qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi
qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi
obis dros, mTavroba Seecada mamakacebi brinjis moyvanaSidasaxmareblad waexalisebina. Tumca mamakacebmaiuares da amtkicebdnen, rom brinji `qalis mosavals~warmoadgenda (Carney and Watts 1991:641). ra Tqma unda,brinjis moyvanaSi araferia erTmniSvnelovnad qaluri,aziis zog regionSi am saqmianobaze pasuxismgebelnitradiciulad mamakacebi iyvnen (Schrijvers 1983).dasaqmebis sqesis niSniT danawileba zogierT Sem-TxvevaSi naklebad rigidulia. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloTfaqti SeerTebuli Statebis istoriidan: koloniuramerikaSi gadarCenis mizniT yvelas unda emuSava.sqesis niSniT Sromis danawilebam mamakacs, upirvelesyovlisa, mosavlis moyvanaSi, xolo qals ojaxisaTvissaWiro saqonlis warmoebaSi daakisra pasuxismgebloba.Tumca xSirad orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi TanamSromlobdnen,rogorc es, vTqvaT, selisgan tilos naWrissaojaxo warmoebisas xdeboda: biWebi Wimavdnen sels dagasaSrobad gamofendnen; mamakacebi selis TeslebidangamosaTavisufleblad CeCqvavdnen mas; mas Semdeg, racselis Reroebi wyliT gaiJRinTeboda, gasufTavdebodada daSreboda, mamakacebi mas xis joxebiT pentavdnen;amis Semdeg qalebi gamoarCevdnen daumuSavebel masalasda sels sarTavze axvevdnen, saidanac sabolood tilosnaWris Zafs arTavdnen (ris gamoc qalebs metsaxelad`distaff sex~ (mkeravi sqesi) Searqves). qalebi ramdenjermerecxavdnen, aTeTrebdnen da totebiT pentavdnen qvazegafenil Zafs, vidre misgan qsovilis qsovas Seudgebodnen.sqesis niSniT Sromis amgvarma danawilebam,romelmac koloniebis gadarCena uzrunvelyo, orivesqesis warmomadgenlebi urTierTdamokidebuli gaxada;Tumca, roca saWiro iyo, orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisapirispiros samuSaosac ar Takilobdnen (Earle 1896).27
odesac warmoeba moiTxovs, qalebi da bavSvebi xSiradasruleben `mamakacis saqmes~. safrangeTSi, truasraionSi, mecxramete saukunis mijnaze samkervalo sferoSimuSaoba calsaxad mamakacebis prerogativa iyo.qalebi da mozrdili bavSvebi mxolod maSin erTvebodnenam sferoSi, roca produqciis sakvirao gegma undaSeesrulebinaT (Chenut 1996:87-88). rodesac garemoebebisaojaxo bisnesSi samuSaod Tanamdebobaze `araswori~sqesis mqone pirovnebis daniSvnas moiTxovda, samuSaoxandaxan daketil kars miRma iyo damaluli, raTaTavidan aecilebinaT statusis dakargva (Davidoff andHall 1998:242).Sromis sqesis niSniT danawilebis tradiciuli gzis-Tvis didi yuradReba arc Crdiloamerikel monaTmflobelebsmiuqceviaT. amis sanacvlod isini ama Tu imsaqmianobis dakisrebis safuZvlad rasobriv mikuTvnebulobasiyenebdnen. damonebuli afro-amerikeli qalebi,kacebi da bavSvebi iZulebulni iyvnen qarxnebSi,wisqvilebsa da maRaroebSi iseve emuSavaT, rogorc mindvrebSi.garda amisa, zogierTi davaleba sqesze dayrdnobiTekisrebodaT. qalebi da bavSvebi mamakacebis mxardamxarSromobdnen rkinis, teqstilis, kanafisa da Tambaqossawarmoeblad, Saqris gawmenda-rafinirebisa dasatyeo samuSaoebis dros. realurad im muSebis naxevarzemeti, romlebmac samxreT karolinis mdinaresanTize arxi gaiyvanes, qalebi iyvnen. mamakaci da qalimonebi erTad Sromobdnen sarkinigzo xazebis Sesanar-Cuneblad. rkinis sabadoebsa da rafinirebis qarxnebSiqalebi ezidebodnen urikebs, tvirTavdnen madans samtvrevmowyobilobebSi da Rumelebsa da samWedloebsacamuSavebdnen. sakuTarma sqesma qalebi plantaciebsa daqarxnebSi damqancveli Sromisgan ver ixsna (Jones 1998).28
- Page 1 and 2: socialur mecnierebaTa seriaqalebi d
- Page 3 and 4: nelobaa iseTi saqmianoba, romelic s
- Page 5 and 6: erTveboda Sromis am axal saxeobaSi,
- Page 7 and 8: is mainc am sistemis uTanasworobis
- Page 9 and 10: pologma geil rabinma (1975:178) Tqv
- Page 11 and 12: maxasiaTeblebis (rogorebicaa rasa,
- Page 13 and 14: sxvavebebs, anu genderirebaSi arian
- Page 15: (Kovalevski and Bennett 1989). momd
- Page 19 and 20: amasTanave es Sedis mamakacTa inter
- Page 21 and 22: alebiT, amgvar gaufasurebas SeuZlia
- Page 24 and 25: nobisa da gaTxovebisken, kompania a
- Page 26 and 27: akrZaluli an Ria. garda amisa gende
- Page 28 and 29: da mSromelebi samsaxurSi genderul d
- Page 30 and 31: individebi. samuSao adgilTa mixedvi
- Page 32 and 33: II Tavigenderizebuli Sroma drosa da
- Page 34 and 35: indusitrializaciamde Sinamosamsaxur
- Page 36 and 37: xelosnebi. industrializaciamdeli wa
- Page 38 and 39: anazRaurebaze momuSave muSebi, adam
- Page 40 and 41: qalebisa da bavSvebis daqiravebas i
- Page 42 and 43: da codvebisgan ganaridebdnen (Lerne
- Page 44 and 45: Rirseulad Seinaxos ojaxi, isev jent
- Page 46 and 47: sqesis niSniT Sromis gadanawileba R
- Page 48 and 49: sazriss, rom saSinao saqmianoba qal
- Page 50 and 51: am rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Sori
- Page 52 and 53: uxilavi da socialurad gaufasurebuli
- Page 54 and 55: ze dabalia muslimanur sazogadoebebS
- Page 56 and 57: faravs verc profkavSirebi da verc S
- Page 58 and 59: gamosaxuleba 2.2. qalTa ekonomikuri
- Page 60 and 61: mravalerovani korporaciebi (MNC) uk
- Page 62 and 63: dasasrul unda iTqvas, rom globaluri
- Page 64 and 65: 6. gaerTianebuli erebis mosaxleobis
obis dros, mTavroba Seeca<strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong> brinjis moyvanaSi<strong>da</strong>saxmareblad waexalisebina. Tumca mamakacebmaiuares <strong>da</strong> amtkicebdnen, rom brinji `qalis mosavals~warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> (Carney and Watts 1991:641). ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,brinjis moyvanaSi araferia erTmniSvnelovnad qaluri,aziis zog regionSi am saqmianobaze pasuxismgebelnitradiciulad <strong>mamakacebi</strong> iyvnen (Schrijvers 1983).<strong>da</strong>saqmebis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawileba zogierT Sem-TxvevaSi naklebad rigidulia. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloTfaqti SeerTebuli Statebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n: koloniuramerikaSi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis mizniT yvelas un<strong>da</strong> emuSava.sqesis niSniT Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebam mamakacs, upirvelesyovlisa, mosavlis moyvanaSi, xolo qals ojaxisaTvissaWiro saqonlis warmoebaSi <strong>da</strong>akisra pasuxismgebloba.Tumca xSirad orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi TanamSromlobdnen,rogorc es, vTqvaT, selisgan tilos naWrissaojaxo warmoebisas xdebo<strong>da</strong>: biWebi Wimavdnen sels <strong>da</strong>gasaSrobad gamofendnen; <strong>mamakacebi</strong> selis Teslebi<strong>da</strong>ngamosaTavisufleblad CeCqvavdnen mas; mas Semdeg, racselis Reroebi wyliT gaiJRinTebo<strong>da</strong>, gasufTavdebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Srebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>mamakacebi</strong> mas xis joxebiT pentavdnen;amis Semdeg <strong>qalebi</strong> gamoarCevdnen <strong>da</strong>umuSavebel masalas<strong>da</strong> sels sarTavze axvevdnen, sai<strong>da</strong>nac sabolood tilosnaWris Zafs arTavdnen (ris gamoc qalebs metsaxelad`distaff sex~ (mkeravi sqesi) Searqves). <strong>qalebi</strong> ramdenjermerecxavdnen, aTeTrebdnen <strong>da</strong> totebiT pentavdnen qvazegafenil Zafs, vidre misgan qsovilis qsovas Seudgebodnen.sqesis niSniT Sromis amgvarma <strong>da</strong>nawilebam,romelmac koloniebis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena uzrunvelyo, orivesqesis warmomadgenlebi urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong>;Tumca, roca saWiro iyo, orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisapirispiros samuSaosac ar Takilobdnen (Earle 1896).27
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