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avtoris stili daculia1iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetifilosofiaMmedea Sanava-vefxvaZe“mxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxiqristianul himnografiaSi.”iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisfilosofiis doqtoris (Ph. D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapovebladwarmodgenilid i s e r t a c i asamecniero xelmZRvaneli: filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesoriakaki yulijaniSviliTanaxelmZRvaneli: filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesorimamuka doliZeTbilisi2011
2Sesavaliamboben pirvelma filosofosma Sexeda samyaros, gaukvirda dadasva kiTxva_ratom? mas Semdeg gakvirveba mecnieruli azrismamoZravebel Zalad iqca. da ra unda iyos ufro sakvirveli, vidrelocvasa da poeziaSi damarxuli idumali Zalaa. locvis meSveobiTadamianebi Tavad samyaros Semoqmeds esityvebian, xolo poeziisumSvenieresi qmnilebani ganuwyvetliv aoceben kacobriobas. kidev ufrosaocaria, rodesac es ori ram erTmaneTs erwymis. locvasa da poeziasSoris marTlac arsebobs raRac idumali, mistiuri kavSiri, himnebSi,vedebSi tropar-kondakebsa, Tu sagaloblebSi gansxeulebuli. mainc raaris poezia, sad, romel wiaRSi Caisaxa igi, an ratom eltvis locvapoetur formebs, raSia maTi kavSiris saidumlo? filosofia maradiulkiTxvebze pasuxis Ziebaa. araerTi filosofosi Cafiqrebula poeziis arsze,mxatvrulisa da religiuris kavSiric araerTs SeuniSnavs, magram,vfiqrobT, mxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi maincarasakmarisadaa gamokvleuli ara filologiuri, aramed swored CvenTvisspecifiuri, filosofiuri kuTxiT.Cven vcxovrobT racionalizmis krizisis epoqaSi. religiuri,mecnieruli, mxatvruli, eTikuri da a.S. cnobiereba TanabarZalovnadcxaddeba kulturSemoqmedebiT procesSi. Uufro metic, e.w. naratiulidiskursi, gansxvavebiT pozitivisturi diskursisagan iTvleba Tanamedrovesazogadoebis kulturis arsebobis pirobad. Aaqedan gamomdinare CvenSi daara mxolod CvenSi, bipolaruli samyaros rRvevam ganapiroba adamianisreligiuri grZnobebis gamococxleba. aman, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobaTeoriuli interesis gaZliereba religiuri Temebisadmi, saidanacgamomdinareobs kidec Cveni sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba. Cveni mizaniavaCvenoT religiurisa da mxatvrulis specifika himnografiaSi, rac, Tavismxriv, moiTxovs mxatvrulisa da religiuris saerTo Zirebis gamokvlevas,maTi urTierTmimarTebis demonstrirebas kulturul istoriul epoqebSida maTi daaxloebis SesaZleblobis ganxilvas Tanamedrove samyaroSi.himnografiis kvlevas saqarTveloSi uZvelesi tradicia aqvs. estradicia dasabams X saukunidan iRebs da gulisxmobs mis aRweras,
3klasifikacias, sistematizacias, terminebis dadgenas. Aaseve, himnografiisformisa da struqturis, leqsTwyobisa da poetikis sakiTxebis, misiTematikis, motivebis da saxismetyvelebis kvlevas. mniSvnelovani adgiliuWiravs sagalobelTa musikaluri bunebis garkvevasac. Tumca, unda iTqvas,rom yovelive es ar scildeba filologiuri kvlevisa, TumusikaTmcdodneTa specialuri interesis farglebs. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rommxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi, Suasaukuneebidanmoyolebuli, yovelTvis idga saRvTismetyvelo literaturis da maTSoris qristianuli himnografiis winaSec, dRemde am sakiTxis kvleva-Ziebaaravis dauyenebia filosofiur niadagze. Cvenis azriT, es faqtipraqtikulad gadauwyvetads xdida am problemas.imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara himnografia poezia, rogorc religiurifunqciisadmi daqvemdebarebuli, saRvTismetyvelo teqsti, yovelTvisarsebobda gansxvavebuli mosazrebani. Tumca, mxatvrulsa da religiursSoris arsebuli urTierTmimarTebis garkveva mxolod filosofiursafuZvelzea SesaZlebeli, rac am sakiTxis filosofiuri kvlevisaqtualobas ganapirobebs. marTlac, arcerTi sxva mecniereba cnebaTawinaswari gamoZiebiT ar aris dakavebuli. Mmxolod filosofias SeuZliadasvas kiTxva poeziis arsis Sesaxeb, am kiTxvis dasmis gareSe ki vergavarkvevT ramdenad axorcielebs himnografiuli qmnileba am arss.poeziis arsis Sesaxeb kiTxvis dasmasTan erTad, wamoiWreba sakiTxi imisSesaxeb, Tu ramdenad daSorda an miuaxlovda mas zogadad poezia.xelovnebis krizisis pirobebSi, eWvis qveS dgeba xelovnebisa da kerZod,poeziis Rirebuleba. jer kidev hegeli, Tavis sistemaSi, xelovnebasobieqturi gonis TviTSemecnebis ganvlil safexurad acxadebs. esyvelaferi kidev ufro saSurs xdis am kiTxvebis dasmas. kerZod, dgebasakiTxi, Tu rogoria poeziis bedi Tanamedrove, desakralizebulsamyaroSi da ra adgili uWiravs am samyaroSi himnografias, rogorcreligiuri funqciis mqone poeziis cocxal nakads, CarTuls Tanamedroveadamianis cxovrebaSi. Yyovelive es mWidro kavSirSia TanamedrovesamyaroSi mimdinare procesebTan da tendenciebTan, rac aseve uaRresadaqtualurs xdis mocemul naSroms. marTlac, am sakiTxTa filosofiurikvlevis mimarTulebiT Zalian cota ram Tu aris gakeTebuli, miT ufro
4qarTvel mecnierTa mier. amis gareSe ki, nebismieri kulturis kvlevaarasrulfasovani, xolo kacobriobis kulturul-goniTi ganviTarebissuraTi naklovani iqneboda.siaxleM miuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebissakiTxi Suasaukuneebidan moyolebuli, mudmivad idga saRvTismetyveloliteraturis winaSe, es sakiTxi arasodes gamokvleula filosofiurimeTodologiiT da mxolod “TavisTavad cxad” debulebebze dayrdnobiTmimdinarobda, rac praqtikulad gadauwyvetads xdida am problemas. CvenSevecadeT, amisgan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvleva filosofiurimeTodologiiT wargvemarTa. es niSnavs, rom eWv qveS davayeneT es“TavisTavad cxadi” debulebebi da SevecadeT aRniSnuli problemismogvareba cnebaTa winaswari gamoZiebis safuZvelze gvecada. sakiTxisadmiamgvarma midgomam saSualeba mogvca azrovneba ara Suidan, aramedTavidan dagvewyo da gamogvesworebina azrovnebis es nakli, ramac amdebulebaTa WeSmaritebis Semowmebis pirobebi Seqmna. Cven SevecadeTgagverkvia, Tu ras gulisxmobs qristianuli himnografiis religiurimxare. am mizniT, Catarda iseTi analizi, romelic moicavs kompleqsurkvlevas himnografiis, rogorc sinkretuli dargisa, mis CarTulobasreligiur atmosferoSi. igi iTvaliswinebs qristianuli esTetikuriTeoriis, himnografiis jgufebisa da saxeebis, himnografiuli qmnilebissamyaros, sityvisa da saxelis bibliur Teoriis, himnografiis eniskvlevas da cdilobs Seqmnas sruli suraTi religiuri mxarisgasaazreblad. Cveni kvleva iTvaliswinebs im faqtsac, rom himnografiasagalobladaa Seqmnili. melodiasTan kavSiris gareSe is mxoloddausrulebel teqsts warmoadgens.imis gasagebad, SeiZleboda Tu ara himnografia mxatvruli Rirsebebismatarebladac migveCnia, davsviT kiTxvebi poeziis arsis Sesaxeb. sworedpoeziis arsis dadgenam mogvca saSualeba gagvego, Tu ramdenadSeesabameba igi am arss. aman ki SesaZlebeli gaxada mecnierul safuZvelze
5gagverkvia ramdenad SeiZleba zogadad RvTismetyvelebis poeturigadmocema iyos poezia. mivediT ra daskvnamde, rom Tavisi arsiT poeziamowodebulic kia iqces RvTismetyvelebad, dadga kiTxva ramdenaddaSorda an miuaxlovda poezia am arss Tanamedrove samyaroSi. CvenSevecadeT, aqamde arsebuli gamokvlevebisagan gansxvavebiT, himnografiagangvexila ara rogorc viwro kulturuli movlena, romelic mxolodspecialistTa interesis sagnad SeiZleba iqces, aramed rogorc CarTulizogadsakacobrio saazrovno sistemaSi, rogorc poeziis cocxali nakadi.amisTvis ki saWiroa sivrce, sadac is SeZlebda ganTavsebas. TanamedrovesamyaroSi profanulsa da sakralurs Soris arsebuli daZabulobisfonze sakraluris ukanasknel TavSesafrad taZari iqceva romelicgagebulia rogorc adgili, sadac liturgia aResruleba. poezia,romelic Tavisi arsiT mowodbulia iqces RvTismetyvelebad, TanamedrovesamyaroSi Sordeba sakuTar arss da anonimur metyvelebad iqveva, romlismiRmac sicariele xmianobs. Aam pirobebSi Cven vcadeT himnografiagvekvlia ara rogorc warsulis naSTi, ara rogorc Sua saukuneebiskuTvnileba, aramed, rogorc erT-erTi tendencia poeziaSi, romelsacSeuZlia mniSvnelobdes dRevandeli adamianisTvisac, rac vfiqrobT, asevegamoarCevs mas CvenSi himnografiis Sesaxeb arsebul sxva naSromTagan.Cvens naSromSi pirvelad davayeneT aseve sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, romhimnografiaSi arsebuli ucvleli poeturi formulebi gagveazrebina, ararogorc ubralod poeturi Sablonebi, romelic zRudavs Semoqmeds, aramedrogorc mxatvruli meTodi, romelic “dialogur sityvas” emyareba dahimnografiuli qmnilebis interteqstualuri wakiTxvis SesaZleblobasiZleva. marTalia, Tavad interteqstualobis Teoria mxolod XX saukunisbolos Camoyalibda, xolo es termini franguli poststruqturalizmiswiaRSi aRmocenda, magram pirvelad swored himnografiam Seqmna mxatvrulimeTodi, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda teqstis teqstSi motana.aq es wakiTxva gansxvavebulia da ara teqstis mravalgvariinterpretacias, aramed piriqiT, saerTo eklesiuri cnobierebisCamoyalibebas isaxavs miznad, magram aqac igi gulisxmobs mxatvrulmeTods, romlis mizanic sxva teqstis, kerZod bibliaSi gadmocemulicodnis aqtualizaciaa da masTan dialogs emyareba. marTalia Tavad
6interteqstualobis cnebis mravalgvari interpetacia arsebobs, magram CvenviRebT himnografiul qmnilebas, rogorc erTgvar hiperteqsts, romelic ararsebos sxva teqstis, kerZod bibliis gareSe da aucileblobiTgulisxmobs mas, rogorc teqsts teqstSi.kvlevis mizani da amocanebia:Cvens mier dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebam, kerZod, axleburadgagveazrebina mxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxiqristianul himnografiaSi, sakvlevi Temis monografiuli damuSavebamoiTxova. Aaman Semdegi konkretuli amocanebis gadawyvetis aucileblobiswinaSe dagvayena:1. Segvemowmebina “TavisTavad cxad” debulebaTa legitimuroba dafilosofiuri aparatis meSveobiT dagvezustebina samuSao cnebaTaSinaarsi.2. mxatvrulsa da religiurs Soris arsebuli urTierTmimarTebisgarkvevis safuZvelze dagvedgina, SeiZleba Tu ara himnografia, rogorcRvTismetyvelebis poeturi gadmocema, gaviazroT rogorc poezia.3. SeiZleba Tu ara zogadad RvTismetyvelebis poeturi gadmocemamiviCnioT poeziad.4. SesaZlebelia Tu ara himnografiaSi arsebuli ucvleli poeturiformulebi gaviazroT, rogorc mxatvruli meTodi, romelicpoststruqturalizmisagan gansxvavebuli miznebis miuxedavad pirveladiZleva mxatvruli teqstis interteqstualuri wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas.5. gagveanalizebina da dagvedgina poeziis arsi da gagverkvia, Turogoria poeziis bedi Tanamedrove desakralizebul samyaroSi.6. gagveanalizebina himnografiis adgili Tanamedrove poeturtendenciebTan mimarTebaSi.
7kvlevis meTodebi:pirvel rigSi, himnografias Cven vikvlevT ara konteqstidanamoglejilad, aramed rogorc sinkretul dargs, CarTuls religiuratmosferoSi. Aam kvlevisas vemyarebiT debulebas, rom yoveli kulturawarmoadgens organul mTlianobas. Aaqedan gamomdinare himnografiasacganvixilavT rogorc am kulturis, kerZod qristianuli kulturis nawils,romlis miznebi da amocanebic Tanxvdeba zogadad qristianobis miznebsada amocanebs. amdenad himnografiis religiuri mxaris dasaxasiaTebladmizanSewonilad migvaCnia vikvlioT igi kompleqsurad, ganvixiloT yvelais komponenti, romelic qmnis mas: himnografiis saxeebi, samyaro, dro dasivrce, esTetikuri Teoria, aseve ena, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebulienis bibliur TeoriasTan. gaviTvaliswinoT aseve himnografiis kavSirimelodiasTan. gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom sagalobeli religiuriritualis nawilia da Tavis dasrulebul saxes mxolod aRmqmelTancocxal urTierTobaSi iZens, rac am ukanasknelis aqtivobasac gulisxmobs.vinaidan sagalobelTa filologiuri kvleva ar Sedis CvenskompetenciaSi, Cvens naSromSi ar ganvixilavT leqsTwyobis sxvadasxvaformebsa Tu msgavsi saxis sxva sakiTxebs. mizanSewonilad ar migvaCniaaseve calkeul himnografiul nimuSTa analizi, vinaidan aRniSnulisakiTxis kvlevisas, Cvenis azriT, calkeul qmnilebaTa analizs araviTarimecnieruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia.Kkvlevis ZiriTadi mizani imis garkvevaa SeiZleba Tu ara himnografia,rogorc RvTismetyvelebis poeturi gadmocema, miviCniod poeziad. Aamisdasadgenad Cven SevecadeT sakiTxs axleburad mivdgomodiT da kvlevisfilosofiuri meTodebi gamogveyenebina. kerZod, apriorulad mocemuldebulebaTa safuZvelze ki ar gvewarmoebina dava, aramed am debulebaTawinaswari analizis safuZvelze. Aaseve im cnebaTa winaswari analizissafuZvelze, romliTac voperirebT. Aam mizniT, religiuri mxarisdaxasiaTebasTan erTad, davsviT kiTxvebi poeziis arsis Sesaxeb.
8unda iTqvas, rom Tuki poeziis arsis garkvevas poetur qmnilebaTaanalizis gziT SevecdebiT, saqme gveqneba poetTa da poeziaTa udidesmravalferovnebasTan, amasTan Tavisi formiT, SinaarsiT da daniSnulebiTerTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebulTan. garda amisa, imis dasadgenad,ramdenad axorcielebs esa Tu is poeturi qmnileba poeziis arss,gvesaWiroeba winaswari codna imisa, Tu raSi mdgomareobs igi. amdenad,Tuki am gzas davadgebiT, sruliad aSkaraa, rom Caketil wreSi moveqceviTda ver SevZlebT poeziis arsis garkvevas. Tavis statiaSi “hiolderlinida poeziis arsi”, didi germaneli filosofosi m. haidegeri aseve uaryofspoetur qmnilebaTa SedarebiTi analizis gzas. Ppoeziis arsis gasarkvevadis hiolderlins mimarTavs, magram ara imitom, TiTqos is poeziissayovelTao arss axorcielebdes, aramed imitom, rom hiolderlini poetispoetia am sityvis saukeTeso mniSvnelobiT. Ees imas niSnavs, rom poeziisarsis garkvevas is masze uSualo refleqsiiT cdilobs. Ees meTodi CvencsaukeTesod gveCveneba, vinaidan igi vinmes subieqtur Sexedulebebze ki araris damyarebuli, maT Soris arc hiolderlinis, aramed axdens poeziisarsis analizs masze obieqturi dakvirvebis gziT.Aamosaval wertilad Cven haidegeris zemoaRniSnuli werili aviReT,radgan migvaCnia, rom masSi mocemulia yvela is ZiriTadi debuleba, racaucilebelia poeziis arsis analizisTvis. Tumca, mecnieruli meTodebisSerCevisas, dakvirvebisa da cnebaTa analizis meTodTan erTadgamoviyeneT SedarebiTi analizis meTodic, magram ara poetur qmnilebaTaudidesi mravalferovnebis mimarT, aramed “poetis poetTa” mimarT.marTalia Cven ver SevZlebdiT erT naSromSi mogvecva “poetis poetTa”mTeli simravle, xolo Cvens mier maTi SerCeva mxolod subieqturiSeiZleboda yofiliyo, magram es meTodi gamarTlebulad miviCnieTnaTqvamSi meti sicxadis Setanis miznidan gamomdinare. marTalia “poetispoetTa” SerCeva subieqturad moxda, magram, jer erTi, TiToeuli maTganisanalizi moicavs poeziis arsze uSualo refleqsiis obieqtur meTods,meorec, iZleva meti Sedarebis saSualebas, riTac miiRweva kidecdamatebiTi sicxade.qristianuli himnografia gvevlineba rogorc zogadad poeturqmnilebaTa kerZo SemTxveva, romelsac cxadia garkveuli Taviseburebani
9axasiaTebs. gasagebia, rom kerZo SemTxvevis analizi zogadi cnebisgarkvevis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda. Aamitomac, SevecadeT dagvedginazogadi cnebebi, raTa cxadi gagvexada, Tu ras unda vgulisxmobdeTTiToeul maTganSi. debulebaTa WeSmaritebis pirobebis gamoZiebamsaSualeba mogvca sabolood gangvesazRvra cnebebi da am cnebaTadadgenis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gagvexada maTi SedarebiTi analizi.Tavis mxriv, mxolod aseTi analizis safuZvelze dadgindeba maT Sorisarsebuli kavSirebi da mimarTebebi, maTi saerTo da gansxvavebuliTvisebebi. Aamdenad, poeziis arsis dadgenis Semdeg, davayeneT sakiTxi, Turamdenad Seesabameba himnografia poeziis arss. Yyovelive aman kiSesaZlebloba mogvca sabolood gadagvewyvita mxatvrulisa dareligiuris urTierTmimarTebis problema qristianul himnografiaSi, racgvevaleboda kidec.Aamrigad, Cvens mier dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvisgamoviyeneT rogorc sistemur holisturi meTodi, aseve rig SemTxvevebSiegzistencialuri, komparatistuli da hermenevtikuli meTodebi.
10Tavi pirvelihimnografiis religiuri mxaris zogadi daxasiaTeba§1. qristianuli himnografiis mecnieruli kvlevis tradiciasaqarTveloSi da misi mimarTulebani, qristianuli himnografiiswarmoSoba da misi wyaroebiTavisTavad himnografiis kvlevas saqarTveloSi didi tradicia aqvsda mas safuZveli jer kidev X-XII saukuneebSi iseTma moRvaweebmaCauyares, rogorebic iyvnen, miqael modrekili, giorgi aToneli, efremmcire, ioane petriwi. isini cdilobdnen aReweraT sagalobelTa Semcvelixelnawerebi, moexdinaT maTi sistematizacia. himnografiis srulfasovanikvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo agreTve maTi gamocema yvela mniSvnelovanixelnaweris gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa momxdariyo klasifikaciahimnografiuli krebulebisa da dadgeniliyo himnografiul-liturgiuliterminebi. XIX saukunidan ukve aqtiurad iwyeba sagalobelTa Semcvelixelnawerebis gamoqveyneba da katalogizacia da es tradicia XXsaukuneSic grZeldeba. am saqmeSi didi roli Seasrules: n. marma, i.javaxiSvilma, k. kekeliZem, al. cagarelma, e. metrevelma, c. Wankievma, m.janaSvilma, r. bleikma, l. jRamaiam, l. xevsurianma, l. kvirikaSvilma, l.xaCiZem, g. kiknaZem. aseve mniSvnelovania a. gawerelias, g. imedaSvilis. l.jafariZis, n. sulavas, e. koWlamazaSvilis, e.WeliZis, z. WavWavaZis, dasxvaTa Sromebi.himnografiis Seswavlasa da kvlevaSiGgansakuTrebuli wvlilimiuZRvis korneli kekeliZes. swored misma Sromebma misca dasabamiqarTuli himnografiuli krebulebis mecnierul kvleva-Ziebas da Tavisifundamenturi SromebiT mecnierul himnologias daudo saTave. manve axsnamravali himnografiul-liturgikuli termini da gza gakvala momavalihimnologiuri kvlevisaTvis. aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs p. ingoroyvas
11Sromebs, romelmac mravali saintereso sakiTxi wamoWra, rac xSiradcxoveli diskusiis sagani xdeboda.rogorc n. sulava aRniSnavs, “CvenSi himnografiis kvlevis orgvaritradicia Camoyalibda sagaloblis formisa da Sinaarsis SeswavlisTvalsazrisiT, ufro zustad imis gaTvaliswinebiT, aris Tu arahimnografia poezia”. igi wers, rom mecnierTa nawilis azriT,sagaloblebSi ar SeiZleba gamovlindes mxatvruli azrovneba, vinaidan esukanaskneli daqvemdebarebuli funqciis mqonea da mis mxatvrulesTetikurdones ar qmnis. igi gaiazreba, rogorc saRvTismetyveloazrovnebis gamoxatvis saSualeba da mxolod garegnulad waagavs poezias,ris gamoc isini himnografias ritmul prozas, anda ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,ritmul poezias uwodeben. misi azriT, es problema dgas mTeliSuasaukuneobrivi qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo literaturis winaSec.mecnierTa meore nawili Tvlis, rom miuxedavad misi saRvTismetyvelomniSvnelobisa, himnografia amave dros, unda gaviazroT, rogorc poezia,romelsac formaca da Sinaarsic poeturi aqvs da aqedan gamomdinare,mxatvruli literaturis umniSvnelovanes dargs warmoadgens.yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi himnografiiskvleva sami mimrTulebiT gaiSala: 1. pirveli elene metrevelis saxelsukavSirdeba da miznad isaxavs himnografiuli krebulebis redaqciulSeswavlas, maTi formisa da struqturis sakiTxebis kvlevas. 2. meore k.kekeliZis da ingoroyvas kvlevis meTodebze damyarebiT ikvlevshimnografiis struqturas, kompozicias, Tematikas, motivebs,saxismetyvelebas. 3.uaRresad mniSvnelovan adgils imkvidrebs sagaloblismusikaluri bunebis kvleva specialistTa mxridan (31, 9-10).rogorc vxedavT, TiToeuli es mimarTuleba sakmaod gansxvavebuliada arcerTi maTgani ar ikvlevs himnografiuli qmnilebis, rogorcorganuli mTelis Tvisebebs, aramed mis mxolod romeliRac SresSeiswavlis sakuTari kompetenciis farglebSi, romelsac ver gascdeba,miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevarebi savsebiT acnobiereben himnografiissinkretul xasiaTs. cxadia es sruliadac ar amcirebs am gamokvlevaTamecnierul Rirebulebas, aramed mxolod maT specifikaze miuTiTebs.filosofiis specifika ki swored mTelis Tvisebebis kvlevaa. Ggarda
12amisa, verc erTi filologiuri dava ver uzrunvelyofs am sakiTxis,kerZod, qristianul himnografiaSi mxatvrulisa da religiurisurTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis gadawyvetas mecnierul doneze im ubralomizezis gamo, rom igi scildeba filologiuri kvlevis farglebs.imisaTvis, rom dadgindes aris Tu ara himnografia poezia, uwinaresyovlisa, saWiroa daisvas kiTxva poeziis arsis Sesaxeb, gairkves Tu raaris poezia, ra aris himnografia da axorcielebs Tu ara es ukanaskneliam arss. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia sakiTxis filosofiur WrilSi dayeneba,vinaidan cnebebis dadgena da amis safuZvelze, arsobriv mimarTebaTakvleva, swored filosofiis saqmes Seadgens. filosofiis garda arcerTisxva mecniereba da maT Soris arc filologia, ar aris dakavebulicnebaTa winaswari gamoZiebiTa da amis safuZvelze maT Soris arsobrivimimarTebebis dadgeniT. isini operireben garkveuli cnebebiTa dawarmodgenebiT, magram ar svamen kiTxvas maTi legitimurobis Sesaxeb. amaTu im warmodgenis, rogorc garkveuli winaswari codnis, legitimurobisdadgenis gareSe ki es sakiTxi ver gadawydeba, vinaidan yovelTvisSeiZleba moiZebnos sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi, romelic aseTivelegitimaciis iqneba. swored amas vgulisxmobT, rodesac vambobT, rom amsakiTxis gadaWra mxolod filosofiur niadagzea SesaZlebeli. vinaidanTuki vaCvenebT, rom is “TavisTavad cxadi” debulebani, romelsac esa Tuis Tvalsazrisi emyareboda mcdaria, mcdari aRmoCndeba Tavad esTvalsazrisi da Sesabamisad, aralegitimuric. Yyvela sxva SemTxvevaSimxolod Tanabari legitimaciis gansxvavebul TvalsazrisebTan gveqnebasaqme da dava verasdros gadawydeba.unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianuli literaturis kvlevisas, upirvelesyovlisa, unda daveyrdnoT im wyaroebs, romlebic saRvTismetyveloteqstebma Semogvinaxa. werilobiT wyaroebSi daculi cnobebisagalobelTa musikaluri raobis Sesaxeb Zalzed mwiria, amitom zustadar aris cnobili, Tu rogori iyo qristianuli galoba Tavdapirvelad,ganviTarebis ra gza ganvlo, rac TavisTavad ganapirobebs sirTuleshimnografiuli Janrisa. Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom pirvel cnobebsqristianuli galobis Sesaxeb Tavad saxareba da mociqulebi gvawvdian.
13saeklesio galobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxulia agreTvewminda mamaTa cxovrebis amsaxvel wyaroebSi, Tumca rogorcmTavarepiskoposi filareti (gumiliovski) aRniSnavs, aq isini sxva mravalsakiTxTa wreSi mxolod erT-erT Semadgenel nawilad ganixileba.miuxedavad amisa, isini saeklesio galobis Sesaxeb mainc mniSvnelovancnobebs gvawvdian (47, 3).himnografiis kvlevisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve iseTiwyaroebis gaTvaliswinebas, rogorebicaa saRvTismsaxuro himnografiulikrebulebi: “rvaxmaTa”, “Tveni”, “marxvani”, “zatiki”, “uZvelesi iadgari” dasxva. Tavis mxriv, es sagaloblebi bizantiuri warmomavlobisani arian,amitom didi mniSvneloba eniWeba bizantiuri galobis istoriisSeswavlas.saeklesio himnografia qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTadaRmocenda da RvTismsaxurebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia.qarTulad maT sagaloblebs uwodeben, vinaidan isini swored galobiTSesrulebuli poeturi teqstebia. Hhimnografia, Tavis mxriv, sinkretuldargs warmoadgens da religiur grZnobaTa gamoxatvis erT_erTiumTavresi formaa. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qristianuli xelovnebasaerTod moiazreba, rogorc nawili erTiani religiuri sistemisa da,maSasadame, aq esTetikasac ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli da TviTmkmariRirebuleba. sagalobeli, pirvel rigSi, orTodoqsuli Teologiispoeturi gamoxatulebaa, romelic religiur grZnobebs musikis TanxlebiTgadmoscems. Aamitomac igi rogorc saRvTismetyvelo, ise literaturulida musikaluri nawarmoebia da misi kvlevisas samive es aspeqti unda iqnasgaTvaliswinebuli. Tavis werilSi “qristianuli xelovnebis safuZveli damisi umTavresi Tviseba” l. jafariZe aRniSnavs: ”qristianuli xelovnebisesTetikis safuZveli aris saRvTismetyvelo moZRvreba, romliTacgamsWvalulia saeklesio organizmis yoveli sfero. Tavisi mniSvnelobiTigi ukiduresad praqtikulia da mizniT saeklesio liturgiulRvTismsaxurebas ukavSirdeba, pirovnebis RvTis gzaze warmarTvaseswrafvis” (40, 29). igi ganixileba rogorc RvTaebrivi mSvenierebisempiriuli gamovlena.
14rogorc cnobilia, pirveli galoba aRTqmuli miwisaken mimavalmaisraelelebma Seasrules, romlebic mose winaswarmetyveliswinamZRolobiT gamovidnen egviptidan da mSvidobiT ganvles mewamulizRva. Mmagram Zvel aRTqmaSi saero da saRvTismsaxuro galoba jer kidevar iyo gayofili. saRvTismsaxuro galobis aRorZineba daviTwinaswarmetyvelis fsalmunidan iwyeba, romelic dauRalavad aRniSnavsgalobis saWiroebas. fsalmunebSi araerTi aseTi adgili gvxvdeba:”ugalobdiT RmerTsa Cvensa ugalobdiT, ugalobdiT meufesa CvensaugalobdiT” (46, 6_7); “mivyo igavsa yuri Cemi da aRvaRo sagalobeliTaigavi Cemi” (48, 4); “Sen gSvenis galoba RmerTo da Sen migeces locvaierusalims” (64, 2); ”ugalobdiT saxelsa missa, mieciT didebai qebulebasamissa” (65, 2); “netar ars eri igi, romelman icis galobai Seni” (88, 15);“yoveli suli aqebdiT ufalsa” (150, 6) da a. S.unda aRiniSnos, rom iudaistur RvTismsaxurebaSi fsalmunTagaloba mniSvnelovan moments Seadgenda da swored fsalmunTa galobagaxda winare safexuri qristianuli himnografiis ganviTarebisa. magramukve axal aRTqmaSi ufali acxadebs Tavis nebas imis Sesaxeb, rom RvTisTayvaniscema ar Semoifarglebodes arc ierusalimiTa da arc samariismTiT (ioan.4, 21). Aaxali, umaRlesi RvTismsaxureba axla ukve yvelganaaSesaZlebeli, vinaidan uflis Tayvaniscema “suliTa da WeSmaritebiT”aResruleba (ioan.4, 23). mTavarepiskoposi filareti (gumiliovski)aRniSnavs, rom yvelaferi is, rac Zvel, RvTis mier dadgenil msaxurebaSidafuZnebuli iyo sayovelTao, ucvalebel mimarTebaze RmerTisaadamianTan da adamianisa RmerTTan, datovebulia maT mier axaliRvTismsaxurebisTvisac, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom isini umaRles,wminda sulier cnebebamdea ayvanili. yvelafer danarCens, racmisadagebuli iyo rCeuli xalxis moTxovnilebebisadmi, suliersayovelTao RvTismsaxurebaSi ar SeiZleboda hqonoda adgili (47, 8_9).mociqulebi axali sulieri aRTqmis msaxurni arian. swored axaliaRTqmidan iRebs saTaves “galoba axali.”jer kidev esaia winaswarmetyveli wers: ”ugalobeT ufalsa galobaaxali” (esaia, T.42, m.10), xolo daviT mefsalmune sxvadasxva adgilasambobs:”ugalobdiT ufalsa galobiTa axliTa” (149, 2). rogorc
15mkvlevarebi ganmartaven, “galoba axali”* moaswavebs saeklesiohimnografias, romelsac safuZveli 9 bibliurma galobam Cauyara daTavis mxriv, ganviTarebis rTuli gza ganvlo. pirvel qristianulsagalobelTa Semqmnelebad Tavad qriste da misi mociqulebi arianmiCneulni. Ppirvelad swored ieso qristem gamoiyena sagaloblebiRvTismsaxurebaSi, rodesac did xuTSabaTs evqaristiis saidumlosdawesebis Semdeg man da misma mociqulebma “galobai warTqves daganvides mTasa mas zeTisxilTasa” (maTe, 26, 30).amiT ufalma akurTxa RvTismsaxurebaSi galobis gamoyeneba daaxali mniSvneloba SesZina mas, magaliTi misca Tavis mowafeebs. masSemdeg, rac RmerTma adamianTa modgmas Tavi gamoucxada TavismxolodSobil ZeSi da gamosyidvis saidumlo cxadi gaxda mTeliqveynierebisaTvis, eklesiasac ufro gamomsaxvelobiTi eniT undaedidebina RmerTi, ufro zustad da dawvrilebiT gadmoeca RvTisdideba, vidre es Zveli aRTqmis sagaloblebSi iyo.Ees iyo sagalobelTa axali saxeoba, “galoba axali”, anu galobaeklesiisa, romelSic ukve suli wmidis madli moqmedebda. amitomac werspavle mociquli efeselTa mimarT epistoleSi: ”etyodeT TavTa TvisTafsalmuniTa da galobiTa da SesxmiTa sulieriTa, ugalobdiT daaqebdiT guliTa TqveniTa ufalsa” (efes. 5, 19). sityvebiT “SesxmiTasulieriTa” gamoxatulia swored axali Tviseba qristianulisagaloblebisa, romlebic suli wmidis moqmedebiT Seqmnilad iTvlebianda ar arian aRebulni Zveli aRTqmidan. kolaselTa mimarT epistoleSiki xazi aqvs gasmuli sagalobelTa moZRvrebiT mniSvnelobas: “aswavebdiTda hmoZRvridiT TavTa TquenTa fsalmuniTa da galobiTa” (kol. 3, 16).sainteresoa, Tu ras niSnavs “galoba axali, “kerZod ra sulieriSinaarsisa da datvirTvis matarebelia igi. n.sulava Tavis gamokvlevaSiaRniSnavs: ”axali galoba” adamianis Sinagani samyaros ganmaaxlebelia, igi*ix. l. grigolaSvili, “wmindanis Tema qarTul sasuliero poeziaSi,Zveli qarTuli literaturis problemebi (eZRvneba profesor levanmenabdis dabadebidan 75-e wlisTavs), Tb., 2002.
16SemoqmedebiTi ZaliTa da energiiTaa aRWurvili, demiurgis funqciaskisrulobs. galoba angelozTa RvTiuri galobis mibaZvaa,saRvTismsaxuro galoba RvTaebrivi kanonis Sesabamisi wesia” (31, 5). axalgalobas safuZvels udebs sjulis kidobnis ierusalims gadatana,rodesac mas win miuZRvis daviT winaswarmetyveli rokviTa da galobiT,musikis TanxlebiT. Aaqaa winaqristianuli musikis arsis SecnobisgasaRebi. saRvTismsaxuro samecniero literaturaSi sadavod ar arismiCneuli is Ffaqti, rom qristianuli himnografia Zvel aRTqmiseulpoetur memkvidreobas daemyara da Tavis mxriv, orTodoqsalurisaRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebis poetur gamoxatulebad iqca. Mmasze gavlenaiqonia, rogorc Zvelebraulma, ise palestinurma, siriulma da elinurmamusikalurma xelovnebam. garda saRvTismetyvelo mniSvnelobisa, igi, amavedros, morwmunis religiuri grZnobebis gamoxatulebasac warmoadgens.himnografiis ganviTarebasTan erTad, sakmaod mravalferovanisagaloblebi iqmneboda. e.koWlamazaSvili Tavis erT-erT werilSiaRniSnavs, rom “mecniereba”, anu codna sWirdeboda himnografs imisaTvis,raTa sworad gaego saRmrTo werilis esa Tu is saxe, jerovnaddaekavSirebina isini erTmaneTTan, ar eRalata zomierebisaTvis, ardaerRvia sarwmunoebis dogmati (23, 8). amasTan mecniereba sWirdeba aramxolod himnografs, aramed mkiTxvelsac, risTvisac saWiroa garkveulisaRvTismetyvelo ganaTleba.udgens ra galobis wess efeselebs, mociquli ganaSorebsqristianebs uazro warmarTuli RvTismsaxurebis mibaZvisagan da aswavlis,Tu rogori unda iyos qristianuli galoba. kerZod, rogorc vnaxeT,erTgan igi ambobs: ”SesxmiTa sulieriTa ugalobdiT da aqebdiT guliTaTqveniTa ufalsa”, xolo meoregan_”madliTurT ugalobdiT gulTa SinaTquenTa ufalsa“ (ix. zemoT).amrigad, mociqulis swavlebiT qristianuli galoba unda iyos:1)galoba gulisa da ara mxolod bageebisa. TiToeuli bgera unda iyosxma gulisa. albaT, erT-erTi mizezi esecaa imisa, Tu ratom argavrcelda aRmosavlur eklesiaSi galoba instrumentuli musikis
17TanxlebiT. 2)qristianuli galoba iTvleba suli wmidis moqmedebisSedegad, iseve rogorc yoveli wminda qristianuli qmedeba. qristianulxelovnebaSi WeSmarit Semoqmedad ganixileba RmerTi, xolo adamianiganixileba mxolod rogorc TanaSemoqmedi, romelic locviT iwvevssuli wmidis madls. swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli is faqti, romqristiani Semoqmedni xSirad arc ki moixseniebdnen xolme sakuTarsaxels. 3)qristianuli galobis mTavari obieqti qriste RmerTia. sworedmasze fiqriT unda iyos gamsWvaluli yoveli galoba. Ppavle mociqulissityvebidan Cans, rom mociqulTa dros ara mxolod aResrulebodagaloba RvTismsaxurebisa, aramed mas Tavisi wesi da gangebac hqonda, anugarkveuli kanonis mixedviT aResruleboda. kerZod igi ambobs: “yoveliSuenierad da wesierad iqmnebodnen” (1kor. 14, 40). Mmagram ra igulisxmebasityvebSi: ”etyodeT TavTa TvisTa fsalmuniTa da galobiTa”, romeliczemoT davimowmeT? iudaistur eklesiaSi fsalmunebis garda cnobili iyocxra bibliuri galoba israilisa, romelic safuZvlad daedoqristianul kanons. sityvaSi “galobiTa,” swored es galobaniigulisxmeba ( 47, 24-25; 33).RvTisadmi aRvlenili galoba, garda imisa, rom morwmunis religiurigrZnobebis gamoxatulebaa, zeciuri usxeulo Zalebis da wmindaangelozebis locviTi grZnobebisa da miswrafebebis gamovlenacaa.rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, saeklesio galoba swored usxeulo Zalebismier Seqmnilad iTvleba da maSasadame, zeciuri warmomavlobisadac, anuigi gamocxadebiTi xasiaTis matareblia.Aamdenad, qristianuli esTetikuri Teoria mibaZvis, anu “mimezisis”cnebas emyareba. magram “mimezisis” cneba gvxvdeba agreTve sokrates,platonis, aristoteles, aseve neoplatonistur esTetikur TeoriebSi.unda iTqvas, rom qristianoba am cnebis sruliad axlebur gagebasiZleva. marTalia, am TeoriaTa msgavsad masac xelovneba esmis rogorcmibaZva, magram aq saqme gvaqvs ara materialuri samyaros mibaZvasTan damis gamosaxvasTan, aramed RvTaebrivi, zeciuri samyaros mibaZvasTan,amgvari mibaZva ki specifiur gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs moiTxovs.vnaxoT, Tu rogor aris gagebuli mibaZva zemoxsenebul Zvel berZnulesTetikur TeoriebSi da raSi mdgomareobs “mimezisis” cnebis
18qristianuli aspeqti. amisaTvis ki ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. vnaxoTagreTve, Tu raSi mdgomareobs Zireuli gansxvaveba qristianul daneoplatonistur esTetikur Teoriebs Soris.§2. “mimezisis “ cnebis qristianuli aspeqtis gagebisaTvis, Semoqmedebisproblema qristianul da neoplatonistur esTetikur TeoriebSixelovneba jer kidev sokrates mier gagebuli iqna, rogorc baZvisprocesi. igi fiqrobda, rom xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebs, kerZodpoezias, skulpturas, ferweras, baZvis obieqtad unda aeRo sxeulisa dasulis silamaziT Semkuli pirovneba. Tumca ukve sokratesTan, amgvaripirovnebis daxatvisas, mSvenieri sulis ganwyobilebaTa gadmocemassxeulis silamaze unda daeCrdila.platonis esTetikuri Teoriis mixedviTac, xelovneba mibaZvaa, magrammis TeoriaSi “mimezisis” cneba mWidrod daukavSirda moZRvrebas ideebisSesaxeb. rogorc cnobilia, platoni aRiarebda ideebis arsebobas,romlebic, Tavis mxriv, maradiulni, ucvlelni da umoZraoni arian. isiniTiTqos nimuSebis saxiT arseboben bunebaSi, xolo grZnobadi sagnebiarsebobs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac naziarebia ideebs, rac sxvaaraferia, Tu ara mibaZva, mimsgavseba. igi imave atributebiT axasiaTebsmSvenierebis ideas, riTac zogadad sxva ideebi xasiaTdeba. kerZod,aRiarebs “mSvenierebas maradiuls, xelTuqmnelsa da warudinebels,Tavisufals aRvsebisa da ganlevisagan, mSvenierebas saxiers TavisgamovlinebaSi, yvela droSi, yvela aspeqtSi, yoveli adgilisa da yovelisuldgmulisaTvis (27, 62-63). Pplatonis azriT, imisaTvis, rom adamianimSvenier ideaTa WeSmaritebamde amaRldes, mSvenier sxeulTa WvretidanmSvenier saqmeebze unda gadavides, mSvenier saqmeTagan mSveniermoZRvrebebze. Mmxolod amis Semdeg eziareba igi absolutur mSvenierebasda Seicnobs mas. Aam Secnobis gza ki aris gonebis TvaliT Wvretaideisa da ara mxatvrul qmnilebaTa aRqma.platoni Tvlis, rom xelovneba mibaZvaa, magram ara uSualodWeSmaritebis, aramed sagnebisa, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, fenomenalur
19samyaroSi arsebuli moCvenebebia da mxolod Camohgavs maradiul ideebs,sinamdvileSi ki moklebulia zogadobasa da mtkice realobas.“saxelmwifos” meaTe wignSi, glavkonTan saubrisas, sokrate cdilobsbaZvis bunebis garkvevas. igi ambobs, rom arsebobs yoveli sagnis sami saxe.magaliTisTvis igi sawols asaxelebs da aRniSnavs, rom isic sami saxiTgvxvdeba. erTi arsebobs bunebaSi da igi RmerTis mieraa Seqmnili, meoresqmnis durgali, baZavs ra pirvels, mesames ki fermweri, romelic meorismibaZviT qmnis. amdenad igi mTeli sami safexuriT aris daSorebuliWeSmaritebisgan. Aam magaliTs platoni zogadad xelovnebaze da maTSoris poeziazedac avrcelebs. Mmisi azriT, xelovani yovelgvarigaazrebisa da saqmis WeSmariti codnis gareSe baZavs movlenebs. Ppoetisxvadasxva saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT movlenaTa mxolod garegnulelfers gadmoscems. Aaqedan gamomdinare, igi poeziis damcvelebssTavazobs daasabuTon, rom igi ara mxolod sasiamovno, aramedsasargeblocaa. Ffilosofosi aRiarebs, rom Tavadac moxibluliapoeziis mSvenieri nimuSebiT da wers:”dRevandel mSvenier saxelmwifoTaaRzrdilebSic Rvivis siyvaruli am poeziis mimarT da Cven warmatebasvusurvebT mas, eseigi gvinda, rom is ara marto saucxoo, aramedWeSmaritic iyos” (28, 375). magram platoni mzadaa uari Tqvas poeziaze,Tuki igi WeSmaritebas daaSorebs.amrigad, platonisTvis misaRebia mxolod imgvari xelovneba,romelic umaRles sawyisTan miaxloebaSi gvexmareba. Mmisi azriT, musika“Tavis sawyis formebs unda misdevdes”. “kanonebSi” platoni msjelobsegviptelTa mier SemoRebul kanonebze. igi aRniSnavs, rom egviptelebma,daadgines ra kerZod ra SeadgensMmSvenieri sxeulis moZraobebsa damSvenier simRerebs, TavianT taZrebSi gamofines nimuSebi da akrZalesyvelasaTvis, vinc ki raime gamosaxulebas akeTebda, iseTi ramis gamogoneba,rac am nimuSebs ar Seesatyviseboda. igive Seexeba samusiko xelovnebasac.ase rom, aTi aTasi wlis win Seqmnili xelovnebis nimuSi arafriT ufromSvenieri, an ufro cudi ar aris, vidre Tanamedrove qmnilebani, radganacisini erTi da imave xelovnebis meSveobiT arian Seqmnilni. PplatoniTvlis, rom amgvari kanoni Zlier sasargebloa saxelmwifosaTvis. Tukivinme SeZlebda xelovnebis qmnilebebSi raime marTebulis daWeras, mas
20Tamamad unda daedgina igi, rogorc kanoni. amgvar saqmes filosofosiRmerTis an RvTaebrivi adamianis saqmed miiCnevs da Tvlis, romsiamovnebis an mwuxarebisken miswrafeba, siaxlisaken swrafva samusikoxelovnebaSi imdenad Zlieri ar aris, rom uari vTqvaT wminda qoroze immizeziT, TiTqos igi moZvelda (66, 56-57). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igiveprincipebi daedo safuZvlad qristianuli “kanonis” Seqmnasac.sul sxvagvarad gaigo baZva aristotelem. Mmisi moZRvrebis mixedviT,baZva subieqtur moCvenebaSi CaZirva ki araa, aramed obieqturi codnisakenmiswrafebis erT-erTi saxeoba. Ees gansakuTrebiT kargad poeziaSi Cans.“poetikaSi” aristotele wers: “poezia Seqmna orma mizezma. jer erTi,mibaZva Tandayolili aqvs kacs bavSvobidanve da kacic imiT gansxvavdebasxva cxovelebisagan, rom igi yvelaze ufro wambaZavia da Tavis pirvelswavlas mibaZvis saSualebiT iZens. Ggarda amisa, mibaZva yovel kacsaxarebs. Aamis sabuTia is rasac Cven ganvicdiT xolme xelovnebisqmnilebaTa winaSe. rasac sinamdvileSi usiamovnod SevxedavdiT, imisZalian zustad gakeTebul suraTs siamovnebiT vucqeriT,_ai magaliTadusaZaglesi cxovelebisa da mkvdrebis suraTebs. amis mizezia is, romswavlis miReba Zalian saamoa, ara mxolod filosofosTaTvis, aramedagreTve sxvebisTvisac” (1, 8).amrigad, aristoteles mixedviT, poezias codnisadmi miswrafeba Sobs,radganac amis gareSe adamiani arc wambaZavi iqneboda da arc swavlismiReba iqneboda misTvis saamo. Mmisi azriT, adamiani Tavisi bunebiTmiiswrafvis codnisaken, magram baZavs ra individualur sagnebs, xelovaniki ar Sordeba am sagnebis ideas, aramed piriqiT, uaxlovdeba mas. Tuplatonis moZRvrebaSi cneba gagebuli iyo rogorc zogadi, mxatvrulisaxe ki rogorc misi antipodi, e.i. kerZo an individualuri da amisTanaxmad, mxatvruli Semoqmedeba gagebuli iqna rogorcindividualizaciis procesi, aristotelem wina planze wamoswiamxatvruli saxisa da cnebis msgavseba da orive gaigo rogorc zogadiram. marTalia, xelovani baZavs ara zogads, aramed individualur sagnebs,magram sruliadac ar aris savaldebulo waiSalos yovelgvari zRvarisagansa da mis mibaZvas Soris. “poetis saqmea Tqvas ara is, Tu ra moxda,aramed is, Tu ra moxdeboda da ra iyo albaTobis an aucileblobis
21mixedviT SesaZlebeli” (1, 2). misi azriT, amiT gansxvavdeba poetiistorikosisagan. Ppoets mxedvelobaSi aqvs ufro metad zogadi,istorikoss ki calkeuli. xelovanis mier Seqmnili zogadoba imaSimdgomareobs, rom igi SeiZleba mraval individualur sagans moergos.amrigad, mxatvruli saxec, cnebis msgavsad, aris mravalTa sinTezi.maSasadame, igi zusti asli ki ar aris sinamdvilisa, aramed misi arsobrivimibaZva.aristoteles “mimezisis” cnebis gagebis gzaze didi mniSvneloba aqvsmis mier naxmari sityva “albaTobis” Sinaarsis garkvevas. g.koplataZesTavis naSromSi “mimezisis” cnebis dadgenisas mohyavs a. axmanovis miermocemuli ganmarteba albaTobis cnebisa, romelic Cven sainteresodgveCveneba. a. axmanovis mixedviT, albaTobis cneba ormagi mniSvnelobisaa.pirveli mniSvnelobiT mas obieqturi safuZveli aqvs da aristotelesmier naxmari SesaZleblobis cnebis identuria. Mmeore mniSvnelobiT ki esaris subieqturi albaToba da dasajereblis, simarTlis msgavsis azriTixmareba. rogorc mkvlevari miiCnevs, am azris sasargeblod metyvelebs isfaqtic, rom igi SeuZlebel dasajerebels arCevs SesaZlebeldaujerebels. MmaSasadame, baZvis cneba aristotelesTan sulac argulisxmobs aslis gadaRebis process, aramed “poeti zogadadSesaZlebelsa da aucilebels Tavis garSemo myof saganTa samyarodaniRebs, xolo erTeul “momxdars”, ufro zustad_imas, rac SeiZlebodamomxdariyo, TviTon qmnis zogadis Semecnebis safuZvelze (5, 37). amrigad,aristotelesTan “mimezisis” cneba sinamdvilis arsobriv wvdomasgulisxmobs.rogorc aRvniSneT, qristianuli esTetikis mixedviTac xelovnebagagebulia, rogorc “mimezisi”, magram ara grZnobadi sinamdvilisa, aramedRvTaebrivi samyaros mimezisi, misi arsobrivi gamosaxva. SeiZleba iTqvas,rom xelovnebis Sesaxeb qristianuli moZRvrebis Teoriul safuZvlad,dionise areopagelis Sromebi, kerZod misi ierarqiuli sistemis Teoriaiqca. Aam Teoriis mixedviT, arsebobs RvTaebriv wesrigs mimsgavsebulimiwieri wesrigi, romelic ierarqiuli sistemis saxiT warmogvidgeba. Eesierarqiuli sistema gulisxmobs rogorc zeciur, ise miwier ierarqias.ierarqiis saTaveSi, raRa Tqma unda, arsebobasa da Secnobadobaze
22aRmatebuli zearsi dgas. Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli maTgani sam safexuradiyofa. Tu daRmavali gziT davalagebT, pirvel safexurze arian: serafimni,qerubimni da saydarni; meoreze _ uflebani Zalni da xelmwifebani;mesameze _ mTavrobani, mTavarangelozni da angelozni. Yyvela zeciuridasi zogadad angelozebad iwodeba. Amis msgavsad sam safexurad iyofamiwieri ierarqiac. Ppirveli safexuria sami saidumlo: evqaristia,mironcxeba, naTlisReba. Ees safexuri damakavSirebeli rgolia miwiersada zecur ierarqias Soris. meore safexurze imyofebian sasuliero pirebi:episkoposebi, mRvdlebi da diakvnebi; mesame safexurze arian: monazvnebi,morwmuneebi da kaTakmevelni, anu is pirebi, romlebic emzadebiannaTlisRebis misaRebad. am miwier wesrigSi Semaval TiToeul elementsaqvs sakuTari xarisxi RmerTTan mimarTebisa da RvTaebrivi madliswyalobiT gadadis grZnobadidan zegrZnobadisaken.saqme isaa, rom vinaidan dionise areopagelTan RmerTi warmosdgebarogorc Seucnobadi zearsi, romlisTvisac aranairi predikatis miwera,saerTod arafris Tqma ar SegviZlia, Tuki igi Tavad ar inebebsgamogvicxados raime, maSasadame, erTaderTi gza am umaRlesi arsebisSemecnebisa aris saRmrTo gamocxadeba. magram es codnac aris zRvaSiwveTi, vinaidan ganuzomlad ufro metia is, rac dafarulia. amrigad,mTeli informacia ierarqiul sistemaSi gadadis RvTaebrivi gamocxadebissafexuris da materializaciis xarisxis mixedviT. rogorc cnobilia,dionise areopagelTan RmerTis Semecneba dadebiTi da uaryofiTiTeologiis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. magram RmerTis dadebiTidaxasiaTeba mxolod imitomaa SesaZlebeli, rom transcendenturi RmerTiacxadebs Tavis Tavs, rogorc pirvelmizezi yoveli arsebulisa. yvelaferiRmerTsaa naziarebi, xolo RvTaebrivi ideebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, romSevimecnoT RmerTis gamomJRavneba samyaroSi. dadebiTi Teologia sworedgamocxadebaSi fiqsirebuli RvTaebrivi saxelebis aRwerisa da analizisgziT iZleva mis dadebiT daxasiaTebas. amrigad, RmerTisgan momdinaremTeli informacia ierarqiul sistemaSi gansxvavebuli RvTaebrivisinaTlis wyalobiT gadaecema. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zeSTaarsebisgaxsna TiToeuli arsisaTvis xdeba im zomiT, ra zomiTac mas ZaluZsdaitios igi. amrigad, ierarqiuli sistemis wyalobiT, RvTaebrivi silamaze
23ganecxadeba yovelive arsebuls. magram miwier safexurze es sinaTlerealizdeba WeSmaritebis bundovan gamoxatulebebSi, romlebicdaSorebulni arian arqetipebisagan. serafimTa RvTaebrivi silamazisaRqma miuwvdomelia miwieri ierarqiis warmomadgenelTaTvis da Tumcagadaecema maT angelozebis meSveobiT, magram Tavis pirvandel sisufTaveskargavs am arsebaTa naklulevanebis gamo. rac ufro metad uaxlovdebaadamiani umaRless arss, miT ufro metad ixsneba is mis winaSe, xolo esmiaxloeba upiratesTa mimarT mimsgavsebiT xdeba.ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT agreTve, rom zemoaRniSnuli ideebisaocrad exmianeba neoplatonistTa Sexedulebebs. kerZod, plotini TavisnaSromSi “zegrZnobad silamazeze” wers, rom yvela nivTi, romelsacxelovneba baZavs, Tavad aris xati umaRlesi ideisa. vinaidan baZaven ranivTebs, isini ar Cerdebian mis xilul mxareze, aramed maRldebian imprincipebamde, romelsac maTi buneba efuZneba, da bolos, rom isinizogjer qmnian sakuTari azriT axals, rodesac, magaliTad umateben imas,rac aklia sagans srulyofilebis misaRwevad da es imitom, rom sakuTarTavSi floben silamazes. fidiusma, magaliTad, Seqmna figura zevsisa ise,rom araferi grZnobadi ar hqonda Tvalwin, aramed gamosaxa iseTi,rogoric Tavad warmoedgina da rogoric Cvenc warmogvidgebodaTvaliT xiluli rom yofiliyo ( 67, 121). plotini Tvlis, rom yvelgan dayvelaferSi silamazis wyaros Seadgens araferi sxva, Tu ara forma,romelic Tavis mxriv sawyiss SemoqmedSi iRebs da misgan ukve gadadisqmnilebebSi. misi azriT, silamazis mizezi Tavad unda iyos an silamazismflobeli, an ucxo misgan, anu maxinji, anda indiferentuli silamazismimarT. maxinji is ver iqneba, radgan es imis niSani iqneboda, rom is qmnismis sruliad sapirispiros; indiferentulic ver iqneba, radgan aseTSemTxvevaSi veraferi aiZulebda Seeqmna ufro meti mSvenieri, vidremaxinji; gamodis, rom mizezi, romelic yvelgan da yvelaferSi yovelgvarmSveniers qmnis, Tavadac silamaze unda iyos. amasTan, umaRlesi, sawyisiazriT, anu srulyofili silamaze. neoplatonikosTaTvis zegrZnobadisamyaro mSvenieria mTeli Tavisi erTianobiT. umaRlesi gonis SemoqmedebaSeiZleba SevadaroT daskvnas, magram iseTs, romelSic daskvna, Sedegimocemulia erTbaSad, yovelgvari winapirobis gareSe. aq adgili ara aqvs
24gamomdinareobas, aramed yvelaferi gveZleva erTdroulad, gansjis gareSe,radganac gansja, dasabuTeba_ufro gviandeli da dabali rigismovlenebia.platonis msgavsad, plotinic miuTiTebs egviptel brZenTaxelovnebaze da miaCnia, rom isini TiTqos srulqmnili codniTxelmZRvanelobdnen, an raRac bunebiTi instiqturi alRoTi. undodaT ramiecaT brZnuli gamoxatuleba TavianTi warmodgenebisaTvis nivTebze,asoebs ki ar mimarTavdnen, romlebic sityvebisa da winadadebebisSemadgenlobaSi Sedis da miuTiTeben im xmovan bgerebze, romelTameSveobiTac erTnic da meorenic gamoiTqmebian, aramed amis nacvladakeTeben erTgvar qandakebebs, an naxatebs nivTebisa. isini xatavdnenieroglifebs da hqondaT sakurTxevlebSi, yoveli nivTisTvisgansakuTrebuli ieroglifi, gansakuTrebuli simboluri emblema, romelicgamoxatavda mis azrsa da mniSvnelobas. TiToeuli aseTi ieroglifiTavadac SeiZleba miCneul iqnes egvipteli qurumebis codnisa dasibrZnis xatad, magram gansakuTrebuli codnisa da sibrZnisa. aq saganiwarmoudgeba Wvretas mTlianad, yvela Tavisi monaxazis erTian sinTezSi,ar iTxovs ra misi warmodgenisTvis arc gansjas da arc nebisyofisZalisxmevas. magram yoveli aseTi emblematuri xati Semdeg mTlianadixsneba mTel rig sxva emblemebsa da simbolur niSnebSi, romelTamizania aRniSnos yvela kerZo momenti misi sazrisisa da mniSvnelobisa.aq ukve adgili aqvs refleqsiasac. viazrebT ra mizezebs, Tu ratomaa rommocemul xatSi yovelive asea ganlagebuli da ara sxvagvarad, mivyavarTunebur gaocebamde Canafiqris siRrmiTa da misi Sesrulebis silamaziT.es sibrZne egvipteli qurumebisa miT ufro saocaria, rom ar aris raigiveobrivi yofierebis mizezebisa da saganTa arsisa, aRmoaCnda unarinivTebis kvlav warmoqmnisa am mizezebis Sesabamisad. maSasadame, TukigrZnobadi nivTebis samyaro, rogoradac is Cven warmogvidgeba, mSvenieria,maSin miT ufro mSvenieria zegrZnobadi samyaro. yoveli nivTissilamazisaTvis, xolo ufro adre misi arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia, rommas daeces aCrdili da masSi aisaxos da aRibeWdos im WeSmaritisilamazis xati. ase rom, yoveli nivTi arsebobs da silamazes flobsmxolod imdenad, ramdenadac monawileobs WeSmariti arsis silamazeSi.
25yoveli nivTi, rac ufro metad monawileobs masSi, miT ufro srulqmnilia,ramdenadac am monawileobis gziT ufro metad iTvisebs am mSvenier arss(67, 121-132).proklec, plotinis msgavsad, Tvlis, rom buneba Tavad warmoadgensmibaZvas umaRlesi arsisa, meorec, xelovneba axdens ara mxolod xiluliformebis imitacias. igi miiswrafvis bunebis siRrmiseuli wvdomisaken;mesamec, bevri nawarmoebi flobs RvTaebriv silamazes, romelicarasakmarisia grZnobad sagnebSi. traqtatSi “dialeqtikis Sesaxeb”naTqvamia:”Tuki vinme xelovnebis rolis Sesaxeb iseTi mdabaliwarmodgenisaa, rom is aris bunebis mibaZva, Cven amaze sammag pasuxsgavcemT: jer erTi buneba Tavadaa mibaZva, meorec, musikaluri xelovnebaaxdens ara mxolod xiluli formebis imitacias, igi miiswrafvis bunebissiRrmiseuli arsis wvdomisaken,… mesamec bevri musikaluri nawarmoebiflobs RvTaebriv silamazes, romelic arasakmarisia grZnobadsagnebSi”(53, 15).maSasadame, neoplatonizmsac mibaZva esmis ara rogorc aslisgadaRebis procesi, aramed rogorc arsobrivi mibaZva. visac aqvs unariazriT amaRldes zegrZnobad, noumenalur samyaromde da gonebis mTelisilamaze Seimecnos, amis Semdeg gonebis ufro maRali sawyisisganWvretasac SeZlebs_imisi, romelic gonebis mamaa. Cven romwarmovidginoT marmarilos ori naWeri_erTi mTlianad naturaluri, xolomeore moqandakis mier mxatvrulad damuSavebuli da qandakebad qceuliromelime RmerTisa an adamianisa, magram ara konkretuli adamianisa,aramed iseTis, romlis mxatvrul xatSic Sekrebilia da SeerTebuliasilamazis gamomxatveli nakvTebi SeZlebisdagvarad yvela lamazisaxidan. es ukanaskneli marmarilo, miiRo ra xelovnebisagan lamaziforma, mogveCveneba lamazad, magram riTi? raRa Tqma unda ara TavisisubstanciiT, an materiiT, aramed im formis silamaziT, romelic masxelovnebam mianiWa. cxadia agreTve, rom es forma ar iyo damaxasiaTebelimateriisTvis, romelic qandakebad iqca, aramed adgili hqonda mxolodmxatvris CanafiqrSi, manamde sanam marmariloSi gadavidoda. Tavadxelovanis TavSic igi aRmoCnda mxolod imitom, rom misTvisdamaxasiaTebelia xelovneba. maSasadame, Tavad xelovnebaSi arsebobda
26manamde silamaze_im maRali rigis silamaze, romelsac ar SeuZliagadavides marmariloSi, an raime sxvaSi, aramed rCeba sakuTar TavSi.misgan iRebs sawyiss is udablesi forma, romelic gadavida ranivTierebaSi, Cveulebriv ver inarCunebs Tavis pirvandel sisufTaves daTviT mxatvris Canafiqrsac ki mTlad kargad ver gamoxatavs dasrulqmnilia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac amis nebas aZlevs nivTiereba,misgan formirebuli. Tuki amgvarad xelovneba uSvebs mxolod imisWvretas, rac Tavad mas Tavisi arsiT axasiaTebs, e. i. mxolod WeSmaritadmSveniersa da gonebaSesatyviss, cxadia, rom is warmoadgens raRacumaRlesi azriT da umaRlesi xarisxiT mSveniers_warmoadgens silamazesufro sufTas, WeSmaritsa da sruls, vidre isaa, romelic gadadis misganmxatvris meSveobiT garegan nivTebSi. es imitom xdeba, rom yovelgvariforma, gadadis ra materiaSi da ganiwvlileba masSi, nakleb mTliani daufro susti xdeba, vidre adre iyo, radgan yvelaferi, rac msgavsi saxiTvrceldeba, yovelTvis erTgvarad Sordeba sakuTar Tavs, rogorc esemarTeba, magaliTad, siTbos an sxva Zalebs, igive emarTeba silamazesac.meore mizezi isaa, rom mwarmoebeli principi yovelTvis ufro maRlamdgomi da srulqmnilia, vidre is, rac iwarmoeba. amitom tyuilia TiTqosadamiani musikis gareSec SeiZleba iyos musikosi, ramdenadac grZnobadmusikas ar SeuZlia idealuris gareSe warmoSoba.plotini wuxs imis Sesaxeb, rom Cven ar gvaqvs Cvevad CavukvirdeTsaganTa arss, raTa gaviazroT maTi Sinagani mxare da mxolod garegnulimxariT vkmayofildebiT. sagnis silamazis wyaro mis masasa da sidideSiki ar aris, aramed raRac sruliad sxvaSi. Cven xom mogvwonsmecnierebanic, adamianTa sxvadasxva moqmedebebic_yvelaferi is, racsawyiss sulSi iRebs, swored imitom, rom sinamdvileSi aq ixsnebasilamaze ufro meti, vidre sadme sxvagan. xolo Tuki msgavsi sanaxaobauinteresoa SenTvis, Tuki ver amCnev mas da ar aRiareb mis silamazes,Tuki Sens SigniT ver igrZnob mis gamoZaxils, es imas niSnavs, rom SenTvisgaugebari da miuwvdomeli darCa Sinagani, sulieri silamaze. is, vincTavis SigniT grZnobs silamazes ueWvelad unda mivides im silamazisgaazrebamde, romelzec iyo saubari (67, 120-137).amrigad, sruliad aSkaraa areopagetikisa da neoplatonur
27esTetikur TeoriaTa garkveuli siaxlove, magram maT Soris arsebobsarsebiTi gansxvaveba, rac sxva argumentebTan erTad, imis mtkicebissafuZvels gvaZlevs, rom “areopagituli korpusi” Tavisi SinaarsiTqristianul moZRvrebas warmoadgens da ar SeiZleba miviCnioTneoplatonuri Teoriis identurad, miT ufro, rom swored “areopagitulkorpusSi” Camoyalibebuli esTetikuri Teoria iqca mTeli qristianulixelovnebis safuZvlad. kerZod, neoplatonur filosofiasa daareopagetikaSi sruliad sxvadasxvagvaradaa gaazrebuli Semoqmedisroli.dionise areopagelis ierarqiuli sistemis ganxilvidan logikuradgamomdinareobs, rom misTvis musikosi da, Sesabamisad, himnografic,warmoadgens ubralo gadamcems himnebisa erTi ierarqiuli wesrigidanmeoreze. igi ganixileba ara rogorc damoukidebeli Semoqmedi, romelicTavisi piradi Zalisxmevisa da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebiswyalobiT qmnis, rogorc es neoplatonizmSia, aramed rogorc RvTaebrivimadlis iaraRi. mis mier Seqmnili himnebi mxolod meorexarisxovani eqoazeciuri himnebisa, magram igi gvaaxlovebs mis aramaterialur arqetipTan.aq xelovani sakuTar vnebebsa da subieqtur gancdebs ki ar gadmoscems,aramed iaraRs warmoadgens umaRlesi Zalisa. rogorc o. volodinaaRniSnavs bizantiis musikaluri kulturis Sesaxeb dawerilmonografiaSi, qristian filosofosTa azriT, mxatvruli SemoqmedebisZiriTadi principebi Tavad RmerTis mier aris dadgenili. adamianisamocanaa am principTa wvdoma da Senaxva da ara axali principebisSeqmna. xatmwerebs xatebi ukve dadgenili nimuSebis mixedviT undaSeeqmnaT, himnografebi ki ukve arsebul himnebs iRebdnen modelebad,romlebic, Tavis mxriv angelozTa SesxmiT himnTa gamoZaxiladiTvleboda (53 , 16-17).sagalobelTa zeciur warmomavlobaze metyvelebs isic, rom bibliismixedviT, samyaro misi SeqmnisTanave RvTis sadidebel galobas aRavlens:“odes iqmnnes varskvlavni, miqebdes me xmiTa didiTa yovelni angelozniCemni”_naTqvamia iobis wignSi (iobi, 38,7); cecxlSi Segdebuli anania,azaria da misaeli angelozebTan erTad ugalobdnen RmerTs, esaiawinaswarmetyvelma ki ixila qerubimebi, romlebic erTi meores
28gasZaxodnen da ambobdnen: “wmida ars, wmida ars, wmida ars ufalisabaoT! savse ars yoveli qveyana didebiTa misiTa!” (esaia, 6, 3). baZavdnenra nimuSebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv, zeciuri samyaros gamoZaxiladiTvlebodnen, qristiani xelovanni swored zeciuri samyaros mimezissaxdendnen, vinaidan zeciuri ierarqia ufro axlos imyofeba umaRlesmSvenierebasTan, anu RmerTTan, rogorc zogadad mSvenierebis “nimuSTan”.aq ar SeiZleba ar davinaxoT paraleli platonTan, romelic xelovnebaSiswored amgvari nimuSebis Seqmnaze saubrobs da, Tavis mxriv, egvipturtradicias emyareba. am SemTxvevaSi mizani platonisa igivea, racqristianuli xelovnebisa. igi akritikebs poezias, magram ara imitom, rompoezia saerTod miuRebelia misTvis rogorc aseTi, aramed imitom, romigi umetes SemTxvevaSi swored vnebaTa mibaZvas warmoadgens. igi wers: “isasazrdoebs da rwyavs yovelive imas, rac ajobebda damWknariyo da Cvenssuls maT mbrZaneblobas vuqvemdebarebT, Tumca Cven TviTon undamogveToka isini, raTa ukeTesobasa da bednierebas vweodiT, nacvladimisa, rom uaresni da ubedurni vyofiliyaviT” (28, 373). Tumca platoni,amave dros, Tavis saxelmwifoSi uSvebs RmerTebisadmi miZRvnil himnebsada keTilSobil kacTa saxotbo simRerebs, vnebian muzas ki uaryofs,radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi “saxelmwifoSi siamovneba da tanjvagagibatondeba zogadi sawyisis nacvlad, rac sayovelTao aRiarebiTyovelTvis yvelaferze umjobesia” (iqve).qristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebic swored am zogad sawyiss misdevs.maTi mizania adamianis ganwmenda vnebebisgan, misi xsna, xolo umaRlesmizans Teozisi, anu ganRmrToba Seadgens. amitom, isini maqsimaluraddaclilni arian miwieri empiriuli Strixebisagan da maradisobidanimzirebian. wmindanis xatis Seqmnisas yuradReba eqceva ara masTangaregnul msgavsebas, aramed mis mier ganvlil sulier gzas, rismixedviTac mas esa Tu is myari atributika eniWeba. swored am atributTameoxebiT da ara masTan garegnuli msgavsebiT amoicnoba wmindani. anubaZvis cneba aqac gagebulia, ara rogorc aslis gadaRebis procesi,aramed rogorc arsobrivi gamosaxva. rogorc l. jafariZe aRniSnavs:“qristianuli xelovnebis miznidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebeli iyo masSirealisturi principis ganxorcieleba, radgan misi cdaa gamosaxva ara
29movlenaTa SemTxveviTi momentebisa, misi cvalebadi aspeqtebisa, arameducvleli arsis, imis, rac movlenaTa pirvelsaxes warmoadgens” (40, 30).rogorc vxedavT, qristianul xelovnebaSi saqme gvaqvs mimezisiscnebis gansxvavebul gagebasTan, rac transcendentur pirvelsaxemdeamaRlebasa da pirovnebis xsnas gulisxmobs. misTvis idealswarmoadgens ara amqveyniuri grZnobadi sinamdvile, romelic dro-sivrciTaris SemosazRvruli da romlisTvisac asaxvisa da baZvis obieqti amaverealobaSi ipoveba, aramed gankacebuli RmerTi, romlis xorcielsiglaxakeSic umaRlesi mSveniereba imaleba. antikuri sinamdvilisTvissruliad gaugebaria, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli, rom glaxaki daCamofleTili, romelic jvars acves, ucbad RmerTi aRmoCnda. qristianobamSemoitana ideali, romlis mixedviTac xorciel siglaxakeSi umaRlesisulieri mSveniereba Tavsdeba. baZvis obieqti misTvis Tavad RmerTia,romelic Tavis mxriv cxaddeba, rogorc umaRlesi WeSmaritebis,mSvenierebisa da amaRlebulis erTianoba, rogorc umaRlesi sikeTe. igiarRvevs antikurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel harmonias da cxovrebis SigniTda Tavad adamianSi aRmoaCens winaaRmdegobriobas: “amqveyniurisa” da“imqveyniuris”, xorcielisa da sulieris. igi xorciel sawyiss suliersuqvemdebarebs da adamianis am winaaRmdegobriv bunebaSi sul sxvagvarsilamazes Wvrets, rac pavle mociqulis sityvebSi Semdegnairad cxaddeba:“sityviTa WeSmaritebisaiTa, ZaliTa RmrTisaiTa, saWurveliTa miTsimarTlisaiTa marjvenisaiTa da marcxenisaiTa, didebiTa da ginebiTa,gmobiTa da qebiTa; viTarca macTurni da WeSmaritni; viTarca ucnaurnida sacnaurni; viTarca mosikvdidni, da aha esera cxovel varT; viTarcaswavlulni, da ara sikvdiladni; viTarca mwuxareni da maradis gvixaris;viTarca glaxakni da mravalTa ganvamdidrebT; viTarca ararai gvaqvs dayovelive gvaqvs” (2, kor. 6,7-10).gadatrialeba, romelic qristianobas Seaqvs samyaros msoflaRqmaSi,bunebrivia, xelovnebaSic aisaxeba. l. uspenski aRniSnavs, rom qristianobaqmnis Tavis gansakuTrebul cxovrebiseul princips, Tavis gansakuTrebulmsoflmxedvelobas, Tavis gansakuTrebul “stils” xelovnebaSi. antikurimsoflmxedvelobisa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli formebissawinaaRmdegod, Cndeba xelovnebis sxvagvari gageba, sxvagvari mxatvruli
30xedva, romelic wyvets kavSirs im msoflmxedvelobasTan, romelsacantikuri samyaros xelovneba emyareba (69, 54-55).SeiZleba iTqvas, rom “baZvis” cnebis qristianuli gagebisamosavlad pavle mociqulis sityvebi iqca, romelic ambobs: “mobaZav CemdaiyveniT, viTarca me qristesa” (1,kor. 4,16; 11,1). “SeudeqiT siyvarulsa dahbaZevdiT suliersa mas” (1kor. 14,11). aq baZva ganixileba ontologiurWrilSi, kerZod RmerTis, rogorc umaRlesi idealis, umaRlesi sibrZnis,sikeTisa da sulieri mSvenierebis baZvis TvalsazrisiT. ase gagebulibaZva zeciuris, umaRlesi harmoniis baZvad warmogvidgeba da eTikurzneobrivikuTxiT unda gaviazroT. Tavis naSromSi q. bezaraSvilipavleseul baZvas ganixilavs ara mxolod ontologiur WrilSi,rogorc umaRlesi sulieri mSvenierebis, sikeTisa da sibrZnis baZvas, ararogorc saRvTo Surs qristesadmi zneobrivi mimsgavsebis TvalsazrisiT,aramed stilisturi baZvis TvalsazrisiTac da aRniSnavs, rom igimTavari maxasiaTebelia qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo stilisa. kerZod, q.bezaraSvili bizantiis ritorikul TeoriebSi gamoyofs or aspeqts.pirveli aspeqti ar gulisxmobs baZvis tradiciul klasikur cnebas,romlebic maT aseve SeiTvises ritorikis elinisturi Teoriebidan, aramedklasikuri ritorikul-stilisturi modelebis baZvas, winamorbedimwerlebis saukeTeso mxatvruli Tvisebebis mibaZvas. magram am TeoriebSiSeimCneva aseve meore aspeqtic, romelic RvTis baZvis Teologiuricnebidan modis da axal, qristianul aspeqts warmoadgens. miqaelfselosTan igi pavle mociqulis stilis baZvis saxiT aris gamoxatuli. q.bezaraSvili Tvlis, rom “pavles baZva gulisxmobs zeSTa azris, misicxovelsmyofelobis, saRvTo sibrZnis da misi e.w. evangeluri sisadavis(fotiosi, fselosi) baZvas Sinaarsobriv-formobrivi aspeqtiT” (7, 166).n. sulava ki Tvlis, rom “baZva saRmrTo mimsgavsebas niSnavs, racsafuZvels qmnis saxis esTetiurobis TvalsazrisiT gaazrebisa, aRqmisa.sagaloblebSi baZvis sagani RmerTia. wmindanTa Sesaxeb dawerilhimnografiul nawarmoebSi warmoCenilia pirvelsaxes, macxovarsmiaxloebuli adamianis Sinagani, sulieri samyaro, adamianma sakuTarTavSi unda aRadginos pirmSoxati. evangelur-apostoluri swavlebismixedviT, adamianis sulieri ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexuri ganRmrTobaa,
31RmerTTan ziarebaa. igi RvTisadmi baZvaze ufro maRali safexuria” (31,135). n. sulavas azriT, baZvisas SeiZleba aqcentirebuli iyos aramxolod RmerTi, aramed adamianic, vinaidan mibaZvis obieqtebi xdebianwmindanebic. misi azriT, swored es ganasxvavebs baZvas ziarebisgan, risgamoc es ukanaskneli ufro maRal safexurs warmoadgens. garda amisa,“baZva amqveyniur, miwier movlenaTa da saganTa mimarTebaazesTasofliuri movlenebisa da sagnebisadmi, xolo ziareba RmerTTanSerTva, ganRmrTobaa, ziarebis Sedegad adamiani axal meobas, maradiulRirebulebebs moipovebs, RmerTTan sulier qorwinebas aRwevs, RvTaebrivsuls ibrunebs, RmerTis nawili xdeba” (iqve, 137).qristianobaSi RmerTTan ziarebis safuZveli uflis gankacebaa, risimeSveobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda adamianis ganRmrToba, magram amganRmrTobas igi piradi Zalisxmevis Sedegad ki ar aRwevs, aramed uflismowyalebisa da mis mier miniWebuli madlis safuZvelze, Tumca ammadlis mosazidad pirovnebis aqtiuroba aucilebel pirobaswarmoadgens. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qristianuli xelovnebis mizaniaxeli Seuwyos adamianis ganRmrTobas, Teoziss, amisTvis ki saWiroa, romqristianma Semoqmedma uari Tqvas sakuTar subieqtur Sexedulebebze da“RvTaebrivi goneba” Seimosos. qristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebidawmendilni arian yovelgvari grZnobadisgan, isini maradisobidanimzirebian.Semoqmedebis sakiTxSi neoplatonizmis damokidebulebaradikalurad gansxvavdeba qristianulisgan. kerZod, neoplatonizmismixedviT, sulebsac SeuZliaT, survilis SemTxvevaSi, daition TavisSiyvelaferi, rac iq – zegrZnobad samyaroSi imyofeba. amas garda, SeuZliaTimyofebodnen masSi Tavisi im nawiliT, romelic misi monaTesavea (anugonebiT). da mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT imyofebian iq, manam, sanam Tavad armoindomeben iqidan wasvlas (67, 133).visac ar SeuZlia igrZnos silamaze mTeli Tavisi sisavsiTa dasiRrmiT, mas igi warmoudgeba rogorc raRac garegani xedvisTvis daxiluli; magram isini vis sulSic igi aRwevs da mTlianad moicavs mas,imyofebian iseTsave mdgomareobaSi, rogorc RviniT, an neqtariTgabruebulni da maSin isini ubralo mxilvelni ki ar arian misi, aramed
32ufro metni da ukeTesni: aq Wvretis obieqti da suli ukve or,erTmaneTisTvis garegan raimes ki ar Seadgens, aramed erTsa da imaves,rogorc saerTod TviTCaRrmavebisas da dakvirvebisas, suli CveulebrivTavissave TavSi aRmoaCens sagans, romlis Wvretac surs da xandaxanmoicavs TavisSi maSinac ki, roca naTlad ver acnobierebs amas. ampirobis gareSe, raRa Tqma unda, suli Wvrets silamazes Tavis gareT,radgan Tavad surs ixilos igi ase, ganmtkicebuli Cveulebis kvalad,yovelive, rac Wvretas eqvemdebareba, CaTvalos gareganad, magram undavcadoT, rom am zegrZnobad sanaxaobas adgili hqondes mWvretelis sulSi,raTa igi Wvretisas Seerwyas imas, rasac Wvrets.rodesac romelime CvenTagani, isic ki, vinc ar flobsTviTCaRrmavebisa da TviTdakvirvebis unars, xdeba Rirsi RvTaebrivixilvisa, am xilvaSi mas mainc Seaqvs sakuTari Tavic da acnobierebs, rommisma sakuTarma xatma aq didi silamaze miiRo. rodesac is yuradRebasgadaitans am Tavisi xatidanac ki, rogori mSvenieric ar unda iyos igi daTavis gonebriv koncentracias miiyvans im erTianobamde, romelSic aRariqneba aranairi gaoreba, maSin igi mTlianad Seerwymeba RvTaebas,ganimsWvaleba ra misi mdumare, uxmauro TanamyofobiT, romelic imdenxansgrZeldeba, ramdenis atanac SeuZlia da unda. rodesac igi kvlavgonebrivi gaorebis mdgomareobaSi Cavardeba (gaorebuli Wvreta),romelic arCevs obieqts subieqtisagan, igi mainc rCeba sufTa (grZnobadiSTabeWdilebebisagan), igi mainc axlos imyofeba RmerTTan, rogorcyovelTvis, rodesac mTeli arsebiT mimarTavs mas. ai, ra xdeba amgvarimimarTvisas: Tavidan is grZnobs, rom is sxvaa da RmerTi sxva, magramSemdeg, rodesac is CaRrmavdeba sakuTar TavSi da TiTqos mTlianadgaqreba masSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ramdenadac male ityvis uarsTavis gansakuTrebul “me”-ze, SiSobs ra ar iyos gancalkevebuli dagansxvavebuli RmerTisagan, igi amiT gaurbis imas, risic eSinoda,Seerwymis da erTiani xdeba RmerTTan, Tumca, Tu isurvebda, SeeZlo igieWvrita, rogorc raRac misgan gansxvavebuli (iqve).yovelive zemoTqmulidan aSkarad Cans, rom neoplatonizmis mixedviTRmerTTan erTianoba, damokidebulia adamianis inteleqtualurSesaZleblobebze da pirovnebis survilisa da Zalisxmevis Sedegad
33miiRweva. amgvari damokidebuleba ki kategoriulad miuRebelia rogorcareopagetikis, aseve qristianuli moZRvrebisTvis saerTod. rogorc ukveaRvniSneT, areopagetika RmerTs gaiazrebs, rogorc Seucnobad zearss,romlis Sesaxebac arafris Tqma ar SegviZlia manam, sanam Tavad arinebebs gamogvicxados raime, anu RmerTis Semecnebis erTaderT gzad,RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba gvevlineba. Tuki igi mainc miawers RmerTssxvadasxva predikatebs, mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac RmerTi Tavadcxaddeba samyaroSi rogorc aseTi. areopagelTan RmerTi warmosdgeba,rogorc ze-arsi, ze-savse, ze-brwyinvale, ze-saCino, ze-bunebrivi, ze-naTeli,ze-gardametebuli, ze-gamouTqmeli, ze-Seucnobeli, ze-keTili da sxv.rogorc n. maxaraZe aRniSnavs, igi erTgvar “zegramatikas” iyenebs, romelicar SeiZleba aRviqvaT ubralo epiTetebad, aramed unda gaviazroTrogorc RmerTis katafatikuri wvdomis gza: “sakmarisia es mxedvelobaSiar miviRoT da aRviqvaT rogorc mxatvruli stilis Tavisebureba, romZiriTadi azri amoukiTxavi dagvrCes (25, 79).marTlac, am “zegramatikis” wyalobiT dionise areopageli RmerTisiseT daxasiaTebas iZleva, romelic ukve gulisxmobs mis uaryofasac.magaliTisTvis aviRoT iseTi atributi, rogoricaa ze-arsi. Ees niSnavs,rom RmerTi aris arsi, magram amave dros ar aris arsi, ramdenadac igi zearsia,anu ufro meti, vidre ubralod arsi. anda aviRoT ze-keTili. RmerTize-keTilia, anu igi aris sikeTe, magram amave dros ar aris, radgan zekeTilia,anu ufro metia, vidre ubralod keTili da a.S. epiTetTa siuxveam SemTxvevaSi maniSnebelia imisa, rom ar arsebobs predikati, romelicgadmoscemdes imas, rasac morwmune RvTis mistikuri Wvretisas ganicdis.swored RmerTis amgvari gancda udevs safuZvlad epiTetTa siuxveshimnografiaSic. yoveli himnografi xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom igi“ver SemZlebel ars Tqmad da Sesxmad” RmerTis an RmerTSemosiliadamianebis Sinagani mSvenierebisa. amitomac, areopagelis cecxlovani ena,am SemTxvevaSi, mis mier RmerTis cocxali xedvis, misi cocxali gancdismaniSnebelia. Ees filosofosis mier RmerTis racionaluri daxasiaTebaki ar aris, aramed misi WvretiT gankvirvebuli morwmunisaRfrTovanebuli amoZaxili, romelsac ar yofnis arc sityvebi, arcgramatika, rom Tundac miaxloebiT gadmosces is, rasac misi goneba
34Wvrets. es ki, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlebelia qristesTan erTad Tanajvarcmis,Tanatanjvis gareSe, golgoTis gzis gavlisa da didi sulierigamocdilebis gareSe.Tuki neoplatonizmSi RmerTTan erTianoba saTanado inteleqtualurimonacemebis qonis SemTxvevaSi, pirovnebis survilisa da ZalisxmevisSedegad miiRweva, Tuki aq xelovani ganixileba, rogorc damoukidebeliSemoqmedebiTi pirovneba, romelic TviTsrulyofis gziT aRwevsfilosofosis dones da damoukideblad swvdeba inteleqtualurisilamazis arss, dionise areopagelTan, romlis moZRvrebac safuZvladdaedo qristianul esTetikas, sruliad sxva viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme. aqaucilebelia “ara xolo swavlul, aramed vnebulca iyo saRrmToiTa miTmisda mimarT TanalmobiTa da wyalobiTa. Ggina Tu jer ars esreTcaTqumai, viTarmed uswavlelTa maTda saidumloTa SeerTebaTa mimarT dasarwmunoebiTa SeerTebuli da Sesrulebuli” (17, .22). amrigad,areopagelTan goneba arasakmarisia. SemecnebisTvis aq sarwmunoebasruliad aucilebeli pirobaa, radgan yoveli morwmunisTvis “dasabamisibrZnisa ars SiSi uflisa” (igavni sol.T.1,m7). RmerTi mxolod morwmunesecxadeba. Ees ki areopagelisaTvis erTaderTi wyaroa pozitiuri codnismiRebisa RmerTis Sesaxeb. amitomac, rodesac uaryofiT TeologiazevsaubrobT, aramc da aramc ar unda gavigoT igi, rogorc logikuriuaryofa, romelic aseve racionaluri Semecnebis farglebSi dagvtovebda.Cvenis azriT, yvelaze marTebuli gageba apofatikuri da katafatikurimeTodebisa mocemulia arCil baqraZesTan, romelic wers: ”uaryofiTTeologiaSi RmerTis predikatebis uarsayofad gamoiyeneba uaryofa aramisi logikuri azriT, aramed uaryofis im mniSvnelobis gamoyenebiT,romelic am SemTxvevaSi gonebidan gaqcevis, misi daZlevis simboloa.uaryofiTi Teologiis uaryofaSi uariyofa RmerTisadmi ara marto raimedadebiTi, aramed agreTve, uaryofiTi predikatis miwerac. uaryofiTiTeologia eubneba RvTismaZiebels, rom RmerTTan misasvlelad saWiroayovelgvari dasturisa da uaryofis miRma gansvla, logikuriazrovnebisadmi zurgis Seqceva” (6, 88). diax, es logikuri azrovnebisTviszurgis Seqcevaa, gonebis dadumebaa, romelic “zenaTelis” wyvdiadSiinTqmeba, ufro sworad ki zesinaTleSi da netarebaSi garindebuli
35dumiliT ganadidebs RmerTs, radgan TviT yvelaze mWevrmetyveli enac kiuZluria srulad gadmosces misi didebuleba. Ees is aris, rac nikolozkuzelis “ganswavlul arcodnas” (docta ignoratia)-s uaxlovdeba, xolo S.rusTavelTan “mziani Ramis” epiTetiT aris gadmocemuli. igive n. maxaraZe,romelic maRal doneze flobs berZnul enas, adarebs ra dioniseareopagelis enas neoplatonist filosofosTa nawerebs aRniSnavs, romdionise areopagelis ena sruliad gansxvavdeba neoplatonistTaenisagan. marTlac, misi ena sagaloblis enas mogvagonebs, sadacmorwmunis aRfrTovanebuli amoZaxili ufro gaismis, vidre racionaluradmoazrovne filosofosis msjeloba.amrigad, qristianobaSi, iseve rogorc dionise areopagelTan,neoplatonizmisagan gansxvavebiT, pirovnebis aqtiuroba sruliadarasakmarisi pirobaa RmerTTan erTianobis misaRwevad. TviT yvelaze didRvawlsac ki, SeuZlia mxolod moizidos RvTis madli. aq ganmRrTobaara pirovnebis TviTsrulyofis, aramed madlismieri gziT miiRweva.qriste yovel Tavis morwmunes afrTxilebs: ”Tvinier Cemsa ara Zal_gicyofad arca erTi” (ion.15, 5). es Tvalsazrisi safuZvlad udevs yovelgvarqristianul qmedebas da maT Soris Semoqmedebasac. amasTan, ar SeiZlebavifiqroT, rom es gansxvaveba umniSvnelo da ara arsebiTia. piriqiT, igimTlianad cvlis Semoqmedebis bunebasa da xasiaTs. ufro metic, sakuTariZalebis imedad darCena aq qristeze, rogorc mxsnelze uaris TqmadaRiqmeba. qristiani xelovani, sakuTari Tavis uaryofis gziT, “qristesgonebis” Semosvas eswrafvis da ara sakuTari, vnebebiT SebRalulibunebis demonstrirebas. igi ganuwyvetliv xazs usvams sakuTaruZlurebas.unda iTqvas, rom himnografiis ena, es is antinomiuri enaa, romelSicdionise areopagelis “zegramatika” meordeba. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT,epiTetTa siuxve aq imiTaa gamowveuli, rom ena uZluria daitiosdautevneli, gadmosces arsebobasa da Semecnebaze aRmatebuli zearsismSveniereba da maTi mSveniereba, vinc am zearss eziarnen didi Rvawlisada tanjvis fasad. iseve rogorc dionise areopagels, yovelhimnografsac SeuZleblad miaCnia saRvTo sityvis sruli gamoxatva dasakuTar Tavs uRirsad miiCnevs.
36himnografiis safuZvelic, iseve rogorc mTeli qristianulixelovnebisa, wmida werilia, saidanac igi xSirad mza religiurformulebs iRebs. is, rac saero xelovnebaSi literaturul Sablonebadcxaddeba, himnografiaSi umaRles kategoriebad gvevlineba, vinaidan aqmzamzareuli saxiT aiReba is ena, romelsac wmida werili qmnis, xoloTiToeul am konstruqcias miRmuri Sinaarsi Seesabameba. aq yoveli sityvasimbolod iqceva, romelic zeciur WeSmaritebaze mianiSnebs, vinaidanxorcieli ena uZluria MmTeli sisavsiT daitios igi. magram amsimboloebs aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs im mimarTulebasTan, romelicsimbolizmis saxeliT aris cnobili. aq saqme gvaqvs ara subieqtursimboloebTan, romelTa interpretirebac mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos,aramed obieqtur, sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone simboloebTan, romlebicqmnian kidec qristianuli xelovnebis enas. aq TviToeuli sityva axaliSinaarsis Semcvel niSan-simbolod iqceva, romelTaganacCveulebrivisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli, saRvTismetyvelo ena Sendeba,sadac SeiZleba mTeli enobrivi konstruqcia iqces amgvar niSnad. am eniscodnis gareSe SeuZlebelia qristianuli xelovnebis gageba. warmoiSobakanonis aucilebloba, romelic xelovans piradi, subieqturi gancdebisganaTavisuflebs da romlis meSveobiTac xdeba eklesiis mier dagrovilimTeli sulieri gamocdilebis monawileoba Semoqmedebis procesSi.amrigad, Semoqmedis mier sakuTari, individualuri “me”-s uaryofaZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi principia im mdgomareobis misaRwevad, romelsacpavle mociquli ase axasiaTebs: “cxovel arRara me var, aramed cxovelars Cem Tana qriste ”(galat. T.2, m.20).yovelive zemoTqmuli sulac ar niSnavs, rom qristianoba saerTodda qristianuli xelovneba kerZod, ar iTvaliswinebs individs. piriqiT,sakuTari Tavis uaryofa xom Rrmad individualuri aqtia, romelsacpirovneba sakuTari Zalisxmevis safuZvelze axorcielebs. aq saTnoebaTamoxveWa arasodes ar aris meqanikuri procesi, magram individualuriZalisxmeviT subieqturobis damkvidreba ki ara, misgan gaTavisuflebamiiRweva, rogorc dacemul adamianur bunebaze uaris Tqma: “rameTuromelsa undes ganrinebai sulisa Tvisisa man wariwymidos igi, romelmanwariwymidos suli Tvisi CemTvis, man hpovos igi” (luka, 9,24).
37amrigad, kanoni exmareba Semoqmeds “qristes erToblivi gonebis”SeZenaSi. ase magaliTad, Tu RvTismSoblis xats aqvs myari atributika,romlis meoxeobiTac igi amoicnoba, aseTive myari atributika aqvs misdamiaRvlenil sagalobelsac, kerZod: “venaxi”, “morCi”, “takuki mananaisi”,“Rrubeli”, “kibe” da kidev uamravi sxva. rogorc aRvniSneT, qristianulihimnografiisTvis saerTod damaxasiaTebelia epiTetTa siuxve, romelTamiRmac xSirad, mTeli bibliuri movlenebi dgas da swored maT gaxsenebasemsaxureba es epiTetebi. ase magaliTad, “takuki mananaisi” gvaxsenebszeciur mananas, romelic RmerTma ebraelebs uwvima; Rrubeli im Rrubels,romelic maT faravdaT egviptidan gamosvlisas; “kibe” iakobis mier kibisxilvas, romelzec angelozebi Cadiodnen da amodiodnen da a. S.*rogorc aRvniSneT, qristianuli xelovnebis mizani esTetikuritkbobis miniWeba ki ar aris, aramed locviTi ganwyobis Seqmna.,morwmunisTvis sulieri sargeblis motana. ufro metic, esTetikuri tkbobaxels uSlis am miznis ganxorcielebas. netari avgustine wers: “Tu erTismxriv, tkboba saxifaToa, meores mxriv, galobis cxovelsmyofelizemoqmedeba cdiTaa dadasturebuli. amitomac Tavs vikaveb imnairidaskvnisagan, sapirispiro azrs rom ver itans, da mainc viwoneb saeklesiogalobis odindel Cveulebas, raTa rwmenis Tavbrudamxvevma netarebamRvTismosaobis mimarT miaqcios jer kidev umweo suli. xolo roca meTviTon vgrZnob, rom galoba ufro maRelvebs, vidre is rac igalobeba,vaRiareb esaa sinanulis Rirsi Secodeba, da me vamjobinebdi, sulac armsmenoda mgaloblis xma” (26; 209-210). esTetikuri tkboba aq xorciel,miwier siamovnebad aRiqmeba da amdenad damabrkolebel faqtoradacpirovnebis Teozisis gzaze. aviRoT Tundac demetre damianes cnobiliiambiko “Sen xar venaxi”, romelic RvTismSobels eZRvneba da qarTulihimnografiis Sedevrs warmoadgens:*ix. akaki baqraZe, “ himnografiis saxeebi”, kreb. “poezia” 1981
38“Sen xar venaჴi axlad aRyuavebuli,morCi keTili, edems Sina nerguli,alva sulnneli, samoTxiT gamosruli,RmerTman Segamko, veravin gjobs qebulida TaviT TჳsiT mze xar ganbrwyinvebuli”(34, 183).diax, RvTismSobeli “venaxia” da “mze”, mziT aRvsili venaxi,RvTaebriobiT aRvsili deda, venaxi mis siWarbeSi, gamorCeuli yveladedas Soris, ramdenadac igi RmerTma Seamko jer kidev manam, sanammoevlineboda qveynierebas. igi mSvenieri alvaa, samoTxis xe, romlisCrdilSic adamianebi Svebas da nugeSs pouloben. SeuZlebelia amazeukeT gadmosce is didi Sinagani mSveniereba RvTismSoblisa, romlisWvretac morwmunes udides sulier sixaruls aniWebs. da mainc, taZrulsivrceSi aRvlenili “Sen xar venaxi”, rogorc cocxali mimarTebaRvTismSobelTan, sul sxvagvar JReradobas iZens. es sofeli, mTeli Tavisiamao sazrunavebiT sadRac qreba da striqonebidan gamoJonili RvTaebrivimzis NnaTeli wamiT Sens sulsac efineba. aq morwmune “yofiliqmnilebiT” esTetikur tkbobas ki ar ganicdis, aramed RvTismSoblissulis naTeli Wris Tvalebs, uSualod deda RvTisas esaubreba dauneburad ixsenebs macxovris gankacebis saidumlos, xanac zafravs imiswarmidgenac ki, ra moxdeboda yovladwmida dedofali rom ar Sobiliyoda madlieri aRapyrobs mzeras xatisaken. aq esTetikur tkbobas cocxalireligiuri gancda, yovladwmidasTan locviTi mimarTeba cvlis, xolosayovelTao enisa da atributikis gamoyeneba srulebiTac ar ukargavssagalobels siaxlisa da originalobis efeqts. Cven rom aviRoTRvTismSoblis Temaze Seqmnili nebismieri sxva sagalobeli,davrwmundebiT, Tu raoden gansxvavebuli aspeqtebis Semotanis saSualebasiZleva TiToeuli Tema.Bbibliuri atributikis gamoyenebis wyalobiT, TiToeul sagalobelSiuzarmazari saRvTismetyvelo sibrZnea dateuli. amrigad, galoba dasagalobeli, gvevlineba ra RvTismsaxurebis erT-erT umTavresSemadgenel nawilad, RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis gacxadebis mZlavrsaSualebas warmoadgens morwmuneTaTvis. qristianuli xelovnebis yoveli
39forma biblias emyareba. rogorc l. jafariZe aRniSnavs, “imisaTvis, romwavikiTxoT biblia, saWiroa, rogorc amboben xolme, vicodeT misi ena,sadac “yoveli simbolo warmoadgens ara marto mxatvrul emociur saxes,aramed malogizirebel Zalas, mistikuri xedvis xorcSesxmas, zeciuriWeSmaritebis grZnobiT areSi gadmotana simbolur saxeobiTi azrovnebiTxorcieldeba, sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia misi gamouTqmeli SinaarsisaRwera”(40, 30). qristianuli xelovnebis mizani adamianis amWeSmaritebasTan ziarebaa, xolo misi aRqmis winapiroba rwmenaa. sworedrwmenaa is gasaRebi, romliTac bibliaSi dafaruli WeSmariteba nelnelaixsneba adamianis winaSe da ixsneba im zomiT, rogoricaa misisulieri gamocdileba, ra zomiTac mas ZaluZs mocemul etapze misidateva. RmerTTan miaxloebis kvalobaze igi axali siRrmeebiT vlindebaadamianis winaSe, xolo am miaxloebis gzaze qristianuli xelovnebaumniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs.amrigad, qristianuli xelovneba siaxlis efeqts inarCunebs imiTi,rom igi adamianis esTetikur grZnobaze ki ar aris gaTvlili, aramedpirovnebis sulier gamocdilebaze, romelic yovel mocemul momentSisxvadasxvaa. amitomac “biblia” misTvis yovelTvis axalia, yovelTvisaxleburad xmianobs mis sulSi da, cxadia, is saxismetyvelebiTi enac,romelsac igi qmnis da romelzec qristianuli xelovneba aRmocendeba,Tavis mxriv imave Tvisebebis matarebelia. amitomac igi masSi esTetikurtkbobas ki ara, cocxal religiur gancdas iwvevs, romelic misi Sinaganigamocdilebis nawilad iqceva. urwmunom ar icis am enis anbani, mas arZaluZs misi azris amokiTxva. meore mxriv, am WeSmaritebasTan ziareba araris mxolod adamianuri Zalisxmevis Sedegi. qristianobaSi yoveliqmedeba sinergiis, anu adamianuri da RvTaebrivi nebis damTxvevissafuZvelze xorcieldeba. adamianur Zalisxmevas mxolod RvTis nebismozidva SeuZlia, am WeSmaritebaTa adamianisTvis gacxadeba ki mxolodRvTis nebiT aris SesaZlebeli. adamianis ganRmrTobac, rogorc mizaniqristianobisa saerTod da qristianuli xelovnebisa kerZod, madlismier aris SesaZlebeli. qristianuli xelovnebis erTaderTi WeSmaritiSemoqmedi RmerTia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, flobs ra WeSmaritebas,acxadebs mas, xolo xelovans mxolod misi wvdoma da Senaxva SeuZlia,
40igi misi TanaSemoqmedia. saSualeba, romliTac qristiani SemoqmedisakuTari subieqturi grZnobebisa da vnebebisagan Tavisufldeba,qristianuli kanonia, romelSic eklesiis mTeli mistikuri gamocdilebaaTavmoyrili. Tavis werilSi l. jafariZe imowmebs mama pavle florenskis,romelic NaRniSnavs, rom qristianuli kanoni ki ar zRudavs Semoqmeds,aramed “piriqiT, kanonikur formaSi avtori ufro Tavisuflad “sunTqavs”,igi icavs mas SemTxveviTobidan, romelic martooden xelis SemSleliSeiZleba aRmoCndes. rac ufro mtkicea da myari kanoni, miT ufro Rrmadda zustad gamosaxavs zogadadamianur sulier moTxovnilebebs.kanonikuri gulisxmobs eklesiurs, eklesiuri sayovelTaos,sayovelTao_saerTo adamianurs; swored amitomaa, rom sulis ganwmendaSlis subieqtursa da SemTxveviTs da adamianuri bunebis samaradisosimarTles ucxadebs sulier moRvawes” (40, 32). swored kanonissafuZvelze iqmneba himnografiis sxvadasxva saxeebi, romelsac qvemoTganvixilavT.§3. sagalobelTa jgufebi da saxeebiramdenadac sagaloblebi Sedgeba ori elementisagan, amitom maTajgufeben rogorc maTi sityvieri, ise musikaluri elementis mixedviT.vinaidan Cveni gamokvleva himnografiul, anu sityvier mxares Seexeba,amitom CamovTvliT mxolod sityvis Sinaarsis mixedviT Sedgeniljgufebs. esenia: dogmaturi xasiaTis sagaloblebi, TxrobiT-istoriulixasiaTis sagaloblebi, zneobriv-didaqtikuri xasiaTis sagaloblebi,WvretiTi xasiaTis sagaloblebi, sagaloblebi, romlebic Tan axlavsliturgiul moqmedebebs, mkveTrad gamoxatuli sadidebeli dalocviTi xasiaTis sagaloblebi, magaliTad “naTelo mxiarulo” da sxv.rac Seexeba sagalobelTa saxeebs, adreqristianuli sagaloblebipirobiTad SeiZleba sam jgufad davyoT: fsalmunebi, himnebi da“aliluias” tipis sagaloblebi.fsalmunebi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, yvelaze ufro adreuli
41saxea saeklesio sagaloblebisa, romelic jer kidev qristeSobamde XIIIsaukuneSi Seiqmna. am Janris ganviTareba daviTis mier dawerilifsalmunTa wignis safuZvelze xdeboda. vinaidan ebrauli poeziisTvis ariyo damaxasiaTebeli arc metruli an silaburi leqsTwyoba da arcriTma, misi struqtura literaturuli paralelizmebis meSveobiTiqmneboda. gamoiyeneboda anafora, anu sityvis gameoreba strofisdasawyisSi da epifora_sityvis gameoreba strofis boloSi. fsalmuniigalobeboda an antifonuri galobiT_ori gundis mier, anresponsorulad, roca sasuliero piri galobda fsalmunis strofs, xologundi pasuxobda refrenis, anda imave fsalmunidan aRebuli frazisgalobiT. morigeobiTi galobis wesi antioqiis episkopos egnatesSemoutania, romelmac, gadmocemiT, gamocxadebiT ixila angelosTaamgvari galoba. fsalmuni sruldeboda ubralo reCitatiuli kiTxviT,xolo dResaswaulebSi zogjer ufro rTuli struqturiTac.himnebi. himnebma – anu “sadResaswaulo galobam” gansakuTrebuligavrceleba hpova liturgiul praqtikaSi. mxolod himnebis avtorebimoixseniebodnen saxelebiT, ramdenadac maT ufro didi TavisuflebahqondaT kompoziciis Seqmnisas, vidre sxva JanrebSi. magram himnebswerdnen warmarTebic TavianTi RmerTebis mimarT. miiRes ra SedarebiTmeti Tavisufleba, zogierTma avtorma daiwyo himnebis SeTxzvawarmarTuli poeziis nimuSebis mixedviT, gansxvavebiT winamorbedTagan,romlebic himnebs mxolod ebrauli nimuSebis mixedviT qmnidnen. male esJanri imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom eklesiam warmarTuli ideebisgavrcelebis safrTxe dainaxa. 553 wlis konstantinepolis krebisdadgenilebiT, yvela himni, romelic wmida werils ar eyrdnoboda,amoRebuli iqna liturgiuli praqtikidan. SedarebiT popularulimelodiebi datoves, magram sityvebi Secvales wmida werilidan aRebuliteqstebis safuZvelze. amis Semdeg himnografTa saqmianoba mkacrad iqnaSezRuduli gansazRvruli poeturi modelebiTa da melodiuriformulebiT.“aliluias” tipis sagaloblebi. mesame saxe sagaloblebisa es aris“aliluias” tipis sagaloblebi, romlebic melodiurad ufroganviTarebulia da sityvebis gareSe igalobeba. es swored uecari
42sixarulisa da aRfrTovanebis gamomxatveli sagaloblebia, romelTateqstic arc erT enaze ar Targmnila da dRemde mxolod ebrauladgaloben. igi Zlier mogvagonebs dionise areopagelis mistikur Wvretas,sadac RmerTi cxaddeba, rogorc sikeTeca da arasikeTec, rogorc arsicada ararsic, sadac pirovneba Seicnobs mas ara mxolod gonebiT, aramedguliTac. sadac hoyofaca da uaryofac gvevlineba ara rogorclogikis nawili, aramed rogorc misi uaryofa, mis miRma gansvla, vinaidanisini erTianobaSi aRiqmebian, sadac uZlur enas araferi SeuZlia gardaimisa, rom kidev erTxel ganadidos ufali da aRavlonos gabmuli“aliluia”.unda iTqvas, rom adreqristianul sagalobelTa sam jgufad dayofa,garkveulwilad, pirobiTia, vinaidan maT Soris ar arsebobs mkacrisazRvari. fsalmunebi xSirad scdebodnen ubralo reCitatiuli kiTxvisfarglebs, himnebi ki ubralo silaburi sagaloblebisa da imdenadornamentul saxes iRebdnen, rom sityvebi ukve gaurkveveli iyo da ufro“aliluias” tipis sagaloblebs mogvagonebda. amitomac, samive es termini(fsalmunebi, himnebi da “aliluias” tipis sagaloblebi) xSirad ubralodhimnebad iwodeba.1054 wels, jer kidev VII saukuneSi dawyebuli uTanxmoebaaRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebs Soris, saboloo jamSidogmaturi uTanxmoebiT dasrulda da qristianuli samyaro saboloodgaiyo or nawilad. garda amisa, TviT bizantiuri imperiis SigniTwarmoiSva aranakleb saxifaTo moZraoba xatmebrZolobisa, ris gamocTiTqmis yvela xelnaweri, gansakuTrebiT miniaturebiT Semkuli,ganadgurda. IX saukunemde Seqmnili yvela xelnaweri, romelic himnebismusikas Seicavda, daikarga. mxolod 842 wlidan, xatTa TayvaniscemisaRdgenis Semdeg, iwyeba axali periodi da viTardeba sakuTrivbizantiuri himnografia, romlis Janrebic gamoiyeneba yvela zemoTCamoTvlil adreqristianul JanrebTan erTad. sagangebod undaaRvniSnoT aseve, rom Cveni kvleva mxolod aRmosavlur qristianulhimnografias Seexeba da ara zogadad qristianul himnografias.saRvTismsaxuro sagalobelTa saxeobebi ganviTarebis sainteresogzas gadis himnografiuli kanonis Camoyalibebamde, romelic
43kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT sagaloblis universalur saxeobas warmoadgens.tropari. tropari sagaloblis uZvelesi saxeobaa, romelSicmsaxurebis mTavari Temaa warmoCenili. rogorc n. sulava aRniSnavs,samecniero literaturaSi mis warmoSobasa da SinaarsTan dakavSirebiTorgvari azria gamoTqmuli. pirvelis mixedviT igi berZnuli sityva“tropaiadan” warmosdgeba da gamarjvebis niSans, simbolos niSnavs. meoreazris mixedviT ki igi berZnuli “tropos” – idan momdinareobs, racmagaliTs, nimuSs niSnavs.tropari sam funqcias asrulebs: 1) litaniis tropari, romelicmoklea da sagaloblebs aboloebs. 2) kanonis tropari, sadac yoveligaloba 3, 4, 5, iSviaTad meti raodenobis strofisagan, troparisaganSedgeba. pirvel tropars sZlispiri (irmosi) ewodeba. igi warmoadgenserTgvar teqstur – melodiur Targs, nimuSs misi SemdgomitroparebisaTvis da kavSiris funqcias asrulebs. yoveli momdevnotropari imave zomisaa, rac sZlispiri da yoveli striqoni imaveraodenobis marcvlebs Seicavs, rasac sZlispiris Sesabamisi striqonebi.kanonis troparebi erTobliobaSi aRweren dRis Temas srulyofilad. 3)“ufalo RaRadvyavisas” troparebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv stiqarons qmnianda zogjer maTi xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli saxelebi axlavT: aRdgomisani,RvTismSoblisani, samebisani, sinanulisani, mowameTani da sxv. (31, 24).mwuxrze sagalobel dRis tropars gansatevebeli ewodeba, radganacuSualod uZRvis win mwuxris dasrulebas, anu gantevebas. am troparSiSejamebulia yvelaferi, rac dRis sagalobelSi iTqva. Tumcagansatevebeli tropari igalobeba ciskarzec da wirvazec. ciskarze isTavSi da bolosken igalobeba. sameufo dResaswaulebze igi mesameantifonis Semadgenel fsalmunis muxlebs Soris CaerTvis.tropars qarTulad dasdebelsac uwodeben. dasdebeli imgvaritroparia, romelic Cveulebriv 8-12 striqoniani frazisagan Sedgeba. isini,poeturTan erTad melodiur frazebsac warmoadgenen da ZiriTadadfsalmunis muxlebs Soris CaerTveba ise, rom fsalmunis muxli winuswrebs mas, ris gamoc maT dasdeblis winamReri ewodebaT. dasdeblebiwarmoadgenen mniSvnelovan himnografiul masalas, romelSic dRis
44msaxurebis mTavari Temaa gadmocemuli. masSi SeiZleba iyos gadmocemuliaseve im wmindanis daxasiaTeba da cxovrebis garkveuli momentebi, visixsenebacaa mocemul msaxurebaze. bizantiur galobaSi dasdeblis teqstida melodia bunebrivad erwymis erTmaneTs da msmenels ukeTamaxsovrdeba. isini msmenels mTavar mimarTulebas aZleven.stiqaroni. stiqaroni ramdenime troparisagan Sedgeba da misiritmul-musikaluri maCvenebeli Zlispiria. igi berZnul RvTismsaxurebaSiciskarze da mwuxrze sruldeboda fsalmunebisa da sxva bibliuriteqstebis wakiTxvis Semdeg. isini gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu raadgili ukaviaT da rogoria maTi gamoyenebis wesi.ibako (ipako). ibako (ipako) aseve erT-erTi uZvelesi formaa galobisada sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba:1). galobani, romlebicantifonebis win sruldeba. 2). tropari, ibako berZnuli sityvisganwarmosdgeba da yuris migdebas, gamoxmaurebas niSnavs. himnografiulkanonSi igi mosdevs meeqvse galobas, “RaRadvyavsa”. Tuki troparebiSualeduri muxlebis gareSe, miyolebiT igalobeba, rogorc magaliTadwylis kurTxevaze, troparsa da dasdebels Soris zRvari iSleba.kondaki. kondaki ewodeba arsebiTad mTel poemas, romelic bibliurgalobebze ar aris damyarebuli. igi Tavdapirvelad 24-mde ikosisaganSedgeboda, romelic erTi da igive minamReriT mTavrdeboda. kondakiiwyeboda strofiT, romelic metrulad gansxvavdeboda ikosebisagan,magram imave sityvebiT mTavrdeboda, rogoriTac es ikosebi. am Sesavalstrofs kukulioni ewodeboda da masSi mokled iyo gadmocemuli poemismTavari Tema da idea. Semdgom ikosebSi es Tema viTardeboda, zogjerdialogis formiTac ki. droTa manZilze misi gamoyenebaRvTismsaxurebaSi Seikveca da mTeli poemidan mxolod kukulioni dapirveli ikosi darCa. saxelwodeba kondaki mTeli poemis nacvlad miewerakukulions, xolo ikoss darCa Zveli saxelwodeba.erT samgaloblo krebulSi Sekrebil kondakebs kondakionebiewodeba. romanoz tkbiladmgalobelma Seqmna aTasze meti sagalobeli,romelic kondakisa da ikosis monacvleobas emyareboda. swored VIsaukunidan, romanoz melodosis moRvaweobiT daiwyo samgalobloxelovnebis ayvaveba palestinaSi. romanozis mier Seqmnil am liturgiul
45poemaSi aRwerili, Seqebuli iyo saeklesio dResaswauli anda epizodibibliuri personaJisa, Tu wmindanis cxovrebidan.kondakionebis Seqmnisas maTi avtorebi ar iyvnen TematuradSezRudulni da, marTalia, icavdnen RvTismetyvelebis kanonikurobas,magram SemoqmedebiTad ganixilavdnen bibliur movlenebs da sakuTarpoetur niWsa da SesaZleblobebs avlendnen. swored romanoztkbiladmgalobels ukavSirdeba pirveli akaTistoc, anu daujdomeli.akaTisto anu daujdomeli. akaTisto, anu daujdomeli srul kondakswarmoadgens da 24 erTmaneTis monacvle didi da mcire zomisstrofebisagan Sedgeba. misi saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom essagalobeli daujdomlad sruldeba, amitom mas daujdomels uwodeben.momcro strofebs kondakebi ewodeba, mozrdilebs ki ikosi. kondaki daikosi erTmaneTs misdeven. 12 kondaki da 12 ikosi anbanuri akrostiqiTaris gawyobili.erTaderT namdvil akaTistos RvTismSoblis akaTisto warmoadgens,xolo yvela sxva am akaTistos gviandel mibaZvas. RvTismSoblisdaujdomeli VII saukuneSi Seiqmna da konstantinepolis RvTismSoblismier mtrisagan daxsnasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (626 w.). * misi pirvelinawili istoriuli, xolo meore – moZRvrebiTi, dogmaturi xasiaTisaa. XIIsaukunidan iwyeba dResaswaulTa da wmindanTa Sesaxeb daujdomlebisSeTxzva da amrigad, himnografiaSi daujdomlis Janri yalibdeba. Tumca,unda iTqvas, rom ukve X saukuneSi miqael modrekilis iadgars boloSidarTuli aqvs “gixarodenis” tipis sagalobeli, romelic “daujdomlis”stiliTaa Sesrulebuli, rac am Janris Casaxvis etapad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos, Tumca igi jer kidev araa kanonikuri “daujdomeli” TavisiibakoebiTa da ikosebiT.*am daujdomlis Seqmnis zusti TariRis Sesaxeb dResac arSemwydarakamaTi mecnierTa Soris, amitom es mxilod savaraudo TariRia.ukve VII saukunidan sasuliero poeziaSi mkvidrdeba himnografiulikanoni, romelic kompoziciurad universaluri gamodga. kanonad iwodeba
46erTgvari liturgiuli poema, romelic sxvadasxva sagaloblebisaganSedgeba da garkveuli wesiT aris SeerTebuli. kanonSi, rogorc wesi,erTi romelime Tema, azri viTardeba da aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeulmaTgans Tavisi saxeli aqvs: magaliTad, aRdgomis, RvTismSoblis, anromelime wmindanis da a.S.qristianul RvTismsaxurebaSi kondakionis SemotanasTan erTadaxali mxatvruli komponentebis Semotanasa da monologuri sistemidandialogurze gadasvlas hqonda adgili, rac galobas gamomsaxvelobas,xolo mis personaJebs sicocxles hmatebda. kondakioni, rogorc taZarSiganxorcielebuli ritualuri drama, antikur dramas daupirispirda dawina planze maradiuli, ucvleli Rirebulebebi wamoswia. igi erTgvarpoetur qadagebas warmoadgens. kondakionisagan gansxvavebiT, romlisavtoric garkveul SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas avlenda, kanoni ar undagascdes bibliur Tematikas. wmida ioane damaskelma kanons safuZvladcxra bibliuri galoba daudo, romelic manamdec gamoiyenebodaRvTismsaxurebaSi. ioane damaskelamde kanons ar hqonda sZlispirebi daaklda simwyobre. swored man daadgina kanonis struqtura da Seadginapirveli sZlispirebi, aseve dawera 64 kanoni dResaswaulebisaTvis.rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sZlispiri, romliTac iwyeba kanoni, erTgvarmelodiur qargas, nimuSs warmoadgenda, romelic cxra bibliuri galobismodelze aigo da mis Tematikas daefuZna. yoveli galoba 3,4,5, an iSviaTadmeti strofisagan Sedgeboda.galoba pirveli: misi qarTuli saxelwodebaa “ugalobdiTsa”, damisi mTavari Tema RvTisadmi didebis aRvlenaa mewamul zRvaSi gasvlisgamo (wigni mosesi, gamosvlaTa, XV, 1-19).galoba meore: “moixilesa”, misi mTavari Tema moseswinaswarmetyveleba da mamxilebeli galobaa levitelTa mimarT ( wignimosesi, meore sjuli, XXXII, 1-43).galoba mesame: “ganZlierdiTsa”, aris samadlobeli galoba anasiuflisadmi, samoel winaswarmetyvelis dedisa vaJis, samoelis micemis gamo(I mefeTa, II, 1-10).galoba meoTxe: “ufalo mesmasa”, romlis mTavari Temac ambakumiswinaswarmetyvelebaa uflis movlinebisa da warmarTTa dasjis gamo
47(winaswarmetyveleba ambakumisi, III 1-19).galoba mexuTe: “RamiTgansa”, Tqmuli esaia winaswarmetyvelis mier,romelSic gadmocemulia molodini mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da sixarulimis gamo (winaswarmetyveleba esaiasi, XXVI, 9-19).galoba meeqvse: “RaRadvyavsa”, misi mTavari Temaa veSapis mucelSimyofi ionas locva. igi gamosaxavs codvili sulis mdgomareobas daaseve aRdginebis saswauls moaswavebs (winaswarmetyveleba ionasi, II, 1-10).galoba meSvide: “kurTxeul arsa”, misi mTavari Temaa locva samiyrmisa uflisadmi, romelmac saswaulebrivad daicva nabuqodonosorismier cecxlSi STacvivnuli sami yrma ( winaswarmetyveleba danielisi, III,26-55).galoba merve: “akurTxevdiTsa”, igi agrZelebs wina galobis Temassami yrmis gadarCenasTan dakavSirebiT ( winaswarmetyveleba danielisi, III,56-88).galoba mecxre: “adidebdiTsa”, erTaderTi sagalobelia, romelsacaxali aRTqma daedo safuZvlad. misi mTavari Tema RvTismSoblissamadlobelia uflis mimarT, romelic ufalma gamoirCia dedaTa Soris(luka I, 46-55).momdevno saukuneebSi meore sagalobels gamotovebdnen xolme. amismizezi isaa, rom bibliuri galoba, romelic safuZvlad daedo meoregalobis Zlispirs, Tavisi SinaarsiT-“meore sjulis” teqstidangamomdinare-sakmaod mZime, mamxilebeli da mrisxanea, amitom igi arikiTxeba. savaraudoa, rom igive tradicia gavrcelda kanonzec da cxragalobidan meore galoba xSir SemTxvevaSi ar igalobeba.*Tavdapirvelad es galobebi oTx sxvadasxva xmaze sruldeboda, xoloioane damaskelis Semdeg ukve rva xmaze sruldeba, romelTagan oT-*ix.Ll.kvirikaSvilis monografia “himnografiuli kanoniskompozicia”, 1982; a. ungiaZe “saeklesio galobisaTvis” “jali” Tb. 2005.xi ZiriTadia, xolo oTxi plagaluri, anu gverdiTi xma.mogvianebiT, X saukunidan, am cxra galobis ricxvs miemata meaTe
48galobac, saxelwodebiT “aqebdiTsa”, romelic saTaves 148-e fsalmunidaniRebs. am sagalobels kanonis ZiriTad nawilad ar aRiqvamdnen dakanonis gverdiT moixseniebdnen. galobaTa es saxelwodebebi mxolodqarTulSi SemorCa, sxva enebSi ki Ddakargulia da ricxviTi aRniSvniTaris Secvlili.ama Tu im xmaSi dawerili sagaloblebi erTsa da imave intonaciursawyisebsa da melodiur formulebzea agebuli. kanonis ZlispirSimiTiTebulia aseve kilo, romelic, uwinares yovlisa, esTetikurikategoriaa. z. WavWavaZe aRniSnavs, rom braudos mier damowmebuli “xmaTa”saxelebi tradiciuli qarTuli saxelebisagan gansxvavdeba. igi maTgaqarTulebas Semdegi saxiT gvTavazobs:xma a _ darbaisluri, amaRlebuli;xma b _ STambeWdavi da Zlieri;xma g _ mozeime (sazeimo);xma d _ amaRlebuli;xma a guerdi _ sibralulis aRmZvreli, elegiuri;xma b guerdi _ mSvidi, religiur-WvretiTi;xma g guerdi _ mwuxare (samwuxaro);xma d guerdi _ darbaislur-TxrobiTi(39, 30).mocemuli cxrilidan kargad Cans, rom TiToeuli xma garkveuliesTetikuri grZnobis aRmZvrelia da xels uwyobs ama Tu im locviTiganwyobis Seqmnas, magram aramc da aramc esTetikuri tkbobisa. sworilocvisTvis da am locvis Sesaferisi religiuri grZnobis aRZvrisTvisaucilebelia garkveuli locviTi ganwyobis Seqmna da am funqciasswored xma da kilo asrulebs.kanonis zogierTi, an SesaZloa yoveli galoba sruldeba e. w.dasafarebliT, anu katavasiiT.katavasia. katavasia warmosdgeba berZnuli sityvidan da gadasvlas,Camosvlas niSnavs. es saxeli momdinareobs tradiciidan, romlismixedviTac katavasiis galobisas ori gundi Sua taZarSi Camodioda daerT gundad SeerTebuli galobda, xolo Tu mas erTi mgalobeli galobda,
49es ukanaskneli ambionidan Camodioda.wardgoma. wardgoma warmoadgens fsalmunis nawils, dResdReobiTZiriTadad erT-or muxls, romelsac mosdevs sakiTxavi wmida werilidan.igi antifonur-responsoruli saxiT sruldeba, romlis drosac mkiTxveliyovelTvis Sua taZarSi dgas. zogierTi wardgoma Zlispiradacgvevlineba. arsebobs ori saxis wardgoma:1. Cveulebrivi, romlis drosac samjer igalobeba erTi ganmeorebadimuxli, xolo ganmeorebad muxls Soris mkiTxveli erT gansxvavebulmuxls kiTxulobs.2. didi wardgoma, romelic oTxi muxlisagan Sedgeba, romelTaSorisac erTi muxli meordeba da iseve sruldeba, rogorc Cveulebriviwardgoma.aliluiari. aliluiari aris aliluias da fsalmunis muxlebismonacvleobiTi galoba, romelic win uswrebs saxarebis kiTxvas da miswardgomas warmoadgens. isini SinaarsiT dRis mTavar movlenasukavSirdebian. liturgiuli aliluiari warmoiTqmis da igalobeba iseve,rogorc wardgoma.akrostiqi. himnografiaSi Zalzed gavrcelebulia sagaloblis iseTisaxeoba, rogoricaa akrostiqi. misi Tavedi da zogjer aseve boloasoebic adgenen sityvebs, romlebic gvauwyebs sagaloblis avtoris, anmisi damkveTis, anda qebis obieqtis saxels. akrostiqi SeiZleba mTelwinadadebasac ki Seadgendes. rac Seexeba sagalobelTa avtorebs,CvenTvis mxolod maTi mcire nawilia cnobili, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSimaTi saxelebi gamotovebulia. amis mizezi is aris, rom rogorc zemoTacaRvniSneT, sagalobelTa WeSmarit Semoqmedad Tavad RmerTi, suli wmidaiTvleboda, xolo simdablis gamo maTi avtorebi TavianT saxelebs arc kimoixseniebdnen.rogorc vxedavT, sagalobelTa yvela es saxeoba praqtikulidaniSnulebis mqonea. swored sagangebod SerCeul sagalobelTa dasakiTxavTa erTianoba qmnis RvTismsaxurebis ama Tu im wess, gangebas,romlebic Tavs oTx ZiriTad liturgiul krebulSi iyrian: “marxvani”,“zatiki”, “paraklitoni” da “Tveni”. magram garda liturgiulisa,arsebobs agreTve samoZRvro-moTxrobiTi dargis sagaloblebic, romlebic
50Tavisi daniSnulebiT scildebian viwro liturgiul CarCoebs dasarwmuneobriv-zneobriv azrebs gamoxataven, aseve avtoris religiurgancdebs, anda romelime istoriul movlenasa da faqts agviweren.amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom liturgiuli galoba locvisnairsaxeobas warmoadgens. e.koWlamazaSvili locvisa da galobisSemdeg ganmartebebs iZleva: “locva aris gonebiT SeerTeba RmerTTanadamianisa; RmrTis mimarT qebis, madlobisa da vedrebis aRvlena. galobaki sulieri sixarulis, molxenisa da gancxromis gamoxatulebaa” (23, 7).igi imowmebs iakob mociqulis sityvebs, romelic wers: ”sWirdes Tu vismeTquengansa ilocevdin, molxine Tu vinme ars, galobdin” (iak. 5, 13). magramCvenTvis cnobilia ara mxolod sulieri sixarulis, aramed sinanulisada sakuTar codvebze glovis gamomxatveli sagaloblebic. aseTisagaloblebi igalobeba magaliTad didmarxvis periodSi da zogadadmarxvebisas.mitropoliti veniamini (fedCenkovi) ganixilavs locvaTafsiqologias da aRniSnavs, rom evqaristiuli kanoni, rogorc adreul, isegviandel periodSi TiTqmis erTi da igive iyo Tavisi agebulebiT,SinaarsiTa da locvebiT. Tumca, misi TqmiT, adreul periodSi ufroZlieri iyo madlobisa da sixarulis gamomxatveli elementi, vidre axla.TandaTanobiT qristianuli cxovrebis dasustebasa da madlismoklebasTan erTad imata Txovnis, sakuTar codvaTa gancdisa da RvTisSiSis gamomxatvelma notebma. misi azriT, es “dacema” SeiZleba SevniSnoTsaerTod RvTismsaxurebis istoriaSic, romelic sul ufro da ufrosinanulis gamomxatvel xasiaTs iRebs. msaxurebani, romlebic IV_IXsaukuneebs miekuTvneba (didi mamebidan dawyebuli damaskelamde),gacilebiT ufro amaRlebulia, mowyvetilia ara mxolod miwas, aramedsaerTod adamiansac misi saWiroebebiTa Tu sneulebebiT da mijaWvuliaRmerTs. is aRniSnavs, rom es dResac ki Cans sadResaswaulo msaxurebebze,rodesac Cven viviwyebT sakuTar Tavs, xolo suli Cveni mTlad RmerTs daim movlenis Wvretas eZleva, romelsac vdResaswaulobT. mogvianebiTsinanulis gamomxatveli elementebis siWarbe SesaZloa imiTac iyogamowveuli, rom maTi avtorebi berebi iyvnen, romlebmac “sinanuliTcxovreba” airCies. wminda ioane damaskelmac ki sinanulis gamomxatveli
51mravali sagalobeli dagvitova. mitropolit veniaminis azriT, esbunebrivic iyo. madlis moklebasTan erTad adamians sul ufrouZneldeboda sixaruli, aqedan gamomdinare ki madlobac; ufro advili iyosinanuli, tirili da Txovna.qristianul msoflaRqmaSi locvis Sinagani wyaro gulia, romelicsuli wmidis madliT xelmZRvanelobs. mas mohyavs pavle mociqulissityvebi, romelic wers: “egreTve da sulica igi Tana-SeewevisuZlurebaTa CvenTa, rameTu raimca igi viloceT, viTar-igi jer-ars, araviciT: aramed TviT igi suli meox ars CvenTvis sulTqmiTa miTusityueliTa” (rom. 8, 26). mitropoliti veniamini (fedCenkovi) wers, romsuli Tavadve moZebnis xolme Sesaferis azrebsa da sityvebs. amasTan,erTsa da imave adamians sxvadasxva momentSi misi sulieri cxovrebisaanda sxvadasxva gancdaTa gavleniT SesaZloa sxvadasxva midgomahqondes locvasTan: zogjer is iTxovs, zogjer esec arSeuZlia_uRirsia da ufro advilia sinanuli, zogjer is mzadaa adidosufali da moicvas mTeli samyaro. amasTan, gansxvavebulni arian Tavadadamianebic. magram am gansxvavebul midgomaTa wyaro mainc ori ZiriTadifaqtia: erTi es aris codviT dacema, xolo meore_faqti adamianisgamoxsnisa. Sesabamisad pirveli aris wyaro sinanulis gamomxatvelimotivebisa, xolo meore wyaro sixarulisa. amas emateba aseve miwierisaWiroebani, rogoricaa adamianis sulieri mdgomareoba, Sesabamisad, ismotivebi Zlierdeba.amrigad, igi asaxelebs oTx bolos, anda kuTxes, romlebic qmnianqristianis locvas: RmerTi, dacemuli suli (anda codva), miwierisaWiroebani da xsna qristeSi, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT_RmerTi, codva, miwa,zeca (64, 26-32). zemoT dasaxelebuli xmebi swored is melodiurimotivebia, romlebic Sesabamis religiur grZnobaTa aRZvras emsaxureba.yovelive es kidev erTxel mianiSnebs imaze, rom sagalobelTa mier amaTu im esTetikuri grZnobis aRZvra TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramedliturgiuli funqciis matarebelia da qristianobis saboloo miznisSesaferisi.yovelive is, rac qristianul sagalobelTa Sesaxeb vTqviT, mxolodda mxolod maTi garegnuli daxasiaTebaa. magram Cveni mizania vikvlioT
52isini ara garedan, rogorc yofili Tu samyarodakarguli qmnilebani,aramed Signidan, im velSi, sadac Sinaganad misawvdomni da gancdadnixdebian, velSi, sadac isini arqetipamde maRldebian da vlenas iwyeben,velSi, sadac adamianTan erTad Tanacxovroben da sadac sakuTar TavSiCaketilni, munji cimcimiT ki ar gvaoceben, aramed urTierToben CvenTan,Cveni subieqturi gancdebis gamoxatulebad iqcevian da umaRlesimSvenierebis wyarosTan gvaaxloeben, velSi, sadac saRvTo istoria maradganmeorebad faqtad iqceva. diax, isini TavianT gansakuTrebul drosivrceSiarseboben da amis gaazrebis gareSe SeuZlebelia maTi gageba.M§4. qristianuli xelovnebis samyaro, dro da sivrceyoveli kultura da maT Soris xelovneba, rogorc am kulturisnawili, swored religiis wiaRSi Caisaxa, sadac TiToeuli nawili erTreligiur centrs, e. w. kults eqvemdebareboda da, amdenad, organulmTlianobas erwymoda. swored aqedan warmosdgeba sityva “kultura”.Tavis mxriv, yoveli kultura qmnis samyaros models, romelicRirebulebaTa garkveul ierarqiasTan aris dakavSirebuli. TavisnaSromSi “sivrcis poetika da ebrauli sasaflaoebis arqiteqturasaqarTveloSi” S. bostanaSvili aRniSnavs: “sakraluris erTianobasamyaros yvela modelis mTavari RerZi da safuZvelia. idealuriSemTxvevaa, rodesac sxvadasxva sagnebsa da movlenebs, aseve maTnawilebs, erTi warmoSoba aqvT, erTi centri da semantikuri niSnebisierarqiaSi arian CarTuli. aseTi mmarTveloba qmnis sakralur toposs,romelTan mimarTebaSic danarCeni yofiTi sivrce _ profanuli toposia.ase g/a/igeba semantikuri sivrce da ase iwyeba sivrcis semantikuridamkvidreba (gasacxovriseba) ” (8, 60). misi TqmiT, es sakraluri sivrcemarTavs profanuls, romelic “gzis” saSualebiT xorcieldeba.vfiqrobT, adamiani swored am gzaze imyofeba, masSi ikveTebasakraluri da profanuli sivrceebi. Aam zRvarze myofi da sakuTarsikvdilTan mudmivad mosaubre adamiani ki qmnis kulturas, anu samyaros
53models, romelSic sivrce mxolod misTvis niSneuli specifiuri sagnebiTkonstruirdeba da aigeba. Aarqaul kulturebSi am sivrcis centralurnawils taZari Seadgens. cxadia, qristianuli kulturis centraluriadgilic taZaria. swored qristianuli taZari da masSi arsebuli nivTebiakonstruireben sakralur sivrces da am sakralur sivrceSi, rogorcsruliad gansakuTrebul samyaroSi, iSveba qristianuli xelovneba. magramras niSnavs xelovnebis qmnilebisTvis samyaro? Aamaze yvelaze ufro kargpasuxs haidegeri iZleva.haidegerTan xelovnebis qmnilebis samyaro isaa, riTac qmnilebaRiaobaSi Seabijebs da iwyebs vlenas. qmnilebad Seqmna misTvis, uwinaresyovlisa, samyarod organizacia-formirebas niSnavs, sadac masala ki arqreba, aramed inaxeba da sadac pirvelad gamoixmoba is RiaobaSi. igiamas “samyaros aRmarTvas” eZaxis. qmnileba misTvis WeSmaritebis procesia,sadac qmnileba sakuTar Tavs ganxSavs da ki ar asaxavs sagans, aramedmoicavs, gaxsnis da aSuqebs mas. haidegers magaliTad berZnuli taZarimohyavs, raTa ufro cxadi gaxados, Tu ras gulisxmobs samyaros cnebaSi:“xuroTmoZRvruli qmnileba, berZnuli taZari arafers ar gamosaxavs. igiubralod mdebarebs xeobebiT daseril kldiT SemozRudul xevSi.xuroTmoZrvruli qmnileba garemoicavs RmerTis saxes, hfaravsa da RiakaribWiT gamohyavs igi wminda areSi. taZris meoxebiT RmerTi taZarSiTanaobs. RvTis es Tanaoba Sinaganad ares viTarca wminda ares ganfenada gankerZoebaa. magram taZari da misi are ganuzRvrelobaSi arinTqmebian. taZari qmnileba erTsa imave dros erTianobad kravs daTavis garSemo ikrebs im gzebsa da mimarTebebs, romlebSic Tavis bedsewevian adamianur arsebaTa dabadeba da sikvdili, wyeva da locva,gamarjveba da Sercxvena, gaZleba da dacema, saxe da srbola. am ganxmulmimarTebaTa gabatonebuli gasaqani aris wilxvedrili xalxis samyaro.misiT da masSi xalxi pirvelad miiqceva Tavisi Tavisaken, raTa TavisidaniSnuleba aRasrulos” (47, 40-41).Aamrigad, TiToeul xelovnebis qmnilebas Tavisi gansakuTrebulisamyaro gaaCnia, romelSic igi qmediTia da cocxali. ufro metic, essamyaro swored misi meSveobiT iwyebs vlenas da xelovnebis qmnilebac,mxolod manamde rCeba aseTad, sanam am samyaroSi myofobs. rogorc ki es
54samyaro irRveva, bundovani da Sinaganad miuwvdomeli xdeba adamianTaTvis,xelovnebis qmnilebac mxolod yofil qmnilebad iqceva. amis SesaniSnavimagaliTia Zveli berZnuli kultura. mis Sesaxeb araerTi gamokvlevadawerila da kacobriobas dRemde aocebs igi, magram am samyaros sulimisTvis amoucnobi da Sinaganad miuwvdomeli rCeba, radgan Cven ar varTmisi nawili, Cveni Sinagani gamocdileba ar emTxveva maT Sinagangamocdilebas. isini sruliad sxva sulier dro_sivrceSi imyofebian. esaris samyaro, sadac warmarTul RvTaebaTa uzarmazari panTeoni realurimniSvnelobis mqonea da yoveli maTi qmedeba am faqtTan SesabamisobaSimoiyvaneba. samyaro, Zveli berZenisaTvis, jer kidev Seucnobeli daamdenad, mudmivi gakvirvebis obieqtia. berZnuli kultura wina planzeswored srulyofil sxeulebriv formebs wamowevs. misTvis jansaRi sulimxolod jansaR sxeulSia, anu sulieris, idealuris samkvidrod miwieri,materialuri arseboba moiazreba. igi myari, dauSleli da harmoniulisamyaros nawilia, radgan jer kidev ver acnobierebs adamianisa dacxovrebis SigniT arsebul winaaRmdegobas materialursa da idealursSoris. mas arc uSno formebSi umaRlesi mSvenierebis aRmoCena SeuZlia,rogorc amas qritianoba akeTebs. igi sruliad sxva sulierdro_sivrceSi imyofeba da am dro_sivrcis Sesabamis xelovnebas qmnis.gansxvavebul suraTTan gvaqvs saqme, magaliTad, TanamedrovexelovnebaSi. igi Tavbrudamxvevi tempebiT mieqaneba Tavisi saSinelidasasrulisken da erTi grZeli apokalifsuri xilva ufroa avadmyofisaukunisa, romelSic aRaraferia maradiuli, myari, ucvleli. aTasgvar“izmebad” daSlil xelovnebaSi daSlili samyaros mxolod romeliRacnamsxvrevi kiafobs. es savsebiT gasagebia im sazogadoebisTvis, romelmacyovelives saerTo safuZveli dakarga. Tanamedrove adamians aRar ZaluZsZveli berZeniviT gulubryvilobis xarjze SeinarCunos harmoniulobisSegrZneba. am myife da msxvrevad samyaroSi adamians mxolod Zrwolaipyrobs. modernistuli, Tu postmodernistuli xelovneba swored amdaSlili samyaros nawilia, sadac sivrce mTlianad dangreulia, vinaidanaRar arsebobs sakraluri, romlis safuZvelzec sagnebi SeZlebdnensamyarod gaerTianebas. Sedegad ki Cndeba usivrco samyaro. Tavis“sityvebsa da sagnebSi” fuko swored aseT usivrco samyaros aRwers,
55sadac sruliad SeuTavsebeli sagnebi erTmaneTis gverdiT aRmoCndebianenaSi, rogorc erTgvar “magidaze”, anu rogorc ubralo adgilsamyofelSi,sadac sagnebs aRar ZaluZT samyarod gaerTianeba. TukiegzistencializmSi mitovebulma da miusafarma adamianma sakuTari TavisSigniT daiwyo dangreuli sakraluri sivrcis Zieba, postmodernma amgvariTavSesafari teqstSi monaxa, teqstSi, romelic avtorisgan damoukidebladarsebobs.amrigad, sulieri dro_sivrce, materialuris msgavsad, SesaZloaramdenime iyos da isini ara mxolod erTmaneTis Semdgom, aramederTmaneTis paraleluradac arsebobdnen. sruliad bunebrivia, rodesacsxvadasxva sulier dro_sivrceSi myof adamianebs xSirad erTmaneTisa aresmiT. Tavis mxriv, qristianul liturgiul xelovnebasac gaaCnia TavisigansakuTrebuli samyaro da is sulieri dro_sivrce, romlisgaTvaliswinebis gareSec, SeuZlebelia qristianuli xelovnebis gageba.kerZod, marTlmadidebluri taZari, gagebuli ara rogorc Zegli, ararogorc warsulis naSTi, sadac turistebi mihyavT dasaTvaliereblad,aramed rogorc cocxali da qmediTi samyaro, sadac uRrmesiqristianuli saidumloebebi aResruleba, gvevlineba, rogorc mtkice dadaurRveveli samyofeli maradisobisa. qristianuli xelovnebis arc erTielementi ar arsebobs am samyarosgan mowyvetiT, damoukideblad. ufroukeT, es zedrouli da zesivrculi samyaroa, sadac materialurimxolod pirobiT niSan_simbolod iqceva. am samyaroSi muzeumisfoliantebSi myofi “yofili qmnilebani” WeSmarit sicocxles iZenen,xolo “adamianuri myofobis sasicocxlo, egzistencialuri dro,soterologiur “cxonebis drod gardaisaxeba”.rogorc a.zelinski aRniSnavs, qristianuli cnobierebaZvelberZnul miTopoeturi tradiciis yovlisSTanmTqmel qronosssoterologiur dros “keross” upirispirebs, romelic “keTil drod”gadmoicema. “kerosi” aris dro, romelsac waruvali sulieri faseulobaaqvs_es drois axali Tvisebaa, rodesac qriste Tavis mowafeebs eubneba:“Jami Cemi axlos ars” (maTe 26: 18). am sityvebSi mxolod jvarcmismoaxloeba rodi ismis, aramed im droSi Sebijebis moaxloebac, romelicyoveli drois momcveli RmrTaebrivi wertilis Tanaziari xdeba_es is
56wertilia, romelSic evqaristiuli msxverpli aResruleba. liturgiisdro morwmuneTa cnobierebas qristes sikvdilisa da aRdgomissaidumlosTan abrunebs, kvlav aerTebs codviT daqucmacebuli samyarosZvel nakuwebs da am samyaroSi axal, waruval azrsa da esqatologiurperspeqtivas avlens. drois Zveli aRTqmiseuli koncefciis nacvlad(romelic momavali mesiis molodinis SegrZnebidan momdinareobda),gaCnda drois axali aRTqmiseuli koncefcia_igi imis aRqmidan aRmocenda,rom mesiis, ieso qristes mosvla ukve realurad aRsrulebuli faqtia.meored mosvlasa da saSinel samsjavros moveliT, magram drois centriamieridan ukve “mosalodnel momavalSi” ki aRar aris, aramedaRsrulebul warsulSi (14, 4_5).qristianuli xelovnebis da mTeli qristianuli kulturiscentralur ideas RmerTis xorciel_qmna, misi gankaceba Seadgens.gankacebuli RmerTi, ufali ieso qristea mTeli marTlmadideblurikulturis safuZvelica da saboloo mizanic. swored qristes mosvliTwydeba drois yovlisSTanmTqmeli mdinareba da igi liturgiul droSigadadis, anu sxvagvarad, drois sworxazobrivi mdinareba eklesiiswiaRSi wrebrunvad iqceva, sadac warsuli, awmyo da momavali erTadiyris Tavs. am droSi qristes jvarcma ara mxolod ukve aRsrulebuli,aramed marad ganmeorebadi faqtia da amave dros, safuZveli momavalisasjelisa. RvTimsaxurebis meoxebiT pirovneba Tanaziari xdebaliturgiuli droisa. rogorc arqimandriti rafaeli aRniSnavs, “eklesiada misi taZruli RvTismsaxureba aris biblia moqmedebaSi, sadac wmidaistoriaSi gadmocemuli movlenebi, warsulica da momavalic,liturgiul ciklebSi awmyod aRiqmeba_esaa dro samyaros Seqmnidanvidre saSinel samsjavromde, romelic marTlmadidebluriRmrTismsaxurebis dRiur da wliur brunvaSi ukiduresadSemWidrovebulia” (3, 87).amitomac aris, rom taZrul drosa da sivrceSi qristianulixelovnebis TiToeuli qmnileba maradisobidan icqireba. qristianulixelovneba es aris zeciuri da miwieri eklesiis maradiuli Sexvedraliturgiul droSi, roca zeciuri miwierdeba xatSi, sagalobelSi, qvaSi,raTa miwieri gaazeciuros. qristianuli xelovnebis umaRlesi mizani
57adamianis RmerTTan miyvanaa. amitom, taZari gaiazreba, rogorc ufalTanda mis wmindanebTan faruli Sexvedrebis adgili, sadac TiToeuli nivTiswored am Sexvedrebs emsaxureba. imisTvis, rom qristianuli xelovnebisromelime nimuSi, dawyebuli Tavad taZridan, ametyveldes, pirovnebisTvisaucilebelia, rom igi CarTuli iyos qritianuli cxovrebis ritmSi.rogorc ki pirovneba qristes sxeulis nawili xdeba, igi maSinve gadadisliturgiul droSi, sadac yovelive warmavali maradiulobis prizmaSigardatydeba, mis Suqze ganixileba. mxolod amis Semdeg ZaluZspirovnebas yovlismSTanTqmeli “qronosi” aqcios soterologiur(cxonebis) drod. Tuki saero xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mudmivimoTqma cxovrebis warmavalobaze, Tuki aq drois warmavaloba daSeuqcevadoba adamianis dauZinebeli mteria, romelic ganuwyvetlivsikvdilTan gvaaxloebs, liturgiul ritmSi CarTuli pirovnebisTvisdro mxolod maradisobis im nawilad iqceva, romelic mas ufalTanSesaxvedrad, mosamzadeblad mieca. pirovnebam icis, rom Tuki igi amdros daniSnulebisamebr ar gamoiyenebs, igi veRarasodes Sexvdebaufals, romlisken swrafvac man sakuTari cxovrebis miznad aqcia.amitomac, sikvdilis faqti Zrwolas gvris mxolod imdenad, ramdenadacigi gankiTxvis JamTan aaxloebs. man icis, rom sikvdili es aris zRvari,romlis miRmac sinanuls azri ekargeba, amitomac qristiani gamudmebiTeswrafvis sikvdilis xsovnas. sikvdilis xsovna misTvis sifxizlisyvelaze qmediTi stimulia uxilav ZalebTan brZolaSi. saero cxovrebaSiadamianebi xSirad gaurbian sikvdilis xsovnas. saero xelovnebisnimuSebic drois warmavalobiTaa daRdasmuli, iqneba es mefeTa dadedofalTa didebuli cxovrebis aRwera, Tu ubralod mSvenieri qalisgamosaxuleba, Semodgomis naRvliani peizaJi, Tu visime sisxlsavsecxovrebis gadmocema, sikvdilis uSualo gamosaxva, Tu yvelaze bednieriwamis dafiqsireba. yovelive mxolod drois Seubralebel warmavlobazemetyvelebs da solomon brZenis beWedze amotvifruli warwerasaviTgvafrTxilebs “yvelaferi gaivlis”. maSin rodesac taZari, xati, Tusagalobeli maradiul naTels asxivebs. liturgiul droSi gadasulipirovneba cdilobs swored es waruvali naTeli Seikribos, taZrebidan,xatebidan Tu sagaloblebidan rom iRvreba.
58rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, marTlmadidebluri taZari aris issivrce, romelSic mniSvnelobs qristianuli xelovnebis TiToeuliqmnileba. igi Tavad gvevlineba im uRrmes simbolod, romelic RvTaebrivWeSmaritebas gamoxatavs. kerZod, taZari, qristianuli xelovnebis sxvaqmnilebebTan mTlianobaSi qmnis mimitiur simbolos zecisas da aramxolod zecisas.amrigad, taZari, rogorc xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSi iqcevauarsebiTes simbolod WeSmaritebisa. TviT forma taZrisa ukve uRrmesiinformaciis damtevia, rogorc viciT, marTlmadidebluri taZarisamgvari formis gvxvdeba: mrgvali, jvaredini, an mogrZo_naviseburi.TiToeul am formas Tavisi Sinaarsi Seesabameba. kerZod, mrgvali,romelsac dasasruli ar uCans, maradiulobis simboloa, jvarediniqristes jvars mogvagonebs, xolo naviseburi ki gvaxsenebs, rom taZariaris gadamrCeni navi cxovrebis zRvaSi. amrigad, taZari masSi arsebulisaRvTismsaxuro nivTebiTurT eklesiis enis nawils warmoadgens da, amavedros, Tavad iqceva samyarod qristianuli xelovnebis TiToeulinimuSisaTvis.arqimandriti rafaeli (karelini), saubrobs ra marTlmadidebluritaZris arqiteqturaze, SeniSnavs: “marTlmadidebluri taZari simbolurida azrobrivi Sinaarsis matarebelia, igi kosmosisa da sulieri samyarosxatia, soflis fericvalebis dinamiuri simbolo, fizikuri sivrce, sadacsulieri samyaro mefobs da ragind STambeWdavic ar unda iyos taZrisforma, misi mowyveta Sinaarsisagan aris TviT formis destruqcia,saerTo degradaciisa da rRvevis procesis mauwyebeli.marTlmadidebluri taZari RmerTis mimarT aRvlenili qvaSi Camosxmulihimnia” (3, 41).arqimandriti rafaeli aqve aRniSnavs, rom marTlmadidebluritaZrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia memkvidreobiToba Zveli aRTqmis taZarTan,rac saerTo formebis SenarCunebaSi gamoixateba. iTvleba, rom am taZrismodeli da formebi TviT ufalma gamoucxada moses. amrigad, taZrisagebisas gamoricxulia TviTneboba, xolo xuroTmoZRvris individualobameore planze gadadis. “esaa erTianoba ara mxoloddogmatikisa_eklesiis gonebisa, ara mxolod mistikisa, eklesiis gulisa,
59aramed agreTve simbolikis erTiაnoba, romelic eklesiis enaswarmoadgens. simboloebs ar Txzaven, maT Sesaxeb ar Tanxmdebian, isinigamocxadebebSi an mistiur xilvebSia mocemuli” (iqve, 42).amrigad taZari, rogorc sulieri samyaros fizikuri sivrce, RvTismier gacxadebul formebSi gvevlineba: iTvleba, rom xSir SemTxvevaSiRvTis mieraa gacxadebuli ara mxolod formebi taZrisa, aramed isadgilic ki sadac igi aigeba. Cveni winaprebi, taZrebs, rogorc wesi,kldeebze, mTebze an miuval xeobebSi aSenebdnen. aq taZari organuladerwymis mkacr garemos da TviT es Ggaremo iqceva taZris gamonaSuqad.aq yvelafers RvTis didebulebis aTinaTi dasTamaSebs, romelictaZridan ganibneva da amave dros masSive ikribeba. uryevi, mtkice,garemos aRuSfoTvel simSvideSi CanTqmuli klde, romelzec taZaridavanebula, maradisobis simbolod qceula da amao cxovrebazeamaRlebuli, kvlav Zveleburad gadmohyurebs misken Zneladsavalbilikebze momaval morwmuneebs. aq yvelaferSi uflis sufeva igrZnobada TiToeuli xe, foToli, Tu balaxi mas adidebs. swored yovelive esqmnis erTianobaSi qristianuli xelovnebis samyaros.qristianuli xelovnebis samyaros qmnis ara mxolod taZari, rogorcxuroTmoZRvruli qmnileba, aramed yvela is nivTic, romelic masSiimyofeba evqaristiuli saidumloebis aRsasruleblad Tu locvisaTvis.amrigad, liturgia aris is, rac acocxlebs am fizikur sivrces dasamyarod aqcevs mas. ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes kvlav haidegeris sityvebsmoviSveliebT, romelic Tavis nawarmoebSi “dasabami xelovnebisqmnilebisa”, ase ganmartavs samyaros cnebas: “samyaro ar aris arsebulgamoTvlad da gamouTvlad, cnobil da ucnob nivTTa SesaZlo grova,magram aseve ar aris igi arsebulTa erTobliobisaTvis garsSemovlebuliwarmosaxviTi CarCo. samyaro samyaroobs da igi ufro myofia, vidre isxelSesaxebi da gagonebadi, romelTa Sorisac gaSinaurebulni varT.samyaro ar aris sagani Cven win rom dgas da romlis CvengniT ganWvretaSeiZleba. samyaro aris is, risi gasagnobriobac arasdros xdeba. rasacmanam vmorCilebT, sanam dabadebisa da sikvdilis, locvisa da wyevisgzebs yofierebaSi vyevarT gantevebulni” (47, 42_43).
60amrigad, RmrTismsaxureba aris is, risi meoxebiTac xdeba droisganwmenda, misi maradisobad qceva, xolo taZris fizikuri sivrcesamyarod iqceva, sadac qristianuli xelovnebis TiTოeuli nimuSiwaruvali naTelis gamoSuqebas iwyebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,qristianuli xelovnebis sivrce, es aris taZari, gagebuli rogorcmistiuri sxeuli qristesi, romelSic uRrmesi qristianulisaidumloebani aResruleba.rac Seexeba liturgiul dros, liturgiuli dro es aris dro,romelic RvTismsaxurebaSi gadis. igi Tavis fizikur gamoxatulebassaeklesio kalendarSi hpovebs. mas Tavis mxriv mkacrad gansazRvruliritmebi da periodebi aqvs da ciklur xasiaTs atarebs. es ritmebigamoxataven RvTismsaxurebaTa monacvleobas, romelic garkveulikanonzomierebiT xdeba.rogorc netari avgustine amtkicebs Tavis “aRsarebaSi”, droiserTaderTi sazomi TviT adamianis sulia, dro sulSi da mxolod sulSiizomeba: “SenSi vzomav me dros, sulo Cemo; gverdiT CavlilisaganSTabeWdileba rCeba SenSi, romelsac, _ ai exla arsebuls, _ gavzomavkidec me, mas vzomav da ara imas, ramac Camiara da datova esSTabeWdileba” (26, 70).dro, rogorc bibliidanaa cnobili, codviT dacemul adamiansmieca, rogorc sasjeli, rogorc sinanulisa da ganwmendis saSualebamaradiulobaSi dasabruneblad, magram amgvar funqcias qristianobaSidro ukve gankacebuli da jvarcmuli macxovris meSveobiT iZens, vinaidanamis gareSe adamians sruliad sxvagvari maradiuli momavali elodebajojoxeTSi wamebis saxiT.qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT, qristes aRdgomiTmarcxdeba dro da sikvdili, amieridan igi mxolod sikvdilis aCrdiladiqceva da aRar ZaluZs sulis gamyinavi Zrwolis mogvra, vinaidanadamians daviT mefsalmunesTan erTad SeuZlia ganacxados: “vidodiRa TuSoris aCrdilTa sikvdilisaiTa, ara SemeSinos me borotisagan, rameTuSen CemTana xar” (fsalm. 22, 5).amieridan, sworad gamoyenebuli dro xrwnadobasa da sikvdils kiara, maradiul netarebas amkvidrebs. swored macxovris jvarcmiTa da
61aRdgomiT xdeba drois ganwmenda, romelic RvTismsaxurebaSi ikribebasamyaros Seqmnidan moyolebuli, da Tu dro marTlac adamianis sulSiizomeba, maSin arc is aris gaugebari, rogor xdeba adamiani liturgiisdros mTeli wminda istoriis uSualo Tanamonawile. swored amitomukavia marTlmadideblur saeklesio kalendarSi aRdgomas centraluriadgili. am dResaswaulis garSemo moZraobs yvela sxva dResaswauli.“msgavsad amisa, RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis drois dinebac iciklebasulieri TvalsazrisiT am mistiuri centris garSemo. radgan, rogorcukve iTqva, xdeba gansazRvrul movlenaTa sulieri ganmeoreba daganaxleba. aq dros dakarguli aqvs Tavisi mTavari Tviseba _Seuqcevadoba da es imitom, rom ieso qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgomiTmospobilia am Seuqcevadobis mizezi: sikvdilisa da jojoxeTis meufeba!qristians… ukve ZaluZs imoqmedos warsulze: amisTvis mas “mxolod”gulwrfeli sinanuli da aRsarebis saidumloebaSi monawileobis miRebasWirdeba” (12, 77_78).ai swored am liturgiul droSi myofobs marTlmadideblurixelovnebis TiToeuli qmnileba, romlis asaxvasac saeklesio kalendariwarmoadgens. locvisa da RvTismsaxurebis ZaliT es qmnilebani TavisWeSmarit funqcias iZenen. drois am ritmis SenarCunebas udidesimniSvneloba eniWeba religiuri da kulturuli tradiciis SenarCunebasada gagrZelebaSi.Tu gadavxedavT kalendarTa Seqmnis istorias, isini Zalze xSiradswored garkveul religiur kultebsa da kulturul tradiciasukavSirdebian. magaliTad: Zvel saberZneTsa da egvipteSi isini mzisa damTvaris kultebs daukavSirdnen. Tavisi ritualuri kalendari aqvszoroastrizms. Tavisi kalendari gaaCnia iudaizmsac, romelic momavalimxsnelis molodinzea orientirebuli. gansxvavebiT qristianobisagan,romelic mxsnelis mosvlas ukve aRsrulebul faqtad miiCnevs. TavisiezoTeruli kalendari gaaCndaT nacistebsac. mahmadianuri kalendari,magaliTad, mTvarezea orientirebuli. indieli tomebis kulturam kimaias kalendari Seqmna. rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva kulturisa dareligiuri orientaciis mqone adamianebi sxvadasxva kalendars qmnian.
62Tavis mxriv, qristianuli liturgiuli weliwadi mWidroddaukavSirda iuliusis kalendars, romelic saukuneebis manZilzeayalibebda morwmuneTa cnobierebas. rogorc a. zelinski aRniSnavs: “amkalendris safuZvelia liturgiuli weliwadi. igi SeicavsdResaswaulebs, marxvebs, wmindanTa moxseniebis dReebs da pasqalias,rogorc mTeli qristianuli RmrTismsaxurebis Sinagan RerZs.samnawiliani liturgiuli ritmi (dReRamuri, Svideulis da wliuri) misikulminaciiT _ aRdgomis sapaseqo dResaswauliT _ gardaqmnispirovnebasa da samyaros mTel wyobas, ar aZlevs ra mas daiSalos droiserTmaneTisgan mowyvetil, uazro nafleTebad. vinaidan kulturisTviTorganizacia liturgiuli kalendris SeqmnasTan erTad mimdinareobs,amitom kalendarSi Setanili cvlilebebi tradiciuli kulturisdacemasa da mis nangrevebze axali kulturuli tradiciis Camoyalibebasmoaswavebs. egvipteli faraonebi taxtze asvlisas fics debdnen, rom arSecvlidnen “religiur” kalendars _ am fics mxolod simboluri ki ara,savsebiT realuri kulturul_istoriuli da saxelmwifoebrivimniSvneloba hqonda” (14, 5_6). amitomac iyo, rom ama Tu im kalendarulireformis gatarebas xSirad Tan sdevda ajanyeba da am gziT, Zvelitradiciuli kalendris aRdgena.kalendris nebismieri cvlileba miuRebelia aRmosavlurieklesiisTvis. ufro metic, rogorc ioseb gubelaZe fiqrobs: “Tavadkosmosi misdevs da “iTvaliswinebs” saeklesio kalendars da ara piriqiT_ iseve, rogorc uflis jvarcma iyo mizezi ciur mnaTobTasaswaulebrivi moZraobisa, iseve rogorc isu naves locva iyo mizezigabaonis kedlis Tavze mzis SeCerebisa 24 saaTiT, iseve rogorc iesoqristes xorcieli Soba iyo mizezi manamde arnaxuli varskvlavisgamoCenisa cis kamaraze, ramac Soreuli qveynebidan beTlems CamoiyvanavarskvlavTmricxvelebi… Tavad, kalendris mxridan ki kosmosisadmi mismimarTebaSi unda Candes misi mTliani CarTva liturgiuli cxovrebismistikur ciklebSi, rogorc qristesmieri siyvaruli cdilobs daitiosmTeli samyaro” (3, 86_87).amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc ar SeiZleba liturgiulikalendris Secvla, aseve dauSvebelia qristianuli xelovnebis
63qmnilebaTa liturgiuli sivrce_droisgan mowyveta, qristianulixelovnebis TiToeuli qmnileba dawyebuli samRvdelo SesamoseliTa Tusaeklesio WurWliT, xatebiT, sagaloblebiTa da taZrebiT damTavrebuliRvTismsaxurebisaTvis aris Seqmnili. amitom aris, rom maTi funqcia araris da arc SeiZleba iyos vinmesTvis esTetikuri tkbobis miniWeba. Tuyovelive zemoTqmuls gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin sruliad gaugebari xdeba,visTvis an risTvis devs xatebi, an sxva saRvTismsaxuro nivTebi muzeumSi,Tu ki isini Tavis WeSmarit funqcias mxolod taZrul sivrcesa daliturgiul droSi CarTviT iZenen. es samyarodakarguli qmnilebani aramxolod yofil qmnilebebad iqcevian, aramed Tavis WeSmarit aRmqmelsackargaven. rogorc aRvniSneT, pirovnebas, romelic ar aris CarTuliliturgiuli cxovrebis ritmSi ar SeuZlia am qmnilebaTa WeSmaritiarsis wvdoma da maTi srulfasovani aRqma.amrigad, qritianuli xelovneba eklesiis wiaRSi, mis mistiurfoliantebSi cocxldeba da xdeba qmediTi. rogorc uspenski aRniSnavs,saeklesio xelovnebis arc gageba da arc axsna eklesiisa da misicxovrebis miRma ar SeiZleba (68, 8). liturgiuli dro_sivrce es arisganwmendili da, amrigad, sruliad axali Tvisebebis matarebelidro_sivrce. kerZod es aris dro, romlis nakadic maradisobas erTvis,dro, romelic adamianTa sulebSi soterologiur drod gardaisaxeba dacvlis ra warsuls, Seqcevadi xdeba. amrigad, dro kargavs TavisumTavres funqcias da marcxdeba maradisobis winaSe sikvdilTan erTad.zogjer Tu kidec Semodis realuri dro-sivrce, rogorc dro, romelSicesa Tu is wmindani cxovrobs, aqac “wuTieri, sofliuri, maradiuli,zesTasofliuris winaSe gaiazreba da erTi miznisaken iswrafvis.agiografiuli gmirebic, TiTqmis uwonod, usivrcod da udroo garemoSiarian warmodgenilni. maTi Sinaarsi miRmuria, transcendenturi, yovelimaTi saxe garkveulad qristes cxovrebas imeorebs, amdenad macxovari damisi cxovreba agiografiuli nawarmoebebisa da misi gmirispirvelsaxea”(40, 33).qristianuli xelovnebis sivrce es RvTis saxlia _ locvis,martoobis da mdumarebis adgili. es aris adgili, sadac ufali mTeliTavisi didebulebiT sufevs. amitomac aris, rom qristianuli xelovnebis
64TiToeuli nimuSi, mxolod aq iwyebs Tavis WeSmarit sicocxles. amdro_sivrceSi isini gamaSualebel rgolad iqcevian zecasa da miwasSoris da yofiTobaze mSvenieri mwvervalebiviT amaRlebulni, waruvalinaTelis gamoSuqebas iwyeben. ufro metic, es naTeli, maTi meSveobiTaRwevs Cvenamde. aq xati maradisobidan icqireba, sagalobelikeTilsurnelebad adis RvTis winaSe, xolo taZris CuqurTmebSisaukuneTa mdinareba SeCerebula. muzeumebis binadari yofiliqmnilebebidan, uecrad cocxali da qmediTi samyaros nawilad iqcevian daadamianTan erTad iwyeben Tanacxovrebas. isini ewevian morwmuneebsgansacdelSi, TanaugrZnoben, zogjer kurnaven kidec da maTi vedrebaufalTan miaqvT. es ki gacilebiT ufro metia, vidre ubralodesTetikuri tkboba, radgan isini im sakralizebuli sivrcis nawilniarian, romelic moicavs adamianis dabadebasa da sikvdils, sixarulsa datkivils, naTlobasa da jvrisweras, sinanulsa da aRsarebas, saeklesiosaidumloebebsa da brwyinvale misteriebs.rogorc vxedavT, qristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebs, iseve rogorcsxva qmnilebebs WeSmariti arseboba mxolod sakuTar samyaroSi dadro_sivrceSi SeuZliaT, raTa samyarodakargul qmnilebebad ar iqcnenda CvenSi da CvenTan erTad ganagrZon sicocxle. himnografiis kvlevacmxolod am dro-sivrceSi SeiZleba. Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, romisini ubralod teqstebi ki ara, galobisaTvis Seqmnili teqstebia, racgavlenas axdens maT ama Tu im ritmul organizaciaze, im sazomebze,romliTac isini iwerebian da bolos maT esTetikur bunebazec. l.grigalaSvili Tavis werilSi aRniSnavs: “sasuliero poeziis analizisasmedievisti orgzis aviwrovebs mkiTxvelze misi esTetikuri zemoqmedebisares. jer erTi himns gamoacalkevebs religiuri atmosferodan, meoremxriv, teqsts xSirad dRes musikaluri xmovanebis gareSe ganixilavs.himnis funqcia ki srulad mxolod galobiT gaxmianebisas vlindeba,maSasadame sagaloblis esTetikuri bunebis Sesamecneblad Cven xelT misimxolod erTi Sre gvaqvs. es aris sagaloblis sityvieri faqtura”(11, 103).magram Tavad es sityvieri faqturac ki ar aris martivi sakvlevi daimisaTvis, rom is vikvlioT aucilebelia vicodeT, Tu rogor gaiazrebais qristianobaSi da zogadad bibliaSi, ra mimarTeba aqvs mas sagnebTan
65da ra udevs safuZvlad im enas, romelzec himnografia metyvelebs, rasulieri Sinaarsisa da ezoTeruli energiis matarebelia igi. kargadunda gaviazroT Tu rogor udgeba biblia Tavad saxeldebis faqts da ramniSvneloba aqvs amas himnografiisTvis, rogorc locviTi funqciismatarebeli teqstisTvis. rogorc cnobilia, himnografia ugulebelyofsmaterialur sawyiss da transcendentur samyaros warmoaCens, rogorcmSvenierebas WeSmaritebisa, sadac sityva mis arsTan ganuyoflad aRiqmebada erTgvari SemecnebiTi funqciis mqonecaa. swored amitom warmogvidgebaigi, rogorc poetur formaSi gacxadebuli RvTismetyveleba, rogorcmetyveleba RvTaebrivi sulisa, romelic Tavs qristianul simboloebSiacxadebs. magram rogor aris SesaZlebeli Tavad es gacxadeba, gavigebTmxolod maSin, Tuki gvecodineba, rogor moiazrebs biblia sityvasa dasaxels, rogoria enis qristianuli Teoria. gavigebT imasac, Tu ratomeniWeba locvas aseTi didi mniSvneloba qristianul msoflaRqmaSi da raqmnis qristianuli xelovnebis specifikas.§5. sityvisa da saxelis Teoria bibliaSiwina TavSi Cven mimovixileT himnografiis warmoSobis istoria, misikvlevis tradiciebi saqarTveloSi. aseve ganvixileT misi saxeebi da isesTetikuri koncefcia, romelsac igi eyrdnoba, samyaro, romelSicqristianuli xelovnebis qmnileba cocxali da qmediTia, magramhimnografiuli qmnilebani, upirveles yovlisa, poeturi teqstebia,romlebic sityvieri masalisgan Sendeba. imisTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramimarTebaa mxatvrulsa da religiurs Soris himnografiaSi, aucilebeliavicodeT, Tu ra mimarTeba aqvs mas zogadad sityvasa da saxelTan.sxvagvarad misi arsi CvenTvis miuwvdomeli da amoucnobi darCeba.rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, qristianuli himnografiis amosavali wyarobibliaa. amitom, upirveles yovlisa, unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra mimarTebaaqvs sityvasa da saxelTan am ukanasknels.
66dimitri leskini Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi "sityvisa dasaxelis metafizika" aRniSnavs, rom biblia Seicavs gamokveTil swavlebasRvTaebriv saxelebze da saxeli udidesi mowiwebiT aris masSigaremoculi. amasTan TiTqmis 1500 wlis manZilze dawerili teqstebiwarmodgenaTa gasaocari erTobis demonstrirebas axdenen. "axali aRTqma"am azriT gamodis, rogorc pirdapiri memkvidre "Zvelisa". ZvelaRTqmiseul tradiciaSi, sxva ZvelaRmosavlur kulturaTa msgavsad,adamianis saxeli saidumlod aris dakavSirebuli mis sulTan. saxeliasaxavs adamianis pirovnebas mTeli Tavisi simdidriT. flobdesaxels_niSnavs Seicno adamianis Sinagani arsi, iyo masTan uSualokavSirSi da garkveuli Zalauflebac ki moipovo masze. "dabadebis" wignSi,RvTis mier gamogzavnili angelozi, romelic iakobs ebrZvis, malavsmisgan Tavis saxels (dab.32, 2) . pasuxobs ra manoaxs saxelis SesaxebkiTxvaze angelozi ambobs: "risTvis mekiTxebi saxels? saidumloa igi"(msaj.13, 18). bibliaSi saxelis Secvlas udidesi simboluri datvirTvagaaCnia, vinaidan axali saxeli aq axali cxovrebis dawyebas, axaliadamianis dabadebas niSnavs. aRTqmis miRebis Semdeg abrami xdeba abraami,iakobi_israeli, xolo RvTismbrZoli savle_pavle. Zvel aRTqmiseultradiciaSi adamianis saxelis warmoTqma masTan uSualo kavSirSiSesvlas niSnavda. amitom sxvisi saxeliT moqmedebas uaRresad frTxiladekidebodnen.saxeli bibliis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc sruli da namdvili gamoxatvadasaxelebuli sagnis anda pirovnebis. saxelis mniSvneloba aq aris araverbaluri anda pirobiTi dasaxeleba sagnisa, aramed realuri SesvlamasTan kontaqtSi. saxeli asaxavs Tavisi matareblis ZiriTadmaxasiaTeblebs, avlens mis Sinagan arss. Zvel aRTqmaSi saxelis ZiriTadimniSvneloba umetesad miuTiTebs ara asoTa erTobaze erTi adamianismeorisagan gansasxvaveblad, ramdenadac Tavad adamianTan kavSirze, iseverogorc Zvelegviptur msoflaRqmaSi vinmes saxelis gageba niSnavs mismatarebelTan kontaqtSi Sesvlas, misi Sinagani arsis Semecnebas. ZvelaRTqmaSi adamiani aRiqmeba principiT: rogoricaa adamianis saxeli,iseTia isic. saxeli aq ekuTvnis ara imdenad cnobierebis sferos,ramdenadac yofierebisas.
67dimitri leskini aRniSnavs, rom sityvis SemoqmedebiTi buneba ukvedabadebis pirvelive TavebSi ixsneba. Tavad Seqmnis procesi moicavs oretaps: sakuTriv qmnasa da saxeldebas. saxeldeba niSnavs amkonteqstSi_gansazRvro adgili Seqmnili arsisa araradan Seqmniliyofierebis ierarqiaSi, gansazRvro misi mimarTeba sxva qmnilebebTan.saxelis darqmeva miuTiTebs agreTve kuTvnilebaze, qmnilebisdaqvemdebarebaze saxelmdeblisadmi, am SemTxvevaSi ki_RmerTisadmi.Zveli aRTqmis yvela wigni miuTiTebs saxelisa da saxeldebulisRrma urTierTkuTvnilebaze. saxelis dideba niSnavs didebas misimflobelisa, saxelis upatioba mowmobs misi patronis mier Rirsebisdakargvaze, saxelis sikvdili ki misi matareblis sikvdilze. amwarmodgenis Sesabamisad, adamianis saxelze zemoqmedeba niSnavs Tavadadamianze zemoqmedebas. es Sexeduleba Zalzed mogvagonebs ZvelaRmosavlur, egviptur-babilonuri miTologiis Sexedulebas. magiuradmoazrovne adamianisTvis saxeli pirovnebis arsia, amoRebuli misirealobidan ise, rom pirovneba erTdroulad imyofeba realobaSic dasaxel-arsSic. masSi pirovneba imyofeba imgvarad, rom TiToeuli misiWeSmariti saxelis mcodne da saWiro saxiT warmoTqmis unaris mqone,unda flobdes pirovnebas, sZlevdes mas. Tavad pirovneba miudgomelia,magram saxelSi is misawvdomi xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia is didimniSvneloba, romelic eZleva Zvel aRTqmaSi WeSmariti saxelis codnas,aseve saxelebis Secvlis tradicia. saxelis gadarqmeva niSnavsdamoukideblobis dakargvas, misdami daqvemdebarebas, vinc saxels ucvlis.saxelis Sesaxeb aseTi Sexeduleba gasagebs xdis wmida werilisteqstSi didi odenobiT sagvareulo siebis arsebobas, tradicias misulsTviT saxarebaTa dromde. magaliTad "ricxvTa wigni," Toris meoTxe wigni,mniSvnelovanwilad ubralod saxelebis siebisagan Sedgeba.' saxelTaes jaWvi abraamTan, xolo misi gavliT adamTan midioda da masSi CarTviTadamiani xdeboda srulyofili wevri RvTis rCeuli xalxisa da,maSasadame, saidumlo saxiT imyofeboda uflis xsovnaSi.Saxelis centralur Temas Zvel aRTqmaSi, uflis saxelis Temawarmoadgens. adamiani aq qmnilebebTan erTad saxels arqmevs RmerTsac.bibliaSi gvxvdeba RmerTis aranakleb asamde saxelisa (elohim_"RmerTi";
68adonai_"ufali Cemi"; Saddai_"uzenaesi, is vinc mTazea"; sabaoT_"ufalimxedrobaTa" da a. S.). amave dros bibliaSi gatarebulia azri, romRmerTis saxeldeba SeuZlebelia, rom misi saxeli adamianisTvismiuwvdomelia. marTalia, iakobisa da RmerTis brZolisas RmerTi arumxels mas Tavis saxels, magram mTeli urTierToba RmerTTan ebraelTaxalxis mamisa saxelebis sferoSi xdeba: RmerTi akurTxebs iakobs, aZlevsra mas axal saxels israelisa, iakobi adidebs RmerTs, aZlevs ra adgilssaxels, romelzec ufalma Tavi gamoucxada, kerZod ki _fenuels (dab. 32,30). magram mTavar bibliur mowmobad RvTis saxelis Seucnoblobisa ZvelaRTqmaSi unda CavTvaloT gamosvlaTa wignSi moTxrobili ambavi (gam. 3, 4-15), romelSic Tavad ufali ganecxadeba kacobriobas, umxels ra mosessaxelsY_ iahve, xorebis mTaze, Seuwveli mayvlis saxiT. es teqstiuaRresad mniSvnelovania im mniSvnelobis gasagebad, romelsac debensaxelSi moseca da iahvec, vinaidan saxeli da misi matarebelisiRrmiseulad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs Zveli aRTqmiseuli adamianiscnobierebaSi. moses survili, gaigos RmerTis saxeli, niSnavs imas, rom massurs kavSirSi Sevides RmerTTan, Seicnos is, vinc mas uxmobs.egviptelebisgan gansxvavebiT, ebraelebma ar ician TavianTi RmerTissaxeli. isini icnoben mas, rogorc TavianTi mamebis RmerTs, magram aramisi WeSmariti saxeliT. maS rogorRa SeuZliaT miiRon is TavisgankargulebaSi, rogorRa SeuZliaT aiZulon, mis saxels emsaxurosebraelebs? leskini aRniSnavs, rom am kiTxvaSi dafarulia siRrmiseulidramatuloba: wamova Tu ara RmerTi moses survilis SemxvedrimimarTulebiT, gamoucxadebs ki Tavis saxels, endoba mas? pasuxad RmerTisakuTar Tavs uwodebs '"iahve", anu " me var, romelic var". aq saxeli aRargaigeba ise, rogorc es magiaSia gagebuli. Tavisi pasuxiT RmerTiscildeba warmarTuli logikis farglebs RmerTTan urTierTobisa. ampasuxSi Cans miTiTeba mosaubris mier survilis ar qonisa pirdapirupasuxos kiTxvas. "iahve" RmerTis mier sakuTari saxelis gamocxadeba kiar aris, aramed miTiTeba imaze, rom adamianur enaze ar aris sityva,romelic RvTis saxeli iqneboda ebrauli gagebiT, anu erTgvariyovlismomcveli simbolo, romelic mTlianad axasiaTebs mis matarebels.Tumca es ar unda miviRoT, rogorc RmerTis uari daasaxelos sakuTari
69saxeli. masSi RmerTi abraamisa, isaakisa da iakobisa acxadebs Tavs,rogorc pirovnuli RmerTi da arapirovnul urTierTobebSi RmerTTansaubari ar SeiZleba. RmerTze ar SeiZleba diskusia, rogorc nebismiersaganze am samyarosi. igi ar SeiZleba aqcio sakuTari warmodgenebisobieqtad, SeuZlebelia gansazRvro cnebebiT. amave dros, saxeli iahveSeicavs aRTqmas RmerTis siaxlovisa. erT-erTi aspeqti saxelisTargmanisa aris_"me aqa var, me TqvenTan erTad movdivar". iahve ar arismagiuri RmerTi, romlis yofnasac sakulto sagnebiT, moqmedebebiTa damisi WeSmariti saxelis warmoTqmiTac ki viwvevT, aramed RmerTi Tanamdevi,axlobeli Tavisi rCeulebisTvis, droisa da adgilisagan damoukideblad.saxeli "iahve" mowmobs, rom RmerTi absoluturad Tavisufali rCeba,SeuZlebelia ganagebde mas, moaxden ra zemoqmedebas masze saxelismeSveobiT. misi saxelis mcodneT ar SeuZliaT daudginon, Tu ra saxiTunda miuaxlovdes da daexmaros maT. da bolos, TviT faqti saxelisgamocxadebisa, niSnisa da xalxis ganmtkicebis saxiT, metyvelebs formaze,romliTac ufali mzadaa ganecxados adamians. iahves mier micemuliaRTqma SeiZleba gamocdilebiT iqnes gancdili mxolod iq, sadacadamianebi mzad arian uari Tqvan TavianT Cvevebsa da kavSirebze, raTamxolod uflis xmas misdion. es xma maT gzad uxmobs, romelsac gaxsniliucnobi momavlisaken mihyavs, romelic RvTis aRTqmiT aris ganaTlebuli:"da, aha, me Sen Tana var dacvad Senda yovelsave gzasa Sensa, vidrecaxჳdodi" (dab. 28, 15). "egvipturi sasjelebi," romliTac mose arwmunebsfaraons gauSvas xalxi, RvTis saxelis mrisxane niSnebia.amrigad, RvTis saxelis Zlevamosileba mosesaTvis micemuli pasuxisorazrovnebis gamo, rogorc vxedavT, ki ar mcirdeba, aramed piriqiT, axal,adamianisTvis miuwvdomel doneze adis. es saxeli maRla dgas yovelgvarsaxelze, vinaidan masSi da misgan cocxali RmerTi laparakobs. wmidamamaTa tradicia alSi, romelSic mayvlis buCqi iyo gaxveuli, xedavs arabunebriv cecxls, aramed RvTis saxelis brwyinvalebas anda mis didebas.dekalogis mesame mcneba krZalavs iahves saxelis warmoTqmas fuWad.Tavdapirvelad es mcneba icavda jadoqrobisgan, magiisa daSelocvisagan RvTis saxelis gamoyenebiT, rac ase niSneuli iyowarmarTuli kultebisaTvis. mogvianebiT ki es akrZalva gagebuli iqna
70kidev ufro yovlismomcveli azriT: dideba RvTis saxelisadmi aRvleniliTavad RmerTTan adis. iseve, rogorc am saxelis Seuracxyofa RmerTisSeuracxyofas niSnavs. saxeli "iahve" praqtikulad gaigivebuli iqnaiudevelis cnobierebaSi Tavad iahvesTan. babilonelTa tyveobidandawyebuli (IX s.Cv.w.aR-mde), RvTis saxeli saerTod aRar warmoTqmula. misnacvlad gamoiyeneboda erTgvari samalavi_tetragrama, oTxi Tanxmovanibgerisagan Semdgari, xolo mogvianebiT misTvis saxel "adonaidan"xmovnebis damatebiT gaCnda xelovnuri vokalizacia tetragramisaYHWHHH(iahve). rogorc leskini aRniSnavs, florenskis azriT, RvTissityva iudevelma brZenebma Segnebulad gansmWvales cru svlaTasistemiT, raTa vinmes SemTxveviT ar daematebina swori xmovnebi. mxoloderTma gvarma, misi ufrosi warmomadgenlis saxiT icoda saxelis sworiwarmoTqma, magram masac mxolod weliwadSi erTxel SeeZlo esargeblaTavisi codniT (62, 40).RvTis saxelis kulti msWvalavs mTel saRvTismsaxuro wyobasZveli aRTqmiseuli cxovrebisa. Tavad solomonis taZari aRwerilia ararogorc RmerTis taZari, aramed rogorc "RmerTis saxelis" taZari.solomoni ambobs: "da iyo gulsa daviTisa, mamisa Cemissa, viTarmca uSenataZari saxelsa uflisa RmrTisa israჱlisasa" (3 mef. 8, 17).d. leskini aRniSnavs, rom RvTis saxelis Zvel aRTqmiseul kultSiyuradRebas iqcevs misi uSualo kavSiri "uflis didebis" cnebasTan,romelSic Zveli aRTqmis avtorebi gulisxmoben warmodgenas RvTisuxilavi Tanamyofobis Sesaxeb, gamovlenils xilul xatebSi, magaliTadRrubelSi, anda cecxlSi. dideba RvTisa, Tavad RmerTisgan gansxvavebiT,SeiZleba lokalizebuli aRmoCndes romelime konkretul adgilas andamasTan dakavSirebul wminda saganSi. gviandeli rabinistuliliteratura uflis didebis am Tanamyofobas aRniSnavs terminiT"Sexina". uflis dideba, romelic Tavdapirvelad aRTqmis kidobnis Tavzesufevda, axla solomonis mTel taZars avsebs: "da taZarsa wmidasamissa Tquas yovelman vin didebai misi" (fsal.28,9). amrigad, Tuki uflisdideba aris RmerTis Tanamyofobis gamocdileba, romelsac grZnobentaZarSi mosuli adamianebi, RvTis saxeli aris erTgvari koncentrirebuligamoxatuleba am didebisa, misi gvirgvini da kulminacia. Aamrigad, dideba
71uflisa (Sexina) moqmedebs RvTis saxelis (Semis) meSveobiT. taZarieZRvneba uflis saxels, taZarSi modian, igeben ra uflis saxelis Sesaxeb,taZarSi aRiareben uflis saxels da, rac mTavaria, taZari aris adgiliuflis saxelis sufevisa, romlis meSveobiTac mlocvelisTvis misawvdomixdeba uflis dideba. amrigad, Zvel aRTqmaSi gamoTqma "saxeli iahve"ukavSirdeba uflis didebis cnebas, RvTis Zalisa, RvTis sufevisa. ZveliaRTqmis gviandel wignebSi uflis saxeli ubralod sinonimi ki ar arisRvTisa, aramed miuTiTebs iahves gamocxadebaze, Tanamyofobaze, moqmedebazeam samyaroSi. Tuki iahve zecaSi sufevs, misi saxeli miwaze imyofeba_misimiwieri warmomadgenelia. uflis saxelis Tema grZeldeba fsalmunebSic:"ugalobdiT ufalsa, akurTxevdiT saxelsa missa" (fsal. 95, 2). “auarebdiTsaxelsa Sensa didsa, rameTu saSinel da wmida ars" (fsal. 98, 3). "ufalo,saxeli Seni ukunisamde da saxsenebeli Seni TesliTi Teslamde" (fsal.134, 13) da a.S. amrigad, saxeli iahve, Zvel aRTqmaSi aRiqmeba, rogorcumaRlesi momenti uflis didebis gancxadebisa, rogorc RmerTisa daadamianis Sexvedris wertili, rogorc RmerTis warmomadgeneli miwaze (62,32-42).axal aRTqmaSi SenarCunebulia saxelisa da sityvis iseTive aRqma,rogoric Zvel aRTqmaSia. logosi, sityva_axali aRTqmis centralurcnebas warmoadgens. es saxeli ewoda wmida samebis meore hipostazs,xolo yvelaze ufro filosofiuri, ioanes saxareba iwyeba sityvebiT:"pirveliTgan iyo sityvai da sityvai igi iyo RmrTisa Tana, da RmerTi iyosityvai igi” (ioan. 1, 1). "saxelebis Teoria", specialuri mniSvnelobiT,farTod aris warmodgenili axal aRTqmaSic. aq saqme gvaqvs sityvisa dasaxelis iseTive aRqmasTan, rogoric damaxasiaTebeli iyo ZveliaRTqmisaTvis. maTesa da lukas saxarebebi Seicaven ieso qristesgenealogiis gadmocemas. amasTan, maTes mihyavs igi abraamamde, xololukas, adamamdec ki. amiT xazi esmeba im faqts, rom qriste realuriadamiani iyo, visi saxelic CarTuli iyo adamianur saxelTa uwyvet jaWvSi.msgavsi principiT aris aRwerili, Tu rogor gamoecxada mTavarangelozigabrieli rogorc zaqariasa da elisabedis, ise wminda mariamsa daiosebs. mTavarangelozi Tavidan auwyebs Zis dabadebis Sesaxeb, xoloSemdeg acnobebs saxels, romelic bavSvs unda daarqvan. leskini
72aRniSnavs, rom samyaros Seqmnis procesi aseve or etaps moicavda: ama Tuim elementis Seqmnasa da mis saxeldebas. ase, rom mTavarangelozgabrielis mier warmoTqmuli xareba gulisxmobs ara mxolod Zisdabadebis aRTqmas, aramed misi saxelis uwyebasac: ieso (ebr. "iahve ixsnis").axal aRTqmaSi ara erTxel xdeba iesos saxelis mxsneli Zalisdemonstrireba.RvTis saxelis moxmobiT iwyeba umTavresi qristianuli locva"mamao Cveno": "wmida iyavn saxeli Seni" (maT. 6, 9). saidumlo serobazeqriste aZlevs aRTqmas Tavis mowafeebs: "raodenica-rai sTxooT mamasasaxeliTa CemiTa, mogces Tquen" (ioan. 16, 23). mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qriste kimowafeebs ubrZanebs: "warvediT da moimowafeniT yovelni warmarTni danaTels scemdiT maT saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisawmidisaTa" (maT. 28, 19).amrigad, axali aRTqmiseuli xareba iwyeba gankacebuli RmerTisaTvissaxelis micemiT. es saxeli genetikurad aris dakavSirebuli saxel"iahvesTan". masTan SeerTebulia axali epoqis dadgomis idea RmerTisada adamianis urTierTobaSi, rodesac RmerTi gvevlineba rogorc mxsnelida ara rogorc damsjeli. iseve rogorc Zvel aRTqmaSi, aqac saxeliscneba dakavSirebulia RvTis didebis cnebasTan. "mamao Cveno" iwyebaRmerTis saxelis moxmobiT da mTavrdeba RvTis didebis xsenebiT:"rameTu Seni ars sufeva, Zali da dideba saukuneTa mimarT. amin" (maT. 6,13).iseve, rogorc Zvel aRTqmaSi, axal aRTqmaSic saxeldeba, an saxelisgadarqmeva miuTiTebs adamianis mier cxovrebiseuli gzis Secvlaze: sams,Tavis mowafeTagan, iesom axali saxeli misca. axal aRTqmaSic uflissaxeli saswaulebriv Zalas flobs. RvTis saxeliT saswaulebs sCadianisinic ki, vinc misi mowafeebi ar arian (mark. 9, 39). samocdaaTi mowafeqristesi mowmobs: "ufalo, eSmaknica dagvemorCilebian saxeliTa SeniTa"(luk. 10, 17). uflis saxeli kurnavs adamianebs da ganagdebs eSmakebs,ramdenadac masSi udidesi Zalaa.qristes gamosaTxovari sityva Tavis mowafeebTan Seicavs samgzismowodebas mowafeTa mimarT iTxovon mamisagan "misi saxeliT". es samgzisimowodeba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebs qriste am
73mcnebas. ioanes saxarebaSi aris adgili, sadac moTxrobilia uflisSesapyrobad mosuli jariskacebis ucnauri qcevis Sesaxeb, rodesac maT,ganacxadeben ra rom iesos eZieben, ufali pasuxobs: "me var". (ioan.18,3 -8).dimitri leskini imowmebs cnobili Tanamedrove RvTismetyvelis, episkoposilarionis (alfeevis) sityvebs, romlis mixedviTac arsebobs varaudi, romjariskacebis kiTxvaze iesom warmosTqva swored is wminda saxeli "iahve",romelic sityvasityviT niSnavs "me var", romlis warmoTqmac mkacrad iyoakrZaluli. gaigones ra es mis bageTagan, isini SiSiTa da ZrwoliT"gareukuniqces da daecnes queyanasa". xolo monaTxrobi ieso qristesaRdgomis Sesaxeb mTavrdeba mtkicebiT, rom es yovelive daiwera "raiTagrwmenes da cxovrebai gaqvndes saxeliTa misiTa" (ioan. 20, 31). Zvelmaeklesiam ukvdavyo saxelisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba naTlobisformulaSi, romlis meSveobiTac adamiani Seabijebs qristianulcxovrebaSi. nakurTx wyalSi kaTakmevelis STafvla xdeba "saxeliTamamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa". amrigad, qristianulisarwmunoeba warmoudgenelia iesos saxelis gareSe.aseTive mowiweba igrZnoba uflis saxelis mimarT axali aRTqmissxva wignebSic. leskini kvintesenciad RvTis saxelis gandidebisamociqulTa saqmeSi miiCnevs petre mociqulis sityvebs: "arcaRa arssaxeli sxuai casa QqveSe mocemuli kacTa, romliTamca jer-iyo cxorebaiCuenda" (saq. moc. 4,12). pavle mociqulis werilebSi, romlebic uaRresadavtoritetulad iTvleba, azri kacobriobis ganaTlebis, ganwmendisa daganmarTlebis Sesaxeb ieso qristes saxeliT erT-erTi Zireulia (1kor. 6,11; kol. 3, 17; rom. 1 ,4-5 da sxv.). azri ieso qristesa da iahves igiveobisSesaxeb aisaxa bizantiur ikonografiul tradiciaSic. aq ieso qristegamoisaxeba nimbiT, romelsac berZnulad aweria "myofi", rac iahvesberZnul Targmans warmoadgens. amrigad, axali aRTqma mowmobs qristessaxelis msoflio mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.uaRresad mniSvnelovania aseve axal aRTqmaSi sityvisa da saxelisgaazreba, rogorc eTikuri kategoriisa, rodesac sityva gaazrebulia,rogorc saqme. sityvis, rogorc saqmis gaazrebis magaliTs warmoadgens,magaliTad sityvebi: “numca vin gacTunebs Tquen cudiTa sityviTa, rameTuamisTvis miiwevis risxvai RmrTisai naSobTa maT zeda urCebisaTa” (efes.
745, 6); anda “yoveli sityuai uqmi, romelsa ityodian kacni, miscen sityvaimisTvis dResa mas sasjelisasa. rameTu sityvaTa SenTagan ganhmarTldeda sityuaTa SenTagan daisajo” (maT. 12, 36). aseTi magaliTebi SeiZlebabevri sxvac moiZebnos, rac sityvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobazemiuTiTebs axal aRTqmaSi.saxelisa da ricxvis iudaistur-elinisturi msoflaRqmisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli mistikiTaa gamsWvaluli “wminda ioane RvTismetyvelisgamocxadebac”. “gamocxadebis” mTavari Tema aris brZola RmerTsa daeSmaks, qristesa da antiqristes, kravsa da mxecs Soris. antiqristezegamarjveba axali saxelis micemiT aRiniSneba: “romelman sZlos, mivscemas mananaisa misgan dafarulisa da mivsce ricxvi spetaki da ricxusamas Tana saxeli axali dawerili, romeli aravin uwyis, garna romelmanmiiRos” (gamocx. 2, 17). romelman sZlos antiqristes, “davwero mis zedasaxeli RmrTisa Cemisai axlisa ierusalemisai, romeli gardamovalszeciT RmrTisagan Cemisa, da saxeli igi axali” (gamocx. 3, 12). amrigad,ganRmrToba “apokalifsSi” gagebulia, rogorc RvTisagan axali saxelismiReba. meore mxriv, qristes mtrebs eqnebaT “beWedi saxelisa mxecisa mis,anu ricxvi saxelisa misisai” (gamocx. 13, 17). “gamocxadeba” savsea amtipis gamoTqmebiT. masSi koncentrirebuli saxiTaa mocemuli mTelibibliuri RvTismetyveleba saxelisa, sadac sityva, saxeli, wigni ZiriTadrols TamaSoben (62, 32-42; 54-58).amrigad, bibliuri swavleba saxelis Sesaxeb gasaocari erTobiTgamoirCeva, sadac saxeli arsTan ganuyofel erTianobaSi moiazreba.amitomac aris, rom locvas, rogorc RvTisa da misi wmindanebis saxelismoxmobas, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qristianobaSi da igi TavadarqetipTan urTierTobaSi Sesvlas gulisxmobs. bunebrivia, himnografiacsityvisa da saxelis swored amgvar aRqmas emyareba, sadac saxeli, sityvaara mxolod gamoxatavs arss, aramed misi Secnobis saSualebasacwarmoadgens. wminda werili aris RvTis sityva, romlisMmeSveobiTac CvenviRebT informacias zeciuris, sulieri samyaros Sesaxeb. ramdenadachimnografia wminda werils da mis simbolur enas iyenebs, is iseTivematarebeli xdeba am informaciisa, rogoric Tavad wminda werilia.sityva xdeba arsis gamovlenis gamonaTebis, gaxsnis saSualeba. arsi,
75romelic TavisTavad dafarulia, swored sityvis meSveobiT xdebadaufaravi adamianis cnobierebisTvis. wminda mamebi sityvis ramdenimefunqcias gamoyofdnen. igi urTierTobis saSualebacaa da samyarosSecnobis saSualebac, ramdenadac RmerTi ar uaryofs arcerT saxels,romelsac adami arqmevs cocxal arsebebs da mas RvTaebrivi SemoqmedebisTanaziars xdis. adamis meSveobiT yvela adamiani xdeba matarebeli amunarisa, magram misi realizacia da saganTa Semecneba Tavad am adamianissaqmea. adamiani RvTis mier Seqmnili samyaros mefea da rogorc mefes,mxolod mas SeuZlia am samyaroSi saxelebis codna.unda iTqvas isic, rom rigi mamebisa SeuZleblad miiCnevs sagnisarsis Semecnebas misi saxelis arsSi wvdomiT, radgan saxelsa da imasSoris, rac saxeldeba yovelTvis dgas saxelmdebeli, anu adamiani. gardaamisa, sityvas yvelafris gamoxatva ar SeuZlia da pirvel rigSi TavadRmerTis, romelic sruliad gamouTqmelia. gansxvavebiT miTologiuri damagiuri azrovnebisagan, romelic saxels ara imdenad cnobierebis, aramedyofierebis sferos miakuTvnebs da saxels saxeldebulis ganuyofelnawilad aRiqvams, wminda mamaTa tradicia aRiqvams mas, rogorcsimbolos sagnisa, romelsac ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli arseboba. misTvismiuRebelia arsis saxelze dayvana da Sesabamisad is Tvalsazrisic,romlis mixedviTac RmerTi da misi saxeli igiveobrivni arian. marTalia,saxeli mWidro kontaqtSi moiazreba arsTan da misi gamovlenisa daSemecnebis saSualebaa, magram igi mainc niSania da ara Tavad es arsi.yvelaferi, rasac adamiani RmerTis Sesaxeb moiazrebs, aris erToba misisaxelebisa da am saxelebis gareSe ar arsebobs aranairi wminda azriRmerTis Sesaxeb. amitomac RmerTis saxelebi, romelTa meSveobiTacadamiani RmerTs ganadidebs, ara mxolod ideuri simboloebia, araazrebia RmerTze, aramed Tavad RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebani, sadac adamianisazri TanxmobaSi modis RvTaebriv gamocxadebasTan, qmnian ra sinergias.RvTis saxeli SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc xati misi TavdapirvelimniSvnelobiT, anu WeSmariti fenomenaluri gamoxatuleba RvTaebrivibunebisa da misi saxeebis. amasTan, RmerTi amave dros moiazreba, rogorcgamouTqmeli, rac sityvieri Semoqmedebis sazRvrebze miuTiTebs da imaze,rom isini uZlurni arian mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT asaxon aRsaniSni. swored
76aqedan momdinareobs sagalobelTa antinomiuroba. amasTan TiToeuliepiTeti warmoadgens saxels, romelic garkveul informacias gvawvdisSesxmis obieqtze da amdenad WeSmaritebis xdomilebaa. magram yvelaSemTxvevaSi unda gvaxsovdes, rom nebismier niSans ufro naklebiRirebuleba gaaCnia, vidre imas, rasac is aRniSnavs ( 62, 59-66). Aamrigad,saxeli SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogoc idumali simbolo, romelicontologiurad aris dakavSirebuli aRsaniSnTan. da mainc, raswarmoadgens ena, romelzec sagalobeli metyvelebs?yoveli religiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTgvari ganwmendili enisSeqmna, romelic sakralur samyarosTan urTierTobisTvis arisgankuTvnili. amgvari mimarTeba sakralur sityvebTan jer kidevelementarul religiebSi iCens Tavs. e. diurkemi Tavis gamokvlevaSiaRniSnavs, rom sakralur sagnebTan erTad arsebobs sakraluri sityvebic,romlebic ar unda warmosTqvan profanTa bageebma, da arc maTma yurmaunda gaigonos. qalebs ki ekrZalebaT garkveuli saritualo simRerebismosmena. garda amisa, yvelasaTvis cnobil saxelTan erTad kacebiatareben kidev sxva saxelsac, romelic saidumloa da arasodeswarmosTqvamen Cveulebriv yofaSi. igi wers: "imarTeba iseTi ceremoniebi,romelTa drosac monawileni valdebulni arian ilaparakon sagangeboenaze, romlis gamoyenebac profanuli urTierTobebis dros akrZalulia.es aris sakraluri enis Seqmnis dasawyisi” (77, 421). ganviTarebulreligiebSi es sakraluri ena ukve Camoyalibebul saxes iRebs da zogSemTxvevebSi imdenad gansxvavebulia yofiTi enisagan, rom specialuriSeswavlis gareSe gaugebari rCeba morwmuneTaTvis. ase magaliTad,laTinuri ena kaTolikur eklesiaSi, Zveli berZnuli ena berZnuleklesiaSi, romelic, unda iTqvas, rom sruliad gansxvavdeba TanamedroveberZnulisagan, Zveli slavuri rusul eklesiaSi da a. aS.amrigad, rogorc poezia, aseve yoveli religia, locvisTvis qmnisgansakuTrebul, ganwmendil enas, romelic sakralur samyarosTanurTierTobisTvis aris gankuTvnili. Cven aq Segnebulad vxmarobT sityvas"qmnis", vinaidan poeziis darad, religiisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia enisgamoyeneba ara rogorc ukve arsebuli, mza masalisa, aramed misiganwmenda, misi gardaqmna e.w. "locvis enad".
77bibliis Tanaxmad, sityva pirveladia saganTan mimarTebaSi, vinaidanSeqmnis aqti iwyeba RmrTaebrivi sityviT: "Tqva RmerTma"...(dab. 1, 3) qmnisra samyaros RmerTi, amave dros gamodis, rogorc saxelmdebeli, magramigi yvelafers ki ar asaxelebs, aramed Tavadve izRudavs Tavs saxeldebisprocesSi da am TviTSezRudvis faqts udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. igimis mier Seqmnili sulieri arsebebisTvis saxelis darqmevis uflebasadams aZlevs. RvTismetyvelebaSi es yovelTvis aRiqmeboda, rogorcadamianis RvTisadmi msgavsebis gamoxatuleba da imis gamoxatulebac, rommas RvTis mier miniWebuli aqvs unari imisa, rom swvdes saganTa arss,icodes samyaro iseTi, rogoric is aris. maS, rogorRa unda gaviazroTena, rogorc ubralod informaciis gadacemis unari da signalTa sistema,Tu RvTisadmi xatebisa da msgavsebis gamoxatuleba?rogorc mama rafaeli aRniSnavs, “wminda mamebiseulianTropologiis Tanaxmad, arsebobs sityvis ori saxe: 1) Sinagani logosi,mistiuri sityva, anu endeoteturi ena, rogorc sulis Tviseba da2)garegani proforistuli sityva, romelic bgerebis TanwyobisaganSedgeba_esaa samSvinvelis da ara sulis Tviseba. adamianebis daangelozebis Sinagani sityva Tavisi bunebiT erTia: es aris movlenebisada sagnebis arsis uSualo wvdomis, maTSi Cadebuli RmrTaebrivi azrisWvretis unari. aseTi unari hqonda adams codviT dacemamde. bibliurigadmocemiT adamma saxelebi daarqva yvela sulier arsebas, rac wm.mamaTa ganmartebiT, mowmobs, rom adami xedavda maT arss, garegnulgamovlinebebze Rrma fenebSi damarxuls. vinaidan saxeli gamoxatavsarsebis mTavar Tvisebas anu ideas, adami codviT dacemamde iyo mefe daTeurgi (mRvdeli)” (3, 77).mama rafaelis (karelinis) azriT, Tavad Sinagani logosicSeiZleba ganxilul iqnes ori aspeqtiT: sulieriTa da mSvinvieriT.pirveli gulisxmobs saganTa uSualo xedvas, maT intuitiur Wvretas,xolo meoris moqmedebis areali sulis saidumlo kunWulebia, sadacdaSifruli saxiT inaxeba is informacia, romelic adamianSigenetikuradaa Cadebuli, ris gamoc antikuri periodis anTropologebimas gaxsenebas adareben. logosis Tvisebaa araTu dabadebidan, aramedCasaxvis momentidan miRebuli mTeli informacia erT wamSi gadaamuSavos
78da masve ukavSirdeba WeSmaritebis SegrZneba, rogorc utyuarobis gancda.garegani, anu proforistuli sityva am Sinagani logosis zedapirzewarmoiSveba. Tu Sinagani logosi stabiluri da ucvlelia, gareganisityvisTvis damaxasiaTebelia arastabiluroba. adamianis neba da vnebebiwyveten garegan sityvas Sinaganisgan, ris gamoc mtyuari azrebiwarmoiSoba. garegani sityva, rogorc ena mudam icvleba da urTierTobissaSualebad aRiqmeba. Aamrigad, garegani sityva aris mxolod niSani, xoloena gagebulia, rogorc pirobiT niSanTa sistema (2, 119-120).amisagan gansxvavebiT, adami Sinagan logoss flobda. “Sinaganilogosi RmrTaebrivi logosis saxe iyo, pirvelqmnili kacis gulidanamomavali locvis, religiuri intuiciisa da ganaTebebis ena, ena, romlisdinamikac cecxlsa da sinaTles SeiZleba SevadaroT. winaprebis dacemagaxldaT tragedia, romelmac MmTeli samyaro SeZra: Seicvala TviTadamianis buneba, suli ganvarda RmerTisagan, samSvinveli ki sulisagan,amasTan samSvinvelis Zalebi gaeTiSnen erTmaneTs. adamianis SemecnebiTiZalebi air-dairivnen, Sinagani logosis naTeli daibinda, cecxlisaganmxolod nakvercxlebi darCa da droTa manZilze imaTac codvis ferfliwaeyara” (3, 77).adamis dacemas, rogorc individualuri dacemis aqts, daemata isic,rom babilonis godolis mSeneblobis saxiT adamianebma koleqtiurijanyi wamoiwyes RvTis winaaRmdeg, rasac adamis enis, rogorc erTgvarimetaenis dakargva mohyva. warmoiSva garegnuli, anu proforistuli enebi,romlebic erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavdeboda. magram, mama rafaelisTqmiT, es enebi codvaTdacemis Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed RvTis wyaloba,romelmac adamianebs maTi sulieri mdgomareobis Sesaferisi enebi misca,romelTa Senaxvac maT ufro gauadvildebodaT. Sinaganma logosma kiadamianis gulis saidumlo SreebSi gadainacvla da man samyaros Secnobagaregnulis, kerZod misi Tvisebebisa da gamovlinebebis mixedviT daiwyo,xolo adamianis azrovneba zerele da analitikuri gaxda. misi TqmiT,SemdgomSi igi sityvebisa da saxeobriv enad daiyo. Sinagani sityvaucvleli rCeba yoveli adamianisa da istoriuli epoqisTvis da sworedmis safuZvelze xorcieldeba gageba. magram Tavad am gansxvavebulenebSic danawevrebisa da diferenciaciis procesi daiwyo, ris gamoc
79Zveli enebis poeturi ritmika daikarga, proforistul enebSi daiwyoSinagani logosisagan sul ufro da ufro daSorebis procesi. “Seerwyara saxeobriv enas, man Seqmna poezia_mSvinvieri intimiT savsegansakuTrebuli lirikuli poezia, romelic iseve gansxvavdeba Zveliepikuri poeziisagan, rogorc yvavilebis xelovnuri gorakebi_mkacri daSeuvali kldeebisagan“ (3, 78 -79). misi TqmiT, Tuki Zvel enebsmWvretelobiTi funqcia akisriaT, Tanamedrove enebi midrekilni arianlogizirebisaken. Tuki Zveli enebi movlenaTa siRrmiseul wvdomas damisi sulieri substanciis gagebas axdenen, axali enebisTvis maTisistematizacia da analizia damaxasiaTebeli. Tuki Zveli enebimravalplanianobiT, siRrmiTa da amouwuraobiT xasiaTdebian, axal enebSikonkretulobisaken swrafva ukargavs siRrmes da erTsibrtyians xdismas. Zveli enebis meSveobiT saRvTismsaxuro teqstebSi movlenaTasinergizmi da mravalplanianoba aisaxeba. “saRvTismsaxuro teqstebSiostaturadaa gamoyenebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis zustad damkacrad SemosazRvruli wre. amas Zveli himnografebi imisTvis akeTebdnen,rom sulieri gancdebi mSvinvieriT ar SeecvalaT, mlocvelis gonebamxatvruli informaciiT ar daemZimebinaT da amiT locva miwieri argaexadaT. Zvel himnografebs eklesia esmodaT, rogorc erTianobis ideaTavisi realuri da amasTan Rrmad mistiuri ganxorcielebiT.gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis unifikacia aris morwmuneTa locvis,sulieri Semecnebis, emociebisa da gancdebis erTianobis erT-erTipiroba” ( 3, 81). magram ra aris is, ris safuZvelzec xorcieldebagamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis amgvari unifikacia? Tu Zveli ena es arisforma, romelic wmindad inaxavs saRvTismsaxuro kanons, Tavis mxriv iskidev ufro Rrma Sris Semcvelia da es Sre aris simbolo.§6. simbolo rogorc qristianuli xelovnebis specifikuri ena
80Tavis erT-erT statiaSi s. averincevi aRniSnavs, rom Tumca simboloiseve Zvelia, rogorc adamianuri cnobiereba saerTod, misi filosofiuresTetikurigageba kulturuli ganviTarebis SedarebiT gviandelinayofia. msoflgagebis miTologiuri stadia gulisxmobs simboluriformisa da misi sazrisis daunawevrebel igiveobas, romelicgamoricxavs yovelgvar refleqsias simboloze. mogvianebiT miTi kritikasdaeqvemdebara. qsenofones dacinvisa da sofisturi ganmanaTleblobisSemdeg, seriozul moazrovnes ukve aRar SeeZlo miTis miReba Zveli saxiT,Sesabamisad miTi unda gaazrebuliyo rogorRac sxvagvarad, rogorcgansxvavebuli sakuTari Tavisagan, rogorc sxvagvaradTqma_anu, rogorcsimbolo.simbolos kategoriis pirveli Teoriul–filosofiuri gaazrebaxdeba platonTan, romelsac s.averincevi im orsaxovan ianuss adarebs,erTdroulad ori sapirispiro mimarTulebiT rom iyureba. igisayvedurobs miTs imis gamo, rom ar Seesabameba filosofiurWeSmaritebas da agdebs miTebis SemTxzvel poetebs Tavisi idealurisaxelmwifodan da, amave dros, Tavadve qmnis ukve meore rigis miTologias,ara refleqsiamdels, aramed refleqsiis Semdgoms, anu simbolurs amsityvis sakuTrivi gagebiT. Tumca platons ar moucia simbolosspecifikis Teoriuli dafuZneba. misTvis mTavari iyo erTmaneTisgangaemijna filosofiuri simbolika Zveli, filosofiamdeli miTisagan daara diskursiul racionalisturi alegoriisgan (45, 82-83).elinisturi azrovneba gamudmebiT urevs simbolos alegoriaSi.principulad axali nabiji simbolos gaazrebaSi xorcieldebaneoplatonizmis idealistur dialeqtikaSi. rogorc zemoTac vuCveneT,plotini alfavitis niSnobriv sistemas upirispirebs egvipturiieroglifis simbolikas, romelic Cvens Wvretas mTlian dadaunawevrebel xats sTavazobs. prokle miuTiTebs miTologiurisimbolos azris dauyvanlobaze logikur anda moralistur formulaze.sityva “simbolo” berZnulidan warmosdgeba da SeerTebas,dakavSirebas niSnavs. Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT igi niSnavdanebismieri gadatexili sagnis im nawils, romelic me mekuTvnis, romlismeore naxevaric viRac sxvasa aqvs. simbolos gamovlenili nawili
81ubralod msgavsi ki ar aris dafarulisa, aramed misi mTlianobamdeSemavsebelic. simbolos gadatexili boloebi erTmaneTisken iswrafvian,surT ra SeerTeba. amrigad, simbolo dafarulis gamovlenad gvevlineba.SeerTeba Tavidanve igulisxmeba laTinur sityvaSi religare, xoloreligia ar arsebobs simboluri enis gareSe.Tavis erT-erT statiaSi lotmani aRniSnavs, rom kulturisistoriaSi, rogorc nebismieri realurad mocemuli, ise raimemniSvnelovani obieqtis aRmweri lingvo-semiotikuri sistema grZnobsTavis naklovanebas, Tuki ar iZleva Tavis gansazRvrebas simbolosi.Llaparakia ara SedarebiT ufro zusti da sruli saxiT aRweraze yvelaSemTxvevaSi erTiani obieqtisa, aramed yvela semiotikur sistemaSistruqturuli poziciis arsebobaze, romlis gareSec sistema ver iqnebasruli, vinaidan zogierTi arsebiTi funqcia ver hpovebs realizacias.amasTan meqanizmebi, romlebic am funqciebs emsaxurebian, jiutadiwodebian “simbolod”, Tumca rogorc buneba am funqciebisa damiTumetes buneba am meqanizmebisa, romelTa meSveobiTac isinirealizdebian, uaRresad Znelad daiyvanebian raime invariantze. AamrigadSeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven romc ar vicodeT, Tu ra aris simbolo,TiToeulma sistemam icis, Tu ra aris misi simbolo da saWiroebs mas,misi semiotikuri struqturis muSaobisTvis (60, 191).cxadia, qristianul religiasac, gaaCnia simboloTa Tavisi sistema,sadac simbolos gadatexili boloebi amsofliurisa da imsofliurisSeerTebisken iswrafvian. yoveli religia da maT Soris qristianoba,cdilobs aRweros iseTi realoba, romelic gamoTqmas ar eqvemdebareba,romelic enis farglebs miRma Zevs. amitom is iZulebulia eZiosgamoxatvis iseTi formebi, romelic SeZlebs am realobis “daWeras”.realoba bevrad ufro rTulia da mravalferovani, vidre amisdateva cnebas SeuZlia. erT-erTma Tanamedrove mkvlevarma f.kapramdawera gamokvleva saxelwodebiT “fizikis dao”, sadac igi amtkicebs, romTanamedrove fizikis ganviTareba amJRavnebs msgavsebas aRmosavleTismistikur TeoriebTan. dasavluri filosofiis yvela, da maT Sorisreligiuri skolebic, filosofiuri ideebis formulirebas axdendnenlogikis meSveobiT. aRmosavleTSi ki piriqiT, iTvleboda, rom realoba ar
82eqvemdebareba enis kanonebs da aRmosavlel brZenebs ar eSinodaT uarieTqvaT logikasa da Cveul cnebebze. misi azriT, swored amitom,Tanamedrove fizikisTvis aRmosavluri filosofiuri modelebi ufroSesaferisi aRmoCnda maTi filosofiuri dafuZnebisTvis, vidre dasavluri.kerZod, Tanamedrove fizika mivida iseT aRmoCenebamde, romelicCveulebrivi enis gamoyenebiT ar eqvemdebareba verbalizacias. magaliTadkvanturma meqanikam aRmoaCina, rom elementaruli nawilakebi, vTqvaTeleqtronebi erT SemTxvevaSi avlenen nawilakis bunebas, meoreSemTxvevaSi ki talRisas, rac erTmaneTTan garkveul logikurwinaaRmdegobaSi modis da amave dros ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens yoveldRiurgamocdilebas, sadac es ori movlena principulad SeuTavsebadia. amitomTanamedrove fizika, gamoxatvis saSualebebis mxriv, awydeba iseTsaveenobriv barierebs, rogorsac aRmosavleli mistikosebi. maTigamonaTqvamebi erTnairad paradoqsuli da aralogikuri gveCveneba (28) .Tuki iseTi mecnierebac ki, romelic fizikuri realobis Semecnebasisaxavs miznad, amgvar enobriv barierebs awydeba da ar hyofnis cneba,rogorc gamoxatvis logikuri forma imisaTvis, rom aRweros arsebulirealoba, miT ufro iTqmis es sulieri xasiaTis WeSmaritebaTa gamoTqmismcdelobaze.f. kapra CamoTvlis gamoxatvis im saSualebebs, romelsacaRmosavluri mistikuri Teoriebi mimarTaven im realobis gamosaxatad,romelic ar eqvemdebareba verbalizacias. pirveli es aris miTologia.scildeba ra logikis sazRvrebs, miTologiis ena maqsimaluraduaxlovdeba im WeSmaritebas, romlis gamoxatvac sityvebiT SeuZlebelia.amgvar enas mimarTavs, magaliTad induri misticizmi. rac Seexeba Cinurda iaponur misticizms, is amgvari realobis gamosaxatad Cveulebriv enasiyenebs. ase magaliTad, daoizmis warmomadgenlebi akeTebdnen paradoqsulgancxadebebs, raTa xazi gaesvaT Cveulebrivi verbaluri komunikaciisaraTanmimdevrulobisa da SezRudulobisaTvis. Semdgom aman ganviTarebahpova budizmsa da Zen-budizmSi, e. w. k o a n e b i s _ paradoqsuligamocanebis saxiT. iaponiaSi Camoyalibda kidev erTi forma amgvarWeSmaritebaTa wvdomisaTvis. is mdgomareobda lakonuri da azrobrivadsaocrad tevadi leqsebis gamoyenebaSi Zenis maswavlebleblis mier
83realobis “amgvarobaze” misaTiTeblad. sulieri poeziis am saxeobamTavis srulyofas xaikuSi miaRwia, klasikur iaponur poetur formaSi,romelic mxolod Cvidmeti marcvlisagan Sedgeba da romelzec Zenmaudidesi gavlena moaxdina (58, 26).SeiZleba iTqvas, rom simboluri gamoxatvis msgavs formebsmimarTavs qristianuli msoflaRqmac. igi iyenebs, rogorc miTs, misimeoradi, refleqsiis Semdgomi, simboluri mniSvnelobiT, ise paradoqsulgamoTqmebs, romliTac savsea wmida werili, magaliTad: ”da movals Jamida awve ars”, anda “romelsa undes ganrinebai sulisa Tvisisa, manwariwymidos igi” da a.S. da aseve sasuliero poeziac. Tumca gamoxatvises formebi qristianobaSi axal Sinaarss iZenen da erTian simbolur enasqmnian.simbolo, rogorc gamoxatvis forma, bevrad ufro tevadia, vidrecneba an alegoria. simbolo emyareba msgavsebasac da aramsgavsebasac.rogorc mama rafaeli (karelini) aRniSnavs, simbolo alegoriisa daemblemisagan upirvelesad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom misi arc SeTxzvaSeiZleba, arc Sedgena, igi im garemoSi arsebobs, romelic adamianTanaadakavSirebuli (istoriuli, kulturuli, sazogadoebrivi da materialurigaremos CaTvliT) da kacobriobis ganzogadebul SegnebaSi,gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiT SemecnebaSi vlindeba, alegoria ki garegnulmsgavsebas emyareba da xelovnurad qmnis saxes. simbolomravalmniSvnelovani da mravalwaxnagovania, alegoria ki CveulebriverTmniSvnelovani” (2, 121).aanalizebs ra simbolos specifikas, s. averincevi gamoyofs misTvisdamaxasiaTebel ZiriTad niSnebs. simbolo am mravalmniSvnelovanebasTanerTad, miTis organulobiTac aris aRWurvili da Tavis TavSi sagnobrivxatsac moicavs. Tavis mxriv, sagnobrivi xati da siRrmiseuli sazrisiqmnian or sxvadasxva poluss, romlebic erTi meoris gareSe armoiazrebian. sazrisi xatis gareSe ver gamovlindeba, xolo xati sazrisisgareSe Tavis Semadgenel komponentebad iSleba. magram, miuxedavaderTianobisa, isini gayofilnic arian da erTmaneTs Soris SobendaZabulobas, romelSic mdgomareobs kidec simbolos arsi. gadadis rasimboloSi, xati xdeba “gamWvirvale.” sazrisi “gamosWvivis” mis miRma,
84romelic gveZleva kidec, rogorc sazrisiseuli siRrme, sazrisiseuliperspeqtiva, romelic moiTxovs arcTu advil “Sesvlas” masSi.simbolos sazrisis deSifracia ar SeiZleba gansjis ubraloZalisxmevis wyalobiT. mas unda Seesisxlxorco. swored amaSimdgomareobs principuli gansxvaveba simbolosi alegoriisagan. simbolossazrisi ar arsebobs erTgvari racionaluri formulis saxiT, romelicSeiZleba “Cado” xatSi da Semdeg amoiRo misgan. urTierTmimarTebamniSvnelobis mqonesa da aRsaniSns Soris aris dialeqtikuriurTierTmimarTeba igiveobisa araigiveobaSi. TiToeuli xati undagavigoT ise, rac is aris da mxolod amis wyalobiT aiReba igi rogorcis, rasac is aRniSnavs.niSans, simbolosagan gansxvavebiT, wminda utilitaruli funqciaakisria. misTvis polisemia SeiZleba mxolod uSinaarso dabrkolebadiqces, romelic vnebs niSnis racionalur funqcionirebas. simbolo ki miTufro Sinaarsiania, rac ufro mravalmniSvneladia. saboloo jamSinamdvili simbolos Sinaarsi gamaSualebeli jaWvis wyalobiT,miemarTeba yvelaze mTavars, samyaros mTlianobis ideas, kosmiuri daadamianuri universumis sisavses. ukve is garemoeba, rom nebismiersimbolos aqvs sazrisi, Tavad aris simboluri gamoxatuleba imisa, romsamyarosa da sicocxles gaaCnia sazrisi. Tavad simbolos struqturamimarTulia iqiTken, rom TiToeuli movlena yofierebis “pirvelsawyisTa”stiqiaSi CaZiros da am movlenis wyalobiT mogvces mTliani xatisamyarosi. aq Cadebulia naTesaoba simbolosa da miTs Soris. averinceviTvlis, rom simbolo aris kidec miTi, “moxsnili” (hegeliseuli azriT)kulturuli ganviTarebiT, gamoyvanili igiveobidan sakuTar TavTan dagaazrebuli Tavis ar damTxvevaSi sakuTar sazrisTan.miTisgan simbolos memkvidreobiT gadaeca misi socialuri dakomunikaciuri funqciebi, romelzec terminis etimologiac miuTiTebs.simbolos meSveobiT scnoben da esmiT erTmaneTis “Tavisianebs” , vinaidanZvel saberZneTSi misi, rogorc gadatexili firfitis ori nawilisSeerTebiT, scnobdnen erTmaneTs adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTTanmegobruli kavSiriT iyvnen SeerTebulni. gansxvavebiT alegoriisagan,romlis deSifraciac SeuZlia “ucxosac”, cnobierebaSi aris siTbo
85SemaduRabebeli saidumlosi. klasikuri antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebismsgavs epoqebSi gandobilTa rolSi mTeli xalxebi gamodian da ufrofarTodac _ kulturul-konfesiuri sazogadoebebi; piriqiT, burJuaziulepoqaSi cnobiereba funqcionirebs elitaruli, wreobrivi garemossazRvrebSi, aZlevs ra saSualebas Tavis adeptebs icnon erTmaneTi“gulgril brbos” Soris. magram am SemTxvevaSic cnobiereba inarCunebsgamaerTianebel, SemakavSirebel bunebas. akavSirebs ra erTmaneTTansagansa da sazriss, igi imavdroulad akavSirebs erTmaneTTan imadamianebsac, romlebmac Seiyvares da gaiges es sazrisi.simbolos azrobrivi struqtura mravalSriania da igi aRmqmelisSinagan muSaobazea gaTvlili. ramdenadac sazrisTa simbolur kavSirebsusasrulobaSi mivyavarT, simbolologia moklebulia zustimecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sicxadesa da mkafioobas, misi dayvanaar SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovan logikur formulebamde. maTgangansxvavebiT, mas ara ubralod arhyofnis “sizuste,” aramed sxvaamocanebs isaxavs miznad. amitom igi unda CaiTvalos ara “aramecnierul”,aramed codnis “sxvagvarmecnierul” formad, romelsac Tavisi Sinaganikanonebi da sizustis kriteriumebi aqvs. Tuki zusti mecnierebebiSeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rogorc codnis monologuri forma, rodesacinteleqti Wvrets nivTs da gamoTqvams azrs mis Sesaxeb, simbolosganmarteba arsebiTad codnis dialoguri formaa: simbolos sazrisirealurad mxolod adamianuri urTierTobis SigniT arsebobs, dialogissituaciis SigniT, romlis gareTac mxolod simbolos carieli formisTvalis devneba SeiZleba. Tuki nivTi nebas gvaZlevs, rom is ganvixiloT,simbolo Tavadac “gviyurebs” Cven. Tumca “dialogi”, romlis SigniTacmimdinareobs simbolos wvdoma, SeiZleba darRveuli iqnas ganmartebismcdari poziciis Sedegad, rodesac Tavs nebas aZleven simbolos magivradilaparakon da amiT, dialogs monologad aqceven. simbolosagangansxvavebiT, alegoria erTmniSvnelovania da eqvemdebareba amoxsnas,rogorc igavis morali (46, 155-158).qristianul msoflaRqmaSi simboloTa sistema axal Sinaarss iZens,Tumca amJRavnebs msgavsebas warmarTul simbolikasTan. pirvel rigSi esadamianuri gvaris erTianobidan da misi SemecnebiTi miswrafebebis
86msgavsebidan gamomdinareobs. rogorc i.lotmani aRniSnavs, simboloSiyovelTvis aris raRac arqauli. is advilad gamoeyofa semiotikurgaremos da aseve advilad Sedis axal teqstur garemoSi. amasTan arisdakavSirebuli misi arsebiTi Tviseba: simbolo arasodes ar ekuTvnis erTromelime sinqronul Wrils kulturisa _ is yovelTvis msWvalavs amWrils vertikalurad, modis ra warsulidan da midis ra momavalSi.simbolos mexsiereba yovelTvis ufro Zvelia, vidre mexsiereba misiarasimboluri teqsturi garemosi (60, 191).imisaTvis, rom ar darCes gaugebari, qristianoba iRebszogadsakacobrio simbolikas da Tavis mxriv, axal, Rrma azrs debs Sig.aq igi obieqtur xasiaTs atarebs da eklesiis sulieri gamocdilebiserTianobis safuZvlad gvevlineba. simbolo erTdroulad msgavsebasa daaramsgavsebas emyareba da komunikaciuri funqciis matarebelia. igimoicavs Tavis TavSi miwier mocemulobas, magram, amave dros, Tavisi meorenawiliT zeciur samyaroSi imyofeba. simbolo adamians srulyofil daidealur samyarosTan akavSirebs, cdilobs gaxsnas zecieri miwierisTvis.igi mimarTulia zevidan qveviT, sadac simbolos gadatexili boloebiSeerTebisken iswrafvian.metafora emyareba erTi sagnis Tvisebis gadatanas meoreze maTimsgavsebis safuZvelze, imisaTvis, rom gaxsnas Tavad sagnis an movlenisarsi. simbolosTan SedarebiT igi eqspresiul da emociur xasiaTsatarebs. igi grZnobadi xasiaTisaa, simbolo ki gonebaWvretiTi. rogorczemoTac aRvniSneT, simboloebi sasuliero poeziaSi xSiradliteraturuli Sablonebis saxiT gvevlinebian, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,umaRles kategoriebad miiCnevian, maSin rodesac metafora yovelTvisoriginaluri unda iyos. banaluroba metaforas auqmebs, igi misTvissikvdilis tolfasia. metafora xSirad morwmunis an mgaloblisindividualur, subieqtur religiur gancdebs gamoxatavs, simbolo _yovelTvis obieqturia. metafora aRrmavebs samyaros grZnobad aRqmas,axdens Zlier emociur zemoqmedebas, maSin rodesac emociuriTvalsazrisiT, simbolos ignorireba SesaZlebelia. metafora ufrometad grZnobadi sagnebisa da movlenebiskenaa mimarTuli, simbolo kizeciur WeSmaritebaTa Semecnebas, maT gamovlenas emsaxureba.
87gamomdinare iqidan, rom qristianuli xelovnebisTvis mTavar mizansar Seadgens vinmesTvis esTetikuri tkbobis miniWeba, himnografiaSigamoxatvis ZiriTad saSualebas simbolo warmoadgens, xolo metaforamisTvis mxolod samkaulia, maSin rodesac, magaliTad, modernizmisTvis isTavad poeziis arss Seadgens.qristianuli msoflaRqma cnobierebisa da yofierebis erTianobisideas emyareba, sadac amqveyniuri, xiluli samyaro, uxilavis simbolodgvevlineba. rogorc maqsime aRmsarebeli wers, mTeli azrobrivi samyarosaidumlod da simbolur xatebSi gamosaxuli warmosdgeba grZnobadsamyaroSi maTTvis, visac aqvs Tvali, raTa ixilos da mTeli grZnobadisamyaro, Tuki mas cnobismoyvare gonebiT ganvixilavT Tavis sawyisebSi,logosebSi, azrobriv samyaroSi imyofeba; es imaSi Tavisi sawyisebiT,xolo is amaSi Tavisi simboluri xatebiT (63, 159-160).simbolos didi mniSvneloba eniWeba wminda mamaTa nawerebSi.gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa dionise areopagelis moZRvreba simboloze,romelic safuZvlad daedo qristianul esTetikur Teorias da mTelisaeklesio xelovnebis praqtikasac. rogorc cnobilia, dioniseareopagelTan RmerTi warmosdgeba rogorc Seucnobadi zearsi, romlisSesaxebac arafris codna ar SegviZlia, Tuki igi Tavad ar gamogvicxadebsraimes. RmerTis Sesaxeb raimes codna ki SesaZlebelia mxolod imdenad,ramdenadac igi Tavad acxadebs Tavs am samyaroSi simboloTa ierarqiulisistemis saxiT. igi gamoyofs Semecnebis katafatikur da apofatikurgzas. RmerTis Secnobis katafatikuri gza aris sworedsimboloTmetyveleba. ramdenadac umaRlesi WeSmariteba Tavisi arsiTSeucnobadi da miuwvdomelia, misi uaryofiTi atributebiT daxasiaTebaufro zustad migvaniSnebs mis arsze. Cven vTqviT, rom qristianulixelovneba zeciuri samyaros mimezisia, magram rogor aris SesaZlebelimimezisi imisa, risi wvdoma da Semecnebac SeuZlebelia? miuxedavad imisa,rom RmerTis Sesaxeb garkveul dadebiT codnas iZleva,simboloTmetyveleba mainc ar SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc RvTis wvdomislogikuri gza, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis. loski,magaliTad, areopagitikaSi Semecnebis or ZiriTad gzas gamoyofs:“I.logikuri, romelic codniT miiRweva; II. mistiuri, anu gonebismiRmieri.
88pirveli gza gulisxmobs codnis garkveul dones, sadac umaRlesi arsisSemecneba xdeba grZnobadi saxeebis saSualebiT. amgvari mecnierebaasimboloTmetyveleba, romelic katafatika_apofatikis meTodisgamoyenebiT cdilobs miswvdes zearsis dafarul mSvenierebas. es gzarTulia da mravalferovani, magram SedarebiT advilad misaRweviyvelasaTvis. meore gzis gavla yvelas rodi SeuZlia, igi mxolodrCeulTa xvedria. sakuTari miwieri arsebobis daviwyebiT, eqstazurmdgomareobaSi veziarebiT zeciur arsebobas. amave gzas miekuTvnebalocviTi aRsvlac, romelic eqstazis erT_erT safexurad unda iqnesgagebuli” (24, 74-75).simbolo kontrastul azrovnebas emyareba. amgvar kontrastuldaxasiaTebaTa SemotaniT dionise areopageli qmnis dinamiur simboloebs,romlis meSveobiTac axerxebs moixelTos miuwvdomeli. erTdrouladhoyofisa da uaryofis SemotaniT, igi “gankvirvebaSi” agdebs adamianisgonebas, romelsac ar ZaluZs am winaaRmdegobaTa gaazreba. himnografiaswored areopageliseul antinomiur azrovnebas emyareba. maT Sorisarsebuli stilisturi msgavseba sruliad aSkaraa. areopagelis enaracionalurad moazrovne filosofosis ena ki ar aris, aramed umaRlesiarsis mSvenierebiT moxibluli morwmunis aRfrTovanebuli amoZaxili,romelsac ar yofnis arc sityvebi, arc gramatika, rom gadmosces esmSveniereba da isRa darCenia, rom yovladbrZnuli dumiliT dadumdesmis winaSe. magram SesaZloa SegvewinaaRmdegon. rogoraa SesaZlebelidumili enaSi? sityva xom ukve ewinaaRmdegeba dumils? SesaZlebelia,Tuki is am enis uZlurebaze mowmobs, Tuki es ara enis, aramed gonebisdumilia, romelic nikoloz kuzelis “ganswavlul arcodnas”uaxlovdeba. swored amgvar dumilTan gvaqvs saqme himnografiaSic, sadac“mzian RameSi” danTqmuli morwmune uxmod Wvrets uxilav naTels.amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom simboloTmetyvelebac Semecnebismistikuri gzaa. marTalia masSi RmerTi garkveul informacias gvawvdisTavis Sesaxeb, magram rogorc j. SoSiaSvili aRniSnavs:” gamocxadeba argulisxmobs saidumlos gamoaSkaravebas da gaxsnas, piriqiT, saidumlosarsi swored gamocxadebaSia. “esaa idumalisagan CvenTvis adamianuri
89arsiT movlenili zearsi, idumalia igi gamocxadebis Semdegac, an ufrosaRvTod rom vTqvaT, gamocxadebaSia (saidumlo)” (III,1069B)” (36, 63).simbolos Sesaxeb mravali wminda mama saubrobs, Tumca uaxlesidrois RvTismetyvelTagan am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva episkoposinikoloz velimiroviCi, romelmac qristianuli simbolizmis namdvilienciklopedia Seqmna. igi aseve amodis im qristianuli debulebidan, romxiluli samyaro uxilavis simbolos warmoadgens. Seqmna ra samyaro,ufalma akurTxa pirveli adamianebi da uTxra: ”aRorZindiT daganmravldiT. da aRavseT queyanaჲ da eufleniT mas, da mTavrobdiTTevzTa zRჳsaTa, da mfrinvelTa cisaTa, da yovelTa pirutyuTa, dayovelsa qveyanasa da yovelTa quewarmavalTa, mavalTa qveyanasa zeda”(dab. 1, 28). velimiroviCi aanalizebs am sityvebs da aRniSnavs, rom es arniSnavs bunebis damorCilebas Tanamedrove azriT, anu misi simdidreebisgamoyenebas da amave dros bunebis gaRmerTebas, mis Tayvaniscemas. piriqiT,es sruliad sxva rames niSnavs. adamiani unda batonobdes simboloebzeda ara isini masze. adamiani RvTis yvela qmnilebaze maRla dgas. isdabla dgas mxolod Tavis Semoqmedze. warmarToba niSnavs kidecqmnilebis gaRmerTebas nacvlad Semoqmedisa, Tayvaniscemas asosi nacvladsulisa, simbolosi nacvlad pirvelxatisa. bunebis pirdapiri gageba _warmarTobaa, romelic aSorebs adamians sulier realiebs, pirvel rigSiki RmerTs. kerpTayvanismcemlisTvis, iseve rogorc materialistifilosofosisTvis, buneba Cinur damwerlobas Camohgavs, romelSic ismxolod lamaz ornaments aRiqvams. wamovidginoT, rom CinuriieroglifebiT aWrelebuli pergamentis win ori Cineli dgas: erTiuswavleli, xolo meore naswavli. uswavleli uyurebs da mxolodmomxibvlel ornaments xedavs. mTeli misi yuradReba mimarTulianaxatisa da xazebisaken. maSin, rodesac naswavli ar aqcevs yuradRebasieroglifebis moxazulobas, aramed Tvalyurs adevnebs mis mniSvnelobas,sulier sazriss, romelic am ornamentul niSnebSia Caqsovili.uswavleli adamiani mzeriTac da sulieradac mijaWvulia am niSnebisgaregnul Sesaxedaobaze, naswavli ki mzeriT aRiqvams niSnebs, xolosuliT maT mniSvnelobas swvdeba. pirvelTa grZnobaca da sulic
90simboloebzea mijaWvuli, meoreni ki grZnobebiT aRiqvamen simboloebs,suliT ki suls kiTxuloben.nikoloz velimiroviCi erTmaneTisgan asxvavebs simbolosa dasignals. simbolo raRac ufro xangrZlivia, signali ki myisieri. erTi daigive sagani an movlena SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi iyos simbolo, meoreSemTxvevaSi ki signali. ase magaliTad mze aris simbolo RmerTisabunebaSi, xolo mzis dabneleba _ es gamafrTxilebeli signalia RvTisaadamianebis mimarT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mTeli xiluli samyarowarmoadgens simbolos uxilavi sulieri samyarosi, magram amave dros isSeiZleba iyos signali qmnili samyarosTvis momavali cvlilebebisa damovlenebisa.areopagelze dayrdnobiT, velimiroviCic Tvlis, rom Cven mxolodimis codna SegviZlia, rasac Tavad ufali gvicxadebs. RmerTs veranairsaidumlos ver waarTmev ZaliT, sanam Tavad ar gagixsnis mas. misi TqmiT,sami aTasi wlis filosofosobis Semdeg samyaros arsis Sesaxeb, Cvenkvlavac araferi viciT. amis Sesaxeb dums bibliac. RmerTs ar surdaSeqmnis saidumlos gaxsna CvenTvis, radgan adamianebisTvis, romlebicTavianT daniSnulebas asruleben dedamiwaze, arc aris saWiro amiscodna. marTalia, igi arafers gveubneba qmnili samyaros saganTa damovlenaTa arsis Sesaxeb, magram bibliaSi bevri ram aris gaxsnili maTimniSvnelobis Taobaze. ufalma misca adamianebs sityviereba, romelicxsnis ara saganTa da movlenaTa arss, aramed maT mniSvnelobas.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Seqmnili samyaros saganTa da movlenaTamniSvneloba maT sityvier arsSia Cafesvebuli. pavle mociquli ambobs:“esodenni saxeni Tesladni ჴmaTani arian sofelsa Sina da arca erTimaTgani ars uჴmo” (1kor.14,10). Cvens winaSe simboloTa mTelienciklopediaa gadaSlili, yovelTvis axali da sufTa, rogorc axlaxangamocemuli wigni, romlis sagnobriv saZiebelsac wminda weriliwarmoadgens. RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba yovelTvis xelTa gvaqvs. vin icis,gaxda ki vinme ufro ukeTesi da keTili maTgan, vinc saganTa arsisamoxsnas eZiebda? magram RvTis mier Seqmnilis mniSvnelobis gagebammravali suli ufro amaRlebuli da naTeli gaxada (52, 93-96).
91amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianuli swavlebis mixedviT,simbolo aris is, risi meSveobiTac Cven RvTis mier Seqmnili samyarosmniSvnelobas vwvdebiT. is aris materialuri da sulieri samyaroserTianobis, maTi kavSiris safuZveli. adamianis sulier cxovrebaSiCarTva swored simboloTa sistemis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. simbolosmeSveobiT adamiani sulis Rrma, refleqsiisaTvis miuwvdomeli SreebiTerTveba sulieri cxovrebis ritmSi da monawileobs masSi. amitomsimboloTa sistema aq ubralo gaxseneba ki ar aris ama Tu im movlenisa,aramed arqetipamde amaRlebis, masTan realuri kavSiris saSualebac.swored simboloTa sistemis saSualebiT iZens xati arqetipis Tvisebebs.simbolos meSveobiT, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs msgavsebasac daaramsgavsebasac, SesaZlebeli xdeba, erTi mxriv, wmindanis cnoba, xolo,meore mxriv, misi aramiwieri, sxvagvari arsebobis gadmocema, misi RvTaebrivSuqSi danaxva. maradiuli samyaro TiTqos maTi meSveobiTiRvreba miwaze. amasTanave simbolos gaaCnia gamaerTinebeli,SemakavSirebeli funqciac, romlis meSveobiTac morwmuneTa erTobamiiRweva.adamianuri sityvac Tavis mxriv warmoadgens simbolos, romlismeSveobiTac wminda werilSi viRebT garkveul informacias sulierisamyaros Sesaxeb da vamyarebT urTierTobas RmerTTan. zemoT vnaxeT, Turamdenad didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia sityvasa da saxels bibliaSi. igiara mxolod arsis gamovlenis saSualebaa, aramed misi Semecnebisac,romelic Tavis mxriv, simboloTa sistemis sfuZvelze xorcieldeba.l.jafariZe amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: “himnografia daagiografiuli mwerloba, romelSic avtori ar cdilobs sakuTarioriginaluri gaazrebebi mogvaxvios Tavs, imgvar saxeobriv-simbolursistemas eyrdnoba, romelic amosavals bibliaSi poulobs da romlisamoxsna saRvTismetyvelo Teoriul sferos moicavs da wmida mamaTa daeklesiis did maswavlebelTa swavlebebs ukavSirdeba. es is mza masalaa,romelsac awvdis uzarmazari gamocdilebisa da sulieri potenciis mqoneeklesia sasuliero xelovnebis msaxurT _ erTbamad xatmwerTa dasityvis ostatT” ( 40, 34). amrigad, himnografiaSic, iseve rogorcqristianuli xelovnebis sxva dargebSi, zegrZnobadi samyaro simboloTa
92sistemis meSveobiT cxaddeba. magram sityva aq ara mxolod gamoxatvisada Semecnebis saSualebaa, aramed locvisac. rogorc xatisTayvaniscemisas adamiani simboloTa sistemis meSveobiT SedisurTierTobaSi mis arqetipTan, aseve locvisasac sityvieri simboloebismeoxebiT igi uSualo kavSirs amyarebs zegrZnobad samyarosTan,urTierTobs masTan: evedreba, madlobs da adidebs RmerTsa da miswmindanebs, iRebs Semweobas maTgan. iseve rogorc xati, himnografiac myariatributikiT xasiaTdeba, romelTa meSveobiTac amoicnoba esa Tu iswmindani.zemoT aRvniSneT, rom simbolo ara monologuri, aramed dialoguribunebisaa da aRmqmelis Sinagan muSaobas moiTxovs. simbolo swored imzomiT ixsneba aRmqmelis winaSe, ra zomisacaa es Sinagani muSaoba. amiswyalobiT is srulad inarCunebs siaxlis efeqts. yoveli individisTvisis mudam axalia, vinaidan Tavad am individTa sulierebis doneasxvadasxvagvari, amitom dialogic simbolosa da pirovnebas SorisyovelTvis axleburad JRers. Aamrigad, ena, romelzec qristianulihimnografia da zogadad qristianuli xelovneba metyvelebs, issimbolur-saxeobrivi sistemaa, romelic wminda werils emyareba dakanonikur formaSia moqceuli. is RvTaebrivi da adamianuri Semoqmedebisnayofia da ramdenadac WeSmaritebas acxadebs, gamoricxavs yovelgvarsubieqtivizms.himnografiaSi arcTu umniSvnelo yuradReba eqceva stilisturwyobasac, romelic RvTaebrivi energiis matarebelia da imqveyniur,sulier simaRleebze mianiSnebs. zemoT Cven aRvniSneT, rom himnografiaareopageliseul apofatikur da katafatikur xedvas emyareba. simboloTasistema, romliTac himnografiaSi zegrZnobadi samyaro cxaddeba, sworedkatafatikuri xedvis gamoxatulebaa. vinaidan rogorc areopagelisTvis,ise qristianobisTvis zogadad, RmerTi Seucnobadi zearsia, himnografiamis apofatikur xedvasac moicavs, rac, erTi mxriv, gamoixateba antinomiurazrovnebaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, epiTetTa gamorCeul simravleSi.himnografi, rogorc wesi, aRniSnavs, rom is uZluri da uRirsia daepiTetTa aranairi simravle ar aris sakmarisi im RvTaebrivi mSvenierebisgadmosacemad, romlis aRwerac ganuzraxavs, radgan mxolod imis codna
93SeuZlia, rasac Tavad RmerTi ucxadebs. aqac simbolos antinomiur,paradoqsul azrovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme, sadac gonebis yovladbrZnulidumili epiTetTa gamorCeuli siuxviT gadmoicema. magram himnografia,pirvel rigSi, galobiT Sesasrulebeli poeturi teqstia, amitommusikaluri elementi kidev ufro aZlierebs am dumils da uSualoWvretis, sulieri sixarulis gancdas iwvevs. liturgiis dros taZarSiaRvlenili sagalobeli zegrZnobadi samyaros mistikuri Wvretaa. cxadia,es ar niSnavs, rom yoveli morwmune erTnairad monawileobs am WvretaSi,aramed misi Sinagani, sulieri mdgomareobis Sesabamisad, araeklesiuriadamianisTvis ki sagaloblis mosmena SesaZloa satanjveladac iqces,ukidures SemTxvevaSi, mxolod esTetikuri tkbobis wyarod, vinaidan igisimboloTa sistemis wyalobiT ar aris CarTuli am cxovrebaSi, armonawileobs masSi.amrigad, ena, romelzec qristianuli himnografia da zogadadqristianuli xelovneba metyvelebs, is simbolur-saxeobrivi sistemaa,romelic wmida werils emyareba da kanonikur formaSia moqceuli. isRvTaebrivi da adamianuri Semoqmedebis nayofia da ramdenadacWeSmaritebas acxadebs, gamoricxavs yovelgvar subieqtivizms. qristianulmsoflaRqmaSi, simboloTa sistema aris is, risi meoxebiTac SesaZlebelixdeba kavSiri zeciursa da miwier samyaroebs Soris. is materialurisada sulieris, yofierebisa da cnobierebis erTianobis safuZvelia.qristianobisTvis buneba mxolod formaa, romlis sulieri SinaarsisamokiTxvac swored simbolos meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli.daskvnebi I TavisaTvisvajamebT ra yovelive zemoTqmuls, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom yovelikultura unda gaviazroT rogorc organuli mTlianoba, romelicgarkveul Rirebulebebzea orientirebuli. Sesabamisad, ama Tu im poeziisganxilvac unda xdebodes im kulturis farglebSi, romlis wiaRSicaRmocenda mocemuli poezia.
94cxadia isic, rom nebismieri religiuri poezia, upirveles yovlisa,liturgiuli funqciis matarebelia da ar gaaCnia da arc SeiZlebagaaCndes damoukidebeli esTetikuri Rirebuleba. misi miznebi uaRresadpraqtikulia da Tanxvdeba zogadad sarwmunoebriv miznebsa da amocanebs.aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac qristianul himnografiaze vsaubrobT, igiunda ganvixiloT, rogorc im kulturis cocxali da qmediTi nawili,romlis wiaRSic igi aRmocenda.bunebrivia isic, rom vikvlevT ra qristianul himnografias, undagaviTvaliswinoT is mecnieruli tradicia, romelic saqarTveloSiCamoyalibda aRniSnuli kuTxiT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom himnografiismkvlevarTa umravlesoba filologi an musikaTmcodnea, mocemulinaSromi ki filosofiur naSroms warmoadgens, am tradiciisagangansxvavebiT Cveni kvleva filosofiur WrilSi warimarTeba.qristianuli himnografiis kvlevisas, uwinares yovlisa, undadaveyrdnoT im wyaroebs, romlebic saRvTismetyvelo teqstebSiaSemonaxuli, pirvel cnobebs ki galobis Sesaxeb Tavad saxareba damociqulebi gvawvdian. amgvar cnobebs vxvdebiT agreTve wm. mamaTacxovrebis amsaxvel wyaroebSi. didi mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve iseTiwyaroebis gaTvaliswinebas, rogorebicaa saRvTismsaxuro himnografiulikrebulebi.vinaidan qristianuli galoba warmoadgens rogorcsaRvTismetyvelo, ise literaturul da musikalur nawarmoebs, misikvlevisas samive es aspeqti unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. kerZod igiunda vikvlioT, ara konteqstidan amoglejilad, aramed rogorcsinkretuli dargi, romelic samive am komponentis mTlianobaswarmoadgens.qristianuli himnografia, upirveles yovlisa, orTodoqsulisaRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebis poeturi gamoxatulebaa, TumcasaRvTismetyvelo codnis gadmocemasTan erTad, is xSirad morwmunisreligiuri grZnobebis gamoxatulebasac warmoadgens. igi agreTveiTvleba zeciuri usxeulo Zalebis da wminda angelozebis locviTigrZnobebisa da miswrafebebis gamovlenad, zeciuri samyaros mimezisad.
95amdenad, igi gamocxadebiTi xasiaTisaa da ucvlel winaswar dadgenilformebs misdevs.Zveli drois esTetikuri Teoriebi ZiriTadad “mimezisis” cnebasemyarebian. sokrates, platonis, aristoteles, neoplatonisturesTetikur TeoriebSi, xelovneba gagebulia, rogorc baZva. ganvixilavTra TviToeul maTgans da vadarebT ra qristianul koncefcias,aRmovaCenT, rom am Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba baZvissruliad axlebur gagebas gvTavazobs. kerZod, aq igi gansxvavebuliaspeqtiT warmoCndeba. qristian filosofosTa azriT, mxatvruliSemoqmedebis ZiriTadi principebi Tavad RmerTis mier aris dadgenili.adamianis amocanaa am principTa wvdoma da Senaxva da ara axaliprincipebis Seqmna. xatmwerebi da himnografebi iRebdnen ukve dadgenilnimuSebs modelebad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, zeciur ZalTa mieraRvlenil SesxmiT himnTa gamoZaxilad iTvleboda.amrigad, qristianul xelovnebaSi saqme gvaqvs “mimezisis” cnebisgansxvavebul aspeqtTan, romelic, Tavis mxriv, transcendenturpirvelsaxemde amaRlebas da pirovnebis xsnas gulisxmobs. misTvisideals warmoadgens ara amqveyniuri realoba, aramed gankacebuliRmerTi, romlis xorciel siglaxakeSic umaRlesi mSveniereba vlindeba.antikuri sinamdvilisTvis sruliad gaugebaria, Tu rogor Tavsdebaxorciel siglaxakeSi umaRlesi sulieri mSveniereba. qristianobaarRvevs antikurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel harmonias da Tavad adamianSiaRmoaCens winaaRmdegobas “amqveyniursa” da “imqveyniurs”, xorcielsa dasuliers Soris. RmerTi, rogorc baZvis obieqti, cxaddeba misTvisumaRlesi WeSmaritebis, umaRlesi mSvenierebis da sikeTis saxiT.qristianoba qmnis Tavis gansakuTrebul msoflmxedvelobas da stilsxelovnebaSi. ase gagebuli baZva zeciuris, umaRlesi harmoniis baZvadwarmogvidgeba da eTikur-zneobrivi kuTxiT unda gaviazroT. amasTanbaZvisas SeiZleba aqcentirebuli iyos ara mxolod RmerTi, aramedadamianic, kerZod ki wmindanebi.miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebisa, neoplatonisturi esTetikuriTeoria upirispirdeba areopagitul moZRvrebasa da qristianulesTetikur Teorias zogadad, kerZod ki Semoqmedebis gagebis sakiTxSi.
96Tuki neoplatonizmSi xelovani ganixileba, rogorc damoukidebeliSemoqmedebiTi pirovneba, romelic TviTsrulyofis gziT aRwevsfilosofosis dones da sakuTari ZalebiT, damoukideblad swvdebainteleqtualuri silamazis arss, dionise areopagelTan, romlismoZRvrebac safuZvlad daedo qristianul esTetikur Teorias, sruliadsxva viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme. neoplatonizmisagan gansxvavebiT, aqpirovnebis aqtiuroba sruliad arasakmarisi pirobaa RmerTTanerTianobis misaRwevad. ganRmrToba ki ara pirovnebis TviTsrulyofis,aramed madlismieri gziT miiwvdomeba. TviT yvelaze did Rvawlsac kiSeuZlia mxolod miizidos RvTis madli. es Tvalsazrisi safuZvladudevs yovelgvar qristianul qmedebas da maT Soris Semoqmedebasac.amasTan es gansxvaveba arsebiTi xasiaTisaa da mTlianad cvlisSemoqmedebis bunebas, sakuTari Zalebis imedad darCena qristianobaSiqristeze, rogorc mxsnelze, uaris Tqmad aRiqmeba. qristiani Semoqmedi,TviTuaryofis gziT, qristes gonebis Semosvas eswrafvis da arasakuTari, vnebiT SebRaluli bunebis demonstrirebas.himnografiis safuZveli, iseve rogorc mTeli qristianulixelovnebisa, wmida werilia, saidanac is, xSirad, mza religiurformulebs iRebs. misi saRvTismetyvelo ena Sendeba obieqturimniSvnelobis mqone simboloebisagan, individualuri ZalisxmeviT ki arasubieqturobis damkvidreba, aramed misgan ganTavisufleba miiRweva.qristianuli kanoni exmareba Semoqmeds am subieqturobisaganganTavisuflebaSi.amrigad, qristianuli xelovnebis mizans Seadgens ara vinmesTvisesTetikuri tkbobis miniWeba, aramed locviTi ganwyobis Seqmna,morwmunisTvis sulieri sargeblis motana. igi siaxlis efeqts inarCunebsimiT, rom esTetikur tkbobaze ki ar aris gaTvlili, aramed pirovnebissulier gamocdilebaze, romelic yovel mocemul momentSi sxvadasxvaa.qristianuli xelovnebis erTaderT WeSmarit Semoqmedad RmerTimoiazreba, romelic flobs ra WeSmaritebas, acxadebs mas, xoloxelovans mxolod misi wvdoma da Senaxva SeuZlia. xelovani am TeoriaSigagebulia rogorc TanaSemoqmedi umaRlesi, RvTaebrivi arsisa.
97qristianuli xelovnebis, kerZod ki himnografiis liturgiulifunqcia kargad Cans sagalobelTa saxeebis ganxilvidan. vinaidansagaloblebi ori elementisagan Sedgeba, maT ajgufeben, rogorcsityvieri, ise musikaluri elementis mixedviT. vinaidan Cveni kvlevasityvier mxares exeba, ganvixilavT am niSniT dajgufebul sagaloblebs.kerZod, sityvieri Sinaarsis mixedviT, sagaloblebi Semdeg jgufebadiyofa: dogmaturi xasiaTis sagaloblebi, TxrobiT-istoriuli xasiaTissagaloblebi, WvretiTi xasiaTis sagaloblebi, sagaloblebi, romlebicTan axlavs yovelgvar liturgiul moqmedebebs, mkveTrad gamoxatulisadidebeli da locviTi xasiaTis sagaloblebi.rac Seexeba sagalobelTa saxeebs, pirobiTad isini sam jgufadiyofian: fsalmunebi, himnebi da “aliluias” tipis sagaloblebi. TumcamaT Soris ar arsebobs mkacri zRvari da xSirad ufro himnebadiwodebian.mogvianebiT viTardeba sakuTriv bizantiuri himnografia, romlisJanrebic, sxva adreqristianul JanrebTan erTad gamoiyeneba. bizantiurihimnografiis saxeobebia: tropari, stiqaroni, ibako (ipako), kondaki,akaTisto, anu daujdomeli. VII saukunidan ki sasuliero poeziaSimkvidrdeba himnografiuli kanoni, romelic kompoziciurad universaluriaRmoCnda.qristianul RvTismsaxurebaSi, kondakionis SemotanasTan erTadSemodis axali mxatvruli komponentebi, is monologuridan dialogursistemaze gadadis, rac Tavis mxriv daupirispirda antikur dramas da winucvleli, maradiuli Rirebulebebi wamoswia.ioane damaskelma daadgina kanonis struqtura da Seadgina pirveliZlispirebi, romlebic erTgvar melodiur qargas, nimuSs warmoadgendnen.kanoni cxra bibliuri galobis modelze aigo da mis Tematikas daefuZna.Tavdapirvelad es galobebi oTx sxvadasxva xmaze sruldeboda, xoloioane damaskelis Semdeg ukve rva xmaze sruldeba, romelTagan oTxiZiriTadia, oTxi ki plagaluri, gverdiTi xma. kanonis ZlispirSimiTiTebulia aseve kilo, romelic, uwinares yovlisa, esTetikurikategoriaa. igi garkveul esTetikur grZnobas aRZravs da xels uwyobsama Tu im locviTi ganwyobis Camoyalibebas. kanoni sruldeba e. w.
98dasafarebliT, anu katavasiiT. sagalobelTa saxeobebs miekuTvnebinagreTve wardgoma, aliluiari da akrostiqi.amrigad, sagalobelTa saxeobebis ganxilvidan naTlad Cans, romyvela maTgani liturgiuli funqciis matarebelia da, amdenad,praqtikuli daniSnulebis mqonec. swored sagangebod SerCeulsagalobelTa da sakiTxavTa erTianoba qmnis RvTismsaxurebis ama Tu imwess, romlebic Tavs oTx ZiriTad liturgiul krebulSi iyrian:“marxvani”, “zatiki”, “paraklitoni” da “Tveni.” magram, garda amisa,arsebobs samoZRvro-TxrobiTi xasiaTis sagaloblebi, romlebic TavisidaniSnulebiT scildebian liturgiul CarCoebs.sagalobelTa motivebs ori ZiriTadi religiuri faqti gansazRvravs:erTi es aris codviT dacema, xolo meore _ faqti adamianis gamoxsnisa.pirveli iqceva sinanulis gamomxatveli motivebis wyarod, meore kisulieri sixarulisa. amas emateba adamianis miwieri saWiroebani daiqmneba oTxi kuTxe, romlebic qristianis locvas qmnian: RmerTi,dacemuli suli, miwieri saWiroebani da xsna qristeSi. zemoTdasaxelebuli xmebi ki swored is melodiuri motivebia, romlebicSesabamis religiur grZnobaTa aRZvras emsaxureba da esTetikurkategoriad unda gaviazroT.yovelive zemoTqmulidan kidev erTxel aSkarad ikveTebaqristianuli himnografiis liturgiuli funqcia da is faqti, romqristianul esTetikas ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli da TviTmkmariRirebuleba. igi erTi mTliani religiuri sistemis nawilia, misi miznebiki qristianobis saboloo miznis Sesaferisi.unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom kvlevisas himnografiuliqmnilebebi ar unda gamovacalkevoT im religiuri atmosferosgan,romelSic warmoiSvnen, aramed unda vikvlioT, rogorc sakuTarisamyaros mqoneni da im gansakuTrebuli, sulieri dro-sivrcisa,romelSic isini qmediTni da cocxalni arian. am atmosferos gareSe isinimxolod yofil qmnilebebad iqcevian. Tavad es samyaro ki maTi meSveobiTiwyebs vlenas da xelovnebis qmnilebac mxolod manamde rCeba aseTad,sanam am samyaroSia davanebuli. am samyaros rRvevasTan erTad,
99xelovnebis qmnileba gaugebari da Sinaganad miuwvdomeli xdeba dayofil qmnilebad iqceva.qristianuli xelovnebis samyaros qmnis taZari, gagebuli rogorcadgili, sadac uRrmesi qristianuli saidumloebani aResruleba. magramam samyaros, masTan erTad, qmnis yvela is nivTic, romelic masSiimyofeba da evqaristiul saidumloSi monawileobs. yovelive es kiliturgias ukavSirdeba. swored liturgiaa is, rac acocxlebs taZars,rogorc fizikur sivrces da samyarod aqcevs mas. RvTismsaxureba arisis, risi meoxebiTac xdeba ara mxolod fizikuri sivrcis samyarod qceva,aramed drois ganwmendac, misi maradisobad gadaqceva. liturgiuli droes aris dro, romelic RvTismsaxurebaSi gadis. igi Tavis gamoxatulebassaeklesio kalendarSi hpovebs da mkacrad gansazRvruli ritmebi daperiodebi aqvs. qristes aRdgomis faqtiT marcxdeba dro da sikvdili daxdeba drois ganwmenda, romelic, Tavis mxriv, RvTismsaxurebaSi ikribeba.aq dro kargavs Tavis DSeuqcevadobas da wrebrunvaSi gadadis.qristianuli xelovneba mxolod eklesiis wiaRSi, mis mistiurfoliantebSi cocxldeba. amdenad, qristianuli himnografiis kvlevacmxolod sakuTar samyaroSi da sulier dro-sivrceSia SesaZlebeli, raTasamyarodakargul qmnilebebad ar iqcnen, isini mxolod am velSi xdebianSinaganad misawvdomni da gancdadni da maRldebian ra arqetipebamde,iwyeben vlenas.vinaidan qristianuli himnografia sityvisa da saxelis bibliurxedvas emyareba, SevecadeT gveCvenebina, Tu rogor gaiazrebs sityvasa dasaxels es ukanaskneli. kerZod, aq sityva mis arsTan ganuyofelerTianobaSi aRiqmeba da ara mxolod komunikaciis, aramed RvTaebriviWeSmaritebis Semecnebisa da gamovlenis saSualebasac warmoadgens.Tumca, miuxedavad Rrma kavSirisa, miuRebelia arsisa da saxelis sruligaigiveba, vinaidan saxelsa da saxeldebuls Soris yovelTvis dgasmesame, anu saxelmdebeli. iqidan gamomdinare, rom himnografia, erTimxriv, warmoadgens RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis gadmocemas, xolo meoremxriv locviT teqsts, rogorc morwmunis uSualo urTierTobasRmerTTan da mis wmindanebTan, arsisa da saxelis amgvar erTianobasgadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba himnografiuli teqstebis gasagebad.
100RvTismetyvelebaSi adamis dacemisa da babilonis godlismSeneblobis saxiT RmerTis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli janyi gaazrebulia,rogorc faqti, romelmac gamoiwvia im metaenis dakargva, romelzec adamiRmerTs esaubreboda. Sesabamisad, am faqtis Sedegad miCneulia is, romadamianis Sinaganma sityvam, anu logosma, gulis Rrma SreebSigadainacvla. sametyvelo ena zedapiruli da proforistuli gaxda, xoloadamianis azrovneba zerele da analitikuri, romelmac garegnuligamovlinebebis mixedviT daiwyo Semecneba. sityvasa da mis arss SoriserTianobis darRveva kidev ufro gaRrmavda axal enebSi, romlebmacnacvlad mWvretelobiTisa, analitikuri funqcia SeiZines. Sesabamisad,locviT teqsts yovelTvis axasiaTebs swrafva Zveli enobriviformebisaken. magram, Tavis mxriv, es enebi kidev ufro Rrma SrisSemcvelni arian, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli xdebagamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis erTgvari unifikacia da es Sre arissimboloTa sistema.qristianul msoflaRqmaSi xiluli, materialuri samyaro uxilavissimbolos warmoadgens. simbolo aris damakavSirebeli rgoli miwier dazeciur samyaroebs Soris. misTvis buneba mxolod formaa, romlissulieri Sinaarsis amokiTxvac swored simboloTa sistemis meSveobiTaris SesaZlebeli. is sulierisa da materialuris, yofierebisa dacnobierebis erTianobis safuZvelia. simbolo aris is, risi meSveobiTacSesaZlebeli xdeba zeciuri samyaros gamovlena miwaze. Sesabamisad,qristianuli xelovneba zogadad da himnografia kerZod, simbolur enazemetyvelebs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, wminda werils eyrdnoba da kanonikurformaSia moqceuli.amrigad, mocemul TavSi ganvixileT himnografiis warmoSobisistoria, wyaroebi, misi saxeebi. ganvixileT agreTve is esTetikurikoncefcia, romelsac igi eyrdnoba. SevexeT im sulier drosa da sivrces,romelSic is qmediTia da cocxali. ganvixileT aseve sityvisa dasaxelis Teoria, romelsac himnografia emyareba da SevecadeTgveCvenebina ra mimarTebaa aq sityvasa da mis arss Soris da ramniSvneloba aqvs mas himnografiisTvis, rogorc locviTi teqstisTvis.SevexeT aseve enasac, romelzec himnografia metyvelebs da mokled
101mimovixileT is mecnieruli tradicia, rac saqarTveloSi himnografiiskvlevas gaaCnia. unda iTqvas, rom amiT mxolod mivuaxlovdiT im mTavariproblemis ganxilvas, rac mocemuli naSromis mizans Seadgens, kerZod,mxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs qristianulhimnografiaSi. Tumca yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebis gareSeSeuZlebeli iqneboda am problemis marTebuli dayeneba da miT ufrogadaWra. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, Cven SevecdebiT sworedfilosofiur WrilSi davayenoT mocemuli problema da davsvaT kiTxvebizogadad poeziis arsis Sesaxeb, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom cnebaTa winaswarigamoZiebis gareSe msjeloba imaze aris Tu ara himnografia poezia, maSinrodesac winaswar ar viciT, Tu ras vgulisxmobT am sityvebSi,safuZvelsaa moklebuli. Mmeore mxriv, mxolod am ukanaskneli sakiTxisgadaWriT dadgindeba sabolood himnografiis cneba.Yyvelaferi, rac vTqviT, himnografiis mxolod religiuri mxarisdasaxasiaTeblad gamodgeba. imisaTvis, rom filosofiur WrilSidavayenoT mxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi,mogviwevs CavataroT winaswari muSaoba da Cveni msjelobebidangamovricxoT “TavisTavad cxadi” debulebebi, romelsac Cveulebriv Cvenicnobiereba eyrdnoba. imisaTvis, rom daviwyoT azrovneba, pirvel rigSi,unda gavTavisufldeT im yalbi warmodgenisgan TiTqosda raRac ukveviciT. cxadia, am winaswari muSaobis Catareba mxolod filosofiissaqmea da vinaidan ar arsebobs arcerTi gamokvleva qristianulihimnografiis Sesaxeb, romelic filosofiur meTodologiasdaemyareboda, am msjelobaTa legitimurobis gamokvlevasac aravincdila. kamaTi am sferoSi swored am “TavisTavad cxad” debulebebzedayrdnobiT mimdinareobs, rac SeuZlebels xdis WeSmaritebis garkvevas.Cven SevecdebiT gavTavisufldeT azrovnebis am naklisgan da kvlevafilosofiur niadagze wamoviwyoT.
102Tavi meorehimnografiis mxatvruli Rirebuleba da misi mimarTebareligiurTan§1. mxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisdayenebisaTvis qristianul himnografiaSirogorc aRvniSneT, samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba,romelic saeklesio himnografias ar miiCnevs poeziad da Tvlis, rom igimxolod da mxolod garegnulad waagavs mas, vinaidan poeturimetaforebi da saxeebi aq religiuri azrovnebisadmi daqvemdebarebulfunqcias atareben da ver qmnian mxatvrul-esTetikur dones. ufro metic,isini miiCneven, rom sagalobelSi SeuZlebelic kia mxatvruli azrovnebisgamovlena, vinaidan simboluri ena, romelzec qristianuli xelovneba damaT Soris qristianuli himnografia metyvelebs, ar iZleva mxatvruliazrovnebis gamovlenis saSualebas. sasuliero poeziaSi simboloebi,marTlac, literaturuli Sablonebis saxiT gvevlinebian, romlebic, Tavismxriv, umaRles kategoriebad miiCneva da saRvTismetyvelo sibrZnisgadmocemis saSualebas warmoadgens. ramdenadac himnografiasaRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis gacxadebaa, ar SeiZleba iyos adamianurigonebis mxatvruli warmosaxvis nayofi. am mecnierTa azriT,saRvTismetyvelo sibrZnis amgvari gadmocema ar SeiZleba CaiTvalospoeziad da ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ritmul prozad SeiZleba iqnes aRqmuli.mecnierTa meore nawilis azriT, rogorc formis, ise SinaarsisTvalsazrisiT, himnografia poeziaa, kerZod ki saRvTismetyvelo poeziada mas mxatvruli literaturis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Janrad aRiqvams.unda iTqvas, rom es problema ar aris axali. rogorc aRvniSneT,qristianuli himnografia da qristianuli xelovneba saerTod,ideacionaluri kulturis nawils warmoadgens, romelic RmerTiszegrZnobad da zegonierebiT principzea dafuZnebuli. amgvar
103kulturebSi ki, rogorc religiur-filosofiuri, ise eTikuri daesTetikuri Teoriebi erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi imyofebian dareligiurisadmi daqvemdebarebul funqcias atareben. Aamdenad, esproblema dgas ara marto qristianuli himnografiis, aramed mTeliSuasaukuneebis epoqis saRvTismetyvelo literaturis winaSec dazogadad mTeli religiuri poeziis winaSec.rigi mkvlevarebisa, swored imaze dayrdnobiT, rom himnografiasaxismetyvelebiT azrovnebas emyareba, miiCnevs mas poeziad. garda amisa,miuxedavad himnografis SezRudulobisa kanoniT, mas mainc aqvs TavisiniWis gamovlenis SesaZlebloba. kerZod, igi Tavisufalia sxvadasxvagamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis arCevisas, ama Tu im xat-simbolosa Tuparalelizmebis, asociaciebisa Tu paradigmebisTvis mimarTvisas. iginacnob Temas axlebur elfersa da JReradobas aZlevs, TiTqosdayvelasTvis nacnob da mravaljer gancdil movlenebs sruliad sxvakuTxiT warmoaCens da mkiTxvelsa Tu msmenels axleburad ganacdevinebs,gansxvavebul emociur datvirTvas sZens. tradiciuli frazeologiisa dadogmatikis farglebSi igi mainc axerxebs sakuTari ganwyoba mogvawodos.RvTaebrivi sityvisa da musikis es harmonia, erTi mxriv, mdidarinformacias awvdis aRmqmels, meore mxriv, ki afaqizebs mis sulsa dagonebas, xels uwyobs mis zneobriv srulyofasa da RvTisadmimimsgavsebas. Yyovelive es safuZvels aZlevs meore Tvalsazrisismomxreebs himnografia poeziad gamoacxadon.vfiqrobT, yvelaferi rac zemoT himnografiis Sesaxeb vTqviT naTelwarmodgenas gvaZlevs imaze, Tu ra Seadgens sagaloblis religiurfunqcias, magram mxatvrulsa da religiurs Soris arsebuliurTierTmimarTebis gasarkvevad qristianul himnografiaSi, mxolodzemoTqmuli ar kmara. jer kvlavac pasuxgaucemeli rCeba kiTxva imisSesaxeb, aris Tu ara himnografia poezia, amisaTvis ki saWiroa davsvaTkiTxva Tavad poeziis arsis Sesaxeb. marTlacda, ra aris poezia, sad,romel wiaRSi iSoba igi da ra mimarTeba aqvs mas religiasTan?specialuri mecnierebebisagan gansxvavebiT, filosofias sakvlevisagani arasodes eZleva mzamzareuli saxiT. imisaTvis rom raime ikvlios,filosofiam Tavad unda daadginos, Tu ra aris es raime. zemoT
104moyvanili Tvalsazrisebi eyrdnobian mTel rig msjelobebs, romelTaWeSmariteba jer kidev gasarkvevia da, maSasadame, azrovnebas iwyeben araTavidan, aramed Suidan. sakiTxis filosofiuri dayeneba gulisxmobsgavarkvioT, Tu ra msjelobebs Seicaven aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisebi dadavsvaT kiTxvebi maTi legitimurobis Sesaxeb.ganvixiloT jer pirveli Tvalsazrisi, romelic amtkicebs, romhimnografia ar aris poezia, radgan mas religiurisadmi daqvemdebarebulifunqcia aqvs da RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis ubralo gadmocemaswarmoadgens, xolo himnografiaSi arsebuli simboloebi ver qmnianmxatvrul esTetikur dones. Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, am TvalsazrisebsSemdegi msjelobebi udevs safuZvlad:pirveli: poezias religiurisadmi daqvemdebarebuli funqcia arSeiZleba hqondes, radganI.poezias Tavisi arsiT religiisagan gansxvavebuli sawyisi aqvs;II. mas religiisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli miznebi da amocanebigaaCnia;Mmeorec, unda gavarkvioT SeiZleba Tu ara visaubroT mxatvrul_esTetikuri aRqmis unarze am msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi da Tuamgvari ram arsebobs ras gulisxmobs igi. Tavis naSromSi “Suasaukuneebis esTetikis evolucia” umberto eko ase ayenebs sakiTxs:grZnobdnen Tu ara Sua saukuneebis adamianebi, romlebic mzad iyvnengamoeyenebinaT xelovneba utilitaruli da didaqtikuri miznebiT,xelovnebis qmnilebis dauinteresebeli Wvretis SesaZleblobas? kerZodras moicavda Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi mxatvruli silamazis cneba?marTalia, eko am naSromSi saubrobs Sua saukuneebze, magram arsebiTadsaubaria swored im msoflaRqmaze, romelic marTlmadideblobis wiaRSiucvlelad iqna SenarCunebuli.mesame msjeloba, romelsac es Tvalsazrisi Seicavs Semdegia:vinaidan himnografia saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis gadmocemaa, sadacbibliuri saxe-simboloebi erTgvari poeturi Sablonebis saxiT
105gvevlinebian, maSasadame aq ar SeiZleba adgili hqondes Semoqmedebas,radgan:I.Semoqmedeba gulisxmobs individualurs, originalurs, axals, rachimnografiaSi SeuZlebelia;II. poezia, pirvel rigSi, poetis subieqturi samyaros gamovlena, misimxatvruli warmosaxvis nayofia da ara RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebisgadmocema, anu dgeba xelovnebisa da WeSmaritebis urTierTmimarTebissakiTxi.vnaxoT ramdenad marTebulia es msjelobebi, Tuki pasuxs gavcemT amkiTxvebs, TavisTavad pasuxi gaecema im kiTxvebsac, romelsac sapirispiroTvalsazrisi Seicavs. Ppirvel rigSi, vnaxoT aqvs Tu ara poeziasreligiisagan gansxvavebuli sawyisi, miznebi da amocanebi.P§2. poeziisa da religiis amosavali erTianobarogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, pirveli zedapiruli STabeWdileba,rasac religiasa da poeziaze dakvirveba iwvevs aris is, rom isini saerTowiaRSi Caisaxnen, erTi safuZvlidan aRmocendnen. uZvelesi poeturiqmnilebani, amave dros, religiuri teqstebis deklaracias warmoadgenen,romlebic mxolod mogvianebiT iZenen logikur, cnebiT formebs.Tavdapirvelad ki religiuri teqstebi swored poeturi formiTwarmosdgebian sxvadasxva kulturebSi. amis naTeli dadasturebaa poeziisuZvelesi nimuSebi gansxvavebul xalxebSi: orfikuli teqstebi da indurivedebis krebuli, sxvadasxva warmarTuli RmerTebisadmi miZRvnili himnebiberZnul da romaul kulturebSi da “simRerebis wigni” CineTSi, “qebaTaqeba” da daviTis umSvenieresi fsalmunebi, romelsac qristianulkulturaSi himnografiuli elementi emateba da liturgiisumniSvnelovanes nawilad iqceva. marTlac, Zveli drois poezia sakraluri,liturgiuli funqciis matarebeli iyo. l. kvirikaSvili samarTlianadSeniSnavs rom orfevsi, oleni, linosi, museosi, evmolposi, qurumebi dahimnografebi yofilan. sagaloblebi ki msxverplSewirvis ritualis
106aucilebel nawils Seadgendnen. sagvareulo tradicia inaxavda sakralurpoezias, religiur himnebs. warmogvidgens ra homerosul himnebs,l.kvirikaSvili aRniSnavs, rom isini sakulto msaxurebis bevr sagulisxmomoments gvacnoben. igi wers: “piTieli apolonis himnSi gansakuTrebulyuradRebas ipyrobs kretelTa qurumebad dasxma, rasac paralelimouZebna v. gvaxariam specialurad am himnis Targmanze daweril narkvevSi:babilonelebma da asurelebma Sumerebi aqcies qurumebad da maTi enasakulto enad gaixades. musikis madlsa da memusikis xelovnebazesagangebod laparakia hermesis saqebel homerosul himnSi, sadac apolonihermesisagan Rebulobs qnars. RmerTTa musikobani cnobilia ZveliaRmosavleTis xelovnebidan. Semdeg iqmneba poeturi sityvisa damelodiis RvTaebrivi emanaciis Teoriebi” (22, 14).cnobili romaeli poeti kvintus horacius flakusi Tavis poeturtraqtatSi “poeturi xelovnebisaTvis”, poezias aseve RvTaebriviwarmomavlobis dargad miiCnevs da Tvlis, rom poetma da misanmaorfevsma poeziis wyalobiT ixsna adamiani veluri yofisagan. “velurnityis kacni RmerTTa wminda misanma orfevsma ganarida mkvlelobaT daSemaZrwunebel sisxlian sakvebs. ai aqedan gaCnda Tqmuleba, TiTqos igivefxvebsa da mZvinvare lomebs AaTvinierebda”, _werda igi (22, 28).saRmrTo bunebis mqoned miiCnevs poezias rusTavelic, romelic arCevsra poeziis sxvadasxva saxeobebs, poezias sibrZnis dargad acxadebs:Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi,saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni, msmenelTaTvis didi margi(39, 10).rusTaveli Suasaukuneebis moRvawea, romlis poeziac himnografiistradiciebze aRmocenda da cxadia, am saRmrTo sibrZneSi sworedsaRvTismetyvelo sibrZnes gulisxmobs, romelic margebelia sulisaTvisda pirovnebis xsnas emsaxureba.homerosis teqstebSi xotba eZRvneba sxvadasxva warmarTul RmerTebs.i. parandovskis TqmiT, Zveli berZnuli lirikis zogierTma saxesxvaobamsamudamod Semoinaxa TavisSi xsovna maTi religiuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb,xolo piko de la mirandolam amoicno homerosis poeziis liturgiuli
107xasiaTi. igi apirebda Seeqmna naSromi “poetikis Teologia”, sadacdaasabuTebda, rom poetebi amave dros Teologebic arian, radganac zustadiseve sargebloben simboloTa eniT. misi azriT, amgvari Teologiis SeqmnadResac SeiZleba, romelic poeziis yvela epoqas moicavda. am gziTgamoirkveoda, Tu ramdenad jiutad misdevs poezia uZveles tradiciebsda ramdengan sargebloben misiT iseTi uCveulo cnebebisaTvis, rom maTmxolod Zveli poeturi kastebi da sityvis xelovnebis saidumloebebSiSeRwevis Zveli saSualebebiRa akliaT (65, 142).marTlac sad, romel wiaRSi iRebs dasabams poeziis es uCveulo ena?didi espaneli filosofosi, xose ortega-i-gaseti Tvlida, rom metaforuliazrovnebis ukan, romelic damaxasiaTebelia poeziisaTvis, dgas instiqti,romelic aqezebs adamians gaurbodes yovelive realurs. igi aRmoaCens, rommetafora nawilobriv tabus arsSia fesvgadgmuli da dasabams iRebs imdroidan, rodesac adamiani gaurboda garkveul realobebTan kontaqts,Tumca es gardauvali iyo. Tuki cxoveli, romliTac adamiani irCenda Tavs,sakralur adgilas moxvdeboda, es cxovelic sakralur statuss iZendada ar SeiZleboda xeliT Sexeboda mas. am SemTxvevaSi indieli liluotiCacucqdeboda da xelebs muxlebs qveS amoidebda. amrigad WamanebadarTuli iyo, radganac metaforulad muxlebs QqveS amodebuli xelebiigive fexebs niSnavda. “ai sxeulebrivi pozis erTgvari tropi, pirveladimetafora, sityvieri xatebis winamorbedi, romelsac safuZvlad udevsimisken swrafva, rom faqtiur realobas gaeqces. da raki sityvapirvelyofili adamianisaTvis igivea, rac sagani, mxolod saxeldebuli,amitom aucilebelia Tavi aaridon im sagnis dasaxelebas, romelsac tabuadevs. ai ratomaa, rom am sagans sxva saxels arqmeven da amrigad pirvelsSeniRbuli da iribi formiT ixsenieben” (72, 67).frangi moazrovne emil diurkemi, romelic elementarul religiebsikvlevs, aseve aRniSnavs, rom am religiebSi zogjer tabu edeba aramxolod gardacvlilis saxels, aramed im sityvebsac, romelsac igixmarobda. amitom axloblebi iZulebulni arian metyvelebaSi xarvezebiperifrazebiT an ucxo dialeqtidan nasesxebi sityvebiT Seavson, rac Tavismxriv, albaT, xels uwyobda mxatruli azrovnebis ganviTarebas (77, 421).
108metaforuli da mxatruli azrovneba nawilobriv SesaZloa marTlactabus arsSi iyos fesvgadgmuli, magram vfiqrobT, mis warmoSobas kidevsxva mniSvnelovani faqtori ganapirobebs. kerZod, metaforuli dasaxeobrivi azrovnebis moTxovnileba Cndeba maSin, rodesac gamosaxatirealoba imdenad aRmatebulia, rom Cveulebrivi enobrivi saSualebebi araris sakmarisi mis gadmosacemad. metafora, rogorc wesi, msgavsebasemyareba da cdilobs ufro martivis saSualebiT agvixsnas rTuli.vinaidan yoveli religia zegrZnobadi, Cveni realobisgan gansxvavebuli,ufro rTuli realobis gadmocemas cdilobs da amisTvis CveulebrivxmarebaSi myofi sityvebi ar yofnis, igi metaforul da simbolursaxeobrivazrovnebas mimarTavs. Kkulturis sawyis etapze es miTosSiaisaxeba, sadac Teoriul elements mxatvruli ejaWveba da poeziasTananaTesavebs. swored miTosis sakralur wiaRSi, romelic jer kidev arCamoyalibebula mkacr religiur dogmebad, iSveba poezia. miTebi poeturiazrovnebis pirvelsaxed gvevlinebian. Tavis mxriv, miTosica da poeziacswored enis uZlurebidan iSvebian. Ee. kasireri Tavis naSromSi imowmebsmaqs miulers, romelic miToss mxolod enis Tananawarmad ganixilavs daTvlis, rom “ena Tavisi WeSmariti bunebiT metaforulia. igi Tavs afarebsnarTaul formebs, vinaidan uZluria mkafiod da calsaxad gamoTqvasraime. swored enis am daudegar mravalferovnebas umadlis miTosi TaviswarmoSobas da igia misi goniTi masazrdoebeli” (77, 178).SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miTosi, rogorc azrovnebis forma axdenssinamdvilis sakralizebas, romelSic cxovrobs im drois adamiani.miTologiis am sakralur wiaRSi poezia da religia erTmaneTis gverdiTTanaarseboben. Tavis gamokvlevaSi “vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba”z.gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs: “antiuri da Suasaukuneobrivi literaturismkvlevarni Tanamedrove etapze did mniSvnelobas aniWeben miTosisa dapoeziis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenas. miToss ganixilaven, rogorc niadags,saidanac aRmocenda poezia, vinaidan mxatvruli azrovneba kacobriobisganviTarebis uadres etapze miTosis formiT vlindeboda, rasacganapirobebda uwinares yovlisa religiuri cnobiereba” (10, 18).amrigad, pirveli rac SeiZleba davaskvnaT zemoTqmulidan aris is,rom poeziaca da religiac sakraluris wiaRSi aRmocendebian, magram
109Tavad sakraluris cneba ar aris erTgvarovani. am cnebas iyenebs yovelireligia primitiuli, totemuri rwmenebidan dawyebuli, rTuli religiebiTdamTavrebuli. garda amisa, sakralurs mimarTaven ara mxolod religiebi,aramed magiaca da primitiuli rwmenebic, romlebic religiad verCaiTvlebian. TavisTavad cxadia, rom sakraluri funqciac, romelsac esaTu is poezia sxvadasxva religiisa, Tu magiuri rwmenis farglebSi iZensar aris erTgvarovani. kerZod, igi damokidebulia im kultis bunebaze,romelsac es rwmena mimarTavs da SeiZleba iyos rogorc pozitiuri, isenegatiuri xasiaTis matarebeli. maSasadame, ama Tu im poeziis ganxilvacunda xdebodes im kulturis farglebSi, romlis wiaRSic aRmocendamocemuli poezia, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yoveli kulturawarmoadgens mTlianobas, romelic garkveul Rirebulebebzeaorentirebuli.TavisTavad cxadia isic, rom rodesac qristianul himnografiazevsaubrobT, igi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc qristianuli kulturis cocxalida qmediTi nawili, romlis centrSic gankacebuli RmerTi, ieso qristedgas. rogorc vaCveneT, Tavis TavSi liturgiuli funqciis matarebelxelovnebis qmnilebas ar gaaCnia da arc SeiZleba gaaCndesdamoukidebeli esTetikuri Rirebuleba. ufro metic, mis amocanas saerTodar Seadgens vinmesTvis esTetikuri tkbobis miniWeba. misi funqcialiturgiulia da Tanxvdeba zogadad qristianuli religiis miznebsa daamocanebs_kerZod, miiyvanos adamiani RmerTTan, miaRwios mis ganRmrTobas.maSasadame, qristianuli himnografiis miznebi uaRresad praqtikulia. igi,iseve rogorc yoveli poezia, romelic ama Tu im religiisa Tu rwmeniswiaRSi warmoiSoba da garkveul liturgiul funqcias atarebs, amreligiisa Tu rwmenis Sesaferisi miznebis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba.amrigad, rodesac vsaubrobT poeziisa da religiis amosavalerTianobaze, ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos sxvadasxva kulturebSi isinierTi da imave Sinaarsis matarebelni arian. aq saubaria imaze, rompoeziaca da religiac sakralurs mimarTaven, mis wiaRSi iSobian, arqaulkulturebSi ki poezia locviTi funqciis matarebeli daRvTismsaxurebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. Tumca, iqidan gamomdinare,Tu ra Sinaarsis matarebelia Tavad sakraluri, am poeziaTa Sinaarsi
110SesaZloa radikaluradac gansxvavdebodes. magram isic unda aRiniSnos,rom miuxedavad SinaarsTa sxvadasxvaobisa, locva da poezia mainc erTida imave rigis movlenebad rCebian.erT adgilas parandovski akeTebs aseve Zalian saintereso SeniSvnas.misi TqmiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs arcerTi seriozulihipoteza, TiTqosda kacobrioba Tavdapirvelad leqsebiT saubrobda,yoveli literaturis istoria iwyeba ara proziT, aramed poeziiT.vinaidan pirveli, rac yofiT metyvelebaze amaRlda, leqsi iyo (65, 32; 141-143). es ki imitom moxda, rom swored poezia iyo is forma, romliTacadamianma SeZlo Tavisi sakraluri grZnobebis gamoxatva. Uufro metic,poeziaca da religiac erTi da imave wiaRidan aRmocenda daTavdapirvelad erTi da igive amocanebi da miznebi hqonda. antikur daSua saukuneebis epoqebSi xelovneba da maT Soris poezia, liturgiulida sakraluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo. rogorc i. haizingasamarTlianad aRniSnavs, “aseTi gaazrebis pirveli winapiroba aris imSexedulebisagan ganTavisufleba, TiTqos poezias mxolod esTetikurifunqcia hqondes, anda mxolod esTetikuri safuZvlebidan iyos asaxsnelida gasagebi. yovel ayvavebul, cocxal kulturaSi, upirveles yovlisa kiarqaul kulturebSi, poezia vitaluri, socialuri da liturgiulifunqciaa. uZvelesi poezia, amave dros, aris kulti, sadResaswaulogasarTobi, ostatobis demonstracia, gamocana, sibrZnis gamoxatuleba,darwmuneba, misnoba, winaswarmetyveleba, Sejibri. poeti aris “fatesi”,Sepyrobili, RvTaebriobiT gamsWvaluli, Slegi. is mcodnea, e.i. Sair,rogorc mas Zveli arabebi uwodebdnen. edas miTosSi TafluWi, romlisdalevaa saWiro poetad gaxdomisaTvis, kvasiris sisxlisgan mzaddeba: esubrZnesi arsebaa, visac kiTxvas ver dausvam pasuxi rom ver gagces” (44, 159).haizingas TqmiT, poet-naTelmxilvels mxolod SemdgomSi gamoeyowinaswarmetyvelis, misnis, mistagogis, Cveulebrivi gagebiT poetis saxeebi.amrigad, poeziis kavSiri religiur kultTan, maTi amosavali erTianoba,sruliad aSkaraa. aSkaraa aseve maTi miznebisa da amocanebis erTianobacarqaul kulturebSi. sxva saqmea, rom es religiuri kulti gansxvavebulepoqebsa Tu sazogadoebebSi sxvadasxvagvaria, rac ama Tu im kulturaSiaRmocenebuli poeziis Taviseburebas ganapirobebs.
111maSasadame, debuleba TiTqos poezias da religis sxvadasxvasawyisi aqvs, ar aris marTebuli. arqaul kulturebSi arc maTi miznebisada amocanebis sxvadasxvaobaze SeiZleba laparaki. Sesabamisad msjeloba,romelic apriorulad gulisxmobs am debulebaTa siswores, safuZvelsaamoklebuli. vnaxoT ramdenad marTebulia meore msjeloba, romelichimnografiaSi esTetikuri aRqmis ararsebobas gulisxmobs. marTlac,vnaxoT SesaZlebelia Tu ara raimegvar esTetikur aRqmaze saubarihimnografiaSi da zogadad qristianul xelovnebaSi, romelic religiurifunqciis mqonea da pirvel rigSi, religiur miznebs emsaxureba.§3. himnografiis religiuri funqcia da esTetikuri aRqmis aspeqtebiqristianobaSiyovelive rac zemoT himnografiaze iTqva, himnografiis sworedreligiur aspeqts Seexeboda. kerZod, Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevisSedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qristianuli himnografia arisqristianuli religiuri sistemis organuli nawili, sadac masreligiurisadmi daqvemdebarebuli funqcia akisria da am religiisSesaferisi miznebi da amocanebi gaaCnia. igi sityvis bibliur aRqmasemyareba. Sesabamisad masSi sityva orgvari funqciis matarebelia: erTimxriv, igi SemecnebiTi funqciis matarebelia da saRvTismetyvelo codnisgadmocemas warmoadgens, xolo, meore mxriv, igi locviTi teqstia daRmerTTan da mis wmindanebTan urTierTobisTvis aris gankuTvnili.misTvis gamoxatvis ZiriTadi saSualeba aris simbolo. kerZod igibibliur simbolikas emyareba da bibliuri simboloebis saxiTgvTavazobs erTgvar literaturul Sablonebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,zeciuri samyaros mimeziss isaxaven miznad da himnografias mzamzareulisaxiT awvdian mTel saRvTismetyvelo codnas. isini mniSvneloben mxolodim sakralur toposSi, rasac qristianuli taZari hqvia da liturgiulidro-sivrcis nawils Seadgenen. Aaqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom am
112sakraluri dro-sivrcis nawilad isini swored galobis meSveobiTiqcevian. Mmelodia aris is, rac acocxlebs himnografiul teqsts amsakralur toposSi da romlis meSveobiTac “TamaSdeba” saRvTo istoria,magram ara rogorc ubralod reprezentacia RvTaebrivi xdomilebisa,aramed rogorc identifikacia.rogorc i. haizinga samarTlianad aRniSnavs, saRmrTo moqmedebaaris dromenon, anu warmodgeba, rogorc Tavad Sesrulebis aqti. “isimeorebs erTxel momxdars. kulti ganaxorcielebs xdomilebas, romelicsaxovnadaa naCvenebi moqmedebis meSveobiT. Mmisi funqcia aris aramxolod mibaZva, aramed CarTva anu monawileoba. is aris xdomilebisgamoTavisufleba” (44, 31). Lliturgia gvevlineba swored rogorc amgvarigamoTavisufleba saRmrTo istoriisa da misi mizania TviToeulimorwmunis CarTva masSi. sagaloblis funqcia aris is, rom xeli Seuwyosam CarTvas, romlis meSveobiTac qristes jvarcma mudmivad ganmeorebadfaqtad iqceva. Aamrigad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom himnografia, rogorc calkeaRebuli teqsti mxolod erTi nawilia saRmrTo saidumlosi. is mxolodmaSin aResruleba, rodesac Tavis samyaroSi, liturgiul drosa dasivrceSi moxvedrili, cocxldeba melodiis wyalobiT. iseve rogorcpiesa anda antikuri drama aris teqsti, romelic Seqmnilia imisaTvis,rom gaTamaSdes da misi srulyofili aRqma mxolod gaTamaSebis Semdgomaris SesaZlebeli, aseve himnografia, romelic daupirispirda antikurdramas, aris teqsti, romelic Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom misi “gaTamaSebiT”xelaxla aResrulos saRmrTo moqmedeba. Ees “gaTamaSeba” ki galobismeSveobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli, romelic antifonuri xasiaTisaa dawarmosdgeba rogorc identifikacia mistiuri xdomilebisa, romliskulminaciasac qristes sisxlTan da xorcTan morwmuneTa ziarebawarmoadgens. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, igi simbolo ki ar aris amxdomilebisa, romlis gaxsenebasac emsaxureba misi xelaxalireprezentacia, aramed Tavad es xdomileba, romlis wyalobiTacamqveyniurisa da imqveyniuris kavSiri xorcieldeba. Bbunebrivia, am tipissakraluri aqtisTvis esTetikuri tkboba mxolod damabrkolebelfaqtorad SeiZleba iqces.
113Uumberto eko Tavis adreul naSromSi “Sua saukuneebis esTetikisevolucia” aanalizebs im faqts, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad qristianulixelovnebis mier esTetikur tkbobaze uaris Tqmas. marTalia, eko eyrdnobaZiriTadad dasavlel qristian moazrovneebs da im tendenciebze saubrobs,romelic kaTolikuri eklesiis SigniT viTardeba, rac TavisTavadgulisxmobs garkveul gansxvavebas, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom esnaSromi Suasaukuneebs Seexeba, xolo gayofa kaTolicizmsa damarTlmadideblobas Soris mxolod 1054 wels gaformda, bunebrivia,moiZebneba garkveuli Sexebis wertilebi da xedvebi, romelic saerToaorive tipis azrovnebisTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi garkveul periodamdemainc. magaliTad, eko exeba iseT moazrovneebsac, rogorebic arian netariavgustine da dionise areopageli, romelTa naazrevic misaRebiaaRmosavluri qristianuli msoflaRqmisTvis. YkerZod, is esTetikuri xedva,romelzec eko am naSromSi saubrobs, sruliad misaRebia aRmosavlurieklesiisTvisac.Uumberto eko ewinaaRmdegeba Sua saukuneebis gaazrebas, rogorcmSvenierebis, grZnobebiT Semecnebadis moralisturi uaryofis epoqisa.misi azriT, Sua saukuneebis amgvarad moazreba SeuZlia mxolod adamians,romelic erTob zedapirulad icnobs teqstebs da sruliad ar esmis Suasaukuneebis mentaliteti. igi miuTiTebs Sua saukuneebis mistikosTa daasketTa mimarTebaze silamazisadmi da aRniSnavs, rom epoqisdamiuxedavad, asketebic ki grZnoben mizidulebas miwieri sixarulebismimarT da maTgan momdinare sacdurisa. Uufro metic, isini am Zaxils ufroZlierad aRiqvamdnen, vidre yvela danarCeni; swored kontrastze miwierismimarT mgrZnobiarobasa da zegrZnobadis mimarT swrafvas Soris arisdafuZnebuli drama disciplinisa. rodesac disciplina imarjvebs,individuumi moipovebs ra wonasworobas grZnobebisa da dauqvemdebarebsra maT kontrols, hpovebs SesaZleblobas amsofliur nivTTa WvretisauSfoTveli mzeriT da mimteveblurad afasebs maT, ris saSualebasacadre asketuri brZolis cieb-cxeleba ar aZlevda. Eeko Tvlis, romSuasaukuneebis asketizmisa da misticizmis istoriaSi SegviZliavipovoT arcTu mciredi magaliTebi am ori fsiqologiuri mdgomareobisa.
114amasTan erTad ki mTeli seria saintereso mowmobebisa, romlebic asaxavenesTetikuri aRqmis yofiT mxareebs.XII saukuneSi cisterianeli da kartezianeli berebi awarmoebdnenmZafr polemikas fufunebisa da eklesiebis morTvis arsebuligamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis winaaRmdeg. abreSumi, oqro, vercxli,feradi vitraJebi, skulpturebi, ferwera, xaliCebi mkacrad iyogakritikebuli cisterianelTa wesdebiT. isini gacxarebiT esxmian Tavsyvela im zedmetobas, romlebsac gadaaqvT morwmuneTa yuradRebasaTnoebisa da locviTi koncentrirebisagan. Mmagram gansjidnen ra, isiniar uaryofdnen dekoris silamazes. Uufro metic, amxedrdnen miswinaaRmdeg swored imitom, rom scnobdnen mis dauZlevel mimzidvelobas,romelic uadgilo iyo siwmindis farglebSi, Tumca es uaryofadafuZnebulia imis udavo aRiarebaze, rom es morTulobani flobenesTetikur Tvisebebs. Mmsgavsi sulieri ganwyoba vrceldebodaamsofliur silamazeebze mTlianad, rogorc xorcieli siamovnebisgamomwvevze. Eeko aRniSnavs, rom davas sulac ar iwvevs esTetikuri faqti,aramed misi gamoyeneba ara sakulto miznebiT, vinaidan berebi Tvlian, romadamianebi, romlebic mieaxlebian siwmindeebs, ufro metad tkbebiansiwmindiTa silamaziT, vidre loculoben maT mimarT. igi aRniSnavs, romes pozicia tipiuria mistikosebisTvisac, ris magaliTsac warmoadgenspetre-damianes nawerebi. rigoristebi mudmiv davaSi arian raRacasTan,risi mimzidvelobis Zalac maT SeuZliaT mTeli sisavsiT igrZnon,miuxedavad imisa, igi aRtacebis grZnobas iwvevs, Tu SeSfoTebisa.SeadareT es netari avgustines dramas, wers eko, romelic kidev ufrogaSiSvlebulia da datvirTuli vnebebiT, romelic mogviTxrobs Sinagangaorebaze morwmune adamianis sulSi: episkoposi mudmiv SiSSia, vaiTusaeklesio musikis silamazem acdunos igi locvis dros. Toma aqvineliudidesi simSvidiT wyvets analogiur problemas, ar urCevs rainstrumentuli musikis gamoyenebas liturgiuli miznebisaTvis:musikaluri instrumentebi ar unda gamoviyenoT swored imitom, rom isiniiwveven mZafr SegrZnebas tkbobisa, romelsac SeuZlia miaqcios morwmunissuli saeklesio musikis Tavdapirveli daniSnulebisagan. rac Seexeba misdaniSnulebas, is realizdeba galobiT, romelic aRZravs sulebs “kidev
115ufro metad iswrafvodnen locvisaken”, maSin rodesac “musikaluriinstrumentebi aniWeben suls tkbobas da ar mihyavT Sinaganad keTilizraxvebis aRZvrisaken.” survili uaryofisa aq Rrmavdeba garkveuliesTetikuri realobis aRiarebiT, romelic mavnea mocemul adgilas,magram TavisTavad warmoadgens raRac mniSvnelovans, aRniSnavs eko.Uunda iTqvas, rom aRmosavluri qristianuli samyaro am principebiserTguli darCa, maSin rodesac dasavlurma samyarom mniSvnelovanwiladuari Tqva maTze. Mman Seitana magaliTad orRani eklesiaSi, romlisesTetikuri zemoqmedebis Zala udavod didia, magram ar Seeferebasaeklesio xelovnebis Tavdapirvel daniSnulebas. saeklesio mxatvroba aqaRar misdevs kanonikur formebs, rasac xorcieli tkboba da mSvinvieriganwyobilebebi Semoaqvs eklesiaSi. maTi taZrebi morTuliaskulpturebiTa da mdidruli nivTebiT,Ggrandiozuli sivrceebi kiTrgunaven adamianebs. SeimCneva tendencia instrumentuli musikisSemotanisa. Eekos mier motanili mdidari masala uCvenebs, Tu rogorewinaaRmdegeboda yovelive amas Suasaukuneebis mravali moazrovne, Tureligiuri moRvawe.Yyovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia Tu aravisaubroT qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi esTetikuraRqmaze? ekosTvis yovelgvar eWvgareSea is faqti, rom Sua saukuneebismistika, gamoxatavda ra undoblobas garegnuli silamazisadmi,efloboda wminda teqstebis WvretaSi anda sulis Sinagani vibraciebiTtkbobaSi, romelic RvTaebrivi madliT iyo garemoculi. “Sinaganisilamaze mSvenieria garegnulze, Tundac is samefo morTuloba iyos”. amfrazaSi, ekos azriT, Tavmoyrilia sokratuli tipis esTetika, romelicsulis silamazis Wvretazea dafuZnebuli. mowameTa sxeulebi, romelTaSexedvac ki sazareli iyo saSineli wamebis Semdeg, mainc kaSkaSa SinaganibrwyinvalebiT brwyinaven. Ddapirispireba garegan da Sinagan silamazesSoris _ erTob momgebiania Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi. Mmagram amSemTxvevaSic ki, miwieri silamazis warmavloba erTgvari dananebisgrZnobiT aRiqmeba. am warmavali silamazis winaSe mxolod Sinagansilamazeze SeiZleba sasoebis qona, romelic ar kvdeba. tkbeba ra amsilamaziT, Sua saukuneebi sikvdilis winaSe aRadgens esTetikuri
116faseulobis cnebas. Aadamianebi linkeas maxvili mzeriT rom iyvnendajildoebulni, ambobs boeciusi, isini uTuod SeamCnevdnen ramdenadsazizRar suls flobs lamazi alkibiade, romlis garegnobac maTyovelgvari aRfrTovanebis Rirsad eCvenebaT. Bamrigad, Sua saukuneebismzera mimarTulia Sinagani silamazis Wvretisken, romelic avlens TavsmTel garegnul gamovlinebaSi. rogorc sanTlis sinaTles ar SeuZliasibneleSi damalva, ise sxeulic ivseba brwyinvale da gareT gamosvlismsurveli sxivebiT, gonebis sinaTliT da avrcelebs mas mTeli TavisinawilebiT da grZnobis organoebiT, qmnis ra moZraobebs, saubars, Rimils,rodesac Rimili savsea RirsebiTa da saTnoebiT.ESua saukuneebSi mSvenierebis aRqmis unari, rogorc bunebrivis, isemxatvrulis ekosaTvis udavo faqts warmoadgens, magram aq xdeba mudmiviaRreva metafizikuri esTetikis kategoriebisa xelovnebis qmnilebisSemfasebel gansazRvrebebSi. igi imowmebs haizingas, romelic TavisnaSromSi mudmivad usvams xazs, Tu rogor iqceva xolme Sua saukuneebSiZlivs gaCenili grZnoba mxatvruli silamazisa RmerTTan erTianobisgrZnobad da yofnis sixarulad da aRniSnavs, rom swored am saSualebiTuaxlovdeba Sua saukuneebis adamiani mSveniers.* eko SeniSnavs, romesTetikuri sixarulis gadaqceva yofnis sixarulad, an mistikursixarulad, aseve dafiqsirebulia abati sugeris mier, romelicwarmoTqvams sityvebs namdvili aRfrTovanebisa, Wvrets ra silamazesTavisi taZrisa. esTetikuri sixarulidan mistikur sixarulze gadasvlaaq TiTqmis myisieria_gacilebiT ufro meti xarisxiT, vidre aris miTiTebamistiur, “anagogiur” meqanizmze gadaadgilebisa. Aase rom Suasaukuneebis adamianis esTetikuri mgrZnobeloba koncentrirdeboda aracalke aRebul mxatvrul anda bunebriv obieqtze, aramed yvelazebunebriv anda fantastikur urTierTobaTa gancdaze saWvret obieqtsada kosmoss Soris, romelic Ria iyo transcendenturi sawyisisadmi.TiToeul nivTSi Sua saukuneebis adamiani xedavda ontologiur mowmobas*ix. Й. Хейзинга, “Осень средневековья” изд. “наука” Москва, 1988.
117Semoqmedis yovlisSemZleobisa. Yyovelive es ki aRvgvZravs Cven arauaryofisaTvis Sua saukuneebSi esTetikuri aRqmisa, arameddazustebisaTvis misi xasiaTisa. Eeko xmarobs gamoTqmas “integrirebulicivilizacia, “ romlis qveSac esmis iseTi civilizacia, romelmac TavissakuTar sazRvrebSi gamoimuSava faseulobaTa sistema, romlisnawilebic konfliqtSi ki ar arian erTmaneTTan, aramedurTierTdakavSirebulni arian. Mmisi azriT, swored amgvari integraciisarseboba xdis dRes ase Znelad gasagebs moCvenebiT ar arsebobasgansxvavebisa silamazesa da sargeblianobas Soris, aseve silamazesa dasiqveles Soris, mSveniersa da sasargeblos Soris. Teoretikosebimudmivad cdiloben gamijnon es kategoriebi erTmaneTisagan.im drois literatura yvelaze maRla ayenebda ara formas, aramedSinaarss. Sua saukuneebis adamianisTvis Zneli iyo gaerCia orizemoaRniSnuli faseuloba da ara kritikulobis ukmarisobis gamo,aramed eTikur da esTetikur reaqciaTa aRrevis gamo, sicocxlis xedvisamis ganuyofel erTianobaSi. Eeko Tvlis, rom dResac ki SeiZlebadaviWiroT is dadebiTi, rac msgavs msoflaRqmaSia, vinaidan erT-erTTemas Tanamedrove filosofiisa warmoadgens swored Cveni civilizaciismoTxovnileba am sasicocxlo erTianobisa. ra Tqma unda, saSualebebi,romliTac sargebloben Sua saukuneebis adamianebi, Cven ar Segvefereba,magram maT mier SemoTavazebuli paradigma SeiZleba gaxdes sawyisi bazafaseuli dakvirvebebisTvis. amasTan, Sua saukuneebis esTetikuridoqtrinebi arsebiT daxmarebas gviweven. SemTxveviTi ar aris, romsqolastikuri esTetikis erT-erTi arsebiTi problema iyo sworedmSvenierebis erTianobis problema sxva faseulobebTan metafizikurdoneze. Ddiskusia mSvenierebis transcendenturobaze warmoadgendayvelaze mniSvnelovan mcdelobas legitimuri gaexada is mTlianiesTetikuri aRqma, romelic vaxseneT. isini eswrafvodnen rogorcesTetikur faseulobaTa aRmoCenas TavisTavad, aseve gansazRvrebas maTiurTierTkavSirisa faseulobaTa saerTo sistemasTan, anda Suasaukuneebis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTian da ganuyofel aRqmasyofierebis transcendenturi formebisa.
118Sua saukuneebis adamianebi mudmivad msjeloben yovelive arsebulissilamazeze. Tuki am epoqis istoria savsea kidec bneli adgilebiTa dawinaaRmdegobebiT, samyaros xati, romelic filosofosebma daTeologebma Seqmnes, sinaTliTa da optimizmiTaa savse. “da ixilnaRmerTman yovelni, raodenni qmnna, da aha keTil” (dab.1 -31), aswavlida amadamianebs dabadebis wigni. solomonis sibrZnis wignidan da netariavgustines komentarebidan misdami isini igebdnen, rom samyaro Seqmniliiyo RmerTis mier ricxvis ( numerus), wonis (pondiis) da zomis (mensura)Sesabamisad: kosmologiuri kategoriebis, romlebic esTetikurkategoriebsac warmoadgendnen da ara mxolod metafizikuri sikeTisgamovlinebebs. Bbibliuri tradiciis paralelurad, romelic eklesiismamebis mier viTardeboda, arsebobda klasikuri tradicia, romelicavsebda am Tanazomad xedvas samyarosi. samyaros silamaze, rogorcasaxva da xati idealuri silamazisa_es koncefcia platons ekuTvnis.ciceronic Tavis traqtatSi “RmerTTa bunebis Sesaxeb” ( De natura deorum)adasturebs: “xom araferia raime ukeTesi samyaroze, raime aRmatebuli”.arcTu martivi Tezisebi antikuri filosofosebisa Sua saukuneebisinteleqtualur atmosferoSi gadmoicema neoplatonizmis gavleniswyalobiT da qristianuli xedvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTianobiT RvTisqmnilebasTan gacilebiT ufro amaRlebuli sityvebiT. Oorive es sawyisiyvelaze ufro STambeWdavi saxiT aris sinTezirebuli traqtatSi“saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis” dionise areopagelisa. samyaro warmosdgeba,rogorc dauRalavad gamosxivebadi nakadi mSvenierebisa, niaRvari,damabrmavebeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT. masTan zegrZnobadi silamazeaseTad iwodeba im mizeziT, rom igi gadaecema yvela arsebas maTibunebisda Sesaferisad imitom, rom igi aris mizezi harmoniisa da yovelinivTis brwyinvalebisa mTel samyaroSi da mzis sinaTlis msgavsad,yvelgan asxivebs manaTobel nakadebs Tavisi sxivebisa, romelsacsamyarosTvis moaqvs silamaze imitom, rom igi yovelives miizidavs,yovelives aerTebs yoveliveSi. Eeko aRniSnavs, rom yvela, vinc xelshkidebda am teqstis komentirebas, am msoflmxedvelobis xiblis qveSeqceoda, romelic Tumca sakmaod gafantulad, magram mainc aZlevda
119filosofiur gansazRvrulobas bunebriv da spontanur grZnobas,romelic im drois adamianis sulSi cocxlobda.Hi. haizinga Tavis naSromSi “Sua saukuneebis Semodgoma” aseve exebasilamazis amgvar aRqmas da aRniSnavs, rom dionise kartuzianels aqvstraqtati “samyaros momxiblaobasa da RvTaebriv silamazeze” (Devenustate mundi et pulchritudine Dei). ukve Tavad saTauriTac ki, namdvilisilamazis cneba mxolod RmerTs miewereba, amsofliuri ki SeiZleba iyoskeTilsaxieri an momxiblavi. silamaze Seqmnil samyaroSi sxva araferia,Tu ara zeciuri silamazis gamovlineba; qmnilebas uwodeben mSveniersimdenad, ramdenadac igi Tanaziaria RvTaebrivi bunebis silamazisa daamiT raRac xarisxiT msgavsia misi Tavisi formiT. Aam farTo daamaRlebul swavlebaze mSvenierebis Sesaxeb, romelSic dionise eyrdnobafsevdo-dionise areopagels, avgustines, hugo sen-viqtorels da aleqsandregelels, SeiZleboda agvego Teoriuli analizi mSvenierze mTlianad ( 71,299).Aamrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianoba orientirebuliamSvenierebis aRqmaze, romelic transcendenturi, RvTaebrivi sawyisisTvisebas warmoadgens, iseve, rogorc sikeTe da mSvenierebisa da sikeTises ganuyofeli xedva swored maT amosaval erTianobazea dafuZnebuli.zemoT vaCveneT, rom qristianobisTvis xiluli samyaro uxilavissimbolos warmoadgens, amitom xilul formebSi is uxilavi samyarosmSvenierebas Wvrets, mis mniSvnelobas kiTxulobs. amasTan dakavSirebiTSegviZlia gavixsenoT mwuxris erT-erTi ulamazesi sagalobeli, “naTelomxiarulo”, sadac misi avtori, umzers ra mzis Casvlas, rogorc simbolosyovladwmida samebisa, Tavad samebis Wvretas da amiT gamowveul suliersixaruls eZleva. moviyvanT mis teqsts, sadac naTlad Cans qristianobisdamokidebuleba mSvenierebisadmi:“naTeli mxiaruli wmidisa didebulisa ukvdavisa mamisa zecaTasa.wmida macxovari Cueni ieso qriste. mosrulTa dasvlasa mzisasa,mxilvelni naTliTa samwuxroisa, vaqebT mamasa da Zesa da wmidasasulsa_RmerTsa. Rirmsca varT yovelsa Jamsa galobad Senda Zeo
120RmrTisao, cxovrebis momcemelo, romlisaTvisac yoveli sofeli Sengadidebs”. *aq ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT ekos, romelic saubrobs, romqristianobaSi saqme gvaqvs ara esTetikuri aRqmis ararsebobasTan, aramedmis specifiur xasiaTTan, rac, albaT, imiT aris gamowveuli, rom am aRqmisobieqtia gansxvavebuli. grZnobad samyaroSi, romelic uxilavissimboloa, qristiani sulier Sinaarss kiTxulobs da am SinaarsismSvenierebiT tkbeba, rac masSi religiur sixaruls iwvevs. cxadia, amtipis tkboba gansxvavdeba esTetikuri tkbobisagan. Eeko Tvlis, romesTetikuri tkboba Cndeba imisagan, rom suli Seimecnebs materiaSi Tavadam materiis struqturis harmonias. Mmagram qristianuli xelovnebamimarTulia ara materiis, aramed sulieri realobis aRqmisa daasaxvisaken. Bbunebrivia, sulieri tkboba gansxvavdeba grZnobadisagan,Sinagani mSveniereba garegnulisgan, warmavali mSveniereba waruvalisgan.aq silamaze transcendenturi, zeciuri samyaros gamonaSuqia. Ees imashgavs, rodesac sulieri aRqmis mqone adamiani naswavli Cinelis msgavsadtkbeba ara ornamentis, aramed misi sulieri mniSvnelobis mSvenierebiT.aq esTetikuri aRqma sulieri realobisken aris mimarTuli da vinaidanigi zeciuris gamonaSuqs warmoadgens, ar SeiZleba iyos mxoloddauinteresebeli Wvreta, aramed cocxal religiur gancdad iqceva,vinaidan SeuZlebelia, rogorc zemoT moyvanil sagalobelSi, Wvretdeyovlad wmida samebas da misi gamouTqmeli mSvenierebis WvretiTmogvril tkbobasTan erTad, ar ganicdide sulier sixaruls,aRfrTovanebas da am sixarulis gamomxatveli galobiT ar adidebde mas.rodesac esTetikuri aRqma mxolod grZnobadi realobisken arismimarTuli da mzis CasvlaSi mxolod mzis Casvlas xedavs, rodesac igibrmaa sulieri realobisadmi, bunebrivia, adamiani Sinaganaddauinteresebeli rCeba da mxolod grZnobadi sinamdviliT esTetikurtkbobas ganicdis. misTvis ucxoa RmerTTan erTianobiT gamowveulimistikuri gancda.*ix. RamisTevis locva, liturRia, “feriscvalebis saxelobis dedaTamonasteri” Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 12.A
121amrigad, rodesac kants esTetikaSi Semoaqvs cneba xelovnebisnawarmoebis dauinteresebeli Wvretisa, rodesac xelovnebaavtonomiurobas ixveWs da xelovnebis qmnileba mxolod esTetikuritkbobis obieqtad iqceva, es mxolod erT rameze mianiSnebs _ adamianisdaclaze religiurobisgan, mis dabrmavebaze sulieri realobisadmi,xilul samyaroSi misi sulieri Sinaarsis amokiTxvis unaris dakargvaze.da piriqiT, yofierebis transcendenturi formebis erTiani aRqma,eTikurisa da esTetikuris mkacri gaumijnaoba, swored am realobissulier aRqmaze miuTiTebs, romelic erTianobaSi moiazrebs yofierebasada cnobierebas. is samyaros mxolod misi garegnuli gamovlinebebismixedviT ki ar Seimecnebs, aramed im sulieri Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT,romelic masSi devs. Aamitomac misi Semecnebis ZiriTadi iaraRisimboloa, romelic Tavisi xasiaTiT mravalmniSvneladia daSesaZleblobas iZleva samyaros am erTiani aRqmis SenarCunebisa, maSinrodesac samyaros axali aRqma Semecnebis ZiriTad saSualebad cnebasiyenebs da Tavisi xasiaTiT analizuri da sqematuri xdeba.ASeiZleba iTqvas, qristianul xelovnebas principulad axali etapiSemoaqvs xelovnebis istoriaSi. rogorc v.lazarevi aRniSnavs,“adreqristianuli xelovnebis axali Tematika ar iyo wminda garegnulifaqtori. is asaxavda axal msoflmxedvelobas, axal religias,sinamdvilis principulad axal gagebas. Aamitom axal Tematikas arSeeZlo Zveli, antikuri formebiT Semosiliyo. is saWiroebda iseT stils,romelic yvelaze ukeT Seasxamda xorcs qristianobis spiritualisturidealebs, am stilis gamomuSavebisken iyo mimarTuli qristian mxatvarTayvela SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmeva” (69, 53-54). eyrdnoba ra sxva avtorTagamokvlevebs, lazarevi ambobs, rom ukve katakombebis moxatulobaSiiqmneboda axali xelovneba Tavis ZiriTad niSnebSi. Aam xelovnebismeSveobiT qristianebi cdilobdnen gadmoecaT ara mxolod is, racxorcieli TvaliT Cans, aramed isic, rac ar Cans, anu gamosaxatis sulieriSinaarsi. AAantikurisagan gansxvavebiT, qristianul esTetikur aRqmaSi, romelicsulierzea orientirebuli, xorciel siglaxakeSi Tavsdeba dacocxlobs sulieri, mSvenieri, idealuri. Aaqedan gamomdinare, rogorc
122griver farulava aRniSnavs Tavis gamokvlevaSi, “qristianuli xelovnebisaRmqmeli subieqtic gansxvavebulia antikuri xelovnebis aRmqmelisubieqtisagan, mowamis saxe hagiografiul nawarmoebSi Tu bizantiurfreskaze grZnobadi WvretisTvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. maTiavtorebi orientacias iReben aRmqmelis Sinagan cxovrebaze, gulze,grZnobisa da intimis Seuferxebel aRmafrenaze, lirikuli eqstazisiseT intensivobaze, romelic advilad Slis sazRvars esTetikur sagansada am sagnis aRmqmel subieqts Soris. “suls swyuria xelovneba raTasrulad flobdes Tavis Tavs” (33, 13). igi aRniSnavs, rom qristianobamuari ki ar Tqva mSvenierebaze da esTetika ki ar mospo, aramed dadga dro“sxva silamazis Ziebisa”. “axalma drom silamazis axali gageba moitana,mniSvnelovanwilad Rrma da iseTi sferoebis mwvdomeli, romelic misigziT da mis Semdeg gaxda nawili adamianurobis cnebisa. “esTetikaSuasaukuneebSi ar Seumusravs qristianul moralur winaaRmdegobas”,“xelovnebis apologetebma moxerxebulad gaZarcves mtrebi TavianTisakuTari miznebisaTvis, e.i. TavianTi interesebisaTvis gamoiyeneswarmarTuli Zveli epoqis kultura da amiT garkveuli sazomiTSemoinaxes klasikuri xelovneba eklesiis WerqveS, Tumca axali saxiT.”Aam axal xelovnebaSi winare epoqis mier Seqmnili obieqturad faseuliar rCeba gaugrZelebeli, Tumca araferi ar ganaxldeba im saxiT, rasaxiTac erT dros arsebobda. berZeni xelovani arafers gamosaxavdagarda silamazisa. Aamisdakvalad, obieqturi ganuyofloba sxeulissilamazisa TviT sxeulisagan, roca Sinagani Sinaarsi maincdamainc isevimave sxeulad gvevlineba, aris arsebiTi Tavisebureba antikurisilamazisa” (33, 15-16).Aamrigad, qristianul xelovnebaSi xdeba aqcentis gadatanaadamianis Sinagan cxovrebaze, sulis Sinagan moZraobaze, rac ucxoaantikuri xelovnebisTvis. Aaqcentis gadatana xorcieli silamazidansulierze, garegnulidan Sinaganze, bunebrivia cvlis gamomsaxvelobiTsaSualebebsac. Qqristianul xatebze Tavi ufro didia sxeulis sxvanawilebTan SedarebiT. Sinagani silamazis gadmocema xSirad galeul,uSno sxeulebriv formebs ukavSirdeba da aqcenti keTdeba gmirissulier moZraobaze, locvasa da Sinagan Wvretaze, rasac xazs usvams
123farTo Tvalebi da maRali Subli. Tvalebi gamonaSuqia gmiris Sinaganisamyarosi, xmovaneba misi sulis intimuri da ufaqizesi gancdebisa.xelebi wagrZeleul formas iRebs, rac aseve xazs usvams mis sulierebas.aq gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva saxes, gansxvavebiT antikurobisgan,sadac torsi mTavar rols asulebda. sxeuli meore planze gadadis daTiTqmis qreba. Aakademikosi CubinaSvili, zarzmis feriscvalebis xatze,romelic am esTetikuri tendenciis gamomxatvelia, wers: “zarzmisferiscvalebis xatis figurebi, ara mxolod yovelgvar plastikurobasada moculobas arian moklebilni, aramed ubralod sust reliefsac ki.Cvens winaSea sakuTriv xazobrivi naxati... amgvarad, gamokveTiladmoxazulia figuris konturi, figuris mTeli SigniTa mxatvrobamocemulia xSiri xazobrivi gamkafioebiT tansacmlis naoWebisa; TviTsaxeebi figurebisa Sesrulebuli iyo ubralod saRebavebiT, e.i.principulad uaryofdnen plastikurobas” (75, 37-38).Bbunebrivia, Sinagan, sulier cxovrebaze orientirebulobadamaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod mxatvrobisTvis, aramed qristianulipoeziisTvisac. Ggriver farulava aRniSnavs: “swored imis gamo, romqristianuli poeziis ZiriTad Sinaarss qmnis “mzardi sayovelTaoba dadaucxromlad moqmedi siRrme sulisa”, yvelaze Sesabamis formad masevlineba grZnobaTa intensiuri moZraoba, RaRadisi intimurobisa dasaerTod lirikuli eqstazi” (33, 14).Kkidev erTi niSani qristianuli xelovnebisa aris gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualebebis minimumamde dayvana maqsimaluri saTqmelis gamoxatvispirobebSi. Uuspenski aRniSnavs, rom es lakonizmi da gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualebebis simwire aseve Seesabameba saxarebiseuli Txrobis siZunwes.saxarebaSi movlenebs, romlebmac kacobriobis bedi gadawyvites, xSiradmxolod ramdenime strofi eTmoba. Aaseve wmida xati mxolod ZiriTadsgviCvenebs. Aaqac da iqac marto is detalebi daiSveba, romlebic xazsusvamen sazrissa da mniSvnelobas momxdarisa. Yyvela am niSansmarTlmadidebluri xatis klasikur formasTan mivyavarT. Mmxatvrebicdiloben TavianTi qmnilebebis im umaRles simartivemde dayvanas, romlisSinaarsis siRrmec mxolod sulieri mzerisTvis aris misawvdomi.mxatvari wmendda Tavis xelovnebas yvelaferi individualurisgan. is
124anonimuri rCeboda xelovnebis qmnilebis mimarT. mas uari unda eTqvaesTetikur tkbobaze da cdiliyo xiluli samyaros mTeli silamazezeciuri samyaros silamazis gadmosacemad gamoeyenebina. Mmisi enagansakuTrebiT naTeli da zusti unda yofiliyo, vinaidan imisaTvis, romxorcieli TvalebiT sulieri samyaros Sinaarsi gadmoeca, saWiro iyo arabundovaneba, aramed, piriqiT, uaRresad didi sizuste, iseve rogorc wmindamamebi iyeneben uaRresad naTel da zust gamoTqmebs. Qqristiani mxatvrebiTandaTanobiT uars amboben sivrcis naturalistur gadmocemaze danacvlad imisa, rom gamosaxon scena, romlis cqerac mayurebels mxolodgaredan SeuZlia, magram romelSic is ar monawileobs, es xelovnebagamosaxavs saxeebs, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian erTmaneTTan xatissaerTo sazrisiT, magram dakavSirebulni arian mis aRmqmelTanac,romelsac isini TiTqmis yovelTvis mimarTaven gadascemen ra mas sakuTarlocviT ganwyobilebas. ZiriTadi gamosaxatSi aris ara imdenadurTierToba gamosaxuli pirebisa, ramdenadac misi urTierTobamayurebelTan (69, 72-73).Aamrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianuli xelovneba saerTod damaT Soris himnografiac, erTgvarad “dausrulebel” qmnilebebswarmoadgenen, romelic yovelTvis gulisxmobs aRmqmelis Sinaganaqtivobas. Ees maT dinamikas sZens. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom qristianulihimni dausrulebeli teqstia, romelic dasrulebul saxes mxolodmelodiasTan kavSiriT iZens. rogorc g. imedaSvili aRniSnavs“sagaloblis melodiuri Sesrulebis pirobebi himnografiul poeziasasxvavebs Cveulebrivi wignuri poeziisgan da esaa misi specifika,romelic gansazRvravs mis metrul Taviseburebasac. Hhimni iqmnebodaliturRikuli moTxovnilebiT melodiuri aRsrulebisTvis. kerZodqarTuli sagalobeli iqmneboda vokaluri aRsrulebisTvis da qarTulihimnis vokaluri Sesrulebis tradiciam SeimuSava kidec misi agebulebisTaviseburi xasiaTi. Hhimnis teqstis galobisaTvis daniSnuleba, romelicgarkveul melodiasTan unda yofiliyo SeTanxmebuli, ukve zomas hqmnida.poeturi sityvis da melodiis urTierTobam qarTul himnSi Sehqmnamusikaluri SesrulebiT ganpirobebuli metyvelebis ritmi, romelicaRiqmeba rogorc sazomi” ( 16).Aamrigad, himnografiuli teqstis am
125dausruleblobaSi melodiis gareSe, Cadebulia misi potencia sakraluraqtad qcevisa, romelic aRmqmeliskenaa mimarTuli da mis SinaganmuSaobasac moicavs, vinaidan “sagaloblis teqsti melodiis gareSemxolod nawilobriv warmodgenas gvaZlevs mis mTlian poetur xasiaTze.”maSasadame, aq teqsti melodiis meSveobiT iqceva RmerTTan da miswmindanebTan urTierTobis cocxal procesad, sadac simbolo gadatexilisagnis mxolod erTi nawilia, romelic adamianis sulSi mTliandeba.Qqristianuli mxatvruli xatisTvis damaxasiaTebelia winaaRmdegobagamosaxat realobasa da gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs Soris.kerZod,GgamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi aq veRar iteven im metafizikurimSvenierebis ideas, romelzec zemoT iyo saubari. Ees winaaRmdegoba qmnisdaZabulobas sasrulsa da usasrulos Soris da amurTierTgamomricxveli komponentebis Sexvedra qmnis qristianulimxatvruli saxis Taviseburebas. Aam Taviseburebis safuZveli TavadRmerTis xorcielqmnaSia, gankacebis aqtSi, rodesac is Tavis sapirispiroarsebobamde aRwevs da es swrafva urTierTsapirispiro momentTagamTlianebisaken qmnis mis stils. Aaq sxeuli sulier Tvisebebs iZens,iseve rogorc qristes sxeuli mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Semdeg.urTierTsapirispiro momentTa es Sexvedra qmnis moZraobas sulisa daaqcevs mas Sinagani brZolis rTul procesad.Q RvTismetyvelebas saqme aqvs konkretul faqtTan, romelicgamocxadebaSia mocemuli, gamocxadeba ki aRemateba sityvasac da xatsac,romelTac ar ZaluZT mis Sesaxeb adeqvaturi codnis gadmocema. uspenskiaRniSnavs, rom am azriT is yovelTvis warumateblobaa, ramdenadaccdilobs gadmosces miuwvdomeli misawvdomiT. Tumca, rogorcRvTismetyvelebis, ise qristianuli xelovnebis faseuloba swored imaSia,rom is aRwevs adamianur SesaZleblobaTa mwvervals da arasakmarisiaRmoCndeba. Tavad RmerTic xom jvriT gacxaddeba, anu ukiduresiwarumateblobiT (69, 588).Tavis naSromSi griver farulava safuZvlianad aanalizebsqristianuli mxatvruli saxis am Taviseburebas da aRniSnavs, rom amurTierTalogikurobasa da gamTlianebisaken swrafvis usasrulobaSialogika am mxatvruli saxis bunebisa. “gamTlianebisaken swrafvis
126usasruloba ki imitomaa centraluri nervi am xelovnebis stilisa, romsulis Tavis TavTan Serigeba TavisTavad wmida sulierive aqtia darogorc aseTi mxolod azrisa da filosofiisTvisaa misawvdomi daara xelovnebisaTvis, romlis principi swored gansxeuleba dayovelgvari ideis saxesa da xatSi gacocxlebaa” ( 33, 41-42). Aamrigad, masqristianobis mxatvruli stilis Taviseburebad miaCnia is, romqristianuli ideali iseT abstraqtul Sinaarss miemarTeba, romlisadeqvaturi wvdomac xelovnebis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. Mmisi azriT,gamomsaxvelobiTi da gamomxatvelobiTi saxeebis es antinomia yveladrois mxatvruli saxiTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca qristianobaSi iszRvars aRwevs, sadac azri imdenad metobs saxeze, rom cdilobs iqceswminda Sinaarsad. igi wers: “sakmarisia gonebis Tvali movavloTqristianul freskebs, skulpturul gamosaxulebebs, poetur Txzulebebs,rom advilad davrwmundebiT naTqvamis sisworeSi. “Yyvela amgamosaxulebaSi suli miiswrafvis zegrZnobadi samyarosaken, TiTqoscdilobs Camoxsnas Tavisi Tavisagan gars Semoxveuli neitralurisaburveli, romelic aferxebs mis aRmasvlas” suls eviwroveba sxeuli,sacaa TiTqos “amofrindeba” iqedan, sadRac miwasa da cis Suaagakidebuli, mxatvruli saxe im zRvarTan dgas, romlis iqeTac iwyebaxmovaneba usagnobisa, livlivi haerSi. Mmas “vxedavT” da “verc vxedavT”.aRqmis es gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba, xelovnebas da metafizikiszRvarze arseboba esTetikuri sagnisa, ganmsazRvrelia am xelovnebisbunebisaTvis” ( 33, 44). igi akeTebs daskvnas, rom filosofiuri SinaarsissiRrmiT qristianuli xelovneba aWarbebs rogorc antikur, aseve momdevnoxanis saero xelovnebasac, xolo grZnobadi gansxeulebisa da formismxriv es ukanaskneli ufro srulyofilia, Tumca aravis SeuZlia gaxdeserTnairad amaRlebuli poeti da metafizikosi, vinaidan poeturiniWierebis Tvisebas cnobierebis grZnobaSi CaZirva warmoadgens.amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianoba sulac ar auqmebsesTetikas. igi ubralod sxva tipis esTetikas amkvidrebs, romelicmimarTulia ara grZnobadi silamazis aRqmisken, aramed misi sulieriSinaarsis, romelic imdenad aRmatebulia, rom gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualebebi ver iteven mas, amitom is simbolur enas mimarTavs.
127simboloTa miRma yovelTvis igulisxmeba is, rac ar Cans, rac mxolodsulieri mzerisTvisaa misawvdomi. Aamitom is yovelTvis gulisxmobsspecifikur aRmqmels. Ees xelovneba ar arsebobs am aRmqmelisgandamoukideblad. misi simboloebi swored am aRmqmelis Sinagan, suliermuSaobazea gaTvlili, romlis gareSec isini dausrulebel qmnilebebadrCebian. simboloTa gadatexili boloebi, romlebic zeciuri samyarosgamonaSuqs warmoadgenen, mxolod adamianis sulSi mTliandebian, riTacaResruleba kidec miwieri da zecieri eklesiis erTianoba.mivubrundeT ekos mier dasmul kiTxvas imis Taobaze grZnobdnen Tuara Suasaukuneebis adamianebi, romlebic mzad iyvnen xelovnebapraqtikuli da utilitaruli miznebisTvis gamoeyenebinaT, xelovnebisnawarmoebis dauinteresebeli Wvretis SesaZleblobas? SeiZleba iTqvas,rom dauinteresebel Wvretaze aq mxolod imdenad SeiZleba laparaki,ramdenadac igi mimarTulia Sinagani silamazis aRqmisken, sadac adamianitranscendenturi mSvenierebiT tkbobas ganicdis, magram igi ubralodsilamazis aRqmiT gamowveuli tkboba ki ar aris, aramed RmerTTanmistikuri erTianobiT gamowveuli religiuri sixarulic, sadac sikeTesada mSvenierebas erTi safuZveli aqvs. Ees Tavis mxriv, iwvevs eTikur daesTetikur reaqciaTa gaumijnaobas, sicocxlis xedvas mis ganuyofelerTianobaSi, romelic yofierebis transcendenturi formebis erTianaRqmas emyareba. Ggamosaxati sagnis specifika gansazRvravs imgamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebsac, romelsac es xelovneba iyenebs.kontaqti qristianul xelovnebis qmnilebasTan gulisxmobs ara mxolodmasSi gamosaxuli wmindanis an Tavad RmerTis gamosaxulebis ubraloWvretas, aramed kontaqtSi Sesvlas mis arqetipTan, riTac miwieri dazecieri eklesiis erTianoba miiRweva.Aaq kidev erTi sakiTxi iCens Tavs. RmerTi ara mxolod umaRlesisikeTe da umaRlesi mSvenierebaa, aramed umaRlesi WeSmaritebac. Aamitomrodesac vsaubrobT yofierebis transcendenturi formebis erTianaRqmaze, aq ueWvelad es aspeqtic unda gaviTvaliswinoT. is faqti, romRmerTi umaRles mSvenierebasa da sikeTesTan erTad umaRlesiWeSmaritebacaa mWidrod ukavSirdeba Semoqmedebis problemasqristianul xelovnebaSi. marTlac, ramdenad SesaZlebelia aq laparaki
128axalze, originalurze, individualurze, ramdenad misaRebia igiqristianuli xelovnebis farglebSi? xelovneba xelovanis subieqturisamyaros gamovlena da asaxvaa Tu obieqturi WeSmaritebisa, romliswvdoma da gadmocemac evaleba xelovans? sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT dgebaxelovnebisa da WeSmaritebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. Ees sakiTximudmivad idga filosofiis istoriis manZilze da swored misi ama Tu imsaxiT gadawyveta gansazRvravda xelovnebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebasda zogadad mis beds. Mmeore mxriv, am sakiTxis ganxilvis gareSe verSevamowmebT im mosazrebis legitimurobas, romelic poezias mxolodpoetis subieqturi samyaros gadmocemad da saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebisqadagebas himnografiis naklad miiCnevs, misi, rogorc poeturi teqstis,gaazrebis gzaze.P§4. WeSmaritebisa da xelovnebis urTierTmimarTebisaTviszemoT SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom poezias da religias erTi sawyisiaqvT da saerTo safuZvlidan aRmocendnen. kerZod, poeziaca da religiacsakraluris wiaRSi iSobian, iq iReben saTaves. Aarqauli kulturebi,rogorc wesi, sakralizebulni arian da adamianTa es Tavdapirvelisakraluri erToba gamoxatvis formad swored leqss irCevs. TavisgamokvlevaSi haizinga aRniSnavs, rom kulturis ganviTarebis adreulsafexurze, rodesac leqsi jer kidev ar ganixileboda, esTetikurimoTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis saSualebad, leqsis forma sakmaod didixnis manZilze emsaxureboda yovelive imis gamoxatvas, rac kimniSvnelovania da arsebiTi sazogadoebis cxovrebisaTvis:”literaturul prozas yvelgan poezia uswrebs win. Tuki raimesakraluri an sadResaswaulo iyo leqsad unda Tqmuliyo, ara mxolodhimnebi da aforizmebi, aramed detaluri gamokvlevebic miRebuli metrulstrofulixerxebiT ileqseboda. Aamis magaliTia Zvelinduri samecnierowignebi, “sutra” da “sastra”; igive exeba antikuri mecnierebis uZveles
129Zeglebs. Eempedokle leqsad gadmoscemda Tavis filosofias,lukreciusic mis kvals misdevda. TiTqmis yvela Zveli moZRvrebis amformiT mowodebis motivi mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba aixsnaspragmatuli mosazrebiT, rom wignebs moklebuli sazogadoeba teqstebsase ufro daimaxsovrebda. mTavari isaa, rom kulturis arqaul safexurzeTviTon cxovrebac, SeiZleba iTqvas, metrul-strofuladaa agebuli.roca saqme amaRlebul sferoebs Seexeba, leqsi gamoxatvis yvelazebunebrivi wesia” (44, 167). vfiqrobT, leqsis forma imiTac iyo gamowveuli,rom arqaul kulturebSi poezia, pirvel rigSi, WeSmaritebis gadmocemissaSualebad iyo miCneuli, Aamaze Tavad am wignebis xasiaTic miuTiTebs,rac, cxadia, mis amaRlebul bunebasac gulisxmobs.rogorc viciT, platonTan mSveniereba mxolod Tanmxlebia sikeTisada WeSmaritebisa da vinaidan xelovneba misTvis mibaZvis mibaZvaa, igiuars ambobs Tavis idealur saxelmwifoSi poeziaze swored im motiviT,rom igi aSorebs WeSmaritebisagan, Tumca iqve aRniSnavs: “dRevandelmSvenier saxelmwifoTa aRzrdilebSic Rvivis siyvaruli am poeziismimarT da Cven warmatebas vusurvebT mas, ese igi gvinda, rom is ara martosaucxoo, aramed WeSmaritic iyos” ( 28, 375). maSasadame, poezia mxolod imzomiT aris Rirebuli misTvis, ra zomiTac aaxlovebs WeSmaritebas dauars ambobs masze, Tuki igi aSorebs misgan.Aaristotelec imis mixedviT afasebda yovel mecnierebas, ramdenadacigi zogadi mizezebisa da sawyisebis Semecnebas uaxlovdeboda.mxatvruli saxe, romelic mravals aerTianebs, man gaigo rogorc zogadiram, rogorc tipi. Aamitom poezia aristotelesTvis bevrad ufrofilosofiuri iyo, ufro axlos idga zogad sawyisTa SemecnebasTan,vidre vTqvaT istoria. maSasadame, poezias isic WeSmaritebasTan kavSirSiganixilavda da afasebda. Ggarda amisa, esTetikuri fenomenisdaxasiaTebisas, rogoric iyo tragedia, aristotele misi zemoqmedebiseTikur mxareze saubrobda. Mmomdevno esTetikuri Teoriebic am oripoziciis saxecvlilebas warmoadgendnen ama Tu im formiT.neoplatonizmisTvis, platonis msgavsad, umaRlesi sawyisi asevesikeTis, WeSmaritebisa da mSvenierebis erTianobas warmoadgenda, iseverogorc mTeli Suasaukuneebis azrovnebisTvis. Bbunebrivia, am tipis
130azrovneba mSvenierebas yovelTvis WeSmaritebasTan kavSirSi ganixilavsda ar arsebobs misgan mowyvetiT.dionise areopagelisTvis, romlisTvisac xelovneba zeciurisamyaros mimeziss warmoadgenda, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis principebi TavadRmerTis mier iyo dadgenili. xelovans evaleboda am principTa wvdomada Senaxva da ara axali principebis mogoneba. misTvis xelovnebaswored mis aramaterialur arqetipTan, rogorc umaRles WeSmaritebasTanmiaxloebis saSualeba iyo. swored es principebi daedo safuZvladqristianul xelovnebasac, sadac RmerTi, rogorc umaRlesi WeSmariteba,simboloTa polifoniuri sistemis meSveobiT mJRavndeba xilulsamyaroSi, Tumca am gamJRavnebaSi yovelTvis rCeba saidumlo, rogorcRmerTis Seucnoblobisa da amouwuravobis gamoxatuleba, rogorcuxilavisa da aramaterialuris Tavis sapirispirod qceva gankacebulRmerTSi.unda iTqvas, rom WeSmariteba, romelic qristianul xelovnebaSimJRavndeba filosofosTa Teoriuli RmerTi ki araa, romelic gulgrilsgtovebs, aramed cocxali RmerTi, romelic tanjvasa da tkivilSiSeicnoba, RmerTi, romlisTvisac Tavs swiraven da uyvarT. Qqristianulisimbolo, romelic gulisxmobs msgavsebasac da aramsgavsebasac, metnaklebadmisawvdoms xdis ra RmerTs gonebisaTvis, inarCunebs saidumlos,romlis Wvretac mxolod gamocxadebaSia SesaZlebeli. Qqristianulixelovneba, rogorc RvTaebrivi da adamianuri nebis sinergia, mudamxilulisa da uxilavis zRvarze iSveba, rogorc WeSmaritebis qmnadobaqmnilebaSi, romelic gulisxmobs imasac rac dafarulia, rac jerac argamoxmobila RiaobaSi, imasac, rac jer ar gaxsnia adamianis suliermzeras, ris winaSec goneba mudmivad dums. Ees mzera mxolod TandaTaniwmindeba xorcieli aRqmisagan da swavlobs imis danaxvas, rasac adrever amCnevda, risi gagebac ar SeeZlo, rac mxolod mudmivi mcdelobisfasad Seicnoba.Qqristianuli xelovnebis nimuSi ubralo gadmocema ki ar arissaRvTismetyvelo codnisa, rogorc raRac ganyenebuli TeoriuliWeSmaritebis, aramed WeSmaritebis qmnadoba qmnilebaSi, rogorc cocxalisityvis, romelic isevea CarTuli yofnis cvalebad nakadSi, rogorc
131Tavad RvTis sityva. Yyofnis es marad medini nakadi ki mudam axalia, masSi,iseve rogorc heraklites mdinareSi, orjer ver Sexval. Aamitomac esxelovneba arasodes kargavs siaxlis efeqts. am efeqts iwvevs arasxvadasxva Teoriul WeSmaritebaTa mudmivi monacvleoba, aramed erTi daimave WeSmaritebis, rogorc amouwuravi da marad cocxali RmerTisgamJRavneba am nakadSi CarTuli adamianisTvis. ramdenadac amWeSmaritebis sruli wvdoma adamianis gonebas aRemateba, igi mudamaxleburad xmianobs misTvis. RmerTi, rogorc umaRlesi WeSmariteba,mxolod im zomiT ixsneba aRmqmelis winaSe, ra zomisacaa misi sulierimuSaoba, ra zomiTac uaxlovdeba ganRmrTobis gzaze mimavali adamianiRmerTs. simboluri azrovneba, rogorc azrovnebis specifikuri forma,itevs TavisSi am usasrulo perspeqtivas. sasuliero poezia, romelicwinaswar dadgenili da ucvleli formebis gamo, moklebuliaformiseuli siaxlis SesaZleblobas, am efeqts Sinaarsobriviperspeqtivis gaRrmavebiT aRwevs, sadac formis brwyinvalebasWeSmaritebis aRmoCenis sixaruli enacvleba. sxvaTa Soris, am mxrivverlibri da Tavisufali leqsi swored sasuliero poeziis memkvidrea,sadac formis mxriv araferi axali ar iTqmis, ris kompensirebasac essaleqso formebi swored Sinaarsis siRrmiT cdiloben. WeSmaritebisamouwuraoba da simboluri formis usasrulo perspeqtiva amouwuravvariaciaTa SesaZleblobas iZleva, raSic mJRavndeba kidec himnografisoriginaluroba. Tumca es aramc da aramc ar unda gadavidessubieqtivizmSi. simboloTa polifoniuri sistema, romelic RmerTisganiRebs saTaves, RmerTSive ikribeba. Hhimnografia, iseve rogorcsimboloebSi gacxadebuli mTeli qristianuli xelovneba, mxolodsafexuria am gzaze, romelic korinTelTa mimarT epistoleSi aseagamoTqmuli: “rameTu vxedav aw viTarca sarkiTa da saxiTa, xolo maSinpirsa pirispir” (1. kor. 13, 12).Qqristianuli himnografia, rogorc RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebisgacxadeba, es aris RmerTis saubari adamianTan, xolo rogorc locva,adamianis gulgaxsnili saubari RmerTTan, sulis mxurvale RaRadisi.galoba, rogorc liturgiis nawili, aris sakraluri aqti, romlisdrosac xorcieldeba RmerTis faruli Sexvedra adamianTan.
132Qqristianul himnografiaSi himnografi ar cdilobs sakuTarioriginaluri xedva mogvaxvios. piriqiT, kanonis meSveobiT isTavisufldeba yovelive subieqturisgan, sakuTari dacemuli bunebisgan,raTa qristes goneba Seimosos. Mmagram Tavad es ganTavisufleba,sakuTari nebis RvTis nebisadmi damorCileba individualuri aqtia.rogorc Tamar afridoniZe wers, “qristianuli xelovnebis amosavalpunqtad unda CaiTvalos is, rom qriste, rogorc adamiani, TviTuaryofis,erTeulis msxverplmotaniT aRwevs WeSmaritebas. Mmisi sikvdili arisSualeduri momenti, romlis Semdegac xorcieldeba sulis sulTanSerigeba, RvTaebrivisa da adamianuris, sayovelTaosa da subieqturiserTmaneTTan gaerTianeba. rogor xdeba es Serigeba? adamianis RmerTTangamaerTianebeli gancda aris siyvaruli, rogorc adamianis RmerTTanmisvlis swrafva da masTan gaerTianeba. siyvarulis namdvili arsimdgomareobs imaSi, rom Sen uari Tqva Sens sakuTar Tavze, SensSezRudul angarebian bunebaze, daiviwyo Seni Tavi sxvaSi. Ees sxva arisRmerTi. magram es Seni Tavis daviwyeba aris Seni WeSmariti meobismopoveba, misi floba. Ees aris suli, romelic sxva sulSi aris codnaTavis Tavis Sesaxeb, Tavisi nebis, rogorc RmerTis gacnobiereba da misiTkmayofileba” ( 4, 1). sakuTari nebis RvTis nebisadmi nebayofilobiTidamorCilebiT adamiani aRadgens RvTis xatebas TavisSi, rac RvTisadmimimsgavsebiT xorcieldeba. ara mxolod Tavad himnografi Tavisufldebakanonis meSveobiT sakuTari dacemuli, subieqturi bunebisgan, aramed isgamosaxavs kidec sulier raindebs, qristianuli samyaros gmirebs, romlisSinagani Tavgadasavalic msgavsia macxovris mier ganvlili gzisa.nebayofilobiTi morCileba obieqtur WeSmaritebas subieqtur faqtadaqcevs. Aamitomac aris, rom miuxedavad yvelafrisa qristianulihimnografia TviToeuli adamianis, rogorc sakuTar TavSi RmerTis xatismatareblis, sulis RaRadisad rCeba.yvelaferTan erTad unda gvaxsovdes isic, rom beqa opizars, andaandrei rubliovs, kanoni sulac ar aTavisuflebs Rvisgan momadlebuliniWisgan, im Rrma sulierebisgan, romliTac swored maT mier, rogorccalkeuli individebis mier Seqmnili xatebi gamoirCeva. magram esecmxolod maTi Sinagani, sulieri cxovrebis Sedegia. Mmaxvili mzera
133advilad gaarCevs xatebis ubralo gadamwers misi WeSmariti Semoqmedisgan,magram didi niWierebac ki arafers niSnavs Sinagani, sulieri cxovrebisgareSe, im cxovrebis wesSi CarTulobis gareSe, romlis meSveobiTacqristianuli xelovnebis nawarmoebis samyaro iwyebs vlenas. niWierebamTeli eklesiis mier dagrovili sulieri gamocdilebis gareSe, rasacqristianuli kanoni itevs, anadgurebs am samyaros da zeciuri samyarosmimezisidan calkeuli individis mxatvruli fantaziis nayofad aqcevsmas. maSasadame, igi aRar SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc WeSmaritebisgamovlena, rac ar Seefereba qristianuli xelovnebis miznebsa daamocanebs. Tumca yvela SemTxvevaSi qristianuli kultura iZlevaxelovanis individualobis gamovlenis saSualebas. Aase rom ar iyoszemoT xsenebul xelovanTa xatebi arafriT gamorCeuli ar iqnebodasxva danarCenTagan, magram es individualoba arasodes gulisxmobs sxvaWeSmaritebis qadagebas, aramed erTi da imave WeSmaritebisgansakuTrebuli elferis daWeras, misi gansakuTrebuli surnelismotanas.Aamrigad, umaRlesi sikeTis, umaRlesi mSvenierebis da umaRlesiWeSmaritebis erT sawyisSi Tavmoyra ganapirobebs yofierebistranscendenturi formebis erTian xedvas, rac damaxasiaTebeliaideacionaluri kulturisaTvis, magram ukve XII saukunis bolodan iwyebaam kulturis sistemis rRveva, roca ikveTeba Canasaxi sruliadgansxvavebuli ZiriTadi principisa, rac radikalurad cvlis kulturisganviTarebis veqtors. Ees principi rogorc obieqturi realobis, ise misimniSvnelobis grZnobadi xasiaTis aRiarebaSi mdgomareobs. XX saukuniserT-erTi gamoCenili kulturologi pitirim sorokini ase axasiaTebs amprincips: “mxolod imas, rasac vxedavT, gvesmis, vexebiT, SevigrZnobT daaRviqvamT Cveni grZnobaTa organoebiT, _ realurad aqvs mniSvneloba. AamgrZnobaTa realobis gareT an araferia, an aris iseTi ram, rac Cven arSegviZlia ganvicadoT, es ki _ ararealuris, ararsebulis eqvivalenturia.rogorc aseTi is SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT. aseTi iyo axali principi,ideacionaluri kulturis ZiriTadi principidan sruliadgansxvavebuli”(30, 6). sorokini aRniSnavs, rom es axali principi, romelicnel-nela Zalas ikrebda, ideacionaluri kulturis daqveiTebis gzaze
134mdgar princips Seejaxa da maTma Serwymam organul mTlianobaSi SeqmnaXII-XIV saukuneebis sruliad axali, idealisturi kultura. Aam kulturisZiriTad principad obieqturi realobis nawilobriv zegrZnobadi danawilobriv grZnobadi xasiaTis aRiareba iqca. igi miiCnevs, rom XIII-XIVsaukuneebis dasavleT evropis kultura, iseve rogorc Cv. Eeramde VI-Vsaukuneebis berZnuli kultura, am masinTezirebel ideaze iyodafuZnebuli da upiratesad idealisturi iyo.…daaxloebiT XVI saukunisdasawyisidan ki axali principi da masTan erTad axali kultura xdebadominirebuli. es kulturis Tanamedrove formaa, romelic, Tavis mxriv,sensoruli, empiriuli, saxalxo da “am samyaros Sesaferisi” kulturaa.sorokini mas grZnobad kulturas uwodebs.cxadia kulturis etapebis swored amgvari dayofa ar ariserTaderTi SesaZlo varianti kulturis dayofisa, magram masSi CansganviTarebis is ZiriTadi tendencia, rac kulturam Suasaukuneebis Semdegam mimarTulebiT ganicada, kerZod is TandaTanobiT grZnobadi kulturagaxda masSi sulieri Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Sesabamisadazrovnebam ganicada sekuralizacia. dRis wesrigSi dadga xelovnebisfenomenebisadmi damokidebuleba gonebis principebisaTvisdaeqvemdebarebinaT laibnicis im debulebis safuZvelze, rom yvelaferirac arsebobs da moazrebadia, cnobierebis sxvadasxva saxiT gamovlenaada gonebis principebs emorCileba, xolo Semecnebis unarebs Sorismxolod xarisxobrivi gansxvavebaa. Bbaumgarteni, romelmac TanamedrovemniSvnelobiT pirvelma ixmara termini esTetika, Seecdeba am safuZvelzecalke mecniereba aagos esTetikis saxiT.Kkanti Tavidanve daupirispirda amgvar mimarTulebas. igi ar eWvobs,rom mSvenierebis kritikuli Sefaseba arasodes gaxdeba mecniereba damoZRvrebas cdis sagnebis mocemis aprioruli pirobebis Sesaxeb, anugrZnobadobis aprioruli formebis Sesaxeb transcendentalur esTetikasuwodebs. Semdgom igi midis iqamde, rom zedmetad zRudavs apriorulismoqmedebis sferos da “praqtikuli gonebis kritikaze” muSaobis drosaRmoaCens mesame kritikis SesaZleblobas. sami unaridan _ Semecnebis,siamovneba-usiamovnebis, survilis _ pirvelisaTvis “wminda gonebis
135kritikaSi,” mesamisaTvis ki ”praqtikuli gonebis kritikaSi” dadgindaaprioruli principebi.Kkanti Tavis esTetikur Sexedulebebs ayalibebs Tavis naSromSi„msjelobis unaris kritika“. igi arCevs mowonebis sam saxes: 1. saamo, racgrZnobad tkbobas iwvevs da nacnobia cxovelisTvisac; 2. rac raime sxvasaganTan da sxva interesTan mimarTebis gareSe mogvwons, anu mSvenieri; 3.kargi, romelsac obieqtur Rirebulebas mivawerT da gvinda romarsebobdes. Aaqedan dauinteresebeli mxolod mSvenierebisagan miRebulimowonebaa da swored amgvari mowonebis sagans ewodeba kantis mixedviTmSvenieri. Tu mSvenieris mowoneba yovelgvari interesisgan Tavisufalia,igi sayovelTao da aucilebeli unda iyos, es niSnebi ki cnebis arsebobasgulisxmobs. Ggemovnebis msjelobis ganxilva SesaZleblad miiCnevssayovelTaobas cnebis gareSe, anu mSvenieri SeiZleba ewodos imas, racyvelas moswons cnebis gareSe. es mSvenierebis ganmartebis meore momentsqmnis. Mmesame momentis mixedviT, mSveniereba “sagnis mizanSewonilebisformaa, ramdenadac igi saganSi aRiqmeba miznis warmodgenis gareSe”. EesmizanSewonileba veraviTar gareSe mizans ver daukavSirdeba, vinaidan esmas waarTmevs “TviTmiznobasa” da dauinteresebel xasiaTs. magram rogorunda Sefasdes mSvenieriT gamowveuli mowoneba, ise rom namdvilad iwvevsmowonebas, Tu ise, rom aucileblobiT iwvevs mowonebas? kanti meoremosazrebas eTanxmeba, magram es aucilebloba arc Teoriuli da arcpraqtikuli aucileblobis msgavsi ar aris. Ggemovnebis msjelobaSigvaqvs aucilebloba, romelic nimuSis, rogorc misabaZidangamomdinareobs da kanti mas egzemplarul aucileblobas uwodebs. Eesegzemplaruli aucilebloba sayovelTao wesis magaliTia, romlisCvenebac SeuZlebelia da, maSasadame, igi cnebidan ar gamomdinareobs.kanti aucileblobis sam saxes ganasxvavebs: Teoriuls, praqtikulsa daesTetikurs. Yyovelive amis safuZvelze ki mSvenierebis ganmartebismeoTxe moments iZleva: “mSvenieri aris is, rac cnebisgan damoukidebladaRiarebuli iqneba aucilebeli mowonebis sagnad.”Kkantis mixedviT refleqsiis msjelobebs mSvenieris garda sagnadaqvs amaRlebuli, rac aseve TavisTavad imsaxurebs mowonebas, magram TukimSvenierebaSi mowoneba TvisebasTanaa kavSirSi, amaRlebuli gaocebas an
136pativiscemas Seicavs. Ggarda amisa, mSvenieri TviT bunebaSi gulisxmobsimgvar mizanewonilebas, rac Tavad Cveni sulis moTxovnilebasSeesabameba da sagnis formis aRqma sakmarisia, rom mivxvdeT amas. MmaSinrodesac, is rac amaRlebulis grZnobas iwvevs, SesaZloa sulac argveCvenebodes mizanSewonilad. amdenad, amaRlebulis Teoria warmoadgens“bunebis mizanSewonilebis esTetikuri Sefasebis ubralo danamats, sadacbunebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas mizanSewonilad gamoiyenebs warmosaxvisZala.” ramdenadac amaRlebulis grZnobas bunebaSi formasTan ki arauformosTan aqvs kavSiri, ganxilva raodenobrivi mxaris analiziT iwyeba.amaRlebulis analizisas gemovnebis msjeloba aucileblobiT iyenebsgonebis ideas, Tumca kantis azriT, arc mSvenieria mowyvetili zneobissamyaros da aRadgens im tradicias, rom mSvenieri zneobrivad keTilissimboloa, ris gamoc veTanxmebiT mis pretenzias sayovelTaomniSvnelobaze. mSvenierebis moqmedeba amaRlebac, zneobrivi ganwmendacaa,magram ara SiSisa da TanagrZnobis gziT. Aaq kvlav adgili aqvspraqtikuli gonebis primats, oRond gemovnebis msjelobis mimarT.Hherderi ilaSqrebs kantis esTetikuri formalizmis winaaRmdeg dauaryofs mSveniers, rogorc dauinteresebeli mowonebis sagans. igixelovnebis religiur-moralur funqcias usvams xazs, magram swored imisgamo, rom kultura grZnobadi xasiaTis xdeba da ganicdissekularizacias, kantis moZRvreba ufro axlobeli da misaRebi aRmoCndaxelovnebis moRvaweTaTvis. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom kanti kargad aricnobda axal xelovnebas, man axali xelovnebis warmomadgenlebs dididaxmareba gauwia, rom gaegoT sakuTari Semoqmedebis buneba, kerZod kimisma moZRvrebam xelovnebis, rogorc geniosis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. igiuaryofs geniosisTvis im wesebs, romelsac winaswar adgens yovelixelovneba da Tvlis, rom geniosi aris originaluri Semoqmedebis niWismqone pirovneba, romlis SemoqmedebisTvisac es wesebi ar moqmedebs. MmisiSemoqmedeba TviTon iqceva amgvar wesad sxvaTaTvis, Tumca imis Cvenebaan mecnieruli aRwera, Tu rogor qmnis geniosi Tavis nawarmoebs, mas arSeuZlia. is gegmazomierad ki ar igonebs amgvar wesebs da instruqciissaxiT ki ar gadascems sxvebs, aramed iZleva am wess rogorc buneba.garda amisa, am wesebs is mxolod xelovnebisTvis iZleva da ara
137mecnierebisTvis. Aamrigad, kanti xelovnebas bunebis gverdiT ayenebs daorives mimarT aRiarebs uflebas umiznod moqmedebisa (15, 119-132).cxadia, mSvenierebis da xelovnebis amgvari gageba xelovnebasobieqturi, RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis gamoxatvidan geniosis mxatvrulifantaziis nayofad aqcevs, xolo esTetikur aRqmas, romelic sulierisamyaros aRqmisa da gamoxatvisken iyo mimarTuli da transcendenturisamyaros mSvenierebiT gamowveul tkbobas da masTan religiurerTianobas gulisxmobda, grZnobadi sagnebiT gamowveul esTetikurtkbobad gardaqmnis, romlis miRmac ukve aRar igulisxmeba sulieriSinaarsi. Bbuneba aq RvTaebrivi samyaros simbolos ki aRar warmoadgens,aramed es umiznod moqmedebis ufleba Tavad aqcevs mas erTgvar RmerTad,iseve rogorc genioss. maT xSirad iseve eTayvanebian rogorcwmindanebs.Aadamiani am xelovnebaSi sakuTar Tavs xvdeba da Tayvansscems mas.e. kasireri wers, rom xelovnebis filosofia da enis filosofiasapirispiro miswrafebaTa erTnair konfliqts amJRavneben, romlissafuZvelic erTi da igive Zireuli sxvaobaa sinamdvilisinterpretaciaSi. “enaca da xelovnebac gamudmebiT meryeobs orsapirispiro poluss Soris; esenia obieqturi da subieqturi polusebi.verc erTma Teoriam enisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb ver SeZlo gverdiaeqcia romelime maTganisTvis, Tumca ki simZimis centri xan erTsmoudioda da xan meores. Tu maxvili ufro metad obeqtur poluszea,maSin enaca da xelovnebac eqvemdebarebian saerTo umaRles cnebas, baZviskategorias, romlis mTavar funqciasac asaxva warmoadgens” ( 78, 219). igiaRniSnavs, rom “Tundac yovelive mSveniereba WeSmariteba iyos”, yoveliveWeSmariteba uTuod mSveniereba ver iqneba, vinaidan usrulqmnilesimSvenierebis misaRebad bunebisagan gadaxveva iseve arsebiTia, rogorcbunebis mibaZva. Cven ver SevZlebdiT bunebis suraTis gaumjobesebas misidamaxinjebis gareSe, iseve rogorc saganTa sinamdvilidan gaRwevasWeSmaritebis kanonTa daurRvevlad. Aaseve SeuZlebelia bunebisfotografiuli aslis gakeTeba. sami mxatvris mier erTi da imave peizaJisdaxatvis Semdeg sruliad sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi iqna miRebuli.Kkasireris azriT, am Teoriis mixedviT poeziaca da mTeli danarCeni
138xelovnebac mxolod da mxolod sasiamovno iluziad gvesaxeba ( 78, 214-228).Uunda iTqvas, rom baZvis Teorias marTlac aqvs yvela es nakli,vidre is gagebulia rogorc materialuri samyaros mibaZva. qristianulmaxelovnebam, romelic gansxvavebul miznebs isaxavda, baZvis cnebassruliad axali Sinaarsi SesZina, vinaidan am Teoriisagan gansxvavebiTbaZvis obieqtad airCia ara materialuri samyaro, aramed zeciuri,sulieri. Sesabamisad, xelovneba materialuri samyaros mimezisidanRvTaebrivi samyaros simbolur saxvad aqcia, sadac materiadeformirebuli saxiT warmosdgeba. Aaq materiis es deformacia, kerZod,wagrZelebuli xelebi, didi Tavi, farTo Subli, gadidebuli Tvalebigagebulia ara rogorc materialuri samyaros araadekvaturi mibaZva,aramed rogorc baZvis am kanonebis Segnebuli rRveva, raTa xazi gaesvassulier Tvisebebs. Aaq Tavad xatis arqetipTan fizikuri msgavsebacmxolod pirobiT da simbolur xasiaTs atarebs. Aamitom aris, rom ufalsRvTismSobels an wmindanebs sxvadasxva xatebze sruliad sxvadasxvagvarisaxeebi aqvT. isini mxolod simboluri niSnebiT Seicnobian. asevesagalobelSic movlenis aRwerisas xazi mis sulier Sinaarss esmeba daara mis fizikur aRweras. Tavad sulieri Sinaarsis siRrmis dagamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa Seusabamobis gamo, es xelovneba pirobiTxasiaTs iRebs da simbolur saxvad iqceva, rac ar SeiZleba miviCnioTbaZvis klasikuri Teoriis gagrZelebad, aramed ufro mis rRvevad.marTlac, misabaZi sagnis bunebis da baZvis xerxebis cvlileba TavadbaZvis bunebis cvlilebasac iwvevs. garda amisa, imis wyalobiT, rom esxelovneba ucvlel bibliur formulebs eyrdnoba, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,gamocxadebiT xasiaTs atareben, igi dazRveulia am WeSmaritebisaraadekvaturi gamosaxvisgan.xelovnebis filosofiuri ganxilvis axal periods rusosa dagoeTes Sexedulebebma misces dasabami. Tavis mxriv, goeTe miesalmakantis mier xelovnebis dayenebas bunebis gverdiT da maT mimarTumiznod moqmedebis uflebis aRiarebas. kasireris TqmiT, rusosTvisxelovneba aris ara empiriuli sinamdvilis faqtebisa da movlenebisaRwera an mibaZva, aramed adamianis emociuri cxovrebis gamoxatva. Mmisi
139“axali eloiza” pirvel biZgs aZlevs goniT revolucias da saukuneebisganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli mimezisis principi mSvenierebis axaliTeoriiT icvleba, romelic xelovnebas damoukidebel da Tavdapirvelfenomenad acxadebs. goeTes mier iqmneba e. w. “damaxasiaTebelixelovnebis” Teoria, romelic jer kidev ar aris sruliadsubieqtivisturi da Tvlis, rom xelovneba mniSvnelovans undagamosaxavdes da ara meorexarisxovan, mniSvnelobas moklebul faqtebs.aseTi xelovneba raoden nebismieri formebisganac ar unda Sedgebodes,saxeTa proporciis gareSec harmoniul mTlianobad warmogvidgeba,vinaidan erTi saerTo grZnoba aqcevs mas damaxasiaTebel mTlianobad.kasireri SeniSnavs, rom goeTes sakuTari poeziis sagnobrivi xasiaTiarasodes gamorCenia mxedvelobidan. “marTalia, xelovnebaeqspresiulicaa, magram mxatvruli qmnileba mxolod maSin iqneba Sinaganicxovrebis gamomxatveli, Tu igi efuZneba im obieqtur Rirebulebas,romelic msaxvel Zalas asxivebs. saxedqmnis procesi, romelsac CvenSimxatvruli qmnileba aRZravs, grZnobadi saxeebiT, xiluli da gasagoniniSnebiT aris gaSualebuli” ( 78, 224). Tumca esTetikis bevr axalTeoriaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kroCesa da misi mimdevrebis SexedulebebSixelovnebis am materialur faqtors ukve aRar iTvaliswineben. kroCesgareganis obieqturi Rirebuleba ki ar ainteresebs, aramed gamoxatvisfaqti, xelovanis sulSi mimdinare Sinagani formirebis procesi. igimxatvruli qmnilebis wminda goniT xasiaTs wamoswevs win da Tvlis, romxelovnebas gansazRvravs xelovanis intuiciebi, rac xelovnebis arssa dasimdidres qmnis da samyaros am intuiciuri wvdomis procesisdasrulebasTan erTad dasruldeba mxatvruli Semoqmedebac, xolomaterialur faqtors aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs mxatvruliqmnilebis arsisaTvis (78, 218-225). Aamrigad, aSkaraa, rom xelovnebaSisubieqtivisturi motivebi TandaTan ufro Zlierdeba.a. uspenski aRniSnavs, rom ukanasknel dromde saeklesio mxatvruliSemoqmedeba xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi aRiqmeboda rogorc “Sekrulieklesiis dogmatebiT,” daqvemdebarebuli mkacr kanons. Kkanoni kigaiazreba rogorc saeklesio ierarqiis mier Tavsmoxveuli gareganiwesebis jami, romelic xel-fexs ukravs xelovanis Semoqmedebas, pasiur
140morCilebas moiTxovs misgan arsebuli nimuSebisa. erTi sityviTTavisufal xelovnebas upirispireben kanonebiT xel-fex Sekrulxatweras. is wers, rom Tuki unda visaubriT wesebsa da dadgenilkanonebze ufro sawinaaRmdegoa swori: realistur mxatvrobaSi aqamdeaucilebeli iyo garkveuli raodenobis wesebi, romelsac mxatvari undadamorCileboda da romelsac mas skolebSi aswavlidnen (perspeqtiva,anatomia, Suq-Crdilebis gageba, kompozicia da a. S.). kuriozulia, rommxatvarTa mier wesebis es sistema, aSkaraa, sulac ar aRiqmeboda rogorcSeboWva da morCileba; swored misiT sargeblobdnen isini TavianTTavisufal xelovnebaSi, romliTac cdilobdnen eklesiis msaxurebas.xatweris kanoni ki ara mxolod ar icnobs aseT wesebs, aramed msgavscnebebsac ki. miuxedavad amisa swored misgan cdilobdnenganTavisuflebas. progresul mxatvarTa mier dasavleTSi kanoni aRiqmebaara mxolod rogorc dabrkoleba maTi SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebisTvis,aramed rogorc Cagvra. ganTavisuflebas cdilobdnen swored eklesiisada misi dogmatebisagan, cdilobdnen gamoyofas misi saeklesioxelovnebidan. Tavisufldebodnen ara imdenad rwmenisagan, ramdenadaceklesiuri cnobierebisgan. Aavtonomiuri xelovanisTvis mCagvrelad iqcaeklesia, misi kanoni, (romelic dauwereli iyo), misi gageba Tavisuflebisa.Semoqmedeba xdeba individualuri da amiT calke mdgomi. Uuspenski aqveaRniSnavs: marTalia, Tanamedrove xelovnebam Tavis mxatvrulgamoxatulebaSi yovelive amaze uari Tqva xelovanis TavisufaliTviTgamoxatvis saxeliT, magram ukidures individualizmSi Cavarda.Tavisufleba TviTnebobad da anarqiad gadaiqca, romelsac vxedavT kidecsxvadasxva “izmebSi”, “op-artsa”, Tu “pop-art”-Si da a.S. es xelovnebaxiluli formiT gamoxatavs im anarqias, romelic Tanamedrove samyaroSimovida moraluri da sxva wesebisa da principebis sistemis nacvlad.sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, _ an wesebis sistema, an misi sruliugulebelyofa da uaryofa imave Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebis saxeliT.ramdenadac daiwyes bunebismiRmieris bunebrivi kategoriebiT gamosaxva,kanonikuri xatis Sinaarsi gaugebari xdeba; gaugebari da ucxo xdeba misisimboluri ena da misi Semoqmedebac (69, 606-608).
141Aamrigad, xelovnebis qmnilebis mxolod esTetikuri tkbobisobieqtad qceva da misi sruli mowyvta WeSmaritebisgan, ukiduresisubieqtivizmis wyaro xdeba xelovnebaSi. amasTan marTebuli sulac araris is mosazreba TiTqosda kanoni zRudavs xelovanis SemoqmedebiTTavisuflebas. Uubralod sulieri, bunebismiRmieri realoba sxvakategoriebiT, sxva gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT unda moviazroT darogorc perspeqtiva, Suq-Crdilebi, kompozicia da sxv. Aaucilebeliafizikuri realobis gamosaxvisTvis, kanonic aucilebelia zeciurirealobis gamosaxvisTvis, romelic maradiulia, statikuri da ucvlelida gamosaxvis aseve statikur formebs moiTxovs. Tuki gveeWvebaSesaZlebelia Tu ara individualuri xelwera kanonis farglebSi, maSinunda SevxedoT svanur freskebs, yinwvisis angelozs, an Tundac igiverubliovis samebis xats da davrwmundebiT, rom isini sworedsawinaaRmdegos amtkiceben. kanoni ara individualobis gamovlenisgan,aramed subieqtivizmisgan icavs qristianul xelovnebis qmnilebas., racsxvadasxva ramaa. subieqtivizmi swored WeSmaritebis Sinaarsisdamaxinjebas gulisxmobs, individualoba ki am WeSmaritebis jeracucnobi aspeqtis aRmoCenas, mis gansxvavebul gancdas. aseTiveindividualobiT gamoirCeva, magaliTad romanoz tkbiladmgaloblissagaloblebi, an Tundac ioane minCxis.Qqristianuli xelovneba da kerZod himnografia, WeSmaritebisSemecnebas eswrafvis, subieqtivizmze dafuZnebuli xelovneba kiSeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis Semecnebis saSualebad gamodges. Tanamedrovexelovneba, romelic aRar efuZneba WeSmaritebas, mxolod yovelivesrRvevaze mowmobs. jer kidev berdiaevi, xelovnebis am krizisis Sesaxebwers: ”mravali krizisi gadaitana xelovnebam Tavisi istoriis manZilze.gadasvlebi antikurobidan Sua saukuneebze da Sua saukuneebidanaRorZinebaze aseTi Rrma krizisebiT aRiniSna. Mmagram imas, racxelovnebas Cvens epoqaSi emarTeba, ar SeiZleba vuwodoT erT-erTikrizisTagani sxvaTa rigSi. Cven momswreni varT xelovnebis krizisisasaerTod, misi aTaswlovani safuZvlebis uRrmesi ryevisa. saboloodgafermkrTalda Zveli ideali klasikurad-mSvenieri xelovnebisa daigrZnoba, rom aRarasodes daubrundeba miseul xatebs” (51, 3).
142n.berdiaevi aRniSnavs, rom xelovneba cdilobs sakuTarisazRvrebidan gamosvlas. irRveva sazRvrebi, romlebic xelovnebissxvadasxva saxeebs gamoyofs erTmaneTisgan da imisganac, rac ukve aRaraaxelovneba, rac maRlaa an dabla masze. misi azriT, xelovnebisa dacxovrebis, Semoqmedebisa da yofierebis urTierTmimarTebis problemagansakuTrebul simwvaves iZens. Cndeba dauZleveli wyurvili xelovnebisnawarmoebTa qmnidan Tavad cxovrebis qmnaze gadasvlisa. Aadamianiacnobierebs sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi aqtis uZlurebas. warmoiSvebaSeusabamoba SemoqmedebiT amocanasa da mis SemoqmedebiT ganxorcielebasSoris. warmoudgenel SemoqmedebiT siTamames warmoudgeneliSemoqmedebiTi sisuste enacvleba. ukanaskneli SemoqmedebiTi dRisadamians ipyrobs dauZleveli wyurvili Seqmnas raRac jer ar arsebulida am wyurvilisas scdeba yovelgvar sazRvrebs, magram es ukanaskneliukve aRar qmnis iseT srulyofil da mSvenier qmnilebebs, rogorsacgardasuli epoqebis ufro mokrZalebuli adamiani qmnida.Bn. berdiaevi Tvlis, rom am xelovnebaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoTrogorc sinTetikuri, ise analitikuri miswrafebani, romelnicurTierTsapirispirod arian mimarTulni, magram erTnairad aryevenxelovnebis sazRvrebs. sinTetikuri miswrafebani Tavs iCenen ukvemalarmesTan da vagnerTan, simbolistebi ki am miswrafebaTa mauwyebelniarian. zogierT maTgans xelovnebis krizisidan gamoyvana swored misiorganul mxatvrul epoqaSi dabrunebiT surda. Mmisi azriT, mravalisimbolisti ocnebobda xelovnebisTvis liturgiuli da sakralurimniSvnelobis dabrunebaze, ramdenadac xelovnebani sworeddiferenciaciis produqtni da taZruli, sakulto warmoSobisani arian.isini swored am organuli mTlianobidan iSvnen da mravalimoazrovnisTvis sakraluri xelovneba yvelaze ufro kaSkaSa organuliepoqebisa kacobriobis kulturis istoriaSi macduri da mimzidvelirCeboda. Aaxla adamianuri Zalebis Tavisufali TamaSi aRar qmnissilamazes. Aadamiani gaxda zedmetad Tavisufali, zedmetaddacarielebuli Tavisi carieli TavisuflebiT, zedmetad dauZlurebulixangrZlivi kritikuli epoqiT da Tavis SemoqmedebaSi adamiani naRvelmaSeipyro organulobis, sinTezis, religiuri centris, misteriis gamo. Aam
143sinTetikur-organuli miswrafebebis erT-erT brwyinvale Teoretikosad ispoeziaSi viaCeslav ivanovs Tvlis, xolo mxatvrobaSi sinTetikur Ziebisgamomxatvelad Curlianisi miaCnia.Bn.berdiaevi SesaniSnavad xedavs, rom miuxedavad am miswrafebebisaTeurgiuli ideisadmi xelovnebis desakralizacia faqtia, ris gamocTeurgiuli amocana misTvis advilad SeiZleba gadaiqces garedanmoxveul normad, romelic warsulidan amoqeqes. igi aRniSnavs, romivanovis sayovelTaoba sruliad araimanenturia Cveni droisaTvis,sruliad transcendenturi misdami.xelovnebis krizisis wvdomas analitikuri miswrafebanic iZlevian,romelTa gamoxatulebasac, misi azriT, kubizmi da futurizmiwarmoadgenen. pirveli warmodgenilia pikasoTi. rodesac pikasos naxatebsuyureb, iseTi grZnoba giCndeba, TiTqos Tavad yofnis safuZvlebi iryeva.kosmiurma qarma moglija yvela safarveli, Camocvivda yvela yvavili,yvela foToli. Aam qarma TiTqos Tavad nivTebs gaaZro kani, gansZarcvayvela Sesamoseli da geCveneba, rom aRarasodes dadgeba kosmiurigazafxuli, aRar iqneba simwvane, mSvenieri safarveli, xorcSesxmulisinTetikuri formebi. geCveneba, rom pikasos saSineli zamTris Semdegsamyaro aRarasodes ayvavdeba. Uufro metic, mTeli materialuri samyaroirRveva. es dematerializacia ferweraSi, berdiaevis azriT, xelovnebissaboloo kraxis STabeWdilebas tovebs.rac Seexeba futurizms, mas Sobs adamianis organul cxovrebaSimanqanis Semosvla. Ffuturizmis paTosi es aris paTosi siCqarisa,moZraobis aCqarebiT gamowveuli Troba. Ffuturistebi siCqariT arianSeqmnilni. marTlac samyaro Sedis aCqarebuli moZraobis epoqaSi. Mmagramfuturistebi aRiqvamen da gamoxataven mxolod garegnul mxares amaCqarebisa drois svlaSi. Sinagani moZraoba, Sinagani siCqare maTTvisTiTqosda daxuruli rCeba. Mmagram ufro maxvili mzerisTvis naTelia,rom warmoudgeneli moZraoba da warmoudgeneli siCqare yofierebissiRrmeSi iwyeba da rom wyaroebi am moZraobisa da am siCqarisa suliercxovrebaSia saZiebeli. Ees aCqarebuli dro, romelSic katastrofulimoZraoba viTardeba, aris apokalifsuri dro, sadac udidesSesaZleblobebs udidesi safrTxeebi ukavSirdeba. SesaZlebelia ara
144mxolod axali xelovnebis warmoSoba, aramed yovelgvari xelovnebis,yovelgvari faseulobis, yovelgvari Semoqmedebis sikvdili (51, 4-23). XXIsaukuneSi am aCqarebis tempebi kidev ufro izrdeba, rasac internetisSemosvlac ganapirobebs, ris gamoc, cxadia, izrdeba es safrTxeebic.Bberdiaevi aq imisTvis movixmeT, rom gveCvenebina, Tu ra Sedegebimoitana xelovnebisa da WeSmaritebis daSorebam da ukiduresmasubieqtivizmma. xelovnebisa da kulturis am kriziss mravali sxvamoazrovnec acnobierebs, iqneba es Spengleri, dostoevski,egzistencializmis warmomadgenlebi da a.S., Tumca aq maT ganxilvas arSevudgebiT. garda amisa, gvindoda gveCvenebina, rom mravali moazrovnexelovnebas swored rogorc WeSmaritebis gadmocemis saSualebadgaiazrebs, gansakuTrebiT ki arqaul kulturebSi.Kkantis Semdgom epoqaSi yvelaze aqtiurad hegelma scada imisCveneba, rom WeSmariteba da mSveniereba erTi da imave rigis movlenebia.magram hegelis sistemaSi xelovnebiT warmodgenili WeSmariteba mxoloderT-erTi ganvlili safexuria obieqturi gonis TviTSemecnebisa danaklebi Rirebuleba gaaCnia religiasa da filosofiasTan SedarebiT.xelovnebis gamoyeneba WeSmaritebis wvdomis saqmeSi hegels ukvesruliad zedmetad miaCnia da sazianodac ki. Ees faqti eWvqveS ayenebszogadad xelovnebis Rirebulebas da maT Soris poeziisa. Aam sistemismixedviT xelovneba da kerZod poezia warmogvidgeba rogorcdromoWmuli da sruliad usargeblo ram. Aamis gamo, kidev ufro aqtiuraddgeba xelovnebisa da WeSmaritebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi da mashaidegeri daayenebs.rogorc cnobilia, hegelisTvis WeSmariteba absoluturi gonia, xolomovlena, romelsac xelovnebaSi aqvs adgili, grZnobadi monacemi. rodesaces ori ram erwymis Sinaarsisa da formis saxiT, saqme gvaqvsxelovnebasTan, rogorc absoluturi gonis grZnobad gamovlenasTan.magram vinaidan yovelgvari goniTi Sinaarsi ver moeqceva grZnobadformaSi da yovelgvari grZnobadi forma ar gamodgeba goniTi Sinaarsisgadmosacemad, absoluturi goni, romelic srul gaSlas eswrafvis, verkmayofildeba grZnobadi formiT. is, risi gakeTebac ar SeuZlia grZnobadformas, cnebam da Tavisufalma azrovnebam unda gaakeTon da hegeli
145Tvlis, rom es swored mis filosofiur sistemaSi miiRweva. ramdenadacerT-erT istoriul safexurze xelovnebam ukve Seasrula Tavisifilosofiur metafizikuri misia, gamoavlina WeSmariteba, igi CamoSordamsoflio process, radgan kavSiri WeSmaritebasa da xelovnebas Soris,xelovnebasa da filosofias Soris iyo ara logikuri aucilebloba,aramed faqtobriv-istoriuli aucilebloba.rogorc hegeliTvis, ise haidegerisTvis mSveniereba WeSmaritebisgamovlenis formaa, magram Tavad WeSmaritebaSi isini sxvadasxva ramesgulisxmoben. hegeli WeSmaritebis im gagebas emyareba, romlis mixedviTacigi ukve momxdari faqtia da azrovneba mis gagebas eswrafvis.WeSmariteba misTvis esaa codnis Sesatyvisoba saganTan. xelovnebamxolod absoluturi gonis TviTSemecnebis erT-erTi safexuria.WeSmaritebis amgvari gagebisas hegelis ganaCeni xelovnebis mimarTZalaSia.Hhaidegers sxvagvarad esmis WeSmariteba. misTvis xelovneba es arisWeSmaritebis qmnadoba qmnilebaSi da Sesabamisad is procesis formiTarsebobs. Hhaidegers Tavad yofierebac esmis rogorc WeSmaritebisxdomileba. Ees WeSmaritebisa da “u-WeSmaritobis,” naTebisa da dafarvisurTierTdapirispirebaa. is iseTi ram ki araa, “rac jer sadRac TavisTvisarsebobs varskvlavze, raTa Semdeg romelime yofierSi Camovardes” (43,63), aramed misTvis xvedris mravalferovnebaa damaxasiaTebeli. erT-erTiarsebiTi, riTac igi Tavis Tavs gamarTavs mis mier ganxmul yofierSi,esaa mis mier Tavis Tavis TviTdadgineba qmnilebaSi. xelovnebis faqtiaris is, risi meSveobiTac raRac axali xdeba.Hhaidegeri erTmaneTs upirispirebs “miwasa” da “samyaros”. igi aseganmartavs maT: “samyaro aris wilxvedrili xalxis xvedrSi martiv daarsobriv gadawyvetilebaTa vrceli gzebis TviTmxsneli ganxmuloba.miwa ki aris aRuSfoTveli warmoCena imisa, raica maradis xSavs TavisTavs da aserigad imalvis. samyaro da miwa erTmaneTisgan arsobrivadgansxvavebulia, magram mainc ar arian erTmaneTs mowyvetilni. samyaromiwas efuZneba. Mmiwa ki ganmsWvalavs samyaros masSi Tvisis amoCeniT.oRond samyarosa da miwas Soris urTierTmimarTeba sulac ar inTqmebaiseT sapirispiroTa cariel erTianobaSi, romelnic arafriT erTmaneTs
146ar exebian. samyaro miwaze Tvisis davanebiT eswrafvis miwis aRyvanebas. igiviTarca Tavisi Tavis TviT gamxsneli, ver iTmens daxSuls. Mmiwa kiviTarca mmalavi, yovelTvis cdilobs samyaro TavisSi SeiRos da iqSeiyenos” (43, 48). haidegerisTvis samyarosa da miwas Soris esdapirispireba aris dava, oRond ara rogorc dapirispirebulTa SuRli,aramed rogorc iseTi dava sadac modaveebi TavianTi arsisTviTganmtkicebamde maRldebian da erTmaneTi TavianT Tavs miRma gahyavT.“samyaros aRmarTviTa da miwis ganmzadebiT qmnileba aris am davisdamkvidreba” (iqve, 49).haidegerisTvis dapirispireba miwasa da samyaros Soris, sinaTlesada sibneles Soris, Riaobasa da dafarulobas Soris, WeSmaritebasa da“u-WeSmaritobas” Soris ar aris dapirispirebulTa dialeqtikurierTianoba, roca WeSmariteba mxolod TviTon ki araa, arameddialeqtikurad warmodgenili Tavisi Tavis sapirispiroc, aramed es arisdaufaraoba, romelSic narCundeba dafarulic, vinaidan sruli, mTlianidaufaraoba arsebulisa, sruli gasagneba yvelafrisa gaauqmebdaarsebulis “Sinayofierebas” da aRar iqneboda arcerTi arsebuli,romelsac sakuTari yofiereba eqneboda. samyaro imgvari naTebaa,romelic Tavis TavSi inarCunebs mouxelTebels, dafarulsa da macdurs.haidegerisTvis qmna gulisxmobs “gamoRebas”, rac dafarulobidandaufaraobaSi gamosvlas, Cenas, vlenas, naTelSi damkvidrebas niSnavs.misTvis codna moaswavebs danaxvas, xolo danaxva TanaobiTis rogorcaseTis gagonebas. Qqmna es “nayofisaTvis gamoRebis minebebaa,”WeSmaritebis moxdenis erT-erTi saxeTagani, roca Cndeba iseTi yofieri,rac arc manamde arsebobda da aRarc odesme iarsebebs. Ees aris yofierisdadgineba xsnilSi, rodesac “ga-saCeni pirvelad ganaSuqebs am xsnilisxsnilobas”. qmnilebaSi Ddava dafarvasa da naTebas Soris ki ar undamoixsnas an morigdes, aramed swored am yofieriT unda ganixmas.haidegers WeSmariteba esmis ara rogorc msjelobis Tviseba an niSani,aramed rogorc yofierebis gadmoxsna sinaTleSi. is aris ara debulebisWeSmariteba, romelic meoreulia, aramed sakuTriv WeSmariteba. Riaoba,rogorc aseTi, haidegerTan aris piroba yofierebis daufaraobisa, magramis, vinc xedavs am daufaraobas, Tavadac RiaobaSi unda imyofebodes.
147amdenad haidegerisTvis WeSmaritebis Semecneba ar emyareba gansjas,aramed es ufro misi uSualo Wvretaa.Hhaidegers esTetika ar miaCnia filosofiur mecnierebad. MmisiazriT, esTetikaSi xelovneba kvdeba. aq adgili aqvs subieqt-obieqtisdapirispirebas, xolo xelovneba mxolod iq arsebobs, sadac amgvardapirispirebaze laparakic ki ar SeiZleba. masTan subieqti saganTanerTad igulisxmeba. xelovnebis qmnileba ki ar asaxavs sagans, aramedSeicavs mas. misTvis glexis yeliani waRebis gamomsaxveli suraTi, anromauli Sadrevnis gamomTqmeli leqsi imas ki ar ityobinebian, Tu raaris yofieri rogorc aseTi, aramed daufaraobas, rogorc aseTsyofierebasTan mimarTebaSi moxdenas anebeben, raTa Seulamazeblad dawmindad aRmocendnen fexsacmeli da Sadrevani. haidegerisTvis“qmnilebaSi Cayenebuli naTeli aris mSvenieri. mSveniereba WeSmaritebismyofobis erTi saxeTagania” (43, 56-57).vfiqrobT haidegeri is filosofosia, romlis enac yvelaze metadmieyeneba qristianuli xelovnebis qmnilebas oRond im gansxvavebiT, romigi saubrobs xelovnebaze saerTod, sadac Tavis Tavis TviTmmalaviyofierebaa ganaTebuli, sadac WeSmariteba SeiZleba moxdes da undamoxdes kidec xelovnebis saxiT. Qqristianuli xelovnebis qmnileba kiWeSmaritebis Sinaarsad moiazrebs ara yofiers saerTod, ara materialursagnebs, aramed RvTaebriv, zeciur samyaros, romlis gamosvlac xdebadafarulidan daufaraobaSi. xelovnebis qmnileba misTvisac WeSmaritebisxdomilebaa, sadac xdeba zeciuris gamosvla RiaobaSi, misi gadmoxsnanaTelSi, oRond ise, rom masSi narCundeba es daufaraoba, rogorcsaidumlo, ramdenadac igi gamocxadebiTi xasiaTisaa. zemoT aRvniSneT, romgamocxadeba ar niSnavs saidumlos gamoaSkaravebas da gaxsnas, aramed igiidumali rCeba gamocxadebis Semdegac. maSasadame, aqac adgili aqvsdafarulisa da daufaravis Tanamyofobas. vaCveneT, agreTve romqristianul xelovnebis qmnilebas Tavisi samyaro gaaCnia, romlis vlenacxdeba qristianul xelovnebis qmnilebaSi da igi ar arsebobs am samyarosgareSe. Ggarda amisa, qristianuli xelovneba arasodes arisfotografiuli gamosaxva. xelovnebis qmnileba aqac uSualod SeicavsTavis arqetips, romlis gaxsna da gaSuqebac xdeba masSi. Qqmna aqac
148“nayofisaTvis gamoRebis Tavis minebebaa,” roca Semoqmedeba gaiazrebarogorc RmerTis Semoqmedebis gagrZeleba, romlis TanaSemoqmedadacxelovani gvevlineba. mSveniereba aqac WeSmaritebis myofobis erTisaxeTagania, kerZod RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis, RvTaebrivi samyarosdaufaraobis mxedveli ki Tavadac RiaobaSi unda imyofebodes, anuSinagani mzeriT sWvretdes mas. es xelovneba CarTulia adamianiscxovrebaSi, igi urTierTobs masTan da masTan erTad qmnis samyaros,romelic liturgiaSi cocxldeba.rogorc vxedavT, qristianuli xelovneba ar aris erTaderTi,xelovnebas da kerZod poezias, WeSmaritebis gacxadebis saSualebad rommiiCnevs. Mmravali moazrovne mas swored WeSmaritebasTan kavSirSimoiazrebs. Uufro metic, Tavis sawyis etapze is warmoiSva kidec rogorcWeSmaritebis gadmocemis saSualeba, rodesac yvela Zveli moZRvrebaswored am formiT iyo mowodebuli. marTalia, zogjer sityvaWeSmaritebaSi sxvadasxva Sinaarss debdnen, magram Tuki poezia SeiZlebaiyos WeSmaritebis gacxadebis saSualeba, mtkiceba imisa, rom maincdamaincqristianuli saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis gadmocema ar SeiZleba iyospoezia, safuZvelsaa moklebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi mogviwevs uari vTqvaTmTel religiur poeziazec. marTalia, avtonomiurobis mopovebasTanerTad xelovneba TandaTan subieqtivisturi xdeba, xolo ukve modernizmiserT-erT ZiriTad niSnad gaseti asaxelebs imas, rom xelovneba cdilobsganTavisufldes yovelgvari sxva pretenziisgan da iqces wmindaxelovnebad, magram amis mizezebi adamianis religiurobisagan daclaSi da,Sesabamisad, kulturis desakralizaciaSia saZiebeli, romelic TiSavserTmaneTisgan mSvenierebas da WeSmaritebas da sxvadasxva niadagzeayenebs maT. Ees Sedegia grZnobadi kulturisa, romelic yofierebas misisulieri Sinaarsis gareSe moiazrebs.Yyvela SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva saxis xelovnebasTan,romlebic gansxvavebul esTetikur aRqmas emyarebian. aseT SemTxvevaSikiTxva unda daisvas poeziis arsis Sesaxeb da vnaxoT, Tu ra aris is,rac miuxedavad sxvadasxvaobisa poeziis wiaRSi gvamyofebs, ramdenadSeesabameba qristianuli himnografia am arss da Sesabamisad aris Tuara igi poezia. vnaxoT, ramdenad daSorda an miuaxlovda Tanamedrove
149pirobebSi poeziis arss zogadad poezia da rogoria misi bedidesakralizebul samyaroSi.§5. poeziis arsis dadgenisaTvisTuki poeziis istorias gadavxedavT mis saocar mravalferovnebaSidavrwmundebiT, magram miuxedavad aseTi sxvadasxvaobisa, unda arsebobdesraRac saerTo, rac TiToeuli maTganis poetur qmnilebad saxeldebisuflebas gvaZlevs. marTlac ra aris is saerTo, romlis safuZvelzecxSirad radikalurad gansxvavebul esTetikur koncefciebze mdgarqmnilebebs poeziad aRviqvamT, an ra gvaZlevs uflebas himnografiaspoezia vuwodoT? rogorc aRvniSneT, amis gasarkvevad kiTxva poeziisarsis Sesaxeb unda davsvaT da vnaxoT axorcielebs Tu arahimnografiuli qmnileba mas. magram poeziis arsi uaRresad ZnelimosaxelTebelia. rogor movixelToT igi ise, rom rogorc haidegeriityoda, ar SevcodoT leqsis “wminda dgomis” winaSe? unda iTqvas, romTuki poeziis arsis garkvevas poetur qmnilebaTa analizis gziTSevecdebiT, saqme gveqneba poetTa da poeziaTa udidesmravalferovnebasTan, amasTan Tavisi formiT, SinaarsiT da daniSnulebiTerTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebulTan. garda amisa, imis dasadgenad,ramdenad axorcielebs esa Tu is poeturi qmnileba poeziis arss,gvesaWiroeba winaswari codna imisa, Tu raSi mdgomareobs igi. amdenad,Tuki am gzas davadgebiT, sruliad aSkaraa, rom Caketil wreSi moveqceviTda ver SevZlebT poeziis arsis garkvevas.Tavis statiaSi “hiolderlini da poeziis arsi”, didi germanelifilosofosi m. haidegeri aseve uaryofs poetur qmnilebaTa SedarebiTianalizis gzas, miiCnevs ra, rom am gziT miRebuli “sayovelTao, romelicase Tanabrad gamodgeba yoveli calkeulisTvis, aris yovelTvis yovladTanabari, Tanabrad gulgrili, anu is arsi, romelic verasdros gaxdebaarsebiTi” (42, 237). filosofosi aRniSnavs, rom hiolderlins imitom ki ar
150mimarTa, TiTqos igi poeziis sayovelTao arss axorcielebdes, aramedimitom, rom “hiolderlini poetis poetia, am sityvis gamorCeuli dasaukeTeso mniSvnelobiT. amitom arCevani masze SeCerda” (iqve, 238).amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, poeziis arsis dasadgenad filosofosi“poetis poets” mimarTavs, anu mas, vinc Semoqmedebis procesSi refleqsiasakeTebs sakuTriv poeziis arsze da am gziT cdilobs mis garkvevas. CvengveCveneba, rom es meTodi marTlac yvelaze ufro efeqturia da ufroobieqturi, vinaidan sxvadasxva moazrovneTa subieqturi Sexedulebebidanamosvlas ki ar cdilobs, maT Soris arc hiolderlinis, aramed mis mierpoeziis arsze uSualo refleqsiiT gamoyofil TvisebaTa analizs,romlebic yvela poetur qmnilebaSi erTnairad vlindebian. SevniSnavT, rommecnieruli meTodebis SerCevisas Cven gamoviyenebT, rogorc dakvirvebisada cnebaTa analizis meTods, ise SedarebiTi analizis meTodsac, magramara poetur qmnilebaTa udidesi mravalferovnebis mimarT, aramed “poetispoetTa”, anu im filosofosTa, Tu moazrovneTa mimarT, vinc cdilobensakuTriv poeziis arss Caswvdnen, iseve rogorc hiolderlini. vaRiarebT,rom vinaidan ver SevZlebT erTi naSromis farglebSi movicvaT “poetispoetTa” mTeli mravalferovneba, Cvens mier maTi SerCeva mxolodsubieqturi SeiZleba iyos. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom, jer erTi,TiToeuli maTgani moicavs poeziis arsze uSualo refleqsiis obieqturmeTods. meorec, Tuki isini marTlac poeziis arsze uSualo refleqsiiswyalobiT, mis Sesaxeb WeSmarit msjelobebs gamoTqvamen, isini arsebiTadidenturni iqnebian, Tumca SeuZliaT damatebiTi sicxade Seitanon TqmulSi,ris gamoc mivmarTavT kidec maT.imisaTvis, rom pirveli nabiji gadavdgaT am mimarTulebiTazrovnebis gzaze, sawyis wertilad Tavad haidegeris es werili avirCieT"hiolderlini da poeziis arsi". Cveni arCevani am werilze imitom SeCerda,rom, Cvenis azriT, masSi Camoyalibebulia yvela is ZiriTadi debuleba,rac aucilebelia poeziis arsis analizisaTvis, raTa sicxade SevitanoTmasSi. kerZod, am naSromSi haidegeri aanalizebs xuT ZiriTad debulebashiolderlinisa poeziis arsis Sesaxeb. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.hiolderlinis pirveli debuleba, romelic mohyavs haidegers, ase JRers:"poeturi Semoqmedeba: yvelaze ufro ucodveli saqme".
151haidegeris azriT, hiolderlini poezias yvelaze ufro ucodvelsaqmianobad miiCnevs imitom, rom igi TamaSis saxiT warmosdgeba damoklebulia gadawyvetilebaTa seriozulobas, romelTac SeuZliaTcodvasTan migviyvanon. imdenad, ramdenadac poeturi qmna "mxolodsityvad da Tqmad rCeba," yovlad uwyinaria. magram amiT jer kidev vervwvdebiT poeziis arss, TumcaRa amiT ukve mivuTiTeT, Tu sad unda veZioTigi: poezia Tavis qmnilebaT enis saufloSi da misi "qsovilidan" qmnis.maSasadame, pirveli rasac poeziis yvelaze ufro zedapirulianalizidanac ki davadgenT, aris is, rom igi enis saufloSi myofobs, misiwiaRidanaa amozrdili. magram, Cvenis azriT, miTiTeba enaze, rogorcpoeziis saufloze Zalzed zogadia, vinaidan Tavad ena sakmaod rTulida araerTgvarovani fenomenia. igi mraval Sres aerTianebs. yoveli enismasala sityvebia, sityva ki TavisTavad ufro idumali ramaa, vidrelurjad molivlive okeane, anda varskvlavebiT moWedili zeca. yovelireligia mas RvTisagan boZebul umTavres niWad miiCnevs. a.SiSkovisazriT, RmerTma adamiani Raribi da susti Seqmna, magram mihmadla mas niWisityvisa. maSin misi siSiSvle SesaniSnavma samosma dahfara; misi siRaribededamiwis zurgze arsebuli yvela saunjis flobad iqca; misi sisustesiZlierisa da simtkicis javSanma Semosa. yovelive mas daemorCila.ufals, rom CvenTvis es unari waerTmia, adamiani ubedur da uRaribescxovelad iqceoda. babiloni, aTeni, sparta, mtvrad iqcnen da mogzaurnimxolod qvaTa grovasa da mwvane xavsRa Wvreten, magram mWermetyvelmakalamma marmarilosa da spilenZze ukeT Semoinaxa maTi silamaze (76, .3-5).sityva TavisSi udidesi energiis momcvelia. swored enaSi dauvanebiaeris istorias, mis warsuls, mis marad qmnad da ganaxlebad suls. enasSemounaxavs kacobriobis codna, midrekilebani, miswrafebani. Tavis wiaRSiSeusisxlxorcebia xalxTa bedukuRmarTobaca da sixarulic, enasgauTavisebia maTi rwmena. Tavad cisa da samyaros Semoqmedi, ufali iesoqriste, "bibliaSi" sityvad iwodeba, adami ki mxolod qmnilebaTasaxeldebis wyalobiT iqca samyaros WeSmarit mbrZaneblad. maSasadame,swored enaa is, risi meSveobiTac adamiani Tavis WeSmarit arssaxorcielebs. magram haidegeris mier motanili hiolderlinis meore
152debuleba Semdegnairad JRers: "da amitomac ewyaloba kacs madlTaganusaSiSesi, ena, raTa warmoqmnas da warmoaCinos, rac aris TviTon"...hiolderlinica da haidegeric Tanxmdebian imaze, rom enagarkveuli safrTxis Semcvelia, rac, Tavis mxriv winaaRmdegobaSi modiswina debulebasTan, romelic mxolod pirveli, zedapiruliSTabeWdilebaa enaze. marTalia ena gagebinebas emsaxureba, magram,haidegeris azriT, enis arsi amiT ar amoiwureba, "aramed mxolod enagvpirdeba SesaZleblobas yofierebis Riaobis gulSi dgomisa" da iqvedasZens: "is madliania, e. i. Tavdebad gvidgeba, rom adamians SeuZlia iyosistoriulad. ena ar aris gansagebeli iaraRi, aramed is movlena, romelicadamianuri yofierebis umaRles SesaZleblobas ganagebs" ( 42, 240).m.haidegers enis arsis garkveva swored poeziis Sesamecneblad sWirdeba.magram ras niSnavs, rom ena adamianuri yofierebis umaRlesSesaZleblobas ganagebs? filosofoss amis gansamartavad mohyavshiolderlinis mesame debuleba:"bevri Seityo adamianmadaarqva mraval ciers saxelimas Semdeg, rac varT Cven saubarida erTmaneTis ZalgviZs mosmena"(iqve, 241)m. haidegeri Tvlis, rom ena mniSvnelovania mxolod rogorc saubari,amasTan, saubrisa da mosmenis SesaZlebloba erTmaneTs emTxveva. anuarsebiT sityvaSi yovelTvis erTi da igive unda cxaddebodes, is, rissafuZvelzec verTiandebiT. magram mxolod metyvelebis unarisgamoyeneba jer kidev ar niSnavs saubars. erTiani saubrisgansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia arsebiTi sityva exebodes imas, rac"mdgradia" da "damrComi", radganac "mxolod mdgradia cvalebadi".awmyod, warsulad da momavlad darbeuli dro swored am mdgradissafuZvelze erTiandeba. misi azriT, saubrad yofna da istoriuladyofna erTi da igivea. amrigad, rodesac zemoT vsaubrobdiT imaze, romadami TiToeuli qmnilebis saxeldebis Semdgom iqca mxolod maT
153WeSmarit mbrZaneblad, is ki ar igulisxmeboda, rom adamma ubraloddaarqva maT saxeli, aramed moZebna swored is mdgradi, razec haidegerisaubrobs. anu saganTa arsis SemecnebiTa da sityvadqceviT iqca igi maTWeSmarit mbrZaneblad. filosofosi Tvlis, rom swored es mdgradi undadavicvaT gasxltomisagan. yofierebis warmosaCenad aucilebelia gaixsnasyofiereba, anu saganTa da movlenaTa dafaruli arsi unda gamovlindes.magram rogor unda gamovlindes es dafaruli arsi, Tuki igi ukvearsebulidan ver gamoiyvaneba? haidegeri Tvlis, rom swored poezia arisdamfuZnebeli saxeldeba yofierebisa. poeti arasodes iRebs enas, rogorcukve mza masalas, aramed swored poeziis meSveobiT eniWeba yofiers isdaniSnuleba, rac sinamdvileSia. vinaidan poetic, adamis msgavsad, ukvecnobil raimes ki ar arqmevs saxels, aramed am saxeldebiT xdeba es raimecnobili. saganTa dafaruli arsis sityvadqceviT es sagnebi pirveladaRmobrwyindebian. am azriT, swored poeturi saxeldebiT iqmneba saganTaarsi CvenTvis, romelic Tavisuflad unda gaCuqdes. da es CuqebaadafuZneba. aqedan cxadi xdeba hiolderlinis meoTxe debulebisSinaarsic, romelic ase JRers: "xolo rac rCeba afuZneben imas poetni".amgvarad, ara mxolod yofierebis, aramed adamianuri munyofierebissakuTar safuZvelze dafuZnebac xdeba. magram ras niSnavs es? m. haidegersmohyavs hiolderlinis mexuTe debuleba, romelic Semdegnairad JRers:"niadag jafiT, Tumc poeturadbinadrobs kaci dedamiwaze "(42, 243).filosofosis azriT, adamiani yvelafers rasac akeTebs, sakuTarigarjiT moipovebs, TumcaRa es ar exeba munyofierebis safuZvels,romelic "poeturia", radgan igi gagebulia rogorc mafuZnebelisaxeldeba RmerTebisa da saganTa arsisa. poeturad cxovreba niSnavssaganTa arsis siaxloviT gaTangulobas. "poeturia" yofiereba TavissafuZvelSi, amave dros, niSnavs: rogorc daarsebuli is damsaxureba kiara saCuqaria. poezia martooden yofierebis Tanmxlebi samkauli ar aris,martooden droebiTi aRfrTovaneba, anda sulac mxolod aRgzneba da
154gasaubreba. poezia istoriis Semakavebeli safuZvelia da amitom arSeiZleba iyos mxolod kulturis gamovlena da raRac "kulturissulisa" xom namdvilad ara" (42, 243).magram Tuki yofiereba Tavis safuZvelSive poeturia, poeziaucodveli TamaSi veRar iqneba, rogorc es pirvel debulebaSi iyonaTqvami. haidegerisTvis is Tavdapirvel enas warmoadgens istoriulixalxisa da Tavad enis arsic poeziis arsidan amosvliT undadadgindes. es Tavdapirveli ena, hiolderlinis TqmiT, usaSiSesi madlia.am azriT, poezia usaSiSesi qmnilebaa. poeti RmerTebis elvebsaaSeSverili:"magram Cven gvmarTebs RmerTis avdarSi,Tqven poetebo TavSiSvlad dgoma,da mamis sxivis, Tavad am sxivis,sakuTar xeliT Sepyroba, raTamadli zecisa xalxs mivawodoT,Rrma dafaruli simReris wiaR"(42, 245).haidegeri hiolderlinis am leqss poeziis arsis "uwmindes poeturgansxeulebad" Tvlis. misi azriT, hiolderlinis xvedri, romelmac vergauZlo "Warb sinaTles" da sigiJem moicva, ukve mravlismetyvelia da amsaqmianobis saSiS xasiaTze miuTiTebs.unda aRvniSnoT, rom, marTalia, yoveli ena sityvebisagan Sendeba,magram es sityvebi saocrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan TavisiJReradobiT, funqciiT, daniSnulebiT. ian parandovski Tavis statiebiskrebulSi "sityvis alqimia" wers, rom sityva xSirad Sromis iaraRswarmoadgens da yvelaze ufro yofiTi saqmeebisTvis gamoiyeneba. erTi daigive sityvebi SesaZloa locvadac iqcnen da laR simReradac, maTiTSeiZleba movityuoT da vilanZRoT, isini quCaSi daexetebian, muSaobenyanaSi, fusfuseben samzareuloSi. literatura yovelTvis eswrafvodayoveldRiur xmarebaSi myofi sityvebisagan ganTavisuflebas da sakuTarienis Seqmnas, keTilSobilurisa da amaRlebulis, TviT saerTo enis
155SigniT. igi aRniSnavs, rom mraval epoqaSi sityvis ostatni gansakuTrebulkastas Seadgendnen TavianTi CveulebebiTa da privilegiebiT. isinisargeblobdnen eniT, romelic gansxvavdeboda salaparako enisagan.swored amgvar atmosferoSi aRmocenda sanskriti_locvisa da poeziisdaxvewili ena.yovelive es srul TanxmobaSia haidegeris naazrevTan. poeziamarTlac eswrafvis yofiTobisgan ganTavisuflebas akeTebs ra miniSnebassruliad sxva realobaze. misi azriT, poeziis garegnuli uwyinari mxareiseve ekuTvnis mis arss, rogorc mTas bari, radganac am usaSiSesiqmnilebis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda "poeti rom "amogdebuli" aryofiliyo yoveldRiurobis Cveulebrivobidan, misgan daculi Tavisisaqmianobis moCvenebiTi uwyinarobiT" (42, 245). filosofosi Tvlis, rombolomde mxolod maSin CavwvdebiT poeziis arss, rodesac mis am orivegansazRvrebas gaviazrebT erTianobaSi. da aq igi wamoayenebs, CvenisazriT Zalian mniSvnelovan debulebas, romelic ase JRers: "poeziaTamaSs gavs da TamaSi xom mainc ar aris" (iqve, 245).marTlac, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom poezia TamaSis formiTwarmosdgeba. Tavad gansakuTrebuli ena poeziisa ukve gulisxmobsgarkveul "TamaSs". anu Cven vTanxmdebiT, rom poetur metaforebsa, TuxatebSi unda vigulisxmoT ara is, rasac poeti ambobs, aramed raRac sxva.ase vTqvaT, isini warmoadgenen miniSnebas sruliad sxva realobaze,romelic, rogorc Tavad haidegeri aRniSnavs, zedapirze ar Zevs. gardaamisa, poeziis iseTi saxeoba, rogoricaa Tundac drama, kafiaoba,sasiyvarulo, Tu sxva saxis poeturi Sejibrebebi, romlebic sruliadgansxvavebul kulturebSi gvxvdeba, xolo Zvel romSi ukve xelovnebisrangSi adis, iseTive azartuli elementis matarebelia, rogorc sportuliSejibrebani da pirdapir TamaSis formiT warmosdgeba. poeziisTamaSobrivi mxare kargad aqvs gaanalizebuli i. haizingas Tavis naSromSi"kaci moTamaSe". igi aRniSnavs, rom "poiesis" TamaSobrivi funqciismatarebelia. "Tu seriozuls imas vuwodebT, rac fxizeli cxovrebissityvebiT bolomde gamoixateba, maSin poezia arasodes iqnebasrulyofilad seriozuli. is seriozulobis miRmaa, aRmocendeba im ufroRrma SreSi, rac bavSvis, cxovelis, velurisa da naTelmxilvelisTvisaa
156mSobliuri, sadac sizmari, ocneba aRtyineba da sicili mefobs. poeziisgasagebad kacs unda SeeZlos jadosnuri perangiviT moicvas bavSvissuli" (44, 158).meore mxriv, Tuki TamaSobrivi mxare amdenad arsebiTi da organuliapoeziisTvis, maSin raRas niSnavs haidegeris zemoT xsenebuli debuleba:"poezia TamaSs hgavs da TamaSi xom mainc ar aris?" am debulebasfilosofosi Semdegnairad ganmartavs. misi azriT, TamaSis funqcia isaris, rom igi aerTianebs adamianebs, magram aerTianebs imgvarad, romTviToeuli Tavs iviwyebs TamaSis meSveobiT. poeziaSi ki saqmesxvagvaradaa. aq piriqiT, "adamiani Tavs ikrebs Tavisi yofierebissafuZvelze". anu erTi SexedviT poezia zmanebisa da aranamdvilisSTabeWdilebas tovebs "xmamaRal sinamdvilesTan SedarebiT, sadac TaviSin ggonia da xom piriqiTaa, rom namdvili is aris, rasac poeti ambobsda radac surs yofna. amas aRiarebs panTea empedokles mimarT megobariqalis naTeli codnidan gamomdinare:"misi yofnaa Tavad sicocxleCven varT sizmari amreklavi am sicocxlisa"(42, 245).amrigad, TamaSobrivi mxare poeziisa mxolod moCvenebiTia, raTaTavi daicvas yoveldRiurobisgan. sinamdvileSi misi funqcia TavisSekrebaa da ara Tavis dakargva, rogorc es nebismier TamaSSia. poeziaafuZnebs realobas, romelic arsebuli realobis miRma Zevs da esdafuZneba Tavisufali aqtia,_fiqrobs filosofosi.Tuki poezia aris kidec Tavdaviwyeba, es aris Tavis daviwyeba, Cveni,rogorc wvrilman yofaSi CarTuli pirovnebisa, romelic, meore mxriv,'Tavs umaRlesi yofierebis safuZvelze Seikrebs. gavixsenoT, romhaidegerisTvis poeturi saxeldebiT iqmneba saganTa arsi CvenTvis,romlis wyalobiTac es sagnebi pirvelad aRmobrwyindebian. HhaizingaTamaSis erT-erT arsebiT niSnad miiCnevs imas, rom igi ar arisdakavSirebuli raime utilitarul miznebTan da sruldeba Tavad imsiamovnebisTvis, romelic TamaSs moaqvs, kultura da maT Soris poezia
157ki yovelTvis aRniSvnaa, romelsac sxva realobaSi gadavyavarT. magramar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom realoba, romelSic mas TamaSis SedegadgadavyavarT ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre is realoba, romelSic CveulebrivvimyofebiT. amitom, amgvari poezia, marTalia garTobis formiTwarmosdgeba, magram erT-erTi yvelaze ufro useriozules qmedebaTagania,romelic mxolod Tavad TamaSisgan miRebuli siamovnebisTvis arsruldeba. Aaqedan gamomdinare igi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT bolomdeTamaSad, miuxedavad imisa, rom TamaSis formiT warmosdgeba.is, rom poezia Tavisuflad afuZnebs arsebuli realobis miRmamdgom realobas, haidegeris azriT sulac ar gulisxmobs SeuboWvelTviTnebobas da "TavkerZa survils," aramed umaRlesi aucileblobissaxiT warmosdgeba. marTalia poezia "RmerTTa Tavdapirvelisaxeldebaa," magram es saxeldeba mxolod maSin iZens Zalas, rodesac"Tavad RmerTebs mivyavarT enasTan" da aq haidegers mohyavshiolderlinis kidev erTi gamonaTqvami:"da miniSnebaniodiTgan enaa RmerTTa"(42, 246).filosofosis azriT, poeti erTgvari "gamtaria", romelic amminiSnebebs "iWers" da Semdeg ganavrcobs xalxSi. amave dros, poezia erisxmis gadmocemacaa. hiolderlini legendebs miiCnevs swored "eris xmad",magram es xma SesaZloa Tavisave TavSi Sewydes, Tuki ar moiZebna is vincmas axsnis da gadmoscems.sainteresoa, rom am azris analogi qarTul sinamdvileSicmoiZebneba. kerZod es Tvalsazrisi Zalzed uaxlovdeba a. wereTlis miergamoTqmul Tvalsazriss poetis Sesaxeb. kerZod leqsSi "poeti" is wers:"Tqven rom ggoniaT is ar var,sxvas rom gonia arc isa,Suakaci var ubralo,xan miwisa var, xan cisa"
158(37, 304).rogorc vxedavT, poeti aqac warmodgenilia, rogorc erTgvari"gamtari", "Suakaci, romlis cisadmi mikuTvnebuloba mxolod JamidanJamamde xdeba, anu maSin rodesac WeSmariteba Tavad indomebs gaxsnas,rodesac "Tavad RmerTebs mivyavarT enasTan". amave dros, misi poeziamkafio magaliTia eris xmis gaTavisebisa. igive azri meordeba i.WavWavaZesTanac analogiuri saTauris leqsSi, sadac igi wers:" me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis,miwieri zeciersa:RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob,rom warvuZRve wina ersa."bolo strofSi ki dasZens:" maSin cidam naperwkaliTu aRmifeTqs gulSi cecxlsa,maSin vimRer, mxolod maSinmovswmend ersac tanjvis cremlsa"(38, 75).vfiqrobT, es ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi sruliad identuria m.haidegeris da TviT hiolderlinis Tvalsazrisisa. aqac poeziagagebulia, rogorc RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis gamiwiereba, misi xalxisTvisgadacema. ufro metic, poeti eris winamZRolia. garda amisa, iliasTanacpoeti gagebulia, rogorc erTgvari "gamtari", romelic umaRlesiaucileblobis ZaliT qmnis da ara TviTneburad.kidev ufro saocaria paralelebi SoTa rusTavelTan, romelmacuaRresad dawuruli saxiT Camoayaliba Tavisi Tvalsazrisi. igi poeziisramdenime saxeobas ganasxvavebs, romelTagan namdvil poeziad miaCnia is,romelic "pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi". amgvar poezias rusTavelisaRmrTod miiCnevs: "saRmrTo saRmrTod gasagoni, msmenelTaTvis didi
159margi". [29;gv.10]. amrigad, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, S. rusTavelisTvisacpoezia saRmrTo umaRlesi WeSmaritebis gadmocemaa, magram ufrosainteresoa is, rom masTanac poezia warmosdgeba, rogorc "saubari":"kvla aqaca eamebis vinca ismens kaci vargi"-o ambobs igi [iqve]. poetsueWvelad sWirdeba momzadebuli msmeneli, anu saubrisa da mosmenisSesaZlebloba masTanac erTmaneTs emTxveva. isev m. haidegers TugavixsenebT, saubari mxolod maSin Sedgeba, Tu arsebiT sityvaSimTqmelica da msmenelic erTsa da imave rames gulisxmoben. amisTvis kiaucilebelia "kaci vargi", romelic SeZlebs simboluri enis wakiTxvas,romelzec poeti metyvelebs da romelsac Tavadve qmnis. miniSnebani xomhiolderlinis TqmiT "odiTgan enaa RmerTTa"."keTil arian legendebi, radganac xsovnadgvevlinebian umaRlesis, Tumc saWiroavinme-idumal azris amomxsneli..."(42, 247).am idumal azris amomxsneli ki swored poetia da rogorc haidegerifiqrobs, marTalia igi RmerTsa da xalxs Sua imyofeba, magram swored"SuaSi myofi wyvets igi, Tu vin aris adamiani da sad mkvidrobs misimunyofiereba'(iqve, 247).filosofosis azriT, hiolderlinis mier dafuZnebuli arsipoeziisa gansazRvrul dros ekuTvnis, magram es droisadmimikuTvnebuloba imas ki ar niSnavs, rom igi esadageba am dros, rogorcarsebuls, aramed piriqiT, Tavad gansazRvravs axal dros. amrigad, mismier dafuZnebuli poeziis arsi, umaRlesi azriT istoriulia. "risTvisarian poetebi an ki mwir droSi?"_ikiTxavs hiolderlini da Tavadveupasuxebs:"magram, isini, metyvi, arian viT Rvinis RmerTiswmida qurumni,qveynidan qveynad rom gadadian da Tan galobenidumal RamiT"
160(iqve, 248).amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan ikveTeba poeziis ZiriTadimaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. kerZod, is ara mxolod enis kuTvnilebaa, aramedTavadaa "ena enaSi", erTgvari "Tavdapirveli ena", romelic ubralod ki arasaxavs sagans aramed realurad misi Semcvelia da misi meSveobiTsaganTa WeSmariti arsi iwyebs vlenas. poeti is aris, vinc “daarqvamraval ciers saxeli”, anu is vinc adamis msgavsad axdens saganTasaxeldebas, magram ara maTi garegnuli gamovlinebebis mixedviT, aramedsaganTa arsis Semecnebis safuZvelze. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT aq sityvagaazrebulia arsTan kavSirSi, rogorc misi gamovlenis saSualeba. MmisimeSveobiT xdeba ara mxolod yofierebis, aramed munyofierebis sakuTarsafuZvelze dafuZnebac. amasTan igi gaazrebulia rogorc saubari, sadacsaubrisa da mosmenis SesaZlebloba erTmaneTs emTxveva. igi ar udgebaenas, rogorc praqtikuli daniSnulebis mqones, rogorc iaraRs, aramedsakuTriv niSnis realobas mimarTavs, mas aqcevs obieqtad. igi Tavadaa e.w.simboluri ena, romelic yofiT metyvelebaze maRldeba. amave dros, iswarmosdgeba rogorc TamaSi, riTac Tavisufldeba yofiTobisgan. da sxva,ufro maRal realobaSi gadavyavarT, vkargavT ra Tavs, rogorc wvrilmanyofaSi CarTuli adamianebi, raTa ufro maRali realobis safuZvelzeSevikriboT igi. poezia miniSnebebis enaze saubrobs, magram es"miniSnebani", rogorc simboluri enis nawili, TviTneburni ki ar arianaramed umaRlesi aucileblobis saxiT warmosdgebian, "rodesac TavadRmerTebs, mivyavarT enasTan". am azriT poezia uaRresad saSiSsaqmianobad gvevlineba. amasTan, poezia, rogorc munyofierebis sakuTarsafuZvelze dafuZneba, umaRlesi azriT istoriulia, vinaidan igisinamdvilis WeSmariti arsis gamovlenas emsaxureba. is aris WeSmaritebisqmnadoba qmnilebaSi da amdenad Tavad gansazRvravs dros.amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom poeziaubralod enis kuTvnileba ki araa, aramed Tavadaa "Tavdapirveli ena,"romlis meoxeobiTac yofiereba "RiaobaSi Seabijebs" da iwyebsgamovlenas. maSasadame igi gansakuTrebuli enaa, romelic CveulebrivxmarebaSi myofi sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa miRma Zevs. msjelobs ra
161poeziis arsze, aseve ganicdis mas pol valeric. igi wers: "erTis mxrivideebis mwarmoebluri azri, Sinagani problemebisa da gadawyvetilebebises mudmivi qmediToba da mravlobiToba, xolo meores mxriv,sayoveldRiuro metyvelebisagan aserigad gansxvavebuli metyveleba, racniSneulia leqsebisaTvis; ucnaurad organizebuli metyveleba, romelicar Seesabameba araviTar moTxovnilebas, garda imisa, rac TviTonve undaaRZras, da romelic mxolod Soreulsa Tu Rrmad intimuri idumalebiTgancdil sagnebze msjelobs; gasaocari metyveleba, romelic TiTqos arcmisgan iRebs dasabams, vinc metyvelebs, da arc misdamia mimarTuli, vincmas ismens; erTis sityviT es gaxlavT ena enaSi" ( 13, 218). pol valerisametyvelo enas ganixilavs, rogorc praqtikis qmnilebas, xolo poeziassityvier xelovnebad miiCnevs. igi Tvlis, rom sityvas orgvari, TavisibunebiT sapirispiro efeqtTa gamowveva SeuZlia. pirvelisTvis niSneuliamoqmedebisaTvis aRZvra, romelic mTlianad Slis TviT sityvis nakvalevs.igi adamianis sulSi erTgvari eqvivalentiT icvleba. maSin rodesacleqsi miznis miRwevisTanave ki ar wyvets arsebobas, aramed sworedimisTvis iqmneba, rom "ferflidan aRorZindes da dausrulebladaRadginos Tavisi arseboba da Tavisi Tavi. poeziis Taviseburebadswored misi tendencia gvevlineba_xelaxla iSvas ucvleli formisSigniT" (13, 226).amrigad, pol valerisTvisac sametyvelo enisagan gansxvavebiT poeziaaris ena, romelsac ar gaaCnia praqtikuli daniSnuleba. is erTgvariamorTvaa yofiTobidan, anu rogorc haidegeri ambobs, "Tavdapirveli ena,"romlis meoxeobiTac saganTa da movlenaTa dafaruli arsi iwyebsgamovlenas da am saxeldebiT maT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba da azrieniWebaT. magram rogoria es Tavdapirveli ena?frangi filosofosi Jan-pol sartri Tvlida, rom poetebi arianadamianebi, romlebic uars amboben enis gamoyenebaze. misi azriT, isini arsaubroben, magram arc Cumad arian. erTxel da samudamodganTavisufldnen ra enis, rogorc instrumentis batonobisgan airCiespoeturi mimarTeba enasTan, rac imas niSnavs, rom poetisTvis sityva arissagani da ara niSani. niSnis ormagi buneba gulisxmobs, rom survilisSemTxvevaSi Cvenma mzeram SesaZloa ise gaiaros masSi, rogorc minaSi da
162mimarTos dasaxelebul sagans. magram aseve SesaZlebelia, rom mivmarToTsakuTriv niSnis realobas da Tavad es niSani ganvixiloT, rogorcobieqti. Cveulebrivi adamiani saubrisas sityvebis meore mxares imyofeba,sagnebTan axlos, maSin rodesac poeti sakuTriv niSnis realobasmimarTavs. mosaubrisTvis sityvebi mxolod iaraRia, romelTac isgarkveuli praqtikuli saWiroebisTvis iyenebs, gacveTis Semdgom kiagdebs; poetisTvis ki isini bunebis nayofs warmoadgenen, romlebic isevebunebrivad izrdebian miwaze, rogorc balaxi, anda xeebi. marTalia essityvebi ar arian moklebulni mniSvnelobebs, magram es mniSvnelobebiiseTive organulni arian maTTvis, rogorc saxis gamometyveleba,mowyenilobis, anda mxiarulebis SegrZneba. poetisTvis ena garesamyarosstruqturas warmoadgens, igi misTvis sarkea, romelSic samyarossakuTrivi xati aisaxeba. sartri aRniSnavs, rom poeti, ase vTqvaT, enisgareT imyofeba da sityvebs SigniTa mxridan xedavs, TiTqos Tavad arcki ekuTvnodes adamianTa gvars. miemarTeba ra adamianebTan Sesaxvedrad,igi uwinares yovlisa awydeba dabrkolebas da es dabrkoleba sityvaa.nacvlad imisa, rom Tavidanve gaigos saganTa saxelebi, igi pirvel rigSiamyarebs maTTan mdumare kontaqts. mxolod Semdgom, ubrundeba rasityvebs, frTxilad exeba, TiTebiT sinjavs, SeigrZnobs, maT SinagannaTebasa da im Tvisebebs gamoavlens, romelic saerTo aqvT miwasTan,casTan, wyalTan da Seqmnili samyaros yovel saganTan. ar icis rasityviT, rogorc samyaros ama Tu im aspeqtis niSniT sargebloba,sartris azriT, igi xedavs masSi xats erT-erTi aseTi aspeqtisa. gasakviriar aris, rom sityvieri xati, romelsac is iyenebs tirifTan an ifanTanmsgavsebis gamosaxatad, SesaZloa ar Tanxvdebodes im sityvas, romelsacCveulebriv am sagnebis aRniSvnisTvis viyenebT. imyofeba ra enis gareT,poets sityvebi, nacvlad imisa, rom gzis maCveneblis funqcia Seasrulon,romelic saSualebas miscems mas gamovides sakuTari "me"-dan da wavidesnivTebisa da sagnebisaken, erTgvar maxeebad warmoudgeba, im realobisdasaWerad rom iyenebs, romelic cdilobs xelidan gausxltes daamrigad ena samyaros sarked iqceva. aq sityva ki ar gamoxatavsmniSvnelobas, aramed xorcs asxams mas. magram rogorc ki mniSvnelobarealizebuli aRmoCndeba, masSi maSinve aisaxeba sityvis fizikuri aspeqti
163da mniSvneloba, Tavis mxriv, iwyebs funqcionirebas sityvieri sxeulisxatis saxiT; magram, amave dros, misi niSnis saxiTac. ramdenadacpoetisTvis sityvebs iseTive Tavdapirveli arseboba gaaCniaT, rogorcsagnebs, mas TavSic ar mosdis kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, sityvebi arsebobensagnebisaTvis, Tu sagnebi sityvebisaTvis. sartris azriT, sityvasa daaRsaniSn sagans Soris ormagi mimarTeba myardeba_magiuris msgavsimimarTeba da mimarTeba mniSvnelobisa. ramdenadac poeti uars ambobsenis, rogorc instrumentis gamoyenebaze, mas ar uwevs arCevanis gakeTebamis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs Soris da nebismieri maTgani, nacvlad imisa,rom avtonomiuri funqcia SeiZinos, warmoudgeba mas misi materialuridaxasiaTebis saxiT, romelic pirdapir Cvens Tvalwin erwymis sxvamniSvnelobebs. magaliTad florencia_es qalaqicaa, yvavilic da qalissaxelic_qalaqi-yvavili, qalaqi-qali da qali-yvavili erTad. am gziTwarmoiSoba uCveulo obieqti, rasac, Tavis mxriv mkiTxvelis subieqturiasociaciebic emateba.sartris azriT, poeturi sityva erTgvar mikrokosmoss warmoadgens.rodesac poeti erTad uyris Tavs mraval aseT mikrokosmoss, mas igiveemarTeba, rac mxatvars, romelic erTmaneTSi urevs ferebs tiloze.SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom igi Txzavs frazas, magram es mxolod ubralomoCvenebaa,_igi qmnis obieqts. sityva-sagnebi msgavsebisa da aramsgavsebisniSnis mixedviT magiuri asociaciebis ZaliT erTiandebian; ferebisa dabgerebis msgavsad isini urTierTmiizidebian an urTierTganizidebian,erTmaneTiT aRinTebian da maTi Serwyma warmoSobs WeSmaritad poeturerTobas_fraza-obieqts ( 68, 317-320). albaT rTuli warmosadgenia ufroukeTesi daxasiaTeba im "Tavdapirveli enisa", rasac poezia hqvia.aq ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT, rom garkveuli aspeqtiT sartrisTvalsazriss Zalzed uaxlovdeba ortega-i-gasetis Tvalsazrisi, kerZodis adgili, rodesac igi minis gamWirvalebaze saubrobs. marTalia, gasetses magaliTi cota sxva konteqstSi mohyavs da aqcents ara niSnisbunebaze, aramed Cveni xedvis unarze akeTebs, magram igi asevesxvadasxvagvari xedvis dasaxasiaTeblad iyenebs mas, iseve rogorc sartri.am sxvadasxvagvari xedvis magaliTad gasets mohyavs baRi, romelic minismiRma Cans. Tu mzeras Tavad baRze gadavitanT, TvalisTvis SeumCneveli
164darCeba minis gamWirvaleba, xolo Tu minaze, mis miRma arsebuli xeebi dabuCqebi mxolod minaze arsebul ferad laqebad gamoCndebian. WeSmaritadxelovnebiseul xedvad gaseti minis gamWirvalebis aRqmas miiCnevs, iseve,rogorc sartrisTvis poeturi mimarTeba enasTan niSnavs sakuTriv niSnisrealobisTvis mimarTvas, mis gadaqcevas obieqtad. rogorc vnaxeT, msgavsTvalsazriss iziarebs pol valeric, romelic sityvis, rogorc niSnisorgvar efeqtze saubrobs. Tavad haidegeric Tavis sxva naSromSi, kerZod"dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa" aRniSnavs: "mgosanic iyenebs sityvas,magram Cveulebriv metyveliviTa da mweraliviT ki ar gaxarjavs mas,aramed mis xelSi sityva sityvad iqceva da aseTi rCeba" (43, 47).rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva filosofosebi, romlebic refleqsiasakeTeben poeziis arssa da im saSualebebze, romlebsac igi iyenebs,daaxloebiT msgavs daskvnebamde midian da rig SemTxvevebSi avseben daxsnian kidec erTmaneTs. kerZod yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZlebadavaskvnaT, rom poezia ara mxolod enis kuTvnilebaa, aramed TavadaagansakuTrebuli ena, romelic sityvis ormag bunebas eyrdnoba. erTSemTxvevaSi igi warmoadgens niSans Tavad sagnisa, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi,iyenebs ra erTi sagnis meoresTan msgavsebas, warmogvidgeba, rogorcsimbolur niSanTa sistema, romelic sxva, ufro rTuli realobisgamosaxvas emsaxureba. amrigad, poeti, sityvis ukve arsebulmniSvnelobaTa SerwymiTa da sxva obieqtTan msgavsebis dadgenissafuZvelze misTvis axali mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, axdens saganTaxelaxal saxeldebas, rac TavisTavad Semecnebis aqtis tolfasia. amasTan,es ar aris saganTa Semecneba maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebisTvis, sadac enainstrumentis saxiT warmosdgeba. Ppoezia yovelTvis “amogdebulia”yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan. haidegeris termini rom vixmaroT es arissaganTa arsis Semecneba maT "wminda dgomaSi", romelic erTgvari"ganwmendili" enis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, sadac saxeli mWidro kavSirSiimyofeba sagnis arsTan da misi gamovlenisa da Semecnebis saSualebaswarmoadgens.amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven kidev erTi nabiji gadavdgiT imisdasadgenad, aris Tu ara himnografia poezia da SegviZlia Tu aravimsjeloT masze, rogorc mxatvrul qmnilebaze da miuxedavad
165Taviseburebisa, Seesabameba Tu ara igi poeziis arss, an ramdenadaxorcielebs mas. amasTan unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom sasulieropoezia saerosagan Tavisi sagniT gansxvavdeba, ramdenadac zeciuri,RvTaebrivi samyaros gamosaxvaa da ara materialuri, an Tundacadamianis subieqturi sulieri samyarosi. amitom, rodesac poeziis arsTanmis Sesabamisobaze vsaubrobT, aq mxolod am samyaros gamosaxvazeSeiZleba iyos laparaki da ara zogadad yofierze, Tumca es mxolodmis specifikas qmnis. Aaxla ki vnaxoT, Tu ra mimarTeba aqvshimnografias poeziis arsTan, riTac sabolood gadawydeba kidec essakiTxi.§6. himnografia da poeziis arsisanam uSualod himnografiisa da poeziis arsis SedarebazegadavidodeT, mokled SevajamoT kvlevis Sedegebi. Cven SevecadeTgveCvenebina, rom Tvalsazrisi, romelic himnografias ar miiCnevs poeziadaprioruli saxiT Seicavs mTel rig msjelobebs, romelTa WeSmaritebacsaeWvoa da davayeneT maTi legitimurobis sakiTxi. rogorc kvlevamgviCvena es msjelobani marTlac mcdar safuZvels eyrdnobodnen. kerZodmcdari aRmoCnda Tvalsazrisi, romelic miiCnevs, rom poezias arSeiZleba religiisadmi daqvemdebarebuli funqcia hqondes, radgan masreligiisagan gansxvavebuli sawyisi, miznebi da amocanebi gaaCnia. rogorcgavarkvieT poezia swored religiis wiaRSi Caisaxa da sakmaod didi xnismanZilze maT saerTo miznebi da amocanebi hqondaT. Mmcdari aRmoCndaaseve Tvalsazrisi, romelic miiCnevs, rom qristianul xelovnebaSi arSeiZleba saubari esTetikur aRqmaze. DdavadgineT, rom unda visaubroTara esTetikuri aRqmis ar arsebobaze, aramed mis gansxvavebul xasiaTze,rac Tavad am xelovnebis sagnis TaviseburebiT aris ganpirobebuli.davrwmundiT aseve, rom qristianuli xelovnebis nawarmoebSi sruliadSesaZlebelia individualobis gamovlena. Kkanoni ebrZvis ara
166individualobas, aramed subieqtivizms qristianul xelovnebaSi.ramdenadac qristianuli xelovneba saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebisgadmocemad aris miCneuli, davayeneT xelovnebisa da WeSmaritebisurTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi da vaCveneT, rom xelovneba da kerZodpoezia mravali moazrovnis mier swored WeSmaritebasTan kavSirSiganixileba da sulac ar warmoadgens mxolod xelovanis subieqturisamyaros gadmocemas. amis gamo, safuZvelsaa moklebuli mtkiceba, romkerZod qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis gadmocema arSeiZleba iyos poezia. rac Seexeba subieqtivistur xelovnebas igiTandaTanobiT Rrma krizisSi Sedis, rasac araerTi moazrovne afiqsirebs.vnaxeT aseve, rom qristianuli xelovneba miuxedavad poeturiformulebisa sulac ar aris moklebuli siaxlis efeqts da davsviTkiTxva poeziis arsis Sesaxeb.Ppirveli, rac poeziis arsis Sesaxeb kvlevidan davadgineT, aris is,rom is aris erTgvari “ena enaSi”, “Tavdapirveli ena”, romelicsinamdvilis arsis gamovlenas, mis uSualo wvdomas emsaxureba. is arissimbluri ena, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba saganTa saxeldeba, magram araTviTneburi saxeldeba, aramed saxeldeba, romlis drosac “TavadRmerTebs mivyavarT enasTan”, anu simbolur, xatovan enasTan, romelicumaRlesi aucileblobis saxiT warmosdgeba. Aaq sityva mis arsTanganuyofel erTianobaSi aRiqmeba. ufro metic, es arsi swored misimeSveobiT xdeba xilvadi. vnaxoT, aris Tu ara es ase himnografiaSi.Cveni disertaciis pirvel TavSi vaCveneT, rom himnografia sityvisbibliur aRqmas emyareba, sadac sityva mis arsTan ganuyofel erTianobaSimoiazreba da misi gamovlenis saSualebas warmoadgens. vnaxeT aseve, Tura didi mniSvneloba eniWeba bibliaSi zogadad saxeldebis faqts darom adamis mier samyaros saxeldeba gaazrebulia rogorc RvTaebriviSemoqmedebis gagrZeleba. aRvniSneT agreTve, rom himnografia sworedbibliis am xatovan, simbolur enas emyareba, romelic gamocxadebissafuZvelze miRebuli codnis gadmocemas emsaxureba da, maSasadame,warmoadgens ara TviTnebur simboloebs, aramed enas, romelTanac TavadRmerTs mivyavarT. am simboloebis meSveobiT xdeba RvTaebrivi, zeciurisamyaros vlena, misi gadmoxsna RiaobaSi, sadac simbolo uSualod
167Seicavs mis arqetips. Aam xelovnebis meSveobiT xdeba zeciuri samyarosgamosvla dafarulidan daufaraobaSi, oRond ise, rom saidumlosaidumlodve rCeba, xolo saRmrTo istoriaSi gancxadebuli RvTaebriviWeSmariteba liturgiul drosa da sivrceSi ciklis saxes iRebs dasagaloblebis meSveobiT dausruleblad “TamaSdeba”, magram ara rogorcreprezentacia, aramed rogorc identifikacia, rogorc WeSmaritebisxdomileba, romelic uSualod Seicavs mis arqetips. Ppoeturi formulebiaq warmosdgeba rogorc gamocxadebiT miRebuli bibliuri codnisaqtualizacia, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba am teqstSi Cadebuli codnisgadacema mkiTxvelisaTvis. isini warmoadgenen erTgvar aluziasa dareminescencias sayovelTaod cnobili bibliuri faqtebisa daaaqtiureben misi aRmqmelis fonur codnas, rac xels uwyobs wmindanisSinagani samyaros gaxsnas. poeturi formulebis wyalobiT es qmnilebaniyovelTvis Seicaven biblias, rogorc erTgvar teqsts teqstSi da, amdenad,is warmosdgeba rogorc literaturuli meTodi, romlis mizaniaadamianis CarTva liturgiul cnobierebaSi, RvTaebrivi gonebis Semosva.aluziebis, reminescenciebis, citaciis meSveobiT erTgvari fonuricodnis aqtualizacia, rogorc meTodi sulac ar aris ucxoliteraturisaTvis, aramed mas sakmaod xSirad iyeneben sxvadasxvagvarimimdinareobani da cnobil literaturul meTods warmoadgens. ukvemogvianebiT joisTan igi cnobierebis nakadis saxiT warmosdgeba, xolostruqturalizmsa da postmodernizmSi “sxisi sityva”, romelicCarTulia avtoriseul konteqstSi, interteqstualobis safuZveli xdebada gulisxmobs ori da meti teqstis Tanaarsebobas. marTalia am meTodsiq sruliad sxva safuZveli da datvirTva aqvs da sxva miznebsemsaxureba, magram iqac igi axdens ukana planze arsebuli codnisaqtualizacias da warmosdgeba rogorc literaturuli meTodi.baxtini, romelmac didi roli Seasrula interteqstualobisTeoriis CamoyalibebaSi, dialogizmis koncefciis safuZvelzeganszRvravs poeturobas da saubrobs “dialogur,” “orxmovan” sityvazeda im azrs emxroba, rom erTxmiani sityva ar aris gamosadegi WeSmaritiSemoqmedebisaTvis. Mmisi azriT, dialoguri mimarTebebi es azrobrivimimarTebebia yvelanair gamonaTqvamebs Soris metyvelebiTi
168urTierTobebisas. Nnebismieri ori gamonaTqvami, Tuki Cven maTdavupirispirebT erTmaneTs mniSvnelobiT sibrtyeSi (da ara rogorcsagnebsa Tu lingvistur magaliTebs), dialogur urTierTobaSiaRmoCndebian erTmaneTTan. es arawinaswarganzraxuli dialogurobisgansakuTrebuli formaa. Yyoveli replika monologuria, xolo yovelimonologi aris replika didi dialogisa (50, 488).Tavis gamokvlevaSi medea kinwuraSvili aRniSnavs:“struqturalistebisa da poststruqturalistebis umravlesobisaTvissamyaro warmoadgens erT did teqsts, romelSic raime axlis TqmaSeuZlebelia. Aaxali warmoiqmneba mxolod kaleidoskopis principiT:garkveuli elementebis erTmaneTSi areva iZleva axal kombinaciebs. Aaminterpretaciuli mimarTulebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia centris ararseboba; yvelaferi iqceva diskursad, rodesac farTovdeba niSnobriviveli da iqmneba dausrulebeli niSanTa TamaSis SesaZlebloba.struqturis cnebis sawinaaRmdegod J. delezma da gvatarim Semoitanestermini “rizoma”. rizoma es aris specifikuri forma fesvisa, romelsacaqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli centraluri miwisqveSa Rero da romliswanazardebi regularulad kvdeba da kvlav Cndeba. amdenad garemosTanmudmivi gacvlis mdgomareobaSi arian. iWreba ra sxva evoluciurjaWvebSi, rizoma qmnis wanazardebis sxvadasxva xazebs, ris SedegadacviRebT arasistemur da moulodnel gansxvavebebs, romelTac ar ZaluZTerTmaneTs daupirispirdnen raime Tvisebis qona-arqoniT. amiT“gansxvavebis” koncefcia kargavs Tavis ontologiur mniSvnelobas,romelic mas gaaCnia struqturalizmis doqtrinaSi. Yyvela movlenakargavs Tavis markirebulobas, sadac gansxvaveba STanTqmuliaaradiferencialuri mTlianobiT” (21, 18). Aamrigad, aq sxvadasxva teqstebiserT teqstSi Tanaarseboba gvevlineba, rogorc dekonstruqciis meTodi,romlis mizania sxvadasxva diskursTa gamoTavisufleba, rasac, Tavismxriv, wakiTxvis mravalgvarobasTan mivyavarT, rac erTi saerTo centrisar arsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli. Aaq sxva teqstis motana xdeba misikomentirebis, sxva teqstTan Sepirispirebis, parodirebis, kvlavweris, an e.w. pastiSis, anu avtoris stilis mibaZvis, aseve demistifikaciis mizniT da
169wmindad struqturalizmisa da postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelimovlenaa.cxadia, rodesac Cven vsaubrobT himnografiaSi poeturi formulebiswyalobiT bibliaSi arsebuli codnis aqtualizaciaze, rogorcliteraturul meTodze, is SeiZleba gaviazroT mxolod, rogorcerTgvari “hiperteqstualoba,” rodesac himnografiuli teqsti, rogorc“hiperteqsti”, orientirebulia manamde arsebul teqstze, anu bibliaze, daver iqneba gagebuli am ukanasknelis gareSe, magram ara zemoTCamoTvlili miznebiT, rasac realobis dekonstruqciisa da wakiTxvismravalgvarobasTan mivyavarT, aramed, piriqiT, bibliur movlenebTanidentifikaciisa da saRmrTo istoriaSi CarTvis mizniT, ramdenadacwmindanis cxovreba warmoadgens gameorebas macxovris mier ganvliligzisa. Aaq dro ciklur xasiaTs atarebs, romelSic dausrulebladmeordeba bibliuri istoria da gvTavazobs ara WeSmaritebismravalgvar wakiTxvasa da interpretacias, aramed dafuZnebuls saRmrTogamocxadebaze da amitom erTaderTs. Tumca misi mizanic, aris fonuricodnis aqtualizacia da amitom, himnografiaSi arsebuli poeturiformulebi unda gavigoT ara rogorc saRvTo WeSmaritebis banaluriformiT gadmocema, romelSic araferia axali da originaluri, aramedrogorc gavrcelebuli literaturuli meTodi, rogorc erTgvarialuzia an reminescencia, romelic aq misTvis specifikuri miznebidangamomdinare amocanebs wyvets, kerZod axdens bibliaSi gacxadebulicodnis aqtualizacias, saRmrTo istoriaSi pirovnebis CarTvis mizniT.amrigad, Tuki himnografiul poeziaSi gavrcelebul poeturformulebs gavigebT, rogorc erTgvar aluzias, rogorc literaturulmeTods, mimarTuls bibliaSi gacxadebuli saRvTismetyvelo codnisaqtualizaciisaken, maSin vfiqrobT himnografiis, rogorc poeziisgaazrebis mowinaaRmdegeebs aRar darCebaT argumentebi TavianTiTvalsazrisis gasamyareblad. Tumca imisaTvis, rom bolomde davrwmundeTaris Tu ara himnografia poezia, vnaxoT ramdenad Seesabameba is poeziisarss.zemoT vTqviT, rom himnografia, iseve rogorc zogadad poeziagansakuTrebul, simbolur enaze, metyvelebs, Tumca es simboloebi ar
170arian TviTneburni, aramed biblias emyarebian, anu warmoadgenen enas,romelTanac Tavad “RmerTs mivyavarT”. aqac sityva mis arsTan ganuyofelerTianobaSi imyofeba, misi gamovlenis saSualebaa, es arsi swored misimeSveobiT xdeba xilvadi CvenTvis, misi meSveobiT gamodis dafarulidanRiaobaSi. maSasadame, mis mimarT WeSmaritad unda miviCnioT debuleba, romis aris erTgvari “ena enaSi,” romelic miniSnebebiT saubrobs, anubibliuri simboloebiT. magram SeiZleba Tu ara WeSmaritad miviCnioTmis mimarT, hiolderlinis is debulebac, romelic ambobs, rom poeziaTamaSis formiT warmosdgeba? garda imisa, rom himnografiaSi, iseverogorc zogadad poeziaSi, saqme gvaqvs simbolur-xatovan enasTan, racukve gulisxmobs garkveul TamaSs, is warmosdgeba aseve, rogorcliturgiis Semadgeneli nawili da maSasadame, rogorc nawili religiuriritualisa. HCven aRvniSneT, rom himnografia dasrulebul saxesmelodiasTan kavSirSi, religiur atmosferoSi iZens, rodesac, ase vTqvaT,ritualis meSveobiT Tavidan “TamaSdeba” saRmrTo istoria.himnografiuli teqsti swored am “gaTamaSebisTvis” aris Seqmnili,romlis meSveobiTac xdeba adamianis gadasvla liturgiul drosa dasivrceSi, sadac qristes jvarcma marad ganmeorebad faqtad iqceva. magramramdenad SeiZleba sityva “TamaSi” vixmaroT religiuri ritualismimarT? es rom gavigoT aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT TamaSis cneba.Cven gveCveneba, rom haizinga aris is moazrovne, romeliciTvaliswinebs TamaSis adre arsebul TeoriaTa naklovanebebs da misSedarebiT srul ganmartebas iZleva. kerZod, TamaSis fsiqologiuriSeswavlis istoria problemisadmi orgvar midgomas icnobs. PpirvelimaTganis mixedviT TamaSi ar unda gavigoT rogorc TviTmiznuri daaraproduqtiuli moqmedeba. Mmas individis ganviTarebisaTvis garkveulidaniSnuleba gaaCnia. misi daniSnulebis gageba niSnavs im funqciispovnas, romelic mas am ganviTarebisTvis aqvs. Aamgvar Teoriebsnaturalisturs uwodeben. AmaT ricxvs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, spenseris,grosis, biuleris, elisesa da Solcis, d. uznaZis Teoriebi da a.S.TeoriaTa meore rigi ar eZebs TamaSis biologiur meqanizmebs daTamaSis daniSnulebas obieqturad sasargeblo funqciebis miRma uZebnis
171adgils. TamaSis aseTi gagebis warmomadgenlebad iTvlebian, magaliTadf.boitendaiki, l. vigotski, J.piaJe da a.S.*haizinga Tavis naSromSi am TeoriaTa Sinaarss mxolod zogadad exebada ar ganixilavs konkretulad, magram cdilobs uCvenos dRemde arsebulgansazRvrebaTa naklovaneba. igi Tvlis, rom TamaSis yvela, biologiuri,logikuri Tu esTetikuri gansazRvreba naklovania. kerZod, yvela esgansazRvreba amodis wanamZRvridan, TiTqos TamaSs raRac sxvis gamomisdevdnen, TamaSis umTavresi Tviseba ki is aris, rom igi aResrulebaTavad im siamovnebisaTvis, romelic TamaSs moaqvs. Mmisi azriT, TamaSiverc erT saazrovno formaSi ver Tavsdeba, romliTac goniTi dasazogadoebrivi cxovrebis struqturas gamovxatavT xolme. ajamebs raTamaSis formalur daxasiaTebas, haizinga wers: “maSasadame, Tu TamaSisformalur daxasiaTebas SevajamebT, mas SeiZleba vuwodoT Tavisufaliqmedeba, romelic aRiqmeba, rogorc “ise, ubralod” Cadenili daCveulebrivi cxovrebis gareT mdgomi, magram miuxedavad amisa, SeuZliamTlianad gaitacos moTamaSe. Mmas ar ukavSirdeba araviTarimaterialuri interesi, misi meSveobiT araviTari moTxovnileba arkmayofildeba, is sruldeba sagangebod dadgenili drois da sagangeboddadgenili sivrcis SigniT, garkveuli wesebis mixedviT. igi gaerTianebaTaaRmocenebas uwyobs xels, cdilobs idumalebis saburveli Seiqmnas angadacemis meSveobiT xazi gausvas Tavis gamorCeulobas yoveldRiuricxovrebisagan” (44, .29).Aamrigad, haizingas koncefciaSi TamaSi warmosdgeba, rogorckulturul-istoriuli universalia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi impulsi,romelic ufro Zvelia, vidre Tavad kultura. Gganixilavs ra TamaSisformalur niSnebs, haizinga mas kulturis sxvadasxva formebsukavSirebs, maT Soris poeziasa da religiasac da aRmoaCens, romkultura mis uZveles formebSi “TamaSobs”.*ix. m.yolbaia “bavSvis fsiqologia” gamomc. “cisnami,” Tb, 2005.K kulti misTvis nakurTx TamaSad iqceva, sadac arqauli sazogadoebaiseve TamaSobs, rogorc bavSvi an cxoveli da es “miswrafeba ufro
172mSvenieri sicocxlisaken avsebs sazogadoebas TamaSis elementiT.” igiTvlis, rom saRmrTo warmodgena ufro metia, vidre moCvenebiTi an Tundacsimboluri, ganxorcieleba, radganac igi mistikuri ganxorcielebaa. Mmisimonawileni darwmunebulni arian TavianTi qmedebis RvTaebrivwarmomavlobaSi da mis mier Semotanili wesrigi Cveulebriv wesrigzemaRla mdgomad miaCniaT, magram, miuxedavad amisa, is inarCunebs TamaSisyvela formalur niSans. kerZod, igi TamaSdeba specialurad gamoyofilisivrcis SigniT drois garkveul monakveTSi. misTvis asevedamaxasiaTebelia sixaruli, Tavisufleba da garkveuli wesrigi. igiqmnis idumalebis saburvels da amovardnilia yoveldRiuri, yofiTicxovrebisagan. mas ar ukavSirdeba araviTari materialuri interesi damisiT araviTari materialuri moTxovnileba ar kmayofildeba. Aamrigad,haizinga Tvlis, rom wminda formaluri TvalsazrisiT, TamaSi dareligiuri rituali identurni arian. aqedan gamomdinare, is svams kiTxvas:xom ar vrceldeba es msgavseba wminda formaluri niSnebis miRma daxom ar SeiZleba religia da saRmrTo rituali SinaarsobrivadacTamaSad miviCnioT? amasTan igi ar gamoricxavs TamaSis sruliseriozulobiT warmarTvas, amitom, misi azriT, sakraluri qmedeba, aramxolod TamaSis formiT mimdinareobs, aramed TamaSobrivisuliskveTebiTa da ganwyobiTac xasiaTdeba.HTumca TamaSi cnobierebis ukana planze mainc, yovelTvisgulisxmobs aranamdvilobis, “viTomurobis” SegrZnebas. Hhaizinga mxolodarqauli kulturebis ganxilviT ifargleba da Tvlis, rom velurisTvismarTlac aris damaxasiaTebeli msgavsi SegrZneba. isini Tavad qmnianritualisTvis saWiro niRbebs da Tavadve arian maTi matarebelni. Tavadvexazaven sulebis nakvalevs da texen maTi gamoCenis mauwyebel xmaursanda suls uberaven fleitas, romelic winaparTa xmis imitirebas axdens.amdenad, veluri TviTonaa mcodneca da motyuebulic, rac, misi azriT,magiuri da zebunebrivi xdomilebis “aranamdvilobis” nawilobrivgacnobierebis faqts mowmobs. marTalia, haizinga saubrobs mxolodprimitiul religiebze da SedarebiT meti sifrTxiliT ekidebamaRalganviTarebul religiebs, magram Tavadve grZnobs, rom Tuki dauSvebsamas erTi religiis mimarT, maSin igive unda dauSvas yvela religiis
173mimarTac, maT Soris maRalganviTarebulis. Mmisi pasuxi kiTxvaze: aris Tuara religia Sinaarsobrivadac TamaSi, saboloo jamSi, dadebiTia. MmisiazriT, kulti “nakurTxi TamaSia”: “RvTaebam akurTxa TamaSi _ umaRlesi,razec adamiani am cxovrebaSi SeiZleba gaisarjos: ase fiqrobdaplatoni. amiT srulebiT ar uarvyofT, rom saRmrTo misteria umaRlesigamoxatulebaa imisa, rac miuRwevelia logikuri gansjisaTvis.sakraluri qmedeba TamaSis kategoriaSi mniSvnelovanwilad CarTulirCeba, magram amgvari daqvemdebareba sulac ar gviSlis xels misisaRmrTooba vaRiaroT” (44, 46).Cven ver daveTanxmebiT haizingas imaSi, rom sakraluri qmedebaSinaarsobrivadac TamaSia, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi iZulebulni viqnebiTvaRiaroT, rom Tundac ukana planze narCundeba “aranamdvilobis”,“viTomurobis” SegrZneba, maT Soris maRalganviTarebul religiebSic.vfiqrobT mis mier motanili argumenti aradamajereblad JRers. Aaramxolod veluris, aramed qristianuli ritualis SemTxvevaSic igivewarmatebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mRvdeli Tavadve ganamzadebsziarebisTvis saWiro masalas: asxams Rvinos, axdens kveTas sefiskveridan,romelsac Semdeg barZimSi debs da a. S. saqme imaSia, rom rogorcmaRalganviTarebul religiebSi, aseve veluris SemTxvevaSic rwmenis aqtimimarTulia ara imis mimarT, Tu vin ganamzadebs ritualisTvis saWiromasalas, aramed Tavad ritualis Zalis mimarT, romlis TanmidevruladSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi mas ama Tu im xdomilebis gamowveva SeuZlia.rwmenis aqti gamoricxavs “viTomurobisa” da “aranamdvilobis” SegrZnebas,vinaidan aseTi SegrZneba, Tundac ukana planze, auqmebs rwmenas damxolod Tavis motyuebad iqceva, roca Tavis momtyuebelma icis, rom Tavsityuebs.Mmeore mxriv, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom wminda formaluriTvalsazrisiT TamaSi da sakraluri qmedeba igiveobrivni arian. cxadia,am igiveobas unda hqondes raime safuZveli. Tu sakraluri qmedeba arSeiZleba miviCnioT Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT TamaSad, maSin iqnebTavad TamaSs aqvs raime sakraluri? Cven vfiqrobT, rom TamaSs marTlacaqvs sakraluri Tviseba, romelsac warmatebiT iyenebs yvela religia.kerZod, TamaSs SeuZlia identifikaciis gamowveva. Aasea bavSvis TamaSis
174SemTxvevaSic, rodesac TamaSis meSveobiT is identificirebas axdens amaTu im pirovnebasTan, an cxovelTan da a. S. asea msaxiobis TamaSisSemTxvevaSic. kerZod kargi msaxiobi TamaSis momentSi identificirebasaxdens imasTan, visac TamaSobs, xolo Tu ver axdens, misi TamaSiyovelTvis yalbia. Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi ukana planze maincnarCundeba viTomurobis SegrZneba.gansxvavebiT amisgan, sakraluri qmedeba realuri Zalis mqonedaRiqmeba da mis mimarT qreba viTomurobisa da aranamdvilobisSegrZneba. kerZod ra aris is, rac mas aseTad xdis da TamaSidansakralur qmedebamde amaRlebs? vfiqrobT aseTad mas rwmenis aqti aqcevs,rogorc pirovnebis mier aRsrulebuli sulieri Zalisxmeva da piruku,rwmenis ar arsebobas sakraluri qmedeba TamaSamde dahyavs. Ggamodis, romsakraluri qmedeba, rogorc aseTi, Tavis Zalas mxolod pirovnebasTan,subieqtTan mimarTebaSi iZens da mis aqtivobas gulisxmobs. Aamitomacaris, rom religia ar arsebobs rwmenis aqtis gareSe, romelic ritualsTavad RmerTis mier dadgenilad miiCnevs. haizinga imowmebs iensens,romelic aseve aRniSnavs, rom “sakraluri qmedebis Ziri mxolodsayovelTao rwmenaSi SeiZleba iyos” ( 44, 42). Tumca vinaidan Tavadhaizingas ar gaaCnia amgvari rwmena, misTvis yovelgvari sakraluri aqtimainc TamaSis cnebaSi erTiandeba, sadac, misi azriT, “saukeTesod arisdaWerili rwmenisa da urwmunobis erTianoba da ganuyofloba, saRmrToseriozulobis gadaxlarTva TvalTmaqcobasa da masxrobasTan” (iqve, 43).meore mxriv, is kargad acnobierebs, rom religiaTmcodneobis erT-erTumniSvnelovanes da savaldebulo princips Seadgens is, rom rodesacreligiis romelime forma ori rigis sagnis RvTaebriv-arsobrivigiveobas cnobs, maT Soris arsebuli kavSiri ar SeiZleba aRviqvaT,rogorc ubralod “simboluri kavSiri” am terminis Tanamedrove gagebiT.“naxsenebi erTianoba gacilebiT ufro realuria, vidre kavSirisubstanciasa da mis xatovan simbolos Soris. is mistikuri erTianobaa.erTi “iqceva” meored” (44, 44). mas surs es ori gageba “saRmrTo TamaSis”cnebaSi gaaerTianos, magram vfiqrobT es winaaRmdegobrivi cnebaa.sakraluri qmedebis saRmrToobis rwmena auqmebs mis gagebas, rogorcTamaSisa, sadac ueWvelad narCundeba “viTomurobis” SegrZneba. meore
175mxriv, am viTomurobis SegrZnebas eWvi Seaqvs sakraluri aqtis WeSmaritadsaRmrTo warmomavlobis rwmenaSi.Aamrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom religiuri ritualic, wmindaformaluri TvalsazrisiT, TamaSis formiT warmosdgeba, magramsayovelTao rwmena adamianTa garkveuli erTobisa mas sakralurqmedebad aqcevs, rodesac ori rigis movlenas Soris ritualis meSveobiTmyardeba mistikuri erTianoba da am erTianobis wyalobiT “erTi “iqceva”meored”. Mmeore mxriv, poeziac swored TamaSis meSveobiT, anu erTi sagnismeoresTan identifikaciis wyalobiT, rogoradac xatovani Tqmagvevlineba, axdens ama Tu im sagnisa Tu movlenis arsis gamovlenasa damis xelaxal saxeldebas, riTac sxva, ufro maRal realobaSi gadavyavarT.Tavis mxriv, igi, rogorc ori sagnisa Tu movlenis identifikaciiswyalobiT erTis qceva meored, sakraluris sferos uaxlovdeba.Tuki bavSvisa da cxovelis TamaSi, rogorc aseTi Cveulebrivcxovrebaze dabla Camosvlaa, poeziaca da sakraluri aqtic maszeamaRlebas warmoadgenen, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi swored TamaSobriviformis wyalobiT xerxdeba maTi gadasvla profanuli sferodansakralurSi. Aswored TamaSobrivi formaa sfero, sadac poezia dasakraluri aqti erTmaneTs xvdebian, kerZod ki TamaSis sakraluri unariswyalobiT identifikaciisa. Mmagram Tuki sakralur aqti warmosdgebarogorc or sagans Soris realuri identifikacia mistikuri kavSirissafuZvelze, roca morwmuneTa cnobierebaSi xdeba erTi sagnis realuriSenacvleba meoriT, rac aSorebs mas TamaSis cnebisagan, romelic“viTomur” cnobierebas emyareba, saero poeziaSi es “viTomuri” cnobierebanarCundeba. erTi mxriv, metafora, rogorc erTi sagnis Tvisebis gadatanameoreze warmogvidgeba rogorc am sagnis WeSmariti arsis gamovlena,xolo meore mxriv, is inarCunebs “viTomur” cnobierebas da warmosdgebarogorc TamaSi. magaliTad, roca vaJa ambobs: “nisli fiqria mTebisa,imaT kacobis gvirgvini”, es Senacvleba erTi sagnisa meoriT, erTi sagnisTvisebis gadatana meoreze, mainc aRiqmeba rogorc ara sruliidentifikacia, aramed rogorc TamaSi, roca ukana planze narCundebaviTomurobis SegrZneba. aq identificireba xdeba mxolod SinaarsobriviTvalsazrisiT maTi saerTo Tvisebis dadgenis safuZvelze. sakralur aqti,
176Tavis mxriv, warmosdgeba rogorc sruli identifikacia, rogorc realuriSenacvleba sagnisa sxva sagniT: magaliTad, veluri iqceva kengurud,anda qristianobaSi puri iqceva qristes xorcad. Aaq kavSiri or sagansSoris xorcieldeba ara maTi saerTo Tvisebis dadgenis safuZvelze,aramed es kavSiri gvevlineba rogorc mistikuri kavSiri, rogorcRmerTis mier dadgenili da ASesaZloa araviTar logikas aremorCilebodes. sakraluri aqti, rogorc or sagans, an movlenas Sorismistikuri kavSiri, iyenebs TamaSis am unars identificirebisa da rwmenismeSveobiT mas TamaSidan sruliad sxva rigis movlenad, sakralur aqtadgardaqmnis, roca xdeba erTi sagnis realuri Senacvleba meoriT.Hhimnografiuli saxe-simboloebi, erTi mxriv, rCebian miniSnebad,qaragmad, xatovan Tqmad, ramdenadac SeuZlebelia zeciuri WeSmaritebissruli da adekvaturi gamoTqma, roca zeciur saidumloTa“Sinayofiereba” saidumlodve rCeba da amdenad inarCuneben am TamaSobrivelements, rac mas poeziis wiaRSi tovebs. erTi sagnis Tvisebis gadatanameoreze warmoadgens garkveul analogias. Mmitropoliti veniamini(fedCenko) Tavis naSromSi “rwmenaze, urwmunobaze, eWvze” msjelobs raanalogiebze, kiTxulobs, Tu ramdenad sasargebloa es Sedarebebi daramdenad xsnian isini auxsnels, xdeba ki saidumlo amiT wvdomadi?Tavidan gamoucdel Semfasebels SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom gaugebari gaxdaufro gasagebi, magram sinamdvileSi es mxolod zedapiruli TavisdamSvidebaa. sagani sinamdvileSi iseTive idumali rCeba rogoric iyo aramxolod absoluturi Seucnoblobis gamo RvTaebrivi sagnebisa, aramedsaerTod yovelgvari yofnis erTaderTobis, misi ganumeoreblobis gamoc.yovelgvari nivTi erTaderTia, absoluturi da rogorc aseTi ariTargmneba arafer sxvaze, aranair sxvagvar yofnaze da aranairiSedarebiT, aranairi sxva sityviT ar SeiZleba misi gamoxatva, axsna.magram Sedarebebi mainc sasargebloa damwyebTaTvis, Tumca ara imitomTiTqos maTi meSveobiT ufro naTeli xdeba raime, aramed imitom, rom isiniuadvileben adamians Seucnobadi sagnebis miRebas. rodesac is xvdeba sxva,misTvis jerac Seucnobad sagans, Cveulebriv cdilobs dauaxlovos isukve cnobils. Dda maSin adamianisTvis ufro advilia dauSvas axlisarseboba da Seucnobloba am arsebobisa. radgan miRebulia erTi,
177SeiZleba dauSva meorec, msgavsi, Tumca is winandeburad idumali rCeba.Aamis magaliTad mas mohyavs is faqti, Tu rogor auxsna man daWerebisada monastris darbevisaTvis mosuli jgufis meTaurs samebis dogmati,romelic umtkicebda, rom erTi ar SeiZleba iyos sami. man gaaxsena, Turogor iSleba TeTri feri Svid sxvadasxva ferad da aramcTu sami,aramed Svidic ki SeiZleba iyos erTi. amiT misTvis samebis dogmati argaxda ufro gasagebi da arc ufro misaRebi, Tumca mospo dabrkoleba,romelic SeuZleblad miiCnevda aseT faqts (64).meore mxriv, poeturi formulebi, romlebic himnografiaSi gvxvdeba,Cvenis azriT, warmoadgenen ara Sablonebs, romlebic klaven yovelgvarSemoqmedebas, aramed gavrcelebul literaturul meTods, romlismeSveobiTac isini axdenen fonuri codnis aqtualizaciasa da morwmunisliturgiul cnobierebaSi CarTvas, rodesac biblia, rogorc teqsti,CarTulia himnografiul qmnilebaSi, rogorc erTgvar “hiperteqstSi” daes ukanaskneli ar arsebobs winas gareSe. Aamave dros, himnografiaCveulebrivi poeziisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is warmoadgens teqsts,romelic Seqmnilia galobisaTvis da sazomsac ki mxolod melodiasTankavSirSi iZens. amasTanave, is RvTismsaxurebisTvis Seqmnili teqstia.melodiis meSveobiT xdeba misi “gaTamaSeba”, risi wyalobiTac saRmrToistoria marad ganmeorebad faqtad iqceva, magram miuxedavad imisa, romTamaSis formiT warmosdgeba, saRmrTo liturgia aris ara ubraloreprezentacia am movlenebisa maTi gaxsenebis mizniT, aramed sakraluriaqti, roca ori rigis movlenas Soris mistikuri erTianobis wyalobiTerTi iqceva meored. Aaq adgili aqvs ara viTomur cnobierebas, racyovelTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli TamaSisaTvis, aramed srulidentifikacias. Aamitom sakraluri aqti, miuxedavad imisa, rom TamaSisformiT warmosdgeba, ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT SinaarsobriviTvalsazrisiT TamaSTan. amdenad, himnografiis, rogorc liturgiisnawilis, rogorc sakraluri aqtis mimarTac, WeSmaritia haidegeris isdebuleba, romelic ambobs: “poezia TamaSs hgavs da TamaSi xom mainc araris”. Ees debuleba WeSmaritia himnografiis mimarT im TvalsazrisiTac,rom igi warmoadgens ara Tavis dakargvas, aramed Tavis Sekrebas ufromaRali yofierebis safuZvelze. am azriT is munyofierebis sakuTar
178safuZvelze dafuZnebacaa, roca adamiani CarTuli aRmoCndeba saRmrToistoriaSi, rogorc misi nawili da amiT Tavis umaRles daniSnulebasaRasrulebs.Aamrigad, rogorc vxedavT, himnografia sruliad Seesabamebapoeziis arss. is enis saufloSi iSveba da ramdenadac simbolur enazemetyvelebs, Tavad warmoadgens erTgvar enas enaSi, romelTanac TavadRmerTs mivyavarT. Mmagram Cven vTqviT, rom himnografia saero poeziisaganTavisi sagniT gansxvavdeba. kerZod Tuki saero poezia warmoadgensxiluli samyaros gamosaxvas, mis saxeldebas, roca pirveladaRmobrwyindeba saganTa arsi CvenTvis, sasuliero poezia zeciurisamyaros gamovlenas, mis saxeldebas warmoadgens. erTi mxriv is locvisformiT warmosdgeba da amdenad aris saubari RmerTTan, rogorcumaRles arsTan, xolo meore mxriv, igi RvTaebrivi samyaros gamovlenada saxeldebaa da amdenad, RvTismetyvelebad gvevlineba. saero poeziaxiluli samyaros saxeldebas axdens, sasuliero ki uxilavisa.ramdenadac sulieri aRemateba xorciels, xolo locva umaRles arsTanuSualo saubrad gvevlineba, sasuliero poezia ara mxolod SeiZlebamiviCnioT poeziad, aramed igi warmosdgeba rogorc umaRlesi poezia,romlis meSveobiTac xdeba umaRlesi samyaros arsis vlena ise, romTavad am samyaros “Sinayofiereba” idumali da miuwvdomeli rCeba.valeri lepaxini Tavis statiaSi “RvTismetyveleba da poezia”imowmebs wm. Ggrigol RvTismetyvelis sityvebs, romelic aRniSnavs, rombrZnoba RmerTze, RvTismetyveleba SeiZleba ara yvelasTvis, arayovelTvis, ara yvelas winaSe da ara yvelaferze. misi TqmiT,arqimandriti sofroni (saxarovi) gamoyofda sami saxis RvTismetyvelebas.pirveli es aris profesionaluri RvTismetyveleba, anu saskolo,akademiuri, mecnieruli, inteleqtualuri. aseTi RvTismetyvelebiTdakaveba da misi swavleba moiTxovs adamianisagan, upirveles yovlisa,saRvTismetyvelo, filosofiur, bunebismecnierul codnas. aseTRvTismetyvelebas SeerTebuls cocxal rwmenasTan, SeuZlia keTiliSedegebis gamoReba, magram igi advilad gadagvardeba ganyenebulTeoriad. Aam saxis RvTismetyveleba midrekilia daeyrdnos “gareSe”sibrZnes, romelzec imowmebs ra wm. Ppavle mociquls, saubrobs svimeon
179axali RvTismetyveli. kerZod aris sibrZne RvTaebrivi da aris sibrZne“gareSe”, romliT gatacebisganac afrTxilebs RvTismetyvelebs wm.svimeoni. wm. mamebi ar uaryofen ganswavlulobas saerTod, magramRvTismetyvelebaSi Sesabamis adgils miuCenen. mecnieruliRvTismetyveleba cdilobs RmerTis yofnisa da uxilavi samyarossaidumloebaTa wvdomas gonebis meSveobiT. Ppirveli cduneba mecnieruliRvTismetyvelebisa aris Seamowmos gamocxadeba gansjiT, gamoscadosRvTaebrivi adamianuri gonebiT. Aase iSva Sua saukuneebis sqolastika.magram gansjas Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs dadgenili, amitom iq sadac is TavisuZlurebas grZnobs is meore sacduris maxeSi aRmoCndeba _ SeavsoswarmosaxviT zeciuri samyaros codnis ukmarisoba, piradi sulierigamocdilebis ukmarisoba. aseTi RvTismetyvelebisas, mama sofronisgamoTqmiT, adamiani “qmnis RmerTs Tavis xatad da msgavsad.”Mmeore tipis RvTismetyveleba es aris RvTismetyveleba, rogorclocvis Sinaarsi. Yyvelaze ufro mkafio magaliTad aseTiRvTismetyvelebisa mama sofroni wm. basili didis liturgias Tvlida.es maRali RvTismetyvelebaa gamoxatuli locvis formiT, aRvleniliRvTisadmi, rogorc sulieri Sesawiravi. erT-erTi Tavisebureba wm. mamaTaRvTismetyvelebisa yovelTvis iyo misi RvTisadmi mimarTva, misi maRalilocviToba. swored am tipis RvTismetyvelebad gvevlineba himnografia.RvTismetyveleba aq aris sityva RmerTze da sityva RvTisadmi miserTianobaSi. lepaxini imowmebs siluan aTonelis sityvebs, romelTac isxSirad imeorebda. kerZod, igi aRniSnavda: “vinc sufTad loculobs, isRvTismetyvelia”. Aamrigad, ideali marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebisa_ locviTobaa. Llocva wmends da gananaTlebs RvTismetyvel gonebas,aZlevs mas mdabal kadnierebas RmerTze saubrisa sulieri sargebliTmsmenelTaTvis. ufro metic, marTlmadideblobaSi locvas esqatologiurimniSvneloba aqvs, is RvTaebrivi energiaa, romelsac “uWiravs” samyaro,mohyavs is sulier wonasworobasa da harmoniaSi. Aamis Sesaxeb siluanaToneli ambobda: “monazonTa wyalobiT dedamiwaze arasodes wydebalocva; amaSi aris sargebeli mTeli samyarosi, vinaidan samyaro locviswyalobiT dgas; xolo roca locva Sesustdeba, samyaro daiRupeba” ( 61,169).
180Mmesame xarisxi RvTismetyvelebisa es aris RvTismetyveleba, rogorcmdgomareoba. aseTi RvTismetyvelebis magaliTad mama sofroni ioaneRvTismetyvelis saxarebasa da epistoleebs miiCnevda. iyo RvTismetyveliaseT SemTxvevaSi niSnavs “jvars ecva qristesTan erTad, icnobde massulis saidumlo kunWulebSi”. Ees aris RvTismetyveleba aRmsareblobisa.Eeklesiuri cnobierebiT, keTilgonieri avazaki, romelic qristesTanerTad ecva jvars, gaxda erT-erTi pirveli RvTismetyveli axaliaRTqmisa. Mmis sikvdiliswina SeZaxilSi, romliTac macxovars mimarTamdgomareobs safuZveli yvela WeSmariti RvTismetyvelebisa: sinanuli,rwmena, xsnis wyurvili da maradiuli cxovrebis imedi. suli wmindisgadmosvla mociqulebze aRniSnavs axali RvTismetyvelebis dasawyiss,axal mimarTebas misadmi, xsnis Tavad RvTismetyvelebas. is moaswavebsaseve axali aRTqmis pirveli qristianuli eklesiis dabadebas. amrigad,WeSmariti RvTismetyveleba iSveba eklesiasTan erTad, ufro swored kiTavad eklesiaSi. Eeklesias Sehyavs Tavisi wevri RvTismxilvelobaSi,RmerTTan urTierTobaSi, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia raime sityvaRmerTze. swored am azriT xmaroben cnebas “RvTismetyveleba” wmidamamebi. is moqmedebs da daamtkicebs adamians RmerTSi idumali xilviT,romlis swavlac SeuZlebelia. Uufali aZlevs moRvawes ara mxolod imas,Tu ra Tqvas, aramed imasac, Tu rogor Tqvas. rodesac RvTis sityvaibadeba sulSi, adamians ara aqvs SesaZlebloba ifiqros sityvissilamazeze, naweris mxatvrul damuSavebaze, aramed sityva SinaganiSinaarsisa da garegnuli gamoxatulebis erTianobaSi ibadeba. Ggardaamisa, sityva ibadeba ara TavisTavad, aramed rogorc metyveleba _mWidro urTierTkavSirSi sxva sityvebTan. amasTan, am urTierTkavSirs aqvscotad Tu bevrad aSkarad sagrZnobi ritmuli xasiaTi. Llepaxinis azriT,Aase mivdivarT sakiTxTan poeziis da RvTismetyvelebisurTierTmimarTebisa.rogorc lepaxini aRniSnavs, maRal magaliTebs RrmaRvTismetyvelebisa da usrulyofilesi poeturi formisa mis erTianobaSigvaZlevs Cven RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba wminda werilisa. Ffsalmunebi,“qebaTa qeba”, winaswarmetyveluri wignebi ukve ramdenime saukuneamowmoben organul erTianobaze RvTismetyvelebisa da poeziisa. zogierTi
181nawyveti mociqulisa da maxareblis ioanes werilebidan, anda mociqulpavlesi gamoiyurebian rogorc patara RvTismetyveluri poemebi da aseTimagaliTebi mravlad SeiZleba moviyvanoT. wminda werilma mogvcaRvTismetyveluri poeziis, anda poeturi RvTismetyvelebis umagaliToraodenoba, ganaTebuli maRali da gulwrfeli sinanuliTa Tu qebiTilocviTobiT. isini gaxdnen STagonebis wyaro eklesiuri poetebisTvisacda saerTod poetebisTvis mTeli Semdgomi droisa. Ppoeturi formiTaadawerili sagalobelTa umravlesoba. marTlmadidebluriRvTismetyveluri teqstebi, wminda werilis kvaldakval, gvaZlevenmagaliTebs ara mxolod umaRlesi RvTismetyvelebisa, aramedusrulyofilesi poeziisac. saeklesio istoria icnobs wmindanTasaxelebs, romelTa RvTismetyveluri Rvawli ganuyofelia maTi poeturiRvawlisagan: romanoz tkbiladmgalobeli, Rirsi ioane damaskeli, Rirsikosma maiumeli, Rirsi ioseb mgalobeli da bevri sxva wmindani, maTSoris eriskacnica da keTilmorwmune mefeebic, aseve episkoposebi. maTTavianTi RvTivsulieri sityviT ganamtkices poeziisa daRvTismetyvelebis organuli erTianoba.v.lepaxini aRniSnavs, rom rac ar unda saocari iyos,marTlmadidebloba icnobs mxolod sam RvTismetyvels, sam wmindans,romlebmac eklesiisgan miiRes es maRali wodeba: ioane mociquls, wm.grigol RvTismetyvelsa da wm. svimeon axal RvTismetyvels. is svamskiTxvas, Tu ra aerTianebs am sam udides RvTismetyvelsmarTlmadideblobisa da aRniSnavs, rom am kiTxvaze SeiZleba gavceTramdenime urTierTSemavsebeli pasuxi. MTumca erT-erTi niSani arisswored maTi nawerebis kavSiri poeziasTan. meoTxe saxarebis prologi damisi zogierTi Tavi sunTqavs maRali, WeSmariti poeziiT. Aaseve leqsisformaSi aqcevdnen TavianT zogierT nawarmoebs wm. grigoli da svimeonaxali RvTismetyveli. wm. grigoli Tavs izRvevda ra kacTmoTneobisa dasakuTari didebis Ziebis braldebisagan, gamoyofda oTx mizezs, romlismixedviTac man “zomaSi moqceuli metyveleba” airCia. jer erTi, poeturiforma gvaxsenebs zomaze da ar gvaZlevs bevris weris saSualebas, meorecis saSualebas gvaZlevs “cnebaTa simware xelovnebiT davatkboT”. mesamec,marTalia, qristianobis silamaze gonebiT WvretaSia, magram poeturi
182forma ar aZlevs saSualebas araqristian avtorebs upiratesobamoipovon sityvaSi. meoTxec, is sixaruls aniWebda Tavad avtors,romelic avadmyofobiT itanjeboda. wm. grigolisaTvis, iseve rogorczogadad qristianobisaTvis, lamaz sityvas ar gaaCnia damoukidebelimniSvneloba. rodesac leqsis keTilismyofeli gavlena ganmtkicdebasulSi, “lamazi sityva” SeiZleba gamovacaloT, rogorc sayrdeni.Lv.lepaxinis TqmiT, WeSmaritebis marTlmadidebelma damcvelebma,RvTismetyveleba RvTivsulier poetur Semoqmedebamde aiyvanes, xolopoezias miuTiTes misi mowodeba da WeSmariti daniSnuleba _ zegardamoSTagonebis miswrafebaSi iqces RvTismetyvelebad. vinaidan yoveliveRmerTisganaa, STagonebac, azrebic, sityvebic, ritmic da formac.yvelaferi misganaa da misadmi. Tuki ase ar aris poezia ver asrulebsTavis zegardamo mowodebasa da daniSnulebas. Ppoezia ara mxolod araris ucxo RvTismetyvelebisTvis, aramed swored RvTismetyvelebaSimoipovebs sakuTar Tavs. RmerTSi yofnis gamocdileba eZiebs Tavisgamoxatulebas sityvaSi. Ggamocdileba am “saidumlo RvTismetyvelebisa”ise Tavbrudamxvevad maRalia, rom misi unaklod xorcSesxma adamianursityvaSi SeuZlebelia. Ppoezia exmareba gamoxatos es miRmierigamocdileba. mkiTxvels ki poezia xels uwyobs Tu ver ava miuwvdomelsimaRlemde gamouTqmeli RvTismcodneobisa, Tanaziari mainc gaxdessamerTiani RmerTis miuwvdomeli saidumlosi, Seexos saidumlossimaRlisa da siRrmis damTxvevisa (61).SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianuli himnografia warmoadgens sworedlocviTi RvTismetyvelebis magaliTs, romelic ara mxolod axorcielebspoeziis arss, aramed, marTlmadideblobis mixedviT, swored amgvarRvTismetyvelebaSi moipovebs poezia sakuTar Tavs. episkoposi ioane(Saxovskoi) poezias adamianisaTvis misawvdomi umaRlesi cxovrebisgamoxatulebad miiCnevda. Mmisi azriT, poezia ar SeiZleba gadaaqciosaSualebad raimesTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi is xdeba moklebuli siCumesumaRlesi yofierebisa, romelic yovelTvis devs poeziis siRrmeSi. AamsiCumes moklebuli ki igi kvdeba. Ppoets “RvTis wyalobiT” aqvsminiWebuli Zalaufleba aqcios adamianur sityvaTa wyali Rvinod. misiTqmiT, aseTia poeziis umaRlesi daniSnuleba. Mmisi sazrisi
183evqaristiulia, ramdenadac poezia aris adamianis mibruneba saganTasawyisTan. Ppoezia aris himnologiuri gadalaxva yvela waSlilisilogizmisa da sityvieri aRniSvnisa, romelTac Sewyvites samyarosgaxsna. Ppoezia axleburad xsnis sityvebs, axdens maT ganxvnas, xvdeba maTukve axal samyaroSi. is aris saganTa ganxvna da maTi dafarva. masSiTavad yofiereba vlindeba, romelic ufro faseulia, vidre yvelaferi is,rac misiT SeiZleba gamoixatos. is aris periskopi, romelic amoSveriliaam samyarodan, rendgeni da radari, lazeris sxivi, sulis ufaqizesi daumaxvilesi isari, romelic gaivlis samyaros yvela sagans, magram ki arklavs maT, aramed acocxlebs.Pproza saubrobs yofierebaze. Ppoezia ki aris es yofiereba,romelic exsneba adamians. rodesac adamiani daexeteba SorsWeSmaritebisgan, samyaro misTvis mtvriT dafaruli xdeba da mtvrismsgavsi. ioane Saxovskois azriT, adamianis samyaros mudmivad sWirdebaganiaveba, sxvagvarad masSi SeiZleba daixrCo. Mmxolod locvas SeuZliamiawodos adamians sufTa haeri zeciuri samyarosi da locva avalebspoezias iyos misi TanaSemwe. rogorc religias, ise poezias xSiraduwevdnen eqspluatacias sxva miznebisaTvis, romlebic Sors iyvnenrogorc poeziis, ise religiisagan. STagonebis eqspluatacia episkoposseqspluataciis yvelaze ufro saSinel formad miaCnia. Mmisi azriT,rogorc mlocveli adamiani dabla dgas Tavis locvaze, aseve WeSmaritipoeti yovelTvis dabla dgas Tavis poeziaze. Ppoezia smenasa da Sromasexsneba. Tavisi saidumlos gamxela poets ar SeuZlia arc sxvapoetisTvis, arc mkiTxvelisaTvis. Mmisi smenis saidumlo rCeba rogorcfanjara, miwier SeuZleblobaSi gamoRebuli (48, 524-525 ).Aamrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom poezia erTgvari metaenaa, msgavsi imenisa, romelzec adami arqmevda saxelebs sagnebs. masSi xmianobs siCume,romelSic es sagnebi Seiqmnen, xolo himnografia, rogorc poeturi formiTgadmocemuli RvTismetyveleba, aris Sedegi RmerTisa da RvTismetyvelissinergiisa da Tavad gvevlineba amgvar sinergiad. Tavis statiaSialeqsandre geronimusi aRniSnavs, rom poezia ar aris erTis saqme.RvTaebrivi Semoqmedeba _ es RvTaebriv pirTa saerTo saqmea. RvTaebriviSemoqmedebis msgavsad is qmnis arafrisgan, mdumarebisgan. poeti es aris
184xati poeti_RmerTisa. Ppoezia aris winasaxe gadmocemisa. gadmocemapirvelxatia poeziis. is aris religia-gadakiTxva, qmediTi xsovnaRmerTisa. Ppoetis poezia aris mis mier poeziis kiTxva, gaxsenebapoeziisa, poeziis gagrZeleba.Ppoeturi tradiciis es gagrZeleba SeiZleba mivakuTvnoTareopagetikaSi mocemul gamoxatulebas zeciuri ierarqiisa, rodesacnaTeli pirvelxatisa umaRlesi xarisxis mqoneTagan udablesi xarisxismqoneT STanTqmis gareSe gadaecemaT. mkiTxveli arapoetis mier kiTxvisaspoeti aseve “idideba”, magram es dideba sruliad sxva xarisxisaa:arapoeti mxolod mimRebia, poeturi energiis STanmTqmeli, masSi midisSemoqmedebiTi gzavnili poetisa, masze mTavrdeba, maSin rodesac poetiCarTulia am gadmocemaSi. iyo poeti an RvTismetyveli mocemulSemTxvevaSi niSnavs suli wmindiT imoqmedo (54).Aamrigad, Tu SevajamebT kvlevis Sedegebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rompoezia swored religiis wiaRSi Caisaxa da didi xnis manZilze maTsaerTo miznebi da amocanebi hqondaT. Aamitom ar SeiZleba vamtkicoT,TiTqosda poezias ar SeiZleba religiisadmi daqvemdebarebuli funqciahqondes. araerTi poeti gaiazrebda poezias rogorc RvTismetyvelebas.aseve mcdarad unda miviCnioT Tvalsazrisi, romelic himnografiaSi dazogadad qristianul xelovnebaSi esTetikuri aRqmis ar arsebobazesaubrobs. Mmcdaria is azric, TiTqosda poezia mowyvetiliaWeSmaritebas da mxolod xelovanis subieqturi gancdebis mxatvrulgadmocemas warmoadgens. mravali moazrovnis mier is sworedWeSmaritebasTan kavSirSi gaiazreboda da ar gvaqvs safuZveli vamtkicoT,rom, kerZod, qristianuli saRTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis gadmocema arSeiZleba iyos poezia. aseve ar Seefereba simarTles TiTqosdahimnografia moklebuli iyos siaxlis efeqts, xolo e. w. “literaturuliSablonebi” unda gaviazroT rogorc erTgvari reminescenciisa dacitaciis saSualeba, rac himnografiuli teqstis interteqstualuriwakiTxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. is qmnis orxmovan sityvas da AamgvariwakiTxva bibliaSi gadmocemuli fonuri codnis aqtualizaciasgulisxmobs. igi gmiris sulieri samyaros ukeT gaxsnis saSualebasaZlevs Semoqmeds. amave dros, is gulisxmobs pirovnebis CarTvas
185RvTaebriv istoriaSi. SevecadeT gveCvenebina aseve, rom himnografiasavsebiT axorcieles poeziis arss, xolo RvTismetyvelebis poeturiformiT gadmocema ara mxolod SeiZleba iyos poezia, aramed qristianavtorTa azriT, mxolod amgvar poeziaSi moipovebs igi sakuTar arss,aRasrulebs ra Tavis evqaristiul daniSnulebas adamianis mibrunebisasaganTa sawyisTan. Tavisi zegardamo daniSnulebiTPpoezia mowodebuliaiqces RvTismetyvelebad. ramdenadac marTlmadidebluriRvTismetyvelebis ideals warmoadgens locviTi RvTismetyveleba, xolohimnografia swored amgvari RvTismetyvelebis magaliTs warmoadgens, isSeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc nimuSi umaRlesi poeziisa, romelSic poeziasakuTar arss moipovebs. Tu kvlav ioane Saxovskois davesesxebiT, Tukilocva TviTgaxsnaa sulisa, poezia sulis gafaqizebaa, romelic asevegadalaxavs miwier SezRudulobas. Mmisi TqmiT, “poezia umaRlesiyvavilobaa adamianisa samyaroSi.” mas yovelTvis ar sWirdeba riTmebida qaRaldis gareSec SeuZlia gavides iolad ( 48, 52). albaT sworedamitom eltvis locva poetur formebs. Ppoezia exmareba adamiansRmerTTan saubarSi, imis TargmnaSi rac mxolod dumilis enazemetyvelebs. Tavad liturgiac SeiZleba ganvixilT rogorc erTi didipoema, romlis wyalobiTac adamiani RmerTs eziareba.Tumca aq Tavs iCens erTi kiTxva: Tuki poeziis umaRlesidaniSnuleba RvTismetyvelebad qcevaa, rasac araerTi poeti iziarebda,xom ar daSorda poezia Tavis WeSmarit arss an ramdenad arsebobs dRessivrce, sadac poezias RvTismetyvelebad qceva SeeZleba? rogoriapoeziis bedi desakralizebul samyaroSi? Cven SevecdebiT pasuxi gavceTam kiTxvebze da Tanamedrove samyaroSi mimdinare procesebisa Tumimdinareobebis Suqze ganvixiloT mocemuli problema.$7. samyaros desakralizacia da poeziis bediadamiani rogorc sakuTar sikvdilTan mebrZoli raindi mudamsakralursa da profanuls Soris arsebuli daZabulobis zRvarzeimyofeba. is mudmivad qmnis samyaros sxvadasxva modelebs, magram
186imisaTvis, rom es samyaro samyaroobdes aucilebelia, es sagnebi erTi daimave warmoSobisani iyvnen. rogorc cnobilia, sityva “kultura”religiur kults ukavSirdeba da yovelTvis gulisxmobs garkveulcentrs, sakralur toposs, sadac erTi da imave warmoSobis sagnebiRirebulebaTa garkveuli ierarqiis garSemo organizdebian. KkulturisarcerTi modeli ar arsebobs am sakraluri toposis gareSe, romelicprofanul sivrces marTavs. sakraluri toposis centri ki sakurTxevelida taZaria, romelic simbolurad xis miTologemiT gamoixateba. bibliaSiamgvar sakralur toposs samoTxis baRi warmoadgens, romlis centricsicocxlis xea. Aarqaul kulturebSi sivrce arasodes gvevlinebarogorc winmswrebi, aramed is sagnebiT modelirdeba. isini swored amsivrceSi Tanaarseboben da awesrigeben qaoss, xolo samyaros bibliurimodeli, amave dros, zogadkulturologiur modeladac gvevlineba.yoveli religia akrZalvaTa sistemas efuZneba. akrZalvaTa sistemaqmnis saidumlos, dafaruls. sakraluri toposi swored am dafarulismmalavia, romelic ridiTaa gamoyofili. samoTxis baRSi RmerTis mierdadgenili akrZalva qmnis saidumlos, kidev ufro sakralizebul sivrcessamoTxis SigniT. Tavad taZarSic, romelic ukve sakralizebul sivrceswarmoadgens, sakurTxeveli yovelTvis ridiTaa gamoyofili, xolodanarCeni sivrce masTan SedarebiT ufro profanizebulia. ridegvevlineba rogorc paradigma saidumlosi, dafarulisa. samoTxidangamogdebuli adamiani swored am ridis miRma aRmoCndeba, profanizebulsivrceSi. Ddabruneba am saidumlosTan man mxolod qristes jvarcmisSemdeg SeZlo, rodesac es ride, anu kretsabmeli taZrisa orad gaipo daadamians kvlav gaexsneba gza samoTxeSi dabrunebisa.Aabsolutis arsebobaSi eWvis Setana badebs miswrafebas rideebismoSlisaken. taZari, rogorc sakraluri toposi, aRar warmoadgensdRevandeli kulturis centrs. grZnobadi kultura sakralursa daprofanuls Soris arsebuli daZabulobis saswors profanulissasargeblod gadaxris. Pprofanuli da sakraluri sivrceebi ki mudmivadcdiloben erTmaneTis gauqmebas. rogorc aRvniSneT, poezia da sakraluriaqti erTmaneTs TamaSis sferoSi xvdebian. haizingam uCvena, romTamaSobrivi momenti mudmivad Tan sdevs kulturis ganviTarebas. igi
187swored TamaSis formiT iSveba. igi msWvalavs kulturas mis yvelagamovlinebaSi, rogorc “qcevis garkveuli, Cveulebrivi cxovrebisagangansxvavebuli ragvaroba.” igi kulturis erT-erTi safuZveli damonawilea. haizinga kulturis krizisis mizezad swored TamaSobrivisulis moklebas asaxelebs, TamaSobrivi sulis moklebis mizezi kikulturis desakralizaciaSia saZiebeli, rac adamianis RmerTisgandaSorebam da kulturis sekuralizaciam gamoiwvia. TamaSobrivi sulismokleba am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs imas, rom Tavad kulturis arsebobaseqmneba safrTxe. TamaSis formiT arseboba am SemTxvevaSi niSnavssakraluris wiaRSi yofnas, vinaidan swored TamaSia sakraluri Tvisebismatarebeli. swored masSi xvdebian erTmaneTs poezia da sakraluriaqtic.Kkulturis desakralizacia dRes faqtia magram ra saSualebebiTxdeba kulturis desakralizacia? TamaSis pirvel mtrad haizingaTamaSis CamSlels asaxelebs, romelic amxels mas, rogorc TamaSs.TamaSis mxileba ki, rogorc TamaSisa angrevs TamaSis samyaros. amis gamoTamaSis CamSlels ufro Znelad eguebian moTamaSeebi, vidre TamaSisgamyalbebels, romelic formalurad iRebs TamaSis wesebs. modernistulida postmodernistuli xelovneba gvevlineba, rogorc TamaSis CamSleli.gaseti axal xelovnebaSi warmoaCens tradiciuli xelovnebisgangansxvavebul funqcias TamaSisa. igi aq imitacia ki aRar aris, aramedmetaimitacia, metaTamaSi, romelic TamaSis CvenebiT TamaSobs da sworedamis wyalobiT gvevlineba rogorc TamaSis CamSleli. desakralizebulixelovneba realobis falsificirebas ki ar cdilobs da ki ar malavsTavs, rogorc TamaSi, aramed cdilobs xazi gausvas imas, rom TamaSia dameti araferi da swored amiT axdens mis desakralizacias. Aamas igisakuTari saSeni masalis demonstrirebiT akeTebs. Aam xelovnebis erTerTiZiriTadi niSani swored ironia da groteskia. modernistulixelovneba komizmiTaa gaJRenTili. gaseti fiqrobs, rom es komizmiusasrulod vrceldeba aSkara klounadidan Tvalis Zlivs SesamCnev,ironiul CapaWunebamde, magram arasodes qreba. Aaq nawarmoebis Sinaarsi kiar aris komikuri, aramed Sinaarsisgan damoukideblad TviTon xelovnebaiqceva TamaSad, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs mxiarul guneba-
188ganwyobilebas. Aaq xelovani gvTavazobs, rom xelovneba ganvixiloT,rogorc TamaSi da TviTdacinva. is warmogvidgeba, rogorc farsi daswored am farsSi xedavs xelovnebis mTavar misias. misi mizani ar arisgamoiwvios religiuri aRfrTovaneba. igi dascinis Tavad xelovnebas daam TviTdamcirebis JestiT inarCunebs Tavis raobas. es aris farsi,romelic zeimobs yvelaferze, maT Soris sakuTar Tavzedac. Ggaseti massarkeTa sistemas adarebs, romlebic usasrulod ireklaven erTimeoresda sadac arafers ara aqvs saboloo da dasrulebuli saxe. AamxelovnebaSi yvelaferi krTis, cimcimebs da moCvenebiTobis efeqts qmnis.“axali xelovnebis” kidev erTi niSani yovelgvartranscendenturobisagan ganTavisuflebaa. Aadre xelovneba ormagi azriTiyo transcendenturi: Tavisi seriozuli problematikiTa daTavisTavadac, rogorc amaRlebuli niWi. didi poeti Tu genialurimusikosi winaswarmetyvelis, religiis damaarseblis, Tu samyarosbedisTvis pasuxismgebeli moRvawis ieriT warsdgebodnen xolme brboswinaSe, axla ki xelovneba mxolod im azriT gvevlineba mxsnelad, romcxovrebis seriozulobisagan ixsnis adamians da bavSvuri sicelqisadmiaRviZebs mas. Aaxali xelovnebis simbolo panis fleitaa, romelicmdeloze acekvebs ciknebs.modernizmSi es ironia sakralurze, rogoric gvaqvs TundacjoisTan, metaTamaSi, romelic farsis saxiT warmosdgeba, igive beketTanda God –s “godoTi” Caanacvlebs, angrevs sakralurs. adamiani kargavsorientirs samyaroSi da iqceva “moxetialed”. Mmisi yofa wvrilmani dayoveldRiurobaze orientirebuli xdeba. Kkafkas soflis eqimi grZnobs,rom kacobrioba mZime sneulebiTaa avad, magram Svela ar SeuZlia.adamiani grZnobs, rom is damnaSavea raRacis Tu viRacis winaSe, rom misTavze procesi mimdinareobs, magram ar SeuZlia raimes Secvla. Tavis“procesSi” kafka gvTavazobs igavs, sadac adamiani mTel cxovrebasdaketil karTan atarebs im imediT, rom Tvals mohkravs WeSmaritebas,magram amaod. igi ise kvdeba, rom ver isrulebs wadils. mxatvrobaSi Tavadmateria lRveba da kargavs simyares. modernizmi axdens xelovnebisderealizaciasa da dehumanizacias da pirvelad dgams ideebis dramas,tradiciuli Teatrisagan gansxvavebiT. Ees aris swored dehumanizaciis
189mcdeloba, romelic pirvel planze Teatralur fiqcias ayenebs.aRSfoTebuli sazogadoeba amaod cdilobs miakvlios adamianur dramasda Tavs motyuebulad grZnobs xelovnebis am TvalTmaqcobiT,metaTamaSiT sadac xelovneba sakuTar Tavs dascinis.Mdesakralizebul samyaroSi modernizmi jer kidev cdilobs “axalixelovnebis” SigniT SeinarCunos sakraluri sivrce, ride, romelicgamoyofs mas profanulisgan. Ggaseti, romelic modernizmisTeoretikosad gvevlineba amosaval wertilad “axali xelovnebis”warumateblobis faqts irCevs. Oortegas azriT, romantizmisgangansxvavebiT, romelic demokratiis pirmSoa da gansakuTrebiT sayvareliiyo masebisTvis, axali xelovneba upirispirdeba masebs da ase iqnebayovelTvis. igi Tavisi bunebiT ganwirulia warumateblobisTvis; ufrometic, igi antixalxuria. nebismieri qmnileba axali xelovnebisaavtomaturad iwvevs saintereso sociologiur efeqts: yofs xalxs ornawilad, adamianTa uformo masidan gamoarCevs or gansxvavebul kastasadamianebisa. Mmagram ra principiT iyofian adamianebi am kastebad? saqmeimaSia, rom umravlesobas ar moswons axali xelovneba, masebs is ar esmis.amrigad, sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT igi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom yofsadamianebs imad, visac is esmis da imad, visac is ar esmis. A”axalixelovneba” ar aris gankuTvnili yvelasaTvis. igi Tavidanve mimarTavsrCeul umciresobas, romlis warmomadgenlebic swored am xelovnebismeSveobiT scnoben erTmaneTs gulgril brbos Soris.Aadamiani-masa es garkveuli fsiqologiuri tipia adamianisa, visacara aqvs TviTSefasebis unari. Mmas moswons iyos iseTi, rogoric “yvelaa”da adamiani aris mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac imeorebs zogadadadamianis saxeobas. Ees adamiani yvela socialur fenaSi aRwevs. TviT e. w.inteleqtualTa jgufebSic ki sul ufro sWarboben fsevdo_inteleqtualebi, romlebsac inteleqtualis arcerTi niSani ar gaaCniaT.meore mxriv, rCeuli umciresobis warmomadgeneli uamrav moTxovnasuyenebs sakuTar Tavs da cdilobs cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos isini. igiibrZvis imisTvis, rom bolomde moixados sakuTari vali, maSin rodesacadamiani-masa tivtivasaviT mihyveba dinebas da Tavad kulturisganviTarebas uqmnis safrTxes.
190Aadamiani-masa Tavisi arsiT araTu amoraluri, aramed antimoraluria,radgan aranair wesebs ar emorCileba da amiT uaryofs yovelgvarmorals. igi Zalzed mogvagonebs egzistencialistTa “man”-s, am uferul,nivelirebul adamians, romelsac adamianisaTvis niSneuli arcerTispecifiuri niSani ar gaaCnia. gaseti swored am nivelirebul adamiansupirispirebs “axal xelovnebas”, romelic, Tavis mxriv, cdilobs Tavsmoaxvios sazogadoebas Tavisi gemovneba. Tumca miuxedavad masisadamianis kritikis samarTlianobisa, vfiqrobT, igi amaod cdilobsdaakisros “axal xelovnebas” kulturis mxsnelis funqcia da mis SigniTmoaqcios fsevdo-sakraluri sivrce, romlis wyalobiTac Seqmnis erTgvarrides masis adamianis profanizebuli sivrcisgan gamosayofad. erTiansafuZvels moklebuli adamiani ukve desakralizebul samyaroSi cxovros.Eegzistencializmi cdilobs Seqmnas samyaros iseTi modeli, sadacyuradReba Tavad adamianze iqneba koncentrirebuli da amiT sivrcisproblemas adamianis SigniT gadaitans, rac sivrcis dakargvas iwvevs. igicdilobs Tavad adamianSi Seqmnas “samalavi”. Aabsurdis filosofiaSi kidakargul sivrces absurdis sivrce enacvleba.Aadamianis survili Seqmnas samyaros erTiani modeli kraxs ganicdis,rac, Tavis mxriv, nihilizmis wyaro xdeba. Gganixilavs ra evropulkulturas, nicSe amtkicebs, rom evropuli kultura didi xaniamiiswrafvis katastrofisken, rogorc nakadi, romelic gamosavals eZiebs.nihilizmi ukanaskneli zRurblia am gzaze. swored mis gadalaxvazeadamokidebuli gamosavlis moZieba da am destruqciuli mdgomareobisgadasalaxavad nicSe gvTavazobs davfiqrdeT im idealTa Rirebulebaze,romelTa msxvrevac nihilizmis mizezi xdeba. ganmsazRvreli faqtorinihilizmis warmoSobaSi, misi azriT, aris gonebis ZiriTadikategoriebisadmi rwmenis dakargva. FfaseulobaTa ar arsebobiscnobiereba miiRweva im faqtis gacnobierebiT, rom “miznis”, “erTianobis”,“WeSmaritebis” cnebebi ver xsnian yofierebis zogad xasiaTs. AamkategoriaTa amoRebis Sedegad miiRweva RirebulebaTa sruligaufasureba _ nihilizmis ukiduresi forma. cdilobs ra daubrunossamyaros Rirebuleba, nicSe svams kiTxvas: “saidan iRebs saTaves Cvenirwmena am sami kategoriisadmi., xom ar SeiZleba uari vuTxraT maT Cvens
191ndobaze?” Sedegad is midis daskvnamde, rom im faseulobaTa mudmiviuaryofiT, romelTa meSveobiTac Tavdapirvelad vcdilobdiT raRacRirebuleba migveniWebina samyarosaTvis, RirebulebaTa srulgaufasurebamde mivediT. aRmoCnda, rom umaRlesi kategoriebi, romelTamsaxurebasac unda warmoadgendes adamianis cxovreba, rogorc“WeSmaroti” samyaros gamonaSuqi, rogorc imedi momavali samyarosi,sinamdvileSi mxolod iluziaa. Tumca, misi azriT, mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb,rom gabatonebul, “myar” RirebulebaTa gaufasurebasTan erTad evropulicivilizaciisa “istoriis dasasruli” dadgeba, usafuZvloa.Nnihilizmis nicSeanur analizs mivyavarT misi, rogorc“paTologiuri Sualeduri mdgomareobis” gacnobierebamde, romelic undagadailaxos. sakuTari idealebis gulubryvilobaSi darwmuneba samyarosSeudareblad ufro meti Rirebulebis aRmoCenis saSualebas gvaZlevs.samyaroze Aaqamde arsebul warmodgenaTa mcdaroba ar iZleva safuZvelsvamtkicod, rom mcdaria saerTod yovelgvari warmodgena samyaroze.Aamrigad, nicSesTvis nihilizmi kanonzomieri Sejamebaa evropulicivilizaciis ganviTarebisa, aucilebeli, magram ara ukanaskneli dasaboloo mdgomareoba sazogadoebisa. Mmisi azriT, nihilizmi warmoadgenslogikur da fsiqologiur wanamZRvars moZraobisa, romelic Secvlis masmomavalSi da romelic “SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod mis Semdeg damisgan”. nicSe adarebs nihilizms im avadmyofobas, romelic aucilebeliamoixado, raTa axal msoflSegrZnebamde mixvide. igi misTvis iqcevaSemobrunebis wertilad, axali drois dasawyisad, droTa garkveulmijnad, rodesac samyaros Zveli suraTi ukve aRar Seesabameba axalrealiebs, xolo axali jer kidev ar aris SemuSavebuli da adamianma aricis, Tu saiT wavides.v. emelini, Tavis statiaSi “postmodernizmi: problemebi daperspeqtivebi” nicSes acxadebs ara mxolod evropuli nihilizmis macned,aramed pirvel adamianadac, romelmac scada moeniSna misgan gamosvlisgzebi. igi wers, rom man “istorikosma uaxlesi ori saukunisa dainaxaara mxolod xvalindeli dRe _ modernis apoTeozisa da kraxis epoqa,aramed zegindeli dRec _ postmodernis epoqa, dasavluri civilizaciisgadaazrebis epoqa” (57).
192Bbolo periodSi momxdarma ryevebma Sva moTxovnileba gonsmogebisa. Ddauokebeli swrafva ganviTarebisaken, mizandasaxuli moZraobamiuwvdomeli miznebisadmi gulgatexilobad da axali msoflmxedvelobisaucileblobis SegrZnebad Semobrunda. aseT msoflmxedvelobaswarmoadgens dRes postmodernizmi, romelic, marTalia, ar SeiZlebaCavTvaloT mTeli sazogadoebis gamomxatvel msoflmxedvelobad, magrammzardi teqnologiebisa da informaciis mozRvavebis saukuneSi erT-erTmniSvnelovan tendenciad gvevlineba. amasTan erTad is ar SeiZlebagavigoT, rogorc saboloo gadawyveta Tanamedrove sazogadoebiswinaaRmdegobebisa, rasac modernis Teoriebi eswrafvodnen. piriqiT, esaris am winaaRmdegobriobis dafuZneba, sicocxlisaraerTmniSvnelovnebisa, romelic ar aris SemozRuduli umaRlesiprincipebiTa Tu absoluturi ideebiT, romlebic cdilobdnen moecvaTTavis gamovlinebebSi usasrulo realoba. Mmis simbolod gvevlinebababilonis godoli. rogorc Jak derida werda: “babilonis godoliwarmosdgeba ara mxolod enaTa aRmoufxvreli simravlis saxed, igisaCveneblad gamogvifens dausruleblobis, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas;SeuRldes, gaivsos, damTavrdes raime naSenTa rigidan, arqiteqturulikonstruqciidan, sistemidan, arqiteqtonikidan” (55, 10).Ppostmodernizmi samyaros ganixilavs, rogorc erT did teqsts,romlis daSla da dekonstruqciac xdeba sxvadasxva interpretaciulmimarTulebebSi. Aaq adgili aqvs sazRvrebisa da rideebis moSlas dasrul desakralizacias. S. bostanaSvili aRniSnavs, rom “usazRvroba,uridoba, poststruqturalisturi reprezentaciaa. igi eWvqveS ayenebsTavdapirveli sawyisis, absolutis, igive metafizikuri subieqtisarsebobas da acxadebs aRsaniSnis saxeze aryofnas (saxeze mxolodteqstia-derida). Aamdenad igi auqmebs opoziciebs da sazRvrebs (r/ideebs).rCeba mxolod aRmniSvneli niSani, romelic ukve Tavis SinaganisazRvrebiT (r/ideebiT) da orbunebovnebiT gamowveuli ko nfliqtebiTcocxlobs da moZraobs” (8, 74). rideebis moSla niSnavs, rom qrebasakraluri sivrce da postulirebuli Tanasworobis pirobebSiwarmoiSveba arCevanis gakeTebis siZnele da sruli dezorientacia.sityva “WeSmaritis” adgils ikavebs sityva “saintereso”. Aaseve
193warmoiSveba am fragmentul samyaroSi, zogadhumanistur faseulobebTanuaxlesi teqnologiebis harmoniuli Serwymis problemac.arCevanis siZneles ganapirobebs SesaZlo variantebis gazrda, rocaarCevanis gakeTeba praqtikulad gadauwyvetadi xdeba, rodesac amtkiceben,rom nebismieri miRebuli gadawyvetileba danarCenebze ukeTesi ar iqneba.amrigad, arCevanis SesaZleblobaTa usasrulod gazrda ki ar zrdisTavisuflebis xarisxs, aramed piriqiT, spobs raime arCevanisSesaZleblobas, vinaidan isini Tanabrad faseulni iqnebian. Ees kiorientirebis ar arsebobas iwvevs, auqmebs adamianis Tavisuflebas dasicarieliT imuqreba. garda amisa, Tanabari faseulobebis pirobebSi,rodesac arcerT paradigmas ar SeuZlia hqondes pretenzia raimegansakuTrebul statusze WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT, kamaTi imis Sesaxeb,rom romelime maTgani mniSvnelobdes gadaiqceva Zalauflebis SesaxebkamaTad. wesebis ar arsebobas mivyavarT socialuri konfliqtebis ZaliTgadawyvetasTan. kerZod amgvar midgomas impliciturad Seicavs liotariskoncefcia.sazRvrebisa da rideebis ngreva iwvevs sivrcis srul ngrevas,rodesac erT “saoperacio magidaze” aRmoCndebian sruliad SeuTavsebelinivTebi. miSel fukos mohyavs borxesis erT-erTi teqsti, sadac aSkaraasivrcis es ngreva. is wers: “borxesis mier citirebul CamonaTvalSi kipiriqiT, sazareli is aris, rom arsebaTa Soris Tavad Sexvedris sivrceawarxocili. is risi SesaZleblobac aq ar aris_esaa ara saganTamezobloba, aramed saerTo adgili, sadac maT damezobleba SeeZlebodaT”(81, 23). Mmisi azriT maTi ganlageba mxolod xmaSi, furcelSi da “eniszRvardaudebel sivrceSia” SesaZlebeli. “magram maTi amgvari ganTavsebiTena mxolod iseT sivrces gaaRebs, romelic mouazrebadia” (iqve) .absurdi angrevs am sivrces, sadac ukve SeuZlebelia orientacia da imfuZesac, sadac sagnebs erTmaneTis gverdigverd ganlageba SeeZlebodaT.Tavis mxriv es iwvevs enis ngrevasac, rodesac “darRveulia adgilsa damis saxeldebas Soris saerTooba”. Aamgvar usivrco azrovnebas, fukosazriT, mivyavarT “miusafar sityvebsa da kategoriebamde”, rodesac essagnebi ar lagdebian arc erT im sivrceTaganSi, sadac SesaZlebeliasaxeldeba, laparaki, azrovneba.
194Tuki biblia sityvas mis arsTan ganuyofel erTianobaSi gaiazrebsda RmerTis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi saganTa sawyisTan poeturi mibrunebaRvTismetyvelebad iqceva, RmerTis gareSe darCenili samyaro mxolodanonimuri teqstia. “amieridan pirveladi teqsti iCqmaleba da masTanerTad sityvaTa is amouwuravi maragic, romlis utyvi myofobac sagnebSiiyo moxazuli. rCeba mxolod warmodgena, romelic viTardeba verbalurniSnebSi, romlebic mas warmoaCenen, da amis wyalobiT warmodgenadiskursad iqceva. metyvelebis gamocana, romelic meore enam undagadmosces, Secvlilia warmodgenis arsebiTi unariT _ diskursiulobiT”(81, 118). Aamieridan WeSmaritebis Zieba diskursiT icvleba. Tavis mxriv esdiskursic enis obieqtad iqceva, romelic cdilobs komentari gaukeTosmas. fuko aRniSnavs, rom axla ukve aRar kiTxuloben “ rogor ambobda igiraRacas “uTqmelad”, rogor xorcieldeboda es diskursi sakuTar TavSiCaketili da dafaruli metyvelebiT, aRar cdiloben dainaxon is didiidumali metyveleba, romelic enis niSnebs miRma imaleba. Aaxla mxolodis ainteresebT, Tu rogor warimarTeba igi” (iqve).Uukve XVI-XVII saukuneebidan ena analizuri xdeba. Aamieridan igilogizirebiskenaa midrekili da kargavs mWvretelobiT funqcias.diskursTa simravlis pirobebSi, romlebic daupirispirdnen WeSmaritebas,universaluri enis SesaZlebloba, rogorc simboloTa sistemisa, romelicSeecdeboda aRedgina saganTa pirvandeli metyveleba, babilonamdelimetaena, iqca universaluri diskursis SesaZleblobad. “saubaria iseTenaze, romelsac SeeZleboda yoveli warmodgenisa da misi yovelielementisaTvis mieca niSani, romlis meSveobiTac isini erTniSnaaRniSvnas daeqvemdebarebodnen” (81, 124) . Tumca es ena gardasul dReTawesrigs ki aRar aRadgens, aramed igonebs niSnebs, sadac mTelmamoazrebadma mwyobrma unda ipovos Tavisi adgili. Aamgvar enadideologia gvevlineba, Tumca mas ar SeuZlia Caanacvlos metaena.Aam procesebis analizi Cvens kvlevaSi dagvWirda mxolod imitom,rom dagvesva kiTxva: aseT viTarebaSi ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli poeziaRvTismetyvelebad darCes da Tu es SeuZlebelia, maSin raze metyvelebsigi?
195Pperiods 1860 wlidan 1960 wlebs Soris, rembosa da celans Soris,alen badiu “poetebis saukunes” uwodebs. is Tvlis, rom kategoria“poetebis saukune” _ filosofiuria. is warmoadgens maorganizebelsawyiss gansakuTrebuli saxis azrisa, romelic SeiZlebodametaforulad agvewera, rogorc naskvi poeziisa da filosofiisa. MmisiazriT, sityva “saukune “ gvgzavnis filosofiis epoqalur situaciasTan.“poetebi” _ poemasTan, rogorc filosofiis maradiul pirobasTan.Aalen badiu aRniSnavs, rom “poetebis saukunes” igi eZaxis sakuTrivim moments filosofiis istoriaSi, rodesac es ukanaskneli iZens “nakers”(шов), anu gadaebareba anda eqvemdebareba Tavis erT-erT pirobas.arsebiTad saqme exeba:_ mecnierul pirobas (pozitivizmis sxvadasxva versiebSi daprogresis doqtrinisa);_ politikur pirobas (sxvadasxva versiebSi revoluciuripolitikuri filosofiisa);_ erTisa da meoris Serevisa (marqsizmSi, romelic gaigeba rogorc“mecnieruli socializmi”, anu rogorc gansazRvruli mecnieruli ideisada politikuri voluntarizmisa, romlis filosofiur proeqciasacdialeqtikuri materializmi warmoadgenda).Aam XIX saukunisgan memkvidreobiT miRebul pirobebSi poeziasSeuZlia aiRos Tavis Tavze azrovnebis is operaciebi, romelsacfilosofia, paralizebuli anda daxSuli Tavisi “nakerebiT” tovebsaumoqmedebels.badiu aRniSnavs, rom poezia misTvis yovelTvis rCeba azrisadgilad, anda WeSmaritebis procedurad, an warmomSobel procedurad.misi azriT, kategoria “poetebis saukune” araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs“Sesvlas” poeziisa azrovnebis sferoSi da arc miT ufro imas, rompoetebis saukune samudamod dasrulda. igi ar niSnavs, bolosdabolos,“moazrovne” poeziaze uaris Tqmas. badiu aRniSnavs, rom situaciaSi,rodesac filosofia “mikerebulia” an mecnierebaze, an politikaze,Cndebian poetebi, ufro swored ki poeturi nawarmoebebi, romlebic dgebianim adgilas, sadac, rogorc wesi, iZebneba azrovnebis sakuTrivfilosofiuri strategiebi.
196Aam SeTavsebis simZimis centri modis im momentze, rom “poetebissaukunis” poeziaSi poeturi gamoTqma aris azri da awarmoebsWeSmaritebis Ziebas. Uufro metic, is iZulebulia es azri moiazros. AammimarTebiT malarme _ emblematuri figuraa, romelic ajamebs ra 1860-ianiwlebis gonebriv kriziss, acxadebs, rom misma azrma moiazra sakuTariTavi. AamasTanave poeziis azris moazreba ar niSnavs refleqsias, vinaidanpoeturi nawarmoebi mxolod poetur aqtSi gveZleva. Mmoiazro poeziisazri niSnavs, rom poeturi nawarmoebi TavisTavad ikavebs poziciaskiTxvasTan mimarTebaSi: “ras niSnavs azrovneba?” da ras niSnavsazrovneba im pirobebSi, rodesac poemam unda daayenos es kiTxvagamomdinare sakuTari resursebidan?aseT situaciaSi poezia uneburad _ anu imis gareSe, rom es poziciaganisazRvros angarebiT, an mtrobiT, _ CaeWdoba filosofias, racgulisxmobs, rom poezia mTlianad moicavs filosofias, romlis sawyismowodebasac swored is warmoadgens, rom gaiazros drois azri, andagaiazros epoqa, rogorc adgili sxvadasxva warmomqmneli procedurebisTana-SesaZleblobisa (poema, maTema, politika da siyvaruli).Aamrigad, poetebis saukune amJRavnebs Tavis Tavs SidapoeturCanergvaSi azrovnebis maqsimebisa, poemis sakvanZo momentebisa, romelSicazri (romelic iqneba poema) miuTiTebs sakuTar Tavze, rogorcmimarTebaze anda azrovnebis msvlelobaze “saerTod”.rembo, iwyebs ra im istoriuli da inteleqtualuri programiT,romelsac is poezias miawers, acxadebs cogito-s moqmedebis vadisamowurvaze, aqcevs ra am varauds nebismieri azrobrivi Ziebis amosavalwertilad: “ar iqneba marTebuli vTqva: me vazrovneb. Uunda vTqvaT: CemiTazrovneben”. Ees ganwyoba azris gzis anonimurobisa gansazRvravsSesaZleblobas misi Targmanisa poeziis sakuTrebaSi, romelic gagebulia,rogorc wera yofierebis karnaxiT.badius azriT, poeturi qmnilebis aqsioma _ RmerTisganmitovebulobis da WeSmaritebis siZlieris arsebiT kavSirSia. Aaq azrimZime Sromis siCumeSi sufevs. aSkaraa, rom mimarTva subieqtisadmi,rogorc sxvisadmi “SenobiT”, mimarTva, romlis meSveobiTac celaniafuZnebs Tavis imeds enaze, gulisxmobs erTianis daSlas, gayofas imisa,
197rac am erTianTan mimarTebaSi imuqreboda gardaeqmna wesrigiobieqturobad. suli aRwevs Tavis eTers mxolod Sordeba ra yovelgvarobieqturs da ukavSirebs Tavis Tavs mxolod usxeulos. Ggarda amisa,istoriis sazrisis mravalferovan apologiaTa sawinaaRmdegod, poetebissaukunis poezia organizacias ukeTebs azris dezorientirebulobas.maS kidev erTxel mivubrundeT Cvens mier dasmul kiTxvas:situaciaSi, rodesac absoluti ar aris saxeze da samyaro mxolodanonimur teqstad iqceva, situaciaSi sadac SeuZlebelia poeziaRvTismetyvelebad darCes, roca is mxolod yofierebis karnaxiT Seqmnilianonimuri metyvelebaa, mainc ris Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs igi?Aalen badiu mkafio pasuxs iZleva am kiTxvaze. igi aRniSnavs, romyofierebaSi, situaciis usasrulobamde mZime tvirTiT, yovelTvis sufevssicariele. P”poetebis saukunis” poetebma moiZies yvelaferi, rac amsicarieleze modioda, sicarieleze, romelic mxolod movleniTgamoixmoba, Tundac es iyos movlena poeturi qmnilebisa. sicariele,romelic yvelganmyofia malarmesTan, romelic ambobs: “carieliasaloni”, “carielia qaRaldis furceli”. es sicariele yvelganaa,mandelStamTanac ki. Mmisi azriT, leqsis daniSnuleba isaa, rom samyarosam dafarul sicarieles mouZebnos yovelgvar saxelze maRla mdgomimadli raime saxelisa. Aazri, romelsac iazrebs poeturi qmnileba,mxolod erT normas icavs: darCes erTguli am saxelisa, miuxedavad imisa,rom yofierebis simZime, drois haerSi gamokidebuli, _ kvlav sress,mudmivad sress.badiu svams kiTxvas: “maS ras niSnavs poeturi qmnileba poetebissaukunisa?” da pasuxobs: “is niSnavs, rom Sen modixar xelixelCakidebuliam sicarielesTan, simZimis miRma, saxelis emblemiT” (49).Yyovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom rodesac poeziaSordeba sakuTar arss da wyvets yofnas RvTismetyvelebad, rodesacsamyaroSi aRara aqvs adgili RmerTis Tanamyofobas, poezia, romelicmowodebulia iqces RvTismetyvelebad, mxolod viRacis anonimurCurCulad iqceva, romelSic sicariele xmianobs.swored amgvar anonimur metyvelebad ganicdis poezias Jak deridac.Mmisi azriT, imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gasce kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris poezia, uari
198unda Tqva codnaze, daiviwyo kultura. masTanac poezia warmosdgebarogorc karnaxi, romelic unda daiswavlo, gadawero, gaufrTxilde,rogorc “xmovan biliks, sinaTlis kvals, samgloviaro zeimisfotografias. is TavisTavs nakarnaxevad eCveneba, es pasuxi, raTa poeturiiyos. Dda amitom, valdebuli iyos mimarTuli vinmesadmi, piradad Sendami,magram TiTqos vinmesadmi, romelic Cakargulia anonimurobaSi, qalaqsada bunebas Soris, gamJRavnebuli saidumlo, saxalxo da amave dros kerZo,absoluturad erTica da meorec, ganTavisuflebuli gareganisa daSinaganisgan, arc erTi da arc meore, cxoveli, gzaze dagdebului, umweogorgaliviT daxveuli TavisTvis” (56).Dderida gvTavazobs teqstis interpretaciis postmodernistulmidgomas, romelic teqstis elementebis maqsimalur dezorganizaciaSimdgomareobs. Ees teqsti icvleba sivrcisa da drois cvlilebisgaTvaliswinebiT. teqstis es dezorganizacia iwvevs sxvadasxvamniSvnelobebisa da diskursebis gamoTavisuflebas, romlebic iqceva“erT marSrutad bevri gzidan”. Aaq poezia iqceva sityvis SemTxveviTlaSqrobad raRac marSrutiT “strofisTvis, romelic mobrundeba, magramaRarasodes ubrundeba arc metyvelebas, arc Tavis Tavs da yovelSemTxvevaSi, arasodes daiyvaneba poeziaze dawerilze, warmoTqmulze,namRerzec ki” (56). Ees poezia uxilavs xdis mis matarebels, roca wyaroniSnisa rCeba mouZiebadi da amoucnobi da TviTdinebad werad iqceva,romelic ver kavdeba adgilze saxelebsa da sityvebSi. Aaq igrZnobasafrTxe, “ romliTac nebismieri avtomobili emuqreba nebismier sasrularsebas,” sadac katastrofis moaxloeba ismis. Ees poezia ar hgavs arcfeniqssa da arc arwivs, aramed zRarbs, romelic axlos imyofebamiwasTan “Zalian dabla, uCumrad, qve-ze miwisa”. Amas arasodes awers xels“me”, aramed sxva. Aaq teqsti sakuTari, xSirad misgan damoukudebelicxovrebiT cxovrobs, rac mravalgvari interpretaciis saSualebasiZleva.bunebrivia aseT viTarebaSi poezias ar SeuZlia darCes WeSmaritebisgamoxatvis saSualebad, radgan postmodernizmi amkvidrebs homogenursivrces sadac ganurCevloba sufevs, sadac qreba WeSmariteba, xoloarCevanis usasrulod gazrdasTan erTad am homogenur sivrceSi, adamianis
199Tavisuflebac. Ffuko aRniSnavs, rom adamianma, romelmac mokla RmerTisakuTar finalobazec unda agos pasuxi, vinaidan “adamiani malegauCinardeba. RmerTis sikvdilze metad _ an umal am sikvdilis Sedegadda masTan Rrma korelaciis Tanaxmad _ is rasac nicSes azri iuwyebaaris dasasruli RmerTis mkvlelis, anu adamianisa; es aris siciliTdaosebuli adamianis saxe, es aris niRbebis dabruneba” (81, 458).Aamrigad, postmodernizmi xes, rogorc miTologemas sakraluritoposis centrisa, upirispirebs rizomas, anu formas fesvisa, romelsacara aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli centraluri miwisqveSa Rero, xolo misiwanazardebi mudmivad Cndeba da kvdeba. Aamgvari centris ar arseboba kirideebis msxvrevas, sivrcis desakralizaciasa da Tavad kulturisngrevas iwvevs. aseT viTarebaSi, rodesac qreba sakralur narativTaganTavsebis adgilic ki, bunebrivia poezia veRar darCebaRvTismetyvelebad, magram es Tavad poeziis ngrevas niSnavs, mis miersakuTar arsze uaris Tqmas.Cven vcxovrobT viTarebaSi, rodesac profanuli eswrafvis mTlianadgaauqmos sakraluri. taZari, rogorc sakraluri toposi, ara mxolodaRar aris am kulturis centri, aramed profanuli cdilobs gandevnossakraluri misi ukanaskneli TavSesafridan, taZridanac ki da TavadtaZari mxolod warsulis naSTad aqcios, cnobismoyvare turistTadasaTvalierebel adgilad, xolo religiuri siwmindeebi muzeumTasakuTrebad. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi is cdilobs profanuli sakraluriTSeniRbos, Tavad sakralurSi Seitanos profanuli da sakuTar Tavzemoirgos, rogorc niRabi. is cdilobs religia religiis simulaciiTCaanacvlos, sadac sekularuli azrovneba Tavis koreqtivebs Seitans.sekularuli azrovnebiT koreqtirebuli da sekularuli lingvistikiTagebuli religiuroba mxolod sicarielis axal TavSesafrad iqceva,romelic amerikeli Teologis, langdon gilkeis terminologiiT “RvTissikvdilis Teologias” amkvidrebs.aseT viTarebaSi sakraluri akrZalul sivrceSi gadainacvlebs, sadac“moxetiale” adamiani sakralur wertilebs moiZiebs. Cven vTqviT, romtaZars samyarod liturgia aqcevs. MmaSasadame sakraluri toposis agebaSeuZlebelia adamianis monawileobis gareSe. Mmxolod adamianis
200monawileoba gardaqmnis mas locvis, martoobis da mdumarebis adgilad,adgilad sadac sakraluri dro da sivrce dabrundeba da adamianiSeqmnis RmerTis, sazrisis, maradiulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Ziebisalternatiul istorias, adgils, sadac poezias kvlav SeeZleba iqcesRmerTisgan momdinare metyvelebad, romelic anonimur metyvelebasCaanacvlebs.v. emelini aRniSnavs, rom postmodernizmi yovelTvis eridebodazogad ideebs, magram zogadaadamianuri ideebi ar aris zogadi ideebi. Eeskonkretuli ideebia calkeuli, konkretuli adamianisa, romlis gareSecmisi piradi cxovreba azrs kargavs. maTi universaluroba mxolod imaSia,rom isini CarTulni arian yvela adamianis cxovrebaSi, sxvadasxvakulturebisadmi mikuTvnebulobis miuxedavad, rasisa Tu xalxisa.acnobierebs ra, rom ar SeiZleba mTlianad gawyvito kavSiri humanisturidealebTan, postmodernuli filosofia mimarTavs religiurproblematikas. Aase axali filosofiis warmomadgenlebi, rogorebicaa b.levi, g. lardro, k. Jambe da sxv. Ppirdapir apelireben iudeoqristianuliideebis tradiciebis korpusze, xolo maTi “Teoriuliantihumanizmi” humanistur faseulobaTa apologiad Semobrundeba,romelic dasayrdens Zveli da axali aRTqmis teqstebSi eZiebs. maTiazriT, sruliadac ar aris marTebuli bibliuri mcnebebis uaryofa,romlebic kvebavdnen Sua saukuneebis da axali drois evropis sulierkulturas. rwmenis uaryofiT, RmerTis daviwyebiT, adamiani ar gaxda ufroTavisufali da rogorc levi aRniSnavs, Cven arasodes vyofilvarT isecotaTi Tavisufalni, rogorc im droidan, rodesac ukve aRar gvwams.postmodernuli yaidis qristiani filosofosi p. kozlovski kigansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs religiur ganzomilebaspostmodernistul kulturaSi da Tvlis, rom anarqistuldekonstruqciulipostmodernizmi unda transformirdes“postmodernistul essencializmad”, romelic aiRebs antikuri daTanamedrove memkvidreobidan yvelafer imas, rac SeiZleba samagaliTodda etalonad iqnes miCneuli. v. emelini Tvlis, rom maradiuli dabrunebislogikiT postmoderni mimarTavs yvelafer konstruqciuls da sworedamaSi xedavs misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis sawindars, Tumca imasac aRiarebs,
201rom manamde man unda moaxerxos Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis gadawyveta,xolo rodesac yovelive Zlier rTuldeba yvelaze ukeTesi gamosavalimartiv, tradiciul faseulobebTan mibrunebaa (57).Cvenis azriT, yovelive zemoTqmulidanac kargad Cans, rompostmoderni ar unda miviCnioT erTgvarovan filosofiurmsoflmxedvelobad Tu samyaros axal modelad. Ees ufro situaciaa,romelSic Cven yvelani erTad aRmovCndiT. Tuki adre yoveli kulturaTavisTavSi iyo Caketili da droSi monacvleobis principiTganixilebodnen, uaxlesi teqnologiebis wyalobiT sxvadasxva drosa dasivrceSi arsebuli kulturebi erTdroulad erT sivrceSi ganlagdnen,ramac am sivrcis msxvreva, cxovrebis wesis Secvla da Secvlilicxovrebis wesis dafuZnebis aucilebloba gamoiwvia. struqturalizmmascada es kulturebi ganexila, rogorc TanabarmniSvnelovanistruqturebi da maTTvis saerTo ontologiuri safuZveli gamoenaxa.postmodernizmma, romelic eyrdnoba struqturalizms, scada homogenursivrceSi ganeTavsebina isini, magram RirebulebaTa ierarqiuli sistemisuaryofam Seqmna danaRmuli sivrce. Ggansxvavebul diskursTaTanabarmniSvnelovnebis aRiarebam gamoiwvia arCevanis SesaZleblobaTausasrulo gazrda, rac, Tavis mxriv, arCevanis SeuZleblobas gautoldada maSasadame, gaauqma Tavisufleba. diskursTa TanabarmniSvnelovnebisaRiareba iwvevs aseve WeSmaritebis dadgenis SeuZleblobas. aseTviTarebaSi veRarc garkveul RirebulebiT sistemaze dafuZnebul codnisSeZenaze visaubrebT. Aamgvar codnas Tanamedrove pirobebSiinformirebuloba cvlis. Ppolitikuri TvalsazrisiT arCevanis TanabariRirebuleba ganapirobebs an srul umoqmedobas, an sakuTariRirebulebebis ZaliT damkvidrebis tendencias, vinaidan erTi arafriTaaukeTesi meoreze. Mmoraluri TvalsazrisiT es iwvevs moraluripasuxismgeblobis srul moxsnas nebismieri arCevanis SemTxvevaSi.vfiqrobT, amgvar homogenur sivrceSi araTu religiuri ganzomilebisSetana ar Secvlis raimes, sadac is mxolod erT-erT diskursad iqceva,aramed sazRvrebisa da rideebis moSlis pirobebSi sakralur narativTaganTavsebisTvis aucilebeli sivrcis gaqroba mas SeuZlebladac aqcevs.yoveli religia aucileblobiT gulisxmobs RirebulebaTa garkveuli
202sistemis primatis aRiarebas, rac am homogenur sivrces afeTqebiTemuqreba. swored amitom iurgen habermasi religiebs usasrulodestruqciuli potencialis matareblad miiCnevs. swored amitomreligiuri ganzomilebis Semotanis nebismieri mcdeloba ewinaaRmdegebaTavad postmodernizmis bunebas.marTlac, zeTanamedrove teqnologiebis wyalobiT, simulakrTacimcimSi gauCinarebul adamians ramdenad sWirdeba poezia, rogorc“adamianis umaRlesi yvaviloba samyaroSi”? anda anonimur metyvelebadqceul teqsts, romlis miRmac sicariele xmianobs ramdenad SeiZlebavuwodoT poezia? ra aris poezia? ikiTxavs derida da Tavadve pasuxobs:“ “ra aris…... ?” daitirebs leqsis gaqrobas _ kidev erT katastrofas.gvamcnobs ra, imas rac aris rogorc aris, kiTxva miesalmeba prozisdabadebas” (56).Aamrigad, poezia imdenad daSorda sakuTar arss, rom proziszRurblze aRmoCnda, magram SeiZleba Tu ara, rom Tavidan aviciloT eskatastrofa, SeiZleba Tu ara SevqmnaT sivrce, sadac poezias kvlavSeeZleba darCes RmerTisgan momdinare metyvelebad?dRevandel viTarebaSi daZabuloba profanulsa da sakralursSoris zRvars aRwevs. akrZalul sivrceSi gandevnili sakraluricdilobs daibrunos Tavisi uflebebi. sakuTar sikvdilTan mosaubreadamiani cdilobs daibrunos sivrce, sadac sakraluri SeZlebsganTavsebas, sadac SeZlebs martoobis mdumarebaSi ifiqros RmerTze,sikvdilze, maradisobaze, sulze. is cdilobs dabrundes taZarSi, rogorcsakraluris ukanasknel TavSesafarSi da liturgiis wyalobiTturistTa dasaTvalierebeli adgilidan kvlav sakralur sivrced aqciosigi, taZarSi, sadac SeZlebs gaigonos sagalobelSi gamoJonilimaradisobis dumili viRacis anonimuri CurCulis nacvlad. is cdilobsSeqmnas am CurCulis alternatiuli metyveleba, sazrisis samefo da iyosis rac aris, iyos adamiani.Mmiuxedavad yvelafrisa, adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa da tendenciebiki ar gansazRvraven mis arCevans, aramed misi arCevani gansazRvravstendenciebs. dRes es xelovnurad Seqmnili homogenuri sivrcedanaRmulia da afeTqebas elis, saidanac is aucileblad daubrundeba
203RirebulebaTa ierarqiul sistemas da Seecdeba gaarkvios: vin dgas amanonimuri teqstis miRma, sadac WeSmariteba diskursad iqceva, xoloadamiani “buridanis virad”, sadac poezia mxolod anonimuri teqstidanamoglejili citataa, romelSic katastrofis moaxloeba ismis. Eespoezia cdilobs saxeli daarqvas sicarieles im sivrceSi, sadac sityvebida sagnebi ukve aRar Seesabamebian erTmaneTs da sruliad SeuTavsebelisagnebi erT “saoperacio magidaze” aRmoCndebian samyaros gareSe darCenilsagnebs Soris, vinaidan maT ukve aRar ZaluZT erT samyarod organizeba.rogorc zemoT vaCveneT, sulieri dro da sivrce SesaZloa mravalgvariiyos da isini ara mxolod erTmaneTis Semdgom, aramed erTmaneTisgverdiTac Tanaarseboben. Aamdenad, usazrisobis, sicarielis dawarmavlobis samefos gverdiT yovelTvis arsebobs sazrisis, RmerTisada maradisobis samefo. amitom Cven brmad ki ar unda davemorCiloTtendenciebs, aramed Tavad SevqmnaT tendenciebi, romelTa wyalobiTacadamiani SeZlebs darCes Tavisufal, moazrovne arsebad da sakuTarsikvdilTan mosaubre SeZlebs poezia daubrunos sivrces, romelSic,sicarielis xmauris nacvlad, RmerTisgan momdinare metyveleba ismis.Ddaskvnebi II TavisaTvispirveli Tavi daeTmo himnografiis warmoSobis, istoriis, wyaroebis,saxeebis ganxilvas, aseve im esTetikuri Teoriisa, romelsac eyrdnobahimnografia. Ggarda amisa, ganvixileT yvela is komponenti, romelicaucilebelia himnografiis religiuri mxaris dasaxasiaTeblad. kerZod,mimovixileT himnografiis samyaro, dro da sivrce. Aaseve, enisa dasaxelis is bibliuri Teoria, romelsac himnografia emyareba. SevexeTsimbolur enasac, romelzec igi metyvelebs. swored amis safuZvelzegaxda SesaZlebeli dagveyenebina sakiTxi mxatvrulisa da religiurisurTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb qristianul himnografiaSi.
204meore TavSi Cven SevecadeT am sakiTxis dayeneba filosofiurniadagze gvecada. kerZod ganvixileT ori urTierTsapirispiroTvalsazrisi, romelTagan erTi himnografias ar miiCnevs poeziad, xolomeore, piriqiT, Tvlis, rom is flobs mxatvrul Rirsebebs da poeziadunda gaviazroT. vinaidan filosofia erTaderTi mecnierebaa, romelsacsakvlevi sagani mzamzareuli saxiT ar eZleva, davayeneT im debulebaTalegitimurobis sakiTxi, romelsac mocemuli Tvalsazrisebi Seicaven.kvlevis Sedegad mivediT Semdeg daskvnebamde:I. ar aris legitimuri msjeloba, romelic miiCnevs, rom poeziasar SeiZleba religiurisadmi daqvemdebarebuli funqcia hqondes.poeziaca da religiac erT wiaRSi, kerZod sakraluris wiaRSi Caisaxnenda didi xnis manZilze saerTo miznebi da amocanebi amoZravebdaT. Mmetic,arqaul kulturebSi poezia ara esTetikuri, aramed swored liturgiulida socialuri funqciis matarebeli iyo.II. aseve, ar unda miviCnioT legitimurad msjeloba, romlismixedviTac qristianuli xelovnebis farglebSi ar SeiZleba saubariesTetikur aRqmaze. Qqristianoba ki ar auqmebs esTetikur aRqmas, aramedaxal aspeqtsa da mniSvnelobas aniWebs mas. kerZod is amkvidrebs axal,sokratuli tipis esTetikas, romelic mimarTulia ara garegani, aramedSinagani mSvenierebis Wvretisaken. Aamgvari xedvisTvis damaxasiaTebeliaeTikur da esTetikur reaqciaTa gaumijnaoba, yofierebistranscendenturi formebis erTiani xedva, roca xiluli formebis miRmamis uxilav Sinaarss kiTxulob. esTetikuri tkboba aq religiursixarulSi gadaizrdeba. maSasadame, unda visaubroT ara esTetikuriaRqmis ar arsebobaze, aramed mis specifiur xasiaTze, rac imiT arisgamowveuli, rom Tavad am aRqmis obieqtia gansxvavebuli. UundavisaubroT ara esTetikuri tkbobis uunarobaze, aramed misSeufereblobaze religiuri miznebisa da amocanebisadmi. Qqristianulimxatvruli xatisTvis damaxasiaTebelia winaaRmdegoba gamosaxatrealobasa da gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs Soris, ramdenadac cdilobsmiuwvdomeli gadmosces misawvdomiT, usasrulo sasruliT. Aam azriT is
205yovelTvis warumateblobaa, magram warumatebloba, romelic aRwevsadamianur SesaZleblobaTa mwvervals da arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba.III. ramdenadac RmerTi ara mxolod umaRlesi mSveniereba daumaRlesi sikeTea, aramed umaRlesi WeSmaritebac, yofierebistranscendenturi formebis erTiani aRqma ueWvelad gulisxmobsWeSmaritebis aspeqtsac. Aaqedan gamomdinare, dgeba xelovnebisa daWeSmaritebis urTierTmimarTebis problema. Ees sakiTxi mWidrodukavSirdeba Semoqmedebis problemas qristianul xelovnebaSi.ramdenadac qristianuli xelovneba gaazrebulia rogorc gamocxadebiTmiRebuli saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis gadmocema, dgeba sakiTxi,ramdenad legitimuria mosazreba, romelic poezias mxolod poetissubieqturi samyaros gadmocemad da saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebisqadagebas poeziis naklad miiCnevs misi, rogorc poeturi teqstisgaazrebis gzaze. Kkvlevam gviCvena, rom qristianuli msoflaRqma sulacar aris erTaderTi, romlisTvisac poezia WeSmaritebis gacxadebissaSualebaa. Ffilosofiis istoriis manZilze mravali moazrovne sworedam Tvalsazrisze idga. ufro metic, Tavis sawyis etapze poezia warmoiSvakidec, rogorc WeSmaritebis gadmocemis saSualeba, roca yvela ZvelimoZRvreba swored am formiT iyo mowodebuli. Mmxolod grZnobadikulturis damkvidrebasa da xelovnebis mier avtonomiurobismopovebasTan erTad iqceva is xelovanis subieqturi grZnobebisgamoxatulebad. Ees kultura sxvadasxva niadagze ayenebs mSvenierebasada WeSmaritebas da yofierebas misi sulieri Sinaarsis gareSe moiazrebs.Tavis mxriv, subieqtivisturi xelovneba TandaTanobiT CixSi Sedis dakriziss ganicdis. Aamrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Tuki zogadadpoezia SeiZleba iyos WeSmaritebis gadmocemis saSualeba, maSin esmarTebulia qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo poeziis mimarTac.IV.K kvlevis Sedegad SegviZlia aseve davaskvnaT, rom qristianulixelovnebis farglebSi sruliad SesaZlebelia siaxlis efeqtis miRwevada individualobis damkvidreba. Aamis SesaZleblobas simbolosmravalplanianoba da mravalganzomilebianoba iZleva. siaxlis efeqti aq
206miiRweva ara axal-axali WeSmaritebis, aramed erTidaigive WeSmaritebissxvadasxva aspeqtis warmoCenis wyalobiT, rodesac sxvadasxva sulierdoneze myofi adamianebisTvis is gansxvavebuli siRrmiT ixsneba daamdenad, mudmivad axalia.V.G gansxvavebuli esTetikuri koncefciebis arsebobis pirobebSidgeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu ra aris is, rac miuxedavad aseTisxvadasxvaobisa poeziis wiaRSi gvamyofebs, ra gvaZlevs uflebas esqmnilebani poeziad aRviqvaT. aseT viTarebaSi davsviT kiTxva poeziisarsis Sesaxeb, vinaidan mxolod poeziis arsTan himnografiis SedarebissafuZvelze iyo SesaZlebeli mxatvrulisa da religiurisurTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis gadawyveta qristianul himnografiaSi.Ppoeziis arsisa da himnografiis SedarebiTma analizma gviCvena, romhimnografia, rogorc RvTismetyvelebis poeturi gadmocema ara mxolodSeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc poezia, aramed poezia Tavisi arsiTmowodebulic kia iqces RvTismetyvelebad, rogorc saganTa sawyisTanevqaristiuli mibruneba, rogorc erTgvari metaena, romlis wyalobiTacsaganTa arsi ixsneba CvenTvis.VI. Tuki marTebulad miviCnevT debulebas, rom poezia TavisiarsiT mowodebulia iqces RvTismetyvelebad da gaviTvaliswinebT, rommravali poeti swored ase ganicdida poezias, ueWvelad iCens TavssakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad daSorda an miuaxlovda poezia Tavisarss Tanamedrove, desakralizebul samyaroSi. Kkulturisdesakralizacia, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs xelovnebis desakralizaciasac.metaTamaSi, ironia, groteski, axali xelovnebis damaxasiaTebeli niSanixdeba. Kkvlevam gviCvena, rom modernizmisa da postmodernizmis pirobebSipoezia marTlac Sordeba sakuTar arss da prozis zRurblzeaRmoCndeba. TandaTanobiT ikargeba sivrce, sadac himnografia dazogadad RvTismetyvelebis poeturi formiT gadmocemis nebismieri nimuSiSeZlebda ganTavsebas. aseT viTarebaSi dgeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Turamdenad SeiZleba himnografia ganvixiloT rogorc cocxali poeturi
207nakadi, xom ar iqca igi warsulis naSTad? Kkvlevisas Cven vemyarebodiTdebulebas, rom sulieri dro da sivrce SeiZleba iyos ara erTi, aramedramdenime. amasTan, maT SeuZliaT ganTavsdnen ara mxolod erTmaneTisSemdgom, aramed erTmaneTis gverdiTac, rac sxva tendenciaTa SeqmnisSesaZleblobas iZleva. marTalia am tendenciebis TanaarsebobispirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs gabatonebuli tendencia, magramramdenadac adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa, gabatonebuli tendenciebi ki argansazRvraven mis qcevas, aramed misi qceva gansazRvravs gabatonebultendenciebs. Aaqedan gamomdinare, mas yovelTvis SeuZlia Seqmnas sxvatipis tendenciebi. swored adamianis aqtivoba aqcevs taZars sakralursivrced, sadac poezias SeuZlia darCes RmerTisgan momdinaremetyvelebad, rogorc cocxali nakadi poeziaSi. Tanamedrove viTarebaSidaZabuloba sakralursa da profanuls Soris zRvars aRwevs, rodesacsakraluri cdilobs daibrunos sivrce, sadac is ganTavsebas SeZlebdada miuxedavad yvelafrisa qmnis alternativas profanulisa.M Eesalternativa warmosdgeba rogorc maradiul RirebulebaTa Ziebis,adamianis WeSmariti Tavisuflebisa da sazrisis samefo, xolo im tipispoezias, romelic RmerTisgan momdinare metyvelebad rCeba, mxolod amgvarsivrceSi SeuZlia ganTavseba. Aam sivrcis dakargva iwvevs ara mxolodpoeziis, aramed adamianis gaqrobasac am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT.Aamrigad, Tu SevajamebT zemoTqmuls, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rommxatvrulisa da religiuris urTierTmimarTebis garkvevam qristianulhimnografiaSi mogvca safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom RvTismetyvelebispoeturi gadmocema ara mxolod SeiZleba iyos poezia, aramed sworedmasSi moipovebs poezia Tavis WeSmarit arss, rogorc saganTa sawyisTanmaradiuli mibruneba, rogorc dakarguli metaena, romlis wyalobiTacsagnebi axleburad ixsnebian. rodesac poezia aRar aris religiisgadakiTxva, qmediTi xsovna RvTisgan momdinare metyvelebisa, rodesacpoeti wyvets “poeti_RmerTis” xatad yofnas, poezia Sordeba sakuTararss, wyvets yofnad imad, risTvisac Seiqmna da sicarielis safarveladiqceva. rac Seexeba himnografias, is ara mxolod aris poezia, aramedrogorc locviTi RvTismetyveleba, anu metyveleba momdinare RmerTisgan
208da mimarTuli RvTisadmi, rogorc poezia-saubari, romlis meSveobiTaczeciuri samyaro gamodis RiaobaSi, aris umaRlesi poezia. Ees poeziaexmareba locvas imis TargmnaSi, rac mxolod dumilis enaze metyvelebs,rac mxolod Sinagan mzeras exsneba. is poezia ki, romelic sakuTar arssdaSorda, mxolod “gzaze dagdebul umweo cxovels” Camohgavs. masSikatastrofis moaxloebaRa ismis, katastrofisa, romlis Sedegadacorientirebdakarguli dro daitirebs poeziis gauCinarebas.MD
209daskvnebi da rekomendaciebiimisaTvis rom dagveyenebina mxatvrulisa da religiurisurTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi qristianul himnografiaSi, pirvel rigSi,saWiro iyo mimogvexila himnografiis warmoSobis istoria, wyaroebi dasaxeebi. kerZod, disertaciis pirvel TavSi SevecadeT himnografiiskvleva wamogvewyo im kulturis farglebSi, romlis wiaRSic igiaRmocenda da gangvexila igi, rogorc am kulturis organuli nawili,romlis miznebi da amocanebic Tanxvdeba zogadad qristianobismiznebsa da amocanebs. Aam kvlevisas veyrdnobodiT im wyaroebs,romlebic saRvTismetyvelo teqstebSi da pirvel rigSi, TavadsaxarebaSia Semonaxuli.vinaidan qristianuli galoba warmoadgens, rogorc saRvTismetyvelo,ise literaturul da musikalur nawarmoebs, SevecadeT misi kvlevisassamive es aspeqti gagveTvaliswinebina da gvekvlia is, rogorc religiuratmosferoSi CarTuli sinkretuli dargi. momovixileT aseve isesTetikuri koncefcia, romelsac eyrdnoba himnografia. vinaidan, amkoncefciis Tanaxmad, himnografia gaazrebulia, rogorc zeciurisamyaros mimezisi SevecadeT masTan erTad mimogvexila is esTetikuriTeoriebi, romlebsac xelovneba esmiT, rogorc baZva, warmogveCinamimezisis Teoriis qristianuli aspeqti, misi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba baZvissxva Teoriebisagan. kerZod mimezisi aq gagebulia ara rogorcmaterialuri, aramed rogorc sulieri, zeciuri samyaros mibaZva, xoloSemoqmedebis procesi gagebulia, rogorc RmerTis mier gamocxadebuliWeSmaritebis wvdoma da Senaxva, gansxvavebiT Semoqmedebisneoplatonisturi Teoriisagan. am ukanasknels Semoqmedi esmis, rogorcdamoukidebeli pirovneba, romelic TviTsrulyofis gziT aRwevsfilosofosis dones da swvdeba inteleqtualuri silamazis arss.qristinul TeoriaSi ki Semoqmedeba gagebulia, rogorc RvTaebrivi daadamianuri nebis sinergia, sadac WeSmariti Semoqmedi RmerTia, xoloadamiani mxolod mis TanaSemoqmedad gvevlineba.vaCveneT aseve, rom qristianuli himnografia, pirvel rigSi,liturgiuli funqciis matarebeli teqstia da amdenad mis mizans ar
210Seadgens vinmesTvis esTetikuri tkbobis miniWeba. Mmisi mizania locviTiganwyobis Seqmna da pirovnebis srulyofa ganRmrTobisken mimavalgzaze. himnografia unda ganvixiloT aseve, rogorc poeturi formiTgadmocemuli RvTismetyveleba, romelic warmosdgeba, rogorcsaRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis gadmocemis, ise Semecnebis saSualeba.disertaciis pirvel TavSi mimovixileT aseve sagalobelTa saxeebida jgufebi, sadac kargad Cans himnografiis liturgiuli funqcia. Aamganxilvam kidev erTxel cxadyo is faqti, rom qristianul esTetikas argaaCnia damoukidebeli da TviTmkmari Rirebuleba.vaCveneT aseve, rom kvlevisas ar SeiZleba himnografiisgamocalkeveba religiuri atmosferosgan. kerZod, is unda ganvixiloT,rogorc sakuTari samyaros mqone da im sulieri droisa da sivrcisnawili, romelSic is qmediTia da cocxali. kerZod qristianulixelovnebis samyaros Seadgens taZari, rogorc sakraluri nivTebiTkonstruirebuli sivrce, sadac liturgia aResruleba. sworedliturgia aqcevs taZars sakralur sivrced da misive meSveobiT xdebadrois ganwmenda. Gganwmendili dro, Tavis mxriv, ciklur xasiaTs iRebsda eklesiis wiaRSi wrebrunvad iqceva, sadac adamianuri myofobissasicocxlo, egzistencialuri dro, soterologiur cxonebis drodgardaisaxeba. Ddrois Zveli aRTqmiseuli koncefciis naclad, Cndebadrois axali aRTqmiseuli koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac mesiis mosvlaara momavali, aramed ukve aRsrulebuli faqtia da drois centric ukveaRsrulebul warsulSi gadainacvlebs. wminda istoriaSi gadmocemulimovlenebi, warsulica da momavalic, erT wertilSi ikvreba daliturgiul ciklebSi awmyod aRiqmeba. amrigad, taZrul drosa dasivrceSi qristianuli xelovneba iqceva miwieri da zecieri eklesiismaradiul Sexvedrad liturgiul droSi, roca zecieri miwierdeba xatSi,sagalobelSi, qvaSi, raTa miwieri gaazecieros.ramdenadac himnografia sityvisa da saxelis bibliur Teoriaseyrdnoba, SevecadeT gveCvenebina, Tu rogor gaiazrebs mas es ukanaskneli,kerZod aq igi gagebulia, rogorc arsis gamovlenisa da gaxsnissaSualeba, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs himnografiisTvis, rogorclocviTi da saRvTismetyvelo teqstisTvis. saxelis mWidro kavSiri mis
211matarebelTan, ganapirobebs locvis Zalas, xolo sityva, rogorc arsisgaxsnisa da gamovlenis saSualeba, SesaZlebels xdis, rogorcsaRvTismetyvelo codnis gadmocemas, ise mis Semecnebasac. Aamrigad, aqsityva aRiqmeba ara mxolod rogorc komunikaciis piroba, aramedrogorc RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis gamovlenisa da Semecnebis saSualebac.Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sityvisa da misi arsis mWidrourTierTkavSiri sulac ar gulisxmobs maT srul igiveobas, vinaidansagansa da mis saxeldebas Soris yovelTvis dgas adamiani, rogorcsaxelmdebeli. Aamitom saxeli gvevlineba rogorc simbolo da ararogorc arsis identuri ram.SevexeT aseve himnografiis enas da aRvniSneT, rom locva yovelTvisZvel enobriv formebs eltvis, vinaidan es ukanasknelni ufromWvretelobiTi funqciis matarebelni arian da ufro axlos dganan imenasTan, romelzec Sinagani logosi metyvelebs. Tumca, Tavis mxriv, igikidev ufro Rrma Sris Semcvelia, kerZod ki simboluri enisa. simboloTasistema gvevlineba rogorc damakavSirebeli rgoli miwier da zeciurierarqias Soris. igi, amave dros, yofierebis da cnobierebis erTianobissafuZvels warmoadgens. kerZod, materialuri samyaro, qristianulimsoflmxedvelobis mixedviT, sulieris simbolod gvevlineba. Tavismxriv, zeciuri samyaros mimezisi swored simboloTa sistemis meSveobiTxorcieldeba.Ppirvel TavSi mokled mimovixileT aseve is mecnieruli tradicia,rac saqarTveloSi himnografiis kvlevas gaaCnia, Tumca unda aRiniSnosisic, rom es kvleva filologiuri xasiaTisaa da amdenad gansxvavebuliCveni naSromis miznebisgan. yovelive zemoTqmulma saSualeba mogvcamxolod mivaxloebodiT im mTavari problemis ganxilvas, rac mocemulinaSromis mizans Seadgens, kerZod mxatvrulisa da religiurisurTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis dayenebas qristianul himnografiaSi. TumcazemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda am problemismarTebuli dayeneba da miT ufro gadaWra. kerZod, igi dagvexmara imisdadgenaSi, Tu ras vgulisxmobT himnografiis religir mxareSi.vinaidan Cveni naSromi filosofiuri xasiaTisaa, Cven arsebulimecnieruli tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, SevecadeT mocemuli problema
212filosofiur safuZvelze dagveyenebina. kerZod mxatvrulisa dareligiuris urTieTmimarTebis sakiTxi moicavs kamaTs imis SesaxebSeiZleba Tu ara himnografia, rogorc religiuri funqciis matarebeliteqsti CavTvaloT poeziad. Ffilosofiis garda arcerTi sxva mecnierebaar aris dakavebuli cnebaTa winaswari gamoZiebiT. Cvenis azriT,msjeloba imaze aris Tu ara himnografia poezia, maSin rodesac winaswarar viciT Tu ras vgulisxmobT aRniSnul cnebebSi safuZvelsaamoklebuli. Aamitom, Cvens naSromSi davsviT kiTxva poeziis arsis Sesaxebda SevecadeT gagveanalizebina, Tu ramdenad axorcielebs himnografia amarss. Mmeore mxriv, mxolod am ukanaskneli sakiTxis gadaWriT iyoSesaZlebeli himnografiis cnebis saboloo dadgena, vinaidan rac zemoTiTqva mxolod himnografiis religiuri mxaris dasaxasiaTebladgamodgeba.Kkvlevis filosofiur niadagze dasayeneblad SevecadeT Cvenimsjelobebidan gamogvericxa “TavisTavad cxadi” debulebebi, romelsacCveulebriv Cveni cnobiereba eyrdnoba. imisaTvis, rom daviwyoT azrovneba,pirvel rigSi, unda ganvTavisufldeT im yalbi warmodgenisaganTiTqosda raRac ukve viciT. cxadia, am winaswari muSaobis Catarebamxolod filosofiis saqmea da vinaidan ar arsebobs qristianulihimnografiis Sesaxeb arcerTi filosofiuri xasiaTis gamokvleva, ammsjelobaTa legitimurobis gamokvlevasac aravin cdila. kamaTi amsferoSi swored am “TavisTavad cxad” debulebebze dayrdnobiTmimdinareobs, rac SeuZlebels xdis WeSmaritebis garkvevas. CvenSevecadeT ganvTavisuflebuliyaviT azrovnebis am naklisgan da kvlevafilosofiur niadagze wamogvewyo.rogorc avRniSneT, samecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebulia oriurTierTsapirispiro mosazreba. erTis mixedviT, himnografia mxolodgaregnulad waagavs poezias, vinaidan poeturi metaforebi da saxeebi aqreligiurisadmi daqvemdebarebul funqcias atareben da am mosazrebismomxreTa azriT, ver qmnian mxatvrul-esTetikur dones. Uufro metic, isinimiiCneven, rom sagalobelSi SeuZlebelic kia mxatvruli azrivnebisgamovlena, vinaidan himnografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli poeturiformulebi ar iZleva mxatvruli azrovnebis gamovlenisa da raime axlis
213Tqmis saSualebas. Aam mecnierTa azriT, saRvTismetyvelo sibrZnis amformiT gadmocema ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos poeziad da ukeTesSemTxvevaSi ritmul prozad unda iqnes aRqmuli.mecnierTa meore nawilis azriT, himnografia poeziaa, kerZod kisaRvTismetyvelo poezia da mas mxatvruli literaturis erT-erTmniSvnelovan Janrad aRiqvams. Uunda iTqvas, rom es kamaTi ar aris axali.igi jer kidev Sua saukuneebidan iRebs dasabams da mTlianad religiurpoeziazec vrceldeba. rogorc avRniSneT, misi gadaWra mxolodfilosofiur niadagzea SesaZlebeli da amitom, SevecadeTgamogveZiebina, Tu ra “TavisTavad cxad” debulebebs Seicavs mocemuliTvalsazrisebi da dagveyenebina maTi legitimurobis sakiTxi.msjeloba, rom religiuri funqciisadmi daqvemdebarebuli teqsti arSeiZleba iyos poezia, aprioruli saxiT Seicavs msjelobas, rom poeziasda religias sxvadasxva sawyisi aqvT da gansxvavebuli miznebi daamocanebi amoZravebT.Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom poezia da religia erT wiaRSi,kerZod, sakraluris wiaRSi Caisaxnen da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi saerTomiznebi da amocanebi amoZravebdaT. religiuri teqstebis umravlesobaswored poeturi formiT aris gadmocemuli. Mmcdaria agreTveTvalsazrisi, romelic poezias mxolod esTetikuri funqciis mqonedmiiCnevs. arqaul kulturebSi is, uwinares yovlisa, swored liturgiulifunqciis matarebeli teqstia. Yyovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT,legitimurad ver miviCnevT debulebas, rom religiuri funqciisadmidaqvemdebarebuli teqsti ar SeiZleba iyos poezia.Mmeore mxriv, dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba vilaparakoT raimetipis esTetikur aRqmaze qristianul xelovnebaSi, maSin rodesacesTetikuri tkboba ara Tu ar Seadgens qristianuli xelovnebis mizans,aramed ewinaaRmdegeba kidec mas. kvlevam gviCvena, rom qristianulxelovnebaSi marTlac aqvs adgili esTetikur aRqmas, magram saeroxelovnebis sagnisagan am xelovnebis sagnis gansxvavebulobis gamo, igisxvagvari bunebisaa. kerZod, igi sulieri, zeciuri samyaros mimezisia, racuwinares yovlisa niSnavs gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis cvlilebas.realisturi xelovnebisagan gansxvavebiT, zeciuri samyaros mimezisi
214gulisxmobs simbolur saxvas, vinaidan qristianuli xelovneba eyrdnobagamocxadebiT miRebul codnas, xolo zeciuri samyaro swored simboloTasistemis meSveobiT cxaddeba.Qqristianul xelovnebaSi saqme gvaqvs yofierebis transcendenturiformebis erTian aRqmasTan. Ddauinteresebel Wvretaze aq mxolod imdenadSeiZleba laparaki, ramdenadac igi mimarTulia sulieri realobisaRqmisaken, sadac adamiani transcendenturi mSvenierebiT tkbobasganicdis. Ees ar aris matarialuri samyaros mSvenierebiT gamowveuliesTetikuri tkboba. esTetikuri aRqma mimarTulia aq materialursamyaroSi sulieri Sinaarsis wakiTxvisken, sadac mSvenierebis gancdaserTvis RmerTTan mistikuri erTianobiT gamowveuli religiurisixarulic. Ees esTetikuri aRqma emyareba imis gancdas, rom sikeTesa damSvenierebas erTi safuZveli aqvs. Kkontaqti qristianuli xelovnebis qmnilebasTan gulisxmobs aramxolod masSi gamosaxuli wmindanis an Tavad RmerTis ubralo Wvretas,aramed uwinares yovlisa, kontaqtSi Sesvlas mis arqetipTan. RmerTi aramxolod umaRlesi sikeTe da umaRlesi mSvenierebaa, aramed umaRlesiWeSmaritebac. amitom, rodesac vsaubrobT yofierebis formebis erTianesTetikur aRqmaze, ueWvelad iCens Tavs es aspeqtic. kerZod, aq RmerTi,rogorc WeSmariteba, mSvenierebis formiT arsebobs. Aamitom qristianulixelovnebis qmnileba gulisxmobs am WeSmaritebasac. Ees aris zeciurisgamosvla mis RiaobaSi, RvTaebrivi samyaros gamosvla mis daufaraobaSi.Tumca, Tavis mxriv, es gamosvla ar niSnavs saidumlos gauqmebas. RmerTiaq acxadebs Tavs imgvarad, rom saidumlo saidumlodve rCeba. qristianulixelovnebis qmnilebis meSveobiT xdeba arqetipis gaxsna da gaSuqeba.Aamrigad, kvlevis Sedegad davadgineT, rom ar aris marTebuliSexeduloba, romelic saubrobs esTetikuri aRqmis ar arsebobazeqristianul xelovnebaSi. unda visaubroT ara esTetikuri aRqmis ararsebobaze, aramed mis gansxvavebul xasiaTze, romelic gulisxmobsyofierebis transcendenturi formebis erTian aRqmas. esTetikuri tkbobismiuRebloba ki, am xelovnebis farglebSi, damyarebulia ara zogadadesTetikuri Rirebulebis uaryofaze, aramed swored mis aRiarebaze, magramSeuTavseblobaze qristianuli xelovnebis miznebisa da amocanebisadmi.
215is faqti, rom RmerTi umaRles mSvenierebasa da sikeTesTan erTadumaRlesi WeSmaritebacaa, mWidrod ukavSirdeba Semoqmedebis problemasqristianul xelovnebaSi. kerZod, dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad arisSesaZlebeli saubari axalze, originalurze, individualurze, amxelovnebis farglebSi. rogor unda gaviazroT xelovneba: rogorcxelovanis subieqturi samyaros gamovlena da asaxva, Tu obieqturiWeSmaritebisa, romlis wvdoma da gadmocemac evaleba xelovans.sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dgeba xelovnebisa da WeSmaritebisurTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. es sakiTxi mudmivad idga filosofiisistoriis manZilze da swored misi ama Tu im saxiT gadawyvetagansazRvravda xelovnebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas da zogadad misbeds. Mmeore mxriv, am sakiTxis ganxilvis gareSe ver SevamowmebdiT immosazrebis legitimurobas, romelic poezias mxolod poetis subieqturisamyaros gadmocemad da saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis qadagebashimnografiis naklad miiCnevs misi, rogorc poeturi teqstis, gaazrebisgzaze.Tu gadavxedavT filosofiis istorias davrwmundebiT, rom mravalimoazrovne xelovnebas da kerZod poezias, WeSmaritebasTan mWidrokavSirSi moiazrebs. marTalia kulturis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze,rodesac sekularulma azrovnebam WeSmariteba da mSvenierebasxvadasxva niadagze daayena da xelovneba mxolod esTetikuri tkbobisobieqtad aqcia, xelovneba da maT Soris poezia subieqtivisturi xdeba,magram es Tavad kulturis grZnobadi xasiaTiT da xelovnebisdesakralizaciiT iyo gamowveuli. Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, romqristianuli xelovneba ar aris erTaderTi xelovnebas da kerZodpoezias WeSmaritebis gacxadebis saSualebad rom miiCnevs. ufro metic,Tavis sawyis etapze is warmoiSva kidec, rogorc WeSmaritebis gadmocemissaSualeba, rodesac yvela Zveli moZRvreba swored am formiT iyomowodebuli. marTalia, sityva WeSmaritebaSi zogjer sxvadasxva Sinaarssdeben, magram Tuki poezia SeiZleba iyos WeSmaritebis gacxadeba anWeSmaritebis mSvenierebis formiT arseboba, mtkiceba imisa, rommaincdamainc qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo WeSmaritebis gadmocema ar
216SeiZleba iyos poezia, safuZvelsaa moklebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSimogviwevs uari vTqvaT mTel religiur poeziazec.SevecadeT gveCvenebina aseve, rom qristianuli xelovnebisfarglebSi, miuxedavad dadgenili poeturi formulebisa, SesaZlebeliaindividualobis gamovlena, magram ara subieqtivizmisa, vinaidanqristianuli xelovneba gamocxadebiT miRebuli WeSmaritebis wvdomisada gadmocemis saSualebaa. Tavis mxriv, poeturi formulebis Semotanagvevlineba rogorc literaturuli xerxi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rominterteqstualoba Teoriis saxiT XX saukunis bolos Camoyalibda.pirvelad swored himnografiam mogvca mxatvruli meTodi, romelicinterteqstualuri wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. marTalia misimiznebi da amocanebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba postmodernizmis miznebisada amocanebisagan, magram aqac igi warmosdgeba rogorc mxatvrulimeTodi, romelic fonuri codnis aqtualizacias gulisxmobs. kerZod, espoeturi formulebi warmosdgeba, rogorc erTgvari aluzia, anreminescencia, rogorc bibliaSi gadmocemuli fonuri codnisgaaqtiurebis saSualeba, saRvTo istoriaSi pirovnebis CarTvis mizniT. aqhimnografiuli qmnileba, rogorc hiperteqsti, aucileblobiT gulisxmobsbiblias, rogorc teqsts, Tumca am inerteqstualuri wakiTxvis mizani araesa Tu is interpretacia, an komentirebaa, aramed “RvTaebrivi gonebis”Semosva. garda amisa, is gvexmareba Sesxmis obieqtis xasiaTis ukeTgaxsnaSi, romlis cxovrebac macxovris mier ganvlili gzis gameorebadwarmogvidgeba. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, simbolos azrobrivimravalplanianoba da amouwuravoba qristianul xelovnebaSi siaxlisefeqtis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas iZleva. imdenad, ramdenadac es xelovnebacocxalia da monawileobs TviTsrulyofis gzaze mdgari pirovnebiscxovrebaSi, igi yovelTvis axleburad xmianobs mis sulSi. masSigadmocemuli WeSmariteba mxolod im zomiT ixsneba pirovnebis winaSe,ra zomisacaa misi sulieri muSaoba.Aamrigad, kvlevis Sedegad davadgineT, rom ar SeiZleba CaiTvaloslegitimurad is msjelobebi, romelsac aprioruli saxiT Seicavs pirveliTvalsazrisi. kerZod, davadgineT, rom poezia da religia saerTo wiaRSiCaisaxnen da maT erTi sawyisi, didi xnis manZilze ki saerTo miznebi da
217amocanebi gaaCndaT. Aaseve ar SeiZleba poezia mxolod esTetikurifunqciis matareblad miviCnioT. Aarqaul kulturebSi is amave drossocialuri, vitaluri da rac mTavaria, liturgiuli funqciismatarebeli iyo. davadgineT aseve, rom qristianul xelovnebaSi undavisaubroT ara esTetikuri aRqmis ar arsebobaze, aramed mis gansxvavebulxasiaTze. kerZod igi damyarebulia yofierebis transcendenturiformebis erTian aRqmaze, romelic MmSvenierebas, sikeTesa daWeSmaritebas erT safuZvelze ayenebs da materialuri samyaros sulieriSinaarsis wakiTxvisken aris mimarTuli. Ees xelovneba gagebulia,rogorc sulieri samyaros mimezisi, rac gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiscvlilebasac gulisxmobs. davadgineT aseve, rom ar aris legitimurimosazreba, romelic poezias mxolod xelovanis subieqturi samyaros,subieqturi WeSmaritebis gadmocemad miiCnevs. vaCveneT, rom qristianulxelovnebaSi SesaZlebelia individualobis gamovlena da igi sruliadacar aris moklebuli siaxlis efeqts. Yyovelive es ki miuTiTebs pirveliTvalsazrisis mcdarobaze. Tumca saWiro iyo im Tvalsazrisislegitimurobis garkvevac, romelic miiCnevs, rom himnografia poeziaa,kerZod ki saRvTismetyvelo poezia. am mizniT ki davsviT kiTxva poeziisarsis Sesaxeb.Ppoeziis arsis dasadgenad Cven uarvyaviT poetur qmnilebaTaSedarebiTi analizis gza, rogorc araefeqturi da SevecadeT migvemarTa“poetis poetisTvis” poeziis arsze uSualo dakvirvebis mizniT. Ppoeziisarsze uSualo refleqsia miviCnieT ufro obieqtur da efeqtur meTodadpoeziis arsis dadgenis gzaze. sawyis wertilad aviReT haidegeriswerili, “hiolderlini da poeziis arsi”, romelSic, Cvenis azriT,mocemulia yvela is ZiriTadi debuleba, romelic poeziis arsisgasaanalizeblad gvWirdeba. naSromSi gamoviyeneT aseve “poetis poetTa”SedarebiTi analizis meTodic da vinaidan ver SevZlebdiT erTi naSromisfarglebSi “poetis poetTa” mTeli mravalferovnebis ganxilvas, isinisubieqturi gziT SevarCieT. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeuli maTganimoicavs poeziis arsze uSualo refleqsiis obieqtur meTods, romlebicxSir SemTxvevaSi identurni arian da avseben kidec erTmaneTs, racnaSromSi damatebiTi sicxadis Setanas emsaxureba.
218Ppoeziis arsze dakvirvebidan davadgineT, rom is ara mxolod eniskuTvnilebaa, aramed Tavadaa erTgvari “ena enaSi”, erTgvari metaena,romlis meSveobiTac xdeba saganTa sawyisTan mibruneba, maTi saxeldeba.poeti is aris “vinc daarqva mraval ciers saxeli”, magram ara maTigaregnuli gamovlinebebis mixedviT, aramed saganTa arsis gaxsnisa dagamovlenis safuZvelze, rodesac sityva ubralod ki ar asaxavs sagans,aramed realurad misi Semcvelia. Ppoeziis meSveobiT xdeba ara mxolodyofierebis, aramed munyofierebis sakuTar safuZvelze dafuZnebac. amasTanigi gaazrebulia, rogorc saubari, sadac saubrisa da mosmenisSesaZlebloba erTmaneTs emTxveva. igi enas udgeba ara rogorc iaraRs,rogorc praqtikuli daniSnulebis mqones, aramed sakuTriv niSnisrealobas mimarTavs, mas aqcevs obieqtad. igi maRldeba yofiTmetyvelebaze da warmosdgeba rogorc TamaSi, riTac sxva, ufro maRalrealobaSi gadavyavarT. Mmagram es TamaSobrivi mxare mxolodmoCvenebiTia, vinaidan igi emsaxureba ara Tavis dakargvas, aramed TavisSekrebas ufro maRali realobis safuZvelze, vkargavT ra Tavs, rogorcwvrilman yofaSi CarTuli adamianebi. Ppoezia warmosdgeba rogorcsimboluri ena, romelic “miniSnebebiT” saubrobs. Ees “miniSnebani”TviTneburni ki ar arian, aramed umaRlesi aucileblobis saxiTwarmosdgebian, rodesac “Tavad RmerTebs mivyavarT enasTan”. Aam azriTpoezia uaRresad saSiS saqmianobad gvevlineba. amasTan poezia, rogorcmunyofierebis sakuTar safuZvelze dafuZneba, umaRlesi azriTistoriulia, vinaidan igi sinamdvilis WeSmariti arsis gamovlenasemsaxureba. is aris WeSmaritebis qmnadoba qmnilebaSi da amdenad, dro kiar gansazRvravs mas, aramed Tavad gansazRvravs dros.Aamrigad, disertaciis pirvel TavSi Cven SevecadeT dagvedginahimnografiis cneba da gavarkvieT, rom is uwinares yovlisa religiurifunqciisadmi daqvemdebarebuli teqstia da liturgiuli daniSnulebismatarebelia. Aamis Semdeg dadga sakiTxi: SeiZleba Tu ara religiurifunqciis matarebeli teqsti amave dros mxatvruli Rirsebebismatarebelic iyos da gaviazroT, rogorc poezia. Cven ganvixileT oriurTierTdapirispirebuli Tvalsazrisi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb da SevecadeTkvleva filosofiur niadagze dagveyenebina. am mizniT eWvis qveS
219davayeneT is “TavisTavad cxadi” debulebani, romelsac es msjelobaniSeicaven maTi legitimurobis dadgenis mizniT. rogorc aRmoCnda ismsjelobani, romelsac pirveli Tvalsazrisi Seicavda ar SeesabamebaWeSmaritebas. imisaTvis, rom gagverkvia ramdenad aris himnografiamxatvruli funqciis matarebeli davsviT kiTxva poeziis arsis Sesaxeb.poeziis arsis dadgenis Semdgom ki SevecadeT gagverkvia axorcielebsTu ara himnografia am arss, SesaZlebelia Tu ara RvTismetyvelebispoeturi formiT gadmocema iyos poezia. rogorc kvlevam gviCvena,himnografiuli qmnileba, marTlac, araTu srul SesabamisobaSi imyofebapoeziis arsTan, aramed warmosdgeba kidec rogorc nimuSi umaRlesipoeziisa, vinaidan poezia Tavisi arsiT, rogorc saganTa sawyisTanevqaristiuli mibruneba, rogorc ena msgavsi babilonamdeli metaenisa,mowodebulia iqces RvTismetyvelebad. mravali poeti poezias sworedRvTismetyvelebad gaiazrebda. Aamdenad, qristianobis mixedviT,RvTismetyveluri teqsti araTu SeiZleba iyos poezia, aramed sworedRvTismetyvelebaSi moipovebs poezia Tavis WeSmarit arss, rogorc ena,romelTanac Tavad RmerTs mivyavarT.Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqosda gavarkvieT mxatvrulisa dareligiuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi qristianul himnografiaSi, aqkidev erTma sakiTxma iCina Tavi. Tuki poezia mowodebulia iqcesRvTismetyvelebad, xom ar daSorda poezia Tavis WeSmarit arss, rogoriapoeziis bedi Tanamedrove desakralizebul samyaroSi, arsebobs Tu arasivrce, sadac poezias RvTismetyvelebad darCena SeeZleba.Aadamiani, rogorc sakralursa da profanuls Soris arsebulidaZabulobis zRvarze myofi arseba, mudmivad qmnis samyaros sxvadasxvamodelebs. imisaTvis, rom es samyaro samyaroobdes, aucilebelia isinierTi da imave warmoSobis sagnebiT iyos konstruirebuli. YTiToeulkulturas aqvs sakraluri toposi, romelic marTavs profanuls.sakraluri toposis centri sakurTxeveli da taZaria, romelicsimbolurad xis miTologemiT gamoixateba. yoveli religia akrZalvaTasistemas efuZneba. akrZalvaTa sistema ki qmnis saidumlos, dafaruls, anurides. sakraluri toposi swored am dafarulis mmalavia.
220Aabsolutis arsebobaSi eWvis Setana badebs miswrafebas rideebismoSlisken. taZari, rogorc sakraluri toposi aRar warmoadgensdRevandeli kulturis centrs. Ggabatonebuli grZnobadi kultura maTSoris arsebul daZabulobis saswors profanulis sasargeblodgadaxris. rogorc kvlevam gviCvena, poezia da sakraluri aqti erTmaneTsTamaSis sferoSi xvdebian. swored TamaSia sakraluri Tvisebismatarebeli. kerZod, mas SeuZlia identobis gamowveva. rogorc haizingamuCvena, kultura swored TamaSis formiT warmosdgeba. TamaSobrivi sulismokleba ki kulturis desakralizaciis maCvenebelia. Kkulturis esdesakralizacia dRes ukve faqtia. TamaSis pirvel mtrad haizingaTamaSis CamSlels asaxelebs, romelic amxels mas rogorc TamaSs.modernistuli da postmodernistuli xelovneba ki gvevlineba, rogorcTamaSis CamSleli. amas es xelovneba TamaSis gansxvavebuli funqciiswarmoCeniT aRwevs. kerZod, aq igi imitacia ki aRar aris, aramedmetaimitacia, metaTamaSi, romelic TamaSis CvenebiT TamaSobs da sworedamis wyalobiT gvevlineba rogorc TamaSis CamSleli. desakralizebulixelovneba ki ar malavs Tavs, rogorc TamaSi, aramed cdilobs xazigausvas imas, rom TamaSia da meti araferi. Aamas igi sakuTari saSenimasalis demonstrirebiT aRwevs. Aam xelovnebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSaniswored ironia da groteskia. Aaq xelovneba warmosdgeba rogorcironia sakralurze, rogorc farsi, sadac xelovneba sakuTar Tavsdascinis.Ddesakralizebul samyaroSi modernizmi jer kidev cdilobs “axalixelovnebis” SigniT SeinarCunos sakraluri sivrce, ride, romelicgamoyofs mas profanulisgan. Ggaseti, romelic modernizmisTeoretikosad gvevlineba, amaod cdilobs daakisros “axal xelovnebas”kulturis mxsnelis funqcia da mis SigniT moaqcios fsevdo sakralurisivrce, romlis wyalobiTac Seqmnis erTgvar rides masis adamianisprofanizebuli sivrcisgan gamosayofad. Tumca, erTian safuZvelsmoklebuli adamiani ukve desakralizebul sivrceSi cxovrobs.egzistencializmi sivrcis problemas adamianis SigniT gadaitans, racsivrcis dakargvas iwvevs, xolo absurdis filosofiaSi dakargulsivrces absurdis sivrce enacvleba. A
221adamianis survili Seqmnas samyaros erTiani modeli kraxs ganicdis,rac, Tavis mxriv, nihilizmis wyaro xdeba. nicSes azriT, im RirebulebaTamudmivma uaryofam, romelTa meSveobiTac vcdilobdiT RirebulebamigveniWebina samyarosaTvis, am RirebulebaTa srul gaufasurebamdemigviyvana. Aamdenad, es “myari” idealebi iluziad cxaddeba. NnihilizmisnicSeanur analizs mivyavarT misi rogorc paTologiuri Sualedurimdgomareobis gacnobierebamde, romelic unda gadailaxos. Aamdenad igixdeba winamorbedi ara mxolod modernizmisa, aramed postmodernizmisac,rogorc dasavluri civilizaciis gadaazrebis epoqisa. Ppostmodernigvevlineba ara rogorc winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxva, aramed rogorc amwinaaRmdegobaTa dafuZnebis mcdeloba, romelic ar iqneba SemozRuduliumaRlesi principebiTa, Tu absoluturi ideebiT.Ppostmodernizmi samyaros ganixilavs, rogorc erT did anonimurteqsts, romlis daSla da dekonstruqciac xdeba sxvadasxvainterpretaciul mimarTulebebSi. aq adgili aqvs sazRvrebisa darideebis moSlas da srul desakralizacias. rideebis moSla niSnavs,rom qreba sakraluri sivrce da postulirebuli Tanasworobis pirobebSiwarmoiSveba arCevanis gakeTebis siZnele da sruli dezorientacia.WeSmaritebis adgils diskursi ikavebs. Aam fragmentul samyaroSiwarmoiSveba zogadad humanistur faseulobebTan uaxlesi teqnologiebisharmoniuli Serwymis problemac. arCevanis SesaZleblobaTa usasrulodgazrda Tavisuflebis xarisxis gazrdis nacvlad iwvevs mis srulmospobas, rac auqmebs adamianis Tavisuflebas da absolutis saxezearyofnis pirobebSi, sicarieliT imuqreba. pirobebSi, rodesac arcerTparadigmas ar SeuZlia hqondes pretenzia raime gansakuTrebul statuszeWeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT, kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, rom romelime maTganimniSvnelobdes, gadaiqceva Zalauflebis Sesaxeb kamaTad.rideebis ngreva iwvevs sivrcis ngrevas, rasac usivrco, “miusafar”sityvebsa da kategoriebTan mivyavarT, sadac sagnebs ukve aRar ZaluZTerT samyarod organizeba. xes, rogorc sakraluri toposis centrs,postmoderni upirispirebs rizomas, anu fesvs, romelsac ara aqvs mkafiodgamoxatuli centraluri Rero da misi wanazardebi garemosTan mudmivigacvlis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. Aam dangreul sivrceSi aRar arsebobs
222sakralur narativTa ganTavsebis adgili. Aabsolutis saxeze ararsebobis pirobebSi dgeba poeziis bedis sakiTxi. am pirobebSi igiRmerTisgan momdinare metyvelebis nacvlad mxolod viRacis anonimurCurCulad iqceva, romlis miRmac sicariele xmianobs. aseT viTarebaSipoezias aRar ZaluZs darCes RvTismetyvelebad, magram es Tavad poeziisngrevas iwvevs, mis mier sakuTar arsze uaris Tqmas, ris Sedegadac igiprozis zRurblze aRmoCndeba.dRevandel viTarebaSi daZabuloba profanulsa da sakralursSoris zRvars aRwevs. sakraluri akrZalul sivrceSi gadainacvlebs,vinaidan aRar arsebobs adgili, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda sakralurnarativTa ganTavseba. is cdilobs Seqmnas am anonimuri metyvelebisalternatiuli metyveleba, sazrisis samefo, sadac simulakrTa cimcimSigauCinarebuli adamiani kvlav SeZlebs daibrunos sakuTari arsi. adamianiTavisufali arsebaa. Aamdenad, tendenciebi ki ar gansazRvraven adamianTasaqciels, aramed adamianTa saqcieli gansazRvravs tendenciebs. amitomac,Cvenis azriT, yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom man daibrunossakraluri sivrce, adgili, sadac poezias SeuZlia darCes RmerTisganmomdinare metyvelebad.Aamrigad, Cvens mier miRebuli daskvnebis safuZvelze, viZleviTrekomendacias, rom himnografiis kvlevisas ganvixiloT is, rogorc imkulturis organuli nawili, romlis wiaRSic igi aRmocenda da mivudgeTmas, rogorc sinkretul dargs, rogorc saRvTismetyvelo, literaturulida musikaluri nawarmoebis organul erTianobas, romelic CarTuliareligiur atmosferoSi. Kkompleqsuri kvlevis gareSe himnografiismxolod romeliRac Sre SegvrCeba xelSi. Uunda gaviTvaliswinoT aseveisic, rom is liturgiuli funqciis matarebelia da religiuriritualis nawils warmoadgens. Ddasrulebul saxes himnografiuliqmnileba mxolod melodiasTan kavSiris Semdeg iZens, romelic Tavismxriv angelozebrivi galobis, zeciuri sixarulis anareklia. imisaTvis,rom srulad warmogveCina himnografiis religiuri mxare SevecadeTgangvexila yvela is komponenti, roelic qmnis mas. miRebuli SedegebissafuZvelze viZleviT rekomendacias, rom himnografia ganvixiloTrogorc dausrulebeli teqsti, romelic Seqmnilia “gaTamaSebisTvis”.
223Tavis mxriv, es “gaTamaSeba” warmosdgeba ara rogorc xdomilebisreprezentacia, aramed rogorc identifikacia, rogorc sakraluri aqti,romelic Tavis dasasruls adamianis sulSi hpovebs. amasTan, is, rogorcRvTismetyvelebis poeturi gadmocema, ara mxolod SeiZleba gaviazroT,rogorc poezia, aramed swored RvTismetyvelebaSi moipovebs poeziaTavis WeSmarit arss.Cvenis azriT, Cveni naSromis ganmasxvavebel niSnad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos isic, rom igi sxva naSromebis msgavsad ar ganixilavshimnografiul qmnilebas, rogorc viwro kulturuli garemos nawils,romelsac mxolod lokaluri mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes daromliTac mxolod specialistebi interesdebian. igi mas ganixilavskavSirSi zogadsakacobrio azrovnebasTan, rogorc CarTulskacobriobis kulturul-goniT suraTSi, romelsac sakuTari samyarogaaCnia. amasTan, am samyaroSi is warmosdgeba ara rogorc warsulisnaSTi, aramed rogorc cocxali da qmediTi xelovneba. Aara rogorc Suasaukuneebis kuTvnileba, aramed rogorc nawili Tanamedrove adamianisyoveldRiuri cxovrebisa, romelic miuxedavad gabatonebulitendenciebisa qmnis alternatiul sivrces, sazrisis samefos,gansxvavebul metyvelebas. igi mas warsulSi ki ar ganaTavsebs, aramedxelovnebis Tanamedrove tendenciebis gverdiT ganixilavs, rogorc erTerTsim tendenciaTagan, romelic Tanamedrove adamians arCevanis saxiTwarmoudgeba. amisTvis ki aucilebelia arsebobdes sulieri sivrce, sadacis ganTavsebas SeZlebda, sadac is SeZlebs darCes, rogorc poeziiscocxali nakadi, romelic mniSvnelobs Tanamedrove adamianisTvisac. aseTadgilad Cven taZari miviCnieT, rogorc sakraluri nivTebiTkonstruirebuli sivrce, romelSic liturgia aResruleba. aseTi sivrcewarmosdgeba rogorc samyaro qristianuli xelovnebis qmnilebisa,romelSic is cocxalia. turistebis dasaTvalierebeli adgilidansakralur sivrced ki taZars mxolod adamianis aqtivoba aqcevs.himnografiuli qmnileba yovelTvis aRbeWdilia erTgvaridausruleblobiT. Ddasrulebul saxes, maT Soris saleqso sazomsac ki, ismelodiasTan kavSirSi iZens, rogorc religiur atmosferoSiaRsrulebuli galoba saRmrTo istoriaSi CarTuli adamianisa, rogorc
224TviTsrulyofis gzaze mdgari morwmune adamianis cxovrebis nawili.aqedan gamomdinare, is mWidrod ukavSirdeba im problemebs, racTanamedrove adamianis winaSe dgas desakralizebul samyaroSi, rocadaZabuloba profanulsa da sakralurs Soris zRvars aRwevs. impirobebSi, rodesac profanuli cdilobs mTlianad gaauqmos sakralurida es ukanaskneli akrZalul sivrceSi gadainacvlebs, gadamwyvetimniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs Tamnamedrove adamianimoiZios sakraluri wertilebi, moiZios sivrce, sadac is SeZlebs darCesadamianad, Tavisufal qmnilebad da sabolood ar gauCinardes mis mierveSeqmnil virtualur sivrceSi. Mman unda moiZios sivrce, sadac poeziasicarielis safarvelidan kvlav RmerTisgan momdinare metyvelebadiqceva.Yyovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Cvensmier ganxiluli problemebi sakmaod aqtualuria da igi Tanamedrove,desakralizebul samyaroSi zogadad poeziis bedsac ukavSirdeba,romelic daSorda sakuTar arss. jer kidev hegeli svams kiTxvas,romelic eWv qveS ayenebs poeziis Rirebulebas. Ddesakralizebul daorientireb dakargul samyaroSi is kidev ufro saTuo xdeba. Aaqedangamomdinare, vfiqrobT, kvleva am mimarTulebiT marTlac saWiroa, miTufro pragmatuli suliT gaJRenTil Tanamedrove yofaSi, ramdenadacmxolod adamianis, rogorc Tavisufali arsebis aqtivobas SeuZliaSeqmnas gansxvavebuli tendenciebi da daupirispiros igi arsebuls.filosofiis saqme swored am tendenciaTa analizia. Tavis mxriv, mxolodam tendenciaTa swor analizs SeuZlia im homogenuri sivrcis afeTqeba,romelic auqmebs adamianis arCevans, moralur pasuxismgeblobas,WeSmaritebas da mas diskursiT Caanacvlebs.raoden daSorebuladac ar unda gveCvenebodes erTi SexedviT,Tanamedrove samyaroSi poeziis bedis sakiTxi TviT adamianis bedissakiTxs ukavSirdeba. Tuki am samyaroSi aRar rCeba adgili religiuripoeziisTvis, es imas niSnavs, rom TviT adamianma Tqva uari maradiuliRirebulebebis Ziebaze, sazrisze, sakuTar arsze. Ees imas niSnavs, romTavad poeziamac uari Tqva Tavis Tavdapirvel daniSnulebaze, imaze,risTvisac is Seiqmna da sakuTar arsze uaris TqmiT, prozis zRurblze
225aRmoCnda. Aamitom, am sakiTxTa filosofiuri kvleva aucilebelia, raTagaCndes alternativa, romelic Tavidan agvacilebs “leqsis gaqrobas_kidev erT katastrofas.”M
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