470 Zveli qarTuli profesiuli musikis zogierTi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb
470 Zveli qarTuli profesiuli musikis zogierTi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb
470 Zveli qarTuli profesiuli musikis zogierTi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb
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<strong>470</strong>marika ositaSvili<strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>profesiuli</strong> <strong>musikis</strong> <strong>zogierTi</strong><strong>Taviseburebis</strong> <strong>Sesaxeb</strong><strong>qarTuli</strong> sagaloblis istoria, misi ganviTarebis gza sruliad gansxvavdebadasavleT evropis sasuliero <strong>musikis</strong> ganviTarebis gzisagan,gamorCeulia TviT aRmosavleT saqristianos sasuliero musikaSic. winamdebarenaSromi miznad isaxavs SeZlebisdagvarad ganixilos da axsnas<strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>profesiuli</strong> <strong>musikis</strong> <strong>zogierTi</strong> Tavisebureba, paraleligaavlos dasavleTis kaTolikur saeklesio musikaSi mimdinareprocesebTan. TavisTavad cxadia, rom am konteqstSi ganixileba mravalxmianobissakiTxic – <strong>qarTuli</strong> sagalobeli xom samxmiania.qristianuli sagalobeli saeklesio simboloTa sistemis erT-erTiSemadgeneli rgolia. simboloTa sistemis saSualebiT adamiani sulierisamyaros cxovrebaSi erTveba, eklesiis ritualebsa da wes-CveulebebSigadmocemuli wminda istoriis realuri monawile xdeba, amitomsimbolos aqvs mudmivi da myari xasiaTi, xolo mis garSemo Tavmoyrilimxatvruli xerxebi, romlebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, regionalurxasiaTs atareben, materialur planSi amJRavneben mas.VI saukunis bolodan aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis saeklesio<strong>musikis</strong> ganviTarebis gzebi sxvadasxvagvarad miemarTeba. IX saukuneSikaTolikuri da marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi gaemijnen erTimeores.swored am movleniT aris ganpirobebuli qristianuli galobis ganvi-Tarebis gzebis sxvadasxvaoba.rogorc cnobilia, dasavleTis kaTolikuri eklesia qmnis grigoliseulqorals. VIII saukuneSi iwyeba evropis qveynebis sakulto <strong>musikis</strong>romanizacia da grigoliseuli qorali cecxliTa da maxviliT fexsikidebs inglisSi, safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, CexeTSi, skandinaviaSi, ungreTSi,poloneTSi. gavixsenoT, rom grigoliseuli qoralis teqstiuciloblad laTinur enaze sruldeboda. es ena gaugebari iyo farTomasebisaTvis. igi, faqtobrivad, mkvdar enas warmoadgenda, radgan yofaSiar gamoiyeneboda, Sesabamisad moklebuli iyo cocxal sametyvelointonaciebs da gaucxoebas iwvevda xalxSi. kaTolicizmi sastikad krZalavdaara Tu RvTismsaxurebis mSobliur enaze Sesrulebas, aramedliturgikuli teqstebis Targmnasac ki. amitom I aTaswleulis dasasrulsdaiwyo evropaSi gabatonebuli grigoliseuli galobis deformacia.misi ganviTarebis Sinagani tendenciebi, Zalebi mTlianad daiSrita.gza gaexsna araliturgikuli, saero <strong>musikis</strong> ganviTarebas.msgavsi ram ar yofila aRmosavleTis qristianul qveynebSi. RvTismsaxurebasaqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan qarTul enaze sruldeboda.palestinis udidesi lavris damaarseblis, saba ganwmendilis cnobiT, VIsaukunis I meoTxedSi qarTvelebi wirvas mSobliur enaze asrulebdnen
471(kekeliZe, 1980:55-56). aseve Seiqmna siriuli, kopturi, bulgaruli liturgiebi.aRaras vambobT mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobaze, romelic qristianobisSemoRebisTanave farTod gaiSala saqarTveloSi. ufro metic,Targmnis procesSi qarTvelebi mSvenivrad amJRavnebdnen erovnul suls.isini iZleodnen Txzulebis ara zust Targmans, aramed mis axal ganmartebas,an redaqcias. cxadia, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sagaloblis musikaluri kanonzomierebebisaero <strong>musikis</strong> wiaRSi gamoikveTa: kilouri mxare, intonaciurisamyaro, sakadanso nagebobebi da rac CvenTvis sayuradReboa – mravalxmianobisformebi.ra xdeba I aTaswleulis dasasruls dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis,kerZod qarTul saeklesio musikaSi?grigoliseuli galoba Tavisi arsebobis dasasruls uaxlovdeba,xolo saqarTveloSi, tao-klarjeTis erT-erT umSvenieres savaneSi – SatberdSimiqael modrekili qmnis gansacvifrebel krebuls `saweliwdoiadgars~, romelSic ucxo avtorebTan erTad Setanilia qarTveli himnografebis:ioane minCxis, ioane mtbevaris, stefane Wyondidelis,ioane qonqozisZis, TviT miqael modrekilisa da sxvaTa mier Seqmnilisagaloblebi. amave krebulidan Cans, rom X saukuneSi qarTvelebshqoniaT originaluri sagalobo musikaluri niSnebi, sruliad gansxvavebuliimdroindeli berZnuli musikaluri nevmebisagan. <strong>qarTuli</strong>sagaloblis aRmavali svla grZeldeba XI-XII saukuneebSi, <strong>qarTuli</strong> renesansisepoqaSi, rodesac cxovrebis yvela sfero, xelovnebis yveladargi arnaxuli erovnuli aRmavlobiT aRiniSneba.ra xdeba evropis sasuliero musikaSi da saerTod, musikalurkulturaSi grigoliseuli galobis deformaciis Semdeg?XII saukunidan evropuli kultura viTardeba saero suliskveTebisniSnis qveS. am periodSi yalibdeba musikaluri Janrebi, romlebicdRemde SemorCa musikalur praqtikas. safu<strong>Zveli</strong> eyreba profesiulmravalxmianobas, Tanamedrove notacias, maJor-minorul sistemas, tonaluriorganizaciis principebs. minda gamovyo am periodis ramdenimemniSvnelovani monapovari da Semdeg paraleli gavavlo qarTul sasulieromusikasTan.1) sul ufro wina planze iwevs pirovneba, Semoqmedis poziciaTandaTan aqtiurdeba, farTo asparezi eZleva misi individualobisgamovlinebas.2) X saukunis bolos safrangeTSi, korbos monasterSi safu<strong>Zveli</strong>eyreba Tanamedrove notacias, romlis reformatorad SemdgomSi mogvevlinabenediqteli beri gvido d’arecoeli. notaciis damkvidrebisSemdeg melodia TandaTan Tavisufldeba teqstisagan, amgvarad isaxebawminda instrumentuli <strong>musikis</strong> ganviTarebis gza. kaTolikuri RvTismsaxurebisdros JRers instrumenti – orRani.sanoto damwerlobam safu<strong>Zveli</strong> Seuqmna <strong>profesiuli</strong> mravalxmianobisganviTarebas. notaciis gareSe warmoudgeneli iqneboda poli-
472 marika ositaSvilifoniuri xelovnebis saocari aRmavloba-evolucia XII saukunidan – palestrinasada orlando lasomde, romelTa Semoqmedebac, Tavis mxriv,niadags umzadebs baxis genialur musikas.3) <strong>profesiuli</strong> mravalxmianobis Seqmna iwvevs tonalur-funqcionaluri,maJor-minoruli sistemis Camoyalibebas, radgan, cnobili<strong>musikis</strong>mcodnis r.gruberis azriT, kilouri azrovnebis principebi,ganpirobebuli saeklesio galobis monodiurobiT, SeuTavsebeli aRmoCndaramdenime melodiuri xazis erTdroulad JReradobasTan. (Ãðóáåð,1941:465). maJor-minoruli sistema erTnairad damkvidrda mTelsevropaSi da miiRo `internacionaluri~ xasiaTi.axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra viTarebaa am mxriv qarTul galobaSi.Tu dasavleT evropis profesiul xelovnebaSi wina planze iwevspirovneba Tavisi individualuri SexedulebebiT, gancdebiT, fiqrebiT,qarTul sagalobelSi dominirebs `Cven~ da ara `me~. samxmiansagalobels qmnis sami xma, sami adamiani. TiToeuli maTganis individualurimonacemebi, niWi, vlindeba saerTo saqmis qmnadobaSi,saeklesio simbolos gansxeulebaSi, erTi mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi.swored samis erTsaxeobad Camoyalibebis procesSi aRwevs gasaocarsimaRles qarTveli kacis musikaluri azrovneba. aq avtoris individualurikoncefcia yovelTvis koleqtiuri cnobierebis Semadgenelinawilia. es saocari fenomeni mkafiod aris amotvifruli qarTulgenetikur kodSi. marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi kompozitor-himnografsTavisi talanti cota sxvagvarad unda gamoemJRavnebina – axali undaSeeqmna tradiciuli hangebisagan, unda moeZebna hangTa axali kombinacia,miesadagebina isini axali ritmebisaTvis, nacnobi melodiebisaganunda warmoeqmna axali musikaluri formebi da a.S. qarTulma sagalobelmabolomde misdia esTetikur principebs, Camoyalibebuls adreuletapze, rodesac nebismieri axali nawarmoebi iqmneboda, upirvelesyovlisa, tradiciis farglebSi, xolo avtoris piradi iniciativamJRavndeboda tradiciis variantulobaSi. amitom tradicia qarTulsasuliero musikaSi erTgvari kanonia. es kanoni vrceldeba mravalxmianobisformebze, xmaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis principebze, aqedangamomdinare harmoniaze, akordikaze.qarTul sagalobelTa pirveli sanoto xelnawerebi da krebulebiSeiqmna XIX saukunis bolos da sagulisxmoa Semdegi: isini Seqmnesara profesionalma kompozitorebma, aramed im sagvareuloTa warmomadgenlebma,romlebmac saukuneebis manZilze Semounaxes STamomavlobas<strong>qarTuli</strong> galobis tradiciebi. amgvarad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sagalobeli tradiciulobisCarCoSi cocxlobda da viTardeboda. es asec unda yofiliyo,radgan marTlmadidebloba mxolod dogmatikis siwmindes rodiniSnavs, aramed RvTismsaxurebis siwmindes da ritualebis tradicionalizmsac.niSandoblivia Semdegi garemoebac. Tavdapirvelad aRmosavleTi-
<strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>profesiuli</strong> <strong>musikis</strong><strong>zogierTi</strong> <strong>Taviseburebis</strong> <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>473sa da dasavleTis saeklesio musika yalibdeboda musikaluri praqtikidanmomdinare kiloebis safuZvelze. kilos specifikur saxes qmnidnenhangebi, intonaciebi. yvelaze gavrcelebul, damaxasiaTebel motivebs,dakavSirebuls garkveul himnebTan, axali melodiebis Seqmnisdros nimuSebad iyenebdnen, e.i. isini iZendnen modelebis mniSvnelobas.yvela xalxis Semoqmedebis istoriuli ganviTarebis manZilze Seiqmnagarkveuli raodenoba melodiuri stereotipebisa, romlebic adamianTaSegnebaSi Camoyalibda formulebis saxiT. rvaxmis sistemis sakompoziciosistemamac es principi daido safuZvlad. mrevls esmodanacnobi, magram varirebuli musikaluri frazebi, romlebic erTmaneT-Tan dakavSirebulni iyvnen axal-axali gadasvlebiT.<strong>qarTuli</strong> sagalobeli darCa kilouri azrovnebis am stadiaze, evropuli<strong>profesiuli</strong> musika ki gascda am stadias, masSi TandaTan gabatondatonalur-funqcionaluri sistema, da rogorc b. asafievi aRniSnavs,evropuli musika eyrdnoba `erTian kilos~ ori mixrilobiT –maJoruliT da minoruliT. amgvarad, monodiuri galobis sayrdeni kilouriazrovneba dairRva da evropulma profesiulma mravalxmianobamdaamkvidra maJor-minoruli sistema (Àñàôüåâ, 1971:229). qarTulgalobaSi es problema arc Seqmnila, radgan odiTgan arsebuli mravalxmianobadRemde myarad efuZneba xalxur kilour azrovnebas.evropuli <strong>profesiuli</strong> mravalxmianobis Semdgom aRmavlobas xeliSeuwyo notaciis Seqmnam. <strong>qarTuli</strong> sagaloblis sanoto sistemaze dafiqsirebaki mxolod XIX saukunis bolos moxerxda, Tumca amis gamomravalxmianobis mravalsaukunovan tradicias araferi dahklebia. qar-Tveli kacisTvis mravalxmianoba imdenad sisxlxorceuli movlenaa, rombolo dromde mgaloblisaTvis erTi, wamyvani xmis aRnusxvac sakmarisiiyo. amis damadasturebelia cnobili mgaloblebis mier mowodebulicnobebi (kereseliZe, Q-84, 38; xundaZe, f. 16/43; karbelaSvili v., 1898. f.199).agreTve is TvalsaCino faqti, rom uxvad gvxvdeba sanoto krebulebida xelnawerebi, romlebSic sagaloblis mxolod erTi-pirveli xmaa dafiqsirebuli.meore xmisa da banis Sewyoba problemas ar warmoadgenda.yvela mecnieri, vinc ki <strong>qarTuli</strong> sagaloblis musikaluri aRnagobissakiTxs Seexo, meore xmis wamyvan, warmmarTvel mniSvnelobaze miu-TiTebda (Àðàêèøâèëè, 1905:332; CijavaZe, 1967:78; javaxiSvili, 1990:305 dasxv.). meore xma marTlac gamoirCeva melodiuri naxazis gamomsaxvelobiT,moqnilobiT, magram intonaciurma analizma da calkeul xmaTa funqciisSeswavlam metad saintereso da mniSvnelovan daskvnamde mimiyvana.aRmoCnda, rom sagalobelSi konstruqciuli RerZis da, Tu SeiZlebaiTqvas, erTgvari cantus firmus-is rols pirveli xma asrulebs. sworedpirveli xmis intonaciuri formulebi aRmoCnda yvelaze myari, stabiluri.es formulebi qmnian melodiur jaWvs. danarCeni xmebi pirvelxmasTan axdenen koordinacias, aqedan gamomdinare, harmonizaciis maorientirebelipirveli xmaa.
474 marika ositaSviliminda Sevexo kidev erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas. rogorc aRvniSne,jer kidev X saukuneSi qarTvelebs hqondaT originaluri sagalobomusikaluri niSnebi, romlebic TandaTanobiT daviwyebas iqnen micemulni.XVII saukunidan maT sanacvlod damkvidrdnen e.w. `Wrelebi~.imis magier, rom sagaloblis hangi musikaluri niSnebiT aReniSnaT,WrelebiT Semkul krebulebSi aRwerilia, Tu sagaloblis romeli nawiliras miagavs, an ras warmoadgens. Wrelebi Zalian Sors iyvnenmusikaluri masalis zusti fiqsaciisagan da XX saukunemde sagaloblebifaqtiurad zepiri tradiciiT gadadiodnen Taobidan TaobaSi. dro-Ta ganmavlobaSi sagalobelma SeiZina xalxuri simRerisaTvis damaxasiaTebelisxva niSnebic: anonimuroba da variantuloba da ufro metaddauaxlovda mas. siaxlove ki xalxur simRerasa da sagalobels odiTganvehqondaT. mravalsaukunovani Tanaarsebobis manZilze isini zegavlenasaxdendnen erTmaneTze, avsebdnen, amdidrebdnen, Tavis ganumeorebelmadls scxebdnen erTmaneTs. sagulisxmoa, rom grigoliseuliqorali ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli kultTan, kaTolikuri liturgikisgareSe igi warmoudgenelia. bizantiuri sagaloblebis garkveulijgufi ki sruldeboda imperatoris karze sazeimo ceremoniebisdros, JRerda ipodromze, quCaSi msvlelobisas da a.S. saqarTveloSicdamkvidrda es tradicia, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sagalobelic amSvenebda mefissasaxlis nadims. didebulTa ojaxebis mejliszec jer saeklesiogalobiT tkbebodnen da Semdeg saero simReriT. cnobili mgaloblebiimavdroulad xalxuri simReris ubadlo Semsruleblebic iyvnen. meoremxriv, eklesiaSi mefidan dawyebuli ukanasknel glexkacamde yvelagalobda (karbelaSvili p., 1898:29-30).TandaTanobiT galobaSi Tavi iCina dialeqturma diferenciaciam,rac esoden TvalsaCinoa xalxur sasimRero SemoqmedebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,Seiqmna <strong>qarTuli</strong> galobis ori areali – qarTl-kaxuri daimerul-guruli galoba. galobis ganviTarebaze ukve did gavlenasaxdens adgilobrivi tendenciebi, saSemsruleblo praqtikis Tavisebureba.Tumca qarTl-kaxuri da imerul-guruli sada kilos sagaloblebiimdenad axlos dganan erTmaneTTan, rom Tavisuflad SeiZlebagalobis zogad<strong>qarTuli</strong> fuZe enis dadgena.ganvlo ra ganviTarebis Taviseburi gza, qarTulma sagalobelmaesTetikuri funqciac SeinarCuna, igi dResac aRZravs emociebs, misimravalxmianobis daxvewili formebi aRafrTovaneben msmenels. sworedes momenti – si<strong>Zveli</strong>s ardaZveleba aris ukvdavebis utyuari niSani. daTu qarTul sagalobelSi umaRles rangSia ayvanili tradiciebisadmierTguleba, gasaocaria is dauSreteli, amouwuravi Sinagani impulsebi,ganviTarebis Sinagani tendenciebi, romlebic acocxleben da anviTarebensagalobels, axal-axal Zalasa da energias mateben, Signidanasxivosneben mas. aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT saukuneTa manZilze wmindamamaTa naazrevi, mSvenivrad ganzogadebuli arqimandrit rafaelis
<strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>profesiuli</strong> <strong>musikis</strong><strong>zogierTi</strong> <strong>Taviseburebis</strong> <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>475naSromSi: `dasavleTi qmediTi sawyisis ganxorcielebaa, aRmosavleTimWvretelobiTi cxovrebisken aris midrekili. dasavleTi mTlianademociebsaa ayolili, moZraobasa da dinamikaSi arsebobs, aRmosavleTi sakuTarTavSia CaZiruli, TiTqos Tvals ver wyvets Tavis wiaRSi damarxulsaunjes. dasavleTi eZiebs, utevs, SemarTuli da gatacebulia; aRmosavleTiki inaxavs. dasavleTs miwa uyvarda da zecaSic miwiersxedavda, aRmosavleTs zeca uyvarda da miwierSic zeciur simboloebsWvretda – warmavalSi igi maradiuls eZebda~ (karelini, 1994:17). zemoTqmuliganmartavs yvela im process, romelzec gvqonda saubari.damowmebuli literaturaarayiSvili, dimitri. (1925). <strong>qarTuli</strong> musika. quTaisi: adgilobrivi meurneobisstamba.karbelaSvili, vasil. (1898). qarTl-kaxuri galobis meore nawilis winasityvaoba.xelnaweri. inaxeba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZissax. xelnawerTa institutSi. v. karbelaSvilis piradi fondi N199.karbelaSvili, polievqtos. (1898). <strong>qarTuli</strong> saero da sasuliero kiloebi.istoriuli mimoxilva. tfilisi: stamba eq. iv. xelaZisa.karelini, arqimandriti rafaeli. (1994). saubrebi marTlmadideblobaze.Tbilisi: kidevac daizrdebian.kekeliZe, korneli. (1980). <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoria. t. I. Tbilisi:mecniereba.kereseliZe, eqvTime. istoria <strong>qarTuli</strong> saeklesio sagaloblebis notebzedgadaRebisa. xelnaweri. inaxeba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZissax. xelnawerTa institutSi. fondi Q 840.CijavaZe, oTar. (1967). <strong>qarTuli</strong> galobis Wrelebi. sabWoTa xelovneba,12:75-79.xundaZe, raJden. Sexvetiliani. didi paraskevis ciskris sagaloblebi. xelnaweri.inaxeba saqarTvelos xalxuri Semoqmedebis respublikur saxlSi.r. xundaZis fondi 16/43.javaxiSvili, ivane. (1990). <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>musikis</strong> istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.Tbilisi: xelovneba.Àðàêèøâèëè (Àðàê÷èåâ), Äèìèòðèé. (1905). Êðàòêèé î÷åðê ðàçâèòèÿ ãðóçèíñêîé, êàðòàëèíîêàõåòèíñêîé,íàðîäíîé ïåñíè ñ ïðèëîæåíèåì íîòíûõ ïðèìåðîâ 27 ïåñåí â íàðîäíîéãàðìîíèçàöèè. Î ãðóçèíñêîé äóõîâíîé íàðîäíîé ìóçûêå ñ ïðèëîæåíèåì íàïåâîâ íà ëèòóðãèèñâ. Èîàííà Çëîòîóñòîãî ó ãðóçèí Òèôëèññêîé ãóáåðíèè. Ìîñêâà: Òèïîãðàôèÿ Ê. Ë. Ìåíüøîâà.Àðàêèøâèëè (Àðàê÷èåâ), Äèìèòðèé. (1916). Ìóçûêàëüíî-ýòíîãðàôè÷åñêèå î÷åðêè ãðóçèíñêîéíàðîäíîé ìóçûêè. Ìîñêâà: Òèï. Ã. Ëèññíåðà è Ä. Ñîáêî.Àñàôüåâ, Áîðèñ. (1971). Ìóçûêàëüíàÿ ôîðìà êàê ïðîöåññ. Êí. I è II. Èçäàíèå 2-å. Ëåíèíãðàä:Ìóçûêà.Ãðóáåð, Ðîìàí. (1941). Èñòîðèÿ ìóçûêàëüíîé êóëüòóðû. Iò. 2÷àñòü. Ìîñêâà: Ãîñìóçèçäàò.
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