ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ...

avtoris stili daculiaivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetishumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetisaqarTvelos istoriavlasi vawaZeiberiis samefos warmarTuli RvTaebebiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisistoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapovebladwarmodgeniliDdisertaciasamecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori Temur ToduaTbilisi2009

sarCevigv.Sesavali ...................................................................................................................................... 3-36wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva ............................................................ 18-24arqeologiuri wyaroebi ................................................................................................ 25-27epigrafikuli Zeglebi .................................................................................................... 28sakiTxis Seswavlis istoriografia .................................................................... 29-36Tavi 1 “RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da g a” .................................................. 37-48Tavi 2 RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxisaTvis ................................................... 49-79Tavi 3 yaraSambis vercxlis Tasze asaxuli ritualurisiuJetebi ....................................................................................................................................... 80-93Tavi 4 qalRvTaeba ainina da danana ..................................................................... 94-104Tavi 5 religiuri Tu politikuri dapirispirebissakiTxisaTvis Zv.w. II saukunis dasawyisSi (mefe farnajomi) ................. 105-118daskvna .......................................................................................................................................... 119-124literatures nusxa ............................................................................................................... 125-1282

Sesavali3

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs kulturul-politikuriurTierToba hqondaT jer aqemenidur, Semdgom ki sasanur iranTan, TumcaqarTul-iranuli istoriul-kulturuli kontaqtebis yvelaze adreulietapi Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebia da midiis saxelmwifosTanaa dakavSirebuli.cnobilia, rom midielTa mier urartus samefos damxobaSi skviTebTanerTad amierkavkasieli tomebic monawileobdnen [134,235]. midielTa daiberielTa kulturuli kontaqtebi enobriv urTierTobebSic aisaxa [4;11-20] (qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi `mefeTa cxovreba~ ki moxseniebuli undayofiliyo, rogorc midiel mefeTa saxelebi, aseve midielTasarwmunoebrivi warmodgenebic, razec saubari qvemoT gveqneba). midielTasamefos damxobis Semdeg saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs ur-TierToba aqemenidur iranTan uwevT. cnobas amis Sesaxeb berZen istorikosherodotesTan vnaxulobT, romelic darios mefis daqvemdebarebaSimyof xalxebSi qarTvelur tomebsac ixseniebs, kerZod XVIII satrapiaSiSediodnen: matienebi, saspeÁrebi, alarodielebi; XIX satrapiaSi ki: mosxebi,tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi da marebi. riT unda aixsnas is garemoeba,rom istoriaSi, romelic Zv. w. V saukuneSia Seqmnili, arsad ar ixseniebaiberia (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo) s. janaSia Tvlida, rom herodotesTanmoxseniebuli saspeÁrebi igive iberielebi arian [74;50], amasTan dakavSirebiT s. yauxCiSvili SeniSnavda, rom `SesaZloa esmarTlac asea, magram Tu saspeÁrebi sxva tomia da iberebi sxva, es maincar niSnavs imas, rom herodote ar icnobda mermindel iberias~-o, cotaqvemoT ki dasZens, rom `SesaZloa herodotem kargad icoda iberiis arseboba(swored am saxelwodebiT), magram ar axsenebs mas imitom, rom misiTxrobis rkalSi ar Sediodao~ [79; 43], Cveni mxridan davZenT, rom aqemenidTasatrapiebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosazRvre qar-Tveluri tomebis garda, iberiis mezobeli Aarmenia da kaspiebis tomebiSediodnen, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aqemeniduri xelovnebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli arqeologiuri nivTebis aRmoCena am teritoriaze mosaxlexalxebis urTierTobaze unda mianiSnebdes aqemenidur iranTan. undagaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom qarTul enaSi mravali Zvelsparsuli da avesturielementebi SemorCa [4]4

saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis SeswavlisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobaVI_V saukuneebis berZeni istorikosis qsenofontis ànabasiss~ eni-Weba. masSi qarTveluri tomebis sayofacxovrebo Taviseburebebia aRwerili:dasaxlebebi, Cacmuloba, SeiaraReba da a.S. CvenTvis ànabasisi~ gansakuTrebiTsainteresoa saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva tomebisaqemenidur sparseTTan urTierTobis gamo. sayuradReboa isic, romdasavleT armeniis mmarTvels tiribazs moqiravneebad qarTveluri tomebixalibebi da taoxebi hyolia [Xenofont IV.12.18]. aq sagulisxmoa is, rom Tuherodote Tavis TxzulebaSi am tomebs sparseTis morCilebaSi myofebadixseniebs, axla isini ubralo moqiravneebi arian, rac imaze miuTiTebs,rom Zv. w. V saukunis bolos maT Tavisufleba aqvT mopovebuli [47; 58].qsenofonti Tavis TxzulebaSi ar Sexebia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriazemosaxle xalxebs. Qqsenofonti tiribazis morCilebaSi myof fasianebTanerTad hesperitebsac ixseniebs, [ Xenofont. VII.8 ] romelTac g. meliqiSvilisaspeirebTan (iberebTan) akavSirebda [44; 17]. qsenofonti sainteresocnobebs gvawvdis dasavleT da aRmosavleT armeniis Sesaxebac,romelnic sparsTa satrapiebs warmoadgendnen. aRmosavleT armenias artaqserseII-is siZe oronti ganagebda [Xenofont. II 4, 8-9], dasavleT armeniaski tiribazi, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom, Sesabamisad, dasaxelebul qveyneb-Si religiuri warmodgenebic sparsul samyarosTan iyo kavSirSi. konkretuladromeli RvTaebebi SeiZleba moviazroT am droidan àrmeniis~ teritoriaze,amis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva artaqserqse II (405-361) warwerasuzis sasaxlis aSenebis Sesaxeb, romelSic aqemenidTa mefes ahuramazdasgverdiT miTra da anahitic hyavs moxseniebuli, rac am ori RvTaebisstatus quo-s aRdgena unda iyos zaraTuStras reformebis Semdeg [129], TugaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom mogviano periodis somxeTSi iranuliardvisura-anahitis kults gansakuTrebulad scemen Tayvans (plutarqe,straboni, faustos buzandi), SesaZloa somxebSi anahitisa da miTraskultebis Tayvaniscemis gaCena ukve artaqserqse II-is droidan vivaraudoT.cnobilia, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT armeniis satrapiebi aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle qarTvelur tomebs emezoblebodnen,romlebsac erTmaneTTan kulturul_politikuri urTierTobebiunda hqonodaT; am konkretuli urTierTobis safuZvelze SegviZlia viva-5

audoT, rom aqemeniduri religiis panTeonis RvTaebebi qarTveluri tomebisrwmena-warmodgenebSic arsebobdnen, rac erTgvari bazisi unda yofiliyoqarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis formirebisaTvis aqemeniduri religiisniadagze. sxvanairad ver avxsniT iberielTa winaqristianul rwmena-warmodgenebSiahuramazdas, miTras, anahitis kultebis arsebobas. gasaTvaliswinebeliaisic, rom azos Semdgomi oTxi mefidan ors sparsulisaxeli aqvs, pirveli farnavazia, romlis saxelic sparsulad armazs niSnavs,meore _ mefe mirvani, romlis saxelic sparsuli RvTaeba miTradanmodis [4;474,478-499].aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle iberebs urTierTobarom hqoniaT aqemenidebTan da icnobdnen maT tradiciebs, amis SesaxebmniSvnelovan cnobas berZeni geografi straboni gvawvdis. strabonis cnobiT`dablobze cxovrobdnen iberTagan ufro metad miwaTmoqmedni. esenimSvidobianad arian ganwyobili, armenielTa da midielTa msgavsad ewyobian~[Strabo. XI-II. 3] (T. yauxCiSvils SeniSvnaSi sityvis “ewyobian” moyvaniliaqvs kidev sami ganmarteba _ vewyobi, vicvam, viWurvebi [78; 128 Sen: 1]), Semdegki armeniasa da midielebTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT: `xolo Cvevebimidielebsa da armenielebs metwilad erTi da igive aqvT, imitom romqveyanac maTi msgavsia~ [Strabo. XI.13.9]. amis erT-erTi mtkicebuleba isaa,rom `sparsTa yvela siwmides scemen pativs midielebi da armenielebi~[Strabo. XI.14.16]. berZeni geografis naSromidan CvenTvis cnobilia, romelsiwmindeebzea saubari. ase magaliTad, àrmeniis satrapi sparseTis mefesyovelwliurad ugzavnida 20000 kvics miTras dResaswaulisaTvis~ [Strabo.XI.14.9]; àrmenielebs gansakuTrebiT miaCndaT anaitidis taZrebi, romlebicsxvadasxva adgilas iyvnen agebulni~ [Strabo. XI.14.16], anu armenielebisaTvis,strabonis mixedviT, ori mTavari sparsuli RvTaeba miTra da anahitiyofila cnobili. midielebTan dakavSirebiT ki vigebT, rom `midielebimTavrebi iyvnen amaTi (anu armenielebis) da amaze uwin sparselebisac,romelTac axla upyriaT eseni da maTi memkvidreebic aziis mpyrobeloba-Si. amJamad e.w. sparsuli tansacmeli, midrekileba mSvildosnobisa damxedrobisadmi, mefeebis samsaxuri, samkaulebi, RmerTebis TayvaniscemaqveSevrdomebisagan sparselebSi midielTagan gadmovida. es rom WeSmari-6

tebaa, gansakuTrebiT Cans tansacmelidan” [Strabo. XI. 18, 9], anu strabonis-Tvis cnobilia, rom aqemenidebi midielTa samefos gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen(msgavsi varaudi jer kidev herodotesTan gvxvdeba, rodesac istorikosikiros II didis mier midiis samefos damxobis Sesaxeb saubrobs, sadac kirosimidielTa mefis astiagesis SviliSviladaa gamoyvanili. Sesabamisadherodotes mixedviT aqemenidTa mosvla saxelmwifos saTaveSi midiis samefosgagrZelebad SeiZleba miviCnioT) [Her. I, 107_III]. Tu strabonis cnobasiberTa Sesaxeb, àrmenielTa da midielTa msgavsad ewyobian~, gaviazrebT,rogorc “vewyobi, vicvam, viWurvebi” da am ukanasknelTa tradiciebs SevudarebT,romelsac straboni Tavis mxriv aqemenidur iranTan uvlebs paralels,gasagebi gaxdeba, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxlexalxebisTvis, jer midielebTan, Semdeg _ aqemenidebTan kulturul-politikuriurTierTobis safuZvelze, cnobilia maTi religiuriwarmodgenebic.iberielTa winaqristianuli religiuri warmodgenebis fesvebi SesaZloamidielTa da armenielTa religiur warmodgenebSia saZebari, romlebsac,Tavis mxriv, aqemenidebTan aqvT bevri saerTo. midielebTan daaqemenidur iranTan qarTveluri tomebis urTierTobaze qarTuli werilobiTiwyaroc saubrobs. leonti mrovelisaTvis cnobilia, rogorc midiissamefos politikuri wanamZRvarebi (is midielebs sparselebad, nebroTisSTamomavlebad ixseniebs [61;17-18]), aseve midiel mefeTa saxelebic. leontimroveli sparselTa gaZlierebamde kavkasiis gadmosavlelebiT (dariali,darubandi) xazarTa laSqrobebs aRwers. rogorc sworad aqvs SeniSnulim. sanaZes, `xazarTa laSqrobebis aRwerisas mematiane mis dros (VII-VIIIs.s.) kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT gabatonebuli saxelis `xazaris~ qveS gulisxmobsskviTebsa da kimerielebs, romelTa Semosevebs adgili hqonda Zv. w.VIII-VI ss-Si~ [50; 18]. am Semosevebis realuroba, aziasa da samxreT kavkasiaSiskviTur-kimeriuli tomebis gansaxleba da aq maTi saxelmwifoebrivigaerTianebis arseboba dasturdeba rogorc Zveli asurul-babilonuri,urartuli wyaroebiTa da Zvel berZen avtorTa cnobebiT, aseve bolo xanebisarqeologiuri gaTxrebis monacemebiTac [127], [168], [7]. SevniSnavTimasac, rom asuruli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, midiis samefo VII s. 70 wlebSi,mZlavri antiasuruli moZraobis periodSi gaCnda, romelSic monawileo-7

as kimerielebi da skviTebic Rebulobdnen [118; 49-50] 1 , rac leonti mroveliscnobas srulebiT Seesabameba, rameTu werilobiT wyaroSi jer saubaria`xazarTa~ gamosvlis Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki imaze, rom `xolo mieriTganganZlierdes sparsni mier mzisa aRmosavliTgan, naTesavni nebroTisani~.wyarodan vigebT nebroTianTa `legendaruli~ gmiris afridonis Sesaxebac,romelic èufla yovelsa queyanasa sparsTasa~, romelsac qar-TlSi Tavisi Ze gamougzavnia: `movida qarTlad da Semusrna yovelni qalaqnida cixeni qarTlisani [60; 14-15], romelic mravali weli erisTavobda,xolo mis Semdgom ùcalo iqmnes Zeni afridonisani, rameTu iwyesbrZolad urTierTis~. amiT qarTlosianT usargebliaT da droebiT ganTavisuflebulan[60;15]. Mmematianis cnobaze afridonTan da ardam erisTav-Tan dakavSirebiT dazustebiT Tqma Znelia, ramdenad Seesabameba es yvelaferiistoriul realobas, Tumca `Semdgomad amissa mravalTa weliwadTakualad ganZlierdes sparsni da ganadidna mefe sparsTa, romelsa erquaqekapos~ _ vkiTxulobT `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ [60; 15]. v. kovalevskaia am qekaposSida mis memkvidreebSi midielTa mefeebis saxelebs varaudobs: faraboroti_ fraarti, qaixosro igive kiaqsari. [60; 15] [121; 62] (m. andronikaSvilsgansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvs qekaposis, faraborotisa da qaixosrosSesaxeb. qekaposTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari SewniSnavs, rom es amsaxelis qarTuli formaa da unda modiodes àxali sparsuli formidankaikabus, romelic kaikavhs-is gverdiT arsebobda” [4, 507], saxels qaixosrosavestur Kava. Haosrava [h], fal. Ka; Husrave, axal spars. Kqaixusrav-Tanuvlebs paralels da saxel xosrosTan aqvs Sedarebuli[4;506], faraborotTandakavSirebiT ki aRniSnavs, rom am saxelSi `Sahnames gmiri _ fareborzi,`Sahnames qarTuli versiebiT~ _ faremuzi qvaqaozis Ze, siauSisZma~ aris gadmocemuli[4;500]; faraborot-faremuzTan dakavSirebiT davZendiT,rom “qarTlis cxovrebis” leonti mroveliseuli teqstis arSiazefaraborotis saxels miwerili aqvs “faremuz” [61; 14]. gamoTqmulia mosazreba,rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ iranuli eposis gmirebi zepirsityvierebisgziT Semovidnen. al. xaxaniSvilis azriT, informaciis wyaro iyo `saerotradicia, xalxSi daculi ambebi Zveli droisa, is ambebi, romelic1 ixileT aseve Дьяконов М.М. Очерк истории древнего Ирана, М., 1961, с. 49-508

erTnairad gavrcelebuli iqmneboda rogorc sparselebSi, ise qarTveleb-Sic~ [86; 1-2]; amave Tvalsazriss iziareben n. mari [42] da mose janaSvili[76; 221]; k. kekeliZe fiqrobda, rom leonti mrovelis wyaros uSualodfirdousis `Sahname~ warmoadgenda [31; 18-19], Tumca m. andronikaSvilis azriT,`qarTlis cxovrebis~ arqaul nawilSi iranuli samyaro _ pirTa saxelebi_ warmodgenilia, rogorc saSualo sparsuli da uZvelesi parTuliformebiT, ise (metwilad) arabuli da axali sparsuli formebiT [43;148-149]. g. qavTaria `mefeTa cxovrebis~ `gamosvla xazarTa~-s nawils “qar-Tlis cxovrebaSi” Sesul msoflio istoriuli ambebis umniSvnelovanessakiTxad miiCnevs, romliTac, mecnieris azriT, qarTuli wyaro afiqsirebsZvel samyaroSi mimdinare procesebs. termin `xazarebSi~ mkvlevariaseve kimereliebsa da skviTebs moiazrebs, romelTac Zv. w. VIII s-Si undaelaSqraT kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebare vrcel teritoriaze [59;13-15], rasac adastureben rogorc antikuri avtorebi, aseve Zvel aRmosavlurilursmuli warwerebi [118; 235-238], [99; 221-227]. g. qavTaria aRniSnavs,rom mcire aziaSi am momTabare xalxis moxvedris gzebi kargad iyo cnobiliantikuri avtorebisaTvis, romelsac zustad miuTiTebs leonti mrovelic[59; 15]. viziarebT g. qavTarias mosazrebas qekapos faraborotisZesTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Zv. w. VII s. I naxevarSi saTaveSi CaudgaasureTis winaaRmdeg midiis ajanyebas da gamarjvebiT daasrula is (g.qavTarias mosazrebiT es faraboroti asuruli warwerebSi moxseniebulikaStriti unda iyos, romlis midiuri saxeli xSatritia, herodote kifraorts uwodebs [Her. I, 102]. “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” qekaposis Ze faraborotadaris cnobili [61; 14], [59; 16-17]). aRsaniSnavia, rom Zv. w. 653 w. skvi-Tebma axladSeqmnili midiis saxelmwifos dapyroba SeZles, midielTa mefeki maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa[61; 14],. es istoriuli faqti leonti mrovelisTvisacaacnobili, romelTanac vkiTxulobT: `da Semdgomad amissaramdenTame weliwadTa ucalo iqmna qekapos mefe sparsTa, rameTu iwyobrZola TurqTa~ [61; 14]. g. qavTaria SeniSnavs, rom am `TurqebSi~ qarTuliwyaro skviTebs gulisxmobs [59; 26-27]. midiis erTianobis aRdgenas daskviTebis gandevnas, herodote kaStaritis Svilis kiaqsaris saxels ukav-Sirebs [Her. I, 101-102], es faqti Semonaxulia leonti mrovelTanac: `daSemdgomad amisa, ramodenime weliwadTa ucalo iqmna qaixosro mefe da9

iwyo brZolad TurqTa, eZiebda sisxlsa mamisa maTisasa~ [61; 15], anu qar-Tuli werilobiTi wyarosaTvis cnobilia, rom kaStariti, igive qekaposi,skviTebTan brZolaSi daiRupa.`ramodeniTame weliwadTa ucalo iqmna~, SesaZloa, herodotes cnobasasaxavs, romlis Tanaxmadac skviTebis batonoba 28 weli gagrZelebula[Her. I, 74]. rac Seexeba qaixosros, is midielTa mefe kiaqsari (midiurad _uvaxStara) unda iyos, amis safuZvels gvaZlevs rogorc qaixosro saxelisgamoyvana kiaxsar-uvaxStaridan, ise leonti mrovelisa da herodoteswerilobiTi monacemebis paraleluri Sedarebebic. leonti mrovelisgadmocemiT, xazarTa (kimerielTa Tu skviTTa) Semosevis paraleluradadgili hqonia sparselebis (midielebis) laSqrobebsac saqarTvelosa dasomxeTSi. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ aRweril xazarebisa da sparselebislaSqrobebs Tu gavyvebiT, sakmaod saintereso suraTs vixilavT. sparsulsakuTar saxelebSi aRrevebis miuxedavad, Txzulebis am monakveTSiistoriul realobasTan sakmaod miaxloebiTaa daxatuli midiaSi arsebulirTuli politikuri situacia. Sida uwesrigobis garda, midiasac mZimetvirTad awva momTabare tomebis TareSi _ midielTa da skviTTaurTierTdapirispirebas mravali wyaro adasturebs. `qarTlis cxovrebis~meSveobiT cnobili informaciebis Sevsebac SeiZleba. g. qavTaria leontimrovelis naxevrad fantastikur monaTxrobSi realur movlenebsac ar-Cevs: `mefeTa cxovrebis~ avtors ara marto midiis saxelmwifos sagareopolitika aqvs gadmocemuli, aramed kargad aqvs daxasiaTebuli qarTvel-Ta cxovrebis adreuli safexurebi da urTierToba garemomcvel samyarosTan[59; 24]. m. sanaZe ki leonti mrovelis gadmocemaSi arsebul qronologiurSeusabamobebs, saxelTa damaxinjebul gadmocemas, rig Sem-TxvevaSi _ fantastikuri ambebis gadmocemas, imiT xsnis, rom `qarTliscxovreba~ iranuli istoriuli eposis, rogorc arqaul, ise axal sparsulwignier variaciebs Seicavs. mkvlevaris azriT, `mematianes sxvadasxvaepoqebSi Sesrulebuli iranuli eposis variaciebi aqvs xelT da ver am-Cnevs maT igiveobas, erTimeoris Semdeg, garkveuli qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTaTavsebs maT~ [51; 25-26].leonti mroveli qaixosros mefobis Semdeg, kidev erT istoriul ambavsgviyveba, romelic babilonis mefe nabuqodonosors exeba: `da gamoÃ-10

des amas Sina Jamni mravalni. maSin nabuqodonosor mefeman warmostyuenaierusalimi~ [61; 15-16]. Semdeg ki isev sparselebze iwyebs saubars: `Semdgomadamissa raodenTame weliwadTa aRmovida Ze sparsTa mefisa vaSta-Sabisi, saxeliT spandiat rvali~ [61; 16]. es vaStaSabi, besitunis kldiswarweraSi moxseniebuli viStaspi unda iyos, romelic darios I-is mamaa,am ukanasknels qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro spandiat rvals uwodebs. leontimrovelTan mcire qronologiur uzustobas unda hqondes adgili,radgan midiis samefos dacema da aqemeniduri samefos xanis dasawyisi kirosissaxelTanaa dakavSirebuli (romelsac Zv. w. 550-530 ww. unda emefa),leonti mroveli ki sparselebSi àxali xanis~ dasawyiss darios viStaspisZis saxels (imave vaStaSabis Zes, spandiat rvals) ukavSirebs. xazgasmuliaisic, rom spandiat vaStaSabis Ze (anu darios viStaspis Ze) babilonSinabuqodonosoris mefobis Semdgom modis. amdenad, `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~sparselTa istoriasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis asaxva im epoqisrealur suraTs emTxveva. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom leonti mroveli istoriulTanmimdevrobas ar arRvevs da spandiat rvalTan dakavSirebiTSeniSnavs, rom am ukanasknelma saqarTveloSi mas Semdeg ilaSqra, rac nabuqodonosorisgan`muniT otebulni uriani movides qarTls... Semdgomadamissa raodensame weliwadTa.~ [61; 15-16]. spandiat rvalis ( igive darioshistaspis Zis ) momdevno periodi aqemeniduri sparseTis Zlierebis xanaa.`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, am periodSi sparseTma babiloni da asure-Ti daipyro, “moxarke yvna berZenni da hromni. da maSin qarTvelni moxarkeiyvnes misdave~ [61; 16], aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobamde qarTvelebisparselebis moxarkeni rom iyvnen, amas qarTuli wyaroebis garda, berZeniistorikosebic adastureben: herodote, qsenofonti, dion kasiusi, razeczemoT ukve gvqonda saubari.Txzulebidan Cans rom leonti mrovels sparsTa religiis Sesaxebachqonia warmodgena, miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi `mefeTacxovrebis~ avtoris interesebSi mxolod is politikuri movlenebia moqceuli,rac farnavazis gamefebas uZRoda win. erTgan mematiane ixseniebs,rom mas Semdeg, rac qaixosro SioSis Zem `movlo yoveli somxiT da qar-Tli, motyuena yovelive, iavar yvna yovelni cixeni da qalaqni, da dautevnaerisTavni, da aRaSena adarbadagans saxli salocavi sjulisa maTi-11

sa da warvida~ [61; 15]. gacilebiT sainteresoa is adgili, sadac leontimroveli qarTlis teritoriaze mosaxle qarTveluri tomebis `sjulis~Sesaxeb saubrobs: `da ipyres sjuli uborotesi yovelTa naTesavTa. rame-Tu col-qmrobisaTÂis ara uCndaT naTesaoba: da yovelsa suliersa Wamdes;saflavi ara iyo mkudarsa SesWamdes~. [61; 15]. es berZen istorikoseb-Tan dacul cnobebs gvagonebs: kerZod, herodotesTan masagetebTandakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT, rom isini `misdeven skviTuri cxovrebis wesebs~[Her I. 215], anu TiToeuli maTgani colad erT qals irTavs, magramqalebTan isini Tanaziarad cxovroben. elinTa gadmocemebi skviTebismsgavsi Cveulebebis Sesaxeb, ufro masagetebs exeba. “rodesac masagetiromelime qalisadmi swrafvas igrZnobs, Camohkidebs Tavis kaparWs mis etlTanda Semdeg mSvidad amyarebs masTan kavSirs” [Her. I, 216]. msgavsi cnobadaculia strabonTanac [Strabo. XI, 8;6], romelTanac albanebTan dakavSirebiTvkiTxulobT: àlbanebi moxucebulebs metismetad scemen pativs,ara marto Tavis mSoblebisa, aramed sxvebisasac; xolo micvalebulzezrunva araa wesi, arc mogoneba. maTTan erTad flaven qonebasac~ [Strabo.XI, IV; 8], qarTvelTa winaprebis es wes-Cveuleba zoroastrelTa rwmena-warmodgenebsgvagonebs, romelTa religia gardacvlilis damarxvas an maszezrunvas ki ar moiTxovda, aramed ahqondaT gardacvlilis gvami sadme ma-Ral adgilze da iq `stovebdnen~ [105; 158].SesavalSi warmoebulma msjelobam, qarTuli da ucxouri werilobi-Ti wyaroebis paralelurma Sedarebebma da arqeologiurma monacemebmadagvanaxa, rom qarTvelTa winaprebs urTierToba uwevdaT jer midieleb-Tan, Semdeg ki aqemenidur iranTan, am urTierTobebis paralelurad qar-Tveluri tomebisaTvis cnobili unda yofiliyo zoroastruli religia,rac erTgvari bazisi unda gamxdariyo qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisCamoyalibebis procesSi.iberiis winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeoni winareelinisturi Tuelinisturi qveynebis kulturasTan qarTvelTa urTierTobis erT-erTinaTeli nimuSia. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi qarTul warmarTul pan-TeonSi Semavali RvTaebebis Sesaxeb cnobebi mwiria da, zog SemTxvevaSi,araerTgvarovani. RvTaebebis saxelebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebiqarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciaSi zogierTi kerpis warmomavlo-12

isa da raobis dadgenisas garkveul sirTuleebs qmnida, Tumca mocemulsakiTxze momuSave mecnierebi Seecadnen Taviseburi axsna moeZebnaT amRvTaebebisaTvis, am kuTxiT mecnierTa mosazrebebi sam nawilad SeiZlebadavyoT: 1. isini, vinc qarTul warmarTul panTeons aqemeniduri iranisreligiasTan akavSirebda; 2. vinc xeTur-xuritul religiaSi xedavda qar-Tuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebTan saerTos; 3. vinc berZnul-romaulpanTeonTan avlebda paralels.Zvel sparsul religias saqarTveloSi didi tradicia gaaCnia, romelmacgarkveuli roli iTamaSa qristianobamdeli iberiis samefos istoriaSi.rogorc ukve aRvniSneT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriazemosaxle qarTvelur tomebs kulturul-politikuri urTierToba jer midiasTan,Semdeg aqemenidur da sasanidur iranTan uwevda, rac gvaZlevssafuZvels vivaraudoT, rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis CamoyalibebisprocesSi sparsulma RvTaebebmac iTamaSes TavianTi roli. qarTlsada kaxeTSi aRmoCenilia zoroastrizmisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobis mimdevarTataZrebi _ cixiagora, dedoflismindori, nekresi. warmarTuligadmonaSTebi mogviano periodis qarTul xalxur zRaprebsa Tu tradiciebSicgvxvdeba, xolo iberiis mosazRvre somxeTis urTierToba aqemenidebTanda qristianobis gavrcelebamde sparsuli RvTaebebis arsebobamaT panTeonSi imis maniSnebelia, rom isini iberiis samefoSic unda yofiliyvnencnobilni.wlebis ganmavlobaSi mocemul sakiTxze dawerilma samecniero naSromebma,statiebma, axalma arqeologiurma aRmoCenebma, eTnografiulmakvlevam mravali aqamde ucnobi masala gamoitana dRis sinaTleze qar-Tul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxsenebuli RmerTebis Sesaxeb, riTac er-Tgvari bazisi Seiqmna qarTvelTa winaqristianuli panTeonis Sesaxeb fundamenturinaSromis SeqmnisaTvis. aRniSnuli Temisadmi interess zrdisisic, rom mecnierTa mosazrebebi qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi SemavaliRvTaebebis Sesaxeb araerTgvarovania. Cven SevecadeT Cvens xelT arsebuliucxouri da qarTveli mecnierebis naSromebis, uaxlesi arqeologiuriaRmoCenebis, mikvleuli eTnografiuli masalis, qarTuli da ucxouriwerilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze axleburi kuTxiT gangvexila war-13

marTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis sadaurobisa da raobis sakiTxi, sakuTariazri gamogveTqva maT Sesaxeb.qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni bevri qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnieriskvlevis sagani iyo da rCeba kidec. am Temaze mravali samecniero naSromiqveyndeba. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sedegad mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxebbevri masalaa Tavmoyrili. qarTveli mecnierebisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomigaxda uaxlesi ucxouri literatura, romelic axlo aRmosavlurreligiebs exeba. gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgens aqemenidur-sasanidurreligiebze momuSave mecnierTa naSromebi, avestis wignisqarTveli mecnierebisaTvis aqamde ucnobi Tavebis Targmanebi, romelicwinamdebare naSromSia gamoyenebuli.winamdebare naSromSi SevecadeT qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi SemavaliRvTaebebi ara viwro zoroastruli religiis CarCoSi, aramed Zv.aRmosavleTis qveynebis kulturul WrilSi gangvexila. winamdebare naSromiwinaqristianuli iberiis RvTaebebis axlebur xedvas warmoadgens,romelTa erTi nawili (armazi, zadeni) axlosaa zoroastrul religias-Tan (am mxriv Cveni mosazrebebi emTxveva n. maris, meliqseT begis, m. gvelesianisda sxvaTa mosazrebebs). `RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da ga~ kiqarTveluri tomebis arian qarTlidan motanili RvTaebebia, romelTacelinistur xanaSi axali datvirTva SeiZines; aininas paraleli anahitiunda iyos, rogorc amas n. mari SeniSnavda, Tumca aininas Cven meore qal-RvTaebasTan _ daninasTan konteqstSi ganvixilavT (CvenTvis am mxriv misa-Rebia gr. kapancianis mosazreba aininas da dananas wakiTxvis Sesaxeb, rogorc(ai)nina da ninada). maT kvals Cven Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi TrialeTiskulturis droindel rwmena-warmodgenebSi vxedavT da mesopotamiurkulturas vukavSirebT. am or qalRvTaebas winamdebare naSromSi ori Taviaqvs daTmobili. erTSi saubaria aininas da dananas kultebis SesaxebqarTvelur tomebis rwmena-warmodgenebSi elinistur da postelinisturxanaSi, calke Tavi ki aqvs daTmobili yaraSambSi (somxeTSi) aRmoCenilvercxlis Tasze asaxul qalRvTaeba iSTarisadmi miZRvnil ritualur siuJets,sadac Suamdinaruli RvTaeba or Tanamdev RvTaebasTan _ ninadasada quliTasTan erTadaa warmodgenili. mocemuli arqeologiuri eqsponatiam kuTxiT qarTul mecnierebaSi jer ar SeuswavliaT. calke qveTavi14

eTmoba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujans, romelic, m. gvelesianis azriT,sicruis RvTaeba drujTan unda iyos kavSirSi. es mosazreba CvenTvis misaRebia,winamdebare naSromSi is Cvens mier ufro ganvrcobilia da mravaliargumentia moyvanili iTrujanis drujiseuli warmomavlobis sasargeblod.qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad Cveni mxridan moxda `mefeTacxovrebaSi~ moxseniebuli meoTxe farnavaziani mefis farnajomis drosganviTarebuli politikuri realiebis axleburi gaazreba: kerZod leontimroveli farnajomis dros momxdari samefo gadatrialebis mizezadreligiur faqtors miiCnevda, rac Cven istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiTuarvyaviT.winamdebare naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, xuTi Tavisa da daskvnisagan.gamoyenebuli literaturis siis garda, naSroms erTvis sailustraciomasala.naSromis pirvel TavSi (`RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da ga~) ganxiluliaqarTvelTa uZvelesi kerpebis gacisa da gaimis (gas) warmomavlobissakiTxi, RvTaebrivi funqciebi. somxur warmarTul panTeonTan gavlebuliparalelebiT, avestis mixr-iaStebis wignis arqeologiuri masalebis,etimologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze, SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, romgaci da ga qarTvelTa uZvelesi RvTaebebi iyvnen. elinistur epoqaSi isinigaigivebuli iqnen sparsuli miTras Tanamdev RvTaebebTan, ris safuZvelsacqarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi arsebuli informacia, RvTaebaTaaRwerilobis struqtura da maTi funqciebis gansazRvra, aseve liTonTasimbolikaSi oqrosa da vercxlis mzesTan da mTvaresTan gaigiveba iZleva.naSromis meore Tavi (RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxisaTvis) RvTaeba armazisada masTan dapirispirebuli `qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujanis~ sakiTxseZRvneba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom armazze uamravi samecniero gamokvlevaaris dawerili, Cveni kvlevis obieqti masTan dapirispirebuliRvTaeba iTrujani gaxda, romlis warmomavlobisa da RvTaebrivi funqciebisgansazRvram dagvanaxa, rom mas bevri aqvs saerTo sicruisa da borotebisiranul RvTaeba drujTan, ahuramazdas antagonisti RvTaebis ahrimaniserT-erT msaxurTan. aseTi varaudis safuZvels iZleva ara martoiTrujanis sparsuli warmomavloba da etimologiuri msgavseba drujTan15

((i)Truj(ani)), aramed isic, rom ahrimanis saxelis xsenebas adreuli werilobiTiTu epigrafikuli Zeglebi eridebian da ahuramazdas mxolod ahrimanismsaxur RvTaebebs upirispireben, Cvens SemTxvevaSi _ drujs. mocemulTavSi gamoyenebulia ara marto ucxouri da qarTuli literaturada werilobiTi wyaroebi, aramed moxmobilia arqeologiuri, eTnografiuli,enaTmecnieruli masalebic.mesame Tavi daTmobili aqvs farnavazis Semdgomi mefeebis saurmagisada mirvanis mier aRmarTuli ori qalRvTaebis kerpis aininas da daninassakiTxs. iqidan gamomdinare, rom am ori qalRvTaebis Zirebi winareelinisturisamyaros religiur warmodgenebSi midis, mocemuli Tavi Cven orqveTavad davyaviT. Cven viziarebT gr. kapancianis, m. wereTlisa da s. janaSiasmosazrebebs am qalRvTaebebis Sesaxeb da iSTar-ninadasTan vavlebTparalels. mocemuli RvTaebebi, savaraudod, Zv. w. II aTaswleulSiarsebobdnen, rodesac TrialeTis kulturis matarebel tomebs axlo ur-TierToba hqondaT Zvel civilizaciebTan _ uris III dinastia, xeTebi, xuritebi.Cven xelT am RvTaebebis amsaxveli ori nivTi mogvepoveba, pirvelisaqarTveloSi, walkis platoze, mexuTe yorRanSi napovni TrialeTisvercxlis Tasia, meore _ somxeTSi, yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasi,romelic aseve TrialeTis didi yorRanuli kulturis matarebelixalxis nawarmia. Cveni kvlevis sagani es ukanaskneli gaxda, radganac maszeufro srulyofilad aris warmodgenili RvTaeba iSTarTan dakavSirebuliritualuri msvlelobis Tu msxverplSewirvis siuJeti. qalRvTaebaiSTari Tasis erT-erT frizze or Tanamdev qalRvTaebasTan ninadasa daquliTasTan erTad aris gamosaxuli. mocemuli Tasi, masze asaxuli religiuriritualisa da warmodgenili personaJebis raobis garkvevis mizniT,saqarTveloSi mecnierTa mier calke Seswavlis sagani ar gamxdarada am mxriv Cvens mier Catarebuli kvleva mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoadgens.winamdebare naSromis meoTxe Tavi uSualod aininas da daninas RvTaebrivifunqciebis garkvevas aqvs daTmobili: rogor moxda ainina-iSTaris(imave nanaias, ninos) konsolireba gviandel sparsul qalRvTaeba ardvisuraanahitTan. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moxmobilia paraleluri masa-16

lebi somxuri warmarTuli panTeonidan da avestis ardvisura-iaStebishimnebidan.naSromis ukanaskneli, mexuTe Tavi mefe farnajomis dros momxdarisamefo gadatrialebis sakiTxs eTmoba. leonti mroveli gadatrialebismizezad religiur faqtors asaxelebda, Cveni mizani iyo axleburad gagveazrebinaes movlena somxuri da berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze.farnajomis dros momxdari samefo gadatrialebisTvis imdroindelipolitikuri viTarebidan Tu winare farnavaziani mefeebis saSinaoda sagareo politikidan gamomdinare mogveZebna axsna. amave TavSia mocemulimsjeloba RvTaeba zadenis sakiTxzec.17

w y a r o e b i s d a l i t e r a t u r i s m i m o x i l v aqarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Sesaxeb ZiriTad cnobebs qarTuliwerilobiTi wyaroebi `mefeTa cxovreba~ da `moqcevai qarTlisai~ iZlevian.leonti mroveli pirveli qarTveli saistorio mweralia, romelicqarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebisa da formirebis Sesaxeb gvawvdiscnobebs, Tumca leonti mrovelis Txzuleba qarTvelTa winaqristianulrwmena-warmodgenebze informaciul xasiaTs atarebs da mxolodRvTaebaTa saxelebiTa da im cnobebiT Semoifargleba, romeli mefisdros Seiqmna esa Tu is kerpi da sad iyo is ganlagebuli. gacTan da gaimTandakavSirebiT ki vigebT, romeli liTonisgan yofila Seqmnili maTikerpebi. avtori armazis sparsul warmomavlobazec migvaniSnebs. leontimrovelis Txzuleba mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens Zveli iberiis samefospolitikuri istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac. am mxriv Cvenikvlevis sagani azo da pirveli oTxi farnavaziani mefe gaxdnen, romel-Tac `moqcevai qarTlisai~ winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis formirebasmiawers [92; 320-321].leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, `moqcevai qar-TlisaiSi~ Semavali wminda ninos cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul Txzuleba-Si daculi cnobebi winaqristianuli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb ufro mdidaria,rameTu aq ZiriTadi aqcenti Txzulebis avtors warmarT qarTvelTa Rmer-Tebis funqciebis gansazRvraze aqvs gakeTebuli. Tumca `mefeTa cxovrebisagan~gansxvavebiT `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ avtori arafers ambobs aininasada daninas kerpebis Sesaxeb da mxolod armaziT, zadeniT, gaciTa dagaimiT Semoifargleba, romelTac Semdegi epiTetebiT amkobs `RmerTnididni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni, wvimisa momcemelni da qveynisanaSobTa gamomzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani, armaz da zaden, yovlisadafarulisa gamomZiebelni, Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani, gaci dagaim~ [61; 106]. wminda ninos cxovrebaSi kidev erTi axali RvTaebis saxeliSemodis, romelic leonti mrovelTan ar ixsenieba _ es qaldevelTaRvTaeba iTrujania, romelic armazs emtereba [61; 106-107, 91-92].qarTvelTa warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaswavlad ZvirfaswerilobiT wyaros warmoadgens juanSeris `cxovreba vaxtang gorgasli-18

sa~, sadac qarTvelTa mier cecxlTayvanismcemlobazea saubari, xolovaxtang gorgaslis Ze daCisTan dakavSirebiT juanSeri wers, rom daCimaiyvana Tavisi diswuli, gadavida kolxeTs, lopotis qveyanaSi kldovansoRroCoRroebsa da gamoqvabulebSi, romlis mosaxleoba iyo didad mravalida nair-nairi tomebisa, romlebic cecxlsa da wyals scemdnen Tayvans[61; 200]. mocemul citataSi, Cveni azriT, saubaria cecxlisa dawylis RvTaebebis _ atarisa da ardvisura anahitis kultebis TayvaniscemisSesaxeb.wyaroTmcodneobis mniSvnelovan baziss warmoadgens `qarTlis cxovrebis~sxvadasxva redaqciebi da nusxebi, sadac warmarTuli panTeonisRvTaebaTa saxelebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebia SemoTavazebuli. ammxriv Cveni kvlevis sagani gaxda mariamiseuli, anaseuli, WeliSviliseuliqarTlis cxovrebis nusxebi, qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani,vaxuSti batoniSvilis àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, X saukunisSatberdis krebuli.informaciis simwires iberiis samefos warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebisSesaxeb erTgvarad avsebs qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzulebebi: evstaTimcxeTelis wameba, SuSanikis wameba, wminda raJdenis wameba, sadacmoTxrobilia V-VI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi qristianobis zoroastrizmisada cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. qarTvelTawarmarTuli gadmonaSTebis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania asureli mamebiscxovrebis amsaxveli werilobiTi Zeglebis, rogorc svinaqsaruli, asevemetafrasuli redaqciebi [70], [71], [72]. arsebuli istoriuli tradiciisTanaxmad asureli mamebi VI-VIII saukuneebSi movidnen qarTlSi. maT udidesiwvlili miuZRviT qarTlis eklesiis gaZlierebis saqmeSi warmarTobasTanbrZolis pirvel periodSi. qristianobis brZola warmarTul gadmonaSTebTanda sparsul religiasTan kargad aisaxa daviT garejelis,iese wilknelis, ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis da abibos nekreselismoRvaweobis amsaxvel TxzulebebSi.qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisa da iberiis Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebispolitikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania Zveli somxuri saistoriowyaroebis Seswavlac. iqidan gamomdinare, rom qarTvel da somexxalxs urTierToba uwevdaT jer midielebTan, Semdeg aqemenidur iranTan,19

elinistur saxelmwifoebTan da sasanidebTan, es istoriul-kulturuliurTierToba am ori xalxis winaqristianul religiur warmodgenebzecunda asaxuliyo. n. o. eminisa da gr. kapancianis varaudiT somexTa winaqristianulwarmarTul panTeonSi zoroastrizmis gavlena aSkaraa [166],[125]. am kuTxiT did yuradRebas imsaxurebs movses xorenacis `somxeTisistoria~, romelic ara marto somexi xalxis istorias mogviTxrobs, uZvelesiperiodidan ax. w. V s-mde, aramed Zvirfas cnobebs iZleva somxebiswarmarTuli RmerTebis Sesaxeb. Cven gansakuTrebiT gvainteresebs Txzulebisis adgilebi, sadac avtori saqarTveloze da mis politikur situaciazemogviTxrobs. movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoria~ erTaderTiaraqarTuli werilobiTi wyaroa, sadac qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisRvTaeba, armazi ixsenieba, romelic somex istorikoss somxuri warmarTulipanTeonis umaRles RvTaeba aramazdTan hyavs gaigivebuli. qarTuliwarmarTuli panTeonis mTavari RvTaebis armazis sakiTxis SesaswavladmniSvnelovania wminda ninos (movses xorenacTan _ nune) mier qarTlismoqcevasTan dakavSirebuli erTi momenti, sadac qarTvelebis mier aramazdiskerpis Tayvaniscemaa aRwerili [49, II, 86].sxva somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi _ favstos buzandi, sebeosi, aga-Tangelosi, egiSe vardapeti _ Tumca ar ixsenieben aRmosavleT saqarTvelosteritoriaze gavrcelebul kerpTa Tu RmerTTa saxelebs, magram ma-Ti naSromebi mdidaria somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis, asevesparsuli religiisa da mis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qristianobis SesaxebinformaciiT, rac erTi mxriv somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis SeswavlaSigvexmareba, meore mxriv ki gvaZlevs saSualebas movuZebnoT paralelebiqarTuli da somxuri panTeonis RvTaebebs. egiSe vardapetis Txzuleba kierT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa zoroastruli religiuri warmodgenebisSesaswavlad, sadac istorikosi mdidar informacias iZleva sparsulidualizmisa da RvTaebebis Sesaxeb [123; 40-42].berZeni da romaeli istorikosebis naSromebSi Tumca qarTlis (iberiis)warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebze pirdapir araa saubari, magramwarmodgena gveqmneba saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva tomiswarmarTuli tradiciebisa da mogviano periodis iberiis samefos politikuri,socialuri da kulturuli viTarebis Sesaxeb. berZen-romael20

istorikosebTan mocemuli es informacia imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadacCveni naSromi mxolod religiuri kuTxiT ar aris SemosazRvruli(winamdebare naSromis mexuTe Tavi Zv. w. II saukuneSi qarTlis politikurviTarebas exeba). berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebi informaciasgvawvdian aqemeniduri iranis religiuri warmodgenebis Sesaxebac. herodoteze,qsenofontsa da strabonze naSromis Sesaval nawilSi Cven ukvegvqonda saubari. rac Seexeba sxva istorikosebs, plutarqe Zvirfas cnobebsgvawvdis lukulusisa da pompeusis biografiebSi kavkasiis, kerZod,saqarTvelosa da somxeTis Sesaxeb. lukulusis biografiaSi plutarqearmenielebis mier anaitidis (anahitis) Tayvaniscemas ixseniebs, iberebTandakavSirebiT ki aRniSnavs, rom isini tigran II-is mokavSireebi iyvnen romaelebiswinaaRmdeg omSi. artaqserqse II-is biografiaSi ki ahurmazdas,miTrasa da anahitis erTad moxsenieba adasturebs varauds am sparselimefis dros iranSi mimdinare religiur reformis Sesaxeb. amdenad, plutarqeCvenTvis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens sparselTa da somexTareligiuri warmodgenebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac.gasaTvaliswinebelia romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis cnobac,romelsac iberebTan dakavSirebiT uweria, rom isini (iberielebi) `Zvel-Taganve sparselTa mefis qveSevrdomni yofilan~. berZeni polibiosisTxzuleba mdidar informacias Seicavs Zv. w. III-II saukuneebSi elinistursamyaroSi mimdinare politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTlis(iberiis) samefos sagareo da saSinao politikazec unda asaxuliyo.sxva berZen-romaeli istorikosebidan visargebleT pliniusis, gelasikesarielis, turnius rufiniusis, sokrates sqolastikosis, ermia sozomenis,arianes TxzulebebiT.naSromSi gamoyenebulia Zveli sparsuli religiis wminda wignisavestis sxvadasxva nawilebi _ Áasna-gaTa galobebi, hord avesta (mcireavesta), iaStebi, videvdati _ venididebi, visparidebi, romlebic zoroastrulireligiis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanesi da upirvelesi werilobiTiwyaroa.avestis wignSi Semavali sxvadasxva nawilebi Targmnilia, rogorc inglisur,ise rusul da qarTul enebze. avestis gaTebis erTi nawilis _Áasnebis pirveli Targmani qarTul enaze g. axvledians ekuTvnis. 192421

wels, JurnalSi `Cveni mecniereba~ daibeWda mecnieris Targmnili 29 da 30gaTa-galobebi. 1977 w. dabeWdil iranuli poeziisadmi miZRvnil krebulSiSesulia g. axvledianis mier Targmnili avestis 18 gaTa-galobani (kerZodki, 28-32, 43-51 Áasnebi), romelsac Tan erTvis komentarebi da leqsikoni.imave krebulSia Sesuli m. andronikaSvilis mier Targmnili ardvisuraanahitisadmi miZRvnili himni, romelic ardvisur iaStis saxelwodebiTaacnobili da iaStas mexuTe galobas warmoadgens [1]. 1979 w. calke wignadgamoica g. axvledianis àvestis gaTebi-galobani~, sadac Targmnilia avestiserTi nawili _ Áasnebis 17 gaTa [1].avestis teqstebis rusulenovani Targmanebidan Cvens mier gamoyenebuliqna И. С. Брагинский, из истории Таджикской народной поэзии, sadac mecniersavestis teqstebidan mocemuli aqvs Áasna IX nawyvetebi da fragmentebiard iaStebidan, originalis enaze da rusuli Targmani. naSromSiSetanilia aseve X da XIII iaStebis mcire, fragmentuli Targmanebi [109].avestaseuli teqstebis rusulenovani TargmanebiT ufro mdidaria i.s.braginskis mogviano periodis naSromi, romelic tajikur da sparsulliteraturas exeba. naSromSi warmodgenilia vendidadebis wignidan pirvelisami Tavis Targmani, romelsac darTuli aqvs avtoriseuli komentarebi,aseve mocemulia Áasnebis pirveli Tavis (romelSic 1-27 Áasnamde Sedis)9-11 Tavebis fragmentuli Targmanebi [109; 71-81], warmodgenilia sxvadasxvaRvTaebebisadmi miZRvnili himnebi, maT Soris ardvisura anahitisadmimiZRvnili ardvisur iaStis sruli Targmani [110; 126, 182, 409-411]; agreTve,tiStr iaSta, mixr iaSta, fravartir iaSta, varxran iaSta, ardiaSta; aseve zamiad iaStis mciredi fragmenti [110; 71-81].1984 w. gamocemul wignSi `Иранское литературное наследие~ i. braginskisSetanili aqvs bundaxSinis III Tavis mciredi Targmani, aseve XV Tavi, sadacpirveli adamianis (gaia martanis) gaCenis Sesaxebaa saubari, vendidadebisIII, XVIII, XXI, XXII Tavebi, ardvisur iaStis sruli Targmani, XLIVÁasna, aseve falauri literaturis erT-erTi poema `draxt asuriki~ (anuasuruli xe). sainteresoa aseve sogdianuri literaturis ori fragmentisTargmani, romelic V-VI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba da sadac lakonuradaaaRwerili legendaruli gmiris rustamis brZola devebTan [110].22

1984 welsve gamovida krebuli, romelSic Zveli aRmosavleTis mwerlobis,maT Soris iranis, brwyinvale nimuSebia Sesuli. krebulSi Sesuliaavestis Semadgeneli sami wignis vendidadebis pirveli sami Tavi, Áasnebiswignidan 12, 28, 29 Áasna, iaStebis wignidan mexuTe Tavi _ ardvisuraiaStebi, mixr-iaStebi da ard iaStis 17 Tavis Targmani [136].avestis wignis zogierTi nawilis Targmani mocemulia XX saukunisdasawyisis indoeli mecnieris jal dastur karseji pavris wignSi`Зороастрийская доктрина загробной жизни,~ romelic 2004 w. rusul enazeiTargmna. naSromis saTauridan gamomdinare, mecnierma avestis Tu mogvianoperiodis zoroastruli religiis wminda wignis mxolod is fragmentebimimoixila, romelic misi kvlevis saTaurs exmianeboda. Tumca mkvlevarisnaSromSi zoroastrul religiasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi wmindateqstebis Targmanebsac vxvdebiT, romelic Cven interesis sagania. jaldastur karseji pavris avestas teqstebis _ Áasnebis, iaStebis, bundaxSinebis_ Targmanebi xSir SemTxvevaSi fragmentulia, fragmentulia asevesad-daris da sad-dar bundaxSis (sasaniduri xanis farsul-sparsuli literaturisnawarmoebebi) Targmani. mkvlevars mocemul teqstTan misioriginalic aqvs darTuli. sainteresoa videvdatis, sruliad ganxiluligaTebis erT-erTi nawili _ datastan i meniu i kraxati, sadac saubariasulebis sasamarTlos Sesaxeb da sadac sroSa da raSnu ixseniebian [122;81-94]. aseve datastan i denikis zogierTi fragmenti Cinvantas xidze mixrisada misi ori Tanamdevi RvTaebis sroSa da raSnus gardacvlilTasulebis sasamarTloze [122; 99-107].avestis zogierTi nawilis uaxlesi Targmanebi mocemulia v. kriukovaswignSi `Зороастризм~, sadac mecniers Targmnili aqvs avestis erT-erTiSemadgeneli nawilis videvdatis zogierTi Tavis, kerZod V, XIV, XV,XVII, XVIII fragardebi [128]; naSromSi aseve warmodgenilia fragmentuliTargmanebi iaStebidan, romlebic RvTaeba miTras, vereTragnas, tiSrits,ardvisura anahits exeba (aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iaStebis Targmnisas v. kriukovasteblin kamenskis TargmanebiT sargeblobs, fragaredebis Targmaniki avtoriseulia) [128; 252-282].ucxoeli avtorebidan visargebleT h. humbahis zaraTuStras gaTebisada vendidadebis, iaStebis TargmanebiT [172].23

aqve davsZenT, rom warmarTi qarTvelebisTvis cnobili iyo zoroastrizmismimdevarTa wminda wignebi, risi pirdapiri miniSnebac wminda ninoscxovrebaSi, kerZod ki abiaTar mRvdelis mier Tqmul ambavSia daculi,sadac nebroTis, anu sparsTa wigni ixsenieba, romelic mefe mirianshqonia [61; 105].24

arqeo logiu r i w y a roe biqarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovan wyarosarqeologiuri Zeglebi warmoadgenen. s. makalaTiam, romelic saqarTveloSimiTras kultis arsebobas varaudobda, am iranuli RvTaebis saqar-TveloSi funqcionirebis erT-erT argumentad pirvelma moixmo arqeologiurimasala, kerZod _ miTras gamosaxulebiani ori eqsponati [38; 189].mniSvnelovania i. gagoSiZis mier dedoflismindvris gaTxrebis dros sofelaradeTTan napovni oqros sakidi firfita nayofierebis qalRmerTisgamosaxulebiT, romelsac Tavze namgala mTvare adgas. diademiT, yelsabamiTada sayureebiT Semkuli qalRmerTis gamosaxuleba iranuli qal-RvTaeba ardvisura anahitis gamosaxulebas imeorebs [13; 175]. mocemuli eqsponatissaqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobis faqti unda mianiSnebdesimaze, rom iberiis mcxovreblebisTvis cnobili iyo am sparsuli qal-RvTaebis ìkonografia~.aqemeniduri iranisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebsSoris kulturul-politikur urTierTobebze miuTiTebs vanSi, algeTisada yanCaeTis samarxebSi aRmoCenili zurgSedrekili samajurebi. rogorcil. gagoSiZe aRniSnavs: `CvenSi zurgSedrekili samajurebi unda gavrcelebuliyoaqemenianTa iranidan, sadac amgvari samajurebi Cveulebriviaukve Zv. w. VI saukunis bolodan. magaliTad, zurgSedrekili samajuri aRmoCndasuzianaSi, sparsul-aqemeniduri namosaxlaris pirvel fenaSi, romelicZv. w. VII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba, amazeve metyvelebs persepolisisreliefebze, kerZod, darios I (520-486) sasaxlis reliefebze gamosaxulizurgSedrekili samajurebi... kavkasia amgvari samajurebis gavrcelebisukiduresi CrdiloeTi sazRvaria~ [11; 22].uaxlesi samecniero gamokvlevebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze zoroastrulireligiis RvTaebebis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT or naSromsgamovyofdiT: pirveli n. yifians ekuTvnis. man erT-erT Tavis statiaSi saqarTvelosteritoriaze napovni qandakeba mimoixila, romelic xarze gadamjdariadamianis gamosaxulebas warmoadgens da romelSic mkvlevarimiTra-atiss xedavs, eqsponati mis mier Zv. w. I saukuniTaa daTariRebuli[85]; meore naSromi m. quTaTelaZes ekuTvnis, romelmac fundamenturi25

kvleva miuZRvna `miTras kults saqarTveloSi~. mkvlevari mimoixilavsmiTras kultis Seswavlis sakiTxs qarTul istoriografiaSi, miTraskultis gaCenisa da ganviTarebis etapebs msoflioSi. mixr-iaStebze damiTras reliefur, bareliefur gamosaxulebebze dayrdnobiT mecnieri ganixilavsRvTaebis simbolikasa da ikonografias. calke Tavi aqvs daTmobilimiTras kultis arsebobis faqtebs saqarTveloSi da Tavmoyrili daganxilulia saqarTveloSi miTras kultTan dakavSirebuli mdidari masala_ gamosaxulebebi Tu sxva arqeologiuri monacemebi. mkvlevari wm.ninos cxovrebaSi moyvanili qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebTandakavSirebul citatasa (`RmerTni didni nayofTa momcemelni, soflismpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni da qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni~) da miTrasRvTaebriv funqciebs Soris avlebs paralels. mecnieri eTanxmeba k.kekeliZisa da s. makalaTias mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom armaziskerpis aRwerilobaSi sparsuli miTras saxe icnoba da askvnis, rom `qar-Tul saistorio mwerlobaSi SemorCenili armazis kerpis aRweriloba,romelic zedmiwevniT emTxveva miTrasas, gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqarTvelo-Si qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebisTanave, miTras kultisudidesi popularobis gamo, qristianuli eklesia am rwmenis kvaliswaSlas cdilobda. amas rom yovelTvis warmatebiT ver axerxebda, naTladadasturebs qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi SemorCenili RvTaeba miTrasaRweriloba, romelsac qarTuli saistorio tradicia armazis kerpsmiawers~ [67].zoroastrizmis panTeonis RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebis saqarTveloSiaRmoCenis paralelurad, sainteresoa is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos teritoriazearaerTi sakulto nageboba arsebobs _ zoroastruli Tu cecxlTayvanismcemluritaZrebi. dedoflis mindvris gaTxrebis dros, i. gagoSiZisxelmZRvanelobiT, aRmoaCines sataZro kompleqsi, romelTa Soris,savaraudod, aris rogorc cecxlTayvanismcemluri, aseve ardvisuraanahitis taZrebi, romelic mecnieris mier Zv. w. II-I saukuneebiT iqna daTariRebuli[12]. cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis rigs miekuTvneba kaspisraionSi sof. kavTisxevis CrdiloeTiT mdebare cixiagorac, romelsac g.cqitiSvili, Semdeg ki n. maTiaSvili Zv. w. IV saukunis dasasruliT _ IIIsaukunis Sua xanebiT aTariRebdnen [37; 84]. z. maxaraZisa da g. narimaniSvi-26

lis mosazrebiT is Zv. w. III s. dasawyisis _ Zv. w. II saukunis Suaxanebisaa[43; 7]. aRniSnuli taZris mimdebare teritoriis gaTxrebis dros aRmoaCinesaqemeniduri iranis xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txis gamosaxulebianikapiteli, aseve sxvadasxva daniSnulebis sakulto nivTebi [52;170-171].g. CubiniSvili nekresis samlocvelo kompleqsSi Semaval erT-erTdarbazuli tipis taZarSi, romelic ax. w. IV saukuniTaa daTariRebuli,warmarTul (sakulto) nagebobas varaudobda [164; 38], romelic l. WilaSvilmamiTreumad miiCnia [96; 44-59]. l. WilaSvilisave xelmZRvanelobiT1997 w. dasrulda nekresis nazverevi goris qveS, gaSlili velis centrSimdebare masiuri arqiteqturuli nagebobis gaTxrebi, romelic Tavisi gegmarebiTcecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis formas imeorebs. mecnierma esZegli ax. w. I-III saukuneebiT daaTariRa [96; 60-81].g. yifiani naSromSi `kolxeTis da iberiis warmarTuli taZrebi daqarTuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis warmoSobis sakiTxebi~, cecxlTayvanismcemlurtaZrebs mimoixilavs, romelTa Sorisaa samadlo, cixiagora,dedoflis mindvris taZris kompleqsi. g. yifians cecxlis samlocvelodmiaCnia ufliscixis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze, klde-Si gamokveTil sivrceSi arsebuli samlocvelo, sadac mogvianebiT qristianulieklesia aSenda [84] (i. gagoSiZem misi Tavdapirveli struqturamiTreumad gansazRvra [112; 1-12]). g. yifiani aqemeniduri iranis religiis-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli taZrebis arqiteqturul gamosaxulebebs Zveli qar-Tuli oqromWedlobis nimuSebSic xedavs, magaliTisTvis: axalgoris gan-Zis sasafeTqle sakidebi (Zv. w. IV s.), gonios ganZis oqros balTa (ax. w.II) da xaiSis oqros sakidi (ax. w. III s.) [84; 72-83].winamdebare naSromis III TavSi, romelic yaraSambis vercxlis Taszeasaxul ritualur siuJets exeba, uxvadaa gamoyenebuli paraleluri arqeologiurimasalebi, rogorc axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis, ise saqar-Tvelosa da mezobeli xalxebis.27

e p i g rafikul i Z e g lebiwinamdebare naSromis III TavSi, romelic mTlianad yaraSambSi aRmoCenilvercxlis Tasze gamosaxul ritualur siuJets exeba da romelicCven xeTur-xuritul religiur warmodgenebs davukavSireT, arqeologiuriparaleluri masalebis garda moxmobil iqna Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebixaTis CrdiloeT da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT arsebuli taZrebis dasxvadasxva RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb. Cven gamoviyeneT agreTveRvTaeba iSTaris aRweriloba, romlis Targmanebic qarTul enaze gr. giorgaZisada ir. tatiSvilis naSromebSi SegiZliaT ixiloT [16], [57].zoroastruli religiis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs besituniskldeze Sesrulebuli mefe darios I-is (521-486) warwera, imave dariosI warwera suecis arxidan (warwera marmarilos filaze suzasTan),qserqses “antidevuri” (486-465) da artaqserqse II (405-361) warwera suzissasaxlis aSenebis Sesaxeb. Cven visargebleT mocemuli teqstebis rusuliTargmanebiT, krebuliT Литература древнего востока (Авторы состовителы:Алиханова Ю. М; Никитина В. Б. Померанцева Л. Е.), Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rommocemul krebulSi besitunis kldeze Sesrulebuli darios I warweraarasruladaa Targmnili, sruli Targmani am warweris m.a. dandamaevsekuTvnis [116; 262-271].28

sak i T x i s S e s w a v l i s i s toriograf i aqarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebul qarTvelTa warmarTulipanTeonis Seswavlas qarTul istoriografiaSi mdidari tradicia gaaCnia.pirveli, vinc winaqristianuli iberiis warmarTul panTeonSi SemavaliRvTaebebis raobis da sadaurobis garkvevas Seecada XVIII s. bolo _ XIXs. I naxevris cnobili sazogado moRvawe Teimuraz bagrationi iyo, romelsacTumca calke kvleva ar Cautarebia mocemul sakiTxze, magram Tavisimosazreba gamoTqva da qarTvelTa warmarTuli RvTaebebi berZnulromaulimiTologiis RmerTebs Seadara: òrmuz, anu armaz-iupiter, zadenanu zaden-apolon, gaim-merkuri, gaci-silovan tyis R’i~ [157; 663].qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis Seswavlis sakiTxSi didi wvlilimiuZRviT ucxoel mecnierebsac. Teimuraz bagrationis Semdgomi periodismecnierebi cdilobdnen axsna moeZebnaT iberiis samefos warmarTuliRvTaebebisaTvis. am kuTxiT pirveli gamokvleva m. broses ekuTvnis [169;102. Sen. 2]. qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxs k. patkanovic Seexo[148; 212-244, 270]. rusi mkvlevari m. kovalevski exeba mazdeanurisarwmunoebis gamovlenis sakiTxs kavkasiis mTielTa yofaSi. iberiis samefoswarmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi mdgom armazis paralels ki iranulormuzdSi xedavs [126; 85-118]. msgavsi mosazreba gamoTqva al. xaxaniSvilmac,romlis naSromSi Semavali erT-erTi Tavi marTalia qarTuli eposisgmiris amiranis sakiTxs exeba, magram iqve armazTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs,rom qarTuli armazi sparsuli ormuzdis gansaxiereba unda yofiliyo[163; 85-118].1901 w. gamodis n. maris monografiuli naSromi qarTvelTa warmarTuliRvTaebebis Sesaxeb, sadac mecnieri mimoixilavs qarTul werilobiTwyaroebSi _ ,,mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ da `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ moxseniebulwinaqristianul warmarTul panTeonSi Semaval RvTaebebs da rig maTgansaqemenidur samyarosTan akavSirebs. [140; 3-21].1918 w. gamosul statiaSi `qalaqi armazi _ qalaqi mcxeTa~ s. kakabaZearmazis kerpis sakiTxsac Seexo.[27; 1-10].1924 w. kidev erTi monografiuli naSromi gamodis, romlis avtori, m.wereTeli zemoT naxsenebi mecnierebisgan gansxvavebiT qarTuli warmar-29

Tuli panTeonis RvTaebebis iranul samyarosTan kavSirs uaryofda da xe-Tur panTeonTan avlebda paralels. m. wereTlis mier SemoTavazebuli esmosazrebebi Semdeg mravalma mecnierma gaiziara [94].germaneli mecnieris o. fon vezendokis wignSi “Uber GeorgishesHeidentum” umTavresi yuradReba warmarTobis niadagze saqarTveloSi mazdeanobissaxecvlili, qarTuli saxeobis gamorkvevas aqvs daTmobili.[175; 92-102].s. makalaTia, romelic RvTaeba miTras kults ikvlevda saqarTvelo-Si, Tavis naSromebSi qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis or RvTaebas armazsda zadens Seexo. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi mimoxilulia mecnieris naSromSi`RvTaeba miTras kulti saqarTveloSi~ da 1938 w. gamosul meorenaSromSi `jege misaronis kulti saqarTveloSi~. [38], [39].1936 w. gamoqveynda k. kekeliZis ori statia qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSimoxseniebuli ori RvTaebis iTrujanisa da armazis Sesaxeb. manpirvelma daukavSira iTrujani iranul cecxlis RvTaeba atrs [29; 268-270], xolo kerp armazis prototipad ki sparsuli RvTaeba miTra miiCnia.am daskvnamde igi armazisa da miTras RvTaebrivi atributebis msgavsebammiiyvana [30].Lleon meliqseT begi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelic Seecada qarTuliarmazis saxeli, somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze, somxuraramazdTan daekavSirebina, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iranuli ahuramazdasprototipia. meliqseT begis statia `Армазни~ erTgvari pasuxi iyo iv. javaxiSvilisada m. wereTlisadmi, romlebmac armazis iranuli warmomavlobaeWvqveS daayenes. [142; 38-45].qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli ori qalRvTaebis aininasda daninas sakiTxs Seexo gr. kapanciani da es kerpebi xeTuri samyarosRvTaebebs inanas da ninadas daukavSira [125; 54-57].S. amiranaSvili statiaSi `qarTuli reliefuri qandakebis uZvelesinimuSi~ mxolod RvTaeba armazis sakiTxs exeba. mecniers miuReblad miaCndaarmazis ahuramazdasTan gaigiveba. igi armazis kerpis sakiTxs qarTulireliefuri qandakebis erT-erT uZveles nimuSTan aRbulaxis stelas-Tan (Zv.w. XII –X saukuneebi) mimarTebaSi ganixilavda, sadac sqematuradwarmodgenil mamakacis figuras rqis formis qimiani TavsaburiTa da sa-30

tevriT, iaziliqais (mcire azia) kldeSi gamokveTili mTvaris RvTaebisreliefs adarebda. mkvlevari askvnis, rom àRbulaxis figura gamosaxavs`mTvaris RvTaebas, romelsac Zvelad àrmazi~ ewodeboda~, xolo mTvarisRvTaebasTan armazis gaigivebis argumentad avestaSi daculi aRwerilobamoaqvs, sadac armazi warmogvidgeba rogorc `mebrZoli mxedari~ RvTaebada romelsac, misi azriT, esadageba aRbulaxisa da iaziliqais, mTvarisRvTaebaTa ikonografia [2].armazis sakiTxs Seexo a. boltunovac, romelmac qarTuli armazi xe-Tur RvTaeba arma _ armasidan warmomdgarad miiCnia [108; 228-240].s. janaSia mokled mimoixilavs qalRvTaeba aininas, aseve gacisa dagas sakiTxebs. [77] [78].sruliad gansxvavebulia d. Sengelias mosazreba qarTuli warmarTulipanTeonis RvTaebebis armazisa da zadenis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,rom misi statia uSualod àrmazs~ exeba, paralelurad kerp zadenis sakiTxsacmimoixilavs. [93; 162-167].g. meliqiSvili nawilobriv iziarebda g. wereTlis mier SemoTavazebulkoncefcias qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis kavSiris SesaxebxeTur-mcireaziur samyarosTan. s. janaSias msgavsad, `mefeTa cxovrebaze~dayrdnobiT, mecnierma gaci da gaimi armaz-zadenisagan gansxvavebiT,ara garedan Semotanil, aramed adgilobriv RvTaebebad miiCnia, romlebsacleonti mroveli `Zveli RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani~-s uwodebs [141;317], rac Seexeba qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis mTavar RvTaeba armazs,mecnierma is mTvaris RvTaeba armass daukavSira, xolo zadenTan dakavSirebiTki m. wereTlis mosazreba gaiziara da mc. aziur (luviur) RvTaebasandonTan (santaSTan) gaavlo paraleli [141; 112, 229].m. andronikaSvili, romelic iranul-qarTul enobriv paralelebs ikvlevda,mxolod RvTaeba armazis etimologiis ganmartebiT Semoifargla.[4; 499].a. afaqiZe statiaSi àntikuri xanis qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni~farTod mimoixilavda ara marto werilobiT saistorio wyaroebSi moxseniebulqarTvelTa winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs,aramed qarTveli tomebis uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebsac. mecnieri antikurixanis saqarTveloSi (qarTlSi) leonti mrovelze da `moqcevai qar-31

Tlisa~-ze dayrdnobiT adgilobrivi panTeonis saTaveSi ara marto ucxowarmoSobis RmerTebs, aramed `qarTvel mamaTa~ sjulis anTropomorfulRvTaebebsac varaudobs [53]. mkvlevari emxroba a.i. boltunovas mier gamoTqmulmosazrebas mTvare-RmerTis saxelis armazis xeTur-mcireaziulsamyarosTan kavSiris Sesaxeb da armazis saxeli iqauri mTvaris RmerTarmas saxelidan gamohyavs [53; 667].qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis sakiTxs Seexo i. surgulaZec, romlisstatia am Temaze Tumca 2001 wels daibeWda, magram moxsenebis saxiTbevrad ufro adre _ 1980 wels iqna wakiTxuli. qarTuli warmarTulipanTeonis RvTaebebidan mecnieri armazis sakiTxs exeba. mkvlevars armazissakiTxis gasarkvevad eTnografiul masalasTan erTad arqeologiurimasalac aqvs moSveliebuli.i. surgulaZe ar eTanxmeba g. lorTqifaniZis mosazrebas, rom armazsqarTlSi `mTvaris RvTaebis~ saxiT araviTari tradicia ar daxvda, uaryofsarmazis ahuramazdasTan kavSirsac da wers, rom `qarTuli, eTnikurierToblioba formirebis procesSi iyo, bunebrivia, religiac tomobrivadunda yofiliyo diferencirebuli (ise, rogorc eTnografiul mTaSi), dominantiideologiuri safuZveli ar arsebobda da swored aman aiZulafarnavazi... sustad SekavSirebuli organizaciis Sesakravad SemoeRo axalisaxelmwifo religia, Tanabrad ucxo da qarTvelur tomTaTvis daamiT moespo SesaZlo Sida ideologiuri SuRlis safuZveli. amasTanave,axali religia, Tu ki igi romelime Zlieri politikuri organizaciisaganiqneboda nasesxebi, garkveuli politikuri morCilebis aRiareba iqneboda.amitom uaryofili iqna ahuramazda da gamoiZebna ukve gadaSenebuli,mcire azielebis Zveli RvTaeba armazi, romlis ukan araviTari politikuriZala ar idga~. rogorc mecnieri aRniSnavs: àrma-mTvarisaganmcxeTaSi aRaraferi darCa garda saxelisa. ucxo RvTaeba, etyoba, mcxe-TelTaTvis Cveuli atributebiT aRWurves, rac aseve gasagebi unda yofiliyodanarCen qarTvelTaTvisac~ [56; 38-42].1985 w. gamoqveynda g. giorgaZis Targmani Zv. w. XIV-XIII s.s. daTariRebulixeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebisa, romlebic sagulisxmo cnobebs SeicavenxeTur kerpTa Sesaxeb. àRwerilobaSi~ dacul kerpTa ikonografiulda sxva monacemTa gaanalizebisas mkvlevarma moixsenia boRazqoi, e.w.32

`mefis WiSkarTan~ arsebuli amindis (tarosis) RvTaeba TeSubis reliefurigamosaxuleba, romelsac armazis prototipad Tvlida. `moqcevai qar-TlisaiSi~ ki armazis, gacisa da gaimis erTad moxseniebas xeTur-xuritulisamyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel `RvTaeba triadebis~ analogiad miiCnevsda xeTur-luviur samyaros ukavSirebs. [15; 145-157]. [16; 145-150]. (2004 w.gamoqveynebul statiaSi `kidev erTxel armazis kerpis definiciisaTvis~gr. giorgaZe aRniSnavda, rom `funqcionalurad armazi unda ganasaxierebdesmeomar RvTaebas, amindis RvTaebis zogierTi niSnis gaTvaliswinebiT(am mxriv is mxolod waagavs TeSubs, Tumca maTi gaigiveba ar SeiZleba),armazi, gaci da ga adgilobrivi RvTaebebia. armazi aris `RmerTi Rmer-TTa~, warmarT qarTvelTa mTavari RvTaeba, panTeonis meTauri. aqve undagavixsenoT isic, rom gaci da ga iyvnen `RmerTebi mamaTa TqvenTa arianqarTliT~) [17; 9].e. koWlamazaSvili pirveli iyo, vinc armazTan dapirispirebuli qaldevelTaRvTaeba iTrujanis etimologiisa da raobis SeswavliT Seecadaarmazis warmomavlobisa da RvTaebrivi funqciebis garkvevas. [34]S. qurcikiZes sadisertacio naSromSi `zoroastrizmis gadmonaSTebiaRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa tradiciul yofaSi da kulturaSi~iberiis samefos winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebi calkekvlevis sagnad ar gauxdia. S. qurcikiZis disertacia kompleqsuri naSromiazoroastrizmis gadmonaSTebis Ziebisa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTatradiciul yofasa da kulturaSi. mecnieris gamokvlevaSi calkeTavebi aqvs daTmobili rogorc zoroastrul religiur sistemaSi dakrZalvistradicias, aseve mis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebasa da pirobebs.calke Tavebi aqvs daTmobili agreTve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeT-Si siwminde-uwmindurobasTan dakavSirebul rwmena-warmodgenebs, romelTadid nawils mkvlevari zoroastrul gadmonaSTad miiCnevs. sainteresoa,S. qurcikiZis azriT, ratom SemorCa mTielTa tradiciebSi dRevandlamdees araqarTuli, warmarTuli gadmonaSTebi: àRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTis mosaxleobam mazdeanoba uSualod qarTlis samefo karis zegavleniTSeiTvisa, romlisTvisac mazdeanuri kulti qveynis politikuricentris oficialur aRmsareblobas warmoadgenda qristianobamdel xana-Si... mTis sazogadoebaSi zoroastrizmis elementebis didi xnis manZilze33

Semonaxva bunebrivia; es socialuri struqturebis `stabilurobam~ damTieli sazogadoebis socialurad nakleb diferenciulobamac ganapiroba~[68; 317]. S. qurcikiZe mTlianobaSi iziarebs n. maris mosazrebas _ armazisahuramazdasgan, zadenis _ iazatidan, aininas _ anahitisagan gamoyvanisSesaxeb [68; 180]. mecnieri erTmaneTisagan mijnavs iranul da `qarTulmazdeanobas~: `kerp-qandakebaTa dadgma RvTaebebisaTvis is Tvisebaa, rac`qarTul mazdeanobas~ iranulisagan ganasxvavebs, xolo danarCeni RvTaebebisadmiTayvaniscema, msxverplSewirvis adgili da wesi mTlianad eTanxmebairanul Cveulebas [68; 178].g. lorTqifaniZisa da n. Ciqovanis samecniero naSromSi `qarTulikulturis istoria~, calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili winaqristianul rwmenawarmodgenebssaqarTveloSi. mecnierTa mosazrebiT, qarTvelTa winaqristianulreligiur warmodgenebSi arseboben rogorc adgilobrivi, aseveberZnuli da mcire aziuri RvTaebebi. statiaSi sakmaod didi adgili ukaviaiberiis warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs, gansakuTrebiT ki armazissakiTxs. zemoT xsenebuli mecnierebi uaryofen armazis ahuramazdasganwarmomavlobas, [35; 78]. da iziareben armazis saxelis mc. aziuri mTvarisRmerTis armas saxelidan gamoyvanas, xolo misi saxelis CvenSi gaCenas`mcire aziidan muSqebis (mesxebi) Crdilo aRmosavleTiT gadmonacvlebasda samxreT dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT TemSi dasaxlebasukavSireben.~ g. lorTqifaniZisa da n. Ciqovanis varaudiT, axalkerps qarTvelur tomebSi daxvda pirobebi qarTvelTa mama-RmerTis, mTvarisRmerTis saxiT da arma _ armas-armazi Seerqva. aqedan gamomdinare askvnian,rom àmitomac armazis aRiareba qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonismeTaurad arsebiT cvlilebebs ar warmoadgenda~-o [35; 79-80]. mc. aziidanmuSqebis Semosvlas ukavSireben aseve CvenSi kerp zadenis saxelis gaCenasac,xolo ainina da danina ki winaaziur saxelebad miaCniaT [35; 79], racSeexeba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujanis raobisa da sadaurobis sakiTxs,am mxriv isini k. kekeliZis mosazrebas iziareben iTrujan-atroSanis, falauriaTroSanidan gamoyvanis Sesaxeb [35; 75-89].g. qavTarias monografiul naSromSi mefe farnavazze, Zvel qarTulwyaroebsa da antikuri mwerlobis monacemebze dayrdnobiT ganxiluliafarnavazis moRvaweoba epoqis politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli34

yofis fonze. erT-erT TavSi ki mecnieri farnavazis gatarebul religiurreformasac exeba. mecnieris calke Seswavlis sagani qarTuli warmar-Tuli panTeonis RvTaebebi _ armazi, gaci da ga ar gamxdara, am mxriv gr.qavTaria iziarebs gr. giorgaZis mosazrebas [59; 102].Tavis erT-erT naSromSi kerp armazis sakiTxs o. lorTqifaniZec Seexoda miiCnia, rom ùmaRlesi RvTaeba armazi TviT saxelmwifos uzenaesmbrZanebels ganasaxierebs. elinisturi aRmosavleTis monarq-despotTamsgavsad, qarTlis pirvelma mefem Tavi RmerTad gamoacxada, magram elinisturimefeebidan igi romelime berZnul RmerTs ki ar ganasaxierebda,aramed TviT qarTvelTa uZveles da uzenaes RvTaebas, es iyo udidesimniSvnelobis politikuri aqti: mefis kultis daweseba qarTlis mefis xelisuflebisuzenaesobis Sesaxeb qveSevrdomTa Soris rwmenis ganmtkicebasisaxavda miznad~ [36; 251, Sen. 291-292].bolo wlebSi fundamenturi gamokvleva armazis sakiTxze m. gvelesiansekuTvnis. mecniers Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi ganxiluli aqvs armazis,rogorc gaRmerTebuli mefis kultTan dakavSirebuli problemurisakiTxebi, aseve is wanamZRvrebi, romlebic mematianis lakonur ganacxadsfarnavazis mier missave saxelze kerpis aRmarTvis, anu Tavisive gaRmer-Tebis Sesaxeb realur istoriul safuZvels uZebnis elinistur epoqaSi.sainteresoa aseve mecnieris mier armazis kerpis garegnuli iersaxis vizualuriaRdgenis mcdeloba; mecnieris azriT, armazi gaRmerTebulifarnavazis kultia da kavSirSia ara mTvaris RvTaeba armasTan, aramediranul ahuramazdasTan, bolos ki, daskvnis saxiT, armazTan dakavSirebiTdasZens, rom `farnavazis mier saxelsa zeda TÂssa~ aRmarTuli kerpifarnavazisave qandakebad vigulvoT, romelSic farnavazis epoqaSive damkvidrebuligaRmerTebuli mefis romelime konkretul RvTaebasTan dawyvilebistradiciisamebr, misi saRmrTo saxeliT _ armazis (ahuramazdas)garegnuli iersaxe da Tvisebebi unda xorcSesxmuliyo [14; 122]. miuxedavadimisa, rom m. gvelesianis interesis sferoSi am SemTxvevaSi qarTulwarmarTul panTeonSi Semavali sxva RvTaebebi ar moqceula, mecnieri maincexeba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujans, romelic wm. ninos cxovrebismixedviT armazs mtrobda. sainteresoa mecnieris cda iTrujanis sparsulisicruis RvTaeba drujidan gamoyvanis Sesaxeb [14; 79-80], (razec sauba-35

i vrclad qvemoT gveqneba). armazis Tanamdevi RvTaebebi m. gvelesianiskvlevis sagani ar gamxdara, mecnieri mxolod SeniSnavs, rom gacisa dagaimis sakiTxi qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod bundovaniao da sxvamecnierTa mosazrebebi mohyavs gacisa da gas sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT [14;75].36

Tavi 1”RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da gaimi”37

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebidan yvelaze bundovani dagaurkveveli gacisa da gaimis etimologia da warmomavlobaa. qarTuli werilobiTiwyaroebi gacisa da gaimis mcxeTaSi Semoyvanas da maT qar-TlSi damkvidrebas azos saxels ukavSireben: “xolo ese azoÁ warvidaarian qarTlad, mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana rvaÁ saxli da aTni saxlnimamamZuZeTani da dajda Zuel mcxeTas da Tanahyvandes kerpni RmrTad gacida ga” [92; 320]. 2 rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, gaci da ga (gaimi)azos mier Seqmnili RvTaebebi ar arian; isini manamdec iyvnen qar-Tlis mcxovreblebisaTvis cnobili, aki “moqcevai qarTlisai” gacis dagaims “Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani”-s uwodebs [61; 106] 3 . wm. ninos cxovrebaSiam kerpebis aRwerilobacaa daculi: “da kualad iyo marjueniTmissa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci: da marcxeniT missa udga kacivercxlisa da saxeli misi gaim”. [61; 89-90] 4 gacsa da gaims “mefeTa cxovreba”pirvelad, rogorc SevniSneT, azosTan mimarTebaSi ixsenebs. amisSemdeg maT ukve wminda ninos cxovrebis amsaxvel werilobiT wyaroSivxvdebiT RvTaeba armazis gverdiT, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom es kerpebimefe farnavazisa da Semdgomi farnavazianebis drosac unda arsebuliyo,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi “wminda ninos cxovrebis” avtorisaTvis isini ucnobiiqnebodnen.qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxebze momuSave mecnierTa nawilierTi azrisaa gacisa da gaimis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da isini adgi-2iqve, cota qvemoT vigebT: “da ese iyo pirveli mefeÀ mcxeTasa Sina azoÁ, ZÀ arian qar-TvelTa mefisa”.[92;320] leonti mrovelTan azos mcxeTaSi Semosvlamde saubaria aleqsandremakedonelis mier qarTvelebisaTvis mzis, mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavis Tayvaniscemisdawesebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTvelebma uaryves.3Satberdis krebulSi, wm. ninosTan dakavSirebul TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: “romelniigi RmrTad hqondes mamaTa TquenTa arian qarTliT”[92; 335]4Tumca aqve imasac davZenT, rom qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciebSi, rodesacazos mier gacisa da gas (gaimis) kerpTa Tayvaniscemis SemoRebis Sesaxebaa saubari, orivekerpi vercxlisad iwodeba. mariam dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebis nusxaSi vkiTxulobT:“da Seqmna: orni kerpni vercxlisani” [65, 16]; igives vkiTxulobT ana dedofliseulqarTlis cxovrebis redaqciaSic [62; 14]; ixileT aseve [64; 28.] aqve imasac aRvniSnavT,rom mariam dedofliseul da ana dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebebSi, azosTan dakavSirebulTxzulebebSi kerpTa saxelebi ar ixsenieba.38

lobriv, qarTul RvTaebebad miaCniaT. iv. javaxiSvili gacTan da gaimTandakavSirebiT SeniSnavda: “qarTvelebs TavianTi pirvandeli samSoblodanTan ori uZvelesi mamapapeuli salocavi da RvTaeba kerpi moutaniaT. yveladanarCeni kerpebi mermindeli SenaZeni da aRmarTuli RvTaebebi yofilan.”[74;99]. werilobiT wyaroSi naxsenebi citata: “gaci da ga kerpni mamaTaCvenTani arian qarTlidan”, s. janaSias ganmartebuli aqvs rogorcRmerTebi, romlebsac Tayvans scemdnen qarTvelTa winaprebi arian qar-Tlidan [77; 46]. rodesac g. meliqiSvili werda “moqcevai qarTlisais”cnobaze arian qarTlidan qarTvelebis winaprebis gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb,man gamoyo warmarTuli panTeonis ori jgufi: arian qarTlidan mosulebisRmerTebi (gaci da ga) da adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis (armazi da zadeni).[141; 39]. 5mecnierTa meore nawili ki gacsa da gas axlo aRmosavlur samyarosukavSirebda. n. mars gaci da ga semitur RvTaebebad miaCnda, “romlebicCrdiloeT semitebSi iyo gavrcelebuli da romelTa saxelebic qarTvelebSimwignobruli gziT gaCnda”. mecnieri Seecada aexsna, rogor moxdaqarTul wyaroebSi maTi qarTul kerpebad warmoCena: “ninos cxovreba maT“kerpTa mamaTa CvenTan”-s uwodebs, Tumca ar miuTiTebs maT istorias.sxva istoriuli Txzuleba avsebs am xarvezs da Cven vigebT, rom es Rmer-Tebi mcxeTaSi saqarTvelos pirveli mefis dros gaCndnen _ qarTuli werilobiTiwyaroebis mixedviT, azos dros, romelmac ori vercxlis kerpi_ gaci da ga Seqmna. “moqcevai qarTlisai”-s avtors, cxadia, aradamajerebladmoeCvena aseTi monacemebi RmerTebis qarTuli warmomavlobisa damoaxdina makedoneli mefis mier daniSnuli mmarTvelis nacionalizireba”5iqve, SeniSvnaSi mecnieri akonkretebs, rom “sinamdvileSi armazi da zadeni iyvnen Rmer-Tebi mosuli mosaxleobisa (xalxisa), gaci da ga, ki ufro sarwmunoa adgilobrivebisa,[141; 39]. “gaci da ga unda vaRiaroT adgilobriv RvTaebebad (da ara armazi da zadeni).mesxi mosulebis panTeonis Serwymaze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis panTeonTan unda miuTi-Tebdes is garemoeba, rom gacisa da gasTvisac iqna gankuTvnili adgili oficialur pan-TeonSi... moqcevai qarTlisai armazis kerpis aRweris dros aRniSnavs, rom “mis marjvnividga qandakeba oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci, mis xelmarcxniv idga kerpi vercxlisa dasaxeli misi ga”. msgavsi Serwyma panTeonSi SesaZloa asaxavs mesxuri elementis Serwymasadgilobriv mosaxleobasTan” [141; 317]. ixileT aseve [147; 290]39

[140; 23] n. mari Seecada aexsna mocemul RvTaebaTa etimologia. RvTaeba gamecnierma semit xalxs daukavSira da paraleli kerp astartesTan gauvlo[140; 21], romelic, misi azriT, CvenSi wignieri gziT unda Semosuliyo,razec misi meore forma _ gaimi miuTiTebs. gaci ki asuruli RvTaeba gatisfard saxed miiCnia, radgan is berZnulSic am formiT yofila Senar-Cunebuli [140; 2]. 6m. wereTeli, n. maris msgavsad, mcire azias ukavSirebda gacisa da gaimiswarmomavlobas, Tumca, n. marisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli gaci ya-Ted miiCnia (es ukanaskneli “sirielTa RmerTi iyo mamrobiTi sqesisa, igivemcire aziis RmerTi atisi”) [94; 98]. gaimi ki, mecnieris azriT, “xeTel-Ta RmerTi iyo, semitur panTeonSi gadasuli” [94; 99-100].gacisa da gas warmomavlobas xeTur-luviur samyaros ukavSirebdagr. giorgaZec. qarTuli gacis paralelad man xeTuri xaci, tarosisRvTaeba miiCnia. xaci, iseve rogorc gaci, avtoris miTiTebiT, xeTur leqsikasada toponimikaSic dasturdeba [15; 147-157], [16; 150]. Aaseve xeTur-xuritulsamyaros daukavSira armazis marcxniv mdgomi kerpi ga (gaimi) [16;150]. gr. giorgaZes aseTi varaudis safuZvels isic aZlevda, rom man qar-Tul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebul armazis aRwerilobas mcire aziur(xeTur-xuritul) omisa da tarosis (TeSubis) RvTaebebTan mouZebna paraleli.xeTur triadaSi tarosis mcvel RvTaebad xaci ixsenieba [16; 145],msgavsad armazis gverdiT moxseniebuli gacisa . 7Cveni varaudiT, gaci da gaimi qarTvelTa winaprebis mier motaniliRvTaebebia, romlebmac adgilobriv warmarTul panTeonSi sxva RvTaebeb-Tan erTad myarad daimkvidres adgili. am SemTxvevaSi Cven g. meliqiSvilismosazrebas vemxrobiT, romelmac gaci da ga adgilobriv RvTaebebad6misi es mosazreba SemdgomSi iv. javaxiSvilmac gaiziara. [75; 140-141]7g. giorgaZe Tavis am mosazrebas imiT asabuTebda, rom eqvTime mTawmindelis “mciresjulis kanonSi” qarTvelTa warmarT RvTaebaTa Soris mxolod boCi, gaci, badagon daarmaz arian moxseniebuli. Cveni mxridan SevniSnavdiT, rom mariam dedofliseul qar-Tlis cxovrebaSi, sawinaaRmdegod eqvTime mTawmindelis cnobisa, armazis gverdiT mxolod“kerpi oqrosa... gaimaa” naxsenebi: “da kualad iyo: marjueniT: missa: sxua kerpi oqrosa:saxiTa: kacisaTa: mdgomare da saxeli misi gaimaa romelni igi R’Tad uCnda ersa”[95; 71].40

miiCnia [141; 317]. ver daveTanxmebiT n. marsa da m. wereTels, romlebic gacissaxelis gamoyvanas astartedan da yaTedan cdilobdnen, etimologiurades, cota ar iyos, sakamaTod gveCveneba. sinamdvilesTan ufro axlosaagr. giorgaZis versia gacis saxelis gamoyvanisa xeTur-xurituli xacidan,Tumca Zneli warmosadgenia (Tu am SemTxvevaSi gr. giorgaZis mosazrebasarmaz-tarosis kerpebis aRwerilobis struqturis igiveobis SesaxebgaviziarebT) xeTur triadaSi mTavari RvTaebisadmi daqvemdebarebuliRvTaeba xaci-gaci qarTvelebSi ufro adre gaCeniliyo, vidre armazi.ara gvgonia, am SemTxvevaSi qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi raime SecdomasTangvqondes saqme, radganac maTTvis Tanabrad cnobilia rogorc gacida ga, ise armazi. leonti mroveli “mefeTa cxovrebaSi” armazis saxelssparsul samyaros ukavSirebs [61; 25], maSin rodesac wminda ninoscxovrebaSi gaci da gaimi “Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTan”-ad iwodebian.aRvniSnavT imasac, rom farnavazi qarTlis samefos saTaveSi azos damarcxebisSemdeg modis, am ukanasknels ki leonti mroveli “muq ferebSi”gvixatavs. 8 farnavazi qarTlis samefos saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg rig reformebsatarebs, romelTa Soris armazis kerpis Tayvaniscemis SemoRebacaa,anu “religiuri reforma”. leonti mrovelTan araferia naTqvami imaze,Seexo Tu ara farnavazis “religiuri reforma” azos mier Semotanilkerpebs, mxolod “wminda ninos cxovrebidan” vigebT, rom gacisa da gaimiskerpebi moTavsebuli iyvnen mTavari RvTaeba armazis gverdiT da er-Tgvar triadas qmnidnen. 9 amasTanave, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro ramdenjermexazs usvams gacisa da gas warmoSobas da maT Seqmnas qarTvelTawinaprebs miawers. maSasadame, azos damarcxebisa da qarTlis samefos sa-TaveSi farnavazis mosvlis Semdeg gacsa da gas arseboba ar SeuwyvetiaT,SesaZloa imitomac, rom isini qarTvelTa uZvelesi RvTaebebi iyvnen damaTi sparsuli RvTaebebiT Canacvleba ki ar moxda, aramed adgilobrivi8“iyo kaci Zneli da mesisxle... da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed: “yovelman qarTvelmanmanromelman povos saWurveli, mokalT igi... da ese azon maT hromTa zeda iyo mesisxle”[61; 20]9romelsac gr. giorgaZem “armazuli triada” uwoda [16; 149].41

qarTuli RvTaebebis Serwyma moxda sparsulTan. 10 Tumca, marto es faqtebiar kmara imisaTvis, rom gaci da ga adgilobriv, qarTuli warmoSobisRvTaebebad miviCnioT, miT umetes, rom gviandel xalxur gadmocemebSi,tradiciebSi aseTi saxelis mqone RvTaebebi ar gvxvdeba, arc imis faqtebigagvaCnia, maTTvis rame salocavi daedgaT. saqarTveloSi ar dasturdebatoponimikuri adgilebi, romlebic gacisa da gaimis (gas) saxelTanSeiZleba dagvekavSirebina, gansxvavebiT armazisgan, zadenisgan. leontimroveli am kerpebis qarTlSi damkvidrebas azos ukavSirebs da maT oqrosada vercxlis kerpebad moixseniebs. 11 “wminda ninos cxovrebidan” kimaT sqessac vigebT _ isini mamakaci RvTaebebi yofilan. 12saerTaSoriso simbolikis mixedviT, liTonis simbolikaSi vercxlimTvaresTanaa kavSirSi [161; 331-332], 13 oqro ki adreul stadiaSi mzesTanasocirdeboda. misi asociaciis gamo mzesTan oqro mamakacuri sawyisis10am SemTxvevaSi Cven viziarebT gr. qavTarias mosazrebas: “azonis kerpebi qristianobisgavrcelebis xanaSi iwodebodnen: “Zuleni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani.” leonti mrovelismier maTi am sityvebiT moxsenieba naTels xdis, rom azonis RvTaebani ZaliT danergilkerpebs ar warmoadgendnen. amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom religiur reformatorsfarnavazs, gacisa da gaimis kanonikurobis sakiTxi ar dausvams. isini datova, oRondmaTze maRla daayena armazis kerpi. cxadia, qarTul garemoSi farTod gavrcelebuliwarmodgenebi, romelTa warmomavlobac, dasaSvebia, momdinareobda arian qarTlidan dacnobili iyo qarTvelTa didi nawilisaTvis, azonma aiyvana umaRles rangamde [60; 45-46]11Tumca, qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciis “mefeTa cxovrebis” nawilSi orivekerpi vercxlisad iwodeba [64; 28]; [62; 28]; [62; 14]; [65; 16]; amasTanave ana da mariam dedofliseulqarTlis cxovrebis redaqciebSi, rodesac azos mier am kerpebis qarTlSidamkvidrebazea saubari, gacisa da gaimis saxelebi ar ixsenieba _ “da Seqmna kerpni vercxlisaniganwmendad” [62; 14] [41;16] Satberdis krebulSi ki, rodesac azosTan dakavSirebiTam kerpebzea saubari, mxolod maTi saxelebi ixsenieba: “da Tanahyvandes kerpniRmrTad gaci da ga” [92; 320]; wminda ninosTan dakavSirebul TxzulebebSi, kerpis saxelebTanerTad, vigebT imasac, Tu romeli Zvirfasi liTonebisgan iyvnen Seqmnilni: “dakualad iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci: da marcxeniT missa udgakaci vercxlisa da saxeli misi gaÁm, romelni igi RmrTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa”[61; 89-90].12aqedan gamomdinare, mcdari unda iyos ga-s dakavSireba qalRvTaeba astartesTan.13vercxli aris mTvaris, qalis ciuri niSani, RvTaeba artemidas _ mTvaris RvTaebisatributi, aseve mefeTa liToni. asociaciis gamo mTvaris SuqTan, mas adareben imedis sinaTlesTanda sibrZnesTan. [161; 331-332]42

simbolod iTvleboda[161; 122-123]. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, “wminda ninos cxovreba”gacs oqros mamakac kerpad warmogvidgens, rac sruliad Seesabamebasimbolikis mixedviT mis mzesTan da mamakacur sawyisTan dakavSirebas,Tumca aqve imasac SevniSnavT, rom Tu Satberdis krebulSi, qarTliscxovrebis Zvel somxur Targmansa da anaseul nusxaSi gaci oqros kerpadwarmogvidgeba, mariamiseul nusxaSi oqros kerpad gaimia moxseniebuli[65; 71]. 14 vaxuSti batoniSvili ki am faqts nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebda,radganac erTgan is xazgasmiT miuTiTebda: “azon... qmna kerpni didni _ gacioqrosa da gaim vercxlisa” [8; 55]. meoregan ki, rodesac armazis kerpsda mis Tanamdev RvTaebebs aRwers, ambobs: “armazis imier da amier iyo gaimda gacim oqrosi da vercxlisa” [8; 78].wminda ninos cxovreba Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis gacisa da gaimisRvTaebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb. “moqcevai qarTlisais” sxvadasxva redaqciamaT “yovelTa dafarulisa gamomZiebelns” uwodebs. 15 qarTlis cxovrebisZveli somxuri Targmanidan ki vigebT, rom “Cveni mamebis ZveliRmerTebi, gaimi da gacimi... mzis aRmomabrwyinveblebi da wvimaTa momcemlebida qveynis nayofTa aRmomaceneblebi” [64; 103] yofilan. erTi SexedviT,gacs unda Seesabamebodes “qarTlis cxovrebis” am redaqciaSi daculi“mzis aRmomabrwyinvebeli”, magram “moqcevai qarTlisais” sxva nusxeb-Si gacisa da gaimis RvTaebrivi funqcia mxolod “yovlisa dafarulis gamoZieba”yofila, amasTanave, qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani,RvTaebaTa aRweris dros, ar ixseniebs arc armazsa da arc zadens. 16 qar-Tul werilobiT wyaroebSi gacis funqciebis gasarkvevad sakmao cnobebi14“da kualad iyo: missa: sxuaÁ kerpi oqrosa: saxiTa: kacisaTa: mdgomare da saxeli misigaimaa” [65; 71]15ana dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebaSi ki vkiTxulobT: “yovlisa waruvalisa gamome-Ziebelni, Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da gaim” [62; 65]16sayuradReboa isic, rom qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi gaci da gaimisadmiyvela is frazaa gamoyenebuli, romelic sxva redaqciebSi armazTan da zadenTan mimarTebaSiagamoyenebuli. erTaderTi epiTeti, romelsac qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuriTargmani gacTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi ar xmarobs “soflis mpyrobelia”, rac TavisTavadimas unda gulisxmobdes, rom gaci da gaimi armazis kultis SemoRebis SemdegumaRles RvTaebebad aRar iTvlebodnen.43

ar moipoveba, simbolizmis mixedviT, oqros kerpis mzesTan dakavSireba,aradamajerebelia da mis RvTaebriv funqciebs gaurkvevels tovebs, miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom “wminda ninos cxovreba” am orRmerTs “yovlisa dafarulisa gamomZieblebad” ixseniebs, rac araviTarkavSirSi ar unda iyos mzesTan. am sakiTxis ukeT gasarkvevad saWiroagacsa da gaim(ga-s)-Tan dakavSirebuli paraleluri masalebis moZiebasomxur warmarTul panTeonSi, gamomdinare iqidan, rom qarTuli warmar-Tuli panTeonis RvTaebebis: armazis, aininas paralelebs somxur aramazdSida anaitiSi, naneSi vxedavT. aqve gvinda SevniSnoT, rom somxur warmarTulpanTeonsa da somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi gacisa da gaimis(gas) saxelis mqone RvTaebebi ar gvxvdeba. es asec unda yofiliyo, radganacgaci da gaimi (ga) “Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani”, anu qarTvelTawinaprebis RvTaebebi yofilan. sanam qarTuli gacisa da gaimis paralelebisZiebas SevudgebodeT somxur warmarTul panTeonSi, gvsurs ramdenimesityviT SevexoT RvTaeba armazis sakiTxs, romlis gverdiTac, wminda ninoscxovrebis mixedviT, iyvnen moTavsebuli gaci da gaimi (ga). rogorcukve zemoT aRvniSneT mecnierTa erTi nawili cdilobda, armazi ahuramazdasTan,tarosTan an mTvaris RvTaeba armasTan daekavSirebina, Tumcaam SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis ufro sainteresoa s. makalaTias da k. kekeliZismosazrebebis xazgasma, radgan isini pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc Seecadnenwminda ninos cxovrebaSi daculi armazis kerpisTvis ara marto misi etimologiis,aramed aRwerilobis struqturis mixedviT moeZebnaT paraleli,aseTad ki iranuli RvTaeba miTras mixr-iaStebSi naxsenebi aRwerilobamiiCnies [38; 189]. 17 wminda ninos cxovrebis avtori Semdegnairad aR-17k. kekeliZe aRniSnavda: “qarTvelebi icnobdnen miTraizms, pirveli _ imitom, rom mWidrokavSiri hqondaT mcire aziis qveynebTan, II _ ahuramazda-armazis religia, gansakuTrebiTsasanidebis periodSi saxelmwifo religia iyo, III – miTraizmis wes-CveulebebidResac SemorCa... jer kidev n. marma aRniSna da mere germanelma mecnierma o. f. vezendokmagaimeora, rom zadeni, romelsac qarTul matianeSi yvelgan armazis Semdeg meoreadgili uWiravs da mis gverdiT vxedavT, unda iyos avestis yazata an sparsuli yazadan,rac keTil genias niSnavs, pirvelyovlisa miTras; meore _ mazdeanobam kerpTayvanismcemlobaar icoda sazogadod, kerZod arsad ar akeTebdnen da ar sdgamdnen ahuramazdas anarmazis kerps. miuxedavad amisa, mematianis gadmocemiT, qristianobis SemoRebisas CvenSi,44

wers RvTaeba armazs da mis Tanamdev or RvTaebas: “dga kaci erTi spilenZisa,da tansa mas ecua jaWÂ oqrosi, da Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari,da Tualni esxnes zurmuxti da bivrili, da ÃelTa misTa aqunda Ãrmalibrwyinvale, viTarca elva iqceoda ÃelTa Sin _ ukeTu vinme Seexebian, TaviTÂisi sikudilad ganwirisa. . . da kualad iyo marjueniT missa kacioqrosi da saxeli misi gaci da marcxeniT missa udga kaci vercxlisa, dasaxeli misi gaim” [61; 89-90]. gamomdinare iqidan, rom im qveynebSi, sadaczoroastrizmi iyo gavrcelebuli, arc akeTebdnen, arc dgamdnen ahuramazdaskerps, 18 misaRebia k. kekeliZis mosazreba, rom “gulubryvilo mematianemtyuilad monaTla armazis saxeliT is kerpi, romelic namdviladwarmoadgenda miTras bareliefis gamosaxulebas”[30; 351] mixr-iaStebis mixedviT:“miTras xelSi uWiravsgurzi, romelsac asi kopi aqvs,asi mWreli waxnagiT,romelic meomarTa gasanadgurebladaamimarTuli.es gurzi Camosxmulia oqros liTonisgan,myari oqrosgan.es yvelaze Zlieri da gamarjvebismomtani iaraRia.” [136; 38]“wminda ninos cxovrebidan” vigebT, rom armazs “ÃelTa misTa aqundaÃrmali brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da iqceoda ÃelTa Sina. ukeTu vinmemcxeTaSi, TiTqos idga armazis kerpi, mxedris atributiT, romelic CvenSi winaprebissamlocvelos Seadgenda da romelic TiTqos setyvaTa da mexTatexiT Seimusra... am garemoebasn. mari da iv. javaxiSvili xsnian mazdeanobis qarTul niadagze gadagvarebiTa daSecvliT, magram ufro axlos viqnebiT simarTlesTan, Tu vifiqrebT, rom gulubryvilomematianem tyuilad monaTla armazis saxeliTY is kerpi, romelic namdvilad warmoadgendamiTras gamoxatulebas. miTra yvela dRemde aRmoCenil bareliefze warmodgenilia,rogorc mxedari: mas asxia samxari, Tavze axuravs Cafxutiseburi qudi da xelSiuWiravs alesili xanjali, romliTac is xars klavs.” [30; 350-351]18Cven ver miviCnevT besitunis kldeze, nimrud daRis yorRanebSi aRmoCenil sarkofagebzewarmodgenil ahuramazdas reliefur, Tu bareliefur gamosaxulebebs kerpebad.45

Seexebian, Tavi TÂisi sikudilad ganwiris da ityÂn: “... nu ukue poos vinmebiwi da mces me maxÂili igi, romlisgan eSinis yovelsa” [61; 89]. sulxansaba orbelianis sityvis konis ganmartebiT _ biwi _ “knini rame Seryvnilebaa”[55;67]. anu mciredi siyalbea, miTra ki mixr-iaStebis mixedviTaris RvTaeba, romelic sicrues, siyalbes aravis patiobs:“Tavs hkveTsmiTra xalxs, romlebmac is moatyua,yovel mxares cviva Tavebiadamianebisa, romlebmac miTra moatyues” [136; 36].amasTanave, “wminda ninos cxovrebaSi” aRweril RvTaeba armazs, miTrasmsgavsad ori RvTaeba axlavs. qarTvel mematianesTan vkiTxulobT:“da kualad iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci damarcxeniT missa udga kaci vercxlisa da saxeli misi gaim”, mixr-iaStebidanki viciT, rom miTras ori aseTi Tanamdevi RvTaeba sroSa da raSnuhyavda:“mis xelmarjvniv modis keTili dasamarTliani sroSamxelmarcxniv maRali, Zlieri raSnu” [136; 38].mixr-iaStebis mixedviT, sroSa da raSnu miTras exmarebian mtrisZlevaSi [136; 37]. 19 miTras xSirad gamosaxavdnen sxva ori Tanamdevi RvTaebiskautosa da kautopatis garemocvaSi, romelTac xelSi CiraRdnebieWiraT da dilis da saRamos varskvlavebs ganasaxierebdnen [145; 156]. 20 Tu19“sroSa – iranul miTologiaSi religiuri damjereblobisa da wesrigis sulia... sro-Sa mowodebulia, raTa ukuagdos morwmuneebSi codva da daicvas isini boroti Zalebisagan...amisaTvis is SeiaraRebulia kverTxiT, SubiTa da saomari najaxiT... mogviano periodSigavrcelda miTi sroSaze da raSnuze, rogorc miTras Tanamdev RvTaebebze, romlebicmasTan erTad asamarTleben gardacvlilTa sulebs Cinvantis xidze” [145; 467]raSnu _ samarTlianobisa. miTrasTan da sroSasTan erTad gardacvlilTa sulebis erTerTimosamarTle, romelic avlens keTil da borot qmnilebebs. amisaTvis mas sasworiuWiravs, raSnu miTras mudmivi Tanamdevia [145; 373]20kauto da kaotopati iyvnen amomavali da Camavali mzis ganmasaxiereblebi, rogorcimedi da mwuxareba. kautos yovelTvis xelT epyra maRla aweuli CiraRdani, kautopatespiriqiT, Zirs daSvebuli. maT sparsuli tanisamosi ecvaT da frigiuli qudebi exuraT.[145;156]46

k. kekeliZis mosazrebas armaz-miTras kerpebis aRwerilobis struqturisigiveobis Sesaxeb gaviziarebT, gacisa da gaimis paraleli SesaZloa sro-Sasa da raSnuSi an kautosa da kautopatSi davinaxoT, Tumca aseTi saxelismatarebeli RvTaebebi qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisaTvis, werilobiTiwyaroebisaTvis, xalxuri folklorisaTvis ucnobia. miuxedavadamisa, SesaZlebelia sroSas da raSnus RvTaebrivi funqciebis Sedarebagacisa da gaimis RvTaebriv funqciebTan, romelTac qarTuli werilobiTiwyaro yovlisa dafarulisa gamomZieblebs uwodebs, rac SeiZleba gavigoT,rogorc marTlmsajulebi, an mosamarTleebi _ es ki sroSasa daraSnus movaleobebSic Sedis [136; 317]. meore mxriv, paralelis gavlebaSeiZleba kautosa da kautopatTanac, romlebic amomaval mzesa da mTvaresganasaxierebdnen; Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki oqros gacis da vercxlis gaimissimbolikuri ganmartebac igivea. 21 Tu Cveni mosazreba gacisa da gaimiskavSiris Sesaxeb kauto-kautopatTan an sroSa-raSnusTan sworia, ratomvawydebiT aseT winaaRmdegobas mocemuli RvTaebebis etimologiaSi?Cveni azriT, am kiTxvaze pasuxi somxur warmarTul panTeonSia saZebari,romelmac Tavis droze sparsuli zoroastruli panTeonis gavlena ganicada,22 Tumca, msgavsad qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisa, masSic arvxvdebiT sroSas, raSnus, kautosa da kautopatis saxelebis matarebelRvTaebebs. Tumca RvTaeba mixris (imave miTras) gverdiT somxuri werilobiTiwyaroebi or Tanamdev RvTaebas areg aknsa da lus ins ixsenieben [49,w. II, T VIII]. 23 pirvelis saxeli iTargmneba, rogorc mzis Tvali _ is xilulimze iyo da zendavesta “ormuzdis Tvalsac” uwodebda, romelic21TiTqos SesaZlebelia gacis an gas (gaimis) etimologiis gamoyvana kautosa da kautopatidan,magram es sakmaod rTulia da aradamajereblad gveCveneba. amasTanave, gas etimologiagaurkvevelia, is sityvis winsarTi unda iyos, verc gacis saxels gamoviyvanTmocemuli RvTaebis saxelidan.22somxur warmarTul panTeonSi vxvdebiT ramdenime RvTaebas, romelTa etimologia TuRvTaebrivi funqciebi iZleva varaudis safuZvels, davukavSiroT zoroastruli panTeonisRvTaebebs, magaliTisaTvis aramazdi, vahagani, anaitidi _ zoroastrul ahuramazdas,vereTragnas, anahits.23movses xorenaci wers, rom am RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebi armavirSi valarSakis mieriqna dadgmuli. [49, w. II, T VIII]47

udabnoebs anayofierebs, arasodes sZinavs, qveynebis mfarvelia. areg akniaseve “mamakacuri sqesis cecxlis” simbolocaa [166; 27]. lus ini ki mTvarea_ “qaluri sqesis cecxlis” simbolo, romelsac movses xorenaci“cecxl das”-ac uwodebs [49; w. II, T.8]. Cveni varaudiT, am RvTaebebs undaSeesabamebodes miTras Tanmdevi kauto da kautopati, romlebic amomavalidilis da saRamos ciskars ganasaxierebdnen. rogorc Cans, am ukanasknel-Ta RvTaebrivi funqciebi da mniSvneloba qarTuli da somxuri warmarTulipanTeonisaTvis cnobili iyo. somxur warmarTul panTeonSi maTi saxelebissomxur variants vxvdebiT _ areg akni _ aregis Tvali, xilulimze, lus ini _ mTvare. qarTul variantSi ki areg akns oqros kerpi gaciunda Seesabamebodes, romelic gaciskrebasTan unda iyos kavSirSi da paralelsnaxulobs erTi mxriv kautosTan, meore mxriv ki areg aknTan (esukanaskneli ki sparsuli kautos somxuri variantia). irkveva meore kerpisgas (gaimis) RvTaebrivi funqciac _ is mTvaris RvTaebaa, msgavsad kautopatisada lus inisa, TumcaRa am SemTxvevaSi erTaderT damamtkicebelsabuTad misi vercxlis kerpad da oqros kerp gacis gverdiT moxseniebaSeiZleba miviCnioT.“qarTlSi zoroastruli panTeonis Semosvlamde, armazis amaRlebamde“Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani, gaci da gaim” batonobdnen qarTulolimpoze. armazis dabadebam gaci da gaim daamcro, magram Tavis gverdiTmainc dauTmo adgili da garkveuli funqciebic SeunarCuna” [59; 108].qristianobam qarTlSi damkvidrebis Semdeg warmarTul kultebsbrZola gamoucxada, kerpebi da warmarTuli salocavebi mospo, maT ricxvSigacisa da gaimisac, romelTa saxelebs Semdgomi periodis qarTuliwerilobiTi wyaroebi, saero Tu sasuliero literatura da qarTulixalxuri zepirsityviereba aRar ixseniebs.48

Tavi 2RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxisaTvis49

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi jerac gaurkvevelia RvTaeba iTrujaniswarmomavlobisa da vinaobis sakiTxi. pirvelad am saxels yurad-Reba mari brosem miaqcia, romelmac gamoTqva mosazreba, TiTqos iTrujaniberoz qaldevelisa da sxvaTa qsisuTri unda yofiliyo [169; 102]. misies mosazreba Tavidanve uaryo niko marma: “Znelia warmoidgino, Tu rogorisaxiT, saxeli qsisuTri SeiZleba gadaqceuliyo iTrujanad? amasTanave,qsisuTri ar aris RmerTi (qsisuTri igive bibliuri noea v.v.), qarTul-Si ki laparakia qaldevelTa RmerTze” [140; 25]. mecnieri mivida daskvnamde,rom “qaldeuri RmerTi iTrujani, SesaZlebelia, mwignobruli gziTSemovida semituridan (siriul-arabulidan), Tumca odnav damaxinjebuliformiT da CvenSi man saxeli iTrujani miiRo”-o [140; 28-29]. aRniSnul sakiTxsTavis droze m.wereTelic Seexo, misi sityvebiT “qarTuli iTru,aris igive arameuli yaTar, asuruli iSTar, berZnuli astarte qalRmer-Ti” [94; 86]. ivane javaxiSvili qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis ganxilvisasRvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxs ar ikvlevda, radganac... mas arc salocavida arc kerpi hqonia saqarTveloSi: “igi “qaldevelTa RvTaebad” iwodeba,maSasadame, is qarTul warmarTul panTeons ar ekuTvnis”-o [74; 102-103].RvTaeba iTrujanze yvelaze vrceli gamokvleva k. kekeliZes ekuTvnis,romelmac iTrujani iranul atar-atruSanad miiCnia: “radganac amas am-JRavnebs Cvens wyaroebSi Senaxuli cnoba misi damokidebulebisa armaz-Tan da fonetikuradac iqidan unda modiodes, amas ar ewinaaRmdegeba arcaRiareba misi qaldevelTa RmerTad, arc mtroba misi armazTan” [29; 125].misi es mosazreba gaziarebuli iqna Semdgomi drois mecnierTa mier: meliqseTbegi, a. afaqiZe, e. koWlamazaSvili. 24 m. gvelesiani Tavis sadisertacionaSromSi “armazis kerpis kulturul-istoriuli aspeqtebi” RvTaebaiTrujanTan dakavSirebiT mcirediT SemoisazRvra da gamoTqva varaudi,rom am RvTaebaSi SesaZloa asaxuliyo sparsuli sicruis da borotebisRvTaeba druji: “CvenTvis sruliad damajerebelia da logikuri iT-24a. afaqiZe srulebiT iziarebda k.kekeliZis mosazrebas iTrujanTan dakavSirebiT, rodesacwerda: „iTrujani iseTi stiqionis RmerTia, romlis mospobas qarTvelTa armaziwyliT cdilobs. is soflis mpyrobelia, wvimis momcemia da cecxlis mspobeli“. ixileTaseve [142; 43] [34; 41-50]50

ujan-atroSanis k. kekeliZiseuli identifikacia, rogorc fonetikuri,aseve saxismetyveluri TvalsazrisiT, magram gaubedavad „iTrujanis“ semantikazesxva hipoTezasac wamovayenebT. Arta-s (veduri warmomavlobissityvaa da aRniSnavs „kosmiur wesrigs“, „simarTles“) mamad wodebuliahura mazda, iseve rogorc iranuli miTra, upirispirdeba antra-s, asocirebulsdruh-Tan (sicrue, usamarTloba) da aris namdvili mteri mitro-drujisa(piris, SeTanxmebis gamtexi). Tu iTrujani „miTro drujis“ (asimilaciiTiT(d)ruj) saxenacvali formaa, RvTaebaTa brZolis zemoaRniSnulifraza iqneba zoroastrul-dualistur dapirispirebas warmoadgens ke-Tilsa da borots, simarTlesa da usamarTlobas Soris?” [14; 79-80].“qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro“ mxolod orjer ixseniebs RvTaeba iTrujanissaxels: 1) „qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cueni ese RmerTi armazyovladve mter arian: aman rame mas zeda zRua moaqcia, da aw man SuriiZia da mis mier moiwia ese“ [61; 92]. da 2) „ese armaz qarTvelTa daqaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan yovladve mter arian: aman mas zeda zRuaSemoadgina, da man amas zeda eseviTari urva moawia, viTar aqus Cueulebasoflis mpyrobelTa“ [61; 107]. 25 sxva, qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi anzepirsityvieri wyaro, romelic aseTi saxelis matarebel RvTaebas icnobdesar gagvaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZleblad migvaCnia RvTaeba iTrujaniswarmomavlobisa da vinaobis garkveva, rogorc qarTuli werilobiTiwyaros, aseve somxur – iranul panTeonsa da qarTul warmarTulpanTeon Soris paralelebis gavlebiTa da qarTul zepirsityvierebaSiSemorCenili eTnografiuli Tu lingvisturi wyaroebis safuZvelze.“wm. ninos cxovrebis“ mixedviT armazi qarTvelTa RmerTad iwodeba,iTrujani ki _ qaldevelTa. iTrujanis sadaurobis gasarkvevad aucilebeliaramdenime sityviT SevexoT termin “qaldevels“. am terminiT cnobi-25„wm. ninos cxovreba“-Si qaldevelTa RmerT iTrujanis da qarTvelTa RmerTis armazisgverdigverd moxsenieba, rogorc ori „soflis mpyrobeli“ RvTaebisa unda migvaniSnebdesimaze, rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni kargad icnobs „iTrujanis“ saxelis mqoneRvTaebas. iTrujansa da armazs Soris mudmivi mtrobaa. iTrujanis mier armazis kerpisdamxobiT, am ukanasknels arseboba ar Seuwyvetia. or RvTaebas Soris brZola Cveulebrivimomentia Zveli xalxebis warmodgenebSi: zevsi – kronosi, ahuramazda – ahrimani,osirisi – seTi da a. S.51

lia damoukidebeli semiti mesaqonle tomebis jgufi, romelic babilonSisaxlobda (sparseTis yuris Crd-das. napirebTan), I aTaswleulis I naxevarSi,savaraudod, arameuli warmoSobis [154; 491-492] 26 (aris meore mosazreba,romlis mixedviTac maT samxreT arabuli warmoSobis tomebadmiiCnevdnen) [69; 360]. qaldevelebs icnobs rogorc Zveli aRTqma, sadacisini xSirad babilonTan mimarTebaSi arian naxsenebi, ise Zveli qarTulisaistorio tradiciac.k. kekeliZe, a. afaqiZe iTrujans sparsul RvTaebad miiCneven da amismagaliTad moyavT citata Zveli aRTqmidan, sadac sparsTa mefe dariosiqaldevelTa mefed iwodeba [10:VI;1,XI;]. 27 fsevdo efremis „ganZTa qvabSi“irani „nebroTad“, maSasadame, qaldevelTa qveynad aris moxseniebuli [65;875]. qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi ki iTrujani erTgan qaldevelTaRmerTad aris naxsenebi [64; 85], 28 cota qvemoT ki vigebT, rom iTrujanisparsTa RmerTi yofila [64; 103]. maSasadame, RvTaeba iTrujaniaraqarTuli warmomavlobis yofila, konkretulad ki _ „sparsTa RmerTi“.RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT, manamde ganvixiloT„qaldevelTa (anu sparsTa) RmerT iTrujanTan“ dapirispirebuliRvTaeba armazi, rac dagvexmareba iTrujanis vinaobis sakiTxis garkveva-Si. rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSneT, armazis kerpis SemoRebas qarTuli werilobiTitradicia mefe farnavazis saxels ukavSirebs: “farnavaz Seqmnakerpi didi saxelsa zeda TÂissa: ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsuladarmaz erqua” [61; 25]. RvTaeba armazs wminda ninos cxovrebac moixseniebs,sadac is qarTvelTa mTavar RvTaebadaa gamoyvanili – “soflismpyrobelad”, romelsac qarTuli werilobiTi tradicia “didTa nayofTamomcemelsac”uwodebs [61; 107]. CvenTvis cnobilia am RvTaebasTan dakavSirebulitoponimikuri adgilic – armazcixe , 29 romelic strabonTanac ix-26aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vrclad ixileT– Дьяконов. И. М., Народы дрeвнейПереднеей Азии (в книге «Переднеазиатский Этнографический Сборник», выпуск I) М. 1958 [119]27biblia, Zveli aRTqma, danieli VI; 1, XI; 1, IX; 128sulxan saba orbelians qaldeveli ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc Suamdinaruli, babilonisTemi [54; 701]29am toponimikur saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT mogvyavs g. meliqiSvilis mosazreba:“armazcixe ixsenieba ucxour wyaroebSic. straboni mas “harmoZikes” eZaxis, rac qar-52

senieba, rogorc harmoZike [Strabo, XI, 3, 5]. msgavsi saxelwodebis RvTaebassomxebic icnobdnen aramazdis saxeliT [49;II,86]. mecnierebaSi armazis vinaobissakiTxma Tavidanve miipyro yuradReba, gamoiTqva mravali mosazreba.dava am sakiTxis garSemo dResac mimdinareobs. mecnierTa erTi nawilimas sparsuli warmoSobis RvTaeba ahuramazdad miiCnevs, meore nawili kiam mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba da armazs xeTur–luviur samyaros ukavSirebs.erT-erTi pirvelTagani, vinc armazi iranul ormuzd– ahuramazdas-Tan daakavSira n. mari iyo, rogorc etimologiurad, qarTuli armazi –somxuri aramazdi – iranuli ormizd–ahuramazda, aseve qarTuli werilobiTiwyaroebis cnobebidan gamomdinare. mecnieris azriT, “ara qarTvelTamTavars farnavazs eZaxdnen sparselebi armazs, aramed piriqiT, RmerTiarmazisTvis SeiZleba ewodebinaT farnavazio” [140; 4-5]. armazi iranulidanSemosulad miaCnda l. meliqseT begsac da fonetikurad ahuramazda –Ohrmazd – Hormizd – Ormizd-Tan aigivebda [142; 38]. n. maris msgavsad, mas qar-Tuli armazi somxuri aramazdis – iranuli ahuramazdasgan gamohyavda[142; 42]. l. meliqseT begis es naSromi warmoadgens erTgvar pasuxs a.boltunova – iv. javaxiSvilisadmi, romlebmac armazis iranuli warmomavlobaeWvqveS daayenes. l. meliqseT begi armazis kultSi or ZiriTad safexursgamohyofda: I –kerpTayvanismcemloba (elinistur samyarosTan siaxlovisgamo) da II –cecxlTayvanismcemloba (iranul samyarosTan siaxlovisgamo) [142; 42]. xolo im faqts, rom xalxur tradiciaSi da folklorSiar SemorCenila armazi, rogorc RmerTi an gmiri, xsnis imiT romarmazi iyo iberiis maRali fenis religia, romelTac cecxlTayvanismcemlobamiiRes [142; 45]. armazis Temas exeba m. gvelesianis sadisertacionaSromi “armazis kerpis kulturul-istoriuli aspeqtebi” (armazis kerpisdefiniciisTvis). mecnierTa mosazrebebis urTierTSejerebisa da qar-Tul da ucxouri wyaroTa kvlevis safuZvelze mecnieri mivida daskvnamde,rom qarTuli armazi sparsuli ahuramazda-ormuzdia. “maT (anu armazsda aramazds v. v.) iranuli samyarodan, kerZod ahuramazdasgan warmomav-Tuli “armazcixis” gadmocema Cans. pliniusTan mas “hermasti” ewodeboda klavdius ptolemaiosTanki “harmaktika”, varianti: “armasika” g. meliqiSvili, mcxeTa – qarTlis samefosdedaqalaqi [53; 447],53

loba aerTianebT da rogorc mTavari RvTaebebi, apirobeben warmarTulisaqarTvelosa da somxeTis religiur klimats” [14; 48]. 30 qarTvel mecnier-30g. gvelesianis sadisertacio naSroms calke statia miuZRvna gr. giorgaZem, romelmackidev erTxel uaryo armazis ahuramazdasgan warmomavloba: “m. gvelesiani saerTod uaryofs“triadis” arsebobas, radgan misi aRiareba gaabaTilebda zogierT mis mosazrebaskerpisa (farnavazis) da ahuramazdas igiveobis Sesaxeb . . . ikonografiulad (kompoziciurad)armazis kerpi aSkarad “triadaa”_sameulia, e.i. Sedgeba RvTaebaTa sami wevrisagan. . . samive RvTaeba ganasaxierebs erT mTlian kults, kompoziciurad igi asea gamoxatuli:centrSi mTavari RvTaeba armazi, romelsac marjvniv da marcxniv ori sxvadasxvaRvTaeba udgas _ gaci da gaim Cans, msaxuri RvTaebani . . . ahuramazdas kulti ki ikonografiuladmxolod ori sxvadasxva RvTaebisagan gamoisaxeba, romlebic kompoziciuraderTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod dganan, esenia: TviTon ahuramazda da misi mowinaaRmdege ahrimaniu(ahrimani). maSasadame, kulti aSkarad dualisturia.... arcerT ZvelaRmosavlurqveyanaSi triadebis iseTi ikonografiuli (kompoziciuri) gamosaxva, rogorc es Zvelanatoliur triadebs axasiaTebT (e. i. SuaSi mTavari RvTaeba, mis marjvniv da marcxnivmdgomi Tanmxlebi, ZiriTadad, msaxuri RvTaebebi) arsad ar gvxvdeba (maTSi triadebi CamoTvliliaubralod ufros-umcrosobiT) ”triadebis mcire aziuri saxeoba ar aris dadasturebulisxva Zvel aRmosavlur regionebSi [17; 8, 9]. g.giorgaZis mocemul statiasgamoexmaura m. Ggvelesiani, romelmac kidev erTxel kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena armazisxeTur luviuri warmomavloba, ris magaliTadac moiyvana qarTuli armazis genetikurikavSiri somxur armazdTan da iranul ahuramazdasTan; “b-ni g.giorgaZe ar aigivebs armazsTeSubTan, arc xeTur armasTan, miT ufro_ahura mazdasTan, romelTan mimarTebamas mxolod saxelismieri kuTxiT miaCnia dasaSvebad da Sesabamisad, misi yuradRebismiRma rCeba warmarTuli somxeTis uzenaesi RvTaeba aramazdi, romelic somxur, ber-Znul, siriul, iranul werilobiT wyaroTa mixedviT makavSirebel xidad gvevlineba armazsada ahura mazdas Soris geneturobis TvalsazrisiT . . . armaz-ahura mazdas kavSiriskuTxiT gaixsna wyaroseuli araerTi epizodi, romelTa Soris gamovyofdi armazisdResaswauls – axali wlis dResaswauls, romelic uZveles civilizaciebSi RvTaebiskorelati mefis kultTan dakavSirebul dResaswauls warmoadgenda da romelic sworedaseTad – mefis ahura mazdasTan Tanafardobis mauwyeblad gvevlineba iransa dasomxeTSi gamomdinare armazis dResaswaulis aRwerilobidan, sadac xazi esmeba mefe mirianisada nana dedoflis rols – saqarTveloSic; missive yuradRebis miRma darCa er-Ti umniSvnelovanesi momenti armazis raobis dasadgenad – esaa elinisturi epoqisaTvisdamaxasiaTbeli RvTaebaTa sinkretizaciis gamovlinebis sakiTxi; rogorc erTi (ahuramazda), ise meore (aramazdi) RvTaeba iwodeba “zevsad” berZen mweralTa TxzulebebSi,riTac aixsneba movses xorenacis, elinurad da sparsulad ganswavluli somexi istorikosismier qarTvelTa armazis “Weqa-quxilis momvlineblad” (igive “mexismfrqvevelad”rac zevsis sayovelTaod cnobili epiTetia) moxsenieba, rac mowmobs, rom misTvis arma-54

Ta garda aRniSnul problemas Tavis naSromebSi ucxoeli mecnierebicSeexnen. jer kidev k. patkanovi werda: “araa Zneli armazSi davinaxoT iranelTauzenaesi RvTaebis ahuramazdas gadakeTebuli saxeli, romelicsomxeTSi aramazdis formiT gvevlineba”-o [148; 214-244, 270]. armazs ormuzd-ahuramazdadmiiCnevda cnobili mkvlevari m. kovalevskic: “qarTulwyaroebSi Cven vnaxulobT araerT miTiTebas imaze, rom ormuzdis religiaodesRac mTels kavkasiaSi iyo gavrcelebuli... mefe vaxtangis qarTuliqronika ixseniebs mcxeTaSi gansakuTrebuli kerpis armazis (ormuzdis)Seqmnas. . . qristianobamde saqarTveloSi iyo sakmaod vrceli periodi,romlis ganmavlobaSic isini (anu qarTvelni – v.v.) mazdeizmis mimdezi,aramazdi da ahura mazda identuri RvTaebebia.” uaryo g.giorgaZis kontrargumentismarTebuloba iranuli RvTaebis dualisturi (,ahuramazda, ahrimani) xasiaTisa, romelicvizualurad aranairad ar aisaxeba mis ikonografiul gamosaxulebebSi; “ Tu saxelTafonetikuri siaxloviT vimsjelebT armaz_armas kavSirze, gaugebari rCeba, ratom undahqonoda krecionistuli funqciebi mTvaris RvTaeba arma-s, romelsac armazi garegnuladhgavs; mas, vTqvaT TeSubi, rogorc meomari, abjarosani RvTaeba, maSin aseve gaugebaria,ra kavSiri aqvs saxel “TeSubs” “armazTan”, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imaze, rom misirogorc amindis RvTaebis funqcia aranairad ar utoldeba armazs, romelic wyaroseulidaxasiaTebiT aris mravalfunqciani RvTaeba . . . mzad var, kiTxvis niSnis qveS davayenoarmaz-ahuramazdas geneturi kavSiris marTebuloba, Tu batoni g.giorgaZe axal faqtobrivmasalas warmogvidgens qarTlis triadis mTavari RvTaebis, armazis xeTurisganwarmomavlobis sasargeblod. “axal faqtobriv masalad” ki ver miviCnev “analebis statiaSiCarTul, TiTo mcireabzacian kontrarguments, RvTaebaTa ikonografiul da funqcionaluriniSnis ganmsazRvrels . . . Zvelbabilonur nimrudis, simiramis da Tamuzisgarda “ triadebia” ( ahura mazda, miTra, anahita) myarad damkvidrebuli artaqserqse IIis(Zv. w. 404-395 w.w.) mefobisas iranSi, triadebia aseve somxeTSi ( aramazdi, mihri, anaiti) da sxv; marTalia batoni g. giorgaZe sarecenzio statiaSi ar uaryofs ZvelaRmosavlurreligiebSi triadaTa arsebobas, magram maTgan Zvelanatoliuri triadebis gamorCevaqarTlis triadis paralelad oden kompoziciuri wyobis niSniT ( avtorisavesityvebiT, “marjvena marcxenas principiT”) ar meCveneba damajereblad . . . Tu mcxeTistriada, samive RvTaeba, rogorc b-ni g. giorgaZe miiCnevs “ gamoxatavs erT mTliankults” amas saTanado Semamagrebeli argumentebi sWirdeba, ramdenadac triadis sakultomTlianoba ver daiyvaneba mxolod maTi lokalizaciis, kompoziciuri struqturisdonemde ( wyaro ar gvaZlevs aranair sxva realias maTi arsobrivi mTlianobis Sesaxeb )m.gvelesiani akad. g. giorgaZis statiis “kidev erTxel armazis kerpis definiciaze” pasuxad_saqarTvelosxelovnebis muzeumis narkvevebi_2005. X, gv.243-25255

varni iyvnen” [126; 84-85]. msgavsi mosazreba gr. kapancianmac gamoTqva “iranuliumaRlesi RvTaeba aramazdi, somxebma sasanidebamde (aqemenidebi,parTia) SeiTvises... es aramazdi qarTvelebmac SeiTvises armazis formiT...rogorc Cans, iranulma umaRlesma RvTaeba aramazdma Zlieri sparsulikulturul – politikuri gavlenis wyalobiT sruliad gamodevna somxe-Tisa da qarTlis adgilobrivi RvTaebebi... Tumca eWvgareSea rom somxebsada qarTvelebs Tavisi RvTaebebic hyavdaT” [125; 57].mecnierebaSi Tavidanve gamouCnda mowinaaRmdegeebi armaz – ahuramazdasidenturobis versias. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc msgavsi mosazrebis safuZvlianobauaryo, m. wereTeli iyo: “qarTvelTa armazi ar aris ahuramazda,aramed mcire aziis RmerTi cisa da sinaTlis, atmosferos, wvimisada elWeqisa TeSubia” [94; 84]. iv. javaxiSvili ki pirdapir miuTiTebda:“armazis Sesaxeb cnobebs rom sparsul ahuramazdasTan saxelis meti araferiaqvs saerTo, es ucilobelia” [74; 104-109]. Tumca mecnieri ar uaryofdasaqarTveloSi mazdeanobis arsebobas, magram armazis – ahuramazdasTandakavSireba arasworad miaCnda qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSiarasakmao sabuTebis gamo. aradamajereblad eCveneboda marto fonetikurmasalaze dayrdnobac [74; 105]. 31 a. boltunovam ganavrco iv. javaxiSvilismosazreba da qarTuli armazi xeTur RvTaeba arma, armas daukavSira [108;239]. gamoiTqva varaudi, rom “axladSemoyvanili RvTaeba armazi TandaTanSeerwya iberiis adgilobrivi macxovreblebis religiur warmodgenebs,kerZod mTvaris Zvel RvTaebas, ris gamoc misi popularoba xalxur maseb-Si swrafad gavrcelda da gamyarda” [108; 240]. a. afaqiZe eTanxmeba armazisdakavSirebas xeTur-mcireaziur samyarosTan da a. boltunovas msgavsadmas “xeTur-nesitur (an: xeTur-luviur) kulturas, iqauri mTvarisa damTvaris RmerTis armas saxels” ukavSirebs [53; 667]. calke qveTavi miuZ-Rvna armazis sakiTxs gr. giorgaZem naSromSi “aTasi RvTaebis qveyana” da31“pirvel rigSi damafiqrebel garemoebas am mxriv is warmoadgens, rom qarTveli xalxisarc erTi Temis mexsierebasa da rwmenas armazi, viTarca RvTaeba, an gmiri anda xati,ar SerCenia, imisda miuxedavad rom Cvens ers mazdeanobis araerTi sxva naSTi aqvsSerCenili. rogor moxda, rom sxva ufro wvrilmanic ki xalxma SeinarCuna, armazi kisrulebiT daiviwya, Tu igi marTla IV s-Si qarTvelTa mTavar RvTaebad da kerpad iTvleboda?”[74; 105]56

pirvelma scada kerpis aRwerilobis safuZvelze daedgina misi warmomavloba.armazis aRweriloba man xeTur kerpTa aRwerilobebTan daakavSira[16; 146-153]. “armazi uaxlovdeba mcireaziur (xeTur-xuritul) omisa datarosis (TeSubis) RvTaebebs. masSi TiTqos Tavmoyrilia am ori anatoliuriRvTaebis Tvisebebi. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, armazs ver ganvixilavTrogorc mTvaris RvTaebas (toponimi “armazi” romc moiazrebodesetimologiurad mTvared”), romlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi mas aSkarad ar gaaCnia. magram igi arc iranuli religiuri samyarodanaRebuli kerpia. marTalia, farnavazi axlad Seqmnil qarTlissamefoSi marTva-gamgeobis mowyobas iranis samefos msgavsad Sesdgomia,magram mas “sakulto reformis” gatarebisas (armazis kerpis “Seqmnisas”)aSkarad ar miumarTavs iranuli religiuri samyarosaTvis. sparsul samyaroses kerpi mxolod da mxolod saxelwodebiT ukavSirdeba, magram esecimitom rom, daarqva ra usaxelo kerps Tavisi saxeli “farnavazis” magivradmas “armaz” uwoda, radgan “farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva”, sxvamxriv armazis kerps iranul religiur samyarosTan araferi aqvs saerTo”[16; 149]. 3232armazTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli d. Sengelaias, romelmacarmazis paralelebi berZnul hermesTan gaavlo [93; 162-167], rac Cveni azriTmcdaria, I – imitom rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisaTvis cnobili iyo elinisturiRvTaebebi – apoloni, artemida da afrodita, romlebic qarTul werilobiT wyaroSicixseniebian. Zveli qarTuli tradicia icnobs dionises kultsac, magaliTad ZalisSi aRmoCeniliabanos mozaikaze dionises gamosaxuleba mogvyavs [52; 329-332] (am SemTxvevaSiCven mxolod aRm. saqarTveloSi arsebul berZnul RvTaebebs ganvixilavT, rameTu das.saqarTvelos Zveli macxovreblebisaTvis berZnuli RvTaebebi kargad iyvnen nacnobni.amis dasturia vanis naqalaqarze gamovlenili samlocveloebi, romlebic berZeni Rmer-Tebisadmi iyo miZRvnili). armazs rom hermesTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, amas straboniscnobac unda adasturebdes, sadac armazcixe harmoZikedaa moxseniebuli (berZenigeografisTvis cnobili unda yofiliyo am toponimis warmomavloba da Tu is hermessukavSirdeboda aucileblad mianiSnebda kidec) armazs aramazdis saxeliT somxebic icnoben,sadac es ukanaskneli “mexTamtexeladaa” moxseniebuli, mexismtexeloba ki, rogorccnobilia, beZnuli miTologiis mixedviT damaxasiaTebelia umaRlesi RvTaeba zevsisaTvisda ara hermesisTvis.57

aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla moiTxovs ufro vrclad SevCerdeT armazze.misaRebad migvaCnia m. gvelesianis mier wamoyenebuli ramdenimeargumenti, romelic armazis xeTur warmomavlobas uaryofs. ai isinic:1. saxelis “armazi” iranuli warmomavloba (sparsulidan momdinareobsmefe farnavazisa da farnavazianTa dinastiis meti wili mefeebis saxelebi).332. “CvenSi eWvs badebs marTebuloba armazis paralelTa Ziebisa qronologiuradiseT Soreul epigrafikul ZeglebSi, rogoricaa Zv. w. aR.XIII s-is lusmuli warwerebi qalaq boRazqoidan” [14; 69];3. “armazobac da aramazdobac Tvisobrivad erTi da igive dResaswauliada orive maTgani axali wlis dadgomas, iranul navrozobas ukavSirdeba”[14; 148];mocemuli mosazrebis gasamyareblad Cveni mxridan davsZendiT rom: 4.armazi, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaros mixedviT, umaRlesi RvTaebaa. “moqcevaiqarTlisai”-Si epiTeti “soflis mpyrobeli”, Cveni azriT, gagebuliunda iqnas ara rogorc meomari RvTaeba (armazis “soflis mpyrobeloba”gr. giorgaZes gaazrebuli aqvs, rogorc RvTaebis meomruli xasiaTis damaxasiaTebeliepiTeti) [16; 148], 34 aramed RmerTTa Soris upirvelesi, umaRlesiRvTaeba. amaSi ufro metad davrwmundebiT, Tu mas somxur werilo-33am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTulienobrivi urTierTobidan, sadac mecnieri asabuTebs qarTveli mefeebis saxelebis (farnavazi,mirvan-mirian-mirdat-miTrdat da sxvaTa) sparsulidan warmomavlobas. ixileTaseve [140; 5] .n. mari erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila saxelfarnavazis sparsul warmomavlobaze, “mefeTa cxovrebaSi” arsebuli citatis safuZvelze,sadac vkiTxulobT: “farnavazma Seqmna kerpi saxelad Tavisda, rameTu sparsuladfarnavazs armazs eZaxdnen” da saxeli farnavazi – farnavazdi miiCnia sparsuli sityvafarnadan warmomdgarad, rac brwyinvales niSnavs. qarTvel mefeTa saxelis sparsulidanwarmomavlobas miuTiTebs m. sanaZec [51; 80]. m. sanaZem qarTvelTa mefe farnavaz–farsmanissaxeli iranul farnabazs daukavSira, rac qarTul TargmanSi JRers, rogorc “bednierixelis mqone” (baza xels niSnavs, farna – brwyinvales), xolo farnabazis zustqarTul Sesatyvisad qarTuli xelmwife esaxeba, Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, romTavis droze n. marma uaryo farnavazis farnabazukidan gamoyvana [140; 5].34“soflis mpyrobelobis” meomrul aspektad gaazrebis umarTebulobaze mosazrebauaryofili aqvs [14; 57].58

iT wyaroebSi moxseniebul aramazds da sparsul ahuramazdas SevadarebT.“qarTuli armazi” somxur wyaroebSi aramazdad moixsenieba: “nunemmospo Weqa-quxilis momvlinebeli aramazdis qandakeba” [49; 86]. armaziaramazdad ixsenieba qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSic [64;83]. 35 etimologiuri msgavsebis garda qarTul armazs – somxur aramazds– iranul ahuramazdas RvTaebrivi funqciebic erTnairi hqoniaT.“moqcevai qarTlisai”-s X saukunis Satberdis krebulSi vkiTxulobT:“aha, ese ra RmerTni, didTa nayofTa momcemelni. queyniT nayofTagamzrdelni, qarTlisani armaz da zaden, yovlisa dafarulisagamomZiebelni da Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani gaci da gaim” [92;340]. am SemTxvevaSi “didTa nayofTa momcemeli” da “soflismpyrobeli” armazis epiTetebad migvaCnia. armazi “didTa nayofTamomcemeli” rom yofila, amis dasturad mogvyavs sxva citata: “aha,esera, queynisa, naSobTa gamomzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani, armazda zaden” [61; 106]. armazi rom umaRlesi RvTaebaa qarTul warmar-Tul panTeonSi da “wminda ninos cxovreba”-Si moxseniebuli epiTeti“soflis mpyrobeli” mas rom ekuTvnis, amaze metyvelebs Semdegifrazebi: “RmerTi RmerTTa armaz, romel ara ars missa gareSe sxuakerpi” [61; 89]; “ese armaz qarTvelTa da qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujanyovladve mteri arian: aman mas zeda zRua Semoadgina daman amas zeda eseviTari urva moawia, viTar aqus Cueuleba soflismpyrobelTa” [61; 107].armaz – aramazdis paralelTa Ziebisas, sainteresoa aramazdisRvTaebrivi funqciebis daxasiaTeba somxur wyaroebSi, sadac is“yvela RmerTis mamad”, “didebulad da mamacad”, “cisa da miwisSemqmnelad”, “nayofierebis momcemelad” iwodeba [165; 13]. movses xorenaciqarTul armaz – aramazds “Weqa quxilis momvlinebels” uwo-35qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT armazisahuramazda – ormizdad transformacias: ahuramazda – ormizdi – armazdi (armazdi ase-Ti formiT ixsenieba m. xorenacTan, agaTangelosTan, qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxurTargmanSi) – aramazdi (qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani) – aramazi [64] – armazi[64].59

debs. 36 elinizmis epoqaSi iranuli panTeonis umaRlesi RvTaeba ahuramazda– ormizdi iqna gaigivebuli berZnuli panTeonis umaRles RvTaeba zevsTan.elinisturi gavlenebi unda ganecada somxur warmarTul panTeonsac.movses xorenacis mixedviT, aramazdi elinistur periodSi dios-zevsTanasocirdeboda, radganac misi qandakeba somexma mefeebma RvTaebaaramazdis mTavar taZarSi dadges [49; II 12, 14]. moviyvanT ramdenime sxvafaqts armaz – ormizdis zevs – iupiterTan igiveobis argumentad,romelic Tavis naSromSi m. gvelesians amgvari saxiT aqvs moxmobili:aleqsandre makedonelis mier aRmosavleTis qveynebis dapyrobis SemdgompersepolisSi Zvel aRmosavlur RvTaebaTa saxelze aRmarTul frataadristaZris berZnulenovan warweraSi moxseniebulia: zevs megistosi(ormizdi), apolon – heliosi (miTra), artemida – aTena (anahiti) [14; 61].1950 w. nimrud daRTan aRmoCenil erT-erT yorRanze, darTul reliefzegamosaxul RvTaebebTan amokveTilia warwerebi, romlebic maT elinistur– iranul saxelebs gvamcnoben: zevs – ormizdi, apolon – miTra da a. S.[14. 165; 44-51]. Teimuraz batoniSvilTan ki armazi (anu ormuzdi) iupiter-Tanaa gaigivebuli, iseve rogorc zadeni apolonTan [157; 663]. 37 kvlevam36sainteresoa movses xorenaciseuli daxasiaTeba armaz–aramazdisa rogorc Weqa –quxilismomvlinebeli RvTaebisa. berZnul–romaul miTologiaSi Weqa–quxilis momvlinebladzevsi–iupiteri iTvleboda. zevsi ixsenieba, rogorc yvelaze Zlevamosili da udidesiRmerTi berZeni xalxisa, mama da mbrZanebeli RmerTebisa da adamianebisa (ix. [131; 35.135; 17, 491]. SeadareT agaTangelosTan aramazdis moxseniebas, rogorc “yvela RmerTis mama”.zevs–aramazdTan dakavSirebiT moviyvanT kidev ramdenime magaliTs movses xorenacis“somxeTis istoriidan”: “somexTa mefem (igulisxmeba artaSes I) eladaSi xelT igdo diosis,artemidas, aTenas, hefestosisa da afrodites qandakebebi, romlebic somxeTSi gagzavna”[49; w.II, T.12] diosSi igulisxmeba berZenTa RmerTi zevsi [49; 266] cota qvemoT kisomexTa mefe tigran II didTan dakavSirebiT vigebT: “tigranma isurva bomonTa ageba...aRamarTvina olimpiel diosis gamosaxuleba cixe-simagre aniSi, aTenasi – tilSi, hefestosisa_ bagariaWSi” [49; w.II, T.14] CvenTvis cnobilia, rom aramazdis kerpi aniSi idga:“artaSesma... maJani aramazdis kerpis qurumTuxucesad daadgina aniSi” [49; w.II, T.53] anistaZari rom aramazdisadmia miZRvnili, amas agaTangelosic adasturebs [166; 38, 586, 55-60].mocemuli sakiTxi vrclad aqvs Seswavlili m. gvelesians [14; T. II]37armaz – aramazd – zevsis identurobas aRniSnavda somexi mecnieri gr. kapancianic:“somxuri aramazdi, berZnebis gavlenis Sedegad aRiqmeboda da igivdeboda berZnul zevsTan”[125 ; 58].60

gviCvena, rom armazsa da aramazds, fonetikuri msgavsebis garda, RvTaebrivifunqciebic erTnairi hqoniaT; orive es RvTaeba msgavsebas iranulahuramazda – ormizdTan naxulobs, es rom marTlac asea, amaze werilobiTTu epigrafikul wyaroebSi ahuramazdas RvTaebrivi funqciebis daxasiaTebacmigvaniSnebs. darios I-is warweraSi suecis arxidan ahuramazdaSemdegi epiTetebiTaa Semkuli: “RmerTi didi ahuramazda, romelmac Seqmnazeca, miwa, adamiani, romelmac Seqmna keTilismyofeli pirobebi adamianisaTvis,romelmac dariosi mefed gaxada” [136; 44]; ahuramazda nayofierebisada mesaqonleobis RvTaebacaa _ [1.] “ [136] 38 romelmac “Seqmna CvenTvissabedniero saqoneli” [1; Áasna 47]; “enebos mazda ahuras Sewevna CvendagarjaSi, vamravloT saqoneli adamiano aSas moniWebuli keTili azriT”[1; Áasna 47]; “vin daifaravs Cems saqonels... Tu ara aSa da TviT Sen, hoimazdav” [1; Áasna 50.]avestaSi da aqemeniduri periodis epigrafikul warwerebSi ahuramazdasRvTaebrivi funqciebis gansazRvram dagvanaxa, rom armazsa da aramazdsahuramazdasTan, garda etimologiuri msgavsebisa, RvTaebrivi funqciebicsaerTo aqvT. samive es RvTaeba sakuTar panTeonSi umaRlesia –“soflis mpyrobeli”, elinistur periodSi ki zevs – iupiterTan asocirdebian;samive nayofierebis mfarvelia: “didTa nayofTa gamomzrdeli –momcemeli”. CvenTvis ucnobia, armazi ramdenad iTvleboda “cisa da miwisSemqmnelad”, magram am mxriv somxur aramazds – iranul ahuramazdasTanes paralelic akavSirebs. ahuramazdam dariosi mefed gaxada _ armazispirveli moxseniebac qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi farnavazis mefed gaxdomasukavSirdeba. 3938iqve, из книги «Вендидад», глава III, «О благе земледелия», ixileT aseve Áasna 29, avestis ga-Ta- galobani. [1]39Zvel msoflioSi TiToeul mmarTvels Tavisi mfarveli RvTaeba gaaCnda da qveynis sa-TaveSi misi mosvlis Semdeg es RvTaebac wamyvan poziciebs ikavebda panTeonSi da umaRlesiRmerTi xdeboda. msgavsi procesis momswre unda viyoT “mefeTa cxovrebaSic”. leontimrovelis mixedviT, azos ori kerpis _ gacisa da gaimis Tayvaniscema SemouRia,farnavazis mier azos Zlevis Semdeg qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi myarad mkvidrdebafarnavazis mier SemoRebuli axali kulti armazi, romelic umaRlesi RvTaeba xdeba.farnavazi ar spobs “Zuel RmerTebs mamaTa CuenTans gacsa da gaims”, aramed maT Tavis61

arqeologiur da istoriul werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT qar-Tuli armazi sparsul RvTaeba ahuramazdad migvaCnia, romelic somxeTSiaramazdis saxeliT yofila cnobili. Tu armazi – ahuramazdaa, hyavs Tuara qarTul armazs sparsuli RvTaebis msgavsad dapirispirebuli RvTaeba(varT Tu ara qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi dualizmis momswre)? ahuramazdasSemTxvevaSi es ahrimania. Tu “moqcevai qarTlisai”-s avtors davujerebT,aseTi dapirispirebuli RvTaeba “qarTul armazsac” hyolia –“qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujani”. Tu armazi ahuramazdaa, Sesabamisad, iTrujaniahrimani an masTan dakavSirebuli romelime RvTaeba unda iyos.iTrujani rom sparsul samyaros ukavSirdeba, es cnobilia “moqcevaiqarTlisai”-s avtorisaTvis. aq sxva kiTxva ismis: romel iranul RvTaebasSeesabameba iTrujani? qarTvel mecnierebSi gaziarebulia pirvelad k. kekeliZismier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom iTrujani cecxlis RvTaeba atariunda yofiliyo, romelsac qarTuli werilobiTi tradicia atroSanissaxelwodebiTac icnobs [66; 225]. is pirdapir miniSnebas xedavda “moqcevaiqarTlisai”-Si iTrujan – iTruSanis funqciebisa da RvTaebriobis gasarkvevad:“Tu mxedvelobaSi gveqneba is garemoeba, rom iTrujans armaziemuqreba wyliT, xolo iTrujanma mas gadauxada elviTa da mexistexiT,iTrujani unda miviCnioT iseTi stiqionis RvTaebad, romelic wyliT SeiZlebamospobil iqnes, romelic elvasTan da mexTanaa dakavSirebuli,ese igi cecxlis RvTaebad”[29; 268]. mecnieri Seecada aexsna, Tu rogormoxda iTrujan – iTruSan – ataris armaz – ahuramazdasTan dapirispireba,atari xom armazis Svilad iTvleboda: “Cven wyaroebSi ar Senaxulanamdvili suraTi qarTuli wyaroebis... am wyaroebma ar ician arc is, romiTrujani iranuli RvTaebaa, arc is, rom armazic garedanaa Semosuli,piriqiT es wyaroebi amtkiceben, rom armazi iranuli RvTaeba ki ara... qar-Tuli erovnuli RmerTia, isini armazis kults upirispireben iranulkults, ase magaliTad, ninos cxovrebis Satberdul versiaSi... TiTqos armazismsaxurni sxvani arian, mzisa da cecxlis msaxurni mogvni _ sxvani...mfarvel RvTaeba armazs uqvemdebarebs, rac unda gaviazroT, rogorc “farnavazis Rmer-Tis” gamarjveba “azos RmerTebze”. armazi farnavazs daexmara mtris ZlevaSi, gamefebaSi,ris Semdegac Sesabamisad, umaRlesi RvTaeba gaxda qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi.62

leontisac hgonia, rom armazi aris erovnuli RmerTi, xolo cecxlTayvanismcemloba_ sxva, ucxo kulti. am pirobebSi Cvens wyaroebs, kidevacrom scodnodaT, rom iTrujani iranuli RmerTia, ufleba hqondaT daepirispirebinaTis armazisTvis, rogorc erovnuli qarTuli RvTaebisaTvis”.[29;269-270] Cven ver daveTanxmebiT k. kekeliZis am mosazrebas ramdenimemizezis gamo. mecnieri aRniSnavda, rom “wyaroebma ar ician arc is,rom iTrujani iranuli RvTaebaa, arc is rom armazic garedanaa Semosuli”,[29;270] maSin rodesac amave wyaroebze dayrdnobiT qaldevelTa qveyanassparseTTan aigivebda.[29; 268] 40 armazi rom garedan SemotaniliRvTaebaa, amis Sesaxeb werilobiTi wyaroebi informirebulni arian. leontimroveli amis Sesaxeb (anu armazi, rom araqarTuli RmerTia) pirdapirmiTiTebas gvaZlevs: “farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda TÂissa:ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad arma erqua” [61; 25]. iTrujanisRvTaebrivi funqciebis gasarkvevad marto erTi citatis (“amanmas zeda zRua moaqcia”) moyvana da amiT imis mtkiceba, rom “iTrujani undamiviCnioT iseTi stiqionis RvTaebad, romelic wyliT SeiZleba mospobiliqnes, romelic elvasTan da mexTanaa dakavSirebuli _ ese igi, cecxlisRvTaebad” aradamajereblad gveCveneba. aRniSnuli sakiTxis ukeT gasarkvevadramdenime sityviT gvinda SevexoT saqarTveloSi cecxlis kultisarsebobis faqtebs. saqarTveloSi cecxlis kulti uZvelesi droidanaacnobili: “cecxli _ siTbosa da sinaTlis wyaro _ adreve moeqca adamianisgansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa da mzrunvelobis centrSi. igi, erTimxriv, gars ikrebda adamianebs da maTSi koleqtivizmis instinqtebis gamomuSavebiserTgvari stimulatori iyo, meore mxriv, Tavisi elvarebiT,siTboTi, stiqiurobiT SiSs nergavda adamianSi da iwvevda Tavisadmi Tayvaniscemas”[32; 176]. uZvelesi kerebi kavkasiaSi gamovlenilia adre samiwaTmoqmedonamosaxlarebze, aqedan yvelaze adrindeli _ Sulavris gorazedadasturebuli kera Cans [32; 163-164]. 41 keriis sakulto xasiaTi ufro40rogorc naSromis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, “qarTlis cxovrebis” Zveli somxuri TargmaniiTrujans sparsTa RvTaebas uwodebs.41mogvyavs citata imave naSromidan, Sulavris goraze dadasturebul kerasTan dakavSirebiT:“igi warmoadgens sacxovrebeli Senobis kedlis ZirSi Tixisagan amoyvanil iatak-63

ikveTeba jer mtkvar-araqsis, Semdeg ki TrialeTis kulturebSi [32; 190].cecxlis kulti (cecxlTmsaxureba) qarTvelTaTvis elinizmis epoqaSicaacnobili; ,,mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT, ,,aman farnajom mefeman... aRaSenacixe zadeni... amis Semdgomad “Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba,moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlis msaxurni da moguni” [61; 29]. 42 daaxloebiTamave periods ganekuTvneba dedoflis mindorze da cixiagoraze gamovlenilisataZro kompleqsebi, romelTac mecnierebi zoroastrul taZrebTanuvleben paralelebs. 43Si Camjdar ,,kvercxiseburi~ formis keras, romelic, albaT, ,,uqrobi cecxlis~ Sesanaxadgamoiyeneboda. sameurneo kera Tu Rumelebi Sulavris goraze ezoSi, Senobis garekedelTan ewyoboda. kera, rogorc Cans, ukve maSin iyo ritualSi CarTuli. yovel Sem-TxvevaSi, nacari romelsac uqrobi cecxlis Sesanaxi keridan iRebdnen, wminda iyo damis gareT gatanasa da gadayras eridebodnen.~ _ SeadareT [105; 183]. Zvelad, rodesaccecxlis anTeba siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, adamianebi cdilobdnen keriaSi maradanTebuli, mudmivi cecxli SeenaxaT. gadasaxlebis dros nakverCxlebi qoTniT gadahqondaT...cecxlis kulti gavrcelebuli iyo indoevropelebSi, romlebisTvisac anTebulicecxli RvTaebrivi iyo... brahmanebi mas agnus saxeliT icnobdnen, es sityva laTinuriignisis, огон- is monaTesavea. zoroastrelebi cecxls atars uwodebdnen. isini masmsxverpls swiravdnen. Sesawiri Sedgeboda xmeli SeSis, mSrali foTlebis an balaxisaganda mcire raodenobis cxovelis qonisagan.42leonti mroveli sparsTa sjuls manamdec ixseniebs, sparsTa mefe qaixosrosTan dakavSirebiT:“ da aRaSena (qaixosrom) adarbadagans saxli salocavi sjulisa maTisa” [61;15].43dedoflis mindvrisa da cixiagoras sataZro kompleqsSi cecxlTayvanismcemluri ta-Zaric Sedioda[12; 64. 43; 47].saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis aSenebis TariRi farnajomismefobis xanas emTxveva. amas sruliad Seesabameba “mefeTa cxovrebaSi” daculicnoba, rom farnajomma “Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparse-TiT cecxlis msaxurni da moguni”. imave periodiT, Zv.w. II saukuniT aTariRebda nazverevgoraze mcire bazilikis qveda fenis kuTvnil nagebobas, romelic Semdgom miTreumadgadakeTda [96; 9, 71].saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili cecxlTayvanismcemluri samlocveloebidan gamovyofdiTnekresSi arsebul cecxlTayvanismcemlur taZars, romelsac l. WilaSvili ax. w.aR. II s-iT aTariRebda (taZris dangreva ax. w. aR IV s-is dasawyisis, qarTlSi qristianobisgavrcelebas ukavSirdeba) [96; 72].64

qarTvelebi cecxlTayvanismcemlobas ax. w. aR IV s-Sic misdeven. “moqcevai qarTlisaiSi” mirianis qarTlSi gamefebasTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT:“da iyos Svili Cemi (ambobs qarse sasaniani mirianze _ v.v.) orsTavesjulsa zeda: mamaTa CvenTa cecxlismsaxurebsa da TqvenTa kerpTasa”[61; 65]; “da aRizarda mirian msaxurebasa mas Sina SÂdTa maT kerpTasada cecxlisasa” [61; 65]. 44 wminda ninom ki, rodesac “miiwia sanaxebsa qar-Tlisasa, qalaqsa mas, romelsa ewodebis urbnili... ixila erTi ucxoTaTeslTa RmerTTa msaxuri, rameTu cecxlsa, qvaTa da ZelTa RmerTad Tayuanscemdes” [61; 87]. 45 yuradsaRebia mirianis anderZi baqarisadmi “SviloCemo Seicvale bneli Cemi naTlad... da sada povne vnebani igi cecxlisanikerpni, cecxliTa dawven da nacari Seasu romelni maT esviden” [61; 130].qarTvelTa nawili cecxlTayvanismcemlebad qristianobis miRebis SemdegacdarCenilan. ai, ras gviambobs “moqceva qarTlisai” mirianis Semdegdroindelmefe mirdatze: “Seipyres qarTvelTa mefe mirdat sparsTa... daipyresqarTli da garyunes eklesiani... da yovelTa Sina eklesiaTa qar-TlisaTa cecxlismsaxurTa sparsTa aRagznes cecxli” [61; 139]. 46vaxtang gorgaslis dros ki, “binqaran episkoposi cecxlis msaxurTaaswavebda qarTvelTa sjulTa TÂssa, aramed aravin erCda warCinebulTagani,garna wurili eri miiqcia mravali cecxlis msaxurebasa” [61; 195].44qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi vkiTxulobT, rom miriani “TayvansscemdaxuT kerps sacecxlos maxloblad” [64; 69]45cota qvemoT ki vigebT: “xolo viTar igi moiwivnes qalaqad mcxeTad, wiaR moguTasaÃidsa zeda, da dadges. mun xedvida wminda nino cecxlis msaxurTa maT erTa moguebasada cTomasa” [61; 88] aq sainteresoa is, rom wm. nino mcxeTaSi armazis dResaswaulze midisda “cecxlis msaxurTa maT erTa moguebisa da cTomisa” mowme xdeba _ xom ar niSnavses imas, rom armazis dResaswauli zoroastrul tradiciebTan iyo dakavSirebulida, Sesabamisad, armazi araqarTuli RvTaeba iyo.wminda ninos cxovrebaSi sayuradReboa kidev erTi momenti; rodesac mirianmaqritianobis miRebis Semdeg mefe konstantinesTan wargzavna mociquli, konstantine dadedamisi elene “amisTÂs ganmxiaruldes rameTu daidastures mirian mefisagan sruliadmowyueda sparsTa da mtkiced miReba siyvarulisa maTisa” [61; 115] . “sruliad mowyuedasparsTagan”, rogorc politikur, ise religiur “mowyuedas” unda gulisxmobdes.46SeadareT “Semovidnen qarTls sparselebi, daangries eklesiebi da yvelgan dadgescecxlis Tayvanismcemeli saxlebi” [64; 136]65

odesac vaxtang gorgasali sparsTa winaaRmdeg saomrad emzadeba, Tavisdiswuls kaxeTSi agzavnis: “da diswuli misi gardavides kaxeTad da SedgesÃevsa lopotisasa, qveyanasa mas kldiTa mizRudvilsa da iyvnes soflisamas kacni cecxlisa da wylis msaxur da savse iyo xevi igi simravliTakaciTa. vidre nosramde” [61; 200]; 47 ”nuxpatelni uwinares iyvnen kacniwarmarTni da mÃecisbunebisani, aramed yrusa moesra mravali maTi daiZulebiT moenaTlna arCil igini” [61;244] 48 cecxlTayvanismcemlebi ixseniebianabibos nekreselis cxovrebaSic: “daepyra qarTli mefesa sparsTasada igini Ãelmwife iyvnes Cvensa amas sofelsa da bilwsa mas kerpTmsaxurebasacecxlisasa mis Tayvaniscemasa da msaxurebasa aRasrulebdes maradis”[70; 422. 5; 43]. 49 qarTlSi cecxlTayvanismcemlebi gviandel period-Sic yofilan, radgan ax. w. aR VII s-is meore naxevarSi arabTagan Seviwrovebulisparsi cecxlTayvanismcemlebis mcire nawili Tbiliss Semoexiznen“abubiqar agarianma daipyra sparseTi, Sevida baRdads da mZlavrobiTdaatiebina umravlesTa cecxlis msaxureba da moaqcivna sarkinozebad”[61; 229] 5047ardvisura anahiti ardv iaStebSi “wminda wylebis RvTaebad” moixsenieba [136]. anahitirom wmida wylebis RvTaebaa, amaze miniSnebas misadmi miZRvnil locvebSi araerTxelvxvdebiT. is moixsenieba, rogorc uZlieresi mdinareTa Soris [136; ardv iaSti 2]; masaqeben, rogorc “Zlevamosil, tanad dedofals, keTilad nazards, romlis wylebi dReda Rame moedinebian, is wyaluxvia ufro, vidre yvela mdinare [136;ardv iaSti 15]. cecxli-atariki zoroastrizmis erT-erTi wminda simbolod iTvleba. xom ar aris mocemulteqstSi laparaki imaze, rom lopotis qveynis nair-nairi tomebi icnobdnen iranul religiasda Tayvans scemdnen atarisa da anahitis kultebs?48lopot-nuxpatelni, romlebic cecxlsa da wyals scemdnen Tayvans, rogorc Cans warmarTebadVIIIs-is II naxevramde darCenilan.49“da mivida maxloblad mis samsaxureblisa maTisa, daasxa wyali xeneSi igi cecxli ma-Ti daSrita”, ixileT aseve “evstaTe mcxeTelis wameba” , _ “cecxli ara RmerT ars amiT,rameTu cecxli kacman aRagmis da kacmanve daSritos, rameTu kaci ufal ars cecxlisa”[66; 268]. cecxlTayvanicmcemelTa da qristianTa Soris brZolisa da aRm. saqarTveloSisparsuli religiis Sesaxeb informacias iakob curtavelis “SuSanikis wameba”-SicvxvdebiT [66]50 es unda momxdariyo VII s. II naxevarSi, amasTan dakavSirebiT ufro vrclad ixileT [24].IV-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba gomis quCaze feTxanias eklesiasTan mdebare zoroastrulitaZari, romelic aTeSgas saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom zoro-66

werilobiTi wyaroebisa da cecxlTayvanismcemluri arqiteqturisgarda, qarTvelebSi cecxlis kultis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs eTnografiulimasalac. s. makalaTiam gamoikvlia iranuli ataris kultis arsebobasaqarTveloSi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom is qarTvelebSi anTar-aTarissaxeliT unda SemorCeniliyo: “megrul-afxazuri da iranuli aTari erTida igivea rogorc saxelwodebiT, ise maTTan dakavSirebuli rwmeniTa daritualebiT, maSasadame, atar-anTar-aTaris kulti qarTvelebSi imdenadmyarad yofila gamjdari, rom SemdgomSi Rrma fesvebi gaudgams samegrelosada afxazeTis tradiciebis gadmonaSTebSi” [39; 11] 51 cecxlis kultmaasaxva hpova qarTul folklorSic [95; 235-236]. yvelaferi zemoTqmulidangamomdinare ver daveTanxmebiT k. kekeliZis mosazrebas, rom “armaziaris erovnuli qarTuli RmerTi, xolo cecxlTayvanismcemloba sxva, ucxokultia”. Tundac armazi qarTvelTa RmerTad miviCnioT, cecxlTayvanismcemlobaTu cecxlis kulti qarTvelTaTvis ucxo ar yofila. masTayvans scemdnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebi uZvelesidroidan. sparsuli religiis gavrcelebis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloSiiwyeba cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis ageba, iranuli atari kiaTar _ anTaris saxiT qarTul tradiciaSi da xalxur zepirsityviereba-Sic SemorCenila.zemoT ukve vaxseneT, rom iTrujani “qaldevelTa RvTaebaa”, xoloZvel qarTul literaturul ZeglebSi irans xSirad qaldevelTa (babilonelTa)qveyanasTan aigivebdnen, maSasadame, “moqcevai qarTlisaiSi”Cven mowme vxdebiT ori araqarTuli, iranuli RvTaebis brZolisa. gamomdinareiqidan, rom atari wminda cecxlia, is umaRles RvTaeba ahuramazdasar upirispirdeba (piriqiT, is exmareba meomrebs borotebasTan brZolaSi)[132; 129]. iTrujani ki “soflis mpyrobelia”, mudmiv brZolaSia armaz_ ahuramazdasTan, aseTi RvTaeba ki Zv. sparsul religiaSi _ ahrimaniastruli sparsuli Temi TbilisSi mTeli Suasaukuneebis manZilze arsebobda [25; 276,485].51dResdReobiTac saqarTveloSi SemorCenilia cecxlis kultTan dakavSirebuli rituali,romelic aRdgomis wina dReebSi imarTeba da xalxSi Wiakokonas saxeliTaa cnobili67

_ angro mainus saxeliTaa cnobili. mokled mimovixiloT am or RvTaebasSoris warmoebuli brZola.brZola keTilsa da borot sawyisebs Soris zoroastruli moZRvrebisqvakuTxedi da umaRlesi principia, romelic gamoxatavs Sexedulebasbunebis damangrevel da amaRorZinebel Zalebs Soris brZolaze. keTilisawyisi, avestis mixedviT, ahuramazdaa, boroti _ ahrimani. TiToeul maTganssakuTari garemocva hyavs, pirvels gars wminda sulebi ahurebi axvevian,meores _ boroti sulebi, devebi, drujebi. keTilsa da borots SorisbrZolaSi CarTulia yovelive xorcieli, sulieri da usulo _ yvelaferiganixileba ahrimanisa da ahuramazdas qmnilebad [123; 40-42]. erTerTimiTis Tanaxmad, romelic falaur enazea SeTxzuli, “angro mainuSemoiWra samyaroSi qviani zecis qveda sferodan da daRupa misi srulyofileba.is amovida wylidan, romlis didi nawili mlaSe (mariliani) gaxda.Semdeg daeSva miwisaken da sadac SeaRwia, warmoiSva udabnoebi. Semdegborotma sulma gaaxmo mcenareebi, mokla pirvelqmnili xari da pirveliadamiani. bolos ki Tavs daesxa meSvide qmnilebas _ cecxls da Seuracxyois boliT da amnairad miayena ziani yvela keTil qmnilebas”[105;154]. 52 zemoT moyvanili citatebidan naTlad davinaxeT, rom ahuramazdada ahrimani umaRlesi RvTaebebi _ “soflis mpyrobelni arian”, maT Sorismudmivi brZolaa ZalauflebisTvis, rac “wminda ninos cxovrebaSic”aris aRwerili. 53ahrimanis sakiTxis gasarkvevad qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi martozemoT moyvanili citatiT ver SemovifarglebiT. rogorc naSromis52zoroastrelebis wminda wigni “bundaxSini” gvamcnobs: “(ahrimani imuqreba) rom maTsulebs (laparakia adamianebis sulebze v.v.) moakvdinebs, gaafuWebs wyals, mcenareebs,ormuzdis cecxls da ormuzdis yvela qmnilebas” [136; 5-8. 109; 37]., anu ahrimani arisRvTaeba, romelmac ormuzdis sxva keTil qmnilebebTan erTad Seuracxyo cecxli, zoroastrelTawminda stiqia. rogorc Cans, vinc wminda cecxls Seuracxyofs, is dagmobisada sikvdilis Rirsia. (gavixsenoT Tundac qarTuli hagiografiuli nawarmoebidan abibosnekreselis qmedeba, romelmac cecxli daaxSo an imave egiSe vardapetTan wmindacecxlis daxSobis ambavi, risTvisac somxebi daisajnen)53SeadareT zemoT moyvanili citatebi iTrujanisa da armazis brZolas: “qaldevelTaRmerTi iTrujani da Cueni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve mter arian: aman rame mas zedazRva moaqcia, da aw man Suri iZia da mis mier moiwia ese”.68

dasawyisSi iqna aRniSnuli, qarTulma warmarTulma panTeonma sparsuligavlena ganicada, ase magaliTad, armazi _ ahuramazda, 54 zadeni_ miTra_iazati,55 ainina _ anahiti. 56iranul_qarTuli panTeonis msgavs RvTaebebs somxur warmarTul pan-TeonSic vxvdebiT _ aramazdi, mixri, anaiti, vereTragna. Tu qarTul_somxuriwarmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebaTa umetesoba paralels sparsul zoroastrulRvTaebebTan naxulobs, maSin armazis antagonisti RvTaeba iTrujaniraRac formiT unda SemorCeniliyo somxur warmarTul panTeon-Sic. amaze yuradReba jer kidev cnobilma mkvlevarma n. o. eminma gamaxvila.is ar uaryofda somxebis Zvel religiaSi dualizmis arsebobas:“umaRlesi RvTaebis armazdis saxeli TiTqmis yovel nabijze gvxvdeba, ma-Sin rodesac mis antagonist RvTaebas ahrimans, rogorc RvTaebas, somxurmiTologiaSi versad vxvdebiT, Tumca rodesac egiSe da ezniki sparsTareligiaze saubroben, mas angro mainud ixsenieben, es RvTaeba ki ara ukanasknelrols TamaSobda Zvel somxebSi. Zvel zendur himnebSi bneleTismbrZanebels gansakuTrebuli saxeli ara aqvs, is ubralod Angro mainius(Malus Spiritus) –ad ixsenieba. ahrimani misi gviani saxelwodeba iyo. besitunisda naqSi rustamis warwerebSi ahrimani am saxeliT araa dafiqsirebuli(mxolod erTgan besitunis warwerebSi ixsenieba RvTaeba ahrimani,isic rogorc “sicruis RmerTi”). armazdis antagonisti RvTaebis saxelisararseboba somex mwerlebSi imave mizeziT unda iyos gamowveuli, ra mizeziTacsduman Zveli zenduri himnebi” [166; 33]. sainteresoa, rom somxebiTayvans scemdnen ormuzdis gaSvebul viSaps, romelSic devebi Sesaxldnen[49; 23]. sparsuli miTologiidan CvenTvis cnobilia, rom warumatebeliTavdasxmis Semdeg ormuzdis samefoze, ahrimanma Tavs gaqceviT uSvelada gveleSapis saxiT cidan miwaze daeSva, romlisaTvisac, m. xorenacismixedviT, msxverplad adamianebi mihqondaT im kldeebTan, romlis SemogareniqvabulebiT iyo savse da romelSic gvelebi da morielebi binadrobdnen,es ukanaskneli ki avestis mixedviT ahrimanis qmnilebebad iT-54armaz _ ahuramazdaze Cven ukve gvqonda saubari.55zaden _ miTra iazatis sakiTxs mimovixilavT winamdebare naSromis erT-erT TavSi.56aininas anahitTan dakavSireba erT-erTma pirvelma n. marma scada, ix. [140; 9], [125; 57].69

vlebian [166; 34]. 57 viSaps zaraTuStra ahrimans uwodebda, mis simbolossazizRari orfexa gveli warmoadgenda, romelic miTram zecidan dasca. 58ahrimanis arsebobis faqts Zvel somxebSi mxars uWerda gr. kapancianic dagamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom “somxur dialeqtSi vxvdebiT manuk – is ramdenimemniSvnelobas. alek manuk- sityvasityviT keTils niSnavs, zRaprebSivxvdebiT aseve oj manuk- gveli manuki, romelic keTil arsebadaa gamoyvanili(SesaZloa _ keriis mfarvelad)... SeadareT laTinuris man-es (gardacvlilTasulebi), an iranul –maniu- suli, magaliTad: ahra maniu (borotisuli) _ ahrimani, axalsparsuli ahriman, falauri ahrimani, haramanida sxva, romelic somxur dialeqtSi aharmani _ boroti sulis saxiT undaSemorCeniliyo” [125; 71]. somxebi rom marTlac icnobdnen sparsuliwarmoSobis borotebis RvTaeba ahrimans, amaze metyvelebs isic, rom iqahrimani viSapis saxiT arsebobda, xolo somxur zRaprebSi ki Habramani-ssaxeliT SemorCa [125; 72].ahrimani somxeTSi viSapTan iyo gaigivebuli. msgavs miTologiur ur-Cxuls qarTuli tradiciac icnobda, romelic qarTulma hagiografiulmaTxzulebebma da xalxurma zRaprebma Semogvinaxa veSapi_gveleSapis saxiT.59 m. andronikaSvilma qarTuli veSapi-gveleSapi Seadara avestur visapa,azidahaka, azi srvara (samive gvelis saxis urCxulis saxelebia), avestur visapahe,falaur visapu, somxur viSapas [4; 239]. mecnieris varaudiT, azi srvara–s sityvasityviTi Targmani qarTuli gvel-veSapia [4; 230]. (azi-gvels niS-57warmarTi somxebi SesaZloa viSapSi Tavdapirvelad, borotebis sawyiss warmoidgendnen,romelsac sikeTis sawyiss aramazds (aAhura mazda) upirispirebdnen.58n. o. eminis am mosazrebas viSapTan da ahrimanTan dakavSirebiT iziarebda baroni r.Stakelbergi, romelic aRniSnavda, rom “aqemenidebis lursmul warwerebSi ahrimanis saxeliar gvxvdeba, magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom iranelebSi dualizmi ar iyo gavrcelebuli”[102; 8-9].59qarTuli xalxuri tradicia veSap-gveleSaps ramdenime nairsaxeobas icnobs. amiranisSesaxeb erT-erT eposSi sami feris gveleSaps vxvdebiT _ TeTrs, wiTelsa da Savs, romelTacamirani amarcxebs. Savi gveleSapi fSaur gadmocemaSi qarcecxlas saxeliT SemorCenila,qarTlurSi _ pircecxla, xolo svanur TqmulebebSi mis funqcias matylismrTveli devi asrulebs [95; 177].70

navs). “guelveSapi” Tavisi aseTi formiT qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi dahagiograful TxzulebebSi SemorCenila. aseTi saxelis mqone arsebiserT-erTi yvelaze adreuli saxeli daculia TxzulebaSi, romelic daviTgarejelis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas exeba [63. 95; 178. 70; 231.]: 60 “quemokerZi parexiTa... wina... imyofeboda veSapi didi da sazareli, romelTa asxnesTvalni sisxlis ferni da rqai iyo Sublsa da fanCaki friad qedsamissa” [70; 231], romelmac im irmis erT erTi nukri STanTqa, romelic DdaviTsada lukianes RmerTma misca “nugeSisacemad uZliresTa ÃorcTa Cven-Tasa” [70; 230]. es ambavi imiT mTavrdeba, rom “veSapsa mas eca mexi da dawuaigi srulad” [70; 232].veSapSi, ra Tqma unda, boroti Zala igulisxmeba. asurel mamaTa mTavarimisia warmarTobasTan brZola da qristianobis damkvidrebaa 61 (warmarTobaSiki cecxTayvanismcemloba igulisxmeba). am mxriv gamonaklissarc daviT garejelis cxovreba unda warmoadgendes [71; 232]. somxur mi-TologiaSi viSapi aris urCxuli, romelic xSirad gvelis saxiTaa warmodgenili(agreTve, Weqa-quxilis an Weqa-quxilis Rrublebis) 62 (SeadareT60“mas Sina mkÂdr iyo veSapi didi . . . eSmaki, romeli mkÂdr iyo veSapsa mas Soris” [71;183-184], “guelveSapi didi saSineli” [72; 408]. rogorc davinaxeT daviT garejelis cxovrebissxvadasxva redaqciaSi veSapi _ guelveSapi, sxvadasxvanairad aris moxseniebuli: ISemTxvevaSi _ rogorc veSapi, II-Si _ veSapi, romelSic “eSmaki mkÂdr iyo”. aq xazgasmuliais, rom veSapi bneleTis ZalebTan iyo asocirebuli da III _ “guelveSapi didi sa-Sineli”, romelic azi srvara–s qarTuli interpretaciaa.61levan WilaSvili aRniSnavda, rom “ioane zedazneli, Sio mRvimeli, iese wilkneli,abibos nekreseli, ioseb alaverdeli da sxvebi, mazdeanebis winaaRmdeg mebrZolebis rangSiCanan”. am mxriv gamonakliss TiTqos daviT garejelis cxovreba unda warmoadgendes,Tumca, levan WilaSvilis azriT, “garejis qvabTa kompleqsSi mazdeanTa samlocveloebisdadasturebiT, aq Cndeba warmarTuli fena, romlis ganadgurebis Semdeg, qristianmoRvaweebs sruli SesaZlebloba eZlevaT axalnergi sarwmunoebis gasavrceleblad. mazdeanTasaritualo adgilebi daingra da moispo, nawili gadakeTda adreqristianul eklesiebad,yofili cecxlTayvanismcemlebi ki moeqcnen qristianul sarwmunoebaze. esprocesi VI saukuneSi unda dasrulebuliyo” [96; 56]. Cveni azriT, am brZolas asaxavs“daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi” wmindanis “brZola” veSapis winaaRmdeg.62daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi gvelveSapi bneleTis ZalebTan, eSmakTan asocirdeba.“qristianobis damkvidrebidan urCxuli (gveleSapi) warmoidgineboda rogorc boroti,damangreveli Zala da demonuri simbolo, romelic sulier saganZuramde mimaval gzas71

“moqcevai qarTlisaiSi” iTrujanis mier armazis kerpis damsxvrevis scena“aRdges dasavliT qarni da haerni, da Ãma sces quxilTa , ÃmiTa sazareliT,da gamoCndes Rrubelni... da meyseulad moiwia risxva igi Rrubeli,mwared sastiki da moiRo setyva litrisa swori adgilsa mas oden zeda,sayofelsa kerpTasa) [61; 91]. miTebis Tanaxmad, didi veSapi nTqavs mzes,ris gamoc mzis dabneleba xdeba [144; 394]. 63 qristianuli miTologiis ganmtkicebasTanerTad xdeba veSapis modifikacia, veSapis dammarcxebeliwarmarTuli vahagni [49; I; 31, II; 8,12] Canacvlebuli iqna mTavarangelozigabrieliT (gabriel xreStaki). is angelozebTan erTad ebmeva veSapTanbrZolaSi, romelic Weqa-quxilis dros cdilobs borot sulebTan erTadgadaylapos mze. angelozebs ahyavT veSapi mzemdis, romlis sxivebisaganveSapi ferflad iqceva da iyreba miwaze [167; 164-165] (SeadareT: “veSapsaicavs. masze gamarjveba niSnavs sulis gamarjvebas kosmosze . . . drakonis dammarcxeblebiiyvnen indra, apoloni, zevsi, persevsi, miTra, herakle,” (wm. giorgi) da sxv. [167;161-166].63SeadareT msgavs siuJets “moqcevai qarTlisaSi” [61; 91]aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT aseve [95; 177-178] “Savi. xangamoSvebiT es veSapimzes wvdeba, Caylapavs da dRe bneldeba. svanebis rwmeniT, tyve mze veSapisagan Tavs amiranisgziT aRwevs... gveleSapis mizeziT mzis dabneleba pirvelyofili warmodgenis gadmonaSTia.aseTi Sexeduleba umTavresad gavrcelebulia primitiul xalxebSi. CvenSi igiamiranianma Semogvinaxa.” msgavsi scena Semonaxulia qarTul saeklesio reliefzec _favnisis eklesiis aRmosavleT fasadze. sarkmlis zemoT frontonis sibrtyeSi moTavsebulididi zomis qviSaqviT sworkuTxa filaze gamosaxulia wre da gveli. es gveliTu gveleSapi am wres ylapavs. eklesia IX_X saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli, reliefi XIIIs. I naxevars ganekuTvneba [52; 146-147]. TiTqmis analogiur siuJets vawydebiT Zv. iranulmiTologiaSic: “aJi aris Savi Rrublebis personifikacia, romelic mzis sxivebs faravs.zamiad iaStaSi (XIX, 37) is cecxlis RmerTis aTaris mowinaaRmdegea samefo suverenitetissimbolo farnasTvis brZolaSi” [144; 50. 108; 137]. msgavs siuJets avestaSi tiStrit-Tan dakavSirebiTac vxvdebiT, romelic dev apoSas ebrZvis, es aris brZola wvimisagvalvis winaaRmdeg. miTis Tanaxmad tiStriti yovel wels uaxlovdeba “vourkaSaszRvis napirebs didebuli TeTri raSis saxiT, iq mas xvdeba apoSa (gvalvis demoni) SaviraSis saxiT, isini erkinebian erTmaneTs, tiStriti sZlevs apoSas da sdevnis mas” Авеста,Тиштр-Яшт (Яшт VIII) [103]. Tu tiStrits saTanadod scemdnen Tayvans, tiStriti ufro ZlieriaRmoCndeboda da amarcxebda demons. Tu wlis ganmavlobaSi adamianebi arasaTanadodscemdnen Tayvans tiStrits da msxverplic cota mihqondaT, apoSa imarjvebda tiStritzeda gandevnida mas ukan [ 104; 13]72

mas eca mexi da daiwua igi sruliad”). rogorc davinaxeT, iranuli ahrimani,romelic Zvel somxur miTologiaSi veSapis saxeliT iyo cnobili,qarTvelebSi gveleSapis saxeliT gavrcelebula. brZolis scenebi, romlebSicboroti Zalebi (gveleSapi _ apoSa, aJi) keTil Zalebs (tiStriti,atari, miTra) upirispirdebian (romlebic Zv. iranulma religiurma teqstebmaSemogvinaxa) qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisTvisac (aseve xalxurizepirsityvierebisTvis) yofila cnobili. ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi,rom msgavs siuJetebs “wminda ninos cxovrebaSi ” (armaz-iTrujanis dapirispireba)da daviT garejelis cxovrebaSic vnaxulobT (daviT garejelisada gveleSapis dapirispireba).qarTvelebisTvis cnobili rom iyo RvTaeba ahrimani, amaze metyvelebsqarTul xalxur zRaprebSi, hagiografiul Tu saero literaturaSi SemorCeniliahrimanisadmi daqvemdebarebuli sxvadasxva demonebis saxelebi.qarTul gveleSapze ukve visaubreT, romelsac paralelebi iranul aJivisapa, aJi dahakasTan moeZebneba. rac Seexeba sxva demonur Zalebs: devebs,eSmaks, drujs, romlebic ahrimanis Tanamdevi RvTaebebi arian. devebi iranulmiTologiaSi keTil sulebs upirispirdebian, maT meTaurobs triada:sicruis suli _ druji, boroti azris suli _ aka mana, boroti saqmis(Zarcvis) _ aiSma [4]. zaratuStra maT boroti azrisgan Sobilebs uwodebsgrhmasTan (devebis msaxuri _v.v.) erTad, romelic sawyisia sicruisa,amayobisa da mzakvrobisa[1; Áasna 32]. am orTaveSi (anu keTilsa da borot-Si _ v.v.) devebma airCies uborotesi, gadavidnen aeSmis mxares da “sicocxlesaavadebdnen” [1; Áasna 30]. devi rogorc avi suli, boroti arsebakargad aris nacnobi qarTul zepir sityvierebaSi [63;] 64 (is xSiradgvxvdeba qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi), aseve Semonaxulia qarTul hagiog-64ixileT Semdegi zRaprebi: “TormetTaviani mgeli”, “Raribi glexi da devebi” da a.S.. m.Ciqovani qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebaze dayrdnobiT, Semdegnairad aRwers devs:“uzarmazari, didi fizikuri Zalis mqone tlanqi arseba. aqvs adamianis msgavsi agebuleba,magram misgan gansxvavebiT SeiZleba iyos mravalTaviani. garedan misi sxeuli balni-Taa dafaruli, saSineli Sesaxedavia da grZneulis Tvisebebi aqvs. cxovrobs tye-Rreeb-Si, mRvimeebsa da miuval adgilebSi . . . devi avsulia. igi adamianisadmi mtruladaa ganwyobili:Wams mis xorcs, mzeTunaxavs itacebs” [95; 165-166].73

afiaSic: “maman Senman wmindani Semoisxna saxiT Tvisa, xolo Sen devniSemoixvien” [66; 228].qarTul zepirsityvierebas SemorCa ahrimanis Tanmxlebi kidev erTiRvTaebis saxeli _ eSma, romelic boroti geniaa da avsulTan, satanasTanasocirdeba. qarTulSi es sityva ori saxiT aris warmodgenili: eSmaki daufro arqauli _ eSma. avestaSi dadasturebulia forma aeSma, zogadimniSvnelobiT _ avi, boroti, cofiani, mrisxane. igi warmoadgens agreTvedemonis saxels “daeva” (qarTuli devi) erT-erT sam uborotes sulTagans,romelic arsebobs adamianTa da cxovelTa winaaRmdeg [4; 37-38, 315-317]. 65yvelaferi zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, imis mtkiceba, rom “moqcevaiqarTlisaiSi” moxseniebuli qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujani borotebisRvTaeba ahrimania, ar iqneboda swori _ amis safuZvels ar gvaZlevsahriman-iTrujanis fonetikuri Seusabamoba. saxeli iTrujani “moqcevaiqarTlisai”-s sxvadasxva redaqciebSi saxecvlili formebiTaa cnobili:iTruj (anaseuli nusxa) _ iTrojan (WeliSviliseuli) _ iTarJan (anaseuli)_ iTrujna (maCabliseuli) _ iTruSna (Satberdiseuli) da sruliadar Seesabameba fonetikurad ahriman _ angro mainu _ arimans. maSinra RvTaebaa iTrujani? Cveni azriT, iTrujanSi sicruis demoni drujiigulisxmeba (es varaudi pirvelma m. gvelesianma gamoTqva. man gaamaxvilayuradReba iTrujanisa da drujis etimologiur msgavsebaze: (i)Truj (ani) _ druji. magram mecnieri mxolod amiT Semoifargla) [14;79-80], romelic simarTles _ aSas 66 ebrZvis. zoroastrelTa wminda wignimorwmuneebs drujisa da drujianelTa winaaRmdeg daundobeli brZolisakenmouwodebs: “akuweT drujianelni iaraRiT” [1; Áasna 31] “me var... mteridrujianelTa, mtkice sayrdeni aSaianelTa” [1; Áasna 43] “aSaianelebs siyvaruliTunda moepyro, drujianelTa mimarT iyav ulmobeli” [1; Áasna 47]65sparsuli warmomavlobis unda iyos sityva jojoxeTic, romelic somxebSi joxkis saxeliTyofila cnobili da, savaraudod, sparsuli duzaxidan unda modiodes. duzax _joxk _ jojoxeTi. duzax _ joxkTan dakavSirebiT ixileT [166; 35. 4. 39-40].66aSa_simarTle, yvela ahuraze umaRlesi, mazdas garda. mazdas uaxloesi mrCeveli damisi survilis aRmasrulebeli. aSas mimdevrebi ixseniebian, rogorc aSaiani, aSaieneli[104;15]74

“dae sZlios... mSvidobam SfoTs... rwmenam urwmunoebas... marTalma sityvamsicrues” [109; 48-49] da a.S.rogor moxda, rom soflis or mpyrobels Soris brZolaSi armaz-ahuramazdasmowinaaRmdege drujia da ara ahrimani? rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,naqSi_rustamisa da besitunis warwerebi ahrimans ar moixsenieben, 67 xoloavestis gaTa-galobebSi bevrgan ahrimanis mimdevarTa nacvlad “drujismimdevarT” vkiTxulobT, anu ahrimani borot saqmeebs ara piradad, aramedTavisi msaxurebis _ boroti Zalebis _ devebisa da drujebis meSveobiTsCadis, ase magaliTad: “spoben sicocxles, TavgamodebiT cdiloben waar-Tvan memkvidreoba diasaxliss Tu saxlis ufross” [1; Áasna 30] maT “mihyavTsaxli, sofeli, Temi da qveyana umweobisa da daRupvisaken”; “drujianelsar surs, aSas Semwem rom amravlos saqoneli” [1; Áasna 32] da a.S.vfiqrobT, qarTul werilobiT wyaroebsa Tu xalxur zepirsityvierebaSiahrimanis saxelis mqone RvTaebis mouxseniebloba axsnili unda iyos imavemizeziT, ra mizeziTac sduman zenduri himnebi, besitunisa da naqSirustamis, Tu somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi. 68 amitomacaa, rom qarTuliwerilobiTi wyaro ixseniebs ara uSualod ahrimans, aramed misadmi daqvemdebarebulRvTaeba drujs (am SemTxvevaSi _ i(Truj)ans). 6967ahrimanis saxeli arc vendidebis wignSi gvxvdeba, Tumca iq is moxseniebulia rogorcangro maniu anu boroti suli. Вендидад – глава I, глава II, [136] ixileT aseve [111, 181]aRniSnul TavebSi saubaria, rom ahuramazda iqms keTils, qmnis qveynebs, ahrimani ki(vendidebSi is angro mainud _ borot sulad ixsenieba) qmnis keTilis sawinaaRmdegos,mavne qmnilebebs. ahrimanma daRupa pirveli adamiani iima, gamogzavna xari dedamiwaze, moavlinawyaldidoba, scada zaratuStras daRupva da a.S.68gr. kapancianis naSromSi borot sulebTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT, rom bevri moxucidResdReobiTac ki erideba satanis saxelis xsenebas (Tu xmamaRla warmoTqmas) [125;72]. igive ram SemorCenilia dResdReobiTac qarTul soflebSi., gansakuTrebiT moxucxalxSi.viSapi, ahrimani, devi, eSma-eSmaki qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg satanasTan iqna gaigivebuli,amis naTeli magaliTia daviT garejelis cxovreba, sadac erTgan gveleSapieSmakTanaa asocirebuli.69RvTaeba druji, rom qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebas SemorCa, amis Sesaxeb Tavisiazri gamoTqva a. grenma: “avestaSi drujebi araCveulebriv bumberazebad arian warmodgenilni.isini miTiuri mWedlis STamomavlebi arian”[95; 59]75

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebs, warmarTul gadmonaSTebsa da xalxurzepirsityvierebas ahrimanis saxeli ar Semounaxavs, Tumca qarTvelebisaTviscnobili yofila misdami daqvemdebarebuli boroti Zalebi: devi,gveleSapi, eSma-eSmaki, druji-iTrujani. am ukanasknels “wminda ninoscxovreba” soflis mpyrobelad da qarTvelTa RvTaeba armazisadmi dapirispirebuladmoixseniebs. qarTvel mecnierebSi iTrujanTan dakavSirebiTsaerTo azri ar arsebobs. maTi didi nawili eTanxmeba k. kekeliZisvarauds qarTvelTa iTrujanisa da iranuli ataris igiveobis Sesaxeb,Tumca m. gvelesianis sadisertacio naSromSi gamoTqmuli iqna gansxvavebulimosazreba iTrujanTan dakavSirebiT, romelmac etimologiurimsgavsebis safuZvelze is iranul sicruis RvTaeba drujs daukavSira.Cven veTanxmebiT m. gvelesianis mier SemoTavazebul varauds. upirvelesyovlisa, iTrujani sparsuli RvTaebaa da es qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisaTviscnobilia, sadac qaldevelTa qveyana sparsTa qveyanasTanasocirdeba. qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSic iTrujani er-Tgan qaldevelTa, meoregan ki sparsTa RvTaebad iwodeba. sparsuli RvTaebaaarmazic, romelic ahumarazdasTanaa gaigivebuli, amdenad werilobi-Ti wyaro ori sparsuli soflis mpyrobeli RvTaebis brZolis SesaxebmogviTxrobs. mcdaria k. kekeliZis mosazreba, rom qaldevelTa RvTaebaiTrujanSi, romlisTvisac “soflis mpyrobelobaa” damaxasiaTebeli, iranulicecxlis RvTaeba atari unda iqnas danaxuli. arcerT werilobiTwyaroSi atari umaRles RvTaebad (soflis mpyrobelad) ar ixsenieba, iranulireligiuri teqstebis mixedviT is ahuramazdas qveSevrdomia. ver daveTanxmebiTim mosazrebasac, rom TiTqos qarTvelebi cecxlTayvanismcemlebiar yofilan; cecxlis kulti saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxlexalxisaTvis uZvelesi droidan yofila cnobili, cecxlTayvanismcemeliqarTvelebis Sesaxeb leonti mroveli da “wminda ninos cxovrebac” mogviTxroben;qarTlSi cecxlTayvanismcemelTa arsebobis pirdapiri miniSnebacecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebia, romlebsac didi xnis ganmavloba-Si uarsebiaT. yuradsaRebia isic, rom atar-atroSans jer kidev ax. w. Vs-Si iakob curtaveli ixseniebs “SuSanikis wamebaSi”, “moqcevai qarTlisais”sxvadasxva redaqcia ki saxel iTrujanis sxvadasxva interpretaciasgvTavazobs da arcerT maTganSi atar-atroSani araa naxsenebi, maSin ro-76

desac qarTvelebSi uaxloes periodamde, eTnografiuli masalis mixedviTanTar-aiaTaris saxelis mqone RvTaebis arseboba dasturdeba, romelsacs.makalaTia iranuli cecxlis RvTaeba atarTan uvlebda paralels.iTrujani iranuli sicruis RvTaeba drujia da amis damadasturebeli masalacmogvepoveba. upirveles yovlisa esaa etimologiuri msgavseba, rogorcCans “d” asos Caenacvla “T”, ris Sedegadac miviReT drujis qarTuliforma _ (i)Truj(ani). 70 daboloeba _ ani qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasia-Tebelia: farnavaziani, nebroTi-ani, amirani-ani, qristi-ani, da a.S. amdenad,qarTul werilobiT wyaroebs drujis saxeli araswori formiT SemounaxavT.vfiqrobT, rom Tavdapirvel variantSi unda yofiliyo ara iTrujani,aramed (i)Truji (mxolobiT ricxvSi) an iTrujaniani (mravlobiTricxvSi), SeadareT avesturi druji, drujianelni, drujianni 71 . “wmindaninos cxovrebis” TxzulebaSi soflis or mpyrobels Soris aRwerilibrZola Zvel iranul religiur teqstebSi arsebul dapirispirebas mogvagonebskeTilsa da borots Soris; SeadareT: tiStriti _ aJi dahakas, atari_ apoSas brZolis scenebs. iTrujani _ druji sulac araa umaRlesiRvTaeba (soflis mpyrobeli), romelic damoukideblad SeZlebda armazahuramazdasTandapirispirebas. aseTi, iranuli teqstebis mixedviT, ahuramazdastyupiscali ahrimania, romlis saxelis xsenebasac zoroastrulisaero Tu religiuri teqstebi da somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi eridebianda xSir SemTxvevaSi is drujiT an sxva boroti ZaliT hyavT Canacvlebuli,an ubralod borot sulad _ angro mainud ixsenieben. xom ar varTimave procesis momswre qarTul zepirsityvierebasa da werilobiT wyaroebSi?72 magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT “daviT garejelis cxovrebis” erT-erT70zogadad, daboloeba ani-sTan dakavSirebiT ixileT [6; 49-50, 65, 84, 88]71avestis gaTa-galobanis qarTul TargmanSi drujisa da aSas mimdevrebi iwodebian aSaianelebadda drujianelebad. [1; Áasna 31, 43.] SeadareT drujiani _ (i)Trujiani.72al. xaxanaSvili da m. kovalevski Tvlidnen, rom sparsulma ahrimanma asaxva hpova qar-Tul amiranSi: “armazi sparsuli ormuzdis gansaxierebaa. keTil ormuzds arimani upirispirdeba.ase unda yofiliyo saqarTveloSic. amitom arimani qarTul xalxur warmodgenaSiamirans Seerwya. arimans eSmakebi emsaxurebian, eSmaki qarTul-xalxur warmarTulsityvierebaSi ki did rols TamaSobs. amis gamo warmoudgenelia, rom maTi meTauric aryofiliyo qarTvelebis mier SeTvisebuli aseTi varaudis safuZvlianoba: “al.xaxanaSvi-77

edaqciaSi moxseniebuli gveleSapi (igive iranuli aJi dahaka, romelicahrimans eqvemdebareba) romelic eSmakTanaa gaigivebuli, ahrimani borotiZalaa, bneleTis warmomadgeneli, romelic ebrZvis sikeTesa da keTil arsebebs.qristianul periodSi RmerTTan dapirispirebuli Zala eSmakia _satana, romelic cdilobs acdunos adamiani da ziani miayenos mas. eSmakisxsenebas saqarTvelos soflebSi ufrosi Taobis xalxi dResdReobi-Tac erideba. zoroastruli panTeonis RvTaebebTan erTad qarTuli warmarTulipanTeonisaTvis dualizmic yofila cnobili, romelic am religiisTvisiyo damaxasiaTebeli _ es “wminda ninos cxovrebaSic” aisaxa, sadacsoflis or mpyrobels, qaldevelTa iTrujansa da armazs Soris dalisazriT, xalxuri amirani Semcvlelia erTdroulad keTilisa da boroti sawyisebis,masSi mTavaria demonuri sawyisi, Tumca aseTi RvTaeba ar dasturdeba mocemuli masalebiT.ormuzdis sapirispiro arseba saqarTveloSic ahrimani unda yofiliyo, romelicqarTul warmodgenebSi amirans Seerwya. boroti sawyisis damadastureblad al.xaxanaSvilimiiCnevs amiranis imgvar Tvisebebs, rogoricaa RvTisurCoba, pirobis darRveva, adamianebTanurCi damokidebuleba. misi azriT aq saqme gvaqvs boroti RvTaebis keTil RvTaebadqcevis SemTxvevasTan. aRniSnul mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom rogorcwesi RvTaebaTa evoluciaSi saqme gvaqvs keTil RvTaebaTa borotad qcevasTan daara piriqiT (magaliTad devebis, veSapebis aseTi evolucia)”.[68; .282-284 ] al. xaxanaSviliseulversias uaryofda m. Ciqovanic: “prof. al xaxanaSvili amiranis Tqmulebis gansazRvrisdros winaaRmdegobaSi gaixlarTa. misi pirveli, ZiriTadi mosazreba amiranisboroti bunebis Sesaxeb momdevno xanis mkvlevarTa mier gaziarebul ar iqna” [95; 62]amiranis ahrimanisgan warmomavlobas iv.javaxiSvilic uaryofda “Cveulebriv asefiqroben, viTomc amirani iranuli boroti RvTaebis saxelis ahrimanisagan yofliyowarmomdgari, magram es azri mcdari unda iyos. sarwmunoebis istoriaSi Znelad Tu moipovebaiseTi magaliTi, rom boroti RvTaeba keTil RvTaebad iyos aRiarebuli. piriqiT,Cveulebriv yovelTvis, rodesac eri Zvel sarwmunoebas stovebs da axals iTvisebs, Zvelisarwmunoebis keTili RvTaebani borot sulebad arian miCneulni, mag: elinebisdaÁmonionebi borot demonebad iqcnen, keTili diva borot devad da mravali amgvari.xolo raki amiran yvela qarTul TqmulebebSi keTil gmirad iTvleba, romelic ganuwyvetlivebrZvis borot sulebsa da adamianis mWamel devebs, amitomac SeuZlebelia saxeliamirani swored boroti RvTaebis saxelisgan iyos warmomdgari. amasTanave, yurad-Rebis Rirsia, rom somxur xalxur TqmulebebSi, romelic qarTul amiranis TqmulebisSesatyvisia, gmirs “mheri” hqvia, amitom SesaZlebelia qarTul TqmulebaSi Tavdapirveladacgmiris saxels bgera haec hqonoda da iqneb amihranad gamoiTqmeboda, rac Tavismxriv mihrans, amiTran_s, miTras udris” [75; 198].78

pirispireba, keTil (ahuramazda) da borot (ahrimani) Zalebs Soris mudmivbrZolas mogvagonebs. amis pirdapir miniSnebas “wminda ninos cxovreba-Sic” vxvdebiT: “ese qarTvelTa armaz da qaldevelTa iTrujan dasabamiTganvemtrebi ariano”.79

Tavi 3yaraSambis vercxlis Tasze asaxuli ritualuri siuJetebi80

1987 w. Semodgomaze, somxeTis arqeologiisa da eTnografiisinstitutisa da muzeum “erebunis” mier yaraSambis samarxis (nairis raioni)CrdiloeT nawilSi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenil iqnaSua brinjaos xanis didi yorRani. gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili iqnamdidruli samarxeuli inventari, sabrZolo iaraRi, Zalauflebis insigniebi,aseve Zvirfasi liTonisagan Seqmnili maRalmxatvruli nawarmi. paralelurimasalebis mixedviT, yaraSambis yorRani Zv. w. II aTaswleulisdasawyisiT TariRdeba da TrialeTis kulturis areals miekuTvneba [146;145].samarxSi aRmoCenil inventars Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebsZveli torevtikis Sedevri, vercxlis furclisagan naWedi didebuliTasi, romelic dafarulia sxvadasxva scenebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT.morfologiuri niSnebi saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT misi aSkaranaTesaoba Sua brinjaos xanis, somxeTsa da amierkavkasiaSi gamovlenilZvirfasi liTonisagan Seqmnil TasebTan da paraleli gavavloT adreuliperiodis dasavleT mcire aziis ZeglebTan. yaraSambis Tasis yvelaze axloanalogs warmoadgens TrialeTSi, yoruRTaSis yorRanSi aRmoCenilivercxlis Tasi. 73yaraSambis Tass gaaCnia iseTive forma da proporciebi, Sesrulebuliaimave teqnikuri xerxiT, rogorc TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi. Triale-Tis Tass yaraSambis TasTan anaTesavebs kompoziciis frizulad ganTavsebada horizontaluri ganviTareba. magram, gansxvavebiT TrialeTis Tasisagan,yaraSambis Tasze mocemulia 6 frizi, romelic mTlianad dafaruliarTuli kompoziciebiT (nadirobis, brZolis, sakulto ritualebis,cxovelTa procesiebisa da sxv. scenebiT), romelSic adamianTa da cxovelTafigurebi garemoculni arian im periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelirealiebiT. Tasis zemoTa frizi gamoxatavs cxovelze nadirobas, romel-73v.e. ohanesianis azriT, orive Tasi uciloblad erTi da imave mxatvrul skolasmiekuTvneba, Tumca yaraSambis nimuSi ufro ostaturadaa Sesrulebuli. formiT masTanaxlos mdgari oqros Tasebi _ TrialeTis XVII yorRanidan Sua brinjaos xaniTaadaTariRebuli [146; 146] TrialeTis XVII yorRanis inventarTan dakavSirebiT ixileT [133;88-92]81

Sic monawileobs monadire ZaRliT; aqvea warmodgenili leopardebisa dalomebisagan Semdgari procesia. meore frizi kompoziciurad Sedgeba orierTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli nawilisgan _ brZolis scena, ritualuridResaswauli, mesame frizi asaxavs mterze gamarjvebis scenas _ moWriliTavebi da iaraRi, romelic mTavari figuris winaa Camwkrivebuli, gamarjvebulmeomarTa erTgvar trofeis unda warmoadgendes; amave frizzevxvdebiT alegoriul siuJets fantastikuri arsebebiT, centraluri scenawarmoadgens mtris beladis mkvlelobas. meoTxe frizi Sedgeba erTi mimarTulebiTmimavali mtacebeli cxovelebisagan _ leopardebisa da lomebisgan.mexuTe ornamentulia da bolos, Tasis Ziris damaboloebelifrizi gadmogvcems yvela dasaxelebul mtacebel cxovels, oRond heraldikurisaxiT. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Tasze mocemulia erTiani mi-Tologiuri siuJeti, romlis gaSifrvac dagvexmareboda ara marto im sazogadoebiswarmomavlobis, aramed maTi religiuri warmodgenebis garkvevaSi.erT-erTi pirveli, vinc yaraSambis vercxlis Tasis mxatvrul-stilisturianalizi mogvca, Tasze gamosaxuli kompoziciuri scenebi ganixilada mis semantikur axsnas Seecada, v. ohanesiani iyo. mecnieris TvalsazrisiT,Tasze mocemuli brZolis scena romelime legendaruli brZolisanarekli unda iyos, romlis xsovnac zepirsityvierebaSi SemorCa,Semdgom ki miTologiur sferoSi iqna gadatanili da indoevropul miTologiurTematikasTanaa kavSirSi [146; 160]. eqsponats Tavis naSromSi k.kuSnarevac exeba [134; 129-130]; qarTveli mecnierebidan mas o. jafariZe ixseniebsTrialeTis vercxlis TasTan mimarTebaSi [80; 179]; sainteresoaTsu-s xelovnebisa da istoriis fakultetis magistrantis n. vawaZis 2001w. studentur samecniero konferenciaze warmodgenili Tema “TrialeTisvercxlis Tasi da misi paralelebi”, sadac mocemulia yaraSambis mxatvrul-stilisturianalizi TrialeTis vercxlis TasTan mimarTebaSi damaTi ZvelaRmosavluri paralelebis fonze ganxilva [22]. aRniSnulimkvlevarebi yaraSambis Tasis mxolod mecnierul-stilistur analizs iZlevianda zedapirulad exebian masze warmodgenil miTologiur siu-82

Jets. 74 Cven SevecadeT mocemuli Tasi am kuTxiT gangvexila, mogveZena paralelebida warmodgenili miTologiuri siuJeti migvesadagebina axloaRmosavluri RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnil ritualebTan Tu gamosaxulebeb-Tan.TrialeTis kulturis Zeglebze Zvel aRmosavluri kulturis Zlierigavlena arsebiTia _ es udavo faqtia. Tumca, amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnosam gavlenaTa uaRresad Taviseburi xasiaTic. TrialeTis kulturisZeglebi ukavSirdebian Zveli aRmosavleTis kulturis ara romelime konkretulcentrs, aramed ramodenimes erTad [89; 83]; oqromWedloba dakav-Sirebulia mesopotamiasTan da xeTur-xuritul samyarosTan [89; 83]. 75 TrialeTisada yaraSambis TasebTan formis gamosaxulebaTa Sesrulebis teqnikurixerxebis, Tematuri Tu kompoziciuri paralelebis saxiT SeiZlebamoxmobil iqnas calkeuli magaliTebi rogorc wina aziuri, aseve kavkasiuriarqeologiuri masalebidan. siuJetis frizulad ganawileba, rogorces TrialeTisa da yaraSambis Tasebze gvxvdeba, gavrcelebuli iyo ZvelaRmosavlurxelovnebaSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT alebastrisWurWeli uruqidan, sadac reliefuri gamosaxulebebi oTx frizadaaganawilebuli da warmodgenilia SiSveli figurebisagan Semdgari saritualoprocesia, romelic qalRmerT inanas frontaluri figurisaken miemarTeba.sayuradReboa momijnave procesiebis sapirispiro moZraoba dacxovelTa msgavsi procesiebi – mdedri da mamri cxvrebis saxiT (Tumcaisini stilisturad gansxvavdebian aRniSnuli Tasebis gamosaxulebebisgan).76 paralelis gavleba SeiZleba biblosis, mefis axiramis sarkofag-74k. e. ohanesianis gamoklebiT, romelic yaraSambis Tasis ritualSi indoevropulmiTologiur safuZvels xedavs da sakmaod vrclad ganixilavs am TvalsazrisiTyaraSambis Tasis kompoziciebs.75o. jafariZe aRniSnavs, rom saerTod TrialeTuri kulturis saiuveliro xelovnebisdaniSnuleba ganapiroba eTno-kulturuli kontaqtebis gaZlierebam Zvel aRmosavlursamyarosTan [89; 179]76sakulto WurWeli qalRvTaeba inanas taZridan, uruqSi. jemdeT-nasris periodi, Zv.w.IIIaTasw. dasawyisi. alebastri inaxeba baRdadSi, erayis muzeumSi. [139; 63]83

ze 77 da mesopotamiur sabeWdavebze warmodgenil kompoziciebTan. 78 garkveulikompoziciuri msgavseba SeiniSneba maikopis TasTanac [3, tab. 10]. rogorcTrialeTis, ise yaraSambis vercxlis Tasebze mocemuli mjdomarefigurebis paralelad SeiZleba dasaxeldes Sumeruli gamosaxulebebi,romlebic mxrebiT fasSi, welszemoT SiSvlebs gamosaxavdnen, 79 aseve hasanlusTasze warmodgenili mjdomare figura. 80 xolo rac Seexeba am Tasebzemocemul danarCen figurebs, isini garkveul ikonografiul msgavsebasamJRavneben xeTur reliefebTan da zemoT aRniSnuli hasanlus TasisfigurebTan. Cveni azriT, yaraSambis Tasze xeTuri gavlenebi ufro Zlieria.rigi niSnebidan gamomdinare yaraSambis Tasi ganixileba rogorcmcire aziur-kavkasiuri kulturis nawarmi, romelmac mesopotamiuri gavlenaganicada [134; 130].yaraSambis Tasze mocemuli siuJetebi miTologiur warmodgenebsrom ukavSirdeba, amaze maTi axlo aRmosavluri paralelebi miuTiTeben(razec zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari). v.sarianidis SeniSvniT: “aRmosavlu-77biblosi, mefe axiramis sarkofagi Zv. w. XII-XI s.s. inaxeba beiruTis nacionalurmuzeumSi [174; 18]. axiramis sarkofagze warmodgenili scena siuJeturad gvagonebs TrialeTisada yaraSambis vercxlis Tasebze mocemul kompoziciebs: ramdenime figuramaRla apyrobili xelebiT, marjvnidan marcxnisaken, mjdomare wverosani figurisakenmiemarTeba, romlis gverdiT sfinqsismagvari fantastikuri arsebaa gamosaxuli. iqvesamsxverplo, romelic TrialeTisa da yaraSambis Tasebze warmodgenil siuJetebSigamosaxuli samsxverplos msgavsia. SeadareT mocemuli samsxverploebi xamurabismefobis periodiT daTariRebul samfexian samsxverplos (Tu WurWels). WurWeli araaRrma, aqvs mokle fexebi, romlebzec vacebia gamosaxuli ukangadaweuli rqebiT.eqsponatis ilustracia ixileT [173; Taf 4]_ eqsponati suzidanaa da inaxeba parizSi,luvrSi.78ilustacia ixileT [139; 102] xurituli sabeWdavis nawili, qalRvTaeba SavuSqasgamosaxulebiT.79SeadareT: sakulto WurWels qalRvTaeba inanas taZridan, uruqSi. jemdeT-nasrisperiodi, Zv. w. III aTasw. dasawyisi. alebastri. eqsponatis ilustracia ixileT [139; 63,il 4].80oqros Tasi hasanludan, Zv. w. XI s. Teirani. iran-bastanis muzeumi. ilustraciaixileT [139; 160, il 107]. hasanlus Tasze warmodgenilia miTologiuri siuJetiramdenime registrad, romlis erT-erTi mTavari personaJi gmiria, romelic urCxulsamarcxebs.84

i xelovneba Rrmad sakultoa, gamsWvaluli miTologiuri scenebiT imSemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac frizze brZolis scenaa warmodgenili” [153;148]. igive SeiZleba iTqvas yaraSambis TasTan mimarTebaSic. Tasis II da IIIfrizebze gamosaxulia nayofierebasTan da omTan dakavSirebuli kompoziciebi,romlebic, savaraudod, am funqciebis mqone RvTaebis Tu RvTaebebisadmimiZRvnilad migvaCnia. mocemul frizebze mjdomare pozaSi gamosaxuliori figura RvTaeba rom unda iyos (Tasze warmodgenili mesamemsgavsi figura, romelsac xelSi qnari uWiravs, RvTaebad ar migvaCnia,Tu ratom, amaze qvemoT visaubrebT), amaze mianiSnebs sxvadasxva atributebimaT xelSi, maTi gamosaxvis ikonografiuli manera, romelic saer-Tos poulobs xeTur religiur teqstebSi dafiqsirebul RvTaebebis kerpebis“aRwerilobebTan”. (Tasze warmodgenili siuJeti rom xeTur sazogadoebasukavSirdeba, amaze miuTiTebs yaraSambis kompoziciebis axlo kav-Siri iaziliqais reliefTan [16; 17]. kompoziciaSi warmodgenili figurebisCacmuloba: Wvintiani fexsacmeli, wowola qudi (III frizis erT-erTfiguraze). Cvenamde moRweulia cnobebi xaTis CrdiloeT da Crdilo_aRmosavleTiTarsebuli taZrebidan sxvadasxva RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb.am taZrebSi warmodgenilia orive sqesis RvTaebebi: qalRvTaebani,rogorc wesi, sxedan, mamakaci RvTaebebi ki dganan (calkeuli gamonaklisebisgarda). amasTanave, aRwerilobebSi Zalze xSirad dadgenilia RvTaebisatributi, rac gamoixateba RvTaebis mier orive an cal xelSi sxvadasxvasagnis dakavebiT. qalRvTaebebs, rogorc wesi, marjvena xelSi uWiravTsxvadasxva formis Tasebi, yurZnis mtevnebi da sxva nivTebi, marcxenaxelSi ki _ sikeTis simbolo [16; 142-146]. mocemuli xeTi RvTaebebis zogadiaRwerilobidan gamomdinare SeiZleba paraleli gavavloT yaraSambisTasis zemo meore da mesame frizze mocemul or RvTaebasTan, romel-Tac xelSi RvTaebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributebi uWiravT, savaraudodes RvTaeba Sumerul-aqaduri qalRvTaeba inana_iSTari gvgonia, rissafuZvelsac xeTebSi daculi iSTaris (xurit. SavuSqa) aRweriloba iZleva:“RvTaeba iSTari... mjdomare. mxrebze frTebi [aqvs gamosuli] marjvenaxelSi oqros Tasi [uWiravs], [marcxena xeliT] oqros “sikeTe” upyria. misqveS zeZirkvelia, movercxlili. zeZirkvelis [qveS ?] ki frTosani lomismovercxlili gamosaxuleba Zevs. lomis frTebis marjvniv [(da) marcxniv]85

ninaTa(da) quliTa dganan. isini vercxlisaa, maTi Tvalebi mooqrovilia.frTosani lomis qveS xis zeZirkvelia. erTi “muWa” dRiuri puri, RviniserTi Tasi gamomwvari Tixisagan, qalRmerTebs _ ninaTasa (da) “simRera”iSTars ekuTvnis”. 81 iSTaris es aRweriloba axlos dgas yaraSambis vercxlisTasis II frizze mocemuli RvTaebis aRwerilobasTan, romlis ukanacori sxva, komblebiT SeiaraRebuli RvTaebaa. mTavari RvTaebis winvxedavT oTxi adamianis(romelTac xelSi sasmisebi upyriaT, iseve rogorccentralur personaJs) da erTi irmisgan Semdgar procesias, romlebiccentraluri figurisken miemarTebian. mocemuli kompozicia nayofierebisada nadirobis RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnil saritualo msvlelobasunda warmoadgendes _ amaze miuTiTebs mTavari figuris win meZebari ZaRlisgamosaxuleba, romelic nadirobasTan unda iyos kavSirSi 82 da iremi,romelic nayofierebasTan asocirdeba [32; 190-193. 90; 9-29]. ritualuriprocesiis marjvena mxares vxedavT kidev erT figuras _ xelSi arfismagvarisakravi uWiravs, romelic procesiisagan TiTqmis ganyenebulad dgas,Tumca xeTuri RvTaebebisadmi dakavSirebuli saritualo teqstebidan gamomdinare,migvaCnia, rom is mTavari RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil musikas undaasrulebdes 83 (mocemuli personaJi musikosi (qurumi) unda iyos, romelic81teqstiT visargebleT [57; 34]. SeadareT “RvTaeba iSTari . . . qalRvTaeba, mjdomare.mxrebidan [frTebi gamosdis]; marjvena xelSi oqros Tasi [upyria, marcxena xelSi] aqvsoqros “sikeTe” [_ raRac simbolo] mis qvemoT sayrdenia, movercxlili, [romlis qveS]devs lomis gamosaxuleba, movercxlili.Alomis frTebis marjvniv [da marcxniv]qalRvTaeba niniTa (da) qalRvTaeba quliTa dganan, isini vercxlisaa maTi Tvalebimooqrulia . . . “[16; 140]82ZaRlis kavSirze nadirobasTan Zv. msoflios xalxebisa da qarTvelTa miTologiaSivrclad ixileT [23; 68-100].83msxverplSewirvas (xeTebSi) musikalur instrumentze dakvra mohyveboda xolme.yvelaze xSirad ritualebis dros ukravdnen instrumentze, romelic aRiniSnebodalogogramiT “qalRvTaeba inanas instrumenti”. arsebobda inanas instrumentis orisaxeoba: xuncinari da ippicinari, romelTagan zomiT erTi ufro didia. “xuncinari daippcinari warmoadgenda arfis magvar simebian sakravs. isini iyo qalRvTaeba inanassimebiani sakravebi da masze xeTur ritualebSi Cveulebriv ukravdnen “musikosisa” da“momRerlis” titulebis matarebeli msaxurebi, romlebic xeTebis taZrebis personalSiSediodnen. praqtikulad arc erTi xeTuri rituali ar imarTeboda instrumentis86

RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulze ritualur musikas asrulebs). aRniSnulifigura RvTaeba rom ar aris, amis safuZvels gvaZlevs is, romiSTaris gamosaxuleba arfismagvari sakraviT xelSi CvenTis araa cnobili.xeTuri teqstebis Tanaxmad iSTar-SavuSqasadmi miZRvnil simRerebs,rogorc wesi, momRerlebi asrulebdnen. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT q. samuxasiSTaris saSemodgomo sadResaswaulo ritualis aRwerilobidan erTfragments: “mefe-dedofali “svamen RvTaebas” (RvTaebis Tass an mis simboloebs)momRerali xuridan (qanesidad) xaTurad mReris LU.mes GALAmRerian da musikalur sakravebze ukraven) LU.mes halliyares mRerian iSTarisdidi instrumentis (= qnaris) TanxlebiT.” 84 yaraSambis Tasze warmodgenilimusikosis msgavs gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT Zvel aRmosavlur reliefebzec.85 mTavari RvTaeba iSTaris ukan gamosaxuli ori figura,romlebsac xelSi komblebi uWiravT, iSTaris Tanmdev RvTaebebad nini-Tad da quliTad migvaCnia, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi mis gverdiT gamoisaxebodnen.86gareSe” [100; 70, 72] ixileT aseve suraTi [100, sur 8] reliefi zinJiridan musikosebilirebiT (arfebiT) _ SeadareT am reliefze mocemuli arfismagvari sakravi Tasis IIfrizze “musikosis” xelSi dakavebul instruments.84teqstiT visargebleT [57; 26]. “mefe-dedoflis mier RvTaebis “dalevas” mohyveboda anTan axlda musikalur sakravebze dakvra da simRera. rogorc xeTuri teqstebidan Cans,xeTuri dResaswaulebis Catarebas yovelTvis Tan axlda musika. musikos-momRerlebisadResaswaulo ritualebis aqtiuri monawileni iyvnen. gansakuTrebiT xSiradgvxvdebian isini teqstebSi msxverplis SewirvasTan da sakulto trapezTandakavSirebiT” [57; 28].85musikosi. terakotuli reliefi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisi. inaxeba CikagosaRmosavleTmcodneobis institutSi. reliefze warmodgenilia skamze mjdomi figura_profilSi, Tavze mWidrod momdgari naxevarsferuli qudi axuravs, xelSi arfismagvarisakravi uWiravs (romlis msgavsic yaraSambis Taszea gamosaxuli). figuras mkafiodgamokveTili saxis nakvTebi aqvs, acvia grZeli, xalaTismagvari samosi, romlis qvemoTacSiSveli fexis terfebi mouCans [139; 81, ил. 55].86Zvel aRmosavlur reliefebSi, romlebic Zv. w. II aTaswleulis II naxevriT TariRdebaniniTa da quliTa iSTaris gverdiT gamoisaxebodnen [57; 34].teqstSi, romelic TuTxalia IV mier qusunasTan dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba,CamoTvlil RvTaebaTa Soris iSTarTan erTad niniTa da quliTac arian moxseniebuli[57; 163-164].87

Tasis meore frizze RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili saritualo msvlelobisada mTavari figuris ikonografiuli gadmocema, xeTebis xelovnebaSida werilobiT wyaroebSi daculi RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesabamisad,gvafiqrebinebs, rom mocemul mTavar personaJSi RvTaeba iSTari unda davinaxoT.am RvTaebis gamosaxulebebs imeorebs yaraSambis vercxlis Tasszemocemuli centraluri figuris ikonografiuli gamosaxuleba _marjvena xelSi sasmisiT, Tanmdevi ori RvTaebiT niniTaTi da quliTaTi,musikosi arfismagvari sakravi instrumentiT. saritualo procesiaSi iremicaaCarTuli, romelic inana_iSTaris wminda cxovelia da nayofierebasTanasocirdeba. RvTaebis win ZaRlis gamosaxva iSTaris nadirobasTankavSirs usvams xazs. 87 am yvelafridan gamomdinare, Tasis II frizis centralurnawilze warmodgenili procesia nayofierebisa da nadirobisRvTaeba inana-iSTarisadmi miZRvnil sadResaswaulo ritualad migvaCnia.III frizze warmodgenili ori sabrZolo epizodis SuaSi moTavsebulimjdomare figuris gamosaxuleba mocemul kompoziciaSi unda miuTi-Tebdes imaze, rom is mTavari personaJia, romelic sabrZolo scenebTanaakavSirSi. mis win Camwkrivebuli moWrili Tavebi da sabrZolo trofei undaiyos. ver daveTanxmebiT v. ohanesians, romelmac es figura “jalaTis”gamosaxulebad miiCnia [146; 152]. centraluri figuris xelSi culisa damzis diskos (Tu sikeTis simbolos) arseboba da misi semantikuri paralelebixeTur saritualo teqstebSi dacul RvTaebaTa kerpebis aRwerilobebTan,ufro mis RvTaebriobaze mianiSnebs, vidre adamianurobaze. Cven esfigura e.w. “Zaxilis iSTarad” migvaCnia: “RvTaeba iSTari Zaxilisa. oqrosqandakeba, mdgomare mamakaci, mxrebidan frTebi gamosdis. marjvena xelSioqros sikeTe aqvs”[16; 140-141]. Tasze gamosaxuli RvTaebisagan gansxvave-87aq rom marTlac ZaRlis gamosaxulebaa, es azri pirvelma v. ohanesianma gamoTqva [146;149].ZaRlis msgavs gamosaxulebas vxvdebiT Tasis zeda frizzec, romelzecmocemulia nadirobis scena _ monadire mSvildisriT, mis ukan ki ZaRlia. “zemoTafrizis centraluri scena aris nadiroba taxze. mSvildosans romelic marjvena fexsaadayrdnobili, mSvildi aqvs daWimuli. isari mimarTulia taxis drunCisaken, romelsacTavi aqvs daxrili da eSvebi mouCans. monadiris ukan ZaRlia gamosaxuli yelsabamiT”[146; 147]88

iT, “Zaxilis iSTari” fexze mdgomarea. Tumca mcire aziuri iSTari orbunebovaniRvTaeba iyo mdedrisa da mamris TvisebebiT [137; 303], amdenadmisi gamosaxva mjdomare pozaSi Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodesimas, rom mocemul figuraSi iSTari davinaxoT. miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebTimasac, rom iSTaris xurituli saxelwodeba SauSqa _ nawarmoebiasityvidan ”iaraRi” [145; 636]. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebul epi-TetebSi is iSTar meomradac moixsenieba [137; 595]. xeTur _ xuritul religiurteqstebSi araerTxel moixsenieba misi iaraRi, is exmareba xaTusiliIII-s mtris ZlevaSi [137; 194-204]. 88 mis qmrebs Soris moixsenieba qiSismfarveli RmerTi meomari zababa [144; 510]. cnobilia aseve, rom enqim inana(igive iSTari) ngrevisa da brZolebisadmi siyvaruliT daajildova [144;510]. 89 RvTaebis win Camwkrivebuli moWrili Tavebi da sabrZolo iaraRi,88“xaTusili III_is avtobiografia”“imis gamo,. rom iSTari, Cemi qalbatoni, Cemdami keTilis myofelia, me Cems mzerasmamacurad mivmarTavdi mtruli qveynebisadmi. CemTan iyo warmateba iSTarisa da mevZlevdi axal-axal mtrul qveynebs” [137; 196]“erTi mxriv iSTari siyvarulis mfarvelia, xolo meore mxriv _ omisqalRmerTi, romelsac yovelTvis gamarjveba moaqvs, mSvidobianobis dros ki monadireTaRvTaebaa, rogorc qalRmerTi mSvildisrisa da kaparWisa” [88; 114].“iSTaris Cveulebrivi xurituli saxeli _ SauSqa _ nawarmoebia sityva iaraRidan.xurit-xeTuri iSTaris gamosaxulebas, rogorc SeiaraRebuli meomrisas, ukavSirebenberZnul miTs amazonkebze,” [137; 303], [145; 636].“iSTar-SavuSqa qalRmerTad rCeba imisagan damoukideblad, igi siyvarulisqalRmerTad aris gamosaxuli, Tu abjarasxmul mrisxane omis RvTaebad” [57; 125].ilustraciisTvis ixileT [101], miTologiuri siuJeti aqaduri gliptkiidan.britaneTis nacionaluri muzeumi. londoni _ eqsponatze gamosaxulia iSTari mzisRmerTi uTu SamaSTan erTad. iSTari frTebiT zurgsukan isrebiT.“samxedro aspeqti yvelaze naTlad misi kultis Crd. centrebSi ikveTeba, ufroxSirad asureTSi; aq is umaRlesi RvTaebis aSuris qaliSvilia” [144; 595]. “miTSi inana damTa ebexi” , inana (meomari qalRvTaeba) erkineba urCxul ebexs . . . mecnierTa azriT,miTi asaxavs SuamdinareTis brZolas CrdiloeTis mTis xalxebTan da SesaZloaramenairad dakavSirebuli iyos uTuxengalis gamarjvebasTan guTiebze [143; 244].89“iSTar-inanas sufeva istoriaSi dakavSirebulia aqadis dinastiasTan . . . amieridanara enlili, aramed aqadeli amorZali iSTari miuZRveba am dinastiis mefeebsgamarjvebis Soreul gzebze da roca enxeduana Sumerul enaze Txzavs eposs inanaslaSqrobaze, zRaprul mTianeTSi, ebixis qveyanaSi, sadac qalRmerTi amyarebs Tavis89

savaraudod, omSi gamarjvebuli meomrebis trofeis unda warmoadgendesda mTavari figurisadmi unda iyos miZRvnili. imave frizze xvadi lomisgamosaxulebaa, romelic mzis RvTaebis iSTaris erT-erTi simboloa. 90 iqvefrTagaSlili frinvelis frontaluri gamosaxulebacaa. frinvelisgamosaxuleba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli im periodis Zveli aRmosavle-Tis xelovnebaSi. msgavsi frinveli gvxvdeba el obeidis taZarSi, SesasvlelisTavze moTavsebul reliefur morTulobaSi [79; 174], hasanlusTasze [139; 106, il 107]. 91 aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel aRmosavleTSi frinvelisgamosaxulebas mravali mniSvneloba aqvs, maT Soris _ nayofierebis [145;346]. frinvelis gamosaxuleba rom iSTarTanaa kavSirSi, amaze unda miuTi-Tebdes miTi qalRvTaeba aSerze, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom “iSTari bud gadaiqca”[137; 169]; “iSTari, rogorc Citi, udabnoSi gafrinda”[137; 169].frinvelia gamosaxuli RvTaeba iSTarTan dakavSirebul sxva WurWlisasaxelsa da RvTaebriv Zalauflebas” _ teqstis meore planSi igulisxmeba sargonisZlevamosili laSqroba, romelime konkretuli qveynis winaaRmdeg” [33; 26].erTi mxriv iSTari siyvarulis mfarvelia, xolo meore mxriv _ omis qalRmerTi,romelsac yovelTvis gamarjveba moaqvs [170; 81].90SavuSqas (iSTaris) wminda cxoveli lomia [145; 636]iSTaris erT-erTi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli epiTeti “mrisxane Zu lomia” [144; 595].“iSTaris yvelaze xSiri zoomorfuli saxe iremia. igi dakavSirebuli CansmTvaresTan (xari) da mzesTan (lomi)” [32; 219], [33; 205]. “erTi tradiciiT igi cisRmerTis, anis asulia; meore tradiciiT misi meuRlea da cis dedoflad iwodeba”.xeTur kerpTa aRwerilobaSi lomi xSirad moixsenieba rogorc iSTarissimbolo: “RvTaeba iSTaris . . . qalRvTaeba, mjdomare . . . mis qvemoT sayrdeniamovercxlili, romlis qveS devs lomis gamosaxuleba”; “RvTaeba iSTari “Zaxilisa”mamakaci, mxrebidan frTebi gamosdis. marjvena xelSi oqros culi upyria, marcxenaxelSi ki oqros “sikeTe” aqvs; dgas kudian lomze,” [16; 140].iSTars lomTan erTad gamosaxavdnen reliefebze, sabeWdavebze Tumedalionebze. magaliTisTvis ixileT siriuli vercxlis medalioni (TariRdeba Zv. w. IX– VIII s.s.): lomze mdgomare qalRvTaeba gamosaxulia profilSi, grZeli kabiT, Tavzequdi axuravs, marjvena xeli maRla aqvs apyrobili, marcxenaSi sabeliT lomi uWiravs,romelzedac dgas, mis win naxevarmTvarea. mocemuli figuris ukana xedze mzea, romelicTiTqos qalRvTaebas mihyveba [174; 69, 70].91oqros Tasi hasanludan, Zv. w. XI s. Teirani. iran-bastanis muzeumi90

Tu sabeWdavis reliefebze. 92 Tumca arc imas gamovricxavT, rom yaraSambisTasze frTebgaSlili frinvelis gamosaxuleba, SesaZloa, qvesknelissamyaros ukavSirdebodes. iaziliqais miwisqveSa oTaxebSi napovnia samarxebi,sadac zogjer gvxvdeba ara marto adamianis ConCxebi, aramed frinvelisac.magaliTad, erT SemTxvevaSi frTagaSlili frinvelis fitulikedelze iqna milursmuli sami didi lursmniT [138; 132]. aRniSnul Sem-TxvevaSi, frinveli SesaZloa mterTan brZolaSi daRupuli meomrebisadmimiZRvnili msxverpli iyos. 9392Sumerul-aqadur miTologiaSi frinvelis Tvisebebi hqondaT iSTars, adads, aSurs,TiamaTs da sxva RvTaebebs [145; 347]. iSTari frinvelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliTvisebebiT Tu simbolikiT warmogvidgeba Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxebis saxviTxelovnebaSi. SeadareT iSTaris gamosaxulebiani reliefi, zemo mesopotamia. Zv. w. 2000 w._ iSTaris SiSveli gamosaxuleba _ mocemulia fasSi, zurgidan frTebi gamosdis, fexisterfebis nacvlad mtacebeli frinvelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli brWyalebi aqvs, msgavsadmis gverdebSi sarkiseburi principiT moTavsebuli ori busi. qalRvTaeba orheraldikurad ganlagebul lomze dgas. orive xeli maRla aqvs apyrobili da beWdebiupyria, romlebic zecis simboloebia. yels farTo mZivi umosavs, Tavs ki SumerulaqadurisamyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qudi umSvenebs. ilustrcia ixileT [171; 82]qalRvTaeba iSTarTan (SauSqasTan) xSiria frinvelis gamosaxvac, magaliTisaTvisixileT xurituli sabeWdavis nawilze iSTaris (SauSqas) gamosaxuleba frenis procesSigamosaxul frinvelTan erTad. eqsponati TariRdeba Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisiT.ilustracia ixileT [139; 102, il 73]93v.e. ohanesians es frinveli fantastikur arsebad miaCnia, frinvelis taniT, lomisTaviT, farTod gaSlili frTebiTa da mtacebeli cxovelis TaTebiT. “am fantastikuriarsebis saxe pirdapir kavSirSia Sumerul _ aqadur miTologiur personaJTan _lomisTavian anzudTan, romelic Tavis mxriv omisa da mkvdrebis samyaros RmerTTanaakavSirSi” [146; 151].v.ohanesiani yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom “anzus figura uTavo adamianebshyofs tyveebis dasjis scenisagan, romelSic cocxali adamianebi monawileoben.SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom lomisTaviani arwivi mkvdrebis samyaros sazRvris simboloa,romelic TavmoWrilma meomrebma gadahkveTes” [146; 155] .anzudi (Sumerul _ aqaduri anzu, adreuli wakiTxva zu, imdugudi, im-dugudi,qariSxali-qari) _ Sumerul-aqadur miTologiaSi uzarmazari frinveli. RvTaebriviwarmomavlobis, warmoidgendnen lomisTaviani arwivis saxiT (Zv. w. XIV s-dan ubralodarwivis saxiT) saxviTi xelovnebis Zeglebze (umTavresad gliptikaze) xSiradgamoisaxeboda heraldikur kompoziciebSi _ brWyalebiT or irems (an sxva cxovelebs)91

xeTur teqstebSi daculi RvTaebaTa aRwerilobebis, iSTarTan dakav-Sirebuli sxvadasxva miTologiuri siuJetebisa Tu RvTaebis gamosaxulebebidangamomdinare, III frizze mocemuli kompozicia omis RvTaeba iSTarisadmimiZRvnil ritualad migvaCnia. rogorc Cans, mterze gamarjvebisSemdeg, gamarjvebul meomrebs RvTaeba iSTarisaTvis madlierebis niSnadbrZolaSi mopovebuli mtris Tavebi da sabrZolo iaraRi SeuwiravT. 94Zv. w. III aTaswleulis dasasruli mniSvnelovani xanaa amierkavkasiisuZveles istoriaSi. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis safuZvelze aRmosavleT saqarTvelosada mis mimdebare olqebSi axali, TrialeTis kultura Camoyalibda,romelic Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi ayvavda. kulturis saerTo donisamaRlebis erT-erTi mizezi winaaziur samyarosTan urTierTobebis gafar-Toebac iyo, rac kargad aisaxa yorRanuli kulturis am safexurze. o.jafariZis SeniSvniT, “TrialeTis kulturis saiuveliro xelovnebis dawinaurebaganapiroba eTno-kulturuli kontaqtebis gaZlierebam Zvel aRmosavlursamyarosTan” [80; 198]. TrialeTis kulturis matarebeli tomebisaTvis,rogorc Cans, axlo aRmosavleTis religiebi ucxo ar yofila,risi naTeli dasturicaa ritualuri siuJetebi TrialeTisa da yaraSambisvercxlis Tasebze. aRniSnul eqsponatebs figurul-kompoziciuriganlagebis TvalsazrisiT bevri saerTo aqvT Sumerul-aqadur, xeTur dafinikiur ZeglebTan. rigi niSnebidan gamomdinare, yaraSambis Tasi ganixilebarogorc mcire aziur-amierkavkasiuli kulturuli arealis produqti,romelmac mesopotamiuri gavlena ganicada. amis dasturia yaraSambisTasze warmodgenili nayofierebis (omis) RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili ritualida mTavari figurebis ikonografiuli paralelebi xeTur RvTaebeb-Tan. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom Tasze mocemulia erT RvTaebasTan, iSTar-Tan (xurit. SavuSqa) dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva ritualuri scenebi. iSTarimravalfunqciuri RvTaebaa; erTi mxriv is siyvarulis mfarvelia, xo-Cafrenili. miTebSi xSirad gamodis Suamavlad miwiersa da zeciurs Soris, Sesabamisad_ adamianebsa da RmerTebs Soris [144; 82-83].ixileT aseve ilustracia [144; 83] anzudi, romelic brWyalebiT or lomsaaCafrenili, fila lagaSidan Zv.w. III aTasw. parizi, luvri.94v.ohanesiani fiqrobs, rom mocemul kompoziciaSi moWrili Tavebi mTavari personaJismieraa mokveTili, romelic dabal skamze zis da xelSi culi uWiravs [146; 152].92

lo meores mxriv _ omis qalRmerTi, romelsac yovelTvis gamarjveba moaqvs[170; 81], mSvidobianobis dros ki monadireTa RvTaebaa, rogorc qal-RmerTi mSvildisrisa da kaparWisa [88; 114]. iSTaris rTuli saxe, erTRvTaebaSi sxvadasxva funqciebis gaerTianeba, imis maCvenebelia, rom amRvTaebam ganviTarebis rTuli da xangrZlivi gza ganvlo, romlis garkveulsafexurs unda asaxavdes misi TiToeuli zoomorfuli gamosaxuleba,emblema Tu atributi [88; 116]. yaraSambis Tasze iSTaris funqciebis am er-Tianobas vxvdebiT, sadac is warmogvidgeba rogorc nadirobis, nayofierebisada omis qalRvTaeba, misi ikonografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiTada masTan dakavSirebuli wminda cxovelebiT (lomi, frinveli,iremi).93

Tavi 4qalRvTaeba ainina da danana94

qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi aininasa da daninas Sesaxebmwiria da araerTgvarovani. leonti mroveli maT Seqmnas mefe saurmagsmiawers: “da man Seqmna orni kerpni, ainina da danina, da amarTna gzasazeda mcxeTisasa” [61; 27]. am ori RvTaebis Semqmnelad qarTlis cxovrebisZvel somxur TargmanSic mefe saurmagi saxeldeba, mxolod im gansxvavebiT,rom ori kerpis nacvlad aq laparaki aininas da daninas oTx gamosaxulebazea:“aman (anu saurmagma v.v.) Seqmna oTxi gamosaxuleba aininasi dadananasi mcxeTis gzaze” [64; 38]. “moqcevai qarTlisai” ki am kerpebis Semo-Rebas, mefe saurmagTan erTad, mirvanis damsaxurebadac miiCnevs: “dadgamefed saurmag. aman aRmarTa kerpi ainina gzasa zeda. da iwyo armazs Senebad”[92; 320]; “mefobda mirvan da aRmarTa danina gzasa zeda winare daaRaSena armazi” [92; 320].qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis am ori RvTaebis Sesaxeb samecnieroliteraturaSi dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. n. mari miiCnevda,rom aininaSi da dananaSi erTi da imave RvTaebis ori saxelis damaxinjebuliformebi unda davinaxoT, kerZod iranuli qalRvTaeba anahitisa daarairanuli nan-asi. danana ki “da” kavSirTan Sezrdil arairanuli RvTaebisnanas saxelad miaCnda. aseTi saxelis arsebobis sabuTad mirian mefismeuRlis nana dedoflis saxeli mohyavda [140; 9]. m. wereTeli gadaWriTar uaryofda aRniSnul RvTaebaSi sparsul qalRvTaeba anahitis danaxvas,Tumca arc imas gamoricxavda, rom “SeiZleba ainina da danina, anu dananaki ar iyos upirveles wyaroebSi an gadmocemebSi, aramed ainina da nina,anu nana... anu ori saxe erTisa da imave qalRmerTisa. innina da nina anunana, romelic SumerTa iSTaria. cnobilia Sumerul panTeonSi Semdegi saxelebiT:ninni, innina, innana, nana... qalis saxeli nana da nina ki mTelsmcire aziaSi iyo gavrcelebuli da agreTve saqarTveloSi”[94; 27]. s. janaSiaTvlida, rom wina aziis uZvelesi RmerTqalis saxeli – nana, nini,nina Semonaxulia qarTuli uZvelesi kerpis saxelSi ainina da Semdeg igiqalis erovnul saxeladac iqca (nino, nana) [78; 193] 95 .am RvTaebebs gr. kapancianic Seexo naSromSi “Хетские боги у Армян”.mecnieri Tvlida, rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebSi ainina95mis am mosazrebas a.afaqiZec iziarebda [147; 394]95

da danana “da” kavSiri zedmeti iyo da maTSi iSTaris Tanmdevi RvTaebisninada-s saxels kiTxulobda. mecnieri somxuri warmarTuli panTeonisqalRvTaeba nanes paralels afxazur nanTan, (ai)ninadasTan da mcire aziursaxel ninasTan avlebda [125; 57] 96 .aininasa da dananas kerpebis Sesaxeb qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebigansxvavebul informacias gvawvdian. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaRvTaeba dananas saxelis daweraSi mdgomareobs. leonti mroveli aininasTanmdev RvTaebas danana-d ixseniebs [61; 27], “moqcevai qarTlisai”-Si igiveRvTaeba daninad [92; 320], qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi kidadanad iwodeba [94; 38] 97 . am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa gr. kapancianis miergamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom aininasa da dananas SemTxvevaSi “da” kavSirizedmetia, misi moSorebiT miviRebT (ai)ninadasa da nanas, kerZod ki ZvelSumerul – aqadur qalRvTaeba ninada – ninaTas [125; 54-55]. ramdenad mar-Tebulia qarTvelebSi msgavsi saxelis RvTaebis arseboba? jer kidev Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi. TrialeTis kulturis matarebeli xalxebisaTvis ase-Ti saxelis mqone RvTaeba cnobili rom unda yofiliyo, amis safuZvels,pirvel rigSi, am teritoriaze mosaxle tomebis urTierToba iZleva mcireaziis xalxebTan, konkretulad ki _ xeT-xuritebTan 98 . am mosazrebasufro met damajereblobas matebs yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasi96gr. kapanciani qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli am ori RvTaebis wakiTxvisSemdegnair variants gvTavazobda; wakiTxuli unda yofiliyo ara rogorc ainina da danana,aramed (ai)ninada da nana.97vaxuSti batoniSvili am RvTaebebis saxelebis gansxvavebul variants gvTavazobs damaT anianad da danian-ad ixseniebs [8]98mkvlevarTa umravlesoba TrialeTis kulturas adgilobrivad miiCnevs, magram, amas-Tan erTad, yvela aRiarebs mis uSualo kavSirs wina aziasTan da iqidan mosuli axalieTnikuri nakadebis arsebobas im periodSi ver uaryofs [18], [45], [58], [79], [133], [134].o. jafariZe Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs:“amierkavkasiis ufro samxreTiT am droisaTvis (anu Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevari)xuritulenovani da maTTan axlos mdgomi tomebi binadroben. rogorc Cans, amierkavkasiissamxreTi nawili kidev didxans ganicdida xurituli kulturis gavlenas, rasac aqcalkeul Zeglebze aRmoCenili aSkarad xurituli warmomavlobis nivTebi mowmoben”[80;183]96

[146] 99 , romelzec zemodan meore frizze mocemuli centraluri kompoziciaritualur siuJetad migvaCnia; masze gamosaxulia mjdomare RvTaebasasmisiT xelSi, komblebiT(?) SeiaraRebul or adamianismagvar arsebasTanerTad, romlebic iSTaris Tanmdevi RvTaebebi niniTa da quliTa unda iyvnen.warmodgenili siuJeti qalRvTaeba iSTarisadmi miZRvnili ritualirom aris, amis safuZvels rogorc zemoT ukve ganvmarteT xeTur saritualoteqstebSi daculi RvTaebebis aRweriloba 100 da naxsenebi RvTaebisikonografiuli gamosaxulebebi iZleva 101 . radgan Zveli aRmosavleTisxalxebSi qalRvTaeba iSTaris kulti Zlieri iyo, is TrialeTis kulturismatarebeli xalxisTvisac unda yofiliyo cnobili. RvTaeba farnava-99Tasi pirvelad v. e. ohanesianis mier iqna Seswavlili. Tasis ilustraciebi ixileT v.e. ohanesianis mocemul statiaSi, aseve [134; 130]100Cvenamde moRweulia cnobebi xaTis CrdiloeT da Crdilo aRmosavleTiT arsebulitaZrebisa da sxvadasxva RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb – ufro vrclad ixileT gr.giorgaZe, aTasi RvTaebis qveyana. Cven mxolod erTi RvTaebis _ iSTaris aRwerilobiTSemovifarglebiT: “RvTaeba iSTari... mjdomare. mxrebze frTebi [aqvs gamosuli] marjvenaxelSi oqros Tasi [uWiravs], [marcxena xeliT] oqros “sikeTe” upyria. mis qveS zeZirkvelia...[qveS?] ki frTosani lomis movercxlili gamosaxuleba Zevs. lomis frTebis marjvniv[(da) marcxniv] ninaTa da quliTa dganan. isini vercxlisaa, maTi Tvalebi mooqrulia.erTi “muWa” dRiuri puri, Rvinis erTi Tasi gamomwvari Tixisagan qalRmerTebis –ninaTasa (da) quliTas gamosaxulebebiTurT, Tvis dResaswauli (da) “simRera” iSTars” –teqstiT visargebleT [57; 34]. iSTaris es aRweriloba axlos dgas yaraSambis Tasis IIfrizze mocemuli RvTaebis aRwerilobasTan, romlis ukanac ori sxva, komblebiT (?) SeiaraRebuliRvTaebaa, mTavari RvTaebis win oTx adamians (romelTac mTavari RvTaebismsgavsad sasmisebi uWiravT) da erTi irmisagan Semdgar procesias vxedavT, romlebiccentraluri figurisaken miemarTebian. mocemuli kompozicia nayofierebisa da nadirobisRvTaebisadmi miZRvnil saritualo msvlelobas unda warmoadgendes, amaze miuTi-Tebs mTavari figuris win meZebari ZaRlis gamosaxuleba, romelic nadirobasTan undaiyos kavSirSi da iremi, romelic nayofierebasTan asocirdeba.101SeadareT [171; il 500 (7)]. RvTaeba iSTaris SiSveli gamosaxuleba, dgas or heraldikuradgamosaxul lomze, xelebi orantas pozaSia da zecis simbolo beWdebi upyria,mxrebidan frTebi gamosdis, Tavze Tavsaburavi (?) ukeTia, aqvs yelsabnevi, romelicmTlianad ufaravs yels, marcxena xeli Semkuli aqvs samajuriT. mTavari figuris marjvnivda marcxniv ori frinvelia (bu?), romlebic, savaraudod, misi Tanmdevi RvTaebebininiTa da quliTa arian.97

zianTa warmarTul panTeonSi, ninaTas (ninada) arseboba Cvenis azriT, uZvelesikultis gamoZaxilia elinistur epoqaSi.leonti mrovelTan daculia cnoba, sadac saubaria, rom qarTvelebialeqsandre makedonelamde mzes, mTvares da xuT varskvlavs scemdnenTayvans [61; 18]. leonti mrovelisTvis, rogorc Cans, maTi pirvandeli saxelebiucnobi yofila, amitomac ixseniebs im astralur simboloebs,romlebic mocemul RvTaebebs Seesabameboda. Cvens mier ukve naxseneb, yaraSambSiaRmoCenil vercxlis Tasze samive astralur simbolos vxvdebiT:1. naxevarmTvares, romelic Tasis zemodan meore frizze, irmis fexebsSuaSia moTavsebuli;2. mzis diskos – mzis simbolos, romelic III frizze warmodgenilitaxtze mjdomare figuris winaa gamosaxuli, xolo Tasis II da III frizebzemoTavsebuli mTavari personaJi iSTaris gamosaxulebad migvaCnia,romlis astraluri simboloc varskvlavia 102 .Tasze mocemuli es ikonografia saTaves mesopotamiaSi iRebs, sadacRvTaebaTa triadas: uTu SamaSs – mze, nana-nan sins – mTvares, iSTars –varskvlavs xSir SemTxvevaSi qudurus samijne qvebze Tu sxvadasxva reliefebzemxolod TavianTi astraluri simboloebiT gamosaxavdnen 103 .TrialeTis kulturis matarebeli xalxebisTvis cnobili iyodasaxelebuli RvTaebebi, romlebsac qarTvelebi sakmaod didi xnis gan-102yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasis qvemodan II frizi warmoadgens varduls, romelic“inana-iSTaris erT-erTi simboloa da SesaZloa aRviqvaT varskvlavis gamosaxulebad”[143; 244]. iSTaris gverdiT xSirad gamosaxavdnen mis astralur simbolos varskvlavs.ixileT ilustracia [174; il 25]. eqsponati Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxnebiTaadaTariRebuli. masze warmodgenilia fexze mdgomare sami figura, centraluri profil-Si mdgomi figura – iSTari, grZeli tansacmliT, marjvena xelSi Tasi upyria, Tavze qudiaxuravs, yels samkauli umkobs, Tavis ukan iSTaris simbolo, 8 qimiani varskvlavia,romlis qvemoTac dabali samsxverplo dgas.103qudurus samijno qva, meliSipaka (Zv. w. XII s.) suzidan. masze srulad aris warmodgeniliSumerul-aqaduri panTeonis RvTaebebis simboloebi. inaxeba parizSi, luvrSi. qudurussamijno qva frizebadaa dayofili, pirvel rigSi (zemodan) vxvdebiT ukve naxsenebRvTaebaTa triadis astralur simboloebs: naxevarmTvare-nan sini, mzis disko-SamaSi,varskvlavi _ iSTari. [145; 651]98

mavlobaSi scemdnen Tayvans astraluri simboloebis saxiT. Cveni azriTzoroastruli panTeonis RvTaebebis qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdeg, zogier-Ti RvTaebis saxeli an saerTod daikarga, an “sparsul” RvTaebebTan asimilirda.SesaZloa igive mouvida qalRvTaeba ninaTas (qarTul werilobiTwyaroebSi (ai)ninada), savaraudod, iSTarsac. es ukanaskneli Tavisi amsaxeliT qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvis ucnobia, Tumca saqarTveloSimis arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs TrialeTis kulturis matarebelixalxebis sulieri siaxlove mcire aziur samyarosTan. mogviano periodSiiSTaris kultTan siaxloves avlenen mcire aziaSi popularuli qalRvTaebebi– anahiti, kibela da artemida [159; 21, 98]. [12; 73-75] 104 . k. v. treverianahitas babilonuri iSTaris ipostass uwodebda 105 . am urTierTaRrevisSedegi unda iyos is, rom qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi ar icnoben iS-Taris saxelis mqone RvTaebas, magram, samagierod, maTTvis cnobilia aininada danana, romelTagan pirveli, n. maris mtkicebiT, axlosaa iranulanahitTan. elinizaciis periodSi, rodesac, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebismixedviT, qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis formireba aqemeniduriiranis religiis gavleniT mimdinareobs, qarTlSi sxva sparsul RvTaebeb-Tan erTad unda Semosuliyo qalRvTaeba anahitis kultic, rac aininassaxelSi aisaxa. Tu manamde qarTvelebSi nayofierebis, siyvarulisa daomis qalRvTaeba iSTaris kulti iyo gavrcelebuli, amjerad mas iranulianahiti unda Canacvleboda. orive es qalRvTaeba datvirTulia msgav-104artemide – iSTarTan dakavSirebiT ixileT [23; 95-100]105Тревер К. В., dasaxelebuli naSromi [159; 21. 98-99]qalRvTaeba iSTari didi popularobiT sargeblobda Zvel aRmosavleTSi. mas jer kidevSumeruli miTologia icnobs inanas saxeliT, xolo Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Suaxanebidanis CvenTvis iSTaris saxeliTaa cnobili. misi es saxeli xeTur-xuritul saritualo religiurteqstebSic fiqsirdeba. “xeTur-xuritul RvTaebaTa panTeonSi SeRwevis Semdeg,iSTarma adgilobrivi RvTaebebis funqciebi SeiTavsa, xurituli ninu an nino gaxda iS-Tar ninevieli, zogjer mas anunitusa da nanaiasac uwodebdnen” [144; 595]; rogorc Cans,xuritulma nanaiam (iSTaris ipostasi) mogviano periodis qarTul warmarTul panTeon-Sic ganagrZo arseboba, iSTaris erT-erT Tanmdev RvTaeba ninadasTan erTad da werilobiTwyaroebSi aininasa da dananas saxelebiT SemorCnen (amas yuradReba jer kidev m. wereTelmamiaqcia) am RvTaebis popularobaze qarTvelebSi isic mianiSnebs, rom misi saxeliqarTveli qalis piradi saxelic gamxdara – nina, nana.99

si funqciebiT, rogorc nayofierebisa da gamarjvebis momniWebeli RvTaebebi,maTi wminda cxovelebi arian veluri mxecebi katisebrTa ojaxidan –lomebi, panterebi, vefxvebi [Plinius, 35, 108] 106 . isini ikonografiuladac er-Tnairad gamoisaxebodnen; ardv iaStebis mixedviT anahits wvrili welida didi mkerdi aqvs, misi TeTri xelebi samajurebiTaa Semkuli, atarebssayureebs da oqros samkauls, mis gvirgvinze varskvlavebia gamosaxuli[136, XXX] 107 . TiTqmis identuria iSTaris gamosaxulebac.aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxisTvis orive amqalRvTaebis gamosaxuleba cnobili unda yofiliyo. Razec wina TavSivrclad gvqonda saubari 108 . mogviano periodSi qarTvelebisaTvis anahitisikonografiuli gamosaxulebac yofila cnobili. anahitia warmodgenilisof. aradeTTan, dedoflis mindorze napovn oqros sakid firfitaze:qalRmerTs diadema, yelsabami da sayureebi amkobs, rogorc imdroindeliumaRlesi wris qalebs, Tavze namgala mTvare adgas. eqsponati I saukuniTTariRdeba, dedoflis mindvris sataZro kompleqsSi qalRvTaeba anahitissaxelobis taZaric arsebobs [12; 64-76] 109 . taZris siaxloves iseTi eqspona-106pliniusis mixedviT suzaSi, anahitis taZris SemogarenSi imyofebodnen misadmi miZ-Rvnili gawvrTnili lomebi, veluri mxecebi katisebrTa ojaxidan. (lomebi, panterebi,vefxvebi), ixileT aseve [158; 16]. [159; 98]igive cxovelebi iyo miZRvnili iSTarisadmi. misi erT-erTi gavrcelebuli epiTeti“mrisxane Zu lomia”, romelic mis wminda cxovelad iTvleba [144; 595], [145; 636]. lomTanerTadaa warmodgenili iSTari sabeWdavebze, medalionebsa da reliefebze, Cvenamde moRweulwerilobiT cnobebSi. [139; 102. il 73], [174; il 69, 70]. [171, il. 500], [16; 138-146].107ardvi sura anahita: ardv iaSti 7 da 64 himnebi [26]108iSTaris msgavsi gamosaxulebebi SegiZliaT ixiloT [171; il. 500], [173; il. 15], [174; il.25]. iSTaris samkaulebis aRwera ixileT [137; 140]. inana Tavisi didebuli, Zvirfasi samkaulebiTSemkuli Cadis qvesknelSi, Tavze ixuravs „velis gvirgvins“ _ nayofieri yanebisniSans, mkerdze samkerduls miirqvams... inanas Tan miaqvs yvelaferi, rac misi kultis sagansSeadgens... magram qvesknelis sasaxleSi misvlamde arc samkaulebi SerCeba, arc Sesamoseli...dedofals gaatareben 9 karebSi da TiToeulis win qvesknelis mekare daayrevinebsTiTo samkaulsa da samosels.109ixileT aseve misive statia krebulSi: Кавказ и Средняя Азия в древности и средневековье:Гагошидзе. Ю., Из истории грузинско-иранских взаимоотношений (храм II –I вв. Дедофлисминдори)стр. 112-114anahitisadmi miZRvnili zemoT aRwerili medalionis ilustracia ixileT [13; 37]100

tis aRmoCena, romelic axlos dgas ardvisura anahitis aRwerilobasTan,eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom Cvens win iranuli qalRvTaeba ardvisuraanahitia 110 .qarTvelebSi anahitis kultis arsebobis erT-erTi damadasturebelifaqti qarTul-somxur-albanuri warmarTuli panTeonis paralelebSi undaveZioT. Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebidan CvenTvis cnobilia, rom somxeTSigansakuTrebulad scemdnen Tayvans qalRvTaeba anahits; sadac misadmimiZRvnili taZrebic arsebobda. somxeTSi am qalRmerTis popularobazeerT-erTi olqis saxeli, anaitakanic metyvelebs. anahitis kulti gavrcelebuliiyo mezobel albaneTSic. k. v. treveri aRniSnavda, rom anaitiiyo “qalRvTaeba albanuri panTeonis, romlis saxelic CvenTvis ucnobia,magram romelsac straboni mTvaris RvTaebis berZnuli saxeliT ixseniebs,dakavSirebulia wyalTan da selenasTan avlebs paralelebs” [160;327], [Strabo, XI, IV, 7. XII, 3, 31].qalRvTaeba anahitis kulti popularobiT sargeblobda qarTlSic,amis safuZvels arqeologiuris garda ( dedoflismindorSi aRmoCenili110dedoflis mindorSi aRmoCenili anahitis gamosaxulebis paralelad SeiZleba movixmoTsataRicSi (somxeTi) 1873w. aRmoCenili qalRvTaeba anahitis qandakeba, romelic dedoflismindorSi aRmoCenili anahitis gamosaxulebis msgavsad, Semkulia yelsabamiTada sayureebiT, Tavze ki namgala mTvare adgas. eqsponati Zv.w. IV saukuniTaa daTariRebuli.misi zomebia 35, 5, X 31, X 23,6. asli erevnis istoriul muzeumSi inaxeba, originaliki britaneTis muzeumSi. SeadareT aseve [175;il. 500] SeadareT dedoflismindorSi da sataRicSiaRmoCenili anahitis gamosaxulebebi, misadmi miZRvnil himnebSi qalRvTaebis aRwerilobas:«Всякий может увидеть её,Ардвисуру Анахиту, в образе прекрасной девушки...Барсман в руках у неё в должной мере, красуется она серьгами,Четырёхгранными, златокованными;Ожерельем обвила благородным Ардвисура Анахита прекрасную шею.Стягивает она стан свой, чтобы дивные груди её восстали...чело увенчала своё Ардвисура Анахита прекрасным обручем,Сотнями самоцветов украшенным златокованным...Перевитым лентами, чудесным, с кольцом посредине, искусно сделанным».Ардвисур яшт, XXX. Литература древнего востока [136]101

taZari da medalioni v.v.), werilobiTi da eTnografiuli wyaroebi iZlevian.informacias mocemuli qalRvTaebis Sesaxeb qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSicvxvdebiT. andria pirvelwodebulTan dakavSirebul TqmulebaSivkiTxulobT: “da moiwia awyvers, romels pirvelad ewodeboda sosangeTida daivana adgilsa erTsa sada iyo taZari sakerpo, romelsa aw Zvel eklesiaewodeba da mas Sina imsaxurebodes kerpni maTni, xolo mTavrobdamaSin dedakaci vinme qurivi samZivari”[61; 39]. cota qvemoT ki vigebT: “xoloiyo qalaqsa mas Sina bomoni sakerpo, romelsa Sina imsaxurebodesbilwni RmerTni maTni, artemi da apoloni”[61; 41]. Zneli ar aris “artemsada apolonSi” berZnuli panTeonis RvTaebebi artemida da apoloni davinaxoT.elinizmis periodSi am RvTaebebs iranul anahitTan da miTrasTanaigivebdnen da xSir SemTxvevaSi am saxelebiTac moixseniebdnen 111 . xom arvarT imave procesis momswre saqarTveloSic, miTumetes, rom msgavsi ramsomxuri werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvisacaa cnobili 112 .kidev erTi miniSneba qalRvTaeba anahitze vaxtang gorgaslis Zes da-Cis saxels ukavSirdeba: maSin daCim aiyvana Tavisi diswulni, gadavidakolxeTs, lopotis qveyanaSi, kldovans oRroCoRroebsa da gamoqvabuleb-Si, romlis mosaxleoba iyo didad mravali da nair-nairi tomebisa, romlebiccecxlsa da wyals scemdnen Tayvans [61; 200]. ardvisura anahitaardv iaStebSi “wminda wylebis RvTaebad” moixsenieba 113 , cecxli-atari ki1111950 w. nimrud daRis erT-erT yorRanTan aRmoCenil samarxze darTul reliefze (romelicZv. w. I s-iT TariRdeba) gamosaxulia mefe, romelic xels arTmevs RvTaebas, RvTaebaTazurgze amokveTili warwerebi maT elinistur-iranul saxelebs gvamcnobs: zevsi –oromazdi, apoloni – miTra, artemida – anahiti da a. S. [165; 45-50]112sosangeTSi mdgar taZars qali qurumi udgas saTaveSi, rac SesaZloa imaze mianiSnebs,rom taZari qalRvTaebisadmi yofila miZRvnili. Cveni azriT, zemoT moyvanil teqstSisaubari qalRvTaeba anahitzea, romelic teqstSi artemides saxeliTaa moxseniebuli.113iranuli poezia, ardvisura anahiti. anahiti rom wminda wylebis RvTaebaa, amaze miniSnebasmisadmi miZRvnil locvebSi araerTxel vxvdebiT. is moixsenieba rogorc uZlieresimdinareTa Soris (ardv iaSti 2), mas aqeben rogorc “Zlevamosil, tanad dedofals,keTilad nazards, romlis wylebi dRe da Rame dian, is wyaluxvia ufro, vidre yvelamdinare” (ardv iaSti 15). kidev erTgan vkiTxulobT:“Seswire msxverpli Sen anahitas mas wyalTa102

zoroastrizmis erT-erTi wminda simboloa [144; 27]. xom ar aris mocemulteqstSi laparaki imaze, rom lopotis qveynis nair-nairi tomebi icnobdneniranul religias da Tayvanscemdnen atarisa da anahitis kultebs?werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebis garda, ardvisura anahitis arsebobaze,aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi analogiuri Zirisagan nawarmoebi toponimebiunda mianiSnebdes: “ardisubani, ereda, eredvi... es ukanasknelisofeli mdebareobs aradeTidan CrdiloeTiT 20 km-s manZilze, cxinvalisraionSi. iqve fiqsirdeba nayofierebis warmarTuli qalRmerTis TayvaniscemisgadmonaSTebi: uSvilo qalebi da rZedakarguli dedebi karaqs usvamenda wyalobas SesTxoven eredvis 906 wlis eklesiis karibWis svets,romlis kapiteli yurZnis mtevniseburi gamosaxulebebiTaa Semkuli, esgamosaxulebebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas ZuZuebad miaCnia... mTeli es ritualiZalauneburad gvaxsenebs nayofierebisa da Svilierebis saxelgan-Tqmuli qalRmerTis – mravalZuZuiani efeseli artemidas Tayvaniscemas”[12; 75]. SeadareT i. gagoSiZis mier aRwerili es rituali ardvisura anahitisadmimiZRvnil erT-erT himns, sadac anahiti Semdegi epiTetebiTaa daxasiaTebuli:“vinc mamacT aZlevs tanT simrTeles, vinc diacT aZlevs ke-Til dedobas, vinc droze aZlevs dedis rZes Svilebs”. 114nayofierebisa da didi dedis kulti saqarTvelos teritoriazemcxovreb xalxTa religiur warmodgenebSi uZvelesi droidan arsebobs.Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebSi TrialeTis kulturis matarebel tomebsaxlo urTierToba rom aqvT xeT-xuritebTan, icnoben maT religias, racadgilobriv religiur warmodgenebzec unda asaxuliyo, amis sabuTadTrialeTis V yorRanSi da yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasebi mogvyavs,romlebzec asaxuli ritualuri msvlelobac, rogorc zemoTvamtkicebT qalRvTaeba iSTarisadmi miZRvnil procesiad migvaCnia. eskulti imdenad Zlieri yofila qarTvelebSi, rom arseboba arc antikurmamravls, jogebis mamravls” (ardv iaSti 87)114iranuli poezia, ardvisura anahita, ardv iaSti 3. anahitisadmi miZRnil erT-erT himnSivkiTxulobT:“norCni qalwulni keTil mflobels gevedrebian...keTil dedobas mSobiare gTxoven qalebi,Sen ZalgiZs iyo mwyalobeli maTi, oi ardvi!” (ardv iaSti 87)103

xanaSi Seuwyvetia. leonti mrovelTan uZvelesi qarTvelebis mier mzis,mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavis Tayvaniscema xeTur-xuritul gadmonaSTadmigvaCnia. rogorc Cans, qarTveli avtorisaTvis cnobili ar yofila maTisaxelebi, ris gamoc mxolod maT astralur simboloebs moixseniebda,iseve rogorc isini mesopotamiaSi gamoisaxebodnen, xSir SemTxvevaSi _reliefebze Tu qudurus samijne qvebze. RvTaeba iSTars Tavisi am saxeliTqarTuli wyaroebi ar icnoben, Tumca maTTvis cnobilia iSTarissxva saxelebi – nino, nanaia – romelsac “qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi”aininasa da dananas saxelebiT moixsenieben. mecnierTa azriT, am RvTaebeb-Si aisaxa rogorc iSTari, ise misi Tanmdevi RvTaebis ninada-ninaTas saxec.gamomdinare iqidan, rom iSTari SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc anahitisipostasi, aqemeniduri religiis Semosvlis Semdeg qalRvTaeba aininasaxali datvirTva unda mieRo da is Suamdinaruli iSTaridan sparsulanahitad gadaqceuliyo. saqarTveloSi anahitis taZrisa da gamosaxulebisarseboba, eTnografiuli Tu werilobiTi sabuTebi gvaZlevs imis safuZvels,rom es RvTaeba qarTul warmarTul panTeonSic moviazroT (aininassaxeliT), sadac ahuramazda _ armazi, miTra-iazati-zadeni ixseniebian.ahuramazdasa da miTras gverdiT anahitis moxseniebas werilobiT cnobeb-Si Tu epigrafikul Zeglebze, Zv. w. V s. bolodan xSirad vxvdebiT [Plut.Artax. 30] 115 .115 Надпись Артаксерка II (405-361 гг. д. н. э.) о сооружении дворца в Сузи. [136; 31]104

Tavi 5religiuri Tu politikuri dapirispirebis sakiTxisaTvis Zv.w. II saukunisdasawyisSi (mefe farnajomi)105

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTlis mefe mirvan I is Semdeg(romelsac Zv.w. III saukunis bolos II s-is dasawyisSi unda emefna), misi Zefarnajomi mefdeba, romelic leonti mrovels “mefeTa cxovrebaSi” religiurreformatorad hyavs gamoyvanili, ris gamoc igi samefo gadatrialebismsxverpli Seiqmna. leonti mroveli farnajomis dros momxdari samefogadatrialebis im mizezs asaxelebs, rom farnajomma “Seiyuara sjulisparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlis msaxurnida moguni... da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTa, amisTvis moiZules igimkÂdrTa qarTlisaTa. rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT” [61; 29].leonti mrovelis cnoba mefe farnajomis Sesaxeb mwiria da ar iZleva imepoqis realur (srul) suraTs, Tumca aRniSnuli cnobis Sedarebis safuZvelzeucxour wyaroebTan SesaZlebelia misi restavrireba da farToWrilSi ganxilva.qarTlis samefo taxtze mefe farnajomis asvlis Semdeg, erT-erTipirveli reforma “cixe-qalaqTa Seneba” yofila: “aman farnajom mefemanumata yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa Seneba da aman aRaSena cixe zadeni da Seqmnakerpi saxeliT zaden” [61; 29]. riTi iyo ganpirobebuli, rom mefes TavisimoRvaweoba cixe-qalaqTa aqtiuri gamagrebiTa da SenebiT dauwyia? rogorcCans, amis mizezi Zv.w. 190w. magneziis brZolis Semdeg sagareo politikuricvlilebebi unda yofiliyo. Tu qarTlis samefos aqamde urTier-Toba uxdeboda selevkidebis saxelmwifosTan, axla misi mezobeli somxe-Ti gaZlierda, sadac didi iyo parTiis gavlena da sadac parTiis samefodinastiis warmomadgenlebi mefobdnen. istoriuli werilobiTi wyaroebisaintereso cnobebs gvawvdian Zv.w. II saukunis somxeTisa da iberiis ur-TierTobaTa Sesaxeb. strabonis Tanaxmad: “mogviTxroben armeniaze, rompirvelad is patara yofila, gazrdila artaqsiasa da zariadris meSveobiT,romlebic pirvelad antioqe didis sardlebi iyvnen, xolo mere misidamarcxebis Semdeg gamefdnen . . . amaT gazardes qveyana imis xarjze, rommezobel xalxebs CamoaWres nawilebi... iberebs _ pariadres kalTebi, xorzeneda gogarene, romelic mtkvris gadaRma aris. xalibebisa da mosinikebisaganwaiRes kareniti da qserqsene, romlebic mcire armeniis mezobladarian” [Strabo, XI, 14,5]. movses xorenaci ki CvenTvis saintereso periodzeSemdeg cnobas gvawvdis: “arSakma im xanebSi somexTa qveyanaSi Tavi-106

si Zma, valarSaki gaamefa, misca mas sabrZaneblad CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi”;“xelmwifis garigebis Semdeg [uboZa] . . . Saras naSiers, guSars“mTinis mTa”, anu kangarqi, naxevari javaxeTi, kolbi, wofi da Zori hnarakertiscixesimagremde. aSocis uflad da taSiris sepuhad valarSakma haikianiguSari STamomavali ganamwesa, xolo kavkasiis mTis mopirdapiremxares, CrdiloeTis ganmgeblad daadgina didi da Zlevamosili gvari,romlis ufalT gugarelTa pitiaxSebi daerqvaT. isini iyvnen STamomavalnidarehis naxararis mihrdatisa, romelic wamoiyvana aleqsandrem damTavrad dausva nabuqodonosoris mier tyved moyvanil iverielTa modgmas”[49; II 3, 8]; 116 “artaSesma (valarSakis vaJma) Tavisi asuli, artaSamamiaTxova vinme mihrdats, qarTvelTa did pitiaxSs; igi naSieri iyo darehisnaxararis mihrdatisa... somexTa mefem mihrdats miando CrdiloeTismTebisa da pontos zRvis gamgebloba” [49, II, 11 ]. 117 sebeosisgan ki vigebT,rom “am dros arSakma gaamefa Tavisi Zma arSaki, zedmetsaxelad umcrosi,somxeTze qalaq mcbinSi da gamouyo mas miwebi: arabeTi... kabadokia kilikiiT,didi dasavleTis zRvis sanapiromde CrdiloeTis mxridan kavkasiisdid mTebamde... man gaagzavna is mrcinidan dasavleTisaken didi laSqriT...da veravin aRudga mas win, mis Sesaxvedrad gamovida bagrat faraziani,aramenakis Svilebidan erT-erTi didi naxarari jariT. miuboZa ZRveni...116movses xorenacis am cnobaSi laparaki unda iyos qarTuli teritoris mitacebazesomxeTis mier, rac strabonis zemoT moyvanil cnobebs exmianeba. movses xorenacTanmoxseniebuli javaxeTi, aSoci-aboci da taSiri qarTuli teritoriebia, romlebicfarnavazis dros qarTlis samefos ekuTvnis. “mefeTa cxovrebaSi” vkiTxulobT: “ganawesaerisTavni rvani da spaspeti... meoTxe gagzavna samSvildes erisTavad, da miscaskvireTisa da mdinareTgan vidre mTamde, romel ars taSiri da aboci, mexuTe gagzavnawundis erisTavad, da misca farvaniTgan vidre Tavamde mtkurisa, romel ars javaxeTida kola da artani” [61; 24]. s. kakabaZe da g. meliqiSvili Tvlidnen, rom straboniseulgogareneSi (somxur wyaroebSi gugarqi) istoriuli qvemo qarTli igulisxmeba [28; 18]xoraZene ki mis dasavleTiT mdebare olqia, gadaWimuli mtkvrisa da Woroxis dinebaTaSoris. igi moicavda javaxeTsa da taSirs, zogic mas klarjeTs ukavSirebs [44; 148].g.qavTaria Tvlis, rom strabonis xorZene, “moqcevai qarTlisais” arian qarTli daleonti mrovelis klarjeTi erTsa da imave olqs moicavda [60; 30].117strabonis Tanaxmad, swored artaSes I-is (artaqsias) mefobis dros gogarene, iseverogorc sxva qarTuli mxareebic somxeTs SeuerTda [49; 266]107

Semosa mamapapeuli gvirgviniT, dasva taxtze... da misca colad Tavisiasuli”[124; 16-17]. 118 zemoT moyvanil samive wyaroSi laparakia erT istoriulmovlenaze _ somxeTis gaZlierebasa da mis mier mezobeli teritoriebisdapyrobis Sesaxeb. am dapyrobaTa arealSi iberiis samefo teritoriebisgarkveuli nawilic moqceula. leonti mrovelTan moxseniebuli ambavi,rom “aman farnajom mefeman umata yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa Seneba”, ganpirobebuliunda yofiliyo somxeTis mxridan mosalodneli safrTxiT,rac misi rogorc mefobis dros, aseve mis Semdeg taxtze asuli mefeebis,farsmanisa da kaosis mefobis periodSi dadasturda kidec [61; 44]. 119 qar-Tlis samefoSi sagareo garTulebebs Tan daerTo Sida problemebic: “SeiTquneserisTavni qarTlisani umravlesni”. “mefeTa cxovreba” mizezadasaxelebs imas, rom mefe farnajomma “Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlismsaxureba... da iwyo cxadad gmoba kerpTa. amisTvis moiZules igi mkÂidrTaqarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT”[61; 29]. Cven esversia marTebulda ar migvaCnia da vTviliT, rom mefis es nabiji, upirvelesyovlisa, pirvel farnavazianTa saSinao politikur-socialuri reformebiTunda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. qarTlis samefo karze gadat-118sebeosTan moxseniebuli bagrat faraziani qarTuli warmomavlobis rom iyo, amazejer kidev g. meliqiSvili miuTiTebda [46; 50]. m.sanaZe, T. dundua, bagrat faraziansgadamweris Secdomad miiCneven da mas bagrat farnavazianad kiTxuloben [51; 87], [19; 5].Cveni azriT, es bagrati igive mihrdat_miriania. m. andronikaSvili bagrat-bagadatTandakavSirebiT aRniSnavda: “Zveli sparsuli BBagadata RvTis mocemuli, RvTis wyalobaa...SeadareT, magaliTad, rusuli Богдан, falauri yazdanbaxs, Turquli alahverdi, qarTuliRvTiswyaloba, avestaSi dadasturebuli forma Bavodata” [4; 443]. m. andronikaSvilsmirdatis saxels adarebs Zvel iranul Mihradata _ anu miTras mocemuls daanalogiurad nawarmoeb saxelebs: bagrat, Trdat, spandiat da sxv. rusi mecnieri i.a.grantovski wers, rom “iranuli baga xSirad miekuTvneboda miTras” [4; 478], [113; 302], ammosazrebebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom bagrati da miTrdat-miriani erTida igive pirovneba unda iyos. Tu erT SemTxvevaSi bagrat-bagadati RvTis mocemulsniSnavs, meore SemTxvevaSi mihrdati – miTras mocemuls. sebeosiseuli bagaratfaraziani (farnavaziani) da leonti mrovelis mirvani (movses xorenacTan _ mihrdati)erTi da igive pirovneba rom aris, amis safuZvels gvaZlevs sebeosis istoriisa daleonti mrovelis “mefeTa cxovrebis” Sesabamisi adgilebis paraleluri Sedarebebic.119farsmanisa da kaosis mefobis periodSi somxeTis “mefe iarvand. . . emZlavra farsmanarmazelsa da mouRo sazRvarsa qarTlisasa wunda da artani mtkuramde”108

ialebis mcdelobas jer kidev mefe saurmagis dros hqonda adgili: “masJamsa Sina zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da Tques: ara keTil arsCuenda, raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cuensa, aramed viyoT erTad, damovklaT Cuen saurmag”[61; 26]. saurmagi daxmarebis saTxovnelad durZukeTsmidis: “xolo azonelebad wodebuli laSqari gaemarTa masTan mamamisissikeTis gamo” [61; 26], amis Semdeg saurmagma “daipyra qarTli damosrna gandgomilni misni” [61; 27]. 120 aRniSnul dapirispirebaSi saurmagsfarnavazis dros dawinaurebuli aznaurebi exmarebian, romlebic, “mefeTacxovrebis” mixedviT, qarTlis mkvidrni ar yofilan. g. qavTaria zemoTmoyvanil citatas Semdegnairad ganixilavs: “imdroindel saqarTveloSigabatonebuli klasis ori kategoria arsebobda: “warCinebulni” da “aznaurni”.warCinebulTa Cadenil danaSauls Sedegad mohyva maTi damdableba,xolo “warCinebul yvna aznaurni”, damsaxurebis jildos warmoadgenda”[59; 102], amas ki qarTlis mosaxleobaSi ukmayofileba unda gamoewvia, ramacgamoZaxili farnajomis mefobis dros hpova, (anu “warCinebulebma”,romlebic saurmagis dros damarcxdnen da TavianTi privilegiebi dakarges,Tavi wamoyves mefe farnajomis mefobis periodSi, rasac xeli SeuwyogarTulebulma sagareo politikurma viTarebam, romelmac, rogorc aRvniSneT,gavlena iqonia qarTlis samefozec.) “SeiTqunes erisTavni qar-Tlisani umravlesni . . . farnajom mefeman mouwoda sparsTa da moiyvannasparsni Zlierni da romelnime darComodes Semokribna qarTvelnica” [61;29] _ savaraudod, farnajomis momxreTa wreSi, “romelnime darComodesSemokribna qarTvelnica” saurmagis mefobis dros dawinaurebuli aznau-120es “aznaurebi”, “mefeTa cxovrebis” mixedviT, qarTlis mkvidrni ar yofilan.farnavazis cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT: “xolo igi hromni aTasni mÃedarni, romelniazonisgan moerTnen farnavazs... igini ganyÂna ÃevTa da queyanaTa Sina, ipurna iginikeTilad, rameTu brZolasa mas azonissa mÃned iyvnen da uwoda maT aznaurni” [61; 25]. g.qavTarias azriT, “farnavazma erTguli aTasi mxedari... ganyÂna xevTa da queyanaTa Sina”,axali safexuria mosaxleobis socialuri dayofis TvalsazrisiT. gamoikveTa mefismomxreTa gabatonebuli zeda fena [59; 102]. leonti mrovelis gadmocema, rom pirveliaznaurebi iyvnen “hromni aTasni mxedarni” SeiZleba mieweros feodalur sazogadoebaSigavrcelebuli Sexedulebebis gavlenas, im epoqas, rodesac gabatonebuli klasiswarmomadgenlebi acxadebdnen, rom ekuTvnodnen ucxour eTnoss da amiT amarTlebdnenTavianT batonobas adgilobriv mosaxleobaze” [59; 103].109

ebi unda yofiliyvnen. mefe farnajoms rom zustad aznaurTa kategoriiswarmomadgenelni uWerdnen mxars, leonti mrovels pirdapir ar aqvs miniSnebuli,misgan mxolod imas vigebT, rom farnajoms miemxrnen “romelnimedarComodes Semokribna qarTvelnica”, Tumca misi Zis mirvanis drosam ukanasknelis momxreTa jgufSi samefo taxtisaTvis brZolaSi “mcirednivinme qarTvelni, arawarCinebul”-Ta yofna gvafiqrebinebs, rom am arawarCinebulebSiaznaurebi unda vigulisxmoT. sparsulSi azatan (romlidanac,mecnierTa azriT, termini aznauri unda warmoqmniliyo), rogorc aRniSnuliaqvs g. wereTels, SedarebiT dabali fenis iraneli warCinebulis,aRmniSvneli termini iyo. [61; 29] aznaurebi qarTvel mefeebs arzoksada armazels aqtiurad exmarebodnen somexTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi _ [61;47]. 121 “mefeTa cxovrebis” mixedviT, aznaurebi SeiZleba moviazroT qar-Tvel mefeTa politikis aqtiur gamtareblebad, romlebic somxuri orientaciiserisTavebsa da mefeebs upirispirdebodnen.mas Semdeg, rac farnajomma “umata yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa Seneba.....daSeqmna kerpi zaden”, “mefeTa cxovrebidan” vigebT: “amis Semdeg Seiyuara(farnajomma v.v.) sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiTcecxlismsaxurni da moguni da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTaAamisTvis moi-Zules igi mkÂdrTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT”[61; 28]. amas mohyva is, rom “SeiTqunes erisTavni qarTlisani umravlesni,da waravlines mociquli winaSe somexTa mefisa da Tques: mefe CuenigardaÃda sjulsa mamaTa Cuenisa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTaqarTlisaTa, SemoiRo sjuli mamuli da dauteva sjuli deduli.121“da iyo oZrÃes, qalaqsa Sina erisTavi mefisa armazelisa aznaurTagani da igidadgromil iyo sarwmunoebiT erTgulebasa zeda armazelissa”; “da iyo klarjeTserisTavi arzok mefisa, aznaurTavegani. da igi avnebdes sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa,queyanasa parxlisasa, romel ars tao, da vervin Sevidoda mavne klarjeTs... da mkvidrniklarjeTisani iyvnen, kacni mkvircxni da mÃedarnica” [61; 48]. moyvanili citatebi kideverTi dasturi imisa, rom aznaurebis saxiT mefis momxreTa gabatonebuli zedafenagamoikveTa, romelTac daunawildaT miwebi qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, “rasac ormagiamocana ekisreboda: jildo damsaxurebis sanacvlod da mefis xelisuflebisganmtkiceba adgilebze, momxreTa es gza gazrdida erTianobis orientaciis momxreTaricxvs”. ixileT [59; 102].110

aw arRara Rirs aris igi mefed Cuenda. moguec Ze Seni arSak, romelsauzis colad naTesavi farnavazianTa, mefeTa CuenTa-guaSuele Zali Senida vaotoT farnajom, SemomRebeli axlisa rjulisa, da iyos mefed CuendaZe Seni arSak da dedoflad Cuenda coli, misi, Svili mefeTa Cuen-Ta”[61; 29]. qarTveli erisTavebis mier qarTlis samefoSi momxdari gadatrialebamotivirebuli unda yofiliyo ara religiuri, aramed socialurpolitikurimizezebiT, raSic mniSvnelovani roli, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,sagareo faqtorma da saSinao dapirispirebam iTamaSa. somxebi(romelTa warmomadgenelic mefdeba qarTlSi) sparsuli religiis mimdevarniiyvnen (ixileT vrclad qvemoT). CvenTvis ucnobia, somxeTis mefisarSak arSakunianis Svilma, romelic (iseve rogorc danarCenimosaxleoba) sparsuli religiis mimdevari iyo, an misma memkvidreebma gaataresTu ara qarTlSi religiuri reforma, Tumca erTi ram cxadia _arSak arSakunianis qarTlis samefos saTaveSi mosvla TavisTavad undagulisxmobdes qarTlis samefos ara marto politikur damorCilebas,aramed somxeTidan sparsuli religiis Semosvlasa da qarTul warmar-Tul panTeonSi zoroastruli RvTaebebis gaCenas. Tumca, rogorc qvemoTdavinaxavT, qarTvelebisTvis zoroastruli RvTaebebi ucxo ar yofilada maTi gavrceleba saqarTveloSi jer kidev aqemeniduri iranis periodidanSeiZleba vivaraudoT.somxebi rom sparsuli religiis mimdevarni yofilan, amas jer kidevberZeni geografi straboni aRniSnavda: “Cvevebi midielebs da armenielebsmetwilad erTi da igive aqvT, imitom rom qveyanac maTi msgavsia”; cotaqvemoT ki vigebT: “sparsTa yvela siwmides scemen pativs midielebi da armenielebi”[Strabo, XI, 14,16]. warmarTi somxebis mier sparsTa RmerTebisadmiTayvaniscemas ixsenieben movses xorenaci [49; II, 31,53,60,86 da a.S.], aga-Tangelosi [166; 13,18-20,26 da a. S.], plutarqe [Plut. Lukul. 24], faustos buzandi[162; III, XIV, XXV da a, S.], da sxva.aqemenidebis periodSi somxeTi sparseTis XIII satrapias warmoadgenda.122 somxur warmarTul panTeonSi sparsuli RvTaebebis arseboba iZlevaimis sababs, rom somxebSi jer kidev Zv. w. VI s-Si moviazroT ira-122 ixileT;Беситунская надпис царя Даря I (521-486); [116; 262, 265]111

nuli RvTaebebis _ ahuramazdas, anahitis, miTrasa da vereTragnas gavrceleba,romlebic somxur wyaroebSi aramazdis, anaiti-anahitis, mixris, vahagnissaxelebiT arian cnobilni. Tu etimologiurad da RvTaebrivifunqciebiT SevudarebT qarTul warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs somxurda sparsul RvTaebebs, maT Soris bevr saerTos aRmovaCenT, magaliTis-Tvis: armazi _ aramazdi _ ahuramazda 123 saxelebis msgavsebis garda maTRvTaebrivi funqciebic erTnairi aqvT; sakuTar panTeonebSi samiveni umaRlesiRvTaebebi arian da nayofierebasa da mesaqonleobas mfarveloben. 124qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis kidev erTi RvTaeba ainina, romlisaRmarTvasac qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro saurmag mefes miawers [92; 320],SeiZleba davukavSiroT somxur anaitid [Strabo. XIV, 16] _ anaitsa [162; T.XXV] da sparsul anahit-ardvisura anahits:“vinc mamacT aZlevs tanis simrTeles,vinc diacT aZlevs keTil dedobas,vinc droze aZlevs dedis rZes Svilebs” [1 ; 74].Tu ki somxebi sparsul religias misdevdnen, somxeTis mefis arSakarSakunianis Svilic (romelic qarTlSi gamefda), am religiis mimdevari123movses xorenaci qarTul RvTaeba armazs aramazdad moixseniebs: “nunem mospo Weqaquxilismomvlinebeli aramazdis qandakeba”[49; II, 86]. armazi aramazdad ixseniebaqarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSic: “aramazdis dResaswaulis dResa mefesa damTel xalxs gavyev”; “Tu davakeliT rame msxverpls . . . movkvdebiT aramazdisagan”[64;86]. armazi rom sparsuli warmomavlobis RvTaebaa amis Sesaxeb miniSneba “mefeTacxovrebaSic” aris. farnavazi, romelic armazis kerpis Semqmnelad iTvleba, dediTsparsia: “ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqua” [61; 20].124armazi qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi myofi umaRlesi RvTaebaa: “RmerTiRmerTTa armaz, romel ara ars mis gareSe sxua kerpi” [61; 106].“wminda ninos cxovrebaSi” armazi “soflis mpyrobelad” ixsenieba [61; 89]. agaTangelosismixedviT, somxur aramazds somxebi “yvela RmerTis mamas” uwodeben, romlis mudmiviepiTetebia “didebuli da mamaci”, “cisa da miwis Semqmneli”, “nayofierebis momcemi” [166;13]. ahuramazda ki, romelic iranul panTeonSi umaRlesi RvTaebaa, darios mefiswarweris mixedviT, suecis arxidan Semdegi epiTetebiT ixsenieba: “RmerTi didiahuramazda, romelmac Seqmna zeca, miwa, adamiani . . . romelmac dariosi mefed gaxada”.ahuramazda SeiZleba gaazrebul iyos, rogorc nayofierebisa da mesaqonleobismfarveli RvTaeba [136; 44].112

unda yofiliyo. qarTveli erismTavrebisaTvis ki, romlebmac farnajomisamefo taxtidan Camoagdes sparsuli sjulis siyvarulisa da qarTvelTakerpebis gmobis gamo, cnobili unda yofiliyo, rom taxtze mowveulisomexi ufliswuli sparsuli religiis aRmsarebeli iyo. aqedan gamomdinare,qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi SeusabamobasTan gvaqvs saqme da leontimrovelis mier religiuri konfliqtis dasaxeleba farnajomis samefotaxtidan Camogdebis mizezad, ar unda Seeferebodes sinamdviles.SevecdebiT warmovadginoT Tu ratom migvaCnia gadatrialebis safuZvlad,politikur-socialuri dapirispireba: statiis saTauridan gamomdinare,CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ramdenime sityviT SevexoT RvTaebazadens, romlis kultis damkvidreba, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis Tanaxmad,mefe farnajoms miewereba. qarTvelma istorikosebma gamoTqves mosazreba,rom zadeni iranuli RvTaeba miTra unda yofiliyo. Ppirvelobaam mimarTebiT n. mars ekuTvnis: “zadeni ucilobliv warmoadgens avesturyazata, mravlobiT ricxvSi falaurSi iaztan, sparsulad yazdan da niSnavskeTil genias, gansakuTrebiT miTras an mihrs... zaden-miTras xsenebaarmaz-ormuzdis Semdeg srulebiT eTanxmeba imas, rom miTra ahurmazdasSemdeg erT-erTi mniSvnelovani RvTaebaa iranul religiaSi" [140 ; 7]. n.maris am mosazrebas eTanxmeboda germaneli mecnieri fon vezendokic, TavisgamokvlevaSi “qarTuli warmarTobis Sesaxeb”: “qarTuli zadeni miTrasunda udrides, radganac iberiaSi miRebuli iyo mzis RvTaebis Tayvaniscema.amitom araferi ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom Cven is davinaxoT zaden-Si, romelic unda iyos iranuli miTras Sesatyvisi RvTaeba” [175; 84]; s. makalaTiaki werda: “qarTul uZveles matianeebSi moxseniebuli RvTaebazadeni _ yazata Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT miTras SesatyvisiRvTaebaa, romelic avestis himnebSi (yeshts) xSirad moxseniebulia mihir- yazata”-ad [38; 193]. zadens miTrad miiCnevda l. meliqseT-begic: “armazi warmoadgendaumaRles RvTaebas, mzis RvTaebas . . . Cveulebriv is moTavsebuliiyo zadenis gverdiT, rogorc iranul panTeonSi ormuzdis gverdiTidga miTra, xolo somxurSi aramazdis gverdiT _ mihri” [142; 39] 125125k. kekeliZe RvTaeba miTras saxes qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi, umaRles RvTaebaarmazSi xedavda, “wminda ninos cxovrebaSi” armazis aRwerilobidan gamomdinare [30; 351-113

qarTvelebSi rom miTras kulti myarad arsebobda, k. kekeliZes das. makalaTias amasTan dakavSirebiT saerTo azri gaaCniaT: “saqarTveloSiTiTqmis yvelgan wesad iyo, rom Sobis dResaswauls Roris dakvliT egebebodnen,am SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs miTraizmis erT-erT gadmonaS-TTan . . . 25 dekemberi, qristianuli Sobis dResaswauli, qristianobamdeCvenSic iyo dResaswauli miTras Sobisa. Rori ki yovelTvis da yvelganmiTras wminda cxovelad iTvleboda” [30; 351], [38; 200.]. miTras saxelsCvenSi atarebdnen mefeebi: mihr, mihrdat, mihran [39; 18].saqarTveloSi RvTaeba miTras arsebobis Sesaxeb metyveleben arqeologiurieqsponatebi miTras gamosaxulebebiT. mcxeTaSi aRmoCenilia ritualuriWurWlis fragmentuli yuri, romelzec reliefuradaa gamosaxuliRvTaeba miTra Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli atributebiT: mzis rozetiT,taxisa da yornis TavebiT, RvTaebrivi atributiT _ joxiT da sxv[38; 189]. amasve adasturebs samegreloSi, sofel saCinoSi aRmoCenili miTrasbrinjaos qandakeba [38; 193]. miTras kidev erTi qandakeba daculia saqarTvelossaganZuris ganyofilebaSi (inventari # 540). qandakeba warmoadgensxarze gadamjdari adamianis figuras, romelsac marcxena xeli xarisTavze udevs. figuris Tavi marjvnivaa gadaxrili. xari wina fexebiTCaCoqilia. n. yifianma calke statia miuZRvna am qandakebas da is miTraatisadmiiCnia [85; 87]. sayuradReboa aseve yanCaeTis samarxSi aRmoCenilisabeWdi beWdebi, romlebzec cxeni (zogan mxedriT), frinveli da astraluriniSani - rvaqimiani varskvlavia gamosaxuli [11; 23-30]. i. gagoSiZemas mTvaris RvTaebis ikonografiad miiCnevs, romlis saxeli antikur xanaSiarmazi unda yofiliyo[11; 46]. Cven ver gaviziarebT mkvlevaris am mosazrebas.Cveni varaudiT, yanCaeTis samarxSi aRmoCenil eqsponatebze iranuliRvTaeba miTraa gamosaxuli, am RvTaebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ikonografiiTada simboloebiT. miTra Zvel sparsul enaze “mzes” niSnavda,rac zenduri wignebiTac dasturdeba [166; 27],[132; 113],[136; 38]. 126 miTra win352]; zadenTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazreba gaaCnia m. wereTelsac: “zaden araris miTra . . . zaden aris xeTuri RmerTi sandon, xeTurad santas, RmerTimcenareulobisa” [94; 94]126vrclad ixileT_Mmixr-iaStebis wigni, Tavi 10[136; 38]114

uswrebs “ukvdav, swrafcxenebian mzes” [136; 38], cxeni da mamali miTraswminda cxovelebi arian, romlebic mzesTan arian dakavSirebulni [136;38]. 127 miTra xSirad cxenze amxedrebuli gamoisaxeboda. 128 varskvlavi, romelsacyanCaeTis samarxis eqsponatebze vawydebiT, isev da isev RvTaebamiTrasTanaa dakavSirebuli _ varskvlavebs sparsuli sinaTlis RvTaebamiTras Tvalebs eZaxdnen [161; 107].zaden-miTras kultis gavrcelebas qarTlis samefoSi leontimroveli mefe farnajoms miawers, Tumca am RvTaebis kultis gavrcelebaqarTvelebSi ufro adrea savaraudebeli. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebzedayrdnobiT, am RvTaebis kulti qarTvelebSi Zv.w. III saukuneze ufro adreunda gavrcelebuliyo. leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farnajomis winamorbedimefe mirvani yofila. mirvanis saxelis gamoCena qarTul werilobiTwyaroSi RvTaeba miTras arsebobaze unda miuTiTebdes qarTvelebSi:mirian _ mirvan _ mihran _ miTridate _ mirdats saerTo Ziri aqvs daRvTaeba miTrasgan momdinare saxelebia. rac Seexeba arqeologiur masalas,am RvTaebis gamosaxulebiani sabeWdavebi aRmoCenilia yanCaeTis samarxSi.sabeWdavze gamosaxuli RvTaeba miTras erT-erT pirvel gamosaxulebadmigvaCnia saqarTveloSi. i. gagoSiZe yanCaeTis samarxs Zv. w. V saukunisSua xanebiT aTariRebs [11; 77]. imave periods ganekuTvneba samarxSiaRmoCenili inventaric (maT Soris _ sabeWdavebic). xom ar niSnavs miTrasgamosaxulebiani inventaris aRmoCena yanCaeTis samarxSi imas, rom qarTvelebisTvisZv. w. V s-is Sua xanebidan cnobili unda yofiliyo miTraskulti, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom amave periods ganekuTvnebaartaqserqses (462 _ 424) mefoba sparseTSi _ is pirveli aqemenidi mefea,127“oTx raSs mihyavs (miTras) etliyvela erTnairad TeTri ferisaa”miTras wminda cxovelebi mamlisa da cxenis garda, arian _ gveli, ZaRli, morieli,lomi, taxi. miTra gamoisaxeba xarTan erTad, rogorc xaris dammarcxebeli. somxebSimixris wminda frinveli yoranicaa [145; 154-157, 160] mamali miTras Tanmdevia da mzesTanasocirdeba [145; 309].128ixileT marmarilos bareliefebi venidan [145; 156]115

omlis saxelTanac RvTaeba miTra moixsenieba. artaqserqses miTrasadmiTayvaniscemas plutarqec ixseniebs [Plut. Artax. 3]. 129kidev erTi xazgasasmeli faqti, romelic mefe farnajomis saxelTanaadakavSirebuli da exmianeba “mefeTa cxovrebaSi” dacul cnobasTiTqosda farnajomma “Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvannasparseTiT cecxlis msaxurni da moguni”, rac Cveni azriT, qarTlissamefoSi sparsuli religiis popularobiTa da cecxlTayvanismcemluritaZrebis mSeneblobiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. marTlac, saqarTveloSiaRmoCenili cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis (meti wilis) aSenebisTariRi farnajomis mefobis periods emTxveva. i. gagoSiZe dedoflis mindvrissataZro kompleqss, romelic “mazdeizmTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli”,Zv. w. II s. aTariRebs [12; 64 ]. imave periodiT Zv.w. II s. aTariRebdal. WilaSvili nazverev goraze mcire bazilikis qveda fenis kuTvnilnagebobas, romelic Semdgom miTreumad gadakeTda [96; 9,71]. Zv. w. III s. dasawyisiTada II s. SuaxanebiTaa daTariRebuli cixiagoras sataZro kompleqsi,romelsac aseve moeZebneba paraleli zoroastrul taZrebTan [43;47]. samive am warmarTuli taZris aSenebis TariRi qarTlSi farnajomismefobas emTxveva (romelsac, savaraudod, Zv. w. II s-is dasawyisSi undaemoRvawna) da exmianeba “mefeTa cxovrebaSi” dacul cnobas.yvelaferi zemoqmulidan gamomdinare, farnajomi araa zadenis kerpisdamwesebeli. am RvTaebis gavrceleba qarTlSi ufro adrea savaraudebeli.“moqcevaÁ qarTlisai” qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Camoyalibebasazonisa da pirveli oTxi farnavaziani mefis Rvawlad miiCnevda, rasacqarTuli werilobiTi wyaro SesaZloa maT gansadideblad akeTebda. ahuramazda,anahiti da miTra aqemenidi mefis artaqserse II-is droidan moixseniebianerTad werilobiT wyaroebSi 130 da mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobensparsul religiaSi. maTi daqsaqsva da qarTul werilobiT wyaroSiam kerpebis SemoRebis sxvadasxva farnavaziani mefeebisaTvis miwera arasworia,radgan isini jer kidev mefe farnavazisaTvis unda yofiliyo cno-129m. a. dandamaevisa da v.g. lukoninis azriT, amaze werilobiTi wyaroebi daarqiteqturuli nagebobebic metyveleben [117; 305].130 Надпис Артаксеркcа о сооружении дворца в сузи [136; 45], [117; 312-313]116

ili, romelmac kerpi armazi aRmarTa. s. makalaTiam marTebulad SeniSna,rom “RvTaeba miTra artaqserse II-is droidan mudmivad ahuramazdas gverdiTmoixsenieba ..... RvTaeba armazis da cecxlis Tayvaniscemis kultis saqarTveloSiarseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs CvenSi miTras rwmenis arsebobasac,romelic ahuramazdas meore pirad iTvleba. amis garda, TviTmazdeanuri moZRvrebis gavrcelebac qarTvelTa Soris miTras gareSe SeuZlebeliiqneboda, radganac mazdeanizmis mTeli moZRvreba da misi siwmindisdacva-gatareba umTavresad miTraze iyo damyarebuli” [38; 185].rogorc vnaxeT Zv. w. II s-is dasawyisi mniSvnelovani politikuricvlilebebisa da dapirispirebis periodi iyo, ramac asaxva hpova saqar-Tvelozec. qarTlis samefos mezoblad gaZlierebulma somxebma amperiodSi, SeZles Careuliyvnen qarTlis samefos saSinao saqmeebSi da miitaceskidec saqarTvelos rigi teritoriebi. qarTlis samefos saSinaosaqmeebSi ucxo Zalis Carevas samefo gadatrialeba mohyva, romlis Sedegadac,farnajomis nacvlad qarTlis samefos saTaveSi mefe arSak arSakunianisZe modis. qarTlis samefo karze gadatrialeba ganpirobebuliunda yofiliyo ara marto sagareo cvlilebebiT, aramed saSinao dapirispirebiTac.mimdinare msjelobam gamoavlina, rom qarTlis samefo karzeori dajgufeba unda arsebuliyo, romelTagan erTi somxuri orientaciismomxre yofila. rogorc Cans, am dapirispirebaSi gamarjveba am ukanasknelTmoupovebiaT, rasac mohyolia arSak arSakunianis asvla qar-Tlis samefo taxtze. qarTlis mefis farnajomis momxreTa jgufSi farnavazisdros dawinaurebuli aznaurebi unda yofiliyvnen, romlebic“warCinebul yvna” mefe saurmagma. qarTlis erisTavebSi maTTvis “ucxoaznaurTa” dawinaurebas ukmayofileba unda gamoewvia, ramac Tavi iCinamefe farnajomis periodSi; ucxo Zalis daxmarebiT, qarTvelma erisTavebmaSeZles samefo saTaveSi moeyvanaT maTTvis sasurveli kandidati daaRedginaT mefe saurmagis dros Selaxuli uflebebi. qarTvel erisTavTakvlav aRzevebas aznaurTa damdableba unda gamoewvia. mefe farnajomisdros momxdari gadatrialebis Sedegad, mefis momxreTa es jgufi damarcxebulia,rasac somexTa mxridan qarTuli miwebis mitaceba da qarTlissamefos saTaveSi maTTvis sasurveli kandidatis dasma mohyolia. zemoTqmulidangamomdinare gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom daiwyo mefe farnajomma117

Tavisi mefoba “yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa SenebiT” _ es ganpirobebuli undayofiliyo samxreTidan mosalodneli safrTxiT.kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac leonti mroveli mefefarnajomis saxels ukavSirebs, aris zadenis kerpis Seqmna da is, rom“Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni da moguni”. qarTvel mecnierebSi gamoTqmulia mosazrebazaden-miTras igiveobis Sesaxeb. is, rom qarTvelebi miTras kults icnobdnen,adasturebs saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri nivTebi miTrasgamosaxulebebiT, xolo zemoT moyvanili cnoba imaze unda metyvelebdes,rom farnajomis dros aqtiurad unda dawyebuliyo cecxlTayvanismcemluritaZrebis mSenebloba, razec saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamovleniliaraerTi warmarTuli taZari metyvelebs _ cixiagora, dedoflismindorida nekresis mcire bazilikis qveda fenis kuTvnili nageboba,romlebic imave periodiT TariRdebian, rodesac farnajoms unda emefa _Zv. w. II s. I naxevriT.118

daskvna119

qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis umTavressaSualebas qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi warmoadgenen, romlebic mniSvnelovaninformacias gvawvdian qarTvelTa winaqristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebisSesaxeb. Lleonti mroveli qarTvelTa warmarTuli RvTaebebisqarTlSi Semotanasa da damkvidrebas azos, farnavazs, saurmagsa da farnajomsmiawers (“wminda ninos cxovrebis” avtori qarTlis zemoT xsenebulmefeebTan erTad, erT-erTi kerpis _ daninas Tayvaniscemis dawesebasmefe mirvanis Rvawlad miiCnevs). Cveni kvlevis mizani am kerpebis Seswavlada sadaurobis garkveva iyo. Catarebulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom qar-TvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis formirebam sakmaod grZeli da rTuligza ganvlo, sanam im saxes miiRebda, rogorc es “wminda ninos cxovreba-Sia” aRwerili. rigi RvTaebebis fesvebis Zieba winaelinistur xanaSi gviwevs,zogi maTgani zoroastruli RvTaebebis asociaciebs badebs, nawiliki adgilobrivi RvTaebebia. amis mixedviT, “mefeTa cxovrebaSi” da “wmindaninos cxovrebaSi” moxseniebuli qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonisRmerTebi sam kategoriad davyaviT:1.”RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da ga”, anu qarTvelTa winaprebis kerpebi.maT qarTlSi (mcxeTaSi) Semotanas leonti mroveli azos saxelsukavSirebs, romelic warmoSobiT arian qarTlidan iyo. gacisa da gasetimologiuri paraleli sxva xalxebis religiebSi ar moiZebneba, qar-Tul werilobiT wyaroSi ki am ori kerpis moxseniebam, rogorc “RmerTnimamaTa CvenTani”, safuZveli mogvca isini adgilobriv warmarTul RmerTebadCagveTvala. sainteresoa, rom farnavazi, romelic qarTlSi armazis(ahuramazdas) Tayvaniscemas amkvidrebs, ar spobs qarTvelTa winaprebisRmerTebs. ufro metic, “wminda ninos cxovrebis” avtori maT armazisgverdiT mdgomebad moixseniebs. gaci da ga, TavianTi RvTaebrivi funqciebiT,werilobiT wyaroSi daculi aRwerilobis mixedviT, miTras TanmdevRvTaebebs sroSasa da raSnus, an kautosa da kautopats mogvagoneben, paralelebisgavleba RvTaebebis am orive wyvilTanaaY SesaZlebeli, racwinamdebare naSromSi warmoebulma kvlevamac cxadyo. rac Seexeba armaziskerpis sakiTxs, “wm. ninos cxovrebaSi” arsebuli aRwerilobis mixedviT,am SemTxvevaSi Cvens win ara ahuramazda, aramed RvTaeba miTraa, racam RvTaebis aRwerilobiTac dasturdeba mixr iaStebSi. naSromSi warmo-120

ebulma msjelobam dagvanaxa, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi sparsulimiTra Tavis or Tanmdev RvTaebasTan erTadaa warmodgenili. gacsa da gaimselinizmis periodSic ar daukargavT TavianTi Tavdapirveli RvTaebrivifunqciebi da niSan-Tvisebebi, radgan isini kargad moergo miTrasTanmdevi RvTaebebis Ffunqciebs;2. ainina da danina, romlebic Suamdinarul samyarosTan asocirdebianda etimologiurad axlos dganan nanaiasa (igive iSTari) da mis TanmdevRvTaeba ninadasTan (SeadareT (ai)ninada (da) nanas), romlebmac mogvianoperiodSi qarTvelTa warmaTul panTeonSic daimkvidres adgili. amRvTaebebis qarTvelur tomTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi arsebobaze yoruxTa-Sis V yorRanSi da yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasebi mianiSneben,romlebze gadmocemuli ritualuri siuJetebi Zvel aRmosavleTSi popularuliqalRvTaebis iSTarTan dakavSirebul miTologiur siuJetebsmogvagoneben, razec am RvTaebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamosaxvis maneracmetyvelebs. qalRvTaeba iSTaris Tayvaniscema qarTvelur tomebSi SuamdinareTisada mcire aziis civilizaciebTan kulturul-politikuri urTierTobisSedegia. QqalRvTaeba iSTaris kulti erT-erTi yvelaze popularulida Zlieri iyo Zvel aRmosavleTSi da arseboba mogviano period-Sic ganagrZo. Aam qalRvTaebis funqciebi gadaiRes mcire aziurma kibelam,artemidam da sparsulma ardvisura anahitmac. qarTveluri tomebisrwmena-warmodgenebSi es kulti imdenad Zlieri yofila, rom arsebobaqarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSic ganagrZo aininas saxeliT. saqarTveloSiaRmoCenilma arqeologiurma eqsponatebma iSTarisa da ardvisuraanahitis gamosaxulebebiT da maTi paraleluri masalebis moZiebam imdaskvnamde migviyvana, rom elinistur epoqaSi, qarTlSi, iSTaris kultisardvisura anahitis kultiT Canacvleba unda momxdariyo _ msgavsi procesielinistur samyaroSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo;3. mesame kategoriaSi qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis meTave Rmer-Tebi armazi da zadeni moiazrebian, romelTac bevri saerTo aqvT sparsulahuramazdasa da miTra iazatTan, ara marto etimologiurad, aramedTavianTi RvTaebrivi funqciebisa da aRwerilobis mixedviT. warmarTiqarTvelebis rwmena_warmodgenebSi cnobilia zoroastruli dualizmic _brZola keTilsa da borots Soris, rac “wminda ninos cxovrebaSic” aisa-121

xa _ werilobiTi wyaro or erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul “soflis mpyrobel”RvTaebas iTrujansa da armazs ixseniebs. iTrujani, sicruisa da borotebisRmerTi Ddrujia, razec ara marto am saxelis gamoyvana migvaniSnebsRvTaeba (i)Truj(ani)s saxelidan, aramed isic, rom qarTul werilobiTwyaros is armaz-ahuramazdasTan dapirispirebulad hyavs warmodgenili.winamdebare naSromSi Catarebulma kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom qarTvelTawarmarTuli panTeoni Tavisi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. masSi vxvdebiTrogorc adgilobriv, aseve Suamdinarul da iranul RvTaebebs, racqarTveluri tomebis kulturul- politikuri urTierTobebiT unda iqnesaxsnili am ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciebTan. Zv.w..III-IIaTaswleulebSi amkulturul-politikur urTierTobebze arsebobaze saubari arqeologiurimonacemebiT SegviZlia. rac Seexeba midiasa da aqemenidur iranTanQqarTveluri tomebis urTierTobas, amaze, ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebisgarda, ,qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroc saubrobs. qarTvelTa warmarTulipanTeonis ZiriTad birTvs iranidan Semosuli RmerTebi Seadgendnen.Tu rodidan gaCdnen es RvTaebebiQqarTveluri tomebis rwmena- warmodgenebSi,Aamaze pasuxs leonti mrovelTan vnaxulobT, romlis mixedviTacqarTvelur tomebs urTierToba uwevdaT jer midiasTan, Semdeg aqemenidebTanda parTelebTan, mogvianebiT ki _ sasanidebTan. AaRmosavleT saqarTvelosteritoriaze sparselTa rwmena- warmodgenebis gaCena midiissamefosTanaa kavSirSi, Tumca ufro aqtiuri kulturul-politikuri ur-TierToba qarTvelur tomebs aqemenidebTan uwevT. magram es sulac arniSnavs imas, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxvatomebis mTavar RvTaebebs zoroastrelTa RmerTebi warmoadgendnen.amis naTeli magaliTia is, rom arian qarTlidan mosul azos TavisiGRmerTebi gaci da ga mohyavs Tan, xolo qarTvelTa warmarTul pan-TeonSi zoroastrul RmerTebTan erTad arsebobas iSTar-nanaias kulticganagrZobs. rac Seexeba mazdeanuri panTeonis RvTaebebis win wamowevasada qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi meTave poziciebis dakavebas, qarTuliwerilobiTi wyaro amas farnavazis saxels ukavSirebs. paasuxs kiTxvaze,Tu ratom ar moxda romelime qarTveluri tomis RvTaebis warmar-TuliPpanTeonis saTaveSi mosvla, isev qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi vna-122

xulobT, romlis mixedviT “farnavaz iyo mamulad qarTleli, naTesaviuflosi, mcxeTosis Zisa da dedulad sparsi aspaneli,”[61;20] anu farnavazisparselebs unaTesavdeboda da, Sesabamisad, misTvis cnobili unda yofiliyosparselTa religiac (leonti mrovels mefe farnavazis saxeliRvTaeba armazis saxelidan gamohyavda da sparsul samyarosTan akavSirebda).Ffarnavazis mizani daqsaqsuli tomebis gaerTianeba iyo. religiurireformis erT-erTi mizezi esec unda gamxdariyo. saWiro iyo iseTi RvTaebismoqceva axladSeqmnili samefos religiuri panTeonis saTaveSi, romelicerTnairad nacnobi iqneboda sxva qarTveluri tomebisaTvis da arigulisxmebda erTi romelime tomis gabatonebas sxvebze, aseT RvTaebadfarnavazma armaz-ahuramazda moiazra. Aaqemenidur iranTan kulturul politikuriurTerToba qarTvelTa warmarTuli PpanTeonis formirebis bazisadiqca. GgasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qarTveli mefeebi sparselebsunaTesavdebodnen. aqedan gamomdinare religiac erTi unda hqonodaT (saurmagscolad bardavelis asuli mohyavs, memkvidred ki misi colis dedisdiswuli mirvani saxeldeba).Mmecnierebs, romlebic qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxs ikvlevdnen,RvTaebaTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebebi hqondaT.maTi nawili RvTaebebs xeTur-luviur samyarosTan akavSirebda, nawilic_ zoroastrul panTeonTan; iyo mcdelobebi maTi dakavSirebisa ber-Znul-romaul RmerTebTan. vfiqrobT, azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaoba qarTulwerilobiT wyaroebSi arsebulma bundovanma da mwirma cnobebma warmoSva.winamdebare naSromSi warmoebulma kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom qarTvelTawarmarTuli panTeonis Seswavlis sakiTxi mxolod erTi kuTxiT ar SeiZlebaganisazRvros. qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi Semaval RvTaebebsbevri aqvT saerTo rogorc SuamdinareTisa da mcire aziis xalxTa rwmena-warmodgenebTan,ise mazdeanobasTanac, nawili RvTaebebisa ki adgilobriviqarTveluri tomebis RmerTebia.qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeoni Q Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa daqarTveluri tomebis rwmena-warmodgenebis sinTezia elinizmis epoqaSi.Q qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi mazdeanTa RmerTebismier meTave poziciebis dakaveba ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo, upirvelesyovlisa, qarTveluri tomebis kulturul- politikuri urTierTo-123

iT jer midielebTan, Semdeg ki aqemenidur iranTan. aqemeniduri religiispopularobis mizezi, Cveni azriT, am religiis doqtrinaSicaa, romelicmonoTeizmsac qadagebs da dualizmic axasiaTebs.G gasaTvaliswinebeliaisic, rom iberiis samefos somxeTi esazRvreboda, sadac aqemenidimefeebis naTesavebi isxdnen satrapebad, rac Tavis Tavad ganapirobebdasparsTa religiis popularobas somxeTSi da, Sesabamisad, qarTlSic,radganac qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs bevri aqvT saerTosomexTa warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebTan. is faqti rom farnavazi damisi memkvidreebi sparselebs unaTesavdebian, rac kidev erTi sabuTia imisaTvis,rom avxsnaT, ratom moeqca warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi araromelime adgilobrivi tomis an xeTur-luviuri, aramed sparsuli Rmer-Tebi. garkveuli kvali qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeons elinizmmac daam-Cnia. “RmerTni MmamaTa CvenTan-”ma, Tu ufro Soreuli periodis kultebmaSeiTvises zoroastrelTa RmerTebis funqciebi da niSan Tvisebebi, magram,amave dros, TavianTi pirvandeli saxelebi SeinarCunes. Mmsgavsi movlena,anu adgilobrivi, mcire aziuri da aqemeniduri iranis RmerTebissaerTo warmarTul PpanTeonSi moqceva ar aris ucxo elinisturi xanissaxelmwifoebisaTvis amis yvelaze axlo da naTeli magaliTi somexTa winaqristianuliwarmarTuli panTeonia, sadac meTave pozicia elinisturda qristianobamdel xanaSi ahuramazdasa da sparsTa sxva RvTaebebs ukaviaT,Tumca maTTan Tanaarsebobas sxva mcire aziuri da adgilobriviRmerTebic ganagrZoben. Mmsgavs process iberiis samefos warmarTul pan-TeonSic vxvdebiT, rac winamdebare naSromSi Catarebulma kvlevamac dagvanaxa.124

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