akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti Hhumanitarul ...

S i n a a r s iSesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4Tavi I - referencia rogorc lingvosemiotikuri konceptiTanamedrove lingvistikaSi da misi anTropocentristullingvokulturologiurigadaazrebis aucilebloba1.1.referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis xedviszogadi daxasiaTeba ___________________________________ 171.1.1. referenciis fenomenis lingvisturi konceptualizaciispirveli droiTi koordinati -------------------------------------------- 221.1.2. referenciis fenomenis lingvisturi konceptualizaciismeore droiTi koordinati -------------------------------------------- 271.1.3. referenciis fenomenis lingvisturi konceptualizaciismesame droiTi koordinati -------------------------------------------- 341.2. Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuli situacia dareferenciis problema ______________________ 361.3 lingvisturi pragmatikis Sinagani kavSiri teqstis lingvisturTeoriasTan da referenciis problema ______________________ 421.4. saxeli rogorc enobrivi fenomeni da misi kavSiri referenciisfenomenTan1.4.1. saxeli zogadi lingvosemiotikuri TvalsazrisiT _________ 461.4.2 saxeli ,,semantikur samkuTxedze” dayrdnobiT ____________ 471.4.3. saxelis kavSiri Cvenebis fenomenTan ________________ 481.5 referencia rogorc lingvisturi problema Tanamedrove paradigmulisituaciiT gansazRvrul perspeqtivaSi _____________ 48Tavi II intersubieqturobis pragmatikuli principi dareferencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni: referentulobisveli da referentulobis teqstobrivi bade2

2.1. determinacia rogorc funqciur-semantikuri kategoria:referentulobis metakategoriis statusis gansazRvrispirveli winapiroba ___________________________________________________ 502.2. deiqsisi rogorc funqciur-semantikuri kategoria:referentulobis metakategoriis statusis gansazRvrismeore winapiroba_______________________________________ 642.3. nominaluri jgufis zogad teqstobrivi funqcia da referencia2.3.1. teqstis Tema-rematuli struqtura_______________ 742.3.2. teqstis kategorialuri struqtura da nominaluri jgufismakonstituirebeli roli am struqturis farglebSi _________ 812.4. sametyvelo-kompoziciur formaTa sistema da teqstis ,,zmnuristruqtura”: referenciis rogorc nominaluri kategoriis mimarTebateqstis ,,zmnur struqturasTan” -------------------------------------------- 882.5. teqstis vertikaluri struqtura da referencia rogorcmetakategoria ________________________________________________ 942.6 teqstis horizontaluri struqtura da referencia rogorcteqstobrivi fenomeni ______________________________________________ 992.7 referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri veli da referentulobisteqstobrivi bade2.7.1. referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis integralurikonceptualuri xatis agebis amocana ---------------------------------------- 1102.7..2. referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri veli zogadTeoriuli TvalsazrisiT -------------------------------------------- 113Tavi III naratiuli teqstis referentuli struqtura rogorcTeoriuli konstruqti da misi SepirispirebiT-tipologiurianalizi Targmanis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT3

3.1. veli, bade da maTi urTierTmimarTeba naratiul mxatvrulteqstSi3.1.1. referentulobis teqstobrivi badis kvlevis etapebisgansazRvra _________________________________________ 1243.1.2. teqstis referentuli struqtura rogorc Teoriulikonstruqti_____________________________ 1253.2. naratiuli mxatvruli teqstis referentuli bade: misikonceptualizacia da modelireba rogorc lingvokulturologiuriproblema3.2.1. referentulobis teqstobrivi bade da Tanamedrovenaratologia __________________________________________ 1283.2.1. kvlevis lingvokulturologiuri aspeqti ukve miRebul SedegTaaxleburi interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT----------------------------------- 1343.3. referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis teqstobrivi xedva da amxedvis mravalaspeqturoba: problemis naratologiuri, tipologiurida mTargmnelobiT-Teoriuli aspeqtebi -------------------------------------------- 1353.4.. referenciis problema enobriv universaliaTa da enaTatipologiis TvalsazrisiT -------------------------------------------- 1383.5. referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni Targmanis teqstocentristuliTeoriis TvalsazrisiT -------------------------------------------- 140daskvna __________________________________________________ 177bibliografia _________________________________________ 180danarTi __________________________________________________ 1864

Sesavali1. sadisertacio naSromis Tema da problemasadisertacio naSromi eZRvneba enobrivi fenomens, romelic iwodeba,,referenciad” da romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT organulad ukavSirdebaenobrivi sinamdvilis Tanamedrove aRqmasa da gaazrebas am aRqmisa dagaazrebis orive ZiriTadi aspeqtis mixedviT. vgulisxmobT, erTis mxriv,im faqts, rom enis Tanamedrove gageba niSnavs mis semiotikur gagebas e.i. imas, rom ena (igulisxmeba, ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi verbaluri ena)misi arsebobisa da funqcionirebis yvela aspeqtSi warmoadgens niSanTasistemas; meores mxriv ki igulisxmeba is faqti, rom enobrivi sinamdvileTanamedrove gagebiT warmoadgens diqotomiur fenomens da amgvaridiqotomiuroba, rogorc cnobilia, pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs enisrogorc fenomenis bipolarulobas _ mis mocemulobas enobrivisistemisa da diskursis saxiT. magram, vfiqrobT, rom dRes, anuTanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebis im etapze, roca es azrovneba ukvesaukuneebriv ganviTarebasac gulisxmobs, sakmarisi aRar aris zemoTaRniSnuli misi ori paradigmuli ganzomilebis ubralo dasaxeleba; aranakleb mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom miuxedavad yvela im TeoriulmeTodologiuricvlilebebisa, romelic Tanamedrove lingvistikamganicada, zemoT xsenebuli misi ori ganzomileba (is, rom lingvistikassaqme aqvs niSnobriv fenomenTan da rom es fenomeni warmodgeniliadiqotomiurad), mTlianad inarCunebs Tavis paradigmul statuss.magram, CvenTvis, bunebrivia, mTavari unda iyos ara Tanamedrovelingvistikis zemoT xsenebul paradigmul struqturaze miTiTeba, aramedim Sinagani da _ rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT _ Rrmad problemurikavSiris xazgasma, romelic arsebobs am paradigmul struqturasa da imenobriv fenomens (anu referencias) Soris, romelic warmoadgens Cvenssakvlev Temas. vfiqrobT, amgvari kavSiris arsebobaSi adviladdavrwmundebiT, Tu moviyvanT referenciis Tundac or definicias _pirvels, romelic TariRdeba 1990 wliT da meores, romelic ukve 105

wlis Semdeg _ 2001 wels iqna SemoTavazebuli. pirvelis mixedviT,,,referencia warmoadgens aqtualizirebul (anu metyvelebaSi CarTul)saxelTa, nominalur gamoTqmaTa (nominalur jgufTa) an maT eqvivalentTadakavSirebas sinamdvilis obieqtebTan (referentebTan, denotatebTan)(Арутюнова 1990:411). meores mixedviT ki ,,referenciis procesi warmoadgensmetyvelebis erTeulTa (pirvel rigSi arsebiT saxelTa da nominalurjgufTa) rogorc dakavSirebas eqstralingvistur sinamdvilesTan, ise amdakavSirebis Sedegs (Кронгауз 2001:321). rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavadgarkveuli ganmasxvavebeli niuansebisa, orive es definicia marTlaceqspliciturad Tu ara impliciturad mainc Seicavs Sinagan kavSirsTanamedrove lingvistikis im invariantul paradigmul struqturasTan,romelic zemoT iqna naxsenebi; da es is kavSiria, romelic vlindeba amdefiniciaTa Semdeg struqturul momentebSi:1) TviT amgvarad gansazRvruli fenomenis nominaciaSi: rogorc viciT,terminebs ,,referencia” da ,,referenti” azri ara aqvT semiotikisgareSe da, Sesabamisad, gulisxmoben ara ubralod arsebiT saxelsan nominalur jgufebs, aramed maT ukavSireben verbalur niSanTagarkveul tipsa da klass. aqedan gamomdinare, es is momentia,romliTac referencia arsebiTad da siRrmiseulad ukavSirdebaenis semiotikur paradigmas;2) magram referencia am definiciaTa mixedviT aseve siRrmiseulad daarsebiTad ukavSirdeba enobrivi sinamdvilis diqotomiurobasac,radgan laparakia imis Sesaxeb, rom referenciad miiCneva verbalurniSanTa garkveuli tipis (saxeldobr, nominalur jgufTa),,dakavSireba” eqstralingvistur sinamdvilesTan, anu iscentraluri momenti xsenebuli sinamdvilis arsebobaSi, romelicgulisxmobs misi erTi polusidan (sistemidan) meoreze (diskursze)gadasvlas, e.i. gulisxmobs enobrivi sistemis aqtualizacias.aqve unda iTqvas, rom, rogorc kargad cnobilia, ,,referencia” rogorctermini miuTiTebs iseT lingvosemiotikur konceptze, romelic TavisigenezisiTa da SinaarsiT ekuTvnis Tanamedrove lingvistikis sistemursemiotikurparadigmas, anu im paradigmas, romelic rogorcqronologiurad, ise Teoriulad da meTodologiurad win uswrebs ufro6

gviandel, saxeldobr anTropocenristul-komunikaciursa dalingvokulturologiur paradigmebs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, misidefinicia jer kidev arsebiTad ucvleli rCeba, riTac dasturdeba misisiRrmiseuli da arsebiTi kavSiri mTel Tanamedrove lingvisturTeoriasTan.vfiqrobT, wina abzacebSi ganviTarebuli msjelobiT davasaxeleT – raTqma unda, Zalian zogadad da mxolod misi ZiriTadi konturebisminiSnebiT _ Cveni sadisertacio naSromis Tema. Sesabamisad, SeiZlebaiTqvas: rogoric ar unda iyos “referenciad” wodebuli enobrivifenomenis Cveneuli problemuri gaazreba, igi SeinarCunebs xsenebulZiriTad konturebs da, albaT, im siRrmiseul kavSirsac Tanamedrovelingvistur azrovnebasTan, romelsac amgvari Tema gulisxmobs zemoTmocemuli ganmartebebis mixedviT.magram is, rasac Cven vuwodeT sakvlevi Temis ,,siRrmiseuli kavSiriTanamedrove lingvistur azrovnebasTan”, ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs misimplicitur da amave dros siRrmiseul problemurobasac. da raSimdgomareobs es implicituri problemuroba? rogor unda moxdes amimpliciturobis eqsplikacia?gamovyofT am eqsplikaciis, anu referenciis rogorclingvosemiotikuri konceptis problemurobis im aspeqtebs, romelTaerTobliobam unda gansazRvros mTeli Cveni Semdgomi kvlevis Sinaarsida mimarTuleba. es aspeqtebia:1) rogorc referenciis zemoT moyvanilma definiciebma gviCvena esenobrivi fenomeni organulad ukavSirdeba saxels rogorc verbalurniSanTa iseT tips, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia enobrivi realobawarmovidginoT mis zemoT xsenebul orive polusze _ rogorc sistemis,ise diskursis doneze. aqedan gamomdinare, unda miviCnioT, romreferenciis rogorc fenomenis konceptualizaciis problema verganixileba im paradigmuli dinamikis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, romelicdamaxasiaTebeli iyo da aris Tanamedrove lingvistikisaTvis misiarsebobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rommiuxedavad im Sinaarsobrivi invariantulobisa, romelzec metyvelebsreferenciis rogorc fenomenis definicia, misi konceptualizacia7

aucileblad unda yofiliyo damokidebuli im paradigmultransformaciebze, romlebsac uwyvetad ganicdis Tanamedrovelingvisturi azrovneba. rogorc cnobilia, SesaZlebelia (daaucilebelicaa) Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuli dinamikadaviyvanoT Semdegi sami paradigmis urTierTmonacvleobaze _ esenia:sistemur-semiotikuri, anTropocentristul-komunikaciuri dalingvokulturologiuli paradigmebi. da ramdenad aris asaxulireferenciis Tanamedrove konceptSi es paradigmuli dinamika? imdefiniciebSi, romlebic Cven moviyvaneT winamdebare Sesavlis dasawyisSi,asaxulia _ rogorc ukve iTqva _ struqturuli Sesabamisoba TviTlingvisturi azrovnebis invariantTan. magram bunebrivia miviCnioT, romnebismieri invariantis arsebobas azri da mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu igi ara mxolod vlindeba misTvis damaxasiaTebelvariaciaTa ,,jaWviT”, aramed im Sinagani veqtoriTac, romliTacxasiaTdeba variaciaTa xsenebuli ,,jaWvi”. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqmaunda, xsenebuli ,,jaWvi” warmodgenilia ukve dasaxelebuli paradigmulidinamikiT da im veqtoriT, romliTac es dinamika xasiaTdeba: rogorcviciT, Tanamedrove lingvistika viTardeba sistemur-semiotikuriparadigmidan lingvokulturologiurisaken. Sesabamisad, SegviZliadavasaxeloT referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomeniskonceptualizaciis pirveli da, Cvenis azriT, fuZemdebeli problema:unda aigos referenciis iseTi lingvokulturologiuri koncefcia,romlis farglebSi realizebul iqneba misi sistemur-semiotikuri daanTropocentristul-komunikaciur interpretaciaTa sinTezi. TudavakonkretebT nagulisxmev problemas, maSin miviRebT mis Semdegformulirebas: rogor warmovidginoT im azrobriv-logikurtransformaciaTa sistema, romelic unda ganicados referenciis cnebamTanamedrove lingvistikaSi im paradigmuli dinamikis gavlis Sedegad,romelic am lingvistikisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli? magram, ra Tqma unda,dasmuli kiTxva gulisxmobs im qvekiTxvebsac, romlebic Seesabameba TviTxsenebuli paradigmuli dinamikis calkeul etapebs:8

a) rogoria is azrobrivi transformacia, romelic unda ganicadosreferenciis konceptma anTropocentristul-komunikaciuri paradigmisfarglebSi?b) rogoria is azrobrivi transformacia, romelic unda ganicadossakvlevma konceptma lingvokulturologiuri paradigmis farglebSi?g) da rogor unda warmovidgnoT is mimarTeba romelic undaigulisxmebodes aRniSnul qvekiTxvebze gacemul pasuxebs Soris?rogorc vxedavT, referenciis konceptiT nagulisxmev problemasCven vsvamT mTeli Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuli dinamikisgaTvaliswinebiT da am dinamikaze dayrdnobiT.2) wina abzacSi gansazRvrul iqna referenciis rogorc enobrivifenomenis lingvokulturologiuri konceptualizaciis problema misdiaqroniul aspeqtSi. magram arsebobs problemis meore da aranaklebmniSvnelovani aspeqtic, romelic, ra Tqma unda, organulad ukavSirdebadiaqroniuls, magram, miuxedavad amisa, upiratesad atarebs sinqroniulxasiaTs _ vgulisxmobT referenciis rogorc fenomenis Sinaarsobriv anukategorialur aspeqts. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsenebul aspeqts aqvsgamovlinebis ori modusi: pirveli modusi vlindeba imiT, romreferenciaze rogorc fenomenze da problemaze msjelobisas TiTqmismudam xsenebulia ori iseTi enobrivi fenomeni, rogoricaa artikli dadeiqsisi; da es xdeba miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc cnobilia, orivexsenebuli fenomeni flobs sakuTar kategorialur statuss: artiklisSemTxvevaSi esaa determinaciis kategoria, deiqsisis SemTxvevaSi ki esaaCvenebis (miTiTebis) enobrivi funqcia.problemurobis meore modusi ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom imSemTxvevebSic, roca artikli da deiqsisi ganixileba, aseve, rogorc wesi,naxsenebia maTi funqciis referencialuri aspeqtebi. naSromis pirvelTavSi, romelic Cveni kvlevis Teoriul-meTodologiur aspeqtsmieZRvneba, mTlianad davrwmundebiT naTqvamis sisworeSi da, racmTavaria, gavicnobierebT imasac, Tu ra ganapirobebs xsenebuli faqtisSinagan problemurobas: miuxedavad xsenebuli sami enobrivi kategoriis _referenciis, determinaciisa da deiqsisis _ TiTqmis mudmivad erTkvleviT konteqstSi moqcevisa, dRemde ar aris konceptualurad9

gaazrebuli is Sinagani logikuri, funqciuri da struqturuli kavSiri,romelic SesaZlebels da garduvalsac ki unda xdides amgvarad maT erTkvleviT konteqstSi moqcevas. rogor unda ganisazRvros xsenebuliSinagani kavSiri ise, rom empiriulad ukve ,,Camoyalibebuli” cnebiTitriada bolomde iqnas gaazrebuli kategorialuri triadis saxiT?rogorc viciT, samive xsenebuli fenomeni _ artiklic, deiqsisic dareferenciac _ ganuyrelad ukavSirdeba saxels da am wminda empiriulifaqtiT ukve miniSnebul unda iyos is logikuri kavSiric, romelicsafuZvlad unda daedos Sesabamis (da saZieb) kategorialur triadas. TugaviTvaliswinebT referenciis im statuss, romelic uSualodgamomdinareobs zemoT moyvanili definiciebidan, SeiZleba, albaT,gamovTqvaT Semdegi hipoTeza: xsenebuli cnebiTi triada xasiaTdebaSinagani ierarqiiT: mis farglebSi dominanturi statusi aqvsreferencias, determinacia da deiqsisi ki warmoadgenen referenciisfunqciur-struqturul ganzomilebebs. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, mocemulikategorialuri triadis farglebSi referencia unda moviazroT immetakategoriad, romlis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda misdamidaqvemdebarebuli am ori kategoriis arseboba.magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, es aris jer-jerobiT Cveni hipoTeza daswored am hipoTezis formulirebiT mivuTiTebT referenciis problemisim aspeqtze, romelsac wina problemisagan gansxvavebiT ,,sinqroniuli”anu ,,logikur-kategorialuri” vuwodeT.3) aranakleb mniSvnelovania, Cvenis azriT, referenciis problemisis aspeqti, romelic ukavSirdeba enobrivi sinamdvilis diqotomiurobas,anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xsenebuli sinamdvilis bipolarul xasiaTs_ mis ,,dayofas” enad da metyvelebad (sistemad da diskursad). rogorcukve iTqva, Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi referenciis fenomeni da,Sesabamisad, referenciis konceptic organul kavSirSia enislingvosemiotikur koncefciasTan, es ukanaskneli ki aucilebladgulisxmobs enobriv fenomenTa struqturulad gansxvavebul arsebobasor doneze _ sistemisa da diskursis (Sesabamisad _ teqstis) - doneebze.zemoT laparaki gvqonda referenciaze rogorc metekategorize, romelicqvekategoriaTa saxiT unda moicavdes determinaciisa da deiqsisis10

kategoriebs. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes _ aseTia kategoriaTaarsebobis modusis is xedva, romliTac xasiaTdeba Tanamedrovefunqciuri lingvistika _ rom sistemis doneze enobrivi kategoria undaarsebobdes, erTis mxriv, funqciur-semantikuri kategoriis, meores mxrivki am kategoriis Sesabamisi velis saxiT; da rac Seexeba nebismierifunqciur-semantikuri kategoriis arsebobis moduss diskursis (teqstis)doneze: rogorc teqstis lingvistikis bolo wlebis ganviTarebamgviCvena, yoveli funqciur-semantikuri veli diskursis doneze iRebsSesabamisi teqstobrivi badis saxes. ra saxiT warmogvidgebareferentuloba rogorc funqciur-semantikuri kategoria enis sistemaSida rogor gamoiyureba misi veli sistemis doneze? Tu ar daviviwyebT im,Cveni azriT, ukve ueWvel faqts, rom referentuloba qvekategoriebissaxiT gulisxmobs rogorc deiqsiss, ise determinacias, maSin, albaT,cxadi gaxdeba rogorc zemoT dasmul kiTxvaTa seriozuloba, ise maTzegasacemi pasuxis sirTulec. vfiqrobT, aranaklebi problemurobiT undaxasiaTdebodes kiTxva imis Taobazec, Tu rogor unda gamoiyurebodesreferentulobis teqstobrivi bade im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daviwyebuli ariqneba referentulobis rogorc funqciur-semantikuri kategoriis zemoTxazgasmuli struqtura.4) problemurobis zemoT xazgasmul aspeqtebs uSualod ukavSirdebaaspeqti, romelsac sinTezuri xasiaTi aqvs da, Sesabamisad, erTdrouladdakavSirebulia rogorc teqstis lingvistikasTan, iseteqstocentristulad orientirebul Targmanis TeoriasTan: Tu enobrivisistemis aqtualizaciis SemTxvevaSi referentulobis enobrivi veligarduvalad unda gardaiqmnes Sesabamis teqstobriv baded, maSin igivegarduvalobiT daismis kiTxva: ra saxes miiReben is mTargmnelobiTitransformaciebi, romlebsac adgili unda hqondeT erTi enisreferentuli teqstobrivi badis meore enis teqstobriv badedtransformaciis SemTxvevaSi? bunebrivia miviCnioT, rom amgvarad dasmulikiTxva gansakuTrebul aqtualurobas SeiZens im SemTxvevaSi Tu saqmegvaqvs Targmnis procesSi ,,monawile” tipologiurad gansxvavebulenebTan.11

2. problemasTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli amocanebizemoT gamovyaviT referenciis fenomenTan dakavSirebuli problemisis oTxi aspeqti, romelTa formulireba Tanamedrove lingvisturiazrovnebis da mTeli Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli paradigmuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda. rogorcvnaxeT, xsenebul problemas Tan axlavs mravalganzomilebianoba, romlisgaTvaliswinebiT unda daisvas Semdegi konkretuli kvleviTi amocanebi:1) danaxul iqnas, rogor konkretul saxes iZens referenciisproblema Tanamedrove lingvistikis gansxvavebul paradigmaTafarglebSi da, Sesabamisad, rogor xdeba (ufro sworad ki _ rogorunda xdebodes) xsenebuli problemis konceptualuritransformacia Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuli dinamikisgaTvaliswinebiT;2) daisvas kiTxva zemoT formulirebuli amocanis Tanaxmad imisTaobaze, rogor unda gaemijnos da Sesabamisad daukavSirdeserTmaneTs referenciis enobrivi fenomenis sintaqtikuri,semantikuri da pragmatikuli aspeqtebi;3) daisvas kiTxva imis Taobaze, rogor unda iqnaslingvokulturologiulad gaazrebuli referenciis problemuraspeqtTa zemoT xsenebuli erToblioba;4) daisvas kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisaganreferenciis problemis dasmisa da gadaWris ori perspeqtiva _egocentristuli da intersubieqturi - da, Sesabamisad, rogoriunda iyos problemis Cveneuli sinTezuri xedva;5) daisvas kiTxva imis Taobaze, rogor unda iqnes gaazrebuliTargmanis lingvisturi Teoria, Tu referenciis zemoTdasaxelebul problemaTa gaTvaliswinebiT miviCnevT, rom Targmanisamgvari Teoria unda atarebdes teqstocentristul xasiaTs;6) daisvas kiTxva Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuli dinamikidangamomdinare im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dReisaTvisdominantur paradigmad warmogvidgeba lingvokulturologiuliparadigma, rogori unda iyos referenciis problemis sakuTriv12

lingvokulturologiuli formulireba. unda gulisxmobdes Tuara problemis amgvari formulireba sxva arsebul da SesaZloformulirebaTa sinTezs? da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kiTxvazedadebiT pasuxs gavcemT, rogor unda gamoiyurebodeskonceptualuri TvalsazrisiT xsenebuli sinTezi?3. kvlevis meTodologiakvlevis meTodologia mTlianad gamomdinareobs sadisertacionaSromis im sami problemuri ganzomilebis formulirebidan, romlebiczemoT iqna mocemuli. Cveni kvleviTi meTodologia eyrdnoba, erTismxriv, enis Tanamedrove lingvosemiotikuri xedvis or invariantulaspeqts, meores mxriv ki, im paradigmul dinamikas, romliTac xasiaTdebaxsenebuli lingvosemiotikuri azrovneba. rogorc viciT, pirveli amaspeqtTagan gulisxmobs rogorc enis gamWolad semiotikur gaazrebas,ise mis Sinagan diqotomiurobas. swored am diqotomiurobisgaTvaliswinebiT viyenebT meTodologias, romelic gulisxmobsreferenciis fenomenis problemur ganxilvas rogorc sistemur, iseteqstobriv doneze, rac Tavis mxriv ganapirobebs interdisciplinurmidgomas. Sesabamisad, naSromSi gamoyenebulia zogadi da kerZo(inglisuri) enaTmecnierebis, komunikaciuri lingvistikis, lingvisturipragmatikis, teqstis lingvistikis, diskursisa da Targmanis TeoriebisfarglebSi SemuSavebuli midgomebi, rac SesaZleblobas iZlevawarmoCindes CvenTvis saintereso lingvisturi fenomenismravalganzomilebiani buneba rogorc paradigmatul, ise sintagmaturWrilSi.4. kvlevis siaxlevfiqrobT, Cvens mier Casatarebeli kvlevis siaxle unda daukavSirdesim oTx problemur aspeqts, romlebiTac xasiaTdeba referencia rogorcsakvlevi Tema. mivyveT problemis xsenebul aspeqtebs, riTac TavisTavadxazi gaesmis kvleviT siaxlesac:13

1) Cveni kvlevis pirveli da fuZemdebeli siaxle mdgomareobs imaSi,rom, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, jer ar momxdara _ yovelSemTxvevaSi eqsplicituri da Tanmimdevruli saxiT _ referenciisproblemis interparadigmuli, anu Tanamedrove lingvisturiazrovnebis paradigmul dinamikaze dafuZnebuli kvleva. es romasea, gamomdinareobs referenciis rogorc fenomenis imdefiniciebidan, romlebic arseboben Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi daromlebic mTeli Tavisi SinaarsiT atareben erTdrouladukiduresad abstraqtul da statikur xasiaTs. rogorc zemoT ukvearaerTxel iTqva, Cveni kvleviT SevecdebiT referenciiskonceptualizaciis farglebSi swored aRniSnuli statikurobisgadalaxvas;2) aseve iTqva, rom referenciis arsebuli xedva xasiaTdeba Semdegikategorialuri gaurkvevlobiT: igi funqciuri TvalsazrisiTgamudmebiT ukavSirdeba deiqsisisa da determinaciis fenomenebs,magram im Sidakategorialuri kavSiris gansazRvris gareSe,romlebic Teoriulad unda amarTlebdes xsenebul funqciururTierTdakavSirebas. Cveni kvlevis meore da, vfiqrobT, aranaklebmniSvnelovani siaxle unda mdgomareobdes swored imaSi, romsavaraudod gadalaxul iyos xsenebuli Teoriuli gaurkvevloba;3) Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovneba, rogorc iTqva, Tavis erT-erTmiznad isaxavs im struqturuli da funqciuri urTierTmimarTebisgansazRvras, romelic unda arsebobdes enobriv sistemasa da misiaqtualizaciis Sedegad miRebul diskurss (teqsts) Soris. iTqvaisic, rom am zogadi miznis erT-erT gamoxatulebad miCneul undaiqnes im korelaciaTa gamovlena, romelic unda igulisxmebodesenis sistemaSi arsebul funqciur-semantikur kategoriaTa da imteqstobriv badeTa Soris, romlebic diskursis procesSi maTiaqtualizaciis Sedegad miiReba. vfiqrobT, Cvens mier Casatarebelikvlevis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani siaxle unda mdgomareobdesSemdegSi: vcdilobT davinaxoT da davadginoT referentulobisfunqciur-semantikur kategoriasa da referentulobis teqstobrivbades Soris korelacia.14

4) aseve vfiqrobT, rom Cveni kvlevis sruliad axal momentad undamiCneul iqnes ara mxolod referenciis rogorc teqstobrivikategoriis ganxilva, aramed isic, rom misi amgvari ganxilvagagrZelebas da gaRrmavebas hpovebs Targmanis TanamedroveTeoriaze dayrdnobiT. xsenebuli siaxlis meTodologiursayrdenad ki gamoviyenebT Targmnil teqstTa SepirispirebiTanalizs.5. naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvnelobakvlevis Teoriuli mniSvneloba mTlianad gamomdinareobs rogorckvleviTi miznebidan, ise im meTodologiidan, romelsac kvleva eyrdnoba.rogorc Sesavlis dasawyisSive avRniSneT, referencia rogorc konceptiekuTvnis Tanamedrove lingvistikis sistemur-semiotikur paradigmas da imparadigmuli dinamikidan gamomdinare, romelsac adgili hqonda me-20saukunis lingvistikaSi saWiroebs Sinaarsobriv da funqciurgadaazrebas erTis mxriv anTropocentristul-komunikaciuri, meoresmxriv lingvokulturologiuli TvalsazrisiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, romreferenciis konceptis amgvari, anu paradigmuli gadaazreba rogorcmizani da amocana warmoadgens Cveni kvlevis ZiriTad da principulsiaxles, romelic dakonkretebulia rogorc meTodologiuri isemeToduri TvalsazrisiT: meTodologiur siaxles warmoadgens kvlevisinterdisciplinaruli mimarTuleba, meTodurs ki is faqti, rominterdisciplinaruli kvleva realizebulia a) referenciis jerteqstocentristuli intepretaciiT, b) xolo xsenebuliteqstocentristuloba rogorc Teoriuli varaudi empiriuladverificirebulia, erTis mxriv, Targmanis Teoriaze, meores mxriv kiTargmnil teqstTa SepirispirebiT analizze dayrdnobiT,kvlevis praqtikuli mniSvneloba ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom misiSedegebi SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnas mTeli rigi Teoriuli dapraqtikuli sauniversiteto kursebis agebisas. aseT kursebad SeiZlebawarmovidginoT: ,,enaTmecnierebis Sesavli” _ imdenad, ramdenadac enissemiotikuri gansazRvrisas aucilebelia referenciis cnebis gamoyeneba;15

,,Tanamedrove lingvistikis problemebi” _ romlis farglebSicaucileblad ganxiluli da Sinaarsobrivad dakonkretebuli unda iqnasam lingvistikis paradigmuli dinamika; ,,inglisuri enis Teoriuligramatika”, romlis farglebSi aucilebeli xdeba ,,nominaluri jgufis”iseTi sintaqsuri aspeqtebis referenciis cnebasTan dakavSireba,rogoricaa determinaciisa da deiqsisis kategoriebi; ,,Targmanis Teoriada praqtika”, romlis farglebSi garduvalad ismis Targmnili teqstisTargmnis eqvivalenturobis problema da xdeba am problemis dakavSirebareferenciis cnebasTan.sadisertacio naSromis struqtura da SinaarsinaSromis struqturasa da moculobas gansazRvravs kvlevis miznebida amocanebi. disertacia Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami Tavis da daskvniTinawilisagan (sul 179 gverdi). mas Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli samecnieroliteraturis sia. danarTis saxiT Tan axlavs sailustracio empiriulimasala.SesavalSi ganixileba sadisertacio naSromis Tema, problema,aqtualuroba, kvlevis meTodologia da siaxle, aseve naSromis miznebida amocanebi, misi mecnieruli siaxle da Teoriuli da praqtikuliRirebuleba.naSromis pirvel TavSi (,,referencia rogorc lingvosemiotikurikoncepti Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi da misi anTropocentristullingvokulturologiurigadaazrebis aucilebloba”) ganixilebareferenciis rogorc sakvlevi fenomenis konceptualuri Sinaarsi da amSinaarsis savaraudo mimarTeba Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuldinamikasTan.naSromis meore TavSi (,,intersubieqturoba rogorc pragmatikuliprincipi da referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni: referentulobisveli da referentulobis teqstobrivi bade”) ganixileba referenciisrogorc fenomenis funqcionireba rogorc diskursSi, ise teqstSi, aseve16

eferenciis rogorc metakategoriis mimarTeba deiqsisisa dadeterminaciis kategoriebTan da teqstis horizontalur da kompoziciurstruqturebze dayrdnobiT warmodgenilia referentulobis funqciursemantikuriveli.naSromis mesame TavSi (,,naratiuli teqstis referentulistruqtura rogorc Teoriuli konstruqti da misi SepirispirebiTtipologiurianalizi Targmanis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT”) wina TavebSimiRebuli Teoriuli Sedegebi verificirebulia inglisurenovanmxatvrul-naratiul teqstTa qarTul TargmanTan Sepirispirebis gziT.referentulobis bade, romelic Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiTeqvivalenturad aris struqtuirebuli, originalur da TargmnilteqstebSi gaanalizebulia e. hemingueis moTxrobaTa qarTulTargmanebTan Sepirispirebis safuZvelze.naSromis daskvniT nawilSi ganzogadebulia kvlevis ZiriTadiSedegebi, romlebic, imedia, daadastureben kvlevis mimarTulebis, misiproblematikisa da arCeuli meTodologiis marTebulebas.17

Tavi Ireferencia rogorc lingvosemiotikuri koncepti TanamedrovelingvistikaSi da misi anTropocentristullingvokulturologiurigadaazrebis aucilebloba1.1 referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis xedvis zogadi daxasiaTebarogorc ,,SesavalSi” iyo miniSnebuli, winamdebare sadisertacionaSromis mizans warmoadgens problemaTa im kompleqsis gamoyofa dakvleva, romelic ukavSirdeba iseT lingvosemiotikur koncepts,rogoricaa referenciis koncepti. aqedan gamomdinare, mocemuli Tavis Iparagrafi mieZRvneba imis zogad daxasiaTebas, Tu rogor aris gagebulireferenciis koncepti Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi da, rac mTavaria,rogor ukavSirdeba igi referencias rogorc enobriv fenomens. mxolodimis Semdeg, rac SevZlebT am konceptis arsebuli gagebis maqsimaluradsrul daxasiaTebas da imis Cvenebas, Tu rogoraa gagebuli misi sakuTrivlingvisturi statusi, saWirod da SesaZlod miviCnevT ganvsazRvroTreferenciis problemisadmi Cveni sakuTari midgomis arsi rogorcTeoriuli, ise meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT.sanam SevudgebiT zemoT dasaxuli amocanis Sesrulebas, e. i.SevecdebiT imis zogadi konturebis moxazvas, Tu rogor aris danaxulireferenciis arsi Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi, saWirod migvaCnia xazigavusvaT referenciis problemasTan dakavSirebul im Taviseburebas,romelic, Cvenis azriT, siRrmiseulad ukavSirdeba misi adekvaturadgagebisa da gadaWris SesaZlo perspeqtivas. amave dros sagulisxmodmigvaCnia is faqtic, rom Cvens mier miniSnebul Taviseburebazelaparakobs referenciis rogorc konceptisa da fenomenis erT-erTiyvelaze ufro aqtiuri mkvlevari _ n. aruTiunova. misi azriT, ,,termins,,referencia” ver SevxvdebodiT lingvistur literaturaSi jer kidevramdenime wlis winaT. enaTmecnierebi aramc Tu ar iyenebdnen, aramed,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis arc ki icnobdnen mas. amJamad ki amterminma mtkiced daikava adgili lingvistikaSi” (Арутюнова 1982:12). razemetyvelebs es citata? Cvenis azriT, igi metyvelebs referenciis rogorc18

lingvisturi problemis Tanamedrove mdgomareobisa da kvlevisperspeqtivis Semdeg sam mniSvnelovan aspeqtze:1) pirveli aspeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom termini ,,referencia”Tavisi genezisiT ekuTvnis ara lingvistikas, aramed azrovnebismisgan gansxvavebul mimarTulebas, saxeldobr filosofiurilogikis garkveul sferos;2) magram, miuxedavad Tavisi aralingvisturi warmoSobisa, xsenebulmaterminma lingvisturi statusi SeiZina ukve citirebuli krebulisgamocemis wlisaTvis, anu 1982 wlisaTvis, es ki imas niSnavs, romukve am periodisaTvis am terminiT aRniSnuli fenomeni calsaxadda upirobod miekuTvneboda ara mxolod logikur, aramed enobrivfenomenTa ricxvs;3) rac Seexeba Cvens mier moyvanili citatiT nagulisxmev mesameaspeqts, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi, Cveni azriT, ara mxolodscildeba faqtTa ubralo konstataciis sazRvrebs, aramed atarebsRrmad problemur xasiaTs da aucileblad unda iqces referenciiskonceptis arsebuli lingvisturi xedvisadmi kritikuli midgomissafuZvlad: Tu, rogorc citataSia naTqvami, ,,referenciam” rogorcterminma ,,mtkiced daikava adgili lingvistikaSi”, maSin amterminiT nagulisxmevi problematikisadmi unda xorcieldebodesWeSmaritad lingvisturi midgomac, anu iseTi midgoma, romelicganpirobebuli unda iyos ara mxolod xsenebuli ,,mtkice adgiliT”,aramed im paradigmuli situaciiTac, romliTac xasiaTdebaTanamedrove lingvisturi azrovneba Tavisi ganviTarebis bolostadiaze, anu swored gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan dRemde.Cven, ra Tqma unda, SevecdebiT maqsimaluri adekvaturobiTganvaxorcieloT problemisadmi is kritikuli midgoma, romelicganpirobebul unda iyos orive zemoT xsenebuli momentiT _rogorc referenciis fenomenis sakuTriv enobrivi arsiT, iselingvistikisTvis dReisTvis dominanturi paradigmuli situaciiT _magram, bunebrivia, mxolod imis Semdeg, roca srulad gveqnebaTvalwin referenciis problemis lingvisturi xedvis arsebulisuraTi.19

ac Seexeba termins ,,referencia” is inglisuri zmnidan to refer arisnawarmoebi da ,,raRac obieqtisadmi mimarTebas”, ,,raimes gulisxmobas”niSnavs. referencia lingvistur elementebsa, da aralingvistur samyaros(adamianebi, sagnebi, adgilebi, situaciebi, romlebic enobrivi sistemisgareT mdebareoben) Soris kavSirs warmoadgens. enobrivi gamonaTqvamebismier aRniSnul obieqts referenti ewodeba. xolo enobriv gamonaTqvams,romelsac referenti aRniSnavs, ,,referentuli gamonaTqvami” (Cruse 2000 ).Cveulebriv referencia SezRudulia konkretuli situaciiT.magaliTad:a) I saw the Prime Minister.b) /UK:1989 Margaret Thatcher/1996 John Major/1997 Tony Blair.zogjer referencia ar aris dakavSirebuli frazasTan, aramed moicavsleqsikuri gamonaTqvamebis SesaZlo referentTa klass, romelsaciqstencia an denotacia ewodeba. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac metyvelisubieqti (adresati) gamonaTqvams iyenebs, is mis mniSvnelobas samyaroSiarsebulad warmoadgens, magaliTad,a) I didn’t see anyone.b) Nobody came.rac Seexeba arareferentul gamonaTqvamebs, zogjer maTaRmniSvnels (designating) uwodeben. maTi tipuri magaliTebia: artiklebi,damxmare zmnebi, zedsarTavi saxelebi, zmnebi, zmniszedebi, zogjersaxeladi frazebi da damxmare winadadebebic ki.erTi da igive lingvisturi gamonaTqvamebi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSiSeiZleba rogorc referentulad, ise arareferentulad gamoviyenoT, asemagaliTad:a) The Primer Minister made a statement to the press.(referentuli)b) Tony Blair is the Prime Minister. (arareferentuli)a) John is a good friend. .(referentuli)b) There is no John here. (arareferentuli)j. gandelis mixedviT arsebobs referenciis ramdenime tipi:1) pirvel tips warmoadgens mudmivi/cvalebadi referencia (deiqsisi),magaliTad, a. She has gone to Peru;b. I haven’t sailed on Lake Como.20

2) meore tipi _ singularuli (individebisadmi mimarTuli/zogadi) -individTa klasisadmia mimarTuli. Tavis mxriv zogadi or tipad iyofa:a) distributuli (magaliTad, each individual) da b) koleqtiuri (magaliTad,as a set).rac Seexeba singularuls, avtori aqac ori jgufs gamoyofs: a)gansazRvruli (savaraudod adresatis mier amocnobadi) da b)ganusazRvreli (savaraudod adresatis mier amoucnobadi);3) mesame tipis anu gansazRvruli referentebis saukeTeso magaliTebswarmoadgenen sakuTari saxelebi, gansazRvruli deskrifciebi,nacvalsaxelebi (Tumca, yvela nacvalsaxeli ar aris referentuli),magaliTad, John is tall; The man in the corner; My mother’s brother; he/she/you.4) xolo meoTxe tipi _ ganusazRvreli referentebi Tavis mxriv oriqvejgufisagan Sedgeba a) specifikuri (konkretuli X) da b)araspecifikuri (nebismieri X, visac deskrifcia Seefereba), magaliTad:Bond wants to buy a painting by van Gogh.5) gansazRvruli saxeladi frazebis referentuli/atributuli gamoyenebareferenciis mexuTe tips warmoadgens. referentulad iTvleba referenti,roca metyveli subieqti konkretul adamians gulisxmobs, xoloatributulad, roca deskrifcia nebismiers SeiZleba Seeferebodes,magaliTad,a. Smith’s murderer is insane;b. The strongest man in the world can lift at least 450 pounds;c. Anna is looking for the head-waiter.^6) meeqvse _ generikuli referentebis tipSi sami saxeoba gamoiyofa:a) gansazRvruli artikliT gansazRvruli, magaliTad:The lion is a fierce animal. (It can kill even if it is not hungry)b) ganusazRvreli artikliT gansazRvruli, magaliTad:a. A dog is more loyal than a cat.b A typical dog is more loyal than a typical cat.c. There is a typical dog. There is a typical cat.g) da aramarkirebuli generikuli referentebi, magaliTad,Cigarettes cause lung cancer.21

xolo rac Seexeba arareferentuli saxelad frazebs, j. gandelismixedviT arsebobs maTi Semdegi oTxi tipi:1) uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis mqone saxeladi frazebi, romlebic anamtkiceben, an gulisxmoben referenciis ar arsebobas, magaliTad,There are no nuts left.2) is, romlis referenti frazis warmoTqmis dros ar arsebobs,magram, romelmac mogvianebiT SeiZleba iarsebos, magaliTad,You should bake a cake for his birthday.3) is, visi referenti SeiZleba arsebobdes an ar arsebobdesadresatis TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad,Is there any meal for me?4) is, romelic raRac jgufis araspecifikur qvejgufze miuTiTebs,magaliTad:Any dog will get upset if you kick it. (Gundel 1993)referentuli da arareferentuli gamonaTqvamebisa da maTi tipebisganxilvis Semdeg mizanSewonilad migvaCnia kvlav davubrundeTreferenciis rogorc konceptis problemas. iqedan gamomdinare, rom ukvedidi mniSvneloba mivaniWeT am problemis sakuTriv lingvisturi xedvisdiaqroniul aspeqts, anu im faqts, rom xsenebuli xedva damkvidrdadaaxloebiT bolo sami aTeuli wlis farglebSi, SevecdebiT TviT esxedva ,,movaTavsoT” aseve diaqronul CarCoebSi Semdegi gagebiT:referenciis problemis Cveneuli xedva daeyrdnoba misi kvlevis droiTkoordinatebad gaazrebul Semdeg sam etaps:1) rogori iyo referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis xedva gasulisaukunis meore naxevarSi?2) rogori iyo (an ufro zustad rogoria) aRniSnuli fenomenis xedvaaxali saukunis dasawyisSi?3) rogori unda iyos es xedva, Tu a) referencias aRviqvamT rogorcWeSmaritad enobriv fenomens da b) da Tu xsenebuli fenomenisgaazreba daeyrdnoba im kriteriums, romelic Cven migvaCniaerTaderT adekvatur kriteriumad, anu Tanamedrove lingvisturiazrovnebis aqtualur da dominantur paradigmul situacias?22

1.1.1. referenciis fenomenis lingvisturi konceptualizaciispirveli droiTi koordinatisanam konkretulad ganvixilavT imas, Tu rogor aRiqmeboda daganisazRvreboda referenciis fenomeni da, Sesabamisad, rogorgaiazreboda referenciis koncepti Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi, saWirodmigvaCnia ara ubralod movaxdinoT xsenebuli “droiTi koordinatebis”farglebSi referenciis xedvaTa referireba, aramed koordinatTa amTanmimdevrobaSi davinaxoT CvenTvis saintereso fenomeniskonceptualizaciisken mimarTuli garkveuli veqtori. rogoria esveqtori? Cvenis azriT, referenciis konceptma (Tu am konceptslingvisturi TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT) gaiara Semdegi etapebi:1) pirvel etapad SeiZleba miviCnioT termin ,,referenciis” is gageba,romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo ogdenisa da riCardsisaTvis, anu imlingvistebisaTvis, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares enobrivileqsikis semiotikur gaazrebas da romlebic, SeiZleba, miCneuliqnan sityvis mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli im “samkuTxedis”avtorebad, romlis saSualebiT pirvelad moxda am mniSvnelobislingvosemotikuri modelireba. rogorc cnobilia, semantikurisamkuTxedi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:fonetikuri sityvaasaxelebsaqvs mniSvnelobasagani, an denotati,an referentiaisaxebamniSvnelobaanu signifikati(Степанов 1975:9)23

a) jer kidev ar Cans (yovel SemTxvevaSi mkafiod ar Cans) gansxvavebareferenciasa da denotacias (Sesabamisad ki referentsa da denotats)Soris. rogorc dReisaTvis kargad cnobilia, denotati iseve moiazrebaeqstralingvisturi sinamdvilis kuTvnilebad, rogorc referenti, xoloreferenciasTan dakavSirebuli aqtualuri problematika ukavSirdebaswored am or lingvosemiotikur cnebaTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebas.b) am etapzec termini ..referencia” kvlav ixmareba uaRresad farTomniSvnelobiT im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi SeiZleba erTnairad miesadagossityvaTa nebismier klass _ rogorc saxels, ise zmnas da a. S. rogorcvxedavT, xsenebul etapze xdeba CvenTvis saintereso terminismniSvnelobis lingvisturi dakonkreteba, magram am dakonkretebis donejer kidev Sorsaa referenciis problemisaTvis dReisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli aqtualurobisgan.iqedan gamomdinare, rom Cveni kvlevisaTvis fuZemdebeli daganmsazRvreli unda iyos swored is adgili, romelic ,,referencias”ukavia (an unda ekavos) lingvosemiotikur terminologiur velSi da,bunebrivia, am adgiliT gansazRvruli problematika, saWirod migvaCniamoviyvanoT naTqvamis damadasturebeli citatebi 1995 wels gamocemulilingvisturi enciklopediidan. am citataTa mniSvneloba ganisazRvrebaukve imiT, rom isini asaxaven Tanamedroveobis cnobil lingvistTapozicias da amave dros miekuTvnebian swored xsenebul periods.rogor gamoiyureba Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebis wamyvanwarmomadgenelTa am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli warmodgenareferenciaze? lipkas mixedviT, romelic am SemTxvevaSi warmogvidgensserlis (Searle) pozicias, ,,referencia aris enobrivi aqti, romlissaSualebiT metyvel pirs SeuZlia warmatebiT moaxdinos ama Tu imeqstralingvisturi obieqtis an referentis identificireba da aseveSeuZlia am identificirebis Sesaxeb Seatyobinos msmenels” (Spakauer1995:370).j. laionzis mixedviT referencia unda gavigoT rogorc ,,mimarTebagamonaTqvamsa da im realobas Soris, romelsac es gamonaTqvamiwarmoadgens Tavis farglebSi” (iqve).25

m. holideis mixedviT referencia warmoadgens ,,im saSualebas,romelze dayrdnobiT inglisur enaSi iqmneba kohezia. teqstis ama Tu immonakveTSi warmodgenili esa Tu is aqtanti, an garemoebis aRmniSvnelielementi SeiZleba aRqmul iqnas rogorc mimarTeba imasTan, rac masSemdeg moyveba. yvelaze ufro martiv SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom teqstSikvlav Cndeba igive realoba, mag. Where is the boy that looks after the sheep? He isunder the haycock, fast asleep. Will you go wake him? He… him gamoiyeneba ,,the boy thatlooks after the sheep” retrospeqtulad miTiTebis mizniT, magram referenciaSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc Sedarebis safuZvelic, magHenry....someone else winadadebaSi Henry can’t play today. We’ll have to find someoneelse, sadac someone else niSnavs viRac sxvas anu ara henris (iqve).igive konteqstSi SeiZleba moviyvanoT referentis gansazRvra,romelsac darbiSaeri iZleva: ,,referenti aris realoba an idea,simbolizirebuli ama Tu im enobrivi formiT” (Spakauer 1995:371).raze metyvelebs referenciasTan dakavSirebul gamonaTqvamTa esCamonaTvali? rogorc zemoT iTqva, Cvens mizans warmoadgenda amgvargamonaTqvamTa ara ubralo registracia, aramed referenciis lingvisturixedvis im veqtoris gansazRvra, romelic, rogorc Cvens mierreferirebuli citatebidan Cans, TandaTanobiT ikveTeboda lingvisturazrovnebaSi. magram amave dros naTlad gamoCnda am procesisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli Semdegi momenti: xsenebuli veqtori ar yofilasworxazovani, radgan, rogorc holideiseuli citata gviCvenebs, ukve imperiodSi, anu 70-ian wlebSi xdeboda is, rac, Cvenis azriT, dReisTvismiCneul unda iqnas referenciasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevis erT-erTmagistralur mimarTulebad _ referenciis funqciuri dakavSirebateqstTan. magram winswrebis principiT vityviT: im mimarTulebismixedviT, romelsac dReisaTvis iRebs referenciis kvleva, am fenomenisteqstTan kavSiri, anu misi kavSiri iseT fundamentur teqstobrivkategoriasTan, rogoricaa kohezia, arsebiTad ukavSirdeba referenciisfunqciis meore da kidev ufro mniSvnelovan ganzomilebas _ mis arsebiTkavSirs saxelTan (nominalur jgufTan). es ki Semdegs niSnavs: Tubolomde mivyvebiT referenciis holideiseul gagebas, aRmoCndeba, romreferenciis erTaderTi funqcia ukavSirdeba teqstis rogorc niSnobrivi26

erTeulis sintaqtikur ganzomilebas, riTac dakarguli iqneba misibevrad ufro arsebiTi kavSiri semantikur ganzomilebasTan. magram amavedros SeuZlebelia ar mivuTiToT im faqtzec, rom swored m. holideimSeZlo winaswar da sxva bevr lingvistze ufro adre daenaxa referenciisteqstobrivi (teqstis sintaqtikasTan dakavSirebuli) funqcia.magram Tu SevecdebiT mTlianobaSi davinaxoT referenciis is gageba,romelic citirebuli enciklopediidan moyvanil citataTaerTobliobaSi aisaxa, aucilebeli iqneba imis xazgasma, rom termin,,referencias” grZeli gzis gavla mouxda sanam bolomdeganisazRvreboda misi WeSmariti adgili lingvosemiotikur kategoriaTasistemaSi da, rac mTavaria, bolomde da naTlad gamoikveTeboda masTandakavSirebuli lingvisturi problematika.1.1.2. referenciis fenomenis lingvisturi konceptualizaciismeore droiTi koordinatirogorc zemoT iqna miniSnebuli, referenciis lingvistur konceptsCven diaqroniulad, anu mis qmnadobaSi ganvixilavT da davrwmundebiT,rom mis aseT ganxilvas aqvs principuli, SeiZleba iTqvas _ evristikuli_ mniSvneloba: saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove lingvistika, iseve rogorcnebismieri saazrovno mimarTuleba, arsebobs ara ubralod istoriuldroSi, aramed am drois paradigmul ganzomilebaSi, rac imas niSnavs,rom diaqronia am SemTxvevaSi imyofeba aucilebel mimarTebaSi TviTlingvistikis paradigmul dinamikasTan, anu ligvistur paradigmaTa imurTierTmonacvleobasTan, romelsac SeuZlebelia ar hqonoda gavlenareferenciis lingvisturi konceptis qmnadobis procesze. magram saqmeisaa, rom xsenebuli paradigmuli dinamika aramc Tu ar Sewyvetila,aramed gansazRvravs kidec dRevandel paradigmul situacias da,Sesabamisad, TviT enobriv fenomenTa Teoriuli da meTodologiuriganxilvis adekvaturobis dones. amitomacaa, rom vixmareT termini,,droiTi koordinatebi” da amave dros miviCnieT, rom am droiTkoordinatTa farglebSi vlindeba referenciis WeSmaritad lingvisturikonceptis qmnadobis veqtori. Sesabamisad, Cveni kvlevis mizani unda27

mdgomareobdes swored imaSi, rom, erTis mxriv mivyveT xsenebul veqtors,meores mxriv ki SevavsoT igi sruliad axali SinaarsiT _ saxeldobr imSinaarsiT, romelsac gvkarnaxobs Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebisganmsazRvreli paradigmuli situacia.aqedan gamomdinare vsvamT kiTxvas: ras gveubneba referenciislingvisturi konceptis qmnadobis is meore etapi, romelsac Cven vaniWebTmeore droiTi koordinatis statuss? vfiqrobT, xsenebuli qmnadobis esmeore etapi ukve gamoikveTa gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebisdasasrulisTvis, anu im momentisTvis, roca lingvistur kvlevaTafarglebSi dominantur statuss iZenda pragmatika, anu kvlevis ismimarTuleba, romelic azrobrivad ukavSirdeba enobrivi niSnisstruqturisa da funqcionirebis sakuTriv adamianur ganzomilebas.sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es aris swored enobrivi fenomenebisadmianTropocentristul-komunikaciuri midgomis damkvidrebis periodi.Tu gvsurs, erTis mxriv, metad Tu naklebad sruli suraTi gvqondesimisa, Tu rogor iqna gagebuli referenciis fenomeni mocemulimomentisaTvis, meores mxriv ki naTlad davinaxoT isic, Tu raSimdgomareobs referenciis problemis dRevandeli aqtualuroba,daveyrdnoT 1990 wels gamocemul lingvistur enciklopediur leqsikonSigamoqveynebul referenciisadmi miZRvnil statias. referenciis sakuTrivlingvisturi konceptis qmnadobis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa is faqti,rom statiis avtori n. aruTiunova ukve dasawyisSi iZleva referenciissruliad axal (yovel SemTxvevaSi, lingvistikisTvis axal) gansazRvras,riTac mkveTrad upirispirdeba xsenebuli fenomenis im gagebas, romelic,rogorc vnaxeT, ekuTvnoda wamyvan lingvistTa jgufs da romelic aisaxazemoT citirebul ,,inglisuri lingvistikis encikopediaSi”: Tu amukanasknelis farglebSi referenciis gageba met naklebad ,,difuzur”xasiaTs atarebda da, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba dakavSirebuliyosemiotikurad gagebul nebismier enobriv fenomens, meore,,enciklopediaSi” xdeba am fenomenis mkveTri da mkafio dakonkretebaerTdroulad ori TvalsazrisiT: a) igi ukavSirdeba ara nebismierenobriv fenomensa Tu erTeuls, aramed saxelsa da mxolod saxels,ufro zustad ki nominalur jgufebs; b) igi aseve mkafiod da calsaxad28

ukavSirdeba ara enis sistemur dones, aramed metyvelebas (TanamedrovegagebiT diskurss). rogorc vxedavT, xdeba referenciis sakuTrivlingvisturi aRqmisa da gaazrebis iseTi dakonkreteba, romlis Sedegadtermini ,,referencia”, marTalia, ar kargavs Sinagan kavSirs igivekonceptualur velSi arsebul terminebTan rogoricaa signifikati dadenotati, magram amave dros iZens WeSmaritad sakuTar da amave drosmkafiod gansazRvrul Sinaarss. TviT statiis avtoris sityvebiT kireferenciis gansazRvra Semdegnairad JRers: ,,referencia warmoadgensaqtualizirebul (anu metyvelebaSi CarTul) saxelTa, nominalurgamoTqmaTa (nominalur jgufTa) an maT eqvivalentTa dakavSirebassinamdvilis obieqtebTan (referentebTan, denotatebTan)” (Арутюнова1990:411). Tumca amave dros unda avRniSnoT Semdegic: rogorc vxedavT,referenciis miseul definiciaSi avtori erTmaneTTan aigivebs iseTterminTa mniSvnelobebs, rogoricaa ,,referenti” da ,,denotati”, rac,Cvenis azriT, gaumarTlebelia Semdegi ori principuli mosazrebis gamo:a) SeuZlebelia gavaigivoT referenti da denotati ukve imitom, rom,,denotati” rogorc termini SeiZleba mivusadagoT metyvelebis nebismiernawils da ara mxolod saxels; magram, rogorc TviT aruTiunovaseulidefinicia moiTxovs, referencia unda davukavSiroT saxels da mxolodsaxels;b) rogorc cnobilia, denotatis cneba ukavSirdeba pirvel rigSi enissistemur plans, referenti ki _ diskursuls da, rogorc davrwmundiT,es meore momenti ara nakleb mniSvnelovania referenciis lingvisturigagebisaTvis.am bolo kritikuli SeniSvnis Semdeg, bunebrivia, yuradReba undamivaqcioT imasac, Tu rogor gadmoscems citirebuli avtori referenciisim gagebas, romelic mTlianobaSi damaxasiaTebelia TanamedrovelingvistikisaTvis. Cven xazgasmiT vambobT ,,lingvistikisaTvis”, radgan(da amis Sesaxeb Cven kidev gveqneba msjeloba), rogorc cnobilia,referenciis mTeli problemuri sfero Tavisi genezisiT ekuTvnis (an,ufro sworad, ekuTvnoda) ara sakuTriv lingvistikas, aramed enisfilosofiasTan dakavSirebul logikas. magram referenciisaruTiunovaseuli xedva saintereso da mniSvnelovania swored imiT, rom29

masSi TiTqmis mTeli sisruliT _ da, Cvenis azriT, problemurobiTac _areklilia is ukve sakuTriv lingvisturad ganpirobebuli problematika,romelmac Tavi iCina kvlevis am etapze _ anu maSin, roca ukve saboloodmoxda am konceptis lingvisturi recefcia. qvemoT SevecdebiTkritikulad SevafasoT referenciis xsenebuli, anu citirebul statiaSiasaxuli xedva, magram swored am miznis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebladmigvaCnia misi maqsimaluri sisruliT gadmocema.avtors miaCnia, rom ,,referencia (im definiciis mixedviT, romelicman ukve mogvca _ q. d.) ganisazRvreba sami ZiriTadi faqtoriT _sintaqsuriT, logikur-semantikuriT da pragmatikuliT” (Арутюнова1990:411). rogor gansazRvravs avtori dasaxelebul faqtorebs? amasTandakavSirebiT igi ambobs: ,,referenciis sintaqsuri funqciis mixedviTganasxvaveben nominalur gamoTqmaTa referentul da arareferentulgamoyenebas: aqtantTa poziciaSi (igulsxmeba qvemdebare da damatebebi)xdeba referenciis gansxvavebul saxeTa realizacia, xolo predikatispoziciaSi saxelebi ixmarebian arareferentulad, radgan am SemTxvevaSiisini miuTiTeben ara sinamdvileSi arsebul ama Tu im obieqtze, aramedSesabamis obieqtTa niSan-Tvisebaze mag. ,,petre mweralia” (iqve). sanamvilaparakebdeT avtoris mier dasaxelebul meore faqtorze, aucilebladmigvaCnia xazi gavusvaT xsenebuli faqtoris mniSvnelobas referenciislingvisturi konceptis im dazustebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic ukvegvaqvs am etapze da romelic mkveTrad upirispirdeba Cvens mier ukveganxiluli wina etapis ,difuzurobas’: zemoT ukve xazi gavusviTxsenebuli dazustebis or aspeqts _ saxeldobr imas, rom a) Tanamedrovelingvistikis farglebSi ,,referencia” iseTi lingvosemiotikuriterminebisagan gansxvavebiT rogoricaa ,,signifikati” da ,,denotati”ukavSirdeba (ufro sworad unda daukavSirdes!) saxels da mxolodsaxels; b) rogorc ukve iTqva, referencia ukavSirdeba (ufro sworad kiunda daukavSirdes!) enis diskursul da ara sistemur plans. am boloSemTxvevaSi ki, roca laparakia referenciis sintaqsur funqciaze, xdeba,Cvenis azriT, am fenomenis saboloo da sakuTriv lingvisturigansazRvra _ Tumca, bunebrivia sul sxva sakiTxia, Tu rogor, rogori30

paradigmuli poziciebidan unda xdebodes amgvarad gansazRvrulifenomenis interpretacia.meore, anu logikur-semantikur faqtorTan dakavSirebiT, avtoriambobs: ,,am TvalsazrisiT nominaluri gamoTqmebi SeiZleba daukavSirdnensinamdvilis obieqtebs Semdegnairad: isini SeiZleba ukavSirdebodnenobieqtTa ama Tu im klasis mxolod erT wevrs, klass mTlianad, anklasis nebismier warmomadgenels, anda arc erT maTgans” (Арутюнова1990:411).rac Seexeba pragmatikul faqtors, avtoris mixedviT ,,referenciissaxeebi ganirCevian im mimarTebis safuZvelze, romelic maT aqvTmosaubreTa codnis fonTan. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba vilaparakoTsaganze, romelic cnobilia mxolod metyveli pirisTvis (introduqciulireferencia: mag. ,myavs me erTi megobari’); sagani SeiZleba iyos cnobilirogorc metyveli pirisTvis ise adresatisaTvis (maidentificirebelireferencia: mag. ,es bavSvi aravis yurs ar ugdebs’); mesame SemTxvevaSi kilaparakia iseT obieqtze, romelic ar ekuTvnis arc erTi mosaubris fons(ganusazRvreli referencia: mag. ,petre daqorwinda viRac studentze’)”(iqve). vfiqrobT, rom mTeli Cveni Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis yuradsaRebiapragmatikuli faqtoris is damatebiTi kvalifikacia, romelsac avtorimas urTavs. misi azriT, ,,pragmatikuli faqtori upiratesad moqmedebskonkretuli referenciis sferoSi, anu maSin, roca nominaluri gamoTqmaukavSirdeba fiqsirebul sagnebs da individebs. konkretuli referenciaeyrdnoba obieqtis arsebobis presupozicias” (iqve). Cveni azriT _ da amisSesaxeb ufro safuZvlianadac gveqneba msjeloba _ avtoris mierxazgasmuli es damatebiTi kvalifikacia arc Tu marTebulad undazRudavdes pragmatikuli faqtoris moqmedebis areals, radgan, a) rogorcigive statiaSi TviT n. aruTinova ambobs, ,,referenciis TeoriaTa zogadiganviTareba ganapiroba iman, rom xdeba maTi TandaTanobiTipragmatizacia” (iqve). ismis kiTxva, romelzec Semdgom SevecdebiT pasuxisgacemas: xom ar niSnavs referenciis Teoriaze pragmatikis es mzardigavlena imasac, rom pragmatikul interpretacias unda daeqvemdebarosara mxolod ,,konkretuli”, aramed nebismieri tipis referencia da b)aseve mniSvnelovani unda iyos, Cvenis azriT, imis xazgasmac, rom31

Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuli situacia mis mTlianobaSixasiaTdeba swored globalurad gagebuli pragmatizaciiT, TviTpragmatizacia ki ganicdis Semdegi ori faqtoris mzard gavlenas: a)TviT pragmatikaSi mkvidrdeba intersubieqturobis da interaqciisprincipi da b) pragmatikis sfero sul ufro da ufro moiTxovslingvokulturologiur interpretacias.rogorc vxedavT, zemoT moyvanili citatebis mixedviT avtorireferenciis fenomens ukavSirebs enis iseT aspeqtebs, rogoricaasemantika, sintaqsisi da pragmatika. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, referenciisamgvari, anu konceptualurad danawevrebuli xedva ver iqneba CvenTvissaintereso fenomenis aRqmisa da gaazrebis amosavali principi _aucilebeli xdeba xsenebul aspeqtTa iseTi konceptualuri sinTezi,romelic am fenomenis mis funqciur da struqturul mTlianobaSidanaxvis saSualebas mogvcemda. vimeorebT (da amis Sesaxeb ufrosafuZvlianad vityviT maSin, roca lingvistikis paradigmulsituaciasTan dakavSirebiT davefuZnebiT iseT cnebas rogoricaadiskursis komunikaciur-pragmatikuli sivrce): citirebuli avtorismier gamoyofili aspeqtebidan mxolod pragmatikas ZaluZs referenciisTeoriis sistemuri da mTlianuri dafuZneba.magram ganxiluli statia xasiaTdeba ara mxolod imiT, rompragmatikas _ miuxedavad mis mzard rolze miTiTebisa _ jer kidev areniWeba referenciis TeoriisTvis fuZemdebeli roli. asevemniSvnelovania, Cvenis azriT, meore momentic, romelic saerToddamaxasiaTebeli aris referenciaze lingvisturi msjelobis mocemulietapisaTvis. vgulisxmobT Semdeg faqts: referencias ukavSirdeba iseTilingvisturi kategoriebi rogoricaa, erTis mxriv determinacia, meoresmxriv ki deiqsisi, magram vfiqrobT, rom es dakavSireba, xasiaTdebaSemdegi Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT negatiuri niSniT: araferia naTqvamiimis Taobaze, Tu ra logikur kavSirSi imyofebian erTmaneTSi es samikategoria _ referencia, determinacia da deiqsisi, e. i., sxvanairad romvTqvaT, ar ismis kiTxva imis Taobaze arsebobs Tu ara am sam kategoriasSoris raime saxis ierarqiuli urTierTmimarTeba. Tu gavixsenebT imfaqts, rom, rogorc ukve iTqva, referenciis fenomeni ukve32

erTmniSvnelovnad da Tanmimdevrulad daukavSirda ara nebismieri donisaTu aspeqtis mqone enobriv erTeuls, aramed swored da mxolodnominalur jgufs, gasagebi gaxdeba, albaT, Cveni kritikuli SeniSvnismniSvnelobac: deiqsisic da determinaciac imdenad mniSvnelovaniasaxelisTvis rogorc metyvelebis nawilisTvis (da Sesabamisadnominaluri jgufisTvis), rom aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi amkategoriaTa Teoriuli damuSaveba xdeboda ara mxolod erTmaneTisgandamoukideblad, aramed referenciis Teoriisagan damoukidebladac.Sesabamisad ismis kiTxva: xom ar ZaluZs referenciis konceptsSeasrulos metekategoriis funqcia xsenebuli konceptualuri triadisfarglebSi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvaze adekvaturi pasuxis gacemisSemTxvevaSi ara mxolod daisaxeboda referenciis WeSmaritad erTianiTeoriis agebis SesaZlebloba, aramed bolomde aRqmuli da gaazrebuliiqneboda TviT determinaciisa da deiqsisis siRrmiseuladreferencialuri arsi.rogorc vnaxeT, referenciis lingvisturi interpretaciis mocemulietapi (,,meore droiTi koordinati” Cveni terminologiiT) xasiaTdeba _Tu, ra Tqma unda, mas aRviqvamT aruTiunovas statiaze dayrdnobiT _Semdegi TaviseburebebiT: a) am etapze referenciis koncepti iZens bevradufro met konkretulobas, radgan sabolood da calsaxad ukavSirdebanominalur jgufs; b) magram amave dros Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rommiuxedavad referenciis fenomenis amgvari Sinaarsobrivi dakonkretebisa,jer kidev ar arsebobs misi (referenciis) iseTi sakuTriv lingvisturiinterpretacia, romelic SeiZleboda migveCnia Teoriad am terminissruli da adekvaturi gagebiT; g) magram aseve migvaCnia, rom Cvens miergamoTqmuli kritikuli SeniSvnebi xasiaTdebian Semdegi pozitiuriqveteqstiTac: maT fonze mkafiod da srulad isaxeba im meTodologiurigzis konturebi, romelsac unda davadgeT referenciis Teoriisadekvaturad agebis SemTxvevaSi.vfiqrobT, ukve gvqonda xsenebuli konturebis Tundac miniSnebisSesaZlebloba. magram imisaTvis, rom xsenebulma SeniSvnebma ukvepozitiurad formulirebuli Tezisebis saxe miiRon da amiT safuZveliCaeyaros referenciis fenomenis ganxilvis mesame da gadamwyvet etaps,33

saWirod migvaCnia referenciis rogorc fenomenisa da kategoriis iseTlingvistur ganxilvasac CavuyaroT safuZveli, romelic undamivakuTvnoT xsenebul etaps da romlis avtoria m. krongauzi. xsenebuliavtoris mixedviT, ,,referenciis lingvisturi Teoria principSi SeiZlebadayvanil iqnes ramdenime problemamde. pirveli problema mdgomareobsimaSi, rom Seswavlili unda iqnas e. w. referencialur sityvaTa, anuaqtualizatorTa, pirvel rigSi nacvalsaxelTa da artiklTa semantika.amasTan dakavSirebiT referenciis lingvistur TeoriaSi ikvlevenagreTve kvantorul mniSvnelobaTa (sayovelTaoba, arseboba da a. S.)Sesabamis tipebs da gansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobas. mniSvnelovanamocanas warmoadgens nominalur jgufTa referenciis tipTaklasifikacia. da bolos: ikvleven nominalur jgufTa midrekilebas amaTu im tipis referenciis mimarT” (Кронгауз 2001:321).garda problemis amgvari daxasiaTebisa, avtori akeTebs agreTvezogadi saxis iseT or SeniSvnas, romlebic, Cvenis azriT, kvlav naTladmiuTiTeben referenciis ganxilvis lingvisturi etapis Cvens mier zemoTmoyvanil pozitiur da negatiur aspeqtebze: a)avtoris azriT,,,mniSvnelobisgan gansxvavebiT referenciiT xasiaTdeba ara saxelirogorc aseTi, aramed misi gamoyeneba. mniSvnelobam (смысл) SeiZlebagansazRvros saxelis midrekileba referenciis ama Tu im tipis mimarT”b) ,,saxelis referencia ganpirobebulia ara mxolod misi mniSvnelobiT ,aramed konteqstiTa da pragmatikuli faqtorebiTac” (Кронгауз 2001:322).1.1.3. referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis ganxilvis mesame droiTikoordinatirogori unda iyos am koordinatis Teoriul-meTodologiuriSinaarsi? referenciis konceptisa da problemis ganxilvis wina etapTakritikulma analizma dagvanaxa, rom referenciasTan dakavSirebuliproblematika lingvistikaSi mkvidrdeboda Semdegi ori niSniT:a) erTis mxriv, xsenebuli problematika warmoadgenda termin,,referenciis” semantikisa da nominaluri velis dakonkretebis iseTgzas, romlis farglebSi naTlad gamoikveTa ara mxolod am gzisetapebi, aramed misi konceptualuri veqtoric: referenciis34

kategorialuri mniSvneloba calsaxad daukavSirda nominalurijgufis cnebas, magram amave dros xsenebuli dakavSirebaerTdroulad niSnavda imasac, rom moxda referenciisterminologiuri mniSvnelobis aseve calsaxa gamijvna iseTlingvosemiotikur terminTa mniSvnelobisgan, rogoricaasignifikati da denotati;b) magram amave dros aseve mkafiod da naTlad gamoikveTa,,referenciis” lingvistikaSi damkvidrebis meore, ukve Cvens miernegatiurad aRqmuli aspeqtic: is azrobrivi dinamika, romliTac,rogorc davrwmundiT, xasiaTdeboda mocemuli terminiskategorialuri mniSvnelobis dakonkreteba, ar iyo araviTar (anTiTqmis araviTar) Sinagan kavSirSi im mecnierebis paradigmuldinamikasTan, romelsac fuZemdebeli mniSvneloba hqomda TviT ammecnierebisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas _ ra Tqma unda metaforulad _rom ,,referenciis” kategorialuri mniSvneloba Tavisi qmnadobisdros ,,TiTqosda sakuTar TavSi ixarSeboda”. rogorc Cans,xsenebuli procesis amgvar izolirebas Tanamedrove lingvistikisparadigmuli dinamikidan hqonda gamarTleba zemoT ganxilul oretapze (ori droiTi koordinatis farglebSi), magram TamamadSeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes, anu ,,referenciis” kategorialurimniSvnelobis dRevandeli gaazrebis fonze, xsenebuli,,TviTizolacia” iqceva mniSvnelovan dabrkolebad sworedxsenebuli kategorialuri mniSvnelobis bolomde da arsebiTadgaazrebis gzaze. Sesabamisad migvaCnia, rom referenciisproblemuri kvlevis mesame anu dReisTvis aqtualuri etapis arsiunda ganisazRvros Semdegnairad: aucilebelia moxdes Tanamedrovelingvistikis mier ganvlili ori gzis _ ,,referenciis”kategorialuri mniSvnelobis dakonkretebisa da lingvistikis mierganvlili paradigmuli gzis _ urTierTgadakveTa am sityvis Rrmadpozitiuri mniSvnelobiT: unda moxdes am gzebze mopovebulkonceptualur miRwevaTa sinTezi.35

gaazreba moxdeba im paradigmul situaciasTan SesabamisobaSi, romliTacxasiaTdeba Tanamedrove lingvosemiotikuri azrovneba; amis TqmiT ki,vfiqrobT, ukve movxazeT im Teoriul-meTodologiuri gzis konturebi,romlis gavla mogvixdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gvsurs ara mxolodadekvaturad, aramed srulad iqnes realizebuli referenciis konceptTandakavSirebuli problemaTa kompleqsi;meore logikuri winapiroba ki mdgomareobs SemdegSi: imisaTvis,rom SevZloT xsenebuli gzis gavla, aucilebelad migvaCnia TavidanvedavukavSiroT erTmaneTs _ bunebrivia, am dakavSirebis mTeli SesaZloproblemuri aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT _ zemoT xsenebuli ori koncepti_ referenciisa da paradigmuli situaciis konceptebi;mesame winapirobad ki unda miviCnioT Semdegi: ra Tqma unda, am orikonceptis problemuri urTierTmimarTebis farglebSi upiratesoba undamieniWos referenciis koncepts, radgan igulisxmeba, rom swored masukavSirdeba uSualod Cveni kvlevis Temaca da problemac. magram amavedros cxadia isic, rom mxolod Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebisparadigmuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebam SeiZleba Seqmnas ara mxolodreferenciis, aramed nebismieri mniSvnelovani lingvosemiotikurikonceptis adekvaturi xedvisa da kvlevis winapiroba.zemoT dasaxelebul winapirobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT da imisgaTvaliswinebiTac, rom Cveni sakvlevi Temis mTeli SesaZloproblemuroba SeiZleba gamovlenil iqnas mxolod mTeli Casatarebelikvlevis manZilze, SevecdebiT Cveni yuradReba SevaCeroT jer Tavadreferenciis konceptze, raTa Tavidanve _ Tumca, bunebrivia, jer mxolodzogadi saxiT _ danaxul iqnas misi ara mxolod Teoriuli mniSvneloba,aramed Rrma problemurobac. rac Seexeba paradigmul situacias rogorcconcepts, Cven davinaxavT ara mxolod mis, SeiZleba iTqvas, yovlismomcvel meTodologiur mniSvnelobas, aramed imasac, rom mxolod maszedayrdnobiT SeiZleba gadaWril iqnas referenciasTan dakavSirebulproblemaTa mTeli maStaburi speqtri.magram gvsurs xazi gavusvaT garemoebas, romelmac sabolooangariSSi, unda gansazRvros mTeli Cveni kvlevis aqtualuroba: rogorcdavinaxavT swored referencia warmogvidgeba im enobriv fenomenad,37

omelmac rogorc maqsimaluri ,,Sinagani Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT”unda asaxos ara mxolod Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebisTvisfuZemdebeli semiotikur-komunikaciuri metaparadigmis mTeli TeoriulisiRrme da siaxle, aramed is gzac, romelic am metaparadigmam ukve gaiarada kvlavac gadis Tavisi sruli kvleviTi potenciis gamovlenisprocesSi. rogorc davinaxavT, es swored is procesia, romelic SeiZlebagansazRvrul iqnas rogorc Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmulidinamika. Tanamedrove lingvistikis semiotikur-komunikaciurimetaparadigma realizebulia ara mxolod sinqroniulad, anu im ideissaxiT, romelsac gulisxmobs semiotikurobisa da komunikaciurobisSerwymuli arsi, aramed diaqroniuladac, anu xsenebuli paradigmulidinamikis saxiTac.migvaCnia, rom lingvisturi kvlevis Tanamedrove paradigmulisituacia mis mTlianobaSi unda ganisazRvros Semdegi sami TeoriulmeTodologiurimomentis gansakuTreuli aqtualurobiT. davasaxeloTda davaxasiaToT es sami momenti da rac mTavaria zogadi saxiT maincmivuTiToT im Sinagan problemur kavSirze, romelic unda asrulebdesgadamwyvet rols mTeli Cveni kvleviTi konteqstis TvalsazrisiT:1) pirveli momenti atarebs maqsimalurad zogad xasiaTs daSesabamisad asaxavs paradigmul situacias rogorc xsenebuliparadigmuli dinamikis uSualo Sedegs. rogorc v. karasiki ambobs,Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebis dinamika SeiZleba gamoxatuliqnas Semdegi sqemis saxiT: ,,es iyo moZraoba struqturulilingvistikidan funqciuri lingvistikisken, Semdegpragmalingvistikisken da kulturologiur lingvistikamde” (Карасик2004:.5). am sqemidan gamomdinare advili iqneboda dagveskvna, romTanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuli situacia pirvel rigSiniSnavs kulturologiuri lingvistikis, anu lingvokulturologiisdominanturobas. magram Cvenis azriT, amgvaridaskvna aucileblad moiTxovs garkveul Sinaarsobriv daproblematur dakonkretebas. da mocemul SemTxvevaSi es swored isdakonkretebaa, romelsac garkveuli gagebiT gadamwyveti mniSvnelobaunda hqondes problemis gadaWrisaTvis. vgulisxmobT im garemoebis38

mniSvnelobas (rogorc Teoriuli, ise meTodologiuriTvalsazrisiT), rom, rogorc cnobilia, kvlevis humanitarulsferoSi axali paradigma ki ar auqmebs wina paradigmis safuZvelzemiRebul kvleviT Sedegebs, aramed axdens am SedegTa sruliadaxlebur interpretacias. ras unda gulisxmobdes es zogadTeoriuli mosazreba Cvens kvleviT konteqstSi? imas, ra Tqma unda,rom referenciis problema a) danaxul unda iqnas erTdrouladrogorc pragmalingvisturi (sxvanairad anTropocentristulkomunikaciuri),ise kulturologiuri lingvistikis (anulingvokulturologiuri paradigmis) safuZvelze, magram amave drosb) am or dasaxelebul paradigmas Soris nagulisxmevi unda iqnesSemdegi mimarTeba: lingvokulturologiuri paradigma ara mxolodunda daefuZnos referenciis im funqciur arss, romelicgamovlenil iqneba pragmalingvistikis farglebSi, aramed undamoaxdinos kidec am arsis axleburi interpretacia. da TugavixsenebT referenciis rogorc fenomenisa da konceptislingvisturi gaazrebis im Sinagan veqtors, romlis Sesaxebac zemoTgvqonda saubari Cvens mier gamoyofili droiTi koordinatebisfarglebSi, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneba iTqvas Semdegic: Cvenssadisertacio naSromSi vaxdenT referenciasTan dakavSirebulimTeli lingvisturi problematikis iseT sinTezur gaazrebas,romelmac unda migviyvanos xsenebuli fenomenis pragmalingvisturlingvokulturologiurxedvamde;2) meore momenti, romelic impliciturad, magram amave dros arsebiTadTan axlavs zemoT gansazRvrul paradigmul situacias, mdgomareobsSemdegSi: pragmalingvistikisTvis zogadad da kerZod referenciisrogorc fenomenis pragmalingvisturi xedvisaTvis arsebiTimniSvneloba unda hqondes im fundamentur cvlilebas, romelicganicada lingvisturma pragmatikam Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi evoluciismanZilze da romelsac, Cvenis azriT, aseve fundamenturimniSvneloba unda hqondes referenciis problemisaTvis: vgulisxmobTintersubieqturobis, rogorc kvleviTi principis damkvidrebasxsenebul sferoSi. Tu kvlav gavixsenebT referenciis lingvisturi39

kvlevis ukve xsenebul veqtors, naTlad davinaxavT im garemoebas,rom intersubieqturobis princips mTlianad SeuZlia Secvalos amkvlevis perspeqtiva. iqidan gamomdinare, rom swored aseTi undaiyos, Cvenis azriT, am principis mniSvneloba Cveni kvlevisTvissaWirod migvaCnia sqematurad mainc movxazoT im cvlilebis arsi,romelic gulisxmobda Tanamedrove lingvisturi pragmatikismoZraobas intersubieqturobis principamde. xsenebuli moZraobaSeicavda organulad urTierTdakavSirebul da Cveni kvlevisTviserTnairi mniSvnelobis mqone or moments: a) pirveli momentigulisxmobda subieqturobis rogorc Tavad pragmatikismakonstutiurebel konceptualuri niSnis Sinagan dinamikas anuintersubieqturobad transformirebas. rogorc g. lebaniZe aRniSnavs:,,Tu dasawyisSi pragmatika niSnavda kavSirs subieqtsa da niSnebsSoris, dRes ki aucilebelia vigulisxmoT ukve minimum ori subieqti,e. i. gvaqvs ara marto subieqturoba, aramed intersubieqturoba. esukve Tvisobrivi cvlilebaa _ ori subieqti. garda amisa, Cven gvaqvsara marto mimarTeba or subieqts Soris, romelic aisaxebagamonaTqvamSi. ufro metic, aris mimarTeba metyvel subieqtsa dagamonaTqvamSi asaxul situacias Soris, aseve msmenel subieqtsa daasaxul situacias Soris” (lebaniZe 2004:253). magram saqme isaa, romsubieqturobis intersubieqturobad transformirebam gamoiwviamTeli pragmatikuli kvlevis _ am kvlevis struqturis _Sinaarsobrivi gafarToeba. b) da aranakleb mniSvnelovania isSedegic, romelic intersubieqturobis principis damkvidrebashqonda sametyvelo aqtis anu diskursis komunikaciuri xedvisa dakvlevisaTvis: intersubieqturobis principma kvleviT praqtikaSiSemoitana adresantisa da adresatis organuladurTierTdakavSirebuli wyvili. ,,komunikaciis yoveli aqtigulisxmobs metyvel subieqts anu adresants. es imas niSnavs, rompragmatikis farglebSi unda gvqondes im kategoriaTa sistema,romlebic asaxaven swored metyveli subieqtis, adresantis mTelpozicias komunikaciur aqtSi. garda amisa, unda gvqondeskategoriaTa iseTi sistema, romelic dakavSirebuli iqneba40

adresatTan, msmenel subieqtTan. magram komunikaciis yovel aqtSigvaqvs ara marto ori subieqti, aramed gvaqvs urTierTmimarTebacmaT Soris, anu intersubieqturoba” (iqve)vfiqrobT, advilad dasanaxi unda iyos intersubieqturobis da,Sesabamisad, adresant-adresatis organuli Sinagani kavSiris mTelirogorc kvleviT principTa damkvidrebis mniSvneloba referenciisproblemuri xedvisaTvis: rogorc ukve xazgasmiT iTqva, referenciisadekvaturi kvleva gulisxmobs enobrivi sinamdvilis iseT xedvas,romelic principulad scildeba signifikaciisa da denotaciisdoneebs da, Sesabamisad, gulisxmobs xsenebuli sinamdvilis xedvasteqstobriv doneze; es ki imas niSnavs, rom SeuZlebeli xdebareferenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis xedva da kvlevaintersubieqturobis rogorc principis gverdis avliT: Tureferenciad miviCnevT im nominaluri jgufis sinamdvilesTanmimarTebas, romelic amave dros funqcionirebs diskurs-teqstisfarglebSi SeuZlebelia es mimarTeba ar iqnas interpretirebuliadresantsa da adresats Soris pragmatikul-komunikaciuriurTierTmimarTebis safuZvelze;3) mesame arsebiTi momentis saxiT ki unda dasaxeldes is TeoriuliSedegi, romelic intersubieqturobis principis damkvidrebamgamoiRo diskursis Tanamedrove koncefciis anu misi interaqciulimodelis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT. xsenebuli momentisgansakuTrebuli xazgasma referenciis kvlevis perspeqtivisaTvis kiaucilebeli xdeba Tundac imitom, rom diskursis interaqciulimodeli atarebs mkafiod gamoxatul ara mxolod enobriv, aramedagreTve socialur da kulturul xasiaTs; es ki imas niSnavs, romswored am modelis farglebSi xdeba lingvisturi pragmatikis islingvokulturologiuli interpretacia, romlis mniSvnelobazecCven zemoT vsaubrobdiT: rogorc gvaxsovs, Cveni kvlevis mizani undaiyos referenciis rogorc pragmatikuli, iselingvokulturologiuli kvleva da amave dros imis xazgasmac, romlingvokulturologia unda axdendes pragmatikul donezeCatarebuli kvlevis SedegTa interpretacias. swored diskursis41

interaqciuli modelis fuZemdeblur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebscitata m. makarovis monografiidan: ,,komunikaciis interaqciulimodeli ZiriTadi principis saxiT wina planze ayenebs imurTierTzemoqmedebas, romelsac adgili aqvs komunikaciurisituaciis socialur-kulturuli pirobebis farglebSi” (Макаров2003:38). da rac mTavaria xsenebuli modelis arss avtoriakonkretebs swored intersubieqturobis principze dayrdnobiT:,,komunikaciis dros mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs im meorepartnioris aqtiuroba, romelic monawileobs komunikaciis procesSi:rom ara komunikantTa urTierTkavSiri im erTian procesSi, romelicgulisxmobs mniSvnelobaTa demonstracias da gansakuTrebiT ki maTinterpretacias, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ara mxolod urTierToba,aramed esa Tu is urTierTdakavSirebuli qmedebac ki” (Макаров2003:39). rogorc vxedavT, referenciis adekvaturi kvleva xazgasmiTmoiTxovs diskursis interaqciuli modelis gaTvaliswinebasac.1.3 lingvisturi pragmatikis Sinagani kavSiri teqstis lingvisturTeoriasTan da referenciis problemarogorc Cveni kvlevis mTeli Semdgomi msjeloba gviCvenebs (da risSesaxebac naTlad iqna miTiTebuli SesavalSic), referenciis fenomenimTeli Tavisi sisruliT SeiZleba gamokvleul iqnas im SinaganimimarTebis safuZvelze, romelic dgindeba erTis mxriv kvleviskomunikaciur paradigmasa da am paradigmis lingvokulturologiuliinterpretacias Soris. magram, viRebT ra mxedvelobaSi referenciisproblemis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas mTeli Tanamedrove lingvisturiazrovnebisTvis, aucileblad migvaCnia sanam eqspliciturad da mTeliSesaZlo sisruliT gamovikvlevT am problemas teqstocentristulad, anuteqstis lingvistur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, im Sinagani kavSiris xazgasma,romelic arsebobs komunikaciuri lingvistikis iseT ormakonstituirebel dargobriv sferos Soris, rogoricaa pragmatika dateqstis Teoria. Cvens mier ukve citirebul naSromSi g. lebaniZeSemdegnairad ganmartavs zemoT xsenebul kavSirs: ,,urTierTmimarTeba42

komunikaciur lingvistikasa da lingvistikur pragmatikas Soris igivia,rogorc saerTod mimarTeba birTvsa da mTlianobas Soris, romlisbirTvsac igi warmoadgens. ra Tqma unda, komunikaciuri lingvistika arudris pragmatikas, magram amave dros igi Sinaganad ganpirobebulia dakonstituirebulia pragmatikis mier. komunikaciuri lingvistikis dapragmatikis aseTi urTierTmimarTeba emyareba im rols, romelsacasrulebs subieqtis cneba da subieqturobis principi rogorckonunikaciur lingvistikaSi mTlianad, ise pragmatikaSi. pragmatikisamgvari birTvuli statusis uSualo gamovlinebas da dadasturebaswarmoadgens teqstis lingvistika. pragmatikul kategoriaTa is sistema,romelic Cven ramdenadme mainc ganvixileT, warmoadgens, erTis mxriv,komunikaciuri aqtis principebs (yoveli efeqturi komunikacia efuZneba ampragmatikul kategoriaTa realizacias), xolo, meores mxriv, teqstobrivkategoriaTa sistemas.” (lebaniZe 2004:272-273) ramdenadac, rogorc ukveiTqva, SemdegSi mogvixdeba referenciis fenomenis teqstocentristuliinterpretacia da imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom referenciis fenomeni,rogorc wesi, ganixileboda arateqstobriv, aramed winadadebis doneze,saWirod migvaCnia Tundac sqematurad, magram mainc mivuTiToT teqstislingvisturi Teoriis warmomavlobasa da mniSvnelobaze iseT enobriverTeulTan kavSirSi rogoricaa winadadeba. amasTan dakavSirebiTxsenebuli avtori wers: ,,rogorc komunikaciuri lingvistikis yvela sxvadargs, ise teqstis lingvistikas unda mieces rogorc istoriulgenetikuli,ise Teoriuli dafuZneba. teqstis lingvistikis dafuZnebamdgomareobs SemdegSi: termini ,,istoriuli” SegviZlia gavigoT rogorcfarTod, ise viwrod. Tu gavigebT am termins farTod, maSin undavaRiaroT, rom teqstis Teoria garkveuli saxiT arsebobda ukveantikurobaSi _ imdenad, ramdenadac antikurobaSi arsebobda ritorikarogorc filologiur-esTetikuri dargi. am mniSvnelobas Cven arSevexebiT. SevexebiT am terminis viwro mniSvnelobas, romelic SemdegSimdgomareobs: teqstis lingvistika warmoiSva imitom, rom funqciurimidgoma enobriv movlenaTa mimarT bolomde ver xerxdeboda iseTikomunikaciuri erTeulis farglebSi, rogoricaa winadadeba. ras niSnavsfunqciuri midgoma lingvistikaSi? es midgoma niSnavs imas, rom formas43

vuqvemdebarebT mniSvnelobas, xolo mniSvnelobas _ funqcias (funqciurdaniSnulebas). amrigad funqciuri midgoma niSnavs gavigoT enobrivierTeulis daniSnuleba (ufro zustad, formisa da mniSvnelobiserTianoba) im funqciis mixedviT, romelsac es erTeuli asrulebssametyvelo aqtSi. magram didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sametyvelo aqtisrealur warmomadgenlad iTvleboda winadadeba. swored winadadebas,sityvisagan gansxvavebiT, miewereboda komunikaciuri funqcia. sabolooangariSiT funqciuri midgoma niSnavda enobrivi movlenis axsnas imrolis mixedviT, romelsac es enobrivi movlena asrulebda winadadebisfarglebSi, e. i. komunikaciur funqcias asrulebda winadadeba, xoloenobrivi movlena gagebuli da axsnili iyo imdenad, ramdenadac gagebulida axsnili iyo is, Tu rogor emsaxureboda es enobrivi movlenawinadadebas mis mier komunikaciuri funqciis SesrulebaSi. ra Tqma unda,enobriv movlenaTa garkveuli kategoria poulobda aseTi _ funqciuri _axsnis SesaZleblobas winadadebis doneze. magram amave dros izrdebodaiseT enobriv movlenaTa ricxvi, romelTa funqciuri interpretacia verxerxdeboda winadadebis farglebSi da winadadebis doneze ” (lebaniZe2004 273-274).rogorc vxedavT, komunikaciuri lingvistika, anu Tanamedrovelingvistikis paradigmuli etapi, romlis safuZvelze pirvel rigSiaRqmuli unda iqnas referenciis fenomeni, gulisxmobs, erTis mxrivpragmatikaze dayrdnobas da mis axlebur, anu intersubieqtur gaazrebas,meores mxriv ki gulisxmobs referenciis iseT funqciur xedvas, romelicSesaZlebeli iqneba swored winadadebis donis principuli gadalaxvisSemTxvevaSi.1.4. saxeli rogorc enobrivi fenomeni da misi kavSiri referenciisfenomenTanrogorc araerTxel aRiniSna, referenciis lingvisturi gaazrebiserT-erT da arsebiT veqtors warmoadgenda (da dResac warmoadgens) amfenomenis pirdapiri dakavSireba ,,nominalur jgufTan”, da amave dros arunda dagvaviwydes isic, rom nominalur jgufTan referenciis44

dakavSireba garduvalad badebs Semdeg kiTxvas: rogor unda iqnasgaazrebuli Sinagani mimarTeba nominalur jgufTan uSualoddakavSirebul iseT kategoriebs Soris, rogoricaa deiqsisis(vgulisxmobT pirvel rigSi e. w. ,,rolur”, anu personalur deiqsiss) dadeterminaciis (gansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobis) kategoriebs. amasTannaTlad gamoikveTa nominalur jgufTan deiqsisis dakavSirebis SemdegiTanmxlebi momentic: es dakavSireba xdeboda _ da, rogorc wesi, dResacxdeba _ arateqstobriv konteqstSi, anu faqtobrivad isev da isevwinadadebis doneze _ miuxedavad imisa, xdeboda Tu ara am faqtiseqsplicituri xazgasma. magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, referenciis rogorcfenomenis WeSmaritad adekvaturi xedva SesaZlebeli unda iyos sworedteqstis doneze da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xsenebuli doneorganulad daukavSirdeba diskursis intersubieqtur (da interaqciul)models.ra daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes wina abzacSi ganviTarebulimsjelobidan? is, rom referenciis problemis saboloo gadaWragarduvalad moiTxovs erTmaneTs davukavSiroT _ da swored Teoriuldoneze _ ori enobrivi fenomeni _ saxeli da teqsti. da amave drosdavukavSiroT ise, rom es kavSiri ara mxolod gulisxmobdesreferenciasTan Sinagan kavSirs, aramed arsebiTad efuZnebodes kidec mas.Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amgvari, anu referenciasTanarsebiTad dakavSirebuli mimarTeba saxelsa da teqsts Soris aramcTuar yofila eqsplicirebuli Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi, aramed jerjerobiT,igi arc ki gamxdara lingvisturi refleqsiis sagani. magramsaqme isaa, rom swored referenciasTan dakavSirebul problematikisveqtors mivyavarT saxelsa da teqsts Soris amgvari kavSiriseqspliciturad gaazrebis aucileblobamde radgan, rogorc ukve viciT,SeuZlebelia ar moxdes am enobrivi fenomenis erTdrouli da arsebiTidakavSireba swored saxelTan da teqstTan.bunebrivia, zemoT xsenebuli dakavSireba erTdroulad undagulisxmobdes arsebiT da aucilebel kavSirs iseT sam lingvisturcnebas Soris, rogoricaa saxeli, teqsti da referencia. am kavSirzearsebiTad da Tanmimdevrulad vimsjelebT naSromis meore TavSi,45

omelic mTlianad mieZRvneba referenciis rogorc teqstobrivifenomenis ganxilvisas. magram cxadia isic, rom winamdebare Tavma undaSeasrulos kvlevis mTeli Semdgomi monakveTis mosamzadebeli segmentisroli. amitom, Cveni azriT, aucilebelia SevCerdeT saxelis (,,nominalurijgufis”) funqciur arsze im farTo gagebiT, romelsac albaT zogadad,,lingvosemiotikuri” gageba SeiZleba vuwodoT. vfiqrobT, kvlevisSemdgom etapebze, saxeldobr ki naSromis meore TavSi, davinaxavTsaxelis lingvosemiotikuri arsis amgvari ganxilvis perspeqtulobas.xsenebul amocanas SevasrulebT cnobili lingvistisa dasemiotikosis i. stepanovis iseT naSromze dayrdnobiT rogoricaa ,,enissamganzomilebian struqturaSi”. xsenebuli monografiis avtori xazsusvams saxelis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis im arsebiT momentebs,romelTa Sinagani kavSiri referenciis problemasTan Cven ukve davinaxeT.(Tumca TviT avtori arafers ambobs _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, eqspliciturisaxiT _ referenciasTan amgvari kavSiris Taobaze) (Степанов 1985)avtori msjelobs saxelis lingvosemiotikuri arsis Sesaxeb Semdegsam arsebiT momentze dayrdnobiT: 1) saxelze rogorc enobrivisaxeldebis saSualebaze da safuZvelze; 2) sayovelTaod cnobil,,semantikur samkuTxedze” dayrdnobiT da 3) iseT fuZemdeblurfenomenTan dakavSirebiT rogoricaa Cvenebis fenomeni.SevCerdeT xsenebul momentebze, radgan, rogorc ukve iTqva, samivemniSvnelovania referenciis kvlevis Cveneuli konteqstisaTvis:1.4.1. saxeli zogadi lingvosemiotikuri TvalsazrisiTrogorc avtori wers, ,,saxeli aris sityva, an ufro iSviaTadsityvaTSexameba, romelic asaxelebs sagans an adamians” (Степанов 1985:13).Tumca, Cvenis azriT, Cveni kvleviTi konteqstisaTvis ufromniSvnelovania is, rasac avtori ambobs saxelis Sesaxeb zogadfilosofiuri TvalsazrisiT: ,,saxelTan dakavSirebul filosofiurproblemas warmoadgens ara imdenad TviT saxeli, aramed is procesi damimarTeba, romlis Sedegadac gvevlineba saxeli anu saxeldebis procesida mimarTeba” (iqve). rogorc gvaxsovs, referenciis specifikuri arsi CvendavinaxeT swored saxelis mimarTebaSi gare sinamdvilesTan da aqedan46

gamomdinare cxadi gaxda isic, Tu ras unda niSnavdes es mimarTebatestis farglebSi da teqstobriobis safuZvelze zogadad da kerZod imSemTxvevaSi, roca saqme gvaqvs mxatvrul teqstTan. vfiqrobT, avtorisSemdegi msjeloba dagvexmareba zemoT miTiTebuli problemis gadaWraSi:,,saxeli upirispirdeba sxva tipis sityvebs, metyvelebis sxva nawilebs.mxolod saxeli imyofeba Tavis obieqtTan iseT mimarTebaSi, romelsacSeiZleba vuwodoT saxeldebis mimarTeba. zmnac da saerTod predikati,ra Tqma unda, imyofeba garkveul mimarTebaSi eqstralingvistursinamdvilesTan, magram ar asaxelebs mas ........” (iqve). avtori ganagrZobs:,,igive SeiZleba iTqvas windebulebze da miT umetes kavSirebze......,,niSanTvisebaTa saxelebi” _ zedsarTavi saxelebi da zmniszedebi _ amTvalsazrisiT warmoadgenen problemur sferos, Tumca cxadia: imSemTxvevaSic ki Tu isini rames asaxeleben, es dasaxeleba arsebiTadgansxvavdeba saxelis mier ganxorcielebuli dasaxelebisagan” (iqve).1.4.2. saxeli ,,semantikur samkuTxedze” dayrdnobiTrogorc avtori ambobs: ,,saxeldebis yvelaze adekvetur minimalursqematizacias warmoadgens semantikuri samkuTxedi: 1) sityva (saxeli)dakavSirebulia 2) saganTan _ da am kavSirs ewodeba saxeldeba da 3)sagnis gamomxatvel cnebasTan, anu saqme gvaqvs kavSirTan, romelsacewodeba gamoxatva _ cnebis gamoxatva sityvis saSualebiT” (Степанов1985:14). avtori Semdegnairad agrZelebs msjelobas mocemul konteqstSi:,,semantikuri samkuTxedi saukeTeso sqemaa, imitom, rom igi gamoxatavssaxeldebiTi mimarTebis zRvrulad SesaZlebel minimizacias, anu,sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es aris minimaluri, aucilebeli da sakmarisisqematizacia”(Степанов 1985:14-15). vfiqrobT, Cveni kvleviTi konteqstisTvisgansakuTrebiT saintereso unda iyos avtoris Semdegi msjeloba : ,,araerTxel gamouTqvamT kritika am samkuTxedis misamarTiT, laparakoben ramis usrulobaze, anu imaze rom, igi ver amowuravs saxeldebis yvelavariants” (Степанов 1985:15). Cvenis azriT, marTlac SeiZleba kritikuladSevxedoT semantikur samkuTxeds im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebiTaddavukavSirebT erTmaneTs saxelsa da referencias: rogorc ukve viciTreferencia ar udris denotacias, referenti ki denotats;47

1.4.3. saxelis kavSiri Cvenebis fenomenTanvfiqrobT, ara nakleb sainteresoa is, rasac avtori ambobsmocemul konteqstSi: ,,saxeldebis arsi yvelaze ufro axlosaaCvenebasTan ufro metic, saxeldeba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc iseTiCveneba, romelic moklebulia TvalsaCinoebas, e. i. rogorc Cveneba,ganxorcielebuli ara CvenebiTi Jestis saSualebiT, magram erTxel dasamudamod gamyarebuli enobrivi sistemis mier” (Степанов 1985:15). albaTar unda iyos Zneli imis danaxva, rom avtoris es sityvebi miuTiTeben imSinagan kavSirze, romelic unda davinaxoT saxelis funqciur arssa daiseT fenomens Soris, rogoricaa deiqsisi.zogadad ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. stepanovis mier zemoTganxiluli da saxelis funqciur arsTan organulad dakavSirebulisamive arsebiTi momenti SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorclingvosemiotikurad ganmartebuli safuZveli imisaTvis, rom davinaxoTorganuli Sida kategorialuri kavSiri iseT Cvens mier ukvedasaxelebul enobriv fenomenebs Soris, rogoricaa, referencia,determinacia da deiqsisi.1.5 referencia rogorc lingvisturi problema Tanamedrove paradigmulisituaciiT gansazRvrul perspeqtivaSirogorc SesavalSi da pirvel TavSi ganviTarebulma msjelobamgviCvena referencia rogorc enobrivi fenomeni da lingvisturi problemaorganulad, magram amave dros winaaRmdegobrivadaa dakavSirebuliTanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmul situaciasTan (TviT paradigmulisituacia ki, rogorc davrwmundiT, warmoadgens paradigmuli dinamikisuSualo Sedegs da asaxavs kidec mas). erTis mxriv vnaxeT, rom xsenebuliproblemis gaazreba warmoudgenelia am situaciis bolomde gaazrebisgareSe; magram amave dros cxadi gaxda albaT isic, rom TviTTanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmuli situacia Tavis kategorialurganzomilebaSi uSualod damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor iqnebasaboloo angariSSi dasmuli da gadaWrili referenciis problema.48

imisaTvis, rom davrwmundeT amgvari Tezisis wamoyenebis marTebulobaSisakmarisia kidev erTxel gavixsenoT is Sinagani veqtori, romliTacxasiaTdeba referenciis fenomenis sakuTriv lingvisturi gaazrebisetapobrivi struqtura: es gaazreba iwyeba referenciis terminologiurimniSvnelobis difuzurobiT, grZeldeba am difuzurobis TandaTanobiTiTavidan acilebiT da, rogorc vnaxeT, dReisaTvis igi iRebs mwvaveproblemurobiT aRbeWdis, magram amave dros kategorialuriTvalsazrisiT zustad gansazRvrul saxes. orive am moments, anu rogorcmwvave problemurobas, ise kategorialur gansazRvrulobas erTdrouladxazi gaesmis, Tu referenciis problemas davinaxavT mis Semdeg samZiriTad mimarTebaSi:a. referenciis problema deiqsisisa da determinaciis kategoriebTanmimarTebaSi, romlebTanac sayovelTao aRiarebiT igi arsebiTadaadakavSirebuli. rogorc iTqva, Cveni hipoTezis Tanaxmad,referentulobas unda ekavos metakategoriis statusi xsenebulikategoriebis mimarT;b. aseve davrwmundiT imaSi, rom referenciis, rogorc enobrivifenomenis organuli kavSiri saxelTan, rogorc metyvelebisnawilTan (nominalur jgufTan) unda warmoadgendes am fenomenisSemdgomi, anu ufro gaRrmavebuli gaazrebis aucilebel Teoriulwinapirobas. magram cxadia isic, rom xsenebuli momenti, anureferenciis Sinagani kavSiri saxelTan Tanmimdevrulad unda iqnasdakavSirebuli sxva momentebTan;g. da rac, Cvenis azriT, mTavari unda iyos referenciis mTeliproblemis adekvaturad dasmisa da gadaWrisaTvis: xsenebulmaSinaganma veqtorma organulad da principulad daukavSiraerTmaneTs _ ra Tqma unda, referenciasTan mimarTebaSi _ ori iseTifenomeni rogoricaa, saxeli (nominaluri jgufi) da teqsti:referencia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gavmijnoT ara mxolodsignifikaciis, aramed denotaciis fenomenisaganac (amgvari gamijvnisgareSe ki TviT referenciaze saubaric ki kargavs azrs), Tureferencia danaxuli iqneba mis diskursul statusSi, rac,bunebrivia, TavisTavad ukve unda miuTiTebdes referenciis rogorc49

teqstobriv fenomenze; da swored naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT undagaesvas xazi, Cvenis azriT, Semdeg or problemur moments:1) rogorc cnobilia, enobriv sistemasa da diskurss Soris undaarsebobdes enobriv fenomenTa is garduvali kavSiri,romelic gulisxmobs, erTis mxriv fenomenis sistemur, magramamave dros virtualur mocemulobas enobrivi sistemisdoneze da, meores mxriv ukve aqtualur (aqtualizirebul)mocemulobas teqstis farglebSi. im SemTxvevebSi ki, rocasistemis doneze saqme gvaqvs ama Tu im funqciur-semantikurkategoriasTan aqtualizirebuli saxiT, es kategoriadiskurs-teqstis doneze realizebul unda iqnes ama Tu imteqstobrivi badis saxiT. aqedan gamomdinare, TuvilaparakebT referentulobaze, rogorc matakategoriisstatusis mqone funqciur-semantikur kategoriaze daSesabamisad referentulobis funqciur semantikur velze,maSin teqstis doneze da teqstis farglebSi saqme undagvqondes referentulobis teqstobriv badesTan _ ra Tqmaunda, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom amgvari badec undaxasiaTdebodes igive struqturuli ierarqiulobiT rogorcnagulisxmevia referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velisSemTxvevaSi. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, xsenebuli teqstobrivibade unda gulisxmobdes _ aseTia Cveni hipoTeza _determinaciisa da deiqsisis funqciur sinTezs;2) magram rogor unda iqnas danaxuli organuli da amave drosproblemuri kavSiri, erTis mxriv amgvari struqturis mqonereferentulobis teqstobriv badesa da meores mxriv,nominaluri jgufis (saxelis) teqstobriv funqcias Soris?Cvenis azriT, mxolod am kiTxvaze adekvaturi pasuxis gacemaunda iyos miCneuli referenciis problemis gadaWrisWeSmarit winapirobad.50

Tavi IIintersubieqturobis pragmatikuli principi da referenciarogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni: referentulobis veli dareferentulobis teqstobrivi bade2.1. determinacia rogorc funqciur-semantikuri kategoria:referentulobis metakategoriis statusis gansazRvris pirveliwinapirobawina TavSi, roca vlaparakobdiT referenciis problemisaqtualurobaze, am aqtualurobis erT-erT aspeqtad miviCnieT imisgansazRvra, Tu ra mimarTebaSia referencia saxelTan dakavSirebul iseTkategoriebTan rogoricaa, erTis mxriv, determinacia, meores mxriv kideiqsisi. magram amave dros xazi gaesva problemis im aspeqtsac, romelicxsnebuli sami kategoriis urTierTmimarTebas Sinaganad da organuladukavSirebs Tanamedrove lingvosemiotikis fundamentur problemas _ imurTierTmimarTebas, romelic igulisxmeba enobriv sistemasa da misiaqtualizaciis Sedegad warmoSobil diskurss Soris; Tumca aseve cxadigaxda, rom es ukanaskneli mimarTeba referencialuri TvalsazrisiTrealizebuli unda iyos teqstSi. Sesabamisad gvsurs kidev erTxelgavusvaT xazi referenciis rogorc lingvisturi problemis yvela imaspeqtis organul urTierTkavSirs, romelTa Sesaxeb ukve gvqondamsjeloba:a) SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT referenciaze, Tu ar davadgenT mis kavSirsdeterminaciisa da deiqsisis kategoriebTan, radgan swored am kavSirisarsebobaze miuTiTebs referenciisa da saxelis (nominaluri jgufis)rogorc fenomenTa ganuyofloba;b) SeuZlebelia ar ganvixiloT xsenebul kategoriaTa urTierTkavSirisistemisa da diskursis urTierTmimarTebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe;g) SeuZlebelia ar miviCnioT referencia teqstobriv fenomenad, racgulisxmobs mis Tanmimdevrul ganxilvas teqstis Tanamedrovelingvistur Teoriaze dayrdnoboT.51

ogorc vxedavT, referenciis problema dReisTvis warmogvidgebaiseT samganzomilebian problemad, romelic aucileblad moiTxovszemoT dasaxelebul da gamoyofil ganzomilebaTa eqsplicituradTanmimdevrul urTierTdakavSirebas; magram rogori unda iyos esTanmimdevroba? Cvenis azriT, am meTodurad danaxuli TanmimdevrobisSinaganma veqtorma unda asaxos referenciis fenomenis lingvisturikonceptualizaciis Cven mier ukve ganxiluli veqtori (imisgaTvaliswinebiT, ra Tqma unda, rom swored am veqtoriT nagulisxmevibolo da gadamwyveti etapi jer kidev saWiroebs realizacias). zemoTnaTqvamis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teoriuli TvalsazrisiTxsenebul bolo da gadamwyvet etaps unda warmoadgendes _ rogorc amazemocemuli Tavis saTauri migviTiTebs _ referenciis rogorc teqstobrivifenomenis gaanalizeba; da ra unda uZRodes win am gadamwyvet etaps?vfiqrobT, mas win unda uZRodes saxelTa (nominalur jgufTa)organulad dakavSirebul iseT kategoriaTa Soris ierarqiuli urTierTmimarTebisdadgena, rogoricaa referencia, determinacia da deiqsisi.sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, am etapze gvsurs im Cveni hipoTezis Teoriuliadekvaturobis dadgena, romlis Tanaxmad referencias ukaviametakategoriis statusi determinaciisa da deiqsisis mimarT. CvenisazriT, es swored is amocanaa, romelic win unda uZRodes teqstisdoneze referenciis fenomenis ganxilvas da amave dros undawarmoadgendes kidec amgvari ganxilvis logikur winapirobas.zemoT naTqvamis Sesabamisad dasaxul amocanSi gamovyofT or Sidaetaps _ analitikursa da sinTezurs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi SevecdebiTTanmimdevrulad davukavSiroT erTmaneTs jer determinacia dareferencia, Semdeg ki referencia da deiqsisi. meore etapze kivixelmZRvanelebT ra Cvens mier ukve formulirebuli hipoteziTSevecdebiT movaxdinoT wina etapze miRebul SedegTa sinTezi.rogorc es zemoT ganviTarebuli msjelobidan gamomdinareobs,Cveni mizania Sinaganad da arsebiTad davukavSiroT erTmaneTs ori iseTienobrivi fenomeni (am SemTxvevaSi zedsarTav saxel ,,enobrivs” vxmaroT immaqsimalurad farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelic moicavs diqotomiis ,,ena dametyveleba” orive wevrs), rogoricaa, erTis mxriv, referencia, meores52

mxriv ki _ arsebiTi saxelis determinaciis kategoria. (magram amave drosmocemuli paragrafis saTauri Seicavs iseT azrobriv momentsac,romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT scildeba xsenebuli ori fenomenisurTierTmimarTebis problemas da miuTiTebs lingvisturi azrovnebisiseT meTodologiaze, romlis arsi ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad: enobrivmovlenaTa (faqtTa) ganxilvisas aucilebelia maTi arsebiTi daTanmimdevruli dakavSireba kulturasTan. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sworedkvlevis lingvokulturologiuri mimarTuleba unda miviCnioT dReslingvisturi azrovnebis magistralur Teoriul da meTodologiurparadigmad. Tumca xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebasac, rom Cveni kvlevisfarglebSi referenciisadmi lingvokulturologiuri midgomamogvevlineba Cvens mier ganvlili mTeli kvleviTi gzis daskvniT etapad)magram, rogorc davinaxavT, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ara marto imisaRniSvna, Tu romeli paradigmis safuZvelze unda iqnas ganxilulireferenciisa da determinaciis urTierTmimarTeba; aranaklebmniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, Tu rogor xdeboda kvleva imlingvistur paradigmaTa farglebSi, romlebic win uswrebdnenlingvokulturologiur paradigmas. rogorc wina TavSi iyo miTiTebuli,CvenTvis erTnairi mniSvneloba unda hqondes referenciis fenomenisTeoriuli xedvis retrospeqtul da prospeqtul aspeqtebs _ sxvanairadver SevZlebT imis Cvenebas, Tu raSi mdgomareobs am ukanasknelisTeoriuli arsi da meTodologiuri upiratesoba. rogorc ukve viciT,lingvokulturologiur paradigmas Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi winuswrebdnen sistemur-semiotikuri da anTropocentristul-komunikaciuriparadigmebi. am paradigmuli dinamikis aRniSvna aucileblad migvaCniaimitom, rom, rogorc cnobilia, lingvistur azrovnebaSi axaliparadigmis gamoCena sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom daviwyebas undamieces wina paradigmaTa miRwevebi. paradigmuli dinamika lingvistikaSiar unda warmovidginoT ,,primitiuli swori xazis saxiT” (Карасик 2004:5).aqedan gamomdinare, mocemul paragrafSi paradigmaTa amgvari(..araprimitiuli”) urTierTmimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT TanmimdevruladSevecdebiT pasuxi gavceT kiTxvas: rogor unda iqnas gagebuli mimarTebareferenciasa da determinacias Soris? dasmul kiTxvaze maqsimalurad53

srul pasuxs unda iZleodes lingvokulturologiuri paradigma, magrammiRebuli pasuxis es sisrule miRweul iqneba mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi:Tu am paradigmul TvalsazrisSi sinTezirebuli saxiT iqnebawarmodgenili wina paradigmaTa TvalTaxedvac.am problemis gadawyvetas SevecdebiT: 1) zemoTxsenebul orkategoriaTa Soris mimarTebis gansazRvriT sistemur-semiotikuri daanTropo‐centristul-komunikaciur paradigmaTa TvalsazrisiT, 2) Semdegki igive problemas ganvixilavT lingvokulturologiuradac.referenciis Cvens mier ukve ganxiluli erT-erTi gansazRvra, romelsacSeicavs 1990 wels gamocemuli ,,lingvisturi enciklopediuri leqsikoni”,asaxavs am fenomenis rogorc sistemur, ise komunikaciur xedvas:referencia ganisazRvreba rogorc ,,saxelTa .... an maT ekvivalentTamimarTebuloba sinamdvilis obieqtTan (referentebTan, denotatebTan)”(Арутюнова 1990:411) rogorc ukve vnaxeT, citirebuli avtoris azriT,referencia ganisazRvreba sami ZiriTadi faqtoriT: sintaqsuriT,logikur-semantikuriT da pragmatikuliT. rac Seexeba pragmatikulaspeqts, igi ukavSirebs saxels mosaubreTa codnis fons. SeiZlebalaparaki iyos iseT saganze, romelic cnobilia mxolod metyvelipirisaTvis (intruduqciuli referencia).....iseT saganze, romelicerTnairad cnobilia rogorc metyveli pirisaTvis, ise adresatisaTvis(maidentificirebeli referencia), an Tundac iseTze, romelic arcerTimaTganisaTvis ar aris cnobili (ganusazRvreli referencia)” (iqve).avtors miaCnia, rom ,,referenciis pragmatikuli faqtori ZiriTadadmoqmedebs konretuli referenciis sferoSi” (iqve).Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom, marTalia, avtori laparakobs,,konkretul referenciaze”, magram arafers ambobs im enobriv fenomenze,romelic uSualo kavSirSi imyofeba amgvar referenciasTan, anuartiklis fenomenze. amaze metyvelebs artiklis is gansazRvra, romelsacigive lingvisturi enciklopedia gvawvdis: ,,artikli aris is gramatikulielementi, romelic enaSi funqcionirebs rogorc damxmare sityva anafiqsi da romelic gamoxatavs saxelad kategorias gansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobas, e. i. gamoxatavs referenciis saxeobas” (Арутюнова1990:45).54

ogorc vxedavT, referenciis zemoT citirebul gansazRvraSimarTlac warmodgenilia rogorc semiotikur-sistemuri Tvalsazrisi _imdenad, ramdenadac laparakia ,,saxelTa an maT ekvivalentTamimarTebulobaze sinamdvilis obieqtebTan”, ise anTropocentristulkomunikaciuriTvalsazrisi _ imdenad, ramdenadac, avtoris azriT,referencia ,,ukavSirebs saxels mosaubreTa codnis fons.” magramrogoria amgvarad gagebuli referenciis kavSiri arsebiTi saxelisdeterminaciis fenomenTan, anu im fenomenTan, romlis realizaciaZiriTadad ukavSirdeba artikls? Cvenis azriT, es kavSiri ara martoarsebobs, aramed principuli mniSvnelobac aqvs rogorc referenciis, isesityvaTa im klasis funqciuri interpretaciisaTvis, romelsac zemoTmoyvanili gansazRvris mixedviT referencia ukavSirdeba, anu arsebiTisaxelis funqciuri interpretaciisaTvis. arsebiTi saxeli ki, rogorcpirvel TavSi iqna xazgasmiT aRniSnuli, referenciis aqtSi monawileobssaxeldebis, anu nominaciis saSualebiT da mis safuZvelze. rogorc i.stepanovi aRniSnavs, swored arsebiT saxels ukavSirdeba zogadsemiotikuriTvalsazrisiT iseTi mniSvnelovani funqcia rogoricaanominaciis funqcia. ufro metic, avtors miaCnia, rom swored nominaciisfunqcia gamoyofs arsebiT saxels metyvelebis sxva nawilTagan, radganac,,saxeli upirispirdeba sxva tipis sityvas, metyvelebis sxva nawilebs,mxolod saxeli imyofeba Tavis obieqtTan iseT mimarTebaSi, romelsacSeiZleba vuwodoT saxeldebis mimarTeba” (Степанов 1985:13). CvenganmeorebiT daveyrdeniT zemoT moyvanil citatas imis gaTvaliswinebiT,rom mas principuli mniSvneloba aqvT ara mxolod TviT saxelisrogorc enobrivi fenomenis, aramed yvela im kategoriis lingvisturiarsis gagebisTvis, romlebic funqciurad ukavSirdebian saxels.rogorc vxedavT, arsebiT saxelTan erTnairad mniSvnelovanlingvosemiotikur mimarTebaSi imyofeba iseTi ori umniSvnelovanesifunqcia, rogoricaa referenciisa da nominaciis funqciebi, racaucileblad unda metyvelebdes maT Sinagan organul urTierTkavSirze.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom termini ,,referencia” miuTiTebs arsebiTi saxelisfunqciaze zogadsemiotikuri gagebiT. (am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi saxeliaRiqmeba rogorc enobriv niSanTa mTeli erTobliobis warmomadgeneli),55

termini ,,nominacia” ki akonkretebs xsenebul zogad semiotikur funqciasrogorc logikur-sintaqsuri, ise pragmatikul-komunikaciuri gagebiT.magram, Tu es asea, referenciasTan uSualo kavSirSi unda gaviazroTdeterminaciis fenomenic, anu is fenomeni, romlis gareSe vercerTiarsebiTi saxeli konkretul komunikaciur situaciaSi ver SeZlebdanominaciis (da, Sesabamisad, konkretuli saxis referenciis) dadeterminaciis funqciis Sesrulebas. magram, rogorc cnobilia, inglisurenaSi, ise rogorc yvela ZiriTad evropul enaSi, arsebiTi saxelisdeterminaciis funqcias Tavis Tavze pirvel rigSi iRebs artikli (rac,ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxavs sxva determinativTa arsebobas). SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom artikli gvevlineba determinaciis velis centrad. aqedangamomdinare, unda vigulisxmoT, rom arsebobs organuli kavSirireferenciis fenomensa da im funqciur datvirTvas Soris, romliTacartikli xasiaTdeba. magram aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es kavSiri jer kidevar aris bolomde aRqmuli da gaazrebuli. ufro metic, SeiZlebavilaparakoT garkveul Sinagan winaaRmdegobriobazec im SemTxvevebSi,roca yuradRebis centrSi eqceva am cnebaTa urTierTmimarTeba. ase,magaliTad, erT-erTi Cvens mier ukve citirebuli monografiis avtori l.nozrdina iseTi cnebis ganmartebisas, rogoricaa mxatvruli teqstisreferentuli struqtura, wers: ,,im kategoriaTa ricxvs, romlebic axdnenCvens garSemo arsebul saganTa identificirebas, e. i. axdenen maTindividualizacias, anda piriqiT, generalizacias, ekuTvnian referenciiskategoria da gansazRvreba/ganusazRvrelobis kategoria, romelicmonawileobs referenciis dadgenaSi” (Ноздрина 2004:118). rogorcmoyvanili citatidan Cans, xsenebul or kategorias avtori garkveuliTvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad moiazrebs. (sxvanairadSeuZlebeli iqneboda eTqva ,,referencia da gansazRvreba/ganusazRvreloba”), Tumca amave dros naTqvamia isic, romgansazRvreba/ganusazRvreloba (anu Cveni terminologiiT ,,determinaciiskategoria”), is kategoriaa romelic aqtiur monawileobas iRebsreferenciis dadgenaSi.aqedan gamomdinare ismis kiTxvebi: rogor unda gaviazroT sabolooangariSSi referenciasa da determinacias Soris arsebuli Sinagani da56

organuli kavSiri? da romelia is ,,ufro maRali rangis”zogadlingvisturi kategoria, romelic Tavisi struqturis farglebSiSeZlebda moexdina referenciisa da determinaciis iseT funqciuridentifikacias, romelic ase aucileblad da garduvalad gamoiyurebaempiriul doneze? sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, romel kategorias undamieniWos metakategoriuli statusi referenciasa da determinaciasSoris? migvaCnia, rom dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi SesaZlebelia gaicesTanamedrove lingvistikisTvis erTnairad fuZemdebeli samive paradigmis,anu sistemur-semiotikuri, anTropocentristul-komunikaciuri dalingvokulturologiuli paradigmebis mixedviT. da es pasuxi bolomdegamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu amave dros davinaxavT paradigmaTa Sorisarsebul Sinagan kavSirs. SevecadoT etapobrivad movaxdinoT Cveni ammosazrebis realizacia:1) romelia enobrivi sistemis doneze is matakategoria, romlisfarglebSi moxdeba referenciisa da determinaciis funqciuriurTierTdakavSireba?aseT metakategoriad unda miviCnioT referentulobis funqciursemantikurikategoria, romlis Sesaxebac funqciurad orientirebulzogad lingvistikaSi jer-jerobiT ar laparakoben miuxedavad imisa, romamave doneze erTi meorisagan damoukideblad farTod gamoiyenebarogorc referenciis, ise funqciur-semantikuri kategoriis cnebebi.ratom aris aucilebeli vilaparakoT referentulobis funqciursemantikurkategoriaze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas SegviZlia kideverTxel vaxsenoT l. nozdrinas zemoT citirebuli naSromi. am naSromSiavtori gamoyofs mxatvruli teqstis struqturis xuT iseT ZiriTadaspeqts, romlebsac igi ,,teqstobriv badeebs” uwodebs: esenia teqstistemporaluri, lokaluri, personaluri, referentuli da modaluribadeebi. magram aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: avtoris azriT, yovel teqstobrivbades enobrivi sistemis doneze, anu enobrivi paradigmatikis farglebSiunda Seesabamebodes garkveuli funqciur-semantikuri veli. aqedangamomdinare ki unda miviCnioT, rom yoveli teqstobrivi bade sxvaaraferia, Tu ara ama Tu im funqciur-semantikuri kategoriis (daSesabamisad _ misi velis) aqtualizacia. swored amitom avtori ambobs:57

,,teqstobrivi bade sintagmatikuri kategoriaa, veli ki paradigmatulikategoriaa” (Ноздрина 2004:52). magram saqme isaa, rom TanamedrovelingvistikaSi marTlac gamoyofilia temporalurobis, lokalurobis,personalurobis da modalurobis funqciur-semantikuri kategoriebimaTi Sesabamisi velebiT, magram ar aris gamoyofili referentulobisveli.zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare unda miviCnioT, rom referenciisada determinaciis is Sinagani urTierTkavSiri, romlis uaryofa, rogorcCans, SeuZlebelia, ver iqneba konceptualurad gagebuli da gaazrebuli,Tu eqspliciturad da Tanmimdevrulad ar daveyrdnobiT funqciursemantikurikategoriisa da misi Sesabamisi velis cnebebs. amitom, TukiCven mivyvebiT Cveni kvlevis sametapobriv struqturas dagaviTvaliswinebT zemoT naTqvams, maSin CvenTvis saintereso problemisgadaWris mizniT lingvisturi msjelobis sistemur-semantikur donezekvlevis praqtikaSi unda SemovitanoT referentulobis funqciursemantikurikategoriis cneba. swored es cneba unda miviCnioT amSemTxvevaSi im metakategoriad, romelsac unda daefuZnos referenciisda determinaciis kategoriebs Soris Sinagani kavSiris gaazreba;2) kvlevis Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli etapobrivi struqturis mixedviTis metakategoria, romlis farglebSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda referenciisada determinaciis kategoriaTa konceptualuri dakavSireba, undagansazRvrul iqnas anTropocentristul-komunikaciuri paradigmismixedviTac. magram rogor unda moxdes amgvarad gaazrebulimetakategoriis gansazRvra? migvaCnia, rom xsenebul kiTxvaze pasuxi undagaeces TviT aRniSnuli paradigmis Sinagan struqturaze dayrdnobiT.rogoria am struqturis birTvi? rogoria is principi, romelic axdens ambirTvis struqtuirebas? swored am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis safuZvelzeSevZlebT im metakategoriis dasaxelebas, romelmac sruliadaxleblurad unda daafuZnos rogorc referentulobis, isedeterminaciis fenomeni da, rac mTavaria, konceptualurad daafuZnos maTSoris arsebuli organuli kavSiri.zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas daveyrdnoT g. lebaniZismonografiidan moyvanil citatas: ,,pragmatika teqstis lingvistikasTan58

erTad unda miviCnioT komunikaciuri lingvistikis konceptualurbirTvad. Tu komunikaciur lingvistikas, ise rogorc yvela mecnierebas,aqvs konceptualuri birTvi _ is rac gamoxatavs am mecnierebis ZiriTadSinaarss _ maSin es birTvi or aspeqtiania: mas pragmatika da teqstislingvistika Seadgens. pragmatikisa da taqstis lingvistikis amgvariSerwymis (Serwymulobis) uSualo Sedegs warmoadgens is, rom yovelienobrivi erTeulis an kategoriis pragmatizacia niSnavs amave dros misteqstologizacias. teqstologizacia ki gulisxmobs, rom yovelikategoria, romelic Seiswavleboda teqstis gareSe, axla aRiqmebateqstis farglebSi” (lebaniZe 2004:289).magram naTqvamTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva: Tu pragmatika dateqstis lingvistika erToblivad warmoadgenen komunikaciurilingvistikis birTvs, rogori TanmimdevrobiT unda moxdes am ordisciplinaze dayrdnoba im SemTxvevaSi, roca gvsurs ama Tu im enobrivimovlenis axleburi, anu ukve ara sistemur-semiotikuri, aramedanTropocentristul-komunikaciuri interpretacia? am kiTxvisformulireba SeiZleba Semdegnairadac: sad _ pragmatikaSi Tu teqstislingvistikaSi _ unda veZioT msgavs SemTxvevaSi is metakategoria,romelic gaxdeboda CvenTvis saintereso enobrivi movlenis axleburixedvis Teoriuli safuZveli?kiTxvis aseTi dasma aucileblad migvaCnia Tundac imitom, romkomunikaciuri lingvistikis farglebSi ukve adgili hqonda artiklis,anu determinaciis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi enobrivi saSualebisaxleblurad danaxvis mcdelobas da es mcdeloba daefuZna _ TeoriulplanSi _ swored pragmatikisa da teqstis lingvistikis imurTierkavSiris princips, romlis Sesaxeb zemoT gvqonda msjeloba.swored msgavsi msjelobis nimuSTan gvaqvs saqme ukve citirebulnaSromSi: ,,rodesac igi xmarobs arsebiT saxels gansazRvruli daganusazRvreli artikliT igi eyrdnoba adresatis ,,cxovrebiseuligamocdilebis” codnas, romelic mas aaqvs. ,,cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba”ki komunikaciuri lingvistikis eniT or sferod iyofa: erTis mxriv, esaris cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis metad Tu naklebad stabiluri sfero:msmenel subieqts aqvs is, rac aqvs yvela subieqts _ samyaroze59

warmodgenaTa sistema. meores mxriv, yoveli komunikaciuri situacia arisufro farTo qmedebis (qmedebiTi siuJetis) nawili. esec cxovrebiseuligamocdilebaa, magram igi ufro naklebad stabiluria. rodesac subieqtiambobs “Give me a book” an “Give me the book”. igi amodis, erTi mxriv,msmenelis warmodgenaTa sistemidan, xolo, meore mxriv, konkretulisituaciidan, e. i. artiklis xmareba mudam damokidebulia imaze, rackomunikaciuri lingvistikis eniT rom vTqvaT, warmoadgens adresantismier adresatis xatis codnas” (lebanize 2004:289-290).rogorc zemoT iTqva, artiklis, anu determinaciis kategoriisanTropocentristul-komunikaciuri interpretacia moxda _ rogorc esaxlaxans moyvanili citatidan Cans _ pragmatikasa da teqstis TeoriazeerTdrouli dayrdnobiT. magram niSnavs Tu ara es amave dros imas, romam erTdroulobam ukve mogviZebna is metakategoria, romelic sworederTdroulad da Serwymulad Seasrulebda Semdeg or funqcias: a)axleburad, anu komunikaciurad dagvanaxebda determinaciis kategoriisSinaarsobriv-funqciur ,,datvirTvas” da b) amave dros organulad daSinaganad daukavSirebda mas referenciis kategorias?roca am kiTxvas vsvamT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kvlevis pirveletapze, am paragrafis farglebSi, ukve movaxdineT am ori kategoriis,sistemur-semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT urTierTdakavSireba: artiklis miergamoxatuli determinaciis kategoria gaviazreT rogorcreferentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velis centri. da Tu Cven kvlevisam meore etapze kvlav vsvamT kiTxvas am ori kategoriis _ referenciisada determinaciis _ urTierTkavSiris Taobaze, es unda niSnavdes ufro,,mets”, vidre or kategorias Soris kavSiris gaazrebas: Cveni mizaniareferentulobis Cvens mier postulirebuli funqciur-semantikurikategoriisa da misi Sesabamisi velis pragmatizacia-teqstologizacia.Sesabamisad, metakategoria, romelic moaxdenda referenciis,nominaciisa da determinaciis kategoriaTa urTierTkavSiriserTdroulad dafuZnebas da amave dros mianiWebda maT ganaxlebulkonceptualur sazriss, unda veZioT ara pragmatikul kategoriaTaSoris, aramed TviT pragmatikis rogorc anTropocentristulkomunikaciurilingvistikis damfuZnebel sferoSi. romelia is principi,60

omelic safuZvlad udevs mTel pragmatikas (da, Sesabamisad, teqstisTeoriasac) da swored amitom maqsimaluri sisruliT gamoxatavslingvisturi azrovnebis am paradigmis arss? esaa swored is principi,romelic akonkretebs TviT am paradigmis dasaxelebas, anuanTropocentrizmis principi, romelic g. lebaniZis ganmartebiT,,azrovnebis iseTi orientaciaa, rodesac yuradRebis centrSi adamiania.anTropocentristuli SeiZleba iyos yvela humanitaruli mecniereba.anTropocentrizmi SeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc zogad mecnieruliprincipi” (lebanize 2004:319). xsenebuli principi imdenad mniSvnelovania,rom SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom ,,ena gamWolad anTropocentristulia”(iqve). magram, ra Tqma unda, anTropocentrizmi ver CaiTvleba immetakategoriad, romelic gvWirdeba referenciis, nominaciisa dadeterminaciis Sinagani urTierTkavSiris dafuZnebisTvis, radgananTropocentrizmi iseve asrulebs mocemuli paradigmis farglebSiprincipis rols, rogorc sistemuroba sistemur-semiotikuri paradigmisfarglebSi. am SemTxvevaSi metakategoriis rolSi unda gamovides iskategoria, romelic, erTis mxriv, uSualod gamomdinareobsanTropocentrizmidan, meoris mxriv ki Tavisi ,,rangiT” ufro ,,maRla”dgas, vidre nebismieri pragmatikuli kategoria. aseT metakategoriad CvenmigvaCnia metyvelebis (komunikaciis) intersubieqturobis kategoria. esswored is kategoriaa, romelsac, Cvenis azriT, unda mieniWos principisstatusi enobriv komunikaciasTan dakavSirebuli yvela problemisganxilvisas.rogor unda ganisazRvros intersubieqturoba pragmatikis arsidangamomdinare? rogorc cnobilia, pragmatika, rogorc enobrivi niSnisganzomileba ganisazRvreba rogorc niSnis mimarTeba im subieqtTan,romelic mas iyenebs. am gansazRvridan naTlad ikveTeba pragmatikisuSualo kavSiri komunikaciasTan, radgan, bunebrivia, nebismieri subieqtiniSans SeiZleba iyenebdes mxolod komunikaciis procesSi. magram aseveueWvelia is faqtic, rom TviT pragmatikis Sinaarsobrivma struqturammniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada me-20 saukunis lingvisturiazrovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi. swored pragmatikis Sinaarsobrivistruqturis es dinamikaa xazgasmuli Cvens mier ukve citirebuli61

monografiidan nasesxeb citataSi: ,,ganvixiloT da SevadaroT erTmaneTspragmatikis cnebis genezisisa da misi Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, TudasawyisSi pragmatika niSnavda kavSirs subieqtsa da niSnebs Soris, dResaucilebelia vigulisxmoT ukve minimum ori subieqti, e. i. gvaqvs aramarto subieqturoba, aramed intersubieqturoba” (lebanize 2004:253). TugaviTvaliswinebT yovelive amas, rac zemoT iTqva iseT kategoriaTa iseTSinagan urTierTkavSirze, rogoricaa referenciis, nominaciisa dadeterminaciis kategoriebi da amave dros xazs gavusvamT ,,referenciispragmatikul faqtors” (d. Stelingi), maSin albaT SegveZleba imis Tqma,rom xsenebul kategoriebTan mimarTebaSi swored intersubieqturobamunda Seasrulos metakategoriis roli.magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom zemoT xsenebuli sami kategoriis(referencia, nominacia da determinacia) metakategorialur dafuZnebasvcdilobT ara erTi romelime paradigmis doneze, aramed paradigmaTavertikaluri urTierTkavSiris doneze, anu, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,interparadigmulad. da Tu xsenebul interparadigmulobas kvlevisprincipad miviCnevT, maSin aucilebeli iqneba im metakategoriaTapirdapiri da uSualo urTierTdakavSirebac, romlebic gamoyofil iqnengansxvavebul paradigmaTa farglebSi. sistemur-semiotikuri paradigmisfarglebSi aseT metakategoriad Cven miviCnieT referentulobisfunqciur-semantikuri kategoria da CavTvaleT, rom im velis centrad,romelic Tan axlavs am kategorias, unda miviCnioT artikli mTeli misifunqciuri datvirTviT. aqedan gamomdinare, saWirod migvaCnia pirdapirda uSualod davukavSiroT erTmaneTs (ra Tqma unda, paradigmaTavertikaluri urTierTdakavSirebis safuZvelze) ori, Cveni kvleviTikonteqstisTvis erTnairad fuZemdebeli metakategoria, rogoricaa:a) referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri kategoria dab) intersubieqturobis kategoriarogor unda iqnas gagebuli am ori metakategoriis SinaganiurTierTkavSiri, romlis gareSe ver ganxorcieldeboda interparadigmulobiszemoT xsenebuli principi? am kiTxvis dasmiT, vfiqrobT,Cven SevexeT, im meTodologiur problemas, romlis gadaWris gareSeSeuZlebeli iqneba nebismieri mxatvruli teqstis lingvisturi analizis62

adekvaturi ganxorcieleba. laparakobs ra iseTi ori fenomenisurTierTmimarTebaze rogoricaa, erTis mxriv, leqsikur-gramatikulivelis enobrivi fenomeni da meores mxriv teqstobrivi badis fenomeniCvens mier ukve citirebul monografiaSi l. nozdrina SemdegnairadgansazRvravs maT urTierTmimarTebas: ,,leqsikur-gramatikuli velisaganda funqciur-semantikuri kategoriisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebicwarmoadgenen paradigmatul kategoriebs, teqstobrivi bade arissintagmatikuri, teqstobrivi kategoria” (Ноздрина 2004:51-52). avtori asevelaparakobs enobrivi paradigmatikisa da sametyvelo sintagmatikisurTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb, magram am urTierTobis ganmsazRvrelfaqtorebad miiCnevs mxolod funqciur stilsa da Janrs. magram igiarafers ambobs im principze, romelic, rogorc ukve viciT, gansazRvravsenobrivi sistemuri planidan komunikaciur-sametyvelo planSi gadasvlas,anu im principze, romlis aRmoCena da formulireba unda miviCnioTanTropocentristul-komunikaciuri lingvistikis ganviTarebiscentralur momentad, e. i. arafers ambobs intersubieqturobis principze(iqve). rogorc cnobilia, funqciur-semantikur kategoriaTa da maTSesabamis velTa kvlevaze orientirebuli iyo sistemur-semiotikuriparadigma, intersubieqturoba ki warmoadgens anTropocentristulkomunikaciurparadigmis, ufro konkretulad ki pragmalingvistikiscentralur kategorias, anu metakategorias. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZlebaiTqvas: Tu gvsurs davsaxoT zemoT dasmuli problemis gadaWrisinterparadigmuli strategia, unda movaxdinoT paradigmaTametakategoriebis iseTi Tanmimdevruli urTierTdakavSireba, romlisSedegad nebismieri teqstobrivi sintagmatika warmogvidgeba enobriviparadigmatikis anTropocentristul-komunikaciurad gagebisaqtualizaciad.Tu gaviTvaliswinebT yovelive zemoT naTqvams, referenciisa dadeterminaciis kategoriaTa urTierTmimarTebis problema unda gadaiWrasSemdegi ori ZiriTadi kvleviTi etapis Tanmimdevruli gavlis gziT:1) konstruirebul unda iqnas referentulobis funqciur-semantikurikategoria misi Sesabamisi iseTi veliT, romlis centrad miCneuliqneba artiklis mier realizebuli determinaciis kategoria;63

2) xsenebuli funqciur-semantikuri, anu leqsikur-gramatikuli velisaqtualizaciis anu teqstobriv baded transformirebis fuZemdebelprincipad da faqtorad unda miviCnioT iseTi pragmatikulimetakategoria, rogoricaa intersubieqturoba.GvfiqrobT, mocemuli paragrafis farglebSi Catarebuli kvlevisSedegad SevZeliT Cvens mier zemoT formulirebuli amocanis pirvelietapis realizacia da erTis mxriv, referencisa da, meores mxrivdeterminaciis kategoriebs Soris ierarqiuli kavSiris damyareba da racmTavaria, xsenebuli ierarqiuli kavSiris enis rogorc sistemur, isediskursul doneze dadgena. magram amave dros unda aRiniSnos Semdegiori momentic: a) mocemul paragrafSi kvleva atarebda ZiriTadadTeoriul xasiaTs, rac imas unda niSnavdes, rom am kvlevis SedegTaadekvaturoba unda verificirebul iqnas empiriul, anu teqstobrivdoneze; b) referenciis metakategorialuri statusi msgavsi Teoriulimsjelobis gziT unda dafuZnebul iqnas iseTi kategoriis mimarTac,rogoricaa deiqsisi.2.2. deiqsisi rogorc funqciur-semantikuri kategoria: referentulobismetakategoriis statusis gansazRvris meore winapirobarogorc zemoT iqna xazgasmuli, referenciis enobrivi fenomeniCvens mier ganixileba rogorc saxelTan (nominalur jgufTan) SinaganaddakavSirebuli iseTi kategoria, romelisTvisac determinaciisa dadeiqsisis kategoriebTan funqciur-struqturuli kavSiri iseveamniSvnelovani, rogorc TviT saxelTan kavSiri. Ees ki imas niSnavs, romxsenebuli kavSiri danaxuli unda iqnas rogorc sistemur, isediskursul doneze, magram aucilebalad Semdegi Teoriuli winapirobisdacviT: referencia miCneul unda iqnas iseT metakategoriad, romelicSeicavs determinaciisa da deiqsisis kategoriebs funqciur-struqturuliganzomilebebis saxiT. mocemuli Tavis wina paragrafSi swored amstatusiT, anu referentulobis rogorc funqciur-semantikurimetakategoriis erT-erTi ganzomilebis saxiT ganxilul iqnadeterminaciis kategoria.Mmagram, rogorc viciT, referenciis Cvens mier64

amgvarad gaazrebuli koncepti ,,mTlianobaSi ver Sedgeba” manam, sanamigive ganzomilebrivi statusiT determinacias ,,gverdiT ar amoudgeba”deiqsisic. bunebrivia, referenciis rogorc metakategoriis amgvariganzomilebrivi ,,Sevsebis” Semdeg aucileblad daismis kiTxva imisTaobaze, Tu ra ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan determinaciasa da deiqsissrogorc referenciis kategorialur ganzomilebebs. ra Tqma unda, amkiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mogvixdeba, magram, bunebrivia, mxolod imisSemdeg, rac determinaciis msgavsad Cvens mier gaanalizebuli iqnebadeiqsisic.sanam SevudgebodeT imis ganxilvas, Tu rogor xdeba TanamedrovelingvistikaSi deiqsisis ama Tu im saxeobis kvleva, SevecadoT esfenomeni mis mTlianobaSi davinaxoT ise, rogorc igi (es mTlianoba)danaxuli da warmodgenilia enis Tanamedrove zogadi TeoriisfarglebSi. Tumca aqve eqspliciturad unda iTqvas is, rac zemoTimplicituri formiT safuZvlad ukve daedo determinaciis ganxilvas: amaTu im fenomenis mTlianobaSi danaxva unda gulisxmobdes ara mxolodmis struqturul analizs, anu misi elementebisa da tipebis gamoyofas,aramed Semdeg kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemasac: romelia ismetakategorialuri mTliani, romlis SemadgenlobaSi undaganixilebodes sakvlevi fenomeni? Cvens SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia,deiqsisTan mimarTebaSi amgvari kiTxva ismis pirvelad, rac, albaT.mogvcems ara mxolod deiqsisis, aramed iseT kategoriaTa axleburixedvis saSualebas, rogoricaa referencia da determinacia. amgvaradformulirebuli Tezisis adekvaturobas adasturebs Semdegi mosazreba:marTalia, deiqsiss ganvixilavT rogorc referenciis erT-erTganzomilebas, anu rogorc subkategorias garkveuli metakategoriisfarglebSi, magram erTi pirobiT: TviT referenciasac warmovidgenTiseTi diskursuli metakategoriis aucilebel ganzomilebad, rogoricaaintersubieqturoba.Aamgvari Teoriuli ,,Sesavlis” Semdeg vnaxoT, Tu rogor ganixilebadeiqsisi imave lingvistur enciklopediaSi, romelze dayrdnobiTacganvixileT TviT referencia. rogorc Sesabamisi statiis avtori v.vinogradovi ambobs, deiqsisi warmoadgens ,,miTiTebas rogorc enobrivi65

erTeulis iseT mniSvnelobas an funqcias, romelic gamoixatebaleqsikuri da gramatikuli saSualebebiT. deiqsisi emsaxureba sametyvelosituaciis komponentTa da gamonaTqvamis denotatiuri SinaarsiskomponentTa aqtualizacias” (Винноградов 1990:128). avtori gamoyofsdeiqtikuri sferos Semdeg komponentebs: ,,sametyvelo aqtis monawileTa(roluri deiqsisi), romelic gulisxmobs adresantisa da adresatisCvenebas…....... da romelic gamoixateba nacvalsaxelTa sxvadasxvasaxeobebiT ( I da II piris ,me’, .Sen’, ,Cemi, ,Seni’); miTiTeba metyvelebissaganze (III piris nacvalsaxeli); miTiTeba imaze, Tu ramdenad arismoSorebuli Cvengan gamonaTqvamis obieqti, da romelic gamoixatebaCvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebiT (,es’, ,is’); miTiTeba Sesatyobinebeli faqtisdroiT an sivrciT lokalizaciaze (qronotopuli deiqsisi), romelicgamoixateba nacvalsaxelebiTi zmniszedebiT, mag. laT. Hic, nunc, aq’,,axla’” (iqve). rac Seexeba deiqsisisa da referenciis urTierTkavSirs,avtori ambobs: ,,deiqsisi rogorc referenciis erT-erTi saSualebaupirispirdeba nominacias; magram es is dapirispirebaa, romlisneitralizacia xdeba roluri deiqsisis SemTxvevaSi” (iqve). rogorc ukven. aruTinovasTan mimarTebaSi kritikuli SeniSvnis saxiT iTqva: sakmarisiar aris imis epizodurad aRniSvna, rom arsebobs kavSiri erTis mxrivreferenciasa, da meores mxriv iseT fenomenebs Soris, rogoricaadeterminacia da deiqsisi. iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqme gvaqvs maStaburidonis kategoriebTan, aucilebelia xsenebuli kavSiris Teoriuligaazrebac da maTi erTian kvleviT konteqstSi Tanmimdevrulad moqceva.am amocanis Sesrulebis mizniT daveyrdnoT l. TavaZis sadisertacionaSromis ,,droisa da adgilis deiqsisi rogorc enobriv-kulturulifenomeni da misi verbalizacia inglisur enaSi” anotacias. marTaliaTavis naSromSi xsenebuli avtori ar svams kiTxvas im arsebiTi dasiRrmiseuli kavSiris Taobaze, romelic zemoT Cvens mier ukveganmartebuli mosazrebis gamo unda vigulisxmoT deiqsissa dareferencias Soris da romelic, Cvenis azriT, gadamwyveti unda iyosTviT deiqsisis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis funqciuri arsisgaazrebisTvis, magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, Tanmimdevrulad msjelobsdeiqsissze rogorc lingvokulturologiul problemaze da swored am66

msjelobis farglebSi exeba mis Sinagan kavSirs iseT fenomenebTanrogoricaa droiToba (temporaluroba) am terminis istoriuli gagebiTda pirovnuloba (personaluroba) am terminis enobrivi gagebiT. rogorcukve iTqva, kvlevis xsenebuli konteqsti mniSvnelovani iqnebareferenciis funqciuri arsis mTeli SesaZlo sisruliTgaTvaliswinebisas. amitom saWirod migvaCnia xsenebuli naSromisSesabamis aspeqtebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba:rogorc l. TavaZe aRniSnavs ,,nebismier sazogadoebas, nebismierkulturas pirvel yovlisa dro gansazRvravs. anu, Tu Cven deiqsisisfenomens warmovidgenT, rogorc vels, maSin am velis centri mudamdroiTi, temporaluri xasiaTis iqneba. magram rogoria is dro, romelSicarsebobs adamiani? rogoria am drois Sinagani struqtura? es struqturadamokidebuli unda iyos im kulturaze, romelSic cxovrobs adamiani.deiqsisi is fenomenia, romelic warmoadgens komunikaciis aqtisganmsazRvrel erT-erT ganzomilebas” (TavaZe 2009:4). aRsaniSnavia isfaqtic, rom dros mis socialur-istoriul ganzomilebaSi citirebuliavtori Tavidanve ukavSirebs pirovnebas am terminis enobrivkomunikaciurigagebiT. rasTan dakavSirebiTac igi wers: ,,magramkomunikantebi arian enobrivi erTeulebi, xolo enobrivi erTeulebi kiamave dros arian pirovnebebi. es ki gulisxmobs swored imas, rasacTanamedrove fsiqologia moiazrebs am cnebaSi... ar unda dagvaviwydes,rom enobrivi pirovneba sinTezuri cnebaa da moicavs iseTi orifenomenis urTierTdakavSirebas, rogoricaa, komunikanti (komunikaciissubieqti) da pirovneba (Tavisi zogadi aralingvisturi gagebiT)” (iqve).migvaCnia, rom Cveni kvleviTi konteqstisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebeliaenobrivi pirovnebis is Sinaganad sinTezuri Sinaarsi, romelsac xazsusvams l. TavaZe: ,,aqedan gamomdinare, enobrivi pirovneba rogorcTanamedrove komunikaciuri lingvistikis erT-erTi centralurikategoria, ver iqneba qmediTi, Tuki realurad ar ganxorcieldebazemoTaRniSnuli sinTezi. ra unda edos safuZvlad am sinTezs? imisgaTvaliswineba da gageba, rom komunikaciis dros komunikantebi rCebianpirovnebebad (am sityvis sruli gagebiT) da Sesabamisad, maT komunikaciis67

procesSi ,,SemoaqvT” is Sinaarsi, romelsac pirovnebis cnebagulisxmobs” (iqve).vfiqrobT, Cveni klevis obieqtis, anu referenciis rogorc enobrivifenomenis gaazrebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba unda hqondes imTanmimdevrul sinTezurobas, romelze dayrdnobiTac citirebuli avtoriamgvarad, anu pirovnulad da socialurad aRqmul deiqsiss enobrivigamonaTqvamis struqturas ukavSirebs. avtori wers: ,,epoqisa da misikulturuli xasiaTis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba drois(temporalurobis) is tipic, romelic safuZvlad udevs adamianisarsebobis ZiriTad momentebs. magram, Tu ki es asea, drois estipologiuri transformacia unda axdendes gavlenas deiqsisisfenomenze, radgan, rogorc ukve viciT, temporalurobasa da deiqsissSoris aris Rrma Sinagani kavSiri da urTierTSesabamisoba” (TavaZe 2009:5).citirebuli msjelobis dasasruls ki avtori axdens im hipotezisformulirebas, romelsac, Cvenis azriT, mniSvneloba unda hqondesreferenciis kvlevis SemTxveveSic: ,,drois tipologiur transformaciasunda Seesabamebodes deiqsisis tipologiuri transformaciac, rackonkretulad niSnavs Semdegs: rogorc cnobilia, ar arsebobsgamonaTqvami Sinagani deiqtikuri struqturis gareSe, magram esstruqtura ver iqneba identuri gansxvavebul kulturul epoqaTafarglebSi” (iqve). vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia da aucilebelicaaanalogiuri formiT igive hipoTeza gamovxatoT referenciasTan kavSirSi:ar arsebobs gamonaTqvami Sinagani referencialuri struqturis gareSe.Sesabamisad, rogorc SesavalSi ukve iTqva, referenciis fenomenisCveneuli, anu ,,maqsimalurad sruli programiT” kvleva gulisxmobs amfenomenis kvlevas misTvis sruliad axal kvleviT ganzomilebebSic,saxeldobr ki iseT ganzomilebebSic rogoricaa, erTis mxriv teqsti(konkretulad ki mxatvruli teqsti) da ori teqstis _ amosavali daTargmnili teqsebis _ SepirispirebiTi analizi (bunebrivia, Targmanisteqsocentristulad orientirebul Teoriaze dayrdnobiT).imisaTvis, rom referenciis fenomeni lingvokulturologiuriTvalsazrisiT davukavSiroT droiT da sivrciT koordinatebsmoviyvanoT kidev erTi citata dasaxelebuli naSromidan : ,,enis mTeli68

istoriis ganmavlobaSi deiqsisi inarCunebs Tavis funqciur arss,romelic mdgomareobs CvenebaSi am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT: metyvelisubieqti (adresati) ara marto asaxelebs da asaxavs garkveulreferentul situacias, aramed erTdroulad miuCens kidec adgils aramarto situacias, aramed teqstSi dasaxelebul saganTa erTobliobasacadresatisaTvis komunikaciurad relevantur dro-sivrceSi” (iqve).movaxdineT ra im Teoriul mosazrebaTa referireba da citireba,romlebsac l. TavaZe Tavis naSromSi anviTarebs, davrwmundiT imaSi, romam mosazrebaTa Sefaseba SesaZlebeli da aucilebelicaa orisapirispiro TvalsazrisiT: negatiuriT imdenad, ramdenadac avtori ariTvaliswinebs deiqsissa d referencias Soris arsebul organul dasiRrmiseul kavSirs da pozitiuriT _ imdenad, ramdenadac avtori xedavsda xazs usvams deiqsisis im mimarTebebs socialur drosa da enobrivpirovnebas Soris, romlebic relevanturi unda aRmoCndnenreferenciasTan mimarTebaSic. magram amave dros migvaCnia, rom aseTiveambivalenturi Sefaseba SeiZleba mieces xsenebuli naSromis or aspeqts_ deiqsisis zogad gansazRvras da misi rogorc fenomenis zogadklasifikacias. moviyvanT, pirvel rigSi, deiqsisis l. TavaZiseulgansazRvras, radgan, Cvenis azriT swored igi Seicavs moments, romelicimsaxurebs kritikul midgomas da romelic Sesabamisad saWiroebskoreqtirebas rogorc sakuTriv deiqsisTan mimarTebaSi, ise _ dagansakuTrebulad _ im SemTxvevaSi, roca deiqsiss vukavSirebTreferencias. avtori Semdegnairad gansazRvravs deiqisis fenomens:,,deiqsisi (berZ. – miTiTeba) _ enobrivi gamoTqmebisa da sxva niSnebisgamoyenebaa, romelTa interpretacia SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolodkomunikaciuri aqtis fizikur koordinatTa saSualebiT _ maTmonawileebTan, adgilsa da drosTan mimarTebaSi” (TavaZe 2009:6). CvenisazriT, sruliad gaumarTlebelia deiqsisis dakavSireba ,,komunikaciuriaqtis fizikur koordinatebTan”, radgan xsenebuli koordinatebiSeiZleba atarebdnen ara mxolod fizikur xasiaTs, raSic, albaT,davrwmundebiT referentulobis teqstobrivi kvlevis procesSi.citirebuli naSromis avtori imeorebs deiqsisis im klasifikacias,romelic dReisTvis qrestomatiul xasiaTs atarebs: ,,Cveulebriv69

ganasxvaveben deiqsisis sam ZiriTad saxes _ personalurs, sivrcisas dadroisas. ZiriTadi enobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic am sam tips SeesabamebaI da II piris (I, You), adgilisa (here) da drois (now) nacvalsaxelebia”(iqve). SeiZleboda, ra Tqma unda, am TiTqmis sayovelTaod miRebuliklasifikaciis miRebac, rom ara is negatiuri momenti, romelic masqveteqsturad Tan axlavs: a) rogorc vnaxeT, am klasifikaciaSi naxsenebikoordinatebi avtors esmis mxolod fizikurad da b) arc amklasifikaciaSia miniSnebuli deiqsisis Sinagani kavSiri referenciasTan.vfiqrobT, Cveni Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani unda iyosdeiqsisis zogadi funqciuri arsisa da mis saxeobaTa is dakonkretebac,romelsac axorcielebs citirebuli naSromis avtori, gansakuTrebiT immomentis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic ukavSirdeba deiqsisis situaciurxasiaTs: ,,deiqsuri sityvebi mTlianadaa damokidebuli sametyvelosituaciaze. maT semantikur mniSvnelobaSi asaxuli pirovnebaTSorisiurTierTobebi gardamavalia da metyvelebis aqtebis monacvleobasTanerTad, ciklur xasiaTs atarebs” (iqve). CvenTvis misaRebia deiqsisisrogorc sametyvelo situaciasTan dakavSirebuli fenomenis amgvarixedva, magram rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi amjeradac gvsurs gamovTqvaTSemdegi kritikuli SeniSvna: deiqsisze rogorc saxelTan dakavSirebulkategoriaze msjelobisas aucileblad migvaCnia xazi gaesvas amsituaciis ganmsazRvrel im princips, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvassafuZvlad udevs rogorc diskursis, ise teqstis Tanamedrove gagebas:vgulisxmobT intersubieqturobis (da interaqciulobis) pragmatikulprincips. xsenebuli principi universaluri xasiaTisaa (im SemTxvevebSi,ra Tqma unda, roca msjelobis sagnad iqceva diskursi da teqsti),Semdegi TvalsazrisisTac: am principis Tanmimdevrulad gaTvaliswinebisgareSe SeuZlebelia konceptualurad gaazrebuli kavSiri davamyaroTsistemis doneze arsebul funqciur-semantikur velebsa da teqstisdoneze arsebul teqstobriv badeebs Soris.rogorc zemoT iTqva, CvenTvis aseve yuradsaRebia deiqsisissaxeobaTa is Sinaarsobrivi dakonkretebac, romelsac l. TavaZe iZleva:a) rogorc avtori ambobs, ,,personaluri deiqsisi ufro farTomovlenis _ sagnobrivi deiqsisis - saxes warmoadgens. sagnobrivi70

deiqsisis aramarkirebuli gamoTqmebi _ mesame piris nacvalsaxelebi,JestikulaciiT (xeliT, TaviT, TvalebiT) xasiaTdeba” (iqve). undadaveTanxmoT avtoris am mosazrebas, magram mxolod Semdegi pirobiT:Tu sagnobriobas gavigebT maqsimalurad farTod da ara viwrodfizikurad, rogorc amas mocemuli naSromidan zemoT moyvanilicitata gulisxmobda. Tumca amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,rom mxatvruli teqstis SemTxvevaSi personaluroba iZensTanamedrove naratologiiT nagulisxmev sruliad sxva _ kerZod kikomunikaciur _ funqcias, anu miuTiTebs erTis mxriv mxatvrulirealobiT nagulisxmev komunikantebze (avtorsa da mkiTxvelze),meores mxriv ki personaJTa sistemiT nagulisxmev Sida teqstobrivkomunikantebze anu personaJebze.b) aseve sainteresod, Tumca amave dros ambivalenturad unda aRviqvaTspacialur anu sivrciT deiqsisTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuliavtoriseuli mosazreba: ,,spacialuri deiqsuri saSualebebisgamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, sagnobrivi/personaluri deiqsisiJestikulaciis gareSec gvxvdeba. maT ricxvs ekuTvnisnacvalsaxelebi (I da II piris), romlebic komunikaciuri aqtismonawileebze miuTiTebs. orive SemTxvevaSi _ Jestikulaciisgamoyenebisa da komunikaciuri aqtis koordinatebze dayrdnobisas _myardeba kavSiri enobriv gamonaTqvamsa da araenobriv obieqtsSoris” (TavaZe 2009:7). vfiqrobT, savsebiT marTebulia avtorismosazreba imis Taobaze, rom deiqsisis funqciuri sivrce undaganisazRvros adresantsa da adresats Soris komunikaciuradnagulisxmevi sivrciT. magram rogor unda iqnas gagebuli es sivrce?am SemTxvevaSic mogvixdeba avtoris msjelobaSi ori koreqtivisSetana: 1) rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, Tanamedrove pragmalingvistikismixedviT es sivrce unda gaazrebul iqnas rogorcintersubieqturobis sivrce 2) xsenebuli intersubieqturobis sivrcearaviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnes dayvanili mxolod da mxolodsivrcis fizikur gagebaze. ufro metic, im SemTxvevaSi, roca saqmegvaqvs mxatvrul teqstTan, avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris arsebulida ,,deiqtikurad qmediTi” sivrce gagebul unda iqnas sinTezurad _71

ogorc komunikantTa, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis ,,personalursivrceTa” da im ,,kulturuli sivrcis” organuli Serwyma, romlisfarglebSi adgili aqvs SemoqmedebiT process;g) rac Seexeba deiqsisis temporalur anu droiT saxeobas, avtoriSemdegnairad akonkretebs mas: ,,nebismier kulturaSi adamianisarsebobis ganmsazRvrelia dro. enebSi sivrcisa da drois deiqsisisrealizeba ori ZiriTadi formaluri tipis elementebis saSualebiTxdeba: saxeladi jgufebiT, romlebic Seicaven CvenebiTnacvalsaxelebs an maT analogebs (am tyeSi, am wels, da a. S.) dazmiszedebiT (aq, dRes, axla da a. S.). bevr enaSi drois gamosaxatavadarsebobs gramatikuli kategoria” (iqve). sagulisxmoa, Cvenis azriT,is faqti, rom avtori deiqtikur drosTan dakavSirebiT axsenebskulturas. vfiqrobT, es swored is momentia, romelmackonceptualuri gaRrmaveba unda hpovos deiqsisis (da zogadadreferenciis) lingvokulturologiuri interpretaciis SemTxveveSi.magram aseve vfiqrobT, rom deiqsisis (da zogadad referenciis)teqstobriv doneze ganxilvisas ara naklebi mniSvneloba undahqondes am fenomenis dakavSirebas mxatvruli narativis iseTkategoriebTan, rogoricaa mxatvruli dro da misi iseTi derivatirogoricaa mxatvruli qronotopi.roca vsaubrobT referenciis, determinaciisa da deiqsiss SorisurTierTmimarTebaze upriania gavixsenoT, rom Tanamedrove, anuanTropocentristul-komunikaciuri lingvistikis mixedviT enobrivikomunikaciis nebismier aqts Tan axlavs Semdegi ori tipis situaciisTanaarseboba _ vgulisxmobT e. w. ,,lingvistur” (sakuTriv enobriv) daeqstralingvistur situacias. migvaCnia, rom referenciis origanzomilebis _ deiqsisisa da determinaciis _ situaciuriwarmomavlobis dasadgenad da maTTvis komunikaciur sivrceSiprincipuli lokalizaciisaTvis aucilebelia gamovyoT da davaxasiaToT,,eqstralingvisturi situaciis” Semdegi ori urTierTdakavSirebuli,magram amave dros gansxvavebuli segmenti _ referentuli dakomunikaciuri situaciebi, romlebic g. lebaniZis ukve citirebulnaSromSi Semdegnairadaa daxasiaTebuli:72

1) referentuli situacia _ anu sinamdvilis is segmenti, ismonakveTia, romelic uSualod asaxulia gamonaTqvamSi, _gamonaTqvamis referenti. vinaidan imas, rac asaxulia gamonaTqvamSi,mudam situaciis saxe aqvs, amitom gamonaTqvamis referentswarmoadgens situacia... teqstis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vilaparakoTreferentul sivrceze: referentuli sivrce Sedgeba referentulisituaciebisagan. imisaTvis, rom eqsplicituri mniSvnelobidanimpliciturSi gadavideT, unda daveyrdnoT referentul situacias,magram, Tu gvsurs gaviTvaliswinoT ufro Rrma mniSvneloba, undadaveyrdnoT referentul sivrces.2) komunikaciuri situacia _ es is situaciaa, romlis gareSecSeuZlebelia gavigoT da gaviazroT gamonaTqvamis aqtualurimniSvneloba. igi ganisazRvreba pirvel rigSi komunikaciis aqtismonawileebiT (komunikantebiT). rogorc minimumi komunikaciurisituacia (komunikaciuri aqti) Seicavs or komunikants: adresantsada adresats (lebaniZe 2004:232).SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu gavixsenebT deiqsisisa da determinaciiskategoriaTa Cvens mier moyvanil definiciebs, maSin SevZlebT amkategoriaTa (magram, bunebrivia, rogorc referenciis subkategoriaTa)zemoT gansazRvruli eqstralingvisturi situaciaTa mimarTSemdegnairad lokalizacias: deiqsisis, rogorc enobrivi fenomenis,,genetikur” safuZvlad unda mviCnioT komunikaciuri situacia,determinaciis ,,genetikur” safuZvlad ki _ referentuli situacia,radgan, rogorc cnobilia, nebismieri teqsti warmoadgens swored ama Tuim referentuli situaciis asaxvas _ iseT asaxvas, romelic, ra Tqmaunda, eqvemdebareba intersubieqturobisa da interaqciis principebs.vfiqrobT, ukve SegviZlia zogadi daskvna gavakeToT imis Taobaze, Turogor unda davukavSiroT erTmaneTs erTis mxriv, is koncepti, romelicwarmoadgens Cveni kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts, anu referenciis koncepti dameores mxriv determinaciisa da deiqsisis zemoT ganxiluli konceptebi.imisaTvis, rom Semdeg paragrafebSi gavagrZeloT am mimarTulebiTkvleva, saWirod migvaCnia ,,davafiqsiroT” am kvleviTi veqtoris samiSemdegi konceptualuri koordinati:73

1) miuxedavad imisa, rom determinacia da deiqsisi, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadadganixileba rogorc avtonomiuri nominaluri kategoriebi, Cvenis azriT _aseTia erT-erTi Cveni kvleviTi postulati _ erTic da meorecwarmoadgens referenciis rogorc erTiani da yovlismomcvelinominaluri kategoriis variantebs. es swored is Tezisia, romlissafuZvelze Cven Tavidanve vlaparakobT iseT nominalur kategorialurtriadaze, romlis farglebSi referencia asrulebs metakategorialurrols;2) Cveni kvleviTi veqtoris meore koordinatad unda miviCnioT is garemoeba,rom, zemoT formulirebuli Tezisis Tanaxmad enis sistemur donezeunda saqme gvqondes referentulobis iseT funqciur-semantikurkategoriasTan (an metakategoriasTan), romlis arseboba vlindebaparadigmatulad struqtuirebuli funqciur-semantikuri velis saxiT.bunebrivia miviCnioT, rom am velis konkretul segmentebad mogvevlinebamisi deiqtikuri da determinaciuli ganzomilebebi;3) mesame koordinatad ki unda miviCnioT is garemoeba, rom referentulobisfunqciur-semantikuri veli misi diskursuli aqtualizaciis SemTxvevaSitransformirebul unda iyos iseT referentul-teqstobriv baded,romlis sintagmaturad arsebul segmentebad unda vigulisxmoT am badisdeiqtikuri da determinaciuli ganzomilebebi.2.3. nominaluri jgufis zogad teqstobrivi funqcia dareferencia2.3.1. teqstis Tema-rematuli struqturaCven ukve davrwmundiT imaSi, rom referenciis lingvisturigaazrebis procesi xasiaTdeboda Semdegi veqtoriT: referencia Sinaganadda organulad ukavSirdeboboda or enobriv fenomens _ nominalurjgufs (saxels) da teqsts. xsenebul veqtors Sinaarsobrivad SeuerTdaCveni Tezisi imis Taobaze, rom referenciis farglebSi xdeba ori iseTinominaluri kategoriis funqciuri sinTezi rogoricaa determinacia dadeiqsisi. ismis kiTxva: rogori unda iyos Cveni kvlevis Semdegi etapi, TuTanmimdevrulad da erTdroulad daveyrdnobiT rogorc referenciis74

lingvosemiotikuri gaazrebis Cvengan damoukidebel veqtors, ise Cvensmier ukve wamoyenebul Teoriul mosazrebebs? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvazepasuxi unda Seicavdes imis aucileblobaze miTiTebas, rom Cveni kvlevisSemdgomi da uaxlesi etapi unda daiyos or qveetapad. es qveetapebia:1) iqedan gamomdinare, rom referenciis dReisTvis arsebulilingvisturi koncefcia organulad ukavSirebs erTmaneTs saxelsa dateqsts, aucilebeli xdeba kidev erTxel da axleburad daisvas kiTxva amori enobrivi fenomenis funqciur-struqturuli urTierTdakavSirebisTaobaze. rogorc cnobilia, tradiciuli sintaqsi winadadebas, anu misiTvalsazrisiT umaRlesi rangis komunikaciur erTeuls, aRiqvamdarogorc predikaciul sintagmas, anu iseT sintagmas, romelic arsebiTadgulisxmobda saxelisa da zmnis urTierTkavSirs. magram cnobilia isic,rom Tanamedrove komunikaciuri lingvistikis mixedviT umaRleskomunikaciur erTeuls warmoadgens ara winadadeba, aramed teqsti. amavedros, rogorc ukve iTqva, davrwmundiT referenciis Sinagan kavSirSierTis mxriv teqstTan, meores mxriv ki _ saxelTan. yovelive amasTanerTad _ swored amas, Cvenis azriT, moiTxovs refereciis rogorcfenomenis Tanmimdevrulad gaazrebis aucilebloba _ metyvelebisnawilTa sistema Tanamedrove gagebiTac atarebs bipolarul xasiaTs, anugulisxmobs am sistemis farglebSi ori struqturul-funqciuri polusise. i. saxelisa da zmnis dapirispirebas. is faqti, rom enobrivi sistemisdoneze es dapirispireba arsebobs da funqcionirebs araviTar eWvs ariwvevs. magram arsebobs Tu ara msgavsi dapirispireba diskurs-teqstisdoneze da Tu igi arsebobs rogor unda iqnas is gaazrebuli imdapirispirebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic igulisxmeboda (da dResacigulisxmeba) winadadebis farglebSi? es is kiTxvaa, romelic, CvenisazriT, win unda uswrebdes kiTxvas, romelic ismis referenciisteqstobrivi statusis Taobaze da Tavisi arsebiTi formiTformulirebuli unda iqnas Semdegnairad: rogor unda iqnas gagebulisaxelis (nominaluri jgufis) amosavali da fuZemdebeli statusiteqstis rogorc umaRlesi rangis komunikaciuri erTeulis farglebSimisi (am erTeulis) konstituirebis TvalsazrisiT? magram, amave drosbunebrivia miviCnioT, rom amgvari kiTxvis dasma saxelTan mimarTebaSi75

logikurad unda gulisxmobdes msgavsi kiTxvis dasmas zmnasTanmimarTebaSic. Sesabamisad, aucilebeli unda iyos am ori kiTxvis rogorcgamijvna, ise arsebiTad urTierTdakavSireba.rogorc vxedavT, Cveni kvlevis logikam etapobrivad migviyvanakiTxvamde imis Taobaze, Tu ra saxes iRebs saxelisa da zmnis funqciursemantikuridapirispireba im SemTxvevaSi, roca enobrivi sistemisaqtualizaciis Sedegad es sistema transformirdeba diskurs-teqstSi? esis kiTxvaa, romlis dasmasac aucileblad moiTxovs referenciis srulilingvisturi Teoriis agebis perspeqtiva da romelze pasuxic _ TundacTeoriuli varaudis, anu hipoTezis saxiT _ unda iqces referenciisTeoriis erT-erT Teoriul safuZvlad.migvaCnia, rom zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze adekvaturi pasuxis gacemaSesaZlebeli iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTis mxriv daveyrdnobiT teqstislingvisturi Teoriis arsebul monacemebs, meores mxriv ki SevecdebiTmovaxdinoT am monacemTa sruliad axleburi interpretacia sworedsaxelisa da zmnis dapirispirebis planSi.rogoria teqstis lingvisturi Teoriis is monacemebi, romelTaaxleburi interpretacia aucileblad unda miviCnioT mocemulkonteqstSi? lakoniurad, magram amave dros arsebiTad am kiTxvaze undagaeces Semdegi pasuxi:a. imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria saxelis makonstituirebeli funqciateqstTan mimarTebaSi unda daveyrdnoT teqstis Teoriis imdebulebas, romlis mixedviT teqstis cneba garduvalad ukavSirdebaTemis cnebas; Cveni hipoTeza ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom teqstisTematur struqturas qmnis misi nominaluri jgufis struqtura daSesabamisad swored teqstSi Semavali nominaluri jgufisstruqtura unda emTxveodes teqstis Tematur struqturas;b. Cveni hipoTezis meore aspeqti ki, bunebrivia, unda gulisxmobdespasuxs kiTxvaze: rogoria saxelisgan gansxvavebiT zmnismakonstituirebeli roli teqstis mimarT? am kiTxvaze pasuxisgacemisas daveyrdnobiT teqstis lingvisturi Teoriis meorefundamentur monacems, saxeldobr debulebas imis Taobaze, rommetyveleba anu verbaluri diskursi struqturuli TvalsazrisiT76

mudam warmoadgens an ama Tu im sametyvelo-kompoziciur formas, anam formaTa iseT sintagmatur Tanmimdevrobas, romlis farglebSicmudam dominirebs romelime erTi forma. Cveni hipoTeza, amSemTxvevaSi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: diskursis mier warmoSobiliteqstis kompoziciur struqturas misi Tematuri struqturisagangansxvavebiT ganazRvravs ukve ara saxeli aramed zmna. SesabamisadSeiZleba iTqvas, rom teqstis kompoziciuri struqtura emTxveva miszmnur struqturas.rogorc ukve iTqva, kvlevis mocemuli etapi davyaviT or qveetapad.Cvenis azriT, wina abzacebSi ganviTarebuli msjeloba iZleva imissaSualebas, rom Sinaarsobrivad ganvsazRvroT meore qveetapic:2) rac Seexeba meore qveetapis Sinaarsobriv aspeqts igi undamdgomareobdes SemdegSi: nebismier SemTxvevaSi referenciis fenomeniteqstis doneze imdenad, ramdenadac igi gansazRvravs teqstisstruqturas unda iRebdes referentulobis teqstobrivi badis saxes.sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, swored referenciis teqstobrivi bade undawarmoadgendes im lingvistur koncepts, romelmac empiriuladac daTeoriuladac unda ,,ikisros” im miznis miRweva, romelsac gulisxmobsreferenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis lingvisturi gaazrebisarsebiTi veqtori: organulad daukavSiros erTmaneTs iseTi enobrivifenomenebi, rogoricaa referencia, saxeli da taqsti. magram asevemniSvnelovania, Cvenis azriT, is Teoriuli momentic, romelicgarduvalad Tan axlavs teqstobrivi badis cnebas da romelic Semdegsgulisxmobs: nebismieri teqstobrivi bade warmoadgens sistemis donezearsebuli im funqciur-semantikuri velis aqtualizacias, romelic Tavismxriv efuZneba ama Tu im funqciur-semantikur kategorias. Sesabamisad,referentulobis teqstobrivi bade, romlis Sesaxebac vsaubrobT, undawarmoadgendes enobrivi sistemis doneze arsebuli referentulobisfunqciur-semantikuri velis aqtualizacias. magram rogoria am velisstruqtura? vfiqrobT, rom swored am struqturis gansazRvriT SeiZlebasabolood dafuZndes Cvens mier ukve gamoTqmuli mosazreba imisTaobaze, rom SesaZlebelia da aucilebelicaa vilaparakoT saxelis iseT77

kategoriul triadaze, romlis farglebSic referencia unda asrulebdesmetakategoriis rols.rogorc zemoT ganviTarebulma msjelobam gviCvena referenciisrogorc teqstobrivi fenomenis saboloo da adekvaturi lingvisturiinterpretacia aucileblad moiTxovs imis dadgenas, Tu raSimdgomareobs misi makonstituirebeli roli teqstis rogorc umaRlesidonis komunikaciuri erTeulis struqtuirebaSi, rac pirvel rigSigulisxmobs igive TvalsazrisiT saxelis teqstobrivi funqciis dadgenas.ra Tqma unda, xsenebuli amocanis Sesrulebas aqvs ara mxolodTeoriuli, aramed wminda praqtikul-analitikuri aspeqtic, racgulisxmobs zemoT formulirebuli hipoTezis adekvaturobisverificirebas empiriul-teqstobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT. bunebrivia,Cven saSualeba gveqneba imisa, rom mivmarToT teqstobriv empirias, magrammxolod imis Semdeg, roca Sesrulebuli iqneba hipoTezisverifikaciisaTvis aucilebeli deduqciuri aspeqtis ori SemdegimoTxovna: teqstis zogad Teoriaze dayrdnobiT dadgindeba a) saxelis(nominaluri jgufis) logikuri da arsebiTi kavSiri teqstis TematurstruqturasTan da b) zmnis aseve logikuri da arsebiTi kavSiri teqstiskompoziciur struqturasTan. vfiqrobT, mxolod am ormagi amocanisSesrulebis Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli teqstobrivi empiriis iseTianalizi, romlis farglebSic referencia mTeli Tavisi SesaZlomoculobiT daikavebs saTanado adgils.saxelis teqstobrivi funqciis Teoriul planSi gaazrebis procesi,Cvenis azriT, moiTxovs im gadamwyvet rolze miTiTebas, romelsacteqstTan mimarTebaSi asrulebs Temis fenomeni. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,rom swored Tema, ufro zustad ki teqstis Sinagani Tematuri erTianobawarmoadgens nebismieri teqstis erTaderT Tu ara erT-erTmakonstituirebel faqtors mainc _ imdenad, rom ,,Temis” rogorcterminis gamoyeneba aucilebeli xdeba TviT teqstis rogorc fenomenisdefiniciis dros. ase magaliTad g. lebaniZe wers: ,,teqstad lingvisturiTvalsazrisiT unda CaiTvalos Tematurad urTierTdakavSirebulwinadadebaTa Tanamimdevroba: is, rac winadadebaTa Tanamimdevrobasaqcevs teqstad. es aris swored Tematikuri urTierTkavSiri anu teqstis78

winadadebaSi asaxuli Temis erTianoba” (lebaniZe 1997:279). arsebiTadigivea naTqvami k. filipovis im citataSi, romelic ukavSirdeba teqstismTlianobis problemas: ,,teqstis azrobriv mTlianobas qmnis misi TemiserTianoba” (Филиппов 2003:133). avtoris azriT, swored teqstis xsenebuliTematuri erTianoba warmoadgens im safuZvels, romlis wyalobiTarsebobs da funqcionirebs nebismieri verbaluri teqstobriobismakonstituirebeli ,,ujredi” _ zefrazobrivi erTianoba: ,,zefrazobrivierTianoba (mikroteqsti) monoTematuria. misi azrobrivi mTlianobisgamovlenas warmoadgens swored is faqti, rom masSi Semavali yvelawinadadeba erTiandeba erTi Temis garSemo. erTi Temidan meorezegadasvla warmoadgens im sasazRvro signals, romelic niSnavs Semdegs:damTavrda erTi zefrazobrivi erTianoba da iwyeba meore” (iqve).Temis amgvari, anu makonstituirebeli mniSvneloba vlindeba aramxolod iseT logikurad gadamwyvet momentSi rogoricaa teqstisdefinicia, aramed Semdeg or momentSic, romlebsac, Cvenis azriT,aranaklebi mniSvneloba unda hqondes teqstis zogadi TeoriisaTvis.vgulisxmobT, erTis mxriv teqstTa ierarqiul tipologias, meores mxrivki teqstis Sinagan komunikaciur struqturas. pirvel aspeqtTandakavSirebiT g. lebaniZe wers: ,,swored amgvari raodenobrivisiZneleebis gadalaxvis mizniT (avtori gulisxmobs swored teqstTatipologizaciis problemebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba teqstTa mikro damakroaspeqtebis urTierTgamijvnas _ q. d.) Tanamedrove teqstislingvistika axdens teqstis cnebis Tavdapirvel, ase vTqvaT, amosavaldiqotomizacias, gamijnavs ra erTmaneTisagan teqstis or ZiriTadsaxeobas _ makroteqstsa da mikroteqsts. makroteqsti aris TematuradurTierTdakavSirebul winadadebaTa yoveli Tanamimdevroba, Tundac,,daTa TuTaSxia”. rac Seexeba mikroteqsts _ es aris winadadebaTa iseTiTanamimdevroba, romelic efuZneba romelime erTi SemakavSirebeli Temisarsebobas. mikroteqsti gvaqvs maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs erT TemasTan daam Temis amsaxvel winadadebaTa TanamimdevrobasTan” (lebaniZe 1997:279-280).Temis roli aseve mniSvnelovania nebismieri teqstis Sinaganikomunikaciuri struqturis konstituirebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc Cvenmier ukve citirebuli k. filipovi wers, ,,teqstis komunikaciuri79

mTlianoba vlindeba SemdegSi: yoveli Semdegi winadadeba zefrazobrivierTianobis farglebSi komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT eyrdnoba winawinadadebas da am gziT axdens gamonaTqvamis progresirebas mocemulidanda cnobilidan axlisaken da ucnobisaken. xdeba swored is, risSedegadac iqmneba Tema-rematuli jaWvi, anu struqtura, romelsac aqvssasruli xasiaTi da romelic gansazRvravs zefrazobrivi erTianobissazRvrebs” (Филиппов 2003:133-134). aRsaniSnavia agreTve Tematurobisroli teqstis rogorc fenomenis im zogad daxasiaTebaSi, romelsaccitirebuli avtori iZleva: ,,teqstis is zemoT warmodgenili niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic avlenen mis mTlianobas azrobrivi, komunikaciurida struqturuli TvalsazrisiT asruleben agreTve im kriteriumTarols, romlebzec dayrdnobiTac teqsti iyofa zefrazobriverTianobebad. amgvar kriteriumebad unda miviCnioT mikroTemaTamonacvleoba, Tema-rematuli jaWvis uwyvetelobisa da frazaTSoriskavSirTa uwyvetelobis rRveva” (iqve).vfiqrobT, zemoT moyvanilma citatebma sakmarisad dagvarwmuna imaSi,Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania Temis rogorc fenomenisa da cnebismniSvneloba teqstis rogorc fenomenis lingvisturi gaazrebisTvalsazrisiT. magram Temis amgvari, anu makonstituirebeli statusisxazgasma ver iqneba Cveni kvlevis mTavari da gadamwyveti mizani. Tumcaamave dros cxadia: es swored is momentia, romelmac aucilebeliSualeduri roli unda Seasrulos teqstisa da saxelisurTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT. gavixsenoT is, ramac Seadgina CvenihipoTezis pirveli aspeqtis Sinaarsi: referenciis teqstobrivi funqciaunda ukavSirdebodes im fundamentur rols, romelsac asrulebs saxeliteqstis Tematuri struqturis konstituirebisas. es ki imas niSnavs, rommocemul etapze da ukve zemoT xsenebul deduqciur logikazedayrdnobiT unda ganvsazRvroT saxelis roli teqstis Tematuristruqturis konstituirebisas zustad iseve rogorc ganvsazRvreT Temisamgvari roli teqstTan mimarTebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amis TqmiTarsebiTad ganvsazRvreT kvlevis is etapi, romelzec vimyofebiT: rakiueWvelia, rom refereciis fenomeni Sinaganad da arsebiTad ukavSirdebasaxels, cxadia, rom swored referencia unda warmoadgendes im80

gadamwyvet enobriv struqturas, romelzec dayrdnobiTac iqmneba dafunqcionirebs xsenebuli Tematuri struqtura, saboloo angariSSi kiTviT teqsti.raki, rogorc araerTxel xazgasmiT iTqva, vimyofebiT referenciisteqstobrivi statusis dadgenis deduqciur etapze, TviT am etapisfunqciuri arsis gaazreba gulisxmobs Semdegs: romelia (an romeli undaiyos) teqstTan Teoriulad dakavSirebuli is kategoriebi, romlebmacunda Seasrulon Semdegi roli: gviCvenon, Tu raSi an rogor undavlindebodes saxelis fundamenturi roli teqstis Tematuri struqturiskonstituirebis TvalsazrisiT?2.3.2. teqstis kategorialuri struqtura da nominaluri jgufismakonstituirebeli roli am struqturis farglebSirogorc gvaxsovs Cveni hopoTeza im rolis Taobaze, romelsacreferencia unda asrulebdes teqstis doneze wamovayeneT imasTandakavSirebiT, Tu rogor iyo warmodgenili winadadebis modeli aramxolod tradiciul lingvistikaSi, aramed Tanamedrove lingvistikis imparadigmul etapzec, romelic win uswrebda zogadi komunikaciurilingvistikis, kerZod ki teqstis Teoriis damkvidrebas. aqedangamomdinare, davsviT kiTxva: xom ar unda daukavSirdes referenciisrogorc teqstobrivi fenomenis kvleva im makonstituirebeli funqciisgansazRvras, romelsac teqstis farglebSi asrulebs nominaluri jgufi,an sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, saxeli rogorc metyvelebis nawili?daveyrdeniT ra teqstis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis arsebuldefiniciebs da im fundamentur rols, romelsac am definiciebSiasrulebs Temis cneba _ gamovTqviT ukve fuZemdebeli hipotezis saxiT _mosazreba, rom teqstis Tematuri, anu enobrivi erTeulisaTvis arsebiTadganmsazRvreli struqtura fuZndeba swored im roliT, romelsac saxeliasrulebs teqstSi. da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im Cvens mier ukve araerTxelxazgasmul faqts, rom lingvistikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapzereferencia arsebiTad da principulad ukavSirdeba saxels, maSin, albaT,gveqneba sruli safuZveli imisac, rom referenciac misi funqciuriarsiT davukavSiroT teqstis Tematur struqturas.81

magram amave dros arsebiTad migvaCnia Semdegi mosazrebac: iqidangamomdinare, rom saxelis rogorc metyvelebis nawilis funqciuri arsimudam ukavSirdeboda da zogadad dResac ukavSirdeba zmnis funqciurarss, SeuZlebeli unda iyos zemoT gamoTqmuli hipoTezis adekvaturobisdasabuTeba, anu rac igivia hipoTezis Teoriad qceva im TanafardobisCvenebis gareSe, romliTac saxeli da zmna xasiaTdebian teqstisfarglebSi. es ki niSnavs Semdegs: Tu saxelis makonstituirebelifunqcia davukavSireT teqstis iseT fundamentur aspeqts, rogoricaamisi Tematuri struqtura, msgavsi amocana unda davisaxoT zmnasTandakavSirebiTac, radgan sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi referenciasTandakavSirebuli da Cvens mier ukve formulirebuli hipoTeza moklebuliiqneba logikur damajereblobas. Sesabamisad, unda dasaxeldes teqstisis meore (meore imdenad ramdenadac pirveli iyo Tematuri struqtura)fundamenturi aspeqti, romelic Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT pirvelTan, anuTematur struqturasTan erTad, da masTan arsebiT kavSirSi, SeZlebdawarmoedgina teqsti mis struqturul mTlianobaSi.magram sanam davasaxelebT teqstis am fundamentur aspeqts,aucileblad migvaCnia pasuxi gavceT kiTxvaze, romelic dasmul iqna winaparagrafis dasasruls: romelia (an romeli unda iyos) teqstTanTeoriulad dakavSirebuli is kategoriebi, romlebmac unda SeasrulonSemdegi roli: gviCvenon, Tu raSi an rogor unda vlindebodes saxelisfundamenturi roli teqstis Tematuri struqturis konstituirebisTvalsazrisiT? rogorc vxedavT, kiTxvas vsvamT teqstis swored imkategorialuri struqturis Taobaze, romlis farglebSi da romelzedayrdnobiTac erTmaneTs teqstobrivad (da ukve ara winadadebrivad anutradiciuli sintaqsis mixedviT) unda daukavSirdnen saxeli da zmna.rogorc cnobilia, teqstis Tanamedrove Teoriis farglebSimuSavdeba teqstobriv kategoriaTa sistema, romlis struqturalogikurad ukavSirdeba teqstis rogorc enobrivi niSnis semiotikuradgaazrebul struqturas, anu im faqts, rom teqstis rogorc enobriviniSnis sintagmatikur, semantikur da pragmatikul ganzomilebebs undaSeesabamebodes kategoriaTa Sesabamisi sistemac sintagmatikur,semantikur da pragmatikul kategoriaTa sistemis saxiT. qvemoT, roca82

dasrulebulad miviCnevT referenciis Teoriis agebis deduqciur aspeqtsda mas SevavsebT induqciuri aspeqtiT, anu ganvaxorcielebTinglisurenovan teqstTa referentul analizs, ra Tqma unda, mogvixdebakiTxvis dasma imis Taobaze, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos referenciismimarTeba teqstobriv kategoriaTa zemoT xsenebul sistemasTan. magramkvlevis am etapze, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom CvenTvis ZiriTad amocanaswarmoadgens saxelTan da zmnasTan uSualod dakavSirebuli teqstobrivaspeqtTa Soris mimarTebis dadgena, sakmarisad da aucileblad migvaCniapirvel rigSi davasaxeloT is centraluri teqstobrivi kategoria,romelic fundamenturad ukavSirdeba TviT teqstobriobis ideas daamitom safuZvlad udevs nebismieri sxva teqstobrivi kategoriisfunqcionirebac. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulad migvaCnia iqidangamomdinare, rom Tu logikurad mivudgebiT Cvens winaSe mdgom amocanas,saxelTan da zmnasTan uSualod dakavSirebul teqstobriv aspeqtTanurTierTmimarTeba unda fuZndebodes swored am centraluri kategoriiT.naTqvamidan gamomdinare, davasaxeloT xsenebuli centraluri kategoriada davsvaT kiTxva imis Taobazec, Tu rogor unda ukavSirdebodnenerTmaneTs teqstis farglebSi saxeli da zmna, anu rac arsebiTad igiveareferencia da teqstis is aspeqtebi, romlebic zmnas ukavSirdeba daamgvarad simetriulad erTis mxriv upirispirdeba referencias, meoresmxriv ki SesaZlebels xdis mis arsebobasa da funqcionirebas?aseT centralur teqstobriv kategoriad unda miviCnioTkoherentulobis kategoria. teqstis erTianoba miiRweva koheziiTa dakoherentulobiT. koheziaSi anu formis SekrulobaSi kanali gulisxmobsimas, Tu rogoraa dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi struqturulad daramdenad uwyobs es xels mTlianad teqstis gagebas (Canale 1983). ase,magaliTad, iseTi saSualebebi, rogoricaa nacvalsaxelebi, sinonimebi,elifsi, kavSirebi da paraleluri struqturebi kavSirs amyarebencalkeul gamonaTqvamebs Soris da migvaniSneben, rogor unda iqnasaRqmuli gamonaTqvamTa esa Tu is jgufi (logikurad Tuqronologiurad) rogorc erTiani teqsti.koherentuloba, anu mniSvnelobis urTierTSesabamisoba teqstSigadmocemul sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas Soris urTierTobas exeba. aq83

SeiZleba vigulisxmoT rogorc pirdapiri mniSvnelobebi, isekomunikantTa intenciebi. es interpretacia axlosaa am terminebismakaroviseul definiciebTan, sadac kohezia aRniSnavs `diskursisformalur-gramatikul Sekrulobas~, xolo koherentuloba amasTanerTad `diskursis azrobrivi da interaqtiuli Sekrulobis semantikurda pragmatikul aspeqtebsac~ moicavs (Макаров 2003: 195).rogorc vxedavT, koherentuloba (kohezia) unda miCneul iqnasteqstis im centralur kategoriad, romlis farglebSi unda davinaxoTsaxelis, Sesabamisad ki TviT referenciis arsebiTi kavSiri teqstis imaspeqtTan, romelic Tavisi arsebobiT efuZneba zmnas.Cveni hopoTezis bolomde dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT aucilebladmigvaCnia xazi gavusvaT koherentulobis, rogorc kategoriis im niSan-Tvisebasac, romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda hqondes imisgansazRvris TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor unda iqnas danaxuli referenciisfenomeni teqstis mTlianur struqturaSi _ vgulisxmobT am kategoriisdinamikur-temporalur xasiaTs, romelic realizebulia mudam moZraobasada droSi. radganac TviT teqsti warmoadgens dinamikur, procesualur,droSi momxdar enobriv warmonaqmns, misi centraluri kategoria _koherentuloba _ aris dinamikur-procesualuri bunebis (lebaniZe 2004).rodesac vsaubrobT teqstze aucileblad migvaCnia masSi arsebulireferentuli situaciis ganxilvac. k. dolinini naSromSi ,,teqstisinterpretacia” gvaZlevs referentuli situaciis Semdeg ganmartebas:sinamdvilis im aspeqts, romelic asaxulia gamonaTqvamSi (teqstSi), mudamsituaciis saxe aqvs da aqedan gamomdinare, gamonaTqvamis referentswarmoadgens situacia, im situacias, romelic gamonaTqvamSi aisaxeba,avtori ,,referentul situacias” uwodebs: ,,gamonaTqvami aRwers(asaxelebs, asaxavs, aRniSnavs) masTan dakavSirebul raRac situacias(movlenas, faqts, saqmis viTarebas) _ imas, rasac Cven vuwodebT...referentul situacias” (Долинин 1985:14).teqstis SemTxvevaSi k. dolinini mimarTavs termins ,,referentulisivrce”, romelic aRniSnavs referentul situaciaTa erTobliobas. igiaRniSnavs, rom teqstSi warmodgenili referentuli situaciebis SinaarsiSeiZleba usasrulod farTo iyos. ,,ar aris savaldebulo, rom84

eferentuli situacia (Sesabamisad referentuli sivrce) droisa dasivrcis xdomilebrivi sinamdvilis konkretul da lokalizebul nawilsdarmoadgendes” (Долинин 1985:8)rogorc zemoT avRniSneT teqstis erT-erT niSan-Tvisebas, anu misdinamikur-temporalur struqturas, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqnebaimis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxes iRebs referencia teqstSi, imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom enisa da diskursis Tanamedrove gagebis mixedviT,teqstSi unda xdebodes enobriv sistemaTa arsebul funqciur-semantikurkategoriaTa aqtualizacia. rogorc Semdgom vnaxavT, amgvariaqtualizaciis sakuTriv ,,teqstobriv produqtad” gvevlineba iseTteqstobriv badeTa erToblioba, romlebsac sistemis doneze Seesabamebafunqciur-semantikur velTa erToblioba. Sesabamisad _ winswrebiT TuvityviT _ vilaparakebT referetulobis teqstobriv badeze, romelicunda warmoadgendes referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velisaqtualizacias da romelsac unda hqondes _ swored xsenebuli velisagangansxvavebiT _ sintagmaturi anu dinamikur-temporaluri struqtura.magram imisaTvis, rom mTeli SesaZlo sisruliT davinaxoT referenciarogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni, aucilebeli iqneba SevuqmnaT mas iseTiTeoriuli konteqsti, romelSic asaxuli iqneba referenciis funqciuriarsi rogorc sistemis, ise teqstis doneze. swored am miznisganxorcielebas unda emsaxurebodes referenciis funqciur arsTandakavSirebuli Semdegi sami kiTxva:a. rogor unda iqnas gagebuli referenciis teqstobrivi funqcia imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom nebismier teqstSi referentuli (anunominaluri) gamonaTqvamebi garduvalad unda ukavSirdebodnenarareferentul, anu ZiriTadad verbalur (zmnur) gamonaTqvamebs? TugaviTvaliswinebT zemoT aRniSnul im garemoebas, rom teqstiscentralur kategorias warmoadgens koherentuloba (kohezia), maSinSesaZlebeli iqneba imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom sworednominalurobisa da verbalurobis amgvarma, anu koherentulobisfarglebSi ganxorcielebulma Serwymam unda dagvanaxos is, risidanaxvac, Cvenis azriT, SeuZlebeli iqneboda sxva SemTxvevaSi _85

eferentul funqciaTa tipologia Sesabamisi teqstobrivi badissintagmatur struqturaSi;b. wina punqtSi xazi gaesva nominalur da verbalur teqstobrivfunqciaTa urTierTkavSiris mniSvnelobas referenciis rogorczogadad teqstobrivi fenomenisa da misi teqstobriv-funqciuritipologiis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT da aRniSnul iqna, romxsenebuli urTierTkavSiri aRqmuli unda iqnas koherentulobis,rogorc centraluri teqstobrivi kategoriis farglebSi. magram arunda dagvaviwydes koherentulobis is funqciuri niSan-Tvisebac,romlis safuZvelzec mas teqstobriv kategoriaTa integraliSeiZleba ewodos. aqedan gamomdinare, unda miviCnioT: referenciisrogorc teqstobrivi fenomenis funqciuri arsi unda gamovlindesara mxolod teqstis nominalur da verbalur ganzomilebaTaurTierTkavSiris fonze, aramed im rolis fonzec, romelsacreferencia unda asrulebdes teqstis kategorialur struqturaSi.rogor unda daisvas kiTxva zemoT aRniSnuli am bolo momentisgaTvaliswinebiT? vfiqrobT, SesaZlebeli da aucilebelicaavilaparakoT nebismieri teqstis or ganzomilebaze: pirveliganzomilebiT vgulisxmobT teqstis vertikalur struqturas, anunominalur da verbalur gamonaTqvamTa im urTierTkavSirs, romlisSesaxebac zemoT visaubreT. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom amurTierTkavSirze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi gvqonda teqstis,rogorc garkveuli situaciis amsaxveli struqturis semantika (amterminis farTo gagebiT) da ar viTvaliswinebdiT nebismieriteqstisaTvis makonstituirebeli statusis mqone Semdeg garemoebas:ar arsebobs teqsti diskursis gareSe, rogorc zemoT ukve iqnaxazgasmuli, yoveli diskursi ki warmoadgens enobrivi sistemisintersubieqturad realizebul aqtualizacias da, Sesabamisad,arsebobs da funqcionirebs or subieqts, anu adresantsa daadresats Soris lokalizebul komunikaciur sivrceSi. aqedangamomdinare, SesaZlebeli da aucilebelia, Cvenis azriT,vilaparakoT ukve teqstis ara vertikalur da ara semantikur, aramedhorizontalur da komunikaciur ganzomilebebze _ horizontaluri86

imdenad ramdenadac vgulisxmobT komunikaciur-informaciulmimarTebebs dasaxelebul or enobriv subieqts Soris, komunikaciuriimdenad ramdenadac xsenebuli mimarTebebi unda warmoadgendnen araimdenad teqstSi asaxuli situaciis semantikur aspeqts, aramedteqstis intersubieqturad ganpirobebul pragmatikul aspeqts.Sesabamisad, vsvamT kiTxvas: rogor aisaxeba referenciis teqstobrivifunqcia teqstis horizontaluri anu pragmatikuli ganzomilebebisstruqturaSi?bunebrivia, am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas unda daveyrdnoTteqstis pragmatikul kategoriaTa sistemas da miviCnioT, romxsenebul kategoriaTa urTierTkavSiri iseve mniSvnelovania zogadadteqstis koherentulobisaTvis, rogorc mis nominalur da verbaluraspeqtTa urTierTkavSiri;g. magram, Cvenis azriT, ar unda dagvaviwydes Cveni kvleviTi miznisSemdegi aspeqtic: Cven vikvlevT referencias rogorc enobrivfenomens, rac imas unda niSnavdes, rom igi ganxiluli da danaxuliunda iqnas rogorc sistemur, ise teqstobriv doneze. imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rac ukve iTqva, SesaZlebelia movaxdinoT amgvaraddasaxuli miznis Semdegi formulireba: referencia unda aRqmuli dagaazrebuli iqnas, erTis mxriv rogorc referentulobis funqciursemantikurikategoria am kategoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli veliT,meores mxriv ki rogorc referentulobis teqstobrivi bade.bunebrivia am SemTxvevaSi ismis kiTxva: rogor unda iqnas danaxulierTis mxriv referenciis metakategorialuri statusideterminaciisa da deiqsisis mimarT referentulobis funqciursemantikurivelis farglebSi da meores mxriv, rogor unda iqnasdanaxuli referentulobis igive, anu metakategorialuri statusireferentulobis teqstobrivi badis farglebSi, radgan, rogorcukve viciT, xsenebuli teqstobrivi bade warmoadgens xsenebulivelis diskursul aqtualizacias?87

2.4. sametyvelo-kompoziciur formaTa sistema da teqstis ,,zmnuristruqtura”: referenciis rogorc nominaluri kategoriis mimarTebateqstis ,,zmnur struqturasTan”zemoT, roca ganvixilavdiT referenciis Teoriul problematikasimdenad, ramdenadac es problematika analizuri saxiT warmodgeniliaTanamedrove lingvistur literaturaSi, davinaxeT, Tu ra sixSiriT _Tumca Teoriuli gaazrebis gareSe _ xdeba referenciis dakavSireba iseTenobriv fenomenebTan rogoricaa determinacia da deiqsisi. vfiqrobT,rTuli ar unda iyos iseT nominalur kategoriaTa urTierTkavSirisTeoriuli gaazreba rogoricaa referencia da determinacia im ,,ubralo”mizezis gamo, rom orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs saxelTan dakavSirebul,anu nominalur kategoriebTan _ Tumca, rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli,yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi pasuxi unda gaeces Semdeg kiTxvas: raadgils ikavebs determinacia teqstis zogad referentul struqturaSi?magram, roca saqme exeba referenciasa da deiqsiss Soris kavSirs, maSinproblema iZens Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT bevrad ufro rTul xasiaTs.sirTule ,,ibadeba” TviT deiqsisis ,,wiaRSi”, saxeldobr deiqsisistipologiaSi: rogorc cnobilia da rogorc zemoT ukve iqna aRniSnuli,deiqsisis tipologia gulisxmobs am fenomenis dayofas sam ZiriTadtipad: roluri deiqsisi, droisa da adgilis deiqsisi. vfiqrobT,Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT rTuli ar unda iyos erTmaneTs davukavSiroTiseTi enobrivi fenomenebi rogoricaa, erTis mxriv, referencia, meoresmxriv ki roluri deiqsisi, radgan sintaqsi _ rogorc winadadebis, iseteqstis doneze _ rols, rogorc wesi, ukavSirebs saxeliT gamoxatulaqtants. iqedan gamomdinare, rom Cveni kvlevis Temasa da problemaswarmoadgens referencia, CvenTvis SeuZlebelia eqsplicituri saxiT ardavsvaT kiTxva: rogor unda gavigoT kavSiri erTis mxriv, referenciasada meores mxriv deiqsisis temporalur da lokalur tipebs Soris imSemTxvevaSi, Tu yvela xsenebuli fenomeni danaxuli da ganxiluli iqnebateqstis doneze, anu sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, rogorc teqstobrivifenomenebi?88

wina paragrafebSi, roca laparaki gvqonda referenciis zogadteqstobriv statusze, davinaxeT, rom es statusi ukavSirdeba teqstisTematur struqturas. amave dros xsenebuli statusis dadgenisasgaviTvaliswineT is rolic, romelsac saxeli asrulebs winadadebisfarglebSi. amgvari logikuri ,,svla” gamarTlebulad unda miviCnioT aramxolod imitom, rom winadadeba gvevlineba teqstis ZiriTad ,,ujredad”,aramed imitomac, rom wminda komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT, sworedwinadadebam SeiZleba aiRos Tavis Tavze teqstis funqcia. magram, amavedros, gvsurs xazi gavusvaT garemoebas, romelsac, Cvenis azriT,gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda hqondes im SemTxvevaSic, Tu gvsursadekvaturi pasuxi gaeces zemoT dasmul kiTxvas: rogoric ar unda iyosgamWoli logikuri kavSiri winadadebasa da teqsts Soris, teqstzemsjelobisas unda daveyrdnoT sakuTriv teqstobriv kategoriebs (da arakategorebs, romlebic nasesxebi iqnebodnen winadadebis struqturidan).vfiqrobT, gamarTlebuli iqneba Tu mocemuli paragrafiTnagulisxmev problemas gadavWriT igive logikuri sqemis mixedviT: jergaviTvaliswinebT im sintaqsur statuss, romelic SeiZleba hqondesdrosa da adgils winadadebis farglebSi, Semdeg ki _ am analogiazedayrdnobiT, magram amave dros principulad teqstobriv kriteriumebzedafuZnebiT _ SevecdebiT gadavWraT Cvens winaSe arsebuli problema.rogorc cnobilia, winadadebis farglebSi adgilica da drocTavianTi zogadi semantikiT ukavSirdebian zmnas da ara saxels dazmnasTan kavSiris farglebSi saqme gvaqvs, rogorc wesi, winadadebis oriseT tradiciul wevrTan, rogoricaa droisa da adgilis garemoeba.magram rogor unda moxdes am SemTxvevaSi teqstis doneze,,gadasvla”, romelic sakuTriv teqstobrivi logikis TvalsazrisiT ki arunda ewinaaRmdegebodes, aramed piriqiT ,,eTanxmebodes” Cvens mier zemoTganxorcielebul ,,gadasvlas”. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, rogori unda isteqstobrivi kategoria, romelic, erTis mxriv logikur da SinaarsobrivkavSirSi iqneba zmnasTan, meores mxriv ki principulad teqstobrivikriteriumis saxiT warmogvidgeba?vfiqrobT, amgvari teqstobrivi kategoriis funqcia SeiZlebaSeasrulos sametyvelo-kompoziciuri formis kategoriam. amitom,89

unebrivia, davsvaT kiTxva: ras warmoadgens sametyvelo-kompoziciuriforma rogorc teqstobrivi kategoria, Tu mas ganvixilavT Cvens kvleviTkonteqstSi, anu zogadad referenciasTan, ufro konkretulad ki, teqstisTematur struqturasTan kavSirSi? amgvarad dasmuli kiTxva pasuxisgacemas etapobrivad saWiroebs: a) pirvel etapze unda gavixsenoT, Turogor aris gagebuli xsenebuli koncepti (sametyvelo-kompoziciuriforma) teqstis zogad TeoriaSi, anu referenciasTan logikuri kavSirisyovelgvari eqsplikaciis gareSe; b) meore etapze ki zemoT xsenebulikavSiri unda eqsplicirebuli iqnas or teqstobriv fenomens Soris.exeba ra ,,teqstis ZiriTad funqcionalur tipebs”, anu sxvanairadrom vTqvaT sametyvelo-kompoziciur formebs, v. sergia wers:,,metyvelebis ZiriTad formebad miCneulia Txroba, aRwera da msjeloba,gamoyofen maT, ase vTqvaT, damatebiT formebsac, iseTebs, rogoricaa:dinamikuri aRwera, cnoba, daxasiaTeba, interpretireba, mtkiceba.gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Txroba, aRwera, msjeloba metyvelebisformaTa invariantebs warmoadgens, xolo maTi emocionaluradgadamuSavebuli variantebia moTxroba, cocxali aRwera daSTabeWdilebaTa gadacema” (sergia 1989:266) avtori SemdegnairadaxasiaTebs sam ZiriTad sametyvelo-kompoziciur formas _ ,,aRweriTs,TxrobiTsa da msjelobiTs”: ,,aRweriTia teqsti, sadac CamoTvlilianiSan-Tvisebebi, Taviseburebani da am gziT daxasiaTebulia raime movlena,sagani da personaJi. aRweriTi teqsti SeiZleba iyos peizaJuri(moqmedebis adgilis aRwera) an portreturi (moqmedi gmiris garegnuliaRwera) da sxv.” (sergia 1989:268);rac Seexeba TxrobiT teqsts avtori wers: ,,Txrobas ganekuTvnebateqsti, sadac saubaria ambis, movlenis ganviTarebis, maTi TanmimdevrobisSesaxeb. adgili aqvs drois cvlas” (sergia 1989:270);msjelobiTi teqsti ki daxasiaTebulia Semdegnairad: ,,msjelobiTteqstSi gvaqvs mizez-Sedegobrivi konstruqciebi, kiTxvebi, modalurisityvebi, avtoriseuli Sefaseba. aseT teqstSi naTlad gamoikveTeba saminawili: Tezisi, mtkiceba da daskvna” (sergia 1989:272).ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT sametyvelo-kompoziciur formaTaTundac aseTi lakoniuri daxasiaTebidan, romelsac v. sergia iZleva, Tu,90

a Tqma unda, amave dros, es daskvna dakavSirebuli iqneba Cveni kvlevisZiriTad amocanasTan? rogorc vxedavT, yovel mocemul SemTxvevaSizemoT daxasiaTebul ,,formaTa” funqcia Sinaganad e. i. struqturuladacda funqciuradac unda ukavSirdebodes maTSi mocemul zmnaTa semantikurkonfiguracias: pirvel SemTxvevaSi avtori miiCnevs, rom ,,aRweriTiteqsti SeiZleba iyos peizaJuri (moqmedebis adgilis aRwera) anportreturi (moqmedi gmiris garegnuli aRwera)”: cxadia, rom aRwerisorive es varianti SeiZleba ganxorcielebul iqnas mxolod zmniT (Tusaqme gvaqvs Cveulebriv SemasmenelTan) an zmniT predikativTan erTad.msgavsi daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT im daxasiaTebidan, romelsacavtori aZlevs TxrobiT teqsts. vfiqrobT, sametyvelo-kompoziciuriformis ,,Sinagani zmnuri buneba” am SemTxvevaSi gamokveTilia kidev ufrometi reliefurobiT vidre aRweriT teqstSi. principulad igiveviTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme msjelobiTi teqstis SemTxvevaSic, romelic v.sergias mixedviT, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: ,,Tezisi,mtkiceba da daskvna”. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSic unda vigulisxmoT, romZiriTad rols msjelobis ganviTarebisas unda asrulebdes swored zmna.sametyvelo-kompoziciuli formebis sergiaseuli daxasiaTeba,rogorc vnaxeT, zogad teqstobriv doneze iyo ganxorcielebuli da,Sesabamisad, Cvenc unda davefuZnoT am daxasiaTebas zogad TeoriuliTvalsazrisiT. magram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom qvemoT,roca referenciis teqstobrivi badis gamosavlenad mxatvrul, naratiulteqsts gavaanalizebT, saWirod migvaCnia ganvixiloT sametyvelokompoziciurformaTa daxasiaTebis is variantebic, romlebic sworedamgvari tipis teqstebs efuZnebian. ase magaliTad, v. kuxarenko amformaTa Semdegnair daxasiaTebas iZleva: ,,Txroba Tavis Tavze iRebsZiriTad siuJetur datvirTvas: gvacnobs qmedebebsa da mdgomareobebs,romelTa ganviTareba xdeba teqstSi, risi wyalobiTac igi iZensaqcionalur da dinamiur xasiaTs. aRwera ki axdens qmedebaTa damdgomareobaTa obieqtebisa da subieqtebis niSan-TvisebaTa fiqsirebas daamitom upiratesad statikuria xolme. msjeloba ki Seicavs informaciasim mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebze, romlebic arseboben obieqtebsa da91

qmedebebs Soris rogorc wina konteqstis ise post-konteqstisfarglebSi. isic atarebs statikur xasiaTs” (Кухаренко 1988:134-135)ratom iyo aucilebeli Cveni kvleviTi konteqstisaTvis sametyvelokompoziciurformaTa zemoT mocemuli ganxilva, maSin roca CvensZiriTad mizans zogadad warmoadgens referenciis rogorc enobrivifenomenis kvleva, kerZod ki mocemul TavSi am enobrivi movlenisrogorc teqstobrivi fenomenis gaSuqeba? vfiqrobT, rom mocemulkiTxvaze saboloo da amomwurav pasuxs gavcemT maSin, roca kideverTxel davubrundebiT sakiTxs referenciis metakategorialurstruqturasTan dakavSirebiT. am etapze ki, SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna,romelsac erTnairi mniSvneloba unda hqondes rogorc referenciislingvisturi TeoriisTvis, ise teqstis vertikaluri struqturisSemdgomi gaazrebisaTvis, Tu, ra Tqma unda, teqstis ganzomilebrivstruqturas miviRebT im saxiT, romliTac is zemoT iqnaformulirebuli.zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare, ukve SegviZlia mTeli SesaZloreliefurobiT gamovuyoT referencias adgili teqstis vertikalurstruqturaSi, rac, vfiqrobT SeiZleba miviCnioT imis miniSnebad, romsafuZveli edeba referenciis rogorc teqstobrivi fenomenis TeoriisCamoyalibebas. ra Tqma unda, am Teoriis faqtobrivi Camoyalibebisprocesi daviwyeT maSin, roca es fenomeni (referencia) davukavSireTteqstis Tematur struqturas. magram amave dros, logikuriTvalsazrisiT da referenciis teqstobrivi funqciis srulireprezentaciis TvalsazrisiTac aranakleb mniSvnelovani unda iyosSemdegi momentis Cvenebac: romelia teqstis vertikaluri struqturis isaspeqti, romelic uSualod ar ukavSirdeba referencias da, Sesabamisad,miCneul unda iqnas referenciis funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelopoziciur fonad. sametyvelo-kompoziciur formaTa ganxilvam gviCvena,rom amgvar fons warmoadgens teqstis kompoziciuri struqtura, anu isstruqtura, romlis arsebobis RerZs da safuZvels warmoadgens ukve arasaxeli, aramed zmna. Sesabamisad, mivdivarT daskvnamde: SeuZlebeliaagebuli iqnas referenciis teqstobrivi Teoria teqstis vertikaluristruqturis diqotomizaciis gareSe. rogorc yoveli diqotomia, es92

diqotomiac aucileblad unda gulisxmobdes (da gulisxmobs kidec)mocemuli fenomenis anu teqstis vertikaluri struqturis or iseTaspeqtad dayofas, romlebic erTmaneTs gulisxmoben da romlebic verSeZleben funqcionirebas erTmaneTis gareSe.mxedvelobaSi viRebT ra Cvens mier zemoT gakeTebuli Teoriulidaskvnis mniSvnelobas, gvsurs movaxdinoT misi Semdegi saxiT grafikulimodelireba:teqstis vertikaluri struqtura sqema 1VSTematuristruqturakompoziciuristruqturasaxeli rogorcstruqturuli centrizmna rogorcstruqturuli centri93

oca vlaparakobT teqstis referentul struqturaze da amganzomilebis arareferentul fonze, garduvalad vefuZnebiT Semdegiori saxis abstraqcias, anu, rac principulad igivea, vaxdenT ori saxisganzogadebas:1. pirvel SemTxvevaSi vaxdenT teqstis nebismieri tipologiiskonkretizaciisagan abstraxirebas da vgulisxmobT, rom nebismieriteqstis farglebSi referencia efuZneba teqstis Tematur stuqturas. esukanaskneli ki Tavis mxriv efuZneba saxels rogorc mis struqturulRerZs. (da amave dros referenciis sayrden enobriv erTeuls).2. zustad aseve da iqedan gamomdinare, rom nebismieri teqstis kompoziciurujreds warmoadgens esa Tu is sametyvelo-kompoziciuri forma, xoloamgvari ujredis (anu sametyvelo-kompoziciuri formis) struqturuliRerZi aris zmna, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom nebismieri teqstis farglebSi,teqstobrivi referencia erTis mxriv upirispirdeba, teqstis vertikalurstruqturas, meores mxriv ki SesaZlebels xdis mas.2.5 teqstis vertikaluri struqtura da referencia rogorcmetakategoriaaucilebelia iTqvas, rom zemoT ganxiluli ori momenti _ erTismxriv teqstis vertikaluri struqtura da meores mxriv, referenciisadgili am struqturis farglebSi qmnis imis safuZvels, rom axleburaddavinaxoT is enobrivi fenomeni, romelsac Cven ukve vuwodeTreferenciasTan dakavSirebuli kategorialuri triada _ is triadaromlis farglebSi referencias determinaciisa da deiqsisis mimarTmetakategorialuri statusi ,,mieniWa”.zemoT xsenebuli statusi referencias ,,mivaniWeT” wmindadeduqciuri gziT, anu im SexedulebaTa mTeli kompleqsidan gamomdinare,romelic Tanamedrove lingvistikas SemuSavebuli aqvs referenciisirgvliv. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsenebuli kompleqsis mixedviT arsebobsarsebiTi Sinagani kavSiri, erTis mxriv, referencias, meores mxriv ki ordanarCen kategorias Soris. swored amas vgulisxmobdiT, roca winaparagrafSi wamovayeneT hipoTeza teqstis vertikalur struqturasTan94

dakavSirebiT. rogor ukavSirdeba xsenebuli hipoTeza (an iqneb ukveTeoria) referenciis metakategorialur statuss? Seaqvs Tu ara masaxali Strixi xsenebuli kategorialuri triadis struqturis gagebaSi?migvaCnia, rom ukve mocemul etapze, anu ama Tu im konkretuliteqstis gaanalizebamde SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT xsenebuli axaliStrixis arsi, romelic, Cvenis azriT, mdgomareobs SemdegSi: rogorcwesi, (da rogorc gvaxsovs) referenciis xsenebisas laparakiareferenciisa da deiqsisis urTierTkavSirze, magram ar aris xolmedakonkretebuli es kavSiri imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arsebobsdeiqsisis sami ZiriTadi tipi _ roluri deiqsisi, drois deiqsisi daadgilis deiqsisi, yovelive imis Semdeg, rac wina paragrafebSi iTqva, anuimis Semdeg, roca mkafiod iqna warmodgenili teqstis diqotomiurivertikaluri struqtura, xolo am diqotomiis erTi mxare arsebiTaddaukavSirda zmnas, SegviZlia uyoymanoT wamovayenoT Semdegi Tezisi:deiqsisi rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni simetriulad ukavSirdebateqstis rogorc Tematur (anu referentul), ise kompoziciur aspeqtebs,rac Semdegs niSnavs: droisa da adgilis deiqsisi rogorc struqturuli,ise funqciuri TvalsazrisiT unda mivakuTvnoT teqstis kompoziciurstruqturas, radgan, rogorc viciT, am struqturis RerZad moiazrebazmna, dro da adgili ki, pirvel rigSi unda ukavSirdebodes zmnis miergamoxatul xdomilebas. amitom unda davaskvnaT Semdegi: roca laparakiareferenciisa da deiqsisis urTierTkavSirze es kavSiri undadakonkretebul iqnas Semdegnairad: referencia uSualod ukavSirdebarolur deiqsiss da ara adgilisa da drois deiqsiss, romlebic aseveuSualod ukavSirdebian teqstis kompoziciur struqturas.magram aranakleb mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba is faqti, rom zemoTformulirebuli TezisiT axleburi Suqi efineba ara mxolodreferenciasa da deiqsiss Soris arsebul kavSirs, aramed im kavSirsacromelic arsebobs deiqsisisa da determinaciis kategoriebs Soris da,rac mTavaria, gveZleva imis saSualeba, rom erTis mxriv SevinarCunoT,meores mxriv ki axleburad gavaSuqoT referenciis metakategorialuristatusi.95

ogor unda iqnas dakonkretebuli zemoT naTqvami: Tu referenciaarsebiTad ukavSirdeba mxolod rolur deiqsiss, maSin Cndeba kiTxvaimis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iqnas danaxuli _ igulisxmeba, ra Tqmaunda, teqstis farglebSi _ determinaciasa da rolur deiqsiss Sorislogikur-funqciuri kavSiri da am SemTxvevaSi rogor unda iqnasSinaarsobrivad dakonkretebuli referenciis meta-kategorialuristruqtura nominaluri kategorialuri triadis farglebSi?am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas kvlav unda davubrundeT referenciisTanamedrove konceptis im ganzomilebebs, romlis mixedviTacreferentuloba rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni arsebiTad ukavSirdebasaxels (nominalur jgufs). aqedan gamomdinare, unda gakeTdes, CvenisazriT, Semdegi sami daskvna, romlebsac qvemoT, anu Cveni kvlevisanalitikur monakveTSi, fundamenturi mniSvneloba eqneba:1. roca vlaparakobT rolur deiqsisze da amave dros swored mas da aradeiqsisis sxva saxeobebs vukavSirebT referencias, amiT aucilebelixdeba TviT roluri deiqsisis sintaqsuri interpretacia: rogorccnobilia, saxelis roli winadadebaSi (Tu CvenTvis amosavali iqnebametyvelebis gansxvavebul nawilTa pirveladi da ara nebismierisintaqsuri funqcia) gagebulia rogorc, pirvel rigSi qvemdebaris,ufro farTo TvalsazrisiT ki, rogorc aqtantis gamoxatvis roli.amitomac unda vigulisxmoT: imdenad, ramdenadac teqstis analizisassaqme gveqneba winadadebasTan rogorc metad Tu naklebad avtonomiurerTeulTan, aucilebeli iqneba referenciis sintaqsuri funqciisdakavSireba winadadebis am wevrebTan;2. magram amave dros ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom referenciis arsebiTidakavSireba saxelTan amave dros niSnavs mis aseve arsebiTdakavSirebas teqstTanac. swored amitomaa, rom Cveni naSromis ammonakveTze CvenTvis mTavaria referenciis rogorc teqstobrivifenomenis kvleva. magram ras unda niSnavdes referenciis amgvarikvleva, Tu gavixsenebT, rom teqstis vertikaluri struqturisfarglebSi referencia ukavSirdeba mis Tematur ganzomilebas? CvenisazriT, es unda niSnavdes, pirvel rigSi, im logikis gaTvaliswinebas,romlis mixedviT Tanamedrove komunikaciur lingvistikaSi umaRlesi96

enobrivi donis erTeulad miCneulia ara winadadeba, aramed teqsti.magram, Tu es asea da Tu referencias, rogorc es zemoT iTqva,vukavSirebT mxolod da mxolod rolur deiqsiss zemoT ganmartebuligagebiT, maSin referenciac naratiul teqstSi unda davukavSiroT iseTnaratologiur cnebebs, rogoricaa agensisa da paciensis cnebebi.migvaCnia, erTis mxriv, rom ase unda moxdes referenciis im sintaqsurifunqciis teqstobrivi transformacia, romelic aRniSnuli iyo zemoTda romelic ukavSirdeboda aqtantis koncepts, meores mxriv ki sworedamgvari transformacia mogvcems im Sinagani mimarTebis gagebasac,romliTac referencia ukavSirdeba teqstis kompoziciur struqturas.rogorc wina abzacma gviCvena, Cven movaxdineT referenciissintaqsuri funqciis transpozicia teqstis sferoSi da amgvaradgadadgmuli nabijiT Teoriuli safuZveli SevuqmeniT referenciisrogorc teqstobrivi movlenis interpretacias. SemdgomSi, kvlevisanalitikur monakveTze, mogvixdeba deduqciuri gziT miRebuli amTeoriuli Sedegis induqciuri aqtualizacia, amitom aucilebladmigvaCnia mivmarToT Tanamedrove naratologias im mizniT, rom naTladda mkafiod iqnas ganmartebuli agensisa da paciensis zemoT gamoyenebulicnebebi. amave dros mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is faqtic, romaRniSnuli cnebebi arsebiTad ukavSirdeba narativis rogorc konceptisTanamedrove gagebas. moviyvanoT Sesabamisi citata naratologiis iseTiwarmomadgenlis naSromidan rogoricaa v. Smidi, riTac, Cvenis azriT,myar safuZvels SevuqmniT referenciasTan dakavSirebul mTels CvensSemdgom msjelobas: ,,termini mdgomareoba (состояние) unda gavigoTrogorc niSan-TvisebaTa iseTi erToblioba, romelic drois ama Tu immomentSi damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im personaJisaTvis an garesituaciisaTvis, Tu gamoxatuli niSan-Tvisebebi ganekuTvneba ama Tu impersonaJis sulier samyaros saqme gevqneba Sinagan mdgomareobasTan ..... TumdgomareobaSi cvlilebis mizezs warmoadgens personaJi, maSinvlaparakobT saqcielze (поступок) da moqmedi personaJi saxeldeba iseTiukve fesvebgadgmuli cnebiT, rogoricaa agensi; magram, Tu personaJixdeba cvlilebis pasiuri obieqti, maSin amgvar cvlilebas ewodeba97

momxdari ambavi (происшествие), personaJi ki iwodeba paciensad” (Шмид2008:15).faqtobrivad igivea naTqvami a. kruzis mier, romelic agensisa dapaciensis Semdeg definiciebs iZleva: ,,agensi – predikatiT gamoxatulimoqmedebis Camdeni, aqtiuri monawile an gamomwvevia, xolo paciensi –predikatiT gamoxatuli moqmedebis ganmcdeli an pasiuri monawile” (Cruse2000);3. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom deiqsisis sami saxeobidan referenciismoqmedebis sferoSi unda moazrebul iqnas mxolod erTi, saxeldobr,roluri deiqsisi da, Sesabamisad, naCvenebi iqna imis danaxvisSesaZleblobac, Tu rogor unda iqnas gagebuli referenciis funqciateqstis erTiani vertikaluri struqturis farglebSi. magram rogorunda iqnas gagebuli referenciis rogorc metakategoriis mimarTeba iseTnominalur kategoriasTan rogoricaa determinaciis (artiklis)kategoria? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvaze SeiZleba gavceT erTniSna, magram amavedros analitikuri TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovani pasuxi. pasuxiserTniSna xasiaTi gamomdinareobs Semdegi mosazrebidan: deiqsisisgangansxvavebiT, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, erTnairad ukavSirdeba rogorcsaxels, ise zmnas, determinacia warmoadgens mxolod saxelTandakavSirebul, anu calsaxad nominalur kategorias da, Sesabamisad, misisintaqsuri funqciac unda ukavSirdebodes, pirvel rigSi, saxelisaqtantur funqciebs. am daskvnis is mniSvneloba ki, romelic mas undamieweros analitikuri TvalsazrisiT mdgomareobs SemdegSi: naratiuliteqstis analizisas unda vimsjeloT _ pirvel rigSi _ ara ..ubralod”ama Tu im aqtantis, aramed agensisa da paciensis determinaciaze ise, rom,erTis mxriv SenarCunebuli iqnes artiklisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvelaSinaarsobrivi niuansi, magram amave dros moxdes xsenebuli kategoriisfunqciuri transfonireba teqstobriv sferoSi.rogorc zemoT ganviTarebulma msjelobam gviCvena teqstisvertikaluri struqturis analizis Sedegad gamorkveul iqna, romreferenciasTan, rogorc teqstobriv kategoriasTan mimarTebaSi deiqsisiganicdis Sinagan anu struqturul diqotomizacias: roluri deiqsisimTlianad aRmoCnda teqstis referentuli ganzomilebis sferoSi, rac98

principulad adasturebs Cvens mier Tavidanve gamoTqmul TeoriulhipoTezas am ori kategoriis _ referenciisa da deiqsisis _urTierTmimarTebis Taobaze: imdenad, ramdenadac roluri deiqsisiukavSirdeba teqstis Tematur struqturas da, Sesabamisad, Tu saqmegvaqvs naratiul teqstTan, teqstobriv agenssa da teqstobriv paciensTan,deiqsiss ukavia subkategoriis statusi referenciasTan rogorcmetakategoriasTan mimarTebaSi. magram igive msjelobam dagvanaxadeiqsisis xsenebuli diqotomizaciis Teoriuli mniSvneloba rogorczogadad teqstis vertikaluri struqturis, ise am struqturisfarglebSi nominalur (anu saxelTan dakavSirebul) da sametyvelokompoziciur(anu verbalur) ganzomilebebs Soris. es ki sabolooangariSSi niSnavs imas, rom nebismieri naratiuli teqstis referentulibadis analizisas SevZlebT xsenebuli badis im aspeqtis zustadgamovlenas, romelic funqciurad da struqturulad ukavSirdebareferenciis rogorc determinaciul, ise deiqtikur ganzomilebebs.2.6. teqstis horizontaluri struqtura da referencia rogorcteqstobrivi fenomeniwina paragrafSi referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni ganxiluliiqna teqstis vertikalur struqturasTan dakavSirebiT da, rogorcvnaxeT, am ganxilvam axali Suqi mohfina im kategorialuri triadis Sidastruqturas, romlis farglebSi referencia asrulebs wamyvanikategoriis anu metakategoriis rols. magram aseve cxadi unda iyosSemdegic: Tu vertikaluri struqturis garda teqsts (xazgasmiT undaiTqvas: nebismier teqsts) aqvs horizontaluri struqturac, es imas undaniSnavdes, rom referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni ver iqnebagamokvleuli Semdegi sami momentis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe:a) pirvel rigSi unda daisvas kiTxva, Tu rogor unda iqnasgaazrebuli referencia teqstis horizontalur ganzomilebaSi dariTi unda gansxvavdebodes gaazrebis es aspeqti wina aspeqtisagan;b) xsenebul wina aspeqtze msjelobisas ukve mogvixda imis Cveneba, romreferenciis rogorc lingvisturi konceptis sruli analizi99

aucileblad moiTxovs teqstis zogadi Teoriidan misnaratologiur Teoriaze gadasvlas. rogorc vnaxeT, naratiuliteqstis farglebSi referencia ukavSirdeba ara imdenad aqtantis,aramed agensisa da paciensis cnebebs. Sesabamisad, unda daisvaskiTxva: ras gvaZlevs analitikuri registris analogiuri cvlilebaim SemTxvevaSi, roca referencias ganvixilavT teqstishorizontaluri struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT?g) da bolos, bunebrivia, daisvas kiTxva: rogor unda gamoiyurebodesreferenciis ganxilvis zemoT mocemuli ori aspeqtis monacemTasinTezi, anu rogor unda iqnas danaxuli referenciis roliteqstis integralurad warmodgenili struqturis farglebSi?winaswar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kiTxvis amgvari dasma da, bunebrivia,masze pasuxis gacema aucileblad gadaiyvans referenciasTandakavSirebul Cvens msjelobas teqstis kategorialuri struqturisganxilvis sferoSi.SevecadoT mocemuli paragrafis saTauriT nagulisxmevi amocanaSevasruloT zemoT dasmul sam kiTxvaze pasuxTa Tanmimdevruladgacemis gziT:rogorc ukve viciT, teqstis horizontaluri struqtura ukavSirdebaverbaluri komunikaciis aqts da, Sesabamisad, masze SeiZleba vimsjeloTori TvalsazrisiT: genetikurad teqstis horizontaluri struqturapirdapir kavSirSia diskursis rogorc komunikaciuri aqtis pragmatikulstruqturasTan, struqturuli TvalsazrisiT ki teqstis horizontaluriganzomileba aucileblad unda gamovlindes am fenomenis kategorialurstruqturaSi, saxeldobr teqstis pragmatikul kategoriaTa im sistemisstruqturaSi, romlis farglebSi referenciam aucileblad undaSeasrulos funqciurad mniSvnelovani roli.rac Seexeba diskursis rogorc komunikaciuri verbaluri aqtishorizontalur struqturas: rogorc cnobilia, diskursis TanamedroveTeoriis farglebSi dominirebs xsenebuli fenomenis interaqciulimodeli. rogorc m. makarovi ambobs, ,,komunikaciis interaqciuli modeli,Tavisi dasaxelebis Sesabamisad, wamyvan principad miiCnevs komunikaciissubieqtTa im urTierTzemoqmedebas, romelic vlindeba garkveul100

socialur-kulturul situaciaSi” (Макаров 2003:38). igive avtoris azriT,komunikaciis procesSi ,,mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria meore piris (anuadresantis q. d.) aqtiur rols: komunikantTa erToblivi qmedebisa dagansakuTrebiT im mniSvnelobaTa erToblivi interpretaciis gareSe,romelTa komunikaciac xdeba, saerTod ar eqneboda azri araviTarurTierTobas (Макаров 2003:39). Cveni Semdgomi msjelobisaTvis kimniSvnelovania is faqti, rom avtori komunikantTa amgvar, anu garduval,urTierTzemoqmedebas gaiazrebs intersubieqturobis principissafuZvelze. misi azriT, swored ,,intersubieqturoba, rogorcfsiqologiurad an fenomenalurad gancdili erToblioba” (iqve)warmoadgens komunikaciis safuZvels.iqidan gamomdinare, rom referenciis konceptis Semdgomi ganxilvislingvosemiotikur safuZvels aucileblad unda warmoadgendes teqstispragmatikul kategoriaTa struqtura, (radgan, rogorc cnobilia,komunikantTa urTierTmimarTebas ganixilavs swored lingvisturipragmatika) saWirod migvaCnia intersubieqturobis diskursuli aspeqtisganxilvidan uSualod gadavideT am principis teqstobrivi aspeqtisganxilvaze. am gadasvlis aucilebloba, Cvenis azriT, nakarnaxevia aramxolod im faqtiT, rom kvlevis am etapze Cven ganvixilavT referencias,rogorc teqstobriv fenomens da, Sesabamisad, intersubieqturobamac undaSeicvalos ganxilvis registri, aramed imitomac, rom, rogorc ukveviciT, referenciis koncepti rogorc genetikurad, ise funqciuradarsebiTad ukavSirdeba enobrivi niSnis koncepts da warmoadgens amkonceptis zogad semantikuri aspeqtis gaazrebis im etaps, romelicuSualod moicavs signifikaciisa da denotaciis etapebs. sakmarisiagavixsenoT referenciis lingvisturi Teoriis qmnadobis is veqtori,romelic dadgenil iqna Cveni naSromis pirvel TavSi, romelicgulisxmobda referenciasTan dakavSirebuli lingvisturi azriserTdroulad moZraobas sami mimarTulebiT _ saxelisaken (nominalurijgufisken), teqstisken da saxelis semantikis im aspeqtisken, romelicprincipulad gansxvavdeba rogorc signifikatiurisagan, isedenotatiurisagan, rac saboloo angariSSi niSnavda imas, rom referenti101

signifikatisa da denotatisagan gansxvavebiT warmoadgens sworedteqstobriv fenomens.zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare, aucilebeli unda iyos movaxdinoTdiskursis zemoT ganmartebuli interaqciulobidan teqstisintersubieqturobaze konceptualuri gadasvla da, rac aseveaucileblad migvaCnia, aRviqvaT intersubieqturobis dReisTvisdominanturi principi im konceptualuri transformaciis Sedegad,romelic ganicada lingvisturma pragmatikam sistemur-semiotikuriparadigmidan anTropocentristul-komunikaciur paradigmaze gadasvlisSedegad. ratom migvaCnia aucileblad im faqtis xazgasma, rom teqstislingvistur TeoriaSi intersubieqturobis principis damkvidrebawarmoadgenda pragmatikaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Sedegs. da, rac,bunebrivia, CvenTvis mTavaria ratom migvaCnia xsenebuli momentisxazgasma mniSvnelovnad referenciis Teoriis agebis TvalsazrisiT.vfiqrobT, dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi unda gaices iminterdisciplinaruli sinTezis poziciidan, romelic damaxasiaTebeliaara mxolod Tanamedrove lingvistikisTvis, aramed humanitaruliazrovnebis im tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac mivyavarTTanamedrove naratologiis Camoyalibebamde. naTqvamis adekvaturobacxadi gaxdeba, Tu Cveni kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts _ referencias _Tanmimdevrulad davukavSirebT jer intersubieqturobis ukve xazgasmulprincips, Semdeg ki SevecdebiT imis danaxvas, Tu ra adgils ikavebsreferenciis teqstobrivi fenomeni teqstis pragmatikul kategoriaTasistemaSi; da, bolos, bunebrivia, yovelive naTqvams davinaxavT ukvenaratologiur perspeqtivaSi, riTac aucilebel ,,xids gavdebT”naratologiaSi Cven mier ukve ganxorcielebul eqskursTan.referenciis intersubieqturi, anu lingvisturi pragmatikisTanamedrove xedvaze dafuZnebuli interpretacia miCneul unda iqnas,Cvenis azriT, axal da gadamwyvet etapad am enobrivi fenomenislingvisturi gaazrebis zemoT formulirebuli veqtorisgaTvaliswinebiT: Tu referencia erTdroulad da amave drosprincipulad ukavSirdeba saxels, teqstsa da saxelis semantikis imaspeqts, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba rogorc signifikaciisagan, ise102

denotaciisagan, maSin misi konceptualizaciis gadamwyvet momentadmiCneul iqnas swored misi intersubieqturoba. teqstis farglebSiaqtanturi funqciis Semsrulebeli saxeli referentulobas iZens aramxolod adresantis, aramed adresatis komunikaciuri poziciis gavlenisSedegad da, Sesabamisad, referencia miCnuli unda iqnes intersubieqturfenomenad.rogorc zemoT iTqva referenciis amgvarad xazgasmuliintersubieqturoba Tavis saboloo teqstobriv statuss unda iZendesteqstis pragmatikul kategoriaTa sistemaSi. magram rogoria es sistemada rogori unda iyos mis farglebSi referenciis statusi? am kiTxvazepasuxis gasacemad mivarTavT pragmatikul kategoriaTa im sistemas,romelic g. lebaniZis Cvens mier ukve citirebul naSromSiSemdegnairadaa formulirebuli: ,,rom gavigoT pragmatika da misicalkeuli kategoriebi, saWiroa ori piroba: 1. gaviTvaliswinoT, TuniSnis romel ganzomilebas ekuTvnis es kategoria, 2. Tu rogor undagavigoT enobrivi subieqti da saerTod subieqturobis cneba TviTkomunikaciurobis farglebSi. magram roca laparakia subieqtzekomunikaciis aqtis Tanamedrove modelis TvalsazrisiT, maSinmxedvelobaSia misaRebi subieqturobis sami aucilebeli momenti: 1)komunikaciis yoveli aqti gulisxmobs metyvel subieqts anu adresants.es imas niSnavs, rom pragmatikis farglebSi unda gvqondes imkategoriaTa sistema, romlebic asaxaven swored metyveli subieqtis,adresantis mTel pozicias komunikaciur aqtSi. garda amisa, 2) undagvqondes kategoriaTa iseTi sistema, romelic dakavSirebuli iqnebaadresatTan, msmenel subieqtTan. 3) magram komunikaciis yovel aqtSigvaqvs ara marto ori subieqti, aramed gvaqvs urTierTmimarTebac maTSoris, anu intersubieqturoba. Tu es asea, maSin unda gvqondes, gardaori xsenebuli qvesistemisa, pragmatikul kategoriaTa iseTi sistema,romelic asaxavs am urTierTmimarTebas” (lebaniZe 2004:254)zemoT formulirebuli principis Tanaxmad, avtori, pirvel rigSi,gamoyofs pragmatikul kategoriaTa im sistemas ,,romelic ukavSirdeba daasaxavs metyveli subieqtis (anu adresatis q. d.) rols da adgilssakomunikacio aqtSi” (lebaniZe 2004:255). es kategoriebia: ,,lokaciis103

kategoria; modalobis kategoria; Sefasebis kategoria; emociurobiskategoria; distanturobis kategoria” (iqve).magram amave dros im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom pragmatikiskategoriaTa arsebuli sistema jer kidev arsebiTad ar dakavSirebiaadresats avtors aucileblad miaCnia mocemuli Teoriuli amocanagadaWras Semdeg argumentaciaze dayrdnobiT: ,,pragmatikis subieqturobagulisxmobs ara marto adresantis, aramed adresatis subieqturobasac daamdenad gvaqvs pragmatikul kategoriaTa meore qvesistemac _ iskategoriebi, romlebic asaxaven adresats, mis poziciasa da gavlenasgamonaTqvamze, unda iTqvas isic, rom pragmatikul kategoriaTa pirveliqvesistema bevrad ukeTaa Seswavlili, vidre meore, vinaidan pragmatikatradiciulad gulisxmobda mxolod subieqts, laparakobda sametyveloaqtis egocentrizmze” (iqve)swored zemoT moyvanili argumentaciidan gamomdinare avtoriasaxelebs im sam pragmatikul kategorias, romlebic, misi azriT, pirvelrigSi adresats da adresants ukavSirdebian _ es kategoriebia:,,informaciuloba, eqspresiuloba, gamWvirvaloba” (iqve). am qvesistemisgamoyofis faqti ki dasabuTebulia komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT:..kategoriaTa am qvesistemas safuZvlad udevs adresantis dainteresebaimaSi, rom adresatma mas adekvaturad gaugos. es ki niSnavs, romgamonaTqvami unda Seicavdes lokacias, modalobas, Sefasebas da a.S.gamonaTqvami garkveuli TvalsazrisiT unda iyos informaciuli,eqspresiuli, gamWvirvale” (iqve).rogorc zemoT iTqva, referenciis problemis Teoriuli gadaWrisamocana SesaZleblad unda miviCnioT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi (esproblema) arsebiTad da erTdroulad daukavSirdeba komunikaciurilingvistikis iseT or struqturul birTvs, rogoricaa erTis mxrivpragmatika, meores mxriv ki teqstis lingvistika. orive am momentze Cvenukve araerTxel gvqonda msjeloba. am etapze ki SegviZlia movaxdinoTigive argumentaciis adekvaturobis dadastureba ukve ara mxoloddeduqciurad, aramed Cvenive statiaze dayrdnobiT, romelic ramdenimewlis win iqna gamoqveynebuli da, romelic asaxavs referenciislingvisturi Teoriis ganviTarebis im etaps, romelzec jer kidev104

eqspliciturad ar iyo danaxuli am fenomenis Sinagani kavSiri arcteqstTan da arc intersubieqturobis principTan. Tumca amave droscxadia isic, rom xsenebul statiaSi referenciis ganxilvis mTelikonteqsti Sinaganad, TiTqosda qveteqsturad moiTxovs swored amgvarTeoriul gaazrebas. (naTqvamis dasadastureblad SeiZleba davasaxeloTavtorebi, romlebsac veyrdnobiT mocemul statiaSi: m. arieli, a. kruzi,T. givoni, s. levinsoni, q. donelani, j. laionzi, j. serli, h. graisi, j.gandeli, i. huangi da sxvebi)rodesac vsaubrobT referenciaze, aucileblad unda SevexoTreferentul gamWirvalobasa da gramatikul daSifvras. referentuligamWvirvaloba adresatis mexsierebaSia Senaxuli. arsebobs mokle dagrZelvadiani mexsiereba. gamWvirvalobas sxvadasxva determinantebigaaCnia. referentuli gamWvirvalobis determinantebad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos:a) erTianoba• manZili axlaxans da manamde aRniSnul referentebs SoriserTsa da imave abzacSi, winadadebasa Tu damokidebulwinadadebaSi;• koherentulobis xarisxi referentuli gamonaTqvamebis mqoneerTeulebs Soris.b) moqmedebis uwyvetoba, modaluri uwyvetoba da temporaluriuwyvetoba, magaliTad:a. She went to the letter box, opened it, took out the postcard and read it.b. She went to the letter box, opened it, saw the milkman and waved to him.c. She came in and sat on the bed. She would soon move out for good.referentuli gamonaTqvamebis gamoxatvis ramdenime saSualebaarsebobs: nulovani, ukuqceviTebi, piris niSnebis markerebi,klitikuri nacvalsaxelebi, umaxvilo nacvalsaxelebi, maxvilianinacvalsaxelebi, maxviliani nacvalsaxelebi + Jesti, siaxlovixgamomxatveli CvenebiTi (this) + saxeladi fraza (NP), siSorisgamomxatveli CvenebiTi (that) + NP + gansazRvreba, saxeli, gvari, moklegansazRvruli deskrifcia, grZeli gansazRvruli deskrifcia, gvari dasaxeli, gvari saxeli + gansazRvreba, magaliTad:105

a. In addition to being late, she forgot her lecture notes.b. Besides spilling the coffee, she stained her dress.c. Coming out of the house, stopping to check the mail and adjusting his hat, he turnedto look for the paper.aRsaniSnavia, rom gamWvirvalobasa da gramatikul daSifvrasSoris pirdapiri kavSiria. rac ufro gamWvirvalea referenti, miT ufronakleb daSifvras moiTxovs, magaliTad:a. Pete intended to go bowling with Sam last night but broke his leg.b. Pete intended to go bowling with Sam last night but he broke his leg.c. Pete intended to go bowling with Sam last night but ‘he broke his leg.d. Pete intended to go bowling with Sam last night but the guy broke his leg.Tumca amave dros isic unda iTqvas, rom imave wels Cvens miergamoqveynebul meore statiaSi ukve garkveuli nabijia gadadgmulireferenciis im konceptualizaciisken, romelsac vaxorcielebTmocemuli kvlevis farglebSi. konkretulad ki xsenebuli statiisdasawyisSi iseT avtorze dayrdnobiT rogoricaa e. prinsi Cvens miernaTqvamia, rom referentuli gamonaTqvamebis formebi, enis sxvaaspeqtebis, magaliTad, sityvaTa wyobisa Tu winadadebis intonaciismixedviT damokidebulia referenciis mier navaraudev kogniturstatusze, anu im varaudebze, rasac saubarSi Tanamonawile adamianidasabuTebulad akeTebs adresatis codnisa da yuradRebis mdgomareobisgaTvaliswinebiT im konkretul konteqstSi, romelSic es gamonaTqvamigamoiyeneba (Prince 1981). rogorc vxedavT, referenciaze msjelobisas ukvedasaxelebulia adresati da komunikaciuri teqstis konteqsi. rogorcvxedavT, aqac, rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi SesamCnevia argumentaciis isqveteqsturi konteqsti, romelic, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs teqstislingvisturi Teoriisa da lingvisturi pragmatikis eqsplicituri saxiTgaTvaliswinebas.rogorc zemoT ganviTarebulma msjelobam gviCvena, referenciisrogorc teqstobrivi fenomenis ganxilvam teqstis horizontaluristruqturis TvalsazrisiT migviyvana imis aucileblobamde, romreferencia dagvenaxa teqstis im kategoriaTa sistemasTan kavSirSi,romelic rogorc funqciurad, ise struqturulad asaxavs swored106

teqstis horizontalur struqturas anu im interaqciul mimarTebas,romelic komunikaciuri aqtis ganxorcielebis dros unda vigulisxmoTadresantsa da adresats Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, ismis kiTxva: romeliais pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romelTa sinTezurma urTierTmimarTebamunda gamoavlinos referenciis intersubieqturobis funqciuri arsi?Cvens mier dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT undadavubrundeT pragmatikul-teqstobriv kategoriaTa zemoT ganxilulsistemas da am sistemidan gamovyoT ori iseTi kategoria, romlebSicsimetriulad da maqsimaluri sisruliT asaxuli iqneba referenciisgenetikuri da funqciuri kavSiri erTis mxriv adresantTan, meores mxrivki adresatTan. aseT kategoriebad, Cvenis azriT, unda miviCnioTlokaciisa da gamWvirvalobis kategoriebi. zemoT Cven nawilobrivSevexeT gamWvirvalobis kategorias da rac mTavaria davinaxeT misipirdapiri kavSiri adresatTan. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes is udavofaqtic, rom adresatis rolis is xazgasma, romelsac moiTxovsintersubieqturobis principi, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda niSnavdesadresantis im rolis funqciur dakninebas, romelic Tavis droze,intersubieqturobis principis damkvidrebamde, danaxuli da xazgasmuliiyo diskursis e. w. egocentristuli koncefciis farglebSi.rogorc zemoT ukve iqna miniSnebuli referenciis adresantTandakavSirebul funqciur kavSirs unda gamoxatavdes lokaciis kategoria.sanam Cvens am mosazrebas ,,zurgs gavumagrebdeT” lokaciis kategoriis imgansazRvriT, romelic mocemulia g. lebaniZis naSromSi, xazi gavusvaTim uSualo semantikur kavSirs, romelic logikurad igulisxmeba iseTor termins Soris rogoricaa erTis mxriv adresanti da meores mxriv kilokacia: lokaciis termini gulisxmobs teqstSi naxsenebireferentebisaTvis adgilis miCenas sinamdvilis im segmentSi, romelsacTanamedrove lingvistikaSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, ,,teqstis referentulisivrce” ewodeba. Sesabamisad, ukve wminda logikur doneze gasagebi undaiyos, rom nebismieri referentisTvis referentul sivrceSi ,,adgilismiCena” pirvel rigSi unda moxdes adresantis rogorc komunikaciismainicirebeli subieqtis mier _ Tumca, ra Tqma unda, warmatebulikomunikacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adresantis mier107

nagulisxmevi referentuli sivrce ucxo iqneboda misi komunikaciuripartniorisTvis, anu adresatisaTvis.am wminda logikuri ,,Seswavlis” Semdeg SegviZlia ukve gamoviyenoTlokaciis pragmatikuli kategoriis is gansazRvra, romelic mocemuliazemoT dasaxelebul naSromSi: ,,lokaciis formulaa: ,,me, aq, axla”, e. i.lokaciis kategorias aqvs sami aspeqti: personaluri, sakuTrivlokaluri da temporaluri. lokaciis kategoriis aseTi daxasiaTebidanukve Cans, rom pragmatikis rogorc enobrivi niSnis ganzomilebas aqvsgamWoli principis statusi. roca rames vambobT, es SeiZleba gamoixatosrogorc leqsikurad, ise zmnuri kategoriiT. rac Seexeba temporaluraspeqts, isic gamoixateba orive saSualebiT da a. S. aqedan ukve Cans, romlokaciis kategorias aqvs gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis mTlianuriganpirobebis unari. yoveli gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis analizisas SeiZlebagavmijnoT misi sakuTriv semantikuri aspeqti lokaciuri aspeqtisagan”(lebaniZe 2004:257). aRsaniSnavia aseve lokaciis kategoriis isdaxasiaTebac, romelic Tan axlavs moyvanil citatas: ,,lokaciiskategoria axali kategoriaa da misi Camoyalibeba emTxveva pragmatikisCamoyalibebas” (iqve). SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom Cvens mier am kategoriisreferenciis fenomenTan dakavSireba warmoadgens misi funqciuri arsisgaRrmavebis moments.rac Seexeba gamWvirvalobis pragmatikul kategorias, romelsac Cvenaseve vukavSirebT referenciis fenomens, zemoT ganviTarebulmamsjelobam ukve gviCvena, rom gamWvirvalobis rogorc enobrivkomunikaciurifenomenis gageba SeuZlebelia referenciasTan misidakavSirebis gareSe. kvlevis am etapze ki, roca ukve gvaqvsgamWvirvalobis kategorialuri gansazRvra (ukve viciT, rom igiwarmoadgens adresatTan dakavSirebul pragmatikul kategorias),SegviZlia am SemTxvevaSic daveyrdnoT am kategoriis im gansazRvras,romelic mocemulia g. lebaniZis naSromSi da sadac naTqvamia: ,,amkategoriis arseboba da, cxadia, Sinaarsic ganpirobebulia adresatiT.rogorc gamonaTqvami, ise gamonaTqvamis romelime aspeqti gamWvirvaleaimdenad, ramdenadac igi gamWvirvalea adresatisaTvis” (lebaniZe 2004:267)upirispirebs ra gamWvirvalobas gaumWvirvalobas avtori asaxelebs108

gamWvirvalobis sam iseT faqtors, romlebic ama Tu im TvalsazrisiTukavSirdebian komunikaciur situacias, anu saboloo angariSSiintersubieqturobis princips, Tumca amave dros asaxaven sworedadresatis pozicias. es faqtorebia:1) pirveli faqtori aris is, rom gamonaTqvamSi asaxuli referentulisituacia unda iyos erTnairi orive monawilisaTvis. am pirobisgareSe gamWvirvaloba ver iqneba. saerTo unda iyos agreTve issagnobriv-situaciuri sfero, romlis monakveTsac warmoadgens esreferentuli situacia.2) gamWvirvalobis meore faqtoria komunikaciuri situacia (vin, vis,rodis, sad eubneba): komunikaciuri situacia unda iyos identurikomunikaciis orive monawilisaTvis.3) mesame faqtoria komunikantTa Tezurusebi _ maTi fonuri codna Tusamyaros xati an unda emTxveodes erTmaneTs, an maT Soris ar undaiyos principuli gansxvaveba. adresantis mier gamonaTqvamSixmarebul sityvebs da maT Sexamebebs ar unda hqondes iseTimniSvneloba, romelic principulad gansxvavebulia immniSvnelobebisagan, romelsac mas adresati aniWebs” (lebaniZe2004:268).yovelive zemoT naTqvamis safuZvelze SegviZlia gavakeToT Semdegisami daskvna:a) teqstis horizontaluri anu intersubieqturi struqturisgaTvaliswinebiT unda iTqvas, rom referencia rogorc teqstobrivifenomeni kategorialur doneze aisaxeba iseTi kategorialuriparadigmis struqturaSi, rogoricaa gamWvirvaloba/ gaumWvirvalobisparadigmuli struqtura;b) magram amave dros teqstobrivi referenciis amgvari kategorialurigansazRvra niSnavs imas, rom bunebrivad da logikurad myardebakavSiri teqstis vertikaluri struqturis Tematur aspeqtsa da mishorizontalur struqturas Soris, risi wyalobiTac referencia iZensteqstis integralurad makonstituirebeli faqtoris rols;g) mesame daskvna ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom teqstis horizontaluristruqturis gaTvaliswinebiT referencia rogorc teqstobrivi109

fenomeni unda miviCnioT sinTezur kategoriad, imdenad, ramdenadac igiwarmoadgens lokaciisa da gamWvirvaloba/gaumWvirvalobis erToblivimoqmedebis Sedegs. Tumca, amave dros, xazi unda gaesvas am SemTxvevaSiCvens mier gamoyenebuli iseTi sityvis semantikas rogoricaa ,,Sedegi”:iqedan gamomdinare, rom nebismieri teqsti sistemisgan gansxvavebiTwarmoadgens araparadigmul (anu sivrciT), aramed sintagmatur (anutemporalur) struqturas, lokaciisa da gamWvirvaloba/gaumWvirvalobis kategoriaTa urTierTzemoqmedebac unda aRviqvaTrogorc procesi, romelic iwyeba teqstis pirvelive winadadebidan dagrZeldeba manam, sanam grZeldeba TviT teqsti. es ki imas niSnavs, romdiskursis (da Sesabamisad _ teqstis) intersubieqturoba warmoadgensim faqtors, romelic ganapiribebs teqstobrivi referenciissintagmatur-temporalur xasiaTs.2.7. referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri veli da referentulobisteqstobrivi bade2.7.1. referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis integralurikonceptualuri xatis agebis amocanarogorc zemoT iTqva, Cveni kvleviTi miznis ganxorcielebagulisxmobs azrovnebis ori logikuri planis _ deduqciuri dainduqciuri planebis _ gamoyenebasa da Serwymas. kvlevis am etapze ukveSegviZlia imis gansazRvra, Tu rogori unda iyos Cvens mier gamoyenebulkonceptTa ,,xvedriTi wona” xsenebul planebTan mimarTebaSi: kvlevisdeduqciuri meTodi unda gulisxmobdes pirvel rigSi imis gansazRvras,Tu ras unda warmoadgendes Cvens mier sakvlevi fenomenis, anureferenciis sistemuri ganzomileba _ igi unda warmoadgendesreferentulobis funqciur-semantikur vels; xolo rac Seexeba kvlevisinduqciur ganzomilebas, man unda dagvanaxos, Tu ras warmoadgensreferentulobis teqstobrivi korelati _ igi unda warmoadgendesteqstis referentul bades. Tumca, amave dros unda aRiniSnos isic, romlogikur planTa xsenebuli opozicia ar atarebs absolutur xasiaTs:isini urTierTmoqmedeben da amiT qmnian kvlevis erTian suraTs.110

Sesabamisad ismis kiTxva: rogor unda warmovidginoTreferentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velis struqtura, TugaviTvaliswinebT yovelive imas, rac ukve vTqviT referenciis Sesaxeb,rogorc am fenomenis kvlevis istoriis, ise yovelive imaze dayrdnobiT,rac gamoiTqva Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad?raki zemoT SevexeT referenciis (da Sesabamisad referentulobis)kvlevis istorias, aucileblad migvaCnia mivuTiToT Cveni kolegis l.onianis mier Catarebul im kvlevaze, romelic, Cvenis azriT,principulad gansxvavdeba referenciasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sxvakvlevisgan Semdegi niSniT: masSi dasmulia referentulobis funqciursemantikurivelis problema. Tumca amave dros xazi unda gaesvas Semdeggaremoebasac: xsenebuli velis farglebSi xdeba ara referentulobisfunqciur-semantikuri velis ukve arsebuli Teoriis gansja Tukoreqtireba, aramed pirvelad xdeba mocemuli cnebis (referentulobisfunqciur-semantikuri velis) Semotana lingvisturi kvlevis praqtikaSi.aqedan gamomdinare, saWirod migvaCnia im argumentaciis gaTvaliswineba,romelsac eyrdnoba dasaxelebuli mkvlevari.xsenebuli argumentaciidan gamovyofT Semdeg or moments: a)avtoris polemikas teqstobrivi badis koncefciis avtorTan l.nozdrinasTan. es swored is momentia, romlis safuZvelze aucilebelixdeba referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velis rogorc konceptisSemotana da b) is kategorialuri baza, romelze dayrdnobiTac, l.onianis azriT, agebul unda iqnas referentulobis funqciur-semantikuriveli. Cven ganvixilavT orive arguments, Tumca winaswar vityviT Semdegs:pirveli argumenti mTlianad misaRebia CvenTvis, xolo rac Seexeba meorearguments, igi, Cvenis azriT, Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelzeprincipul gadaxedvas saWiroebs.l. onianis mier gamoyenebuli pirveli argumenti, rogorc ukveiTqva, Seicavs polemikas l. nozdrinasTan da mdgomareobs SemdegSi:,,teqstis referentul struqturaze msjeloba aucileblad gulisxmobsimas, rom unda vimsjeloT Sesabamis teqstobriv badeze (referentulobisteqstobriv badeze). magram am logikis Tanaxmad, romelsac misdevs l.nozdrinas wigni (Ноздрина 2004), yoveli teqstobrivi bade, rogorc ukve111

iTqva, unda warmoadgendes garkveuli funqciur-semantikuri velistransformaciis Sedegs (mis transforms). aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis,rom vikvlioT mxatvruli teqstis referentuli struqtura (gamoxatuliSesabamisi badiT), aucilebelia pirvel rigSi davsvaT kiTxvareferentulobis funqciur-semantikuri kategoriisa da Sesabamisi velisarsebobis Sesaxeb _ magram bunebrivia ara marto am velis arsebobis,aramed misi struqturis Taobaze” (oniani 2005:198).rac Seexeba meore arguments: am SemTxvevaSi laparakia iseTkategoriaTa urTierTmimarTebaze, rogoricaa, erTis mxriv referenciisa,meores mxriv ki gansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobis kategoriebi. rogorcgvaxsovs, mocemuli Tavis dasawyisSi Cvenc SevexeT xsenebulurTierTmimarTebas, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebulad da ufro farTokategorialur konteqstze dayrdnobiT. Ll. onianis Sesabamisiargumentacia ki mdgomareobs SemdegSi: am SemTxvevaSic igi ekamaTeba l.nozdrinas imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamarTlebuli xsenebulkategoriaTa funqciur-struqturuli gamijvna. amasTan dakavSirebiT igiambobs: ,,roca imave monografiis avtori laparakobs mxatvruli velisreferentul struqturaze da axsenebs im enobriv kategoriebs, romelTasaSualebiTac xdeba saganTa identifikacia (diskursis dros, anuteqstSi), igi ambobs: ,,aseT kategoriebs ekuTvnis pirvel rigSireferencia da gansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobis kategoria, romelicaqtiur monawileobas iRebs referenciis dadgenaSi” (Ноздрина 2004:118).magram ramdenad gamarTlebulia vilaparakoT referenciaze dagansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobaze rogorc cal-calke da gansxvavebulkategoriebze da rogor SeiZleboda gansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobiskategorias aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo referenciis dadgenaSi, Tu igiwarmoadgens kategorias, gansxvavebuls referenciisagan” (iqve).sanam Cven SevudgebiT ufro farTo kategorialur konteqstzedayrdnobiT referentulobis funqciur-semantikur velze msjelobas,aucileblad migvaCnia aqve mivuTiToT im koreqtivze, romelic, CvenisazriT, aucileblad Setanili unda iqnas l. onianis argumentaciaSi. raTqma unda, avtori marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia referenciisada gansazRvruloba/ganusazRvrelobis rogorc kategoriaTa112

erTmaneTisgan izolireba, magram es sulac ar unda niSnavdes imas, romsaqme gvaqvs maT funqciur-semantikur identurobasTan. rogorc ukveiTqva, referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velis dadgena dakonceptualuri gansazRvra unda xdebodes im farTo kategorialurkonteqstze dayrdnobiT, romelic Cvens mier nawilobriv ukve iqnaeqsplicirebuli. amJamad ki saWirod da SesaZlod migvaCnia ukve srulisaxiT movaxdinoT am konteqstis eqsplikacia.yovelive naTqvamis Semdeg, referentulobis funqciur-semantikurivelis konceptualurad warmodgenisa da struqturulad agebis amocanasmisi Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT davyofT or etapad: a) pirvel rigSiSevecdebiT xsenebuli velis konturebi movxazoT zogad TeoriuliTvalsazrisiT; b)Semdeg ki SevecdebiT pirvel etapzekonceptualizirebuli velis struqtura davakonkretoT naratologiuliTvalsazrisiT. meore etapis aucilebloba Cvens kvleviT konteqstSiaixsneba ara mxolod enobriv fenomenTa naratiuli xedvis im mzardimniSvnelobiT, romelic SeimCneva Tanamedrove humanitarul azrovnebaSi,aramed im ufro konkretuli garemoebiTac, rom, rogorc ukve viciT, Cvenmogvixdeba referentulobis teqstobrivi badis gaanalizeba konkretulnaratiul masalaze dayrdnobiT da ufro metic _ am analizis SedegTaSemdegi dakonkreteba translatologiur planSi imis dadgenis mizniT,Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes konceptualurad identurireferentuli bade amosaval da Sesabamis Targmnil teqstSi. bunebriviamiviCnioT, rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi amosaval da Targmnil teqstTaSepirispirebiTi analizis Sedegebi interpretirebul iqnastipologiuri TvalsazrisiT.2.7.2. referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri veli zogadTeoriuli TvalsazrisiTroca vlaparakobT referentulobis funqciur-semantikur velzezogad Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT da gvsurs ganvsazRvroT amgvari velisageba meTodologiur planSi, aucilebeli xdeba Semdeg momentTagaTvaliswineba:113

a) amgvari velis arsebobaze laparaki gamarTlebulia mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu 1) igulisxmeba referenciis rogorc enobriviuniversaliis arseboba: Cvens mier ukve Catarebuli kvlevidangamomdinare unda miviCnioT, rom SeuZlebelia arsebobdes esa Tu isverbaluri ena referencialuri (referentuli) ganzomilebis gareSe;2)aseve igulisxmeba, rom nebismier konkretul enaSi referenciarogorc enobrivi universalia dakonkretebulia referentulobisfunqciur-semantikuri kategoriis saxiT; 3)xsenebuli kategoriaenobrivi sistemis doneze gamoxatuli unda iqnas gansxvavebuldoneebriv erTeulTa sistemuri erTobliobiT; 4) imdenad,ramdenadac saqme gvaqvs ara ubralod erTobliobasTan, aramedvelTan, aucilebelia am velis farglebSi gamovyoT misi centri daperiferia;b) Cvenive kvleviTi konteqstidan gamomdinare, referentulobisfunqciur-semantikuri velis agebisas unda daveyrdnoTkorelaciurobis im princips, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs velsrogorc sistemur da bades rogorc teqstobriv fenomenebs. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom orive SemTxvevaSi _ sulerTia vmsjelobT velze Tubadeze _ saqme gveqneba xsenebuli ori planis monacemTa uwyveturTierTzemoqmedebasTan;g) wina punqtSi formulirebuli meTodologiuri principis Tanaxmad,referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velis agebisas undadaveyrdnoT yovelive imas, rac Cvens mier ukve iTqva teqstisstruqturis Sesaxeb imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom 1) teqstisstruqturaze Cven vmsjelobdiT ara abstraqtulad, aramedreferencialuri TvalsazrisiT; 2) amave dros, vmsjelobdiT arateqstis romelime konkretul tipze, aramed teqstze zogadad, anuyovelgvari tipologiuri dakonkretebis gareSe. Ees ki imas niSnavs,rom teqstze Cveni amgvari msjelobis gaTvaliswinebasac undahqondes aseve zogadi mniSvneloba. ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT,swored referentuli TvalsazrisiT Cven gamovyaviT teqstisstruqturis ori ganzomilebrivi aspeqti _ teqstis vertikaluri dahorizontaluri struqtura da miviCnieT, rom teqstis struqturis am114

or ganzomilebas Soris unda vigulisxmoT ara mxolod principuligansxvaveba, aramed urTierTzemoqmedebac. swored amurTierTzemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT xazi unda gaesvas Semdeggaremoebas: ra Tqma unda, referencialuri TvalsazrisiT wamyvaniroli unda mieniWos teqstis Tematur struqturas (radgan amstruqturis RerZs warmoadgens saxeli), magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,rom saxelis funqciur-struqturuli rolis SesaZleblobas vergamovricxavT teqstis kompoziciuri struqturidanac. (radgan amstruqturis RerZs warmoadgens zmna, xolo zmniT gamoxatulipredikati, rogorc cnobilia, SeiZleba Seicavdes saxelsac);d) Tumca gamovyofT teqstis struqturis or ganzomilebas _vertikalursa da horizontalurs _ da orives miviCnevTaucileblad da mniSvnelovnad rogorc zogad teqstologiuri, isereferenciis Teoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, amave dros SeuZlebelia ardavsvaT kiTxva im ierarqiuli urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT,romelic SesaZlebelia da unda arsebobdes maT Soris. xsenebulkiTxvaze pasuxi ki unda efuZnebodes im princips, romelicdominirebs rogorc mTel Tanamedrove komunikaciur lingvistikaSi,ise diskursis TeoriaSic: vgulisxmobT intersubieqturobispragmatikul princips. magram iqedan gamomdinare, rom nebismieriteqsti warmoiSoba diskursis farglebSi da ar arsebobs mis gareSe,unda miviCnioT, rom teqstis donezec misi horizontaluri mimarTebaunda dominirebdes vertikalur struqturaze. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,teqstis referentuli badis farglebSi swored intersubieqturobasunda mieniWos wamyvani statusi;e) magram amave dros aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi miviRoT isic, romintersubieqturobis pragmatikuli principi misi dominanturistatusis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cvens mier dakonkretebul iqnakategorialur planSi: teqstobrivi referencia nebismierSemTxvevaSi, anu teqstis referentuli badis nebismier segmentSi,unda warmoadgendes ori pragmatikuli kategoriis _ lokaciisa dagamWvirvaloba/gaumWvirvalobis _ sinTezuri urTierTzemoqmedebisSedegs.115

ogor unda gamoiyurebodes zogad Teoriuli TvalsazrisiTreferentulobis funqciur-semantikuri veli, Tu am veliskonceptualizacia moxdeba zemoT ganmartebuli meTodologiurimomentebis gaTvaliswinebiT? mocemul kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemTetapobrivad _ jer movxazavT am velis konturebs konceptualur planSi,Semdeg ki SevecdebiT miRebuli Sedegis grafikulad warmodgenas.pirveli kiTxva, romelzec unda gaeces pasuxi aris kiTxvareferentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velis centris Taobaze:xsenebuli centri unda dasaxeldes da ganisazRvros yvela immeTodologiuri principis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic zemoT iqnaformulirebuli, magram amave dros imis gaTvaliswinebiTac, romkategorialur doneze Cven referencia warmodgenili gvaqvs ierarqiuladstruqturirebuli triadis saxiT: referencias miviCnevT immetakategoriad, romlis arseboba da funqcionireba SeuZlebeli iqnebodadeiqsisisa da determinaciis kategoriaTa gareSe. Sesabamisad,referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velis centrad unda miviCnioTzogadad piris nacvalsaxeli, xolo am enobrivi erTeulis farglebSinagulisxmevi paradigmuli struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT TavidanvegamovyofT or opozicias: opozicia _ me vs Sen da opozicia _ me vs is. amopoziciaTa gamoyofisas vgulisxmobT ara mxolod imis aucileblobas,rom dakonkretebul iqnas is enobrivi erTeuli, romelsac vaniWebTcentris statuss, aramed zogadad im rolsac, romelsac pirisnacvalsaxeli asrulebs komunikaciur aqtSi. magram amave dros velisamgvari centris dasaxelebiT Cven mivuTiTebT im ierarqiaze, romelicreferenciis rogorc metakategoriis SigniT unda arsebobdes deiqsisisada determinaciis kategoriebs Siris: dominanturi statusi eniWebadeiqsiss, imdenad, ramdenadac nacvalsaxeli da pirvel rigSi pirisnacvalsaxeli unda mivakuTvnoT deiqtikur sityvaTa kategorias.iqedan gamomdinare, rom nacvalsaxels, pirvel rigSi ki pirisnacvalsaxels referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri centris statussvaniWebT da amiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirvel nabijs vdgamT amgvari velisagebis procesSi, saWirod migvaCnia xsenebuli nabijis adekvaturobisufro gaRrmavebuli dasabuTeba im enobriv fenomenze dayrdnobiT,116

omelic saboloo angariSSi afuZnebs da amarTlebs TviTintersubieqturobis dominantur statuss ara mxolod referenciiskvlevisas, aramed zogadad anTropocentristul-komunikaciuriparadigmis farglebSi: vgulisxmobT anTropocentristulad gagebulkomunikaciis fenomens. swored am mizniT mivmarTavT avtors, romelicTavis uaxles monografiaSi ikvlevs xsenebuli paradigmisaTvisfuZemdebel komunikaciuri sivrcis fenomens da axdens mis modelirebas,xolo modelirebis am procesSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebsdeiqsiss, anu referenciis umniSvnelovanes enobriv ganzomilebas.vgulisxmobT b. uspenskis, romelic komunikacias (komunikaciis verbaluraqts) ganixilavs swored adresantsa da adresats Soris mimarTebad.Cvenis azriT, mniSvnelovania komunikaciis fenomenis is xazgasmiTanTropocentristuli xedva, romelic misi poziciidan gamomdinaresafuZvlad unda daedos deiqsisis Teoriul gaazrebas. amasTandakavSirebiT igi ambobs: ,,yovel adamians aqvs Tavisi piradigamocdileba, romelic efuZneba individualur STabeWdilebebsa daasociaciebs” (Успенский 2007:11). magram, ra Tqma unda, deiqsisisa daSesabamisad referenciis Teoriuli kvlevisTvis Rirebulia ara eszogadi da Sinaarsobrivad aqsiomaturi mtkiceba, aramed mniSvneloba,romelsac igi komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT iZens. rogorc avtoriambobs, ,,komunikacia ki gulisxmobs saerTo gamocdilebis arsebobas daimis SesaZleblobas, rom moxdes subieqturi aRqmis koordinacia:igulisxmeba, rom Cven viziarebT saerTo gamocdilebas” (iqve). ,,rogorxdeba es SesaZlebeli?”, svams avtori kiTxvas da masze Semdeg pasuxsiZleva: ,,komunikaciis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens SeTanxmeba,komunikantebs Soris Tavisufali kompromisi” (Успенский 2007:12). CvenikvleviTi konteqstisaTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom, avtoris azriT,swored deiqsiss (ufro konkretulad ki deiqtikur sityvebs da pirvelrigSi piris nacvalsaxelebs) gansakuTrebuli statusi unda mieniWosxsenebuli SeTanxmebis miRwevis procesSi (iqve). aRsaniSnavia isic, romxazs usvams ra adresantis mniSvnelobas deiqsisis funqciuri arsisgansazRvrisas, avtori amave dros laparakobs adresatis mniSvnelobazec:,,deiqsisi ase Tu ise gulisxmobs orientacias adresantze _ Tumca amave117

dros SesaZloa adgili hqondes orientacias adesatzec” (Успенский2007:13).is, rom piris nacvalsaxelma unda daikavos referentuli veliscentris adgili, bunebrivia, gamomdinareobs, erTis mxriv diskursisintersubieqturi xasiaTidan, meores mxriv ki im organuli kavSiridan,romelic, rogorc ukve viciT, arsebobs deiqsissa da referencias Soris.magram amave dros TviT velis, rogorc enobrivi fenomenis ideagulisxmobs ara mxolod savaraudo centris dasaxelebas, aramed velisim ierarqiulad organizebuli struqturis gansazRvrasac, romlisfarglebSi mkafiod unda gamoikveTos urTierTmimarTeba centrsa daperiferias Soris. swored referentuli velis agebis am mTlianuriperspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT aucilebeli unda iyos pasuxi gavceTSemdeg kiTxvebze:1) is, rom diskursis intersubieqturobidan gamomdinare pirisnacvalsaxels unda mieniWos Cvens mier asagebi velis centrisstatusi, uSualod gamomdinareobs komunikaciuri aqtisintersubieqturobidan: Tu vlaparakobT referenciaze rogorcteqstobriv fenomenze, SeuZlebelia teqstis referentulistruqturis warmomSob wyarod ar miviCnioT komunikantTa Soris is,,kompromisuli SeTanxmeba”, romlis gareSec ver Sedgeboda TviTteqsti rogorc verbaluri fenomeni. magram Cven viciT isic, romreferencia, rogorc enobrivi fenomeni pirvel rigSi da arsebiTadukavSirdeba saxels (nominalur jgufs). rogor unda gavigoT amSemTxvevaSi piris nacvalsaxelisa da saxelis urTierTmimarTebareferentuli velis struqturaSi?2) zemoT dasmul kiTxvasTan uSualo kavSirSia kiTxva imis Taobaze,Tu ra adgili unda daikavos referentuli velis struqturaSisaxelTan uSualod dakavSirebulma determinaciis kategoriam.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare, gamoikveTaTiTqosda Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi paradoqsuli faqti:referenciis fenomeni arsebiTad ukavSirdeba saxels, referentulivelis centrad ki gvevlineba deiqsisi, anu kategoria, romelic,rogorc vnaxeT, Tavisi funqciuri arsiT pirvel rigSi da arsebiTad118

ukavSirdeba piris nacvalsaxels. aqedan gamomdinare, ismis kiTxva:rogor unda iqnas gadalaxuli xsenebuli paradoqsi?3) aseve mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu rogor undaiyos danaxuli deiqsisis rogorc mTlianurad gaazrebuli fenomenismimarTeba referentul velTan. is, rom deiqtikur elementTa iseTisaxeoba, rogoricaa piris nacvalsaxeli centris rols ikavebs, ukvecxadia da SeuZlebelia uaryofil iqnas intersubieqturobisprincipidan gamomdinare. magram amave dros cnobilia isic, romenaSi arsebobs deiqtikur elementTa mTeli sistema. ra mimarTebaSiaes sistema referentul velTan rogorc ierarqiuli struqturismqone sistemasTan?4) ra mimarTebaSia zemoT dasmul kiTxvaTa erToblioba teqstis imzogad struqturasTan, romelic ukve warmoadgenda Cveni msjelobissagans? intersubieqturobis principze dayrdnobiT ukve gamoikveTateqstis horizontaluri struqturis dominanturi rolireferenciis zogadTeoriuli gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT. xolo pirisnacvalsaxelis deiqtikurma funqciurma arsma dagvanaxa isic, romteqstis vertikaluri struqtura dominirebs referentuli velisstruqturis gansazRvrisas. magram rogori unda iyos teqstisvertikaluri struqturis roli xsenebuli velis struqturisfarglebSi?zemoT formulirebuli miznis Tanaxmad, jer SevecadoT imisgansazRvras, Tu rogori unda iyos referentulobis funqciursemantikurivelis struqtura konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, Semdeg kiamgvarad gansazRvrul struqturas mivceT grafikuli saxe. oriveSemTxvevaSi unda vixelmZRvaneloT Semdegi ori mosazrebiT: a) velisrogorc konceptualuri, ise grafikuli reprezentacia unda niSnavdeszemoT dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas da b) ar unda dagvaviwydes isgaremoeba, rom Cveni kvlevis ZiriTad mizansa da sagans warmoadgensreferenciis rogorc teqstobrivi fenomenis kvleva.aqedan gamomdinare, rogor unda warmovidginoT referentuli velisstruqtura konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT Tuki amgvari warmodgeniswinapirobad unda miviCnioT piris nacvalsaxelis rogorc deiqtikuri119

elementis centraluri statusi. vfiqrobT, logikurad gamarTlebuliiqneba, Tu hopoTeturad velis mTel sivrces davyofT sam segmentad:centrad, periferiad da centrsa da periferias Soris moqceulSualedur segmentad, anu im segmentad, romlis Sinagani struqturuliveqtori unda niSnavdes TiTqosada Cvens azrobriv moZraobas centridanperiferiisaken an piruku _ periferiidan centrisken. am hipoTezidangamomdinare, jer gadavwyvitoT, Tu ras unda warmoadgendes periferia,Tu gaviTvaliswinebT nebismieri periferiisaTvis (ra Tqma unda, termins,,periferia” viyenebT im gagebiT, rogorsac amas moiTxovs velis zogadiTeoria) damaxasiaTebel statuss: es statusi Sinaganad orazrovaniaramenadac, erTis mxriv periferia ..agrZelebs” da bolomde gamoxatavscentris mier nagulisxmev Sinaarss, meores mxriv ki igi mdebareobsvelis zRvarze da faqtobrivad niSnavs ukve sxva velis dasawyiss.gavixsenoT, is rac Cveni kvlevis farglebSi ukve iTqva teqstisvertikaluri struqturis ori ganzomilebis urTierTmimarTebaze:Tematuri struqturis RerZs warmoadgens saxeli, magram saxelifigurirebs _ Tumca ukve ara RerZis statusiT _ teqstis kompoziciurstruqturaSic. aqedan gamomdinare: Tu deiqsisi, rogorc referenciissubkategoria warmoadgens mocemuli velis centrs Tematuri struqturisfarglebSi, imdenad, ramdenadac igi arsebiTad ukavSirdeba saxels da amSemTxvevaSi aqtualizirdeba ,,rolurad” wodebuli deiqsisi, maSinreferentuli velis periferiad (am terminis zemoT ganmartebuligagebiT) mogvevlineba droisa da adgilis deiqsisTa wyvili.da Tu es asea, maSin rogor unda iqnes warmodgenilireferentulobis velis Sualeduri segmenti? Tu gavixsenebT referenciisSinagan triadul struqturas, maSin bunebrivia unda miviCnioT Semdegivaraudi: es Sualedi unda daikavos determinaciis kategoriam, radgan,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela sxva referentuli kategoriisgan gansxvavebiTswored igi aris arsebiTad da principulad dakavSirebuli saxelTan damxolod saxelTan im gagebiT, rom swored igi unda ,,uCendes adgils”saxels teqstis Sinaarsobriv struqturaSi. magram amave drosaucilebeli iqneba erTis mxriv imis Cveneba, Tu rogor ,,warmoSobs”120

deiqtikurad gansazRvruli velis centri amgvar Sualedur segments darogor gadadis es segmenti velis periferiaSi.zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT davubrundeT b.uspenskis Cvens mier ukve citirebul monografias, kerZod ki ammonografiis im aspeqts, sadac ganxilulia piris nacvalaxelTa oriopoziciuri wyvili _ ,,me vs Sen” da ,,me vs is”. b. uspenski erTmaneTsupirispirebs nacvalsaxelTa xsenebul paradigmebs am nacvalsaxelebiTaRniSnul pirTa ,,egzistencialuri statusis” mixedviT. pirvelSemTxvevaSi igi ambobs: ,,im pirTa egzistencialuri statusi, romlebicSeiZleba dialogur metyvelebaSi aRniSnuli iqnan rogorc me da Senunda miviCnioT erTnairad: da marTlac, Cveulebrivad isini miekuTvnebianerTi da igive situacias da xasiaTdebian im erTiani sivrciTi da droiTikoordinatebiT, romlebic ganpirobebulni arian TviT komunikaciisprocesiT” (Успенский 2007:32). rac Seexeba meore SemTxvevas, anu opoziciasme da is, avtori mis Sesaxeb ambobs: ,,im pirTa egzistencialuri statusiki, romlebic SeiZleba aRiSnulni iqnan rogorc me da is, piriqiT, arunda miviCnioT erTnairad: da marTlac piri, romelic aRiniSnebanacvalsaxeliT is (он. она. оно), SeiZleba arc eswrebodes saubars. igiSeiZleba miekuTvnebodes sxva sinamdviles (sxva sivrcesa da dros).kerZod ki SeiZleba arc iqnas arsebulad aRiarebuli” (Успенский 2007:33).Cven veyrdnobiT xsenebuli avtoris mier egzistencialur statusTagamijvnas, magram aucileblad migvaCnia misdami kritikuldamokidebulebis gamoxatavac, rac, Cvenis azriT, unda mdgomareobdesSemdegSi: orive opoziciis SemTxvevaSi avtori gulisxmobs, rom saqmegvaqvs dasaxelebuli nacvalsaxelebiT aRniSnul ,,pirebTan”. TumcamigvaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi igi uSvebs Semdeg Secdomas: ra Tqma unda,nacvalsaxelebi me da Sen marTlac aRniSnaven pirebs da mxolod damxolod pirebs, anu komunikaciuri aqtis monawileebs _ adresatsa daadrsants. magram im SemTxvevaSi, roca laparakia nacvalsaxelze is,sulac ar aris aucilebeli igi aRniSnavdes ama Tu im pirs _ manSeiZleba aRniSnos rogorc raime sagani, ise esa Tu is movlena, cneba daa. S. anu ,,sagani” ukve am sityvis iseTi farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelicemTxveva terminis ,,substancia” mniSvnelobas. magram, rogorc viciT,121

sagani aseTi farTo mniSvnelobiT, anu substancia aris sinamdvilisswored is segmenti, romelsac aRniSnavs (an romelzec unda miuTiTebdes)saxeli (nominaluri jgufi). amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom citirebuliavtoris mier egzistencialur statusTa gamijvnis faqti _ Tuki masadekvaturad gavigebT _ gulisxmobs Semdegs: opozicia me da SenmiuTiTebs adresantsa da adresats Soris mimarTebaze, anu imaze, rasacgulisxmobs intersubieqturobis principi. am TvalsazrisiT, mTlianaddasturdeba zemoT ukve gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, romroluri deiqsisi marTlac gvevlineba referentulobis funqciursemantikurivelis centrad im fuZemdebeli garemoebis gamo, rom amcentris gareSe saerTod ver iarsebebda teqstis Tematuri struqtura daam struqturis ZiriTadi elementi _ saxeli (nominaluri jgufi). amitomunda miviCnioT, rom opoziciaSi ,,me da is”, nacvalsaxeli is simboluradgulisxmobs yvela im saxels, romelic SeiZleba figurirebdes nebismieriteqstis Tematur struqturaSi da, rac CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania,axdens am arsebiT saxelTa determinacias.vfiqrobT, mxolod erTi Sinaarsobrivi momenti dagvrCa imisdasazusteblad, Tu funqciur-semantikuri TvalsazrisiT rogori undaiyos zemoT xsenebul arsebiT saxelTa determinacia. am kiTxvaze pasuxs,Cvenis azriT, iZleva lokaciisa da gamWvirvalobis kategoriaTa isintersubieqtobaze dafuZnebuli sinTezi, romelsac ZaluZs xsenebulideterminaciis gamoxatva ukve mTeli teqstis koheziuri struqturisgaTvaliswinebiT.SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom is rac zemoT iTqva referentulobisfunqciur-semantikur velze warmoadgens dasaxuli amocanis pirvelietapis ganxorcielebas, anu xsenebuli velis konceptualizacias. ametapis Semdeg ki, rogorc iTqva, aucilebelia grafikulad gamovxatoT amkonceptualizaciis Sedegi. am mizniT warmovidginoT mocemuli veli,rogorc ,,wre”, romelic Sinaganad segmentirebulia Cvens mierformulirebuli hipoTezis mixedviT e. i. xasiaTdeba centriT,periferiiTa da Sualeduri segmentiT. vfiqrobT, amgvari ,,wre” SeiZlebagamoiyurebodes Semdegnairad:122

eferenciis funqciur-semantikuri veli sqema #2teqstis im struqturuli modelis fonze, romelic Cvens mieragebuli iqna wina paragrafebSi da romelic gulisxmobda teqstis organzomilebian struqturas, gasagebi unda iyos is, rom referentulobisvelis es grafikuli gamosaxuleba centrisa da periferiis amgvaridapirispirebiT gamoxatavs teqstis ukve xsenebul bipolarulstruqturasac, anu mis Sinagan polarizebas Tematuri da kompoziciuristruqturebis saxiT.123

Tavi IIInaratiuli teqstis referentuli struqtura rogorcTeoriuli konstruqti da misi SepirispirebiT-tipologiurianalizi Targmanis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT3.1. veli, bade da maTi urTierTmimarTeba naratiul mxatvrulteqstSi3.1.1. referentulobis teqstobrivi badis kvlevis etapebis gansazRvrawina TavSi xazgasmiT iTqva, rom referenciis kvleva imparadigmuli situaciis mixedviT, romelic aRiniSneba TanamedrovelingvistikaSi unda xdebodes enobrivi sinamdvilis orive doneze:sistemis doneze referencia warmodgenili unda iyos referentulobisfunqciur-semantikuri kategoriisa da Sesabamisi velis saxiT, xolodiskursis _ da Sesabamisad teqstis _ doneze referentulobisteqstobrivi badis saxiT. aRiniSna isic, rom referenciis kvlevis amgvarimeTodologiis adekvaturoba ara mxolod pasuxobs moqmedi lingvisturiparadigmis moTxovnebs, aramed referenciis rogorc konceptisistoriuli ganviTarebis Sinagan veqtorsac.wina TavSi formulirebul TezisTa Soris figurirebda Tezisic,romlis Tanaxmad referenciis kvlevis erT-erT aucilebelmeTodologiur principad miCneul unda iqnas am fenomenis zemoTxsenebul polusTan korelaciuroba: referentulobis funqciursemantikuriveli unda aigos referentulobis badis rogorc hipoTeturikonstruqtis sruli da uwyveti gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo referentulobisbadis rogorc konceptis modelirebisas aseve gaTvaliswinebuli undaiqnas referentulobis veli.imdenad, ramdenadac mocemuli Tavi ZiriTadad eZRvneba referenciiskvlevis im aspeqts, romelic teqstobrivi badis cnebas efuZneba, saWirodmigvaCnia xsenebuli aspeqtis kvleva davyoT Semdeg etapebad:1) pirvel etapze unda ganisazRvros referentulobis teqstobrivi badisstruqtura referentulobis velis im struqturaze dayrdnobiT,romelic warmodgenil iqna wina TavSi;124

2) iqedan gamomdinare, rom Tanamedrove interdisciplinaruli kvlevis,pirvel rigSi ki lingvistikisa da literaturaTmcodneobis monacemTasinTezirebis centraluri sferos saxiT figurirebs qmnadobisprocesSi myofi Tanamedrove naratologia, saWirod migvaCniamxatvruli teqstis referentuli badis hipoTeturi konstruqtidakonkretebuli iqnas naratiuli teqstis TaviseburebaTagaTvaliswinebiT;3) naratiuli mxatvruli teqstis referentuli badis Teoriulikonstruqtis adekvaturoba verificirebul iqnas erTi da igiveavtoris, saxeldobr ernest hemingueis ori tipologiuradgansxvavebuli narativis mixedviT;4) referentulobis badis amgvarad warmarTul naratologiur kvlevasmieces tipologiur-SepirispirebiTi ganzomilebac Targmanis TeoriazedayrdnobiT.rogorc ukve iTqva, es is etapebia, romlebic unda warmoadgendnenreferenciasTan rogorc teqstobriv fenomenTan uSualod dakavSirebulda eqspliciturad dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxs. amitomac gasagebia, romswored am etapTa Tanmimdevrobam unda gansazRvros Cveni kvlevis mTeliSemdgomi struqtura.3.1.2.. teqstis referentuli struqtura rogorc Teoriulikonstruqtirogorc wina qve-paragrafSi iTqva, Cveni kvlevis meTodologiuriprincipi efuZneba referenciis obieqturad arsebuli ori polusis _referenciis funqciur-semantikuri velisa da referentulobisteqstobrivi badis _ korelaciurobas. es ki imas niSnavs, rom amobieqturad arsebulma korelaciam anarekli unda hpovos kvleviTiprocesis Semdeg or momentSi:a) rogorc velis, ise Sesabamisi badis Teoriuli konstruireba undamoxdes zemoT xsenebuli korelaciurobis uwyveti gaTvaliswinebiT;b) gaTvaliswinebis es uwyvetoba unda niSnavdes imasac, rom kvlevisprocesSi mudam SeiZleba aRmoCenil iqnas referenciis rogorc125

enobrivi fenomenis axali jer kidev gauTvaliswinebeli momenti TuniSan-Tviseba.swored am meTodologiuri principis gaTvaliswinebiT saWirodmigvaCnia kvlav mivmarToT l. nozdrinas monografias, romlisfarglebSic, rogorc ukva iTqva, SemoTavazebul iqna teqstobrivi badiskoncefcia, rac, Cvenis azriT, saSualebas mogvcems mivuTiToT ammonografiaSi arsebul da referenciis fenomenTan uSualoddakavSirebul Sinagan winaaRmdegobaze. es winaaRmdegoba, romlisgadalaxvis mcdeloba warmoadgenda Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis erTerTmizans, mdgomareobs SemdegSi: avtoris zogadTeoriuli poziciisTanaxmad ,,teqstobrivi badeebi warmoiSobian funqciur-semantikuri veliskonkretul teqstze proecirebisas da warmoadgenen vels moqmedebaSi”(Ноздрина 2004:53). CvenTvis, ra Tqma unda, misaRebia es zogadTeoriulipozicia, magram amave dros miuRebelia is faqti, rom mxatvruli teqstisreferentuli struqturis ganxilvixax aramc Tu ar xdeba referentulivelis proecireba teqstSi, aramed saerTod arc aris laparaki aseTvelze, riTac irRveva zemoT aRniSnuli zogadTeoriuli poziciisTanmimdevrulad gamoyenebis principi. magram imis Semdeg, rac CveninaSromis wina TavSi ara mxolod movaxdineT amgvari velis arsebobispostulireba sistemis doneze, aramed SevecadeT gagvexorcielebina amvelis konceptualuri da grafikuli modelireba, SegviZlia daZleuladmiviCnioT xsenebuli winaaRmdegoba da marTlac movaxdinoTreferentulobis velis Cveneuli modelis proecireba teqstze.referentulobis velis teqstze proecirebisas, Cveni azriT,mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli ori momenti:a) mocemul etapze SeiZleba saqme gvqondes mxolod referentulobisbadesTan rogorc Teoriul konstruqtTan, am konstruqtis tipologiurikonkretizaciis gareSe, anu imis gareSe, rom daisvas kiTxva teqstis amaTu im konkretuli tipis referentuli badis Taobaze;b) xsenebuli Teoriuli konstruqtis aucilebel struqturul momentadmiCneul da gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas is faqti, rom nebismierSemTxvevaSi teqstis referentuli struqtura (ise rogorc badis cnebiTnagulisxmevi nebismieri teqstobrivi struqtura) referentuli badisgan126

gansxvavebiT unda warmoadgendes sintagmatur da ara paradigmatulstruqturas. es ki imas niSnavs, rom xsenebuli teqstobrivi bade undaarsebobdes arsebobis im modusiT, romliTac arsebobs TviT teqsti, anuprocesualurad da temporalurad, anu unda xdebodes misi etapobrivigaSla teqstis liniarul struqturaSi.zemoT formulirebuli Tezisis fonze SegviZlia zogadTeoriulplanSi daveyrdnoT citirebuli monografiis avtoris mosazrebas imisTaobaze, Tu ra struqturuli parametrebiT unda xasiaTdebodes esa Tuis teqstobrivi bade. igi asaxelebs amgvar oTx parameters:1) ,,badis Semadgenloba _ anu misi Semadgeneli enobrivi erTeulebi,romlebic unda miviCnioT ZiriTad parametrad imis gamo, rom igiuSualod warmoadgens im enobriv masalas, romelic gamoiyenebateqstis agebisas”;2) ,,badis suraTi (рисунок сетки) anu pirobiTad imis grafikuli gamosaxva,Tu rogor xdeba teqstis SigniT (magaliTad prezensidan perfeqtze)formidan formaze gadasvla, iseve rogorc amgvar gadasvlaTa wesi daraodenoba;3) gadasvlaTa ritmi, anu formidan formaze gadasvlis kanonzomiereba;4) badis ganpirobebuloba, anu mis maxasiaTebelTa kavSiri teqstispragmatikasTan, mis Janrobriv TaviseburebebTan” (Ноздрина 2004:53)yovelive zemoT naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia gavakeToTSemdegi daskvna: ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuliavtoris mier SemoTavazebuli es parametrebi, magram maT gamoyenebasteqstobrivi analizis procesSi logikurad win unda uswrebdesprincipi, romelic zemoT iqna formulirebuli: analizis procesSi undaxdebodes referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velis Cvens mieragebuli modelis teqstze proecireba.unda iTqvas, rom veraviTar winaaRmdegobas ver vxedavT wina abzacSiganxilul or amocanas Soris. vgulisxmobT, erTis mxriv l. nozdrinasmier SemoTavazebul parametrTa gamoyenebas, meores mxriv ki imisaucileblobas, rom teqstis referentuli badis gansazRvrisa daanalizisas unda moxdes referentulobis Cvens mier agebuli modelisteqstze proecireba. Tumca amave dros migvaCnia, rom yoveli calkeuli127

teqstis SemTxvevaSi am ori modelis Serwymis procesi Tavisebur xasiaTsunda atarebdes. magram samagierod gvsurs xazi gavusvaT xsenebulavtorTan Cveni uTanxmoebis meore da vfiqrobT sakmaod principulaspeqts (rogorc gvaxsovs, pirveli aspeqti mdgomareobda imaSi, romreferentulobis badeze msjelobisas avtori ar iTvaliswinebsreferentulobis velTan mis korelaciurobas da ufro metic _ saerTodar laparakobs amgvari velis arsebobazec ki). xsenebuli meore aspeqti kiukavSirdeba mxatvrul, pirvel rigSi naratiul teqstSi referentulibadis struqturas, romelic Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba Cvens mier zemoTdasaxul amocanas _ dakonkretdes referentuli badis Cvens mierSemuSavebuli Teoriuli konstruqti naratiuli teqstis mixedviT.3.2. naratiuli mxatvruli teqstis referentuli bade: misikonceptualizacia da modelireba rogorc lingvokulturologiuriproblema3.2.1. referentulobis teqstobrivi bade da Tanamedrove naratologiaCvens mier ukve araerTxel citirebuli avtori l. nozdrinaiziarebs ra referenciis lingvisturi konceptualizaciis im veqtorisarsebobas, romlis Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda msjeloba naSromis pirvelTavSi, anu im faqts, rom dResdReobiT referencia rogorc fenomeniaucileblad ukavSirdeba teqsts, amasTan dakavSirebiT igi ambobs: ,,dResreferenciis cneba ukavSirdeba teqsts, radgan swored teqsti axdens misifunqciis maqsimalurad srul gamovlenas. referencia ganixileba rogorcaqtualizirebul (anu matyvelebaSi CarTul) saxelTa, nominalur jgufTada maT eqvivalentTa dakavSireba sinamdvilis obieqtebTan,referentebTan” (Ноздрина 2004:120).ra Tqma unda, mTlianad viziarebT avtoris azrs, magram CvenTvismiuRebelia is, Tu rogor xdeba xsenebuli azris aqtualizaciamxatvrul teqstTan mimarTebaSi. l. nozdrinas azriT, ,,teqstobrivreferentebs warmoadgenen, an amgvar referentebad iqcevian mxolod issagnebi, pirebi an movlenebi, romelTa dasaxeleba ramdenjerme xdeba128

teqstSi. amgvari dasaxeleba SeiZleba moxdes an erTi da igive arsebiTisaxelis ganmeorebiT, an misi romelime subtitutis (sinonimebi,nacvalsaxelebi da a. S.) saSualebiT. teqstobriv referentze SeiZlebavilaparakoT mxolod ganmeorebis, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT rekurenciisSemTxvevaSi. sagnebi da movlenebi, romlebic teqstSi mxolod erTxelgvxvdeba ver iqnebian miCneulni teqstobriv referentebad” (Ноздрина2004:120-121). rogorc ukve iTqva, Cven ar SegviZlia kritikis gareSemiviRoT avtoris es pozicia. Cvens kritikul midgomas ki vasabuTebTSemdeg momentebze dayrdnobiT:a) pirveli momenti atarebs zogadTeoriul xasiaTs, anu uSualodukavSirdeba imis aucileblobas, rom referenti unda gaimijnos iseTisemantikuri cnebebisgan rogoricaa signifikati da denotati: rogorcukve viciT, amgvari gamijvnis gareSe TviT referenciis cneba kargavsTavis Sinaars. rogor gavigoT im saxeliT nagulisxmevi realoba _sulerTia igi miekuTvneba realur Tu SeTxzur sinamdviles Tu aRarxdeba misi ganmeoreba teqstSi? SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom igi mxolod amfaqtis safuZvelze aRar aris referenti da iqceva denotatad? amSemTxvevaSi referenciis damfuZnebel faqtorad gvevlineba araimdenad TviT teqsti, aramed saganTa da movlenaTa nominaciis (annominaciaTa) is struqtura, romelsac adgili aqvs mis farglebSi.magram, Cvenis azriT, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara sakuTrivreferenciis, aramed teqstobrivi nominaciis problemasTan;b) magram amave dros vfiqrobT, rom avtoris mier daSvebuli es Secdoma,Tu am SemTxvevaSi marTlac SegviZlia Secdomaze vilaparakoT,garkveuli TvalsazrisiT ukavSirdeba zemoT ukve naxseneb da, CveniazriT, kvlav referenciis konceptualizaciis amocanasTandakavSirebul Secdomas _ saxeldobr im faqts, rom avtorsSesaZleblad miaCnia ilaparakos referentulobis badezereferentulobis velis xsenebis gareSe.ra daskva SeiZleba gavakeToT Cveni kritikuli SeniSvnis gansazRvrisSemdeg? SeiZleba vigulisxmoT erTis mxriv, rom Cven mier ara mxoloddasaxelebuli da daxasiaTebuli iqna yovelive is, rac citirebuliavtoris daSvebul ,,Secdomad” miviCnieT, aramed gadalaxul iqna kidec129

Sinagan winaaRmdegobaTa is speqtri, romlis arseboba iqca Cvenikritikuli midgomis sagnad. amasTan gvsurs Cveni yuradRebis centrSimovaqcioT referenciis problemis is aspeqtic, romlis Sesaxebacaraferia naTqvami citirebul avtorTan, magram romlis eqsplicituradgamoyofa unda igulisxmebodes Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebisdominanturi anu lingvokulturologiuri paradigmiT da imurTierTmimarTebiT, romelic unda igulisxmebodes am paradigmasa da imparadigmas Soris, romelsac Cven aqamde veyrdnobodiT referenciisrogorc enobrivi fenomenis interpretaciisas. vgulisxmobT, ra Tqmaunda, anTropocentristul-komunikaciur paradigamas, romlisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda referenciis rogorcteqstobrivi fenomenis ganxilva. Mmagram am wminda paradigmuli, anuTeoriul-meTodologiuri mosazrebis garda SeiZleba gamovTqvaT ismosazrebac, romelic gamomdinareobs Cveni sakuTari kvlevis ukvegansazRvruli veqtoridan: rogorc viciT, kvlevis dasrulebas vapirebTiseT naratiul teqstTa referentuli analiziT, romelic amave drosunda daeyrdnos Targmanis teqstocentristulad orientirebul Teorias.ismis kiTxva: rogor unda moxdes referenciis problemis iseTilingvokulturologiuri gaazreba, rom am gaazrebam SeZlos erTismxriv, aqamde warmoebuli kvlevis Sinaarsobrivi rezumireba, meoresmxriv ki misi garkveuli TvalsazrisiT dasrulebac?vfiqrobT, rom zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze SesaZlebelia gaecesSemdegi pasuxi: referenciis problemisadmi naratologiuri midgoma undamiviCnioT im meTodologiur principad, romelic erTdroulad SinaganaddaukavSirdeba rogorc enobrivi fenomenis komunikaciur, iselingvokulturologiur xedvas _ komunikaciurs imitom, rom mis gareSeSeuZlebeli iqneboda referenciis eqsplicituri da TanmimdevrulidakavSireba teqstTan, anu misi rogorc ,,teqstobrivi fenomenis”ganxilva, lingvokulturologiurs imitom, rom yoveli mxatvrulinaratiuli teqsti garduvlad unda ekuTvnodes ara ubralod mxolodmxatvrul kulturas zogadi gagebiT, aramed am kulturis ama Tu imkonkretul paradigmas.130

imis Semdeg, rac ganvaxorcieleT problemis lingvokulturologiurixedvis naratologiuri gansazRvra, saWirod migvaCnia aseveganvsazRvroT TviT naratologiis arsi _ Tumca, ra Tqma unda, ara imzogad perspeqtivaSi, romelic igulisxmeba mTeli Tanamedrovehumanitaruli azrovnebis paradigmuli ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT,aramed ZiriTadad da pirvel rigSi referenciasTan kavSirisTvalsazrisiT.swored zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare aucileblad migvaCniadavaxasiaToT Tanamedrove naratologia mis Semdeg or aspeqtzemiTiTebis saSualebiT: a) jer mivuTiToT misi genezisisa dadisciplinaruli funqcionirebis paradigmul safuZvelze, Semdeg ki b)sqematurad mainc SevCerdeT mxatvruli narativis im aspeqtzec, romelicuSualod da amave dros arsebiTad ukavSirdeba Cveni kvlevis sagans _referencias. TanmimdevrobiT ganvixiloT naratologiis es ori aspeqti:naratologia genetikur paradigmuli TvalsazrisiT ukavSirdebahumanitarul azrovnebaSi, pirvel rigSi ki esTetikur azrovnebaSi amsityvis farTo gagebiT, komunikaciuri paradigmis damkvidrebas: igiganisazRvreba rogorc ,,is literaturaTmcodneobiTi disciplina,romelic ..... Camoyalibda 1960-iani wlebis dasasruls imis Sedegad, racmoxda komunikaciur warmomadgenelTa poziciebidan xelovnebis bunebazestruqturalisturi doqtrinis gadaxedva” (Ильин 2001:608). swored amparadigmuli genezisis safuZvelze xsenebul enciklopediaSidaxasiaTebulia naratologiis ZiriTadi debulebebi: ,,1) literaturiskomunikaciuri buneba; 2) mxatvruli komunikaciis aqtis rogorc iseTiprocesis gageba, romelic xdeba erTdroulad ramdenime TxrobiTdoneze; 3) diskursis problemebisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi; 4) immravalricxovan TxrobiT instanciaTa Teoriuli dafuZneba, romlebicasruleben im komunikaciuri jaWvis rgolTa rols, romlissaSualebiTac xdeba avtorisagan mkiTxvelisaTvis mxatvruliinformaciis gadacema...”(Ильин 2001:609). aqedan gamomdinare, ,,literaturisrogorc nebismieri sxva xelovnebis komunikaciuri buneba gulisxmobs: 1.im komunikaciuri jaWvis arsebobas, romelic moicavs informaciis(komunikatis) gadmomcems anu avtors; TviT komunikats (mocemul131

SemTxvevaSi literaturul teqsts); informaciis mimRebs (mkiTxvels); 2.literaturis komunikaciuri buneba aseve gulisxmobs komunikaciis iseTniSnobriv xasiaTs, romelic moiTxovs avtoris mier gadmocemuliteqstis niSanTa winaswar kodirebas; 3. moiTxovs imasac, rom niSanTagamoyeneba iyos ganpirobebuli ...... literaturis gareSe sinamdviliT da...... rom es ganpirobebuloba ar unda scildebodes ama Tu im kulturulikonteqstis sazRvrebs ......” (iqve).rogorc vxedavT, naratologiis amgvarma ganmartebam dagvanaxa aramxolod literaturuli teqstis (maT Soris mxatvruli narativis)komunikaciuri buneba, rac TavisTavad ukve mniSvnelovania referenciisfenomenis naratologiuri interpretaciisaTvis, aramed narativis iskomunikaciuri struqturac (komunikaciur instanciaTa arseboba), racSinagan da arsebiT kavSirSi unda iyos referenciis deiqtikur dadeterminaciul aspeqtebTan. aqedan gamomdinare, ukve SegviZlia imis Tqma,rom savsebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba referenciis im Teoriuli konstruqtisnaratologiuri dakonkreteba, romelic Cven wina TavSi gvaqvs agebuli.rogorc zemoT ganviTarebulma msjelobam gviCvena, Catarebulmakvlevam SeZlo referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis sakuTrivlingvisturi koncefciis ZiriTadi konturebis gamokveTa: davadgineT, romxsenebul fenomens korelaciurad unda ganixilavdnen or doneze _ enisrogorc sistemis da enis rogorc diskursis (teqstis) doneze. amavedros moxda im konceptualur CarCoTa gansazRvrac, romelTafarglebSic unda xdebodes referenciis gaazreba rogorc erT, ise meoreSemTxvevaSi: pirvel SemTxvevaSi amgvar konceptualur CarCoswarmoadgens funqciur-semantikuri velis, meore SemTxvevaSi kiteqstobrivi badis cneba. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo imis dadgenac, Turogor unda daukavSirdes referenciis lingvisturi koncefcia erTismxriv teqstis struqturas mis mTlianobaSi, meores mxriv ki teqstobrivkategoriaTa sistemas, am sistemis pragmatikulad gaazrebisTvalsazrisiT.magram miuxedavad referenciis rogorc sakuTriv lingvisturigaazrebis amgvari sisrulisa, unda iTqvas, rom es gaazreba ZiriTadadxdeboda lingvisturi azrovnebis anTropocentristul-komunikaciur132

paradigmaze dayrdnobiT, (Tumca amave dros naCvenebi iyo isic, Tu rogorxdeba xsenebuli paradigmis farglebSi wina paradigmis, anu sistemursemiotikuriparadigmis monacemebTa axleburi interpretacia:referentulobis velis struqturaSi deiqsissma daikava dominanturistatusi, Tumca amave dros velis erTiani struqturis farglebSi igiorganulad daukavSirda determinaciis kategoriasac).yovelive es niSnavs imas, rom Cveni kvlevis Sedegad Seqmniliareferenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis zogadTeoriuli modelisistemur-semiotikur da anTropocentristul-komunikaciuri paradigebismonacemTa sinTezis safuZvelze. magram, rogorc cnobilia, TanamedrovelingvistikaSi dominirebs lingvokulturologiuri paradigma, romelmaciseve unda moaxdinos wina paradigmaTa saSualebiT miRweul SedegTaaxleburi interpretacia, rogorc amas unda axdendes komunikaciuriparadigma sistemuri paradigmis mimarT. amis Tqma ki imasac niSnavs, rommiuxedavad zemoT aRniSnuli garkveuli struqturuli sisrulisa(swored amgvar sisrules gulisxmobs is faqti, rom Cveni kvlevisfarglebSi referencia danaxul iqna rogorc sistemis, ise diskursteqstisdoneze), Cveni kvleva Sedegobrivi TvalsazrisiT jer kidevbolomde ver pasuxobs im Teoriul da meTodologiur moTxovnebs,romlebic gamomdinareoben Tanamedrove ligvistikis paradigmulisituaciidan _ es situacia ki moiTxovs imasac, rom ukve miRebuliSedegebi gaazrebul iqnas lingvokulturologiurad.rogor unda iqnas gagebuli referenciis fenomenislingvokulturologiurad gaazrebis es moTxovna? mocemul kiTxvazezogadTeoriul planSi gavcemT Semdeg pasuxs: a) rogorc yvela sxvaSemTxvevaSi referenciis fenomenis lingvokulturologiuri gaazrebacunda daeyrdnos wina paradigmis monacemebs; b) TviT lingvokulturologiurigaazrebis amocana moiTxovs mis (anu am amocanis)dakonkretebas iqedan gamomdinare, rom kultura warmoadgens mravalganzomilebianfenomens, Sesabamisad ismis kiTxva: romelia kulturis isganzomileba, romelsac dominanturobis statusi unda mieniWosreferenciis kvlevis procesSi? g) da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gveqnebapozitiuri pasuxi wina punqtSi dasmul kiTxvaze, aucilebeli gaxdeba am133

pasuxis dakonkreteba im enobrivi empiriis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelmacinduqciurad unda daadasturos Cvens mier deduqciuri gziT miRebulSedegTa adekvaturoba.3.2.2. kvlevis lingvokulturologiuri aspeqti ukve miRebul SedegTaaxleburi interpretaciis TvalsazrisiTa) rogorc ar unda davakonkretoT kulturis is ganzomileba, romelicuSualod unda daukavSirdes referenciis Cvens mier agebul koncefcias,cxadia Semdegi: referenciis fenomenis longvokulturologiurma xedvamunda moaxdenos xsenebuli fenomenis orive polaruli aspeqtis _referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri velisa da referentulobisteqstobrivi badis _ kulturologiuri interpretacia. bunebriviamiviCnioT, rom amgvari axleburi interpretaciis SemTxvevaSi mTavariiqneba xsenebul polusebs Soris korelaciurobis rogorc principisdacva;b) zemoT dasmul meore kiTxvaze pasuxi unda gamomdinareobdeserTdroulad rogorc lingvokulturologiuri kvlevis ukve zogadadarsebuli veqtoriT, ise TviT Cveni kvlevis Teoriuli veqtoridanac daSesabamisad unda gulisxmobdes Semdegs: kulturis is ganzomileba,romelsac uSualod unda daukavSirdes referenciis Cveneuli koncefcia,unda iyos misi esTetikur-mxatvruli ganzomileba da TugaviTvaliswinebT im fuZemdebel faqtsac, rom Cven vikvlevT referenciasrogorc verbalur fenomens, Sesabamisad kulturis mxatvrulesTetikuriganzomilebac Cvens SemTxvevaSi unda dakonkretdes rogorcverbaluri mxatvruli teqstis sfero;g) rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iqna, dakonkretebas _ rogorc zogadadarsebuli, ise Cveni kvleviT gamovlenili veqtoris mixedviT _ moiTxovsis konkretuli enobrivi empiriac, romelmac unda moaxdinos ukvemiRebul Teoriul daskvnaTa verifikacia. magram, Cvenis azriT, amdakonkretebisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas Semdegi oriurTierTdakavSirebuli kvleviTi momenti: a) is faqti, rom am SemTxvevaSisaqme gvaqvs dakonkretebis erTiani procesis daskvniT stadiasTan undaniSnavdes Semdegs: igi unda atarebdes sinTezur xasiaTs; b) magram amave134

dros swored es sinTezuroba misi Tanmimdevrulad realizaciisSemTxvevaSi unda gulisxmobdes Teoriul da empiriul momentTamaqsimalurad SesaZlebel Serwymas. ras unda niSnavdes Teoriul daempiriul momentTa msgavsi Serwyma? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas SemdegparagrafSi SevecdebiT.3.3. referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis teqstobrivi xedva da amxedvis mravalaspeqturoba: problemis naratologiuri, tipologiuri damTargmnelobiT-Teoriuli aspeqtebireferenciis Teoriuli arsis dadgenis Semdeg, anu im Teoriuliamocanis Sesrulebis Semdeg, romelsac mieZRvna Cveni kvleva undadaisvas referenciis rogorc teqstobrivi fenomenis funqciurstilisturida Janrobrivi tipologiis agebis problema. magram, cxadiunda iyos isic, rom msgavsi problemis dasmisa da gadaWris amocanaSinaarsobrividac da meTodologiuradac scildeba Cveni kvlevislogikiT ganpirobebul farglebs. amitom, vfiqrobT, rom kvlevisdasasruls gamarTlebuli da sakmarisi iqneba, Tu CavatarebT Cvens mierTeoriulad gamokvleuli fenomenis induqciur-empiriul kvlevas mxolodSemdegi mizniT: saWirod migvaCnia mivuTiToT referenciis sakuTrivteqstobrivi kvlevis im aspeqtebze, romlebic swored Teoriul planSilogikurad win uswreben TviT mocemuli fenomenis (referenciis)funqciur-stilistur da Janrobriv tipologizacias. es aspeqtebia:1. referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni enobriv universaliaTaTeoriis mixedviT;2. referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni enaTa tipologiuri kvlevisTvalsazrisiT;3. referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni lingvokulturologiuriTvalsazrisiT;4. referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni naratologiuriTvalsazrisiT;135

5. referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni Targmanis teqstocentristuliTeoriis TvalsazrisiT.vfiqrobT, referenciis kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli es xuTi aspeqtierToblivad warmoadgens rogorc deduqciis, ise induqciis meTodebTanerTnairad dakavSirebul im Sualedur kvleviT sferos, romlisformulireba aucilebeli xdeba Cvens mier Sesrulebuli amocanisSemdeg da romelic amave dros win unda uswrebdes referenciistipologiur kvlevas funqciur-stilisturi da JanrobriviTvalsazrisiT.amave dros aucileblad migvaCnia iTqvas Semdegic: Cvens amocanasar warmoadgens xsenebuli Sualeduri sferos detaluri ganxilva.gvsurs mxolod principuli miniSnebis gziT mivuTiToT im adgilze damniSvnelobaze, romelic am kvleviT sferos unda hqondes referenciissistemurad sruli kvlevis farglebSi. magram amave dros, Cvenis azriT,swored amgvari miniSnebis Teoriuli koreqtulobiT ganxorcielebamoiTxovs Semdegi ori amocanis mWidro urTierTkavSirSi dasmas daSesrulebas: a) moxdes zemoT dasmuli xuTi problemis iseTi TeoriullogikuriurTierTdakavSireba, rom naTlad gamoikveTos zemoTdasaxelebuli Sualeduri sferos konceptualuri arsi; b) moxdesamgvarad gamokveTili Teoriul-logikuri urTierTkavSiris induqciuriverificireba lingvokulturologiurad mniSvnelovan naratiulmasalaze.rac Seexeba pirvel amocanas, misi rogorc formulireba, iseSesruleba gulisxmobs Semdegs: nebismieri mxatvruli, pirvel rigSi kimxatvruli naratiuli teqsti Tavis empiriul struqturaSi sinTezurisaxiT unda Seicavdes referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenisarsebobisa da funqcionirebis yvela xsenebul problemas iqedangamomdinare, rom xsenebuli empiriuli struqtura ver Sedgeboda Semdegenobriv fenomenTa urTierTganpirobebulobis gareSe;1. yoveli funqciur-semantikuri kategoria da maT Soris referenciiskategoriac unda warmoadgendes ama Tu im enobrivi universaliiskonkretul enobriv realizacias;136

2. yoveli amgvari kategoria da maT Soris referentulobis funqciursemantikurikategoriac garduvalad unda badebdes Sesabamis, anu amSemTxvevaSi referenciis funqciur-semantikur vels;3. diskursis yoveli aqti unda badebdes teqsts rogorc im teqstobrivbadeTa erTobliobas, romelic unda warmoadgendes Sesabamisfunqciur-semantikur velTa aqtualizacias: Sesabamisad, yoveli teqstiTavis empiriul struqturaSi unda Seicavdes amgvari safexurebriviTanmimdevrobiT dakonkretebul referentulobis bades;4. referentuli badis mqone yoveli teqsti unda warmoadgendes aramxolod zogadad enobrivi sistemis, aramed enis garkveuli funqciuristilis aqtualizacias. Sesabamisad, yoveli konkretuli teqstisreferentuli bade unda iyos funqciur-stilisturad markirebuli;5. yoveli referentuli badis Semcveli teqsti garduvalad undaekuTvnodes ara mxolod ama Tu im konkretul enas da ara mxolod amenis konkretul funqciur stils, aramed mocemul enasTan funqciuradda struqturulad dakavSirebul kulturasac. Sesabamisad, nebismieriteqstis referentulobis bade garduvalad markirebuliakulturuladac;6. yoveli mxatvruli narativis farglebSi kulturulad markirebulireferentulobis bade funqcionirebs ori komunikaciuri instanciisdoneze _ rogorc avtorisa da mkiTxvelis, ise personaJTa Soriskomunikaciur doneebze.3.4. referenciis problema enobriv universaliaTa da enaTa tipologiisTvalsazrisiTSeiZleba iTqvas, rom referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis Cvensmier Catarebulma kvlevam kidev erTxel daadastura am fenomenisuniversaluri statusi: SeuZlebelia referencia ar miviCioT enobrivuniversaliad Semdegi faqtebidan gamomdinare: a) SeuZlebeliaarsebobdes ena nominaluri jgufis an im enobriv elementTa gareSe,romlebsac ZaluZs am jgufis funqciis Sesruleba. sxvanairad romvTqvaT, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes ena nominaciis fenomenis gareSe.137

nominaciis funqcis Semsruleblad ki pirvel rigSi gvevlineba sworednominaluri jgufi; b) aseve SeuZlebelia arsebobdes ena im doneebrivistruqturis gareSe, romelsac gulisxmobs nominaciis fenomeni, romelicvlindeba enis rogorc mTliani niSnobrivi fenomenis diqotomiurstruqturaSi: rogorc Cvenma kvlevamac gviCvena, saxelis semantikaarsebobs sam doneze _ rogorc signifikati, rogorc denotati darogorc referenti. Sesabamisad yoveli referenti signifikatisa dadenotatisagan gansxvavebiT warmoadgens, erTis mxriv teqstobrivfenomens, meores mxriv ki signifikatisa da denotatis teqstobrivdakonkretebas.rogorc vxedavT, referencia unda warmoadgendes enobrivuniversalias ara mxolod imitom, rom igi arsebiTad ukavSirdebanominalur jgufs, aramed imitomac, rom nominaluri jgufis semantikaorganulad gulisxmobs enis diqotomias.magram aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom enobrivuniversaliaTa Teoria ganuyofelia enaTa tipologiisagan. Tumca amavedros xazi unda gaesvas am or Teorias Soris urTierTdamokidebulebisSemdegi Taviseburebas: rogorc lingvisturi literaturaSi aRiniSneba,,,lingvisturi tipologiis upirveles amocanas Seadgens universaliebisgamovlena” (gamyreliZe 2003:401) _ es ki imas niSnavs, rom universaliaTasistemis dadgena tipologiis farglebSi xdeba. magram amave dros cxadiaisic, rom SeuZlebeli iqneboda enaTa Soris topologiur gansxvavebazelaparaki im aucilebeli fonis gareSe, romelsac warmoadgensuniversaliaTa sistema. SeiZleba, albaT, iTqvas, rom logikuraduniversaliaTa sistema win uswrebs tipologiur gansxvavebaTa sistemas,Tumca istoriulad enaTa tipologiis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqnebodauniversaliebis aRmoCena da kvleva.ratom gaxda saWiro zemoT moyvanili Teoriuli msjeloba?vfiqrobT, Tundac imitom, rom amiT sabuTdeba Cveni sadisertacionaSromis struqtura: pirveli ori Tavis farglebSi Cveni kvlevaatarebda, rogorc ukve viciT, deduqciur xasiaTs. kvlevisadmi sworedaseTma midgomam mogvca imis saSualeba, rom gvemsjela referenciazerogorc enobriv universaliaze, bunebrivia kvlevis im aspeqtTa138

gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac gulisxmobs enis diqotomiuroba, Cven asevevilaparakeT rogorc referentulobis paradigmul velze, isereferentulobis teqstobriv badeze.imisaTvis, rom mocemul TavSi referenciis kvleva moxdes ukveenobriv universaliaTa da enaTa tipologiis doneze da kvlevis amSualedur segmentze dayrdnobiT mivuaxlovdeT mocemuli fenomenisganxilvis induqciur dones, saWirod migvaCnia daveyrdnoT enobriviuniversaliisa da masTan uSualod dakavSirebul enobrivi tipis cnebebs.rogorc cnobilia, ,,universalia iseTi struqturuli niSan-Tvisebaa,romelic damaxasiaTebelia uklebliv yvela enis an enaTa didiumravlesobisTvis mainc. universalias, romelic damaxasiaTebeliauklebliv yvela enisaTvis, ewodeba absoluturi universalia, xolouniversalias, romelic damaxasiaTebelia enaTa umravlesobisTvis,statistikuri universalia, anu kvaziuniversalia ewodeba” (iqve).rogorc vxedavT, Cvens upirveles amocanas warmoadgens imis gadawyveta,Tu universaliaTa romel jgufs unda mivakuTnoT referencia _absolutur Tu statistikur universaliaTa, anu kvazi-universaliaTasaxeobebs. iqedan gamomdinare, rac aqamde, deduqciuri msjelobismixedviT, iTqva referenciis fenomenze SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom misisaxiT saqme gvaqvs absolutur universaliasTan, anu iseTuniversaliasTan, romelmac rogorc funqciurad, ise struqturuladdakonkreteba unda hpovos enis konkretul tipSi. magram amave droscxadia isic, rom yoveli konkretuli enis tipi SeiZleba arsebobdes ordoneze _ sistemis doneze da diskursis doneze, rac referenciiskvlevis SemTxvevaSi garduvalad unda niSnavdes Semdegs: referenciatipologiurad gansxvavebul enebSi unda arsebobdes, erTis mxriv,struqturulad gansxvavebuli referentuli velebisa, meores mxriv kireferentulobis teqstobrivi badeebis gansxvavebuli saxiT.139

3.5. referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni Targmanisteqstocentristuli Teoriis TvalsazrisiTmocemuli Tavis mesame paragrafSi ganvsazRvreT referenciiskvlevis induqciuri, anu ukve empiriul masalaze dafuZnebuli cnebarogorc Semdegi xuTi amocanis erToblioba: 1) referencia rogorcteqstobrivi fenomeni enobriv universaliaTa Teoriis, 2) enaTatipologiuri kvlevis, 3) lingvokulturologiuri, 4) naratologiuri da5) Targmanis teqstocentristuli Teoriis TvalsazrisiT. magramaucilebelia mxedvelobaSi miviRoT ori urTierTdakavSirebulikvleviTi momenti: a) umetesoba aq dasaxelebul amocanaTa Soris ukveganxiluli da Teoriuli TvasazrisiT Sesrulebuli gvaqvs kvlevis winaetapebze da b) mocemuli Tavis mizani unda iyos warmoadginos mTeliukve Catarebuli kvlevis daskvniTi da Sesabamisad marezumirebelinawili. aqedan gamomdinare, miviCnevT, rom Sesabamisi empiriuli masalisanalizi ZiriTadad unda daeyrdnos im Teoriul-meTodologiurmidgomas, romelsac Tavis funqciur arsSi ZaluZs moaxdinos yveladanarCeni Tvalsazrisis Tavis TavSi integrireba. aseT midgomad undamiviCnioT mTargmnelobiTi midgoma da, Sesabamisad, mivuTiToT ammidgomis Semdeg aspeqtebze:a. imisaTvis, rom mTargmnelobiTma midgomam Seasrulos ismarezumirebeli da maintegrirebeli funqcia, romlis Sesaxeb zemoTukve iTqva, igi unda daefuZnos Targmanis Tanamedrove lingvisturTeorias. rogorc viciT, Targmani gulisxmobs ama Tu im teqstis erTienidan meore enis sistemaSi gadayvanas. amgvari amocana ki _ Tu maseqspliciturad gaviazrebT _ SeuZlebeli iqneboda enobrivuniversaliaTa da enaTa tipologiis gverdis avliT, sulerTia xdebaxsenebul aspeqtTa gamoyeneba impliciturad Tu eqspliciturad;b. iqidan gamomdinare, rom Tanamedrove lingvistikis TvalsazrisiT enisumaRles doneebriv erTeuls rogorc struqturuli, ise komunikaciuriTvalsazrisiT warmoadgens teqsti, Targmanis Tanamedrovelingvisturi Teoriac atarebs teqstze orientirebul, anuteqstocentristul xasiaTs, rasac principuli mniSvneloba unda140

hqondes referenciis kvlevis procesSi: rogorc davadgineT,Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi referentad miCneulia nominaluri jgufisis aspeqti, romelic signifikatisa da denotatisagan gansxvavebiTvlindeba da funqcionirebs swored teqstSi;g. migvaCnia, rom teqstis is tipi, romlis analizi adekvaturadgamoavlenda referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis funqciur arssyvela SesaZlo doneze, (vgulisxmobT referencias rogorcuniversalias, referenciis funqcionirebas tipologiuradgansxvavebul enebSi, referenciis rogorc metakategoriis Sidastruqturas da a. S.) unda ekuTvnodes naratiul teqstTa kategorias,radgan, rogorc ukve viciT, swored narativi Seicavs iseTkomunikaciur instanciebs, romelTa arseboba da funqcionirebaSeuZlebeli iqneboda rogorc zogadad nominalur jgufTa,,monawileobis”, ise am jgufTa Soris im sintaqtikuri kavSirisgareSec, romelsac gulisxmobs teqstobrivi koheziis cneba;d. magram aseve mniSvnelovania mTargmnelobiTi midgomis is momentic,romelic relevanturia Cveni kvlevis meTodologiuri aspeqtiT:rogorc cnobilia, Tanamedrove lingvistikis dominantur paradigmaswarmoadgens lingvokulturologiuri paradigma. es ki imas niSnavs,rom Cvens analizs unda hqondes ara mxolod teqstocentristuli,aramed kulturocentristuli xasiaTi, rac Semdegs gulisxmobs: isSida kategorialuri struqtura, romliTac xasiaTdeba referenciarogorc metakategoria, determinirebul unda iyos ara mxolodenobrivad, aramed kulturuladac, rac TavisTavad unda vlindebodesnarativis gansxvavebul komunikaciur doneze _ rogorc im doneze,romliTac ganisazRvreba mTxrobelisa da mkiTxvelis mimarTeba ama Tuim kulturul sivrcesTan, ise personaJTa Soris komunikaciurimimarTebis donezec. ra Tqma unda, referencia, rogorc saxelisteqstobrivi funqcionirebis aucilebeli winapiroba, Sinaganad erTianxasiaTs atarebs, magram mis farglebSi rogorc deiqsisi, isedeterminacia funqciurad konkretdeba rogorc sakuTriv teqstobrivi,ise kulturuli sivrcis gaTvaliswinebiT.141

teqstis mTargmnelobiTi analizi, romlis mizani unda iyos misireferentuli badis gamovlena, gulisxmobs, ra Tqma unda, yvela zemoTxsenebuli aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebas. magram amave dros aRsaniSnavia isfaqti, rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvela es aspeqti meti Tu naklebi sisruliTukve ganxiluli gvaqvs Cveni kvlevis Teoriul etapebze. aqedangamomdinare, eqsplicituri saxiT mogvixdeba SevexoT mxolod Targmanislingvisturi Teoriis im aspeqtebs, romelTa winaswari formulirebisgareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda referenciasTan dakavSirebulimTargmnelobiTi analizi.zemoT xsenebul relevantur aspeqtebs gamovyofT Semdegi mosazrebisgaTvaliswinebiT: mTargmnelobiTi analizis dros CvenTvismniSvnelovania imis dadgena, Tu rogor gamoiyureba amosaval daTargmnil teqstebSi referencia rogorc enobrivi universalia. magram rasaxis (da ra donis) tipologiur gansxvavebasTanac ar unda gvqondes amSemTxvevaSi saqme, ucvleli rCeba Semdegi faqti: nebismier SemTxvevaSireferencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni Tan axlavs saxels (nominalurjgufs). es ukanaskneli ki garduvalad miekuTvneba enis leqsikursistemas. aqedan gamomdinare, unda miviCnioT, rom Cveni kvlevisfarglebSi mTargmnelobiTi aspeqti unda atarebdes referenciazeorientirebuli leqsikuri analizis xasiaTs. naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiTSevexebiT Targmanis Teoriis zogadTeoriuli aspeqtebsac da am mizniTdaveyrdnobiT i. zeinabiSvilis mier Catarebul kvlevas. xsenebuliavtori am zogadTeoriul aspeqtebs ganixilavs Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:1) avtori aRniSnavs rom ,,Targmnis procesSi monawileobs ara martoori teqsti (amosavali da Targmnili), aramed ori enac (Targmanisorteqstovneba da orenovneba erTmaneTTan organulad arisdakavSirebuli), aqedan gamomdinare Targmnili teqstis leqsikurisemantikac unda gavigoT rogorc ori enisa da ori teqstisurTierTmimarTeba” (zeinabiSvili 2004:39). rogorc vxedavT, teqstTaleqsikuri analizi aucileblad gulisxmobs enaTa tipologiuranalizsac _ am SemTxvevaSi leqsikur doneze. bunebrivia miviCnioT, romCvens kvleviT konteqstSi analizis leqsikuri done pirvel rigSigulisxmobs referenciis Tanmimdevrul gaTvaliswinebas;142

2) aranakleb mniSvnelovania, Cvenis azriT, is faqtic, rom avtorsmTargmnelobiTi analizi esmis ara mxolod teqstocentristulad, aramedkulturocentristuladac da amis Sesaxeb igi wers: ,,aucilebladmigvaCnia imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom ar aris sakmarisi gavigoT Targmani(pirvel rigSi ki _ mxatvruli Targmani) rogorc dinamiuri mimarTebaor teqstsa da or enas Soris. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is faqtic, romTargmani (pirvel rigSi ki _ mxatvruli Targmani) mudam warmoadgensmimarTebas or kulturas Soris: erTi kulturis warmomadgeneliaoriginaluri teqstis avtori, meoresi ki _ Targmnili teqstis avtori,anu mTargmneli. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, mxatvruli Targmani SeiZlebagavigoT rogorc iseTi mravalganzomilebiani fenomeni, romelicaucileblad moiTxovs interdisciplinarul kvlevas. Cven ukve vnaxeT,rom mxatvruli Targmnis kvlevisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda lingvisturdisciplinaTa mTel speqtrze dayrdnoba _ es iyo leqsikologia,pragmatika da Targmnis lingvisturi Teoria. magram Cveni msjelobis ametapze Cven jer kidev vimyofebiT (farTod gagebuli) lingvistikisfarglebSi. magram Tu Targmans gavigebT rogorc ara mxolod enobriv,aramed rogorc kulturul fenomensac, mogviwevs gavcdeT TviT farTodgagebuli lingvistikis farglebsac: kvleva miiRebs dReisaTvisaqtualur im mimarTulebas, romelsac lingvokulturologiuri kvlevaewodeba” (iqve);3) Tavisi mTargmnelobiTi midgomis ganxorcielebisas avtorieyrdnoba Targmanis lingvisturi Teoriis iseT cnebas, rogoricaa,,mTargmnelobiTi transformaciebis” cneba da am mizniT axdensxsenebuli Teoriis iseTi warmomadgenlis citirebas rogoricaa l.barxudarovi, romelic gvTavazobs mTargmnelobiTi transformaciisSemdeg tipebs: ,,gadadgileba, Canacvleba, damateba, gamotoveba” (Бархударов1975:190). ra Tqma unda, mTargmnelobiTi transformaciis es tipologiaSemuSavebulia teqstis sakuTriv leqsikuri aspeqtis da referentuliaspeqtis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. bunebrivia, Cveni analizis procesSimxedvelobaSi miviRebT am moments da SevecdebiT movaxdinoT amtipologiis funqciur-Sinaarsobrivi ,,misadageba” Cveni kvleviTiamocanisadmi.143

yovelive naTqvamis Semdeg SegviZlia, teqstocentrizmzedafuZnebul SepirispirebiT-mTargmnelobiT analizs mivaniWoT mTeliCveni kvlevisTvis ormagad mniSvnelovani funqcia: a) kvlevis ZiriTadaddeduqciuri, anu, rac TiTqmis igivia Teoriuli aspeqtidan induqciur,anu empiriul aspeqtze gadasvlis funqcia da b) amave dros funqcia,romelic unda gulisxmobdes referenciasTan dakavSirebul iseTproblemur aspeqtTa xedvis erT fokusSi moqcevas rogoricaa amfenomenis universologiuri da tipologiuri aspeqtebi. aqedangamomdinare, mniSvnelovan meTodologiur ,,datvirTvas” iZens kiTxva:rogori unda iyos mTargmnelobiT-SepirispirebiTi analizis CveneulimeTodi, Tu gvsurs, rom am analizmma mTlianad Seasrulos maszeamgvarad dakisrebuli meTodologiuri funqcia?vfiqrobT, mocemul kiTxvaze unda gaeces Semdegi pasuxi:mTargmnelobiTi Sepirispirebis gamoyenebisas sayrden rogorc Teoriul,ise analitikur monacemad unda miviCnioT Semdegi faqti: ra Tqma unda,Cveni sakvlevi fenomeni _ referencia _ organulad ukavSirdeba enisleqsikur aspeqts (Tundac imitom, rom nebismieri saxeli integrirebulialeqsikur sistemaSi), magram amave dros ar warmoadgens leqsikurfenomens: igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, miekuTvneba semiotikurad gansazRvrulisinamdvilis im dones, romelic mTlianobaSi safuZvlad udevs rogorcleqsikas, ise gramatikas. aqedan gamomdinare, unda miviCnioT, romteqstobrivi referenciis yoveli calke aRebuli SemTxveva SeiZlebainterpretirebul iqnas ornairi TvalsazrisiT _ rogorc tipologiurad,anu amosavali da ,,mTargmneli” enis tipologiuri Taviseburebebidangamomdinare, ise teqstologiurad, anu teqstis rogorc komunikaciurimTlianis koheziuri struqturidan gamomdinare. pirveli TvalsazrisiTnaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu liniaruli gagebiT amosavali teqstisromel safexurze an romel rgolSi vimyofebiT, magram, samagierod,meore TvalsazrisiT aucileblad migvaCnia mTliani teqstis rogorcerTiani koheziuri struqturis gaTvaliswineba. aqedan gamomdinare,erTdroulad veyrdnobiT am orive mosazrebas da amave dros teqstislingvistikis im debulebasac, rom teqsti _ pirvel rigSi ki naratiuliwerilobiTi teqsti _ struqturuli TvalsazrisiT abzacebad iyofa,144

yoveli abzaci ki garkveuli gagebiT Sinaarsobriv-struqturuliTvalsazrisiT metad Tu naklebad dasrulebul segments warmoadgens.mxedvelobaSi viRebT ra yovelive zemoT naTqvams, virCevTSepirispirebiT-mTargmnelobiTi analizis Semdeg meTods: analizs vyofTor analitikur segmentad _ jer Tanmimdevrulad gavaanalizebT,bunebrivia referentuli TvalsazrisiT, teqstis Semadgenel abzacebs daam analizs gamoviyenebT im daskvnebisTvis, romelTa gakeTebissaSualebas es abzacebi iZlevian, Semdeg ki SevecdebiT abzacTa mTelierToblioba gaviTvaliswinoT imisTvis, rom sqematurad mainc movxazoTteqstis rogorc mTlianis referentuli badis konturebi. analizisorive safexurisaTvis gamaerTianebel moments unda warmoadgendes misfarglebSi referenciis sakuTriv enobriv da kulturul momentTaerToblivad gaTvaliswineba. analizis obieqtad vaqcevT e. hemingueismoTxrobas “Cat in the Rain” da mis Targmans qarTul enaze (Targmani T.Cxenkelisa).abzaci 1 1) There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. 2) They did notknow any of the people they passed on the stairs on their way to and from their room. 3)Their room was on the second floor facing the sea. 4) It also faced the public garden and thewar monument. 5) There were big palms and green benches in the public garden. 6) In thegood weather there was always an artist with his easel. 7) Artists liked the way the palmsgrew and the bright colors of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea. 8) Italians came froma long way off to look up at the war monument. 9) It was made of bronze and glistened in therain. 10) It was raining. 11) The rain dripped from the palm trees. 12) Water stood in pools onthe gravel paths. 13) The sea broke in a long line in the rain and slipped back down the beachto come up and break again in a long line in the rain. 14) The motor cars were gone from thesquare by the war monument. 15) Across the square in the doorway of the café a waiterstood looking out at the empty square.1)sastumroSi mxolod orni iyvnen amerikelebi. 2) aravis aricnobdnen, visac Tavis oTaxSi Sesvlisas an gamosvlisas kibezexvdebodnen. 3) amerikelebis oTaxi mesame sarTulze iyo, zRvisken. 4)oTaxi saxalxo baRs gadahyurebda. fanjridadan omSi daRupul meomarTaZegli moCanda. 5) baRSi didi palmebi da mwvane merxebi iyo. 6) kargamindSi yovelTvis ijda romelime mxatvari Tavisi molbertiT. 7)145

mxatvrebs moswondaT palmebis cqera, moswondaT myvirala ferebiTSeRebili sastumroebi, baRebsa da zRvas rom gadahyurebdnen. 8) Sorigzidan modiodnen italielebi omSi daRupulTa Zeglis sanaxavad. 9)Zegli brinjaosi iyo, bzinavda, wvima roca asvelebda. 10) axlac wvimda.11) wveTavda wvima palmebidan. 12) xreSmoyril bilikebze gubeebi idga. 13)zRvis talRebis grZeli zoli wvimaSi napirs exeTqeboda, ukan ixevda damere isev exeTqeboda zRvis talRebis grZeli zoli wvimaSi napirs. 14)aRarcerTi manqana aRar Canda ZeglTan moedanze. 15) Zeglis pirdapir,kafes SesasvlelTan oficianti idga da dacarielebul moedansmisCereboda.1) only two Americans _ mxolod orni……... amerikelebi _ am SemTxvevaSinominaluri jgufis determinatad gamoyenebuli ricxviTi saxeliasrulebs ganusazRvreli artiklis funqcias, asaxelebs ra saxels. amavedros igive konstruqcia teqstobrivi koheziis TvalsazrisiT asrulebsprospeqtul funqcias. Sesabamis qarTul TargmanSi (amieridan vixmarTSemoklebas q. T.) mTargmnelis mier gamoyenebulia isev ricxviTi saxeli_ ori _ romelic aqac determinatad gvevlineba. 1) at the hotel _sastumroSi _ originalSi deretminati the Tavis wminda enobriv funqciaserTdroulad uqvemdebarebs deiqsiss: gasazRvruli artikli migvaniSnebsadgilis deiqsisis funqciis Tanamedrove civilizaciuri sivrcisgarkveul ,,wertilze”. amave dros vxedavT, rom q. T.-Siganxorcielebulia tipologiurad ganpirobebuli sintaqsuritransformacia. iqedan gamomdinare, rom qarTuli ena inglisuri enisagangansxvavebiT sinTezuri enaa, SesaZlebeli gaxda adgilis garemoebis(sastumroSi) winadadebis bolodan dasawyisSi gadmotana. 2) They did notknow any of the people they passed on the stairs on their way to and from their room. _aravis ar icnobdnen, visac Tavis oTaxSi Sesvlisas an gamosvlisaskibeze xvdebodnen _ mocemul winadadebaSi yovel arsebiT saxelTanmeordeba im deiqsisis funciuri dominireba, romelic wina winadadebaSigvqonda, Tumca im gansxvavebiT, rom ,,artiklSi” CarTuli” deiqtikurifunqcia winas eyrdnoba da referentul sivrced aq ukve nagulisxmebiaara mTeli civilizaciuri samyaro, aramed ,,sastumroseuli sivrce”. q.T.–Si saqme gvaqvs kvlav gansxvavebul sityvaTa wyobasTan dakavSirebul146

sintaqsur transpormaciebTan. 3) Their room was on the second floor facing the sea._ amerikelebis oTaxi mesame sarTulze iyo, zRvisken. am SemTxvevaSicartikli Tavis TavSi aerTianebs determinaciul da deiqtikur funqciebs,Tumca amave dros saxezea deiqtikur funqciaSi ,,momxdari” cvlileba: Tuukve gaanalizebul wina or winadadebaSi deiqtikuri miTiTeba xdebodaarsebul civilizaciur sivrceze ubralo dayrdnobiT da metad Tunaklebad pasiurad, am SemTxvevaSi artikliseuli deiqsisi metSemoqmedebiT aqtiurobas iZens: sivrce dakonkretebulia ukve momavalinaratiuli istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT. q. T.–Si ganxorcielebulialeqsikuri Canacvleba _ their – amerikelebi. xolo gansazRvruliartikliT gamoxatuli eqsplicituri referencia gadmocemuliaimpliciturad. 4) It_oTaxi piris nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli referencia,romelic amave dros deiqtikur funqciasac iTavsebs miuTiTebs ra winawinadadebaSi naxseneb oTaxze. q. T.-Si mTargmneli isev mimarTavsleqsikur transpormacias cvlis ra It _ oTaxiT. 4) 5) 6) The public garden _saxalxo baRi _ referentuli sivrce kidev ufro dakonkretebulia,Tumca es dakonkreteba xdeba teqstis dasawyisSi nagulisxmevicivilizaciuri sivrcis farglebSi, anu artikliT realizebulireferentuloba axdens zemoT mocemuli deiqtikuri funqciebis sinTezs:erTis mxriv nagulisxmevia igive civilizaciuri sivrce, meores mxriv kideiqsisSi ,,Zlierdeba” momaval naratiul istoriasTan kavSiri. racSeexeba q. T.-s qarTul enaSi referentuli funqciis mqone artiklis arqonis gamo mTargmnels mouxda Targmnil teqstSi amerikel da qarTvelmkiTxvelTa kulturul-civilizaciur sivrceebs Soris gansxvavebisgaTvaliswineba. 4) 8) 14) the war monument _ miuTiTebs amerikulicivilizaciuri sivrcis iseT segmentze, romelic dakonkretebas armoiTxovs amerikeli mkiTxvelisaTvis. q. T-Si ki _ ,,daRupul meomarTaZegli” ormag deiqtikur-madeterminirebel funqcias asrulebs, erTismxriv igi warmoaCens am or enaTa Soris arsebul tipologiurgansxvavebas, meores mxriv ki igi TiTqosda asrulebs ramdenadmegansxvavebul civilizaciur sivrceze miTiTebis funqciasac. 5) There werebig palms and green benches in the public garden – baRSi didi palmebi da mwvanemerxebi iyo _ aqac nulovani artikli asrulebs ormag deiqtikur147

funqcias _ akonkretebs ,,baRiseul sivrces” da amave dros kidev ufroaaxloebs mkiTxvels momaval naratiul istoriasTan. q. T.-i kidev erTxelasaxavs enaTa Soris tipologiur gansxvavebas: ganxorcielebuliasintaqsuri transpormacia da adgilis garemoeba winadadebis dasawyisSiagadmotanilia 6) In the good weather _ karg amindSi _ am SemTxvevaSigansazRvruli artikli asrulebs deiqtikur funqcias, romelicukavSirdeba ara civilizaciur sivrces, aramed zogad sakacobriotemporalur sivrces da miuTiTebs am sivrcis iseT universaluraspeqtze rogoricaa amindi. q. T.–Si xdeba eqsplicituri referenciisimplicituriT ,,Canacvleba”. 6) rac Seexeba frazas an artist _ romelimemxatvari, ganusazRvrel artikls naratiul sivrceSi Semoaqvs axaliTema. q. T._Si deiqtikuri funqciis Semsrulebeli inglisuriganusazRvreli artikli gadmocemulia ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT,,romelime”, rac kidev erTxel avlens am or enas Soris tipologiurgansxvavebas. 6) with his easel _ Tavisi molbertiT saqme gvaqvs kuTvnilebiTizedsarTaviT rogorc determinatiT Sesrulebul deiqtikur funqciasTanpersonaluri deiqsisis xazgasmiT, rac igive saSualebebiT arisgadmocemuli q. T. _Si. 7) Artists _ mxatvrebs _ am fraziT xdebawinadadebaSi Semotanili naratiuli Temis mravlobiTi ricxviTgamoxatuli saxelis ganmazogadebeli ganmeoreba, rac q. T._Sic wmindateqstobrivi saSualebiT gadmoicema. 7) 11) the palms or palm trees _ palmebi– gansazRvruli artikli deiqtikurad miuTiTebs teqstis wina segmentze,riTac mTeli sisruliT vlindeba referenciis sakuTriv teqstobrivifunqcia. q. T.-Si saqme gvaqvs impliciturad gadmocemul referenciasTan,rac qarTul enaSi artiklis arqoniTaa gamowveuli. 7) the bright colours ofthe hotels _ myvirala ferebiT SeRebili sastumroebi _ retrospeqtuladmeordeba Tanamedrove civilizaciuri sivrcis miniSneba, magram kvlavmeti ganzogadebis formiT, riTac referenciis teqstobriv funqciasTanerTad kidev erTxel vlindeba misi enobriv-kulturuli funqciac. 7) thegardens and 7) 13) the sea _ baRebsa da zRvas _ gansazRvruli artikliTdakonkretebuli civilizaciuri sivrcis implicituri referenciaa,romelic q. T.- Si wminda teqstobrivi saSualebebiT, sakuTrivreferentuli enobrivi saSualebebis gareSe impliciturad gadmoicema. 8)148

Italians _ italielebi _ referentulad miniSnebuli sivrciT-temporalurisivrce amjerad ukve eTnikuri niSniT konkretdeba. q. T.- zogadi sivrciseTnikuri dakonkreteba xdeba eqsplicituri referenciis gareSe. 9) It _Zegli – nacvalsaxeli rogorc substituti formisa _ the war monumentasrulebs teqstobrivad ganpirobebul referentul funqcias. q. T.-Sigamoyenebulia stilisturi tranformacia, radgan wminda teqstobrivgramatikuliTvalsazrisiT SesaZlebeli iyo is an igi nacvalsaxelebisgamoyeneba. 9) 11) in the rain _ wvimaSi –am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvsreferenciis teqstobrivad ganpirobebul da amave dros zogadad, anutemporalurad miniSnebul momentze miTiTebis funqciasTan, rac q. T. _Siisev impliciturad gadmoicema sakuTriv referentuli saSualebebisgareSe. 10) It was raining _ axlac wvimda _ rogorc teqstis winasegmentebSi aqac xdeba civilizaciurad da temporalurad miniSnebulireferenciidan naratiulze gadasvla. q. T. – gamoyenebulia implicituritemporaluri referencia. 12) Water _ imis gamo, rom artikli deiqtikurifunqciis Sesrulebisas Serwymulad unda asrulebdes determinaciisfunqciasac, rac am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia arsebiT saxel water-ssemantikidan gamomdinare, aqac temporalur sivrceze miTiTebaganxorcielebulia mxolod retrospeqtulad. 12) pools _ referenciarealizdeba wminda retrospeqtulad. 12) on the gravel paths _ kvlav xdebawina segmentSi warmodgenili referentuli civilizaciuri sivrcisretrospeqtuli dakonkreteba. q. T. _ xreSmoyril bilikebze gubeebi idga_ gamotovebis transformaciul xerxTan erTad mTargmneli iyenebswminda teqstobriv referencias eqsplicituri referenciis gareSe. 13)rac Seexeba frazas _ in a long line _ talRebis grZeli zoli –ganusazRvreli artikli a axdens zRvis stiqiis formalurdakonkretebas, 13) down the beach _ napirs _ gamoxatavs bunebrivi sivrcisreferentul dakonkretebas. q. T. – Si yvela arsebiTi saxeligamoyenebulia eqsplicituri referenciis gareSe mxolod teqstobrivretrospeqciaze dayrdnobiT. 14) The motor cars were gone from the square by thewar monument _ aRarcerTi manqana aRar Canda ZeglTan moedanze _grZeldeba wina segmentebSi dasaxelebuli civilizaciuri, referentuli149

sivrcis dakonkreteba. q. T.–Si inglisuri frazis predikatzedayrdnobili eqplicituri referencia Secvlilia uaryofiTiganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT – aRarcerTi. 15) the square, the doorway, thecafe _ Zeglis pirdapir, kafis SesasvlelTan _ grZeldeba da ufrodetalizirebuli xdeba im civilizaciuri sivrcis referentulidakonkreteba, romelic Tavidanve iyo miniSnebuli. q. T. kvlavgamoyenebulia implicituri referencia. 15) a waiter _ oficianti _prospeqtuli teqstobrivi funqciiT Semodis sakuTriv naratiuliaspeqtis mimniSnebeli referentuli momenti. aRsaniSnavia, rom q. T. _Sisaxezea mTargmnelobiTi TvalsazrisiT enaTa ,,tipologiuri konfliqti”.is faqti, rom qarTul TargmanSi ,,oficianti” mocemulia ganusazRvrelizedsarTavi saxelis rogorc determinatis gareSe, unda gulisxmobdes,,ubralod sastumroseul sivrceze” miniSnebas (am TvalsazrisiTinglisurSi unda gvqonoda the waiter). magram ganusazRvreli artiklisgamoyeneba prospeqtulad da eqspliciturad xsenebuli personaJismomaval naratiul funqciaze mianiSnebs.daskvna: rogorc vxedavT, mocemul abzacSi referencia, romelicZiriTadad gamoxatulia artikliT asrulebs, rogorc wesi, Semdeg samfunqcias: a) im geografiul, civilizaciur da temporalur sivrcezemiTiTebas, romelic naratiuli siuJetis im segmentis farglebSi,romelic eqspoziciad iwodeba, miuTiTebs momavali naratiuli istoriisganviTarebis adgilze, anu safuZvels uyris narativis mxatvrul sivrcedwodebul aspeqts; b) amave dros abzacis linearuli dinamika axdensTavidanve miniSnebuli referentuli poliaspeqturi sivrcisTanmimdevrul dakonkretebas; g) wminda prospeqtuli teqstobrivi gziTeqspoziciis farglebSi, abzacis dasawyissa da bolos, ukve Cndebanaratiuli istoriis personaJul-roluri aspeqtis (two Americans da a waiter)referentuli miniSneba. amave dros amosavali da Targmnili teqstisSepirispirebiTi analizi avlens _ ra Tqma unda, referentuliTvalsazrisiT _ or enas Soris tipologiur gansxvavebas, romelicZiriTadad vlindeba or momentSi: 1) inglisurenovani ganusazRvreliartikli SeiZleba Secvlili iyos ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT; 2)inglisurenovani eqsplicituri referencia, romelic amave dros teqstis150

koheziur, anu prospeqtul-retrospeqtul funqcias efuZneba, qarTulSigadmocemulia mxolod impliciturad, anu am ukanasknel funqciazedayrdnobiT.abzaci 2 _ 1) The American wife stood at the window looking out. 2) Outside right undertheir window a cat was crouched under one of the dripping green tables. 3) The cat wastrying to make herself so compact that she would not be dripped on.1) amerikelis coli fanjaraSi iyureboda. 2) swored maTi fanjrisqveviT, erTi mwvane magidis qveS katas Seefarebina Tavi. 3) wveTavda wvimamagididan. kata ikunteboda, cdilobda wvimis wveTebi ar dascemoda.1) The American wife _ amerikelis coli _ grZeldeba dakonkretebis isxazi, romelic ukve funqcionirebda wina abzacSi, magram ukve orivereferentuli veqtoris erTdrouli xazgasmiT. The American wifeakonkretebs narativis im personaJur-rolur aspeqts, romeliceqspoziciaSi iyo miniSnebuli: two Americans niSnavs ojaxur wyvils. q. T._Si naTesaobiT brunvaSi gamoyenebuli ‘amerikelis’ asrulebsinglisurenovani artiklis the damakonkretebeli funqciis rols, racganpirobebulia isev da isev tipologiuri sxvaobiT. 2) at the windowfanjarasTansivrciTi dakonkretebis axali safexuria, xolo q. T.-Siinglisurenovani reterospeqtul_teqstobrivi da amave droseqspliciturad damakonkreteneli referencia Secvlilia wmindateqstobriv-retrospeqtuliT. 2) outside their window _ maTi fanjris qveviTgrZeldeba da ,,Rrmavdeba” Tavidanve miniSnebuli mravalaspeqtovanireferentuli sivrcis dakonkreteba. q. T.-Si originalis msgavsadreferentuli sivrce dakonkretebulia kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavisaxeliT gamoxatuli determinatiT. 2) a cat _ kata aseve grZeldeba da,,Rrmavdeba” momavali naratiuli istoriis personaJul-roluri aspeqtisdakonkretebac. wyvilisa da oficiantis Semdeg ,,scenaze gamodis” kata,romelic ganusazRvreli artikliTaa determinirebuli. q. T-Si kvlavsaqme gvaqvs tipologiurad ganpirobebuli ,,mTargmnelobiTi konfliqtis”meore SemTxvevasTan. qarTul frazaSi Tavisi sintaqsuri adgiliT ,,kata”TiTqosda retrospeqtulad unda mianiSnebdes ukve naxseneb personaJs,inglisuridan gamomdinare unda yofiliyo ,,romeliRac erTi kata”, racstilisturad miuRebeli iqneboda. 2) one of the dripping green tables – erTi151

mwvane magidis qveS _ eqspliciturad meordeba siuJeturi sivrcisreferentuli miniSneba. amasTan, Tu inglisur teqstSi miniSnebisraodenobrivi da referentuli aspeqtebi Serwymulia, q. T.–Si,,darCenilia” mxolod eqspliciturad mocemuli raodenobrivi, xoloreferentuli gadmocemulia impliciturad da teqstobrivad. 3) The Cat _kata _ gansazRvruli artikli asrulebs eqsplicituri referenciiswminda teqstobriv funqcias. 3) herself, she _ pirisa da ukuqceviTmanacvalsaxelebma rogorc substitutebma retrospeqtulad Secvales ukvenaxsenebi kata. q. T-Si gamotovebis mTargmenlobiTi transformaciulixerxis Sedegad datovebulia mxolod kata. es gansxvavebaganpirobebulia erTdroulad tipologiuradac da stilisturadac,radgan referencia xdeba mxolod impliciturad _ teqstobriviretrospeqciis xarjze.daskvna: meore abzacSi a) grZeldeba da Rrmavdeba dakonkretebispirvel abzacSi ganviTarebuli sqema da b) aseve konkretdeba naratiuliistoriis personaJTa sistemac: wyvili dakonkretebulia rogorcojaxuri wyvili da garda amisa ,,scenaze Semodis” axali personaJi _kata. q. T.-Si meordeba referentuli TvalsazrisiT am or enas Sorisarsebuli tipologiuri gansxvavebis warmoCena. inglisur sintagmaturopozicias _ a cat/the cat Seesabameba qarTuli kata/kata: referenciisfunqcia mTlianad konteqsts ekisreba.abzaci 3 – 1) “I’m going down and get that kitty,” the American wife said. 2) “I’lldo it”, her husband offered from the bed .3) “No, I’ll get it. The poor kitty out trying to keepdry under a table.” 4) The husband went on reading, lying propped up with the two pillows atthe foot of the bed. 5) “Don’t get wet,” he said.1) _ Caval, fisos amoviyvan, _ Tqva amerikelis colma. 2) me amoviyvan, _uTxra qmarma, qmari iwva. 3) _ ara, me Caval, sabralo fiso, rogoremaleba magidis qveS wvimas. 4)qmari kiTxvas ganagrZobda. sawolis fexTiTori baliSi daedo, zed daydrnoboda, naxevrad wamowoliliyo. 5) _oRond ar dasvelde, _ uTxra cols.1) that cat _ fisos _ am SemTxvevaSi referenciis eqsplicituradgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba iZens stilistur efeqts: erTnairad iyoSesaZlebeli frazis ‘that cat da the cat’ gamoyeneba, Tumca SeiZleba152

vifiqroT, rom determinati that, romelic konteqstualurad Zlierdeiqtikur funqcias iZens, amave dros qveteqsturad asrulebsreferentul funqciasac: coli ufroa dainteresebuli qmarTan kontaqtisganaxlebiT. q. T.-Si fisos gamoyeneba tipologiurad ganpirobebuliimplicituri referenciis nimuSia. 2) her husband –qmarma _ q. T-Siinglisurenovan eqsplicitur referencias, dakonkretebulskuTvnilebiTi determinatiT, Seesabameba implicituri referencia. 2) fromthe bed _ qmari iwva _ kvlav xdeba konkretuli sastumroseuli sivrcisxazgasmuli dakonkreteba: sastumros nomeri warmoudgenelia sawolisgareSe. q. T.-Si inglisuri eqsplicituri referencia warmodgeniliaCanacvlebis transformaciis xerxiT. saxels Caenacvla zmna da escvlileba presupoziciuladaa nagulisxmevi. 3) the poor kitty _ sabralofiso _ gameorebulia zemoT ukve dakonkretebuli referencia: the kitty-thatkitty. q. T-Si kvlav implicituri referenciaa gamoyenebuli eqspliciturisnacvlad. 3) under a table – magidis qveS _ am SemTxvevaSi konteqstualuradgamoyenebulia ganusazRvreli artiklis ara teqstobrivi, aramed wmindalogikuri funqcia: a table gulisxmobs erTis mxriv zogadad magidas,meores mxriv ki presupoziciulad efuZneba katis unars-Cvevas TaviSeafaros wvimisgan damcvel, magram amave dros dauxurav sivrces. q. T.-Sikvlav saqme gvaqvs implicitur referenciasTan.4) the husband _ qmari _ gansazRvruli artikli erTdroulad axdens,,qmris” aqamde ganxorcielebuli yvela nominaciis referentul sinTezs.q. T.-Si kvlac gamoiyeneba implicituri referencia. the two pillows at the footof the bed – sawolis ferxTiT ori baliSi _ grZeldeba sastumroseulisivrcis Semdgomi dakonkreteba: sadac sawolia iq baliSebicaa. the twopillows aseve erTis mxriv miuTiTebs maqsimalurad dakonkretebulsastumroseul sivrceze, meores mxriv ki ukve iribad migvaniSnebs qmrisrogorc personaJis SesaZlebel Tvisebebze an ganwyobaze. q. T.-Si isevsaqme gvaqvs implicitur referenciasTan, romelic wminda teqstobrivisaSualebebiTaa gadmocemuli.daskvna: mesame abzaci, romelic umetesad dialogs warmoadgens,Tavis naratiul aspeqtebSi axorcielebs sastumroseuli sivrcis Semdgom153

konkretizacias. amave dros dialogi Seicavs nacvalsaxelebs, rogorcwminda deiqtikuri funqciis mqone elementebs. qarTul TargmanSi saxezeatipologiurad ganpirobebuli mTargmnelobiTi transformaciebi,,gamotoveba” da ,,Canacvleba”, romelic qarTuli zmnismravalpirianobiTaa ganpirobebuli.abzaci 4 _ 1) The wife went downstairs and the hotel owner stood up and bowed toher as she passed the office. 2) His desk was at the far and of the office. 3) He was an old manand very tall. 4)“II piove,” the wife said. 5) She liked the hotel-keeper. 6) “Si, si, Signora,brutto tempo. It’s very bad weather.”1) qali qveviT Cavida. sastumros patroni wamodga da Tavi daukraamerikelis cols, roca qali mis magidas gausworda. 2) sastumrospatronis samuSao magida vestibiulis Soreul kuTxeSi idga. 3)sastumros patroni moxuci da Zalian maRali iyo. 4) _ II piove, _ Tqvaqalma. 5) qals moswonda sastumros patroni. 6) _ Si, Si. signora. Brutto temposaSineli amindia.1) 4) The wife _ qali _ xdeba dakonkretebuli nominaciis ganmeoreba. q. T.-Si ki saqme gvaqvs implicituri referenciiT gamoxatul leqsikurCanacvlebasTan. 1) the hotel owner _sastumros patroni _ axali personaJisSemosvla ganpirobebulia erTdroulad ,,sinTezurad” rogorcsastumroseuli, anu dakonkretebuli civilizaciuri sivrciT, asevenarativis siuJeturi sivrcis dakonkretebiT (coli, qmari, oficianti,kata). q. T.-Si isev xdeba implicituri referencia. 2) the office – mismagidas _ sastumroseuli sivrcis kidev erTi dakonkretebaa. xolo q. T.-Si eqsplicituri referenciis dakonkreteba kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavisaxelis gamoyenebiT xdeba, romelsac Tan axlavs leqsikuri Canacvleba.2) his desk _ patronis samuSao magida _ eqsplicituri referenciisdakonkreteba kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT rogorc determinatiT,romelic aqac deiqtikur funqcias asrulebs, sastumros mflobelzemiuTiTebs. q. T.-Si kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavis tipologiuradganpirobebuli Canacvleba xdeba leqsikuri transformaciiT. at the end ofthe office _ vestibulis Soreul kuTxeSi _ dakonkretebuli sivrcis ufrodetaluri referentuli dakonkreteba, romelic q. T.-Si isevtipologiurad ganpirobebuli implicituri referenciiTaa gadmosuli. 3)154

He _ sastumros patroni _ gamoyenebulia piris nacvalsaxeli wmindadeiqtikuri funqciiT, romelic q. T.-Si Canacvlebulia arsebiTi saxeliT,anu leqsikuri transformaciiT. 1) 5) she _ qals, her- qali _ grZeldebawina segmentebSi ganxorcielebuli dakonkreteba da piris nacvalsaxelismier konteqstualurad ganpirobebuli deiqtikuri funqciis Sesruleba. q.T._Si kvlav grZeldeba tipologiurad da individualur-stilisturadganpirobebuli leqsikur CanacvlebaTa seria.daskvna: mocemul abzacSi grZeldeba dakonkretebis zemoTdawyebuli procesi. amasTan xdeba narativis siuJeturi sivrcisdakonkreteba axali personaJis _ sastumros mflobelis SemoyvaniT.qarTulma Targmanma gamoavlina ormagi funqciuri datvirTvis mqonemTargmnelobiTi transformaciebi _ tipologiuri imdenad, ramdenadacqarTul enaSi piris nacvalsaxels naklebi teqstualuri datvirTva aqvs(qarTuli zmnis mravalpirianobis gamo), meore mxriv ki gamoCnda TviTmTargmnelis individualuri stilis is Tavisebureba, romelicmdgomareobs leqsikuri Canacvlebebisadmi midrekilebaSi.abzaci 5 _ 1) He stood behind his desk in the far end of the dim room.2) The wifeliked him.3) She liked the deadly serious way he received any complaints.4) She liked hisdignity. 5) She liked the way he wanted to serve her. 6) She liked the way he felt about beinga hotel-keeper. 7) She liked his old, heavy face and big hands.1) sastumros patroni Tavis samuSao magidasTan idga, bnelivestibiulis Soreul kuTxeSi. 2) amerikel qals moswonda es kaci. 3)moswonda, ra saocari seriozulobiT ismenda is yovelgvar saCivars. 4)moswonda misi Rirseuli TavdaWera. 5) moswonda, sastumros patroni aseTavazianad rom eqceoda.6) moswonda, rogor iferebda mepatroneobas. 7)moswonda misi daberebuli, momsxo saxe da didi xelebi.1) He – sastumros patroni _ piris nacvalsaxeli wminda deiqtikurifunqciiT q. T.-Si kvlav leqsikuri transformaciuli Canacvlebis xerxisgamoyenebiT aris gadmosuli. his desk – Tavis samuSao magidasTan _eqsplicituri referencia gamoxatuli kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliTq. T.-Si igive saSualebiT aris gadmocemuli. the far end of the dim room _bneli vestibiulis Soreul kuTxeSi _ kvlav xdeba siuJeturadganpirobebuli sastumroseuli sivrcis dakonkreteba, romelic q. T-Si155

eqsplicitur referencias implicituriT anacvlebs da agrZelebsmTargmnelis individualuri stilis maCvenebel leqsikurtransformaciebs. 2) The wife _ amerikel qals _ xdeba dakonkretebisreferentuli funqciis xazgasma, romelic gansazRvruli artikliTgadmoicema. q. T.-Si ki grZeldeba implicituri referenciisa daleqsikuri transpormaciebis gamoyeneba, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazsenaTa Soris tipologiur gansxvavebasa da mTargmnelis individualurstils. him _ es kaci – piris nacvalsaxeli asrulebs konteqstiTganpirobebul deiqtikur funqcias, romelic q. T.-Si transformaciuliCanacvlebis xerxis gamoyenebiTaa gadmosuli. 3) mocemul abzacSimwerali amerikeli qalisa da sastumros mepatronis substitutadiyenebs deiqtikuri funqciis mqone piris nacvalsaxelebs she da he,romlebic q. T.-Si umeteswilad gamotovebulia tipologiurigansxvavebidan, kerZod, qarTuli zmnis mravalpirianobidan gamomdinare.the deadly serious way – saocari seriozulobiT _ deiqtikuri miTiTebaxdeba ara sastumroseul sivrceze, aramed am sivrceSi gatarebulidrois ukve gasul monakveTze imdenad, ramdenadac es monakveTigulisxmobs sastumros patronTan kontaqts, anu iribad xorcieldebatemporaluri deiqsisi. q. T.-Si eqsplicituri referencia kvlavCanacvlebulia tipologiurad ganpirobebuli implicituri referenciiT.any complaints _ yovelgvar saCivars _ am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvsdakonkretebis sapirispiro nominaciur aqtTan, radgan saxels axlavsganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeli. q. T.-Si mTargmnels hqonda arCevaniyovelgvarsa da nebismiers Soris, yovelgvaris arCeviT man gansazRvrularsebiT saxels meti konkretuloba SesZina. 4) his dignity _ misi RirseuliTavdaWera _ kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxelis saSualebiT xdebapersonaJze referentuli miTiTeba, romelic q. T.-Si,,damatebis”transformaciuli xerxis gamoyenebiT igive saSualebiTaa gadmosuli. 7)his old, heavy face and big hands _ misi daberebuli momsxo Rame da didixelebi _ inglisurenovan teqstSi saqme gvaqvs personaJiseuli sivrciskuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT dakonkretebasTan. q. T.-SiSenarCunebulia eqsplicituri referencia, romelic igive saSualebiT,anu kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT aris gadmocemuli.156

daskvna: mocemul abzacSi kvlav grZeldeba wina abzacSi dawyebulidakonkretebis procesi, rac umetes SemTxvevaSi kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavisaxelis saSualebiT gamoixateba. garda amisa gamoyenebuli pirisnacvalsaxelebi ormag funqcias asruleben: isini wina abzacebSinaxsenebi saxelebis subtitutebi arian da amasTan aqvT deiqtikurifunqcia. rac Seexeba qarTul Targmans inglisur teqstSi xmarebulieqsplicituri referencia implicituriT aris Canacvlebuli. amave drosgamoyenebulia ,,gamotovebisa” da ,,Canacvlebis”, mTargmnelobiTitransformaciebi, rac rogorc tipologiuri, ise mTargmnelis stilisTaviseburebebiTaa ganpirobebuli.abzaci 6 1) Liking him she opened the door and looked out. 2) It was raining harder.3)A man in a rubber cape was crossing the empty square to the cafe. 4) The cat would bearound to the right. 5) Perhaps she could go along under the eaves. 6) As she stood in thedoorway an umbrella opened behind her. 7) It was the maid who looked after their room. 8)“You must not get wet,” she smiled, speaking Italian. 9) Of course, the hotel-keeper had senther.1) diax, moswonda qals sastumros patroni. qalma kari gaaRo dagareT gaixeda. 2) wvima ufro gametebiT asxamda. 3) dacarielebulmoedanze viRaca kaci kafesken midioda, sawvimari ecva. 4) aqve unda iyoskata, sadRac marjvniv. 5) egeb SesZlos iqiTken gasvla, saxuravidaifaravs wvimisagan. 6) jer kidev karTan idga qali, roca viRacamzurgsukan qolga gauSala, _ 7)msaxuri qali iyo, oTaxs rom ulagebdaTxolme. 8) _ ar dasveldeT, _ RimiliT uTxra msaxurma italiurad. 9)raRa Tqma unda, sastumros patronis gamogzavnili iyo.meeqvse abzacSic wina abzacis msgavsad e. heminguei xSirad iyenebssaxelobiT Tu obieqtur brunvaSi mdgom piris nacvalsaxelebs _ him, itshe, her. yvela am SemTxvevaSi isini kvlav asruleben konteqstiTganpirobebul deiqtikur funqcias da q. T.-Si umeteswiladtipologiurad da mTargmnelis individualuri stiliT ganpirobebulileqsikuri CanacvlebiT arian gadmosuli: him – sastumros patroni,she/her _ qali. 1) the door _ kari _ xdeba sastumroseuli sivrcisgansazRvruli artikliT kidev erTi referentuli dakonkreteba. q.T._Sic kvlav grZeldeba eqsplicituri referenciis implicituriT157

Canacvleba. 3) AAman _ viRaca kaci _ am SemTxvevaSi axali personaJisSemoyvaniT xdeba naratiuli siuJetis kidev erTi dakonkreteba,prospeqtuli teqstobrivi funqciiT Semodis sakuTriv naratiuliaspeqtis mimniWebeli referentuli momenti. q. T.-Si gamoyenebuliganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeli eqsplicituri referenciis funqciasasrulebs gamoyenebulia ra inglisuri ganusazRvreli artiklisnacvlad. in a rubber cape _ sawvimari ecva _ kvlav ganusazRvreliartikliT gansazRvruli arsebiTi saxeli eqsplicituri referenciisfunqcias asrulebs, maSin roca q. T.-Si is implicituri referenciiTaaSecvlili. The empty square to the café _ dacarielebul moedanze, kafisken _meordeba im civilizaciuri sivrcis detaluri dakonkreteba, romelicnarativis eqspoziciaSive gvqonda mocemuli. q. T.-Si tipologiurigansxvavebis gamo eqplicitur referencias kvlav anacvlebs implicituri.4) the cat _kata _ gameorebulia zemoT ukve dakonkretebuli eqspliciturireferencia, romelic q. T.-Si kvlav tipologiurad ganpirobebuliimplicituri referenciiT gadmoicema. to the right _ sadRac marjvniv, underthe eaves _ saxuravi _ gansazRvruli artiklis rogorc determinatisgamoyenebiT kvlav konkretdeba sastumroseuli sivrce, xolo q. T.-Siartiklis uqonlobis gamo eqsplicituri referencia implicituriT arisCanacvlebuli. 6) at the doorway _ karTan _ eqsplicituri referenciisgamoyenebiT grZeldeba sastumroseuli sivrcis dakonkreteba, romelic q.T.-Si kvlav tipologiurad ganpirobebuli implicituri referenciiTgadmoicema. an umbrella _ qolga _ ganusazRvreli artikliT rogorcdeterminatiT xdeba axali sagnis Semotana, romelic eqpliciturireferenciis funqcias asrulebs da ukavSirdeba ukve mravalgzisdakonkretebul civilizaciur da temporalur sivrceebs. q. T.-Si kvlavgamoyenebulia implicituri referencia. 7) It was the maid _ msaxuri qaliiyo _ inglisurenovani fraza sakmaod sainteresoa referentuliTvalsazrisiT. piris nacvalsaxels it ormagi funqcia gaaCnia: 1. isasrulebs deiqtikur funqcias, miuTiTebs ra msaxur qalze daintroduqciul funqcias Semoyavs ra narativSi axali personaJi. racSeexeba frazas the maid, gansazRvruli artikliT xdeba axali personaJis158

dakonkreteba, romelic Semdgom sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols asrulebsTxrobaSi. their room – oTaxs _ saxezea eqsplicituri referenciis kideverTi magaliTi, sadac dakonkreteba xdeba kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavisaxeliT. Tumca q. T.-Si gamoyenebulia tipologiurad ganpirobebuligamotovebis mTargmnelobiTi transformacia da Sesabamisad impliciturireferencia. 8) You _ meore piris nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli deiqtikurisubstitutia, romelic cvlis saxels, kerZod qals. Tumca aRsaniSnavia,rom q. T.-Si kvlav tipologiurad ganpirobebul gamotovebismTargmnelobiT transformaciasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac qarTuli zmnismravalpirianobiTaa gamowveuli. she _ msaxurma _ deiqtikuri funqciismatarebeli substitutia, romelic q. T.-Si implicituri referenciiTa daCanacvlebis mTargmnelobiTi transformaciis gamoyenebiTaa gadmosuli.9) the hotel keeper _ sastumros patronis _ inglisurenovani eqspliciturireferencia q. T.-Si kvlav implicituriTaa Secvlili.daskvna: mocemul abzacSi referentuli TvalsazrisiT kvlavgrZeldeba dakonkretebis zemoT dawyebuli procesi. Tumca aRsaniSnaviaganusazRvreli artiklis gamoyenebis sami SemTxveva (a man, a rubber cape, anumbrella), romlebic narativSi nominaciis funqciis garda siuJetisSemdgomi ganviTarebis funqciasac asruleben. naratiul TxrobaSiprospeqciulad aseve Semodis axali personaJi mosamsaxure qalis saxiT.q. T.-Si aRsaniSnavia sami momenti: 1) eqsplicituri referenciis nacvladimplicituris gamoyeneba; 2) mTargmnelis mier piris nacvalsaxelisgamotoveba qarTuli enis tipologiuri Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiTda 3) ganusazRvreli artiklis ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT Secvla.abzaci 7 1) With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along thegravel path until she was under their window. 2) The table was there, washed bright green inthe rain, but the cat was gone. 3) She was suddenly disappointed. 4) The maid looked up ather. 5)“Ha perduto qualque cosa, Signora?” 6) “There was a cat,” said the American girl. 7)“A cat?” 8) “Si, il gatto.” 9) “A cat?” the maid laughed. “A cat in the rain?” 10)“Yes,” shesaid, “under the table.” Then, “Oh, I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.” 11) When shetalked English the maid’s face tightened. 12) “Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get backinside. You will be wet.” 13) “I suppose so,” said the American girl.159

1) msaxurTan erTad, romelic qolgiT wvimas ufaravda, amerikeliqali mivida fanjris qveS, sadac kata eguleboda.2) magida isev idga iq,wvimisagan garecxili mwvaned anaTebda. kata ki aRar iyo. 3) qals TiTqoscivi wyali gadaasxeso. 4) msaxurma Sexeda qals. 5)_ Qua perduto qualque cosa?.6) _ aq kata iyo. 7) _ kata? 8) _ ho, kata. 9) _ kata, _ gaicina msaxurmaqalma, _ kata, am wvimaSi? 10) _ ho, _ upasuxa amerikelma qalma, _ ammagidis qveS, _ mere daumata, _ eh, ra Zalian mindoda kata, rogormindoda fiso. 11) roca amerikeli qali inglisurad laparakobda,msaxurs uWirda misi gageba. 12) _ wavideT, siniora, _ uTxra msaxurma, _davbrundeT, Torem dasveldebiT. 13) _ davbrundeT, _ Tqva amerikelmaqalma.1) 4) 9) the maid _ msaxuri, msaxurma qali _ grZeldeba zeda abzacSiganxorcielebuli dakonkreteba. am personaJis mocemul abzacSiSemosvla ara marto akonkretebs sastumroseul civilizaciur sivrces,aramed axdens narativis siuJeturi sivrcis dakonkretebasac. q. T._Sikvlav tipologiurad ganpirobebuli implicituri referenciaagamoyenebuli. 1) the umbrella _ qolgiT _ gansazRvruli artikliT xdebareferenciis eqsplikacia, romelic wina abzacSi ganusazRvreliartikliT nominirebul saxels akonkretebs da q. T.-Si impliciturireferenciiTaa gadmocemuli. mocemul abzacSi substitutis saxiTmravladaa gamoyenebuli piris nacvalsaxelebi rogorc saxelobiT, iseobieqtur brunvebSi: she, her, I, it, we, you. yvela maTgani anacvlebs ra ukvenaxseneb arsebiT saxels, aseve asrulebs teqstobrivad ganpirobebulreferentul funqcias. q. T.-Si maTi gadmocema xdeba an SesabamisiarsebiTi saxelis gamoyenebiT, anu leqsikuri transformaciiT, antipologiurad ganpirobebuli gamotovebis mTargmnelobiTitransformaciiT. 1) the gravel path _ xreSmoyrili bilikiT _ kvlavkonkretdeba sastumroseuli sivrce da inglisurenovani eqspliciturireferencia q. T.-Si gadmocemulia impliciturad. under their window _fanjris qveS _ inglisurenovan eqsplicitur referencias,dakonkretebuls kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTaviT, q. T.-Si impliciturireferencia Seesabameba. 2) 9) the table _ magida _ am SemTxvevaSi saqmegvaqvs wminda retrospeqtul-teqstobrivi funqciis mqone eqsplicitur160

eferenciasTan, romelic q. T.-Si kvlav implicituriTaa Secvlili. 2) 9)in the rain _ wvimisagan _ am wvimaSi grZeldeba zemoT naxsenebitemporaluri sivrcis retrospeqtul-teqstobrivi dakonkreteba. q. T._Sipirvel SemTxvevaSi eqsplicituri referecia implicituriT arisgadmotanili, meore SemTxvevaSi ki misi dakonkreteba xdeba CvenebiTinacvalsaxelis – am _ gamoyenebiT. 2) the cat _ kata _ kvlav xdebanarativSi ukve dakonkretebuli personaJis retrospeqtul-teqstobrividakonkreteba, q. T. ki kvlav implicituri referenciiT Secvla. 3) 4) 6) acat _ kata _ 10) a kitty _ kata, fiso _ yvela aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi saqmegvaqvs ganusazRvreli artikliT ganxorcielebul nominaciasTan. q. T.-Siki kidev erTxel xdeba or enas Soris referentuli TvalsazrisiTtipologiuri gansxvavebis warmoCena. inglisur sintagmatur opozicias acat/the cat Seesabameba kata/kata. referenciis funqcias Tavis Tavze kvlaviRebs konteqsti. 11) the maid’ s face _ msaxurs _ inglisur teqstSi saqmegvaqvs eqsplicitur referenciasTan. arsebiTi saxeli dakonkretebuliakuTvnilebiT brunvaSi mdgomi saxeliT. q. T.-Si ki gakeTebuli leqsikurida amave dros ,,gamotovebis” mTargmnelobiTi transformaciis Sedegadeqsplicituri referencia kvlav implicituriTaa Canacvlebuli. 6) 13) TheAmerican girl _ amerikeli qali _ kvlav konkretdeba narativis personaJulroluriaspeqti. q. T.-Si garda imisa, rom saqme gvaqvs impliciturreferenciasTan, aseve kvlav Cans mTargmnelis individualuri stiliTganpirobebuli leqsikuri transformaciebi, rac am SemTxvevaSitipologiurad absoluturad gamarTlebulia.daskvna: rogorc vxedavT, mocemuli abzaci naratiuli Txrobisa dadialoguri metyvelebis sinTezs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSic kvlavgrZeldeba wina abzacebSi dawyebuli dakonkretebis xazi, romelicganpirobebulia rogorc retrospeqtul-teqstobrivi, ise personaJulroluri funqciebiT. q. T.-Si enaTa tipologiis gaTvalsiwinebiT kvlavxdeba eqsplicituri referenciis implicituri referenciiT gadmocema daaseve gamotovebis da Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTi transformaciebisgamoyeneba.abzaci 8 1) They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. 2) Themaid stayed outside to close the umbrella.3)As the American girl passed the office, the161

padrone bowed from his desk.4) Something felt very small and tight inside the girl. 5) Thepadrone made her feel very small and at the same time really important.6) She had amomentary feeling of being of supreme importance.7) She went on up the stairs.8) She openedthe door of the room. 9) George was on the bed, reading.1)xreSmoyrili bilikiT ukan dabrundnen da sastumros kari SeaRes. 2)msaxuri qali SesasvlelTan SeCerda, qolga dakeca. 3) amerikeli qalivestibiulSi Sevida, padrone magidasTan idga, Tavi daukra qals. 4) qalsguli SeekumSa. 5) sastumros patrons rom xedavda, Tavisi Tavi pawawinada Tan Zalian mniSvnelovani eCveneboda xolme. 6) axlac, wamiT,usazRvrod mniSvnelovan arsebad igrZno Tavi. 7) SeuCereblad aiara kibeda Tavisi oTaxis kari SeaRo. 9) jorji iwva da kiTxulobda.mocemul abzacSi arsebiTi saxelebis substitutebad ormagifunqciiT: 1) deiqtikuri da 2) personaJul-roluri sivrcis dakonkretebismizniT kvlav gamoyenebulia piris nacvalsaxelebi _ they, she, her _. q. T.-Si mTargmneli xmarobs 1) tipologiurad ganpirobebul gamotovebismTargmnelobiT transformacias (qarTuli zmnis mravalpirianobidangamomdinare) da 2) leqsikur transformacias, anacvlebs ranacvalsaxels arsebiTi saxeliT _ qali. 1) along the gravel path _xreSmoyrili bilikiT _ kvlav xdeba sastumroseuli sivrcisdakonkreteba da q. T.-Si eqsplicituri referenciis implicituriTCanacvleba. in the door _ sastumros kari _ isev saqme gvaqvssastumroseuli sivrcis dakonkretebasTan, romelic q. T.-Si impliciturireferenciiTaa da damatebis mTargmnelobiTi transformaciissaSualebiTaa gadmocemuli (the door _ sastumros kari). 2) the maid –msaxuri qali _ personaJul-roluri dakonkretebis kidev erTiSemTxvevaa, romelic q. T.-Si kvlav implicituri referenciiTaagadmocemuli. the umbrella _ qolga _ gansazRvruli artikliTdeterminirebuli eqsplicituri referencia q. T.-Si kvlav tipologiuradganpirobebuli implicituri referenciiTaa Secvlili. 3) the American girl _amerikeli qali _ kvlav xdeba narativis personaJul-roluri aspeqtisdakonkreteba. q. T.-Sic kvlav garda imisa, rom saqme gvaqvs impliciturreferenciasTan, aseve Cans mTargmnelis individualuri stili,tipologiurad ganpirobebuli leqsikuri transformaciis saxiT. the office162

_ vestibuli _ dakonkretebuli sastumroseuli sivrce q. T.-Siimplicituri referenciiTaa Canacvlebuli. his desk _ magidasTan _kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT dakonkretebuli eqspliciturireferencia q. T.-Si implicituriTaa Secvlili. 4) the girl _ qals _personaJul-roluri dakonkretebis kidev erTi SemTxvevaa, romelic q. T.-Si kvlav implicituri referenciiTaa gadmocemuli. garda amisagamoyenebulia leqsikuri transformaciac. 5) at the same time _ xolme _xdeba temporaluri sivrcis dakonkreteba, romelis q. T.-Si mTargmnelisindividualuri stilis gaTvaliswinebiT Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTitransformaciiTaa gadmotanili. 7) up the stairs –kibe _ 8) the door of the room _Tavisi oTaxis karebi _ orive SemTxvevaSi kvlav konkretdebasastumroseuli sivrce, Tumca q. T.-Si saqme gvaqvs tipologiuradganpirobebul gansxvavebasTan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi eqpliciturireferencia kvlav icvleba implicituriT, maSin roca meore SemTxvevaSidakonkreteba xdeba ara originalSi gamoyenebuli gansazRvruliartikliT, aramed kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT. 9) George _ jorji_ narativSi personaJis saxelis Semotana axdens referenciismaindividualizirebel dakonkretebas, romelic q. T.-Si igivesaSualebiTaa gadmocemuli. on the bed _ iwva _ grZeldeba sastumroseulisivrcis dakonkretebis xazi. q. T.-Si tipologiurad da mTargmnelisindividualuri stiliT ganpirobebul Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTtransformaciasTan gvaqvs saqme.daskvna: merve abzacSi grZeldeboda sastumroseuli sivrcisdakonkretebis procesi, romelsac Tan axlda personaJul-roluridakonkreteba erT SemTxvevaSi sakuTari saxelis saxiT. q. T.-Sigamovlenil mTargmnelobiT transformaciebs _ damateba, gamotoveba,Canacvleba _ ormagi funqciuri datvirTva gaaCnda _ tipologiuriimdenad, ramdenadac qarTulSi piris nacvalsaxelebs (zmnismravalpirianobis gamo) naklebi teqstualuri datvirTva aqvT da meoresmxriv gamoCnda TviT mTargmnelis indivudualuri stilis isTavisebureba, romelic leqsikuri Canacvlebisadmi midrekilebaSimdgomareobs.163

abzaci 9 1) “Did you get the cat?” he asked, putting the book down. 2) “It wasgone.” 3) “Wonder where it went to,” he said, resting his eyes from reading. 4) She sat down onthe bed. 5) “I wanted it so much.” she said. 6) “I don’t know why I wanted it so much. 7) Iwanted that poor kitty. 8) It isn’t any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain.”1) _ moiyvane kata? _ hkiTxa da Tavi aswia. 2)_ iq aRar iyo. 3)_ sadwavidoda? _ Tqva qmarma, cota xniT kiTxva Seswyvita. 4) qali sawolzeCamojda. 5) _ ici. rogor mindoda kata? _ uTxra qmars. 6) _ ar vici,ratom mindoda ase Zalian, 7) Zalian mindoda sabralo fiso. 8) ra undaqnas, sabralo fisom gareT, am wvimaSi?mecxre abzacSi gamoyenebuli piris nacvalsaxelebi he, it, she, I, youara marto substitutis rolSi gvevlinebian, aramed konteqstiTganpirobebul deiqtikur funqciasac asruleben. q. T. –Si kvlav da kvlavqarTuli zmnis mravalpirianobis gamo tipologiurad ganpirobebuligamotovebis mTargmnelobiTi transformaciaa xmarebuli. amasTan mesamewinadadebaSi mTargmnelis individualuri stilidan gamomdinare pirisnacvalsaxeli _ he _ Canacvlebulia arsebiTi saxeliT qmarma. 1) the cat _kata _ grZeldeba da Rrmavdeba naratiuli istoriis personaJul-roluriretrospeqtuli dakonkreteba. q. T.-Si nacvlad frazisa is kata,mTargmneli iyenebs implicitur referencias, aniWebs ra konteqstsretrospeqtuli dakonkretebis funqcias. putting the book down _ Tavi aswia_ gansazRvruli artikliT Sesrulebuli nominacia, aseve iribadasrulebs qmris daxasiaTebis funqcias. q. T.-Si saqme gvaqvs sainteresomovlenasTan. mTargmneli axdens ra frazis gaazrebas mizez-Sedegobrividamokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTtransformacias iyenebs. 3) resting his eyes _kiTxva Sewyvita _ kuTvnilebiTizedsarTaviT dakonkretebili eqsplicituri referenciaa, romelic q. T.-Si kvlav zemoT naxsenebi ,,Canacvlebis” trasformaciiTaa gadmocemuli.7) that poor kitty _ sabralo kata _ am SemTxvevaSi referenciiseqspliciturad gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba kvlav iZens stilistur efeqts.the cat da that cat erTnairad iyo SesaZlebeli, magram, Cvenis azriT,determinativis _ that _ gamoyeneba iZens konteqstualurad Zlierdeiqtikur funqcias, miuTiTebs ra qalis rogorc prospeqtul, iseretrospeqtul ganwyobilebaze. q. T.-Si nacvlad eqsplicituri164

eferenciisa tipologiurad ganpirobebuli implicituri referenciaanaxmari, rac konteqsts aniWebs dakonkretebis funqcias. 8) any fun _mocemul frazaSi ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT gansazRvruli saxeliwminda deiqtikur funqcias asrulebs. q. T. –Si kvlav ganxorcielebuliaCanacvlebis mTargmnelobiTi transformacia. in the rain _ wvimaSi _temporaluri sivrcis dakonkreteba grZeldeba eqspliciturireferenciiT, roemlic q. T.-Si implicituriTaa gadmocemuli.daskvna: mecxre abzacSi, romelic ZiriTadad dialogs warmoadgensgrZeldeba da Rrmavdeba naratiuli istoriis personaJul-roluriretrospeqtuli dakonkreteba. amasTan konkretedeba sastumroseuli Tutemporaluri sivrce. dialogi Seicavs piris nacvalsaxelebs rogorcwminda deiqtikuri funqciis matarebel elementebs. q. T.-Si saxezeatipologiurad ganpirobebuli gamotovebisa da CanacvlebismTargmenelobiTi transformaciebi.abzaci 10 1) George was reading again.2) She went over and sat in front of themirror of the dressing table looking at herself with the hand glass.3) She studied her profile,first one side and then the other. 4) Then she studied the back of her head and her neck. 5).6)George looked up and saw the back of her neck, clipped close like a boy’s. 7) “I like it theway it is.”8) “I get so tired of it,” she said. 9) “I get so tired of looking like a boy.”1)jorji isev kiTxulobda. 2) qali tualetis magidasTan mivida, sarkiswin dajda, xelis sarke moimarjva da Tavisi Tavi guldasmiTSeaTvaliera. 3) jer profils akvirdeboda, xan erTi mxridan, xanmeoredan, 4) mere kefas da kisers dauwyo sinjva. _ 5)rogor ggonia, kargiar iqneba, Tma rom gavizardo? _ ikiTxa qalma da isev Sexeda Tavisprofils. 6) jorjma Tavi aswia da colis biWurad SekreWil kefasSexeda. 7) _ me ase momwons, rogorc axla gaqvs. 8) _ me ki ukvemombezrda ase, 9) Zalian mombezrda, sul biWs rom vgavar.1) 6) George _ jorji _ sakuTari saxeli originalis teqstSic da q. T.-Sic axdens referenciis maindividualizirebel dakonkretebas. 2) 3) 4) 5)6) 7) She, herself, her _ qali, Tavisi Tavi, Tavis _ piris da ukuqceviTinacvalsaxelebi da kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli asruleben arsebiTisaxelis substitutisa da konteqstualurad ganpirobebul deiqtikurfunqcias. aRsaniSnavia, rom q. T.-Si piris nacvalsaxeli an leqsikuri165

transformaciiTaa Secvlili, an gamotovebulia tipologiuriTvalsazrisiT. 2) in front of the mirror of the dressing table _ tualetismagidasTan, sarkis win _ kvlav xdeba gansazRvruli artikliTdeterminirebuli eqsplicituri referenciiT sastumroseuli sivrcisdakonkreteba, romelic q. T.-Si implicituriTaa Secvlili. with the handglass _ xelis sarke _ eqsplicituri referenciis kidev erTi magaliTia,romelic q. T.-Si isev implicituriT gadmoicema. 3) 5) her profile _profils _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliTgansazRvrul eqsplicitur referenciasTan gvaqvs saqme. q. T.-Si kvlavgamoyenebulia tipologiurad ganpirobebuli eqsplicituri referencia.one side _ erTi mxridan _ raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeliTdakonkretebuli referencia q. T.-Si kvlav igive saSualebiTaagamoxatuli. the other _ meoredan _ ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT xdebaukve naxsenebi saxelis substitucia. q. T-Sic igive saSualebaagamoyenebuli. 4) 6) the back of her head and her neck _ kefas da kisers _inglisur teqstSi gansazRvruli artikliTa da kuTvnilebiTizedsarTavi saxeliT ganxorcielebulia eqsplicituri referencia, TumcamTargmnelis individualuri stilisa da qarTuli enis tipologiisgaTvaliswinebiT is Secvlilia implicituriT. 5) 7) 8) 9) you, it, I _ pirisnacvalsaxelebi gamoxataven teqstobrivi deiqtikuri funqciis matarebelreferencias. aRsaniSnavia, rom q. T.-Si kvlav tipologiuri gansxvavebebisgamo, rac qarTuli zmnis mravalpirianobiTaa ganpirobebuli, xdebanacvalsaxelebis you, I da it gamotoveba, Tumca me-7 da me-8 winadadebebSiTargmanSi gamoyenebulia I piris nacvalsaxeli me, rac, Cveni azriT,tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebulia. 5) my hair _ Tma _kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT dakonkretebuli saxeli q. T.-Sitipologiurad ganpirobebuli implicituri referenciiTaaCanacvlebuli. 6) the back of her neck, clipped like a boy’s _ colis biWuradSekreWil kefas _ kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi mdgomi arsebiTi saxelieqspliciturad gansazRvravs qalis kefas, magram q. T.-Si kvlavimplicituriTaa Secvlili. amasTan mTargmnels gamoyenebuli aqvsCanacvlebis mTargmenlobiTi transpormacia, cvlis ra kuTvnilebiT166

zedsarTavs her arsebiTi saxeliT _ colis. 7) the way _ ase _ artikliTdakonkretebuli eqsplicituri referencia q. T.-Si SecvliliamTargmnelobiTi transformaciiT. 8) looking like a boy _ biWs rom vgavar _ganusazRvreli artikliT ganxorcielebuli nominacia, q. T.-Siimplicituri referenciiTaa gamoxatuli. aqve, agreTve gvxvdebakuTvnilebiTi brunviT dakonkretebuli eqsplicituri referencia,romelic q. T.-Si igive saSualebiTaa gadmocemuli.daskvna: mocemuli abzaci agrZelebs wina abzacSi dawyebul xazs.aqac gvxvdeba dialoguri metyveleba da, Sesabamisad, mravladgamoyenebuli piris nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic q. T.-Si ZiriTadadgamotovebisa da Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTi transpormaciebiTaagadmotanili.abzaci 11 _ 1) George shifted his position in the bed. He hadn’t looked away fromher since she started to speak. 2) “You look pretty darn nice,” he said. 3) She laid the mirrordown on the dresser and went over to the window and looked out. 4) It was getting dark. 5) “Iwant to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a big knot at the back that I can feel,”she said. 6) “I want to have a kitty to sit on my lap and purr when I stroke her.”7) “Yeah?”George said from the bed. 8) “And I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I wantcandles. 9) And I want it to be spring and I want to brush my hair out in front of a mirror and Iwant a kitty and I want some new clothes.”10) “Oh, shut up and get something to read,”George said. He was reading again.1)jorjma sawolze gverdi inacvla. coli rom gamoelaparaka, mas mereTvali ar moucilebia misTvis. 2) _ ase Zalian lamazi meCvenebi, _ uTxraqmarma. 3) colma sarke magidaze dado, fanjarasTan mivida da gareTgaixeda. 4) Ramdeboda. 5) _ Tma magrad minda ukan gadaviWimo, sul romgaswordes mere mTlianad kefaze davixvev, rom xelSi blomad momxvdesxolme, _ Tqva qalma 6) _ kidev minda, rom kalTaSi fiso mejdes dakrutunebdes, roca xels gadavusvam. 7) _ hoo? _ Tqva qmarma. 8) _ dakidev is minda, rom magidas vujde, saWmels Cemi dana-CangliT Seveqceodeda sanTlebi enTos. 9) kidev minda, rom gazafxuli iyos da sarkis winTma Camovivarcxno. minda myavdes fiso da mqondes axali kaba. 10) _ ooh, _morCi laparaks, waikiTxe rame, _ uTxra jorjma. Tavad kiTxvasganagrZobda.167

1) 6) 10) George _ jorji, qmari _ rogorc wina abzacebSi aqac xdebareferenciis sakuTari saxeliT dakonkreteba. q. T-Sic personaJisidentificireba xdeba isev sakuTari saxelis saSualebiT garda erTiSemTxvevisa, roca mTargmneli iyenebs Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTtranspormacias, cvlis ra saxels _ jorjs _ arsebiTi saxeliT qmari. 1)his position _ gverdi _ saxezea kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTaviT dakonkretebulieqsplicituri referencia, romelic q. T.-Si Secvlilia impliciturireferenciiT. amasTan gamoyenebulia tipologiurad ganpirobebuliCanacvlebis mTargmenlobiTi transpormacia. 1) 8) the bed _ sawolze _kvlav xdeba sastumroseuli sivrcis eqsplicituri dakonkreteba,romelic q. T.-Si implicituri referenciiTaa gadmosuli, xolo me-8winandadebaSi saerTod gamotovebulia. wina abzacebis msgavsad amabzacSic gamoyenebulia piris nacvalsaxelebi I, he, her, she, It _ romlebicrogorc substitutebi retrospeqtulad cvlian ukve naxseneb arsebiTsaxelebs. q. T.-Si xdeba maTi gamotoveba, rac erTdrouladtipologiurad da stilisturadaa ganpirobebuli. referencia ZiriTadadxdeba impliciturad _ teqstobrivi retrospeqciis xarjze annacvalsaxelis arsebiTi saxeliT _ qali, qmari _ CanacvlebiT. 4) 8) themirror _ sarke _ kvlav xdeba ukve naxsenebi saxelis eqsplicituri,reterospeqtuli dakonkreteba, romelic q. T.-Si isev impliciturireferenciiTaa Secvlili. on the dresser _ magidaze, to the window _fanjarasTan _ eqsplicituri referencia q. T.-Si kvlav implicituriTaagamoxatuli. 6) 9) my hair _ Tma _ kvlav xdeba eqsplicituri referenciiskuTvnilebiTi determinatiT dakonkreteba da q. T.-Si tipologiuradganpirobebuli implicituriT Canacvleba. a big knot _ ganusazRvreliartikliT nominirebuli arsebiTi saxeli q. T.-Si stilisturad datipologiurad ganpirobebuli Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTi transformaciiTaagadmocemuli. 7) 9) a kitty _ fiso _ am SemTxvevaSi xdeba ara ukvenaxsenebi saxelis eqsplicituri dakonkreteba, aramed ubralodnominireba, rac konteqsts aniWebs retrospeqciis funqcias. q. T.-Si kvlavgamoyenebulia implicituri referencia. 7) on my lap _ kalTaSi _kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT dakonkretebuli eqsplicituri168

eferencia q. T.-Si implicituriTaa Secvlili. 9) at a table _ magidas _kvlav xdeba ganusazRvreli artiklis saSualebiT civilizaciurisivrcis dakonkreteba, romelic q. T.-Si kvlav tipologiuradganpirobebuli implicituri referenciiTaa Secvlili. with my own silver _Cemi dana-CangliT _ kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT dakonkretebuliarsebiTi saxeli q. T.-Si igive saSulebiTaa gadmocemuli. candles _sanTlebi _ mravlobiT ricxvSi mdgom arsebiT saxels ganmazogadebelifunqcia gaaCnia, Sesabamisad q. T.-Sic rCeba implicituri referencia. somenew clothes _ axali kaba _ ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliTdeterminirebuli eqsplicituri referencia q. T.-Si implicituriTaaSecvlili, rasac Tan axlavs Canacvlebis mTargmenlobiTitranspormacia.daskvna: me-11 abzacSi xdeba sastumroseuli sivrcis dakonkreteba.gamoyenebulia rogorc ganusazRvreli da gansazRvruli artikliT, isekuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeliT determinirebuli eqspliciturireferenciis magaliTebi, romlebic q. T.-Si ZiriTadad implicituriTaaSecvlili. q. T.-ma kvlav gamoavlina or enas Soris arsebulitipologiuri da stilisturi gansxvavebebi.abzaci 12 _ 1) His wife was looking out of the window. 2) It was quite dark now andstill raining in the palm trees. 3) “Anyway, I want a cat,” she said, “I want a cat.4) I want acat now. 5) If I can’t have long hair or any fun, I can have a cat.” 6) George was not listening.7) He was reading his book. 8) His wife looked out of the window where the light had come onin the square. 9) Someone knocked at the door. 10) “Avanti,” George said. 11) He looked upfrom his book. 12) In the doorway stood the maid. 13) She held a big tortoise-shell catpressed tight against her and swung down against her body. 14) “Excuse me,” she said, “thepadrone asked me to bring this for the Signora.”1)coli fanjaraSi iyureboda. 2) ukve bneloda da kvlav awvimda palmebs._ 3) ra vqna, mainc minda kata, _ Tqva qalma _ diax, me minda kata. 4) ai,axla minda kata. 5) Tuki ar SeiZleba grZeli Tma mqondes an rogormegaverTo, kata mainc myavdes. 6) jorji aRar usmenda, 7) wignskiTxulobda. 8) coli fanjaraSi iyureboda. moedanze sinaTleebianTebuliyo. 9) karze daakakunes. 10) _ AAvanti! _ Tqva jorjma da Taviaswia. 12) karTan msaxuri qali idga. 13) xelebSi Zlivs eteoda veeba169

Wreli kata. 14) _ mapatieT, Tqva man, _ padrone-m miTxra, es kata siniorasmiarTvio.1) his wife _ coli _ kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTaviT kidev erTxeldakonkretebuli eqsplicituri referenciis magaliTia, romelic q. T.-SiimplicituriTaa gadmocemuli. 3) 4) 5) 13) _ a cat _ kata _ grZeldeba winaabzacebSi dawyebuli nominaciis procesi, romelic q. T.-Si implicituradmxolod teqstobriv referenciaze dayrdnobiTaa gadmotanili. 5) any fun_ rogorme gaverTo _ ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT determinirebuliarsebiTi saxeli nominaciis funqcias asrulebs. q. T.-Si kvlavgamoyenebulia stilisturad da tipologiurad ganpirobebuliCanacvlebis mTargmenlobiTi transformacia. 7) 11) his book _ wigns _rogorc vxedavT am SemTxvevaSic eqsplicituri referenciadakonkretebuli kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliT q. T.-Sigadmocemulia impliciturad tipologiuri gansxvavebebisgaTvaliswinebiT. 13) down against her body _ xelebSi _ aqac saqme gvaqvswina magaliTSi ganxilul analogiur SemTxvevasTan, romelic q. T.-Sikvlav Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTi transformaciiTaa gadmosuli. 14) this_ es kata _ originalSi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli this or funqciasasrulebs: retrospeqtulad cvlis ukve dasaxelebul katas da amavedros aqvs wminda teqstobrivi deiqtikuri funqcia. q. T.-Si kvlavstilisturi da tipologiuri gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT mTargmenliiyenebs damatebis transformacias.daskvna: mocemuli abzaci kvlav agrZelebs da akonkretebseqspoziciaSi dawyebul dakonkretebis xazs. retorpeqtulad kvlavkonkretdeba fanjara, palmebi, moedani, sastumros oTaxis karebi,mosamsaxure qali, rac originalis teqstSi gamonaklisis gareSegansazRvruli artiklis saSualebiT xdeba. q. T.-Si tipologiuradganpirobebuli implicituri referenciaa gamoyenebuli, romelic teqstsreterospeqtuli dakonkretebis funqcias aniWebs. abzacSi aseve mravladvxvdebiT piris nacvalsaxelebs _ I, she her, he, romlebic q. T.-Si angamotovebulia, an mTargmnelis individualuri stilidan gamomdinarearsebiTi saxeliTaa Secvlili.170

ogorc ukve iTqva, Cven mier hemingueiseul narativSi gamoyenebulireferenciaTa erToblioba gaanalizebul iqna abzacTa TanmimdevrobismixedviT. Catarebulma analizma daadastura im Teoriuli principisadekvaturoba, romelic mas safuZvlad daedo. xsenebuli principigulisxmobda referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis funqcionirebasor doneze _ a) sistemis doneze rogorc referenciis funqciursemantikurveli da b) diskursis doneze rogorc teqstis referentulibade. analizze dayrdnobiT am orive momentis gaTvaliswinebiTSesaZlebelia Semdegi daskvna gakeTeba:a. referentulobis funqciur-semantikuri veli _ analizma gviCvena,rom xsenebuli velis centrs erTdroulad warmoadgens ori enobrivielementi _ piris nacvalsaxeli, romelic wminda deiqtikur funqciasasrulebs, magram amave dros damokidebulia teqstis sintagmatikaze _nacvalsaxelma unda Caanacvlos teqstis wina segmentSi ukve naxsenebisaxeli. magram aseve centraluri statusi unda mieniWos artikls,Tumca nacvalsaxelisagan gansxvavebiT masSi deiqtikuri funqciaSerwymulia determinaciis funqciasTan. analizma agreTve gviCvena, romvelis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis rogorc CvenebiTi da ganusazRvrelinacvalsaxlebi, ise kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebic. amgvaraddadasturda Cvens mier nagulisxmevi velis struqtura: a) misi centriwarmodgenilia nacvalsaxeliT, romelic wminda deiqtikur funqciasasrulebs; b) Sualeduri segmenti warmodgenilia artikliT: igifunqciurad SeiZleba uaxlovdebodes nacvalsaxels, magram amave drosSeiZleba TiTqmis usasrulod akonkretebdes nebismier sivrces _geografiuls, civilizaciurs, personaJuls da a. S. ise, rom miTiTebisfunqcia mis (artiklis) farglebSi SeiZleba gadaizardosdakonkretebis funqciaSi. Tumca miTiTebis funqcia ramdenadmeSenarCunebulia periferiaSi, sadac deiqtikuri funqciis mqone yvelais elementi ,,xvdeba”, romelic ara sakuTriv roluri (subieqturpersonaJuli)deiqsisis, aramed masze damokidebuli adgilisa dadrois deiqsisis funqciebs asrulebs. aseTia, rogorc wesi, CvenebiTida kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis funqciebi.171

) teqstobrivi bade _ rogorc gvaxsovs, teqstobrivi bade mudamwarmoadgens ama Tu im konkretuli teqstis iseT struqturas, romelicama Tu im funqciur-semantikuri velis aqtualizaciis Sedegad iqmnebada velisagan gansxvavebiT mudam aris sintagmaturi da araparadigmatuli struqtura.Catarebulma analizma gamoavlina ganxiluli naratiuli teqstisreferentuli teqstobrivi badis Semdegi aspeqtebi:1) badis Semadgenloba _ mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida TiTqmis yvela isenobrivi elementi: piris nacvalsaxelebi, artikli da deiqtikurifunqciis mqone determinatebi: kuTvnilebiTi da CvenebiTi zedsarTavisaxelebi da iSviaTad ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic velisfarglebSi referenciis funqciis matarebladaa warmodgenilni.2) badis suraTi _ rogorc wesi, badis suraTi xasiaTdeba Semdegi momentiT:im referentul elements, romelic ama Tu im referentuli sivrcismonakveTs an elements asaxelebda, mosdevda misi damakonkretebelireferentuli elementi.3) gadasvlaTa ritmi _ gadasvlaTa ritmi xasiaTdeba oriurTierTdakavSirebuli momentiT: zemoT xsenebuli referentulidakonkreteba xdeba rogorc erTi da igive abzacis farglebSi, iseabzacTa TanmimdevrobiT: yovel Semdgom abzacSi grZeldeba referentulidakonkretebis wina abzacSi (an abzacebSi) dawyebuli procesi.4) badis ganpirobebuloba _ badis amgvari struqtura ganpirobebulia aramxolod referenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis im funqciurimaxasiaTeblebiT, romelTa Sesaxeb vsaubrobdiT mTeli Cveni kvlevismanZilze (referenciis ormagi _ sistemuri da diskursuli mocemuloba,referencia rogorc teqstobrivi fenomeni, referenciis triadulistruqtura), aramed im teqstis funqciur-stilisturi da JanrobriviTaviseburebiT, romlis analizsac vaxdendiT. es iyo modernistuli,naratiuli teqsti, romlis farglebSi eqsplicituri referenciaSerwymuli iyo impliciturTan, anu qveteqsturTan.rac Seexeba qarTul Targmans, igi ZiriTadad xasiaTdeba Semdegisami TaviseburebiT: 1) tipologiurad ganpirobebuli mTargmnelobiTitransformaciebi, romelTa Soris rogorc raodenobrivi, ise172

eprezentaciuli TvalsazrisiT Warbobs qarTuli zmnismravalpirianobis gamo piris nacvalsaxelTa gamotoveba. garda amtransformaciisa aseve tipologiurad unda miviCnioT Canacvlebisa dadamatebis mTargmnelobiTi transformaciebi. 2) garda amisatipologiurad ganpirobebul Taviseburebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos qarTulTargmanSi inglisurenovani eqsplicituri referenciis implicituriTSecvla. 3) tipologiurad ganpirobebul transformaciaTa fonzegamoikveTa mTargmnelis individualuri stiliT ganpirobebuli iseTimTargmnelobiTi transformacia rogoricaa piris nacvalsaxelisSesabamisi arsebiTi saxeliT Secvla (she _ qali, he _ sastumrosmepatrone an qmari da a. S.)vfiqrobT, moTxrobis “Cat in the rain”, erTis mxriv, referentulmaanalizma da, Sesabamisad, misi referentuli badis dadgenam, meores mxrivki misi qarTulenovani Targmanis SepirispirebiTma analizma dagvanaxareferenciis zogadi lingvo-semiotikuri funqciis rogorc ZiriTadiaspeqtebi, ise inglisur da qarTul enebSi am funqciis tipologiuradgansxvavebuli formiT gamoxatvis Taviseburebebi. e. hemingueis meoremoTxrobis “The Indian Camp” (Targmani n. wereTlisa) analizsvanxorcielebT pirvel SemTxvevaSi ukve miRebul SedegTa adekvaturobisverifikaciis mizniT. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi mTavari iqneba ara ukvemiRebul SedegTa dadastureba, aramed misgan gadaxvevis Tu siaxlisSemTxvevebi.Catarebulma analizma gviCvena amgvari gadaxvevisa Tu siaxlisSemdegi magaliTebi: abzaci 1 _ another rowboat. _ meore navic _ amSemTxvevaSi xdeba eqsplicituri referencia, romelic aramxatvrulteqstSi unda asrulebdes retrospeqtul funqcias. mocemul SemTxvevaSiki xdeba funqciis inversia, romlis gamoyenebac prospeqtuladaagamarTlebuli. q. T-Si meore navic imeorebs xsenebuli funqciisinversias. The two Indians _ ori indieli _ am SemTxvevaSic retrospeqtulireferentuli funqcia Secvlilia prospeqtuliT. q. T.-Si artiklisuqonlobis gamo amgvari inversia ar xdeba e. i. saxezea tipologiuradganpirobebuli stilisturi inversia. (retrospeqtuli prospeqtuli).abzaci 3 _ the other boat _ wina navs _ impliciturad miuTiTebs navTa173

aodenobaze. amave dros iribad asrulebs meore funqciasac, miuTiTebsra navebis mflobelebze rogorc personaJTa sistemis momavalmonawileebze. q. T.–Si referencias aqvs retrospeqtuli da prospeqtulifunqciis koheziuri, anu teqstis Sinaganad SemakavSirebeli funqcia.abzaci 3 _ There is an Indian lady very sick _ erTi indieli qali gamxdaraZalian avad _ am SemTxvevaSi xdeba personaJTa sivrcis ganusazRvreliartikliT determinirebuli arsebiTi saxeliT gafarToeba. q. T.-Si kitipologiuri transformacia xdeba gansazRvruli nacvalsaxelisdeiqtikuri funqciis dakonkretebiT. abzaci 5 _ both the Indians _ ormaindielma _ ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT dakonkretebuli referenciaa,romelic q. T.-Si igive saSualebiT gadmoicema, Tumca, ra Tqma unda,gansazRvruli artiklis gareSe da Sesabamisad implicituria. abzaci 6 –they _ yvelani _ piris nacvalsaxeli marezumirebeli nominaciisfunqciiT asaxelebs aqamde nominirebul yvela personaJs erToblivad. q.T.-Si gamoyenebulia tipologiurad ganpirobebuli CanacvlebismTargmnelobiTi transformacia. qarTuli zmnis mravalpirianobis gamostilisturad gaumarTlebeli piris nacvalsaxelis ,,isini” nacvladmTargmneli xmarobs ganusazRvrel nacvalsaxels, romelis axdens igivemarezumirebeli funqciis xazgasmiT aqcentirebas. a lantern _ farniani _xdeba inventaris pirvelad Semotana siuJetur sivrceSi, sadacreferencia asrulebs nominaciis funqcias. igive abzacSi fraza _ hislantern _ farani _ anxorcielebs kuTvnilebiTi zedsarTavi saxeliTgansazRvrul irib eqsplicitur referencias. q. T.-Si pirvel SemTxvevaSi_ farniani _ xdeba iribi nominaciis inversia, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _farani _ eqsplicituri referencia Secvlilia implicituriT, radganamoRebulia kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli his. abzaci 7 _ more dogs _ sxvaZaRlebi _ ganusazRvreli zedsarTavi saxelis saSualebiT xdeba ZaRlTaaxali raodenobis Semoyvana siuJetur sivrceSi. q. T.-Si gamoyenebuliatipologiurad ganpirobebuli Secvlis mTargmnelobiTi transformacia.abzaci 8 _ a young Indian woman _ axalgazrda qali _ am SemTxvevaSi saqmegvaqvs siuJetur sivrceSi personaJis ganaxlebuli introduqciulifunqciiT SemoyvanasTan, romelic q. T. –Si igive funqcias implicituradgadmocems. All the old women _ xanSisesuli qalebi _ Semoyvanili174

personaJis iribad referentuli dakonkreteba xdeba kvlavganusazRvreli nacvalsaxelis saSualebiT. q. T.-Si kvlav tipologiuradganpirobebuli implicituri referenciaa gamoyenebuli. abzaci 9 _ somewater – cxeli wyali _ uTvladi arsebiTi saxelis prospeqtulifunqciiT referenciaa, romelic q. T.-Si isev da isev impliciturireferenciiTaa Secvlili. this lady _ am qals – am SemTxvevaSi CvenebiTinacvalsaxeliT gansazRvruli referencia deiqtikur funqciasacasrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom q. T.-Si referencia igive saSualebiTaagadmocemuli. abzaci 8 _ a quit _ abzaci 15 – that quit – sabani _ pirvelSemTxvevaSi xdeba kidev erTi invetaris nominacia, maSin roca meoreSemTxvevaSi CvenebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli asrulebs eqsplicituradreferentul retrospeqtul funqcias. Tumca q. T. -Si orive SemTxvevaSieqsplicituri referencia kvlav implicituriTaa Secvlili. abzaci 23 _the nurse _ momvleli qali _ konkretdeba civilizaciuri sivrcisganuyofeli segmenti, Tumca q. T.-Si eqsplikacia kvlav implikaciiTaaSecvlili. abzaci 25 _ at the proud father _ gabednierebul mamasac _aRniSnavs situaciuri sivrcis retrospeqtul da damakonkretebelfunqcias, romelic q. T.-Si implicituri referenciiTaa Secvlili.vfiqrobT, aucilebeli ar aris avagoT hemingueis am moTxrobisreferentuli badec, radgan referencia mis farglebSi TiTqmisgamonaklisis gareSe imeorebs wina teqstSi Sesrulebul funqciebs.saboloo angariSSi ki referenciis amgvari, TiTqmis identuri funqciuridamTxveva metyvelebs ara mxolod referenciis Cvens mier nagulisxmev daTeoriulad gaazrebul funqciebze, aramed imazec, rom nebismierienobrivi kategoria funqcionirebs ara ganyenebulad, aramed erTiromelime sametyvelo stilis farglebSi. Cveni kvleviTi miznebisTvis kimniSvnelovania imis xazgasma, rom hemingueiseulma naratiulma stilmamTlianad daadastura referenciis rogorc konceptisa da teqstobrivifenomenis Cveneuli kvlevis Sedegebi.zemoT ganxorcielebuli analizis Semdeg SegviZlia, ra Tqma unda,sqematurad, magram adekvaturobis sruli dacviT, avagoT hemingueiseulimcire prozis teqstTa analizze dafuZnebuli referentuli badiszogadi modeli:175

eferentuli badis ganzogadebuli modelisqema 3moyolili istoriis,,sivrceTa’’ erToblioba damisi TandaTanobiTidakonkretebasivrciT am integralSiSemoWrili personaJulisivrcegeografiulisivrcecivilizaciurisivrcesivrceTadamakonkretebelielementebisTanmimdevruli nominaciafinaluraddakonkretebulisivrcearapirovnul da pirovnulsivrceTa segmentebisurTierTmonacvleobaTxrobis zogadmodernistuli stiliTganpirobebuli narativisstruqtura da Sinaganiganzomileba176

daskvnareferenciis rogorc Temisa da problemis ganxilva naSromisSesavalsa da samive Tavis farglebSi iZleva Semdegi daskvnebisgakeTebis saSualebas:1. rogorc Teoriuli, ise meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT referenciisfenomenis lingvisturi gaazrebis procesi Sinaganad undaukavSirdebodes Tanamedrove lingvistikis paradigmul dinamikas.xsenebuli dinamika ki moiTxovs, rom referenciis problema ganxiluliqnes ZiriTadad da principulad lingvokulturologiuri paradigmisTvalsazrisiT, magram wina paradigmebis monacemTa sruligaTvaliswinebiT;2. problemisadmi paradigmuli midgomis zemoT formulirebulikoncefcia moiTxovs im Sinagani veqtoris gamovlenas, romliTacreferenciis lingvisturi koncepti xasiaTdeba Tavisi ganviTarebisdiaqronul aspeqtSi. xsenebuli veqtoris TandaTanobiTi gamovlena kixasiaTdeba Semdegi etapobrivi struqturiT:• referenciis lingvisturi cneba, romelic dasawyisSi ukiduresiSinagani difuzurobiT xasiaTdeba da ukavSirdeba mTel enobrivgamonaTqvams, TandaTanobiT iZens konceptualur garkveulobas imiT,rom emijneba jer signifikaciis, Semdeg ki denotaciis cnebebs;• referenciis cneba erTmniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba saxels (nominalurjgufs);• sul ufro da ufro izrdeba pragmatikis roli da mniSvnelobareferenciis rogorc enobrivi fenomenis lingvisturi gaazrebisprocesSi;• pragmatikasTan erTad da masTan uSualo kavSirSi agreTve ikveTebareferenciis teqstobrivi funqcia.3. referenciis problemis diaqronul planSi ganxilvis Sedegad ikveTebaam problemis Tanamedrove gaazrebisa da gadaWrisaTvis aucilebelamocanaTa Semdegi speqtri:177

• miuxedavad imisa, rom teqstTan uSualod dakavSirebis Sedegadreferenciis cneba ukve mkafiod emijneba signifikaciisa da denotaciiscnebebs, igi jer kidev Teoriulad eqsplicituri formiT verukavSirdeba enis iseT aspeqtebs rogoricaa diskursi da teqsti,romelTa gaTvaliswinebis aucilebloba uSualod gamomdinareobszemoT xsenebuli gamijvnis faqtidan. Sesabamisad, aucilebeli xdebareferenciis rogorc diskursul-teqstobrivi fenomenis ganxilva;• imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom referencia erTmniSvnelovnad ukavSirdebasaxels (nominalur jgufs), unda daisvas kiTxva, rogor unda iqnesTeoriulad gaazrebuli mimarTeba, erTis mxriv, referenciasa da,meores mxriv, saxelis iseT kategoriebs Soris rogoricaadeterminacia da deiqsisi; Sesabamisad, aucilebeli xdeba zemoTxsenebuli amocanis Semdegi eqsplicituri saxiT formulireba:SeiZleba Tu ara vilaparakoT nominalur kategoriaTa iseT triadaze,romlis farglebSi referencia metakategoriis rols asrulebs?• referenciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi aucilebeli xdebaeqspliciturad daukavSirdes erTmaneTs komunikaciuri lingvistikisiseTi fundamenturi principebi, rogoricaa teqstocentrizmi daintersubieqturoba.4. zemoT xsenebul kvleviT problemaTa erT Teoriul da meTodologiurfokusSi moqcevis Sedegad referencia unda ganixilebodessignifikaciisa da denotaciisagan funqciuri TvalsazrisiTgansxvavebuli deiqsisisa da determinaciis nominalur kategoriaTatriadis farglebSi;5. referencia rogorc enobrivi fenomeni enobrivi sistemisparadigmatul doneze arsebobs referentulobis funqciur-semantikurivelis, xolo diskursis doneze _ referentulobis teqstobrivi badissaxiT;6. referentuli badis mqone yoveli teqsti warmoadgens ara mxolodzogadad enobrivi sistemis, aramed enis garkveuli funqciuri stilisaqtualizacias. aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli konkretuli teqstisreferentuli bade funqciur-stilisturadaa markirebuli da178

garduvalad ekuTvnis mocemul enasTan aseve funqciurad dastilisturad dakavSirebul kulturasac. Sesabamisad, nebismieriteqstis referentulobis bade aucileblad markirebuliakulturuladac;7. referenciis fenomenis Teoriuli kvlevis zemoT formulirebuliSedegebi dasturdeba rogorc Targmanis Tanamedroveteqstocentristuli Teorisa da Tanamedrove naratologiis, iselingvisturi tipologiis principTa erToblivi gamoyenebiT;8. e. hemingueis naratiuli mcire prozisa da mis qarTul TargmanTaSepirispirebiTi analizi ara mxolod adasturebs referenciisTeoriuli kvlevis zemoT formulirebul yvela Sedegs, aramedgviCvenebs, rogor saxes iRebs referentulobis teqstobrivi badetipologiuri TvalsazrisiT iseT gansxvavebul enebSi rogoricaainglisuri da qarTuli. rogorc amosaval, ise Targmnil teqstebSireferenciis nominaluri kategoria pirvel rigSi deiqsisze, magramaseve determinaciaze dayrdnobiT axdens mxatvruli narativisTvisaucilebel ,,referentul sivrceTa” Tanmimdevrul dakonkretebas,romelic iRebs Semdeg saxes: narativis eqspoziciaSi xdebageografiul, Semdeg ki civilizaciur sivrceTa jer Tanmimdevruli,Semdeg ki Serwymuli nominacia. amgvarad Serwymul da dakonkretebulgeografiul-civilizaciur sivrceebs uerTdeba maTgan gansxvavebulida aseve TandaTanobiT dakonkretebuli personaJiseuli sivrce;9. tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT Targmnil teqstTa SepirispirebiTianalizi avlens Semdeg kanonzomierebas: inglisurenovan teqstSieqsplicituri formiT gamoxatuli referencia qarTul teqstSi,rogorc wesi, gadmoicema referenciis implicituri formiT, racmiCneul unda iqnas Targmanis am kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebelZiriTad mTargmnelobiT transformaciad. aseve gamoyenebuliatipologiurad da mTargmnelis individualuri stiliT ganpirobebulidamatebis, gamotovebisa da Canacvlebis mTargmnelobiTitransformaciebi.179

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danarTiErnest HemingwayCat in the RainThere were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. They did not know any of the people theypassed on the stairs on their way to and from their room. Their room was on the second floor facing thesea. It also faced the public garden and the war monument. There were big palms and green benches inthe public garden. In the good weather there was always an artist with his easel. Artists liked the way thepalms grew and the bright colors of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea. Italians came from a longway off to look up at the war monument. It was made of bronze and glistened in the rain. It was raining.The rain dripped from the palm trees. Water stood in pools on the gravel paths. The sea broke in a longline in the rain and slipped back down the beach to come up and break again in a long line in the rain. Themotor cars were gone from the square by the war monument. Across the square in the doorway of the cafea waiter stood looking out at the empty square.The American wife stood at the window looking out. Outside right under their window a cat wascrouched under one of the dripping green tables. The cat was trying to make herself so compact that shewould not be dripped on.“I’m going down and get that kitty,” the American wife said.“I’ll do it”, her husband offered from the bed.“No, I’ll get it. The poor kitty out trying to keep dry under a table.”The husband went on reading, lying propped up with the two pillows at the foot of the bed.“Don’t get wet,” he said.The wife went downstairs and the hotel owner stood up and bowed to her as she passed the office.His desk was at the far and of the office. He was an old man and very tall.“II piove,” the wife said. She liked the hotel-keeper.“Si, si, Signora, brutto tempo. It’s very bad weather.”He stood behind his desk in the far end of the dim room. The wife liked him. She liked the deadlyserious way he received any complaints. She liked his dignity. She liked the way he wanted to serve her.She liked the way he felt about being a hotel-keeper. She liked his old, heavy face and big hands.Liking him she opened the door and looked out. It was raining harder. A man in an rubber cape wascrossing the empty square to the cafe. The cat would be around to the right. Perhaps she could go alongunder the eaves. As she stood in the doorway an umbrella opened behind her. It was the maid who lookedafter their room.“You must not get wet,” she smiled, speaking Italian. Of course, the hotel-keeper had sent her.With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along the gravel path until she was undertheir window. The table was there, washed bright green in the rain, but the cat was gone. She wassuddenly disappointed. The maid looked up at her.186

“Ha perduto qualque cosa, Signora?”“There was a cat,” said the American girl.“A cat?”“Si, il gatto.”“A cat?” the maid laughed. “A cat in the rain?”“Yes,” she said, “under the table.” Then, “Oh, I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.”When she talked English the maid’s face tightened.“Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get back inside. You will be wet.”“I suppose so,” said the American girl.They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. The maid stayed outside to close theumbrella. As the American girl passed the office, the padrone bowed from his desk. Something felt verysmall and tight inside the girl. The padrone made her feel very small and at the same time reallyimportant. She had a momentary feeling of being of supreme importance. She went on up the stairs. Sheopened the door of the room. George was on the bed, reading.“Did you get the cat?” he asked, putting the book down.“It was gone.”“Wonder where it went to,” he said, resting his eyes from reading.She sat down on the bed.“I wanted it so much.” she said. “I don’t know why I wanted it so much. I wanted that poor kitty. Itisn’t any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain.”George was reading again.She went over and sat in front of the mirror of the dressing table looking at herself with the handglass. She studied her profile, first one side and then the other. Then she studied the back of her head andher neck.“Don’t you think it would be a good idea if I let my hair grow out?” she asked, looking at herprofile again.George looked up and saw the back of her neck, clipped close like a boy’s.“I like it the way it is.”“I get so tired of it,” she said. “I get so tired of looking like a boy.”George shifted his position in the bed. He hadn’t looked away from her since she started to speak.“You look pretty darn nice,” he said.She laid the mirror down on the dresser and went over to the window and looked out. It was gettingdark.“I want to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a big knot at the back that I can feel,” shesaid. “I want to have a kitty to sit on my lap and purr when I stroke her.”“Yeah?” George said from the bed.187

“And I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles. And I want it to be spring and Iwant to brush my hair out in front of a mirror and I want a kitty and I want some new clothes.”“Oh, shut up and get something to read,” George said. He was reading again.His wife was looking out of the window. It was quite dark now and still raining in the palm trees.“Anyway, I want a cat,” she said, “I want a cat. I want a cat now. If I can’t have long hair or anyfun, I can have a cat.”George was not listening. He was reading his book. His wife looked out of the window where thelight had come on in the square.Someone knocked at the door.“Avanti,” George said. He looked up from his book.In the doorway stood the maid. She held a big tortoise-shell cat pressed tight against her and swungdown against her body.“Excuse me,” she said, “the padrone asked me to bring this for the Signora.”188

ernest hemingueikata wvimaSisastumroSi mxolod orni iyvnen amerikelebi. aravis ar icnobdnen, visacTavis oTaxSi Sesvlisas an gamosvlisas kibeze xvdebodnen. amerikelebis oTaximesame sarTulze iyo, zRvisken, oTaxi saxalxo baRs gadahyurebda. fanjridadanomSi daRupul meomarTa Zegli moCanda. baRSi didi palmebi da mwvane merxebiiyo. karg amindSi yovelTvis ijda romelime mxatvari Tavisi molbertiT.mxatvrebs moswondaT palmebis cqera, moswondaT myvirala ferebiT SeRebilisastumroebi, baRebsa da zRvas rom gadahyurebdnen. Sori gzidan modiodnenitalielebi omSi daRupulTa Zeglis sanaxavad. Zegli brinjaosi iyo, bzinavda,wvima roca asvelebda. axlac wvimda. wveTavda wvima palmebidan. xreSmoyrilbilikebze gubeebi idga. zRvis talRebis grZeli zoli wvimaSi napirsexeTqeboda, ukan ixevda da mere isev exeTqeboda zRvis talRebis grZeli zoliwvimaSi napirs. aRarcerTi manqana aRar Canda ZeglTan moedanze. Zeglispirdapir, kafes SesasvlelTan oficianti idga da dacarielebul moedansmisCereboda.amerikelis coli fanjaraSi iyureboda. swored maTi fanjris qveviT, erTimwvane magidis qveS katas Seefarebina Tavi. wveTavda wvima magididan. kataikunteboda, cdilobda wvimis wveTebi ar dascemoda._ Caval, fisos amoviyvan, _ Tqva amerikelis colma._ me amoviyvan, _ uTxra qmarma, qmari iwva._ ara, me Caval, sabralo fiso, rogor emaleba magidis qveS wvimas.qmari kiTxvas ganagrZobda. sawolis fexTiT ori baliSi daedo, zeddaydrnoboda, naxevrad wamowoliliyo._ oRond ar dasvelde, _ uTxra cols.qali qveviT Cavida. sastumros patroni wamodga da Tavi daukra amerikeliscols, roca qali mis magidas gausworda. sastumros patronis samuSao magidavestibiulis Soreul kuTxeSi idga. sastumros patroni moxuci da ZalianmaRali iyo._ II piove, _ Tqva qalma, qals moswonda sastumros patroni._ Si, Si. signora. Brutto tempo saSineli amindia.189

sastumros patroni Tavis samuSao magidasTan idga, bneli vestibiulisSoreul kuTxeSi. amerikel qals moswonda es kaci. moswonda, ra saocariseriozulobiT ismenda is yovelgvar saCivars. moswonda misi RirseuliTavdaWera. moswonda, sastumros patroni ase Tavazianad rom eqceoda. moswonda,rogor iferebda mepatroneobas moswonda misi daberebuli, momsxo saxe da didixelebi.diax, moswonda qals sastumros patroni. qalma kari gaaRo da gareTgaixeda. wvima ufro gametebiT asxamda. dacarielebul moedanze viRaca kacikafesken midioda, sawvimari ecva. aqve unda iyos kata, sadRac marjvniv. egebSesZlos iqiTken gasvla, saxuravi daifaravs wvimisagan. jer kidev karTan idgaqali, roca viRacam zurgsukan qolga gauSala, _ msaxuri qali iyo, oTaxs romulagebdaT xolme._ ar dasveldeT, _ RimiliT uTxra msaxurma italiurad. raRa Tqma unda,sastumros patronis gamogzavnili iyo.msaxurTan erTad, romelic qolgiT wvimas ufaravda, amerikeli qali mividafanjris qveS, sadac kata eguleboda. magida isev idga iq, wvimisagan garecxilimwvaned anaTebda. kata ki aRar iyo. qals TiTqos civi wyali gadaasxeso.msaxurma Sexeda qals._ Qua perduto qualque cosa?._ aq kata iyo._ kata?_ ho, kata._ kata, _ gaicina msaxurma qalma, _ kata, am wvimaSi?_ ho, _ upasuxa amerikelma qalma, _ am magidis qveS, _ mere daumata, _ eh,ra Zalian mindoda kata, rogor mindoda fiso.roca amerikeli qali inglisurad laparakobda, msaxurs uWirda misigageba._ wavideT, siniora, _ uTxra msaxurma, _ davbrundeT, Torem dasveldebiT._ davbrundeT, _ Tqva amerikelma qalma.xreSmoyrili bilikiT ukan dabrundnen da sastumros kari SeaRes. msaxuriqali SesasvlelTan SeCerda, qolga dakeca. amerikeli qali vestibiulSi Sevida,padrone magidasTan idga, Tavi daukra qals. qals guli SeekumSa. sastumros190

patrons rom xedavda, Tavisi Tavi pawawina da Tan Zalian mniSvnelovanieCveneboda xolme. axlac, wamiT, usazRvrod mniSvnelovan arsebad igrZno Tavi.SeuCereblad aiara kibe da Tavisi oTaxis kari SeaRo. jorji iwva dakiTxulobda._ moiyvane kata? _ hkiTxa da Tavi aswia._ iq aRar iyo._ sad wavidoda? _ Tqva qmarma, cota xniT kiTxva Seswyvita. qali sawolzeCamojda._ ici. rogor mindoda kata? _ uTxra qmars, _ ar vici, ratom mindoda aseZalian, Zalian mindoda sabralo fiso. ra unda qnas, sabralo fisom gareT, amwvimaSi?jorji isev kiTxulobda.qali tualetis magidasTan mivida, sarkis win dajda, xelis sarkemoimarjva da Tavisi Tavi guldasmiT SeaTvaliera. jer profils akvirdeboda,xan erTi mxridan, xan meoredan, mere kefas da kisers dauwyo sinjva._ rogor ggonia, kargi ar iqneba, Tma rom gavizardo? _ ikiTxa qalma daisev Sexeda Tavis profils.jorjma Tavi aswia da colis biWurad SekreWil kefas Sexeda._ me ase momwons, rogorc axla gaqvs._ me ki ukve mombezrda ase, Zalian mombezrda, sul biWs rom vgavar.jorjma sawolze gverdi inacvla. coli rom gamoelaparaka, mas mere Tvaliar moucilebia misTvis._ ase Zalian lamazi meCvenebi, _ uTxra qmarma.colma sarke magidaze dado, fanjarasTan mivida da gareT gaixeda.Ramdeboda._ Tma magrad minda ukan gadaviWimo, sul rom gaswordes mere mTlianadkefaze davixvev, rom xelSi blomad momxvdes xolme, _ Tqva qalma, _ kidevminda, rom kalTaSi fiso mejdes da krutunebdes, roca xels gadavusvam._ hoo? _ Tqva qmarma.191

_ da kidev is minda, rom magidas vujde, saWmels Cemi dana-CangliTSeveqceode da sanTlebi enTos. kidev minda, rom gazafxuli iyos da sarkis winTma Camovivarcxno. minda myavdes fiso da mqondes axali kaba._ ooh, _ morCi laparaks, waikiTxe rame, _ uTxra jorjma. Tavad kiTxvasganagrZobda. coli fanjaraSi iyureboda. ukve bneloda da kvlav awvimdapalmebs._ ra vqna, mainc minda kata, _ Tqva qalma _ diax, me minda kata. ai, axlaminda kata. Tuki ar SeiZleba grZeli Tma mqondes an rogorme gaverTo, katamainc myavdes.jorji aRar usmenda, wigns kiTxulobda. coli fanjaraSi iyureboda.moedanze sinaTleebi anTebuliyo.karze daakakunes._ Avanti! _ Tqva jorjma da Tavi aswia.karTan msaxuri qali idga. xelebSi Zlivs eteoda veeba Wreli kata._ mapatieT, Tqva man, _ padrone-m miTxra, es kata sinioras miarTvio.(Targmani T. Cxenkelisa)192

Ernest HemingwayIndian CampAt the lake shore there was another rowboat drawn up. The two Indians stoodwaiting.Nick and his father got in the stern of the boat and the Indians shoved it off andone of them got in to row. Uncle George sat in the stern of the camp rowboat. The youngIndian shoved the camp boat off and got in to row Uncle George.The two boats started off in the dark, Nick heard the oarlocks of the other boat quite away ahead of them in the mist. The Indians rowed with quick choppy strokes. Nick layback with his father's arm around him. It was cold on the water. The Indian who wasrowing them was working very hard, but the other boat moved further ahead in the mistall the time."Where are we going, Dad?" Nick asked."Over to the Indian camp. There is an Indian lady very sick.""Oh," said Nick.Across the bay they found the other boat beached. Uncle George was smoking a cigarin the dark. The young Indian pulled the boat way up on the beach. Uncle George gaveboth the Indians cigars.They walked up from the beach through a meadow that was soaking wet with dew,following the young Indian who carried a lantern. Then they went into the woods andfollowed a trail that led to the logging road that ran back into the hills. It was muchlighter on the logging road as the timber was cut away on both sides. The young Indianstopped and blew out his lantern and they all walked on along the road.They came around a bend and a dog came out barking. Ahead were the lights of theshanties where the Indian bark-peelers lived. More dogs rushed out at them. The twoIndians sent them back to the shanties. In the shanty nearest the road there was a light inthe window. An old woman stood in the doorway holding a lamp.Inside on a wooden bunk lay a young Indian woman. She had been trying to have herbaby for two days. All the old women in the camp had been helping her. The men hadmoved off up the road to sit in the dark and smoke out of range of the noise she made.She screamed just as Nick and the two Indians followed his father and Uncle George into193

the shanty. She lay in the lower bunk, very big under a quilt. Her head was turned to oneside. In the upper bunk was her husband. He had cut his foot very badly with an ax threedays before. He was smoking a pipe. The room smelled very bad.Nick's father ordered some water to be put on the stove, and while it was heating hespoke to Nick."This lady is going to have a baby, Nick," he said."I know," said Nick."You don't know," said his father. "Listen to me. What she is going through iscalled being in labor. The baby wants to be born and she wants it to be born. All hermuscles are trying to get the baby born. That is what is happening when she screams.""I see," Nick said.Just then the woman cried out."Oh, Daddy, can't you give her something to make her stop screaming?" askedNick."No. I haven't any anesthetic," his father said. "But her screams are not important. Idon't hear them because they are not important."The husband in the upper bunk rolled over against the wall.The woman in the kitchen motioned to the doctor that the water was hot. Nick'sfather went into the kitchen and poured about half of the water out of the big kettle into abasin. Into the water left in the kettle he put several things he unwrapped from ahandkerchief."Those must boil," he said, and began to scrub his hands in the basin of hot waterwith a cake of soap he had brought from the camp. Nick watched his father's handsscrubbing each other with the soap. While his father washed his hands very carefully andthoroughly, he talked."You see, Nick, babies are supposed to be born head first but sometimes they're not.When they're not they make a lot of trouble for everybody. Maybe I'll have to operate onthis lady. We'll know in a little while."When he was satisfied with his hands he went in and went to work."Pull back that quilt, will you, George?" he said. "I'd rather not touch it."194

Later when he started to operate Uncle George and three Indian men held thewoman still. She bit Uncle George on the arm and Uncle George said, "Damn squawbitch!" and the young Indian who had rowed Uncle George over laughed at him. Nickheld the basin for his father. It all took a long time.His father picked the baby up and slapped it to make it breathe and handed it to theold woman."See, it's a boy, Nick," he said. "How do you like being an interne?Nick said, "All right." He was looking away so as not to see what his father wasdoing."There. That gets it," said his father and put something into the basin.Nick didn't look at it."Now," his father said, "there's some stitches to put in. You can watch this or not,Nick, just as you like. I'm going to sew up the incision I made."Nick did not watch. His curiosity had been gone for a long time.His father finished and stood up. Uncle George and the three Indian men stood up.Nick put the basin out in the kitchen.Uncle George looked at his arm. The young Indian smiled reminiscently."I'll put some peroxide on that, George," the doctor said.He bent over the Indian woman. She was quiet now and her eyes were closed. Shelooked very pale. She did not know what had become of the baby or anything."I'll be back in the morning," the doctor said, standing up. "The nurse should behere from St. Ignace by noon and she'll bring everything we need."He was feeling exalted and talkative as football players are in the dressing roomafter a game."That's one for the medical journal, George," he said. "Doing a Caesarian with ajack-knife and sewing it up with nine-foot, tapered gut leaders."Uncle George was standing against the wall, looking at his arm."Oh, you're a great man, all right," he said."Ought to have a look at the proud father. They're usually the worst sufferers inthese little affairs," the doctor said. "I must say he took it all pretty quietly."195

He pulled back the blanket from the Indian's head. His hand came away wet. Hemounted on the edge of the lower bunk with the lamp in one hand and looked in. TheIndian lay with his face toward the wall. His throat had been cut from ear to ear. Theblood had flowed down into a pool where his body sagged the bunk. His head rested onhis left arm. The open razor lay, edge up, in the blankets."Take Nick out of the shanty, George," the doctor said.There was no need of that. Nick, standing in the door of the kitchen, had a good view ofthe upper bunk when his father, the lamp in one hand, tipped the Indian's head back.It was just beginning to be daylight when they walked along the logging road backtoward the lake."I'm terribly sorry I brought you along, Nickie," said his father, all his post-operativeexhilaration gone. "It was an awful mess to put you through.""Do ladies always have such a hard time having babies?" Nick asked."No, that was very, very exceptional.""Why did he kill himself, Daddy?"I don't know, Nick. He couldn't stand things, I guess.""Do many men kill themselves, Daddy?""Not very many, Nick.""Do many women?""Hardly ever.""Don't they ever?""Oh, yes. They do sometimes.""Daddy?""Yes.""Where did Uncle George go?" "He'll turn up all right." "Is dying hard, Daddy?""No, I think it's pretty easy, Nick. It all depends."They were seated in the boat, Nick in the stern, his father rowing. The sun was comingup over the hills. A bass jumped, making a circle in the water. Nick trailed his hand in thewater. It felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning.In the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing,he felt quite sure that he would never die.196

indielebis sofeliernest hemingueitbis napiras meore navic gamoCnda. navTan ori indieli idga da mgzavrebselodeboda.niki da mamamisi kiCoze moTavsdnen, indielebma navs ubiZges da erT-erTimaTgani niCbebs miujda. biZia jorji meore navis kiCoze avida. axalgazrdaindielma am navsac ubiZga da wyalSi Seacura. meore Sig Caxta da niCabimoimarjva.ori navi micuravda sibneleSi. niki wina navs ver xedavda – mxolodniCbebis xma esmoda burusSi. indielebs navebi swrafad mihyavdaT. niki mamasmieyrdno, mamam mklavi moxvia niks. cioda, maTi meniCbe indieli TavgametebiTusvamda niCbebs, magram wina navs mainc ver eweoda._ saiT mivdivarT, mamiko? – hkiTxa nikma mamas._ indielebis sofelSi. erTi indieli qali gamxdara Zalian avad._ o, o. – warmosTqva nikma.wina navi ukve napirTan idga. biZia jorji sigaras eweoda sibneleSi.axalgazrda indielma maTi navic napirze aaTria. biZia jorjma orive indielssigarebi miawoda. napiridan yvelani namian molze gavidnen. win farnianiindieli miuZRodaT. mere tyeSi Sevidnen da biliks daadgnen. biliki mTavargzaze uxvevda, gza gorakebSi ikargeboda. gzis orive mxares xeebi gaekafaT daamitom aq meti sinaTle iyo. axalgazrda indieli SeCerda da farani Caaqro.mere isev gza ganagrZes.uceb mosaxvevidan yefiT gamovarda ZaRli. cota moSorebiTqerqismxdelebis qoxebSi Suqi cimcimebda. mere sxva ZaRlebic gamocvivdnenyefiT da indielma ukanve Sereka. gzispira qoxSi sinaTle enTo. karebimoxucebuli qali idga farniT xelSi.qoxSi ficris sawolze axalgazrda qali iwva. mesame dRea mSobiarobda dasoflis xanSiSesuli qalebi Tavze adgnen. mamakacebi gzaze gasuliyvnen dasibneleSi Tambaqos eweodnen. moSorebiT isxdnen, raTa qalis kivili argaegonaT. qali maSinmac kioda, roca niki da ori indieli mamas da biZia jorjsqoxSi Sehyvnen. mSobiare qveda sawolze iwva, Tavi gverdze hqonda gadagdebuli.zeda sawolze misi qmari iwva. sami dRis win najaxi moxvedroda fexze damZimed daWriliyo. kaci iwva da Cibuxs abolebda. oTaxSi daxSuli haeri idga.nikis mamam cxeli wyali moiTxova. sanam cxeldeboda, niks gauba laparaki._ am qals bavSvi unda eyolos, nik, -- Tqva man,197

_ vici – upasuxa nikma._ araferic ar ici, --- uTxra mamam – yuri damigde: amas samSobiaroSetevebs eZaxian. bavSvs dabadeba unda, dedas ganTavisufleba. amitom kivis qali._ mesmis. Tqva nikmaam dros qalma isev daiyvira._ mamiko, ar SegiZlia, rame daalevino, rom dawynardes?_ damawynarebeli ara maqvs – upasuxa mamam – nu geSinia, araferi ar mouva;me arc ki mesmis kivili, imitom, rom vici araferi ar daemarTeba.zeda sawolze qmari kedlisken gadabrunda.samzareulodan xanSiSesulma qalma eqims aniSna, wyali gacxeldao. nikismama samzareuloSi Sevida da TiTqmis naxevari qvabi wyali taStSi gadaasxa.darCenil wyalSi Cayara raRac instrumentebi, romlebic xelsaxocSi hqondagaxveuli.- unda gamoixSiros, -- Tqva man da xelebis banva daiwyo TanmotanilisapiniT. niki Tvals adevnebda, rogor isvamda mama sapons xan erTsa da xanmeore xelze. eqimi guldasmiT ibanda xelebs da Tan laparakobda:_ ici, nik, roca bavSvebi ibadebian, jer Tavi unda gamoCndes. winaaRmdegSemTxevevaSi dedac wvaldeba da masTan erTad sxvebic. SeiZleba am qalsoperacia dasWirdes. axlave gamovarkvev.roca darwmunda, rom xelebi kargad hqonda dabanili, qoxSi Sebrunda dasaqmes Seudga._ Tu SeiZleba sabani gadaaZre, jorj, - sTxova eqimma biZia jorjs. _ ar mindaxeli vaxlo.mere, roca operacia daiwyo, biZia jorjma da samma indielma qali Zlivsgaakaves. qalma biZia jorjs mklavze ukbina. gamwarebulma biZia jorjmawamoiZaxa: “hai, Se ZaRlis lekvo!” axalgazrda indielma, romelic weRan biZiajorjis navSi ijda, gaicina. nikma mamas taSti dauWira. operacia didxansgagrZelda.nikis mamam bavSvi aiyvana da sunTqvis gamosawvevad xeli moutyapuna ukan.mere erT xanSiSesul qals gadasca._ Sexede, nik, biWia, _ Tqva mamam, _ rogor mogwons Cemi asistentoba?_ Zalian momwons, _ upasuxa nikma, Tan gverdze ixedeboda, ar undodadaenaxa, ras akeTebda mamamisi._ ukve yvelaferi damTavrebulia, _ Tqva mamam da raRac Caagdo taStSi.nikma ar Sexeda.198

_ axla unda gaikeros, - Tqva mamam, - Tu ginda Sexede, Tu ar ginda, nuSexedav; rogorc gindodes, nik. Wriloba unda gavkero.niki ar uyurebda – cnobismoyvareoba karga xania gaqroboda.mamam Wriloba gakera da wamodga. biZia jorji da sami indielic adgnen.nikma taSti samzareuloSi gaitana.biZia jorjma mklavze daixeda. axalgazrda indiels kbena gaaxsenda dagaicina._ zeJangs wavisvam, jorj, _ uTxra eqimma jorjs da indiel qals gadaxeda.qali wynarad iwva TvaldaxuWuli. warmodgena ar hqonda, ra mouvida bavSvs, anra xdeboda mis garSemo._ xval dilas moval, - Tqva eqimma da wamodga. san-ignasidan SuadRisasmomvleli qali mova, rac saWiroa, yvelafers moitans.axla eqimi aRznebuli iyo da laparaki undoda. ase emarTebaT xolmefexburTelebs gamarjvebis Semdeg._ es SemTvveva samedicino JurnalSi unda aiweros, jorj, _ Tqva man –dasakeci daniT sakeisro gakveTa da mzeze gamxmari cxafutiani ZarRviTWrilobis gakerva, marTlac, iSviaTi SemTxvevaa.biZia jorji kedelTan idga da mklavs dahyurebda._ namdvilad SesaniSnavi qirurgi xar, _ Tqva man._ modi, gabednierebul mamasac davxedoT. am ubralo ambebs yvelaze mwvavedmamebi ganicdian, _ Tqva eqimma. – Tumca, es Zalian wynarad iyo!eqimma indiels sabani gadaxada. xelze sisvele igrZno. qveda sawolzeSedga da kacs daxeda. yelgamoRadruli indieli kedlisken iyo gadabrunebuli.sawolze sisxlis tba idga. indiels Tavi marcxena mklavze edo. gaxsnilisamarTali sabanze egdo._ jorj, niki gaiyvane, _ Tqva eqimma.ukve gvian iyo. samzareulis karebSi mdgomma nikma yvelaferi dainaxa,rodesac mamamisma lamfa mianaTa indoels da Tavi gadauwia.Tendeboda. yvelani gzaze gamovidnen da tbisken daeSvnen._ Zalian vnanob, rom wamogiyvane, nik. – Tqva mamam, romlis agznebuliganwyobileba damcxraliyo. – raRaAaxla moxda es ambavi._ mSobiaroba yovelTvis ase Znelia? – ikiTxa nikma._ ara, es iSviaTi gamonaklisi iyo._ ratom moikla Tavi im kacma, mamiko?_ ar vici, nik, albaT ver gauZlo am ambebs._ xSirad iklaven Tavs kacebi, mamiko?199

_ ara, nik._ qalebi?_ TiTqmis arasodes._ arasodes?_ zogjer ki._ mamiko!_ ra?_ sad wavida biZia jorji?_ male dabrundeba._ Znelia sikvdili, mamiko?_ me mgoni, Zalian advilia. gaaCnia, rogor mokvdebi.isini navSi Casxdnen, niki – kiCoze, mama – niCbebTan. mTebSi mze amodioda.tbaSi qorWila gatlaSunda da wylis zedapirze rgolebi rgolebi aTamaSda.nikma Cahyo wyalSi – dilis susxSi Tbili eCvena.alionze, navSi mamis gverdiT mjdomi niki darwmunebuli iyo, romarasodes ar mokvdeboda.(Targmani n. wereTlisa)200

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