Tavidan, rodesac am wignis dawera gadavwyvite ... - Litsakhelebi.ge

gigi TevzaZesaqarTvelo: Zalauflebis dabrunebaTbilisi 20031

sarCevi:sarCevi: ..................................................................................................................................................... 2I. wignis struqturis ganmarteba ....................................................................................................... 3II. ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” ................................................ 4III. pirveli Sesavali – Back to USSR .................................................................................................. 6 Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi – politikuri movlenebis orbita XXsaukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi .................................................................... 10paterloo, anu aRgeniTi samuSaoebi ......................................................................................... 16mcire jgufebis kanoni ................................................................................................................ 20III. meore Sesavali – iZuleba socialuri realobisaTvis ......................................................... 21 simulantebi da fsiqiatrebi, anu avadmyofobebis, moCvenebiTi avadmyofobebis, maTigankurnebis da vergankurnebis Sesaxeb ............................................................................. 22III. mesame Sesavali – trul-klapaciusis sindromi ..................................................................... 27 ukanaskneli inteligentis brwyinvaleba da siduxWire ............................................... 30 daskvna: revanSi mimdinareobs ............................................................................................. 32IV. 12 niSani da amave dros argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTakavSiris magivrad Sua saukuneebi aRdga ......................................................................................... 35 1. politikuri sistema – Zalauflebis tipi ................................................................. 35 2. socialuri sistema ......................................................................................................... 37 3. ganaTlebis sistema .......................................................................................................... 40 4. sasamarTlo sistema ........................................................................................................ 42 5. jari da policia ............................................................................................................. 44 6. sagareo urTierTobebi .................................................................................................... 45 7. ekonomika ........................................................................................................................... 46 8. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ................................................................................................. 52 9. socialuri kontrolis faruli formebi ................................................................. 55 10. politikuri partiebi da arCevnebi ............................................................................ 57 11. eklesia da masmedia ........................................................................................................ 61 12. saqarTvelos oligarqebi da biznes-jgufebi ........................................................... 65V. politikosebis universaluri sazomi saqarTveloSi, sxva mis msgavs da mimsgavsebulqveynebSi .................................................................................................................................................. 67VI. xuTi ZiriTadi umsjeloba, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs ............................................ 71VII. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, misi jgufebi, Semadgenloba, rogori unda iyos da rogoriar aris is dRevandel saqarTveloSi. anu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo, da ara marto is, jerkidev sabWoTa kavSiris (Sua saukuneebis) modernizebul (regresirebul) versiad .............. 76VIII. dasasruli pirveli – Zalauflebis mokle istoria ......................................................... 78VIII. dasasruli meore – rogor unda gaizomos qveyanaSi demokratiis yofnis, aryofnis dayofna-aryofnis xarisxi ....................................................................................................................... 83Ein Planet, Ein Reich, Ein Volk .............................................................................................................. 85VIII. dasasruli mesame – aleqsis de tokvilis winaaRmdeg ....................................................... 96IX. daskvna samive dasasrulisaTvis ............................................................................................... 1012

I. wignis struqturis ganmartebaam wignis avtorma icis, rom Zalian Znelia erTsa da imave dros saqarTveloSiarsebuli viTareba aRwero, am viTarebis Sesaxeb sociologiur-inteleqtualuristoriulidaskvnebi akeTo da, miuxedavad amisa, wigni mainc saintereso sakiTxavigamovides.amitom wigns samjer iwyeben Tavidan. TiToeul Sesavals win uZRvis im sami tipismkiTxvelis aRwera, visac es gansxvavebuli Tavebi unda moergos. samive es aRweramidis TavTan, romlSic 12 niSania aRwerili, da romlic wakiTxvac am wignisgagebisaTvis aucilebelia. Semdeg, wigni aseve sami dasasruliT mTavrdeba.albaT, mkiTxveli ukve Seafiqriana wina abzacis dasawyisSi motanilma frazam“iwyeben”. ukve Sefiqrianebuli mkiTxveli amis gamarTlebas waawydeba zogierTi Tavisdasawyisisas an dasrulebisas, sadac avtori da avtor-ego saubroben. es dialogebi,simarTle rom iTqvas, erTgvari gamosavalia im sirTuleebidan, romlebSic msjelobaTavs rom amohyofs xolme. Tumca, meore mxriv, am dialogebs aqvs pretenzia,mkiTxvelis im wuTs warmoSobili azri amoicnos da amiT wignis kiTxva ufrosaxaliso gaxados.3

II. ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad”Tavidan, rodesac am wignis dawera gadavwyvite, mindoda saTaurad “rigiTisaqarTvelos gadasarCenad” damerqmia. es iqneboda miTiTeba stiven spilbergiscnobil filmze “rigiTi raianis gadasarCenad”. am filmSi meore msoflio omSimonawile amerikeli jariskacis, saxelad raianis, gadarCenisaTvis filmis yvelagmiri, Tavad raianis garda, kvdeba. aseT saTaurs albaT, bundovnad unda mieniSnebina,rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis dasaZlevad Zalian bevr arsebul sistemazeTu Seguebul Rirebulebebze uaris Tqma mogviwevs. anda, ufro radikalur mkiTxvelses saTauri etyoda, rom saqarTvelos gadasarCenad msxverplis gaRebaa saWiro.samwuxarod, es saTauri gaugebari aRmoCnda am wignis umetesi adresatisaTvis,mxolod imitom, rom maT filmi ar enaxaT. .is saTauri, romelic wigns axla hqvia, kvlav kinoindustriaze miTiTebaa,oRond ufro saSinelebaTa an action filmebze, sadac wina filmSi damarcxebuli daTiTqos ganadgurebuli monstri (an gmiri) brundeba. imdenad, ramdenadac am seriispirvel wigns hqvia “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi”, meoris saxeli –“saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis dabruneba” mimdevrobis garkveul wesze miuTiTebs.saTauris, erTi SexedviT, simartivis miuxedavad, mkiTxvels Tavad mouwevs garkveva,vin brundeba – monstri Tu gmiri, Tu orive erTad.am wigns serialis sxva Tvisebac aqvs; bevri Tanamedrove action siuJetiSemdegnairia: pirvel seriaSi/nawilSi aRiwereba raRac viTareba, rogorcabsoluturi da ueWveli. meore seriis/nawilis amoqmedebisas cxadi xdeba, rompirvel seriaSi/nawilSi aRwerili ambavi sxva, ufro vrceli siuJetis ganuyofelimcire elementia 1 . xandaxan, pirveli nawilis dadebiTi personaJebi meores uaryofiTiprotagonistebi aRmoCndebian da piriqiT. es wignic, pirvel wignTan “ZalauflebissimulaciebTan” erTad, aseTi tipis erTianobas qmnis.me Sevecdebi vaCveno, rom is, Tu rogor qveyanaSi vcxovrobT, sad vimyofebiTda ra warmatebebi da warumateblobebi gvelis, mxolod da mxolod institutebis,Rirebulebebis da socialuri struqturebis analiziTaa SesaZlebeli ganisazRvros 2 .aseve, Sevecdebi avxsna, ratom aRar muSaoben Sefasebis, dakvirvebis da gazomvis1amis klasikuri magaliTia “adamianebi SavebSi” da “adamianebi SavebSi 2”.2da ara politikuri sistemebis da subieqtebis gancxadebaTa zedapiruli analiziT daanalogiebis gatarebiT, rogorc es CvenSi xSirad xdeba.4

Zveli, kargad nacadi meTodebi, da ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom aseTi meTodebiTavidan dafuZndes. maqvs imedi, rom saqarTvelos SemoTavazebuli aRwera, SeiZlebasxva, saqarTvelos analogiur socialur da politikur sinamdvileSi myofi qveynebismimarTac marTebuli aRmoCndes. me ar var Sepyrobili negatiuri nacionalizmiT, daver vityvi, rom raRac “mxolod Cven gvWirs”.maT, vinc Cems wigns “Zalauflebis simulaciebs” icnobs, minda vauwyo, romsimulaciis etapi damTavrda. daiwyo meore, “Zalauflebis dabrunebis” faza. Cvengardauvlad miveqanebiT im mdgomareobisaken, romelic SeiZleba aRiweros rogorcSua saukuneebi. is Sua saukuneebi, romelic saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia. erT-erTigza, romelic am mdgomareobidan gamogviyvanda, kvlav simulaciis aRdgenaa. Tu esmoxda, Cven saxifaTo wreSi aRmovCndebiT: ciklis – Zalauflebissimulaciebi/Zalauflebis dabruneba _ yovel gameorebasTan, anu ciklis tradiciadqcevasTan erTad, sxva gzis arCeva sul ufro da ufro SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.saTauris ganmarteba: Zalauflebis dabruneba niSnavs erTis mxriv, Zalauflebisdabrunebas imis mier, vinc Zalauflebis simulacias 3 awarmoebda, xolo meore mxriv,dabrunebas im droSi, rodesac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba iyo Semqmneli, mokarnaxe daganmsazRvreli.3maTTvis, visac “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” ar waukiTxavs, simulaciisganmarteba im wignidan: “simulacia, anu simulaciuri procesi, simulirebis saSualebiTmiiReba. simulacia iseve moqmedebs, rogorc Tavad is, risi simulirebac xdeba. oRondsafuZveli da dasayrdeni, romelic gaaCnia imas, risi simulirebac xdeba, simulacias araaqvs. simulaciuri procesi mTeli ZalebiT cdilobs daamtkicos, rom simulaciis ukanSesabamisi safuZvli da dasayrdeni imaleba. ase rom, simulacia arafers ar faravs, piriqiT,is cdilobs aCvenos imis arseboba, rac ar aris”.5

es Sesavali gankuTvnilia im mkiTxvelisaTvis, visac istoria ufro itacebs, vidream istoriis analizi da usagno ganazrebebi. agreTve imaTTvis, visac axsovs da/anainteresebs, ra iyo sabWoTa kavSiri 4 .III. pirveli Sesavali – Back to USSRanu survili moxvde ssrk-SidRes xSirad gaigoneb politikuri analitikosisagan Tu inteleqtualisagan, rom“aba ra unda mosTxovo, man xom sxvanairi marTva ar icis”. am “man”-Si, ra Tqma unda,SevardnaZe igulisxmeba. bevria ganwyobili saimisod, rom is gaurkvevloba, racqveyanaSia da romelic yoveli moqalaqis bedze/cxovrebaze aisaxeba, prezidentsdaabralos. magram, rac ar unda Zlieri iyos erTi adamianis pirovnuli zemoqmedebisunari da Zalaufleba, mTeli qveynis Semotrialeba mas ar SeuZlia; ar SeuZlia maTgareSe, vinc mas amaSi exmareba da eTanxmeba.es msjelobac nacnobia qarTuli inteleqtualuri diskursisaTvis da amSemTxvevaSi msjelobaSi irekleba “xalxi, romelic bnelia da kvlav warsulSi undacxovreba”. Tumca, “xalxi” rac ar unda totalurad warsulze orietirebuli iyos– is erTi subieqti arasodes aris, da Sesabamisad, arasodes ara aqvs erTi neba daerTi piri. sociologebi da socialuri Teoretikosebi imasac amboben, rom xalxis“azri” ufro am azris organizebasa da miwodebazea damokidebuli. erTi da igiveganwyoba, romelic gavrcelebulia mosaxleobaSi, da romelsac myari socialurisafuZveli aqvs, sxvadasxvaApolitikuri garemos, tradiciis da arsebuli faruli dagacxadebuli devizebis gamo, SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli socialurimoTxovnebiT/molodinebiT/survilebiT gamovlindes:is, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs, faqtia.magram socialuri moTxovna, romelSic am gaWirvebidan gamosavlis Zieba gamoixateba,erTi mxriv qveyanaSi arsebuli tradiciuli garemos, xolo meore mxrivpolitikosebis mier aris nakarnaxevi. es gamosavali ZiriTadad JRers rogorc“davbrundeT sabWoTa kavSirSi” (zog SemTxvevaSi – SevuerTdeT ruseTs). Tumca,politikuri garemos ganxsvavebulobis SemTxvevaSi es “gadarCenis lozungi” SeiZlebaiyos:1. evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba;2. nato-Si Sesvla;4 anu sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri.6

3. samxreT kavkasiis konfederaciis Camoyalibeba;4. aziis qveyanaTa kavSiris Camoyalibeba da masSi gawevrianeba;5. marTlmadidebelTa da muslimTa msoflio kavSiris [jer Seqmna, Semdeg] wevradgaxdoma;6. raime sxva, romelic arafriT ar iqneba “sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenaze” ufrouazro, suleluri da SeuZlebeli.am viTarebis saTave albaT iq unda veZioT, rom Zalauflebis modeli, romelicSevardnaZem saqarTveloSi Camoitana, da romlis gaxareba-ayvavebas noyieri niadagidaxvda, iseTive iyo, rogoric mas sabWoTa kavSirSi gaaCnda. Zalauflebis sabWoTamodels Semdegi oTxi maxasiaTebeli hqonda:1. ormagi standarti: ZiriTadi principi, romelic mosaxleobas avaldebulebdagarkveuli wesebis Sesrulebas, magram ar vrceldeboda Zalauflebis mqonepartiuli elitis wevrebze. iseTi akrZalvebi, rogoricaa kerZo sakuTrebis dasazRvargareTis bankebSi angariSis floba, qrTamis aReba, azartuli TamaSebida sxva ar vrceldeboda Zalauflebis warmomadgenlebze. Tumca, rodesacZalauflebis romelime warmomadgeneli isjeboda, mis mimarT swored amakrZalvebis darRvevis braldebebi iyo gamoyenebuli;2. sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli sami saxis gadasaxadi: I. oficialuri, kanonSidafiqsirebuli; II. araoficialuri, xarki, romelsac qveda donis oficialuripirebi (qarxnis direqtorebi, sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelebi) uxdidnen zedadonis oficialur pirebs. es xazi iwyeboda nebismieri sawarmodan dapartiuli elitis wveroSi mTavrdeboda. es gadasaxadi sayovelTao iyo dagamoiyeneboda rogorc piradi sargeblobisaTvis, aseve partiuli salarosTvis.Tumca, ZiriTadi, e. w. sakavSiro partiuli salaro ufro seriozuligadasaxadebisagan Sedgeboda (oqros warmoeba, xe-tyis gayidva); III.moulodneli gadasaxadi, rodesac ufro maRali oficialuri piri ufrodabal oficialur pirs gansakuTrebuli saWiroebisaTvis Tanxis Sovnasavalebda. es fuli “iSoveboda” iqve, sadac zemoT aRwerili ori gadasaxadi –legalur da aralegalur sawarmoebSi;3. kanonze maRla dgomis specialuri, institucionaluri instrumentebisarseboba. kanonze maRla dgoma Zalauflebis ZiriTadi elementi iyo:uSiSroebis samsaxuri erTsa da imave dros icavda da sjida Zalauflebismflobelebs: specialuri samsaxurebi awarmoebdnen Zalauflebis subieqtebis7

dacvas da maTi danaSaulis kvalis “waSlas”. Tumca es “waSla” absoluturiarasdros ar iyo, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi “waSlili” faqtebi socialur dapartiul zedapirebze tivtivs iwyebda.4. qveynis mTels teritoriaze Zalauflebis araTanabari gavrcelebuloba. amavedros, sakuTari teritoriis nebismier wertilSi gansakuTrebulisimkacris/sisastikis gamovlenis SesaZlebloba: mkacri da absoluturadcentralizebuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi Zalaufleba Tanabrad vernawildeboda. amitomac iyo, rom qveynis periferiebs (magaliTad, saqarTvelos)Crdilovani ekonomikisaTvis da ideologiuri wnexis ararsebobis mxrivadac,samoTxed miiCnevdnen. Tumca, rodesac es “Tavisufleba” garkveul dasaSvebzRvars aWarbebda, represiebi, demonstraciebis daxvretis CaTvliT, miRebulda aucilebel zomad iTvleboda.ra Tqma unda, SevardnaZem aseTi Zalauflebis avan-Cavani kargad icoda, da misTvisideals swored aseTi Zalauflebis ierarqiis wveroSi moxvedra warmoadgenda.samwuxarod, isini, vinc mas aq daxvda, an Semdeg SeuerTda, am idealis pirveladobasaRiarebdnen. swored es mzadyofna iyo is, ramac saqarTveloSi dRes arsebuliviTareba gamoiwvia.aRmoCnda, rom maTTvisac, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi gaizarda, sabWoTa Zalauflebisstruqtura iseTive misaRebi da sasurveli iyo, rogorc maTTvis, vinc sabWoTadroSi mmarTvelobiTi elitis wevrad Camoyalibda. Sedegad, aseTi Zalauflebisakenswrafvam gamoiwvia is politikur-socialuri garemo, romelSic sabWoTa kavSiriskvlav miRweva mizani aRmoCnda.aravin ar eubneba mosaxleobas Tavis politikur gamosvlebSi, rom germaniaSibevrad ukeTesi socialuri dacvaa, vidre ssrk-Si iyo, rom aSS-Si daqiravebulibevrad ufro daculia moulodnelobebisagan, vidre ssrk-Si, rom ganaTleba fineTSibevrad ufro maRali donisaa da a. S.am bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aravin ambobda, rom demokratia aris aramxolod referendumi da parlamentis arCevnebi, aramed, amave dros, adamianisuflebebis Seulaxaoba da mikro, raionul, samosaxlos doneze gadawyvetilebebisarCevnebis wesiT miReba. diskursi, romelic Cvens politikosebs axasiaTebdaT,SevardnaZisagan modioda; is ambobda: “me movedi da karg saqmeebs vakeTeb”. iseTi ram,rogoricaa warmomadgenlobiToba da pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis mimarT – Zalianmcire doziT arsebobda da arsebobs saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv sivrceSi.8

warmomadgenlobiTobis da pasuxismgeblobis siduxWiris kulminacia iyo prezidentisgamosvla 2003 wlis biujetis parlamentSi Cavardnis Semdeg: man Tqva, rombiujetis Cavardna aris ara xelisuflebis, aramed opoziciis da mosaxleobisproblema.sabWoTa kavSirSi dabrunebis survili iyo da aris ara mxolod SevardnaZis damisi ybadaRebuli klanis mizani. Zalauflebis dabruneba, anu sabWoTa tipisZalauflebis aRdgena, yvela im politikosis mizani iyo da aris, vinc Riad Tufarulad, mTavrobaSi Tu mis gareT, ambobda da ambobs: “me moval da, ai, naxavT, rakarg saqmeebs gavakeTeb”.rodesac axali saqarTvelos axalma da Zvelma politikosebma ifiqres, romsabWoTa kavSiri SeiZleba “calke aRebul qveyanaSi” aRdges, maT ver gaiTvaliswines,rom saqarTveloSi ver aRdgeboda is, rac sabWoTa imperias asuldgmulebda da rac,marTalia, Zalauflebis maxasiaTebeli ara, magram misi winapiroba namdvilad iyo: eswinapiroba iyo socialuri SiSi usqeso, Tvisebebis da survilebis gareSe myofi,zeadamianuri sabWoTa mmarTvelobis mimarT, romelic kremlis kedlebis miRmaimyofeboda. sabWoTa kavSiri axali tipis imperia iyo, romlis ekonomikur sistemasacsocialuri SiSi edo safuZvlad.socialuri SiSis danergvas ki iseTi represiebi sWirdeboda, rogorc ssrk-Si1924 da 1937 wlebSi gatarda. ver ityvi, rom SevardnaZem ar scada am tipisrepresiebis dawyeba, magram mxedrioni aSkarad sxva mimarTulebiT wavida: mxedrionisxelmZRvanelobas da gansakuTrebiT jaba ioselians aSkarad ar izidavda sabWoTarepresoris roli. garda amisa, ioseliani Zalauflebis mopovebis nacionalisturdemokratiulmeTodebzec amyarebda imeds, rac misi mxridan represiebis gamtareblisrolis Sesrulebas gamoricxavda.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ssrk-Si dabrunebis gamoTvla kargad ver moxerxda:socialuri SiSi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis politikosebisaTvis imdenad TavisTavadcxadi da saxelmwifos Tanamdevi faqti iyo, rom seriozulad aravis ufiqria misikvlavwarmoebis meqanizmebze. rodesac mixvdnen rom maTi sasurveli Zalauflebamxolod SiSis kvlavwarmoebiT miiRweva, ukve gvian iyo.socialuri SiSis kvlavwarmoeba ver moxerxda imitomac, rom verc SevardnaZeda verc misi garemomcveli politikuri elita mosaxleobis winaSe ver warsdgarogorc yovelive adamianurisagan daclili Zalauflebis gansaxiereba. aseTi imijiyvelaze didxans mxolod SevardnaZem SeinarCuna. Tumca, swored Zalauflebis9

simulaciis im proeqtis gamo, romelsac SevardnaZe mogvianebiT daTanxmda, rogorcZalauflebis misTvis sasurveli modelisaken pirdapir gzas, Zaluflebisgansxeulebis da qveynisaTvis mzrunveli zeadamianuri arsebis saxe mosaxleobisTvalSi yvelaze mtkivneulad manve dakarga.qvemoT vecdebi mokled, ramdenime gverdze aRvwero Zalauflebis biografiasaqarTveloSi: misi gandevna, misi simulacia, misi dabruneba. es aRwera faqtobrivadimis identuri iqneba, rac zemoT, oRond, amjerad mas ufro politikuri istoriissaxe eqneba.Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi – politikuri movlenebis orbita XXsaukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi1992 wels SevardnaZe dabrunda saqrTveloSi. samxedro sabWo, romelic qveynis defaqto mmarTveli iyo, Sedgeboda a) yofili mojanyeebisagan, romlebic gamsaxurdiasmmarTvelobas ebrZodnen, b) liberalurad ganwyobili inteleqtualebisa dainteligenciis warmomadgenlebisagan.realuri Zalaufleba im dros jaba ioselianis (samxedro dajgufeba“mxedrionis” damaarsebeli), Tengiz kitovanis (gamsaxurdias dros Tavdacvisministri da erovnuli gvardiis sardali) da Tengiz siguas (gamsaxurdias drospremier-ministri, Semdeg gamsaxurdias mTavrobis mier devnili) xelSi iyo.gamsaxurdias gandevnis Semdeg Seqmnili samxedro sabWo iyo pirveli organo,romelsac Zalauflebis upirobo mopoveba surda da uars ambobda iseTi, ukve saeWvoinstrumentebis gamoyenebaze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qarizmatuloba. Tukigamsaxurdias xelisufleba mTlianad qarizmatulobas eyrdnoboda, ioselianikitovani-siguasxelisuflebam Zalis demonstrirebis gza airCia. sxvadasxvaSeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis Seqmna am “politikuri” aucileblobiTac iyoganpirobebuli.rogorc Cans, maTTvis moulodnelad, samxedro sabWos xelmZRvanelebmaaRmoaCines, rom saerTaSoriso faqtoris gauTvaliswineblad qveynis marTvaSeuZlebelia. SesaZloa, es maT yovelTvis icodnen, da ubralod cdilobdnenmaqsimalurad didxans gaeZloT saerTaSoriso legitimaciis gareSe. xolo amlegitimaciis misaRwevad, saWiro iyo imdroindeli qarTuli demokratiis erTaderTigarantis – SevardnaZis – saqarTveloSi Camoyvana.10

marTalia, yofiTi Tu politikuri analitikosebi amboben, rom gamsaxurdiaswinaaRmdeg gamosvlebi sulac SevardnaZis mier iyo organizebuli, magram esSevardnaZis 1992 wels Camoyvanis aucileblobas sulac ar amcirebs:gadatrialebis/ajanyebis/putCis 5 logikuri gamosavali, erTis mxriv Sida, xolomeore mxriv gare legitimaciisaTvis, SevardnaZis Camoyvana iyo.ase daiwyo saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis mier warmoebuli pirveli simulacia:SevardnaZe samxedro sabWos imisaTvis sWirdeboda, rom liberalur-demokratiuligardaqmnebisaTvis sakuTari mzadyofna daedasturebina. ver ityvi, rom samxedrosabWos meTaurTagan vercerTi ver xedavda demokratiis aucileblobas da ar undodamomavalSi saqarTvelo demokratiul qveynad exila (magaliTad, ioselians da siguas).magram im instrumentebidan, romelic maT upirobo Zalauflebis dasamyarebladairCies, aseTi momavali sulac ar gamomdinareobda. Zalauflebis mier warmoebulisimulacia ormagi iyo: 1. Zalaufleba (warmomadgenlebi: ioseliani-kitovani-sigua)simulirebda, rom is demokratiul gardaqmnebze iyo orientirebuli; 2. imave drosZalaufleba simulirebda, rom is SevardnaZis (jer samxedro sabWos Tavmjdomaris,xolo Semdeg – saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauris) xelSi iyo. Tumca essimulireba sakmaod martivad gaiSifra da maleve yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda. sworedaman aiZula SevardnaZe, aqtiuri moqmedebebisaTvis miemarTa. amisaTvis ki upirvelesyovlisa, mxedrionis, gvardiis da sxva gasamxedroebuli SenaerTebis, rogorcZalauflebis safuZvlis, gauqmeba iyo saWiro.1993 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad miRebul ZalTa gadanawilebaSigamoCndnen is Zalebi, romlebsac SeeZloTYSevardnaZisaTvis iseTive samsaxurigaewiaT, rogoric SevardnaZem samxedro sabWos liderebisaTvis Seasrula. am Zalebsis xalxi warmoadgenda, romelic SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis mopovebisSemTxvevaSi mas liberalur-demokratiul gardaqmnebze mimarTul politikosaddarCenaSi daexmareboda. erTi, rac aSkarad icoda SevardnaZem, da rac mas Camohyvarusuli, aSS-evropuli Tu qarTuli gamocdilebidan, iyo is, rom arsebulviTarebaSi mxolod liberalur demokratiaze orietacia miscemda mas saSualebasmoepovebina da SeenarCunebina Zalaufleba. yvela sxva mcdeloba – saqarTvelosmsgavs qveynebSi da TviTon saqarTveloSic – ganwiruli iyo marcxisaTvis.5es aris sami saxeli, romliTac 90-91 wlis zamTris movlenebi dResac moixseneebaqarTul miTologiaSi.11

SeiZleboda aRmosavluri variantis gaTamaSebac, magram SevardnaZe swored imaTebrZoda, visac aseTi (Turqmenuli tipis) reJimis damyareba SeeZlo. Tanacadgilobrivi myari fuladi wyaros (navTobi, bamba da a. S.) ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,Zneli iqneboda paternalisturi reJimis didi xniT SenarCuneba.amitom, 1993 wlis parlamentSi, axali politikuri Zalebis gamoCenis Semdeg,erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyda, rom saqarTveloSi fulis upirobo wyaro liberaluridemokratia unda gamxdariyo. amitom SevardnaZem gamoacxada sakuTari e. w. “garantis”tenderi, romlisTvisac brZolaSi im dros yofili “mwvane” da ukve moqalaqeTakavSiris mmarTvel fenaSi myofi zurab Jvania Caeba.miuxedavad imisa, rom dasawyis etapze TiTqos sxvebi imarjvebdnen, saboloodes brZola Jvaniam moigo. realuri brZola SevardnaZeze gavlenis mosapovebladmimdinareobda. raRac etapze moqalaqeTa kavSiris Jvaniasadmi dapirispirebulmafrTam, romelsac moqalaqeTa kavSiris Tbilisis organizaciis lideri giaJorJoliani meTaurobda, gadawyvita, sakuTari partia Seeqmna da bolomde moeqciaSevardnaZe sakuTari gavlenis qveS: Camoecilebina is moqalaqeTa kavSirisagan,romelic, Tavad SevardnaZis proeqtiT, Zalauflebis mTavari fari da demokratiissimulirebis mTavari poligoni unda gamxdariyo.arCevani, romlis winaSec SevardnaZe dadga, faqtobrivad arc iyo arCevani: erTmxares idga xalxi, gaurkveveli partiuli momavliT, romelic cdilobdaxelisuflebis upirobo mrCeveli gamxdariyo, xolo meore mxares – saqarTvelosinteleqtualebis da inteligenciis umravlesobis mier mxardaWerili moqalaqeTakavSiri, JvaniasTan erTad, romelsac undoda ara mrCevloba, aramed meore kacoba 6 .isic unda iTqvas, rom SevardnaZis garemocvaSi im dros JorJoliani yvelazegavleniani kaci iyo da, rogorc Cans, SevardnaZis piradi simpaTiiT damxardaWeriTac sargeblobda. magram aman ver SeuSala xeli SevardnaZes, sakuTariproeqtis miznebisaTvis optimaluri kandidatura SeerCia:ZalTa imdroindeli ganawilebis mixedviT Jvanias mdgomareoba da surviliufro cxadi, gasagebi da kontrolirebadi iyo, vidre sxvebisa: “meore kacoba”gulisxmobda naTel, daqvemdebarebul da “Tavis Tavze amRebis” pozicias,“mrCevlobaSi” ki, marTalia, gaurkvevlad da Camouyalibeblad, magram maincgamosWvioda Suasaukuneobrivi “ruxi kardinalis” silueti: gadawyvetilebebze6 es, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo gansxvaveba male gadamwyveti aRmoCnda.12

gavlenis pretenzia pasuxismgeblobis gareSe, rac yovlad miuRebeli iyoSevardnaZisaTvis. mas sruliad sapirispiro sWirdeboda: adamiani, vincpasuxismgeblobas aiRebda mis gadawyvetilebebze. aseTi kaci ki, arsebulkandidaturebs Soris mxolod Jvania iyo. ase iqca Jvania aTkaciani fraqciislideridan Zalauflebis moziared – marTalia, jerjerobiT mxolodpasuxismgeblobis aspeqtSi, magram yvelaferi imaze miuTiTebda, rom malegadawyvetilebis nawilic misi sakuTreba gaxdeboda.Sedegad, axali konstituciis, SevardnaZeze teraqtis da axali parlamentisarCevis Semdeg, Jvania parlamentis Tavmjdomare gaxda. man SevardnaZis axali gzisgameoreba daiwyo: rogorc SevardnaZe airCia jer parlamentma, xolo Semdeg, 1995wels – xalxma, aseve, 1995 wels Jvania parlamentis wevrebma parlamentisTavmjdomared airCies.Jvaniam Zalauflebis sakuTari wilic miiRo. am wilis mixedviT mas uflebahqonda, sakuTari momxreebi Seegrovebina. am Segrovebas SevardnaZec aqtiurad uWerdamxars: simulaciis mwarmoebeli rac ufro meti iqneboda, miT ufro myari gaxdebodamisi Zalauflebac. meore mxriv, realuri Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad, SevardnaZemZalauflebis sakuTari (ufro mozrdili) nawilis mSeneblobasac mihyo xeli: oriZala, romelsac is kargad icnobda jer kidev saqarTvelos komunisturi partiiscentraluri komitetis mdivnobis dros, iyo 1) policia da 2) e. w. “saqmosnebi”,romlebic amave dros komunisturi partiis elitasac warmoadgendnen.yofili partiuli elita gawevrianda moqalaqeTa kavSirSi, ramac SevardnaZes,kvlavac Jvanias gunds amofarebuls, saSualeba misca, Zalauflebis mpyrobelTanamdebobebze sakuTari xalxi moeyvana. am saqmis pirveli mercxali komunisturipartiis Tbilisis organizaciis yofili xelmZRvanelis – niko lekiSvilis –saxelmwifo ministrad daniSvna iyo. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac SevardnaZemaSkarad gayo Zalaufleba: parlamenti Jvanias Caabara demokratiis da ZalauflebissimulirebisaTvis, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba – lekiSvils: Zvelixelisuflebis subieqtebis gamocdili meTodebiT sakontrolod.aseT viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, konfliqti lekiSvilsa da Jvanias Sorisgardauvali iyo. paralelurad Jvania Zalauflebis sakuTar sqemas adgenda: iseve,rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi, Jvaniasac sWirdeboda liberaluri demokratiis sayrdeni.amisaTvis man erTis mxriv arasamTavrobo seqtoris da mediis Ria mxardaWera, meoremxriv ki sakuTari gundis axali wevrebiT gamdidreba daiwyo. Zalauflebis13

TvalsazrisiT am proeqtis mizani cxadi iyo: rogorc Tavis droze SevardnaZes daioselians, axla Jvaniasac sWirdeboda mxardamWerebi da liberaluri demokratiisupirobo warmomadgenlebi sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.1995-1999 wlebze modis im reformebis piki, romelic Jvanias gundma daiwyo.Sesabamisad, amave dros emTxveva lekiSvilsa da Jvanias Soris dapirispirebis pikic.yoveli konfliqti, romelic am dros warmoiSva, SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyoSegnebulad stimulirebuli romelime mxaris mier, magram mimdinare procesebixSirad TviTorganizebis principiT muSaobdnen.im wlebis yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli konfliqti telekompania “rusTavi 2”-isgamo moxda, rodesac prezidentTan daaxloebulma ramdenime pirovnebam moindoma amteleviziis xelSi Cagdeba, anda, rogorc isini ambobdnen, maTi kuTvnilitelekompaniis dabruneba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli mxare iyo marTali, erTmaneTsaSkarad daupirispirda prezidentis garemocva da kerZo biznesi, romelic maSinsamoqalaqo aqtivobis formas ufro hgavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom im drosxelisuflebas aSkarad SeeZlo brZola moego, is moerida saqmis gamwvavebas.telekompaniam, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis imdroindeli Canasaxebis daxmarebiT,romlebic telekompaniaSi sakuTar xats da msgavs xedavdnen, SeZlo daecva Tavi. eski iyo, susti magram mainc sagulisxmo niSani, rom xelisuflebis upiroboZalaufleba qveyanaSi arsebobas wyvetda.SevardnaZis banakSi brZola Jvaniam kvlav moigo. lekiSvili gadadga. es Zalianxaverdovani gadadgoma iyo: lekiSvili gaxda moqalaqeTa kavSiris Tavmjdomarismoadgile da scada, mWidro kavSirebi daemyarebina JvaniasTan.es kavSiri Jvaniasac daujda WkuaSi, mas Semdeg, rac SevardnaZem saxelmwifoministrad vaJa lorTqifaniZe, yofili ssrk 7 komunisturi partiuli elitis wevri,saxelmwifo ministris moadgile, Semdeg saqarTvelos elCi ruseTSi, daniSna. vaJalorTqifaniZe cnobili iyo rogorc gamocdili moTamaSe da sxvadasxva SefasebebiT –Jvanias Tanabari mowinaaRmdege. lorTqifaniZe cnobili iyo ara marto politikosisunarebiT, aramed seriozuli kapitaliT da rus biznesmenebTan kavSirebiT. isSedarebiT axalgazrda da faqtobrivad, pirveli figura iyo, romelic Jvanias gardaSevardnaZis memkvidris postze seriozuli kandidati SeiZleboda yofiliyo.lorTqifaniZemac daiwyo sakuTari simulaciuri TamaSebi – mediasTan,7 sabWiTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri.14

arasamTavroebTan mWidro urTierToba, rasac Jvania da misi gundi, ra Tqma unda,ver moiTmenda. Jvanias ukve Zlieri mokavSireebi sWirdeboda. es Zlieri mokavSireebilekiSvilis daxmarebiT biznesmenebis – gaCeCilaZisa da gamyreliZis _ jgufis saxiTgamoCndnen.SevardnaZe kvlav agrZelebda mousyidavi msajulis rolis TamaSs. es misipirveli da dauZleveli iluzia iyo; Jvaniam, sakuTari gundis, mediis daarasamTavroebis daxmarebiT moaxerxa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaSevardnaZesTan yofiliyo gaigivebuli da SevardnaZisaTvis sasurveli formula –parlamentis Tavmjdomare da saxelmwifo ministri – dapirispirebuli, TviTon maTzemaRla mdgomi, mousyidavi msajuli – sazogadoebis TvalSi sakmaod male gaxdafiqcia.lorTqifaniZe damarcxda, SeiZleba iTqvas, swored Jvanias da axali Taobisbiznesmenebis koaliciis gamo. Znelia ivaraudo, ra iyo am koaliciis realuriSemakavSirebeli da ra ara. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom 1999 wlis saparlamentoarCevnebis mogebis Semdeg, sadac gaCeCilaZe-gamyreliZis gundi moqalaqeTa kavSirissiiT monawileobda, Jvanias gunds da biznesmenebs Soris konfliqti daiwyo. zogiversiiT, aliansis piroba iyo saxelmwifo ministris posti daviT gamyreliZisTvis.saxelmwifo ministris posti ki lorTqifaniZis Semdeg aSkarad neitralurmafiguram, gia arseniSvilma daikava, romelic, jer kidev kaxeTSi prezidentisrwmunebulis Tanamdebobaze swored momrigebeli msajulis da konfliqtebze maRlamdgomis rols TamaSobda. rols, romelic SevardnaZes saqarTvelos masStabiTTavisad miaCnda. SevardnaZes aSkarad undoda, arseniSvils Rirseulad SeecvalalorTqifaniZe da dapirispireboda Jvaniasac da saakaSvilsac. magram arseniSvilma es,aseve aSkarad, ar moindoma. amis Sedegad ZalTa ganawileba bundovani da gadRabniligaxda.amaze cota xniT adre ramdenime mniSvnelovani movlena moxda. Jvanias gundisramdenime wevri aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi gadavida: iusticiis, Semosavlebis dafinansTa ministrebis postebi saakaSvilma, maWavarianma da noRaidelma daikaves. SevardnaZesda albaT Jvaniasac, am SemTxvevaSi erTnairi motivebi amoZravebdaT: orivesundoda, egrZnobinebina TavTavianTi aRzrdilebisaTvis (SevardnaZes JvaniasaTvis, Jvanias– saakaSvil-maWavarian-noRaidelisaTvis), rom maT gareSe isini ver gadarCebodnen.Sedegi sakmaod sapirispiro iyo orivesaTvis: saakaSvilma damoukidebeli TamaSidaiwyo, rac dagvirgvinda nacionaluri moZraobis SeqmniT, Tbilisis sakrebuloSi15

arCevnebis mogebiT da sakrebulos Tavmjdomared arCeviT, xolo maWavarianma da no-Raidelma aSkarad SeiZines mniSvnelovani politikuri figurebis imiji.SevardnaZem kidev erTxel scada aRedgina sasurveli wonasworoba da sakuTarize-pirovnuli msajulis roli: saxelmwifo ministrad avTandil jorbenaZe dainiSna.rogorc Cans, jorbenaZe Tanaxma iyo, konfliqtis subieqti gamxdariyo. Jvaniasgadadgomis Semdeg da parlamanetSi e. w. Tematuri umravlesobis dafiqsirebismiuxedavad, jorbenaZes rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSiramdenime brZolis gadaxda/gamarTva mainc mouwia. ver ityvi, rom am Cum Tu RiabrZolebSi (mamalaZis, kartozias, xazaraZis winaaRmdeg) jorbenaZis pozicia antidemokratiuliiyo, magram faqtia, rom, konfliqtis centri mainc ar SenarCundamTavrobasa da parlamentis Soris. Sedegad, xelisuflebis bzarebi ukve aSkaradSesamCnevi gaxda.paterloo 8 , anu aRgeniTi samuSaoebisadRac 2001-2002 wlebSi Zalauflebis arsebulma struqturam daSla daiwyo.Zalauflebis struqtura, romelic SevardnaZis da Jvanias racionaluri Tuiracionaluri Tanxmobis Sedegad demokratiis simulirebas da xelisuflebisaRmasrulebel da kanonmdebel Stoebs Soris konfliqts gulisxmobda, veRarmuSaobda.Semdegi movlenebic, romlebic, Cemo momTmeno mkiTxvelo, Cvens garemoSi xdeba,anu romelTa Sesaxebac Seityob, Tuki SeeSvebi am wignis kiTxvas da televizorsmousmen anda dRevandel gazeTebs gadaxedav 9 , am faqtze reaqcias warmoadgens:xelisuflebaSi arsebobs mimarTuleba, Tavisi Zalian konkretuli warmomadgenlebiT,8Paterlaw (ingl.) – mamis (mamaos) kanoni. es sityva gansakuTrebiT im inteleqtualebsmoewonebaT, romlebic am politikuri terminis ukan froidizmis gansxeulebas dainaxaven damis gadatanas, rogorc es xdeba xolme, Seecdebian iq, sadac erTaderTi Sedegifsiqoanalitikuri cnebebis metaforuli (ver vityvi maxvilgonivruli, radganac aseTimiyenebebi sul ufro da ufro Tavsdeba rutinuli azrovnebis sazRvrebSi) gamoyenebisxelovnebaa.9es pasaJi exeba saqarTvelos (an postsabWoTa qveynis) moqalaqes da validuria am wignisgamocemis dRidan maqsimum erT weliwads. Tumca, avtorisaTvis movlenaTa arasasurveliganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi es pasaJi SeiZleba am wignis meore, mesame da a. S. gamocemebisdrosac iyos aqtualuri.16

omelic xels uwyobs Zalauflebis am struqturis aRdgenas, da aseve, arsebobsmimarTuleba, romelic xels uwyobs am struqturis rRvevas. am Zalebis subieqtebiar aris mkveTrad dadgenili 10 , Tumca maTi diferenciacia mainc SesaZlebelia.2003 wlis dasawyisis ramdenime politikuri movlena aSkarad miuTiTebs imas,rom xelisuflebas TiTqosda gamosavali ara aqvs da apirebs Zveli, saqarTveloSiukve gamocdili scenariT imoqmedos, anu Tavidan daadges im gzas, ramacdRevandlamde mogviyvana: me minda gagaxsenoT, Tu ra iyo im Zalauflebis dasawyisi,romelic dRes irRveva: 1) mkveTri dapirispireba prozviadistur ZalebTanmimdinareobda mitingebis rbeviT da adamianis uflebebis darRveviT. es xdebodainteleqtualTa ZiriTadi nawilis mxardaWeris fonze, romlebic yvelaferze iyvnenTanaxma, oRond saqarTvelo demokratiul Tanamegobrobas eRiarebina. es imdroindel(yofil partiul) funqcionerebsac awyobdaT, radganac arsebuli, memkvidreobiTmiRebuli resursebi amowuruli iyo, da erTaderTi saSveli maTTvis ismravalricxovani kreditebi iyo, romelsac saqarTvelo miiRebda, Tuki masdemokratiasa da liberalur demokratiaze mimarTul qveynad aRiarebdnen; 2)arCevnebis Ria gayalbeba: xelisuflebas amaSic Cumi Tanxmoba hqonda miRebulirogorc funqcionerebisagan (gasagebia, ratomac), aseve,inteleqtual/inteligenciisagan: esec iyo erTgvari sazRauri liberalurireformebis dawyebisaTvis; 3) terori mimarTuli revanSistul da mowinaaRmdegepolitikur partiebisaken: esec Cumad marTldeboda, rogorc stabilurobis dademokratiis safasuri.xelisufleba 2003 wlis dasawyisSi Seecada samive am maxasiaTeblis aRdgenas:1) SeiaraRebulma jgufma daarbia “axali memarjveneebis” ofisi; 2) parlamentSiSevida kanonproeqti e. w. “imperatiuli mandatis” Sesaxeb, romelic partiul bosebssaSualebas aZlevs, urCi partiis wevrebi gamoiwvion sakrebuloebidan; 3) daiwyomomitingeebis rbeva: argumentebi da diskursi, romelsac policielebi iyenebdnenZalian waagavda 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis enas: “mxolod sami adgilia TbilisSi,sadac SeiZleba mitingebis gamarTva”, “aravis mivcem nebas, rusTavelze mitingimoawyos”, “specialuri nebarTvaa saWiro meriidan” da a. S. amave dros xelisuflebacdilobs, Seqmnas inteligenciis jgufi, romelic amas yvelafers gaamarTlebs:10anu erTi da imave politikuri subieqti sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba an Zvelistruqturis aRdgenas exmarebodes, anda angrevdes mas da sxva wesrigisaken iyos mimarTuli.17

moqalaqeTa kavSiri (ukve “axali saqarTvelo”) jorbenaZis xelSi isev cdilobsinteligenciis karti gaaTamaSos. iseve, rogorc 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amjerad“mxardamWerTa jgufis” erTi nawili mkveTrad gamoirCeva nomenklaturuli warsuliTda awmyoTi, xolo meore nawils jerjerobiT ucnobi axalgazrdoba 11 warmoadgens.xelisufleba cdilobs, kvlav Sekras demokratiis is simulaciuri veli,romelic rRvevas iwyebs. isic unda iTqvas, rom xelisufleba am mcdelobaSicerTiani ar aris; Tuki jorbenaZe cdilobs 90-iani wlebis Tavidan dawyebas da albaTfiqrobs, rom TviTon ukeTesad SeZlebs, vidre Jvaniam SeZlo, SevardnaZis guliaSkarad sabWoTa kavSirs ekuTvnis. amas miuTiTebs mis mier am bolo drosgaxSirebuli apelireba sakuTar sabWoTa warsulze da gamocdilebaze. Tumca esdapirispireba jerjerobiT mxolod Teoriulia, da zogjer Tu wamohyofs Tavs. es“zogjer” iyo, rodesac jorbenaZem saxelmwifo kancelariis miseuli struqturawarudgina SevardnaZes – saxelmwifo ministrisaTvis didi uflebebis miniWebiT dasxva qve-danayofebis (maT Soris uSiSroebis sabWos) daqvemdebarebiT. es proeqtiimdenad aSkarad cvlida ZalTa ganawilebas, rom SevardnaZem masze aseve aSkarad uariTqva. sxva mxriv – aRdgeniT samuSaoebze TiTqos SevardnaZec Tanaxmaa – Tundacimitom, rom misTvis demokratiis simulaciis aRdgenis procesi da “socializmiadamianuri saxiT” 12 Zneli gansasxvavebeli iqneba.Tumca, am saqmeSi isini martoni ar arian, da xan erT, xan ki meore opoziciurpartias “wascdeba xeli” aRdgeniT samuSaoebSi monawileobisaken: aseTi magaliTi arcTu ise cotaa, iqneba es axali memarjveneebis gaubedaoba adamianis uflebebis dacvismoTxovnis saqmeSi Tu nacionaluri moZraobis survili, jumber patiaSvili Cawerossaparlameto saarCevno siaSi. rac Seexeba naTelaSvilis leiborizms, is mTlianadaRdgeniTi samuSaos momxrea. ase rom Znelia, qarTvel leiboristebs opoziciauwodo, imdenad mimarTulia maTi lideris mowodebebi sabWoTa kavSiris socialurida politikuri garemos restavraciisaken.bolo dromde “axlebs” aSkarad uWirdaT Segueba imasTan, rom mxolod“Tanabari pirobebis moTxovna” ar unda iyos demokratiuli Zalis damaxasiaTebeli.11qarTuli politikuri JargoniT “axali saxeebi”.12“socializmi adamianuri saxiT” – lozungi, romelic ssrk-s arsebobis bolo wlebSiideologias edo safuZvlad da sabWoTa banakis da dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebissimbolur daaxloebas isaxavda miznad.18

xelisuflebasTan mkveTr gamijvnamde “axlebs” imedi hqondaT, rom Zveli“Jvaniaseuli” meTodebiT moaxdendnen Zalauflebis mopovebas Tu ara, gaziarebasmainc. maTac gadadges “axalgazrda moqkavSirelebis” istoriuli nabijebi: wavidnenaSS-Si, elaparaknen wamyvan politikosebs, daarwmunes isini (an darwmundnen romdaarwmunes) TavianT demoratiulobaSi, iqauri qarTvelebi lobistobisaTvisgamoiyenes. mokled, Caidines yvelaferi, rac Jvanias gundma 90-ian wlebSi moimoqmeda.magram Tu yovelive es Jvanias, am teqnologiis gamomgoneblis, SemTxvevaSi lamisgamocxadebad Tu aRiqmeboda, Semdeg, axlebis mier gameorebisas rutinuliCanacvlebis saxe miiRo. dRes axlebi ukve mkveTrad gamodian xelisuflebiswinaaRmdeg, maT gamosvlebSi ismis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moTxovnebic.miuxedavad amisa, patarkaciSvilTan, aseve, yofil nomenklaturasTan – kaxaTargamaZesTan kavSiris xSiri miTiTeba maT jer kidev aRdgeniTi samuSaoebismwarmoebelTa rigSi tovebs.aseve, aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis monawile xdeba Jvanias partiac – gaerTianebulidemokratebi. ris winaaRmdegac maT jer-jerobiT xma aimaRles, aris politikuripartiebis uflebebis Selaxva da dabali xelfasebi. es ukanaskneli, marTalia,mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebazea mimarTuli, magram mainc “mzrunvelipartia/momlodine, madlieri mosaxleobis” sabWoTa institutis suni asdis. es kimiuTiTebs, rom restavraciis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini sxvanairad veRar darCebianpolitikur zedapirze, siamovnebiT ganaaxleben im TamaSs, romelic kargad ician –Zalauflebis mier simulirebuli demokratiiT da demokratiis mier simulirebuliZalauflebiT.nacionalur moZraobas rac Seexeba, cxadia, rom patiaSvilis CarTva sakuTarsiebSi maT mier xmebis dagrovebis surviliTaa gamowveuli: magram saeWvoa, rommoZraoba am CarTviT ufro mets moigebs, vidre dakargavs. nacionaluri moZraobasakuTar momavals liberalur-demokratiul gardaqmnebs ukavSirebs. misiwevrebisaTvis cxadia, rom isini verasodes daupirispireben maT winaaRmdeg arsebulfuls ufro met fuls. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daupirispires, maTi unikaloba, anumaqsimaluri demokratizaciis da liberalizmis talRaze xelisuflebaSi mosvlisakenmimarTuloba, gaqreba: did fuls didi kompromisebi mosdevs.19

mcire jgufebis kanonirogorc amas bolo aTi weli gviCvenebs, saqarTveloSi mxolod xmebisdagrovebis gamo saarCevno siaSi gaerTianeba yovelTvis cudad mTavrdeboda.Zalauflebis saswori yovelTvis im mcire jgufisaken ixreboda, vis sasargeblodacdidma jgufma mcire daTmoba moaxdina. ase iyo Jvanias SemTxvevaSi, rodesac isyofil partiul nomenklaturasTan da axlebTan wavida garigebaze, aseve iyoaRorZinebis SemTxvevaSi – rodesac is mcire jgufma – giorgi TargamaZis da sandrobregaZis meTaurobiT – faqtiurad daSala. amitom, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rompatiaSvilis daxmarebiT gamarjvebuli nacionaluri moZraoba iseve Caefloskompromisebis da “politikuri aucileblobebis” WaobSi da aRdgeniTi samuSaoebismwarmoeblebis rigSi Cadges.20

es dasawyisi imaTTvisaa, vinc “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” waikiTxes,anda, ar waukiTxavT, da mainc ainteresebT, ra weria im wignSi. amave dros, moswonTinteleqtualuri TamaSebi – cnobili da arc Tu ise cnobili azrebis amocnoba,maTi parodireba an maTTan SekamaTeba, daTanxmeba an ardaTanxmeba. .III. meore Sesavali – iZuleba socialuri realobisaTvissami wlis winaT, 1999 wels, Cems wignSi “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebissimulaciebi” vwerdi, rom saqarTvelosTvis aucilebelia iZuleba socialurirealobisaTvis. imisaTvis, rom qveyana Camoyalibebuliyo rogorc garkveuli,konkretuli tipis socialuri sistema, Zalauflebis im simulaciebze, romelsacimdroindeli xelisufleba awarmoeboda, uaris Tqma mimaCnda saWirod.wigni “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” aris imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogorsimulirebs Zalaufleba liberalur demokratias, da aseve, Tu rogor xdebaZalauflebis arsebobis simulirebac: saqarTvelo aris qveyana, sadac Zalian ZlieriasabWoTa kavSiris droindeli sistemebi, institutebi da Rirebulebebi. esganpirobebulia mravali mizeziT, rogoricaa sabWoTakavSiriseuli mmarTvelobisgamocdilebis mqone xalxis mosvla xelisuflebaSi, axali gamocdilebis mqonemmarTvelebis sisuste, qveyanaSi arsebuli simdidris arasamarTliani gadanawileba dasxva. amave dros, warmatebiT mimdinareobs liberaluri demokratiis arsebobissimulacia 13 : xdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, masmediis, demokratiuli institutebissimulaciuri orbitis Seqmna, romelic, erTi mxriv, qveynis SigniT, xolo meoremxriv, qveynis gareT qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom sabWoTa reliqtebi kvdomadi daumniSvneloa, xolo axali institutebis gavlenis zrda da momavali – mniSvnelovani.aseve, iqmneba Sexeduleba, rom bolos da bolos, demokratiuli institutebiCaanacvleben sabWoTa reliqtebs da yvelaferi kargad “dasruldeba”. Cemi wignismizani iyo cxadad meCvenebina, rom aRweril mdgomareobas ara aqvs ganviTareba, romes balansi – Zlieri reliqtebi da demokratiuli intitutebis simulaciuri orbita– maradiulia, Tu ar moxda gansakuTrebuli politikuri nebis Camoyalibeba. amis13simulacia aris is, rac faravs imas, rom mis ukan araferi ar aris. rac simulirebssafuZvlis da kavSiris gareSe. anu simulacia simulirebs safuZvels, arsebiTs, ZiriTads,ise, rom araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs imasTan, ris simulirebasac axorcielebs.21

safuZvels maZlevda simulaciuri (da ara marto simulaciuri) sistemebisTviTkmari buneba, romelTa SigniT araferi ar aris iseTi, rom mniSvnelovanistruqturuli Secvla da gadasxvafereba gamoiwvios.ra Tqma unda, arsad ar damiweria, magram namdvilad vgulisxmobdi, rom gza,romelsac saqarTvelos mmarTveloba da sazogadoeba unda daadges, aris liberaluridemokratiis gza, rom sxva SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, am sami wlis winimedi mqonda, rom simulaciuri sistemebidan erTaderTi gamosavali iyo simulaciazeuaris Tqma da liberalur-demokratiuli sistemis danergva/dadgena. magram es ase armoxda. am wignis mizania imis aRwera, Tu ra moxda am bolo dros da ra SeiZlebamoxdes: arsebobs Tu ara dRevandeli movlenebis ganviTarebis Sansi, Tu dResac,iseve, rogorc sami wlis winaT, gayinvis winaSe vdgavarT.ra ucnauric ar unda yofiliyo, simulaciuri sistemis darRveva daiwyo araiqidan, saidanac me am “gansakuTrebul politikuri nebas” velodi 14 , aramed imaTimxridan, vinc reliqtur sistemebSi cxovrobda da maT kvlavwarmoebas axdenda. amismizezi isev simulaciuri sistemebis bunebaSia, romelsac pirobiTad “simulantipacientis da fsiqiatris urTierToba” SeiZleba davarqvaT.simulantebi da fsiqiatrebi, anu avadmyofobebis, moCvenebiTi avadmyofobebis, maTigankurnebis da vergankurnebis Sesaxebarsebobs eWvi, rom giJebi mxolod mas Semdeg gaxdnen sapyrobileSi Casasmeli, racsimulantebma socialuri sargeblis miReba daiwyes. anu maSin, rodesac simulacia,rogorc socialuri fenomeni, safrTxis Semcveli gaxda.“erTaderTi meTodi, riTac mcodne fsiqiatri cnobs simulants, aris avadmyofobisganviTarebaze dakvirveba. simulanti ver simulirebs avadmyofobis ganviTarebas,simulants mxolod stabiluri simptomebis simulacia SeuZlia” – britanelfsiqiatr serJ iomasTan saubridan.ambavi ki ase moxda: demokratiis da liberaluri momavlis simulacia saqarTveloSiwarmatebiT mimdinareobda. erTi SexedviT es ar zRudavda reliqtur, sabWoTaZalauflebas, magram SezRudva mainc arsebobda; es iyo TviTSezRudva, romelsacreliqturi xelisufleba eweoda simulirebuli demokratiis da demokratiuli14me amas velodi, ra Tqma unda, im gundidan, romelic, rogorc maSin Canda, am simulirebasimitom eweoda, rom namdvilis gakeTebis saSualeba ar hqonda.22

Zalauflebis SiSiT. anu SevardnaZe 15 , misi ojaxi, klanebi, romlebic nel-nelayalibdeboda, ufrTxoda, erTi mxriv, dasavleTs, romelsac warmoebul simulaciaSiliberaluri demokratiis garantis roli hqonda miniWebuli, xolo meore mxriv,samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, romelic amave simulaciis scenarSi demokratiis Zlieridamcvelis saxiT iyo warmodgenili.swored aq Semodis scenaze “fsiqiatri”, romelic mcodnec aris dagamocdilic 16 .sigiJe, misi imitacia da mkurnalTa mxridan mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gzebi,meTodebi da gamocdilebasigiJis da civilizaciis istorias rom gadavxedoT, vnaxavT, rom giJebisgancalkeveba normalurebisagan da maTTvis specialuri adgilebis miCena ar unda iyosmaindamanc XVII saukunis pirmSo da represiis mesame aqti kacobriobis istoriaSi(policiis da sasamarTlos Semdeg). giJebis socialuri izolacia ufro sargeblismiRebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.sigiJidan da gansxvavebulobidan sargeblis miRebis SezRudvis survili undayofiliyo is, rac e. w. normalurebs, Zalauflebis mqoneT da normebis damdgenebs,amoZravebdaT akrZalvebis da represiebis SemoRebisas. giJi da sigiJe ar adgas imavegzas, rasac sazogadoebis normaluri wevri, da ar cdilobs imave mizans miaRwios.amas mxolod simulanti akeTebs, anu is, vinc garkveuli miznis misaRwevad igiJianebsTavs. Sesabamisad, civilizaciis mmarTvelebi igoneben izolaciis meqanizms. marTalia,giJs eniSneba da eZleva sazogadoebrivi simdidris nawili, magram es aranairkavSiriSi ar aris im miznebTan da im “simdidresTan”, romelsac simulanti SeiZlebaeswrafodes. Sesabamisad, sagiJeTi es aris warmatebuli (an warumatebeli) mcdeloba,gauqmdes simulaciis saWiroeba da xibli.sagiJeTi, calke, izolirebuli dasaxleba giJebisaTvis, mimarTulia arasigiJis, aramed simulaciis winaaRmdeg. M15dRes ukve SevardnaZe aSkara reliqturi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelia, Tumca jer kidevsami wlis win TviTonac aqtiurad monawileobda simulaciuri orbitebis SeqmnaSi.16mkiTxvelis vTxov ar gaaigivos es personaJi konkretul eduard SevardnaZesTan. AamSemTxvevaSi, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, “fsiqiatri” reliqturi xelisuflebis koleqtiurisaxea, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT moqmedebda saqarTvelos politikur scenaze. is xanSevardnaZea, xan abaSiZe, xan Jvania, xan rCeuliSvili, xan saakaSvili.23

mxolod mogvianebiT, rodesac simulacia daZleulia, an hgoniaT romdaZleulia, civilizacia mimarTavs “mkurnalobis, dialogis da siCumis” meTodebs.anu mTeli marili isev da isev simulantis amocnobaSia, rac rTuli saqmea, da rasacgamocdili fsiqiatri sWirdeba.es inteleqtualuri pasaJi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba aseiTargmnos: reliqturma mmarTvelobam, romelic sakmaod gamocdili iyo Tavis daTavisi msgavsebis dakvirvebaSi, aRmoaCina, rom liberaluri demokratia romelic e. w.demokratiuli “frTis” mier iwarmoeba, ar viTardeba, da mudam erTsa da imaveTemebSi, problemebSi da sakiTxebSi trialebs. es aRmoCena sworxazovnad ar undagavigoT da ar unda CavTvaloT, rom SevardnaZem aRmoaCina, rom Jvania da saakaSvilisimulireben liberalur demokratias da daiwyo maT mimarT represiuli meTodebisgamoyeneba, rac maT srul ignorirebaSi gamoixata. igive procesi SeiZleba aRvweroTJvanias da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis urTierTobis mimarTac, rodesac Jvaniamixvda, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ramdenime arasamTavrobo organizaciaa da metiaraferi, da SevardnaZis msgavsad, adekvaturi nabiji gadadga maTi ignorirebisaken daa. S.mokled, daaxloebiT 2000 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mTelma politikurmaspeqtrma aRmoaCina, rom is, risic eSinodaT, sul ar iyo saSiSi da angariSgasawevi.Tumca, imisi Tqmac ar SeiZleba, rom Tavis droze, rodesac demokratiissimulaciis proeqti mzaddeboda, am proeqtis mTavari safrTxobela – saerTaSorisodemokratiuli Tanamegobroba da demokratiuli qveynebi – sulac ar iyo saSiSireliqturi Zaluflebis klubisaTvis: saqme isaa, rom Zalian bevri ram, rac dRessaqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasicocxlo safuZvelia – saxelmwifo kreditebi,saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo grantebi, saerTaSoriso politikuri mxardaWera da a.S. – haerSi ekida da yvelam, maT Soris SevardnaZemac icoda, rom SevardnaZisavtoriteti, misi Zlierebis miuxedavad, sakmaod sasruli iyo da Zalian maleamoiwureboda, ise, rom SeiZleboda erT saarCevno vadasac ar hyofnoda.is, rac im dros saSiSi da mosafrTxilebeli iyo, “marTlac” aseTi iyo:simulaciis proeqti xels aZlevda yvelas – maTac, visac ZalauflebaSi mosvlaundoda, da maTac visac ar undoda wasuliyo Zalauflebidan: anu es awyobdarogorc im gunds, romelic Jvanias garSemo yalibdeboda, aseve im gundsac, romelicTavs ikrebda SevardnaZis garSemo: Tumca, im dros, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, Jvaniajer kidev ar iyo erTaderTi: is ubralod saukeTeso partniori aRmoCnda24

SevardnaZisaTvis. man SevardnaZes simulaciuri Zalauflebis da Zalauflebissimulaciis gaziarebis safasurad aranaklebi SesTavaza. arasamTavroboorganizaciebis politikuri bumi Jvanias damsaxurebaa, aseve, misi damsaxurebaa impolitikuri elitis Seqmna, romelic 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi – 2001 wlis noembrisambebamde – warmatebiT eweoda simulaciis proeqtis ganxorcielebas da am proeqtSisxva – gare Tu Sida – aqtorebis CarTvas.Sedegad moxda is, rac wonasworul sistemebs emarTebaT. azri, rom sistemaSeiZleba mudam iyos wonasworobaSi, da rom wonasworobis darRveva ara sistemisSinagani bunebidan, aramed subieqturi faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, iluziaa,ucodinaroba Tu ara: subieqturma faqtorma SeiZleba wonasworoba Zalian didxansSeinarCunos – amis saukeTeso magaliTia SevardnaZe, romlis wonasworulma sistemam(rogorc iqna) 2000 wlis bolos daiwyo rRveva. verc erTi subieqturi faqtoriver Secvlis sistemis Sinagan Tvisebas: bunebrivia, sistemis amocanaa im safrTxeebisganeitraleba, rac mas garedan emuqreba: sistemam safrTxe sakuTar enaze unda“Targmnos”, garkveuli kodireba mianiWos, imisaTvis, rom misi sawinaaRmdego ZalebisakuTar TavSi aRmoaCinos an gamozardos. Sesabamisad, arsebulma simulaciurmasistemam gare safrTxe sakuTar, simulaciis enaze Targmna da, Sesabamisad,simulaciurad aqcia. anu mTeli wonasworuli sistema darwmunda, rom safrTxesafrTxe ar aris, Tu mas simulaciis enaze daelaparakebi.es rTuli msjeloba saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis enaze niSnavs, romJvanias gundi ise kargad aTamaSda, rom yvelas, maT Soris SevardnaZis mxaresac,daanaxa, rom safrTxe simulaciuria, da rom erTi maRali saerTaSoriso reputaciismqone gundis arseboba sakmarisia, rom es safrTxe ganeitraldes. maSasadame,simulaciuri meTodebi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom realuri safrTxe gaqres.TiTqosda sistema kvlav wonasworobaSi movida. magram amjerad TamaSSiSevardnaZis mxarec CaerTo: maT reliqturis aRorZinebis proeqtis SemuSaveba ukvedawyebuli hqondaT.am axali proeqtis mixedviT, Tuki isini aRadgendnen Zvel Zalauflebas ise,rom simulaciur fars xels ar axlebdnen, yvelaferi kargad iqneboda. Tumca, amproeqtiT Zalaufleba araTanabrad nawildeboda: mTeli Zalaufleba reliqtur gundsunda dabruneboda, xolo axal gunds mTlianad simulaciis TamaSebi unda eTamaSa. esversia gamagrebuli iyo imiTac, rom politikur scenaze sxva, gamyreliZe/gaCeCilaZisgundic gamoCnda, romelic Jvanias daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi sixaruliT25

Caenacvleboda mas. reliqturis aRorZinebis proeqtis mixedviT, jildo kargiqcevisaTvis simulaciuri Zalauflebis samyarodan realuri Zalauflebis samyaroSigadayvana unda yofiliyo. ganxorcielebac daiwyo: Jvanias gundidan ramdenime kacidainiSna aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Tanamdebobebze: Semosavlebis, iusticiis,finansTa ministrebi. magram amjerad procesSi is realoba CaerTo, romelicsimulaciis dros Seiqmna.26

es mesame Sesavali imaTTvisaa, visac wakiTxuli aqvs “Zalauflebis simulaciebi” dasurvili gauCnda avtors ufro mokled eTqva Tavisi saTqmeli. mesame Sesavali arisumoklesi gza 12 niSnisaken, romelic samive Sesavlis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. . . . .. .III. mesame Sesavali – trul-klapaciusis sindromistanislav lemis fantastikuri Janris erT-erTi moTxroba, romelic trulisda klapaciusis – mTels samyaroSi cnobili konstruqtorebis erT-erT mogzaurobaseZRvneba, gviyveba, rogor Seuqmna trulma erT-erT gandevnil mefes saxelmwifosminiaturuli simulaciuri modeli. Kkonstruqtori imdenad ecada, rom modelinamdvilisaTvis daemgvanebina, rom misda uneburad axali, marTalia miniaturuli,magram mainc, civilizacia gamouvida. miniaturuli adamianebi, sabolood, atomurienergiis saidumloebas daeuflnen, mefe ki sakuTari asteroidis (maTTvis planetis)xelovnur Tanamgzavrad gadaaqcies.realoba, romelic simulaciurma procesebma gamoiwvia, iyo is minimumi,romelic aucilebeli iyo simulirebisaTvis: imisaTvis, rom simulaciam iarsebos, masminimaluri realoba mainc sWirdeba – realoba, romelic daadasturebs, romsimulirebuli realuria. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi simulirebulis realuroba eWvqveSdadgeba.ase, simulants sWirdeba eqimi, romelic ityvis, rom is avadaa. aseve,simulirebul politikur sistemas sWirdeba damadasturebeli, romelic ityvis, rompolitikuri sistema marTlac aseTia da ki ar simulirebs, aramed, realuradawarmoebs demokratias.saqarTveloSi realobis aseTi sul mcire sami agenti iyo saWiro, romlebicdaadasturebdnen, rom arsebuli saxelmwifo-politikuri sistema marTlac is iyo,radac is Tavs asaRebda: es sami aucilebeli agenti, romelic rogorc demokratiuliTanamegobrobisaTvis, aseve Sida politikuri diskursisaTvis daadasturebdasimulaciis realobas, iyo 1) Tavisufali masmedia; 2) samoqalaqo sazogadoebisZiriTadi birTvi – arasamTavrobo organizaciebis simravle, maT Soris, adamianisuflebaTa damcveli organizaciebis siZliere; 3) Tavisufali bazari, anu Tavisufalida Zlieri mewarmeebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT sakuTari da sakuTari daqiravebulebisuflebebis dacva, TviT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da romlebic aseve, samoqalaqosazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenen.27

amis Sesaxeb “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebSi” vwerdi da aranairisurvili ara maqvs Tavidan aRvwero is meqanizmebi, romlis saSualebiTac Zalauflebasimulirebda Tavisufal masmedias da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs. aseTivewarmatebiT saxelmwifo Tavisufali mewarmeebis arsebobis simulaciasac eweoda;ZiriTadad es xdeboda merkantilur-oligarqiuli sistemebis SeqmniT, sadac centrSi,ra Tqma unda, prezidentis ojaxi iyo moTavsebuli. Tumca Tavisufali mewarmeebissimulirebas e. w. demokratebTan dakavSirebuli biznesmenebic asrulebdnen. maTigvarebic ar emTxveoda politikos-liderebis gvarebs da oligarqiuli kavSirebisadmiTvalis midevneba rTuli iyo rogorc saSualo qarTvelisaTvis, aseve da miT ufro,saqarTvelos megobari demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis. Mme aranairi survili ara maqvs es biznesmenebi “sisxlismsmel wurbelebad”warmovadgino: ubralod, faqtia, rom am xalxisaTvis politikos-liderebTanaxlobloba aRmoCnda is gadamwyveti piroba, romelmac maT sxvebTan SejibrSigaamarjvebina. aseve araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi konkurencia ararsebobs da warmoebis da kvlavwarmoebis sferoebi mkacrad ganawilebulia 17 .konkurencia mimdinareobs da mimdinareobs swored oligarqebs Soris 18 . anu SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom Tavisufali bazari arsebobs mxolod rogorc oligarqebis konkurencia.magram, oligarqiuli sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri dayofa:oligarqiuli sistemebis wevrebi TviTon qmnian sakuTar ojaxebs, agulianebensakuTar xalxs da a. S. resursebi ki iseT qveyanaSi rogoric saqarTveloa, sadacoligarqiulobis xelSemwyobi kanonebi miiReba, potenciurad amowurvadia.Sesabamisad, konfliqti “Zvelebs” da “axlebs” Soris gardauvalia. resursebiamowurvadia im azriT, rom aravin ar aris Tanaxma Tundac hipoTezur mogebaze Tqvasuari. es daZabuloba farulad arsebobda mmarTveli partiis konklavebs Soris,magram afeTqda noembris movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac mmarTveli partia daiSala.igive SeiZleba iTqvas masmediis da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qvesazogadoebisSesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom masmedia Tavisuflad gamoiyurebodes, man amTavisuflebis demonstrireba unda moaxdinos. demonstrireba ki Semdegnairad undamoxdes: konkretulma masmediis organom unda aCvenos mosaxleobas, rom is17Tumca 90-iani wlebis bolos mmarTvel partiaSi ZiriTadad aseT ganwyoba dominirebda.18iseve, rogorc ZiriTadi politikuri brZola, 2002 wlis noembramde, mxolod mmarTvelopartiis SigniT mimdinareobda.28

politikurad dapiripirebuli mxareebis Sesaxeb simarTles ambobs. anu simarTlesambobs rogorc imis Sesaxeb, vinc mas simulirebs, aseve imis Sesaxeb, vinc amsimulaciis winaaRmdegia.isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom safrTxis ararsebobis aRmoCena, anufsiqiatriuli daskvnis gakeTeba, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde moxda, rodesacsaerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisaTvis nebismier regionSi stabilurobas gacilebiT metimniSvneloba hqonda, vidre demokratias da sazogadoebis mowyobis liberalurprincipebs. es iyo dro, rodesac Tundac teroristebis mier uzrunvelyofilimSvidoba da siwynare misaRebi iyo rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis,aseve, da ufro metad, evropis Zlieri saxelmwifoebisaTvis. miT umetes, Tuki eswynari adgili geografiulad centraluri evropidanac ki sakmaod daSorebuli iyo.amitomac, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi daiwyo mzadeba sabWoTa kavSirisrestavraciisaTvis. erTi ucnauri ram ki moxda: Tuki am dromde “reliqturixelisuflebis klubi” mzad iyo yvela mieRo Tavis rigebSi, risTvisac sakmarisi iyoformaluri dartyma liberaluri demokratiis romelime wyaroze (sityvisTavisufleba, sindisis Tavisufleba, adamianis uflebebi, arasamTavroboorganizaciebi), amis Semdeg es klubi daiketa, da gawevrianebis rac ar unda didisurvili gamoeTqvaT sxvebs, Tu maT genetikuri kavSiri ar hqondaT an aRsadgensistemasTan, an prezidentis ojaxTan, maTi miReba ar xdeboda.Tuki xelisuflebam 2000 wlisaTvis aRmoaCina, rom demokratiulisafrTxobela mxolod safrTxobela iyo, 2001 wlis Semodgomis movlenebma daanaxa,rom isini aSkarad cdebodnen Tavis SefasebebSi. manamde maT Tavisi Secdomisdadastureba telekompania “rusTavi 2”-is Jurnalistis, giorgi sanaias mkvlelobazeTbilisis mosaxleobis reaqciaSi SeiZleboda amoekiTxaT: giorgi sanaias mkvlelobisgamoZiebis moTxovniT rusTavelis gamzirze mosul ramdenime aTas moqalaqes cxadadunda eqcia demokratiis (am SemTxvevaSi xalxis mmarTvelobis) arcTu iluzorulobada simulirebuloba.magram aq albaT rusuli analogiebi CaerTo movlenebis SefasebaSi – kompaniaNНТВ-s lideris – listevis mkvlelobam, Tumca gamoiyvana xalxi quCaSi, magram amanxeli ver SeuSala ruseTis xelisuflebas mogvianebiT НТВ saerTod daexura dasakuTari mmarTveloba, marTalia arapirdapir, magram mainc, daeniSna.swored am rusulma analogiam waaqeza 2002 wlis noemberSi e. w. Zalovaniministrebi Seteva mietanaT “rusTavi 2”-is ofisze. konkretulad, 27 oqtombers29

uSiSroebis saministros TanamSromlebi mividnen “rusTavi 2”-is saTao ofisSi dafinansuri dokumentaciis gadmocema moiTxoves. televiziis ukve gamocdilmamflobelebma da Jurnalistebma erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba miiRes: am faqtidansatelevizio Sou dadges. saqmeSi telekamerebi CaerTvnen da is, rac xdeboda“rusTavi 2”-is ofisSi, mTel TbilisSi gadaicemoda. Tavis dasacavad mowyobiliaqcia Semtev moqmedebad iqca. “rusTavi 2”-is SenobasTan Tavmoyra daiwyesmoqalaqeebma. “rusTavi 2”-Tan Ramis gatarebis Semdeg momitingeebma ukve parlamantiswin gadainacvles SevardnaZis da mTavrobis gadadgomis moTxovniT. ra Tqma unda, esukve, rogorc saqarTveloSi uyvarT 19 Tqma, “marTuli aqcia iyo”, magram verc erTimitingi ver Catardeba, Tuki ar arsebobs is, risi marTvac 20 SeiZleba. 2002 wlisnoembris movlenebis SemTxvevaSi es iyo mosaxleobis ukmayofileba da protestisgrZnoba im socialuri Tu politikuri damcirebis mimarT, romelsac mTavroba yovelwuTs, pirdapir, Ria eTeriT, Tu iribad, sakuTari warmomadgnelebis saSualebiT,axorcielebda.ukanaskneli inteligentis brwyinvaleba da siduxWiremomitingeebis raodenoba sul ufro da ufro matulobda. xelisuflebaaSkarad dabneuli iyo. arsad Candnen kaxa TargamaZis naqebi policielebi. jarisgamoyeneba imTaviTve gamoricxuli iyo oficrebSi antiSevardnaZistuli ganwyobisgamo, romelmac 2002 wlis gazafxulze muxrovanis batalionis gaficvaSic amoxeTqa.mitingi daiwyo “rusTavi 2”-is ambebis iniciatorebis – Sinagan saqmeTaministris, kaxa TargamaZis, uSiSroebis ministris vaxtang quTaTelaZis dageneraluri prokuroris gia mefariSvilis gadadgomis moTxovniT. prezidenti arapirebda Tavisi erTguli xalxis gadayenebas. amitom sul ufro da ufro daJinebiTismoda prezidentis gadadgomis moTxovnebi. parlamentis Tavmjdomarem Jvaniam,romlis urTierToba prezidentTan da mis garemocvasTan im droisaTvis ukve sakmaoddaZabuli iyo, gamoacxada, rom is gadadgeboda, Tuki prezidenti gadaayenebda19Tu ratom, ixile qvemoT.20“marTulobis” argumenti dRes xSirad gamoiyeneba opoziciis mier organizebulimitingebis Tu sxva aqciebis WinaaRmdeg. magram am erTi SexedviT uwyinari frazis ukanimaleba marqsistul-leninuri Teoriis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs xalxis “namdvili risxva”, daarsebobs burJuaziis mier “agorebuli”, romelic am agorebuls Semdeg gasamdidrebladiyenebs. Zneli ar aris “marTulobis” diskursSi sabWoTa ideologiuri reliqti dainaxo.30

ministrTa sameuls. SevardnaZes Jvanias gadadgoma WkuaSi daujda. generalurmaprokurorma dawera gadadgomis gancxadeba, xolo prezidentma mTeli mTavrobadaiTxova. amiT man, marTalia, formalurad, magram mainc ar Seasrula mitingismoTxovna. Jvania gadadga. momitingeebi mainc ar iSlebodnen. Seqmnili viTarebismixedviT ukve opozicia wyvetda yvelafers: maTi gadasawyveti iyo – gaaZlierebdnenmomitingeebis moTxovnas – prezidenti gadadgeboda da axali realobis SeqmnisrTuli da albaT mtkivneuli procesi daiwyeboda. ver SeTanxmdebodnen – mitingiadre Tu gvian daiSleboda da mxolod gadayenebuli mTavroba da gadamdgari Jvaniaiqneboda mRelvarebis Sedegi.mitingSi yvela opoziciuri partiis mxardamWerebi monawileobdnen. Tumca,ZiriTadi sityva mainc Jvanias da saakaSvilis momxreebs ekuTvnodaT, Tundac imitom,rom maSin maTi eleqtorati jer kidev ar iyo gayofili, da isini jer kidev erTgundad aRiqmebodnen. Jvaniam CaTvala, rom miRweuli sakmarisi iyo da moeridaviTarebis gamwvavebas. rogorc Cans, mas surda daemtkicebina SevarednaZisaTvis, romTanamdebobis datovebis miuxedavad, is mainc rCeboda parlamentis realurganmkargvelad. anu am SemTxvevaSi Jvaniam TamaSis nacnob sivrceSi amjobina darCena.es iyo pirveli, marTalia, sazogadoebisaTvis jer kidev faruli, magram realuridapirispireba Jvaniasa da saakaSvils Soris. Jvaniam amiT aramarto ganacxada, rom isufro kuluaruli da ara sajaro politikis momxrea, aramed amiT isic Tqva, rom isaris bolo inteligenti saqarTvelos politikaSi 21 . inteligentobis niSnebi Semdegia:1. nacnob garemoSi darCenis gadaulaxavi survili;2. protestis Zlieri ganwyoba;21maTTvis, visac ar axsovs an arc arasdros scodnia, ra iyo inteligenti, minda gavaxseno:es iyo adamiani, romelic ruseTis imperiaSi gaCnda, da im droisaTvis ZiriTadad or niSansatarebda: 1. absoluturi loialoba xelisuflebisadmi, ufro sworad: protestisverSeZleba; 2. didi informaciis floba, Sesabamisad, mTeli cxovrebis sauniveristeto anbiurokratiul samuSaoze gatareba.inteligentis saukeTeso magaliTia maqsim gorkis (iyo aseTi mwerali) klim samgini. sabWoTadros inteligentis cnebas daemata ramdenime maxasiaTebli. im dros is Camoyalibda, rogorc:1. absoluturad mibmuli konkretul politikur-socialur garemoze: darwmunebuloba romes garemo ara marto misTvis, aramed saerTod erTaderTia; 2. protestis grZnoba sakuTarigaremosadmi; 3. darwmunebuloba, rom gamosavali ar arsebobs.31

3. konstruqciulobaze anu ufro dialogze, vidre gadawyvetilebismiRebaze, orientirebuloba;Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Jvaniam Zalian gabeduli nabiji gadadga da datovaparlamentis Tavmjdomaris posti, man ver miatova is garemo, romlSic isCamoyalibda rogorc politikosi: man arCia daemtkicebina, rom misi sakuTarimniSvneloba metia, vidre formaluri regalia, da rom regaliebi ki ar qmnidnen misavtoritets, aramed TviTon qmnida regalias sakuTari avtoritetiT.moaxerxa Tu ara es Jvaniam, misi momxreebis da mowinaaRmdegeebisSesafasebelia. mTavari am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom Jvania Seecada arsebuli garemosSenarCunebas, rac, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmatebiT moaxerxa.imas, rom Jvania bolo inteligentia qarTul politikaSi 2002 wlisadgilobrivi TviTmmarvelobis arCevnebic adasturebs: Jvanias xma misca Tbilisismosaxleobis 7%-ma. Jvanias es amomrCeveli Tavisi opozicionerobis mcire xanSi armoupovebia: mas isini yovelTvis hyavda. anu es is xalxia, vinc warmoadgendnen dawarmoadgenen inteligencias, im jgufs, romelsac SevardnaZis nacvlad Jvania undaprezidentad. imitom, rom Jvania maTi msgavsia, maTi sisxli da xorcia. amiT“samarTlianoba, ra Tqma unda, aRdgeba”.rac ar unda ifiqron inteligentebma, Tuki Jvaniam ver moaxerxainteligenturobis gadalaxva, ar gaxda ufro radikaluri da sistemebis SecvlazemimarTuli, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi is kvlav iZulebuli iqneba aRadginos simulaciisnacadi sistemebi.daskvna: revanSi mimdinareobsyvela am aRdgeniTma samuSaom, romelic zogi warmatebiT, zogi ki warumatebladmimdinareobs, migviyvana unikalur socialur viTarebamde: rogorc ukve aRvniSne,Tuki mmarTveli partia da xelisufleba 90-iani wlebis Sua periodis aRdgenaseswrafvis, SevardnaZis gulSi upirvelesi adgili, ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa kavSirsekuTvnis. imdenad, ramdenadac SevardnaZe Zalauflebis teqnologiebSi da mispraqtikul gamoyenebaSic ufro gamocdilia, vidre danarCeni mmarTveli partia daxelisfleba erTad, SevardnaZem maT ajoba da nel-nela socialuri cvlilebissaswori sabWoTa kavSirisaken gadaxara: danaSaulebasTan misi brZolebi TandaTandaemsgavsa 70-iani wlebis partiul “zaCistkebs”, xolo saxelmwifo kancelariisTanamSromlebma TandaTan partiis centraluri komitetis funqcia SeiZines:32

organizaciulad es damsgavseba saministroebis da departamentebis dublirebuliganyofilebebis SeqmniT gamoixata: iseve, rogorc sabWoTa warsulSi komunisturipartiis centralur komitetSi, dRes yvela saministros da aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis sxva damoukidebel organoebs aqvT TavianTi analogi saxelmwifokancelariaSi, romelic maT akontrolebs da zedamxedvelobas uwevs. rwmunebulebisbiuros Seqmnac am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji iyo: rwmunebuls, romelsacregionebSi niSnavs prezidenti, akontrolebs kancelariis Cinovniki, romelic Tavismxriv mTlianad damokidebulia prezidentze. aseTi sabWoTa struqtura unikaluria:rwmunebulebis sazogadoebrivi pasauxismgeblobis ararseboba da didi uflebebi maTkompartiul warmomavlobaze aSkarad miuTiTebs.sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis procesi SevardnaZes mxolod jorbenaZissaxelmwifo ministrad daniSvnis Semdeg ar dauwyia: is am aRdgeniT samuSaoebsJvanias drosac awarmoebda. ubralod, im dros sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis survilidemokratiis simulaciis fonze upirobo kontrolis damyarebis mcdelobadgamoiyureboda, rasac simulirebuli demokratia simulirebul winaaRmdegobas uwevda.magram aq albaT isev socialur mecnierebaSi ganuswavlelobam iCina Tavi.sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgena misi sruli aRdgenis gareSe gamoricxulia. aseT aRdgenaski ramdenime piroba unda daekmayofilebina:1. unda aRdgeniliyo kontrolis da balansis sabWoTa sistema. es sistemaki gulisxmobs Zlier partiul kontrols socialuri aqtivobis yveladoneze, da amave dros – Zlier policiur kontrols. saqarTveloSi amsistemis erTi nawilis – policiuri kontrolis mainc – damyarebagamoricxuli ar iyo, magram 2002 wlis noembris movlenebis Semdegcxadi gaxda, rom Zalauflebis es modusi moCvenebiTia da eqstremalurviTarebaSi ar muSaobs. rac Seexeba partiul kontrols, misiCanasaxebic arsebobda, magram swored Jvanias mier demokratiissimulirebisaTvis saWiro realobis CarTvam SeuZlebeli gaxadamoqalaqeTa kavSiris kontrolis totalur instrumentad qceva;2. unda aRdgeniliyo sabWoTa nacionalizmis safuZveli, anu qarTvelebsmyari imperialisturi cnobiereba unda gasCenodaT, rac maT sakuTari,individualuri uflebebis dacvaze – imperiis SenarCunebis fasad –uars aTqmevinebda.33

3. unda Seqmniliyo myari partiuli elita, romlic amave dros qveynisZiriTadi simdidreebis gakontrolebas SeZlebda. es yvelaferikanonsawinaaRmdegod unda momxdariyo, raTa partiul xelmZRvanelobaselitis wevrebis sruli marTva SeZleboda.samive es piroba unda Sesrulebuliyo imisaTvis, rom sabWoTa kavSiriaRdgeniliyo. saqarTvelos bolo aTi wlis istoriaSi Caxeduli verc erTi adamianiver ityvis, rom am samidan romelimes danergvis mcdeloba ar yofila. magram sworedimis gamo, rom, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebaSi am sistemis Semaryeveli elementebiciyvnen, xolo, meore mxriv, propagandisturma manqanam kargad ver imuSava, sabWoTasistema saqarTveloSi veRar damkvidrda.gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sabWoTa kavSiri mTlianad xelovnuli sistemaiyo da TviTregulirebad dinebad miSveba mas yovelTvis angrevda. mravalfenianikontrolis meqanizmebis saWiroeba amiT iyo gamowveuli. amitomac daingra sabWoTakavSiri mas Semdeg, rac am kontrolis meqanizmebis Sesanaxi Tanxebi aRar arsebobda.amis sapirispirod, saqarTveloSi socialurad sruliad “bunebrivma” sistemamdaiwyo damkvidreba. cxadia, zemoT aRwerili mcdelobebis fonze liberalurdemokratiuliwyoba ver dainergeboda. saqarTveloSi nel-nela Sua saukuneebmadaiwyo arseboba. im Sua saukuneebma, romelic saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia (anhqonda Zalian cota xani – im erTianobis dros – manam, sanam monRolebiSemovidodnen da maTTvis Cveuli Cinuri biurokratiis daxmarebiT qveyanas orad –dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad gahyofdnen).34

IV. 12 niSani da amave dros argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom saqarTveloSisabWoTa kavSiris magivrad Sua saukuneebi aRdga1. politikuri sistema – Zalauflebis tipiZalian xSirad, saqarTvelos mmarTveloba/xelisuflebas eqspertebi aRwerenrogorc susts. maT amis gasamarTleblad mniSvnelovani argumentebi mohyavT.amboben, romI. kanonebi ar sruldeba. ufro zustad, ar sruldeba mTelteritoriaze erTnairad;II. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelSi Tavmoyrilia mTeliZalaufleba. es aris ukiduresad centralizebuli sistema, romlismixedviTac, xelisuflebas regionebSi prezidentis mier daniSnuliwarmomadgenlebi e. w. gubernatorebi axorcieleben. maTi ZalauflebaSeuzRudavia;III. qveyanSi aris daumorCilebeli regionebi, maT Soris Sida omebisSedegad gandgomili afxazeTi da oseTi; aseve aWara, romelicmxolod formalurad eqvemdebareba centrs;IV. cxovrebis saerTo done Zalian dabalia. mTeli fuli da simdidreramdenime samTavrobo klanis xelSia, romelTa Sorisac prezidentisojaxur klanebs mTavari poziciebi ukavia;V. konkurencia da Sejibri arsebobs, magram mxolod elitur wreebSi:politikosebi ibrZvian sakuTari adgilebisaTvis daurTierTCanacvlebisaTvis. mosaxleobas es naklebad exeba da awuxebs.aseTi brZolis yvelaze cxadi magaliTi iyo moqalaqeTa kavSirSigamarTuli brZola, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda dasabolood Jvanias da saakaSvilis gundebis opoziciur partiebadgardaqmniT damTavrda;VI. arsebuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT xelisuflebis agentebs SeuZliaTTviTon gansazRvron da areguliron, vin ramdeni gadasaxadi undagadaixados. Sesabamisad, msxvil bizness xelisufleba akontrolebs.amitomac ukanono Semosavlebi fantastikur masStabebs iRebs.am niSnebis SemCnevisas nebismieri eqsperti daaskvnis, rom saxelmwifo, romelsacaseTi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, sustia. magram, es marTebulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis35

mimarT. saqme imaSia, rom Sua saukuneebSi es parametrebi Zlieri saxelmwifosmaxasiaTeblebi iyo.Sua saukuneebis evropul saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifosa da centralurixelisuflebis siZliered iTvleboda is, Tuki nobilebi, Tavadebi, provinciebismflobelebi mefes aRiarebdnen TavianT siuzerenad. mefes ar hqonda arc unari, arcsurvili, emarTa saxelmwifos is mxareebi, sadac misi uSualo batonoba arvrceldeboda. sadamsjelo eqspediciebi ewyoboda, Tuki vasali mefis brZanebebs damiTiTebebs sistematurad ar Seasrulebda.ra Tqma unda, Sua saukeneebis saxelmwifoebis provinciebSi arsebobdnencentraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebi da sxva moxeleebi,romlebic, adgilobriv mmarTvelebTan garigebebSi Sediodnen da saukeTesoSemTxvevebSi ori batonis msaxurni iyvnen.xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rom romelime vasali TiTqos ar emorCilebodamefes, magram garkveul pirobebSi centralur xelisuflebas aseTi vasalic awyobda,Tuki is mis saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebulad aRiarebda Tavs.Sua saukuneebSi, iseve, rogorc axla, biznesis geografia ar emTxveoda arcsaxelmwifos da arc regionebis sazRvrebs. amas kargad iyenebda nebismierixelisufleba da gadasaxadebs TviTneburad da sakuTari saWiroebis mixedviTawesebda. mogvianebiT, swored mmarTvelTa es TviTneboba gaxda uflebebis dacvispirveli redikaluri moTxovnis safuZveli, ris Sedegadac Sua saukuneebisfarglebSi axali drois urTierTobebma daiwyo Camoyalibeba. Mmagram es ukve sxvaistoriaa da Cvens saganTan da qveyanasTan saerTo ara aqvs.rogorc vxedavT, Zneli ar aris Cven mier aRweril Sua saukuneebissaxelmwifosa da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris gadamwyveti msgavsebis danaxva:centrisa da regionis urTierToba, gadasaxadebis formirebis SemTxveviTobazedamyarebuli wesi, Zalauflebis tipi – zustad iseTia, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSiiyo.Suasaukuneobrivi urTierTobebis cxadi magaliTia 2003 wlis dasawyisSiuSiSroebis saministrodan gavrcelebuli kanonproeqti “eqstremistul da ucxourkontrols daqvemdebarebul organizaciaTa da gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis,likvidaciisa da akrZalvis Sesaxeb”. es kanonproeqti zRudavs aramartoorganizaciebis moqmedebebs, aramed pirovnebis sityvis da TviTgamoxatvisTavisuflebasac. am proeqtis mixedviT, gamonaTqvamebic ki, mimarTuli “ideologiuri36

jgufebis” winaaRmdeg SeiZleba jer uSiSroebis saministros gamoZiebis saganigaxdes, xolo Semdeg ki – uzenaesi an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier _ imorganizaciis moqmedebis SeCerebis safuZveli, romlis wevrsac es gamonaTqvamiekuTvnis.am kanonproeqtis momzadebis da Semdeg gamomzeurebis mizezebi bevri SeiZlebaiyos da yvela maTgani ukve gamoiTqva: zogis versiiT es aris xumroba, zogis azriTki _ ara. zogma CaTvala, rom xaburZania, uSiSroebis ministri, amkanonproeqtiTYxalxs mouwodebs ajanyebisaken 22 . iyo ufro “SeTqmulebiTi” versiac,rom ministri aiZules, aseTi kanonproeqti daewera da man am gziT scada Taviaeridebina amisaTvis. Tumca Sua saukuneebis versia ufro Seesamabeba sinamdviles:saqarTvelos xelisuflebis garemo imdenad Suasaukuneobrivia, rom is TviTon iwyebsSua saukuneebis cxovrebis wesis Sesabamisi kanonebis producirebas. am SemTxvevaSixaburZanias pirovneba arafer SuaSia: yvelaze cnobili inkvizitorebi Tavisi droisuaRresad ganaTlebuli xalxi iyo. isini Teologiur traqtatebsac werdnen daxandaxan amave traqtatebiT eretikosebis cecxliT dasjiskenac mouwodebdnen.“eqstremistul da ucxour kontrols daqvemdebarebul organizaciaTa dagaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis, likvidaciisa da akrZalvis Sesaxeb” kanonproeqtiTavisi arsiT inkviziciuria, da gulisxmobs mtrebis likvidaciis potencialis erTdamsjel organoSi Tavmoyras. debulebac, rom saboloo verdiqts gansasjelis mimarTsasamarTlo gamoitans, saocrad waagavs Sua saukuneebis inkviziciis ganCinebas,rodesac is gansasjels braldebis damamtkicebeli sabuTebiT samoqalaqosasamarTlos gadascemda: “daisajos usisxlod” iyo naTqvami inkviziciis mimarTvaSi.es ki, ubralod, braldebulis cocxlad dawvas niSnavda.M magram xom SeiZleba es mxolod politikur qve-sistemas exebodes da sxva qvesistemebiSors iyos am arc Tu ise saxarbielo msgavsebisagan. vnaxoT, rogoriasocialuri sistema:2. socialuri sistemaSua saukuneebSi gadaadgileba erTi geografiuli wertilidan meoremdeproblematuri iyo: cudi gzebi, yaCaRoba, romelsac rogorc wesi, is eweoda, visac22aseTi versiis safuZveli TviTon xaburZanias gaministrebis droindeli interviu iyo,sadac is aRtacebiT hyveboda aSS konstituciaSi dafiqsirebul xalxis uflebaze ZaliTgadaayenos mmarTvelebi, Tuki isini arRveven maT uflebebs da a. S.37

gzebis dacva evaleboda, mogzaurebis sruli daucveloba SemTxveviTobebisagan dasruli gaurkvevloba, ramdeni dro dasWirdeboda mogzaurobas. mogzaurobas bedavdnenmxolod a) kargi dacvis TanxlebiT; b) an isini, visac wasarTmevi araferi hqonda, g)anda visac uRirda es mogzauroba riskad. mokled, mogzaurobdnen mxolod saeklesiopirebi, mdidrebi, vaWrebi da studentebi.Sesabamisad, kavSiri geografiul wertilebs Soris am mogzaurebiTganpirobebuli, da amdenad, SemTxveviTi iyo. dasaxlebuli punqtebi, qalaqebi,soflebi – avtonomiurad cxovrobdnen da rac ufro Sors iyvnen centrisgan, miTufro meti miTebi da legendebi icodnen centris Sesaxeb, miT ufro naklebikonkretuli informacia hqondaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda iq, sadac simbolurida realuri Zalaufleba iyo Tavmoyrili.centridan periferiisaken mogzaurobebisas sagnebi kargavdnen maT centralurmniSvnelobebs da periferiul mniSvnelobebs iZendnen. igive mosdiodaT RirebulebaTasistemebsac. yvelas – vaWrebs, studentebs, saeklesio pirebs – ambebis Tavisiinterpretacia CahqondaT. es interpretacia ki, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida cvlilebas damomxdari ambavi xSirad sruliad sapirispiro SemTxvevad yalibdeboda.miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSirebi centrebsa da periferiebs Soris SemTxveviTiiyo, isini manc erTgvarovanni iyvnen: soflebis, dasaxlebebis mcxovrebni mTlianadTavianT mmarTvelebze iyvnen damokidebulebi. mmarTvelebic sakuTar upiroboxelisuflebas axorcielebdnen.mmarTvelebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen centris struqturebis analogebi SeeqmnaTTavis samflobeloSi. es ramdenime faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. Zalauflebisvertikaluri tipi, romelic aiZulebda yvela mmarTvels, imperia iqneboda Tusagrafo, erTnairad emarTad; 2. subieqturi baZva centrisadmi provinciis mxridan; 3.Zalauflebis legitimacia, anu imisaTvis, rom Zalaufleba ecnoT, is imave tipis daimave tipis garemoSi unda yofiliyo. es sami faqtori, miuxedavad imisa, rom arcsainformacio saSualebebi da arc migraciebi Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebs arganawyobda msgavsebisaken, maT erTgvarovani tipis struqturebad inarCunebda.Sesabamisad, Tumca periferiis romelime socialurad dabal safexurze myofsverasodes ver eqneboda Sexeba centris ierarqiul wverosTan, ierarqiac mkacrad iyodaculi.am yvelafris Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoebaierarqiuli iyo, kavSirebi am ierarqiis fenebs Soris TiTqmis ar arsebobda. garda38

amisa, es ierarqia geografiul mdebareobazec iyo damokidebuli: centri ierarqiiswveros adgili iyo, periferia ki Ziris. Tanac, ierarqiis yoveli Semdegi safexuriireklavda da imeorebda mTel ierarqias. daaxloebiT ase:naxazze yoveli konkretuli samkuTxedi lokalur ierarqias warmoadgens.punqtiriT aRniSnuli sibrtyeebi aris fenebi, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, romsamkuTxedebi erTmaneTTan ar arian dakavSirebulni, maT erTgvarovnad dahomogenurad aqcevs. rogorc naxazidan Cans, daqvemdebareba pirobiTia da ar arisstruqturulad erTmniSvnelovani.naxazze samkuTxedebis araTanabarzomieroba imas miuTiTebs, rom centrisierarqiis arekvla ar iyo zusti da Tav-Tavisi mcire gadaxvevebi yvela periferiulanarekls axlda 23 . Sua saukuneebSi socialuri garemo iyofoda ara warmomavlobis(rogorc bevrs gonia), ara fulis raodenobis, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vis hqondaZalaufleba da vis ara. isini, ar hqondaT Zalaufleba, qveda punqtiriTSemosazRvrul sivrceSi unda warmovidginoT. isini, ra Tqma unda, monawileobdnenmcire da did ojaxur, Temur an sxva gaerTianebebSi, Zalauflebis ierarqebTanSexebac hqondaT, magram maTi wili ZalauflebaSi Zalian mcire iyo; miuxedavad imisa,rom gars ekverodnen nebismier Zalauflebis ierarqias, ZalauflebaSi monawileoba dagavlenis moxdena maT ar SeeZloT 24 . Tumca, ZalauflebaSi monawileobac ar iyo23SeniSvna maTTvis, vinc filosofiis istoria icis: socialuri struqturis am mowyobamxom ar ubiZga laibnics monadebis miseuli aRwerisaken?24Zalauflebis ganviTareba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc am samkuTxedebis SeerTeba erTnaxazad. dRes Tanamedrove, modernuli da modernulobis Semdgomi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobamimarTulia, yvelas miaRebinos ZalauflebaSi monawileoba an (memarcxene SefasebiT) imis39

erTnairi yvela wertilSi: iyvnen qalaqebi, sadac moqalaqeebs didi roli damnSvneloba eniWebodaT da marTavdnen qalaqebs. aseTi qalaqebi ar iyvnen aucilebladdamoukideblebi: aseTi qalaqi xSirad amave dros mefis rezidenciasac warmoadgenda.Zneli ar aris am zogad aRwerasa da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris aramc Tumsgavsebis, identurobis danaxvac: arafers vityvi gzebze da mogzaurobebze.socialuri sistemebic iseve muSaoben, rogorc zemoT aRweril Sua saukuneebSi:regionebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis institutebi romlebic baZaven centris marTviswesebs. centris anarekli, rac ufro periferiisaken moZraobs, saxes icvlis da essaxecvlileba kulminacias aWaraSi, tipur Sua saukuneebis sagrafo/safaSoSi aRwevs.imis gamo, rom eleqtroenergia TiTqmis ar aris – satelevizio sivrciTqveynis gaerTianeba ar xdeba. imis gamo, rom gazeTebi fuli Rirs, xolo periferiafulis niSnebis fizikur naklebobas ganicdis, centraluri gazeTebi SezRuduladvrceldeba. amitom, regionSi centris Sesaxeb miTi da legenda moZraobs. amitom –qveyanas, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, Zalauflebis tipi da ierarqiis erTgvarobaaerTianebs, da ara – sainformacio-sakomunikacio sivrce, rogorc es TanamedrovesaxelmwifoebSia. mosaxleobis didi nawili gagdebulia Zalauflebis ierarqiidan.politikuri brZola, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, ori tipisaa: 1) “ubralo”urTierTCanacvlebisaTvis brZola (sasaxlis intrigebi), 2) Zalauflebis ierarqiaSisxva, manamde ucxo agentebis CarTvis da am gziT arsebuli xelisuflebis sakuTariTaviT Secvlis gza (reformacia, ajanyebebi, a. S.).3. ganaTlebis sistemaformalurad saqarTvelos ganTlebis sistema imis adekvaturi da Sesabamisia, racdasavleT/centralur/CrdiloeT evropaSi da aSS-Si gvxvdeba. anu – arsebobenuniversitetebi, specialuri umaRlesi saswavleblebi, skolebi, profesiulisaswavleblebi, sabavSvo baRebi. rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve, yofiT donezearseboben am qve-sistemebis formalizebuli makavSireblebi.magram am, erTi SexedviT, mwyobr sistemaTa erTianobis uknidan Sua saukuneebiiWyiteba. amis gamosaaSkaraveblad sakmarisia swavlis procesis aRwera. XX saukunisdasawyisSi jon diuim Tqva, rom ganaTleba aris is, Tu rogor xdeba swavla, da arailuzias qmnis, TiTqos yvela iziarebdes Zalauflebas. principuli gansxvavebac dRevandelda Sua saukuneebis marTvis tipebs da ierarqiebs Soris esaa.40

is, Tu ras swavlob da sad. anu ganaTleba aris procesi. vnaxoT, ra saxe aqvs amprocess saqarTveloSi:imisaTvis, rom skoladamTavrebulma moswavlem swavla gaagrZelos, manmisaRebi gamocdebi unda Caabaros. rogorc wesi, skolaSi miRebuli codna da Cvevebisakmarisi ar aris. amitom saWiro xdeba repetitorebTan, anu moswavlis mSoblebismier specialurad daqiravebul adamianebTan momzadeba. es specialurad daqiravebuliadamianebi amzadeben moswavles im sagnebSi, romelSic sasurvel umaRlessaswavlebelSi misaRebi gamocda unda gaimarTos. aris SemTxvevebic, rodesacumaRles saswavlebelSi erTi safexuridan meoreze gadasasvleladac aseTi xalxisdaqiraveba xdeba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, es xalxi imave saswavleblebisleqtorebi arian.profesiuli ganaTleba naklebad aris standartebze orientirebuli da,ZiriTadad, specialistis mier Tavisi codnis moswavlisTvis pirdapiri gadacemaxdeba, dakvirvebis da monawileobis (Segirdobis) gziT.Tuki saqarTveloSi karieris moZraobas davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom Zalian cotapolitikosis Tu biznesmenis dRevandel mdgomareobas aqvs safuZveli maTganaTlebaSi. profesional politikosebs da bizensmenebs Soris Zalian cotaaiuristi, ekonomisti, socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli. maTi warmateba,sazogadoebis da maTive TvalSic, SeWidulia ara ganaTlebasTan, aramed, sasargeblokavSirebTan, naTesaobasTan, da a. S. saswavlebelSi SeZenili codna da unarebiwarmatebul karierasTan nakleb, an saerTod aranair kavSirSia.zemoT moTxrobili saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis mxolod erTi mxarea. racSeexeba mis marTvas, is mTlianad centralizebulia: skolebi mTlianad eqvemdebarebaganaTlebis saministros da ganaTlebis saministros Tanxmobis gareSe arcerTi metnaklebadmniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba ar xdeba. skolebi warmoadgenenganaTlebis saministros nawils, maT sakuTari biujetic ki ara aqvT. skolisbiujetebi isazRvreba ganaTlebis saministros warmomadgenlis da adgilobrivimmarTvelobis organoebis SeTanxmebiT.rac Seexeba saxelmwifo universitetebs, isinic mTlianad centralurxelisuflebaze arian damokidebulni. marTalia, nominalurad isini avtonomiurniarian, magram maTi bedis gadawyveta, survilis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis umaRles ierarqebsyovelgvari sakanonmdeblo winaaRmdegobis gareSe SeuZliaT.41

aRwerili viTareba identuria imisa, rac Sua saukuneebSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT:ganaTlebis miRebas hqonda rogorc Sinauri, aseve, formaluri, tradiciis saxe:Sinauri iyo imdenad, ramdenadac xdeboda ostati/Segirdis sqemis gaTamaSeba yveladoneze – rogorc glexebis da xelosnebis, aseve, didgvarovanTa wreSi: glexebicodnas Svilebs uSualod gadascemdnen, xelosnebi – Segirdebs, didgvarovnebiTavianTi SvilebisaTvis maswavleblebs qiraobdnen. xSirad ganaTleba aqve mTavrdebodada danarCeni dro praqtikas eTmoboda: rogorc politikaSi, aseve vaWrobaSi,gamocdilebis da unarebis SeZena saqmianobasTan erTad xdeboda da miRebulganaTlebasTan aranair pirdapir kavSirSi ar iyo. verc iqneboda, imdenad, ramdenadacimdroindeli universitetebi mxolod iuridiul, samedicino da saRvTismetyvelokolejebs warmoadgendnen da profesiaTa farTo speqtrTan ar iyvnen dakavSirebuli.skolebi mxolod saeklesio iyo, iswavleboda is, rac eklesiis ideologias arscildeboda. Sesabamisad, saeklesio skolebSi mxolod wera-kiTxvis swavlas dabibliis kiTxvas eTmoboda dro.rac Seexeba dRevandel qarTul universitetebs, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rommaTSi mniSvnelovani dResac igive specialobebia, oRond RvTismetyvelebas ekonomikisfakultetebi anacvlebs. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aqac am fakultetebisdamTavreba sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara sabuTs da uflebas muSaobis dawyebisaTvis.danarCeni, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, gzadagza SeiZineba.maSasadame, saskolo da profesiuli ganaTlebis Sinauri xasiaTi, sauniversitetoganaTlebis formaluroba, da kidev erTi – universitetebis da skolebis Zlieridaqvemdebareba saxelmwifosa da misi ideologiisadmi, ar unda tovebdes eWvs, romCveni ganaTlebac ZiriTadad Suasaukuneobriv yalibSia moTavsebuli.4. sasamarTlo sistemaZalian bevri adamiani dRevandel saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reformis Sesaxeblaparakobs. politikis mwarmoebel fenebSi midis kamaTi da imis mtkiceba, Tu vinaris reformis avtori. sasamarTlo reformis avtorobis miwera/dabralebasaakaSvili–Wanturia–SevardnaZis Skalaze moZraobs. am mxriv mxolod erTi ramisTqma SeiZleba: imdenad, ramdenadac amdeni gavleniani politikosi reformis mamobasiCemebs, Cans, rom mniSvnelovani ram ganxorcielebula.dRes saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo sistemis Sesaxeb mxolod erTi ramis TqmaSeiZleba: mosamarTleebi aRar arian uSualod da ganuyoflad daqvemdeberebulni42

partiul mmarTvelobas, rogorc es sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo. Sesabamisad, gaizardamaTi warmomavlobis “socialuri geografia” da, maSasadame, maTi kavSirebis sivrcec.anu Tuki adre, ssrk-Si mosamarTleze gavlena mxolod partiul xelmZRvanelobashqonda, dRes am gavlenis SesaZlebloba ganuzomlad didia. es ki, sabWoTa kavSirissasamarTlo sistemasTan SedarebiT, ganuzomlad ukeTesia, ufro humanuri da wingadadgmuli nabijia. ZiriTadi – rac sasamarTlo sistemaSi Seicvala – es aris.arsebobs kidev ramdenime iuridiuli niuansi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, uzenaesisasamarTlo, rogorc saboloo instancia da a. S. magram ZiriTadi, rac “xalxmaigrZno” da es marTla moxda, aris gavlenis SesaZleblobis gazrda.saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis mowyobis socialuri wesi arafriT argansxvavdeba misi Suasukuneobrivi analogisgan: sasamarTlo sistemacentralizebulia, eqvemdebareba uzenaes sasamarTlos 25 , mosamarTleebi Tavs daculadgrZnoben, naklebad awuxebT mosaxleobis ganwyoba maT mimarT. xSirad ikvrebiancentris adgilobriv warmomadgenlebTan da am SemTxvevaSi maTi gavlena Zlierdeba.imasac amboben, rom mxolod iseTi saqmis samarTliani gansjaa mosalodneli,romelSic dainteresebuli mxare an ar arsebobs, an Zalian sustia.am bolo dros sasamarTlo sistemas moulodneli damcvelebic gamouCdnen:xSirad, gansakuTrebiT iuristebis wreSi, gaigonebT frazas, rom sasamarTlosafrTxilo Temaa da masze frTxiladaa laparaki saWiro. imitom, rom sasamarTloisaa, razec saxelmwifo dgas da ar SeiZleba xalxs movuspoT rwmena da a. S. saqmeisaa, rom e. w. “xalxs” sasamarTlos rwmena didi xania aRara aqvs da mas iseveaRiqvams, rogorc saxelmwifos. xalxi ufro xSirad mimarTavs sasamarTlos, magramara imitom, rom samarTlianobis rwmena ganumtkicda, aramed imitom, rom maT ician,rom am gziT garkveuli saboloo gadawyvetilebebis miRwevaa SesaZlebeli.“sasamarTlos ar Seexo” iseTive tipis gamoTqmaa rogorc “cudi ar unda TqvaqarTvel xalxze, qarTul saxelmwifoze”, “ar unda daabezRo qarTuli saxelmwifo”.rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve sasamarTlos SemTxvevaSic saqme erTnairadaa: aravin arabezRebs saxelmwifos da cuds ar laparakobs qarTvel xalxze, ramdenime naklebad25iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi – mefis xelisuflebas. dRevandeli saqarTvelossasamarTlo sistemis da uzenaesi sasamarTlos realuri damoukideblobac politikurimmarTvelobisagan sakamod saeWvoa – Tundac im politikuri da administraciuligadawyvetilebebis gamo, romlebsac mas bralad uyeneben (Jvania-mamalaZis, meqrTamemosamarTlis saqmeebi).43

ganaTlebuli inteleqtualis garda (es inteleqtualebi SeiZleba amoicnoTfrazebiT: “saxelmwifod ver SevdeqiT”, “qarTveli eris mentalitetia aseTi da ravqnaT”). yoveli realuri sayveduri da e. w. “dabezReba” konkretul adamianebsmiemarTeba. am adamianebs sruliad arasworad aigiveben im institutebTan, romelTawarmomadgenlebadac isini gvevlinebian mocemul momentSi. anu – mosamarTlis(Tundac ramdenimes) mxileba ar niSnavs sasamarTlos ideis mxilebas. iseve, rogorcSevardnaZis, narCemaSvilis da xaburZanias mxileba adamianis uflebebis darRvevismcdelobebSi ar niSnavs qarTveli xalxis (waikiTxe – saqarTvelos) mxilebas imavesaqmeSi.es yvelaferi im Sua saukuneebis diskursis bralia, romelmac ise warmatebiTCaanacvla sabWoTa ena, rom misma matareblebma, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma adamianebma,verc gaiges am Canacvlebis ambavi 26 . es ena mokled aRiwereba mefe-mzis fraziT“saxelmwifo es me var”.5. jari da policiasakmaod Znelia gaigo, ratom arsebobs saqarTveloSi SeairaRebuli Zalebi imsaxiT, rogoriTac is arsebobs: mudmivi naxevrad mSieri mdgomareoba, sabWoTaperiodidan memkvidreobiT miRebuli “dedovSCina”, aRWurvilobis faqtiuri arqona.aseTi arsebobis erTaderTi gamarTleba aris erTis mxriv is, rom biujetisgarkveuli raodenoba unda daixarjos, xolo meore mxriv – SesaZlebeliajariskacebis gamoyeneba muSa Zalad. ra Tqma unda, xelisuflebaSi jars aravinuyurebs seriozulad – is raRacnairad – aucilebeli borotebis saxiT arsebobs daZiriTadad mowodebulia is xalxi Seinaxos, romelic am jars unda emsaxurebodes.garda amisa, arian jaris nawilebi, romlebsac mTavroba seriozulad ufrTxis,maTi cxel wertilebSi gamocdilebis da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mowodebiT samxedroobisgamo. esec aris erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom xarjavs qveyana biujetis nawils,Tundac Zalian cotas, iseT jarze, romlic mas arasodes araferSi gamoadgeba: es26Sua saukuneebis diskursis mier sabWoTa enis Canacvleba SeiZleba istoriulikanonzomierebiTac aixsnas: sabWoTa imperia Tavisi arsiT Sua saukuneebs ekuTvnoda, oRondunikaluri teritoriis da gansxvavebuli saxelwifo mowyobis gamo ise iyo Secvlili, rommisi amokiTxva SeuZlebeli xdeboda. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg – patar-patara saxelmwifoebi –sabWoTa tipis Zalauflebis SenarCunebis SeuZleblobis gamo – TandaTan daemsgavsnen imgaremos, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris ideas edo safuZvlad.44

aris faqtiurad, sabrZolo jgufebis iseTive Senaxva, iseTive xarkis gadaxda,rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi xdeboda: mTavroba maT minimums aZlevs imisaTvis, romisini ar ajanydnen, ise, rogorc es 2002 wlis gazafxulze moxda.sxva mxriv, mTeli saqarTvelos mmarTveloba daqiravebuli jaris imedzea. esdaqiravebuloba sxvadasxva saxisaa: dawyebuli aSS-s daxmarebiT momzadebuliqarTveli “wvrTnis da aRWurvis programis” monawileebidan, e. w. komandosbatalionidan, damTavrebuli aWaraSi ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro baziT, romelic,faqtiurad, aWaris reJimis SenarCunebis garantiaa.garda amisa, yvela “Tavisi Tavis pativismcemel” regionalur mmarTvels hyavsTavisi xalxi, romelic mas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daicavs. es xalxi, rogorc wesi,adgilobrivi policiaa, Tumca, SeiZleba ramdenime gamonaklisic arsebobdesgaurkveveli SeiaraRebuli formirebis saxiT.policia arsebuli sistemis mTavari damcvelia. amitomac, saxelmwifodafinansebis lamis yvelaze didi wili policiaze modis. aqac Sua saukuneebis“daqiravebul meomrebTan” gvaqvs saqme, romlebsac ufleba aqvT micemuli, Zarcvonmosaxleoba, ra Tqma unda, gonierebis farglebSi, oRond saWiroebis SemTxvevaSimmarTveloba daicvan.rogorc cnobilia, aseTma wesma ar gaamarTla: daqiravebulni Tavs anebebdnensamsaxurs imav wuTs, ra wuTsac maTi Semosavali wydeboda.6. sagareo urTierTobebiSua saukuneebSi, imis gamo, rom sainformacio saSualebebi ar iyo ganviTarebuli,informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda sazRvargareT, sakmaod gadRabnili dagaurkveveli iyo. marTalia, arsebobdnen werilebi, romlebsac dainteresebulimxareebi erTmaneTs swerdnen, magram imis gamo, rom am werilebis daniSnulebisadgilamde miRwevas didi dro sWirdeboda, aravin iyo darwmunebuli imaSi, rommosuli ambavi, Tundac Zalian didi sizustiT, Tundac prustiseburad, aRwerili,jer kidev sinamdviles Seesabameboda.SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Sua saukuneebSi informacia icvleboda manam, sanamdaniSnulebis adgils miaRwevda. amitom, Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebebi undoblobiTuyurebdnen mezobeli qveynebis mcxovreblebs. maTi Sinauri miTebi mezoblebissisastikis, borotebis, araadamianurobis damadasturebeli ambebiT iyo savse. es ki45

mxolod xels uwyobda rogorc qveynis Sida, aseve gare procesebis marTvasxelisuflebis mier sakuTari, viwro da moklevadiani interesebis Sesabamisad.SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom raRac SemTxvevebSi sagareo politika naTeli momavlisimediT da masze orientaciiT iyo nakarnaxevi, magram is arasodes ar iyo mimarTuliqveynis ubralo mcxovrebis yofiTi pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.utyuari sabuTi ori qveynis erTmaneTisadmi damokidebulebisa, iyo an omSimekavSireoba, an omSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mxares dgoma.didwilad saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebi waagavs aRweril viTarebas: sruligaurkvevlobaa, ra mimarTebaSi arian didi saxelmwifoebi saqarTvelosTan: TiTqoscnobilia, rom aSS megobaria da ruseTi mteri, magram sul ismis brZnulimosazrebebi, rom saqarTvelo an ukve gaicvala (an eraySi, manamde – baltiisqveynebSi), an unda gaicvalos.saqarTvelos mTavrobac, imisaTvis, rom sakuTar TavSive sicxade Seitanos,cdilobs, rac SeiZleba swrafad da rac SeiZleba formalurad Caebas yveladawyebul Tu dauwyebel omSi 27 . es mis mdgomareobaSi, Tundac cota xniT, Suasaukuneobriv garkveulobas Seitans.rac Seexeba sagareo urTierTobebs – xelisuflebisgan Zalian xSiradurTierTsawinaaRmdego ganmartebebi moedineba. sul erTia, exeba es saqarTvelosmegobari qveynebis jgufs, savizo reJims Tu sxva rames. ra Tqma unda, amassainformacio saSualebaTa CamorCenilobas ver daabraleb. Sedegi ki zustad iseTivea,rogorc Sua saukuneebSi – sazogadoebebis mkveTri Caketiloba da undoblobarogorc axlo, aseve Soreuli qveynebis mimarT. es ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,xelisuflebas ubiZgebs sakuTari viwro an didi erovnul miznebisaken mimarTosqveynis politika, magram arasodes – sakuTari moqalaqis cxovrebis pirobebis anSesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebisaken.7. ekonomikaekonomikis magaliTze yvelaze kargad Cans, Tu rogori Sua saukuneebi dadgasaqarTveloSi. amis magaliTebia:27aq me aSS-erayis da aSS-avRaneTis oms vgulisxmob. 2003 wels, aSS-erayis omis dawyebamde,ise, rom aSS-s mTavrobas saqarTvelosTvis arc uTxovia, SevardnaZem gamoacxada, rom ismzadaa qveynis samxedro aerodromebi aSS-s samxedro Zalebs SesTavazos. avRaneTSi aSS-ssamxedro operaciis dros daaxloebiT msgavsi mzadyofna gamoiTqva.46

1. biznesmenebi mkveTrad arian orietirebulni mTavrobasTan kargiurTierTobis damyarebaze. xSir SemTxvevebSi TviTon mTavrobis dammarTvelobis wevrebi warmoadgenen msxvili korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebs.2. biznesmenebi ver xedaven TavianT adgils samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, anumaTTvis dResdReobiT ufro momgebiania saxelmwifosTan da miswarmomadgenlebTan mWidro kavSirSi yofna.3. Sedegad, saqarTveloSi mxolod iseTi biznesi (sulerTia, msxvili, saSualoda wvrili) arsebobs, romelsac kargi kavSirebi aqvT saxelmwifosTan, anurogorc umaRles, aseve umdablesi rangis moxeleebtan, policielebisCaTvliT, romelTa gareSec nebismieri wvrili biznesis warmoebaSeuZlebelia. kanonmdeblobac, romelic gadasaxadebs da sxva biznesTandakavSirebul sakiTxebs aregulirebs, isea mowyobili, rom saxelmwifomoxeleebs did gasaqans aZlevs. Sesabamisad, zRudavs konkurenciisSesaZleblobas. amitom, biznesebis ricxvic Seesabameba ara moTxovnis damiwodebis kanonebs, aramed, saxelmwifos gavleniani moxeleebis ricxvs damaT Soris konkurencias. eqspertebis SefasebiT, iseve rogorc politikaSi,ekonomikaSic brZola erTi ojaxis, erTi dajgufebis farglebSimimdinareobs da sabazro moTxovnebTan kavSiri ara aqvs. bolo wlebisyvelaze STambeWdavi brZola, rogorc amboben, prezident SevardnaZisojaxis farglebSi moxda: SevardnaZis Svilis simamr – guram axvlediansada SevardnaZis ZmisSvil – nugzar SevardnaZes Soris. rogorc amboben,gaimarjva guram axvledianma da iseT mniSvnelovan eqsportze, rogoricaabenzini da sxva sawvavi, erTpirovnuli kontroli daawesa. aseTi brZolebiimarTeboda da imarTeba, magram cota maTgani Tu gamodis samzeoze.saqarTvelos ekonomika albaT mxolod 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi (sadRac 1995-97wlebSi) cdilobda Tavisufali bazris principebze gadasuliyo. Semdegxelisuflebis wevrebma da maTTan axlo kavSiris mqone pirebma Caigdes xelSiZiriTadi saSualebebi da konkurencia Tavis wreSi gadaitanes, sadac man mkveTripolitikuri Seferiloba miiRo da Tavisufali bazris formebs saerTod daSorda.Tuki saqarTveloSi raime Tavisufali konkurencia arsebobs, es albaT, isevwvril movaWreebs Soris, romlebsac sakuTari riskis fasad CamoaqvT ansaqarTveloSive yiduloben kontrabandul produqts. Tumca es konkurencia uSualoddid bazrobebze imarTeba; aqac gavleniani pirebis Carevaa saWiro, wvrili movaWre47

om daxlTan miuSvan. Zalian xSirad, mewarmeebs Soris brZola jer bazrissegmentis lamis kanonis ZaliT xelSi CagdebisaTvis imarTeba 28 , da mxolod amisSemdeg, Tuki bazarze ramdenime Zlieri mimwodebeli dafiqsirda, romelTac erTmaneTiver CaZires, iwyeba konkurencia.magram, miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, ekonomika ZiriTadad damyarebuliaunikalurobis principze, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi iyo, da ara moTxovnisdakmayofilebis wesze. anu sabWoTa kavSirisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnebebiT romvTqvaT, ekonomika deficituria: Semosavali agebulia produqtis unikalurobiT daZnelad wvdomadobiT gamowveul fasis zrdaze, da ara produqtis tiraJirebiTmiRebul Semosavalze. aseTi produqtebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. TiTqmis yvelaproduqti, romelic saqarTveloSi iwarmoeba, deficituria, imdenad, ramdenadac, maTifasis regulireba ara uSualod mwarmoeblis, aramed politikuri gavlenebissferoSi Zevs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es nawilobriv exeba bazrobebze gamotanilsaqonels da mTliand exeba sxvadasxva dargebis ekonomikebs.magaliTisaTvis, aseTia saqarTvelos rkinigza, romlic mTlianad awyobiliadeficiturobaze da monopolistobaze: mas uzarmazari Tanxebi Semosdisgadazidvebidan, da amave dros, is arafers ar akeTebs imisaTvis, rom samgzavromatareblebi gaaumjobesos: rkinigza jer kidev rCeba gadaadgilebis ZiriTadsaSualebad, Sesabamisad, deficituri Semosavali garantirebulia.aseve, deficituri ekonomikis magaliTia ganaTleba: rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misiformaluri saxe ar Seesabameba mis Sinaarss: rogorc saSualo, aseve, umaRlesiskolebi ZiriTadad mxolod garkveul sabuTebs (diplomebs) awarmoeben, romelicSeiZleba Semdgom karieras daedos safuZvlad. im codnas, romelsac moswavlesaxelmwifo universitetebSi Tu skolebSi iRebs, naklebad Tu endoba vinme daZiriTadad isev calke specialur momzadebas, unarebis ganviTarebis piradSesaZleblobebs da sasargeblo kavSirebs eyrdnobian. aseTi warmoeba ver miebmebaTavisufal bazars imitom, rom realurad sabuTis (skolis, an umaRlesisdamTavrebis mowmobis) fasi ganuzomlad cotaa im safasurTan SedarebiT, rac amsabuTis gacema Rirs: mis RirebulebaSi Sedis profesor-maswavleblebis xelfasebi,Senobebis, inventaris Rirebuleba da a. S. amave safasurSi Sedis yvela im pirovnebissocialuri dacva, romelic CarTulia am procesSi.28amisaTvis ki sakanonmdeblo Sesworebebic gamoiyeneba, sxva xerxebTan erTad.48

Sesabamisad, raki bazarze fasi mxolod dokuments aqvs, misi gacemis procesiaRaravis ainteresebs. amitom swavlebis xarisxi ZiriTadad nulzea dasuli.konkurencia mimdinareobs, magram am SemTxvevaSi, konkurencia aris ara moTxovnis damiwodebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanisaTvis, aramed im safasuris gazrdisaTvis, romelsacdamamTavrebel mowmobaSi ixdian: am Teoriuli msjelobis yvelaze kargi ilustraciasaxelmwifo univeristetebis magaliTia: Tavi rom davaneboT im fuls, romelsacmdidari mSoblebi aralegalurad ixdian imisaTvis, rom maTi Svili sabiujeto (e. w.ufaso) adgilze moxvdes, dResdReobiT saxelmwifo umaRlesi ganaTlebis donorioria: kerZo pirebi, romlebic safasurs ixdian, da saxelmwifo, romelicyovelwliurad adgilebis garkveul raodenobas afinansebs 29 . saxelmwifo TiToeulstudentSi mizerul Tanxas ixdis, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar aris sakmarisi evropisuniversitetebis swavlebis xarisxTan odnav miaxloebisTvisac ki. kerZo pirisgadasaxadi, romelsac unversitetis xelmZRvaneloba awesebs, aseve Zlier CamorCebasaWiro raodenobas, magram, orjer an metjer metia im safasurze, rac saxelmwifomxridan modis. maSasadame, miRebulia Semdegi sqema: arc saxelmwifo da arc kerZopiri fulis sakmaris raodenobas ar ixdis. orive es fuli Seadgens garkveulmoculobas, romelic Semdeg eZleva im profesor-maswavleblebs, romelebic orives –“fasiansac” da “ufasosac” aswavlian. Sesabamisad, xdeba im fulis, romelsac kerZopiri ixdis, gamoyeneba “ganaTlebis” imaTTvis misacemad, visac fuls saxelmwifouxdis. ase viRebT saxelmwifos mxridan fulis gamoZalvis sqemas, romlic yvelasaxelmwifo universitetSi xorcieldeba. xolo mTeli am sqemis foni – deficituriekonomikis principia: saxelmwifo universitetebi jerjerobiTY mainc monopolistebiarian: isini aweseben iseT safasurs, romlis gadaxdac TiTqmis yvelas SeuZlia. esxdeba imitom, rom saxelmwifo universitetebi naklebad an saerTod ar zrunavenswavlebis xarisxze 30 . is safasuri romelsac isini aweseben, sabolood mainc sabuTis29yvelaze ucnauri is aris, rom isini, vinc aralegalurad ixdian fuls ufaso adgilebzemoxvedrisaTvis, amas mxolod tradiciis da prestiJis gamo sCadian. sxva safuZveli amas araaqvs. fasiani adgili bevrad ufro iafi Rirs.30amas ver akeTebs kerZo umaRlesi saswavlebeli, radgan misi sazrunavi swored swavlebisxarisxia da man realuri fasi unda daados swavlas. amitom jerjerobiT kerZo umaRlesisaswavleblebi saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis amindze ver axdenen gavlenas daelitarulebad rCebian.49

safasuria da naklebad moqmedebs im codnaze, romelsac isini am sabuTis misaRebadkanoniT dadgenil procesSi monawileobis gziT iReben.sqemaze rom gamovsaxoT aseTi ekonomikis muSaobis wesi, Semdegs miviRebT:1. sawyisi viTarebamoTxovnamiwodebawarmoebis saSualeba2. moTxovnis seleqcia warmoebis saSualebis miermoTxovnawarmoebis saSualebamiwodeba3. seleqciis Semdeg moTxovnis miwodebiT dakmayofilebawarmoebis saSualebamiwodebamoTxovnaam naxazze naCvenebia, rom rodesac warmoebis saSualebebi SezRudulia da amavedros monopolisturi, xdeba ara miwodebis gazrda, aramed moTxovnis xelovnurigadarCeva. igulisxmeba, rom warmoebis saSualeba am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoswarmoadgens. es sabWoTa ekonomikis sqemaa, magram amave dros Sua saukuneebisekonomikasac Seesabameba: rodesac sawarmoebeli produqti unikaluria da misiraodenoba bevrad CamorCeba moTxovnas, mwarmoebeli “iZulebulia” awarmoos50

momxmarebelic 31 . sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis safuZveli SeiZleba imaSic davinaxoT,rom raRac etapze iseTi raodenobis da gavlenis mqone moTxovna warmoiSoba, romwarmoebis saSualebis 32 mier moTxovnis seleqcia SeuZlebeli xdeba.magram es jer kidev ar aris saqarTvelos ekonomikis sruli aRwera. jerjerobiTCven reliqturi komponentebi aRvwereT, da mTavari maxasiTeblis aRweraze argadavsulvarT: saqme isaa, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikis mTavari RerZi, iseve,rogorc Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebSi – omis ekonomikaa:xSirad amboben, rom qveynis erTianobis safuZveli erTiani ekonomikaa. essafuZveli saqarTveloSi marTlac arsebobs, Tanac iseTi, romelic Tavis TavSiaerTianebs rogorc aWaras, aseve oseTsac da afxazeTsac. magram, isic unda iTqvas,rom es ekonomika danaSaulebrivia da moicavs rogorc “ubralo” kontrabandas, asevenarkotikebis da iaraRiT vaWrobis gzebsac, romelic saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiTiwyeba da ruseTis sazRvrebTan mTavrdeba. kontrabandis sayovelTaoba eWvs ar iwvevs:kontrabanduli saqonlis Semosvlis ori ZiriTadi gza arsebobs: TurqeTidan dasamxreT oseTidan, erT-erTi gandgomili regionidan. Tumca es gzebi SedarebiTuwyinaria, da realurad, garda imisa, rom saqarTvelos teritorias kveTs, aseve,saSualebas aZlevs gaWirvebaSi myof mosaxleobas mdgomareoba odnav maincgamoisworos. ra Tqma unda, kontrabanduli saqonlis gzebiT aramarto mosaxleoba,aramed am gzebis sabaJoebi da sxva makontroleblebic ikvebebian, magram es saqmisviTarebas ar cvlis.ufro sainteresoa narkotikebiT da iaraRiT vaWroba, romelSic mosaxleobisdidi nawilia CarTuli. am kargad damuSavebul gzas xan Txilis biznesi ebmeba, xankidev sxva ram. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi ram faqtia: dRes afxazeTic da samxreToseTic gacilebiT ufro mWidrod arian saqarTvelosTan integrirebulebi, vidre esmaT undaT aCvenon. narkotikebis da iaraRis gzebis kvalis naxva yvelgan SeiZleba,mosaxleobis didi nawili CarTulia masSi, magram, ra Tqma unda, did mogebas isevpolitikuri elita iRebs.faqtia, rom omis ekonomika afxazeTSi da samxreT oseTSi omis dros daiwyo damas Semdeg ganviTarebis didi gza ganvlo. dRes is mWidrod aris instalirebuli31sxvadasxva xerxiT: qrTamis aRebiT, CawyobiT, fizikuri gamoxSirviT.32 farTo azriT. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebis warmoebissaSualebebic.51

mosaxleobis saarsebo garemoSi da faqtiurad erTaderTi ramaa, rac dasavleT daaRmosavleT saqarTvelos aerTianebs.aravin ar malavs (rogorc iqna), rom saqarTvelos centralurmaxelisuflebam afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan warmoebuli omebi waago. magram is,rac am omis Sedegad miiRes gandgomilma regionebma, aSkarad ar hgavs mogebis Sedegs:is, rac afxazeTma da samxreT oseTma moaxerxa, aris Sua saukuneebSi Cavardna. isininel-nela, aWarasTan erTad, sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebisgan gadaiqcnenpatara Suasaukuneobriv samTavroebad, da am mdgomareobidan gamosavali kidev ufronaklebia, vidre saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi.8. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSua saukuneebSi TviTgamoxatvis ZiriTadi forma gaerTianebebis Seqmna da maTisaSualebiT politikur, inteleqtualur Tu sxva saxis cxovrebaSi monawileoba iyo.aseTi mowyobis da mimarTebis safuZveli albaT, aramarto antikur tradiciaSi,aramed Sua saukunebis saxelmwifoebis da msoflmxedvelobebis organizebis wesSiunda veZioT, sadac jgufs da mis warmomadgenels ufro meti mniSvneloba hqonda,vidre erT calkeul adamians, Tuki am adamianis ukan oficialuri an araoficialuriqarizma ar idga – saRvTo kurTxevis saxiT. metic: albaT, mxolod jgufis wevrobiTSeiZleboda raimes miRweva, iseve, rogorc amas qristes mowafeebma qristesmociqulebad gaerTianebiT miaRwies. Sua saukuneebi unikaluri adamianebis da maTgarSemo Seqmnili dajgufebebis samyaro iyo. jgufis gavliT xdeboda Cveulebriviadamianebis ziareba unikalurobasTan. jgufs hqonda erTaderTi mniSvneloba da misiwarmomadgeneli iyo aramarto jgufis, aramed im unikaluris warmomadgenelic,romlis garSemoc Tavis droze jgufi Seiqmna.rogor iqmnebodnen es jgufebi, istoriaa, Sua saukeneebisTvisac ki. saboloodki Sua saukuneebis samyaro warmoadgenda gaerTianebebis gaerTianebas, romelTaganaczogs ordeni erqva, zogs gildia, zogs loJa, zogs kidev universiteti 33 . esgaerTianebebi rogorc qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobaSi, aseve samefo karzec seriozulrols asrulebdnen: ordenebi da gildiebi bevri mniSvnelovani politikuri dasocialuri movlenis saTaveSi idga. Tuki vinmes, ubralo warmoSobis adamians,sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis miReba surda, is aseT gildiaSi anda33universitetebi ufro gildiebis (profesorTa da studentTa) erTianobas warmoadgendnen,vidre calke avtonomiur gaerTianebebs.52

ordenSi unda gaerTianebuliyo. gildiis wevroba ki advili ar iyo: is mowafe-Segirdis institutis garda sxva, ufro rTul farul Tu Ria meqanizmebsaciTvaliswinebda.samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi mTlianad gildiuria. SeiZleba iTqvas,rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saqarTveloSi mxolod arasamTavrobo, aramomgebianiorganizaciebi warmoadgenen. es ki iwvevs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tavis TavSiCaketvas da misi ganviTarebis stagnacias: arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani organizaciebisarsebobis materialuri wyaro is finansuri daxmarebaa, romelsac ucxoeli donorebian pirdapir, an adgilobrivi fondebis saSualebiT awarmoeben. rogorc wesi, amdaxmarebis mizani keTilSobiluria, da xSirad amarTlebs kidevac mizans, iqneba esuflebebis dacva Tu sxva romelime konkretul sferoSi gamWvirvaleobis daangariSvaldebulebis danergva.magram, meore mxriv, swored es finansuri daxmarebaa, romelic samoqalaqosazogadoebas organizaciebis sazRvrebSi ketavs da ar aZlevs saSualebasmoqalaqeebs, yovelgvari organizaciuli CarCos gareSe, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSiCaerTon: finansuri resursebi SezRudulia, Tavisufali bazris elementarulikanonebi karnaxoben arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, ar gazardon sakuTari ricxvi, arcmonawileebis da arc axali aqtorebis – axali organizaciebis _ Seqmnis xarjze.meore mxriv ki, mxolod axali organizaciebis Seqmnis xarjze aris SesaZlebelisamoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CarTva da im materialuri Tu socialur-kulturulisargeblis miReba, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrs saqarTveloSi aqvs.amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ricxvis zrdasaqarTveloSi miuTiTebs ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, aramed piriqiT,misi ganviTarebis SeCerebas.marTalia, am bolo dros, mosaxleobis gaaqtiureba da mis mier sakuTarisamoqalaqo uflebebis dacva SeimCneva (yvelaze mZafrad es TviTdacva 2002 wlisTviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis dros gamovlinda). magram es ara arasamTavroboorganizaciebis daxmarebiT, aramed, ufro xSirad, maTi gverdis avliT mimdinareobs.samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi aris ara sazogadoeba, aramed, iseve,rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, mediatori sazogadoebasa da xelisuflebas Soris. SuasaukuneebSi xelisufleba gildiebis warmomadgenlebs elaparakeboda da maT ukan,marTalia bundovnad, magram mainc, gildiebis wevrebs, maT ojaxebs, sazogadoebas53

xedavda. dRes saqarTvelos xelisufleba arasamTavrobo organizaciebiswarmoamdgenlebs esaubreba, im imediT, rom isini sazogadoebas warmoadgenen.ekonomikuri jgufebi ar arian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebi. amis mizezi kisul ubraloa: dRes maTTvis ufro momgebiania saxelisuflebo wreebTan urTierTobada maTi keTilganwyobis mopoveba am jgufebSi fulis “dabandebiT”, vidre samoqalaqosazogadoebaSi dacvis Zieba. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, amis droc saqarTveloSimogvianebiT dadgeba: rodesac xelisuflebaSi fulis dabandeba wamgebiani gaxdeba,xolo kanonierebis dacva da ganviTareba ufro perspeqtiul danaxarjad gamoCndeba.es ki SeiZleba ramdenime sababis gamo moxdes: 1. saxelisuflebo wreebis raodenobisgazrda ise, rom maTSi dasabandebeli fulis raodenoba gaizrdeba da es dabandebaararentabeluri gaxdeba; 2. saxelisuflo wreebis mier biznes-mimarTulebebisdablokva; 3. analogiuri biznesebis magaliTi axlo Tu Soreuli qveynebidan –“iqauri” da “aqauri” mogebis araTanabarzomieroba 34 .amis niSnebi, Tumca jerjerobiT mxolod niSnebi, ukve gamoCnda. yvelaze Zlieriiyo “borjomis saqme”: saqarTvelos mTavrobam e. w. saukunis proeqtSi “baqo-jeihanisnavTobsadenSi” CarTvis gadawyvetileba jer kidev 90-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSimiiRo. marTalia, es navTobsadeni saqarTvelos did finansur mogebas ver moutans,magram saxelmwifosa da arsebuli reJimis usafrTxoebsTvis marTlac SeuZliasamsaxuris gaweva. proeqti wlebis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda. proeqtis momzadebaSiyvela, visac ar ezareboda, CarTuli iyo. gakeTda aTasnairi eqspertiza, samTavroboda arasamTavrobo garemosdacviTi da samecniero organizaciebis monawileobiT.yvelaferi TiTqos kargad midioda.ucbaT, am sayovelTao harmoniaSi, zustad navTobsadenis gayvanis dawyebis win,disonansi Seitana ara romelime garemosdacviTma arasamTavrobo organizaciam, aramedbiznesmenma, mamuka xazaraZem, romlis warmatebuli biznesis didi nawili borjomis34 2003 wlis aprilSi msxvilma biznesmenebma gaakeTes gancxadeba, rom isini SevardnaZisxelisuflebiT ukmayofiloni arian. amas SevardnaZis mZafri reaqcia mohyva da erT-erTgamosvlaSi oligarqebs gamdidrebaSi sakuTari damsaxureba gaaxsena. rogorc badripatarkaciSvilma Tqva, is momavals “axlebs” da “gaerTianebul demokratebs” ukavSirebs. esfraza SeiZleba gavigoT ise, rom biznesmenebs imedi aqvT, rom maT iseTive “samoTxe” eliT ampartiebisgan, rogoric Tavidan SevardnaZisagan miiRes. aseve, SeiZleba gvegonos, rombiznesmenebi ukve Tanabari SesaZleblobebisaTvis ibrZvian. nebismier SemTxvevaSi – erTianobas– arsebuli xelisufleba_biznesmenebi _ bzari gauCnda.54

mineraluri wylis CamosxmasTan da distribuciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. xazaraZemgamoacxada, rom navTobsadeni katastroful Sedegebs moitans borjomis xeobisaTvis,iq dabinZurdeba wyali, ganadgurdeba ekosistema. xazaraZe ar malavda, rom misibiznesi did safrTxeSi iyo, magram es iyo SemTxveva, rodesac biznesi iRupebodaregionis ekosistemis daRupvis Sedegad. am gancxadebis Semdeg garemosdacviTmaorganizaciebmac amoiRes xma da rogorc mTavrobas, asev British Petrolium-s, romelicnavTobdsadenis gayvanazea pasuxismgebeli, didi problemebi SeeqmnaT. rogordamTavrdeba es dapiripireba aravin icis. SeiZleba navTobsadenma gadaswios sxvateritoriaze, SeiZleba ara. sainteresoa is aris, rom am SemTxvevSi ramdenime axalda moulodnel aqtorTan gvaqvs saqme:1. arcerTi mxare, arc mTavroba, arc British Petrolium-i ar eloda biznesmenismxridan winaaRmdegobas, imdenad uigivdeba qarTuli (zogadad kavkasiuri)warmatebuli biznesi mTavrobis mxridan daculobas;2. miuxedavad imisa, rom British Petrolium-ma TiTqos gadawyvita arasamTavroboorganizaciebis problema maTi saeqsperto samuSaoebSi CarTviT, damaSasadame, yidviT, Sida, dauwereli kodeqsis mixedviT, xazaraZisgancxadebis Semdeg arasamTavroboebs protestisadmi SeerTebis garda sxvaaraferi darCenodaT;3. biznesmenma moaxerxa borjomis xeobis mcxovreblebis protesti gamoewvia,rac aseve moulodneli iyo mTavrobisaTvis, Tundac imitom, rom maTiazriT, “wurbela” biznesmenis da “Cagruli” xalxis sabWoTa opoziciamosaxleobaSi jer kidev myarad muSaobda. maT, ubralod, ar icodnen, romsabWoTa kavSiri Sua saukuneebma Secvala, sadac “sisxlismwoveli”kapitalisti samuSaos mimcemma da mfarvelma nobilma Caanacvla.9. socialuri kontrolis faruli formebiSua saukuneebSi saxelmwifo ideologia da eklesia samoqalaqo sazogadoebisjgufebs sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCuneblad da gasavrceleblad iyenebda. yvelazeufro moxerxebuli forma berebis ordenebi iyo. berebis pirveli ordeni franciskasizelma Camoayaliba. ordenis kodeqsi, garda RmerTis msaxurebisa, SeicavdasakuTrebis, piradi grZnobebis da midrekilebebis uaryofas. bunebrivia, aseT xalxs,romelic simdidris uaryofas da RvTiuri samarTlianobisaken swrafvas sakuTarimagaliTiT aCvenebda, kontrolis SemTxvevaSi, kargi samsaxuris gaweva SeeZloT55

xelisuflebisaTvis. berebis ordenebi Camoyalibda rogorc saeklesio xelisuflebisalternativa, Tumca sabolood yvela ordeni xelisuflebis kontrols qveS moeqca.amave dros, maT sazogadoebrivi momxibvleloba mTlianad ar daukargavT.sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis erT-erTi saidumloa, Tu romelma partiulmafunqcionerma gadawyvita berebis ordenis analogi Seeqmna sazogadoebaze kontrolisgaZlierebis mizniT. es proeqti warmatebiT ganxorcielda da misi Sedegi CvensgaremoSi dRemde aqtiurad cocxlobs. es aris socialuri instituti, romelickanonieri qurdis saxeliTaa cnobili.Tavidan kriminaluri avtoritetebis gamoyeneba sabWoTa xelisuflebam isevescada, rogorc yvelam – cixeebSi da gadasaxlebis adgilebSi kontrolisaTvis.kriminalebs lagerebSi da cixeebSi politpatimrebis kontrolisaTvis iyenebdnen.kriminalebi faqtiurad policiur funqcias asrulebdnen da lagerebSi da lageristipis cixeebSi stabilurobis garantebi iyvnen. xom SeiZleboda politpatimrebsajanyeba gamoewviaT an, kidev uaresi, sxvagvarad azrovneba daenergaT. rogorcyofili politpatimrebi igoneben, lagerebSi specialuri terminologiac kiarsebobda: CB – “socialni vrag” (socialuri mteri) – eseni iyvnen politpatimrebi,da СБ – “socialno bliJni” (socialurad axlo) – kriminalebi.dRemde burusiTaa moculi, kriminalebis gaerTianebisaTvis beruli ordenissaxis micema lager-cixeebSi moxda Tu “Tavisuflebaze”, rodesac partiuliinteleqtualebi mixvdnen, rom yvela ukmayofilos daWeras, daxvretas angadasaxlebas ver SeZlebdnen. kriminalurma gaerTianebebma ucbad SeiZines berobisniSnebi: kanonieri qurdebis kodeqsi Seicavs yvela im kanons, romelic berebshqondaT: celibati, sakuTrebaze uaris Tqma, gaWirvebulebis da miusafrebisTanagrZnoba, politikaSi Caurevloba da sxva. Tumca, TandaTan, sabWoTa kavSirisistoriis manZilze, qurdebis kodeqsis dacva sul ufro da ufro formalurixdeboda. Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebrivi sivrce berebis mier wesdebis darRvevebisSesaxeb WorebiT Tu namdvili ambebiT iyo savse. miuxedavad amisa, beri mainc rCebodaTavmdablobis, morCilebisa da RvTismsaxurebis simbolod. aseve, CvenSic, miuxedavadimisa, rom kanonieri qurdebi sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolomde inarCunebdnen daaxlac inarCuneben xibls, mravladaa legendebi/Worebi kodeqsis erTguli dauarmyofeli berebis/qurdebis Sesaxeb.kanonieri qurdebis institutis saSualebiT warmatebiT moxerxdaukmayofiloTa re-orientacia politikuridan kriminalur samyaroze: ukmayofilo da56

samarTlianobaze orientirebuli axalgazrdebi advilad Tavsdebodnen, xelis SeSlisgareSe, qurdul ierarqiaSi. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa xelisufleba or kurdRels erTadiWerda: 1. Tavidan icilebda momaval politikur oponentebs; 2. sakuTarkontrolqveS aqcevda maT. es kontroli xan faruli, umetes SemTxvevebSi ki Ria iyoda kanonier qurdebsa da samarTaldamcavebs Soris mWidro kavSiriTac gamoixateboda.ra Tqma unda, kanonier qurdebs Sorisac iyvnen daumorCileblebi da maTzelegendebis warmoeba da kvlavwarmoeba isev da isev sabWoTa specsamsaxurebisdaxmarebiT xdeboda imisaTvis, rom kanonier qurdTa ordenis xibli gaeZlierebinaT.iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, sabWoTa kavSirSic, politikuri orientirebisda taqtikis cvlileba berebis ordenebze/kanonier qurdebze xelisuflebisSetevebs/represiebs iwvevda. partiul funqcionerebs es represiebi rogoritaqtikuri mosazrebebiTac ar unda ewarmoebinaT, isini nebismier SemTxvevaSiordenebis popularobas zrdida da, Sesabamisad, sistemis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.socialuri kontrolis arcerT farul meqanizms ar umuSavia ise warmatebiT,rogorc berebis ordenebma imuSava Sua saukuneebSi da kanonieri qurdebis ordenmasabWoTa kavSirSi. garda sxva faqtorebisa, kanonieri qurdebi Seadgendnen imsocialur jgufs, romelic uzrunvelyofda sistemis SenarCunebas.marTalia, dRevandel saqarTveloSi kanonieri qurdebis gavlena iseTi aRararis, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris dros, magram ordenuli xibli, romlis erT-erTimTavari momenti politikaSi “Rirseuli” Caurevlobis principia, kvlavacSenarCunebulia. am princips xSirad iyeneben samTavrobo Zalebis warmomadgenlebi,ZiriTadad ise, rom misi warmomavlobac ar ician – rodesac opozicias“xelisuflebaSi mosvlis” da “Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis” survils abraleben.is, rom kanonieri qurdebis instituti partiuli elitis pirvelma talRammoifiqra, eWvs ar iwvevs – sxva Tu ara, vis unda scodnoda ase zustad Suasaukuneebis socialuri kontrolis faruli meTodebi, garda im xalxisa, visacsauniveristeto da sasuliero ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli.10. politikuri partiebi da arCevnebibunebrivia, aseT sistemas sakuTari ideologiuri da sulieriinstitucionalizebuli mxardamWeri unda hyavdes. Sua saukuneebSi am funqciasTeologebi asrulebdnen, romelTaganac yvela wesrigis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda,magram maTi nawili adre Tu gvian eretikosis tituls imsaxurebda. Teologebi57

arsebuli sistemebis myar safuZvels qmnidnen da maT naazrevze sulac ar iyodamokidebuli, Tu romeli maTgani gaxdeboda eretikosi an netari.amis gadawyveta sxvagan xdeboda da am gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad araTeologiuri aramed socialur-politikuri motivebi hqonda. CvenSi es funqciawarmatebiT aiRes e. w. samTavrobo politikurma partiebma: aseTi partia, romelicxelisuflebis mxardamWerad aRiarebs sakuTar Tavs, ramdenimea da isini erTi daimave cnebebiT operireben. “socialistebis”, “moqalaqeTa kavSiris”, “aliansi erTianisaqarTvelosaTvis”, “mrewvelebis” leqsikonebSi demokratias, xelfasebs, pensiebs,ekonomikur aRmavlobas a. S. mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. magram, amave dros, yvelaes cneba am politikuri partiebis programebSi sxvadasxva raimes niSnavs. romelimniSvneloba gaxdeba wamyvani da romeli mniSvneloba daigmoba – es aravin icis, dadamokidebulia ara am mniSvnelobebze, aramed imaze, Tu vin ukeTes urTierTobasdaamyarebs da visi kavSirebi ufro damarwmunebeli aRmoCndeba SevardnaZisaTvis. anuxelisuflebis SenarCunebis mamalaZiseuli da xazaraZiseuli versia gaxdeba wamyvani,romlebic apireben opoziciuri partiebi amxilon danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi, TujorbenaZiseuli xaverdovani gadasvlis da adamianis uflebebis damcvelarasamTavroboebTan urTierTobis damyarebis politika gaimarjvebs, es mxolodSevardnaZis kabinetsa da masTan mimdebare ramdenime oTaxSi wydeba. iseve, rogorcSua saukuneebSi, arc erTi gadawyvetileba saboloo ar aris da SeiZleba dadgesdro, rodesac eretikuli moZRvreba kvlav WeSmaritad aRiaron. eretikosebsac sxvaraRa darCeniaT, morCilad unda daelodnon saqmis maTTvis sasikeTod Semobrunebas.rac Seexeba opoziciur partiebs, isini aSkarad iyofian or jgufad:cvlilebis partiebi, romlebic amomrCevels arsebuli sistemebis cvlilebebshpirdebian, da Camnacvlebeli partiebi, romlebic sakuTari TaviT SevardnaZis da misimmarTvelebis Canacvlebas sTavazoben mosaxleobas. amis analogi, Tuki SuasaukuneebSi maT Zebnas daviwyebT, SeiZleba protestantuli religiebis (sistemisSemcleli) da am protestantuli religiebis wiaRSi warmoSobil revoluciurmoZraobebs (sistemis aqtorebis Camnacvlebeli) SevadaroT. revoluciuri moZraobebimxolod arsebul mmarTvel adgilebze Tavisi liderebis dasmas sTavazobdnenmosaxleobas, protastantuli religiebi ki arsebuli wesrigis sxva wesrigiTSecvlas hpirdeboda maT. revoluciuri, rogorc wesi, glexTa, moZraobebi agebdnenim SemTxvevebSic ki, romdesac isini protestantuli religiuri mimdinareobebiswiaRSi warmoiSobodnen. protestantuli religiebi ki, rogorc wesi, imarjvebdnen,58

axal wesrigs ki axali cxovreba mohqonda, rogorc amas wina saukuneSi yvelasaxelis mqone veberi (maqs, endriu loid, da a. S.) amtkicebda.aq avtors kiTxva gauCnda: aqamde saqme kargad midioda, magram am bolo, meaTeargumentis gadmocemisas 35 , zedmetad xom ar gautie, Cemo avtor-ego?avtor-ego: SeiZleba. Tumca, saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri procesebisrogorc, erTi mxriv, Sua saukuneebis naxevrad saeklesio, naxevrad saeroxelisuflebis da, meore mxriv, protestantuli religiuri da glexTa moZraobebisurTierTobebis aRwera ar unda iyos gonebamaxvilobas moklebuli.avtori: eg SeiZleba egrec iyos, magram, Sen aq mkiTxvels namdvilad abnev:gansakuTrebiT opoziciuri partiebis interpretaciebSi. ra gamodis – glexTamoZraoba “gaerTianebuli demokratebia”, xolo “nacionaluri moZraoba” protestantiluTeranebi?avtor-ego: aba ra. ise, xom moxdenili da paradoqsuli interpretaciaa: am dros kimaTi qceva sul sapirispiroa: nacionaluri moZraoba ise iqceva, rogorc SuasaukuneebSi ian husis mimdevrebi, Jvaniam ki lamis samelne esrolos kedels. ise,aseTi gansazRvreba erTmniSvnelovani ar aris, Tumca isic xom cxadia, rom rac ufroCanacvlebazea mimarTuli moZraoba, miT ufro cota Sansi aqvs, rom gamarjvebisSemdeg Zalaufleba SeinarCunos, xolo sistemis Semcvlelebi – perspeqtivaSi ufrostabilurebi arian.avtori: mere ar SeiZleboda, ase dagewera?avtor-ego: rogor ar SeiZleboda, magram CemTvis mosawyeni iqneboda, albaT,mkiTxvelisTvisac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis Semdeg saqme, rogorc erT rusulanekdotSia, iseve gasrialdeba, rogorc karaqze (anu kargad wava). miT umetes, romiseTi aSkarad kargad dasamuSavebeli da Sua saukuneebTan kargad gasaanalogiebeliTemebi axlovdeba, rogoricaa arCevnebi da eklesia. isic unda vTqva, rom am 12argumentis dasrulebamde arc Tu ise bevri gverdi darCa.Sua saukuneebSi arCevnebi xdeboda, magram, mxolod iseT qalaqebSi sadac Zlierigildiebi, anu TviTmmarTveloba iyo. es arCevnebi mxolod gildiebs Soris35aba Cven avtori xom ver mogvatyuebs: cxadia, aq mas SeeSinda, rom mkiTxveli Tavsdaanebebda wignis kiTxvas da avtors da avtor-egos mouxmo gadasarCenad. cxadia, romavtori ori kurdRlis daWeras cdilobs: Tan cota gagvarTos da wignis kiTxvis gagrZelebagvaiZulos, Tan mogvagonos, rom saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebSi Cavardnis 12 argumentsvkiTxulobT.59

tardeboda: isini irCevdnen qalaqis Tavs, qalaqis mmarTvelobas. oRond, yvela esTviTmmarTvelobiTi aqcia im hercogebis, baronebis, mefeebis da princebis nebarTviTunda momxdariyo, romlebic am qalaqebs an kanonierad, anda de faqto ganagebdnen.bevri ityvis, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosTan Zalian cota Tua saerTo, gardaimisa, rom arCevnebi ZiriTadad qalaqebSi tardeba, da isic yvelaSi ara. aseTiqalaqebi, sadac arCevnebi tardeba Zalian cotaa: Tbilisi, gori, SeiZleba quTaisi.soflebi ki mTlianad mowyvetilia am demokratiul fufunebas. TiTqos isic sworia,rom arCevnebi realurad iq tardeba, sadac samoqalqo sazogadoeba, Cven romgildiuri vuwodeT, Zlieria. magram, gansxvavebiT Sua saukuneebisagan, metyviskritikulad ganwyobili mkiTxveli, es arCevnebi tardeba ara xelisuflaTaTanxmobiT, aramed maTi survilis winaaRmdeg.es TiTqos marTalia, magram saqme isaa, rom xelisufleba yvelafers akeTebsimisaTvis, rom arCevnebi zustad iseTi gaxdes, rogorc es Sua saukunebSi iyo: amisniSnebi 2002 wlis zafxulis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze gamoCnda: xelisuflebamar (da ver) gaiyvana moqalaqeTa kavSiri, magram yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, romkontroli ar daekarga. Semdeg es kontroli dakarga, magram DdRevandelsaqarTveloSi Suasaukuneobrivi arCevnebis uzrunvelmyofi pirobebi arsebobs daZlierdeba:rogorc amboben, xelisufleba naTelaSvils daexmara imiT, rom samxedronawilebis xmebi leiboristebs gadauloca. aseve, amboben, man gamoiyena Tavisi gavlenamaswavleblebze da ganaTlebis sxva muSakebze. marTalia, am daxmarebam naTelaSvilsbevri veraferi Sehmata (xmebis 7-8 procenti), magram “mogebulebSi” pirvel adgilzenamdvilad gaiyvana.mkiTxvels axsovs, rom mas Semdeg, rac nacionalurma moZraobam da leiboristebmagaimarjves, didxans mimdinareobda sakrebulos gauqmebis, an moqmedebis dawyebisgadavadebis mcdelobebi. es ar moxerxda, magram jerjerobiT araferi momxdara iseTi,rac migviTiTebs, rom xelisuflebam Suasaukuneobrivi arCevnebis Catarebismcdelobebze uari Tqva.mokled, arsebuli procesebi migviTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi arCevnebi mxolodqalaqebSi SeiZleba Catardes, garegnulad unaklod, magram mxolod imaTimonawileobiT, visac xelisufleba amis uflebas miscems. anu iseve, rogorc esekonomikis SemTxvevaSi iyo, xelisufleba aqac mowodebulia TviTon awarmoosamomrCeveli. iseve, rogorc ekonomikis SemTxvevaSi, deficituri produqtis60

warmoebisas, momxmarebeli iwarmoeba. es arc ise fantastikuri momavalia, rogorcerTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos.11. eklesia da masmediaalbaT, mkiTxveli Seecdeba am qveTavs gadaaxtes. Tuki man am qveTavs kiTxviT daara furcvliT miaRwia, mas sul ar gauWirdeba gonebis Tvali gadaavlossaqarTveloSi eklesiebis da religiebis mdgomareobas da Tqvas, rom Tu sadme arisSua saukuneebi, is rwmenis institucionizirebul formebSia. magram, minda giTxraT,rom saCqaro araferia. win saintereso socialuri deteqtivia, Tavisi damnaSaveebiT,gamomZieblebiT, mowmeebiT da bolos, msxverpliT:90-iani wlebis meore naxevramde eklesiebi saqarTveloSi, maT SorissaqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia, sakmaod gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi iyo.sabWoTa kavSiris damTavrebis Semdeg maT SezRudvebTan erTad is privilegiebicdakarges, rasac sabWoTa kavSiri aniWebda. amitom, daaxloebiT 95-97 wlebamderogorc qarTuli marTlmadidebeli, aseve sxva eklesiebi cdilobdnen Caweriliyvnensamoqalaqo sazogadoebis konteqstSi. amisaTvis qarTulma marTladideblobamraodenobrivi gavrcelebis gza airCia: maT gadawyvites maqsimalurad bevriRvTismsaxuri ewarmoebinaT da am simravliT daebrunebinaT is 70 wlis winandeli,Tu 70 wlis periodSi SeZenili privilegiebi. daaxloebiT am periodze da, albaT,swored am “raodenobrivi zrdis” gzis arCevis gamo, modis eklesiaSiganxeTqilebebis dawyeba: cnobili damrbevi vasil mkalaviSivli swored 1995 wlis31 ivliss gankveTes eklesiidan. am dros, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom qarTulimarTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavidan iwyebda arsebobas da mas swrafad unda gaevlo isetapebi, romlebic marTlamdidebelma eklesiam Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuliganvlo. sqizmebs da dapirispirebebs ganaTlebis da siwynaris etapi undamohyoloda 36 da a. S. magram, am procesSi Careva moxda. es Careva, ra Tqma unda, ariyo mxolod garedan mosuli – ar arsebobs warmatebuli Careva, Tu SigniT ar aris36Tuki dainteresebuli mkiTxveli basil mkalaviSvilis gankveTis oqms gaecnoba, naxavs, rommisi gansja xdeba marTlmadidebluri saeklesio samarTliT, romelic adreul SuasaukuneebSi Seiqmna da romlis oqmSi citirebuli nawilebic TiTqos zustad mkalaviSvilisSemTxvevisTvisaa dawerili. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imas, rom qarTul marTladidebeleklesiaSi 1995 wels swored is procesebi iwyeboda, ramac adreul Sua saukuneebSisaeklesio pirebi aiZula Sesabamisi saeklesio samarTali SeemuSavebinaT.61

amisaTvis mzadyofna – magram mainc – es Careva iyo is, ramac qarTulimarTmadidebeli eklesia Sua saukuneebSi gadaisrola, an, gnebavT, gayina:1997-98 wlisaTvis moqalaqeTa kavSirSi gaCnda idea, rom marTlmadidebelieklesiis politikaSi gamoyeneba upriani iqneboda. gegma Semdegnairad aewyo:xelisufleba miscemda marTladidebel eklesias SeRavaTebs, eklesias es moewonebodada mTlianad dauWerda mxars moqalaqeTa kavSirs. am proeqtis aqtorad xan Jvaniasaxeldeba, xan SevardnaZe. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is faqtia, rom am ideis xorcSesxma imparlamentSi daiwyo, romelsac Jvania Tavmjdomareobda.didxans rom ar gavagrZeloT, Sedegad miviReT saxelmwifosa da eklesiisSeTanxmeba, ramac eklesia politikis damxmared ki ara, politikis subieqtadgadaaqcia, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi iyo. anu rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, Cven miviReTsaxelmwifo, romlic Tavis politikas atarebs da eklesia, romelsac aseve Tavisipolitika aqvs. Zalian xSirad es ori politika erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba.magaliTisaTvis isic sakmarisia, rom 1999 wels saqarTvelos evrosabWoSigawevrianebis paralelurad, saqarTvelos marTladidebelma eklesiam msoflio daevropuli saerTaSoriso saeklesio kavSirebi datova. eklesiis da mrevlisurTierTobac ZiriTadad Suasaukuneobrivia: xSirad eklesiebs kanonieri qurdebi Tuyofili an axlandeli funqcionerebi aSeneben. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aqacsarwmunoebis administracias ar ainteresebs, rogor moipova fuli im adamianma,visac eklesiis mSeneblobisaTvis Tanxmoba misces. xSirad aseTi mSeneblobamarTlmadidebluri indulgenciaa da damatebiT fars qmnis amSeneblisaTvis, romelicmas Tu aSenebis momentSi ara, momavalSi mainc, samarTaldamcavi organoebisagan Tavisdasacavad aucileblad dasWirdeba.saeklesio sivrce sakmaod Caketilia gareSe TvalisaTvis, magram is Worebi TuCurCulebi, romlebic am tabudadebul kedlebs scdebian, Sua saukuneebSi utyuariyofnis grZnobis momgvrelia: cxondeba Tu ara msaxiobis suli, mounaTlavi bavSvijojoxeTSi moxvdeba da a. S. es is Temebia, razec dRes saqarTvelosmarTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi azrovneben. sul sxva Temaa isdarRvevebi, romlis gamoc sasuliero pirebis saqmeebi samarTaldamcav organoebSixvdeba _ humanitaruli saqonlis komerciul fasebSi gayidva da a. S. aseve, xSiriamiTqma-moTqma marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi mravalricxovani dajgufebebisa da rusulispecsamsaxurebis mWidro kavSiris Sesaxeb. mokled, am yvelafers im droSigadavyavarT, rodesac eklesia yalibdeboda rogorc organizmi da sazogadoebrivi62

sivrce, oRond ara qarTuli istoriisa, aramed evropis istoriis monakveTisa,rodesac gabatonebuli eklesia zogierTi Crdiloevropuli qveynisaTvis politikurmowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda 37 .iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, dResac gabatonebuli eklesia saeroxelisfulebis sawinaaRmdegod iqceva da sawinaaRmdego gzavnilebs avrcelebs.religiuri eqstremizmi, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi monawileoba, damnaSaveebismfarveloba – es yvelaferi aris is, rac Sua saukuneebis eklesias axasiaTebs.gamosavali, romlic evropaSi axali drois dadgomasTan erTad ipoves, da ramacgadamwyveti mniSvneloba moaxdina rogorc evropis saxelmwifoebis, aseve evropulieklesiebis Camoyalibebaze – gadaaqcia isini konkretuli adamianis cxovrebaze dasocialur problemebze orientirebulad – iyo reformacia. Tuki qarTulimarTlamdidebeli eklesia ar Seicvala, ar moxda misi Sinagani cvlileba, reformaciagardauvalia. gardauvalia Tundac imitom, rom sabolood TviTon saxelmwifodaiwyebs reformaciis xelSewyobas. sxva finali Sua saukuneebis am scenars ara aqvs,Tuki Sua saukuneebidan gamosvla unda moxdes. Sua saukuneebSi darCenis an Sua37aq mkiTxvels, ra Tqma unda, SeniSvna da kiTxva gauCndeba: mkiTxveli ikiTxavs: ki magram,es avtori, Tavisi avtor-egoTi, am evropul Sua saukuneebs rom gvaxvevs Tavs, sad arisCveni erovnuli, qarTuli Sua saukuneebi? es xom cxadia, raki saqarTvelo varT, Suasaukuneebic Cveni unda iyos – rkiniseburi, argumentirebuli nacionalizmi gamoereodamkiTxvels azrSi. avtori avtor-egos mier uflebamosilia ganacxados, rom Sua saukuneebSisaqarTvelo arc cxovrebis wesiT da arc arsebuli institutebiT, arc socialuri fenebiTar iyo evropuli qveyana. is SeiZleboda gangvexila rogorc sazRvarze mdgomi, andaaRmosavluri, anda gansakuTrebulad qarTuli, magram, aramc da aramc, evropuli qveyana. masSemdeg saqarTveloSi evropa ara mxolod ruseTis gavliT, aramed, pirdapirac Semovida. isicunda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSiri marTalia diqtatura iyo, magram evropuli, kanonze da araaRmosavlurad mTlianad pirovnebaze damyarebuli. anu XVIII saukunidan saqarTvelo nelnelaevropul qveyanad gadaiqca, anu daSorda Tavis warsuls. institutebi, socialurifenebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi evropuli gaxda. Sesabamisad, rodesac XX saukunisbolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi qveyana Sua saukuneebSi gadavarda, is ver gadavardeboda iq,sadac gadasavardni ar hqonda – “namdvil”, istoriul, qarTul Sua saukuneebSi. isgadavarda im Sua saukuneebSi, rac axlandel, evropis nawil, evropuli institutebis daRirebulebebis saqarTvelos unda hqonoda. (avtor-egom Caicina, warmoidgina rainteleqtualebis siame da politologebis aRSfoTeba am abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg. xoloSemdeg gaicina, warmoidgina ra inteleqtual-politologi, romlic am abzacs kiTxulobs).63

saukuneebis/demokratiis simulaciis qanqarSi moxvedris SemTxvevaSi araferi arSeicvleba.Tumca, iseTi scenaric SesaZlebelia, rom sazogadoeba mTlianadsekularizebuli gaxdes, xolo marTlmadidebeli eklesia iZulebuli Seiqnes erTerTireliqtis saxiT iarsebos, gavlenisa da mrevlis gareSe, manam, sanam fizikuradar gaqreba.cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi masmedia ar iyo, magram, iyo media institutebi,romlebic Suamavlobdnen saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. mediainstitutebis rols rogorc eklesiebi, aseve gildiebi, loJebi da universitetebiasrulebdnen. rogorc eklesiebs, aseve gildiebs hqondaT Temebi, romlebsac isiniexebodnen da romlebic maTi mediatorobis mandatSi iyo Casmuli, da aseve, iyoTemebi, romelzec maTi mediatorobis uflebamosileba ar vrceldeboda.es media institutebi awarmoebdnen ganwyobebs, viTarebebs, molodinebs. magram,iyo sferoebi, romelTa mimarT aranairi ganwyoba ar yalibdeboda, imitom, rom maTzearcerTi media instituti ar laparakobda. aseTi tabuirebuli Temebi ar iyo bevri:saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sida wesebi, eklesiis Sida da gare politika, saidumlosavaWro garigebebi mmarTvelobebTan – es iyo is Temebi romlebsac mediatorebi,eklesia da gildiebi, ar exebodnen, da romelTa Sesaxeb laparakis dawyebac axalimediatoris gamoCenas da gadatrialebis dasawyiss niSnavda. aseTi gadatrialebamoaxdina savonarolam, rodesac man arsebuli movlenebis axali interpretaciamiawoda mosaxleobas, aseve, ian husma, aseve, SeiZleba, luTermac. aseTi mediatoruliCarevisa da gamonaTebis kidev bevri magaliTebis monaxva SeiZleba.saerTo ki Sua saukuneebis mediatorebs da Cvens masmedias erTi aqvs: arsebobstabuebi, da es imdenad bunebrivad iTvleba, rom am tabuirebis uzrunvelmyofimeqanizmebi daviwyebulia, anda sruliad gamqrali. amitom, rodesac raRacis gamo,tabuze laparaki da mediatoroba iwyeba, es, rogorc wesi, seriozul cvlilebebsiwvevs, radganac yvela, vinc tabus arseboba icoda da amitom mis arsebobasSeguebuli iyo, erTveba momavali cvlilebis procesSi.saqarTvelos masmediaSi didi xania igive mdgomareobaa. arsebobs tabuirebuliTemebi. rodesac garRveva xdeba, es, adre Tu gvian, am tabudadebulis mkveTrcvlilebas iwvevs. aseTi Tema iyo kaxa TargamaZis droindeli Sinagan saqmeTasaministro, policielebis Zaladoba, prostitucia, ganaTlebis saministro da64

saxelmwifo universitetebi. maTma gan-tabuirebam am sferoebis Tu institutebiscvlilebebic gamoiwvia, an uaxloes momavalSi gamoiwvevs.tabuebi kvlavac arsebobs, dRevandel saqarTveloSi esenia – narkobiznesi,iaraRiT vaWroba, eklesia, kazinoebis (ukacravad, samorineebis) biznesi. albaT, maTigan-tabuirebac male daiwyeba. Sua saukeneebidan gamosvla albaT am SemTxvevaSitabuebis moxsnas niSnavs. gan-tabueba ar niSnavs kritikas. gan-tabuireba zrdasrulasakSi Sesvlis dasawyisia, rac TavisTavad cvlis garemos. Sesabamisad, sanam CvensmasmediaSi tabu iarsebebs, Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlaze laparakic zedmetia. Tumca,gan-tabuireba, tabusagan dacla, sasruli procesia da odesRac mTavrdeba. mTavrdebamaSin, roca tabuirebas azri aRara aqvs.12. saqarTvelos oligarqebi da biznes-jgufebirogorc ukve vTqviT, CvenSi, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, oligarqebi da biznesjgufebimTavrobaze arian mibmulebi. maTTvis jerjerobiT wamgebiania samoqalaqosazogadoebasa da sasamarTloze dayrdnoba. bunebrivia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebissazrunavia iseTi garemos Seqmna, rodesac biznesmenisaTvis sakuTari Tavisa dawarmoebis dasacavad saxelmwifoze dayrdnoba wamgebiani gaxdeba. Sua saukuneebidangamosvlisaTvis es “sayrdenis gamocvla” aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes, radganacsanam biznes-jgufebi ar gaxdebian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis “gildiuri” wevrebi,Sua saukuneebidan ver gamovalT.es gamosvla ki daiwyeba maSin, rodesac, swored imitom, rom saxelmwifosTankavSiri da omis ekonomika wamgebiani gaxdeba, biznesis subieqtebi daiwyebensamoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebasa da ganviTarebaze zrunvas. rodesac biznesmeniTavis fuls ara mxolod sakuTari biznesis dacvisTvis gamoiyenebs, aramed imkanonebis da struqturebis danergvisTvisac, romlebic zogadad biznesis usafrTxoda stabilur arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.magram swored am dros gaxdebian oligarqebi realurad saSiSni – raRacmomentSi isini aucileblad CaTvlian, rom maTze Zlieri ukve aRaravin aris damoindomeben Zalis demonstrirebas. amitom es iqneba erT-erTi pirveli damniSvnelovani safrTxe, rodesac Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlas daviwyebT.kiTxva, romelic am 12 argumentis moyvanis Semdeg unda davsvaT, aris is, Tu ragvemuqreba, rogoria ganviTarebis scenarebi da rogor aisaxeba Cveni aseTimdgomareoba Cvens garemoze.65

saqarTveloSi arsebuli Sua saukuneebidan orgvari gamosavali arsebobs daorive mcired gansxvavdeba istoriuli analogidan. TiTqosda cxadia arCevani: andarCena Sua saukuneebis qveynad, an axal droSi gadasvla, ZiriTadi sistemebismTlianad gamocvla da Tanamedrove saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba.meore, ufro dafaruli SesaZlebloba, aris kvlav Zalauflebis simulaciaSidabruneba. amis ganxorcieleba TiTqosda ufro advilia: sakmarisia is niSnebimovaSoroT sistemas, romelic man bolo wlebSi SeiZina, da kvlav simulirebulebissamyaroSi amovyofT Tavs. magram, imdenad, ramdenadac Zalauflebis simulaciebisocialuri garemos mxolod mcire fenebs Tu exeba, xifaTi da realoba imisa, romkvlav Sua saukuneebSi CavvardebiT, iarsebebs, da xSir SemTxvevebSi ganxorcieldebakidec. Semdeg, kvlav mosalodneli iqneba gamosvla da Tuki politikosebs dasamoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtorebs Soris ZiriTadi cvlilebebisTvis saWiro Zala daSesaZlebloba kvlavac ver moinaxa, kvlavac Zalauflebis simulaciebSi aRmovCndebiT.am Caketili wridan gamosvlis Sansi sul ufro da UufroO Semcirdeba yovelgameorebasTan erTad. bolos mivalT mdgomareobamde, rodesac sakuTar TavsaRmovaCenT mudmivad mimoqceuls Sua saukuneebsa da demokratiis simulaciebs Soris,gamosavlis yovelgvari imedis gareSe.samwuxarod, dRevandeli qarTuli politika ise gaewyo, rom masSi Zaliancota Zalaa Zireul cvlilebebze orientirebuli. ZiriTadi mowodebebi, romlebicgvesmis, gvTavazoben arsebuli xelisuflebis sakuTari TaviT Canacvlebas. esmowodeba ki orive mxridan gaismis, rogorc opoziciis, aseve xelisuflebis imnawilis mxridan, vinc SevardnaZis Semdeg apirebs mmarTvelobaSi darCenas.Sua saukuneebis kvalad, albaT, avtoris valia mkiTxvels universalurisazomi – anda filosofiuri qva SesTvazos, romelsac, iseve rogorc SuasaukuneebSi, albaT, aravin da veravin gamoiyenebs.66

V. politikosebis universaluri sazomi saqarTveloSi, sxva mis msgavs damimsgavsebul qveynebSirogorc wina Tavidan gairkva, gamosavali mxolod cvlilebaSi unda iyos. magram,rogor unda gavigoT, ra aris es cvlileba? bolos da bolos, mkiTxveliamomrCevelimkiTxavs, rogor gavigo, politikoss, romelsac me arCevnebSi xmasmivcem, sulerTia is maRali da aSS-Si ganaTlebamiRebuli iqneba, saSualo tanis daganaTlebiT biologi, Tu saSualo tanis da gaunaTlebeli, yofili sabWoTaprokurori, ra unda – cvlileba Tu sakuTari TaviT SevardnaZis Canacvleba? Tumca,albaT, SevardnaZis Canacvleba yvelas unda. maSin, rogorc gavigo vis undacvlileba, xolo vis ki – yvelafris isev ise datoveba da qanqaris Suasaukuneebi/Zalauflebis simulaciebi marTva? sakiTxavi ai es aris.politikosebi Cveulebrivi adamianebi arian, da amitomac maTdamigansakuTrebuli moTxovnebis wayenebas azri ara aqvs 38 . uazrobaa politikossmosTxovo ifiqros da imoqmedos mxolod demokratiisaTvis, ar ifiqros da araferiar gaakeTos sakuTari TavisTvis, karierisaTvis, aseve gaugebaria moiTxovo, rom manar ifiqros garTobaze da ar hqondes seqsi, rakiRa politikosoba airCia, yovelivepiradulze uari unda Tqvas da yvelaferi qveynis, demokratiis, partiis da a. S.msaxurebas daumorCilos.samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi oficialuri, da xSir SemTxvevebSi opoziciuripolitikac aseTi moTxovnebiT emaslaaTeba sakuTar Tavs da erTmaneTs. xelisuflebisformirebis wesi, sulerTia, saparlamento da samTavrobo doneze erTi da imave ramesgulisxmobs: oficialur politikaSi mosulebma ar unda ifiqron araferze gardapolitikisa, rac gamoixateba maT xelfasebSi da im samuSao pirobebSi, romlebiTacmaT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs. es meqanizmi yvelam icis da, rogorc wesi, miCneuliasabWoTa marTvis principis gadmoRebad, rodesac sistema aiZulebda politikoss,equrda da Semdeg am faqtiT “yurebiT eWira” 39 igi. magram es monetis erTi mxarea:meore mxare ki is aris, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazogadoebebi darwmunebulniarian imaSi, rom politikosi marTlac aseTi, saqmisTvis Sewiruli da asketi unda38 qvemoT vnaxavT, rom am gansakuTrebul moTxovnebsac aqvs Rrma da saxifaTo safuZveli.39am sistemas Tavisi naklic aqvs; dRes SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelas erTmaneTi uWiravs, aserom “yurebiT Weris” faqtma devalvacia ganicada.67

iyos, ubralod “eseni”, “vinc axla arian”, cudebi da borotebi arian, da mova dro,rom maT kargebi da keTilebi Secvlian.TavisTavad am bolo msjelobis diskursic miuTiTebs, rom saqme mTladzrdasrul gansjasTan ar unda gvqondes. meore mxriv, aucilebelia kiTxvis dasma,rom Tuki politikosebi “bunebrivad” arian karieristebi da maTTvis Wama da seqsicar aris ucxo, sad aris is kriteriumi, romliTac Cven unda gavigoT, vin aris kargida vin cudi? anu ufro zrdasrulad rom gamovTqvaT, vin aris is, visac arCevnebSimxari unda davuWiro?dRes saqarTveloSi ori politikuri programa ebrZvis erTmaneTs: erTni,romlebic amboben, rom mTavaria kargi xalxi movides xelisuflebaSi, nebismierimeTodebis gamoyenebiT, swori gamocdilebiT, da Semdeg daiwyos demokratiis daTavisuflebebis damyareba da meore, romelic ambobs, rom saWiroa dResve vizrunoTdemokratiisaTvis da TavisuflebebisaTvis, da mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebebimoeqcevian demokratiul sistemebSi, an daiwyeben amgvar sistemebSi moqcevas, isiniTviTon gansazRvraven, samarTliani arCevnebis saSualebiT, Tu vis unda hqondesxelisufleba.politikosTa am or jgufad gayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, imdenad,ramdenadac arc erTi qarTveli politikosi arc erT am programas srulad araxorcielebs. Tumca es ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom dRes saqarTveloSi mxolod esori politikuri programa arsebobs da sxva rac xdeba, aris meoreuli da amprogramebTan SedarebiT umniSvnelo.arc erTi politikosi da politikosTa jgufi am strategias altruistulimosazrebiT ar SeimuSavebs. orive taqtika xelisuflebaSi mosvlis gzaa. orive gzasaqvs Tavisi upiratesoba da nakli, orive Seicavs xifaTebs da xafangebs, riskebs dagarantiebs. orives hyavs Tavisi mokavSireebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi, rogorcmTavrobaSi, aseve mis gareT, politikosTa, politologTa, arasamTavroorganizaciaTa wreebSi, orive eZebs mokavSireebs sazRvargareT da poulobs kidec daa. S.saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc albaT yvelgan, politikosebisadmi midgomaorgvaria: warsulze da momavalze orientirebuli. warsulze mimarTuli midgomaukavSirdeba politikosis warsuls, mis gamocdilebas, mis wres da a. S. amSemTxvevaSi imas, Tu ras akeTebs an ras hpirdeba es politikosi sazogadoebas,naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. momavalze orietirebuli midgoma ukavSirdeba imas, Tu ras68

akeTebs politikosi da ra unda, rom gaakeTos, risTvis ibrZvis da a. S. iseve,rogorc arc erTi es damokidebuleba arc erT amomrCevelSi wminda saxiT ararsebobs, iseve ar arsebobs warmatebuli saarCevno programa, romelic mxolod erTerTigrZnobis gaRvivebas cdilobs amomrCevelSi; Tu cdilobs, is ganwiruliamarcxisaTvis (“moqalaqeTa kavSiris” bedi bolo, 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobisarCevnebze). yoveli kandidatis arCevisas gadamwyvetia, Tu romel midgomas TvlisamomrCeveli mniSvnelovnad, romeli midgomaa gabatonebuli qveyanaSi, da ara is, radReSi arian moqalaqeebi da rogoria maTi Semosavali.orive midgomas aqvs arsebobis ufleba, magram saqarTvelos pirobebSi, anu Suasaukuneebis daZlevisas, mniSvnelobas arCeuli gzis gardauvloba iZens da ara gzisamrCevis principuloba da sityvis kacoba. Tanamedrove qarTveli politikosisuniversalur sazomi unda iyos is, Tu ramdenad uzrunvelyofs esa Tu ispolitikuri programa ZalauflebaSi mosvlis universalurobas, anu sxvagvarad romvTqvaT, ramdenad gadis ama Tu im politikosis ZalauflebaSi mosvlis gza Cemi,rogorc rigiTi amomrCevlis keTildReobaze da dadebiT momavalze.pirveli poziciis (“jer Zalaufleba, Semdeg demokratia”) pasuxi am kiTxvazegaurkvevelia, radganac is Zalauflebis miRwevis gzaze rigiT amomrCevelTanTanamSromlobas ar gulisxmobs, da apirebs garkveuli jgufebis saSualebiT movidesqveynis saTaveSi. am SemTxvevaSi radikaluri reformebis gardauvloba saeWvoa xdeba,radganac valebs gastumreba unda, kudebs moSoreba da a. S.meore pozicia (“jer demokratia, mere Zalaufleba, anda, ukiduresSemTxvevaSi, orive erTad”) gulisxmobs rigiT amomrCevelTan TanmSromlobas da mascentralur rols aniWebs Tavis momavalSi. amitom, bunebrivia, am politikuriprogramebis dapirispirebaSi, rigiTi moqalaqis, qveynis momavlisa da keTildReobisinteresTa gaTvaliswinebiT, meore pozicia imarjvebs, ara imitom, rom meore poziciaunakloa, aramed imitom, rom politikuri pragmatizmis mixedviT iq moqalaqearsebobs, rasac pirvel poziciaSi ver vamCnevT.daiwyebs gaqrobas Tu gaagrZelebs arsebobas is xuTi ZiriTadi umsjelo 40azri, romlic saqarTveloSi rom arsebobs da faqtiurad kravs yvela diskurss da40 avtorma da avtor-egom bevri ifiqres, Tu ra sityviT unda Caenacvlebina pre-judice,предрассудок, Vorurteil, da gadawyvites, rom yvelaze kargi axali sityvis gamogonebaa,imdenad, ramdenadac aqamde arsebuli qarTuli Sesatyvisi “crurwmena” mxolod, nawilobriv69

teqsts, am proeqtebidan erT-erTis gamarjvebazea damokidebuli. es xuTiumsjeloba, romlebic Cveni qveynis yvela kuTxeSi da yvela gzaze gvxvdeba, imdenadzedapirze Zevs, rom maT arsebobas verc ki vamCnevT.asaxavs am azris Sinaarss. Prejudice naklebad aris rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli da ufro metad– ukritikod raimes miRebas da mis mixedviT moqmedebas niSnavs. Tumca, rogorc qvemoTvnaxavT, xuTi umsjelo azri, romelsac saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba upyria,semantikurad da istoriulad rwmenas ukavSirdeba.70

VI. xuTi ZiriTadi umsjeloba, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs1. kariera da karieraze mimarTuloba cudia. Tavmdabloba, mcireTidakmayofileba – maRali Rirebulebaa;es crurwmena/devizi ambobs, rom karieraze Sen ar unda izruno. is Senmogecema, Tuki Sen kargad moiqcevi. Seni kargad qceva ki aris Seni saqmisadmi, Seniufrosebisadmi erTguleba. Seni kargad qceva aucileblad dafasdeba. am crurwmenisyvelaze xSiri arekvla gvxvdeba mTavrobis warmomadgeneli politikosebisdiskursSi, romelTac xSirad wamoscdebaT xolme opoziciis mimarT – “magaT xomxelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba undaT”. aseve, arc Tu ise iSviaTia am umsjelo azrisgamonaTeba opoziciuri partiebis mxridanac, romlebic erTmaneTs ZalauflebisakenswrafvaSi adanaSauleben. cota xnis winaT Zalian xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesacJurnalistis mier braldebis toniT dasmul SekiTxvaze _ “Tqven xelisuflebaSi xomar gindaT mosvla?” _ opoziciuri partiis warmomadgeneli ibneoda da xSiradwiTldeboda.aseTi ganwyobis mizezi mnisvnelovanwilad formaluri da araformaluriganaTlebis sistemaSia saZiebeli. saswavlo wignebi da literatura savsea karierazeorientirebuli uaryofiTi gmirebiT da Tavmdabali, morcxvi dadebiTiprotagonistebiT. qarTveli mwerlebi da kinoreJisorebi, sabWoTa periodSi daSemdegac, gatacebiT asuraTxatebdnen am binarul opozicias.sabWoTa xelisufleba am umsjelobis damkvidrebas aqtiurad uwyobda xels.amisaTvis is socialuri kontrolis farul meqanizmebsac iyenebda. erT-erTi aseTimeqanizmi kanonieri qurdebis instituti iyo, romelic, rogorc zemoT ukveaRvniSneT, Tavmdablobas, politikaSi Caurevlobas, anti-karierizms, berul cxovrebasqadagebda.2. saqmis Cumad, CaZiebulad (siyvaruliT) keTebaa saWiro; gakeTebul angasakeTebel saqmeze yvirili, anu PR-i sircxvilia;aranakleb gavrcelebulia es meore umsjelobac, romelic pirvelidan gamomdinareobsda saqmisadmi upirobo erTgulebas qadagebs. aq isev wina debulebis damsabuTebelistruqturaa gameorebuli: adamiani imdenad unda iyos Tavisi mowodebis erTguli,Cafluli masSi, rom sircxvilia ifiqros anazRaurebaze an TviTreklamaze. es masTavisiT miuva, Tuki Tavs Seaklavs Tavisi saqmis keTebas. yoveli saqme arisTviTkmari fenomeni, romlis Rirebuleba maradiulia da is ar aris damokidebuli71

arc yoveldRiurobaze, arc istoriul pirobebze, arc anazRaurebaze. am umsjelobisanarekls da kvals Tanamedrove 41 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samsaxuris gamarTlebisideologiaSi vpoulobT: is, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi ministris xelfasi odnavTu aRemateba 100 aSS dolars, korumpirebulobaSi cxadad artikulirebulbrladebas arasodes warmoSobs. aravin kiTxulobs, rogor unda SesZlos ministrma,sxva, ufro dabalanazRaurebian saxelmwifo samsaxurze rom araferi vTqvaT, amxelfasiT arseboba. es ar warmoSobs sazogadoebriv wuxils da, Sesabamisad, argardaiqmneba arc Jurnalistur SekiTxvad, arc Jurnalistur gamoZiebad.aseTi ganwyobis safuZveli erTis mxriv, marTalia, socialuriindiferentizmia, magram meores mxriv, am ganwyobis ukan aSkarad Cans Tavis saqmesSewiruli adamianis/asketis landi, romelic mcirediT unda dakmayofildes, magram issaqme, romelic mas avalia, unda Seasrulos. aseve, aseTi landebis gamoa, rom arcerTi opoziciuri partia ar fiqrobs seriozuli programis SemuSavebaze, romelicsaxelmwifo moxeleebis anazRaurebas gazrdis. saxelmwifomoxelis/asketis/saqmisTvis Sewiruli adamianis sameba mkvidrad aris dafuZnebulimeore umsjelobaze.rac Seexeba sakuTari miRwevebis Sesaxeb laparaks – es qedmaRlobaa dasircxvilia. is, rac CV-s safuZvelSia, ar aris swori, imitom, rom qedmaRlobisniSania. yvelaze kargad sxvebma ician, rac gaakeTe, da saqmenman Senman undawarmogaCinos. ara sityvebma. miT umetes, Senma sityvebma.3. politika saSinelebaa. igi Cveulebrivi xalxis saqme ar aris. politikaSiar unda Caerio (dauSvebelia vinmes _ mag., studentebis _ politizireba);politizacia uaryofiTi, lamis eSmakeuli cnebaa;bunebrivia, wina ori umsjelobidan pirdapir gamomdinareobs azri, rom politika –es gansakuTrebuli adamianebis saqmea, romelic arc unda gansajo, arc unda CaeriomasSi. RmerTma dagvifaros xelisuflebaSi mosvlis an misi mopovebis survilisagan.politikas miaRwev, Tuki mTeli cxovreba Tavdauzogavad iSromeb, Tavs Seaklavsaqmes. bolos cidan etli mogevlineba da zecaSi agiyvans, sadac iseTivedamsaxurebis xalxSi, rogoric Sen xar, poveb adgils. manam, sanam es ar moxdeba,uzneobaa zecaSi asvlis survili. kidev ufro meti saSinelebaa, Tuki vinmes41 saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi am sityvis gamoyeneba am wignSi TandaTan sul ufro da ufrouxerxuli xdeba.72

axalgazrdebis gareva moundeba politikaSi – es xom igivea, rom patara bavSvebskama-sutra ukiTxo. politikaSi Careva mxolod garkveuli asakidanaa SesaZlebeli. esasaki ki namdvilad ar emTxveva studentobis asaks.garda amisa, politikaSi Careva gagsvris. sakuTar Tavs, suls dagaviwyebinebs.4. ar unda miiRo monawileba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. ar unda gaisvaro;aravis ar unda emxrobode, unda icavde samarTlianobas, obieqturobas;magram mainc, umaRlesi Rirebuleba – araferSi monawileobaa. mTavari sazrunavi Senisuli da kulturulobaa 42 . ar unda gaisvaro yoveldRiurobaSi dasimdidrisken/cnobilobisken swrafvaSi. es uRirsi sacielia: am dros, bunebrivia, Seniviwyeb sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar Sinagan bunebas fulze cvli da hyidi.ufro meti saSinelebaa, Tuki gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi iReb monawileobas daambob, rom es asea da ara sxvagvarad. es calmxrivoba da sibrZnis naklebobaa.WeSmariteba mudam sadRac SuaSia, da mxolod SuaSi yofna aris Rirseuli adgili 43 .arc erT mxares ar unda aRmoCnde. radikalizmi miuRebelia da araferi kargi armoaqvs.5. sakuTari pozicia arasodes ar unda daafiqsiro mkveTrad, araferi ar undaSeafaso, gadawyvetileba ar unda miiRo;xSirad es umsjeloba saqarTveloSi radikalizmis dagmobis saxeliT aris cnobili.radikalizmi aris upirveles yovlisa imis gancxadeba, Tu ra mogwons da ra armogwons. es ki sircxvilia, radganac Sen ar ici (sanam ar gaizrdebi) ra mogwons dara _ ara. radikalizms, anu poziciis mkveTr dafiqsirebas moaqvs ubedureba, ZmaTaSoris sisxlisRvra. bolos da bolos sul ar aris saWiro ibrZolo, imitom romyvelas yvelaferi miezRveba odesme.es xuTi umsjeloba tradiciuli qristianuli rwmenis, maT SorismarTlmadideblobis, interpretacias warmoadgens. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi esinterpretacia warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda sazogadoebis kontrolisaTvis daformaluri Tu araformaluri ganaTlebis da ideologiis saSualebiTsazogadoebrivi cnobierebis qvakuTxedad iyo qceuli.42 rac, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, eklesiasTan da “qarTul rwmenasTan” igivdeba.43aseTi cnobierebisaTvis idealur viTarebad qanqaraSi – Sua saukuneebis/demokratiissimulacia – moxvedra moCans.73

unebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi kaTolikur religias didi gavlena hqonda daisic warmatebiT iyenebda am gavlenas sakuTari politikuri interesebisgasatareblad. romis politikuri interesebi ZiriTadad patara saxelmwifoebiswinaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. germaniis samTavroebSi reformaciis mxardaWerissafuZveli swored politikuri interesebis Widili gaxda: bibliis sxvagvariwakiTxvis da zemoT moyvanili xuTi umsjelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma luTermamxolod imitom moipova politikuri mxardaWera, rom misi – religiuri reformislideris _ da politikuri subieqtebis interesebi emTxveoda erTmaneTs. esinteresebi ki mokled SeiZleba erTi fraziT gamovxatoT: avtonomiurobisken swrafvada gare gavlenisagan Sida politikis maqsimaluri ganTavisufleba.istorikosebi, sociologebi da kulturis Teoretikosebi am politikurifaqtidan gamomdinare Sedegebs sxvadasxvanairad aRweren. me ar daviwyeb kamaTs,protestantuli eTika Tu romis gavlenisagan politikuri ganTavisufleba gaxdaaxali drois 44 safuZveli, magram faqtia, rom amis Semdeg tradiciuliinterpretaciis politikuri gamoyeneba, romelic pasiurobisaken, umoqmedobisaken dasaero mmarTvelebisadmi upirobo morCilebisken mouwodebda, socialur cxovrebaSigamoiricxa.ra Tqma unda, axali interpretacia, romelic axal evropas daedo safuZvlad,ar mouwodebda qedmaRlobisaken, ampartavnebisaken da radikalizmisaken. is ubralodsakuTari qmedebis realuri Sefasebis, miznis dasaxvis da miRwevis, socialurcxovrebaSi pasuxismgeblobis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis da arCevanismniSvnelobis/gardauvlobis debulebebs amkvidrebda Zveli umsjelobebis nacvlad.saqarTvelos socialur sivrceSi umsjelobebi, romlebic zemoT aRvwereT, iseve,rogorc evropis Sua saukuneebSi, myaradaa fesvgadgmuli. isev da isev, Tu Cven mierzemoT naxseneb or politikur programas davubrundebiT, am xuT umsjelobas emyarebapozicia, romelic ambobs, rom me moval da cxovrebas gagiumjobesebT. gansxvavebiTmeore programisagan, romelic gveubneba, rom mxolod Cven SegviZlia sakuTaricxovrebis Secvla.Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tuki Cveni socialuri sivrcismosaxleTa umetesoba xuT umsjelobas Seupyria, gamarjvebis mosurne politikosma,44maT Soris, aSS-s safuZveli, romelic protestantebma aaSenes.74

imanac ki, romelic mTlianad meore, Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlis proeqtis momxrea,Tavis diskursSi blomad unda gaurios “qanqarisTvis” 45 damaxasiaTebeli elementebi.Sesabamisad, ar unda velodoT, rom winasaarCevno sityvebSi da dapirebebSi amor programas cxadad amovicnobT da martivad davadgebiT Sua saukuneebidangamosasvlel gzas.gamosavali isev gadawyvetilebis miRebaSia, romelic ukve TavisTavadewinaaRmdegeba CvenSi arsebul umsjelobebs da crurwmenebs, da mcdari arCevnisSemTxvevaSic ki mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba Sua saukuneebidan Tavis dasaRwevad.45 pozicia, romelic “Sua saukuneebi/demokratiis simulaciebs” Soris mudmivi qanqariskenaamimarTuli.75

VII. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, misi jgufebi, Semadgenloba, rogori unda iyosda rogori ar aris is dRevandel saqarTveloSi. anu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo, daara marto is, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris (Sua saukuneebis) modernizebul(regresirebul) versiad 46“eg iseTi kacia, erTi wesieriproeqtic ar eqneba dawerili”xalxuridRes ukve TiTqmis aravis ar epareba eWvi, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba qveynispolitikis da socialuri arsebobis aucilebeli komponentia. am aRiarebamde rogorcCvenTan, aseve dasavleTis ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSic, samoqalaqosazogadoebas rTuli gzis gavla dasWirda. marTalia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebiscnebis Zirebi da amosavali jer kidev hegelTan gvxvdeba, magram didi dro undagasuliyo, vidre samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifo/sazogadoeba diqotomiaSisazogadoebas Caanacvlebda.Tumca CvenTan samoqalaqo sazogadoebam gareSe TvalisaTvis ucnauri formamiiRo: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis farglebi emTxveva arasamTavrobo aramomgebianiorganizaciebis farglebs. bolo dros SeimCneva tendencia, rom samoqalaqosazogadoebaSi CaerTon ara mxolod arasamTavrobo aramomgebiani organizaciebi,aramed samoqalaqo aqtivistebic, romlebic ar arian romelime organizaciuliCarCoebiT SemozRudulni. magaram jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi saqme isea, romsamoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba emTxveva “samoqalaqo da moqalaqeebis uflebebisdacvis” cnebas. anu is, vinc icavs adamianis uflebebs da ar aris saxelmwifoorganizaciis warmomadgeneli – aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan moicavs yvela im aqtivobas daorganizaciul formas, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo: gildiebs, romlebic SuasaukuneebSi Seiqmna, qmnidnen rogorc profesorebi, aseve studentebi da vaWrebi,xelosnebze rom araferi vTqvaT. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris organizebulimoqmedeba, romelic ar momdinareobs saxelmwifo institutebidan da ar eyrdnobasaxelmwifo institutebs. Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawilebi, jer kidev46maT sayuradRebod, vinc, sruliad samarTlianad, amCnevs rom saqarTveloSi bevri ramSeicvala sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg, da miaCnia, rom es neli, magram utyuari demokratizaciisda qveynis sasikeTo momavlis niSania.76

Sua saukuneebidan, arian – profesiuli jgufebi, korporaciebi, uflebadamcveliorganizaciebi, da aseve, yvela is moqmedeba, romelic garkveuli mizniT warmoiSoba(ar eyrdnoba saxelmwifos romelime instituts) da Semdeg, am miznis SesrulebasTanerTad – qreba. qreba albaT imisaTvis, rom kvlav moaxdinos sxva mizniT gaerTianeba.ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifo/samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gansxvavebis mkveTri xazi gadisara pirovnebebze, aramed – institutebze. pirovnebebi ar SeiZleba iyvnenganmsazRvrelni iq, sadac institutebi da Rirebulebebia gamijvna-gancalkevebissafuZveli. Tumca swored pirovnebebi aqceven am gamijvnas aqtualurad.Cveni yurisaTvis am gansazRvrebas TiTqos ara uSavs, da emTxveva imas, racsaqarTveloSi gvaqvs, an riskenac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi miiswrafis.magram es samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebis xelovnuri da mavne SezRudvaa:sainteresoa, rom aseTi SezRudva xels maT unda aZlevdes, vinc ar apirebssaxelmwifos yvelganCamrevis da yvelafrismkeTeblis roli gauSvas xelidan.samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi imis Sebrunebuli viTareba SeimCneva, racliberalur/demokratiul qveyanas unda hqondes da saiTkenac miemarTebademokratiuli qveynis ganviTareba: “dasavleTSi” saxelmwifo arsebobs imisaTvis, romswored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebis moqmedebaTa kontroli moaxdinos, anuTvalyuri adevnos, rom maT ar daarRvion mTeli rigi kanonebisa da amiTmoqalaqeebis cxovreba ar gaarTulon. amisaTvis saxelmwifos gankargulebaSiamakontrolebeli da damsjeli organoebi da sabolood saxelmwifo negatiuriZalauflebis mflobeli xdeba: anu is zRudavs da ar qmnis, is Tavis Zalauflebasiyenebs ara SeqmnisaTvis, aramed farglebis, CarCoebis, sazRvrebis dadgenisaTvis.Tanamedrove idealuri saxelmwifo – sagadasaxado sistemebis CaTvliT – NnegatiuriZalauflebis mflobelia.77

amis Semdeg mkiTxveli kvlav sami dasasrulis winaSe amohyofs Tavs. eskonkretuli, pirveli dasasruli imaTTvisaa, visac socialuri Teoria ainteresebsda unda Cveni qveynis magaliTze naxos, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos Sua saukuneebidangamosvlis Tu gamousvlelobis mizezi.VIII. dasasruli pirveli – Zalauflebis mokle istoriasaerTod, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis evropuli da aSS-s istoria SeiZlebadaiweros rogorc moZraoba pozitiuri Zalauflebidan negatiurisaken: albaT,mxolod XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi iyo Zalaufleba is, rasac dRes ZalauflebadmiiCneven sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobiT. manamde, Sua saukuneebSi, is iyoformaluri, Zalauflebis mkacri da sastiki afeTqebebiT, da Semdeg – arisnegatiuri.is, rasac dRes Zalauflebad miiCneven arSemdgari diqtatorebi TavianTsizmrebsa da ocnebebSi, aris saxelmwifoSi mimdinare procesebis — dawyebuliideologiis formirebiT, damTavrebuli ojaxSi mimdinare procesebiT — warmarTvayvela saSualebebiT. anu es aris daaxloebiT iseTi Zalaufleba, evropaSi rom iyoXVIII-XIX saukunemde. es aris Zalaufleba, romelic qmnis, angrevs, ganmartavs, sjisda a. S. es aris Zalaufleba, romelic awesebs kanonebs sakuTari saqmianobislegitimaciisaTvis, es Zalaufleba met-naklebad Tanabrad aris gavrcobili qveynisyvela nawilze da misi kanonebis wamieri darRvevis winaaRmdegac ki arsebobs Zvirida mouxeSavi institutebi: sasamarTlo, policia a. S. es iyo is, ramac warmoSvakomunisturi partiis manifesti – igi warmoSva zewolam, romelsac Zalauflebaawarmoebda sakuTari proeqtebis ganmxorcieleblebze, da am zewolis Sedegadsocialur horizontze gamoCenilma kasturma sistemam.im dros Tavisufali bazari arsebobda rogorc saxelmwifos nawili da asevemsxvili kapitalic, YTavisi moqmedebebiT da ganwyobiT, saxelmwifos nawilad iyomiCneuli. Tavis mxriv, msxvil kapitalsac ar SeeZlo uari eTqva saxelmwifosTandaqvemdebarebul TanamSromlobaze, radganac misi bazari jer kidev saxelmwifosistemebiT, maT Soris sazRvrebiT da saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobiT iyoSemozRuduli.78

Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo XVII-XIX saukuneebamde warmarTvada procesebs,romlebic masSi mimdinareobdnen: rogorc ekonomikurs 47 , aseve ideologiurs –saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo sistemebiT da mkacri moraluri klimatis, anumoraluri sazRvrebis SenarCunebiT. amis yvelaze ufro cxadi magaliTiamerkantilizmis periodi, rodesac saxelmwifo Zalian mWidrod iyo bizneskorporaciebTandakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom praqtikaSi merkantilizmimeqrTameobas uigivdeboda, amboben, rom im periodSi es ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvisaucilebeli iyo. Tumca adam smiti, pirveli politekonomiuri TeoriiT, ukvemoiTxovda merkantilizmis gauqmebas. Zalauflebis istoriaSi es periodi imdenadaamniSvnelovani, rom evropis da aSS-s istoriaSi warmoadgens pozitiuri Zalauflebisbolo SemTxvevas.Zalauflebis tipis gamocvla pozitiuridan negatiurisaken ekonomikurijgufebis kvlav samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi dabrunebis Sedegia – es moxda maSin,rodesac didi korporaciebi ufro gaZlierdnen, vidre saxelmwifoebi da maT aRarsWirdebodaT saxelmwifoebTan sasicocxlo kavSiri. Sesabamisad, Sesustda moralurikontrolis moTxovnac, imdenad, ramdenadac Zlieri ekonomikuri jgufebis samoqalaqosazogadoebaSi dabrunebam cxadi gaxada, rom sazogadoebrivi filosofiebis(“sulieri” moTxovnilebebis da maTi aRsrulebis wesebis) sivrcec iseve (Tu ufrometi ara) mzardi bazaria, rogorc yvela sxva.am dabrunebis Sedegad – XIX da XX saukuneSi – cxadi gaxda sazogadoebrivisivrcis, anu samoqalaqo sazogadoebis topologia, romelic daiyo or – proceszeda mizanze orientirebuli jgufebad.dRes samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori tipis jgufisagan: is jgufebi,romlebic mizanze arian orietirebulebi, da isini, vinc procesze arian mimarTulebi.es dayofa, ra Tqma unda, iseve, rogorc yvela klasifikacia, pirobiTia, da Tukisamoqalaqo sazogadoebis socialuri jgufebis Seswavlas daviwyebT, saeWvoa, romzedapiruli gamokvleviT iq romelime jgufi wminda – mxolod mizanze an mxolodprocesze orietirebuli _ saxiT aRmovaCinoT. rodesac jgufebi da dajgufebebiiwyenen muSaobas, anu rogorc filosofosni ityodnen, aqtualurni xdebian,gonebamoqnili mkvlevari maT moqmedebaSi mizanze mimarTulobasac SeniSnavs da47aramarto gadasaxadebis dawesebis da amoRebis kontrolis meSveobiT, aramed didkorporaciebTan mWidro kavSiriTac.79

proceszec mimarTulobasac. magram me es klasifikacia Tavad klasifikaciisgulisaTvis ar momixmia: Cemi mizania principuli gansxvavebis monaxva, rac cxadaddagvanaxebs, Tu ra aklia Cvens sakuTar garemos da ra unda gaxdes misi aucilebelinawili.rogori xangZlivic ar unda iyos mogebaze orientirebuli organizaciiskonkretuli saqmianoba, mxolod misi miznis aRsrulebiT izomeba misi moqmedebisdadebiToba-uaryofiToba. magram es mxolod ekonomikis/warmoebis/biznesis sivrceSidakavebul organizaciebs da jgufebs ar exeba: mizanze orientirebulia nebismierilobisturi organizacia/jgufi, rogori iuridiuli formac ar unda hqondes mas.aq upriani iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom mizanze orietirebuloba SedegzeorientirebulobaSi ar unda agverios. yoveli konkretuli adamianis moqmedebaSedegzea orientirebuli da verc movifiqrebT da verc davasaxelebT moqmedebas,romelic aseTi ar aris: cocxali arseba cdilobs sakuTari moqmedebis Sedeginebismieri formiT miiRos – sasurvelia iseTiT, rogorsac elodeba.principulad sxvaa socialuri jgufis mizanze orientirebuloba: mizanzeorientirebuloba niSnavs, rom moqmedebas aqvs mizani, da es mizani iqvemdebarebsmTel process. procesis yoveli gverdiTi Sedegic ki an exmareba aqtorebs miznisganxorcielebaSi, an ewinaaRmdegeba amas. mizanze mimarTuloba homogenuri fenomeniada Tu rame ar emsaxureba miznis ganxorcielebis amocanas, is mas ewinaaRmdegeba.zemoT moyvanili ori magaliTi, rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba, aseve, lobisturic,swored mizans daqvemdebarebuli jgufebis moqmedebebia.magram sazogadoeba mxolod aseTi organizaciebiT/jgufebiT ar amoiwureba:mniSvnelovani adgili masSi procesze orietirebul jgufebs/organizaciebs uWiravT.es jgufebi (Sedegze orientirebuli) adamianebis kidev erTi samyofelia. es iseTiorganizaciebia, romelTa mier warmoebul saqmianobis process ufro metimniSvneloba aqvs da ufro metad Rirebulia, vidre mizani, romelic am saqmianobasaqvs dasaxuli. es iseTi saqmianobaa, romlis gacxadebuli, racionaluri,Camoyalibebuli mizani Zalian wvrilmania im SedegebTan SedarebiT, rac am saqmianobisprocess Tan sdevs.magaliTad: saqarTvelos erT-erT raionSi gaxsnili sportuli klubis mizaniakargi sportsmenebis aRzrda. sworad warmoebuli sawvrTneli programa da sportissaxeobis propaganda ki iwvevs axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawilis CamoSorebaskriminalur samyaroSi CaTrevis SesaZleblobisgan. aseve, adamianis uflebebis80

damcveli organizaciebis yoveli konretuli saqmianobis mizani konkretulia: ankonkretuli adamianis dacva, an diskriminaciuli kanonis winaaRmdeg brZola,romelic an warmatebit mTavrdeba, an warumateblad, xolo es procesi –warmoebuli PR kampania da a. S. _ mosaxleobaSi sakuTari uflebebis dacvissurvils iwvevs, zrdis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis moZraobaSi moqalaqeTaintegraciis xarisxs, rac sabolood mTlianad liberaluri demokratiis da,maSasadame, saxelmwifos ganviTarebaze axdens gavlenas.zemoT ukve vTqvi, rom Zalauflebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi safexuria mizanzeorietirebuli jgufebis samoqalaqo sivrceSi dabruneba saxelmwifo/biurokratulisivrcidan. es procesi aucilebelia Zalauflebis negatiurad gadaqcevisaTvis, anuZalauflebisa da socialuri sistemis im tipis miRwevisaTvis, sadac Zalauflebaaris ara mCagvreli, aramed Cagvris prevencia. amisaTvis ki sul mcire ori pirobaunda Sesruldes: 1. ekonomikis agentebi unda gaTavisufldnen saxelmwifospozitiuri (CareviTi) gavlenisagan; 2. ekonomikis agentebma sargebeli unda naxonsaxelmwifosgan ganTavisuflebaSi.saqarTveloSi politikosebi, zemoTmoyvanili daxasiaTebebidan da aRwerebidangamomdinare, jer kidev pozitiuri Zalauflebis Rirebulebebze arin mimarTulebi.SedarebisaTvis SeiZleba mokled ase davaxasiaToT Cveni socialurpolitikurigaremo: CvenSi negatiuri Zalaufleba arasamTavro organizaciebs aqvT,xolo pozitiuri Zalaufleba ki kvlav saxelmwifos xelSia. anu zustad imisukuRmadaa saqme, vidre ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveyanaSi unda iyos. es ki niSnavs,rom mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, Zalauflebis buneba mTlianad da radikaluradunda Seicvalos.Zalauflebis bunebis SecvlisaTvis ki ekonomika/biznesi unda gamovidessaxelmwifos mfarvelobidan. magram es ar moxdeba manam, sanam xelisuflebapozitiuri Zalauflebis matarebelia, xolo arasamTavrobo seqtori – anusamoqalaqo sazogadoeba – negatiuris. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes saqrTveloSiaravis ar mosdis TavSi bizness an biznesmens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawiliuwodos, imitom, rom isini ar arian da arc SeiZleba iyvnen negatiuri Zalauflebisnawilebi. erTaderTi pozitiuri Zalaufleba ki saxelmwifos xelSia.amocana am mxriv TiTqos martivia – biznesi unda iqces samoqalaqosazogadoebad. magram es unda moxdes – da sirTulec aq iwyeba – ara PR kampaniebiTda bizensmenTa Segneba-cnobierebis aweva-amaRlebiT – aseTi dasawyisi garda imisa,81

om Sedegs ar moitans, saxifaTocaaa – SeiZleba NGO proeqtebis bumis kidev erTsababad iqces – aramed Sesabamisi garemos SeqmniT. garemos Seqmna ki aris imkanonebis miReba romlebic uzrunvelyofen: 1. mcire biznesis umtkivneuloganviTarebas: amiT biznesmenad gaxdomis saSualeba eZleva yvelas, anu samoqalaqosazogadoebaSi pozitiuri Zalauflebis Seqmna iwyeba; 2. saSualo da did bizneszesaxelmwifo ze-kontrolis saSualebebis anulirebas: anu saxelmwifo dainteresebismxolod saxelmwifo dakveTebiT Semofargvlas.yovelive zemodTqmuli ki lobirebas gulisxmobs: mxolod sakanonmdeblolobirebiT aris SesaZlebeli, arsebul ZalTa ganawileba Sua saukuneebisakenmidrekilidan Tanamedroveobaze mimarTuliT Seicvalos. SeiZleba gviTxran,“yvelaferi rom miuSva” – Sua saukuneebidan Tanamedroveoba istoriuliaucileblobiT Camoyalibdeba. magram es mxolod istoriis magaliTia, da sul araris aucilebeli, ase ganmeordes Cvens sinamdvileSic: Sua saukuneebis evropaSi,rodesac Tanamedroveobis Camoyalibeba daiwyo, socialuri sivrce met-naklebaderTgvarovani iyo. procesi “bunebrivi” iyo imdenad, ramdenadac maT, vinc am processsaTaveSi edgnen – bankirebs da biznesmenebs – Zlieri poziciebi hqondaT dafaqtiurad, sakuTari uflebebisaTvis ibrZodnen. garda amisa, swored evropiserTgvarovnebis gamo es procesebi met-naklebad Tanabrad mimdinareobda dagaerTianebul winaaRmdegobas, Tundac Zlier politikurs, aseTive gaerTianebulifronti xvdeboda. dRevandel saqarTveloSi saqme sxvagvaradaa – Zalian bevri gareSefaqtori 48 saqarTvelos modernizaciis mimarT indiferentulia. TukigaviTaliswinebT, rom am faqtorebs emateba Sida Zalebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebianmodernizacias 49 “TavisiT” am procesis mogvareba, anu TanamedroveobaSi gadasvlaTiTqmis SeuZlebelia da dRiTidRe sul ufro da ufro fantastikuri xdeba.48maT Soris ruseTs ar uWiravs maindamainc gansxvavebuli pozicia.49maT Soris arian ara mxolod politikosebi (opoziciis CaTvliT) aramed biznesmenebic.82

dasasruli meore – maTTvis, visac maindamainc ar moewona da arc daujeraSua saukuneebTan analogiebs. Aam dasasrulSi demokratiis im axal ganzomilebebzeiqneba laparaki da Tanac mkiTxveli fantastikis Janris siuJetsac waawydebaVIII. dasasruli meore – rogor unda gaizomos qveyanaSi demokratiis yofnis,aryofnis da yofna-aryofnis xarisxiTanamedrove samyaros ZiriTadi problemaar aris nacionalizmi, is faqtia.problema isaa, Tu rogor unda iqnesmiRweuli liberalur-demokratiuli,sistema nacionalizmis pirobebSi.ernst gelneris suli erT-erTi demokratiuli forumis mierCatarebuli spirituli seansis dros (TefSis saSualebiT).bolo dros sul ufro da ufro xSirad ismis kiTxva demokratiis sazomisSesaxeb. anu ra aris is, romelze dayrdnobiTac SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ama Tu imqveyanaSi aris an ar aris demokratia. amisaTvis ki jer pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvas,ra igulisxmeba am SemTxvevaSi demokratiis cnebaSi.pirveli, rac XXI saukunis adamians mosdis TavSi sityva “demokratiis”gagonebisas, aris arCevnebi. anu viTareba, rodesac xalxi, moqalaqeebi sakuTarTanamoqalaqeebs parlamentis wevrebis, prezidentis, premier-ministris, kancleris dasxva msgavs Tanamdebobebze irCeven. rodesac yvela aseTi Tanamdeboba arCeviTia, maSinsakiTxi TiTqos garkveulia, da SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am qveyanaSi demokratiaarsebobs. magram ra unda vTqvaT maSin, rodesac am Tanamdebobebis mxolod nawiliaris arCeviTi MmTeli mosaxleobis mier, xolo nawili ki am arCeulebis mierairCeva, anda zog SemTxvevaSi iniSneba kidec? aris Tu ara es demokratia, da xom arSeiZleba warmovidginoT viTareba, sadac aseTi naxevradarCeviToba sruliadac arganapirobebs mmarTvelobebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianobas, andasulac aseTi mmarTvelobebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, raRac sxva mizezebisgamo principulad da gardauvlad usamarTloa?aseTi magaliTebi, rodesac umaRlesi mmarTvelobebis arCeviToba aruzrunvelyofs am mmarTvelobebis samarTlianobas, bevria. qveyana, romelSic CvenvcxovrobT, aseTi qveynebis siaSi mowinave adgils daikavebs. aseve, visac ar axsovssabWoTa kavSiri, minda vuTxra, rom mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSic arCeviTi iyo,83

ogorc aRmasrulebeli, aseve partiuli. arCevnebi sabWoTa kavSirSi daaxloebiTiseve tardeboda, rogorc dRes aWaraSi.magram, es aris viTareba, romelsac Zala da Zaladoba ganapirobebs. amSemTxvevaSi SegviZlia Tavi davimSvidoT, rom rogorc ki sabWoTa stilisxelisuflebis mier warmoebuli Zaladoba moixsneba, arCevnebi kargad Catardeba.yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi gavizardeT, msgavsi imedi gvqonda. araris gamoricxuli, rom msgavsi imedi hqondeT imaTac, visac msoflmxedveloba bolo10-12 wlis ganmavlobaSi Camouyalibda: maT mravali saSualeba hqondaT enaxaT daganecadaT Zalis da Zaladobis gamoyenebiT warmoebuli arCevnebi.magram, aranaklebia SemTxvevebi, rodesac “sworad” Catarebuli arCevnebiaSkarad diskriminaciul, sxvisi uflebebis damTrgunvel da sxvisi sicocxlisxelmyof xelisuflebas (e. i. Sedegebs) iZleva. aseTi arCevnebis Sedegebi aravis“brali” ar aris, magram faqtebi jiutia. aseTi arCevnebi iyo warsulSic da ar arisgamoricxuli, rom momavalSic Catardes Cvens da aramarto Cvens garemoSi.rogorc wesi, arCevnebis demokratiulobis sazomad damkvirveblebis angariSebigamoiyeneba, magram gamomdinare Tavad am institutis mouqnelobidan da Tundac Cveniqveynis im gamocdilebidan, rom 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi aWaraSisanimuSo wesrigiT mimdinareobda, aseTi Sefaseba ver iqneba Tundac minimalurisarwmunoobis matarebeli.metic, Tuki SevadarebT Tbilisis da baTumis arCevnebs, da vityviT, romTbilisis arCevnebi 2002 wels fardobiTad mainc ufro demokratiuli iyo, vidrebaTumis, maSin vinme SeiZleba mivides daskvnamde, rom rac ufro meti areuloba xdebaarCevnebze, miT ufro demokratiulia qveyana. sabolood ki am daskvnis avtori mivadebulebamde, rom CaSlili arCevnebi qveynis demokratiulobis utyuari niSania.es marTlac SeiZleba ase iyos saqarTveloSi, anu vinmem SeiZleba ifiqros,rom Tuki arCevnebi ar Catardeba, es Riaobis da gamWvirvalobis niSani iqneba. magramam SemTxvevaSi Cven yoveli qveynis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva kriteriumis dadgenamogviwevs, rac usasrulo Sromaa da veRarasodes migviyvans saerTo mniSvnelamde.amitom kiTxva X qveynis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb iqceva kiTxvad, Tu rogorgaizomos qveyanaSi aramarto demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZlebloba,aramed am gadawyvetilebeblis liberalurobac. anu ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, romdemokratiuli gziT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi amave dros iyvnen liberalurnic, ar84

arRvevdnen adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs, anda, rogorc XVII-XVIIIsaukuneebis evropaSi ambobdnen, ar unda laxavdnen 50 sxvisi Tavisuflebis sazRvars.imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvas pasuxi gavceT, kargi iqneba erTi mcire siuJetigamovigonoT, da misi saSualebiT movaxdinoT CvenTvis saintereso viTarebaSigarkveva.Ein Planet, Ein Reich, Ein VolkwarmovidginoT, rom X planetaze erTi saxelmwifo arsebobs.ucxoplanetelebma 51 isini sakmaod velur mdgomareobaSi aRmoaCines. davuSvaT, romucxoplanetelebi telepatebi arian da imisaTvis, rom TavianT qveyanaSi miiRondemokratiuli gadawyvetilebebi, ar sWirdebaT rTuli institutebis gamogoneba:yoveli maTganisaTvis maTi Tanamoqalaqis azri, zraxva, crurwmena da umsjelobacnobilia da isini telepatiuri dialogis saSualebiT – konsensusiT – iReben yvelagadawyvetilebas. amis warmodgena CvenTvis Znelia, magram sityvaze unda davujeroTsiuJetis avtors.Sesabamisad, ucxo (da ara X) planetaze socialur sivrceSi srulikonsensusi sufevs. Cvenma Tanaplanetelma zogierTma gonebasxartma adamianma SeiZlebadaaskvnas, rom am SemTxvevaSi teqnologia am planetaze ar unda ganviTarebuliyo.Tumca es ase ar moxda, imdenad, ramdenadac ucxo planetaze arsebobs universalurikomunikaciuri sivrce da problemebi, romlebic dedamiwaze socialuri daZabulobiTwarmoiSoba da xandaxan teqnikaSi povebs gadawyvetas, iq, im planetaze telepatiurverbalurikomunikaciis dros ibadeba da wydeba, rogorc im planetiskonstituciaSiweria: (“am komunikaciur sivrceSi potenciurad yvelamoqalaqis CarTvis SesaZleblobis arsebobiT”).rogorc mixvdiT, iq, ucxo (da ara X) planetazec mxolod erTi saxelmwifoarsebobs, ubralod metis saWiroeba ar aris. Sesabamisad, X planeta, sadac maT erTisaxelmwifo ipoves, maTTvis TiTqosda Cveuli aRmoCnda. magram isini gaakvirvavelurobis im donem, rac maT daxvdaT: daSlili saxelmwifo, mouwesrigebeli dadauregulirebeli politikuri da socialuri urTierTobebi, separatizmi,50orive, Selaxvis da gadalaxvis azriT.51 am planetis mimarT ucxoplanetelebma.85

danaSaulis maRali done, gabatonebuli meqrTameoba, socialuri da politikuriRirebulebebis devalvaciis procesi da a. S.amitom, ucxo (ara X) planetelebma gadawyvites gamoegonebinaT iseTisocialuri meqanizmebi, romlebic, marTalia, ver gautoldeboda, magramdaemsgavseboda mainc maT mSobliur sazogadoebaSi arsebul moqmedebis wesebs daodnav mainc uzrunvelyofda universaluri komunikaciuri sivrcis msgavsi raRacisarsebobas X planetaze. anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ucxoplanetelebs undodaT iseTisocialuri meqanizmebi daenergaT X planetaze, romlebic omebis, danaSaulis daqrTamebis gareSe uzunvelyofdnen sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, iseTi mdgomareobismiRweva surdaT, rodesac yvela monawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi da miRebulgadawyvetilebebs Tu yvela ar eTanaxmeba, aravin ewinaaRmdegeba mainc.pirveli, rac ucxoplanetelebis mikrokomunikaciur sivrces TavSi mouvida 52iyo X planetis saxelmwifos mmarTvelebis arCevnebis mowyoba. marTalia, Xplanetis mosaxleobas telepatiuri unari ar gaaCnda, magram isini kargadeqvemdebarebodnen ucxoplanetelebis komunikaciuri sivrcis mier gamoSvebulimpulsebs, ise, rom egonaT, es maT TavebSi gaCenili ideebi da konstruqciebi iyo.amitom es problema advilad gadaiWra: arCevnebi moewyo da X planetelebma airCiesmmarTveli organoebi. istorias ar Semounaxavs, Tu ra saxis mmarTveloba daamyaresucxoplanetelebma, magram raRac parlamentis da raRac prezidentis msgavsinamdvilad iyo arCeuli.magram cota xanSi ucxoplanetelebma, romlebic mcire drois Semdeg isevmofrindnen X planetaze, raTa Tavisi namoqmedaris Sedegi enaxaT (mogexsenebaT, azrsuWirs vakuumis gadalaxva, amitom maT ar SeeZloT sakuTari planetidantelepatiuri saSualebebiT gaegoT X planetis ambebi), arc Tu ise saxarbielosuraTi daxvdaT: zogierTi ucxoplanetelis azriT, X planetaze saerTod araferiSecvlila, Tumca zogi maTgani aRniSnavda, rom, marTalia, X planetelTaumetesobisaTvis yvelaferi Zveleburad darCa – anu policia isev ise Cagravdaxalxs, mmarTvelebi isev ise iyvnen CarTulebi qrTamebis aRebaSi, qveyana kvlav52mikros imitom, rom isini erT kosmosur xomaldSi isxdnen da amitom komunikaciurisivrce ekipaJis wevrebiT da xomaldis sazRvrebiT Semoifargleboda. kosmosurimogzaurobebisas ucxoplanetelebma aRmoaCines, rom azrs uWirs vakuumis gadalaxva. amaRmoCenis gverdiTi Sedegi is iyo, rom ucxo planetaze universitetebi ar arsebobs.86

gaxleCili iyo separatizmiT, mainc SeiniSneboda ramdenime cvlileba: 1.inteleqtualTa fenebis gavlenis zrda, 2. mosaxleobis ufro metigaTviTcnobierebuloba sakuTar uflebebSi, 3. ori Tu sami kanoni, romelicmmarTvelebs aiZulebda nebismieri informacia gaecaT msurvelTaTvis, 4. masmedia,romelic mmarTvelobis diqtatisagan Tavisufali iyo da amitom – saintereso, 5.mdidari xalxis raodenobis zrda – da mdidari kaci = Cinovniks – tolobisgauqmeba.Tumca, kvlav SeuZlebeli iyo iseTi mdidari kacis monaxva, romelsac arhqonda Zlieri kavSirebi mmarTvelebTan.magram rogorc mikrokomunikaciurma sivrcem daaskvna, es sulac ar iyo is,risi miRwevac maT undodaT: X planetis mosaxleobis didi nawili, 80-90 % maincisev Zveleburad, Tu ufro uaresad ara, cxovrobda. metic, X planetis mosaxleobamramdenime iseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo, romlebic mTels saxelmwifoSi garkveulijgufebis uflebebis gauqmebas/daCagvras iwvevda. es ki Semdegnairad moxda: arCeulmammarTvelebma, romlebic, marTalia, airCies, magram grZnobdnen, rom Semdeg arCevnebSimosaxleoba maT xmas aRar miscemda, daiwyes qveynis mtrebis gamogoneba imisaTvis,rom mosaxleobas sakuTari ukmayofileba sxvebze, da ara mmarTvelebis winaaRmdegmiemarTa. Sedegad maT referendumic ki Caatares, romlis Sedegebsac am warmosaxviTimtrebis uflebebi unda SeezRuda, da miaRwies kidec amas. Sedegad, X saxelmwifosmasStabiT umciresobebi iCagrebodnen da mTeli umravlesoba (anu visac kvadratuliyurebi hqonda) Tanaxma iyo daCagruliyvnen isini, visac mrgvali sasmeni organoebihqonda.rodesac SeZrwunebulma ucxoplanetelebma gamoikvlies arsebuli viTareba,aRmoaCines, rom im adgilebSi, sadac kvadratulyurianebi da mrgvalyurianebi erTadcxovrobdnen, referendumma uaryofiTi an TiTqmis uaryofiTi Sedegebi aCvena. Tumcareferendumis Semdeg saerTo dasaxlebis adgilebSic iseve iCagrebodnenmrgvalyurianebi, rogorc sxvagan.Semdegi nabiji, romelic ucxoplanetelebma gadages, X saxelmwifos nawilebaddayofa da am nawilebSi SedarebiT avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis SemoReba iyo.samwuxarod, nawilebis mmarTvelebs arCeuli mmarTvelebi niSnavdnen da amitomarCeuli mmarTvelebi maT mier daniSnul xalxs sakuTari ZalauflebisganmtkicebisaTvis da mosaxleobis CagvrisaTvis iyenebda.87

logikuri iyo, rom ucxoplanetelebs mdgomareobis gamosasworebladmikrommarTvelebis arCevnebi SemoeRoT. maTi azriT, romelic mikrokomunikaciursivrceSi Camoyalibda, mikrommarTvelebis arCeva makrommarTvelebis ZalauflebasSezRudavda, aiZulebda mosaxleobas ufro gaazrebuli gadawyvetilebebi mieRo damomaval arCevnebSi Tu referendumebSi sakuTari mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT miecaxma.am Sinaarsis impulsis gaSvebis Semdeg ucxoplanetelebma SeniSnes, rommakrommarTvelebis qcevaSi sifrTxilem iCina Tavi, opoziciurma partiebmaprogramebis momzadeba da PR kampaniebi daiwyes, xalxmac ufro didi imedebi daamyaraarCevnebze da a. S. kmayofilma ucxoplanetelebma xomaldi Tavisi planetisakenmimarTes da makrokomunikaciur sivrceSi CasarTavad gaeSurnen.garkveuli drois Semdeg ucxoplanetelebi isev dabrundnen, magram mainc ardaxvdaT is suraTi, rasac moelodnen: marTalia, mosaxleobis aqtiuroba gazrdiliyo– xalxi monawileobda arCevnebSi, ewinaaRmdegeboda makro da mikro mmarTvelebisZaladobas, magram, amave dros, da rogorc am samoqalaqo aqtiurobis gazrdismoulodneli Sedegi, umciresobis Cagvris moTxovnebic gazrdiliyo.marTalia, referendumebis mowyobas aravin iTxovda, magram Zalian gaizardamrgvalyurianebis cemis, angariSsworebis da uflebebis sxva darRvevis SemTxvevebi.marTalia, mikrommarTvelebis arCevnebma Seasusta makrommarTvlebis Zalaufleba,magram amave dros, Sesustdnen is Zalebic, romlebic adre mosaxleobis mierurTierTZaladobis SemTxvevebs gamoricxavdnen. mikrosivrceebSi policiamakrodaqvemdebarebaSi iyo da marTalia mTlad ara, magram nel-nela kargavdagavlenas.mogvianebiT am problemas X planetis mcxovreblebma TviTon mixedes damikropolicielebis arCevac TiTonve daiwyes. magram arc es aRmoCnda saSveli: xSiradarCeuli mikropoliciac iseve iqceoda, rogorc makro, ubralod, meti uflebahqonda, imitom rom arCeuli iyo: iseve arRvevda adamianis uflebebs da xSirad amdarRvevebs amomrCevlebis Tanxmobac erTvoda.Sesabamisad, ucxoplanetelebma cxadad dainaxes, rom sayovelTaokeTildReobamde (anu maTi planetis mdgomareobamde) kvlavac Sors iyo: marTalia,odnav gaizarda im xalxis ricxvi, vinc realurad monawileobda gadawyvetilebebisformirebaSi, anu imaTi, vinc inteleqtualebis, mdidari xalxis da biurokratebissimravleSi Sedioda, magram am procesma ukve uaryofiTi Sedegebis motana daiwyo:88

inteleqtualebma, mdidarma xalxma, biurokratebma erTad daiwyes arsebuliviTarebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunva. es gansakuTrebiT moulodneli iyointelqtualebisagan, romlebic manamde Cagrulebis/uflebadarRveulebis damcvelebida reformebisaTvis mebrZolebi iyvnen. cxadi gaxda, rom Seiqmna fena, romelsac arundoda mkveTri cvlilebebi da mzad iyo mTeli Tavisi cxovreba Cagrulebis dacvisada kanonmdeblobis farglebSi demokratiuli gardaqmnebisaTvis brZolisaTvismieZRvna.ra Tqma unda, maT es gacnobierebuli ar unda hqonodaT, magram albaTmiaCndaT, rom imdenad, ramdenadac maT sasurveli Tavisufleba miiRes, sxvebi amTavisuflebas mxolod maTi meSveobiT unda ziarebodnen. Sesabamisad, X planetazeSeiqmna viTareba, rodesac Cagrulebis dacvisTvis brZola arc win wavidoda, arcukan, is ubralod SenarCundeboda. es ki rogorc mmarTvelebs, aseve marTulebisnawils xels aZlevda, vinaidan marTulebis es nawili nel-nela da SeumCnevlad ukvemmarTvelebad gadaqceuliyvnennen, oRond gansakuTrebuli tipis. . . . . .ucxoplanetelebi TiTqosda CixSi moemwyvdnen: erTis mxriv, maT ar datovesarc erTi mmarTvelobiTi mdgomareoba, romlis arCevac ar SeiZleboda, magram meoremxriv, mmarTvelobebis xarisxi ar gaumjobesda da ise Canda, rom yvelaferi gayinvagaCerebisaken,arsebuli mdgomareobis maradiulad SenarCunebisaken midioda.saswrafod Seiqmna mikro-komunikaciuri sivrce, romelic dasawyisSi sakmaodWrialiT warimarTa: erT-erTi hipoTeza, romelic SemuSavda, moiTxovda, rominteleqtualebic da uflebebis damcvelebic aerCiaT – jer regionul, xolo Semdegqveynis donezec. meore hipoTezis mixedviT – gamosavali X planetis X saxelmwifospatar-patara saxelmwifoebad daSlaSi da iq yvelafris Tavidan dawyebaSimdgomareobda. ganviTarebis mesame modeli arsebuli sistemebis gauqmebas daganaTlebuli mmarTvelebis institutis SemoRebas iTvaliswinebda, eyrdnoboda ra Xplanetis cnobili moazrovnis, notalpis cnobil Txzulebas. samive es modelidamuSavebisas kidev ufro uaresi gamodga, vidre arsebuli:pirveli modelis ganviTarebis gaTamaSebisas aRmoCnda, rom arCeuliinteleqtualebi da adamianis uflebebis damcvelebi mTlianad gauigivdnen arsebulbiurokratias da TavisuflebiT marTvis Canasaxic ki moispo.meore modelma aCvena, rom sindromi, romelic maTTvis “kvadratulyurianebismier mrgvalyurianebis Cagvris” saxeliT iyo cnobili, Zlierdeboda da ZalauflebismTavari ganmsazRvreli xdeboda.89

mesame modelirebisas ganaTlebuli mmarTvelebis mesame Taobam iseTi teroridaiwyo, rom mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce TavisiT gamoirTo.magram, ra ucnauric ar unda yofiliyo, mesame modelma miuTiTa gamosavalze:ucxoplanetelebi ukve mixvdnen, rom mTavaria sazogadoebis didi nawiliZalauflebiT marTvidan TavisuflebiT marTvaze 53 gadarTo. Sesabamisad, maTTvissaWiro iyo TavisuflebiT marTvis iseTi formis povna, sadac, marTalia, mTlianadara, magram minimumamde iqmeboda dayvanili ZalauflebiT marTva. aseTi formismaxasiaTeblebi ki Semdegi unda yofiliyo: 1. mmarTvelebs ver unda enaxaT verc axloda verc Sors mimaval perspeqtivaSi piradi sargebeli; 2. marTva unda yofiliyodamyarebuli arCevanze; 3. mokle vadaSi misaRwevi piradi sargebeli, romlisgamoricxvac SeuZlebeli iyo, minimumze unda yofiliyo dayvanili; 4. miuxedavadzemoTqmulisa, mmarTvelebi marTvaSi sisxlxorceulad unda yofiliyvnendainteresebulni; 5. garda amisa, aucilebeli piroba iyo, rom aseTi marTva yvelasxva marTvis mowyobis modeli unda gamxdariyo, ise unda Seesisxlxorcebina igiyovel X-planetels.ra Tqma unda, mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce imis SesaZleblobasac uSvebda, romromelime aseT konkretul marTvaSi SeiZleba ZalauflebiT marTvis xarisxigazrdiliyo TavisuflebiT marTvis Semcirebis xarjze. magram arsebul struqturas,kanonebs da qcevis miRebul wesebs aseTi saxecvlilebis totaluri gavrceleba undaSeeCerebinaT. mokled, rogorc amas ucxoplanetelebi ambobdnen, unda momxdariyozrunvis institucionalizacia. marTalia, maT kargad ar esmodaT, ra azri iyoCadebuli am sityvebSi 54 , magram es sityvaTSexameba X-planetelebis srulaRfrTovanebas iwvevda.mas mere, rac es xuTi piroba Camoyalibda, ucxoplanetelebma daiwyes Zieba,Tu sad iyo SesaZlebeli am pirobebis ganxorcieleba X planetaze arsebulstruqturebSi. jer scades es makrommarTvelobis da mikrommarTvelobis donezeganexorcielebinaT. ra Tqma unda, sruli kraxi ganicades, imdenad, ramdenadac amdoneze mxolod ZalauflebiT marTva iyo SesaZlebeli, Sesabamisad, TavisuflebiT53anu rodesac marTva aris Tavisuflebis instituciuri gavrceleba: rodesac marTulebiaZleven mmarTvels Tavisuflebis instituciuri marTvis uflebas da instituciurad uflebaaqvT marTvis es ufleba ukanve daibrunon.54mogexsenebaT, ucxo planetaze telepatiuri makrokomunikaciuri sivrcis arsebobis gamoinstitucionalizacia rogorc calke instituti ar arsebobs.90

marTvis xarisxi katastrofiulad dabali iyo: ra Tqma unda, demokratiuligadawyvetilebebi miiReboda, magram es gadawyvetilebebi sakmaod Sors idgasamarTlianobisagan da, rogorc wesi, sargeblis miRebas emsaxureboda. imSemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac es gadawyvetileba samarTlianobiT gamoirCeoda, esSemTxveviTobis wyaloba ufro iyo, vidre aucileblobisa. sargebeli, romelsacgadawyvetilebebis mimRebni moelodnen, yovelTvis ar iyo uaryofiTi, magram amdoneze arafriT ar moxerxda arCevanis procesSi sargeblisken swrafvis minimumamdedayvana: nebismieri gadawyvetileba gadawyvetilebis mimRebebis mier axlo momavalSi,saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki Soreul momavalSi, sargeblis miRebis molodinebisurTierTSejerebiT miiReboda. Sesabamisad, marTva Zalauflebis gaziarebiT, gadacemiTda warTmeviT mimdinareobda.anu aravin aravis Tavisuflebas ar gadascemda: Tuki es ase xdeboda,Tavisufleba minimaluri iyo, da Tu kanoniT ara, tradiciebiT, crurwmenebiT,umsjelobebiT da SiSiT iyo ganpirobebuli. bolos da bolos, am yvelafrisdasaZlevad aravinac ar iwuxebda Tavs, Tuki es pirad sargebels ar exeboda. undaaRiniSnos, rom, rogorc wesi, ar exeboda.ucxoplanetelebi gasaWirSi Cavardnen. mikro-komunikaciuri sivrce verpoulobda gamosavals. zrunvis institucionalizacia vera da ver xerxdeboda.bolos ucxoplanetelebi mixvdnen, rom maT TavianTi gardaqmnebis impulsTawarmarTvaSi raRac mniSvnelovani gamorCaT, anu iseTi raRac gamorCaT, rac X-planetelebis cxovrebas gasdevda, mniSvnelovnad iyo CarTuli X-planetelebiscxovrebaSi, magram kvlav totalitarul-diqtatoruli iyo da Tanac erTsa da imavedros, dafarulic da zedapirze myofic.ra eqnaT ucxoplanetelebs! kidev erTxel Causxdnen maTTvis sruliad ucxosocialuri struqturebis analizs. sakuTar komunikaciur sivrceSic Caixedes, romzrunvis safuZvel-elementi epovaT. da ai, dadga momenti, rodesac mikrokomunikaciurisivrce abazanidan amoxta da evrikas ZaxiliT Semourbina kosmosurxomalds. maT rogorc iqna ipoves adgili, sadac zrunvis institucionalizacia iyoSesaZlebeli, da romelic TiTqos zemoTCamoTvlil xuTive kriteriumsakmayofilebda: es iyo ganaTleba. saqme is gaxlavT, rom mmarTvelobiTi institutebisgademokratiulobaze zrunvis procesSi ucxoplanetelebs gamorCaT is, rac Xplanetis sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZveli iyo, is, rac ayalibebda sazogadoebiswevrebs, uviTarebda ZiriTad Sexedulebebs da warmodgenebs, mokled rom vTqvaT,91

gadascemda im ZiriTad Rirebulebebs da idealebs, romlebic Semdeg sazogadoebrivda yvela sxva cxovrebaSi vlindeboda.ucxoplanetelebma gadaxedes ganaTlebas da didad imedgacruebulni darCnen:saqme is iyo, rom rogorc skolebSi, aseve umaRlesi ganaTlebis SenobebSic yvela imRirebulebebis da struqturebis daswavla/axsna xdeboda, romlebsac isini amdeniwlis ganmavlobaSi X planetaze wvalebiT nergavdnen: arCevnebi, xelisuflebisgayofa, pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis winaSe, qrTamis aRebis damRupveloba,sasamarTlos samarTlianoba da Zala, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, – es is iyo, rasacganaTlebis procesSi didi yuradReba eqceoda, SeedginaT saswavlo kursebi,maswavleblebi specialurad emzadebodnen am sagnebis swavlebisaTvis. magram saSvelimainc ar Canda. qveyana kvlav ixliCeboda winaaRmdegobebiT, separatizmiT daSeuwynareblobiT.is-is iyo, ucxoplanetelebi yureb, xeleb, fexeb, saceceb, borbleb da kud-Camoyrili xomaldis ukan, Tavisi planetisaken daZvras apirebdnen, rom ucebmikrokomunikaciuri sivrce kvlav ayvirda: marTalia, swavlebebis procesi TiTqosdasasurveli mimarTulebiT warmarTuliyo, magram TviTon organizaciebi, anuinstituciuri mowyoba kvlav totalitaruli iyo, anu yvela iniSneboda, sazogadoebaar iyo CarTuli aranair gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi (an CarTuli iyo mxolodgaSualebulad, ramdenadac irCevda imaT, vinc Semdeg ganaTlebis xelmZRvanelebsniSnavda).Sesabamisad, yoveli bavSvi, romelic skolaSi midioda, Tavs amoyofda iseTsistemaSi sadac mas araferi ekiTxeboda da mxolod viRacis davaleba undaSeesrulebina. mSobeli, romelic bavSvs skolaSi uSvebda, verc ki warmoidgenda, romramenairad Careuliyo saswavlo procesSi da sakuTari pirobebi wamoeyenebina. Semdeges bavSvi, romelic totalitarul garemoSi izrdeboda, xvdeboda sistemebSi, sadacmisgan arCevanis gakeTebas iTxovdnen. es ki misTvis rTuli gaxldaT da rogorcskolaSi da sxva saswavleblebSi iyo miCveuli, davalebis Sesrulebas iwyebda. arSeiZleboda imis Tqma, rom X planetaze ar arsebobdnen iseTi skolebi, sadacaramarto mSobels ekiTxvebodnen, ra surda mas, rom mis Svils eswavla, aramedmoswavleebis azrsac iTvaliswinebdnen, magram aseTi skolebi gamonaklisi iyo daaminds ver cvlida. X planetis mosaxleobis umravlesoba ganwiruli iyo saxifaTo,usamarTlo da umciresobebis damCagvreli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis, imdenad,ramdenadac mas arc arCevanis Cveva hqonda da arc zrunvis gamocdileba, anu mis92

kompetenciaSi arasodes Sedioda mis gverdiT myofis bedis gadawyveta: is yovelTvismisgan Zalian daSorebul problemebs wyvetda: mmarTvelebis arCevis sakiTxs, sadRacSors arsebuli umciresobebis beds. . . X planetis mosaxleobis gamocdilebiTmxolod ZalauflebiT marTva iyo SesaZlebeli. maTi gamocdilebis mixedviTSeuZlebeli iyo aramarto erTmaneTze, aramed sakuTar Svilebzec zrunvac ki: esviRacas, maT mier gaSualebulad arCeuls, unda gadaewyvita, TviTon ki amgadawyvetilebas unda damorCilebodnen.es TiTqosda problemis gadawyveta iyo, magram ucxoplanetelebma aqac kinaRamSecdoma dauSves, magram mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce risi sivrce iqneboda, es rom arSeemCnia: sakuTari ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis sruli Tavisufleba –anu aramarto maswavleblebis da mmarTvelebis SerCeva, aramed saswavlo procesisSinaarsis gansazRvrac – mxolod ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi SeiZlebaganxorcielebuliyo. amitom, ucxoplanetelebma gadawyvites X planetaze zrunvisinstitucionalizacia nabij-nabij daewyoT: jer mSoblebisaTvis damaswavleblebisaTvis miecaT skolis direqtorebis, maswavleblebis da damatebiTisagnebis arCevis Tavisufleba, Semdeg nel-nela gaezardaT sagnebis arCevis esTavisufleba da bolos mieRoT viTareba, rodesac yoveli moswavlis saswavloprogramis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas mSobeli, maswavlebeli da moswavle erTadmiiRebdnen. saboloo zrunvis institucionalizacia am gziT ganxorcieldeboda. amisSemdeg aseT sazogadoebaSi aRarc samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba iqnebodarTuli.skolis sistemis arCeviT institutad gadaqceva ucxoplanetelebisSemuSavebul xuTive kriteriums akmayofilebda. anu: 1. mmarTvelebi (romlebSicarCeuli mSoblebi umravlesoba unda yofiliyo) ver naxulobdnen verc axlo daverc Sors mimaval perspeqtivaSi pirad sargebels: maTi gadawyvetilebebi exebodamaT Svilebs; 2. marTva arCevanze iyo damyarebuli – mmarTvelebi irCevdnen swavlebisganmxorcieleblebs da swavlebis mimarTulebebs; 3. ra Tqma unda, piradi gamorCenaSesaZlebeli iyo, Tundac skolis saxsrebis gamoyeneba piradi miznebisaTvis, magram amSemTxvevaSi sxva mSoblebis mxridan kontrolis meqanizmi amoqmeddeboda. garda amisa,nakleb mosalodneli iyo, rom romelime mSobeli sakuTari bavSvis momavals TavisigamorCenis mizniT sasworze Seagdebda; 4. imdenad, ramdenadac saqme mmarTvelebisbavSvebs exeboda, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, mmarTvelebi marTvaSi sisxlxorceuladiyvnen dainteresebulebi; 5. aseTi marTva, anu marTva, ganpirobebuli zrunvis93

institucionalizaciiT, yvela sxva marTvis mowyobis modeli gaxda: skolismoswavleebi socializaciis pirveli nabijebidanve eCveodnen arCevas da zrunvas.zrunviT da TavisuflebiT marTviT ganpirobebuli qceva X sazogadoebis safuZvladiqca.es yvelaferi ar uzrunvelyofda, ra Tqma unda, arc ZalauflebiT marTvisSesustebas da arc problemebis gaqrobas. magram sazogadoebis mowyobis safuZveli,romlic totalitaruli iyo, zrunvaze da arCevanze damyarebuli gaxda, ramac Xsazogadoeba maqsimalurad dauaxlova ucxo planetis makrokomunikaciur sivrces.zrunvis institucionalizacia iyo garanti, rom mcire (erT jgufSi, qvesazogadoebaSi)da didi (planetis masStabiT) gadawyvetilebebi samarTlianobasTanmaqsimalurad yofiliyo miaxloebuli. e. w. “saSualo”, konkretul-mmarTvelobiTigadawyvetilebebi X planetaze, ra Tqma unda, kvlav rCeboda problematurad, radgansubieqtebis angarebisagan da ZalauflebiT marTvisagan ganTavisufleba SeuZlebelia.metic, es arc aris saWiro, radganac, swored individualuri Tavisufleba ariszrunvis institucionalizaciis SesaZlebloba 55 .meore mxare, romelic mikrokomunikaciurma sivrcem aRmoaCina da romelicaseve gamorCa mas sareformo impulsebis siidan, iyo masobrivi komunikaciisa dainformaciis saSualebebi, rac uaxloes momavalSi ganaTlebasTan erTad meoreyvelaze mniSvnelovani instituti unda gamxdariyo masSi CarTuli mosaxleobisraodenobis mixedviT. marTalia, teqnikis ganviTarebas sul male Tavad undauzrunveleyo saiformacio sivrcis demokratiuloba da arCeviTobaze damyareba,magram sanam es “sul male” dadgeboda, televizia rCeboda sazogadoebis formirebis55bunebrivia, qarTvel mkiTxvels ramdenime eWvi gauCndeba, rac dakavSirebulia, ZiriTadad,separatizmTan, anu somxebi somex direqtors airCeven, azerebi azerbaijanels da a. S. racsabolood qarTul enaze mimdinare ganaTlebas sul gaauqmebs. am Tvalsazrisis damcvelebsminda vuTxra, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri somxebiT dasaxlebul regionSi –samcxe-javaxeTSi somxuri ganaTlebis sistema ki ar ejibreba qarTuls, aramed rusuli, daisic imitom, rom regionis mcxovreblebi sakuTar momavals ruseTs ukavSireben da arasaqarTvelos. saqarTvelos mmarTveloba ki yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelozeorientacia mouspos am regionis moqalaqeebs – dawyebuli gzis SeukeTeblobiT,damTavrebuli im mxareSi navTobsadenis milis gayvanaze uaris TqmiT, risi faruliargumentic aris, rom “iq somxebi cxovroben”. .94

Zalian mniSvnelovan instrunmentad, magram ara Sinaarsis mixedviT 56 , aramedmravalferovnebiT da mraval potenciur momxmarebelze orientaciiT. es problema,bunebrivia, telegadacemebis uzrunvelmyofi resursebis arCevanze damyarebuligamanawilebeli sistemiT unda gadawyvetiliyo.sainformacio komunikaciis momavali bedi, ucxoplanetelebis varaudiT,waagavda saskolo ganaTlebisas: aqac, momavalSi TiToeul moqalaqes miecemodasaSualeba gadaewyvita, romeli arxebisaTvis da sainformacio sistemebisaTvisedevnebina Tvali, da TviTon Seedgina, magaliTad, sakuTari satelevizio programa.magram, iseve rogorc ganaTlebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac saWiro iyo sawyisi pirobebisSeqmna, romelic Semdeg axal stadiaze gadasvlas gaaadvilebda.ucxoplanetelebi mixvdenen, rom amis metis gakeTebas isini ver SeZlebdnen,rom es iyo maTi planetis da X planetis msgavsebis maqsimumi. SvebiT amoisunTqes dagauCinardnen.56rogorc es X planetis zogierT politikoss egona, rom satelevizio gadacemebzecenzuris dawesebiT SesaZlebeli iyo mavne zegavlenisagan sazogadoebis dacva.95

mesame dasasruli – maTTvis visac male unda es wigni damTavrdes, Tanac ise,rom cxadi warmodgena hqondes, ra aris avtoris azriT saqarTveloSi gasakeTebeliimisaTvis, rom Sua saukuneebis 12 niSani sabolood daiZlios. amave dros esdasasruli gankuTvnilia imaTTvisac, visac demokratiis da saxelmwifos marTvisSesaxeb didi wignebis kiTxva uyvars.VIII. dasasruli mesame – aleqsis de tokvilis winaaRmdegdemokratiulobis Tanamedrove sazomi principulad igivea, rac 150 wliswinaT iyo da mis ucvlel wyaros aleqsis de tokvilis “demokratia amerikaSi”warmoadgens. bunebrivia, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi kriteriumebis ucvleloba eWvsunda iwvevdes, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, dRemde politikuri mecniereba tokvilisSemuSavebuli struqturiT xelmZRvanelobs.rogorc cnobilia, tokvilisaTvis, mis mier safrangeTSi dakavebuliTanamdebobis gamo, amerikuli demokratiis Sefasebis sababic da empiriuliamosavalic penitencialuri sistema iyo, ufro zustad ki cixeebi, romelTaSeswavlac misi da misi megobari bomonis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamgzavrebisoficialuri sababi Seiqna. Sesabamisad, iuridiul sistemas mis wignSi “demokratiaamerikaSi” gadamwyveti adgili uWiravs: pirveli wigni mTlianad eZRvneba qveynisfederalur mowyobas da sasamarTlo sistemas. meore nawili sazogadoebisstruqturis aRweraa. meore wignis sagania demokratiis gavlena yoveli amerikeliscxovrebaze, demokratiis gavlena inteleqtualur cxovrebaze, amerikelebisgrZnobebze, Cvevebze, politikur sazogadoebaze.Tanamedrove politikuri Teoria am, tokvilis mier dasaxul, paradigmas argascilebia: XX saukuneSi demokratiis da ekonomikuri sistemebis urTierTobisganxilvac ar midis Sors tokvilisagan (Tavi: “rogor aZvireben miwis rentas daamcireben miwis rentis vadebs demokratiuli institutebi da Cvevebi” da sxva).anu Tanamedrove politikuri Teoria, demokratiis aRwerisas, Sefasebisas dadagegmvisasac ki, isev tokvilis mier SemuSavebuli paradigmiT xelmZRvanelobs.ra Tqma unda, tokvili wers ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. metic, misTvis didimniSvneloba aqvs samoqalaqo ganaTlebas (rogorc Cven mas dRes vuwodebT) da didisimpatiiT laparakobs amerikelebis unarze, Tavisuflad da naTlad ilaparakonsakuTari qveynis konstituciur safuZvlebze, sakuTar uflebebze, maTi sistemis96

upiratesobaze, amerikelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel azris SemuSavebisa da gamoTqmiswesebze 57 . magram is gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ganaTlebis Sinaarss aniWebs, rogorcTanamedrove politikis mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa umetesoba, da arafers ambobsganaTlebis organizaciis Sesaxeb.Tumca, impliciturad, ra Tqma unda, rodesac is TviTmmarTvelobazelaparakobs, igulisxmeba, rom ganaTlebis organizaciaSic TviTmmarTvelobis xarisximaRali unda iyos. magram es Tema (ganaTlebis TviTmmarTveloba) wignSi “demokratiaamerikaSi” sruliad ar aris Tematizebuli.aseve, imdenad, ramdenadac informaciul-teqnologiuri sivrcis cnebatokvilis dros saerTod ar arsebobda, ubralod, sainformacio eleqtronulisaSualebebis ararsebobis gamo, tokvili arafers ambobs sainformacio saSualebebisflobis da ganawilebis demokratiuli principebis aucileblobaze.es arc aris gasakviri: XX saukunemde demokratiis da, saerTod,demokratiuli mmarTvelobis problema iyo iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, romelsacunda Seeqmna sayovelTao CarTulobis uzrunvelmyofi marTvis instituti. im droseklesiis garda ar arsebobda arcerTi socialuri da administraciuli erTeuli,romelSic mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba rogorc tradiciis ZaliT, aseve iZulebiTiqneboda CarTuli. Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebis sistemebidan Tanamedroveobazegadasvlis dasaxuli politikuri amocana eklesiis tradiciuli Sinaarsis Secvlisgarda, marTvis iseTi sistemis SemoReba iyo, romelic yoveli moqalaqis pirdapirmonawileobas uzrunvelyofda.amis miRweva, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiisTvistradiciuli eTikuri normebis ZiriTadi interpretaciebis SecvliT. ramac, Tavismxriv, iseTi religiebis popularobas Seuwyo xeli, romlebic azris gamoxatvisSezRudvebisagan maqsimalurad Tavisufalni iyvnen. meore mxriv, iseTi religiebi,romlebsac Sinaganad aseTi gademokratiuloba ar SeeZloT, maqsimalurad Ria gaxdnengare samyarosadmi (mag., kaTolicizmi, anglikanuri eklesia). Sesabamisad, eklesiebiase Tu ise gademokratiuldnen, maTi gavlena da Zalaufleba demokratiis samsaxurSiCadga. eklesiis problema moixsna, religia da religiuri ganwyobebi samarTlianad57ix. Tavebi: wigni I, nawili II: “rogor exmareba demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebasamerikelebis ganmanaTlebloba, Cvevebi da praqtikuli gamocdileba”; wigni II nawili III:“SeerTebul StatebSi gogonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb”.97

iqcnen qveynis da demokratiulobis kriteriumad. esec swored tokvilisdamsaxurebaa, romelmac mniSvnelovani adgilebi miuZRvna eklesiis da religiebisrols demokratiuli sazogadoebis aRwerisas. dResac saerTaSoriso organizaciebisfokusirebis erT-erT punqtad (sruliad samarTlianad) aRmsareblobis TavisuflebaamiCneuli.magram Semdeg, rogorc Cans, Cvens samyaroSi viTareba Seicvala: gaCndaramdenime instituti, romelmac mTlianad da maqsimalurad, rogorc Cans, iseve,rogorc adre eklesiam, moicva qveynis mosaxeloba. zogadi ganaTlebisuniversalurobis principma unitarul saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo Camoyalibeba da mizani,rogorc wesi, ideologiis gavrceleba da biurokratiuli aparatis uzrunvelyofaiyo. damatebiTma faqtorebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad, nacionalizmi da sabazroekonomika, zogad ganaTlebaze moTxovnileba sayovelTao da aucilebeli gaxada.zogadi ganaTlebis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomobis safuZveli demokratiuli tipismoTxovnaa, rom yvelam icodes is, ris gareSec mas gauWirdeba Tanamedrove samyaroSicxovreba. meore mxriv, zogadi ganaTlebis sistema, rogorc sayovelTao instituti,sakmaod erTmmarTvelur anda TviTmmarTvelobamoklebul saxelwifoebSi gaCnda.Sesabamisad, TiTqosda TavisTavad igulisxmeboda, rom zogadi ganaTlebismmarTveloba centralizebuli an centralizebulTan miaxloebuli unda yofiliyo.amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom zogadi ganaTlebis dabadebidan yuradRebamis Sinaarss eqceoda da ara mis mowyobas 58 . anu is, rom sakmaod Znelia aswavlodemokratiulobis da pasuxismgeblobis unar-Cvevebi sistemaSi, romelicerTmmarTvelobas da pasuxismgeblobebis urTierTmiweras emyareba, jerac ar arissocialurad da amitom inteleqtualurad cxadi idea. Tumca es winaaRmdegobaempiriul doneze gacnobierebulia da ganaTlebis im sistemebSi, sadacTviTmmarTvelobis principebi ar arsebobs, an arasruladaa ganxorcielebuli,negatiuri pasuximgeblobis meqanizmebia danergili 59 .daaxloebiT asevea saqme komunikaciebis sferoSi: absoluturad demokratiulimeqanizmis – internetis ganviTareba – male saSualebas miscems am qselSi yovel58socialur struqturebSi Sinaarsis da formis Sesabamisoba sakmaod axali ideaa da maszeyuradRebis gamaxvileba ZiriTadad frankfurtis skolis damsaxurebaa. es idea jer kidevelodeba Sesabamis damuSavebas.59anu moswavles da mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, uari Tqvan garkveul gakveTilebze daswrebaze.aseve, ufleba aqvT, uSualod mimarTon politikosebs sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis moTxovniT.98

CarTul yovel adamians TviTon Seadginos misTvis sasurveli TV programa daSemdeg cvalos, rogorc unda. magram manam, sanam es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba,sazogadoebebi SezRuduli resursebiT – satelevizio sixSireebiT – ariangaerTianebulebi. rac ar unda izrunos calke sazogadoebriv aqtivistTa, xolocalke kanonmdebelTa korpusebma, televiziis programebi mxolod maSin gaxdeba“sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo” biznesi, rodesac rogorc SezRuduli resursebis(sixSireebis) ganawilebis, aseve televiziebis mmarTvelobebis sistemebidemokratiul, Ria, gamWvirvale principebze iqneba agebuli 60 . ra Tqma unda,zemoTqmuli gulisxmobs saxelmwifo televiziebis gaqrobas da maTi sazogadoebriviteleviziebiT Canacvlebas.magram, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, yoveli konkretuli eklesia, ekonomika dateleviziac Sinaganad vertikaluri struqturebia. anu moTxovna, rom isini Sinaganaddemokratiulni gaxdnen sakmaod gulubryviloa, arasamarTliania da xandaxan –damRupveli. swored amitom aris SesaZlebeli totalitarul sistemebSi sabazrosmimsgavsebuli ekonomika, oRond cota xniT. Tumca es cota xani SeiZleba ara erTida ori Taobis sicocxles udrides.eklesiebis, ekonomikebis da televiziebis SemTxvevaSi ar unda avurioTerTmaneTSi marketingi, romelic momxmareblis azris gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs(televizia – mayureblis, eklesia – mrevlis), da demokratia, romelic aiZulebssistemas imarTos arCevnebis da gamWvirvalobis saSualebiT. es gansxvaveba Cansgadawyvetilebis miRebis wesis Semowmebisas: episkoposis an biznesmenis miRebuligadawyvetileba SeiZleba efuZnebodes an ar efuZnebodes umravlesobis mosazrebas60saqarTvelosTvis satelevizio sixSireebis gadanawilebis samarTliani da gamWvirvalesistema aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre ganaTlebis sistemis Secvla: SeuZlebelia imas, racTavisi SinaarsiT totalitarulia da erTpirovnul mmarTvelobazea damyarebuli,liberaluri diskursiT metyveleba mosTxovo. Sesabamisad, socialuri da politikurigaremo ise unda moewyos, rom, magaliTad, unda gamoiricxos ideologiis propagandateleviziiT (winaamRdeg SemTxvevaSi misi mayureblis raodenoba Semcirdeba, mas SeumcirdebaSemosavali da sabolood daixureba), monopolistoba ekonomikur sistemaSi (ar unda iyosiseTi viTareba, romelic uflebas miscems mewarmes, mxolod sakuTari surviliT daadginosfasebi da amiT mogeba miiRos) da fundamentalizmi eklesiebis da religiebis mxriv (aravisunda mieces saSualeba, sxva religiebis da aRmsareblobebis CagvriT an adamianebzeZaldatanebiT gazardos sakuTari gavlena da mrevli).99

(marketingul gamokvlevas), xolo arCevnebis Sedegebi upiroboa da maTi darRvevammarTelobiTi sistemis darRvevas iwvevs.amitomac demokratia Tanamedrove samyaroSi qveynis konkretul institutebSiideologiis, fundamentalizmis da oligarqobis arsebobis gazomviT unda dadgindes,miT umetes, rom samive es faqtori advilad da lamis maTematikuri sizustiT arisgazomvadi, Tundac mxolod kanonmdeblobis da sxva normatiuli aqtebis analiziT.100

IX. daskvna samive dasasrulisaTvisavtor-ego: viTareba, romlis aRwera vcade am wignSi, miuTiTebs, rom Cvendabrunebuli Sua saukuneebis Zalauflebis sivrceSi aRmovCndiT. isic TiTqosdacxadia, rom radikaluri cvlilebebis gareSe Cveni momavali istoria SesaZloa, erTimxriv, Zalauflebis da demokratiis simulacias, xolo meore mxriv, dabrunebul,“pozitiur” Zalauflebas Soris qanqariT Semoifarglos.avtori: me TiTqos vcade is gzebi momeniSna, saiTkenac wasvla am cud usasrulobaSigadagvagdebs, magram, vfiqrob, rom cxadi aRwera imisa, Tu riTi unda moxdesarsebuli totaluri mimarTulebebis Canacvleba, ar momicia. erTaderTi, racSevZeli, iyo im istoriebis mokle gadmocema, Tu rogor gamovida evropa Suasaukuneebidan, da imis Tqma, rom mxolod arsebuli sistemebis da Rirebulebebiscvlilebisken mimarTulobaze gvmarTebs fsonis Casvla.avtor-ego: ki magram, es xom gadarCenis diskursia, me amas mesianur da moseanurdiskurss davarqmevdi. me, rogorc avtor-ego, ara var winaaRmdegi, erTxel xom aseukve moxda, magram xom SeiZleboda, simartivisaTvis da mkiTxvelisTvis holividuriTavgzaabnevis nacvlad, wignisTvis “Zalauflebis dabrunebis” magivrad kvlavholivuduri, oRond ufro zusti – “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” dagerqmia?avtori: daviwyoT Tavidan – ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelosgadasarCenad” (ix. gverdi 1).101