qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi
qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi
273). miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflioSi damlageblebisada SinamosamsaxureTa 85 % qalia, angolasa da indoeTSimaTi naxevari mamakacia, tunisSi, ganasa da senegalSi -erTi mesamedi, xolo egviptesa da quveiTSi _ erTimeoTxedi (Anker 1998:272).SesaZlebelia, rom erTsa da imave qveyanaSi, erTsada imave sferoSi orive sqesis warmomadgeneliasrulebdes gansazRvrul samuSaos. 1990 welsSeerTebul StatebSi saWmlis mimtanad qalis muSaobisalbaToba mamakacis imave maCvenebelze oTxjer meti iyo(U.S. Census Bureau 1998, 1999, 2000a), Tumca bevrirestorani, gansakuTrebiT ki yvelaze respeqtabelurirestornebi, mxolod mamakac mimtanebs asaqmeben. arcerTi sqesis warmomadgeneli ar flobs mimtanisaTvisaucilebel iseT Tvisebas, rac meorisagan gamoarCevs,Tumca Sromis sqesis niSniT danawilebas restornebimainc xSirad mimarTaven, vTqvaT, erTi sqesiswarmomadgeneli amzadebs, meore ki magidasTan emsaxureba.rasa, eTnikuri kuTvnileba da asakic asevexSirad figurirebs garkveuli samuSaos dakisrebisas.magaliTisaTvis, mecxramete saukunis dasasruls SinamosamsaxureTaumetesoba qalebi iyvnen, kaliforniasa dahavaiSi ki _ azieli mamakacebi. meoTxe Tavi Sromisamgvar dayofas uaRresad detalurad aRwers.Sromis sqesis niSniT danawileba, rogorc amasqsovilis warmoeba asaxavs, droTa ganmavlobaSiicvleba. meToTxmete-meTxutmete saukuneebamdeabreSumis warmoeba qalis saqme iyo. am saqmianobassaTuTi buneba, qsovilisaTvis Zafis xeliT rTva daqsova, SesaZloa, ganmartavda kidec Sromis amgvardanawilebas, magram meTeqvsmete da meCvidmetesaukuneebSi es eqskluziurad mamakacTa saqme gaxda25
(Kovalevski and Bennett 1989). momdevno saukuneebisganmavlobaSi ki teqstilis mwarmoeblebi sxvadasxva TuerTsa da imave dros, qiraobdnen rogorc qal, asevemamakac muSebs. tansacmlis warmoeba erTaderTi arenaaraa, sadac Sromis sqesis niSniT danawileba droTaganmavlobaSi Seicvala. dRes mTels msoflioSi qalebiufro metad arian `mamakacis~ samuSaoze, vidre 1970 da1980-ian wlebSi (Anker 1998:412,415). magaliTisaTvis,patara qveynebSi, romlebmac multinacionalurikorporaciebis Sesvlis gamo teqstilis eqsportigazardes, qalTagan iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebisprocentuli maCvenebeli, romelsac adre mamakacebiasrulebdnen, am ori aTwleulis manZilze uaRresadgaizarda (mavritaniaSi amgvar samuSaoebze qalTaprocentuli maCvenebeli 37-dan 65 procentamdegaizarda, fijiSi 41-dan 61-mde [Anker 1998:416]).cvlilebebi, romlebSic sqesi Tavis saqmesasrulebs, Cveulebriv nela xdeba, radgan sqesis niSniTukve arsebuli danawileba ayalibebs sazogadoebrivganwyobas Tu vin unda Seasrulos samuSaos konkretulisaxeoba, radganac mraval Tanamdebobaze arsebulimamakacTa samuSao Zala nela icvleba 2 . amitom msofliosudides nawilSi TanamdebobiTi kategoriebi, romlebicwarmoebis xelmZRvanelebs, mTavar ostatebs, mWedlebs,xelosnebs, qvismTlelebs, xaliCis mqsovelebs da sxvasamSeneblo samuSaoebsac moicaven, eqskluziurad mamakacebsrCebaT (anker 1998:274). garkveuli saxis samuSaoxalxis azrovnebaSi ileqeba, rogorc erTi romelimesqesisadmi mikuTvnebuli da sapirispiro sqesisaTvismiuRebeli (Oppenheimer 1968). ase magaliTad, afrikulqveyana gambiaSi meToTxmete saukunemde brinji qalebsmohyavdaT. mecxramete saukuneSi, sakvebis mwvave nakle-26
- Page 1 and 2: socialur mecnierebaTa seriaqalebi d
- Page 3 and 4: nelobaa iseTi saqmianoba, romelic s
- Page 5 and 6: erTveboda Sromis am axal saxeobaSi,
- Page 7 and 8: is mainc am sistemis uTanasworobis
- Page 9 and 10: pologma geil rabinma (1975:178) Tqv
- Page 11 and 12: maxasiaTeblebis (rogorebicaa rasa,
- Page 13: sxvavebebs, anu genderirebaSi arian
- Page 17 and 18: odesac warmoeba moiTxovs, qalebi da
- Page 19 and 20: amasTanave es Sedis mamakacTa inter
- Page 21 and 22: alebiT, amgvar gaufasurebas SeuZlia
- Page 24 and 25: nobisa da gaTxovebisken, kompania a
- Page 26 and 27: akrZaluli an Ria. garda amisa gende
- Page 28 and 29: da mSromelebi samsaxurSi genderul d
- Page 30 and 31: individebi. samuSao adgilTa mixedvi
- Page 32 and 33: II Tavigenderizebuli Sroma drosa da
- Page 34 and 35: indusitrializaciamde Sinamosamsaxur
- Page 36 and 37: xelosnebi. industrializaciamdeli wa
- Page 38 and 39: anazRaurebaze momuSave muSebi, adam
- Page 40 and 41: qalebisa da bavSvebis daqiravebas i
- Page 42 and 43: da codvebisgan ganaridebdnen (Lerne
- Page 44 and 45: Rirseulad Seinaxos ojaxi, isev jent
- Page 46 and 47: sqesis niSniT Sromis gadanawileba R
- Page 48 and 49: sazriss, rom saSinao saqmianoba qal
- Page 50 and 51: am rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Sori
- Page 52 and 53: uxilavi da socialurad gaufasurebuli
- Page 54 and 55: ze dabalia muslimanur sazogadoebebS
- Page 56 and 57: faravs verc profkavSirebi da verc S
- Page 58 and 59: gamosaxuleba 2.2. qalTa ekonomikuri
- Page 60 and 61: mravalerovani korporaciebi (MNC) uk
- Page 62 and 63: dasasrul unda iTqvas, rom globaluri
(Kovalevski and Bennett 1989). momdevno saukuneebisganmavlobaSi ki teqstilis mwarmoeblebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TuerTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros, qiraobdnen rogorc qal, asevemamakac muSebs. tansacmlis warmoeba erTaderTi arenaaraa, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawileba droTaganmavlobaSi Seicvala. dRes mTels msoflioSi <strong>qalebi</strong>ufro metad arian `mamakacis~ samuSaoze, vidre 1970 <strong>da</strong>1980-ian wlebSi (Anker 1998:412,415). magaliTisaTvis,patara qveynebSi, romlebmac multinacionalurikorporaciebis Sesvlis gamo teqstilis eqsportigazardes, qalTagan iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebisprocentuli maCvenebeli, romelsac adre <strong>mamakacebi</strong>asrulebdnen, am ori aTwleulis manZilze uaRresadgaizar<strong>da</strong> (mavritaniaSi amgvar samuSaoebze qalTaprocentuli maCvenebeli 37-<strong>da</strong>n 65 procentamdegaizar<strong>da</strong>, fijiSi 41-<strong>da</strong>n 61-mde [Anker 1998:416]).cvlilebebi, romlebSic sqesi Tavis saqmesasrulebs, Cveulebriv nela xdeba, radgan sqesis niSniTukve arsebuli <strong>da</strong>nawileba ayalibebs sazogadoebrivganwyobas Tu vin un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulos samuSaos konkretulisaxeoba, radganac mraval Tanamdebobaze arsebulimamakacTa samuSao Zala nela icvleba 2 . amitom msofliosudides nawilSi TanamdebobiTi kategoriebi, romlebicwarmoebis xelmZRvanelebs, mTavar ostatebs, mWedlebs,xelosnebs, qvismTlelebs, xaliCis mqsovelebs <strong>da</strong> sxvasamSeneblo samuSaoebsac moicaven, eqskluziurad mamakacebsrCebaT (anker 1998:274). garkveuli saxis samuSaoxalxis azrovnebaSi ileqeba, rogorc erTi romelimesqesisadmi mikuTvnebuli <strong>da</strong> sapirispiro sqesisaTvismiuRebeli (Oppenheimer 1968). ase magaliTad, afrikulqveyana gambiaSi meToTxmete saukunemde brinji qalebsmohyav<strong>da</strong>T. mecxramete saukuneSi, sakvebis mwvave nakle-26
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