrebis qalaqur da soflurwyobas Soris. 3. romauli [iuridiuli] kanonebis tradiciuli siZliere evropaSi,rac xels uwyobda iuridiuli praqtikis ufro srulyofil racionalizacias,vidre amas adgili hqonda msoflios nebismier sxva kuTxeSi. 4. am ukanasknelma kiSesaZlebeli gaxada erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic imarTebaprofesionaluri biurokratiuli aparatiT, risi msgavsic araferi arsebobdaaRmosavlur civilizaciaSi. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis iuridiuli sistemisracionaluri buneba garkveulwilad aTvisebuli iqna saqmiani organizaciebis mier,ramac safuZveli Cauyara kapitalisturi ekonomikis saerTo CarCoebs. 5. evropaSiormagi buRalteriis ganviTareba. <strong>veberis</strong> azriT, es iyo umniSvnelovanesi pirobakapitalisturi warmoebis danergvisa da regulirebisaTvis. 6. cvlilebaTa mTelirigi, romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxades, marqsis TqmiT, `Tavisufali~ muSebis farTomasebis gamoTavisufleba, romelTa arsebobis wyarosac warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns bazarzesakuTari samuSao Zalis gayidva.erTad aRebuli, es faqtorebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen im aucilebeli pirobebiskombinacias, romlebmac, puritanTa moralur energiasTan Serwymis Sedegad,gamoiwvies Tanamedrove dasavluri kapitalizmis Camoyalibeba. magram Tukapitalizmma sicocxle misca aseT cvlilebebs, axalma cxovrebis wesma,Camoyalibda ra, ukuagdo kerZod religiuri elementebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies misiwarmoSoba:`rodesac asketizmi samonastro oTaxebidan yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamovidada amqveyniuri zneobrivi wesebis ganpirobebas Seecada, man Tavisi roli iTamaSaTanamedrove ekonomikuri wyobis rTuli sistemis SeqmnaSi. ... emyareba ra meqanikursafuZvlebs, gamarjvebul kapitalizms aRar esaWiroeba misi daxmareba. ... moTxovnayoveli adamianis mier Tavisi mowodebis aRsrulebis aucileblobis TaobazeSemoipara Cvens cxovrebaSi, rogorc gardacvlili religiuri rwmenis aCrdili~.amgvarad, `protestantuli eTika~, romelic upirveles yovlisa Tanamedrovekapitalizmis warmoSobas Seiswavlis, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns agreTve <strong>veberis</strong> pirquS ganaCens,romelic man gamoutana Tanamedrove industrialuri kulturis bolodroindeliganviTarebis gzas. puritanizmma Tavisi roli iTamaSa im `rkinis galiis~ SeqmnaSi,romelSic iZulebulia iarsebos Tanamedrove adamianma _ aitanos cxovrebis sulufro da ufro biurokratizirebuli wesi, saidanac ulmobladaa amoRebuli`spontanuri cxovrebiseuli xalisi~. rogorc veberi askvnis, `puritans undoda74
eSroma Tavisi mowodebis gasamarTleblad; Cven ki iZulebulebi varT, asemoviqceT~.4. polemika`protestantuli eTika~ dawerili iyo polemikuri diskusiis gamowvevis mizniT,romelic aSkarad Cans <strong>veberis</strong> mier `idealizmisa~ da `materializmis~ SesaxebgakeTebul SeniSvnebSi. misi TqmiT, es gamokvleva `gvexmareba SeviswavloT is, Turogor gvevlineba ideebi istoriis mamoZravebel Zalad~, da mimarTuliaekonomiuri determinizmis winaaRmdeg. reformacia da puritanuli seqtebisSemdgomi ganviTareba ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc manamde momxdariekonomikuri cvlilebebis `istoriulad gardauvali Sedegi~. aSkaraa, rom aqveberi gulisxmobs marqsizms, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, marqsistuli istoriulianalizis im droisaTvis gavlenian dinebebs. amasTan, is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, romar cdilobs Secvalos deterministuri marqsizmi amdenadve monisturiidealisturi narkveviT. es naSromi gamoxatavs <strong>veberis</strong> Rrma rwmenas imaSi, rom`istoriuli kanonebi~ ar arsebobs _ dasavleTSi Tanamedrove kapitalizmisCamoyalibeba garemoebaTa istoriulad gansakuTrebuli damTxvevis Sedegi iyo.<strong>veberis</strong> naSromis faruli enTuziazmi SeiZleba SevniSnoT puritanizmis da misimemkvidreobis Sesaxeb gakeTebul daskvniT komentarebSi. `rkinis galiis~ metaforasakmaod kargad gamoxatavs <strong>veberis</strong> uaryofiT damokidebulebas saero cxovrebisada im yofisadmi, romelic, misi azriT, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs TanamedrovekulturaSi. amasTan, is iSveliebs goeTes gamonaTqvams: `specialistebi sulisgareSe, specialistebi gulis gareSe; es araraoba fiqrobs, rom miaRwiacivilizaciis umaRles dones~. aseTi radikaluri Sefaseba ucnauradewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>ba <strong>veberis</strong> mier Tavisi mTavari Tezisis dasasabuTeblad SerCeulfrTxil gzas. SesaZloa, swored am kontrastma gamoiwvia is polemika, romelic amnaSromis gamoqveynebas mohyva. magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas am debatebisintensiuroba da maTi xangrZlivoba?am wignis mier gamowveuli diskusiis emociuri daZabulobis umniSvnelovanesmizezs udavod is garemoeba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, rom orive ZiriTadi termini, romlebsacveberi iyenebs, `religia~ da `kapitalizmi~ potenciurad feTqebadia, rodesacukavSirdeba Tanamedrove dasavluri ekonomikis safuZvlebis axsnas. vebericdilobs daamtkicos garkveuli religiuri ideebis transformaciuli Zala, raSicmas ar eTanxmebian Tanamedrove marqsistebi; mis mier kaTolicizmis daxasiaTebamrogorc saero wesrigs moklebulma religiam, romlis gavlenac Tanamedroveekonomikur ganviTarebaze Semaferxebeli da ara wamaxalisebeli aRmoCnda,gamoiwvia mravali kaTolike istorikosis mtruli damokidebuleba; xolo mis mierSemoTavazebuli protestantizmis analizi, sadac xasgasmulia puritanuliseqtebis roli (romelTa gavlenac, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Tanamedrovekulturis `rkinis galiasTan~) Znelad Tu gamoiwvevda protestanti moazrovneebissayovelTao aRiarebas. da bolos, TviT sityva `kapitalizmis~ xmarebac sadavo iyo:bevri dRemde darwmunebulia, rom am termins ar gaaCnia raime gamosadegimniSvneloba ekonomikur istoriaSi.`protestantuli eTikis~ mier gamowveuli gamopasuxebebis mravalferovnebadagvexmareba avxsnaT diskusiis xangrZlivoba. amasTan, Cven aq saqme gvaqvs sxva75
mniSvnelovan faqtorebTanac, <strong>veberis</strong> argumentebis inteleqtualuri Zaladidwilad ganpirobebulia mis mier tradiciuli disciplinaruli sazRvrebisugulebelyofiT, rac SesaZlebeli gaxada misma iSviaTad farTo mecnierulmaTvalsawierma. Sesabamisad, Cven SeiZleba SevafasoT misi naSromi ramdenime doneze:rogorc kerZod istoriuli gamokvleva, romelic ad<strong>ge</strong>ns kavSirs kalvinizmsa dasamewarmeo midgomas Soris; rogorc puritanizmis mier kapitalistur saqmianobazemoxdenili gavlenis mizezobrivi analizi; rogorc Tanamedrove dasavlurisazogadoebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis warmoSobis interpretacia; da,Tu mas <strong>veberis</strong> SedarebiTi naSromebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT, esaa nawili misimcdelobisa, gamoyos dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis civilizaciebSi kulturisracionalizaciis gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebi. polemika, romelic`protestantulma eTikam~ gamoiwvia, erTi meoreze gadadioda da exeboda aramxolod Sinaarsobriv sakiTxebs, aramed agreTve im meTodologiur midgomaTaumravlesobas, romelTa gaSuqebasac veberi miznad isaxavda am naSromSi; manmoiSvelia gamaognebeli mravalferovneba naSromisa iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaaekonomika, istoria da ekonomiuri istoria, SedarebiTi religia, anTropologia da<strong>sociologia</strong>. metic, am polemikam Tavi iCina agreTve im mecnierebis naSromebTandakavSirebiT, romlebmac aRiares <strong>veberis</strong>euli analizi da Seecadnen misielementebis Semdgom gavrcobas, _ kerZod, diskusiuri aRmoCena r.k. mertonis mierXVII saukunis inglisis mecnierebaze protestantizmis gavlenis SesaxebgakeTebuli analizi. 4Zneli iqneboda imis uaryofa, rom `protestantuli eTikis~ kritikuliSefasebebis nawili, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic gaCnda <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi am naSromispirveli gamocemis gamosvlisTanave, an 1930 wels misi pirveli [inglisuri]Targmanis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, gamowveuli iyo an aSkara gau<strong>ge</strong>brobiT imisa, Turas amtkicebda am naSromSi veberi, an araswori SefasebiT imisa, Tu ris miRwevascdilobda is amiT. veberi Tavis Tavsac Tvlida nawilobriv pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blad misiazrebis arasworad ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi zogierTi misi adrindeli kritikosis, magaliTad,fiSerisa da reCfalis mier. ra Tqma unda, am kritikosebs ar hqondaT saSualeba,moeTavsebinaT `protestantuli eTika~ <strong>veberis</strong> SedarebiTi kvlevebis farTokonteqstSi. maT SeiZleba vapatioT is, rom maT ar gaiTvaliswines am naSromisfragmentuli xasiaTi, Tumca Tavad veberi auwyebs Tavis mkiTxvelebs, rom misimiznebi am naSromSi sakmaod viwro xasiaTs atarebs. magram gacilebiT Znelia aseveadvilad mivutanoT 1920-1930-ian wlebSi gamoCenil kritikosebs, romlebmac TiTqmissruliad ugulebelyves `ekonomika da sazogadoeba~. 5 am periodis [kritikuli]literaturis nawili ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns raime faseulobas <strong>veberis</strong> argu-mentebisSefasebis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, iq, sadac kritikosebi ar eTanxmebian vebersimaSi, rom swored kalvinizmma ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganvi-Tareba;an rodesac isini xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom zogierTma Tanamedrove qveyanam,magaliTad, iaponiam miaRwia swraf ekonomiur zrdas miuxedavad imisa, rom amqveynebis mosaxleobas ar axasiaTebda araviTari `protestantuli eTika~.miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, <strong>veberis</strong> gamarTlebuli kritikis ramdenimeSesaZlebloba mainc arsebobs; isini SeiZleba davajgufoT Semdegi Tvalsazrisebisirgvliv:76
1. protestantizmis <strong>veberis</strong>euli daxasiaTeba araswori iyo. isini, vinc Taviskritikas am mimarTulebiT anviTarebdnen, xazs usvamdnen <strong>veberis</strong> midgomasreformaciisadmi, mis mier puritanuli seqtebis da, kerZod, kalvinizmis aRweras.iTvleba, rom veberi Secda, rodesac `mowodebis~ koncefciis warmoSoba luTerissaxels daukavSira da rodesac Tvlida, rom es koncefcia gamoxatavdaprincipulad axlebur religiur xedvas; es kritikosebi Tvlian, rom kalvinisturieTika sinamdvileSi anti-kapitalisturi iyo, ramdenadac is arasodes uWerda mxarssimdidris dagrovebas, Tundac rogorc arapirdapir mizans. sxva kritikosebiTvlidnen, rom <strong>veberis</strong> mier benjamen franklinis ideebis ganxilva, rasac`protestantul eTikaSi~ centraluri adgili ukavia, iseve rogorc amerikulipuritanizmis <strong>veberis</strong>euli analizis sxva aspeqtebi, miuRebelia. Tu kritikosTa esargumentebi sworia, isini mniSvnelovnad unda CaiTvalos, vinaidan veberi Tvlida,rom SeerTebul StatebSi puritanizmis gavlena saqmian urTierTobebzexazgasmulad aSkara iyo, rac misi Teoriis mnisvnelovan dasturs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda.2. veberma arasworad Seafasa kaTolikuri doqtrina. kritikosebi aRniSnavdnen,rom vebers ar hqonda safuZvlianad Seswavlili kaTolicizmi, miuxedavad imisa,rom misi mTavari idea gulisxmobda, rom kaTolizmsa da protestantizms Sorisarsebobda mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi ekonomiur faseulobebTan dakavSirebiT.<strong>veberis</strong> kritikosebi Tvlidnen, rom Sua saukuneebis Semdgomi periodiskaTolicizmi Seicavda elementebs, romlebic dadebiT gavlenas axdendnen`kapitalistur sulze~; da rom sinamdvileSi reformacia unda ganvixiloTrogorc reaqciuli Zala, mimarTuli am `sulis~ winaaRmdeg, da ara rogorc Zala,romelmac gza gauxsna mis Camoyalibebas.3. <strong>veberis</strong> mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom puritanizmi da kapitalizmidakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan, araa dasabuTebuli sakmarisi empiriuli monacemebiT.es garemoeba mravaljer iyo xazgasmuli. aRniSnuli iyo, rom erTaderTiraodenobrivi analizi, romelsac veberi iSveliebs, aris kaTolikebisa daprotestantebis ekonomiuri saqmianobis Seswavla badenSi 1895 wels _ magram ammonacemta sizuste eWvs iwvevda. kritikosebi agreTve aRniSnavdnen, rom ispirvelwyaroebi, romlebsac veberi eyrdnoba, ZiriTadad anglo-saqsuriwarmoSobisaa, da amtkiceben, rom XVI_XVII saukuneebis rainlandis, niderlandebisda Sveicariis ekonomiuri ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad ar yofilagamovlenili ramdenadme mWidro kavSiri kalvinizmsa da kapitalistur warmoebasSoris.4. vebers ar eTanxmebodnen mis mcdelobaSi, erTmaneTisTvis daepirispirebinaTanamedrove, `racionaluri~ kapitalizmi da kapitalisturi saqmianobis adrindeliformebi. amasTan, aRniSnuli iyo, rom `Tanamedrove kapitalizmis~ koncefciaveberma gan<strong>ge</strong>b warmoaCina ise, raTa is ukeT daekavSirebina puritanizmis imelementebTan, romlebsac igi xazs usvamda. meores mxriv, Tvlidnen kritikosebi,is, rasac veberi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis `suls~ uwodebs, sinamdvileSi winaperiodebSic arsebobda. Touni (Tawney) eTanxmeba eTanxmeba <strong>veberis</strong>eul gansxvavebasluTeranizmsa da gviandel protestantul seqtebs Soris, magram amtkicebs, romsinamdvileSi `kapitalisturi sulis~ ganviTarebam gamoiwvia puritanizmisevolucia, da ara piriqiT.77
5. veberi cdeba mizezobrivi kavSiris bunebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic misiazriT arsebobs puritanizmsa da Tanamedrove kapitalizms Soris. es daskvnawarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns Tavisebur gagrZelebas im argumentisa, rom aseTi kavSiri ar arsebobs.am etapze diskusia ukavSirdeba davas istoriuli meTodis abstraqtuliproblemebis Sesaxeb, da, kerZod, ganixilavs sakiTxs imis Taobaze, SesaZlebeliaTu ara saerTod mizezobrivi analizis arseboba istoriaSi. marqsisti kritikosebiuaryofdnen <strong>veberis</strong>eul axsnas masSi ramdenime istoriuli mizezis arsebobis gamo,zogierTi maTgani ki Seecada, `Seecvala~ `protestantuli eTikis~ mTavari idea daganixilavdnen <strong>veberis</strong> mier moyvanil puritanul doqtrinebs rogorc maTdaarsebamde Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri cvlilebebis Tanmxleb movlenas. sxvaavtorebma, ara aucileblad marqsistebma, uarhyves meTodologiuri CarCoebi,romlebSic moTavsebuli iyo <strong>veberis</strong> naSromi, da Seecadnen eCvenebinaT, rom amCarCoebma garkveuli gavlena iqonia kapitalisturi sulis Camoyalibebis<strong>veberis</strong>eul axsnaze.ramdenad Seswevs Zala <strong>veberis</strong> narkvevs, gaumklavdes im farTomasStabian kritikas,romelic man gamoiwvia? dRemde arian mkvlevarebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom amnawarmoebs es savsebiT ZaluZs, vinaidan, maTi azriT, kritikis umetesi nawili anmcdaria, an gamowveulia <strong>veberis</strong> poziciis araswori ga<strong>ge</strong>biT. me ar mgonia, romaseTi Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba safuZvlianad CavTvaloT. aSkaraa, rom <strong>veberis</strong>naSromiT gamowveuli kritikuli SeniSvnebis garkveuli nawili mcdaria, vinaidanarsebul kritikul literaturaSi Sida winaaRmdegobebi gvxvdeba: erTikritikosebis mier gakeTebuli SeniSvnebi ewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>ba sxva avtorebis SeniSvnebs.miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi avtoris mosazreba Zlieri argumentebiTaadasabuTebuli, da erTad aRebuli, es mosazrebebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen <strong>veberis</strong>azrebisadmi wamoyenebul Znelad mosa<strong>ge</strong>riebel braldebas. me vityodi, rom<strong>veberis</strong>euli analizis is elementebi, romlebic aSkarad iwveven SekiTxvebs,Semdegia: `mowodebis~ cnebis gansakuTrebuloba luTeranizmisaTvis; kaTolicizmsada regularul samewarmeo saqmianobas Soris `urTierTkavSiris~ uaryofa; da, misiTezisis centraluri idea, ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa kalvinisturmaeTikam simdidris dagrovebis `gakeTilSobilebaSi~ da Rirseulad miCnevaSi, rasacmxars uWers veberi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu veberi cdeboda am sakiTxebTandakavSirebiT, misi mravalricxovani naSromebis gavlenis Sefaseba mecnierebisSemdgom ganviTarebaze mainc Zalze rTul amocanas warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. imisaTvis, raTaaseTi Sefaseba odnav mainc damakmayofilebeli iyos, is aucileblad undaiTvaliswinebdes `Tanmxleb~ naSromebs `msoflios religiebis~ Sesaxeb, kulturisracionalizaciis saerTo problemas _ da im meTodologiur CarCoebs, romlebSicmoTavsebulia <strong>veberis</strong> naSromebi. arc erT avtors ar ucdia dRes-dReobiT amamocanis gadaWra; albaT, unda gamoCndes mecnieri, visac eqneba <strong>veberis</strong> analogiurimecnieruli Tvalsawieri, rom is SeeWidos aseT saqmes warmatebis mcire imediTmainc.kembriji, 1976 weli.78
<strong>maqs</strong> veberimecniereba rogorc mowodeba da profesia(Targmna flora esebuam)am etapze mecnieruli warmoebisadmi, rogorc profesiisadmi damokidebulebapirvel rigSi imiT aris gamowveuli, rom mecniereba Sevida specializaciis imstadiaSi, romlis Sesaxebac adre ar iyo cnobili, da imiT, rom es mdgomareobamomavalSic SenarCundeba. ara mxolod garegnulad, aramed Sinaganadac saqme imaSimdgomareobs, rom calkeul individs SeuZlia mecnierebis sferoSi raRacdasrulebulis Seqmna mxolod mkacri specializaciis pirobebSi. yovelTvis,rodesac mkvlevari iWreba monaTesave sferoSi, rac CvenTan xSirad xdeba _sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi mudmivad iWrebian monaTesave sferoSi da Tan es aucileblobiT arisganpirobebuli, _ mkvlevars uCndeba mosazreba, rom mis mier gaweul samsaxursSeuZlia specialists SesTavazos im sakiTxis sasar<strong>ge</strong>blod Camoyalibeba, romelic,specialuri Tvalsazrisis gamo, mas azradac ar mouva. mxolod mkacrispecializaciis wyalobiT adamians, romelic mecnierebiT aris dakavebuli,SeuZlia cxovrebaSi mxolod erTxel SeigrZnos, rom man SeZlo raRac iseTi, racdidxans darCeba. realurad, dasrulebuli samuSao Cvens droSi yovelTvisspecialuri samuSaoa. amitmac, is, visac ar ZaluZs TvaldaxuWulad gadaeSvas amoromtrialSi, mas urCevnia ar Seexos mecnierebas. is verasodes SeigrZnobs imas,rasac mecnierebiT gataceba hqvia. ucnauri kmayofilebis gareSe, rac mavanTaRimils iwvevs, ltolvisa da imaSi darwmunebulobis gareSe, rom `Sens gaCenamdeaTaswleulebi unda gasuliyo, da kidev sxva aTaswleulebi Cumad gvelodebian~, _amis gareSe adamians mecnierebisken mowodeba ar gaaCnia da, am SemTxvevaSi, sjobsis sxva ramiT dakavdes. radganac, adamianisTvis araviTari Rirebuleba ar aqvsimas, rasac is swrafvis gareSe gaakeTebs.magram, swrafvia arsebobis miuxedavad, rogori Rrma da gulwrfelic ar undaiyos is, Sedegi SesaZloa didxans ar gvqondes saxeze. Tumca, swrafva arisyvelaze mTavaris _ `SRagonebis~ umTavresi winapiroba. dRes axalgazrdebs Sorisgavrcelebulia warmod<strong>ge</strong>na, rom mecniereba aris raRac ariTmetikuli amocanismagvari, rom is iqmneba laboratoriebSi an statistikuri karTotekebiT, mxolodcivi gonebiT, rogorc qarxanaSi da ara mTeli `suliT~. amdenad, unda aRiniSnos,rom adamianebma, romlebic ase fiqroben, araferi ician imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdebaqarxanasa Tu laboratoriaSi. iqac da aqac adamians sWirdeba idea, amasTan sworiidea, da mxolod am pirobebSi is SeZlebs raRac Rirebulis Seqmnas. magram,araferi modis TavSi survilis gamo. verafers miaRwev mxolod civi gaTvlebiT.Tumca, gaTvla aucilebeli winapirobaa. magaliTad, yvela sociologma undaicodes, rom sibereSic ki mas Tveebis ganmavlobaSi aTeulobiT sruliadtrivialuri ariTmetikuli amocanis amoxsna mouwevs. amocanis amoxsnis sruladmeqanikur WrilSi gadatana ki dausjeli ar rCeba: saboloo Sedegi xSiradmizerulia. magra, Tu mkvlevars ar uCndeba sruliad gansazRvruli idea gaTvlismimarTulebis Sesaxeb, gaTvlis dros ki _ calkeuli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis mniSvnelobisSesaxeb, is saboloo mizeruli Sedegic ki miuRweveli SeiZleba iyos. ideismomzadeba SesaZlebelia mxolod didi Sromis Sedegad. Tumca, ara yovelTvis.mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT diletantis ideas SesaZloa hqondes igive an metimniSvneloba, vidre specialistisa. swored diletants unda vumadlodeT bevri79
problemis dayenebasa da mignebas. rogorc helmholcma robert maierze Tqva,diletanti specialistisgan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ams ar hyofnissamuSao meTodis saidumlooba da amitomac mas ar SeuZlia mignebis mniSvnelobaSeamowmos, Seafasos da cxovrebaSi gaataros. uecar mignebas ar SeuZlia SromaCaanacvlos. da meore mxriv, Sromas ar ZaluZs Caanacvlos an iZulebiT migiyvanosmignebasTan, iseve rogorc ver aRwevs amas swrafva. mxolod orive am moments _ daaucileblad orives erTad _ SeuZlia migviyvanos mignebasTan. magram mignebamxolod maSin keTdeba, rodesac es mas Tavad awyobs, da ara maSin, rodesac esgvawyobs Cven. da marTlac, rogorc ieringi gviCvenebs, saukeTeso ideebi sigaretismowevis an seirnobis dros, an iseT situaciaSi modis, rodesac mas saerTod arelodebi da ara sawer magidasTan, rodesac bevrs fiqrob da kiTxvebze pasuxispovnas cdilob. Tumca, migneba ver iqneba, Tu amas win ar uswrebs fiqrebimagidasTan.mecnier-muSaki im risksac unda Seeguos, romelic nebismier samecniero samuSaosTan sdevs: mova `STagoneba~ Tu ara? SeiZleba iyos Zalian kargi muSaki, magramverc erTi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena ver gaakeTo. magram Secdomaa vifiqroT, romaseTi situaciaa mxolod mecnierebaSi da sxva ram xdeba, magaliTad, kantoraSi.komersants an msxvil mewarmes `komerciuli fantaziis~ gareSe, anu <strong>ge</strong>nialurigamogonebis gareSe, umjobesia is darCeniliyo xelmZRvanelad an teqnikurCinovnikad; amis gareSe is siaxles ver Seqmnis. STagoneba mecnierebaSi met rolssulac ar TamaSobs, rogorc es mecnierebs warmoud<strong>ge</strong>niaT, vidre praqtikulcxovrebaSi, sadac Tanamedrove saqmiani adamiani moRvaweobs. da meore mxriv, _rasac aseve ar aRiareben, _ is aq asrulebs aranakleb rols, vidre xelovnebaSi.es xom egzom bavSvuri warmod<strong>ge</strong>naa, rom maTematikosi raRac daskvnamde midissawer magidasTan saxazaviT an sxva meqanikuri saSualebiT didixnis muSaopbisSemdeg: magaliTad veierStrasis maTematikuri fantazia, SinaarsiTa da SedegiT, raTqma unda, sruliad gansxvavebulia mxatvris fantaziisagan; anu, Tvisebrivadgansxvavebulia, Tumca fsiqologiuri procesi erTi da igivea. oriveserTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs platoniseuli `eqstazi~ da `STagoneba~.aqvs Tu ara vinmes mecnieruli STagoneba, es CvenTvis farul bediswerazea da`niWzea~ damokidebuli. am utyuarma WeSmaritebam iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roliaxalgazrda TaobaSi _ rac gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia _ Zalian popularuli wesebis warmoSobaSi,rac zogierTi idealisadmi msaxurebas gulisxmobs; maTi kultebi, rogorcvxedavT, farTod aris warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili yvela SemTxvevasa da yvela JurnalSi. esidealebia `pirovneba~ da `gancda~. isini mWidro kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan:gabatonebulia warmod<strong>ge</strong>na, rom ukanaskneli qmnis pirvels da warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns missakuTrebas. adamianebi aiZuleben sakuTar Tavs `ganicadon~, radganac `gancda~cxovrebis wesisgan ganuyofeli ramaa da axasiaTebs pirovnebas, warumateblobisSemTxvevaSi ki, unda SevqmnaT iluziuri warmod<strong>ge</strong>na, rom Sen es zeciuri niWigagaCnia. adre amgvar gancdas `grZnobas~ (sensation) uwodebdnen. da saerTod,vfiqrob, adre `pirovnebis~ Sesaxeb zusti warmod<strong>ge</strong>na hqondaT...mecnierebis sferoSi `pirovneba~ mxolod is aris, romelic erT saqmes emsaxureba.da es exeba ara mxolod mecnierebis sferos. Cven ar viciT arc erTi mxatvari,romelic sakuTari saqmis garda, kidev sxva rames emsaxureboda. iseTi donispirovnebasac ki, rogoric goeTe, Tu mis Semoqmedebaze visaubrebT, didi ziani80
miayena im garemoebam, rom man sakuTari `cxovrebis~ xelovnebis nimuSad qcevamoindoma. SesaZloa, ukanaskneli debuleba saeWvod mo<strong>ge</strong>CvenoT, magram iseTmxatvarsac ki, rogoric goeTe da romelic ataswleulSi erTxel modis amqveynad,amisTvis safasuris gadaxda uwevda. zustad aseTive mdgomareobaa politikaSic.Tumca, axla amaze ar visaubrebT. magram mecnierebaSi pirovneba namdvilad ar arisadamiani, romelic scenaze im saqmis impresariod gvevlineba, romlisTvisac massakuTari Tavi unda mieZRvna, romelsac surs `gancdis~ gziT sakuTari adgilisdamkvidreba da svams kiTxvas: rogor davamtkico, rom var ara mxolodspecialisti, rogor vaCveno, rom me _ formiTa da SinaarsiT vambob iseT rames,rac jer aravis uTqvams ise, rogorc me _ var movlena, romelic dRes masobrivadiqca, aqcia yvelaferi wvrilmanad, amcirebs mas, vinc svams am kiTxvas, ar ZaluZsim saqmis simaRlesa da Rirsebamde amaRleba, romlis erTgulebac unda yofiliyomisTvis mTavari amocana. amrigad, gansxvaveba mxatvrisgan ar arsebobs.da miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni samuSao winaswari pirobebi xelovnebasacaxasiaTebs, misi bedi samxatvro xelovnebisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.samecniero muSaoba progresis moZraobaSia CarTuli. piriqiT, am TvalsazrisiT,xelovnebis sferoSi araviTari progresi ar arsebobs. arasworia vifiqroT, romromelime epoqis xelovnebis nimuSi, romelmac axali teqnikuri saSualebebi, ankanonis perspeqtivebi SeimuSava, amis wyalobiTac is wminda mxatvruliRirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, xelovnebis nawarmoebze maRla dgas; is absolututadTavisufalia yvela CamoTvlili saSualebisa da kanonisgan, Tu is masalisa daformis mixedviT Seiqmna, anu, Tu is SeirCa da gaformda xelovnebis yvela wesismixedviT da ara mogvianebiT Seqmnili saSualebebisa da pirobebis mixedviT,xelovnebis srulyofili nimuSi arasdros gaicviTeba da daberdeba; calkeulpirovnebas SeuZlia gansxvavebulad Seafasos misi mniSvneloba, magram veravinSeZlebs imis Tqmas, rom xelovnebis romelime srulyofil nimuSs sxva nimuSma`ajoba~.piriqiT, TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rom mecnierebis sferoSi mis mier miRweuli dagakeTebuli ram 10, 20, 40 weliwadSi gacvdeba. aseTia bedi da arsi mecnieruliSromisa, rasac es ukanaskneli eqvemdebareba da emsaxureba; swored es aris misikulturis elementebisgan gansxvavebuli specifikuri niSani; mecnierebaSiCanafiqris nebismieri Sesruleba axal `kiTxvebs~ niSnavs da is, Tavisi arsiT,cdilobs iyos daZleuli. amas unda Seeguos yvela, visac surs emsaxurosmecnierebas. mecnieruli Sromebi, SesaZloa, didxans inarCunebdnen sakuTarmniSvnelobas da `siamovnebas aniWebdnen~ sxvebs sakuTari TvisebebiT an iyosmecnieruli muSaobis Seswavlis saSualeba. magram iyo daZleuli samecnieroTvalsazrisiT _ aris Cveni ara mxolod saerTo bedi, aramed Cveni saerTo mizanic.Cven ver vimuSavebT imedis gareSe, rom sxvebi Cvenze mets miaRweven. da principSi,es progresi usasrulobamde iweleba.da amiT Cven mivdivarT mecnierebis arsis problemamde. TavisTavad ar niSnavs, romraRac, rac amgvar kanons eqvemdebareba, TavisTavad gaazrebuli da gonivrulia.ratom aris mecniereba dakavebuli iseTi ramiT, rac realirad arasdrossruldeba da arc SeiZleba rom dasruldes? upirveles yovlisa, Cndeba pasuxi:sruliad praqtikuli azriT _ teqnikuri miznebisTvis, raTa Cveni praqtikuliqmedebis orientireba moxdes im movlenebis Sesabamisad, romelsac Cven81
mniSvneloba mxolod praqtikosisTvis aqvs. da rogoria mecnierebiT dakavebuliadamianis Sinagani pozicia sakuTari poziciisadmi, Tu is saerTod cdilobs iyosmecnieri? is amtkicebs, rom is mecnierebiT aris dakavebuli `TavadmecnierebisTvis~, da ara mxolod im praqtikuli da teqnikuri miRwevebis gamo,romelTac SeuZlia Cveni kvebis, Cacmulobis, marTvis gaumjobeseba. magram risganxorcielebas imedovnebs mecnieri sakuTari qmnilebiT, romlisTvisac winaswararis gansazRvruli dabereba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ramdenime zogadimosazreba unda gaviTvaliswinoT.mecnieruli progresi aris im inteleqtualuri procesis mniSvnelovani nawili,romelic aTaswleulebis manZilze grZeldeba da romlis mimarTac am etapzesakmaod negatiuri damokidebuleba arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviazroT,Tu ras niSnavs es inteleqtualuri racionalizacia, romelic mecnierebisa damecnieruli teqnikis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom dResyovelma CvenTaganma, romelime indielze ukeT icis sakuTari arsebobiscxovrebiseuli pirobebi? savaraudod, ara. man, vinc tramvaiT mgzavrobs, Tu isprofesiiT fizikosi ar aris, ar icis Tu rogor modis tramvai moqmedebaSi. masamis codna arc sWirdeba. sakmarisia imis codnac, rom mas SeuZlia tramvaiskonkretuli `qcevis~ imedi hqondes, ris Sesabamisadac is axdens sakuTari qcevisorientirebas, Tumca rogor unda moiyvanos tramvai moqmedebaSi, es individma aricis. velurma gacilebiT ukeT icis sakuTari iaraRebis arsi. marTalia, CvenvxarjavT fuls, magram vdeb sanaZleos, rom aq, darbazSi msxdom politikuriekonomikis specialistTagan, Tu aseTebi arian, ar SeuZlia upasuxos kiTxvas:rogor aris SesaZlebeli, rom fuliT raRacis yidva aris SesaZlebeli? velurmaicis, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofs sakuTar yoveldRiur gamokvebas da ra institutebiexmareba mas amaSi. Sesabamisad, mzardi inteleqtualizacia da racionalizacia arniSnavs cxovrebiseuli pirobebis codnis zrdas. es sxva rames niSnavs: adamianebmaician an sjeraT imis, risi mondomebac aris sakmarisi da am yvelafris ga<strong>ge</strong>banebismier dros aris SesaZlebeli; rom ar arsebobs araviTari saidumlo Zala,romelic gansjas ar eqvemdebareba, magram aq moqmedebs da romlis mixedviTac,SesaZlebelia yvela nivTiT daisakuTro angariSianobis mixedviT. es ukanaskneliniSnavs, rom samyaro aRar aris mojadoebuli. magiuri saSualebebi ukve aRar arissaWiro imisTvis, raTa gadmovibiroT an davimorCiloT sulebi, rogorc amasveluri akeTebda, romlisTvisac arsebobdnen saidumlo Zalebi. axla yvelaferikeTdeba teqnikuri saSualebebisa da angariSiT. ai, es aris inteleqtualizacia.magram jados moxsnis procesi, rasac aTaswleulis manZilze dasavlurkulturaSi aqvs adgili, da saerTod `progress~, romelSic monawileobasmecnierebac iRebs, _ rgolisa da mamoZravebeli Zalis statusiT, _ aqvs Tu aramaT praqtikuli da teqnikuri sferosgan damoukidebeli arsi? amgvari kiTxvebiZalian principulad aris dayenebuli lev tolstois SemoqmedebaSi. is amkiTxvebTan Taviseburad mivida. misi gansja koncentrirdeboda erTi kiTxvisgarSemo, aqvs Tu ara azri sikvdils? lev tolstois pasuxia: kulturuliadamianisTvis _ `ara~. da swored imitom `ara~, rom calkeuli adamianis cxovrebas,civilizebul cxovrebas, CarTuls usasrulo `progresSi~, misi Sinagani arsiT, arSeiZleba dasasruli hqondes. radganac is, vinc progresSia CarTuli, Semdgomiprogresis winaSe aRmoCndeba. momakvdavi adamiani ver miaRwevs mwvervals _ es82
mwvervali usasrulobaSi gadadis. abraami, an romelime glexi Zvel epoqebSikvdeboda ``moxuci da cxovrebiT maZRari~, radganac CarTuli iyo cxovrebisorganul oromtrialSi, radganac misi cxovreba Tavisi arsiT, sikvdilis pirasac,aZlevda mas imas, risi micemac SeeZlo; misTvis ar rCeboda amocanebi, romlisamoxsnasac is isurvebda da misTvis sakmarisi iyo isic, rasac man miaRwia.piriqiT, civilizaciaSi CarTuli, kulturis adamiani, romelic mudmivadmdidrdeba ideebiT, codniT, problemebiT, SeiZleba `daiRalos cxovrebisgan~,magram misiT maZRari ver gaxdeba. radganac is wvdeba imis mxolod mcire nawils,Tanac raRac winaswargansazRvrulsa da dausrulebels, amitomac misTvissikvdili _ aris Sinaarss moklebuli movlena. da radganac sikvdili Sinaarssmoklebulia, Sinaarss moklebulia kulturuli cxovrebac rogorc aseTi _radganac swored is, Tavisi uazro/uSinaarso `progresiT uSinaarsobiT Tavadsikvdilsac emuqreba~. es azri aris tolstois gviani romanebis mTavariSemad<strong>ge</strong>neli.ra unda viRonoT aq? aqvs ki `progress~, rogorc aseTs, azri, romelsacSeiZleba wvde da romelic teqnikuri sferos farglebs scildeba da Tan ise, romprogresisTvis msaxuri SeiZleba iqces mowodebad, romelsac marTlac SeiZlebahqondes azri? aseTi kiTxva unda daisvas. Tumca, es ukve ar iqneba mxolod kiTxvaimis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara mecniereba profesia da mowodeba adamianisTvis,romelmac sakuTari cxovreba mas (mecnierebas miuZRvna). aq sxva sakiTxic dgas:rogoria mecnierebis mowodeba sruliad kacobriobis cxovrebaSi? rogoria misiRirebuleba?am mecnierebis Zvel da Tanamedrove ga<strong>ge</strong>bas Soris gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania.gaixseneT platonis mier `saxelmwifos~ meSvide wignSi moyvanili saocari saxe, _gamoqvebuls mijaWvul adamianTa saxe, romelTac saxeebi kedlisken aqvTmimarTuli, sinaTlis Suqi ki, zurgs ukanaa, ise, rom maT am sxivis xilva arSeuZliaT; amitomac, isini mxolod aCrdilebiT arian dakavSirebulni da maTaxsnas cdiloben. magram erT-erTi maTgani axerxebs jaWvebisgan Tavis daRwevas,zurgisken trialdeba da xedavs mzes. dabrmavebuli, xelis cecebiT axerxebs gzisgakvalvas da yveba nanaxis Sesaxeb. magram sxvebi miiCneven, rom is gagiJda. magram,is TandaTan swavlobs Suqis sxivis wvdomas da axla misi amocana imaSimdgomareobs, rom Cavides adamianebTan gamoqvebulSi da isini mzis Suqzegamoiyvanos. es adamiani aris filosofosi, mze ki _ mecnierebis WeSmariteba,erTaderTi ram, rac ar misdevs moCvenebebsa da aCrdilebs, aramed WeSmaritiyofierebisken iswrafvis.vis aqvs dRes amgvari damokidebuleba mecnierebisadmi? dRes axalgazrda Taobasufro sawinaaRmdego grZnoba gauCnda, kerZod, rom mecnierebis unari iazrovnoswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns realobas moklebul gamogonil abstraqciebs, romelic yovelnairadcdilobs realuri cxovrebis arss gamokras xeli, magram amas ver axerxebs. amissapirispirod, aq, cxovrebaSi, imaSi, rac platonisTvis gamoqvebulis kedelzegamosaxuli aCrdilebis TamaSi iyo, feTqvas sinamdvilis guliscema, sxvayvelaferi ki usicocxlo aCrdilebia da sxva araferi. rogor moxda aseTigardasaxva? `saxelmwifoSi~ platonis gasuliereba, saboloo jamSi imiT aixsneba,rom mis dros cnobierebisTvis pirvelad gaixsna nebismieri mecnieruli Secnobisudidesi saSualeba _ ga<strong>ge</strong>ba. Tavisi yvela mniSvnelobiT is sokratem aRmoaCina. da83
ara mxolod man. indoeTSi seiZleba aRmovaCinoT im logikis sawyisebi, romelsacaristotelesTan vxvdebiT. Tumca, arsad, saberZneTis garda es aRmoCena ar arisgacnobierebuli. rogorc Cans, aq adamianebis xelSi pirvelad aRmoCnda saSualeba,romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba adamianis logikis CarCoebSi Caketva, saidanacgamosvlas is manam ver SeZlebs, sanam ar aRiarebs: man an araferi icis, an es _swored es da ara sxva ram _ aris WeSmariteba, maradiuli. es iyo uCveulo gancda,romlis winaSec sokrates moswavleebi aRmoCndnen. aqedan gamomdinareobda:sakmarisia mivagnoT lamazis, keTilis, an, magaliTad, sulis simamacis sworga<strong>ge</strong>bas, da mivagnebT maT WeSmarit yofasac. es ki, gzas uxsnida imas, rom Tavadgveswavla da sxvebisTvisac gveswavlebina, Tu rogor unda moiqces adamianicxovrebaSi, pirvel rigSi ki, rogorc saxelmwifos moqalaqem. radganacberZnebisTvis, romlebic mxolod politikurad azrovnebdnen, am sakiTxze iyoyvelaferi damokidebuli. swored amaSi imaleba mecnierebiT gatacebis mizezi.elinuri gonis am aRmoCenis paralelurad gaCnda mecnieruli samuSaos meore didiinstrumenti, aRorZinebis epoqis Svili _ racionaluri eqsperimenti, rogorcsaimedod kontrolirebadi cnobierebis saSualeba, romlis gareSec Tanamedroveempiriuli mecniereba ver iarsebebda. marTalia, eqsperimentebs adrec atarebdnen:fiziologiis sferoSi eqsperimenti arsebobda, magaliTad, indoeTSi io<strong>ge</strong>bisasketur teqnikaSi; Zvel saberZneTSi arsebobda samxedro teqnikasTandakavSirebuli maTematikuri eqsperimenti. Tumca, eqsperimentis, rogorc kvlevisprincipis gamoyeneba, aRorZinebis epoqis damsaxurebaa. xelovnebis sferoSi didinovaciis pionerebi leonardo da vinCi da sxvebi iyvnen, pirvel rigSi,eqsperimentatorebi XVI saukunis musikaSi. maTgan eqsperimentma mecnierebaSigadainacvla, pirvel rigSi, galileos wyalobiT, TeoriaSi ki, es procesi bekoniswyalobiT moxda; Semdeg, eqsperimenti evropis, pirvel rigSi ki, italiisa daholandiis universitetebSi calkeulma zustma mecnierebebma gadaitanes.ras niSnavda mecniereba axali epoqis zRurblze mcxovrebTaTvis? leonardo davinCis msgavsi mxatvari-eqsperimentatorebisaTvis da novatorebisTvis musikissferoSi es niSnavda gzas WeSmariti xelovnebisken, anu gzas WeSmariti bunebisken.amiT, xelovneba gansakuTrebuli mecnierebis rangSi iyo ayvanili, mxatvari ki,socialuri TvalsazrisiT da sakuTari cxovrebis gamo, eqimis rangSi iyo ayvanili.swored es devs magaliTad, leonardo da vinCis iseTi wignis safuZvelSi,rogoricaa `wigni ferweris Sesaxeb~.da ra xdeba dRes? `mecniereba rogorc gza bunebisken~ _ es axalgazrdaTaobisTvis JRers, rogorc mkrexeloba. piriqiT, aucilebelia mecnieruliinteleqtualizmisgan gaTavisufleba, raTa davubrundeT sakuTar bunebas da amiTdavubrundeT bunebas zogadad! SesaZloa, es aris gza xelovnebisken? amgvarimosazreba veranair kritikas ver uZlebs.magram zusti mecnierebis warmoSobis epoqaSi mecnierebisgan kidev ufro metselodebodnen. Tu gaixsenebT svamerdamis gamoTqmas _ `me dagimtkicebT RvTaebriviwinaswarmetyvelebis arsebobas mkbenaris anatomirebiT~ _ Tqven naxavT, romprotestantizmisa da puritanizmis iribi zegavlenis qveS myofi samecnierosaqmianobis amocanad RvTisken mimavali gzis aRmoCena warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda. im droisaTvismas filosofosebTan veRar poulobdnen. RvTis povna SeuZlebelia ia, sadac masSuasaukuneebSi eZebdnen, _ amaSi darwmunebuli iyo im drois Teologia da, pirvel84
igsi, Speneri. RmerTi idumalia, misi gzebi, Cvens gzas ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, misiazrebi, Cveni azrebi ar aris. magram zust mecnierebebSi, sadac RmerTis qmnilebafizikuri materiebiT aixsneba, arsebobda imedi, rom SeiZleboda RmerTis samyarosSesaxeb arsebuli ideebi gamogvecno.dRes ra xdeba? zust mecnierebebSi CarTuli zogierTi `ufrosis~ garda, vuRassjera, rom astronomiis, biologiis, fizikis an qimiis codnas, naklebad, magrammainc SeuZlia agvixsnas samyaros arsi, an migviTiTos mainc, Tu sad SeiZlebamivakvlioT am `arss~, Tu is saerTod arsebobs? erTaderTi, risi gakeTebacmecnierebas ZaluZs, aris rwmenis mokvla, rom saetRod arsebobs iseTi ram, rasacsamyaros `arsi~ gqvia! da miTumetes warmoud<strong>ge</strong>nelia vifiqroT, rom RmerTisTvisucxo Zalas SeuZlia `RmerTTan~ migviyvanos. Tu ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns is, amaSi dResgulis siRrmeSi aRaravis epareba eWvi. mecnierebis racionalizaciisa dainteleqtualizmisagan gaTavisufleba aris cxovrebis RvTaebrivi erTianobisZiriTadi winapiroba _ es an amis msgavsi Tezisi Cveni religiuri ganwyobilebebisada axalgazrobid religiuri gancdebis ZiriTad lozungad iqca. da ara mxolodreligiuei, aramed zogadad gancda. Tumca, aq ucnauri gazaa arCeuli: erTaderTi,rasac inteleqtualizmi jer kidev ar Sexebia, kerZod, iracionalizmi, riscnobierebamde miyvanasa da detalurad Secnobas cdiloben. swored aqamde midisiracionaluris Tanamedrove inteleqtualuri romantika. inteleqtualizmisgangaTavisuflebis aseTi gza imis sawinaaRmdegos iZleva, ris mignebasac isinicdilobdnen, romlebic mis gzas daadgnen. dabolos, im faqts, rom mecnierebas,cxovrebis aTvisebis masze dafuZnebul teqnikas miamiti optimizmiTmiesalmebodnen, rogorc bednierebisken mimaval gzas, me SemiZlia gverdzemovitovo nicSes gamanadgurebeli kritikis Semdeg, romelic exeboda `ukanaskneladamianebs, romelTac bedniereba gamoigones~. vis sjera amis, garda zogierTi``zrdasruli~ bavSvisa kaTedrebsa Tu saredaqtoro kabinetebSi?da mainc, raSi mdgomareobs mecnierebis, rogorc profesiis arsi axla, rodesacyvela warsuli iluzia daimsxvra, romelTa wyalobiTac mecniereba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda`gzas WeSmariti yofisken~, `gzas WeSmariti xelovnebisken~, `gzas WeSmaritibunebisken~, `gzas WeSmariti RmerTisken~, `gzas WeSmariti bednierebisken~, amkiTxvaze yvelaze martivi pasuxi tolstoim warmoadgina: is arsisgan daclilia,radgan ar iZleva pasuxs mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze: `ra unda vakeToT?~. `rogorvicxovroT?~. is ki, rom am kiTxvebze pasuxebi ar arsebobs, udavoa. problemamxolod imaSia, Tu ra azriT ar iZleva is `araviTar~ pasuxs. SesaZlebelia, amisnacvlad mas SeuZlia raRac mainc misces mas, vinc am kiTxvas svams?dres bevrs saubroben mecnierebaze, romelsac winapiroba ar aqvs. arsebobs kiaseTi mecniereba? yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra esmiT am terminis qveS.nebismier mecnierul Sromas ukavSireben logikisa da meTodis _ samyaroSiorientaciis sazogado safuZvels _ garkveul mniSvnelobas. rac Seexeba aRniSnulwinapirobebs, isini, Cveni specialuri kiTxvebidan gamomdinare, naklebadproblematuria. magram arsebobs kidev erti winapiroba: mecnieruli SromisSede<strong>ge</strong>bis mniSvneloba, maTi mecnieruli Rirebuleba. cxadia, swored aq imalebayvela Cveni problema. radganac es winapiroba ar SeiZleba damtkicdes mecnierebisxelT arsebuli SaSualebebiT. SesaZlebelia mxolod misi saboloo arsze85
miTiTeba, romelsac Semdeg an uaryofen, an miiReben imis da mixedviT, Tu rasaboloo cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebebi gaaCniaT Tavad.gansxvavebulia samecniero muSaobis kavSiri mis winapirobebtan: is mecnierebisstruqturazea damokidebuli. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, magalitad fizika,qimia, astronomia, miiCneven, rom mecnierebis mier konstruirebuli kosmiurmovlenaTa Sesaxeb umaRlesi kanonebi imsaxurebs imas, rom maT Sesaxeb icodnen.ara mxolod imitom, rom amgvari codniT teqnikuri warmatebebis miRwevaaSesaZlebeli, aramed `Tavad mis gamoc~ _ Tu mecniereba aris `mowodeba~. Tavad amwinapirobis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia. aseve SeuZlebelia daamtkico, imsaxurebs Tuara arsebobas samyaro, romelsac aRweren sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, aqvs kimas raime `arsi~ da aqvs Tu ara azri arsebobas amgvar samyaroSi. amgvari kiTxvebiar Cndeba.an aiReT mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT praqtikuli xelovneba, rogoricaaTanamedrove medicina. Tu trivialurad aRvwerT, samedicino moRvaweobis sazogado`winapiroba~ mdgomareobs debulebaSi, rom aucilebelia cxovrebis< rogorcaseTis ubralod SenarCuneba. Tavad es amocana ki problematuria. mis xelTarsebuli saSualebebiT, eqimi amxnevebs da Zalas hmatebs avadmyofs, romelicsasikvdilod aris avad da es im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu avadmyofi mas cxovrebisgangaTavisuflebas sTxovs, Tu axloblebisTvis avadmyofma dakarga Rirebuleba damaT ar ZaluZT misi mxardaWera, da romeltac surT da unda surdeT amgvariavadmyofis sikvdili imis miuxedavad, utydebisn sakuTar Tavs amaSi Tu ara.mxolod medicinis winapirobebi da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi uSlis xels eqimsuari Tqvas sasikvdilo avadmyofis mxardaWeraze? aris ki cxovreba Rirebuli darodis? am kiTxvas medicina ar svams. yvela sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba gvaZlevspasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ra unda vakeToT, Tu gvsurs teqnikurad davipyroT cxovreba.magram, gvsurs ki es Cven da unda gavakeToT Tu ara es, aqvs Tu ara mas, saboloojamSi, raime azri _ amgvar kiTxvebs is upasuxod tovebs, an aRiqvams mas, rogorcwinapirobas sakuTari miznebisTvis.an aireT iseTi disciplina, rogoricaa xelovnebaTmcodneoba. esTetikosisTviscalsaxaa, rom arsebobs xelovnebis nimuSebi. is cdilobs ganazogados, Tu rapirobebSi aqvs am faqts adgili. magram is ar svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, xom araris xelovnebis samefo eSmakiseuli sidiadis samefo, romelic Tavisi siRrmiTRmerTis winaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, da adamianTa winaaRmdegad. esTetika ar svamskiTxvas, unda arsebobdes Tu ara xelovnebis nimuSi.an aiReT iurisprudencia. is ad<strong>ge</strong>ns, Tu ra aris mniSvnelovani: iuridiuliazrovnebis wesebis Sesabamisad, nawilobriv iZulebiT logikuri, nawilobrivkonvencionalurad mocemul sqemebTan dakavSirebuli; Sesabamisad, samarTlebriviprincipebi da maTi axsnis garkveuli meTodebi winaswar aris aRiarebuli, rogorcaucilebeli. unda arsebobdes Tu ara samarTali da unda iyos Tu ara swored eswesebi dad<strong>ge</strong>nili _ amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxs iurisprudencia ar iZleva. masSeuZlia mxolod miuTiTos: Tu surT konkretuli Sedegi, maSin romeliRacsamarTlebrivi principi aris misi miRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba.an aiReT istoriuli mecnierebebi kulturaze. isini gvaswavlian gavigoTkulturis politikuri, mxatvruli, literaturuli da socialuri movlenebi, maTiwarmoSobisda mixedviT. magram Tavad isini ar gvTavazoben pasuxs kiTxvaze, aris86
Tu ara Rirebuli kulturis es movlenebi da unda iarsebon Tu ara maT momavalSi;saWiroa Tu ara maT Sesaswavlad Zalisxmevis daxarjva, arc am kiTxvazegvTavazobs is pasuxs. isini ubralod gvaZleven Sanss viyoT darwmunebulni, rom`kulturul adamianTa~ sazogadoebaSi amgvarad monawileoba, sainteresoa.Tumca, `mecnierulad~ imis damtkiceba, rom es namdvilad asea, kulturismecnierebebs ar SeuZlia; xolo is, rom isini mocemul faqts iReben rogorcwinapirobas, sulac ar amtkicebs, rom es yvelaferi TavisTavad igulisxmeba.modiT visaubroT CvenTvis ufro axlo disciplinebze _ <strong>sociologia</strong>ze, istoriaze,politekonomiasa da saxelmwifos Teoriaze, aseve kulturis filosofiis imsaxeebze, romlebic miznad CamoTvlili disciplinebis axsnas isaxaven. arsebobsmosazreba, da me mas viziareb, rom politikis adgili auditoriaSi ar aris.studentebi auditoriaSi politikiT ar unda iyvnen dakavebulni. magaliTad, Cemiyofili kolegis ditrix Seferis auditoriaSi berlinSi pacienturad ganwyobilistudentebi kaTedras alyas Semoartyamdnen da xmaurs daiwyebdnen, me am movlenasiseTive primitiuls vuwodebdi, rogorc imas, rasac antipacifisturad ganwyobilistudentebi akeTebdnen profesor fiorsteris auditoriaSi, romlis ideebsac mesrulebiTac ar viziareb.Tumca, politikiT auditoriaSi arc pedagogi ar unda iyos dakavebuli. damiTumetes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu politika misi mecnieruli Seswavlis sagania.radganac, praqtikulad, politikuri ganwyoba da politikur warmonaqmnTa dapartiul poziciaTa mecnieruli analizi, es ori gansxvavebuli ram aris. rodesacdemokratiaze saxalxo krebaze saubroben, maSin sakuTar pozicias arasaidumloeben; sakuTari poziciis Riad dafiqsireba aq arasasiamovnovaldebuleba da movaleobaa. sityvebi, romelsac am dros iyeneben, aris aramecnieruli analizis saSualeba, aramed politikur momxreTa daverbovkebissaSualeba. sityvebi aq warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns brZolis saSualebas, xmals, romelicmowinaaRmdegis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. piriqiT, leqciaze an auditoriaSiamgvari sityvebis gamoyeneba danaSauli iqneboda. Tu magaliTad `demokratiazea~saubari, aucilebelia aq gansxvavebuli formebis warmod<strong>ge</strong>na, maTi funqcionirebisgaanalizeba, imis dad<strong>ge</strong>na, Tu ra sasicocxlo kavSiri aqvs ama Tu im formas;Semdeg SesaZlebelia misi politikuri wesrigis sxva, arademokratiul formebTanSedareba da swrafva, rom msmenelma, met-naklebad ipovos iseTi punqti,romlidanac is gamova da daikavebs sakuTar pozicias sakuTari idealebisSesabamisad. Tumca, WeSmariti `mwvrTneli~ ar Seecdeba msmenels kaTedridan esaTu is pozicia moaxvios Tavs, iqneba es pirdapiri Tu STagonebis gziT, radganacyvelaze arasworia xerxi, rodesac `gaiZuleben isaubro faqtebze~.ratom ar unda gavakeToT es? me vuSveb imas, rom zogierTi Cemi kolega amgvarTviTSezRudvas SeuZleblad miiCnevs, da is SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo, misgangaqceva ubralod kaprizi iqneboda. cxadia, veravis daumtkiceb mecnierulad, TuraSi mdgomareobs misi, rogorc akademiuri pedagogis valdebuleba. SeiZleba masmxolod inteleqtualuri faqtebis, sagnebis maTematikuri an logikuri arsebobis,an kulturuli Rirebulebis Sinagani struqturis dad<strong>ge</strong>na erTi mxriv, da meoremxriv _ pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic kulturis Rirebulebebsa da mis calkeulwarmonaqmnebs exeba, Sesabamisad kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda imoqmedo87
kulturisa da politikuri kavSirebis farglebSi, ori absoluturadgansxvavebuli problemaa.Tu is amis Semdegac ikiTxavs, Tu ratom ar unda imsjelos man am problemebzeauditoriaSi, mas unda vupasuxoT: saswavlo auditoriaSi demago<strong>ge</strong>bisa dawinaswarmetyvelTa adgili ar aris. winaswarmetyvelsa da demagogs uTxres: `gadiquCaSi da isaubre Riad~. es niSnavs: wadi iq, sadac kritika SesaZlebelia.auditoriaSi pedagogi zis msmenelTa winaSe: isini Cumad unda iyvnen, man ki undaisaubros. da vTvli, rom upasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobaa isar<strong>ge</strong>blo imiT, rom studentebi,sakuTari momavlis gamo, unda daeswron padagogTa leqciebs da rom iq ar arisaravin, vinc kritikiT SeZlebda gamosvlas mis winaaRmdeg; upasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobaaisar<strong>ge</strong>blo sakuTari codniTa da mecnieruli gamocdilebiT ara imisTvis, romsar<strong>ge</strong>beli moutano msmenels _ raSic mdgomareobs kidev pedagogis amocana _aramed gamoiyeno auditoria sakuTari politikuri SexedulebebisTvis.ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia adgili hqondes iseT SemTxvevasac, rodesac adamianisakuTar subieqtur Sexedulebebze uars srulad ver ambobs. maSin is xdebaumwvavesi kritikis obieqti, romelsac misive sindisi sTavazobs. Tumca, mocemuliSemTxveva jerjerobiT arafers ar amtkicebs, radganac SesaZlebelia sxva,faqtobriv Secdomebs hqondes adgili, da mainc, isini ar aris Cvenebavaldebulebis winaaRmdeg, valdebuleba ki WeSmaritebis ZiebaSia. me uarvyofsubieqtur Sexedulebebs wminda mecnieruli interesebidan gamomdinare. me mzadvar Cveni istorikosebis namuSevrebSi vipovo imis dadastureba, rom iq, sadacadamiani mecnieri modis sakuTari RirebulebiTi msjelobiT, adgili faqtebissrul ga<strong>ge</strong>bas ar aqvs. (gv. 723) magram es dRevandeli Temis farglebs scildeba daxangrZliv msjelobas moiTxovs.me ssvam erTaderT kiTxvas: rogor SeuZliaT, erTi mxriv, morwmune kaTalikossa dameore mxriv, masons, romlebic eklesiisa da saxelmwifos formebis Sesaxeb ismenenleqcias, mividnen mocemul saganTa msgavs Sefasebamde? es SeuZlebelia. da mainc,akademiur pedagogs unda hqondes survili, sakuTari codniTa da meTodiTsar<strong>ge</strong>beli moutanos rogorc erTs, aseve meores. man sakuTar Tavs aseTi moTxovnaunda wauyenos. Tqven SeiZleba ar dameTanxmoT da samarTlianadac: morwmunekaToloki arasdros gaiziarebs faqtebis im ga<strong>ge</strong>bas, romelic qristianobiswarmoSobas exeba da romelsac mas dogmaturi winapirobebisgan Tavisufalipedagogi SesTavazebs. cxadia! magram mecniereba rwmenisgan SemdegiT gansxvavdeba:religiur CarCoebSi moqcevis aucileblobisgan Tavisufali mecnierebareligiurad ar aRiarebs `saswaulsa~ da `gulwrfelobas~, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSiis sakuTari `winapirobebis~ erTguli ver iqneba. morwmune aRiarebs rogorcsaswauls, ise gulwrfelobas. da amgvari, winapirobebisgan Tavisufali mecnierebamisgan iTxovs erTaderTs: aRiaros, rom mocemul movlenaTa ganvitarebis axsnaSesaZlebelia mxolod ise, rogorc amas mecniereba cdilobs da ar dauSvaszebunebrivis arseboba, rasac empiriuli axsna gamoricxavs. magram amis aRiarebamorwmunes SeuZlia ise, rom ar uralatos sakuTar rwmenas.magram aqvs ki mecnierul miRwevebs raime azri misTvis, visTvisac faqtebi, rogorcaseTi, umniSvneloa, da mniSvnelovania mxolod praqtikuli pozicia? albaT, maincmniSvnelovania.88
dasawyisisTvis aseT arguments warmovad<strong>ge</strong>n. Tu pedagogs aqvs unari, misiupirvelesi amocanaa aswavlos moswavleebs aRiaron arakomfortuli faqtebi,gulisxmobs arakomfortuls partiuli poziciidan; yvela partiul poziciaSi, maTSoris CemSic, arsebobs aseTi arakomfortuli faqti. vfiqrob, am SemTxvevaSiakademiuri pedagogi aiZulebs sakutar msmenelebs mieCvion imas, rom is sCadisraRac ufro mets, vidre inteleqtualur aqts, uflebas mivcem Tavs da viqnebiaraTavmdabali da gamoviyeneb frazas `zneobrivi aqti~, miuxedavad imisa, rom esukanaskneli ZeiZleba Zalian paTetikurad JRerdes aseTi ubralo da TavisTavadcxadi saqmisTvis.am dromde vsaubrobdi mxolod praqtikul safuZvlebze, ris gamoc piradipoziciis Tavsmoxvevisgan Tavi unda SevikavoT. Tumca es yvelaferi ar aris.praqtikuli poziciis `mecnieruli~ gamarTlebis SeuZlebloba _ im SemTxvevisgarda, rodesac winaswar gansazRvruli miznis miRwevis saSualebebze msjeloben _ufro Rrma safuZvlebidan gamomdinareobs. amgvari gamarTlebisken swrafvaprincipulad azrs aris moklebuli, radganac samyaros gansxvavebuliRirebulebiTi skalebi erTmaneTTa mouri<strong>ge</strong>bel brZolaSi arian CarTulni. batonmamilma _ mis filosofias ver Sevaqeb, Tumca aq is marTali iyo, _ erTxel Tqva: Tuwminda gamocdilebidan gamoxval, poliTeizmamde mixval. pirdapir aris naTqvamida paradoqsulad JRers, magram sworia. dRes Cven kargad mogvexseneba, rom wmindaSeiZleba araCveulebrivad kargi arc iyos, metic, is wmindaa swored imitom daimdenad, ramdenadac araCveulebrivad kargi ar aris. Cven amis magalitebs isaiis 53-e tavsa da 21-e fsalmunSi aRmovaCenT???. Cven aseve viciT, rom araCveulebrivadkargi SesaZloa keTili arc iyos da is araCveulebrivia swored imitom, romkeTili ar aris; es CvenTvis nicSes droidan aris cnobili, ufro adre ki amgvarmosazrebas Tqven aRmoaCenT `borotebis yvavilebSi~ _ swored ase uwoda bodlermasakutari leqsebis tomeuls. da ukve moaruli sibrZnea is, rom weSmariti SesaZloaar iyos araCveulebrivad kargi da raRac WeSmaritebaa swored imdenad, ramdenadacis arc araCveulebrivia, arc keTili da arc wminda.magram es aris RmerTebis brZolis, RirebulebaTa SeuTavseblobis yvelazeelementaruli SemTxvevebi. rogor warmoud<strong>ge</strong>niaT `mecnieruli~ arCevanis gakeTebafrangul Rirebulebasa da <strong>ge</strong>rmanul kulturas Soris, ar vici. aqveagansxvavebuli RmerTebisa da demonebis brZola: zustad ise, rogorc elinsmohqonda msxverpli afroditasTvis, Semdeg apolonisTvis da upirvelesadsakuTari qalaqis yvela RmerTisaTvis, es dResac grZeldeba, mxolod moqmedebismocemuli miTiuri tipis mojadoebis gareSe, aramed Signidan, WeSmariti plastikiTSesrulebuli. am RmerTebsa da maT brZolas ki marTavs bediswera da ara`mecniereba~. ubralod unda gaverkveT imaSi, Tu ra aris RvTaebrivi erTisTvis dara meoresTvis, an rogor gvevlineba is an erT, an meore SemTxvevaSi. magram amiTsruldeba auditoriaSi profesoris mier am sakiTxis ganxilva _ es ukanaskneli,cxadia, ar niSnavs, rom amiT es Zalian seriozuli problemas cruldeba.ubralod, aq ukve sityva ara sauniversiteto kaTedrebs, aramed sxva Zalebs rCebaT.vin gabedavs `mecnierulad uaryos~ magalitad mTis qada<strong>ge</strong>bis eTika, magaliTad`borotebisTvis winaaRmdegobis argawevis~ mcnebisa an marcxena loyaSi silismiRebis SemTxvevaSi marjvena loyis SeSverisa? TumcaRa mainc cxadia, rom aq, Tuamas saero poziciidan SevxedavT, qada<strong>ge</strong>ben eTikas, romelic sakuTari Rirsebis89
SegrZnebaze uaris Tqmas qada<strong>ge</strong>bs. unda gavakeToT arCevani religiur Rirsebasa,romelsac es eTika gvaZlevs, da mamakacur Rirsebas Soris, romlis eTikacsruliad sxva rames qada<strong>ge</strong>bs: `ebrZole borotebas, sxvagvarad mogviwevspasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis sakutari wilis atreba, Tu is gaimarjvebs~. individis sabolooSexedulebebidan gamomdinare, aqedan erT-erTi eTikuri pozicia eSmakiseulia,meore ki _ RvTisgan modis, da individma unda gadawyvitos, vin aris misTvisRmerTi da vin eSmaki. da swored aseTi viTarebaa cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.cxovrebis meTodur-eTikuri wesis racionalizmma, romliTac nebismierireligiuri, gamsWvaluli, es yvelaferi erTis sasar<strong>ge</strong>blod gadawyvita, Semdeg ki,gare da Sida cxovrebis realobebis winaSe iZulebuli gaxda relativizmiSemoetana da im kompromisebze wasuliyo, romlebic CvenTvis qristianobisistoriidan aris cnobili.magram dRes es religiur `yoveldRiurobad~ aris qceuli. mravalricxovaniuZvelesi RmerTebi, romelTac sakuTari xibli dakar<strong>ge</strong>s da upirovno Zalis saxemiiRes, gamodian Crdilidan da cdiloben Cveni cxovrebiT daisakuTron da kvlaviwyeben mudmiv brZolas erTmaneTs Soris. magram, rac Tanamedrove adamiansyvelaze metad uWirs is aris, rom iyos am yoveldRiurobis Sesabamisi. yovelgvari`gancdebze~ gamokideba am sisustidan aRmocendeba. radganac uunaroba TvalebSiCaxedo bedisweras, drois bedisweras, aris kidec sisuste.Tumca, Cveni kulturis bediswera imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven yvelani kvlavaSkarad vacnobierebT mas da es maSin, rodesac aTaswleulis manZilze,qristianuli eTikis paTosiT gamsWvalulni, Cven am Zalebs ver vamCnevdiT. Tumca,am sakiTxebze msjeloba sakmarisia, radganac mas Zalian Sors mivyavarT. magram isaxalgazrdebi, romlebic ityvian, _ Cven davdivarT leqciaze, raTa ganvicadoTraRac ufro meti, vidre mxolod analizi da faqtebis konstatacia~, _ SecdomaSiSedian, rodesac profesorSi cdiloben ara imis danaxvas, rasac is Tavad xedavs:belads, da ara maswavlebels. magram Cven kaTedraze ward<strong>ge</strong>nilebi varT, mxolodrogorc maswavleblebi. es ori gansxvavebuli ramaa, raSic darwmuneba martivia.amerikaSi aseT rames xSirad SeiZleba SexvdeT Tavisi uxeSi gamovlinebiT.amerikeli biWi evropelTan SedarebiT saocrad cotas swavlobs. miuxedavadgamocdilebis didi odenobisa, is Tavisi swavlis goniT jer kidev ver gaxda`gamocdis adamiani~, rogorc es <strong>ge</strong>rmanelma biWunam moaxerxa. radganacbiurokratia, romelsac diplomi sWirdeba, romelic afiqsirebs gamocdis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bsda visTvisac diplomi adamianur karieraSi SeRwvis bileTia, iq jer kidev CasaxvisstadiaSia. axalgazrda amerikeli gansakuTrebul pativs arc aravis da arcarafers ar cems: arc tradicias, arc samsaxurs; is pativs mxolod sakuTar, piradRvawls scems _ ai, es aris amerikeli da amas `demokratias~ eZaxis. rogoridamaxinjebulic ar unda iyos realobis damokidebuleba amgvari ideuri SinaarsismimarT, ideuri Sinaarsi swored aseTia da aq Cven amaze vsaubrobT. sakuTarpedagogze amerikel biWunas sruliad garkveuli warmod<strong>ge</strong>na aqvs: mamaCemis fulisanacvlod is Cemze yidis sakuTar codnas da meTodur principebs zustad ise,rogorc bostneuliT movaWre, romlisganac deda kombostos yidulobs. da morCa.Tumca, Tu maswavlebeli, magaliTad fexburTelia, am sferoSi is beladisstatusiT gamodis. magram Tu is aseTi (an raRac amgvari sportis sxva saxeobaSi)ar aris, maSin is mxolod maswavlebelia da sxva araferi, da axalgazrda90
amerikels azradac ar mouva iyidos misgan `msoflmxedveloba~ an wesebi,romlebiTac cxovrebaSi unda ixelmZRvanelo. cxadia, amgvar mkacr formebze Cvenuars vacxadebT. magram gana amgvar, Cems mier gana<strong>ge</strong>b daZabul viTarebaSiaWeSmaritebis marcvali?studentebi modian CvenTan leqciebze, iTxoven Cvengan raRacas, rogorcbeladisgan, da ver xvdebian, rom asi profesoridan sul mcire 99 fexburTissferoSi ara mxolod ostatebi ar arian, aramed arc aqvT arc amis pretenzia daarc imisa, rom `beladebi~ iyvnen, romlebic miuTiTeben studentebs, Tu rogorunda icxovron. adamianis Rirebuleba imaze rodia damokidebuli, aqvs Tu ara masbeladis Tvisebebi. da namdvilad ar aqcevs adamians gansakuTrebul mecnierad daakademiur pedagogad is Tvisebebi, romlebic mas aqcevs beladad praqtikulcxovrebaSi, ufro zustad ki, politikaSi. Tu vinme am Tvisebasac flobs, maSinCven saqme gvaqvs wminda wylis SemTxveviTobasTan da Zalian saSiSia, Tu yvela,vinc kaTedrazea iZulebulia iyos aseTi. kidev ufro saxifaToa, Tu yvelaprofesori Seecdeba auditoriis winaSe beladis rolSi ward<strong>ge</strong>s. radganac isini,vinc Tvlis, rom am rols kargad gaarTmevs Tavs, sulac ar flobs beladisTvisebebs, da rac mTavaria _ kaTedraze arsebuli situacia ar iZleva saSualebasdaamtkicon es asea Tu ara. profesori, romelic grZnobs, rom misi mowodebaaaxalgazrdobiT marTva da maT ndobasac imsaxurebs, axalgazrdebTan piradurTierTobebSi SeiZleba Zalian axlo adamiani iyos. da Tu is grZnobs, rom undamsoflmxedvelobaTa da partiul SexedulebaTa brZolaSi CarTva, mas SeuZlia essaswavlo auditoriis miRma, cxovrebiseul scenaze ganaxorcielon: wreebSi,Sekrebebze, sadac gnebavT. magram Zalian komfortulia sakuTari mowodebisdemonstrireba iq, sadac sxvebi, maT Soris sxvagvarad moaxzrovnenic, iZulebulniarian Cumad iyvnen.dabolos, Tqven SeiZleba ikiTxoT: Tu yvelaferi asea, maSin pozitiurs ras iZlevamecniereba praqtikuli da piradi `cxovrebisTvis~? amiT Cven kvlav vdgavarTmecnierebaSi `mowodebis~ problemis winaSe. pirvel rigSi, mecniereba SeimuSavebscxovrebiT _ rogorc sagnebiT, aseve adamianebiT _ dauflebis teqnikas gaTvlisgziT. magram Tqven SeiZleba TqvaT, rom es bostneuliT vaWrobas gavs. <strong>ge</strong>TanxmebiT.meore, mecniereba gvTavazobs azrovnebis meTodebs, samuSao instrumentebs daSeimuSavebs maTTan urTierTobis unarebs, rasac bostneuliT vaWroba vergvTavazobs. SesaZloa, Tqven TqvaT: magram, mecniereba bostneuli ar aris, magramarc im saSualebaze metia, romelic bostneulis sayidlad aris saWiro. modiT esTema Riad davtovoT. magram amaze mecnierebis saqme, sabedniero, jer kidev arsruldeba; Cven SegviZlia Tqven raRac mesamesTan urTierTobaSi SegiwyoT xeli,kerZod, sicxadis SetanaSi. cxadia, rom is Tavad Cven gagvaCnia.Cven imis axsna SegviZlia, Tu ramdenad aris es ase. Rirebulebis problemasTanmimarTebaSi, razec yovelTvis saubroben. SeiZleba gansxvavebuli poziciebidavikavoT _ simartivisTvis, magaliTad socialuri movlenis aRebas gTavazobT. Tugarkveul pozicias ikaveben, maSin mecnierebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiTSesabamisi saSualebac unda gamoiyenon, raTa es pozicia praqtikaSi gatardes. essaSualebebi SesaZloa TavisTavad iyos iseTi, rom Tqven mas uaryofis RirsadmiiCnevT. am SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia arCevanis gakeTeba mizansa da misi miRwevisaucilebel saSualebas Soris. `naTels~ xdis Tu ara es saSualeba mizans?91
maswavlebelma Tqven amgvari arCevanis aucilebloba unda daganaxon. meti masaraferi SeuZlia manam, sanam maswavleblad rCeba da jer kidev ar aris demagogi.mas, cxadia, SeuZlia giTxraT: Tu Tqven gsurT raime mizans miaRwioT, unda miiRoTSesabamisi Sede<strong>ge</strong>bic, romelTac, rogorc gamocdileba cxadhyofs, Tan sdevsmiznis misaRwevad saWiro qmedebebi.yvela es problema SesaZloa teqnikossac Seeqmnas, isic xom xSirad dgas arCevaniswinaSe nakleb borotebasa Tu SedarebiT ukeTes variants Soris. misTvismniSvnelovania, rom arsebobdes erTi umTavresi ram _ mizani. magram swored is,radganac saubaria namdvilad `ukanasknel~ problemebze, Cven ar gvaqvs. amiT Cvenukanasknel aqtamde mivediT, romelic mecnierebam, rogorc aseTma, undaganaxorcielos sicxadis misaRwevad, imavdroulad Cven mivuaxlovdiT Tavadmecnierebis sazRvrebs.Cven SegviZlia da unda giTxraT: raRac praqtikuli mignebebi? SinaganiTanamimdevrulobiT da, Sesabamisad, gulwrfelobiT SesaZloa gaviyvanoT _ maTgonTan Sesabamisad, _ raRac ukanaskneli msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciidan(SesaZloa erTi, an meti poziciidan), sxvebidan ki _ SesaZlebelia. Tu Tqven amdebulebas irCevT, maSinTqven, Tu xatovnad vityviT, emsaxurebiT erT RmerTs daamcirebT yvela sxva RmerTs. radganac, Tu Tqven sakuTari Tavis erTguli rCebiT,Tqven aucileblad midixarT raRac ukanasknel Sinagan Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan. amis gakeTebaprincipSi SesaZlebelia. ukanaskneli debulebebis maT Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan kavSirisgamovlena _ es filosofiis, rogorc socialuri disciplinisa da sxvamecnierebebis filosofiuri bazis amocanaa. Tu Cven gvesmis sakuTari saqmis, CvenSegviZlia vaiZuloT individi _ an davexmaroT mas _ ganWvritos sakutariqmedebebis saboloo arsi. amgvari amocana Zalianac mniSvnelovnad meCveneba. da Turomelime maswavlebeli amis ganxorcielebas SeZlebs, maSin vityodi, rom is`zneobriv~ Zalebs emsaxureba, radganac sicxade Seaqvs; rom is miT ukeT asrulebssakuTar amocanas, rac ufro keTilsindisierad gaeqceva sakuTari azrismsmenelisTvis Tavsmoxvevas.is, razec aq vsaubrob gamomdinareobs erTi ZiriTadi debulebidan; kerZod, romsakuTar Tavze dafuZnebulma da sakuTari TaviTve gasa<strong>ge</strong>bma cxovrebam icismxolod RmerTebis maradiuli brZola, icis mxolod metad principialuri, ufromniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli poziciebis Seusabamoba da maTi mouri<strong>ge</strong>bloba,Sesabamisad, maT Soris arCevanis gakeTebis aucileblobac. imsaxurebs kimecniereba am pirobebSi imas, rom iqces vinmes `mowodebad~, da aqvs Tu ara masraime obieqturad Rirebuli `mowodeba~ _ es kvlavac RirebulebiTi mtkicebaa,romlis ganxilvac auditoriaSi SesaZlebelia, radganac dadebiTi pasuxi maszearis auditoriaSi mecnierebis winapiroba. piradad me gaveci am kiTxvas dadebiTipasuxi sakuTari muSaobiT da dadebiTi pasuxi masze aris aseve winapiroba imTvalsazrisisa, romelsac iziarebs, aq qmnis iluzias, rom iziarebs,axalgazrdobas sZuls inteleqtualizmi, rogorc eSmaki. da aq samarTlianiasityvebi: `eSmaki moxucia _ daberdiT, raTa mas gaugoT~. es SewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>ba undagaigoT ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed im TvalsazrisiT, rom gsurT ragauswordeT eSmaks, ar unda gaiqceT mis danaxvaze, rogorc amas xSirad akeTeben,aramed gadaxedoT mis mier ganvlil gzas da dainaxoT misi Zala da sazRvrebi.92
dRes mecniereba aris profesia, romelsac axorcieloeben, rogorc specialurdisciplinas; is emsaxureba TviTSegnebasa da faqtobrivi kavSirebis Semecnebas.mecniereba ar aris winaswarmetyvelTa gansakuTrebuli niWi, romelsac xsna dagilwrfeloba moaqvs; is arc brZenTa da filosofosTa samyaros arsis Sesaxebgansjis aucilebeli nawilia. es aris aucilebeli mocemuloba Cvens istoriulsituaciaSi, romlisganac ver gamovalT manam, sanam sakuTari Tavis erTgulnivarT.da Tu CvenSi kvlav tolstoi alaparakdeba da gvkiTxavs _ `Tu ara mecniereba,maSin ver gagvcems pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra vakeToT, rogor vaSenoT sakuTaricxovreba?~ _ an dRevandeli eniT _ `erTmaneTTan mebrZoli RmerTebidan, vis undavemsaxuroT?~, an, SesaZloa unda vemsaxuroT sxva RmerTs da vin aris is? _ maSinunda vTqvaT: amaze pasuxs mxolod winaswarmetyveli an gadamrCeni gascems. Tu isar arsebobs, an misi aRar sjeraT, maSin Tqven verafers ver miaRwevT imiT, romaTasobiT profesori, romelsac xelfass saxelmwifo uxdis, an auditoriaSi myofiwinaswarmetyveli am rolis mor<strong>ge</strong>bas cdilobs. amiT Tqven mxolod xels uSliTimis gacnobierebas, rom ar arsebobs winaswarmetyveli, romlis aryofnasacaxalgazrda Taobis bevri warmomad<strong>ge</strong>neli ganicdis. vfiqrob, religiuriTvalsazrisiT namdvilad `musikalur~ adamians ar gamoad<strong>ge</strong>ba, Tu misganacdamalaven im ZiriTad faqts, rom misi bedi _ RvTisgan miviwyebul epoqaSicxovrebaa; Tu am garemoebas damalaven, kaTedrebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nelTa msgavsisurogatis daxmarebiT. mgonia, rom amis winaaRmdeg misma religiurmagulwrfelobam unda gailaSqros.magram rogori damokidebuleba unda gvqobdes `Teologiis~ arsebobisa da`mecnierebad~ yofnis pretenziaze? sjobs gverdi ar avuaroT am pasuxs.`Teologia~ da `dogmebi~, marTalia arsebobs ara yvela religiaSi, magram ismxolod qristianobaSic ar aris warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili. Tu warsuls davubrundebiT,SesaZloa maT sakmaod ganviTarebul formebs islamSic, sufinizmSi, parsizmSi,budizmSi, induistur seqtebSi, daosizmSi, iudaizmSic SevxvdeT. Tumca, cxadia maTgansxvavebuli sistemuri ganviTareba hpoves. da ar aris SemTxveviTi is faqti, romdasavluri qristianoba iudaizmis sawinaaRmdegod Seiqmna. Tumca, ganviTarebasqristianobaSi meti istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amas safuZveli elinurmasulma Cauyara da dasavleTis mTeli Teologia zustad ise midis iqamde, rogorcaRmosavluri Teologia _ indur azrovnebamde.nebismieri Tologia religiuri xsnis inteleqtualur racionalizaciaswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. verc erTi mecniereba ver daumtkicebs sakutar Rirebulebas mas, vincmis winapirobebs uaryofs. principSi, sakuTari rolis Sesasruleblad dasakuTari arsebobis gasamarTleblad nebismieri Teologia amatebs specifikurwinapirobebs. maT aqvT gansxvavebuli azri da gansxvavebuli moculoba. nebismieriTeologiisTvis, maTSoris induisturisTvisac, ZalaSi rCeba winamZRvari: samyarosunda hqondes azri, da misTvis ismis kiTxva, rogor gavigoT samyaro, raTa misiarsi gavigoT.kanti Semecnebis TeoriaSi Semdegi debulebidan amodioda: mecnieruli WeSmaritebaarsebobs da mas aqvs Zala, Semdeg ki svamda kiTxvas: ra azrobriv winapirobaSiaqvs azri amgvar mtkicebas? zustad aseve Tanamedrove esTetikosebi amodian93
winamZRvridan, rom arsebobs xelovnebis nawarmoebi, Semdeg ki svams kiTxvas: damainc, rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?Tumca, Teolo<strong>ge</strong>bi, rogorc wesi ar kmayofildebian amgvari (arsebiTad, religiurfsiqologiuri)winamZRvriT, aramed amodian ufro Sors mimavali wanamZRvridan _`gulwrfelobis~ rwmenidan, rac ase mniSvnelovania xsnisTvis. isini uSveben, romgarkveul mdgomareobas da cxovrebis wess, aqvs siwmindis Tvisebebi.Tqven isev mkiTxavT: rogor avxsnaT wanamZRvrebi, romlebic unda miviRoT, raTamas hqondes raime azri? Tavad aseTi wanamZRvrebi TeologiisTvis `mecnierebis~meore mxaresaa. isini aris ara `codna~ Cveulebrivi azriT, aramed _ erTgvari`monapovari~. visac ar aqvs rwmena an sxva ram, rac aucilebelia religiisTvis,misTvis Teologia verafers ver Secvlis. miTumetes, verc erTi sxva mecniereba.piriqiT, nebismier `pozitiur~ TeologiaSi morwmune aRwevs im punqts, sadacavgustinis debulebas _ Credo non quid, sed quia absurdum est 3 sakuTari Zala aqvs.`inteleqtis msxverplad Sewirvis~ mitanis virtuozuli aqti aris pozitiurreligiuriadamianis mTavari niSani. da es imaze metyvelebs, rom RirebulebiTidaZabulobis moxsna mecnierebisa da religiis sferoebs Soris SeuZlebelia,miuxedavad Teologiis arsebobisa (SesaZloa, swored misi wyalobiTac).`inteleqts msxverplad~ Cveulebriv wiraven: ymawvili _ winaswarmetyvels,morwmune _ eklesias. jer arasdros warmoqnila axali winaswarmetyveleba imisgamo, rom zogierTi Tanamedrove inteleqtuali ganicdis moTxovnilebasantikvaruli nivTebi ganaTavsos sulSi, romelTa namdviloba garantirebuliiqneboda, da am yvelaferTan erTad ixseneben, rom maT Soris religiac iyo;marTalia, es maT ar aqvT, magram a<strong>ge</strong>ben mas, rTaven xatebiT, an gancdebisgan qmniansurogats, romelsac mastiuris Rirsebebs miaweren da romliTac wignis bazarzevaWroben. es an sakuTari Tavis motyuebaa an TaRliToba. piriqiT, ara TaRliTobasada motyuebas aqvs adgili maSin, rodesac zogierTi axalgazrduli kavSirisakutar erTobaSi religiur, kosmiur an mistiur erTobas xedavs. WeSmariti Zmobisnebismier aqts samefoSi Seaqvs raRac iseTi, rac saukunod daeCeba; magram me eWviTvuyureb swrafvas aamaRlo wminda adamianuri urTierTobebi da adamianuri erTobareligiuri gansjebiTa da interpretaciebiT. Tumca aq am sakiTxis ganxilvis droar aris.Cveni epoqis bedi, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalizaciiTa dainteleqtualizaciiT, aseve samyarosTvis jadosnuri niSnebis moxsna imaSimdgomareobs, rom maRali keTilSobili Rirebulebebi an mastiuri cxovrebismiRmur samefoSi, an calkeuli individebis uSualo urTierTobis siaxlovesazogadoebrivi sferodan gavida. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom Cveni maRalixelovneba intimuria da ara monumenturi; Tu SevecdebiT monumenturi xelovnebaZaliT SeviyvaroT an `gamovigonoT~ mas, maSin miviRebT bevri Zeglis dar Zalianusaxursa da uSno rames. Tu SemoviRebT axal religiur qmnilebebs siaxlis,WeSmariti winaswarmetyvelebis gareSe, maSin gaCndeba raRac Tavisi SinaarsiTmsgavsi, magram uaresi ram da winaswarmetyveleba kaTedrebze, saboloo jamSiSeqmnis mxolod fantastikur seqtebs. magram verasdros Seqmnis WeSmarit erTobebs.is, vinc vaJkacurad ver gadaitans epoqis am beds, mas unda vuTxraT: sjobs, isCumad, sazogado reklamis gareSe, ubralod dabrundes Zveli eklesiis94
wiaRSi. amis gakeTeba ki rTuli ar aris. man, asea Tu ise, msxverplad sakuTari`inteleqti~ mainc unda miitanos _ es gardauvalia. da Cven ar davzraxavT, Tu masamis gakeTeba realurad SeuZlia. radganac unari, religias msxverplad SeswirosakuTari inteleqti, aris raRac gansxvavebuli zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, vidremcdeloba Tavi aarido movaleobas iyo keTilsindisieri inteleqtuali, rac maSinxdeba, rodesac ar SeuZliaT vaJkacurad da naTlad daafiqsiron sakuTarisaboloo pozicia, aramed amsubuqeben am movaleobis Sesrulebas martivirelativizmiT. es pozicia ufro maRal Rirebulebad mimaCnia, vidre kaTedriswinaswarmetyveleba, romelic ver xvdeba, rom auditoriis kedlebSi araviTarkeTilismqnels, garda erTisa, azri ar aqvs. is erTi winaswarmetyveleba ki ubralointeleqtualur gulwrfelobas niSnavs. magram aseTi gulwrfeloba moiTxovsvTqvaT, rom dRes maTi mdgomareoba, vinc axal winaswarmetyvelsa da mxsnelselodeba, Zalian hgavs maT mdgomareobas, viszec isais? 4 erT-erTwinaswarmetyvelebaSia saubari; saubaria im periodis edemis baRis darajis erTlamaz simReraze, romelic ebraelebis gandevnisas msaxurobda: `seiradan meZaxian:daraji~ ramdeni Rame? daraji! ramdeni Rame? daraji pasuxobs: axlovdeba dila,magram jer kidev Ramea. da Tu mainc kiTxulobs, mommarTeT da mobrZandiT~.xalxi, romelsac es sityvebi ekuTvnoda, kiTxvas svamda da ori aTasi wlismanZilze elodeboda, da Cven viciT misi araCveulebrivi bedis Sesaxeb. aqedangakveTili: mxolod molodiniTa da sevdiT verafers gaxdebi, aucilebeliamoqmedeba gansxvavebulad _ unda mimarTo sakuTar saqmes da Seesabamebode `droismoTxovnas~ _ rogorc adamianuri, aseve profesiuli TvalsazrisiT. mocemulimoTxovna ki iyo martivi da cxadi, Tu yvela ipovis sakuTar demons da iqnebamorCili demonisa, romelic mis cxovrebas qargavs.95
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