socialuri samyaros sazrisiseuli ageba - socium.ge
socialuri samyaros sazrisiseuli ageba - socium.ge
socialuri samyaros sazrisiseuli ageba - socium.ge
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fenomenologiuri sociologiis ZiriTadi principebiI. alfred Sutci. pirovneba da mecnieri.II. fenomenologiuri filosofia da fenomenologuri sociologia.III fenomenologiuri sociologiis zogierTi terminis aucilebeliganmartebaIV e. huserli “mecnierebis krizisisa” da misi daZlevis gzebis Sesaxeb.V a.Sutcis “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” sociologia. “yoveldRiurobis sociologia’’VI a. Sutcis “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” sociologiaVII intersubieqturobis TeoriaI. alfred Sutci. pirovneba da mecnieri.fenomenologiuri sociologiis damaarseblis Sesaxebarsebuli biografiuli monacemebi sakmaod mwiria.a. Sutci daibada 1899 wels avstriaSi, q.venaSi. Seiswavlaiurisprudencia, da bankSi muSaobda iuridiulkonsultantad. pirveli msoflio omis dros avstria -ungreTis armiaSi msaxurobda. 1934 wels misi pirveliwignis “<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> <strong>sazrisiseuli</strong> <strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>” (dersinnhafte aufbau der socialen welt) gamosvlis Semdeg piradadgaecno edmund huserli, romelsac Zalian xSiradxvdeboda SemdgomSi. TiTqmis e.huserlisgardacvalebamde a. Sutcs masTan gacxovelebuli miwer - mowera hqonda e.huserlma igi miiwvia fraiburgis universitetSi, raTa misi asistentisadgili daekavebina, magram sxva garemoebis zewolisa da zegavlenis Sedegada.Sutcma uaryo es winadadeba. 1938 wels hitleruli okupaciis safrTxiswinaSe igi emigraciaSi gaemgzavra, jer parizSi xolo erTi wlis Semdeggadasaxlda niu - iorkSi (aSS), sadac elvin jonsonis universitetSi Seudgaakademiur moRvaweobas.1953 wlidan igi niu - iorkis <strong>socialuri</strong> kvlevebis axali skolissociologiis profesoria. niu - iorkSi a.Sutcs SesaZlebloba eZlevaurTierToba daamyaros huserlis iseT mowafeebTan, rogorebic iyvnen:dorion kernsi (Dorion Cairons), aron gurviCi (Aron Gurvitch), marvin faberi(Marvin Faber), feliqs kaufmani (Felix Kaufman) m.faberTan erTad a.Sutcmadaarsa saerTaSoriso fenomenologiuri sazogadoeba, Sedioda Jurnal“philosophy and phenomenolocal research” redaqciis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobaSi, misidaarsebis dRidan - 1941 wlidan. udroo gardacvalebam (1959 weli - niuiorkSi) Sewyvita misi muSaoba grandiozul proeqtze, romelic miznadisaxavda yoveldRiuri cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> struqturisa da masSigabatonebuli relevanturobis sistemis sistemuri gadmocemas.garda ukve xsenebuli Txzulebisa - “der sinnhate aurbau der sozialen welt”(inglisuri Targmani - the phenomenology of the social world) - erTaderTievropaSi mSobliur <strong>ge</strong>rmanul enaze dawerili naSromisa garda, mis kalamskidev amerikaSi dawerili 32 Sroma ekuTvnis, romelTa umetesi nawiliinglisur, zogierTi ki - frangul, <strong>ge</strong>rmanul da espanur enebzea1
Sesrulebuli. amerikaSi dawerili ASromebis umravlesoba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nsTematurad sustad dakavSirebul statiebs. Ddaisaxa ra miznad imdenadgrandiozuli amocana, rogoricaa fenomenologiuri sociologiisfundamentis Teoriuli dafuZneba, a.Sutcs SeeZlo emuSava da eweramxolod akademiuri valdebulebebisgan (saqmianobisgan) Tavisufal dros. damxolod sikvdilis Semdeg r.zaneris, m.faberis da m.naTansonis mier,romlebic mas piradad Zalian axlos icnobdnen, gamocemuli iqna misiTxzulebebis samtomeuli (collected papers, 1962,1964,1966, maratinus nighoff, thehague). sadac mis mier 1940 wlis Semdeg dawerili Sromebi Sevida.<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” sociologiis xeze fenomenologiuri filosofiisdamynisas, a.Sutci bazisuri sociologiuri cnebebis gaSuqebisa da axsnisinstrumentis saxiT huserliseuli fenomenologiis fundamentur ganwyobebsada debulebebs iyenebs. igi kargad acnobierebda <strong>socialuri</strong> moqmedebis<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli sociologiis rogorc brwyinvalebas, ise SezRudulobis, manaCvena, rom vebers aRar ganuviTarebia sociologiis zogadi meTodologiurida Teoriuli problemebi, rasac misi problematikis interesebi moiTxovda.vebers aseve ar gaucnobierebia sociologiuri analizis sxvadasxva donezesakvanZo - ZiriTadi terminebis gamoyenebaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebi. m.veberis ZiriTadi postulatebis da maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani -subieqturi interpretaciis postulatis - miRebiT <strong>socialuri</strong>fenomenologiis fuZemdebeli aSuqebs zogierTi cnebis farul sazrisebs,zogierTs ki aviTarebs im sazRvrebs gareT, romel sazRvrebsa Tu mijnebzeveberma daasrula Tavisi analizi, Tavs uyris da aviTarebs gansxvavebulkonteqstebSi gamoyenebul veberiseuli cnebebis sazrisebs.fenomenologiuri sociologiis umniSvnelovanes meTodologiur imperativadSutci miiCnevs mis mier formulirebul postulats, rom sociologiurianalizis sxva doneze gadasvlisas yvela adre gamoyenebuli cnebebimniSvnelobaTa arsebiT cvlilebasa da gadaadgilebebs ganicdian, rasacxSirad Tavad mkvlevarebic ki ver amCneven. a. Sutci darwmunebulia, romsocialur mecnierebebSi arsebuli mravali gau<strong>ge</strong>broba da bundovneba amZiriTadi meTodologiuri imperativis gau<strong>ge</strong>brobisagan mimdinareobs.m.veberis sociologiis, Tumca sapirispiro mimarTulebiT, igi aanalizebsiseT cnebebs, rogorebicaa: ”subieqturad gaazrebuli moqmedeba”, “g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>dakvirvebis safuZvelze”, “motivaciuri g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>”, erTmaneTisgan acalkevebssubieqturi da obieqturi interpretaciis cnebebs. da TviT subieqturimniSvnelobis cnebac ki romelic veberis ga<strong>ge</strong>biT sociologiis safuZvelSidevs, Sutcs logikurad da semantikurad arasrulyofilad gaazrebul daaxsnil cnebad miaCnia. m. veberis teqstebi saSualebas iZleva movaxdinoTmisi interpretireba rogorc iseTi mniSvnelobisa, romelic moqmedebaseZleva Tavad moqmedi piris mier, iseTi mniSvnelobisa, romelic masmiewereba sxvis, partnioris an damkvirveblis mier. msgavsi ambivalenturobagardauvlad badebda ganuzRvrelobas, da gaurkvevlobas imasTan mimarTebaSiTu ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns subieqturi mniSvnelobebis rekonstruqciis saboloorezultati”: sxvadasxva individebis sakuTar qmedebaTa sazrisis Sesaxebwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis empiriulad gamovlenil statistikurad saSualomniSvnelobas Tu msgavsi “gasaSualebis” Semcvlel - Camnacvlebelidealizirebul obieqts, romlis maxasiaTeblebi Teoriulad mocemulipirobebiT ganisazRvreba? aseT Teoriulad mocemuli pirobebis ricxvSi m.2
vebers Seqonda daSveba tipiurad moqmedi piris mkacrad mizanracionaluriqcevis Sesaxeb. msgavsma daSvebam m. vebers saSualeba misca subieqturad daobieqturad mniSvneladi konteqstebis identificireba moexdina e.i.gaegivebina sazrisi, romelsac moqmedi piri aZlevs Tavis qmedebas, erTismxriv, da sazrisis, romelsac am qmedebas aZlevs komunikaciuri partniorian damkvirvebeli - meore mxriv. es veberiseuli sociologiis namdviladZlieri gaidializebuli daSvebaa, da misi moxsniT, fenomenologiurisociologia obieqturad mniSvnelad konteqstSi subieqturi mniSvnelobebisSeuTanmxmeblobis doneebsa da transformaciis wesebs ikvlevs. sxvasityvebiT, tipiuri kantianuri kiTxvebis dasmiT “rogoraa SesaZlebeligasazrianisebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> moqmedeba”? <strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenologiaproblemurs xdis ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi sociologiis sayrden kategoriebs dametaanalizis doneze vrceldeba, e.i. im sakiTxebis sistematiur kvlevasmimarTavs, romlebic logikurad pirveladia Tavad <strong>socialuri</strong> cxovrebisTaobaze gamoTqmul mtkicebulebebTan mimarT.II. fenomenologiuri filosofia da fenomenologuri sociologia.ar aris ra “filosofiuri sociologia”, amave dros <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong>fenomenologia ar aris fenomenologiuri filosofiis arc kerZo ganStoeba,da arc gamoyenebiTi ganyofileba. maT sxvadasxva sagnebi aqvT.<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> fenomenologiuri sociologia ikvlevs arayofierebisa da azrovnebis pirvel safuZvlebs, aramed cdilobs “erTadcxovrebis xelovnebas” wvdes, Sesabamisad dakavebulia mxolod specialuriproblemebis wamoyenebiT da analiziT, magaliTad, <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong>sayovelTaod gaziarebuli sazrisebis universumis kvleviT, “mniSvnelobaTa<strong>socialuri</strong> fabrikis” muSaobis specifikiT da sxva.<strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenologia sazogadoebas sociokulturul erTobaSiadamianebis gamaerTianebeli cxovrebiseuli sazrisebis garkveuli sistemisfunqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT ikvlevs. amitom adamianebis frCxilebs gareTgamyvani masStaburi sistemis warmomqneli midgomebisgan gansxvavebiT,romelTa centrSic <strong>socialuri</strong> struqturebisa da institutebisgansazRvruli sistemis funqcionirebaa - <strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenologiissamyaro - esaa Tavdapirvel yoveldRiur interpretaciaTa samyaro, sazrisismanaTobeli adamianuri samyaro.pozitivisturi sociologia ar iTvaliswinebs <strong>socialuri</strong> “obieqtis”mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs, romelsac bunebis mecnierebis obieqtebisgangansxvavebiT, sakuTari “mecnierebamdeli” warmod<strong>ge</strong>na aqvs sakuTar Tavsa dasakuTar qmedebebze.swored am warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs (wina – interpretaciebs) unda efuZnebodes“ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” <strong>socialuri</strong> mecniereba, romelic TanxmobaSi modis cxovrebissamyaroSi adamianis gamocdilebasTan.“cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> cneba” (lebenswelt) centraluria <strong>socialuri</strong>cxovrebisadmi fenomenologiur midgomaSi. igi intersubieqturobisgamocdilebas ganaxorcielebs. huserlis mixedviT, “cxovrebis samyaro” –3
esaa bunebriv ganwyobaSi yoveldRiuri cnobierebis refleqsiamdelisicxadeebis samyaro. amitom nebismieri adamianuri gamocdileba arisgamocdileba cxovrebis samyaroSi da misive mizeziT.a.Sutci aris is sociologi romelmac fenomenologiuri midgoma gadaitanasocialur mecnierebaSi - amiT cdilobda is mecnierebis huserliseulikrizisis gadalaxvas.<strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenologiis CarCoebSi cxovrebis samyaro warmod<strong>ge</strong>barogorc adamianuri gamocdilebebis, orientaciebisa da moqmedebebisyovlismomcveli sfero, romlis daxmarebiTac adamianebi TavianT <strong>ge</strong>gmebs,saqmeebsa da interesebs axorcieleben manipulireben ra obieqtebiT daurTierTobas amyareben sxva adamianebTan.cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> cnebis sociologiuri sazrisi mdgomareobs imaSi, romigi ganasaxierebs - axorcielebs intersubieqturobis gamocdilebas -adamianuri urTierTobebis pirad gamocdilebas.transcendenturi egos wminda cnobierebis TviTwvdomis da Secnobisgamocdilebis adgils socialur fenomenologiaSi <strong>socialuri</strong>urTierTobebis gamocdileba - sazrisebis gansazRvrebaSi sxva, ucxocnobierebasTan rogorc TanamonawilesTan Sexvedris gamocdileba ikavebs.amitom <strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenologiis fundamenturi amocana intersubieqturi<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> fenomenologiuri konstituirebis procesis e.i. misiinterpretaciis socialurad mowonebuli wesebisa da xerxebis aRwera xdeba,romlebic <strong>socialuri</strong> komunikaciis Tavad SesaZleblobis safuZvelSi Zevs.a.Sutci sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT Semdegnairad axasiaTebs sicocxliscxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong>. igi sam ZiriTad niSans gamoyofs, romelTagan yvelazeZiriTadi mesamea, romelic danarCeni oris gamaerTianeblis funqciasasrulebs.- pirveli, cxovrebis samyaro – esaa cnobierebis bunebriv ganwyobaSi (Naturalattitude) arsebuli samyaro, romlis daxmarebiTac adamiani cxovrobs damoqmedebs cxovrebis samyaroSi. es ganwyoba pragmatulia, utilitarulia daTavis TavSi relevanturobis sxvadasxva sferoebs moicavs.a - meore, cxovrebis samyaro – esa socialur samyaroSi adamianis yofis daqcevis integraciuli daxasiaTeba. TiToeuli calke aRebuli situaciawarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns epizods adamianuri cxovrebis jaWvSi, da masSi adamianisqmedeba mis winamorbed cxovrebiseul gamocdilebazea dafuZnebuli. Agamocdilebis rogorc Sinaarsi ise Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi unikaluria.fenomenologiurad es niSnavs, rom adamianis cxovrebis samyaro – esaa misiyofiereba biografiulad determinirebul situaciaSi.da bolos mesame, cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> cneba moicavs agreTve im saSualebebs,romelTa daxmarebiTac adamiani orientirebas axdens cxovrebiseulsituaciebSi da aRwevs dasaxul miznebs codnis maragis gamoyenebiT.adamians ar SeuZlia sxvagvarad Tu interpretacia ar gaukeTa Tavis4
gamocdilebasa da dakvirvebebs, ar daisaxos cxovrebiseuli <strong>ge</strong>gmebi, Tu argansazRvra situacia, romelSic igi imyofeba, ar mimarTos arsebuli codnispersonalur marags.- cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> intersubieqturoba, niSnavs imas, rom <strong>samyaros</strong>bunebrivi koncefciis Taobaze gamoTqmuli personaluri interpretaciebigansazRvruli kulturuli EerTobis <strong>samyaros</strong> sayovelTaod mniSvneladsuraTad sinTezirdeba. es SesaZlebelia standartizirebuli nimuSebisa daformulirebebis, ‘’TviT identifikaciis” wyalobiT, romelic gansazRvrulijgufis (in-group) saerTo Sexedulebebs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen da mas uWeren mxars damis mdgradobas icaven. sxva, ucxo kulturuli erTobis wevrebi, romlebsac<strong>samyaros</strong> sakuTari, SedarebiTi myari koncefciebi aqvT, ucxo jgufs rogorcgareSes ise aRiqvamen.- a.Sutci, rogorc emigranti, swavlobda im process Tu rogor xdeba sxva,ucxo <strong>socium</strong>is aTviseba da maTTan Segueba.- fenomenologiuri “epoqes” Sesabamisad, saWiroa kvlevisas Tavi SevikavoT<strong>socialuri</strong> obieqtebis rogorc obieqturi realobis Sesaxeb rwmenisagan.bunebrivi ganwyobis specifikuri epoqe saSualebas gvaZlevs adamianurigamocdilebis yvela moazrebadi formis logosi gamovavlinoTda”<strong>socialuri</strong>s sazrisi” movipovoT. fenomelogiurad sakuTriv <strong>socialuri</strong>ki ar arsebobs, aramed, “mniSvnelobs”. Mmisi ontologiuri statusi aramowuravs mis yofierebas rogorc adamianuri saqmianobis produqts.fenomenologiur perspeqtivaSi motivi, <strong>ge</strong>gma, proeqti, ganzraxva,danaSaulebrivi umoqmedoba, xelidan gaSvebuli SesaZlebloba imdenadve“realuria”, ramdenadac adamianuri gonebisa da xelebis sxva nebismieriqmnileba. erTsac da meoresac ZaluZs – unari Seswevs, iqcnen SemecnebiTi dapraqtikuli urTierTobebis centrebad, da maSasadame, angariSvaldebuliaadamianuri gonebisa da sindisis winaSe.- <strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenologiis CarCoebSi <strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro uwinaresyovlisa da ZiriTadad warmogvid<strong>ge</strong>ba rogorc yoveldRiur cxovrebaSiadamianis mier gancdil da interpretirebul mniSvnelobaTa samyarod.amasTan erTad, <strong>socialuri</strong> mniSvnelobebi ar uswreben win adamianursaqmianobas h. rikertis absoluturi Rirebulebebis msgavsad. <strong>socialuri</strong>fenomenolo<strong>ge</strong>bi <strong>socialuri</strong> mniSvnelobebis rogorc adamianuri saqmianobistipizirebuli formebis, <strong>sazrisiseuli</strong> daxasiaTebebis gadakveTis wertiliskonstitiurebadi (ara Wvretadi) xasiaTis Sesaxeb warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebisagan amodian.- am TvalTaxedviT, <strong>socialuri</strong> realoba Cvens winaSe warmod<strong>ge</strong>ba rogorccxovrebiseuli samyaro, gancdili da interprirebadi adamianuryoveldRiurobaSi.- realoba, romelTanac saqme aqvs socialur fenomenologs – es am <strong>samyaros</strong>obieqtebisa da xdomilebebis tipizirebuli warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis formaSimocemuli intersubieqtur mniSvnelobaTa struqturirebuli samyaroa.5
- msgavsi tipizirebuli warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi yoveldRiuri interpretacebis sqemasqmnian – romlebic adamianis <strong>socialuri</strong> orientaciis Tavisufal cxadsaSualebebad arian miRebuli da aRiarebuli. xolo ramdenadac <strong>socialuri</strong><strong>samyaros</strong> konstruirebis procesi SeiZleba aRwerili iqnas rogorcyoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobis cvlileba <strong>socialuri</strong> mniSvnelobebisterminebSi, amdenad <strong>socialuri</strong> realobis fenomenologiuri analizismTavari amocanaa mniSvnelobaTa miweris sayovelTao da uzogadesi wesebisformulireba, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems SevqmnaT gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi dawinaswarmetyvelebadi cxovrebis samyaro. intersubieqturi mniSvnelobebisanalizisadmi mimarTvisas <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnieri ikvlevs <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong>fenomenebad ganmartebuli obieqturobis <strong>ge</strong>neziss, e.i. mis intersubieqtursazrisiseul struqturebs, romelic a<strong>ge</strong>bs kidec sakuTriv socialursbunebrivi obieqtebis <strong>samyaros</strong>gan gansxvavebiT.- meTodologiurad es mkvlevaris poziciis Secvlas Tavisi obieqtis mimarT,Teoriuli saubris adgilis Secvlas niSnavs. mecnierebis saxeliTmolaparake kargavs absoluturi damkvirveblis statuss, romelicyoveldRiuri cxovrebazea amaRlebuli. cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> struqturaSiCaZirva niSnavs imas, rom <strong>socialuri</strong> Teoritikosi principulad ar arisTavisufali cnobierebis bunebriv ganwyobaSi yoveldRiuri azrovnebis miergaziarebuli wanamZRvrebisagan. es ki imas niSnavs, rom, yoveldRiuri,cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> interpretaciebze mecnieruli azrovnebisdamokidebulebis aRiarebiT, <strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenologia mogviwodebsdaveufloT cxovrebis samyaroSi mecnieris rogorc adamianis yoveldRiuricnobierebaTagan amoRebul sazrisTa sistemuri gamovlinebis wvdomisgansakuTrebul meTodologiur kulturas. msgavs meTodologiur midgomas a.Sutci “meTodis siwmindis postulats” uwodebs, Tan gvafrTxilebs, rom misidaufleba da gamoyeneba praqtikaSi gacilebiT Znelia vidre gveCveneba.vinaidan sakuTari mecnieruli ganazrebebis meTodologiuri refleqsiisgzaze yoveli nabiji izidavs da iTrevs sul axal – axal daSvebebs,romlebic yoveldRiuri rutinuli interpretirebiT aris damZimebuli.magram raTa Tavidan aicilos cud usasrulobaSi regresi, mecnieriiZulebulia dakmayofildes sakuTari wanamZRvrebis praqtikulad sakmarisiraodenobiT, romlebsac ZaluZs daicvas mecniereba uxeSi Secdomebisagan,saiTac meTodologiuri sakiTxebisadmi uyuradRebobas mivyavarT.- <strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenologiis CarCoebSi ganviTarebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong>analizis <strong>sazrisiseuli</strong> midgoma gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas daaqtualobas <strong>socialuri</strong> codnis klasikuri paradigmis SezRudulobisgacnobierebis pirobebSi iZens. <strong>socialuri</strong> obieqtebis rogorc rutinuli,yoveldRiuri urTierTobebis da interpretirebisagan amozrdiligansazRvruli tipis <strong>socialuri</strong> komunikaciebis produqtis Seswavla, avlens<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong>, romelSic cxovrobs da moqmedebs adamiani,<strong>sazrisiseuli</strong> ganzomilebebis ugulvelmyofi socialur – filosofiuriazrovnebis klasikuri stilis kulturul – istoriul SezRudulobas.rameTu imis codna, Tu ramdenjer dadis weliwadSi saSualo statistikurirespondenti muzeumebSi, sakoncerto darbazebsa Tu eklesiebSi, rogorxSirad icvlis samuSaos da midis saarCevno ubanze, rasakvirvelia,sasar<strong>ge</strong>bloa, magram sazrisisa da mniSvnelobis gareSe datovebuli, igi jerkidev araa imis mTqmeli, kmayofilia Tu ara adamiani samuSaoTi Tu6
xelisuflebis arCeviTi organoebiT, aseve ar ZaluZs axsnas esTetikuri dareligiuri gancdebis elferTa mravalferovneba da siRrme. magram sworedadamianur upiratesobaTa, mjobinebaTa, SiSTa, imedTa da miswrafebaTa codnaaris aucilebeli adamianis Tanamedrove filosofiuri saxis gaazrebisTvis.“me davimowmeb m.Selers – aRniSnavs a.Sutci – romelmac jer kidev 1928wels SeniSna, rom arasdros istoriaSi adamians Tavisi Tavi imdenad Rrmadproblematuri ar gauxdia rogorc Cvens dReebSi. fundamenturimniSvnelobis sakiTxi mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu ras niSnavs adamianuri, rasniSnavs iyo adamiani”. socialur fenomenologias _ imiT, rom Tavisi kvlevissagnad aqcevs socialur <strong>samyaros</strong> <strong>sazrisiseuli</strong> a<strong>ge</strong>bulebis da yofierebisadamianuri sazrisebis kvlevas – Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs am fundamenturisakiTxis gadaWraSi.III fenomenologiuri sociologiis zogierTi terminis aucilebeliganmartebaI ra aris fenomenologia ?Tanamedrove fenomenologiis safuZvlebi Camoayaliba edmund huserlma XXispirvel mesamedSi.fenomenologiis mTavari problema Tavad Cveni da <strong>samyaros</strong> (`me~ da`samyaro~) adamianuri gacnobierebis bunebis-raobis kvlevaa. fenomenologiisrogorc <strong>samyaros</strong> Secnobis saSualebis amocana <strong>samyaros</strong>a da gonebissaidumloebaTa wvdomaa.ra aris fenomeni?termini `fenomeniT~ aRiniSneba yvelaferi is, rac individis aRqmas ancnobierebaSi mocemuli da cxadia, aSkaraa.fenomenologia, amgvarad, miiswrafis aRweris cnobierebis fenomenebi daaCvenos maTi konstituirebis (a<strong>ge</strong>bis) procesi. gaarkvios Tu rogor iqmnebian,yalibebian da mniSvnelobas iZenen <strong>socialuri</strong> moqmedebebi cnobierebisaqtiuri Tu pasiuri qmedebebis Sedegad. amgvarad, fenomenologiis amocanaa,aRweros fenomenaluris raoba ise, rogoradac igi evlineba Cvenscnobierebas.ra aris cnobiereba?7
huserlisaTvis cnobiereba – mudmivad raRacis gacnobierebaa. raRacisgaazrebaa. amitom arsebobs cnobierebis ori urTierTSemvsebi aspeqti:pirveli-gacnobiereba-gaazrebis(cogito) procesi,romelsac sxvadasxva formebis(mogonebis, aRqmis, Sefasebis) miReba ZaluZs.da meore-esaa is, rac gaiazreba-iazreba(cogitatum). cnobierebisfenomenologiuri kvleva, romelic mimdinareobs gansakuTrebuli meTodisfenomenologiurireduqciis gamoyenebiT, yofierebis im sferos (`wminda~cnobierebis gamoaSkaravebas_aRmoCenas) cdilobs, romelic xeluxlebelirCeba bunebrivi ganwyobis CarCoebSi Catarebuli ganazrebebisgan.ra aris intencionaloba? intencionalobis cneba aseve centralurimniSvnelobisaa fenomenologiaSi. igi exeba ara mxolod moqmedebas (rodesacadamianebi TavianTi miznebis, <strong>ge</strong>gmebis, motivebis Sesabamisad moqmedeben),aramed cnobierebasac.cnobiereba intencionaluria anu mudam raRacis cnobierebaa, romcnobierebis obieqti mudam aris cnobierebisaTvis `nagulisxmevi~, mudam`mniSvneladi~ obieqti. intencionaloba mniSvnelobis arsebobas gulisxmobs.`nebismier intencionalur gamocdilebas Tavisi `intencionaluri obieqti~aqvs, anu Tavisi obieqturi mniSvneloba aqvs. sxva sityvebiT: qondesmniSvneloba, iazrebdes `raRacas~, cnobierebis kardinaluri Tvisebaa~intencionalobas ori urTierTdamatebadi aspeqti aqvs.intencionalobanoezisinoema8
intencionaluri cnobierebis(`me vazrovneb,~ `me aRviqvam~)gansakuTrebuli modusi `noezisad~misi obieqturi korelanti(is, rasac me viazreb anaRviqvam) ki `noemad~ iwodeba.iwodeba.cnobierebis obieqtebis, misi Sinaarsis kvlevas didi mniSvneloba aqvsfenomenologiisaTvis, vinaidan azrovnebis, aRqmis, gaxseneba-mogonebis da a.S.modusebi SeiZleba aRweril iqnan mxolod imis analizisa da kvlevis gziT,rac ganicdeba Tu gaiazreba am modusTagan TviToeulSi. amgvarad,intencionaloba konstituirebas ukeTebs (a<strong>ge</strong>bs) cnobierebas imiT, rom misSinaarss mniSvnelobas aniWebs. `me~ cnobierebis intencionalobis wyalobiTaxerxebs orientirebas samyaroSi.intencionalobis modusebis-noezisisa da noemas-gamoyofa ZalzemniSvnelovania fenomenologiis meTodologiuri amocanebisTvalsazrisiTac, vinaidan isini gvexmarebian erTi mxriv cnobierebisobieqtis (noemas) aRweraSi da meore mxriv am obieqtebis a<strong>ge</strong>bis anukonstruirebis (noezisis) aRsawerad.ra aris cxovrebis samyaro?<strong>samyaros</strong>, romelzec mimarTulia intencionaluri cnobiereba, huserli`sicocxlis-cxovrebis~ <strong>samyaros</strong> uwodebs. cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> mivekuTvnebiTyvelani Cvens mecnierebamdel bunebriv ganwyobaSi. igi aris yvelamniSvnelobis safuZveli yvela mecnierebisa da Sesabamisad TavadfenomenologiisTvisac.amgvarad, cxovrebis samyaro-esaa Cveni uSualo `intuitiuri~ garemo, sadacCven-ukve Sutcis sityvebiT Tu vityviT,-rogorc adamianebi msgavs pirebTanerTad ganvicdiT kulturasa da sazogadoebas, gansazRvruli wesiTvurTierTobT da vexebiT garsmomcvel obieqtebs, zemoqmedebas veweviT maszeda TviTon Cvenc maTi zemoqmedebis qveS vimyofebiT.garda amisa, cxovrebis samyaro huserlis mier ganixileba, rogorc`intersubieqturi~ samyaro. ra aris `intersubieqturoba~? termini`intersubieqturoba~ gamoiyeneba adamianebis rogorc cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong>Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli individebis urTierTkavSirebis zogierTi aspeqtis aRsawerad.intersubieqturoba cnobierebisTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebelsocialurobasa da imaze miuTiTebs, rom samyaro adamianis mier ganicdeba,rogorc misTvis, ise sxvebisTvis saerTo-zogad samyarod. amaze ufrodawvrilebiT SutcTan visaubrebT.9
unebrivi ganwyobahuserlis mixedviT, bunebrivi ganwyobis samyaro-esaa `mTliani bunebrivisamyaro, romelic mudmivad `aq aris, Cven win,~ `misawvdomia CvenTvis~ daromelic mudmivad aseTi darCeba; esaa `faqtebis samyaro~ Cven mier mudmivadgaazrebadi da gacnobierebadi.bunebrivi ganwyoba- esaa konkretul situaciaSi myofi `mes~ `gulubryvilo/~Tvalsazrisi. misTvis damaxasiTebelia Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuripraqtikuli azrovneba, romlis CarCoebSic bunebrivi da <strong>socialuri</strong>samyaroebi-ueWvelia, ubralod `arian~ rwmenis safuZvelze. Tufenomenologiuri filosofia gvirCevs, Tavi SevikavoT bunebriviganwyobisagan, `CavsvaT igi frCxilebSi~ imitom, rom aRmovaCinoTarasituaciuri, `wminda me~, maSin sociologias ainteresebs ara wminda,transcendentaluri, aramed msoflio gamocdilebis sfero-anu yoveldRiuricxovrebis intersubieqturi samyaro. Tu fenomenologia, Tavisi miznebisSesabamisad `frCxilebSi svams~bunebriv gawyobas,maSin sociologiisamocanaa yoveldRiuri <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> konstruirebis procesisgamovlena da aRwera.fenomenologiuri reduqcia wminda cnobierebis sferoSi Sesasvleli gzismosapoveblad e.huserlma ganaviTara `fenomenologiuri reduqciis~ meTodi.fenomenologi ar uaryofs gare <strong>samyaros</strong> arsebobas, magram kvlevis mizniTigi wyvets droebiT SeaCeros misi arsebobis Sesaxeb rwmena e.i. savsebiTganzraxulad da sistematiurad Tavi Seikavos im msjelobebisgan (epoche),romlebic pirdapir Tu iribad gare <strong>samyaros</strong> obieqtebis arsebobas exebian.amis aRsaniSnavad, man maTematikidan isesxa termini da am proceduras`<strong>samyaros</strong> frCxilebSi Casma~ anu `fenomenologiuri reduqciis Sesruleba~uwoda.marTalia `fenomenologiuri reduqcia ar moiTxovs gonebis magiur Tumistiur unars, magram mis mier `frCxilebSi Casmis~ teqnika, sandoradikalizmiT gamoyenebuli srulebiTac ar aris martivi. frCxilebSi undaCavsvaT ara mxolod gare <strong>samyaros</strong>--mTel Tavis nivTebTan erTad iqneba essulieri Tu usulo, adamianebi, kulturis obieqtebi, sazogadoeba da misiinstitutebi – arseboba, aramed aseve Tavi unda SevikavoT miRmur <strong>samyaros</strong>Sesaxeb arsebuli msjelobebis ueWvelobis rwmenisaganac. da bolos, aramxolod praqtikuli codna <strong>samyaros</strong> Sesaxeb, aramed agreTve yvela immecnierebebis msjelobebi, romlebic gare <strong>samyaros</strong> exebian, yvela-bunebismecnierebani iqneba Tu <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebac, fsiqologiac, logikac daTavad <strong>ge</strong>ometriac ki-yvelani frCxilebSi unda iqnes Casmuli. es niSnavs, romarcerTi maTi WeSmariti debuleba, romlebic cdiseul an logikur10
Semowmebas gauZles, ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnas reducirebul sferoSisaTanado kritikis gareSe.arsebebi da arsebebis xedva (wesenschau).reduqcia cnobierebis noemikuri (noezisi) da noemaTikuri aspeqtebisaRweris saSualebaa. magram intuiciuri xedvis meTodis mizani cnobierebisubralod uSualod arsebuli monacemebi ki ar aris, aramed maTi arsebaaromelime noemis an noezisis arsebis aRwera-fenomenologuri meTodisumTavresi mizania.swored amitom reduqcia `eidetur~ reduqciad iwodeba (`eidos~-Zv.berZnulidan – arsebas, birTvs niSnavs). wminda cnobierebis konkretulifenomenebis am meTodiT kvlevas maTi arsobriv maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCenagamovlenismizani aqvs. cnobierebis nebismieri obieqtis mimarT ismeba kiTxva: ra SeiZleba gamotovebul iqnas am obieqtis aRwerisas iseTi, risSedegadac obieqti mainc darCeba Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivi ? is minimumi,romlis arsebobis pirobebSi obieqti inarCunebs igiveobas Tavis TavTan,iqneba kidec sagnis, obieqtis arsobrivi daxasiaTeba. amgvarad, eideturireduqciis mizani yofierebis saboloo anu absoluturi safuZvlebis Ziebaa.<strong>socialuri</strong> samyarofenomenologiuri sociologiis TvalsazrisiT –esaa rwmeniT miRebuliyoveldRiuri mniSvnelobebis intersubieqturi samyaro, romelic qmnissocialurad standartizirebul da (mastandartizebel) eqspeqtaciebs,romelTa meSveobiTac individebi asazrisianeben, anu iazreben am <strong>samyaros</strong>. eseqspeqtaciebi Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen interpretaciaTa procedurebis safuZvels, romelTameSveobiTac individebi <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> mimofantul suraTebsorganizebul, mowesri<strong>ge</strong>bul sistemad ayalibeben da romlis fundamentsacSead<strong>ge</strong>ns `is, rac TiToeulisaTvis cnobilia~<strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro gansazRvravs `mes~ situacias, magram ara Tavad `mes~.amitom sociologia im subieqtur sazrisebs ki ar ikvlevs, romliTacaRWurvavs individi Tavis sakuTar moqmedebebs. aramed igi ikvlevs `me~ sa da<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> urTierT qmedebaTa parametrebs-im rutinulprocedurebs, romelTa meSveobiTac individebi socialur samyaroSi a<strong>ge</strong>ben,interpretacias ukeTeben am <strong>samyaros</strong> movlenebs, faqtebs, xdomilebebs.<strong>socialuri</strong> realobis specifika mis xelovnur (e.i. socialuradorganizebul) bunebaSi gamoiTqmeba. rogor organizdebian <strong>socialuri</strong>fenomenebi?-<strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenebi i<strong>ge</strong>bian (e.i iqcevian obieqtebad,gardaiqmnebian raRac `realur~ fenomenebad) sazogadoebis wevrTamainterpretirebel saqmianobaTa Sedegad.11
unebisgan gansxvavebiT <strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro-esaa sazrisiT konstruirebulisamyaro. socialur movlenebs Sinaganad axasiaTebT da miekuTvneba sazrisi.<strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro ar aris struqturas moklebuli. am samyaroSimcxovrebi moazrovne da moqmedi adamianebisTvis, mas aqvs gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba da relevantobaTa struqtura. am adamianebma jer kidevsociologiis warmoSobamde garkveuli wesiT daanawevres da gaiazres essamyaro im yoveldRiuri konstruqciebis daxmarebiT, romlebicgansazRvraven maT qmedebebs, gansazRvraven maTi saqmianobis miznebs damiRwevis saSualebebs-mokled, romlebic exmarebaT gaerkvnen bunebriv dasocialur samyaroSi, raTa SeZlon am <strong>samyaros</strong>Tan Sesabamisobasa daTanxmobaSi moqmedeba.<strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro esaa yoveldRiuri samyaro, masSi moqmedi adamianebismier gancdili da interpretirebuli rogorc mniSvnelobiTaastruqturirebeli samyaro, romlebic am <strong>samyaros</strong> obieqtebis Sesaxebtipiuri warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis formiT gvevlinebian.es tipiuri warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi namdvili codnis makonstruirebel yoveldRiuriinterpretaciebis formas iZenen, romelebic moqmedi individis piradgamocdilebasTan erTad, am samyaroSi orientaciis rwmeniT miRebulisaSualebebis erTobliobas warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen. <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong>konstruirebis procesi SeiZleba aRvweroT rogorc pirveli rigiskonstrurirebis procesi, romelic <strong>socialuri</strong> mniSvnelobebis terminebSixorcieldeba. meore rigisa ki iqneba <strong>socialuri</strong> kvleva, rogorckonstruqtTa konstruqtisa. am meore rigis konstruirebis umTavresiproblema <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> socialogiuri axsnisa da yoveldRiuri-Cveulebrivi axsnis mkveTr da cxad gamijvnaSi mdgomareobs.<strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro-esaa subieqturis samyaro da ara obieqturis samyaro. igisrulebiTac ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns realobas sui <strong>ge</strong>nemcs, anu adamianebisgandamoukidebels, romelic am <strong>samyaros</strong> namdvil `Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobas~ qmnis.piriqiT, <strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro-es adamianuri saqmianobis eqsistencialuriproduqtia. am saqmianobis wyalobiT is arsebobs da icvleba. ramdenadac<strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro konstruirebulia misi monawileebis mierintersubieqturad, igi eqsternalizdeba rogorc maTgan damoukidebladarsebuli da maT gareT, e.i obieqturi faqtorebis raRac Tvisebas iZens.faqtobrioba-esaa im meTodebis gansxeuleba, romlebsac sazogadoebiswevrebi mis Sesacnobad iyeneben. araa swori, TiTqos arsebobdesadamianebisaTvis raRac garegani, realuri, obieqturi, faqtualuri<strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro, romelic adamianze zemoqmedebs. sinamdvileSi sworedindividebi am <strong>samyaros</strong> ga<strong>ge</strong>bisa da wvdomis procesSi (e.i misi axsnis,gansazRvris aRqmis dros) axdenen kidec mis eqsternalizebas daobieqtivirebas, iyeneben ra am dros monapovris gamosaTqmelad yvelaSesaZlebel da xelmisawvdom saSualebas. pirveli da ZiriTadi saSualeba,rasakvirvelia enaa. ena gvawvdis swored <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> movlenebis12
interpretaciisaTvis kategoriebs. swored amis wyalobiT enaSi samyaroobieqtivirdeba da eqsternalizdeba TviT misi matareblebisaTvis.bunebrivi samyaro ar aris damokidebuli adamianis mier mis aRiareba araRiarebaze. piriqiT <strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro gardauvlad Sewyvets arsebobas Tumas misi Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli adamianebi ar aRiareben, vinaidan aseTi aRiarebisgareSe igi arsebobis Tvisebebs ar flobs. am azriT, sazogadoeba realuria(obieqtur faqtobriobas flobs) imitom, rom misi wevrebi mas rogorcrealurs gansazRvraven da mas rogorc realobas ise epyrobian. <strong>socialuri</strong>faqtebi sazogadoebis wevrTa mier <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> praqtikaSitradiciulad gamoyenebuli ga<strong>ge</strong>bisa da gaazrebis meTodebis produqtia.isini mudmivad kvlavwarmoiqmnebian da arseboben Tavad <strong>socialuri</strong>urTierTqmedebis mimdinareobis Sedegad. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom<strong>socialuri</strong> samyaro mravali realobis mqone samyaroa. gansxvavebulisxvadasxvaindividebi <strong>socialuri</strong> situaciebis gansxvavebul aspeqtebzeamaxvileben yuradRebas da amitom sxvadasxvanairad-gansxvavebulad`kiTxuloben~ (xsnian) pirveli SexedviT erTsa da imave situacias. erT-erTiaseTi realoba pozitivisturi sociologiis axsniTi procedurebismeSveobiT Seqmnili realobaa.ras niSnavs intersubieqturoba? `intersubieqturobis~ termini adamianebisrogorc cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong> arsebobis urTierTkavSirebis zogierTiaspeqtis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba. intersubieqturoba miuTiTebscnobierebisaTvis Sinaganad kuTvnil socialurobaze da imaze, rom samyaroadamianis mier ganicdeba rogorc saerTo misTvis da sxvebisTvis.intersubieqturobis ZiriTadi forma Sutcis mier aRiwereba `perspeqtivaTaTanaziarobis~ TezisiT, romelic or idealizacias gulisxmobs. esidealizaciebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen <strong>socialuri</strong> cxovrebis TavisTavad aRiarebulida gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi mniSvnelobis mqone `wesebs~.pirveli maTgania-`TvalsazrisiTa urTierTCanacvlebadobis~ postulati,romlis mixedviTac TiToeuli CvenTagani sarwmunod iRebs Semdeg faqtebs:`me da nebismieri sxva adamiani erTnairad aRviqvamT Cvens saerTo <strong>samyaros</strong>,Tu Cven ise SevcvliT adgilebs, rom Cemi `aq~ gadaiqces mis í“iq“-ad,xolomisi „ „aq“,romelic CemTvis axla „iqaa“--Cems `aqad~.Cven vfiqrobT adgilebis msgavsi transformaciis SemTxvevaSi <strong>samyaros</strong>gancdis Cveni wesebi da saSualebebi identurni aRmoCndebian. meoreidealizacias `relevantobaTa sistemis damTxvevis~ postulatiwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. mec da sxva adamianic ukritikod sarwmunod viRebT im faqts,rom miuxedavad Cveni biografiuli situaciebis unikalobisa Tuganumeoreblobis miuxedavad, Cvens mier gamoyenebuli mniSvnelobaTakriteriumebis sistemebis gansxvaveba araarsebiTia arsebuli miznebisTvalsazrisiT. Cven oriveni vfiqrobT, rom `me da is, e.i. `Cven~ aqtualuradan potenciurad CvenTvis saerTo obieqtebs, faqtebs, xdomilebebs13
empiriulad igiveobriv interpretaciebs vukeTebT, e.i praqtikulad sakmaoderTgvarovani saxiT.intersubieqturobis kidev erTi ganzomileba `alter ego~-s Sesaxeb zogadiTezisiT aRiwereba. alter ego- s Tezisi erTi individis mier `sxvis~ misi`cocxal awmyoSi~ aRqmis zogierTi aspeqts aRwers.Cvens mier erTmaneTis cocxal awmyoSi aRqmis erTdrouloba niSnavs, romgarkveuli azriT me meti vici meoreze mocemul momentSi, vidre man icisTavis Tavis Sesaxeb.ramdenadac TiToeuli CvenTagani sxvis azrebs da moqmedebebs da azrebsganicdis cocxal awmyoSi,maSin rodesac sakuTar moqmedebebs da azrebs igiacnobierebs, iWers mxolod rogorc warsuls refleqsiis meSveobiT, amdenadme meti vici sxvaze da am sxvam meti icis Cemze, vidre TiToeulmaCvenTaganma icis cnobierebis sakuTari nakadis Sesaxeb.Cven ver SevZlebdiT vyofiliyaviT pirovnebebi ara mxolod sxvebisTvis,aramed TviT CvenTvisac ki, rom ar SegveZlos CvenTvis da sxvebisTvissaerTo garemos aRmoCena, romelic gvevlineba Cveni cnobieri cxovrebisintencionaluri urTierTkavSiris korelatad. es saerTo garemourTierTga<strong>ge</strong>bis gziT yalibdeba, romelic Tavis mxriv imas emyareba, romsubieqtebi TavianT socialur gamovlinebebSi urTierTis motivirebasaxdenen.socialuroba konstruirdeba rogorc komunikaciuri aqtebis Semdegi,romelSic `me~ urTierTobs `sxvasTan~, swvdeba mas rogorc pirovnebas,romelic aseve mimarTulia masze rogorc pirovnebaze, Tanac orives esmises.<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> intersubieqturoba sxva adamianebis subieqturimniSvnelobebis wvdoma ga<strong>ge</strong>bis garantiaa.intersubieqturoba-<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> fenomenologiuri axsnis sakvanZocnebaa. principSi am terminiT aRiniSneba <strong>socialuri</strong> procesebi, romelTameSveobiTac konstruirdeba-i<strong>ge</strong>ba yoveldRiuri samyaro rogorc immniSvnelobaTa samyaro, romlebic arseboben Tavad am <strong>samyaros</strong> SesaxebindividTa urTierTSeTanxmebul-Sejerebul tipiur warmod<strong>ge</strong>naTa formiT.mniSvnelobis problema – Sutci uaryofs veberis azrs, rom mniSvnelobaaris individis moqmedebis uSualo motivi-misi azriT adamianis qcevebsmarTavs ara uSualo motivebi, aramed misi `cxovrebis samyaro~ mTlianobaSi,rogorc mTeli winamavali gamocdilebis rezultati da Sedegi.-amitom moqmedebis navaraudevi sazrisebis adekvaturobis gamosarkvevadsaWiroa maTi ganl<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> ara mniSvnelobaTa tipiuri kompleqsis CarCoebSi,14
ogorc amas veberi fiqrobda, aramed mocemuli individis ganvlilicxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis nakadSi.-mocemul qceviT aqtze adamianis refleqsirebuli Sexeduleba, romelSicrogorc linzaSi gardatydeba mTeli misi ganvlili cxovreba dagamocdileba, qmnis swored mas mniSvnelobis mqoned subieqtis TvalSi.moqmedi piri TiTqos da ganala<strong>ge</strong>bs mocemul qmedebas Tavisi cxovrebissaerTo droul nakadSi da amiT gansazRvravs mis mniSvnelobas.ra aZlevs moqmedebas amaTu im mniSvnelobas ?is, rom adamiani mudmivad aqcevs tipobrivi kategoriebis meSveobiT Tavisgamocdilebas calkeul proeqtebad. da aseve, rom SeuZlia konkretulimoqmedeba SeuTavsos Tavisi cxovrebiseuli aqtiurobis amaTu im proeqts.iseTi proeqti, rogoricaa, magaliTad `ganaTlebis miReba~, aZlevsgansaZRvrul sazriss iseT konkretul moqmedebas, rogoricaa `muSaobabiblioTekaSi, resurscentrSi~. magram Tu am moqmedebas CavsvamT iseTproeqtSi, rogoricaa `gaTxoveba~, maSin igi raRac sxva, pirovnul sazrissSeiZens.yoveli moqmedeba unda ganixilebodes `biografiulad determinirebulsituaciis~ konteqstSi, mTel mis droul mdinarebSi, rogorc warsulgamocdilebasTan kavSirSi, ise momavalTan kavSirSi. swored es ganicdebakidec yoveldRiurobaSi, rogorc motivi.moqmedis TvalsazrisiT motivebi iyofian imad, romlebic win uswrebenmoqmedebebs, TiTqosda modian warsuli gamocdilebebisgan ( motivi „imitomrom“) da imad, romlebic proecirdebian momavalze Sesrulebuli moqmedebisSedegad ( motivi, `imisaTvis, raTa~) ase warmoiSoba subieqturimniSvneloba, rogorc biografiulad gansazRvrul situaciaSi moqmedebismocemuli konstruqciis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>.IV e. huserli “mecnierebis krizisisa” da misi daZlevis gzebis Sesaxeb.fenomenologiuri sociologia eyrdnoba huserlis moRvaweobisbolodroindel filosofias. Tavisi bolodroindeli – gviandeligamokvlevebis amocanebisa da miznebis gansazRvrisas, huserli amodiodaimis gacnobierebisgan, rasac man “ Tanamedrove mecnierebis krizisi” uwoda.es ar yofila praqtikuli mecnieruli saqmianobis krizisi, es ar yofila amaTu im disciplinaSi Teoriis krizisi an sazogadod, mecnierebis TeoriulisafuZvlebis krizisi. Tanamedrove mecnierebis krizisi huserlisTvisniSnavda mecnierebaTa mier sasicocxlo adamianuri sazrisis dakargvas. “isgansakuTrebuloba, - werda huserli – romliTac pozitiuri menierebanigansazRvraven Tanamedrove adamianis mTel msoflmxedvelobas... daabrmaveben mas maT mier motanili “ayvavebis” nayofebiT, Sede<strong>ge</strong>biT, niSnavs imumTavresi sakiTxebis daviwyebas, romlebSic bWoba exeba adamianuriarsebobis WeSmarit Rirsebas... faqtebis Sesaxeb wminda mecniereba adamians15
aqcevs SiSvel mecnierul faqtad. ra SeuZlia Tqvas mecnierebas sazrisisada usazrisobis, adamianis, rogorc sakuTari Tavisuflebis subieqtisSesaxeb? wminda bunebismecnierebas, raTqmaunda, araferi. igi xomabstragirebas axdens yovelive subieqturisgan. rac Seexeba goniTmecnierebebs, romlebic adamians akvirdebian mis goniT yofierebaSi... iqacmkacri mecnierulobis moTxovna gulisxmobs, rom mkvlevari mTelimondomebiT gamoricxavs yvela SedarebiT Tvalsazrisebs, yvela msjelobasimis sazrisisa da usazrisobis Sesaxeb, rac Seexeba adamianis Rirsebas damisi kulturis nayofT. mecnieruli, obieqturi WeSmariteba – mxolod damxolod konstataciaa imisa, rasac faqtobrivad warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns samyaro,fizikuri da goniTi samyaro. SeuZliaT ki <strong>samyaros</strong>a da adamianur arsebobasipovon mecnierebaSi TavianTi WeSmariti sazrisi, Tuki mecnierebaniWeSmaritebad mxolod amgvar konstataciebs miiCneven?”am citataSi Sejamebulia Tanamedrove mecnierebaTa mimarT huserlis“pretenziebis” arsi. rogorc bunebismecnierebani, ise sazogadoebrivimecnierebani, fiqrobs huserli, ganyenebas axdenen yovelgvarisubieqturisagan, SefasebiTi Tvalsazrisebisagan, sazrisisa da usazrisobis,adamianuri cxovrebis Rirebulebisa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb msjelobebisagan.is, rac rCeba sabolood, ar aris adamiani mTeli Tavisi sasicocxlosisruliTa da mTlianobiT, magram aris rogorc “SiSveli mecnierulifaqti”, romelic moklebulia mTel Tavis WeSmaritad adamianur Sinaarss.swored mecnierebis aseT abstraqtul adamians gvTavazoben “faqtobrivi”,obieqturad arsebuli, WeSmariti adamianis saxiT. “SeuZlia Tu ara <strong>samyaros</strong>ada adamianur arsebobas – kiTxulobs huserli – ipovos mecnierebaSi TavisiWeSmariti sazrisi, Tu mecnierebani WeSmaritad miiCneven mxolod amgvarkonstataciebs?”. Tu zemoTqmulidan amovalT, maSin pasuxi, upirobod,uaryofiTi iqneba. gamodis, rom mecniereba, romelic miznad isaxavs<strong>samyaros</strong>admi adamianis damokidebulebis gaSuqebas, im <strong>samyaros</strong>i, romelSicigi cxovrobs, faqtobrivad amaxinjebs am urTierTobebs, vinaidan qmnisadamianur arsebobas moklebul suraTs. warmoiSveba mecnierebis paradoqsi,romelic, marTalia, aris adamianuri saqme, magram, amave dros, uaryofsTavis sakuTar arsebobas, da adamianis paradoqsic, romelic mecnierebissaSualebiT uaryofs samyaroSi sakuTar arsebobas, yofierebas.Cven pirvel rigSi gvainteresebs “krizisis” huserliseuli Sefasebasocialur mecnierebebTan mimarTebaSi, vinaidan adamianisa da sazogadoebisSesaxeb mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis gzebis damaxinjebaSi dainaxa huserlmabunebismecnierebaTa maobieqtivirebel meTodTa yvelaze damRupveli Sedegi,bunebismecnierebaTa, romlebic STagonebulni iyvnen axali droisfilosofiiT. “kartezianuli dualizmi, - werda igi – moiTxovs mens-isa dacorpus-is paralelizacias da amiT navaraudev fsiqikuri yofierebisnaturalizaciis ganxorcielebas.” cnobierebis naturalizacias mosdevsideebis, absoluturi idealebis, normebis da a.S. sazogadod <strong>socialuri</strong>snaturalizacia – adamianisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebebSi“obieqtivizmi” gvevlineba naturalizmis samosiT. “naturalisti” da“obieqtivisti” huserlisTvis igiveobrivi cnebebia.amgvarad, huserli upirispirdeba ara ubralod obieqtur mecnierebas, aramednaturalistur, pozitivisturad orientirebul socialur mecnierebas,16
omelic socialur realobas ganixilavs bunebis realobis analogiurad,da romelic amtkicebs bunebisa da sazogadoebis kvlevis meTodTa srul daabsolutur erTsaxovnebas.“naturalizmis” huserliseuli kritika savsebiT sworia. aseve sworia misipretenziebi naturalisturad orientirebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebebismimarT im aspeqtSi, rom mas ar SeuZlia daexmaros adamians gaacnobierosTavisi adgili samyaroSi, araferi ar SeuZlia uTxras adamiansa dakacobriobas arsebobis sazrisze, aseve samarTliania naturalisturi<strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebebis “krizisis” huserliseuli Sefaseba.imisaTvis, raTa gavigoT mecniereba da Semdeg movaxdinoT misi reformireba,fiqrobs huserli, saWiroa mivmarToT adamianuri cxovrebis “radikalurkonkretulobas” – “cnobierebis SesaZlebeli sicocxlis, maT Soris, Cemikonkretuli sicocxlis, sazogadod namdvili sicocxlis mTelerTobliobas”, e. i. adamianuri yofierebis im aspeqts, romelic huserlmaaRniSna, rogorc “sicocxlis samyaro”. magram rogor vwvdeT amkonkretulobas, rogor daviWiroT is? mecniereba, huserlis mixedviT, vergvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, SevaRwioT sicocxlis samyaroSi. piriqiT, igicocxali adamianuri <strong>samyaros</strong> nacvlad gvaZlevs obieqtivirebulabstraqciaTa <strong>samyaros</strong>. maSasadame, ambobs huserli, aucilebelia movaxdinoTTaviseburi saxis reduqcia mecnierebis mimarT – saerTod <strong>samyaros</strong>mecnieruli suraTis mimarT. amgvari reduqciisas – dayvanisas, CvenvimeorebT mecnierebebis ganvlil gzas, magram gavivliT mas ukumimarTulebiT da davubrundebiT imas, saidanac gamovida mecniereba –<strong>samyaros</strong> mecnerebamdel mniSvnelobebs. amgvarad, Cven aRvad<strong>ge</strong>nTmecnierebisTvis ucxo yoveldRiuri cxovrebis <strong>samyaros</strong>, anu sicocxlis<strong>samyaros</strong>. sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>, romelic warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns pirvelad,“fundirebad” intenciaTa erTobliobas, Seswavlam unda agvixsnas misisafuZvlidan codnis yvela sistemis, maT Soris obieqtur mecnierebaTasistemis warmoSobis procesi. aseve unda agvixsnas am mecnierebaTadamokidebuleba sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>admi da amiT aRWurvon isini swored imadamianuri SinaarsiT, romelic ase akliaT maT.sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>Tvis damaxasiaTebelia: 1) misi faqtebis uSualosicxade, intuiciuri utyuaroba, romlebic individTa mier ga<strong>ge</strong>bulia damiRebulni arian rogorc aseTni, e. i. subieqturi ueWveloba, Tanac 2)sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> subieqturoba – esaa “anonimuri” subieqturoba, imazriT, rom misi Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba ara subieqtis sakuTari aqtiurobiT,aramed subieqturobis sferoSi arsebuli <strong>samyaros</strong> fenomenebiT. da kideverTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Tviseba: 3) sicocxlis samyaro mTelia,mTliania, ramdenadac swored rogorc mTeli, igi gvevlineba rogorc raRacTviT cxadi, TavisTavad ueWveli ram. am mTels ar aqvs naTlad, mkveTradgamoxatuli wyoba, misi struqtura ganusazRvrelia.subieqtis aqtiurobasTan mimarTebaSi sicocxlis samyaro warmad<strong>ge</strong>ns yvelamisi miznebis, proeqtebis, interesebis <strong>samyaros</strong>, damoukideblad amukanasknelTa drouli, vrceuli, RirebulebiTi da sxva masStabebisagan.magram yovel maorganizebel, marefleqtirebel saqmianobas (mecnierulisaqmianobis CaTvliT), huserlis gamoTqmiT, mivyavarT sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>17
ama Tu im aspeqtis “TematizaciasTan”, “Caketili” <strong>samyaros</strong> horizontebis,Caketili <strong>samyaros</strong> (amis magaliTia “specialistis viwro samyaro”)warmoSobasTan, romlebic gaSualebulni arian arsebuli mizniT damiudgomelni arian pirdapiri wvdomisaTvis. rameTu yoveli Tematizacia arisabstragireba, xolo sicocxlis samyaro ki Tavisive sicxadiT – TavisTavadmidgomadia mxolod rogorc mTeli, e. i. TavisTavad cxadi xdeba mxolodrogorc mTeli da ara Tematizirebuli, rodesac misgan gamoyofilia raRacaspeqti. huserli wers: “... arsebobs ra Tematurad Cvens kerZo samyaroSi(umaRlesi miznis winamZRolobiT, romelic “awarmoebs-qmnis” am <strong>samyaros</strong>)sicocxlis samyaro araTematizirebuli rCeba.” magram es ar niSnavs imas,rom sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> araviTari saerTo ar aqvs, aranairidamokidebuleba ar gaaCnia organizebul praqtikul saqmianobasTan. piriqiT,“yoveli mizani gulisxmobs mas, TviT universaluri mizanic ki – misi wvdomamecnieruli WeSmaritebiT – gulisxmobs mas, da TviT muSaobis dawyebamde damuSaobis drosac ki gulisxmobs kvlav da kvlav, rogorc Taviseburi gvarisarsebuls,magram Tanabrad arsebuls”.sicocxlis samyaro mWidrodaa Cawnuli adamianuri praqtikis struqturaSi dayoveli organizebuli saqmianoba, romelic aTematizirebs mis romelimenawils da amiT iRebs ra mas, TavisTavad cxadad gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi erTobliobisagan,agrZelebs arsebobas ( da ar SeuZlia ar arsebobdes) sicocxlis samyroSi,eyrdnoba ra am <strong>samyaros</strong> bundovan, gauSuqebel, ararefleqtirebul codnas.magram dRemde, - ambobs huserli, - sicocxlis samyaro ar gamxdaragamokvlevis, rogorc aseTis, sagani. vinaidan mecnierebi da ara mxolodisini, aramed yvela, vinc organizebas ukeTebs Tavis saqmianobas, vincxelmZRvanelobs Tavis cxovrebaSi mizniT, proeqtiT, intereseiT, “brmaniarian yvelafris mimarT, garda TavianTi miznebisa da Tavisi saqmishorizontebisa. da rac ufro ganapirobebs sicocxlis samyaro imas, raSicisini cxovroben, rasac ganekuTvneba mTeli maTi “Teoriuli saqmianoba”, racufro metad xdeba igi maTi saqmianobis saSualeba, romeli saqmianobac “Zevs”rogorc Teoriuli ganxilvis, ise ganxiluli sagnis “safuZvelSi”, miTufro naklebad warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns igi (sicocxlis samyaro) maTTvis Temas”.sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>admi mimarTva aris mimarTva <strong>socialuri</strong> cxovrebissiRrmiseuli realobisadmi, huserlis TqmiT, am mimarTvam unda mouxsnasmecnierebas pretenzia realobis axsna-wvdomaze da aRmouCinos da daudginosmas namdvili adgili samyaroSi da misi damokidebuleba adamianurisubieqturobisadmi. huserlis paTosi mimarTulia “wminda” SemecnebiswinaaRmdeg, romelic mowyvetilia praqtikul adamianur cxovelsaqmianobisuSualobisgan. mecnierebaSi subieqturobis adgilis Ziebisas, huserlicdilobs axsnas <strong>samyaros</strong>Tan adamianis kavSiri, romelic mouazrebeliasaqmianobis, praqtikis gareSe. mis mier “sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>” koncefciaSidayenebul problemas pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs <strong>socialuri</strong>mecnierebisaTvis: esaa <strong>samyaros</strong> Sesaxeb adamianuri codnis, rogorcpraqtikuli saqmianobis produqtis problema.es friad aqtualuri problemaa. dRes mecnierebis ganviTarebam SeiZinademonuri niSnebi da Tvisebebi, mecnierebam moipova TiTqosda damoukidebeliyofiereba, romelic ukve aRar emorCileba misi warmomqmneli sazogadoebisyofierebas, mecnierebis produqtebi, romlebic adamianebs undaemsaxurebodnen, piriqiT, batonoben adamianebze. huserlma naTlad dainaxa,18
om mecniereba ar aris Tavidanve ucxo da dapirispirebuli <strong>samyaros</strong>admi,rom igi adamianuri qmnilebaa da rom adamianur saqmianobaSi unda veZioT<strong>samyaros</strong>admi misi adrindeli damaxinjebuli damokidebulebebis mizezebi.huserli fiqrobs, rom fenomenologiis mier gamokvleuli subieqti arSeiZleba iyos mxolod Semmecnebeli, rom adamianma xeli unda mohkidosyvela mis aqtiur gamovlinebebs mTlianobaSi, mTlianobaSi unda wvdes,praqtikul-goniTi cnobierebis samyaro, e.i. “sicocxlis samyaro”, iqcevamisTvis amgvari mTlianobis kriteriumad, WeSmaritebis ukanasknel, sabolookriteriumad. ara mecniereba gansjis sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>, aramed sicocxlissamyaroSi mocemulis TviTsicxade xdeba msajuli mecnierebis obieqturidebulebis mimarT. <strong>samyaros</strong>admi praqtikul-goniTi damokidebuleba ararefleqsirebulia, igi ar anawevrebs da yofs Tavis Tavs Semecnebad dasaqmianobad. swored amitom huserli Tavis koncefcias Tvlida “adamianisaqtiurobis yvela formis Teoriad... gonebis, rogorc romeliRac sinTezis,romelic ar iSleba Teoriad da praqtikad, TviTSemecnebad,TviTgansazRvrebad da TviTganxorcielebad”.am koncefciam TiTqosda sinTezi gaukeTa, Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana huserlissocial-filosofiuri da gnoseologiuri Ziebani, dasaxa gzebi mis mieraRmoCenili mecnierebaTa krizisis gadaWrisaTvis da adamianurisubieqturobis gaTelili Rirsebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nisaTvis. huserlis mier dasaxulgzas gauyvnen fenomenologiuri sociologiis Teoretikosebi, amaTganyvelaze ufro gamoirCeva amerikuli fenomenologiuri sociologiisTeoretikosebi. yvelaze cnobili am ukanasknelTa Soris iyo filosofosida sociologi a. Sutci (romelmac Tavisi Teoriuli saqmianoba avstriaSidaiwyo). igi Tavis ZiriTad amocanad saxavda huserlis mier mxolod zogadxazebSi moxazul “sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>” koncefciis ganviTarebas da amsafuZvelze specifikuri <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebis – “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” sociologiisSemuSavebas.V a.Sutcis “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” sociologia. “yoveldRiurobissociologia’’1. a.Sutci ZiriTadad yuradRebas uTmobs yoveldRiurobis aRqmisa daazrovnebis formaluri struqturebis axsnas.yoveldRiur moqmedebas da azrovnebas ori ZiriTadi Tviseba axasiaTebs:a) yoveldRiuroba esaa – is, rac aRiqmeba rogorc myari, stabiluri,mudmivi – normaluri. igi ar udris normatiuls rogorc ideals.normaluri esaa sicocxlis Cveulebrivi mdinareba manam, sanam misi esa Tuis aspeqti ar gamwvavdeba da ar gaxdeba gansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa daganxilvis sagani. is ar udris aseve rutinuls, romelsac SefasebiTixasiaTi aqvs da aRiqmeba rogorc mosawyeni da monotonuri ram.b) yoveldRiuri cxovreba organizebulia tipologiurad.yoveldRiurobis CarCoebSi pirovnebaTa, ideaTa, xdomilebaTa aRqma xdebamaTi tipobrivi gansazRvrulobis TvalsazrisiT.19
amgvarad, yoveldRiuroba xasiaTdeba: normalurobiTa da tipiurobiT.yoveldRiurobis mniSvneloba SutcTan kargad Cans da vlindeba mismoZRvrebaSi “mniSvnelobaTa sasrulo sferos” Sesaxeb. mniSvnelobaTa essasruli sferoebi igive garkveuli “samyaroebia”, romlebsac adamianebimiaweren realobis Tvisebas. amiT isini kargaven ontologiur xasiaTs daiZenen adamianuri gamocdilebis Tavisebur sferoTa statuss. “mniSvnelobaTasasrul sferoebs Cven vuwodebT – wers Sutci - Cven gamocdilebismonacemTa zogierT erTobliobas, Tu TiToeuli maTgani axdensgansazRvruli kognituri stilis demonstrirebas da am stilTanmimarTebaSi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen erTmaneTTan SeTavsebad da aradapirispirebulraimes”. aq umTavress da gadamwyvets warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns kognituri stilis cneba,romelic gvevlineba rogorc ama Tu im sasrulo sferos makonstruirebelifaqtori.a.Sutci gamoyofs <strong>samyaros</strong> aRqmisa da gancdis anu kognituri stilisZiriTad elementebs:1. cnobierebis specifikuri daZabuloba. magaliTad, daZabuli yuradReba,fxizloba, epikuri simSvide, fsiqologiuri aRgznebadoba, ZilSicnobierebis pasiuroba. Ggamocdilebis yovel sferos axasiaTebscnobierebis daZabulobis gansakuTrebuli forma.2. gansakuTrebuli - epoche. “epoqes” cneba (TavSekaveba,uari) gamoimuSavafenomenologiurma filosofiam garegani sayaros obieqtebis arsebobis anararsebobis Sesaxeb msjelobebisken Tavis Sekavebis aRsaniSnavad. epoqesganxorcielebis process uwodeben fenomenologiur reduqcias. <strong>samyaros</strong>obieqtebi daiyvanebian im saxeebze, romlebic uSualod evlinebiancnobierebas. magaliTad, me Tanabrad SemiZlia warmovidgino Cveulebrivicxeni, kentavri, pegasi, magram amave dros me vici, rom mxolod ubralocxeni arsebobs, yvela danarCeni ki - miTiuri, warmosaxuli figurebia. Tume gamoviyene epoqes wesebi, e.i. ganvaxorciele fenomenologiurireduqcia maSin yvela figura - Cemi cnobierebis movlenebia, maTicnobierebis gareSe arseboba - ararsebobis Sesaxeb me araferi vici.Sutci ki mxolod fenomenologiur epoqes (<strong>samyaros</strong> obieqtebis arsebobisSesaxeb rwmenisgan TavisSekavebas) upirispirebs yoveldRiuri cxovrebisepoqes, romelic, piriqiT,am obieqtebis arsebobis Sesaxeb yovelgvarieWvisagan Tavis SekavebaSi mdgomareobs.3. aqtiurobis upiratesi forma. es SeiZleba iyos fizikuri saqmianoba,azrovneba, emociuri aqtivoba, warmosaxvis muSaoba da a.S.4. pirovnuli CarTulobis (gatacebulobis) specifikuri forma. realobissxvadasxva sferoebi sxvadasxvanairad ipyroben pirovnebas (mTlianad anfragmentulad) adamiani maTSi Tanamonawileobs sxvadasxvanairad(mTlianad an gandgomilad)5. socialurobis gansakuTrebuli forma e.i. sxvis an sxvebis arsebobisgancdis specifika, agreTve sxvebTan urTierTqmedebis, komunikaciisTavisebureba.20
6. drois gancdis Tavisebureba.am elementTa gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba gamovyoT differentia specifica realobisTiToeul sferoSi. (mniSvnelobaTa sasrulo sferoebSi). iqneba esyoveldRiuri cxovrebis realoba, religiuri gamocdilebis, TamaSi,fantaziis, xelovnebis, mecnieruli Teoretizirebis, sulieri avadmyofobissamyaroebi da a.S.sanam Sutcis mier mocemuli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis analizs Sevud<strong>ge</strong>biTupriani iqneba Tu gavaanalizebT termin “sasrulos - s mniSnelobas.rodesacSutci laparakobs “sasrulis Sesaxeb, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs is, romTiToeuli am sferosTagan Caketilia TavisTavSi da maT Soris ar arispirdapiri komunikacia. erTi sferodan meoreSi gadasvla yovelTvisgulisxmobs “naxtoms”, “TandaTanobiTobis Sewyvetas – Senelebas”. rogorcwesi, gadasvlas fsiqologiurad Tan sdevs Sokuri gancda, Taviseburi saxisZvra, yvela fsiqikur valentobaTa (faseulobaTa) mkveTri cvlileba.ras niSnavs yoveldRiuroba rogorc realobis mraval SesaZlebelsferoTagan erTerTi?pirveli - rogorc cnobierebis aqtivobis forma igi xasiaTdebasicocxlisadmi fxizeli daZabuli yuradRebiT.meore - specifikuri epoqes saxiT aq gvevlineba <strong>samyaros</strong> arsebobaSiyovelgvari eWvis Setanisgan Tavis Sekaveba da imaSi, rom es samyaroSeiZleba aRmoCndes ufro sxvagvari, vidre is warmoud<strong>ge</strong>nia aqtiurad moqmedindivids.mesame - Sutcis Tanaxmad, yoveldRiurobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saqmianoba,romelic mdgomareobs proeqtebis wamoyenebasa da maTs realizaciaSi, riTaccvlileba xdeba garemomcvel sinamdvileSi. esaa SromiTi saqmianoba. Sromaaris saqmianoba, romelic orientirebulia garegan samyaroze, damyarebuliaproeqtze da xasiaTdeba saqmis winaswar danaxuli mdgomareobis “fizikurisxeulebrivi moqmedebebis saSualebiT” realizebisaken miswrafebiT.aqtiurobis yvela sxva saxeebs Soris, romlebic zemoT aRvniSneT, Sroma“umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis konstruirebaSi”.kognituri stili a<strong>ge</strong>bs realobis gansazRvrul sferos. aqtivobis upiratesiforma ki makonstruirebel rols TamaSobs kognitur stilTan mimarTebaSi,imiT, rom akavSirebs yvela mis elements erTmaneTTan, aRWurvavs kidec maserTianobiT. magaliTisTvis aviRoT CvenTvis ukve cnobili: sicocxlisadmifxizeli, daZabuli yuradReba - esaa cnobierebis aqtivobis erTaderTiforma, romelic Seesabameba SromiT saqmianobas. arc Wvreta, arcwarmosaxviTi saqmianoba, arc Zilis pasiuroba ar Seesatyviseba aqtiuri“proeqtirebis” mdgomareobas da “proeqtTa” praqtikul realizacias garesamyaroSi. zustad aseve <strong>samyaros</strong> obieqtebisa da TviT identurobaSiigiveobis eWvis Setanas SeuZlia blokireba gaukeTos SromiT saqmianobas,aqedanaa swored yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuriepoqe. kognituri stilis yvela Semdgomi daxasiaTeba aseve gansazRvruliaSromiTi saqmianobis rogorc yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqtiurobis mTavariformis TvisebebiT.21
meoTxe “mSromeli me” gvevlineba rogorc mTlianobiTi, arafragmentuli“me”. bWoba aq, rasakvirvelia exeba imas, rac Cveulebriv gai<strong>ge</strong>ba rogorc“harmoniulad ganviTarebuli pirovneba”, monawile adamianuriurTierTqmedebis mraval sferoSi. Sutci aq laparakobs pirovnebisformaluri struqturis Sesaxeb. “mSromeli me” moicavs rogorc spontanurfizikur gamovlenas, ise mWvreteli refleqsiis Taviseburebebs (post featummoqmedebis SedegTa mimoxilvas), ise warmosaxvis saqmianobasac (moqmedebisproeqtireba). Sroma yvelaze srulad aaqtiurebs pirovnebis potencialurTvisebebs.mexuTe. socialurobis gansakuTrebuli formis saxiT yoveldRiurcxovrebaSi gvevlineba <strong>socialuri</strong> moqmedebisa da komunikaciis,urTierTqmedebis saerTo, intensubieqturad struqturirebuli(tipizirebuli) samyaro.meeqvse. yoveldRiurobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Taviseburi droiTi –droiseuli perspeqtiva - e.w. standartuli dro, anu SromiTi dro, anuSromiTi ritmebis dro, romelic warmoiqmneba TiTqosda Sinaganad gancdilisubieqturi drois (romelsac igi terminiT – xangrZlivobiT aRniSnavs dakosmosuri, anu fizikuri Tu “interobieqturi” drois gadakveTaze.interobieqturi drois sapirispirod standartuli dro warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nssocialurad organizebulsa da intersubieqturs.<strong>socialuri</strong> drois specifikis sakiTxi namdvilad imsaxurebs imas, rom maszedawvrilebiT SevCerdeT. mivyveT a. Sutcs.SromiTi saqmianobis mimdinareobis fizikuri aqtivobis gamoCenisas “me”vmoqmedeb erTdroulad TiTqosda or planSi: garegan samyaroSi da sakuTarTavSi. gareT “me” vmoZraob, vcvli obieqtTa mdgomareobasa da viTarebas,romlebic (iseve rogorc Cemi sxeuli obieqtis saxiT) arseboben fizikur,universalur, “interobieqtur” droSi. Sinaganad ki “me” vakavSireb am aqtebsmogonebaTa da winaswarganWvretaTa sagnobriv - sazrisiseul maxasiaTebebs,riTac Cems moqmedebebs vrTav cnobierebis mTeli nakadis xangrZliobaSi.Aase xdeba gadasvla subieqturi droidan obieqturSi da erTian nakadSivaerTianeb maT, aseT gaerTianebebs Sutci “cocxal axlandelobas – awmyos”uwodebs.Cemi cocxali axlandeloba - awmyo, CemTvis dakvirvebadi da misadgomiamxolod refleqsiaSi, e.i. rogorc warsuli, xolo mis am wamierobaSi igidaiWireba da daikvirveba sxvis, CemTan komunikaciaSi myofi individis mier.es daWera amavdroulad aris tipizireba. Aase warmoiqmneba (CemTvisa dasxvebisTvis) drois aRqmisa da gancdis zogadi, “tipobrivi formebi”romlebic eTandebian rogorc subieqtur “xangrZliobas”, ise fizikurdrosac. komunikaciaSi myofTa wris gafarToebis, maTi “anonimizaciis”kvalobaze, dgindeba sul ufro da ufro standartuli formebi. (SromiTidro - Tavisufali dro, kalendaruli danawevreba, tipobrivi sadRe - Ramisoganrigi, istoriuli dro da a.S.)22
eziume: yoveldRiuroba esaa - adamianuri gamocdilebis sfero, romelicxasiaTdeba <strong>samyaros</strong> SromiTi saqmianobis safuZvelze warmoSobili aRqmisada gasazrisianeba - gaazrebis gansakuTrebuli formiT.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT Sutcis fenomenologiuri sociologiisfilosofiur safuZvels Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns huserlis ideebi, gadauWreliwinaamRmdegoba obieqtur <strong>samyaros</strong>a da mis Semecnebel subieqts Soris,romelic SeiaraRebulia mecnieruli cnebebiT, rac iwvevs “bunebrivi<strong>samyaros</strong> ganivTebas”. am winaamRdegobis gadasaWrelad Sutcma SemogvTavazaori reduqciis ganxorcieleba. pirveli esaa fenomenologiuri reduqcia:uari vTqvaT “bunebrivi ganwyobis” gziT <strong>samyaros</strong> kvlevaze da vikvlioT“sicocxlis samyaro”, “intencionalobis” safuZvelze. yvela empiriulmecnierebas Tavis sagnad aqvT samyaro rogorc win – mocemuli, magramTviTon isini, iseve rogorc maTi instrumentebic, am <strong>samyaros</strong> elementebswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen. masaSadame, mecnierebas, Tu mas namdvilad surs iyves mkacrimecniereba, aucileblad esaWiroeba misi <strong>ge</strong>nezisisa da win - mocemuli<strong>samyaros</strong> mier ganpirobebulobis gamorkveva, im <strong>samyaros</strong>i, romlisganac igiibadeba da romelSic cxovrobs. mecnieruli refleqsiis winamorbed am<strong>samyaros</strong>, anu “sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>”, Sutci gansazRvravs rogorc CvensuSualo “intuiciur garemos”, sadac “Cven, rogorc adamianuri arsebani CvensmsgavsTa Soris, ganvicdiT kulturasa da sazogadoebas, gansazRvrulisaxiT vexebiT - vepyrobiT Cvens garemomcvel obieqtebs, vzemoqmedebT maTzeda TviT vimyofebiT maTi zemoqmedebis qveS.” sociologiam unda Seiswavloses samyaro da daiwyos “sul Tavidan” “dasawyisidanve”. magram es jer kidevar gvaZlevs pasuxs kiTxvaze: rogoraa SesaZlebeli sazogadoeba? amisTvisSutci gvTavazobs ganvaxorcieloT meore reduqcia - transcendentaluri,uari vTqvaT TviT subieqtis analizze da gavaanalizoT misi “wmindacnobiereba”. fenomenolo<strong>ge</strong>bs, Sutcis mixedviT, saqme ar aqvT obieqtebTan.maT ainteresebT maTi mniSvnelobebi, romlebic konstruirebulni arian Cvenigonebis saqmianobiT. misi analizis sagnebia ara realuri <strong>socialuri</strong>obieqtebi, aramed reducirebuli obieqtebi, rogoradac isini vlindebianindividis cnobierebis nakadSi, aorganizeben ra mis socialur moqmedebas.Tu bunebrivi ganwyobis TvalsazrisiT samyaro obieqturia, maSin SutcisTvalsazrisiT esaa konstruirebuli “intersubieqturi samyaro”.“intersubieqturi <strong>samyaros</strong>” paradigma gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs Sutcisfenomenologiur sociologiaSi. igi aris misi Teoriis xerxemali - RerZi,romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs gavxsnaT cnobierebis <strong>socialuri</strong> buneba daadamianebis rogorc sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> arsebebis urTierTkavSirebi.intersubieqturobis ZiriTadi forma Sutcis mier aRiwereba “perspeqtivaTaTanaziarobis” Sesaxeb konstruqtis daxmarebiT, romelic gulisxmobs oriidealizaciis arsebobas. maTgan pirvelia “TvalsazrisTaurTierTCanacvalebadoba”. <strong>socialuri</strong> adgilebis gacvliT, subieqtebi,miuxedavad amisa, aRmoCndebian <strong>samyaros</strong> gancdis identuri wesebismflobelni. meore idealizacias warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns “relevantobaTa sistemisdamTxvevis”. wesi Sutcis mixdeviT, me da nebismieri sxva adamiani sarwmunodiRebs im faqts, rom miuxedavad Cveni biografiuli situaciebis unikalobisa,mniSvnelobis kriteriumTa gamoyenebuli sistemebis gansxvaveba” ararsebiTiaarsebuli - namdvil miznebis TvalsazriT”. Sutcis mtkicebiT, Cven orivevTvliT, rom “me da is, e.i. Cven”, CvenTvis aqtualurad an potencialuradzogad - saerTo obieqtebs, faqtebs, xdomilebebs interpretacias vukeTebTsakmarisad erTnairi wesiT da saxiT. intersubieqturobis Semdeg23
mniSvnelovan komponents warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns alter ego - “meore - sxva me”. SutcismixedviT “Tezisi” “sxva me” aRwers individis mier “sxvis” mis “cocxalawmyoSi” aRqmis zogierT aspeqts. Cvens mier erTmaneTis “cocxal awmyoSi”erTdroulad aRqma niSnavs, rom me romeliRac azriT mocemul momentSisxvaze meti ram vici, vidre am sxvam icis Tavisi Tavis Sesaxeb. rogorcmTel fenomenologiur sociologiaSi, erT - erT centralur konstruqtswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns “intencionaloba”. intencionaloba gvevlineba mizandasaxuli,motivirebuli moqmedebis mimarTulebis arsobriv maxasiaTeblad, agreTvecnobierebisac, gamoxatavs ra im fundamentur faqts, rom es ukanasknelimudam aris raRacis cnobiereba - gacnobiereba, rom cnobierebis obieqtiaris “nagulisxmevi” cnobierebisTvis mudam “mniSvnelobis” mqone.fenomenologiur sociologiaSi intencionalurobis urTierTdamatebiTiaspeqtebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba “noezisis” da “noemas” terminebi.intencionaluri cnobierebis gansakuTrebuli modusi (“me vazrovneb”, “meaRviqvam”) iwodeba “noezisad”, xolo misi obieqturi korelati (“is, rasac meviazreb an aRviqvam”) “noemad”. intencionaloba uzrunvelyofs azrovnebis,aRqmis, damaxsovrebis modusTa aRweras imis kvlevis gziT, rac ganicdebaTiToul mocemul modusSi. Sutcis TeoriaSi am terminebs aqvTmeTodologiuri mniSvneloba, vinaidan isini gvemsaxurebian cnobierebis(noemas) obieqtebisa da maTi konstruirebis (noezisis) procesis aRsawerad.Tavisi sociologiis mniSvnelovani paradigmebis da konstruirebis moxazviT,Sutcma daasabuTa Tu rogor unda yalibdebodes sociologiuri Teoria. igiSemdgom rekomendacias gvaZlevs: sociologma unda daiwyos mniSvnelobisdonidan, maSin sociologiis mier gamoyenebuli cnebebi da konstruqtebiiqcevian “meore rigis” (wesrigis) konstruqtebad, vinaidan isini warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nenpirveli rigis namdvili yofiTi konstruqtebis konstruqts, imkonstruqtebisa, romlebsac individebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi qmnian.Mmeore rigis konstruqtebi arian obieqtebi (verificirebulni) idealur –tipiuri konstruqtebi, dafuZnebulni pirveli donis yofiT konstruqtebze,e.i. sxva wesisa Tu rigis konstruqtebi. Sutcma Tavis Teoriaze dayrdnobiTikvlia <strong>socialuri</strong> moqmedebis motivTa struqturebi, yoveldRiuricnobierebis formebi da meTodebi, adamianuri komunikaciis struqtura,racionaluroba da sxva.VI a. Sutcis “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” sociologiafenomenologiur analizs Sutci ganixilavda ara rogorc TviTmizans,aramed fundamenturi sociologiuri problemebis gadaWris saSualebas. misiazriT, TviT es problemebi pirvelad wamoayena maqs veberma Tavis “ga<strong>ge</strong>biT”sociologiaSi. magram Sutcis damokidebuleba veberis mimarT ormagi iyo.erTis mxriv, igi veberis sociologiaSi xedavda sazogadoebis Sesaxebautenturi (TviTmyofi – namdvili) mecnierebis programas, meores mxriv –acnobierebda cnebaTa dausabuTeblobas, daufuZneblobas, romlebicSead<strong>ge</strong>ndnen am programis TviTon arsebas.ramdenadac Cven viciT veberis moZRvrebis ZiriTadi momentebi, gansakuTrebiTki aRsaniSnavia “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” problema, romelsac pirdapiri damokidebulebaaqvs Cvens problemasTan, amdenad masze dawvrilebiT ar SevCerdebiT,SevniSnavT ubralod imas, rom “moqmedebis subieqturi sazrisis” cnebasTandakavSirebul problemaTa mTeli kompleqsi moiTxovda Rrma damuSavebas,24
gnoseologiur da meTodologiur dasabuTebas. vebers amgvari dasabuTeba armoucia. faqtobrivad, veberis “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” sociologiis swored am aspeqtis –filosofiuri dasabuTebis ararsebobam – gamoiwvia kidec Sutcis mxrivveberis kritika, swored am dasabuTebad unda mogvevlinos ukve Sutcis mierSemuSavebuli “sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>” sociologia.saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom Sutci ueWvelad marTalia, laparakobs rasociologiur TeoriaTa da meTodTa filosofiuri dasabuTeba-dafuZnebisaucileblobis Sesaxeb. “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” problema veberis mier naTlad ar iyodayenebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, Seicavda orazrovnebas. erTis mxriv, “g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>”veberis sociologiaSi asrulebs damxmare funqciebs. mas ar hqonda uflebadamoukideblad yofiliyo sociologiuri codnis dasrulebul sistemaSi.“ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” rezultatebi, veberis azriT, “mxolod da mxolod gansakuTrebiTcxadi kauzaluri hipoTezaa”, romelic, raTa iqces mecnierul debulebad damtkice adgili daiWiros codnis sistemaSi, verificirebul unda iqnesobieqturi mecnieruli meTodebiT. magram, meores mxriv, moqmedebissubieqturi sazrisi unda gamogvad<strong>ge</strong>s im ZiriTad masalad, romliTacmuSaobs sociologi, es ki “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” problemas veberis sociologiurikoncefciis Suagulad aqcevs.ugulebelyofs ra “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” problemis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis pirvel aspeqts, romelSicigulisxmeboda “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis”, “subieqturi sazrisis” problematikis obieqturimecnierebis konteqstSi Seyvanis SesaZlebloba, Sutci mTel yuradRebasamaxvilebs meore aspeqtze, iyenebs ra meTodologiur iaraRad huserlisfilosofias.“empiriul mecnierebebs, - werda Sutci – TavianT sagnad aqvT samyaro,rogorc winaswar mocemuli ram, magram TviT isini, iseve, rogorc maTiinstrumentebi, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen am <strong>samyaros</strong> elementebs”. maSasadame,mecnierebisaTvis, Tu mas namdvilad surs, iyos “mkacri” mecniereba,aucilebelia ara imdenad formaluri simkacre, romelic logikurformalizaciaSi da maTematikur meTodTTa gamoyenebaSi mdgomareobs,ramdenadac misi <strong>ge</strong>nezisis da “winaswar-mocemulis” samyaroTiganpirobebulobis gamorkveva, romlidanac igi ibadeba da romelSic igicxovrobs. es samyaro, romelic win uswrebs maobieqtivirebel mecnierulrefleqsias, aris adamianur uSualobaTa samyaro, grZnobierebis,miswrafebebis, fantaziebis, survilis, eWvis, mtkicebis, warsulis Sesaxebmogonebebisa da momavlis winaswarganWvretis fenomenaluri samyaro(huserlianuri azriT). mokled, es aris “sicocxlis samyaro”. Sutci masgansazRvravs, rogorc <strong>samyaros</strong>, romelSic “ Cven, rogorc adamianuriarsebani Cvenive msgavs arsebaTa Soris, ganvicdiT kulturasa dasazogadoebas, damokidebulni varT obieqtebze, romlebic zemoqmedebenCvenze da Tavis mxriv, eqvemdebarebian Cvens zemoqmedebasac”. sociologiam,romelsac surs, gaaSuqos sakuTari safuZvlebi, unda mimarTos am <strong>samyaros</strong>.igi iwyebs “dasawyisidanve”, igi amodis sazogadoebis arsebobidan, misiuSualo mocemulobisagan., magram uars ambobs miiRos igi “rwmeniT” rogorcaseTi, igi eZebs pasuxs kiTxvaze: “rogoraa SesaZlebeli sazogadoeba?”.tradiciul sociologias, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs Sutci, ar awvalebs esproblema. is, rom sxva adamianebi arseboben, rom maT moqmedebas aqvs25
subieqturi sazrisi (azri), rom isini TavianT moqmedebebs ufardeben dawarmarTaven sxvebis moqmedebebze, rom komunikacia da urTierTg<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>SesaZlebelia – yvelaferi es, ambobs Sutci, igulisxmeba sociologTaSromebSi. igulisxmeba-ivaraudeba, magram ar analizdeba. am SemTxvevaSisociologiis Teoria da meTodi SeuZlebelia iyos adeqvaturad dasabuTebulida maTi egreT wodebuli simkacre da mecnieruloba imdenadve efemerulia,rogorc yvela danarCenni, riTac cocxlobs Cveulebrivi adamiani, Tavisukritikod aRqmul samyaroSi.kiTxvaze, “rogoraa SesaZlebeli sazogadoeba?” (xolo ufro konkretulad –zemoT dasmul mTel rig problemebze, romlebic nagulisxmevia veberiseuli“ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi” sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebiT) sociologias “Tavisi Tavidan”ar SeuZlia pasuxis gacema. esaa ara sociologiuri, aramed filosofiuriproblema. magram misi gadaWra sociologias SesaZleblobas aZlevs,gaacnobieros Tavisi adgili samyaroSi, Tavisi SesaZleblobani dasazRvrebi, gaigos sakuTar TeoriaTa da meTodTa buneba. Sutci amproblemis gadaWras cdilobs huserliseuli aRweriTi fenomenologiurifsiqologiis, rogorc ZiriTadi iaraRis gamoyenebis meSveobiT. misianalizis obieqtebia ara realuri <strong>socialuri</strong> movlenebi, aramedreducirebuli obieqtebi. obieqtebi, rogorc mniSvnelobebi, romlebici<strong>ge</strong>bian individis cnobierebis nakadSi da romlebic aorganizeben adamianTamoqmedebebs sicocxlis samyaroSi. aq Sutci iyenebs ara mxolod mecnierebiskrizisis gadawyvetis huserliseul programas, aramed gadawyvetissaSualebebsac da miyveba huserliseul orientirebs.gamocdilebis nakadSi mniSvnelobaTa konstituireba. sicocxlis samyaro,esaa uSualod gancdadi refleqsiamdeli saqmianobis sfero. am <strong>samyaros</strong>movlenaTa nakadi – sicocxlea, romelic usasrulo da daunawevrebeli“xangrZlivobaa”(aq Sutci iyenebs bergsonis termins), “drois Sinaganigancdaa” (huserlis gamoTqmiT). movlenebi sicocxlis nakadSi mniSvnelobebsmoklebulni arian. uazrobaa vTqvaT, rom gancdas “aqvs mniSvneloba”.mniSvneloba ar imyofeba (ipoveba) sicocxlis nakadSi. mniSvnelovaniamxolod is gancda, romelic daWerilia refleqsiaSi. “mniSvneloba,-wersSutci – esaa wesi, romliTac ego ganixilavs Tavis gancdas”.gancdaTa nakadi, esaa sicocxle; refleqsia ki – esaa azri. sicocxle daazri SeuTavsebelia. refleqsiaSi mocemulia, anu refleqsia wvdeba araaxlandel-namdvil gancdas, aramed warsul gancdas. “cocxali awmyo”,axlandeloba, gnebavT – dRevandeloba, cocxali “aq da axla”,refleqsiisaTvis mouxelTebelia, ganekuTvneba ra cocxalis <strong>samyaros</strong>, igiamovardnilia mniSvnelobis sferosagan. Sutci refleqsias adarebssinaTlis Suqs, romelic aSuqebs gamocdilebis nakadis calkeul nawilebs,anawevrebs, nawilebad yofs am nakads, avlens ra masSi mniSvnelad(diskretul) elementebs. “swored cocxali egos – aqtualuri aq da axlaaris kidec sinaTlis wyaro, mwvervali, saidanac momdinareobs sinaTlissxivi, romelic vrceldeba ukve warsulSi gardamaval xangrZlivobisnakadis nawilebze, aSuqebs da gamoyofs ra maT danarCeni nakadisgan”.26
amgvarad, saxezea sicocxlisa da azrovnebis, gancdisa da mniSvnelobis, anusicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>a da maobieqtivirebeli refleqsiis dapirispirebuloba.rogorc gvaxsovs, sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>Tvis damaxasiaTebelia:1) gancdis uSualoba;2) gancdaTa “anonimuroba”;3) misi daunawevrebeli mTlianoba;gamocdilebis mniSvnelad elementTa warmoSoba gulisxmobs:1) refleqsias;2) maobieqtivirebel egos;3) <strong>samyaros</strong> elementTa diskretulobas;sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>a da maobieqtirivebel refleqsiis daxasiaTebaTaurTierTgamomricxveloba gvixsnis, Tu ratom unda damTavrdes, huserlisazriT, sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> “Tematizaciis” yoveli mcdeloba marcxiT, Turatom awarmoebs (gvaZlevs) yoveli mizandasaxuli saqmianoba realuri<strong>samyaros</strong> mxolod damaxinjebul saxes.is, rac zemoTaa gadmocemuli, Sutcis azriT, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns gamocdilebisnakadSi mniSvnelobaTa konstituirebis dabal, elementarul dones, rodesacmniSvneloba ganixileba refleqsiis erTeuli aqtis konteqstSi, romeliciTvaliswinebs gancdis da masze mimarTuli intenciis elementarulobas.magram arsebobs sxva, ufro maRali doneebic. mniSvnelobaTa specifikuradmyari konfiguraciebi, intencionalur aqtSi gaerTianebisas, SeiZleba aigoniqcnenadamianur gamocdilebaTa mniSvnelad obieqtebad. obieqti aseTSemTxvevaSi ganixileba, rogorc refleqsiis elementarul aqtTa myarierToblioba. Semdeg, Sutci kidev gamoyofs erT dones-mniSvnelobis mqonemoqmedebas, romelic “intencionaluri proeqtis” meSveobiT realizaciasukeTebs masSi Semaval ufro dabali donis mniSvnelobebis erTianobas.arsebobs aseve umaRles wesrigTa “mniSvnelobebis konteqstebi” – anuintencionaluri erTianobebi, romelbic moicaven adamianuri sococxlismniSvnelovan etapebs, anda, TviT mTlian sicocxlesac ki. isini individTamier aRiqmebian maTs mTlianobaSi, qmnis ra, rogorc Sutci ambobs, “codnisnamdvil (saxeze arsebul) marags” da warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns sqemas, romelSicinterpretacias eqvemdebareba yoveli axali gamocdileba, anu, sxvagvaradrom vTqvaT, intencionalur aqtTa krebuls, romelic a<strong>ge</strong>bs-akonstruirebsyoveli axali gancdis mniSvnelobas. am SemTxvevaSi am gancdis specifikurimniSvneloba mdgomareobs “codnis arsebuli maragis” mTlianobaSi,mniSvnelobaTa yovlismomcvel konteqstis mTlianobaSi, misi CarTvis wesSi.gamocdilebis nakadSi mniSvnelobaTa konstruirebis procesis analizisaSualebas aZlevs Sutcs, gansazRvros yovelgvari gamocdilebis“subieqturi sazrisis” cneba (iqneba es obieqtis aRqma, praqtikuli moqmedeba,msjeloba da a.S.). “uSualo gancdis subieqturi sazrisi – wers igi – arcmeti, arc naklebi, aris am gancdis TviTinterpretacia axali gancdisTvalsazrisiT”. SevecadoT am gansazRvrebis axsnas. masSi naTqvamia:1) gancda, romelsac subieqtisTvis aqvs specifikuri sazrisi (anmniSvneloba) – esaa warsuli, ukve “gancdili” deaqtualizirebuli gancda,vinaidan refleqsiis aqti mimarTulia ara imisdami, rac mxolod axlaiqmneba-yalibdeba, aramed imisadmi, rac ukve aris.27
2) interpretaciis gamkeTebeli subieqti am warsul gamocdilebas mimarTavsaxali, aqtualuri gancdis TvalsazrisiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, TviT undagaxdes Semdeg refleqsiis obieqti.3) gancda subieqtis mier interpretirdeba “codnis namdvili-arsebulimaragis” terminebiT, e. i. warsuli gamocdilebis procesSi konstruirebulmniSvnelobaTa terminebiT. Tu Cven zeviT vaCveneT, rom maobieqtivirebelirefleqsia upirispirdeba sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>, maSin es gansazRvrebasaSualebas gvaZlevs vamtkicoT, rom marefleqsirebeli (refleqsiismomxdeni) individi, miuxedavad amisa, SeuZlebelia ar arsebobdes sicocxlissamyaroSi, romelic gardauvlad da mudmivad warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nsmarefleqsirebeli saqmianobis fundaments.gamocdilebis nakadSi mniSvnelobaTa konstruirebis Sutciseuli analizi,arsebiTad, imeorebs huserlis ganazrebebs drois Sinagani gancdis procesisSesaxeb. faqtobrivad, Cvens winaSea im movlenis elementaruli modeli,romelic huserlma globalur masStabSi ganixila. magram Sutci TavisanalizSi misdevs da isaxavs specifiur sociologiur miznebs. gancdissubieqturi sazrisis gansazRvreba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns mutatis mutandum – (saTanadocvlilebebis SetaniT), moqmedebis subieqturi sazrisis cnebis gansazRvrebas.esaa maqs veberis suliskveTebiT, “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi sociologiis” ZiriTadiprincipebis dafuZnebis gzaze gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji. igi mimarTavsamasTan dakavSirebiT “<strong>socialuri</strong> moqmedebis” cnebas da midis ufro Sors.am cnebis Sinaarss igi xsnis intersubieqturobis TeoriaSi, romlisZiriTadi amocanaa sxva adamianTa arsebobis Sesaxeb “SexedulebaTa”ganxilva, dafuZneba da imis axsna, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebelipirovnebaTSorisi komunikacia.VII intersubieqturobis Teoriaimis aRniSvnisas, rom refleqsuri msjelobebi “kontrastul”damokidebulebebs iCenen sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>admi, huserli umatebda: “...magram yvelaferi adamianuri (individualuri da sazogadoebrivi), qmnadi daukve qmnili, TviTonve warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> nawils. maSasadame,kontrasti ixsneba”. swored am “moxsnisagan”, refleqsur msjelobaTasicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>Tan am “Serwymisagan” amodis kidec Sutci. socialururTierTobaTa, socialur institutTa, sxva “me”-Ta intersubieqturi samyaro,rogoradac es samyaro arsebobs “bunebrivi ganwyobis” CarCoebSi, romelCarCosac moqmedi adamianebi iyeneben maT realur cxovrebaSi, xdeba kidecmisi kvlevis sagani.magram “bunebrivi ganwyobis” TvalsazrisiT es samyaro obieqturia, maSin,rodesac, Sutcis Tanaxmad, esaa konstruirebuli intersubieqturi, e.i.sicocxlis samyaro. mas miaCnia, rom mis mier Catarebulmafenomenologiurma analizma axsna am <strong>samyaros</strong> transcedenturad miCnevisprocesi. TviT es samyaro, rogorc “bunebrivi ganwyobis konstituciurifenomenologiis” sfero, xdeba Semdgomi kvlevis sagani.sxva adamianTa arseboba iseTive ueWvelia CvenTvis, rogorc gare <strong>samyaros</strong>arseboba. Cemi yoveldRiurobis samyaro – esaa ara Cemi piradi, sakuTari28
samyaro, aramed obieqturi samyaro, romelsac me vinawileb sxvebTan erTadda romelic maT mier zustad iseve ganicdeba, rogorc Cems mier. ufrometic, adamianebi, romlebic Cvens gverdiT imyofebian, ara mxolodinawileben CemTan erTad am <strong>samyaros</strong>, aramed arian misi ganuyofelinawilic, arian Cemi “biografiuli situaciis” elementebi zustad iseve,rogorc me Sevdivar maT situaciaSi, rogorc maTi garemomcveli <strong>samyaros</strong>(garemos) elementi. sxva sityvebiT, sxva adamianTa sxeulebrivi arseboba,maTi Segnebuli cxovreba, komunikaciis SesaZlebloba, <strong>socialuri</strong>organizaciisa da kulturis arseboba – yovelive es bunebrivi ganwyobismier miiReba rogorc aseTi, eWvis gareSe.detalurad avxsnaT, Tu raSia aRniSnul TvalsazrisTa Soris ZiriTadigansxvaveba; Tu Cven vdgavarT bunebrivi ganwyobis Tvalsazrisze, maSinmagram “bunebrivi ganwyobis konstituciuri fenomenologiis” poziciebidanyvelaferi es gvevlineba rogorc “codnis arsebuli maragi”, rogorcmniSvneloba, romelic arsebobs, magram romelic konstruirebuli iyowarsulSi da romlis konstruirebis procesis Sesaxeb xsovnac daikarga,ramdenadac TviT konstruirebuli obieqti CarTuli iqna mniSvnelobaTaufro farTo konteqstSi. imisaTvis, raTa gavigoT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebelimeore (sxva) “me”-s arseboba, saWiroa davubrundeT pirvelsawyisebs, e.i.warsulSi dakargul konstruirebis process, romlis rezultatic Cvensmier miiReba axla rogorc TavisTavad cxadad mocemuli, rogorcsicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> elementi.amgvarad, axla Cven gavaanalizebT sxva “me”-Ta arsebobis problemis, e.i.intersubieqturi problemis – fenomenologiuri sociologiis am ZiriTadiproblemis Sutciseul gadawyvetas. bWoba aq exeba TviT <strong>socialuri</strong>s bunebasda adamianuri komunikaciis bunebas. swored intersubieqturobis analizSivlindeba yvelaze ufro Sutcis sociologiuri koncefciis Tavisebureba.ras niSnavs, kiTxulobs Sutci, bunebrivi ganwyobis CarCoebSi TavisTavadcxadi postulati meore-sxva “me”-s arsebobis Sesaxeb? da TviTonve pasuxobs:sxva (meore) aris cnobieri arseba, igi cxovrobs droSi, mis cnobierebasigive struqtura aqvs, rac Cems sakuTr cnobierebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelanaTqvami erTeuli egos mier mniSvnelobaTa konstruirebis Taobaze savsebiTgamosadegi da misaRebia sxvebis mimarTac: igi aseve gamoacalkevebscnobierebis nakadidan calkeul elementebs, interpretacias ukeTebs mas dasvams mniSvnelobaTa arsebul konteqstebSi, a<strong>ge</strong>bs cdis-gamocdilebis Tavis<strong>samyaros</strong>, Tavis “codnis arsebul marags” da mniSvneloba, romelsac igianiWebs ama Tu im gancdas, aris misi subieqturi mniSvneloba.imisaTvis, raTa Seicnos es mniSvneloba, “me”-m, Tanaxmad Sutcisa, undamoaxdinos meore individis gancdis eqsplicireba zustad iseve, rogorc amasTviT igi akeTebs”.sxva sityvebiT, “me’’-m unda1) ganicados sxvisi (meoris) cnobierebis nakadi mis uSualobaSi,2) intencionalur aqtSi izolireba unda gaukeTos am nakadis garkveulelements,29
3) interpretacia unda gaukeTos gamonawevrebul gancdas mniSvnelobaTa imkonteqstis terminebSi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mocemuliindividisaTvis.ganvixiloT cal - calke TiToeuli am etapTagan. daviwyoT ukanaskneliT.mniSvnelobaTa konstruirebis zemoT gadmocemuli Teoriis Suqze erTi daigive gancdis “Cems mier” da “sxvis mier” gakeTebuli interpretaciisigiveobis moTxovna ubralod absurdulad gamoiyureba, vinaidan igigulisxmobs Semmecneblisa da Sesamecnebelis mier mTeli maTi cxovrebismanZilze SeZenili mTeli gamocdilebis, mniSvnelobaTa mTeli konteqstis,codnis arsebuli maragis igiveobas orive individSi,rogorc SemecnebelSi,ise imaSi, visac i<strong>ge</strong>ben da imecneben. aqedan SegveZlo gagvekeTebina daskvnaCemTvis sxvisi cnobierebis miudgomlobis Sesaxeb da cxadia, aseTi daskvnayvelaze Tanmimdevruli iqneboda. amas SeuZlia wagviyvanostranscedentaluri idealizmisken, amas ki Sutci uaryofs. igi yovelTvisaxdens Tavisi azrebis balansirebas bunebrivi da fenomenologiuriganwyobebis zRvarze. sociologiuri Teoriis a<strong>ge</strong>bisas igi amodis imisagan,rac mocemulia bunebriv ganwyobaSi (am ganwyobaSi ki sxvisi arseboba damisi “g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>c” arsebuli, TavisTavad cxadi faqtia), iyenebs ra am mocemulisaxsnisTvis fenomenologiur analizs, igi akeTebs kompromisul daskvnas: “mniSvneloba, romelsac me vawer Tqvens gamocdilebas, SeuZlebelia zustadiseTive iyos, rogorc mniSvneloba, romelsac Tqven aniWebT masinterpretaciis procesSi”.axla SevexoT meore etaps – anu intencionaluri konstituirebis process.Sutci aq mimarTavs huserliseuli “imanenturi” da “transcedentaluri”intencionalobis gansxvavebas. Cven SegviZlia, amtkicebs igi, intencionaluraqtSi movicvaT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi gancdac. orive SemTxvevaSiintencionaluroba saxezea, magram Tu Cemi sakuTari gancdis wvdomauSualoa, maSin sxvisi gancdis wvdomas “niSnobrivi” xasiaTi aqvs. “mevwvdebi sxvis gancdas mxolod signitikur-simboluri reprezentaciismeSveobiT.” amgvarad, me ar SemiZlia miviRo pirdapiri wvdomiT sxvisigancdebi. es absurdulic ki iqneboda. msgavs gzasac transcendentalizmiskenmivyavarT. magram me uSualod vwvdebi am gancdis “gamoTqmas-gamoxatulebas”,da vufardeb ra mas Cems mier adre SemuSavebul interpretaciis sqemas(romelSic Sedis agreTve yvelaferi, rac CemTvis cnobilia am sxvisSesaxeb), gadavdivar misi sxeulebrivi moZraobebidan mis cocxalgamocdilebaze. magram es araa daskvna an reziume Cveulebrivi azriT, aramedesaa Cemi egos – intencionaluri aqti.aq ki Cven ukve gadavdivarT sxvis, meore individis subieqtur mniSvnelobaTaSecnobis pirveli, ZiriTadi etapis analizze. aqamde analizi ar gadiodabunebrivi ganwyobis CarCoebidan. Sutcma gamoavlina alter egos Sesaxebpostulatis zogierTi Sedegi, magram postulati mainc postulatad darCa.intersubieqturobis buneba ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT axsnilad, sanam ar iqnebanaCvenebi “sxvisi” cnobierebis nakadis mis uSualobaSi gancdisSesaZlebloba. sxvagvarad – an bunebrivi ganwyobis Tvalsazrisis ukritikodmiReba, an huserlianuri tipis transcedentaluri subieqtivizmi.30
Sutci kvlav xelaxla ubrundeba cnobierebis fenomenologiur analizs dagvaxsenebs, rom cnobierebis nakadSi mniSvnelobaTa konstruirebis procesiesaa procesi, romelic droSi mimdinareobs. refleqsiis aqtSi sakuTarigancdis wvdoma-daWera aucileblobiT aris warsuli gancdis wvdoma da araawmyoSi mimdinare gancdisa. zustad aseve, sxvasac SeuZlia daakvirdesmxolod mis warsuls. magram es ar exeba sxvisi gamocdilebis Cemeulgancdas. me SemiZlia daviWiro-vwvde mis “gamoTqmebs”, gamoxatulebebs dainterpretacia gavukeTo maT mis aqtualobaSi, e.i. im etapebze, ra etapzedacsxvisi gancda jer kidev ar aris refleqsirebuli, diferencirebuli TviTonam sxvisTvisac ki, rodesac isini misTvis jer kidev “momavalSi” arian. igiveSeiZleba iTqvas sxvaTa mier Cemi gancdebis wvdomazec. amiT nagulisxmevia,wers Sutci, rom me da Sen, garkveuli azriT, “erTdroulni” varT, rom Cven“TanavarsebobT”, rom cnoberebis Cveni nakadebi erTmaneTs gadakveTenxolme”.Sutcis es naTqvami metaforulad unda gavigoT. amis damadastureblad undamoviyvanoT misi Semdegi azrebi, saxeldobr, imis Taobaze, rom individicnobierebis sakuTar nakads da sxvisi cnobierebis nakads uyurebs erTianintencionalur aqtSi, romelic aerTianebs am orive nakads. anda: CemsawmyoSi me Sevicnob sxvis awmyos, xolo sxva Tavis awmyoSi Seicnobs Cemsawmyos – axlandelobas.“ramdenadac, - wers Sutci – TiToeul CvenTagans SeuZlia ganicados sxvisi(meoris) azrebi da moqmedebani mis cocxal awmyoSi (axlandelobaSi), maSin,rodesac sxvas (meores) SeuZlia wvdes Tavis sazrisebs-moqmedebebs mxolodwarsulSi refleqsiis meSveobiT, amdenad me ufro meti vici sxvis (meoris)Sesaxeb, xolo am meorem-sxvam meti icis Cemze, vidre TiToeulma CvenTaganmaicis Tavisi cnobierebis sakuTar nakadze. es namdvili, romelic saerToaorive CvenTaganisaTvis, aris wminda sfero “Cven”...Cven yovelgvari refleqsiis gareSe TanavmonawileobT “Cvenis” cocxalerTdroulobaSi, maSin, rodesac “me” vlindeba mxolod sakuTari Tavisadmirefleqsur mibrunebaSi ... Cven ar SegviZlia, vwvdeT Cvens sakuTarmoqmedebas mis aqtualur namdviloba-axlaobaSi, Cven vwvdebiT mxolod misim nawilebs, rac ukve gaviareT, magram sxvis moqmedebebs Cven ganvicdiT maTcocxal qmedebebSi”. amgvarad, fiqrobs Sutci, SeiZleba axsniladCavTvaloT intersubieqturobis, rogorc refleqsiamdeli da TavisTavadcxadi faqtis, rogorc sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> faqtis buneba. radganacrefleqsia klavs-spobs TavisTavad sicxades, amitom intersubieqturobis“Tematizaciis” yovelgvari mcdeloba, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb pozitiurmecnierebaTa yovelgvari mcdeloba adamianur urTierTobaTa cocxalirealobis marefleqsirebeli obieqtivaciisa, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns am realobisdamaxinjebas, “mokvdinebas”.intersubieqturobis Teoria warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebisfundamentaluri problemisadmi – TviT <strong>socialuri</strong> problemisadmifenomenologiuri meTodis miyenebis erTerT yvelaze naTel magaliTs. Sutciintersubieqturobis Teoriis Seqmnisas amodis bunebrivi ganwyobisagan,romelic axdens sxva adamianTa arsebobis-Tanaarsebobis postulirebas,adamianebisa, romlebic floben sxeulsa da cnobierebas, romlebic erTnairi31
wesiT aRiqvamen da interpretacias ukeTeben obieqtur <strong>samyaros</strong>.mniSvnelobaTa konstruirebis fenomenologiuri analizi, romelic moiTxovseqsistencialuri msjelobebisagan “Tavis Sekavebas”, Sutcis mier ganixileba,rogorc meTodologiuri iaraRi, romelic uars ambobs sxva adamianTaarseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb ontologiuri wanamZRvrebis miRebaze. yovelSemTxvevaSi, ase amtkicebs TviTon igi. ra xdeba sinamdvileSi? Sutci amodissicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>gan, uSualod mocemulis <strong>samyaros</strong>gan, igi akvirdebasxvas (meores) mxolod rogorc am <strong>samyaros</strong> fenomens da esmis ra, rom amgzas miyavs igi transendentaluri solipsizmis CixSi, iRebs zogierTmeTodologiur daSvebas – sxvis (meoris) arsebobis Sutciseuli analizimankier wreSi vardeba. intersubieqturoba SeuZlebelia dasabuTdes. sxvasityvebiT, sxvisi (meoris) arseboba SeuZlebeli xdeba aixsnas... sxvisiarsebobis daSvebis gareSe. xolo amgvari daSveba, Sutcis mixedviT,arakritikulia. magram axla davubrundeT sakuTriv Sutcis sociologiurkoncefcias. misi ideebis mixedviT intersubieqturobis Teoria undagamogvad<strong>ge</strong>s “ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi sociologiis” ori kardinaluri problemis gadaWrissaqmeSi, maqs veberis suliskveTebiT: 1) sxva adamianebis qcevazeorientirebuli moqmedebis, e.i. veberiseuli “<strong>socialuri</strong> moqmedebis” cnebissazrisis gamovlenasa da 2) moqmedebis subieqturi sazrisis SecnobisSesaZleblobis axsnaSi, anu “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” procesis axsnaSi.VIII “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” saxesxvaobani”.“g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>, rogorc aseTi, - wers Sutci – ganuyofelia mniSvnelobisagan,vinaidan yovelgvari g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> mimarTulia imaze, rom rasac aqvs mniSvneloba...”aqidan ki gamomdinareobs “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” ufro zogadi gansazRvreba: “yvelaintencionalur aqts, romlebic warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen individis sakuTari subieqturigamocdilebis interpretacias, unda ewodos ga<strong>ge</strong>bis aqtebi. amgvarad,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cnobierebis fenomenologiuri analizi (erTeuli egosmier mniSvnelobaTa konstruireba da intersubieqturobis Teoria)amavdroulad warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” analizs, da Cveni amocanac isaa, raTaavxsnaT igi, rogorc aseTi.“g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>” Tavisi pirveladi da ufro zogadi mniSvnelobiT aris araspecifikuri sociologiuri meTodi da arc sxva individis “g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>”, aramedTviT sakuTari Tavis “g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>”, sakuTari gamocdilebis mniSvnelobaTagamovlena, damoukideblad imisagan, aris Tu ara misi sagani fizikuri,<strong>socialuri</strong>, gasulierebeli Tu usulo obieqtebi. maSasadame, bunebriviganwyobis poziciis mqone individi ki ar “xsnis” <strong>samyaros</strong>, aramed “i<strong>ge</strong>bs” masmis uSualobaSi, e.i. “i<strong>ge</strong>bs” mas, rogorc sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>.“g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>” viwro azriT, anu meore (sxva) individis “g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>” realizdebamxolod maSin, rodesac moqmedebaSi Semodis postulati alter ego-sSesaxeb da “sxva” ukve aRiqmeba ara rogorc Cemi sakuTari gamocdilebisfenomeni, aramed iseT raimed,romelic aRWurvilia sxeuliTa dacnobierebiT, romelic iseTive struqturas flobs, rogorsac Cemi sakuTari“me”. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cems mier aRqmuli sxvisi sxeulis moZraobawarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns ukve ara ubralod Cems gancdebs Cemi cnobierebis nakadSi,aramed (intersubieqturobis Teoriis Tanaxmad), iZens sxvisi cnobierebisnakadSi sxvisi gancdis “gamoTqmis” statuss, Cemi cnobierebis nakadis32
erTdroulad. magram, ramdenadac isini interpretirdebian swored CemTvisdamaxasiaTebel mniSvnelobaTa konteqstis terminebiT, amdenad,interpretaciis sruli adeqvaturoba miuRwevelia. sxvisi “g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>” yovelTvisda gardauvlad miaxloebiTia.TviT es “miaxloebiToba” axsnas iTxovs. warmoiSoba kiTxva: rogor xdebaSesaZlebeli urTules socialur urTierTqmedebaTa sxvadasxva elementTagasaocari sinatife, garkveuloba, gamarTuloba, urTierTSeTanxmebuloba,Tu monawileTa mier am urTierTqmedebis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> mudam mxolodmiaxloebiTia? rogoria am miaxloebiTobis done da xarisxi? am kiTxvebzeSutciseul analizs Cven qvemoT SevexebiT, axla ki gavCerdeT socialursamyaroSi erTi individis mier meoris “ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” elementaruli aqtisSutciseul analizze, ramdenadac TeoriaSi amdenad naTeli gansxvaveba“ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” ori tipisa (sxvisa da sakuTari Tavis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>) ar gamoiyurebaamdenadve naTlad, rodesac saqme exeba urTierTqmedebis cocxal realobas.detaluri analizis mizniT Sutci gamoyofs <strong>socialuri</strong> moqmedebis ortips: moqmedeba, romelsac miznad ar aqvs komunikacia da moqmedeba, romelicsruldeba komunikaciis mizniT. gavCerdeT pirvel maTganze.moqmedebis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>, romelsac Tavis miznad ar aqvs komunikacia.Sutci aanalizebs maqs veberis mier gamoyenebul magaliTs_SeSis mCexveladamianis moqmedebas da gamoyofs mocemul SemTxvevaSi ga<strong>ge</strong>bis ramdenimesaxes.1) SeSis Cexva SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc fizikuri faqti, najaxi eSvebamorze, mori iCexeba nawilebad da nafotebad da a.S. konstituirebisTeoriis terminebiT aseTi `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ SeiZleba avxsnaT rogorcdamkvirveblis mier sakuTari gancdebis mniSvnelobaTa gamovlena codnissakuTari maragis terminebiT, e.i. rogorc damkvirveblis mier sakuTariTavis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>. mocemul momentSi damkvirvebel i<strong>ge</strong>bs-u<strong>ge</strong>bs ara SeSismCexels. aramed imas, rom adgili aqvs SeSis Cexvas, SeSa iCexeba.2) SeiZleba ganvixiloT SeSis mCexveli rogorc adamianuri sxeuli,interpretacias vukeTebT ra misi sxeulis moZraobas rogorc imismowmobas, rom esaa cocxali, cnobierebis mqone arseba. magram amSemTxvevaSic `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ aris damkvirveblis mier sakuTari gancdebisinterpretacia.3) dasaSvebia aseTi variantic, yuradRebis centri SeiZleba gaxdes SeSismCexvelis subieqturi gancdebi, e.i. d<strong>ge</strong>ba kiTxvebi: moqmedebs Tu ara esadamiani winaswarSemuSavebuli <strong>ge</strong>gmis Tanaxmad? rogoria es <strong>ge</strong>gma?rogoria misi motivebi? mniSvnelobaTa rogor konteqstSi aRiqmebian esmoqmedebani TviT mis mier? swored `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ es tipi romelic efuZnebasxva `meTa~ arsebobis postulats, aris sicocxlis samyaroSi realursocialur urTierTobaTa fundamenti.`garegani faqti da sxeulebrivi moZraobani_wers Sutci_ gai<strong>ge</strong>ba rogorcdakvirvebadi pirovnebis cocxali gamocdilebis aRniSvnebi.damkvirveblis yuradReba koncentrirdeba ara aRniSvnebze, aramed imaze,rac Zevs am aRniSvnebis miRma. esaa meore individis WeSmariti g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>.~axla ki gadavideT im moqmedebis analizze, romelic sruldebakomunikaciis mizniT, e.i. Segnebulad iyenebs niSnebs.komunikaciis mizniT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~.rogori azriT SeiZleba iTqvas, kiTxulobs Sutci, rom me vi<strong>ge</strong>b<strong>ge</strong>rmanulad molaparake adamians?33
1) SeiZleba yuradReba mivaqcioT molaparakis saxes da gavigoT, rom esaaadamiani, da ara moCveneba an figura kinoekranze, rom adamianilaparakobs.2) damkvirvebels SeuZlia aRiqvas mxolod xma, gaigos, rom es ar arisSemTxveviTi xmebi da b<strong>ge</strong>rebi, aramed adamianuri metyveleba.3) SeiZleba (da es damokidebulia codnis arsebul maragze) JReradobisspecifikis mixedviT aRmovaCinoT, rom es adamiani laparakobs<strong>ge</strong>rmanulad, ise rom ar gvqondes umciresi warmod<strong>ge</strong>nac ki mis miergamoyenebuli sityvebis mniSvnelobaze. samive SemTxvevaSi bWoba exebadamkvirveblis mier codnis sakuTari arsebuli maragis terminebSisakuTari gancdis mniSvnelobaTa konstruirebas, e.i.TviTinterpretacias, sakuTari Tavis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>s.4) damkvirvebels SeuZlia gaigos sityva rogorc niSani, romelic raRacmniSvnelobas gulisxmobs. magram iqac igi interpretacias ukeTebsniSans, arsebul adre konstruirebul mniSvnelobaTa konteqstisterminebSi, gansazRvrul niSnobrivi sistemis, saxeldobr <strong>ge</strong>rmanulienis terminebSi. sityva_Tisch-mis cnobierebaSi gamoiwvevs magidismiaxloebiT gamosaxulebas, Tanac misTvis mocemul SemTxvevaSimniSvneloba ara aqvs es sityva warmoTqmuli iqneba adamianis,magnitofonis Tu TuTiyuSis mier, ara aqvs mniSvneloba agreTvenaTqvami Tu dawerili iqneba igi. ara aqvs agreTve mniSvnelobagamoTqmis konteqsts. aseTi interpretacia rCeba TviTinterpretaciad,ramdenadac damkvirvebels ainteresebs sityvis `mniSvneloba~ da aramniSvneloba, romelsac aniWebs am sityvas igi, vinc mas iyenebs.5) magram SeiZleba SevecadoT gavigoT `sityvis mniSvneloba rogorcmosaubris subieqturi gamocdilebis aRniSvna.~ e.i. TiTqosda sityvismeoradi mniSvneloba, romelic miuTiTebs imaze, `rasac mosaubregulisxmobs am sityviT.~ aq bWoba exeba imas, rac surda eTqvamosaubres, mocemul momentSi, mocemul garemoebaSi am sityviswarmoTqmisas; mniSvnelobaTa konteqstis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>s, romel konteqstSigamoiyena man es sityva, sityvis warmoTqmis misi motivis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>s.esaa_warmoTqmulis WeSmariti g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>, romelsac Tavis miznad aqvsmeore individis subieqtur mniSvnelobaTa wvdoma.aq SeiZleba gavakeToT Sualeduri daskvna: meore individis WeSmaritig<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>, damoukideblad imisagan, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns igi moqmedebis Tu niSnisg<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>s, aris, Sutcis mixedviT, meoris_sxvis subieqtur mniSvnelobaTag<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> e.i. mniSvnelobaTa konteqstis gamovlena, romelsac miakuTvnebsTavis moqmedebas TviT moqmedi individi, agreTve moqmedebis Sesrulebis(an niSnis ganxorcielebis), misi motivis gamovlena, niSnis qveS SeiZlebagavigoT sityva, sagzao niSani, xelovnebis nawarmoebi da a.S. WeSmaritg<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>s aucileblobiT win uswrebs TviTinterpretacia, e.i. sakuTarigancdebis interpretacia mniSvnelobaTa sakuTari konteqstis terminebSi.`sxvisi g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ SeuZlebeliaia `sakuTari Tavis~ winaswari ga<strong>ge</strong>bis gareSe.WeSmariti g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod meore-sxva `mes~-Sesaxeb postulatis moqmedebis pirobebSi, romelic flobs Cemicnobierebis struqturulad analogiur cnobierebas. amgvarad, cxadixdeba, rom_irkveva rom `WeSmariti g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ aris arc meti, arc naklebirogorc intersubieqturobis realizacia, amitom ki aris sicocxlis<strong>samyaros</strong> safuZvelmdebeli Tviseba, romelic a<strong>ge</strong>bs am samyaroSiurTierTqmedebis elementarul situacias~.34
ogorc zeviT iyo naCvenebi, sxvisi subieqturi mniSvnelobebis mkacri dazusti `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ SeuZlebelia. `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ mudam miaxloebiTia. igimiaxloebiTia TviT uSualo urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi, magram i<strong>ge</strong>bssocialur cxovrebas da mis monawileebs ara mxolod maSin, rodesacisini misgan Sors arian, Tanac ara mxolod sivrceSi, aramed droSic-igii<strong>ge</strong>bs Tavis winaparTa <strong>samyaros</strong> xelTarsebuli empiriuli cnobierebissafuZvelze. igi garemoculia ara mxolod materialuri, aramed idealuriobieqtebiT da cdilobs maT g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>s, cdilobs im subieqturimniSvnelobebis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>s, romlebic arsebobdnen an arseboben maTSemqmnelebSi. kompleqsuri, mravalwaxnagovani, magram erTiani <strong>socialuri</strong>procesi yalibdeba-ewyoba mraval individTa SeTanxmebuliurTierTqmedebis procesSi. magram SesaZlebelia ki es SeTanxmebuloba,miuxedavad maTi erTmaneTis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis `miaxloebiTobisa?` rogoriamiaxloebiTobis dasaSvebi xarisxi ama Tu im konkretulurTierTqmedebaSi rogor SeuZlia socialur mecnierebas ara miaxloebiT`gaigos~ (Sutcis sociologia xom_`ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ sociologiaa) ammiaxloebiTobis sazRvrebi da xarisxi_done.Sutci am problemas iseve martivad da TvalsaCinod Wris, rogorc isiniiWrebian bunebrivi ganwyobis samyaroSi uSualo praqtikul saqmianobisas.igi fiqrobs, rom yoveldRiuri azrovneba ama Tu im obieqtis ga<strong>ge</strong>bisasSesaZlebel uTanxmoebebs gadalaxavs ori fundamenturi Tanaziarobiszogadi Tezisis CarCoebSi.1) TvalsazrisTa urTierTCanacvlebis postulati: ` me mwams da vuSveb,rom sxvac (meore) igives akeTebs- rom, Tu gavucvli mas adgils ise,rom misi `aq~ gaxdes Cemi, maSin me viqnebi imave manZiliT-isevedaSorebuli sagnebisagan da imave tipiurobiT davinaxav maT, rogorcTviT is xedavda, ufro metic, mec mivwvdebi igive nivTebs, rac misTvismisawvdomi iyo da piriqiT.~2) `relevantobaTa sistemis~ damTxvevis postulati: `sanam araadamtkicebuli sapirispiro, me mwams-da vuSveb, rom sxvac igivesakeTebs,_ rom Cemi da misi biografiuli situaciebis unikalurobisSedegad perspeqtivebSi arsebuli gansxvaveba dids arafers arcvlis_gulgrilia nebismieri CvenTaganis miznebSi da miznebis mimarT...da Cven vuSvebT, rom orive erTnairad virCevT da interpretirebasvukeTebT aqtualurad an potencialurad saerTo obieqtebs da maTTvisebebs an ukidures SemTxvevaSi maT interpretirebas vaxdenT`empiriulad identuri~ wesiT. e.i. iseTi wesiT, romelic sakmarisaderTnairia nebismieri praqtikuli miznisaTvis.naTelia, rom orive es postulati aris im movlenaTa da obieqtTatipizaciis iaraRi, romlebic miekuTvnebian urTierTmoqmed individTaTvissaerTo garemos. ramdenadac es postulatebi moqmedeben, urTierTqmedebenda iZenen universalurobas da upirovnobas, `socialurobis~ Tvisebebs. esTvisebebi da niSnebi ama Tu im socialur erTobis wevrTa mier miiRebarwmenis saxiT da individis mier urTierTqmedebis situaciisgansazRvrebaSi Sedian ara rogorc misi sakuTari gancdis subieqturimniSvnelobebi, aramed rogorc normatiuli codna, romelicsubstancirebulia jgufis, erTobis, romlis wevrsac individiwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, faqtobriv cxovel saqmianobaSi. perspeqtivaTaurTierTmonacvleobis Sesaxeb Tezisi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns zemoT aRniSnuli`miaxloebiTobis~ Sevsebas, riTac SesaZlebels xdis uSualo35
urTierTqmedebis situaciis gareSe (gareT) komunikaciasa daurTierTg<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>s.perspeqtivaTa urTierTmonacvleobis Tezisi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns aseveurTierTmoqmed individTa sociokulturul siaxloveze damokidebul`ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ doneTa tipizaciis saSualebas. ganvixiloT, Tu rogor esmis esfunqcia Sutcs. qvemoTmoyvanil msjelobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobaaqvs, vinaidan aq Sutci cdilobs gamoiZios sicocxlis samyaroSisociologiuri codnis matipizirebul proceduraTa wyaro.perspeqtivaTa urTierTmonacvleoba_Canacvlebis Tezisis Sesatyvisad`Tana-meTeme~-ni e.i. individTa jgufi, romelTanac me makavSirebssivrcobrivi erTianoba, gamoiyofa `ubralod Tanamedroveebisagan~,romelTac me makavSirebs mxolod drois erTianoba. Tu `Tana-meTe meTa~urTierTqmedebani_`Cven-urTierTobania~, rogoradac is aRiwerebaintersubieqturobis TeoriiT, maSin TanamedroveTa pirveli tipisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ sisrule-sisavse, sxvisi g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> araunikalurobaSi, meorisaTvis ki sxvisi wvdoma da g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> araunikalurobaSi, aramed mis tipiurobaSi.Sutci gvixsnis: `Cven urTierTobebSi~, rogori SemTxveviTi dazedapirulic ar unda iyvnen isini, sxva (meore individi) miiwvdomeba(g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>) rogorc unikaluri individualoba (Tumc yvelaze naTladgvevlineba misi pirovnebis mxolod erTi aspeqti) mis unikalurbiografiul situaciaSi (marTalia, gvexsneba-Tavs gvivlens mxolodfragmentulad). <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTobebis yvela sxva formebSi (TviT`Tana-meTemeTa~ urTierTobebSic ki, ramdenadac saqme exeba meorepirovnebis gamouvlenel aspeqtebs) sxva-meore `me~ SeiZleba wvdomiliqnes mxolod `qcevis tipis, qve-mdebare motivTa tipobrivi modelis anpirovnuli tipis tipobrivi ganwyobebis konstruirebis gziT, romelTaqveSac Seiyvaneba sxva (meore) da misi moqmedebac, rogorc magaliTi ankerZo SemTxveva.~Tu `Tana-meTemeTa~ urTierTobebSi partniori- pirovnebaa, maSin`TanamedroveTa~ urTierTobebSi partniori-idealuri tipia. magramrogorc varaudobs Sutci, `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ es ori fundamenturi donekontininumispolusebia. SeiZleba gamovyoT Sualedur etapTa mTelisimravle. upirovnulobis da tipobrivobis xarisxi-done sxvebTan CemsurTierTobebSi damokidebulia Cvens Semakavebel mTlianobis doneze,rogorebicaa, vTqvaT sasiyvarulo kavSirebi, naTesauri urTierTobebi,profesionaluri jgufi, saxelmwifoebrivi mikuTvnebuloba da a.S.saboloo angariSiT, rogorc amtkiceben relevantobaTa sistemisdamTxvevis postulati, bunebrivi ganwyobis samyaroSi urTierTqmedebisama Tu im situaciaSi, erTi individis mier meoris `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ xarisxiganisazRvreba nebismieri praqtikuli miznisaTvis am `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~`sakmarisobiT~, Tavis mxriv `praqtikuli miznebi~ individis sicocxlissamyaroSi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen sxvadasxva-gansxvavebuli donis socialurstruqturebs iseTebs, rogorebicaa ojaxi, profesionaluri jgufi, klasida a.S. isini arseboben sicocxlis samyaroSi, rogorc `ga<strong>ge</strong>bulni~ e.i.arseboben uSualo da TviTcxadad.36
Cven ganvixileT `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ sami tipi, rogorc igi gaanalizebulia SutcissistemaSi:1) `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ rogorc TviTinterpretacia;2) sxvebis subieqturi mniSvnelobebis `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~, anu WeSmariti `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~,3) matipizirebeli `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~. Cven davinaxeT agreTve, rom `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ SutcTangvevlineba ara rogorc kerZo kvleviTi problema da ara rogorcsocialur mecnierebaTa meTodologiuri principi. `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~problematikis Tanmimdevruli gaSla warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns individis cxovelsaqmianobis <strong>samyaros</strong> Sinaarsis gaSlas ise, rogorc igi warmoidginebamis uSualo gancdaSi, e.i. sicocxlis samyaroSi. Cven mivsdieT`ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ Sutciseul analizs Cveulebrivi yofiTi donidan tipizaciisdonemde.am analizis Semdegi nabiji unda iyos mecnieruli tipizaciis, <strong>socialuri</strong>mecnierebis rogorc sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> procesTagan erT-erTiskategoriaTa formirebis procesis analizi. amiT ki demonstrirebuliiqneboda mecnierebis warmoSoba win-mocemulis samyarodan da misimudmivi ganpirobebulia am samyaroTi. aseve realizebuli iqneboda<strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebebis mimarT huserlis mier dasaxuli programa:maobieqtivirebeli <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebis mier realobis gaorebismeqanizmis axsna, mecnierebis realobis SeerTeba-gaerTianeba sicocxlisrealobasTan, subieqturobis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na mis kanonier uflebebSi, dasociologiis mier sakuTari Tavis gacnobiereba rogorc mecnierulitipizaciis Sutciseul analizze, vnaxoT uzrunvelyofs Tu ara `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~misi koncefcia am programis realizaciisaTvis aucilebel wanamZRvrebs.zemoT naCvenebi iyo, cnobierebis huserliseul fenomenebs logikuranalizze damyarebul gancdaTa nakadSi mniSvnelobaTa konstruirebisTeorias aqvs cxadad gamoxatuli subieqtivisturi xasiaTi.intersubieqturobis Teoria Tavis TavSi Seicavs Rrma SinaganwinaaRmdegobebs, da es winaaRmdegobebi savsebiT da mTlianad inarCunebenTavs `sxva individis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~, anu WeSmariti `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ koncefciaSi.namdvilad, sxvis-meoris `g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>~ uwinares yovlisa moiTxovs am sxvismeorisarsebobis aRiarebas, aseTi ram ki mis sistemaSi dausabuTebelirCeba. makonstituirebeli saqmianobis analizs ar SeuZlia Tavisi Tavidandabados-Seqmnas sxva-meore, xolo daSveba alter ego-s Sesaxeb daSvebadpostulatadrCeba, upasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blo miTiTebiT `upasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blo~ bunebrivganwyobaze.ideis logikur ganviTarebas mivyavarT meoris (sxvis) rogorc subieqtismakonstuitirebeli saqmianobis produqtis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>sTan. magram amgvarSemTxvevaSi `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ problema ar arsebobs, rameTu ga<strong>ge</strong>bis subieqtimeoris-sxvis igiveobrivia-msgavsia. realurad arsebuli meoris (sxvis)aRiareba gadauWrel winaaRmdegobas qmnis `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ Sutciseul TeoriaSi.Sutci TviTon araerTxel aRniSnavs, rom analizis TiTqmis yovelpunqtSi arsebobs transcendenturi idealizmisaken gadaxvevis saSiSroeba.aseTi gza namdvilad ar akmayofilebs Sutcs. aicila ra ukve erTxel igiTavidan alter ego-s Sesaxeb `ukritiko~ postulatis meSveobiT, SutciagrZelebs sesxebas bunebrivi ganwyobidan: matipizirebeli `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~SesaZlebloba mis koncefciaSi uzrunvelyofilia perspeqtivaTa37
urTierTCanacvladobis (Secvlis) Tezisi. esaa-friad faqizi momenti dasaqiroa mivagoT misa<strong>ge</strong>beli Sutcis sociologiur damkvirveblobas,yoveldRiuri cnobierebis friad faqizi meqanizmebis, socialurstruqturaTa yoveldRiur aRqmaTa-Cveulebriv aRqmaTa wesebis gamorCevasada aRweris unars, magram saqme isaa, rom msgavsi aRwera warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nsaRweras bunebrivi ganwyobis poziciidan, romelsac Tan axlavsobieqturobis niSnis ukritiko (rameTu matipizirebuli `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ donezefenomenologiuri analizi ar arsebobs) warTmeva bunebriviganwyobisaTvis da misi Sinaarsis TviTnebobis fenomenalur samyaroSigadatana.bunebrivi ganwyobis Tvalsazrisi stiqiuri, ararefleqsirebadi ganwyobaa.Sutci axdens bunebrivi ganwyobis `deontologizirebas~, magram misiSinaarsis `sicocxlis samyaroSi~ gaubedavi Teoriuli gadatanac verSecvlis saqmes. analizis procesSi-subieqtivizmis Tavidan acilebismizniT-Sutci cvlis meTodologias. intencionaluri konstituirebisnacvlad Secdomis ukritiko aRwera deontologizirebuli bunebriviganwyobis poziciidan, rac cud gavlenas axdens mis mier `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~problematikis-sociologiis rogorc `ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ mecniereis problemisrezultatebsa da Sede<strong>ge</strong>bze.`ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ sociologiis proeqti.Sutcis ZiriTadi Tezisi,romelicsaSualebas gvaZlevs sicocxlis samyaro davukavSiroT mecnierulicnebebisa da kanonebis abstraqtul <strong>samyaros</strong>, isaa, rom sociologiac,iseve rogorc codnis nebismieri sxva sistema, miekuTvneba `sicocxlis<strong>samyaros</strong>~, misi ganuyofeli nawilia, da rom amitom `sicocxlissamyaroSi~ codnis formirebis, arsebobisa da ganviTarebis Seswavla amavedros aseve sociologiuri codnis formirebis, arsebobisa daganviTarebis gamokvlevacaa.mecnierebis kvleva SeiZleba orgvarad: SeiZleba igi gamovikvlioTrogorc codna, romelic cnebaTa formalizebeli sistemaa da rogorc amcodnis matarebeli mecnierebi. codna-mecnierebi: kvlevis orive gvariurTierTdakavSirebulia dacnebaTa mecnierul tipizacias gulisxmobs, magram Sutcis azriT,mecnieruli cnebebi ar arian im tipebis igiveobrivni, romelTacCveulebrivi adamiani-moqmedi iyenebs bunebrivi ganwyobis samyaroSi. isini(mecnieruli cnebebi)-meore rigis tipebia, Cveulebriv yoveldRiur tipTatipebia, `konstruqtTa konstruqtebia~, romlebic Seqmnilia empiriulimecnierebis procedurebis Sesatyvisad da mTlianobaSi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nenTeoriul sistemas, romelic moicavs Semowmebad zogad hipoTezebs.sakvlev individTa subieqturi mniSvnelobebi rCebian TiTqosda`gadadebulni~ rogorc yoveldRiur, ise mecnierul tipebSi, magramtipizirebisas isini obieqtivizirdebian da saboloo angariSiT `ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~sociologiis sistema gamodis rogorc `subieqtur mniSvnelobaTaobieqturi sistema~. `ga<strong>ge</strong>biT~ sociologiaSi Teoriis `obieqturobis~ZiriTadi kriteriumebi aseTia: `logikuri kavSiri~, `adeqvaturoba~,`subieqturi interpretacia~, Sutci Semdegnairad gvixsnis am kriteriumTaSinaarss: `logikuri dakavSirebulobis postulatisadmi Sesabamisobauzrunvelyofs sociologiis mier konstruirebuli azrovnebiTi38
obieqtebis obieqtur dasabuTebulobas. adekvaturobis postulatisadmiSesabamisoba uzrunvelyofs maTs SeTavsebas yoveldRiur cxovrebiskonstruqtebTan~, `subieqturi interpretaciis postulati ga<strong>ge</strong>buli undaiqnas im azriT, rom <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>samyaros</strong> yvela mecnieruli axsna. undaSeefardebodes im individTa moqmedebebis subieqtur mniSvnelobebs,romelTaganac yalibdeba <strong>socialuri</strong> realoba~.es kriteriumebi raime principulad axals ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen. mecnierebislogika aseTive moTxovnebs uyenebs nebismier Teorias: `logikuri kavSiridakavSirebulobaigulisxmeba TviT cneba `Teoriis~ gansazRvrebiT,`adeqvaturobis~ Sutciseuli postulati tolia e.w. Sesabamisobiswesebis-empiriul cnebebis TeoriulSi `gadayvanis~ wesebisa, subieqturiinterpretaciis moTxovna tolia Teoriul daskvnaTa empiriuliSemowmebis moTxovnisa. ionini am mosazrebebiT cdilobs SutciseulimoTxovnebi-obieqturobis pozitivistur moTxovnebs gauigivos. igi wers:`saerTod Sutciseuli warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi `ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ sociologiis SesaxebsavsebiT akmayofileben mecnierebis logikisa da meTodologiispozitivistur naturalistur principebs.~ (gv.122).mivud<strong>ge</strong>T sicocxlis samyaroSi sociologiis adgilis Sesaxeb sakiTxssxva mxridan, saxeldobr ganvixiloT Sutcis mier sicocxlis samyaroSisociologis adgilis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dayeneba.sociologi-ambobs Sutci- akvirdeba sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> `mecnieruliganwyobis poziciidan. magram d<strong>ge</strong>ba ra mecnieruli ganwyobisTvalsazrisze, sociologi fexebidan ibertyavs sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>mtvers e.i. scildeba da tovebs sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong> miwas. misTvis ararsebobs socialur samyaroSi `aq da axla~, igi Tavis pozicias masSi daam poziciasTan dakavSirebul warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis, rwmenebis, idealebissistemas ganixilavs rogorc gulgrils sakuTriv mecnieruli saqmianobismizanTa mimarT. axla codnis misi arsebuli maragi-aris ara misisubieqturi, mis mier warsulSi konstruirebuli mniSvnelobebiskonteqsti, aramed mecnieruli codnis `korpusi~, romelsac igi `iRebsrwmeniT~. mocemul mecnierul situaciaSi, sociologis mier misimecnieruli situaciis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis struqtura (`ga<strong>ge</strong>bis zonebi da doneebidetaluridanda srulidan zogadamde-tipizirebamde) ganisazRvrebamocemuli mecnieruli problemebis gadaWris moTxovniT.sxva sityvebiT, mecnieri tovebs `sicocxlis <strong>samyaros</strong>~ e.i. CveulebriviyoveldRiuri praqtikuli cxovelsaqmianobis <strong>samyaros</strong>, axdens Tavisimecnieruli problemebis, mecnieruli saSualebebis da maTi gadaWrismecnieruli meTodebis yoveldRiurobis samyaroSi miRebuli problemebisada meTodebisadmi dapirispirebis deklarirebas, da .. Sedis samyaroSi,sadac aRmoaCens igive, yoveldRiurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs. es `axali~ samyaro-mecnierebis samyaro mis irgvliv rogorccentris garSemo organizdeba, da struqturirebas ganicdis misi rogorcmecnieris piradi miznebis Sesabamisad. sociologis pozicia sicoclis<strong>samyaros</strong> mimarT, rogorc es Sutcis mieraa gansazRvrul-savsebiT sworadukve gansazRvrulia huserlis mier. mecnierni-huserlis mixedviT-`yvelafris mimarT brmebia, garda Tavisi saqmis miznebisa dahorizontebisa da rac ufro ganapirobebs sicocxlis samyaro imas, raSic39
isini cxovroben, rasac ganekuTvneba mTeli maTi `Teoriuli saqmianoba~,da rac ufro xdeba igi saSualebad im saqmianobidan, romelic `Zevs~rogorc Teoriul bWobis, ise gansaxilveli sagnis safuZvelSi, miT ufronakleb warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. is maTTvis Temas~. magram huserlma am sityvebiTdaaxasiaTa naturalisturad orientirebuli mecnierebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebi,miuxedavad amisa, es daxasiaTeba mTlianad emTxveva SutciseuldaxasiaTebas.ra moxda? `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ mis ukanasknel etapze- `ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ sociologiisdoneze analizisas, Sutcs Semoyavs ori axali Teoriuli debuleba:`ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ sociologiis Teoriuli organizaciis principTa erTobliobada Tezisi `mecnieruli ganwyobis~- socialur samyaroSi sociologiisadgilis specifikis Sesaxeb.ioninis kritikuli SeniSvnebiT, rodesac vixilavdiT bunebriv dafenomenologiur ganwyobaTa Tanafardobas `ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ sam `qveda~- `dabal~doneze. Sutci mTlianad da savsebiT gadados bunebrivi ganwyobispoziciaze. aq igi sabolood Ralatobs fenomenologiur meTods, da maSinaRmoCndeba, rom Sutcis `ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ sociologiis mTeli konkretulsociologiurida meTodologiuri problematika: elementaruli<strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTqmedeba, yoveldRiuri tipizacia, socialurstruqturaTa subieqturi aRqma, sociologiuri Teoriis a<strong>ge</strong>bis principebida a.S.- yvelaferi es aRiwereba mis mier `arakritikulad~(fenomenologiuri meTodis TvalsazrisiT) miRebuli bunebrivi ganwyobispoziciidan, e.i. individis poziciidan, romelic <strong>samyaros</strong> aRiqvams`praqtikul-goniTad~ (k. marqsi), ara Teoriulad, ara- mecnierulad,stiqiurad, romelic socialur <strong>samyaros</strong> aRiqvams sakuTari `yoveldRiurimiznebis~ TvalsazrisiT. mecniereba am samyaroSi-maobieqtivirebelinaturalisturi mecnierebaa, romelmac dakarga Tavdapirveli kavSirisubieqturobasTan, mas sWirdeba sakuTari amosavali wanamZRvrebis axsnada a.S. aq Tavs iCens kvlav `krizisis~ huserliseuli problema. Sutci,ganaxorciela ra sicocxlis samyaroSi Tavsi fenomenologiuri `odisea~,iqve mivida, saidanac daiwyo. `autenturi~ <strong>socialuri</strong> mecnierebis -`ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi sociologiis - Seqmnis problema gadauWreli darCa.40
alfred SutcisaxlSi dabrunebuli“saxlSi dabrunebulisaTvis” saxli aRiqmeba erTgvarad miuCvevel garemod.adamiani fiqrobs, rom moxvda ucxo mxareSi. Tumca aqve unda ganvasxvavoT“saxlSi dabrunebulis” mdgomareoba im adamianis situaciisgan, romelic ucxoqveyanaSi Camovida. es ukanskneli unda SeuerTdes im jgufs, romelic arwarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns da arasdros yofila misi. axali samyaro organizebuliasxvagvarad, vidre is samyaro, saidanac TviTon Camovida. “saxlSi dabrunebuli”ki brundeba im garemoSi, sadac is ukve namyofia, romlis Sesaxebac moepovebacodna. “saxlSi dabrunebuli” fiqrobs, rom SeZlebs am codnis gamoyenebasaxal garemosTan kontaqtSi Sesasvlelad. ucxo qveyanaSi Camosuls es codnaar gaaCnia. “saxlSi dabrunebuls” ki imedi aqvs, rom am codnas droTaganmavlobaSi mexsierebaSi aRid<strong>ge</strong>ns. amgvarad igi grZnobs da ganicdis“dabrunebuli odisevsis” tipiur Soks.“saxlSi dabrunebulis” es tipiuri gamocdileba Cven unda gavaanalizoT<strong>socialuri</strong> fsiqologiis sarTo terminebSi. yovelive zemoTqmulis saukeTesomagaliTad gamod<strong>ge</strong>ba omidan darunebuli veteranebis SemTxveva, romelicaraCveulebrivadaa aRwerili literaturul nawarmoebebSi. Cven SeiZleba asevedaveyrdnoT mogzaurebis gamocdilebas, romlebic sazRvargareTidandabrundnen da emigrantebis gamocdilebas, romlebic mSobliur mxareSidabrundnen. “saxlSi dabrunebulis” mdgomareoba iseTivea, rogoric studentisada jariskacis, romlebic ardade<strong>ge</strong>bidan da jaridan Sin dabrundnen.ras vgulisxmobT “saxlSi”, rodesac “saxlSi dabrunebuls” vaxsenebT? “saxli”es aris is, saidanac viwyebT _ ityoda poeti. “saxli” es aris adgili, sadacyvela cdilobs dabrundes, roca sxvaganaa _ ityoda iuristi. “saxlSi”igulisxmeba koordinatTa sistema nulovani wertiliT, romelsac mivawerTmsoflios, raTa vipovoT masSi Cveni adgili. <strong>ge</strong>ografiulad ki “saxli” arisgansazRvruli adgili dedamiwis zedapirze. Tumca “saxli” ar aris mxolodnavsayudeli, ar aris ubralod saxli, ubralod oTaxi, baRi, an ubralodcixesimagre. “saxlis” ga<strong>ge</strong>bis simboluri daxasiaTeba emociuradaa SeniRbulida Znelia misi aRwera. “saxli” gansxvavebuli adamianebisTvis gansxvavebulsagans warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. is umravlesobisTvis mamiseul saxls, mSobliur enas,ojaxs, megobrebs, sayvarel peizaJebs da im simRerebs niSnavs, romlebsac deda41
gvimReroda, aseve gansazRvruli wesebiT momzadebul saWmels, yoveldRiuradmiCveul sagnebs, folklors da piradul Cvevebs. mokled “saxli” esaacxovrebis gansakuTrebuli wesebi, romelic patara SeCveuli da amasTanaveCvenTvis Zalian Zvirfasi elementebisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba.gamokiTxvebi gviCveneben, rom zogisTvis “saxli” aris ketCupiani sendviCiyinuliani rZiT, zogisTvis axali rZe da dilis gazeTi karebTan, zogisTvis kitramvais da avtomobilis sayviri. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom“saxli” arsebobs sami tipis adamianisTvis: adamianisTvis, romelic saxlsarasdros tovebs, adamianisTvis, romelic saxlidan moSorebiT cxovrobs, daadmianisTvis, romelic saxlSi brundeba.gamonaTqvami _ vigrZnoT Tavi ise, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi _ niSnavsintimurobisa da siaxlovis umaRles formas. saxlSi cxovrebas gaaCnia zustadgansazRvruli mizani, romelic Seicavs Cvevebis, tradiciebis, institutebisnakrebs, yvela saxis moRvaweobis ganrigs. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis umetesiproblema SeiZleba gadaiWras ukve arsebuli cnobili nimuSebis mixedviT. arCndeba imis moTxovnileba, rom situacia, romelSic adre movxvedrilvarT,xelaxla ganvsazRvroT da gavaanalizoT, anda nacnobi problemisgadasaWrelad axali gzebi veZioT maSin, roca msgavsi problemis gadaWrisxerxebi CvenTvis ukve nacnobia.gamoxatvisa da interpretaciis sakuTari sqema aregulirebs ara marto saxlSicxovrebis pirobebs, aramed es sqema saerToa im jgufis yvela wevrisTvis,romelsac Cven mivekuTvnebiT. Cven darwmunebuli varT imaSi, rom vsar<strong>ge</strong>blobTra am sqemiT, Cven gavu<strong>ge</strong>bT sxvebsac, isini ki Cven. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs Sansisubieqturad an obieqturad viwinaswarmeytyveloT viRacis moqmedeba CvensmimarT, iseve rogorc maTi reaqcia Cvens moqmedebaze. Cven SegviZlia aramxolod gamovicnoT ramoxdeba xval, aramed dav<strong>ge</strong>gmoT ufro Soreulimomavali. sagnebi rCebian iseTebi, rogorebic iyvnen. ra Tqma undayoveldRiurobaSi aris axali situaciebi da moulodneli movlenebi, magramsaxlSi yoveldRiuri rutinisagan gadaxveva im meTodebiT imarTeba, romelTameSveobiTac adamianebi yovelTvis axerxeben Tavi gaarTvan eqstraordinalursituaciebs.<strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTdamokidebulebis terminebSi SeiZleba iTqvas, romcxovreba saxlSi es aris cxovreba e. w. pirvelad jgufebSi. es termini42
SemoiRo kulim, imisTvis, rom ganesazRvra axali pirispiri urTierTobebi. Cvenimizania analizi gavukeToT am terminis zogierT dafarul implikacias.pirvel rigSi Cven unda ganvasxvavoT pirispiri da axlo urTierTobebi.pirveli iTvaliswinebs saerTo dro da sivrces. sivrcis erTianoba niSnavs, romsxeulis moZraoba, saxis gamometyveleba, mimikebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen Cveni partniorisazrebis simptomebs, meore mxriv sivrcis erTianoba niSnavs, rom individTaSexedulebebis gansazRvruli seqtori misawvdomia pirispiri urTierTobebisyvela monawilisTvis. am sarTo horizontis SigniT aris saerTo interesebisobieqti.drois erTianoba niSnavs, rom TiToeuli adamiani monawileobs sxvis SinagancxovrebaSi. me SemoZlia daviWiro sxvisi azrebi da SevuerTo sakuTari azrebisnakads, me svisTvis da sxva CemTvis ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns abstraqcias, arc tipiurimoqmedebebis magaliTebs, aramed Cven vyofT cocxal realobas unikaluridealur pirovnebebad. aseTia gansxvavebuli Strixebi pirispiri situaciisa,romelsac vuwodebT “wminda_Cven_urTierTobebs”. Cven SegviZlia yvelasdavanaxoT, rom yvela socialur urTierTobas SeuZlia (da unda iyos kidec)interpretirebuli. amrigad sasurvelia gavigoT, rom „wminda _ Cven _urTierTobebi” miekuTvneba mxolod <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTobebis formalurstruqturas, romelic dafuZnebulia drois da sivrcis erTianobaze. pirispiriurTierTobebi SeiZleba gamoirCeodes mravalferovnebiT, romelicdemonstrirebas ukeTebs sxvadasxva saxis siaxloves da anonimurobas. ra Tqmaunda erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba pirispiri urTierToba qalTan, romelicgviyvars, transportSi arsebuli pirispiri urTierTobisagan, romelsacmgzavrTan vamyarebT. kulis mixedviT pirveladi jgufis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> arisgansazRvruli Sinaarsi iseTi urTierTobisa, rogoricaa siaxlove. Tumcasiaxlovis g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong> ar aris pirispiri urTierTobis erTaderTi kriteriumi.amasTan erTad termini pirveladi jgufi gulisxmobs mesame g<strong>a<strong>ge</strong>ba</strong>sac,damoukidebels dasaxelebuli orisagan. igi imeorebs gansazRvruli <strong>socialuri</strong>urTierTobebis xasiaTs. colis moyvana, megobroba, ojaxi Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba ara mkacraduwyveti pirispiri urTierTobebisagan, aramed pirispiri urTierTobebiswyvetili seriebisagan. msgavsi pirveladi jgufebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>neninstitucionalizirebul situaciebs, romlebic kvlav aRad<strong>ge</strong>nen pirveladurTierTobebs da agrZeleben maT im momentidan, saidanac iyvnen gawyvetili. araris mkacrad gansazRvruli, rom es urTierTobebi aucileblad aRd<strong>ge</strong>ba da43
gagrZeldeba, magram amis Sansi arsebobs da es Sansi yurad unda iRos jgufisyvela wevrma.amgvari axsnis Semdeg davubrundeT imas, rom saxlSi cxovreba niSnavscxovrebis udidesi nawilis gatarebas aqtualur an potenciur pirveladjgufebSi. sxvebTan erTad erT sivrceSi da droSi saxlSi cxovreba niSnavsmiviRoT sxva, rogorc unikaluri pirovneba cocxal sinamdvileSi, gaviziaroTmasTan erTad moTxovnebi da imedebi. sabolood es niSnavs Sanss gawyvetiliurTierTobebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nisa. TiToeuli pirovnebisTvis sxvisi cxovreba xdebaTavisi avtobiografiis nawili, sakuTari istoriis elementi.aseTi aris Sinauri <strong>samyaros</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> struqturis aspeqti misTvis, vinc Sincxovrobs da is mTlianad icvleba misTvis, vinc saxli miatova.man Semoabija sxva socialur ganzomilebaSi, romelsac ar faravskoordinatTa sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc sakuTar saxlSireferenciis sqema. is ar ganicdis realur awmyoSi bevr socialururTierTobas, romlebic warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen misi misi ojaxuri jgufis teqstils,ar Tvlis Tavs amis monawiled. Tavis jgufTan sivrcisa da droiserTianobis darRvevis Sedegad interpretaciis veli, romelSic sxva sakuTarTavs gamoavlens, misTvis sakmaod viwrovdeba. sxvisi pirovneba ar aRiqmebamis mier, rogorc erTi mTlianoba: is iyofa nawilebad. araa axlobeliadamianis gamocdilebis mTliani gancda: misi Jestebis, moZraobis,metyvelebis maneris-es yvelaferi darCa mxolod mogonebad dafotosuraTebad. magram aris komunikaciis iseTi saSualeba, rogoricaawerilebi. magram werilis damweri mimarTavs adresatis imgvar tips,romelic man datova, rodesac saxlidan gadioda da adresati kiTxulobs imadamianis werilebs, romelsac gamoeTxova. navaraudevia, rom is, rac Cveuli(tipiuri) iyo warsulSi, iqneba aseve Cveuli awmyoSic, anu narCundebarelevantobebis igive sistema. magram orive partnioris cxovrebaSi SeiZlebagamoCndes inovaciebi. jariskacebs araerTxel gakvirvebiaT saxlidangamogzavnili werilebi. relevanturobebis sistemebis am cvlilebasSeesabameba siaxlovis xarisxis cvlileba: Sinauri jgufi agrZelebsarsebobas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Cveuli wesiT. ra Tqma unda, TviTnimuSic aseve SeiZleba Seicvalos. magram es cvlilebebi droSi gaweliliada adamianebi axdenen sakuTari interpretaciebis sistemis adaptirebas da44
eguebian cvlilebebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sistema icvleba, rogorcerTi mTlianoba, bzarebisa da natexebis gareSe. modifikaciebSic kiyovelTvis aris miTiTeba, Tu rogorc gaumklavde cxovrebas (gamonaklisiakatastrofis dros Zaladobrivi ganadgureba da mtruli qmedebebi). wasulsyovelTvis aqvs upiratesoba am yovlismomcveli nimuSis Secnobis mxriv. manSeiZleba warmoidginos dedis an dis qmedebebi ama Tu im situaciaSi,warsuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, magram maT ar SeiZleba hqondeT igivegamocdileba frontze jariskacis cxovrebasTan mimarTebaSi. marTalia,masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, dabrunebulTa monaTxrobebi dapropaganda iZlevian garkveul suraTs frontze cxovrebis Sesaxeb, magram esstereotipebi yalibdeba ara spontanurad, aramed isini jer gaivlian gacrasda maT mianiWeben garkveul mimarTulebas, rac keTdeba samxedro dapolitikuri miznebisaTvis. magram jariskacis situacia unikaluria. rodesacdabrunebisas is moyveba mis Sesaxeb-Tuki saerTod moyveba- maSin is naxavs,rom im adamianebsac ki, vinc misdami simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili, ar esmiT misiindividualuri gamocdilebis unikaluroba, ramac is sxva adamianad aqcia.maT aqvT Camoyalibebuli frontze jariskacis cxovrebis tipaJi da isiniSeecdebian ipovon msgavsi nacnobi niSnebi. maTi gadmosaxedidan, misi(jariskacis) cxovreba frontze mxolod umniSvnelod Tu gansxvavdeboda imcxovrebisagan, romlis Sesaxebac JurnalebSi waukiTxavT. ase, SeiZlebaaRmoCndes, rom qcevaTa umetesoba, romelic adamianebs miaCniaT, rogorcudidesi mamacobis gamovlineba, sinamdvileSi jariskacisaTvis arisgadarCenisaTvis brZola an movaleobis Sesruleba maSin, rodesac imjariskacis mier Sesrulebuli TviTganwirvisa da gmirobis mravlobiTigamovlineba saxlSi SeiZleba Seufasebeli darCes.Seusabamoba unikalurobasa da mniSvnelovnebas (romlebsac wasulimiawers sakuTar gamocdilebas) da saxlSi darCenili adamianebis mier amgamocdilebis im fsevdotipizacias Soris, romelsac isini amavdrouladmiaweren fsevdoreleventurobas-aris erT_erTi udidesi dabrkoleba, raTaaRd<strong>ge</strong>s adrindeli urTierTobebi. dabrunebulis warmateba an warumeteblobadamokidebulia Sansze gadaaqcios is <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTobebiganaxlebadad. magram maSinac ki, Tuki msgavsi urTierTobebi ar prevalirebs,am problemis amomwuravi gadawyveta rCeba miuRwevel idealad.45
magram aq kiTxvis qveS dgas Sinagani drois Seqcevadoba. es isproblemaa, romelic heraklitem asaxa aforizmiT, romlis mixedviTacSeuZlebelia erTsa da imave mdinareSi orjer Sesvla, xolo bergsonma isgaanaliza, rogorc xangrZlivoba: misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom warsuligamocdileba iZens sxvanair mniSvnelobas. aseve dabrunebuli adamianicsxvaa: sakuTari TavisTvisac da sxvebisTvisac, vinc mis dabrunebas eloda. essamarTliania yvela dabrunebulisaTvis. maSinac ki, Tuki Cven vbrundebiTsaxlSi xanmokle Sualedis Semdeg, Cven aRmovaCenT, rom Zveli, Cveuligaremo iZens damatebiT mniSvnelobas, romelic Cndeba Cveni gamocdilebidanaryofnis periodSi: sagnebsa da adamianebs, dasawyisSi mainc, aqvT sxvanairiSesaxedaoba. saWiroa garkveuli Zalisxmeva, raTa movaxdinoT CvenimoRvaweobis transformireba rutinul kalapotSi da Tavidan “gavaaqtiuroT”Cveni wina urTierTobebi adamianebsa da sagnebTan mimarTebaSi.garkveuli doniT TiToeuli dabrunebuli a<strong>ge</strong>movnebs gariyulobismagiur nayofs, iqneba is mware Tu tkbili. mxolod saxlis Zlieri monatrebaaiZulebs adamians Zvel nimuSebSi moaTavsos axali miznebi, maTirealizaciis axali saSualebebi, unarebi da gamocdileba, romelicadamianma SeiZina saxlisgan Sors yofnisas.samwuxarod-da esaa mTavari-araa garantia imisa, rom <strong>socialuri</strong>funqciebi, romlebmac gauZles tests erT sistemaSi, SeZleben imavesgakeTebas (anu gaZlebas), Tuki maT sxva sistemaSi gadavitanT. esgansakuTrebiT samarTliania omidan dabrunebul veteranebTan mimarTebaSi.sociologiuri TvalTaxedvidan, jariskacis cxovreba avlens ucnaurambivalentobas. is xasiaTdeba iZulebis, disciplinis, Tavs moxveulikontrolirebadi da normatiuli struqturis gansakuTrebulad maRalixarisxiT. movaleobis, Tanamegobrobis, solidarobisa da subordinaciisgrZnoba – adamianSi ganviTarebuli sasaxelo Tvisebebia, Tumca mocemulSemTxvevaSi isini Caketilia garkveuli jgufis CarCoebSi da araa RiasakuTari arCevanisaTvis. es Tvisebebi faseulia rogorc mSvidobianperiodSi, aseve omis periodSic. Tumca omis periodSi isini aregulirebenqcevas mxolod sakuTari jgufis farglebSi, magram ara mtrebTanmimarTebaSi. damokidebuleba mtrebis mimarT aris Tavs moxveulidisciplinis sapirispiro. is, rac prevalirebs masSi, raTa sZliosmiwinaaRde<strong>ge</strong>s, ar SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli moqalaqeobrivi cxovrebis46
nimuSebSi dasavleT demokratiebSi. omi-es aris <strong>socialuri</strong> struqturisarqetipi, romelsac diurkheimma kanonis darRveva uwoda. samoqalaqosazogadoebaSi jariskacma unda airCios sakuTari miznebi da saSualebebi daar SeuZlia, rogorc jarSi, mihyves avtoritets an xelmZRvanelobas. amitomis arc Tu ise iSviaTad sakuTar Tavs grZnobs, rogorc bavSvi dedis gareSe.sxva faqtori. omis dros SeiaraRebul ZalebSi momuSaveebs aqvTpriviligirebuli statusi sazogadoebaSi. “yvelaferi saukeTeso-Cvensjariskacebs”-aseTia lozungi omis periodSi. da is, Tu rogor uyurebensamoqalaqo pirebi adamians samxedro formaSi, iseve is uyurebs sakuTarsTavs, maSinac, Tuki asrulebs umniSvnelo samuSaos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi.magram saxlSi dabrunebuls CamorTmeuli aqvs samxedro forma da masTanerTad-priviligirebuli adgili sazogadoebaSi. ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavsimas, rom mas CamoerTva samSoblos damcvelis prestiJi, magram istoriagviCvenebs, rom didi xani arseboba ar uwyobs xels didebis Sesaxeb xsovnas.zemoTqmuls mivyevarT praqtikul daskvnebamde. bevri gakeTda, magram ufrobevri unda gakeTdes, raTa moamzado saxlSi dabrunebuli veterani saxlismiCvevis aucileblobisaTvis. aseve aucilebelia moamzado Sinaurebisjgufic misi dabrunebisaTvis. presisa da radios saSualebiT saWiroa maTganumartoT, rom adamiani, visac isini elian, ukve is araa. is sxvaa da arciseTi, rogoric warmoud<strong>ge</strong>niaT. propagandistuli manqanis datrialebasapirispiro mimarulebiT, jariskacis cxovrebis psevdotipebis ganadgurebada maTi Secvla realuriT-araa martivi amocana. magram aucilebeliagavanadguroT saeWvo holivuduri gmirobis gandideba da davxatoTrealisturi suraTi imisa, Tu rogor fiqroben da grZnoben es adamianebi-daaseTi suraTi iqneba aranakleb Rirseuli da dasamaxsovrebeli.Tavdapirvelad aramarto samSoblo uCvenebs saxlSi dabrunebuls ucnobsaxes, aramed isic moeCvenebaT ucnauri imaT, vinc mas elis. erTnic dameorenic unda iyvnen brZenni.47
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