q a l i T u r q e T S i

9“bizantiis imperiis dros qalebi ar iyvnen Tanasworuflebianebikanonis winaSe, magram samagierod qals pativsacemi adgili ekava saxlSi.garda amisa, maT sakuTari qonebis flobisa da marTvis uflebachqondaT” (renda 2001).X saukunidan bizantiis imperiis mniSvnelovani teritoria TurqselCukTatomebma daikaves da Sesabamisad moxda Turqi qalis asimilaciaiq arsebul kulturasTan.Turqebi Tavdapirvelad centralur aziaSi cxovrobdnen, magramgvalvis gamo maT nel-nela migracia daiwyes Crdilo-dasavleTiTa dakaspiis zRvis samxreTiT. adreul istoriaSi Turqi qali iTvlebodaojaxis momxibvlel wevrad, meuRlis aqtiur mxardamWerad, romelicTavis qmarTan Tanasworuflebiani iyo. im drois Turqi qali iyo aqtiuri,rogorc ojaxur, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.qalis uflebebi Tanaswori iyo mamakacis uflebebTan. qalsdamoukidebloba gaaCnda socialur sferoSic. mas SeeZlo yofiliyomosamarTle, daekavebina nebismieri adgili umaRles saxelisuflebowreSi. mas SeeZlo mamakacis msgavsad wasuliyo omSi, Tuki es saWirogaxdeboda. roca mefe saomrad iyo wasuli, qveyanas misi coli marTavda.mefis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, qalebi iyvnen TavianTiarasrulwlovani Svilebis regentebi.“Turq xanebs hyavdaT colebi-xaTunebi, romlebic xanis gverdiTisxdnen raime socialuri wveulebis an oficialuri ceremoniis dros,rogoric iyo, magaliTad, ucxoeli elCebis stumroba” (mavitani 2001).TurqTa religia iyo Samanizmi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo qalis saRvToZalaze. imisaTvis, rom eCvenebinaT saswaulebi, Turqi Samanebicdilobdnen qalis imitacia moexdinaT, amisaTvis isini izrdidnen Tmebs,icvamdnen grZel kabebs da nazad saubrobdnen, aseve iparsavdnen wverulvaSs.qorwineba Turqul tomebSi mniSvnelovani RonisZieba iyo,romelic didi zeimiT aRiniSneboda. mravalcolianoba tradiciad iyoqceuli, magram es ar vrceldeboda TurqTa umravles nawilze.qalebma Seasrules mniSvnelovani roli winaislamur Samanisturisazogadoebis anatoliaSi. islamur periodSi centraluri aziis Turqi

10qalebi mamakacebTan erTad monawileobdnen religiur saqmianobaSi (houvi2000:22).Turq qals SeeZlo damoukideblad emarTa Tavisi uZravi da moZraviqoneba, Tu SevadarebT Turqul tomebSi da romis imperiaSi mcxovrebiqalis uflebebs, Cven bevr saerTos vipoviT.islamamdeli periodis Turq tomebSi qali iyo ojaxis ufrosi,bavSvebis aRmzrdeli, religiuri ceremoniebis xelmZRvaneli. qalebiaseve gvevlinebodnen mravali mamakacuri saqmis meTaurad. TurqebSiSamanizmis gavleniT absoluturad Tanaswori urTierTobebi arsebobdaqalsa da mamakacs Soris, qalis roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi araTuSemcirda, aramed man upirvelesi adgili daikava (goqalfi 1998:145).qalis statusis Seswavlisas oRuz TurqTa sazogadoebaSiinteresmoklebuli ar iqneba, Tu ganvixilavT XIV saukunis istorikosisfazlalah raSid-ad-dinis naSroms “matianeTa krebuli” (“jami aT-Tavarih”). am naSroms mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia Sua saukuneebisTurqul istoriografiaSi. masSi pirvelad aris asaxuli oRuzTaistoria msoflio konteqstSi, rac metyvelebs imaze, Tu raoden didimniSvneloba eniWeboda raSid ad-dinis dros oRuzTa tomebs, rogorcwina aRmosavleTis TurqTa winaprebs. “oRuzTa istoriis” mTavaridamaxasiaTebelia is faqti, rom is warmoadgens xalxurizepirmetyvelebis asaxvas, sadac erTmaneTSia gadabmuli legenda darealoba. es saSualebas gvaZlevs, naSromi ganvixiloT ara mxolodrogorc folkloruli Zegli, aramed mniSvnelovani istoriuli wyaro.osmalTa legendaruli istoria, rogorc Turqi xalxis literaturuliZegli, ganxilulia mravali mecnieris mier. Cvens mier ganxilulifragmenti “jami aT-Tavarih”-idan msoflio istoriaSi cnobilia, rogorc“oRuz-name”. “oRuz-name” aris mniSvnelovani istoriuli wyaro aramxolod Turqi xalxisTvis, aramed im qveynis xalxTaTvisac, sadacSeaRwies Turqulma tomebma.naSromidan irkveva, rom Tavisi qmris damjeri da erTguli colisaTanadod oyo pativcemuli. istorikosi mokled mimoixilavs oRuziswinaprebs da mis dabadebas: “Turqi istorikosebi iuwyebian, rom rodesacwinaswarmetyvelma noem Tavis vaJiSvilebs dauriga miwebi, ufros Svils –

11iafets (iafesi), wilad xvda aRmosavleTis qveynebi TurqestanTan erTad.iafeti iyo momTabare tomis mcxovrebi. misi zafxulis “ialaqi” dazamTris “qiSliqi” sacxovrisebi mdebareobda Turqestanis teritoriaze.mas eyola vaJi, romelsac erqva dib iavqu-xani. “dib” – niSnavs taxts,xolo “iavqu” – xalxis meTaurs. mas hyavda oTxi saxelovani vaJi:karaxani, orxani, qiurxani da qiuzxani. qaraxani gaxda taxtis memkvidreda SemdgomSi fadiSahi. qaraxans eyola vaJi. am bavSvma sami dRe-RamisganmavlobaSi ar miiRo dedis rZe. dedam xeli Caiqnia mis gadarCenaze.erT Rames mas esizmra, rom Tavisi bavSvi eubneba: “Tu gsurs, rom memovwovo Seni ZuZu, maSin aRiare RmerTi”. qali msgavs sizmars sami dRexedavda. erTxelac aRmarTa xelebi cisken da RmerTs SesTxova daxmareba.oRuzmac maSinve miiRo dedis rZe. mcirewlovanma bavSvma piri daaRo daTqva, rom is daibada bedis varskvlavze, amitom mas unda darqmeodaoRuzi” (raSid ad-dini 1987:26-27). Semdeg avtori exeba oRuzis daojaxebisfaqts. man ori coli gamoicvala da Semdgom mesame moiyvana, radganacpirvelma orma colma ar irwmuna is RmerTi, romelsac Tavad oRuziaRiarebda da romlis aRiarebiskenac mouwoda Tavis colebs, mesamecolma dauyovnebliv gamoxata erTguleba da damorCilda, naSromSivkiTxulobT: “ oRuzi mamam daniSna qiuzxanis qaliSvilze. gogo saxlSimoiyvana oRuzma da sTxova erwmuna RmerTi. gogonam ar irwmuna. oRuzmamasTan siaxloveze uari ganacxada. aseve moxda meore colis (is iyoqiurxanis qaliSvili) SerTvisas. maSin mamam oRuzi daniSna mesame biZisorxanis qaliSvilze. mas oRuzma ganucxada: Tu Sen me damemorCilebi, meSen colad mogiyvan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki gageqcevi. gogonamupasuxa: - “me Seni nawili var da rac unda mibrZano, Sen dagemorCilebida dagnebdebi. oRuzma es qali saxlSi miiyvana da uzomod Seiyvara.qalsac Zalian uyvarda Tavisi qmari” (raSid ad-dini 1987:28). aqedangamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom is qali, romelic morCili iyoTavisi qmris, qmris mxridanac imsaxurebda sapasuxo pativiscemas. aqveyuradsaRebia erTi faqtic, rom qals Tavisufali gadawyvetilebisufleba hqonda jer kidev oRuzur Turqul sazogadoebaSi, rasac naTladvxedavT oRuzis pirveli ori colis magaliTze, romlebmac gabedes dawinaaRmdegoba gauwies TavianT qmars da ar aRiares is RmerTi, romelic

12maT qmarma ubrZana, es faqti maT oRuzis mamasTanac daafiqsires: “erTdRes oRuzis mamam moawyo wveuleba, sadac dapatiJa oRuzi Tavisi samicoliT. mamam hkiTxa Svils. Tu ratom uyvarda mas mesame coli ufrometad, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli ori coli Zalian lamazebi iyvnen?orive cols es kiTxva esiamovna da xma amoiRes: oRuzma Cven gvibrZanagverwmuna erTiani RmerTi, Cven ki vupasuxeT, rom aseT RmerTs Cven arvicnobdiT, is ki gagvibrazda. mesame colma ki daujera da daemorCilamas. amitomac misdami oRuzi ufro keTilmosurne da mosiyvarulea”(raSidad-dini 1987:28).islamis Semosvlamde qali damcirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda.qalis cxovreba mosawyeni iyo da garkveuli ideologiebiTa da adaTwesebiTsavse. qali ganixileboda rogorc cxoveli. islamamde didisircxvili iyo ojaxSi mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvis dabadeba, romelsacxSirad dabadebisTanave cocxlad miwaSi marxavdnen, mizezad kigaWirvebas asaxelebdnen. swored aseT periodSi gamoCnda mociqulimuhamedi, romelmac miznad daisaxa yvela iqamde arsebuli msgavsigaurkvevlobis gauqmeba da qalTaTvis sazogadoebrivi statusisgansazRvra da uflebebis miniWeba.islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg (Cv.w. me-7 s-Si) moxda qalissazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mkveTri formulireba. islamma qalisstatusi aamaRla dis, qaliSvilis, colis da dedis rangSi. maT uflebebimiiRes sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogoricaa memkvidreoba, qorwineba, ganTlebada sxva.pirveli mniSvnelovani ufleba ras islamma qals mianiWa iyo misirogorc adamianis aRiareba, radganac islamamde qali miiCneoda rogorcaraamqveyniuri arseba, romelic Seqmnili iyo mxolos Sromisa dasxvisadmi samsaxurisaTvis. islami miuTiTebs, rom qali da mamakaci erTisxeulisagan Seiqmna, yuranSi weria:“(4:1) hoi xalxo! geSinodeT Tqveni uflisa, romelmac SegqmnaTTqven erTi arsisgan. da Seqmna misgan wyviliscali misi, da gaamravlamaTgan kacni da qalni. da geSinodeT allahisa, visiTac urTierTobTTqven Soris, da naTesauri kavSirebisa. WeSmaritad, allahiTvalismdevnelia Tqvenze” (silagaZe 2009b:27).

13Semdegi mniSvnelovani aRiareba iyo qalisa da mamakacisTanasworoba. islamSi qalsa da mamakacs Soris sxvaoba ar aris, qalicada mamakacic erTnairi uflebebiT sargeblobs. yuranSi weria:“qalis uflebebi msgavsia mamakacis uflebebisa” (yurani 1986:51).yurani roca miuTiTebs morwmuneebze, xSirad vxvdebiT aseTgamoTqmas: “morwmune mamakacebi da qalebi”, saidanac TvalnaTliv Cansqalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba maT movaleobebSi, uflebebsa da sxvawyalobaSi. yuranSi weria:“35(35) WeSmaritad, muslimi kacebi da muslimi qalebi, morwmunekacebi da morwmune qalebi, morCili kacebi da morCili qalebi, marTalikacebi da marTali qalebi, momTmeni kacebi da momTmeni qalebi,RvTismoSiSi kacebi da RvTismoSiSi qalebi, mowyalebis gamRebi kacebi damowyalebis gamRebi qalebi, momarxule kacebi da momarxule qalebi,TavianTi sarcxvenelTa damcavi kacebi da damcavi qalebi, alahismravlad mxsenebeli qalebi ... swored maT gaumzada alahma patieba dadidi saboZvari” (yurani 2006:277).yurani ambobs, rom qalebs, iseve rogorc mamakacebs, gaaCniaT sulida Tu isini keTili gziT ivlian, aucileblad moxvdebian samoTxeSi:“70 (70) SediT samoTxeSi Tqven da Tqveni mewyvileni, inetarebT”(yurani 2006:311).“vinc samarTliani cxovrebiT cxovrobs, iqneba es kaci Tu qali,Cven davuCqarebT gzas bednieri cxovrebisaken” (yurani 1986:229).islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda qalTamemkvidreobis sakiTxSi. Tumca islamamde qali ar iyo mTlianadCamoSorebuli memkvidreobas, misi wili mamakacebTan SedarebiTmniSvnelovnad dabali iyo. umetes SemTxvevaSi qalis wilis sakiTximemkvidreobis miRebisas damokidebuli iyo mamakacis neba-survilze.islamis warmoSobam axali elementebi Seitana memkvidreobis sistemaSi daSedegad yvela iqamde arsebuli gaugebroba moxsna.memkvidreobis ganawilebis sxva ZiriTad principebTan erTadmniSvnelovania erT-erTi wesi: mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidre (Tumca arayovelTvis) iRebs wilis – orjer mets mdedrobiTi sqesis memkvidresTan

14(gardacvlilTan) SedarebiT, erTi da igive naTesauri kavSiris dros(gelovani 2005:236):“(4:11) mcnebad gaZlevT allahi Tqveni Svilebis gamo: vaJs – oriqalis wilis zoma: da Tu arian qalebi, orze metni, maSin maT – orimesamedi imisa, rac datova: da Tu erTi qalia, maSin – naxevari mas. damis mSoblebs – TiToeuls meeqvsedi imisa, rac datova, Tuki Svili hyavsmas; da Tuki ara hyavs Svili da memkvidreebi mSoblebi arian, maSin dedas– mesamedi; xolo Tu Zmebi hyavs, maSin dedas – meeqvsedi mas Semdeg, racgaicema misi naanderZevi an vali; Tqveni mSoblebi Tu Svilebi Tqveni –Tqven ar iciT, amaTgan romelni arian ufro sargeblianni TqvenTvis.dadgeniladaa allahisagan, - WeSmaritad, allahi yovlismcodne dabrZenia” (silagaZe 2009b:29).yurani Seagonebs im kacebs, romlebic amcireben an cudad epyrobianqalebs:“(4:19) – hoi Tqven, romelTac iwameT! nebadarTuli ara gaqvT, ZaliTaiRoT memkvidreobaSi colebi. da nu dauSliT waiRon imis nawili, racmigiciaT maTTvis, garda – Tuki cxadi mruSoba Caidinon. keTiladmoipyariT maT, xolo Tu SeiZuleT – iqneba Tqven gZuldeT rame, allahski didi sikeTe Caedos masSi “ (silagaZe 2009b:30).islamis winaswarmetyvelma Tqva: “qalebi arian mamakacebis tyupinaxevrebi”. yuranSi weria: “”isini samoselia Tqveni da Tqvena xarTsamoseli maTi” (silagaZe 2009a:28).iseve rogorc samoseli faravs Cvens tans siSiSvlisagan, aseveqali da mamakaci SeuRlebis Semdeg icaven erTmaneTis ubiwoebas.samoseli tans aniWebs simyudroves, aseve qalica da mamakacicsimyudroves pouloben erTad yofnisas.muhamedi qebiT avsebda saTno da ubiwo qalebs, is ambobda:“msoflio da yvelaferi am msoflioSi Zvirfasia, magram yvelazeZvirfasi am qveyanaze aris saTno qali”. man erTxel aseTi rame uTxramomaval xalifa omars: “saWiroa Tu ara, rom gacnobo Tu ra SeiZlebaiyos yvelaze Zvirfasi amqveynad, rac SeiZleba kacma moimaragos? es arissaTno coli, romelic qmars yovel Sexedvaze siamovnebas hgvris daromelic Tavis Tavs ganagebs, roca martoa” (Saqiri).

15winaswarmetyveli agreTve ambobs:“yvelaze didi simdidre, rac kacs gaaCnia, aris rwmena, madlieriguli da morwmune coli, romelic mas exmareba rwmenaSi”. da kvlav:“msoflio, mTeli msoflio aris materia da am materiebs SorissaukeTeso aris saTno qali” (Saqiri).islamis Semosvlis Semdeg yuranis mixedviT nebadarTuli gaxdamamakacs hyoloda ori, sami an oTxi coli, (iqamde maT uricxviraodenobiT SeeZloT hyolodaT colebi), xolo Tu is Tavis colebserTnairad ar moepyroboda, maSin mas mxolod erTi colis yolisufleba eniWeboda, Tumca es imas ar niSnavda rom yurani iwonebdamravalcolianobas, ubralod mravalcolianobis nebas rTavda muslims:“(4:3) xolo Tu SiSobT, rom samarTlianni ar iqnebiT oblebTn, maSinSeirTeT, vinc mogewonebaT, is qalebi, - ori, sami, oTxi; xolo TuSiSobT, rom Tanasworad ver moepyariT, maSin – erTi, an isini, romelTacTqveni marjvena dauflebia. es ufro axlos iqneba imasTan, rom gzas argadascdeT Tqven” (silagaZe 1999b:27). “TviTon muhamads alahmaganusazRvreli raodenobis colebis yolis neba darTo. muslimmkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis, rom muhamadma am suris gardmovlenamdemoiyvana yvela coli. hadisebis mixedviT muhamads hyavda 14 coli. amsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. Tumca yvela erTi azrisaris imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom 9 coli iyo cocxali misi gardacvalebisSemdeg “ (gelovani 2005:103).islamamde mamakacs SeeZlo gahyroda Tavis colebs ramdenjeracsurda. islamma SezRuda es ricxvi da mamakacs mieniWa ganqorwinebismxolod ori ufleba. yuranis mixedviT gaqorwinebis survilis gamoTqmaSeeZlo rogorc mamakacs, ise qals, es damokidebuli iyo imaze Tu “visxelSi iyo kontraqti”. “da Tu gaeyrebodeT maT, vidre SeexebodeT, xolovaldebuleba ukve agiRiaT, maSin maT – naxevari imisa, rac ivaldebuleT,Tuki ar daTmes qalebma an ar daTmo iman, vis xelTac qorwinebispirobaa: xolo Tu Tqven daTmobT, es ufro axloa RvTismoSiSobasTan. damadli ar daiviwyoT Tqven Soris, - WeSmaritad, xedavs allahi, rasacaiqmT, imas” (silagaZe 2009a:37).

16mociquli mouwodebda muslimebs: “geSinodeT alahis qalTanmimarTebaSi”. “Tqvens Soris saukeTesoa is, vinc Tavis cols kargadeqceva”. “muslims ar unda ejavrebodes Tavisi coli da arc raime naklsunda xedavdes masSi, da Tu is am nakls xedavs, maSin man Tavis colSikargis danaxvac unda SeZlos”. “rac ufro keTili da zrdilobianiamuslimi Tavisi colis mimarT, miT ufro srulyofilia is TavisrwmenaSi”. is agreTve mouwodebs morwmuneebs, rom kargad ganarCionmorCilni da arapatiosani colebi, raTa umizezod ar dasajon isini:“ (4:34) da kacebi qalebs zemoT dganan imiT, riTac allahma erTnimeoreze upiratesni hyo, da imiT, rasac TavianTi qonebidan gaiReben.xolo patiosani qalebi morCilni arian da damcvelni dafarulisa –imiT, riTac allahi icavs. da romelTa urCobasac SiSobdeT, im qalebsSeagoneT, mere miatoveT sarecelSi da cema agemeT; magram Tu morCilnigaxdnen, gzas nuRar eZebT maT winaaRmdeg. WeSmaritad, allahi maRali dadidebulia” (silagaZe 2009b:32).mociquli muhamedi mouwodebs kacebs ukan ar waarTvan colebs is,rac maT Tavad aCuqes da rac maT ekuTvniT:“ (4:20) da Tu moisurvebT, erTi coli meore coliT SecvaloT, daTunda kintari gqondeT micemuli misTvis, ukan ar waarTvaT araferi.nuTu waarTmevT rasme cru dabralebiT da cxadi codviT Tqven?”(silagaZe 2009b:30).qali, rogorc deda, did pativs imsaxurebs islamSi. muhamediacxadebda, rom dedis ufleba umTavresi iyo. mag. erTi kaci misulaalahis mociqulTan da ukiTxavs: “mociqulo, vin aris is adamiani, visacyvelaze meti ufleba aqvs Cemze?” man ki upasuxa: -”dedaSeni”. –Semdeg vin?– dedaSeni! –Semdeg vin? – dedaSeni! –Semdeg vin? –mamaSeni!” (al-buhari,sahih, 8/2).Turqi qalis Sesaxeb muslimur aRmosavleTSi saintereso azrsgamoTqvams Turqi istorikosi bahrie uCoki. misi azriT yuranis gamoCenisSemdeg aRiniSna didi gadatrialeba qalis socialur da uflebrivmdgomareobaSi muslimur aRmosavleTSi. Tumca qali muslimur samyaroSiikavebs ufro dabal safexurs, vidre mamakaci, mainc misi mdgomareobayvela mimarTulebiT umjobesia, vidre winamuslimur droSi. “winaislamur

17epoqaSi qali ganixileboda, rogorc viRacis sakuTreba, islamisgavrcelebis Semdeg ki man moipova ufleba. amitom islamis ayvavebisxanaSi muslimur qveynebSi qals Tavisuflad da mSvidad SeeZlodaekavebina misTvis Sesaferisi Tanamdeboba” (uCoki 1982:19). muslimiqalebi, maT Soris Turqi qalebi, warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen mecnierebis,literaturis dargSi. isini faqtobrivad ar CamorCebodnen mamakacebs arcpolitikur arenaze. asrulebdnen saxelmwifo saqmeebs, iyvnen valiebi,naibebi (nacvlebi, regentebi) da Zlevamosili meufeni.qalis uflebebze saubrobs profesori m. meieric. Sua saukuneebisxanaSi mamakaci dakavebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedebiT, mecxoveleobiT. isiniiyvnen mTavari mwarmoeblebi, arCendnen ojaxebs, zrunavdnenSTamomavlobaze. amasTanave, mamakacs eqvemdebareboda qveynis ekonomikuri,politikuri, samxedro sistemebi. “patriarqaluri Sua saukuneebis qalsekava dabali, arasruflebiani mdgomareoba, magram es ar unda avurioTuuflebobaSi. qalis socialur statuss maRla ayenebda misi roliojaxSi, qals ufleba hqonda sakuTrebaze, memkvidreobidan wilismiRebaze, sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanaze da sxv” (uCoki 1982:7).islamSi qalis idealis CamoyalibebaSi yuranTan, hadisebTan(gadmocema mociqul muhamadis sityvebis da saqcielis Sesaxeb), damuslimur samarTalTan erTad garkveuli roli Seasrula cnobilipolitikuri da religiuri moRvaweebis sxvadasxva rekomendaciam damiTiTebam (gelovani 2003:421). XI saukuneSi nizam al-mulqi, sultnebisToRrul-begis (1037-1063), alf-arslanis (1063-1072) da meliq-Sahis (1072-1092)dros Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos veziri Tavis politikur traqtatSi -“siaseT-nameSi” werda: “Tu ginda, rom qveyana ar daiqces, colssaxelmwifo saqmeebSi Carevis ufleba ar misce. Tu mbrZanebeli coliskarnaxiT marTavs qveyanas, saxelmwifo zaraldeba, xalxi gansacdelSivardeba, iwyeba qaosi, iflangeba xazina, zeimobs boroteba... colsmousmine, magram ar daujero” (nizam ul-mulqi 1999:53).nizam al-mulqis es sityvebi ganpirobebuli iyo Turqi qalisaqtiurobiT politikur arenaze Turq-selCukTa sazogadoebaSi. amisSesaxeb vkiTxulobT istorikosi sadr ad-din al-huseinis naSromSi“cnobebi selCukTa saxelmwifoze, romelic iuwyeba selCukTa emirebsa da

18mmarTvelebze”, rom TurqTa beladis – iabRus 2 coli yuradsaRebgafrTxilebebs aZlevda Tavis qmars, TurqTa beladi - iabRu gulSimalavda Tavis zizRs emiri – Toqaqis 3 mimarT, Tumca rodesac emiriselCuki – Toqaqis Ze gaizarda, iabRum mas jaris mmarTveloba gadascada subaSis 4 tituli mianiWa. TurqTa beladis coli qmars yovelTvisaxsenebda, rom frTxili yofiliyo emiri selCukis mimarT. is Tavis qmarsmouwodebda: “mefobis wyaro ar iqneba SenTvis sufTa, sanam Sen armoklav selCuks da Seni saxelmwifos dila ar gabrwyindeba sanam masWiqidan sikvdils ar daalevineb. is male gagaZevebs Seni dedaqalaqidanda ecdeba Sens mogudvas. es iyo naTqvami ise, rom selCukma gaigona dadainaxa. emirma Sekazma cxeni da Tavis cxenosnebTan da qveiTebTan erTadgaemarTa islamis qveyanaSi da gabednierda hanafituri islamis miRebiT”(sadr ad dini 1980:25). 5ojaxur mdgomareobasa da uflebebze dayrdnobiT muslim qalsSeeZlo Seesrulebinda sakmaod aqtiuri roli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebissxvadasxva sferoSi. amisi gamovlineba sxvadasxvagvari iyo sofelsa daqalaqSi. qalTa aqtiur mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi gansazRvravda maTiqonebrivi mdgomareoba, ganaTlebis done, socialuri statusi. qalebixSirad mimarTavdnen sasamarTlos, raTa esargeblaT TavianTiuflebebiT, mag. memkvidreobis miRebisas. qalebi gamodiodnen rogorcTavianTi Svilebis damcvelni, ise rogorc Tavdebebi. zogierTi qaliflobda gansakuTrebul qonebas, fuls debda vaWrobaSi, mevaxSeobaSi,2 iabRu – umaRlesi xelisufalis tituli dasavleT TurqeTSi3 Toqaqi – selCukTa winapari tituli, am saxelis ramodenime variantma moaRwiaCvenamde.4 subaSi – samxedro meTauri, jaris mTavarsardali, arabuli eqvivalenti: ka’idal-jaSi.5 qvemoT (Tavi 6. valide sultani. qalTa mmarTveloba osmaleTis imperiaSi)visaubrebT Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifoSi cnobili regenti qalis, sultanmaliq-Sahis (1072-1092) meuRlis da sultan mahmudis dedis Turqan-xaTunisSesaxeb. am qalma SeZlo garkveuli brZolis gadalaxvis Semdeg Tavisi Svilimahmudi sultani 2gamxdariyo.

19aarsebda meCeTebsa da sxva religiur da kulturul dawesebulebebs.Sesabamisad Sua saukuneebis TurqeTSi arsebobdnen mdidari qalebi.islamis evolucia gagrZelda qalis uflebebis mkveTri SezRudviT.Tumca es procesi erTbaSad ar momxdara. v.a. gordlevskis azriT,islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg XIII-XIV ss-Si Turqi qali jer kidevinarCunebda Tavisuflebas. adgilobrivi tradiciebi jer kidev ar iyomospobili. “iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac meuRlis gardacvalebis SemdegZalaufleba qalis xelSi gadadioda da is xdeboda ojaxis ufrosi.qalebi erTiandebodnen sazogadoebriv da religiur dajgufebebSi”(gordlevski 1962:16).istorikosi aSik faSazade mcire aziis mosaxleobaSi gamoarCevs“rumis bajebs” – mcire aziis debs. misi azriT, SesaZlebelia, terminibaji niSnavda raRac seqtas, romelic axlos iyo beqTaSis ordenTan.mehmed koprulus azriT “baji” iyo qalTa samxedro gaerTianebebi.“bajiebis organizaciis” Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebi moipovebaTurqi istorikosi qalis – meral alTindalis naSromSi (alTindali1994:14).Turq-selCukTa xanaSi arsebobda vaWar-xelosanTa muslimuriamqaris wevrTa organizacia. am organizaciam axlad Seqmnil osmaleTisimperiaSi didi roli iTamaSa, kerZod murad 1-ma ianiCarTa korpusisdaarsebis Semdeg (1362w.) am organizaciis wevrebi ianiCarTa korpusisSemadgenlobaSi Seiyvana.anatoliis Turqizaciisa da islamizaciis periodisaTvis,anatoliaSi agreTve arsebobda vaWar xelosanTa muslimuri amqarisqalTa sazogadoebac. es anatolieli “bajiebis ordeni” iyo. maT jerkidev anatoliaSi selCukTa saxelmwifos arsebobis dros saxelmwifosmarTva-gamgeblobaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules.mamakacTa muslimuri amqaris sazogadoebis damaarsebeli ahi evreniiyo. is filosofosi da 20-mde nawarmoebis avtori gaxldaT. igi yofilimetyeve iyo, magram metad Zlieri da ganaTlebuli pirovneba. esorganizacia TandaTanobiT gafarTovda da Camoyalibda “rumis bajebisordeni.” “rumis bajebis ordenis” mTavari ganStoebebi Tavmoyrili iyo

20qalaqebSi: kaiseri, konia da kirSehiri da am qalaqebis bajiebisorganizaciis saxels atarebda” (alTindali 1994:14).islamis gavrcelebamde “rumis bajebis ordenis” qalebi iyvnenkargi cxenosnebi da mamakacebTan erTad monawileobas iRebdnen omebSi.Turq qalTa es organizacia Cabmuli iyo qveynis socialur cxovrebaSida misi wevrebi amzadebdnen saomar tansacmelsac.“bajiebis ordenis” wevri qalebi mamakacebTan erTad monawileobasiRebdnen locvebisa da sxva RvTismsaxurebis dros. organizaciaSimisuli stumris gamaspinZleba da maTTvis Ramis TavSesafaris micemabajiebis movaleoba iyo.1243 wels monRolebma ToqaTi da sivasi daipyres da kaisersmoadgnen. qalaqis dasacavad mimdinare 15 dRiani omis dros ahiebTanerTad omSi bajiebic ibrZodnen. omis Semdeg anatolia monRolebmadaipyres, ahiebma da bajiebma TavianT sam qalaqSi arsebuliorganizaciebi sofelSi gadaitanes.unda aRiniSnos, rom “rumis bajiebis ordenis” damaarsebeligaxldaT fatma baji, romelic mamakacTa muslimuri amqarisorganizaciis damaarseblis ahi evrenis coli iyo. fatma baji 1210 welsdaibada. dedamisi tyveTa bazarze nayidi cudi yofaqcevis mona qaliyofila. pataraobaSi metad mousvenari fatma, ganaTlebuli qali gaxdada religiuri seqtis meTauradac mogvevlina. fatma bajis mxarSi edgaTavisi da – amine xaTuni, romlebmac erTad didi wvlili Seitanesordenis saqmianobaSi.“im periodis anatoliaSi aseve arsebobda “beqTaSis qalTa ordeni”,romelic did pativs scemda fatmas pirovnebas” (alTindali 1994:16).1228 wels fatma baji colad gahyva ahi evrens. 1240 wels misi qmaridaiWires, xolo 1243 wels monRolebis mier kaiseris dapyrobis Semdegdatyvevebul mamakacebSi fatma bajic aRmoCnda. 17 wlis patimrobisSemdeg fatma baji gaaTavisufles. patimrobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdegman Tavis qmarTan erTad erTi weli icxovra, radganac male ahi evrenigardaicvala.fatma bajis mier daarsebuli organizacia faqtobrivad amdroisaTvis aRar arsebobda. amasTanave is xvdeboda, rom mudmivi

21meTvalyureobis qveS iyo da gadawyvita “beqTaSis” organizaciaSiSesuliyo, sadac is didi pativiT miiRes da misma meTaurma haji beqTaSmamas qonebac misca. haji beqTaSis gardacvalebis Semdeg, fatma bajim masmavzoleumi augo. fatma baji qirSehirSi dabinavda da iqve gardaicvala.aSik faSazadesa da ibn batutas mixedviT “bajiebis ordeni”, iseverogorc ahielTa, anu mamakacebis ordeni, monRolebis mier anatoliisdapyrobisTanave daiSala.unda aRiniSnos, rom “bajiebis ordenis” paralelurad TurqselCukTasaxelmwifoSi arsebobda “faqiregan”-is (“Fakiregan”), “bajiani-sa”(“Baciyan”) da “qalbatoni derviSebis” (“Hanim Dervisler”) ordenebi, magramamaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani fatma bajis ordeni iyo” (alTindali 1994:17).aseTi iyo qalTa gaerTianeba – “bajiebis Oordeni”, romelicrealurad warmoadgenda qalTa samxedro gaerTianebas, romlis wevriqalebic TiTqmis ar ganirCeodnen mamakacebisagan, aramed isinimamakacebTan erTad monawileobas iRebdnen samxedro operaciebSi,mamakacebTan erTad dadiodnen meCeTebSi, eweodnen saqvelmoqmedosaqmianobas. fatma bajis mier anatoliaSi daarsebuli “bajiebis ordenis”xsovna adamianTa mogonebebSi didxans SemorCa.amgvarad, Cven davinaxeT, rom XIII-XIV ss-Si anatoliaSi Turqi qali,islamis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, kidev inarCunebda Tavisuflebas. amismTavar ganmapirobebel mizezs warmoadgenda is faqti, rom anatoliaSijer kidev ar iyo mospobili qristianuli tradiciebi da amasTanaveislamsac jer myarad ar hqonda gadgmuli fesvebi.afliakis mixedviT (XIVs.) mdidari qalebi ikribebodnen koniaSididmoxele eminedin miqailis meuRlesTan. arabi istorikosis ibn-batutasmixedviTac XIV s-Si osmaleTSi ganagrZobda arsebobas Zveli tradiciebi.“ibn-batutam izniqSi aRmoaCina qali, romelic qalaqs marTavda qmrissaxeliT. misi qmari ki iyo sultani orxani (1326-1359) ” (gordlevski1962:70). es qali iyo – nilufer xaTuni, warmoSobiT berZeni lordisSvili, romelic 1299 wels osman beim moitaca da colad SerTo Tavis 12wlis vaJs orhan beis. orhan bei Tavis cols yvelaferSi endoboda da

22qveynis gareT yofnis dros saxelmwifos mmarTveladac tovebda (beiTsi1978:251).ibn-batutam imogzaura xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze q. alaieSi.mogzauri aRniSnavs, rom qalebi q. alaieSi Tavsaburavis gareSedadiodnen, qalebma mogzaurs da mis Tanmxleb pirebs TavianTi xeliTgamomcxvari puri gaugzavnes. xolo roca mogzaurma datova qalaqi,qalebi tiriliT acilebdnen (ibn batuta 1963:123). aq sagulisxmoa erTifaqti, rom q. alaie aRmocenda yofili bizantiuri qalaqis kalonorosasadgilze, ase rom, aq Zlieri iyo qristianuli tradiciebi da amis gamoxSirad xdeboda islamis dogmebis darRveva.amrigad, Cven davinaxeT, Tu rogor yalibdeboda anatoliisteritoriaze qalis kulti. jer kidev zeda paleoliTis xanaSi qaliaRiqves, rogorc nayofierebis simbolo. neoliTur periodSi dominirebdadedaRmerTis kulti. qalis kulti maRal safexurze Cans antikuriqveynebis kulturis Seswavlisas. ax. w. aR-mde me-4 aTaswleulis bolos,brinjaos xanaSi, mamakacis rolma sazogadoebaSi meti mniSvnelobamoipova. Tumca qali kvlav darCa nayofierebis simbolod da deda-RmerTis kultic agrZelebda ayvavebas. meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebSixeTebis imperiis (Zv. w. XVIIIs-dan XIIIs-mde) dros xeTur samarTalSidaculi iyo qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba. qals gaaCndapolitikuri uflebebic. anatoliis berZnul sazogadoebaSi qalebimniSvnelovani TavisuflebiT sargeblobdnen, gabatonebuli iyomonogamia. romaelTa xanaSi ki qalma ufro meti uflebebi moipova, vidreberZenTa mmarTvelobis dros hqondaT. qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdegreligiur doqtrinebSi wminda RvTismSoblis kulti warmoCnda.XI saukunidan Turq-selCukebma daipyres bizantiis imperiismniSvnelovani teritoria da moxda Turqi qalis asimilacia iq arsebulkulturasTan. im dros Turqi qali aqtiuri iyo rogorc ojaxur, isesazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. qals damoukidebloba gaaCnda socialursferoSic. TurqTa religia iyo Samanizmi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo qalissaRvTo Zalaze. islamamdeli periodis Turqi qali iyo ojaxis ufrosi,bavSvebis aRmzrdeli, religiuri ceremoniebis xelmZRvaneli.

23islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg osmaleTis imperiaSi moxda qalisuflebebis mkveTrad SezRudva imasTan SedarebiT ra uflebebic qalsgaaCnda islamamde. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom yuranma garkveulwilad moxsnamravali gaugebroba, rac islamamde arsebobda qalTan mimarTebaSi daqalis uflebebi CarCoSi moaqcia. islamamde qalTaTvis raime saxisuflebis miniWeba damokidebuli iyo mamakacis calkeulgadawyvetilebaze. yuranSi ki moxda qalTaTvis am uflebebis miniWebismkveTri formulireba.islamis evolucia ganviTarda qalis uflebebis mkveTri SezRudviT.islamis ganviTarebis Sedegad SeizRuda qalTa uflebebi.adgilobrivi Zveli tradiciebi Seicvala SariaTis moTxovnebisSesabamisad. islamma TandaTanobiT qals CamoarTva is uflebebi,romlebic maT manamde gaaCndaT. male qali aRmoCnda damcirebulmdgomareobaSi mamakacTan SedarebiT. Semdgom kanonmdeblobebSi da zne-CveulebebSi ufro da ufro izRudeboda maTi uflebebi.

24Tavi II1. selim I-is ~kanun-name~selim I-is sultnobis periodSi (1512-1520ww.) osmaleTis imperiaSiukve SariaTis mkacri kanonmdebloba moqmedebda. am periodSi Seiqmnasultan selim I-is “kanun-name”, anu samarTlis wigni.sultan selim I-is (1512-1520) kanun-names Sesaxeb XX saukunemdearaferi iyo cnobili. naklebad iyo cnobili am sultnis sakanonmdeblosaqmianobis Sesaxebac. XX saukuneSi Turquli xelnawerebis Seswavlisasmikvleul iqna ori erTnairad dasaTaurebuli xelnawerisadmi, romelicase ikiTxeboda: “sultan selimis kanonTa wigni, RmerTma naTelSiamyofos misi suli”.erTi xelnaweri iyo SifriT B 1882, gadaweris TariRiT 1564 weli,romelic axlosaa am kanonTa wignis Tavdapirvel Sedgenis TariRTan.meore xelnaweri, SifriT A 250, ar iyo daTariRebuli. amxelnaweris mixedviT naTeli xdeba kanun-names Semdgenlis saxeli,romelic aris niSanji jelal-zade (1567w.).qoja-niSanji jelal-zade Mmustafa Celebi (1567w.) iyo XVI saukunisosmaleTis imperiis gamoCenili istorikosi da kanonmdebeli. man TavisimoRvaweoba sultan selim I-is karze daiwyo. is orjer iyo niSanjis 6Tanamdebobaze sultan suleiman kanunis (1520-1566) dros (1534-1557ww. da1566-1567ww.). aqedan gamomdinare udavoa, rom mas marTlac SeeZlo eTavaselim I-is “kanun-name”-s Sedgena. selim I-is sultnobis periodze mancalke istoriuli naSromic dawera, saxelad “wigni selimze”.selim I-is “kanun-name”-s Sedgenis Semdeg qoja-niSanji jelal-zademgaagrZela sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba da daasrula suleiman kanunis (1520-1566) “kanun-name”-Ti.6niSanji – saxelmwifo kancelariis meTauri, romlis valdebulebac iyosultnis yvelanairi brZanebebisa da saxelwmifo aqtebis gaformeba.

25selim I –is kanonTa wignis Sedgenis paralelurad mimdinareobdaosmalTa kanonTa normebis damkvidreba imperiis provinciebSi: kaiseri,rumi, diarbeqiri da sxva, rac daTariRebulia 1516-1518 ww.selim I-is “kanun-name”-Si saubaria sasoflo-sameurneo dasamoqalaqo gadasaxadebze, aRwerilia sxvadasxva saxis sabazrogadasaxadebi produqciis mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia rom selimis “kanun-name”nawilobriv aris misi mamis, baiazid II-is (1481-1512ww.) sakanonmdeblosaqmianobis gagrZeleba.Tu SevadarebT selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mehmed II (1444-1481 ww.)kanonTa kodeqss, aSkaraa, rom selim I-is dros mniSvnelovani cvlilebebigatarda kanomdeblobaSi, feodaluri wyobilebis detalebi am kanunnameSiufro detalurad aris aRwerili. mag. glexTa mimagreba sifahTamiwaze, Timariotuli sistemis gamartiveba, “TavisufalTa”kategoriisCamoyalibeba.SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saxelmwifos ZiriTadi principebisCamoyalibeba osmaleTis imperiaSi dasrulda selim I-is dros dasazogadoebaSi damkvidrda kanonmdebloba.aRniSnul “kanun-nameSi” saubaria qalzec. saintereso iqneba TumimovixilavT da davinaxavT Tu rogoria am periodSi qalis mdgomareobaosmaleTis imperiaSi selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mixedviT.selim I-is kanunTa krebuli Sedgeba ramdenime punqtisagan. erT-erTmaTganSi, romelic exeba gadasaxads qalis gaTxovebisas naTqvamia, romqaliSvilis gaTxovebisas mama ixdida gadasaxads. aRsaniSnavia isic, romgadasaxadi qaliSvilis gaTxovebisas iyo 60 axCa, qalis meoredgaTxovebisas ki 40 axCa. erT-erTi sxva muxlidan irkveva isic, romgadasaxads Tavis mxriv ixdida mamakacic xelaxla daqorwinebisas. anu“kanun-name”-s erT-erT muxlSi naTqvamia: “Tu vinme miscems ganqorwinebas,mas xelaxla daqorwineba SeuZlia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadaixdissaqorwino gadasaxads” (tveritinova 1969:31). am saqorwino gadasaxadsewodeboda “baSliqi”. visac SeuZlia gadaixados “baSliqi”, mas SeuZliahyavdes bevri coli. amitom Zveli droidan TurqeTi iTvleba haramxanebisqveynad. “sultnis dros haramxanebi mxolod maRali Tanamdebobis mqonemdidar pirebs hqondaT. imisaTvis, rom hyoloda ramdenime coli, unda

26kargad Seenaxa isini. amitom mdabioTa umravlesobas TiTqmis yovelTviserTi coliHhyavda” (eremeevi 1968:100).yuranis mixedviT mamakacs ufleba hqonda hyoloda oTxi kanoniericoli. mamakaci valdebuli iyo TiToeuli colisaTvis miecasacxovrebeli, mis Sesanaxad gadaexada yvela gadasaxadi. qals uflebahqonda ecxovra gancalkevebul binaSi, sadac ar icxovrebdnen qmrisojaxis wevrebi, misi sxva colebi da Svilebi.gayrisaTvis aucilebeli iyo, rom mamakacs samjer gaemeorebina orimowmis TandaswrebiT, rom mas ar surs Tavisi coli kvlav mis coladdarCeniliyo. “qals ara Tu SeeZlo gamosuliyo ganqorwinebisiniciatorad, aramed mas ar SeeZlo arcerTi saqmis marTva saxlSi qmrisTanxmobis gareSe. meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg colebi qonebis 1/16-san ukeTes SemTxvevaSi 1/8-s iRebdnen. qaliSvilebi ki, rogorc wesi, 2-jerufro naklebs, vidre vaJebi” (poznanska 1974:125). 7selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mixedviT, is adamiani, romelic gabedavdagogos an qalisadmi Seuracxyofis miyenebas, sastikad isjeboda. “kanunnameSi”vkiTxulobT: “vinc ZaliT an eSmakobiT Seipyrobs vinmes saxlSigogos an biWs, da is vinc Seipyrobs qaliSvils an qals, unda iqnesdasaWurisebuli. Tu qals, an gogos ZaliT gaaTxoveben, damnaSaveebmamaSinve unda gaaTavisuflon motacebuli da unda iqnen dasjilni. da Tuvinme daqorwinda (motacebul gogoze), maSin mas wveri unda moWran”(tveritinova 1969:32). igives amtkicebs Semdegi muxlebi: “Tu romelimeadamiani qalis binaSi Seva, gauSlis mas Tmebs, gaxdis samoss, da amisSemdeg amxelen mas, is dasjili iqneba mkacrad, Casvamen cixeSi damiuyvanen sultans sasaxleSi” (tveritinova 1969:33). “da Tu vinme akocebssxvis cols an qaliSvils, an miva mis saxlSi da ecdeba amas, maSin yadimkacrad dasjis mas. TiToeuli joxis dartymaze aRebul iqnes jarima 1axCa” (tveritinova 1969:32).aRsaniSnavia, rom selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mixedviT kanonisxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebda qalebis mimarT. es, rogorc Cans,7 XX s-Si, kerZod 1926 wels, gauqmda poligamia da aseve damyarda qalisa damamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba.

27damokidebuli iyo qalis socialur mdgomareobaze. qalis mruSobaSimxilebis dros dabali wris qali ufro sastikad isjeboda, vidremaRali sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli qali. kanunTa wignSi vkiTxulobT:“rodesac moxdeba Cxubi qalebs Soris da isini erTmaneTs gawewaven, ansxva... Tu isini uweso qalebs ganekuTvnebian, maSin isini sastikad undaiqnen dasjilni, TiToeuli joxis dartymaze aRebul iqnes jarima 1 axCa,xolo Tu isini wesier qalebs ganekuTvnebian, maSin jarimas gadaixdianmaTi qmrebi, 20 axCas” (tveritinova 1969:32). anu es ukanasknelni arisjebian fizikuri sasjeliT, maTgan kanoni mxolod jarimis gadaxdiTkmayofildeba.yuranis mixedviT (sura, 2, 4 ...) ori mowme qalis Cveneba TanabariaerTi mamakacis Cvenebisa. selim I-is kanunTa wignidan ki vrwmundebiT, romqalis Cveneba iseTive angariSgasawevia, rogorc mamakacisa. erTi da igivedanaSaulisaTvis kanoni erTnairad moqmedebs rogorc mamakacisaTvis, iseqalisaTvis. mag.: “Tu mamakaci ityvis qalze, rom masTan erTad imruSa daqali uaryofs, qalma unda dados fici, mamakaci ki unda daisajos daTiToeuli 2 joxis dartymaze aRebul iqnes jarima 2 axCa” (tveritinova1969:32). aseTive kanoni moqmedebs qalze: “Tu qali an qaliSvili mamakacsdaadanaSaulebs cud yofaqcevaSi, kaci ki amas uaryofs, maSin qalissityvebs ar unda mieqces yuradReba. mamakacma unda dados fici mowmisdauswreblad, qali an qaliSvili ki unda daisajos 2 joxis dakvriT, anaRebul iqnes jarima 1 axCa” (tveritinova 1969:32).selim I-is “kanun-name” naTel suraTs warmogvidgens qalismdgomareobis Sesaxeb memkvidreobis miRebisas. mamis gardacvalebisSemdeg memkvidreoba mTlianad vaJiSvilze gadadioda. kanunTa wignSivkiTxulobT: “Tu gardacvlil raiaTs 8 darCeba vaJiSvili an qaliSvilida oriveni moiTxoven: es miwa mamaCemisaa: - sifahis (feodali) ekrZalebagadasces miwa qaliSvils, da arc man unda gadasces” (tveritinova1969:47). Tu mamas vaJi ar darCeba, maSin miwa qaliSvils gadaecema: “Tugardacvlils ar darCeba vaJi da mxolod qaliSvili, maSin aris aseTibrZaneba, rom Tu qaliSvili miwas moiTxovs, maSin mas kanoniT miwa unda8 raiaTi iyo glexis saerTo aRmniSvneli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi

28gadaeces” (tveritinova 1969:47). “iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac miwa qaliSvilsgadaecemoda Tafus 9 safuZvelze. 1573-74 wlis gurjistanis kanun-nameSinaTqvamia: gardacvlil reias Svili ar hyavs da mas qali rCeba, es miwasxvas ar miecema, qals gadaecema Tafus wesiT” (svaniZe 1999b:102).aRsaniSnavia isic, rom osmaleTis mraval kanun-nameSi pirdapir iyonaTqvami, rom Tu gardacvlil raiaTs vaJi ar darCeboda, sifahisakrZaluli hqonda miwis nakveTi gadaeca qaliSvilze da es miwa TafussafuZvelze sxvas miecemoda.saintereso iqneba movaxdinoT Sedareba da vnaxoT, Tu ramdgomareobaa am mxriv me-20 saukunis, anu reformebis Semdgomi periodisTurqeTis soflebSi. “ankaris vilaieTis soflebSi gardacvlili ojaxisufrosis coli iRebs qmris memkvidreobis 1/4-s, vaJiSvilebi qonebasTanabrad iReben, QqaliSvilebs aZleven qonebis im nawils, romelsacmarTebulad miiCneven, es nawili yovelTvis naklebia vaJiSvilebiswilTan SedarebiT. qaliSvili Tu ar daTanxmdeba am wils, mas uflebaaqvs raionul sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanisa, Tumca mas esSesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia, radgan mas ara aqvs Sesabamisi Zala daganaTleba” (serebriakova 1979:32).selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mixedviT qals ar gadaecemoda upatronoddarCenili miwa. miuxedavad imisa, rom is pirobas iZleoda, romgadaixdida yvela gadasaxads: “Tu miwa darCeba upatronod da masmoiTxovs qali, romelic ganacxadebs, rom is gadaixdis miwis yvelagadasaxads, ar aris fadiSahis brZaneba, rom miwa miiRos qalma”(tveritinova 1969:47). sainteresoa is faqtic, rom TviT selim I-is “kanunname”-SivxvdebiT erT-erT iseT muxls, sadac aSkara aRiarebaa imisa, romqalma SesaZlebelia Seasrulos mamakacis saqme, movaleoba, anu qaligautoldes mamakacs Tavisi SesaZleblobebiT. mag. erT-erTi muxlisgagrZelebaSi vkiTxulobT: “magram Tu qalma raRaca saSualebebiT miiRomiwa, uZRveba CifTs da ixdis gadasaxads (uSrs) da sifahis gadasaxads,maSin ar unda CaverioT da vilaparakoT, rom qali ar SeiZleba dadges9Tafu - miwis nakveTiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadi, aseve feodaluridamokidebulebis piroba

29mamakacis adgilas da sifahimac ar unda waarTvas mas es miwa”(tveritinova 1969:47). ase aRiarebda sultani selim I qalisSesaZleblobebs, qalis mier sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis marTvis unars.selim I-is sultnobis periodSi osmaleTis imperiaSi gavrcelebuliiyo SariaTis mkacri kanonmdebloba, romelic sastikad ilaSqrebdaqalis winaaRmdeg, zRudavda mis uflebebs, arTmevda mas sazogadoebrivsaqmianobaSi monawileobis saSualebas. Tu Cven am gadmosaxedidanSevxedavT selim I-is “kanun-name”-s, davinaxavT, rom im droisaTvis eskanonTa krebuli metad progresuli, win gadadgmuli nabiji iyoosmaleTis istoriaSi. sultanma selim I-ma Tavis “kanun-name”-Si dagvanaxa,rom ar SeiZleba qals mTlianad CamoerTvas uflebebi da iqces uufleboarsebad, piriqiT garkveul doneze man aRiara qalis uflebebi, misiSesaZleblobebi, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis marTvis unari dagansakuTrebul SemTxevvaSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobac.

302.Ppoeti qalebi osmaleTis imperiaSipoezia osmaleTis imperiaSi ara mxolod mamakacebis, aramedqalebis gatacebac iyo. qalebi werdnen metad STambeWdav leqsebs. XVsaukunidan moyolebuli XX saukunemde osmaleTis imperiaSi qalebis mierSeqmnili mniSvnelovani poeturi memkvidreoba Rirseul konkurenciasuwevs mamakacTa Semoqmedebas da TvalsaCino adgilic daimkvidra TurqulpoeziaSi.poeturi niWis mqone qali unda yofiliyo ufro iRbliani daorganizatoruli talantis mqone, vidre mamakaci, Tu mas realuradsurda Tavisi talantis gamovlena da ganviTareba. amisi mTavari pirobasparsuli enis Seswavla iyo, rac SemdgomSi axlo aRmosavleTislirikuli poeziis klasikis Semecnebas gauadvilebda. aseTi ganaTlebanebismieri SeZlebuli axalgazrda mamakacis codnis Semadgeneli nawiliiyo, magram amas qalTagan mxolod TiToeuli Tu axerxebda. ufro metic,WeSmarit poets wakiTxuli unda hqonoda Tanamedrove poetTa Sromebi. TugaviTvaliswinebT, rom es yvelaferi ar moipoveboda dabeWdili formiT,qals uxdeboda am informaciis mopoveba xelnaweris saxiT da gzisgakvleva poetTa sazogadoebaSi. yovelive es, gansakuTrebiT kiTanamedrove poetebTan urTierToba, metad rTuli da mxolod maRalisocialuri wris qalTa xvedri iyo.selim I-is taxtze asvlisas TurqeTSi farTod iyo cnobili poetiqalis mihri-xaTunis saxeli. is daibada 1456 wels da gardaicvala 1516wels. warmoSobiT iyo amasiidan, babi ilias, babidebis ajanyebis erTerTilideris STamomavali, TeologTa da ganaTlebul derviSTaojaxidan, sadac literaturuli aqtivoba miRebuli tradicia iyo.mamamisi amasiis yadi iyo. mihri xaTuni iRbliani aRmoCnda, radganac masmieca SesaZlebloba urTieroba hqonoda literatul sazogadoebasTan,romelic Camoayaliba ufliswulma ahmedim (1465-1513) amasiaSi. baiazid IIis(1481-1512) vaJma Tavis garSemo Semoikriba saxelovani literatorebi,romlebic agreTve ganTqmulni iyvnen stambolSic. Tavdapirvelad mihrixaTunisTvisdedaqalaqi miuRweveli aRmoCnda, xolo misi poezia

31faqtobrivad iyo pasuxi misi kolegisa da konkurentis – poet nejaTisSemoqmedebaze. mihri, Tavis mxriv, acxadebda rom mas misi mamakacikolegebi seriozulad ar aRiqvamdnen da is cdilobda niWieri qalisdacvas (izi 1985: 229-30).mravali winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad mihri-xaTunma mainc moaxerxaTavis damkvidreba. misi cxovrebis bolo wlebSi misi saxeli iyo imliteraturul pirTa siaSi, romlebic daajildova sultanma baiazid II(1481-1512). savaraudod nawilobriv mis popularobas dedaqalaqSi xeliSeuwyo misma megobrobam ufliswul ahmedTan (erunsali 1977-79: 213-22).im dros marTlac iSviaTi movlena iyo qalisaTvis ganaTlebismiReba. mihrim es mamamisis wyalobiT moaxerxa. maSin, rodesac islamiqals CarSafSi axvevda da uketavda mas gzas sazogadoebrivicxovrebisaken, rodesac osmaleTSi SariaTis mkacri kanonmdeblobamoqmedebda, mihri-xaTunma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi (leqsTa krebuli “divani”)umRera siyvaruls, romelic, misi azriT, cxovrebas azrs aniWebs. poetiqali werda aseve muslimi qalis mdgomareobaze, “romelic Taviscxovrebas jer mSoblebis saxlis kedlebSi atarebda, xolo Semdeg kiqmris saxlSi. mas ar hqonda ufleba gadaewyvita Tavisi bedi” (mihrixaTuni1967:28).mihri-xaTuns gaaCnda farTo msoflmxedveloba. mas hqonda mravalisasiyvarulo istoria, mis silamazeze legendebi dadioda. is arerideboda Tavisi Tayvanismcemlebis saxelebis dasaxelebas TavispoeziaSi. yvela misi biografi gvamcnobs, rom misi yvela siyvarulidarCa platonuri. naTelia, rom poeti yovelTvis mkacrad icavdamoralsa da etikets (faroqhi 2007:117).mihri xaTunis dasrulebuli poemebidan aRsaniSnavia “Razali”(“lirikuli oda”), sadac naxseneb aleqsandres nacvlad is gulisxmobdaTavis Seyvarebuls – esqenders. is aRiarebda srul Tavisuflebas qalsada mamakacs Soris. amasTanave protests ucxadebda qalis mimarTTanamedrove muslimuri sazogadoebis Sexedulebas, romelic ganixilavdaqals, rogorc gaunaTlebel arsebas, SezRuduls sakuTar azrebsa dagrZnobebSi. mihri ambobda: “erTi Rirseuli qali umjobesia, vidre aTasi

32uRirsi mamakaci, erTi saRi azrovnebis qali umjobesia, vidre aTasiuwignuri mamakaci” (mihri-xaTuni 1967:75).sainteresoa nawyveti evlia Celebis mogzaurobidan q. amasiaSi, manmoinaxula poeti qalis saflavi da aRniSna: “is iyo umwikvlo qali, manzepirad Seiswavla 70 tomi didaqtikuri literaturisa ... misi sityvebiaris iseTive wminda, rogorc Zvirfasi qvis wyali, is aris avtorisilabikuri (marcvlovani) leqsTa krebulisa – “divani”, gamoCenili,originaluri azrovnebis warCinebuli poeti qali” (feCevi 1983:75).qalis uuflebo mdgomareoba aisaxa Turqul folklorSi: “qalebsTmebi grZeli aqvT, Wkua ki mokle,” “40 welSi erTxel SeiZleba mousminoqalis rCevas,” “ qali mamakacis gareSe igivea, rac cxeni avSaris gareSe,”“rasac qali Seexeba, iq keTildReoba qreba” da sxva.zemoT moxseniebuli poeti qalis mihri-xaTunis garda osmaleTisimperiaSi iyvnen sxva poeti qalebic.osmalo poet qalTagan aRsaniSnavia zeinabi, romelic XV saukuneSimoRvaweobda da 1474 wels gardaicvala. igi iyo metad ganaTlebuliqali. Turquli enis garda is flobda arabul da sparsul enebs,Sesabamisad man bevri leqsi sparsul enazec dawera. Cvenamde mismamxolod ramodenime leqsma moaRwia. amisi mizezi misi qmari gaxldaT,romelic cdilobda Tavisi coli sazogadoebrivi wridan moekveTa daCamoSoreboda mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenel kolegebs. misi qmariagreTve cdilobda zeinabisaTvis leqsebis werac ki aekrZala. es pirveliosmalo poeti qali agreTve brwyinvale musikosi iyo.zeinabis leqsebi asaxavs im periodSi arsebul mamakacTadominirebul mdgomareobas, rac qalebs aiZulebda mamakacTa mierdamkvidrebuli normebiT ecxovraT.poeziiT iyo agreTve dakavebuli sultan suleiman brwyinvaliscoli roksolanac. suleimani, romelic aris daaxloebiT 3000 leqsisavtori, xSirad ugzavnida Tavis cols roksolanas werilebssasiyvarulo leqsebis saxiT, roksolanac mas leqsebiTve pasuxobda(goCeqi 2003: 75).

33XVIII saukunis saxelovani poeti qali iyo hubi xaTuni, Tumca isufro cnobilia, rogorc fiTnaTi, romlis namdvili saxelic ariszubeide (gardaicvala 1780). fiTnaTi cxovrobda stambolSi, mas axlokavSiri hqonda or Seix ul islamTan - esad effendi iyo misi mama daSerif efendi misi Zma. orives didi interesi gaaCnda literaturisadmi(faroqhi 2003b:159).hubi xaTunim ganaTleba miiRo iqamde, vidre datovebda mamissaxls. mis biografiaSi vkiTxulobT, rom misi qmari iyo Seix-ul-islamfeuzullahis (mokles 1703 wels) STamomavali da cnobili iyo TavisiuWkuobiT. literaturuli moRvaweobis garda, fiTnaTi, cnobili iyomaxvili gonebiTa da enamoswrebulobiT, swored aman gaxada ispopularuli. misi saxeli figurirebs anegdotebis SemgrovebelTa siaSic.am dialogebSi fiTnaTi da sxva mamakaci literatorebi ar eridebodnenerTmaneTisTvis poeturi miniSnebebis da ufro metic erotikuliminiSnebebis gakeTebas. Tumca mravali am monaTxrobidan Zneladsarwmunoa.gamorCeuli Turqi poeti qali iyo leila hanimi, romelic 1847wels gardaicvala. misma qorwinebam erT kviras gastana. bevri misisasiyvarulo leqsi qalTa mimarT iyo dawerili. leila hanimicTavisufal cxovrebas misdevda. mas xSirad “bulbulsac” eZaxdnen. iscnobili iyo leqsebis eqspromtad Seqmnis ostatobiT. misi gabedulileqsebi imdroindeli moralis msaxurTa aRSfoTebasac iwvevda. mandatova leqsTa krebuli, romelic imdroindeli stambolis maRalisazogadoebis garTobas asaxavda (faroqhi 2003b:159)XIX-XX saukuneebis cnobili poeti da novelisti qalebi iyvnen:nigar hanim binT osmani (1862-1918), romelic iyo bulgareli oficrisqaliSvili, man datova bulgareTi 1848 wlis revoluciis damarcxebisSemdeg da Tavi osmaleTis imperias Seafara, aq man miiRo islami daganaTleba (renda 1993:248). aseve fatma alie (1862-1936), romlis rogorcmwerlis kariera osmaleTis imperiis arsebobis bolo dekadaSi Sedga. isiyo didveziris ahmed jevdeT faSas qaliSvili. ahmed faSa cnobili iyokonservatoruli politikiT, magram Svilebis ganaTlebis sakiTxssxvagvarad miudga da roca dainaxa, rom misi qaliSvili fatma alie iyo

34sakmaod niWieri, mas saTanado ganaTleba miaRebina, raTa masSisamwerlobo kariera ganeviTarebina. fatma alis novelebi asaxaven XIXsaukunis miwurilsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi stambolis maRaliklasis cxovrebas (faroqhi 2003b:159).amrigad, XV-XX saukuneebSi osmaleTis imperiaSi moRvawe poetiqalebis Seqmnili mniSvnelovani poeturi memkvidreoba Rirseulkonkurencias uwevs mamakacTa Semoqmedebas da TvalsaCino adgilidaimkvidra Turqul poeziaSi.poet qalTagan gamorCeuli iyo mihri-xaTuni (1516). maSin, rodesacislami qals CarSafSi axvevda da osmaleTis imperiaSi SariaTis mkacrikanonmdebloba moqmedebda, mihri-xaTunma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi umRerasiyvaruls, aRwera muslimi qalis mdgomareoba, romelic faqtobrivaduuflebo iyo.XV saukunis cnobili poeti qali iyo zeinabi (1474), romelicTurquli enis garda flobda arabul da sparsul enebs. man TavisSemoqmedebaSi asaxa mamakacTa dominirebuli mdgomareoba.XVIII saukunis saxelovani poeti iyo fiTnaTi (hubi xaTuni (1780).XIX saukuneSi leila hanimi, igive “bulbuli” da sxvani.qvela zemoT CamoTvlili poeti qalis arseboba safuZvelsgvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom qalebma metad rTul viTarebaSi mainc SeZlesTavianTi Tavis damkvidreba. davinaxeT, rom maT didi wvlili SeitanesosmaleTis imperiis literaturis istoriaSi, kerZod ki poeziaSi, da amiTmniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidres Turqul poeziaSi.

353. haremi da misi ierarqia osmaleTis imperiaSi.sityva haremi momdinareobs arabuli sityvisagan “haram” da niSnavsakrZaluls, daculs, wmindas (kucia 1999b:232). haremi aris saxlisgancalkevebuli nawili, sadac cxovroben qalebi, bavSvebi da maTimosamsaxureebi. haremSi cxovroben agreTve colebic. haremi aris“bednierebis saxli”, adgili, sadac qalebi arian gancalkevebuli daxelSeuxebelni yvelasagan garda im erTi mamakacisa, romelic marTavsmaT cxovrebas (krutie 1989:17).haremi arsebobda aziuri samyaros sxvadasxva mxareSi da cnobiliiyo sxvadasxva saxeliT, magram yvelaze ganviTarebuli es iyo osmaleTisimperiis did seraglioSi.osmaleTis imperiaSi TiTqmis 4 saukunis manZilze sultnis sasaxle– Tofkafi Sedgeboda sami nawilisagan: enderuni, biruni da haremi.Tofkafis sasaxlis ezoSi sami didi karibWe iyo: “bab-i hiumaiuni,babusalami da babusaade, aseve 4 kari. sasaxlis mTliani teritoria 700000 m2-s Seadgenda da samive mxridan zRva ekra. Tofkafis sasaxles garsertya kedeli sigrZiT 1400 metri. sasaxleSi moxvedra ramdenime karisgavliT iyo SesaZlebeli, maTgan yvelaze mTavari kari bab-i hiumaiuniiyo, romelic aia sofias mxares gamodioda” (ixsanoglu 2006:112).Tofkafis sasaxlis marcxena nawilSi iyo ganlagebuli haremi.osmaleTis imperiaSi sultnis samefo kari ori nawilisaganSedgeboda – sagareo da saSinao. sagareo moicavda sultnis moxeleebs,xolo saSinao - sultnis ojaxis qalebisa da bavSvebis samyofels,romelsac ewodeboda haremi (haramxana).sultnis sasaxlis sagareo kars ganagebda TeTri saWurisebisufrosi kafu aRasi (kafuji baSi). igi iyo Suamavali sultansa da garesamyaros Soris (svaniZe 1999b:184). sasaxleSi maTi raodenoba 300-dan 900kacamde iyo da aranairi kontaqti ar hqondaT haremis qalebTan (buraqi1996–2008). sultnis sasaxlis saSinao kars da harems Savi saWurisebismeTauri “kizlar aRasi” (qaliSvilebis batoni) meTaurobda. mas aseve“babusaadeT-aRasi”-s eZaxdnen (hameri 1992:85; aqgunduzi 2000:278).

36TanamdebobiT “kizlar aRasi” didvezirisa da Saix-ul-islamis 10 Semdegmodioda (aqgunduzi 2000:278). mis xelT iyo didi politikuri Zalaufleba.is metad daaxloebuli iyo sultnis dedasTan da colebTan da agreTvewarmoadgenda damakavSirebel rgols sultansa da mis dedas Soris. misiTanamdeboba utoldeboda didveziris Tanamdebobas. Savi saWurisebismeTauri xelmZRvanelobda haramxanis msaxurTa saqmianobas, axdendasultnis mxevlebis SerCevas. saWurisebi yofili monebi iyvnen. maTganyvelaze maxinjebi yvelaze Zvirad fasobdnen.Turqi istorikosebi TeTri saWurisebis dasaqmebis TariRadmiiCneven XV saukunes mehmed I-isa (1413-1421) da Mmurad II-is (1421-1451)epoqas. Savi saWurisebis instituti ki daarsda daaxl. 1475 welssuleiman brwyinvalis dros. misi colis – roksolanas piradi mcvelebisSemadgenlobaSi iyvnen rogorc TeTri, ise Savi saWurisebi, xolo haremisZveli sasaxlidan axal sasaxleSi gadasvlis Semdeg, daaxl. 1541 wels,mkacrad damkvidrda saWurisebis instituti (penzeri 2005:134).haremis struqtura ierarqiuli iyo. es struqtura Camoyalibdaislamisa da saxelmwifos moTxovnilebaTa gavleniT. aq xom taxtismemkvidre izrdeboda. haremSi upiratesoba eniWeboda im mxevlebs,romelTac vaJebi Sobes. muslim mamakacebs ekrZalebodaT erTmaneTisnaTesavi mxevlebis yola. Tu mxevals saWuriss da monas miuCendnen, esharemis ierarqiaSi erTi safexuriT awevas niSnavda (gelovani 2005:201).haremis qalTa umravlesoba warmoSobiT qristiani iyo, isini iyvnenyvelaze lamazi qalebi osmaleTis imperiaSi. axalgazrda gogonebssultnis sasaxleSi agzavnidnen, rogorc sultnisadmi miZRvnil saCuqars.haramxanis qalTa umravlesobas Seadgendnen Cerqezi, qarTveli, afxazi,slavi da sxva warmoSobis mona da tyve qalebi. qarTveli qalebiganTqmulni iyvenen silamaziT. monebiT datvirTuli navebi xSiradkveTdnen Sav zRvas. 8 wlis Cerqezi qali, 10 wlis abisinieli qali, 510 Saix-ul-islami (“islamis uxucesi”) - sapatio tituli, romelic X saukunidaneZleodaT calkeul gamoCenil fakihebsa da sufiebs. XII-XVIII ss-Si Saix-ulislamisinstituti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli egvipteSi, siriaSi, iranSi,TurqeTSi, Sua aziaSi, yirimSi, volgiispireTsa da kavkasiaSi. es titulieniWeboda cnobil RvTismetyvelebs da religiur moRvaweebs (kucia 1999a:208).

37wlis Cerqezi gogona, 15-16 wlis Cerqezi qali, 12 wlis qarTveli gogona,saSualo simaRlis zangi mona, 17 wlis zangi mona Rirda daaxl. 1000-2000yuruSi. im dros, roca cxeni Rirda 5000 yuruSi (krutie 1989:30). Cerqeziqalebi ganTqmulni iyvnen sinaziT. mravalma maTganma did warmatebasmiaRwia haremSi da dawinaurdnen haremis iararqiis safexurze. stambolismonaTa bazarze didi moTxovna iyo Cerqez, abisiniel da qarTvelqalebze (valCi 1970:46-49).monა-qalebs ZiriTadad yidulobdnen monaTa bazarze. am faqtsadasturebs avstriis mefe ferdinandis elCi oJie jiselin de busbeqi,romelmac osmaleTis imperiaSi imogzaura 1544-62 wlebSi, iyo pirveli,vinc estumra anatolias osmalTa mier am teritoriebis dapyrobisSemdeg. is Tavis mogonebebSi wers: “Turqebi ...…mxevlebs yidulobenmonaTa bazarze, an omSi nadavlis saxiT Souloben, rodesac maTkonkretuli mxevali mobezrdebaT, kvlav monaTa bazarze agzavniangasayidad (busbeqi 1927:117).mniSvnelovani monaTa bazari iyo aleqsandriasa da kairoSi, racdidi Semosavlis wyaro iyo. jer kidev muhamadi da misi mimdevrebilaSqrobaTa dros atyvevebdnen qalebs da bavSvebs, romlebic mogvianebiTnawildeboda meomrebs Soris nadavlis saxiT an iyideboda monaTabazrebze (svaniZe 2002:188). SariaTis mixedviT mona ar SeiZleba yofiliyomuslimi (gudvini 1994:105). bevri mona qali cdilobda sasaxlis karzesultnis favoriti qali gamxdariyo, rac maT samudamo fufunebasuzrunvelyofda.monaTa bazrebi osmaleTis saxelmwifoSi imperiis daarsebidanarsebobda. aseTi bazari iyo osmaleTis imperiis pirvel dedaqalaqSibursaSi, Semdeg ki edirneSi. mniSvnelovani monaTa bazari iyo stambolSi.osmaleTis imperiaSi monebi ZiriTadad Semdegi qveynebidanSemohyavdaT:a) yirimel-TaTarTa saxanoebidan, CerqezeTidan, saqarTvelodan;b) xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebidan;g) sudanidan, isqanderidan da aqedan stambolis monaTa bazarzemihyavdaT (alTindali 1994:30).TandaTanobiT stambolis monaTa bazarze monebis raodenoba

38matulobda. amis gamo murad IV-s (1623-1640) survili gauCnda monaTabazari stambolidan sxva qalaqSi gadaetana (alTindali 1994:30).amrigad, monaTa bazari osmaleTis imperiis daarsebamde arsebobdada SemdgomSi farTo masStabebs miaRwia. monaTa bazarze Sesyiduli monada tyve qalebis umravlesoba sultnis haramxanaSi xvdeboda da iqganagrZobda cxovrebas. zogierTi mona qali, romelsac bedi gauRimebda,valide sultani xdeboda (uluCai 1992:10-11). mravali Cerqezi da qarTuliojaxi aiZulebda TavianT qaliSvilebs gamxdariyvnen mxevlebi, rac maTuzrunvel cxovrebas ganapirobebda (goCeqi 2003:76).aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi osmaleTis mTavrobammonebiT vaWrobis SezRudva daiwyo. sabolood 1847 wels monaTa bazaristambolSi gauqmda.1453 wlis konstantinopolis dapyrobis Semdeg, osmaleTSiTandaTanobiT moxda bizantiuri kulturisa da tradiciebis SeTviseba.sultanma mehmed II (1451-1481), romelic cnobilia, rogorc “faTihi” anu“dampyrobeli” Tavis dedas sTxova qalTa sacxovrebeli ise moewyo,rogorc es bizantiis imperatoris qvrivs – dedofal elenes hqonda.sasaxlis SigniT daarsda skolebi, mona qalebi sasaxleSi mihyavdaT.islamuri poligamia nel-nela Seerwya bizantiur wes-Cveulebebs da amyvelaferma asaxva hpova haremSi.konstantinopolis dapyrobidan 10 wlis Semdeg mehmed II-m (1451-1481)aaSena Tofkafis sasaxle, romelic dasavleTSi cnobili iyo, rogorcdidi sasaxle (Seraglio) an brwyinvale porta (Sublime Porte ) (krutie 1989:27).Zveli legendis mixedviT sultnis sasaxle gadaWimuli iyomarmarilos zRvasa da oqros rqas Soris da gaxda Zveli bizantiisakropolisi.haramxana sultnis sasaxleSi 1541 wlidan gadavida, mas Semdeg, racsultanma roksolanam Tavisi sacxovrebeli iq gadaitana da amiT manprecedenti Seqmna osmaleTis imperiaSi (buquri 2005b:208).aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebi osmaleTis imperiaSicnobilia rogorc “qalTa mmarTvelobis xana” (Kadınlar Sultanatı),dawvrilebiT amaze Cven qvemoT ufro farTod visaubrebT. saukunezemetxans haremi marTavda mTels imperias. is iyo intrigebisa da

39meqrTameobis kera. haramxana mdebareobda sultnis pirad sacxovrissa daSavi saWurisebis meTauris oTaxs Soris. haremSi iyo 4 aTasamde oTaxi.XV-XVII ss-is ganmavlobaSi haremSi mcxovrebTa raodenobaramodenime aTasi qalidan ramodenime aseulamde Semcirda. es ganapirobaim faqtma, rom axalgazrda ufliswulebs agzavnidnen periferiebSimmarTvelebad, romlebic Sesabamisad tovebdnen sasaxles da TanmihyavdaT maTi kuTvnili haremis qalebi. XVII s-is Semdeg, SemoiResmemkvidreobis Sesaxeb axali kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad, ufliswulsSeeZlo ecxovra sasaxleSi Tavisi mxevlebiT. Sedegad haremismosaxleoba ori aTasamde gaizarda. am faqts adasturebs a. d.aldersonic. Tumca es cifri mainc Znelad dasajerebelia. haremismosaxleobis mkveTri zrda dafiqsirda murad III-is (1574-1595), ahmed I-isa(1603-1617) da ibrahimis (1640-1648) sultnobis periodSi, romlebic yvelazedid dros haremSi atarebdnen. qalTa raodenobis zrdasTan erTadSesabamisad gaizarda xarjebi (Harem and the Ottoman Women).istorikos h. inaljiqis mixedviT 1475 wlisTvis TofkafissasaxleSi 400 mona qali, xolo Zvel sasaxleSi 250 qali iyo (inaljiqi1989:85). mematianes mixedviT, mehmed II-is (1451-1481) sultnobis dros,romelmac aaSena Tofkafis sasaxle, haremis TiToeul oTaxSi 3-4 sawoliiyo. mogvianebiT qalTa raodenobam sultnis sasaxleSi iklo da 1499wels baiazid II-s (1481-1512) 10 mona hyavda Tofkafis sasaxleSi da 80 monaqali Zvel sasaxleSi. sultnis Svilebis dedebs da aseve sultnis dedebshyavdaT mosamsaxure gogonebi, romlebic aseve iyvnen haremis wevrebi.hurem sultans, suleiman I-is (1520-1566) cols, hyavda 100 sefeqali daauracxeli raodenoba mosamsaxure qalebisa, romlebic Rames haremSiatarebdnen. selim II-is cols nurbanus mona qalebis metad mokrZalebuliraodenoba hyavda haremSi. jamSi es iyo 150 kaci, xolo Zvel sasaxleSi1500 (gudvini 1994:128).haremSi mosaxvedrad mTavari faqtori iyo gogonas silamaze dagoniereba. haremis qalebi uwesobisa da urCobisaTvis isjebodnen daigzavnebodnen Zvel sasaxleSi, sadac rCebodnen mcire danazogis amara,momavalSi daqorwinebis uimedobiT. is qali, romelic SemCneuli iqneboda

40jadoqrobaSi, mkacri sasjeliT isjeboda, tomaraSi svamdnen da SuagulbosforSi agdebdnen (gudvini 1994:129).haremi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes rogorc piramida, sadac haremisqalTa Soris garkveuli ierarqia arsebobda. haremis ierarqiis yvelazedabal safexurze mona da tyve qalebi idgnen, ierarqiis saTaveSi kisultnis deda _ valide gvevlineboda.mona qalebi sasaxlis haremSi moxvedramde gadiodnen garkveulwvrTnas, garda amisa saWurisebi usinjavdnen sxeulis TiToeul nawils,rom raime defeqti ar hqonodaT. Tu mona qali yvela moTxovnasdaakmayofilebda, Savi saWurisebis ufrosi mas warudgenda validesultans, romlis saboloo dasturis Semdeg haramxanaSi xvdeboda.axalgazrda qalebi haremSi xvdebodnen “acemi”-s 11 statusiT, rac niSnavsucxos, axalbedas. “Acemi”-s statusiT aseve sargeblobdnen vaJebic.paJebis msgavsad isini iyvnen “kul”-ebi 12 , romelTa yidva an gayidva arSeiZleboda. “Acemi” dawinaurdeboda da xdeboda “cariye”, “şagird” 13 , “gedikli”an “usta” 14 (inaljiqi 1989:86).haremis axalbeda wevris wvrTna haremSi pirvelive dRidan iwyeboda.isini saerTo sacxovrebelSi iwyebdnen cxovrebas, maT Tvalyursadevnebdnen asakovani qalebi, TiToeuls Cabarebuli hyavda aT-aTigogona. mTeli Rame haremSi Suqi anTebuli iyo. qalebs aswavlidnencekvas, poezias, religias, simRerasa da musikalur instrumentebzedakvras. haremSi metad miRebuli iyo moTxrobebis kiTxva. yovel Rame“aTas erTis Ramis” erT moTxrobas kiTxulobdnen (gudvini 1994:131;inaljiqi 1989:85). rodesac haremis qalebs SemoesmebodaT sultnisvercxlis lursmebiT moWedili Custebis xma, saswrafod imalebodnen,11 Acemi – kadeti an mona qali haremSi12 Kul – sultnis monebi, rogorc sultnis didi ojaxis wevrebi, (vrceldebodaorive sqesze), saxelmwifos msaxuri.13 Şagird – haremis ierarqiis erT-erTi safexuri, romelic “cariye” –ze maRal dagedikli- ze dabal safexurze idga.14 Usta - iniSneboda sultnisadmi gansakuTrebuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad.

41radganac sultanTan pirispir Sexvedra did Seuracxyofad iTvleboda(inaljiqi 1989:86).haremSi moxvedrisTanave gogonas qristianuli saxelis nacvladmuslimur saxels arqmevdnen, romelic ase Tu ise Seefereboda misgaregnobas. magaliTad, Tu axalgazrda qals hqonda lamazi vardisferiloyebi, mas arqmevdnen “gulbahars”, gazafxulis vards. Semdeg massaswrafod moaqcevdnen islamze, yovelive amis Semdeg gogona euflebodasasaxlis etiketsa da islamur kulturas (krutie 1989:30). selim II-iscolis – nurbanus Tavdapirveli saxeli cecilia iyo da warmoSobiTvenecieli iyo (aldersoni 1956:82). 12 wlis asakSi, 1557 wels, is tyvedCavarda. lamazi da momRimari garegnobis gogona sultans mihgvares da“nurbanu” Searqves, rac Turqulad niSnavs “manaTobel Pprincesas” daislamic miaRebines (jemi 2003:88). suleiman I-is (1520-1566) coliroksolana, evropaSi cnobili rogorc “rosa”, warmoSobiT iyogalicieli tyve qali, Turqebma mas daarqves huremi anu “momRimari”Tavisi mxiaruli sicilis gamo (kinrosi 2002:236).sultnis mxevals “odaliski”-i 15 erqva, sityva-sityviT iTargmneba,rogorc “oTaxis qali” da niSnavs sayvarels, xarWas, xasas, an mxevals,romelzedac sultani an ufliswuli daqorwindeboda (ClaiZe 2001b:1081).isini swavlobdnen cekvas, poezias, musikalur instrumentze dakvras daerotikul xelovnebas. yvelaze momxibvleli “oTaxis qalebidan” TormetsarCevdnen, rogorc sultnis “momlodine qalebi” (gedikli). maT evalebodaTsultnis Cacma, banaoba, sarecxis garecxva, yaviTa da CaiT gamaspinZleba.mowonebis SemTxvevaSi sultani maT TavisTan itovebda. Tumca “oTaxisqalebis” ZiriTadi nawili ar gamoirCeoda didi silamaziT da isiniiyvnen sasaxlis mosamsaxureebi. xSirad sultani “oTaxis qals” anuxarWas, saCuqris saxiT romelime faSas aZlevda. muslimuri etiketismixedviT faSas unda gamoesyida es qali da colad Semdeg moeyvana(buquri 2007:291).danarCeni “oTaxis qalebi” iyvnen piradad sultnis colebis(Kadınlar), qaliSvilebis, Savi an TeTri saWurisebis ufrosis samsaxurSi.15 “odaliski” momdinareobs Turquli sityvidan –“oda”, rac oTaxs niSnavs.

42Zlieri fizikuri monacemebis “oTaxis qalebi” xdebodnen haremis mTavariadministratorebi sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogoric iyo: abanos meTvalyure,yuranis wamkiTxveli, sawyobis meTvalyure da a.S. “oTaxis qals” SeeZloharemis ufro maRal safexurze asvla an SeiZleboda is xelaxlagaeyidaT monaTa bazarze (krutie 1989:33).haremis Semdeg safexurze iyvnen “gedik”-i 16 an “privilegirebuli”,romelic sultans nanaxi hyavda an kontaqtic hqonda masTan. isini aramxolod lamazebi iyvnen, aramed ganaTlebuli da mosiyvaruleni, Tumcaisini isev qaliSvilebi iyvnen. sxvadasxva periodSi es gogonebiiwodebodnen, rogorc “gözde” 17 , romlebic xSirad uerTdebodnen “ikbal” 18 -ebisa da “hassodalık 19 ”-ebis kategorias, amisaTvis maT unda gaeCinaT Svili.is vinc SeZlebda sultnis yuradRebis mipyrobas da masTan Ramesgaatarebda, sakuTar oTaxs imsaxurebda Tavisi monebiT, samzareulosmosamsaxureebiTa da sakuTari saWurisebiT. Tu rCeulebs qaliSviliSeeZinebodaT, gadadiodnen sasaxleSi da xdebodnen “Hasseki kadın” 20 ,qaliSvilis mSoblebi. sultnis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi maT SeeZloTgaTxoviliyvnen. Tu vaJi SeeZinebodaT, maTi Semosavalic izrdeboda damaTi ambiciac dakmayofilebuli iyo. “ikbal”-is kategoriidan, sul mcireisini xdebodnen “Hasseki Sultan” 21 -i an axalgazrda vaJiSvilis dedebi,Tumca vaJiSvilis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi maT es statusi CamoerTmeodaT(hameri 1992:86). maTi statusi eqvivalenti iyo kanonieri colisstatusisa, maT hqondaT apartamentebi, hyavdaT monebi, saWurisebi, qoneba,uamravi Casacmeli, Zvirfaseuloba da jamagiri (penzeri 2005:176).16 gedik – am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs privilegirebuls, romelic jer kidev ar hyavdasultans arCeuli.17 gözde – “gogona sultnis TvalSi”18 ikbal – sultnis sayvareli, romelic jer ar aris dawinaurebuli kadın-ad.19 hassodalik – iRbliani an rCeuli, sultnis favoriti20 Hasseki kadin – sultnis qaliSvilis dedebi21 Hasseki Sultan – sultnis vaJiSvilis dedebi

43MmTavari “Hasseki Sultan”-i iyo yvelaze ufrosi vaJiSvilis deda,romelic taxtze asvlisTanave xdeboda “Valide Sultan”-i 22 da marTavdaharems. Teoriulad Svilis sikvdili niSnavda misi uflebebisCamorTmevas. ase moxda 1603 wels, rodesac mehmed III (1595-1603)gardaicvala da safie sultani tradiciisamebr “Zvel sasaxleSi”gadaiyvanes. safies ufleba aRar hqonda emarTa haremis xarjebi (gardasakuTari xarjebisa). Sesabamisad, man verc wamowyebuli “valides meCeTi”-s aSeneba daasrula (beiTsi 1978:254).valide sultani iyo haremSi yvelaze didi Zalauflebis mqoneqalbatoni. metad gavleniani adgili haramxanis qalTa Soris ekavasultnis dedas – valides, Tumca isic, rogorc sxva danarCeni haramxaniswevri qalebi, damokidebuli iyo haramxanis Savi saWurisebis meTaurze –“kizlar aRasi”-ze (“gogonaTa ufrosi”) (mileri 1947:46). muslimi mamakacidid pativs scemda dedas. gadmocemiT, “kacs SeiZleba hyavdes bevri qali,magram deda erTi hyavs”. dedebs isini andobdnen haremis mTelqalbatonebs (krutie 1989:34).sultnis gardacvalebidan araugvianes ori kvirisa ewyoboda axalivalide sultnis kurTxevis ceremoniali. es procesia metad didebuli daSTambeWdavi iyo. ceremoniaze pirveli miemarTeboda ieniCarTa dacxenosanTa razmi, maT mihyvebodnen qalaqis mmarTvelebi TavianTioficrebiT, romlebsac Tavze TeTri Calmis qudebi exuraT. amceremoniaze utyuar cnobebs gvawvdis frangi mogzauri tavernie.monawileTa Casacmeli morTuli iyo patara zarebiT. procesiasmohyveboda 600 samefo STamomavali didi mwvane Calmis qudebiT da Seixul-islami.maT mohyvebodnen saxelmwifo moxeleebi da Semdeg modiodaSavi saWurisebis meTauri. yovelive amis ukan modioda etli, romelSicijda valide Tavisi qaliSvilebiT, mas ukan mosdevda monebiTa damsaxurebiT savse 12 etli da 4 didi TovliT savse furgoni, romelicharemSi gamoiyeneboda. valides miacilebdnen “bednierebis WiSkramde”sadac Tavad axali sultani xvdeboda da Tavis Tavze iRebda dedazezrunvas (tavernie 1678:89-90). ase sruldeboda sultnis dedis Zveli22 Valide Sultan – sultnis deda

44sasaxlidan axal sasaxleSi gadasvlis ceremoniali. wina sultnis dedada colebi TavianTi amaliT ki ukan brundebodnen Zvel sasaxleSi. amsasaxles aseve erqva “cremlebis sasaxle”. maT yofil sacxovrebelssultnis sasaxleSi angrevdnen da mis nacvlad axals aSenebdnen (krutie1989:36). aqve frangi mogzauri eWvs gamoTqvams, rom suleiman II-is (1687-1691) dedam daikava valides Tanamdeboba Svilis gamefebidan Svidi TvisSemdeg. mizezi ucnobia. suleimani taxtze avida noemberSi, xolo validesaliha Semdegi wlis ivlisSi gaxda valide, romlis Semdegac moxucmaqalma mxolod 18 Tve icocxla (tavernie 1675: 89-90).valide Tavis mmarTvelobis pirvelive dRes didvezirsa da Seixul-islamssaCuqrad ugzavnida Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedil xmalsa dasiasamuris bewvis paltos. Tu valide Tavis Svilze adregardaicvleboda, sultani dedis neSts “bednierebis WiSkramde” (Bab-ül-Hümayün) miacilebda, saidanac neSts dacvis TanxlebiT sasaflaozemiasvenebdnen, xolo 40 dRis glovis Semdeg yofili valide sultnisqalTa amalas ukan gaiwvevda Zvel sasaxleSi.sultnis mcirewlovanebis SemTxvevaSi, valide sultani xdebodamisi Semcvleli, anu regenti. Tu sultani laSqrobaSi an samogzaurodmidioda, Tavis taxts sammarTvelod dedas utovebda. dedis garda essaqme SeiZleba miendo taxtis memkvidrisaTvis, didvezirisaTvis, anromelime vezirisaTvis (buquri 2005b:210).amrigad, haremis ierarqia ase miemarTeboda qvemodan zemoT: mona datyve qalebi, mosamsaxure qalebi an “oTaxis qalebi” (odalısk),privilegirebulebi (gedik) da sultnis favoritebi (gözde), iRblianebi(ıkbalı), an rCeulni (hassodalık), sultnis qaliSvilis dedebi (haseki kadin),sultnis vaJiSvilis dedebi (hasseki sultan) da ierarqiis saTaveSi idgasultnis deda (valide sultan).kviraSi orjer haremis gogonebs SeeZloT dacvis TanxlebiTeseirnaT sasaxlis ezoSi, xandaxan ki daxuruli furgonebiT piknikzedacki dadiodnen, aqac saWurisebis TanxlebiT. haremis ezoSi iyo sacuraoauzi, romelSic wyali kargad Tbeboda.

45haremis metad korumpirebul fenas warmoadgenda “kira” 23 – skategoria, isini iyvnen valide sultnis saqmiani agentebi. maTiZalaufleba vrceldeboda haremis qalebze da am gziT sultanzedac.maTTvis Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgenda haremis stumrebis miergaRebuli saCuqrebi haremis qalTan Ramis gasatareblad.haremis qalTa umravlesoba axalgazrda asakSi esalmebodasicocxles. aseTi movlena araerTxel daCqarebula sxvadasxva meTodiT.1600 wels ingliseli elCi osmaleTis imperiaSi henri lelomogviTxrobs haremis intrigebze. qalebis umravlesoba wyalSi daxrCobiTasrulebda sicocxles, amaSi didi wvlili saWurisebs miuZRvoda,romlebic iWerdnen qalebs, tomrebSi aTavsebdnen, navSi svamdnen daSuagul wyalSi isvridnen (buquri 2007:295).didi zarzeimiT aRiniSneboda haremSi axalSobilis dabadeba.mSobiarobisaTvis sasaxleSi winaswar iwyeboda samzadisi. asufTavebdnensasaxlis erT-erT yvelaze did oTaxs da lamazad rTavdnen. sawolisgadasafareblebs da sabnebs wiTeli ferisas arCevdnen, yvela sxvasaWiro inventari ki oqrosi an vercxlis iyo.axalSobilis dabadebas mTels sasaxles Savi saWurisebis ufrosiamcnobda. vaJis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi sasaxlis TiToeuli ganyofilebaxuT cxvars swiravda, gogonas dabadebisas ki sams. Sesabamisad,artileria Svidjer gaisvrida cecxls vaJis dabadebisas da xuTjergogonas dabadebisas. ase grZeldeboda dReSi xuTjer TiToeuli locvisdawyebisas (krutie 1989:110). valide sultani da didveziri saCuqrebsmiarTmevdnen axalSobils da mis dedas. axalSobils aseve elodaZvirfasi qvebiT moWedili akvani. am ambidan didi xnis ganmavlobaSiharemSi grZeldeboda zeimi da garToba, haremi ganaTebuli iyo aTasnairilampebiTa da SuqurebiT.haremis erT-erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgendaTurquli abano, romelsac Turqulad “hamam”-i (hamam) ewodeba. Turquliabano bizantiuri abanos adaptaciaa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoiSva23 kira – niSnavs qiras, kiraci –damqiravebels, am SemTxvevaSi saqmian agents, romelicZiriTadad valide sultans emsaxureboda

46romauli “Termi”-dan (Thermae), rac antikuri xanis abanos niSnavs. Tumca,Zveli romauli antikuri abanoebi ganlagebuli iyo qalaqebsa dadasvenebis centrebSi, Turquli “hamami” ki imperiis mTels provinciebSifarTod gamoiyeneboda (krutie 1989:81).haremis qalebi ganTqmulni iyvnen atlasiseburi kaniT, maTTvisdabana da ganwmenda religiuri valdebuleba iyo. amitomac, haremSimravlad iyo abanoebi. sultans, mis dedas da colebs sakuTari abanoebihqondaT, haremis danarCeni qalbatonebi ki sazogado abanoTisargeblobdnen, romlis xSiri stumaric iyo Tavad sultani.saxelganTqmuli orientalisti n. m. penzeri (1892-1960) 24 , romelsacmieca iSviaTi Sansi fexi Seedga did seraglioSi, mogviTxrobs, romsultnis sasaxleSi iyo koridori, romelsac erqva “abanos koridori”. isakavSirebda sultnis samyofels “hunkar sofasi”-sTan (“samefo saloni”),amavdroulad koridoridan iyo Sesasvleli orive abanoSi (penzeri2005:205)iyo dro, roca sultnis sasaxleSi 30-ze meti abano iyo. iatakidagebuli iyo mdidruli filebiT, wyali marmarilos avzebSiCaedineboda, saidanac oqrosa da vercxlis TasebiT qalebi tanzeivlebdnen da erTmaneTsac exmarebodnen banaobaSi.haremis qalebisaTvis, romlebsac Tavisufleba warTmeuli hqondaT,“hamami” iyo mTavari TavSesaqcevi adgili. banaobis ceremonia ramodenimesaaTs grZeldeboda da ZiriTadad saRamoobiT tardeboda.abano iyo qalebis gacnobis adgili, isini iq erTmaneTsacaTvalierebdnen. xSirad sultnis da “hamamSi” irCevda Tavisi ZmisTvisSesaferis qals.tradiciisamebr qali qorwinebis wina Rames abanoSi midioda.princesa sasaxlis abanoTi sargeblobda. mas iq mihyveboda Tavisi deda,24n. m. penzeri – saxelganTqmuli orientalisti (1892-1960). 1936 wels manmoaxerxa fexi Seedga “didebul seraglioSi” (Great Seraglio). penzerma mTlianaddaaTvaliera sultnis sasaxle, romelic man ori wlis ganmavlobaSiramodenimejer moinaxula.

47naTesavebi da axvedrebdnen 200-mde qals, romlebic sapatarZlossaCuqrebs aZlevdnen.haremsa da zogadad osmaleTis imperiis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovaniwyaroa evropeli mogzaurebis Canawerebi. isini osmaleTis imperiaSiCamodiodnen rogorc evropeli mmarTvelebis wargzavnilebi, an iyvnengzad mimavalni axlomdebare qveynebSi. isini tovebdnen TavianTimogzaurobis aRwerilobas, rac CvenTvis metad Rirebuli istoriuliwyaroa. aRsaniSnavia, rom isini adgilobriv informacias metwiladRebulobdnen osmalo aramuslim qalTagan, es ukanasknelni xSiradevropeli mogzaurebis Tarjimnebi iyvnen.haremis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis ledi meri montegiu,ingliseli elCis coli, romelmac 1717 wels imogzaura stambolsa daedirneSi da Tavisi TvaliT ixila XVIII saukunis osmaleTis imperiaSiharemis cxovreba. is ase aRwers iqaurobas: “17 wlis gogona haremSi iyosruliad SiSveli da gars exvivnen aseve SiSveli qalebi, isiniSemosilebi iyvnen grZeli nawnavebiT, hqondaT saocrad TeTri kani dalamazi farTo Tvalebi. isini cekvavdnen da mRerodnen (montegiu 1861).ledi meri metad ucnaurad iyo Cacmuli Turqi qalis TvalSi. abanoSiqalebs Tavs dastrialebdnen moaxleebi, romlebic maT Tmebsuvarcxnidnen. ingliseli elCis cols kargi maspinZloba gauwiesedirneSi, sadac is estumra didveziris cols. etlidan Savi saWurisebismeTaurma CamoabrZana, Semdeg gaiares ramodenime oTaxi, sadac or rigadCamwkrivebuli gogonebi isxdnen ledis pativsacemad. didveziris colisiasamuris bewviT iyo gamowyobili. haremis gogonebs emosaT naqargixalaTebi. saWurisebma ledi meri waiyvanes yvavilebis pavilionSi, ramacmasze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina. erT-erT oTaxSi oTxi qali sakravzeukravda, xolo 16 qali rigrigobiT cekvavda. stumari rom gaaciles,saCuqrad gadasces vercxlis kalaTa, romelic savse iyo naqargicxvirsaxocebiT.haremis da zogadad qalis Sesaxeb TurqeTSi cnobebs vxvdebiTmeore ucxoeli mogzauri qalis naSromSi, romelmac me-18 saukuneSiimogzaura TurqeTSi, es gaxlavT elisabed ledi qraveni (1750-1828). mandawera ramodenime oficialuri werili da 1789 wels gamoaqveyna, rogorc

48“mogzauroba yirimidan konstantinopolSi”. TurqeTi, romelsac qraveniaRwers, aris evropaze CamorCenili da naklebad mimzidveli qveyana.qraveni xSirad gamoxatavs ukmayofilebas osmaluri sazogadoebismimarT.yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris elisabed qravenis Sexedulebebi Turqqalze. ledi meri montegius aRwerilobebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ambobs,rom Turqi qalebi arian Zalian maxinjebi da dasZens: “udavoa, rombunebas surda es qalebi silamaziT daejildovebina, magram maTi uSnowarbebi, mowevisagan gaSavebuli Savi kbilebi, moxrili mxrebi, maTgaregnobas sazizRars xdis, ... Savi feris nelsacxebeli, riTic isiniTvalebs iRebaven, maT ukmex gamoxedvas aniWebs” (kraveni 1970:294-95).Turq qalis Tmis Sav ferze yuradRebas amaxvileben sxva evropelimogzaurebic, evropeli elCi: g. posteli, romelic stambols ewvia 1535wels dasZens, rom Turq qalebs moswondaT Tmis Savi feri, xolowarbebs aerTianebdnen, rac maT silamazed miaCndaT.luiji de zara basano, romelic stambolSi imyofeboda 1537-1540wlebSi, romSi dabrunebis Semdeg gamosca wigni osmalo xalxis adaTwesebze,romelic Seicavda aRwerilobas qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.isic aseve aRniSnavs, rom osmalo qals Zalian uyvarda Savi feris Tmada sxva feris Tmebs Savad iRebavdnen.erT sakiTxSi, romelic Seexeba Turqi qalis Tavisuflebas,gansakuTrebiT maT damokidebulebas mamakacis mimarT, ledi qravenieTanxmeba ledi meris. qraveni aRtacebiT aRniSnavs: “ me vfiqrob me arminaxavs meore aseTi qveyana, sadac qals amxela Tavisufleba aqvs,rogorc es TurqeTSia. Turqi qmari, romelic dainaxavs flostebsharemis karTan, aRar Seva SigniT (kraveni 1970:270).ledi meri wers: “advili SesamCnevia, rom maT aqvT imaze metiTavisufleba, vidre Cven,” is gaocebiT dasZens, rom “grZeli Cadri,romelsac qalebi atareben, imdenad niRbaven maT, rom Znelia ganasxvavoZalauflebis mqone qali Tavisi monisagan da Sesabamisad eWvian qmarsgauWirdeba amoicnos Tavisi sakuTari coli, rodesac mas Sexvdeba ... esganapirobebs qalTa did Tavisuflebas “ (montegiu 1965:328).

49igive faqtze aris yuradReba gamaxvilebuli ledi qravenis mierTurqi qalis aRwerisas abanoSi: “me Sevedi abanos winamdebare oTaxSi, esaris qalTa gasaxdeli oTaxi, iq iyo daaxloebiT 50 qali, zogierTmaTgans Tmebi dabanili qonda, zogs SeRebili da dawnuli, zogierTi iyotualetSi ... es abanoebi didi gasarTobia qalTaTvis, Cveulebriv isini iq5 saaTi rCebian, ZiriTad dros atareben rogorc wyalSi, ise tualetSi –magram me vfiqrob, rom arasodes ar minaxavs erTad amdeni msuqani qali ...ramodenime qals hqonda nazi kani da lamazi nakvTebi ... (kraveni 1970:342)ledi qraveni agreTve estumra harems da aRwers: “SeuZlebeliawarmoidgino amaze ufro sufTa oTaxi interierSi, vidre es aris haremi;iataki da gasasvleli dafarulia WilobiT, romelic aris Calis anlerwmis feri, romlisaganac isini aris damzadebuli. oTaxebSi aranairiaveji ar dgas, garda baliSebisa, romliTac mTeli oTaxi iyo mofenilida aseve fardebi. amdenad Turqebi, arc kaci da arc qali, flostebiT arSedis oTaxSi, iq ar aris raime silis an WuWyis kvali (kraveni 1970:294).ledi qraveni harems warmogvidgens, rogorc yvelaze daculs dawminda adgils da dasZens: “haremi aris wminda adgili, Tundac TavisimflobelisTvis, romelmac daipyro maTi sicocxle, mxolod imitom, romis aris mdidari. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TurqeTSi qalebi arian daculnifuWi, usargeblo cxovrebisagan, da veraferi mTels msoflioSi verdaarRvevs maT myudroebas. maTi talanti, silamaze, bedniereba Tuubedoba dafaruli da SeniRbulia boroti Tvalisagan (kraveni 1970:305).Tavisi Canawerebi dagvitova ingliselma Tomas dalamma, romelicstambols ewvia 1599-1600 wlebSi, man mehmed III-s (1595-1603) saCuqradCamoutana inglisis dedofal elisabedis mier gamogzavnili orRani.Tomas dalamma sultnis sasaxleSi Tvali mohkra lamaz Turq qalebs daSesabamisad aRwera Tavis CanawerebSi.amrigad, Cven davinaxeT, rom haremi, romelic aziuri samyarosmraval qveyanaSi arsebobda, yvelaze ganviTarebuli osmaleTis imperiaSiiyo. is saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osmalo sultnis sasaxlis Semadgenelinawili iyo. kerZod, haremis gadatana sultnis sasaxleSi 1541 welsmoxda, mas Semdeg, ras sultanma roksolanam Tavisi sacxovrebeli iqgadaitana da amiT precedenti Seqmna osmaleTis imperiaSi.

50haremis qalTa umravlesoba qristiani da aramuslimuri warmoSobisiyo, isini yvelaze lamazi qalebi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi, romlebicsultnis haremSi ZiriTadad monaTa bazrebidan xvdebodnen. es qalebiyvela Rones xmarobdnen, raTa haremSi warmateba moepovebinaT. mravaliiRbliani mona qali sultani valide gaxda.haremis socialuri struqtura ierarqiuli iyo. es struqturaCamoyalibda islamisa da saxelmwifos moTxovnilebaTa gavleniT.sultani valide ganagebda harems, is iyo piramidis TavSi da mas mxolodSvilis sikvdilis Semdeg kargavda Tavis tituls. mona qalebi ki haremisierarqiis yvelaze dabal safexurze iyvnen.XIX saukuneSi sultani abdul-mejidi Tofkafidan gadavida axalsasaxleSi (bosforis axlos). amave sasaxleSi gadavida sultnis haremic.osmaleTis imperiis daSlasTan erTad moiSala haremis tradiciac. 1923wels mustafa qemal aTaTurqma (1881-1938ww.) sultnis institutTan erTadharemic gaauqma.aseTi iyo haremi da misi ierarqia osmaleTis imperiaSi, sadacsaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iwereboda qalTa saintereso istoriebi.

514. valide sultani.qalTa mmarTveloba osmaleTis imperiaSiqalis sakiTxis ganxilvisis TurqeTSi SeuZlebelia gverdi auaroiseT did Temas rogoricaa valide sultnebis istoria. validesultnebis anu sultnis dedebis istoria osmaleTis istoriis yvelazesaintereso Temaa. maT da agreTve sasaxlis sxva gavlenianma qalebmaosmaleTis imperiaSi Seqmnes xana, romelic istoriaSi cnobili gaxda“qalTa mmarTvelobis” saxeliT.am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cvenamde mravalma wyarom moaRwia.aRniSnul Temaze mimoxilva ramdenime qveTavad aris warmodgenili: a)valide sultnis wodebis zogadi aRweriloba; b) valide sultnebirogorc regentebi; g) valide sultnebis ganusazRvreli uflebebi –“qalTa MmmarTveloba” osmaleTis imperiaSi d) valide sultnebi rogorcdinastiis damcvelebi; e) valide sultnis institutis dasasruli.valide arabuli sityvaa, arabulad validaTun niSnavs dedas,validun – mSobels. valide sultani aris wodeba (termini), romelicmieniWeboda sultnis dedas. sultnis dedebis moxseniebisas aseveiyenebdnen termins “Mehdi Ulya” – umaRlesi xelisuflis mSobeli.valide sultnis wodeba, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, pirvelad murad IIIm(1574-1595ww.) SemoiRo da SemdgomSi didxans arsebobda. valides tituliunarCundeboda dedas Svilis sultnobis periodSi. “sultnis sikvdilisan sxva gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis dros sultnis colebi, dedebi daqaliSvilebi Tofkafidan anu axali sasaxlidan Zvel sasaxleSigadahyavdaT da axali sultnis dedas aniWebdnen valides wodebas,romelic Zveli sasaxlidan (Eski Saray) Tofkafis sasaxleSi gadadioda”(faqalini 1993:582).osmaleTis imperiis aRmocenebidan, anu XIV saukunidanmoyolebuli, ufliswulTa dedebs hqondaT mniSvnelovani roli TavianTiSvilebis politikur aRzrdasa da meurveobaSi, roli, romelic maTdinastiis arsebobis mTels manZilze SeinarCunes. meurvis, anu regentiswodeba dedebs osmalebamdec gaaCndaT. Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifoSi

52aseTi regenti qali iyo sultan meliq-Sahis (1072-1092) meuRle da sultanmahmudis deda Turqan xaTuni. is erT-erTi TvalsaCino qali iyoTurqeTis istoriaSi, Tumca oficialurad ar flobda saxelmwifosmarTvis sadaveebs, mas metad didi Zalaufleba hqonda miniWebuli.warmoSobiT yaraxanianTa saxelmwifodan iyo. mas Semdeg, rac gaxda maliqSahis coli, misi gavlenis qveS aRmoCnda 12 aTasiani jari. jer kidevmaliq Sahis dros is iRebda mniSvnelovan zomebs, rom misi Svili mahmudisultani gamxdariyo. “maliq Sahis colma Turqan xaTunma xalifa mukTeds100 aTasi oqro gaugzavna im mizniT, rom meliq Sahis Svils mahmudsubrZanos erTguleba gamoucxados mas.” (Sengelia 2003:389). man daamarcxataxtis meore pretendenti barqiaroqi, romelic meliq Sahs sxvacolisagan hyavda da mamis sikvdilis Semdeg mahmudi sultani gaxda.Turqan xaTuni ki sultnis mcirewlovanobis gamo regenti. am faqtsadasturebs XII saukunis istorikosi sadr ad-din al-husaini, romelicTavis naSromSi “cnobebi selCukTa saxelmwifoze, romelic iuwyebaselCukTa emirebsa da mmarTvelebze” wers: “rodesac meliq Sahigardaicvala baRdadSi, gverdze ar aRmoCnda arcerTi misi vaJi gardamahmudisa, romelic mcirewlovani iyo. jarma mas Sehfica Semdeg mizezTagamo: pirveli – misi deda – Turqan-xaTuni sultan maliq-SahismmarTvelobis dros metad gavleniani gaxda da Seiqmna sruluflebianiyvela saqmeSi. is iyo keTilmosurne jaris mimarT da maTac arCies misivaJi. meore mizezi iyo is, rom is iyo Turq mefeTa STamomavali.ambobdnen, rom is iyo afrasiabas gvaridan. mesame mizezi mdgomareobdaimaSi, rom mis xelT iyo fuli da is gascemda jarze Tanxas. amitomacSehfices maT mahmuds da Tan waiyvanes isfahanSi” (sadr ad-dini 1980:78-79).sultnis sasaxle Sedgeboda mamakacTa ganyofilebisagan da qalTaharamxanisagan. rogorc zemoT vTqviT, haramxanas icavdnen SavisaWurisebi. “metad gavleniani adgili ekava haramxanis qalTa Sorissultnis dedas (valides), Tumca isic, rogorc sxva danarCeni haramxaniswevri qalebi, damokidebuli iyo haramxanis Savi saWurisebis meTaurze –“yizlar aRasize” (“gogonaTa ufrosi”)” (mileri 1947:46).“mehmed II-is (1451-1481) dros haramxanaSi 300-ze meti qali cxovrobda.maT yofacxovrebas Tvalyurs adevnebda sultnis deda valide, romelic

53didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. droTa ganmavlobaSi misi gavlena kidevufro gaizarda da xSirad igi saxelmwifo saqmeebSic ki ereoda.Zveli sasaxlidan axal sasaxleSi gadasvlisas imarTebodaceremoniali, romelsac Valide Alay, anu valides pativsacemad gamarTuliceremoniali ewodeboda. axali sultani taxtze asvlidan ramdenime dRisSemdeg brZanebas gascemda Tavisi dedis Zveli sasaxlidan axalsasaxleSi gadayvanis Sesaxeb. validesTan erTad axal sasaxleSigadadioda mTeli amala msaxurebisa. “im gzaze, sadac validetaxtrevanze mjdomi Caivlida, uamravi xalxi iyo Sekrebili. ieniCrebi 25misalmebiT xvdebodnen, rodesac valide monebs Cauvlida, maT saCuqrebsda axal fuls urigebda. sasaxleSi Sesvlisas sultani egebeboda dedas,xelebs ukocnida da sixaruliT SigniT SeuZRveboda” (faqalini 1993:581).valide sultani taxtis memkvidreze maRla idga. taxtis memkvidresrigiT mesame adgili ekava. “valides mmarTveloba Svilis sultnobisperiods moicavda. Tu Svili gardaicvleboda an taxtidan Camoagdebdnen,isic (valide) kargavda Tavis tituls da “Zveli valide sultnis”saxeliT iwodeboda (“Eski Valide Sultan”)” (ozTuna 1986:17).sultnis mcirewlovanobis SemTxvevaSi, valide sultani xdebodamisi Semcvleli. Tu sultani laSqrobaSi an samogzaurod midioda, Tavistaxts sammarTvelod dedas utovebda. dedis garda es saqmianobaSeiZleba miendo taxtis memkvidrisaTvis, didvezirisaTvis, an romelimevezirisaTvis.valide sultnebis raodenoba 22-ia. “es 22 valide sultani jamSi226 weli marTavda qveyanas. 22 validedan 6 Svilebis gardacvalebisSemdeg “Zveli valide sultnis” saxeliT ganagrZobda cxovrebas, 15 ki25 ieniCrebi – ieniCarTa korpusi [Turq. yeniçeri, “axali jari”] – samxedro korpusiosmaleTis imperiaSi, romlis dakompleqteba xdeboda devSirmes (samxedrobegara) wesiT aRzrda-ganaTleba miRebul qristianuli warmomavlobisgamuslimebul WabukTagan. korpusis Seqmnis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtoriiyo bizantielTa winaaRmdeg omebSi, upirvelesad ki maTi daculi qalaqebisa dacixe-simagreebis aRebisaTvis organizebuli infanteriis arsebobisaucilebloba (svaniZe 1999a:82).

54Svilebis sultnobis periodSi gardaicvala” (ozTuna 1986:17). zogierTivalides mmarTvelobis dro Zalian moklea:mehmed I (1413-1421) deda devleT xaTuni _ 6 Tve;mustafa I (1617-1618) deda _ 1 weli, 6 Tve;ahmed I (1603-1617) deda handan sultani _ 1 weli, 11 Tve, 6 dRe;suleiman II (1687-1691) deda saliha dilaSubi - 1 weli, 11 Tve, 27dRe;osman III (1754-1757) deda Sehsuvar sultani _ 1 weli, 2 Tve;murad V (1876) deda Sevq efza sultani _ 3 Tve, 2 dRe.zogierTi valide ki didi xnis manZilze flobda titulsa daTanamdebobas:mehmed IV (1648-1687) deda xadije Turhan sultani _ 34 weli, 10 Tve,28 dRe;abdul-hamid II (1876-1909) dedinacvali rahime feresTu sultani _ 28weli;murad IV (1623-1640) deda qosem mahfeiqer sultani _ 25 weli, 1 Tve,28 dRe;mustafa II (1695-1703) deda emeTulah rabia gulnuS _ 20 weli, 8 Tve;ahmed III (1703-1730) deda emeTulah rabia gulnuS _ 20 weli, 8 Tve;selim III (1789-1807) deda mihri Sah sultani _ 16 weli, 6 Tve, 9 dRe;abdul-azizi (1861-1876) deda ferTev nial sultani _ 14 weli, 11 Tve,5 dRe (buquri, 2004a: 38).jamSi ki osmaleTSi valide sultnebis raodenoba qronologiismixedviT ase gamoiyureba:1. niluferi (1359-ucnobi), orhan I-is coli, murad I-is deda, niluferxaTuni;2. huma (1432-ucnobi) murad II-is coli, mehmed II-is deda, huma xaTuni;3. amina gulbahari (1481-1492) mehmed II-is coli, baiazed II-is deda,gulbahar xaTuni;4. aiSe hafsa (1520-1534) selim I-is coli, suleiman I-is deda;5. huremi, igive roksolana, (1500-1506—1558) suleiman I-is coli, selimII-is deda;6. nurbanu (1574-1583) selim II-is coli. murad III-is deda;7. safie sultani (1594-1603) murad III-is coli, mehmed III-is deda;

558. handani (1603-1603) mehmed III-is coli, ahmed I-is deda;9. mahfiruz hadije (1617-1621) ahmed I-is coli, osman II-is deda;10. qosemi (1623-1648) mahfeiqeri, ahmed I-is coli, murad IV-isa da ibrahimI-is deda;11. Turhan hadije (1648-1683) ibrahim I-is coli, mehmed IV-is deda;12. saliha dilaSubi (1687-1689) ibrahim I-is coli, suleiman II-is deda;13. mahfara umaTulah rabia gulnuS (1695-1715) mehmed IV-is coli,mustafa II-isa da ahmed III-is deda;14. saliha sabqaTi (1730-1739) mustafa II-is coli, mahmud I-is deda;15. Sehsuvari (1754-1756) mustafa II-is coli, osman III-is deda;16. mihri-Sahi (1789-1807) mustafa III-is coli, selim III-is deda;17. aiSe senieferver (aiSa sina farvar, aiSe sine-ferver) (1807-1808)abdul-hamid I-is coli, mustafa IV-is deda;18. naqSedili (1808-1817) abdul-hamid I-is sxva coli, mahmud II-is deda(savaraudod is iyo napoleonis colis Jozefinas biZaSvili);19. bezmialemi (bazimi alami) (1839-1852) mahmud II-is sxva coli, abdulmejidI-is deda;20. ferTevniali (1861-1876/ mahmud II-is coli, abdul-azizis deda;21. Sevq efza (1876-1876) murad V-is deda;22. rahime feresTu (1876-1904) abdul-mejid I-is coli, abdul-hamid II-isdedinacvali) (valide sultnebi 2009).osmaleTis imperiis taxtis memkvidreebi bavSvobidanve iRebdnenrogorc fizikur, ise inteleqtualur wvrTnas. ufliswulebi gadiodnenaseve samxedro wvrTnasac. amisaTvis sulTnebs TavianTi SvilebidahyavdaT laSqrobebSi, avalebdnen imperiis garkveuli nawilismmarTvelobas. magram osmaleTis imperiis arsebobis manZilze iyoSemTxvevebi, roca princebi, jer kidev pataraobaSi, umamod rCebodnen.mag.Aahmed I 14 wlis iyo, roca mama gardaecvala, mustafa 2-is, osman II –13-is, murad IV – 6-is, ibrahimi – 2-is, mehmed IV – 7-is. xSirad aseTmdgomareobaSi myofi taxtis memkvidreebi cxovrebis aqtiur wlebsTavianTi biZebisa da taxtze mjdomi Zmebisagan ugulebelyofilni

56atarebdnen. bunebrivia, aseT mdgomareobaSi myofi princis ganaTlebasada aRzrdaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda maTi deda.valide sultnebi SvilebisTvis rCevebis micemas maTi taxtzeasvlis Semdegac agrZelebdnen.valide sultnebi Svilis aRmzrdelebad osmaleTis imperiaSi XVI-XVII saukunidan mogvevlinen. es iyo rogorc maTi movaleoba, ise maTiufleba. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi uflebebiT osmaleTis pirvelisultnis osman I-is (1281-1326) deda sargeblobda da is iyo pirveli aseTiuflebis mqone deda (buquri 2005b:211). XVI s-is istorikosis neSrismixedviT “selCukTa sultanma alaeddinma osmans sultnis tituli uboZa,rogorc misi damoukideblobis simbolo. amasTan dakavSirebiT Catardaceremonia, rodesac musikosTa ansamblma dakvra daiwyo, osmanis dedammouwoda Tavis Svils, rom pativiscemis niSnad fexze wamomdgariyo”(neSri 1983:98). aqedan moyolebuli sultnis kurTxevis ceremonialzemusikis xmaze sultnis fexze wamodgoma tradiciad iqca, sanam amtradicias mehmed II (1451-1481) gaauqmebda. SesaZlebelia neSris esmonaTxrobi legendad ufro miviCnioT, vidre realur faqtad, magrammainc gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom garkveuli xnis manZilze sultnis dedismiTiTeba SemdgomSi tradiciad iqca.valide sultnebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis istorikosiibrahim feCevi, romelic Tavis mier aRwerili istoriis didi nawilisTanamedrove iyo. “feCevis TxzulebaTa did Rirsebad yvelas mieraRiarebulia is garemoeba, rom igi sargeblobda misi Tanamedrove da,umTavresad, wina saukuneTa istoriografiuli RirebulebebiT” (jiqia1964:16).ibrahim feCevi mogviTxrobs ahmed I-is (1603-1617) dedaze – handansultanze, romlis moqmedebasac “dedis uflebas” uwodebs, roca isTavis Svils rCevas aZlevs, rom admiral derviS faSas miTiTebasdaujeros. amis Sesaxeb gviambobs: “xandaxan fadiSahma unda moiwviosderviS faSa Tavis sasaxlis baRSi da yurad iRos misi rCevebi.faqtobrivad valide sultanic sargeblobs dedis uflebiT da arwmunebsTavis Svils, rom “derviS faSas sawinaaRmdego araferi gaakeTo”, feCevi

57aseve imeorebs Zvel da popularul naTqvams: “dedis ufleba, RmerTisuflebaa” (feCevi 1864-1867:316).ibrahim feCevi Tavis aRwerilobaSi, romelic exeba sultnismibrZanebas bahCekafis sasaxleSi, xazs usvams Tu raoden did pativsscemda sultani Tavis dedas, momdevno nawyvetidan Cven kidev erTxelvrwmundebiT valide sultnis maRal statusSi osmaleTis imperiaSi:ibrahim faSas didveziri SeuZRva oTaxSi, taxtamde miacila da daabrZana.Tavad masTan axlos iatakze dabrZanda da CurCuliT saubari daiwyes:“Cven viqceodiT sultnis gankargulebisamebr da ar davuSviT, rommoxuci aRebi Cven mogvmsaxurebodnen. mcire xnis TaTbiris SemdegsadrazamTan is SigniT Sevida, raTa eTaTbira valide sultanTan, CvencmaT gavyeviT. moxuc aRebs ar surdaT, rom SeveSviT, magram sultanmaubrZana maT, rom Cven SeveSviT da Cven is ar davtoveT manam, sanam armovismineT pativsacemi valide sultnis xma” (feCevi 1981-1982).selim I-ma (1512-1520) datova qvrivi hafize sultani – suleimankanunis deda. is gamoirCeoda discipliniT da misi kontrolis qveS iyoharemi, miuxedavad imisa, rom iq iyo sastiki konkurencia suleiman I-is(1520-1566) colebs: giulbaharsa da hurems Soris (gudvini 1994:122).sultani murad III (1574-1595) iyo yvelaze metad damokidebuli Tavisdedaze, nurbanu sultanze. paolo kontarinis mixedviT, romelmac 1583wlis dekemberSi moxseneba gaugzavna veneciis mTavrobas, sadacityobineboda sultnis dedis gardacvalebas, acxadebda, rom murad III-isdeda iyo is adamiani, romelsac yvelaze xSirad eyrdnoboda sultani.sultnis politika mTlianad dedis rCevebze iyo agebuli da masac sxvaaraferi rCeboda garda imisa, rom daejerebina da erTguli yofiliyoTavisi dedis. nurbanus gardacvalebisas sultanma sinanuliT warmoTqva,rom is rCeboda oboli, romelsac aRar eyoleboda rCevis mimcemi.“nurbanus bolo rCeva Tavisi Svilisadmi iyo Semdegi: qveyanaSiyvelaferi misi (sultnis) kontrolis qveS yofiliyo, gaeZlierebinaTavisi meTvalyureoba fulze da oqroze yuradRebiT edevnebina TvaliTavisi vaJis aRzrdisaTvis (persi 1993:238).XVI-XVII saukuneebi osmaleTis imperiaSi cnobilia rogorc “qalTammarTvelobis xana” (Kadınlar Sultanatı). saukuneze metxans osmaleTis

58imperiis politikuri Zalaufleba samefo haremis warmomadgenel qalTaxelT iyo. ufro zustad “qalTa mmarTveloba” roksolanasgardacvalebis Semdeg, anu 1558 wels, daiwyo da dasrulda validesultnis – Turhanis (mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) dedis) mmarTvelobiT (1648-1683). xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos marTavda haremi,sadac ganuwyveteli brZola mimdinareobda valide sultansa da sultniscolebs Soris, aseve “kizlar aRasisTan” ... qalebi ereodnen saxelmwifosaqmeebSi, ismendnen saxelmwifo saidumloebebs da Sesabamisad SlidnenTavianT karts” (penzeri 2005:186). “es aixsneba imiT, rom zogierTisultani taxtze asvlisas mcirewlovani iyo da maTi dedebi da sultniskarTan daaxloebuli didmoxeleebi aqtiurad ereodnen saxelmwifosmmarTvelobaSi” (svaniZe 2002:5).Zalauflebis mqone qalTagan gamorCeulni arian sultnis sasaxliskarze daaxloebuli qalebi: sultnis dedebi (valide sultnebi), sultniscolebi, qaliSvilebi da sxva. es qalebi arian: roksolana igive “huremi”- sultan suleiman I-is (1520-1566) coli, mihrimahi - suleiman I-isqaliSvili, nurbanu – murad III-is (1574-1595) deda, safie – mehmed III-is(1595-1603) deda, qosemi – murad IV-is (1623-1640) deda, Turhani – mehmed IVis(1648-1687) deda da sxva (buquri 2005b:206).qalTa mier Zalauflebis mopoveba osmaleTis imperiaSi ucbad armomxdara. qalTa mxridan saxelmwifo saqmeebSi Careva jer kidev oRuzur-Turqmenul tomebSi SeiniSneboda. Aamis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT fazllalaxraSid ad-dinis “oRuznameSi”, sadac weria, rom rodesac Turqmenulitomis beladma – oRuzma ilaSqra kil baraqis qveyanaSi, mas dididaxmareba aRmouCines adgilobrivma mcxovrebma qalebma da ufro metic,am qalTa gonivruli rCevis Sedegad oRuzebma advilad miaRwiesgamarjvebas da qveyana daipyres. “oRuznameSi” vkiTxulobT: “kil baraqTanomis dros oRuzs iqaurma qalebma misces TavSesafari. am qalebis qmrebimetad maxinjebi iyvnen da amitom maT oRuzi Zalian moewonaT. maTsurdaT misTvis daxmareba aRmoeCinaT da oRuzi miiyvanes iT baraqascolTan, romelic maT Soris yvelaze ufrosi coli iyo. Aam qalmamTeli guliTa da suliT gamoxata Tavisi simpaTia oRuzis mimarT damalulad masTan elCi gaagzavna, romelsac oRuzTan daabara: “Tu Tqven

59gsurT daipyroT Cveni qveyana, maSin Semdegnairad unda moiqceT:daamzadeT rkinis lursmnebi eklebiT da TiToeulma Tqvenma meomarmadaimagros Tavis zurgze, Setakebis dros ki unda esrolon mters. MmagramimisaTvis, rom am rkinis eklebma ar daazianon Tqveni cxenebis fexebi,Tqven cxenebs nalebi unda daaWedoT. garda amisa Tqvens mtrebs saxe araaqvT daculi da Tqven SegiZliaT isrebi saxisken mimarToT. oRuzsZalian gauxarda am qalis rCeva da daxmarebis survili. aaSenes gemebi daam qalebTan gaagzavnes elCebi, romlebic gamorCeulad lamazi kacebiiyvnen. am elCebs qalebi mTeli ZaliT daexmarnen da oRuzTan gaatanesyvela saWiro nivTi. zogierTi qali didi siyvarulis gamo am kacebsgahyvnen. es qveyana am gziT iqna dapyrobili” (raSid ad-dini 1987:36).1336 wels msoflioSi cnobili arabi mogzauri ibn-batutaosmaleTis imperiis monaxulebis Semdeg werda, rom Turqebsa daTaTrebSi colebi metad didi uflebebiT sargeblobdnen. ibn-batutamimogzaura qalaq xorezmSic 26 . is gaocebuli darCa qalTa mdgomareobiTda dasZens: “yadis colma – xaTun jija-aRam gamomigzavna 100 dinari,xolo misma dam, emiris colma – Turabeq xaTunma moawyo wveuleba, sadacmowveul iyvnen fakihebi 27 da sasaxlis sxva gamorCeuli pirebi. eswveuleba gamarTul iqna am qalis mier aSenebul zaviaSi 28 ” (ibn batuta1988:4).26 xorezmi – olqi amudariis qveda dinebaSi, romelic ibn batutas mogzaurobisdros Sedioda oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi. dedaqalaqi iyo urgenCi anxorezmi.27 fakihi [fakih, arab. zmnidan fakiha, “esmoda, erkveoda”, icoda samarTali”] –kanonmdebeli-RvTismetyveli, muslimuri samarTlis – fikhis mcodne. fakihiSeimuSavebs fikhis problemebs, aswavlis mas da fikhis TvalsazrisiT gamoaqvsazri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva problemaze. fikhis profesiulicodna aucilebeli iyo yadiebisa da moxeleebisaTvis. fakihebi Sua saukuneebSiwarmoadgendnen qalaqis mosaxleobis gavlenian fenas da dResac inarCunebenTavianT gavlenas imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria islamis poziciebi ama Tu imqveyanaSi (jafariZe 1999a: 187).28zavia [“kuTxe”] – qristiani beris senaki, an patara meCeTi, samlocvelo,salocavad gamoyofili kuTxe saxlSi, zogadad RvTismsaxurebis adgili

60aRsaniSnavia, rom sultnis samefo karze Warbobdnen aramuslimuriwarmoSobis qalebi. magaliTad, murad IV-is (1623-1640) deda berZeni iyo,sultan suleiman I-is (1520-1566) coli – roksolana slavi warmoSobisa,mehmed II-is (1451-1481) coli da Semdgomi sultnis deda gulbaxari –albanuri an berZnuli warmoSobisa. es ganpirobebuli iyo metwiladpolitikuri mdgomareobiT. am faqts adasturebs istorikosi ibrahimfeCevi Tavis istoriul naSromSi da dasZens: “aw gardacvlilmaildirimma baiazid xanma colad moiyvana vlakas vaJiSvilis qaliSvili.udavoa, es uCveulo tradicia sultnis karze – giauris qaliSviliscolad moyvana, metad xSiri iyo. ase rom, sultnis karze Warbobdnenmezobeli qveynis mmarTvelebis lamazi qaliSvilebi. aseve sultan muradII-em (1421-1451) colad moiyvana voCes qaliSvili. voCe iyo vlakas vaJi, masmiznad hqonda dasaxuli daemarcxebina bosniis mefe da sxva rumeliisgiaurebi. Sedegad man waarTva mas semenderu” (feCevi 1981-1982).aseve “orxan I-ma (1326-1360) colad moiyvana bizantieli princesa –Teodora, sul male Teodoras da colad gahyva ioane paleologs. amgziT Turqebi damkvidrdnen evropaSi ara rogorc mtrebi, aramed rogorcmokavSireebi da naTesavebi bizantiis imperatorisa” (kinrosi 1997:353).am faqts imeorebs h. inaljiqi da dasZens: 1346 wels osmaleTissultanma orhanma kavSiri daamyara ioane V kantakuzenTan – bizantiistaxtis pretendentTan da iqorwina mis qaliSvil – Teodoraze. aman xeliSeuwyo osmalebs Careuliyvnen bizantiis saSinao saqmeebSi (inaljiqi1989:9).XIV saukuneSi murad I-ma (1360-1389) iqorwina ramdenime berZenprincesaze, maT Soris iyo bizantiel kantakuzenTa ojaxis asuli. misipirveli coli berZeni iyo, romelsac Semdgom daerqva “gulCiCeki”(Gűlçiçek). misgan sultans Semdgomi sultani baiazid I – “elva” (1389-1402)eyola. “baiazidma dedis gavleniT colad moiyvana qristiani colebi, maTislamis pirvel saukuneebSi. momdevno xanebSi zavia ewodeboda sufi Saihissavanesac, sadac is qadagebda da aswavlida muridebs. es termini gansakuTrebiTgavrcelda Crd. afrikaSi (maRribSi) da andalusiaSi (muslimur espaneTSi),sadac sufiurma savaneebma saerTod didi roli iTamaSes sufizmis propagandasada popularizaciaSi (sanikiZe 1999a: 62).

61Soris imperator ioane V paleologis qaliSvili. magram yvelaze metadTavisi colebidan gamoarCevda despines, romelic iyo ungreTis mefislazar I-is qaliSvili. despina sakmaod did Zalauflebas flobda, magramis ar gamxdara sultnis deda. is sultanTan erTad 1402 wlis ankarisSetakebis dros tyved Cavarda, sultani male gardaicvala, despinastragikuli istoriac aq wydeba, is rom sultnis deda gamxdariyo maszemeti iqneboda cnobili, magram ucnobia Semdgomi sultani mehmed I (1413-21)misi Svili iyo Tu ara” (gudvini 1994:122).aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom zogierTi valide sultani warsulSi monaqali iyo, romlebmac moaxerxes sasaxlis karze dawinaureba da validesulTnobamde amaRleba. aseT qalebs miekuTvnebian Semdegi validesultnebi: qosemi, nurbanu, safie da gulnuS sultnebi (alTindali1994:29).sultan suleiman I-is (1520-1566) coli roksolana warmoSobiT slavimona qali iyo, romelic kavkasiaSi tyved Cavardnis Semdeg stambolismonaTa bazarze, aqedan ki sultnis haramxanaSi moxvda. roksolanamharemSi warmatebas male miaRwia. igi gaxda sultnis favoriti dasazogadoebriv Sekrebebze sultans mudam Tan dahyveboda. man osmaleTisimperiaSi precedenti Seqmna da 1536 wels haremi Zvelidan axalsasaxleSi gadaitana sultnis gverdiT, sadac man Tavisi gavlenis qveSmoaqcia sultani da agreTve xelT igdo saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebi(kinrosi 1997:256; uzunCarSili 1998:404-405; inaljiqi 1989:86). man gamoiwviasultnis colis – gulbaharis aRSfoTeba, romlis Svili – mustafaosmaleTis imperiis taxtis memkvidred iTvleboda.male, 1534 wels roksolanas wyalobiT gulbahari da misi Svilimustafa imperiis Soreul provinciaSi gadaasaxles. roksolanassuleimanisagan vaJi eyola, romelsac arsebuli taxtis memkvidre undaSeecvala.roksolanam daarwmuna suleimani, rom didveziri ibrahimi masRalatobda da cdilobda sultnis xelisuflebis uzurpacias. esyvelaferi imiT dasrulda, rom 1536 wels didveziri ibrahimi sikvdiliTdasajes. TandaTanobiT “hurem sultanma” haremis qalTa Soris pirveliadgili moipova. roksolanas intrigebs emsxverpla suleimanis

62usayvarlesi Svili Mmustafa, romelic mamis Tvalwin sikvdiliTdasajes. (noviCevi 1963:99; inaljiqi 1989:87).saxelganTqmuli orientalisti n. m. penzeri werda, rom,roksolanas mmarTvelobiT daiwyo qalTa mmarTvelobis xana (kadınlarsultanatı), romelic daaxloebiT 150 weli gagrZelda, Turqan validesultnis, muhamed IV-is dedis gardacvalebamde (penzeri 2005:186). TumcaCven vxvdebiT am faqtis sxvanair axsnas u. u. beiTsis naSromSi, romelicvaraudobs, rom e.w. qalTa mmarTvelobis era osmalur istoriografiaSidaiwyo safies mmarTvelobiT (beiTsi 1978:254)“hurem sultanma” miaRwia muslimuri samarTlis mixedviTgamxdariyo sultnis kanonieri coli, risTvisac arcerT mona qalsosmaleTis imperiis arsebobis bolo ori saukunis manZilze ar miuRwevia(kinrosi 2002:236). am qorwinebam rogorc qristianul, ise muslimursamyaroSi didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. roksolanas vaJebi gaxdnenosmaleTis taxtis memkvidreebi. misi vaJi selimi 1566 wels suleimanis I-is momdevno sultani gaxda, mas Semdeg rac brZola mougo Tavis Zmasbaiazids, romelic 1561 wels am brZolaSi daiRupa.qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi Tavisuflad ereodnen sultnisqaliSvilebic. amisi magaliTia sultan suleiman I-is (1520-1566) daroksolanas qaliSvili mihrimahi. is yvelaze cnobili princesa iyoosmaleTis imperiaSi. mihrimahi saTaveSi edga mraval saganmanaTleblo dasaqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas. man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula mamis daaseve Zmis selim II-is (1566-1574) sultnobis dros (beiTsi 1978:252).mihrimahi, mamis surviliT, colad gahyva rusTem faSas – Soreulidiarbeqiris mmarTvels. aRsaniSnavia, rom colisa da sidedrisaqtiurobiT rusTem faSa orjer gaxda didveziri sultan suleiman I-isdros. kinrosi dasZnes: “mas Semdeg rac rusTem faSa gaxda suelimanissiZe da didveziri, mis xelT aRmoCnda saxelmwifos finansebi. sultnisneba-surviliT mis xelSi aRmoCnda qveynis marTvis sadaveebi. Sesabamisadroksolanam miaRwia Tavisi Zalauflebis zenits” (kinrosi 2002:238).mihrimahma waaqeza mama maltelTa winaaRmdeg laSroba moewyoT. osmaloistorikosTa mixedviT mihrimahi mamas vaJiSvilebze metadac uyvarda. mama

63mas Wkvian qalad miiCnevda. aqedan gamomdinare, misi rCevebi sasaxliswevrTa gamoxmaurebasa da mamis mowonebas imsaxurebda.aRsaniSnavia, rom mihrimahi didi qonebis mflobeli gaxldaT. Mmisqonebas Seadgenda misi mziTevi da agreTve qmris danatovari qoneba.istorikosi ibrahim feCevi dasZens: “rusTem-faSam gamoiCina didiguluxvoba, is gascemda did mowyalebas. man didZali fuli dautovasultan mihrimahs” (feCevi 1981-1982).zemoT ukve moxseniebuli iyo, rom mona qalidan validesulTnobamde amaRlda qosem sultani. is iyo valide sultani samiTaobis sultnobis dros, kerZod ki murad IV-is (1623-1640), ibrahimis (1640-1648) da mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) dros. qosem sultani iyo ahmed I-is “xasa”,romelmac Semdeg didi uflebebi moipova. is sasaxlis karze metadgavleniani figura iyo. amasTanave aqtiurad monawileobda osmaleTisimperiis taztze axali kandidaturis SerCevis procesSi.ahmed I-ma gzidan Camoicila Tavisi Zma mustafa, romelicsasikvdilod gaimeta. male taxtze ahmed I-is (1603-1617) Svili osmaniavida, Tumca mas taxtis mopovebaSi didi dabrkolebis gadalaxva mouxda.osmanma, taxtis mosapoveblad, gadawyvita sikvdiliT daesaja Tavisiyvela Zma, maT Soris mamamisis ahmed I-is favoriti qalis, yofili “xasis”– qosemis sami vaJi: muradi, qasimi da ibrahimi. 1612 wels venecieli elCiTurqeTSi simon kontarini ityobineba, rom qosemma TxovniT mimarTasultans da Tavisi Svilebi sikvdilisagan daixsna. osmanis Tavdapirvelicda – xelSi Caegdo taxti, kraxiT dasrulda. amisi mizezi gaxldaT is,rom mas dedamisi ar daexmara taxtis mopovebaSi. 1618 wels, roca osmanitaxtze avida, dedamisi mahfiruzi cocxali iyo. is faqti, rom mahfiruziar mfarvelobda Tavis Svils, ganpirobebuli iyo im mizeziT, rom isosmanis sultnobis dros sasaxleSi ar cxovrobda da Sesabamisad arcvalide sultani ar yofila. “savaraudoa, rom mahfiruzis mokveTasasaxlidan moxda Tavisi Svilis osmanis gamefebamde da man Tavisistatusis aRdgena sasaxlis karze amis mere veRar SeZlo. amazemetyvelebs misi sasaxlidan Sors cxovreba da aseve misi mokrZalebulidasaflaveba 1620 wels, Svilis gamefebidan 2 wlis Semdeg” (persi1993:233).

64is faqti, rom mahfiruzi sasaxlidan Sors cxovrobda, kideverTxel mtkicdeba, wyaroTa monacemebiT, sadac aRniSnulia, rom osmanisasaxleSi dedis gareSe izrdeboda. osmani karg damokidebulebaSi iyomamis “xasasTan” – qosemTan, romelsac momavali sultani xSiradsaseirnod dahyavda. sultan ahmed I-s (1603-1617) ki ar moswonda TavisiSvilis urTierToba Tavis “xasasTan”. sultnis es SiSi ganpirobebuliiyo imiT, rom man kargad icoda qosemis ambiciebi Tavis SvilebTandakavSirebiT. sxva mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo is, rom sultans ar surdaTavis davaJkacebul Svilebs (osmans da mehmeds) urTierToba hqonodaTiseT qalTan, romelic islamuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT ar iyosaojaxo wevrTa rangSi. magram ahmed I-is gardacvalebis Semdegmdgomareoba Seicvala. osmani, rogorc sultani qosems did pativsscemda. qosemmac moxerxebulad SeZlo osmanze gavlena moepovebina dasultans gadaafiqrebina Tavisi Svilebis sikvdiliT dasja. 1612 wels,rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, osmanma sikvdiliT dasaja mxolod ahmedi,Tavisi ufrosi Zma, romelic qosemis Svili ar iyo.valide sultani sultanTan Suamavladac gvevlineboda. 1599 wlisgazafxulze, roca mehmed III-m (1595-1603) daufiqrebeli guluxvobagamoiCina da ungreTis kampaniisaTvis Sida salarodan mniSvnelovaniTanxa gaiRo, didvezirma ibrahim faSam daxmarebisaTvis sadeddin efendismimarTa, romelic sultnis maswavlebeli da imJamad mufTi 29 iyo.sadeddin efendi ki, Tavis mxriv, daukavSirda sultnis dedas – safies,safie sultans aseve mimarTa iemenma, CiviliT, rom maTi Zveli Txovnasultnisadmi, romelic exeboda damatebiTi jarebis Seyvanas provinciisdasacavad, ignorirebuli iyo.safie sultani warmoSobiT venecieli da bafos aristokratiuligvaris warmomadgeneli iyo, romelic tyved Cavarda da Semdeg haremSimoxvda. safies meore saxeli bafa erqva. is saidumlo mimowerasawarmoebda ekaterine mediCTan, raTa xeli SeeSala TurqeTisaTvisveneciaze Tavdasxmisagan. is aseve ekontaqteboda veneciis elCs erT-erTi29 mufTi ewodeba fakihs, romelsac gamoaqvs feTva - saRvTismetyvelosamarTlebrividaskvna (sanikiZe 1999b: 186).

65ebraelis, saxelad “kiarezas” meSveobiT, romelsac haremSi gasayidadmihqonda samkaulebi. man miaRwia imas, rom Tavisi Svili sultani gaxada,Tavad ki valide sultani gaxda (penzeri 2005:187).wyaroebSi moipoveba damadasturebeli cnoba imis Taobaze, romvalide sultani gabedul miTiTebas aZlevs Tavis Svils qveyanaSiarsebuli areulobis gamo. magaliTad, selaniqis cnobiT, 1600 welsmehmed III-is (1595-1603) mier mowveuli krebis Semdeg, romelsac validesgarda eswrebodnen mufTi da didveziri, safie sultanma Tavis SvilsSeaxsena, rom qveyanaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba mniSvnelovan cvlilebebssaWiroebda. mTeli qveyana savse iyo meqrTameobiT, gadasaxadebi iyomouwesrigebeli. am yvelafris mizezi ki is iyo, rom qveyanas uviciadamianebi marTavdnen (selaniqi 1989:857-58).safie sultansa da mehmed III-ze (1595-1603) patara istoriulinakveTi aqvs dawerili XVI saukunis sultnis karze moRvawe osmaloistorikoss mustafa alis. es istoria aris nawyveti misi didiistoriuli naSromisa. misi daweris mizani iyo is, rom gaefrTxilebinasultani da dedamisi, rom qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani reformebi iyogasatarebeli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis imperia adviladganadgurdeboda (fleiSeri 1979-1980:176-78). alis mowodeba safiesultnisadmi, cxadia, ganpirobebuli iyo safies ZalauflebiT da misimWidro urTierTobiT Tavis SvilTan – mehmedTan da didvezirTan.am periodis osmalo poeti nevi, romelic iyo murad III-is Svilismaswavlebeli, safiesadmi miZRvnil leqsSi qebas asxamda validesultans, rogorc “saukunis dedofals da uerTgules dedofals.”mniSvnelovani valide sultani iyo mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) dedahadije Turhan sultani, romelic valide sultani gaxda mas Semdeg, ractaxtidan Camoagdes sultani qosemi. “axalgazrda sultnis mehmed IV-istaxtze asvlis Semdeg mTeli rva wlis manZilze qveyanaSi areuloba iyo,romlis drosac ieniCrebi da sifahebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdegamxedrebdnen or daqvrivebul sultans: mehemd IV-is dedas Turhansa damis bebia qosems, romelic garkveuli drois Semdeg moklul iqna misimowinaaRmdegis dakveTiT” (kinrosi 1997:324).

66yvela am angariSsworebas zed daerTo cvlilebebi sagareopolitikaSi. XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi zRvaze batonoba venecielTaxelSi gadavida. Turqebs Zala ar SeswevdaT daecvaT sakuTari sazRvrebida sazRvao gzebi. venecielebma xelT igdes kunZulebi tenedosi dalemnosi. Turqebi marcxdebodnen. imisaTvis, rom qveyana krizisulimdgomareobidan gamosuliyo, sultnis dedam saidumlod moixmo TavisTanenergiuli, didi reputaciis mqone pirovneba, romelic waadgebodaosmaleTis saxelmwifos. es pirovneba iyo mehmed qofrulu, romelsacsultnis dedam Turhanma didveziris Tanamdeboba SesTavaza. warmoSobiTalbanelma qofrulum Turhans pirobebi wauyena, romliTac is iseTabsolutur Zalauflebas iTxovda, romelic iqamde mxolod sultnisdedas gaaCnda. valide sultanma Tavisi Svilis piriT Sehfica, rom misyvela moTxovnas daakmayofilebda. sultanma pativi sca dedisgadawyvetilebas da qofrulu didvezirad dainiSna (kinrosi 2002:332).aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sakuTari mmarTvelobis dros validesultani metad mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas erTpirovnulad iRebda.isic aRsaniSnavia, rom mas Tavis SvilTan, am gadawyvetilebis miRebisdros, SeTanxmebuli urTierToba hqonda, ufro metic, Svili dedisgadawyvetilebas iwonebda da pativs scemda.mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) deda – Turhan sultani Tavisi SvilisTvisiyo avtoriteti, romelsac is saxelmwifos marTvas andobda, TviTon kisaqveyno saqmeebs nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda. mematianes – silahdarmehmed faSas cnobiT, rodesac 1683 wels Turhani gardaicvala, qveyanadanaRvlianda, xalxi ki RmerTs mimarTavda, rom xelidan gamoecalaTqveynis Zlieri Zala. 4 wlis Semdeg mehmed IV (1648-1687) gardaicvala. u. u.beiTsi aRniSnavs, rom Turhanis gardacvaleba qveynisaTvis iyo dididanaklisi. osmalo istorikosebis azriT: “qveynis didi boZi waiqca”(beiTsi 1978:255).sultnis stambolSi aryofnis periodSi valide sultnebi iyvnensultnebis aqtiuri damcvelni. isini Tvalyurs adevnebdnen, rom romelimememkvidres xelisufleba ZaliT ar Caegdo xelSi.selaniqis cnobis mixedviT, 1586 wlis erT-erTi omis dros mehmedIII-m (1595-1603) safie sultani datova mTeli xazinis meTvalyured, sadac

67miliardi asperi inaxeboda (hameri 1835-1837:320). sultanma es omi moigo.“rodesac man miiRo safies milocvis werili, safie ukmayofilebasgamoTqvamda, rom sultanma am omis Semdeg didveziri sinan faSadaajildova. amis Semdeg sultanma pirvelive SesaZleblobaze yofilididveziri, dedamisis mowonebuli – ibrahim faSa daabruna ZvelTanamdebobaze, romelsac aseve didi wvlili hqonda gamarjvebaSi. magramaq aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ibrahim faSa iyo safies siZe” (hameri 1835-1837:330). aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ibrahim faSas dawinaurebasafies aqtiurobis Sedegi iyo. kargad Cans Tu ra didi iyo sultnispativiscema dedisadmi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ibrahimi imsaxurebdadawinaurebas, es mxolod dedis Carevis Semdeg moxda.qosem sultani ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi inteleqtiTa da taqtiT(baisuni 1967:915-923). 1634 wels qosem sultanma didi mfarveloba gauwiaTavis Svils – sultan murad IV-s (1623-1640). muradis mier izniqismosamarTlis sikvdiliT dasjam sasuliero pirTa didi aRSfoTebagamoiwvia. gaCnda Worebic, viTom mufTi ahizade husein efendi sultansmaxes ugebda, raTa taxtidan Camoegdo. rodesac am xmebma validesultnis yuramde miaRwia, man saswrafod mouwoda murads dabrunebuliyodedaqalaqSi. amis Semdeg es mufTi iyo pirveli, romelic osmaleTisimperiaSi sikvdiliT dasajes (naima 1863-1864:182).qosem sultanma gaagrZela mmarTveloba Tavisi meore Svilisibrahimis (1640-48) sultnobis drosac. rodesac ibrahimi taxtidangadadga, qosemis gavlena imdenad didi iyo, rom is erTxans darCaZalauflebis mqone mmarTvelad, rogorc Zlieri valide sultani, TavisiSviliSvilis mehmed IV-is sultnobisas (dengleri 1978:237; beiTsi1978:255).valide sultnebis Zalauflebas adasturebs Semdegi faqti: 1670wels lui XIV-is elCi markiz de nointeli stambolSi gemiT Cavida,magram saimperio sasaxlesTan Cavlisas sayviri ar misca. amas ori mizezihqonda: 1. amiT mas surda gamoexata safrangeTis Zalaufleba osmaleTisimperiaze da 2. mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) aryofna stambolSi. amaze qalaqismosaxleoba saSinlad aRelda. “diplomatiuri krizisi valide sultnisTurhanis gabedulma nabijma ganmuxta. is sasaxlidan gadmodga da

68moiTxova, rom frangebs mis saxelze samefo sayviri miecaT. franguligemebi marTlac swrafad SeCerdnen da artileriam cecxli gaxsna,valides sapativsacemod sapasuxo cecxli gaxsna sasaxlis artileriamac(persi 1993:241).valide sultnebis didi avtoritetis miuxedavad, XVI saukuneSi maTxSirad eqmnebodaT problemebi. yvela sultans rodi surda, rom maTideda maT saqmeebSi Careuliyo. aseT SemTxvevebs gansakuTrebiT maSinhqonda adgili, roca sultani srulwlovanebis asaks miaRwevda da TavsSesaferisad igrZnobda, rom MmTeli qveynis marTva Tavis Tavze aeRo.valide sultnebis gavlenis sfero marTlac farTo iyo. maT didizegavlena hqondaT mopovebuli sasaxlis karis umaRles moxeleebsSoris. maTi qaliSvilebi Txovdebodnen gavlenian pirebze, SesabamisadmaT moqiSpeebic uCndebodaT sultnis didveziris, mufTisa da winasultnebis saxiT.aRsaniSanvia, rom TviTon sultansac ar siamovnebda dedamisis mierdamoukidebeli politikis gatareba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca dedisqmedebani mis politikasTan SeusabamobaSi modioda. mehmed III-s (1595-1603)xSirad uxdeboda dedasTan – safiesTan dapirispireba. 1600-1603 ww-SistambolSi myofi elCi agostino nini aRniSnavs, rom safie sultani argamoirCeoda mmarTvelobis gansakuTrebuli niWiT, piriqiT, misi roliqveynis marTvaSi umniSvnelo iyo. misi cnobis mixedviT mehmed III-s safiesultani sasaxlidan Zvel sasaxleSi gadauyvania, magram ramodenimedReSi kvlav ukan daubrunebia. safie sultani agreTve gadaurCajariskacebis amboxebasac, romlebic moiTxovdnen misi sasaxlidan Sorsgasaxlebas. es sabolood imiT dasrulda, rom safie edirneSi waiyvanes.garda amisa, safie sultani daadanaSaules fulis gadaxarjvaSi,romelic man meCeTis asaSeneblad gaiRo, romelic Tumca veRardasrulda.safie sultnis arapopularobas aRniSnavs ingliseli elCi henrilelo da ambobs, rom mufTi da jariskacebi xSirad Ciodnen sultanTansafie sultnis mmarTvelobis gamo (lelo 1952:2).yvelaze seriozuli krizisi, romelsac safie daupirispirda, iyo1600 wels saimperio jaris jariskacebis amboxeba, romlebic aseve valide

69sultans adanaSaulebdnen didZali fulis gaflangvaSi. “martokomerciul saqmianobaSi safie sultnis qoneba 500 mln aspers Seadgenda.yvelanair qrTams safie sultani ebraeli qalis daxmarebiT iRebda,romelic misi marjvena xeli iyo” (persi 1993:242). muhamedma ajanyebulebidaawynara da Sepirda, rom mdgomareobas gamoasworebda.safiem gadawyvita, rom Tavisi siZe – didveziri ibrahim-faSa daadmirali halil-faSa Tanamdebobidan gadaeyenebina, radganac maT verSeZles misi dacva ajanyebis dros. magram, unda aRiniSnos, rom sultanmamehmedma yurad ar iRo dedis naTqvami da ar daTanxmda mis moTxovnas.selaniqis cnobis mixedviT, mas dedisaTvis pasuxad SeuTvlia, romvezirebs aranairi danaSauli ar miuZRodaT.safie sultnisagan gansxvavebiT, kidev ufro naklebi uflebebiTsargeblobda ahmed I-is (1603-1617) deda handan sultani. unda aRiniSnos,rom handan sultani iyo mehmed III-is Zis da safie sultnis SviliSvili.ahmed I-ma yurad ar iRo dedis Txovna, ar daesaja sikvdiliT didvezirimehmed faSa, romelmac saTanado zomebi ver miiRo da ver Caaqro 1603wlis anatoliis ajanyeba. dedis Txovnis miuxedavad, ajanyebidandabrunebuli mehmed faSa sultanma dauyovnebliv sikvdiliT dasaja(feCevi 1864-1867:31). handan sultani ahmedis taxtze asvlidan 2 wlisSemdeg gardaicvala.miuxedavad imisa, rom murad III-m (1574-1595) SemoiRo valide-sultnisinstituti, igi dedas Tavis saqmes mxolod misi dedaqalaqSi aryofnisperiodSi gadaabarebda xolme. muradi dedas ar rTavda nebas sruliZalaufleba aeRo xelSi, rogorc nurbanu da safie sultnebisSemTxvevaSi iyo. yvela momdevno sultnis sazrunavi agreTve iyo is, romSeezRudaT dedebis uflebebi, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi aWarbebdnenTavis Zalauflebas da faqtobriv mmarTvelebad iqceodnen xolme, Tumcaes balansi didad iyo damokidebuli sultnebis da dedebis pirovnulTvisebebze da SesaZleblobebze.Cans, rom mehmed III-is (1595-1603) Semdgomi sultnebi seriozuladdafiqrdnen valide sultnebis xelisuflebaze da gadawyvites maTiuflebebi CarCoSi moeqciaT.

70murad IV-is (1623-1640) sultnobis meore periodSi naklebad Cansvalide sultnis Careva Svilis saqmeSi.murad IV-is naadrevi gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze misi Zma –ibrahimi avida. ibrahim I (1640-1648) mWidrod TanamSromlobda dedasTan dadidvezirTan, Tumca cdilobda maTi gavlenisagan Tavi daecva. maleibrahimma mufTis Tanamdebobaze Tavisi ndobiT aRWurvili piri – sinjixoja daniSna da amiT Zalaufleba ganimtkica. male dedamisma qosemma dadidvezirma mustafa faSam masze kontroli dakarges. 1644 welsdidveziri sikvdiliT dasajes. ibrahimma dedis sikvdiliT dasjacmoindoma, magram Seiwyala da sasaxlidan gadaasaxla.istorikosi naimas mixedviT vigebT, rom ibrahimi dedis miTiTebasyurs aRar ugdebda, valide sultani Tofkafis maxloblad cxovrobda.“ibrahimma Tavis debs, anu qosemis Svilebs – aiSes, fatmasa da hanzadesda aseve Tavis dis Svils qaias waarTva maTi kuTvnili miwebi daZvirfaseuloba da ubrZana, rom mas damorCilebodnen (naima 1863-1864:317).valide sultnebi Seviwroebas ganicdidnen didvezirebisa daulemebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan. amis mizezi gaxldaT is, rom validesultnebi did materialur qonebas flobdnen. amasTan dakavSirebiTsultnis samefo karze moewyo Sexvedra, sadac unda ganexilaT rogorcvalide sultnebis, ise samefo ojaxis wevr qalTa mier qonebis flobissakiTxi. krebaze gamocxadebul iqna, rom valide sultani qosemi flobdamiwebs, saidanac mas wliuri Semosavali daaxloebiT aseulobiT aTasiyuruSi Sesdioda. mufTim es gaaprotesta da Tqva, rom warmoudgeneliiyo valides aseTi didi farTobis miwis nakveTi hqonoda. samefo karzemoRvawe xelisufalni agreTve kritikis TvaliT uyurebdnen validesultnis mier gaweul raime mowyalebas sakuTari qonebis xarjze. amasisini Tvlidnen, rogorc saxelmwifos finansur sistemaSi CadenildanaSauls, radganac qveyana gasaWirSi iyo. qosemma ki Tavisi Tavi imiTgaimarTla, rom misi survili iyo gaWirvebulTaTvis daxmarebis gaweva,vidre fulis usargeblod deba saxelmwifos xazinaSi da droTaganmavlobaSi misi gaflangva.sainteresoa mimovixiloT, Tu ra funqcia eniWeboda dedas, rogorcregents. XVII s-Si osmalebi sityva regents ar gamoiyenebdnen.

71“regentobis xanis” aRsaniSnavad Cven vxvdebiT aseT GgamoTqmas –“movaleoba gamowrTobisa da meTvalyureobisa”, romelic gamoiyena yaraCelebi zade abdulaziz efendim, mas surda mieTiTebina qosem sultnisfunqciaze, roca misi Svidi wlis SviliSvili mehmed IV (1648-1687)sultani gaxda.regentobis xana garkveuli valdebuleba iyo sultnis dedisaTvis,romelsac Tvalyuri unda edevnebina Tavisi SvilisaTvis sultnadgaxdomis dRidan.pirveli sultani, romlis drosac sxva ganagebda qveyanas, iyomustafa I. feCevis mixedviT: “roca aRmoCnda, rom mustafas gonebrivi dafizikuri mdgomareoba safrTxeSi iyo, saWiro gaxda eqimis Careva, xoloqveynis marTvis sadaveebi ki mis dedas gadasces, romelic realuradasrulebda im funqcias, rac sultnis kompetenciaSi Sedioda” (feCevi1992:134).male mustafas adgili osman II-m (1618-1622) daikava. rodesacieniCarebi osmans aujanydnen, maT winaswar garkveuli hqondaT Tu viskandidaturas dauWrdnen mxars didveziris postze.SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ibrahimis sultnobis adreul wlebSiqveyanas faqtobrivad marTavda didveziri da valide sultani da es xanawarmatebulic iyo. xolo roca sultanma srulwlovanebis asaks miaRwiada erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda, dedamisi gadaasaxla, xolodidveziri 1644 wels sikvdiliT dasaja.1648 wels ibrahimi Camoagdes da taxtze avida 7 wlis mehmed IV(1648-1687), romelic regents saWiroebda. am SemTxvevaSi wamoiWra orivalide sultnis kandidatura. pirveli iyo mehmedis axalgazrda dedaTurhan sultani (daaxl. 22 an 23 wlis) da sakmaod gamocdili, mehmedisbebia – qosemi. vinaidan realuri valides kandidatura Zalianaxalgazrda iyo, iyo eWvi, rom mas, SesaZloa, qveyana saTanadod veremarTa. amitom Tanamdebobaze kvlav Zveli valide sultani – Qqosemidatoves.is, rom qosemi Zlieri valide sultani iyo, amaze Cven zemoT ukvevisaubreT, magram amjerad qosemze da Turhan sultanze sxva kuTxiT

72visaubrebT. Cven aq mimovixilavT imas, Tu rogori gzebiT cdilobda esori qali Zalauflebis mopovebasa da SenarCunebas.rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, mehmed IV-is sulTnad gaxdomisdRidan valide sultani gaxda qosemi. male mas Turhani –mehmed IV-is(1648-1687) deda daupirispirda, romlis mokavSiredac gamodiodadidveziri siavuS faSa. qosemma gadawyvita mehmedis nacvlad taxtzesuleimani aeyvana, romelic ibrahimis meore Svili iyo. am gziT Turhanisnacvlad valide sultani suleimanis deda gaxdeboda, romelsacdilaSubi erqva da romelic naklebad ambiciuri iqneboda. magram qosemises gegma gasca misma msaxurma qalma meleqi haTunma da Turhans yvelaferiacnoba. 1651 wels qosem sultani moklul iqna, raSic Turhan sultnisxeli eria. mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) sultnobis pirveli 8 wlis manZilzeieniCarebi da sifahebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg amxedrebdnen or validesultans: mehmedis dedas Turhansa da mis bebias - erT dros didiZalauflebis mqone qosems, romelic moklul iqna Tavisi mowinaaRmdegismier (kinrosi 2002:331).qosemis did avtoritets qveyanaSi adasturebs is faqti, rom mismasikvdilma qveyanaSi politikuri krizisi gamoiwvia, “roca misi sikvdilisambavi saxalxod cnobili gaxda, stambolSi mcxovrebma mosaxleobamqalaqis meCeTebi da bazrebi daketes da sami dRe glova gamoacxades(Celebi 1991:89).ĺ qosemis sikvdilis Semdeg qveyanaSi gatarda rigiRonisZiebebi. sikvdiliT dasajes qosemis mokavSire ieniCarebi. Turhansultanma ki valide sultnis Tanamdeboba miiRo. aRsaniSnavia, romTurhani Zalauflebas am Tanamdebobis miRebamde flobda. amazemetyvelebs Turhansa da didvezirs Soris arsebuli miwer-mowerisdamadasturebeli sabuTebi. maSasadame, Turhani adreuli regentobisdroidan aqtiurad monawileobda yovelgvari oficialuri dokumentisaTu saqmis warmoebaSi.im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sultani darwmunebuli ar iyo raime saqmianobiskanonierebaSi, is gamocdil xalxs sTxovda konsultacias anxelmZRvanelobda kanunnameTi, raTa yvelaferi kanonis farglebSimoeqcia. TandaTanobiT Turhanis, rogorc qveynis mmarTvelis adgili,

73gamyarda, radganac man SeZlo swrafad SeeZina saTanado gamocdileba dagaezarda mokavSireTa ricxvi.aRsaniSnavia, rom dedis – Turhanis gverdiT mniSvnelovansaxelmwifoebriv Sexvedrebsa Tu krebebze monawileobas iRebda mehmed IV,romelsac dedamisi exmareboda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.1656 wels osmaleTis imperiaSi momxdari samxedro gadatrialebisSemdeg gadayenebul iqna didveziri Tarhunju ahmed faSa. mis nacvladTurhanma, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, qofrulu mehmed faSa daniSna.istorikosebma es faqti miiCnies aRdgenad didveziris Zvelixelisuflebis, romelic garkveuli drois manZilze SezRuduli iyoharemis qalTaA mier. Turhanis mizanic iyo is, rom qveyana gadaerCinapolitikuri da fiskaluri qaosisagan. Turhan sultani amisaTvis zrdidadidveziris Zalauflebas, raTa mas qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebigaetarebina, Sedegad ki zRudavda Tavisi da Tavisi Svilisxelisuflebas. Cans, rom am valide sultnis mizani iyo, rom qveyanaSiaRdgeniliyo is tradiciuli balansi sultansa da didvezirs Soris, racodiTganve osmaleTis imperiis safuZvels warmoadgenda.aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qofrulu mehmed faSas daniSvniT ardamcrobila Turhan sultnis, rogorc valide sultnis roli. es imiTiyo ganpirobebuli, rom qofrulu mehmed faSa Turhanis kandidatura iyo.ase rom, 1656 wels Turhani seriozul riskze wavida, roca qofruludidvezirad daniSna, magram misda sabednierod, am riskma gaamarTla(gudvini 1994:141). n. m. penzeri dasZens, rom Turhani metad gonivruladmoiqca, roca didvezirad mehmed qofrulu daniSna, romelic TurqeTissami yvelaze warmatebuli didveziridan pirveli iyo (penzeri 2005:192).qofrulus didvezirad daniSvnis Semdeg Turhanma daiwyo Canaqalescixesimagrisa da didi meCeTis mSenebloba.1656 weli sxva mxrivac iyo mniSvnelovani weli osmaleTis samefodinastiis qalTa istoriaSi. Turhan sultnis regentobiT dasruldaqalTa regentobis istoria, anu mehmed IV-is Semdeg valide sultaniaRarasodes yofila Tavisi Svilis regenti.politikuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis Semdeg valide sultnebigaxdnen dinastiis matriarqebi, romelTaA ZiriTad sazrunavs

74warmoadgenda saojaxo dinastiis keTildReoba da gadarCena. validesultnebs aseve Seuvali Zalaufleba gaaCndaT garkveul aspeqtebSi,romelic maTi Svilebis kompetenciaSi ar Sedioda. isini cdilobdnendaebrunebinaT sasultnosaTvis simyare. “sultani TiTqmis Seuvali gaxdasaxelmwifos marTvaSi, valide sultani ki, rogorc haremis ufrosi,ojaxis avtoritets ganagebda. igi warmoadgenda erT mTlian samefoojaxs, romelic uzrunvelyofda kavSiris damyarebas samefo dinastiisTaobebs Soris da simbolizirebas aniWebda maT maradJamobas “ (persi1993:259).valide sultnebi aseve aqtiurad zrunavdnen dinastiisgamravlebaze. amis erT-erTi magaliTia nurbanu sultani - murad III-is(1574-1595) deda, romelic cdilobda Tavis Svils ar hyoloda mxoloderTi coli safie. magram muradi 20 wlis manZilze mainc am erTi coliserTguli darCa (kinrosi 2002:275). safiem mas mxolod ori Svili gauCina,amaTgan erTi adreul asakSi gardaicvala. igi imsxverpla im xSirmaepidemiebma, romlebsac adgili hqonda XVIs-is bolo wlebSi. murad III-isdam dinastiis gamravlebis mizniT Tavis Zmas saCuqrad ori mxevalic kimihgvara.dinastiis gazrdaze zrunavda, agreTve, qosem sultanic. romelicecada Tavisi Svilis darwmunebas, raTa sikvdiliT ar daesaja TavisiZmebi. dinastiis gasamravleblad qosem sultani cdilobda Tavisi Svilis- ibrahimis garSemo Semoekriba xasebi, TviTon ki qveynis marTvissadaveebi egdo xelT. ibrahimis sultnobis bolo wlebSi, rodesacqveyanaSi areuloba iyo, qosem sultani kidev erTxel gamovidadinastiisa da sakuTari Svilis dasacavad.valide sultanma – Turhanma, dinastiis SesanarCuneblad, daicvaTavisi Svilis mehed IV-is (1648-1687) Zmebi – suleimani da ahmedi,romlebic ar iyvnen misi Svilebi.valide sultnebi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi arsebulitradiciebis pirveli damcvelebi. magaliTad, iseTi tradiciebis,rogoric iyo sultnis taxtze asvlis ceremonia. rodesac mTavrobiswarmomadgenlebma gadawyvites, rom ibrahimi taxtidan gadaeyenebinaT, maTbrZaneba gaugzavnes sasaxleSi, rom sultnis Svidi wlis vaJi taxtze

75aeyvanaT da sazeimo ceremonia meCeTSi gamarTuliyo. qosem sultani amfaqts aqtiurad gamoexmaura da aRniSna, rom sultnis taxtze kurTxevisceremonia meCeTSi arasodes ar Catarebula da is yovelTvis sasaxleSitardeboda. unda vivaraudoT, rom qosems surda am ceremonialisCatareba im adgilas, sadac mas meti kontrolis saSualeba eqneboda,magram sinamdvileSi, es ar niSnavda mxolod sakuTari avtoritetisSenarCunebaze zrunvas, aramed mas realurad surda axali sultniskeTildReoba, romelsac am qveyanaze jer aranairi gamocdileba argaaCnda. valide sultnebis maRal avtoritetze miuTiTebs is faqtic,rom axali sultani taxtze asvlisTanave pirvel rigSi dedasmoinaxulebda xolme. muradmac da mehmedmac orivem moinaxules TavianTidedebi, raTa maTgan mieRoT dalocva da rCevebi.valide sultnebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen sultnisgadayenebisas. gadayenebuli sultnis deda gascemda sanqcias, raTataxtze kvlav samefo dinastiis Camomavali asuliyo da ara sxva piri.XVIIs-is xuTi sultnidan samis deda (eseni iyvnen mustafa I-is,ibrahimisa da mustafa II-is dedebi) Seeswro Svilis taxtidan gadayenebas.moipoveba mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxebac, rom rogorc mufTim, isedidvezirma, dedebs neba darTes monawileoba mieRoT sultnisgadayenebaSi. magaliTad, “rodesac naTeli gaxda, rom mustafas gonebriviSesaZleblobebi qveyanas did zarals miayenebda, dedamisi daTanxmda misgadayenebas. dedam mxolod is iTxova, rom misi Svili sikvdiliT ardaesajaT” (naima 1863-1864:315).“mdgomareobis daZabvis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo pirebi Semdegstrategias iyenebdnen. isini valide sultans adarebdnen mociqulimuhamedis dedas, amiT gaamayebuli qosem sultani kidev ufro afarToebdaTavisi, rogorc maswavleblis, uflebebs Tavisi Svilis da ara mxolodSvilis, aramed mTlianad muslimuri Temis winaSe” (persi 1993:264).TandaTanobiT valide sultnis funqcia osmaleTis imperiaSiformaluri xdeboda. es SegviZlia kargad davinaxoT gulnuS sultnismagaliTze. man metad umniSvnelo roli Seasrula Tavisi Svilis –mustafa II-is gadayenebaSi 1703 wels da aseve misi meore Svilis – ahmedIII-is (1703-1730) taxtze asvlaSi. am faqtisadmi Tanxmobis gamosaxatavad

76mas daawerines formaluri peticia, romelic gaugzavna didvezirsa damufTis, riTic acnoba, rom Tanaxma iyo maT mier miRebulgadawyvetilebaze. e.i. valide sultans mosTxoves imis ratificireba, racukve damtkicebuli iyo wamyvani politikuri da religiuri pirebis mier,Tumca mis mier am sanqciis gacema mainc aucilebeli iyo.maSasadame, Cven davinaxeT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSimniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada qalis statusma anatoliaSi.qalis uuflebo mdgomareobis fonze osmaleTis imperiaSi Camoyalibdaharemis socialuri struqtura da damkvidrda sultani validesinstituti. sultani valide mogvevlina, rogorc regenti da rogorcyvelaze Zalauflebis mqone qali osmaleTis imperiaSi.sultani valides wodeba pirvelad murad III-m (1574-1595) SemoiRo daSemdgomSic didxans arsebobda. valides tituli unarCundeboda dedasSvilis sultnobis periodSi. isini Svilebis aRmzrdelebad osmaleTisimperiaSi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi mogvevlinnen. es iyo rogorc maTimovaleoba, ise maTi ufleba. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom regentis anumeurvis wodeba dedebs osmalebamdec gaaCndaT. Turq-selCukTasaxelmwifoSi aseTi regenti qali iyo sultan maliq-Sahis (1072-1092)meuRle da sultan mahmudis deda Turqan-xaTuni.haremSi mcxovreb qalTa uflebebi usazRvro iyo. isini ereodnensaxelmwifos saqmeebSi, ismendnen qveynis saidumloebebs. haremisgavlenianma qalebma XVI-XVII ss-Si osmaleTis imperiaSi Seqmnes epoqa,romelic cnobili gaxda, rogorc “qalTa mmarTvelobis xana”. saukunezemetxans osmaleTis imperiis politikuri Zalaufleba samefo haremiswarmomadgenel qalTa xelSi iyo. es xana daiwyo roksolanas (sultansuleiman brwyinvalis coli) gardacvalebis Semdeg (1558) da dasruldasultani valide Turhanis (mehmed IV-is deda) mmarTvelobiT (1648-1683).XVI saukunis miwurulidan sultnebi seriozulad dafiqrdnensultani valides xelisuflebaze, maT did Zalauflebaze da gadawyvitesmaTi uflebebi SeezRudaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sultani validesinstituti murad III-m (1574-1595) SemoiRo, misi da yoveli momdevnosultnis sazrunavi iyo is, rom SeezRudaT dedebis uflebebi, romlebicxSir SemTxvevaSi faqtobriv mmarTvelebad iqceodnen xolme, Tumca es

77balansi didad iyo damokidebuli sultnebisa da dedebis pirovnulTvisebebsa da SesaZleblobebze. samefo wris qalTa gavlenianimmarTveloba male dasrulda. politikuri xelisuflebis SezRudvisSemdeg sultani valideebi gaxdnen dinastiis matriarqebi, romelTaZiriTad sazrunavs warmoadgenda dinastiis keTildReoba, gamravleba dagadarCena. isini aseve iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi arsebuli tradiciebispirveli damcvelebi. TandaTanobiT sultani valides funqcia formalurigaxda.amrigad, metad saintereso transformacia ganicada rogorcmTlianad qalis statusma anatoliaSi, ise sultani valides institutma.vTvliT, rom am qalebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes osmaleTisimperiaSi.

785. sultnis samefo ojaxis gavleniani wevrebisultnis gavleniani samefo ojaxis wevrebidan aRsaniSnaviasultnis dedebi, sultnis colebi da sultnis qaliSvilebi. sultnisdedebze – valide sulTnebze Cven zemoT ukve visaubreT vrclad,amjerad sultnis colebsa da qaliSvilebze SevCerdebiT. aqveaRsaniSnavia, rom qvemoT dasaxelebuli sultnis colebi agreTvegvevlinebian rogorc valide sultnebi.seraglioSi mcxovrebi colebidan yvelaze aRsaniSnavia samimaTgani: roksolana (1526-1558 ww.), suleiman brwyinvalis coli, qosemsultani – yvelaze didxans icocxla da yvelaze meti naxa da naqSedilsultani – iseTi cxovrebiT icxovra, rom masze legendebi gaCnda.roksolana (hurem sultani)stambolSi mdebareobs erT-erTi yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi nageboba– suleiman brwyinvalis meCeTi, romelic arqiteqtor sinanis Semoqmedebisbrwyinvale nimuSia. meCeTis SigniT sibnelis miuxedavad mravalifanjaraa, romlebic sparsuli miniTaa damzadebuli da mihrabi 30 ,romelic feradi filebiTaa mopirkeTebuli. Aiqve moTavsebuliasuleimanisa da misi legendaruli colis – roksolanas mavzoleumi.haremis mravali qalis msgavsad roksolanas warmoSobacbundovania. savaraudoa, rom is iyo rusi mona ukrainidan, rasac misisaxeli adasturebs – “roksolana” an “rusalena”, romelic suleimanissaukeTeso megobarma – didvezirma ibrahimma monaTa bazarze iyida.osmalur istoriografiaSi is cnobilia rogorc “hurem” sultani, xoloucxour wyaroebSi – roksolana, mas suleimanisagan hyavda oTxi vaJiselimi, baiazidi, mehmedi da jihangiri (uzunCarSili 1998:401).roksolanas portretidan ifrqveva misi ganumeorebeli silamaze,misi Tvalebidan gamosWvivis misi maRali inteleqti. is iyoaraCveulebrivi strategi da msaxiobi politikosi, romelic iseve30 niSa meCeTis kedelSi, romelic miuTiTebs meqisaken (kibla) (metreveli1999:135).

79Tvlida Tavis TiToeul nabijs, rogorc Wadrakis TamaSisas TiToeulsvlas.roksolanam SeZlo gamxdariyo sultnis mesame coli, radganac masvaJiSvili SeeZina, xolo mas Semdeg, rac is sami vaJis deda gaxda(mehmedis, selimis da baiazidis) man sultnis guli sabolood daipyro.Tumca sultnis taxtis miRebaSi mas sxva ufliswulebi eRobebodnen.Mmehmed faTihis mier miRebul iqna kanoni, romlis ZaliTac taxti mamidanufros Svilze gadadioda. suleimans Tavisi vaJiSvilebidan surda, rombaiazedi gamxdariyo momdevno sultani, Tumca am dros yvelaze ufrosiMmustafa iyo, romelic sultans sxva qalisagan hyavda (uzunCarSili1998:358). didveziri ibrahim faSac mas emxroboda. hurem sultnis pirveliamocana gaxda am veziris Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba.n. m. penzeris mixedviT, suleimanis dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg,roksolanasTvis ori mTavari metoqe darCa – pirveli coli, bosforsultani (savaraudod gulbahari) da didveziri – ibrahimi (penzeri2005:175).1526 wels pietro bragadino, venecieli elCi stambolSi veneciissenats swerda im gauTavebel brZolaze, romelic mimdinareobda sultnispirvel cols – gulbaharsa (mustafas deda) da roksolanas Soris.gulbaharma erTi-erTi Cxubis dros roksolanas saxec ki daumaxinja.roksolana protestis niSnad Caiketa Tavis sacxovrebelSi da uariganacxada sultanTan Sexvedraze, mizezad Tavisi saxis problemebimoiyvana. is saqveynod moiTxovda, rom sultans colad moeyvana daZalauflebac mieniWebinaT misTvis. sultanma misi gulis mosagebadTavisi Svili mustafa manisaSi gaagzavna gamgeblad, romelsacprotokolis mixedviT deda – gulbaharic Tan gahyva. suleimanma malegauSva yvela mxevali da daaqorwina Tavis faSebze. is roksolanas yvelasurvils usrulebda, male roksolana sultnis kanonieri colic gaxda.am uprecedento ambavze mogviTxrobs imdroindeli ingliselidamkvirvebeli ser jorj iangi: (1530w.)“am kviras moxda uprecedento ambavi sasultnos istoriaSi.sultanma colad moiyvana ruseTidan wamoyvanili mona qali saxeladroksolana da aris didi zeimi. sasaxleSi didi mxiarulebaa, iseve

80rogorc quCebi, morTulia saxlebic, quCebSi aris bevri saqanela daxalxi qanaobs” (krutie 1989:115).Ees ulamazesi ambiciuri qalbatoni marTavda suleimans Tavisgardacvalebamde, 32 weliwadi.suleimanma am qalSi aRmoaCina meore naxevari, romelTnacharmoniuli urTierToba hqonda rogor saxlSi, ise sagareo saaqmeebSic.haremi bneli qvesknelidan gadaiqca lamaz oazisad.1541 wlis ianvarSi “Zvel sasaxleSi” Zlieri xanZari moxda. amfaqtiT isargebla roksolanam da sacxovreblad Tofkafis sasaxleSigadavida, aqve gadavida sultnis haremic. hurem sultnis wliuriSemosavali 5 000 dukats Seadgenda (gudvini 1994:125).suleimans surda roksolanasTvis calke sasaxle aego. roksolanamifiqra, rom TvalTaxedvis aridan gauCinarebas SeeZlo gamoewviasultnis mxridan misi miviwyeba da sanacvlod man sultans meCeTisaSeneba SesTavaza. Mmiiwvies im droisaTvis yvelaze cnobili Turqiarqiteqtori – sinani da aaSenebines meCeTi, romelsac “suleimanie”,suleiman brwyinvalis meCeTi uwodes, es moxda 1549 wels.roksolana cdilobda Tavisi vaJisaTvis moepovebina sultnistituli. Semonaxulia roksolanas werilebi suleimanisadmi. erT-erTwerilSi is swers sultans:“Cemo mbrZanebelo, Seni aryofna Cems gulSi siyvarulis cecxlsufro da ufro aRvivebs. Seiwyale es suli da daaCqare werilisgamogzavna, raTa iqneb masSi vipovo nugeSi. rodesac Seni weriliwavikiTxe, Seni Svili mehmedi da qaliSvili mihrimahi, Cems gverdiT iyvnenda maT cremlebi wamoscvivdaT... Sen mekiTxebi, Tu ratom gamabrazaibrahim faSam. RmerTis nebiT, rodesac SevxvdebiT erTmaneTs, meaucileblad gacnobeb” (uluCai 1950:31).sasultnoSi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda ufliswuli mustafa,romelic mamas Zalian uyvarda. roksolana Seecada mustafa TavisiSvilebisaTvis gzidan CamoeSorebina. rodesac man xelT igdo mustafaswerili iranis Sahisadmi, sadac is werda, rom surda Zalauflebismopoveba da amaSi Sahs sTxovda daxmarebas. roksolanam es yvelaferi

81sultans acnoba, ris Sedegadac moxda brZola mamasa da Svils Sorisereglis midamoebSi. suleimanma mokla Tavisi Svili.roksolanas oTxi Svilidan mehmedi mcirewlovani daiRupa,jihangirs epilefsia aRmoaCnda, baiazidi Zalian mkacri aRmoCnda, xoloselimi gaxda erTaderTi vaJi, romelzedac dedam imedebi daamyara dataxtis memkvidrec gaxda.roksolana gardaicvala 1558 wels da misi adgili daikava mismaqaliSvilma mihrimahma da misma SviliSvilma aiSa humeSahma. selimi damisi Svili murad III (1574-1595) xSirad politikas qalebs amjobinebdnen.am periodSi sargeblobdnen maTi debi, colebi da qaliSvilebi daaqtiurad ereodnen saxelmwifos saqmeebSi. saukeTeso Tanamdebobebsurigebdnen TavianT qmrebsa da vaJiSvilebs. suleimani rCevisaTvis TavisivaJiSvilebis nacvlad, Tavis qaliSvils - mihrimahs mimarTavda.roksolanam kargad gawvrTna Tavisi qaliSvili.qosemiufliswuli ahmedi da ufliswuli mustafa cxovrobdnen “oqrosgaliaSi” (Golden Cage). roca ahmedi sultani gaxda, man ar mokla TavisiZma da kvlav “oqros galiaSi” datova ramdenime qalTan erTad.SesasvlelSi auSena kedeli, romelSic patara fanjara gamoWra, saidanacmustafas saWmels awvdidnen, aseve alkohols da opiumsac. 14 wlisSemdeg es kedeli dangreul iqna, mustafa ki sultani gaxda.sultani ahmedi yovel saRamos sxvadasxva qalTan erTad atarebda.upiratesobas berZen lamazman – qosems aniWebda, romelsac nairnairiZvirfaseulobiT anebivrebda. qosemi 15 wlis iyo, rodesac ahmed I-isfavoriti gaxda, romelic agreTve 15 wlis iyo.ahmedis sulTnoba mcire xans gagrZelda, 1603 wlidan 1617 wlamde.man qosemi metad axalgazrda qvrivi datova. mas sami vaJi darCa: muradi,baiazidi da ibrahimi. ramdenimeTviani mmarTvelobis Semdeg giJi mustafasmmarTveloba daamxo saWurisebis korpusma da is kvlav sapyrobileSidaabrunes, taxtze avida mustafas Ze – osmani, magram is ieniCarebisa da

82sifahebis ajanyebis dros mokles. mas yuri moaWres da damcirebis mizniTmis dedas gaugzavnes. es pirveli SemTxveva iyo sultnis mkvlelobisa,Tumca iqamde adgili hqonda ZmaTa mkvlelobebs. giJi mustafa 1622 welskidev erTxel gamoiyvanes sapyrobiledan da taxtze aiyvanes. amjeradmustafam moiTxova qosemis vaJebis sikvdiliT dasja. saWurisebiskorpusma winaaRmdegoba gauwia da taxtze qosemis ufrosi vaJi murad IV(1623-1640) aiyvanes (krutie 1989:119).am gziT qosemma aixdina Tavisi ocneba da valide sultani gaxda.qosemis umcrosi vaJi – ibrahimic gonebasusti iyo. deda imedebs yvelazelamaz da mamac baiazidze amyarebda, magram is Tavisma Zmam mokla.arcerTi valide ar yofila iseTi gavleniani, rogorc qosemsultani. is ieniCarebTan aliansSi monawileobas iRebda didvezirisdaniSvna-gadayenebasa da sultnis taxtze asvlaSi (inaljiqi 1989:98).murad IV-m (1623-1640) sikvdilisas dedamiss amcno, Tu rogorsZulda Tavisi Zma ibrahimi. man brZana ibrahimi moeklaT, magram qosemiwin gadaeRoba. ibrahimi sapyrobileSi Caketes da Tavisi Zmis SiSiT gareTver gamodioda. mxolod im pirobiT gamovidoda, Tu Tavisi Zmis neStsdaanaxebdnen.ibrahimis sultnobis wlebs – 1640-1648 ww. ganekuTvneba qosemis,rogorc valide sultnis gavleniani mmarTveloba. didveziris, mustafafaSas daxmarebiT imperiis marTva mis xelT iyo. ususuri ibrahimi haremiscxovrebiT erToboda. mas sigiJemde uyvarda bewvi da moiTxovda yvelganbewvi yofiliyo, rom xeliT Sexeboda. amasTanave mas xiblavda msuqaniqalebi. misi favoriti iyo somexi qali, romelsac aRmerTebda. massultanma uboZa damaskos mmarTveloba. erTxel sultanma haremis mTeliqalebi tomrebSi moaTavsa da daaxrCo.ibrahimis sigiJis ambebi male farTod gacxadda da amas mohyvaieniCarebis ajanyeba. isini miadgnen sasaxles da moiTxoves sultnis Tavi.qosemma maTTan ramdenime saaTiani molaparakebebi awarmoa, Semdeg kidanebda im pirobiT, rom sultans ar moklavdnen da mas ukandaabrunebdnen sapyrobileSi, sadac is mosiarule mTvareuli gaxda. misiyvirili sqeli kedlebis iqiTac ismoda. sabolood mufTis brZanebiT isdaaxrCves.

83axali sultani gaxda ibrahimis 7 wlis vaJi mehmedi, misi dedaTurhan sultani iyo. qosems ar surda daeTmo Tavisi TanamdebobaTurhanisaTvis da dabrunebuliyo “cremlebis sasaxleSi” (House of Tears).qosemma scada moewamla mehmedi da taxtze aeyvana axalgazrda oboliufliswuli, romelsac advilad marTavda. Sedegad am or qals Sorisdaiwyo omi..ieniCarebi qosemis mxares iyvnen, didveziri qofrulu mehmed faSada sasaxlis administraciis sxva warmomadgenlebi ki - Turhanis mxares.qosemma farulad ieniCarebi haremSi Seiyvana, raTa mZevlad aeyvanaTaxalgazrda sultani da misi deda. Turhans adreve amcnes amSeTqmulebis Sesaxeb da qosemi Tavad aRmoCnda saWurisebis SeTqmulebismsxverpli.qosemi gagiJda, is Tavis Zvirfaseulobas jibeSi itenida da haremislabirinTebian derefnebSi dadioda. erT dRes is patara kabinetSiCaiketa, ukan saWurisebi misdevdnen. Tavsaburavis nawili karebSi mohyva,rac dainaxes saWurisebma, Secvivdnen oTaxSi, qosemi gamoaTries,tansacmeli Semoaxies da gaZarcves. erT-erTma Tavdamsxmelma qosemifardiT moaxrCo. misi SiSveli da sisxliT morwyuli sxeuli haremiskarebTan (Gate of the Aviary) daagdes (penzeri 2005:192).qosemi haremis qalTagan yvelaze didxans marTavda qveyanas, TiTqmisnaxevari saukune (Kösem Sultan).Zalaufleba xelT igdo Turhanma (1648w.). is haremSi ZalianuyvardaT. is mokrZalebuli qali iyo da naklebad ereoda saxelmwifossaqmeebSi. 1687 wels Turhani gardaicvala, amiT dasrulda qalTammarTvelobis xana.

84naqSedil sultani (Aime Debucq de Rivery)sultnis sasaxlis arcerTi qalis cxovreba ar iyo ise idumalebiTmoculi, rogorc naqSedilis. danamdvilebiT isic ar SegviZlia vTqvaT,NnaqSedili da emi erTi da igive adamiani iyo Tu ara.erTi versiiT emi diubuq riveri daibada 1763 wels martiniqSikeTilSobilis ojaxSi. misi biZaSvili - Jozefina (Josephine Tascher de laPagerie) colad gahyva napoleon bonapartis. legendis mixedviT es origogo gaTxovebamde mkiTxavTan iyo, romelmac uTxra, rom orive maTganigaxdeboda dedofali, maTgan erTi aRmosavleTis, xolo meoredasavleTis.1784 wels, roca emi nantidan martinikSi brundeboda, is Seipyresda 21 wlis emi sultan abdul-hamid I-s mihgvares.emi qera, lamazi da metad ganaTlebuli gogona iyo. sultanma massaxelad naqSedili (“gulze amoqarguli”) daarqva da Tavis favoritadaqcia. is meoTxe colamde amaRlda da haremis politikur vnebaTaRelvaSiCaerTo. is uyurebda da swavlobda, Tu rogor cdilobdnen sultnispirveli coli – nuqheT reza da sultnis meore coli mihrimahi TavianTiSvilebis taxtze ayvanas.1789 wels, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis wels, sultaniabul-hamidi gardaicvala. sultani gaxda 27 wlis selim III (1789-1807). mansTxova naqSedils Tavis SvilTan mahmudTan, anu Tavis ZmisSvilTanerTad sasaxleSi darCeniliyo. suleimanisaTvis naqSedili iyosafrangeTTan asocirebuli, safrangeTiT ki selimi metad moxibluliiyo. naqSedili misi ndobiT aRWurvili gaxda, is sultans frangulsacaswavlida. pirvelad gaigzavna elCi stambolidan parizSi. selimma nebadarTo naqSedils sasaxle rokokos stiliT moerTo (krutie 1989:123).am frankofilurma reformebma imsxverpla selimis sicocxle. 1807wels is moklul iqna religiuri fanatikosebis mier, romlebic ariwonebdnen sultnis liberalizms. mkvlelebs mahmudis mokvlac surdaT,magram naqSedilma RumelSi gadamala da ase gadaarCina sikvdils TavisiSvili. am gziT mahmudi Semdegi sultani gaxda da daasrulamniSvnelovani reformebi, romlebsac atarebda Tavisi dedis

85mniSvnelovani gavlenis qveS. l. kinrosis mixedviT mahmudis dedawarmoSobiT, SesaZlebelia frangi iyo, Tumca mahmudma ar icoda arcerTievropuli ena (kinrosi 1997:472).haremis etiketis gaTvaliswinebiT emim miiRo islami, magram isgulSi qristiani darCa. misi ukanaskneli survili iyo, misTvis sabolooqristianuli rituali mRvdels Caetarebina. amaSi mis SvilswinaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia. momakvdav emisTan osmaleTis imperiisistoriaSi pirvelad Seabija sasaxleSi kaTolike mRvdelma.mkvlevari q. isom-ferhaareni aRniSnavs, rom naqSedili iyo sultanmahmudis deda, magram mas ar erqva emi. is aseve dasZens, “miuxedavad imisa,rom Cven mcire informacia mogvepoveba XVIII saukunis sultnis dedebze,TiTqmis dazustebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isini ar iyvnen frangiprincesebi” (isom-ferhaareni 2006:161). am legendebis gavrcelebis erT-erTmizezad SeiZleba CavTvaloT osmaleTis imperiis survili safrangeTTandiplomatiuri kavSiris ganmtkicebisa. SegviZlia davasvnaT, rom emiswarmomavloba, iseve rogorc haremis qalTa umravlesobisa, maincburusiT darCa moculi.sultnis qaliSvilebisultnis qaliSvilebi sasaxleSi sxva samefo wris bavSvebTanerTad izrdebodnen, maTTan erTad TamaSobdnen aseve “odaliski”-sSvilebi. maTi Zmebis msgavsad maTac aZlevdnen ganaTlebas skolaSi,iqamde, vidre isini miaRwevdnen zrdasrul asaks.princesebis qorwineba, ZiriTadad, politikur mizans emsaxureboda,iseve rogorc mraval saxelmwifoSi. sultani Tavad irCevda sasiZoebsTavisi qaliSvilebisa da debisaTvis, xolo didveziri formaluradgamoscemda dekrets (direqtiva, brZaneba). rogorc ki am dekrets miiRebdaesa Tu is sasiZo, is iZulebuli iyo gahyroda Tavis yofil colebsa da“odaliskebs” (krutie 1989:109).

86princesebis daqorwineba adreul asakSi xdeboda, ise, rom saqmroTvaliTac ar hyavdaT nanaxi. colis mcirewlovanebis gamo, qmarivaldebuli iyo eTava misi aRzrda. mas Semdeg, rac qorwiligadawydeboda, sultans princesisaTvis unda eCvenebina sasaxle,romelSic isini gadavidodnen. sacxovreblis yvelanair xarjs ixdidaqmari. princesebs Tan mihqondaT mziTevi, romelic maTi piradi sakuTrebaiyo (beiTsi 1978:249).zemoT aRniSnul faqts adasturebs princi Ddemetrius kantemiriXVII saukunis dasasruls. is mogviTxrobs, rom sultnis qaliSvilebiZiriTadad akvnidanve arian daniSnulebi maRal saxelmwifo moxeleebze,romlebsac iqamde, sanam sultnis qaliSvils ar moiyvanen colad, sxvacolis moyvanis ufleba ara aqvT. Tu es moxele sultnis mier dasjiliiqneba, magaliTad, Tavs mokveTen, maSin sultnis qaliSvils sxva saqmrosSeurCeven. murad IV-is (1623-1640) das erT welSi oTxi qmari hyavda, magramarcerTi maTgani ar yofili realuri qmari. misi qmrebi amxilessxvadasxva saxelmwifo danaSaulebebSi, Sesabamisad mTeli qoneba gadaecamaT cols, realurad ki samefo xazinas (kantemiri 1734:179).princesebi xSirad Txovdebodnen sqesobriv momwifebamde da maTzegacilebiT didi asakis mamakacebze da Sesabamisad xSirad adreul asakSiqvrivdebodnen. es gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo XIX saukuneSi. Tumca esyovelTvis ar iyo katastrofa. fatma sultani, sultan ahmed III-is (1703-1730) qaliSvili, 13 wlis iyo, roca daaqorwines didvezir – nevSehirliibrahim faSaze, romelic 51 wlis iyo. 63 wlis didveziri sikvdiliTdasajes. 24 wlis fatma bolomde qmris erTguli darCa. manamde 5 wlisfatma daaqorwines didvezirze da 9 wlis fatma daqvrivda.mustafa III-is (1757-74ww) Svili daaqorwines 4 wlis asakSi, meuRlisgardacvalebis Semdeg ki, 7 wlis asakSi – didvezirze, 8 wlisa isevdaqvrivda. 17 wlisa igi daqorwinda faSaze da 25 weli iyo misi meuRle.misma meuRlem masze didxans icocxla.zogierTi gogona 2-3 wlis asakSi ukve iniSneboda. seragliosmatianeSi - analebSi (Annals) moipoveba qorwilis SesaniSnavi aRweriloba(1709w.), romelic gaimarTa mehmed III-is (1595-1603) 5 wlis qaliSvil fatmasada mis kariskacs ali-faSas Soris, romelic saSualo wlovanebis

87mamakaci iyo. ceremonia iyo simboluri. daqorwinebis Semdeg maT erTadcxovreba iqamde ar SeeZloT, sanam fatma mowifulobis asaks armiaRwevda. amas ki ali-faSa ver moeswro, radganac qorwinebidan 7 wlisSemdeg is moklul iqna erT-erT omSi.sultan suleimanis da – Sah sultani colad hyavda didvezirlutfi faSas. man winaaRmdegoba gauwia Tavis qmars mkacrigadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, rac iTvaliswinebda muslimi qalebis dasjas,amisaTvis didveziri sastikad gausworda Sah sultans, qalis kivilmasaWurisebis yuramdec miaRwia. ganrisxebulma sultanma ar dasajasikvdiliT luTfi faSa, Tumca moiTxova ganqorwineboda Tavis das daSemdeg gadaasaxla. es faqti miuTiTebs, rom princesebi ereodnen maTiqmrebis saqmianobaSi da cdilobdnen Careuliyvnen maT mier miRebulgadawyvetilebebSi. gadasaxlebaSi luTfi faSam dawera mniSvnelovaniistoriuli narkvevi osmaleTis sulTnebze, romelic dResacmniSvnelovani saistorio wyaroa. Sah sultani aRar daqorwinebula.samefo ojaxma Seuracmxyofel luTfi faSas mainc ar CamoarTva qoneba.princesebi, xSirad, sicocxlesac ki uZRvnidnen TavianTmosiyvarule qmrebs, magaliTad, fatma sultanma, murad IV-is dam,gadaarCina siavuS faSas sicocxle.evlia Celebis mixedviT, ufro metia cnobili kaia sultanze da misqmarze meleq ahmed faSaze. 1633 wels evliam Tavad gaisrola iaraRi,raTa aReniSnaT kaias dabadeba. 1644 wels is daqorwinda didvezirzemeleq ahmed faSaze. isini Zalian bednieri wyvili iyo. sainteresoa isfaqti, rom mas valide sultanTan vizitisaTvis problema ar eqmnebodada yovelTvis Tavisuflad Sedioda masTan. roca is gardaicvala, yvelavalide Tu princesa mivida mis saflavze pativsacemad.meleq ahmedi kvlav daqorwinda princesaze, beber jadoqarze –fatma sultanze. misTvis es meoTxe qmari iyo. saqorwino Ramis Semdeg mansasaxleSi moiyvana Sida da gare mosamsaxureebis auracxeli raodenoba.es qali iyo usircxvilo da araordinaruli pirovneba. qmarma Taviscolze SesCivla sultans, sultanma ki miugo, rom aseTi uTanxmoebanixSiri iyo col-qmars Soris. meleq ahmedis gardacvalebis Semdeg, fatmammoisurva daeluqa misi oTaxebi. es ambavi acnobes did vezirs, romelmac

88moiTxova saswrafod moexsnaT yvela luqi, princesam ki gaqceviT uSvelaTavs.fatmas cxovrebas Tu gadavxedavT, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom isiyo metad ganebivrebuli da egoisti qali. is iyo qosemis Svili,dabadebuli 1605 wels. 19 wlisa daqorwinda kafudan faSaze, romelsacgaeyara, raTa daqorwinebuliyo qara Mmustafa faSaze, romelic mokles1628 wels e.w. saqorwino sarecelze. amis Semdeg fatma daqorwinda sxvaadmiralze, romelic 3 wlis Semdeg mokles. mxolod 24 wlis Semdeg manmoiTxova meleq ahmed faSaze daqorwineba. ahmed faSas gardacvalebisSemdeg is saswrafod daqorwinda kidev erT faSaze, romelic 3 wlisSemdeg gardaicvala, amis Semdeg fatma 62 wlis asakSi gaTxovda bolofaSaze, romelmac fatmaze didxans icocxla.nebismieri mamakaci, romelic qorwindeboda sultnis ojaxiswevrze, jildovdeboda “Damat”-is an “siZes” tituliT.fatmas da – aiSe, aseve daibada 1605 wels 7 wlis asakSi isdaaqorwines didvezirze, romelic mokles, roca aiSe 9 wlis iyo(gudvini 1994:144). cnobili araa isini erTmaneTs odesme Tu Sexvdnen.Semdeg is dainiSna erT-erT gmirze, romelic gardaicvala, roca aiSe 16wlis iyo. 1627 wels aiSe 22 wlis asakSi gaTxovda erT didvezirze. misimkvlelobis Semdeg sami weli aiSem Seisvena, ris Semdegac gaTxovdafaSaze. es qorwineba gagrZelda 4 wels. sabolood is gaTxovda voinukahmed faSaze, romelic gardaicvala, roca aiSe 39 wlis iyo. aiSe darCaqvrivi, Tumca didZali fuli hqonda da 1656 wels gardaicvala.XIX saukuneSi “bavSvebis qorwineba” dasrulda da qorwinebisminimalur asakad dasaxelda mowifulobis asaki. zogierTi princesaTviTonve arCevda Tavis saqmros da Sesabamisad didi TavisuflebiTsargeblobda, vidre romelime qali islamur samyaroSi. zogi princesasiyvaruliT Txovdeboda.qorwinebis ceremonia metad saintereso iyo. procesia miemarTebodaTofkafis sasaxlidan sasiZos sasaxlisaken. ianiCarTa korpusisadResaswaulo formaSi iyo gamowyobili da mziTevi mihqondaT. maTmihyvebodaT yuranis wamkiTxvelebi, miliciis meTauri, TeTri saWurisebisufrosi, mTavari arqiteqtori da sxva. mohqondaT sadResaswaulo

89vercxlisa da oqros foTlebiT morTuli cvilis xe, romelsacpatarZlis oTaxSi dgamdnen rogorc nayofierebisa da siuxvis simbolos(Nahil). bolos mohqondaT saCuqrebi, maT Soris Zvirfasi samkaulebi,TvlebiT moqarguli baliSebi. procesiaSi monawileobas iRebdnenTanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic modiodnen Tanamdebobis mixedviT,didveziri da Seix-ul-islami erTad modiodnen. yvelaze bolosmodiodnen avejiT datvirTuli saxedrebi (gudvini 1994:145).qorwinebis ceremonia ZiriTadad xuTSabaT dRes imarTeboda dasruldeboda sapatarZlos Tavis axal binaSi SebrZanebiT. wveulebaseswrebodnen meqis mbrZanebeli da Savi saWurisebis ufrosic. patarZalimihyavdaT vercxlis etliT, romelsac mihyvebodnen haremis mTavariqalbatonebi naklebad TvalismomWreli etlebiT da Semdeg gogonebi.ukravda orkestri. evlia Celebis mixedviT zogierTi sadResaswaulocvilis xe imdenad didi iyo, rom aseuli mona iyo saWiro missatareblad. 1646 wels 4 wlis princesas qorwinebisas es xe imdenadmaRali iyo, rom minareTis simaRles aRwevda. saqorwino dResaswauli orkviraze metxans grZeldeboda.sultnebi guluxvebi iyvnen TavianTi qaliSvilebis gaTxovebisas.sapatarZlos mziTevs saxalxod gamofendnen. 1836 wels mihrimah sultnisqorwilis Sesaxeb Semdeg cnobebs gvawvdis baroni helmut moltke:“guSin (4 maisi, oTxSabaTi, 1836w.) princesas mziTevi waiRes Tavisaxal saxlSi, procesias icavdnen kavalrebi da ramodenime faSa.procesiaSi monawileobas iRebda 40 saxedari, romelic datvirTuli iyoZvirfasi qsovilebiT, 20 etli datvirTuli SaliT, xaliCebiT, abreSumistansacmliT da sxva, Semdeg modioda 360 mtvirTavi, romlebsac mohqondaTdidi vercxlis langrebi. pirvel langarze ido yurani, Semkuli oqroTida margalitebiT, Semdeg vercxlis skamebi, saiuveliro yuTebi, oqrosCitis galiebi da kidev RmerTma icis ra. savarudoa, rom aqedan bevrnivTs ukan abrunebdnen da Semdegi princesas qorwilze kvlavgamohqondaT” (krutie 1989:109).garToba, cekva, TamaSi ramodenime kviras grZeldeboda. qorwilisceremoniis dasrulebis Semdeg axaldaqorwinebulebi sasaxleSimidiodnen, romelic winaswar iyo morTuli sultnis mier. sasiZo

90Sedioda sacolis oTaxSi, is jer loculobda, Semdeg fexebs ukocnidaprincesas. ase iwyeboda pirveli saqorwino Rame.naTelia, rom osmaleTis imperiis princesaTa daqorwinebapolitikurad motivirebuli iyo. amis naTeli magaliTia zemoTCamoTvlili faqtebi. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom me-15 saukunisdasasrulisaTvis nel-nela iklo osmalo princesaTa qorwinebamaraosmaluri dinastiis warmomadgenlebze, isini xSirad Txovdebodnen ansakuTar biZaSvilze, an romelime gamorCeul didmoxeleze da amiTgamoxatavdnen isini qveynisadmi erTgulebas (goCeqi 2003:75).princesebs didi zegavlena gaaCndaT mamebze, magaliTad suleimanbrwyinvalis (1520-1566) qaliSvils mihrimahs da mis (sultnis) SviliSvilsaiSe humaSahs didi Zalaufleba gaaCndaT mamebsa da qmrebze. ahmed III-is(1703-1730) meore qaliSvilma haTije sultanma didi gavlena moaxdinarogorc mamaze, ise Zmaze, aseve didvezirze titebis epoqaSi.mihrimah sultani yvelaze cnobili princesa iyo osmaleTisistoriaSi. is saTaveSi edga mraval saganmanaTleblo da saqvelmoqmedosaqmianobas. is Zalzed ambiciuri iyo. osmalo istorikosTa mixedviTmihrimahi mamas vaJiSvilebze metadac uyvarda da mas miiCnevda ZalianWkvian qalad.mihrimahis qoneba, romelsac Seadgenda misi kuTvnili mziTevi daaseve qmris qoneba, misive anderZiT, gadaeca saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebsmihrimah sultans Zalian uyvarda Tavisi Zma selim II (1566-1574), romelsactaxtze asvlisas asesxa 50 000 oqros dukati (beiTsi 1978:252).mihrimah sultnis saxeli dakavSirebulia osmaleTis imperiaSimSeneblobis gaaqtiurebasTan. misi surviliT da iniciativiT aSenda orimeCeTi Tavisi kompleqsebiT, abanoebiTa da medreseebiT. orive es meCeTiaaSena arqiteqtorma sinanma. pirveli meCeTi mdebareobda usqudarisnapirze – stambolis aziur nawilSi, xolo meore edirnekafiSi.

916. qalis statusi osmalurisaojaxo samarTlis mixedviTTurqi qalis socialuri da samarTlebrivi statusiswarmoCenisaTvis saintereso iqneba, Tu mokled ganvixilavT osmalursaojaxo samarTals. osmalur saojaxo samarTali saukuneTa manZilzeSeesabameboda SariaTis kanonmdeblobas. man cvlilebebi mxolod 1917wels ganicada, roca miRebul iqna axali saojaxo samarTali.osmaleTis imperiaSi 1544 wlamde qals SeeZlo gaTxovebamSoblebis daukiTxavad, rac 1544 wlidan sultnis brZanebiT sastikadaikrZala da ase gagrZelda XX saukunemde. am kanonis ZaliTmosamarTleebi valdebulni iyvnen yovelgvari qorwinebis saqmeSeewyvitaT, Tu amaze mSoblebis Tanxmoba ar eqnebodaT miRebuli.osmaleTis imperiaSi islamuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT daSvebuliiyo poligamia, anu muslim kacs SeeZlo 4 kanonieri coli hyoloda.aRsaniSnavia, rom poligamia ZiriTadad saxelisuflebo wreebSi iyogavrcelebuli. magaliTad, qofrulu mehmed faSas 4 kanonieri coli daramodenime xasa hyavda. qveynis erTian mdgomareobas Tu ganvixilavT ammimarTulebiT, davinaxavT, rom mamakacTa ZiriTad nawils erTi an oricoli hyavda, rac damokidebuli iyo maT qonebriv SesaZleblobebze. amisganmapirobebeli faqtori agreTve iyo isic, rom xSirad qals ar surdacolad gahyoloda iseT mamakacs, romelsac sxva coli hyavda. mag. ”1631wels osmaleTis erT-erT sofelSi mola huseinis qaliSvilma Sahiemuari ganacxada daqorwinebuliyo ukve daniSnul jaferze, radganac masukve sxva coli hyavda” (aqilmazi 2002a: 629).luiji de zara basanom, romelic stambolSi imyofeboda 1537-1540wlebSi, romSi dabrunebis Semdeg gamosca wigni osmalo xalxis adaTwesebze,romelic Seicavda aRwerilobas qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT l. basano aRniSnavs, rom muslimi qali arTxovdeboda qristian mamakacze, magram muslimi mamakaci xSirad irTavdaqristian cols. muslim qals SeeZlo ganqorwineba Tu mas armoewoneboda qmris saxli an Tu qmari daaZalebda Tavis cols Rvinisdalevas.

92osmaleTis imperiaSi mravali cnoba moipoveba imis Sesaxeb, romqmrebi xSirad umizezod scemdnen TavianT colebs, Seuracxyofasayenebdnen maT da saxlebSi amwyvdevdnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTloyovelTvis mxars uWerda qals da mamakacebisagan maTdami pativiscemasmoiTxovda.Cven mogvepoveba muslimi iuristebis mier samarTlis wignebidanSedgenili sia im ufleba-valdebulebebisa, rac mamakacebs qalebTanmimarTebaSi gaaCndaT:1. qalebma unda daakmayofilon TavianTi qmrebis yvela survili TubrZaneba da daemorCilon maT;2. sacxovrebelis gansazRvra mamakacis valdebulebaa da qalebicunda daemorCilon maT. “mamakacma Tavisi coli ar unda acxovrosiq, sadac misi ded-mama cxovrobs an yofili coli. Tu essacxovrebeli ar aris janmrTeli, an ar aris iq sacxovrebelipirobebi, qals SeuZlia iqauroba datovos” (halili 1974:78).3. mamakacs SeuZlia akontrolos colis wasvla-mosvla. hanafitebismixedviT mamakacma ar unda dauSalos Tavis cols kviraSi erTxelTavisi mSoblebis, xolo weliwadSi erTxel naTesavebismonaxuleba;4. stumris miRebis nebarTva colma qmrisagan winaswar unda miiRos,radganac misi qmari ixdis yvela xarjs, magram es ar undagavrceldes colis mSoblebis stumrobaze kviraSi erTxel danaTesavebis weliwadSi erTxel.qalis aseTi damokidebuli mdgomareoba erTnairad ar vrceldebodamTels osmaleTis imperiaSi. amis dadasturebaa Tundac ledi montegiuswerilebi, sadac is asaxavs XVIII s-is Turqi qalis Tavisufal cxovrebas(aqilmazi 2002a:630).qmars ar SeuZlia gankargos colis qoneba, qals SeuZliadamoukideblad gankargos Tavisi qoneba da qmars ufleba ara aqvs amqonebaze. Tavisi qonebiT qalebs SeuZliaT vakfebis daarsebac, razedacam naSromSi iqneba saubari. qals aseve SeeZlo Tavisi qonebis

93memkvidreobiT gadacema. “mahri” 31 , romelsac qmari aZlevda cols, iyocolis kuTvnili qoneba, romelzedac arc qmars da arc mamamiss aranairiufleba ar gaaCndaT. Cveulebriv ”mahris” nawils qals gadascemdnenniSnobis ceremonialze an qorwilis Semdeg da mas ewodeboda “mehr-imuaccel” 32 . “mahris” danarCen nawils qali iRebda maSin, roca qorwinebasruldeboda gayriT, an sikvdiliT. amas ewodeboda “mihr-i müeccel”.amgvarad “qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi cols aucilebladgamoeyofoda “mahri” da Semdeg danarCen qonebas uyofdnen memkvidreebs.Tu es ase ar moxdeboda, qals SeeZlo wasuliyo sasamarTloSi dadaecva Tavisi uflebebi” (aqilmazi 2002a:630).qmrebi aseve valdebulebi iyvnen TavianTi colebisaTvisuzrunveleyoT sacxovrebeli, saWmeli, sasmeli, samedicino daxmareba damosamsaxuris xarjebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qals SeeZlosasamarTloSi sarCeli Seetana.“islamuri samarTlis mixedviT ganqorwineba xdeboda “talak” –formulis warmoTqmiT. mamakacs hqonda ganqorwinebis upiratesi ufleba.qals sakuTari iniciativiT ganqorwineba SeeZlo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,Tu es saqorwino xelSekrulebiT iyo gansazRvruli, amas erqva “tefviz-italak”, magram mosamarTleTa CanawerebSi qalis mier ganqorwinebisiniciativis Sesaxeb metad mwiria cnobebi. amis mizezi aris is, rom qalsiSviaTad aZlevdnen ganqorwinebis uflebas. aris cnobebi imis Sesaxeb,rom “tefviz-i talak”-is uflebebi miiRo osmaleTis sultnebis zogierTmaqaliSvilma.31 mahri aris qoneba, romelic qmarma unda gamouyos cols Tanasworuflebianiqorwinebis Tanaxmad. mahri kanonieri qorwinebis mTavari pirobaa da ganixileba,rogorc safasuri colisaTvis col-qmruli movaleobis Sesrulebis gamo. mahriaris yvelaferi is, rasac Rirebuleba gaaCnia da razedac SeiZleba gavrceldessakuTrebis ufleba (gelovani 2005:167).32 muslimur samarTalSi mahri or nawilad iyofa: mu‘ajjal (winaswargadaxdili) da mu‘ajjal (gadavadebuli). pirveli nawilis gadaxda xdebamaSinve, colis moTxovniT da meore nawili – an qmris gardacvalebisas anganqorwinebisas (gelovani 2005:168).

94yvelaze misaRebi ganqorwinebis meTodi qalisaTvis iyo “tefrik”-i.“Tefrik”-is dros qali mimarTavda sasamarTlos da iTxovda ganqorwinebas.mizezad ki asaxelebda col-qmruli valdebulebebis Seusruleblobas.amgvarad, Cven davinaxeT, rom osmalur samarTals safuZvlad edoislamuri samarTali mcireodeni cvlilebebiT. es cvlilebebi kimiRebuli iyo osmaleTSi gabatonebuli hanafituri samarTlebriviskolis mier. aRniSnuli saojaxo samarTali ucvleli darCa 1917 wlamde,roca miRebul iqna axali saojaxo samarTlis kodeqsi.

957. qali da qvelmoqmedeba osmaleTis imperiaSiosmaleTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi mdidari qalebis Sesaxeb metadsaintereso cnobebi moipoveba.winamdebare TavSi saubari iqneba XV-XVIII ss-is osmaleTisimperiaSi mcxovreb mdidar qalTa Sesaxeb, maT socialur rolzesazogadoebaSi, aRwerili iqneba mdidari qalebis qonebriviinventarizacia, maTi sazogadoebrivi statusi. visaubrebT imazec, Turogor gamoiyureboda mdidari qalis Casacmeli, maTi Zvirfasisamkaulebi. mniSvnelovani informacia iqna moZiebuli im qalTa Sesaxeb,romlebmac haji (piligrimoba) Seasrules meqaSi.rogorc CvenTvis aris cnobili, Sua saukuneebis osmaleTisimperiaSi SariaTis mixedviT qals ufleba hqonda memkvidreobidan Tavisiwili qoneba mieRo. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiTac, rom yadi aqtiuradcdilobda daecva qalTa uflebebi memkvidreobis miRebisas, SedegadqalisTvis sasamarTlos kari yovelTvis Ria iyo. osmalur anatoliaSimniSvnelovani iyo qalis mier qonebis flobis sakiTxi. magram Cans, romam kuTxiT situacia gansxvavebulia regionebis mixedviT. me-17-e saukunisanatoliaSi qalebi xSirad iRebdnen memkvidreobidan TavianT wils.mogvepoveba cnobebi imis Sesaxebac, rom qalebi TavianT qonebas zrdidnenfulis gasesxebis gziTac. anatolieli qalis sakuTrebaSi xSirad iyobaRebi da venaxebi. XVI-XVII saukuneebis Canawerebis mixedviT iyvnenqalebi, romlebic flobdnen saxelmwifos kuTvnil sasoflo-sameurneomiwebs da amasTan dakavSirebiT icavdnen TavianT uflebebssasamarTloSi. samwuxarod Zalian mwiria cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Turogor moipovebda qali aseT aqtiur rols sazogadoebaSi.istorikosma abraham merjuzma dakvirvebebi Caatara aleposmagaliTze. misi cnobebis mixedviT irkveva, rom XVIII saukunis alepoSixSiri iyo iseTi faqti, roca col-qmari erTad yidulobda saxls, raciSviaTi iyo centralur anatoliaSi. cnobebidan irkveva, rom alepoeli

96qali ufro aqtiurad iRebda memkvidreobiT uZrav qonebas, vidre esxdeboda XVII saukuneebis anatoliaSi.interess moklebuli ar iqneba Tu SevCerdebiT XVIII saukunisosmaleTis imperiis princesaTa danaxarjebze. osmaleTis imperiisarsebobis manZilze princesaTa moxmarebis sagnebs yovelTvis SeadgendaZvirfasi nivTebi. XVIII saukunidan am princesaTa politikuri roligaizarda da Sesabamisad maTma danaxarjebmac imata da gamWvirvaleSeiqmna. danaxarjebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda zRvis zolSibosforis gaswvriv mdebare vilebi (sahilsarai). aseTi vilebi,Cveulebriv, saimperio dinastiis Camomaval qalebs dabadebidan gaaCndaT,an gadaecemodaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini am dinastiis CamomavalzegaTxovdebodnen. princesaTa qmrebi xSirad igzavnebodnen SoreulprovinciebSi, princesebi ki ar tovebdnen dedaqalqs, es vilebi iyo maTimudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili (faroqhi 2003: 155).safie sultans gaaCnda agarakebi, abanoebi da baRebi, amasTanavezRvispira agarakebi usqudaris sazRvao zolSi, fermebi silivriSi,salTfanSi. mas agreTve gaaCnda vakfebi, romlidanac Semosul Tanxassaqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas axmarda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am sasaxleebmaCvenamdis ar moaRwia, radganac isini xisagan iyo nagebi da maT Sesaxebmxolod istoriuli dokumentebidan vigebT. evropeli mogzaurebiaRfrTovanebas uziarebdnen erTmaneTs bosforis zolSi arsebulisasaxleebis gamo. vxvdebiT agreTve am mogzaurTa mier am sasaxleTaaRwerilobas.sultnebi xSirad stumrobdnen TavianT qaliSvilebsa da debsbosforis sanapiro zolSi mdebare vilebSi. princesebi asevedainteresebulni iyvnen am vilebis rekonstruqciiT. magaliTad, haTijesultanma, selim III-is (1789-1807) dam daafinansa stambolis pirvelineoklasikuri stilis Senobis aSeneba, romlis arqiteqtoric iyo frangia.i. melingi (faroqhi 2003: 155). princesas gardacvalebis Semdeg misi vilaar gadaecemoda mis memkvidres, aramed Semdeg princesas.Tofkafisa da premierministris sasaxleebis gamokvlevebs ufroSorsac mivyavarT. irkveva, rom XVI-XVII ss-is manZilze dinastiis

97Camomavali qalebi iyvnen didmasStabiani sameCeTo kompleqsebisdamaarseblebi. XVIII s-Si aseTi saqmianoba naklebad mniSvnelovani iyo.XIV saukunidan moyolebuli osmaleTis imperiis arnaxulmasiZlierem ganapiroba arqiteqturis ayvaveba, rac XVI saukuneSi ufrofarTod gaiSala. islamur sazogadoebaSi qalis SezRuduli uflebebismiuxedavad, selCukTa da osmalTa xanaSi mravali arqiteqturulinageboba iqna dafinansebuli qalTa mier. es faqti badebs kiTxvebs, Turomel socialur fenas miekuTvnebodnen zemoT dasaxelebuli qalebi, rasaxsrebiT afinansebdnen monumenturi Zeglebis mSeneblobas. jer kidevwinaosmalur periodSi anatoliaSi Sendeboda konkretuli qalebisadmimiZRvnili mavzoleumebi, sadac mdebareobda sasaflaoc. selCukTaxanidan SemorCenilia erTi aseTi Zegli, is mdebareobs qalaq kaiserSi damiZRvnilia erT-erTi im droisaTvis metad cnobili qalbatonisadmi –mahferi xaTunisadmi, romelsac ewodeboda “princesaTa princesa”,“sultnebis sultnis deda” (beiTsi 1978:245).XII saukunidan moyolebuli vidre XV saukunemde aSenebuli 1000medresedan 5 atarebda qalis saxels, aseve 119 qaravansaraidan 6 atarebdaqalis saxels. aRsaniSnavia, rom 5 am 6-dan aSenebulia mahferi xaTunismier. es qali dominirebs selCukTa xanaSi, rogorc yvelaze didimSenebeli.zemoT CamoTvlili magaliTebidan advilad SegviZlia davaskvnaT,rom qalis roli socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi selCukTasaxelmwifoSi de facto aRiarebuli iyo. es ganapiroba im faqtma, romselCukma qalebma gamocdileba miiRes qristianuli samyarodan, romelicim teritoriaze selCukTa xanamde arsebobda.osmalo qalebi aarsebdnen religiur dawesebulebebs: meCeTebs,skolebs, mavzoleumebs, aseve saero Senobebs: abanoebs, bazrebs, xidebs,karavansaraiebs.am mxriv sainteresoa ganvixiloT saxelovani arabi mogzauris ibnbatutas naSromi “mogzauroba”, kerZod Tavi, romelic exeba mismogzaurobas Sua aziasa da ramodenime axlomdebare raionSi, sadac isagviRwers Tu ra uflebebiT sargeblobdnen adgilobrivi qalebi,romlebic iyvnen iqauri gamgeblebis colebi. ibn batuta, Tavis

98mogzaurobisas qalaq xorezmSi, aRniSnavs, rom am qalaqSi man gaicnoqalaqis didveziris coli, romelmac sakuTari saxsrebiT aaSena meCeTi,naSromSi vkiTxulobT: “paraskevs gavemarTe meCeTsa da medreseSi. amqalaqs (xorezmi 33 ) marTavda sultani uzbeki 34 , romelsac hyavda Tavisididveziri saxelad yuTludemiri. am emirma aaSena medrese da sxvamomijnave saTavsoebi. rac Seexeba meCeTs, is aaSena misma madlmosilmameuRlem Turabeq-xaTunma 35 ” (ibn batuta 1988:2). mogzauri amqalbatonisTvis ar iSurebs maRal Sefasebas, gvacnobs mis ojaxiswevrebs da dasZens: “emiri aris saxelovani emiri – yuTludemiri 36 , misisaxeli niSnavs “keTilSobil rkinas”, “yuTlu” niSnavs “keTilSobils”,“demir” – “rkinas”. es amira aris sultan muhamed uzbekis deidaSvilidedis mxridan. Mmisi vaJi daqorwinebulia xsenebuli sultnisqaliSvilze. Mmisi deda aris mefe TaiTugli yuTludemiris coli –Turabeq xaTuni, ganTqmuli Tavisi keTilSobilebiT” (ibn batuta 1988:3).ibn batutas didi fuladi daxmareba aRmouCina emirma, man mogzaursgaugzavna tomriT fuli. am fulis (dirhemebSi) raodenoba maRribuloqroSi utoldboda samas dinars. aseve fuladi daxmareba aRmouCinayadis colma, xolo zemoTmoxseniebuli emiris - yuTludemiris colmawveuleba gamarTa da sxvadasxva saCuqriT daajildova stumari,“mogzauroba”-Si vkiTxulobT: “yadis colma – jija-aRa-hanummagamomigzavna aTi dinari. misma dam – Turabeqma, emiris colma, gamarTawveuleba, romelzec moiwvia fakihebi da qalaqis sxva cnobili pirebi. eswveuleba gamarTul iqna mis mier aSenebul zavieSi sadac kvebavdnenmimsvlel-momsvlels. man (Turabeqma) gamomigzavna siasamuris qurqi da33 xorezmi - olqi amudariis qveda dinebaSi, romelic ibn batutas mogzaurobisdros Sedioda oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi. dedaqalaqi iyo urgenCi anxorezmi.34 uzbeki – oqros urdos me-10 xani (1312-1349ww.).35 Turabeq-xaTuni – mas ibn batuta moixseniebs maSinac, roca aRwers Tavismogzaurobas iranSi. iq laparakobs imaze, Tu ramdeni saCuqari gauzavna amqalma indoeTis mefes. (ix. Баттута, 1988: 26, II, 73).36yuTludemiri – ibn duqmaqis mixedviT is daniSnuli iqna q. xorezmisgamgeblad 721 (1321) wels.

99kargi cxeni. is saukeTeso, morwmune da xelgaSlili qalia. alahiswyalobdes” (ibn batuta 1988:4).ibn batuta aseve saintereso istorias gvamcnobs, Tu rogor aSendaqalaq balhaSi 37 meCeTi qalaqis gamgeblis colis mier. qalebs abasianTammarTvelobis dros (750-1258) mniSvnelovani misia ekisrebodaT, isinixSirad iyvnen Suamavlebi xalxsa da umaRles xelisufalT Soris, gardaamisa, isini didi guluxvobiTa da didsulovnebiT gamoirCeodnen, ramacTavad xalifac ki ganacvifra. amas adasturebs ibn batutas mogzaurobiserT-erTi Tavi: “erTma istorikosma macnoba, rom meCeTi balhaSi aSenebuliqna qalis mier, romlis qmaric, saxelad daud-ibn ali, iyo balhasgamgebeli abasianTa dros. erTxel moxda ise, rom xalifa gauwyrabalhis mcxovreblebs maT mier Cadenili saqcielis gamo da qalaqSigaamwesa amira, romelsac daevala didZali gadasaxadebis akrefa. rocaes amira mivida balhaSi, qalebi da bavSvebi eaxlnen gamgeblis cols,romelmac es meCeTi aaSena da daiwyes masTan wuwuni aRniSnulimosakreblis gamo. maSin am qalma amiras gaugzavna kaba, romelicSekerili iyo Zvirfasi qvebiT da romlis Rirebulebac aRematebodamTliani mosakreblis Tanxas da dasZina: “gadaeci es xalifas, me amasgavcem balhis mosaxleobisaTvis, maTi sevdiani mdgomareobis gamo. amiramwauRo kaba xalifas, daudo is win da mouyva mTeli istoria. xalifasSercxva da Tqva: “nuTu SesaZlebelia qali iyos ufro didsulovani,vidre Cven? man ubrZana amiras gaeTavisflebina balhis mcxovrebnimosakrebelisagan da dabrunebuliyo saswrafod da daebrunebina kabagamgeblis colisTvis. amis garda man gaanTavisufla balhismcxovreblebi gadasaxadisagan mTeli wlis manZilze. amira dabrundabalhaSi da am qalis saxlSi misvlisas gaumeora xalifas sityvebi dadaubruna kaba. maSin man (qalma) hkiTxa: “naxa xalifam es kaba?” amiramacdaudastura. “ me arasodes ar Cavicvam im kabas, romelic naxa im kacma,romelic ar aris Cemi naTesavi, - ganacxada man da brZana gaeyidaT kaba,37balha – qalaqi samxreT avRaneTSi. Zvel droSi am qalaqs erqva baqtra.monRolTa Semosevam am qalaqis ayvavebas bolo mouRo. balhas maxlobladaSenda axali qalaqi, saxelad vazirabadi.

100im fuliT ki aaSena meCeTi, mopirdapire mxares zavia da karavan-saraiqvisgan, romelsac erqva kazani 38 . karavan sarai isev karg mdgomareobaSia.kabis 1/3 Tanxa xeluxlebeli darCa da gadmocemis Tanaxmad qalma brZanais CaefloT meCeTis erT-erTi kolonis qveS, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSigamoeyenebinaT. Cingizs acnobes am istoriis Sesaxeb da man brZana ammeCeTis kolonebis darRveva. daaxl. 3 kolona daangries, magram veraferiver ipoves. danarCenebs xeli ar axles (ibn batuta 1988:14).samefo wris qalebidan pirveli, vinc qvelmoqmedebiT gamoirCeoda,iyo nilufer xaTuni (orhan I-is (1326-1360) coli, murad I-is (1360-1389)deda). man daafinansa xidis mSenebloba, aseve misi dafinansebiT aSendaderviSTa monasteri (Zaviye) da patara meCeTi (mescit) bursasmaxloblad (goCeqi 2003: 77).meCeTisa da sxva arqiteqturuli nagebobebis daarsebiT SemdgomSiTavi gamoiCines sultnis sasaxlis sxva qalebmac: zeinab sultanma (1769),Sebsafa qadinma (1787) da bezmialem valide sultanma – sultan abdulmejidI (1839-1861) dedam. maT daaarses meCeTebi, moawyves Sadrevnebi daaages saRvTo nagebobani. aRsaniSnavia, rom bezmialem valide sultanmadaaarsa rogorc meCeTi, ise dawyebiTi skola, romelSic swavlobdnengogonebi. sultanma, Tavisi dedis mxardasaWerad, Tavisi ori Svili amsaswavlebelSi Seiyvana. es Senoba stambolSi dResac aris SemorCenilida aseve am valide sultnis mier dafinansebuli saavadmyofos Senoba(Gureba Hastanesi). muhamed alis erT-erTma qaliSvilma, romelic taxtzeecileboda mahmud II, saxelad zeinab qamilma (1852-82) daaarsasaavadmyofo, romelic dResac moqmedia. 1755 welszevqi qadinma, haremis erT-erTma mobinadrem osman III-is dros, daaarsaskola, romelic gamoirCeoda lamazi SadrevniT findikliSi, gzadgalaTadan beSiqTaSamde. (faroqhi 2003: 155).zemoT moyvanili faqtebs adasturebs istorikosi fariba zarinebafSari, romelic wers: “XVIII s-is ganmavlobaSi osmalo princesebi didisimdidris mqoneni iyvnen. maT daaarses meCeTebi, saxalxo skolebi,biblioTekebi, saavadmyofoebi, sasadiloebi da moawyves saxalxo38 kazani – tufis msgavsi samSeneblo qva.

101Sadrevnebi” (zarinebafi 2002:557). Semdeg es istorikosi CamoTvliskonkretul magaliTebs, riTic dasturdeba, rom rogorc sultnisqaliSvilebi, ise sultnis dedebic CarTulni iyvnen arqiteqturulsaqmianobaSi: “suleiman brwyinvalis Svilma mihrimahma daaarsa meCeTiusqudarSi, romelic aSenebul iqna cnobili arqiteqtoris – mimarsinanis mier (1570 wels). safie sultanma –mehmed III-is (1595-1603) dedamdaaarsa Yeni Cemi’-is kompleqsi eminonuSi 1597 wels. Turhan sultanma,mehmed IV-is dedam daasrula is da aseve daaarsa skola, saxalxoSadrevnebi da egvipturi bazari 1663 wels. mravali saxalxodawesebuleba daaarsa, agreTve, qosem sultanma, murad 1V-isa (1623-40) daibrahim 1-is (1640-48) dedam usqudarSi. XVIII s-Si usqudarSi gulnuSsultanma mustafa II-is (1695-1703) da ahmed III-is (1703-1730) dedam daaarsa“axali valides meCeTi”. manve daaarsa saavadmyofo (Dar Al-Shifa), romelicdidi vakfis mflobeli iyo kairoSi, bulaqsa da suecis portSi.bezmialiem, abdul-mejid I-is (1839-1861) dedam daaarsa “dolmabahCesmeCeTi” (zarinebafi 2002:557).sultan selim II-is dam mihrimahma metad didZali qoneba moagrovaTavisi korumpirebuli qmris wyalobiT. magram orive maTgani didZalfuls xarjavda qvelmoqmedebaSi. mihrimahi iTvleboda msofliosumdidres qalbatonad. mravali sastumro mis saxels atarebda (gudvini1994:126).valide sultani iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani qali, romlisdavalebiTac Sendeboda arqiteqturuli Zeglebi. amaTgan aRsaniSnaviavalide sultnebis “axali meCeTi”, romelic Sendeboda sami validesultnis dros da sami arqiteqtoris mier.“axali meCeTi”-s aSeneba daiwyo 1598 wels safie sultnisa da misiSvilis – mehmed III-is (1595-1603) sultnobisas. safies Tavisma vaJma uboZamiwebi egvipteSi, romelic mniSvnelovani Semosavlis wyaro iyo. sworedam SemosavaliT daafinansa safiem meCeTis mSenebloba. Tumca man verSeZlo mis dasrulebamde Tofkafis sasaxleSi darCena. is TavismaSviliSvilma ahmed I-ma Zvel sasaxleSi gadaiyvana. sultans surda axalimeCeTi aeSenebina, Tumca qveynis ekonomiuri mdgomareoba ori meCeTis

102mSeneblobis xarjebs ver gaswvdeboda. amitom safie sultnis mierwamowyebuli meCeTis mSenebloba SeCerebul iqna.“axali meCeTi”-s mSenebloba gagrZelda qosemis sultnobis dros.Semdeg ki Turhan sultnis dros.sabolood “axali meCeTis” mSenebloba, Tavisi kompleqsiT,dasrulda 1663 wels. meCeTis SemadgenlobaSi iyo mavzoleumebi,Sadrevnebi, abanoebi da cnobili egvipturi bazaric.meCeTi, romelic valide sultnis saxels atarebs, aris“ferTevnialis meCeTi”, is iyo ukanaskneli valide sultani, sultanabdul-azizis (1861-1876) deda da mahmud II-is (1808-1839) coli. is arisekleqtikuri stilis meCeTi, romelic mdebareobs stambolSi aqsaraiSi.misi mSenebloba dasrulda 1871 wels. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedissasaflao, Sadrevani da ezo, romelsac marmarilos kibeebi mihyveba(beiTsi 1978:256).arqiteqturuli Zeglebis dafinanseba rTuli saqme iyo. qalebsSemosavlis sxvadasxva wyaro gaaCndaT da SeeZloT es Tanxa TavianTineba-survilis mixedviT ganekargaT. wyaroebze dayrdnobiT qalebsac igivesafexuris gavla uwevdaT, rac mamakacebs, raTa moepovebinaT miwa,daefinansebinaT da daearsebinaT vakfebi. qalTa mier dawyebulimSeneblobebi dadgenil vadaSi ar sruldeboda., rac ganpirobebuli iyodafinansebis SewyvetiT.istorikosi u. beitsi dasZens, rom arcerTi qalTa mier aSenebulinageboba ar iyo didi zomis da ar iyo aSenebuli qalaqis gamorCeuladgilas.qalTaTvis Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgenda regularulijamagiri, romelsac haremis qalebs uxdidnen yoveldRiuri saxarjoTanxis garda, magaliTad, tansacmlis sayidlad da sxva. amgvarad qalebsSeeZloT daezogaT fuli. garda amisa mdidari ojaxidan gamosul qalsdidZal mziTevs atandnen, maT Soris fulsa da Zvirfaseulobas. busbeqismixedviT mziTevi iyo erTaderTi ganmasxvavebeli kanonier colsa da monaqals Soris. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qals mohyveboda auracxeli mziTevi,maSin qmari valdebuli iyo uari eTqva sxva mxevlebze da yofiliyo erTicolis erTguli (busbeqi 1927:117-119). iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi

103colis yola sxva mizeziTac iyo ganpirobebuli, magaliTad, evropelielCi s. Svaigeri, romelic 1577-81 wlebSi imyofeboda stambolSi.dasZens, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi osmalo kacs mxolod erTi coli hyavda,amisi mizezi is iyo, rom mas surda Tavis saxlSi mSvidoba da siwynareyofiliyo.yvelaze adrindeli drois qonebrivi inventarizciis amsaxveliCanawerebi daTariRebulia 1486-89 wlebiT. 60 adamians vxvdebiT, romlisqonebac 10,000 axCas Seadgens valis gadaxdamde. es ki im droisaTvismniSvnelovani Tanxaa. mdidar bursel qalTa Soris gamovlenilia aTiqali, romelTa qonebac aRwevda 10-20 aTas axCas. amaTgan ori qalisqoneba Seadgenda 20-30 aTas axCas, xolo erTi amaTgan iyo iseTi, romlisqonebac sikvdilis dros iyo 40 aTasi axCa.yvelaze mdidari qalebis qoneba mainc ar CaiTvleboda did Tanxadmamakacis qonebasTan SedarebiT, radganac mamakacis saSualo qoneba 100aTas axCas Seadgenda. mdidari qalebi ZiriTadad iyvnen bursaSi, radganacbursa im droisaTvis vaWrobis mTavari centri iyo.mniSvnelovani qalaqi iyo usqudari, romelic Semdeg dedaqalaqsSeuerTda. am qalaqSic iyvnen mdidari qalebi, romelTa qonebacgardacvalebisas 6,431 axCas Seadgenda. burseli qalebis qonebas iSviaTadSeadgenda fuli, xandaxan saxli, Zvirfaseuloba an Zvirfasi safeiqronawarmi.yvela qals ar gaaCnda fuli. gulbahar abdulahma datova 1500 axCa(14,3% misi qonebisa valis gadaxdamde), haje benefSe ufro metadorientirebuli aRmoCnda fulze, radganac misma qonebam Seadgina 5,068axCa (47,7%). mas hqonda hajis tituli. is xSirad hyidda Tavis ZvirfasnivTebs, raTa Tavisi sikvdilis Semdeg SesaZlebeli yofiliyo Tavisidanatovari anderZis Sesruleba.Sahi xaTunis qonebis naxevarze mets Seadgenda fuli, aqedanZiriTadi iyo veneciuri dukatebi. amis sapirispirod haTunbegi binT hojahuseini upiratesobas aniWebda Zvirfaseulobas, misi safule Seadgenda1,472 axCas (9,2% valis gadaxdamde). haje SahfaSa binT haji ali begf2lobda 303 axCas (20,8% misi qonebisa sanam kreditorebigamoCndebodnen).

104Cveni davTrebis mier mikvleuli mdidari qalebi CarTulni iyvnensakredito saqmeebSi. maT qmrebs maTi fuli emarTaT, radgan qmrebmadroze ar gadauxades sapatarZloebs saqorwino xelSekrulebiTgansazRvruli Tanxa (mahri). meuRlis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi meuRlesuxdeboda mahris gadaxda Tavisi gardacvlili colis sasargeblod.qalebi gulbahar binT abdulahisa an sultanfaSa binT haji muradisgardacvalebis Semdeg qmrebma, romlebic TavianTi colebis qonebismemkvidreebi Seiqmnen, arsebuli sapatarZlo vali aRar gadaixades. XVsaukuneSi mahris gadaxda xdeboda winaswar da srulad, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi qalebi protests acxadebdnen.fulis gasesxeba an valis aReba Zalian xSiri movlena iyo. mxolodgulbahar haje benefSe, haTunbegi binT hoja huseini, selCuk binT el-hajmehmedsa da haje SahfaSas aravis vali ar hqondaT. wavawydiT erT aseTSemTxvevas: aiSe binT alis, abreSumis mqsovels 10,286 axCa vali hqondaramdenime adamianis, aqedan umeteswilad qalebis.mdidar qalebs hyavdaT monebic. “aTidan eqvs an Svid qals hyavdaerTi mona qali mainc, zogs, SesaZlebelia, ufro metic. magaliTadhurisa da mis qmars, mahmuds, hyavdaT mona qali devleTi, romeliccolsac da qmarsac Tanabrad ekuTvnodaT. rodesac mahmudi daqvrivda,devleTi misi sakuTari mona gaxda. xSirad xdeboda ise, rom qmars arhqonda ufleba colis kuTvnili mona Tavis sakuTrebad gaexada, masTavisi sakuTari monebi hyavda” (faroqhi 2003a:139). samwuxarod ar gvaqvszusti cnobebi, romelic naTels mohfenda mona qalebis romelikategoria iyo qmris da romeli colis sakuTreba.huris sikvdilma devleTs Tavisufleba ver mianiWa, mahmuds arcucdia misi gaTavisufleba. am mxriv iRbliani aRmoCnda sultanfaSa hajimuradis mona qali gulbahari. sultanfaSam anderZad daibara, rom misisikvdilis Semdeg gulbaharisaTvis Tavisufleba mieniWebinaT.sultanfaSam gaTavisuflebul qals 200 axCac dautova, romliTac masSeeZlo axali cxovrebis dawyeba. gaTavisuflebis procedura damemkvidreobis miReba yofili mesakuTrisagan sruldebodagardacvalebulis qonebrivi inventarizaciis SedgeniT, sadac miTiTebuliunda yofiliyo gaTavisuflebuli monis kuTvnili wili yofili

105mesakuTris qonebidan. berklis mixedviT dabali socialuri warmoSobisqals ar hyavda mona-mosamsaxureebi da isini saqmes TviTon akeTebdnen.mdidari ojaxis qalebi ki misdevdnen uzrunvel cxovrebas, arasrulebdnen aranair samuSaos da wignis gadaSlac ki ezarebodaT.berkli ambobs: “isini mTel dReebs atareben CaxuTul oTaxebSi, eweviansigarets da miierTmeven tkbileuls, dadian abanoebSi da erTmaneTismosanaxuleblad” (berkli 2001).haTunbegi binT hoja huseini Tavis mona qalebs ramdenime wlismuSaobis Semdeg aTavisuflebda. aseT gaTavisuflebul qalebsmiekuTvnebian saluri da Samlu binT abdulahi. isini erTi periodi iyvnenhaTunbegis ojaxis wevrebi.qonebis datoveba yofili mona qalisaTvis tradiciad iqca dagagrZelda Semdgom saukuneebSic. 1735 wliT daTariRebulia erTi cnoba,romelic mogviTxrobs hava binT halilze. masac aseve hyolia mona qalisaxelad afife, romelic qarTveli iyo da romelsac SepirdagaTavisuflebas. afifem gaTavisuflebis Semdeg miiRo leibi, dasajdomibaliSi, aseve ramodenime qvabi, tafa. havam Tavis mona qals agreTvedautova oqrosa da vercxlis samkaulebi, inventarizaciidan vigebT, romagreTve dautova vercxlis abzinda da erTi wyvili sayure. es guluxvobagaxda mizezi imisa, rom havas erTma naTesavma gaaprotesta misi anderZida ganacxada, rom havas qmarma da afifem qonebis metad didi raodenobamiiRes, Tumca mosamarTlem es protesti ar miiRo.SesaZlebelia, is simdidre, rac am oTx gaTavisuflebul qalsdarCaT, modioda im saCuqrebidan, rasac maT maTi qmrebi aZlevdnen. amsaCuqrebSi Sedioda sapatarZlo saCuqrebic. mcire vaWrobas, xelobas dafulis gasesxebis institutsac SeeZlo maTTvis damatebiTi finansuriSemosavali moetana. gulbahari sargeblobda am SesaZleblobiT. mashqonda saqsovi dazga, abreSumis Zafi da xSirad fulis gasesxebiTac iyodakavebuli. haje benefSe, romelmac meqaSi haji Seasrula, Cans, sakmaodmdidari yofila, radganac Cveulebriv qmrebi colebs aseTisaqmianobisaTvis ar afinansebdnen. haje benefSe eweoda fulisgasesxebasac.

106savaraudoa, rom ramodenime qalma osmaleTis imperiaSi, sarwmunowyaroebis mixedviT Seasrula meqaSi piligrimoba. imisaTvis, romaRniSnuli misia Segesrulebina, anu bursadan hijazSi Casuliyavi, undayofiliyavi sakmaod mdidari. haji 39 anu piligrimoba meqaSi didi pativiiyo TiToeuli mislimisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki qalTaTvis. sultanfaSabinT haji muradma meqaSi haji winaswar dagegma, magram is iqamdegardaicvala. man Tavis anderZSi daibara, rom Tavisi ZvirfasiTavsaburaviT daafinansebda nebismiers, romelic mis nacvladganaxorcielebda hajis. samwuxarod, ar mogvepoveba zusti cnobebi imisSesaxeb misi Tavsaburavi sakmarisi anazRaureba iyo Tu ara hajis(piligrimis) daqiravebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis. ar aris agreTve cnobili,vinmem ganaxorciela Tu ara misi ukanaskneli survili. iyvneniseTi qalebic (savaraudoa, rom es iyo haje benefSe), romlis dedas damamas Sesrulebuli hqondaT meqaSi piligrimoba. man mouwoda ramodenimeqals, rom SeesrulebinaT meqaSi haji. Tumca rogor moaxerxa man amisganxorcieleba, Cven ar viciT. gvaqvs cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom hajeSahfaSas hqonda hajis tituli.osmaleTis samefo wris mxolod oTxma wevrma (aqedan arcerTisultani) Seasrula haji. maT Soris iyvnen sultnebis ahmed II-is (1691-95)da mahmud I-is (1730-54) colebi (gudvini 1994:118).SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qalis mier meqaSi piligrimobisSesruleba miuTiTebda ara mxolod maT qonebriv SesaZleblobebze,aramed mTlianad maTi ojaxis maRal statusze.sainteresoa ori mdidari provincieli qalis qonebrivimemkvidreobis mimoxilva. es qalebi arian: haje saliha Ciosidan daCeSmedan, romelic gardaicvala 1806 wels, hava hanimi, romelicgardaicvala 1860-61 wels. haje salihas Sesaxeb vgebulobT, rom erTerTmamisma babuam daaarsa saojaxo kera Ciossa da CeSmeSi, romlisSemadgenlobaSic Sedioda sarwyavi baRi, venaxi da ramodenime maRazia.CvenESegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom haje saliha warmoSobiT im adgilidan iyo39 haji - piligrimoba meqaSi, muslimis xuTi ZiriTadi movaleobidan, islamisxuTi burjidan erT-erTi (jafariZe 1999b:233).

107da gaTxovebis Semdegac mas Sors wasvla ar mosdomebia. “SesaZlebeliamoxda isec, rom haje saliha daubrunda Tavis warmoSobis adgilsrogorc qvrivi. magram es naklebad savaraudoa. iqidan gamomdinare, rommis sakuTrebaSi myofi miwa patara teritoriaze iyo gadaWimuli,SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am qals qonebis didi nawilimemkvidreobiT ergo. ra asakSi gardaicvala, cnobili ar aris, magramsaxeli haje miuTiTebs, rom is unda yofiliyo sul cota Sua xnis qalimainc” (faroqhi 2003a:154).haje salihas inventari naklebad damakmayofilebelia XV saukunismkvlevarisaTvis, radganac iq araferia cnobili memkvidreze.SedarebiT meti informacia mogvepoveba hava hanimze, romeliccxovrobda anatoliaSi da gardaicvala 1860-61 wels, haje salihasgardacvalebidan 54 wlis Semdeg. mis inventarizaciaSi mopovebulididZali simdidris garda Cven viciT misi mamisa da babuis saxelebi(haji mehmed faSa aRa da abubeqiri). CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ra iyo maTiSemosavlis wyaro, garda imisa, rom isini iyvnen miwismflobelebianatoliaSi. misi qmari cnobilia, rogorc mubaiacizade mustafabeiefendi halil aRa. misi winaprebi, savaraudoa, rom gamdidrnenosmalTa jarisadmi da flotisadmi xorbleulis miyidviT.sikvdilis Semdeg hava hanims darCa ori vaJi, daaxloebiT 14 wlisa.Cven TiTqmis ar mogvepoveba informacia misi erTaderTi qaliSvilisSesaxeb - iyo Tu ara gaTxovili, datova Tu ara STamomavloba. hava hanimigardaicvala 30-40 wlis asakSi. Cven ar viciT mis qmars sxva colebichyavda Tu ara.savaraudoa, rom hava hanimis qonebis TiTqmis naxevari modioda misiTavdapirveli qonebidan. gaTxovebis Semdeg mis qonebas Seemata mxolodsaqorwino gadasaxadi mahri, romelic, SesaZlebelia, yofiliyo raimesamkauli. Cans, rom hava hanimi yofila XIX saukunis Sua wlebisanatoliis erT-erTi iSviaTi memkvidre gamorCeulad mdidari kacisa.SesaZlebelia, rom man Tavisi qoneba gazarda investiciebis xarjze,gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac islamuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,mxolod mis qmars SeeZlo ekontrolebina ojaxis dRiuri gasavali.

108SesaZlebelia, rom Tavis finansur saqmianobaSi mas hqonda valebic,magram hava hanimis qonebrivi aRweriloba amaze cnobebs ar gvawvdis.Semonaxulia cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom misi sikvdilis Semdeg mismaqmarma gayida misi qoneba, romelic Sefasebuli iyo 42 300 yuruSad.haje salihas qonebidan cnobebi gvaqvs mxolod im nivTebze,romlebic gaiyida. cnobebi ar mogvepoveba im nivTebze, romlebic misisikvdilis Semdeg STamomavlobas gadaeca. amisagan gansxvavebiT havahanimis qonebrivi inventarizacia iZleva cnobebs TiToeul nivTze. masqonebis udidesi nawili miRebuli hqonda memkvidreobiT da arc misisikvdilis Semdeg ar gayidula.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom haje salihas ZiriTad qonebas Seadgendafuli, uZravi qoneba da wili gemebze, Tumca misi mTliani qonebisgansazRvra rTulia. hava hanimis garderobi metad mokrZalebulia, hajesalihas ki gaaCnda uamravi tansacmeli. tansacmelis aseTi nairsaxeobamigvaniSnebs XIX saukuneSi vaWrobis ganviTarebaze, romelSic Cabmulniiyvnen egeoseli da Cioseli vaWrebi. SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom havasalihas Zvirfaseuloba ufro faseuli iyo vidre hava hanimis.metad mniSvnelovania am ori qalis sasoflo-sameurneo qoneba.orive qali flobda fermebs, baRebsa da venaxebs. haje salihas qoneba iyo60 978 yuruSi, saidanac naxevari mainc Cadebuli hqonda miwaSi, maSinroca hava hanims Tavisi qonebis 40% Cadebuli hqonda sasoflo-sameurneosaqmianobaSi. haje salihas investicia soflis meurneobaSi patara iyo.2900 yuruSi Cadebuli hqonda fermis SenobaSi, hqonda wili or wyliswisqvilSi. haje salihas gaaCnda Zvirfasi venaxi, aseve zeTisxilisa daforToxlis xeebis baRebi da CeSmes raionSi asobiT zeTisxilis,limonisa da forToxlis xe iyo daregistrirebuli mis saxelze. hajesalihas qonebis yvelaze fasian nawils Seadgenda venaxebi.gansxvavebuli iyo hava hanimis sasoflo-sameurneo qoneba. missakuTrebaSi Sedioda XVII s-Si antaliis mimdebare teritoriazearsebuli baRebi. garda amisa mas hqonda wili wisqvilebSi istanosisteritoriaze, mas gaaCnda ferma qoselerSi Tavisi aRWurvilobiT. esferma cnobili iyo imiT, rom iq dasaqmebuli yofilan afrikeli monebi.moipoveba cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom hava hanimi legaluri mflobeli

109yofila qoseleris fermis da saxlebic, romlebic aRmarTuli iyo amteritoriaze, iyo am qalis piradi sakuTreba. es yvelaferi aRniSnulicaris mis qonebriv inventarizaciaSi.qoselerSi arsebuli fermis garda, hava hanimis sakuTari wiligaaCnda qizilaRaCisa da Teqfurovas fermebidan. CvenTvis ucnobia esfermebi mxolod miwas moicavda, Tu Senobebsac. qoseleris fermebTanSedarebiT es fermebi naklebad saintereso iyo. es iqidanac dasturdeba,rom roca hava hanimis daqvrivebulma qmarma gadawyvita gaeyida Tavisicolis kuTvnili qoneba, man gasayidad amoirCia Teqfurovasa daqizilaRaCis fermebis wili, qoseleris ferma ki daitova.hava hanimis qoneba keTilmowyobili iyo. msxvilfexa da wvrilfexarqosani pirutyvis saerTo raodenoba saerTo qonebis 10%-s Seadgenda.qoseleris fermaSi iyo 32 wyvili xari, 70 cxvari da uamravi viri, 10aqlemi, 28 faSati, 20 kameCi. aqlemebi gamoiyeneboda sezonurimogzaurobisaTvis. hava hanimis qvrivma pirvel rigSi gayida aqlemebi,kameCebi da faSati cxenebi.“haje salihac da hava hanimic cdilobdnen finansuri saqmianobadaewyoT vaWrobis sferoSic. maT Soris fulis gasesxebaSi. mag. TuCavTvliT, rom haje salihas qoneba Seadgenda 59,175 yuruSs, aqedan sesxi7,8% iyo, es sesxis raodenoba cotaTi aRemateba hava hanimis sesxs,romelic iyo 6,7%. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arcerTiqalisaTvis fulis gasesxeba ar iyo mniSvnelovani saqme” (faroqhi2003a:159).haje salihas mier gacemuli sesxebis nawili komerciulidaniSnulebisa iyo. mag., haji hasanoRlu husein aRas, romelmac isesxamisgan 600 yuruSi, fuli moixmara savaWro saqonelis sayidlad. hajesaliha afinansebda miwaze momuSave glexebsac, raTa mosvlodaT kargimosavali. hava hanimi valebs ZiriTadad muslimanebs aZlevda. sesxiaRwevda 1000-2000 yuruSs, iyo aseve dabali sesxebic. maSin roca 10aqlemiRirda 2000 yuruSi da patara maRazia antaliaSi SesaZlebeli iyo, romgayiduliyo 750 yuruSad, 1000 yuruSi sakmaod karg Tanxas warmoadgenda.orive qals wili hqonda naosnobaSi (navebze), naosnoba ki imdroisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo. haje salihas gardacvalebisas

110CeSmes patara porti mTlianad mis sakuTrebaSi iyo da Rirda 800 yuruSi.garda amisa mas hqonda wili sxva sam gemze, am sami gemis wilidaaxloebiT 1500 yuruSi iyo.am or qals wili hqonda agreTve samoqalaqo uZrav qonebaze,romelic warmoadgenda komerciul investiciebs, es iyo mudmivi rentiswyaro. haje salihas gaaCnda ramodenime maRazia, saxeldobr sursaTismaRaziebi, meTunuqeTa, mRebavTa, mWedelTa maRaziebi. yvela es maRaziaganlagebuli iyo CeSmes maxloblad mdebare sofel alaCaTSi. hajesalihas saqalaqo qoneba 94 450 yuruSs moicavda da misi qonebismniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenda. haje saliha maRaziebs flobdaqorquTelSic. aq mis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda erTi didi Senoba, sadacpirvel sarTulze moTavsebuli iyo 5 maRazia, zemo sarTulze ki yavissaxli iyo. is agreTve antaliaSi mdebare yavis saxlis Tanamflobeliciyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am qalis qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili,romelic misma qmarma misi sikvdilis Semdeg Seagrova, warmoiqmna aminvesticiebidan.qonebis ra nawils moixmardnen es qalebi? amis dadgena arcTuadvili aRmoCnda. yvelaferTan erTad am kategoriaSi Setanili undaiqnes is saxli, romelSic haje hanimi cxovrobda. am kategoriaSi arSedis arc misi saxli antaliaSi, aramed mxolod didi rezidenciaistanosTan axlos mdebare sofelSi, romelic naxevrad dangreulmdgomareobaSi iyo. SesaZlebelia, hava hanimi da misi ojaxi antaliaSicxovrobdnen mxolod zamTrobiT.haje salihas Sesaxeb viciT, rom is flobda 3 rezidencias. Ciosissaxli savaraudoa, rom misi mTavari rezidencia iyo. misi am samirezidenciis Sesaxeb Cven Zalian mwiri informacia gvaqvs. ufro metiinformacia mogvepoveba haje salihas anatoliis ori rezidenciisSesaxeb, romelic mdebareobda CeSmeSi mdebare meCeTis marjvena mxaresTavisi baRiT. saxli samsarTuliani iyo. pirvel sarTulze iyo misaRebi,rogorc divanhane, mesame sarTulze iyo veranda da oTaxi meidanissaxelwodebiT. am SenobasTan SedarebiT alaCaTis sacxovrebeli saxlifermas ufro hgavs. masac hqonda rogorc selamliqi, ise haremi.

111Cven vigebT, rom haje hanimi xelmomWirne qali iyo, misi inventarimxolod 5 kabas Seicavda da arc misi samkaulebi Warbobs. undaaRiniSnos, rom haje salihas samkaulebi ufro STambeWdavia, vidre hajehanimis. orive qals gaaCnda margaliti da brilianti, oqros jaWvebi.garda amisa haje salihas gaaCnda Zvirfasi qvebi, rogoricaa safiri,zurmuxti, firuzi, rom araferi vTqvaT Zowze da mominanqrebuli emalisnakeTobebze. dokumentacia am Zvirfaseulobis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb ararsebobs.XVIII-XIX ss-is ganmavlobaSi osmaleTis imperiaSi xSiri iyoqonebis konfiskacia. konfiskacia exeboda qalis qonebasac, maT Soris,haje salihas qonebasac Seexo konfiskacia, sabolood ki mTeli misiqoneba mis memkvidreebs gadaecaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am oriveqalis ojaxSi icavdnen samoqalaqo tradiciebs da Sesabamisad qalebsuflebas rTavdnen mieRoT TavianTi wili qonebisa, maSin roca sofladqals im wilsac arTmevdnen, romelic SariaTis mixedviT misi kuTvniliiyo. Cvens mier zemoT warmodgenilma qalebma qonebis mniSvnelovaninawili miiRes memkvidreobiT. rogorc wesi, mamakacebs piligrimobisasTavianTi colebi Tan ar dahyavdaT, Cven ar viciT haje saliha meqaSimarto iyo, Tu qmarTan erTad, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom mas amgadawyvetilebis miRebaSi dabrkoleba ar Sexvedria. haje hanimi ki argamoirCeva aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebiT.aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisaTvis aranairi miTiTeba ar arsebobdaTu qonebis ra nawili unda yofiliyo qalis sakuTrebaSi. amiT es qalebigansxvavdebodnen XVII s-is kaiseris Tu ankaris qalebisagan an TundacXVIII s-is alepos da sxva soflis qalebisagan.osmaleTis imperiaSi samefo ojaxis wevri qalebi aarsebdnen kerZoda saojaxo vakfebs. ~vakfi, es iyo saeklesio miwa, romlis fondsacSeadgenda sultnis, feodalebis an sxva samefo dinastiiswarmomadgenlis mier Sewiruli miwebi~ (svaniZe, 1999: 100). es vakfebiwarmoadgenda saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebs. XVIII s-is manZilzeanatoliis vakfebis 17.03% osmalo qalebis mier iyo daarsebuli.osmaleTis imperiaSi arsebobda agreTve fuladi vakfebic. “barqanisa daaiverdis mier gamoqveynebuli fuladi vakfis dokumentebidan vigebT, rom

1121546 wels fuladi vakfebi Seadgenda stambolis mTliani vakfebis 46%-s.amave dukumentebidan vigebT, rom vakfebs aarsebdnen qalebic. risTvisacisini XVI s-Si arsebuli kanonis Tanaxmad ixdidnen wliur 10%-s (500axCas). Cans, rom am 10%-s (360 axCa) isini uxdidnen meCeTis imams, xolodanarCens (140 axCa) damaarsebels” (zarinebafi 2002:555).vakfebs qalebi ZiriTadad stambolSi aarsebdnen, magram asevemeqaSi, medinasa da ierusalimSi. yvelaze msxvili vakfis mflobelebiiyvnen: nurbanu sultani (murad III-is (1574-1595) deda), safie sultani(mehmed III-is (1595-1603) deda), qosem sultani (murad IV-isa (1623-1640) daibrahimis (1640-1648) deda), haTije sultani (mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) deda),gulnuS emeTulahH sultani M(mustafa II (1695-1703) da ahmed III-is (1703-1730)deda), bezmialem sultani (abdul-mejidis (1839-1861) deda) da bolosferTevnial sultani (abdul-azizis (1861-1876) deda) (ixsanoglu 2006:114).“osmalo qalebis msgavsad XVIII s-is kairoSi mcxovrebi monuriwarmomavlobis mamluqi qalebic mniSvnelovani saqalaqo da sasofloqonebis mflobelni iyvnen, rasac Semdeg isini abandebdnen saojaxovakfebSi. kairos mamluqi qalebi flobdnen vakfebis 25%-s. igivemdgomareoba iyo alepoSi” (zarinebafi 2002:561).irkveva, rom 1546 wlidan moyolebuli vakfTa 36% daarsebuli iyosaSualo fenis warmoSobis qalTa mier. am qalTa didi nawili iyoyofili mona, razec miuTiTebs maTi saxelebi, mag. amine binT abdulah.“binT/bin abdulah” iyo sazogado saxeli, romelic erqvaT mona qalebs ankacebs.amgvarad, am TavSi ganxiluli iyo XV-XVIII ss-is osmaleTisimperiaSi mcxovrebi mdidari qalebis istoriebi. saubari iyo maTsocialur rolze sazogadoebaSi, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze, aRweriliiyo maTi qonebrivi inventarizacia da sazogadoebrivi statusi. isini amdroisaTvis qalisTvis warmoudgeneli simdidris mqoneni iyvnen. amsimdidres gonivrulad marTavdnen da gadascemdnen STamomavlobas.xSirad maTi memkvidreebi maTi qmrebi xdebodnen da isini gardacvlilimeuRlis qonebiT agrZelebdnen cxovrebas. gansxvavebuli iyo mdidariqalis Casacmeli da samkaulebi, romelic maTi socialuri statusisgamomxatveli iyo. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi qali muslimTaTvis

113umaRlesi titulis – hajis mflobeli iyo. aqve mniSvnelovania erTifaqtori, yvela zemoT CamoTvlil qalTa am warmatebis ganmsazRvreliiyo maTi socialuri kuTvnileba da warmomavloba.

1148. qalis samosi da Zvirfaseuloba osmaleTis imperiaSiosmalo Tu evropeli damkvirveblebis azriT, qalis samosi maTisocialuri statusis gamomxatveli iyo. msgavsad bevri evropelimonarqisa, osmalo sultnebic cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT stabilurobada naTlad gansazRvravdnen socialur wesrigs. es wesrigi exebodaCacmulobasac. Sesabamisad qalis statusis gamomxatvelic undayofiliyo misi Cacmuloba. “1564 wels gamovida dekreti, romlismixedviTac aramuslim qals unda etarebina qvedabolo angorasmatylisagan an abreSumisa da bambis naerTisagan damzadebuli, romelicwarmoebuli iyo savaraudod bursaSi” (faroqhi 1980:77). tansacmeligansxvavdeboda regionebis mixedviT, radgan SeuZlebelia imperiis yvelamxareSi erTaniri Casacmeli damzadebuliyo. osmalo istorikosebi aseveaRniSnaven tansacmelTan dakavSirebul folklorul motivebs. mogzaurievlia Celebi mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis qalTa qurqebisa daTavsaburavebis Sesaxeb, rodesac man imogzaura maT saxlebSi. evliaCelebi qalis CacmulobasTan erTad dasZens: “isini moZraoben metadmoridebulad da gaxveulni arian CadrSi da mosasxamebSi” (Celebi 1983:73).amas ganapirobebda metwilad qalis Casacmelis stili. idealuri qaliunda yofiliyo mTlianad daburuli da uxilavi. mcire aziaSi, keZod kiqalaq boluSi mogzaurobas Evelia Celebi ase aRwers: “yvela qals acviafaranja, an mTlianad arian SefuTulebi “ (Celebi 1983:61).igives adasturebs avstriis mefe ferdinandis elCi oJie jiselin debusbeqi, romelmac osmaleTis imperiaSi imogzaura 1544-62 wlebSi“Turqebi yvelaze metad did mniSvnelobas aniWeben TavianTi colebisubiwoebas. isini maT aiZuleben isxdnen saxlSi da iSviaTad naxon mzissinaTle. Tu isini gareT gasvlis uflebas miiReben, iseTi Sexveulebigamodian, rom adamians moCveneba an aCrdili egoneba” (busbeqi 1927:117).XVIII saukuneSi sultnebma Cacmis stilTan dakavSirebiT mravalidekreti gamosces da amiT SezRudes qalisaTvis miniWebuli iqamdedarCenili is ramdenime uflebac, ris mixedviTac qals SeeZlo quCaSisiaruli. am dekretebiT qalTaTvis daketili aRmoCnda mqargvelTa

115maRaziebic, romlis xSiri stumrebic isini iyvnen.mdidar da Rarib qals Soris Cacmulobis stilTan dakavSirebiTmniSvnelovani sxvaoba ar iyo. Tumca garkveuli wesebi maT nebas rTavdaetarebinaT sxvadasxva feris faraja (mosasxami) da fexsacmeli, raTagamoeaSkaravebinaT TavianTi statusi. faraja gamoiyeneboda ZiriTadadsaxlis gareT. is iyo farTo mosasxami, grZelmklavebiani, sayelosgareSe, ZiriTadad abreSumis. an matylis qsovilisagan damzadebuli dakoWebamde sigrZis. sazamTro mosasxami xSirad bewviT iyo gawyobili.qalebi aseve atarebdnen bewvis paltoebs. Tavsaburavs “yaşmak” erqva daqalebs masSi mxolod Tvalebi uCandaT.Ffexsacmels “başmak”-i erqva da yvela qali atarebda mas.aramuslim qals misi tarebis ufleba ar hqonda. Casacmelis mixedviTCanda qalis statusi, dawyebuli sultnis dediT, damTavrebuli haremisqaliT. maTi Casacmeli ori naWrisagan Sedgeboda (mTavari naWrisagan daoqros an vercxlis Zafis naqargisagan). Casacmeli iyo agreTvesamnaWriani, Salvrebi, Jiletebi, perangebi, kafTanebi, faranjebi.Zvirfaseuloba da Zvirfasi tansacmeli maRali wris warmomadgenelqalis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo. maTi stumari iyo ledi merimontegiu.mdidari qalis tipuri Casacmeli iyo farTo perangi (gőmlek),damzadebuli bambisa an abreSumisagan. amis qvemoT ecvaT kaba (entari),romelic rogorc saSualo, ise maRali wris qalTaTvis, damzadebuliiyo velvetis an abreSumisagan. naklebad SeZlebuli qalTaTvis isdamzadebuli iyo iafiani abreSumisa an bambisagan, romelsac erqva beledis.TavSali TmebSi samagriT iyo damagrebuli, Tmebi maRla hqondaT aweuli.garedan ecvaT mosasxami (dolaman), rasac ZiriTadad zamTarSi xmarobdnen.gareT Casacmelad iyenebdnen farTo paltos – farace, rasac hqonda grZelimklavebi, raTa xelebi Tavisuflad SeeyoT siciveSi SigniT. maTi saxemTlianad dafaruli iyo CadriT, mxolod patara adgili TvalebisTvisiyo Ria (faroqhi 2007:110).wyaroebidan irkveva, rom qalis Tavsaburavi Zalian Zvirfasi iyo,(maT Soris sultanfaSa binT haje muradisa da selCuk binT el-haj

116mehmedis) da daaxloebiT 3,500 axCa Rirda, zogierTi ki 4,000 axCa, esTavsaburavebi Seicavda oqrosa da vercxlis naWrebis dekoracias.aRsaniSnavia, rom sultanfaSa binT haji muradis meuRles, metadZvirfasi kaftani hqonda, romelic Seicavda girCis, abreSumisa davelvetis qsovilebs oqrosa da vercxlTan erTad. misi fasi 700 axCasSeadgenda, romelic ufro Zvirfasi iyo, vidre nebismieri samkauli. aseTiZvirfasi nivTi gaaCnda haTunbegi binT hoja huseins, romelic iyo 800axCamde Rirebulebis. XVI saukuneSi osmaluri administracia mkacradakontrolebda vercxlis Zafis warmoebas, magram XV-XVI ss-Si mamakacebiufro advilad aZlevdnen Tavs uflebas Zvirfasi farCis qsoviliTSeemosaT TavianTi qalebi.“sasaxlis qali atarebda Tmebis mosarTavebs, romlebic TavianTiTmebisagan iyo damzadebuli da erqva “hotoz” an “yemen”, aseve sxvamosarTavi naWrebisagan” (faroqhi 2003a:66). sasaxlis qali fexze icvamdafexsacmels an saRamos Custebs, romlebic sxvadasxva feris tyavisaganiyo damzadebuli da morTuli iyo oqroTi da vercxliT, xSirad kibriliantisa da margalitis TvlebiT.“Zvirfasi Tvlebis ornamentebiT iyo morTuli mdidari qalebisyeli da mklavebi. mdidari qalebi misdevdnen parizul modas, TandaTanki evropuli moda mTlianad Caenacvla adgilobriv modas” (qalisCasacmeli).mniSvnelovani iyo is faqti, rom sasaxlis mdidari da gavlenianiqalebi atarebdnen gvirgvinis msgavs qudis mosarTav frTebs (plumaJi,jiRa), aseTsave mosarTav frTebs atarebda sultanic da es iyoZalauflebis simbolo. sultani aseT mosarTavebs saCuqradac arigebda.mdidari qali, Cveulebriv, erTze met qudis mosarTav frTas atarebda,magram xandaxan mxolod erTsac, romelsac imagrebda Sublze an Tavisukana mxares.mdidari osmalo qalebis aRWurvilobaSi Sedioda iseTi ZvirfasiTvlebiT moWedili samkaulebi, rogoricaa brilianti, ameTvisto,kornelia, margaliti. mdidari qalebi aseve atarebdnen margalitis mZivsada oqros jaWvs. XVIII s-is britaneli elCi stambolSi werda, rom

117sultan Mmustafa II-is (1695-1703) cols hafize sultans fexebamde sigrZismZivi ekida, romelic Semkuli iyo margalitisa da briliantis TvlebiT.ledi meri montegiu gaocebuli darCa samkaulebis silamaziTa dafaseulobiT, romliTac stambolis mcxovrebi qalebi TavianT Tavebsamkobdnen. Tumca gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa bursaSi mcxovrebixelosanTa da vaWarTa colebisa da qaliSvilebis mdgomareoba. udavoa,rom yvela qals gaaCnda Zvirfaseuloba. amaTgan yvelaze gamorCeuli iyosayureebi, ZiriTadad oqrosi an vercxlis. SedarebiT mdidar qalebs kies sayureebi gawyobili hqondaT margalitebiT, romelic yvelazepopularuli iyo da savaraudod importirebuli iyo bahreinidan. asevepopularuli iyo brasletebi, ZiriTadad is iyo oqrosi da iyidebodawyvilad. yelsabamebs mohyveboda patara yuTebi, sadac ido yuranisteqsti, Tumca es naklebad popularuli iyo vidre sayure. bursis mdidarqalebs hqondaT Zvirfasi metalis qamrebi. garda vercxlis qamrebisa,agreTve iyo naWris qamrebi, romlebic morTuli iyo vercxlisa damooqrovili maqmanebiT. aseTi naWris qamrebi xSirad Semkuli iyovercxlisa da oqros ZafebiT da xSirad welze Semortymuli moqarguliSarfebiTac dadiodnen qalebi. oqrosa da vercxlis naqargebi iyosxvadasxva dasaxelebis tansacmelze da aseve baliSebsa da saxlisteqstilis sxva nivTebze (faroqhi 2007:108)Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod ramodenime aseTma saxeobam, romlebicinaxeba muzeumebSi da ekuTvnis an sultnis ojaxs, an aRdgenilia XIXsaukuneSi. zogierTi sayure, romelic inaxeba muzeumSi, daTariRebuliaXIX-XX saukuniT da aris ganmeoreba bizantiuri stilisa. CvenamdemoRweuli sayureebi Cven gviqmnian warmodgenas XVIII saukunis qalissamkaulebze.Tanamedrove eTnologiuri gamokvlevebidan CvenTvis cnobilia, romqals SeeZlo gaeyida misTvis qorwilSi naCuqari samkaulebi, raTauzrunveleyo axladSeqmnili ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. (sirmani1988). dReisaTvis es nivTebi aris ZiriTadad brasletebi. es xdeboda XVIIIsaukunis adreul wlebSi bursaSi. aseve darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT,rom es brasletebi damzadebuli iyo oqrosagan. Tundac osmalo

118princesebi Zvirfaseulobas iyenebdnen rogorc simdidris dagrovebiswyaros, romelic SeeZloT gaWirvebis dros gadaednoT da gamoeyenebinaT.“osmaleTis imperiaSi qalis mier CarSafis tareba niSnavda misibavSvobis dasasruls. amiT agreTve dasturdeboda, rom is gaTxoviliiyo” (Nicole, 2002: 581).aramuslimi qalebic muslimi qalebis msgavsad icvamdnen.iburavdnen Tu ara isini saxes, damokidebuli iyo im adgilze, sadacisini cxovrobdnen, an maT statusze. balkaneTsa da stambolSi qalebssaxis sul mcire naxevari ar hqondaT dafaruli, Tumca aseTi SemTxvevagamonaklisi iyo. aTenSi, axalgazrda, dasaojaxebeli qalebi atarebdnenCadrs da mxolod daojaxebulebi aCendnen TavianT saxes (maqkenzi 1992:64).somxeTsa da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, aseve kavkasiaSi, qalebi muslimTamsgavsad Cadrs atarebdnen. Tumca evropel istorikosTa cnobiT XVI-XVIIss. garkveul regionebSi iyo gamonaklisebi. XVI saukunis osmalurminiatiurebSi vxvdebiT rogorc CadriT, ise mis gareSe qristian qalebs(renda 2001).evropeli maRali wris qalebi epatiJebodnen SeZlebuli ojaxebisosmalo qalebs da aswavlidnen frangul, inglisur da germanul enebs.Sedegad enis codna osmalo qals exmareboda evropuli modis Sesaxebcodnis miRebaSi.Ppirveli osmalo qalebi, romlebmac aiTvises evropuli moda,iyvnen samefo dinastiidan an SeZlebuli ojaxebidan.Uunda aRiniSnos, rom“evropuli tansacmliT osmaluri tansacmlis Canacvleba erTbaSad armomxdara. Tavidan osmalo qalebma daiwyes evropuli aRWurvilobisxmareba, magaliTad, xelTaTmanis, windis. Nnelnela tradiciuliTurquli mosasxami evropulma kabam Secvala” (Nicole, 2002: 583).osmalo qali evropul tansacmels ZiriTadad parizSi yidulobda,sadac Tavad dadioda, an naTesavs abarebda. zogierTi qali kistambolSive akerinebda kabas evropel mkeravebs.amgvarad, qalis samosi osmaleTis imperiaSi maTi socialuristatusis gamomxatveli iyo. Turqi qalis ZiriTadi Casacmeli iyo faraja,romelsac is ZiriTadad saxlis gareT icvamda da “başmak”-i (fexsacmeli),Tavze ki Tavsaburavi exura da mas “yaşmak” erqva, rac qalis mTel saxes

119faravda da mxolod Tvalebi uCanda. mdidar qalTa Cacmuloba, rogorczemoT aRvniSneT, gamorCeuli iyo. maT Zvirfasi naWrisagan Sekerilitansacmeli emosaT, maTi samkaulebi da Tavsaburavi Zvirfasi TvlebiTiyo Semkuli. pirveli osmalo qalebi, romlebmac aiTvises evropulimoda, samefo dinastiidan an SeZlebuli ojaxebidan iyvnen. nel-nelaosmaleTis imperiaSi xdeboda tradiciuli Turquli tansacmlisevropuli kabiT Canacvleba. XIX saukunis bolos farajam daTavsaburavma gaqroba daiwyo. 1908 wlis revoluciis Semdeg TurqeTSimkveTri cvlilebebi moxda Turqi qalis CasacmelTan dakavSirebiT.sabolood ki TurqeTSi evropuli moda damkvidrda.

1209. qalis mdgomareoba osmaleTis imperiaSiTanzimaTamdeSua saukuneebis osmaleTis imperiaSi qalTa did nawils uxdebodamuSaoba, raTa ojaxebi SeenaxaT. maTi dasaqmebis areali arcTu didi iyo.isini ZiriTadad dasaqmebuli iyvnen ojaxebSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, romaseTi samuSaos Sovnis Sansi mxolod axalgazrda mona qalebs eZleodaT.gaTxovili qalisaTvis aseTi samuSaos moZebna Zneli iyo. qalebidakavebuli iyvnen abanoebSi, aseve saqorwino samzadisTan dakavSirebulsaqmianobaSi.qalTa didi raodenoba dakavebuli iyo safeiqro warmoebiTa daSemdgom misi realizaciiT. Zafis darTvas qalebi saxlebSic axerxebdnen.“1678 wels bursaSi mcxovrebi qalebis 50% abreSumis darTviT iyodakavebuli” (faroqhi 2003a:165). safeiqro mrewvelobidan SemosuliSemosavali ganapirobebda qalis siZlieresa da finansurdamoukideblobas (goCeqi 2003: 78). bevri saqsovi dazga ganlagebuli iyoara mxolod maRaziaSi, aramed kerZo saxlebSi, qalebi aqacgvevlinebodnen damrTvelebad. aseTi qalebis umravlesobaaxalgazrdobaSi muSaobda mdidar qalebTan rogorc mqargvelebi da maTam saqmidan kargi anazRaurebac hqondaT. iyvnen iseTi qalebic, romlebicawarmoebdnen sanTels. sanTlis damzadebisas farTod gamoiyenebodasxvadasxva cxovelis cximi.iyvnen iseTi qalebic, romlebic dros saxlSi fuWad atarebdnen.evropeli mogzauri hans dernSvami, romelic Tan axlda bulgarelsardals stambolSi 1553 wels, dasZens, rom osmalo qali arc Tu xSiraddadis meCeTSi, aramed is saxlSi loculobs. dernSvami dasZens, romosmalo qali, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxlSi dros fuWad atarebda, saojaxosaqmes ki mosamsaxureebi akeTebdnen. aseve aRniSnavs, rom bevri coliqmris erTguli iyo, magram iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac qali Ralatobdaqmars misi omSi wasvlis Semdeg. es qalebi Semdeg sakadrisad arc kiisjebodnen, radganac maTi saxe CadriT iyo dafaruli da es ucnobirCeboda (goCeqi 2003:74).

121sasamarTlos Canawerebidan vgebulobT, rom am periodis qalebsgaaCndaT fabrika-qarxnebi, sacxobebi, gastronomiuli maRaziebi da sxva.ronald jeningsma Seiswavla 1600-25 wlebis kaiseris sasamarTlos 2000-mde Canaweri, saidanac irkveva, rom araelitaruli wris qalebiTavisuflad marTavdnen qonebas da monawileobdnen komerciulgarigebebSi. isini dakavebulni iyvnen miwaTmflobelobiT da fulisgasesxebiT (goCeqi 2003:79).gansakuTrebiT didi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen burseli qalebi.1600-1700 wlebis sasamarTlos Canawerebidan naTelia, rom burseliqalebi ufro xSirad mimarTavdnen sasamarTlos vidre q. kaiseris qalebi.qalTa maRali aqtiuroba bursaSi ganpirobebuli iyo am qalaqissiaxloviT dedaqalaqTan.sociologebis mier Seswavlil iqna XVII-XVIII ss-is Turquliojaxebi. maTi naSromebis gacnobis Sedegad Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,rom ZiriTadad arsebobda ojaxis ori tipi: pirveli tipis ojaxSipatarZals Tavisi ojaxis wevrebi gadascemdnen siZis ojaxis naTesaobas.sabolood qmari da dedamTili akontrolebdnen patarZlis yvela nabijs.Tu qali ojaxidan wasvlas daapirebda, maT ufleba hqondaT xeliSeeSalaT misTvis da ar gaetanebinaT qoneba. es amcirebda qalisstatuss. meore tipis ojaxSi qali iyo qmris biznes partniori, romelicinawilebda mis uflebamosilebas da damoukideblad asrulebdaekonomikur saqmianobas. aseTi tipis ojaxi sakmaod xSiri iyo da qalebic,Cveulebriv, SariaTis mixedviT memkvidreobis mflobelnic xdebodnen.SariaTis mixedviT osmaleTis imperiaSi qalsac da mamakacsacTanabari ufleba hqondaT sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis, nebismierisaxis SeTanxmebis dadebis, advokatis ayvanis dros. mamakacsac da qalsacTanabrad evalebodaT sasamarTloSi mowmis miyvana.“xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca daqvrivebuli qalebi gamodiodnenojaxis interesebis damcvelebad. aqedan gamomdinare qmrebi anadgilobrivi mosamarTleebi Rrmad endobodnen qalebis kompetenturobas.qmari sikvdilis Semdeg Tavis cols Svilebis meurved niSnavda, romelicicavda maT uflebebs” (faroqhi 2003a:168).

122yadis dokumentaciebSi, uxvadaa iseTi qalebis raodenoba, romlebicTavianTi Svilebis uflebebis dasacavad gamodiodnen. istorikosironald jeningsi iyo pirveli, romelmac daamtkica, rom qalebi marTlacar uSindebodnen sasamarTloSi wasvlas da TavianTi da Tavisi Svilebisuflebebis dacvas. anatoliis qalaqebSi mcxovrebma ramdenime qalmasaxeli gaiTqva, rogorc TavianT uflebebis aqtiurma damcvelma.xSirad qalebs gadaecemodaT iseTi mniSvnelovani saqmianoba,rogoric iyo saojaxo administrirebaSi arsebul dawesebulebaTa marTva.am dawesebulebis damaarsebeli daniSnavda Tavis memkvidres, romeliciqneboda an kaci an qali da romelsac unda emarTa esa Tu is meCeTi,skola an Sadrevani, an gamiznulad daexarja fuli raime saRmrTosaqmianobisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom sakmod xSirad es memkvidreebiiyvnen qalebi.“qalebi ufro xSirad maSin xdebodnen dawesebulebaTa mmarTvelebi,rodesac isini iyvnen damaarseblis erTaderTi memkvidre. Sesabamisadisini ganagebdnen am saqmes da Semdgom gadascemdnen TavianT vaJiSvilebsan qaliSvilebs” (faroqhi 2003a:187).yovelive zemoTTqmulis Semdeg unda aRvniSnoT, rom ZiriTadifunqcia ojaxSi mamakacs ekava da maTi statusi ojaxis danarCenwevrebTan SedarebiT amaRlebuli iyo. qalebi mxolod gansakuTrebulSemTxvevaSi iRebdnen monawileobas sxvadasxva sapasuxismgeblosaqmianobaSi, ZiriTadad aseTi saqmianoba iyo wina saqorwinomolaparakebaSi monawileobis miReba. bambis sawarmos fermerTa colebiaqtiurad monawileobdnen qalTaTvis Sromis danawilebaSi. qali aseveamyarebda saWiro kavSirebs, riTic uzrunvelyofda mosavlis gazrdas daamiT ojaxis prestiJsac zrdida. qalebi dakavebulni iyvnen warmoebiTacda ufleba hqondaT yofiliyvnen ojaxis sruluflebianiwarmomadgenlebi socialur sakiTxebSi.XVII s-is burseli yadis Canawerebis mixedviT qalebi metad aqtiurcxovrebas eweodnen. maT Soris iyvnen kaiserSi mcxovrebi qalebi. CvenSegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qalaqSi mcxovrebi qalebisagan gansxvavebiT,sofleli qalebi CrdilSi idgnen.

123sainteresoa XVIII s-is kaiseris qalTa qoneba. kaiseridan iyoiazgul binT haji hidiri, romlis mamamac imogzaura ierusalimSi. amqalis qoneba Seadgenda 1-2 yuruSs, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodapatara savenaxe miwa, aseve 10 yuruSis Rirebulebis Zvirfasi vercxlisqamari, agreTve 50 yuruSis Rirebulebis oqros brasleti.aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc kaiserSi, ise soflebSi arsebobdnenSeZlebul qristianTa ojaxebi. SeZlebul fenas ekuTvnoda gul anasojaxi. oqrosa da vercxlis ornamentebiani Zvirfaseuloba SeZlebulqristianTa ojaxebisaTvis ar warmoadgenda iSviaTobas.amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Suasaukuneebis osmaleTisimperiaSi mTeli rigi SezRudvebis miuxedavad mainc SeiniSneba qalTasazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi garkveuli aqtiuroba. Tumca, maTgangamorCeulni arian qalaqad mcxovrebi qalebi, sofleli qalebi ki,CrdilSi dganan. qalTa aqtiurobis Sesaxeb informacias metwiladsasamarTlos Canawerebidan viRebT, saidanac irkveva, rom elitaruliwris qalebi Tavisuflad marTavdnen qonebas da monawilobdnenkomerciul garigebebSi. isini, aseve, dakavebulni iyvnenmiwaTmflobelobiT da fulis gasesxebiT. qalsac da mamakacsac Tanabariufleba hqonda sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis, nebismieri saxisSeTanxmebis dadebis da advokatis ayvanis dros. qals xSiradgadaecemoda sasamarTlo administrirebaSi arsebul dawesebulebaTamarTva. mag. meCeTi, skola an Sadrevani. qals SeeZlo fulis gaReba raimesaxis saRvTo saqmianobisaTvis. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom qalebimxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi iRebdnen aseT saqmianobaSimonawileobis uflebas. es xSirad maSin xdeboda roca is damaarsebliserTaderTi memkvidre iyo.

12410. qalis mdgomareoba osmaleTis imperiaSiTanzimaTis SemdegXIX s-is dasawyisidan osmaleTis imperiaSi mniSvnelovanicvlilebebi SeiniSneba. TandaTan qveyanaSi daiwyo dasavluriRirebulebebis damkvidrebis tendencia. osmalebi Tvlidnen, rom isinievropas Zalian CamorCebodnen. es CamorCeniloba rom daeZliaT, qveyanaSigasatarebeli iyo mniSvnelovani reformebi, maT Soris samxedro,sasamarTlo da saganmanaTleblo. XIX s-is sami mniSvnelovani nabijiqveynis modernizaciisaTvis iyo konstituciuri mTavrobis mSenebloba,inteleqtualuri elitis aRmoceneba da qalis ganaTlebis sakiTxisadmimniSvnelobis miniWeba (buquri 2004b:295).XIX s-is reformebis xana osmaleTis imperiaSi cnobilia rogorcTanzimaTis xana. 1839 welsa da 1856 wels gamosulma kanonebma didigardaqmna Seitana Turqi qalis cxovrebaSi.“1839 wlamde osmaleTSi islamuri kanonmdebloba moqmedebda daSesabamisad nebismieri fadiSahis mier miRebuli brZaneba islamurikanonTa kodeqsis SesabamisobaSi unda mosuliyo. 1839 wlidanmoyolebuli osmaleTis imperiaSi islamuri kanonmdeblobasTan erTadmoqmedebda evropaSi moqmedi kanonTa sistemac” (halili 1974:285).marTlac daiwyo struqturuli cvlilebebi qveynismodernizaciisaTvis. es cvlilebebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yvelasferos Seexo.”1842 wlidan qalTaTvis TandaTanobiT gaixsna dawyebiTi daumaRlesi ganaTlebis skolebi da qalebmac iwyes ganaTlebis miReba”(noviCevi 1978:186). is qalebi, romlebic amTavrebdnen “Muallime Mektebleri”-s(“maswavlebel qalTa skola”), mTavrobis mier igzavnebodnen qveynissxvadasxva mxareSi, raTa sxva qalebisTvisac miecaT ganaTleba.1858 wels osmaleTis imperiaSi gaixsna pirveli dawyebiTi skolaqalTaTvis (Rűşdiyye). 1869-70 wlebSi stambolSi gaixsna maswavlebelqalTa mosamzadebeli seminaria, romelTac unda eswavlebinaT qalTa

125skolebSi. 1880-iani wlebidan skolebi gaixsna calkeul provinciebSiadgilobriv mmarTvelTa iniciativiT (faroqhi 2003:159).qalebi cdilobdnen sagazeTo publikaciebis saSualebiTsazogadoebisaTvis ecnobebinaT TavianTi problemebi. qalebi atarebdnenkonferenciebs, qmnidnen sazogadoebebs. magaliTad, 1869 w-danmoyolebuli, roca daibeWda qalTa pirveli gazeTi “Teraqi muhaderaTi”(civilizaciis progresi), 40-mde qalTa gazeTi iqna dabeWdili vidre 1926w-mde, roca axali laTinuri anbani SemoiRes. am periodidan moyolebuliTurqeTSi daarsda mravali qalTa sazogadoeba, romelic ibrZoda qalTauflebebisaTvis.1886 wels daibeWda pirveli Jurnali “yvavilis furceli”(“Şűkűfezar”), sadac ibeWdeboda mxolod qalTa statiebi, misi mflobeliqali iyo. Jurnalistebidan aRsaniSnavia: munire, fatma nevberi da fatmanigari.Jurnali “qalTa gazeTi” (“Hanımlara mahsus gazete”) gamodioda 1895-dan1908 wlamde. masSi momuSave TanamSromlebi iyvnen rogorc qalebi, isemamakacebi, maT Soris iyo novelisti fatma alie. (faroqhi 2003:160)mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada saojaxo samarTalmac. “kanoni nebasrTavda daqvrivebul qals xelmeored daqorwinebuliyo” (iaramani 2001:24).“1856 wels miRebuli kanoniT gogonebs, biWebis msgavsad, uflebaeZleodaT mamis danatovari miwa memkvidreobiT mieRoT da yofiliyvnen ammiwis mflobelni” ” (iaramani 2001:25).1868 wels gamoica kanoni “Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi” (“saxalxoganaTlebis regulacia”), romliTac “mTavroba mouwodebda osmaleTisimperiis mTels mosaxleobas, rom qaliSvilebi 6-11 wlis asakSigaegzavnaT dawyebiT skolebSi ganaTlebis misaRebad” (Çana). mogvianebiTki, 1876 wels gamosul “konstituciaSi” (“Kanuni Esasi”) ewera, romosmaleTis imperiis mTeli mosaxleoba valdebuli iyo mieRo dawyebiTiganaTleba.qalTa mimarT saxelmwifos aseTma damokidebulebam ganapirobaqalTaTvis ufro didi yuradRebis mipyroba. qalTa Temas exebodastatiebi aTeulobiT Jurnalsa da gazeTSi, sadac yvelaze aqtualuriTema iyo qalTaTvis ganaTlebis micema, rasac didi mniSvneloba eqneboda

126qveynis ganviTarebaSi. qalebi aseve ilaSqrebdnen mravalcolianobiswinaaRmdeg, moiTxovdnen qalisa da mamakacis uflebriv gaTanabrebas.1908 wlis revoluciis Semdeg wina planze dadga qalTaTanasworobis sakiTxi. inteligencias surda qalebi yofiliyvnensazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevrebi da ara haremis qalebi. haremisqalebi gauCinardnen Turquli sazogadoebidan monarqiis gauqmebasTanerTad (ahmadi 1999:84).I msoflio omamde TurqeTSi pirveli filmi gamovida. ayvaveba iwyoTeatrmac. axalma garemom xeli Seuwyo muslim qalebs fexi daedgaTscenaze, sadac monopolias somexi qalebi flobdnen.1911 wels TurqeTSi dadges telefonebi da omis periodSi aq gaCndapirveli samuSao adgilebi muslim qalTaTvis. osmalur sazogadoebaSiqalebi muSaobdnen mcire industriaSi, rogoric iyo safeiqro, xaliCebisda Tambaqos mrewveloba. es ganStoebebi miCneul iyo, rogorc qalissaqme da maT uxdidnen ufro dabal xelfass, vidre mamakacebs. franguliwyaros mixedviT qalis Sroma wyalze ufro iafi Rirda.1908 wlis revoluciis Semdgom, ganaTlebulma qalebma iseT didqalaqebSi rogoricaa stamboli, saloniki da izmiri, daiwyes Jurnalebisgamocema, sadac gamoxatavdnen TavianT reaqcias qalTa diskriminaciisgamo. maT daaarses qalTa pirveli asociacia, gazardes Jurnalisgamocemis ricxvi.1908 wels axalgazrda TurqTa revolucia qalTaTvis didi Sedegismomtani aRmoCnda. axalgazrda Turqebi acxadebdnen: “qali undaganTavisufldes tradiciis CarCoebidano” (ahmadi 1999:84). isini aseveTvlidnen, rom Turquli sazogadoeba ar Seicvleboda iqamde, vidre qaliar moipovebda aqtiur rols am sazogadoebaSi.1908 wlis gadatrialebamde qalis ganaTlebis sakiTxs ar eqceodayuradReba. gogonebs iRebdnen dawyebiT skolebSi, magram ganaTlebismiReba mxolod 2 wlamde grZeldeboda, anu rogorc isiniwamoizrdebodnen, Tvlidnen, rom maTi adgili mamakacis gverdiT aRariyo. v. gordlevski gvamcnobs, rom “revoluciis Semdeg stambolissaSualo skola saerTo iyo gogoebisa da biWebisaTvis, Tumcaformalurad ganaTlebis miReba gancalkevebiT xdeboda. 12-13 wlis asakSi

127gogonebi ukve CarSafiT dadiodnen da saxes iburavdnen” (gordlevski1962:75).1911 wels gaixsna qalTa pirveli skola stambolSi, aswavlidnenfrangul enas, rogorc ucxo enas da Sesvenebis dros gogonebifrangulad saubrobdnen. umaRlesi skolis karebi im droisaTvis maincdaxuruli iyo qalTaTvis, magram es gagrZelda pirvel msoflio omamde.1914 wels stambolis universitetSi gaixsna kursebi qalebisaTvis. “aseTikursebi arsebobda abdul-azizis dros, magram abdul-hamid 11-isreaqciulma mTavrobam akrZala. kursebi miznad isaxavda moemzadebinaTkargi diasaxlisebi, aswavlidnen xelsaqmes, higienas, saojaxo saqmes.leqciebi tardeboda kviraSi 4-jer, dReSi 2 saaTi” (gordlevski 1962:76).erT-erTi gazeTis “Vakit”-is korespondenti qali qulsum raximipirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde werda: “is dro Sors ar aris, rocastambolis universitetSi Cabarebis uflebas qalebsac miscemen daqalebic moismenen leqciebs mamakacebis gverdiT”-o.1916 wels liceumma gamouSva pedagogTa pirveli kadrebi. 1913 welsdaarsda umaRlesi skola qalTaTvis, xolo 1915 wels gaixsna maTTvisumaRlesi saswavlebeli.qalis mdgomareoba ueWvelad umjobesdeboda. qali xdebodasazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri. “q. koniaSi mejlisis arCevnebisdros mustafa qemalis colma – latifem 10 xma miiRo. latifem didimadloba gadauxada qalaqis mers da gazeT “Halk”-is redaqtors”(gordlevski 1962: 504).1908 wlis revoluciis Semdeg qalebma ufleba moipovesdaearsebinaT asociaciebi, sadac gaatarebdnen TavianT interesebs. aman kigza gauxsna sxvadasxva feministuri organizaciis daarsebas (buquri2004b:298).1911 wels gamoCnda “qalTa uflebebis dacvis sazogadoeba”. amsazogadoebis garSemo mravali qali dairazma.yvelaze gamorCeuli qalTa organizacia iyo “Osmanlı Mudaafa-i Hukuk-uNisvan Cemiyeti” (“qalTa uflebebis dacvis osmaluri sazogadoeba”). 1913wels am sazogadoebam gamosca Jurnali “Kadınlar Dűnyasi” (“qalTamsoflio”), romelic 1921 wlamde gamodioda. am Jurnalis liderebma

128gadawyvites SeecvalaT arsebuli saojaxo samarTali da daemkvidrebinaTaxali, egalitaruli saojaxo samarTali. asociaciis wevrebi yuradRebasamaxvilebdnen sayovelTao problemebze, xazs usvamdnen im tradiciulprivilegiebs, romliTac mamakacebi sargeblobdnen daqorwinebisas anganqorwinebisas da gansakuTrebiT maTTvis miniWebul poligamiisuflebas. isini aseve ilaSqrebdnen im dabrkolebaTa winaaRmdeg,romlebic xels uSlida qals monawileoba mieRo sazogadoebrivsaqmianobaSi” (alTindali 1994:233).amrigad, XIX s-Si osmaleTis imperiaSi dawyebuli TanzimaTiTqalis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda. gatarda mniSvnelovani reformebisamxedro, sasamarTlo da saganmanaTleblo dargSi. am periodisaTvisyvelaze didi monapovari qalisTvis ganaTlebis uflebis miniWeba iyo.1839 da 1856 wlebSi gamosulma kanonebma didi gardatexa moaxdina Turqiqalis cxovrebaSi.

129Tavi III1. qali TurqeTis respublikaSi1923 wels TurqeTi respublikad gamocxadda da amas mohyvaradikaluri reformebi qalis statusTan dakavSirebiT.respublikis damaarsebelma – mustafa qemal aTaTurqma miznaddaisaxa axali sazogadoebis formireba axali kulturiTa da axalifaseulobebiT. respublikis Seqmnidan pirvel etapze yuradReba mieniWaeris Camoyalibebis sakiTxs, anu eris integracias axal saxelmwifosTan.am eris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen rogorc samxedro pirebi, biurokratia dainteligincia, ise qalebi, romlebic sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan fenaswarmoadgendnen, radganac isini mTavar politikur funqcias asrulebdnen.qemalistebis survili iyo tradiciuli osmaluri sazogadoebaSeecvalaT evropuli sazogadoebiT. am miznis misaRwevad qals nebadarTes monawileoba mieRo sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. qalebis gamosvlakarCaketili cxovrebidan da iqamde arsebuli mravali adaT-wesisgauqmeba niSnavda, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli islamuri kanonebiTandaTanobiT dasavluri faseulobebis gavlenis qveS eqceoda.garda zemoTTqmulisa aTaTurqi brZanebda, rom qalisa da mamakacisuflebebi unda yofiliyo Tanaswori yvela aspeqtSi. is aseve acxadebda,rom qalebma didi wvlili gaiRes im brZolaSi, romelic warmoebdarespublikis daarsebis adreul wlebSi. mogvianebiT man aseve yuradRebaSeaCera qalTa im SesaZleblobebze, romlebic maT SeeZloT gaeRoTqveynis sakeTildReod. amis safuZvelze SemuSavebul iqna axali kanonebi.respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg qalebma moipoves Semdegiuflebebi, romlebic moyva 1926 wlis axal samoqalaqo kodeqss da 1934wels arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba.ganmaTavisuflebeli omis (1918-1920) dasrulebis Semdeg, 1923 wels,qalebma daarses I politikuri partia – “Kadınlar Halk Partısı” (“qalTasaxalxo partia”). es partia ibrZoda qalTaA socialuri, ekonomikuri dapolitikuri uflebebisaTvis. magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, romoficialurad es partia ar iyo daSvebuli. male 1924 wels partiis

130wevrebma daaarses “Turq qalTa gaerTianeba” (“Turk Kadınlar Birliği”) daibrZoles iqamde, sanam mTavrobam qals ar misca arCevnebSi monawileobisufleba. am miznisaTvis imarTeboda uamravi mitingi da konferencia.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1926 wels miRebul iqna samoqalaqokodeqsi, romelmac aamaRla qalis statusi. kodeqsma mniSvnelovnadSecvala SariaTis normebi. moviyvanT ramodenime muxls:muxli 169 - qals ara aqvs ufleba gaxdes Tavisi qmris valisgaranti, Tu mas amaze sasamarTlos nebarTva ara aqvs miRebuli.muxli 153 - qali mxolod aucilebel SemTxvevaSi iRebs qmrisgvars.saojaxo samarTlis 88-e da 90-e muxlebis mixedviT srulwlovangogonas (18w.) ufleba aqvs gaTxovdes ojaxis wevrebis daukiTxavad.mamakacs SeuZlia daqorwindes 17 wlis asakSi. “qals SeeZlo daqorwineba18 wlis asakSi. es ki xels SeuSlida gogonas adreul asakSi gaTxovebas.Sesabamisad 16-17 wlis gogonas gaTxoveba SeeZlo mxolod ojaxiswevrebis Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg” (qaflani 2002:566).muxli 170 - ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba qonebis gayofa.muxli 263 - Tumca col-qmars Tanabari uflebebi aqvs Svilebze,ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi rCebian mamasTan.muxli 95-ganqorwinebul qals ar SeuZlia gaTxoveba gayridan 300dRis ganmavlobaSi (fexmZimobis maqsimaluri periodi), magram Tu qalidaamtkicebs, rom ar aris fexmZimed, an Tu gayril meuRles Serigebamoundeba, maSin es mocdis periodi SeiZleba Semcirdes.“1926 wels gamosuli samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviTmamakacs ufleba hqonda hyoloda mxolod erTi coli, mravalcolianobaarakanonieri gaxda. kanonis mixedviT mxolod oficialur cols SeeZloesargebla qorwinebis uflebebiT (memkvidreobis miReba da sxv.) (qaflani2002: 565).zemoT aRniSnul faqts aRniSnavs v.v. bartoldic da dasZens: “1926safuZveli ufro adre moumzadda, anu 1917 wels, roca gamoica kanoni,romlis mixedviTac nebadarTuli iyo qorwinebisas daeyenebinaT piroba,raTa qmars ar moeyvana sxva coli, am pirobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSiqorwineba gauqmebulad gamocxaddeboda. rogorc vxedavT, qalis

131mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli progresissafuZvelze ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sedegad moxda” (bartoldi1966: 649). aqve davsZenT, rom 1917 wels gamosuli kanoniT saojaxosamarTalze, qals eniWeboda ganqorwinebis da qorwinebis ufleba (ahmadi1999: 86).miuxedavad respublikuri samoqalaqo kodeqsis mier poligamiisgauqmebisa, islamuri poligamia kvlav cocxlobs TurqeTSi. soflebsa dadabebSi, sadac ekonomikuri cxovreba dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze,mamakacebs kvlav mohyavT erTi an ori coli. meore colis moyvanasZiriTadad ganapirobebs is faqti, rom pirveli coli aRar arisseqsualurad mimzidveli, an man ver Sva vaJiSvili. colebis raodenobadamokidebulia mamakacis ekonomikur SesaZleblobaze. bavSvebi, romlebicmeore an Semdegi qorwinebidan iSvnen, arakanonierad iTvlebian da maTimamis keTil nebazea damokidebuli maTTvis finansuri mxardaWera. “aseTiadaT-wesebi ZiriTadad aRmosavleT TurqeTSia gavrcelebuli, vidredasavleTSi da es faqtori ueWvelad metyvelebs mamakacTaprivilegirebul mdgomareobaze” (joSari 1978: 127).1926 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi naTqvami iyo, rom samuSaozexelfasis gadaxdisas ar unda yofiliyo gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT(brauningi 1985:10).qalTa uflebebi gansazRvrulia TurqeTis konstituciaSi.muxli 50- “aravin SeiZleba aiZulon Seasrulos samuSao, romelicar Seesabameba mis asaks, sqess da Zalebs. gansakuTrebiT daculiamcirewlovanTa da qalTa, fizikurad da sulierad arasakmarisadganviTarebulTa Sromis pirobebi.muxli 42- aravis SeiZleba CamoerTvas swavlisa da ganaTlebisufleba (sordia 2000:35). Tumca ganurCevlad sqesisa, yvelamoqalaqisaTvis savaldebuloa mxolod dawyebiTi ganaTlebis miReba,romelic 5 wels Seadgens. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom 1997 wlidansavaldebulo ganaTleba gaizarda 5-dan 8 w-mde.demografiuli politikidan gamomdinare aborti gamocxaddadanaSaulad, romlisTvisac isjebodnen 1-dan 4 wlamde TavisuflebisaRkveTiT.

1321983 wels miRebuli kodeqsis mixedviT qals abortis ufleba aqvspirveli 10 kviris ganmavlobaSi, xolo Tu qali gaTxovilia, saWiroaamaze qmris Tanxmoba, Tu qmari ar hyavs, maSin naTesavebis.amgvarad, Tanamedrove Turquli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi SeicavsqalTaTvis ramodenime uflebriv SezRudvas, Tumca amasTan erTad eskanonebi ar zRudavs qals miiRos ganaTleba, imuSaos, ganqorwindes,gansazRvros SobadobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (buquri 2005a:49).1926 wels ganaTlebis saministrom ganixila qalTa ganaTlebissakiTxi. 1927 wlidan moyolebuli vidre 1939 wlamde oridan cametamdegaizarda qalTa profesiuli skolebis raodenoba. Sesabamisad studentTaraodenobamac imata 456-dan 2175-mde. aRniSnuli skolebi ar iyoxelmisawvdomi sofleli qalisaTvis. maTTvis 1939 wels daarsda Wrakervisada saojaxo saqmianobis kursebi (brauningi 1985:20).1924 wlis konstituciis 21-e muxlSi ewera: “yvela Turqs, visacSeusrulda 30 weli, ufleba aqvs monawileoba miiRos arCevnebSi”-o.rejef feqerma – Semdgomma premier ministrma, moiTxova am muxlSiASesworebis Setana da im TurqebSi yvela qalis gaerTianeba. Tavisoponentebs ki mimarTa: “Tqven ambobT, rom TurqeTis saxelmwifo arisxalxis saxelmwifo, xalxis respublika, magram nuTu Turqi qalebi arSeadgenen sul cota am saxelmwifos mosaxleobis naxevars? sityvebSi“yoveli Turqi” unda moiazrebodes yoveli Turqi qali, romelsac 30weli Seusrulda” (ahmadi 1999:86). magram feqeris mcdeloba damarcxebuliqna parlamentSi myofi qemalisturi burjuaziuli revoluciismowinaaRmdegeTa mier. qemalistebi iZulebulni Seiqmnen eRiarebinaTsazogadoeba im tradiciebiT, romlis winaaRmdegac ibrZodnen, TumcadroebiT. qemalma gadawyvita yvelasaTvis magaliTi eCvenebina da coladmoiyvana ganaTlebuli, Tavisuflad moazrovne Turqi qali. qemals asevehyavda 2 geri qaliSvili: afeT inani da sabiha goqCeni, romelTaganacpirveli gaxda ankaris universitetis profesori, xolo meore - piloti,romlis monawileobiTac CaxSobil iqna qurTebis ajanyeba 1937 wels.sabihas imiji ganasaxierebda qalTa Tanasworuflebianobasa danacionalizms.

133qemalistebis mxridan Zveli tradiciebisadmi aqtiuri brZolisgamoxatuleba iyo “mis TurqeTis” konkursis Catareba (1929). es pirveliSemTxveva iyo TurqeTSi. gamarjvebulma “mis TurqeTma” momdevno welsmonawileoba miiRo “mis msoflioze” rio de JaneiroSi 1930 wels. misTurqeTis gamarjvebuli gaxda qeriman halisi, romelmac 1932 wels mismsoflios tituli moigo. am ambidan 20 wlis Semdeg Turqi gunselbaSari arCeul iqna mis evropad. “es konkursi nawilobriv mimarTuli iyoiqiTac, rom SedarebiT dabali wris qalebSi CamoeyalibebinaT Tavisrwmena” (ahmadi 1999:76). mis msoflios titulis miRebis Semdeg qerimanhalisma depeSa gaugzavnda mustafa qemals, sadac ityobineboda, rom misiwarmateba Sedegi iyo im ideebisa, romelic man da misma TanamebrZolebmagaaRvives Turqul sazogadoebaSi.1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi stambolis garSemo gaixsna pliaJebiqalebisaTvis, magram aq misvla mxolod gasaTxovar gogoebs, maT Sorissamoqalaqo moxeleTa qaliSvilebs SeeZloT.1930-iani wlebidan qveynis industrializaciis Sedegad mravalifabrika-qarxana ixsneba da iq asaqmeben bevr qals. qalaqebSi qalebixdebian maswavleblebi, advokatebi, mosamarTleebi, qalTaTvis Ria iyopoliciis karebic. TandaTanobiT gadavarda garigebiT qorwinebistradicia da qalebi TavianTi surviliT Txovdebodnen. aRmoceneba iwyoaxali tipis ojaxmac.aqtiurad muSaobda “Turq qalTa kavSiri” da misi prezidentilatife xanimi (qemalis meuRle). mamakacebi aqtiurad upirispirdebodnenqalTa am kavSirs, isini gamodiodnen qalebTan maTi uflebebisgaTanabrebis winaaRmdeg. mamakacebi qalebSi xedavdnen mTavar metoqeebssamuSao bazarze, romlebic “piridan lukmas aclidnen”.qalTa emansipaciis sakiTxSi mniSvnelovani iyo Turqizmisideologia. misi mTavari ideologi zia gioqalfi ambobda, rom rac ufromaRalia qveynis demokratiis done, miT maRalia feminizmis xarisxio(goqalfi 1998:145). Tavis naSromSi “Turqizmis principebi” z. goqalfmaaRiara qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba islamamdel TurqebSi.misi naSromi, romelic mniSvnelovania axali reformebislegitimurobisa da qalTa statusis Secvlis saqmeSi, dafuZnebulia

134konkretuli samuSaoebis, miTebisa da legendebis xelaxal ganmartebebze(araTi 2003:294).goqalfi miiCnevda, rom modernizacia ar niSnavda vesternizacias,aramed is iyo arsebiTad Turquli. is Sedarebas axdenda anatoliisistoriul warsulTan da ambobda, rom winaislamuri anatoliissazogadoeba iyo egalitaruli, Zveli Turqebi iyvnen demokratebi dafeministebi, TurqeTs ar esaWiroeboda miebaZa evropisaTvis, mas SeeZloTavisi warsulis magaliTebiT exelmZRvanela (uaiTi 2003:148). goqalfisideebi aSkarad revoluciuri iyo.reformebis kvaldakval, romelic miznad isaxavda qalTamdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, reformistebma miznad daisaxes TavidandaeweraT TurqeTis istoria. afeT inani, aTaTurqis geri qaliSvili, iyomaT Soris visac daevala TurqeTis istoriis kvleva. mas ganaTlebaSveicariaSi hqonda miRebuli aTaTurqis meTvalyureobiT. afeT inaniswigni “Tarih Boyunca Tűrk Kadının Hak ve Gőrevleri” (“Turq qalTa uflebebi damovaleobebi”) aris Sedegi brZolisa, romlis mizanic iyo respublikurireformebis dakanoneba. wigni mimoixilavs Turqi qalis istorias winaislamuri droidan moyolebuli respublikis periodamde. wignis mTavarimizania warmoaCinos aTaTurqis roli qalTaTvis uflebebis miniWebissaqmeSi.1930-iani wlebis ekonomikur progresTan erTad qalebma didiTavisufleba moipoves. safeiqrodan dawyebuli da Tambaqos industriiTdamTavrebuli gamoiyeneboda qalis Sroma. qalTa mier am rolisSesrulebam gamoiwvia maTTvis politikuri statusis miniWeba. 1930wlisaprilSi maT ufleba miecaT monawileoba mieRoT adgilobriv arCevnebSi,romelic Catarda wlis bolos. 1934 wels parlamentma xma miscawinadadebas, rom qalebs monawileoba mieRoT saparlamento arCevnebSiara mxolod rogorc amomrCevlebs, aramed rogorc kandidatebsac.“parlamentis sxdomaze sityviT gamovida premier ministri ismeT ineniu,romelmac ganacxada: “rodesac mTeli qveyana dapyrobili iyo, am drosqalebi mamakacebTan erTad omis frontze ibrZodnen. isini SromobdnenmindvrebSic, raTa qveynis mosaxleoba lukma-puris gareSe ardarCeniliyo. qalis aseTi Rirseba namdvilad dasafasebelia” (qaflani

1352002:567). saintereso iqneba Tu aRvniSnavT, rom 1935 wlis TebervlisarCevnebis Sedegad 18 qali arCeul iqna axal mTavrobaSi. amaTgan 3saSualo ganaTlebiT, danarCenebi ki umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, mxolod erTiiyo glexobis warmomadgeneli. ase da amgvarad, maSin, rodesac msofliosmraval qveyanaSi qalebi saxlSi gamoketilebi iyvnen, Turqi qaliparlamentis wevri iyo.1935 wels stambolSi “ildiz palasSi” (Yıldiz Palace) Catarda xmisuflebebisa da TanasworuflebianobisaTvis mebrZolTa saerTaSorisoaliansis kongresi, romelsac umaspinZla qalTa kavSirma. kongresismTavar sakiTxad ganxilul iqna msoflios qalTa TanamSromloba imsakiTxebSi, romelic exeboda socialur wes-Cveulebebsa da adaTebs.stambolidan kongresis monawileebi ankaraSi wavidnen, sadac maT aTa-Turqma umaspinZla. man delegaciis wevrebs ganucxada, rom Turqiqalebisa da mamakacebis msgavsad unda gaerTiandnen mTeli msofliosqalebi da mamakacebi, raTa daamyaron mSvidoba mTels msoflioSi”-o(ahmadi 1999:89).1955 wels saintereso eqsperimenti ganxorcielda – gaixsnasamxedro skolebi kadeti qalTaTvis. ramdenime qalma warmatebiTacdaasrula es skola, magram 1961 wels gadawyvetileba ukuagdes daaRniSnuli skola gaauqmes (brauningi 1985:12).qalis politikuri mdgomareoba Semdgom wlebSi mkveTradgaumjobesda. magaliTad: 1946 wels daiwyo mravalpartiuli politika,1971 wels pirveli qali ministri iqna arCeuli. 1986 wels parlamentiswevri qali gaxda ministrTa kabinetis wevri. 1993 wels dainiSna Ipremier-ministri qali (Tansu Cileri).saarCevno da yovelive sxva zemoxsenebuli uflebebis miniWebisSedegad qalTa erTi nawili miiCnevda, rom maT miiRes is, risTvisacibrZodnen da Tvlidnen, rom qalTa moZraoba unda Sewyvetiliyo. 1935wels “Turq qalTa gaerTianebis”. ramodenime liderma gadawyvita, romgaeuqmebinaT es gaerTianeba. paralelurad mTavrobis mier daarsebuliqna organizacia “xalxTa saxlebi” (“Halk Evleri”), romlis mizanic iyoqemalisturi principebis ganxorcieleba. “qemalistebi qalebs

136mouwodebdnen am organizaciebSi wasuliyvnen da TavianTi energiaqemalisturi ideebis ganxorcielebisaTvis SeewiraT” (Cana).1950 wlidan vidre 1980 wlamde Turqi qalebi TavianT energias orideologias swiravdnen: qemalizms da socializms. amasTanaveaRsaniSnavia, rom es orive ideologia xels ar uwyobda feministurimoZraobis ganviTarebas 1980 wlamde. ase iwyo miZineba feministurmamoZraobam 1980 wlamde.xangrZlivi Sesvenebis Semdgom, 1980 wlis samxedro gadatrialebisSemdeg, TurqeTSi feministuri moZraoba aRsdga. revoluciis SedegadqveyanaSi damyarda demokratia, feminizmi male umTavres Temad gadaiqca,romelic xalxs arwmunebda, rom male is mniSvnelovan adgilsdaimkvidrebda 1980-iani wlebis qveynis politikur asparezze. jariskacTaAintervenciis Semdeg, 1980 wels aRmocenda feministuri moZraoba,romelic damoukidebeli sxva politikuri partiebisagan da romelmacqalTa didi masebi CaiTria. “Tavdapirvelad feministur moZraobaSimoRvawe qalebi ZiriTadad stambolis, izmirisa Tu ankaris ganaTlebulida mdidari ojaxis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. TandaTanobiT am moZraobaSisxvadasxva fenis qalebi CaerTvnen. ZiriTadad eseni iyvnen universitetisstudenti gogoebi” (iaramani 2001:175).Cadris Tema da “Tavsaburavis omi” TurqeTSi. 40 sazogadoebrivigamokiTxvis Tanaxmad TurqeTSi Cadris Tema sakmaod mniSvnelovania, is 10yvelaze aqtualur problemaTa ricxvSi Sedis, maT Sorisaa umuSevroba,ekonomikuri arastabiluroba, qurTebis problema da sxva. statistikis40HTavdapirvelad ”hijabis”, anu Cadris” tareba evalebodaT mociqulmuhamadis colebs, Semdgom ki yvela Tavisufal muslim qals Seexo. yuranimouwodebs mociquls mosTxovos Tavis qaliSvilebs da morwmuneTa colebsmWidron moixvion saburveli (33:59) (sanikiZe 1999g: 235).yuranSi weria, rom morwmune qalebma “ar unda gamoaCinon TavianTimSvenebani, sityva ‘mSveneba” aris farTod ganmartebuli, anu masSi SeiZlebavigulisxmoT Tma, mxrebi, mklavebi, Tumca mravali reformisti amtkicebs, romes miuTiTebs qalTa dafarul nawilebze (houvi 2000:104).

137Tanaxmad TurqeTSi Cadris mtarebel qalTa ricxvi mosaxleobisnaxevarze metia da 61.3%-s aRwevs (jarqioglu 2006: 23).Cadris problema TurqeTSi meoTxedi saukunea arsebobs. pirveladCadris tareba saxelmwifo organizaciebSi, saswavlo da samedicinodawesebulebebSi 1924 wlis 25 noembers aikrZala. 1980-iani wlebidanxalxSi religiuri tendenciebis gaZlierebis niadagze premier-ministrisTurguT ozalis dros Cadris tarebaze akrZalva droebiT gauqmda,Semdeg ki kvlav aikrZala (1984-idan 1987-mde).1980 wels, rodesac samxedro Zalebma xelT igdes xelisufleba,daxures yvela politikuri partia, gaerTianeba da asociacia daakrZales Tavsaburavebisa da araxCinis tareba saxalxo skolebSi.yovelive aman islamistebis mxridan gaficvebi da saprotestodemonstraciebi gamoiwvia (houvi 2000:103).am periods emTxveva e.w. “Tavsaburavis omi” romelic 1981 welsgaCaRda TurqeTSi. es moZraoba Tavdapirvelad ramodenime studentmawamoiwyo da male is saerTo samoqalaqo omad iqca.1988 wlis dekemberSi gaZlierda T. ozalis mmarTveli partiisislamisturi dajgufeba. maT mier kanonSi Setanil iqna cvlileba,romliTac neba darTes Cadris tarebaze umaRles saswavleblebSi,biblioTekebSi, laboratoriebsa da saavadmyofoebSi. es kanoni kvlavSeizRuda prezident q. evrenis (1980-1989) mier 1999 wlis 28 Tebervals,samxedroebma ultimatumi wauyenes TurqeTis islamist premiers n.erbaqans da kvlav gamkacrda Cacmis stili.saxelwifos mxridan qalTa sakiTxis aseTma socializaciamgamoiwvia qalTa religiuri fenis aqtiuri CarTva sazogadoebrivcxovrebaSi, rac sakmaod efeqturi gamodga. 1980-ian wlebSi daarsdaqalTa mravali gaerTianeba: “refahi”, “fazileTi” (“saTnoebis partia”),“samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis partia”, romlebmac mniSvnelovaniroli iTamaSes 1990-2000-ian wlebSi.2007 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi “samarTlianobisa daganviTarebis partiis” gamarjvebam ganapiroba 1980 wlis konstituciisteqstis gadaxedva. TurqeTis premier-ministrma taip erdoganma ganacxada,rom ar Tvlis Cadris tarebas sazogadoebriv adgilebSi kanondarRvevad.

138konstituciis proeqtis erT-erTma avtorma prof. e. ozbudunma mxaridauWira premier-ministrs da gaixsena sociologiuri gamokiTxvisSedegebi, ris mixedviTac qalTa 70% atarebs Cadrs da am faqts isinimiiCneven rogorc religiur wess.axali kanoni, romelic parlamentma miiRo 2007 wels kvlav Seicavsmuxls Zveli konstituciidan, sadac naTqvamia, rom “ganaTlebis miRebaunda moxdes aTaTurqis principebisa da normebis dacvis paraleluradda amavdroulad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli TanamedrovesaganmanaTleblo normebi saxelmwifos meTvalyureobiTa da kontroliT.TurqeTis respublikis gamocxadebidan pirvelive dReebSi Tavisdaburvis sakiTxi aqtualuri xdeba. 41 aTaTurqi miiCnevda, rom Cacma ariskulturis gamomxatveli. aTaTurqi cdilobda dasavluri saxelmwifosaSenebas da ilaSqrebda islamuri Tavsaburavebisa da Cadris winaaRmdeg.man sabolood akrZala es ukanaskneli, romelic misTvis osmaleTisimperiis gadmonaSTi iyo. erT-erTi sityviT gamosvlisas aTaTurqmaganacxada: “zogierT adgilas me Sevxvdi qalebs, romlebic atarebdnen41aqve interessmoklebuli ar iqneba, Tu gadavinacvlebT istoriulwarsulSi da davsZenT, rom muslimi qalis mier Cadris tareba moxdadapyrobil xalxTan asimilaciis Sedegad. rogorc CvenTvis aris cnobili,islamis ayvavebisas Cadrs moixmardnen sasanianTa sazogadoebaSi, qristianulaxlo aRmosavleTsa da xmelTaSuazRvispira regionSi. muhamedis cxovrebisasmisi colebi iyvnen erTaderTi muslimi qalebi, romlebic valdebulni iyvnenTavi daeburaT, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, muslimTa mier mimdebareteritoriebis dapyrobis Sedegad, Cadris tareba maRali sazogadoebiswarmomadgeneli qalTaTvis savaldebuli gaxda (ahmadi 1992:5). am sakiTxs exebaistorikosi n. gelovani, romlis azriTac “Cadri da karCaketiloba ar ariswminda islamuri movlena. abraamistuli erTRmerTianobis tradiciagansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs morwmune qalis garegnul saxes. qalissxeulis dafarva ucxo Tvalisagan, “swori Cacma” yovelTvis iyo qalissiwmindisa da umankoebis simbolo. Cadri uZvelesi droidan qalismorTulobisa da Cacmulobis aucilebel atributs warmoadgenda. magram es wesiucxo iyo islamamdeli arabebisaTvis. Cadris Cveuleba muslimebTan gavrceldamezobeli bizantiidan da sparseTidan” (gelovani 2005:136).

139qsovilis an pirsaxocis naWers, raTa damalon saxeebi... ras niSnavs essaqcieli? batonebo, nuTu SeiZleba ganaTlebuli eris dedebma daqaliSvilebma dauSvan aseTi saqcieli, aseTi barbarosuli mdgomareoba?es aris sanaxaoba, romelic mTels ers sasacilos xdis. es undadauyovnebliv gamoswordes” (liusi 1961:165). is aseve dasZenda: “megobrebo,Cveni qalebi Cveulebriv azrovneben... modiT daanaxon maT TavianTi saxemsoflios, da dae maTac dainaxon is sakuTari TvalebiT” (uaiTi, 2003:150)erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT Tavsaburavi, romelsac atarebdaislamisti aqtivisti, da tradiciuli Tavsafari. pirveli maTganimTlianad faravs saxes, garda Tvalebisa, amasTanave ar unda Candes Tmisnawilic ki. meore ki warmoadgens erTgvar qsovilis nawils, misdafarebisas Cans Tmis nawili. mas qali atarebs dakrZalvisas, an soflismeurneobaSi muSaobisas mzis sxivebisagan dasacavad.1998 wlis dasawyisSi ganaTlebis saministrom SemoiRo kodeqsi,romliTac mkacrad ganisazRvra Cacmis stili maswavleblebisa dastudentebisaTvis skolebsa da universitetebSi, am kodeqsiT, aseve,ikrZaleboda religiuri simboloebis tareba. aman kidev ufro gaaRvivasaprotesto talRa. masSi monawileobas parlamentarebic iRebdnen.Cafas samedicino fakultetis profesori aisel eqSi mogviTxrobsCvenTvis cnobili sekularisti qalis – bahrie uCokis tragikulistoriaze. romelmac gabeda da televiziiT ganacxada, rom Tavsaburavistareba ar iyo savaldebulo yuranis mixedviT. am orma qalma erTadmiiRo monawileoba 1993 wels konferenciaze germaniaSi, romelic mieZRvnaqalTa statusis ganxilvas. uCokma gamoxata SiSi, rom is SesaZlebeliamoeklaT fundamentalistebs. ori kviris Semdeg is marTlac moklessakuTar saxlSi asafeTqebeli nivTierebiT (ahmedi 1992:105).iranSi mimdinare movlenebma da TurqeTSi islamuri moZraobisgaaqtiurebam SeaSfoTa universitetis qalTa fena, ramac 1989 wels biZgimisca “Tanamedrove cxovrebis mxardasaWeri sazogadoebis” (CYDD)gaxsnas, romlis mizanic aris TurqeTis demokratiuli sistemis dacvaradikaluri islamisagan.

140am sazogadoebis Tanadamaarsebelia zemoT moxseniebuli nejlaaraTi, qalTa sakiTxis kvlevis centris xelmZRvaneli stambolisuniversitetSi.prof. araTi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelic Seecada qalTaTvissavaldebulo ganaTleba 5- dan 8 wlamde gaezarda.meore aqtiuri qemalisturi dajgufebaa “Turq qalTa federacia”,romelsac qveyanaSi 35 ganStoeba aqvs. isini zrunaven qalTajanmrTelobis, ganaTlebisa da iuridiuli uflebebisaTvis da a.S.aRsaniSnavia, rom stambolis universitetis samedicino fakultetisme-5 kursis studenti ainur demireli mzad iyo Tavisi ganaTleba Seewirareligiuri mrwamsisaTvis. is daJinebiT moiTxovda Tavsaburavis tarebasda amaSi ver xedavda veranair diskriminacias. Sesabamisad es armianiSnebda mamakacTa batonobaze. is ambobda: “Tu mamakaci religiuradganaTlebulia, is qals ukeTesad epyroba, amitomac me msurs, romreligiurad ganaTlebul qmarze viqorwino”. ainurs ar darTes nebaCaebarebina gamocdebi, radganac Tavsaburavs atarebda.wignis avtori marvin hovi ainurs piradad Sexvda da esaubra.avtori dasZens, rom gogonas sityvebSi igrZnoboda fundamentalisturiideebi. man ganacxada, rom sjeroda yuranis TiToeuli sityvis daTavsaburavis tareba misTvis religiuri valdebuleba iyo. “Tu me ardaviburav Tavs, me davisjebi sxva cxovrebaSi. qalebs aqvT miniWebuliuflebebi yuranis mixedviT, da Tu mamakacebi ufro met uflebebsfloben (daqorwinebisas, sasamarTloSi, mekvidreobis miRebisas da sxv.)es imitom, rom isini ufro Zlierni arian da maT SeuZliaT qalTa dacvada mxardaWera (houvi 2000:109).1998 wels ganaTlebis saministros mier SemoRebuli kodeqsiTaikrZala Tavsaburavisa da wveris tareba saswavleblebSi da romeliuniverisitetis xelmZRvanelic amas ar Seasrulebda, ganTavisufldebodaTanamdebobidan.samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom “Tavsaburavis omi” –s drosdaixarja mniSvnelovani dro, maSin, roca 21 saukunis TurqeTSi mravladarian gaunaTlebeli qalebi, xSiria adreuli qorwinebisa da

141mravalcolianobis SemTxvevebi. adgili aqvs Zaladobriv qorwinebas,saojaxo konfliqtebs.1980-iani wlebi – feminizmis aRmoceneba. aRsaniSnavia sami faqtori,ramac 1980-iani wlebidan feminizmis aRmoceneba gamoiwvia:1) samxedro mTavrobis mier qveynis gawmenda memarcxene damemarjvene ideologiebisagan. qveynis ideologiuri garemo asevegaTavisuflda moxaliseTa mier daarsebuli savaWro da politikuriorganizaciebisagan. es ki gzas uxsnida axal socialuri moZraobebisganviTarebas.2) liberaluri politika, romelic wamoiwyo premier ministrmaTurguT ozalma, mas Semdeg, rac 1983 wlis arCevnebiT xelisuflebaSimovida. mis mier xasgasmiT iqna aRniSnuli ori sakiTxis mniSvneloba:liberalizmisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis. liberaluri politikisdamyarebasTan erTad adgili daimkvidra pluralizmma da samoqalaqosazogadoeba gaTavisuflada memarcxene da memarjvene ideologiebisagan.ukanaskneli mesame faqtori, romelmac xeli Seuwyo feminizmisganviTarebas, iyo socialuri faqtori. eyrdnobodnen rasaganmanaTeleblo da sakomunikacio SesaZleblobebs, qalebi iTxovdnengansakuTrebuli uflebebis miniWebas. yvelaze mniSvnelovani am mxriv iyoprofesiis qona. qalebi, romlebic miiswrafodnen karierisaken, iRebdnenraime ganaTlebas da amiT xels uwyobdnen TviTrealizacias (ozTurqi1992/1993).Sirin Teqeli, romelic iyo Turquli feministuri moZraobisyvelaze gavleniani figura, ambobda, rom 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisi iyomaTi moZraobis Sesamzadebeli wlebi. am xnis manZilze feministmaqalebma mravali dasavlel feministTa wigni Targmnes Turqul enaze.Targmnil iqna iseTi cnobili dasavlel feministTa nawarmoebebi,rogoric arian: simone de bovuari, qeiT mileTi da SulamiTfaierstouni.feminizmis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa Jurnalma“Kadınca” (“qaluri”), romlis gamocemac 1978 wlidan daiwyo. am Jurnalisstatiebi mTlianad exeboda qalTa problemebs. “Kadınca” didmniSvnelobas aniWebda qalis SesaZleblobebs, romliTac qals saSualeba

142eZleoda aemaRlebina Tavisi statusi. garda amisa am JurnalSi arsebulistatiebis avtorebi akritikebdnen sxvadasxva tradiciul Rirebulebebs,rogoric iyo magaliTad – qalwulobis SenarCuneba, abortis akrZalva dasxva.TurqeTis feministur moZraobaSi mniSvnelovani nabiji iqnagadadgmuli 1981 wlis maisSi, roca gaixsna simpoziumi “YAZKO”-s(mweralTa da mTargmnelTa kavSiri) saxelwodebiT. male imave pirTa miergaixsna axali simpoziumebi. maTi mizani iyo agreTve, yuradRebagaemaxvilebina qalTa uuflebo mdgomareobaze, miuxedavad am kuTxiTgatarebuli mravali reformisa.“YAZKO”-s Semadgenlobis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenda 50 qali,romlebic TavianT energias mTlianad qalis sakiTxs axmardnen,Targmnidnen evropeli feministebis nawarmoebebs Turqul enaze. isiniagreTve dakavebuli iyvnen warsulis kvleviTac.Teqeli miiCnevs, rom respublikis damaarseblebis mierganxorcielebul reformebs hqonda simboluri mniSvneloba dadadebiTad aisaxeboda am elitis demokratiul imijze (araTi 2003:295).Teqeli aRniSnavs, Tu rogor dagmes maT marqsizmi da warmatebasacmiaRwies:“1980-iani wlebis manZilze Cven radikalurad mimovixileT Cveniwarsuli, gansakuTrebiT ki marqsizmi, ganvixileT Cveni yoveldRiurigamocdileba. Cven mivaRwieT im koncefciaTa swor ganmartebas, romelicTurquli kulturis mniSvnelovani nawilia. magaliTad, patriarqati, anumamakacTa batonoba qalebze da am gziT Cven sabolood gavxdiTfeministebi” (Teqeli 1989:37).1982 wlidan qalebi ufro aqtiurad Seecadnen TavianTi ideologiisdanergvas. amisaTvis isini cdilobdnen sxvadasxva gazeTis TiTo gverdzesaTanado statia gamoeqveynebinaT. Sedegad maT dabeWdes statia “YAZKO”-s mier gamocemul gazeT “Somut”-Si. pirveli feministuri gverdidamzadebul iqna feministur moZRvrebaTa principebze, rac gulisxmobda,rom yovel qals ufleba hqonda gamoCeniliyo sagazeTo statiebSi.sagazeTo statiebi Seexeboda iseT Temebs, rogoric iyo aborti, qalTadRe, qali da reklama, qali folklorSi. garda amisa am gazeTSi

143ibeWdeboda dasavlel mweralTa sxvadasxva statiebi, gansakuTrebiT kisimone de bovuaris.“Somut”-is gamocdilebis miRebis Semdeg qalebma gadawyvitesSeeqmnaT avtonomiuri politikuri Zala, romelic damoukidebeliiqneboda saxelmwifos, politikuri partiebisa da sxva socialurimoZraoebebisagan. amgvarad 1983 wlidan Turqul feminizmSi axali xanadaiwyo.yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi faqti iyo “qalTa wris” (“Kadınlar Çevresi”)daarseba. misi mizani iyo xeli Seewyo qalTa moZraobisganviTarebisaTvis, gaeanalizebina qalTa Sroma da moexdina misisaTanado anazRaureba. aseve misi mizani iyo qalSi gamoemuSavebinasakuTari Tavis rwmena da Secnobis unari.studentTa aqtiuri mxardaWeris Sedegad feminizmma qveyanaSi feximyarad moikida. 1980-iani wlebis manZilze rogorc qalTa mier, ise qalTaSesaxeb dawerili wignebi bestselerebad iqca.pirveli naSromi TurqeTSi, romelic mxolod qalTa Temaze iyofokusirebuli, gamosca nermin abadan-unaTma, Tavdapirvelad Turqulad,xolo Semdeg inglisurad. abadan unaTma SeZlo naSromSi Tavi moeyaraoriginaluri eseebisaTvis qalTa fertilurobis, janmrTelobisekonomikuri da politikuri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb (araTi 2003:295).feministuri moZraobisadmi yuradReba gaamaxviles qalTafilmebiTac. “1980-ian wlebSi gamosuli Turquli filmebis mTavari Temaqalis sakiTxi iyo” (Cana).Turqma feministebma, pirvelad TurqeTis istoriaSi, 1985 welsaRniSnes qalTa saerTaSoriso dRe 8 marti.Turq feministTa pirveli masobrivi aqciis Sedegad, sapeticiosabWom 1986 wels miiRo peticia, romlis mixedviTac prezidentsuyenebdnen moTxovnas, rom ecno gaerTianebuli erebis mier miRebuliSeTanxmeba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom TurqeTis yvela moqalaqes,ganurCevlad sqesisa, eZleoda Tanabari uflebebi. amas mohyva Semdgomipeticia 1986 wlis martSi, romelic wauyenes TurqeTis did erovnulkrebas. Semdgom peticias xels awerda 7000 qali, romlebic iyvnen

144sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi fenis warmomadgenlebi: msaxiobebi,parlamentarebi, diasaxlisebi, maswavleblebi da sxva (buquri 2005a:51)zemoT moxseniebuli moZraobis Sedegad Seiqmna “qalTa asociaciadiskriminaciis winaaRmdeg”, raTa mas organizeba gaekeTebina sxvadasxvaRonisZiebebisaTvis da daerwmunebina mTavroba, rom gaerTianebuli erebisSeTanxmeba gansaxilvelad gaetana. Sedegad TurqeTma xeli moawera amSeTanxmebas 1987 wels.Seiqmna mravali damoukidebeli organizacia. erT-erTi aseTiorganizacia iyo “Mor Çati Kadın Sığınağı Vakfı” (“qalTa TavSesafarissazogadoeba”), romelic daarsda 1990 wels stambolSi. misi mizaniagadawyvitos qalis fsiqologiuri da iuridiuli problemebi, agreTvemianiWos qalebs TavSesafari. dResdReobiT TurqeTSi bevria aseTi qalTaTavSesafari, romlebsac ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mTavroba afinansebs.feministemba daarses biblioTeka, saxelad “Kadın Eserleri Kütüphanesi veBirliği Merkezi” (“qalTa Txzulebebisa da sainformacio centrisbiblioTeka”), sadac Tavmoyrilia qalTa nawarmoebebi da asevepublikaciebi qalTa Sesaxeb. es biblioTeka dResac funqcionirebs dadainteresebul pirebs amaragebs informaciiT qalTa Sesaxeb. esbiblioTeka aseve warmoadgens qalTa TavSeyris centrs.feministma qalebma TurqeTis universitetebSi daaarses qalTasakiTxis kvlevis centrebi, romlebic emsaxureba rogorc qalTaproblemebis kvlevas, ise saTaveSi udgas seminarebisa da simpoziumebisgamarTvas, aseve amzadebs axalgazrda gogoebs am dargSi.1990-ian wlebSi feminizmi farTod gavrcelda sxvadasxva socialurdajgufebebSi. egalitarulma feminizmma daaarsa “KADER”-i (“asociaciaqalTa mxardaWerisa da momzadebisa parlamentisaTvis”). am sazogadoebismizania mxari dauWiros qalTa politikur, ekonomikur da socialursaqmianobas.feminizmma aqtiurad gaagrZela Tavisi moRvaweoba 1990-ian da 2000-ian wlebSi. qurTi feministebi dairazmnen Jurnal “Rosa”-s garSemo. 1996wels maT TavianTi Tavebi gamoacalkeves Turqi qalebisagan, qurTTaerovnuli moZraobisagan da kacebisagan.

145tradiciulma religiurma feministurma dajgufebam daaarsa “Başkentkadın Platformu” (“dedaqalaqis qalTa platforma”), masSi gawevrianebuliqalebi ibrZvian tradiciuli da patriarqaluri RirebulebebiswinaaRmdeg. isini moiTxoven im ekonomikuri, iuridiuli da kulturulibarierebis gauqmebas, rac maT eRobebaT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaken.qemalistma qalebma daaarses “Cağdaş Yaşami Destekleme Derneği”(“asociacia Tanamedrove cxovrebis mxardasaWerad”). romlis mizanic arisTanamedrove cxovrebis stilis dakanoneba qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiTupirisprirdebian islamur moZraobas.TurqeTis respublikis daarsebidan 70 wlisTavis iubilisaRsaniSnavad gamoica wigni: “aTaTurqi: warsulidan momavlisaken”. masSigamoqveynebul erT-erT statiaSi, romlis avtoric aris nejla araTi –stambolis universitetSi arsebul qalTa sakiTxTa kvlevis programisxelmZRvaneli, ityobineba, rom aTaTurqis reformebi saojaxosamarTalSi, Turquli samoqalaqo kodeqsi da qalTa saarCevno uflebebiiyo gardatexa ara mxolod islamur samyaroSi, aramed mTelsdasavleTSi.profesori araTi aseve exmaureba 1925 wlis deklaracias, risTvisacmravali Turqi qali madlierebas gamoTqvams aTaTurqis mimarT. isdasZens: sazogadoeba, eri Sedgeba ori sqesis warmomadgenelisagan:mdedrobiTisa da mamrobiTisagan. SeuZlebelia Cven SevcvaloT erTinawili da meore ugulebelvhyoT, Tu Cven qveynis keTildReoba gvsurs.gana SesaZlebeblia, rom sazogadeoba gayofili iyos or nawilad, sadacerTi nawili cisken miemarTeba, xolo meore nawili dedamiwazeamijaWvuli? amgvarad progresisaken nabijebi unda gadaidgas rogorcmamakacTa, ise qalTa mier (houvi 2000:18).1998 wlidan moyolebuli yovelwliurad tardeba “qalTa kinosfestivali”. Turq qalTa dajgufebebi (feministebi, memarcxeneebi,qemalistebi da sxva) regularulad iReben monawileobas festivalSi.isini aseve warmoadgenen TurqeTs gaerTianebuli erebis mierorganizebul Sekrebebze.feministurma moZraobam TurqeTSi qveynis socialuri dajgufebebisyuradReba miipyro. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan memarcxeneTa mravalma

146Jurnalma gamoaqveyna statiebi qalTa Temaze. maT mier daarsebul iqnasxvadasxva qalTa asociacia. qalTa sakiTxs yuradReba dauTmotradiciulma religiurma dajgufebam. maT mier daibeWda sxvadasxvasaxis Jurnalebi. 1990-iani wlisaTvis es dajgufeba gaxda yvelazeaqtiuri, vinc pirvel etapze ayenebda qalis Temas. maT mier dabeWdilJurnalTa raodenoba 50 aTass aRwevda. daarsebul iqna sxvadasxvaasociacia. am dajgufebis wevrma qalebma daiwyes tradiciuli Turqulikulturis gakritikeba, romelic iyo patriarqaluri. qalTa am moZraobaseZaxdnen “TavSalian feministur moZraobas.” 1987 wels maT dabeWdesJurnali “AyÇe.” isini moiTxovdenen, rom sasuliero pirT maTTvis nebadaerToT, raTa yofiliyvenen sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevrebi.1980-iani wlebidan feminizmis gavlenis qveS aRmoCnda qemalistqalTa asociacia. maT yuradReba miaqcies samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqss,romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda qalTa interesebs, qalTa mier politikurasparezze moRvaweobas.1990-iani wlebidan TurqeTSi daarsebuli qalTA sazogadoebebidanaRsaniSnavia “Aile Araştırma Kurumu (“ojaxis kvlevis instituti”) da “KadınınStatusu ve Sorunları Genel Müdürlüğü” (“qalTa problemebisa da statusisdireqtorati”).1993 wels daarsda “dedaTa da bavSvTa saganmanaTleblodawesebuleba (MOCEF), romelic TurqeTSi pirvelad emsaxureba saxlSidafuZnebul mosamzadebel kursebs skolaSi SemsvlelTaTvis.1995 wels ankaraSi daarsda “Tanamedrove axalgazrdebisa da qalTadawesebuleba”. centri xels uwyobs janmrTelobis programas,saganmanaTleblo kursebs, sabavSvo baRebs, biblioTekebsa da profesiulwvrTnas qalTaTvis.1996 wels jeilan orhunis mier daarsebul iqna kulturuliorganizacia, romelic ikvlevs soflel qalTa cxovrebas. amorganizacias ewodeba “Anakültür” da muSaobs samxreT-aRmosavleTTurqeTSi. organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT 1997 wlis 7-10 marts moewyoqalTa saerTaSoriso dRisadmi miZRvnili zeimi, romelsac agreTvedaeswro saxelmwifo ministri qalTa sakiTxebSi. zeimSi monawileobamiiRo 50 qalma stambolidan, ankaridan da sxva qalaqebidan, agreTve 500

147adgilobrivma qalma. zeims Tan axlda tradiciuli cekvebi, modebisCveneba da a.S.analogiuri qalTa saerTaSoriso dRisadmi miZRvnili zeimebigaimarTa samxreT-aRmosavleT da centralur anatoliis sxvadasxvaqalaqebSi. zeims Tan axlda warmodgenebi, folkloruli cekvebi, poezia,simRera ad a.S.“Anakültür” -is wevri moxaliseebi qveynis aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebqalebs ugzavnian wignebs, Casacmels, sakancelario saqonels.amgvarma samuSaoebma samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi gamoiwviamravali arasamTavrobo organizaciis daintereseba am regioniT,magaliTad, damyarda kavSiri Semdeg sazogadoebebs Soris: qalebi qalTauflebebisaTvis da “Kader”-sa da gazianTefis qalTa platformasTan.Turqulma ganviTarebis organizaciam daiwyo mravalferovani proeqti amregionSi.rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, 1993 wlis zafxulSi istoriulifaqti dafiqsirda, TurqeTis premier ministri gaxda qali – TansuCileri. sxvadasxva politikuri speqtris warmomadgeneli Turqebi,gansakuTrebiT, qalebi aRfrTovanebulebi iyvnen am faqtiT. maT winaSewarsdga axalgazrda qali Tavisi momxibvleli RimiliT, romelsacekonomiuri ganaTleba amerikaSi hqonda miRebuli, da romelic inglisursufro kargad flobda, vidre Turquls. masSi xedavdnen qveynisevropeizaciis gzaze dadgomis did imeds (houvi 2000:114).Tanamdebobis dakavebis Semdeg Cilerma ganacxada, rom is ariqneboda gansxvavebuli mamakacisagan. unda aRiniSnos, rom mismammarTvelobam feministebis mxridan Zlieri kritika daimsaxura, radganacis nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda qalTa sakiTxebs (Cileri 2009).TurqeTis politikurma partiebma TavianT programaSi Seitanesaxali principebi, romelic exeboda qalTaA sakiTxs, gadasinjul iqnasamoqalaqo samarTlisa da sagadasaxado kodeqsebi da cvlilebebi iqnaSetanili Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze.1995 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi 21.4%-iT pirvel adgilze gavidarefahis islamisturi partia, meore, mesame adgilze ki liberalur da

148konservatiuli partiebi – “dedasamSoblos” da “samarTliani gzis”partiebi – 19-19%-iT.refahis partiis warmatebis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli iyo misiwevri qalebi, romlebic karidan-karze dadiodnen da xalxs sTavazobdnenjanmrTelobis, socuzrunveloyofisa da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSimxardaWeras. partiis erT-erTi gamoCenili varskvlavi iyo sibeleraslani – islamisturi feminizmis aqtivisti, romlis mamac iyoqemalisti samxedro oficeri. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas hqondaiuridiuli ganaTleba, is ver gamoCnda sasamarTlos winaSe, radganac isdaJinebiT moiTxovda Tavsaburavis tarebas. TiTqmis damoukidebladeraslanma daaarsa refahis partiis qalTa ganStoeba, romelic 18 000moxalisisagan Sedgeboda. male am ricxvma 200 000 qals miaRwia.miuxedavad misi didi mcdelobisa, man Tavisi posti dakarga 1995 wels,radganac man gaakritika partiis politika, radganac xelmZRvanelebma ardaasaxeles arcerTi qalis kandidatura erovnul arCevnebSi (houvi 2000:29).“1995 wlis 23 ivliss TurqeTis parlamentma, xangrZlivi diskusiisSemdeg, daamtkica e.w. “demokratiuli reformebis paketi”. amdadgenilebiT axalgazrdebsa da qalebs miecaT politikuriorganizaciebis Seqmnis ufleba” (svaniZe 2005:215-216).1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi 24 qali iqna arCeuliparlamentis wevrad, es aris didi raodenoba mas Semdeg rac 1934 welsaTaTurqis damsaxurebiT Turqma qalebma moipoves ufleba yofiliyvnenarCeulni erovnul arCevnebSi. maTi ricxvi ufro metic iqnebodaaTaTurqis partias 10%-iani barieri rom gadaelaxa. Tumca aRsaniSnavia,rom pirvelad parlamentis wevri qalidan ors ebura Tavsaburavi (houvi2000:214).feministuri mimarTulebebi. 1985 wlidan moyolebuli warmoiqmnasxvadasxva feminsituri mimarTulebebi da maTi ideologiebi. amaTganaRsaniSnavia sami ZiriTadi mimdinareoba: egalitaruli, socialuri daradikaluri feminizmi. egalitaruli feminizmi yuradRebas amaxvilebsqalTa gaTavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze mamakacTan mimarTebaSi. manTurqeTSi fexi moikida 1984 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac daibeWda jurnali

149“Kadinca”, romelic dResac gamodis. is sakiTxebi, romlebsac es jurnali1980-90 wlebSi ganixilavda, dResac aqtualuria. aseve calkemimdinareobad gamoeyo socialuri da radikaluri feminizmi.egalitaruli feminizmisagan gansxvavebiT socialistma da radikalistmafeministebma Tanasworobaze ufro meti moiTxoves da daiwyes brZolaqalTa emansipaciisaTvis.qalTa es sami dajgufeba (egalitaruli, socialuri, radikaluri)gaerTianda 1987 wlamde, xolo Semdeg isev daiyo. socialistmafeministebma 1987-1990ww. dabeWdes Jurnali “Sosyalist Feminist Kaktus”(”socialist feministTa kaktusi”), amJamad ki uSveben “Pazartesi”-s(“fazarTesi”), maSin rodesac radikalebma dabeWdes “Feminist”-i. Semdeg kiuSvebdnen sxvadasxva adgilobriv Jurnalebs.egalitarulma feminizmma mTavar amocanad daisaxa qalisa damamakacis Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba. es Tanasworoba moicavda samZiriTad moTxovnas: Tanasworoba profesiul cxovrebaSi, Tanasworobaqorwinebis periodSi da Tanasworoba socialur cxovrebaSi. garda amisaisini yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen qalTa Tavisuflebaze, rac ZiriTadadseqsualur Tavisuflebas niSnavda.egalitaruli feminizmis mimdevrebi cdiloben daaregulironsaxelmwifos normebi da samarTali. maT TurqeTSi Seqmnes liberaludemokratiulisazogadoeba, sadac qalica da mamakacic TanabariuflebebiT sargebloben.egalitaruli feminizmisagan gansxvavebiT radikaluri feminizmismizania gaaTavisuflos qali kacis batonobisagan. aseve radikalurifeminizmi uaryofs qalTa gawevrianebas sxva sazogadoebrivinstitutebTan. isini acxadeben, rom iseTi sazogadoebrividawesebulebebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saxelmwifo biurokratia,samxedro da policia, arian mamakacuri Rirebulebebis matareblebi daarcerT qals ar SeuZlia am sferoSi monawileobis miReba (vildani1990:4). isini akritikeben egalitaruli feminizmis Sexedulebebs, romqalTa emansipacia miiRweva demokratiul da saxalxo institutebisTanasworobiT. radikali feministebi ar kmayofildebian maTTvisminiWebuli droebiTi uflebebiT da isini moiTxoven mamakacze

150damyarebuli kulturis Zireul gardaqmnas.socialisti feministebi ki amtkiceben, rom qalis statusi arisistoriuli Sedegi konkretuli ekonomikuri modelisa, saxeldobrkapitalizmis.amitomac qalTa Cagvris ZiriTad mizezad isini miiCneven“kapitalizms” da ara “patriarqats” (savrani 1989:29).socialisti feministebi yuradRebas amaxvileben lozungze “piradiaris politikuri”, e.i. isini ilaSqreben kerZo mesakuTreobis, piraduliswinaaRmdeg. isini warmoaCenen qalis mier sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSimonawileobis miRebis saWiroebas. isini Tvlian rom maT unda moaxdinoniseTi sakiTxebis politizireba, rogoricaa qalis Sroma ojaxSi, dedobada sxv. akritikeben egalitaruli feminizmis moTxovnas Tanamonawileobisuflebis miniWebaze, radganac isini Tvlidnen, rom “TviT parlamentSimyofi feminsituri burJuazia ver gadawyvetda qalTa problemebs,radganac mTavari bazisi qalTa Cagvrisa iyo am sistemis Semadgenelinawili “ (ozTurqi 1988:22).SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom miuxedavad imisa rom feminizmis am samganStoebas gaaCnda sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi da miswrafebani, isini maincerT mizans emsaxurebodnen, Zirs uTxridnen patriarqalur kulturasa damis politikur insitutebs TurqeTSi.amrigad, feminizmma, rogorc socialurma jgufma, 1980-iani wlebisTurqeTSi Seqmna axali politikuri mimdinareoba. feministTa aqtiurimoZraobis Sedegad TurqeTSi mTavar sakiTxad dadga genderuliTanasworuflebianobis problema.amJamad feminizmi TurqeTSi anviTarebs tendencias, romelicgulisxmobs qalTa separacias kacebisagan da im saqmianobisagan, romelicmamakacTa sasargeblod aris mimarTuli. genderi TurqeTSi amkvidrebssamarTlian kanonebs genderis, rasis, klasis, religiisa da sxvasociologiur kategoriebTan mimarTebaSi. Turquli feminizmi warmoaCenssxvadasxva socialur jgufebs, romelTac gaaCniaT sxvadasxva socialurisaWiroebani, kultura, istoria, da gamocdileba. aRsaniSnavia feminizmisdidi wvlili samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi.feministuri lozungi “piradi aris politikuri” uaryofssocialur dayofas saxalxo da kerZo sferoebs Soris. sazogadoebriv

151cxovrebaSi yvelasaTvis gza xsnili unda iyos ganurCevlad sqesisa,eTnosisa, asakisa da sxva. yvelam TavianTi wvlili unda Seitanossazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (buquri 2005a:53).yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare metad didia feministTawvlili Turquli sazogadoebis formirebaSi. miuxedavad miRweuliTanasworuflebianobisa, uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi yovelTvisiarsebebs. radganac TurqeTis respublika warmoadgens winaaRmdegobrivadganviTarebul qveyanas, is aris gardamavali ganviTarebis safexurzemyofi qveyana. dResac kvlav arsebobs moTxovnebi, rac qmnis axal-axalifeminsituri moZraobis niadags.

152q r o n o l o g i aqalTaA uflebebi TurqeTSi dagenderuli Tanasworobisaken gadadgmuli nabijebig a n a T l e b a1842w. daiwyo meddebis momzadeba samedicino saganmanaTleblo skolebSi1845w. savaldebulod gamocxadda dawyebiTi ganaTlebis miRebagogonebisa da vaJebisaTvis1876w. daarsda maswavlebelTa skolebi gogonebisaTvis1859w. daarsda saSualo ganaTlebis skolebi gogonebisaTvis1864w. daarsda teqnikuri saganmanaTleblo skola gogonebisaTvis1869w. daarsda saindustrio skola gogonebisaTvis1876w. pirveli konstituciis mixedviT (Kanun-i Esasi) dawyebiTi ganaTlebasavaldebulod gamocxad2da vaJebisa da gogonebisaTvis1880w. daarsda mosamzadebeli skolebi saSualo skolebSi SemsvleligogonebisaTvis1913w. daarsda umaRlesi skolebi qalTaTvis1915w. daarsda pirveli universiteti qalTaTvis1924w. ZalaSi Sevida kanoni ganaTlebisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb1932w. daarsda Ramis profesiuli da xelovnebis skolebi qalTaTvis1938w. daarsda xelovnebisa da kervis kursebi qalTaTvis1945w. daarsda mosamzadebeli skolebi profesiuli skolebiskursdamTavrebul qalTaTvis1990w. stambolis universitetSi daarsda bakalavris Semdgomi ganaTlebisxarisxi qalTaTvis1996w. pirvelad qalTa ganaTleba dajildovda umaRlesi xarisxiT1997w. savaldebulo ganaTleba gaizarda 5-dan 8 wlamde.

153j a n m r T e l o b a1926w. aborti da misi xelSewyoba gamocxadda kriminalur danaSaulad1952w. daiwyo deda-Svilis samedicino servisi jandacvis saministrosmier1965w. ZalaSi Sevida kanoni ojaxis dagegmvaze: Sobadobis kontroligamocxadda nawilobriv ufasod, aborti gamocxadda ufasod mxolodrogorc saswrafo samedicino daxmareba1985w. gamoica Sesworeba ojaxis dagegmvasTan dakavSirebiT: nebadarTuliaborti gamocxadda orsulobis mxolod pirvel 10 kviraze.d a s a q m e b a1897w. qalebma Seabijes mosamsaxureTa rigebSi rogorc xelfasis mqonemoxeleebma1913w. qalebma Seabijes saxelmwifo samsaxurSi1914w. qalebma daiwyes vaWroba da komerciuli saqmianoba1915w. kanonma mianiWa momuSave qalebs socialuri uflebebi dausafrTxoeba1930w. gamoica sayovelTao saxalxo janmrTelobis kanoni, romeliciTvaliswinebda qalTa da bavSvebis dacvas.1945w. dawesda dekretuli Svebuleba1949w. kanonis mixedviT sapensio asaki da dazRveva Tanawori gaxdakacebTan mimarTebaSi1971w. gamoica kanoni, romelic eyrdnoboda princips: Tanabari xelfasiTanabari samuSaos fasad.1971w. aikrZala qalTa muSaoba mZime da saxifaTo pirobebSi1990w. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gaauqma kanoni, romeliciTvaliswinebda qalTa muSaobas qorwinebis pirvel periodSi1993w. gamoica kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebda qalTa samewarmeosaqmianobis waxalisebas.

154k a n o n i1567w. qalebs mieniWaT qonebis damoukideblad gankargvis ufleba1839w. qalebi Tanasworuflebianebi gaxdnen kanonis winaSe1858w. qonebis flobisas qalebi da kacebi Tanasworuflebianebi gaxdnen1876w. pirveli konstituciiT ganisazRvra umTavresi uflebebi1911w. col-qmruli RalatisaTvis Tanabrad isjeboda kacic da qalic.1917w. cvlileba ganicada saojaxo samarTalma: saqorwino kontraqtisdadebisas aucilebeli iyo samoqalaqo piris daswreba. saqorwino asakiganisazRvra kacTaTvis 18 wliT da qalTaTvis 17 wliT.1923w. respublikis gamocxadeba1926w. TurqeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT savaldebulo gaxdaerTcolianoba. qalebs 2mieniWaT ganqorwinebis, Svilze meurveobis,qonebis gankargvis uflebebi.1935w. gaimarTa 12-e saerTaSoriso qalTa kongresi stambolSi1938w. arasrulwlovanTaTvis saqorwino asaki ganisazRvra mamakacebSi 17wliT da qalebSi 15 wliT mSoblebis nebarTviT.1985w. TurqeTi gawevrianda CEDAW-Si (saerTaSoriso konvencia qalTadiskriminaciis formebis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb)1990w. kanonis ZaliT gauqmda sasjelis Semsubuqeba prostituciisaTvis1995w. TurqeTma xeli moawera pekinis deklaracias.1996w. gauqmda col-qmruli Ralatis, rogorc kriminalur aqtad miCnevamamakacebisaTvis1997w. qalebs mieniWaT ufleba SeenarCunebinaT qaliSvilobis gvarebiTavianTi qmrebis gvarebTan erTad.1998w. miRebul iqna axali kanoni saojaxo uflebebis dasacavad1998w. gauqmda ojaxis ufrosis mier saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. qalebi dakacebi gaxdnen individualuri Semomtanebi1998w. gauqmda col-qmruli Ralatis, rogorc kriminalur aqtad miCnevaqalTaTvis.

155p o l i t i k a1923w. qalTa uflebebis dasacavad daarsda “qalTa saxalxo partia”.1924w. daarsda qalTa asociacia.1930w. qalebma moipoves ufleba monawileoba mieRoT arCevnebSi rogorcamomrCevlebma, ise kandidatebma adgilobriv mTavrobaSi.1933w. qalebma moipoves ufleba monawileoba mieRoT arCevnebSi rogorcamomrCevlebma, ise kandidatebma sasoflo administraciaSi.1934w. moipoves saarCevno xmis da arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebasaparlamento arCevnebSi1935w. Catarda pirveli arCevnebi, sadac qalebs gaaCndaT uflebayofiliyvnen rogorc amomrCevlebi, ise arCeulni.1946w. daiwyo mravalpartiuli politika.1971w. dainiSna pirveli qali ministri damatebiT-saparlamento wevrad1986w. parlamentis wevri qali gaxda ministrTa kabinetis wevri.1994w. dainiSna pirveli qali premier-ministrad1995w. qalTa raodenoba parlamentSi gaizarda 2.4%-iT, 1935 wlis SemdegqalTa raodenobam parlamentSi piks miaRwia.d a r R v e v e b i q a l T a m i m a r T1980–iani wlebis qalTamoZraobis aRmavlobam gamoiwvia erovnulprogramaSi qalTa mimarT darRvevebis sakiTxis gaTvaliswineba1990w. “mewamuli saxuravis TavSesafaris” sazogadoebam gaxsna “qalTasakonsultacio da TavSesafris centri” stambolSi.1991w. gaixsna qalTa solidarobis organizacia. man gaxsna pirvelidamoukidebeli TavSesafari qalTaTvis 1993w.1994w. generalurma direqtoratma qalTa statussa da problemebze gaxsnasainformacio-sakonsultacio banki, raTa gauwion qalebs konsultaciada meurveoba maT mimarT arsebuli darRvevebis winaaRmdeg.

1561998w. mTavari prokuroris gadawyvetilebiT ZalaSi Sevida kanonisaojaxo samarTlisa, romelic iTvaliswinebda qalTa dacvas maT mimarTarsebuli darRvevebisa da bavSvebisa, romlebic aseve arian saojaxoZaladobis msxverplni.dReisaTvis TurqeTSi aris 11 qalTa TavSesafari, aseve 6 sameurveocentri. aseve bavSvTa dacvisa da socialuri daxmarebis saagentoemsaxureba 19 socialur centrs, romelic emsaxureba qalebs saojaxodarRvevebisagan dasacavad.erovnuli meqanizmi qalTa moZraobis mxardasaWerad1987w. daarsda qalTa politikis gamtarebeli komiteti1989w. Sromisa da soc. uzrunvelyofis saministroSi daarsda qalTaganyofileba.1989w. stambolis universitetSi daarsda qalTa problemebis kvleviscentri. dReisaTvis aris 13 aseTi centri.1990w. municipalitetebSi daarsda qalTa biuroebi.1992w. (oqtomberi) direqtoratis mier moxda xelaxali gadasinjva qalTastatusisa da problemebisa kanoni # 3670-is Tanaxmad.1992w. DGSOW –s teqnikuri TanamSromlobis “genderi da ganviTareba”proeqti daiwyo UNDP-s mxardaWeriT.1993w. daarsda qalTa biuroebi yvela samoqalaqo da SromissindikatebiT.1993w. saxelmwifo statistikis universitetSi daarsda statistikisa dasocialuri struqturis departamenti qalTaTvis.1994w. TurqeTma monawileoba miiRo kairoSi gaeros saerTaSorisokonferenciaSi ganviTarebis dargSi.1995w. TurqeTma monawileoba miiRo saerTaSoriso konferenciazesocialur ganviTarebaze. saxelmwifo ministrma xeli moawera erovnulprogramas.

1571995w. TurqeTma monawileoba miiRo qalTa IV saerTaSorisokonferenciaSi1997w. gaixsna qalTa ganyofilebebi 12 provinciaSi.1997w. DGSPW qalTa ganviTarebis proeqti gaiSala UNDP-s mxardaWeriT.1998w. daarsda saparlamento komisia qalis statusis gansasazRvradCEDAW-s farglebSi.

158d a s k v n anaSromis mizani iyo Turqi qalis statusis ganxilva sxvadasxvaepoqaSi. Cven davinaxeT, Tu rogor yalibdeboda anatoliis teritoriazeqalis kulti. jer kidev zeda paleoliTis xanaSi qali aRiqves, rogorcnayofierebis simbolo. neoliTur periodSi dominirebda dedaRmerTiskulti. qalis kulti maRal safexurze Cans antikuri qveynebis kulturisSeswavlisas. ax. w. me-4 aTaswleulis bolos, brinjaos xanaSi, mamakacisrolma sazogadoebaSi meti mniSvneloba moipova. Tumca qali kvlav darCanayofierebis simbolod da deda-RmerTis kultic agrZelebda ayvavebas.meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi xeTebis imperiis (Zv. w. XVIIIs-dan XIIIsmde)dros xeTur samarTalSi daculi iyo qalisa da mamakacisTanasworuflebianoba. qals gaaCnda politikuri uflebebic. anatoliisberZnul sazogadoebaSi qalebi mniSvnelovani TavisuflebiTsargeblobdnen, gabatonebuli iyo monogamia. romaelTa xanaSi ki qalmaufro meti uflebebi moipova, vidre berZenTa mmarTvelobis droshqondaT. qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg religiur doqtrinebSi wmindaRvTismSoblis kulti warmoCnda.XI saukunidan Turq-selCukebma daipyres bizantiis imperiismniSvnelovani teritoria da moxda Turqi qalis asimilacia iq arsebulkulturasTan. im dros Turqi qali aqtiuri iyo rogorc ojaxur, isesazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. qals damoukidebloba gaaCnda socialursferoSic. TurqTa religia iyo Samanizmi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo qalissaRvTo Zalaze. islamamdeli periodis Turqi qali iyo ojaxis ufrosi,bavSvebis aRmzrdeli, religiuri ceremoniebis xelmZRvaneli.islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg (ax.w. me-7 s-Si) moxda qalissazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mkveTri formulireba. islamma qalisstatusi aamaRla dis, qaliSvilis, colis da dedis rangSi. muhamedi,arabuli samyaros lideri, rogorc progresuli moRvawe, moqmedebdaqalis uflebebisaTvis da maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.muhamedma qals ufleba misca sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogoricaa: saojaxo,qorwineba, ganaTleba, memkvidreoba da sxv., ramac qalis statusisazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovnad aamaRla imasTand SedarebiT, rac adre iyo.

159winaislamur epoqaSi qali ganixileboda, rogorc viRacissakuTreba, islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg ki man moipova ufleba. amitomislamis ayvavebis xanaSi muslimur qveynebSi qals Tavisuflad damSvidad SeeZlo daekavebina misTvis Sesaferisi Tanamdeboba. muslimiqalebi, maT Soris Turqi qalebi, warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen mecnierebis,literaturis dargSi. isini faqtobrivad ar CamorCebodnen mamakacebs arcpolitikur arenaze. asrulebdnen saxelmwifo saqmeebs, iyvnen valiebi,naibebi (nacvlebi, regentebi) da Zlevamosili meufeni.islamis evolucia ganviTarda qalis uflebebis mkveTri SezRudviT.islamis ganviTarebis Sedegad SeizRuda qalTa uflebebi. adgilobriviZveli tradiciebi Seicvala SariaTis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. islammaTandaTanobiT qals CamoarTva is uflebebi, romlebic maT manamdegaaCndaT. male qali aRmoCnda damcirebul mdgomareobaSi mamakacTanSedarebiT. Semdgom kanonmdeblobebSi da zne-CveulebebSi ufro da ufroizRudeboda maTi uflebebi.XIII-XIV ss-Si da Semdgomac xSirad xdeboda SariaTis normebisdarRveva da qalisaTvis gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi uflebebis miniWeba. amisidadasturebaa sultan selim I-is (1512-1520) “kanun-name”. es “kanun-name”Seiqmna im periodSi, rodesac osmaleTis imperiaSi SariaTis mkacrikanonmdebloba batonobda. im droisaTvis es kanonTa krebuliwingadadgmuli nabiji iyo osmaleTis imperiaSi, man aRiara qalisuflebebi da SesaZleblobebi.NaRsaniSnavia XV-XX saukuneebSi osmaleTis imperiaSi moRvawe poetqalTa Semoqmedeba. maT mier Seqmnili mniSvnelovani poeturimemkvidreoba Rirseul konkurencias uwevs mamakacTa Semoqmedebas daTvalsaCino adgili daimkvidra Turqul poeziaSi.poet qalTagan gamorCeuli iyo mihri-xaTuni (1516). maSin, rodesacislami qals CarSafSi axvevda da osmaleTis imperiaSi SariaTis mkacrikanonmdebloba moqmedebda, mihri-xaTunma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi umRerasiyvaruls, aRwera muslimi qalis mdgomareoba, romelic faqtobrivaduuflebo iyo.XV saukunis cnobili poeti qali iyo zeinabi (1474), romelicTurquli enis garda flobda arabul da sparsul enebs. man Tavis

160SemoqmedebaSi asaxa mamakacTa dominirebuli mdgomareoba.XVIII saukunis saxelovani poeti iyo fiTnaTi (hubi xaTuni (1780).XIX saukuneSi leila hanimi, igive “bulbuli” da sxvani.qvela zemoT CamoTvlili poeti qalis arseboba safuZvelsgvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom qalebma metad rTul viTarebaSi mainc SeZlesTavianTi Tavis damkvidreba. davinaxeT, rom maT didi wvlili SeitanesosmaleTis imperiis literaturis istoriaSi, kerZod ki poeziaSi, da amiTmniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidres Turqul poeziaSi.Cven davinaxeT, rom haremi, romelic aziuri samyaros mravalqveyanaSi arsebobda, yvelaze ganviTarebuli osmaleTis imperiaSi iyo. issaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osmalo sultnis sasaxlis Semadgeneli nawiliiyo. kerZod, haremis gadatana sultnis sasaxleSi 1541 wels moxda, masSemdeg, ras sultanma roksolanam Tavisi sacxovrebeli iq gadaitana daamiT precedenti Seqmna osmaleTis imperiaSi.haremis qalTa umravlesoba qristiani da aramuslimuri warmoSobisiyo, isini yvelaze lamazi qalebi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi, romlebicsultnis haremSi ZiriTadad monaTa bazrebidan xvdebodnen. es qalebiyvela Rones xmarobdnen, raTa haremSi warmateba moepovebinaT. mravaliiRbliani mona qali sultani valide gaxda.haremis socialuri struqtura ierarqiuli iyo. es struqturaCamoyalibda islamisa da saxelmwifos moTxovnilebaTa gavleniT. validesultani ganagebda harems, is iyo piramidis TavSi da mas mxolod Svilissikvdilis Semdeg aqveiTebdnen. mona qalebi ki haremis ierarqiis yvelazedabal safexurze iyvnen.XIX saukuneSi sultani abdul-mejidi Tofkafidan gadavida axalsasaxleSi (bosforis axlos). amave sasaxleSi gadavida sultnis haremic.osmaleTis imperiis daSlasTan erTad moiSala haremis tradiciac. 1923wels mustafa qemal aTaTurqma (1881-1938ww.) sultnis institutTan erTadharemic gaauqma.Cven davinaxeT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovanitransformacia ganicada qalis statusma anatoliaSi. qalis uuflebomdgomareobis fonze osmaleTis imperiaSi Camoyalibda haremissocialuri struqtura da damkvidrda valide sultanis instituti.

161valide sultani mogvevlina, rogorc regenti da rogorc yvelazeZalauflebis mqone qali osmaleTis imperiaSi. aqve aRsaniSnavia, romregentis anu meurvis wodeba dedebs osmalebamdec gaaCndaT. TurqselCukTasaxelmwifoSi aseTi regenti qali iyo sultan maliq-Sahis(1072-1092) meuRle da sultan mahmudis deda Turqan-xaTuni.valide sultnis wodeba osmaleTSi pirvelad murad III-m (1574-1595)SemoiRo da SemdgomSic didxans arsebobda. valides tituli dedasunarCundeboda Svilis sultnobis periodSi. isini SvilebisaRmzrdelebad osmaleTis imperiaSi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi mogvevlinnen. esiyo rogorc maTi movaleoba, ise maTi ufleba.haremSi mcxovreb qalTa uflebebi usazRvro iyo. isini ereodnensaxelmwifos saqmeebSi, ismendnen qveynis saidumloebebs. haremisgavlenianma qalebma XVI-XVII ss-Si osmaleTis imperiaSi Seqmnes epoqa,romelic cnobili gaxda, rogorc “qalTa mmarTvelobis xana”. saukunezemetxans osmaleTis imperiis politikuri Zalaufleba samefo haremiswarmomadgenel qalTa xelSi iyo. es xana daiwyo roksolanas (sultansuleiman brwyinvalis coli) gardacvalebis Semdeg (1558) da dasruldasultani valide Turhanis (mehmed IV-is deda) mmarTvelobiT (1648-1683).XVII saukunis miwurulidan sultnebi seriozulad dafiqrdnensultani valides xelisuflebaze, maT did Zalauflebaze da gadawyvitesmaTi uflebebi SeezRudaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sultani validesinstituti murad III-m (1574-1595) SemoiRo, misi da yoveli momdevnosultnis sazrunavi iyo is, rom SeezRudaT dedebis uflebebi, romlebicxSir SemTxvevaSi faqtobriv mmarTvelebad iqceodnen xolme, Tumca esbalansi didad iyo damokidebuli sultnebisa da dedebis pirovnulTvisebebsa da SesaZleblobebze. samefo wris qalTa gavlenianimmarTveloba male dasrulda. politikuri xelisuflebis SezRudvisSemdeg valide sultnebi gaxdnen dinastiis matriarqebi, romelTaZiriTad sazrunavs warmoadgenda dinastiis keTildReoba, gamravleba dagadarCena. isini aseve iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi arsebuli tradiciebispirveli damcvelebi. TandaTan valide sultanis funqcia formalurigaxda.amrigad, metad saintereso transformacia ganicada rogorc

162mTlianad qalis statusma anatoliaSi, ise valide sultani institutma.qalebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes osmaleTis imperiaSi.naSromSi moTxrobilia sultnis gavleniani samefo ojaxiswevrebze, sultnis colebsa da qaliSvilebze. seraglioSi mcxovrebicolebidan gamorCeuli adgili ekavaT roksolanas (1526-1558 ww.),suleiman brwyinvalis cols, qosem sultans, romelmac yvelaze didxansicocxla da yvelaze meti naxa, da naqSedil sultans, romelmac iseTicxovrebiT icxovra, rom masze legendebi gaCnda. sultnisqaliSvilebidan yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo suleiman brwyinvalisqaliSvili mihrimahi.naSromSi ganxiluli iyo XV-XVIII ss-is osmaleTis imperiaSimcxovrebi mdidari qalebis istoriebi. saubari iyo maT socialur rolzesazogadoebaSi, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze, aRwerili iyo maTi qonebriviinventarizacia da sazogadoebrivi statusi. isini am droisaTvisqalisTvis warmoudgeneli simdidris mqoneni iyvnen. am simdidresgonivrulad marTavdnen da gadascemdnen STamomavlobas. xSirad maTimemkvidreebi maTi qmrebi xdebodnen da isini gardacvlili meuRlisqonebiT agrZelebdnen cxovrebas. gansxvavebuli iyo mdidari qalisCasacmeli da samkaulebi, romelic maTi socialuri statusisgamomxatveli iyo. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi qali muslimTaTvisumaRlesi titulis – hajis mflobeli iyo. aqve mniSvnelovania erTifaqtori, yvela zemoT CamoTvlil qalTa warmatebis ganmsazRvreli iyomaTi socialuri kuTvnileba da warmomavloba.mniSvnelovani iyo qalis samosi osmaleTis imperiaSi, rac maTisocialuri statusis gamomxatveli iyo. Turqi qalis ZiriTadi Casacmeliiyo faraja, romelsac is ZiriTadad saxlis gareT icvamda da “başmak”-i(fexsacmeli), Tavze ki Tavsaburavi exura da mas “yaşmak” erqva, racqalis mTel saxes faravda da mxolod Tvalebi uCanda. mdidar qalTaCacmuloba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gamorCeuli iyo. maT ZvirfasinaWrisagan Sekerili tansacmeli emosaT, maTi samkaulebi da TavsaburaviZvirfasi TvlebiT iyo Semkuli. pirveli osmalo qalebi, romlebmacaiTvises evropuli moda, samefo dinastiidan an SeZlebuli ojaxebidaniyvnen. nel-nela osmaleTis imperiaSi xdeboda tradiciuli Turquli

163tansacmlis evropuli kabiT Canacvleba. XIX saukunis bolos farajam daTavsaburavma gaqroba daiwyo. 1908 wlis revoluciis Semdeg TurqeTSimkveTri cvlilebebi moxda Turqi qalis CasacmelTan dakavSirebiT.sabolood ki TurqeTSi evropuli moda damkvidrda.Suasaukuneebis osmaleTis imperiaSi SesamCnevia qalTasazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi aqtiuroba. Tumca, maTgan gamorCeulni arianqalaqad mcxovrebi qalebi, sofleli qalebi ki, CrdilSi dganan. qalTaaqtiurobis Sesaxeb informacias metwilad sasamarTlos CanawerebidanviRebT, saidanac irkveva, rom elitaruli wris qalebi TavisufladmarTavdnen qonebas da monawilobdnen komerciul garigebebSi. isini,aseve, dakavebulni iyvnen miwaTmflobelobiT da fulis gasesxebiT.qalsac da mamakacsac Tanabari ufleba hqonda sasamarTloSi sarCelisSetanis, nebismieri saxis SeTanxmebis dadebis da advokatis ayvanis dros.qals xSirad gadaecemoda sasamarTlo administrirebaSi arsebuldawesebulebaTa marTva. mag. meCeTi, skola an Sadrevani. qals SeeZlofulis gaReba raime saxis saRvTo saqmianobisaTvis. magram undaaRiniSnos, rom qalebi mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi iRebdnen aseTsaqmianobaSi monawileobis uflebas. es xSirad maSin xdeboda roca isdamaarseblis erTaderTi memkvidre iyo.XIX s-Si osmaleTis imperiaSi dawyebuli TanzimaTiT qalismdgomareoba gaumjobesda. gatarda mniSvnelovani reformebi samxedro,sasamarTlo da saganmanaTleblo dargSi. am periodisaTvis yvelaze didimonapovari qalisTvis ganaTlebis uflebis miniWeba iyo. 1839 da 1856wlebSi gamosulma kanonebma didi gardatexa moaxdina Turqi qaliscxovrebaSi.1858 wels gaixsna I dawyebiTi skola qalTaTvis osmaleTisimperiaSi. 1886wels daibeWda pirveli KJurnali qalTaTvis. 1895-1908 ww-Sigamodioda Jurnali “qalTa gazeTi”. 1856wels miRebuli kanoniTgogonebis biWebis msgavsad ufleba eZleodaT mamis danatovari miwamemkvidreobiT mieRoT. 1876wels gamosul konstituciaSi ewera, romosmaleTis imperiis mTeli mosaxleoba valdebuli iyo mieRo dawyebiTiganaTleba. qalTaTvis ufro didi Sedegis momtani aRmoCnda 1908 wlisaxalgazrda TurqTa revolucia. 1911 wels gaixsna qalTa I skola

164stambolSi, 1913 wels daarsda umaRlesi skola qalTaTvis, xolo 1915wels gaixsna maTTvis umaRlesi saswavlebeli.Turqulma sazogadoebam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada 1920-ian wlebSi respublikis pirveli prezidentis aTaTurqis mierganxorcielebuli reformebis Sedegad. gamocxadda TurqeTis respublika(1923), gauqmda sasultno (1922), saxalifo (1924). miiRes dasavlurikanonmdebloba. safuZveli Caeyara liberalur kapitalizmsa daindustrializacias. qalTa kanonmdeblobis dargSic ZiriTadicvlilebebi swored am periodSi gatarda.XX saukunidan moyolebuli TurqeTSi ufro aqtiuri xdeba qalisTema. Turqi axalgazrdoba ganaTlebas evropaSi iRebs, samSobloSidabrunebulebi ki cdiloben dasavluri Rirebulebebis TavianT qveyanaSidamkvidrebas. axlad gamocxadebuli respublikis periodSi gatarebulireformebidan aRsaniSnavia: mravalcolianobis gauqmeba (1926), Cadrismoxda (1925), arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba (1930), qalisaTvis saarCevnouflebebis miniWeba (1934), da sxva mravali. Turqi qali gamodiskarCaketili cxovrebidan da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ferxulSi ebmeba.maSin, rodesac msoflios mraval qveyanaSi qalebi saxlSi gamoketilebiiyvnen, Turqi qali ukve parlamentis aqtiuri wevri iyo (1935w). ufromogvianebiT ki Tansu Cileri gaxda qveynis premier ministri qali (1993).TurqeTis respublikis adreul wlebSi ganxorcielebuli emansipaciurigardaqmnebi ucxo iyo evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, magram es procesiTurqeTSi adgilobrivi tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganviTarda.Turqul saojaxo samarTalSi mkveTrad dominirebs selCukTa daosmalTa xanidan SemorCenili wesebi. Tumca, meores mxriv, isiTvaliswinebs evropul samarTlebriv tradiciebs.zogierTi moZvelebuli tradicia TurqeTSi aferxebs qalTa srulemansipacias. geografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT vawydebiT kulturul daeTnikur gansxvavebebs mosaxleobas Soris. ZiriTadad es SeimCnevasoflad, metwilad aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT anatoliaSi,sadac glexi qali mijaWvulia miwas, man naklebad icis Tavisi uflebebisSesaxeb da brmad emorCileba Tavis qmars. saxelmwifo da sxvadasxvafondebi cdiloben am regionebSi aamaRlon qalTa ganaTlebis done.

165TurqeTSi qalTa aqtiurobis done sazogadoebaSi bevrad CamorCebaevropul maCveneblebs. aq Tavisi specifikuri ganviTarebiT, specifikuradxasiaTdeba qalTa statusic.1980-iani wlebidan feministuri moZraoba ufro aqtiurdeba. arsdebamravali qalTa sazogadoeba, Jurnal-gazeTebi, biblioTekebi, imarTebaqalTa konferenciebi, rogorc TurqeTis, ise mTeli msoflios masStabiT,sadac Turqi qali aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas.Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qalTa moZraobam Seqmna axalipolitikuri mimdinareoba TurqeTSi, am mimdinareobam TurqeTSi mTavarsakiTxad daayena genderuli Tanasworuflebianobis problemebi. qalTabrZolam emansipaciisaTvis didi roli iTamaSa TurqeTis sazogadoebisformirebaSi.miuxedavad qalTa mier miRweuli garkveuli warmatebebisa, TurqulsazogadoebaSi mainc arsebobs genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba,adgili aqvs qalis uflebebis darRvevebs, es ki imaze migvaniSnebs, romqalis Tema kvlav aqtualuria.aTaTurqis memkvidreoba da qalTa aqtiurobis xarisxi TurqeTSiimeds gvaZlevs, rom momavalSi Turqi qali srulad moipovebs Tavisuflebebs da gaxdeba sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri.D

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