sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba - socium.ge

sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba1.sociologiis warmoSobissocialuri wanamZRvrebia) politikuri revoluciebi. XVIII-e da XIX--e saukuneebSi momxdarma revoluciurmagadatrialebebma, romlebmac didi Zvrebi da cvlilebebi moitanes dasavlursazogadoebebSi,gansakuTrebuli daintereseba gamoiwvia socialur moazrovneebs Soris. amrevoluciebs dadebiT cvlilebebTan erTad bevri uaryofiTic mohyva sazogadoebaSi.moazrovneebi gaaogna revoluciebis mier datrialebulma uwesrigobebma da qaosma. yvelamaTgani sazogadoebaSi wesrigis da stabilurobis aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebis survilmagaaerTiana. zogi warsulisaken (SuasaukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesrigisadminostalgia) ixedeba da misi Rirebulebebis da faseulobebis aRdgenaze ocnebobs; zogi kiacnobierebs,rom momxdari cvlilebebi aseT dabrunebas SeuZlebels xdis da cdilobensazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali safuZvlebi moiZion. swored stabilurobis, socialuriwesrigisa da progresis ideebi gaxda kidec klasikos sociologTa kvlevisa da ZiebisZiriTadi sagani.b)samrewvelo revoluciebi da kapitalizmis aRmasvla. samrewvelo gadatrialebebmadasavluri sazogadoebebis agraruli_sasoflo meurneobidan upiratesad industriulsistemaze gadasvla gamoiwvia. axalma sistemam adamianTa soflidan qalaqadmigracia,qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi teqnologiuri srulyofis mTeli seriebi da kapitalisturiekonomikuri sistemis damkvidreba moitana, xolo am sistemis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebamki marTvis axali sistema__biurokratia, kapitalizmze reaqciam ki muSaTa moZraobebiwarmoSva,romlebic ukve kapitalizmis damxobaze fiqrobdnen. swored samrewvelogadatrialebebma, kapitalizmma da mis winaaRmdeg reaqciam dasavluri sazogadoebis wyobaSikolosaluri gadatrialeba gamoiwvia,ramac Tavis mxriv seriozuli gavlena iqoniasociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaze. j.ritceris sworiSeniSvniT, “sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebis gariJraJze iseTi gamoCenilimoRvaweebi,rogorebic iyvnen k.marqsi, m.veberi, e.diurkemi da g.zimeli…. . ., aqtiuradswavlobdnen cvlilebebis monacemebs,aseve am cvlilebebis mier sazogadoebaSi gamowveulproblemebs. es moazrovneebi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze dakavebulni iyvnensocialuri……problemebiT da bevr SemTxvevaSi cdilobdnen SeemuSavebinaT maTi gadaWrisgzebi”( ritceri, gv. 20)Ag) socializmi da socialuri Teoriebi. Tumca zogierTi sociologi qeba_didebas asxamdasocializms,rogorc industriuli problemebis gadaWris saSualebas, magram maTi umravlesobamas ewinaaRmdegeboda,rogorc mecnieruli, ise adamianur_humanuri TvalsazrisiT. erTis

mxriv,k.marqsi aqtiurad gamodis kapitalisturi sistemis damxobisa da misi socializmisSecvlis ideiT. meores mxriv, adrindeli sociologebis umravlesoba: m.veberi, e.diurkemi,socializmis mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvmnen. aRiarebdnen ra kapitalisturi sistemis SigniTproblemebis arsebobas,isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen socialur reformebs da ararevolucias,romliskenac k.marqsi mouwodebda. sazogadoebis inteleqtualur Zalebs“socializmis ufro eSinodaT,vidre kapitalizmisa. am SiSma meti gavlena iqoniasociologiis Teoriis ganviTarebaze. . . SeiZleba davaskvnaT,rom sociologiuri TeoriaCamoyalibda,rogorc marqsizmis sawinaaRmdego reaqcia”.(ritceri,gv. 20).d) feminizmi da sociologiuri Teoria. sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaze gavlenaagreTve feministurma moZraobamac iqonia,romelmac organizebuli xasiaTi XIX saukunis50_ian wleebSi miiRo. feminizmma imiT,rom SeZlo masobrivi mobilizacia qalebisaTvissayovelTao saarCevno uflebebis mosapoveblad da XX_is dasawyisSi samoqalaqo dasamrewvelo kanonmdeblobis Sesacvlelad, sociologebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axaliplastebis da urTierTobebis gamovlenasa da SeswavlaSi Seuwyo xeli.e) urbanizacia da sociologiuri Teoria. sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebazeseriozuli da mniSvnelovani gavlena urbanizaciulma procesebma da masTan dakavSirebuliproblemebis analizisa da gadaWris aucileblobamac iqonia.v) cvlilebebi religiaSi da sociologiuri Teoria. cvlilebebma religiursferoSi,Tavad mosaxleobis religiurobis xasiaTis Secvlam,romlebic gamowveuli iyo Rrmasocialuri cvlilebebiT, mZlavri stimuli misca sociologiuri midgomis ganviTarebas.TiTqmis yvela sociologiuri Teoria atarebda religiurobis beWeds,zogisTvis ki Tavadsociologia iqca religiad (o.konti).z) mecnierebis rolis zrda da sociologiuri Teoria. XVIII -e saukunis dasasrulsmecnierebis rolis zrdam ara mxolod kolejebsa da universitetebSi,aramed mTlianadsazogadoebaSi, mecnierul_teqnikuri Sromis produqtebis SeRwevam cxoovrebis yvelasferoSi,gazarda mecnierebis prestiJi. sociologTa umravlesoba dainteresebulni iyvnenmecnierebiT da sociologiis modelirebac bunebismecnierebis analogiiT undodaT.Tumca,arc is unda dagvaviwydes,rom jer kidev m.veberi aRniSnavda,rom sazogadoebrivicxovrebis ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi ar iZlevian mecnieruli modelebisadmi brmadmibaZvis saSualebas.2) inteleqtualuri Zalebis gavlena sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi.inteleqtualuri Zalebidan, romlebmac centraluri roli iTamaSes sociologiuri

Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi, aRsaniSnavia ori: ganmanaTlebloba da konservatiuli reaqciaganmanaTleblobaze.rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven,ganmanaTlebloba iyo mniSvnelovani inteleqtualurizrdisa da filosofiuri azris cvlilebebis periodi. ganmanaTleblobis dros didiraodenobis uZvelesi ideebi da Sexedulebebi,romelTa Soris bevri exeboda socialurcxovrebas, uaryofili iqna da Seicvala axliT. magram ganmanaTleblobis gavlenasociologiur Teoriebze ufro iribi da negatiuri iyo, vidre pirdapiri da pozitiuri.adrindeli sociologia viTardeboda rogorc ganmanaTleblobis ideebisadmidapirispireba.ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebi ( S.monteskie, Jan-Jak ruso da sxvebi) cdilobdnen TavianTiideebi, Tundac nawilobriv, aeRoT realuri samyarodan,isini aseve miiswrafvodnen,rom esideebi CaeyenebinaT socialuri samyaros samsaxurSi da daxmarebodnen mis kritikulanalizSi.garda amisa, ganmanaTleblobas axasiaTebs rwmena,rom adamianebs ZaluZT samyaros arsisgageba da empiriuli gamokvlevebisa da gonebis safuZvelze misi marTva. sxva sityvebiT,radgan fizikur samyaros marTavs bunebis kanonebi, maSin,savaraudoa, rom socialursamyarosac marTavdes misive kanonebi. amgvarad, Semecnebis amocanaa gonebiTa daempiriuli gamokvlevebiT daadginos socialuri samyaros kanonebi; socialuri samyaroskanonebis dadgenis safuZvelze ganmanaTleblebi isaxaven savsebiT praqtikul miznebs--Seqmnan “ukeTesi”,ufro racionaluri samyaro. gonebis rolis aRniSvnisas,ganmanaTleblebs eWvi SehqondaT tradiciul ZalauflebaSi. ikvlevdnen tradiciulRirebulebebsa da institutebs, romlebic adamianis zrdasa ganviTarebas amuxruWebdnen “ganmanaTleblobis filosofosebi,orientirebulni TavianTi ideebis praqtikulganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebis realur cvlilebebze, Tavis misias am aragonivrulisistemebis gardaqmnaSi xedavdnen” (ritceri,gv. 24).ganmanaTleblobam yvelaze didi gavlena frangul sociologiasa da marqsisSexedulebebze moaxdina. franguli sociologia gaxda racionaluri, empiriuli,mecnieruli da cvlilebebze orientirebuli. magram sociologiuri TeoriebisganviTarebaze aranakleb imoqmeda ganmanaTleblobis sawinaaRmdego ideebmac, romlebicwarmodgenili iyo franguli kaTolikuri kontrevoluciuri filosofosebis: lui debonaldisa (1794--1840) da Jozef de mestras (1753--1821) SexedulebebiT. isiniewinaaRmdegebodnen ara mxolod ganmanaTleblobas, aramed frangul

evoluciasac,romelic nawilobriv ganmanaTleblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebiswesis Sedegad miaCndaT.bonaldi SeZrwunebuli iyo revoluciuri cvlilebebiT da Suasaukuneebis mSvidi harmoniulisinamdvilisaken dabruneba swyuroda. misi azriT, sazogadoeba RvTiuri warmoSobisaa,maSasadame, goneba tradiciul religiur warmodgenebsaa daqvemdebarebuli. ufrometic,Tvlida ramdenadac sazogadoeba Seqmna RmerTma, adamianebi ar unda Caerion arsebulwesrigSi da ar unda Seecadon RvTiur qmnilebebSi cvlilebebis Setanas. amave dros,bonaldi ewinaaRmdegeba iseTi tradiciuli institutebis ngrevas, rogorebicaa: patriarqati,monogamiuri qorwineba, monarqia kaTolikuri eklesia.konservatiulma moazrovneebma uari uTxres ganmanaTleblobis “gulubryvilo”racionalizms. isini ara mxolod aRiareben socialuri cxovrebis iracionaluraspeqtebs, aramed miaweren maT dadebiT sazrisac. iseT fenomenebs,rogorebicaatradicia, amaRlebuli emociuroba, warmosaxva da religia ganixilavdnen, rogorcsazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis sasargeblo da aucilebel komponentebs. isini uaryofenrevoluciur gadatrialebebs da iswrafvian SeinarCunon arsebuli wesrigi, kicxavenganviTarebis iseT formebs, rogorebicaa franguli revolucia, samrewvelo gadatrialeba,aigivebdnen maT gamanadgurebel ZalebTan. konservatiuli moazrovneebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis xazgasma. es ki wamyvani Temaa TeoretikossociologTa SromebSi.mkvlevarebi (ceitlini, j.ritceri da sxvebi) gamoyofen aT ZiriTaddebulebas, romlebicgamomdinareobs konservatiul moazrovneTa Sexedulebebidan da Seadgenen franguli da aramxolod franguli ,aramed klasikuri sociologiis Teorul safuZvels.1. maSin rodesac ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebi xazs usvamdnen individualurobismniSvnelobas, konservatiuli reaqcionerebis interesebi ufro socialur xasiaTs atarebda:aqcenti keTdeboda sazogadoebisa da sxva ufro maStaburi fenomenebis rolze. sazogadoebaganixileboda, rogorc individTa ubralo erTobaze ufro meti ram. iTvleboda, romsazogadoebas aqvs ganviTarebis sakuTari kanonebi, rolebic saTaves iReben Soreul warsulSi.2. sazogadoeba gadaiqca analizis mTavar erTeulad; is ganixileboda, rogorc ufromniSvnelovani vidre individi. swored sazogadoeba Qqmnis individs, upiratesadsocializaciis procesSi.3. individumi TviT sazogadoebis SigniTac ar ganixileba rogorc ZiriTadi elementi.sazogadoebis Semadgenel komponentebad iTvleboda roli, mdgomareoba, struqtura da

institutebi. individis roli odnav ufro metia vidre am komponentebis ujredebis ubralodSevseba.4. sazogadoebis nawilebi arseboben urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. ra Tqmaunda es urTierTdamokidebuleba sazogadoebis safuZvelia. Aam Tvalsazriss mivyevarTkonservatiul politikur orientaciamde. radgan sazogadoebis yvela nawiliurTierTdamokidebulia, TiToeuli maTganis dasusteba zemoqmedebs meoreze da saboloodmTel sistemaze. Ees ki niSnavs, rom socialuri sistemis yvela cvlilebebi unda tardebodesudidesi sifrTxiliT.5. cvlilebebi ganixileboda rogorc saSiSroeba ara mxolod sazogadoebisa da misikomponentebisaTvis, aramed aq myofi individumebisaTvisac. sazogadoebis sxvadasxvakomponentebi mowodebulni iyvnen adamianebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.varaudobdnen, rom institutebis ngreva adamianebs tanjvas miayenebs, rac Tavis mxriv,gamoiwvevs socialur uwesrigobas.6 zogadi tendenciis Tanaxmad sazogadoebis msxvili Semadgeneli nawilebi sasargebloaindividumebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. Sedegad ar arsebobda arsebuli socialuriinstitutebis saqmianobis negatiuri Sefasebebis araviTari motivacia.7. SedarebiT wvrili komponentebi, rogorebicaa ojaxi, mezobloba, religiuri an dasaqmebismixedviT Sedgenili jgufebi, aseve iTvleboda sasargeblod sazogadoebisa daindividebisaTvis, radgan aq iqmneboda axlo da Tbili atmosfero, rac Zalze saWiroaTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Tavis SesanarCuneblad.8. miiCnevdnen, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cvlilebebi, rogorebicaaindustrializacia, urbanizacia da biurokratizacia iwveven socialur uwesrigobas. maTSiSiT da gangaSiT Sehyurebdnen, miuTiTebdnen maTi damangreveli Zalebis neitralizebismizniT RonisZiebebis gatarebis aucileblobaze.9. maSin rodesac am SiSismomgvrel cvlilebebs sazogadoeba miyavda ufro racionaluriwyobisaken, konservatiuli opozicia xazs usvamda iracionaluri faqtorebis mniSvnelobassazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (magaliTad, ritualebs, ceremoniebs, RvTismsaxurebas).10. da bolos, konservatorebi icavdnen sazogadoebis ierarqiul sistemas, mniSvnelovnadmiiCnevdnen sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da waxalisebis diferencirebuli sistemisarsebobas. (ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ixile: jorj ritceris Sroma “ Tanamedrovesociologiuri Teoriebi” ,rusul enaze 2002 w.)

amgvarad, pirveli sociologebi - o.konti da spenseri -- cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT sazogadoebisSesaxeb iseTi mecniereba, romelic fizikis an biologiis msgavsad SeZlebdasazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonebis aRmoCenas da dafuZnebas. am kanonebis safuZvelzeki sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis harmonizacia SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda, rameTu swored amkanonebis codna aZlevs mmarTvelebsa da mmarTulebs imis WeSmarit orientirebs, Turogor unda imoqmedon adamianebma, raTa sazogadoebaSi damyardes wesrigi dakeTildReoba.ogiust konti da pozitivisturi sociologiis CasaxvaSinaarsi1. cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;2. ideuri wyaroebi;3. pozitivizmi, rogorc mecnierebaTa dafuZneba;4. sociologia, rogorc mecniereba;5. sociologiis obieqti;6. meTodi: “obieqturi” da “subieqturi” sociologia7. socialuri statistika8. socialuri dinamika;9. mecnierebidan utopiuri proeqtebisaken.sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebipozitiuri, pozitivizmi, mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, socialuri organizmi, socialurisistema, socialuri wesrigi da progresi, socialuri statika, socialuri dinamika, samistadiis kanoni, kacobriobis religia, sociokratia – sociolatria (sociumisadmiTayvaniscema).ogiust konti: biografiuli narkvevi.

konti daibada 1798 wels monpelieSi, Cinovnikis ojaxSi. esaa revoluciuri cvlilebebis epoqa,ramac udidesi gavlena iqonia kontis msoflmxedvelobaze, romelic erTis mxriv gvevlinebapozitivizmis filosofiaSi, xolo meores mxriv sociologiis fuZemdeblad. pirveladdainteresebuli iyo maTematikis SeswavliT, maTematikis maswavlebelic ki iyo. maTematikiTdainteresebam igi miiyvana mecnierebis filosofiasTan. gansakuTrebiT didi gavlena iqoniamasze monteskiem da kondorsem – pirvelma Tavisi debulebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom politikursamarTlebrivimovlenebi damokidebulia bunebriv kanonebze, xolo meorem kacobriobisprogresuli ganviTarebis kanonis formulirebiTa da istoriis koncefciiT, romelSicmTavari adgili sazogadoebis ideebis, institutebis da urTierTobebis evolucias uWiravs.igi dainteresebulia agreTve politekonomiiT, akritikebs liberalur ekonomistTaSexedulebebs Tavisufali konkurenciis Sesaxeb, romelsac maTi azriT SeuZliaT migviyvanosTavisufal da damoukidebel individTa sazogadoebriv harmoniasTan. am moZRvrebas igiupirispirebs sazogadoebrivi erTianobis, klasTa da individTa politikuri integraciisideas, romlis drosac igi eyrdnoba tradicionalistTa koncefcias, sazogadoebrivi wyofismaT gagebas.1817-1824 ww. konti mdivnad muSaobda sen-simonTan ramac SesaZlebloba misca mravali misiideebi SeeTvisebina, magram uTanxmoebebma Zireul Teoriul da politikur sakiTxebze maTidapirispireba da urTierTobis gawyveta gamoiwvia. kontis pozitiuri filosofiis sistemaSeicavs marTalia bevr iseT moments, romelic sen-simonis koncefcias mogvagonebs, magrammiuxedavad amisa mTlianobaSi misi sistema eyrdnoba savsebiT sxva filosofiur da TeoriulsafuZvlebs. kontis eqvs tomiani Sroma “pozitiuri filosofiis kursi” gamoqveynebul iqna 1830w. da 1842 w Soris. masSi damuSavebulia mecnierenaTa klasifikaciis, pozitiuri filosofiisada sociologiis principebi. meore Sroma kontma miuZRvna politikisa da momavlis religiissafuZvlebs. esaa “pozitiuri politikis sistema anu kacobriobis religiis damdgenitraqtati”. oTx tomad (1851-54). kontis sicocxleSi gamoqveynebul iqna agreTve misi Sromebi“filosofiuri traqtati popularuli astronomiis Sesaxeb” (1844), “ganazrebani pozitiurifilosofiis sulis Sesaxeb (1844); “ganazrebani pozitivizmze mTlianobaSi” (1848-51),“pozitivisturi katexezisi” (1854), “mowodeba konservatorebisadmi” (1855) da “subieqturisinTezi” (1856), xolo sikvdilis Semdgom – “kontis anderZis” oTxtomeuli.sen-simonisgan wamosvlis Semdeg konts TiTqmis ar hqonda mudmivi samuSao da igi erTadarasasiamovno da araxelsayrel pirobebSi aRmoCnda mxolod Tavisi winaswarmetyvelurimisiis rwmena, rom pozitiuri filosofiis sistemis Seqmna sazogadoebrivi valis aRsrulebaa,aZlevda mas saSualebas gaegrZelebina mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. marTaliaman 1848 wlis cnobili gamosvlebis dros Seqmna pozitivisturi msoflmxedveloba, unda

gaevrcelebina, magram is mainc ucxo darCa – muSebisadmi da verc erTi mebrZoli mxaridanmxardaWera ver moipova, aseve ver moipova mxardaWera misma mowodebam inteleqtualebisadmiSeeqmnaT “wesrigisa da progresis partia”. gardaicvala konti martoobaSi 1857 wels.miuxedavad kontis pirvel da meore periodebs Soris arsebuli moCvenebiTi winaaRmdegobisa,meore periodic imave ideur winamZRvrebs eyrdnoba, esenia: kacobriobis moraluri erTianobis,sazogadoebis axali religiis- pozitivizmis safuZvelze reorganizaciis idea, romelic amavedros socialuri mecnierebis Teoriaa, ganmsWvalaven kontis mTel Semoqmedebas. socialurimecnierebis, romlis Seqmnasac igi cdilobda da axali religiis funqciebs kontiigiveobrivad miiCnevda, fiqrobda, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes WeSmariti, mecnieruli religia,anu rac igivea moraluri mecniereba, romelic sazogadoebrivi integraciis religiurfunqciebs Seasrulebda. aqedan warmoiSva kontis SexedulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTerTimTavari paradoqsi.1. mecnierebaTa klasifikaciaTeologiisa da metafizikisgan mecnierebis gamoyofa iyo kontis pozitiuri meTodis ZiriTadiidea. misi azriT, mecnierebis amocanaa kanonebis aRmoCena, kanonebisa, romlebic gagebulia,rogorc movlenebs Soris myari da ganmeorebadi kavSiri. mecnierebaTa amocanebis aseTiSezRudva gamarTlebuli iyo zusti, gansazRvruli codnis miRwevis surviliT, romelsacSeeZleboda Seeqmna momavlis winaswarxedvisaTvis.mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis damuSavebisas, konti eyrdnoboda maT obieqtur niSnebsa damaxasiaTeblebs, upirveles yovlisa man mecnierebebi dayo abstraqtul da konkretuli saxismecnierebebad, pirvelni swavloben movlenaTa gansazRvruli kategoriebis kanonebs, meoreni kiiyeneben am kanonebs. kerZo sferoebSi anu kerZo sferoebs miuyeneben am kanonebs. mag: biologiaaris zogadi, abstraqtuli mecniereba sicocxlis Sesaxeb. medicina ki – konkretulimecnierebaa romelic iyenebs biologiis zogad kanonebs. konti gamoyofs xuT abstraqtul-Teoriul mecnierebas: astronomias, fizikas, qimias, biologias da sociologias. bunebiseulimovlenebis – astrnomiulis, fizikuris, qimiuris da biologiuris – ZiriTad kategoriebs mandaumata sazogadoebriv movlenaTa kategorebi, misca ra amiT Tavis klasifikacias “misisaboloo konstruirebisa da agebisaTvis sayovelTao da aucilebeli xasiaTi”. kontismecnierebaTa “enciklopediuri kibe” Seiqmna Sesabamisi mecnierebebis mier Sesaswavlimovlenebis sirTulis zrdis principis mixedviT. socialuri movlenebi yvela sxvisagangansxvavdebian yvelaze didi sirTuliT da amave dros damokidebulni arian yvela danarCenze,rac gvixsnis sociologiis yvelaze gviandel warmoSobas. miuxedavad amisa, esenia – bunebrivimovlenebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian mocemuli sferosaTvis specifikur bunebriv kanonebs.

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb pozitiur mecnierebas kontma Tavdapirvelad socialuri fizika, xolomogvianebiT sociologia uwoda. axali terminis Semotanas gvixsnis ara neologizmebisadmimidrekilebiT, aramed specialuri disciplinis Seqmnis aucileblobiT, romelic mieZRvnebidasazogadoebrivi fenomenebisadmi damaxasiaTebeli fundamenturi kanonebis pozitiurgamokvlevebs. igi xazs usvamda, rom sociologia unda iyos Teoriuli disciplinagansxvavebiT a. ketles aRweriTi “socialuri fizikisagan”. sociologiis pozitiurmecnierebad qceva asrulebs pozitiuri filosofiis sistemas, amiT ki gvauwyebs adamianurigonebisa da adamianuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pozitiuri stadiis dadgomas. es iqnebodakontis azriT, namdvili “pozitiuri revolucia”, mecnierebis gamarjveba warsul saukuneTasqolastikaze”.3.sociologiis sagani da amocanebikonti sociologias, rogorc pozitiur mecnierebas upirispirdeba sazogadoebisa da adamianisSesaxeb Teologiur da metafizikur spekulaciebs. erTis mxriv, igi akritikebda Teologebs,romlebic adamians ganixilavdnen rogorc arsebas, romelic principulad gansxvavdebacxovelisgan, Tvlidnen mas RmerTis an gangebis qmnilebad. meore mxriv, akritikebda ra miswinamorbed “metafizikos” filosofosebs, igi maT sayvedurobda imas, rom maT sazogadoebaesmiT rogorc adamianuri gonebis qmnileba, rogorc individTa gonieri nebis produqti.sociologia kontis mixedviT – erTaderTi mecnierebaa, romelic Seiswavlis imas Tu rogorixdeba srulyofili adamianis goneba da misi fsiqika sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gavleniT.ZiriTadi da pirveladi sinamdvile, romlidanac unda amovides sociologi, aris sazogadoeba,aRebuli mis mTlianobaSi konts amis qveS esmoda mTeli kacobriobis an romelime misi didinawilis organuli erTianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia “sayovelTao TanxmobiT” (consensusomnium) da romelsac axasiaTebs misi struqturuli elementebis harmoniuli funqcionireba.sazogadoebis metismeti sirTule aixsneba imiT, rom masSi moqmedi Tanamedrove faqtorebierwymian istoriuls, warsuli Taobebi gavlenas axdenen Tanamedriove Taobebze. sazogadoeba,anu rogorc mas konti uwodebs kacobrioba – esaa umaRlesi sinamdvile (suigeneris - erTgvari),umaRlesi arseba.3. sociologiis meTodebikontis sociologiis arsebiTi nawilia sazogadoebis kvlevaSi gamoyenebul meTodTadamuSaveba – SemuSaveba, gamodis ra erTis mxriv gonebaWvretiTobis, xolo meores mxrivempirizmis ukiduresobaTA winaRmdeg. konti asabuTebs dakvirvebis, agreTve eqsperimentuli,SedarebiTi da istoriuli meTodebis gamosadegobas sociologiaSi.

dakvirveba, amtkicebs konti, warmoadgens kvelevis ZiriTad meTods sociologiaSi. socialurifaqtTa dakvirvebam sociologia unda aiyvanos mecnierebis rangSi, masalas, romliTacoperirebs sociologi, misces obieqturi xasiaTi. empiriuli masalis dagroveba unda moxdesTeoriis xelmZRvanelobiT.sworeed pozitiuri Teoriis ararseboba, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebeli iqnebodafaqtebis Sekreba da ganzogadeba, warmoadgens kontis azriT, sociologiis ZiriTad siZneles,romnelic vardeba miwier wreSi, ramdenadac dakvirvebis Casatareblad saWiroa Teoria xoloTeoriis Sesaqmnelad ki dakvirvebebi.sociologiis mniSvnelobiT meore meTodad konti Tvlida eqsperiments uSualo eqsperimentisociologiaSi mdgomareobs kvlevis miznebisaTvis specialurad Seqmnili pirobebis sakvlevimovlenis cvalebadobaze dakvirvebaSi. arapirdapiri gaSualebuli eqsperimenti konts esmodarogorc sazogadoebaSi arsebul paTologiur dagaxraTA kvleva, romeli gadaxrebicgamowveuli iyo sazogadoebriv SeryevaTa ZiriTadad revoluciuri xasiaTis ryevaTa gavleniT.sazogadoebrivi wesrigis arev-dareva perturbaciebi, romlebic aryeven socialuri organizms,kontis azriT, earmoadgenen individualuri organizmis avadmyofobaTa analogias ,aTSinaTllad vlindebian sazogadoebrivi organizmis ZiriTadi kanonebi ramdenadac avadmyofobasaSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT SevicnoT norma.pozitiur mecnierebaTa mesame meTodi romelsac sociologia ayenebs esaa SedarebiTi meTodi,romlis daxmarebiTac erTmaneTs udareben xalxTa cxovrebas, romlebic erTdrouladcxovroben dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi raTa daadginon sazogadoebaTa arsebobis daganviTarebis zogadi kanonebi.socialuri movlenebisadmni yvelaze Sesatyvis, sociologiis specifikur meTodad kontiTvlis istoriul meTods – “kacobriobis gansxvavebul Tanmimdevrul mdgomareoba –viTarebaTa istoriuli Sedarebis” – meTods.socialuri statikakontma sociologia gayo or did ganyofilebad: socialur statikad da socialur dinamikad.pirveli Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi sistemis funqcionirebis kanonebsa da arsebobis pirobebs,meore ki – socialur sistemaTa cvalebadobis da ganviTarebis kanonebs.socialuri statika – esaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, organizaciis, harmoniis Teoria.sazogadoebas konti ganixilavs rogorc organul mTlianobas, romlis nawilebi

urTierdakavSirebulia da SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod erTianobaSi. igi uwinares yovlisa,ganixilavs ZiriTad sazogadoebriv institutebs:ojaxs,saxelmwifos,religiasmaTi sazogadoebrivi funqciebis da socialuri integraciis saqmeSi rolis TvalsazrisiT.ojaxis roli individsa da gvars (modgmas) Soris aRzardos axalgazrdoba altruizmissuliT, aswavlos Tandayolili egoizmis gadalaxva. ojaxi, kontTan gvevlineba “xan rogorcCveni moraluri aRzrdis spontanur wyarod, xan rogorc Cveni politikuri organizaciisbunebrivi baza. Tavisi pirveli aspeqtiT yoveli Tanamedrove ojaxi amzadebs momavlissazogadoebas, Tavisi meore aspeqtiT yoveli axali ojaxi agrZelebs arsebuli sazogadoebiscxovrebas”.ojaxuri urTierTobebis ufro farTo sazogadoebrivi planis analogiaa kooperacia, romelicdafiuZnebulia Sromis danawilebaze. TiToeuli aq akeTebs imas, risi keTebis niWic yvelazemetad aqvs momadlebuli. yvela dainteresebulia erTmaneTiT. ase warmoiSoba sayovelTao“Tanxmoba” (consesus omnium) da individTa spontanuri urTierTSemoqmedeba.imis dadgenisagan, rom arsebobs sazogadoebis daSlis, misi organuli erTianobis darRvevistendencia, kontma gamoyvana mTavrobis rogorc “saerTo gonis – sulis” gamomxatvelispolitikuri Zalauflebis aucilebloba. mTavrobis socialuri daniSnuleba kontis mixedviTmdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavidan agvacilos “ideebSi grZnobebsa da interesebSi Zireuligansxvavebulobisadmi es fataluri midrekileba, romelsac warmoadgens ra adamianuriganviTarebis TviTon principis garduval Sedegs SeeZleba Tu Tavis gzaze ar Sexvdebadabrkolebebi, garduvalad migviyvanos socialuri progresis gaCerebasTan”. amgvaradsaxelmwifo es aris solidarobis organo, xolo misdami daqvemdebareba ki individis wmidaTawminda movaleobaa. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damcveli – saxelmwifo – asrulebs ekonomikur,politikur da moralur funqciebs, romelTagan ZiriTads konti bolo ors miiCnevs.eklesia. SuasaukuneebSi eklesiis mier ganxorcilebuli sulieri diqtaturis Rirsebebis qeba– didebisas, konti masSi xedavs pozitivizmis – rogorc ideebis, principebisa da koncefciebisanalogias, romelsac damatebuli aqvs Taviseburi kulti – samoqalaqo wes – Cveulebebisseria, romelic mowodebulia Secvalos Zveli, tradiciuli, eklesiuri wes – Cveulebebi.

konti sulieri cxovrebis mTavar lozungad, “icxovre sxvisTvis” princips da SesabamisadmovaleobaTa eTikas acxadebs.socialuri dinamika“sazogadoebrivi progresis pozitiur Teorias” kontma socialuri dinamika uwoda. progresikontis mixedviT niSnavs ganviTarebas aRmavali xaziT.. sazogadoebrivi progresi amave drosmoraluri progresia.gonebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia yvelaze zogadi, absrtaqtuli cnebebisarseboba amitom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xarisxis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT Sesatyvisifilosofiuri sistemebis mixedviT. adamianuri gonebis ganviTarebis yovel etaps romelickanonzomierad gaivlis sam ZiriTad stadias Teologiurs, metafizikurs da pozitivistursSeesatyvisebian xelovnebis, meurneobis, politikis da sazogadoebrivi wyobis gansazRvruliformebi.kontis sociologiis qvakuTxedi – sami stadiis kanoni – erTdroulad warmoadgens istoriulda logikur kanons. adamianuri gonebis ganviTarebis sami stadia Seesatyviseba istoriisganviTarebis sam analogiur stadias.Teologiur anu fiqtiur stadias, romelic moicavs Zvel samyarosa da adreul Seusaukuneebs,konti yofs sam periodad: fetiSizmad, poliTeizmad da monoTeizmad. fetiSizmis drosadamianebi sicocxles miawerdnen garegan sagnebs da maTSi xedavdnen RmerTebs,poliTeizmis dros, romelmac didi gavrceleba hpova Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi, sicocxlesaniWebdnen “fiqtiur arsebebs”, romelTa CareviTac xsnidnen yvela movlenas,monoTeizmis epoqa – esaa qristianobis epoqa, erTi RmerTis religia cvlis – gardaqmnissamyaros saxes, politikur da sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, Cveulebebsa da morals.metafizikuri stadia, romelic 1300-1800 wlebs moicavs konts eCveneboda gardamaval periodad,romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Zvel rwmenaTa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis fundamentis – daSla– ganadgureba, reformacia, ganmanaTleblobis folosofia, revolucia (“metafizikosebisa dasamarTalmcodneebis politikuri triumfi”) – aseTia am epoqis umniSvnelovanesi xdomilebani.“negatiurma”, kritikulma filosofiam gamoiwvia yvela avtoritetis, gabatonebuli klasebisZalauflebis, religiis dacema. am epoqaSi dabadebulma “metafizikurma gonma” sanqciebi miscafilosofiur eWvebs, moralur simaxinjes da politikur areulobasa da uwesrigobas.Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, romelic CaZirulia anarqiaSi, ganicdis axali ideologiis

moTxovnilebas, romelic Secvlis yalb, fiqtiur doqtrinebs da Seasrulebs maintrigebelsazogadoebriv rols.imis dasturad, rom sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT Sedis ukanasknel poziciur epoqaSi,gvevlineba mecnierebaTa farTod gavrceleba, maTi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis zrda dapozitivizmis Teoriis Seqmna. samrewvelo wyoba cvlis samxedro wyobas, romelicdamaxasiaTebeli iyo Teologiuri epoqisaTvis, cxovrebisa da sicocxlis yvela elementTaharmoniuli da Tanabari ganviTareba garantias iZleva rom mecnieruli aRmoCenebi gamoyenebuliqneba mTeli kacobriobis sakeTildReod. pozitiuri epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia:egoizmze altruizmis gamarjveba. socialur grZnobaTa zrda, materialuri kulturis swrafizrda, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvelaze ufro iol da sasiamovno cxovrebas, samarTlianobasda mSvidobas.herbert spenseri (1820-1903) – funqcionalisturi sociologiis warmoSobaSinaarsi1. herbert spenseri: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;2. ideuri wyaroebi;3. sociologiis sagani4. organiczmi da evolucionizmi.5. sazogadoeba da misi tipebi6. funqcionalizmis saTaveebTan7. saxelmwifo da pirovnebaherbert spenseris sociologia.I. h. spenseri pirovneba da mecnieri. sppenseri da misi droa) XIX-is 60-iani wlebidan iwyebs misi drois yvela Teoriuli mecnierebis gamaerTianebelifilosofiis Seqmnas. `ZiriTadi sawyisebi~, `biologiis safuZvlebi~, `fsiqologiis~,`sociologiis~ sawyisebi.b) ideuri wyaroebi:1. bunebismecnierebis is dargebi sadac muSaobda ganaTlebis idea, darvini, lamarki,2. malTusisa da adam smulis Sromebi.

3. ingliseli utilitasistebi, i. bencamis individualizmi. Tavisufali mewarmeobis principi,individualur moqmedebaTa Tavisufleba, konkurencia, yvelaze SeguebulTa gadarCena _ZiriTadia sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis.4. kontisadmi damokidebuleba _ aRniSnavs mis prioritets sociologiisa da biologiisurTierTkavSiris kvlevaSi, magram misTvis ucxoa kontis mesianizmi, sami stadiis kanoni,sulieri ganviTarebidan socialuri ganviTarebis gamoyvana. spenseri uaryofs progresissworxazobriobas da erTianobas.II. sociologiis sagani. sociologia rogorc obieqturi mecniereba SesaZlebelia:1. `bunebrivi mizezobriobis~ uzogadesi kanonis arsebobis gamo, romelic sazogadoebaSic isemoqmedebs, rogorc bunebaSi.2. yoveli movlenis elementebisa da struqturis kanonzomieri kavSiris arsebobis gamo.istoria da sociologia. istoria = biologias, maSin rodesac sociologia socialuriorganizmis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirobebs swavlobs. misi `sociologiis safuZvlebi~aris eTnografiul masalaze mTliani sociologiuri sistemis agebis pirveli cda. rubrikaSi`sociologiis monacemebi~ _ gadmocemulia pirvelyofil adamianTa fizikuri daemocionaluri, inteleqtualuri da religiuri cxovrebis rekonstruqciis cdaze, maTiZiriTadi ideebisa da warmodgenebis gamorkvevis cda. `sociologiis induqciebSi~, mocemuliasazogadoebis zogadi Teoria: gaanalizebulia sazogadoebis, socialuri zrdis, socialuristruqturis, socialuri funqciebis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sistemaTa daorganoTa cnebebi. xolo `sociologiis safuZvlebis~ meore tomSi uzarmazar eTnografiulmasalaze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia:1. ojaxur urTierTobaTa2. adaT-wesebis (maT Soris Cveulebebis)3. politikuri institutebis (saxelmwifo, sasamarTlo, sakuTreba, sazogadoebaTa tipebi,religiuri dawesebulebebis, samrewvelo institutebis) evolicia. amgvarad, sociologiamoicavs anTropologias, eTnografias da istoriuli ganviTarebis zogad Teorias.III. organicizmi da evolucionizmi. spenseris sociologia eyrdnoba or mTavar princips:sazogadoebis rogorc organizmis gagebas da socialuri evoluciis ideas. pirvelidakavSirebulia socialuri mTelis erTianobis gaazrebis aucileblobasTan. warmoadgens Tuara sazogadoeba realur `arsebas~ Tu igi mxolod krebiTi saxelia ramdenime individisaRsaniSnavad, romelsac mxolod nominaluri arseboba aqvs? igi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebas aqvsgansakuTrebuli saxis yofiereba, romelic realurad arsebobs. marTalia sazogadoeba SedgebaerTeulebisagan, mTeli Taobebisa da mravali saukunis manZilze, am erTeulTa gaerTianeba _dajgufebaSi saerTo msgavsebis mudmivi SenarCuneba am sazogadoebis mier dakavebuli adgilisfarglebSi miuTiTebs maT mier Sedgenili agregatis garkveul konkretulobaze. swore des

Tviseba da niSani gvaZlevs ideas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Cven sazogadoebas vuwodebT mxolodiseT gaerTianebas, sadac binadarma cxovrebam migviyvana sazogadoebis SigniT mis SemadgenelnawilTa ganawilebis mudmivobasTan~. sazogadoeba `realuri sagania~, magram ara araorganuliagregatis, aramed organuli mTelis msgavsia, romelic rTuli da dinamiuria. amitomsocialuri agregatis gasagebas swored rom organizmi gamogvadgeba. sazogadoeba arisorganizmi.msgavseba sazogadoebasa anu socialur organizmsa da biologiur organisms Soris:1. sazogadoeba Tavisi arsebobis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ise izrdeba, farTovdeba rogorcorganizmi.2. sazogadoebis zrdis kvalobaze misi struqturac iseve rTuldeba rogorc bunebrivievoluciis procesSi organizmis struqtura.3. rogorc biologiur ise socialur organizmSi struqturaTa diferenciacias Tan yvebafunqciaTa analogiuri diferenciacia.4. evoluciis procesSi biologiur da socialur organizmebis struqturisa da funqciebisdiferenciacias moyveba maTi urTierTqmedebis ganviTarebac.5. analogia sazogadoebasa da organisms Soris SeiZleba SevabrunoT _ yoveli organizmi arissazogadoeba.6. sazogadoebaSi iseve rogorc organizmSi, maSinac ki rodesac misi mTlianoba darRveulia _mkvdaria _ maT Semadgenel calkeul nawilebs SeuZliaT arsebobis gagrZeleba, garkveulidroiT mainc _ amitom sazogadoeba SegviZlia ganvixiloT organizmis analogiurad. magram maTSoris arsebiTi gansxvavebacaa:1. biologiuri organizmebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa Semadgeneli nawilebi warmoqmniankonkretul mTels, romlis yvela elementi mWidrod da ganuwyvetladaa erTmaneTTandakavSirebuli, maSin sazogadoeba diskretuli mTelia, romlis elementebi met-naklebadTavisufalni da gafantulni arian.2. individualur organizmSi funqciaTa diferenciacia iseTia, rom grZnobisa da azrovnebisunari Tavmoyrilia mxolod mis gansazRvrul nawilebSi, maSin rodesac sazogadoebaSicnobiereba mofrqveulia mTel agregatSi, yvela mis erTeuls SeuZlia ganicados gancxroma datanjva Tu erTnairi xarisxiT ara, maSin daaxloebiT erTnairad mainc.3. cocxal organizmSi elementebi arseboben mTelis gulisaTvis, sazogadoebaSi ki piriqiT,sazogadoeba arsebobs Tavisi wevrebis keTildReobisaTvis. kontidan gansxvavebiT, romlisazriTac individi sazogadoebis damoukidebeli ujredic ki ar aris da masSia gaTqvefili,spenserisaTvis piriqiT, sazogadoeba individTa mxolod agregatia. masSi individis gaTqvefadauSvebelia. amitom sazogadoeba `zeorganizmia~.yovel ganviTarebul sazogadoebas aqvs organoTa sami sistema:

1. mxardamWer-SemanarCunebeli _ awarmoebs aucilebel saarsebo saSualebebs.2. gamanawilebeli _ Sromis danawilebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs socialuri organizmissxvadasxva nawilTa kavSirs.3. maregulirebeli _ saxelmwifos saxiT uzrunvelyofs Semadgeneli nawilebis mTelisadmidaqvemdebarebasa da morCilebas.sazogadoebis specifikuri nawilebia dawesebuleba _ onstitutebi: saojaxo, adaTobrivi,politikuri, saeklesio, profesionaluri da samrewvelo. TiToeuli maTgani ganicdisevolucias, magram rogoria am evoluciis kanonebi? arsebobs erTi evolucia, romelicyvelgan erTnairad moqmedebs.ganviTareba, evoluciis yvela procesi moicavs or mxares: integracias da diferenciacias. igiiwyeba sazogadoebrivi organizmis raodenobrivi zrdisagan, misi Semadgeneli elementebisraodenobis an moculobis gafarToebisagan. aseT zrdas aucileblad moyveba mTelisocialuri organizmis funqcionaluri da struqturuli diferenciaciis procesi. primitiulsazogadiebaSi maTi nawilebi da funqciebi sustadaa diferencirebuli da erTmaneTis msgavsia.aq erTsa da imave struqturas SeuZlia Seasrulos ramdenime funqcia da ramdenimestruqturas ki erTi funqcia. sazogadoebis zrdis kvalobaze es erTferovneba (homogenoba)mravalferovnebaze (heterogenobaze) gadadis da rac ufro mravalferovani dadiferencirebulia sazogadoebis struqturebi da funqciebi, miT ufro ganviTarebulia igi.amgvarad, Sromis danawileba aris ganviTarebis sayovelTao meqanizmi. funqciaTadiferenciacia iwvevs mmarTveli meqanizmis arsebobis aucileblobas, romelsac unari eqnebauzrunvelyos kerZo struqturaTa SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba. aqedan ki TviT marTvis procesTagarTuleba da diferenciacia. mas emateba religiur da adamianTa Zalauflebac.sazogadoebis tipologizacia. spenseri kontTan erTad erT-erTi pirveli moazrovneasociologiis istoriaSi, romelmac sazogadoebis or tipad dayofa ganaxorciela: samxedroda samrewvelo sazogadoebaTa saxiT.samxedro tipis sazogadoebaSi `mTavrobis eTika omis eTikis igiveobrivia~. es niSnavs, romsazogadoeba uigivdeba jars, romlis nawili moqmedia da nawili umoqmedo. masSi `jarimobilizebuli sazogadoebaa, xolo sazogadoeba jaria, romelic isvenebs~._ samxedro sazogadoebis Zireuli niSania _ Zaladoba. sayovelTao samxedro nagebobazemimTiTebeli niSania erTeulTa gansxvavebul moqmedebaTa warmarTva Zaladobis gziT. samxedrosazogadoebaTa politikis safuZvelia mtroba. rogorc sagareo ise saSinao politikissafuZvelia _ Zaladoba. is kargad icavs sagareo mtrebisagan sazogadoebas, magram cudadasrulebs qveynis SigniT adamianTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofis funqcias, radgan TavisuflebaZaladobiT ar miiRweva am etapis sazogadoeba individis Tavisuflebas spobs dam as cvlis

monobiT, aq individi saSualebaa saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis keTildReobisa da miznebisganxorcilebis gzaze._ sazogadoebis meore etapia samrewvelo sazogadoeba. igi samxedros sapirispiroa, ramdenadacmasSi individi saSualebaa ara saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis xelSi, aramed mizania. xolosaxelmwifo da sazogadoeba saSualebebia. isini arseboben individis keTildReobisaTvis.samxedro sazogadoebaSi sicocxle saSualebaa, mizania Sroma. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSiSroma saSualebaa, sicocxle ki mizani, romelsac es saSualeba uzrunvelyofs.kooperacia. Tu kooperaciis cnebas gamoviyenebT farTo azriT, rogorc yvela moqalaqiserTobliv miswrafebebs, maSin es reJimi SeiZleba Semdegnairad ganisazRvros. erTiaZalismieri kooperaciis, meore nebayoflobiTi kooperaciis sistema.karl marqsis sociologiaSinaarsi1. k. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba5. istoriis materialisturi gageba6. meTodologia7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria

10. Semecnebis sociologia11. daskvnasakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebiSroma, gaucxoeba, istoriis materialisturi gageba, sazogadoebrivi yofiereba da cnobiereba,warmoebis wesi, sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, bazisi da zednaSeni,sazogadoebrivi formaciebi, socialuri revolucia, klasebi da klasobrivi brZola,ideologia.ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebiarsebobs cnobili warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom marqsizmis wyaroebia: germanuli klasikurifilosofia, inglisuri politikuri ekonomia da franguli utopiuri socializmi, garda amisa,TviTon marqsi Tavis ideur wyarod aRiarebda me-17-18 saukuneebis inglisur da frangulmaterializms. marqsizmis es genealogia ukamaToa, magram aucilebelia maT daematos iswyaroebi, romlebic Sedioden, romlebic Sediodnen codnis sxva sferoebSi da agreTve isinic,romelTac marqsi TviTon ar aRiarebda. garda amisa es genealogia saWiroebs dazustebas.kerZod, rodesac bWoba exeba germanul klasikur filosofias, saWiroa xazi gaesvas misi oriwarmomadgenlis hegelisa da foerbaxis gavlenas. yvelaze meti gavlena marqsze hegelma iqonia,rogorc mecnieruli meTodis stilze, ise sociologiuri azrovnebis stilzec, gansakuTrebiTmis warmodgenaze obieqturi socialuri kanonebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gzas ikvlevs calkeuladamianTa survilebisa da interesebis meSveobiT. mis ideaze progresuli ganviTarebis,rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesis Sesaxeb, romeli winaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikursinTezSi (hegelianuri triadis `Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezi~ Tanaxmad). garda amisa, hegelmagavlena iqonia marqsis pirad xasiaTze, da bolos, gaucxoebis marqsiseul Teoriaze. asevegavlena iqonia foierbaxma gaucxoebis problemis damuSavebaze imiT, rom marqsma maTganukritikod aiRo. Tavis azrebs igi maTTan mudmiv polemikaSi ayalibebda.socialistebidan, romlebmac yvelaze didi gavlena iqonies marqsis, rogorc sociologiur,ise politikur-utopiur Sexedulebebze, aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni. sociologiuri aspeqtiT mandidi gavlena moaxdina marqsis mier 1) `industriis~ (e.i. sen-simonis mixedviT warmoeba farToazriT) rolis Sefasebaze; 2) sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletariatismniSvnelobis Sefasebaze; 3) revoluciur moZraobaTa (`kritikuli epoqebis~ _ sen-simoni)mniSvnelobaTa Sefasebaze. safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom sen-simonis gavlena marqsze ufroadrindelia, vidre hegelis. sen-simonistebis gavlena germaniaSi Zalian didi iyo, kerZod, sen-

simonizmis propagandisti iyo marqsis megobari mozes hesi, romelsac uwodebdnen `germanulisocializmis mamas~. (Tumca sabolood marqss gaufuWda masTan urTierToba).saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom marqsis idealebi Camoyalibda ufro adre, vidre igi yuradRebasgaamaxvilebda mecnierul Ziebebze. mecnierebam ki ar miiyvana igi komunizmis idealTan, aramedpiriqiT, masSi ukve mtkiced Camoyalibebul da cnobierebaSi ganmtkicebul komunisturiidealisadmi igi cdilobda daeZebna mecnieruli dasabuTeba. moazes hesis (1812-1875) gavlenamarqsze sakmaod didi iyo da atarebda mravalmxriv xasiaTs, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTonhesma, romelic marqsTan erTad monawileobda axalgazrda hegelianelTa wreSi, marqsSidainaxa kacobriobis udidesi filosofosi. hesma pirvelma SeaerTa socializmi hegelisfilosofiasTan. hesis mixedviT socializmis ideali adamianis socialuri arsebisrealizaciaa..filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoebayoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mudam gulisxmobs adamianis arsebisada samyaroSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb Teorias. sxva sityvebiT Teoriul sociologias yovelTvisemezobleba gansazRvruli filosofiuri anTropologia. ase iyo marqsTanac.marqsis Tanaxmad, adamiani uwinares yovlisa, homo faber-ia anu mwarmoebeli adamiania.mwarmoebluri Sroma _ ai ra ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan. adamiani cxovelisagan imiTgansxvavdeba, rom igi ki ar egueba garemomcvel samyaros, aramed iguebs mas. amasTan erTad, amstiqiaTa dauflebis zomis Sesabamisad, TviTon adamianebis mier Seqmnili sawarmoo Zalebi dawarmoebiTi urTierTobani, sul ufro upirispidebian mas garegani mtruli Zalebis saxiT.xdeba adamianis gaucxoeba, mis mierve Seqmnili arsebebidan. adamiani aRmoCndeba gaucxoebuliTavisi Sromis Sedegebisgan, Sromis procesisagan, sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Tavisganac ki.mxolod momaval komunistur sazogadoebaSi, rodesac dasruldeba kacobriobis`winaistoria_preistoria~ da daiwyeba misi `namdvili~ istoria, rodesac kacobrioba`aucileblobis samefodan~ gadava `Tavisuflebis samefoSi~.marqsi ayalibebs Teziss adamianis socialuri arsebis Sesaxeb da mimarTavs mis Seswavlas.erT-erTi cnobili Tezisi misi `Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb~ gvauwyebs: `. . .adamianisarseba ar aris abstraqti, romelic calkeul adamians axasiaTebs. sinamdvileSi igi arisyvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erToblioba~. (t. 3, gv.3 marqsis interpretaciiTsazogadoeba warmoadgens individebs Soris kavSirebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebaTasistemas, romelic yalibdeba saqmianobis procesSi. uwinares yovlisa ki, SromiTi saqmianobisprocesSi. `sazogadoeba ar Sedgeba individebisagan, aramed gamoxatavs im kavSirTa da

urTierTobaTa jams, romelSic imyofebian es individebi erTmaneTTan~, _ werda igi. misigagebiT, sazogadoeba esaa `adamianTa urTierTqmedebis produqti~, amave dros adamianebi ararian Tavisufalni ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formis arCevanSi.socialuroba, marqsis mixedviT, vlindeba ara mxolod uSualo `koleqtiurobis~ formiT,rodesac individi sxva individebTan pirispir urTierTqmedebaSia. sazogadoeba arsebobsadamianSi masze gavlenas axdens maSinac ki, rodesac individi martoa, Tavis TavTan imyofeba.rogorc esqilesa da Seqspiris Tayvanismcemels, marqss istoriuli procesi warmodgenilihqonda dramis saxiT, romelSic adamianebi erTdroulad arian, rogorc am dramis avtorebi,ise Semsruleblebi _ msaxiobebi. adamianebi, praqtikulad moqmedi arsebebia, amitom sworedisini qmnian socialur sistemebs. magram qmnian isini am sistemebs gansazRvrul socialur dabunebriv pirobebSi, romlebic maT gareSe warmoiSvnen, maTi monawileobis gareSe warmoiqmnen:`adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianT istorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maTmoesurvebaT, aramed pirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod darealurad arseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni~ [werili anenkovs 1846w. 28 dekemberi. t. 8, gv.119].marqsis mixedviT, pirovneba socialur-istoriuli ganviTarebis amosavali-sawyisi punqti kiaraa, aramed misi rezultatia. individis cnobierebisa da qcevis socialuri ganpirobebulobisxazgasmisas, marqsi pirovnebis ganviTarebas ganixilavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisumaRles mizans, romelic miiRweva mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis radikalurigardaqmnis Semdeg.istoriis materialisturi gagebara aris istoriis materialisturi gageba TviTon marqsis ganmartebiT?am gagebis arsi gadmocemulia marqsis cnobil winasityvaobaSi, romelic man waumZRvaraSromas `politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~: `TavianTi cxovrebis sazogadoebriviwarmoebisas, adamianebi erTmaneTTan amyareben, gansazRvrul, aucilebel, maTi nebisagandamoukidebel urTierTobas~, _ warmoebiT urTierTobas, romelic maT materialurmwarmoeblur ZalaTa ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurs Seesabameba. am warmoebiTurTierTobaTa erToblioba Seadgens sazogadoebis ekonomiur struqturas, realur baziss,romelzedac iuridiuli da politikuri zednaSeni aRimarTeba da romelsac sazogadoebrivicnobiererebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba. materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesiganapirobebs saerTod cxovrebis socialur, politikur da gonebriv process. adamianTacnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs maTs yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi ganviTarebis

gasazRvrul safexurze sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maTs cnobierebas.sazogadoebis materialuri Zalebi vardebian winaaRmdegobaSi arsebul warmoebiTurTierTobasTan, anu rac mis mxolod iuridiul gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, _ sakuTrebisurTierTobasan, romlis SigniTac isini aqamde viTardebodnen. mwarmoeblur ZalTaganviTarebis formidan es urTierToba maT borkilad iqceva. maSin dgeba socialurirevoluciis epoqa. ekonomiuri safuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad mTeli uzarmazari zednaSenicmeti Tu naklebi siswrafiT gadatrialdeba. amgvar gadatrialebaTa ganxilvisas warmoebisekonomikur pirobebSi momxdari materialuri gadatrialeba, romlis dadgenacbunebismecnieruli sizustiT aris SesaZlebeli, yovelTvis unda ganvasxvavoT im iuridiuli,politikuri, religiuri, xelovnebiTi an filosofiuri, mokled: ideologiuri formebisagan,romlebiTac adamianebi Seicnoben am konfliqts da ibrZvian mis gadasawyvetad. rogorc arSeiZleba ama Tu im individis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebiT,aseve ar SeiZleba amgvari gadatrialebis epoqis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT misi cnobierebismixedviT, piriqiT, es cnobiereba unda avxsnaT materialuri cxovrebis winaaRmdegobiT,arsebuli konfliqtiT sazogadoebriv mwarmoeblur Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobaTaSoris. arc erTi sazogadoebrivi formacia ar ispoba manmade, vidre ar ganviTarebula yvelamwarmoebluri Zala, romlisTvisac igi sakmao gasaqans iZleva da axali umaRlesi warmoebiTiurTierTobani arasodes ar iWeren imaT adgils, sanam maTi arsebobis materialuri pirobebiTviT Zveli sazogadoebis wiaRSi ar momwifdeba~. (k. marqsi, f. engelsi, rCeuli nawerebi t.1,gv. 624-625. Tbilisi 1975).meTodologiarogorc konti, ise marqsic Tvlis, rom socialuri ganviTareba mimdinareobs gansazRvrulikanonebiT. kanoni mas esmis, roogrc movlenebs Soris `Sinagani da aucilebeli kavSiri~.marqsisTvis kanonebi ufro mets niSnavs, vidre socialur faqtebs Soris zogierTi erTgvarimartivi, mimarTebis arsebobaa, rodesac gansazRvruli pirobebisas faqtTa erTi wyebagvevlineba, rogorc faqtTa meore wyebis mizezi. hegelisa da kontis msgavsad, masac swamsuniversaluri da ucvleli istoriuli kanonebis arseboba, romelTa mixedviTac viTardebamTeli kacobrioba. mas swams istoriuli aucilebloba, romelic gzas ikvlevs mravalricxovanSemTxveviTobaTa meSveobiT. rogorc konti, marqsic evolucionistia. igi Tvlis, rom yvelasazogadoeba adre Tu gvian TavianTi ganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian.socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progresuli ganviTarebisgansazRvrul safexurze.

marqsTan Cven vxvdebiT or dapirispirebul meTodologiur tendencias: bunebismecnieruls,romelic damaxasiaTebelia pozitivizmisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebis ideologiisaTvis da missapirispiros, romelic xazs usvams sociologiuri codnis specifikas, mis gansxvavebasbunebismecnierebis meTodebisa da rezultatebisagan. amitom araa gasakviri, rom XIXs-issociologiuri azris ori dapirispirebuli tradicia: `bunebismecnieruli~ da `humanisturi~,`amxsneli~ da `gagebiTi~ _ oriveni mimarTaven marqss, rogorc erT-erT maT damwyebTagans.zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi iyenebs abstraqtulidan konkretulisaken aRmasvlismeTods. es meTodi Sedgeba Semecnebis samsafexuriani wesisagan:1) obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic `grZnobad konkretuls~ warmoadgens;2) `grZnobad konkretulis~ safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli warmodgenebis Seqmna/Teoriuli done/;3) obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmodgenebis miReba, romelsac `grZnobad konkretuli~,gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, gadaiqceva `azrobriv konkretulad~. (iqve gv. 37)marqsi jer kidev did xniT adre struqturuli funqcionalizmis warmoSobamde akeTebs pirvelcdebs, kvlevis struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodis gamoyenebaSi, ganixilavas ra sxvadasxvamovlenebs gansazRvrul socialur sistemaSi, maTi Setanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT. gardaamisa, Cven mis SromebSi vpoulobT istoriul-genetur da SedarebiT-istoriul meTodebsac.socialur sistemaTa Teoriasociologiis istoriaSi marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava warmodgena sazogadoebis,rogorc sistemis Sesaxeb. es warmodgena uwinares yovlisa, ganxorcielebulia sazogadoebriviformaciis miseul cnebaSi.marqsis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia _ esaa socialuri sistema, romelic SedgebaurTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan da imyofeba aramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi.am sistemis struqturas aqvs Semdegi saxe. mis safuZvelSi Zevs materialuri dovlaTiswarmoebis wesi, e.i. ekonomikuri qvesistema. mis aRsaniSnavad marqsi zogjer iyenebs agreTvetermins `ekonomikuri formacia~ da `ekonomikuri sazogadoebrivi formula~. warmoebis wessori mxare aqvs: sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani.sawarmoo Zalebs miekuTvneba sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi myofi yvela resursi dasaSualeba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen warmoebis process: warmoebaSi CarTuli bunebrivi da

adamianuri resursebi, warmoebis saSualebebi, mecnierebis done da misi teqnologiurigamoyeneba da a.S. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan adgils sawarmoo ZalebSi igi sen-simoniskvalad mrewvelobas uTmobs, amtkicebs ra, rom mrewvelobis mxriv ganviTarebul qveyanas misisakuTari momavlis suraTs uCvenebs.warmoebis wesis meore mxare, warmoebiTi urTierTobani gamoixateba marqsis mixedviT,ZiriTadad warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebSi. didi mniSvneloba aqvsgvqondes mxedvelobaSi is, rom marqss xSirad warmoeba gagebuli aqvs warmoebuli dovlaTismoZraobis (zogadi) saero cikli, sadac Sedis sakuTriv warmoeba, anu warmoeba viwro azriT,ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba. am ciklis yoveli faza asrulebs mniSvnelovan funqcias,romlis gareSec ganviTarebul socialur sistemebSi warmoebis procesi SeuZlebelia. marqsigansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs am ciklis damasrulebel fazas _ moxmarebas. `warmoebisgareSe araa momxmareba, magram moxmarebis gareSec ar aris warmoeba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSiwarmoeba miznis gareSe darCeboda~ _ aRniSnavs igi da Semdeg igi ufro aZlierebs aqcents amazrze: `. . .mxolod moxmarebaSi iqceva produqti namdvil produqtad. magaliTad, kaba namdvilkabad iqceva maSin, rodesac mas atareben; saxli, romelSic ar cxovroben ar aris namdvilisaxli~. /t. 46. gv.27/. es debuleba friad mniSvnelovania swored sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT,radgan igi exeba ara materialuri dovlaTis warmoebasa da moZraoba-gadaadgilebis, aramedsazogadoebaSi komunikaciuri urTierTqmedebis yvela process.warmoebis wesis orive mxare imyofeba Sesabamisobasa da urTierTqmedebis mdgomareobaSi. amavedros wamyvan rols TamaSobs sawarmoo Zalebi.marqsis mixedviT, warmoebis wesi Seadgens socialuri sistemis masistematizirebel, sistemiswarmomqmnel komponents, romelic gansazRvravs mis danarCen elementebs, komponentebs. sworedwarmoebis wesi qmnis sazogadoebrivi formaciis Tvisobriv gansazRvrulobas da erTsganasxvavebs meorisagan. magram garda sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebisa,romlebic Seadgenen sazogadoebis `realur baziss~, struqturas, formacia aseve SeicavszednaSens anu superstruqturas. masSi marqsi rTavs uwinares yovlisa, iuridiul dapolitikur urTierTobebsa da institutebs. (isini yvelaze axlos imyofebian bazisTan) daSemdeg, ufro zustad `maRla~ _ imyofebian socialuri cxovrebis danarCeni sferoebi,romlebic, rogorc samarTali da politika, ganekuTvnebian `sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis~ anu`ideologiis~ sferoebs: morali, mecniereba, religia, xelovneba.socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia

socialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, marqsis mixedviT, ganpirobebulia mudmivad warmomqmnadiwinaaRmdegobiT, konfliqtiT, romelic warmoiSoba ganviTarebaSi myof sawarmoo ZalebsaerTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris, meores mxriv. Tavis mxriv warmoebiTiurTierTobanic (bazisi) mudmiv konfliqtSia zednaSenTan da sazogadoebaSi am bazisisgacnobierebis sxvadasxva formebTan. mTlianobaSi, sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, marqsismixedviT, warmoadgens gardauval kanons. rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyariwonasworoba irRveva da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebissaSualebebidan maTs dabrkolebad da muxruWad iqceva, isini revoluciuri cvlis saganixdebian. erTdroulad es procesi gamoixateba socialuri sistemis danarCen komponentTaSoris koliziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri, ideologiuri da a.S. brZolisgamwvavebaSi. ris Sedegadac xdeba sazogadoebrivi formaciebis globaluri masStabiT cvla,e.i. socialuri revolucia. socialuri da politikuri reformebi marqss warmoudgenia,rogorc xelovnuri muxruWi socialuri ganviTarebisa; gabatonebuli klasebis mxridaniZulebiTi daTmobis da sicruis rezultatad an daCagrul klasTa sisustisa da gaubedaobisSedegad. sazogadoebis `winaistoriaSi~, romelic agebulia kerZo sakuTrebaze da adamianismier adamianis eqspluataciaze, socialuri ganviTarebis miseuli ideali _ esaa, `uwyveti –permanentuli revolucia~, sazogadoebis mudmivi garevolucionizireba, `namdvili~ istoriis _komunizmis swrafad dasamyareblad. am oqros saukuneSi, politikuri revoluciebi, marqsiserT-erTi winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, ukve aRar iqneba `nivTTa mxolod iseTi wesrigisarsebobisas, rodesac ar iqneba metad klasebi da klasobrivi antagonizmi, socialurirevoluciebi aRar iqnebian politikuri revoluciebi. manamde ki, sazogadoebis yovelisayovelTao gardaqmnis dasawyisSi socialuri mecnierebis ukanaskneli sityva mudam iqneba:`brZola an sikvdili. sisxliani brZola an aryofna aseTia Seubralebeli drama~. (JorJ sandi).klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoriaklasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Tema _ centraluria marqsTan. misi roli mis doqtrinaSiimdenad mniSvnelovania, rom marqsistebi xSirad aigiveben `marqsistul Tvalsazriss~`klasobriv TvalsazrisTan~.TviTon marqsi aRiarebda, rom klasebis arseboba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mas araRmouCenia, arc klasobrivi brZola da arc am brZolis istoriuli ganviTareba da `klasTaekonomikuri anatomia~. marqsi ambobda: `is rac me axali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomareobs:1. rom klasebis arseboba dakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrulistoriul fazebTan;

2. rom klasobriv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletariatis diqtaturasTan, da3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobas da uklaso sazogadoebazegadasvlas~. /t.28. gv.427/farTo azriT, klasebi marqsis mixedviT, esaa nebismieri socialuri jgufebi, romlebicaraTanabar urTiaerTobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da ibrZvian erTmaneTs Soris. am azriT,klasebi moicaven wodebebs da nebismier metad Tu naklebad mniSvnelovan socialurkategoriebs, romlebic ganlagebulia socialuri kibis sxvadasxva safexurebze. swored amazriT gamoiyeneba klasebis cneba `komunisturi partiis manifestSi~. `Tavisufali da mona,patriciebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Segirdi, mokled mCagvreli da Cagruliimyofebian erTmaneTTan mudmiv antagonizmSi, awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xanfarul, xan aSkara brZolas, romelic yovelTvis sruldeboda mTeli sazogadoebrivi Senobisrevoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgurebiT~.marqss klasebis qveS esmis iseTi socialuri jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebianwarmoebis saSualebebze damokidebulebiT. ramdenadac igi sazogadoebis klasobrivi dayofissafuZvels warmoebiT urTierTobebSi xedavs, amdenad klasebi gvevlinebian am urTierTobaTagamoxatulebad, warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis forma, da rac mTavaria, am sakuTrebisarseboba an araarseboba gamodis, rogorc klasTa warmoqmnis mTavar kriteriumad.magram es kriteriumebi jer kidev arasakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa vilaparakoT klasze, rogorcaseTze am sityvis sruli azriT. esaa, jer kidev `klasi TavisTavad~. klasi ki am sityvissruli mniSvnelobiT, marqsis azriT, esaa _ `klasTa TavisTvis~, e.i. klasi, romelsacgacnobierebuli aqvs sakuTari Tavi, rogorc gansakuTrebul socialur jgufad TavisisakuTari interesebiT, da rogorc sxva kalsebisadmi dapirispirebuli. iseT niSnebTan erTad,rogorebicaa warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebuleba, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da a.S.klasobrivi TviTcnobierebac did rols asrulebs klasis, rogorc aseTis gagebaSi.brZola klasebs Soris marqsis mixedviT, esaa _ saboloo jamSi ganviTarebad sawarmooZalebsa da maTgan CamorCenil warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris brZolis gamoxatuleba.gansazRvrul istoriul periodSi erTi klasi (`reaqciuli~) axorcielebs moZvelebulwarmoebiT urTierTobebs, meore (`progresuli), axal Casaxul warmoebiT urTierTobebsromelebic Seesabamebian ganviTarebad sawarmoo Zalebs erTi da igive klasi sazogadoebriviformaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etaze gvevlineba jer progresulad, xolo Semdeg

eaqciulad; mag. burJuazia, romelic kapitalisturi formaciis adreul stadiazeprogresuli klasi iyo, damasrulebel stadiaze reaqciul klasad iqceva.proletariati da burJuazia, marqsis mixedviT, ukanaskneli antagonisturi klasebia. momavalikomunisturi formacia, esaa _ uklaso sazogadoeba. misi dadgenisaTvis, proletariatma,romlis istoriuli misiaa gainTavisuflos Tavi burJuaziuli eqsploataciisagan daimavdroulad gaanTavisuflos mTeli sazogadoeba (kacobrioba), unda moipovos politikuriZalaufleba da daamyaros Tavisi revoluciuri diqtatura. amgvarad, marqsi aramxolod sensimonTan,sen- simonistebTan da kontTan erTad winaswarmetyvelebs oqros saukunis dadgomas,ara mxolod aRmoaCens proletariatSi axal mesias, aramed `mecnierulad~ asabuTebs, rac ammesiam unda gaakeTos, raTa Sesrulos Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli daniSnuleba.Semecnebis sociologiamarqsma pirvelad daamuSava problemuri sfero, anu sociologiuri disciplina, romelicswavlobs SemecnebiT procesTa socialur faqtorebs, socialur meqanizmebs da socialurSedegebs. sabolood, am disciplinam miiRo saxelwodeba `Semecnebis sociologia~. marqsiTvlida, rom msgavsad imisa, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT imissafuZvelze, rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa da socialuri jgufebisSesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmodgenebis safuZvelze, romelTac isini sakuTar Tavzeqmnian. amitom socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa _ aRmoaCinos faruli, siRrmiseuli socialurirealoba, romelic Zevs mravalgvar ideaTa, warmodgenaTa, codnaTa da rwmenaTa safuZvelSi.marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba ara mxolodSemecnebis sociologia, aramed mTeli sociologiac.Semecnebisadmi sociologiurma midgomam yvelaze koncentrirebuli gamoxatuleba hpovaideologiis marqsistul koncefciaSi. ideologiis qveS marqss esmis cnobieri da aracnobierimiTosuri Semoqmedeba, romelic mowodebulia, Secvalos namdvili socialuri praqtika, meore,SeniRbos Tavisi kavSiri am praqtikasTan. sazogadoeba da uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuliklasebi mas warmoedgina Taviseburi saxis gigantur fabrikad, romlebic iluziebs awarmoeben:politikurs, iuridiuls, mecnieruls da miT ufro religiurs, moralurs da mxatvruls.namdvilma mecnierebam ki, romelic araa dakavSirebuli socialur statusis SenarCunebasTanda `gamoicno~ am iluzorul qmnilebaTa kavSiri urTierTdapirispirebul socialur ZalTaekonomikurisa da politikur interesebTan, marqsis mixedviT, aris ideologiis antipodi.mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urTierTobani gaxdebian imdenadmartivni, naTeli da gamWvirvaleni, rom ideologiebi gaqrebian, radgan gaqreba am zednaSenurikamufliaJis moTxovnileba..

daskvnamarqsis SemoqmedebaSi mecnieruli da politikur-praqtikuli aspeqtebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTanSerwymuli. Tumca igi Tavis Tavs mecnierad Tvlida da sinamdvileSi ase iyo, mainc misTvalSi mecniereba uwinares yovlisa iyo ara mizani, aramed sazogadoebis revoluciurigardaqmnis saSualeba. amitom misi Semoqmedebis mecnierul da aramecnierul mxareebs,romelTa urTierTgavlena Zalian didia. mTlianobaSi marqsis moZRvreba mravalmniSvnelovanida winaaRmdegobrivi, dausrulebeli xasiaTisaa, ramac gamoiwvia kidec misi mravalgvariinterpretacia. miuxedavad amisa, misma moZRvrebam mastimulizirebeli zegavlena iqoniasociologiis ganviTarebaze. marTalia, marqss ar gamouyenebia termini `sociologia~, magramman daamuSava sazogadoebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sinTezuri mecniereba, romelic inamdvileSiSeesabameba sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis niSnebs.ontologiuri aspeqtiT, marqsma mniSvnelobani wvlili Seitana socialuri realobisaRmoCenaSi, ganixila ra sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis faqtori daSedegi, romlebic erTdrouladYayalibeben socialur sistemebs da socialuri sistemebis mieryalibdebian.marqsma aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana socialuri cvlilebebis, socialuri dapolitikuri revoluciebis SeswavlaSi. aseve socialuri klasebisa da socialurikonfliqtebis miseuli ganmarteba gaxda paradigmuli. sazogadoebis kontiseuli `konsensusi~paradigmis sawinaaRmdegod safuZveli Cauyara socialuri ganviTarebis `konfliqtur~paradigmas. marqsidan iwyeba sociologiaSi socialuri konfliqtis pozitiuri funqciebiskvlevis tradicia.mecniereba marqsisaTvis iyo ufro samyaros Secvlis, vidre misi axnis saSualeba. igiSeuwynarebeli iyo Tavis mecnieruli oponentebis mimarT, amitom politikuri revolucioneriseTika masSi xSirad imarjvebda mecnieris eTikaze.naturalizmi sociologiaSiXIX saukunisa da XX-is dasawyisSievolucionizmi _ sociologiaSi naturalistur skolaTa baza.me-19 saukunis Sua da meore periodSi inteleqtualur istoriaSi esaa dro TiTqmisbunebismecnierebis warmatebebiT sayovelTao... da pozitivistur-naturalisturi

darviniseuli Teoria, romelic marTalia Zalian farTod iyo ganmartebuli. am periodSigeografiuli determinizmis Teoriebma miaRwies yvelaze farTo aRiarebas, dabunebismecnieruli TvalsazrisiT kargad dasabuTebulnic Candnen. biologiis nimuSebismixedviT Teoretizirebis sasargeblo Sedegi iyo mosaxleobis sivrcobrivi ganawilebisa daadamianis ekologiisadmi yuradRebis miqceva (raSic SeiZleba davinaxoT Tanamedrovesocialuri ekologiis Canasaxebi).socialuri geografiisa da sociologiaSi geografiuli mimdinareobebis TvalTaxedvis areSimoxvdnen iseTi bunebrivi faqtorebi, rogoricaa klimati, niadagi, reliefi, wylis resursebisada sasargeblo wiaRiseulis ganawileba, flora da fauna, geografiuli da kosmosuriprocesebi, wlis droebis cvla da sxva, aRniSnul faqtorebze damokidebul Zireulsociologiur movlenaTa ricxvSi ganixilavdnen:a) dedamiwaze mosaxleobis ganlagebasa da simWidroves, mis janmrTelobasa da nayofierebas;b) fizikur da fsiqikur rasobriv, gansxvavebebs sxeulis agebulebaSi, temperaturaSi, moralisformebSi umaRlesi niWierebis SemTxvevaTa sixSireze;g) sameurneo saqmoanobis saxeebs, mis organizacias, ritmebsa da ciklebs, mosaxleobiskeTildReobis dones;d) social-politikuri organizaciis, socialuri institutebisa da qorwinebebis tipebs; e)kulturuli kontaqtebisa da nasesxobis SesaZleblobebs, ekonomikuri da kulturuliganviTarebis tempebs;v) religias, miTologias da literaturas _ erTi sityviT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmisyvela gamovlenas.me-19 s-is sociologiaSi georgafiuli skolis Camoyalibebas xels uwyobda rogorcpozitivisturi istoria da filosofia, ise geografiuli tradiciebic. geografiulideterminizmis kredo, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda klasikuribunebismecnierebis meTodologiis tyveobaSi, didi xniT adre Camoayaliba frangmaeklektikosma filosofosma viqtor kuzenma (1792-1867): `momeciT me qveynis ruka, misimoxazuloba, wylebi _ mTeli misi fizikuri geografia; momeciT me misi bunebrivi nayofni,xili, flora, zoologia, _ acxadebda igi _ da me winaswar getyviT, Tu rogoria am qveynisadamiani, Tu rogor rols TamaSobs es qveyana istoriaSi, ara SemTxveviT, aramedaucileblobis ZaliT, da ara erT epoqaSi, aramed yvela epoqebSi~. im periodSi naturalizmida geografiuli fsevdodeterminizmi aRzevdnen sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa yvela dargsa dasferoSi, TviT idealisturi xasiaTis sistemebSic ki. 19-is SuaxanebSi religiaTmcodneobaSiifurCqneboda social-meteorologiuri Teoria (maqs miuleri da sxvebi), romelic miTebsganmartavda rogorc astronomiuli da atmosferuli movlenebis analogs da did bunebrivkatastrofebSi xedavda RmerTebis rwmenis wyaros, ernst renani `monoTeizmis suliskveTebis _

sulis~ Sesaxeb safuZvels udabnos peizaJSi xedavda, xolo ipolit teni Tavis `xelovnebisfilosofiaSi~, magaliTad ferweris florenciul da flamandriul skolebs Sorisgansxvavebebs italiisa da holandiis geografiul pirobebs Soris arsebuli gansxvvavebebSixedavda.ingliseli pozitivist-istorikosi henri tomas bokli /1821-1862/ miiswafoda ra daesabuTebinaistoriuli ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomiereba, moyavda mravali, erTi SexedviTsimarTlis msgavsi magaliTebi imisa, Tu rogor gansazRvravdnen specifikuri landSafti,klimati, niadagis mosavlianoba, kveba, xalxTa cxovrebas, sxeulis agebulebas, simdidrisdagrovebas Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, xolo Semdeg, Tu rogor gansazRvravdnen sruliorganizaciis da saboloo jamSi maT istoriul beds Soris gansxvavebebs, magram boklTan Cvengvxvdeba, SeniSvna, rom socialurobis ganviTarebis umaRles doneze gonebrivi faqtorebiTandaTanobiT iZenen upiratesobas fizikurze. boklma gavlena iqonia zogierT mimarTulebazeekonomikur geografiasa da sociologiaSi, romelTa warmomadgenloba amtkicebdnen, TiTqossakmarisi vicodeT bunebrivi simdidreebi, energiis wyaroebi, mimosvlis bunebrivi gzebi, romganvsazRroT ama Tu im sazogadoebis warmoebis xasiaTi da moculoba, misi mTavariekonomikuri funqciebi.ekonomikuri, fsiqikuri da socialuri faqtorebis fizikuri garemoTi pirdapiri daerTmniSvnelovani gansazRvrulobis Sesaxeb msgavsi daskvnebi SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyomxolod maSin, rodesac xdeboda urTierTdakavSirebuli socialuri faqtorebis mTeli rigiSuamavali _ Sualeduri rgolebisa da am faqtorebsa da garemos Soris funqcionaluriurTierTdamokidebulebebis ignorireba, agreTve rodesac naTlad Tu gaurkvevlad xdebazogadmecnieruli idealis saxiT fizikuri monizmisa da meqanisturi determinizmis miReba,garegani samyaros adamianis fsiqikis mier pasiuri kopirebis Sesaxeb maTeuli warmodgenebTanerTad. garda amisa, aq ver afasebdnen kulturuli disfuziisa da urTierTgavlenisrezultatebs, vinaidan garemos zemoqmedeba xSirad gamoixateboda ise, TiTqos mocemulisazogadoeba mudam cxovrobda absolutur izolaciaSi, rogorc kulturulad damoukidebulierTeuli.sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi garemos fizikuri faqtorebis rolis garkvevas cdilobdnengeografebic, romlebic amave dros iziarebdnen pozitivisturi istoriografis mravalSecdomas. gamoCenili sociografebi iyo germaneli mecnieri karl riteri /1779-1859/ aleqsandrehumboldtTan erTad /1769-1859/, romelic Tanamedrove geografiis safuZvelmdeblad iTvleba.riteris meTodologiis saxelmZRvanelo iyo bunebisa da kulturis urTierTzemoqmedebis,istoriulad konkretuli geografiuli mxaris Camoyalibebul elementTaurTierTdakavSirebulobis idea. dedamiwa _ erTiani `organizmia, romelic dayofilia SinaganaddakavSirebul, mTlian regionebad~. am regionTa sazRvrebis swori gansazRvrebisaTvis

aucilebelia landSaftis, klimatis, mcenareulobis (gansakuTrebiT kulturis), cxovelTasamyaros, adamianis garemos adrindel elementebTan istoriul urTierTqmedebaSi yovelmxriviaRwera.magram riteris msoflmxedveloba iyo ara naturalizmi, aramed germanel romantikosTafilosofiuri organizmi, maTive polarul urTierTobaTa umaRles sinTezSi gamaerTianebelimsoflio wesrigis rwmeniT. sazogadoebriv mecnierebebisaTvis riteris mniSvnelobamanpirobebulia imiT, rom mis geografiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs adamiansa daistorias. riteris azriT, geografiam unda axsnas is, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas adamiani mismier dasaxlebul sivrceze da TviTon rogor `aRizrdeba~ mkacr an xelsayrel pirobebSi. masgansakuTrebiT ainteresebda yoveli mxaris umaRlesi kulturuli gafurCqvnis periodebi,rameTu misi azriT, maSin miiRweva bunebasa da kulturas Soris harmoniis umaRlesi xarisxi dadone.riteris SromebSi organuladaa Serwymuli Temebi, romlebic mogvianebiT danawevrda da iqcageografiisa da sociologiis sxvadasxva dargebis kvlevis sagnebad. mis Semdeg naTlad iqnaSemCneuli geografiis or nawilad dayofili tendencia: fizikur geografiad da socialur, anuanTropogeografiad, romlidanac Tavis mxriv sxvadasxva droisa da sxvadasxva qveynebSigamoiyo ekonomikuri, politikuri, istoriuli, kulturuli da statistikuri geografia.anTropologiisa da kerZod politikuri geografiis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roliiTamaSa fridrih ratcelma /1844-1904/, germanelma zoologma, mogzaur-Jurnalistma, sociologma,geografiis profesorma.anTropologiis sagani ratcelma gansazRvra, rogorc adamianis modgmis Seswavla im zomiT, razomiTac es ukanaskneli Tavis sasicocxlo gamovlinebebSi ganisazRvreba geografiulinaturalizmis ideologiis Sesatyvisad. ganaTlebiT biologi ratceli Seecada gaeerTianebinabiologiis, eTnografiisa da geografiis cnebebi da meTodebi. anTropogeografia, Tvlida igi,unda iyos zogadi biogeografiis nawili da politkuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis drosCveulebriv ekologiur da evoluciur cnebebs unda iyenebdes.geografiuli garemos Tvisebebis Sesatyvisad kulturis diferenciaciis mecnieruli aRweraratcelTan Serwymuli iyo biologiur spekulaciebTan, gansakuTrebiT mis `politikurgeografiaSi~ saxelmwifoTa sivrcobrivi gafarToebis an Semcirebis axsnisas da aseveSerwymuli iyo geografiuli determinizmisaTvis tipiur mcdar tendenciasTan, romlismexedviTac atareben pirdapir mizezobriv kavSirebs bunebrivi garemos Tvisebebsa da adamianurpraqtikas Soris ise, rom gverds uvlian gamaSualebel socialur rgolebsa da meqanizmebs.garemos gavlenis yvela Sedegi man dayo statistikur (romelic ZiriTadad gamagrebuliaindividTa mudmiv biofsiqikur TvisebebSi) da dinamikur (social-politikuri organizaciiscvalebadi istoriuli rezultatebi) Sedegebad. aTaswlobiT mimdinare geografiul faqtorTa

gansakuTrebiT klimatisa da sivrcobriv-vrceul ganlageba-mdebareobis uSualo zemoqmedebaaris sxvadasxva- teritoriebze mcxovreb adamianTa jgufebs Soris arsebul somatur dafsiqikur gansxvavebaTa mizezebi. mTebi da sivrcobrivi Caketiloba magaliTad umuSavebsmosaxleobis tradicionalizms, cotaTi dakmayofilebis unars, viwro nacionalizms, vakeebi dazRvebi ki umuSaveben iseT fsiqikur Tvisebebs, rogorebicaa sevda, naRveli sivrceze, eqspansiisada gabedul wamowyebaTa suliskveTebas. bunebrivi sazRvrebi (mTebi, zRva) TiTqosda iwvevs daxels uwyobs izolirebul socialur jgufTa warmoSobas sustad ganviTarebuli politikuriZalebiT, xolo dablobi da vake adgilebi, _ centralizacias da Zlier xelisuflebasmomTabareTa Tavdasxmebisagan dasacavad, romelic mogvianebiT gadadis Zlier socialurad dakulturulad ignorirebul saxelmwifoebriv organizaciaSi. igive kanonebs eqvemdebareba enisada kulturis gavrceleba.saxelmwifoebi funqcionireben rogorc cocxali organizmebi, eqvemdebarebian zrdisa dadacemis, daRupvis bunebriv procesebs da amgvarobis gamo SeuZlebelia mkacr sazRvrebSi iqnenmoqceulni da SenarCunebulni. areali, sivrce (Raum) da adgilmdebareoba _ saxelmwifoswarmoSobis aucilebeli faqtorebia. eris, naciis, an kulturis ganviTareba eqspansiisa daTavisi geografiuli mdebareobis gaumjobesebis unarTanaa dakavSirebuli.aqedan mxolod erTi nabijia biologiuri analogiebis politikur ideologiad gadaqcevamde, esnabiji gulisxmobda da naTlad gadadga e.w. germanulma geopolitikis skolam karlhaushoferis /1869-1946/ meTaurobiT, romlis `moZRvrebis~ mixedviTac saxelmwifoTa politikuriganviTareba da eqspansia TiTqosda determinirebulia geografiuli tendenciebiT. geopolitikisarsenalidan iqna amoRebuli dasananad cnobili argumentebi germaniis `sasicocxlo sivrcis~arasakmarisobisa da politikuri sazRvrebis arabunebriobis Sesaxeb. faSisturi agresiisgasamarTleblad. termin `geopolitikis~ avtori Svedi sociologi da saxelmwifomcodne iohanrudolf Celeni /1864-1922/ ganmartavda ratcelis gavleniT moZRvrebas saxelmwifos, rogorc _geografiuli organizmis Sesaxeb, eklektikurad aerTianebda ra geografiuli determinizms,socialuri darvinizmis, biologiur-organul da rasobriv-anTropologiur Teoriebs.vulgaruli geografiuli determinizmis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli niSani istoriulixdomilebebis axsnaSi iyo Sualeduri faqtorebis saxiT jansaRi azris sxvadasxva`fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebis~ farTo gamoyeneba. amiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnenpolitikuri geografebi, romlebic saWiroebisda mixedviT iyenebdnen saukuneobriv crurwmenebsda `uaxloes~ rasistul monaCmaxs- gamonagons `xalxis sulis, gonis~ Sesaxeb, romelicTiTqosda Camoyalibda geografiuli garemos mier. Znelia TviT im mcdelobebis raodenobisCamoTvlac ki, rodesac cdilobdnen mag. rasis `xalxis sulis~ meSveobiT dadeginaTmizezobrivi kavSirebi geografiul pirobebsa da arqiteqtiras, ferweras, literaturas,

musikasa da religias Soris da a.S. amgvari Sromebidan mravali gamoirCeoda geografiulifaqtorebis determinizmis SefardebiTobis gaugebrobiT.politikuri geografiis Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba politikuri xdomilebebis mxolod saeWvofsevdogeografiuli axsnebiTa da winaswarmetyvelebiT. mravalma politikurma geografmamogvca sxvadasxva `politikur zonaTa~ warmoqmnis, eqspansiisa da daSlis, maTiadministraciuli centrebis, sazRvrebis dacviTi xazebis dakvirvebiTi istoriuli gamokvlevebi.ar aris agreTve azrs moklebuli politikur gaerTianebebsa da mis garemosurTierTzemoqmedebaSi dafaruli `politikuri potencialis~ Sefasebis Sesaxeb sakiTxisdasmac. politikuri geografia warmatebiT swavlobs politikuri Zalauflebis gavlenaslandSaftis, fizikur da socialur aspeqtebze, lingvistur da kulturul gaerTianebaTa daa.S. formierbaze.XX s-is dasawyisSi sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi Zveli geografiuli mimarTulebis mravaliTema da masTan erTad Secdomebic, memkvidreobiT miiRo amerikulma environmentalizma(inglisuri environment-garemo). SedarebiT axali masSi iyo geografiuli determinizmispopularul hipoTezaTa Semowmebis statistikur da sxva `mkacr~ meTodTa gamoyenebisadmimidrekileba. environmentalizmis fuZemdebelma da ratcelis populizatorma elen semplmagaatara gansazRvrul teritoriaze adamianis cxovelmoRvaweobaze _ saqmianobaze fizikurigaremos `kontrolis~ idea.enviromentalizmis gamoCenili warmomadgeneli iyo amerikeli geografi ganaTlebiT geologielsuorT hantingtoni /1876-1977 iyenebda ra statistikis, paleobotanikis, klimatologiis,istoriis, demografiis da sxva mecnierebaTa meTodebsa da monacemebs (xSirad arasworad) igiiswrafvoda daesabuTebina klimatis cvlilebebisa (`pulsaciebsa~) da civilizaciebis progressan dacemas Soris mWidro korelaciebis arseboba.amasTanave ZiriTadi gamaSualebuli kavSirebi ase gamoiyureboda:1) klimati gvlenas axdens mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze (am gavlenis Sesaferisad hantingtonmaSeiswavla sikvdilianobisa da temperaturis Tviuri mrudis damTxvevebi da a.S.);2) klimati gavlenas axdens fizikur da gonebriv aqtiurobaze. Sromis nayofierebaze damaSasadame, iwvevs sazogadoebis saqmian da ekonomikur cvlilebaTa meryeobas (aq ZiriTadiempiriuli baza iyo sikvdilianobis koeficientis da saqmianobis dacemisa da gamococxlebismniSvnelobaTa paralelebis Sesaxeb monacemebi);3) ramdenadac civilizacia aris energiisa da eris, naciis mniSvneloba-nayofierebismwarmoeblurobisfunqcia, amdenad klimatis sasargeblo an uaryofiTi ryevebi gansazRvravencivilizaciaTa zrdas, dacemasa da gadaadgilebas.

hantingtonma agreTve afrikul-aziuri akvnidan evropis Crdilo-dasavleTis ufro civ damravalsaxovan klimatis pirobebSi civilizaciis TandaTanobiT geografiuli gadaadgilebisSesaxeb Zveli idea ganaviTara . `civilizaciis CrdiloeTuri dreifis~ Teorias sxvadasxvavariantebiT jer kidev adre icavdnen frangi klod vaio, pier muJili, edmon demoleni damravali sxva. magram SedarebiTi rukebisa da korelaciebis (urTierTdamokidebulebebis _Sefasebebis) SemuSavebis kriteriumebi, romlebiTac hantingtoni amagrebda am Teorias,upiratesad subieqturi da evropocentristuli iyo. civilizaciebis SefasebaTa safuZvelSisrulyofilebis rangis mixedviT man Cado `aqtivizmi~ da masTan erTad man gaimeora is Zvelicrurwmenebi (romlis pirvelwyaroebi iyo XIV s-is arabi istorikosis ibn xaldunis Sromebi),TiTqos umaRlesi kultura da socialur-politikuri organizaciis yvelaze rTuli formebiSeiZleboda warmoSibiliyo mxolod zomier, magram arasubtropikul an polaruli klimatispirobebSi, radgan subtropikebSi bunebis nobaTTa siuxvis gamo TiTqos ar aris saWiro Sromisdidi danaxarjebi, rasac mivyavarT samxreTel adamianTa inertulobasa da sizarmacesTan, xoloSimSilTan da sicivesTan brZola polaruli klimatis pirobebSi adamianebs umuSavebsmorCilebas da Zalas ar utovebs gasaviTareblad. saboloo jamSi kulturis keraTaCrdiloeTisaken gadanacvlebis kanoni darCa faqtTa calmxriv SerCevaze dafuZnebulspekulaciad. igi ver gadaarCina verc teqnologiuri determinizmis elementebis Semotanamac.magaliTad, vaiosTan, romelic CrdiloeTisken kulturis svlis mizezebs sivrcisagan adamianisdacvis teqnikis ganviTarebaSi xedavda.marTalia, hantingtonisa da sxva environmentalistebis `maradiulma kanonebma~ ver gauZlesmtkiced dadgenili faqtebis Semowmebas, magram maTma mravalma Rirebulma (faseulma)dakvirvebebma da TviTon zogierTma hipoTezamac ki arapirdapiri mxardaWera spacialistebisa(biologebis, klimatologebis, fsiqiatrebis da a.S.) ufro viwro konteqstebSi moipoves. ase mag.:CaiSala environmentalisturi cdebi, daekavSirebinaT sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSisaqmiani ciklebis mzis aqtivobis periodebTan, magram mravali fsiqologis da kriminalistebismier SemCneul iqna rTuli damokidebulebani mas (saqmiani ciklebis), atmosferuli da sxvaklimaturi movlenebis cvlilebebs Soris erTis mxriv da fiziologiur procesebs Soris,meores mxriv, jer kidev adolf ketle, xolo Semdeg Cezare lombrozoc aRniSnavda zogierTdanaSaulebaTa sixSiris `sezonur~ rxevas. Tanamedrove amerikul sociogeografiaSiSenarCunebuli miswrafeba determinizmisa da raodenobrivi midgomisadmi, magram ufroSezRudul modelebSi winaswarmetyvelebebis maRali albaTobiT da SesaZleblobiT.enveronmentalizmis problematika Seiwavleba ara winandeli globaluri planiT, aramed ufrospecialurad.nawilobriv, rogorc reaqcia environmentalizmze 19-is dasasrulidan aSS-i ganviTarda`kulturuli geografia~, romelic kulturis anTropologiur ideas iyenebda (alfred kreberi

da sxva). igi daJinebul yuradRebas uTmobda adamianis saqmianobas, romelic cvlida misiistoriuli warsulis nakvalevs rogorc mocemuli kulturis gavrcelebis materialur mowmes.bunebasTan urTierTobaSi adamianis aqtiur rolze amgvari aqcentireba gansakuTrebiTdamaxasiaTebelia franguli sociogeografiis tradiciisaTvis dawyebuli Tanamedrovesocialuri ekologiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis le ples skolisagan. man wamoayena adamianuricxovrebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa samerTiani formula: binadrobis adgili, Sroma, ojaxi.le ples skolis wamyvani warmomadgenlebi iyvnen anri de turvili /1843-1903/ da edmon demoleni/1852-1907/, empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevebis istoriaSi cnobili ojaxuri monografiebisSedgenisas skola aucileblad swavlobda ojaxis an sazogadoebis fizikur geografias:niadags, reliefs, klimats, wylis ganawilebas da a.S. demolenis ZiriTad SromebSi `xalxTadidi gzebi~ (1901) farTo istoriul masalaze dayrdnobiT gamokvleulia geografiulviTarebasa-garemosa da socaluri organizaciis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebs, Sromis sakuTrebisformebs Sromis ZiriTadi kavSirebi. ase magaliTad, demolenis Tanaxmad, stepebSi cxovrebaistoriuli ganviTarebis adreul etapze gansazRvravda mwyemsobas, rogorc uZiriTadessaqmianobas, miwis sakuTrebis ararsebobas, ramdenadac momTabarisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovaniahqondes stepebSi Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis saSuleba, vidre iyos miwis kerZo mesakuTre, daaseve gansazRvravda `socialuri tipis~ sxva Tvisebebsac. turvilma, romelmac gamoikvliadasavluri tipis sazogadoebis warmoSoba, miuTiTa skandinaviaze misi izolirebulifiordebiT, rogorc `msoflio laboratoriaze~, sadac mxolod SeiZleboda TiTqosCamoyalibebuliyo adamianis, ojaxisa da sazogadoebis kerZo da partikularuli tipi.geografiuli fsevdodeterminizmis mowinaaRmdege iyo agreTve franuli `possibilizmi~ (frang.possibilite –SesaZlebloba). am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlidnen, rom erTnairi garemo ararsebobs arc individebisaTvis _ erTi da igive bunebriv pirobebze reaqciaTa sxvadasxvaobisada TanSobili Tvisebebis gamo, da arc ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis kulturisTvisac.possibilizmma daadgina garemos statistikuri koncefcia rogorc erTxel da samudamodmocemuli ram, romelic ar aris kavSirSi aqtiur istoriul subieqtTan. am mimdinareobisistorizmi moiTxovda sakiTxis dasmas yovelTvis konkretulad: garemo visTvis da risTvis,rogor SesaZleblobebs iyenebs masSi mocemuli kultura.sociogeografiis franguli skolis damaarsebeli iyo geografi da istorikosi pol vidal delablaSi /1845-1918/. misi gamokvlevebis centrad iqca ara wanamZRvari, TiTqos mocemuli garemogansazRvravs cxovrebis ama Tu im wess, aramed TandaTanobiTi istoriuli cvlilebebi,romlebsac ganicdis garemo cvlilebebis cvalebadi wesis Sedegad. landSafti vidalisaTvis _aris ara xdomilebebis bunebriv TanmimdevrulobaTa ubralo produqti, aramed adamianisSromis Sedegi da rezultati, romelic momavali TaobebisaTvis qmnis arsebobis axal pirobebs.

vidalis Sromebisa da sxva sociogeografiis frangi warmoadgenlebis damsaxureba iyogermanuli geopolitikis fsevdodeterminizmis mxileba. posibilistebma aCvenes, romgeopolitikosebi xSirad ageben dasabuTebebs da mtkicebebs post factum (es aris dasabuTebamocemuli politikur-socialuri movlenis istoriuli arsebobidan TiTqosda maszepasuxismgebeli geografiul pirobebze, rom TiTqos am istoriuli faqtis arsebobazepasuxismgebelia mocemuli geografiuli garemo), da faqtis sawinaaRmdegod. gamartivebuligeografiuli determinizmis kritikis ZiriTadi wesi da xerxi mudam iyo imis axsna, Tu rogoraarom erTnair geografiul pirobebSi viTardebian sruliad sxva donisa da tipis sazogadoebanida kulturebi. erTi da igive garemo aZlevs sxvadasxva ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs adamianebs,romlebmac ician an ar ician, Tu rogor gamoiyenon misi resursebi. am resursTa Rirebuleba _fasi damokidebulia ara imdenad maT bunebriv Tvisebebze, ramdenadac ekonomikisa dasazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis xasiaTze. maSinac ki, rodesac TiTqos cxadia damokidebulebageografiul pirobebsa da kvebis xasiaTs Soris martivad organizebul sazogadoebebSi,romlebic mraval nedl-gadamuSavebul produqts iyeneben, sinamdvileSi es damokidebulebanirTulia, gaSulebulia da aqvT mxolod da mxolod logikuri mniSvneloba. sakvebis mopoveba _sazogadoebrivi procesia, da kvebis socialuri aspeqtebi, wes-Cveulebebis, rwmenebi, efeqturian piriqiT, mouxerxebeli gamoyeneba sakvebi produqtebisa, TamaSoben pirvelxarisxovan rols.adamianisTvis yovalgvari bunebrivi masala warmoadgens ara ubralo `bunebrivi dovlaTis,aramed sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebisa da moTxovnilebebis ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad.posibilizmis susti mxare amerikul environmentalizmTan SedarebiT (principTa siuxeSe,romelsac igi akritikebda) iyo SesaZleblobaTa_ albaTobaTa raodenobrivi Sefasebebisugulebelyofa, SesaZleblobebi albaTobebis, romlebic axasiaTebT gansazRvruli kulturulian ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis geografiuli faqtorebis danawilebasTan kavSirs. am azriTTanamedrove sazRvargareTuli sociogeografiis meTodebi mis gamoyenebiT da raodenobrivdargebSi ufro axlosaa environmentalizmTan, vidre posibilizmTan.sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi geografiuli mimarTulebis problematika mravalmxriv araaamowuruli. swored dRes rodesac uzomod gaizarda adamianis zemoqmedeba bunebaze, ufrometad vlindeba misi mniSvneloba adamianisTvis Ramis saqmianobasTan gamuwyveteli kavSiri.cxadi xdeba, rom bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedeba mxolod maSin SeiZeba iyos warmatebuli,rodesac igi emorCileba mis kanonebs da iTvaliswinebs mTelis ZiriTad kavSirebs, sxvagvaradnegatiuri Sedegebi imoqmdeben TviT adamianze, rogorc bunebis nawili, SeiniSneba memkvidreobageografiul mimarTulebasa da Tanamedrove `adamianur ekologias~ Soris, romelic swavlobsadamianisa da misi garemomcveli garemos (farTo azriT) urTierTkavSirebs, kerZod adamianTada socialur organizaciaTa sivrcobriv-vrcel urTierTobebs