q a l i T u r q e T S i
q a l i T u r q e T S i q a l i T u r q e T S i
1209. qalis mdgomareoba osmaleTis imperiaSiTanzimaTamdeSua saukuneebis osmaleTis imperiaSi qalTa did nawils uxdebodamuSaoba, raTa ojaxebi SeenaxaT. maTi dasaqmebis areali arcTu didi iyo.isini ZiriTadad dasaqmebuli iyvnen ojaxebSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, romaseTi samuSaos Sovnis Sansi mxolod axalgazrda mona qalebs eZleodaT.gaTxovili qalisaTvis aseTi samuSaos moZebna Zneli iyo. qalebidakavebuli iyvnen abanoebSi, aseve saqorwino samzadisTan dakavSirebulsaqmianobaSi.qalTa didi raodenoba dakavebuli iyo safeiqro warmoebiTa daSemdgom misi realizaciiT. Zafis darTvas qalebi saxlebSic axerxebdnen.“1678 wels bursaSi mcxovrebi qalebis 50% abreSumis darTviT iyodakavebuli” (faroqhi 2003a:165). safeiqro mrewvelobidan SemosuliSemosavali ganapirobebda qalis siZlieresa da finansurdamoukideblobas (goCeqi 2003: 78). bevri saqsovi dazga ganlagebuli iyoara mxolod maRaziaSi, aramed kerZo saxlebSi, qalebi aqacgvevlinebodnen damrTvelebad. aseTi qalebis umravlesobaaxalgazrdobaSi muSaobda mdidar qalebTan rogorc mqargvelebi da maTam saqmidan kargi anazRaurebac hqondaT. iyvnen iseTi qalebic, romlebicawarmoebdnen sanTels. sanTlis damzadebisas farTod gamoiyenebodasxvadasxva cxovelis cximi.iyvnen iseTi qalebic, romlebic dros saxlSi fuWad atarebdnen.evropeli mogzauri hans dernSvami, romelic Tan axlda bulgarelsardals stambolSi 1553 wels, dasZens, rom osmalo qali arc Tu xSiraddadis meCeTSi, aramed is saxlSi loculobs. dernSvami dasZens, romosmalo qali, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxlSi dros fuWad atarebda, saojaxosaqmes ki mosamsaxureebi akeTebdnen. aseve aRniSnavs, rom bevri coliqmris erTguli iyo, magram iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac qali Ralatobdaqmars misi omSi wasvlis Semdeg. es qalebi Semdeg sakadrisad arc kiisjebodnen, radganac maTi saxe CadriT iyo dafaruli da es ucnobirCeboda (goCeqi 2003:74).
121sasamarTlos Canawerebidan vgebulobT, rom am periodis qalebsgaaCndaT fabrika-qarxnebi, sacxobebi, gastronomiuli maRaziebi da sxva.ronald jeningsma Seiswavla 1600-25 wlebis kaiseris sasamarTlos 2000-mde Canaweri, saidanac irkveva, rom araelitaruli wris qalebiTavisuflad marTavdnen qonebas da monawileobdnen komerciulgarigebebSi. isini dakavebulni iyvnen miwaTmflobelobiT da fulisgasesxebiT (goCeqi 2003:79).gansakuTrebiT didi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen burseli qalebi.1600-1700 wlebis sasamarTlos Canawerebidan naTelia, rom burseliqalebi ufro xSirad mimarTavdnen sasamarTlos vidre q. kaiseris qalebi.qalTa maRali aqtiuroba bursaSi ganpirobebuli iyo am qalaqissiaxloviT dedaqalaqTan.sociologebis mier Seswavlil iqna XVII-XVIII ss-is Turquliojaxebi. maTi naSromebis gacnobis Sedegad Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,rom ZiriTadad arsebobda ojaxis ori tipi: pirveli tipis ojaxSipatarZals Tavisi ojaxis wevrebi gadascemdnen siZis ojaxis naTesaobas.sabolood qmari da dedamTili akontrolebdnen patarZlis yvela nabijs.Tu qali ojaxidan wasvlas daapirebda, maT ufleba hqondaT xeliSeeSalaT misTvis da ar gaetanebinaT qoneba. es amcirebda qalisstatuss. meore tipis ojaxSi qali iyo qmris biznes partniori, romelicinawilebda mis uflebamosilebas da damoukideblad asrulebdaekonomikur saqmianobas. aseTi tipis ojaxi sakmaod xSiri iyo da qalebic,Cveulebriv, SariaTis mixedviT memkvidreobis mflobelnic xdebodnen.SariaTis mixedviT osmaleTis imperiaSi qalsac da mamakacsacTanabari ufleba hqondaT sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis, nebismierisaxis SeTanxmebis dadebis, advokatis ayvanis dros. mamakacsac da qalsacTanabrad evalebodaT sasamarTloSi mowmis miyvana.“xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca daqvrivebuli qalebi gamodiodnenojaxis interesebis damcvelebad. aqedan gamomdinare qmrebi anadgilobrivi mosamarTleebi Rrmad endobodnen qalebis kompetenturobas.qmari sikvdilis Semdeg Tavis cols Svilebis meurved niSnavda, romelicicavda maT uflebebs” (faroqhi 2003a:168).
- Page 69 and 70: 69sultans adanaSaulebdnen didZali f
- Page 71 and 72: 71“regentobis xanis” aRsaniSnav
- Page 73 and 74: 73gamyarda, radganac man SeZlo swra
- Page 75 and 76: 75aeyvanaT da sazeimo ceremonia meC
- Page 77 and 78: 77balansi didad iyo damokidebuli su
- Page 79 and 80: 79Tvlida Tavis TiToeul nabijs, rogo
- Page 81 and 82: 81sultans acnoba, ris Sedegadac mox
- Page 83 and 84: 83axali sultani gaxda ibrahimis 7 w
- Page 85 and 86: 85mniSvnelovani gavlenis qveS. l. k
- Page 87 and 88: 87mamakaci iyo. ceremonia iyo simbo
- Page 89 and 90: 89vercxlisa da oqros foTlebiT morTu
- Page 91 and 92: 916. qalis statusi osmalurisaojaxo
- Page 93 and 94: 93memkvidreobiT gadacema. “mahri
- Page 95 and 96: 957. qali da qvelmoqmedeba osmaleTi
- Page 97 and 98: 97Camomavali qalebi iyvnen didmasSt
- Page 99 and 100: 99kargi cxeni. is saukeTeso, morwmu
- Page 101 and 102: 101Sadrevnebi” (zarinebafi 2002:5
- Page 103 and 104: 103colis yola sxva mizeziTac iyo ga
- Page 105 and 106: 105mesakuTris qonebidan. berklis mi
- Page 107 and 108: 107da gaTxovebis Semdegac mas Sors
- Page 109 and 110: 109yofila qoseleris fermis da saxle
- Page 111 and 112: 111Cven vigebT, rom haje hanimi xel
- Page 113 and 114: 113umaRlesi titulis - hajis mflobel
- Page 115 and 116: 115maRaziebic, romlis xSiri stumreb
- Page 117 and 118: 117sultan Mmustafa II-is (1695-1703
- Page 119: 119faravda da mxolod Tvalebi uCanda
- Page 123 and 124: 123sainteresoa XVIII s-is kaiseris
- Page 125 and 126: 125skolebSi. 1880-iani wlebidan sko
- Page 127 and 128: 127gogonebi ukve CarSafiT dadiodnen
- Page 129 and 130: 129Tavi III1. qali TurqeTis respubl
- Page 131 and 132: 131mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba sazoga
- Page 133 and 134: 133qemalistebis mxridan Zveli tradi
- Page 135 and 136: 1352002:567). saintereso iqneba Tu
- Page 137 and 138: 137Tanaxmad TurqeTSi Cadris mtarebe
- Page 139 and 140: 139qsovilis an pirsaxocis naWers, r
- Page 141 and 142: 141mravalcolianobis SemTxvevebi. ad
- Page 143 and 144: 143ibeWdeboda dasavlel mweralTa sxv
- Page 145 and 146: 145tradiciulma religiurma feministu
- Page 147 and 148: 147adgilobrivma qalma. zeims Tan ax
- Page 149 and 150: 149“Kadinca”, romelic dResac ga
- Page 151 and 152: 151cxovrebaSi yvelasaTvis gza xsnil
- Page 153 and 154: 153j a n m r T e l o b a1926w. abor
- Page 155 and 156: 155p o l i t i k a1923w. qalTa ufle
- Page 157 and 158: 1571995w. TurqeTma monawileoba miiR
- Page 159 and 160: 159winaislamur epoqaSi qali ganixil
- Page 161 and 162: 161valide sultani mogvevlina, rogor
- Page 163 and 164: 163tansacmlis evropuli kabiT Canacv
- Page 165 and 166: 165TurqeTSi qalTa aqtiurobis done s
- Page 167 and 168: 167Tursun bei 1997ibn batuta 1963ib
- Page 169 and 170: 169sadr ad-dini 1980selaniqi 19892
121sasamarTlos Canawerebidan vgebulobT, rom am periodis qalebsgaaCndaT fabrika-qarxnebi, sacxobebi, gastronomiuli maRaziebi da sxva.ronald jeningsma Seiswavla 1600-25 wlebis kaiseris sasamarTlos 2000-mde Canaweri, saidanac irkveva, rom araelitaruli wris qalebiTavisuflad marTavdnen qonebas da monawileobdnen komerciulgarigebebSi. isini dakavebulni iyvnen miwaTmflobelobiT da fulisgasesxebiT (goCeqi 2003:79).gansakuTrebiT didi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen burseli qalebi.1600-1700 wlebis sasamarTlos Canawerebidan naTelia, rom burseliqalebi ufro xSirad mimarTavdnen sasamarTlos vidre q. kaiseris qalebi.qalTa maRali aqtiuroba bursaSi ganpirobebuli iyo am qalaqissiaxloviT dedaqalaqTan.sociologebis mier Seswavlil iqna XVII-XVIII ss-is Turquliojaxebi. maTi naSromebis gacnobis Sedegad Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,rom ZiriTadad arsebobda ojaxis ori tipi: pirveli tipis ojaxSipatarZals Tavisi ojaxis wevrebi gadascemdnen siZis ojaxis naTesaobas.sabolood qmari da dedamTili akontrolebdnen patarZlis yvela nabijs.Tu qali ojaxidan wasvlas daapirebda, maT ufleba hqondaT xeliSeeSalaT misTvis da ar gaetanebinaT qoneba. es amcirebda qalisstatuss. meore tipis ojaxSi qali iyo qmris biznes partniori, romelicinawilebda mis uflebamosilebas da damoukideblad asrulebdaekonomikur saqmianobas. aseTi tipis ojaxi sakmaod xSiri iyo da qalebic,Cveulebriv, SariaTis mixedviT memkvidreobis mflobelnic xdebodnen.SariaTis mixedviT osmaleTis imperiaSi qalsac da mamakacsacTanabari ufleba hqondaT sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis, nebismierisaxis SeTanxmebis dadebis, advokatis ayvanis dros. mamakacsac da qalsacTanabrad evalebodaT sasamarTloSi mowmis miyvana.“xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca daqvrivebuli qalebi gamodiodnenojaxis interesebis damcvelebad. aqedan gamomdinare qmrebi anadgilobrivi mosamarTleebi Rrmad endobodnen qalebis kompetenturobas.qmari sikvdilis Semdeg Tavis cols Svilebis meurved niSnavda, romelicicavda maT uflebebs” (faroqhi 2003a:168).
Change language