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Democracy Project7Bryan Turner, “Religious Diversity and the Liberal Consensus,” dalam BryanTurner (ed.), Religious Diversity and Civil Society, A Comparative Analysis(Oxford: Bardwell Press, 2008), hlm. 49-71.8Ibid., hlm. 53-4.9Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, Vol. 2 (New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1975).10Lihat P. Ramasamy, “Civil Society in Malaysia, An Arena of Contestations?”dalam Lee Hock Guan (ed.), Civil Society in Southeast Asia (Singapore: ISEAS,2004), hlm. 198-216.11Gillermo O’Donnel dan Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from AuthoritarianRule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD,and London: John Hopkins University Press, 1986), hlm. 48-56; sebagaiperbandingan lihat juga Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems ofDemocratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America,and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, MD, and London: The JohnsHopkins University Press, 1996).12Lihat Thung Ju Lan, “Ethnicity and the Civil Rights Movement in Indonesia,”dalam Lee Hock Guan (ed.), Civil Society in Southeast Asia (Singapore: ISEAS,2004), hlm. 217-233.13Lebih detail tentang MUI dan pergeserannya pasca-Suharto, lihat NadirsyahHosen, ‘Behind the Scenes: Fatwas of Majelis Ulama Indonesia (1975-1998)’Journal of Islamic Studies, 15, 2 (2004): 147-79. Moch Nur Ichwan, ‘`Ulama,State and Politics: Majelis Ulama Indonesia After Suharto’ Islamic Law andSociety, 15, 1 (2005): 45-72 dan Mujiburrahman, Feeling Threatened: Muslim–ChristianRelations in Indonesia’s New Order. ISIM Dissertation. (Amsterdam:Amsterdam University Press, 2006).14UUPA No. 1/1989 memberikan peradilan agama posisi yang setara denganpengadilan lainnya, termasuk pengadilan umum, militer, dan tata usaha negara.Sedangkan Inpres No. 1/1991 tentang Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesiadikeluarkan untuk memberikan keseragaman rujukan bagi para hakimdi peradilan agama dalam memutus perkara.15Donald J. Porter, Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia (London: Routledge,2002).16Tentang ekspansi gerakan Islam militan menembus benteng pertahanan budayaabangan, lihat Noorhaidi Hasan, “Saudi Expansion, the Salafi campaignand Arabised Islam in Indonesia,” dalam Madawi Al-Rasheed (ed.), Kingdomwithout Borders, Saudi Arabia’s Political, Religious and Media Frontiers (Londonand New York: Hurst and Columbia University Press, 2008), hlm. 263-82.17Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the Making of State Power(Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001).18Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1977), hlm. 72.19Arjun Appadurai, ”The Production of Locality,” dalam Richard Fardon (ed.),Counterworks: Managing the Diversity of Knowledge (London: Routledge,1995), hlm. 204-5.20Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. II,The Power of Identity, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), hlm. 1-2.21Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and IndividualNeeds in Contemporary Society (London: Hutchinson, 1989), hlm. 109.22Diskusi lebih rinci tentang konsep ini lihat Nazih Ayubi, Political Islam: Religionand Politics in the Arab World (London: Routledge, 1991). Sebagai perbandingan,lihat Bruce B. Lawrence, Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist216 |MERAYAKAN KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA