ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa daeTnologiisinstitutiIVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OFHISTORY AND ETHNOLOGYistoriul-eTnologiuriZiebaniXISTUDIES IN HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGYTbilisi – 2009Tbilisi – 20093

YDK 39(=353.1)+94(479.22)(082) i885ISSN 1512-2727istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XI nomeri, winagamocemebis msgavsad eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis saki-Txebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvisda mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.redaqtori:xaTuna ioselianiistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorisaredaqcio kolegia:avTandil sonRulaSviliistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesorilavrenti janiaSviliistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorirusudan labaZeistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorimedea gogolaZeistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoriEditor in chief: Doctor of HistoryKhatuna IoselianiEditorial board: Doctor of HistoryAvtandil SonghulashviliDoctor of History Lavrenti JaniashviliDoctor of History Rusudan LabadzeDoctor of History Medea Gogoladzekompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: leila xurcia© gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT4

winasityvawinamdebare seriuli krebuli 2000 wels daarsdaivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisada eTnografiis institutis socialur urTierTobaTaeTnografiuli Seswavlis ganyofilebaSi,vaxtang iToniSvilis iniciativiT, saxelwodebiT`istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani~. krebulis rvanomeri amave saxelwodebiT gamovida. IX – nomridankrebulis dasaxelebaSi garkveuli cvlilebaSevida da gamodis `istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis~saxelwodebiT.aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi krebulis TerTmetinomeri gamovida. masSi mravali mniSvnelovani gamokvlevadaibeWda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnulikrebulis Tematika mTlianad moicavda qarTvelologiurdargebs: aq warmodgenili iyo naSromebisaqarTvelos istoriis, eTnologiis, enaTmecnierebis,arqeologiisa da anTropologiisSesaxeb. yvela statias Tan erTvoda reziume ucxoenaze (ZiriTadad inglisuri, iSviaTad germanulida rusuli). ibeWdeboda recenziebi da gamoxmaurebebisxvadasxva naSromebze.krebulis egzemplarebi igzavneba saqarTvelosTiTqmis yvela ZiriTad biblioTekaSi. amavedros, ramdenime nomeri gaigzavna evropis samecnierocentrebsa da moskovis biblioTekebSi.Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, TematikiT da maRalimecnieruli doniT krebulma samarTlianad daimkvidraadgili qarTul samecniero gamocemebsSoris.5

winamdebare krebuli imiTac aris mniSvnelovani,rom masSi ibeWdeboda rogorc cnobili mecnierebis,aseve axalgazrda mkvlevarTa naSromebi,xSirad sakamaTo TezebiT, vinaidan migvaCnia,rom axalgazrdebs unda mieceT TavianTi mosazrebisgamoTqmis saSualeba.`istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis~ redaqtoridaarsebis dRidan gaxldaT cnobili eTnologivalerian iToniSvili, romelmac didi Sromagaswia am krebulis TiToeuli nomris gamocemisada mecnieruli donis amaRlebisTvis. batoni valerianisxelSi gaiara krebulis aTive nomerSigamoqveynebulma yvela naSromma.`istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis~ XI nomeridagvianebiT eZRvneba baton valerian iToniSvilis80 wlis iubiles _ Rvawlmosil qarTveleTnologs, cnobil mecniers, romelmac didi roliSeitana qarTuli eTnologiis ganviTarebaSi.batoni valeriani Rirseuli moswavle aRmoCndaTavisi didi maswavleblebis, romelTac safuZveliCauyares qarTul eTnologiur mecnierebas.amave dros, man gamozarda mravali mecnieri,romlebic dRes qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebiswamyvani specialistebi arian.baton valerian iToniSvils bevri qartexilidaatyda Tavs, magram man Rirseulad gauZloyvelafers. vusurvebT mas janmrTelobas, didixnis sicocxles, misTvis damaxasiaTebel mxneobas,raTa kidev mravali naSromi SesZinos qarTuleTnologiur mecnierebas.xaTuna ioseliani6

7xaTuna ioselianiCrdilokavkasielebis amsaxveli zogierTieTnonimi svanurSisvanebi kavkasiis mkvidri erTerTi uZvelesiqarTveluri tomia, romelnic Tavidan dRevandelTanSedarebiT, bevrad ufro farTo teritoriebzeiyvnen gansaxlebuli. maT dasavleT saqarTvelosbaris mniSvnelovani teritoriebi eWiraTda kolxeTis samefos organul nawils warmoadgendnen(g. meliqiSvili, n. berZeniSvili, d.musxeliSvili, T. mibCuani, g. gasviani ...). amavedros, Cans, isini adridanve mosaxleobdnen kavkasiismaRalmTianeTSi da flobdnen im teritoriebs,romelic dRes ukaviaT.arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, svaneT-Si adamianis cxovrebis kvali uZvelesi periodidanvefiqsirdeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos imis Sesaxebac,rom saqarTvelos es erTerTi ZirZveli damniSvnelovani kuTxe, arqeologiurad, faqtobrivadSeuswavlelia. arada, mopovebuli masalaukve metyvelebs, raoden mniSvnelovan informaciasinaxavs svaneTi.svaneTis teritoriaze dRemde gamovleniliuZvelesi arqeologiuri Zeglebi qvis xanas ganekuTvneba[6, 36]. Cans, rom am periodidan svaneTisnawili mainc aTvisebulia. amis Semdeg aq uwyvetaddasturdeba adamianis cxovrebis kvali.cxadia, xangrZlivi periodis manZilze, svanebsurTierToba eqnebodaT ara marto saqarTve-

los danarCen kuTxeebTan, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiasTanac,am urTierTobis Sedegad, svanurSiSemoinaxa mezobeli xalxebisa da kuTxeebis aRmniSvnelieTnonimebi da toponimebi, rac mecnieruliTvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania. cnobilia,rom eTnonimebi da toponimebi Zalian nelaganicdian cvlilebebs, amitomac svanurSi dafiqsirebulies masala udavod sainteresoamkvlevarTaTvis. am eTnonimebis SeswavliT SesaZlebeliaara marto Zveli urTierTobebis, aramedama Tu im xalxis Tavdapirveli gansaxlebisarealis dadgena (magaliTad, svanebi megrelebsdResac uZvelesi eTnonimiT “zanðr, mйzðn” moixsenieben).CrdilokavkasielebTan urTierTobis amsaxvelimasala ZiriTadad folklorsa da gadmocemebSiadaculi. mxolod ramodenimejer gvxvdebamaT Sesaxeb informacia “svaneTis werilobiTZeglebSi”.miuxedavad imisa, rom svaneTs Crdilokavkasiisgankavkasionis centraluri qedi mijnavs,Cans, rom maT Soris intensiuri urTierTobebiiyo _ savaWro-ekonomikuri, megobruli da mtrulic,rac SuasaukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mekobreobaSigamoixateboda. svaneTi Crdilokavkasias12 uReltexiliT ukavSirdeba [6, 20]. marTalia,maT Soris zamTrobiT yvela ar iyo gamoyenebadi,magram iyo iseTic, sadac mimosvla mTeliwlis manZilze SeiZleboda.yvelaze gavrcelebuli eTnonimi, romliTacsvanebi Crdilokavkasielebs moixsenieben, aris,“sðviðr, mйsðж”.8

am eTnonimis Sinaarsi, erTi SexedviT gaurkveveliCans, vinaidan masSi nawili yaraCaelebsada yabardoelebs gulisxmobs, nawili osebs, nawiliki _ zogadad Crdilokavkasielebs.Cveni azriT, am eTnonims Tavidan konkretulimniSvneloba gaaCnda, xolo Semdeg moxda misiganzogadeba. “mйsðж” gulisxmobs “oss”, rasacmSvenivrad adasturebs svanuris cnobili mkvlevarim. qaldani: “eTnikuri saxeli osi (//ovsi) damisgan nawarmoebi geografiuli saxeli os-eT-isvanurSi aseT saxes iRebs: mйsðж _ osi, sðж-ðr_ osebi. svanuri sðж _ oseTi momdinareobs os _formisgan svanuri enis umlautiani dialeqtebis-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli sruliad kanonzomieriprocesebis gavliT” [5, 79].sainteresoa, ra periodSi hqondaT svanebsada osebs iseTi intensiuri urTierToba, rom osebisaRmniSvneli svanuri eTnonimi Crdilokavkasielebisnawilze ganzogadda (miuxedavad imisa,rom svanebi CrdilokavkasiaSi mosaxle yvelatoms konkretuli saxeliT moixsenieben). rogorcCans, es Zveli periodis viTarebis amsaxveliterminia, roca svanebi da osebi geografiuladufro axlos cxovrobdnen erTmaneTTan (gavixsenoTTundac is mosazreba, rom svanebs adreCrdilokavkasiaSi eWiraT garkveuli teritoriebi).SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom am terminis damkvidrebasvanebis da osebis siaxlovem ganapirobae.w. svaneTis mTiuleTidan, romelic XV saukunemdesvaneTis nawili iyo da dRes raWas ekuTvnis.Tumca es versia ar aris marTebuli, vinaidan eTnografiulimasalis mixedviT Cans, rom svani9

gamowveuli, vinaidan meore dokumentiT irkveva,rom “oseTidan” raRac mZime sneuleba Semoutania“Svid mosaxles”, romelsac “amouwyvedia qveyana”[4, 206]. amave dokumentebSi aseve saubaria “ouse-Tisa gzaze anu Cuensa Walaze”, romelsac erTobilimestiis xevi icavs [4, 163-164]. oseTi naxsenebiaagreTve sabuTSi, sadac svanebis mier jafariZeebissasisxlo gadasaxadia aRwerili: “mogeciToseTis pirad mTiuleTs oci glexi, erTikargi cixe, ori monasteri ...”, “awi gqondeT mkuidrad,samamulod WidroTas zedaTi da glolaszedaTi, suaneTs iqiT, oseTs aqaTi...” [4, 115].Cveni kvlevis mizans amjerad ar warmoadgensam urTierTobebis da svanebisa da osebis gansaxlebissakiTxis Seswavla, Tumca erTi Sexedvi-Tac Cans, rom saintereso aspeqtebi ikveTeba. SesaZlebeliaam sakiTxis safuZvlianma kvlevamufro metad naTeli gaxados dvalebTan dakavSirebuliproblemebi.migvaCnia, rom “sðviðr, mйsðж, saж”,terminebi svanurSi konkretulad osebis daoseTis aRmniSvneli iyo, romelic zogjerzogadad Crdilokavkasielebis aRmniSvneladixmareba.garda “saviarebisa” svanur folklorSi CrdilokavkasielebisaRmniSvnelad gvxvdeba “malyarðl,basianðr, Jegmðr, qaSgðr, CaCnðr” [3].rogorc folkloris nimuSebidan Cans, svanebikargad icnobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasias. ramdenimeleqsSi TiTqmis dawvrilebiTaa aRwerilitoponimikac ki. amasTanave, xSiri urTierTobisSedegad, svanebis nawilma kargad icoda Crdilo-11

eT kavkasieli mezoblebis ena, iseve, rogorc maTicodnen svanuri [7].sainteresoa eTnonimi “qaSagi”, romelic xSiradgvxvdeba svanur folklorSi. “qaSagi” uZvelesiterminia, is jer kidev xeTebTan gvxvdeba:“mTielTa zogadi saxeli xeTebTan “qaSqa” igive“qaSagi” unda iyos, rasac Suasaukuneebis (arabuli,qarTuli, rusuli) wyaroebi uwodeben Cerqezebs(adiRevelebs). magram ar SeiZleba iTqvas,rom TviT xeTebTan “qaSqa” saxeli eTnikurad er-Ti garkveuli jgufis aRmniSvnelad ixmareboda.igi ufro CrdiloaRmosavleTis mTielTa krebi-Ti saxeli iyo da albaT am mxareSi mosaxle qarTveltomebsac moicavda [1, 360].SesaZlebelia Tavdapirvelad am termins mar-Tlac hqonoda zogadi Sinaarsi da CrdiloaRmosavleTkavkasiis tomebTan erTad qarTvelebsacaRniSnavda, magram Semdgom, kerZod svanurSi misimniSvneloba dakonkretebuli Cans da igi ZiriTadadCerqezebis aRmniSvnelad ixmareba.svanur poeziaSi xSirad ixseniebian CaCnebi;erTerT leqsSi Cans rom tyved wayvanili svaniCaCneTSi wauyvaniaT gasayidad. garda amisa, svanebiiyeneben terminebs “Jegmar _ Cegemelebi”, “basianar_ basianTelebi”, “albezilar _ albezelebi”.es terminebi ZiriTadad toponimebisganaanawarmoebi.balyareTis aRmniSvnelad svanebi ZiriTadad“malyðrs” iyeneben. malyari erTerTi xeobaa balyareTSi.Cans, svanebs aq mcxovreblebTan uwevdaTxSiri urTierToba da es terminic amitomdamkvidrda. aqedan svanebs gadmohyavdaT cxenebida msxvilfexa saqoneli. svanurSi arsebobs ga-12

moTqma “malyaari Wag”, rac malyareTis Waki cxenidanunda iyos warmoSobili, Tumca svanebi amfrazas gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT xmaroben uSnodmaRali qalis aRmniSvnelad [7].Cans, rom svanurSi daculia Crdilokavkasielixalxebis aRmniSvneli yvela eTnonimi, racmaT xangrZliv da intensiur urTierTobebze metyvelebs.wyaroebi da literatura1. g. meliqiSvili, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosmosaxleobis uZvelesi gaerTianebebi, sin.t. I. Tb., 1970.2. g. mercbaxeri, kavkasionis maRal regionebSi,Targmna da komentarebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma,xelnaweri.3. svanuri poezia, Tb., 1939.4. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebigamosacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi da samecniero-sacnobaroaparati daurTo v. silogavam,Tb., 1986.5. m. qaldani, svanuri enis fonetika, I, umlautissistema svanurSi, Tb., 1969.6. S. CarTolani, Zveli svaneTi, Tb., 1996.13

7. x. ioseliani, svaneTis eTnografiuli dRiuri,2005.14Khatuna IoselianiSome Svan Ethnic Names Denoting the NorthCaucasians(According to the written sources and folklore of Svaneti)Though, from the beginning the Svans were one of the tribesliving in the plain region of the western Georgia and organicallywere belonging to the Colchis Kingdom, it seams that theyalso were living on the territory of Svaneti. The archeologicalexcavations prove it. Dug out ancient dwellings are dated to theStone Age. Since this age the trace of life in Svaneti had neverbeen interrupted.Obviously the Svans had relations with their North Caucasianneighbors, though the main mountain range of the Caucasuswas a border between them. These regions were connected witheach other with twelve passes and all these passes were used intensively.Among the ethnic names that are preserved in Svan we’llfocus our attention on the term “Musav (Saviar, Sav)”. Sometimes the Svans use this name to denote all the North Caucasians.In our opinion that is proved by the investigations of the linguists“Musav” and “Saviar” are ethnic names denoting Osetians.Besides, for denoting all the peoples who live in the NorthCaucasus there are ethnic names in Svan. In our opinion, the namewas established in Svan when the Svans and the Osetianswere neighbors and lived nearby. It is admitted that from the be-

ginning the Osetians were dwelling on a wide territory in theNorth Caucasus. These relations might be lately carried on by socalled “Svanetis Mtiuleti” (nowadays Racha, the region of Oni).In the 14 th century the Svans paid this territory for the RachianJaparidzes’ blood.There are other ethnic names. For instance: “Kashag” Svanname of Cherkesian, “Chechen” – “Chachan”, “Dzegmar” –“Chegemels”.The material mentioned above, toponyms which areproved by ethnographical material obviously show that theSvans and the North Caucasian peoples had intensive relationsfrom the ancient times.15

avTandil sonRulaSvilisaqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germanelebissameurneo yofa da tradiciebiqarTveli da germaneli xalxebis urTierTobisistoria saukuneebs iTvlis. mravali germanelimogzauri aRfrTovanebula Cveni xalxis dabunebis silamaziT. bevris SemoqmedebisaTvis kisaqarTvelo STagonebis wyarod qceula.kavkasiiTa da saqarTveloTi dainteresebazemigviTiTebs Sua saukuneebis udidesi germanelimwerlis volfram fon eSenbaxis saraindo romanebi,aseve fon volkenStainis, adam oleariusis,grifiusis, vinkelmanis, kantis, lesingis, boden-Stedtis da mraval sxvaTa SemoqmedabaSi asaxulisaqarTvelos Tema. germanel mogzaurTa cnobebiki Cveni eris istoriis araerTi sakiTxisaTvispirvel wyaros warmoadgens.erT-erTi pirveli germaneli, vinc saqarTveloSijer kidev 1396-1417 wlebSi imogzaura, Sitbergeriiyo, mogvianebiT _ Soberi, volfi, Sneze,XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi _ Stederi, giuldenStedti,rainegsi, klaproti, aixvaldi, vagneri, haqsthauzenida mravali sxva.samxreT kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi germanelTaCamosaxleba carizmis uSualo xelSewyobiTxdeboda, rac gnpirobebuli iyo,16

politikuri da ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT. ekonomikuripozicia igive iyo, rac ruseTis imperiissxva kuTxeebis kolonizaciisa. politikuriTvalsazrisi imaSi gamoixateboda, rom saqarTveloSiucxo eTnikuri erovnebebis CamosaxlebiTmefis xelisuflebas Tavisi dasayrdeni gaeCinaadgilobriv mosaxleobaSi [1, 43].kolonistTa pirveli jgufi 31 ojaxis (181sulis) SemadgenlobiT TbilisSi Camovida 1817wlis 31 seqtembers. es kolonistebi daasaxlessarTiWalis maxloblad, kolonias ewoda marienfeldi[1, 17]. 1818 wels Cvens dedaqalaqs germanelTadidi talRa moawva (500 kolonisti germanelisojaxi). isini Tbilisis guberniis sxvadasxvaadgilas daasaxles [3, 195]. germanelebis CamosaxlebasaqarTvelos teritoriaze perioduladmTeli XIX saukunis manZilze da sabWoTa reJimispirvel wlebSic grZeldeboda.ukve XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan Tbilisissiaxloves ganlagebuli germanelTa koloniebigarkveuli produqtebis aqtiuri mimwodeblebigaxdnen Tbilisis mosaxleobisaTvis. `maTi meoxebiTTbilisSi auarebeli rZe, karaqi, kartofilida ludi iyo~ [4,15]. aRniSnul periodSiTbilisSi myofi germaneli mogzauris eduardaixvaldis azriT saqarTveloSi `germanelTa moaxalSeneebmaagreTve kartofilis moyvanac Semoitanes~[5, 41].germanelebis kolonia `axali Tbilisi~ akuratuladSeerTebuli kotejebis or rigs qmnida,romelTa Soris farTo gza gadioda. irgvliv patarabaRebi iyo ganlagebuli. saocrad lamazisanaxavi yofila, rodesac sadResaswaulo tansa-17

cmelSi gamowyobili mosaxleoba eklesiisakenmieSureboda. `qalebi, sufTa qudebiTa da welamdemosasxamebSi maTi wiTuri TmebiTa da WorflianisaxeebiT, _ aRniSnavs ingliseli mogzauririCard uilbrahami, romelic TbilisSi imyofeboda1837 wlis Semodgomaze, _ marTlac verSeecilebodnen silamazeSi TavianT SavTvala dagrZnobier mezoblebs, magram maTi akuratuli damokrZalebuli garegnoba sakmaod gamaxalisebeliaaRmosavleli qalebis usufTao tanisamossSeCveuli TvalisaTvis~ [6, 19].`axali Tbilisis~ koloniaSi ZiriTadad Svabiidangadmosaxlebuli germanelebi cxovrobdnen.kolonia Tbilisidan CrdiloeTiT naxevarisaaTis savalze mdebareobda. dasaxleba, qarTulRaribul saxlebTan SedarebiT, metad karg sanaxaobaswarmoadgenda.`axal TbilisSi~ germanelebis saxlebi TiTqmisyvela erTsarTuliani iyo. win patara, xoloukana mxridan didi baRi akravda, romelSicbostneuli mohyavdaT da yvavilebi da xexilihqondaT gaSenebuli. yoveli komli calke cxovrobdaTavis patara saxlSi da mas ojaxis sididismixedviT awyobda [7, 213].didubeSic, germanel kolonistTa saxlebiZiriTadad erT sarTulad iyo aSenebuli, maRalisaxuravebiT, romelSic didi sxveni iyo mowyobili[8, 41].Tbilisidan oTxi versis mocilebiT ganlagebuliiyo germanuli kolonia kukia, iq sadacimave saxelobis qarTuli sofeli mdebareobda,romelTa meurneoba sagangebo xasiaTs atarebdada Tbilisis mosaxleobisaTvis mniSvnelovan sa-18

meurneo bazas warmoadgenda. moaxalSeneebi Tesdnenxorbleuls, kartofils, lobiosa da sxvabostneuls, romelic karaqTan, yvelTan, naRebTanda rZesTan erTad TbilisSi CahqondaT da iafadyiddnen. aseve amaragebdnen germanelebi qalaqebsxbos xorciT da iseTi saxis produqtebiT, racadgilobriv mosaxleobas iSviaTad gamohqonda.am periodSi Tbiliselebi ufro metad cxvrisxorcs etanebodnen, xolo Zroxis rZesTan SedarebiT,kameCis rZes aZlevdnen upiratesobas [9,111-112].da mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom Camosaxlebuligermanelebidan cota iyo miwis muSa. maTSiWarbobdnen xelosnebi: meSuSeebi, mequdeebi, meunagireebi,lursmnis mWedlebi, mesaaTebi, xaratebi,nemsebis mkeTebelni, zeinklebi, meiaraReni,ludis mxdelni, etlis mkeTebelni, mepureebi, mekasreebi,durglebi, meCeqmeebi, kalatozebi dasxv. [10, 116].1826-1828 wlebis ruseT-iranis omis dros mZimedartyma ganicades qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebmagermanelma kolonistebma. kerZod, 1826 wlis 14agvistos qurTebis cxenosani jaris aTasianirazmi SeiWra dmanisTan axlos germanelTa koloniaSiekaterinenfeldSi da sul erTianad gaanadgura.daxoces 70 kaci, xolo 150, umTavresadqalebi, tyved waiyvanes [11, 115].ludis damzadebas Tbilissa da samxreT kavkasiissxva qalaqebSi germaneli kolonistebismier daarsebuli sawarmoebiT Caeyara safuZveli.1850 wels Tbilisis koloniaSi mcire zomisludsaxarSi daaarsa madersma. mis mier gamoSvebuluxarisxo luds isev kolonistebi iZendnen.19

1865 wels daarsda vetcelis qarxana, sadac bavariulluds amzadebdnen. male imave koloniaSigaixsna ludis ori qarxana [2, 103].germanelebma aseve energiulad mohkides xelimevanaxeoba-mebaReobis warmoebas. gansakuTrebiTXIX saukunis meore naxevarSi. isini Rvinos,umTavresad, gasayidad amzadebdnen; amitom maTRvinis raodenoba ufro ainteresebdaT, vidre xarisxi.yurZnis tkbilis gamowurvis Semdeg, WaWazeasxamdnen wyals; ganaxldeboda susti duRilida mzaddeboda dabali xarisxis Rvino. simagre5 graduss ar aRemateboda. aseT Rvinos isini`vaservains~ _ wyalRvinos _ uwodebdnen, xologasayidad SaqriT amzadebdnen falsificirebulRvinos. isargebles ra adgilobrivi muslimanurimosaxleobis Rvinis saqmeSi gaurkvevlobiT, mravaligermaneli gamdidrda Saqrisagan damzadebuliRvinis gayidviT [10, 121].sayuradRebo garemoebaa agreTve, rom saqar-TveloSi dasaxlebul germanelTa axalSenebSigermanelebmac vazis qarTuli jiSebi SeiTvisesda zogierTis qarTuli saxelive, anda misi germanuliTargmani SeinarCunes; magaliTad, 1. saferausapeau anu farber; 2. mwvane grunbeeren, anu mwvanemarcvala;3. rqa-wiTeli zotholrer-i, e. i. lurjlerwmianiuwodebiaT. aseTi saxelebi TbilisissamxreTiT mdebare germanelTa axalSenebSi ekaterinenfeldsa,elizavettalSi, aleqsandersdorfSi,marienfeldsa, petersdorfsa da froidentalSiiyo gavrcelebuli [12, 615].mniSvnelovnad iyo ganviTarebuli germanulkoloniebSi meforneoba, rasac, umTavresad, Tbilisismaxloblad mdebare koloniebis Sedareb-20

iT Raribi mosaxleoba misdevda. XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis, samxreT kavkasiaSirkinigzis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT, meforneobismniSvneloba daeca da igi TandaTan Semcirda [2,108].germanelebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi mkve-Trad izrdeba gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac ucxourma,da kerZod, germanulma kapitalma mtkicedmoikida fexi ruseTis imperiaSi [13, 35]. XXsaukunis damdegisaTvis germanelebis Zvel koloniaTabazaze warmoiSa axali dasaxlebebi. aqveunda aRiniSnos isic, rom kavkasiis administraciiscdas _ Caesaxlebina isini dasavleT saqarTveloSi,Sedegi ar mohyolia. amaSi TviT kolonistebsmiuZRvodaT `brali~ [14, 15].mefis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT, kolonistebiwarmoadgendnen karCaketil kastas, romelTa mdgomareobagacilebiT ukeTesi iyo ara marto adgilobrivglexobasTan, aramed TviT rus kolonistebTanSedarebiTac ki. swored amiT iyo gamowveuli,rom germaneli kolonistebi ukeTes Sem-TxvevaSi indeferentulad iyvnen ganwyobilniXIX saukunisa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi samxreTkavkasiaSi momxdari socialur-politikuriZvrebis mimarT [2, 64].Zvel TbilisSi, rogorc Cans, garkveuli`erovnuli specializacia~ SemuSavda. igi ganagrZobdaarsebobas sabWoTa reJimis pirvel wlebSic.gansakuTrebiT `nepis~ dros: kbilis eqimebiZiriTadad ebraelebi iyvnen. fotografebis xelm-ZRvanelobac ebraelebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli.magaliTad, kozaki _ Tavisuflebis moedanze, Sixmani_ puSkinis quCaze da sxv. afTiaqebi umete-21

sad germanelebs ekuTvnodaT [15, 32]. Tbiliselievgeni zemeli, erovnebiT germaneli, afTiaqis mepatrone,tramvais vatmanebs fuls uxdida, romafTiaqTan axlos gaCerebaze mgzavrebisTvis xmamaRlaSeexsenebina zemelis gaCereba [8, 41].germanelebis meurneobaSi Sromis maRalidone ganpirobebuli iyo qalebisa da bavSvebis`mtacebluri~ eqsploataciiT. mZime Sromis gamoqalebSi gavrcelebuli iyo kuWnawlavis organoebisdaavadeba [16, furc. 148]. germanelebi baRebsada mindvrebSi muSaobas erTdroulad awarmoebdnen:iseve cxaddebodnen Tavis samuSao adgilze,rogorc fabrikebsa da qarxnebSi muSebi. disciplinada wesrigi kolonistebSi misabaZi iyo,simkacre ki zogjer Rimilis momgvreli. magali-Tad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba bavSvebs sjidasxvisi baRidan kitris an Tundac yurZnis erTimarcvlis aRebisaTvis [17, 23]. sainteresoa, romjer kidev mefis mTavroba imediT uyurebda kolonistebs,TiTqos isini adgilobriv mosaxleobasmeurneobis evropul yaidaze warmoebas Seaswavlidnen.sinamdvileSi asureTeli germanelebiadgilobrivi didi guTniT xnavdnen miwas da qar-Tuli kevriT lewavdnen puris yanas [18, 23].borCalos mazris germanul sofel ekaterinenfeldSiukve 1921 wlis Semodgomaze Camoyalibdamevenaxeobis da meRvineobis kooperativi,romelsac Tavisi wesdeba gaaCnda. amave mazraSi,kolonia valdheimSi, Seiqmna merZeveobis arteli.analogiuri amxanagoba moqmedebda walkis raionisteritoriaze, kolonia aleqsanders hilSi [19,41].22

saerTod, merZeveobis ganviTarebaze saqarTveloSigarkveuli gavlena moaxdines germanelmakolonistebma. 1922 wels maTi qarxnebi borCalosmazraSi ijariT hqondaT aRebuli kooperativebs.ase magaliTad, sofel maSutloSi kurt kuCenbaxisqarxana arendiT aRebuli hqonda muSaTa kooperativs.sofel mogaz kasaneSi aleqsandre kuCenbaxisqarxana _ mTlian samxedro kooperativsda sxv. [20].amave periodSi kolonia traubenbergSi Camoyalibdasasoflo-sameurneo sakredito amxanagoba,xolo kolonia elizavettalSi daiwyo eleqtrosadgurisada wisqvilis mSenebloba [21,furc. 93].Tbilisis mosaxleobis zogierTi moTxovnilebisdasakmayofileblad soflis meurneobisproduqtebze germanelebs gansazRvruli movaleobahqondaT dakisrebuli. amitomac germanelebisTxovdnen xelisuflebas SeRavaTi gaewia zemoaRniSnulidavalebis Sesasruleblad [22, furc.4].germanuli soflebis saerTo mdgomareobagamoirCeoda meurneobis aRmavlobiT. kerZod, izrdebodaRaribi da saSualo glexobis ekonomikuripotenciali. amave dros SeimCneoda ukmayofilebaxelisuflebis erovnuli politikis mimarT.amas emateboda kolonia luqsemburgis, rogorcsamazro centris kerZo da sazogadoebriviSenobebis saerTo samazro dawesebulebebad gamocxadeba[23, furc. 88].1927 wels saqarTveloSi arsebobda 13 germanulikolonia 9253 mosaxliT: 1. elizavettali,2. luqsemburgi, 3. rozenfeldi, 4. libknexsdor-23

fi, 5. rozenbergi, 6. valdheimi, 7. georgestali,8. marksgeimi, 9. anenfeldi, 10. vizendorfi, 11.Steinfeldi, 12. gofnugstali, 13. griuntali [24,242]. TbilisSi cxovrobda 4 200 germaneli.aRniSnul periodSi germanelebze gavrceldatendenciuri azri, TiTqos yvela maTgani SeZlebisdoniT kulaks warmoadgenda. aseTi midgomaaraswori iyo, radgan is germaneli, romelicTviTon amuSavebda misTvis gankuTvnil miwas, ariyenebda daqiravebul Sromas da, mxolod imitom,rom kargad awyobda meurneobas da ukeTesadcxovrobda vidre sxva erovnuli umciresoba, ratomunda CaTvliliyo kulakad? kulakis statusiki viciT ra sasjelsac iTvaliswinebda.realuri monacemebiT germanelebis 60% sa-Sualo glexi iyo, 30% wvrili da, mxolod 10%SeiZleba CaiTvalos maSindeli SexedulebiT Se-Zlebul da kulak glexad.sasoflo-sameurneo kooperaciaSi Cabmuliiyo germanuli glexuri mosaxleobis 88%, samomxmareblokooperaciaSi 70%, xolo sakreditoamxanagobaSi _ 40% [16, furc. 116-117].1930 wels germanelebisaTvis Seiqmna kolmeurneobebiasureTsa da sarTiWalaSi. imave welsluqsemburgeli germanelebis fric raizeris, millerfransis da sxvaTa iniciativiT CamoyalibdagermanelTa kolmeurneoba `anfang~ (dasawyisi)[25]. 1933 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis `anfang~-Si ukvegaerTianebuli iyo 480 individualuri meurneoba.imave wels Seemata kidev 27 ojaxi. aseT viTarebashqonda adgili germanelebiT dasaxlebulsofel traubenbergSic [26, furc.1].24

ozenfeldis merZeveobis amxanagoba `laqta~aerTianebda 260 germanels. rZis realizaciidanmiRebuli Tanxis 19% mimdinare xarjebisaTvisiyo gaTvaliswinebuli. 81%--s iRebdnen arteliswevrebi, Cabarebuli rZis raodenobis mixedviT.artelis wevrebSi Warbobdnen SeZlebuliglexebi, romelTac 8-12 suli Zroxa yavdaT. Raribglexebs _ 1 Zroxa. 1926-1927 wlebSi Raribiglexebis Semosavali Seadgenda 28 maneTsa da 29kapikidan 50 maneTsa da 46 kapikamde. mdidariglexis Semosavali meryeobda 302 maneTi da 7 kapikidan1949 maneTsa da 31 kapikamde [16, furc.146-147].sabWouri propagandis gavleniT germaneleb-Si zogjer igrZnoboda e. w. klasobrivi `TviT-Segnebis~ faqtebic. Raribi glexebi upirispirdebodnenmdidar Tanamemamuleebs. magaliTad, samanqanoamxanagobidan maT SeZles gaericxaT 14mdidari da saSualo SeZlebis germaneli glexi[16, furc. 147-148].bolSevikebis gavleniT luqsemburgSi mcxovrebigermanelebis erTi nawilis bedi imave periodSisxvagvarad datrialda. 1929 wels aq adgilihqonda mojamagireTa mZlavr gamosvlebs. saqarTvelosmiwa-tyis muSakTa profkavSiris VIIIyrilobaze (1930) luqsemburgis raionis delegatmagvelesianma ganacxada: 1929 wels centralurigamgeobis mxardaWeriT luqsemburgSi gaificnenmojamagireebi. gaficvis gamo luqsemburgis germaneliqveSevrdomebi germaniaSi wavidnen da upatronodmiatoves baRebi [27, 110, 158].germanelebi did yuradRebas aqcevdnen momavaliTaobis ganaTlebas. Tbilisis mazris germa-25

nul koloniebSi (8 kolonia), romelTa mosaxleobissaerTo raodenoba 4400 Seadgenda, kulturisdone gacilebiT maRali iyo. saskolo asakisbavSvebi 100%-iT iyvnen Cabmuli saswavlo procesSi[24, furc. 241].jer kidev XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidangermanelTa TiTqmis yvela koloniaSi iyo saswavlodawesebuleba. maswavlebeli kolonistebsSoris didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda da pastorisSemdeg yvelaze sapatio pirovnebad iTvleboda.XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebamde swavleba germanulskolebSi mxolod da mxolod germanulenaze mimdinareobda. germanuli enis garda, aswavlidnenariTmetikas, geografias da saRvTosjuls [2, 123].1899 wels ilia WavWavaZe ase axasiaTebda germanelikolonistebis ganaTlebisadmi swrafvas:`germaneli purs daiklebs, Rvinos daiklebs, Sim-Sils, wyurvils ar SeuSindeba da Svilis gasazrdelad_ ki Tavis monagars groSs gadasdebs,Svilis mcodne kacad qcevisaTvis arafers dahzogavsda yvelafers gaimetebs. germanelma icis,rom Svilis kacad gamosvla, maZRrad yofna dautkivrad rCena swavla-ganaTlebazea damokidebuli~.igi germanelebs qarTvelTa misabaZ magaliTadsaxavs, radgan TbilisSi mcxovreb qarTvelTamxolod mesamedma icis wera-kiTxva, xolo TbilisSimcxovreb xalxTagan: `wera-kiTxvis codniskvalobaze yvelaze win arian germanelebi, romelTaSoris mcodinari oTxSi samia~. germane-26

lebs is uwonebs SvilTa ganaTlebisaTvis zrunvas:`raki germanelisaTvis codna, swavla-gana-Tleba aucilebeli saWiroebaa, mis saekonomioangariSSi, mis saRvawosa da saamagoSi Svilis gasazrdeladsaxarjos mopovebas TiTqmis upirvelesiadgili uWiravs. jafas, garjas iorkecebsda, Tu amiT veras gamxdara, sxvagan iklebs da amsaxarjos ki hmatebs~ [28, 64, 65].germaneli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebimravlad iyvnen dasaqmebuli qarTuli saganmanaTleblokulturis sferoSi. magaliTad, Tbiliseligermaneli karl hani 1874-1906 wlebSi TbilisisvaJTa pirvel gimnaziaSi germanul da ber-Znul enebs aswavlida. 1906-1909 wlebSi igi qal-Ta pirveli gimnaziis direqtoria, xolo 1909wlidan kvlav emsaxureboda vaJTa pirvel gimnazias[1, 49].XX saukunis dasawyisSi baTumis gimnaziasrudolf herci ganagebda [29, 9].1918-1921 wlebSi metad mniSvnelovani iyoqarTuli periodikis roli saJurnalgazeTo grafikis,upirveles yovlisa, karikaturis ganviTarebaSi.am saqmeSi didi damsaxureba miuZRodaTTbilisis mkvidrs, germanels oskar Smerlings,aleqsandre zalcmans da a. S. [30, 21].sagulisxmoa, rom 1926-1927 saswavlo wels saqarTveloSifunqcionirebda 11 germanuli skola [31,furc. 15], xolo germanelebi saqarTveloSi mcxovreberovnul umciresobaTa Soris ganaTlebis doniT pirveladgilze iyvnen [32, furc. 17].amave dros germanuli ojaxi mTlianad inar-Cunebda patriarqalur pirncipebs. isini gansxva-27

vebuli wes-Cveulebis cxovrebas misdevdnen. germaneliqalebi tradiciulad eridebodnen urTierTobassxva erovnebis qalebTan, rac maT karCaketilcxovrebas iwvevda [33, furc. 27]. iSviaTiiyo Sereuli qorwineba. colis gardacvalebisSemTxvevaSi germanel mamakacs ufleba hqonda gansvenebulimeuRlis da moeyvana colad [34].sxva erovnebebTan urTierTobis dros germanelebiqedmaRlobdnen da sakuTar Tavs didupiratesobas aniWebdnen. germanelebis azriT,yvela danarCeni velurebi iyvnen. rusebs gansakuTrebuliepiTetiT _ `Svain” (Rorebad) moixseniebdnen.iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac mravalricxovankolonia elendorfSi _ germanelebisklubSi stumrad misuli rusi moqalaqeebi cema-tyepiTgamouyriaT.rogorc Cans, germanelebs ufro Sors mimavaligegmebic hqondaT. kerZod, `amierkavkasiisgermanelTa komitetis~ (mdebareobda TbilisSi,mixailovis q. #373) mizani iyo saqarTvelos teritoriazeSeeqmnaT germanelTa avtonomiuri olqi[35, furc. 2]. am mizniT isini germaniidan iRebdnensaWiro direqtivebs da finansur daxmarebas.aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb germanelebsSeqmnili hqondaT `germanelTa erovnulisabWo~, romelic maT interesebs icavda. sabWos Senobamdebareobda dRevandeli aRmaSeneblis gamzirze#108 binaSi [22, furc. 19]. germanelTa yovelkolonias arCeuli hyavda komisari, romelsac emorCilebodamosaxleoba [36, furc. 242].sxva erovnuli umciresobisagan gansxvavebiTgermanelebi ganze idgnen xelisuflebisagan. saerTod,daZabuli urTierToba sufevda germanele-28

sa da sabWoTa reJims Soris. Tavad xelisuflebamraval `Secdomas~ uSvebda, rasac Semdeg aRiarebdakidec. araswori iyo, rodesac zemdgomiorganoebis gadawyvetilebiT yvela germanelsTmebi SekriWes erT doneze [37, furc. 34].sazogadoebriv politikur cxovrebas germanelebiupirispirdebodnen religiuri Temis meSveobiT.religiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiscentrs eklesia warmodgenda.germanelebi, kerZod luTeranebi da maTimisionerebi saqarTveloSi XVI saukunis meorenaxevarSi gamoCndnen (martin krusiusi, stefanegerlaxi, iakob andrea da sxv.) Tavidan, rogorcCans maT sakmao warmatebiTac umoRvawiaT [28, 71].XIX saukunis dasawyisSi germaniaSi aRmocendaseqtanturi moZraoba, e. w. `separatizmi~. xelisuflebisdevnam seqtantebi aiZula gadasaxlebuliyvnenamerikasa da ruseTSi. aRniSnulimoZraoba ufro metad SesamCnevi gaxda viurtembergSi,bavariasa da SveicariaSi, rasac xeli Seuwyoim drois cnobili mqadageblebis _ bengelisada Stilingis _ gavlenam. isini winaswarmetyvelebdnensamyaros dasasrulis moaxloebas daarwmunebdnen `separatistebs~ Tavis gadarCena samSoblosgareT, kavkasiaSi, araratis mTasTan axloseZebnaT. SeSinebulma seqtantebma kavkasiaSigamogzavnes `gansakuTrebuli mzveravebi~ adgilisdasaTvaliereblad da kolonizaciisaTvis xelsayreligaremos SesarCevad [17, 14, 15]. ruseTisxelisufleba daTanxmda germanelebis CamosaxlebasmaTTvis sasurvel adgilze.Camosaxlebuli germanelebi Tavdapirveladreligiuri instruqciebis gareSe iyvnen, magram29

somxebs Soris moRvawe zogma germanelma, dainaxara maTi Zalze gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba, konsistorias1 mimarTa da, Tumca ruseTis mTavrobamgarkveuli siZneleebi Seuqmna, pastorebma Tavisasmainc miaRwies, ris Semdegac imperatori maTmcire gasamrjelos uxdida.Camosaxlebuli `separatistebis~ didi nawiliswored ekaterinenfeldSi damkvidrda, esteritoria amave dros SerCeul iqna seqtantebisxelmZRvanelTa mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilad. amisgamo ekaterinenfeldis koloniam daarsebisdRidanve yvelaze sapatio adgili daikava kavkasiaSiarsebul koloniaTa Soris da naxevar saukunezemeti xnis ganmavlobaSi did rols Tama-Sobda kavkasiel kolonistTa cxovrebaSi [17, 15].koloniebSi da gansakuTrebiT ekaterinenfeldSi,xSiri iyo religiuri dapirispireba, risgamoc aucilebeli xdeboda xelisuflebis Careva.germanelebi ver eguebodnen, rodesac kavkasiisadministracia niSnavda pastors.1843 wels koloniebSi gavrcelda cnoba, romRmerTi separatistTa sasuliero xelmZRvanelis,moxuci qalis, Sponis meSveobiT, moiTxovda wmindamiwaze _ ierusalimSi _ gadasaxlebas. SponiswinadadebiT gadawyda, rom separatistebi gayiddnenqonebas, Seikribebodnen ekaterinenfeldSi daaqedan gaemgzavrebodnen ierusalimSi. amis Sedegmravalma germanelma Tavi mianeba muSaobas daise Sromobda, rom SimSiliT ar daRupuliyo. Se-1 konsistoria _ adre ruseTSi mRvdelmTavarze damokidebulikolegiuri eparqiuli organo, romelsac saeklesiosasamarTlo funqciebi hqonda.30

darebiT mdidrebma gayides Tavisi qoneba da maTxovrobiTirCendnen Tavs.xmebma separatistebis gamgzavrebis Sesaxebxelisuflebis yuramde miaRwia. ekaterinenfeld-Si gaigzavna kazakTa razmi polkovnik kocebusmeTaurobiT. daumorCileblobis gamo moxuciSponi da aTamde lideri daapatimres da Tbilis-Si gagzavnes. cota xnis Semdeg viTareba Seicvalada germanelTa cxovreba Cveul ritms daubrunda.sabWoTa reJimis periodSi, kerZod, 1927 welsoficialuri eklesiis sapirispirod aq aRmocenda9 wevrisagan Semdgari seqtanturi opozicia.es movlena gansakuTrebiT mZafrad gamovlindagermanelebiT dasaxlebul sarTiWalisTemSi. oficialuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebmaorganizebulad daarbies seqtantebi. am faqtsxelisuflebis mxridan araviTari reagireba armohyolia, miTumetes, rom `sabWoTa kanonmdeblobiT~moqalaqeebs garantirebuli hqondaT sindisisTavisufleba.eklesiis gavlena Zlieri iyo, rogorc moxucebSi,aseve axalgazrdebSi. 15 wels miRweulibavSvi valdebuli iyo eklesiaSi sajarod, TemiswinaSe Caebarebina gamocda bibliaSi, ris Semdegisini iRebdnen uflebas gamxdariyvnen religiuriTemis wevrebi [16, furc. 148].meore msofio omis moaxloebasTan erTad,sabWoTa xelisuflebam gaamkacra germanelebisadmidamokidebuleba. kerZod, amierkavkasiis saxlkomsabWosdadgenilebiT germanel kolonistebsmkacrad mosTxoves binis qiris, gaTbobisda sxva saxis gadasaxadi. Tavis aridebis SemT-31

xvevaSi pasuxismgeblobaSi micemiT emuqrebodnen.Zalovani struqturebi germanel mosaxleobasmZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebdnen. zogierTi samar-Taldamcavis damokidebuleba germanelebisadmiimdenad mZafrad gamovlinda, rom amierkavkasiisxelmZRvanelobam Samqoris raionis prokurorisTanaSemwe xalilovi moxsna Tanamdebobidan daori wlis ganmavlobaSi aukrZala sapasuxismgebloTanamdebobis dakaveba [38, furc. 2].jer kidev pirveli msofio omis dawyebisSemdeg, germaneli kolonistebis mimarT mefisruseTis mTavroba gansakuTrebul interess iCenda,radgan maTi kavSir-urTierToba germaniasTanruseTis saxelmwifo interesebis sawinaaRmdegomoqmedebis saSiSorbas qmnida. SesaZloa, es saSi-Sroeba iyo meore msoflio omis drosac. pirvelimsoflio omis dros ruseTis saxelmwifoadministarcia imas dasjerda, rom germanelTakoloniebs saxelwodeba Seucvala (magaliTad,aleqsandreshilfs ewoda aleqsandrovskoe, petersdorfs_ petrovskoe, marienfelds _ marino,fraidentals _ vesioloe (aw. saqarTvelos sasazRvroraioni ruseTTan), elizavettals _ asureTi,xolo ekaterinnfelds _ ekaterinovka).meore msoflio omis dros, kerZod, omis dawyebisTanave,ganxorcielda germaneli mosaxleobispirwmindad gasaxleba qveynis centralurida samxreT regionebidan, maT Soris saqarTvelodan,aRmosavleT raionebSi [14, 15-16].sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobis mier saqarTvelodan,da ara mxolod saqarTvelodan, germanelimosaxleobis ayra usamarTlo aqcia iyo da,rogorc Semdgomma movlenebma cxadyves, albaT,32

arc aucilbeli. magram mxedvelobaSi misaRebiais garemoebac, rom gasaxleba ganxorcielda germania-sabWoTakavSiris omis yvelaze mZime etapze.daZabul strategiul viTarebaSi, rodesac faSisturiarmiis nawilebi moskovis misadgomebs miadgnen,qveyana didi safrTxis winaSe idga. amas-Tan, germaniis sardloba did mniSvnelobas ani-Webda kavkasiis dapyrobis hitleruli gegmis realizacias.safiqrebelia, sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebalamobda moespo dasayrdeni mtrisTvisgermaneli mosaxleobis saxiT. aseT SiSsa dazedmet sifrTxiles Seewira mravali adamianissicocxle. gasaxlebuli germaneli mosaxleobidaniyvnen bavSvebi, moxucebi da sxvebi, vinc vergadaitana Soreuli mogzauroba da gaWirveba [14,18-19].marTalia, germanelTa gasaxleba oficialuradomis dawyebis Semdeg moxda, magram es aqciadidi xniT adre mzaddeboda. ufro metic, rogorczeviT davinaxeT, sabWoTa xelisufleba iseTpirobebs uqmnida germanel moqalaqeebs, romiZulebuli gaexada TviTon gamoeTqva germaniaSiwasvlis survili.gasaxlebuli germanelebis sacxovrebeli adgiliqarTlis mTianeTidan Camosaxlebulma qar-Tvelebma daikaves. ase SemorCa dRes arsebuliramdenime qarTuli sofeli bolnissa da marneulSi...es procesebi berias uSualo miTiTebebiTxorcieldeboda da, nebsiT Tu uneblied, saqarTvelosaTvisdadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo [39, 56].omis periodSi Seiqmna e. w. SromiTi armiebi,sadac `sabWoTa~ germanelebi iyvnen CarTulni.1947 wlis bolos SromiTi armiebi, ZiriTadad,33

demobilizebuli iqna da mraval germanels uflebamieca dabrunebuliyvnen iq, saidanac 1941wels gaasaxles. magram 1948 wlis 26 noembersgamoqveynda axali brZaneba, sadac naTqvami iyo,rom germanelebi, rogorc kalmikebi, inguSebi, Ce-Cnebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi, yirimeli TaTrebida sxva xalxis warmomadgenlebi gadasaxlebuliarian mudmivad da maTi wamosvla sacxovrebeliadgilidan Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosgansakuTrebuli nebarTvis gareSe isjeba sakatorRosamuSaoebiT 20 wlis vadiT.adamianebs aRniSnulma brZanebam dabrunebisimedi gadauwura. mTeli xalxebi gaxdnen devnilnisakuTar qveyanaSi. im wlebSi `sabWoTa~ germanelebsar SeeZloT Sesuliyvnen partiaSi, eswavlaTumaRles saswavlebelSi an emsaxuraTarmiaSi... mxolod 1974 wlis umaRlesi xelisuflebisgadawyvetilebam misca ufleba germanelebsdabrunebodnen mSobliur adgilebs [40, 72].Tumca mTlianobaSi arc es gadawyvetileba ganxorcielebula.wyaroebisa da literatura1. m. SoSiaSvili, Tbilisis germanuli gazeTi _`kavkaziSe post~ (1906-1921), kr. `saqarTveloda evropis qveynebi~, Tb., 1991.2. g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi saqarTveloSi,Tb., 1994.3. a. kikviZe, saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 1977.4. s. Wilaia, ekaterine WavWavaZe, Tb., 1969.34

5. eduard aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanulidanTargmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTogia gelaSvilma, Tb., 2005.6. riCard uilbrahamis mogzauroba saqarTvelo-Si, inglisuridan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebidaurTo nana melaZem, Tb., 1990.7. k. koxisa da o. spenseris cnobebi saqarTvelosada kavkasiis Sesaxeb, germanulidan Targmna,Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo londamamacaSvilma, Tb., 1981.8. v. beriZe, mogonebebi, Tb., 1987.9. g. gelaSvili, aixvaldis cnobebi TbilisisSesaxeb, kr. `evropis qveynebis istoriis problemebi~,Tb., 1983.10. S. quTiZe, qvemo qarTlSi germanelTa axalSenebisistoriis sakiTxisaTvis, Jurn. `macne~,1967, #4.11. n. qorTua, amierkavkasia ruseT-iranis 1826-1828wlebis omSi, Tb., 1978.12. iv. javaxiSvili, Txz. Tormet tomad, t. V, Tb.,1986.13. Н. Л. Наниташвили, Германский капитал в Закавказье.Деятельность “фирмы “Сименс и Гальске”, 1860-1917,Тб., 1982.14. m. naTmelaZe, demografiuli procesebi saqarTveloSiXX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, Tb., 1993.15. g. niSnianiZe, paemani veraze, Tb., 1991.16. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi(SemdegSi sSssa), f. 14, anaw. 3, saq. 520.17. П. Басихинь, Немецкие колонии на Кавказе, “Кавказскийвестник”, 1990б №1.18. g. jiblaZe, qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobis eTnikurisuraTi, kr. `qvemo qarTli~, Tb., 199035

19. a. sonRulaSvili, germanelebi saqarTveloSi,Tb., 1995.20. miwis muSa, 1922, 17 seqtemberi.21. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 2, saq. 313.22. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 1, saq. 165 a.23. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 4, saq. 206.24. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 3, saq. 519.25. komunisti, 1933, 8 agvisto.26. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centralurisaxelmwifo arqivi (SemdegSi suicsa), f. 284,anaw. 1, saq. 1686.27. r. koWlamazaSvili, socialur-ekonomikuriurTierTobani saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi(1917-1937 ww.), (sadoqtoro disertacia)28. s. lobJaniZe, u. biomi, qarTuli pedagogikisistoriidan: germanofiluri periodi, `klio~,#28, 2005.29. i. sixaruliZe, niko berZeniSvili, Tb., 1989.30. v. beriZe, kultura da xelovneba damoukidebelsaqarTveloSi, Tb., 1992.31. suicsa, f. 284, anaw. 1, saq. 564; komunisti, 1927,9 aprili.32. suicsa, f. 284, anaw. 1, saq. 1023.33. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 1, saq. 293.34. miwis muSa, 1922, 23 marti.35. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 1, saq. 432.A36. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 1, saq. 433.37. suicsa, f. 607, anaw. 1, saq. 2404.38. suicsa, f. 607, anaw. 2, saq. 1579.39. d. mWedluri, lavrenti berias mTavari danaSauli,Tb., 1992.40. Гуго Вормсбехер, Немцы в ссср, сб., “Говорияоткровенно”, М., 1989.36

Avtandil SongulashviliEconomic Every-day life and traditions of Germans inGeorgiaThe history of relations between Georgian and German peoplesgoes beyond centuries. In the 19 th century, concretely, in1817-1818 more than 500 German families settled in Georgia.Germans’ settled on Georgian territory during the 19 th centuryand the first period of the Soviet regime. German colonies supplyTbilisi with the easily spoiled goods. Their economy wasprosperous.In 1927 there existed 13 German colonies with 9253 population.4200 Germans lived only in Tbilisi. Among the other nationalminorities who lived here, Germans were distinguished byhigh educational level. In 1926-1927 11 German schools werefunctioning in Georgia.After the Second World War Germans were evicted in theEast regions of the country, that caused the death of many people.They had right only in 1974 to return back to their nativeplaces.37

38Tamar SakiaSvilimzia tyavaSvilikavkasiaSi germanelTa migraciissakiTxisaTvisXVI saukuneSi moskovis samTavros centralizaciasmisi gaZliereba da teritoriuli sazRvrebisgafarToveba mohyva. XVII –XVIII saukuneebSiruseTis xelisuflebis mier sxvadasxvamimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli dapyrobiTi omebisada mTeli rigi RonisZiebebis Sedegad ruseTisteritoriebi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. igisamxreTiT kavkasias gaumezoblda. ruseTi samxedroeqspediciebis garda mizanmimarTul da kargadorganizebul migraciul politikasac axorcielebda.kazakoba iyo is privilegirebuli socialurifena, romelic rusulma xelisuflebamTavis dapyrobiT miznebs moargo da imperialisturizraxvebis ganxorcielebaSi mniSvnelovanifunqcia daakisra. kazakoba frontis wina xazzebrZolasTan erTad gamudmebiT migrirebda, saxldebodaaxlad mierTebul miwebze, mis dacva–SenarCunebasda aTvisebas axdenda. am fenis socialur,politikur da ekonomikur arss zedmiwevniTzustad gansazRvravs ruseTis imperatorialeqsandre II: “Козачье сословие предназначено в государственномбыту для того, чтобы оберегать гранницыимперий прилегающия к враждебным и неблагоустрое-

нным племенам и заселять отнимаемыя у них земли.” [3,915; 14, 62]:teritoriebis gafarTovebasTan erTad ruse-Tis saxelmwifoSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda mosaxleobisraodenobac. 1762 wels Catarebuli mesameaRweris dros ruseTis saxelmwifos Ziri-Tad nawilSi (velikoruseTsa da cimbirSi) 19 milion200 aTasi adamiani cxovrobda. 1796 welsCatarebuli mexuTe aRweris dros _ 29 milionzemeti, axlad SemoerTebul samflobeloebSi ki 7milioni, mTlianad 36 milioni adamiani. [7, 410].mosaxleobis raiodenobis aseTi matebis miuxedavadXVII-XVIII saukuneebSi ruseTis miwebi imdenadswrafad izrdeboda, rom igi yovelTvisganicdida mosaxleobis naklebobas, anu rogorcrusi istorikosi soloviovi werda: ruseTis imperiashqonda bevri miwebi da ar hyavda sakmarisixalxi [12, 290].`radganac slavuri mosaxleoba ar iyo sakmarisiimisTvis, rom saukuneebis manZilze Tanabraddasaxlebuliyo ruseTis dablobze, amitomis aq vrceldeboda ara gamravlebis da maSasadamegansaxlebis, aramed gadasaxlebis gziT, -gadamfreni frinvelebis msgavsad gadadioda er-Ti adgilidan meoreze, tovebda Tavis budes damkvidrdeboda axal adgilze”, _ werda avtoritetulirusi istorikosi kliuCevski [8, 49-50].mosaxleobis simcire ruseTis xelisuflebasrogorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTseriozul sirTuleebs uqmnida. saimperatorokari sxvadasxva saSualebiT cdilobda amproblemis mogvarebas. erT-erTi aseTi RonisZiebasxva qveynebidan mosaxleobis `mowveva~, anu39

useTSi gadmosaxlebis msurvelTa moZieba dastrategiuli mniSvnelobis adgilebSi maTi dasaxlebaiyo. xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli ampolitikis Sedegad XVIII sakunis meore naxevarSiruseTSi Sida migraciasTan erTad gaZlierda gare,anu sxva saxelmwifos qveSevrdomTa gadmosaxlebisprocesi. ruseTis xelisufleba uzrunvelyofdamaTi mgzavrobisa da dabinavebis xarjebs.migrantTa Soris evropelebic iyvnen. maT ricxvSigermanelebi Warbobdnen. 1763 w. ekaterineII-m gamosca kanoni kolonistebis Sesaxeb, romelickolonistebs aTavisuflebda gadasaxadebisgan,savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurisgan daaniWebda religiur Tavisuflebas. rogorc av.sonRulaSvili wers: `ruseTSi germanelebis mosvlasxeli Seuwyo 1762-1763-1764 wlebSi gamoqveynebulmamanifestebma, romelTa mixedviTac ucxoelebsiwvevdnen sxvadasxva qveynidan~ [13, 4]. `ruseTSipirveli germanuli dasaxlebebi aRmocendasamxreT volgaze 1764 w., romlebic am droidaniTvlebodnen volgispirel germanelebad~. mogvianebiTmaT SeuerTdnen sxva erovnebaTa warmomadgenlebi_ frangebi, Sveicarielebi, holandielebi[13, 5].sakuTari qveynidan germanelTa gadasaxlebasramdenime mizezi ganapirobebda: savaldebulo samxedrosamsaxuri, maRali gadasaxadebi, mousavlianoba,religiuri motivebi [16].axlad Camosaxlebuli xalxi xelisuflebisdasayrdeni unda gamxdariyo dapyrobil teritoriebze.maT ruseTis saxelmwifos ekonomikuricxovrebis aRorZinebasTan erTad qveynis politikurstabilurobaSic unda SeesrulebinaT mniSv-40

nelovani roli. am mizniT ruseTis xelisuflebamaT garkveul privilegiebsa da mTel rig SeRavaTebsuwesebda. `maTze ar gaavrceles batonymuriurTierToba, e. i. arc erTi germaneli sabatonoglexi ar gamxdara. isini asi wliT samxedrovaldebulebisganac gaanTavisufles [13, 5].XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSiruseTis teritoriuli sazRvrebi kvlavmniSvnelovnad gafarTovda samxreTis mimarTulebiT.ruseTis saimperatoro karma Crdilo kavkasiisdablob raionebSi daiwyo damkvidreba. 1777wels Seiqmna azov-mozdokis sakordono xazi,romelsac dapyrobili teritoriebis dacvisa dakavkasiaze Setevis placdarmis funqcia unda Seesrulebina.igi warmoadgenda cixe-simagreTa,sxvadasxva saxis TavdacviT nagebobaTa da stanicebiswyebas, sadac kazakur mosaxleobasTanerTad nel-nela sxvadasxva socialuri fenisada erovnebis mosaxleoba damkvidrda [3, 300].1801 wels aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ruseTTanSeerTebis Semdeg ruseTma amierkavkasiis samflobeloebisdapyrobas mihyo xeli. 1810 wels ganxorcieldadasavleT saqarTvelos aneqsia. kavkasionismTianeTze samxreTidan gegmazomieriieriSebi daiwyo.am periodSi, kavkasiis dasapyrobad mimdinarebrZolebis paralelurad, rusuli xelisuflebisTvisaqtualobas kvlav inarCunebda dausaxlebelimiwebis ganaSenianeba, kavkasiis mxaris ruseTiscentraluri raionebis nedleulis danamatadqceva, risTvisac am mxareSi ekonomikis winsvlas,meurneobis axali dargebis, Tanamedroveteqnologiuri procesebisa da sameurneo Cvevebis41

danergvas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. ruse-Tis ministrTa komitetSi ganixileboda mravaliproeqti, romelTa avtorebi ruseTis centralurraionebTan kavkasiis integraciisa da aq ruseTisbatonobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi saomar moqmedebebzemetad gadamwyvet rols ekonomikuri da kulturuliRonisZiebebis gatarebas aniWebdnen [6,172]. muSavdeboda migraciuli xasiaTis sxvadasxvaideac. yvela es proeqti mimarTuli iyo ruseTisbatonobis ganmtkicebisken kavkasiaSi. mxolodam mxaris dapyrobis saSualebebSi iyo gansxvaveba.am ukanasknelTa mizani kavkasiis SedarebiThumanuri formebiT damorCileba iyo. es proeqtebiruseTis umaRlesi wreebis mier imitomiyo ugulebelyofili, rom mxolod masze dayrdnobiTSedegebi araTu saeWvod gamoiyureboda,aramed ruseTis kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis procesidroSi gaiweleboda, rac ar awyobda ruseTisxelisuflebas.saimperatoro karze im periodisTvis ufroSesaferisad da efeqturad miiCnies kavkasiis dapyrobaSiZiriTadi aqcenti saomar operaciebzegadaetanaT. Tumca masTan unda momxdariyo migraciuliprocesebis Serwyma, aseve gegmazomieriekonomikuri xasiaTis RonisZiebiT soflis meurneobisada mrewvelobis waxaliseba. didi mniSvnelobaeniWeboda kulturuli, saganmanaTlebloda religiuri RonisZiebebiT kavkasielTa cnobierebaSirusuli ideologiisa da mentalitetisdanergvas. swored sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis essferoebi unda gamxdariyo rusifikatoruli re-Jimis dasayrdeni, erovnuli TviTSegnebis, adaTwesebisada saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis-42

Tvis brZolis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli RonisZiebebis,ideebisa da proeqtebis sulisCamdgmeli daganmaxorcielebeli. msoflioSi reaqciiT cnobilicarizmis rusifikatoruli reJimi kavkasiisTavisuflebismoyvare xalxs axali meTodebiTdaupirispirda.Sida da gareMmigraciebis waxaliseba iyo isRonisZieba, romelsac ruseTis xelisuflebaSiyovelTvis mowonebiT xvdebodnen. Tumca 1810wlidan migraciis wesebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebimoxda _ ruseTSi Sewyda xazinis xarjzesxva qveynebidan kolonistebis gadmosaxleba. ucxoelebsruseTSi saxazino miwebze dasaxlebaSeeZloT, oRond mgzavrobisa da dabinavebis xarjebimTlianad TviTon unda daefaraT. 1816welsEes kanoni kvlav moiwona ministrTa komitetmada daamtkica ruseTis imperatorma [1, 313].gadmosaxlebis wesebSi cvlilebebis miRebissafuZveli gaxda Semdegi garemoeba: ruseTSi saxazinomiwebze gadmosaxlebuli ucxoeli axalmoSenisyoveli ojaxis, gansakuTrebiT ki specialuradmowveulis, Senaxva da dasaxleba ruse-Tis xazinas ujdeboda 3000 maneTze meti. kolonistebidanam danaxarjebis ukan amoReba imdenadZneli iyo, rom maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobisgasaumjobeseblad, xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxdamaTTvis epatiebina ramdenime milioni maneTi[1, 313].ruseTSi gadmosaxlebis msurvelTaTvis dafinansebisSewyvetas maTi raodenobis Semcirebaunda mohyoloda.miuxedavad amisa saqarTvelos mTavarsardlispostze aleqsandre ermolovis daniSvnis Sem-43

deg (1816 - 1826 ww.) kavkasiaSiGmigraciis talRakvlav agorda. axalma mTavarsardalma kazakTagadmosaxlebis waxalisebasTan erTad, kvlav daayenaruseTis imperiaSi, kerZod ki kavkasiaSi, evropelTadasaxlebis sakiTxi.al. ermolovma kozodavlevisadmi 1816 wlis31 dekembers miweril werilSi saqarTveloSigermanelTa koloniis daarsebis mizanSewonilobaaq miwaTmoqmedebisa da meurneobis sxva dargebisSemdgomi ganviTarebisa da srulyofis aucileblobiTdaasabuTa, risTvisac moiTxova Suamdgomloba,dasawyisisTvis germanelTa 30 ojaxis`gamoweris~ Sesaxeb. maT TavianTi `keTilimagaliTiTa da soflis meurneobaSi saWirounar-CvevebiT adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi unda gaeRvivebinaTsoflis meurneobisadmi siyvaruli~[1, 313]. am werilSi al. ermolovi amtkicebda imasac,rom germanelTa gadmosaxleba xazinis mxridanar saWiroebda did xarjebs da migraciisprocess TviTon gauwevda kontrols [1, 313].kozodavlevi ermolovis am moTxovnas daTanxmda,Tumca winaaRmdegi iyo, rom `sazRvargare-Tidan migrantebis gamoZaxeba gansakuTrebuli mizezisgareSe kvlav xazinis xarjze momxdariyo~[1, 313]. igi asaxelebda ramdenime saSualebas, romelicSeiZleba gamoyenebuliyo ucxoelebis ruseTSigadmosaxlebisas ise, rom ar darRveuliyoaxali kanonis debulebebi. am SemTxvevaSi saqar-TveloSi gadmosasaxleblad unda gamoeyenebinaT:I _ Crdilo kavkasiaSi arsebul Sotlandiur koloniaSimcxovrebi da II _ novorosiiskSi dasasaxlebladukve `mopatiJebuli~ germanelebi [1,313 - 314].44

saerTod, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTSikvlav grZeldeboda ucxo qveynebidan gadmosaxlebebiswaxaliseba, rasac xeli Seuwyo 1804wels, ruseTis imperator aleqsandre I-is mierxelmowerilma manifestma kolonistebis Sesaxeb,romelsac 20 aTasi vurtemberbeli germaneli gamoexmaura[16]. germanelebi ruseTis sxvadasxvaadgilebze daasaxles. germanelTa erT-erTi Zlierikolonia saratovTan mdebareobda.1802 wels Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kerZod ki beS-Tis mTis siaxloves, gaCnda evropelTa axalSeni,romelic Sotlandielebma, kerZod ki edinburgisreligiuri sazogadoebis misionerebma daaarses.Sotlandielebi ruseTis imperatoris mxridangansakuTrebuli SeRavaTebiTa da xelSewyobiTsargeblobdnen. male maTi axalSeni sanimuSo gaxdamTel Crdilo kavkasiaSi [2, 912]. xelsayrelipirobebis gamo SotlandielTa nebarTviT 1810wels saratovis germanuli koloniidan maTTansacxovreblad gadavida 20 ojaxi, romlebic SotlandielebTanSexmatkbilebiT cxovrobdnen1816 wlamde. am wels maT Soris warmoiSva seriozuliuTanxmoeba, ris gamoc germanelebi ruseTisxelisuflebas sTxovdnen qalaq sviatoi krestTangadasaxlebis nebarTvas. germanelebi amtkicebdnen,rom axal adgilze isini TavianT ekonomikurmdgomareobasac gaiumjobesebdnen da xazinasacmoutandnen sargeblobas [1, 313 - 314].swored am xalxis saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebisimedi hqonda kozodavlevs. igi varaudobda,rom umjobesi iqneboda sviatoi krestis nacvladgermanelebi saqarTveloSi dasaxlebuliyvnen,risTvisac saWiro iyo Crdilo kavkasiis So-45

tlandiur axalSenSi mcxovrebi germanelebis Tanxmoba.adgilobriv gubernators daevala CaetarebinamaTTan saubrebi saqarTveloSi arsebulimdgomareobisa da yvela im sargeblobis Sesaxeb,rasac isini am mxareSi miiRebdnen [1, 314].Tavidan Sotlandiur koloniaSi mcxovrebmagermanelebma uari ganacxades saqarTveloSi gadasaxlebazeda kategoriulad moiTxoves `sviatoikrestSi~ dasaxleba. mas Semdeg, rac gen.-maiormadelpocom maT aRuwera saqarTvelos nayofiereba,cametma maTganma gamoTqva survili pirobebisgasacnobad xazinis xarjebiT gaegzavnaTori adamiani, romelTa mier Segrovebul cnobebzedayrdnobiT miiRebdnen Semdgom gadawyvetilebasgadasaxleba-argadasaxlebis Sesaxeb [1,315].saxazino fulis aramiznobrivi xarjvis Tavidanasacileblad saqarTveloSi gagzavnil orgermanels gaayoles general-leitenanti kutuzovi.ukan dabrunebulma deputatebma SotlandiuraxlSenSi mcxovreb TanamoZmeebs gaacnes saqarTveloSiarsebuli mdgomareoba, ris Semdegacmravalma kolonistma gamoTqva amierkavkasiaSigadmosaxlebis survili [1, 315].Crdilo kavkasiis adgilobrivi xelisuflebismxridan iyo mcdeloba SeeferxebinaT maTi gamgzavrebamxolod imitom, rom zafxulobiT isinimwvaniliTa da rZis produqtebiT amaragebdnen`goriaCi vodebs~. delpoco miiCnevda, rom `amisgamo maTi gadasaxlebis Seferxeba iyo usafuZvlo,radganac igive SeeZloT gaekeTebinaT konstantinogradismcxovreblebs, Tanac ufro xelsayrelipirobebiT, Tuki am produqtebs georgie-46

vskidan miitandnen~ [1, 315]. igive moxelis azriT,`aqamde Sotlandiis koloniaSi mcxovreb germanelebsaraviTari mniSvnelovani wvlili ar SeutaniaTam mxaris sameurneo cxovrebaSi. maT arcdanapirebi Seasrules daATambaqos garda ar gaa-Senes araviTari sxva plantacia; cxovrobdnenumiznod da arafers akeTebdnen, ris gamoc aqdasaxldnen.Aamisgan gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi,iqauri xelisuflebis mxridan yuradRebis pirobebSi,isini SeZlebden muyaiTobiTa da SromismoyvareobiTmniSvnelovani wvlili SeetanaT saxalxomeurneobis mTeli rigi dargebis ganviTarebaSi.es ki sasargeblo iqneboda ara marto maTiekonomikuri mdgomareobisTvis, aramed mTelimxarisTvis~ [1, 315].rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,Kkozodavlevis azriT,saqarTveloSi cxovrebis survili SesaZloagamoeTqvaT novorosiiskSi dasasaxleblad samSoblodanwamosul germanelebsac. eseni iyvnen vurtembergismcxovreblebi. maTi ruseTSi gadmosaxlebareligias ukavSirdeboda. XIX saukunis dasawyisSigermaniaSi arsebobda seqtanturi moZraobebi,romlis gavrcelebis areali vurtembergs,bavariasa da Sveicarias moicavda. `separatistebi~(maTi azriT, `samSobloSi wlidan wlamdemcirdeboda religiuri suli da Zveli RvTismo-SiSoba, xolo mis adgils iWerda miwieri tkobissurvili da religiuri gulgriloba~. ~maT surdaTaxlo yofiliyvnen ierusalimTan da wmindasaflavTan~ [5, 62]. [5, 65, 67; 11, 5, 7, 9], `piestebi~(1817-1818 ww. germaniaSi protestantuli eklesiiswinaaRmdeg dawyebuli moZraoba), `bohleanelebi~(misi damaarsebeli adam bohle amtkicebda, rom47

morwmune qristiani uflis jvarcmisa da sakuTarinaTlobis wyalobiT imdenad srulyofilixdeba, rom Tavisufldeba codvebisgan da aRarSeuZlia codvis Cadena. aseT adamians aRar sWirdebaaranairi kanonis dacva da morCileba), ~Sponistebi~[5, 66] (maTi azriT, uflis meored mosvlagviandeboda. damaarseblis Bbarbara SponismowodebiT emzadebodnen ierusalimSi wasasvlelad,Tumca ruseTis xelisuflebam maTi gamgzavrebaar dauSva), xiliastebi (maTi azriT, isiniRmerTis rCeulebi iyvnen. swamdaT dedamiwazeqristes aTaswlovani meufebis. maTi gamoTvliT,1836 wels movidoda ufali da daiwyeboda saSinelisamsjavro) da a. S. iyo am dros germanelTamoqmedi seqtebi [16]. germaniis xelisuflebamseqtantebis Seviwroveba daiwyo, ris Semdegacisini iZulebuli gaxdnen samSoblo mietovebinaT.maTma erTma nawilma amerikas miaSura. meorenakadma ki ruseTSi gadasaxleba gadawyvita [12,5]. gadasaxlebis msurvelTa jgufebs erqvaT `harmoniebi~[16].ruseTSi Camosaxlebis msurvelebma TavianTimudmivi dasaxlebis adgilad amierkavkasia, ker-Zod ki saqarTvelo, airCies.kavkasiis administraciaSi sistematiurad ganixilavdnengermanelTa CamosaxlebasTan dakav-Sirebul sxvadasxva sakiTxebs: azustebdnen gadaadgilebismarSrutsa da vadebs, SeCerebisa daRamisTevis adgilebs, gzaSi warmoSobil SesaZlosiZneleebs, maT mier dasasaxleblad SerCeuliadgilebis mizanSewonilobas maT sameurneosaqmianobasTan, maTTvis gasawev materialur daxmarebasda a. S. kavkasiis rusuli administracia48

germanelebis mier saqarTveloze gakeTebul arCevansiwonebda. maTi azriT, vinaidan maTi sacxovrebeliadgili da saqarTvelo imyofeboda daaxlovebiTerTnair bunebriv-klimatur zonaSi,rac ganapirobebda meurneobis msgavsi dargebisganviTarebas, aq dasaxleba nakleb problemebsSeuqmnida rogorc migrantebs, aseve adgilobrivxelisuflebas.ruseTis xelisuflebam kavkasiaSi damkvidrebisTanavedidi muSaoba Caatara am mxaris meurneobisgamokvlevisa da dazvervis kuTxiT, da dadgina,rom saqarTveloSi didi potenciali hqondasoflis meurneobis mTeli rigi dargebis:mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis, meabreSumeobis da maTTandakavSirebuli mrewvelobis dargebis ganviTarebasda maTi waxaliseba daiwyo [4, 82, 83, 84; 1,314]. germanelebis aq dasaxlebas am dargebis aRorZinebada imdroindel standartebTan miaxlovebaunda uzrunveleyo [1, 314].vurtembergeli germanelebis ruseTSi gadasaxlebaermolovis saqarTvelos mTavarsardladdaniSvnamde gadawyda. ruseTis imperatoris 1815wels gamocemuli specialuri brZanebiT vurtembergidan50 ojaxi unda gadmoesaxlebinaT novorosiiskismxareSi, romlisTvisac gamoiyo garkveuliTanxa [1, 314]. 1815 wels `germaneli mosaxleobisdidi raodenoba aiyara Svabiidan da rusiagentebis megzurobiT Cavida izmailSi, sadacmaT gaiares xangrZlivi da mkacri karantini. ...izmailidan gadavidnen odesaSi~ [5, 62, 76-77]. germanelebi1817 wlis martSi ukve odesaSi iyvnen.isini odesis garSemo arsebul TavianTi TanamemamuleebissoflebSi, maTTvis gamoyofil droeb-49

iT binebSi, dasaxldnen. maTze mzrunveloba daekisraxersonesis samxedro gubernators [1, 314].germanelebis 29 ojaxma uari Tqva odesaSidarCenaze da kavkasiis guberniaSi gadasaxlebamoiTxova. amis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi religiurTanerTad is iyo, rom TavianT qveyanaSi isinimisdevdnen meRvineobas da surdaT meurneobisam dargis Sesaferis klimatur zonaSi dasaxleba[1, 314]. ruseTis xelisufleba iTvaliswinebdara, vurtembergisa da kavkasiis guberniisklimatis did msgavsebas erTmaneTTan, aseve, odesisada saqarTvelos siaxloves, mizanSewoniladmiaCnda maTi saqarTveloSi dasaxleba [1, 314].germanelebs saqarTveloSi unda esargeblaTyvela uflebiTa da SeRavaTiT, romliTac sxvakolonistebi sargeblobdnen, kerZod ki piradida miwis SeRavaTebiT, aseve RvTismsaxurebaSisruli TavisuflebiT.im SemTxvevaSi Tu vurtembergeli kolonistebisnawili ar moisurvebda saqarTveloSidasaxlebas da gadawyvetda kavkasiis xazze damkvidrebas,adgilobriv sagubernio xelmZRvanelobasmaTTvis iq unda SeerCia mevenaxeobisa dasxva dargebisTvis da Sesabamisad maTi saqmianobisTvisSesaferisi dausaxlebeli adgilebi.Mmasveunda ganesazRvra zustad romel adgilebze,erTze Tu ramodenimeze, gadaenawilebinaTisini da winaswar miewodebina amis Sesaxeb zusticnobebi xelmZRvanelobisTvis. unda gansazRvruliyo,agreTve, ra viTarebaSi da ra TanamimdevrobiTunda momxdariyo masze kolonistebis dasaxleba,rom xazinisTvisac sasargeblo yofiliyoda axalmonaSeneebisTvisac [1, 314].50

adganac al. ermolovis mier gansazRvruliiyo, rom es kolonistebi kavkasiis xazze yofiliyvnenara ugvianes seqtembrisa (vinaidan zam-Tris dadgomamde momxdariyo maTi amierkavkasia-Si Casvla), kozodavlevi 1817 wlis 17 maiss saWirodmiiCnevda, rom odesaSi myofi germaneli kolonistebiukve gamomgzavrebuliyvnen. maTTvis kigamcileblad mozdokamde gaeyolebinaT erTi moxele.mozdokidan Tbilisamde maTi mgzavrobis-Tvis meTvalyureoba unda gaewia kavkasiis gubernators.kvebisa da sagzao saWiroebebisTvis fulimaTTvis specialurad gamoiyo. Tuki xelisuflebaver moiZiebda mTlianad saWiro TanxebsmaT dasasaxleblad, maSin maT unda gasweodaTsxva daxmareba. saqarTveloSi es xalxi unda daesaxlebinaTsaxazino miwebze yvela im kanonisSesabamisad, romelic SemuSavebuli iyo novorosiiskiskolonistebisTvis [1, 314].kozodavlevma maisSi miswera xersonesis samxedrogubernators da odesis koloniebis mmar-Tvels, rom dauyovnebliv daewyo am kolonistebiskavkasiis guberniaSi gamosamgzavreblad samzadisi[1, 315].gamcileblad unda SeerCiaT sando da germanulienis odnav mainc mcodne adamiani [1, 315].dasaxlebis adgilze maTi dabinaveba, maTTvisSenobebis ageba da sxva sayofacxovrebo pirobebisSeqmna, ermolovis azriT, SedarebiT adviladda zedmeti saxazino xarjebis gareSe gadawydeboda,radganac am saqmeSi samxedro moxeleebisCarTva igegmeboda [1, 315].novorosiiskis mxareSi TavianT TanamemamuleebTandroebiT SeCerebuli vurtembergeli ko-51

lonistebi, romlebmac saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebissurvili gamoTqves, sul 31 ojaxi, 181 sulisSemadgenlobiT, TbilisSi 21 seqtembers Camovida.stalma maT dasasaxleblad SearCia sar-TiWala [1, 316]. kolonias ewoda marienfeldi. kolonistebisTvisdawesebuli wesebis SesabamisadmaT yovel ojaxze gamoeyoT 60 desetina miwa. [9,17].maTi saxlebis mSeneblobas awarmoebdnen samxedromosamsaxureebi, romelsac meTvalyureobdainJiner-poruCiki furcelovi (furcelaZe).saxlebis damTavrebamde germanelebi cxovrobdnensofel martyofSi mosaxerxebel binebSi.pristavis daniSvnamde maTTan sxvadasxva yofiTiproblemebis mosagvareblad droebiT ganwesdaniJegorodis dragunTa polkis unter-oficeribaroni rozeni, mamasaxlisi ki kolonistebma TavianTirigebidan airCies _ gotlib lefleri [1,316].181 kolonistidan gzaSi gardaicvala 7, aqedan3 mozdokamde, 4 ki martyofSi [1, 316].1818 w. Tbiliss kolonistTa didi talRa moawva(500 kolonisti germanelis ojaxi). isiniTbilisis guberniis sxvadasxva adgilas daasaxles.mTavrobam maT mosawyobad erTdroulad gaiRo65 aTasi man. oqroTi. TviToeul kolonistmuSa-mamakacze unda gamoeyoT 35 desetina saxnavisaukeTeso adgilebi haviT da sasmeli wyliT [5,77]. Ggarda amisa, mkvidr mosaxleobas aiZulebdnenmiwebi daexnaT da saSeni masala miewodebinaTaxalmoSeneTaTvis [13, 6].kozodavlevs swored es xalxi miaCnda ammxareSi meabreSumeobisa da meRvineobis, saqarT-52

velos soflis meurneobis TiTqmis ZiriTadidargebis, aseve sxva msgavsi dargebis, romlebicaseve ganviTarebuli iyo zemo reinze, amRorZineblebad.1819 w. bolos amierkavkasiaSi sul rva koloniaSeiqmna, aqedan eqvsi saqarTveloSi ganlagda.eseni iyo: marienfeldi (sarTiWalaSi) _ 31ojaxiT; 2. Tbilisis kolonia _ kukiaze _ 51ojaxi; 3. aleqsandersdorfi _ didubeSi _ 23ojaxi; 4. petersdorfi _– marienfeldis (rozenfeldi)maxloblad (sagarejo) _ 17 ojaxi; 5.elizavetali – asureTSi (bolnisi) _ 65 ojaxi;6. _ ekaterinenfeldi _ borCalos mazraSi (bolnisi)_ 116 ojaxi. (9, 11-33; 13, 7).`amierkavkasiis yvela germanuli koloniaadre eqvemdebareboda sagangebo samzrunvelo komitets,Semdgom ki saxazino palatas TbilisSi~[5, 63].1848 wlamde germanel kolonistTa dasaxlebebiCvenSi iwodebodnen `saqarTvelos germanulkoloniebad, xolo aRniSnuli wlidan maT amierkavkasiisgermanuli koloniebis~ saxelwodebamiiRes [9, 32; 13, 7]. nora pfeferma, TbilisSi arsebuligermanuli gimnaziis bolo direqtorisqaliSvilma Svab kolonistebs `kavkasiis yvelazeaxalgazrda xalxi~ uwoda [16].53

wyaroebi da literatura1. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Коммиссией,под ред. Ад. Берже, Тифлис, т. VI, ч.1, 1874.2. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Коммиссией,под ред. Ад. Берже, Тифлис, т. V, 1873.3. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Коммиссией,под ред. Ад. , Тифлис, т. XII, ч.2, 1904.4. al. bendianiSvili, al. dauSvili, m. samsonaZe,x. qoqraSvili, d. WumburiZe, o. janeliZe, rusulikolonializmi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008.5. moric vagneri saqarTvelos Sesaxe, germanuliteqsti Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da saZieblebidaurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.6. История народов Северного Кавказа конец XVIII в. _1917 г., ред А. Л. Нарочницкий, М., 1988.7. История СССР, часть первая, С древнейших времен до годапод редакцией В. В. Мавродина, М., 1979.8. Ключевский В. О., сочинения в девяти томах, курс русскойистории, ч I, М., 1987.9. g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi saqarTveloSi,Tb., 1974.10. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb., 1973.11. saq. csia, f. 2, saqme # 4093.12. Соловьев С. М., История Россий с древнейших времен,к. IV, М., 1989.13. a.sonRulaSvili, germanelebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1995.14. m. tyavaSvili, kazakTa yofa-cxovreba da gadasaxlebissistema, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesiistoriis sakiTxebi, t. II, Tb., 2007.15. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi,t. II, 1978.54

16. A. laskorsk, R. laskorsk, Swabben im Swarzmeergebiet undim Kaukasus, Eriwan, 2003.Tamar ShakiashviliMzia TkavashviliFor the Problem of the Germans’ Migration in theCaucasusIn the 16 th – 18 th centuries the territories of Russia weresignificantly expended to the South. Russia became a neighborof the Caucasus. Russia was capturing new countries with thehelp of military operations and well organized migration policy.But the migration processes were taking pace only after expansionof the territory. This was a serious problem for the state. Tosolve the problem, in the second half of the 18 th century Russiastarted to promote foreign citizens’ migration in Russia. Therewere Germans among the migrants as well. The Russian governmentwas fully taking upon itself the whole expenses of journeyand settlement. Colonists were also receiving certain advantages.In 1810 resettlement of the foreign citizens with the expansesof the state was abolished. Those who wanted to resettlehave to spend own expanses for journey and settlement. But thenew demand did not stop the wave of migration.Since the 19 th century resettlements took place in the SouthCaucasus (mainly in Georgia) as well. It is connected with thename of A. Ermolov. The mentioned resettlement aimed to promoteagriculture, mainly: viticulture – vine-making and sericulture.In 1817 31 families, the first German colonists, 187 peopleall together, arrived. They were mainly inhabitants of the Württemberg(formerly known as Württemberg) country. They underwentquite serious difficulties of journey. When they left Württembergfirst stop they had in Odessa where their relatives were55

living and than they continued their way till Mozdok. AfterMozdoc with the help of the Military Road of Georgia theycame to the village Martkopi. For some times German colonistslived in this village. Near village Sartichala servicemen werealready building houses on a place that had been chosen beforehand.The head of this building was an engineer Purtselov. Thissettlement was named Marienfeld.Next year, in 1818 500 families of German colonists arrivedin the South Caucasus.Nora Pfeiffer, a daughter of the last headmaster of the TbilisiGerman Grammar School, called Swabian colonists “theyoungest people of the Caucasus”.56

medea gogolaZe`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ `ninos cxovrebis~erTi adgilisleontiseuli interpretaciis axsna`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ uZveles redaqciebSi_ Satberdulsa da sina-50-Si nino mociqulis mierkerpebis aRwerisas vkiTxulobT: `da marjulmisa dga kerpi oqroÁsaÁ da saxeli misi gaci, damarcxl misa _ kerpi vecxlisaÁ da saxeli misiga, romelni igi RmrTad hqondes mamaTa TquenTaarian qarTliT~ [2, 119-120]. xolo `qarTlis cxovreba~gviambobs: `da kualad iyo marjueniT missakaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci. marcxeniT missaudga kaci vecxlisa da saxeli misi gaim, romelniigi RmerTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa~[1, 89-90].rogorc cnobilia, `moqcevaÁs~ `ninos cxovreba~ufro adrindeli matianea da faqtobrivadis aris leonti mrovelis `ninos cxovrebis~ wyaro.sainteresoa, zemoT aRniSnuli adgilis citirebisasmeistorie ratom iRebs teqstidan`arian qarTls~ da cvlis mas `qarTlis eriT~?dasaSvebia ori varianti; pirveli _ man ar icisarian qarTlis arsebobis Sesaxeb, an bundovaniamisi warmodgena masze da meore _ igi SegnebuladakeTebs amas.57

Cveni azriT, saqme gvaqvs saqarTvelos istoriisTvisam mniSvnelovani momentis leontismier Segnebul cvlilebasTan, rac unda aixsnasqarTlis samefos warmoqmnis da farnavazis moRvaweobis,anu qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebisformirebis miseuli interpretaciiT.Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qarTvelTa identobaetapobrivia da sxvadasxva tradicias eyrdnoba(risi magaliTic `moqcevaÁs~ da `qarTliscxovrebis~ sapirispiro koncefciebia), gasagebiunda iyos erTmaneTisgan qronologiurad sakmaoddaSorebul mematianeTa xedva aRniSnul saki-TxTan dakavSirebiT.Tumca leonti ver malavs, rom azos motanilikerpebi _ gaci da gaimi qarTlis eris Rmer-Tebia. cota mogviano pasaJSi miriani eubneba ninos:`...aha esera RmerTni qarTlisani, armaz dazaden... Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani gaci dagaimi~ [1, 106]. magram arian qarTlis xseneba masar awyobs, radgan igi winaaRmdegobaSi mova azosmoRvaweobis miseul xedvasTan, risi mixedviTacazo aleqsandre makedonelis naTesavia (`azon, Zeiaredosisi, naTesavi misi queyaniT makedoniT~),qarTlis dampyrobeli da igi ar unda iyos arianqarTleli, `mamaTa CuenTa~ STamomavali. Tanac,`moqcevaÁs~ koncefcia misi koncefciis sapirispiroa,romliTac arian qarTli ipyrobs mcxeTisregions da aerTianebs or qarTul politikurerTeuls (samefos da samamasaxlisos) da Sesabamisadazo xdeba qarTlis pirveli mefe.ra SeiZleba iyos mizezi leonti mrovelismier saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi saetapomovlenis aseTi xelovnuri konstruirebisa?58

ogorc Cans, warsulis iseTi gancda, rogoricwina saukuneebis sazogadoebas axasiaTebs,rogorc cocxali tradiciisa, leontis droindelsazogadoebaSi ikargeba, rac, Tavis mxriv,ganpirobebulia axali istoriuli konteqstiT.leontis moRvaweobis xana is periodia, roca bagrationTasamefo xelisufleba centralizebuliada prioritetulia qarTuli saxelmwifosSeqmnis istoria adgilobrivi Sinagani procesebisganviTarebad moinaTlos, vidre im droisaTvisukve aRar arsebuli, TiTqmis miTiuri arianqarTlis samefodan _ sxva kuTxidan saxelmwifoebrivicentris mcxeTaSi gadmonacvlebiT, anumiuRebelia qarTuli samefos Seqmnis `moqcevaÁseuli~koncefcia _ politikuri centris migracia.XI saukuneSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebis ideasWirdeba mcxeTis qarTlis garSemo danarCeni`saqarTveloebis~ gaerTianebis fokusireba, erovnuligmiris, farnavazis donis, nacionaluri impulsismatarebeli mefis saxiT, romelic axali`qarTuli erTobis~ SegrZnebas dabadebs, gansxvavebiT`moqcevaÁs~ aseve `yoveli qarTlis~ ideisgan,rasac misi avtori eris mexsierebaSi arsebuliqveynis gamaerTianebeli simboloebis, mefeazos da nino kapadokielis xatebiT axdens. erTiwarmarTuli xatia, meore qristianuli. qristianobamdelisazogadoebis mexsiereba warmarTulikerpebis gaci _ ga _ armazis erTobis gamomxatvelikultebisadmi TayvaniscemaSi gamoixata.qarTveli eri saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tavisidentobas am triadasTan da Semdeg sxva kerpeb-Tanac akavSirebda. qristianuli sazogadoeba erovnulicnobierebis formirebis axal etaps ukve59

wminda ninos, qristianobis, rogorc monoTeisturikultis gamavrcelebels ukavSirebs, rac, aseve,socialur-politikur konteqstSi unda iqnasganxiluli.leontis drois qarTvelisTvis azo aRaraareprezentatuli, igi gascda am epoqis (da savaraudodufro adreuli epoqis) socialur Car-Cos. maT ukve sxvanairi azo WirdebaT _ ucxoelidampyrobeli. maTi politikuri koniunqturisTvisprioritetuli xazi qarTlosi _ farnavazia, esxatebi emociuradac ufro mimzidvelia.adre Tu (vgulisxmobT VII saukunes) erT-er-Ti centraluri idea qarTvelTa gaerTianebisaarian qarTls ukavSirdeboda, mogvianebiT igi Seicvalasazogadoebis, ufro zustad ki, garkveulisocialur-politikuri jgufis moTxovnebisSesabamisad.rogorc Cans, qarTvel xalxSi warmoiSvaalternatiuli ideebis, axali warsulis SeqmnissaWiroeba, romelsac is Tavis identobas daukav-Sirebs. marTalia, farnavazic iseTive Soreuliadrois TvalsazrisiT, rogorc azo, magram emociuradfarnavazi ufro axloa maTTan, vidreazo _ arian qarTli, romelic ukve aSkarad gaucxoebulisamyaroa, rogorc geografiuli, isesocialur-politikuri aspeqtiT.aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom arian qarTls leontisSemdgom periodSic yavs mxardamWerebi; magaliTadarsen beri (XI-XII ss.), romelic Tavis winaprebadarian qarTlidan gadmosaxlebulebsTvlis: `Cuen qarTvelni Svilni varT arian qarTliTgamosulTani, da enaÁ maTi uwyiT. da mefeniCuenni maTni Svilis-Svilni arian~ [3, 80].60

amrigad, Cveni dRevandeli warmodgeniT arianqarTli Zveli qarTuli samyaroa (rasac amyarebsSemdegi faqtorebi: arian qarTlSi gaZiZavebiswes-Cveulebis arseboba; azos mier motanilikerpebis miReba da datoveba mcxeTis qarTlissazogadoebis mier; farnavazis mier armazis kerpisgacisa da gas kerpebs Soris aRmarTva; agre-Tve azos mier aleqsandre makedonelisgan `mocemulisjulis~ datoveba, rac metyvelebs azoaleqsandresnaTesaobis sapirispirod), romelicdroTa ganmavlobaSi politikuri da socialurikoniunqturidan gamomdinare kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobasda adgils uTmobs qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaxal tradicias.wyaroebi1. leonti mroveli, `qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I,Tb., 1955.2. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuliliteraturis Zeglebi, wigni I, Tb.,1963.3. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturisZeglebi, wigni III, Tb., 1971.61

62Medea GogoladzeLeonti’s Interpretation of a Passage of the Chronicle“Nino’s Tskhovreba” in “Moktsevai Kartlisai”In “Kartlis Tskhovreba”, the chronicle, “Arian Kartli” ofShatberdi and Sina-5o redactions is changed as “Kartlis eri” (thepeople of Kartli). In our opinion Leonti Mroveli changes “ArianKartli” into “Kartlis eri” deliberately. It may be explained by hisinterpretation of the Kartli kingdom formation and the activityof Parnavaz determined by the chronicler’s current social andpolitical interests. This is the period when the royal rule of theBagrations is centralized. Now the history of Georgian kingdomformation should be evaluated as the result of local internalprocesses. This is the most important issue. The mere moving ofthe capital from the centre of already forgotten none existed inthose days “Arian Kartli” kingdom to Mtskheta is not of priorimportance.The unification of Georgia in the 11 th century needs theidea of unification round Kartli Mtskheta leaded by such a strongpublic figure, carrier of such a national impulse as it wasking Parnavaz.In the times of Leonti Mroveli first king of Kartli Azo,king of “Moktsevai Kartlisai”, is no more a representative figure.He is already beyond the social frames of Leonti’s epoch. Forthe Bagrations in that very state of the social environment theline of Kartlos – Parnavaz is prior. This need was determined bythe national demands to have the new past. It is the past Georgianpeople will connect and attach their identity lately.

63Salva gloveli`mefeTa divani~ rogorc saistorio wyaro1839 wels mari brosem gamosca ierusalimispatriarq dosiTeosis mier Segrovebuli cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb. dosiTeosi daibada 1641wels peloponesSi. patriarqi iyo 1669 wlidan. isgamoirCeoda marTlmadideblobis aqtiuri dacvi-Ta da kaTolikur eklesiasTan ukompromiso brZoliT.Tamar tivaZis aRniSvniT, dosiTeosi `impirTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda, romelnic dasaxuli miznismisaRwevad yvela xerxs gamarTlebuladTvlidnen. es is pirovneba iyo, romelic ereklepirvels werda: `... garemoebam gaiZula gamogecvalamamapapuri wminda rjuli, magram Sen es gamiznuladgaakeTe da ara imisaTvis, rom cudi azrigamoZravebda. ecade, rom am dasaxul mizansmiaRwio.... Seni mizani iyo garegnulad gvanebodiucxo rjulis adamians, gulSi ki qristiani yofiliyavi.rac Seexeba urjuloebs - moatyue isini,gaucine maT, icrue, Tu saWiro iqneba, dauficekidevac, oRond qristianebs sikeTe moutane...~[37, 248].dosiTeos patriarqi saqarTveloSi orjeryofila Camosuli, erTxel 1658-1659, xolo meored1681-1683 wlebSi. mis `ierusalimis patriarq-Ta istoriaSi~ saqarTvelos Sesaxeb dacul cnobaTaganumniSvnelovanesia `afxazTa mefeebis~

STamomavlobiTi sia. dosiTeosis cnobiT, mas essia amouweria bagrat III-is mier Sedgenili `afxazeTisistoriidan~. am mxriv Zalze mniSvnelovaniaeqvTime TayaiSvilis mier aRmoCenili dokumenti,e.w. `mefeTa divani~, romelSic aris aseve`afxazTa mefeebis~ CamonaTvali. eqvTime Tayai-Svili aRniSnavda, rom, swored, es unda iyosbagrat III-is e.w. `afxazeTis istoria~, romliTacusargeblia ierusalimis patriarq dosiTeoss. amdokumentis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT mogvaqvsmisi sruli, eqvTime TayaiSviliseuli teqsti:`q. saxeliTa mRTa me kostantine mefeman, ZemansulkurTxeulis bagrat afxazTa mefisaman:vpoe saWurWlesa quTaTis quTaTis mdivani. mefe-Ta Sina ewera saxelebi mefeTa da daZvelebuliyo. da axlad gardavawerine:p i mefe afxazeTisa iyo anos: meore Svilimisi Rozar, mesame Svili misi istvine: meoTxeSvili misi finiktios: mexuTe Svili misi baruk,meeqvse Svili misi dimitri: meSvide Svili misiTeodosi: merve Svili misi kostanti: mecxre Svilimisi Teodore: meaTe Svili misi kostantine,meaTerTmete Zma misi leon: r n (romelman) dayomefobasa Sina TKssa weliwadi ormocdaxuTi: mea-Tormete (Svili misi) Teodosi: rˆln dayo mefobasaSina TÂssa weliwadi ocdaSvidi: m(e)aTsameteZma misi demetre, mefobda ocdaTeqvsmet wel:meaToTxmete Zma maTi giorgi, mefobda, romelssaufliswulod aRwufi hqonda: da amisTÂs ewodamas giorgi aRwufeli: aman imefa Svid wel: meTxuTmeteSvili demetresi bagrat. mefobda Tormetwel: meaTeqvsmete Svili (misi) kostanti. mefobda64

ocdacxramet wel: meaTSvidmete Svili misi giorgi.mefobda ormocdaxuT wel: meaTvramete Svilimisi leon mefobda aT wel: meaTcxramete Zmamisi dimitri. mefobda rva wel: meoce Zma misiTeodosi Tval-damwvari, mefobda sam wel. daamaTsa Sˆd ineba RˆTn da davipyar me qˆyana(qveyana) afxazeTisa, deduli Cemi, baCrat bagratoanman,Zeman sul-kurTxeulisa gurgenisaman, daasulis wulman giorgi afxazTa mefisaman: da TuraodenTa welTa davyof mefobasa Cemsa es Rˆnuwyis.x(olo) mefobda ese bagrat ocdaaTeqvsmetwel da Sˆd (Semdgomad) imissa mefobda (Svilimisi) giorgi aTcamet weli da xuT Tve~ [21, 46-47].rogorc vxedavT, da rogorc Tavad eqvTimeTayaiSvilic aRniSnavda, teqsti sam nawilad iyofa:Sesavali ekuTvnis bagrat `afxazTa mefis~Zes-konstantines. nusxa daculi yofila `quTaTissaWurWleSi~ mdebare `quTaTis mdivanSi~, romelicsiZvelis gamo gadauweria konstantines. eqv-Time TayaiSvili aRniSnavda, rom es aris konstantineII, Ze bagrat V didis, romelic, eqvTime TayaiSvilisdaTariRebiT, gardaicvala 1414 w. [21,48; 12,]; meore nawilia sakuTriv mefeTa nusxa, romelicgamouqveynebia bagrat bagrations, gurgenisZes da giorgi `afxazTa mefis~ asuliswuls.es aris bagrat III, Ze gurgen `mefeTa-mefis~. gurgenshyavda colad swored, `afxazTa mefe~ giorgiII-is asuli, Teodosi usinaTlos da – guranduxtida bagrat III aris asuliswuli giorgi`afxazTa mefisa~. dokumentis ukanaskneli nawili,Tu ramden xans imefa bagrat III-m da misma65

Svilma giorgi I-ma, mimatebulia Semdgom `qarTliscxovrebis~ cnobebis mixedviT [21, 49].maSasadame, e.w. `mefeTa divanSi~ aris `afxaz-Ta mefeebis~ nusxa, magram Tu vin ramdeni weliimefa, es masSi aris aRniSnuli mxolod me-11mefe leonisgan moyolebuli. amis mixedviT, eqv-Time TayaiSvili Seecada gamoeTvala `afxazTamefeebis~ mefobis wlebi. man bagrat III-dan (`divaniseuli~bagrat II) ukuangariSiT, `mefeTa divaniseul~indiqtionebze dayrdnobiT, miiRo Semdegiqronologiuri rigi:leon I (746-791 ww.)Teodore II (791-818 ww.)demetre II (818-854 ww.)giorgi I (854-861 ww.)baCrat I (861-873 ww.)kostanti III (873-912 ww.)giorgi II (912-957 ww.)leon II (957-967 ww.)dimitri III (967-975 ww.)Teodosi III (975-978 ww.)bagrat II (978-1014 ww.)magram, aqve unda iTqvas, rom ar SeiZlebamTlianad dayrdnoba amgvar qronologiaze. amisTaobaze jer kidev akad. iv. javaxiSvili miuTi-Tebda: `mefeTa divanis~ mixedviT 888 w. afxazTamefed bagrat I ki ar iyo, romlis mefobas 861-873w. ergeba, aramed kostantine III (873-912). magram,raki `mtˆne qYÁ~-Si ufro meti da zedmiwevniTicnobebi moipoveba, vidre `mefeTa divanSi~, amitomiZulebuli varT upiratesoba zemoaRniSnulsors Txzulebas mivaniWoT~ [40, 103]. sagulisxmoa,rom `mefeTa divanis~ mixedviT, konstan-66

tines umefia 873-912 ww., magram aq raRac Secdomaunda iyos, radganac konstantine cocxalia 914wlis Semdgomac [40, 104, sqolio]. agreTve, `mefe-Ta divanis~-da mixedviT, - werda akad. iv. javaxi-Svili, - giorgi mefobda 912-957 w., magram rom gamefebisTariRi mainc swori ar aris, es cxadia:am dros jer misi mama cocxali iyo~ [40, 106,sqolio]. akad. iv. javaxiSvili, xsnida ra `mefeTadivanis~ qronologiur uzustobebs, miuTiTebda,rom: `ueWvelia `mefeTa divans~ an rame unda akldes,an mefobaTa indiqtionebi aqa-iq, mermindelgadamwerTagan, damaxinjebuli iqmneba~ [40, 103].`divaniseuli~ qronologiis mimarT Cveni undoblobagamowveulia swored misi qronologiurimonacemebis SedarebiT sxva qarTulenovan Tuucxour wyaroebTan, magram sanam konkretuladgadavidodeT saTiTaod mefeTa moRvaweobis wlebzeda maT qronologiur rigze, unda aRvniSnoTSemdegi: marTalia `divani~ CamoTvlil pirebs`mefed~ ixseniebs, magram leonamde moxseniebulniunda yofiliyvnen afxazeTis `erisTavebi~. amisTaobaze eqvTime TayaiSvili werda: `pirvelnimefeni unda iyvnen bizantielebis mier dadgenilnimmarTvelni anu erisTavni abxazeTisa daara mefeni~ [21, 54]. amas mowmobs `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~daculi cnoba `afxazTa samefos~ Camoyalibebisda leonis mier mefis titulis miRebisSesaxeb [29, 251]. maSasadame, leonamde nusxaSi moxseniebulipirebi veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver iqnebodnenmefeebi.eqvTime TayaiSvili werda, rom `mefeTa divani~aris `manifesti~ gamocemuli erTiani saqarTvelospirveli mefis - bagrat III-is mier. `Zvel67

droSi misreTSi, babilonSi, asureTSi da sxvaqveynebSi CveulebaTa iyo, rodesac axali dinastiaTu STamomavloba aRvidoda taxtzed, gancalkevebulsaqtSi anu warweraSi moiyvanda siasmisi winamoadgileebisas momavalTa sayuradReboT.ase moqceula bagrat mesamec. mas Seukrebiacnobebi Tavis winamoadgileebis Sesaxeb afxaze-TSi da Seunaxavs momavalTaTvis~ [21, 48]. rac Seexebaam dokumentis gacemis TariRs, aq mniSvnelovaniaerTi ram, masSi gurgeni (bagrat III-ismama) moxseniebulia `sulkurTxeuli~, is ki gardaicvala1008 wels (akad. simon janaSia gurgenisgardacvalebas 1007 wliT aTariRebda [49,324]. amitom, aRniSnuli dokumenti gacemuli undaiyos ara bagrat III-is taxtze asvlisTanave, aramedufro mogvianebiT, daaxl. 1008-1014 wlebSi(periodi gurgenis gardacvalebidan bagratis gardacvalebamde).bagrat III-is mier am e.w. `mefeTa divanis~ anu`afxazeTis istoriis~ gamocemas hqonda TavisidaniSnuleba; masSi bagrat III xazs usvamda miskavSirs `afxazeTis dinastiasTan~, mis memkvidreobiTda kanonier uflebas da ar aris gamoricxuli,rom mxolod am mizniT iqna is SedgenilierTiani saqarTvelos pirveli mefis mier.konkretulad rac Seexeba `divaniseul~ mefe-Ta sias: rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ierusalimispatriarq dosiTeoss usargeblia Tavis `ierusalimispatriarqTa istoriaSi~ bagrat III-is ame.w. `afxazeTis istoriiT~. `afxazTa mefeebis~dosiTeosiseuli sia aris sruli Targmani `mefe-Ta divanisa~, magram mainc aris gansxvavebebi amor nusxas Soris. dosiTeosis `ierusalimis pat-68

iarqTa istoria~ Targmna mari brosem. misi ber-Znuli teqsti TbilisSi ver aRmoaCines da amitomeqvTime TayaiSvils Tavis naSromSi mefeTadosiTeosiseuli sia mari broses Targmanidanmoaqvs. am, zemoT aRniSnul or nusxaSi gansxvavebuliaramdenime sakuTari saxeli, rac enobrivigansxvavebiTaa asaxsneli. ZiriTadi gansxvavebaaris is, rom dosiTeosis nusxaSi erTiT (an oriT,Tu am saxelebs cal-calke mefeebad mivi-CnevT) meti mefe moixsenieba; es aris antarnasedaviTi[21, 50], romelic bagrat II-is (erTiani saqarTvelosmefe bagrat III) win ixsenieba. misimSoblebi cnobilni ar arian. eqvTime TayaiSviliSeniSnavda, rom aseTi mefe qarTul wyaroebSicnobili ar aris. cnobilia mxolod adarnaseioanes-Ze, romelic mokla misma biZaSvilma -bagrat I-ma (eqvTime TayaiSvili am faqts aTari-Rebs 887 wliT) [21, 50]. dosiTeosis nusxiT bagratII-is Semdeg 12 weli mefobs daviTi, divanismixedviT ki giorgi III. dosiTeosis cnobiT, bagratII mefobda 992 wlidan [21, 51]. eqvTime Tayai-Svili upiratesobas aniWebda `divans~ da aRniSnavda,rom am adgilebSi dosiTeosis cnobebimcdaria. magram, zog SemTxvevaSi, dosiTeosis nusxaavsebs `divanis~ nusxas. eqvTime TayaiSviliwerda: `meTerTmete mefis Teodosis win gamoSvebuliasityvebi `Svili misi~ da meTeqvsmete mefiskostantines win gamoSvebulia sityva `misi~[21, 51]. es sityvebi `mefeTa divanis~ teqstSieqvTime TayaiSvils Seutania dosiTeosiseulinusxidan da amis gamo Causvams frCxilebSi. ariscnobebi, Semonaxuli `mefeTa divanSi~, romelicar aris dosiTeosis nusxaSi; magaliTad, Tu ram-69

deni weli imefa giorgi I `aRwufelma~; am or nusxaSigansxvavebulia `afxazTa mefe” demetre IIismefobis weli: dosiTeosis mixedviT mas 26 weliumefia, `divaniT~ ki - 36 weli. erTi sityviT,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ori nusxa erTimeoresavsebs da gvaZlevs mniSvnelovan monacemebs `afxazTamefeebis~ Sesaxeb.rac Seexeba aRniSnul gansxvavebebs, es Sei-Zleba gamowveuli iyos mTeli rigi mizezebiT.saxelebs Soris gansxvaveba, rogorc ukve vTqviT,albaT enobrivma faqtorma ganapiroba, rac Seexebasxva saxis gansxvavebebs, ar aris gamoricxuli,rom droTa ganmavlobaSi, teqstis siZvelisgamo, ganaxlebis mizniT xdeboda misi xelaxaligadawera-aRdgena da am procesSi, savaraudoa, teqstscvlileba ganecada. imasac aRvniSnavT, romzog mkvlevars zemoaRniSnul or nusxas Sorisarsebuli gansxvavebis mizezad Cvenamde armoRweuligansxvavebuli pirvelwyaro miaCnda [45, 205].magaliTad, akademikosi mariam lorTqifaniZe pirdapirwers, rom `dosiTeoss `mefeTa divanis~garda sxva wyaroebic hqonda xelT~ [28, 81].is yvelaferi, razedac visaubreT, miuTiTebs`afxazTa mefeebis~ dosiTeosiseul da `divaniseul~nusxebs Soris gansxvavebaze; axla ki uSualodmefeTa siaze gveqneba msjeloba: `mefeTadivani~ da miTumetes dosiTeosiseuli nusxa, romelicfaqtobrivad `divanis~ Targmans warmoadgens,ar aris sruli. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,leon mefemde CamoTvlili pirebi iyvnen ara mefeni,aramed afxazeTis mmarTvel-erisTavebi; amitom,sanam uSualod mefeebze gadavidodeT, oriodesityviT gvinda SevexoT swored afxazeTis70

mflobelTa am sias. `divanSi~ anosidan konstantinesCaTvliT moxseniebulia 10 pirovneba, magramaris ki es sruli sia? Cvens xelT arsebulwyaroebs Tu gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom es sianaklulia; amis erT-erTi magaliTia Tundac VIsaukunis bizantieli avtoris, prokopi kesarielisTxzuleba. is axsenebs abazgiis or mTavars –aRmosavleTis nawilisaTvis saxelad ofsites,xolo dasavleTisaTvis - skeparnas [35, 157]. aqedan,erTi unda yofiliyo ara abazgiis, aramedsanigebis mTavari, meore ki uSualod abazgiisa[26], magram amjerad erT sakiTxze gvinda yurad-Rebis gamaxvileba, kerZod imaze, rom maTgan arcerTis saxeli ar aris moxseniebuli `mefeTa divanSi~,arada prokopi kesarielis cnobebi ZalzemniSvnelovani da sandoa VI saukunis saqarTvelos,kerZod, dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriisSesaswavlad. d. gulia `mefeTa divanis~ nakladmiiCnevda im mTavrisa Tu mefis mouxsenieblobas,romlis Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs somexi istorikosi- asoRiki; misi cnobiT, somexTa mefe abass au-Senebia yarsSi SesaniSnavi eklesia; am dros:`князъ Апхазовъ. . . явился съ бесчисленнымъ полчищамъна берегъ ръки Кура съ намъренiемъ опустошитьвсю страну нашу. Онъ отправилъ посла къ армянскомуцарю приказанiемъ не освящать церкви по обрядамъправославной въры святого Григорiя, пока не придетъонъ самъ и не освятитъ по постановленiю халкидонскагособора; ибо въ то время царь выстроилъ соборнуюцерковь въ городъ Карсъ изъ большихъ гранитныхъ~ [43,117].Cans, rom arc bagrat III-s hqonia Tavis drozesruli sia da monacemebi afxazeTis mmarTv-71

el_erisTavebis Sesaxeb. `mefeTa divanSi~ ar arisaRniSnuli Tu vin ramdeni xani iyo afxazeTismmarTvelad (es miTiTebulia mxolod leon mefidanmoyolebuli). rogorc vnaxeT, siac arasrulisaxiTaa da masSi gamorCenilia iseTi pirebi,romelTa saxelebi, rogorc afxazeTis mmarTvel-Ta, sxva wyaroebidan dasturdeba.`mefeTa divanis~ teqstTan dakavSirebiT gvsurserT garemoebasac gavusvaT xazi: Cven migva-Cnia, rom teqstSi anosidan moyolebuli me-9 `mefe~Teodores CaTvliT arsad ar unda iyos sworisityvebis _ `Svili misi~-s aRniSvna. arc `divaniseuli~me-10 `mefe~ kostantine unda yofiliyowina me-9 `mefis~, Teodores Zma. juanSerTandaculi cnobis Tanaxmad, afxazeTi memkvidreobiTmflobelobaSi miiRo leon I-ma. bizantiis keisarmaaseTi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna leonerisTavs: `Senda mibrZanebies erisTaoba afxaze-Tisa Sen da SvilTa SenTa da momavalTa SenTamiukunisamde~ [41, 240]. amave TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobTleonis sityvebs: `momca me keisarman queyanaese mkÂdrobiT. . . amieriTgan ars ese mamulobiTsamkÂdrebel Cemda. . .~ [41, 242]. aseTiSinaarsis cnobaa daculi vaxuStibatoniSvilTanac: `leons misca keisarmanmkÂdrad erisToba~ [20, 795]. `matiane qarTlisac~aseve aRniSnavs, rom leon II iyo Zmiswuli leonerisTavisa, `romlisad mieca samkÂdrodafxazeTi~ [29, 251]. akademikosi simon janaSiaeWvis qveS ayenebda leon I-is arsebobisrealurobas ([49, 330]; leon I da leon II-isSesaxeb ix. agreTve [9, 23-24]) da saerisTavosmemkvidreobiT mflobelobaSi miRebas leon II-s72

miawerda: `назначаемый центральной (царской) властью,сменяемый `эристав~ вначале добивается и достигаетНАСЛЕДСТВЕННОСТИ своей административной функции,а потом уже ищет суверенности~ [48, 41]. faqtierTia, VIII saukunemde, kerZod, rogorc wyaroebidanirkveva, leon I erisTavamde afxazeTi memkvidreobiTkuTvnilebaSi ar hqondaT mis mflobelebs;ase rom, Zneli dasajerebelia `mefeTa divanSi~moxseniebul pirTa xelSi (anosidan moyolebulividre leon I-mde) afxazeTi memkvidreobiTgadasuliyo. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT d. guliawerda: `. . . никак не можем согласиться с мнениемЕ. Такаишвили и других историков, говорящих, чтоэти лица были наместники византийских царей, - (saubaria`mefeTa divanSi~ anosidan leon I-mde CamoTvlilpirebze - S.g.), - этим мы не можем согласитьсяпотому, что наместник Абхазии не мог своё наместничествопередать своему сыну по наследству, а междутем мы видим, что “первым царем абхазов был Анос, -вторым сын его Гозар; третьим сын его Иствинэ” и т.д.,что продолжалось до 10-го царя включительно, почтировно 200 лет~ [45, 203]; afxazeTis TemasTan dakav-SirebiT ix. agreTve misive [46]; [47]. aq d. guliamTlianad emyareboda `mefeTa divanis~ monacemebs,Cven ki migvaCnia, rom swored am nusxaSiaarasworad miTiTebuli CamoTvlil pirTa mama-Sviloba. rogorc Cans, bagrat III-sac ar hqondamaT Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi cnobebi da amitomaraa konkretulad gaSifruli vin ramden xansimefa da a.S. es mxolod im pirebs aqvT miwerili,romlebic marTlac memkvidreobiT mefobdnen daes sxva wyaroebis monacemebiTac dasturdeba73

(Sua saukuneebSi miRebul formad iTvleboda amgvarimama-Svilobebis dafiqsireba rodesac raimegenealogiur, warmomavlobiT naSroms Txzavdnen.xSirad iyo momentebi, rodesac aranairi memkvidreobiT-STamomavlobiTikavSiri ar arsebobdapirovnebebs an dinastiebs Soris, magram imdroindeliideologiis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisadxdeboda xolme amgvari genetikuri mikuTvnebebi.aseTi faqtebi saqarTvelos istoriaSic, CvenamdemoRweul wyaroebSic fiqsirdeba. Tundac bagrationTaqronika, sumbat daviTis Zis TxzulebagavixsenoT. iq bevri sadavo faqtia da teqstSimoxseniebul pirTa mama-Svilobac, xSir SemTxvevaSi,mkvlevarTa mier eWvqveSaa dayenebuli).ver gaviziarebT p. inCoroyvas mosazrebas,rom `egreTwodebuli `afxazTa~ dinastia, es aris. . . igive dinastia lazeTis mTavrebisa~ [23,192]. wyaroebSi daculi cnobebidan Cven aseT daskvnamdever mivdivarT. amitom, ver daveTanxmebiTp. ingoroyvaseul sqemas, mocemuls anosidan kostantinemde,romelTac avtori `lazeTis patrikiosebad~ixseniebs [23, 193, sqema]. am sqemaSi pavleingoroyva amatebs Teodosi gangrelis mier moxseniebullazeTis mTavar grigolsa da lazeTispatrikios lebarnuks [22, 49-50; 23, 194]. aq pavleingoroyvam albaT yuradReba miaqcia `divaniseul~barnuksa da lazeTis patrikios lebarnukissaxelTa msgavsebas, magram es, Cveni azriT, ariZleva saSualebas imis dasamtkiceblad, rom isinierTi da igive pirovnebebi arian. am nawilSip. ingoroyvaseuli sqema ase gamoiyureba:1. anos I2. Rozari I74

3. iustine I4. finiktiosi I ----- 5. grigol I (668wlamde)6. barnuki anu lebarnuki I (668 w.)7. demetre I --------- 8. giorgi I (697 w.)9. Teodosi I10. kostanti ICven rom saqme gvqondes marTlac lazeTismTavrebis dinastiasTan, rogorc es miaCnda p.ingoroyvas, maSin ra Tqma unda samarTliani iqnebodamis mier `mefeTa divanis~ aseTi Sesworeba,magram Cven p. ingoroyvaseul nusxas ver dave-TanxmebiT imitom, rom rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,ver viziarebT azrs lazeTis mTavarTa dinastiisafxazeTis mTavarTa dinastiasTan igiveobis Sesaxeb.VI saukunidan moyolebuli dasavleT saqar-TveloSi mimdinareobda mniSvnelovani procesebi;SeiniSneba egrisis samefos dasusteba da afxaze-Tis saerisTavos gaZlierebis tendencia. saqme iqamdecki midis, rom afxazeTi faqtobrivad gamoeyoegrisis samefos da uSualod bizantiis imperiasdauqvemdebarda. es, ra Tqma unda, bizantiisimperiis uSualo CareviT moxdeboda. aqedan moyolebuli,bunebrivia, egriss marTavda sul sxvadinastia, xolo afxazeTs bizantiis imperiis mierdayenebuli erisTavebi da Zalze saeWvoa, romimperias egrisis samefos mmarTveli dinastiisTvisdaeTmo misdami uSualod daqvemdebarebuliafxazeTis saerisTavos mmarTveloba.rogorc qarTulenovani wyaroebidan viciT,mefis tituli pirvelad leon II-m miiRo. is iyoleon I afxazeTis erisTavis Zmiswuli [29, 251];anri bogveraZes miaCnda, rom leon `afxazTa me-75

fe~ aris leon pirveli da ara leon meore – [9,23]. `mefeTa divanSi~ moxseniebuli leon I undaiyos swored is leon II, romelic gaxda `mefeafxazTa~. maSasadame, gamodis rom `mefeTa divan-Si~ ar aris moxseniebuli leon I afxazeTis erisTavi.mecnierTa umravlesoba, vinc ki Seexo amsakiTxs, samarTlianad avsebs `mefeTa divanis~nusxaSi afxazeTis erisTavTa sias da umatebsleon I-s, magram aq sainteresoa Tu vin sad svamsleon I-is saxels. pavle ingoroyvam mogvca Semdegisqema:10. kostanti I11. leon I --------- 12. Teodore I13. kostanti II ------- 14. leon II(p. ingoroyvas am sqemas daeTanxma z. anCabaZec)[42. 78].aq TiTqosda gasworebulia `divaniseuli~xarvezi, rom leon II-is biZa iyo leon I. albaTam mizniT Caamata pavle ingoroyvam leon I-is saxelikostanti I-sa da Teodore I-s Soris da miviReTSemdegi suraTi: me-10 `mefe~ iyo kostantiI, me-11 leon I (Ze kostanti I-is), me-12 Zma leon I-is Teodore, me-13 kostanti II (Ze Teodore I-is)da me-14 leon II (Zma kostanti II-is, Ze Teodore I-is da Zmiswuli leon I-is). magram, Cveni azriT,erisTavebis aseTi Tanamimdevroba arasworia. wyaroSiixsenieba leon I-is Semdeg misi Zmiswulileon II. Tu leon I-is Semdeg erisTavobda misiZma Teodore I, Semdeg kostanti II da Semdeg ukveleon II, maSin gaugebaria Tu ratom aris wyaroebSiyvelgan xazgasmuli, rom leon II iyoZmiswuli leon I-is da ar aris naTqvami, rom76

leon II iyo Zma kostanti II-is anda Ze Teodore IafxazeTis erisTavisa. erTi sityviT, gaugebariiqneboda Tu ratom ixseniebs `matiane qarTlisas~avtori leon II-s maincdamainc leon I-isZmiswulad da arafers ambobs or, genetikuradufro axlos mdgom pirze, leon II-is Zmaze da mamaze,kostantinesa da Teodoreze. amrigad, CvenveTanxmebiT pavle ingoroyvas im nawilSi, romsaWiroa erisTavTa siaSi daematos leon I-is saxeli,magram ar veTanxmebiT mis mier leon I-iskostanti I-sa da Teodore I-s Soris moTavsebas.Cven migvaCnia, rom leon II wyaraoebSi moxseniebulialeon I-is Semdeg imitom, rom is sworeduSualod misi mmarTvelobis Semdeg gaxda afxazeTiserisTavi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, leonI-ma miiRo saerisTavo samemkvidreo mflobeloba-Si, amitom, Teodore I da kostanti II naTesauradsaerTodac ar iqnebodnen dakavSirebulniarc leon I-Tan da arc leon II-sTan. Cven faqtobrivadam sakiTxze zemoT dawvrilebiT visaubreTda aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT, mxolodvityviT erTs: leon I-is Semdeg afxazeTis eris-Tavi gaxda misi Zmiswuli leon II, rogorc misimemkvidre, radganac savaraudoa, rom leon I-sSvili ar hyavda. leon II-is mama an ar unda yofiliyococxali leonis afxazeTis erisTavad gaxdomisdros, an unda yofiliyo imdenad asakovanian uZluri, rom erisTavoba misi Zmidan (leon I-dan) ara masze, aramed mis Svilze (leon II-ze)gadavida. egeba bizantiamac imitom misca leon I-s memkvidreobiT afxazeTis sadaveebi, rom mas pirdapirimemkvidre ar hyavda da arapirdapiri memkvidris(Tundac Zmiswulis) uflebebis cnobas77

izantia arc apirebda. amiT imperias surda, romleoni ufro metad erTguli moxele yofiliyoda misTvis (pirdapiri memkvidris armyoli pirovnebisTvis)saerisTavos memkvidreobiT gadacemaerTgvari Jesti ufro iyo vidre am regionis realuradmemkvidreobiTi flobis aRiareba. aseTpirobebSi, rom ara leon I-is qarTlis erismTavararCilTan urTierToba da Semdgom ganviTarebulimovlenebi, afxazeTi leon I-is erisTavobisSemdeg kvlav imperiis mier daniSnul moxelesgadaecemoda. leonisTvis afxazeTis saerisTavosmemkvidreobiT mflobelobaSi gadacemis aqtiTda misTvis arCilTan keTilurTierTobis erTgvaridavalebis micemiT bizantia cdilobda danar-Cen egriszec Zveli gavlenis aRdgenas, magramleonis da arCilis probizantiurma kavSirma antibizantiuriSedegebi moitana [13, 38-67]. mogvianebiT,rom ara leon II-is antibizantiuri politikada misi, rogorc biZis memkvidris aqtiuroba,savsebiT SesaZlebelia imdroindel afxazeT-Si sul sxva moxele daeniSna bizantias mmarTvelad.ar gamovricxavT, rom garkveulwilad misi,rogorc arapirdapiri memkvidris uflebebis araRiarebamac gaaRrmava leon II-sa da bizantiasSoris dapirispireba.rac Seexeba leon I-mde afxazeTis mflobels,sruliad dasaSvebia, rom is yofiliyouSualod `divaniseuli~ me-10 `mefe~ kostantineII, magram ar yofiliyo leon I misi Svili daarc naTesavi, iseve rogorc anosidan kostantineII-mde `divanSi~ moxseniebuli pirebi ar unda yofiliyvnenerTmaneTTan naTesauri kavSiriT daka-78

vSirebulni _ leon II-mde afxazeTis yoveli mmarTveliunda yofiliyo daniSnuli uSualod bizantiismier. maSasadame, Cven vfiqrobT, rom `mefeTadivanis~ es monakveTi Semdegnairad undagaswordes:10. kostanti II11. leon I --- leon I-is Zma, romlissaxeli ucnobia12. leon IIerTi sityviT, `mefeTa divanSi~ vamatebTleon I-is saxels kostantine II-sa da leon II-sSoris. rac Seexeba leon II-is mamas, bunebrivia,is `divanSi~ ver Sevidoda, radganac is ar yofilaarc afxazeTis erisTavi da arc mefe; amitom,numeracia `divanSi~ ase unda gaswordes:10. kostanti II11. leon I12. leon IIfaqtobrivad Cven mivediT uSualod `afxaz-Ta mefeebis~ siaze, romelic iwyeba leon II-dan.`mefeTa divanSi~ swored aqedan moyolebuli arisaRniSnuli, Tu romelma mefem ramdeni weliimefa, magram rac Seexeba mefeTa nusxas, aq erTiSexedviTve naTelia, rom is sruli ar aris. rogorcsxva wyaroebidan aris cnobili, giorgi I-is Semdeg `afxazTa samefo~ taxts euflebian SavlianTadinastiis warmomadgenlebi - ioane I daSemdeg misi Ze adarnase I. maTi saxelebi ar aris`mefeTa divanSi~ moxseniebuli; amas Tavisiaxsna moeZebneba. rogorc aRvniSneT, `divanis~ gamocemashqonda Tavisi mizani. masSi erTiani saqarTvelospirvelma mefem, bagrat III-m xazi gausvamis kavSirs `afxazeTis dinastiasTan~, mis memkvi-79

dreobiT da rac mTavaria kanonier uflebas. mefeTaCamonaTvalic moyvanilia swored im mizniT,rom eCvenebina mas sakuTari memkvidreobiTi xazi,rom is iyo kanonieri memkvidre `afxazTa samefos~taxtisa da kanonieri STamomavali `afxazTamefeebis~; am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT savsebiT samarTlianadSeniSnavs akademikosi mariam lorTqifaniZe:`an `mefeTa divanis~ im variantSi, romelicquTaisis samefo karze inaxeboda, ar iyvnenmoxseniebuli taxtis mimtaceblebi, an mefe bagratmaar isurva Tavis oficialur dokumentSidaesaxelebina taxtis ukanonod mimtaceblebi.vfiqrobT, es meore varaudi ufro misaRebi undaiyos~ [28, 81]. es dokumenti bagrat III-is winapari`afxazTa mefeebis~ kanonieri rigis Cvenebas isaxavdamiznad da ara `afxazTa mefeebis~ siis gadmocemaszusti qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT,amitom, bunebrivia, am nusxaSi ver moxvdebodnenis pirebi, romlebic `afxazTa samefo~ taxts daeuflnenukanonod da romlebTanac memkvidreobiTdakavSirebuli ar yofila bagrat III. bagratIII-m aq gamoxata Tavisi pozicia SavlianTa mimarTda xazi gausva, rom maT kanoniT ar ekuTvnoda`afxazTa samefos~ taxti. Cveni mizani kiswored `afxazTa mefeebis~ zusti qronoloCiuriTanamimdevrobiTi rigis dadgenaa.`afxazTa~ pirveli mefe iyo leon II. rogorczemoT aRvniSneT, eqvTime TayaiSvilma `mefeTadivanSi~ aRniSnuli mefeTa indiqtionebis safuZvelze,bagrat III-dan ukuangariSiT, mogvca mefe-Ta zeobis qronologia. Cven migvaCnia, rom eqvTimeTayaiSvilma swori meTodi gamoiyena, magramman miRebuli monacemebi ar Seadara sxva wyaro-80

ebis monacemebs, aseve, ar gaiTvaliswina SavlianTadinastiis mmarTvelobis gamorCena `mefeTadivanis~ teqstSi. yovelive amis gamo, SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom eqvTime TayaiSviliseuli daTariRebanawilobriv, meTodologiurad swori da aseve,mxolod nawilobriv misaRebia. rogorc viciT,bagrat III `afxazeTSi~ gamefda 978 wels da iyoerTiani saqarTvelos pirveli mefe 1014 wlamde.bagratamde mefobda Teodosi, romelsac sami weliumefia. maSasadame, misi mefobis wlebi ganisazRvreba975-978 wlebiT. Teodosamde 8 weli umefiademetre III-s, mas umefia 967-975 wlebSi ...`mefeTa divanis~ indiqtionebze dayrdnobiT CvenceqvTime TayaiSviliseuli daTariRebis meTodiTviRebT igive qronologias; magram SevCerdebiTbagrat I-is mefobis wlebze. `divanis~ mixedviT,mas umefia 861-873 wlebSi. es TariRi ewinaaRmdeCeba`matiane qarTlisas~ cnobas. am wyarosada agreTve sumbat daviTis-Zis qronikaSidaculi cnobiT Cans, rom gvaram mamfalis Zenasra 881 wels midis saberZneTSi. 882 wlisaTviski gardaicvala gvarami. `matiane qarTlisa~ sworedam ambebis aRweris Semdeg mogviTxrobs bagratdemetres Zis `afxazeTSi~ dabrunebis da gamefebisSesaxeb. bagrats 893 wels cvlis misivevaJi konstantine. `mefeTa divanis~ mixedviT, mas39 weli umefia; e.i. gamodis, rom is `afxazTa mefe~iyo 893-922 wlebSi. amitom, migvaCnia arasworadgiorgi II-is `divaniseuli~ mefobis TariRida Cvenc miviCnevT, rom unda Caswordes is 922-957wlebiT.sadavoa demetre II-is mefobis wlebis saki-Txi. saqarTveloSi buRa Turqis laSqrobis81

dros `matiane qarTlisa~ `afxazTa mefed~ asaxelebsTevdosis, `mefeTa divanis~ mixedviT ki amdros mefobs - demetre II. aq Cven sruliad samarTlianadmigvaCnia e. cagareiSvilis gamokvleva,romelic Seexeba saqarTveloSi buRa Turqis la-Sqrobas; masSi avtori iZleva demetre II-is mefobisSemdeg periods: 825-861 ww. Tu asea, maSin gamodis,rom demetres Semdeg 7 weli mefobs giorgiI (861-868 ww.), demetremde ki 27 weli TeodosiII (798-825 ww.), rogorc es gamoiTvleba `divaniseuli~mefeTa indiqtionebis mixedviT.demetre II-is Semdeg mefobda misi Zma giorgiI. man `daipyra qarTli da dauteva erisTavad CixasZe demetresi, da viTar gardaicvala giorgiafxazTa mefe, darCa Ze demetresi mcire, romelsaerqua bagrat, romeli icnobebis eqsoria-qmnilobiT~.maSasadame, leon II-is Semdeg imefa mismasamma Zem - Teodosi II-m, demetre II-m, giorgi I-ma;amaTgan, wyaros mixedviT, Ze darCa mxolod demetreII-s, es aris bagrati. savaraudoa, rom misimcirewlovanebis gamo, demetre II-is gardacvalebisSemdeg, gamefda misi Zma giorgi I, romelmacsakuTari Zmis - demetre II-is Ze tineni (an bagrati)daadgina Cixas erisTavad [32] (mkvlevarTa didinawili miiCnevs rom Cixas erisTavi iyo bagratdemetres Ze), xolo giorgi I-is gardacvalebisSemdeg bagrat demetres-Ze erTaderTi kanonierimemkvidrea `afxazeTis~ samefo taxtis. giorgiI-c male gardaicvala (7 weliwadSi) da bagratikvlav `mcire~ darCenila, riTic isargeblagiorgi I-is meuRlem, `ecrua igi ivane mTavarsaSavliansa, da STaagdes bagrat zRuasa. xoloRmerTman ganarina igi, da miiwia qalaqad kostan-82

tinepoled~ [29, 258]. amis Semdeg `afxazTa samefos~ganagebs SavlianTa dinastia: jer mefobdaioane, Semdeg Ze misi adarnase Savliani (TeimurazmibCuanis azriT, `giorgi I-saTvis iovane Savlianian Svili, an Zmiswuli unda yofiliyo.mxolod samefo dinastiis warmomadgenels SeeZloaseT SeTqmulebaze wasuliyo~ [30, 18]. Cven amazrs ver viziarebT; samefo dinastiis winaaRmdegSeTqmulebaSi monawileobis misaRebad am dinastiasTangenetikuri kavSiris aucilebloba umTavrespirobad ar migvaCnia da uamravi magaliTiamsoflio istoriaSi, rodesac absoluturad sxvadinastia monawileobda amgvar qmedebebSi).bizantiaSi bagrat `eqsoria-qmnilma~ miiRosamxedro daxmareba da moaxerxa taxtis dabruneba:`xolo bagrat, Ze afxazTa mefisa demetresi,Sesrul iyo saberZneTad, kostantinepoled, damosca berZenTa mefeman laSqari, da mogzavnazRÂT da naviTa Semovida afxazeTad, da moklaadarnase, Ze iovanesi, da daipyra afxazeTi~ [29,261]. e. i. demetre II-is gardacvalebis Semdeggamefda misi Zma giorgi I, romelmac mefobis periodSi(861-868 ww.) tinen (an bagrat) demetres-Zedaadgina `erisTavad Cixas~. Semdeg gamefda SavlianTadinastia da amis Semdeg bagrat demetres-Zemdaikava taxti. man `daipyra~ afxazeTi, SeirTocolad adarnase Savlianis coli, guaramisasuli, gamoiyvana `nasra colis Zma misi saberZneTiTda misca laSqari misi. xolo nasra Seipyrnasamni cixeni samcxes: oZrÃe, juaris-cixe dalomsianTa, guaramisave aRSenebuli. movides gurgenda adarnase, Ze daviTisi; uSueles somexTa,Seibnes mtkuarsa zeda; iZlivnes afxazni, mokles83

nasra da bayaTar, mTavari ovsi, da erisTavi afxazTa~[29, 261]. citirebuli adgilidan Cans, rombagratma `afxazeTSi~ gamefebis Semdeg ixmo saberZneTidancolis Zma - nasra. sumbat daviTis-Zisqronikis mixedviT, nasra saberZneTSi gaemgzavra881 wels [36, 47-48]. sumbatisave TqmiT, is konstantinopolSiiyo `mraval wel~ [36, 48]. maSasadame,`mraval welSi~ 5-6 weli maincaa savaraudo.rogorc `matiane qarTlisas~ citirebul monakveTSivnaxeT, nasra gardaicvala bagratis mefobisdros, maSin roca is ebrZvis gurgens da adarnasedaviTis Zes. sumbati ase aRwers am ambavs:`gamovida nasr samefoT da movida afxazeTs. daiyo maSin afxazTa mefe bagrat, disiZe nasrisada Seswia man didiTa laSqriTa mefeman afxaz-Taman da muniT gardamovida nasr samcxes da Seikribasxuaca laSqari uricxÂ. xolo adarnase,Ze moklulisaÁ kuratpalatisaÁ, ganvida brZoladmisa da mihyua mis Tana Sewevnad adarnasesaÁgurgen kuratpalati da Svilni misni, dayues brZolaÁ da omi didi nasris zeda. da SeewiaRmerTi mcireTa amaT adarnases kerZTa dasZles nasras, meot qmnes, Seipyres da mokles nasraÃevsa samcxisasa, sofelsa aspinZasa, qronikonsarÀ (888 w. - S.g)~ wels [36, 48]. am monacemebzedayrdnobiT e. cagareiSvilma savsebiT samar-Tlianad miuTiTa, rom `ufro marTebulia bagratisgamefeba 882 wlis Semdeg, yovel SemTxvevaSi888 wlamde mainc vivaraudoT~ [24, 0115]. aqedan gamomdinare,CvenTvis bagrat I-is mefoba ufro misaRebiadavaTariRoT 885/886-893 wlebiT. e. i. giorgiI mefobda 861-868 wlebSi; Tu Cixas erisTaviiyo bagrati (da ara tineni), maSin misi erisTavo-84

is periodi ganisazRvreba IX saukunis 60-ianiwlebis dasawyisidan 868 wlamde (Tu tinen demetresZes miviCnevT Cixis erisTavad, rac ufro damajerebladgvaCvena prof. zurab papasqirma, ma-Sin aRniSnuli periodiT misi erisTavoba TariRdeba);xolo bagrat I 885/886 wlidan 893 wlamdeukve `afxazTa mefea~. aqedan gamomdinare, SavlianTadinastias `afxazTa samefos~ xelisuflebaxelT epyra 868-885/886 wlebSi, anu periodSi giorgiI-isa da bagrat I-is mefobebs Soris.`afxazTa mefeebis~ siis dadgenis TvalsazrisiTZalze sainteresoa Cvenamde moRweulierTi istoriuli sabuTis cnoba. es aris `dawerilifavnelisa mRvimisadmi~. am sabuTSi yurad-Rebas iqcevs erTi adgili, kerZod, `miqaelmemRuimis~ monaTxrobi, Tu rogor gadadis isdasavleT saqarTveloSi (`afxazTa samefoSi~) daiRebs (an ubralod moaqvs iqedan) Seuvalobisdokumenti: `... gardave lixT-imeriT da moviReTavisuflobisa brZaneba kostantinesi dabagratisi, kaxTa mefeTa: fallesi da kuirikesi...~ [18, 16-19]. rogorc vxedavT, lixT-imereTSi,dasavleT saqarTveloSi anu `afxazTa samefoSi~piri `Tavisuflobisa brZanebas~ iRebs orimefisagan erTad, esenia konstantine da bagrati.maSasadame, aq erTdroulad ori mefismmarTvelobasTan anu TanamefobasTan gvaqvs saqme[18, 16-19; 16]. vin arian es mefeebi? [Sead. 34, 212].`matiane qarTlisas~ mixedviT, dasavleTsaqarTveloSi marTlac mefobs konstantine`afxazTa mefe~, romelsac hyavs Ze bagrati,Tumca, am wyaroSi sakmaod bundovnadaaaRwerili `afxazTa samefos~ imdroindeli poli-85

tikuri suraTi; kerZod, Cven vkiTxulobT: `gardaicvalakostanti, afxazTa mefe, da iSlebodaqueyana afxazeTisa Jam raodenime. rameTu esxnesZeni orni kostanti mefesa: erTi uxucesi da meore,romeli uSva meoreman colman, umrwemesi.uxucessa erqua giorgi, umrwemessa bagrat. daiyo maT Soris brZola ficxeli, romeli TÂToeuladhpovo cxovrebasa maTs. xolo ese bagratsiZe iyo gurgen erisTavT-erisTavisa; uSueldagurgen yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa. vidre ara miicvalabagrat, ara iyo mSÂdoba. da Semdgomad sikudilisamisisa miiRo srulobiT mefoba afxaz-Ta giorgi mefeman~ [29, 264-265]. Tu `matiane qarTlisas~citirebul monakveTs SevadarebT `favnelisdawerils~ davinaxavT, rom am istoriul sabuTSidaculi cnoba konstantine-bagratis TanamefobisSesaxeb realur safuZvels ar aris moklebuli.rogorc Cans, bagrati yovel Rones xmarobs,raTa gauwios metoqeoba ufros Zmas, giorgisda `afxazeTSi~ ibatonos. bagrati yofilagurgen erisTavT-erisTavis siZe da `afxazTa samefoSi~taxtisaTvis brZolis saqmeSi mas `uSueldagurgen yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa~. imdenad seriozuliproblemebi Seqmna bagratma, rom `iSlebodaqueyana afxazeTisa Jam raodenime~. `matianeqarTlisa~ arafers ambobs konstantines sicocxlisperiodSi bagratis moRvaweobaze, magramsavaraudoa, rom igi mamis sicocxleSive ganacxadebdataxtze pretenzias da rogorc Cans,garkveul warmatebasac miaRwia. `favnelis dawerilis~mixedviT, is mamis, konstantines Tanamefecki gamxdara. maSasadame, `afxazTa samefoSi~ taxtisgadacemis memkvidreobiTi wesis darRvevis86

faqtic dasturdeba, radganac mefis ufrosi Zeiyo giorgi, Tanamefed ki umcrosi Ze - bagratigvevlineba (“afxazTa samefoSi” xelisuflebismemkvidreobiT gadacemis wesze msjeloba ixileTagreTve: [15; 6].Zneli saTqmelia konkretulad raSi gamoixatebodabagratis `Tanamefoba~, iyo es klasikuriforma Tanamefobis institutisa Tu ara, magram`favnelis dawerilis~ cnoba, rom SeuvalobaserTad iZlevian konstantine da bagrati, savsebiTmyardeba `matiane qarTlisas~ monacemebiTac. CvenSegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom konstantines ufrosivaJi da taxtis kanonieri memkvidre giorgi arcnobda Zmis - bagratis uflebebs, magram savaraudoa,rom bagratis gardacvalebamde giorgisada bagratis faqtobriv TanamefobasTanac gvaqvssaqme; konstantines gardacvalebis Semdeg bagratiase advilad ar daTmobda mamissicocxleSive dakavebul poziciebs da arcgiorgi ganacxadebda uars kanonier uflebebze;savaraudod, giorgi da bagrati orive miiCnevdaTavs mefed da Tu iuridiulad konstantine dabagrati Tanamefobdnen, faqtobrivad axla ukvegiorgisa da bagratis TanamefobasTanac gvaqvssaqme; amitom wers mematiane: `iSleboda queyanaafxazeTisa Jam raodenime~. giorgis rom bagratirealurad ecileboda taxts da mmarTvelobasuyofda, amas mowmobs `matiane qarTlisas~cnobac, rom `vidre ara miicvala bagrat, araiyo mSÂdoba. da Semdgomad sikudilisa misisamiiRo srulobiT mefoba afxazTa giorgi mefeman(xazgasma Cvenia - S.g.)~ [29, 265]. e. i. mxolodbagratis gardacvalebis Semdeg miiRo giorgim87

mefoba `srulobiT~, anu manamde mas bagratiuyofda mefobas [15].yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, rodesacvsaubrobT `afxazTa mefeebis~ qronologiurrigze, albaT gasaTvaliswinebelia es faqtoric,`afxazTa samefoSi~ iuridiulad Tu faqtobrivad`Tanamefobis~ institutis arseboba. amitom,istoriuli realobidan gamomdinare, mefeTanusxaSi Tanamimdevrobas Semdegnairad ganvsazRvravT:• konstantine III-is mefoba.• konstantine III-isa da bagratisTanamefoba.• bagratisa da giorgi II-is Tanamefoba.• giorgi II-is mefoba.`favnelis dawerilis~ mixedviT, rodesac`afxazTa samefoSi~ erTdroulad mefoben konstantineda bagrati, kaxeTsac aseve erTad marTavenfadla da kvirike qorepiskoposebi; SeiZlebakaxeTs erTad ar marTaven da `favnelis dawerilSi~dadasturebuli cnoba gviandeli periodisavtoris mier Zveli ambebis ganxilvis konteqstSiamocemuli da erTad imitom ixseniebian qorepiskoposebi,magram `afxazTa samefoSi~ maincerTdrouli mefoba, Tanamefoba unda igulisxmebodes,radganac, sxva SemTxvevaSi bagrati konstantinemefesTan erTad ar iqneboda moxseniebuli;lixs iqeT anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ imperiodSi, ra periodsac asaxavs dokumenti,konstantine da bagrati mxolod Cvens mier ganxilulipirovnebebi arian. maSasadame, radgan bagratimefobiT ixsenieba da sxva wyaroebiT misidamoukideblad zeoba ar fiqsirdeba, gamodis88

om man mxolod Tanamefobis periodSi imefa mamasTanda ZmasTan erTad; damoukideblad mmarTvelobamas ar Rirsebia; fadlac, kvirikec, konstantinecarian mefe-qorepiskoposebi da maTTanerTad bagratis moxsenieba mis mefobas niSnavs,winaaRmdeC SemTxvbevaSi is samefo funqciiT damefe-qorepiskoposTa gverdiT arc `favnelis dawerilSi~ar moixsenieboda; im SemTxvevaSic ki,Tu miqael memRuime Tavad ki ar iRebs aramed adregacemul Tavisuflebis brZanebebze mogviTxrobs,mainc is faqti rom konstantines Semdegbagrats asaxelebs Tavisuflebis brZanebis gamcemad,bagratis realurad mefobaze mianiSnebs;e.i. miqael memRuimes miuRia, an moupovebia dalixs iqeTidan wamouRia is dokumentebi, romlebicgauciaT mefeebs - konstantines da bagrats;wyaroebSi radganac konstantines Semdeg giorgiixsenieba mefed (`matiane qarTlisa~, `mefeTa divani~),bagratis mefoba mxolod konstantinesTanda giorgisTan Tanamefobis konteqstSi SeiZlebamoiazrebodes.faqtia, rom “favnelis dawerilSi” ixseniebianfadla da kvirike qorepiskoposebic. fadla I-is da `afxazTa mefe~ konstantine III-is mefobaerTmaneTs emTxveva IX saukunis ukanasknel periodSi[38]. kvirike I, rogorc dResdReobiTaa miRebuliistoriografiaSi, kaxeTs ganagebda 892-918wlebSi (Tumca Cven migvaCnia, rom eredvis 906wlis warwera iZleva saSualebas am daTariRebisufro metad dakonkretebisa da araa gamoricxuli,rom 20-iani wlebis dasawyisamdec ki emarTakvirike I-s kaxeTi, magram es calke msjelobissakiTxia da amjerad am kuTxiT sityvas aRar ga-89

vagrZelebT). konstantine III `afxazTa mefe~ iyo893-922 wlebSi. maSasadame, bagrati konstantineIII-is Tanamefe gamxdara 918 wlamde an X saukunis20-iani wlebis dasawyisamde, anu kvirike I-isgardacvalebamde.bunebrivia, bagrat konstantines-Ze, rogorc`afxazTa mefe~, ver moxvdeboda bagrat III-is mierSedgenil e.w. `afxazeTis istoriaSi~, `mefeTadivanSi~ imave mizeziT, romliTac am nusxaSi vermoxvdnen Savliani mefeebi. bagrati ar iyo `afxazTamefobis~ kanonieri pretendenti.giorgi II-is Semdeg `afxazTa mefe~ gaxda Zemisi leon III. giorgis gardacvalebis TariRad957 wels Tu miviRebT, maSin leonis mefoba ganisazRvreba957-967 wlebiT, radganac `mefeTa divanis~mixedviT mas umefia 10 weli. `matiane qarTlisas~cnobiT, leon III gamefebamde jer yofilaqarTlis erisTavi: `gardaicvala fadla qorepiskoposi,da dajda kÂrike qorepiskoposad. amisaSemdgomad gadges aznaurni gardabanelni, iwyeszraxvad giorgi mefisa. gamoilaSqra giorgi mefeman,Cavida kaxeTad, moswua da aswyÂda, da warvidaTÂsadve queyanad. kualad dadga atens. da Zemisi leon iyo erisTavad qarTlisa~ [29, 268].rogorc samecniero literaturaSia miRebuli,kvirike II kaxeTis qorepiskoposi gaxda 929 wels[33, 499]. amis Semdeg xdeba gardabnel aznaurTagandComa da mematiane am ambebis gadmocemasTanerTad aRniSnavs leonis qarTlis erisTavobas.maSasadame, leon giorgis-Ze (momavalSi leon III`afxazTa mefe~) 929 wlis axlo periodidan arisqarTlis erisTavi, xolo mamis, giorgi II-is gar-90

dacvalebis Semdeg, 957 wels is xdeba `afxazTamefe~.axla, rac Seexeba leon II-s, anu pirvel `afxazTamefes~. `mefeTa divanis~ mixedviT mas umefia45 weli; amitom, Tu Teodosis mefobis wlebadmiviRebT 798-825 wlebs, gamodis, rom leon II-sumefia 753-798 wlebSi. Cven, rodesac saubarigvqonda `afxazTa samefos~ Camoyalibebaze maSindetalurad vimsjeleT leon II-is moRvaweobisSesaxeb da mivediT daskvnamde, rom VIIIsaukunis 70-iani wlebis bolo periodamde an 80-iani wlebis dasawyisamde (781/782 wlamde) leoniiyo afxazeTis erisTavi, amave periodidandaaxloebiT 786/787 wlamde - gaerTianebuliegris-afxazeTis mTavari, xolo 786/787 wlidanukve `afxazTa mefe~. aqedan gamomdinare,viziarebT azrs da vfiqrobT, `divanSi~miTiTebuli 45 weli unda aRniSnavdes leon II-iserisTavobis, mTavrobisa da mefobis xanas erTad.amitom, savaraudoa, rom leon II iyo afxazeTiserisTavi 753 _ 778/781 (782) wlebSi, 778/781 (782)wlidan daaxloebiT 786 wlamde afxazeTismTavari, xolo 786-798 wlebSi `afxazTa mefe~ [14,31-33; 13, 38-67]; magram, aqve unda iTqvas, romwyaroebis simciris gamo es qronologiuri rigiZalze pirobiTia, magram am etapze albaT maincmisaRebi.maSasadame, `afxazTa mefeebis~ qronologiuririgi aseTia:leon II __ 753 - 778/781 (782) ww. afxazeTiserisTavi__ 778/781-786 ww. afxazeTis mTavari__ 786-798 ww. `afxazTa mefe~91

Teodosi II __ 798-825 ww. `afxazTa mefe~demetre II __ 825-861 ww. `afxazTa mefe~giorgi I __ 861-868 ww. `afxazTa mefe~ioane I da adarnase I --- 868-885/886 ww. `afxazTamefeebi~bagrat I an tineni __ IX s-is 60-iani wlebis Suaperiodidan - 868 wlamde - `Cixas erisTavi~bagrat I---------- `eqsoria-qmnilobis~ periodi 868-885/886 ww.885/886-893 ww. `afxazTa mefe~konstantine III ----- 893-922 ww. `afxazTa mefe~konstantine III-is da bagratis Tanamefoba -- 918wlis axlo periodidan - 922 wlamdegiorgi II-is da bagratis Tanamefoba __ 922 w.-danbagratis gard.-mde.giorgi II __ 922-957 ww. `afxazTa mefe~leon III __ 929 wlis axlo periodidan - 957wlamde `qarTlis erisTavi~.957-967 ww. `afxazTa mefe~demetre III __ 967-975 ww. `afxazTa mefe~Teodosi III __ 975-978 ww. `afxazTa mefe~rac Seexeba `afxazTa mefeebis~ naTesaur kav-Sirebs, am mxriv araerTi saintereso cnobaa daculirogorc qarTulenovan, aseve ucxour wyaroebSic(saqarTveloSi politikuri mosazrebiTganxorcielebul SeuRlebis faqtebTan dakavSirebiTixileT: 29). magaliTad, `afxazTa~ pirvelimefis, leon II-is Ze Teodosi II yofila siZe aSotadarnases-Ze kurapalatis; amis Sesaxeb mogvi-Txrobs `matiane qarTlisa~: `mas Jamsa gamoilaSqraaSot kurapalatman, da uSuela Tevdosi afxazTamefeman, Zeman meorisa leonisman, romeliigisiZe iyo aSot kurapalatisa~ [29, 252].92

ioane Savlianma mohguara `Zesa TÂssa adarnasescoli, asuli guaram aSotis Zisa~ [29, 258].magram, adarnases mefobis dros, rogorc vTqviT,dabrunda taxtis kanonieri memkvidre bagrat demetres-Ze;man mokla adarnase Savliani da Seir-To adarnases meuRle colad [29, 261].ioane drasxanakertelis cnobiT, konstantineIII `afxazTa mefe~ iyo siZe adarnase `qarTvelTamefis~ [24, 109-112] (konstantines ori coli hyavda;pirveli colisgan mas hyavda vaJi giorgi, meorecolisgan - bagrati), magram rodesac moxdadapirispireba somexTa mefe sumbatsa da konstantineIII `afxazTa mefes~ Soris, konstantine sworedsimamrma, adarnase `qarTvelTa mefem~ daatyvevada mihgvara somexTa mefes dasasjelad, xoloroca gaaTavisufla sumbatma konstantinetyveobidan, amaze adarnase `qarTvelTa mefe~ ufrometad gaborotebula~ [24, 109-112]. Zneliabrmad vendoT ioane drasxanakertelis zemoT moyvanilcnobas da CavTvaloT is absolutur WeSmaritebad,magram, rodesac vsaubrobT `afxazTamefeebis~ cxovrebis Sesaxeb, ar SeiZleba misisruli ignorireba.`afxazTa mefe~ giorgi II-is da yofila aSotbagratis-Zis (konstantine porfirogenetis mixedviTaSot kiskasis) meuRle [25, 276-277].`afxazTa mefe~ leon III-m sakuTari asulimiaTxova kaxeTis qorepiskopos kvirikes Zes. esiyo diplomatiuri aqti, romelic brZolis drosiqna gadawyvetili. Zalian sainteresod mogviTxrobsmematiane am ambis Sesaxeb: rodesac leonIII-is mamam, giorgi II `afxazTa mefem~ daikava kaxeTismniSvnelovani cixeebi, garkveuli drois93

Semdeg kvlav dakarga isini da meored gadawydakaxeTs laSqroba. amjerad, `afxazTa~ laSqarsleon giorgis-Ze meTaurobda. is am dros qarTliserisTavia. leonma sakmaod Seaviwrova kaxelebi,man `mowua kaxeTi~, magram Semdgom warmatebaSimas xeli SeuSala mamis, giorgi II`afxazTa mefis~ gardacvalebam; amis Taobazeinformacia mas swored am laSqrobis drosmiuRia; mematianes sityviT, `mouwoda leonkÂrike qorepiskopossa; da Sekrbes bazaleTs,tbisa pirsa, TÂTo cxenosniTa, da iubnes dReerTi, vidremdis ganucxada micvaleba mamisaTÂsisa. da ahkida siyuaruli, da uqada Zisamisisa siZoba. da viTarca esma ese kÂrikes,gardaÃda cxenisagan, da TayuaniscemiT miscamadli, da ganixara zavi da siyuaruli, daufros piri mzaxobisa~ [29, 269-270]. rogorcwyaros am citirebuli monakveTidan Cans, leonmadiplomatiur xerxs mimarTa da is warmateba,romelsac man kaxeTis dakavebis saqmeSi miaRwia,am mxareze gavlenis SesanarCuneblad dinastiuriqorwinebiT gaamyara; yuradRebas iqcevs fraza:`iubnes dRe erTi, vidremdis ganucxadamicvaleba mamisa TÂsisa. da ahkida siyuaruli, dauqada Zisa misisa siZoba.~ rogorc Cans, leonma,gaigo Tu ara mamis gardacvalebis ambavi, damalaes informacia da kvirike qorepiskoposs arganucxada manam, sanam ar moagvara qorwinebisambavi. kvirikes Tavidanve rom gaego giorgi II`afxazTa mefis~ gardacvaleba, SesaZlebeliaarc daTanxmebuliyo da leoni iZulebuliiqneboda nebiTve daetovebina kaxeTis dakavebuliteritoriebi; sakuTari asulis kvirike qorepis-94

koposis ZisaTvis miTxovebiT leonma gaamyara`afxazTa samefosa~ da kaxeTs Soris kavSiri daase SeinarCuna gavlena am regionze. es qorwinebarom iyo `afxazTa samefosa~ da kaxeTs Sorisstabilurobis garanti, amaze metyvelebs is faqtic,rom leonis asulis gardacvalebis Semdegkvlav daiZaba urTierToba kaxeTsa da `afxazTasamefos~ Soris.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dosiTeosiseulnusxaSi erTiT (an oriT) meti mefea moxseniebulividre es dafiqsirebulia `mefeTa divanSi~da vidre es mtkicdeba sxva wyaroebiT. es arismefe `antarnase-daviTi~. sagulisxmoa, rom `afxazTamefeebis~ nusxis gadmocema dosiTeossa dabagrat III-s sxvadasxva mizniT ganuxorcielebiaT;rogorc vTqviT, bagrats surda xazi gaesva misikanonieri uflebisTvis `afxazeTis~ samefo taxtze;surda kidev erTxel daemtkicebina misi kav-Siri `afxazTa samefos~ mmarTvel dinastiasTan.rogorc `afxazTa samefos~ politikuri istoriagviCvenebs, amis saWiroeba arsebobda: `afxazeTSi~bagrat III-is gamefebas feodalTa wreebi araerTgvarovnadSexvedrian; iyo mis winaaRmdeC aSkaradgalaSqrebis faqtebic (magaliTad, Sida qar-TlSi, rac am dros `afxazTa samefos~ erT-erTisaerisTavoa) da rogorc Cans, es swored `afxaz-Ta mefis~ taxtis pretendentTagan xdeboda. bagratIII gamefda Teodosi usinaTlos Semdeg, radganacis iyo misi dis, guranduxtis Svili, xoloTeodoss pirdapiri sxva memkvidre ar hyavda. amisdamiuxedavad, rogorc Cans, `afxazTa samefo-Si~ qalis xaziT memkvidreobis gadasvlas gansakuTrebuliaxsna da zedmeti dasabuTeba95

esaWiroeboda; amitomac gamosca bagrat III-merTgvari dokumenturi dasabuTeba, rom mxolodis iyo realuri pretendenti `afxazTa mefobis~.rac Seexeba ierusalimis patriarq dosiTeoss,mas surda mxolod istoriis gadmocema, anu `afxazTamefeebis~ siis dadgena da saamisod pirvelwyarod`mefeTa divani~ gamouyenebia (amas gvafiqrebinebsis rom, dosiTeosis nusxa, faqtobrivadsruli Targmania `mefeTa divanisa~ da SavlianTaSesaxeb aqac araferia naTqvami); magram,Tavad bagrat III-is Sesaxeb savaraudod dosiTeospatriarqs ufro meti cnoba hqonia; kerZod,man kargad icoda, rom bagrat III iyo gurgenis Zeda amave dros daviT kurapalatis, imier taosmflobelis Svilobili; rogorc Cans, isic kargadicoda Tu ra didi wvlili miuZRvoda daviTkurapalats bagrat III-is gamefebaSi. `antarnasedaviTis~`afxazTa mefeebis~ dosiTeosiseul sia-Si moxsenieba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sworedam faqtiT: dosiTeosma daviT kurapalati SeitanamefeTa nusxaSi, rogorc memkvidreobiTi xaziswarmomadgeneli bagrat III-sTan mimarTebaSi, xoloantarnase, anu adarnase iyo daviTis mama;amitom, `antarnase (adarnase)-daviTis~ erTad moxseniebaubralod unda miuTiTebdes bagrat IIIismemkvidreobaSi am Stos rolze. SeiZlebaTavad dosiTeosmac ar icoda zustad Tu rogorukavSirdeboda bagrat III adarnasesa da daviTsda amitom ase sqematurad Casva maTi saxelebibagratis win. da kidev: SeiZleba sxva kuTxiTmoxda am saxelebis `antarnase (anu adarnase) -daviTis~ erTad Casma mefeTa nusxaSi: kerZod,bagrat III iyo `mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa...~;96

`mefeTa divanis~ mTeli nusxa, rac gamoiyenadosiTeos patriarqma, aris dokumenti, romelicgviCvenebs bagrat III-is mier `afxazTa mefis~titulis miRebis kanonierebas da amitom masSimxolod `afxazTa mefeebis~ siaa mocemuli; argamovricxavT, rom patriarq dosiTeoss hqonodaufro dawvrilebiTi informacia bagrat III-isa daimdroindeli saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb dakargad scodnoda, rom pirveli `qarTvelTamefe~ iyo adarnase, xolo ukanasknelimonacemebis mixedviT, savaraudoa, rom bagrat IIImdees tituli swored daviT III kurapalatshqonda [16; Sead. 31]; amaze metyvelebs aTonzegadawerili erT-erTi qarTuli xelnaweri,romelSic daviTi `qarTvelTa mefed~ ixsenieba[39]; faqtobrivad arc erT xelnawerSi, arcepigrafikul warwerebSi daviTisgardacvalebamde bagrat III `qarTvelTa mefed~ar iwodeba (bagrat III `qarTvelTa mefed~pirvelad iwodeba xcisis eklesiis warweraSi daes warwera daTariRebulia 1002 wliT [53], amdros daviT kurapalati gardacvlilia, is gardaicvala1001 wels [36]. aqedan gamomdinare migva-Cnia, rom `adarnase - daviTi~ dosiTeos patriarqisnusxaSi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes bagrat III-is`qarTvelTa mefobis~ miRebis istoriul Wrils _pirvel (adarnase) da bolo (daviT III) `qarTvel-Ta mefeebs~. ufro zustni rom viyoT, SemdegiformulirebiT ganvmartavdiT dosiTeos patriarqisnusxaSi `antarnase - daviTis~ moxseniebas:antarnase, anu adarnase `qarTvelTa mefe~ (romelmacpirvelma miiRo es tituli da Semdeg erTianisaqarTvelos mefeebis titulaturaSi erT-97

erT umTavres da umniSvnelovanes titulad iqca)da daviT III kurapalati (bagrat III-is mamobilida misi xelSemwyobi) dosiTeosis nusxaSi erTadixseniebian bagrat III-mde, riTac avtori mianiSnebsbagrat III-is, rogorc `afxazTa da qarTvel-Ta mefis~ kanonier memkvidreobas da istoriulrealobas, aseve, am saqmeSi daviT kurapalatisrols, rogorc bagrat III-is mamobilisa.Tavis droze `afxazTa mefeebis~ miseuliqronologiuri sia mogvca m. selezniovma [51, 23-24], d. baqraZem [7, 274-275], d. guliam [45, 208-209],m. brosem [10, sqema], magram unda iTqvas, rom isiniTiTqmis mTlianad emyarebian an `mefeTa divanis~monacemebs, anda vaxuSti batoniSviliseulqronologiur rigs. `afxazTa mefeebis~ moRvaweobacmravali avtoris mier iqna aRwerili; amTemas Tavis naSromebSi Seexnen: a. golovini [44,50-53], m. gunba [17] . . .erT Zalze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs miaqcia yuradRebamkvlevarma l. axalaZem. misi aRniSvniT:`afxazi mefeebi maTi brZanebiT Sesrulebul anmaTi mefobis dros amokveTil memorialuri daiuridiuli xasiaTis epigrafikul ZeglebSi dasaxelebuliarian mxolod mefis tituliT. Cans,isini ar atarebdnen `afxazTa mefis~ tituls, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi es movlena aisaxeboda romelimeepigrafikul ZeglSi. Cveni azriT, radganafxazi mefeebi pirdapiri memkvidreobiT (taxtigadaecemoda mamidan ufros Svils) flobdnen samefotaxts, amitom titulaturaSi samefo teritoriisgansazRvris saWiroebas aucileblad armiiCnevdnen. sul sxvagvaria dasavleT saqarTveloSibagrationTa gamefebis sakiTxi. bagrat III,98

tradiciulad mamis memkvidreobiTi xaziT ki ar`eufla~ quTaisis samefo taxts, aramed dedisxaziT. es uiSviaTesi movlena iyo qarTuli samefoebisistoriaSi da radganac quTaisis taxtiafxazi mefeebis samemkvidreo iyo, amitom bagrationimefeebis titulatura moiTxovda kidecganmartebas mflobelobaTa Sesaxeb~ [5, 63-64; 3;4;]. Tu ratom ixsenieba bagrati `afxazTa~ mefedamas SeiZleba sxva axsnac moeZebnos, is realuradsxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis gamaerTianebelimefea da mxolod dedis xaziT gamefeba SeiZlebaar iyos amis mizezi, sxva mizezebiTac aixsnebaes faqti, magram l. axalaZis zemoT motanilikomentari marTlac saintereso da mniSvnelovania.ganvixileT ra `afxazTa mefeebis~ qronologiuririgis sakiTxi, gvinda mokled SevexoT ma-Ti eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxs. dReisaTvisaris ZiriTadad gamoTqmuli sami mosazreba: pirveli,rom isini iyvnen berZnebi. am mosazrebas gamoTqvamdnend. baqraZe, p. uvarova [52, 8]; d. guliasda z. anCabaZes miaCndaT, rom `afxazTa mefeebi~iyvnen eTnikurad afxazebi (termin `afxazis~Tanamedrove gagebiT) [45, 207-210; 42, 76-80];dabolos, mkvlevarTa nawili maT qarTvelebadmiiCnevs, esenia latiSevi [50, 11], p. ingoroyva [23,192], Teimuraz mibCuani [30. 12-13]. kerZod, latiSeviwerda: `. . . Абхазiя съ 787 года составляла особоецарство, подъ властiю царей изъ династiи Багратидов~[50, 11]. p. ingoroyvas mosazrebis Taobaze akademikosiniko berZeniSvili werda: `afxazTa mefeebisqarTuli politika amxanag ingoroyvas auxsneladmoeCvena, Tu afxazebi qarTuli tomisani99

ar iqnebodnen, da mainc Tavisi kvleva am mimar-TulebiT gaSala. amx. pavle imaSi cdeba, rom fiqrobs,TiTqos qarTuli politikis warmoebamxolod imas SeeZlo, vinc warmoSobiT qarTiiyo~ [8, 128; saerTod, pavle ingoroyvas SexedulebebzeqarTvel mecnierTa Tvalsazrisebi ix.agreTve: 11]. akademikosi mariam lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs,rom `samive Tvalsazrisi mosazrebaTasferoSi rCeba da samives erTnairad aqvs arsebobisufleba~ [27, 11], faqtia, `afxazTa mefeebi~Tavisi moRvaweobiT qarTuli kulturis da qar-Tuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisaTvis ibrZodnenda am niSniT isini namdvilad qarTvelebiarian; mTeli maTi politika qarTuli interesebidangamomdinare xorcieldeboda. l. axalaZisTqmiT, isini politikurad `orientirebuli iyvnenqarTul samyaroze, rac TvalsaCinod gamovlindakidec feodaluri saqarTvelos politikurigaerTianebis procesSi maTi aqtiuri monawileobiT~[2, 15]. profesor aleqsandre abdalaZisaRniSvniT, `yuradRebas ipyrobs XIII s-is someximematianis, vardanis cnoba imis Taobaze,rom IX-X ss-is `afxazTa mefeebi~ vaxtang gorgasalisnaSierni yofilan. IX s-is dasasrulidanmoyolebuli vidre X s-is 70-ian wlebamde `afxazTamefeebi~ mTeli saqarTvelos, agreTve mTelikavkasiis politikur gaerTianebazec acxadebdnenpretenzias. Zveli saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelazeufro gamoCenili xelisufali, saxelmwifomoRvawe, vaxtang gorgasalic Tavis droze msgavsmiznebs isaxavda da etyoba, amis gamo gamoacxadesigi IX - X ss-is `afxazTa mefeebma~ Tavi-100

anT winaprad~ [1, 39. vardanis cnobebi ixileTgamocemaSi: 19].wyaroebi da literatura1. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTaurTierToba IX-XI saukuneebSi, Tb.,1988.2. l. axalaZe, afxaz mefeTa warwerebi qristianulixelovnebis Zeglebze, kr.`qristianoba: warsuli, awmyo, momavali~,saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, 2000 wlis 11-17oqtomberi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo. moxsenebaTamokle Sinaarsebi, Tb., 2000.3. l. axalaZe, egris-afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTawarwerebi. koalicia `arasamTavroboebiafxazeTisaTvis~, sainformacio analitikuriJurnali `afxazeTi~, I, Tb., 2004.4. l. axalaZe, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi`afxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb, saistorioZiebani, VII, weliwdeuli, Tb., 2004.5. l. axalaZe, xuafis warwera da afxaz mefe-Ta titulaturis sakiTxi, `afxazeTis moambe~,#2-3, Tb., 1999.6. S. badriZe, mTuri komponentebis sakiTxisa-Tvis `afxazTa samefos~ politikur struqturaSi,kr. `saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis Taviseburebani feodalizmisxanaSi~, Tb., 1983.101

7. d. baqraZe, istoria saqarTvelosi, tf., 1889.8. n. berZeniSvili, p. ingoroyvas wignis - `giorgimerCules~ gamo, Jurn. `mnaTobi~, # 12,Tb., 1956.9. a. bogveraZe, VIII saukunis qarTlisa da egris-afxazeTisistoriidan, Jurn. `analebi~,#2, Tb., 2000.10. m. brose, saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I, tf.,1895.11. g. gasviani, qarTveli mecnierebi pavle ingoroyvasSexedulebebze afxazeTisa da afxazebisSesaxeb, Tb., 2003.12. e. gvenetaZe, konstantine I da `afxazeTisistoria bagrat mefisa~, saistorio Ziebani,VII, weliwdeuli, Tb., 2004.13. S. gloveli, dasavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifos_ `afxazTa samefos~ Camoyalibeba (probizantiurida antibizantiuri politika),kr. istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani, X, Tb.,2008.14. S. gloveli, egris-afxazeTis samefos Camoyalibebisistoriidan, Jurn. `artanuji~,#2-3, Tb., 1994.15. S. gloveli, saqarTveloSi `Tanamefobis~institutis istoriidan, kr. `saistorio Studiebi~,VI, Tb., 2005.16. S. gloveli, n. gurgeniZe, qarTvel politikosTabrZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa-Tvis, kr. `saistorio Studiebi~, IV, Tb.,2003.17. m. gunba, dasavleT saqarTvelo da bizantiaVI-VIII ss., soxumi, 1962.102

18. dawerili favnelisa mRvimisadmi, qarTuliistoriuli sabuTebi IX-XIII ss., Seadginesda gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam,n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1984.19. vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria. Zvelisomxuridan Targmnes nodar SoSiaSvilmada eka kvaWantiraZem, Sesavali, komentarebida saZieblebi daurTo eka kvaWantiraZem,Tb., 2002.20. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,wg.: qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqstidadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerismixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973.21. e. TayaiSvili, ras Seicavda e.w. afxazeTisistoria bagrat mefisa, romliTac usargebliaierusalimis patriarxs dosiTeoss Tavisierusalimis patriarxTa istoriaSi, kr.`Zveli saqarTvelo~, saqarTvelos saistorioda saeTnografio sazogadoebis krebuli,II, tf., 1913.22. Teodosi gangreli, wg.: georgika, bizantielimwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,IV, nakv I, berZnuli teqsti qarTuliTargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebidaurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1941.23. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule. qarTvelimwerali meaTe saukunisa, narkvevi Zveli saqarTvelosliteraturis, kulturis da saxelmwifoebrivicxovrebis istoriidan, Tb.,1954.24. ioane drasxanakerteli, somxeTis istoria,somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, gamok-103

vleviTa da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma,Tb., 1965.25. konstantine porfirogeneti, wg.: georgika,bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelosSesaxeb, IV, nakv. II, berZnuli teqstiqarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebidaurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, Tb.,1952.26. d. leTodiani, afxazeTis, afSileTis da sanigeTispolitikuri damokidebuleba egris-Tan (lazikasTan) IV-VIII ss., Tb., 1991.27. m. lorTqifaniZe, afxazebi da afxazeTi,Tb., 1990.28. m. lorTqifaniZe, `afxazTa mefeTa divanis~da ierusalimis patriarq dosiTeosis SromaSiafxazTa mefeebis Sesaxeb arsebul cnobaTaSedarebisaTvis, Tsu Sromebi, 328,Tb., 1999.29. matiane qarTlisa, wg.: qarTlis cxovreba, I,teqsti dadCenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerismixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955.30. T. mibCuani, afxazeTis mefeebi da mTavrebi,Tb., 1997.31. z. papasqiri, erTiani qarTuli feodalurisaxelmwifos warmoqmna da saqarTvelos sagareo-politikurimdgomareobis zogierTisakiTxi, Tb., 1990.32. z. papasqiri, saintereso naSromi `afxazTa~samefos istoriaze, recenzia Salva glovelissakandidato disertaciaze: `afxazTasamefo~, saistorio Ziebani, VII, weliwdeuli,Tb., 2004.104

33. T. papuaSvili, kvirike I, qarTuli sabWoTaenciklopedia, 5, Tb., 1980.34. pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVII ss.qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT, I,gamosacemad moamzades: d. kldiaSvilma, m.surgulaZem, e. cagareiSvilma, g. jandierma,Tb., 1991.35. prokopi kesarieli, omi goTebTan, wg.: georgika,bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelosSesaxeb, II, teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurTgamosca da ganmartebebi daurTosimon yauxCiSvilma, meore Sevsebuli gamocema,Tb., 1965.36. sumbat daviTis Ze, cxorebaÁ da uwyebaÁbagratonianTa, Cuen qarTvelTa mefeTasa,Tu sadaT moiwivnes amas queyanasa igini,anu romliT JamiTgan upyries maT mefobaqarTlisa, romeli aRwera sumbat Zeman daviTisman,teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva,SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTogoneli araxamiam, Tb., 1990.37. T. tivaZe, ierusalimis patriarqis dosiTeosiswerili saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, kr. qar-Tuli wyaroTmcodneoba, III, Tb., 1971.38. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi IX-XIII ss.,Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem,v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1984.39. c. qurcikiZe, aTonze gadawerili erTi xelnawerisSesaxeb, `mwignobari~, Tb., 1980.40. i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, II,Txzulebani Tormet tomad, II, Tb., 1983.41. juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa,wg.: qarTlis cxovreba, I, teqsti dadgenili105

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier, Tb., 1955.42. З. В. Анчабадзе, Из истории средневековой Абхазии(VI-XVII вв), Сухуми, 1959.43. Всеобщая исторiя Степа’носа Таронского Асох’икапо прозванiю – писателя XI столътiя, Переведенасъ армянскаго и объяснена Н. Эминымъ, М.,1864.44. А. Головин, Историческое обозрение Грузии, 1864.45. Д. Гулиа, История Абхазии, I, Тиф., 1925.46. Д. Гулиа, История Абхазии. Собрание сочинений,VI, Сухуми, 1986.47. Д. Гулиа, О моей книге `история Абхазии~, Сухуми,1951, Репринтное издание, Тб., 1998.48. С. Джанашиа, Абхазия в составе Колхидского царстваи Лазики. Образование `Абхазского царства~,Jurn. `macne~, istoriis seria, #2, Tb.,1991.49. С. Джанашиа, О времени и условиях возникновенияАбхазского царства, Sromebi, II, Tb., 1952.50. В. В. Латышев, К истории христианства на Кавказе,СПБ, 1911.51. М. Селезнёв, Руководство къ познанiю Кавказа, I,СПБ, 1847.52. П. Уварова, Христианские памятники Кавказа.Материалы по археологии Кавквза, IV, М., 1864.53. Р. Шмерлинг, Древний Цвимоэтский храм близсел. Хциси, `qarTuli xelovneba~, qarTulixelovnebis istoriis institutis Sromebi,4, Tb., 1955.106

“Mepeta Divani” as a Historical Source107Shalva GloveliThe article is dedicated to the so called “Mepeta Divani”data having a significance of historical source. “Mepeta Divani”was issued by the king of the united Georgia Bagrat III. The historicaldata of “Mepeta Divani” are compared in details withthe data of other historical sources. The author of the article expresseshis viewpoints about the differences that are between thecopy of “Mepeta Divani” (The council of king) and patriarchDositheos’ (the patriarch of Jerusalem) “The History of Abkhazia”.The author speaks about the reasons why such differencesexist and what kind of differences are they. With the help of“Mepeta Divani” and other Georgian, as well as foreign sourcesdata comparison the dates of reign and chronological list of therulers (“the kings of Abkhazians”) of the western Georgia kingdom(“the kingdom of Abkhazia”) are stated.Leon II - 753 - 778/781 (782) – ruler (eristavi) of Abkhazia.- 778/781-786 – ruler of Abkhazia.- 786-798 – “The king of Abkhazians”.Theodosius II - 798-825 - “The king of Abkhazians”.Demetre II - 825-861 - “The king of Abkhazians”.Giorgi I - 861-868 - “The king of Abkhazians”.

Ioane I and Adarnase I - 868-885/886 - “The kings ofAbkhazians”.Bagrat I or Tinen – the middle of the 60’s of the 9 thcentury – till 868 – “ruler (eristavi) of Chikha”.Bagrat I – the period of “banishment” 868-885/886885/886-893 -“The king of Abkhazians”.Constantine III - 893-922 - “The king of Abkhazians”.Constantine III and Bagrat – co-ruling from near to 918 till922.Giorgi II and Bagrat – co-ruling from 922 till the death ofBagrat.Giorgi II - 922-957 - “The king of Abkhazians”.Leon III – from near to 929 till 957 “ruler (eristavi) of Kartli”.957-967 - “The king of Abkhazians”.Demetre III - 967-975 - “The king of Abkhazians”.Theodosius III - 975-978 - “The king of Abkhazians”.The author underscores that in Dositheos’ list one or towmore kings are mentioned than there are in the list of “MepetaDivani”. This is a king Antarnase – David. While writing thelist of “The Kings of Abkhazians” Dositheos and Bagrat III haddifferent aims. Bagrat wanted to underscore that his thrown of“Abkhazian” kingdom was legitimate; wanted to prove onesmore his links with the ruling dynasty of “the kings ofAbkhazians”. As it seems passing of the legislation from thematernal side to the future king in “The kingdom of Abkhazians”(as the thrown of “Abkhazia” was passed to Bagrat III)needed special explanation and additional prove. That is whyBagrat issued a kind of document proving that he was the onlyreal pretender to the thrown. As for the patriarch of JerusalemDositheos he only wanted to represent the history, to establishthe list of “the kings of Abkhazians”. For reaching his goal heused “Mepeta Divani”. Supposedly, taking into considerationthe other sources he made corrections. He knew well that Bagrat108

was a son of Gurgen and at the same time the adopted son ofDavid Curopalate, the owner of Imier Tao (west Tao, now inTurkey). It seems that he also knew well the contribution ofDavid Curopalate in Bagrat’s becoming a king. In theDositheos’ list of “The kings of Abkhazians” “Antarnase-David” might be mentioned before Bagrat III because Dositheosmay put David Curopalate in the list of kings as therepresentative of the legacy line in connection with Bagrat III.Bagrat III was David’s adopted son. As for Antarnase or Adarnase,he was David’s father. That is why mentioning “Antarnase(Adarnase) - David” together just shows their position androle in the legacy line of Bagrat. There also might be anotherreason of putting together the names “Antarnase (or Adarnase)- David” in the list. Bagrat III was a “king of Abkhazians andGeorgians...” The whole copy of “Mepeta Divani”, Dositheosreferred and used, is a document showing that adopting of thetitle “king of Abkhazians” by Bagrat III was legal. That is whywe have the list of only “the kings of Abkhazians“. We alsothink that patriarch Dositheos might had more detailed informationabout Bagrat III and the history of those days Georgia. Hemight know well that the firs “king of Georgians” was Adarnaseand according to the resent data supposedly this title wasbelonged to David III Curopalate before Bagrat III. Thus, wethink that Adarnase-David in the list of Dositheos might bedenoting the historical background of adopting by BagratIII the title of “the king of Georgians” – as the first king wasAdarnase and the last one before Bagrat III David III. To bemore precise, Antarnase or Adarnase, “the king of Georgians”,mentioned in the list of Dositheos (who was the firstking with this title. Lately it became one of the most significantand important components of the united Georgia kings’title) and David III Curopalate ( who adopted and supportedBagrat III ) are mentioned together before Bagrat III in thelist of Dositheos. Thus, the author shows that Bagrat III is a109

legal hair of “the Kings of Abkhazians and Georgians”. Healso shows historical reality and the role of David Curopalatein this affaire concerning his adopted son – Bagrat.The problems of kin relations of “the kings of Abkhazians”and their ethnic background are discussed in the article. Italso is underlined that as they were fighting for strengtheningGeorgian culture and Georgian state, from this point of viewthey are Georgians indeed.`egrosis~ qalaq `egrisis~lokalizaciisaTvis110daviT WiTanavaleonti mroveli, qarTvelTa miTiuri winaprebiswilxvdomili qveynebis daxasiaTebisas aRniSnavs,rom `xolo egross misca queyana zRÂsyurisa, da uCina sazRvari: aRmosavliT mTa mcire,romelsaca aw hqÂan lixi; dasavliT zRua;[CrdiloT] mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada warswuTebiswueri kavkasisa. xolo aman egros aRa-Sena qalaqi da uwoda saxeli TÂisi egrisi, awmas adgilsa hqÂan bedia~ [5, 5].leonti mrovelis zemoT warmodgenil aRwerilobaSiCvenTvis amjerad sainteresoa qalaqegrisis adgilmdebareoba, romelsac is bedias-Tan aTavsebs. wyaros am cnobaze saTanado yuradRebagaamaxvila T. beraZem da Cveni azriT, savsebiTdamajerebeli argumentaciiT miuTiTa, rogorcleonti mrovelTan, aseve sxva wyaroebSi(vaxuSti batoniSvili, arq. lamberti), bediasTanqalaq egrisis igiveobis umarTebuloba. upirve-

les yovlisa aq dadga sakiTxi egriswylis lokalizaciasTandakavSirebiT, ris Sesaxebac qar-Tul samecniero literaturaSi sami urTierTsawinaaRmdegomosazreba dafiqsirda. erTni mas md.engurad miiCnevdnen (m. brose, T. Jordania, s. kakabaZe,T. beraZe, g. gunba), meoreni md. oxojed(iv. javaxiSvili), mesameni, md. RaliZgad (p. ingoroyva)[1, 132-139].T. beraZis azriT, egris wyali xelovnur-literaturulixasiaTis warmoebaa, misive aRniSvniT,is ucxoa megrulisaTvis; avtori, egrisiswyals md. engurTan aigivebs da am punqtis (egera)arsebobasac mis sanapiroebTan varaudobs [1,140-141], aseve xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom leontimrovelis azriT, egrisi (qalaqi) warmoadgenstomis centrs adreantikur xanaSi, romelicdRevandel samegreloSi mdebared miaCnia. misiveaRniSvniT, SemTxveviTi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebimowmoben, rom engurispireTi marTlac dawinaurebuliyofila adreantikur xanaSi [1, 141].Cven savsebiT viziarebT zemoT warmodgenilmosazrebas md. enguris egris wyalTan igiveobisSesaxeb da imasac, rom qalaqi egrisi swored egriswyalTan (engurTan) aris saZebni, Tumca T.beraZe dasaSvebad miiCnevs egrisis cixis zugdidTanigiveobas [1, 135]; avtors, es mosazrebisdoneze aqvs warmoTqmuli, rac, vfiqrobT, dResarsebuli masalebis mixedviT ar dasturdeba,radgan TviTon zugdidSi aranairi cixe-simagrisnaSTi ar arsebobs da arc xalxur gadmocemebSiaraime informacia mis Sesaxeb.sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cveni yuradReba miiqciai. rainegsis metad sayuradRebo cnobam (rai-111

negsi saqarTveloSi imyofeboda XVIII s-is 80-ianwlebSi), kerZod, misi TqmiT, `ruxidan CrdiloaRmosavleTiTSvid versze, enguris marcxena napirzearis qalaqi egrisi anu egeria, samegrelosyvelaze mZlavri da didi cixe. is kargadaa naSenida dasaxlebuli. misgan miiRo mTelma qveyanamTavisi saxeli [4, 121].mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom rainegsismier aRwerili qalaqi egrisi, mis dros dasaxlebuliaanu XVIII saukunis bolos, xolo sul cotaxanSi is gaveranebuli Cans, radgan vfiqrobTigive qalaqi unda iyos moxseniebuli ukve XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi moris vagneris mier, kerZod,wyaroSi aRniSnulia, rom `zugdidis CrdiloeTiT,misgan axlos aris Zveli qalaqis nangrevebi,romlis warmoSoba da istoria srulebiT ucnobia[3, 143].amave dros mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia kastelismier moxseniebuli qalaqi `ager luditi~, romelsacis `samegrelos mefis sofelSi mdebaresaxlad~ moixseniebs; agerSi aRniSnuli aqvs mravalididi zomis saxli da eklesia. `aq xdebaorTabrZola da wydeba samarTal-saCivari am eklesiaSi...am samefoSi~ [2, 172].Cvens mier adgilze iqna daTvalierebuliTiTqmis mTeli enguris xeobis marcxena da marjvenasanapiro (afxazeTis soflebis gamoklebiTmarjvena mxares). rainegsis cnobidan gamomdinare,Cveni yuradReba miiqcia zugdidis CrdiloeTiTda ruxis cixidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT daaxloebiT7-8 kilometrSi, zugdid-walenjixis samanqanogzis marcxniv, md. enguris marcxena mxaresdaaxloebiT 5-6 kilometrSi, sof. korcxel-112

Si (zemo baSi) mdebare uzarmazar teritoriaze,daaxloebiT 4-5 heqtarze gaSlilma cixe-simagrisgalavnis naSTebma. mas adgilobrivebi `CiJiS-karis~saxeliT icnoben. aq daaxloebiT sami heqtrisgayolebaze aris galavnis da sxvadasxva mSeneblobisnaSTebi. mas Cveni daTvalierebiT aqvs savaraudod4 koSki, zogan nagebia riyis qviT (um-Tavresad) da kiris duRabiT, saZirkvelis naSTeb-Si SeiniSneba ufro Zveli samSeneblo fena, romelicriyis qvis ar aris. dRes kedlebis ZiriTadinawili Camongreulia, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTismxares. es cixe-simagre Tavisi mdebareobiTdasavleTiT da samxreT-dasavleTiT akontrolebsmTeli enguris xeobas, saidanac misvla SeuZlebelia.aRmosavleTis garkveul nawilze daCrdilo-aRmosavleTiTac cixe miudgomelia, misvlaSeiZleba aRmosavleTis da samxreTis mciremonakveTze. dRes cixis teritoriaze mosaxleobssami ojaxi. es cixe-simagre XVIII saukuneSi Sei-Zleba moqmedi yofiliyo rogorc qalaqi da araubralod cixe, is did sivrcezea gaSlili daCveulebrivi TavdacviTi nagebobis STabeWdilebasar tovebs.vfiqrobT, es unda iyos egrisis qalaqi anurainegsis mier moxseniebuli `egeria~, romelicmis dros, anu XVIII saukunis dasasrulamde maincda savaraudod XIX saukunis dasawyisSi jer kidevmWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqi yofila. rainegsismier misi egeriad moxsenieba ar unda iyosSemTxveviTi, radgan mis dros albaT jer kidevarsebobda zepiri gadmocema am qalaqis saxelisSesaxeb an kidev SesaZloa misi im drosac cocxalisaxelwodeba yofiliyo. rainegsis mier mi-113

TiTebuli adgilic, anu ruxis cixidan CrdiloaRmosavleTiT7 kilometri, TiTqmis zustad emTxvevadRevandeli CiJiSkaris cixis mdebareobas,am versiis ufro damajerebeli argumentebiT dadasturubaalbaT momavalSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebisSedegad gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.wyaroebi da literatura1. T. beraZe, odiSis istoriuli geografiidan,saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli,t. III, Tb., 1967.2. don qristefore de kasteli, cnobebi da albomisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1977.3. moris vagneri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanuliteqsti Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi dasaZieblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.4. i. rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidanTargmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTog. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2008.5. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, teqsti dadgenili yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCi-Svilis mier, Tb., 1955.114

115David ChitanavaFor the Localization of “Egrisi” - the Town Built by“Egrosi”In his chronicle (“Kartlis Tskhovreba”) Leonti Mroveli givesthe localization of Egrisi, the town built by Egrosi. LeontiMroveli and the following authors (Archangelo Lamberti, PrinceVakhushti Bagrationi) identify Egrisi with Bedia.The author of the article does not agree with this identification.He shares the opinion that the river Egristskali is the riverEnguri. On the basis of this similarity the author comes to aconclusion that Egrisi is that very town Egeria in 7km. to theNortheast from the fortress Rukhi which was mentioned byJacob Reineggs.The author believes that Egeria, mentioned by Reineggs, isa fortress called by natives as Chizhiskari. The mentioned fortressis located in Zugdidi region, in the village Kortskheli (ZemoBashi) that is in 7-8kms. to the Northeast from the fortress Rukhi,on the left bank of the river Enguri, nearly in 5-6kms. to theEast. The remains of the fence and complex of different buildingsthat are spread on 3 hectares area are still there. These buildingsare not ordinary defensive works but mostly like the rema-

ins of a town. Besides, the location of this town coincides withthe localization of Reineggs’ Egeria. Reineggs new the townwith the mentioned name not only according to oral tradition,but it still existed in those days as a big, populated settlement(the end of the 18 th century). As it seems it should have beenexisted till the first part of the 19 th century.116qeTevan quTaTelaZemanglisis eparqiis sazRvrebimanglisis eparqiis sazRvrebis sakiTxis ganxilvisdros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba undamieqces im istoriul procesebs, rodesac adgilihqonda am eparqiis Camoyalibebas. Mmanglisiseparqia qvemo qarTlis erT-erTi uZvelesi eparqiaa,romlis centrs istoriuli manglisi warmoadgenda.igi Tbilisidan 60 km-ze, TrialeTis qedissamxreT kalTaze mdebareobs, sadac vaxuStibagrationis cnobiT, ,,zis dasmuli gorgaslisaganepiskopozi, mwyemsi algeTis xeobisa da qciiszemoTisa TrialeTamde” [2, 325]. unda vifiqroT,rom vaxuStis droindeli aRweriloba adrindeliperiodisTvisac gamodgeba, radgan eparqiissazRvrebi, miuxedavad, maTi cvalebadobisa,met-naklebad ufro myari iyo. eparqia ss-is manZilzeteritoriul-administraciul erTeulebserTs, an ramodenimes moicavda, romelTac adre,,qveynebs” uwodebdnen. amitom miuxedavad, qvemo

qarTlis eparqiaTa sazRvrebis dasadgenad istoriulimasalis simwirisa, am mxaris istoriulgeografiuliaRweriloba saSualebas gvaZlevsmet-naklebad davadginoT ama Tu im eparqiis saz-Rvrebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis”mixedviT, tradicia manglisSi episkoposisdasmas vaxtang gorgasals miawers [19, 198], mniSvnelovanireligiuri centri aq qristianobisgavrcelebisTanave unda Seqmniliyo. vaxtang gorgaslisdros CamoTvlili 12 saepiskoposodanmanglelis samwyso meoTxea, xolo XIII s-is Zeglis`gangeba darbazobisa-s” mixedviT, manglels16-e adgili ukavia [7, III, 43]. Mmanglisis eparqiisSeqmnisTvis biZgi uda mieca vaxtang gorgaslissaeklesio politikas, romelic mimarTuli iyoiranelTa winaaRmdeg. Qqvemo qarTlSi sami mniSvnelovanieparqiis (manglisi, bolnisi, agaraki)Seqmna miznad isaxavda qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSisvarsqenis gavlenis Sesustebas, romlis samflobelossulieri mwyemsni pitiaxSis karis episkoposebi,anu curtaveli episkoposebi iyvnen. qvemoqarTlSi dayenebuli axali episkoposebis saSualebiT,romlebic mefis politikis gamziareblebiiqnebodnen, mefe garkveulwilad gaakontrolebdaam mxaris teritoriis did nawils.mniSvnelovani sasuliero centri manglisSiqristianobis gavrcelebisTanave unda Seqmniliyo,rac ganapiroba gansakuTrebuli siwmindisdatovebam manglisSi. qristes `ferÃis ficari”is udidesi siwminde iyo, riTac Tavisi rangiTmanglisi utoldeboda mcxeTas, sadac ufliskvarTi ganisvenebda. `qrTlis cxovrebis” mixedviT,imperatorma konstantinem qarTlSi gamog-117

zavnil ioane episkoposs didZali ganZi gamoatanada ubrZana: ,,sadaca jer iCino adgilsaqarTlisaTa, aRaSenen eklesiani... da niWni esedaamkvidren qalaqTa qarTlisaTa” [9, 117]. erTisityviT, konstantinem episkopos ubrZana, romsadac saWirod CaTvlida da aucilebeli iqnebodaiq aeSenebinaT eklesiebi da daetovebinaT siwmindeebi.episkopos ioanes aseT adgilebad saqarTveloSieruSeTi, wunda da manglisi miuCnevia.samive adgilas eklesiis mSenebloba daiwyes.eruSeTSi ,,samsWualni uflisani“ datoves, wundaSiganZi, magram Tu ra, ar aris moxseniebuli.manglisSi ki ,,ficarni igi uflisani” [9, 117]. rogorcCans, am adgilebSi warmarTuli sarwmunoebiscentrebi unda yofiliyo, romlis sapirispirodioane episkoposi eklesiebs agebs da qristianTaudides siwmindeebs tovebs. rodesac mirianmefem ukmayofileba gamoTqva imasTan dakavSirebiT,rom pirvelad ara samefo qalaq mcxeTaSi movidnen,moitanes siwmindeebi da daiwyes eklesiebismSenebloba, aramed sxva qalaqebSi, amasTandakavSirebiT wmida ninom mefes uTxra: ,,nu swuxmefeo, rameTu esreT jer ars: sadaca movidodian,dasTesvidnen saxelsa RmrTisasa. xolo arsqalaqsa amas Sina samoseli igi didebuli uflisa”[9, 117]. wmida ninos naTqvami kidev erTxelcxadyofs, rom qristianul siwmindeebs sworedim adgilebSi tovebdnen, sadac yvelaze ZlieriwarmarTuli salocavebi iqneboda, romelTac xalxismoqcevisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobaeniWeboda.manglisis toponimis axsnis dros, saTanadowerilSi Cven davasabuTeT, rom manglisis saxel-118

wodebam mTvaris kultis (namgala/axali mTvaris)Tayvanismcemis faqti Semogvinaxa. manglisSi ammnaTobis kavkasiaSi arsebuli erT-erTi uZvelesida Zlieri salocavi unda yofiliyo. aqedan gamomdinareaixsneba albaT is faqti, rom sworedmanglisSi arsebul warmarTul salocavs `uflisferxis ficari~ daupirispires. ar aris gamoricxuli,rom manglisis jvarSi somexTa da SesaZloaamierkavkasiis sxva xalxTa salocavadwasvlas winare qristianul periodSi Caeyara safuZveli,rac ganapiroba kavkasiaSi arsebulmamanglisis mTvaris RvTaebis erT-erTma Zliermasalocavma. ,,mangi” SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorcmrude, moRunuli, anu namgala mTvaris aRmniSvneli,anu sityva ,,mangi” mTvaris namgals aRniSnavda.igi mTvaris erT-erTi saxeobis gamomxatvelia(gansxvavebiT badri-mTvaresagan, rac savse mTvaresniSnavs). Tu mas, moRunulis mniSvnelobiTacgavigebT, maSin gamodis, rom moRunuli formismsgavsebis gamo, Semdeg es saxeli ewoda mkis uZvelesSromis iaraRs namgals, romlis saxelwodebisZveli forma magan-magal-mangalia. marTlac,Zvel teqstebSi mangal-namglis SesatyvisiamRuli, romelic moxrils da moRunuls niSnavs.ar aris gamoricxuli, rom igi garegnulad miemsgavsebinaTnamgala mTvaresTan, radgan miwaTmoqmedixalxis cnobierebaSi mTvares (anu mTvarisfazebs), gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira [16, 287,288]. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZlebadavaskvnaT, rom uZveles Sromis iaraRs namgals,romelic pirdapir kavSirSi iyo mTvaris fazebzedamokidebuli miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebasTan,garegnuli msgavsebis gamo axali mTvaris (zrdi-119

sken orientorebuli) Zveli saxelwodebidan _`mangi” _ gamomdinare mangali ewoda, rac SemdegsafuZvlad daedo manglisis toponims.manglisSi sakulto centris Seqmna unda ganesazRvramis xelsayrel adgilmdebareobas daagreTve im faqts, rom igi `manglisxevis” centriiyo. n. berZeniSvilis zusti ganmartebiT, `manglissfriad xelsayreli adgili uWiravs aRmosavleTsaqarTveloSi. manglisis mxare ekvris SidaqarTls, Tbiliss, somxiT-sabaraTianos da walka-javaxeTs.imyofeba ra algeTis, TeZamis (samaWalosxevi), skvireTis da veres gamosasvlelebSi.manglisis xeoba startegiulad batonobsaRniSnul mxareebze~ [6, 26]. `gza qvaTaxev-kavTisxevSida qvaTaxev-niCbis-ZegvSi, didgor-mcxeTaSi,veres xeviT TbilisSi (saburTaloSi), kojor-TbilisSi, farcxis-samSvildeSi, kldekarze (aqedansaTarxno-sajavaxianoSi) walka-javaxeTSi, yvelaeseni aq manglisSi ejvarebian erTi meores~[6, iqve]. manglisis mxaresTan erTad ` aq gamoivlidayvelaze umoklesi da umniSvnelovanesi gzabizantiidan – qarTlSi~ (mcxeTaSi, TbilisSi),kaxeTSi, somxeTidan qarTlSi,… TrialeT – mangliszegadioda gzebi Sida qarTlSi: Zamis xeobiT,tanas xeobiT, TeZmis xeobiT, kldekariT, manglis- kavTisxeviT, manglis-mcxeTa, manglis-Tbilisi.kaxeTSi – manglis - mcxeTis xidiT manglis- isani, hereTSi – manglis - samSvilde, gardabani;somxeTSi, qvemo qarTlSi: manglis –samSvilde,gomareT - dmanisi; javaxeTSi: nardevan –faravana - fokani, samsari, wiTeli eklesia -TrialeT - tabisyuri.…manglis-TrialeTi zeganiada strategiulad batonobs Sida da qvemo qarT-120

lsa~ [6, 32]. aseTi ganmartebis Semdeg advili warmosadgeniavifiqroT, rom manglisis strategiulobasmarto savaWro da samxedro datvirTvaar unda hqonoda. manglisis xelsayrelma mdebareobamalbaT ganapiroba isic, rom aq arsebulisalocavi, romelic saxelganTqmuli iyo saqarTvelosada somxeTSi, erTnairad advilad misadgomiyofila amierkavkasiaSi mcxovrebi TiTqmisyvela xalxisaTvis. es funqcia unda SeenarCunebinamas rodesac qristianoba gavrcelda saqar-TveloSi. `ferxTa ficris~ dasveneba manglisSiganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo ara marto mTvaris(axali mTvare) Zveli warmarTuli salocvisCanacvlebiT da aRmofxvris surviliT, aramed,manglisis strategiuli mdebareobis gamoc. manglisismTvaris salocavi im adgilas unda yofiliyo,sadac qristianobis periodSi jvris saxelobistaZari aSenda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac,rom bizantiidan manglisSi gamoivlida umoklesigza, romelic miemarTeboda mcxeTaSi, maSinadvili misaxvedria, rom swored am gziT undagamoevloT bizantiidan konstantine imperatorismier gamogzavnil ioane episkoposs da mRvdlebs.yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT manglisSiyvelanairi piroba iyo imisTvis, rom igimniSvnelovani eparqiis centrad gamoecxadebinaT.manglisis eparqiis ZiriTadi nawilis – algeTisxeobis mamoZravebel ZarRvs md. algeTiwarmoadgens, romelic TrialeTis qeds samxreTidangamosdis. TiTqmis 110 km-ze gadaWimuli esmdinare sakmaod saintereso da mravalferovanlandSafts qmnis, romelic gamodgeboda aramarto soflis meurneobis dargebis ganviTarebi-121

sTvis, aramed mniSvnelovani iyo strategiuladac.vaxuSti bagrationis aRwerilobiT algeTssaTavidan TanamimdevrobiT Semedegi xevebi uerTdeba:sayavris, mJavis (am xeobaSia manglisi), kvelTeTis,lakvis-wylis, dvalTa-Rolovnis, gudarexis,amlivis-wylis, saRiraSenis, zrbiToSeTis,bogvis, asureTisa da Roubnis xevebi. kumisis tbasTanSedis kodis wyaro, kumisisa da gudelisisxevebi. zemoCamoTvlil xeobebs vaxuSti aRwers,rogorc haeriT mSveniers, venaxovans da xilians,zogan tyiT daburuls da nadiriT savses, ufromSral adgilebSi ki yvelanairi marcvleulisgarda brinjis, bambis da abreSumis moyvanasacmisdevdnen [2, 324-325].manglisis eparqiaSi Semaval xeobebs ioanebatoniSvili Tavis qarTl-kaxeTis aRwerilobaSiSemdegnairad gadmogvcems: ,,q. tfilissa samxreTismxares somxiTi da dasavleTis mxares, romelicsoflebi miewereba arian eseni, romelic iwyebisfarvaniSaores xeobidam, ,, romelsa uwodebenaw Tavfaravanad da Seudgebis algeTis xeoba”,algeTis xeobis samefo, saTavado, saeklesio dasaaznauro soflebis CamoTvlis Semdeg algeTisSenakadebidan asaxelebs bogvis xevis, zrbiTisxevisa da saRiarSenis soflebs. Semdeg CamoTvlisTrialeTis, gomareTisa da zurtaketis soflebs.Semdeg igi CamoTvlis qciis xeobis soflebs.Mmisi Senakadebidan ki argisisa da WivWavisxeobas asaxelebs [8, 49-51].algeTis xeoba (zemo weli) Zvel qarTul dasomxur wyaroebSi ,,manglisÃevad” (somx. ,,mangleacfori”)aris moxseniebuli. es gasagebic aris,radgan manglisi garda imisa, rom xeobis centri122

iyo, Zveli qarTlisa da somxeTis qristianulisazogadoebisTvis yovelTvis warmoadgenda siwmindeTaganZTsacavs da umniSvnelovanes salocavs.mkvlevar d. berZeniSvilis SeniSvniT, qvemoqarTlis ,,yvela es Zveli saepiskoposo mxare barisganviTarebul xevebSia daarsebuli da qvemoqarTlis mTian olqebSi arc erTi centri arCans. SesaZloa manglisisa da dmanisis kaTedralebisdaarseba maTi xevebis zemo welze nakarnaxeviiyo TrialeT-zurtaketisa da taSiris mrevlisSeerTebis surviliT” [5, 116]. aRniSnuli araris gamoricxuli, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rommanglisi qristianobis miRebamdec unda yofiliyogamorCeuli centri winareqristianuli msoflmxedvelobisa.Zveli tradiciis mixedviTac, udidessiwmindeebs da taZrebs xom mniSvnelovaniwarmarTuli religiis centrebSi anacvlebdnen.manglisis regioni umdidresia preistoriuli qvismonumenturi ZeglebiTa da simbolikiT.d. berZeniSvilis mosazrebas mxars uWers is,rom manglelis samwysoSi ,,qciis zemoTisa TrialeTamde”Sevida. mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom ,,aqsof. qcia igulisxmeba mdinaris Sua welze, iqsadac yarabulaxis wyali uerTdeba qcias marjvnidan”[5, 117]. epigrafikuli Zeglebi da sigelgujrebi migviTiTeben, rom manglisis eparqiaSiunda Sesuliyo xramis xeobis sxva nawilebi (rogorcmarcxena, aseve marjvena sanapiros soflebi)da zurtaket-yarabulaxic. manglisis eparqiismamulebi miTiTebulia, agreTve TrialeTsa dasaqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi.123

manglisis eparqiaSi unda Seesuliyo skvire-Ti (veris xeoba), romelic ,,...algeT-diRmisxevsSoris arsebuli teritoria fizikur geografiuladgamokveTili qveraionia” [11, 311], kerZod,,,TrialeTis qedis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi, romelicCrdiloeTidan didgor-sawkepelas TxemebiTaaSemofargluli da samxreTidan qvemo qarTlisada bedenis lavuri platoebiT irwyvis mdinareebiTdiRmiswyliT, vereTi da algeTiT” [11,298]. igi manglisxevTan erTad istoriul wyaroebSierT erTeulad moixsenieba. d. berZeniSvilsSesaZleblad miaCnia, rom ,,skvireTis xevis zemoweli manglisis xevis erTeulSi yofiliyo gaer-Tianebuli, ris gamoc paruarsa da mangleacforsSoris somxuri geografia calke erTeulsar axsenebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoaisic, rom algeTis xeobis TiTqmis yvela soflisTvisudidesi salocavi iyo wveris wmida giorgi”[5, 43]. mkvlevars miaCnia, rom veris xeobisqvemo welis soflebi wyneTi, axaldaba da lisiparuaris SemadgenlobaSi iyo, romlebic gvianitradiciiT Tbilisis SemadgenlobaSi Semodianda amis gamo ar moixseniebs skvireTis xeobas somxurigeografia. d. berZeniSvili miiCnevs, romjuanSer juanSerianis wilSi Sesuli `manglisxevida tfilisi” skvireTis xeobasac moicavs [5,iqve].Tuki mivyvebiT qronologiurad, romel istoriuil-administraciulerTeulSi Sedioda manglisiseparqiis teritoria, igi Semdegnairadwarmogvidgeba:winareqristianul xanaSi es teritoria qar-Tlosis Zis gaCiosis wilxvdom qveyanaSi unda124

Sesuliyo, romelic moicavda teritorias mdinareskvireTidan abocis mTamde, centri iyo orbiscixe, anu samSvilde, romelic TviT qarTlossaeSenebina. igi qarTlosis colma misca Tavis umcrosSvils gaCioss [9, 9]. am teritorias farnavazisdroindeli saerisTavoebidan samSvildissaerisTavo emTxveva (,,skvireTis mdinaridan mTamde,romeli ars taSiri da aboci”). qarTlis cxovrebismixedviT, farnavazis droindeli saeris-Tavoebi qarTlosis Svilebisa da SviliSvilebiswilxvedri qveynebis identuria, rac im faqtzemiuTiTebs, rom ,,qveynis saerisTavoebad dayofisfarnavazis administraciuli reforma adgilobrivtradiciebs unda efuZnebodes” [17, 4]. amrigad,manglisis eparqiaSi Semavali teritoria samSvildissaerisTavoSi unda Sesuliyo, Tumca mogvianebiTes suraTi Seicvala. kerZod, rodesac baqarmirianis Zem ,,gaucvala queyana disiZesa missaferozs, romelsa aqunda rani bardavamdismicemulad mirianisgan da misca mis wil samSvildiTganmiRmarT queyanani Tavadmde abocisa” [9,130-131]. samSvildis saerisTavos am sazRvrebSiwarmodgena miuTiTebs, rom skvireTi da manglisxevi(algeTis xeobis zemo weli) samSvildiserisTavis iurisdiqciis qveS ar Sedis da igi SesaZlebeliasxva administraciul erTeulSi gaerTianebuliyo.qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, Semdgom movlenebSimanglisxevi TbilisTan erTad juanSerjuanSerianis saerismTavroSi moixsenieba. masSiSedioda agreTve jvari, xerki da mTiuleTi. ase-Ti saerisTavos CamoyalibebisTvis biZgi unda miecaTbilisis dawinaurebas, rodesac qalaqis Se-125

mogareni da misi mosazRvre strategiuli xevebierT administraciul erTeulSi gaerTianda. CvenvfiqrobT, rom swored am saerimTavros mosaxleobasgadaeca dacvis sigeli, sadac manglisi aseveTbilisTan erTad moiazreba. vaxuStis miermoxseniebuli manglisis eparqiaSi Semavali dar-Cenili zemoaRniSnuli teritoria TrialeT-zurtaketissaxiT ki `naTesaviT pitiaxSis” samflobeloSiunda Sesuliyo, romelic flobda TrialeTs,taSirsa da abocs. isini samSvildeSi mo-Rvaweobdnen (samSvildis sionis warwera) da ferozianTasagvareulos ganStoebas warmoadgendnen,romlis warmomadgenlebic Cvenis azriT, samSvildiserisTavebi da V-VI ss-is somxur wyaroebSimoxseniebuli gugarqis pitiaxSebi iyvnen. amadministraciul erTeulSi gaerTianebul mxareebSimanglelis samwysoSi Semavali teritoriebidanra Tqma unda igulisxema xramis xeoba (zemoda Sua weli samSvildiTurT), TrialeT-gomare-Ti, radgan dmanisxevi da taSiri mogvianebiT,dmanelis samwysoSi unda Sesuliyo.sainteresoa, manglisis eparqiaSi algeTisxeobis garda xramis xeobis nawili TrialeTamdeTavidanve Sevida Tu es ufro mogvianebiT ganxorcielda.vfiqrobT, aseTi saxe mas ufro gvianunda mieRo. Tavdapirvelad manglisis eparqiamxolod algeTis xeobisa da `manglisxevad” cnobilimxaris momcveli eparqia unda yofiliyo,razec manglisis centrobac miuTiTebs, juanSericmiuTiTebs, rom episkoposebidan vaxtang gorgasals`erTi mangliss” dausvams [19, 198]. vaxuStismier moxseniebuli danarCeni mxareebi ki, romelTanawili `manglisxevis” mimdgomi qveynebia,126

TandaTanobiT unda mieerTebina. ~qciis zemoTisaTrialeTamde” teritoria manglisis eparqias savaraudoT,curtavis eparqiis daSlis Semdeg undaSemateboda. rogorc Cans, curtavis qarTulenovaniTemebis nawili momijnave eparqiebma SeierTes,garda maSaveris auzisa, sadac dmanisis saxiTcalke eparqia unda Camoyalibebuliyo [14] 1 .manglisis eparqiaSi TrialeTis Sesvlas, agreTve,gvafiqrebinebs is, rom `TrialeTi, manglisxevida skÂreTi”, rogorc momijnave da mimdgomimxareebi, erT qveynad moiazreba X-XI ss-Si. Dd.berZeniSvilis aRwerilobiT, `es zegani qciis zemodinebisa da yarabulaxis auzebs moicavda”.CrdiloeTidan mas TrialeTis qedi esazRvreboda,das-an samsaris mTa da aR-an lakvisa da bede-1 . Cvenis azriT, dmanisis eparqia unda Camoyalibebuliyosomex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdgom, rodesaccurtavis orenovani samwyso daiSala. dmanelis identificireba`epistoleTa wignSi” moxseniebul samuel tumaselTaneWvs iwvevs, radgan teqstis mravalgzis CatarebuliTargmanis Sedegad geografiuli termnebi Zalzed damaxinjebulia.`tumaselisa” da `dmanelis” identificirebisTvismarto saxelTa mimsgavseba ar aris sakmarisi, rodesac etimologiurades ori saxelwodeba erTnairad ar aixsneba.garda amisa, juanSeri vaxtang gorgaslis dros dmanisSiar moixseniebs episkoposis dasmas, am periodis maSaverasxeobas somxuri geografia `qveSaforad” moixseniebs, racimas niSnavs, rom xeobis centri qveSis cixea. `SuSanikiswamebis” teqstidan gamomdinare, curtavis eparqia qvemo qarTlSivaxtangis saeklesio reformis Catarebamde arsebobdada mis samwysos taSiri warmoadgenda. istoriulimovlena, romelsac biZgi unda mieca da ganesazRvra axalieparqiebis Seqmnis aucilebloba, vaxtang gorgaslis saeklesioreformis Semdgom, somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebaiyo, romelsac adgili hqonda VII s-is dasawyis-Si.127

nis mTebi. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom mangleli episkoposebissamwysos zurtaketic mivakuTvnod. isicaseve TrialeTis mimdgomi qveyanaa. miuxedavadimisa, rom vaxuSti batoniSvili zurtaketscalke aRwers, d. berZeniSvili wyaroebidan gamomdinaremiiCnevs, `rom TrialeTSi zurtaketicigulisxmeboda dmanisisxevamde” [5,G56]. zemoaRni-Snuli teritoriis mflobel baRvaSebTan manglelepiskoposebs mWidro kulturuli urTier-Toba hqondaT, rasac adasturebs saxarebis minawerebida epigrafikuli masala [15]. am sazRvreb-Si manglisis eparqia vfiqrobT, arabobis damkvidrebamdeCamoyalibda da masSi ukve Sedioda algeTisxeoba, xramis xeoba samSvildiTurT, verisxeobis zeda weli da TrialeT-zurtaketi.sagareo faqtoris mizeziT, qvemo qarTlSiSeqmnili mZime mdgomareobis gamo manglisis eparqiaSicferxdeboda saeklesio cxovreba. qvemoqarTlis TiTqmis yvela regionisaTvis mZime iyoarabobis damkvidreba. manglisis eparqiis ZiriTaditeritoria Tbilisis saamiros Semadgenloba-Si unda Sesuliyo. swored amis gamo iyo, romVIII s-an manglisis eparqiaSi ra kulturuliprocesebi mimdinareobda da vin iyvnen eparqiissulierni mwyemsni, CvenTvis ucnobia. Aaseve gaurkveveliaeparqiis erTi nawilis bedi IX s-is bolodan,rodesac samSvildes misi mimdgomi qveyniTsomexi bagratunebi euflebian da Tbilisisamirebs skvireTis xeobasac edavebian, Tumca saboloodskvireTs TrialeTsa da manglisxevSidamkvidrebuli baRvaSebi daepatronnen. X s-isbolos ki qvemo qarTlSi gabatonebulma kvirikian-bagratunebma,romelTac maT mier daarsebuli128

taSir-Zoragetis samefos dedaqalaqad samSvildegamoacxades, TiTqmis mTeli qvemo qarTli sanainissomxur eparqiaSi Seiyvanes, romlis sazRvrebiTbilisis saamiromde gadaiWima, anu igi alge-Tis xeobamde unda misuliyo. Aamrigad, manglisiseparqiis nawili teritoria _ xramis xeoba samSvildiTurTpolitikuri movlenebis Sedegadsanainis eparqiaSi moeqca. SesaZlebelia konkretuladam regionze manglelis gavlena praqtikuladSezRuduli yofiliyo, magram samwysoSimimdinare konfesiuri procesebi didad ar undaSecvliliyo. amaze metyvelebs is kulturuliprocesebi, romlebic manglisis eparqiaSi mimdinareobdaXI s-is I naxevarSi (manglisis sioniskurTxeva, anton manglelis mier maTes saxarebisgadawera da eklesiis aSeneba savaraudoT goxnarSi).Ggarkveuli cvlileba manglisis eparqiis sazRvrebSiSeiZleba vifiqroT XIII s-dan moxda,rodesac wyaroSi moixsenieba walkis eparqia, romlisepiskopossac vaxuSti uwodebs `mwyemsiTrialeTisa”. walkis eklesia qciis kideze mdebareobda.Tu ras unda gamoewvia es cvlilebaCvenTvis ucnobia, magram savaraudoT SeiZlebaavRniSnoT, rom jalaledinis TareSisa da mon-RolTa batonobis Semdeg saeklesio cxovrebadakninebuli iyo da manglels aRar SeeZlo TrialeTismwyemsva, romelic calke, lokalur – walkiseparqiis sazRvrebSi moeqca. Aam mosazrebasamyarebs is faqti, romMJamTa siavis Sedegad mogvianebiT,zogjer walkelis samwysos Tbilelida ara mangleli ierTebda. miuxedavad imisa,rom TrialeTi manglisis mimdgomi qveyana iyo.129

Semdgom ss-Si manglisis eparqiis kidev ufro dakninebismizezi XIV s-Si Temur lengis laSqrobebSiunda veZioT. vaxuStis TqmiT, Temur lengi`movida mangliss da daadgra mun TTue ori” [2,271]. alinjis cixis, bardavis da Crdilo kavkasiisdalaSqvris `Semdgomad amisa moqcevisa wlisasa,movida Temur manglisve”. Aberi egnataSviliwers, rom `Zeni lang Temurisani warmoemarTnessaqarTvelosa zeda, mivides mangliss da daibanakesmun” [1, 466]. mas aqve miuRia qarTveli didebulebida giorgi VII mier mosalaparakeblad gagzavnilimisi Zma konstantine, romelsac mSvidobadaumyarebia am mrisxane dampyrobelTan. adviliwarmosadgenia Tu ra mdgomareoba Seiqmnebodamanglissa da mis mimdebare mxareebSi Temurlengisveluri brbos TareSis Sedegad. marTlac,XV s-Si manglisis eparqia dakninebuli Cansda mangleloba Tbilel episkoposs aqvs SeerTebuli.Tumca am SemTxvevaSi d. berZeniSvili argamoricxavs, rom ` aq SesaZloa Tbilis – alge-Tis istoriul-geografiuli kavSiric moqmedebda,romelic peroiodulad erTian qveynad gardaqmnaSicgamoixateboda” [5, 116-117].gvian Sua ss-is sigelebidan Cans, rom manglelepiskoposebs qvemo qarTlis sxva episkoposebismsgavsad erTmaneTis sagamgeo mxareebidan samwysodgadaecemodaT sxvadasxva soflebi Tu monastrebi,rasTan dakavSirebiT zogjer davasachqonda adgili. XVII s-Si simon II manglisis sionisTvisSeuwiravs qveSisxevis sofeli kianeTi,romelic dmanelis samwysoSi Semodioda [18, 95].1700 wels igive Sewirulobas anxorcielebs vaxtangSahnavazis Ze [12, 10]. XVIII s-Si manglelis130

mflobeloba aq ukve aRar Cans [10, 319]. XVII s-Silukunis mTis Ziras sofeli Sindlari Sewiruliiyo fitareTis monasters [7, 110], romelic manglelissamwysoSi Sedioda. 1586 wlis simon mefisada dedofal nestan-darejanis SewirulobissigelSi dmanisis sionisTvis gudarexis monasteriSeuwiravT, romelic, agreTve, manglelis samwysosekuTvnoda [10, 24]. 1699 wlis ioane kaTalikosiswyalobis wignSi gabriel manglelisadmi,gudarexi kvlav manglelis samwysoSi aris Sesuli.aqve aRniSnulia, rom manglels da dmanelssamwysoze dava hqoniaT da sarCelic ki SeutaniaTkaTalikosTan [7, III, 620]. davis obieqti SesaZlebeliagudarexis monasteri yofiliyo. sxvamosazrebiT, sacilobeli punqti qcias xeobaSiarsebuli 1543 wlis sabuTSi moxseniebuli WitaanTdmanisi [7, IV, 33] iyo, romelic Semdeg ,,jvardmanisad”iwodeboda [13, 381]. mas dmanisi Sesa-Zloa imitom daerqva, rom aq dmanelis samwysoiyo [4, 170].manglisis eparqiis aRmniSvneli terminologiidanmetad sainteresoa javaxiSvilebis xarjissaqmeze ganCinebaSi (1749 w. 13/VIII) moxseniebulitermini `samanglelo” [7, IV, .508], rac unda niSnavdesmangleli episkoposis iurisdiqciis qveSmyof, saeklesio erTeuls. XVIII s-is 70-iani wlebiTdaTariRebul erT-erT sabuTSi `yovlad samRudelonimRudelT-mTavarni qarTlisa da kaxe-Tisani” aoxrebisgan daclili eparqiebidan Camo-Tvlilia ZiriTadad qvemo qarTlis eparqiebi,maT Soris `saepiskoposo manglisisa”.XIX s-is dasawyisSi manglisis eparqia rom aRararsebobda amas miuTiTebs sami eparqiis erTi pi-131

is xelSi Tavmoyra, rac TavisTavad qvemo qarTliseparqiebis Semcirebasa da dakninebaze miu-TiTebs. 1805 wlis daviT batoniSvilisa da misimeuRlis elenes gayris Taobaze kaTalikos antonII sabuTs xels awers Tbilel-bolnel-manglelimitropoliti arseni [3, .294].wyaroebi da literatura1. axali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti `qar-Tlis cxovreba”, II, Tb., 1959.2. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefoisa saqarTveloisa,qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tb., 1973.3. d.berZeniSvili, bolnisxevi, damanisi IV, Tb.,2003.4. d. berZeniSvili, dmanisxevi, dmanisi II, Tb.,2000.5. d. berZeniSvili, ,,narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuligeografiidan~ I (qvemo qarTli), Tb.,1979.6. n. berZeniSvili, gzebi rusTavelis epoqis saqarTveloSi,Tb., 1966.7. i. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II,Tb. 1965, III, Tb., 1970, IV, Tb., 1972.8. ioane bagrationi, qarTl-kaxeTis aRwera,Tb.,1986.9. leonti mroveli, ,,cxovreba qarTvelTa mefe-Ta~, qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955.10. ias. lorTqifaniZe, qvemo qarTli, I-II, Tb., 1935.132

11. l. maruaSvili, saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia,Tb., 1964.12. Д. П. Пурцеладзе, Грузинские церковные гуджары,Тиф.,1881.13. T. Jordania, qronikebi da sxva masala saqar-Tvelos istoriisa, w. II, Tb., 1897.14. q. quTaTelaZe, dmanisis eparqiis Seqmnis saki-TxisaTvis, mesxeTi, VIII-IX, Tbilisi-axalcixe,2007.15. q. quTaTelaZe, episkoposi anton ToÂlais Ze,`ciskari~, #11-12, 1996.16. q. quTaTelaZe, manglisis saxelwodebisaTvis,istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani, VIII, Tb.2006.17. q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli, politikuri istoriissakiTxebi, Tb.,200118. g. jandieri, XVIIs. manglisisa da bolnisissasaydro miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxisaTvis,mravalTavi, III, Tb., 1980.19. juanSeri, ,,cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, qarTliscxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955.Ketevan Kutateladze133

The Border of Manglisi EparchyManglisi eparchy is one of the ancient eparchies of Kvemo(Lower) Kartli, where as Vakhushti Bagrationi said, ,,sits the bishopsponsored by Gorgasali, the shepherd of r. Algeti basin andup from Ktsia to Trialeti“. At Vakhtang Gorgasali`s period Manglisiflock was the fourth among the 12 episcopacies. Accordingto the monument of the 13 th century “Gangeba darbazobisa“, Manglelihas the 16 th place. While explaining the toponym of Manglisicontaining the fact of pre-Christian worship moon (half moon)cult, to which the Christian period opposed ,, Christ’s feet restupon a ledge“. It was the greatest holy thing, by which Manglisiwas equal to Mtskheta by its rank, where Christ’s tunic was rested.The main part of Manglisi eparchy was r. Algeti basin, whichin ancient Georgian and Armenian sources was mentioned as,,Manglisxevi”, (Manglisi reign, arm. ,,Mangleatspori”).At first Manglisi eparchy included only the reign known as,”Manglisxevi”, (Manglisi reign) to which points Manglisi as thecentre. The territory from Ktsia to Trialeti must have been joinedto Manglisi eparchy after the disintegration of Tsurtavy eparchy.In our opinion Trialeti became a part of Manglisi eparchy. It canbe proved by the fact, that in the 9 th -11 th centuries Trialeti, Manglisxeviand Skvirety, as neighboring and nearby territories wereconsidered as one reign. Zurtaket might be also considered as aflock of Manglisi eparchy. Trialeti is also nearby reign. We thinkthat in these borders Manglisi eparchy formed before the Arabsinculcated in Georgia and it consisted of Algeti basin, Khramibasin with Samshvilde, upper part of Vera basin, Trialeti andZurtaketi.We consider that border changes took place in Manglisieparchy from the 13 th century, when Trialeti is mentioned inTsalka eparchy. In the 15 th century Manglisi eparchy seemedmore fallen into decay and Manglisi was joined to Tbilisi eparchy.The reason of this might be foreign factors (the invasions of134

Jalal ed-Din, of Mongols and Temur Khan). Among the namesof Manglisi eparchy the worst of interest is a term Samegrelo.The term means the ecclesiastical unit under the jurisdiction ofManglisi bishop. In one of the documents dated to the 70es ofthe 18 th century between the eparchies emptied after distraction”Manglisi eparchy” is mentioned.dmanisis eparqia135qeTevan quTaTelaZeistoriuli qvemo qarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovanidmanisis eparqiis, samwyso vaxuSti bagrationiscnobiT, moicavda taSirsa da ,,dbanisxevs”(maSaveras auzi) [1, 315]. qarTul istoriografiaSiarsebobs mosazreba, rom dmanel episkopossemorCileboda mTeli taSiri (da ara vaxuStisdroindeli lores Cr-iT mdebare), romelsacsakuTari mRvldelmTavari ar hyavda (d. berZeni-Svili) [3, 118]. SesaZlebelia, vaxuSti bagrationiscnoba ufro gviandel periods Seesabamebodes,radgan adre Sua ss-Si taSiri curtavis eparqiaSiunda Sesuliyo. V s-is Tanadrouli qar-Tuli da somxuri wyaroebi [14, 35-37 38, 41; 8, 1]curtavel episkoposebs taSiris mflobel gugarqispitiaxSTa karis, anu samflobelos episkoposebadmoixsenieben.Cvens istoriografiaSi miRebulia, rom dmaneliepiskoposi moixsenieba ,,epistoleTa wign-

Si”, rogorc dvinis saeklesio krebis monawile_ ,,...samuel episkoposi tumaseli” [8, 97], romelicsomex istorikos uxtanesTan ,,timuelis”formiT ixsenieba [30, 139]. ,,tumasel-timulisa” da,,dmanelis” identificireba, iv. javaxiSvilma kiTxvisniSniT aRniSna da iqve dasZina: `qarTvelmRvdelTmTavarTa da samswysos saxelebi abraamsomexTa kaTalikosis epistoleSia moyvanili, iqaRniSnuli ganmartebis mixedviT, berZnuli sabu-Tis Tanaxmad, romelSiac saxelebi damaxinjebuliyofila, ise rom 607 welsac ki zogi saxelebisgamorkveva ver mouxerxebiaT. droTa ganmavlobaSi,,epistoleTa wignSic” da uxtanesis TxzulebaSicdaculi am sabuTis teqsti gadamwer-Tagan Zalzed damaxinjebula. amitom zogi saxelisaRdgena exlac SeuZlebeli xdeba, zogisSesworebac saTuoa” [40, 340]. `tumaselisa” da`dmanelis” erTmaneTTan gaigiveba ufro darwmunebiTs. kakabaZem [11, 50-53] da k. kekeliZem [12, 320]aRniSnes. magram, rogorc vxedavT, sakiTxi moiTxovsgarkveul sifrTxiles, radgan teqstis mravaljerSesrulebuli Targmanis (qarTulidansomxurze, somxuridan berZnulze da piriqiT berZnulidansomxurze) Sedegad geografiuli saxelebidamaxinjda 1 . vaxtang gorgaslis mier qve-1 . ,,epistoleTa wignis” mTargmneli z. aleqsiZe fiqrobs:,,krebis Semdeg daiwera ,,pirobis wigni”, rogorc qarTuli,ise somxuri. somxebma somxur enaze Targmnes qarTuli teqsticda Seinaxes sakaTalikoso samdivnoSi (SesaZloa asevemoiqcnen qarTvelebic). SemdegSi orive Zegli somxuridaniTargmna berZnulad, xolo dednebi daikarga. winamdebareeqscerpti (z. aleqsiZis gamocema-q.q.) ki Targmnilia ukveberZnulidan. cxadia damaxinjebaTa Tavidan acdena Seu-Zlebeli iqneboda” (8, 162).136

mo qarTlSi eparqiebis daarsebis Sesaxeb juan-Seris cnobaSi ar moixsenieba curtavis da dmanisiseparqiebi [44, 198-199]. aqedan gamomdinare fiqroben,rom vaxtang gorgaslis mier daarsebuleparqiebs 506 wlamde, sadac moixsenieba samueltumaseli, unda damateboda, dmanisisa da curtaviseparqiebi. iv. javaxiSvilis samarTlianiSeniSvniT, juanSeri qarTvel episkoposTa srulsias ar CamoTvlis. magram curtavis eparqiis mouxseneblobisZiriTadi mizezi is politikurifoni unda yofiliyo, romelic arsebobda qarTlismefesa da qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSs Soris.curtavis eparqia qvemo qarTlSi vaxtangis saeklesioreformis Catarebamde rom arsebobda,amas adasturebs `SuSanikis wamebis” teqsti, romlismixedviT, curtaveli episkoposebi, rogorczemoT avRniSneT, qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSis karis,anu samflobelos episkoposebic iyvnen da somxuriwyaroebis mixedviT, mis samwysos taSiriwarmoadgenda. `aqve unda davsZinoT, rom vaxtanggorgaslis mier axali eparqiebis Seqmna QqvemoqarTlSi pitiaxSis sayrdeni Zalebis dasustebisda mefis xelisuflebis poziciebis gaZlierebismizniTac iyo ganxorcielebuli” [35, 232].arsebobs mosazreba, rom dmanisis pirvelisaepiskopozo taZari V s-is II nax-Si unda agebuliyo.dmanisis sionis agebamde saepiskoposo ta-Zari sof. vardisubnis e.w. mrgvali eklesia undayofiliyo [2, 113]. d. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs, romsof. vardisubani dmanisebis arealSia moqceuli.igi pirdapir gahyurebs naqalaqars da SesaZlebeliadmanisis gareubanic ki yofiliyo. es mosazreba,miuxedavad imisa, rom vaxtang gorgaslis137

daarsebul episkoposebSi dmaneli ar moixsenieba,gulisxmobs, rom dmanisis samwyso 506 wlamdearsebobda. magram es unda dadasturdes istoriulfaqtebTan mimarTebaSi. mkvlevarebi aRniSnuleklesias IV-VI ss-iT aTariReben [37, 73]. zogadadmiRebulia, rom dmanisis sioni VI s-Si aSenda,rogorc sameklesiani bazilika. TavdapirvelisaxiT moaRwia mxolod Sua navma gverdiTinawilebi ki mniSvnelovnad aris gadakeTebuli.Zveli taZris naSTebi ufro arqeologiuri gaTxrebisSedegad dadasturda. axali taZari mis adgilasIX s-Si aRmarTes [33, 113-114]. Tumca uaxlesiarqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad arqeologebisada xelovnebaTmcodneebis mier SesaZlebeliaaxali mosazrebebic gamoiTqves.vaxuSti batoniSvilis TqmiT, dmaniss es saxeliewoda ,,...ese dabnebTa gamo: ,,dabani isi” [1,315]. somxur saistorio mwerlobaSi dmanisi gvxvdeba,,damanis/ dmanis/ dumanisis” formiT, romlebicsavsebiT Seesabameba qarTul formebs: ,,dabanis/dbanis/ dumanis/ dmanisi” 2 . zemoaRniSnuli2 . Tu ,,tumaselSi” dmaneli igulisxmeba, geografiulisaxelwodebidan gamomdinare _ dabanel/ dbanel/ damanel/dmanel/ dumaneli” ,,t”-s Canacvlebis SemTxvevaSi unda yofiliyo,,tabanel/ tbanel/ tamanel /tmanel/ tumaneli”,dmanisi ki `tumanisis” formiT unda moxseniebuliyo, magramarc erT sxva somxur Tu qarTul wyaroSi, Tu ar Cav-TvliT `epistoleTa wigns” da uxtaness, romelic imeorebsepistoleTa monacemebs, sadac tumasel-timuelad moxseniebulpirs qarTvel mecnierTa umravlesoba dmanelad miiCnevs,,,tim”, ,,tum” ZiriT dmanisi, an dmaneli ar ixsenieba.`aqedan gamomdinare ,,tumasel-timuelisa” da ,,dmanelis”138

`tumaselisa” da `dmanelis” identificirebisTvismarto saxelTa mimsgavseba ar aris sakmarisi,rodesac etimologiurad es ori saxelwodebaerTnairad ar aixsneba. SesaZlebelia mas fiqroben`epistoleTa wignis” teqstSi bolnisis eparqiasTanaxlos moxseniebis gamoc. `epistoleTawignSi” da uxtanesTan geografiuli saxelwodebebigansakuTrebiT, bondovania tumaselis, adsunelis,folkdnelis, kastelis, sarusTis, astermiulis,forTis, tarsis, qorzanas SemTxvevaSi.xolo rac Seexeba bolnisis episkoposs igi moixsenieba,rogorc `daviT episkoposi bolnisisa”,an `daviT bolneli episkoposi”, `elages episkoposimanglisisa”, an `elades mangleli episkoposi”,`iakob episkoposi ortavisa”, an `iakob srtavisepiskoposi”, `mroveli” _ `marueli”, `samTavneli”_ `samTavis episkoposi”, `Tbileli” _ `Tbilisisepiskoposi”, `rusTveli” _ `ruzTavis episkoposi”[8, 162; 30, 139]. rogorc vxedavT, 506wlamde da `epistoleTa wignis” Sedgenamde qarTlSiarsebuli, ukve moqmedi eparqiebis da episkoposebissaxelebi arc ise damaxinjebulia. imperiodSi dmanisis eparqia rom yofiliyo, masjuanSeric daasaxelebda, zemoaRniSnul somxurwyaroebSi ki mas moixseniebdnen, rogorc `dmanel”/`damaneli”,an `episkoposi dmanisisa”.Cveni mosazrebiT, dmanisis eparqiis SeqmnisTvisbiZgi unda mieca somex-qarTvelTa saeklesioidentificireba ufro xelovnuri Cans. Cven vfiqrobT, romsaxelwodeba `dmanisi” SesaZlebelia momdinareobdes sityva`damani”-dan. Aam mosazrebis argumentirebas calke werilSivapirebT.139

ganxeTqilebas, romlis Sedegad wm. SuSanikis mierdaarsebuli curtavis orenovani samwyso dai-Sala. qarTuli Temebis didi nawili teritoriul-administraciuladaxal eparqiaSi unda gaer-Tianebuliyo, nawili ki mezobel eparqiebs undaSeeerTebinad, monofizituri Temebi ki calke somxureparqiad Camoyalibda [35, 235]. st. orbelianiscnobiT, somxuri Temebi, romlebic monofizitobasaRiarebda, axpats SeuerTda [24, 105]. curtaviseparqiis daSlis Semdeg ar iyo gamoricxuli,rom maSaveras xeoba da taSiris is nawili,romelic pitiaxSTa samTavrod iTvleboda (qarTuliTemebi) dmanisis eparqiaSi gaerTianda [35,235]. garda imisa, rom juanSeri vaxtang gorgaslisdros dmanisSi ar moixseniebs episkoposis dasmas,am periodis maSaveras xeobas somxuri geografia`qveSaforad” moixseniebs, rac imas niSnavs,rom xeobis centri qveSis cixea. erTaderTiistoriuli movlena, romelsac biZgi unda miecada ganesazRvra axali eparqiebis Seqmnis aucilebloba,vaxtang gorgaslis saeklesio reformisSemdgom, somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebaiyo, romelsac adgili hqonda VII s-is dasawyisSi.qarTul istoriografiaSi miRebulia, romgugarqis pitiaxSTa samTavros _ taSiris cnebisqveS, farTo gagebiT, manglisis, qveSisa da bolnisisxevebi igulisxmeba [13, 50]. ` Tu gaviTvaliswinebTim faqts, rom vaxtang gorgaslis mierdaarsebul manglisisa da bolnisis eparqiebSiSesabamisad Sevidoda algeTis da bolnisis xevebi,maSin dmanisis eparqiaSi bunebrivia darCebodaqveSis xevi, anu maSaveras auzi, vinaidan maSin140

am xeobis administraciuli centri qveSi iyo,dmanisi ki mis religiur centrad unda Camoyalibebuliyo”[35, 235]. marTlac, maSaveras auzs ,,qve-Sis xevis” Semdeg ,,dbanisxevi” ewoda.dmanisis eparqiisa da episkoposebis SesaxebwyaroTa monacemebi XIII s-mde Zalzed mwiria,rac SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, rom dmanisi xSiraddampyrobTa (arabebi (VII-IX), somxebi (X-XI), Turqebi(XI-XII)) xelSi iyo. Tumca, V_VI ss-Si maSaverasxeobaSi maRali donis qristianuli cxovrebarom arsebobda, amas `adasturebs adreqristianuliqarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovani nimuSebi_ stela-jvrebi da qvajvrebi, romelTa siuxviTgansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva es xeoba” [35, 228].am periodis (V-VII s.s.) qristianuli kulturisnimuSebi TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs, rom ganurCevladimisa, Tu romeli eparqiis samwyso iyo maSaverasxeoba, igi warmoadgenda adreqristianuliqarTuli kulturis erT-erT mniSvnelovan keras,sadac qristianuli cxovreba sakmaod maRal donezeiyo warmodgenili 3 .3 . VI s-iT daTariRebuli stelis fragmenti TviT damanisidan[16, gv.282-283]; VI-VII ss-is mijniT daTariRebuliqvasveti sofel mamuladan [16, gv.305]; VI-VII ss-iT daTari-Rebuli buCurianis eklesia kazreTis xeobaSi, adreqristianulisakulto stelebiTa da qvajvrebiT [29, gv.41]; V-VIIss-iT daTariRebuli eklesiis nangrevebi kazreTulas xeobaSi,sadac erT-erT filaze aRmoCnda berZnuli warwera:,,salocvelad simeonisa da avlianosisa yovliTa maTiTasaxliTurT. ufalo Seewie Teodores”, romelic T. yauxCi-Svilma paleografiuli niSnebisa da enobrivi monacemebissafuZvelze VII-IX ss-iT daaTariRa [36]; baliWisxevSi mdebaresof. ukangori, l. musxeliSvilis mier IV-VI ss-iT daaTariRebulieklesiiT [21, gv.163]. aq napovni kvarcxlbekebi141

Sua ss-is dmaneli episkoposebis Sesaxeb mni-Svnelovania maSaveras marcxena napirze arsebuliqveSisxevis sof. kianeTTan aSenebuli VIII-IXss-iT daTariRebuli eklesia, romlis erT-erTCaSenebul stela-jvris kvarcxlbekze moixsenieba,,stefane episkoposi”, mas jvari aRumarTavs.arsebobs mosazreba, romelic aRdgenil konteqstSi,,stefane bolnel episkopos” gulisxmobs[32, 255], Tumca stefane episkoposi warweraSi bolneladar moixsenieba. ufro savaraudoa igidmaneli yofiliyo, radgan qveSisxevSi mdebarekianeTi maSaveras xeobas, anu dmanelis samwysosekuTvnoda. mkvlevarni kidev erT episkopos kiTxulobenkianeTis X s-iT daTariRebul wm. giorgiseklesiis warweraSi ,,([miqael e] [episkopo]zisaÁ[Ta])”,romelsac augia es eklesia [32,255], Tumca sxva mosazrebiT ,,episkoposis” nacvlad,,kalatozs” gulisxmoben [17].Seicaven uZveles qarTul warwerebs, romlebic ,,xanmetobiT”gamoirCevian da axlos dganan bolnisis uZveles warwerebTan.erT-erTi kvarcxlbekis warweraSi saubaria jvrisaRmarTvaze, sadac moixseniebian ,,petre xucesi” da ,,Ta-Tvarazi”, romelsac aRumarTavs es jvari. msgavsi Sinaarsiswarwera aRmoCenil iqna damblutis wylis xeobaSi erTeklesiaSi jvris kvarcxlbekze. warweram jvris aRmarTvelissaxeli _ ,,abaza” Semogvinaxa; qvajvrebi sof. baliWidanda VI-VII ss-iT daTariRebuli sarkofagi, romelmac Semogvinaxakidev ereTi qarTveli didgvarovnis saxeli ,,iese”;loqis cixis kldis samxreT kalTaze erT-erT gamoqvabulSiaRmoCnda ,,bolnuri jvris medalioni” jvris ayvavebiskompoziciiT; ,,yizil qilisas” (wiTeli saydari) eklesiisadreqristianuli qvajvrebis fragmentebi [42, gv.30];1998 wels sofel ganTiadTan aRmoCenili uZvelesi eklesiisnaSTebi, romelsac V s-iT aTariReben.142

XIII s-is qarTul dokumentur ZeglSi, romelic,,gangeba darbazobisas” saxelwodebiT ariscnobili, dmanel episkoposs 34-e adgili ukaviada moxseniebulia Werem-qalaqelsa da dadaSnelepiskoposebs Soris [34, II, 49]. dmaneli episkoposebiqarTul epigrafikul da dokumentur wyaroebSi,,mamamTavrad” (dmanisis sionis karibWis warwera)da ,,mTavarepiskoposad” (1586 wlis Sewirulobissigeli dmanisis sionisadmi) iwodebian.dmanisis eparqiaSi mniSvnelovani texili XIIIs-Si moxda, razedac dmanisis sionisa da axlomdebareeklesiaTa epigrafikuli warwerebi mogvi-Txrobs. aq moixsenieba zogierTi dmaneli episkoposissaxeli. dmanisis sions laSa-goirgis mefobisdros miaSenes karibWe, romelic auSenebia episkoposTevdosis: ,,q. saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa dameoxebiTa wmidisa RmrTismS[obelisaTa _, [daamya]renRmerTman mefeTa-mefobaÁ giorgisi, romel-Ta mier Rirs [vi]qmen [me, miwaÁ maTi, episkoposTev]dosi mamai kalnapetis Ze, aRSenebad karisbWisaamis, sadidebl[a]d [RmrTiv daculisa mefeTame]fobisa maTisa da mosaÃseneblad codvilisasulisa Cemisa, biZÁsa Cemisa [a]ntonis, mSob[el]Tada [naTesavT]a [Ce]mTaTvis. RmrTisa siyvarulisa-Tvis locvasa mogviÃseneni[T raTa] RmerTman TqvencamogiÃsen[nes sasufevelsa missa]. vinca esedawerili raÁsca __ s mn[aRmo oco]s, k[rul]mcaa[rs] RmrTisa [piriTa mkvda]ri da cocxali ganoÃsnelad da CvenTamca bralTa mzRveli arsdResa mas [gan]kiTxvisasa, episkop]osi Tevdosi mamisaÁ”[20, 386; 28, 55] 4 . dmanisis sionis karibWis4 . ix.: agreTve, dmanisi II, Tb.2000, gv.55143

sxva warweraSi kidev erTi ucnobi dmaneli episkoposimoixsenieba, romelic ,,mamamTavrad” iwodeba:,,† sax[el]iTa R(mr)T(i)s(a)iT[a] [da] meox(e)-b(i)T[a] [y(ovla)d w(mid)isa R(mr)T](i)smSobel-(i)s(ai)Ta. [ese d](a)w(e)r]ili [da] niS(a)ni me, dm(a)-nisisa m(a)m(a)TmT(a)v(a)rm(a)n] [---] d(a)vw(e)re] eklesÁ(i)saka[ri]bWe[sa S(i)na Ce]msa Semosul(a)sa” [28,246]. warweris mixedviT, qorwinebis uflebas araZlevdnen maT, visac oqro ar eqneboda gadaxdili.ucnob dmanel mamamTavars es usamarTlowesi gaeuqmebina da misi mamamTavrobis drosfuli aravisgan auRiaT. igi wyevlis maT, vincmis Semdgom daarRvevs am wess da fulis aRebasSeecdeba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es arasworiwesi, qorwinebis dros dmanisis sionSi oqros gadaxdissaxiT, damkvidrebuliyo musulimanTa tradiciisgavleniT, rodesac isini colis moyvanisdros garkveul sazRaurs ixdian. warweraSimoixsenieba daviTi, romlis dRegrZelobasacdmaneli mamamTavari RmerTs exveweba. mkvlevarnimas daviT ulud miiCneven.XIII-XIV ss. cnobili aris dmaneli episkoposielise I, romelsac ierusalimSi umogzauriada jvris monasterSi daviTni aukinZia: ,,me uRirsmandmanel efiskopozman elisem Sevkar wm. esedaviTni jvaris monasters” [38, 11]. dmanisis episkoposebisSesaxeb mniSvnelovania 1595 wlis sabu-Ti, romlis mixedviT, muxrans, sof. yurisubanisveticxovels Seswires. es sigeli dmanel episkoposioseb saakaZes dauweria [27, 428]. l. musxeliSvilimoixseniebs agreTve, ioseb Tarxni-Svils, romelic 1662 wlidan Tbileli episkoposigamxdara [20, 333]. 1665 wels dmanel episkopos144

qristefore baraTaSvils Tavis ZmebTan da SvilebTanerTad Sua bolnisSi venaxebi uyidia [10,259; 27, II, 508; 20, 333]. 1673 wlis erT-erTi sabuTismixedviT, dmaneli episkoposi filipe marTa-Svili mowmea domenti kaTalikosisaTvis micemulipirobis wignisa [4, 49; 15, 76]. XVII s-is bolosdmanisis episkoposi qristefore begaSvilia,romlisganac erT-erTi sabuTis mixedviT, vinmezurab yarCixaSvils vali auRia. am ukanasknelsvalis sanacvlod dmanisis RvTismSoblisTvisglexebi Seuwiravs TavianTi miwiT [4, 106]. nasyidobiswigni yarCixaSvils 1698 wels ukve eliseII dmanelisTvis miurTmevia, romelic qristeforesSemdeg unda gamxdariyo dmaneli episkoposi.sabuTebidan Cans, rom elise II dmanisis eparqiisukanaskneli episkoposi iyo, romelic mtbevar mitropolitadacixsenieba. Tumca, l. musxeliSvilikiTxvis niSniT moixseniebs 1700 wels gardacvlildmanel episkopos vinme pavles, romlissaflavis qva mkvlevars dmanisis sionis dasavle-Tis karibWeSi unaxavs, magram warweris gamocemaver moaswro dmanisis sxva saflavebis warwereb-Tan erTad. Tumca, am episkoposis saxeli ar aRmoCnda,agreTve dmanisis naqalaqaris Semdgomimkvlevris v. jafariZis naSromSi [43]. elisedmaneli aaxlebs 1586 wlis simon mefis sigelsdmanisis RvTismSoblisadmi [10, 367; 27, III, 424]. amsigels didi mniSvneloba hqonda `dmanisxevSi”mimdinare socialur-ekonomiuri cxovrebis gansazRvrisaTvis,rasac adasturebs mTeli xeobis savaWrogadasaxadis damRis nawilis Sewirva dmanisissionisadmi. sigelidan Cans, rom dmanisissionisTvis dmanisxevis damRis mesamedi Seuwi-145

avT da Semdgom simon mefes naxevramde gauzrdia:`q. ...mefeman mefeTaman svimon da TanamecxedremanCuenman ... nestandarejan sasurvelTa ZeTa C-nTa ...g-gi da ...luarsab da umrwemesman patronmanarsen.. SemogwireT gansamarjveblad.. da mefobisaCuenisa warsamarTeblad sofeli CinCxori dmanisisÃeobis damRis mesamedi amas winaTac Sewiruliyofila ... da amas gareTa Semogviwiravs sofelivardisubani da damRa naxevrad gagvixdia ...ara eTxoebodes ara sataruRo, ara sameliqo, arasabalaxe, ara samekobris mZebnelo, amas yovelsavedmanel mTavarepiskopozi aRiarebdes vin gindavin iyos da ... taZarsa Tquensa moaÃmarebdes“[27, III, 424]. Tu vin igulisxmeba sigelSi moxseniebuldmanel mTavarepiskoposad gadaWriT TqmaZnelia, Tumca qronologiuri siaxloviT, XVI s-Si moRvawe dmaneli episkoposi, SesaZloa, iosebsaakaZe iyos. zemoaRniSnuli elise II dmaneli,rogorc mowme, moixsenieba 1730 wlis #31 da 1736wlis #57 orbelianTa gujarSi [27, III, 126, 150].1732 wliT daTarRebul erT-erTi nasyidobis wignismowmeebTan moixsenieba, rogorc ,,mtbevar mitropolitidmaneli elise, romlis beWeds xucuradaweria ,,dmaneli” [10, 367]. 1736 wlis dokumentSiigi iwodeba: ,,dmaneli episkoposi elise”,mis saxelTan aris xelrTva: ,,dmaneli elise”. sabuTidauweria dmanisis dekanozis Svils mRvdelzaqaria gabaSvils. ar aris gamoricxuli,rom igi TviT dmanisSi SeedginaT. elise II dmanelimoixsenieba, agreTve, 1702 wlis ganCinebaSisaeklesio krebisa, samonastro wesisa da rigisTaobaze ioseb manglelTan, ivane bovnelTan danikoloz walkelTan erTad [34, III, 634-635]. papuna146

orbeliani mas moixseniebs 1748 wlis Tbilisissaeklesio krebasTan dakavSirebiT bolneli episkoposisgverdiT [22, 155]. 1767 wlis erT-erT sabuTSielise dmaneli ukve gardacvlili moixsenieba[34, IV, 549].istoriulma sabuTebma Semogvinaxes mravalicnoba dmanisis eparqiaSi sakaTalikoso mamulebisSesaxeb. erT-erTi aseTia 1241 wlis dawerilimiqel qarTlis kaTalikosisa vaCe guaramaisZisadmi.sabuTis mixedviT, kaTalikosi maT msaxurTuxucesvaCe guaramaisZes eklesiis samsaxurisaTvisaZlevs xatisofelsa da oromaSens (mamulad),romelic ,,dmanisis piri sofelia” [31, 115]. XVIs-iT daTariRebuli sabuTis mixedviT ki kaTalikosiioane diasamiZe ukve maRalaZeebs umtkicebsmamulad xatisofels [25, III, 622]. 1392 wlis erTisabuTidan Cans, rom sveticxovlis taZars ekuTvnodasof. yoranTa da velkeTili [34, III, 178]. magramyoranTa XV s-is dasawyisSi qaCibaisZeTa gamgeblobaSiunda yofiliyo, radgan baraTa qaCiba-Ze swiravs mas sveticxovels. d. berZeniSvili fiqrobs,rom yoranTa da velkeTili `Temurlengis1400 da 1403 ww. Semosevebis dros dazaraldebodamTel qvemo qarTlTan erTad. safiqrebelia,maSin gaxiznes aqedan yoranTis wm. giorgis jvari.1428 w. ki yoranTa baraTa qaCibaZis `naRuawi”da `mkvidri mamuli” iyo, albaT imitom, rom igimisi RvawliT moSenda” [2, 144]. 1497 wlis sakaTalikosomamulebis siTarxnis wignSi mamulebidanCamoTvlilia: ,,...qveSi misiTa mzRvriTa ... tanZielnimaTiTa mamuliTa...mezeTed somxiTs yoranTa misiTamzRvriTa”. Sesawiravs Seuvalad amtkicebdnensaqarTvelos mefeebi aleqsandre I da giorgi147

VIII [34, III, 193]. Tumca, XV-XVI ss-is zogierTi sabuTidanCans, rom yoranTa kvlav baraTaSvilebsepyraT, magram Semdgomi ss-is sabuTebSi igi isevsakaTalikoso mamulebSia. rogorc Cans, es sofelibaraTaSvilTa sagvareulosa da kaTalikosiswarmomadgenelTa Soris xelidan xelSi gadadioda.1646 wlis sabuTis mixedviT yoranTa kvlavsakaTalikoso sofelia, romlis mouravi petrejvaris mtvirTeli iyo. SesaZleblad aris miCneuli,rom es petre im gvars ekuTvnoda, romelsacyoranTis wm. giorgis jvris xleba evaleboda [2,137]. es iyo SoTasZeTa gvari, romelic sof. yoranTidaniyo. marTlac, XVI s-Si am sagvareuloswarmomadgenels svimon dekanozs leqsad daweriliaqvs _ ,,qebaÁ sadgeris wm. giorgisa”. igi wm.giorgis eklesiis mTavari mRvdeli yofila. masTavis ZmebTan erTad ganuaxlebia wmindanis Zvelixati da vercxliT SeuWedavT saswaulTmoqmedijvari. svimon dekanozi aRniSnavs, rom wm. giorgiskarze dekanozoba da misi wm. nawilebisada saswaulTmoqmedi jvaris xleba maTi sagvareulopativi yofila [39, 300-301]. vaxuSti batoniSvilisTqmiT, ,,yoranTas ars eklesia, sasueni atociswmidis giorgis juarisa” [1, 316]. igi aRniSnavs,rom pirvelad es jvari yoranTas iyo, Semdegsamcxes, Semdeg atocs da bolos Cxars. jvariSeicavda wm. giorgis beWs [1, 756] marTalia, vaxu-Sti ar miuTiTebs yoranTidan samcxis romelmxares daasvenes wm. giorgis jvari, Tumca aq ufrozustad sadgeri (istoriuli Tori, borjomisxeoba, samcxis momijnave mxare) igulisxmeba, sadacmarTlac dgas wm. giorgis eklesia. 1687wlis sveticxovlisadmi Sewirulobis wignis mix-148

edviT, nikoloz qarTlis kaTalikos yoranTisTavze sofeli gauSenebia, yoranTaSi ki maranidaudgavs Tavisi qvevrebiTa da sawnaxeliT [34,III, 591]. yoranTaSi gawyobil marans mudmivad undaemuSava da sveticxovlis taZari uzrunvelyoRviniT. zemoaRniSnul sabuTSi yoranTis ,,meze-Ted” moxseniebac miuTiTebs, rom es sofeli sveticxovelssakandelo zeTiTac amaragebda. 1892wlis siTarxnis gujarSi yoranTa, velkeTili,xatisofeli da qveSi kvlav sveticxovlis mamulebSiadasaxelebuli [34, III, 178-179].sigelebidan da warwerebidan Cans, rom qvemoqarTlis episkoposebs erTmaneTis sagamgeo mxareebidansamwysod gadaecemodaT sxvadasxva soflebiTu monastrebi, rasTan dakavSirebiT zogjerdavasac hqonda adgili. XVII s-Si simon II manglisissionisTvis Seuwiravs qveSisxevis sofelikianeTi, romelic dmanelis samwysoSi Semodioda[41, 95]. 1700 wels igive Sewirulobas anxorcielebsvaxtang Sahnavazis Ze [23, 10]. XVIII s-Simanglelis mflobeloba aq ukve aRar Cans (13,319). XVII s-Si lukunis mTis Ziras sofeli SindlariSewiruli iyo fitareTis monasters [34, IV,110], romelic manglelis samwysoSi Sedioda. 1586wlis simon mefisa da dedofal nestan-darejanisSewirulobis sigelSi dmanisis sionisTvis gudarexismonasteri SeuwiravT, romelic, agreTve,manglelis samwysos ekuTvnoda [27, II, 24; 2, 170].1699 wlis ioane kaTalikosis wyalobis wignSigabriel manglelisadmi, gudarexi kvlav manglelissamwysoSi aris Sesuli. aqve aRniSnulia,rom manglels da dmanels samwysoze dava hqoniaTda sarCelic ki SeutaniaT kaTalikosTan [34,149

III, 620]. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom dmanels damanglels gudarexis monasteris Taobaze edavaT.sxva mosazrebiT, sadao punqti qcias xeobaSiarsebuli 1543 wlis sabuTSi moxseniebuli WitaanTdmanisi [34, IV, 33] iyo, romelic Semdeg ,,jvardmanisad”iwodeboda [27, II, 381]. d. berZeniSvilisazriT, mas dmanisi SesaZloa imitom daerqva,rom aq dmanelis samwyso iyo [2, 170]. 1671 wlissabuTSi Cans, rom sayaflaniSvilo soflebi waruTida balaxauri, romelic Tbilelis samwysoiyo, erT xans dmanels daeqvemdebara, magram yaflaniSvilebsmdgomareoba gamousworebiaT daisini kvlav TbilelisTvis daubrunebiaT. sabuT-Si aRniSnulia, rom ,,amasTan dmanels Ãeli arahqondes”-o [26, 221]. 1672 ispianis samebis eklesiisfreskul warweraSi moixsenieba nikoloz bolnelimTavarepiskoposi, romelsac monastris moxatulobaunda ganeaxlebina [9, 156]. kazreTis xevissofeli ispiani dmanelis samwysoSi unda Sesuliyo.aRniSnuli warwera SesaZloa miuTiTebdesim faqtze, rom bolnels eparqiulad xelimiuwvdeboda am mxareze.dmanisis eparqiaSi arsebuli monastrebidanmniSvnelovania ,,yizil qilisad”, anu ,,wiTel eklesiad”wodebuli samonastro kompleqsi. aqaris galavani, sxvadasxva SenobaTa naSTebi damcire zomis, mravaljer gadakeTebuli, darbazulieklesia. ,,yizil qilisas” eklesia cnobiliiyo, agreTve, adreqristianuli qvajvrebiT [42, 30;19, 53]. TviTon eklesia XI-XII ss-iT TariRdeba,Tumca aq adrindeli kvalic Cans. arsebobs asom-Tavruli warwera, sadac pirovnebis saxeli arikiTxeba [2, 128]. aseve mniSnelovania zemoaRniSnu-150

li ispianis sameba, romlis samonastro kompleqsiXIII s-is I nax-iT TariRdeba. aq mdgari erTnavianieklesia moxatuli yofila. eklesiasTan axlosSemorCenilia satrapezo, romelic saqarTveloSierT-erTi udidesia. SemorCenili aris,agreTve, sameurneo da sacxovrebeli SenobebisnaSTebi, irgvliv ki samonastro kompleqs galavaniaqvs Semortymuli [6; 7; 2, 136]. monastrad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos, agreTve, daviT-sagarejodcnobili kompleqsi, romelic kazreTis xevisa damaSaveras SesarTavTan mdebareobs. aq SemorCeniliadarbazuli eklesiis nangrevebi da sxvadasxvaSenobaTa naSTebi, aseve Tixis milebiT gamoyvaniliwyaro. l. musxeliSvili mas XIII-XIV ssiTaTariRebs [19, 34], Tumca sakurTxevlis marcxenamxares Sesrulebul xucur warweras _ ,,qristeSeiwyale suli giorgisi”, ufro adrindeladmiiCneven [2, 137]. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, daviT garejelijer aq unda mosuliyo, Semdeg TbilisSimTawmindas, xolo amis Semdeg kaxeTSi unda gadasuliyo,sadac daaarsa monasteri. am monastrisarsebobas gviandeli epigrafikuli Zeglebic amtkiceben.eklesiis karibWis warweris mixedviT,romelic e. TayaiSvilma aRwera, monasteri aRudgeniaTda SeumkiaT mdivanbeg erasti orbeliansda mis meuRles batoniSvil anas 1709 wels [9,165]. e. TayaiSvili SeniSnavda, rom daviT garejelissaxelTan dakavSirebuli eklesia mdebareobdasof. kianeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, 3 km-ze,romelic l. musxeliSvilis mogzaurobis drosukve dangreuli iyo. mas fotoebis gadaRebac kiver mouswria, Tumca eklesia mravali bareliefi-Ta da CuqurTmiT yofila Semkobili. e. TayaiSvi-151

li Tavis droze Zeglis damatebiT kvlevas iTxovda[9, 166-167]. daviT garejelis saxels ukav-Sirdeba, agreTve, kldeSi nakveTi eklesia keCutismTaSi, romelsac vaxuSti bagrationi gadmogvcems:,,aqa ars udabno kldisa gamokveTili, eklesia-senakniwmidis daviT garejelisagan qmnulida aw carieli” [1, 314]. mkvlevari d. berZeniSviliar gamoricxavs, rom es monastrebi daviT garejismetoqi yofiliyo [2, 115]. d. berZeniSviliscnobiT, 1689 wlis yaflaniSvilebis erT-erTi sabuTismixedviT, monasteri yofila TviT dmanis-Si, sadac aRniSnulia: ,,monastersa da saefiskoposada Tavsa sasaflaosa Cvensa, dmanisisaRmrTismSobelisa” [2, 169].dmanisis eparqiaSi arsebuli siwmindeebis Sesaxeb,romlebic qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSiSemogvrCa, mniSvnelovania dmanisis wmida RvTismSoblissaswaulTmoqmedi xati. man saqarTvelosmefis daviT ulus momakvdavi Svili giorgi sikvdilisganixsna. rodesac mefes yovelgvari imedigadaewura, dmanisis RvTismSoblis Sesaxeb moaxsenes.rogorc Cans, am xatis saswaulTmoqmedebaukve cnobili iyo. daviT ulu Tavad Cavida dmanisSida CamoabrZana xati [25, 255; 1, 224]. am xatisadgilsamyofeli amjerad ucnobia. wyaroebi armiuTiTeben, agreTve, daabrunes Tu ara igi dmanisissionSi. JamTa siavis gamo savsebiT SesaZlebeliaRvTismSoblis xati dakarguliyo. erTader-Ti gza miaxloebiT mainc aRdgeniliyo dmanisisRvTismSoblis saxe iyo zemoxsenebuli 1586 wlissigeli dmanisis RvTismSoblisadmi, romelzecgamosaxulia RvTismSobeli yrmiT. marTlac, 2005wels damanisis eparqiaSi am sigelze gamosaxuli152

RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebis mixedviT, daiweradmanisis RvTismSoblis axali xati. 1749 wliserT-erT gujarSi dmanisis saydari ukve moSliladaris moxseniebuli [34, II, 400-401]. am faqts adasturebsXVIII s-is 70-iani wlebiT daTariRebulierT-erTi sabuTi, sadac aoxrebisagan daclilsaepiskoposoebSi moxseniebulia: ,,saepiskoposodmanisisa” [34, III, 929].wyaroebi da literatura1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqar-Tvelosa, qarTlis cx-a, t.IV, Tb., 1973.2. d. berZeniSvili, dmanisxevi, dmanisi II, Tb.,2000.3. d. berZeniSvili, qvemo qarTli, Tb., 1979.4. n. berZeniSvili, dokumentebi saqarTvelossocialuri istoriidan, I, Tb., 1940.5. gazeTi Tbilisi, 1999, 18/II.6. v. doliZe, kazreTis xeobis ori xuroTmoZRvruliZegli, ,,Zeglis megobari”, 20, Tb., 1970.7. v. doliZe, kazreTis xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi,,,qarTuli xelovneba”, 9.8. ,,epistoleTa wigni”, z. aleqsiZis Targmani,Tb., 1968.9. e. TayaiSvili, somxiT-saorbelos Zeglebiswarwerebi, naw.II, Tsu Sromebi 43, Tb., 1951.10. e. TayaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, II.11. s. kakabaZe, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis genezisissakiTxebi, saistorio moambe, Tb., 1924, I.153

12. k. kekeliZe, kanonikuri wyobileba Zvel saqar-TveloSi, tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetisSromebi, X, Tb., 1930.13. ias. lorTqifaniZe, qvemo qarTli, I-II, Tb., 1935.14. ,,martvilobaÁ SuSanikisi”, Zv. qarTuli lit-isqrestomatia, I, Tb., 1946.15. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisada toponimikisaTvis, w. I, z. aleqsiZis daS. burjanaZis momzadebuli, Tb., 1964.16. К. Мачабели, Каменные кресты грузии, Тб.1998.17. r. mefisaSvili, sof. kianeTis X s-is xuroTmoZRvruliZegli, Zeglis megobari 30.18. d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1980.19. l. musxeliSvili, arqeologiuri mogzaurobamaSavris xeobaSi, Tb., 1941.20. l. musxeliSvili, ,,dmanisi”, SoTa rusTavelisepoqis materialuri kultura, Tb., 1938.21. l. musxeliSvili, ukangoris istoriuli naS-Tebi, enimkis moambe, X, 1941.22. p. orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, el. cagarei-Svilis gamocema, Tb., 1981.23. Д. П. Пурцеладзе, Грузинские церковные гуджары,Тиф.,1881.24. St. Orbelyan, patmow]iown Sisakan, Tif. 1910.25. JamTaaRmwereli, qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, Tb.,1959.26. T. Jordania, qarTl-kaxeTis monastrebisa daeklesiebis istoriuli sabuTebi, foTi, 1903.27. T. Jordania, qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelosistoriisa II, Tb., 1897; III, Tb., 1967.28. v. silogava, qvemo qarTlis warwerebi, dmanisiII, Tb., 2000.154

29. m. sinauruZe, kazreTis xeobis arqeologiuriZeglebi, Tb., 1985.30. uxtanesi, z. aleqsiZis Targmani, Tb., 1975.31. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, Tb.,1984.32. qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi,Tb., 1980.33. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 3, Tb., 1978.34. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1965; III,Tb., 1970; IV, Tb., 1972.35. q. quTaTelaZe, dmanisis eparqiis Seqmnis saki-TxisaTvis, mesxeTi, VIII-IX, Tbilisi-axalcixe,2007.36. T. yauxCiSvili, kazreTis berZnuli warwera,saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis moambe, XXVII-B,Tb., 1957.37. c. CaCxunaSvili, vardisubnis mrgvali eklesia,Zm, 1992, I.38. А. Цагарели, ведения о памятниках грузинскойписменности, вып.II, Тб. 1889.39. wmida giorgi, Tb., 1991.40. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, I,Tb., 1979.41. g. jandieri, XVIIs. manglisisa da bolnisissasaydro miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxisaTvis,mravalTavi, III, Tb., 1980.42. v. jafariZe, adreuli Sua ss-is arqeologiuriZeglebi qvemo qarTlidan, Tb., 1982.43. v. jafariZe, naqalaqar dmanisis qarTuli warwerebi,feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuriZeglebi, IV, Tb., 1982.44. juanSeri, ,,cxovreba vaxtang Ggorgaslisa” qarTliscx-a, t. I, Tb.1955.155

Dmanisi EparchyKetevan KutateladzeAccording to Vakhushti Bagrationi Tashiri and Dmaniskheviwere the flocks of Dmaneli. In Georgian historiographythere is an opinion that in ancient time the whole Tashir (D. Berdzenishvili)was submitted to the bishop of Dmanisi. But Vakhushti’snote concerning Tashiri must have been of rather laterperiod, because in ancient time Tashiri was in Tsurtavi eparchy.According to “St. Shushanik`s Martyrdoms” and contemporaryArmenian sources bishops of Tsurtavi (Tsurtavelis’) consideredat the same time to be the court bishops Gugarkhi Pitiakhs’ –owners of Tashiri.There is another opinion in Georgian historiography thatSamuel Tumaseli (Timueli) mentioned in Armenian sources(”The Book of Epistles”), is the same Dmaneli, but this questionneeds certain care, because in this case we deal with rather misrepresentedgeographical term.According to information of historian Juansher among theeparchies, established by Vakhtang Gorgasali in lower Kartli,Dmanisi is not mentioned, what gives us opportunity to think,that Dmanisi eparchy was founded comparatively late. In particularthis must have been stimulated by Georgian - Armeniandissidence, that provoked a new distribution of the forces. Afterthe dissidence of bilingual Tsurtavi eparchy (Georgian-Armenian)it is possible to assume that the most part of Georgian communitiesterritorially and administratively formed a new eparchy.As to Monophysite communities they found their positionin Armenian eparchy. It is possible that the part of Tashiri,which considered to be the principality of Pitiakhshes and boa-156

ded with Tsurtavi eparchy after the dissidence, joined the Dmanisieparchy.The data of sources about Dmanisi eparchy and bishopsare rather poor till the 13 th century. It can be explained by thefact that Dmanisi often was under the foreign rule: the Arabs (7 th-9 th ), the Armenians (10 th -11 th ), the Turks (11 th -12 th ). Despiteof this the high lever of Christian way of life in the 5 th -6 th centuriesis proved by the early – Christian Georgian stele with crosses(which are rather abundant in this flock) and stone.According to Georgian historical source,”Gangeba Darbazobisa”Dmanisi bishop was at 34 th place. In Georgian epigraphicallyand documentary sources Dmaneli (Dmanisi) bishops arementioned as fathers and archbishops and are mentioned in thefollowing order: ,,Stefan bishop (supposedly) the 8 th -9 th century.,Michael bishop – the 10 th century, unknown Dmaneli bishopmentioned in ,,Gangeba Darbazobisa” – the 13 th century, bishopTheodosi – the 13 th century (buried in the doorway of DmanisiZion), the unknown Dmaneli bishop – the 13 th century (the doorwayof Dmanisi Zion), Elise I bishop – the 13 th -14 th centuries,Joseph Saakadze – 1595. L. MuskheliShvili mentions Josef Tarkhnishvili,who became Tbilisi bishop from 1662, KristephoreBaratashvili – 1665, Philipe Martashvili – 1973, Kristephore Begashvili– the end of the 17 th century, Elise II Dmaneli – 1698,1702, 1730-1767. L. Muskhelishvili inquiringly mentions Dmanelibishop Someone Paul who died in 1700.The catholicos` lands of Dmanisi eparchy were the villagesKhatisopheli, Oromasheni, Velketili and Koranta. The mostimportant monasteries of Dmanisi eparchy are: Kizil Kilisa, IsphianiSameba, the complex known as David Sagarejo. Accordingto one of the Kaplanishvili`s documents of 1689, the monasterywas just in Dmanisi.Some words about the holy things of Dmanisi eparchy,which are mentioned in Georgian written sources. Dmanisi St.Virgin’s miraculous icon is a one of the most significance which has157

een lost. According to the Virgin’s deed of 1586 in 2005 in Dmanisieparchy was painted new St. Virgin’s icon. St. George’s miraculouscross, which contained St. George’s shoulder blade, was also famousfor its miracle working.In one of the historical documents of 1749 Dmanisi eparchy churchis mentioned already deranged. This fact is confirmed by one ofthe documents dated to the 70es of the 18 th century, where among emptiedby the distraction eparchies, the eparchy of Dmanisi” ismentioned.158rusudan labaZeesqatologiuri SiSi da qarTuli `vedrebis~ikonografiuli variaciebisazogadoebis mentaliteti cxovrebis yvelasferoSi vlindeba. codvisadmi, sikvdilisadmidamokidebuleba pirovnebis miCqmalul saidumloebebsamJRavnebs. TviT pirovneba am SemTxveva-Si kulturisa da socialuri cxovrebis makavSirebelirgolia. ufro martivad rom vTqvaT, mentalobaSegrZnebisa da fiqris maneraa, romelsacadamiani an srulebiT ver acnobierebs, andamxolod nawilobriv. am TvalsazrisiT, albaT,Sua saukuneebis adamianebic ver acnobierebdnen,rom esqatologiuri drois molodini maTi yofisnawili iyo. meored mosvlisa da gankiTxvisdRis SiSi da momavlisadmi bundovani damokidebulebaki mudmivad dRis wesrigSi ayenebda sulisgadarCenis ideas.rogorc cnobilia, azri gankiTxvis dRis Sesaxebukve Zvel aRTqmaSi, danielis winaswarmetyvelebaSiCndeba, xolo Semdeg maTes saxarebasaioanes gamocxadebaSi iRebs dasrulebul saxes,

mogvianebiT ki erT-erT ZiriTad Temad iqceva saeklesiomwerlobaSi. qarTul sinamdvileSi esqatologiuriwarmodgenebi yvelaze srulyofiladkedlis mxatvrobasa da miniaturul ferweraSigacxadda. kedlis mxatvroba rom erT-erTi umni-Svnelovanesi da utyuari wyaroa sazogadoebismentalitetis Sesaswavlad TvalsaCinod dadasturdaaraerTi ucxoeli istorikosis SromaSi,sadac ikonografiaze dayrdnobiT Sors mimavalidaskvnebi gakeTda. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiTaRsaniSnavia frangi mecnieris f. ariesis na-Sromi `adamiani sikvdilis winaSe~. sadac avtori,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTadad ikonografiuliZeglebis mixedviT ikvlevs problemas dasaerTod ar exeba e.w. `xilvebis~ (visiones) Janrisliteraturas. amitomac, unda aRiniSnos, rom istendenciebi, rac monumenturma ferweram dasaxaSemTxveviTi ar aris da uSualo kavSirSia CvenSiarsebul uflis samsjavros ideasTan.esqatologiuri ideebiT gajerebuli `gankiTxvisdRis~ siuJeti saqarTveloSi, tradiciulad,Semdegi kompoziciebiT aris warmodgenili: `samoTxe~,`jojoxeTi~, `hetimasia~, `vedreba~. esori ukanaskneli kompozicia `gankiTxvis dRis~SemuSavebamde iyo cnobili da misgan damoukidebladacgamoisaxeboda.`saSineli samsjavros~ kompoziciis Semadgenelinawili _ deisusi (δεησι§) _ vedreba, rogorccnobilia, samwevrian xats warmoadgenda, sadacmacxovris orive mxares RvTismSobeli da ioanenaTlismcemeli gamoisaxeboda. am samwevriani xatispirveli daTariRebuli moxsenieba VII s-Siierusalimis patriarqs, sofrom I-s ukavSirdeba,159

omelmac es gamosaxuleba taZarSi aRwera [15, 6].vedrebis erT-erT adrindel nimuSad iTvleba agreTvevatikanis berZnuli kodeqsis miniatura. 1 amberZnuli kodeqsis zusti daTariReba ar xerxdeba.mkvlevarTa erTi nawili mas VI-VIII ss. miaku-Tvnebs, zogi ki IX-X s-iT (kondakovi, Garrucci) aTariRebs,magram umravlesoba mainc VII s-Si gadawerisversias emxroba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imisTqma SegviZlia, rom VII s-Si `vedrebis~ kompozicianamdvilad arsebobda. 2 amitomac fiqroben,rom `vedreba~ `saSineli samsjavros~ kompoziciaSiukve mza elementis saxiT Sevida, am ukanasknelisgarTulebis gamo [15, 6-8]. ratom unda moxvedriliyo`vedreba~ `gankiTxvis dRis~ kompoziciaSi?amasTan dakavSirebiT a. kirpiCnikovs miaCnia,rom es Tavad samwevriani gamosaxulebis emociurmadatvirTvam ganapiroba, RvTismSobeli daioane naTlismcemeli xom odiTganve macxovriswinaSe kacTa modgmis Suamavlebad iTvlebodnen.efesos 431 wlis msoflio saeklesio krebis Sem-1 naRvarevis stelis kapitelis samnawilian reliefur kompoziciaSi,k. maCablis azriT, qristes didebis, Teofaniuri xilvisa da vedrebisideebia Serwymuli. Tuki mkvlevris varaudi sworia, VI s-isstelaze `vedrebis~ uZvelesi nimuSi unda iyos gamosaxuli (16. 76,288).2 i. misliveci Cvenamde moRweul uZveles kompoziciad wm. ekaterinesmonastris mozaikas Tvlis. magram iqve SeniSnavs, rom iustinianesepoqis mozaikuri dekoraciiT jer kidev Znelia vedrebaze saubari.igi mxolod am kompoziciis Canasaxia. vatikanis berZnuli kodeqsiki, i. mislivecis azriT, IX s. asls unda ganekuTvnebodes, romelicV-VI ss. originalis mixedviT Sesrulda. ix.: И. Мысливец,Происхождение «Деисуса». Византия, южные славяне и Древняя Русь.Западная Европа. Искусство и культура. Сборник статей в честь В.Н.Лазарева, М., 1973, стр. 59-63.160

deg RvTismSoblis Tayvaniscemam imata, xolo,rac Seexeba ioane naTlismcemlis kults, igiswrafad gavrcelda rogorc aRmosavleTSi, asevedasavleTSi. 3`vedrebis~ kompoziciis lirikul da sazeimoxasiaTs a. kirpiCnikovi literaturuli faqtebiTda esqatologiuri warmodgenebiT xsnida. umTavresiZegli, romlis wyalobiTac `vedrebis~ kompozicia`saSineli samsjavros~ nawili gaxda, misiazriT, `RvTismSoblis mimosvla~ iyo, romelicyvelaze ufro metyvelad gadmoscemda qristesadmiSuamdgomlobis ideas. kidev erTi esqatologiurinawarmoebi, `vedrebaze~ rom iqonia gavlena,unda yofiliyo beri paladis `sityva uflismeored mosvlaze, saSinel samsjavroze damomaval cxovrebaze~, romelic Tavis mxriv, efremasuris msgavsi Sinaarsis Txzulebisgan aris3 saqarTveloSi RvTismSoblis kults yovelTvis gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba eniWeboda. jer kidev adreqristianul xanaSi RvTismSoblisTayvaniscemaze miuTiTebs CvenSi gavrcelebuli qvajvarebi dareliefuri gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli qvasvetebi. VI-VIII ss. qarTuliplastikis TviTmyofadi Zeglebi, romlebic qveynis sulier cxovrebasTaniyo dakavSirebuli, ZiriTadad qristianul siuJetebs aRwerda.stelaTa reliefebis TematikaSi gamorCeuli adgili hqondadamkvidrebuli RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebas, romlis varireba amikonografiuli Temis damuSavebis adgilobrivi tradiciis arsebobazemetyvelebda (k. maCabeli). qvasvetebze umTavresad RvTismSoblisori tipi gamoisaxeboda: mjdomare RvTismSobeli yrmiT (xandisi,bolnisi, brdaZori) da fexze mdgomare RvTismSobeli qristes welzeviTigamosaxulebiT (davaTis stelis ori fragmenti). amasTan,stelebis warwerebSi xSirad mimarTavdnen RvTismSobels Sewevnisada mfarvelobis TxovniT (pantiani, abasTumani, ude, mcxeTis jvrissamxreTi fasadi). ix.: Кити Мачабели, Каменные крести Грузии, Тб.,1998, стр. 238-239.161

davalebuli. 4 `vedrebis~ pirvelwyaroebis kvlevisasa. kirpiCnikovi mxolod literaturuli paralelebiTar dakmayofilda. `saSineli samsjavros~kompoziciaSi gamosaxul personaJTa ganlagebammkvlevari `acduna~ (rogorc Tavad SeniSnavs),masSi bizantiuri sasaxlis karis ceremonialian Tundac umaRles sasamarTloSi saqmis garCeviswesi daenaxa, rac garkveulwilad, kideverTi mizezi iyo, ris gamoc `vedrebis~ scenam`saSineli samsjavros~ siuJeti Seavso. magram, miuxedavadamisa, `vedreba~ sabolood ar Serwymia`saSineli samsjavros~ gamosaxulebas, man am ukanasknelisgareSec gaagrZela arseboba. aseve iyoruseTSic, sadac `vedreba~ `samsjavros~ sinekdoqear gamxdara [15, 21-22]. samagierod es termini[resp. `deisusi~] imdenad mWidrod daukavSirdaa. kirpiCnikovs, rom igi zogierTi mkvlevris miersamecniero mimoqcevaSi am sityvis Semomtanadiqna miCneuli [ix. 22, 599]. k. volteris mixedviT,XIX s. bolos, rus xelovnebis istorikoss, kirpiCnikovsspecialuri ikonografiuli terminisSemoReba miewereba, rac ueWvelia, a priori mcdarimosazrebaa [17, 59]. am Temis da, Sesabamisad, terminisaRmocenebac, konstantine didis mmarTvelobidanxatmebrZolobis periodamde drois Sualedzemodis. `vedrebasTan~ dakavSirebiT, xatmebrZolobisgarkveul qronologiur zRvrad dadebasxva konteqstSic figurirebs. varaudoben,rom Zalian didi gansxvaveba arsebobs `vedrebis~4 beri paladis `sityvis~ erT-erTi rusuli xelnaweris miniaturaSigamosaxul `vedrebis~ scenaSi, macxovris nacvlad wm. sameba gvevlineba.162

im gamosaxulebebs Soris, romlebic xatmebrZolobisdawyebamde da mis Semdeg Seiqmna, radganxatTayvanismcemlobis xanis nawarmoebebSi ufronaTlad da gasagebad aris gamoxatuli vedrebisJesti. aseTi dayofis mizezi, mislivecis azriT,xatTayvanismcemlebisa da xatmebrZolebis kamaTisqristologiuri xasiaTia, sadac qristes adamianuribunebis sazianod upiratesoba mis RvTaebriobasmieniWa. amiT macxovari adamianebs daSordada arsebuli manZilis dasafarad wmindanTaSuamdgomloba aucilebeli gaxda [17, 60].miuxedavad imisa, rom a. kirpiCnikovis avtoriteti`vedrebis~ ikonografiuli tipis SeswavlisistoriaSi Seuryeveli darCa, bevri mkvlevari Seecadakompoziciis gansxvavebul interpretirebas.TviT gamosaxulebis esqatologiuri Sinaarsi(a. kirpiCnikovi, k. kiunstle), risi `wyalobiTac~igi `saSineli samsjavros~ nawilad iqca, uaryofiliqna (g. hogeverfi, b. brenki). am samwevrianikompoziciis Sinaarsi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvaradesmodaT. a. grabari `vedrebaSi~ qristesTayvaniscemis adreqristianul tradicias xedavda,romelzec saimperatoro ikonografiis gavlenaairekla [17, 60]. ufro adre d. ainalovi da e.redini kievis sofios taZarSi am kompoziciisSeswavlisas miuTiTebdnen, rom masSi bizantiissasaxlis karis ceremonialis msgavsad, sadac kariskacebiimperatoris winaSe Tayvaniscemis pozaSiganlagdebodnen, macxovrisadmi locva-mudaraiyo gadmocemuli (am cdunebas, rogorc iTqva,verc a. kirpiCnikovma gauZlo!). `vedrebis~ kompoziciisgenezisSi yvelaze sicocxlisunariani damarTebuli versia literaturuli gza (apokrife-163

i, liturgikuli teqstebi) aRmoCnda. Tumca zogierTmamkvlevarma literaturul teqstebSi ukvemza ikonografiuli tipebis anarekli dainaxa(a. baumStarki) [17, 61]. asea Tu ise, RvTismSoblisada ioane naTlismcemlis SuamavlobiT, yovelikacis codvaTa misateveblad da sulis sacxonebladmacxovrisadmi aRvlenili locvis ikonografiulmagamosaxulebam (aSkara esqatologiuridatvirTviT), qristianul xelovnebaSi erTerTiyvelaze gamorCeuli adgili daimkvidra.`vedrebis~ kompoziciis calke, `saSinelisamsjavros~ gareSe, gamosaxvas mdidari istoriaaqvs saqarTveloSi, minanqruli Tu Weduri xelovnebisZeglebSi. pirvel rigSi, unda davasaxeloTmartvilis triptiqis Sua nawili, romelicminanqriT aris Sesrulebuli da IX s. dasasrulsekuTvnis. 5 kompoziciam Cvens dromde arasruladmoaRwia. igi mxolod vedrebis pozaSigamosaxuli RvTismSobliTa da ioane naTlismcemliTaris warmodgenili, macxovris centralurifigurisgan ki konturi da Saravandis fragmentebiRaSemorCa. martvilis `vedreba~ imiT arisaRsaniSnavi, rom igi am ikonografiuli sceniserT-erTi uZvelesi gamosaxulebaa. misi paraleliesenSi dacul e.w. matildas jvarTan SegviZliadavZebnoT [5, 23]. `vedrebas~ vxvdebiT odigitriisgamosaxulebis zeda nawilSi, cageris XIs. vercxlis Weduri xatis CarCoze, sadac es kom-5 martvilis stavroTekas g. abramiSvili XI s-iT aTariRebs, xolor. mefisaSvili da v. cincaZe VIII-IX ss-iT (Jewellery et metalwork inthe museums of Georgia. Compiled and Introduced by Alexander Javakhishviliand Guram Abramishvili, Leningrad, 1986, pl. 88; R. Mepisaschwili. W.Zinzadze. Die Kunst des alten Georgien, Leipzig, 1977, s. 280).164

pozicia mcire zomis medalionebSi aris gamosaxuli[23, tab. 151]. `vedrebas~ asaxavs xobis RvTismSoblisWeduri xatis CarCos, zeda arSiazemoTavsebuli minanqruli medalionebi, romlebicXIII s. ganekuTvneba [5, 85]. aseve CarCos zeda arSiazeagamosaxuli `vedreba~ sujunas wm. giorgisvercxliT moWedil XII s. xatzec [23, tab. 186]. 6yvelaze ufro STambeWdavad ki `vedrebas~ beqaopizariseuli wyarosTavis saxarebis (XII s.) ydisvercxlis moWediloba (20 smX17 sm) gadmogvcems.amave ostats ekuTvnis anCisxatis mooqruli vercxlisCarCos moWedilobac, sadac marjvena damarcxena Sveuli arSiebis Sua nawilSi, vedrebispozaSi RvTismSoblisa da ioane naTlismcemlisfigurebia gamosaxuli [23, tab. 188-190]. beSqen opizarisCvenamde SemorCenili erTaderTi namuSevris,berTis oTxTavis vercxlis ydis moWedilobiserTi mxarec `vedrebiTaa~ Semkuli [24, 277].`vedrebis~ kompozicias eTmoba mRvimevis Wedurixatis (XIII s.) nawilebi, romelic cal-calke warmogvidgensmacxovars, RvTismSobelsa da naTlismcemels[23, tab. 203-205]. rogorc vxedavT, Suasaukuneebis xatwera Zalian xSirad mimarTavdaqristianul samyaroSi metad gavrcelebul amikonografiul scenas.6 XI s. bizantiur xelobas ganekuTvneba xaxulis karedis sami firfita,romelic `vedrebis~ kompozicias asaxavs. firfitebi TaRisqveS, karedis Sua aris zemo nawilSia moTavsebuli: centrSi _ momrgvalebulifirfita taxtze mjdomi qristes figuriT, mis orivemxares ki or sworkuTxa firfitaze gamosaxuli RvTismSobeli daioane naTlismcemeli. (ix.: l. xuskivaZe, Sua saukuneebis tixruliminanqari saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi, Tb., 1984,gv. 44).165

calke unda gamovyoT gelaTis oTxTavis miniaturuliSemkuloba, sadac `saSineli samsjavros~kompozicia, faqtobrivad, `vedrebiTaa~ warmodgenili.gelaTis oTxTavi mravalmxriv sayuradReboxelnaweria, romlis miniaturebiT (iseverogorc, saerTod, qarTuli iluminirebuli xelnawerebiT)mecnierebi XIX s. bolos dainteresdnen[18, 170-178; 19, 255-311]. marTalia, saxarebis miniaturulikompoziciebis mxatvruli Rirsebebiaravis dauyenebia eWvqveS, magram misi daTariRebada TviTmyofadoba ki bolomde sakamaTod darCa.n. kondakovisa da d. baqraZis msavsad S. amirana-Svili Tvlida, rom oTxTavis mxatvruli gaformebaSeiZleboda giorgi mTawmidelis aTonze mo-Rvaweobis periodTan (e.i. XI s.) dagvekavSirebina[11, 24].CvenTvis saintereso siuJeti [resp. `vedreba”]maTes saxarebis 75-e furcelze aris moTavsebuli.miniaturaze warmodgenilia SaravandiT mosiliqriste, romlis ukana planze sami angeloziagamosaxuli, qristes orive mxares RvTismSobelsda ioane naTlismcemels vxedavT vedrebis poza-Si. macxovris taxtidan cecxlis mdinare moedineba,qvemoT ki oTxi qerubimis gamosaxulebaa [2,75v]. gelaTis oTxTaviseuli `gankiTxvis dRe” samsjavrosideis gamosaxatad mxolod `vedrebis”kompoziciiT (Tu ar CavTvliT cecxlis mdinares)dakmayofilda, magram amis mizezi miniaturissimartive da axali aRTqmis teqstis `erTguleba”ar unda iyos. albaT, xelnaweris momxatvelmaam Temas mianiWa gansakuTrebuli azrobrivida emociuri datvirTva. miT umetes, rom oTxTavisfrontispisze isev `vedrebaa” gamosaxuli, ro-166

gorc damoukidebeli kompozicia. amasTan dakav-SirebiT, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT erT sainteresogaremoebaze. gelaTis saxarebis msgavsadII jruWis saxarebis (XII s.) frontispiszec `vedrebis”kompozicia gvxvdeba, rac, savaraudoa,rom adgilobrivi, qarTuli ikonografiuli tradiciaunda yofiliyo [20, 132]. sxvagvarad ver avxsniTqarTuli miniaturuli ferweris paleologosuristilis erT-erT adreul nimuSad miCneulmoqvis (1300 w.) oTxTavis frontispisis furcelze`vedrebis” moTavsebas (samwuxarod, esfurceli ar Semonaxula, magram swored am siu-Jetis gamosaxulebaze miuTiTeben mkvlevrebi: n.kondakovi, d. baqraZe, T. Jordania, r. Smerlingi,S. amiranaSvili), rac mas arsebiTad ganasxvavebsbizantiuri kodeqsebisgan [20, 132]. ase rom, xelnawerebismomxatvelebi mkiTxvelTan Sexvedras`vedrebis” emociur Temas andobdnen. maTi azriT,aqedan unda dawyebuliyo xelnaweris aRqma. niSandoblivia,rom `vedrebis~ Temis aqcentireba saqarTveloSimarto miniaturuli ferwerisaTvisar aris damaxasiaTebeli. igive tendencia (aq igulisxmeba`vedreba~, rogorc damoukidebeli kompoziciada ara `saSineli samsjavros” nawili)ikveTeba kedlis mxatvrobaSi, sadac am kompoziciasumetesad sakurTxevlis afsidis konqi, e.itaZris interieris centraluri da kargad aRsaqmeliadgili eTmoboda. advili warmosadgenia,rom wirvisa Tu qadagebis dros yvelaze metadtaZris es nawili moxvdeboda mrevlis TvalTaxedvisareSi, amitomac momxatvelTa arCevani sulacar iyo SemTxveviTi. piriqiT, taZrebis moxatulobisprogramaSi ara marto qarTuli monume-167

nturi ferweris Tavisebureba, aramed zogadadqristianobisadmi damokidebuleba gamomJRavnda.qarTuli xelovnebis am Taviseburebas XX s. dasawyisSiukrainelma mecnierma, T. Smitma miaqciayuradReba. misTvis sakvirveli aRmoCnda, rom ta-Zris erT-erTi yvelaze sapatio adgili, sakurTxevliskonqi, qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi `vedrebas”ekava. swored am niSniT gamoarCia man qar-Tuli xelovneba [4, 19]. saqarTveloSi ”vedrebis”kompoziciis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis SesaxebxelovnebaTmcodneebi SemdgomSic miuTiTebdnen.o. firaliSvilis azriT, kacTmosarCleobiskeTilSobiluri idea qarTulma kedlis mxatvrobam`vedrebis” siuJetis win wamoweviT gamoxata.`qristianuli doqtrinisadmi bizantiur da qarTuldamokidebulebebs Soris gansxvavebis naTelsayofad,_ werda igi, _ metad sayuradReboa sworedis faqti, rom qristes meored mosvlisrwmenasTan dakavSirebuli ori Temidan (`pantokratoris~gamosaxviT _ RmerTis yovlisSemZleoba,xolo `vedrebiT” _ adamianuri codvebis Semwynarebloba)qarTulma xelovnebam meore Temasara marto upiratesoba mianiWa, aramed igi saeklesiomxatvrobis yvelaze sapatio kompoziciadaqcia. amiT qarTuli eklesia bizantiur Tvalsazrissdemonstraciulad daupirispirda” [4, 20].mravlismTqmelia, rom petriwonis monasterSi, imsamlocveloSi, romelSic qarTuli mxatvrobaadaculi, sakurTxevlis konqSi `vedrebaa~ gamosaxuli.Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, bulgareTSi eskompozicia saerTod ar iyo gavrcelebuli. qar-Tuli miniaturuli da monumenturi ferweris ZeglebSigamovlenili es tendencia, CvenSi damkvi-168

drebul mravalsaukunovan tradiciaze mianiSnebs,romelmac macxovris winaSe RvTismSoblisada ioane naTlismcemlis kacobriobisaTvis Suamdgomlobismotivi _ codvaTa mitevebisa da suliscxonebisaTvis vedreba _ humanizmis gamoxatulebadaqcia.bizantiur kedlis mxatvrobaSi `vedrebis”Temas Zalze iSviaTad mimarTavdnen da, Sesabamisad,moxatulobis programaSi gansazRvruli adgilicar hqonda. bizantiur ZeglebSi es kompoziciasakurTxevlis konqSi, gamonaklisis saxiT,mxolod ramdenjerme gvxvdeba. mesinis taZarSi,fskovis miroJis monastris macxovar-fericvalebistaZarSi da mangupis taZarSi (yirimi). sxva SemTxvevebSi`vedreba” xan taZris triumfalurTaRs amSvenebs (kievis sofios taZris medalionebi),xanac taZarSi Sesasvleli karis zemoT gamoisaxeba(san-markos eklesia veneciaSi, vatopedismonasteri da sxv.) [12, 59-60]. ratom ver daimkvidradogmaturi TvalsazrisiT esoden mniSvnelovanmasiuJetma Tavisi adgili eklesiis moxatulobissistemaSi? T. Smiti amis mizezs kompoziciaTaganmeorebaSi xedavs, radgan `vedreba”, rogorcesqatologiuri ideiT gajerebuli siuJeti,gumbaTis kompoziciis _ `amaRlebis~ (romelicaseve meored mosvlis momaswavebelia) ganmeorebaswarmoadgens, rac Tanamimdevrulad moazrovnebizantieli RvTismetyvelebisTvis miuRebeli iqneboda[21, 122]. fokidis wm. lukas eklesiis gumbaTismoxatulobaSi arsebuli `vedreba” mkvlevrismier swored `amaRlebis~ variantad aris gagebuli.misi daskvniT, sadRac `bizantiuri kulturulisamyaros” gavrcelebis arealSi `vedre-169

a~ myarad yofila fexmokidebuli da dedaqalaq-Sic provinciidan moxvedrila, magram konstantinopolismoxatulobebSi sakurTxevlis konqi ardaukavebia, radgan igi tradiciulad RvTismSoblisgamosaxulebas eTmoboda. `vedrebis” samSoblosZiebisas T. Smitma Tormeti qarTuli Zegligamoyo, sadac aRniSnuli kompozicia sakurTxevlisafsidis naxevargumbaTSi daafiqsira (erkeTiseklesia, Jibiani, sof. akeTis macxovris eklesia,nakifari, safara, sof. saydris wm. giorgiserTnaviani eklesia, svifi, tbeTi, wromi, xoniseklesia, Cukuli, sof. Semoqmedis macxovris eklesia)[21, 123; guriis aq CamoTvlili eklesiebisSesaxeb ix. 1, 106, 181, 203]. Semdgomma kvlevam esCamonaTvali sxva axali qarTuli ZeglebiT Seavsoda mecnieris dakvirveba ufro gaamyara. amasgarda, aRmoCnda, rom `vedreba”, rogorc sakurTxevliskompozicia aRmosavleTSi, kerZod kapadokiisgamoqvabul eklesiebSi, iyo gavrcelebuli.qarTuli da kapadokiuri ikonografiis msgavsebebzemsjelobisas n. tieri SeniSnavs, rom ormezobel qalkedonur samyaros, saqarTvelosa damcire azias politikur, kulturul da samonastrosakiTxebSi sakmaod mravali Sexebis wertilihqonda. miuxedavad saqarTvelos da kapadokiasSoris arsebuli urTierTobebis dRemde Seuswavlelobisa,`mcire aziisa da amierkavkasiis orqalkedonur Tems” Soris gacvla-gamocvlis arsebobamkvlevars dasaSvebad miaCnia. maSinac ki,roca ucnobia, sinamdvileSi, ra pirobebSi mimdinareobdaes gacvla-gamocvla [25, 109-112]. am TvalsazrisiTigi (n. tieri) ar gamoricxavs didiqarTuli monastrebis, rogorc berZnul samyaro-170

sTan kulturuli gacvlis obieqtebis rols, daarc tao-klarjeTis pontosa da aRmosavleT kapadokiasTanuSualo mezoblobis faqtors iviwyebs[25, 111-112]. amitomac am urTierTobebSi n. tieriaRmosavluri qristianobis saerTo wyaroebisadmierTgulebis garda, kapadokiasa da saqarTvelosSoris `pirdapiri da Tanamimdevruli kontaqtebis”niSans xedavs. 7 cxadia, zemodasaxelebuliarc erTi faqtoris ugulebelyofa ar Sei-Zleba, yoveli maTgani angariSgasawevia. Tumcaarc gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba iqneboda marTebuli(mxedvelobaSi ara gvaqvs mxolod nikol tierismosazrebebi), miT umetes, rom `vedrebis” Tema qarTulxelovnebaSi ufro mravalricxovani ikonografiulivariantebiT aris warmodgenili, vidrekapadokiis gamoqvabuli eklesiebis moxatulobaSi.es garemoeba TavisTavad xazs usvams qarTuliZeglebis rols zogadad qristianul xelovnebaSiam Temis Camoyalibebisa da gavrcelebissakiTxebis gasarkvevad. aRsaniSnavia, rom svanurZeglebSi ferweruli skolis arsebobis man-Zilze (X_XVII ss.) £`vedreba”£ gansazRvravs sakurTxevliskonqis programas [8, 2].7 amasTan, n. tierim kidev ufro ganavrco kapadokiuri eqsportismniSvneloba da varaudi gamoTqva, rom mcire aziaSi Turq-selCukTabatonobis xanaSi kapadokiuri sazogadoebis garkveul nawils, Sesa-Zlebelia, saqarTveloSi Seefarebina Tavi da, rac mTavaria, XII saukuneSiqarTuli civilizaciis araCveulebriv ganviTarebaSi mieRomonawileoba. N. Thierry, Iconographie cappadocienne et géorgienne similitudes.A propos de l’abside du St. Sauveur de Mačxvariši (1140). Bedi Kartlisa.Revue de Kartvélologie,vol. XXXVIII, Paris, 1980, p. 110.171

qarTuli ferweruli vedreba mravalferovaniredaqciebiT aris cnobili. garejSi, wamebulisdarbazul eklesiaSi (X s.) afsidis konqSi`vedrebis~ adreuli ikonografiuli redaqciagvaqvs warmodgenili: RvTismSobelsa da naTlismcemels,romlebic taxtze dabrZanebul macxovarsaqeT-iqiT udganan, xelSi gaSlili, teqstebianigragnilebi uWiravT [14, 138]. `vedrebaa~ gamosaxuliudabnos monastris mTavari eklesiisegvterisa da satrapezos aRmosavleT kedlebzec.egvteriseuli `vedreba~ (kompozicia XII saukune-Si ganaaxles) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba wamebuliseklesiis redaqciisagan. RvTismSobelsa da naTlismcemelsSoris fexze mdgari qristes figuramarjvena xeliT akurTxebs, marcxenaSi ki tradiciuladsaxareba upyria [14, 141-142]. unda aRiniSnos,rom `vedrebis~ kompozicia garejSi egvterebis,mcire eklesiebisa da satrapezoebis aRmosavleTafsidebis (sadac trapezis dros beri locvebskiTxulobda) moxatulobis ZiriTadi Temagaxda. Sesabamisad, naTlismcemlis monastris egvterisafsida (XII s. bolosa da XIII s. dasawyisismoxatuloba) da berTubnis eklesiis satrapezo(moxatulia XIII s. dasawyisSi) isev `vedrebiT~ixateba, mxolod am ukanasknelSi, nacnobimavedreblebis, RvTismSoblisa da ioane naTlismcemlisnacvlad, maxvilSemarTuli miqael dagabriel mTavarangelozebi mcvelTa rolSigvevlinebian [14, 149]. amisda miuxedavad, `vedreba~ar yofila garejis monastrebis sakurTxevliskonqis moxatulobis erTaderTi Tema. udabnosmTavar eklesiaSi (X s. bolosa da XI s. dasawyisismoxatuloba) afsidis konqis kompoziciis Te-172

matika `RvTismSoblis didebis~ sasargeblod Seicvala(es kompozicia gvxvdeba sabereebis egvterebisda berTubnis eklesiis sakurTxevlebSi)[14, 140]. garejis ferweruli skolis tradiciismixedviT, sakurTxevlis programas ZiriTadadori Tema: `RvTismSoblis dideba~ da `vedreba~gansazRvravda, Tumca zogjer afsidis naxevargumbaTi`uflis amaRlebasac~ eTmoboda.Tuki garejis monastrebis sakurTxevlis moxatulobaSi`vedrebasTan~ erTad `RvTismSoblisdidebac~ hpovebs adgils, svaneTis monumenturiferwera am kompozicias saerTod ar icnobs. aswleulebismanZilze Camoyalibebuli tradiciissafuZvelze svaneTis eklesiebis sakurTxevliskonqi `vedrebis~ garda arc erTi kompoziciiTar SeumkiaT. gamonakliss warmoadgens sami Zegli(nesguni, Cvabiani, aci), sadac isev `vedrebis~ winamorbediversia ganxorcielda. `vedrebisadmi~erTgulebaze isic metyvelebs, rom RvTismSoblissaxelze agebul Jibianis eklesiaSic ki afsidiskonqi kvlav `vedrebam~ daikava [8, 2]. amis mizezsmkvlevrebi svaneTSi Zveli aRmosavlurqristianulitradiciebis siZliereSi da imavdrouladadgilobriv religiur warmodgenebSixedaven. am warmodgenebis mixedviT, rogorc n.aladaSvili SeniSnavs, macxovris, wminda giorgis,miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis dawminda barbares gansakuTrebuli TayvaniscemispirobebSi RvTismSobeli naklebad gamoirCeva [8,3]. svaneTis moxatulobis adreuli `vedreba~ (Xs.-XI s. dasawyisi) kompoziciis tradiciul redaqciasmisdevs: taxtze mjdar qristes aqeT-iqiTRvTismSobeli da ioane naTlismcemeli udganan.173

amaze metyvelebs svifis, Jibianis, fxotreris eklesiebSiSemorCenili ferweris pirveli fenisfragmentebi.konqis kompozicias misTvis aucilebeli datvirTvada mniSvneloba mefis mxatvar TevdoresSemoqmedebaSi mieniWa. Tevdores mier XI-XII ss.mijnaze moxatul samive eklesiaSi (ifrari, lagurka,nakifari) `vedreba~ originalurad damonumenturad aris gadawyvetili. ifrarisa dalagurkas eklesiebis mcire zomebis gaTvaliswinebiT,mxatvarma kompozicia sakurTxevlis moxatulobisaTvisucxo, magram xatweraSi xSiradgamoyenebuli xerxiT _ naxevarfigurebiT gadmosca[9, 17]. `mcire vedrebis~ Semdeg ki nakifariswminda giorgis (`jgrag~) eklesiaSi, Tevdore`vedrebis~ yvelaze vrcel redaqciaze SeCerda.nakifaris moxatulobaSi (1130 w.), sadac logikuradgaerTianda sakurTxevlis ori ZiriTadiTema: `qristes dideba~ TeofaniiT da `vedreba~,SesaniSnavad warmoCinda didebiT Semosili, grandiozuliqristes pirquSi saxe (rogorc uflismeored mosvlis da gankiTxvis dRis mauwyebeli)da zeciur mxedrobasTan Serwymuli, codvilTamaradiuli mosarCleebis _ RvTismSoblisa daioane naTlismcemlis SedarebiT patara figurebi[10, 61]. aRsaniSnavia, rom `vedrebis~ Temis amgvarigaazreba ufro adrindel ZeglSic gvxvdeba.sofel zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa eklesiaSi,sakurTxevlis konqi `vedrebis~ gavrcobil versiaseTmoba [13, 120]. XI s-Si Sesrulebuli zemokrixis moxatulobis `vedreba~, nakifaris msgavsad,sakurTxevlis Teofaniur kompoziciasTanaris sinTezirebuli.174

sakurTxevlis `vedrebis~ vrceli versia farTodgavrcelda qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi,xolo, rac Seexeba svanur Zeglebs, nakifaris moxatulobasvani mxatvrebisaTvis STagonebis wyarodiqca da XII-XIII ss-Si farTo redaqciis dominirebagansazRvra. amave kompoziciuri sqemidangamodis miqael maRlakeli sofel macxvariSismacxovris eklesiis (`macxvar~) afsidis moxatulobaSi(1140 w.). marTalia, mxatvari qristes figurassxvebisagan mkveTrad ar gamoarCevs, rogorces nakifarSi da misi zegavleniT moxatultaZrebSi iyo, magram macxovris gamoyofas maincaxerxebs [8, 14-15].svaneTSi `vedreba~ XIV-XVII saukuneebSic sakurTxevlismoxatulobis erTaderT Temad dar-Ca. am periodis Zeglebi (uRvali, svifis meorefena, laRami, CaJaSi, mTavarangelozTa eklesialaSTxverSi da sxv.) isev samwevrian `vedrebas~ubrundebian, Tumca kompozicia tradiciuladwinaswarmetyvelTa gamocxadebis motivebs Seicavs,zogan ki mTavarangelozebic Cndebian [8, 15-16].rogorc vxedavT, `vedreba~ X-XVII ss. ganmavlobaSiualternativod figurirebs svanuri eklesiebissakurTxevlebis moxatulobis programaSi.amdenad, svanuri `vedrebis~ mravalricxovanida mravalferovani nimuSebi myari ikonografiulitradiciis maCvenebelia, romelSic svanebismier qristianobisa da adgilobrivi religiuriwarmodgenebis Taviseburi aRqma-gaazreba aisaxa.`vedrebis~ Temis interpretaciisTvis saqar-TveloSi da, saerTod, aRmosavlur-qristianul175

xelovnebaSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs oSkistaZris qtitoruli vedrebis gamosaxulebebs. vedrebisidea oSkSi gansakuTrebulad dominirebs.daviwyoT imiT, rom taZris maSeneblebi _ daviTmagistrosi da bagrat erisTavTerisTavi swored`vedrebis~ scenis nawilad arian warmodgeniliinterierisa da eqsterieris reliefur kompoziciebSi.samxreT fasadis horeliefis, naturalurimasStabiT gadmocemul tradiciul `vedreba-Si~ da eklesiis interierSi, samxreT-dasavleTisvetis niSaSi arsebul qtitorTa reliefur kompoziciaSi(aq RvTismSobeli da ioane naTlismcemelifizikurad ar Canan, maTi saxelebi warwerebSimoixsenieba), mefeebi ufals didebas dawyalobas sTxoven da mavedrebelTa Soris ariangamosaxuli [6, 54-59]. eriskacTa, Tundac mefeTa,amgvari gandideba, `vedrebis~ jgufTan gaTanabreba(qtitorebi da zeciuri ierarqiis warmomadgenlebierT doneze, Tanabari zomis figurebissaxiT warmogvidgebian), rogorc v. jobaZe SeniSnavs,aRmosavlur-qristianuli xelovnebis istoriismixedviT, umagaliToa qandakebaSi [7, 45].oSkis taZris dekorSi `vedrebis~ Temis winwamowevas, Cveni azriT, bevrad ufro Rrma safu-Zveli unda hqondes, vidre `vedrebis~ kompoziciaSiqtitorTa CarTviT taos mefeTa gandidebisgamosaxvaa. amasTan dakavSirebiT marTebuladgveCveneba v. jobaZis dakvirveba, rom oSkSi qtitorTaori jgufis da orive SemTxvevaSi `vedrebaSi~warmoCena, qtitor-monarqTa mier TavianTisaqmianobis xazgasmis garda, mamis _ adarnase kurapalatiswinaSe Tavis marTlebis survilzecmianiSnebs [7, 45]. gavixsenoT sumbat daviTis Zis176

qronikis Sesabamisi pasaJi: `gardaicvala [adarnasekurapalati], Ze bagrat magistrosisa, qoronikonsarpa, romeli-ese ZeTa Seipyres da monazonqmnes. mokuda uneblieT fiCÂTa, da dautevna Zeni:bagrat da daviT erisTav-erisTavi~ [3, 381]. rogorcCans, fiCvosani mamis winaSe Tavis marTlebazemetad adarnases Zeebs Cadenili codvis gamosinanuli amoZravebdaT, rodesac `vedrebis~tradiciuli kompoziciis nawilad mogvevlinenda codvili kacobriobis mosarCleTa meSveobiTTavianTi danaSaulis gamosyidvas Seecadnen.skulpturasTan erTad vedrebis ideiT arisgamsWvaluli taZris warwerebic, rac oSkSi amTemis sagangebo datvirTvaze metyvelebs. gardaamisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom taZris mSeneblobas-Tan an mis aRdgena-moxatvasTan dakavSirebuliyvela piri, qtitori Tu uSualod saqmeTa mwarmoebeli,`vedrebis~ kompoziciaSi gamoisaxa. macxovris,RvTismSoblisa da ioane naTlismcemliswinaSe muxlmoyrili grigol oSkelis figura,romelsac e. TayaiSvili mSeneblobis zedamxedveladmiiCnevs, oSkis samxreT galereis rvawaxnagaburjze gamoqandakebuli `vedrebis~ rTuli kompoziciisnawilia. oSkiseuli mesame `vedrebis~nimuSSi zeciur ZalTa mxedrobasTan erTad (mTavarangelozebi,serafimebi, qerubimebi) wmindanTagamosaxulebebic gvxvdeba, rac uCveuloa am siu-JetisaTvis.ufro Sors dgas `vedrebis~ kanonikuri sqemisagan1036 wliT daTariRebuli, samxreTi mklaviskedlis mxatvroba. v. jobaZis mier 1983 welsgamovlenil samfigurian kompozicias asomTavruliwarwera axlavs, sadac ioane naTlismcemeli177

macxovrisadmi savedrebel locvas aRavlens, magramarasrul warweraSi ar Cans momnanieblis vinaoba.gragnili, romelzec es warweraa Sesrulebuli,centrSi mdgom figuras, v. jobaZis mixedviT,qristes upyria. warweraSi naTlismcemlisSuamavlobas mkvlevari imiT amarTlebs, romoSkis taZari am wmindanis saxelzea agebuli davedrebiTac is mimarTavs macxovars da araRvTismSobeli [6, 62-63]. n. tieris interpretaciiT,oSkis samxreTi mklavis mxatvroba tradiciuli`vedreba~ ki ar aris, aramed ioane naTlismcemlisorive mxares patrikios jojikis (vincmoaxatvina taZari 1036 wels) da episkoposis figurebiagamosaxuli [26, 135]. am kompoziciaSi jojikisgamosaxulebas v. jobaZec afiqsirebda. misiazriT, naTlismcemlis figura mogvianebiTunda gadaeweraT da jojikiT SeecvalaT. asexsnida igi `vedrebis~ jgufSi samoqalaqo TavsaburaviTSemkuli personaJis arsebobas [6, 62].magram, rogorc unda gavigoT es mxatvroba, warwerismixedviT vedrebis ideis gamomxatvelia daqristesadmi Suamavlobas erT-erTi mavedrebeli_ winamorbedi axorcielebs. marTlac, oSkisTvistradiciuli `vedrebis~ Tema, romelic orjer`qtitoruli vedrebis~ saxiT gaformda, Semdegki rvawaxnaga svetis rTuli da uCveulo kompoziciisZiriTad scenad iqca, taZris aRdgena-moxatvisas,XI s-Si Sesrulebul freskul mxatvrobaSi,kvlav aqtualuri gaxda. Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSigabatonebulma ikonografiulma tradiciam,rac kedlis mxatvrobaSi `vedrebis~ TemisdominirebiT aRiniSna, imdroindeli qarTuli178

sazogadoebis sinanulisa da codvebis mitevebisadmidauokebeli swrafva gamoamJRavna 8 .amrigad, esqatologiuri SiSi da sulis gadarCeniTdaintereseba zedmiwevniT aisaxa qarTuliminanqruli, Weduri, monumenturi da miniaturulixelovnebis ZeglebSi da, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom xSir SemTxvevaSi literaturaze ufro metyveladac,ramac saSualeba mogvca mravalsaukunovanitradiciis miRma qarTuli sazogadoebisganwyoba da misi sulieri moTxovnilebebi dagvenaxa.wyaroebi da literatura1. d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasada aWaraSi (atlasiTurT). `sabWoTa aWara~.baT., 1987.2. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akad. k. kekeliZissaxelobis xelnawerTa institutis Qfondi. xelnaweri #908. Rt I-99.8 prof. v. silogavam, oSkis taZarSi qtitorTa kidev erT,rigiT mesame gamosaxulebas miakvlia. axladaRmoCenilistela erTiani reliefuri kompoziciis, vedrebis nawilebia.aq taZris maSeneblebi _ TaviT magistrosi da bagraterisTavTerisTavi ioane naTlismcemlisa da RvTismSoblisqvemoT (cal-calke stelebze) xelebapyrobili arian warmodgenili.marcxena stelis CarCoze gamosaxuli jvari (warweriT`Zeli cxorebisai~), v. silogavas azriT, qristessimboluri gamosaxuleba unda iyos (v. silogava, ori stelaoSkis taZridan qtitorTa reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT.Jurn.: `axali xidi~, 2004, #3. gv. 40-43).179

3. sumbat daviTis-Ze. cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa._ wignSi: qarTlis cxovreba. teqstidadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I. `saxelgami~. Tb.,1955.4. o. firaliSvili, yinwvisis moxatuloba. `xelovneba~.Tb., 1979.5. l. xuskivaZe, Sua saukuneebis tixruli minanqarisaqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi.`xelovneba~. Tb., 1984.6. v. jobaZe, vedrebis oTxi Tema oSkis taZarSi. _wignSi: oSkis taZari (ori werili oSkis taZarze).`mecniereba~. Tb., 1991.7. v. jobaZe, ktitorebis reliefebi da oSkis taZrisdaTariReba. _ wignSi: oSkis taZari (oriwerili oSkis taZarze). `mecniereba~. Tb., 1991.8. Аладашвили Н. А. Композиции алтарной конхи в церквахСванетии. – krebulSi: qarTuli xelovnebisadmimiZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi. `mecniereba~,Tb., 1983.9. Аладашвили Н. А. Роспись церкви архангелов (Тарингзел)в селении Ипрари. – В кн.: Аладашвили Н., АлибегашвилиГ., Вольская А. Росписи художника Тевдоре в ВерхнейСванетии. «Мецниереба». Тб., 1966.10. Алибегашвили Г. В. Роспись церкви св.Георгия (Джграг)в селении Накипари. – В кн.: Аладашвили Н., АлибегашвилиГ., Вольская А. Росписи художника Тевдорев Верхней Сванетии. «Мецниереба». Тб., 1966.11. Амиранашвили Ш. Я. Грузинская миниатюра. «Искусство».М., 1966.12. Амиранашвили Ш. Я. История грузинской монументальнойживописи, т.I. «Сахелгами». Тб., 1957.180

13. Вирсаладзе Т. Б. Фресковая роспись в церкви архангеловсела Земо-Крихи. – krebulSi: qarTuli xelovneba.qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutisSromebi, seria А – Zveli xelovneba, 6. saqar-Tvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba.Tb., 1963.14. Вольская А. И. Росписи пещерных монастырей Давид-Гареджи. – krebulSi: `gareji~. kaxeTis eqspediciisSromebi, VIII. `mecniereba~, Tb., 1988.15. Кирпичников А. Деисус на Востоке и на Западе и его литературныепараллели. Журнал Министерства народногопросвещения, часть ССХС, 1893, ноябрь. С.-Петербург.16. Мачабели К. Г. Каменные кресты Грузии. ИздательствоТбилисского университета. Тб., 1998.17. Мысливец Й. Происхождение “Деисуса» – В кн.: Византия.Южные славяне и Древняя Русь. Западная Европа.Искусства и культура. Сборник статей в честь В.Н. Лазарева.«Наука», М., 1973.18. Петров Н. И. О миниатюрах греческого НикомидийскогоЕвангелия (XIII в.) в сравнении с миниатюрами ЕвангелияГелатского монастыря XI в. – В кн.: Труды Vархеологического съезда в Тифлисе (1881 г.). Под редакциейграфини Уваровой. М., 1887.19. Покровский Н. Описание миниатюр Гелатского Евангелия.– В кн.: Записки отделения русской и славянскойархеологии Императорского Русского АрхеологическогоОбщества, т.четвертый. С.-Петербург, 1887.20. Чичинадзе И. Д. Палеологовское искусство и грузинскаяживопись (конец XIII- I пол.XIV вв.). – В кн.: Византиноведческиеэтюды. «Мецниереба». Тб., 1991.21. Шмит Ф. И. Заметки о поздневизантийских храмовыхросписях. – В журн.: Византийский временник, том XXII(1915-1916), выпуски 1-2. Петроград, 1916.181

22. Carr A. W. Deesis. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.Prepared at Dumbarton Oaks, Alexander P. Kazhdan editorin chief. V. 1. New York, Oxford. Oxford University Press,1991.23. Jewellery and Metalwork in the Museums of Georgia.Compiled and introduced by Alexander Javakhishvili andGuram Abramishvili. Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad,1986.24. Mepisaschwili R. Zinzadse W. Die Kunst des altenGeorgien. Leipzig, 1977.25. Thierry N. Iconographie cappadocienne et géorgiennesimilitudes. A propos de l'abside du St. Sauveur deMačxvariši (1140). Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvélologie,vol. XXXVIII, Paris, 1980.26. Thierry N. Peintures historiques d'Oŝki (Tao). Revue desétudes géorgiennes et caucasiennes, Paris, 1986, 2182Rusudan LabadzeEschatological Fear and the IconographicVariations of the Georgian “Deesis”"Deesis"(entreaty) - the prayer offered to our Savior toabsolve the sins of every man and for the salvation of his soulwith the solicitation of the Virgin Mary and John the Baptistoccupies special place in Georgia. Besides the iconography thisplot is part of the decorative repertoire of the manuscript as abook. It must be noted that the "Last Judgement" of the Gelati

Four Gospels (11 cent.) found it sufficient to depict the idea ofthe trial by means of the composition of the "Deesis"(if we donot take into consideration the river of fire) which, we think, isnot caused by the simplicity of the miniature and the"faithfulness" to the New Testament text. Evidently, thedecorator of the manuscript gave a special ideological andemotional meaning to this subject. The more so, for it is"Deesis" again that is depicted on the frontispiece of the Gospel,as an independent composition. Similar to the Gelati Gospel, wefind "Deesis" on the frontispiece of the 2nd Jruchi Gospel aswell, which must have been a local, Georgian tradition. Therecannot be any other explanation for placing "Deesis" on thefrontispiece of the Mokvi Four Gospels which is considered tobe a specimen of the miniature painting of the Paleologan style(I. Chichinadze).It is noteworthy that the accentuation of the theme of"Deesis" is not characteristic of only miniature painting. Thesame tendency is seen in the mural painting (in this case"Deesis" is meant as an independent composition and not as partof the "Last Judgement"). This composition mainly occupied theconch of the main apse, i.e. the central and conspicuous place inthe interior of the temple. It can be easily imagined that duringthe service it was the part of the church that would catch the eyeof the parishioners. Therefore the choice of the decorator wasnot at all fortuitous. On the contrary, the program of the churchdecoration revealed the peculiarity not only of the Georgianmonumental painting, but the attitude towards Christianity ingeneral. At the time when the Byzantine painting seldom made"Deesis" its subject and it did not have a definite place in theprogram of decoration, in Georgia it was the most wide-spreadsubject. It is sufficient to say that in the Svanian monuments theconch of the altar was never adorned with any other compositionbut "the Deesis" in the course of existence of the school ofpainting (the 10th-17th cent.).183

If "Deesis" has no alternative in the decoration program ofthe conch of the main apse in the Svanian churches, in theGareja monasteries (as well as in other churches of Georgia)"The Glorification of the Holy Virgin" is found together with the"Deesis". Though the composition of the "Deesis" in Garejabecame the main subject of the decoration of chapels, smallchurches and of the eastern apses of refectories (where the monkread prayers during a meal).We must specially discuss the specimens of the Oshkidonors' "Deesis" where the builders of the church DavidMagistros and Bagrat Eristavi of Eristavis are presented as partof this scene in the relief compositions of the interior andexterior. In our opinion, the emphasizing of this theme in thechurch of Oshki must have a more profound foundation than thedepicting the glorification of the Tao kings by including thechurch builders in the composition. We think V.Jobadze'sobservation right. He considers the portraying of two groups ofdonors in Oshki, and in both cases in the "Deesis", besidesemphasizing the work of donor monarchs is their wish to justifythemselves before their father Adarnase Kuropalat.But,evidently, the main motive of Adarnase's sons was therepentance of the sin they had committed more than thejustification before the father whom they had captured andforced to take a monk's vows. That is why they appeared as partof the traditional composition of the "Deesis" and tried toexpiate their sin by means of the sinful mankind's intercessors.The inscriptions on the church walls are also full of the idea ofthe entreaty which speaks of a particular meaning of this subjectin Oshki. It can be said that all the persons connected with thebuilding of the church or its restoration or decoration weredepicted in the "Deesis" composition (the figure of Grigol ofOshki is part of the complicated composition of the octahedrancolumn "Deesis", and the Patrikios Jojiki who had the churchpainted in 1036 is seen in the scene, according to the inscription,184

expressing the idea of the entreaty, though interpreted in adifferent way).daviT-garejis etimologia *daviT merkvilaZeistoriografiuli mimoxilvaasurel mamaTa monastrebis etimologiurikvlevis farglebSi amjerad SevexebiT saxelgan-Tqmuli samonastro kompleqsis _ daviT-garejissaxelwodebas. es sakiTxi miT ufro mimzidvelia,ramdenadac mis Taobaze mkvlevar-mecnierTa miermravali, maT Soris sruliad gansxvavebuli daerTmaneTis gamomricxavi mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli.winamdebare naSromSi pirveladaa Tavmoyriliyvela amgvari mosazreba, romelic ki Cvensmier iqna mokvleuli. isini warmodgenilia kritikuliganxilvis saxiT. amasTanave Sesabamisiwyaroebis analizis fonze TiToeul sakiTxTandakavSirebiT SevecdebiT sakuTari TvalTxedvisCamoyalibebasac saboloo daskvnasTan erTad.sagulisxmoa, rom daviT-garejis SemTxvevaSisxva mxrivac gamorCeul viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme.misi saxelwodebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb pirdapirimiTiTeba moipoveba TviT hagiografiul ZeglSi.esaa daviT garejelis cxovrebis Zveli re-* wakiTxulia `tbelobisadmi~ miZRvnil saerTaSoriso konferenciaze,aWaris universitetSi, 30. IX. 2009 w.185

daqcia, romelSic naTqvamia: `xolo ese wmidaÁmamaÁ Cueni daviT warvida adgilTa udabnoTa daurwyulTa sjad Tavisa TÂsisa, raÁTa wuT erTi-Ta WiriTa moipoos saukunoÁ igi da waruvaliSuebaÁ da gansuenebaÁ, amisTÂsca aRirCia aqasjaÁ garegan (gare) udabnoTa Sina. amisTÂs ewodebisudabnosa mas garesjaÁ~ [2, 229].hagiografis es uwyeba didi xnis ganmavloba-Si, safiqrebelia, ganixileboda rogorc amomwuravida yvela kiTxvaze pasuxis gamcemi monacemiimdenad, rom amis Taobaze raime damatebiTi ganmartebanizedmetadac ki iqna miCneuli. SeiZlebaamiT aixsnas is garemoeba, rom pirveli vinc aRniSnulsakiTxs Seexo, iyo p. ioseliani. 1843wels rusul enaze gamocemul Tavis naSromSi _`saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoria~, mama daviTisSesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom igi iyo damaarsebeligarejis udabnosi, romelmac saxeli mis gmirobaTaganSeiZina. SeniSvnis saxiT ki, Cans araqarTulenovanimkiTxvelisaTvis iqve (sqolioSi)ganmartavs: `garesja~ ganmartoebiT sagrobas ni-Snavso (уединенно подвизаться) [32, 40, Sen. 1].pirvel gansxvavebul ganmartebasac amave avtorTanvxvdebiT mis mogvianebiT gamocemul narkvevSi,sadac dasawyisSi iZleva TiTqmis tradiciulganmartebas: `qarTuli saxelwodeba garejiaRniSnavs ganmartoebul adgils (уединенноеместо), moSorebiT sagrobas (дальше подвизаться)~,Semdeg dasZens: `magram yvelaze namdvil axsnasgarejis saxelwodebisa, Cven vxedavT sityvaSi`karej~ (`Каредж~) anu `kareji~, rogorc kunZulissaxelwodeba sparseTis yureSi, romelic aRni-Snavs `gareT~ e.i. yvelaze gare kunZuls. Cveni qa-186

Tuli adgili garejisa marTlac Tavisi mdebareobiTsaqarTvelos mimarT aris gare, gancalkevebulisaqarTvelos centridan da dausaxlebeli~(Targmani Cvenia - d. m.) [31, 10, Sen. 18].es ganmarteba sityvasityviT gaimeora m. sabininma,mis mier 1871 wels aseve rusul enaze SedgenilqarTvel wmindanTa cxovrebaTa aRwerilobiskrebulSi [35, 123, Sen. 1]. Tumca aRsaniSnavia,rom es mosazreba m. sabinins aRar gaumeorebia1882 wels gamocemul `saqarTvelos samoTxeSi~.aq igi mTlianad tradiciul warmodgenas ubrundeba:`garesja, sityua ese sakuTrebiT ara arssaxeloan, aramed niSnavs gareT yofnasa, udabnoTcxovrebasa, sofliTgan moSorebulsa~ [21,265, Sen.1].`gareja~ ganmartoebuli adgilis (уединенноеместо) mniSvnelobiT bolos warmoadgina kirionepiskoposma daviT garejelisa da misi lavrisadmimiZRvnil naSromSi, amave dros miuTiTa iqmravali gamoqvabulebis arsebobis Sesaxebac [34,7].naxevarsaukunovani pauzis Semdeg `garejis~mimarT cxoveli mecnieruli interesi qarTulistoriografiaSi XX s-is 50-iani wlebis SuaxanebidanSeiniSneba, roca daaxloebiT aTiode wlisganmavlobaSi ramdenime axali urTierTsapirispiroTeoria iqna SemoTavazebuli.maTgan pirveli iyo il. abulaZe, romelmac1955 wels `asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTaZveli redaqciebi~ gamoaqveyna. gamocemis winasityvaobaSi`cxovrebis~ redaqciebis urTierTmimar-Tebis kvlevisas, mis Tvalsawieris areSi garejisetimolgiis sakiTxic mohyva. mecnierma yura-187

dReba miaqcia garejis moxseniebas `ioane zedazneliscxovrebaSi~. `cxovrebis~ erTi Zvel redaqciagvauwyebs: wm. ioanem akurTxa Tavisi mowafeni`da waravlinna romelnime maTganni kaxeTadda romelnime kuxeTad kerZo, da romelnime zenakerZo sofliT, da erTi vinme gareSeTad, dasxuani garemo qalaqsa amas Cuensa sameufosa~. ma-Sin roca ufro mokle redaqcia amis Taobaze gadmogvcems:`da waravlinna maTganni romelnimekaxeTiT da romelnime kuxeTiT da sxuani zenasofliT, xolo netari daviT garesjisa udabnosa,da sxuani garemo qalaqsa Cuensa~ [2, 207]. `moklewignSi _ wers il. abulaZe _ `gareSeTa~ ki,jer erTi, `garejis udabnod~ aris Secvlili, damerme isic aris darTuli, rom aq daviTi gaigzavnao.~aqedan ki askvnis, rom `aq sityvebi `gareSe-Ta~ Tu ~gareSeTi~ da `garesja~ erTimeores enacvleba,xolo iq wargzavnili daviTi moklewignis mier aris damatebulio~. saxelwodebaTaamgvari monacvleobis maniSneblad xazs usvams`garesja~-s `garSte~-d moxseniebas XIII s-is miwurulissomex istorikosTan _ stefanos orbelianTan.wm. ioanes `cxovrebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciebSidafiqsirebul adgilis saxelwodebaTa ur-TierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb ki sabolood aseT varaudsgamoTqvams: `gareSeTa~ Tu `gareSeTi~ Sei-Zleba am adgils (garesjas) imitomac rqmeoda,rom qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis is zena soflis msgavsadgareSe-s // gareSen-s warmoadgenda~ da migvaniSnebsSemdeg msgavs Sepirispirebaze: `Signi kaxeTi~_ `gare kaxeTi~ [8, XX-XXI].l. meliqseT-begma gadawyvita, rom `garesjis~namdvili Sinaarsi jer kidev ar iyo migne-188

uli. amitom `saqarTvelos samoTxeSi~ moTavsebulm. sabininis Sesabamis ganmartebasTan dakav-SirebiT aRniSnavda, rom `termini `garesja~ sruliadumarTebulod dauaxlovda iseT gagebas,rogoric arian asketizmis sxvadasxva saxis gamomxatveliterminebi: `dayudeba~, `meudabnoeba~,`martomyofloba~ da a.S. mas ufro damajerebladeCvena, rom `saxelzmna `garesja~, xolo aqedanmama-daviTis zedwodebac `garesjeli~, anu `garejeli~da geografiuli saxeli `sagarej~-o, undaganmartebul iqnas ara asketizmis institutis sazomiT,aramed _ rogorc filosofiuri termini`gareiTi mafiqreblobis~, `gareSe sibrZnis~, `zemsjelobis~ gagebiT, romelsac analogiuri somxurimasalebic uWeren mxars.~ [16, 224]. amis mowmobadki mohyavs is garemoeba, rom Zveli somxurimwerlobis erT-erTi, mecnierebasTan dakavSirebulidargi (`nurb~) Seicavda `gareiT wignebs~,`rogorc filosofiuri azrovnebis produqcias.~`da swored `gareiTi azrovnebis~ SinaarsisSemcvelia termini `gare-sja~ romlis SesabamisadZvel somxurSi, kerZod `dabadebis~ ZvelTargmanebSi... ixmareba `girq artaqinq~, `artaqingreanq~... avtori ufro Sorsac midis da `garesjas~somxuri `Wemelis~ (peripatetikosis anulÂkeelis mniSvnelobiT) saSualebiT aristotelizmsacukavSirebs (aRsaniSnavia, rom daviT garejelismowafeTa saxelebic ki _ dodo da lukiane_ `aristotelizmTan dakavSirebuli mcnebebispersonifikaciad~ miiCnia) [16, 225].naSromSi, `daviT garejis saliteraturoskola~, m. qavTaria, ar cdilobs `garejis~ etimologiisdazustebas da monastris saxelwode-189

asTan dakavSirebiT mxolod Zalze zogadad miuTiTebs,rom mas `misi pirveli mkvidris saxelisaganSeerqva SemdegSi daviT gareja~ [27, 8].b. lominaZes marTebulad ar miaCnia hagiografismier toponim garejis warmoSobis dakav-Sireba daviTis am mxareSi moRvaweobasTan da, Sesabamisad.misi ori sityvis, `gare~ da `sja~ gaerTianebaddasaxva, radganac, misi azriT, `gareji~iseTive warmoebis toponimuri saxelia, rogorcaRmosavleT saqarTvelos rigi saxelebi:berduji, xornabuji, bodoji, Toleji, eTnonimurisaxeli soji//suji~, sadac `ji~ sxva araferia,Tu ara `topo-eTnonimiur sufiqsi~. amitom`garejis~, rogorc damoukidebeli toponimis,uZvelesi droidan arsebobaSi myarad aris darwmunebuli[15, 8, Sen.6].aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi uyoymanod iqna gaziarebuligare kaxeTis istoriuli geografiisadmimiZRvnil erT naSromSi. aq avtorTa jgufis(T. Todria, a. Todria, m. futkaraZe) mier uaryofiliara hagiografiuli monacemi monazvnuri`gare-sjis~ (rac maT esmiT, rogorc `ganmartoebiTmsjeloba, martvilobiT moRvaweoba~) Sesaxeb,b. lominaZis zemomoyvanili gamonaTqvamis damowmebiTada masze dayrdnobiT Tamamad askvnian:`maSasadame, dRevandeli gare kaxeTis Crdilo nawili,ivris marcxena mxare, Zvelad sujeTadiwodeboda, xolo samxreTi nawili, ivris marjvenamxare _ garejad~.garejad es mxare, avtorTa mixedviT, VI s-mde, anu daviT garejelis aq damkvidrebamde iwodebodada garejis qveyanas warmoadgenda. sujeT-garejiswyvili ki maTTvis toponimTa msgavs190

warmomavlobas aaSkaravebs, `rac miuTiTebs amqveyanaSi mosaxle tomebis eTnikur erTobaze~.Semdgomi daskvnis Tanaxmad, albaT, swored ameTnikuri jgufis samosaxlos warmoadgenda kaxe-Tis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier md. ivrismarjvena mxares mikvleuli Zv. w. II aTaswleulisII naxevrisa da Zv. w. I aTaswleulis I naxevriTdaTariRebuli didi gora-namosaxlarebi [13, 116].`garesja~/`garejis~ etimologiis sakiTxmasamecniero kamaTis saxe mxolod mas Semdeg mii-Ro, roca r. siraZe sayvedurobda ra l. meliqseT-begsdaviT anhaRTis daviT garejelTan gaigivebisgamo, gaakritika am ukanasknelis mier gamoTqmulidebuleba `garesjel~-`sagarejos~ filosofiurterminad _ `gareiTi mafiqreblobis~,`gareSe sibrZnis~, `ze msjelobis~ gagebis Taobaze.aqve man xazi gausva `gareSe sibrZnis~ gansxvavebulSinaarssa da `garejis~ mniSvnelobisdasadgenad yvelaze sando wyarod daviT garejelishagiografis Sesabamisi monacemebi miiCnia.`sjad Tavisa TÂsisa~, `gare isjebodian xorci-Ta~, _ marto es Sesityvebani (konteqstze romaraferi vTqvaT) ukve naTelyofs, rom `sja~msjelobas (gansjas) ki ar niSnavs, aramed `dasjas~(TviTdasjas, berul TviTgvemas)~; _ ase ganmartavssaTanado hagiografiul monacemebs r.siraZe. xolo `sja garegan udabnoTa Sina~ masmianiSnebs, `rom `sja~ xdeba `gareT~, udabnoSi(udabur, dausaxlebel adgilas), martomyoflobaSi~.aqedan gamomdinare ki gamoricxavs `garesjisa~da `gareSe sibrZnis~ urTierTkavSirisSesaZleblobas, `metadre, rom is anhaRTis filo-191

sofiis Taviseburebis mixedviT Serqmeuli geografiulisaxeli iyos~ [22, 162-163].r. siraZe mogvianebiT sagangebod miubrunda`garejis~ etimologias. saxelwodebis Semadgenelpirvel nawils (`gare~) igi eklesiologiuriTvalsazrisiT, Tavisebur WrilSi ganixilavs: vinaidan`qarTlad~ iwodeboda wm. ninos mier gaqristianebulimxareebi, `qarTlia iq, sadac qristianobaa~(am warmodgenis gamomxatvelad miiCnevscnobil Teziss: `qarTlad friadi queyanaÁ aRiracxebis,romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa JamiSeiwirvis da locvaÁ yoveli aResrulebis~). garejisudabno `gare~ regions warmoadgenda mxolodamgvarad gagebuli `qarTlis~, anu `qristianobisZiriTadi centrebis _ qarTlisa da kaxeTis~mimarT. amrigad, es mxare moazrebul iqna`gare sivrced~ `qristianuli qarTlis Sidasivrcis~ sapirispirod [23, 19, 23].avtoris daskvniT, `kompoziti `gare-sja~sul Tavdapirvelad adgilis saxeldebad, e.i.toponimad ki ar warmoqmnila, aramed samonazvnoqmedebis, monazvnis mier tanjvisa da SeWirvebisaRsaniSnavad~. radgan frazaSi _ `sjad TavisaTÂsisa~ _ `sja~-s leqsikografiul ganmartebaTaganmiesadageba mxolod `dasja~ da `wurTa~, racgulisxmobs daviTis mier aq asatan `Wirs~ (`raÁ-Ta wuT erTiTa WiriTa moipoos saukunoÁ igi...SuebaÁ~). xolo anton kaTalikosis `martirikaSi~da garejel mowameTa qebaSi adgilis saxelwodebis`garehsja~-d dafiqsireba avtorTa TvalSi`sja~-s zmnur warmomavlobas miuTiTebs. `sjas~igive (gansacdelis) mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebismagaliTad mohyavs aseve fraza `Tamarianidan~:192

`lxinad vli sjasao~ [23, 21]. `garesjas~ `garejiT~Canacvlebasa da toponim `sagarejos~ gaCenaski saxelwodebaSi eklesiologiuri SinaarsisdakargviT xsnis [23, 22].mecnieri amave dros erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs`sja~ fuZidan nawarmoeb `formiT urTierTmsgavsor sxvadasxva zmnas~: `dasjas~, romelic`gulisxmobs tanjvas, amisdakvalad, samonazvnoWirTaTmenas~ da `gansjas~, rogorc `msjelobis~gamomxatvels. am gansxvavebis dasturad aRniSnulia,rom Tu s-S bgeraTmonacvleoba orive SemTxvevaSiaSesaZlebeli, `gamoricxulia r-s gaCenapirveli mniSvnelobiT sityvis xmarebisas~, gansxvavebiTmeore gaazrebisagan. `gare-sja~ ar gulisxmobs`gare-gansjas~, `gare-msjelobas... metadre,`garesjis~ monasteri ar SeiZleba miviCnioT `gareSesibrZnis~ asparezad~, _ aRniSnulia bolosl. meliqseT-begis sapasuxod [23, 22-23].daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi `garesjis~ mocemulganmartebas m. CxartiSvili xsnis rogorc`adgils gare TviTgvemisaTvis~. magram am `gare~-Si man dausaxlebeli adgilis garda dainaxa `qarTulhagiografiaSi araerTxel dafiqsirebuli`gareskneli~. am ukanasknelis Sinaarss ki ase warmogvidgens:`igi satanis samyofelia da akravssaqristianos. vinaidan satanis Jamis Sesamcirebladaucilebelia misi Seviwroeba sivrceSi,qristian moRvaweTa sazrunavs Seadgens saqristianossazRvrebis gafarToeba garesknelis xarjze,rasac axerxebs wm. daviTi. igi mkvidrdeba garesknelSi,devnis iqidan satanas da xdeba udabnosqalaqmyofeli.~ [28, 143-144].193

Zvel publikaciebze dayrdnobiT, `gareja~ganmartoebuli adgilis mniSvnelobiTaa warmodgenilio. SvedovTan wm. daviTisa da misi lavrisadmimiZRvnil gamocemaSi. Tumca udabnos meoresaxelwodebad, sadac mama daviTi lukianesTanerTad mkvidrdeba, igi mkiTxvels usaxelebs `garekaxeTs~. 1`gareji~ da `soji~-`sujeTi~rogorc literaturis ganxilva mowmobs,`garejis~ hagiografiul axsnas mecnierTagan bevrieWvis TvaliT umzers. sanam uSualod wyarosmierganmartebas SevexebodeT, manamde TiToeuliSemoTavazebuli versiis analizisken mivapyrobTmkiTxvelis yuradRebas.daviwyoT im Tvalsazrisidan, romelic sruliadgamoricxavs CvenTvis saintereso saxelwodebisraime kavSirs sityvebTan: `gare~ da `sja~(rogorc erTTan, ise meoresTan). am mosazrebisTanaxmad, `gareji~ uZvelesi toponimia da am saxelismqone qveyanac uZvelesi droidan arsebobdaam mxareSi, sadac eTnikurad erTi warmoSobistomebi cxovrobdnen. saamisod moxmobilia is argumenti,rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mravladaamsgavsi warmoebis toponimika. maT Soris gamorCeuliadgili ki uWiravs `gareji~-isa da`soji~//`suji~//`sujeTi~-s analogias.`soji~//`suji~ saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi,md. ioris Suawelis midamoebSi macxovrebelieTnikuri jgufis, xalxis saxelia. amitom1 konteqsti sxvanairad verc iqneba gagebuli: `...Лукиан последовалза ним в пустыню Кахетинскую, которая называется Гаре Кахетиили Гареджа (уединенное место)~ [36:18].194

eTnikur saxeldebaSi dafiqsirebuli `ji~ verafriTver iqneba `topo-eTnikuri sufiqsi~. ukiduresSemTxvevaSi is SeiZleboda mxolod eTnikursufiqsad gvegulva (Tumca amasac saTanado dasabuTebadasWirdeboda). `suji~/`soji~-dan nawarmoebiqveynis saxelwodeba ki `sujeTi~//`sojeTi~a[Sdr. 6, 322]. am SemTxvevaSi toponimuri bolosarTiqarTul sinamdvileSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli`eT~ aris da ara `ji~.ra erqva Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulSi `garejisqveyanaSi~ mosaxle eTnikur erTobas, am mosazrebasavtorebi ar azusteben. Tumca, rogorc `garejis~`soji~-`sujeT~-Tan moyvanili analogiidanmomdinareobs, am xalxs `garejebi~ undahrqmeoda. amasTan, amave analogiidan gamomdinare,am `garejebis~ samkvidro qveyanas `garejeTi~ (daara `gareja~) unda wodeboda. am formis saxelwodebebski istoriuli wyaroebi ar icnobs.cnobilia `gareji~-dan nawarmoebi sxva toponimi_ `sagarejo~ (`sa-o~ TavsarT-bolosarTiT), romelicTeoriulad SeiZleboda qveynis saxelwodebadacgamoyenebuliyo (Sdr. qarTveli-saqar-Tvelo, maCabeli-samaCablo da a.S.). magram igi ganviTarebulfeodalur xanaSi Seqmnili saeklesiomiwismflobelobaze damyarebuli specifikuriterminia, romelic kidev ufro gvian dasaxlebulipunqtis saxelwodebad aRiniSna kaxeTSi.yovelive naTlad metyvelebs `sujeTisa~ da`garejis~ `msgavsi warmomavlobis~ mtkicebis mizanSeuwonlobaze.amdenad, `suji~ da `sujeTi~`garejis~ saxelis mqone xalxisa Tu qveynisarsebobis dasturad ar gamodgeba.195

toponimebSi saerTo asosa Tu marcvlis arsebobasakmarisi ar aris isini saerTo warmomavlobisaddavsaxoT. `ji~-T daboloebul sxva toponimebidanzogi saerTod araqarTuli warmoSobisaa(berduji, xornabuji). sxvebis semantika kijer kidev dasadgenia (bodoji, Toleji). 2garda amisa, saxelwodebis uZvelesobis mtkicebisasgasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoebac:garejis mravalmTaSi daviT garejelis damkvidrebisdroisaTvis es mxare ukve saukuneebis ganmavlobaSigaudaburebuli iyo _ adamianebs igiklimatis cvlilebis Sedegad gauwyloebis gamoaTasi wlis win mietovebinaT [13, 115] (am azriT,mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi aq qveyanac ar arsebobda).xolo aqaurobis saxelwodeba `garesja~formiT wyaroebSi mxolod wm. daviTis mobrZanebidanfiqsirdeba. garejisa da misgan nawarmoebisaxelebiTac mxolod samonastro kompleqsi damasTan dakavSirebuli terminologiaa cnobili. 3aseTi saxelwodebis xalxisa Tu qveynis saxeliarc erT wyaroSi miniSnebulic ki araa, gansxvavebiTadre SuasaukuneebSi met-naklebad cnobilsujebisa da sujeTisagan. amitom `garejis qveynis~am gagebiT gamoyeneba (igi aRniSnul statiissaTaurSic kia dafiqsirebuli) mxolod xelovnu-2aRniSnulia, rom `arc erTi maTgani saerTod ar arianSedarebadi erTeulebi toponimTan `garesja~... arc erT ma-TganSi qarTuli etimologia ar amoikiTxeba. saerTod, arcerTis Sinaarsi gasagebi ar aris~ [23:22].3mravalmTis teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia `garejela~,rogorc mTisa da tbis saxelic [13:117], magram igi mogvianoxanaSi Cans warmoqmnili, samonastro kompleqsis saxelwodebiszegavleniT da amitom raime Sors mimavali daskvnebisaTvises faqti gamousadegaria.196

ad Seqmnili terminis Semotanis mcdelobaa saqarTvelosistoriul geografiaSi da misi momdinareobaistoriuli sinamdvilidan ar Cans.`gareji~ da `gareSeTi~mkvlevarTa umetesoba `garejis~ mniSvnelobisaxsnas, rogorc vnaxeT, sakuTriv saxelwodebisSinaarsidan gamomdinare Seecada. Tumca erTgvarovanidaskvnebi arc aq miRebula. gansakuTrebuliyuradReba maxvildeboda saxelis pirvelnawilze _ `gare~. SeiZleba imitomac, rom essityva qarTuli enis niadagze advilad asaxsneliada saukuneTa ganmavlobaSic misi datvirTvaTiTqmis ar Secvlila.`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ mokle redaqciis`garesjis udabno~ ufro vrceli wignSirom `gareSeTad~ aris warmodgenili, il. abula-Zem sworad SeniSna. es erTi SexedviTac aSkaraa.sanam es axali da ucnauri saxeli raime sainteresosmigvaniSnebdes, unda ganvsazRvroT, romeliamisi swori forma: `gareSeTa~ Tu `gareSe-Ti~? il. abulaZe am sakiTxs ar azustebs. Cans,mas orive varianti met-naklebad Tanabrad dasa-Svebad miaCnia.movixmoT Sesabamisi adgili teqstidan: `dawaravlinna romelnime maTganni kaxeTad da romelnimekuxeTad kerZo, da romelnime zena kerZosofliT, da erTi vinme gareSeTad~. aq `gareSe-Tad~ viTarebiT brunvaSi aris mocemuli, iseverogorc adgilmdebareobis aRmniSvneli danarCenisityvebi. amitom Teoriulad orive forma, marTlac,dasaSvebi iqneboda zogierTi garemoebisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe.197

sagulisxmoa, rom CvenTvis saintereso saxeliaRmosavleT saqarTvelos qveynebis rigSiawarmodgenili: kaxeTi, kuxeTi, zena sofeli. maSasadame,ufro mosalodnelia, isic mxaris dasaxelebaiyos. rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom misi Semadgeneli`eT~ nawili swored iseTive toponimuribolosarTi iyos, rogorc es kaxeT-kuxeTis Sem-TxvevaSia. am dros `a~ viTarebiTi brunvis (`ad~)niSnismieria da ara fuZismieri. aqedan gamomdinareufro marTebuli forma (saxelobiT bunvaSi)unda iyos `gareSeTi~ da ara `gareSeTa~ (iqve, teqstSiigive poziciaSi gvaqvs `kaxeTad~, `kuxe-Tad~).`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ redaqciebSi`gareSeTis~ `garesjad~ Canacvleba imdenad TvalsaCinoa,rom amis dasabuTebisaTvis raime gare-Se magaliTis moxmobac zedmetia. Tumca il. abulaZeamis dasturad somex istorikosTan, stefanosorbelianTan garesjis `garSte~-d moxseniebasuTiTebs: or somxur monasters Soris sadavosakiTxis gasarCevad dvinSi mowveulTa Soris dasaxelebulia`didi mamaTmTavari gareSteTa~.`didi mamaTmTavari garesjisa~ _ amgvarad Targmniswyarodan am pirovnebis vinaobas iv. javaxi-Svilic, Tumca iqve kiTxvis niSniT aseTi gagebispirobiTobasac mianiSnebs [29, 306].SesaZlebelia, mosazreba garSte-garesjisaRniSnuli Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb gamarTlebasacpoulobdes. magram somxur `garSte~-Si marTlacrom gareji igulisxmebodes, es qarTuli saxelwodebissxva enaze gadatanisas, enobrivi mizezebiTaTu sxva raime uzustobiT gamowveuli damaxinjebaiqneboda. saeWvoa, `garSte~-s raime Sina-198

arsobrivi kavSiri gaaCndes zemoaRniSnul `gare-SeTTan~. 4 amdenad, qarTul hagiografiul ZeglSimisi `gareSeTis~ `garesjad~ Canacvlebis argumentadgamoyeneba arafris momcemia. amas garda,sakiTxis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom gareSeTi qar-Tlis samefos erT-erTi mxare, kerZod kambeCovaniunda yofiliyo, romliTac kaxeT-kuxeTTan dazena sofelTan erTianobaSi asurel mamaTa samo-Rvaweo areali ganisazRvreboda. sxva redaqciaSimisi `garesjis udabnod~ Canacvleba ki redaqtorisaTvis`gareSeTis~ mniSvnelobis gaugebrobamda amis gamo mis garesjis damaxinjebul formadaRqmam gamoiwvia [18].`gareji~ da `gareskneli~`garejsa~ da `garesknels~ Soris paralelisainteresod ki gamoiyureba, magram maTi Sinaarsobrivigaigiveba maincdamainc zusti ar aris.pirvel rigSi davazustoT, ra mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba`gareskneli~ qarTul hafiografiaSi.asurel mamaTa hagiografiuli ciklidan am sityvasorjer vxvdebiT ioane zedaznelis mokle`cxovrebaSi~ wm. ioanes mimarTvisas zedaznis savaneSimis dasabrkoleblad moZalebul ukeTuriZalebisa da maTi mTavrisadmi: 1. `cani da queyanaÁRmrTisa Cuenisa Seqmnilni arian da mas daubadebiangansasueneblad Cuen monaTa misTaTÂs.4 rac Seexeba maT msgavs JReradobas, `garesjas~ aranaklebSeuZlia amiT `Tavis mowoneba~. somxur enisaTvis TanxmovnebisTavmoyra damaxasiaTebelia. xolo s-S monacvleobauCveulo movlena araa. es ucxo araa TviT `garesjis~ meoreSemadgeneli sityvisaTvis _ sja-Sja. amaze dawvrilebiTqvemoT.199

xolo TquenTÂs ganumzadebia bneli garesknelida cecxli uSreti, romelsa Sina dasjad xarTsaukunod Sen da yovelni Semweni Senni da yovelni,romelni nebasa Sensa hyvebian~ [3, 209-210]; 2.`da aw esera adamis naSobTa mier idevnebi yovliTkerZove da ara ars adgili Seni TÂnier bnelisamis garesknelisaÁ, rameTu TÂT moiZule na-Teli da Seiyuare bneli~ [3, 210].eSmakebi cdiloben sulierad dascen mama ioaneda fsiqologiuri zewoliT aiZulon savanismitoveba. SegaxsenebT, rom zedaznis mTaze warmarTulxanaSi aRmarTul zadenis mrisxane kerp-Tan aseve moqmedebda warmarTuli samsxverploc.hagiografis cnobiT, amis gamo `eSmakni friaddamkÂdrebul iyunes da hmsaxurebdes kuamliTanazorevTaÁTa~ [3, 201]. niSandoblivia, rom es garemoebaerT-erTi mizezTagani yofila, ramacaxalmobrZanebul wm. ioanes am adgilas davanebagadaawyvetina. udreki wm. mama, roca aqedanac devnisborot Zalebs, am dros maT gareskneliskenmiuTiTebs, rogorc maTTvis sagangebod gankuTvniladgilsamyofelisaken. `garesknels~ aq azrobrivadupirispirdeba RmerTis mier Seqmnili`cani da queyanaÁ~. es niSnavs, gareskneli `am queyanis~miRmaa, magram arc imqveyniur samyaros armoicavs srulad, vinaidan `cani~ es RvTis angelozTasasufevelia, pirvelqmnili sulieri samyaro.amitom gareskneli saiqios mxolod nawilia,romelsac ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis sxvaZvel redaqciaSi `bneleTi~ Seesabameba: `adgiliTqueni bneleTi ars, iltvodeT mun~ [5, 209]; `araars Senda adgil gareSe bneleTisa~ [5, 210]. amavemniSvnelobiT vxvdebiT am sityvas saxarebaSic:200

`xolo Zeni igi sasufevlisani ganiTxinen bnelsamas garesknelsa. mun iyos tirili da RrWenaÁkbilTa~ (maTe 8, 12); SeukreniT magas Ãelni daferÃni da ganagdeT ege bnelsa mas garesknelsa.mun iyos tirili da RrWenaÁ kbilTaÁ~ (maTe 22,13).gareskneli, igive bneleTi es aris uTuodjojoxeTi, misi Tanmdevi maradiuli sasjelissimboloTi _ `uSreti cecxliT~, romelicRmerTs satanisa mis mimdevarTaTvis ganumzadebiasamudamo satanjvelad (amitomaa misi epiTeti`bneli~). maSasadame, satana wmindanis mier garesknelidanki ar idevneba `saqristianos sazRvrebisgasafarToeblad~ an `satanis Jamis Sesamcireblad~,aramed cisqveSeTis calkeuli adgilebidanidevneba swored garesknelSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,wm. daviTis garesknelSi damkvidrebadwarmosaxvas da saerTod, garesknelis, rogorcjojoxeTis aRmniSvneli terminis `garesjasTan~kavSirSi ganxilvas, cxadia, yovelgvariazri ekargeba.`garesja~ da `gareSe sibrZne~ (`ze msjeloba~)rodesac mkiTxvels `garesjis~, `garesjelisa~da `sagarejos~ amgvari filosofiuri terminebiTganmartebas sTavazobda, l. meliqseT-begiim Tvalsazrisidan amodioda, rom daviT garejelida somexi moRvawe daviT uZleveli (anhaRTi)erTi da igive pirovneba yofila. am mosazrebisusafuZvloba am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil naSromSidawvrilebiT warmovaCineT [17] da amaze aRar davyovndebiT.daviT garejelis, saqarTvelos monazvnobisistoriaSi am erT-erTi udidesi meudab-201

noe-asketis moRvaweobaSi askezis uamrav mkafioniSanze saerTod Tvalis daxuWva da danarCen mamaTaganmisi filosofosobiT gamorCevis umweomcdelobac mxolod avtoris zemodasaxelebulmizans emsaxureboda [ix. 19, 149-150].Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebaqristianuli msoflxedvidan gamomdinare,marTlac, icnobda `gareSe sibrZnis~ cnebas,romelsac sxvanairad ewodeboda `sibrZne kacTaÁ~,`sibrZne amis soflisaÁ~. TviT saxelwodebidannaTlad Cans, rom igi moiazreboda amqveyniur,adamianur, empiriul sibrZned (codnad) daamiT erTgvarad imijneboda RvTaebriv, RvTivbo-Zebuli sibrZnisagan (`sibrZne RmrTisaÁ~, `zeSTasibrZne~). amdenad, `gareSe sibrZne~, rogorc saerocodna, am umaRlesi codna-sibrZnis gareTmdgar, mis garda-gareSed arsebulad ganixileboda[24, 216-217]. 5 am mniSvnelobiT `gareSes~ sinonimadZvel qarTulSi gverdiT edga sityva`TÂnier~ [9, 90].naTelia, `gareja-garesjis~ SinaarsobrivikavSiri `gareSe sibrZnesTan~, `gareiT azrovnebasTan~ar SeiniSneba [22, 162]. Zveli somxuri literaturidanl. meliqseT-begis moyvanili magaliTebicmxolod am `gareiTi azrovnebis~ somxuriSesatyvisia da misi `gare-sjis~ analogiaddasaxelebac arafris momcemia. daviT garejelismowafeebis, wm. lukianesa da wm. dodos aristotelizmTandakavSirebuli mcnebebis personifika-5 r. siraZis dakvirvebiT, gareSe sibrZne SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyosami mniSvnelobiT: `1. antikuri warmarTulisibrZne; 2. qristianobis Tanadrouli arasaRvTismetyvelosibrZne; 3. mwvalebelTa sibrZne~ [24:234].202

ciad warmoCena ki, saerTod absurdulad gamoiyureba[19, 149].`gareji~ da kunZuli `kareji~rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs Sesabamisi mosazrebis(p. ioseliani), aseTi ganmartebisaken masubiZga 1856 wlis gaz. `Кавказ~-Si N. Pr. Z.-dan nasesxebmacnobam sparseTis yureSi zemoaRniSnulikunZulis dakavebis inglisSi dagegmili samxedro-sazRvaooperaciis Taobaze [31, 10, Sen. 18].rogorc Tanamedrove politikuri siaxleebisSemcvel am statiidan Cans, dasaxelebulimcire zomis kunZuli sparseTis yuris CrdiloaRmosavleTnawilSi, iranis sanapirosTan, sanavsadguroqalaq buSiris (//buSeri) siaxlovesunda mdebareobdes [33]. magram am saxelis kunZuliam midamoebSi ar aRmoCnda, iseve rogorcmTels yureSi xuT saxelmwifos (irani, kuveiti,bahreini, saudis arabeTi, gaerTianebuli saemiroebi)Soris ganawilebul 50-ze meti kunZulTagan.`Tumca aRniSnul alags SeiniSneba iranis kuTvniliori mcire kunZuli, romlebic erTmaneTisaganviwro srutiT gamoiyofa: Kharku da Kharg~(igive Khark). dasaxelebul statiaSi marTlac saubariakidev erT, pirvelis mezoblad mdebarekidev ufro mcire dausaxlebel kunZulze, saxeliT`kueri~. am kunZulTa mdebareoba zustad SeesabamebastatiaSi aRweril orive kunZulis geografiuladgilmdebareobas.amjerad dazustebas iTxovs uSualod saxelwodebasTandakavSirebuli oriode sakiTxi: 1. marTalia,statiaSi miTiTebulia, rom CvenTvis sa-203

intereso patara kunZulis saxelwodeba aRniSnavs`gares~ (`вне~), anu yvelaze ganapira kunZuls,magram amgvari daxasiaTeba ufro Sesaferisiiqneboda mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare zemoT naxsenebmeore pawawina kunZulisaTvis. amitom bunebrivia,rom swored am ukanasknels exeba iqve aRniSnulisityvebi: `kueri yvelaze Crdilo kunZuliasparseTis yuris aRmosavleT mxares~ [33]. 2.statiaSi kunZulebis saxelwodeba ramdenime gansxvavebulivariantis saxiT aris mowodebuli.`karej~-is (Каредж) paralelurad mowodebuliakunZulis Semdegi saxelebi: xarej, karek dakarak 6 , iseve rogorc `kueri anu xueri, korg,korgo, gorgu, korgo, kulle~ [33]. naCvenebvariantebTan Sedareba, geografiuli adgilmdebareobisgaTvaliwinebiT, sabolood adasturebs,rom msgavsi saxelwodebebiT _ Kharku da Kharg(savaraudo JReradobiT xarku da xarg(k) _ Cvensmier moniSnuli erTmaneTis mimdebare kunZulebiaRiniSneba.sparseTis yureSi romc arsebuliyo kunZulisaxelwodebiT kareji, Zneli warmosadgenia, garejisetimologiis dadgenaSi mas raime rolisSesruleba SesZleboda. jer erTi, yureSi didiodenobis mcire kunZulebi ise gafantuladaa ganlagebuli,saeWvoa, romelime maTgans ganze (gare)mdgomobiT SeeZina saxelwodeba. meorec: `gare~wminda qarTuli warmoSobis leqsikuri erTeulia,Tavis konkretuli Sinaarsobrivi datvirT-6 aq arsad ar Cans Кареджи. es forma, etyoba, Tavisi mosazrebisaTvismeti damajereblobis micemis mizniT (gareji/kareji)Tavad Seqmna avtorma.204

viT. amitom sparseTis yureSi iranul da arabulenovansamyaroSi kunZulis saxelwodeba qar-Tul niadagze axsnis mcdeloba imTaviTve ganwirulia.metic, kunZul karejis arsebobis garda,am ukanasknelis saxelis SemoTavazebuli axsnacrom ramenairad poulobdes gamarTlebas, garejisetimologiis dadgenaSi es paraleli maincarafris momcemi iqneboda. `gare~ amis gareSecqarTulad gares aRniSnavs.`gareji~ da `qarTlis~ eklesiologiuri gaazrebaqarTli garkveuli gagebiT xangrZlivi droisganmavlobaSi, marTlac, gulisxmobda rogorcsakuTriv qarTls, aseve kaxeTsac. magram ara imisgamo, rom `qarTlia iq, sadac qristianobaa~. ma-Sindeli kaxeTi (oRond dRevandeli kaxeTisagangansxvavebuli sazRvrebiT) am dros qarTlissaxelmwifos, igive iberiis uSualo Semadgenelinawilia da amdenadaa isic qarTli. es ase iyo wm.ninos mier qarTlis moqcevamdec. farnavazis CamoyalibebulsaxelmwifoSi kaxeTi kuxeTTan er-Tad erT-erT saerisTavos Seadgens [14, 24]. gardaamisa, `qarTlad~ iwodeboda qarTlis saxelmwifossxva mxareebic: samcxe-javaxeTi, TrialeTi,SavSeTi, klarjeTi da a.S. [Sdr .29, 29] rogorcgaqristianebis Semdgom, aseve warmarTul epoqa-Sic (rasakvirvelia, Tu ar CavTvliT drois immonakveTebs, roca esa Tu is ganapira regioniarasaxarbielo politikuri viTarebis gamo qarTlissaxelmwifos miRma aRmoCndeboda droebiT).qarTlis, rogorc saxelmwifos centralurida gare regionebi, Sesabamisad, misi politikuricentris (Tundac centrebis) mimarTebiT ganisaz-205

Rvreboda. am dros, ra Tqma unda, arc geografiulifaqtori ar unda iqnas daviwyebuli. ammxriv garejis udabno maSindeli qarTlis saxelmwifosganvrcobis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTlisada kaxeTis, Tundac rogorc `qristianobis ZiriTadicentrebis~ mimarT arc ise gare mdebareobiTar gamoirCeoda. igi kuxeTis qveynis (centriTrusTavSi) farglebSi Cans moqceuli, romelicTavis mxriv kaxeTis saerisTavos SemadgenlobaSiSedioda. dasavleTidan mas esazRvrebodamtkvari da amavdroulad uSualod qarTlis miwa-wyali.amitom, garkveulwilad, kuxeTi qarTlsada kaxeTs Soris iyo moqceuli.rac Seexeba `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~daunjebul cnobil formulas: `qarTlad friadiqueyanaÁ aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuli-Ta eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvaÁ yoveli aResrulebis~.aq, cxadia, aqcenti keTdeba ara sarwmunoebaze,rom TiTqos qarTlia iq, sadac qristianobaa,aramed enaze: qarTlia yvelgan, sadacRvTismsaxureba qarTul enaze sruldeba [29, 30].amas naTelyofs giorgi merCules Tezisis damaboloebelisityvebic: `xolo kÂrieleÁsoni berZnuladiTqumis, romel ars qarTulad: `ufalo,wyaloba hyav~, gina Tu `ufalo, SegÂiwyalen~ [7,290]. aq erTmaneTs Sepirispirebulia qarTuli daberZnuli, rogorc qristianuli RvTismsaxurebisenebi. amis gamo, am Tezisis erTmniSvnelovnad damxolod sarwmunoebriv WrilSi ganxilva swordaskvnamde ar migviyvans.maSasadame, ar dasturdeba mcneba `qarTlis~`qristianobaze damyarebuli~ gageba da Sesabami-206

sad, gamarTlebasac ver poulobs `gares~ zemonaxsenebi`eklesiologiuri~ gaazrebac.`gare-sjis~ mniSvnelobisaTvisgareji adrindel werilobiT ZeglebSi moixsenieba`garesjis udabnod~ an ubralod `garesjad~:`daviT aRaSena udabnoÁ igi garesjisaÁ~(erTi xelnaweriT, `garesjaÁ~) [4, 229]; `garesjisaudabnod miiwia~ [1, 176] da a.S. vinaidan `garejis~`garesja~-dan warmomavloba aSkaraa, isRa dagvr-Cenia, SeZlebisdagvarad zustad da srulad avxsnaTam ukanasknelis mniSvneloba. am mxriv, sauke-Teso samsaxuris gaweva, upirvels yovlisa, udavod,`gare-sjas~ wyarosmier ganmartebas SeuZlia.miuxedavad imisa, rom hagiografi pirdapir dakonkretul ganmartebas sTavazobs mkiTxvels,mkvlevarTa mier erTmniSvnelovani daskvnis gake-Teba mainc ar moxerxda. ganmartoebiT sagroba,ganmartoebuli adgili, adgili gare TviTgvemisaTvis,ganmartoebiT msjeloba, gareiTi azrovneba,monazvnuri tanjva da a.S., _ marto es CamonaTvalickmara dRemde arsebul interpretacia-Ta nairgvarobis warmosaCenad.pirvel rigSi gavarkvioT, ra mniSvnelobiTSeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo `garesjis~ meore komponenti_ `sja~. `sja~-sa da misgan nawarmoebsityvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia s/S bgeraTmonacvleoba[10, 222]. sja/Sja TiTqmis Tanabradgvxvdeba Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. sulxan-sabaorbelianTan igi ganmartebulia rogorc `samar-Tvla~ [25, 127]. il. abulaZe am sityvas usadagebs`gansjas~, `gankiTxvas~, `cilobas~ [9, 409]. dazustebasiTxovs erTi niuansic: arasworia sityvebis207

_ `dasja~, `wurTa~, `gansityueba~, `dadeba gulisa~avtoriseul ganmartebad miCneva. es sityvanitexil kavebSia mocemuli, rac imis niSania, romeseni sja/Sja-s wyarosmieri sinonimebia da andamisi Sesatyvisebi (Tumca zogjer isec xdeba, romaseTi sityvebi `Sinaarsobrivad met-naklebadaris dacilebuli gansamartavi sityvis ZiriTadmniSvnelobas~) [9, 06-07].`sja~-dan nawarmoebi gansja/ganSja, romelsacSeesabameba `gankiTxva~, Tavis mxriv ganimarteba,rogorc `gasamarTleba~ [9, 70]. zustad aseveaigi ganmartebuli sulxan-sabasTanac. `gansja~(`Sesja~-sTan erTad) sja/Sja-s paralelur cnebadaris dasaxuli imave `sityvis konaSi~ [26, 127,312]. sja-Sja-s sxva forma _ dasja-daSja-s mniSvnelobaixsneba rogorc `sasjelis dadeba~ `gasamarTleba~[9, 125], sulxan-sabas mixedviT, _ `samarTlisgardawyveta~ [25, 203], xolo aseve sja/-Sja-dan nawarmoebi sasjeli/saSjeli `samarTlad~ganimarteba [26, 56; 66]. mis sinonimad ki moiazrebamsjavri/mSjavri [9:299]. samarTlis, kanonisaRmniSvneli kidev erTi Zveli qarTuli sityvaisev sja/Sja-dan aris nawarmoebi da esaa sjuli/Sjuli[30, 29]. mosamarTle ki `msajulia~,romelic warmodgeba sj fuZis meore variantidan_ saj. sxvanairad igi igive `ganmsjeli~ an`ganmkiTxavia~ [9, 296].maSasadame, sja/Sja da misgan nawarmoebi sityvebisamarTalsa da masTan dakavSirebul cnebebsexmianeba. sja/Sja da dasja/daSja, iseve rogorcgansja/ganSja, aRniSnavs gasamarTlebas damaT amave dros yovelTvis Seesatyviseba `ganki-Txva~ (saxarebis qarTul TargmanebSi `dasja~ da208

gankiTxva~ erTmaneTis monacvle sityvebadac kigvevlineba: `miiyuaneT ege Tquen da sjulisaTquenisaebr ganikiTxeT ege~. sxva xelnaweriT:`msgavsad Sjulisa Tquenisa dasajeT~, _ ioane18, 31), romlis sinonimad unda ganvixiloT `gansityueba~.amitom ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas,TiTqos `dasjasa~ da `wurTas~ garda, `sja~-s ilabulaZis danarCeni ganmartebani `arc ki Seesatyvisebakonteqsts _ `(sjad) Tavis TÂsisa~ [23, 21].`sja~-s mniSvnelobaTa gaanalizeba imasac naTelyofs,ratom ar SeiZleba mocemul SemTxvevaSimaTgan `gansja~-s gamoricxva. isic unda aRiniSnos,`gansja~ da `msjeloba~ erTmaneTis sinonimebsrom ar warmoadgenen da amitom erTis uaryofaavtomaturad meoris gamoricxvas ar gulisxmobs_ Tu `msjeloba~ konteqstisaTvis marTlacSeuferebelia, amas ver vityviT `gansja~-sSesaxeb [Sdr. 22, 162; 23, 23]. erTmaneTis monacvles-S adgilas r-bgeris gaCenac zogadad `sja~-fu-ZisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa da ara mxolodmisgan nawarmoebi sityvebis calkeuli gaazrebisaTvis.sjuli/Sjuli/rjulis garda s-S-rmonacvleobis nimuSia TviT dasja/daSja/darCa [9,125] da aseve uSualod am ukanasknelisagan momdinaresityvebi: sasjeli/saSjeli/sarjeli [26,53] da sarCeli [12, 123; 9, 377], dasjili/daSjili/darCili[9, 125]. amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiTniSandoblivia, rom XVII s-is miwurulsdaweril erT svinaqsarul cxovrebaSi CvenTvissaintereso toponimi `garerja~ formiTacki fiqsirdeba [20, 441]. samagierod, amave avtor-Tan sworad aris SeniSnuli, rom zogierT gviandelTxzulebaSi `garehsja~ formis arseboba209

toponimis meore nawilis zmnur warmomavlobasmowmobs [23, 21].zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, wmida daviTiswasvla `sjad Tavisa TÂsisa~, niSnavs wm. mamissurvils sakuTari Tavis dasjisa, gasamarTlebisa.sxva sityvebiT, daviT garejeli amas iqms sakuTariTavis gansasjelad, rac gasamarTlebisgarda gulisxmobs (garkveuli azriT, moicavs kidec)gankiTxvasac. es ukanaskneli gageba sulacar ewinaaRmdegeba arsebul konteqsts: meudabnoemamas surs gankiTxva sakuTari Tavisa, rac RvTiswinaSe sakuTari codvebis mxilebasa da monaniebasniSnavs. amdagvarad, Tavis Tavis gansja-ganki-Txva, rac imavdroulad sakuTari codvili TavisgasamarTlebad moiazreba, gandegil bers saSualebasaZlevs codvaTagan ganwmendisa. es Tavismxriv gamCen RmerTTan miaxlebis gzaa, ramac adamianiscxovrebis upirvelesi mizani _ caTa sasufevlismaradiulad damkvidreba unda uzrunvelyos.amisaTvis ki sakuTari Tavis mudmivi gansjagankiTxviTamqveyniur droebiT cxovrebaSi miRebulixorcieli gaWirvebis da sulieri brZolebisdaTmenaa saWiro: `raÁTa wuT erTiTa (aq arSeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes `wuTisofeli~_d.m.) WiriTamoipoos saukunoÁ igi da waruvali SuebaÁda gansuenebaÁ~. zemoTqmuls exmianeba wm. davi-Tis sityvebi, wm. dodosadmi Tqmuli: `warvedZmao, rqasa amis kldisasa, romel ars pirispirCuensa da waritanen Tana sxuanica Zmani, rameTuwadier arian, raÁTa gare isjebodian ÃorciTasulTa maTTa cxonebisaTvis~ [2, 234]. marTalia,am SemTxvevaSi xorciel tanjvazea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli,magram es sulier da xorciel Ri-210

ebulebaTa Sepirispirebis gamoxatvis formaasulieris upiratesobis xazgasmiT. erTis daTrgunviTmiiRweva meoris gaZliereba. amasTanavexorcieli TviTdasja SeiZleba ganixilebodes,rogorc TviTgansjis Sedegi.aqve fraza _ `wadier arian, raÁTa gare isjebodian~,naTelia, pirdapir kavSirSia TxzulebisdasawyisSi mama daviTTan dakavSirebiT TqmulsityvebTan: `amisTÂsca aRirCia aqa sjaÁ garegan(gare)~. `gare~, cxadia, migvaniSnebs garkveulares, adgils raRacis gareT, sadac TviTsjas gadawyvetsdaviT garejeli da aseve am mizniT undawavides dasamkvidreblad misi monastris Zmobisnawili. magram es erTi da igive adgili araa.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Rirsi daviTis mier arCeuliadgilidan (sadac im dros misi daarsebulilavra moqmedebda) axal samonastro adgilas gadasasvlelZmebis mimarT ar iTqmeboda msgavsisityvebi.amave dros, arc ise Cans, rom `gare~-d moiazrebaTundac zogadad garejis mravalmTa imisgamo, rom daviTis lavra da dodorqa mis areal-Si, erTmaneTis siaxloves mdebareobs. wm. daviTi`sjad Tavisa TÂsisa~ midis `adgilTa udabnoTada urwyulTa~, anu dausaxlebel (udabur) daurwyav (uwylo) mxares. da swored wm. mamis am gadawyvetilebamganapiroba udabnosaTvis saxelwodebismicemac: `amisTÂs ewodebis udabnosa masgaresjaÁ~. maSasadame, `gare wasvla~ aq gagebulunda iqnas saRvTismetyvelo SinaarsiT, rac gulisxmobsamqveyniur amaoebaTagan, ama soflissazrunavTagan gareT gasvlas, rac SeiZleba gan-Sorebulad kacTa samosaxloTagan, sadac araa211

dabani, sxvagvarad, _ `udabnoSi~ [Sdr. 9, 418; 17,5-8; 23, 20].daviT garejelis metafrasul cxovrebaSiwmindanis am adgilas mosvlis mizezi bevrad mkafiodaris warmodgenili: `sakÂrveli da sanatrelimamaÁ daviT, viTar sxuaÁ vinme elia udabno-Ás-moyuare, garesjisa udabnod miiwia, rameTu evltodaigi amboxTa da SfoTTa soflisaTa, romelnimravlad SeamrRueven gonebasa da ara odesmedayenebenca RmrTisa mimarT moswrafebaTagan.amisTÂsca moswrafe iyo msoflioTa yovel-Tagan ganSorebasa da mismierTa gemoTagan ganyenebasada yovliTurT gansvlasa sxeulisa marxvisamier da Seiwrebisa ÃorcTaÁsa~ [1, 176]. TumcaTxzulebis ganvrcobisas am erTi mxaris esodenwin wamowevas Seewira meore _ ZeglSi udabnosaTvissaxeldebis Sesaxeb aRniSvna.maSasadame, `gare~-Si ar ikveTeba arc erTiamaTgani: gareskneli, gare kaxeTi, gareSe sibrZne,an qveynis qristianuli centrebis mimarT `gare~mdebareoba.amrigad, `garesja~ aRniSnavs ama soflisagangareT, adamianTagan ukiduresad ganSorebul adgilasberul TviTdasja-gasamarTlebasa da Tavisgansja-gankiTxvas, risi saboloo mizani codvaTagansruli gawmenda da ufalTan maqsimaluridaaxloebaa [Sdr. 19, 149].amdenad, marTalia, rom Tavidan `garesja~ aryofila sakuTari saxeli da mxolod zogadadberis mkacr asketuri cxovrebas gamoxatavda[Srd.21, 265: Sen. 1; 23, 21]. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom`garesja~ arc garejis mravalmTis romelimekerZo monastris saxeli yofila (TviT daviT ga-212

ejelis daarsebuli monasteric `daviTis lavrad~an `daviTis saflavad~ iwodeboda). is mTelixrioki mravalmTis saxelad iqca, daviT garejelismowafeebma didi rudunebiT rom aiTvisesda veeberTela unikalur samonastro kompleqsadaqcies, uzarmazar arealad Tavis Tvisis gare-sjisaTvisda `sulTa maTTa cxonebisaTvis~.amitomac `garesjis udabno~ mravlobiT ricxvSigamoiyeneboda (`aTormetni udabnoni garesjisani~)da mravalmTis yvela monasters Tanabrad miemarTeboda.droTa ganmavlobaSi erT saxelad qceulikompoziti `garesja~ fuZis SekumSvis Sedegad,fuZismieri s-bgeris amovardniT `gareja~-d iqca.Sesabamisad, `garesjeli~ `garejelma~ Secvala.ufro gvian toponims am adgilas samonazvnocxovrebis safuZvelCamyreli didi asureli mamissaxelic waruZRva win da amgvarad miviReT `daviTgareja~, anu `daviT gareji~.213

wyaroebi da literatura1. cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa da RmerTSemosilisamamisa Cuenisa daviT garesjelisaÁ,Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturisZeglebi, III (metafrasuli redaqciebi XI-XIIIss.), il. abulaZis red., Tb., 1971.2. cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa mamisa CuenisadaviT garesjelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli...,I (V-X ss.), il. abulaZis red., Tb.,1963.3. cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa mamisa Cuenisaiovane zedaZnelisa da mowafeTa misTaÁ,Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli..., I (V-X ss.),il. abulaZis red., Tb., 1963.4. cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa mamisa CuenisaSioÁsi da evagresi, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli...,I (V-X ss.), il. abulaZis red., Tb.,1963.5. cxorebaÁ wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa iovane zeda-ZnelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli..., I(V-X ss.), il. abulaZis red., Tb., 1963.6. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, qarTliscxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadixelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t.1, Tb., 1955.7. cxorebaÁ grigol xancTelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuliagiografiuli..., I (V-X ss.), il. abulaZisred., Tb., 1963.8. il. abulaZe, asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTaZveli redaqciebi, Tb., 1955.9. il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,1973.214

10. gogolaSvili g., kvantaliani c., Sengelia d.,qarTuli enis zmnuri fuZeebis leqsikoni, Tb.,1989.11. vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti dadgeniliyvela xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier, Tb., 1973.12. Teimuraz bagrationi, wigni leqsikoni, g. SaraZisred., Tb., 1979.13. T. Todria, a. Todria, m. futkaraZe, gare kaxe-Tis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi (garejisqveyana), kr: `gareji~, kaxeTis arqeologiurieqspediciis Sromebi VIII, Tb., 1988.14. leonti mroveli, cxovreba mefeTa, qarTliscxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadixelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t.1,Tb., 1955.15. b. lominaZe, qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobisistoriidan, I, Tb., 1966.16. meliqseT-begi l., daviT uZleveli da daviTgarejeli, k. kekeliZis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZ-Rvnili krebuli, Tb., 1959.17. d. merkvilaZe, asureli mamebi da meudabnoeoba,Tb., 2006.18. d. merkvilaZe, `gareSeTi~ da `ioane zedazneliscxovreba~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XII.(ibeWdeba).19. d. merkvilaZe, daviT garejeli da daviT uZleveli,`mesxeTi~, VIII-IX, Tbilisi-axalcixe,2007.20. mRvdel-mowamisa Siosi da moyuasTa misTa, ZveliqarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,IV (svinaqsaruli redaqciebi XI-XVIII215

ss.), gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurToe. gabiZaSvilma, il. abulaZis red., Tb.,1968.21. m. sabinini, saqarTvelos samoTxe, sankt-pet. 1882.22. r. siraZe, daviT anhaRTi da azris silamazisproblema, wgn: literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi,Tb., 1987.23. r. siraZe, toponimi `gareja~, wgn: samonastrocxovreba udabnoSi, gareja da qristianuliaRmosavleTi, garejis kvlevis centri, SromebiII, Tb., 2001.24. r. siraZe, Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuliazrovnebis sakiTxi, Tsu, 1975.25. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I,avtografiuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvlevada saZiebeli daurTo il. abulaZem,Tb., 1991.26. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli,II, il. abulaZis red., Tb., 1993.27. m. qavTaria, daviT garejis saliteraturo skola,Tb., 1965.28. m. CxartiSvili, daviTgarejis qvabovani monastrisistoriis hagiografiuli wyaroebi,ANALECTA IBERICA 1 (aRmosavleT da samxreTevropis kldis Zeglebi), Tb., 2001.29. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II,Tb., 1983.30. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad,t. VI Tb., 1982.31. П. Иоселиани, Гора Св. Давида (в Тифлисе), Тиф., 1858.32. П. Иоселиани, Краткая история грузинской церкви, СПб,1843.33. `Кавказ~, №97, 1856 г.216

34. Кирион II, Преподобный Давид Гареджели и его лавра,Тиф. 1901 (2005 wlis reprintuli gamocema).35. Житье преподобного Давида Гареджийского Чудотворцаоснователя грузинской Феваиды, в кн: Полное ЖизнеописаниеСвятых Грузинской Церкви, Жребий БожиейМатери, ч. 1, составил и перевёл с грузинских подлинниковИвериец М. Сабинин, С.Петербург, 1871.36. Преподобный Давид Гареджийский и его Святая Лавра,составлено по публикациям прежных лет Олегом Шведовым,Москва, 1996.The Etymology of David-Gareji217David MerkviladzeAll the opinions expressed by the different scientists indifferent times about the origin of the name of Davit-Gareji arecollected in the present article. All these opinions are criticallyanalyzed. According to these opinions Gareji is:1. “Soji”/ “Sujeti” (the name of one of the old province inthe Eastern Georgia); 2. “Garesheti” (Outland); 3. “Gareskneli”(outside space – Hades); 4 “The External Wisdom”; 5. “Kareji”(the island in the Persian Gulf); 6. The ecclesiastic interpretationof the term “Kartli” (Eastern Georgian kingdom). All theseopinions are rejected in the workThe name “Gareji” comes from tow-parted Georgian word“gare-sja”, as it is told in “The Life of Saint Davit Garejeli”which means monk’s self punishment and trying to be far fromthe civil world.Lately the name of Saint David the founder of the monasterywas added to the toponym. Thus, we received the toponymDavit-Gareji.

sofio andRulaZesaqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisstruqturul-ekonomikuri organizaciissakiTxi XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daepiskoposi stefane bodbeli (vasilkarbelaSvili)saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliisgamocxadebisTanave (1917 w. 12 marti)dRis wesrigSi dadga misi struqturul-ekonomikuriorganizaciis sakiTxi. aRniSnulis aucileblobaganpirobebuli iyo saukuneze meti xnisganmavlobaSi (1811-1917) ruseTis imperiis mier warmoebulisaeklesio politikiT, ris gamoc saqarTveloserovnul eklesias damoukideblobisdakargvasTan erTad dakarguli hqonda Tavisifunqcia-daniSnuleba erisa da qveynis winaSe dais ruseTis uzarmazari imperiis saxelmwifo aparatiserT-erT rigiT danamats warmoadgenda.“saqarTvelos saegzarqosos” saxeliT arsebulisaqarTvelos eklesia Tavisi struqturul–ekonomikuriorganizaciiT SesabamisobaSi iyo imperia-Si arsebul saeklesio organizaciul mowyobas-Tan da is, misive nebis sawinaaRmdegod, imperiissamsaxurSi idga.avtokefaliis gamocxadebis Semdeg, rodesacsaqarTvelos eklesia damoukidebeli arsebobisgzas daadga, upirveles yovlisa, saWiro gaxdamisi marTva-gamgeobis aRdgena Cveuli istoriulikalapotiT, rac, amasTanave, Tanamedroveobis mo-Txovnebis gaTvaliwinebiT unda momxdariyo. erTianiqarTuli saeklesio struqturis Seqmna-Camo-218

yalibebis da misi marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxebs mieZRvnasaqarTvelos eklesiis pirveli kreba (1917w. 8-17 seqtemberi), sadac SemuSavebul iqna eklesiismarTva-gamgeobis debuleba da arCeul iqnakaTalikos-patriarqi kirion II (saZagliSvili)(1917-1918) [3, 131-136]. aRniSnuli krebis mowvevamdesaqarTvelos eklesias saTaveSi edga sruliadsaqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTveloba.saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebaiTvaliswinebda eklesiis dayofas eparqiebad.am ukanasknelis ricxvi mefis ruseTis saeklesiopolitikis wyalobiT minimumamde iyo dayvanili.krebaze gadawyda rom eparqiaTa ricxvi 13-mde gaizrdeboda(mcxeTis, Tbilisis, alaverdis, bodbis,urbnisis, awyuris, quTaisis, gaenaTis, nikorwmindis,cageris, Wyondidis, baTomis, cxum-bediis).finansuri siZneleebidan gamomdinare pirveletapze unda gaxsniliyo mxolod 7 eparqia, danarCeniki – TandaTan [3, 133]. eparqiebi Tavis mxriviyofoda olqebad, olqebi - samrevloebad. saqarTveloseklesiis umaRles organod cxaddebodasaeklesio kreba, romelsac TavmjdomareobdasaqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi. kreba xuT weliwadSierTxel unda gamarTuliyo. saqarTveloseklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebis Tanaxmad,Seiqmna sruliad saqarTvelos sakaTalikososabWo, romelic Tormeti wevrisagan Sedgeboda(eparqiebidan or-ori mRvdelmTavari rigrigobiTda eklesiasTan daaxloebuli saero pirebi).mas Tavmjdomareobda kaTalikos-patriarqi an misimosaydre. mkvlevari s. vardosaniZe aRniSnavs,rom sakaTalikoso sabWos Seqmna saqarTvelosmarTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobaSi de-219

mokratiuli stilis damkvidrebis seriozul ganacxadswarmoadgenda [2, 156]. momdevno etapzeganviTarebulma movlenebma cxadyo, rom demokratiulimmarTvelobis stilma saqarTvelos eklesiismarTva-gamgeobis saqmeSi fexi ver moikida,radgan mas pozitiuri Sedegebi ar moutania sakuTrivarc eklesiisaTvis da arc saxelmwifos-Tan daZabuli urTierTobis daregulirebis TvalsazrisiT.1920 w. 20 ivliss gamarTul rigiT IIsaeklesio krebaze gauqmebul iqna sakaTalikososabWos Sesabamisi stuqturuli erTeuli – saeparqiosabWo [3, 143-148]. mogvianebiT ki , 1927 w. 21ianvris dadgenilebiT gauqmebul iqna sakaTalikososabWo [3, 160-161]. mis nacvlad, TavdapirveladSeiqmna saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTimmarTveloba, Semdeg – sakaTalikoso sinodi, romelSicmxolod sasuliero pirebi Sediodnen.saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebamcvlilebebi ganicada momdevno saeklesiokrebebzec da is struqturul-ekonomikuri organizaciisyvela sferos Seexo. saqarTvelos eklesiisgarSemo Seqmnili mZime viTareba sasulieroierarqebs aiZulebda SeecvalaT erovnuli eklesiismmarTvelobis rogorc Sida, aseve saeroxelisuflebasTan damokidebulebis formebi.Cven ar SeudgebiT zogadad saqarTvelos eklesiisstruqturul-ekonomikuri organizaciissakiTxebis yovelmxriv gaSuqebas. mis SesaxebaraerTgzis daiwera eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarTamier (ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZis, q.pavliaSvilis, s. vardosaniZis da sx. naSromebi)[4, 305-312; 3, 143-173; 2, 155-172]. Cvens mizans Seadgenscnobili sasuliero piris, episkoposi ste-220

fane bodbelis (vasil karbelaSvili) mosazrebebisgaanalizeba aRniSnul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi,radgan migvaCnia, rom gasuli saukunis yvelazewinaaRmdegobriv periodSi (XX s. 20-ianiwlebi) moRvawe TiToeuli sasuliero ierarqissaqmianobis yovelmxrivi Seswavla samomavlodxels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriisam monakveTis detalur da obieqtur kvlevas da,saboloo jamSi, swori daskvnebis gakeTebis sa-Sualebas mogvcems. episkoposi stefane bodbelis(vasil karbelaSvilis) moRvaweoba da misi mosazrebebisaqarTvelos eklesiis struqturul-ekonomikuriorganizaciis TvalsazrisiT Cvens mierSeswavlilia ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobidan moyolebulidemokratiuli mTavrobis mmarTvelobisCaTvliT [1, 87-146]. amjerad SevCerdebiT saqar-TveloSi sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis damyarebisperiodze, romelic erT-erT yvelazerTul monakveTad ganixileba saqarTvelos eklesiisistoriaSi.episkoposi stefane bodbeli, mis episkoposadkurTxevamdec (1925 w. Semodgoma) aqtiuradmonawileobda saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobisorganizebaSi. Tavdapirvelad, I saeklesiokrebis mowvevamde, dekanozis xarisxSi myofi vasilkarbelaSvili, saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTimmarTvelobis wevri gaxldaT. mogvianebiT,saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebisSemuSavebis Semdeg - axlad Seqmnili sakaTalikososasamarTlos wevri. es ukanaskneli gauqmebuliqna II saeklesio krebaze (1920 w. 27 ivnisi)[3, 147]. rogorc cnobilia, II-III-IV-V saeklesiokrebebma gaagrZela 1917 wlis I saeklesio221

krebis muSaoba eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxTagadasaWrelad. episkoposad kurTxevis Semdegmisi moRvaweoba am mimarTulebiT ufro qmediTida aqtiuri gaxda, rac cxadad Cans am periodissaarqivo dokumentaciidan. mas, rogorc bodbiseparqiis mmarTvel mRvdelmTavars, sakmarisi gamocdilebahqonda SeZenili eklesiis struqturul-ekonomikuriorganizebis sakiTxebis gadawyvetissaqmeSi, gansakuTrebiT im problemebismosagvareblad, rac uSualod adgilebze arsebobda.amitom bunebrivia, rom mis mier saeklesiokrebebze gaJRerebuli mosazrebebi da Semu-Savebuli wesdeba-proeqtebi eklesiis praqtikulcxovrebasTan axlos ganixilavda ama Tu im organizaciulsakiTxs.saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebisganxilvisas, episkoposi stefane bodbeliaraerTgzis miuTiTebda, rom erovnul eklesiastradiciuli gziT, sakuTari mama-papeulisjulis kanonebiT siaruli marTebda. “Cveni eklesiuridebuleba unda iyos (saqarTvelos avtokefalurieklesiisa) myari da Seuryeveli safuZvelida ara waramarad cvalebadi raRaca mosazrebaTa,haerSi Camokidebuli, mgoniaobazed,romelsac hsjobian gatkepnili gza” – aRniSnavdais Tavis moxsenebaSi 1927 wlis 21-27 ivnissgamarTul sruliad saqarTvelos avtokefalurieklesiis episkoposTa IV krebaze da miiCnevda,rom eklesiis marTva-gamgeobaSi demokratiulistilis damkvidreba da am gziT siaruli molipuligza da saSineli safrTxe iyo da SeusabamobaSimodioda tradiciul marTlmadidebluricxovrebis wesTan [8, 218]. episkoposi stefane222

odbeli samRvdeloebis im ricxvs miekuTvneboda,vinc sakaTalikoso sabWos gauqmebasa da misnacvlad sakaTalikoso sinodis Seqmnas emxroboda.am ukanasknelSi unda gaerTianebuliyvnenmxolod sasuliero pirebi, romlebic mociqul-Ta kanonebis, msoflio da adgilobriv wmidakrebaTa kanonebiT da sjuldebebiT warmarTavdneneklesiur cxovrebis wess da ar daemorCilebodnenkacTa vnebebs, gulisTqmebs da survilebs,rac yovlad Seuwynarebeli iyo [8, 218]. zemoaRniSnuliprincipebis erTguleba xazgasmuliamis mier bodbis eparqiis saeklesio cxovrebiswarsamarTavad Sedgenil programa-wesdebebSi [6,59, 10-11]. programa-wesdebebSi mis mier punqtobrivadaaCamoyalibebuli eparqiis samrevloebis, ma-Ti krebis, kompetenciisa da uflebis Sesaxeb gamomuSavebulikanonebi da maTi aRmasrulebeliorganos movaleobani, rac SesabamisobaSi iyo IVsaeklesio krebis dadgenilebebTan da saqarTveloseklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebasTan.aRniSnuli dokumentebi mravalmxrivaa sainteresoda naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis saqarTveloseklesiis imdroindeli struqturul-organizaciulimowyobis iersaxeze. maTSi Tanmimdevruladaris ganmartebuli, Tu ras warmoadgenda samrevloebissaxiT arsebuli morwmune sazogadoebismizani da daniSnuleba. igi episkoposTan kanonieraddamokidebul morwmuneTa sazogadoeba iyo,romelsac ganagebda eklesiis winamZRvari samrevlokrebisa da samrevlo sabWos daxmarebiT. mrevliswevrad iTvleboda yvela morwmune mekomuri,miuxedavad urwmunoTa raodenobisa mis ojax-Si. maTi raodenoba Setanili iyo morwmuneTa da-223

vTarSi da yvela im xarjebSi, rasac eweoda aRni-Snuli samrevlo. didi mniSvneloba eniWebodadavTris zust aRricxvianobas, rameTu eklesiisZiriTadi Semosavali swored samrevlo gadasaxadebzeda Sewirulobebze modioda. samrevlo gadasaxadisSekreba samrevlo sabWos kompetenciaswarmoadgenda. am ukanasknelis funqcia-daniSnulebada struqturuli Semadgenloba episkoposistefanes mier mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli wesdebaSisamrevlo sabWoebis Sesaxeb [6, 59, 22-23], sadacganmartebulia, rom samrevlo sabWo warmoadgendamorwmune sazogadoebis aRmasrulebelorganos, Sedgeboda amave sazogadoebis mier arCeuli12 kacisagan da muSaobda eklesiis winamZRvrisuSualo xelmZRvanelobiT. wesdebaSixazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli, rom samrevlo sabWoswevrebi Rrmad morwmuneni, mama-papeuli Sjulisada msoflio krebebis dadgenilebebis sruli morCilnida aRmasrulebelni unda yofiliyvnen.sabWos wevrebi irCevdnen Tavmjdomaris amxanags,molaresa da sarevizio komisiis wevrebs sami kacisSemadgenlobiT. sabWos wevrebis mier xdebodasanTlis Semosavlisa da SemowirulobebisaRricxva da davTarSi Setana. mkacr kontrolseqvemdebareboda rogorc Semosavlis, ise gasavliszedmiwevniT zusti aRricxva. aRniSnul wesdebaSiCamoyalibebulia samrevlo sabWoebis sxvaufleba-movaleobebic. maT morwmuneTa Soris undaganemtkicebinaT is cxoveli sarwmunoeba,rwmena da urTierTsiyvaruli, rac macxovarmaTavis mowafeebs da morwmuneebs dautova [6, 59,22-23].224

Cvens sakvlev periodSi, bodbis eparqiaSi SeqmniliviTarebis srul suraTs iZleva episkoposistefanes mier Sedgenili cxrili [7;68,74], sadacsaintereso statistikuri monacemebia TavmoyrilieparqiaSi Semavali olqebis, eklesiaTa damorwmuneTa raodenobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.aRniSnuli cxrilidan Cans, rom imJamad bodbiseparqia dayofili iyo: maCxaanis, siRnaRis,gurjaanis, kakabeT-melaanis, hereTis da zaqaTalisolqebad. eparqiaSi sul 35715 morwmune aRiricxeboda.aqedan maCxaanSi – 10830, siRnaRSi –5352, gurjaanSi – 5140, kakabeT-melaanSi – 3703, hereTSi– 5490, zaqaTalaSi – 5200. eparqiaSi eklesiaTasaerTo raodenoba 129-s Seadgenda, aqedanmoqmedi mxolod 40 iyo, dazianebuli _ 59, dangreuli– 11. eparqias emsaxureboda 43 mRvdeli da34 medaviTne. olqebs ganagebdnen mTavarxucesebi:maCxaanSi - dekanozi abraam baRaSvili; siRnaRSi– dekanozi gulaSvili (saxeli miTiTebuli araris); gurjaanSi – dekanozi polievqtos karbelaSvili;kakabeT-melaanSi – vasil naTaZe; hereT-Si – mixeil doinjaSvili; zaqaTalaSi – besarionfurcelaZe. cxrilis bolos mas gakeTebuliaqvs SeniSvna, rom saTvalavSi ar iyo CaTvliliosebis 15 sofeli, Lalaznis gaRma 845 komli, romlebicar scnobdnen saqarTvelos eklesias, miuxedavadimisa, rom badiaurisa da jafarianismRvdlebi xeldasxmulni iyvnen mitripolit qristefores(cicqiSvili) mier. isini baqos episkopossemorCilebodnen.rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, eklesiis ZiriTadiSemosavali, misi materialuri saxsari, samrevloebiswevrTa gadasaxadze da nebayoflobiT225

Semowirulobebze modioda. Tavdapirvelad gadasaxadimorwmuneTagan aiReboda naturiT (orilitra puri TiToeul morwmuneze), rac mogvianebiTSeicvala fuladi gadasaxadiT. mrevlis materialuriusaxsrobis pirobebSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi,iqmneboda imis saWiroeba, rom ramodenimesamrevlo gaerTianebuliyo. gadasaxadebis akrefismowesrigebis mizniT, episkoposi stefane bodbelismier SemuSavebul iqna proeqti “jiSnadgadaWril gadasaxadisa fulzed gadatanisa” [6,59, 38-39], sadac yovelgvari saeklesio wesebis SesrulebisaTvismRvdelTaTvis da diakvanTaTvisSemoRebul iqna jamagiri. amasTan, xelfasi diferencirebuliiyo imis mixedviT, Tu romel kategoriasganekuTvneboda esa Tu is RvTismsaxuri. Ikategorias ganekuTvneboda mRvdeli, romlis samrevloc100-dan 400-mde wevriT Semoifarglebodada misi xelfasi 50 maneTiT ganisazRvreboda, diakvnisaki _ 25 maneTiT. II kategoriaSi SediodnenmRvdlebi, romelTa samrevloSi 400-dan 900 kacamdeiyo. aseT samrevloebs Sesabamisad ori mRvdeliemsaxureboda da TiToeulis xelfasi Seadgenda80 maneTs, diakvnisa – 40 maneTs. III kategoriaSiSediodnen mRvdlebi, romelTa samrevloSi900-dan 1500 kacamde iyo. aseT samrevlosSesabamisad sami mRvdeli emsaxureboda da TiToeulisxelfasi Seadgenda 60 maneTs, diakvnisa –30 maneTs. da bolos, IV kategoriaSi SediodnenmRvdlebi, romelTa samrevloSic 200-dan 700-mdekaci iyo. aseT samrevloebs TiTo mRvdeli emsaxurebodada misi xelfasi Seadgenda 20 maneTs,diakvnisa – 10 maneTs. gansakuTrebul SemTxveveb-226

Si zemoaRniSnuli proeqti iTvaliswinebda saeklesiowesebis Sesrulebas usasyidlodac.1928 wlis martSi gamarTul episkoposTakrebaze episkoposi stefane bodbeli Tavis moxsenebaSimiuTiTebda, rom samrevloebSi ukiduresadiyo gaZnelebuli gadasaxadebis akrefa. antisarwmunoebrivipolitikis gatarebis pirobebSi,rasac morwmuneTa gausaZlisi materialuri gaWirvebaemateboda, gadasaxadebis akrefas TiTqmisaRar hqonda nebayoflobiTi forma da iZulebiTxasiaTs atarebda. igi aRniSnavda, rom Tu adgilobrivsamRvdeloebas evaleboda rogorc eparqiismRvdelmTavris, ise uzenaes dawesebulebaTaSesanaxi saSualebebis gamoZebna, maSin saeparqiokrebis mier miRebuli kanonmdebloba xelSeuxebeliunda yofiliyo da uzenaes dawesebulebas(sakaTalikoso sinodi) ar unda hqonoda arc misimoSlis da arc dadasturebis ufleba. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi, eparqia, rogorc avtonomiuri erTeuli,SeuerTdeboda sakaTalikosos [5, 56]saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebisglobaluri problemebis ganxilvisas,episkoposi stefane bodbeli, pirvel rigSi, yuradRebascxum-bediis eparqiaSi Seqmnil mZime situaciasmiapyrobda. mis mier Sedgenil proeqtSieklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebaSi cvlilebebisSetanis Sesaxeb igi xazgasmiT miuTiTebda,rom kaTalikos-patriarqi droebiT afxazeTSi undagadasaxlebuliyo. kaTalikos-patriarqis mo-Rvaweobas afxazeTSi igi saqarTvelos mTlianobisgarantad miiCnevda [6, 30]. jer kidev XX saukunisdasawyisSi, rodesac dRis wesrigSi dadgasaqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis227

sakiTxi, ruseTis wmida sinodisa da xelisuflebiswarmomadgenlebma ganizraxes afxazeTis eparqiissaqarTvelos eklesiisagan CamoSoreba,rac imTaviTve ganuxrelad ukavSirdeboda ruse-Tis xelisufalTa Sors mimaval gegmas afxaze-Tis _ rogorc politikuri erTeulis saqarTvelodanmowyvetas. aRniSnulma sakiTxma dRevandelpirobebSi gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZinada kidev ufro naTlad warmoCinda ruseTis saxelmwifosimperiuli zraxvebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg,romlis mosalodnel Sedegebs kargadsazRvravdnen im periodSi moRvawe saqarTveloseklesiis mmarTveli ierarqebi.amrigad, cnobili sasuliero piris, episkoposstefane bodbelis Rvawli saqarTvelos eklesiisstruqturul-ekonomikuri organizebissaqmeSi, romelic bodbis eparqias marTavda 1925-1928 wlebSi, sakmaod didia. mis pirad arqivSidaculi am periodis uamravi dokumentacia metyvelebs,Tu rogori Zalisxmeva aqvs Cadebulimas, rogorc mmarTvel mRvdelmTavars aRniSnulisakiTxis sworad organizebaSi. eklesiis marTvagamgeobissakiTxebs exeba rogorc mis mier Sedgeniliproeqtebi da wesdebebi samrevloebis, samrevlosabWoebis mowyoba-organizebis Sesaxeb,ise saeklesio krebebze warmodgenli moxsenebaangariSebi,saidanac naTlad Cans marTlmadideblurimrwamsisa da principebis erTguleba.228

literatura da wyaroebi1. s. andRulaZe, episkoposi stefane bodbeli (vasilkarbelaSvili), Tb., 2006.2. s. vardosaniZe, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelisamociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi, Tb.,2001.3. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelossaeklesio krebebi, wigni III, Tb., 2003.4. q. pavliaSvili, saqarTvelos samociqulo mar-Tlmadidebluri eklesiis istoria (1800-1945),naw. I, Tb., 2008.5. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbela-Svilis fondi, saqme #56.6. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbela-Svilis fondi, saqme #59.7. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbela-Svilis fondi, saqme #68.8. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbela-Svilis fondi, saqme #218.229

Sopho AndghuladzeThe Structural and Economical Organization Problemsof The Orthodox Church of Georgia in the 1920es andBishop of Bodbe Stephane(Vasil Karbelashvili)The structural and economical organization of The OrthodoxChurch of Georgia became one of the most significant problemsafter restoring the autocephaly in March12, 1917. Morethan a century (1811 - 1917), after the influence of the RussianEmpire Church policy and losing autocephaly, the Church ofGeorgia, against its will, became a mere addition to a huge statebureaucratic office. Its structural and economical organizationwas in adequacy with the church organization of the empire.The ruling hierarchy after announcing autocephaly and holdingThe I Council of the Orthodox Church of All Georgia (September,1917) started immediately to work out suitable organizationdecree for the self ruling church. In time, according to thecurrent demands the decree was changed and refined upon. Themain principle on which the rule of the national church shouldhave been based was the restored ordinary, historical way of lifeand it should have been guided by the decrees of the world andlocal holy councils.The structural and economic organization issue becamemostly topical in the 1920es, in the period of establishing Soviettotalitarian regime. In the environment of the active atheisticpropaganda and extreme activity the Church was seeking theways of rescue. Together with extreme oppression and persecutionthe Church was financially absolutely groundless. In such adifficult period the good organization of the Georgian clergy inrescuing the Church was a question of principle importance. Itmust be mentioned that the clergy realized the current situationwell and with the help of flexible and refined policy could ma-230

nage to lead the management and ruling of the Church so thatthey overcame the difficulties and the national Church continuedits existence on a normal way of development.The contribution of prominent church figure, bishop ofBodbe Stephane (Vasil Karbelashvili) is great in this activity.He was the bishop of Bodbe eparchy in 1925 – 1928. A lot ofdocuments of this period, preserved in his personal archive, tellus about his great affords as a bishop for organizing the problemrightly and positively. His projects and rules for perishes, for organizingperish unions, his reports presented to the Church councilstell us obviously about his devotion to the Orthodox faithand principles.231

232nato sonRulaSviliepiskopos nestoris (yubaneiSvili) cxovrebada moRvaweobaqarTul realobaSi didia qarTvel sasulieropirTa roli erovnuli TviTSegnebis SenarCunebasada ganmtkicebaSi. istoriis sxvadasxvaetapze, saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareobidangamomdinare qarTveli sasuliero wodebisyvela warmomadgenels sakuTari wvlili Sehqondaara marto qristianobis, rogorc sarwmunoebisdacvisaTvis brZolaSi, aramed qarTveli eris,rogorc istoriuli kategoriis gadarCenaSi.am mxriv gamonakliss ar warmoadgens XIX-XXsaukuneebi. ruseTis xelisuflebis mier qarTulisaxelmwifoebriobis, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisgauqmebisa da mTlianad saqarTvelosdapyrobis Semdgom eris cxovreba radikaluradSeicvala. saqarTvelo aRmoCnda axal politikursivrceSi, romelic erovnuli cnobierebisada erovnuli mentalobis Secvlas iTvaliswinebda.qarTveli eris saboloo likvidaciisTvisruseTis xelisuflebam mTavari dartymaqarTuli cnobierebis mTavar ideologs eklesiasmiayena. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelma sasulierowodebam xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegad moaxerxada 1917 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadideblurieklesiis avtokefalia aRadgina.mas Semdeg, rac xanmokle arsebobis SedegadsaqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam arsebobaSewyvita da sabWoTa reJimi damyarda, qarTuleklesias didi roli daekisra qarTvelTa

TviTSegnebis SenarCunebasa da ganmtkicebaSi. amfonze sainteresoa qarTuli marTlmadidebelieklesiis, sasuliero warmomadgenelTa RvawliswarmoCena.sabWoTa periodSi aRniSnul Tematikaze mu-Saoba did sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli damravali sasuliero moRvawis roli ugulebelyofiliiyo. dReisaTvis, rodesac am mimarTulebiTaqtiuri nabijebi gadaidga da mniSvnelovanigamokvlevebi Seiqmna, sadac sasuliero pirebisrolia Seswavlili, vfiqrobT interesmoklebuliar unda iyos episkopos nestoris moRvaweobiswarmoCena, romelic qarTveli sazogadoebis imTaobis warmomadgenelia, vinc avtokefalia war-Tmeuli qarTuli eklesiis dacemulobis epoqaSi,aseve Semdgom periodSic ibrZodnen eklesiisa daeris gaZlierebisaTvis.episkopos nestoris sasuliero da sazogadoebrivimoRvaweoba gvaZlevs safuZvels sxvadasxvakuTxiT SeviswavloT es pirovneba. amjeradSevecdebiT episkopos nestoris cxovreba-moRvaweobiszogadi Strixebi warmovaCinoT. TavdapirveladaRvniSnavT, rom nestor yubaneiSvilis winaprebiiyvnen sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenlebi,romelTac imereTis mefeebma Tarxnoba uboZes.1808 wels imereTis mefem solomon II-m yubaneiSvilebsganuaxla siTarxnis sigeli. dokumentSiaRniSnulia: `...xaxulisa da gaenaTisamRTis mSoblis Sewiruls ymas yvibaneisSvilsmRvdels andrias, Sens Zmas nasyidas, daTunas, mamisTvals,TqvenTa SvilTa da momavalTa saxlisaTqvenisaTa esreT da ese viTarad, rom pirvel-Tac papis Cemis wyalobis azatobis wigni gqon-233

daT, Cvenc gvevedreT, Zveli wyalobis wignic mogvitaneT,gavsinjeT da Cvenc wyaloba giyaviT dawigni gagiaxleT, azatobis da siTarxnis wignigiboZeT, romelic samsaxuri mRTis mSoblis dagaenaTlis gmarTebsT, imas garda yovlisferi amogvikveTia...~[1, 162].yubaneiSvilebis winapari gadmosaxlebulaXIX saukunis dasawyisSi sofel qvitiridan (qu-Taisis maxloblad) sofel muxayruaSi (vanis raioni),rac Semdegnairad moxda: okribis saeklesioglexebi miwis siviwroves ganicdidnen. amitomgelaTis mitropolitma eqvTime genaTelma imere-Tis mefe solomon meores sTxova gelaTis monastrisaTvisSeewira saxelmwifo miwebi glexebisdasasaxleblad. solomon mefem daakmayofila mitropolitisTxovna da gelaTis monasters Seswirasaxelmwifo miwebidan ori nakveTi, pirvelisamosaxlod, xolo meore saxnav-saTesad. genaTelmamitropolitma eqvTimem axlad dasaxlebul-TaTvis aaSena RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiada mRvdlad ganawesa Tavisi naTluli andria ma-Tes Ze yubaneiSvili [9. 267). sadac moRvaweobda1798-1829wlebSi [4, 92]. andria yubaneiSvilis STamomavaliaepiskoposi nestori.nestor yubaneiSvili daibada 1853 wlis 15seqtembers, sofel muxayruaSi, mRvdlis ojaxSi.1871 wels daamTavra quTaisis sasuliero seminaria.1877 wels Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria.1877-1883 wlebSi muSaobda maswavleblad samegrelosda quTaisis saswavleblebSi. 1883 wels imereTisepiskoposis gabrielis (qiqoZe) mier xeldasxmuliqna jer diakvnad da Semdeg mRvdladsofel barsajaoxos RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi.234

1887 wlis oqtomberSi dainiSna quTaisis aleqsandrenevelis saxelobis sakaTedro taZris mRvdlad,imave wlis dekemberSi ki quTaisis wmindagiorgis eklesiis winamZRvrad. 1906 wels gadaiyvanesquTaisis sakaTedro taZarSi, sadac dekanozobamiiRo. 1910 wels berad aRikveca da dainiSnamowameTis wm. daviTisa da konstantines monastriswinamZRvrad. imave wels eboZa arqimandritisxarisxi. 1912-1915 wlebSi moRvaweobda SuamTis,alaverdis, TeTri giorgis eklesia-monastrebiswinamZRvrad. 1915 wlis 11 dekembers arqimandritinestori, Tavisive TxovniT gadaiyvanesisev mowameTis monastris winamZRvrad. 1918 welsdainiSna gelaTis monastris winamZRvrad, sadac1923 wels monastris gauqmebamde msaxurobda. 1924wels arqimandriti nestori xeldasxmul iqna ka-Talikos-patriarq ambrosis locva-kurTxeviT ba-Tum-Semoqmedis eparqiis episkoposad. 1926 welsWyondidis episkoposia. 1928 wels cagareli. 1929wels dainiSna wilknel episkoposad. 1930 welsTavisi TxovniT gavida pensiaze [7,4-5].sasuliero moRvaweobis periodSi episkoposinestori did yuradRebas uTmobda eklesia-monastrebisaRdgena-ganaxlebas. quTaisis wminda giorgiseklesiis aRmSenebeli komitetis wevrobisdros daasrula eklesiis aSeneba. rogorc Tavadigonebs: `es eklesia Cems iq ganwesebamde Sendeboda25 weliwads da marto balaveri amoeyvanaTda cokolamdi aeSenebinaT. me komitetis daniSvnisdRidan sami wlis ganmavlobaSi aRvaSene didebulieklesia~ [6, 5].mowameTis monastris winamZRvrobisas ganaaxlamonastris xarebis taZari. `ezos zog adgi-235

las gaukeTe rkinis moajiri, monastris ezosqveviT gavaSene venaxi~ _ aRniSnavda episkoposi.quTaisis goWouris sasaflaos momwyobi komitetisTavmjdomareobis dros, sakuTari xarjebiToRaskurSi aago qvis patara eklesia wmindaTekles saxelze [3, 5].rogorc vxedavT, episkoposi nestori aqtiurimoqmedebiT gamoirCeoda da Tu gaviTvaliswinebTim periodis politikur mdgomareobas, misiRvawli ormagad dasafasebelia.sasuliero moRvaweobis garda, aqtiurad iyoCarTuli sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. igi iyo saqarTvelossaistorio-saeTnografio da qarTvel-Ta Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebiswevri, kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobisaRmdgeneli da upatrono bavSvTa damxmaresazogadoebis wevri, aseve daviT aRmaSeneblissaxelobis `Zmobis~, wminda giorgis saxelobis`Zmobis~ wevri da sxva [3, 4].aRsaniSnavia, rom episkoposi nestori sasulieroda sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis garda aqtiurSemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas eweoda. im periodSi,rodesac saqarTveloSi absoluturi politikurigabatonebisaTvis, mosaxleobis imperiaSiasimilaciisa da erovnuli TviTSemecnebis SecvlisaTvis,ruseTis xelisufleba eweoda istoriisfalsifikacias, wyaroebis gayalbebas, damwerlobisada werilobiTi Zeglebis ugulvelyofas,[5, 354] episkoposi nestori qarTveli samRvdeloebisim rigebSi idga, romlebic mizanmimar-Tuli muSaobiT pasuxobdnen aRniSnul qmedebas,rac upirvelesad samecniero da SemoqmedebiTimoRvaweobis farTo xasiaTiT gamoixateboda.236

episkopos nestoris SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobagvaZlevs safuZvels vifiqroT, rom misimoRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo mosaxleobaSi qristianulisarwmunoebis propagandasa da rwmenis ganmtkicebaze,aseve istoriuli mexsierebis Senar-Cunebaze. misive sityviT: `saqarTvelos mtrebi:arabni, sparsni, Turqni da sxvani cdilobdnen qarTvelebisgamahmadianebas da saqarTveloSi qristianobisaRmofxvras, magram Cveni winaparni medgradda Seupovrad cal xelSi jvriT da meorexelSi xmliT ebrZodnen mtrebs. am brZoliT SeinarCunesviTarca sarwmunoeba qristesi, egreTvesamSoblo da TavianTi erovneba. Cvenc unda mivbaZoTCvens winaprebs _ winandel qarTvelebs,mtkiced vidgeT qristianobaze. viyoT qristianniara marto saxelwodebiT, aramed saqmiTac~ [7, 61].aRniSnuls mowmobs agreTve misi naSromebi, romlebicXIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuliqveyndeboda. `qristes eklesia da pirveliqristianebis cxovreba~, qristes swavlis gavrceleba~(1885), `Rirsi mama daviT garejeli~ (1893),`Tesli keTili~, romelic warmoadgens qristianulimoralisa da zneobis Semcvel moTxrobebs,`Zveli aRTqmis istoria~ (1908), `Zveli aRTqmissaRvTo istoria~ (1910) da sxva. [7, 60].gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia misi `saxelmZRvanelosaRvTo sjulis saswavleblad~, romelic1885-1916 wlebSi TxuTmetjer gamoica. aqveunda iTqvas, rom episkopos nestoris arqivSi inaxeba17-mde dasaxelebis naSromi, romelTa SeswavlaCveni azriT xels Seuwyobs misi Rvawlissrulad warmoCenas.237

episkoposi nestori aqtiurad TanamSromlobdasxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebTan. maT Soris`imedi~, `mwyemsi~, `iveria` `cnobis furceli~,`Sinauri saqmeebi~ da sxva, sadac beWdavda statiebsnestor arqimandritis da n.y. ucnobelaZisfsevdonimiT.warmodgenili masala, vfiqrobT asabuTebsepiskopos nestoris moRvaweobis Seswavlis aqtualobasda am mimarTulebiT muSaoba qarTul istoriografiaskidev erTi sasuliero piris RvawliswarmoCeniT gaamdidrebs.238

wyaroebi da literatura1. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabu-Tebi, II, Tb., 1921.2. m. kezevaZe, gelaTis monastris gauqmeba da ukanaskneligelaTeli berebi, `sapatriarqos uwyebani~,#32, 2003.3. m. kezevaZe, episkoposi nestori, ~quTaisi~, #12,1992.4. m. kezevaZe, egzarqosobisdroindeli imereTiseklesiebi da mRvdlebi, quTaisi, 2008.5. q. pavliaSvili, saqarTvelos samociqulo mar-Tlmadidebluri eklesiis istoria (1800-1945),nawili pirveli, Tb., 2008.6. z. Jvania, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqnida mRvdelmTavarni 1917 wlidan, quTaisi, 1994.7. sapatriarqos arqivi, f., 190, #1551, Sem. #63.saq. 10 furc. 61.8. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifoarqivi, f. 303, anaw. 1, saq. 445, furc. 1.9. o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleTsaqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan,nawili I, Tb., 1973.239

Nato SongulashviliThe Life and Activity of the Bishop Nestor(Kubaneishvili)The role of the Georgian clergymen is exceptional in thehistory of Georgia. They played a great role in preserving anddefending of the national values. In this respect the bishop Nestor(Kubaneishvili) was one of the outstanding figures and his activityis worth to be mentioned. He, with his social, spiritual andscientific activities, not only assisted forward development ofChristianity among the population, but the maintenance and revivalof the Georgian culture and traditions.240

papuna gabisoniaSua saukuneebis samegrelos samonastrocxovrebidan(walenjixis raioni)samegrelos Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare walenjixisraioni mdidaria sasuliero Tu saeroistoriul-kulturuli ZeglebiT, romelTa nawilmadRemde Tavdapirveli saxiT moaRwia, xoloumravlesoba dReisTvis ukve nangrevebadaa qceuli.unda aRiniSnos, rom walenjixis raionisSua saukuneebis istoria naklebad aris Seswavlili.dRemde moRweuli materialuri da eTnologiurimasalis urTierTSejerebiT SeiZlebagarkveulwilad SeviswavloT am regionis istoria;am SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT saeklesioistoriis sakiTxebze.walenjixis raionSi arsebuli Sua saukuneebiseklesiebidan pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia sakuTvrivwalenjixis centridan 2 kilometris da-SorebiT, mdinare Waniswyalis marcxena mxares,maRal goraze aRmarTuli qarTuli saeklesioarqiteqturis SesaniSnavi Zegli _ macxovris feriscvalebiseklesia, vaxuSti bagrationis sityvebiT,,... gumbaTiani, didSenoba, Suenieri, keTilsadgils” [2, 778]. am jvar-gumbaTovani taZris aSenebisTariRis Sesaxeb saistorio wyaroebSi cnobaar mogvepoveba da arc eklesias aqvs samSeneblowarwera. 1913 wels es eklesia eqvTime Tayai-Svilma Seiswavla da X-XI saukuneebSi aSenebuladmiiCnia [11, 210]. saqarTvelos ZeglTa dacvis241

departamentis monacemebiT taZari XII-XIII saukuneebiTaris daTariRebuli.Sua saukuneebSi walenjixis macxovris taZarSimonasteri arsebobda da dasavleT saqarTveloSimniSvnelovan sasuliero keras warmoadgenda.adreuli xanis samonastro cxovrebis Sesaxebcnobebi ar mogvepoveba. XIV saukuneSi odiSiserisTavTerisTavma vamey I dadianma (1384-1396) konstantinopolSiam monastris berebi: andronikegabisulava da maxrobel qobalia gagzavna mxatvarkir manuel eugenikosis Camosayvanad [15, 95].walenjixis monastris winamZRvrebis Sesaxebfragmentuli cnobebi XVI saukunis II naxevridanmogvepoveba. ,,caiSis gulanis” saxeliT cnobilxelnaweri wignis erT-erT minawerSi maTeozwinamZRvari ixsenieba [11, 189]. es ,,Jamn-gulani” winaTwalenjixis da squris monastrebs ekuTvnoda.am minaweridan Cans, rom maTeozi XVI saukunisII naxevarSi winamZRvrobda monasters. XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijniT TariRdeba momdevno winamZRvriselise jafariZis moRvaweoba. igi macxovristaZris jvarcmis xatis warweraSi ixsenieba.1613-1630 wlebSi walenjixis monastris winamZRvariazebede, xolo XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSiioane [8, 31-32].XVII saukunis 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi odiSismTavar levan II dadianis (1611-1657) gadawyvetilebiTwalenjixaSi saepiskoposo kaTedra dafuZnda.saistorio wyaroebSi walenjixis eparqiispirvel episkoposad mitrofane alaverdelimitropoliti Cans [10, 185, 187]. mitrofane alaverdelikaxeTidan odiSSi sparselebs gamoxizvnia.mas Tan RvTismSoblis xati wamouRia, romelic242

qeTevan dedofals sparseTSi hqonda da walenjixismonasterSi daubrZanebia [11, 229]. mitrofaneepiskoposi walenjixis eklesiaSia dakrZaluli.Semdgomi walenjixeli episkoposia evdemonjaiani, romelic manamde drandis saepiskopososganagebda [16, 96]. evdemons taZris moxatulobaganuaxlebia. misi moRvaweoba daaxloebiT 1643-1655 wlebiT TariRdeba [8, 32]. rogorc Cans saepiskopososTanerTad monasteric agrZelebda arsebobas,radgan 1648 wlisTvis winamZRvari maqsimemeliaZe ixsenieba [11, 216]. 1656 wlidan 1670-ianwlebamde walenjixis episkoposia ilarioni, romlisdakveTiT 1667 wels ,,kurTxevani” gadauweriaT[4, 152-153], xolo 1658-1662 wlebSi monastriswinamZRvrad svimon WilaZe Cans, romelic zemoTnaxseneb ,,Jamn-gulanis” minawerSia moxseniebuli[11, 191-192].1665 wels walenjixis monasters da saepiskoposossaqarTveloSi mosuli antioqiis patriarqimakariosi stumrobda. is ramdenime xnis ganmavlobaSidarCa aq da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb TavisiSTabeWdilebebic dawera [3, 123]. XVII saukunismiwuruls walenjixeli episkoposia qristefore,romelic amave saukunis xelnaweri wignisminawerSia moxseniebuli [5, 70-71]. qristeforesmoRvaweoba zogadad SeiZleba XVII saukunis 70-80-iani wlebiT daTariRdes.1657 wels levan II dadianis gardaicvalebisSemdeg odiSis samTavros Crdilo-dasavleTidanafxazTa Tavdsxmebis mogerieba Zalian gauWirda.1678 wels afxazebma zugdidi, caiSis da xobistaZrebi daarbies [2, 790; 6, 467]. maT aseve gauZarcvavTwalenjixis monasteri. gaZarculi ekles-243

ia Semdeg vinme giorgis Tavis meuRle TaTuasTanerTad ganuaxlebia [18, 10]. XVII saukunis miwurulisTviswalenjixaSi saepiskoposom arseboba Sewyvita,magram monasteri agrZelebda arsebobas.walenjixis monasteri aRniSnulia lixT-imereTis1737wlis rukaze [7, 184] da vaxuSti bagrationisatlasSi (1745 w). 1762 wels odiSis mTavarmakacia II dadianma (1757-1788) sagangebo sigeliT walenjixismonasteri da misi yma-mamuli dasavleTsaqarTvelos sakaTalikosos gadasca [13, 22]. walenjixismonasterma XIX saukunis miwurulamdeiarseba. macxovris eklesiis ekvderSi levan IIdadianis saflavia, romelsac konstantinopolidansagangebod motanili marmarilos qvis didifila adevs saTanado warweriT.walenjixidan 12 km-is daSorebiT, CrdiloeTiT,mdinare Waniswyalis marcxena napiras mdebareobsbalneologiuri kurorti squri. squrismidamoebSi ramdenime istoriuli Zeglia, romel-Ta Soris umTavresia eklesia da cixe-simagre.darbazuli eklesia dgas squris odnav samxreTaRmosavleTiT,maRal borcvze da X-XI saukuneebiTTariRdeba [14, 126]. aq Sua saukuneebSi macxovrissaxelobis monasteri arsebobda. am monastersixsenieben 1639 wels odiSis samTavroSimyofi rusi elCebi: p. zaxarievi da f. elCini [17,256-258] da antioqiis patriarqi makariosi [3, 110].squris monasters didi amagi dasdo levan II dadianma,romelmac Seamkobina ramdenime xat-jvari.squris monasteri daaxloebiT XVII saukunis miwurulSigauqmda [9, 280]. samwuxarod saistoriowyaroebSi am monastris winamZRvrebis vinaobisSesaxeb cnobebi ar moipoveba.244

sofel obujSi, romelic walenjixis samxre-TiT 6 km-is daSorebiT mdebareobs, SemorCeniliaSua saukuneebis eklesiis nangrevebi, romelicsakmaod did farTobs moicavs, rac imaze metyvelebs,rom taZari sakmaod didi zomis iyo. iqvedgas SedarebiT ukeT gadarCenili samreklo. aqTavis droze monasteri arsebobda. XVII saukune-Si samegreloSi moRvawe italieli kaTolike misioneriberi arqanjelo lamberti odiSis monastrebisCamoTvlisas aRniSnavs, rom ,,meoTxea obujismonasteri, romlis eklesia wminda giorgissaxelobazea aSenebuli [1, 124]. imave saukuneSiafxazeTidan, qiaCis eklesiidan obujis monaster-Si gadmoasvenes vercxliT naWedi da oqroTi daferilixati _ ,,samwerobelni”, romelic XIII-XIVsaukuneebiT TariRdeba [11, 139]. iseve rogorcsquris SemTxvevaSi, aqac ar mogvepoveba cnobebiobujis monastris daarsebis, gauqmebis da winam-ZRvrebis vinaobis Sesaxeb.daba jvarSi, romelic mdinareebis engurisda maganis SesarTavTan aris gaSenebuli, safiqrebelia,rom aRniSnul epoqaSi ori monasterimoqmedebda. sainteresoa am adgilisTvis TviTonsaxelwodeba jvaris darqmeva. gadmocemis mixedviTaq mociqul andria pirvelwodebuls jvariaRumarTavs, xolo im mindors sadac jvari iyoaRmarTuli, SemdgomSi jvarzeni ewoda (zeni,rzeni megrulad SemaRlebul vake adgils niSnavs).amave gadmocemiT jvarSi IV saukuneSi eklesiaaugiaT. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos didiiadgaris 15611-1615 wlebs Soris Sesrulebul minawerSiaq ori monasteri ixsenieba; erTi aris,,jvari patiosnis”, xolo meore ,,wminda giorgis”245

saxelobis (adgilobrivebi mas ,,jgeges” anuwminda giorgis uwodeben). es monastrebi levan IIdadianma biWvinTis sakaTalikosos gadasca [12,187]. orive taZari darbazuli gegmis iyo da didizomebiT gamoirCeoda. wminda giorgis” saxelobiseklesia 1924 wels sabWoTa xelisuflebam safu-Zvlianad daangria, xolo ,,jvari patiosnis” ta-Zari bevrad ufro adrea dangreuli.garda am monastrebisa walenjixis raionisumetes soflebSi Sua saukuneebis eklesiebis na-STebi dRemdea SemorCenili, romlebic SemdgomSeswavlas saWiroebs.246

wyaroebi da literatura1. arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, italiuridanTargmani al. Wyoniasi, tf., 1901.2. vaxuSti bagrationi, `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~,qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgeniliyvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier, t. IV, Tb., 1973.3. makari antioqeli, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,arabulidan Targmna T. margvelaSvilma,armaRani, aRmosavluri mwerlobis nimuSebi,Tb., 1982.4. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba (saqarTvelossaxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerebi, H koleqcia),t. IV, Sedgenili da dasabeWdad momzadebulie. metrevelis mier, Tb., 1950.5. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba (quTaisis saxelmwifoistoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumisxelnawerebi), t. II, Sedgenili da dasabeWdadmomzadebuli e. nikolaZis mier, Tb., 1964.6. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa,Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili,axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier, w.2, tf., 1897.7. S. burjanaZe, lixT-imereTis 1737 wlis rukarogorc feodaluri saqarTvelos istoriispirvelwyaro, xelnawerTa institutis moambe,I, Tb., 1959.8. p. gabisonia, walenjixis monastris istoriidan,kr. saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis istoriissakiTxebi, IX, Tb., 2008.9. p. gabisonia, squris istoriuli Zeglebi, istoriul-eTnografiuliZiebani, IX, Tb., 2007.247

10. m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTaSoris, tf., 1902.11. eq. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri mogzaurobidansaqarTveloSi, Zveli saqarTvelo, t. III, tf.,1913-1914.12. s. kakabaZe, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos didi iadgari,saistorio moambe, w. II, Tb., 1925.13. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesiosabuTebi, w. II, tf., 1921.14. saqarTvelos ssr kulturis Zeglebi ayvanilisaxelmwifo dacvaze, Tb., 1959.15. T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebiskorpusi, I, dasavleT saqarTvelo, Tb.,1999.16. b. xorava, drandis saepiskoposo, kr. marTmadideblobaafxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciissakiTxebi, I, Tb., 2005.17. Посольство Федота Елчина и Павла Захарыева в Менгрелию(1639-1640), Материалы по Церковной и этнополитическойистории Абхазии, издан. Дж. Гамахария,Тб., 2005.18. Brosset, Voayage archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’Arménie, Rapports, IX, St.-P. 1849.248

Papuna GabisoniaFrom the History of Monastic Life in Middle AgesSamegrelo(District of Tsalenjikha)Tsalenjikha is located to the North-West of Samegrelo District,rich with historical monuments. The dome-shaped churchof Jesus Christ. (10 th -11 th or 12 th -13 th centuries) is of significantimportance. The church is located on the left side of the riverChanistskali on a high hill and is decorated with frescos paintedby Kir Manuel (in 14 th century) the artist from Constantinople.The Monastery was established here already in the Middle Ages.Several priors of this monastery are known in 16 th -17 th centuries.They were: Mateos, Elise Jafaridze, Zebede, Ioane, MaksimeMeladze and Svimon Chiladze. In the beginning of the 40’sof the 17 th century the ruler of Odishi (Samegrelo) Levan II Dadianiestablished the bishopric in Tsalenjikha. The first bishopwas Metropolitan Mitrofane Alaverdeli. Then Eudemon Jaiani,Ilarioni, Khristepore. In the 18 th century the bishopric was abolished,but the Monastery existed till the 19 th century. The churchof Jesus Christ in Tsalenjikha was the burial place as well.To the North of Tsalenjikha on the left side of Chanistskalithere is a church. There was a monastery in the Middle Agesthere. To the South of Tsalenjikha in the village of Obuji therewas a great monastery in the late centuries. In Jvari (located onEnguri) there were monasteries: “Jvari Patiosani” and “St. Giorgi”.They are ruined now.249

papuna gabisoniadasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio kaTedrebiruis-urbnisissaeklesio krebis droisTvisruis-urbnisis 1103 wlis sagangebo saeklesiokreba * XII saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi momxdariudidesi mniSvnelobis saeklesio-samarTlebrivida imavdroulad sazogadoebriv-politikurimovlena iyo. am saeklesio krebaze miRebuligadawyvetilebebi daviT aRmaSeneblis miergatarebuli reformatoruli RonisZiebebis erTerTmniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda.ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweriT aRmoifxvrais xarvezebi, romelsac daviT IV aRmaSenebelis(1089-1125) gamefebamde hqonda adgili qar-Tul eklesiaSi.am werilSi gvinda SevexoT dasavleT saqar-TveloSi arsebul saepiskoposoTa mdgomareobasruis-urbnisis krebis Catarebis xanaSi. sainteresoaTu vin iyvnen im dros am saeklesio kaTedrebismesveurebi, romlebic bunebrivia eswrebodnenda uSualod CarTuli iyvnen krebis muSaobaSi.magram arc ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis ZeglisweraSida arc daviTis mefis moRvaweobisaRmwer anonim istorikosTan maT Sesaxeb konkretuliinformacia daculi ar aris. ucnobia aseve,Tu ramdenad Seexo am krebis mier miRebuli* e. gabiZaSvilma, romelmac sagangebo gamokvleva miuZRvnaruis-urbnis saeklesio krebas, misi Catarebis TariRad 1105weli miiCnia.250

dadgenilebebi dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesioierarqebs. gamonaklisad SeiZleba Wyondidis saepiskoposoCaiTvalos. rogorc cnobilia WyondidelimTavarepiskoposis da mwignobarTuxucesissaxelo gaerTianda.X saukunis dasasrulisaTvis dasavleT saqarTveloSidasrulda saeklesio reforma. gauqmdakonstantinopolis sapatriarqosadmi daqvemdebarebuliberZnuli saepiskoposoebi da SeiqmnaqarTuli saepiskoposoebi axali kaTedraluricentrebiT, romelic biWvinTis anu afxazeTis(igive dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTalikos daeqvemdebara.misi iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda Wyondidis,bediis, quTaisis, cageris, drandis, moqvisda caiSis eparqiebze. afxazeTis kaTalikosis rezidenciabiWvinTis kaTedralur eklesiaSi iyo.ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebas TavmjdomareobdamcxeTis, qarTlis kaTolikosi ioane. amkrebis ZeglisweraSi sagangebod aris aRniSnulimisi maRali saeklesio ierarqia da pativi. igiiwodeba rogorc `Rirsi mTavarepiskoposi _ ka-Talikosi da yovlisa saqarTvelois didi mamamTavari~[9, 184, 195]. samagierod ruis-urbnisiskrebis ZeglisweraSi saerTod ar aris naxsenebiafxazeTis kaTalikosi. araferi viciT misi vinaobisan krebaze monawileobis Sesaxeb. arc daviTmefis istorikosi gvamcnobs mis Sesaxeb raimecnobas. is mxolod krebis Catarebis Sesaxebwers: `Semokrba eri mravali: rameTu samefosaTvisisa kaTalikosi, mRudelmTavarni, meudabnoeni,moZRuarni da mecnieri...~ da a. S. [1, 327]. vaxu-Sti batoniSvilis am cnobaze dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs:`amisTvis Sekribna (daviT mefem _ p. g.) ka-251

Talikoz-episkopozni da samRvdeloni mamulisaTvisisa da sxua kerZonica; qmna kreba...~ [2, 156].erTi SexedviT Cans, rom daviT aRmaSeneblissaeklesio politikis wyalobiT afxazeTis kaTalikosispativi da mniSvneloba garkveulwiladSemcirebulia, xolo mis paralelurad WyondidelimTavarepiskoposis pativi da mniSvnelobabevrad ufro amaRlebuli [6, 52-53]. saistoriowyaroebidan ar Cans, magram SeiZleba gvevarauda,rom afxazeTis kaTolikosi iqneb daviTis mowinaaRmdegeTadass ganekuTvneboda da am faqtormagamoiwvia misi saeklesio ierarqiuli simaRlisdamcroba. gadaWriT amis mtkiceba isev da isevcnobebis uqonlobis gamo SeuZlebelia. amis SemdegbiWvinTis anu afxazeTis kaTolikosi saistoriowyaroebSi XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebamdear ixsenieba.ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis TanadrouliCans axalcixuri `tyavis saxarebis~ saxeliTcnobili xelnaweri wignis minawerSi moxseniebulisvimon afxazeTis kaTolikosi. jerjerobiTmisiT iwyeba afxazeTis kaTolikosTa qronologiuririgi. T. Jordania mis moRvaweobas 1070-1110wlebiT aTariRebs [5, 90]. bolo gamokvleviT misimoRvaweoba zogadad XI saukunis II naxevriT daXII saukunis dasawyisiT ganisazRvreba [14, 5-6].savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom ruis-urbnisis saeklesiokrebis msvlelobaSi swored svimon afxazeTiskaTalikoss mieRos monawileoba, magram rogorczemoT aRvniSneT amis Sesaxeb cnobebi armogvepoveba.dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebul eparqiaTaganistoriulad gamorCeuli adgili Wyondidis252

saepiskoposos ekava. es saeklesio erTeuli saistoriowyaroebSi moxseniebuli pirveli qarTulikaTedraa, romelic egris-afxazeTis mefe giorgiII-is (922-957) dros daarsda. safiqrebelia,rom manve Seuwyo xeli am kaTedris aRzevebassxva kaTedraTa Soris. bagrat IV-is (1027-1072)dros Wyondidis saepiskoposo upirvelesi eparqiagaxda. Wyondideloba didi saeklesio saxeloiyo. Wyondideli episkoposis, rogorc saeklesioierarqis mdgomareoba ganuyrelad iyo dakavSirebulimefis xelisuflebis siZlieresTan da Tavismxriv Wyondideli eparqebi samefo xelisuflebiserT-erT ZiriTad dasayrdens warmoadgendnen.maTi samwyso vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviTmoicavda unagiras mTidan cxeniswylamde dasamxreTiT rionamde teritorias [2, 776].ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis CatarebisdroisTvis Wyondidelis pativi Tu vis hqonda, esam krebis Zeglisdebidan ar Cans.1085 wlisTvis Wyondidel mTavarepiskoposadioane ixsenieba, romelic svingelozis tituliTiyo dajildovebuli [4, 223]. iv. javaxiSvilis mosazrebiTWyondidelisa da mwignobarTuxucesisisaxeloebis gaerTianeba 1003-1110 wlebs Soris undamomxdariyo [16, 38]. Sesabamisad giorgi monazoniam gaerTianebul Tanamdebobas am wlebs SorismiiRebda. n. berZeniSvili dasaSvebad miiCnevda,rom XI saukunis 60-iani wlebidan XII saukunis10-ian wlebamde iaone svingelozi yofiliyoWyondidis mRvdelmTavari da Semdeg unda Seecvalaigi giorgi monazons [6, 11]. Sesabamisad ruisurbnisiskrebaze monawileobas miiRebda Wyondidissaepiskoposos mesveuri ioane svingelozi.253

Wyondidelisa da mwignobarTuxucesis TanamdebobisgaerTianebiT mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidelimefis Semdeg saxelmwifoSi umaRlesi ierarqigaxda. es pativi pirvelma, rogorc cnobilia,daviT aRmaSeneblis uerTgulesma Tanamoazremda didma saxelmwifo moRvawem giorgi monazonmamiiRo.dasavleT saqarTvelos kidev erTi mniSvnelovanisaeklesio erTeulis _ bediis saepiskopososdaarseba gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvelimefis bagrat III-is (978-1014) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli,romelmac Zveli ziganeosis igivegudayvis (gudava) berZnuli saepiskoposo moSalada saeklesio kaTedra bediis axladaSenebul eklesiaSigadaitana [3, 281] daaxloebiT 999 wlis-Tvis [4, 137]. vaxuSti mixedviT bedieli mTavarepiskoposissamwyso moicavda `dadiswyalsa (oqumiswyali _ p. g.) da moqviswyals Sua~ teritorias[2, 780]. magram bediis eparqiis sazRvari aRmosavleTiTda samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdinare enguramdeaRwevda.XI saukunis II naxevarSi, 1065 wlisTvis cnobiliabedieli mTavarepiskoposi ioane svingelozi.igi bagrat IV-is asul marTas axlda konstantinopolSi[15, 235-236]. T. Jordanias marTebulimosazrebiT bedieli ioane Semdgom WyondidelimTavarepiskoposi gaxda [4, 223]. Semdeg cnobilibedieli episkoposia svimon gulaberisZe, giorgimwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidelis diswuli, romelicimavdroulad alaverdis episkoposic iyo.magram svimoni bedieli mRvdelmTavari ruis-urbnisiskrebis Catarebis Semdeg gaxda. ioane bedielimTavarepiskopossa da svimon gulaberiZes So-254

is moRvawe bedieli mRvdelmTavari saistoriowyaroebSi ar Cans. arc is aris cnobili ioanesWyondidelobasTan erTad bediel mTavarepiskoposissaxelo erTdroulad ekava Tu ara.ase, rom ucnobia ruis-urbnisis krebas bediissaepiskoposodan romeli mRvdelmTavari eswreboda.dasavleT saqarTvelos Semdegi saeklesioerTeuli _ quTaisis saepiskoposo Cveni mosazrebiTIX-X saukuneTa mijnaze unda daarsebuliyo[8, 26]. Tumca misi grandiozuli kaTedralis-RvTismSoblis eklesiis (`bagratis taZari~) mSenebloba1003 wlisTvis dasrulda. es saepiskopososxva eparqiebisagan Tavisi uzarmazari teritoriiTgamoirCeoda. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda:imereTi, guria, qvemo aWara, savaraudod raWa.samxreTiT saepiskoposos teritoria mdinare Woroxamde,aWariswylamde da mesxeTis (fersaTis)qedamde vrceldeboda. mdinare rioni mas caiSisda Wyondidis saepiskoposoebisagan sazRvravda.Wyondidis eparqiisagan quTaisis saepiskopososmdinare cxeniswyalic hyofda. guriaSi dasavleTiTquTaisis eparqiis bunebrivi mijna Savi zRvaiyo. CrdiloeTiT ki sazRvari xomlis mTidan iwyebodavidre gordamde [8, 33-35]. ruis-urbnisissaeklesio krebaze monawile quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposisvinaobaze cnoba ar mogvepoveba, TumcaXI saukunis II naxevridan saepiskoposos ilarioniganagebda [8, 81] da SeiZleba is daswreboda amkrebas.cageris saepiskoposo, romelic savaraudodX saukuneSi daarsda, moicavda leCxums, qvemo dazemo svaneTis nawils [7, 21]. XI saukuneSi cnobi-255

lia cagerelyofili iSxneli episkoposi antoni[10, 286]. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis Tanamedroveda monawile cagereli episkoposi ucnobia.moqvis saepiskoposo, romelic egris-afxaze-Tis mefe leon III-m (957-967) daarsa X saukunis IInaxevarSi [3, 270], moicavda mdinareebs: kodorsada moqviswyals Soris teritorias [2, 780-781].cnobilia XII saukunis moqveli episkoposi grigolmagnisZe [13, 92]. 1659 wels moqvis kaTedralurieklesia moinaxula ierusalimis patriarqmadosiTeosma da iq Semdegi warwera amoikiTxa:`moxatulia imperator aleqsandre komnenis daafxazeTis didebuli mefis daviTis dros~ [12,205-206]. aleqsandre komneni bizantiis imperatoriiyo 1080-1125 wlebs Soris. am periodSi ki saqar-TveloSi daviT aRmaSenebeli mefobda. Tu dosi-Teosis es cnoba sarwmunoa, moqvis eklesia davi-Tis dros miuxatavT an freskebi ganuaxlebiaT.rac Seexeba ruis-urbnisis krebaze Tu romelimoqveli mTavarepiskoposi eswreboda, ucnobia.dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli saeklesioorganizaciis gauqmebis Semdeg ar moSlilada arsebobda ganagrZo rogorc qarTulma saeklesioerTeulma _ caiSis saepiskoposom, romelicmoicavda mdinare Waniswylis `samxreTisaunagiramde da rion zRuamde teritorias~ [2, 778].ruis-urbnisis krebis monawile caiSel episkoposzecnoba ar mogvepoveba. pirveli cnobili cai-Seli episkoposi efremi bagrat III-is Tu bagratIV-is xanaSi moRvaweobda [13, 27].kidev ufro naklebi cnobebia SemorCenilidrandis saepiskoposos Sesaxeb. es kaTedra X saukunisdasasruls unda daarsebuliyo [11, 249].256

drandeli iyo `mwyemsi kodorsa da anakofiasSoris adgilTa~ [2, 781]. ucnobia Tu romeli drandeliepiskoposi monawileobda ruis-urbnisiskrebaze.ruis-urbnisis krebis Catarebis dros zogadadaseTi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebismdgomareoba.wyaroebi da literatura1. daviTis istorikosi, cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi,qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgeniliyvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yaux-CiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955.2. vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgeniliyvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier, t. IV, Tb., 1973.3. matiane qarTlisai, qarTlis cxovreba, teqstidadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955.4. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisada mwerlobisa, axsnili, Sekrebili,qronologiurad dawyobili T. Jordanias mier,w. 1, tf., 1892.257

5. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisada mwerlobisa, axsnili, Sekrebili,qronologiurad dawyobili T. Jordaniasmier, w. 2, tf., 1897.6. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,III, Tb., 1966.7. d. berZeniSvili, i. banZelaZe, m. suramelaSvili,l. WurRulia, leCxumi, Tb., 1983.8. p. gabisonia, quTaisis saepiskoposos istoria,sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 2005.9. e. gabiZaSvili, ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera,Tb., 1978.10. eq. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi1910 welsa, parizi 1937.11. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954.12. g. kalandia, moqvis saepiskoposos istoria,axalgazrda istorikosTa Sromebis krebuli,Tb., 2002.13. g. kalandia, odiSis saepiskoposoTa istoria,sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 2002.14. i. qoriZe, XI-XVI s-is afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos)kaTalikosTa qronologia, klio,#15, Tb., 2002.15. b. xorava, bediis saepiskoposo, saistorio Ziebani,III, Tb., 2000.16. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria,w. II, nakv. I, Tb., 1928.258

Papuna GabisoniaThe pulpits in the west Georgia at the time of TheCouncil in Ruis-UrbnisiIn 1003 in Kartli in the Bishoprics of Ruis-Urbnisi, withthe invitation of Georgian king Davit IV Agmashenebeli the councilwas held. The council was the important church-judicialand social-political event. The chairman of the council was GeorgianCatholicos-Patriarch Ioane.According to historical sources its unknown if western GeorgianCatholicos was on the council.At that time there were following bishoprics in westernGeorgia: Chkondidi, Kutaisi, Tsaishi, Tsageri, Bedia; Mokvi andDranda. It’s natural that the representatives of these bishopricsshould have been presented at the council. But historical sourcestell us nothing about their names. Supposedly at the councilthere were the bishops from Chkondidi Ioane Svingelozi andfrom Kutaisi Ilarioni. The names of other bishops are unknown.At the council one among number of important decisionswas to unit the posts of chief-bibliophile and bishop of Chkondidias well. The chairman became the closest likeminded personof the king Davit IV, the great statesman Giorgi Monazoni, laterthe first chief-bibliophile of Chkondidi. He had the highest postafter the king and was the chairman of the king in Georgiagovernment.259

usudan ioselianiTavdacviTi nagebobebis socialuri aspeqtebisvaneTSiTavdacviTi nagebobebi qarTuli materialurikulturis erT-erT mSvenebas warmoadgens. qarTuliarqiteqturis ganviTarebis done sworedaq aris yvelaze mkveTrad gamoxatuli _ geografiulpirobebTan Sexamebuli, daxvewili formismqone cixesimagreebi, koSkebi Tu cixe-galavnebinaTlad metyveleben qarTveli mSeneblebis ostatobaze.Cvens sadisertacio naSromSi _ “samSenebloterminologia svanurSi” (Tbilisi, 2009 weli),Seswavlili gvqonda TavdacviTi nagebobebis saxeobebisvaneTSi da maTi aRmniSvneli terminebi(ix, agreTve r. ioseliani, TavdacviTi nagebobiszogierTi saxeobis Sesaxeb svaneTSi, “istoriuleTnologiuriZiebani”, IX, 2007). Tumca, 2009 wliszafxulSi, svaneTSi mowyobili eqspediciis dros,uSgulSi sruliad gamorCeuli formis TavdacviTinageboba aRmovaCineT, koSkisa da cixesaxlisoriginaluri formis saxiT.uSgulis Temis sofel JibianiSi aSenebulia“tyupi koSki” (ix. sur. 1), ori koSki erTmaneTzeamidgmuli, ise, rom kedlebs Soris faqtobrivadaranairi adgili ar aris darCenili, erTi SexedviTiseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom koSkebs erTikedeli saerTo aqvT. yvelaze metad sainteresoisaa, rom bolo, sabrZolo sarTuli _ gaerTianebulia.unda aRiniSnos, rom koSkebi SigniT Se-260

saniSnavi CuqurTmebiTaa morTuli. nageboba ratianebissagvareulo koSks warmoadgens.Cveni interesi gaaZliera im faqtma, rom sworedaseTi saxis cixe-saxli aRmovaCineT uSgul-Sive sofel CvibianiSi _ ori klasikuri tipiscixe-saxli erTmaneTzea midgmuli (ix. sur. 2). escixe-saxli Carkvianebis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens.Cveni dakvirvebiT, “tyupi koSkis” erT-erTikoSki Semdgom aris miSenebuli, rasac adasturebsis, rom mityubebul kedlebs Soris aSkaradSeimCneva gamyofi zoli. koSkebi rom Tanadrouladyofiliyo aSenebuli, Selesvis Semdeg eszoli ar gamoCndeboda; agreTve e. w. saisreebisxvadasxva donezea mowyobili, “tyup koSkebs”saerTo saxuravi aqvT.vinaidan msgavsi nageboba sxvagan ar dagvifiqsirebiada arc samecniero literaturaSi Segvxvedriaanalogiuri tipis TavdacviTi nagebobebisSesaxeb masalebi an aRwerilobebi, daskvnebiCven TviTon gamogvaqvs.TavdacviTi nagebobebi yovelTvis asaxavdasazogadoebis socialur saxes, mag. vaxuSti batoniSvilismixedviT Tavadad ver CaiTvlebodais, visac cixe-darbazi ar hqonda (1, 357). aseveiyo svaneTSi, sadac didgvarovnebs anu “vargebs”gamorCeuli _ galavniani sacxovrebeli kompleqsebihqondaT, romelSic xSirad ori-sami koSkiiyo CarTuli.Cveni azriT, TavdacviTi nagebobebis es originaluriformebi calke saxeobebad ver CaiTvleba,vinaidan mxolod ori nageboba davafiqsireTda es tipi masiurad ar aris gavrcelebuli.261

es originaluri forma socialuri mizeziT undaiyos ganpirobebuli.aRsaniSnavia, rom orive nageboba dawinaurebulgvars ekuTvnis, rac sruliad gamoricxavs imversias, rom mizezad materialuri faqtori CagveTvala.rogorc Cans es mimdinare socialuriprocesis Sedegia _ didi ojaxebi gayris Semdegsrulad iyofen qonebas da ZiriTadad cal-calkesaxldebian. am SemTxvevaSi ki ojaxis gayris Semdegxdeba TavdacviTi nagebobis nawilobrivi er-Tianobis SenarCuneba _ faqtobrivad arsebobsori damoukidebeli nageboba, romlebic erTmaneTzeamityupebuli da, rac mTavaria, mTlianadgaerTianebulia ZiriTadi, sabrZolo anu bolosarTuli, romelsac, Cans, gayofili ojaxi erTnairadda erToblivad iyenebda, gansxvavebiT pirvelisarTulisgan, romelic erTmaneTisgan izolirebuliiyo.amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, romerTmaneTze midgmuli sabrZolo nagebobebi aucilebladaamaRlebda maT TavdacviTunarianobisada simtkicis dones.amrigad, “tyupi koSkis“ da cixe-saxlis Sem-TxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs TavdacviTi nagebobebis originalurformebTan, romelTa mixedviTac kargadCans sazogadoebaSi mimdinare socialuriprocesi _ ojaxis gayrisa da nawilobrivi erTianobisSenarCunebis faqti. sainteresoa, rom eserTianoba sacxovreblis umTavresi _ TavdacviTinagebobis saxiTaa gamoxatuli.262

263

wyaroebi da literatura1. vaxuSti batoniSvili, “aRwera samefosa saqar-Tvelosa”, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgeniliyvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier, t. IV, Tb., 1973.2. r. ioseliani, svaneTis eqspediciis dRiuri, 2009.3. r. ioseliani, samSeneblo terminologia svanur-Si, Tb., 2009.264

Rusudan IoselianiThe Social Aspect of the Fortifying Buildings In SvanetiWhile working on our dissertation (The Building Terminologyin Svan) we studied the types of fortifying buildings inSvaneti and worked out as possible their classification. Butwhen we were in upper Svaneti in 2009 on business trip wefound tow different types of fortifying buildings, mainly inUshguli.In Ushguli we fixed tow examples of the fortifying buildingsof the fallowing types:1. Seven storied tow towers attached to each other. They shareone wall. From the second flour till the sixth flour betweenthe stories there are small doors. The last so called battlestorey is amalgamated.2. The three storied fortress-house of is of the same type. Thetow attached buildings shear the main wall.As we had not either met this type of building before, ormet its description in the scientific literature, we came to a conclusionthat: in the case of the tower where all stories in fact arecommon and are connected with passages and the last battleflour is amalgamated we may come to a conclusion that this isattached to a building after the big family separation; as it is in acase of svaniri – fortress house. The both buildings belong tobig families (the Charkvians and the Ratians). In our opinion,here we can obviously view the social processes. After separationone big family still preserves and shears one fortifying building.That means that the family is divided but they have onetower building.265

kvaSilavairmaplaton ioseliani _ erovnuli tradiciebismkvlevariZveli qarTuli kulturis SesaniSnavi mcodneda dauRalavi mkvlevris, platon ioselianismoRvaweoba daemTxva im periods, rodesac kavkasiisxalxTa eTnografiulma Seswavlam farToxasiaTi miiRo. kerZod, 1845 wels Seiqmna ruseTisgeografiuli sazogadoeba eTnografiis ganyofilebiT.mogvianebiT, 1851 wels, q. TbilisSi daarsdaam sazogadoebis kavkasiuri ganyofileba da1852 wels kavkasiis muzeumi, romelic saqarTvelosada kavkasiis eTnografiuli Seswavlis samecnierokerad gadaiqca. qarTuli eTnologiisa-Tvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania imdroindelipresis furclebze gamoqveynebuli axalgazrdamkvlevris, istoriul-samecniero narkvevebi `romelTaraodenoba samass aRemateboda~ [1, 51]. platonioselianTan erTad am saqmeSi Cabmuli iyvnenqarTveli swavlulebic (d. baqraZe, r. eris-Tavi, iv. ciskariSvili, niko berZeniSvili dasxv.) `XIXs-is II naxevarSi mopovebuli masala damis safuZvelze gamoqveynebuli narkvevebi, didisaganZuria qarTveli xalxis yofisa da tradiciebisSeswavlisaTvis ~[2, 10]saqarTvelos warsulis Seswavlisadmi dau-Sretelma intersma platon ioselians saSualebamisca gamoekvlia da Seeswavla warsulidan naanderZevimemkvidreoba, rogorc saqarTvelos farglebSi,ise mis gareTac. xelnawerebis Sesagro-266

veblad da warwerebis amosakiTxavad mkvlevarisagangebod mogzaurobda saqarTvelos sxvadasxvakuTxeSi, agreTve stambolsa da saberZneTSi, aTonsada sinas mTaze. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rommisi memkvidreoba ZiriTadad rusul enazea warmodgenili.`is patriotuli Tavmomwoneoba, razedacaraerTxel miuTiTebdnen misi Tanamedroveni,platon ioselians karnaxobda, qveynis gareT gaetanasaqarTvelos warsulisa da misi kulturisistoria. rogorc igi mari broses werda, misi mizaniiyo miscemodaT evropelTa SemTxveva cnobisaTvisCvenTa mwerlobisa~ [3, 171].platon ioselianis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobisSesaxeb bevri ram daiwera. igi iyo pirveliqarTvelTagani, romelic aRizarda ruseTis (peterburgis)umaRles sasuliero saswavlebelSi.misi TbilisSi dabruneba daemTxva akademikos andriaSegrenis pirvel Camosvlas Cvens qalaqSi.maT Soris axlo megobruli urTierToba damyarebula.`Segrens ioselianisaTvis STaugonebiasaqarTvelos warsulis Seswavlis aucilebloba,dauvalebia literaturis istoriis Sedgena, numizmatikurimasalebis dagroveba da sxva xasia-Tis istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani [4, 328].momavali mkvlevari izrdeboda da viTardebodamaSindeli sazogadoebis im maRalsa daganviTarebul wreSi, romelSic trialebdnen qarTvelibatoniSvilebi, agreTve gamoCenili mwerlebida sazogado moRvaweebi (grigol, aleqsandreda vaxtang orbelianebi, nikoloz baraTa-Svili, aleqsandre WavWavaZe, solomon dodaSvilida sxv). akademiaSi swavlis dros mas rusulenaze Seudgenia saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle is-267

toria, romelic mefe giorgi XII-is meuRle, mariamdedoflisTvis miuZRvnia [1, 49]. 1838 welsplaton ioselians dausrulebia muSaoba naSromze`saqarTvelos mokle istoria~ [1, 50]. imavewels intensiurad Caeba gamomcemlur saqmianoba-Si. studentobis wlebis dros samefo ojaxiswevrebisagan mzrunvelobiT aRvsilma, peterburg-Si gadasaxlebul imereTis dedofals, mariam kaciasasul dadians miuZRvna `abdulmesianis~ 1838wlis gamocema. mis mravalricxovan Sromas winuZRoda jer kidev XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi SekrebiliqarTuli andazebi da gamocanebi. or rveulSiTavmoyrili folkloruli teqstebi amJamadsank-petertburgSi inaxeba [5, 40]. aqedan gamomdinare,SeiZleba iTqvas Zveli qarTuli tradiciebismqone ojaxSi gazrdili platon ioseliani,studentobisTanave gaitaca saqarTvelos siZveleTaSeswavlam, romelsac STagoneba aRar dasWirvebia.misi mravalricxovani Sromebidan qarTulieTnografiisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania: `q. duSe-Tis aRwera~, `fSavi~, `mogzauroba kaxeTSi~, `qar-Tuli welTaRricxva~, `saqrTvelos Zveli da axaliqalaqebi~, `Tbilisis siZveleni~, `qarTvelebida maTi Zveli saxelwodeba~, `cxovreba mefisagiorgi mecametisa~ da sxva.`qalaq duSeTis aRweraSi~ maSindeli duSe-Tis mazra geografiulad da klimaturadaa Seswavlili.daxasiaTebulia mosaxleobis socialekonomikurimdgomareoba, istoriuli Zeglebi daxalxis Cveulebebi. naSromSi gaanalizebulia qarTulmiTologiur warmodgenebsa da warmar-268

Tul RvTaebebze, berZnuli da aRmosavluri (sparsuli)kulturebis gavlenis kvali.aRniSnul naSromSi ganxilulia iseTi xalxuridResaswaulebi da masTan dakavSirebulisaweso ritualebi, rogoricaa vnebis kviris oTx-SabaTs cecxlis danTebis da masze gadaxtomisCveuleba, gvalvisas wvimis gamosawvevi qalebisprocesia, Wonaze siaruli, yvelieris kviris gar-Toba-TamaSobani, yeenoba da a.S. qarTveli eTnologebismier berikaoba-yeenobis arsi da bunebakargad aris Seswavlil, magram am uZveles CveulebaSiplaton ioseliani xedavda safrangeTSijer kidev XVs-Si `men folles~ saxelwodebiTcnobil warmodgenis ganmeorebas. ferad kostumebSiCacmuli, sasacilo qudebiT gawyobili mravalkacianijgufis mizani yvelieris dReebSigarToba da mxiaruleba iyo. am Tavyrilobis mo-Tave sulelad inaTleboda. mas hqonda Tavisiezo, hyavda dacva, misi neba-survili swrafadsruldeboda [6, 68]. saerTod, mkvlevari zogierTqarTul erovnul tradicias, evropuli xalxebiseTnografiul masalasTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavda.kerZod, jiriTobaSi Sua saukuneebis evropelikavaleriis garTobis elementebs xedavda; qarTvelmestvireebs trubadurebs uwodebda; `Wonas~musulmanur samyaroSi gavrcelebl Cveulebas`Cenkas~ amsgavsebda da a.S.kvleva-Ziebisas mecnieri werilobiT wyaroeb-Tan erTad, folklorul masalasac aqtiurad imowmebda.ase, magaliTad: q. duSeTis xalxuri etimologiazepirsityvier masalas emyareba. TqmulebismixedviT, mrisxane Temur lengis cxenosanijari 1392 wels aragvis xeobaSi did aRmarTs269

om miuaxlovda, Tavisi winamZRolis brZanebiTSeCerda: `duS aT~, TaTrulad niSnavs `Sesdeqcxeno~. aqedan momdinareobs adgilis da Semdegqalaqis saxelwodeba [6, 2].sasuliero ganaTlebis mqone mecnieris interesissferos qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis mravalsaukunovaniistoria warmoadgenda. didmowamewm. evstaTes saxelobis erTawmidis taZris agebisdawyebas Vs-Si, mefe vaxtangs miaweren. eTnologiurikvleva-ZiebisaTvis sainteresoa taZarSi Senaxulirkinis jaWvi; mas nebayoflobiT ikidebdneniseTi pirebi, romlebic cxovrebis mZime pirobebSi,xalxis winaSe Tavmdablobisa da codvaTaaRsarebis niSnad, RmerTs aRuTqvamdnen jaWvissajarod tarebas.mkvlevris cnobiT, jaWvdakidebulni igonebdnenim jaWvs, romliTac Sekruli iyo wm. evsta-Te, romaeli didebuli, imperator titusis saxelovaniTanamebrZoli da qristes eklesiisTvisdidwamebuli. `jaWvis ovaluri formis rgolebsori diumi sisqe da xuTi diumi sigane aqvs. mTelijaWvis sigrZe xuT arSinamdea. jaWvs boloSi,kiserze gasakeTebeli sayelo aqvs, romelic sa-Wiro SemTxvevaSi iketeba. es jaWvi dadianisadaris cnobili, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom misiCamokideba nakisri hqondaT. aranakleb or fuTsiwonida [7, 71]. msgavsi moculobis sayelurianirkinis jaWvi amJamad lomisis mTavarmowame wm.giorgis salocavSi inaxeba. jaWvis kiserze dadebada taZris garSemo Semotareba, wmida giorgisaTvisymobis gancxadebis tradiciis anareklia.aRTqmis aRsrulebis an dadebis SemTxvevaSi, ja-Wvis Semotarebis tradicias lomisSi dRes sa-270

locav-savedreblad misuli marTlmadidebelimrevlis umravlesoba mimarTavs.qvaTaxevis monastris aRwerilobaSi, materialurikulturis mkvlevarebs uTuod daainteresebTtaZris dasavleTiT mdebare orsarTulianikvadratuli koSki, romlis pirvel sarTulze,mkvlevaris cnobiT, eklesia iyo. freskebze wmindanTagamosaxulebebi (ZiriTadad saxis irgvliv),lekebis xanjlebiT yofila daCxvletili.dasavleTiT, mcire karis Tavze daxatuli adgilismflobelebis maRalaZeTa suraTebi, SesaniSnaviaeTnologiis TvalsazrisiT. niSandobliviamaTi aratradiciuli Cacmulobis elementebi. kerZod,Wreli qsovilis sparsuli samoseli, romliszevidan jibeebiani xifTani muxlebamdeswvdebaT. ganieri Wreli qsovilis sparsuli qamari,mokle qudi (qvevidan cxvris tyaviT) da qo-Siseburi Ceqmebi. qalebs grZeli samoseli acviaT.aranakleb sainteresoa taZris ezoSi dakrZalulimaRalaZeTa msaxuris daTunas saflavi dasaflavis qvaze amokveTili misi suraTi. 1675wels gardacvlil msaxurs, marjvena xelSi kulauWiravs _ Zveli Cveuli sasmisi, xolo marcxenaxelSi _ azarfeSa, Tavadis karze misi TanamdebobismaCvenebeli. [8, 87].aRniSnul monasterSi Temur lengis razmismier monazvnebis sazareli amoxocvis Semdegqristian qalebs daebadaT azri, rom isini araTusavaneSi cxovrebis, aramed iq misvlis Rirsnicar iyvnen. am Cveulebas icavdnen 1796 wlamde. samagierod,kedelTanve, daaxloebiT 1488 wels aSenebuliqna niSi, sadac qalebi Cerdebodnen da271

locvebs swiravdnen RvTismSoblis qvaTaxevis saswaulmoqmedxats [8, 99].rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, peterburgSi yofnisas,platon ioseliani batoniSvilebis wreSitrialebda da bevri ram moismina saqarTvelosukanaskneli mefisa da samefos dasasrulis Sesaxeb,romelic aisaxa mis literaturul-istoriulixasiaTis TxzulebaSi `cxovreba mefisa giorgimecametisa~. rogorc Tavad werda `meca TviTviyav daaxloebuli mefisa ZeTa viTarca maTTanaSinauri, maTTana dabinavebuli, maTTana gamokvebulida Senaxuli. maTTan oTxsa welsa (1831-1835)da kualad orica weli (1843-1844). Ppirni eseni iyvnendaaxloebiT cnobilni Cemgan meuRle TviTmefisa batoni dedofali mariam, Zmani TviT mefisamirian da farnavaz, Zeni maTi bagrat, Teimuraz...elene asuli mefis Zisa Teimurazisa, peterburRisyofnaSi viyavi misgan (mefis Ze Teimuraz)didad miRebuli~ [2, 49] samefo karTan megobrobisgansamtkiceblad platoni mefis rZals, daviTbatoniSvilis meuRles, abi meliqis asulelenes mounaTlavs. `TviT elene mefis rZali damemkvidris (daviT) coli iyo embaziT mimrqmeliCemi, amisTvis vicnobdi mokled mas, moarulsamasTan oTxsa welsa sankt-peterburRs...~ [2, 49].Txzuleba samefos umZimesi politikuri, ekonomikuri,socialuri pirobebis matianea, sadac`kargad aris gamoxatuli XVIII s-is saqarTveloTavisi zne-CveulebebiT, saerTo kulturiT, administraciulida saeklesio ierarqiiT...~ [9, 11]. na-Sromi Rirebul wyaros warmoadgens samefo kariswarmomadgenelTa mentalobis Sesaswavlad.272

monografiaSi TvalSisacemia mdidari faqtobrivimonacemebi, romelTa zogierTi adgili eTnologisyuradRebas iwvevs. uwinares yovlisa,aRzrdis samefo wesebi, rogorc fizikuri, isesulieri kuTxiT. kerZod, jer kidev Cvilis naTlobadabadebidan mecxre dRes. `naTelsca maskaTalikosman anton I da mimrqmelad iyo arqiepiskoposisaba ninowmindeli~ romelic imave dResmitropolitis xarisxSi auyvaniaT. momavali mefisTvisoTxi wlidan gamzrdelis daniSvna. rvawlis asakSi, Cerqezi batonis, girei oZisas qalzedawindva, romelic gamonaklisi SemTxveva kiar iyo, aramed `ZvelTa droTa Cveuleba~. saqorwiloasakis gansazRvra qalTaTvis 13-14 weli,xolo mamakacTaTvis, oci wlis zemoT. mefisa-Tvis ucxo enebis Seswavlis saWiroeba,. giorgimefem TaTruli ena iswavla karis moxeleTaganda somxuri, somexTa mRvdlis, ter daviTis SvilisaganSaikovisa da yaimazaSvilisagan. berZnulienis aTviseba `ver srulhyo~ maswavlebisgardacvalebisa da droTa garemoebebis gamo.TxzulebaSi metad sagulisxmoa is faqti,rom Zvelad dalxinebis an SeWirvebis Jams, didebulebsmowyalebis uxvad gacema sCveodaT. mag:erekle mefem pirmSos dabadeba aRniSna glaxakebis,qvriv-oblebis dasaCuqrebiT, meudabnoebisTvisSesabamisi `nugeSiscemiTni saZmod boZebaniT~,mezobeli qveynis xanebisaTvis ZRvnis gagzavniT,oTxive marTmadidebeli patriarqisTvis, agreTvesinasa da aTonis mTis winamZRvrebisaTvis, saTanadoSesawiravis mirTmeviT epistoleebTan er-Tad.273

saqme imaSia, rom marTlmadidebel patriarq-TaTvis fulisa da vercxleulis gagzavnis Cveulebasqorwinebis SemTxvevaSic mimarTavdnen. ker-Zod, mefis Zis giorgis asuli ninas da grigoldadianis (samegrelos mTavris kacia dadianis memkvidre)jvrisweris gamo, dadianma marTmadidebelpatriarqebs Sesabamisi fuli da ZvirfaseulobamiarTva. agreTve `Seswira sayovelweliwadoZRveni monastrebs, daviT garejis, naTlismcemlis,SuamTis da sxva eklesiebs maT mosaxseneblad~[9, 27].sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom gardacvlilissuli saoxad ierusalimSi Sesawiris gagzavnatradiciad hqondaT Cvens winaprebs.Zveli saqorwilo urTierTobis gansaxilveladsayuradReboa saqorwilo saCuqari, e.w. patarZlispiris sanaxavi. Txzulebis mixedviT, mefisZe giorgim, rodesac SeirTo giorgi ciciSvilisqali, mSvenieri mariami, mefe ereklem rZals pirissanaxavad miarTva xati RvTismSoblisa, ambarjaZvirfasi TvlebiT, margalitebiTa da iagundebiTmorTuli, romelic as Tumnad fasobdao.patarZlis saCuqrebSi ASedioda zeTis saxdeliqarxana TbilisSi. xolo dedinacvalma darejanmarZals piris sanaxavad uboZaA Zewkvi oqrosida gulsakidi ambarja, sakabe mZime farCisa, SaliindoeTisa, samocdaaTi margalitisgan asxmulikrialosani da ocdaaTi iagundis Tvali [9,79-80].avtors TxzulebaSi Setanili aqvas mananaorbelianis saxlSi daculi mziTvis sia, romelicsrulyofil warmodgenas gviqmnis saqorwinosistemis am aucilebel komponentze. aRniS-274

nul sias amSvenebs budiT da pir-saxuraviT Semkobili,wmida samebisa da wmindanebis xatebi,daujdomeli locvanebi da Jamnebi. mziTevSi TvalSisacemiaZvirfasi samkaulebis, WurWlis, avejissxvadasxva saxeobebis simravle [9, 31-32],romelic Turme Zvelad mravali hqondaT Senaxuli.gasaocaria, sad poulobdnen amden oqros,vercxls da Tvalmargalits. avtoris cnobiT,`ruseTis Semosvlis dromde qalebs amSvenebdaTsamkaulni da dedani qalTa da rZalTa uZRvnidnenuxvad. Semdeg qarTvelTa dayidnes igini,scvales rusTa xelovnebis samkaulTa zeda dasaxmareblad ugulebel hyves~ [9, 30].interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos samefo nadimisda kvebis zogierTi Tavisebureba. mefis sayvarelwiTel Rvinos samefo karisTvis saweliwadodsagangebod Seamzadebdnen. maTi sasmeliRvinis venaxi unda `abeCxari~ yofiliyo, e.i. daubaravida pativi dauyreli. imisaTvis, rom Zaliancota gamosuliyo da kargi. ucxveboda xuTirigi puri: murasa, sagarejo, SoTi, pirgaWrilipuri da kakala puri. am puris xorbali iyo motanilibaidridan, sadac ukeTesia yvelaze... arayijer ar iyo did xmarebaSi... Tumca mtkbari TafliT,murabis mirTmevis dros, - qarTvelTa CveulebiswesiT. yoveldRe ciskris mosmenis Semdeg,diliT mefe miirTmevda Cais iliT da dari-CiniT moduRebuls. CineTis Cais, romelsac moar-Tmevdnen ruseTidan, miiRebdnen sneulebis drossamkurnalod da iSviaTad yava TurqTa wesiT,stumarTaTvis ixmareboda xSirad [9, 25-26; 61].platon ioselians aRniSnul monografiaSiCarTuli aqvs xalxuri zepirsityvierebis ramde-275

nime nimuSi. amjerad SevCerdebiT leqsad damowmebulSairze, romelSic RvinisaTvis saxmariWurWelicaa dasaxelebuli. esenia: qvevri, rumbi,tiki, koka, Cafi, doqi, xelada, jixvi, jami, azarfeSa,Tasi, yanwi, staqani, kulia, maTara da kaTxa[9, 29].avtors TxzulebaSi Rvinis smis uCveulo wesiaqvs Setanili, giorgi mefis asuli ninas naambobidan,romelic samegreloSi grigol dadianzeiyo gaTxovili. maT qaliSvili miaTxovesluarsab TarxaniSvils da didi lxini gaimarTa.megrel Tavadebs Rvinis smis wesi ukvirdaT, rodesacerTi meoresTan sasmeliTurT momzadebulimividoda `alaverdi~ da `iaxSiolis~ nacvladerTmaneTs mimarTavdnen: Seudgebi qristesa?aseTi sityva da Tqma jer ucnobi imerlebsa damegrelebs Soris, Semoitanes samegreloSi da amdroidan damkvidrda lxinis dros. saqme imaSia,rom mefe giorgi yoveli RonisZiebiT cdilobda,rostom mefis droidan qarTvelTa Soris Semotanilida damkvidrebuli sparsuli wes-Cveulebebidaesustebina anu `ganeqarva~. naTlobis saidumloebisaRsrulebisas mRvdlisagan dasmulkiTxvas `Seudgebi qristesa?~ pasuxoben `Sevudgebio~.safiqrebelia, rom adgilisa da garemoebebismiuxedavad, imdroindel sazogadoebas am pirobisSexseneba sWirdeboda.platon ioselianis mravalmxriv sayuradReboTxzulebaSi, gverds ver avuvliT solomonleoniZis mier, mefe erekles moTqmiT datirebasrac, Cans tradicia yofila, igi cremliT da godebiTaqebda Rirseul mefes da `iglovebda mefobaaxali, arRa reca meqonisa Zalisa, Wkuisa276

da gonebisa~ [9, 50]. niSandoblivia, mefe giorgisglovis saweso rituali, romelsac avtori SemdegnairadaRwers: `mdivanbegTa ZvelTa wesiTadahyarnes eklesiisa iataksa sawerelni da yalamni,_ niSnad Seyenebulisa brZanebaTa mwerlobisa;xeljoxianTa sasaxlisa kverTxni, _ niSnadgauqmebulisa maTisa xelobisa; mzareulTa qvabi,flavis sawuravi da ese viTarni, _ niSnad uqmTa-Ra maTTvis nivTTa; piris mwdeman mefisa oqrosada vecxlisa da sxvaTa gvarisa sasmelisa WurWelni,_ niSnad arRa saxmarTa maTTagan; amilaxvarmanZvirfasni aRvirni cxenTa. TviT adgnen Tavsa,nivTTa amaT miyrilTa gund-gundad aqa-iqa. eklesiagalobda sagalobelTa~ [9, 214]. aRniSnuliglovis epizodi mefeTa da didebulTa wreSi moqmedtradicias gvacnobs da siaxlec SeiniSneba,iseve rogorc mkvlevaris mier gaSuqebul mravalsxva sakiTxSi. platon ioselianis istoriulimonografia qronologiuri gagrZelebaa papunaorbelianis cnobili naSromisa `ambavi qarTlisani~,romelic 1739-1758 wlebSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmdgomareobas aRwers. marTalia, konservatorulimsoflmxedvelobis mkvlevari, rogoriciyo platon ioseliani `imdenad CaiZirasaqarTvelos warsulSi, rom warsulis warmomadgenelidarCa Tavis TanamedroveTa Soris~ [4,330], magram qveynis warsuls da mis kulturulmemkvidreobas swavlobda ara rogorc siZveleTamoyvaruli, aramed misi awmyos moWirnaxule damermisSi ukeTesis mosurne.277

wyaroebi da literatura1. e. maWavariani, siyvaruliT ganaTebuli gza, Tb.,1989.2. val. iToniSvili, qarTuli eTnografiis narkvevebi,Tb., 1989.3. n. maxaTaZe, uwyebaÁ da xsenebaÁ, Tb., 1996.4. al. focxiSvili, qarTuli gramatikuli azrovnebisistoriidan, Tb., 1979.5. T. jagodniSvili, qarTuli folkloristikissaTaveebTan, Tb. 1986.6. Пл. Иоселиани. Описание города Душета, в кн. Гора св.Давида в Тифлисе, Тиф. 1858.7. pl. ioseliani. erTawmindis taZris aRwera, wign.didi mouravi giorgi saakaZis cxovreba, Tb., 1973.8. pl. ioseliani, qvaTaxevis monasteri, wign. didimouravi giorgi saakaZis cxovreba, Tb., 1973.9. pl. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa,Tb., 1936 (winasityvaoba ak. gawereliasi).278

279Irma KvashilavaPlaton Ioseliani – Researcher of the NationalTraditionsSome of the works of the prominent researcher of the oldGeorgian culture - Platon Ioseliani - are studied in the article.These works are the best primary sources for the study of theGeorgian national culture. Platon Ioseliani carried on his activityin that very period when the peoples of the Caucasus were widelystudied from the ethnographical point of view. Ethnographicaland folklore materials gathered by Platon Ioseliani willserve a great assistance to those scientists who work in thesefields.For better study of the past heritage of Georgia, Platon Ioselianitraveled in different parts of the country. In “The Descriptionof Town Dusheti” he studied not only geography of the regionand the socio-economic conditions of the Dusheti Okrug(area) population, but its historical monuments, traditions, rightsand rituals. It must be mentioned that he studied folk festivalsand rituals connected with them in relation and comparison withthe European peoples’ ethnographical material.Platon Ioseliani’s work “The Life of the King Giorgi XIII”is a chronicle of the heaviest political, economic and social stateof those days kingdom. The author illuminates well the 18 th centuryGeorgia with its common culture, administrative and churchhierarchy, traditions. Personal or official every-day relations ofthe court, king, nobles, officials, servants are of great interest forthe ethnological research.

xaTuna ioselianigiorgi qavTaraZegiorgi leoniZis mier danaxulisaqarTvelos istoriiszogierTi furceli(platon ioselianis Semoqmedebis mixedviT)jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda, sasulieroseminariis moswavle gogla leoniZisaTvis Cveniistoriis `sevdis saburveliT Semmosveli~ platonioseliani _ „baxusis xanis TvistomTa mierwyeviT dagvirgvinebuli mwerali~ _ oqros xanis“dadafnuli~ olimpielebis: strabonis, herodotesada tacitusis Sesadaria. igi misTvis xan,viT mwiri meudabnoelia _ saRvTo sityvaTa warmomTqmeli,xan viT sardali _ Sors gamWvreteli,xan viT mgosani _ hanngad da kiTxvad gadaqceuli,xanac sevdiansaxiani, asketuri cxovrebismimdevari `Zveli ellinia~ anda udreki laTinurisulis matarebeli, magram ara dardimanuladTasiT xeldamSvenebuli da baRdadSemoxveuliXIX saukunis funqciadakarguli qarTveli raindi;platons xom Tavisi martoobis sevda gadahqondacecxlovan striqonebSi [1].giorgi leoniZe ufro gvian, axlad Tavisuflebadakargul saqarTveloSi mis mierve 1922wels daarsebul `cisferyanwelTa~ yovelkvire-280

ul literaturul-sainformacio gazeT „baxtrionSi“dabeWdil werilSi _ „qarTuli messianizmi“_ platon ioselianis striqonebiT mouwodebdaTanamemamuleebs simtkicisaken: „dae darekosplaton ioselianis laTinur sulma: `qarTvelTamraval saukunebiTa, gamocdilTa da cecxlSi vi-Tarca puri gamomcxvarTa, vera ereoda verca Sinaganida verca garegani mwuxareba. gaRelebuliTavisuflebiTa da galaRebuli mTebiT; ecinodabedsaca da ubedobas. qarTvelTa SeWames imperiaromisa, viTarca ityvis plinios, gamoswoves tvinisparsTa da TviT darCen SeuWmelad maTTvis,romelnic hgoneben maTsa SeWmasa~ [2].amave werilSia moyvanili saqarTvelosadmimiZRvnili platon ioselianis sxva marTlac cecxlovanistriqonebic: `mis damexebul Tavze ailesaxmali makedonelis da satevari romis. pompeisdros mas Seesma veluri JRriali romis legionerTaiaraRis. saukuneebSi igi aClungebdaxosroebis, kobadebis, kirusis da lukullisbasr maxvils. yoveli soflio Weqa Tavs askdeboda;magram es Tavi iRuneboda, ixreboda saSinelebaTawinaSe, magram ar irRveoda~. am sityvebsleoniZe Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `aq dgeba isgausworebeli ZaRlis kudi, romelmac Svididrakoni daaRrCo~ da mimarTavs Tavis bedkrulsamSoblos: `ganaxldes viTarca orbisa siWabukeSeni~ [2].platon ioselianis zemomoyvanili striqonebisreminiscencia asaxulia giorgi leoniZis poeturixilvaSi:`aq iskanderma gasWra kldekari,SesZra qveyana, viT xis foToli,281

aq mongolebma lewes begTari,camde astyorcnes Zvlebis godoli.aq mitridatem romis jarebiTavis sikvdilze daipatiJa;aq mobRaoda Txrilzed arabiSiSveli xmaliT xalifatisa.~da bolos:`aq warsuls darCa xavsi da balba...droSis naWrebi... xmali gamtydari...goris atmebqveS ramdeni dalparomis, aziis bairaxtari.aq vazi isev did mtevans isxams,rZian qafs mtkvari isev aduRebs...sZinavT pompeuss, sZinavT Cingisxans,sZinavT iskanders da diadoxebs...~ [4, 235-236].goglas TvalTaxedva platonisadmi aseTia:`ara igi qarTveli ar aris, TasiT xelSi, baRdadSemoxveuli qarTveli raindi me-30-e wlebisa; masver warmovidgen saqarTveloSi! me is ellinadmimaCnia periklosis xanaSi, misi elinoba amoviki-Txe mis sevdian saxeze, mis asketurcxovrebaSi...~ [1] es ar niSnavs, rom goglasTvisqarTveli, zogadad cudia. am naTqvamiT leoniZeioselianis mTavar Rirsebas _ inteleqts usvamsxazs. platoni elinia, imitom rom is TanadroulsazogadoebaSi gamorCeulia Tavisi inteleqtiT.amave dros, inteleqti qarTuli bunebisTvis mSobliuria,Sinagania, magram rTuli, cudi epoqaa.inteleqti minavlebelia, sevdaSi da martoobaSiadavanebuli, erTeulebis xvedria, asparezi ki`baRdadSemoxveul~ raindebs darCeniaT. amitomacuwodebs platons gogla elins, sevdiani saxiT282

sapirispirod TiTqosda qarTvelebisa, raTamwared uTxras saTqmeli mSobel xalxs.gasaocaria, patara seminarieli goglas mieraseTi TvalTaxedva. am werilis avtori xomymawvili gogla leoniZea.swored amitom enaneba goglas platon ioseliani,rom igi ar daibada Tamaris epoqaSi, rodesacyvaoda qarTuli kultura, rodesac gaSliliiyo qarTuli goni. maSin platoni ar iqneboda`sevdiani da martosuli~, mis inteleqtsacfarTo asparezi eqneboda da igi, goglas sityvebiTrom vTqvaT `sxivebiT Semosavda Tavis striqonebs~.axalgazrda goglasTvis istorikosi erismoRvaweTa mTavari msjavrmdebelia; igi wers:`...vkiTxulob mis “Sav wigns” da Tvalwin mihqriansaukuneni, mihqrian raindni da mefeni istoriisada TviTeuls maTgans platoni sdebs msjavrs daistumrebs maradisobis wiaRSi. wydeba wigni daTviTac ebareba sevdian qaoss, raTa sxvamac dasdosmsjavri mis mowyenil saxes, mis cecxleulstriqonebs~ [1] Tavisi cxovrebis miwuruls poetiTiTqos ubrundeba ymawvilkacobaSi platonioselianis mimarT gamoTqmuli gardauvali msjavrisTemas da amjerad ukve sakuTari Tavis Sesaxebgvamcnobs:„xan sevdiani warsulisac Tu var mxedari,Soreul elvam Tu kalami damisxiura, _me guls mesoba winaparTa Semoxedvani,uwyalo mzera me mamowmebs yoveldRiurad!...samSoblos koSkis gamovdeqi uRono mcveli!.....283

dRiTa Tu RamiT, mainc nobaTs ardavcdenilvar,vdgevar,aCrdilni, sadac xmlebiT gadawvenilan...“ [4,538-539]gogla imTaviTve grZnobda Tavis siaxlovesplaton ioselianTan, igic xom imave seniT iyodaavadebuli, rasac samSoblos siyvarulis sevdahqvia; es “avadoba” xom arc leoniZis poezias dahklebiada dResac mas ZiriTad macocxlebelZarRvad gasdevs:`visac saTqmeli araferi aqvs,advili aris misTvis leqsoba,me sityva cremlSi damiferiaZvel wylulSi dana fxiT gamesoba!..~ [5, 559]anda:„gminavs warsuli xanjal-gaCrili,misi naRveli, momebureba...vin momaSoros Zveli aCrdili,dRes SoreTidan vin memdureba?am guls simwariT kldes vin miaxlis,vin damca sevda ganukurneli?damwvar droSebis,damwvar ialqnis,damWknar vardebismiyvars surneli...“ [6, 529]giorgi leoniZisa da platon ioselianis sulierisiaxlove TiTqos `natvris xis~ persona-Jis, `samSoblos dardiT moavade~ Corexis saxeSiagansxeulebuli; Zveli taZrebisa Tu koSkis xavsianiqvebis meambore Corexisa, romelic ise mistirodasaqarTvelos warsul didebas, `rogorcbavSvi ar gaetireboda Tavis dedas~ [7, 118]. Zne-284

lia martosuli Corexi ar gagaxsendeT, rodesacmisi mxatvruli saxis Seqmnamde TiTqmis naxevarisaukuniT ufro adre ymawvili goglas mier dawerilstriqonebs kiTxulobT platon ioselianisSesaxeb: `ai, me naTlad maqvs warmodgenili, TuviT ismis dudukis tkbili xma aragv-alaznis velebze,Tu viT ismis uzrunveli “mravalJamieri”_ es “sulTa Tana” saqarTvelosi. xolo amavedros sevdiT moculi platoni warsulis nangrevebze,Tu viT dastiris TviToeul qvas, rogorSesCivis maT suliT oblobas, radganac mas toliar hyavs, radgan is fragmentia cidan Camotexili~[1], xolo `natvris xis~ swored am novelis_ `Corexis~ damamTavrebeli, mravalwertiliTgamoyofili bolo striqonebi: `...da me miyvarsmisi sulis WaRara yvavili...~ [7, 128], Corex-Tan erTad xom platon ioseliansac da `samSoblosdardiT moavade~ yvela mamuliSvils ganekuTvneba.285

literatura1. gogla leoniZe, platon ioseliani (furclebi -I), - Teatri da cxovreba, # 47, 1915.2. g. leoniZe, qarTuli messianizmi, - baxtrioni, #2, 1922.3. g. leoniZe: goris cixe, - saqarTvelos cremlebi,Sedgenili nestan leoniZis mier. Tb.,2000.4. g. leoniZe: winaparTa Semoxedvani, - saqarTveloscremlebi, Sedgenili nestan leoniZis mier,Tb., 2000.5. g. leoniZe: paolos, ticians..., - saqarTveloscremlebi.6. g. leoniZe: vin memdureba, - saqarTvelos cremlebi,Sedgenili nestan leoniZis mier, Tb.,2000.7. g. leoniZe: Corexi, - natvris xe. saymawvilobiblioTeka. red.: Tamar javaxiSvili. Tb., 2009.286

gia kvaSilavawww.kvashilava-gia.comgiakvashilava@yahoo.comvuZRvni doqt. herbert ZebiSisa daprof. akaki uruSaZis naTel xsovnasfestosis diskosa da misi monaTesavedamwerlobebis naxat-niSnebisamokiTxvis Sesaxeb (1). culiam naSromSi mocemulia festosisdiskos PHD15 naxat-niSnisgrafikuli daxasiaTeba da semantikuriaxsna-ganmarteba, misi amokiTxva,tipologiuri paralelebi da komentari. 51. PHD15 naxat-niSnis grafikulidaxasiaTebafestosis diskos PHD15 naxatniSansser arTur evansi (1909, 277)uwodebs weraqvs (pickaxe), l. godari(1995) _ Toxweraqvs (mattock), xolog. ipseni (1929, 22), g. noimani (1968,39-40) da sxvebi _ culs (die Axt).j. aizenbergi (2008, 18) diskos5 . es naSromi rigiT pirvelia im Sromebidan, romlebSic mocemulia festosisdiskos yoveli naxat-niSnis amokiTxva; TiTeuli Sroma eyrdnoba Cems zogadTeorias diskos amokiTxvis Sesaxeb (ix. kvaSilava 2007, 2008).287

PHD15 naxat-niSans uwodebs weraqvs (pick); igi mas adarebskretulCH043c ieroglifs, A da B xazovani damwerlobebisSesabamis A364/F077B da B232/100C8 niSnebs (Sdr.Douros 2008, 39, 35).diskos PHD15 naxat-niSans emsgvaseba SemdeginiSnebi:a). kretuli ieroglifebi culi: CH043/F20AE,CH043/F20AD (CHIC; Douros 2008, 58); CH043/F20AF/CH012 (Douros 2008, 58; Evans 1909, 232);CH012, (Evans 1909, 185, 232; 1921, 282, 643);b). A xazovani damwerlobis culis niSnebi: A363/F077A,A363/F0779, ; A364/F077C, A364/ F077B,(GORILA; Douros 2008, 39);g). mikenuri berZnuli B xazovani damwerlobis culis niSani[so] 6 B012/ 10030/B020 (Douros 2008, 25; Evans 1952, 26).aseve, Sdr. diskosniSnebi:PHD15 naxat-niSans Semdegia). kretuli ieroglifebi ormagi culi: , , ,CH036 (Evans 1909, 161, 195); , CH036 (Evans 1909,232; 1921, 643); , , CH036 (Evans 1909, 19; 158,sur. 49a; 195, 232; 1921, 282, 643); CH042/F20AB,CH042/ F20AC, CH042/F20AA (CHIC);CH042/F20AA (Douros 2008, 58); (Evans 1895, 13, sur.6 . Sdr. B xazovani damwerlobis [so] marcvali: berZn. ; qarT.cu·li.288

9, c); CH175/F2174 (CHIC; Douros 2008, 62); CH003(Evans 1909, 66, 99; 1921, 135, 309, sur. X); (Evans 1909,87; 1921, 348); (Evans 1895, 13, sur. 9, a); (Evans1909, 252, 253); (Evans 1921, 435), (Evans 1909, 261;1921, 279); (Evans 1909, 268); , (Evans 1895, 13, sur.9, d; 80, cxr. I, 22; 84, cxr. II; 96; 1909, 20; 155, sur. 29d; sur.59 a 1.2; 160, 252, 261; 1921, 279, 347 1 , sur. 250); CH013(Evans 1895, 80, cxr. I; 96; 1909, 12, 66, 71, 99; 1921, 643);, (Evans 1901, 12; 1906, 167, sur. 146);b). A xazovani damwerlobis ormagi culis niSnebi:A008 (Evans 1921, 135), A124 (Evans 1952, 153, cxr. II);A008/F0617, A008/F0618, A008/F0615,A008/F0616 (GORILA; Douros 2008, 25); A049 (Evans1909, 66; 1921, 625, 626; 1952, 17, cxr. I); , , A049(Evans 1921, 614, 615, 616, 624, 631, 643; 1952, 17, cxr. I);(Evans 1909, 228);g). B xazovani damwerlobis ormagi culis niSnebi: ,(Evans 1921, 643; 1952, 17, cxr. I); [a] B008 (Douros 2008,25); B232/100C8 (Douros 2008, 35);d). likiuri damwerlobis niSani ormagi culi (Evans 1909,66);e). kariuli damwerlobis niSnebi ormagi culi: , (Evans1909, 66);v). iberiuli damwerlobis niSnebi: [ko/go], , (Evans1909, 99).zemoT warmodgenili masala aSkarad avlens msgavsebasfestosis diskosPHD15 naxat-niSanTan, rac maZlevs seriozul289

safuZvels vamtkico, rom festosis diskoze amotvifrulia culispiqtografiuli niSnis uZvelesi nimuSi.290

2. saritualo da sabrZolo culebi; maTi simbolurimniSvnelobaaRsaniSnavia, rom kretaze, troasa da kolxeTSi aRmoCeniliaZalian saintereso arqeologiuri masala, mag.:a). MM I periodis kretis brinjaos culi (Evans 1921, 194);b). Zv.w. XXV s.-is troas culi (Соколов 1972, sur. 8);g). Zv.w. XVIII-III ss.-is kolxuri brinjaos culebi (lor-TqifaniZe 1972, sur. 4; Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, Slotta,291

Yalçin 2001, 145-146, 148, 155, 161, 285, 339-353, 411-413;agreTve ix. Лордкипанидзе 1989, 183-307), da sxva.292

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ogorc cnobilia, culi sxvadasxva kulturaSi aris RvTaebisatributi, iaraRi, Zalauflebisa da nayofierebis simbolo._ ormagi culi aris dedaRvTaeba rea-kibeles saRvToniSani, samefo regalia da nayofierebis simbolo, romelic ukavSirdebaWeqa-quxilis zeciur RvTaebas. igi xSirad gamoxatulia xarisTavze, rac aRniSnavs xTonur funqcias (Ad de Vries 1981, 31).ormagi culi wina aziaSi, minosur kulturasa da CrdiloeTevropaSi aris Zalauflebisa da msxverplSewirvis sakulto niSani.aseve, igi aris iniciaciisa da dafarulis gamJRavnebis simbolo 7(Herder 1980, 20).7 . Sdr. festosis diskos savedrebel-sagaloblis Sinaarsi, romelic eZRvnebaRvTaebaTa did dedas, nenas anu rea-kibeles (ix. kvaSilava 2008, 239).300

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3. culis proto-qarTveluri _ kolxuri da saerTo-qarTulzanuriformebis rekonstruqciaqvemoT vaCveneb, Tu rogor xdeba culis _ *argan’is protoqarTveluri_ kolxuri da saerTo-qarTul-zanuri formebisaRdgena; 8 amasTanave, davadgen mimarTebas festosis diskos8 . saerTo-qarTveluri anu samxreTkavkasiuri fuZe-enis daSlisa da qarTvelurenaTa: qarTulis, svanuris, megrulisa da lazuris Camoyalibebis qronologiuriTanmimdevrobis sqema ix.: gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965, 16, 17, 17 1 , 18;gamyreliZe 2008, 86-88. agreTve ix. Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 880 2 ,909 3 .302

PHD15 naxat-niSansa da proto-qarTvelur _ kolxur *arganformas Soris.*arg·an· (proto-qarTv. _ kolx.) culi, najaxi;*arg·an- (s.-qarT.-zan.);arg·an·i (Zv. qarT., qegl 1950, I, 554) grZeli sabjeni,sayrdeni joxi;arg·un·i (megr., laz., Марр 1910; Кипшидзе 1914,196(400); qajaia 2001, I, 190) culi, najaxi.arg·an·i dasturdeba Zv. qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi:`vidodiRa Tu Soris aCrdilTa sikudilisaTa, ara SemeSinos meborotisagan, rameTu Sen Cem Tana xar; kuerTxman Senman daarganman Senman _ amaT nugeSinis-mces me~ (mcxeT. xeln.,1983, 167): `SaveTis velze rom viaro, borotisa ar meSinia,radgan Sena xar CemTan; manugeSeben Seni kverTxi da Senisayrdeni~ (biblia 1989, fsalmuni 22.4); `argani ars kverTxisusxosi, sabrjenelad da dasayrdnobelad kacTa uZlurTaTvis~ (orbeliani1698; 1991, 60; 1993, 461), da sxva.arn. Ciqobavas (1938, 162) azriT, arg·un·i saerToamegrulisa da lazurisTvis, xolo qarTulsa da svanurSi es forma arCans, magram m. Cuxuam (2000-2003, 51) megr.-laz. masaladaukavSira Zv. qarT. ekvivalentur arg·an- formas da am formaTasafuZvelze aRadgina s.-qarTv. *arg·an- xis joxi, culi.am rekonstruqcias vadastureb qvemoT.cnobilia, rom s.-qarTv. /*a/ xmovans xSirad Seesatyvisebazan. /*o/, xolo qarTulSi _ /a/ (gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965,145, 145 1 , 289). zogierT SemTxvevaSi Tavkidur marcvalSi zan./*o/ gadadis megr.-laz. /a/ fonemaSi; mag., s.-qarT.-zan.*ma·rjU·en- > qarT. ma·rjv·en-, zan. *mo·rjgv·an- momdevnomarcvlis a’sTan asimilaciis Sedegad gvaZlevs megr.-laz.ma·rZgv·an- marjvena (gamyreliZe 1959, 27; gamyreliZe,maWavariani 1965, 169); sakuTriv zanurSi, gansakuTrebiTmegrulSi, Tavkidur marcvalSi /o/ sporadulad gadadis /a/ fone-303

maSi, rasac vadastureb Semdegi dubletebiT: okoserua > akoseruadaRameba, SeRameba; gomorseba > gamorseba gamocda;goCinebafa > gaCinebafa gacnoba; go norTi > gi narTi ganayofi,da sxva (Sdr.: qajaia 2001, I, 173, 285, 295, 347, 377,379, 399; 2002, II, 362, 395, 432).Tu qarTulSi saxelis fuZe ukumSvelia, maSin bolokidurmarcvalSi qarT. /a/’s regularulad Seesabameba megr.-laz. /o/xmovani. Tu qarTulSi saxelis fuZe kumSvadia (mag., qarT. sax.br. dedal·i, naT. br. dedl·is·a), maSin zan. /*o/ gadadis megr.-laz. /u/ xmovanSi (mag., zan. *dadol- > megr.-laz. dadul-;Ciqobava 1942, 11; gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965, 289, 290.agreTve ix. gudava 1960, 119).amgvari analizis mixedviT, Cem mier ganxiluli *arganformisTvisdasturdeba Semdegi gadasvla: s.-qarT.-zan. *arg·an-> qarT. arg·an- (naT. br. arg·n·is, moqm. br. arg·n·iT), zan.*org·on- > megr.-laz. arg·un-, sadac anlautSi zan. /*o/ gadadismegr.-laz. /a/ fonemaSi, xolo inlautSi zan. /*o/ _ megr.-laz./u/’Si.am aRdgenas gavamagreb imiTac, rom *arg·an-’Si /n/Tanxmovnis dakargvis Sedegad miiReba leCx. dial. formaarg·a, romlis mniSvnelobaa Sindis xis totebisgan gakeTebulicocxi (Sdr. Rlonti 1984, 39).yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, arg·an- formisrekonstruqcia maZlevs imis mtkicebis safuZvels, rom festosisdiskos PHD15 naxat-niSani aris [xis tariani] culi, xoloCH043 culis naxat-niSans Seesabameba erTaderTi proto-qarTv._ kolx. forma *a·rgan , da piriqiT, *a·rgan formas _erTaderTi CH043 naxat-niSani, e.i. maT Soris aris urTierTcalsaxaSesabamisoba.4. arg- Ziris mniSvneloba da misi semantikuri paralelebiaSkarad amave Zirisaa, mag., berZn. : 1. swrafi,mkvircxli; 2. TeTri; 3. mbrwyinavi, bzinvare, kaSkaSa; berZn.304

: 1. peloponesisa da Tesaliis qalaqebis saxeli; 2. mxareargolidaSi (Вейсман 1899; 2006, 191); 3. homerosi -szogjer eladis did nawilsac uwodebda; 4. kolxeTis mefis, aietisSviliSvilis, friqsesa da qalkiopes vaJis sakuTari saxeli; 5.argonavtTa mogzaurobaSi monawile argosi; man qalRvTaebaaTenas daxmarebiT xomaldi aago (apolonios rodoseli), dasxva. vfiqrob, rom fuZeTa es damTxveva SemTxveviTi ar undaiyos.aqve damatebiT msurs avRvniSno, rom S. nucubiZis (1956,77-78; 1983, 30, 99), ak. uruSaZis (1964, 138, 139), T. gamyreliZisada v. ivanovis (1984, II, 907-908) mixedviT, argonavtebisxomald -s saxels safuZvlad udevs, s. jiqias gonebamaxvilurimixvedriT, qarT. egrisi, qveynis saxelwodebis das.-qarTv. agr-/arg- varianti, romlisganac nawarmoebia eTnonimimargali megreli. am mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom_argonavtebi niSnavs mogzaurT arg’is qveyanaSi, sadac kolxurimodgmis tomi margalefi megrelebi anu arg’is xalxi cxovrobs(agreTve ix.: lorTqifaniZe 1986, 148 17 ; Лордкипанидзе 1989,218 16 ; gamyreliZe, kiknaZe, Saduri, Sengelaia 2003, 586).vfiqrob, rom *agr·iS·i/*arg·iS·i egrisi qveyanaa, sadac margalefimegrelni Tayvans scemdnen arg·an’s culs rogorc Zalauflebissimbolos.Sdr. *agr·iS·i/*arg·iS·i forma uaRresad sayuradReboSemdeg sityvebs: Sumer. agar (= a.gár) mindori (Halloran2006, 50; Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 877); miken. berZn.[a-ko-ro] 1. vake, veli, mindori; 2. qveyana (Gavalas 2000,1); berZn. 1. mindori, veli, vake, dablobi; 2. dasaxleba,sofeli (Вейсман 1899; 2006, 12); i.-e. *a ’r- (= **aĝr-); laT.ager; goT. akrs (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, I, 36, 94; II,877); Zv. ingl. æcer mindori; berZn. ( miwa,< Sroma. Pape 1908, 1020; Вейсман 1899; 2006, 269)1. miwaTmoqmedeba; miwis damuSaveba; mindvris xvna; 2.vake, veli, mindori, yana (Вейсман 1899; 2006, 269); megr.305

g·af·a/ rg·u·af·a/rg·u·al·a, laz. o·rg·u, qarT. rg·v·a dargva;megr. qi·gi·o·rg·e! darge! megr. m·arg·u·al·i damrgveli, dasxva.zemoTqmuli mosazrebebi dasturdeba Semdegi lingvisturimasaliT:a). s.-qarT.-zan. *egr- > qarT. egr-, zan. agr- > megr. arg-;s.-qarTv. *egr·is 1·i > qarT. egr·is·i, zan. *agr·iS·i > megr.*arg·iS·i egrisi da s.-qarT.-zan. *m·egr·el·i > qarT. m·egr·el·i,zan. *m·agr·al·i > megr. m·arg·al·i megreli (ix.: Brosset 1849,70; Ciqobava 1942, 143, 144, 190; janaSia 1959, 6; Климов1964, 132); aq mimdinareobs Semdegi procesebi: 1. s.-qarTv. *e> zan. a; 2. s.-qarTv. *s 1 > qarT. s, zan. *S; 3. s.-qarT.-zan. cirkumfiqsi*m-...-el- > zan. m-...-al- (Климов 1964, 124; Klimov1998, 112); 4. zan. *gr → megr. rg kompleqsi kontaqturimetaTezisiT (Sdr.: axvlediani 1956, 177; 1999, 207-209; JRenti1953, 157-159; 1956, 159, 239; 1960, 44).amgvarad, zemoT mocemuli qarTveluri formebisTvisgvaqvs Semdegi formulebi: s.-qarT.-zan. *rg > qarT., megr.,laz. rg da s.-qarT.-zan. *gr > qarT. gr, megr. rg.b). s.-qarT.-zan. forma egris’is Sesatyvisia berZn.* > , sadac xdeba / / da / / Tanxmovnebismonacvleoba da Semdegi gadasvla: → , xolo - - aris sadaurobis,adgilis aRmniSvneli sufiqsi; zan. *m·agr·al·ef’s(sadac -ef mr. r.-is niSania) kanonzomierad SeesatyvisebaberZn. * > , romelSic daculi aris s.-qarT.-zan. m- prefiqsi da zan. Tavkiduri /a/ xmovani, xolo - -aris sadaurobis sufiqsi (Brugmann 1911, 211), - ki _ mr. r.-issax. br.-is niSani (uruSaZe 1964, 137).5. naxat-niSan culis amokiTxvaCemi Sromis wina nawilSi festosis diskos naxat-niSanTaamokiTxvisTvis warmodgenilia 5.2.1-5 algoriTmi. iqvenaTqvamia, rom naxat-niSnis amokiTxva damokidebulia mishorizontalur da vertikalur poziciebze; mag., im naxat-niSanSi,306

omelic firfitaze sawyisi poziciidan 90 0 -iT aris Semobunebuli(e.i. vertikalurad amotvifrulia), amoikiTxeba Sesabamisi sityvismxolod pirveli marcvali (ix.: kvaSilava 2008, 217, 218;www.kvashilava-gia.com).marTlac, algoriTmis am wesis mixedviT, festosis diskosPHD15 naxat-niSanSi, kretul CH012a, da CH043aieroglifebSi, romlebic firfitebze sawyisi poziciidan 90 0 -iT arisSemobrunebuli, amoikiTxeba culis Sesabamisi proto-qarTv. _kolx. *a·rgan formidan mxolod pirveli [*a] xmovani.amgvarad, diskos PHD15 culis naxat-niSansSeesatyviseba erTaderTi /*a/ fonema.cnobilia, rom firfitebze erTaderT poziciaSi aris gamoxatuliA xazovani damwerlobis A008/F0615, A008/F0616 daA008/F0617 ormagi culis niSnebi da, zemoT mocemulialgoriTmis 5.2.2 wesis mixedviT, isinic amoikiTxeba rogorc[*a] xmovani.307

aseTi amokiTxvis marTebulobas agreTve adasturebssaTanado miken. berZn. niSnis gaJRereba. m. ventrisma Bxazovani damwerlobis ormagi culis niSani B008 amoikiTxarogorc [a] xmovani. mag., miken. berZn. [a-ko-so-ne],berZn. , culi 9 (Gavalas 2000, 1).6. kretuli ieroglifebis culisa da kvicis amokiTxvametad sainteresoa, agreTve, kretul intalioze amokveTili ieroglifuriwarwera, romelic amoikiTxeba Cem mier warmodgenilialgoriTmis 5.2.1-5 wesebiT (ix.: kvaSilava 2008, 217, 218;www.kvashilava-gia.com).9 . Sdr.: Zv. ingl. æcs; ingl. axe (Hornby 2005, 92); germ. Axt. agreTve Sdr.:i.-e. *p [h] ele u-; berZn. < semit. (aqad.) pila>>u culi; Zv. ind.paraśú- culi, najaxi; miken. berZn. [pe-re-ke-we] (Гамкрелидзе,Иванов 1984, II, 716, 716 2 , 739; 874). Sdr. lid. ormagi culi:labirinTi (Furnée 1972, 397; agreTve ix. CoTaliSvili 2003, 103,104).308

adgan kretuli ieroglifi CH066/F21B0 kvici 90 0 -iT arisSemobrunebuli, xolo CH043c culi _ 270 0 -iT, algoriTmis5.2.2 da 5.2.4 wesebis mixedviT kvici amoikiTxeba rogorcSesabamisi sityvis mxolod pirveli marcvali [*qU ], xoloculi _ rogorc Sesabamisi sityvis meore marcvali [*rgan ]. aserom, kompleqsi kvici da culi amoikiTxeba rogorc[*qU -rgan ], romelSic [U] segmenti dasturdeba SemdegpoziciaSi: #CUəC- (Sdr. gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965, 52,54, 60, 61, 63, 72). proto-qarTv. _ kolx. *qU rg·an- formas kiSeesatyviseba s.-qarT.-zan. *qUirg·an- > qarT. dial. qvir·a n -10 da megr. qvirg·a 11 , qvir·a kvici. 1210 . Sdr.: TuS., mTiul., xevs., qarTl., imer. da mesx. dialeqtebis Sesabamisiformebi: qvir·an·a ·i (sadac, T. uTurgaiZis mixedviT, -a - aris TuS.segmenti) kvici; qvir·a-qvir·a! kvicis moxmobis SeZaxili; qvir·o-qvir·o!kvicis mosaxmobad naxmari sityva; qvi·qvir·i 1. cxenis qveda tuCi; 2. kvicisxma; qur·i·ka·Á kvici [bavSvis eniT] (Rlonti 1984, 569, 579); Zv. qarT.÷ÃÂn·i, Ãvi·Ãvin·i cxenisgan kvicis moxmoba (orbeliani 1993, 441, 448,449).309

es Sesatyvisobani imiT aixsneba, rom xSiria mJReri xSuli /g/da bolokiduri sonanti /n/ Tanxmovnebis dakargvis SemTxvevebiqarT. dialeqtur da megr.-laz. formebSi. marTlac, amTanxmovnebis dakargvis Sedegad dasturdeba `gamartivebuli~sityvebi. mag., qarT. mapirispirebeli kavSiri magram qarT. dialeqtebSiiZleva Semdeg formebs: qiz. maram, aWar., gur., imer. damegr. mara, sadac bolokiduri -m’c ikargeba (JRenti 1956, 245;Rlonti 1984, 344); s.-qarT.-zan. mx. r.-is I piris nacvalsaxeli*mUen a > Zv. qarT. men a > ax. qarT. me, zan. man > laz.ma n , megr. ma me, sadac /U/ fonema daikarga winmavalibagismieri /m/ Tanxmovnis mezoblobad (gamyreliZe 1959, 44, 50;gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965, 323; Ciqobava 1942, 104; JRenti1956, 243); s.-qarTv. mr. r.-is II piris nacvalsaxeli *s 1 TqUen a >svan. *STqUe- > *SdqUe- > *SqUe- > *SgUe- > *sgUe- > sgAÁ-, s.-qarT.-zan. *TqUen a > qarT. Tqven, zan. Tqvan > laz.Tqva n , megr. Tqva Tqven, da sxva (gamyreliZe 1959, 31, 50;gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965, 323; Климов 1964, 176; Klimov1998, 75-76; janaSia 1937, 215; Ciqobava 1936, 72; 1942, 59, 104-106; JRenti 1953, 166-171).zemoT moyvanili formebis analogiurad aixsneba /g/ da /n/Tanxmovnebis dakargva Semdeg SemTxvevaSic: s.-qarT-.zan.*qUirg·an- > qarT. dial. qvir·an-, megr. qvir·a kvici.amgvari qarTveluri formebis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa kvici (Cuxua 2000-2003, 252).11 . Sdr.: `gerge ewodebis asak-mciresa cxensa, aqlemsa da pilosa dayovelTa misTanaTa~ (orbeliani 1991, I, 157; 1993, II, 345; qegl 1951, II,1430); megr. gerge [mxedari] didi/wm. giorgi (Sdr. qajaia 2001, I, 304).agreTve Sdr.: megr. xvirg·u Cqari mosiarule (ZaZamia, vaxania 2007,VI, 202); megr. xvirg·u·a [cxenis] xramuni.12 . iv. javaxiSvilis (1992, 178) mixedviT, megr. qvir·a aris kax.-qiz.dialeqtSi daculi qur·an·i axlad gaCenili kvici. s.-s. orbelianis (1993, 240)leqsikonSic aris mocemuli forma qur·an·i wablisferi cxenis mniSvnelobiT.Sdr. Sumer. kur 4 1. sirbili; 2. cxenis Weneba (Halloran 2006, 41): megr.qur·in·u·a 1. gaqceva; 2. cxenis Weneba.310

m. xubuam (1945, 729-733) megr. qvira kvici da spars.[kurra, korre, kore, kora] cxenis, viris, jorisa da aqlemis erTi anori wlis Svili erTmaneTTan daakavSira da megr. forma sparsulidannasesxebad miiCnia. 13 magram kretul intalioze proto-qarTv. _kolx. *qU rg·an· sityvis amokiTxviT vadastureb, rom Semdegiformebi: i.-e. *poul-; laT. pullus cxovelis naSieri; miken. berZn.[po-ro]; 14 berZn. , ; germanik. *fulon; Zv. z.-germ. folo; germ. Fóhlen, Füllen; Zv. isl. foli, fyl < *fylja kvici;alb. pélë < *pôlnâ faSati (Sdr.: Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, II,551, 555, 556; Ivanov 1996, 212); mezo-goT. fula (Skeat 1868,79); anglo-saqs. fola (Clark Hall 1894, 2004, 108); saSualo ingl.fole, foile; ingl. foal; norv. føll, følle; Sved. föl, föla, fåle; bret.ebeul; uels. ebol somx. [ ]; alb. kërriç; Zv. qarT. gerge;megr. qvirga, qvira; qarT. dial. qurani, qviran-/qvir-/qur- kvicimomdinareobs saerTo * (g)- 15 Zirisgan (Sdr. Гамкрелидзе,13 . spars. masala momawoda prof. m. Toduam, risTvisac did madlobasmovaxseneb.14 . ar. evansma (1935 II , 799, 799 3 , sur. 773; 1952, 9; cxr. V) knososisfirfitaze (KN Ca-895) gamoxatuli B xazovani damwerlobis (2 kvici)niSnebi Seadara gaSifrul kviprosuli damwerlobis msgavs [po] da [lo]niSnebs da amoikiTxa forma po-lo kvici, magram man am amokiTxvismarTebulobaSi eWvi Seitana, radgan B xazovani damwerloba ar miaCndaberZnulad. evansis gardacvalebis Semdeg, j. Cedvikma (1967, 85-86) daadasturaam amokiTxvis siswore (Robinson 2007, 113; agreTve ix. CoTali-Svili 2003, 178).15 . Sdr.: Sumer. ANŠE kúnĝa (2) [ANŠE.BAR.AN] jori (Halloran 2006, 61); s.-i.-e. * ; Sumerograma /ANŠE.KUR.RA; Sumer.ANŠEsisi; aqad. sisû MEŠ < *sisā’um (ANŠE.ZI.ZI = *[ ANŠE s .s ]); xur. ešši; egv.[śśm.t]; miken. berZn. [i-qo]; berZn. (- -

Иванов 1984, I, 103-109, 130), romelic, rogorc Cans, gavrcelebuliiyo evropis, xmelTaSua zRvis, Savi zRvisa da tigros-evfratisarealis enebSi.● daskvna1. festosis diskoze amotvifrulia PHD15 culis naxatniSnisuZvelesi nimuSi;2. culi aris RvTaebis atributi, samefo regalia, Zalauflebisa danayofierebis simbolo. aseve, igi aris iniciaciisa da dafarulisgamJRavnebis simbolo;3. culis proto-qarTveluri _ kolxuri forma aris *arg·an-;4. dadasturebulia proto-qarTveluri _ kolxuri *arg-/*agr-Ziris fonetikuri da semantikuri Sesatyvisobani Zv. da ax.evropul enebSi;5. naxat-niSanTa amokiTxvisTvis Cem mier warmodgenilialgoriTmis 5.2.1-5 wesebis mixedviT (ix.: kvaSilava 2008, 217,218; www.kvashilava-gia.com), festosis diskos PHD15 naxatniSani,kretuli CH012a, da CH043a ieroglifebi culi, Axazovani damwerlobis A008/F0615, A008/F0616 daA008/F0617 ormagi culis niSnebi amoikiTxeba proto-qarTvelur _cxeni; Zv. z.-germ. hengist; germ. Hengst; Zv. ingl. hęngest; hengst ulayi,mamali cxeni; berZn. ; laT.-gal. caballus cxeni; Zv. Turq. keväl;kevil bedauri; spars. kaval swrafi cxeni; ugar. ssw; aram. sūsjā; ebr.[sûs]; Zv. ind. áśva-; avest. aspa-; Zv. spars. asa-; laT. equus, caballus; Zv.ingl. eoh; Zv. irl. ech; gal. epo-; litv. žìrgas; Zv. slav. konj ; rus. конь(Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, I, 100, 271; II, 544, 545, 545 1 , 553, 554 2 ; 555,556, 560; Ivanov 1996, 167-214; agreTve ix. gamyreliZe, kiknaZe, Saduri,Sengelaia 2003, 583); ier.-luv. á-zù-(wa/i-); lur.-luv. *āššu-, azzu(wa)-(Melchert 1993, 2001, 39, 44, 286); dan. hest; pol. koń; Cex. kůň cxeni; est.hobune; norv., dan. hoppe; ungr. kanca; oqsitan. èga; prus. sirgis; pol.klacz; Zv. slav., Cex. kobyla; rus. ĸобыла; xorv. kobila; ital. cavalla faSati;esp. caballo; ital. cavallo; port. cavalo; frang. cheval; alb. kalë; bask. zaldicxeni, da sxva.312

kolxur enaze rogorc [*a] xmovani, xolo kretuli CH043c ieroglificuli _ rogorc [*rgan ];6. imave algoriTmis wesebis mixedviT, 255[6]CRS(3/3)04intalios kretuli warwera anu kompleqsi CH066 kvici daCH043c culi amoikiTxeba proto-qarTvelur _ kolxur enaze rogorc[*qU -rgan ];7. proto-qarTvelur _ kolxur *qU rg- Zirs paraleluri formebiaqvs im enebSi, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo evropaSi, xmelTaSuazRvis, Savi zRvisa da tigros-evfratis arealSi.Gia Kvashilavawww.kvashilava-gia.comgiakvashilava@yahoo.comDedicated to Dr Herbert R. Zebischand Prof. Akaki UrushadzeOn Reading Pictorial Signs of the Phaistos Disk andof Related Scripts (1). AxeThis study concrens the graphiccharacter, semantic interpretation,typological parallels, commentaries,and reading of the Phaistos Diskpictorial sign PHD15. 1616 . This paper is the first (1) in the series of works that study every pictorialsign of the Phaistos Disk and follow the general theory for my deciphermentof the Disk (see: Kvashilava 2007 and 2008).313

1. Graphical Character of the Pictorial Sign PHD15The Phaistos Disk pictorial sign PHD15 was calledpickaxe by Sir Arthur Evans (1909, 277), mattock – by L.Godart (1995), and axe – by G. Ipsen (1929, 22), G. Neumann(1968, 39-40) and others.J. M. Eisenberg (2008, 18) labels the Disk sign PHD15 aspick, and he compares it with the Cretan hieroglyphic signCH043c, and with the signs of Linear A A364/F077B andLinear B B232/100C8 (comp. Douros 2008, 39, 35).The following signs are similar to the Disk sign PHD15:a). Cretan hieroglyphs for axe: CH043/F20AE,CH043/F20AD (CHIC; Douros 2008, 58); CH043/F20AF/CH012 (Douros 2008, 58; Evans 1909, 232); CH012,(Evans 1909, 185, 232; 1921, 282, 643);b). The Linear A script axe signs: A363/F077A,A363/F0779, ; A364/F077C, A364/F077B,(GORILA; Douros 2008, 39);c). The Linear B Mycenaean Greek script syllabic signB012/10030/B020 [so] 17 axe (Douros 2008, 25; Evans 1952,26).With the Disk sign PHD15 the following signs shouldalso be compared:a). Cretan double axe hieroglyphs: , , ,CH036 (Evans 1909, 161, 195); , CH036 (Evans 1909,232; 1921, 643); , , CH036 (Evans 1909, 19, 158,17 . Comp. the syllable [so] to Greek ; Georgian cu·li [cu·li] axe.314

Fig. 49a; 195, 232; 1921, 282, 643);315CH042/F20AB,CH042/F20AC, CH042/F20AA (CHIC); CH042/F20AA (Douros 2008, 58); );CH175/F2174 (CHIC; Douros 2008, 62);(Evans 1895, 13, Fig. 9, c);CH003 (Evans1909, 66, 99; 1921, 135, 309, Fig. X); (Evans 1909, 87;1921, 348); (Evans 1895, 13, Fig. 9, a); (Evans 1909,252, 253); (Evans 1921, 435), (Evans 1909, 261; 1921,279); (Evans 1909, 268); , (Evans 1895, 13, Fig. 9, d;80, table I; 84, table II; 96; 1909, 20, 155, Fig. 29d; Fig. 59a 1.2;160, 252, 261; 1921, 279, 347 1 , Fig. 250); CH013 (Evans1895, 80, table I; 96; 1909, 12, 66, 71, 99; 1921, 643); ,(Evans 1901, 12; 1906, 167, Fig. 146);b). The Linear A double axe signs: A008 (Evans 1921,135), A124 (Evans 1952, 153, table II); A008/F0617,A008/F0618, A008/F0615, A008/F0616 (GORILA;Douros 2008, 25); A049 (Evans 1909, 66; 1921, 625, 626;1952, 17, table I); , , A049 (Evans 1921, 614, 615, 616,624, 631, 643; 1952, 17, table I); (Evans 1909, 228);c). The Linear B double axe signs: , (Evans 1921, 643;1952, 17, table I); [a] B008 (Douros 2008, 25); B232/100C8 (Douros 2008, 35);d). Lycian double axe sign (Evans 1909, 66);e). Carian double axe signs: , (Evans 1909, 66);f). Iberian signs: [ko/go], , (Evans 1909, 99).The above signs are doubtlessly similar to the Paistos Diskpictorial sign PHD15, which supplies me with the sound

asis to argue that on the Phaistos Disk one oldest pictographicsign of axe is printed.2. Ritual and Battle Axes. Their Symbolics316

In this connection the following archaeological materialexcavated in Crete, Troy and Colchis should be mentioned:a). Cretan bronze axe , the MM I period (Evans 1921,194, Fig. 141);b). Trojan axe , the 25 th c. BC (Sokolov 1972, Fig. 8);c). Colchian bronze axe , the 18 th -3 th centuries BC(Lortkipanidze 1972, Fig. 4; Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, et al2001, 145-146, 148, 155, 161, 285, 339-353, 411-413; also seeLortkipanidze 1989, 183-307); and others.317

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As is well known, in various cultures axe is an attribute andan implement of deity, (like, e.g., lightning or thunder), and asymbol of power and fertility.– a double axe is a royal regalia, a symbol of theMother-Goddess Rhea-Cybele, the symbol of fertility; it isconnected to the Uranian Thunder-God. It is often depicted on abull’s head, which has a chthonic function (Ad de Vries 1981,31).327

In Asia Minor, Minoian culture and northen Europe doubleaxe is a symbol of power and the cult symbol of the act ofsacrifice. It is also the initiation symbol that is able to uncoverthe concealed mystery through the courageous deed 18 (Herder1980, 20).3. Reconstruction of Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian andCommon-Georgian-Zan forms of AxeThe Reconstruction of the Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian andthe Common-Georgian-Zan forms of the word axe is presentedbelow; 19 also, the relation of the Phaistos Disk pictorial signPHD15 to the Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian linguistic form*argan [*arganə] is discussed.*arg·an· [*arg·an·ə] (Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian) axe;*arg·an- [*arg·an-] (Common-Georgian-Zan);arg·an·i [arg·an·i] (Old Georgian, Chikobava 1950, I, 554)a long supporting stick, staff;arg·un·i [arg·un·i] (Mingr., Laz, Marr 1910; Kipshidze1914, 196(400); Kajaia 2001, I, 190) axe.Acording to S.-S. Orbeliani arg·an·i [arg·an·i] is a staff asthick as a crook for weak men to be supported (Orbeliani 1698,1991, 60; 1993, 461). The form arg·an·i [arg·an·i] is attested inOld Georgian written sources: `vidodiRa Tu Soris aCrdilTa18 . Comp. the contents of the prayer-hymn of the Phaitsos Disk dedicated toGreat Nena or Rhea-Cybele, the Mother-Goddess (see Kvashilava 2008, 268-271).19 . The terms used in my research: the Common-Kartvelian root language,the Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian, the Common-Georgian-Zan, Georgian, Zan,Mingrelian, Laz/Chan, and Svan denote different periods of the developmentof the Kartvelian languages as it is given in: Gamkrelidze, Machavariani1965, 16, 17, 17 1 , 18; Gamkrelidze 2008, 86-88; also see Gamkrelidze,Ivanov 1984, II, 880 2 , 909 3 .The terminology is not always as homogeneous as here, though.328

sikudilisaTa, ara SemeSinos me borotisagan, rameTu Sen CemTana xar; kuerTxman Senman da argan’man Senman _ amaTnugeSinis-mces me~ [vidodiγa tu šoris ačrdilta sikudilisata, arašemešinos me borotisagan, rametu šen čem tana xar; kuertxmanšenman da argan’man šenman – amat nugešinis-mces me](Mtskhetian Manuscript 1983, 167) – ”Even if I go through thedeepest darkness, I will not be afraid, Lord, for you are with me.Your shepherd’s rod and staff (argani) protect me” (Bible 1992,Psalms 23.4).Arn. Chikobava (1938, 162) supposed that arg·un·i[arg·un·i] is a common word for Mingrlian and Laz only, andthat it is not attested in Georgian and Svan, but M. Chukhua(2002-2003, 51) relates the Mingrelian-Laz data to theequivalent Georgian form arg·an- [arg·an-] and reconstructs theCommon-Kartvelian archetype *arg·an- [*arg·an-]: a woodenstick, axe.The reconstruction is given below.As is known, the Common-Kartvelian /*a/ is often related toZan /*o/, and to Georgian /a/ (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965,145, 145 1 , 289). In some cases in initial syllable Zan /*o/ givesthe phoneme /a/ in Mingrelian-Laz. E.g., Common-Georgian-Zan *ma·rjU·en- [*ma· r w·en-] > Georgian ma·rjv·en-[ma·r v·en-], Zan *mo·rjgv·an- [*mo·r gv·an-] > Mingrelian-Laz ma·rZgv·an- [ma·r gv·an-] right – as a result of thephonetic assimilation to the /a/ of the next syllable (Gamkrelidze1959, 27; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965, 169); also, in Zan,especially in Mingrelian, the vowel /o/ of the word initialsyllable is sporadically realized as /a/, which is confirmed by thefollowing pairs: okoserua [okoserua] > akoserua [akoserua] toget dark, darken; night is coming; gomorseba [gomorseba] >gamorseba [gamorseba] test, trial; goCinebafa [gočinebapa] >gaCinebafa [gačinebapa] get to know; go norTi [ go norti] >gi narTi [ gi narti] a part of smth., and others (comp.: Kajaia329

2001, I, 173, 285, 295, 347, 377, 379, 399; 2002, II, 362, 395,432).If a Georgian noun stem is not contracte, then the Georgianvowel /a/ in a word final syllable is regularly related toMingrelian-Laz vowel /o/. If a Georgian noun stem is contracte,which means that in the final syllable /a/ alternates with /ø/ (asin Georgian, e.g., dedal·i [dedal·i] – nominative case, dedl·is[dedøl·is] – genitive case), then Zan *o>u in Mingrelian-Laz(e.g.: Zan *dadol- [*dadol-] > Mingrelian-Laz dadul- [dadul-].Chikobava 1942, 11; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965, 289,290; also see Gudava 1960, 119).The above analysis confirms the following process ofchange of the form *argan- [*argan-] as studied by me:Common-Georgian-Zan *arg·an- [*arg·an-] > Georgian arg·an-[arg·an-] (genitive case arg·n·is [arg·øn·is], instrum. casearg·n·iT [arg·øn·it]), Zan *org·on- [*org·on-] > Mingrelian-Lazarg·un- [arg·un-] where initial Zan /*o/ gives the Mingr.-Lazphoneme /a/, and inlaut Zan /*o/ changes into Mingr.-Laz /u/.This reconstruction is also supported by the fact that throughlosing the /n/ in *arg·an- [*arg·an-] a Georgian Lechkhumiandialect form arg·a [arg·a], a besom made of cornel branches, isreceived (comp. Glonti 1984, 39).I conclude that the Phaistos Disk sign PHD15 is awooden-handle axe, and CH043 pictorial sign could only beconnected with the Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian form *a·rgan[*a·rganə], and consequently, the linguistic form *a·rgan[*a·rganə] is represented only by the pictorial sign CH034.4. The Meaning of the root Arg- and its SemanticParallels330

Of the similar (or the same) root is, e.g. Greek : 1.quick, fast; 2. white; 3. shining, blazing, bright, gleaming. Greek: 1. names of the towns in the peninsula of Peloponneseand Thessaly; 2. a region in Argolida (Weisman 1899, 2006,191). 3. The great part of Hellás is sometimes called byHomer; 4. The name of a son of Phrixus and Chalciope, and agrandson of the Colchian King Aeetes; 5. the name of anArgonaut Argos who built the ship (Apollonius ofRhodes), etc. The coincidence of these forms does not seemfortuitous to me.In addition, I would like to note that according to Sh.Nutsubidze (1956, 77-78; 1983, 30, 99), A. Urushadze (1964,138-139), Th. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov (1984, II, 907-908),S. Jikia cleverly noted that the name of the Argonaut Shipis related to Georgian egrisi [egrisi] – the name of the country,namely to its West-Kartvelian variant agr-/arg- [agr-/arg-], ofwhich the ethnonym Margali Mingrelian is derived. Thesescholars think thatmeans travellers to the countryof Arg, where the Colchian tribes Margalepi Mingrelians or thepeople of Arg lived (also see: Lortkipanidze 1986, 148 17 ;Lortkipanidze 1989, 218 16 ; Gamkrelidze, Kiknadze, et al. 2003,586).I think that Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian *agr·iS·i/ *arg·iS·i[*agr·iš·i/*arg·iš·i], Georg. egr·is·i [egr·is·i], is the countrywhere Mingrelians worshipped Arg·an – axe as the symbol ofpower.To Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian *agr·iS·i/*arg·iS·i[*agr·iš·i/*arg·iš·i] the following words have been compared:Sumerian agar (= a.gár) field (Halloran 2006, 50; Gamkrelidze,Ivanov 1984, II, 877); Mycenaean Greek [a-ko-ro] 1. aplain, valley, field; 2. a country (Gavalas 2000, 1); Greek1. field, valley, plain; 2. village, a country (Weisman 1899,2006, 12); Indo-European *a ’r- (= **aĝr-); Latin ager; Gothic331

akrs field (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, I, 36, 94; II, 877); OldEnglish æcer field; Greek (< land, Georgian egr-[egr-], Zan agr- [agr-] > Mingr. arg- [arg-]; Common-Kartvelian *egr·is 1·i [*egr·is 1·i] > Georgian egr·is·i [egr·is·i], Zan*agr·iS·i [*agr·iš·i] > Mingr. *arg·iS·i [*arg·iš·i] Egrisi andCommon-Georg.-Zan *m·egr·el·i [*m·egr·el·i] > Georg.m·egr·el·i [m·egr·el·i], Zan *m·agr·al·i [*m·agr·al·i] > Mingr.m·arg·al·i [m·arg·al·i] Mingrelian (see: Brosset 1849, 70;Chikobava 1942, 143, 144, 190; Janashia 1959, 6; Klimov 1964,132); the following processes take place here: 1. Common-Kartvelian *e > Zan a; 2. Common-Kartvelian *s 1 > Georg. s,Zan *š; 3. Common-Georg.-Zan cyrcumfix *m-...-el- > Zan m-...-al (Klimov 1964, 124; Klimov 1998, 112); 4. Zan consonantcluster *gr → Mingr. rg through metathesis (comp.:Akhvlediani 1956, 177; 1999, 207-209; Zhgenti 1953, 157-159;1956, 159, 239; 1960, 44).I conclude that the following schemes work for theseKartvelian forms: Common-Georg.-Zan *rg > Georg., Mingr.,Laz rg, and Common-Georg.-Zan *gr > Georg. gr, Mingr. rg.b). Greek forms that correspond to Common-Georgian-Zanegris·i [egris·i] are * > with thealternation of the consonsnts / / and / / and the change→ ; and - is the suffix of location; Zan *m·agr·al·ef-[*m·agr·al·ep-] with -ep plural making suffix is in regular332

corespondence with Greek * > wherethe Common-Georg.-Zan m- prefix and Zan initial vowel /a/ arepreserved; - - is the prefix of location (Brugmann 1911, 211),and - – nominative plural marker (Urushadze 1964, 137).5. On Reading the Pictorial Sign AxeIn the first part of my work I have presented algorithm 5.2.1-5 for reading pictorial signs of the Phaetos Disk. According tothis algorithm, reading of one and the same pictorial sign isdetermined by its horizontal or vertical positions on the Disk. Ifthe sign is rotated at the angle of 90 0 to its initial (horizontal)position and thus vertically printed, only the first syllable of itscorresponding word should be read (see: Kvashilava 2008,253, 254; www.kvashilava-gia.com).The Disk sign PHD15 and the Cretan hieroglyphsCH012a, and CH043a, are rotated 90 0 , that means that thefirst syllable /*a/ of the Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian form*a·rgan [*a·rganə] is read, and so, the Disk sign PHD15 isread as: *a [*a].Only one rotation position for the Linear A double axe signsA008/F0615, A008/F0616 and A008/F0617 is given ontablets, and according to rule 5.2.2 of my algorythm, they arealso read as *a [*a].This reading is also confirmed by M. Ventris’ reading of thecorresponding Mycenaean Greek double axe sign B008 as [a].E.g., Mycenaean Greek [a-ko-so-ne], Greek ,axe 20 (Gavalas 2000,1).20 . Comp.: Old English æce; English axe (see pictures in Hornby 2005, 92);German Axt. Also: Indo-European *p [h] ele u-; Greek < Semitic(Akkadian) pila u axe; Old Indian paraśú- axe; Mycenaean Greek[pe-re-ke-we] (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 716, 716 2 , 739; 874). Comp.333

6. On Reading Cretan Hieroglyphs Axe and FoalI read the Hieroglyphic inscription on the Cretan intaglioaccording to rules 5.2.1-5 of my algorythm (see: Kvashilava2008, 253, 254; www.kvashilava-gia.com).Lydian double axe to labyrinth (Furnée 1972, 397; alsosee Chotalishvili 2003, 103, 104).334

Because the Cretan hieroglyphCH066/F21B0 foal/kidis rotated at the angle of 90 0 , and the CH043c axe – at theangle of 270 0 , according to rules 5.2.2 and 5.2.4 of thealgorythm, the first syllable *qU [*kwə] of the word is read ofthe signfoal/kid, and the second syllable of the word *rgan[*rganə] is read for axe. And thus, the clusterfoal/kid and axe is read as *qU -rgan [*kwə-rganə], with thesegment U [w] in the position #CwəC- (comp. Gamkrelidze,Machavariani 1965, 52, 54, 60, 61, 63, 72). To Proto-Kartvelian– Colchian form *qU rg·an· [*kwərg·an·ə] correspondsCommon-Georgian-Zan *qUirg·an- [*kwirg·an-] > Georgiandialect qvir·an- [kvir·an-] 21 and Mingr. qvirg·a [kvirg·a] 22 ,qvir·a [kvir·a] 23 foal.21 . Comp.: the corresponding forms of the Georgian Tushian, Mtiulian,Khevsurian, Kartlian, Imeretian and Meskhian dialects: qvir·an·a ·i[kvir·an·a ·i] (where, according to T. Uturgaidze, -a - is a specific Tushiansegment) foal; qvir·a-qvir·a! [kvir·a-kvir·a!], qvir·o-qvir·o! [kvir·okvir·o!]an interjection for calling a foal; qvi·qvir·i [kvi·kvir·i] 1. a lower lipof a horse; 2. neighing of a foal; qur·i·ka·Á [kur·i·>a·j] foal in child’sspeech (Glonti 1984, 569, 579); Old Georgian ÷ÃÂn·i/Ãvi·Ãvin·i335

These correspondences are acceptable, because the loss ofthe voiced consonant /g/ and of the word final sonant /n/ inGeorgian dialects and Mingr.-Laz forms is frequent. The loss ofthese sounds resulted in simpler words. See examples: thedialect forms of the Georg. adversative conjunction magram[magram] but are: Kizikian – maram [maram], Ajarian,Gurian, Imeretian, and Mingrelian – mara [mara]: here thefinal -m is also lost (Zhgenti 1956, 245; Glonti 1984, 344);Common-Georg.-Zan singular 1 st person personal pronoun*mUen a [*mwen a ] > Old Georg. men a [men a ] > NewGeorg. me [me], Zan man [man] > Laz ma n [ma n ], Mingr.ma [ma] I, me, where the phoneme /w/ is lost next to bilabial/m/ (Gamkrelidze 1959, 44, 50; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani1965, 323; Chikobava 1942, 104; Zhgenti 1956, 243); Common-Kartvelian 2 nd person plural personal pronoun *s 1 TqUen a[*s 1 tkwen a ] > Svan *STqUe- [*štkwe-] > *SdqUe- [*šdkwe-] > *SqUe- [*škwe-] > *SgUe- [*šgwe-] > *sgUe- [*sgwe-] >sgAÁ- [sgäj-], Common-Georg.-Zan *TqUen a [*tkwen a ] >Georg. Tqven [tkven], Zan Tqvan [tkvan] > Laz Tqva n[tkva n ], Mingr. Tqvan [tkvan] you, etc (Gamkrelidze 1959,[qwi·qwin·i/qvi·qvin·i] neighing of mother horse (Orbeliani 1993, 441, 448,449).The common meaning of these and similar forms is a foal (Chukhua2000-2003, 252).22 . Comp.: Georgian ”gerge is a baby horse, camel or elephant, ect.”(Orbeliani 1991, I, 157; 1993, II, 345; Chikobava 1951, II, 1430); Mingreliangerge [gerge] [a rider] great/St Giorgi (Kajaia 2001, I, 304).Also comp.: Mingr. xvirg·u [xvirg·u] a speedy walker (Dzadzamia,Vakhania 2007, VI, 202); Mingr. xvirg·u·a [xvirg·u·a] munching [of horse].23 . According to I. Javakhishvili (1992, 178), Mingr. qvir·a [kvir·a] ispreserved in the Georgian Kakhian-Kizikian dialect qur·an·i [kur·an·i] anewly born foal. In S.-S. Orbeliani’s Lexicon (1993, 240) qur·an·i [kur·an·i]means a bay.Comp. Sumerian kur 4 1. running; 2. galloping a horse (Halloran 2006,41) to Mingr. qur·in·u·a [kur·in·u·a] 1. to run away; 2. galloping.336

31, 50; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965, 323; Klimov 1964,176; Klimov 1998, 75-76; Janashia 1937, 215; Chikobava 1936,72; 1942, 59, 104-106; Zhgenti 1953, 166-171).The loss of /g/ and /n/ can be explained similarly in thefollowing case, too: Common-Georg.-Zan *qUirg·an-[*kwirg·an-] > Georgian dialect qvir·an- [kvir·an-], Mingr.qvir·a [kvir·a] foal.M. Khubua (1945, 729-733) conncted the following forms:Mingr. qvira [kvira] and Persian [kurra, korre, kore,kora] a one or two year old baby of a horse, a mule, a donkeyand a camel, and supposed that the Mingrelian form had beenborrowed from Persian. 24 But my reading of the above Cretanintaglio as a Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian word *qU rg·an·[*kwərg·an·ə] shows that the words given below come from thecommon root * (g)- 25 (comp. Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, I,24 . I am grateful to Prof. M. Todua for supplying me with the Persian data.25 . Comp.: Sumerian ANŠE kúnĝa (2) [ANŠE.BAR.AN] mule (Halloran 2006,61); Common-Indo-European * ; Sumerian /ANŠEANŠE.KUR.RA; Sumer. sisi; Akkadian sisû MEŠ < *sisā’um(ANŠE.ZI.ZI = *[ ANŠE s .s ]); Hurrian ešši; Egyptian [śśm.t];Mycenaean Greek [i-qo]; Greek (- -

103-109, 130) well spread in Europe, on the litorals of theMediterranean and Black seas, and the Tigris and Euphratesarea: Indo-European *poul-; Latin pullus young animal ect.;Mycenaean Greek [po-ro] 26 ; Greek (Homeric) ;Germanic *fulon; Old High German folo; German Fóhlen,Füllen foal; Old Icelandic foli (masculine), fyl < *fylja – filly;Albanian pélë < *pôlnâ mare (comp.: Gamkrelizde, Ivanov1984 II, 551, 555, 556; Ivanov 1996, 212); Moeso-Gothic fula(Skeat 1868, 79); Anglo-Saxon fola ’foal’, colt (Clark Hall1894, 2004, 108); Middle English fole, foile; English foal;Norwegian føll colt, følle; Swedish föl colt, föla, fåle; Bretonebeul; Welsh, Cornish ebol < *epālo- colt; Dutch veulen;Danish føl; Italian puledro; French poulain; Czech hříbě;Polish źrebię; Russian жеребёнок [žerebjónok]; Hittite kurka-(comp. Ivanov 1996, 213, 213 327 ); Middle Persian (Pahlavi)kurrag > Armenian [ ]; Albanian kërriç; OldGeorgian gerge [gerge]; Mingrelian qvirga [kvirga], qvira[kvira]; Georgian dialects qurani [kurani]; qviran-/qvir-/qur-[kviran-/kvir-/kur-] – foal.● RESULTS1. One oldest pictographic sign PHD15 of axe is printedon the Phaistos Disk;Old Slavic, Czech kobyla; Russian ĸобыла [kobyla]; Croatian kobila;Italian cavalla – mare; Spanish caballo; Italian cavallo; Portuguese cavalo;French cheval; Albanian kalë; Basque zaldi – horse, and others.26 . Evans (1935 II , 799, 799 3 , Fig. 773; 1952, 9; table V) compared the LinearB signs (2 foals) of the Knossos’ tablet (KN Ca-895) to the similarCyproit Script signs deciphered as [po] and [lo], he read it as po-lo foal,but he did not think this reading right, because Linear B was not consideredas Greek by him. Later J. Chadwick (1967, 85-86) confirmed the correctnessof Evans’ reading (Robinson 2007,113; also see Chotalishvili 2003, 178).338

2. Axe is a symbol of an attribute, an implement of theDeity, a symbol of power and fertility; also, the initiationsymbol and the symbol uncovering the concealed mystery;3. The Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian word for axe is *arg·an-[*arg·an-];4. The Old and New Indo-European language variants andparallel forms of the Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian *arg-/*agr-[*arg-/*agr-] are given;5. According to the algorithm presented by the author (see:Kvashilava 2008, 253, 254; www.kvashilava-gia.com), thePhaistos Disk PHD15 sign, the Cretan hieroglyphsCH012a, and CH043a, the Linear A signs A008/F0615,A008/F0616 and A008/F0617 are read as *a [*a], and theCretan hieroglyph CHO43 axe – as *rgan [*rganə];6. Following the rules of the same algorithm, the twohieroglyphinscription 255[6]CR3(3/3)04 of the Cretan intagliowith a foal CH066 and axe CH043c is read in Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian as *qU -rgan [*kwə-rganə];7. The forms parallel to the Proto-Kartvelian – Colchian root*qU rg- [*kwərg-] are attested in the languages of Europe, onthe literals of the Mediterranean and Black seas, and in theTigris and Euphrates area.REFERENCESliteratura1. Ad de Vries, 1981. Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. North-Holland Publishing Company. Amsterdam, London, 1981.2. Akhvlediani, G., 1956. Introduction to General Phonetics. Tbilisi339

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75. Zhgenti, S., 1953. The Phonetics of Chan-Mingrelian. TbilisiUniversity Press. Tbilisi, 1953 (in Georgian).JRenti s., 1953. Wanur-megrulis fonetika. Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 1953.76. Zhgenti, S., 1956. The Phonetics of Georgian. Tbilisi UniversityPress. Tbilisi, 1956 (in Georgian).JRenti s., 1956. qarTuli enis fonetika. Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 1956.77. Zhgenti, S., 1960. Comparative Phonetics of KartvelianLanguages. Tbilisi University Press. Tbilisi, 1960 (in Georgian).JRenti s., 1960. qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi fonetika. I. marcvlebisagebulebis problema. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisgamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 1960.brinjaos sarke urartudan349nana baxsolianiarqauli simbolo yovelTvis sakralurTaniyo dakavSirebuli. samyaroSi mimdinare procesebSipersonificirebuli saxiT bunebis sxvadasxvaZalebi, ciuri mnaTobebi, cxovelebi, adamianebiTanabari ZaliT monawileobdnen. simbolo aramxolod kodificirebuli forma iyo, aramed igiadamianSi Tanamonawileobis, Tanaziarebis gancdisgamomwvev uZlieres afeqtur saSualebasacwarmoadgenda [3, 139-140]. swored amgvari simboluridatvirTvis matarebelia sarke.sarkis etimologiuri mniSvneloba SeiZlebaori sityviT ganisazRvros: spekulacia (Wvreta)da konsideracia (gansja), romelic inteleqtualursferos ukavSirdeba. sarke rogorc amreklavizedapiri varskvlavebis moZraobis dakvirvebisasgamoiyeneboda [8, 635-636].

sarke qvecnobieris, WeSmaritebis, TviTSemecnebisada pesimizmis arqetipia, romelic sicocxlissimbolizmTan, sikvdilTan da sulTan asocirdeba,romlis misteria adamianis saxeSi airekleba.diskos formis metalisagan damzadebuli sarkeebisuZvelesi nimuSebi arqeologiuri gaTxrebisSedegad egvipteSi, I dinastiis samarxidanmomdinareobs [9, 109-110]. sarkeebs xeTuri xanisskulpturul gamosaxulebebzec vadasturebT.igi gvianxTuri xanis qalRvTaeba qubabas erTerTatributs Seadgenda [2, 312-317]. sarkeTa uZvelesinimuSebi, ZiriTadad, brinjaosagan iyo damzadebuli.misi realuri nimuSebi gordionis yorRanulisamarxebidan momdinareobs. A yorRanSivercxlis sarke aRmoCnda. igi Zv. w. VI saukunesmiekuTvneba [7, 11]. sarkeebi aseve cnobili iyo asureTSi.koxta da fufunebis sagnebis gamoyenebaswrafad vrceldeboda egeosur samyarosa da saberZneTSi.brinjaosagan damzadebuli diskos formissarke urartuli xelovnebis SesaniSnav nimuSswarmoadgens. vanis teritoriaze aRmoCenili niv-Ti Zv. w. VII saukuniT TariRdeba da amJamad britaneTismuzeumSia daculi [6, 51].kvlevis sagans warmoadgens sarkis gravirebulsalteze daculi siuJeti.350

sarkis diametri 16 santimetria. mas orivemxridan ganieri, dekoratiulad gravirebuli ar-Sia aqvs Semovlebuli. sarkeze saxeluri ostaturadaamibmuli, romelsac orive mxares wyvilixbos Tavi amSvenebs. sarkis eskizi wyvili wriTaawarmodgenili da masSi cxovelTa figurebi zemoTda qvemoT dinamiurad moZraoben da centriskenmiemrTebian. saltis wina pirze erTgvarovaniprocesiaa, romelSic gamosaxulia rqiani Citi,igi ukan iyureba, xari da Txa – isini `wmindaxisken” miiswrafian. salteze gamosaxuli `wmindaxe” centraluri figuraa da igi or buCqs SorisaaaRmarTuli. qvemo nawilSi lomi taxs ukanmisdevs. meore mxares salteze gamosaxulia ixvi,351

mjdomare Txa, mTis Txa, romelic balaxs Zovsda yvelani centraluri figurisaken – frTianimzis diskosaken miemarTebian. maTgan sapirispirod,qvemoT lomi Txas misdevs. frTiani mzisdisko, savaraudod, mzis qalRvTaeba ardinisTanunda iyos dakavSirebuli.rogorc vxedavT, sarkis salteze orive mxaresgamoxatulia wriulad moZravi sxvadasxvacxovelebi da frinvelebi. figuraTa mimarTulebazeda da qveda zonebisaken aRniSnavs adamianisgaazrebul Semecnebebs, romelic mzis amosvla-Casvlas, dRe-Ramis monacvleobas, sinaTlisa dawyvdiadis dapirispirebas ukavSirdeba, rac droiscikluri gaazrebis safuZvelia [3, 133].arqaul cnobierebaSi centri sakraluri zonaiyo. aq sruldeboda kosmogonia. `kosmiurixe”, `sicocxlis xe” ganasaxierebda arqauli adamianismier Seqmnili samyaros models. `sicocxlisxe” erTiani samyaros simbolo iyo [3, 129].urartuli brinjaos sarkis salteze gamosaxulisicocxlis xe, cxovelebisa da frinvelebisfigurebi da frTiani mzis disko mTlian samyaroswarmogvidgens.arqauli samyaros wesrigis uzrunvelmyofiki RvTaebebi arian. RvTaebaTa ipostasebi, ZiriTadad,cxovelTa da frinvelTa saxiT iyo warmodgeniliganvixilavT ramdenime magaliTs:brinjaos gravirebul, sarkeze gamosaxulixari mniSvnelovan sakulto rols asrulebda.masTan arqauli wes-Cveulebebisa da folklorulimotivebis mTeli kompleqsia dakavSirebuli.[4, 520]352

Txis uZvelesi ikonografia Zv. w. III aTaswleulisSuaxanebiT daTariRebul uris dedofalSub-ad-dis samarxSi aRmoCenil sabeWdavsada statuetze dasturdeba. aq Txa ukana fexebzedgas xesTan, romelic kosmiur xesTanaa simbolizirebuli[4, 588].lomi xeTuri da luviuri xelovnebis ZeglebzemTavari figuraa. esenia malatiis lomebisqvis qandakebebi [10, 113-114], alaja-huiuqis, boRazqois`lomebis karibWe”, sadac mas samefo Zalauflebissimbolod moiazrebdnen. msgavsi tradiciamikenur saberZneTSi dasturdeba. pilosis samefotaxts orive mxareze lomis gamosaxulebaamSvenebda; mikenSi karibWis win lomebis qandakebebiidga. aqac lomi mefeTa saRvTo Zalauflebissimbolos warmoadgenda [4, 508-509].taxi xeTur lursmul warwerebSi (aniTasteqsti) lomsa da daTvs Soris moixsenieba. taxssimboluri datvirTva aqvs mikenur-berZnul kulturultradiciaSi _ sabrZolo Cafxutze gamosaxuli`taxis eSvi” meomruli ganwyobis gamomxatvelia[4, 516].indur tradiciaSi ixvi arsebiTad sakultorols TamaSobs da wminda frinvelad iTvleba.igi RvTaeba braxmas erT-erTi atributia [4, 543].rqiani Citi RvTaebis ipostass warmoadgens.rogorc vxedavT, brinjaos sarkis arSiazegamosaxuli figurebi da sicocxlis xis kompoziciasamyaros wesrigis Tavisebur metaforulgamoxatulebas ganasaxierebda. arSiaze gamosaxulicxovelebi – xari, lomi, taxi, Txa da frinvelebiuZveles da umniSvnelovanes simboloebsgamoxatavdnen, romlebic kosmosis calkeul na-353

wilebs ekuTvnodnen. amave dros, samyaros aucilebelimTlianobis ideasac gadmogvcemdnen [3,140].aRniSnuli monacemebis safuZvelze, SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom urartuli xelovnebis es nimuSi Cveulebrivara sayofacxovrebo, aramed saritualodaniSnulebis sagani unda yofiliyo. SemTxveviTiar unda iyos isic, rom es siuJeti maincadamaincmagiuri mniSvnelobis saganzea gamosaxuli.brinjaos sarkis zedapiri orive mxridankargad iyo gaprialebuli, rac albaT, sarkis sicocxlisada sikvdilis ormag funqciaze miuTi-Tebda. misi magiuri daniSnulebisa da gamoyenebisSesaxeb msjeloba SeiZleba qalis samarxebSiaRmoCenili sarkeebiT. umravles SeTxvevaSi, aRniSnulinivTi sagangebodaa gatexili da dazianebuli.aRniSnulma garemoebam mkvlevrebs afiqrebina,rom micvalebulis dakrZalvis dros sarkeebsgarkveuli magiur-religiuri niSniT azianebdnen[5, 89]. a. xazanovis Tanaxmad, sarkeebi imavgarozebisa da amuletebis ricxvs miekuTvneba,romelsac adamiani sicocxleSi Tan atarebs rogorcavi Tvalisagan damcav saSualebas, xologardacvalebis Semdeg mas saflavSi im mizniTatandnen, rom sarkes im qveyanaSic patronisaTvisigive funqcia Seesrulebina, rasac saaqaoSi asrulebda[5, 89]. adamianis warmodgeniT, sulitovebda sxeuls, mas miwas miabarebdnen, misTvissaWiro nivTebs sagangebod azianebdnen, raTa maTsxeulsac gayroda suli da igi patronis sulsSeerTeboda. frezeris azriT, sarkeSi aireklebodaadamianis suli. adamiani Crdilsa da sarke-354

Si areklil gamosaxulebas sulis gamovlinebadaRiqvamda.did interess imsaxurebs sarkis Sesaxeb arsebulimdidari eTnologiuri da folklorulimasala ∗ . ase magaliTad, sparsul tradiciaSi sasiZoqorwilamde sapatarZlos sxvadasxva saCuqrebTanerTad sarkesac ugzavnida. qal-vaJma erTmaneTiam sarkeSi unda dainaxon, rom maTi momavalicxovrebis gza bednieri iyos. sarke qalismziTevSic Sedioda. mas rogorc bedis avgarozsgaTxovili qali didi sifrTxiliT da mokrZalebiTepyroboda.samziTvo sarke qalis bedis, misi momavalicxovrebis megzuria, amitom mas sifrTxiliT undamoepyros, radgan Tu gatyda, misi bedic gatydeba,qmars dakargavs da sicocxle tanjvadgadaeqceva. es siuJeti udevs safuZvlad sparselimwerlis saduy-heda aTis moTxrobas `gatexilisarke”. am nawarmoebSi sarkes bedis avgarozisfunqcia akisria.Zvel Cinur TqmulebaSi sarke siyvarulisada erTgulebis simbolodaa gaazrebuli. TqmulebisTanaxmad, col-qmars droebiT ganSorebisaserTmaneTisaTvis sarkeebi uCuqebiaT. qalsqmrisTvis uRalatia. Ralatis ambavi mamakacs ka-WkaWad gadaqceulma sarkem amcno.sarkes gamanayofierebeli da Zlierebis mimniWebelifunqciac hqonia dakisrebuli. Turqmanulilegendis Tanaxmad, aleqsandre makedonels∗eTnologiuri da folkloruli masalis mowodebisa dagaweuli konsultaciebisaTvis baton g. gociriZes uRrmesmadlobas movaxseneb.355

dedofal qaqa-Siris damorCileba ganuzraxavs.dedofals iseTi sarke hqonia, romlis magiuriZalis SemweobiT yvela mowinaaRmdeges amarcxebda.makedonelma msaxurTa rCeviT, 40 meomari 40qalze daaqorwina. colebma qmrebis gamanayofierebelisiTxe WurWelSi moaTavses, romlisganacmakedonelma sarke daamzadebina. ase SeZlo mefemdedoflis damarcxeba.sarkis magiuri daniSnuleba qarTul xalxurzRaprebSic mowmdeba, sadac mas sxvadasxva mniSvnelobasTanerTad, adamianis bedis, misi TavgadasavlisZiebis funqciac miewereba [1, 105-110].kvlevam aCvena, rom brinjaos gravirebulisarke sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis, fufunebissagani ver iqneboda. sarkis arSiaze gamosaxulisiuJeti utyuar ritualur ceremonias asaxavs,romlis axsna Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis saqmes warmoadgens.literatura1. g. gociriZe, saqorwino sarke, sabWoTa xelovneba#5, Tb., 1985. iqve ix. miTiTeba specialursamecniero literaturaze.2. n. xazaraZe, n. baxsoliani, qubaba ( D KUBABA)gvianxeTuri xanis aRmosavleT mcire aziis samefo-samTavroTaqalRmerTi, masalebi saqarTveloseTnografiisaTvis XXV, Tb., 2005.3. m. xidaSeli, rituali da simbolo arqaul kulturaSi,Tb., 2005.4. Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, Вяч. Вс. Иванов, Индоевропейский языки индоевропейцы.356

5. А. М. Хазанов, Религиозно-магические понимание зеркал уСарматов, С.Э. №3, 1964.6. Anadolu Arastirmalari, Jahrbuch für Kleinasiatische forschunc,Istanbul, 1965.7. Anatolian Studies, vol. 1, Ankara-London, 1951.8. J. Chevalier, A. Gheerbrant, Dictionnaire Des Symboles,Mythes, Rêves, Coutumes, Gestes, Formes Figures, Couleurs,Nombres, Paris, 1997.9. D. E Devry, An Egyptian Mirror Handle in Fossil Bone, AMonthly Records of Anthropological Science, vol. XXXVII,London, 1937.10. Ö. Tunca, The Lion of Golakliköy, AnSt, vol XXVI, Ankara-London, 1976.The bronze mirror from UrartuNana BakhsolianiOn the bronze mirror arch the figures and the compositionof life tree are discovered. These figures and compositionexpresses the personification of the world order metaphor. Thepatterns of Urartian Art as usual aren’t domestic, luxurysubjects. These things were used for ritual purpose.357

lela saraliZee. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuri olqissazRvrebis sakiTxisaTvis (1922 w)1921 wlis Teberval-martSi, saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublikis ZaldatanebiT gasabWoebisSemdeg, osuri separatizmi axali ZaliTwarmoCinda. osebi kidev ufro Sors wavidnen, rocasaqarTvelos teritoriaze ara marto avtonomiis,aramed e. w. “samxreT oseTis” socialisturisabWoTa respublikis Seqmnis moTxovniT gamo-358

vidnen. e. w. ”samxreT oseTisaTvis” avtonomiisminiWebis sakiTxma sabWoTa mTavroba TavidanverTuli amocanis winaSe daayena, rac obieqturimizezebiT iyo gamowveuli. gasarkvevi iyo romelteritoriaze da ra saxis avtonomia unda mieni-WebinaT osebisaTvis, is xom osebiT dasaxlebuliZirZveli qarTuli miwa iyo. rkp (b) centralurikomitetis kavbiuros, saqarTvelos kompartiiscentralur komitets da revoluciur komitets,Tavdapirvelad gauWirdaT e. w. “samxreT oseTis”revoluciuri komitetisa da partiuli komitetismier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba.osi avtorebi dabejiTebiT acxadeben, romTiTqos e. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuri olqisavsebiT kanonzomierad Seiqmna, misi sazRvrebicimTaviTve kanonierad ganisazRvra. maTi azriT, amolqis xelovnurobaze saubari zedmetia, radganqarTvelebi amis damtkicebas gaurkveveli wyaroebiTcdiloben. os avtorebs, iulia lalievasda ivane cxovrebovs mxedvelobaSi aqvT, 1921wlis 28 noembers saqarTvelos respublikis revoluciurikomitetis prezidiumis mier, “samxreToseTis” sazRvris damdgeni komisiis muSaobisangariSi. komisiaSi, romelic kavbiuros gadawyvetilebiTSeiqmna, Sevidnen: kirile kakabaZe,elerdovi, Soti, a. jatievi, s. gagloevi. aRniSnulTemasTan dakavSirebiT i. lalievma da i.cxovrebovma, saTauriT: “samxreT oseTis sazRvrebisaTvis”statia gamoaqveynes 1993 wlis 9 TebervlisgazeTSi: “samxreT oseTi”, romelic Semdegucvlelad Sevida 2006 wels cxinvalSi, periodulipresis masalebis safuZvelze gamocemu-359

li oTxtomeulis: “oseTis samxreTiT Tovlic kiiwvoda”, I tomSi. kerZod, ki wignis pirvel TavSi,romlis saTauria: “osebi odiTganve cxovrobenTavianT miwaze” [14, 125-128].sabWoTa istoriografia e. w. “samxreT oseTis”avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis istorias Segnebuladayalbebda da krZalavda am istoriis amsaxvelrealur dokumentebs. aseTia Sinagan saqmeTamaSindeli saxalxo komisris, profesiiT iuristbesarion kvirvelias daskvna, romelSic garkveviTiyo aRniSnuli, rom e. w. “samxreT oseTis”calke administraciul erTeulad gamoyofasamazro erTeulis uflebiTac ki, geografiulida ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT, sakiTxis detaluradSeswavlis Semdeg, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisariats SeuZleblad miaCnda [8, 121].1921 wlis 6-8 seqtembers gaimarTa e. w. “samxreToseTis” revoluciuri komitetisa da partiulikomitetis gaerTianebuli sxdoma pasuxismgebelipartiuli muSakebis monawileobiT, romelmacganixila “samxreT oseTis” TviTgamorkvevisada politikuri mowyobis sakiTxi”. sxdomammiiRo dadgenileba, romelic iTvaliswinebda e.w. “samxreT oseTis” socialisturi sabWoTa respublikisSeqmnas, romlis dedaqalaqi cxinvaliunda yofiliyo, dadgenilebis danarTis mixedviT,e. w. “samxreT oseTis” sazRvrebSi mravaliqarTuli sofeli unda Sesuliyo, xolo am soflebismepatrone qarTvel xalxs arafers ekiTxebodnen.e. w. “samxreT oseTi” faqtobrivad avtonomiurrespublikad aris moxsenebuli 1922 wlis27 Tebervlis saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurikomitetis prezidiumis erT-erT dokument-360

Si, sadac afxazeTi da e. w. “samxreT oseTi” avtonomiurrespublikebad arian dasaxelebulni.cxadia, aq oqmis Semdgenlis daudevrobasTan kiar unda gvqondes mxolod saqme, aramed saerTotendenciasTan, raTa afxazeTi, aWara da e. w. “samxreToseTi”, separatistebma erTi tipis avtonomiurerTeulebad ganixilon [5, 55].1921 wlis 5 ivliss, e. w. “samxreT oseTis”revkomi, saqarTvelos revkoms Txovda, raTa momijnavemazraTa revkomebisaTvis gamoeca brZaneba,romlis Tanaxmadac, e. w. “samxreT oseTis”administraciuli sazRvrebis saboloo dadgenamde,Sereuli (qarTul-osuri) mosaxleobis raionebSiiurisdiqciis sakiTxebis gansazRvrisdros, mxolod calkeuli dasaxlebuli punqtismier Tavisuflad gamoTqmuli neba-survilis mixedviTexelmZRvanelaT, anu TviT Sereuli raionebismosaxleobas unda gadaewyvita, Tu romelirevkomis iurisdiqcias daeqvemdebarebodnen isini.amasTanave e. w. “samxreT oseTis” revkomi moiTxovdakomisiis Seqmnis daCqarebas, romelsacsabolood unda gaerkvia osur raionebTan mosazRvreadministraciuli erTeulebis gamijvnissakiTxi.e. w. “samxreT oseTis” revkomis pasuxad, 1921wlis 11 ivliss, saqarTvelos revkomma daadgina,rom goris mazris revkomis mier gamoyofil komisiassaswrafod gamoerkvia e. w. “samxreT oseTis”revkomisa da sxva mezobeli revkomebis samoqmedosazRvrebi. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisariatma, goris samazro revkomis1921 wlis 31 maisis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze,1921 wlis 20 ivliss, miiRo droebiTi dadgenile-361

a Svidi sasoflo sazogadoebis farglebSi, Seqmniliyoaxali administraciuli erTeuli centriTsofel javaSi, rac realurad ar ganxorcielebula.dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, e. w. “samxreToseTis” revkoms samazro revkomis uflebebieniWeboda. aRniSnuli dadgenileba ver wyvetdasakiTxs Sereuli mosaxleobis raionebSi iurisdiqciisgavrcelebis Sesaxeb. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisariatis ganmartebiT, e. w. “samxreToseTis” mazra oficialurad dadasturebuli ariyo. arsebobda, mxolod goris mazraSi osebiTdasaxlebuli, e. w. “samxreT oseTad” wodebuligansazRvruli nawili, romelSic Svidi soflis:1. orTevis, 2. beloTis, 3. yornisis, 4. javis, 5. yemuleTis,6. rokis da 7. wunaris sazogadoeba Sedioda,sadac moqmedebda erTi centraluri revkomi,mazris revkomis uflebebiT. rac Seexebodasoflebs: vanaTi, awyuris xevi, xoSura, sadaurianTkari, dvani, zemo avnevi, qvemo avnevi, nuli,Sinagan saqmeTa komisariatis dadgenilebiT, administraciuladgoris mazris cxinvalis raion-Si Sediodnen da ar eqvemdebarebodnen e. w. “samxreToseTis” revkoms. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTasaxalxo komisariatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisisdadgenileba ZalaSi rCeboda im dromde, vidre“oseTis sakiTxi” centraluri xelisuflebismier ar gadawydeboda [1]. Tavdapirvelad e. w.“samxreT oseTis” revkomi, saqarTvelos centraluripartiuli da sabWoTa organoebis winaSeoficialurad sakiTxs osebis erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisada avtonomiur erTeulad gamoyofisSesaxeb, jer kidev ar ayenebda. sakiTxi ismebodamxolod e. w. “samxreT oseTis” calke samazro-362

administraciul erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb.saqarTvelos revkomma, ganixila ra “samxreT oseTis”calke administraciul erTeulad gamoyofissakiTxi, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisobieqturi daskvnis safuZvelze, Tavi SeikavasakiTxis arsebiTi ganxilvisagan da igi gadasawyvetadgadasca saqarTvelos kp (b) ck-s.1921 wlis seqtemberSi, e. w. “samxreT oseTis”revkomi ufro Sors wavida da sakiTxi daayenaara Cveulebriv administraciul-teritoriulerTeulad gamoyofis, aramed calke damoukidebelpolitikur erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb,romelic federaciulad unda dakavSireboda saqarTvelosssr respublikas.1921 wlis 31 oqtombers gaimarTa rkp (b) ckiskavbiuros prezidiumis sxdoma, romelmac moisminaS. eliavas moxseneba e. w. “samxreT oseTis”TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb. aRniSnulma sakiTxmasxdomaze didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.yvela is dokumenti, romelic gansazRvravda e. w.“samxreT oseTis” TviTgamorkvevisa da iq xelisuflebisorganizaciis sakiTxebs, e. w. “samxreToseTis” saolqo komitetisa da revkomis gaerTianebulisxdomis mier specialurad gamoyofilmadelegaciam, jer kidev 1921 wlis 14 seqtembers,ganxilvisa da saboloo gadawyvetisaTvis, rkp (b)kavkasiis biuros, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiiscentralur komitets da saqarTvelos ssrrevkoms warudgina. rkp (b) ck-is kavkasiis biuroaRniSnuli dokumentebis Seswavlis Semdeg, imdaskvnamde mivida, rom aucilebeli iyo e. w. “samxreToseTs” miniWeboda erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisufleba, gamoyofiliyo calke erovnul-poli-363

tikur erTeulad da saqmes miscemoda saTanadomsvleloba. amasTanave, kavbiuros miaCnda, romarc teritoriiT, arc mosaxleobis raodenobiT,arc geografiuli mdebareobiT, e. w. “samxreT oseTi”ar imsaxurebda imas, rom misgan damoukidebelisabWoTa socialisturi respublika Seqmniliyo.kavbiuro iTvaliswinebda imasac, rom ase-Ti rTuli politikuri organizmi da masTan dakavSirebulisammarTvelo xarjebi, mZime tvirTaddaawveboda mosaxleobas, ris gamoc kavbiurommizanSeuwonlad cno e. w. “samxreT oseTisaTvis”damoukidebeli sabWoTa socialisturi respublikisstatusis miniWeba.kavbiurom gadawyvita, e. w. “samxreT oseTis”saolqo komitetis mier, jer kidev 1921 wlis 25Tebervals, q. vladikavkazSi, miRebuli dadgenilebisTanaxmad, osebis erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisformad, aRiarebuli yofiliyo avtonomiuriolqi. kavbiurom winadadeba misca saqarTvelosrevkoms, e. w. “samxreT oseTis” revkomTan erTadganesazRvra am axali avtonomiuri erTeulis sazRvrebi.kavbiuros aRniSnuli dadgenilebis safuZvelze,romelic erTsulovnad iqna mowonebulie. w. “samxreT oseTis” revkomis da partkomismier, 1921 wlis 10 noembers, “samxreT oseTis”revkomma, TxovniT mimarTa saqarTvelos revkoms,daeniSna dRe erToblivi sxdomisaTvis, romelsacunda gadaewyvita sakiTxi e. w. “samxreT ose-Tis” zogierTi aucilebeli sagnebiTa da masalebiTsaswrafod momaragebis Sesaxeb.1921 wlis 16 noembers saqarTvelos revkommaganixila, rogorc e. w. “samxreT oseTis” revkomis1921 wlis 10 noembris mimarTva “samxreT ose-364

Tis” avtonomiuri erTeulis sazRvrebis sakiTxze,aseve Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moxsenebac,romelic moiTxovda droebiT moxsniliyorevkomis msjelobidan e. w. “samxreT oseTis”administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxi dasaxelmZRvanelod kvlav darCeniliyo Sinagan saqmeTasaxalxo komisariatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisisdadgenileba, axali administraciuli erTeuliSeqmniliyo Svidi sasoflo sazogadoebis farglebSi,centriT javaSi. saqarTvelos revkomma argaiziara Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris mosazrebani.rac Seexeba, e. w. “samxreT oseTis” revkomis1921 wlis 10 noembris mimarTvas, amis SesaxebsaqarTvelos revkomma daadgina, rom sakiTxisgadawyveta droebiT SeCerebuliyo, vidre adgilzemomuSave komisia warmoadgenda saTanadomoxsenebas e. w. “samxreT oseTis” erTeulis saz-Rvrebis Sesaxeb.1921 wlis 31 oqtombris dadgenilebiT, mar-Talia kavbiurom daadgina, rom e. w. “samxreT oseTi”gamoyofiliyo avtonomiur erTeulad, magrammas ar gadauwyvetia sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Turogori unda yofiliyo am erTeulis teritoriulisazRvrebi. aRniSnuli sakiTxi e. w. “samxreToseTis” revkomTan SeTanxmebiT, TviT saqarTveloscentralur partiul da sabWoTa organoebsunda gadaewyvitaT. 1921 wlis 17 noembers, saqar-Tvelos komunisturi partiis centralurma komitetmakavbiuros dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, ganixilasakiTxi e. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuriolqis mowyobis Sesaxeb. sakiTxis sirTule mdgomareobdaimaSi, Tu sad unda gavlebuliyo amaxali xelovnurad Seqmnili politikuri erTeu-365

lis sazRvrebi, mis SemadgenlobaSi unda Sesuliyo,Tu ara qarTuli qalaqi cxinvali, asevemomijnave qarTuli soflebi. saqarTvelos komunisturipartiis centralurma komitetma sazRvrebisgamijvnis dros, uaryo qarTveli xalxisyovelgvari istoriuli ufleba da 1921 wlis 17noembers daadgina: Seqmniliyo e. w. “samxreT ose-Tis” avtonomiuri olqi centriT q. cxinvalSi dadaavala saqarTvelos revkoms, e. w. “samxreT ose-Tis” avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis dasadgenadSeeqmna Sereuli komisia, romelSic Sevidodnen,rogorc centris, aseve e. w. “samxreT oseTis” warmomadgenlebi.ck-is dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, sazRvrebisdadgenis dros komisias unda ewarmoebinafarTo saagitacio muSaoba masebSi, im dapirispirebisTavidan asacileblad, rac mosalodneliiyo qalaq cxinvalis e. w. avtonomiur olqzegadacemasTan dakavSirebiT da Sedegebi ecnobebinapartiis centraluri komitetisaTvis.1921 wlis 28 noembers, revkomma saqarTveloskomunisturi partiis ck-is 1921 wlis 17 noembrisgadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, Seqmna e. w. “samxreToseTis” sazRvrebis gammijvneli Sereuli komisia,romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: k. kakaba-Ze, elerdovi, Soti, a. jatievi, s. gagloevi. komisiispirveli sxdoma 1921 wlis 5 dekembers gaimarTa.sxdomis Tavmjdomared kirile kakabaZe air-Cies, mdivnad-sergo gagloevi. sxdomam Semdegidadgenileba miiRo: “samxreT oseTis avtonomiuriolqis sazRvrebis dadgenisas, isargeblonmizanSewonilobis mosazrebebiT, administraciulimarTvis pirobebis moxerxebulobis gaTvaliswinebiT,dasaxlebuli punqtebis ekonomikuri366

da kulturuli miswarafebebiT ama Tu im centrisadmi.amasTan, cxinvalis administraciul centradaRiarebis Sesaxeb ck-s dadgenilebis cxovrebaSipraqtikuli ganxorcielebisaTvis, komisia,sakiTxis adgilze gacnobis gamo, sakmarisadTvlis, sakiTxis namdvili mdgomareobis SesaxebpropagandiTa da axsna-ganmartebiTi muSaobiT Semoifarglos,raTa gaqarwyldes is Worebi, romlebicmosaxleobas Soris vrceldeba” [5, 68].gadawyda Seqmniliyo e. w. “samxreT oseTis”ara sabWoTa socialisturi an avtonomiuri respublika,aramed avtonomiuri olqi. aRniSnul sakiTxsraime garTuleba ar gamouwvevia. uTanxmoebamohyva e. w. “samxreT oseTis” administraciulcentrad cxinvalis gamocxadebas da olqisaTviswminda qarTuli soflebis gadacemas. 1921 wlis 5dekembers, cxinvalis raionis qarTuli soflebiskomunistur ujredTa krebam daadgina: “moisminesra amxanag kakabaZis moxseneba “samxreT oseTis”avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, centriT_ q. cxinvali, komujredebis kreba marTebuladaRiarebs saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s dadgenilebas“samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuri olqis SeqmnisSesaxeb, centriT cxinvali da miesalmeba amdadgenilebas” [5, 68].sabWoTa mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam e. w. “samxreToseTis” avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSicxinvalis mosalodneli gadacemis Sesaxeb,qarTveli mosaxleobis samarTliani guliswyromagamoiwvia. cxinvalis raionis da axlomaxlomdebare qarTuli soflebis mcxovrebni kvlavgoris mazris SemadgenlobaSi iTxovdnen darCenas.miuxedavad qarTvelebis aRSfoTebisa, 1921367

wlis 8 dekembers, Sereulma komisiam gamoitanadadgenileba e. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuriolqis sazRvrebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb. komisiaSisazRvrebis dadgenis dros principuli xasiaTiswinaaRmdegobebs adgili ar hqonia. mxolod zogierTiqarTuli soflis e. w. “samxreT oseTis”avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis winaaRmdeggailaSqres komisiis wevrebma _ Sotmada elerdovma, Tumca komisiis umravlesobam ma-Ti azri ar gaiziara. radgan ukve arsebobda saqarTveloskp (b) ck-is 1921 wlis 17 noembris dadgenileba,e. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuriolqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb centriT cxinvalSi. komisiamSesaZleblad scno gaevlo sasazRvro xazie. w. “samxreT oseTs” da goris mazras Soriscxinvalis da sof. ergeTis zeviT, ris gamoc e.w. “samxreT oseTis” SemadgenlobaSi, cxinvalisgarda moeqca qarTuli soflebi: dgvirisi, TamaraSeni,aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi, qemerTa, zarcemi,skveri, xeiTi. miuxedavad aseTi seriozuli dar-Rvevebisa, dadgenileba e. w. “samxreT oseTis” sazRvrebisSesaxeb, komisiis yvela wevris mier iqnaxelmowerili. amis Semdeg, saqarTvelos komunisturipartiis ck-is 1921 wlis 17 noembrisdadgenilebis Tanaxmad, Sereulma komisiam yvelaes masala imave wlis 11 dekembers gadaugzavnapartiis centralur komitets.marTalia, sakiTxi e. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuriolqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb centriT q.cxinvalSi, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier gadawyvetilifaqti iyo, Tumca cxinvalisa da momijnaveqarTuli soflebis e. w. “samxreT oseTisaTvis”gadacemas mosaxleobis ara erTi protesti moh-368

yva. sabWoTa mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda angariSigaewia mosaxleobis moTxovnebisaTvis. 1921 wlis20 dekembers, saqarTvelos revkomma, moismina rae. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebisgamomrkvevi Sereuli komisiis moxsenebagoris mazraSi Seqmnili viTarebis Taobaze, mii-Ro Semdegi dadgenileba: 1. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiurimxaris administraciul centrad CaiTvalosq. cxinvali, avtonomiuri xelisuflebisim teritoriaze gavrcelebiT, sadac osebi ariandasaxlebuli, garda Casavlis sazogadoebisa dakobis raionisa, romelTagan pirveli unda dar-Ces raWis mazraSi, xolo meore duSeTis mazraSi.2. miendos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatsavtonomiuri oseTis sazRvrebis dawvrilebiT gamokvlevasazRvrebis gamomrkvev arsebul komisiasTanerTad. 3. im dromde, sanam cxinvalis raionisqarTuli mosaxleobis sulieri mdgomareobaSeicvleba q. cxinvalis raionis avtonomiurioseTis teritoriad miCnevis sasargeblod, q.cxinvalSi da mis irgvliv arsebul qarTul soflebSi,Zalaufleba datovebul iqnas saraionorevkomis xelSi, romelic Sedis goris mazraSi”[12].aRsaniSnavia, rom 1922 wels q. cxinvalSi osebiSeadgendnen mosaxleobis 13, 5 procents [6,92]. 1922 wlis 2 martis konstitucia iyo pirvelisakanonmdeblo aqti, romliTac oficialurad iqnaaRiarebuli da dadasturebuli saqarTvelossabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSie. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuri erTeulisSeqmna. amasTanave saWiro gaxda iseTi sakanonmdebloaqtis miReba, romelic ufro vrclad369

gansazRvravda e. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuriolqis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas saqarTvelosrespublikis SemadgenlobaSi da detaluraddaamtkicebda am axali erTeulis teritoriulsazRvrebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelosrevkomis mier, jer kidev adre iqna gamoyofilikomisia, romelsac unda moemzadebina proeqti e.w. “samxreT oseTSi” xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobisorganoTa mowyobis Sesaxeb, Tumca maSinkomisiis muSaoba sazRvrebis gaurkvevlobam Seaferxa.mas Semdeg, rodesac sruliad saqarTvelossabWoebis pirvelma yrilobam dadebiTad gadawyvitae. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuri olqisSeqmnis sakiTxi da am faqtma konstituciaSichpova asaxva, aRniSnulma komisiam, 1922 wlis 28marts, sruliad saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebelikomitetis prezidiums warudgina “proeqtidekretisa “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuriolqis daarsebis Sesaxeb”. prezidiumma, romelsaceswrebodnen: f. maxaraZe (Tavmjdomare), s.qavTaraZe, s. gagloevi, s. mamulia, m. oraxelaSvilida sxvebi, moiwona warmodgenili proeqtisprincipuli nawili, romelic Seexeboda e. w. “samxreToseTis” avtonomiuri olqis saxelmwifoxelisuflebis centralur da adgilobriv organoebsda daamtkica igi. sruliad saqarTveloscak-is Tavmjdomares daevala, rom sasazRvro sakiTxebismogvarebisTanave mTlianad gamoeqveynebinaaRniSnuli proeqti. 1922 wlis 9 aprils mowveuliiqna e. w. “samxreT oseTis” cak-isa dapartiis saolqo komitetis gaerTianebuli sxdoma,romelmac specialurad ganixila sakiTxi e. w.“samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuri olqis SeqmnasTan370

dakavSirebiT, deklaraciis gamoqveynebis daCqarebisTaobaze.e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuri olqisSeqmnis oficialur TariRad miCneulia 1922 wlis20 aprili [4, 81-84]. sabWoTa saqarTvelos mesveurebma,yovelgvari samarTlebrivi normebis gverdisavliT, Seqmnes e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuriolqi da mis SemadgenlobaSi sruliadukanonod Seiyvanes 40 qarTuli sofeli da erTiqalaqi, sadac 20000-mde qarTveli cxovrobda, xoloosebis raodenoba 1.100 suls Seadgenda. saqarTvelosssr Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisspecialurma komisiam (Tavmjdomare gr. gvelesiani,wevrebi: d. kariWaSvili, s. giorgaZe) Seadginaim qarTuli soflebis sia da sofelTaerovnuli Semadgenloba, romlebic saqarTvelossaxalxo komisarTa sabWos 1922 wlis 20 aprilisdekretiT (#2) e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiurolqs gadaeca. es iyo Semdegi qarTuli soflebi:1. TamaraSenis sazogadoebis 12 qarTuli sofeli(qarTul soflebad komisiis wevrebi miiCnevdneniseT soflebs, sadac osebi 50%-ze naklebiiyo): zemo aCabeTi, qvemo aCabeTi, TamaraSeni,patara Zarwemi, didi Zarwemi, sabawminda, qemerti,xeiTi, dgvrisa, qurTa, kexvi, sveri, sadac sul4650 suli cxovrobda, aqedan 4119 qarTveli, 525osi, 6 sxva erovnebis.2. cxinvalis sazogadoebis: qalaqi cxinvali(sadac sul 3832 suli iyo, aqedan qarTveli 1185,osi _ 0, sxva erovneba _ 2697), sofeli gujabauri(sul 226 kaci, aqedan qarTveli 186, osi _ 40,sxva erovneba _ 0).371

3. wunaris sazogadoebis: sofeli nuli (sul437 suli, aqedan 413 qarTveli, 24 osi, sxva erovneba_ 0).4. dirbis sazogadoebis: sofeli ZvelTi(sul 344 suli, aqedan qarTveli 324, osi _ 10,sxva erovneba _ 10).5. avnevis sazogadoebis 11 sofeli: xundisubani, Sindara, TiRva, ZaleTi, zemo oqona, qvemooqona, nedlaTi, sufnisi, nabakevi, jvrisisi,bzisxevi (sul 1860 suli, 1526 qarTveli, 334 _osi, sxva erovneba _ 0).6. mereTis sazogadoebis 6 sofeli: snekvi,zardianTkari, qsuisi, Warebi, kubiTi, disevi(sul 1655 suli, aqedan qarTveli- 1536, osi _ 119,sxva erovneba _ 0).7. orTevis sazogadoebis: sofeli vanaTi(sul 480 suli, aqedan 432 qarTveli, osi _ 48,sxva erovneba _ 0)8. beloTis sazogadoebis 7 sofeli: awvrisxevi(sul 299 mcxovrebidan yvela qarTveli),sacxeneTi (sul 289 suli da yvela qarTveli),xaSura (sul 135 suli da yvela qarTveli), sadurianTkari(sul 22 suli, yvela qarTveli, belo-Ti (sul 220 sulidan yvela qarTveli), zemo avnevi(sul 287 suli, yvela qarTveli), qvemo avnevi(sul 127 suli, yvela qarTveli) [5, 88-90].e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuri olqi,rogorc TviT saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisariatis specialuri komisiis wevrebismier Sedgenili aRweridanac Cans, Tavi rom davaneboTim qarTul miwa-wyals, sadac is xelovnuradSeakowiwes, mravali qarTuli soflis xelovnurigaerTianebiT Seiqmna. ase miviReT „samxreT372

oseTi“ centralur saqarTveloSi [7, 17]. dekretisgamocemas, bunebrivia, adgilobrivi qarTulimosaxleobis ukmayofileba mohyva, ris gamoc saqarTvelosssr centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetiiZulebuli gaxda sul male Seetana zogierTicvlileba 1922 wlis 20 aprilis dekretSi.25 aprils miRebuli iqna specialuri dadgenileba,romliTac qarTul soflebSi administraciada milicia qarTuli rCeboda, xolo kobis raioniadministraciulad duSeTis mazras miaweres.aRniSnulma Sesworebam, daZabuloba adgilobrivqarTvelebsa da os mosaxleobas Soris ver ganmuxta.1922 wlis aprilSi saqarTveloSi, e. w. „samxreToseTis“ ukanono avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnam,kidev ufro gaamwvava politikuri situacia. qar-Tuli sazogadoebrivi azri uaryofiTad Sexvdaolqis Seqmnas, radgan eTnikuri gansxvevebulobada saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze osebis kompaqturidasaxleba, maTTvis politikuri avtonomiis mini-Webis araviTar safuZvels ar qmnida, radgan teritoria,sadac osebi saxloben saqarTvelos ardaupyria da arc am erovnul umciresobaTa sam-SoblosaTvis waurTmevia. es miwa-wyali istoriuladsaqarTvelos ekuTvnoda da droTa ganmavlobaSi,garkveuli politikuri movlenebis Semdeg,osebma daikaves, rodesac iq Casaxldnen.e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuri olqi Seiqmnaarakanonierad, xelovnurad, vinaidan SidaqarTlSi (samaCablo, safalavando, qsnis saeris-Tavo) osebiT dasaxlebul teritorias avtonomiuriolqi daarqves, rac yovlad dauSvebeli iyo.saxelwodeba „samxreT oseTi“, rogorc geografi-373

uli adgilis aRmniSvneli termini xelovnuria,Tumca es termini pirobiTad adrec gamoiyeneboda,xolo rac Seexeba e.w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomias,igi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebisdamyarebamde ar arsebobda. saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublikis konstituciiT, romelic1921 wlis 21 Tebervals iqna miRebuli, avtonomiurimmarTveloba mxolod afxazeTis, aWarisda zaqaTalisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, e.w. „samxreT oseTis“ politikur avtonomiaze saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebelikrebis mier miRebul konstituciaSi [2, 62]saerTod araferia naxsenebi, rac sruliad kanonzomieriiyo. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom roca e.w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuri olqi xelovnuradSeqmnes da masSi qarTuli soflebi ZaliTSeiyvanes, osTa namdvil samSobloSi _ CrdiloeToseTSi araviTari avtonomia ar arsebobda,igi mogvianebiT 1924 wlis 17 ivliss Seiqmna ruseTissfs respublikaSi avtonomiuri olqis saxiT[11, 40], xolo 1936 wels avtonomiuri respublikisstatusi mieniWa. is teritoriebi, sadacsabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg SeiqmnaafxazeTis da „samxreT oseTis" avtonomiuri er-Teulebi, uZvelesi droidan qarTuli miwa-wyalia,qarTul saxelmwifoTa farglebSi myofi regionebia[10, 120].e. w. „samxreT oseTisaTvis“ avtonomiis mini-Webis sakiTxi, realurad sabWoTa ruseTis miersaqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg daisva. 1921 wlisTeberval-martSi, roca saqarTvelos ZaldatanebiTigasabWoeba xdeboda, saqarTvelodan CrdilokavkasiaSi 1920 wels gadasuli osTa Seiara-374

Rebuli razmebi dabrundnen da wiTeli armiisnawilebTan erTad aqtiurad ibrZodnen saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg.osebis mier TviTneburad xdeboda sazRvrebisdadgena sruliad ukanonod Seqmnili olqisa-Tvis. 1922 wlis 2 ivliss, qalaq cxinvalSi, samxareopartiuli komitetis da e. w. „samxreT ose-Tis“ centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis gaerTianebulsxdomaze, romelsac Tavmjdomareobdak. jatievi, n. gasievi (mdivani), miiRes dadgenileba,romlis ZaliTac administraciuli urTierTobisTvalsazrisiT e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuriolqi gaiyo 3 kantonad: 1) javis, centriTjavaSi, 2) cxinvalis, centriT _ cxinvalSida 3) qsnis centriT _ axalgorSi. Tavis mxriv,cxinvalis kantonSi Sedioda: a) wunaris, b) yornisis,g) oqonis, d) cxinvalis, e) orTevis, v) beloTis,z) andoreTis raionebi.qsnis kantonSi _ a) lexuris, b) axalgoris,g) monastris raionebi. saboloo jamSi olqi samkantonad da 14 raionad iyofoda. dadgenilebismixedviT, mmarTvelobis organoebi unda yofiliyo:olqis centrSi e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuriolqis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti,sam kantonSi muSaTa da glexTa deputatebissakontrolo aRmasrulebeli komitetebi,raionebSi _ raionebis aRmasrulebeli komitetebi.javaSi, cxinvalSi da axalgorSi raiaRmaskomisfunqciebi sakontrolo aRmasrulebeli komitetisxelSi gadadioda [13].1922 wlis 20 ivliss sabWoTa saqarTvelosSinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, erTianiwesrigis da uflebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvr-375

is mizniT, vidre detalurad damuSavdeboda mwvavesakiTxi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, qarTvelebiTa daosebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi droebiTi dadgenilebamiiRo, romelic saqarTvelos komunisturipartiis plenumis, politbiuros da org biuros1922 wlis 26 agvistos dadgenilebis Tanaxmad,savaldebulo iyo „samxreT oseTis“ revkomisaTvisim dromde, vidre osTa sakiTxi saboloodar gadawydeboda saTanado xelisuflebis mier.dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, e. w. „samxreT oseTis“administraciuli erTeuli Svid yofil soflissazogadoebas Seicavda goris mazraSi: 1.orTevis 2. beloTis, 3. yemuleTis, 4. yornisis, 5.rokis, 6. javis, 7. wunarisis. aRniSnuli erTeulebisadministraciul centrad gamocxadda sofelijava. sakiTxi orTevis, beloTis da wunarissazogadoebebidan cxra wminda qarTuli soflisgamoyofis Sesaxeb, goris samazro revkomis daskvnisTanaxmad, sazRvrebis gamomrkvevi komisiismuSaobis damTavrebamde Riad iqna datovebuli.saubari iyo Semdeg qarTul soflebze: vanaTi,beloTi, awyuris xevi, sacxeneTi, xaSura, xadurianTkari, dvani; zemo avnevi da qvemo avnevi, romlebiccxinvalis raionSi rCebodnen. dadgenilebisTanaxmad, osTa problemebis irgvliv muSaobas,saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisadministraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebada masTan daarsebuli specialuri mudmivi komisiaxelmZRvanelobda. saqmis axlo gacnobam ganyofilebisTanamSromlebi daarwmuna, rom 1917wlis sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris Sedegad Sekrebilicnobebi maT ver gamoadgebodaT saxelmZRvanelod,vinaidan aRweras Tavidanve uamravi nak-376

li gaaCnda, radgan 1917 wlis Semdeg, saqarTveloSimosaxleobis gadaadgilebis Tvalsazris,mravali cvlileba ganxorcielda. kerZod, saqar-Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobismier, osTa 1920 wlis ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg,osebis gansakuTrebiT didi nawili TavianTi sacxovrebeliadgilebidan aiyara. zogi CrdiloeTkavkasiaSi gadavida, zogic sxva adgilebSi gaixizna.saqarTvelos administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebastatistikur aRricxvas did mniSvnelobasaniWebda. centraluri statistikuri sammarTvelosmier, Zveli aRweris mixedviT, Sedgeniliiqna detaluri nusxa osi mosaxleobis raodenobisSesaxeb mTel saqarTveloSi, romelSicnaCvenebi iyo yoveli soflis mcxovrebTa raodenoba,dadgenili iqna procentulad, rogorc qar-Tveli, ise osi mosaxleoba. aucilebeli gaxdaaseve, osi mosaxleobis axali statistikuri aRwerayvela im mazrebSi, sadac isini cxovrobdnen.amasTanave, miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba siebSiar SeetanaT osi mosaxleobis is nawili,romelTac mxolod odesme hyavdaT osi STamomavlobiswinaprebi, realurad ki savsebiT gaqarTvelebulniiyvnen, rogorc eniT, sarwmunoebiT,zne-CveulebiT, kulturiT da sxva tradiciebiT.garda amisa, isini sruliad arafriT ar gansxvavdebodnenqarTvelebisagan, romelTan erTadaciyvnen Wirsa da lxinSi da rac mTavaria, yvelasferoSi qarTul saxelmwifoebriv-politikur dasazogadoebriv-kulturul orientacias iziarebdnen.isini TavianT Tavs TviTonve qarTvelebadaRiarebdnen, rodesac maT winaSe erovnuli TviTgamorkvevissakiTxi idga. administraciuli gan-377

yofileba jer kidev muSaobis procesSi iyo, rodesaccxinvalidan Casulma osTa delegaciam sabWoTasaqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe kidev erTxeldaayena sakiTxi „samxreT oseTis“ olqisaTvisavtonomiuri uflebis miniWebaze da administraciulisazRvris dawesebaze. aRniSnul sakiTxTandakavSirebiT, osebma, aseve, SuamdgomlobiTmimarTes saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centralurkomitets da ruseTis komunisturi partiiscentraluri komitetis kavkasiis biuros(kavbiuro) [9, 22-24].1923 wlis martSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqme-Ta saxalxo komisariatma miiRo dadgenileba gorismazris administraciul erTeulebad dayofisSesaxeb, romelSic aRniSnulia: “Sinagan saqmeTasaxalxo komisariatma, ganixila ra gorismazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier warmodgenilinusxa mazris administraciul erTeulebad(Temebad) dayofisa da miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi: a)rom nusxaSi gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod is Temebi,romelnic goris mazris farglebSia datovebuliSedegad “samxreT oseTisaTvis“ avtonomiuriolqis mowyobis Sesaxeb” gamocemuli dekreti#2-isa; b) rom nusxaSi CamoTvlil TemTa Sorismoxsenebulia agreTve borjomis Temi, miuxedavadsruliad saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebelikomitetis meore sesiis mier warsulwels miRebuli dadgenilebisa, romliTac borjomisraioni calke administraciul erTeuladaagamocxadebuli; g) rom sofeli rexa (Tbilisismazra) nusxiT Setanili ar aris goris mazrisfarglebSi, winaaRmdeg Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisariatis mier 1922 wlis 20 noembers mi-378

Rebuli dadgenilebisa, romliTac sofeli rexagamoricxul iqmna Tbilisis mazridan da miweriligoris mazraze da sofeli gujabauri (cxinvalismaxloblad) naCvenebi ar aris goris mazrisfarglebSi, rac ar eTanxmeba #2-iT gamocemulidekretis teqsts „samxreT oseTis“ sazRvrebisSesaxeb, romlis meore muxli ambobs, rom samxreTiTsazRvari gaivlis “dvani-gujabaurisgzis paralelurad Crdilo-dasavleTis mxriT”,miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi yvela es mosazreba daadgina:1) goris mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetismier warmodgenili nusxa mazris administraciulerTeulad dayofisa damtkicdes masSi SemdegSesworebaTa SetaniT: a)nacvlad “borjomis Temisa”nusxaSi Setanili iqmnas “borjomis raioni”da maSasadame TemTa ricxvi Semcirdes erTiT e.i. mazra unda Seicavdes ara 17-s, aramed 16 Temsda 1 raions, b) sofeli rexa mieweros goris mazrisatenis Tems da g) sofeli gujabauri Setaniliiqnas goris mazris farglebSi da 2) piri amdadgenilebisa gaegzavnos yvela saxalxo komisariats,goris mazris aRmasrulebel komitets,amave mazris miliciis ufross, gadasaxadTa sammarTvelosda Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatissamilicio, saerTo sainstruqtoro-sainformacio,safinanso da momaragebis ganyofilebebs,agreTve Jurnal “moambes” (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisariatis yovelkvireuli organo- l.s.)redaqcias“. dadgenilebas goris mazris administraciulerTeulebad dayofis Sesaxeb xels awerdnen:sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisari a. gegeWkori, saqmeTa mmarTvelid. Ciqovani da administraciuli gadanawilebis379

sakiTxTa Sesaxeb konsultanti gr. gvelesiani [3,9].amrigad, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebisdamyarebis Semdeg, goris mazris fargleb-Si faqtiurad savsebiT ukanonod daarsda e.w.„samxreT oseTis“ calke administraciuli erTeuliise, rom aRniSnuli erTeulis sazRvrebi realuraddadgenili arc yofila. qarTvel komunistTamaSindeli warmodgeniT, e. w. „samxreT ose-Tis“ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna erovnuli sakiTxisproletaruli internacionalizmis safuZvelzegadaWris Sedegi iyo, rac SemdegSi Zviraddaujda qarTvul saxelmwifos.wyaroebi da literatura1. administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi,Jurnali “moambe”, #20, 19 noemberi, 1921.2. “afxazeTis da “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuriregionebis statusi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi(1917-1988). politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebiskrebuli”, krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavariredaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tb., 2004.3. adgenileba goris mazris administraciul er-Teulebad dayofis Sesaxeb, Jurnali “moambe”(Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis yovelkvireuliorgano), #49, 29 marti, 1923.380

4. dekreti #2 sruliad saqarTvelos centraluriaRmasrulebeli komitetisa saqarTvelossaxalxo komisarTa sabWosi, Jurnali “moambe”,#3, 30 maisi, 1922.5. l. ToiZe, “rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuriolqi”, gamomc., “mecniereba”, Tb.,1991.6. ToiZe, “saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (1921-1923 wlebi)”, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,Tb., 1999.7. vax. iToniSvili, “qarTul-osur urTierToba-Ta istoriidan”, gamomc., “legia”, Tb., 1995.8. kvirkvelia besarion, (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisari), v. xaxanaSvili (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisariatis saqmeTa mmarTveli), “moxsenebiTibaraTi samxreT oseTis calke administraciulerTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb (1921w), Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofilimlisfpa), f. 14, aRw., 1, saq., 10, furc 121.9. Jurnali “moambe”, 4 Tebervali, #27, 1922.10. a. sonRulaSvili, ‘’samxreT oseTi~ saqarTveloSi?!,gamomc., “universali”, Tb., 2009.11. z. qiria, “osTa sakiTxi da qarTuli sinamdvile1921-1930 wlebSi”, gamomc., “xatula” ,Tb.,2005.12. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofilimlisfpa), f. 13 aRw., 1 saq., 276 furc., 14.13. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofilimlisfpa), f. 14, aRw., 1, saq., 263, furc., 18.14. Ю. Лалиева, Ив. Цховребов “О границах Южной Осетии”,в книге: “На Юге Осетии и снег горел”, том I ,Цхинвал, “Южная Алания”, 2006.381

Lela Saralidze,The Borders of So Called “South Osetia” AutonomousOblast (1922)The article deals with the problems of so called “South Osetia”Autonomous Oblast. The study based on the analysis of archivematerials showed that the formation of the so called “SouthOsetia” Autonomous Oblast was groundless. Even from thevery beginning, based on objective reasons, it was a difficult goalfor Soviet government to give the autonomy to so called “SouthOsetia”. It was very difficult to find out and decide what kindof autonomy should be given to Osetians and where, as theywere living on an ancient Georgian land.382

The history of so called “South Osetia” Autonomous Oblastformation was deliberately falsified and the documents tellingus the real facts, obviously tell us that the formation of this autonomywas groundless, were forbidden. The lawyer, public commissionerof those days internal affairs, Besarion Kvirkvelia inconclusion says that it is impossible to give Osetians rite to havenot only autonomy, but even the administrative unit of okrug.The administrative boarders of so called “South Osetia”are also discussed in the work. It is underscored that after the decreeof April 20, 1922 (the excepted official date of so called“South Osetia” Autonomous Oblast formation) the problem ofboarders were still obscure and undecided. In the process of demarcationof the borders the Central Comity of Georgian Communistparty totally ignored all historical rites of Georgian peopleand even in November 17, 1921 stated to form so called “SouthOsetia” Autonomous Oblast with Tskhinvali as a centre,thus ignoring the rites of local Georgian population.Thus, for solving national problems on the ground ofProletarian Internationalism by Georgian Communists Georgianpeople paid bitterly.daviT merkvilaZebizantia-iranis dapirispirebis anarekliasurel mamaTa qarTul hagiografiulciklSi *axlo aRmosavleTSi batonobisaTvis brZolasdid imperiaTa Soris yovelTvis principulimniSvneloba hqonda. adre SuasaukuneebSi (IV-VIss.) am mizeziT erTmaneTs bizantia da irani upirispidebian.am regionSi iranTan metoqeoba biza-* wakiTxulia saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaze `bizantinologiasaqarTveloSi~-3, 27. IX. 2009 w.383

ntiam memkvidreobiT romis imperiisagan miiRo damaT Soris dapirispireba aq arabTa gabatonebamdegagrZelda. VI s. orive mxaris perioduli gaaqtiurebiTaRiniSna, rac xSirad mravalwliansisxlismRvrel brZolebSi gamoixateboda. brZolagardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobda daomis asparezad, rasakvirvelia, xSirad uSualodamierkavkasiac (gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos teritoria)iqceoda, rogorc strategiulad mniSvnelovanigeopolitikuri mxare.bizantia-sparseTis VI s-Si mimdinare am urTierTdapirispirebamasaxva hpova qarTul hagiografiulmwerlobaSic. asureli mamebisadmi miZ-Rvnil hagiografiul Txzulebebidan am mxriv gamorCeuliadgili uWiravs `anton martomyofeliscxovrebasa~ da `abibos nekreselis wamebas~.I. xelTuqmneli xatisa da anton martomyofelis svinaqsari`anton martomyofelis cxovrebaSi~ moTxrobiliasparseTis mefis, xosros mier q. edesisalyis Taobaze, romelsac warmateba ar mohyolia.ai, uSualod hagiografiuli Zeglis teqstic:`Semdgomad ukanasknelTa JamTa xuasro sparsTamefe moadga edesia qalaqsa da iwyo Txra queSezRudesa da [eneba, raTa] egreT Seviden, romelver agrZnan, Tu brZavso. maSin RmerTma ara daidumautyueli aRTqma, romeli aRuTqua, viTarmed:`zRude var me edesiisa~. maSin deda RvTisagamoecxada edesis episkoposs da auwya dafaru-384

li xelTuqmneli xatis adgilmdebareoba. 1 xatiswinaSe mravali wlis win anTebuli kandeli edeselebsTurme kvlavac Caumqrali daxvdaT. `dagardaawueTes zeTi mis kandelisa mbrZolTa maT-Ta zeda mis qalaqisaTa da meyseulad, viTarcamiaxlda, miedva da daiwunes da viTarca mtuerigardaibnivnes da uCino iqmnes~ [2, 394-395].qalaqis aRebis am uSedego mcdelobis Semdegdadgomia wm. antoni qarTlis gzas, sadac egulebodaTavisi moZRvari ioane zedazneli TavismowafeebiTurT. wm. antons Tan wamouRia nestorianulieklesiidan mis mier gamotacebuli macxovrisam xelTuqmneli xatis aseve xelTuqmneliasli _ e. w. kecis xati.aris ki qarTul literaturul TxzulebaSiarsebuli es cnobebi saxelmwifoTaSorisi realuridapirispirebis gamoZaxili da rodis hqondamas adgili, an xom ar warmoadgens is avtorisfantaziis nayofs, rom romelsac sinamdviles-Tan aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs? miT umetes, ucnobiaZeglis daweris droc da misi avtoris vinaobac.2 am kiTxvas isic amZafrebs, anton martomyofelisam svinaqsaruli cxovrebis uZvelesi xel-1 Zveli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ieso qristes edesis mefe avgarozisaTvis,am ukanasknelis Txovnis Sesabamisad, saku-Tari gamosaxuleba gaugzavnia, romelic mxolod saxezetilos midebiT gadasula masze. avgarozis gawarmarTebulSTamomavalTagan dacvis mizniT xati kedlis niSSi amouqolavTda misi adgilsamyofeli ukve aRaravis axsovda [2,393-394].2 mag., s. kakabaZe aq moyvanil faqtobriv monacemebs yurad-Rebis Rirsadac ar Tvlida, rogorc XVIII s-is dasawyisSidaweril TxzulebaSi arsebul `literaturuli gziT miRebulfabrikacias~ [24, 126].385

naweri mxolod 1664-1673 wlebSi Sedgenil gulan-Si moipoveba, rac mkvlevarebs mxolod imis dadgenaSiexmareba, rom `cxovreba~ `aRniSnul wlebzegvian ver daiwereboda~. mis safuZvelze SemoklebisgziT Seqmnili wm. antonis mokle svinaqsarulcxovrebaSi ki, romelic 1740 wlis erTaderTinusxiTaa moRweuli [10, 222-223], bizantia-iransSoris mimdinare brZolebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavadamisa, SevecdebiT gavarkvioT ramdenad Seicavenes cnobebi istoriisaTvis cnobil realurfaqtebs. amisaTvis masSi unda moiZebnos raime xelmosaWidiniuansebi. aseTi ki aq marTlac moipoveba.svinaqsaruli Zegli qalaqisaTvis brZolissaintereso detalebs gvamcnobs:1. sparselebs edesis aReba ucdiaT, qalaqisgalavnis qveS edeselebisgan saidumlod gvirabigaeTxaraT, raTa am gziT moalye jars moulodneladSeeRwia damcavi zRudis miRma.2. Tavis mxriv, edesis damcvelebs mteri mougeriebiaTadre gauCinarebuli da axlad aRmoCenilimacxovris xelTuqmneli xatis kandelis ze-Tis qalaqze moieriSe mebrZolebze gadasxmiT,rasac mowinaaRmdegis dawva-daferflva mohyolia.vnaxoT, hqonda Tu ara raime msgavs movlenebsadgili istoriaSi. hagiografiul ZeglSi aRwerilimovlenebi daTariRebuli ar aris. erTaderTminiSnebas anton martomyofelis xsenebis garda,warmoadgens sparseTis Sahis xosros saxeli. magramVI s-Si am saxeliT ori Sahia cnobili: xosro IanuSirvani (531-579 ww.) da xosro II (590-628 ww.). vinaidananton martomyofeli qarTul samwerlobotradiciaSi erT-erT asurel mamad aris miCneuli,386

xolo misi Tanamedrove asureli moRvaweni qarTl-Si VI s-is 30-40-iani wlebidan Canan, aq udavod xosroI unda igulisxmebodes. 3sparseTis Sahma xosro I-ma daarRvia bizantiasTan532 wels dadebuli `uvado zavi~ da, Seecadara esargebla im mdgomareobiT, rom mowinaaRmdegeimperia dasavleTis saqmeebis mogvarebiTiyo garTuli, 540 wlis gazafxulze axali sisxlismRvreliomi wamoiwyo [25, 76]. am omis mimdinareobisassparseTis mbrZanebeli orjer Seecadaedesis aRebas. pirveli mcdeloba omis pirvelsave540 wels moxda, rodesac sparseTismravalricxovani jari siriaSi SeiWra da aq bizantiissamflobeloebis aoxreba daiwyo. amdros maT qveynis mniSvnelovani politikuri dakulturuli centri _ antioqiac ki daikaves. xosroI kargad gamagrebuli qalaqis dauflebasmeored 544 wels Seecada, roca meoTxejer gadalaxamezobeli imperiis sazRvari.`anton martmyofelis cxovrebaSi~ moTxrobiliambebi edesis xelSi Cagdebis sparselTa meoremcdelobas unda exebodes, radgan pirvelimcdeloba Sahis moulodneli avadmyofobis gamodasawyisSive CaiSala da Tavdamsxmelebi iZulebulnigaxdnen qalaqis mosaxleobisgan xarkisaRebiT dakmayofilebuliyvnen. isic im pirobissafasurad, rom qalaqis irgvliv mdebare savar-3 teqstis am adgilas misi pirveli gamocemlis, m. sabininismier 613 welia miTiTebuli, rac imis niSania, rom mas ZeglSimoxseniebuli `xuasro sparsTa mefe~ SecdomiT xosroII-d miuCnevia, romelic aseve awarmoebda oms bizantias-Tan, Tumca misi zeobis epoqa da asurel mamaTa moRvaweobisqronologia erTmaneTs ar uTavsdeba [17, 294].387

gulebs auoxreblad datovebdnen [26, 93; 21, 371-373]. edesis dauflebisaTvis or mxares Soris TavdauzogavibrZolebi ki 544 wels gaimarTa, rocaqalaqi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mtris alyaSiiyo moqceuli. 4 bizantia-irans Soris mimdinaream omis istoria gadmocemulia prokopi kesarielissagangebo naSromSi _ `De Bello Persico~. bizantieliistorikosi agreTve dawvrilebiT cnobebsgvawvdis am omis dros edesisaTvis gamarTulibrZolisa da, rogorc TavdamsxmelTa, aseve qalaqisdamcvelTa mier gamoyenebuli saomari RonisZiebebisSesaxebac, rac saSualebas iZleva qarTulisvinaqsaruli cxovrebis TiToeul cnoba-Si brZolis konkretuli epizodis anarekli amovikiTxoT.1. qalaqis galavnis qveS gvirabis gaTxra.rac Seexeba qalaqis zRudis qveS gvirabisgaTxras, prokofi kesarieli arafers ambobs,rom sparselebs edesasTan amis msgavsi raime moemoqmedebinaT.samagierod agviwers xosros brZanebiTgalavnis pirdapir uzarmazari miwayrilisaRmarTvis ambebs. magram qalaqis zRudis qveSgvirabi mainc gaiTxara. oRond es saqme bizantielmajariskacebma Seasrules. rodesac miwayrilmagalavnis simaRles gadaaWarba, alyaSemortymulqalaqSi, romlis dacvasac qarTveli mxedarTmTavariperani xelmZRvanelobda, aseTi ga-4wm. antonis `cxovrebaSi~ moTxrobili ambavi edesis 544wlis alyas rom exeba, sworad SeniSna k. kekeliZemac [13,100]. samagierod m. brose amasTan dakavSirebiT wers, romxosro edesis aRebas apirebda 539 an 540 wlebSi [20, 210,Sen. 5]. rogorc aRvniSneT, omi mxolod 540 wlis gazafxulzedaiwyo da amitom 539 weli sruliad gamoricxulia.388

mosavali gamoinaxa: sparselTagan SeumCnevladgaiTxara gvirabi zustad am xelovnuri amaRlebisqveS misi ganadgurebis mizniT.2. xatis kandelis zeTis gadasxmiT mowinaaRmdegisdawva da mogerieba.xelovnuri miwayrili xe-tyiT iyo Semokavebuli,amitom saukeTeso gzad misTvis cecxliswakideba miiCnies. am RonisZiebam sasurveli SedegigamoiRo. cecxli imdenad swrafad da Zlieradgavrcelda, rom sparselebis yvela RonisZiebamis Casaqrobad amao aRmoCnda. amis Semdeg maTdidi Zalebis gamoyenebiT edesis ieriSiT aRebaramdenjerme scades. qalaqis garnizoni edesismkvidrTa TanadgomiT mowinaaRmdegis gaavebulSetevebs yvela saSualebiT igeriebda, maT SorisaduRebuli zeTis zemodan gadasxmiT galavansmomdgar meomrebze. qalaqis aRebis yovelgvarimcdelobis CaSlis Semdeg xosro I sabolood iZulebuligaxda moexsna alya [26, 188-202; 21, 489-515].Cveni azriT, swored am ambavs exeba zemoaRniSnulicnoba wm. antonis `cxovrebidan~. sparselTamier edesis zRudis qveS gvirabis gaTxriTqalaqSi SeumCnevlad SeRwevis Sesaxeb gadmocema-Si asaxuli Cans edesis garnizonis mier miwisqve-Sa gvirabis gayvana sparselTa mier galavnis pirdapiragebul xelovnuri miwayrilis qveS, racalyaSemortymulTa nacvlad SecdomiT moalyeebsmieweraT. gviandelma hagiografma ase gansaja,rom gvirabis gaTxra, Cveulebriv, Tavdamsxmelebsufro unda daWirvebodaT galavanSemortymulqalaqSi SesaRwevad. Tavdamcveli mxaris miergalavnis qveS gvirabis gaTxra mas, etyoba,389

aralogikurad moeCvena, ar icoda ra am RonisZiebiskonkretuli mizani.qalaqis zRudis kedlebze amococvis mowadinemtrisaTvis sxvadasxva mZime sagnebis srolada aseve maTze aduRebuli zeTis gadasaxma imdros Tavdacvis miRebuli saualeba iyo. magramkandelis zeTis `gardawueTebiT~ mowinaaRmdegisdawvac ar unda iyos qarTveli mwerlis ubralofantaziis nayofi. edesis gadarCenaSi xelTuqmnelixatis `damsaxurebis~ Sesaxeb prokopi kesarieliarafers gveubneba. samagierod, evagre sqolastikosi,roca miwayrilis ganadgurebis Taobazegadmogvcems, aseve dasZens, rom gvirabidankonstruqciis dawvis pirveli mcdelobebi rocaamao gamodga (cecxls gaZlierebisaTvis miwisqveShaeri ar hyofnida), bizantielebs avgarozisadmiiesos gamogzavnili xati gvirabTan waubr-ZanebiaT da misi gadanavlebi wyali cecxlmokidebuliSeSisaTvis upkurebiaT. amis Semdeg cecxlisali uswrafesad gavrcelebula (am dros gamouyenebiaTgogirdisa da mTis fisis nazavic,razec, mematianes cnobiT, wyali cecxlze gama-Zlierebel zemoqmedebas axdenda. amitomac vermoaxerxes misi Caqroba sparselebma [22, 213-214]).qalaqis dacvisas macxovris xatisadmi esodenimniSvnelobis miniWebis fonze sarwmunod moCans,mterze gadasxmul mduRare zeTSi simboluradam xati kandelis mcireodeni zeTic rom gaeriaTmaqsimaluri Sedegis misaRebad (anu rogorc amTavdacviTi RonisZiebis warmatebis garanti). yovelSemTxvevaSi, ase unda aReqva es ambavi svinaqsarisSemdegenels, miT ufro, rom misi mizaniara marto wm. antonis cxovrebis aRwera, aramed390

upirvelesad am xatis sakiTxavis Sedgenac iyo.es kargad Cans Txzulebis saTauridanac da Sinaarsidanac.qalaqis dacvis RonisZiebebSi macxovris xatisaseTi CarTva im garemoebasac unda ganepirobebina,rom im dros edeselTa Soris gavrcelebuligadmocemiT, ieso avgarozisTvis Tavis xat-Tan erTad gamogzavnil werilSi imasac dapirebia,rom mteri maT qalaqs verasdros ver aiRebda.es sityvebi maT qalaqis karibWezec ki amoukveTiaT.werilSi am danapirebis arsebobaSi eWvi eparebaTTviT gadmocemis aRmniSvnel bizantiel mwerlebs:prokopi kesarielsa da evagre sqolastikoss,im motiviT, rom iesos werilSi avgarozisadmiaseTi damateba ucnobi yofila ufro adrindelmeistorieTaTvis [26, 91-92; 22, 212]. 5 SesaZlebeliaqarTveli hagiografis TxzulebaSi am gadmocemiskvali davinaxoT: `maSin RmerTma aradaiduma utyueli aRTqma, romeli aRuTqua, viTarmed:`zRude var me edesiisa~. vin icis, iqnebqristes aRTqma qalaqis karibWeze am sityvebiTyofiliyo aRbeWdili.`cxovrebaSi~ aRwerili sabrZolo epizodebi,rogorc myari qronologiuri sayrdeni, Tavismxriv saSualebas iZleva dadgindes anton martomyofelisqarTlSi mosvlis droc _ 545 weli[Sdr. 13, 38; 16, 67]. vinaidan edesasTan am sabrZolomoqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdeg `wmindamanantonim iZia moZRurisa TÂsisa gza~ da CrdiloeTiskengamoemarTa [2, 395].5 avgarozis werils da masze iesos pasuxs gvamcnobs IV s-is istorikosi evsebi kesarieli da marTlac, msgavsi Sepirebaaq ar Cans [ix. 3, 42-43].391

amrigad, cxadia, `anton martomyofelis cxovrebis~svinaqsarul sakiTxavSi 540-544 wlebSibizantia-sparseTis omis dros 544 wels edesisa-Tvis brZolis metad saitereso detalebia aRbeWdili.saeWvoa, XVII s-is II naxevramde maT mxolodzepiri gadmocemis saxiT moeRwiaT. am faqtmamkvlevrebi meti ndobiT unda gamsWvalosTxzulebisadmi da momavalSi hagiografiuli ZeglismniSvnelovani werilobiTi wyaroebis dadgeniskenacunda gvibiZgos.II. `abibos nekreselis wameba~`abibos nekreselis martvilobaSi~ daculiabizantia-sparseTis dapirispirebis amsaxveli kideverTi cnoba. es erTaderTi cnoba ufro zogadixasiaTisaa. kerZod, mowamis `SromaTa da RuawlTa~Soris naxsenebia `berZenTa~ `Cvens qveyana-Si~ mosvlisa da sparsTa aqedan gandevnis Sesaxebvinme dedakacisadmi wmindanis winaswarmetyvelebisTaobaze: `viTar dedakacsaca mas uwinaswarmetyuelaSemdgomad xolo missa mosvlaÁ ber-ZenTaÁ da dapyrobaÁ queyanisa amis CuenisaÁ, romelicaigi iqmna mswrafl. missave dedakacisa zemovides berZenni da ganasxnes usjuloni igi sparsnida daipyres queyanaÁ ese Cueni. mieriTganerisTavni iqmnnes mpyrobel qarTlisa~. es uwyebasityva-sityviTaa gameorebuli `wamebis~ SedarebiTmokle redaqciaSic [1, 246].maSasadame, wm. abibosis winaswarmetyvelebaexeba amierkavkasiaSi bizantia-sparseTs Soriswlebis win Camoyalibebul ZalTa TanafardobisbizantielTa sasargeblod rRvevas, ris SedegadacqarTlSi sparselTa Zalaufleba damxobila392

da es qveyana bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi moqceula.amave dros imasac vigebT, rom winaswarmetyvelebamisi warmoTqmidan maleve aRsrulebula.VI s-Si bizantia-irans Soris teritoriulibrZolis araerTi SemTxveva aRiniSna. romeli konkretuliSemTxveva igulisxmeba aRniSnul uwyebaSi,amis dasadgenad didad dagvexmareboda abibosnekreselis wamebis TariRis gansazRvra. magramhagiografiul TxzulebaSi wm. abibosis wamebisdaTariRebisaTvis raime sxva xelSesaxebiminiSneba ar moipoveba. wamebis daTariRebasacCvens istoriografiaSi, piriqiT, am cnobidan gamomdinarecdiloben [ix. 16, 84-91].mari broses abibosis winaswarmetyvelebisaRsrulebaSi asaxuli bizantia-iranis dapirispirebiskonkretuli TariRi an SemTxveva ar miuTi-Tebia, Tumca guaram kurapalatisa da misi memkvidreebiszeobis faqtSi am hagiografiuli monacemisrealobis gamoxatuleba dainaxa [20, 131].abibos nekreselis wamebaSi naxsenebi winaswarmetyvelebak. kekeliZem 591 wlis movlenebsdaukavSira, roca xosro II-s taxtis dabrunebisa-Tvis daxmarebis sanacvlod keisar mavrikisaTvis,sebeosis cnobiT, siriis Tavisi wilisa da somxe-Tis did nawilTan erTad gadaucia qarTlicTbilisamde [23, 35]. avtoriseuli argumentebi SemdegSimdgomareobs: 1. `591 wlis Semdeg sparse-Tis marzpani sofel rexSi veRar iqneboda (hagiografiscnobiT, abibosi dasasjelad Sahis moxelesrexSi mihgvares _ d. m.). mefobis gauqmebisSemdeg (522 w.) 591 wlamde mTeli qarTli sparsTaxelSia~. 2. am droidan qarTlSi iwyeba `erisTav-Ta mpyrobeloba~, roca guaram kurapalatis sikv-393

dilis Semdeg (590-591 ww.) misma memkvidre stefanozma`mefobisa saxeli ver ikadra sparsTa daberZenTa SiSisagan, aramed erisTavTa mTavradxadodes~ [7, 222]. aqedan gamomdinare, da kidev,vinaidan winaswarmetyveleba maSinve (`mswrafl~)aRsrulebula, mecnierma abibosis wameba 590 wliTdaaTariRa [13, 39].iv. javaxiSvilisaTvisac, rogorc Cans, misa-Rebi aRmoCnda zemoaRniSnuli Sexedulebani, vinaidan,`abibosis wamebas~ uwodebs ra `yvelazesando da mtkice qronologiuri safuZvlis momcem~Zegls (etyoba, CvenTvis saintereso monacemisgamo), aRniSnavs, rom am Zeglis mixedviT `ammamis moRvaweoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos umefobisxanaSi iwyeba da VI s. damlevamdis aRwevs~[18, 406]. igive SeiZleba iTqvas l. menabdis Sesaxebac,romelic wm. abibosis wamebis zeda qronologiurzRvrad isev 591 wels uTiTebs [14, 84].radganac es hagiografiuli Zegli, sxva asurelmoRvaweTadmi miZRvnil TxzulebaTagan gansxvavebiT,formiTac da Sinaarsobrivadac warmoadgenstipiur `martvilobas~ da ara cxovrebistradiciul aRweras, gadmogvcems wmindanis mxolodmowameobriv aRsasruls [18, 401], amitom `wamebis~mixedviT ver dadgindeba, umefobis droidaniwyebs Tu ara mowame episkoposi saqarTveloSimoRvaweobas. `sxva sakiTxia, rom `martvilobaSi~gadmocemuli ambavi... umefobis xanaSixdeba~ [16, 86; 15, 29].rom araferi vTqvaT qarTlSi mefobis gauqmebismetad saeWvo TariRze (522 w.), 591 wlamdeaq sparselTa batonoba uryevi da mudmivi namdvi-394

lad ar yofila. 571 Tu 572 wels 6 somxeTsa daqarTlSi iranis winaaRmdeg dawyebul ajanyebasam qveynebSi sparselTa batonobis damxoba da bizantiisgavlenis aRdgena mohyolia. Teofane bizantieliscnobiT, ajanyebul somxebs mouklavTmarzpani sureni da `romaelebis~ mxareze gadasulan.gurgenis (gorgenis) meTaurobiT maSinve igivemoumoqmedebiaT iberebsac [4, 257-258]. 7 maT somxebisaTvisSiSis zarisdamcemi gohon mihranis me-TaurobiT Semosuli sparselTa jari daumarcxebiaT[23, 31]. am qveynebSi bizantiis gavlenis damyarebazemetyvelebs menandre protiqtoris uwyebac,rom 576-577 wlebis sazavo molaparakebebisdros keisari iustine II da Semdeg, axlad taxtzeasuli imperatori tiberiusic, mzad yofilansparselebisaTvis qalaq daras sanacvlod daeTmoTpersarmenia da iberia [5, 243-250]. e.i. am drosam qveynebze Sahis Zalaufleba aRar vrceldeboda.ukve 576 wlisaTvis menandre protiqtorimtkvris CrdiloeTiT mdebare aRmosavleT amierkavkasiasromaelTa miwa-wylad moiazrebs [5,238]. 8 am ajanyebis Sedegad qarTlSi aRmdgara ad-6 sebeosiT, `xosro kavadis Zis mefobis 41-e wels~ [23, 27],rac 571-572 wlebze modis.7 wm. abibosis winaswarmetyvelebasTan dakavSirebiT am faqtsyuradReba miaqcia Tavis droze s. kakabaZemac, Tumcaaqedan man abibosis wameba da, Sesabamisad, winaswarmetyvelebac550 wlisaTvis gansazRvra [24, 127], rac hagiografiseulTxrobis konteqsts ar esadageba.8 Tumca aq laparakia mxolod albaneTze da amis qarTlzecgavrceleba mizanSewonili ar iqneba [Sdr. 19, 79]. `gardaamisa, bizantia-iranis molaparakebis dros arasodesyofila aRniSnuli, rom iberia Suazea gayofili `mtkvrisaqeTa~ da `mtkvris iqiTa~ mxared~ [8, 78].395

gilobrivi xelisuflebac, rac saxelmwifoebriobisaRdgenis niSnadac unda ganvixiloT [9, 272].amas unda gamoxatavdes `qarTlis cxovrebis~cnobac: `esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSinSeiTqunes yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani, zemonida quemoni, da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe ber-ZenTa mefisa, da iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe naTesavTaganmefeTa qarTlisaTa~ [7, 217]. 9amave wyaros mixedviT, `berZenTa mefisagan~xeldasmul aseT `mefed~ qarTls moevlina guarami,`dediT xosroiani da mamiT bagratoani~,`romeli mTavrobda klarjeTs da javaxeTs~. mas`mosca keisarman kurapalatoba da warmogzavnamcxeTas~ [7, 218]. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ ki amis Taobazegveubneba: `ganaCines erisTavad guram~ [6,95]. amasTan dakavSirebiT misaRebi Cans azri, gorgen/gurgenisada guram/guaramis igiveobis Taobaze[dawvrilebiT ix. 9, 83]. garda amisa, juanSeriscnobiT, guarami bizantiis imperatoris miTi-TebiT samxedro moqmedebebsac mimarTavs iraniswinaaRmdeg ufro adre, vidre mavriki keisari xosroII-s aRmouCens daxmarebas [7, 219-221]. anu bizantiisgarkveuli gavlena, mTlianad qarTlzeTu ara mis angariSgasawev Zalebze mainc, aqac591 wlamdea gamokveTili. mavriks Tan SahisTvisqarTli gamouTxovia. `maSin erCda sparsTa mefekeisarsa, da ganTavisufldes qarTvelni. da eseguaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa berZenTasa~[7, 221]. es niSnavs, rom qarTlSi iranis batonobamanamde mcire xniT kvlav unda dabrunebu-9 v. goilaZis azriT, adgilobrivi xelisufleba jer kidev555 wlisaTvis aRsdga, aqedan gamomdinare, abibosis wamebasac555 wlamde varaudobs [ix. 11, 105-123].396

liyo, rac VI s-is 80-iani wlebisaTvisaa savaraudebeli.amas mowmobs am dros qarTlSi moWrilmonetebze arsebuli gamosaxulebanic [ix. 12, 36].Tumca dampyrobeli, Cans, mainc iZulebuli gamxdara,eRiarebina adgilobivi xelisufleba [9,273].romel konkretul politikur movlenas gulisxmobshagiografi Tavis gancxadebaSi: `mieri-Tgan erisTavni iqmnnes mpyrobel qarTlisa~? erisTavTamTavris tituliT `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~pirvelad marTlac guaramis Ze stefanozia naxsenebi,romelsac Tavis mefed gamocxadeba veRargaubedavs `sparsTa da berZenTa SiSisagan~. 10 magramrTulia marto es faqti CaiTvalos sakmarisadqarTlSi erisTavTa mpyrobelobis damyarebisdamadastureblad. qveynis marTvelobis sistemisTvalsazrisiT, guaramis sikvdilis Semdegaraferi Cans Secvlili (cvlileba ar aris mosalodnelisparselTa batonobis droebiTaRdgenis drosac). maSasadame, hagiografiul ZeglSiaRniSnuli `erisTavTa mpyrobelobis~ dadgomaufro adre, jer kidev stefanozis xelisuflebaSimosvlamdea saZiebeli.qarTlSi erisTavTa Zalauflebis gazrdasparselTa mier mefobis gauqmebisTanave aRiniSneba,roca bakur mefis sikvdilis Semdeg sparselebmaqarTvel erisTavebs sagamgeblod gadacemulimiwebis memkvidreobiT datoveba aRuTqves.maT aseTi winadadeba, Cans, Zalze esiamovnaT `da10 amitom k. kekeliZe pirvel erismTavrad stefanozs miiCnevs,xolo guaram-gurgeni, misi azriT, mxolod erT-erTi`mTavarTagania~, qarTlis saSinao saqmeebs rom ganagebs [13,39, Sen. 4].397

gandges erisTavni da TÂis-TÂisad xarksa miscemdesqasre ambarvezsa~ (igulisxmeba xosro I favrizi)[7, 217]. es sparselTa mxridan qarTlSi mefobisgauqmebis gzaze yvelaze Sedegian svladunda CavTvaloT. magram erisTavebs arc sparsulixarkis gadaxda surdaT. amitom, rogorc kixelsayreli momenti dadga, bizantielTa daxmarebiTadgilobrivi xelisuflebis aRdgena moindomes,magram erTi aucilebeli pirobiT: erisTavisTanamdeboba maT mudmivad unda SenarCunebodaT:`esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin Sei-Tqunes yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni daquemoni, da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe berZenTamefisa, da iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe naTesavTaganmefeTa qarTlisaTa da raTa iyunes erisTavniigi TÂs-TÂssa saerisTosa Seucvaleblad~ [7, 217].bizantiis imperators es pirobebi miuRia. esiqidan Cans, rom misi `warmogzavnili~ guaram kurapalati,marTalia, `mefobda keTilad da uSfo-Tvelad, aramed erisTavni qarTlisani ver scvalnasaerisTvoTagan maTTa, rameTu sparsTa mefisaganda berZenTa mefisagan hqondes sigelnimkÂdrobisaTÂs saerisTvoTa maTTa, aramed iyvnesmorCilebasa guaram kurapalatisa~ [7, 221]. e.i.guarams, qarTlis adrindel xelisufalTagan gansxvavebiT,erisTavTa Tanamdebobis CamorTmevazexeli aRar miuwvdeboda. adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaRdgenis miuxedavad, maT ukve ormagi`umaRlesi~ Seuvaloba (imuniteti) icavda. sworedam mdgomareobis gamoxatulebad, romelicguaramis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave iRebssaTaves da stefanozis xanaSic gagrZelda, undamiviCnioT wm. abibosis hagiografis gancxadeba:398

`mieriTgan erisTavni iqmnnes mpyrobel qarTlisa~.niSandoblivia, rom `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~orive redaqcia xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosulguarams erisTavs uwodebs: `da ganaCines erisTavadguram da merme kurapaladca~; `ese iyo pirvelierisTavi da merme kurapalatadca iyo~ [6,95]. 11 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT ki piriqiT,guarams jer kurapalatis tituli miuRia imperatorisaganda mere mosula qarTlis xelisuflebissaTaveSi.am Sexedulebis dasturad kidev ramdenimedetalze SeiZleba yuradRebis gamaxvileba: 1. marzpanisiseTi upirobo Zalauflebis arseboba,rogoric abibos nekreselis wamebidan Cans, mxolodbizantiur gavlenasTan erTad adgilobriviqarTuli xelisuflebis aRdgenamde iyo SesaZlebeli.marTalia, mogvianebiT qarTlSi iranelTabatonoba mcire xniT brundeba, magram amas marzpanisxelisuflebis aRdgena ar mohyolia _ iranelebma,etyoba, cnes erismTavris xelisufleba[8, 79]; 2. 591 wels xosro II-m qarTlis teritoriabizantielebs daxmarebis sanacvlod sakuTarinebiT dauTmo, gansxvavebiT 571/2 wels ganviTarebulimovlenebisa [15, 32; 16, 89-90], xolo `movidesberZenni da ganasxnes... sparsni~, ZalauflebisnebayoflobiT cvlilebas ar unda niSnavdes;3. wm. mRvdelmTavris naTqvami `winaswarmetyvelebad~mxolod 571 wlis politikur movlenebamdeSeiZleboda wodebuliyo, sanam iranis batonobaqarTlSi mtkice da absoluturia. VI s. 80-ian11Cans, `moqcevaÁs~ `erisTavSi~ aq erisTavTa mTavari, anumTavari erisTavi, igive erismTavari igulisxmeba.399

wlebSi aramdgradi politikuri viTarebis fonzeam sityvebs gansakuTrebuli, miT ufro, `martvilobaSi~xazgasasmeli mniSvneloba aRar mieniWeboda.sakiTxis am kuTxiT ganxilvis safuZvelzesaSualeba mogveca abibos nekreselis wameba VIs-is 60-iani wlebiT gangvesazRvra [16, 91; 15, 33].amrigad, abibos nekreselis wamebaSi asaxuliCans 571/2 wlis bizantia-irans Soris dawyebulimorigi dapirispireba, roca amierkavkasiaSi axalipolitikuri realoba Seiqmna: ajanyebis SedegadbizantielTa daxmarebiT qarTlSi iranis batonobadaemxo, rasac aq bizantiis gavlenis aRdgenada adgilobrivi xelisuflebis damyarebamohyva; da ara 591 wlis ambebi, roca Sahma xosroII-m daxmarebis sanacvlod imperator mavrikssxva sasazRvro teritoriebTan erTad qarTlisada somxeTis didi nawili dauTmo.400

wyaroebi da literatura1. abibos nekreselis wameba, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuliliteraturis Zeglebi, w. I, svinaqsaruliredaqciebi (V-X ss.), il. abulaZisred., Tb., 1963.2. sÂnaqsari xatisa martomyofelisa da wmidisa mamisaantoni martomyofelisa, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuliliteraturis Zeglebi, w. IV, svinaqsaruli redaqciebi(XI-XVIII ss.), gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvlevadaurTo e. gabiZaSvilma, Tb., 1968.3. evsebi kesarieli, saeklesio istoria, Tb., 2007.4. Teofane bizantieli, georgika, bizantieli mwerlebiscnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. III, tf., 1936.5. menandre protiqtori, georgika, bizantieli mwerlebiscnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. III, teqstebiqarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebidaurTo s. yauxCiSvilma, tf., 1936.6. moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli...I, Tb., 1963.7. juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qar-Tlis cxovreba, I, teqsti dadgenili yvela Zi-401

iTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier, Tb., 1955.8. a. bogveraZe, qarTlis politikuri da social-ekonomikuriganviTareba IV-VIII saukuneebSi, Tb., 1979.9. a. bogveraZe, adrefeodaluri qarTuli saxelmwifoebiVI-VIII saukuneebSi, wgn: saqarTvelosistoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973.10. e. gabiZaSvili, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis svinaqsarulicxovrebani, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuliliteraturis Zeglebi, IV, Tb., 1973.11. v. goilaZe, VI saukuneSi qarTlis adgilobrivisaxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis daTariRebisaTvis,macne, istoriis... seria, 1979, #1.12. d. kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, Tb., 1950.13. k. kekeliZe, sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSimosvlis Sesaxeb, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturisistoriidan, t. I, Tb., 1956.14. l. menabde, `asurel mamaTa~ cxovrebaTaTvis,sadisertacio naSromi (xelnaweri), Tb., 1949.15. d. merkvilaZe, asurel mamaTa qarTlSi mosvlisdro, Tb., 1996.16. d. merkvilaZe, asureli mamebi (sirieli sasulieromoRvaweni qarTlSi), I, Tb., 2006.17. m. sabinini, saqarTvelos samoTxe, s-pet. 1882.18. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, TxzulebaniTormet tomad, t. I, Tb., 1979.19. s. janaSia, feodaluri revolucia saqarTveloSi,Sromebi, I, Tb., 1949.20. M. Brosset, Additions et éclaircissements ā l’histoire de laGéorgie, VI, p. I, St.-Pét. 1851.21. Procopius, I, History of the Wars, books I and II (ThePersian War). London, 1961.402

22. Евагрий Схоластик, Церковная история, Книги III-IV,Перевод с греческого, комментарии и приложения: И. В.Кривушин, С-Пет. 2001.23. История императора Иракла, епископа Себеоса, перевод сармянского, СПБ. 1862.24. С. Какабадзе, Рецензия на работу К. Кекелидзе (К вопросу оприбытии сирийских отцов в Картли), saistorio krebuli,w. I, 1928.25. М. Левченко, История Византии, М-Л. 1940.26. Прокопий Кесарийский, История воин римлян с персами, СПБ.1876.David MerkviladzeThe Reflection of Byzantine-Iran ConfrontationIn the Assyrian Fathers’ Hagiographic CycleThe 6 th century confrontations of Byzantine and Iran can be wellseen in “The Life of Anton Martkopeli” and “The Martyrdom of AbibosNekreseli”, the accounts dedicated to the Assyrian Fathers.“The Life of Anton Martkopheli” tells us, that after the unsuccessfulattempt of capturing Edessa town by Persian king Chosroes, St. Antonwent to Kartli (the eastern Georgia) and took with him an icon of the Saviornot made by hand.Some of the details about the battles for the town are also describedin the accounts:1. “Chosroes, Persian king approached the city of Edessa and beganto dig under the city-wall, in order to penetrate into imperceptibly”.2. “Its (the icon of the Savior) icon-lamp oil was poured out over theopposite fighters from the city and all of them immediately wereburned down”.It seams that the story told in “The Life of Anton Martkopheli”is about the second attempt of Persian king Chosroes I tocapture Edessa in 544 (the first attempt failed because of shah’s403

illness). Procopius of Caesarea gives us detailed informationsabout these battles. These informations able us to identify eachconcrete episode in the accounts. It seams that the information,given in the first sentence, tells us about making of the city underneathby the Edessa garrison under a Persian-made artificialhill erected against the circuit wall of the city. Burning the enemyby pouring out the icon-lamp oil seems to be a setting fire tothe wooden artificial hill by the Edessa defenders.One more information could be found in “The Martyrdom ofAbibos Nekreseli”. The information tells us about the prediction of St.Abibos. He predicted a woman that after his death “Greeks” would come“in our country” and Persians would be withdrawn from the Georgia andthe prophecy would be fulfilled very soon, in the life of the woman.According to our supposition, the notification about thePersian supremacy in Kartli (the Eastern Georgia) that was overthrownwith the help of Byzantines as a result of great anti-Iran rebellionin Kartli and Armenia took place in 571. It was followed bythe restoration of Byzantine influence and establishment of local,Georgian Erismtavari’s rule in Kartli (the Eastern Georgia). We donot share the opinion of some scientists who think that thementioned process took place in 591, when Persian king ceded largepart of Kartli to Byzantine.Our supposition can also help us to date the martyrdom of St.Abibos Nekreseli.404

405kaxaber fifiaafsarosi ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro-TavdacviT sistemaSi(I-IV ss.)berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi araerTgzis moxseniebulicixesimagre afsarosi didi xania identificirebuliadRevandel goniosTan. igi mdebareobsWoroxis marcxena mxares, zRvasTan axlos,strategiulad xelsayrel adgilas. gonio-afsarosiscixesimagre kargadaa Semonaxuli. igi gegmiTsworkuTxedia. koSkebsa da cixis galavansetyoba mravalgzis restavracia-gadakeTebis kvali.miuxedavad amisa, romauli kastelumis Ziri-Tadma RerZebma (194 m × 245 m) Cvenamde ucvleladmoaRwia. cixis kedlebis simaRle 5 m-ia, xolokuTxeebTan, sadac koSkebia aRmarTuli, 7 m-s aRwevs.amJamad cixesimagre 18 koSks moiTvlis, TumcamaTi raodenoba Tavdapirvelad 22 iyo [4,164].afsarosi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSiwarmoadgenda ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro-Tavdac-

viTi sistemis umniSvnelovanes cixesimagres. aRniSnulsistemas safuZveli Caeyara ax. w. I s. 60-ian wlebSi, rodesac imperatorma neronma (54-68ww.) SavizRvispireTSi, romis poziciebis ganmtkicebismizniT, radikaluri RonisZiebebi gaatara.62 w. meziis mmarTvelis plavtius silvanis eqspediciisSedegad bosfori romis proteqtoratisqveS moeqca. yirimis samxreT nawilSi ravenis samxedroflotis nawilebi iqna Cayenebuli [13,142]. imave xanebSi, 63 w. neronis brZanebiT gauqmdapolomeniduri pontos samefo. misi teritoria,kolxeTTan erTad, provinciad gamocxadda[7, 52]. ioseb flaviusis (ax. w. 37-95 ww.) cnobiT,neronis dros meotida-pontospireTSi imperiisinteresebs 3000 mZime SeiaraRebuli meomari daromaelTa 40 xomaldisagan Semdgari samxedrofloti icavda [Jos. Flav., Bell. Jud., II, 366-368]. amrigad,yirimi da kavkasiis sanapiro uSualod romissamxedro kontrolqveS moeqca. rogorc arqeologiurimasalebiT irkveva, swored am drosgamoCndnen romauli garnizonebi kolxeTis sanapiropunqtebSic – afsarosSi, fasissa da sebastopolSi[7, 58-80].ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro-TavdacviTma sistemamaqtiuri funqcionireba vespasianes (69-79ww.) mier aRmosavleTis mTeli TavdacviTi xazismodernizacia-reorganizaciis Semdeg daiwyo. 72-76 ww. aRmosavleTis sazRvrebis mTel perimetrzedaiwyo mniSvnelovani Zalebis koncentrireba.vespasianes mier Seqmnilma e.w. `kapadokiurma kompleqsma~,romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda kolxeTic,miiRo ori legioni. es legionebi ganlagebuliqnan kapadokia-mcire armeniis xazze, sa-406

talasa da meliteneSi. meliteneSi Cadga siriidangadmoyvanili legioni XII Fulminata (elviseburi),xolo satalaSi axalSeqmnili XVI FlaviaFirma, romelic mogvianbiT Secvala XV Apollinarisma[7, 83-84]. satala da melitene iTvlebodnen kapadokiasada, samxedro-strategiuli TvalsazrisiTkapadokiis legatis daqvemdebarebaSi myof,amierkavkasiaSi romauli samxedro Zalebis Ziri-Tad gamanawilebel bazad. melitenes samxreTiTiwyeboda siriis limesi, xolo satala safortifikacionagebobaTa qseliT ukavSirdeboda trapezunts[7, 85].trapezunti warmoadgenda romis kavkasiuripolitikis sayrdens da regionis samxedro-politikurda ekonomikur centrs. ax. w. 64 wlidanigi romauli flotis – Classic Pontica-s mTavaribaza gaxda [15, 163]. swored trapezuntidan iRebdasaTaves romauli morigi TavdacviTi sistema,ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro xazi, romlis SemadgenlobaSiSediodnen hisosis, rizes, aTenas [Arr.,PPE, 3-7; 3, 65-67], afsarosis, fasisisa da sebastopolisiskastelumebi.II s-is Suaxanebamde ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvroxazi mxolod sebastopolisamde vrceldeboda.magram 132-152 ww. Soris am TavdacviTi sistemisareali gafarTovda da masSi pitiuntic iqnaCarTuli [16, 56-58]. ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro xazzeganlagebuli kastelumebis materialur-teqnikurimomarageba sazRvao gziT trapezuntidanxorcieldeboda [7, 85-87].cnobilia, rom romaelebi mudmivmoqmedi, xangrZlividroisaTvis gamiznuli cixesimagreebismSeneblobamde agebdnen xis droebiT safortifi-407

kacio nagebobebs, e. w. `Pila Muralia~-s [17, 168-173; 14,30, 47]. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom romaelebs afsarosSicTavdapirvelad xis iseTive droebiTisasimagro nageboba aegoT, rogorsac flaviusariane (daaxl. 95-175 ww.) ixseniebs fasisSi (Arr.,PPE, 9). afsarosSi, rogorc miiCneven mkvlevarebi,mudmivi, xangrZlivi daniSnulebis cixis fundamenturixasiaTis mSenebloba I s. bolos daiwyo[4, 166] da momdevno saukunis ganmavlobaSi igiromaelTa sayrden, erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovansamxedro centrad iqca aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi.adrianes (117-138 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros, rogorcarianes cnobidan irkveva, afsarosSi ukvefunqcionirebda `Castella Murata~-s tipis mudmivmoqmediTavdacviTi nageboba, sadac xuTi kohortaiyo dislocirebuli (Arr., PPE, 6). afsarosis kastelumi,misi zomidan gamomdinare, saSualo sididisbanakebis kategorias unda miekuTvnos [5,51]. dokumenturad dadasturebulia, rom afsarosisgarnizonis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda damxmarejaris nawilebi – klavdiusis saxelobis IIkohorta (Cohors II Claudiana), specifikuri aRWurvilobismSvildosanTa razmi (Sagitarius) da imperatormarkus avreliusis saxelobis kohorta (CohorsAurellia) [11, 112-115]. gamoricxuli ar aris, romdanarCeni ori kohorta legionuri jaris nawilebiTyofiliyo dakompleqtebuli, rasac garkveulwiladmowmobs afsarosis avanpostSi – petraSi(cixisZiri) aRmoCenili legionis damRianiaguris fragmenti [7, 131; 12, 77-87].afsarosSi aseTi seriozuli samxedro Zalisyofna ganpirobebuli iyo misi geografiuli mde-408

areobiT. afsarosis cixesimagre kolxeTis dablobidanaRmosavleT mcire aziis Sida raionebisakenmimavali gzebis sakvanZo gzajvaredins warmoadgendada, amave dros, sanapiro zolsac ketavda.mis ZiriTad funqcias CrdilokavkasielmomTabareTa Sekaveba da mcire aziis romaulprovinciebze maTi moulodneli Tavdasxmis aRkveTawarmoadgenda [8, 64-65]. afsarosis geostrategiulimniSvneloba kidev ufro gaizarda II s.20-iani wlebidan, rodesac gaZlierebulma iberiammiitaca kolxeTis zRvispireTis erTi nawili,zidritTa olqi [9, 420]. afsarosi uSualod emijnebodazidritTa olqs da amdenad, iberiis samefoswinaaRmdeg ZiriTadi forpostis funqciaswored mas daekisra. yovelive amasTan erTad,afsarosis garnizons evaleboda adgilobrivi`skeptuxebisa~ Tu `mefeebis~ gakontroleba, maTimeSveobiT gadasaxadebis akrefa da romaul damxmarejaris nawilebSi mkvidri mosaxleobis gawvevisorganizeba [6, 194-197].ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro-TavdacviTi sistemismeSveobiT, romma III s. Suaxanebamde warmatebiTSeZlo regionSi samxedro da ekonomikuristabilurobis SenarCuneba. kolxeTis sanapirozeSewyda Crdilokavkasiel nomadTa marbieli Tavdasxmebi;aRkveTil iqna mekobreoba da Zarcva-ya-CaRoba; uzrunvelyofil iqna imperiis Soreulimisadgomebis usafrTxoeba da adgilobrivi tomebisromis realur kontrolqveS yofna.III saukuneSi romauli samyaro ukidures krizisSiaRmoCnda. imperiis TiTqmis yvela sazRvarzedaiwyo barbarosTa permanentuli Tavdasxmebi.III s. Suaxanebidan mdgomareoba ukiduresad gam-409

wvavda ponto-kavkasiis sazRvarzec. 257 w. aRmosavleTSavizRvispireTSi goTebis morigi eqspediciisSedegad daeca romaelTa ukiduresi sayrdenipunqti Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi – pitiunti[Zosim., Hist. Nova, I, 32-33]. imave eqspediciisdros barbarosebma aiRes da sastikad aaoxresregionis samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuricentri, ponto-kavkasiis sazRvris ZiriTadi materialur-teqnikuribaza – trapezunti [Zosim., Hist.Nova, I, 33]. rogorc Cans, barbarosTa Tavdasxmebispirveli talRa afsaross ar Sexebia. yovel Sem-TxvevaSi, V-VI ss. bizantieli avtori zosime, romelicsakmaod dawvrilebiT aRwers 255/256 da257 wlebSi goTebis aRmosavleT SavizRvispireT-Si laSqrobis peripetiebs, arafers ambobs afsaroszebarbarosebis Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb. Tumca,afsarosi, rogorc irkveva, manic ver ascda barbarosTamxridan Tavdasxmas. 275 w. azovis zRvidanmcire aziisken salaSqrod daiZrnen herulebida ostgoTebi. barbarosebi fasisis SesarTav-Tan gadmovidnen da aqedan Savi zRvis sanapirosgavliT SeiWrnen pontoSi. rogorc Cans, sworedam eqspediciis dros, fasisidan samxreTisaken mo-Zravma barbarosebma, makron-henio,Ta teritoriazegavlisas, ieriSi miitanes afsaroszec. rogorcarqeologiuri masalebiT irkveva, am TavdasxmisSedegad afsarosis cixesimagre dangreula [8, 61-65].257-275 ww. movlenebis Semdeg ponto-kavkasiisromauli sasazRvro-TavdacviTi sistema faqtobrivadmoiSala. Tumca misi paralizeba didxansar gagrZelebula. diokletianes (284-305 ww.)mmarTvelobis dros imperiis sazRvrebis TavdacvisunarianobisamaRlebisa da maTi stabiliza-410

ciis mizniT farTomasStabiani sarekonstruqciosamuSaoebi ganxorcielda. mniSvnelovani Ronis-Ziebebi gatarda aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisromauli cixesimagreebis qselis gasamagrebladac.gafarTovda da ganmtkicda pitiuntisa dasebastopolisis kastelumebi. imave xanebSi, III s.bolos an IV s. dasawyisSi romaelebma aRadginesafsarosis cixesimagrec [5, 52].ase rom, IV s. dasawyisidan aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSikvlav Cveuli ZaliT amoqmedda barbarosTamier dazianebuli romauli sasazRvro-TavdacviTi sistema, romlis funqcionirebacgrZeldeboda IV s. meore naxevramde. IV s. 70-ianiwlebidan, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Seqmniliaxali politikuri koniunqturis pirobebSi,rac ganpirobebuli iyo lazikis (egrisis) samefosmier mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebiTada mis mier faqtobrivi damoukideblobismopovebiT, afsarosidan, iseve rogorc kolxeTissxva sanapiro cixesimagreebidan, gayvanil iqnaromauli garnizonebi, xolo ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro-TavdacviTmasistemam arseboba Sewyvita.411

wyaroebi da literatura1. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,V, Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, gamokvleva dasaZieblebi daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1983.2. georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnomebi saqarTvelosSesaxeb, t. I, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurTgamosces da ganmartebebi daurTesal. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1961.3. e. kaxiZe, romis imperia da samxreT-aRmosavleTSavizRvispireTi ax. w. I-V ss., sakandidatodisertacia /xelnaweris uflebiT/, Tb., 2002.4. S. mamulaZe, e. kaxiZe, m. xalvaSi, romaelebisamxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kulturisistoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, X, Tb., 2001.5. g. lorTqifaniZe, biWvinTis naqalaqari, Tb., 1991.6. k. fifia, kolxeTi romis imperiis provinciulsistemaSi, saistorio Ziebani, VI, Tb., 2003.7. k. fifia, romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTiI-II ss. Tb., 2005.8. k. fifia, cixe-qalaq afsarosSi goTebis laSqrobisistoriisaTvis, saistorio Ziebani, VIII-IX,Tb., 2006.412

9. k. fifia, iberia-romis urTierToba II s. 20-30-ian wlebSi. imperatori adriane da farsman II,soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi,V, humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTaseria, Tb., 2008.10. flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis gar-Semo, Targmani, gamokvleva, komentarebi daruka n. keWaRmaZisa, Tb., 1961.11. m. xalvaSi, romauli garnizonebi afsarosSi,literaturuli aWara, 1999, #11.12. В. А. Леквинадзе, Понтийский лимес, Вестник древней истории,№2, 1969.13. М. И. Ростовцев, Римские гарнизоны на Таврическомполуострове и Айтодорская крепость, Журнал министерстванародного просвещения, кн. 3, 1900.14. P. T. Bidwell, Roman Forts in Britain, London, 1997.15. T. B. Mitford, Some Inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limes,Journal of Roman Studies, LXIV, 1974.16. M. P. Speidel, T. T. Todua, Three Inscriptions from Pityuson the Caucasus Frontier, Saalburg Jahrbuch, 44, 1988.17. G. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army, London, 1985.Kakhaber Pipia413

Apsaros in the System of the Ponto - Caucasus MarineDefensive System (the 1 st – 4 th centuries)Fortress Apsaros, which was mentioned for several times inthe Greco-Roman sources, is already for a long time identified aspresent day Gonio. Its plan is rectangular. One can see the trace ofseveral times restoration on the towers and the fence of the fortress.Besides these, the main buttresses of the Roman castellum (194m. -245m.) are unchanged till now.For a long time Apsaros was one of the significant points ofthe Ponto – Caucasus border line and the Roman marine defensivesystem at the coast of the East Black Sea. The mentioned marinesystem was founded in the times of the emperor Nero’s reign, the60’s of the 1 st century. The first Roman garrison appeared inApsaros at that very time. As it seams, from the beginning temporarywooden fortification building was built by Romans. At the end ofthe 1 st century they built here stone castellum for long term use.Five cohorts were dislocated in Apsaros. In the Apsaros garrisonthere were: II cohorts named after Claudius (Cohors II Claudiana),military unit of archers with specific equipment (Sagitarius)and the cohort named after the emperor Marcus Aurelius (CohorsAurellia). They were the auxiliary military units. The next towcohorts might be put up for full strength with legionary military unit.From the middle of the 3 rd century the Ponto –Caucasus border-defensiveline underwent the devastating attack of barbarians.In 257 Goths captured Pitiunt and Trebizond. As it turned out, Gothsruined Apsaros in 275.After the events of 257 – 275 the Ponto-Caucasian Roman marinedefensive system at the East Black Sea coast was in fact ruined.But it was not paralyzed for a long time. In the period of Diocletian’sreign (284 -305) wide restoring activities were taking place on thePonto - Caucasian border. Romans renewed and strengthened thecastellums of Pitiunt and Sebastopolis. In that very period, at the endof the 3 rd century and the beginning of the 4 th century the fortress of414

Apsaros was restored. The functioning of the Apsaros castellum, aswell as of the whole Ponto-Caucasus boarder defensive system,lasted till the second half of the 4 th century.saojaxo Temi Zvel samegreloSi(toponimuri masalebis mixedviT)415igor kekeliasamegreloSi Oojaxis, saxlis, saxl-karis(saxlobis) aRmniSvneli morfologiuri elementiaTi(i), romelic dResac xmarebaSia, gansakuTrebiTabaSis, martvilisa da senakis raionebis soflebSi;zogan ki sityvis mniSvneloba (semantika)gabundovanebuli an miCqmalulia. ojaxis, saxlobismniSvnelobiTaa es termini gamoyenebuli xalxurleqsSi, romelic martvilis mxareTmcodneobismuzeumis samecniero eqspediciis wevrebsCauweriaT sofel kurzuSi, mTxrobel quTu axalaiasgan.ai, es leqsic: `RoronTs aTes vTxulenq,cira, Cqim Tis milekvanwude. bJaS CxoriasCqimoT xvale orZande do Tasunde; Cqim CqiCquemsdabadende, Tinems mikifafude, Cqim TuriS doCqin dinoSi xviCa pirs faCunde _ RmerTs amasvTxov, qaliSvilo, Cems saxlSi koxtaobde; mzissxivebs mxolod CemTvis asxivebde da Tesavde;Cems Cvil bavSvebs aCende, imaT uvlide; Cemi STamomavlobis,Cemi totis brdRviala yvavils Sli-

de [5, 93]. mivmarToT saleqsikono masalebs. g.eliavas ganmartebiT Ti igivea, rac ,,ojaxi, saxli”.motanilia sailustracio masalac: ,,midar-Tu muSi TiSa _ wavida Tavis saxlSi” [2, 172]. o.qajaias ,,megrul-qarTul leqsikonSi” vkiTxulobT:,,Ti (Tis mravlobiTi ricxvi ar aqvs),ojaxi; saxli, saxl-kari. `oSi anTasi Cqimi Tis,aka meZobeliSi Tis! _ asi aTasi Cems ojaxSi, cota(erTi) mezoblis ojaxSi~; `Cqim Tis oko dinordasia,nana _ Cems ojaxSi unda idgeso, nana~;`qimiodirTes arTi didi dguma Tis _ miadgnenerT did saxls (ojaxs)~; `ma meurq Cqim TiSa _me mivdivar Cems saxlSi~; `minilu arTi koCiSiTiSa _ Sevida erTi kacis ojaxSi (saxl-karSi)”[13, 46]. i. yifSiZe Ti-s ganmartavs, rogorc saxls,ojaxs, gvars, meTaurs. m. xubuas mier Caweriliteqstebidan kidev erTi magaliTis motanaSeiZleba: `aTe osuriSi Tis arTi axalgazda boSkos qigiaseru _ am qalis ojaxSi erT axalgazrdavaJkacs SemoaRamda”. megrul xalxur leqsSivkiTxulobT: `ma meurq Cqim TiSa, si mu goko,mus makenq, mus gofTxozuq, mukil-mukil, si uxano,vai sqan minjec. Cqim Tic baba mkiTxensni,quuwulenq Te ambec, sqan TiSa vemgarTas ni TeSig nogirTinuanq saqmes _ me mivdivar Cems ojaxSi,Sen ra ginda, ras makaveb, ras damdev irgvliv(garSemo ras mivli, ras damtrialeb _ i. k.), Seuxano (uasakov), vai, Sens patrons. Cems saxlSimama rom mkiTxavs, vetyvi movuyvebi – i. k.) am ambavs;Sens saxlSi rom ver mixvide, ise gagixdisaqmes” [4, 75].samegreloSi `Ti~ bolokiduriani 200_mdetoponimia Cawerili, romelTa umetesobisTvis am-416

osaval fuZes pirTa sakuTari saxelebi da gvarebiwarmoadgens. winamdebare naSromSi warmovadgenTabaSis, martvilisa da Cxorowyus raionebSisxvadasxva dros mkvlevarTa mier Caweril toponimebs,motivaciuri komentarebiT.abedaTi _ sofeli martvilis raionebSi, abaSisada tarCenis xeobebSi, vakesa da bJeris mTiskal-Tebze. savaraudoa (g)abedaTi ,,gabeda(va)s ojaxi,STamomavloba; misi sacxovrisi “ [7, 12]. gamoricxuliaraa, abeda pirsaxeli yofiliyo.axuTi _ sofeli Cxorowyus raionebSi, ciisa dazanis xeobebSi, xalxuri etimologiis mixedviT,axu jaiani xamuas xeobas gamoyolia, tye gauCexavsda kar-midamo gaumarTavs. axus vaJiSvilebsgvarad axuia, axaia gauxdiaT [3, 46]. axuTi- jgufurianTroponimi, transonimizaciis gziT oikonimadiqca.babkoTi _ ,,Cxorowyus raionis toponimikis katalogSi”miTiTebulia dazustebuli lokalizaciisgareSe [3, 16]. babkoTi ewodeba mikroubans lesiWineSi,md. zanis marjvena mxares. siWinavebisgvaris erT-erTi Stos winapars babkoCi rqmevia.misi STamomavlebis dasaxlebas babkoTi ewoda.bakuraTi // bakureTi--,,Cxorowyus raionis toponimikiskatalogis “ avtorebi ubnis saxelwodebadmiuTiTeben dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSeda ganmartaven, rogorc didkac bakurasSvilebis nasaxlars, samosaxlos [3, 100]. iqve mi-TiTebulia toponimi ,,bayureTi”_,,bayuras ojaxi”.g. eliava ,,eTnografiul samegreloSi” asaxelebstoponims ,,bakuraTis” formiT, romlis ojaxSicTurme 18 melogine cxovrobda. bakureTi ubaniapirvel WoRaSi, oRurRules xeobaSi. akonkreteb-417

en: `Jidon bakureTi da Tudon bakureTi~. bakurisaxelia, bakuria ki _ gvar-saxeli.baRaneTi -- Rele, noRelis Senakadi (qvaiTi). sa-Tave aqvs zeda xunwis sazRvarTan, labarjenisada Wkadueris maxloblad. g. eliavas mier Cawerilixalxuri etimologia aseTia: ,,mters aq bav-Svebi Cauxocia. Ees adgili gauvali tyiT yofiladaburuli, amitom qvirTuebs (bavSvTa gamyidvelebs)aq hqoniaT samalavi” [2, 106]. iqve dasaxelebuliatoponimi ,,baRueTi”, Semdegi ganmartebiT:,,baRebi yofila venaxian-xexiliani” [2, 107]. p.cxadaias obieqtis saxelwodebad zugdidis raionissofel daviTianSi Cauweria ,,baRuoni”. aq SeiZlebodayofiliyo baRnari an adgili, sadacbaRuS ja xarobs [2, 251]. ,,nobaRleni” tye-buCqnarianiferdobebis saxelwodebaa xobiswylis xeobaSi.baRu, baRile igivea rac xula, beRelimarcvleulis,fqvilisa da misTanaTa. Sesanaxad.baRa, baRana megr. ,,bavSvi” SesaZlebelia metsaxeliyofiliyo.baRueTi _ gas ferdobi raxviis marjvena mxares(saeliavo). g.eliavas ganmartebiT, ,,baRebi yofilavenaxian-xexiliani” [2, 107]. toponimi SesaZlebeliapirsaxel baRus ukavSirdebodes. baRueTi,,baRus ojaxis samosaxlo” [9, 30].beriaTi // leberie _ ubani Cxorowyus raionissofel nafiCxuSi, kurzus sazRvarTan.boboTi _ sofeli abaSis xeobaSi, martvils 2 kmiTaadaSorebuli da sergieTis TemSi Sedis. adgilobriviaraoficialuri variantia bomboTi.istoriul wyaroebSi dadasturebulia bonboTisformiT. bobo da bombo megruli pirsaxelebia.418

gabiTi // gabiSi suki – seri sanaWyebioSi (kurzu).gabi eponimia. aqedan modis gvari gabia. gadmocemiT,gabis gvariskacs Seuracxyofa miuyenebiaWiis qaliSvilisTvis. or gvars erTmaneTi or-TabrZolaSi amouxocavs [2, 146].gafaTi // gafaSi noxori _ g. eliava dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe miuTiTebs ,,naxunaossasoflo sabWos“ toponimTa nusxaSi da ganmartavs,rogorc ,,gafas saxls” [2, 18].gaRiTi _ ubani LlesiWineSi, RaCiris marcxenamxares, sadac siWinavebi saxloben (Cxorowyusmunicipaliteti). gaRiTi ,,gaRis STamomavloba“[17, 101]. ,,katalogSi” miTiTebulia dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe. xalxuri motivacia: ,,aqgaRiTurebi saxlebulan, gaRi yofila didkacida misi Ti yofila aq” [3. 18].gegeneTi // gegineTi _ g. eliava dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe miuTiTebs sofel xunwSi,Semdegi ganmartebiT _ ,,geginas (gvari) saxli” [2,113]. gegina gegena gegenava.gezaTi _ sofeli da Temis centri noRelisa dacxeniswylis xeobebSi (abaSis raioni). patara gezaTiqolobnis TemSi Sedis. saxeldebis xalxurimotivacia aseTia: guriidan wamosul qobulaZeTaaTkacian jgufs gezi aqeT auRia. amitom sofelsgezaTi Serqmevia [2, 19]. sxva ganmartebebiT, gezaSTi ,,gezas gvaris samosaxlo” [2, 20].geriaTi – ubani lesiWineSi, RaCiris marcxena mxares,sadac siWinavebi saxloben. siWinavebis erTerTiStogvaris winapari geria yofila [17, 103].gogiaTi _ ,,gegeWkoris sadabo sabWos” toponimTanusxaSi miTiTebulia sayanis saxelwodebad da gan-419

martebulia, rogorc ,,gogias saxli”. [2, 107]. gogiasaxelicaa da gvar-saxelic.gogoleTi _ seri owyaries xeobaSi (axuTi). aqveagogoleTiS oxvame sasaflao XVIII saukunis bazilikurieklesiiT. Ggogola da gogole saxelebia[14, 104], xolo gogolava _ gvar-saxelebi(cxovroben zugdidsa da walenjixaSi).gugeTi _ toponims dazustebuli lokalizaciisgareSe miuTiTebs g. eliava, sofel norioSi (aba-Sis raioni) da aRniSnavs, rom ,,msgavsi toponimi aqkidev erTia “ [2, 36]. guga, gugaia, guge da gugelamegruli anTroponimebia. SesaZlebelia toponimigvar gugavas ukavSirdebodes: gugeTi gugaTi, gugaSi Ti ,,gugavas ojaxi, STamomavloba”.gugunayaTi _ sofeli abaSis municipalitetSi(erTi nawili ekuTvnis marnis, meore-qolobnisTems). g. eliavas mier Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviTgugunayaTi niSnavs vinme gugus samosaxlos,sadac gugus saxl-kari iyo gamarTuli _ guguSinayaTi [2, 42]. sxva gadmocemiT: gugunas (gugunavas)didi ojaxis nasaxlari, nadgomi (iqve). gugunayagvaris adgilobrivi variantia [16, 76]. gugunayaSTi__>gugunayaTi__>gugunayaTi ,,guguna(vas)ojaxi (STamomavloba)”.guluxeTi _ sofeli abaSis raionSi, noRelasada cxeniswylis xeobebSi (gezaTis Temi). xalxurimotivacia: nayofieri miwebia da guluxvi mosaxleobacxovrobs [2, 18]. dasaSvebia Cveni varaudi:guluxeS Ti ,,guluas qalis ojaxi, STamomavloba”.gulua erT-erTi mravalricxovani gvaria.sulTa raodenobiT samegreloSi 35-e adgilzea.xe _ gaTxovili qalis aRmniSvnelia.420

guraTi _ borcvi leaxales sazRvarTan, WalayvanasxeobaSi (nakiani). aqvea wyaro guraTiS wyari.guri, guriaka, gurie, guriela da guria megrulipirsaxelebia. p. cxadaias mier Cawerili gadmocematoponims guralias gvaris nasaxlars ukavSirebs[17, 117]. ,,katalogis“ avtorebi ganmartaven:guraTi ,,guras saxli, ojaxi, kar-midamo”.gurga eTi // gurga aTi // gurgalaTi _ saxnaviabaSis marjvena mxares, WalaSi (naesuu). girgaa ->grigalava; girgaaTi __>grigalavas sakuTreba,misi mamuli [9, 45].gur(i)SiaTi _ ubani squrCis napirze, lesiWineSi,sadac guriaSia siWinavas STamomavloba saxlobs(Cxorowyus raioni).dviaTi//dulaTi – tyiani ferdobi iskiis marcxenamxares, ekirteSi (WaburTa). dvia, dula da dulumegruli pirsaxelebia.esaneTi _ goraki noRis marjvena napirze, suxCessazRvarTan (zeda xunwi). esane pirsaxelia, romelicixsenieba ,,tbeTis sulTa matineSi” [14, 119].vaCineTi _ goraki qvaiTis sazRvarTan (zeda xunwi).g.eliava miuTiTebs dazustebuli lokalizaciisgareSe da ganmartavs, rogorc ,,arsacnaureTs”(?) [2, 107]. xom ar niSnavs vaCineTi ,,vaCnaZisSTamomavlobas” ? vaCa, vaCan, vaCe pirsaxelebicaa[14, 122].zanaTi – sofeli abaSis raionSi, abaSisa da texurisSesarTavTan. akonkreteben: melen zanaTi(gaRma zanaTi) da molen zanaTi (gamoRma zanaTi).G g.eliavas wignSi mocemulia xalxuri etimologiebi: ,,zana gvari yofila, zanebi saxlebulaaq”; ,,zana didi kaci yofila, didi ojaxi hqonia,amitom ,,zanaSi Tis-zanas ojaxs eZaxian adgils”421

[2, 57]. a. Wanturia asaxelebs anTroponim zanas[18, 35].zaqareTi _ ferdobi naesuuSi (martvilis sakrebulo).aq iRebs saTaves zaqareTiS Rai. zaqariapirsaxelia, zaqaraia – gvari. zaqareTi ,,zaqarias(an zaqaraias) ojaxis samosaxlo; odesRac misikuTvnileba” [9, 62].TamazeTi _ ubani lesiWineSi. ,,katalogSi” vkiTxulobT:,,Tamazia gvari yofila da isini saxlebulanam adgilas “ [3, 18]. Tamaza da Tamazia gavrcelebulipirsaxelebia.TolordaTi // saTolordo _ ubani muxurSi(Cxorowyus raioni). Tolorda(va)s gvaris sabudarsmuxuri warmoadgens. TolordaTi ,,Tolordavasgvaris STamomavloba, saxloba”.izdoreTi _ dasaxleba lemiqaveSi, qvaRris marjvenanapiras, serze (abedaTi). iqvea izdoreTiS naoxvamu// misaroniS oxvame-naeklesiari izdoreTSi,sadac mdgara wm. giorgis saxelobis xis eklesia.toponimis mawarmoebeli fuZea gavrcelebulipirsaxeli izdore

kokaia, koka, koki, kokia, koko da kokoia megrulipirsaxelebia [18, 44].kuCiTi _ mTavarangelozis eklesia da misi midamoebisof. naxurcilavoSi (gurZemis Temi). g.eliavas mier Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviT, ,,xurciasori Svili hyolia: kuCia da makuCia. Tvi-Teul maTgans didi ojaxi hqonia. maT ojaxebSiocdaoTx-ocdaoTxi melogine yofila. erTi Zmasaxlebula iq, sadac dRes mTavarangelozis eklesiaa.eklesia zaika dgebias daudgams kuCias nasaxlarze.mas kuCiTisac eZaxdnen. mamis saxelixurcia maT gvarad gauxdiaT” [2, 157]. kuCiTi igivea,rac ,,kuCias ojaxi, misi STamomavloba”. jgufurianTroponimi adgilis saxelwodebad qceula.lakeTi _ 1. g. eliava miuTiTebs ,,doSayes sasoflosabWos” toponimTa nusxaSi. dazustebulilokalizacia ar aris mocemuli da ganmartebulia,rogorc lakuas gvaris warmomadgenlis nasaxlari[2, 141]. 2. zana_maCxapis wyalgamyofi serileaxaleSi (Cxorowyus raiogi). Cveni azriTtoponimis amosavalia gvari lakia. mcirericxovanigvaria. lakiebi cxovroben uSafaTSi, senakSi,foTSi, Sua xorSSi, axalsofelsa da sxvagan.lakviSiaTi _ ubani meore lesiWineSi, sadac si-Winavebi saxloben. lakviSia pirsaxelia.malameTi // malaneTi _ mancxvaris dasavleTkalTas ecaneSi ase eZaxian (naxunavo). motivacia:`malaniaS TiS noxori _ malanias ojaxis nasaxlari”.malania gvaria.mariaTi _ gorak-borcvebi meore WoRaSi, jomidavebisubanSi. aqvea `mariaTiS Ral da mariaTiS wyari-Rele da wyaro~ (Cxorowyus raioni). maria qalissaxelia. `mariaS Ti _ marias STamomavloba”.423

marsieTi // masieTi _ seri izdoreTis samxreTiT,Safesa da qvaRras wyalgamyofi (abedaTi). amosavaliSesaZlebelia pirsaxeli masia, masie an gvarimaisaia iyos. g. eliava adasturebs masiaTis formiT[2, 94].mafaTi // mafaSi noxorii _ adgilia naxunavoSi.vasaxelebT g. eliavas wignis mixedviT [2, 123].`mafa~ megrulSi ,,mefes” niSnavs, rac SeiZlebodapirovnebis metsaxeladac qceuliyo.mayvieTi _ ferdobi exunweieSi, oWuburesa da nayiderasmaxloblad (qvaiTi). g. eliava asaxelebs dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe. samegrelos an-Troponimiis masalebSi gvxvdeba pirsaxelebi _ mayu,mayu(u), mayuia. SesaZlebelia mayvieTi

Tesi adgilis saxelwodebad dazustebuli lokalizaciisgareSe miuTiTebs ,,xunwis sasoflosabWos” toponimTa nusxaSi [2, 113]. savaraudodmoxo pirsaxeli unda yofiliyo.nagurTi _ 1. saxnavi abaSis marcxena mxares, ZeZonasCrdiloeTiT; 2. saxnav_saZovari lepatareSi, abaSismarcxena napirze, tabakuris samxreTiT (orivesofel banZaSi). g. eliavas ganmartebiT, nagurTiigivea rac `naguS Ti _ nagus ojaxi” [2, 88; 6, 50].nafaTi _ organ CaviwereT naxunavos TemSi geografiulobieqtTa saxelwodebad: 1. tyiani ferdobinaxunavos mTis ganStoebaze, WyeWyus maxloblad; 2.buCqnari esigueSi, naJRerous maxloblad (naxunavo).g. eliavas mier ,,naxunaos sasoflo sabWos toponimTanusxaSi dazustebuli lokalizaciis gare-Se miTiTebulia toponimebi _ gafaTi da mafaTi. nafaSesaZlebelia pirsaxeli yofiliyo.papaTi _ ubani civis marjvena Senakadis _ paWakurisxeobaSi (meore lesiWine). papuCia siWinavebiswinapari yofila. Mmisi STamomavlobis sacxovrisspapuCiaTi II papaTi ewoda. SesaZlebeliapapa megrul ,,mRvdels” ukavSirdebodes. ,,katalogis“avtorebi lesiWineSi ubnis saxelwodebadmiuTiTeben ,,papaTurefs”, Semdegi ganmartebiT:,,papaTurebis, papis memkvidreTa samosaxloyofila, es dino aq esaxla. dRes es ubani mxolodpapaTurebs ar ekuTvnis, aq sxva gvariSvilebiufro saxlobs” [3, 17].sergieTi _ sofeli martvilis raionSi, abaSisada tarCenis xeobebSi. informant prokofi surmavasgang. eliavas mier Cawerili gadmocemis mixe-425

dviT es sofeli viRac saxelganTqmuli kacis _sergias didi ojaxis nasaxlaria [2, 95].sefieTi _ sofeli abaSis raionSi, noRelisa daabaSis xeobebSi. saxeldebis xalxuri motivacia:gareul Rorebze wyemidan sanadirod wamosulZmebs tyeSi sefi (ganjina, ganZTsacavi) upoviaTda adgils amitom daerqvao sefiaTi [2, 10-28]. misaRebadgveCveneba oikonimis jgufur anTroponimTandakavSireba. sefiaTi ,,sefias STamomavloba”transonimizaciis gziT iqca geografiuli obieqtissaxelwodebad. sefa, sefane, sefe, sefentida sefle megruli pirsaxelebia [18, 60].skvereTi // skveriTi // sqvereTi _ saxnavi xunwSi.skvere, sqverie megruli pirsaxelebia.torneTi _ saxnavi da tyiani ferdobi jumaRees xeobaSi,naxarebavos sazRvarTan (lecicxvaie). g. eliavadazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe miuTiTebsxunwis sasoflo sabWoSi ,,toreTis” formiT daganmartavs: ,,toreTi, toraSi Ti (toras saxli)” [2,113]. torua gvaria, xolo tori, toria, torie datoro _ megruli pirsaxelebi [18, 63]. savaraudodtornec pirsaxeli unda yofiliyo.fakuTi _ g. eliava organ miuTiTebs borcvis saxelwodebad,,gegeWkoris sadabo sabWosa“ da ,,xunwissasoflo sabWos” toponimTa nusxaSi, dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe, da ganmartavs,rogorc ,,fakus Tu fakas ojaxis nasaxlars”. misiveganmartebiT, fakuTidan ,,warmomdgara faruebi”[2, 104-111]. faruias, farulavas dakavSirebafakuTTan aradamajereblad gveCveneba.faceTi _ g. eliava ,,gegeWkoris sadabo sabWos”toponimTa nusxaSi dazustebuli lokalizaciisgareSe miuTiTebs da ganmartavs, rogorc ,,faces426

ojaxs” [2, 104]. faca, faci(a), facie, faciko, facoda facu megruli pirsaxelebia, xolo facia _gvari. toponimi SesaZlebeli am zemoT CamoTvlilgvar-saxelTagan romelimes ukavSirdebodes.fuRuTi // fuxuTi _ saxnavi najaxavos samxreT_ dasavleTiT. g. eliava miuTiTebs ,,fuRuTis”formiT da ganmartavs, rogorc fuRus nasaxlars[2, 79]. fuRu(ia), fuRuela, fuxu(li), fuxuela,fuxulie, fuxuri(a) megruli pirsaxelebia.fuRu zool. Txunela, mudo metsaxeli unda yofiliyo.qvaiTi _ sofeli noRelis zemo welze, tabakonasmTis samxreT kalTaze, martvils sami kilometriTaadaSorebuli. uwin qvaiTi erqva xoriaTismidamoebs, sadac DdRes ruxaiebis ubani eruxaiea.oikonim qvaiTis amosavali adamianis sakuTarisaxeli unda iyos. qava, qaTu, qai, qaia, qvaTa, qva-Tia, qvaTie, qvaTilia, qveTe, qveTelia, qviTa, qvi-Ti, qui, quia, quiTa megruli anTroponimebia [18,68-71]. Qqva(i)c pirsaxeli unda yofiliyo. qvaiTiunda ganimartos, rogorc ,,qvais, qvaias sakuTreba,qvai(a)seuli”. SesaZlebelia oikonimi ukavSirdebodeszemoT CamoTvlilTagan romelime an-Troponims [8, 62-63; 9, 18-19].quqiTi _ g. eliava organ miuTiTebs dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe da gvTavazobs aseT ganmartebebs: ,,quqiTi (quqis saxli)”; ,,quqi yofiladidi ojaxis patroni. misi ojaxis wevrebidan warmomdgaraSemdeg quqias gvari” [2, 111]. quqa, quqi,quqalia, quqia sakuTari saxelebia [14 210; 18, 71].RveiTi _ morevi noRelaze, exaJomieSi (qvaiTi).paraleluri saxelwodebaa okvantieSi. saziaroa427

xunwTan. g. eliavas ganmartebiT: ,,RveiTi, RveiSiTi (Rveis saxli)” [2, 113].yomuriaTi // yumuriaTi _ tyebuCqnariani ferdobebinoRis marcxena mxares, eZiZigureSi (zedaxunwi). savaraudod yomuriaTi _ ,,yomurias (anyumurias) ojaxis sacxovrisi”.SaqareTi _ ferdobebi wkantiReis zemoTSi, ecane-Si (naxunavo). Saqa, Saqara, Saqari, Saqar, Saqariada Saqarita megruli saxelebia [18, 74]. SaqareTi,,Saqaras STamomavloba, ojaxi.”SaS(u)kiaTi // SaSqiaTi _ ubani lesiWineSi, zanismarjvena mxares. SaSukia, SaSqia siWinavebis erTiStos eponimia.SeleTi // SeliaTi _ xobiswylis xeobis erT monakveTssakalmaxodan Runjis SesarTavamde aseeZaxian. XIX saukunis bolos kircxel Seliebs aqbzis sarewebi gaumarTavT da saxelwodebac aqedanmodis [17, 399].SeSeleTi _ tafobi Tarzenis mTiskalTaze, cocourisgaswvriv (qoyo, Cxorowyus raioni). SeSela,SeSeli da SeSelia megruli saxelebia [18, 74].SoniaTi // SonieTi _ ,,katalogSi” miTiTebulia Wo-Ris ubnis saxelwodebad. xalxuri motivacia:P svaneTidanCamosul Sons (svans) aq kar-midamo gaumar-Tavs. mis namravls Sonia gvarad gauxdia [3, 100].CamaTi _ ubani leteSisa da Radidis Suamdinare-TSi (kircxi). akonkreteben: melenCamaTi da molenCamaTi.p.cxadaias Cauweria ramdenime xalxurietimologia. misaRebia mikrotoponimis dakavSirebapirsaxel CamasTan: CamaTi _ ,,Camas STamomavalTasacxovrebeli adgili” [17, 406]. ,,katalog-Si” miTiTebulia toponimi ,,CamiTi” [3, 28].428

CafaTi _ tyiani xeoba lemiqaveSi (abedaTi). aqveaCafaTRai _ Rele CafaTSi, romelic marjvnidanSeerTvis qvaRras. g. eliava miuTiTebs dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe, CafaaTis formiT daganmartavs: Cafas ojaxi, Cafas nasaxlari [2, 94].Cafa kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli pirsaxelia.CoxaTi _ ferdobi wifuneSis wyaros napirze. iqveaCoxaTiS suki-wifuneSisa da burRonis wyalgamyofiborcvi (qvaiTi). Gg. eliavas wignSi Setaniliadazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe, aseTiganmartebiT: ,,Coxas Ti _ Coxas saxli” [2, 106].Sdr.: CoxaTi _ caiSis episkoposis kuTvnili sofeli;ixsenieba 1616_1621 wlebis dokumentSi. mkvlevarabesalom tuRuSis varaudiT, CoxaTi dRevandeliqvemo kaxaTis (zugdidis raioni). Zvelisaxeli unda yofiliyo [11, 11].canaTi _ ubani quaRees xeobaSi, naxunavos mTis-Ziras. Pparaleluri saxelwodebaa ecane. g. eliavasganmartebiT, ,,canavebis ubani, canebis samosaxlo,maTi Ti” [2, 120]. gvaris amosavali sakuTarisaxeli cana unda iyos [10, 205].ZaRliaTi _ ubani niskuris xeobaSi (lesiWine). aqcxovroben ZaRlia siWinas STamomavalni [17, 420].wakoTi _ ubani squrCis xeobaSi, sadac wakoia si-Winas nayari saxlobs (lesiWine).wkaaTi _ dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe mi-TiTebulia ,,inCxuris sasoflo sabWos” toponim-Ta nusxaSi, adgilis saxelwodebad, da ganmartebuliarogorc ,,wkaebis gvaris nasaxlari” [2,118]. wkaa(va)s gvars aRadgens toponimi wkaaTi. SesaZlebeliawkaa pirsaxelic yofiliyo.WaaTi _ iskiispira Wala kokaTis maxloblad, boboTissazRvarTan (WaburTa). Waava (adg. varianti429

Waa) gvaria. p. cxadaias mosazrebiT, gvaris fuZeaWa ,,Cala”. Mmetsaxelze –a sufiqsis darTviT undawarmoqmniliyo patronimi Waa, xolo meoreuli_va sufiqsis darTviT unda migveRo gvari Waava[16 161]. maSasadame, WaaTi ,,Waa(va)s STamomavloba;misi ojaxi, saxloba”.WiiTi // naWilu_ ubani sanaWyebioSi, welamismTis Ziras (kurzu). g. eliavas mier Cawerili gadmocemismixedviT Wis didi ojaxis samosaxloyofila. Ojaxi 24 melogines aerTianebda. Wiebsda gabiebs erTmaneTi orTabrZolaSi amouxocavT,ris Semdegac adgils naWilu darqmevia [2, 146].Sdr. gvari Wilaia. adg. varianti WilaiaWuWuaTi _ dasaxleba xabumeSi, sadac WuWua SengeliasSTamomavloba saxlobs. Sengelias Stogvarebiaaseve xuxuaiaTurefi, vatiaTurefi da sxv. [17,439]. a.Wanturia miuTiTebs megrul pirsaxelebs _WuWus, WuWuas, WuWuelas, WuWuias da a.S. [18, 82].WuxeTi_ tyiani ferdobi ezarquesa da egigaies Sua,nacacxverasTan (naxunavo). saziaroa winakverkvesTan.g.eliava ,,naxunaos sasoflo sabWos” toponimTanusxaSi miuTiTebs dazustebuli lokalizaciisgareSe. iqve mocemulia xalxuri motivacia:,,Wuxs, mineralur saRebavs iRebdnen miwidan” [2, 123].gamoricxuli araa, rom WuxeTi jgufur anTroponimswarmoadgendes da gaviazroT, rogorc ,,WuxesTu Wuxus ojaxis samosaxlo”.WyanaTi _ tye-ferdobebi da saxnavebi eZiZigureSi(zeda xunwi). Wyana, Wyani igivea, rac ,,araqaTi, simxneve,qanci, Zala; Rone, ilaji”, xoloWyanieri _ ,,kargi, vargisi; Ronieri, Zalieri” [13,495]. pirovnebis fizikuri maxasiaTeblis aRmniSvnelisityva Wyana SesaZlebelia metsaxelad qce-430

uliyo. WyanaTi ,,Wyanas STamomavloba; samkvidro,samflobelo.”WyonaTi _ g. farulava miuTiTebs dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe sofel qvaiTSi [12, 39].xafuaTi _ buCqnariani ferdobi ZariefiS noRismarcxena napirze, oRuesTan (qvaiTi). xafula megrulad,,nafotia”. iqneb `xafavaS Ti _ xafavasgvaris samkvidro”? xafua, xafuli kolxuri pirsaxelebicaa[8, 69-70; 9, 138].xaxuliaTi _ ubani zanis marjvena napirze, lesi-WineSi. xaxulia gvarad siWinava yofila. xaxuliada xaxulika megruli pirsaxelebia. a.Rlonti miuTiTebsanTroponimebs _ xaxulis, xaxulas, xaxularas,xaxulias da xaxulos [14, .242].xajieTi _ dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSemiTiTebulia ,,naxunaos sasoflo sabWos” toponimTanusxaSi da ganmartebulia, rogorc ,,xajiebisgvaris nasaxlari” [2, 122].xajieTi wyarosa da xevis saxelwodebaa esigue-ecanessazRvarze. xaja da xaji(a) megruli pirsaxelebia.maSasadame, xajieTi ,,xajias STamomavloba”.xoriaTi _ tyebuCqnariani seri da sabalaxo patarainCxuris sazRvarTan, noRelis marcxena mxares.akonkreteben: didi xoriaTi da WiWe xoriaTi. g.eliavas wignSi Sesulia dazustebuli lokalizaciisgareSe, Semdegi ganmartebiT: ,,xoriaTi, xoras-Ti (xoras saxli)” [2, 106]. xora, xoria pirsaxelebia[8, 70; 9, 139]. xoriaTis serze dgas XIII saukunis bazilikurieklesiis nangrevebi.xufereTi _ g. eliava organ miuTiTebs ,,naxunaossasoflo sabWos” toponimTa nusxaSi dazustebulilokalizaciis gareSe, Semdegi ganmartebiT:431

xuferiebis (dRevandeli xoferiebis) gvaris nasaxlari”[2, 121-123]. xufereTi arjaniasa da noRaswyalgamyofi seris saxelwodebaa winakverkveSi(naxunavos Temi) da saziaroa sergieTTan. a. WanturiamiuTiTebs megrul gvarebs _ xoferiasa daxuferias formiT [18, 125]. xuferias gvaris uwindeldroSi gavrceleba dasturdeba agreTve toponimsaxuferioTi. ase ewodeba ubans senakis raionissofel SxefSi [16, 171]. CvenTvis sainteresoSemTxvevaSi eTnolog g. eliavas ganmarteba misa-Rebad gveCveneba: xufereTi ,,xoferias (an xuferias)ojaxi; samosaxlo; STamomavloba”.jijaaTi _ saxnavi da Rele xunwis sazRvarTan,Ranjiourisa da ejiqieRais SesarTavTan (martvili).saziaroa qveda xunwTan da lecicxvaiesTan.jijaaTi

neli termini gaxda. `Ti~ amasTanave sufiqsicaa,romelic cvlis toponimebSi sa-o da le-e konfiqsebs.swored am konfiqsebiT iwarmoeba gvarisagandasaxlebuli adgilis saxelwodeba [15, 90-91].gvaris cnebis Semcvel am sityvas akad. simon janaSiamdaukavSira geografiul saxelebSi dadasturebulisufiqsebi: - aTi, -eTi, -iTi,-oTi,-uTi[19, 152]. axu, babko(Ci), gaRi, geria, gura, Tamaza,lakviSia, maWvitaia, SaSqia, wako, xaxulia daa.S. pirTa sakuTari saxelebia. winapris saxelze`Ti~ leqsikuri erTeulis darTviT miRebuligvaris ganayofis (Stogvaris) saxelebi transonimizaciisgziT toponimebad iqcnen. adamianTa simravlisaRmniSvneli derivatis qceva geografiuliobieqtis saxelad iSviaTi movlena rodia samegreloSi.winamdebare naSromSi CamoTvlilitoponimebi im adgilebze migviTiTeben, sadac amaTu im gvaris warmomadgenlebi erTad saxlobdnen,erT ubans, mikroubans Tu sofels qmnidnen.Lliteratura1. g. eliava, samegrelos toponimikuri masala didiojaxis struqturis Sesaxeb, Jurn. ,,macne”,433

istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis seria,#3, 1972.2. g. eliava, abaSisa da gegeWkoris raionebis toponimika,Tb., 1977.3. ,,katalogi“, givi eliava, givi farulava, grigolSengelia, Cxorowyus raionis toponimikiskatalogi, Tb. ,1983.4. g. eliava, xalxuri zepirsityvieri masalebi,,Tis”, ,,Turisa” da ,,dinos” Sesaxeb, gegeWkorissaraionTaSoriso samxareTmcodneo muzeumisXXVII samecniero sesia (masalebi), gegeWkori,1982. F5. g. eliava, eTnografiuli samegrelo (albomi),quT., 1989.6. i. kekelia, banZis toponimia (etimologiur-ganmartebiTileqsikoni), Tb., 2007.7. i. kekelia, abedaTis toponimia (etimologiurganmartebiTileqsikoni), Tb., 2008.8. i. kekelia, martvilis rCeuli geografiuli saxelwodebani,Tb., 2008.9. i. kekelia, martvilis toponimia (etimologiur-ganmartebiTileqsikoni), Tb., 2009.10. i. maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1990.11. a. tuRuSi, caiSis saepiskoposo, Tb., 2001.12. g. farulava, erTi soflis istoriuli da istoriul-geografiuliSeswavlisaTvis (qvai-Ti), gegeWkoris saraionTaSoriso samxareTmcodneomuzeumis XXVI samecniero sesia (masalebi),gegeWkori, 1981. F13. o. qajaia, megrul_qarTuli leqsikoni, II, III, Tb.,2002.14. al. Rlonti, qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi,anTroponimTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1986.434

15. p. cxadaia, mTiani samegrelos toponimia. Tb., 1985.16. p. cxadaia, gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxlebani samegreloSi,Tb., 2000.17. p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani,IV (Cxorowyus r.), Tb., 2008.18. a. Wanturia, megruli saxelebi da gvarebi. Tb., 2006.19. s. janaSia, mravlobiTi ricxvis Ta/_T sufiqsisetimologiisaTvis, Sromebi III, Tb., 1959.Family Community in Old Samegrelo(According to toponymical materials)435Igor KekeliaMorpheme ti is an ancient lexical unit in Megrelian. Fromthe beginning it was a term for denoting the united, undividedfamily. Meanwhile, in the course of the time, after disintegrationof the patronymic, big families it became a term denoting the territorial-kinshipunity of small families that were separated fromthe big one. At the same time ti is a suffix which in toponymssubstitutes sa-o and le-e confixes.After adding a lexical unit ti to a name of an ancestor, we get aname of a separated, divided family. In its turn after transformation itbecomes toponym. It is not rear in Samegrelo that the derivatesdenoting multiplity of people become geographical names.More than 80 toponyms with ti suffixes are given in thework. These toponyms are recorded in Abasha, Martvili andChkhorotsku municipallys. The mentioned toponyms show uswhere the dwelling place of the representatives of this or thatpatronymic family was; where the patronymic family memberslived together, weather they formed a district of a village, microdistrict or village.

sarCeviwinasityva.................................................................................3xaTuna ioselianiCrdilokavkasielebis amsaxvelizogierTi eTnonimi svanurSi.........................................5Khatuna IoselianiSome Svan Ethnic Names Denoting the North Caucasians(According to the written sourcesand folklore Svaneti)................................................................12avTandil sonRulaSvilisaqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germanelebissameurneo yofa da tradiciebi ...............................14Avtandil SongulashviliEconomic Every-day life and traditions ofGermans in Georgia.........................................................35Tamar SakiaSvilimzia tyavaSvili436

kavkasiaSi germanelTa migraciissakiTxisaTvis..............................................................................36Tamar ShakiashviliMzia TkavashviliFor the Problem of the Germans’ Migrationin the Caucasus...............................................................53medea gogolaZe`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~`ninos cxovrebis~ erTi adgilisleontiseuli interpretaciis axsna....................55Medea GogoladzeLeonti’s Interpretation of a Passage of the Chronicle“Nino’s Tskhovreba” in “Moktsevai Kartlisai”................60Salva gloveli`mefeTa divani~ rogorcsaistorio wyaro.......................................................................61Shalva Gloveli“Mepeta Divani” as a Historical Source..........................105daviT WiTanava`egrosis~ qalaq `egrisis~lokalizaciisaTvis..............................................................108David ChitanavaFor the Localization of437

“Egrisi” - the Town Built by “Egrosi”............................113qeTevan quTaTelaZemanglisis eparqiis sazRvrebi...................................114Ketevan KutateladzeThe Border of Manglisi Eparchy....................................131qeTevan quTaTelaZedmanisis eparqia......................................................................133Ketevan KutateladzeDmanisi Eparchy..........................................................153rusudan labaZeesqatologiuri SiSi da qarTuli `vedrebis~ikonografiuli variaciebi........................................156Rusudan LabadzeEschatological Fear and the IconographicVariations of the Georgian “Deesis”............................180daviT merkvilaZedaviT-garejis etimologia.......................................183David MerkviladzeThe Etymology of David-Gareji..................................215sofio andRulaZesaqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis438

struqturul-ekonomikuriorganizaciis sakiTxiXX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi da episkoposistefanebodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili)......216Sopho AndghuladzeThe Structural and Economical Organization Problemsof The Orthodox Church of Georgia in the1920es and Bishop of Bodbe Stephane(Vasil Karbelashvili)...................................................228nato sonRulaSviliepiskopos nestoris (yubaneiSvili)cxovreba da moRvaweoba..........................................230Nato SongulashviliThe Life and Activity of theBishop Nestor (Kubaneishvili).................................238papuna gabisoniaSua saukuneebis samegrelossamonastro cxovrebidan(walenjixis raioni)...................................................239Papuna GabisoniaFrom the History of MonasticLife in Middle Ages Samegrelo(District of Tsalenjikha),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......................247439

papuna gabisoniadasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesiokaTedrebi ruis-urbnisissaeklesio krebis droisTvis............................248Papuna GabisoniaThe pulpits in the west Georgia at the time of TheCouncil in Ruis-Urbnisi..........................................257rusudan ioselianiTavdacviTi nagebobebis socialuriaspeqtebi svaneTSi.....................................................258Rusudan IoselianiThe Social Aspect of the FortifyingBuildings In Svaneti..............................................263irma kvaSilavaplaton ioseliani _ erovnulitradiciebis mkvlevari........................................264Irma KvashilavaPlaton Ioseliani – Researcher of theNational Traditions...............................................277xaTuna ioselianigiorgi qavTaraZegiorgi leoniZis mier danaxulisaqarTvelos istoriiszogierTi furceli(platon ioselianis SemoqmedebismixedviT) ...........................................................................278440

gia kvaSilavafestosis diskosa da misi monaTesavedamwerlobebis naxat-niSnebisamokiTxvis Sesaxeb (1). culi........................285Gia KvashilavaOn Reading Pictorial Signs of the Phaistos Disk andof Related Scripts (1). Axe..................................313nana baxsolianibrinjaos sarke urartudan..........................349Nana BakhsolianiThe bronze mirror from Urartu...........................357lela saraliZee. w. “samxreT oseTis” avtonomiuriolqis sazRvrebissakiTxisaTvis (1922 w).........................................358Lela Saralidze,The Borders of So Called “South Osetia”Autonomous Oblast (1922)................................382daviT merkvilaZebizantia-iranis dapirispirebis anarekliasurel mamaTa qarTulhagiografiul ciklSi......................................383David MerkviladzeThe Reflection of Byzantine-Iran ConfrontationIn the Assyrian Fathers’ Hagiographic Cycle....403441

kaxaber fifiaafsarosi ponto-kavkasiissasazRvro-TavdacviT sistemaSi(I-IV ss.)............................................................................405Kakhaber PipiaApsaros in the System of the Ponto - CaucasusMarine Defensive System(the 1 st – 4 th centuries).....................................413igor kekeliasaojaxo Temi Zvel samegreloSi(toponimuri masalebis mixedviT)..........415Igor KekeliaFamily Community in Old Samegrelo(According to toponymical materials)................435naTia abaSiZeAsamxreT kavkasiis mosaxleobiserovnuli Semadgenloba(XX saukunis bolosa daXXI saukunis dasawyisSi).............................436Natia AbashidzeNationalities of the South Caucasus(The end of the 20 th century andthe beginning of the 21 st century)....................453442