2011 Tbilisi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiklasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis institutiprograma "logosi"publikaciebi da RonisZiebebi klasikuri filologiis,bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis sferoSi2011Tbilisi

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and EthnologyCaucasian and Near EasternStudiesXIVNana Khazaradze anniversary volumeedited by Irene Tatišvili, Manana Hvedelidze,Levan GordezianiTbilisi2011

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutikavkasiuraxloaRmosavlurikrebuliXIVnana xazaraZis saiubileodTbilisi2011

edaqtorebi:irine tatiSvilimanana xvedeliZelevan gordeziani© programa "logosi", 2011ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 13,Tbilisi 0179tel. 25-02-58, faqsi 22-11-81el. fosta: logos@greekstudies-tsu.geISBN 978-9941-437-03-8

f f “nu-za d UTU URU Arinna ziki-ya mukeškiut ANA NANNA GAŠAN-NI aššu-linešut TI-tar attulatar innarawatar ŠA EGIR.UD MI dušgarattanMU.KAM GÍD.DA-ya peškiarinas mzis qalRmerTo, Sen mogixmobT! nanas, Cvens qalbatons,sikeTe mouvline! sicocxle, janmrTeloba, simxneve, momavalSisixaruli da dRegrZeloba uboZe!

manana xidaSelisarCevinana xazaraZe _ 80 ...................................................................................................................... 12Manana KhidasheliNANA KHAZARADZE _ 80 ................................................................................ 25nana xazaraZe. 1951-2011 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis sia.........28nino abakeliamisteriuli religiebis kvali qarTul miToritualursistemaSi .............................................................................................................................................47Nino AbakeliaTHE TRACES OF MYSTERIOUS RELIGIONS IN GEORGIANMYTHIC-RITUAL SYSTEM.................................................................................. 60SoTa asaTianiurartus saxelmwifo da qarTveluri tomebiZv. w. I aTaswleulSi................................................................................................................62Shota AsatianiURARTU AND KARTWELIAN TRIBESIN THE 1 ST MILLENNIUM B.C. ............................................................................ 76nana baxsolianiborblis semantikuri kodisaTvis ieroglifur luviurdamwerlobaSi.................................................................................................................................77Nana BakhsolianiON THE SEMANTIC CODE OF THE WHEEL IN THE HIEROGLYPHICLUWIAN SCRIPT ................................................................................................... 81Tamaz gamyreliZeZveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis tipologia dawarmomavloba.................................................................................................................................82nodar lomourisaqarTvelos da bizantiis kulturul urTierTobaTazogierTi aspeqti....................................................................................................................... 121Nodar LomouriSEVERAL ASPECTS OF CULTURAL RELATIONS BETWEENGEORGIA AND BYZANTIUM............................................................................ 1299

lia meliqiSvilixelis simbolikisaTvis saqorwilo ritualSi ................................................131Lia MelikishviliON HAND SYMBOLICS IN MARRIAGE RITUAL ........................................... 139nino mindaZenana xazaraZe da qarTuli eTnologiis problemebi................................ 141Nino MindadzeNANA KHAZARADZE AND THE PROBLEMSOF GEORGIAN ETHNOLOGY............................................................................ 146Давид МусхелишвилиГРУЗИНО-ДАГЕСТАНСКИЕ КУЛЬТУРНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕСВЯЗИ В РАННЕМ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЕ............................................................ 147David MuskhelishviliGEORGIAN-DAGHESTANIAN CULTURAL-HISTORICAL RELATIONSIN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES ......................................................................... 151paata ramiSviliqanesis savaWro organizacia `qarumi~ da Tavisufali sabazroekonomika Zveli anatoliis saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi ........................... 152Paata RamishviliTRADING ORGANIZATION OF KĀRUM KANIŠ AND FREE MARKETECOMOMY IN THE INTERNATIONAL ANATOLIAN TRADE...................... 165irine tatiSvili, levan gordezianikidev erTxel xeTur-qarTuli paralelebis Sesaxeb ...............................167Irene Tatišvili, Lewan GordesianiNOCHMALS ZU DEN HETHITISCH-KARTWELISCHEN PARALLELEN..... 176konstantine ficxelauriior-alaznis ormdinareTis brinjao-rkinis xanis sazogadoebisgansaxlebis zogierTi aspeqti....................................................................................... 181Konstantin PitskhelauriSOME ASPECTS OF POPULATING IORI-ALAZANI BASININ THE BRONZE-IRON AGE .............................................................................. 191maia quTaTelaZecxenis kulti da misi simbolika miTraizmSi....................................................19810

Maia KutateladzeTHE HORSE CULT AND ITS SYMBOLIC IN MITHRAISM ............................ 205jemal SaraSeniZeZveli Suamdinaruli teritoriuli Temis struqtura dammarTvelobis organoebi maniSTuSus obeliskiscnobaTa mixedviT......................................................................................................................206Jemal SharashenidzeTERRITORIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF ANCIENTMESOPOTAMIA AND GOVERNMENT ACCORDINGTO INFORMATION OF MANISHTUSHU OBELISK ........................................ 217giorgi WeiSvili`oseTidan~ `samxreT oseTamde~: rogor icvleboda eTnikurigeografia politikur geografiad ...........................................................................218George TcheishviliFROM `OSSETIA~ TO `SOUTH OSSETIA~: HOW THE ETHNICGEOGRAPHY WAS CHANGED TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY .................... 232manana xvedeliZeras niSnavs maneTonis `dinastia~?.............................................................................234Manana HvedelidzeWHAT DOES THE “DYNASTY” OF MANETHO MEAN? ............................... 26011

nana xazaraZe _ 80gamoCenili qarTveli mecnieri, yvelasaTvis Zvirfasi dasayvareli qalbatoni nana xazaraZe, TbilisSi, qarTuli inteligenciiserT-erT gamorCeul ojaxSi, 1931 wlis 4 Tebervalsdaibada. misi mama, farTod ganaTlebuli vladimer xazaraZecnobili urologi iyo, xolo deda – SesaniSnavi qalbatoniTina – stomatologi. warmatebuli eqimia nanas Zmac –daviT xazaraZe.nana Tbilisis me-18 skolaSi Seiyvanes. SeiZleba iTqvas,rom mas bedma gauRima – im klasSi SesaniSnavi bavSvebi swavlobdnen,romelTagan Semdgom bevri cnobili mecnieri gaxda.skolas nanam uaRresad Tbili mogoneba uZRvna – `pirveladiyo skola~, sadac aRwera skolaSi Seqmnili garemo dasiyvaruliT moixsenia Tavisi pedagogebi. bavSvobaSi nana gatacebiTwerda zRaprebs, inglisuridan Targmnida baironis,xolo rusulidan – puSkinis da severianinis leqsebs.nanas rogorc mecnieris da, vityodi, pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSididi roli ekuTvnis qalbaton irine miqelaZes.mis xsovnas nanam SesaniSnavi mogoneba uZRvna. swored masTan,maSindel pionerTa da moswavleTa sasaxleSi, mividnen nanada misi megobrebi – elene (fosiko) cagareiSvili, eka privalova,marine kecxoveli, laSa janaSia, kiazo ficxelauri,Teimuraz sayvareliZe, guram Tofuria, Tamaz WilaZe da sxv.swored aq Seiyvara nanam saqarTvelos istoria, swored aqgaiazra da gaiTavisa, Tu rogori pasuxismgeblobiT unda emsaxurebodespirovneba Tavis saqmesa da Tavis qveyanas da esgancda man dRemde SeinarCuna. pionerTa sasaxleSi, moswavleTarespublikur konferenciaze 1947 wels waikiTxa nanamTavisi pirveli moxseneba `akademikos simon janaSias brZolasaqarTvelos istoriis falsifikatorTa winaaRmdeg~.skola nanam oqros medalze daamTavra da swavla Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis istoriis fakultetze ganagrZo.masTan erTad swavlobdnen e. cagareiSvili, e. privalova, m.kecxoveli, l. janaSia, k. ficxelauri, g. nemsaZe, n. asaTiani dasxv. isini ismendnen s. yauxCiSvilis, g. Citaias, g. nioraZis, g.gozaliSvilis, S. mesxias, r. xaraZis, m. lorTqifaniZis, o. jafariZis,T. yauxCiSvilis leqciebs. nana aqtiurad Caeba studentTasamecniero sazogadoebis muSaobaSi. studentTa samec-12

niero konferenciebze wakiTxulma misma moxsenebebma profesor-maswavlebelTamowoneba daimsaxura.jer kidev studenti nana xazaraZe colad gahyva SemdgomSicnobil eqims, vaxtang fifias, qarTuli medicinis legendis,egnate fifias vaJs. es tradicia ojaxSi dResac grZeldeba. nanasufrosi vaJi goga da SviliSvilebi TinaTini da irakliwarmatebiT moRvaweoben medicinis sferoSi. qveyanas erTgulademsaxurebian umcrosi vaJi nika da SviliSvili nana.1952 wels nana da vaxtangi moskovs gaemgzavrnen – nanam swavlamoskovis m. lomonosovis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetisZveli istoriis kaTedraze gaagrZela. ismenda im periodisTvalsaCino mecnierebis v. avdievis, g. rederis, k. zilinis, v.sokolovis leqciebs. moskovSi Seiswavla man aqaduri, urartuli,ZvelberZnuli da laTinuri enebi. nanas sadiplomo naSromis_ `urartus sagareo politika Zv. w. VIII s.~ _ xelmZRvaneliakademikosi v. avdievi iyo. naSromma umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxurada gamosaqveyneblad iqna rekomendirebuli.Tavis recenziaSi akademikosi v. avdievi werda: `Дипломнаяработа студентки Н.В. Хазарадзе посвящена очень интересной иисторически важной теме, политическим взаимоотношениям государстваУрарту с соседними странами, в частности с Ассирией. В данной работестудентка Хазарадзе прекрасно использовала все доступные ейисточники, которые она смогла внимательно изучить, так-как за времясвоего пребывания на историческом факультете, она осовательно изучилаурартский язык. Таким образом, работа Хазарадзе, основана натщательном изучении первоисточников, что особенно повышает ееценность. При изучении урартских надписей Хазарадзе проявила самыйстрогий критицизм и обнаружила умение критически использовать дажетрудные древневосточные надписи. Одновременно с этим Хазарадзехорошо использовала также и античных авторов, труды которых ей былидоступны, так-как она хорошо овладела греческим языком. Работа Хазарадзеобнаружила очень хорошее знание литературы вопроса, которуюавтор использовал с достаточной полнотой и вполне критически.В своей интересной дипломной работе Хазарадзе сделала вполнесамостоятельные целый ряд исторически важных выводов и доказала темсамым свои способности к самостоятельной научно-исследовательскойработе в области исторической науки.Поэтому я считаю, что дипломную работу Хазарадзе следует оценитьв качестве отличной работы.”13

ecenzenti profesori g. rederi aRniSavda: `Дипломная работаН.В. Хазарадзе по своему содержанию гораздо шире тойтематики, которая предусмотрена заглавием.Автор рассматривает ход военных действий и дипломатическиесношения Урарту с другими государствами на широком фоне экономическогоразвития и социальных отношений, характерных для определенногоэтапа истории древневосточного рабовладельческогообщества. Внешняя политика все время тесно увязывается с внутренней.Н.В. Хазарадзе собрала обширный материал. В первую очередь еюбыли использованы урартские клинописные надписи, которые онапереработала в подлинниках. Для сравнения широко привлекаютсяассирийские летописи, списки эпонимов, а отчасти также данные античныхавторов и, наконец, археологические материалы. Очень многовнимания уделено исторической географии Передней Азии. Н.В.Хазарадзе детально анализирует спорные вопросы, приводя убедительныеаргументы в пользу своей точки зрения. Оценка дипломнойработы – отлично.~samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, 1957 wlis dekemberSi nanamivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiisinstitutis, akademikos g. meliqiSvilis mier daarsebul,Zveli istoriis ganyofilebaSi daiwyo muSaoba. am dros ganyofilebiswevrebi SemdgomSi kargad cnobili Zveli istoriisSesaniSnavi mkvlevrebi – qalbatoni m. inaZe, batonebi gr. giorgaZe,e. menabde, l. janaSia, d. xaxutaiSvili, n. lomouri iyvnen.swored aq, am ganyofilebaSi Camoyalibda nana rogorc mecnieri,aq ganvlo man samecniero moRvaweobis yvela safexuri – laborantidanZveli istoriis ganyofilebis gamgis Tanamdebobamde. aqdaicva man rogorc sakandidato, ise sadoqtoro disertaciebi.uaRresad farToa nana xazaraZis samecniero kvlevaTaspeqtri. rogorc TviTon nana wers, mis kvlevaTa sferoebswarmoadgens: samxreT kavkasiis eTnokulturuli da politikuriistoria, axlo aRmosavleTis eTnokulturuli dapolitikuri istoria, samxreT evropis qveynebis eTnokulturulida eTnopolitikuri istoria, Tanamedrove istoriiskonfliqtologiuri aspeqtebi.kvlevis am oTx sferoSi, uamravi, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuliurTulesi problemaa dasmuli, Seswavlili, gaanalizebulida gadaWrili – saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTnopolitikuriproblemebi, uZvelesi qarTveluri tomebis, mosxebi-14

mesxebis istoria, `arian-qarTlisa~ da mosxikes identifikacia,mosxuri mTebisa da `mosxikes~ lokalizacia, tibarenebisa damatienebis istoria, qarTuli teqnikuri terminologia, ZvelaRmosavlurieTnokulturuli samyaro, `cixia goras~ kramitzedadasturebuli numeraciis ionuri sistema, wminda xis kultisaqarTveloSi, Zveli winaaziuri cxovelTa samyaros, nagebobebis,vazis, puris TavTavis, mzis, cis, ricxviTi saxelebis amsaxveliluviuri ieroglifebis interpretacia, xeTur-qarTulimiTologiuri paralelebi, gvianxeTuri xanis samefo samTavroebi,gvianxeTuri xanis aRmosavleT kapadokiis anTroponimika,warRvnis Sesaxeb miTosis fSavuri erTi versiis interpretacia,Zveli frigiis anbanis analizi, samefo institutis RvTaebriobisda mefis memkvidreobis wesebi gvianxeTur xanaSi, bibliada qarTveli xalxis gansaxlebis istoria, Tabalis istoriada kultura da sxva da sxva.Tavisi samecniero moRvaweobis sawyis etapze nana xazaraZemcireaziuli samyaros urTulesi da xSirad SeuswavleliproblemebiT dainteresda. mis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, romswored man, pirvelma, qarTul istoriografiaSi frigiasTandakavSirebuli problematika Semoitana. araerTi naSromiuZRvna eTnonim `frigielis~, frigielTa eTnogenezis, qveynisistoriuli geografiis, socialuri da kulturis sakiTxebisSeswavlas.XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi nana xazaraZem daiwyo qarTvelixalxis eTnogenezisa da am urTules sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli,xSirad Seuswavleli problemebis kvleva. misi interesebiscentrSi ZvelaRmosavlur werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli`Tabalis~ da `muSqebis~ qveynebi moeqca.Zv. w. I aTaswleulis mcire aziis eTnikur da politikur gaerTianebaTaSoris Tabali sakmaod mniSvnelovani qveyanaiyo. magram masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis kvlevas ar-Tulebda werilobiT wyaroebSi daculi cnobebisa da materialurikulturis Zeglebis simcire. XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidangamovlinda mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zeglebi daieroglifur-luviuri teqstebi. interesi Tabalisadmi Zaliangaizarda. miuxedavad am interesisa, Tabalis problema monografiuladar yofila Seswavlili. Tabalis qveynisyovelmxrivi Seswavla da, me vityodi, gadaWra swored nanaxazaraZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.15

nanam dawvrilebiT ganixila termin `Tabal~-is Seswavlisistoria, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT rogorc qarTveli, iseucxoeli mecnierebis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, sxvadasxvaenovaniZvelaRmosavluri werilobiTi wyaroebi, materialurikulturis Zeglebi, gaiTvaliswina xeTologiisa daasiriologiis miRwevebi da Tabalis problema sruliad axleburadgadaWra.mniSvnelovania, rom nanam, pirvelma SeZlo am qveynis lokalizacia.misi azriT, Tabalis qveyana didi kapadokiisdasavleT seqtorSi mdebareobda, aRmosavleTiT mas kamanuesazRvreboda, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _ que, Crdilo-dasavleTiT– xilaqu, xolo dasavleTidan – muSqebis qveyana.naSromSi didi adgili daeTmo Tabaluri onomastikonisada Tabaluri RvTaebebis saxelebis analizs. nanam damajerebladgamoavlina, rom Tabalis mefeTa, RvTaebaTa dasakuTari saxelebi, warmoSobiT, xeTur-luviur samyarosukavSirdeboda. am mosazrebas mxars uWerda, agreTve, Tabalisteritoriaze mopovebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebic.gansakuTrebuli sizustiT aRwera avtorma goludaRisa dakululus samosaxloebi, dasaxlebis tipebi, sacxovreblebi damoxatuli e. w. aliSar IV tipis keramika. Catarebuli kvlevisSedegad, avtori mniSvnelovan daskvnebamde mivida da damajerebladdaasabuTa, rom Zv. w. IX-VII ss. Tabalis qveyana dasaxlebuliiyo xeTur-luviuri, indoevropuli warmoSobistomebiT. mosaxleoba kulturulad da eTno-genetikurad warmoadgendaxeTuri (luviuri) samyaros tradiciebisgamgrZelebel, sakmaod mniSvnelovan eTnikur erTeuls.Tabalis dauZinebeli mtris, asureTis werilobiTwyaroebze dayrdnobiT, nanam aRadgina qveynis politikuriistoriis saintereso faqtebi. naSromSi specialurad arisganxiluli asuruli wyaroebis cnobebi `Tabalis 24 mefis~,(`Tabalis 20 mefis~) arsebobis Sesaxeb. avtoris azriT, escnoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tabalis qveyana aerTianebdamcire aziis 24 (an 20) wvril politikur erTeuls, romelTaSoris, erTi maTgani ganixileboda, rogorc qveynis `didimefe~. erTi amgvari mefe iyo TuvaTi (Zv. w. 859-824 ww.). misimefobis xanaSi Tabalis mosaxleoba sakmaod Wreli unda yofiliyo.nanas varaudiT, am periodSi, swored Tabalis teritoriazesaxlobdnen dasavlur-qarTveluri tomebi. amisdasamtkiceblad, nana xazaraZem specialuri kvleva Caatara16

tibarenebis istoriis aRsadgenad. dawvrilebiT ganixilaZvelberZnul, romaul da bizantiur wyaroebSi daculi cnobebimaT Sesaxeb, moaxdina qveynis lokalizacia, aRadginamaTi landSafti, meurneobis formebi, zne-Cveulebebi.2005 wels, nana kvlav daubrunda tibarenebis qveyanasTandakavSirebul problematikas, moaxdina maTi zusti lokalizaciada qveyana samxreT-aRmosavleT pontospireTsa da pontosmTianeTs Soris gadaWimul teritoriaze ganalaga. misivaraudiT, tibarenebs aq Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi unda ecxovraT.Tabalis problemaze muSaobis paralelurad, nanampirvelma saqarTveloSi Seiswavla ieroglifur-luviuri enada damwerloba. mis saxels ukavSirdeba ieroglifurluviuriteqstebis qarTulad Targmna da komentireba. amwyaroebSi daculi umdidresi monacemebis safuZvelze, manmaxlobeli aRmosavleTisa da saqarTvelos Zveli istoriiskvlevis SesaZleblobebi mniSvnelovnad gazarda. rac mTavaria,nana xazaraZem, aseve pirvelma, istoriul wyarod gamoiyenaTavad ieroglifi, ganixila igi rogorc garkveuliSinaarsis matarebeli niSani da masSi Cadebuli semantikurikodebi gamoavlina – gaacocxla Zveli mcireaziuli cxovelTada mcenareuli samyaro, nagebobaTa tipebi, RvTaebebi da maTifunqciebi.nana xazaraZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli urTulesi dasaqarTvelosa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesiproblemis dasma da Cemi azriT, brwyinvaledgadaWra. es gaxlavT mosox-muSqebis, mosxebisa da mesxebisurTierTmimarTebis, maTi istoriisa da kulturis urTulesisakiTxebis siRrmiseuli kvleva.rogorc akademikosi gr. giorgaZe aRniSnavda, dRemde arcerT mkvlevars, arc Cvens qveyanaSi da arc mis farglebs gareTar Seuswavlia es problema iseTi siRrmiT, rogorc esnana xazaraZem SeZlo. swored aq gamoCnda yvelaze sruladmecnieris farTo erudicia da analitikuri kvlevis SesaZleblobani.mosxebis urTulesi Tema didi xania iqcevda mecnierTa gansakuTrebulinteress. miuxedavad amisa, bevri umniSvnelovanesiproblema gadauWreli rCeboda. gansakuTrebulad sakamaToiyo mosxebis da muSqebis urTierTmimarTeba. muSqebiasurul, urartul, luviur-ieroglifur wyaroebSi moixseniebian,xolo mosxebi-mesxebi – ZvelberZnul, romaul wya-17

oebSi. bevri gaurkvevloba iyo istoriuli geografiis, politikuriistoriis, am tomTa eTnogenezis urTules sakiTxebSi.nanas mier pirveladaa Tavmoyrili muSqeb-mosxebTan dakav-Sirebuli, sadReisod arsebuli asuruli, urartuli, ieroglifur-luviuri,ZvelberZnuli, laTinuri, Zvelebrauli, bizantiuri,ZvelqarTuli, Zvelsomxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi. aRsaniSnavia,rom wyaroTa erTi nawili pirvelad ganixilebarogorc mosxebis istoriis Seswavlis werilobiTi Zeglebi,xolo meore nawili – adre cnobili da gamoyenebuli, axleburadaagaazrebuli. garda amisa, naSromSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebieyrdnoba lingvistur, toponimikur da arqeologiurigaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalis monacemebs.amgvari, uaRresad Sromatevadi kvlevis Sedegad, nana xazaraZemdamajereblad daadgina mosxebis gansaxlebis teritoriaZv. w. VI-V ss. da SeZlo straboniseuli `mosxikes~ zustilokalizacia. nana xazaraZis azriT, `mosxuri mTebi~ berZnulwyaroebSi mTebis or gansxvavebul rigs aRniSnavda – erTi,mcire kavkasionis qedis samxreT-dasavleT ganStoebas, meore– iberiisa da armeniis sazRvarze, mdinare Worox-evfratis,evfrat-araqsis wyalgamyof qeds warmoadgenda. nanam axleburiTvalsazrisi wamoayena, romlis Tanaxmad, mosxebis qveyanaistoriul mesxeTs, anu mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosmoicavda – kola-artaans, klarjeTs, SavSeTs, taos,javaxeTs, samcxes, aWaras, basians.didi adgili dauTmo nanam ZvelaRmosavlur wyaroebSimoxseniebul muSqebis problemas. specialurad Seiswavla e. w.`aRmosavleli muSqebis~ istoria, romelic qronologiuradZv. w. XII-IX ss. CarCoebSia moqceuli, damajereblad daasabu-Ta, rom maTi arseboba Zv. w. VII s.-mde grZeldeboda. `dasavleTelimuSqebis~ kvlevisas, gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom mdinarehalisis auzSi muSqebis gamoCena Zv. w. XIII s. unda momxdariyo.mosxebis eTnikuri vinaobis urTulesi sakiTxis garSemosamecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi iyo gamoTqmuli.zogierTi mecnieri muSqebs balkanur-Trakiulfrigiulsamyaros ukavSirebda. i. diakonovi da somexi mecnierebi,somexTa eTnogenezis kvlevis dros, muSqebs somexTawinaprebad miiCnevdnen.18

nanam brwyinvaled gadaWra es umniSvnelovanesi problema.werilobiTi wyaroebisa da istoriul-geografiul monacemebzedayrdnobiT, uaryo muSqebis frigielebTan da somxebTangenetikuri kavSiris arseboba da damajereblad daasabuTamuSqebTan mosxebis identifikacia. uaRresad damajerebeliaavtoris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom evfratis zemo welze, Zv.w. VI-IV ss. tokat-yarahisar-giumuSxanes mxareSi da Zv. w. I s.mdinare Woroxis saTaveebSi damowmebuli muSq-mosxebi erTsada imave geografiul da eTnokulturul arealSi arian moqceulni.misi azriT, pontoSi, evfratze da Woroxze mcxovrebimosxebis qarTvelur mesxebTan identifikacia eWvs ar undaiwvevdes.nanas uaRresad Sromatevadi Ziebebi da sruliad axleburimosazrebebi Sejamda mis brwyinvale monografiaSi `saqarTvelosZveli istoriis eTnopolitikuri problemebi (mosxebi)~,romelic 1984 wels gamoqveynda. swored es naSromiwaredgina institutis samecniero sabWos da nanam istoriismecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxi moipova. nanasnaSromma oficialuri oponentebis T. gamyreliZis, d. xaxutaiSvilisda d. musxeliSvilis umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura.Aswored am monografiaSi mieniWa mas akademikos simonjanaSias saxelobis didad prestiJuli premia.akademikosi g. Citaia Tavis recenziaSi werda: `n. xazaraZismonografia Rrma, mecnieruli, Sromatevadi da nayofieri ZiebisSedegia. igi kompoziciurad Sekrul da konceptualuradaxal, mwyobr, seriozul gamokvlevas warmoadgens da qarTvelologiisada aRmosavleTmcodneobis mniSnelovani Sena-Zenia~.sadisertacio naSromma farTo gamoxmaureba hpova. qveynissxvadasxva qalaqidan gamogzavnili iqna aRtacebuli recenziebi.maTi avtorebi iyvnen akademikosi i. alievi (baqo), leningradisaRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis Zveli aRmosavleTisseqtoris gamge m. dandamaevi, sakavSiro akademiiswevr-korespondenti g. bongard-levini, voroneJis universitetisZveli istoriis kaTedris docenti g. moiseeva, moskovissaxelmwifo universitetis Zveli msoflios istoriis kaTedrisdocenti s. soloviova da sxv.Tavis recenziaSi akademikosi i. alievi werda: `Тонкий филологическийанализ разнообразных и разноязычных письменныхисточников в сочетании с археологическими данными позволил19

диссертанту сделать ряд важных для древней истории Закавказья иАнатолии выводов. Это прекрасное исследование является весьмасерьезным вкладом в кавказоведческую и востоковедную науку~.aseTive maRali Sefasebebia mocemuli sxva recenziebSic: `Вработе Н.В. Хазарадзе впервые в историографии вопроса собраны имастерски проанализированы ассирийские, урартские, иероглифическиелувийские, древнееврейские, древнегреческие, латинские, древнеармянскиеи древнегрузинские письменные источники~ (m. dandamaevi).`Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена тем, что анализэтнополитической истории мосхов-месхов проливает новый свет наисторию Передней Азии и Кавказа, позволяет проследить этнокультурныепроцессы, сыгравшие существенную роль в сложении грузинскогонарода. Работа привлекает к себе внимание уже тем, что для неехарактерен комплексный подход к исследуемой проблеме: привлекаютсясведения многих текстов, данные археологии и этнотопонимики. Причемчасть письменного материала для целей изучения поставленных вдиссертации проблем привлекается впервые~ (g. bongard-levini).`Несомненная научная ценность, новизна и актуальность исследованияН.В. Хазарадзе определяются тем, что автором впервыесистематически и во многом принципиально по-новому освящаетсяодна из сложнейших для реконструкции страниц предысториигрузинского народа. Автор проливает новый свет и на многиемалоизученные и спорные аспекты истории соседних с Закавказьемрегионов древнего мира~ (g. moiseeva).`Автором проведено на самом современном уровне комплексноеисследование источников, позволившее выявить целый ряд интересных иновых исторических фактов. Результаты исследования Н.В. Хазарадземогут быть использованы при разработке целого ряда проблемэтнической и политической истории кавказско-переднеазиатскогорегиона, при создании учебных пособий по истории древнего Востока,при чтении спецкурсов по источниковедению, историографии иисторической географии древнего Востока~ (s. soloviova).Semdgom wlebSi nana xazaraZem aranakleb mniSvnelovanieTno-toponimikuri Ziebebi Caatara. didi yuradReba `mesx~eTnonimis geneziss dauTmo da mis amosaval formad saerToqarTveluri `mosxi~ miiCnia. mogvianebiT nanas es varaudicnobilma lingvistebma f. hainrixma da z. sarjvelaZem savsebiTgaiziares.nana xazaraZis yuradRebis gareSe ar darCenila arc `arian-qarTlis~uaRresad mniSvnelovani problema. swored mas,20

qarTvel istorikosTagan pirvels, ekuTvnis am problemisara mxolod dasma, aramed damajerebeli gadaWra. man pirvelmagamoTqva da daasabuTa mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, romstraboniseuli `mosxike~ da `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-Si naxsenebi`arian-qarTli~ erTsa da imave teritorias gulisxmobda.misi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, `arian-qarTli~, igive `mosxike~,klarjeTsa da mis samxreTiT mdebare tao-basianis mxareebsmoicavda. istoriul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli anZiaZora dajuanSeriseuli `steri~ am didi regionis samxreT sazRvarTaniyo ganlagebuli.Semdgom wlebSi nana uaRresad saintereso problemis SeswavlasSeudga. misi kvlevis sferoSi moeqca wminda miwazemyof piligrimebis CanawerebSi, gr. feraZis mier dadasturebuliqarTvelTa aRmniSvneli saxelwodebebi: `qalTa qveyana~,`sartylis qristianebi~, mosazreba `qarTvelTa naTesavisaÁ~-smariam RvTismSoblis wilxvdomilobis Sesaxeb. man esterminebi X-XI ss. saqarTvelos istoriis konteqstSi ganixilada gamoTqva varaudi, rom qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli esterminebi, bagrationTa samefos sagvareulos RvTaebriviwarmomavlobis koncefciasTan erTad, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelosoficialuri ideologiis erT-erT mniSvnelovan qvakuTxedswarmoadgenda.nana xazaraZis kalams ekuTvnis 200-ze meti naSromi, maTSoris 11 wigni, romelTagan sams Tanaavtori hyavs. misi statiebidabeWdilia qarTul, rusul, inglisur da germanulenovansamecniero krebulebSi. igi saqarTveloSi da misfarglebs gareT gamarTuli samecniero 130-ze meti forumismonawilea. es forumebi tardeboda TbilisSi, moskovSi, leningradSi,erevanSi, londonSi, daugavpilsSi, leidenSi, laipcigSi,praRaSi, budapeStSi, parizSi, stambulSi, tokioSi. mecdavswrebivar bevr aseT RonisZiebas da yovelTvis viyavi misididi warmatebis Tanaziari.nana xazaraZe wlebis manZilze aqtiur pedagogiur moRvaweobaseweva. sworedMmisi TaosnobiT, 1990 wels saqarTvelosteqnikur universitetSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos istoriisada qarTuli kulturis istoriis kaTedra. nana dResac amkaTedris xelmZRvanelia. kaTedra ori specialobis magistrebsada bakalavrebs amzadebda – siZveleTa teqnikur eqspertebs(xelovnebaTmcodneebs) da konfliqtologebs (konfliqtismenejerebs, saerTaSoriso da regionuli kon-21

fliqtebis mogvarebis specialistebs). kaTedrasTan funqcionirebdananas mier daarsebuli `istoriuli informaciis kompiuterulidamuSavebis saproblemo laboratoria~, romelmac`qarTlis cxovrebis~ I da II tomis sxvadasxva saZieblebiTTandarTuli eleqtronuli versia Seqmna. moqmedebda istoriismoyvarulTa klubi.nana universitetSi kiTxulobda saintereso, sruliad gansxvavebulkursebsa da speckursebs: saqarTvelos istoriiszogadi sauniversiteto kursi, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiisistoria, Zveli msoflos istoria (saberZneTi, romi),qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, genderida konfliqti, Teoriuli konfliqtologia, politikuri konfliqtebi,konfliqtis fsiqologia.aseve aqtiuria nana xazaraZis monawileoba sadisertaciosabWoebis muSaobaSi. amJamad is aris saqarTvelos teqnikuriuniversitetis biznes-inJineringis fakultetis sadisertaciosabWos wevri, iyo am sadisertacio sabWos kolegiis mravalgzisTavmjdomare da wevri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sadisertacio sabWos#H07.00.03 – msoflio istoria wevri (1990-2004 ww.), ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutissadisertacio sabWos #H07.00.02 – saqarTvelos istoriawevri (1995-2006 ww.), saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetisdidi da profesorTa sabWos wevri (1990-2005 ww.); oponirebagauwia mecnierebaTa (istoriis, xelovnebaTmcodneobis, pedagogikis)doqtoris, kandidatis, akademiuri doqtorisxarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenil 50-mde naSroms; eqspertizaCautara sadoqtoro da sakandidato 30 samecniero naSromisavtoreferats.nana wlebis manZilze amzadebda da dResac amzadebs aspirantebs,bakalavrebs, magistrebsa da doqtorantebs. is arisaraerTi disertaciis xelmZRvaneli an oponenti. nanasxelmZRvanelobiT daiwera aq studentebisaTvis gankuTvnilisaqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuruniversitetSi tardeba samecniero da studenturi konferenciebi.wlebis ganmavlobaSi nana iyo am universitetisdidi, profesorTa, saswavlo-meToduri sabWoebis wevri. nanaxazaraZe aTeulobiT soliduri monografiis redaqtori darecenzentia, amJamad igi `analebis~ da `saistorio vertikalebis~redkolegiebis wevria.22

me mgoni ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom nana xazaraZe namdvilisazogado moRvawea, romlis Zalisxmeva yovelTvisTavisi qveynisa da xalxis keTildReobisa da misi interesebisdacviskenaa mimarTuli.wlebis ganmavlobaSi nana iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisada eTnografiis institutis partorganizacias edga sa-TaveSi (1977-1982, 1987-1989 ww.). dRes ar aris popularuli imwlebis gaxseneba, magram vityvi, nana partkomi ki ar iyo, aramedinstitutis mfarvel Zalas ganasaxierebda. bevrma arc icis, romSenoba, romelSic dRes ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiisinstitutia ganlagebuli, Cven swored nanas ZalisxmeviTgadmogveca. im gausaZlis, Cabnelebul wlebSi, ar vicirogor, magram axerxebda TanamSromlebi moemaragebina sakvebiT,CasacmeliT. zogjer Rameebs aTevda miliciaSi Cvens institutSimomuSave disidentebis dasaxsnelad. man didi energiaSealia institutis sagamomcemlo saqmianobas, misi ZalisxmeviTdaarsda istoriis popularuli seria da axlagazrdobis naSromisTvisgankuTvnili krebuli `didgori~. CvenTan imarTeboda`saistorio saubrebi~, saintereso diskusiebi, gamoCenilmecnierebTan Sexvedrebi, dasvenebis saRamoebi.swored nanas TaosnobiT Seiqmna institutSi qarTvelixalxis eTnogenezisa da eTnikuri ganviTarebis kompleqsuriSeswavlis saproblemo jgufi, romelsac TviTonve Caudga sa-TaveSi. es jgufi erT-erT gamorCeul struqturul erTeuladiqna miCneuli.nana yovelTvis idga Tavisi qveynis interesebis sadarajoze,yovelTvis mTeli arsebiT iyo CarTuli im procesebSi,romlebic Cvens uaxles istoriaSi ase mwvaved mimdinareobda.swored man mimarTa saprotesto weriliT e. SevardnaZesa dag. razumovskis 1989 w. 9 aprils TbilisSi datrialebuli tragediisgamo. SemdgomSi mis xelmoweras institutis TanamSromelTaumravlesoba SeuerTda. Ria weriliTa da televiziiTmimarTa man Cvens yofil `megobars~ v. arZinbas afxazeTisomis dawyebis dros.nanas yovelTvis uyvars da axsovs Tavisi maswavleblebida megobrebi. man araCveulebrivi werilebi miuZRvna g. meliqiSvilis,a. afaqiZis, ed. menabdis, gr. giorgaZis, d. xaxutaiSvilis,d. berZeniSvilis, S. xidaSelis, o. RambaSiZis, l. WilaSvilisda sxvaTa xsovnas.23

nana xazaraZe dajildoebulia `Rirsebis ordeniT~ (1996 w.),medliT `SromiTi warCinebisaTvis~ (1990 w.), saqarTvelos uzenaesisabWos prezidiumis sapatio sigeliT (1990 w.). mas mopovebuliaqvs saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis oriumaRlesi jildo _ akademikos s. janaSias da akademikos g.meliqiSvilis saxelobis premiebi, saqarTvelos kulturisfondis mier dawesebuli eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis premiada brinjaos medalioni. me bednieri var, rom baton giorgimeliqiSvilis axlad dawesebuli premiis pirveli mflobeli,swored misi sayvareli mowafe, nana xazaraZe gaxda.dRes nana xazaraZe eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis saqarTvelossaistorio sazogadoebis Tavmjdomarea, saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis istoriis, arqeologiis,eTnologiis komisiis wevri, saqarTvelos mecnierebis istoriissazogadoebis prezidiumis wevri, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaerovnul akademiasTan arsebuli istoriis, eTnologiis,religiis Seswavlisa da propagandis samecniero sabWos aqtiuriwevri, saerTaSoriso meroistikuli sazogadoebis sapatiowevri, kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis samecniero-kvleviTiinstitutis samecniero sabWos wevri, i. WavWavaZis saxelobiswignis moyvarulTa asociaciis gamgeobis wevri, arasamTavroboorganizaciis _ `feniqsi XXI~ (istoria da Tanamedroveoba)damfuZnebeli da prezidiumis Tavmjdomare, saer-TaSoriso organizaciis `Salomis~ gamgeobis wevri....nana pirvelad, didi xnis win vnaxe, borjomSi. gamaocamisma silamazem – es iyo maRali, Txeli, fermkrTali, qeraTmianiferia, romelsac sul kudSi davsdevdi.mere moxda ise, rom Cveni institutis Zveli istoriis ganyofilebaSi,TiTqmis naxevari saukune erTad viyaviT.yovelTvis maocebda misi Sinagani energia, WirTaTmenisgasaocari unari, misi `aqtiuri~ sikeTe, romelic yovelTvisadamianisken iyo mimarTuli.nana dRes iseTive lamazi da mSvenieria, rogoric yovelTvisiyo, iseTive SemarTulia, iseve TavdaviwyebiT ikvlevsmisTvis saintereso problemebs, kiTxulobs leqciebs, amzadebsdoqtorantebs, eweva sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas.minda vusurvo Cven sayvarel nanas janmrTeloba da didxanssicocxle, minda kidev didxans gvaxarebdes Tavisi arsebobiTada saintereso naSromebiT.manana xidaSeli24

NANA KHAZARADZE _ 80An outstanding Georgian scholar Nana Khazaradze was born on February4, 1931 in Tbilisi, into a prominent family of intellectuals. After finishingschool she was enrolled at the Faculty of History of Tbilisi State University.In 1952 Nana Khazaradze together with her husband Vakhtang Pipia leftfor Moscow, where she continued studies at the M. Lomonosov State University.Here she learned the Akkadian, Urartian, Ancient Greek and Latinlanguages. Her graduation thesis Foreign Policy of Urartu in the 8 th CenturyBC received highest evaluation and was recommended for publication.Upon her return to homeland, Nana Khazaradze began to work at theDepartment of Ancient History of the I.Javakhishvili Institute of Historyand Ethnography. Here she passed all stages of scholarly work – from alaboratory assistant to the position of a leading scientist. Over the years shewas the head of this department as well.The range of Nana Khazaradze’s scholarly research is wide. As shewrites herself, the spheres of her research include ethno-cultural and politicalhistory of the Southern Caucasus, ethno-cultural and political history ofthe Near East, ethno-cultural and political history of the countries of SouthernEurope, conflictological aspects of modern history.In these four spheres of research, numerous diverse questions have beenanalyzed and solved – questions linked with Phrygia, the history of ancientKartvelian tribes, the Moskhs and the Meskhs, localization of Moskhike andthe Moskhian Mountains, the history of the Tibareni and the Matieni, Georgiantechnical terminology, ancient oriental ethno-cultural world, the cult ofthe sacred tree in Georgia, Hittite-Georgian mythological parallels, kingdomsand principalities of the Late Hittite Period, the Bible and the historyof settlement of the Georgian people, the history of Tabal,etc.Nana Khazaradze was the first in Georgia to study the HieroglyphicLuwian language and script. On the basis of the rich evidence preserved inthese sources, she considerably increased the possibilities of research ofancient history of the Near East and Georgia. Nana Khazaradze was the firstto use a hieroglyph proper as a historical source, to consider it as a sign carryingcertain contents and to reveal the semantic code embedded in it.In the 1970s the scholar began to study the ethnogenesis of the Georgianpeople. The sphere of her interests included the countries of the Tabal andthe Mushki. Nana used ancient oriental written sources, remains of materialculture, achievements of the Hittite and Assyrian Studies and argued in a25

convincing manner that in the 9 th -7 th cc. BC Tabal was settled by the Hittite-Luwian, Indo-European tribes and represented an ethnic entity continuingtraditions of this world.Nana Khazaradze solved brilliantly highly difficult problems of the interrelationof the Mosoch-Mushki, Moskhs and Meskhs, their history andculture. She identified the territory of settlement of the Moskhs in the 6 th -5 thcc. BC. She managed to localize the Moskhian Mountains, defined the locationof Strabo’s Moskhike and identified that it covered entire SouthwesternGeorgia. She studied the history of the Mushki and substantiated persuasivelythe identity of the Moskhs and the Meskhs. She regarded CommonKartvelian Moskhi as the initial form of the ethnonym Meskhi. The scholarargued convincingly that Strabo’s Moskhike and Arian-Kartli mentioned inMoktsevai Kartlisai (“The Conversion of Georgia”) implied one and thesame territory.Nana Khazaradze is the author of 196 scholarly works. Her articles arepublished in Georgian, Russian and foreign collections. She has participatedin numerous republican and international forums – in Tbilisi, Moscow, Leningrad,Yerevan, London, Leiden, Leipzig, Prague, Istanbul and Tokyo.Nana Khazaradze is engaged in extensive pedagogical activities. On herinitiative, in 1990 the Chair of the History of Georgia and the History ofGeorgian Culture was set up at the Georgian Technical University. She activelydelivers lectures, supervises bachelor and master students, acts as asupervisor and an opponent of doctoral dissertations.Nana Khazaradze has always stood guard over the interests of her country.She addressed a letter of protest to E.Shevardnadze and G.Razumovski,and the entire institute joined her in signing it. She also authored an openletter and a television address to V.Ardzinba.Nana Khazaradze is rewarded with the Order of Honour (1996), aMedal For Labour Distinction (1990), a Diploma of Honour of the Presidiumof the Supreme Council of Georgia (1990). She is a winner of threehighest awards of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences – the AcademicianS.Janashia, Academician E.Taqaishvili and AcademicianG.Melikishvili Prizes.At present Nana Khazaradze is Chairman of the E.Taqaishvili GeorgianHistorical Society, a Member of the Academic Council for Study andPropaganda of History, Ethnology and Religion, functioning at the GeorgianNational Academy of Sciences, an Honorary Member of the InternationalMeroistic Society, a Member of Administration of the I.ChavchavadzeAssociation of Bibliophiles, the Founder and Chairman of thePresidium of the non-governmental organization Phoenix XXI (History and26

Contemporaneity), a Member of Administration of international organizationShalom.Today Nana is as beautiful and bold as as she has always used to be, andwith the same devotion she carries out research, delivers lectures, supervisesdoctoral students and is engaged in public activities.I wish our dear Nana good health and a long life in order to gladden usby her existence and interesting work for many coming years.MManana Khidasheli27

nana xazaraZe1951-2011 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis sia1. samegrelos samTavros gauqmeba, Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis studentTa me-13 samecniero konferenciisTezisebi, Tbilisi, 1951, gv. 85.2. bizantia-lazikis urTierTobis istoriidan VI saukuneSi,Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa me-14samecniero konferenciis Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 139-140.3. muSqebis qveynis lokalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, saqarTvelosssr mecnierebaTa akademiis aspirantTa da axalgazrdamecnier muSakTa X samecniero konferenciis moxsenebaTaTezisebi, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 50.4. muSqebis qveynis saxelwodebis aRdgenisaTvis Tuqul-TininurTa II-is `analebSi~, reziume rusul da inglisurenebze, `aRmosavluri krebuli~, I, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 75-92.5. zogierTi sakiTxi frigiis uZvelesi istoriidan, saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis aspirantTa da axalgazrdamecnier muSakTa XII samecniero konferencia, moxsenebaTaSemoklebuli teqstebi, Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 360-361.6. masalebi helespontis frigiis istoriisaTvis, saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis axalgazrda mecnier muSakTaXIV samecniero konferencia, moxsenebaTa Semoklebuliteqstebi, Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 18-19.7. frigiis uZvelesi istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, reziumerusul da inglisur enebze, `kavkasiur-aRmosavluri krebuli~,II, Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 45-64.8. gordionis yorRanuli samarxebi, `kavkasiur-aRmosavlurikrebuli~, II, Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 255-264.9. frigiis savaWro-kulturul urTierTobaTa istoriidan(Zv. w. VIII s-is dasasruli), reziume rusul enaze, `saqarTvelosssr mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTamoambe~, #3, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 141-152.10. masalebi frigiis istoriisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTaakademiis axalgazrda mecnier muSakTa XIV samecnierokonferenciis Semoklebuli teqstebi, Tbilisi, 1964,gv. 18-19.28

11. samxreT-aRmosavleT mcire aziis istoriuli geografiidan,akademikos n. berZeniSvilisadmi miZRvnili krebuli:`kavkasiis xalxTa istoria~, Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 34-39.12. uZvelesi klasobrivi sazogadoebis bunebis sakiTxebi,`macne~ (istoriis seria), #4, 1966, gv. 262-292 (Tanaavtorid. xaxutaiSvili).13. strabonis zogierTi cnobis interpretaciisaTvis, istoriis,arqeologiis da eTnografiis institutis XVIIsamecniero sesia, Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 8-9.14. Из истории торгово-экономических связей прекиммерийскойФригии в свете новых археологических раскопок Гордиона, МатериалыВсесоюзного симпозиума: `Города и торговля ДревнегоВостока III-I тыс. до н. э.~, Ереван, 1969, с. 14-16.15. Tabalis qveynis adgilmdebareobisaTvis, reziume rusulenaze, `Zveli istoriis sakiTxebi~ (`kavkasiur-axloaRmosavlurikrebuli~), III, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 64-84.16. Гекатеевы матиены, V Всесоюзная сессия по древнему Востоку,Тезисы докладов, Тбилиси, 1971, с. 98-100.17. mcire azia Zv. w. XII-VII saukuneebSi, wignSi: `Zveli aRmosavleTisxalxTa istoria~, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 161-128.18. herodote da matianebis mdebareobis sakiTxi, `macne~ (istoriisseria), #2, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 123-132.19. vaxuSti batoniSvili da mosxuri mTebis mdebareobis sakiTxi,saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxi-Svilis sax. istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutisXXI samecniero sesiis moxsenebaTa Tezisebi,anotaciebi, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 8-9.20. Гекатеевы матиены, `Вопросы древней истории~, IV, Тбилиси,1973, с. 111-125.21. Tabalis istoriidan, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTaakademiis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisada eTnografiis institutis XXII samecniero sesiismoxsenebaTa Tezisebi, anotaciebi, Tbilisi, 1973, gv.30-31.22. К вопросу о локализации матиенов в свете данных древнегреческихисториков VI-V вв. до. н.э., Резюме на армянском языке,`Историко-филологический журнал~, №2, Ереван, 1973, с. 200-210.23. Concerning the ethnocultural description of eastern Asia Minor ethnopoliticalentities of the 9 th -7 th centuries B. C., `Internationale Ta-29

gung der Keilschriftforscher der Sozialistischen Länder~, Budapest,1974, p. 46-48.24. К вопросу о локализации мосхикских гор (Моσχικα ≠Ορη),Всесоюзная научная конференция: Античные, Византийские иместные традиции в странах Восточного Черноморья, Тезисыдокладов, Тбилиси, 1975, с. 23-24.25. Tabal. Remarks on the ethnocultural description of eastern Asia Minor,“Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae”, T. XXII,Fase., 1-4, Budapest, 1976, p. 429-432.26. Античная письменная традиция и вопрос о расселении мосхов вvi-v вв. до н.э., `Материалы международной конференции античниковсоциалистических стран~ (`Эйрене~), Ереван, 1976, с. 29-30.27. Zveli frigiuli anbanis genezisis sakiTxisaTvis, reziumerusul enaze, `Zveli istoriis sakiTxebi~ (`kavkasiuraxloaRmosavlurikrebuli~ V), Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 86-98.28. aRmosavleT mcire aziis eTnikuri da politikuri gaerTianebebiZv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, reziumerusul da inglisur enebze, redaqtori: akademikosi g.meliqiSvili, `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1978, 140gv.29. Царская власть в позднехеттских политических образованиях (поданным иероглифическо-хеттских надписей), `Материалы VIIIВсесоюзной конференции по Древнему Востоку~, Москва, 1979,с. 16-19.30. Античная письменная традиция и вопрос о расселении мосхов вVI-I вв. до н.э., `Проблемы античной истории и культуры~,Ереван, 1979, с. 308-313.31. cixiagoras kramiti, reziume rusul enaze, `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavlurikrebuli~, VI, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 146-164.(Tanaavtori g. cqitiSvili).32. Royal power in the late hittite political entities, `Gesellschaft und Kulturin alten Vorderasien~, Berlin, 1982, p. 121-126.33. Царская власть в позднехеттских политических образованиях,резюме на груз. и на англ. яз., Труды Тбилисского ГосударственногоУниверситета, 277, Тбилиси, 1982, с. 180-187.A34. Some remarks about the late-hittite official ideology, `XXI InternationalCongress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa~ Papers,Tokyo, 1983, p. 18-28.30

35. К истории термина `табал~ ассирийских письменных источников,резюме на англ. яз., `Кавказско-Ближневосточный Сборник~,Тбилиси, 1984, с. 93-101, 170-171.36. saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTnopolitikuri problemebi,reziume rusul da inglisur enebze, redaqtori: g.giorgaZe, `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1984, 201 gv..37. strabonis erTi cnobis interpretaciisaTvis (`geografia~,XI, 2, 17) reziume rusul da inglisur enebze,`macne~, (istoriis seria), #1, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 106-116.38. urartuli xaTesa da xalitus adgilmdebareobisaTvis,`saqarTvelo da aRmosavleTi~ (akademikos S. mesxiasxsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli), reziume rusul enaze,Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 176-185.39. К вопросу о датировке лувийско-иероглифических надписейХартапу, Всесоюзная научно-методическая конференция:`Древневосточная культура и вопросы ее преподавания наисторическом факультете~, Даугавпилс, 1985, с. 68-70.40. Основные итоги научных исследований в области древнейистории, филологии и археологии в Грузии (1978-1987 годы),`Вестник древней истории~, №4, Москва, 1987, с. 15-30 (соавторМ. П. Инадзе).41. gvianxeTuri xanis aRmosavleT kabadokiis anTroponimikisaTvis.reziume rusul enaze, `onomastika~, I, Tbilisi,1987, gv. 365-372.42. Towards the identification of the giš eia of Hittite written sources,`Comptes rendus de la XXXIV ème Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale“, Istanbul, 1987, p. 12-13 (with T. Tsagareishvili).43. recenzia n. xaxutaiSvilis monografiaze: `samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTvelos zRvispireTi adrerkinis xanaSi~,`Woroxi~, IV, baTumi, 1988, gv. 87-90.44. xeTur-qarTuli miTologiuri paralelebi (eia-urTxeli),`mnaTobi~, #2, Tbilisi, 1988, (Tanaavtori T. cagarei-Svili).45. mcire azia Zv. w. XII-VII ss. (frigia, lidia), `Zveli aRmosavleTisxalxTa istoria~, `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1988,gv. 249-267.46. Лувийско-иероглифические надписи Хартапу, резюме на англ. яз.,`Кавказско-Ближневосточный Сборник~ VIII, Тбилиси, 1988, с.84-93, 218.31

47. recenzia monografiaze: Арутюнян Н. В., Топонимика Урарту,Ереван, 1985, с. 308. `Кавказско-Ближневосточный Сборник~VIII, Тбилиси, 1988, с. 200-203.48. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTi qarTuli warmarTuli pan-Teonis Sesaxeb, respublikuri samecniero sesiis `ZveliqarTlis cxovreba~ masalebi, ivane javaxiSvilis xsovnisadmimiZRvnili, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 49-50 (Tanaavtori m.xidaSeli).49. sakraluri `Svidis~ istoriisaTvis samegreloSi, saqar-Tvelos eTnografia XI respublikuri samecniero sesiismasalebi, zugdidi, 1989, gv. 56-57.50. К идентификацииgiš eia хеттских письменных источников,`Кавказ и цивилизации Древнего Востока~, Материалы Всесоюзнойнаучной конференции, Орджоникидзе, 1989, с. 13-14 (СоавторТ. Ш. Цагареишвили)51. Zveli berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mesxebis Sesaxeb,respublikuri samecniero sesiis _ `saqarTvelos istoriiswerilobiTi wyaroebis Seswavlis sakiTxebi~ moxsenebaTaTezisebi, axalcixe, 1989, gv. 56-58.52. Ria werili ssrk saxalxo deputat v. g. arZinbas. `saxalxoganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1989 wlis 26 ivlisi (Tanaavtorebi:g. giorgaZe, m. xidaSeli, r. rcxilaZe)53. История пишется сегодня – `Вечерний Тбилиси~, №275 (13571), 1декабря 1989.54. xeTuri da mogviano xanis ieroglifur-luviuri teqstebi,`Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia~,Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 235-243.55. К вопросу о расселении мосхов в VI-V вв. до н.э., `Проблемыистории Закавказья~, Тбилиси, 1991, с. 7-32.56. ieroglifur-luviuri damwerloba rogorc istoriuliwyaro, reziume rusul da inglisur enebze, v. gabaSvilisadmimiZRvnili krebuli: `axali aRmosavleTi dasaqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 63-69.57. naSromi politologiaSi, Jurnali `politika~, #9-10,1991, gv. 95-99 (Tanaavtori i. kveselava).58. mesxebis aRmniSvneli saxelwodebis genezisisaTvis, I respublikurisamecniero konferencia, miZRvnili samxreTsaqarTvelos istoriis problemebisadmi, moxsenebaTaTezisebi, axalcixe, 1992, gv. 69-70.32

59. Очерки древней истории Месхов, резюме на англ. яз., под ред.Г.Г. Гиоргадзе, `Мецниереба~, Тбилиси, 1992, 183 с.60. `mesxi“ eTnikuri terminis istoriisaTvis, reziume inglisurda rusul enebze, krebulSi: `saqarTvelosa da qar-Tvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia~,Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 21-42.61. braldebis mowme (svetlana Cervonaias axali wignisgamo), `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1993, #41 (3941).62. Открытое письмо автору монографии `Абхазия-1992: ПосткоммунистическаяГрузинская вандея~ – Светлане Червонной, `СвободнаяГрузия~, 1993 №187 (563), с. 1 (Соавтор Л. Меликишвили).63. gvianxeTuri xanis samefo-samTavroTa oficialuri ideologiisistoriisaTvis, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetisprofesor-maswavlebelTa samecniero-teqnikurikonferenciis moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 173.64. samefo xelisuflebis memkvidreobis wesi gvianxeTursamefoebSi, reziume rusul da inglisur enebze, krebulSi:`qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~ VIII, Tbilisi, 1993,gv. 9-14.65. Открытое письмо господину Ардзинба, `Свободная Грузия~,№126 (303), Тбилиси, 14 июля 1993.66. istoriuli narkvevi: revaz kiknaZe, krebulSi: `qarTuliwyaroTmcodneoba~ VIII, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 305-306.67. qarTveluri eTnonimikis istoriisaTvis, reziume rusulda inglisur enebze, `yovelTa qarTvelTa msoflio kongresis(/qarTvelologiuri samecniero simpoziumi Temaze:saqarTvelo) biuleteni“, #2-3, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 41-49, 86.68. mefe da RvTaeba (reziume rusul da inglisur enebze), `Zeglismegobari~, 1 (91), Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 35-38, 81, 85.69. bibliuri `mosoxis~ identifikaciisaTvis, respublikurisamecniero konferencia, miZRvnili adreqristianuliarqeologiis pirveli msoflio kongresis 100 wlis-Tavisadmi~, moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 1994,gv. 57-60.70. wm. ninos cxovrebis erTi cnobis interpretaciisaTvis,revaz kiknaZis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili respublikuri samecnierosesiis moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1994, gv.59-60.71. `samoTxe~ leqsemis etimologiisaTvis, iv. javaxiSvilissax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, Tsu axalcixis33

filialis da axalcixis damoukidebeli universitetis IIrespublikuri samecniero konferencia, miZRvnili prof.al. manveliSvilis dabadebis 90 wlisaTvisadmi, moxsenebaTamokle teqstebi, axalcixe, 1994, gv. 61-63.72. arian-qarTlis problemisaTvis, respublikuri samecnierokonferencia, Tbilisi, 1995, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, gv.88-89.73. Frauen und Ausbildung im Altgeorgien, `Frauen in der Politik“, Hamburg,1995, 15-23.74. mwignobroba Zvel saqarTveloSi, `samSoblo forte~,specialuri gamoSveba, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 5-8.75. XVI saukunis Turquli dokumenti da Zveli qarTuli werilobiTiwyaroebis azo-azonis qveynis (arian-qarTlis)lokalizaciis problema, respublikuri samecniero sesia:`werilobiTi istoriuli wyaroebis Seswavlisa da gamocemisaqtualuri sakiTxebi~, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi-siRnaRi,1996, gv. 21-22.76. Was Georgien gerettet hat. `Kaukasische Zeitung“, 3 Mai, p. 1996.77. kaci naTeli da amaRlebuli, `fizika da maTematika skolaSi~#111, Tbilisi, 1996.78. mecnieris gaxseneba, `mesxeTis universiteti~, #4 (24), axalcixe,1996 wlis noemberi.79. Georgian-Old Anatolian Mythological Parallels, International Conference,dedicated to the 120 th Birth Anniversary of Ivane Javakhishvili,Abstracts of Papers, Tbilisi-Tabakhmela, 1996, p. 65-66(Tanaavtori T. cagareiSvili).80. bibliuri `Tubal-kaini~, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia:`saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoria, saqarTvelopalestinisada qarTul-ebrauli urTierTobani~, moxsenebaTaTezisebi, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 44-45.81. saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli kidev erTi Zveli saxelwodebisSesaxeb, varlam donduas xsovnisadmi miZRvnilisamecniero sesiis masalebi, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 29.82. `...JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis metyueleba ars da araTualaxma visime~, `samSoblo forte~ #20 (43), 1996, gv. 11.83. vaxuSti batoniSvili da mosxuri mTebis lokalizaciissakiTxi, krebulSi: `vaxuSti bagrationi, istorikosi daeTnografosi~, Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 117-132.84. samSoblod gaTavisebuli saqarTvelo, recenzia T. ivelaSvilisada T. cagareiSvilis monografiaze: `gvixmobs34

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visa da mozaikuri kulturis sakiTxebi~ masalebi, qu-Taisi, 1998, gv. 16-18.96. mariam RvTismSobeli da saqarTvelo, revaz kiknaZisadmimiZRvnili respublikuri samecniero sesiis masalebi,Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 37-39.97. biblia da qarTveli tomebis gansaxlebis istoria Zv. w. IaTaswleulSi, reziume inglisur enaze, saerTaSorisokonferenciis _ `Tbilisi-ierusalimi 2~ moxsenebaTamokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 48, 49, 74.98. adamianis dabadebasTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebida miwisagan adamianis Sesaqmis koncefcia, krebulSi:`quTaisuri saubrebi~, VI saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi,quTaisi, 1999, gv. 197-198.99. wminda xis kulti saqarTveloSi (miTologiuri paralelebi),Культ священного дерева в Грузии (мифологическиепараллели), The Cult of Sacerd Tree in Georgia (Mythological Parallels)(Tanaavtori T. cagareiSvili), Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 61.100. straboniseuli dasteÁras (∆avsτειρα) indetifikaciisaTvis,akad. T. yauxCiSvilis dabadebis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnilirespublikuri samecniero konferenciis masalebi,Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 29-30.101. anTropogenuri koncefciebi msoflio xalxTa kulturultradiciebSi, krebulSi: `kulturis istoriis sakiTxebi~VII, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 135-138.102. qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli erTi saxelwodebis semantikurikodisaTvis, reziume inglisur enaze, krebulSi:`qarTveluri memkvidreoba~ III, quTaisi, 1999, gv. 254-260.103. saqarTvelos erTi relikviis istoriisaTvis (mariamRvTismSoblis sartyeli da saqarTvelo), reziume rusulda inglisur enebze, `analebi~, 1999, gv. 6-13.104. qarTveli istorikosis saerTaSoriso aRiareba, `saqarTvelosrespublika~, #86, 1999 wlis 2 aprili, gv. 6.105. werilobiTi wyaroebis krulvis Semcveli konteqstebisinterpretaciisaTvis, `klio~, #6, saistorio almanaxi,Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 317.106. biblia da mesxebis Zveli istoria, reziume inglisur enaze,krebulSi: `mesxeTi. istoria da Tanamedroveoba~, axalcixe,2000, gv. 10-14.107. adamianis dabadebasTan dakavSirebuli qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebida miwisagan adamianis Sesaqmis koncef-36

cia, reziume inglisur enaze, krebulSi: `qarTvelurimemkvidreoba~ IV, quTaisi, 2000, gv. 396-405.108. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisaTvis,reziume inglisur enaze, ivane javaxiSvilis sax.Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis axalcixis filialisSromebis krebuli II, axalcixe, 2000, gv. 33-40.109. sevdiani sixaruli, krebulSi: `Rvawlmosili mecnieri~,baTumi, 2000, gv. 193-197.110. istoriuli geografiis problematika akademikos simonjanaSias mecnierul memkvidreobaSi (straboniseuli xor-Zenes lokalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis), akademikos simonjanaSias dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecnierosesia, moxsenebis mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 2000,gv. 14-16.111. nagebobebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi (masalebiZv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis mcire aziis qalaqebis istoriisaTvis),krebulSi: `qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba ZvelsaqarTveloSi~ II, akademikos simon janaSias dabadebis100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili respublikuri samecnierokonferenciis moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbi-lisibaTumi,2000, gv. 32-35.112. bibliuri Tubal-Tobali, krebulSi: `quTaisuri saubrebi~VII, qristianobis 2000 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saer-TaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi, quTaisi, 2000, gv. 152-154.113. juanSeriseuli steris identifikaciisaTvis, reziume inglisurenaze, krebulSi: `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~ IX,Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 67-71.114. qarTuli teqnikuri terminologiis istoriisaTvis, saerTaSorisosimpoziumi sabunebismetyvelo da sainJinrodargebis ganviTarebis istoriis sakiTxebze, moxsenebaTasruli teqstebi, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 120-132. (Tanaavtori k.Tofuria).115. recenzia wignze: grigol giorgaZe, xeTuri da asurulilursmuli teqstebis (qaSqebis) da abeSlaelebis eTnikuriwarmomavlobisaTvis, axalcixe, 2000, gv. 109. krebulSi:`kavkasiur-ZvelaRmosavluri krebuli~ X, Tbilisi, 2001,gv. 265-272.116. leonti mroveli da arian-qarTlis lokalizaciis sakiTxi,reziume inglisur enaze, krebulSi: Dedicatio, istoriul-filologiuriZiebani, miZRvnili mariam lorT-37

qifaniZis dabadebis 75-e wlisTavisadmi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv.318-336, 485-486.117. D TRH _ (TarxunTi) gvianxeTuri panTeonis uzenaesi RvTaeba,reziume inglisur enaze, `masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~XXIV, miZRvnili akademikos giorgi Citaiasdabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 54-62.118. winaaziur samyarosTan qarTvelTa eTnokulturuli ur-TierTobis istoriidan, krebulSi: `quTaisuri saubrebi~VIII, varlam Tofurias 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSorisosimpoziumis masalebi, quTaisi, 2001, gv. 129-130.119. qarTul, rusul, inglisurenovani statiebis krebuli:ZvelaRmosavlur-qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi,2001, 448 gv.120. The `Western Muski~ in Central Anatolia, krebulSi: ZvelaRmosavlur-qarTvelologiuriZiebani, Tbilisi, 2001, gv.98-108.121. Hieroglyphic-luwian inscriptions about the Social Structure of lateHittite Society, referatebi qarTul, rusul da inglisurenebze, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis Sromebi#2 (435), eZRvneba stu saqarTve-los istoriisa da qar-Tuli kulturis istoriis kaTedris daarsebis 10 wlis-Tavs, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 90-94, 149, 154, 159.122. sumbat daviTis Zis Txzulebis pirvelwyaroebis sakiTxisaTvis,v. gabaSvilis 90 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili respublikurisamecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi,2001, gv. 52-56 (Tanaavtori m. sanaZe).123. Zveli winaaziuri cxovelTa samyaros amsaxveli luviuriieroglifebi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa daeTnologiis institutis daarsebis 60 wlisTavisadmimiZRvnili respublikuri samecniero sesiis moxsenebaTamokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 17-20.124. `saqarTvelosa“ da `qarTvelebis“ aRmniSvneli terminebisistoriisaTvis, referatebi qarTul, rusul da inglisurenebze, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis `Sromebi~#7 (446), Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 175-181, 238, 251, 262-263.125. lokaluri da universaluri kulturuli tradiciebisurTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, krebulSi: `quTaisurisaubrebi~ IX, saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi, qu-Taisi, 2002, gv. 89-90.38

126. Gregory Giorgadze _ 75, krebulSi: `ena da kultura~, #3,Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 7-9 (Tanaavtori d. musxeliSvili)127. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi da ZvelaRmosavluri eTnokulturulisamyaro, reziume rusul enaze, krebulSi:`qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi~, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 29-39(Tanaavtori gr. giorgaZe).128. qarTvelTa warmomavlobisaTvis, wignSi: gr. giorgaZe,uZvelesi axloaRmosavluri eTnosebi da qarTvelTawarmomavloba, reziume rusul enaze, Tbilisi, 2002, gv.153-181.129. `Western Muski~ In Central Anatolia, krebulSi `История и языкидревнего востока~. Памяти И.М. Дьяконова, Санкт-Петербург,2002, с. 307-312.130. xeTologiis umniSvnelovanesi SenaZeni, reziume rusulda inglisur enebze, `analebi~, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 65-69.131. kimerielebi werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemTa konteqst-Si, reziume rusul da inglisur enebze, krebulSi: `javaxe-Ti. istoria da Tanamedroveoba~ I, axalcixe, 2002, gv. 15-29.132. Zveli mcireaziuri cxovelTa samyaros amsaxveli luviuriieroglifebi, reziume rusul da inglisur enebze,krebulSi: `oCxari~, julieta ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri,istoriuli da filologiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi,2002, gv. 455-464.133. kvlav Tabal terminis genezisis sakiTxebisaTvis, mari brosesdabadebis 200 wlisTavisaTvis miZRvnili samecnierosesiis moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 2002, gv.21-24.134. К происхождению грузин, wignSi: gr. giorgaZe, uZvelesiaxlo-aRmosavluri eTnosebi da qarTvelTa warmomavloba,Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 153-208.135. bagrationebis istoriuli memkvidreobidan, reziume inglisurenaze, wignSi: `bagrationebi samecniero da kulturulimemkvidreoba~, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 177-197 (Tanaavtorebi:T. beriZe, m. sanaZe, ed. xoStaria-brose).136. saocari, uRrublo, Rimili..., krebulSi: `revaz kiknaZe~,Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 31-37.137. saqarTvelos istoriis swavleba saqarTvelos teqnikuruniversitetSi, wignSi: `istoria _ eris mexsiereba da39

qveynis Zlierebis balavari~, baTumi, 2003, gv. 18-27 (Tanaavtorix. TodaZe).138. warRvnis Sesaxeb miTosis fSavuri erTi versiis interpretaciisaTvis,eqvTime TayaiSvilis xsovnisadmi miZRvnilisamecniero sesiis moxsenebebis mokle Sinaarsebi,Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 20-23.139. `SÂd~-is simbolikisaTvis `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, `quTaisurisaubrebi“ X, saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi,simpoziumi eZRvneba quTaisis sionis (bagratis) taZris1000 wlisTavs, quTaisi, 2003, gv. 159-162.140. sumbat daviTis Zis Txzulebis SedgenilobisaTvis, reziumeinglisur enaze, krebulSi: `valerian gabaSvili _ 90~,Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 521-535 (Tanaavtori m. sanaZe).141. qarTvelTa winaprebi bibliaSi, krebulSi: `saqarTveloaris ese“, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 35-42.142. pirveli monografia kolxeTis berZnuli grafitos Sesaxeb,reziume rusul da inglisur enebze, `analebi~, #1,Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 71-73.143. recenzia wignze: d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos IV-VIIIsaukuneebSi, `analebi~, #1, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 55-56.144. qarTveli qali da saqarTvelos eklesia (mokle eqskursi),saerTaSoriso konferenciis (`religia da sazogadoeba_ rwmena Cvens cxovrebaSi“) moxsenebaTa mokleSinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 34-36.145. tibarenebis gansaxlebis istoriisaTvis, ivane javaxiSvilissax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis samecnierosesiis moxsenebebis mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi,2004, gv. 4-7.146. qarTveli qali da saqarTvelos eklesia. mariam dedofali,reziume inglisur enaze, krebulSi: `logosi~, II,Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 82-86.147. warRvnis Sesaxeb miTosis erTi qarTuli versia ZvelaRmosavlurimiTologiis monacemTa konteqstSi, reziumeinglisur enaze, krebulSi: `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavlurikrebuli~ XI, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 107-123.148. gelasi kesarielis erTi cnobis interpretaciisaTvis, `masalebisaqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~ XXVI, Tbilisi,2004, gv. 138-142 (Tanaavtori n. mindaZe).40

149. recenzia wignze: m. inaZe, Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba,Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 280. krebulSi: `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavlurikrebuli~ XI, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 299-302.150. marTlmadidebluri samyaro da qarTveli qali, reziumeinglisur enaze, krebulSi: `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~X, Tbilisi, 2004 (Tanaavtori n. mindaZe).151. akademikosi giorgi meliqiSvili da qarTveli xalxiseTnogenezis problema, reziume rusul da inglisur enebze,`analebi~ I, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 14-18.152. Южный Кавказ и древняя Анатолия, saerTaSoriso samecnierokonferenciis _ `kavkasiis arqeologia, eTnologia,folkloristika~ _ moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebiskrebuli, miZRvnili akademikos andria afaqiZis dabadebidan90 wlisTavisadmi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 251-253.153. qarTul, rusul, inglisur, germanulenovani statiebiskrebuli: samxreT kavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi,2005, 422 gv.154. `Great King Hartapus, Great King~, Bulletin of the AGIBAS, American-GeorgianInstitute of Biblical and Archeological Studies, 2-3, TbilisiState University, Cornell University, 2004-2005, p. 33-37.155. Древняя Анатолия и Южный Кавказ, резюме на английскомязыке, profesor karlo kucias dabadebidan 70 wlis-Tavisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi: `axlo aRmosavleTi dasaqarTvelo~ IV, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 110-115, 322.156. qubaba ( D KUBABA) _ gvianxeTuri xanis aRmosavleT mcireaziis samefo-samTavroTa qalRmerTi, profesor verabardaveliZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnilkrebulSi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvisXXV, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 312-317 (Tanaavtori n. baxsoliani).157. didi Semoqmedis sicocxle gardacvalebis Semdegac arwydeba. eZRvneba akademikos giorgi meliqiSvilis xsovnas._ `Tbilisis universiteti~, #17 (2011), Tbilisi, 2005wlis 27 maisi, gv. 5.158. xeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebis URU K KUR Tipija – URU KUR-Tipija – identifikaciisaTvis, mose janaSvilis dabadebidan150 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero sesiis moxsenebaTamokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 2005 wlis 30 maisi _ 2ivnisi, gv. 10-12.41

159. `Offer the offering into God~. The Second International Symosion`Cristianity in Our Life: Past, Present, Future“, Short Papers, Tbilisi,24-26 November, 2005, p. 67-68, 55.160. Универсальная концепция антропогенезиса в контексте грузинскойкультурной традиции, Международная научная конференция:Археология, Этнология, Фольклористика Кавказа, Сборник краткихсодержаний докладов, Баку, 2005, с. 175.161. Terms Designating Georgia, Georgians and Latin Piligrims, saqarTvelos,qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli terminebi da laTinipiligrimebi, d. baazovis saxelobis saqarTvelos ebraelTaistoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis Sromebi, IV,2006, gv. 314-333.162. konstantine wereTeli da bibliuri `meSex-mosox~-isidentifikaciis sakiTxi, Konstantin Tsereteli and Identification ofBiblical `Mešek“ – `Mōšok“, saerTaSoriso konferencia,miZRvnili akademikos konstantine wereTlis dabadebis 85wlisTavisadmi, Tbilisi, 2006, 28-30 maisi, moxsenebaTamokle Sinaarsebi, gv. 17-20, 24-26.163. luviuri ori ieroglifis istoriisaTvis, reziume rusulenaze, `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba“ XI, Tbilisi, 2006, gv.16-24. eZRvneba istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorebs mamisaberZeniSvils da liana davlianiZes.164. qarTul, rusul, inglisurenovani krebuli: luviuriieroglifebis samyaroSi, Tbilisi, 2006, 118 gv.165. istoriografiuli narkvevi: marad mSvenieri manana xidaSeli70 wlisaa, `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli“XII, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 8-19.166. Towards the Identification of Luwian Hieroglyphs Denoting Fauna ofAncient Asia Minor reziume qarTul enaze, Bulletin of GeorgianNational Academy of Sciences, vol. 1 (vol. 175), no. 3, Tbilisi, 2007,p. 138-142.167. `Sewired Sesawiravi uflisa~. reziume inglisur da rusulenebze, saiubileo krebuli, miZRvnili Tamar gamsaxurdiasnaTeli xsovnisadmi, `mSveniereba mosili sevdiT“,Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 181-187, 400, 417.168. cxovrebis Rirseulad ganvlili gza. grigol giorgaZe _80, Bulletin of the AGIBAS, American-Georgian Institute of Bibblicaland Archeological Studies, 4-5, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,Cornell University, 2006-2007, p. 6-9.42

169. qaSqebis (qasqebis) onomastikonis istoriisaTvis, Bulletinof the AGIBAS, American-Georgian Institute of Biblical and ArcheologicalStudies, 4-5, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, CornellUniversity, 2006-2007, p. 6-9.170. mefis instituti lidiaSi, reziume inglisur da rusulenebze, `analebi~, #1, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 13-36 (nomerieZRvneba akademikos mariam lorTqifaniZis dabadebis 85wlisTavs).171. masalebi samefo xelisuflebis istoriisaTvis ZvelfrigiaSi, reziume inglisur enaze, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 451-458 (krebuli eZRvneba akademikos mariam lorTqifaniZisdabadebis 85 wlisTavs).172. istoriografiuli narkvevi: mecnieri, sazogado moRvawe,naTeli pirovneba. eduard menabde _ 80, `analebi~, #2,Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 416-425.173. mzis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi, reziume inglisurenaze, `analebi~, #3, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 44-65.174. recenzia naSromze: `saqarTvelos istoriis atlasi~,Tbilisi, 2003, `analebi~, #3, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 585-591(Tanaavtori n. vaCnaZe).175. Южный Кавказ и древний Восток. Этнокультурные параллели,Электронная версия на сайте: `Библиотека Якова Кротова~, 2008г. http:/www.krotov.info/ /lib_sec/04_g/ruz/ia_13.htm.176. RvTismSoblis sartylis qveyanaSi, Tbilisi, 2008, 116 gv.(eZRvneba uwmindesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II dabadebis 75 da aRsaydrebis30 wlisTavs (Tanaavtori n. mindaZe).177. giorgi meliqiSvili _ 90 (biografia), Tbilisi, 2008, 102gv.178. Zvelsparsuli lursmuli warwerebis Katpatuka, reziumeinglisur enaze, saiubileo krebuli: `daviT kacitaZe _90“, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 358-369. (Tanaavtori n. baxsoliani)179. istoriografiuli narkvevi: meri inaZe _ Zveli kolxeTisistoriisa da kulturis TvalsaCino mkvlevari,`analebi~, #4, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 428-510.180. adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia da saqarTvelo, reziumeinglisur enaze, msoflio axali wesrigi da saqarTvelo,saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv.147-152 (Tanaavtori T. xoxobaSvili).43

181. istoriografiuli narkvevi: daviT xaxutaiSvili _ TvalsaCinomecnieri, naTeli pirovneba, wignSi: daviT xaxuta-Svili, samtomeuli, t II, baTumi, 2009, gv. 6-17.182. mzis RvTaeba da mefe, krebulSi: `samecniero paradigmebi“,(reziume inglisur enaze), Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 57-68.183. saqarTvelos istoria, saxelmZRvanelo, sagamomcemlosaxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 277.(Tanaavtorebi: x. TodaZe, m. quTaTelaZe, n. jorjikia).184. samecniero statiebis samenovani krebuli: `wyaroTmcodneobiTida istoriografiuli Ziebani“, Tbilisi, 2009, 275gv.185. istoriografiuli narkvevi: akademikosi TinaTin yauxCi-Svili – 90, `analebi“, 2009, #5, gv. 5-24.186. mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli uZvelesi luviuri ieroglifis(Yazilikaya 34, Kültepe 86) interpretaciisaTvis, reziumeinglisur enaze, samecniero krebulSi: `istoriani“ (krebulimiZRvnilia roin metrevelis dabadebis 70 wlis-Tavisadmi), Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 649-653.187. samxreT kavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi (kulturuli tipologiuriparaleli), serialSi `qarTveli xalxis tradiciulikultura“, Tbilisi, 2010. gv. 32188. ricxviTi saxelebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi,reziume inglisur enaze, `analebi“@6, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 45-52. (Tanaavtori n. baxsoliani).189. informacia da konfliqti, akademikos i. frangiSvilis 80wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferenciis _`sainformacio da kompiuteruli modelireba, marTva“ _moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 2010 wlis 1-4 noemberi, gv120-121 (Tanaavtori d. cucqiriZe).190. luviuri ieroglifebi rogorc informaciis wyaro, `verbalurikomunikaciuri teqnologiebi – 2~ (saerTaSorisokonferenciis masalebi), Tbilisi, 2010 gv. 251-253 (Tanaavtorin. baxsoliani).191. kvalnaTeli (akademikos levan WilaSvilis xsovnas),`saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe“ (46-B), Tbilisi,2010, gv. 567-568.192. `sinori // sironi“ leqsemis istoriisaTvis, reziume inglisurenaze, `analebi“@6, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 197-204 (Tanaavtorig. gociriZe).44

193. `sinori // sironi“ leqsemis istoriisaTvis, `lingvokulturologiuriZiebani“ II, pirveli saerTaSoriso konferencialingvokulturologiasa da anTropologiaSi,baTumi, 2011, gv. 260-264 (Tanaavtori g. gociriZe).194. valeri silogava – eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis akademiuripremiis pirveli laureati, krebulSi: `valeri silogava~,Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 6-9.195. istoriis gakveTilebi (gvianxeTuri xanis mcire aziispolitikuri istoriisaTvis), reziume inglisur enaze,`saistorio vertikalebi“, #22, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 37-141(Tanaavtori n. baxsoliani).196. nodar asaTiani – mecnieri, pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe,ivane javaxiSvilis saxelwifo universitetis humanitarulmecnierebaTa fakultetis saqarTvelos istoriisinstitutis Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 454-464.197. saxelmwifo enis statusis dacvis ZvelaRmosavluri modelisrekonstruqciisaTvis, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetisTeologiis saswavlo-samecniero centrissaerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis (`qarTuli enisroli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobissaqmeSi~) moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 7.198. Zvelanatoliur-kavkasiuri kosmologiis istoriis erTiaspeqtisaTvis, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetisbiznes-inJineringis fakultetis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTadepartamentis saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis(`msoflio da kavkasia~) masalebi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv.90-91.199. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia da qarTveli qali (istoriada Tanamedroveoba), reziume inglisur enaze, saqarTvelosteqnikuri universitetis saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikulikonferencia `qalebi da 21-e saukune~,Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 231-235 (Tanaavtori T. xoxobaSvili).200. saxelmwifo enis statusis dacvis ZvelaxloaRmosavlurimodelis rekonstruqciisaTvis, reziume inglisur enaze,samecniero-saistorio Jurnali `sveticxoveli“, #3, Tbilisi,2011, gv. 42-44.201. informacia da konfliqti, akademikos i. frangiSvilis 80wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferenciis(`sainformacio da kompiuteruli modelireba, marTva~)45

masalebi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 164-166 (Tanaavtori d. cucqiriZe).202. qarTuli eTnonimikis istoriisaTvis, reziume inglisurenaze, samecniero-saistorio Jurnali `sveticxoveli“,#4, Tbilisi, 2011 (ibeWdeba).203. Zveli axlo aRmosavleTis istoriis da kulturis wyaroTmcodneobiTiZiebani (samecniero statiebis krebuli),reziume inglisur enaze, Tbilisi, 2011 (ibeWdeba) (Tanaavtorin. baxsoliani).204. saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis qrestomaTia, sagamomcemlosaxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, (ibeWdeba).205. mxedris gamosaxuleba cixiagoradan, reziume inglisurenaze, krebulSi: `saqarTvelos arqeologiisa da istoriissakiTxebi~ (krebuli eZRvneba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaakademiis wevr-korespondentis, kiazo ficxelaurisdabadebis 80 wlisTavs, Tbilisi, (ibeWdeba).46

nino abakeliamisteriuli religiebis kvali qarTulmiToritualur sistemaSigamoTqma misteriuli religia saidumlo kultebis arsebobazemianiSnebs, romelic gulisxmobs Zv. w. VII saukunidanax. w. IV saukunis CaTvliT periods.winamdebare naSromis kvlevis obieqts miTras misteriebiwarmoadgenen, romelTa ikonografiuli faza vrceldeba ax. w.gvian pirveli saukunidan meoTxe saukunis CaTvliT, xolomisi gavrcelebis sakraluri geografia moicavs centralurda samxreT-aRmosavleT evropas, rainsa da dunais, centraluritalias da TviT roms, romelic mofenili iyo mi-Traistuli ritualis reliqtebiT – warwerebiT, mozaikiT,freskebiT, qandakebebiT, reliefebiT 1 .miTraistuli misteriebis miTologia da Teologia Cvenamdeupiratesad aRwevs reliefuri Zeglebis meSveobiT 2 ,12Cumont, Franz. The Mysteries of Mithra, New York, Dover, 1956; Clauss, Manfred. TheRoman Cult of Mithras (The God and His Mysteries), Edinburgh University Press, 2000;Burkert, Walter. Ancient Mysrtery Cults, Harvard Univ. Press , Cambridge, Massachusettsand London, England, 1987; Eliade, Mircea. A History of Religious Ideas. Vol.2 The Universityof Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1982; Tripolitis, Antonia. Religions of theHellenistic - Roman Age, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge,U.K., 2002.tradiciulad, miTras yvelaze cnobili gamosaxulebebi reliefebzetauroqtoniasTan asocirdeba. am gamosaxulebebze axalgazrda RmerTiamxedrebulia xarze; igi marcxena xeliT ugrixavs xars Tavs, xolo marjvenaTi_ danas artyams ferdSi. miTras acvia tunika, zogjer _ Sarvali,Tavze frigiuli qudi axuravs, mosxmuli aqvs gofrirebuli labada... mi-Traizmi, rogorc sxva mravali religia, gvian antikur periodSi gaJRen-Tili iyo elinisturi astrologiuri gamosaxulebebiT, rac azrTasxvadasxvaobas iwvevda mkvlevarebSi. imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad arsebiTi,an damatebiTi iyo astrologia kultisTvis, mravali naSromi daiwera.Cven SemovifarglebiT ori gansaxvavebuli azris mqone mkvlevaris naSromebismiTiTebiT: Swerdlow N.M., Review article: On the Cosmological Mysteriesof Mithras, Classical Philology, Vol.86, No 1 (Jan., 1991), pp.48-63; Beck, R., The Mysteriesof Mythras: A new Account of their Genegis. The Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. 88,1998, pp.115-128. sverdlovis da misi TanamoazreTa azriT, astrologiasSeuZlia garkveuli figuris zedapiruli identifikacia, magram is verafersambobs masze gamosaxuli istoriis Sesaxeb. kiumoni, romelmacSeiswavla yvela adrindeli literatura am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dadidi zegavlena iqonia aRniSnuli misteriuli kultis Semdgom kvlevebze,ZiriTadad or interpretacias gamoyofda erTmaneTisagan: iranuls da47

omelnic TvalsaCinod naratiulia. miTras kultis zogadiinterpretacia eyrdnoba werilobiT, epigrafikul daarqeologiuri sabuTebis wyebas. 3 naratiul reliefebSi mi-Traistuli religiuri gamocdileba stenografiulad arismoxelTebuli da dawnexili. simbolur formatSia gadayvanilimTeli miTi, erTiani sakulto legenda. miTrasadmimiZRvnili sakulto reliefebi asaxavdnen unikalur movlenas,romelic mTeli Sesaqmis simbolos warmoadgenda.GgamosaxulebaTaATanmimdevroba miTras cxovrebis Sesaxeb,miTiuri angariSis mixedviT, iwyeba RmerTis dabadebiT kldidan(de petra natus) 4 . literaturuli wyaroebi cotaa, magramudavo. miTra cnobilia, rogorc kldidan dabadebuliRmerTi. warwerebi amtkiceben am nomenklaturas: D(eo)(O)mnipotenti) S(oli) Invi(cto), Deo Genitori, r(upr) n(ato) `RmerToyovlis SemZleo, mzeo daumarcxebelo, dambadebelo RmerTo,dabadebulo kldidan~. aq miTras mouxmoben rogorc yovlisSemZles,gamarjvebul mzis RmerTs da kldidan dabadebuls5 .kldidan dabadebul miTras xSirad xelT upyria kelaptarida xmali, misi ZiriTadi gmirobebis niSnebi. kelaptriTmas moaqvs sinaTle _ is genitor luminis-ia, sinaTlis Semqmenliada rogorc mzis RmerTi, TviTon aris sinaTle.345qaldeurs. astrologiuri Sris mocilebis Semdeg, kiumoni iyenebda indoiranulwyaroebs, rogoricaa vedebi, kerZod avestas da zoroastriulnawerebs, dasavluri Zeglebis asaxsnelad. amrigad, kiumonis kvlevebiszegavleniT miTraizmi ganixileboda, rogorc principulad iranuli religiissinkretuli transmisia.aRmoCenilia 420 adgili, 1000 warwera da 700 gamosaxuleba xaris kvlis(aqedan mxolod nawilia srulad SemorCenili) da damatebiT 400 Zeglisxva sagnebTan erTad, romlebic miTras kults mowmobs. werilobiTi dokumentebimwiria da umeteswilad exeba kults da iniciaciuri safexurebisierarqias (ix. Manfred Clauss, dasax. naSromi, 21-31).amdagvari iranuli Tema kvlav iCens Tavs Sobis qristianul legendebSisinaTliT mosil gamoqvabulSi beTlemSi. miTras saswaulebrivi Soba warmoadgendaintegralur nawils iranul-sinkretistuli kosmoratorimxsnelismiTisa. Eliade, M., dasax. naSromi, 306-330. somxuri tradicia mogviTxrobsgamoqabulis Sesaxeb, romelSic Meher-i (e.i. Mihr/Mithra) Caiketa,romlidanac is gamodioda weliwadSi erTxel. Cumont, F., St. George andMithra “The Cattle-Thief”, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol., 27. Part 1: Papers presentedto Sir Henry Stuart Jones, 1937. 63-71.Clauss, M., dasax. naSr. 62-71.48

kultis amsaxveli vizualuri masala cxadyofs, rom masSicentalur misterias tauroqtonia warmoadgens.iranuli preistoriuli tauroqtoniis ganxilvisas a.bausani6 aRniSnavs, rom konfiguraciis namdvili mniSvnelobaSesaZloa is iyos, rom lomi kulminaciaSia maSin, rodesacxari knindeba.gansazRvrul ZeglebSi asaxulia Tu rogor wiravs miTramzis (Sol) brZanebiT xars msxverplad. manfred klausis aRniSvniT,miTra Tavis misias didi surviliT ar asrulebs; masTavi mitrialebuli aqvs da erTi xeliT xaris nestoebiukavia, xolo meoreTi danas artyams msxverpls ferdSi. `momakvdavimsxverplis sxeulidan izrdeba yvela saxis balaxida samkurnalo mcenare... zurgis tvinidan puris momcemi xorblisjejili amodis, misi sisxli Rvinod iqceva, romlisganacsakralur sasmels iReben misteriebisaTvis.~ 7 . rogorc specialistebifiqroben, xaris kvliT axali cxovreba ikvirtebada am axal sicocxles, romelic WeSmaritia, mxolod miTrasunda umadlodnen.eqspertebis azriT, morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT, amgvari`kreatiuli mkvleloba~ ukeT ixsneba ufro rogorc agrarulireligia, vidre iniciaciuri kulti... ase rom, miTrasgmiroba dardeba esqatologiur msxverplSewirvas; aseTSemTxvevaSi, iniciacia misteriebSi aCqarebda saboloo ganaxlebas,sxva sityvebiT mistebis xsnas 8 .xaris msxverplSewirva sruldeba gamoqvabulSi 9 mzisa damTvaris TandaswrebiT. kosmiuri struqtura msxverplSewir-6789Swerdlow N.M., Review article: On the Cosmological Mysteries of Mithras, ClassicalPhilology, Vol.86, No 1 (Jan., 1991), pp. 48-63.Clauss M., dasax. naSromi, 62-102.Eliade M., dasax. naSromi, 306-330.mesame saukunis platonikosi, porfire (De anto nympharum 6.24) aRwers gamoqvabulisdagvarmiTreums, rogorc kosmosis gamosaxulebas (saxes / image-s).igi miTras aTavsebs rogorc celestiur ekvatorze, aseve dRe-Ramsworobaze, da ambobs, rom mas xelT upyria aresis xmali, marsis niSanida amxedrebulia xarze, veneras niSanSi da faqtobrivad miTreumebixSirad mokazmulia zodiaqos niSnebiT, planetebis reprezentaciebiT davarskvlavebi mimofantulia lurj caze. aqve gvinda SevniSnoT, rom kiumoniZeglebis astrologiur Sinaarssac aqcevda yuradRebas, romelic masarasdros arc uaryvia da ganixilavda maT, rogorc babilonur, xolomogvianebiT, rogorc elinistur zegavlenebs, miTraizmis dasavleTisakentransmisiis kursis dros. Swerdlow N.M., dasax. naSromi, 49.49

visa naCvenebia zodiaqos 12 niSniT 10 , an 7 planetiT da qarebisada oTxi sezonis meSveobiT. ori personaJi (romelnicumetes SemTxvevaSi fexgadajvaredinebulni gamoisaxebian),Cautes da Cautepates, miTras msgavsad arian Cacmulni da xelSianTebuli CiraRdnebi upyriaT; isini dakvirvebiT adevnebenTvalyurs RmerTis gmirobas; mkvlevarTa azriT, isini mi-Tras, rogorc solaruli RmerTis or epifanias warmoadgenen11 (da, marTlac, mkvlevrebi xSirad iSvelieben aseTdros fsevdo-dionises SeniSvnas gasammagebul miTraze (`tripleMithra~, Epist.7).kavSiri mzesa da miTras Soris wamoWris problemas, romelicjer kidev ar aris gadaWrili: erTi mxriv, miuxedavadimisa, rom is eqvemdebareba miTras, mze ubrZanebs mas xarisSewirvas; meore mxriv, warwerebi TviTon miTras gansaz-Rvraven rogorc `Sol Invictus~ (`daumarcxebel mzes~) an sxvagvarad`gamarjvebul mzes~. garkveul scenebSi mze muxlebzedgas miTras winaSe; sxva scenebSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor arTmevenRmerTebi erTmaneTs xels. rogorc ar unda yofiliyoes, miTra da mze amtkiceben megobrobas sadResaswaulonadimiT, romelSic isini eziarebian msxverplad Sewirulixaris xorcs. nadimi kosmiur gamoqvabulSi tardeboda. orRmerTs emsaxurebodnen pirebi, romlebic cxovelur niRbebsatarebdnen. aRniSnuli nadimi modelia ritualuri sakvebisaTvis.nadimze niRbosani mistebi, romlebic iniciaciisxarisxis Sesabamisad SeniRbulni, emsaxurebian saidumlo Sekrebismamas (pater) 12 .v. burkertis SeniSvniT, misteriebSi monawileTa organizacia(sxeuli, teqstura) ar iyofoda RvTismsaxurebad da mis101112origenesTan (Contra Celsum 6.22) citirebuli celsusi ambobs, rom miTrasmisteriebis mixedviT, suli maRldeba 7 planetis sferoSi, romlebic asocirdebian(ritualuri) kibis 7 liTonis karibWesTan. xolo iniciaciis 7stadia, romelsac eZaxian Corax, Nymphus, Miles, Leo, Perses, Heliodromus da Pater-s,aseve asocirdeba 7 planetasTan. ix. Clauss M., dasax. naSromi,102-108.arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, mag. ulanseis, romlis mixedviT me-CiraRdneni identificirebulni arian TviTon dReRamsworobebTan, radganmaT zogjer aqvT xarisa da Rriankalis simboloebi, Swerdlow N.M., dasax.naSromi, 53.mzis amaRleba cad, ramodenime reliefze gamosaxuli scenaa da fiqroben,rom gamosaxuli aqti nadimis Semdeg maleve unda ganxorcielebuliyo. Tavismxriv, miTrac adioda caSi; zog gamosaxulebaSi igi ukan misdevs mzisetls.... Clauss M., dasax. naSromi,102-108.50

mimdevrebad, aramed gamoirCeoda mkacri gradaciiiT. mTavariavtoritetisTvis aseTi titulic ki arsebobda _ pater patrum. v.burkertis azriT, mamebis pasuxismgeblobaSi Sedioda ekontrolebinaTam misteriebis swori warmarTva. warwerebimianiSneben, rom axali miTreumis inaugiracias da, Sesabamisad,axali jgufis Seqmnas unda daswreboda pater-i 13 .amgvarad, miTraizms marTavda sanctissimus ordo anu wmindajgufi. Tu rogori iyo rituali, amaze SesaZloa plutarqesxumrobiT naTqvamiT msjelobac, romlis mixedviT: ~didi mefeerTerT msaxurs axsenebda, rom erTgulebis dacvis mizniT isSekruli iyo ficiT, xelis CamorTmeviT da miTras ficiT:miTxari simarTle rwmenis SenaxviT, miTras sinaTliT da mefismarjvena xeliT 14 .magram msxverplSewirvamde aucilebel miTologiur epizodsmiTras mier xaris moparva warmoadgenda. marTaliaxaris kvliT sparseli RmerTi iyo yovelTvis saxelganTqmuli,magram rogorc eduardsi aRniSnavs qurdis reputaciaman mxolod dasavleTSi miiRo 15 .uamravi sakamaTo sakiTxidan, romelic wamoiWreba miTraistulmisteriebTan dakavSirebiT, Cvens yuradRebas amjeradSevaCerebT miTras mimarTebaze sxva religiebTan da kerZodqristianobasTan 16 . qristiani apologetis firmikus maternusis(IV s) mixedviT, miTras mimdevrebi `xaris (mo)parvis~iniciantebi iyvnen, romlebic gaerTianebulni iyvnen gamor-Ceuli mamis garSemo xelis CamorTmevis ritualiT. igi mi-Traistebis RmerTs (an gmirs) eZaxis xariparias (abactorembovum) (De Errore 5.2), magram rogorc eduardsi aRniSnavs, misi13141516Burkert, Walter. Ancient Mysrtery Cults, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusettsand Londin, England, 1987, 30-66.arsebobs reliefebi, romlebzec zodiaqos stereotipuli niSnebi wreSiaCamwkrivebuli xariskvlis scenis garSemo, ise, rom es aqti zodiaqos wrisSigniT xdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi zodiaqo ikavebs gamoqvabulis adgils, romelic,rogorc kosmosis saxe, Cveulebriv, am aqtis saasparezo scenas warmoadgens.a.w. 4 saukunis bolos, m. klausis varaudiT, sparselebi sakuTarificis dasamowmeblad Mitra-s kvlav uxmobdnen. aqemeniduri imperiis dangrevasTanerTad miTras kultma SeinarCuna Tavisi mniSvneloba memkvidreelinistur saxelmwifoebSi (Tanamedrove TurqeTis arealSi) da sxv.Clauss, M., dasax. naSromi, 21-33.Edwards M.J., Porphyry and the “Cattle-Stealing God”, Hermes, Vol.121. No 1 (1993).122-125.Clauss. M., dasax. naSromi, 105.51

naSromi erTi TaobiT mainc ufro gviandelia, vidre porfiresi17 . porfires angariSi, eduardsis varaudiT, unda dayrdnobodameore saukunis wyaroebs. arcerT dokumentsa da ikonografiaSiaranairi sabuTi ar Cans, rom miTra ukve cnobiliiyo miTografebisTvis `xariparia RmerTis~ saxeliT 18 .magram davubrundeT Cvens mTavar Temas _ miTras misteriiskvals qarTuli sakulto praqtikis konteqstSi.qristianul konteqstSi wm. giorgi miTras legendis memkvidrea.amaze, Tavis droze yuradReba gaamaxviles dasavleT-Si f. kiumonma 19 , a. gudSmitma 20 , saqarTveloSi s. makalaTiam 21da sxvebma. gasakviri ar aris, rom es wmindani, romelic bizantiuriarmiebis mfarveli – tropaiforos-i iyo, unda Canacvlebodaim RmerTs, romelic meTvalyureobda romauljariskacobas.saqarTveloSi arsebobs wm. giorgis mravali sakulto centri,cnobili mravalnairi epiTetiT (geografiuli, funqciisgamomxatveli, aRweriTi da sxva), romlebTanac garkveuligadmocemebi, ritualebi, ceremoniebi iyo dakavSirebuli.dasavlur qarTul realiaSi yvelaze cnobil sakulto centradiTvleboda iloris wminda giorgi. kiumonma Tavisdroze yuradReba gaamaxvila faqtze, rom ilori ganlagebuliakolxeTis dablobze, romelic mas Semdeg rac miTridates(Zv.w. IVs) samefoSi Sedioda, okupirebul iqna imperiuligarnizonebis mier sebastopolisTan (dioskuria) axlos, es isadgilia, romelic Zlier daculi iyo adrianes dros da ro-1718192021sxva avtoriteti qurdis Sesaxeb kidev ufro mogviano periodisaa (Commodian,Inst.I.13 romelic mogviTxrobs sxvisi xarebis garekvas gamoqvabulisken).marTalia komodianusis (III s) mier aRwerili qmedeba (sxvisi xarebis garekvagamoqvabulSi) gagebul iqna, rogorc axalgazrda RmerTis xumroba`hermesisadmi miZRvnil homerosul himnSi~,xolo miTra identificirebuliqna hermesTan Zv.w. 1 saukuneSi, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom saqonelze reidiukve miTras miewereboda, (mas Semdeg rac es ori RmerTi erTmaneTTangaigivda demiurgiuli funqciis niSniT). magram amave warweridan gasagebixdeboda, ratom aris es ori RmerTi gaigivebuli mzesTan. ix.: Edwards M.J.,Porphyry and the “Cattle-Stealing God”, Hermes, Vol.121. No 1 (1993). 122-125.Cumont, F., St. George and Mithra “The Cattle-Thief”, The Journal of Roman Studies,Vol., 27. Part 1: Papers presented to Sir Henry Stuart Jones, 1937. 63-71.A.von Gutschmidt, Über die Sage vom H. Georg als Beitrag zur iranischerMythengeschichte űber die Verhandlungen der Kgl. Sächs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,1861. S. 13.s. makalaTia, jege-misaronis kulti Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1938.52

melic imperator iustinianes dros kvlav rCeboda avanpostad22 .aRsaniSnavia, rom iloris wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiaxuroTmoZRvrulze metad Tavisi saswaulebiT da masTan dakavSirebuligadmocemebiT iyo saxelganTqmuli. magram sakralurinarativi, rituali, ritualuri simboloebi da sxv.,romelic iloris wm. giorgis salocavTanaa dakavSirebuli,saSualebas iZleva, mis lokalur kultSi Zveli plastebi gamovavlinoT.es plastebi, rogorc qvemoT gamoCndeba miTrasTayvaniscemasTan aris dakavSirebuli. miTras kultTan Sesadarebladramodenime komponenti gvaqvs: wmindanis epiTetebi,masTan dakavSirebuli sakraluri istoriebi, saswaulebi daritualebi.iloris wm. giorgi saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi saswaulebiT.erTerT aseT saswaulad iTvleboda xalxSi moaruliwarmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom 10 noembers (Zv.stiliT) saxelganTqmulimartvili xars iparavda 23 da gamTeniisas CumadSehyavda iloris eklesiis kliteTi Caketil galavanSi. amxarze, misi msxverplad Sewirvis Semdeg, mkiTxaobdnen. misixorci, romelic wvrilad iWreboda da rigdeboda xalxSi,yvelaze efeqtur samkurnalo saSualebad iTvleboda sxvada-2223Cumont, F., St. George and Mithra “The Cattle-Thief”, The Journal of Roman Studies,Vol., 27. Part 1: Papers presented to Sir Henry Stuart Jones, 1937. p.68.kiumonis SeniSvniT, wes-Cveuleba, romelic cocxlobda ilorSi, gvTavazobslegendis axsnas, romelic ciuri ki ara, ufro socialuri iyo daTavisi fesvebiT Cadis im droSi, rodesac mezobeli tomis saqonlis gatacebaaRiarebuli iyo, rogorc omis niSani da asocirdeboda im drosTan,rodesac saqonlis gataceba iTvleboda ara cud da samarcxvino, aramedRmerTebisTvisac Sesaferis sapatio saqmed. miTras mier xaris moparva araris asaxuli avestaSi da orTodoqsalurma zoroastrizmma is an ugulvebelyo,an gardaqmna (Swerdlow, N.M. dasax. naSromi, gv. 67). magram aRsaniSnavia,rom am saxis atribucia RmerTisTvis arc somxuri mazdeanizmisTvisiyo ucxo. xaris parva asaxulia Thomas Ardzroǔni-s, IX-X saukuneebis istorikosisnawerebSic. “zradaSTi (zoroastri) yveba, rom rodesac omidaiwyo ormuzdsa da arimans Soris, ormuzds moSivda da qveyana moiarasakvebis ZebnaSi. igi gadaawyda xars, romelic man moipara da damala qvebisnayarSi...~ amgvari masala kiumons saSualebas aZlevs daaskvnas, rommiTologiaSi somxuri da qarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebi RmerTis mierxaris moparvaze amsaxvelia Zalze primitiuli socialuri mdgomareobisa,romelic didi xnis manZilze grZeldeboda mcire aziis aRmosavleTnawilSi. Brosset, Historien Armenians, CA. Petersburg, 1874, I 21 (Ardzroǔni, i.ch.3).Cumont, F., St. George and Mithra “The Cattle-Thief”, The Journal of Roman Studies,Vol., 27. Part 1: Papers presented to Sir Henry Stuart Jones, 1937. p.68.53

sxva avadmyofobis dasaZlevad. unda aRiniSnos, rom xariparia24 , ara marto wmindanis epiTetia, aramed ciskrisvarskvlavis xalxuri saxelwodebac da SesaZloa miuTiTebdesim droze, rodesac aRniSnuli sakraluri qurdoba undaSesrulebuliyo. am niSniT saxelganTqmuli wmindani moxerxebulda sazrian RvTaebriv qurds emsgavseboda (Sdr. miTras,apolons, merkuris, herakles da sxv), romelic gamTeniisasxarebsa da Zroxebs iparavs boslidan TiTqosda xumrobiT,sxvaTaSoris, Tavisi moxerxebulobisa da siZlieris saCveneblad25 .ilorSi dasturdeba sxva gadmocemac, romelic ficisdacvasa da marTlmsajulebis Temas ukavSirdeba. gadmocemisTanaxmad, iloris eklesiaSi ekida marTlmsajulebis oqrossaswori, romelic eklsiis TaRidan eSveboda SuaSi. iTvlebodarom iloris wm.giorgi momrigebeli iyo yovelgvaridavisa da gaugebrobisa adamianTaASoris da rom es morigebaxorcieldeboda am sasworis meSveobiT. saswori saswaulebrivgamqrala maSin, rodesac erT urwmunos wm giorgis motyuebaucdia 26 . aRniSnuli uCveulo simbolo, romelic qristianobisCarCoebs scildeba, Cemi azriT, SesaZloa miTraistulirwmena-warmodgenebiT aixsnas. saswori, zodiaqos niSnebSiSemodgomis dReRamsworobis is simboloa, romelSicmzis Sesvlisas dResaswauli unda Catarebuliyo. sainteresoa,rom es simbolo maincdamainc iloris wm giorgisTan asocirdeba(romlis zedsaxeli xariparia iyo), xolo dResaswuliSemodgomis dReRamsworobasTan iyo dakavSirebululi, rac,Tavis mxriv, miTraistul simbolizmTan asocirdeba.rogorc ficisa da samarTlianobis damcvels wm. giorgisSeuTqvamdnen survilis aRsrulebamde raime ZRvens (Tumcaaqve unda aRiniSnos rom am Tvisebas is iziarebda sxva wmindanebTanerTad).dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod samegreloSi wm. giorgi//jege xSirad gvxvdeba kompozitSi jege – misaroni. mis sakultocentrebs xelTarsebuli masalis mixedviT, samegre-24n.abakelia, 1977 w. samgreloSi mivlinebis dRiuri # 2 gv. 18. inaxeba avtorTan.25n.abakelia, qristianuli wmindanebi dasavlur-qarTul rwmena-warmodgenebSi(wm. giorgi). `macne~, istoriis seria, #3, 1985,gv. 145-155.26sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ufro detalurad ix. n.abakelia, 1985, dasax. naSr.54gv 147.

loSi warmoadgenen jumiTi, jixaskari, gejeTi, naqalaqevi,salxino da sxva. misi dReoba mirsoba//misroba (zogi kuTxurigamoTqmiT nirsoba, romlis mniSvneloba mkvlevarTaTvisgaugebari iyo) ewodeba. igive dReobas svanebi meisaribs anmeisarobs uwodeben, gurulebi _ moisarobas, xolo raWvelebida leCxumlebi _ meisarobas. jege misaroni gansakuTrebiTTvaliT sneulTaA salocavad iTvleboda, romel-Sic Sesawirad ori sanTeli, ori kvercxi, ori kveri daTeTri fulebi mihqondaT 27 .s. makalaTia mirsobis ritualSi miikvlevda miTras qar-Tul Sesatyvis rwmenas, romelmac Tavisi saxelwodebiT dakultiT moaRwia Cvenamde. s.makalaTia wm.giorgis winamorbedRvTaebad miTras Tvlida 28 . magram misaronis kultis arsebobamsvaneTSi, guriaSi, raWasa da leCxumSi, Sesabamisi kuTxurisaxelebiT _ meisarib, moisari, meisari _ Tavis droze ufrobunebrivi daskvnis gamotanis saSualeba mogvca. kuTxuri saxelebisada ritualebis Sedarebisas naTeli gaxda, rom misaroni//meisaroniigive mirsa// nirsa unda niSnavdes wm. giorgimoisars, romlis ganuyrel atributs isari warmoadgenda darac Seesabameboda adgilobriv rwmena-warmodgenebs wm.giorgize29 e.i. etimologiuri niSniT mirsa //nirsa ver gaigivdebamiTrasTan. magram misma atributma _ isarma (romelic misepiTetSic figurirebs da mis funqciazec miuTiTebs), Tuki masmiTras atributebs da funqciebs SevadarebT, Cemi azriT,SesaZloa sakvlevi Temis axali aspeqti gamoavlinos. amaSi kiSesaZloa dagvexmaros reliefuri sakulto Tasi 30 maincis 31miTreumidan, romelic mniSvnelovan masalas iZleva miTraistuliritualis arssa da bunebaze. oryura reliefurkraterze gamosaxulia 7 figura: sami erT mxareze, oTxi meoreze.r. bekis SeniSvniT, maincis WurWelze, erTi SexedviT, gamosaxuliaara sakulto miTis RvTaebrivi samyaro, aramediniciaciis Semsrulebel adamianTa socialuri samyaro. ma-2728293031n.abakelia, qristianuli wmnidanebi dasavlur-qarTul rwmenawarmodgenebSi(wm.giorgi), `macne, (istoriis seria), #3, 1985, 145-155.s.makalaTia, jege-misaronis kulti Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1939.n.abakelia, 1985, dasax. naSr. gv. 55.Tasi TariRdeba ax.w. meore saukunis pirveli meoTxediT ix. Roger Beck,Ritual, Myth, Doctrine, and Initiation in the Mysteries of Mithras: New Evidence from aCult Vessel. The Journal of Roman Studies. Vol.90 (2000), pp 145-180.mainci, Zveli Mogontiacum, romauli provinciis dedaqalaqi.55

gram ramdenadac WurWelze gamosaxuli adamianebi RvTaebisqmedebas baZaven da imeoreben, faqtobrivad, orive (adamianurida RvTaebrivi) donis maCvenebeli SeiZleba iyos 32 .warmodgenili Svidi figura diferencirebulia garegnuliniSnebiT da atributebiT. aRniSnul figurebSi mxolod erTiamjdomare, romelic isars mis win mdgom ufro momcro SiSvelfiguras umiznebs, romelsac xelebi subordinaciis JestiTgadaujvaredinebia. horni amtkicebs, rom es unda iyos iniciaciisscena. mjdomare figura identificirdeba miTraistulisazogadoebis mamad, ramdenadac is atarebs miTras samoss daasrulebs RmerTis erTerT moqmedebas (isars isvris). isatarebs iniciaciis rituals. SiSveli figura (momcro zomisda vnebadi) aris is, vinc iniciaciis gamocdas gadis da sikvdilsuyurebs TvalebSi. igi instiqturad cdilobs Tavidanaicilos momakvdinebeli isari. mesame figura, romelic awonasworebsscenas _ mistagogia. Kkapuas freskebis scenebTanSedarebisas is igivdeba iniciantze mzrunvelTan da mis megzurTanritualis Sesrulebis dros. garda amisa, igi, Jestebidangamomdinare, aRniSnuli scenis amxsnelicaa. moisarisgamosaxulebas miTraistuli kultis WurWelze gansakuTrebuliadgili uWiravs. am scenaSi, bekis azriT, mniSvnelovanifunqciaa da ara Cini 33 . Tasze asaxuli yoveli scena miTreumSiSesrulebul ritualur qmedebas ukavSirdeba. erTi mxriv, (A)scenaSi warmodgenilia, is rasac beki uwodebs Archery of theFather (romelsac vTargmni, rogorc mamis moisarobas), xolomeore (B) scenaSi _ heliodromusis procesiaa. `mamis moisarobaSi~horni iniciaciis rituals xedavs, ris safuZvelsacKkapuasscenebis gamosaxulebaTa msgavseba aZlevs. merkelbaxismtkicebiT, miTra moisaria, romelic isars kldes esvris,rasac `wylis saswauli~ mohyveba. beki aerTianebs amori mecnieris mosazrebebs da amtkicebs, rom isini urTierTgamomricxavniki ar arian, aramed komplementarulni. misiazriT, mama isris tyorcniT imeorebs miTras qmedebas da misimeSveobiT sazogadoebaSi axali wevri Semohyavs 34 (iqmneba wyvilimoisari miTra / moisari mama).323334Roger Beck, Ritual, Myth, Doctrine, and Initiation in the Mysteries of Mithras: New Evidencefrom a Cult Vessel. The Journal of Roman Studies. Vol.90 (2000), pp 145-180.Beck Roger, Myth, Doctrine, and Initiation in the Mysteries of Mythras: New Evidencefrom a cult Vessel, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol.90, 2000, pp.145-160.Beck Roger, ibid. 148.56

miTiur ciklSi isris srola interpretirebulia, rogorcgvalvaze gamarjveba, moqmedeba, romelic miTiur drosRmerTma odesRac Seasrula qveynis gvalvisagan gadasarCenadda romlis gameoreba kvlav SesaZlebeli iyo realur droSiTayvanismcemelTaA survilisamebr 35 . iqmneba formula: moisaroba=wyali=cxovreba.am mniSvnelobis ganvrcobiT, romelicase tipuria miTraizmisTvis, isris tyorcna uTanabrdebanaTlobis models. amgvarad, rogorc vnaxeT, isarida moisaroba didi mniSvnelobis miTraistuli simboloa.sainteresoa wm.giorgis dasavlur-qarTuli sxva percefciac,romelic mis epiTetSi gamovlinda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs TeTrcxenze amxedrebuli wmindanis saxiT albaT, inspirirebuli undaiyos misi epiTeti Torosani // Terosani, romelic salxinoSidavafiqsireT 36 . am saxelSi wm.giorgis Secnoba erTi SexedviTZnelic ki iyo. magram svanurSi TeTrosan Sqedilis 37 e.i. SqedisTeTrosanis arsebobam gvafiqrebina, rom Torosani// YTerosani// TeTrosani sxva araferi iyo Tu ara wm. giorgis kidev erTiepiTeti, romelic TeTri cxenis mflobels aRniSnavda da misi essaxe ikonografiuladac mravaljer mtkicdeba. aqve gvinda gavixsenoT,rom mcire aziaSi miTra iyo rogorc meomari, asevemonadirec, amxedrebuli iyo cxenze da am gziT waagavda kapadokielwmindans, romauli armiis oficers, romelsac mexuTesaukunidan moyolebuli agiografebi warmoadgendnen TeTrcxenze amxedrebuls. rogorc aRmosavleTSi, aseve dasavleTSierTnairad moelvare TeTri feri mieca wm.giorgis cxens mTeliSua saukuneebis manZilze. magram fiqroben, rom literaturaSicda, aseve xelovnebaSic kapadokiis didi martvili amxedrebulipirvelad, swored kapadokiaSia damowmebuli, e.i. im regionSi,romelSic iranuli rwmena-warmodgenebi garkveul rolsTamaSobda da Sesabamisad, rogorc kiumoni fiqrobda, ufro dasaSvebiiyo, rom qristianuli wmindanisTvis miecaT misi TeTriraSi imis gamo, rom TeTri iyo mazdeanebis sakraluri cxenebis,mzis cxenebis, feri 38 .35Beck Roger, ibid., 153.36n.abakelia, 1977 wlis samegreloSi mivlinebis dRiuri # 2, gv 20, (inaxebaavtorTan).37 n.abakelia, 1985 wlis svaneTis eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiuri #1, gv. 12(inaxeba avtorTan).38Cumont, F., St. George and Mithra “The Cattle-Thief”, The Journal of Roman Studies,Vol., 27. Part 1: Papers presented to Sir Henry Stuart Jones, 1937. p.68.57

wm. giorgis epiTetebi da atributebi xataven wmindanissaxes, romelic scdeba qristianul CarCoebs da migvaniSnebsmis adgilobriv miTologiur – religiur plastze. igi TavisiepiTetebiT (batoni gamarjvebuli, TeTrosani, xangrosani,xariparia; rogorc saqonlis mfarveli, ficisa da marTlmsajulebisdamcveli) da ritualiT, romelic sruldeba ilorobisdResaswaulze SesaZloa identificirebul iqnas xelSekrulebis`didi saZovrebis mflobel~ RmerT miTrasTan, romelicsaqonlis damcvelis funqciasac gulisxobs..bruno iakobsi, romelmac faqtobrivad Seagrova klasikuriwyaroebi aqemenidur mzis RmerTze, mzes asaxelebs,rogorc aqemeniduri panTeonis erTerT wevrs, romelic winuswrebda miTras transformacias xeSekrulebis RmerTidanmzis RmerTSi. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, deivid siki 39mivida Semdeg daskvnamde: miuxedavad imisa, rom avestur periodamdeiranuli miTra formiT ar iyo solaruli RvTaeba,mas saberZneTsa da indoeTSi solaruli RvTaebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelirolebi avestur periodSi ukve miRebuli hqonda.miTis gamokveTili elementebi _ saqoneli, msxverplSewirvada ukvdaveba namdvilad aris romaul miTraizmSi, asociaciebiiZebneba, miTras epiTetebSi (xariparia). romaulkultSi solaruli RvTeba da miTra TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian.zogjer es ori partniorad aRiqmeba, zogjer ki erTi daigive RvTaebad. Tu romauli miTra Camomavalia iranuliRmerTisa, is momdinareobs RmerTisgan, romelic transformaciisprocesSi imyofeba da romelic sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiTar aris solaruli RvTaeba.amgvarad, winamdebare naSromSi SevecadeT gamogvevlinamiTras misteriebis kulti saqarTveloSi. Tu miTras kvlevebitradiciulad ifargleba miTraistuli ritualis reliqtebiT,rogoricaa – warwerebi,mozaika, freskebi, qandakebebi da reliefebi,winamdebare naSromSi kvleva fokusirdeba qristianiapologetis firmikus maternusis (IV saukune) angariSSidacul cnobaze, romlisA mixedviT, miTras mimdvrebi iyvnen`saqonlispariebi~ abactorem bovum. saqonlis parva, kerZodxaris parvis motivi dasturdeba (da literaturaSi mravaljeraris aRwerili) iloris wm.giorgis saxelTan.A rogorc39David H. Siek, Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun. Numen. Vol.51. No.4.2004. pp.432-467.58

eTnografiuli angariSebidanaa cnobili, saxelganTqmulwmindans sakuTar dReobaze, romelic yovelwliurad tardebodaZv. st. 10 noembers, gamTeniisas eklesiis Caketil galavanSimohyavda moparuli xari da diliT mosul mrevls axvedreba.dResaswulis mTavari momentebi iyo xariskvla, maszemkiTxaoba (Tu rogori iqneboda momavali weli mosavlianiTu mousavliani, omiani Tu mSvidobiani da sxv) da saerTonadimi, romlis drosac Sewiruli xaris xorci nawildebodadamswreTaASoris. (aqve gavixsenoT, rom tauroqtoniis scenebisgamosaxulebebze mokluli xaris kudi xorblis TavTavebiTbolovdeboda).amrigad, Tu Zvel wyaroebSi laparakia iniciantebis mierxaris parvaze (romlebic praqtikulad unda imeorebdnen maTisolaruli RmerTis qmedebebs) da miniSnebaa socialurdoneze, qarTul xalxur dReobaSi sakraluri narativi wm.giorgis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli da Sesabamisad aqcentiRvTaebriv sferoze keTdeba.velze Cvens mier dadasturebulma terminma `xaripariam~saSualeba mogvca varaudisa, rom varskvalavis es saxeliSesaZloa mianiSnebdes im droze, roca aRniSnuli rituali`sakraluri qurdobisa~ gamTeniisas unda ganxorcielebuliyo.adgilobrivTaArwmena-warmodgenebSi daculi maTlmsajulebisoqros sasworis simboloc, romelic odesRac iloriseklesiidan iyo daSvebuli da ficisa da aRTqmis (e.i. xelSekrulebis)damrRvevebs sjida, uSualod miTraistul simbolimzTandakavSirebulad mimaCnia. garda amisa, rogorcSemodgomis dReRamsworobis simbolo, SesaZloa, dResaswaulisaRniSvnis drozec migvaniSnebdes.statiaSi SevecadeT dagvemtkicebina, rom iloris wm.giorgi ar iyo erTaderTi lokaluri kulti aRniSnuli wmindanisa,romelSic miTras Tayvaniscemis uZvelesi Sreebis gamovlenaaris SesaZlebeli. Cven misi arseboba gamovavlineTwm. giorgi moisaris, TeTrosanis, batoni gamarjvebulis dasxv. adgilobriv kultebSic.saqarTveloSi, romelic romauli samyaros periferiadmoiazreboda, garkveul istoriul CarCoebSi, sakraluri narativiTamaSdeba ritualSi da es rituali qristianuldoneze wm. giorgis saxels ukaSirdeba.59

Cven veTanxmebiT mosazrebas, rom miTras saidumlo kultmamoaxdina iranuli memkvidreobis kombinireba berZnulromaulsinkretizmTan da aseve imasac, rom unda ganirCeserTmaneTisagan miTras sparsul-elinisturi kulti da miTrasromauli misteriebi.cnobilia rom arsebobda miTras kultis mravali lokalurivariacia. dasavleT saqarTvelos realiaSi dadasturebulimiTi da rituali, romelSic SesaZlebelia miTrasTayvaniscemis mikvleva, gvafiqrebinebs, rom is unda yofiliyomiTras romauli misteriebidan SemorCenili fragmentebi,romelnic gaJRenTili iyvnen sparsuli rwmena-warmodgenebiT.Nino AbakeliaTHE TRACES OF MYSTERIOUS RELIGIONS IN GEORGIANMYTHIC-RITUAL SYSTEMThe present article aims to reveal the traces of Mithras mysteries inGeorgia. The investigations of Mithraism are traditionally concerned withthe relics of Mithraic ritual _ inscriptions, mosaics, frescoes, figurines andreliefs. Their sacred geography, with the iconographic phase covering theperiod from the late first through the fourth century A.D., includes centraland southeastern Europe, the valleys of Rhein and the Danube, central Italyand Rome itself. Differenly, the present work focuses on the informationpreserved in the account of Christian Apologete Firmicus Maternus (IVc.A.D.) , according to which the followers of Mithras were `the Cattle –thief~initiates,who were incorporated around the distinguished Father (pater) bymeans of oaths and hand shaking ritual. Thus the God of Mithraists is calledCattle-thief (abactorem bovum) (De Errore 5.2). At the Christian level, thesame name (i.e. Cattle thief) can be detected in Georgian reality as well. Inparticular, it is associated with the name of St. George of Ilori (WesternGeorgia). At the annual festival held on the 10th of November, the mainevent was focused on the Taurochtony i.e. bull slaying. According to thelocal beliefs the bull was beforehand stolen by the famous Martyr andbrought inconspicuously inside the locked enclosure of the church. Then thebull was slain. So if the Firmicus Maternus speaks of initiates of cattle –thief and in this way points to the human level of the Mithraists’ ritual, inthe Georgian folk festival and sacred narrative associated with St. George60

the accent is made on the divine sphere. The author of the article has alsoattested the term Cattle-thief as the name of the Morning star, which mightbe connected with the time of divine bull stealing.Another ritual symbol, that of golden scales, is also associated with thechurch of Ilori, which might point to one of the most significant mithraicsymbols. On the one hand, it reveals the functions of oath keeper and fromthe astrological point of view, it might point to the time of celebration of theannual festival of the saint which coincided with the autumn equinox.The author also argues that St George of Ilori was not the only local cultattested in Western Georgian which revealed the mithraistic beliefs. Accordingto the investigation the mythraic beliefs can be detected in the epithetsof the saint Jege-Misaroni, i.e. St. George the Archer, or Torosani, i.e.St George the owner of the white horse, St George ,the Lord Invictus, etc.In Georgia, which was the periphery of Roman Empire within certainhistorical frames, the sacred narrative of cattle stealing was performed. Atthe Christian level it was associated with the name of St George.The author agrees with the assumption that the mysterious cult ofMithras combined the Iranian heritage with the Greco-Roman Syncretismand that one must discern Iranian _ Hellenistic cult from the Roman Mysteriesof Mithras.As is known, various forms and variations of local cults of Mithras existedthroughout the Europe. In Georgia, on the basis of analysis of mythand ritual complex associated with St George are uncovered the fragmentsof Roman Mystery religion of Mithras saturated with Iranian religious beliefs.61

62SoTa asaTianiurartus saxelmwifo da qarTveluri tomebi Zv. w. IaTaswleulSiZv. w. I aTaswleuli metad mniSvnelovani epoqaa amierkavkasiaSimcxovrebi tomebis istoriaSi. misTvis damaxasiaTebeliaudidesi Zvrebi, rogorc sazogadoebriv ganviTarebasa dameurneobaSi, aseve xelovnebasa da ideologiur cxovrebaSi.am periodSi amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis warmoebaSi inergebada farTod vrceldeba mTeli rigi siaxleebisa. mTavar movlenadunda aRiniSnos rkinis damkvidreba, romlis gavrcelebasTandakavSirebuli teqnikuri gadatrialeba mTeli Semdgomiprogresis safuZveli xdeba (mag.: rkinis sabrZolo dasameurneo iaraRi; rkinis guTani). (meliqiSvili 1970: 252; kikviZe1976: 98)gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanidan aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSivrceldeba ZiriTadad xelovnur morwyvaze dafuZnebuliintensiuri miwaTmoqmedeba (Лорткипанидзе 1989: 141). mTebisada mTisZira raionebis aTviseba xels uwyobs mesaqonleobismaRal ganviTarebas (kikviZe 1976: 107). Zv. w. II-IaTaswleulebis mijnaze xelosnobis calke dargad gamoyofaukve dasrulebulia. amas adasturebs amierkavkasiis vrceliteritoriis liTonis damamuSavebeli saxelosnoebis mTeliqseliT dafarvis faqti da meTuneobis sagrZnoblad gazrdilimasStabebi (xidaSeli 1982: 4).kavkasiuri samyaro ecnoba moSinaurebul cxens, romelicdid rols TamaSobs, erTis mxriv, samxedro saqmis, mesaqonleobisada vaWrobis ganviTarebaSi, xolo meores mxriv,xels uwyobs da aadvilebs calkeuli olqebis daaxloebas daTemebis gaerTianebas (meliqiSvili 1970: 250).adreklasobrivi sazogadoebis momzadebisa da CamoyalibebisprocesSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia imdroindelkults da taZars. swored adrerkinis xanaSi amierkavkasiaSigansakuTrebiT mravldeba sakulto nagebobebi, sazogadoebrivixasiaTis sakulto centrebi, romlebic emsaxurebian sakmaodid socialur koleqtivebs (xidaSeli 1982: 7).amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi amierkavkasiaSiarsebobs yvela piroba adreklasobrivi sazogadoebisCamoyalibebis procesis mosamzadeblad: intensi-

uri miwaTmoqmedeba, kargad ganviTarebuli mesaqonleoba,dawinaurebuli xelosnoba, rac Warb produqcias qmnis daamiT xels uwyobs gacvla-gamocvlis aRmavlobas da qonebriviuTanasworobis gaCenas. qonebrivad dawinaurebuli saxlebiswarmoqmna da Zlieri sataZro organizacia akanonebs beladiskults da mas samemkvidrod xdis (kikviZe 1976: 114).Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT dawinaurdnensamxreT amierkavvkasiaSi (kerZod, qvemo qarTlsa dasamxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi) mcxovrebi qarTveluritomebi. am movlenas ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda: jererTi, swored am raionebSi moxda rkinis warmoebis maRaldoneze aTviseba da farTod gavrceleba. iqmneba samTometalurgiurisawarmoo kerebi (meliqiSvili 1970: 251; xaxutaiSvili1986: 55-81); meorec, am regionis wina aziuri kulturiscentrebTan (xuri-urartul da xeTur-frigiul) siaxlivemda maTTan uSualo kontaqtma swrafi tempiT waiyvanaaqauri mosaxleobis konsolidacia da socialur-ekonomiuriganviTareba (xaxutaiSvili 1986: 39); mesamec, am regionebSi damowmebuliaerTiani materialuri kulturebi. kerZod,samxreT-dasavleT (mesxeT-javaxeTis CaTvliT) saqarTveloSi– `kolxuri kultura~ (musxeliSvili 1978: 73), xolo qvemoqarTlsa da Crdilo somxeTis masivze _ erTi mTliani ekonomiku-politikurimaterialuri kultura (avaliSvili 1974:111); meoTxec, es regionebi asaxulia Zv.w. I aTaswleulis asurulda urartul wyaroebSi, romelTa mixedviTac arsebobdaqarTvel tomTa msxvili politikuri gaerTianebebi. (meliqiSvili1970: 358-392). akad. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, am periodSiqarTveli tomebis gansaxlebis samxreTi sazRvari unda yofiliyoerzerumi-yarsi-leninakani-sevanis tba (Меликишвили1954: 115). swored am raionSi moixsenieben urartuli wyaroebiqarTuli saxelwodebebis mqone tomebs (Меликишвили1954: 407; asaTiani 1993: 10-19), xolo dasavleTiT mdinareWoroxis auzidan Sav zRvamde aseve mosaxleobdnen qarTveluritomebi, romlebmac sxva tomebTan (xurituli, afxazuradiReuri)erTad Seqmnes diaoxisa da kulxas adre klasobrivisaxelmwifoebi (musxeliSvili 1978: 103).Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi qarTvel tomebs gansakuTrebiTmWidro urTierToba hqondaT urartus saxelmwifosTan,marTalia es urTierToba ZiriTadad sabrZoloxasiaTs atarebda da qarTvel tomebs uxdebodaT vanis same-63

fos eqspansiis winaaRmdeg brZola (meliqiSvili 1951: 75-130;Дьяконов 1968: 241-242). 1 Tumca savaraudoa, rom xdeboda kulturulida sameurneo miRwevaTa urTieTgaziareba, urTierTgamdidreba(meliqiSvili 1988: 358).urartu Tavisi Zlierebis periodSi did yuradRebas uTmobdaCrdiloeTiT teritoriebis aTvisebas. misi politikurkulturuligavlenis qveS moeqcnen saqarTvelos samxreTdasavleTteritoriaze (gviandeli mesxeT-javaxeTi, Woroxisauzidan Crdilo somxeTamde) mcxovrebi qarTveluri tomebi(Меликишвили 1959: 200-220).urartuli wyaroebis garda intensiur urTierTobaze miuTieTebsam regionis arqeologiuri masalac: leninakanSiaRmoCenilia brinjaos qamris fragmentebi frTebiani grifonisgamosaxulebiT (Пиотровский 1962: 77), urartuli xelovnebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli brinjaos sartyeli aRmoCndaanipemzaSi (Пиотровский 1962: 77); urartuli sabeWdavebi zoomorfuligamosaxulebiT napovnia malaqleSi, covinaSi,nor-baiazeTSi da armavirSi (Куфтин 1944: 59); asurul-urartulicxenis akazmuloba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli samxreTaRmosavleTkavkasiis Zeglebze (Мартиросян 1964: 217-219); xirsaSinapovnia urartuli brinjaos sartylis fragmenti (ficxelauri1965: 80); melaanSi aRmoCnda urartuli brinjaosazarfeSa da faris brinjaos garsakravi (ficxelauri 1965:110); axalcixis raionis sof. mujSi aRmoCnda urartuli niv-Tebi da urartuli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel stilSinakeTi qalis qandakebebi (Чубинишвили 1965: 92);qvemo qarTlsa da Crdilo somxeTis samarovnebze (gan-Tiadi, samTavro, kirovakani, astxadzori, noratusi) gvxvdebaurartusTvis damaxasiaTebeli tanmoxrili danebi (avaliSvili1974: 78). amave regionebSi aRmoCenili bolobze gvelisTavebiani brinjaos samajurebi (ganTiadi, sof. golovino,anipemza, giulagara, sof.bJni, yarsis olqis sof. zakini) (avaliSvili1974: 87) did msgavsebas avlenen urartul analogiebTan,rac rig mkvlevarebs am samajurebis vanis samefodangavrcelebaze afiqrebinebs (Куфтин 1944: 40-45; Пиотровский1am periodis qvemo qarTlis nivTier kulturaSi saomari iaraRis siWarbegvaqvs da rogorc es samecniero literaturaSi swored aris SemCneuli,qvemo qarTli da Crdilo somxeTi qmnian urartus eqspansiis winaaRmdeg`safortifikacio~ zols (avaliSvili 1974: 110).64

1950: 39). tabawyuris tbasTan aRmoCenilia kremaciuli samarovaniferfliT savse Tixis WurWeliT, rac did msgavsebas avlensurartul kolumbariebTan (xidaSeli 2010: 23)Uurartus saxelmwifos dacemis Semdeg xuri-urartulitomebis asimilacia xdeba qarTveluri tomebis mxridan(meliqiSvili 1988: 358), xolo Zv.w. VI saukuneSi Sida qarTlSi,mkvlevarTa azriT (musxeliSvili, 1978: 90; gagoSiZe 1964: 67-68), urartuli kulturis matarebeli tomebis infiltraciamimdinareobs. am movlenas adasturebs xovle goris IV–IIIfenaSi gamoCenili wiTelkeciani WurWeli. isini rogorc damuSavebiTise formebiT (reliefur-sartyliani qvevrebi; samtuCaWurWlebi; pirSezneqili da profiliseburi Tasebi; `sigarisebuli“grZel taniani qilebi; WurWlis wiTeli wernaqiTSeRebva) urartulis zusti minabaZia (musxeliSvili,1978: 91-92).qarTvelur da xuri-urartul enebSi arsebuli leqsikuriSesatyvisobani, iseve rogorc am enaTa urTierTmsgavsi struqturulimaxasiaTeblebi migvaniSneben am enaze molaparaketomebis mWidro urTierTobaze.qarTvelur da xuri-urartul tomTa kontaqtebze unda miuTiTebdesSemdegi leqsikuri paralelebi:urart. Kqiura _ `miwa~ da qarT. – `yira~ (Меликишвили 1954:417);urart. SaliSan da qarT. _ SarSan (Меликишвили 1954: 417);xur. Uurart. Ser/ser – `saRamo~ da qarT.-zanuri ser _ Rame(giorgaZe, xazaraZe 2002: 34)xur. Uurart. Tibnen – `bze~, `Tiva~ da qarT. `Tiva; Tibva~(giorgaZe, xazaraZe 2002: 35)xur. Uurart. uSxu – vercxli da saerTo qarT. `vercxli~(musxeliSvili 1978: 93-95)xur. Uurart. Arcib – `arwivi~ da qarT. – `arwivi~ (Меликишвили1954: 325)xur. Uurart. Uldini – `venaxi~ da qarT. `yurZeni“ (Гамкрелидзе,Иванов 1984: 651)xur. Uurart. Kulde – `cicabo~ (Дьяконов, Старостин 1988: 176),qarT.-zanuri ~klde~ (sarjvelaZe, fenrixi 1990: 82)xur. Uurart. Gul _ `gamocxadeba~ (Дьяконов, Старостин 1988:189.) da qarT `galoba~;65

xur. Uurart. Dak – `mamr. saqoneli~ (Дьяконов, Старостин 1988:175) da qarT. `diakeuli~, `dekna~ (Sedr. Zv. qarTulSi `qaTami~mamlis mniSvnelobiTac ixmareboda, xolo Zroxa orive sqesissaqonels aRniSnavda (sarjvelaZe, fenrixi 1990: 330)xur. Uurart. Zizzi/C`uc`ci –qalis mkerdi (Дьяконов, Старостин1988: 184) da qarT.=zanuri `ZuZu~ (Климов 1964: 235). (urartulenaSi `Z~ bgera ar arsebobda, amitom SesaZloa mis aRsaniSnavad`z~-s an `c~ asos iyenebdnen. sainteresoa, rom qarTvelurenebSic gvaqvs `Z~ da `z/c~ bgerebis monacvleoba. mag.: qarT. Zeda laz. zu, svan. zi; qarT. Zewn- da megr. ziWon-; saerTo qarT.Zixe da qarT. cixe; saerTo qarT. zecx- da qarT. cecx- (sarjvelaZe,fenrixi 1990: 422, 425)xur. Uurart. Sun – `suli~ (Дьяконов, Старостин 1988: 178) dasaerTo qaT. `suni~/`suli~. specialistebis azriT es leqsemebisinonimuri wyvilia (sarjvelaZe 1971: 265)xur. Uurart. Cir – `carieli~ (Дьяконов, Старостин 1988: 184)da qarT.-zanuri cal/cl = `calieri~, `dacla~ (sarjvelaZe,fenrixi 1990: 406; Климов 1964: 227)xur. – urart. Wase (Дьяконов, Старостин 1988: 112) – `mamakaci~da qarT. vaJi (orbeliani 1991: 361)xur. – urart. Burgana (gvaxaria 1982: 124) – `simagre~ daqarT.-zan. B~barj/bojg~ _ `sayrdeni barji~; `burji~ (sarjvelaZe,fenrixi 1990: 46).qarTvelur da xur-urartul enebs Soris msgavsebidan aRsaniSnaviais rom orive enaSi uRleba aglutinaciuri xasia-TiT gamoirCeva, xolo brunvebis daboloebebi sityvis Zirssufiqsebis saxiT emateba. Oorive enaSi ar aris gansxvavebagramatikuli sqesebis mixedviTac (Меликишвили 1960: 53). ergatiulikonstruqcia mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs uRelbisasurartul enaSi. igi mkveTr gansxvavebas avlens gardauval dagardamaval zmnebs Soris. amasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuladformdeba subieqtis brunva gardauvali da gardamavalizmnebis dros, xolo pirdapiri obieqti saxelobiT brunvaSidgeba. ergatiuli konstruqcia erT-erTi mTavari damaxasia-Tebeli funqciaa kavkasiuri, gansakuTrebiT qarTuli enisaTvis(Меликишвили 1960: 53,67).xuri-urartuli tomebisa da qarTveluri tomebis urTier-Toba ar SeiZleba ar asaxuliyo am xalxebis wes-CveulebebSi,religiur da miTologiur SexedulebebSi. marTlac, rogorc es66

samecniero literaturaSi aris gaziarebuli, urartuli RvTaebissaxeli ismis Zveli qarTuli simRerebis misamRerebSi: `ivriarale~; `Tari arale~, `ari arale~. araleze darTuli yvelasityva kargad aixsneba urartuli eniT: ivri-batoni; Tari-Zlieri; ari-momeci (mogveci!). amgvarad urartulad es gamoTqmebiniSnavs: `meufeo arale~, `Zlevamosilo arale~, `momeci(mogveci) RmerTo arale~ (meliqiSvili 1970: 398).akad. g. meliqiSvilis varaudiT, xuri-urartuli samyarodanunda iyos SeTvisebuli agreTve warmodgenebi `viSapebis~(`veSapebis~) Sesaxeb (Меликишвили 1954: 113). marTlac, samxreTamierkavkasiaSi mravlad iqna aRmoCenili Tevzis gamosaxulebianistelebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mdinareebisa da ruebissaTaveebTan arian dadasturebuli. es garemoeba imaze migvaniSnebs,rom es sakulto Zeglebi wylis da nayofierebisRvTaebis wres ganekuTvnebodnen. sainteresoa isic, rom amqvis stelebs adgilobrivi mosaxleoba `viSapebis~ saxelwodebiTicnobs, xolo qarTul da somxur enebSi sityva `viSapi~(`veSapi~) wyalTan aris dakavSirebuli da wylis samyarosyvelaze did cxovels aRniSnavs (orbeliani 1991: 262). samecnieroliteraturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `viSapebs~ paralelixuritebis RmerTebis panTeonSi eZebneba, sadac `ui-sa-i-sa-ap-hi~– `viSaSap~ (hi-kuTvnilebis sufiqsia) cxovelTa da mcenareTamfarveli RvTaebaa (Меликишвили 1954: 114).q. vanis maxloblad, kldeze aRmoCenil e.w. `mxer-kapusis~warweraSi CamoTvlilia urartus RvTaebebi (Меликишвили1960: 143). akad. Gg. meliqiSvilma am teqstSi damowmebuli erTerTiRvTaeba `Quera~ – kuera (kvera) Seadara qarTuli warmarTulipanTeonis RmerTs – kvirias (Меликишвили 1960: 437).Cven viziarebT am mosazrebas da Cvenis mxriv, gvinda davamatoT,rom qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi kviria nayofierebismfarvel RvTaebad gvevlineba (javaxiSvili 1979: 110-115).masTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebi aSkarad mianiSneben,rom kviria samiwaTmoqmedo RvTaebaa da igi, erTis mxriv, miwas,miwaTmoqmedebas da mosavlis aRebas ukavSirdeba, xolomeores mxriv, Svilosnobis mfarvel RvTaebad iTvleba (kikviZe1976: 178; javaxiSvili 1950: 204). Aamave dros Cveni yuradRebamiipyro urartul enaSi damowmebulma sityva qiura(kiura) – `miwa~, romelic Tavisi semantikuri formiT Zalianaxlos dgas RvTaeba quera-s saxelTan, rac gvaZlevs safuZvels67

vivaraudoT, rom RvTaeba quera miwasTan, miwaTmoqmedebasTankavSirSia. msgavsi magaliTebi mravlad aris urartul pan-TeonSi. mag.: RvTaeba ebani anu qveynis RvTaeba (ebani-`qveyana~); RvTaeba suinina anu tbis/zRvis RvTaeba (cue-`tba~);RvTaeba babania anu mTebis RvTaeba (baba- `mTa~); RvTaeba xaraanu gzebis RvTaeba (hara=`gza~) (Пиотровский 1939: 228). Aaqve sagulisxmoa,rom TviT sityva qiura qarTul enaSic aris Semosulimiwis mniSvnelobiT (meliqiSvili 1988: 358). urartuliquera da qarTuli kviria mamrobiTi sqesis RvTaebebi arian.zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom saqmegvaqvs erTi sqesis, erTnairi funqcionalurobis, msgavsisaxelebis mqone RvTaebebTan.urartul panTeonSi amindisa da Weqa-quxilis RvTaebis Te-Subis (TeiSeba) meuRled gvevlineba qalRvTaeba xuba (huba)(meliqiSvili 1988: 353). amasTan dakavSirebiT Cveni yuradRebasvanuri RvTaebis `vobi~-s saxelma miiqcia, igi, iseve rogorcTeSubi, amindisa da ca-Rrubelis gamgeblad warmogvidgeba.rogorc sCans, `vobi~ qarTvelur tomebSi adreul xanaSiveiyo gavrcelebuli (javaxiSvili 1979: 154). am mxriv sagulisxmoa,rom paraskevis aRsaniSnavad megrulsa da svanurSi damowmebulia`obi-Sxa~, `vobiS~ (javaxiSvili 1979: 179), xolosulxan saba orbelianis ganmartebiT paraskevi, saqarTvelo-Si diosis dRed iTvleboda (orbeliani 1991: 615), rac imazemiuTiTebs, rom obi-Sxa, vobiS, diosis (zevsis) msgavsad amindisada Weqa-quxilis RvTaeba iyo. rogorc akad. iv. javaxiSvilifiqrobs `SesaZlebelia tarosis RvTaebis saxeli samwerloboqarTulSi megril-svanurSi daculi saxelis odnavgansxvavebuli da safiqrebelia ufro uZvelesi formac yofiliyoaRbeWdili, magram isic albaT vobisa da vebis an misiprototipis naSTi unda yofiliyo~ (javaxiSvili 1979: 180). SevadaroTqarTuli sityvebi `obi~, `obiani~ anu danestili.Hhaeris tenianobis dros Cndeba obi (orbeliani 1991: 600; javaxiSvili1979: 180,Sen.4).urartuli da qarTuli RvTaebaTa saxelwodebebisa da ma-Ti funqciebis garkveuli msgavsebis dadgenis Semdeg 2 aucile-2raki megrulSi `obi~ forma dasturdeba, SesaZloa davuSvaT, rom svanursaxelwodebaSi Tavkiduri `v~ Taxmovan danarTs warmoadges. analogiuriSemTxvevebi svanurSi araerTgzis mowmdeba. Sdr.: qarT. oqro-svan- voqr.qarT. uTo- svan. vonTov da sxva. xolo `xuba~ da `obi~ saxelwodebebis68

elia qarTveluri (megrul-svanuri `obi-Sxa~- `vobi~) RvTaebissqesis dadgena.qarTul tradiciebSi SemorCenili erTi wesCveulebis Tanaxmad,gvalvis an didi wvimebis dros soflis gogoebi er-Tad ikribebodnen, amindis RvTaebis gamosaxulebas gaake-Tebdnen da sofelSi kar-da-kar simReriT dadiodnen. rodesacromelime saxlTan mividodnen, saxlis patroni gamovidoda,kvercxebsa da fqvils miscemda, xolo gamosaxulebasada gogoebs wyals gadaasxamda (javaxiSvili 1979: 117). sxvaCveulebis Tanaxmad, soflelebi amoirCevdnen erT qals darodesac mTel sofels moivlidnen am qals wyals gadaasxamdnen.amgvarive rituali afxazeTSic arsebobs: Zlieri gvalvisdros qaliSvilebi gaakeTebdnen `dedofals~, romelsac `Zivou~erqva. mas TeTr naWer gadafarebul virze Sesvamdnen dasimRerebiT sofelSi daatarebdnen. Semdeg `dedofals~ wyal-Si Caagdebdnen da TviTonac Wyumpalaobdnen (javaxiSvili1979: 119).zemoT aRwerili Cveulebebidan irkveva, rom isini amindisRvTaebis sapativsacemod sruldeboda, xolo ritualSi wamyvaniroli qalebs ekuTvnodaT. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi RvTaebisgamosaxulebas qalebi daatarebdnen, meoreSi am gamosaxulebisrols TviT qali asrulebda, xolo mesameSi – `dedofali~.yvela ritualSi mxolod qalebi monawileobdnen.amgvarad yovelive zemoTqmuli imis maniSnebelia, rom saqmeunda gvqondes mdedrobiTi sqesis amindis RvTaebasTan.amgvarad arsebobs sruliad garkveuli msgavseba xuriurartulxuba-sa da qarTvelur obi-Sxa/ vobi RvTaebebs Soris.rogorc Cans, saqme ar unda gvqondes marto tipologiurparalelTan.akad. iv. javaxiSvili, rodesac mzis etimologias adgens damis srul formad `mzira (mzera)~-s warmogvidgens, iqve aRniSnavs,rom sxva kavkasiur enebTan am saxelwodebis SejerebisSedegad vlindeba, rom mze mimReoba an zedsarTavi saxeliada Tavdapirvelad zogadi mnaTobis mniSveliba unda hqonoda,xolo mzis Tavdapirvel saxelad mecnieri `ardi~-s miiCnevs,romelmac termin `ardadegi~-Si hpova asaxva (javaxiSvili1979: 169).Sedarebisas aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTulSi x >Hh >0 savsebiT kanonzomiermovlenas warmoadgens (sarjvelaZe, fenrixi 1990: 479).69

s. s. orbelianis leqsikoniT `ardadegi _ mze ra lomSi Sevagasvlamdis ` aseT mdgomareobas ewodeba e.i. daaxloebiT20 ivlisidan 20 agvistomde (orbeliani 1991: 61). es dro saqarTveloSiyvelaze cxel periodad iTvelba da mzis mcxunvarebamaqsimums aRwevs. mecnieris ganmartebiT termini~ardadegi~ or nawiliani sityvaa, romelTagan `degi~ an `dadegi~mzis anu ardis mdgomareobis – lomze dgomis aRmniSvelia(javaxiSvili 1979: 170).amasTan dakavSirebiT Cveni yuradReba miipyro urartulpanTeonSi damowmebulma qalRvTaeba `ardi~-s saxelma. mis SesaxebZalian mwiri informacia gvaqvs. mxolod SegviZlia SevniSnoT,rom jer erTi, `ardi~ aRniSnavs mnaTobs (Меликишвили1960: 417) Sdr.: `selardi~ – mTvare, `sardi~ – ciskrisvarskvlavi, `cinuardi~ – asuruli iSTari (Пиотровский 1939:226) da meorec, `ardi~ qal-RvTaebaa, xolo qarTul miTologiaSimzis RvTaeba yovelTvis mdedrobiTi sqesisaa (Бардавелидзе1957: 10-22). momavalSi SesaZloa aRmoCndes werilobiTimasala, romelic an gaamyarebs anda uaryofs Cven mosazrebas.“mxer-kapusis~ warweraSi aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi RvTaebis`anapSa~/“anapsa~ saxelwodeba. am saxelSi damowmebuliformati `pSa~/“fsa~ 3 absoluturad miuRebelia urartuli enisaTvis.msgavsi kompleqsi ar gvxvdeba arc urartul toponimebsada sakuTar saxelebSi da arc leqsikaSi. Sesabamisad, amRvTaebis saxelis axsna urartul enaze SeuZlebelia.sagulisxmoa, rom saerTo qarTveluri fuZe enis donisaTvisaRdgenilia `fs~ Ziri, romelic `siTxes~ an masTan dakav-Sirebul qmedebas aRniSnavs (Климов 1964: 191). aseve afxazuradiRur(Cerqezul) enebSi `fsa~ formati niSnavs `wyals~,`mdinares~ (janaSia 1959: 119). maTlac, saqarTvelos teritoriazedamowmebulia mravali hidronimi, romelTa saxelebSicfigurirebs `fsa~ kompleqsi. mag.: sufsa; nikofsi; fsaxuafsa;laSifse; juofse; xaSufse; fasisi; afsari; akamfsi (md. WoroxisZveli saxeli) (janaSia 1959: 118). mdinareTa adiRuri saxelwodebidanaRsaniSnavia: tuafse; Sefs-i; makofse; kuJefsi; Cefsi;fsekus-i; xofs-i; da sxva (janaSia 1959: 120).amgvarad, Tu SesaZloa RvTaeba anafsas saxeli rTul ornawilian sityvad miviCniod da davyoT `ana~ da `fsa~-d (msgav-3urartul enaSi `S~ da `s~ bgerebs Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis ar arsebobda da`S~ gadmoscemda ZiriTadad `s~ bgeras (Меликишвили 1960: 46).70

sad `anatori~-sa, romelsac akad. iv. javaxiSvili Sedgenilsityvad miiCnevs da gamohyofs or nawils `ana~ da `tor~) (javaxiSvili1979: 123), maSin pirveli nawili `ana~ SesaZloa davukavSiroTafxazur enaSi RmerTis aRmniSvnel termins – `an~(janaSia 1959: 125). Tu Cveni mosazreba misaRebia, urartuliRvTaeba `anafsa~-s saxelwodeba SesaZloa niSnavdes `mdinaris/wylis~RmerTs. SedarebisaTvis `xer-karpusis~ teqstSimoxseniebulia RvTaeba suinina _ `tba/zRvis~ RvTaeba.sagulisxmoa, rom urartuli panTeonis SemadgenlobaSiTviT urartuli RvTaebebis garda Sesuli arian dapyrobiliqveynebisda da qalaqebis, mezobeli xalxebis RmerTebi da isRvTaebebic, romlebic dakaSirebulni arian totemur da animisturwarmodgenebTan (Пиотровский 1939: 221).saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobas Zalian Zveli tradicia aqvs dameRvineobis klasikur qveyanad iTvleba. zogi mkvlevari meRvineobissamSoblod saqarTvelos miiCnevs (boxoCaZe 1963:192). xizanaanT goraze da qvacxelebze dadasturebuli yurZniswipwebis safuZvelze 4 mevenaxeoba adre an Sua brinjaos xanaSiganviTarebulad miaCniaT saqarTveloSi (cqitiSvili 1959: 137).Mme viziareb im mkvlevarTa mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTacmevenaxeoba, rogorc meurneobis calke dargi saqarTveloSigvianbrinjaos xanis dasasruls unda Camoyalibebuliyo (kikviZe1976: 97). am mosazrebis sasargeblod ramdenime faqtorimetyvelebs. jer erTi, adre brinjaos xanaSi saqarTveloSimiwaTmoqmedeba ZiriTadad zedapiruli da urwyavia (kikviZe1976: 55), xolo Sua brinjaos xanaSi TrialeTuri kulturismatarebeli tomebis mTavari saqmianoba mesaqonleoba iyo,miwaTmoqmedeba ki SezRuduli masStabis da primitiuli xasiaTisrCeboda (kikviZe 1976: 74). mxolod gvianbrinjaos periodSiSeiqmna yvela is piroba (intensiuri miwaTmoqmedeba,meurneobis diversifikacia, sarwyavi sistemebis Seqmna)(Лорткипанидзе 1989: 141), rac xels uwyobda mevenaxeobis ganviTarebas.meorec, saqarTveloSi warmoebis arcerT dargsise ar gauzrdia kerZomesakuTreobis tendencia miwaze, rogorcmevenaxeobas (berZeniSvili 1963: 182). mevenaxeoba verurigdeba warmoebis koleqtiur wess da kerZo iniciativasmoiTxovs (kikviZe 1976: 81), xolo saqarTveloSi gvarovnuli4marto erTi-ori yurZnis wipwa ar migvaCnia meRvineobis arsebobis utyuarsabuTad (Sdr. kikviZe 1976: 80-82).71

Temis daSlis procesi mxolod gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSimimdinareobda (berZeniSvili 1963: 181). mesamec, mxolodgvianbrinjaos periodSi Cndeba mevenaxeobis ganviTarebisdamadasturebeli sxvadasxva sabuTi: xSirad aris dadasturebuliyurZnis wipwebis aRmoCenis faqtebi: ufliscixeSi (boxo-CaZe 1963: 74), yaTnalis xevis samlocvelo kompleqsi (xaxutaiSvili1964: 34), ninowmindis samarovani (cqitiSvili 1959:138), diRomi (Лисицина, Прищеленко 1977: 70), yurZnis wipwebSiprof. m. ramiSvilma amoicno kulturuli vazis jiSis orisaxeoba: `mwvane~ da `rqawiTeli~ (cqitiSvili 1959: 138). arqeologiurmasalebSi mravlad gvxvdeba mevenaxeobasTan dakavSirebulisameurneo iaraRebi: `sasxlavi namglebi~ da mo-Runuli rkinis danebi (boxoCaZe 1963: 52-67), samarxebsa da samosaxloebzedamowmebulia Rvinis sasmisebi da Rvinis Sesanax-dasaZvelebeliqvevrebi. qvevri ki meRvineobis ganviTarebisutyuari sabuTia (kikviZe 1976: 98).urartuSi meurneobis erT-erT mTavar dargs mevenaxeobawarmoadgenda (Пиотровский 1939: 143). xelisSemwyobi bunebrivipirobebi da kargad organizebuli sarwyavi sistemebi qmnidayurZnis moSenebisTvis idealur pirobebs, ris safuZvelzecurartu gadaiqca wina aziis Rvinis mTavar mwarmoeblad damomwodeblad (Пиотровский 1939: 143). babilonisa da asureTissamefoebi RviniT swored urartudan maragdebodnen.TviT urartuSi TiTqmis yvela qalaqs Rvinis uzarmazarisacavebi hqondaT (Пиотровский 1939: 147). magram meRvineobagansakuTrebiT mTavar rols sakulto ritualebSi asrulebda.sistematiuri xasiaTi hqonda RvTaebebisadmi Rvinis mirTmeviscereminias, RmerTebis mier Rvinis dalevis rituals(Пиотровский 1939: 175). yvela taZris sakuTrebaSi arsebobda,rogorc venaxi da Rvinis marani, aseve saritualo Rvinis Wur-Weli (Tixis da brinjaos qvabebi), xeladebi, jamebi da didizomis qvevrebi (Пиотровский 1950: 40). TviT maranSic tardebodaRmerTebis mimarT msxverplSewirvis rituali (Пиотровский1950: 23).sainteresoa, rom rogorc arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi, aseveeTnografiuli masalebi xazs usvamen im garemoebas, romsaqarTveloSi vazi Tavdapirvelad xatis sakuTreba, sakultomcenare unda yofiliyo da venaxic satomo RvTaebaTa kuTvnilmiwebze unda gaSenebuliyo, xolo misgan dayenebuli Rvinoam RvTaebis dReobas xmardeboda (kikviZe 1976: 99;72

Бардавелидзе 1957: 248). venaxi da Rvino rom TavdapirveladRvTis privilegia da sakuTreba iyo, amas mowmobs saqarTveloSifarTod gavrcelebuli marnis kulti da zedaSe (kikviZe1976: 227).Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi farTod vrceldebaurartus kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli meRvineobasTandakavSirebuli sameurneo iaraRi (mag,: rkinis moxrili danebi)da keramikuli WurWeli (Лорткипанидзе 1989: 169; Пицхелаури1979: 45-46), aseve sxvadasxva urartuli produqcia gvxvdebaqvemo qarTlsa (avaliSvili 1974: 104) da kaxeTSi (ficxelauri1973: 120-121), xolo Zv. w. VI saukuneSi mkvlevarebi varaudobenSida qarTlSi urartuli kulturis matarebeli tomebis infiltracias(musxeliSvili, 1978: 90-96).Cven ar gamovricxavT, rom mevenaxeobasTan dakavSirebulqarTul terminologias leqsikuri paralelebi eZebnebodesurartulSi. mag.: qarT. yurZ-en-i da urart. `uld-in-i~ – venaxi(Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984: 691). TviT venaxis arqetipad qarTulzanurierTobis xanisaTvis aRadgenen `uinax~-is (Климов 1964:83) da mas warmoqmnil fuZed miiCneven (sarjvelaZe, fenrixi1990: 122). SesaZloa, es fuZe daiyos `uina~ da `xi~ nawilebad.aseT SemTxvevaSi TvalSi sacemia xuri-urartuli enebisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli kuTvnilebis sufiqsi `xi~ (Меликишвили 1960:51), xolo sityvis pirvel nawilSi SeiZleba davinaxoT indoevropul,semitur, qarTvelur, Zvelegviptur, xaTur enebSidamowmebuli Rvinis saxelwodebis `ueino~ Ziri (Гамкрелидзе,Иванов 1984: 647).sayuradReboa kidev erTi urartuli sityva – zari – `xeivani~(gvaxaria 1982: 131). mis Sesatyvisad qarTul leqsikaSi migvaCnia`zvari~ _ `mepatronis didi venaxi~ (orbeliani 1991:288). urartul warwerebSi es termini aSkarad meRvineobasukavSirdeba. magaliTad: `man (menuam) gaaSena es venaxi, gaaSenaes xeivani (zari). menuas venaxi (misi) saxelia~ (Меликишвили1960: 181). xolo qarTulSic `xeivanis~ erT-erTi mniSvnelobaa`latnebze gasuli vazi~; `talaveri~. rogorc vxedavT, es terminebiara marto fonetikurad, aramed Sinaarsobrivadachgvanan erTmaneTs.amgvarad, zemoT moyvanil monacemTa safuZvelze SegviZliavivaraudoT, rom mevenaxeobis calke dargad Camoyalibebas,73

mis ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli urartusTanurTierTobam.daskvnis saxiT gvinda avRniSnoT, rom gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisxanaSi qarTvelur tomebs intensiuri urTierTobahqondaT xuri-urartul tomebTan, rac saomari Setakebebisgarda mSvidobian politikur-ekonomikur da kulturul ur-TierTobebSic aisaxa, es ki maTi kulturuli monapovrebisurTierTgaziarebas da urTierTSeRwevas uwyobda xels.gamoyenebuli literatura:1. avaliSvili g., qvemo qarTli Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvelnaxevarSi. Tbilisi, 1974;2. asaTiani S., istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosonomastika asurul da urartul werilobiTi wyaroebSi.saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qar-Tuli terminologia, Tbilisi, 1993;3. berZeniSvili n., erTi furceli istoriul-geografiulidRiuridan. istoriuli geografiis krebuli, t. 1, Tbilisi,1963;4. boxoCaZe a., mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba Zvel saqarTveloSiarqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, Tbilisi 1963;5. gagoSiZe i., adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan,Tbilisi, 1964;6. gvaxaria v., zmna da saxeli urartulSi, Tbilisi, 1982;7. giorgaZe g., xazaraZe n., qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezida ZvelaRmosavluri samyaro. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi,krebuli, Tbilisi, 2002;8. kikviZe i., miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmoqmedo kultiZvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 19769. meliqiSvili g., urartu, Tbilisi, 1951;10. meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeliaRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis,Tbilisi, 1965;11. meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.1,Tbilisi, 1970;12. meliqiSvili g., Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria,Tbilisi, 1988;13. musxeliSvili d., xovles namosaxlaris arqeologiurimasala, Tbilisi, 1978;14. orbeliani s. s., leqsikoni qarTuli, t.1, Tbilisi, 1991;74

15. sarjvelaZe z., fenrixi h., qarTvelur enaTa etimologiurileqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1990;16. sarjvelaZe z., sul da sun leqsemaTa urTierTmimar-TebisTvis. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t.62, №1, Tbilisi, 197117. ficxelauri k., aRmosavleT saqarTvelos tomTa istoriisZiriTadi problemebi (Zv.w. XV-VII s.s.), Tbilisi, 1973;18. ficxelauri k., ior-alaznis auzis teritoriaze mosaxletomTa kultura, Tbilisi, 196519. cqitiSvili g., mevenaxeobis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSiarqeologiuri masalis mixedviT. istoriis institutisSromebi IV, 2, Tbilisi, 1959;20. xaxutaiSvili d., ufliscixe I, Tbilisi, 1964;21. xaxutaiSvili n., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloszRvispireTi adrerkinis xanaSi, Tbilisi, 1986;22. xidaSeli m., centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikulixelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi, Tbilisi, 1982;23. xidaSeli m., saqarTvelos Zveli kulturis sakiTxebi,Tbilisi, 2010;24. javaxiSvili iv., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeliaRmosavleTis istoriul eTnologiuri problemebi,qarTveli eri istoriis Sesavali, w. 1, Tbilisi, 1950;25. javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. 1, Tbilisi,1979;26. janaSia s., Sromebi, t. 3, Tbilisi, 1959;27. Бардавелидзе В., Древнейшие религиозные верования иобрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен, Тбилиси, 1957;28. Гамкрелидзе Т, Иванов В., Индоевропейский язык ииндоевропеицы, Т. II, Тбилиси, 1984;29. Дьяконов И., Предыстория армянского народа, Ереван, 1968;30. Дьяконов И., Старостин С., Хурито-урартские и восточнокавказскиеязыки. Древний Восток: этнокультурные связи. Москва, 1988;31. Климов Г., Этимологический словарь картвелских языков,Москва, 1964;32. Куфтин Б., Урартские “калумбарии” у подошвы Арарата икуро-араксcкий энеолит, ssmm, ХIII-В, Тбилиси, 1944;33. Лисицина Г., Прищеленко Л., Палео-этноботаническиенаходки Кавказа и Ближнего Востока, Москва, 1977;34. Лорткипанидзе О., Наследие древней Грузии, Тбилиси, 1989;75

35. Мартиросян А., Армения в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа,Ереван, 1964;36. Меликишвили Г., Наири-Урарту, Тбилиси, 1954;37. Меликишвили Г., К истории Древней Грузии, Тбилиси, 1959;38. Меликишвили Г., Урартские клинописные надписи, Тбилиси,1960;39. Пиотровский Б., Bанское Царство, Москва, 1939;40. Пиотровский Б., Кармир-Блур, 2, Ереван, 1950;41. Пиотровский Б., Искусcтво Урарту VIII-VI вв. до н. э.,Ленинград, 1962;42. Пицхелаури К., Восточная Грузия в конце бронзового века,Тбилиси, 1979;43. Чубинишвили Г., Новые данные о проникновении урартскойкультуры в южной Грузии. Новое в Советском археологии, Москва,196576Shota AsatianiURARTU AND KARTWELIAN TRIBES IN THE 1 STMILLENNIUM B.C.In the 1 st Millennium B.C., Kartvelian tribes had very frequent and intenseinteraction with the Kingdom of Urartu, which, despite military confrontations,grew into peaceful political, economic and cultural relationship.This relationship encouraged sharing of cultural assets and enjoyment ofmutual benefits from new discoveries. A clear example of this relationshipcan be seen in the archeological findings, which were uncovered in the regionsof Meskhet-Javakheti, Northern Armenia, Qvemo Kartli and Kakheti.However, the archeological artifacts from Shida Kartli explicitly show thatin the VI century B.C., tribes with Urartu cultural traits began establishingtheir place in Kartli and assimilating with the Kartvelian tribes.Apparent lexical correspondence, typological parallels and structuralsimilarities between the Kartvelian and Hurrian-Urartian languages, point tothe close relationship of these tribes.Close relationship between the Kingdom of Urartu and the KartvelianTribes is significantly evident in the religious and mythological beliefs ofthe people, as well as in their customs and traditions.Despite the fact that Georgia carries an extremely old tradition of vinicultureand is considered a classical winemaking country, the developmentof vine cultivation and its establishment as a unique separate trait was encouragedby the close relationship with the kingdom of Urartu.

nana baxsolianiborblis semantikuri kodisaTvis ieroglifurluviur damwerlobaSiZv. w. XVI s-Si Seqmnil ieroglifur-luviur damwerlobaSi`wris~, `borblis~ da `etlis~ aRmniSvneli ieroglifebi araerTgzismowmdeba. kvlevis Sedegad irkveva, rom gvianxeTurixanis samefo-samTavroebSi arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebisada mravalplaniani informaciis gadmocema swored am damwerlobissaSualebiT xdeboda. amdenad, ieroglifur-luviuridamwerloba Zveli anatoliis istoriis Seswavlis umniSvnelovanespirvelwyaros warmoadgens. ieroglifur-luviuridamwerlobiT Sedgenil politikuri, ekonomikuri, religiuriSinaarsis teqstebSi amasTanave, SeiZleba davinaxoTZveli anatoliis sxvadasxva xalxTa xangrZlivi kulturuliurTierTobis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli kosmogoniisa da religiurirwmena-warmodgenebis anarekli, romelic gadmocemuliaspecifikuri simbolikis saSualebiT.Cemi kvlevis sagans #267 luviuri ieroglifi da qvis stelazedaculi simboluri niSnis Sinaarsis dadgena warmoadgens.werilobiTi pirvelwyaroebis monacemTa konteqstSi irkveva,rom qarxemiSis stelaze gamosaxuli #267 ieroglifiteqstSi etlis, gadaadgilebis Sinaarsis matarebelia [Merrigi1975: 115-117]. ieroglifi fonetikurad SemdegnairadikiTxeba: warīna da (meore varianti j. hovkinsiseuliwakiTxva) wa/i+ra/i-za-ni-na niSnavs oTxTvalas, etls [Hawkins2000: 103]. malatia II reliefze [Merrigi 1975: 52-53] gamosaxulnadimisa da nadirobis scenaSi erT-erT centralur figurasborbali da daxrili jvari warmoadgens, romelic, vfiqrob,simbolur semantikur kods Seicavs.malatia II reliefis detali77

uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebiT wre-gavrcobili wertiliZaldautanebel moZraobas ukavSirdeba. igi kontinualurobisa(mdori, ritmuli moZraoba) da erTianobis aRmniSvneliada drois maradiulad ganmeorebadi ciklis aRsaniSnavadgamoiyeneboda. wrebrunva, triali, rac wris dinamikurgansazRvrebas warmoadgens ritualsa da xelovnebaSi, warmo-Sobs magiur Zalas, radganac qmnis xelSeuxebel teritorias –wres. wre erTianobis, usasrulobis, srulyofilebis ideasgamoxatavda. wre rogorc figura, romelic iqmneba sworimrudiT dasawyisis da dasasrulis gareSe, Tavis nebismierwertilSi orientirebulia uxilav centrze. wre Semosaz-Rvravs Sida, sazRvrul sivrces, magram wriuli moZraoba,romelic am sivrces qmnis, potenciurad usasruloa. araerTtradiciaSi kosmosi warmodgenilia sferos, grafikuladwris saxiT, romelsac gars akravs araorganizebuli qaosi.wre aris kosmiuri zecis simbolo miwasTan mimarTebaSi. borbaliciklebis – dasawyisisa da ganaxlebis simboloa. Nnikolozkuzanelis Tanaxmad, samyaro aris borbali borbalSi.Bborbali gadaadgilebis simbolocaa da solarulic.SeiZleba iyos zafxulis buniobis gamomxatveli [alaverdaSvili2008: 191].yvela Zvel religiaSi wre, borbali mzesTan iyo dakav-Sirebuli. e. hainis Teoriis Tanaxmad, borbali kviristavidanunda warmoSobiliyo. kviristavebis RerZiT SeerTebis wyalobiTunda aRmoeCinaT ekipaJis agebis principi. Ff. forericTvlida, rom borbali miRebul iqna mzis emblemis, diskosgaxvretisa da RerZze wamogebis gziT [surgulaZe 1986: 77].indoevropuli Ziris semantikur jgufSi wre, oTxTvala,borbali Huer-t [h] -Huer-ĝ [h] Ziridanaa nawarmoebi: Zvel indurivartali –brunva, veduri vartani –gagoreba, miTanuri uartanna –wre (masze cxenebs avarjiSebdnen), soRdiuri wrtn – oTxTvala,osuri wærdan –uremi, latvuri uertō – mobruneba, goTuri wairpandadgoma, Zvelslavuri – vrĭtěti sę – triali, Zvel islandiurivarger – damnaSave, mgeli, vargtre – damnaSavis xe, mglis xe,xeTuri hurki –borbali [Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984: 719], Sdr. qar-Tuli urika [xazaraZe, Tofuria 2005:269].Zvel indoevropul tradiciaSi borbals ritualuri damiTologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs, mas aRmerTeben rogorc mzissimbolos da Tayvanscemen. ase magaliTad, Zvel indur mi-TologiaSi borbali RvTaeba indras ukavSirdeba. igi mzis78

RvTaeba suris borbals mougebs. osur narTaul eposSi `ciuriborbali~ momakvdinebeli iaraRia. `gagorebuli~ borbalinarTebis mtrebs fexebs muxlebamde kveTda [Гамкрелидзе,Иванов 1984: 720].sxvadasxva xalxi simbolos sxvadasxva Sinaarss aZlevda.ase magaliTad, xeTur tradiciaSi borbali ara marto ritualurisimbolikis matarebelia, rogorc es kargad Cans erTxeTur kanonSi warmodgenili Semdegi formuliT: `da borbalsTayvans scems~, aramed mas, imave xeTur kanonebSi Sinaarsobrivadsxva saxiTac vadasturebT. gamoTqma hurkinhaliya- iTargmneba amgvarad: `(gansasjelis) borbal-Tan/borblis winaSe daCoqeba“ (= `Sewyalebis Txovna samefosasamarTlosaTvis Tu gansasjelis dakiTxva wamebiT“) /hurkinhalai- `(msajulTa mier) borblis amoZraveba“ (anu samefo sasamarTlosCarTva saqmeSi) [tatiSvili 2007: 83-84]. sayuradReboinformaciis Semcvelia xaTusili III-is (Zv.w. 1400-1200ww.) avtobiografiaSi daculi cnoba: `radganac iSTari,Cemi qalbatoni mwyalobda da Cemi Zma muvaTalic keTiladmepyroboda, adamianebs, rodesac maT iSTaris, Cemi qalbatonis,wyaloba da Cemi Zmis keTilganwyoba dainaxes, SeSurdaTCemi, arma-daTas cidas Zem da Semdeg sxva adamianebmacgansacdelSi Cagdeba damipires, isini me borotad momeqcnenda me Zalian gamiWirda. Cemma Zmam muvaTalim borbalTanmixmo~. xaTusili I (Zv. w. 1600w) 3 saomar etls wiravs arinasmzis qalRvTaebas [tatiSvili 1990: 185].pindarosi (Zv. w. 532/518-443ww.) `piTiur odebSi~ argonavtebislaSqrobis aRwerisas CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTSemdegs gvamcnobs: `...mividnen fasisSi, sadac isiniSeebrZolnen muqsaxian kolxebs Tavad aietis winaSe. Yyvelazebasri isrebis mpyrobelma, kvipross Sobilma ki miaba isiniuZlieres borbals, romelSic oTxi palo iyo gaCrili~ [antikurikavkasia I: 60].sagulisxmoa, rom simbolur niSanTa Sinaarsi aramxolodZvel samyaroSi, aramed Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic kargadhqondaT gaazrebuli, romelsac erTdroulad kosmogoniurida kosmologiuri aspeqtebi gaaCnda. sakvlev sakiTxTandakavSirebiT sayuradRebo informaciis Semcvelia herodotes(Zv. w. 485-424ww.) Txzuleba `istoria~, sadac kroisosi Tavsgadaxdeniliubedurebebis Semdeg wres, borbals aseT gansaz-Rvrebas aZlevs: `kacTa saqmianobas wre sazRvravs, es wre79

unavs da ar dauSvebs, rom erTni da igiveni iyvnen bednierni[antikuri kavkasia I: 87]. aranakleb mniSvnelovaniaSoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~ Semdegi striqonic, romelsacqajTa tyveobaSi myofi nestan-darejani warmoTqvams:`risxviT mobrunda borbali Cvenzeda cisa Svidisa~ (1296).zemomoyvanili cnobis safuZvelze vfiqrob, rom malatia IIreliefze RvTaebasTan borblis gamoCena SemTxveviTobiT veraixsneba. sakvlev reliefze swored RvTaeba iyo is mamoZravebeliZala, romelsac bedisa da cxovrebis waRma svlasSesTxovdnen, is awesrigebda adamianisa da samyaros harmoniulobas.arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom`borblis~ aRmniSvneli ieroglifiT maradiuli wrebrunvisidea unda yofiliyo gadmocemuli. grafikuli TvalsazrisiTmartivad Sesrulebuli daxrili jvari qveynierebis oTxmxares aRniSnavda da usasrulobis, srulyofilebis ideas gamoxatavda,borbali ki ciklebs _ dasawyissa da ganaxlebas.gamoyenebuli literatura:alaverdaSvili q., sakraluri geometria, Tbilisi 2008.antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, Tbilisi 2010.surgulaZe i., qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika,Tbilisi 1986.tatiSvili i., xaTusili III-is avtobiografia, Zveli aRmosavleTisxalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia, Tbilisi 1990, 202-209.tatiSvili i., xeTur-qarTuli leqsikoni, nakveTi 2, Tbilisi2007.xazaraZe n., k. Tofuria, ZvelaRmosavluri warmomavlobisqarTuli teqnikuri terminologiis istoriisaTvis, samxreTkavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi 2005.Гамкрелидзе Т. В., Иванов В. В., Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы,II, Тбилиси 1984.Hawkins J. D., Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Vol. I, Berlin-NewYork 2000.Merrigi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Testi – 2aE3a SERIE,Roma 1975.80

Nana BakhsolianiON THE SEMANTIC CODE OF THE WHEEL IN THEHIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN SCRIPTThe article deals with the analysis of P. Meriggi’s manuscript №267 ofLuwian hieroglyphs, one of the elements of which is attested on the reliefMalatya II. As a result of the study the author arrives at the conclusion thatthe existence of the hieroglyph linked with the deity cannot be accidental. Itembodied the idea of eternal recurrence, whereas the wheel symbolized cycles– the beginning and renewal.81

Tamaz gamyreliZeZveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobistipologia da warmomavloba 11. `gramatologiagramatologia~ da weriTi sistemis paradigmatika dasintagmatikaweriTi sistema sazogadod warmoadgens grafikul niSanTagarkveuli azriT mowesrigebul, dalagebul simravles da es`mowesrigeba~, `dalageba~ gamoixateba sistemaSi niSanTagarkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, garkveuli rigiT warmodgenaSi.weriT sistemaSi amgvar `rigs~ SesaZlebelia niSanTa (anusistemis) paradigmatika ewodos. werilobiTi sistemis paradigmatikisSeswavla gulisxmobs grafikul simboloTa urTierTmimarTebisganxilvas mimdevrobaSi, werilobiT niSanTaTanmimdevrobis Seswavlas sistemaSi; amisagan gansxvavebiT,werilobiTi sistemis sintagmatika gulisxmobs niSanTa Seer-Tebis wesebs sityvebSi, weriT simboloTa urTierTmimarTebebssityvis farglebSi da sazogadod weris mimarTulebasTandakavSirebul kanonzomierebebs.sityvis paradigmatuli da sintagmaturi planis eqspliciturigamijvna, rac enaTmecnierebaSi f. de sosiurma Semoitana,unda gaxdes aucilebeli principi weriTi sistemis analizisa`damwerlobaTmcodneobaSic~, anu damwerlobis zogadTeoriaSi, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi `gramatologias“uwodeben 2 .2. weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis planiweriTi sistema SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc struqtura,romelsac ori mxare, ori plani aqvs: `gamoxatulebis plani~da `Sinaarsis plani~.1ix. Tamaz gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba.anbanuri weris tipologia da warmomavloba. akaki SaniZis redaqciiTada winasityvaobiT (iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis universitetisgamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1990).2am TvalsazrisiT tradiciuli paleografia ganixileba rogorc `damwerlobiTmcodneobis~anu `gramatologiis~ kerZo dargi, romelsac saqmeaqvs weriTi sistemis mxolod grafikul simboloTa gamoxatulebasTan daSeiswavlis maT grafikul cvlilebebsa drosa da sivrceSi.82

weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis plania niSan-simboloTagrafikuli mxare anu moxazuloba, maTi grafikuli forma.sistemis gamoxatulebis plania agreTve grafikul simboloTaspecifikuri saxelwodebebi. weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebisplanis analizi, amdenad, gulisxmobs niSan-simboloTa grafikulanalizs, maT urTierT Sedareba-Sepirispirebas da sa-Tanado saxelwodebaTa struqturisa da warmomavlobis garkvevas.weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis plans ganekuTvneba sistemisparadigmatuli struqtura, anu niSanTa Tanmimdevroba,sistemaSi niSanTa `dalagebis~ principi.sistemis gamoxatulebis plania agreTve weris iseTi sintagmaturimaxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa weris mimarTuleba,razedac xSirad damokidebulia niSanTa esa Tu is grafikuliforma da mTeli rigi grafikuli Taviseburebani (niSanTagrafikul cvlilebaTa tendencia da sxv.).weriTi sistemis Sinaarsis plania sistemis niSan-simbolo-Ta fonetikuri, erTi mxriT, da ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi, meoremxriT. sistemis Sinaarsis planis analizi gulisxmobs ni-SanTa fonetikur mniSvnelobaTa xasiaTis garkvavas, rac arsebiTadmTeli sistemis struqturasa da bunebas gansazRvravs 3 .sistemis simboloTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi damokidebuliasistemis paradigmatikaze, niSanTa rigze an Tanmimdevrobaze,romelic damaxasiaTebelia konkretuli weriTi sistemisaTvis.weriTi sistemis es arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli iqmnebaoriginalur sistemebSi sxvadasxva faqtorebis zegavleniT.3. weris anbanuri sistemis Seqmnaistoriulad pirvel nimuSs Tanmimdevruli anbanuri damwerlobisas,sadac konsonanturi da funqciurad tolfasi vokaluriniSnebi erTian avtonomiur sistemas qmnian, warmoadgensZveli berZnuli weriTi sistema, romelic Zvelsemitur weriT sistemas emyareba da Zveli finikiuri damwerlobisaganmomdinareobs. am TvalsazrisiT berZnuli damwerlobasemiturisagan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul weriT sis-3weriTi sistemis amgvari gageba safuZvels gvaZlevs CavTvaloT igi semiotikursistemad da Sesabamisad ganvixiloT damwerlobaTmcodneoba, anugramatologia, rogorc semiotikuri disciplina. damwerlobis analogiurigageba rogorc semiotikuri sistemisa mocemuli hqonda ukve ferdinandde sosiurs.83

temas warmoadgens, warmoqmnils semituri sistemis modificirebiTxmovan fonemaTaTvis specialuri niSnebis CamoyalibebisSedegad.berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis saxeliT cnobili weriTisistema, romelic safuZvlad daedo mraval ganStoebas, maTSoris laTinur damwerlobas, da amiT dasabami misca msoflioSiamJamad yvelaze gavrcelebul weriT sistemebs, arwarmoadgens berZnuli enis grafikuli fiqsaciis uZveles nimuSs.qronologiurad berZnul anbanur damwerlobas win uswrebssilaburi xasiaTis kretuli (mikenuri) damwerloba(e.w. B-xazovani damwerloba), romliTac Sesrulebulia Zv.welTaRricxvis meore aTaswleulis Sua saukuneebis mTelirigi mikenuri berZnuli warwerebi.berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis uZvelesi nimuSebi TariRdebaZv. welTaRricxvis VIII-VII saukuneebiT. magram sxvadasxvapaleografiuli mosazrebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeliaberZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis warmoSoba pirveli aTaswleulisdasawyisisaTvis vivaraudoT.antikuri tradicias berZnuli damwerloba Zveli semituri,ufro zustad Zveli finikiuri, werisagan warmomdgarad miaCnia.mTeli berZnuli weriTi sistemisaTvis ukve Zveli welTaRricxvisIII saukunidan ixmareba gamoTqma ‡lfa kaì b¤ta da tÙ…lf„bhton, an kidev ×, ¡ ‚lf„bhtoc.arqauli berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis anu `alfabetis~warmoSoba Zveli finikiuri (resp. Zveli semituri) damwerlobisaganamJamad yvelaze gavrcelebuli da dasabuTebuliTvalsazrisia berZnuli weriTi sistemis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.Zvelis berZnuli damwerlobis Zveli finikiuridan (resp.Zveli semituridan) momdinareobas mowmobs Semdegi monacemebi:1. arqauli berZnuli damwerlobis niSnebi grafikulad em-Txveva Zveli semituri weris Sesabamis grafikul simboloebs;2. berZnuli sistemis paradigmatika anu niSanTmimdevrobaarsebiTad igivea, rac Zvel semitur sistemaSi. amasTanaa dakavSirebuliberZnul niSanTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi;3. arqauli berZnuli weris mimarTuleba marjvnidan marcxnivigivea, rac semitur sistemaSi.84

4. berZnul asoTa saxelebi warmoadgens saTanado Zvelisemituri niSnebis saxelwodebaTa modifikacias. berZnuli ni-Sansaxelebi mxolod umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba im saxelwodebebisagan,romlebic saTanado asoTa uZveles semitursaxelebadaa miCneuli.4. anbanur damwerlobaTa Seqmnis tipologiarogorc aRiniSna, Zveli berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobagaxda wyaro mravali sxva weriTi sistemisaTvis, romlebicaRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi gavrcelda; berZnuli damwerlobisaganmomdinare yvela sistemis ZiriTadi struqturulimaxasiaTebelia maTi anbanuroba, e.i. sistemaSi rogorc konstanturi,ise vokaluri niSnebis arseboba, romlebic erTianparadigmatikas qmnian.sxvadasxva sistemis anbanur damwerlobaTa SedarebiTiSeswavla aRgvidgens anbanis Seqmnis process nimuSad aRebulisawyisi weriTi sistemis mixedviT, warmogvidgens damwerlobiswarmoqmnis tipologias.pirveli ZiriTadi etapi am procesisa aris enis danawevrebacalkeul bgeriT erTeulebad, romlebic unda gamoisaxosdamwerlobaSi grafikuli simboloebiT; es aris arsebiTadenis bgeriTi, fonemuri analizi, raSic vlindeba damwerlobisSemqmnelis lingvisturi alRo da intuicia: igi winaswaranawevrebs enas umcires bgeriT erTeulebad, romelTa erTobliobaenis bgeriT sistemas qmnis.amdenad, yoveli weriTi sistema da gansakuTrebiT anbanuridamwerloba gulisxmobs implitciturad Catarebul sakmaodmaRali donis fonemur analizs, da Sesabamisad yovelidamwerloba warmoadgens saTanado enis lingvisturi kvlevispirvel nimuSs 4 .romelime B enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnisas am enis bgeriTerTeulebs upirispireben nimuSad aRebuli A enis bgeriTsistemas, romelic warmodgenilia anbanSi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiTgawyobili da Sesabamisi grafikuli simboloebiTgamoxatuli bgerebis saxiT. nimuSad aRebuli A enis anbanis4SesaZlebelia saerTod vamtkicoT, rom mecnierebis dasabami sazogadod(da, kerZod, enaTmecnieruli kvlevisa) ama Tu im xalxis kulturul istoriaSimodis saTanado enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnis periodze; damwerlobisSeqmna sazogadod mecnieruli kvlevis dasawyiss unda gulisxmobdes.85

mixedviT ganlagdeba B enis fonetikurad msgavsi bgerebi, romlebicsaTanado grafikul gamosaxulebas iZenen.sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xdeba Sesabamisobis dadgenafonetikuri msgavsebis safuZvelze B enis bgerebsa da nimuSadaRebuli A enis bgerebs Soris, romlebic garkveuli TanmimdevrobiTwarmodgenilia anbanTrigSi.amgvarad, Sesadarebeli A enis prototipuli damwerlobisparadigmatika `gadaisaxeba~ B enis axlad Seqmnili damwerlobisparadigmatikaze: es ukanaskneli ganisazRvreba sanimu-Sod aRebuli A enis weriTi sistemis paradigmatikiT.Tu B enaSi, romlisTvisac iqmneba damwerloba, aRmoCndaufro didi raodenoba bgeriTi erTeulebisa, vidre SesadarebelA enaSia, B enis damwerlobisaTvis saWiro iqneba metigrafikuli simbolos Seqmna saTanado damatebiTi bgerebisgamosaxatavad.aseTi danarTi grafikuli niSnebi, gamomxatveli Sesadarebelienis TvalsazrisiT `damatebiTi~ bgerebisa, ematebasimboloTa ZiriTad nawils, romelic nimuSad aRebuli enisanbanTrigis Sesabamisad aris gawyobili, an CarTulia Ziri-Tad nawilSi, riTac arsebiTad irRveva nimuSad aRebuli Aenis anbanis aq asaxuli paradigmatika.piruku viTarebis SemTxvevaSi, e.i. Tu nimuSad aRebuli Aenis bgeraTa raodenoba aRemateba B enis bgeraTraodenobas,romlisTvisac iqmneba anbani, prototipul damwerlobaSirCeba mTeli rigi `Warbi~ simboloebi, romlebic aq B enisTvalsazrisiT `zedmet~ bgeriT erTeulebs gamoxataven.magram praqtikulad iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac enis bgeriTisimravle mTlianad faravs meore enis bgeriT simravles,e.i. rodesac erT-erTi enis bgerebi mTlianad emTxvevameore enis bgerebs. Cveulebriv, Sesadarebel enebSi, gardafonetikurad msgavsi bgerebisa, arsebobs bgeraTa raRac jgufi,romelic `specifikuria~ TiToeuli enisaTvis.aseT SemTxvevaSi sawyisi, nimuSad aRebuli anbanis paradigmatikaSixdeba saTanado niSnebis bgeraTmniSvnelobaTaSenacvleba mocemuli enisaTvis specifikuri mniSvnelobebiT,rogorc wesi, im adgilebis SenarCunebiT, romlebic saTanadoniSnebs prototipul anbanSi hqondaT.fonetikur mniSvnelobaTa amgvari Senacvlebebi sawyisisistemis garkveul simboloebTan (da ara simboloTa amoReba86

sistemidan) nakarnaxevia midrekilebiT prototipuli sistemisparadigmatikis maqsimaluri SenarCunebisadmi axlad SeqmnilanbanTsistemaSi, razedac arsebiTad damokidebulia sistemisricxviT mniSvnelobaTa adekvaturoba sawyisi sistemisricxviTi mniSvnelobebisadmi.mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi Tu xdeba sistemaSi fonetikuradaraadekvaturi niSnis amogdeba da anbanis erTgvari`SemWidroeba~ sawyis sistemasTan SedarebiT, rac axali sistemisricxviT mniSvnelobaTa erTgvar modifikacias iwvevs.nimuSad aRebuli A enis weriTi sistemis mixedviT mocemuli Benis bgeriT erTeulTa gawyoba gulisxmobs amave dros am bgera-TaTvis specialuri grafikuli simboloebis dadgena-SeTxzvas,romelTa saSualebiT es bgerebi unda gamoixatos. es ori procesi_ mocemul B enaSi nimuSad aRebuli A enis mixedviT bgeriTierTeulebis gamoyofa-dalageba da maTi gamomxatveli grafikulisimboloebis Seqmna _ erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul procedurasasaxavs da erTmaneTs gulisxmobs; damwerlobis rogorc Sinaarsis,ise gamoxatulebis planis Seqmna originaluri SemoqmedebiserTian process warmoadgens 5 .5yoveli damwerlobis saTaveSi, iqneba es Zveli semituri, arqauliberZnuli, kopturi, goTuri Tu romelime sxva, dgas konkretuli pirovnebaan, SesaZlebelia pirovnebaTa jgufi, am damwerlobis Semqmneli, romelicerTiani gegmis mixedviT adgens axal weriT sistemas garkveuliwerilobiTi prototipis safuZvelze. nimuSad aRebuli am prototipisTanaxmad gamoiyofa bgeriTi erTeulebi sakuTar enaSi, gamoixateba sa-Tanado grafikuli simboloebiT da gaiwyoba garkveuli wesis mixedviTaxlad Seqmnil weriT sistemaSi.amave dros, axali damwerlobis Seqmna konkretuli werilobiTi prototipismixedviT erTdroul SemoqmedebiT aqts warmoadgens; iqmneba axalidamwerlobis mTliani sistema, romlis droTa viTarebaSi mxoloderTgvari modificireba da srulyofa Tu SeiZleba, rac garkveuli niSnebismimatebasa, gamoklebasa Tu gardaqmnaSi gamoixateba.Cven ar unda warmovidginoT saqmis viTareba ise, TiTqos Tavdapirveladiqmneba ramdenime niSani, romlebsac Semdgom kidev ramdenime emateba; amaskidev raRac raodenoba erTvis da a.S., sanam xangrZlivi evoluciis procesSiar miiReba sakmaod sruli sistema, romlis saSualebiTac xerxdebaama Tu im enaze teqstis Cawera. werilobiTi sistema, ramdenadac igi damwerlobaswarmoadgens, imTaviTve sruli sistemis saxiT yalibdeba, romelicSeicavs ama Tu im enis adekvaturi werilobiTi gamosaxvisaTvissaWiro da aucilebeli ZiriTadi grafikuli simboloebis raodenobas, daam azriT aris swored werilobiTi sistemis Seqmna `erTdrouli aqti~,ganxorcielebuli konkretuli pirovnebis Tu pirovnebaTa jgufis erTianiSemoqmedebis Sedegad.87

yvelaze martivi gza damwerlobis gamoxatulebis planisgaformebisa da enis bgeriTi erTeulebisaTvis grafikulisimboloebis Seqmnisa iqneboda, bunebrivia, Sesaqmnel anbanSisanimuSod aRebuli damwerlobidan im niSnebis grafikuliformis gadmoReba, romlebic sawyis enaSi fonetikurad msgavsbgerebs gamoxataven, da Seqmnil sistemaSi maTi saTanado, sawyisisistemisadmi Sesabamisi, ganlageba. damatebiTi niSnebi,gamomxatveli mocemuli enisaTvis specifikuri bgerebisa, SesaZlebeliawarmoiqmnas sawyisi sistemidan gadmoRebuli niSnebisgrafikuli modifikaciiT an sxva werilobiTi wyaroebidansesxebis gziT, sadac SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes mocemulienisaTvis damaxasiaTebel damatebiT bgeraTa fonetikuradanalogiuri bgerebis gamomxatveli niSnebi.damwerlobis Seqmnis aRwerili procesis amsaxvelia sworedarqauli berZnuli anbani, romelic arsebiTad imeorebsZveli Crdilo-semituri damwerlobis niSanTa moxazulobas,xolo danarTi niSnebi iqmneba ZiriTad niSanTa grafikulimodifikaciiT an romelime sxva werilobiTi wyaroebidan sesxebisgziT.88am TvalsazrisiT nebismieri werilobiTi sistemis mimarT unda daisvaskiTxva ara imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara igi erTdroulad SemoqmedebiTiaqtis produqti (damwerlobis konkretuli Semqmneli yovelis istoriuladarsebuli werilobiTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi unda vivaraudoT); kiTxvaSeiZleba daisvas imis Taobaze, aris Tu ara garkveuli weriTi sistemaCvenTvis cnobili im saxiT, ra saxiTac igi gamovida misi Semqmnelis xelidan,Tu Cvenamde moRweuli damwerloba warmoadgens pirvandeli sistemisevoluciisa da ganviTarebis Sedegad grafikulad Secvlil da SedgenilobisTvalsazrisiT modificirebul variants.

Zveli berZnuli damwerlobaanalogiuri xasiaTisaa sistemis gamoxatulebis planis TvalsazrisiTkopturi da goTuri anbanebi da slavuri `kirilica~,romlebic berZnuli weriT sistemas emyarebian ara marto Sinaganistruqturis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Sesabamis werilobiTniSanTa grafikuli moxazulobiTac, rac berZnuli uncialuri89

damwerlobis mrgvlovan duqtuss asaxavs. damatebiT niSnebi amsistemebSi iqmneba arsebul ZiriTad niSanTa grafikuli modifikaciiTan calkeul niSanTa sxva wyaroebidan sesxebiT (zogSemTxvevaSi amave enebze arsebul ufro adrindeli weriTi sistemidan,Sdr. demoturi niSnebi koptur damwerlobaSi, runuliniSnebi goTurSi, glagolicuri niSnebi slavur `kirilicaSi~(ix. qvemoT saTanado tabulebi).damwerlobis `gamoxatulebis planis~ Seqmnis aRwerilisaganarsebiTad gansxvavebul gzas warmoadgens SemTxveva, rodesacsawyisi, nimuSad aRebuli damwerlobis niSnebi, romlebic msesxebelienis saTanado fonetikurad msgavs bgerebs gamoxataven,gadmodian axal damwerlobaSi ara grafikulad ucvleli saxiT,aramed garkveuli grafikuli, SesaZlebelia Segnebulad ganxorcielebuli,modifikaciebiT, rac mniSvnelovnad cvlis saTanadoniSnebis grafikul formas prototipuli sistemis simboloebTanSedarebiT, ise rom iCrdileba saTanado simboloTa erTmaneT-Tan formaluri kavSiri (Sdr. slavuri `glagolica~ sapirispirodberZnuli minuskuluri damwerlobisa).sawyisi sistemebis amgvari grafikuli modifikaciebi Sei-Zleba ganxorcielebuliyo mocemuli damwerlobisaTvis nimuSadaRebul weriT sistemebTan kavSiris dafarvis mizniT,rasac SesaZlebelia garkveuli politikur-ideologiuri safuZvlebihqonoda.am tendenciis ukidures gamovlenas warmogvidgens Zvelisomxuri damwerloba, romelic aseve berZnul werilobiT sistemasemyareba, magram romelsac arsebiTad gardaqmnili aqvssistemis `gamoxatulebis plani~. berZnul bgeriT sistemasTanSefardebiT dadgenili da ganlagebuli somxuri bgeriTi erTeulebigamoixata ara Sesabamis berZnul simboloebze damyarebuliniSnebiT, aramed mTlianad berZnuli grafikisagan damoukidebladSeiTxza, SesaZlebelia, originalur niadagze ansxvadasxva grafikuli nimuSebis gamoyenebiT.am TvalsazrisiT Zveli somxuri damwerloba berZnul weriTsistemaze damyarebul damwerlobaTa Soris metad Tavisebur sistemaswarmoadgens, romelic upirispirdeba am mxriv berZnulisistemis gamoxatulebis planis amsaxvel damwerlobebs: kopturs,goTurs, slavur `kirilicas~ da sxv. es weriTi sistemebi ber-Znuli damwerlobisagan warmomdgar anbanur damwerlobaTa tipologiaSiukidures polusebs qmnian. amaT Soris moTavsdeba tipologiuradslavuri `glagolica~, romelic ar wyvets mTlia-90

nad grafikul kavSirs prototipuli damwerlobis gamoxatulebasTan,magram warmogvidgens berZnuli sistemis grafikul simbloebsuaRresad modificirebuli da grafikulad stilizebuliwerilobiTi niSnebis saxiT.amave jgufSi unda moTavsdes tipologiurad kidev erTiweriTi sistema, romelic berZnul damwerlobas emyareba. esaris Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli damwerloba~.qarTuli anbanis berZnuli prototipis mixedviT Seqmna,berZnuli weriTi nimuSisagan momdinareoba vlindeba ZveliqarTuli damwerlobis mTeli rigi Sinagani struqturulimonacemebis safuZvelze, qarTuli weriTi sistemis Sinaganiwyobisa da paradigmatikis mixedviT:qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba91

5. Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis SesaZlebeliweriTi prototipebirogorc aRiniSna, yoveli damwerlobis da gansakuTrebiTanbanuri weriTi sistemis Seqmnis pirvel da aucilebel etapswarmoadgens enis bgeriTi sistemis winaswari segmentirebacalkeul bgeriT erTeulebad, romlebic unda gamoisaxosgrafikuli simboloebis saSualebiT; ama Tu im enisaTvis anbanuridamwerlobis Seqmna gulisxmobs imavdroulad am enisbgeriT erTeulTa sakmaod sruli da amomwuravi sistemis winaswarmocemulobas; enis bgeriTi sistemis am winaswar analizzeaarsebiTad damokidebuli mis Sesabamisad Seqmnili damwerlobisxasiaTi da funqciuri srulyofilebis xarisxi: racufro Tanmimdevruli, sruli da enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobisadmiadekvaturia anbanis Semdgenlis mier Catarebuliamgvari winaswari fonemur-fonetikuri analizi, miT ufrosrulyofilia enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis amsaxveli damwerloba,miT ufro Seesabameba igi enis grafikuli fiqsirebismiznebs.irkveva, rom qarTuli anbanis Semqmnels zedmiwevniT sisruliTaqvs warmodgenili Tanadrouli qarTuli enis bgeri-Ti sistema: igi srulad da amomwuravad iTvaliswinebs qar-Tuli enis bgeraTa (`fonemaTa~) inventars, romelTa grafikuligamoxatva aucilebelia qarTuli enis adekvaturi werilobiTigadmocemebisaTvis.qarTuli enis bgeriTi inventari imdenad srulad da Tanmimdevruladaris asaxuli Zvel qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi,rom mas am TvalsazrisiT (e.i. niSanTa Semadgenlobisada maT fonetikur mniSvnelobaTa mxriv) SemdgomarsebiTi cvlilebebi arc ki ganucdia.Tanamedrove qarTuli damwerloba Tavisi Sinagani struqturulimaxasiaTeblebis mixedviT asaxavs ZiriTadad ZvelqarTul weriT sistemas (ramdenime niSnis amoRebiT: À, Á da Ã,romelnic gamoxatavdnen Zvel sistemaSi axali saliteraturoqarTulisaTvis arasaWiro bgerebs).magram romeli weriTi sistema aqvs aRebuli qarTuli anbanisSemqmnels nimuSad, werilobiT `prototipad~, romeldamwerlobas ufardebs igi qarTul bgeraTa inventars, qar-Tuli enis bgeraTa simravles, raTa moaxdinos sistemaSi mocemulbgeraTa garkveuli wesiT dalageba da gamoxatos isiniSesabamisi grafikuli simboloebiT? sxva sityvebiT rom vTq-92

vaT, nimuSad aRebuli romeli damwerlobis mixedviT undayofiliyo gawyobili axlad Seqmnili qarTuli anbani, romeliweriTi sistema udevs mas safuZvlad?es aris arsebiTad problema Zveli qarTuli damwerlobiswarmoSobisa, dayvanili sruliad konkretul amocanaze, saxeldobrimis garkvevaze, Tu romel werilobiT sistemas emyarebaqarTuli damwerloba rogorc nimuSs, rogorc `prototipulmodels~, romelic gansazRvravs mis wyobasa daparadigmatikas.am TvalsazrisiT Zveli qarTuli anbanis SesaZlebel prototipebadwarmogvidgeba pirvel rigSi Zveli semituri damwerloba(an misgan warmomdgari romelime sxva, magaliTad,berZnuli weriTi sistema).yvela SemTxvevaSi (e.i. qarTuli damwerlobis semituri TuberZnuli weriTi sistemisagan warmomavlobis daSvebiT) erTiram winaswar cxadia: rogorc semitur, ise berZnul sistemasTanSedarebiT qarTuli bgeriTi sistema xasiaTdeba bgeraTa(kerZod, Tanxmovan fonemaTa) ufro didi raodenobiT.maSasadame, orive am sistemasTan Sefardebisas qarTulSidarCeba erTi jgufi Tanxmovnebisa, romlebic ver povebenfonetikur ekvivalentebs Sesadarebel systemebSi.es qarTuli Tanxmovnebi am TvalsazrisiT `danarT~, `damatebiT~bgerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sesadarebel sistemeb-Tan SefardebiT; es `damatebiTi~ Tanxmovnebi qarTulisaTvis`specifikuri~ Tanxmovnebia Sesadarebel sistemaTa TvalsazrisiT.amgvarad, qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis procesSi nimuSadaRebul sistemebTan qarTul bgeraTa Sefardebis damyarebisas,mTeli simravle qarTuli bgeriTi erTeulebisa orjgufad unda gayofiliyo, romelTagan pirveli da ZiriTadijgufi ganisazRvreboda Sesadarebeli sistemis bgeriTi erTeulebiTda am ukanasknelis anbanTrigis mixedviT gaiwyoboda,xolo meore jgufi bgerebisa iqneboda qarTulisaTvis Sesadarebelisistemis TvalsazrisiT `specifikuri~ da am azriTigi damatebiT bgeraTa simravles Seqmnida, romelic anbanSi`danarT bgeraTa~ saxiT daemateboda garkveuli wesis mixedviTgawyobil ZiriTad bgerebs.amdenad, Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis problemaori ZiriTadi aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba: es aris, uwinaresyovlisa, garkveva im werilobiTi prototipisa, romlis93

mixedviTac unda gawyobiliyo qarTuli anbanis `ZiriTadinawili~ da meore: gamovlena im weriTi wyaroebisa (Tu kiaseTi arsebobs) da principebisa, romelTa mixedviT anbanis`danarTi nawili~ unda Seqmniliyo da dahmateboda ZiriTadnawils erTiani qarTuli anbanTsistemis sawarmoeblad.maSasadame, Cveni amocana _ `Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis~warmomavlobis garkveva _ kidev ufro konkretul saxes iZensda daiyvaneba imis garkvevaze, Tu romeli werilobiTi nimuSismixedviT iqna gawyobili qarTuli anbanis ZiriTadi nawili,an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, romeli weriTi prototipi_ semituri Tu berZnuli _ gansazRvravs qarTuli anbanisZiriTadi da damatebiTi nawilebis Sinagan struqturasada Sedgenilobas.gasagebia, rom sxvadasxva damwerlobaTa sawyis nimuSad,`prototipad~ an `weriT modelad~ aReba sxvadasxvagvaradgansazRvravs axlad Seqmnili damwerlobis `ZiriTad~ da `danarT~nawilebs; sxvadasxva weriTi prototipis mixedviTsxvadasxvagvarad ganawildeba bgeriTi erTeulebi da maTigamomxatveli simboloebi anbanis `ZiriTad~ da `damatebiT~nawilSi.am TvalsazrisiT semituri da berZnuli damwerlobis SefardebaZvel qarTul anbanur damwerlobasTan gamoricxavsam ukanasknelis momdinareobas semituri weriTi sistemisaganda avlens mis genetikur kavSirs berZnul damwerlobasTan.qarTuli anbanis warmomavloba semiturisagan naklebadsavaraudoa ukve imis gamo, rom Zveli semituri weriTi sistema(da misgan warmomdgari sxva semituri damwerlobani)narevi `konsonantur-silaburi~ tipis damwerlobaa, maSin rodesacqarTul damwerlobaSi mkacrad da Tanmimdevruladaagatarebuli weris `anbanuri principi~, rac pirvelad damwerlobaTaistoriaSi swored berZnul weriT sistemaSi ganxorcielda,Zveli semituri sistemis saTanado struqturuli gardaqmnebisSedegad.94

qarTuli anbanis paradigmatika semiturTan da berZnulTanSepirispirebiT95

amave dros, qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisas weriT nimuSad semiturisistemis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, qarTul anbans sul sxvawyoba da struqtura eqneboda, anbanis `ZiriTadi~ da `damatebiTi~nawilebi sul sxvagvari Sedgenilobisa iqneboda,vidre es Zvel qarTul damwerlobaSia dadasturebuli.qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisas swored berZnuli (da ara semituri)weriTi sistema unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli rogorcweriTi nimuSi, rogorc prototipi, romlis mixedviTac gamoiyobgeriTi erTeulebi qarTulSi, gaiwyo anbani da ganisazRvramisi `ZiriTadi~ da `danarTi~ nawilebis Sedgenilobada struqtura.Zveli qarTuli anbanis SeqmnisaTvis sayrden nimuSadberZnuli damwerlobis miCneva savsebiT gasagebs xdis qarTulisistemis struqturisa da paradigmatikas, misi `ZiriTadi~da `damatebiTi~ nawilebis xasiaTsa da bgeriT Sedgenilobas.amasTanave sagulisxmoa, rom yvela is Tavisebureba ber-Znuli damwerlobisa, riTac es ukanaskneli gansxvavdebaZveli semiturisagan, yvela is specifikuri, sakuTriv berZnulisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli struqturuli niSani, warmoqmniliberZnul anbanSi misi Seqmnisas semiturisagan da agreTve misiSemdgomi ganviTarebis procesSi, asaxulia srulad qarTulanbanSi, rac naTlad mowmobs Zveli qarTuli damwerlobisberZnuli (da ara uSualod semituri) sistemisagan warmomavlobas.Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis mTeli rigi struqturuliTaviseburebani aixsneba berZnuli damwerlobis saSualebiT;isini berZnuli damwerlobis struqturul maxasiaTeblebsimeoreben.amgvarad, Zveli qarTuli anbanis Sepirispireba Zvel semitursistemasa da berZnul damwerlobasTan avlens qarTulisistemis semiturisagan gansxvavebul wyobas da qarTulibgerebis anbanTrigSi ganawilebas swored fonetikurad msgavsiberZnuli bgerebis anbanuri wyobis mixedviT.6. asomTavruli damwerlobis grafikul simboloTawarmomavlobaZveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis aso-niSanTaSedarebiTi grafemuli analizi semituri da berZnuli wrisdamwerlobebTan avlens qarTuli damwerlobis originalobas,mis erTgvar damoukideblobas istoriulad cnobil dam-96

werlobaTa grafikisagan. Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobisgrafika ver daiyvaneba mTlianad romelime konkretulistoriulad cnobil grafikul sistemaze.qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis grafemebis SedarebiTmaSeswavlam cxadyo is metad mniSvnelovani garemoebaZveli qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobisa da istoriisTvalsazrisiT, rom es niSnebi ver CaiTvleba erTi romelimeweriTi sistemis (berZnulis an semituris) bunebriv grafikulganviTarebad (ra azriTac, magaliTad, arqauli berZnuligrafika Zveli semituri grafikis amsaxvelia, an mcire aziisZveli damwerlobani da etruskuli _ berZnulisa, aseve kopturida goTuri uncialuri _ berZnulisa da sxv.). da Tumcacalkeul qarTul asomTavrul niSnebs SeiZleba daeZebnossxvadasxva xasiaTis grafikuli analogebi sxvadasxva weriTsistemebSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, finikiur-berZnuli, arameuli,falauri, palmiruli da sxv. grafikuli sistemebi), esarafers metyvelebs qarTuli damwerlobis grafikuli prototipisSesaxeb, Tu romeli konkretuli weriTi sistemisgrafikul niSanTa mixedviT unda Seqmniliyo Zveli qarTulimrgvlovani damwerlobis aso-niSanTa moxazuloba, miT umetesver avlens imas, Tu romeli sistemis grafikul gagrZelebas,evolucias SeiZleba warmoadgendes uZvelesi qarTuliasomTavruli niSnebi (Tu isini saerTod romelime calkeulisistemis amgvari grafikuli evoluciis produqtad SeiZlebaiqnes miCneuli).Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis niSanTagrafika ufro xelovnurad Seqmnili grafemebis STabeWdilebastovebs, romlebic iwarmova sxvadasxva tipis swori xazebisada wrexazis grafikuli kombinaciiT. am gziT iqmnebagrafikuli TvalsazrisiT metad ekonomikuri sistema grafemebisa,romlebic formalurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan(resp. upirispirdebian grafikul sistemaSi erTmaneTs) minimaluriraodenobis damatebiTi xazebis saSualebiT. SedarebiTiSviaTia grafikul sistemaSi SemTxveviTi niSnebi amgvaridamatebiTi xazebis ufunqcio gamoyenebisa. bunebrivia amas-Tanave vivaraudoT, rom Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis grafikulniSanTa Sedgena-SeTxzvisas romelime sxva grafikulisistema yofiliyo safuZvlad aRebuli, qarTuli damwerlobisniSanTa grafikuli modelireba momxdariyo romelime sxva97

weriTi sistemis (an sistemebis) grafikuli nimuSebis mixedviT6 .Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi sistemis warmomavloba ber-Znuli damwerlobisagan, an, ufro zustad, Zveli qarTuli anbanisSeqmnisas werilobiT nimuSad da modelad berZnulianbanis gamoyeneba gvavaraudebinebs qarTul grafikul ni-SanTa Sedgena-SeTxzvisas pirvel rigSi berZnuli grafikulisistemis aRebas, qarTul aso-niSanTa grafikul safuZvladSesabamis berZnul niSanTa moxazulobis gamoyenebas 7 .qarTuli werilobiTi sistema imeorebs berZnul sistemas,upirveles yovlisa, gamoxatulebis planis erT-erT ZiriTadmaxasiaTebelSi _ weris mimarTulebaSi marcxnidan marjvniv(sapirispirod semitur sistemaTa marcxniv mimarTuli werisa).am saerTo monumenturi stilisa da niSanTa geometriulixasiaTis garda, nimuSad aRebuli berZnuli werilobiTi sistemisgavlena qarTul asomTavrul grafikaze Tavs iCens agreTvemTeli rigi asomTavruli niSnebis konkretul moxazulobaSi,romelTa grafikuli forma msgavsia saTanado ber-Znuli grafemebis formisa.aseTi grafikuli msgavseba berZnulTan vlindeba gansakuTrebiTqarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis `ZiriTad~,berZnulisadmi Sesabamis nawilSi. am nawilis niSanTa umravlesobismoxazuloba SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes rogorcsaTanado berZnul niSanTa grafikaze damyarebuli formebi;67rogorc es, magaliTad, Zveli somxuri damwerlobis Seqmnisas aris savaraudebeli,sadac berZnuli sistemis mixedviT Sedgenili anbanis niSanTagarkveuli nawilis grafikuli gaformebisas, rogorc Cans, eTiopiurigrafikuli niSnebi da principebi iqna gamoyenebuli.qarTuli anbanis Sinagani struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad, semiturweriT sistemas rom ukavSirdebodes (rogori kavSiric berZnul sistemasTanvlindeba), maSin bunebrivi iqneboda qarTul grafikul niSanTaSesadareblad semituri niSnebi mogvexmo, romelime semitur sistemasTandagvenaxa qarTul aso-niSanTa grafikuli msgavseba.arsebiTad, grafikuli msgavseba erTi sistemisa SesaZlebelia mraval sxvasistemasTan aRmoCndes. bunebrivia aseT viTarebaSi Sesadareblad sworedis grafikuli sistema davsaxoT, romelTanac mocemuli weriTi sistemamWidro Sinagan struqturul kavSirs avlens.aseT sistemad Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis SemTxvevaSi ZveliberZnuli damwerloba gvevlineba, da swored berZnuli grafika undavivaraudoT pirvel rigSi qarTuli grafikis sayrdenad.98

am niSanTa grafikuli formebi unda asaxavdes saTanadoberZnuli asoebis moxazulobas, garTulebuls qarTul sistemaSidamatebiTi xazebiT an grafikulad gamartivebuls garkveulixazebis mocilebiT. Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis`ZiriTadi~, berZnulisadmi Sesabamisi nawilis esgrafemebi SesaZlebelia berZnuli damwerlobis SesabamiserTeulTa grafikuli modifikaciis Sedegad yofiliyo miRebuli.7. qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba SedarebiTkopturTan, goTurTan, somxurTan da slavurTanZveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis gansazRvra rogorcberZnuli weriTi sistemis safuZvelze Seqmnili qristianulixanis damwerlobisa bunebrivad ayenebs tipologiurad amukanasknels berZnulze damyarebul sxva qristianul damwerlobaTarigSi: koptur, goTur, somxur da Zvel slavur damwerlobebTan.kopturTan da goTurTan qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobasaerTianebs prototipuli berZnuli anbanisadmi paradigmatulidamokidebulebis principi; am TvalsazrisiT ZveliqarTuli damwerloba eTanxmeba koptursa da goTurs da upirispirdebasomxurs.Zvel qarTul damwerlobaSi, iseve rogorc koptursa dagoTurSi, asaxulia uklebliv da srulad mTeli prototipuliberZnuli paradigmatika; yvela 9 × 3 = 27 niSaniberZnuli anbanisa, romlebic rogorc fonetikuri, ise ricxviTimniSvnelobebiT _ Ϛ στίγµα, Ϙ κóππα da ϡ σάµπι niSanTaSemTxvevaSi _ gadatanilia am anbanebSi imave TanmimdevrobiTda saTanado fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT.berZnuli episemonebi (mxolod ricxviTi mniSvnelobismqone grafikuli simboloebi) gadmodis aq amave funqciiT (e.i.mxolod saTanado ricxviT mniSvnelobaTa gamomxatvel simboloebad,Sdr. kopturi ricxv-niSnebi `6~ da `900~, goTuriricxv-niSnebi `90~ da `900~), an isini iZenen axal sistemebSisaTanado enaTaTvis damaxasiaTebel `specifikur~ fonetikurmniSvnelobebs (Sdr. fāj niSani kopturSi _ fonetikurimniSvneloba [f], ricxviTi mniSvneloba `90~; niSani goTurSi_ fonetikuri mniSvneloba [q w ], ricxviTi mniSvneloba `6~; v`vin~, `Jan~, da ¸ `Sin~ niSnebi qarTulSi _ fonetikuri99

mniSvneloba Sesabamisad [v], [ž] da [š], ricxviTi mniSvneloba`6~, `90~ da `900~).berZnuli niSnebi, berZnulisaTvis `specifikuri~ fonetikurimniSvnelobebiT: [ks], [ps], [ō] da sxv., romlebic ar arisdamaxasiaTebeli saTanado enebisaTvis, gadmodis aq axali, amenaTaTvis `specifikuri~ fonetikuri mniSvnelobiT (Sdr. go-Turi niSnebi _ fonetikuri mniSvneloba Sesabamisad[þ], [j], [h w ], ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ `9~, `60~, `700~, qarTuli y`Áe~, ¬ `Ran~, `yar~ niSnebi _ fonetikuri mniSvneloba Sesabamisad[j], [ɤ], [q’], ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ `60~, `700~, `800~).axlad Seqmnil anbanebSi amgvari fonetikuri SenacvlebebisganxorcielebiT da berZnuli anbanis episemonebis (ricxvsimboloTa)saTanado adgilebze SenarCunebiT (SesaZlebelia,`specifikuri~ fonetikuri mniSvnelobis miweriT) arsebiTadSemoinaxeba prototipuli anbanis paradigmatika da saTanadoricxviTi mniSvnelobebi; am principiT gawyobili anbanebisparadigmatika mTlianad prototipuli anbanis paradigmatikaze`gadaisaxeba~.es pirvel rigSi Seexeba goTurs, sadac amgvari fonetikuriSenacvlebebis Sedegad amoiwura yvela is berZnulTanSedarebiTi `specifikuri~ bgera, romlebic unda gamoxatuliyoanbanSi specialuri grafikuli simboloebis saSualebiT.amitom goTuri anbani grafikul simboloTa imave 9 × 3=27 raodenobas Seicavs, rasac prototipuli berZnuli; amaTganpirveli cxra simbolo anbanTrigSi gamoxatavs`erTeulebs~, momdevno cxra simbolo _ `aTeulebs~, xoloanbanis damasrulebeli cxra simbolo _ `aseulebs~.koptursa da qarTul anbanebSi berZnulis Sesabamis nawil-Si Catarebuli amgvari fonetikuri `Senacvlebebis~ SemdegacrCeba mTeli rigi berZnulTan SedarebiT `specifikuri~bgerebi, romlebic unda gamoixatos anbanSi; aseTi bgerebi,saTanado grafikuli simboloebiT warmodgenili, daerTviskoptur da qarTul anbanebSi `ZiriTad~, berZnulisadmi Sesabamisnawils da awarmoebs anbanis specifikur damasrulebeljgufs. amgvari `damatebiTi~ simboloebis saSualebiT Sesa-Zlebeli xdeba ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa damatebiTi jgufis _`aTaseulebis~ _ gamoxatva.100

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arsebiTad gansxvavebuli paradigmatuli principia gamoyenebuliZveli somxuri anbanis Sedgenisas, rac am ukanasknelstipologiurad koptur, goTur da qarTul anbanebsupirispirebs.Zveli somxuri anbanis Sedgenisas prototipuli berZnulianbanidan amogdebulia yvela episemoni (anu mxolod ricxvi-Ti mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli niSnebi _ e.i. Ϛ στίγµα, Ϙ κóππαda ϡ σάµπι), agreTve yvela is aso-niSani, romlebic specifikurberZnul, somxurisaTvis aradamaxasiaTebel bgerebs gamoxataven:Ξ ξí (fonetikuri mniSvneloba [ks]), Ψ πσí (fonetikurimniSvneloba [ps]) da Ω ¾ µέγα (fonetikuri mniSvneloba[ō]).amdenad, Zvel somxur anbanSi momxdaria ara `specifikur~berZnul mniSvnelobaTa fonetikuri Senacvleba, rogorc eskoptur, goTur da qarTul anbanebSi gvaqvs, aramed prototipuliberZnuli anbani winaswar dayvanilia im nawilze, romelicSeicavs somxurisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bgeriT er-TeulTa gamomxatvel simboloebs. amgvarad, berZnuli prototipulianbanis es nawili, mTel rig `specifikur~ berZnulsimboloTa amogdebiT miRebuli, warmoadgens im ConCxs,razedac aigo Zveli somxuri weriTi sistema.`specifikuri~ somxuri, berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli bgerebisgamomxatveli aso-niSnebi moTavsebulia ara berZnulinawilis momdevnod, rogorc es koptur da qarTul anbanebSigvaqvs, aramed gafantulia berZnulis Sesabamisi nawilis simboloebsSoris, rac arsebiTad arRvevs somxuri anbanisberZnulisadmi Sesabamis paradigmatikas da mTlianad cvlisberZnulis Sesabamisi simboloebis ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa sistemas.102

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prototipuli berZnuli anbanis ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa SenarCunebisprincipi, rac ase mkafiod aris gatarebuli koptur,goTur da qarTul anbanebSi, mTlianad ukugdebulia somxurianbanis Semqmnelis mier, romelic iyenebs berZnul damwerlobasrogorc sayrden sistemas mxolod saTanado somxuribgeriT erTeulTa gamosayofad. amiT unda aixsnebodes is,rom somxuri anbanis Semqmneli berZnul anbanSi ar iTvaliswinebsim simboloebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT fonetikurimniSvneloba da arc im simboloebs, romlebic `zedmetia~somxurisaTvis maTTvis damaxasiaTebel `specifikur~ berZnulfonetikur mniSvnelobaTa gamo. amitomaa swored, romberZnuli anbanis ConCxi, romelic safuZvlad udevs somxurs,iwyeba A ‡lfa da mTavrdeba X χí aso-niSniT, romlebic sa-Tanadod aisaxa somxurSi Sesabamisad A ayb da ² khē niSnebiT;amaT Soris moTavsda sxvadasxva adgilas, yovelgvari Sesam-Cnevi kanonzomierebis gareSe, mTeli rigi danarTi simboloebi,romelTac `specifikuri~ somxuri, berZnulisagangansxvavebuli fonetikuri mniSvnelobebi mieweraT 8 . amisSedegad mTlianad irRveva Sesabamisoba prototipulberZnulsa da somxur anbanebs Soris aso-niSanTa ricxv-mniSvnelobebisTvalsazrisiT. amiT somxuri anbani mkveTrad upirispirdebakoptur, goTur da qarTul weriT sistemebs, romlebicam TvalsazrisiT saerTo tipologiur jgufs qmnian.garda prototipuli berZnuli anbanisadmi paradigmatulidamokidebulebis erTiani principisa aRniSnul tipologiurjgufSi Semaval weriT sistemebs rigi sxva specifikuri maxasiaTeblebicaerTianebs.sagulisxmoa am TvalsazrisiT is msgavsebani, rac ZvelgoTur da qarTul weriT sistemebSi iCens Tavs; Zvel qarTuldamwerlobas aerTianebs goTurTan ara mxolod zogadiprincipi specifikur berZnul bgeraTa saTanado fonetikuri8¸ š niSani somxurSi (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `500~) berZnuli Ξ ξí niSnisadgilas ki ar zis, mis `substituts~ ki ar warmoadgens, aramed `danarTi~nawilis simboloa, romelic moTavsda somxur anbanSi berZnuli Ν νΰ da ΟÛ µικρόν simboloebis Sesabamisi N n da O o niSnebs Soris. egeve Seexebasomxur Z j niSans (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `900~), romelic anbanSi berZnulið κóππα niSnis adgils ki ar ikavebs, aramed SemTxveviT xvdeba anbanTrigSiberZnuli Π πí da Ρ ρ» niSnebis Sesabamis somxur P p da · r& simboloebsSoris.104

mniSvnelobebiT Senacvlebisa, aramed erT SemTxvevaSi sistemaSiSenacvlebuli fonetikuri mniSvnelobis damTxvevac.goTur anbanSi, ise rogorc Zvel qarTulSi, berZnuli Ξ ξíniSani (fonetikuri mniSvneloba [ks], ricxviTi mniSvneloba`60~) Senacvlebulia erTi da imave j-fonetikuri mniSvnelobismqone saTanado simboloebiT (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `60~),romlebic amave dros grafikul msgavsebasac amJRavneben: Sdr.goTuri j ~ Zveli qarTuli Ó Á.rogor moxda, rom or erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel sistemaSi,erTi da imave berZnuli mniSvnelobis Senacvleba ganxorcieldaidenturi fonetikuri mniSvnelobiT [j], rasacaraferi aqvs saerTo fonetikurad Tavdapirvel berZnulmniSvnelobasTan? metad mcirea albaToba imisa, rom amgvaridamTxveva, rac gamoixata j-fonetikuri SenacvlebiT erTi daimave berZnuli niSnisa orive am sistemaSi, wminda SemTxvevi-Toba iyos; ufro SesaZlebelia am sistemebs Soris garkveuliistoriuli urTierToba vivaraudoT: Zveli qarTuli anbanisSemqmneli icnobs mis Tanadroul sxvadasxva weriT sistemebs,maT Soris goTur anbansac, romlis monacemebs igi axali damwerlobisSeqmnisas iTvaliswinebs 9 .am TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia arc is iyos SemTxveviTi,rom ramdenime qarTuli aso-niSnis saxelwodeba SesabamisgoTur niSanTa saxelebs emTxveva: qarTuli l niSnis `las~saxeli, romelic fonetikurad gancalkavebiT dgas danarCensaxelwodebebTan SedarebiT, metad emsgavseba goTuri [l] niS-9cnobilia, rom goTebi me-3 saukunis Sua xanisaTvis mosaxleobdnen SavizRvis CrdiloeT da dasavleT napirebze. aqedan isini gadadian istoriuliyirimis teritoriaze, tavris naxevarkunZulze. aq goTebi ipyroben bosforissamefos da euflebian mis xomaldebs, romelTa saSualebiTac mTelrig gabedul reidebs awarmoeben Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze(biWvinTa) da egeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebsac aRweven.tavris naxevarkunZulze yirimeli goTebi iReben me-3 saukunis bolos aRmosavlur,berZnul qristianobas da sakuTar enaze awarmoebenRvTismsaxurebas; maT hyavT sakuTari episkoposi _ unila (gard. 404 w.).moRweulia cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom am periodSi konstantinopolSi, wmindapavles eklesiaSi goTurad iqna wakiTxuli erTi Tavi saxarebidan.yovelive es mowmobs yirimis goTebSi vulfilas mier Targmnili goTurisaxarebis arsebobas, romelic Sesrulebuli iyo mis mierve Seqmnili originalurigoTuri damwerlobiT. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom qarTvelebigoTur damwerlobas swored yirimeli goTebisagan icnobdnen.105

nis `laaz~ saxels; Sdr. agreTve qarTuli V v `vin~ da goTuri`uuinne~ ([w]), qarT. m m `man~ da goT. `manna~ ([m]).berZnul weriT sistemaze damyarebul qristianuli xanisdamwerlobaTa istoriuli urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoaagreTve amave tipologiur jgufSi Semavali Zvelislavuri damwerlobis monacemebi.slavur `glagolicaSi~ arsebiTad igive principia ganxorcielebuliprototipuli berZnuli sistemisadmi paradigmatulidamokidebulebisa, rac koptur, goTur da qarTulanbanebSi.`glagolicas~ ZiriTadad, berZnulis Sesabamisi nawiligawyobilia berZnuli anbanis mixedviT masSi ganxorcielebulisaTanado `fonetikuri SenacvlebebiT~.`specifikuri~, berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli slavuribgerebi, warmodgenili aq `danarTi~ nawilis saxiT, romelicagrZelebs ZiriTad, berZnulisadmi Sesabamis nawils da asrulebsmTel sistemas `aTaseulTa~ gamomxatveli ricxviTimniSvnelobebiT.`glagolicas~ danarTi (`aTaseulebis~ gamomxatveli) jgufisniSanTa anbanTrigSi ganawilebisas Zveli slavuri anbanisSemdgeneli iTvaliswinebs, rogorc Cans, sxva monacemebsac,maT Soris Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis anbanTrigs 10 . esvlindeba rogorc `aTaseulTa~ jgufis č niSniT dawyebaSi(ricxviTi mniSvneloba `1.000~), Sdr. qarTuli asomTavruli ¨,romelic `aTaseulTa~ jgufs iwyebs (fonetikuri mniSvneloba[č], ricxviTi mniSvneloba `1.000~), aseve am jgufis meeqvse x 1niSnis `6.000~ ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebaSi (Sdr. qar-Tuli asomTavruli X niSnis _ mxedruli x _ fonetikurimniSvneloba [x], ricxviTi mniSvneloba `6.000~). amgvari gavlenaZveli qarTuli damwerlobisa slavur `glagolicaze~10slavuri `glagolicas~ Semqmneli konstantine-kiriles mier Zveli qar-Tuli damwerlobis codna dasturdeba misi cxovrebis aRwerilobiTac: VitaCyrilli. konstantine-kiriles biografosi aRgviwers mis gamosvlas maRaliwodebis sasuliero pirTa Sekrebilobaze, sadac igi `saRmrTo werilis~moSveliebiT TavgamodebiT icavs debulebas RvTismsaxurebis SesaZleblobisSesaxeb sxvadasxva enebze, maT Soris slavurad: yovel ers undamieces ufleba RmerTi Tavis mSobliur enaze adidos. amasTan dakavSirebiTigi imowmebs, Tu ramden ers, garda ebraelebisa, berZnebisa da laTinebisa,moepoveba sakuTari anbani; am xalxTa Soris konstantine-kirile`qarTvelebsac~ ixseniebs.106

SesaZleblad aris miCneuli. sagulisxmoa agreTve `glagolicaSi~с `900~ ~ č `1.000~ ~ š `2.000~ niSanTa mimdevroba (Sdr.qarTuli anbanis ¸ š `900~ ~ ¨ č `1.000~ ~ Ã с `2.000~ mimdevroba),rac asaxulia `kirilicaSic~ Ц с ~ Ч č ~ Ш š mimdevrobis saxiT.paradigmatuli struqturis msgavsebis garda Zvel qarTulasomTavrul damwerlobasa da slavur `glagolicas~ aerTianebsagreTve zogadi grafikuli principi axlad Seqmnilidamwerlobis prototipuli sistemis grafikisagan daSorebisa,raTa am gziT warmoSobiliyo `originaluri~ erovnulidamwerloba, garegnulad damoukidebeli yovelive ucxouriweriTi sistemisagan.am principis ukidures gamovlinebas warmoadgens mesropmaSTocisZveli somxuri anbani berZnulisagan sruliadgansxvavebuli grafikiT. mesrop-maSToci, romelic somxurianbanis Sedgenisas sayrdenad berZnul weriT sistemas iRebs,mTlianad cvlis berZnul niSanTa moxazulobas da saTanadosomxuri aso-niSnebisaTvis qmnis originalur da Taviseburgrafikul sistemas, raTa am gziT gawyvetiliyo kavSiri prototipulberZnul damwerlobasTan da ganmtkicebuliyo axladSeqmnili anbanis damoukideblobis STabeWdileba.qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Semqmneli amave mizniTaxdens prototipuli berZnuli grafikuli sistemis Segnebulmodificirebas; igi ar wyvets axlad Seqmnil anbanSi kavSirsberZnul grafikasTan. igi mxolod gardaqmnis mas sistemismodifikaciisa da saTanado niSanTa grafikuli cvlilebebisganxorcielebis Sedegad 11 amiT Zveli qarTuli asomTavrulianbanis Semqmneli aRwevs arsebiTad imave Sedegs originalurierovnuli damwerlobis Sedgenis TvalsazrisiT,rasac mesrom-maSToci Zveli somxuri damwerlobis berZnulisagansruliad gansxvavebul grafikul niadagze agebiT iRebs.amgvari tendenciebi aRmosavlur-qristianul samyaroSi,rac imdroindeli politikur-erovnuli da religiuri motivebiTunda yofiliyo gamowveuli, dasabams aZlevs berZnulzedamyarebuli ramdenime grafikulad erTmaneTisagangansxvavebuli weriTi sistemis Seqmnas, romlebic amave dros11amaSi vlindeba qarTul asomTavruli anbanis Semqmnelis uaRresad farTofilologiuri erudicia, romelic moicavda imdroindeli berZnuli lingvisturiTeoriisa da berZnuli grafikuli sistemebis codnas. sagulisxmoaam TvalsazrisiT agreTve qarTuli anbanis `specifikuri~ qarTuli nawilisTanxmovanTa dalageba berZnuli fonetikuri Teoriis Sesabamisad.107

grafikul damoukideblobas avlenen prototipul berZnulsistemasTan SedarebiT.somxuri anbani berZnulTan SepirispirebiT108

8. qarTuli asomTavruli anbani rogorc berZnulidamwerlobis grafikuli stilizaciis Sedegad Seqmniliaxali erovnuli damwerlobarogor unda aixsnas Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobisaso-niSanTa SedarebiTi analiziT gamovleniligrafikuli sxvaoba saTanado berZnul niSanTa moxazulobas-Tan? aris Tu ara es grafikuli sxvaoba Sedegi berZnuliweriTi sistemisagan warmomdgari Zveli qarTuli asom-Tavruli damwerlobis bunebrivi ganviTarebisa da grafikulievoluciis, romlis procesSi igi unda daSorebodaprototipuli berZnuli damwerlobis niSanTa moxazulobas?am varaudis daSvebiT Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobisSeqmna berZnuli anbanis mixedviT unda gadagvetanaim epoqaSi, rodesac arqauli berZnuli weriTi sistema iyogavrcelebuli marcxniv mimarTuli weriT da Sesabamisadmarcxniv miqceuli aso-niSnebiT; fonetikuri mniSvnelobismqone [υ] bgeris gamomxatveli F digamma niSniT da mTelirigi sxva arqauli grafikuli da fonetikuri TaviseburebebiT,romlebic berZnul weriT sistemas Zveli wel-TaRricxvis VIII-VII saukuneebSi axasiaTebda.amasTanave, Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba avlensberZnuli weriTi sistemisagan momdinare iseT grafikulda fonetikur Taviseburebebs, romlebic berZnul sistemaSiSedarebiT ufro gvian periodSi warmoiqmna, rodesacukve marjvniv mimarTuli wera iyo gavrcelebuli, Υ 8 ψιλόνniSniT palataluri [ü] xmovani gamoixata, xolo Tavdapirvelad[ow] difTongis gamomxatveli ΟΥ niSanTa kombinaciissaSualebiT [ū] xmovani aRiniSna; semituri ādē niSnisaganmomdinare simbolo anbanidan amovarda da berZnulisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli bgerebis gamomxatveli damatebiTi niSnebigaCnda.qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis Zveli welTaRricxvisVII-VI saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli arqauli berZnuli weriTisistemisagan warmomavlobis miRebis SemTxvevaSi (racTavisTavad ukve qarTuli damwerlobisaTvis metad adreuliqronologiiT Sepirobebul kulturl-istoriuli xasiaTissirTuleebs badebs) unda dagveSva, rom qarTul damwerlobaSiaisaxa yvela is ZiriTadi cvlileba da gardaqmna, rom-109

lebic berZnulma weriTma sistemam Semdgom ganicada, rac,rasakvirvelia, Zneli safiqrebelia.maSasadame, unda davuSvaT, rom qarTuli anbanis SeqmnisasweriT nimuSad aRebuli iyo Zveli berZnuli anbani im grafikulida fonetikuri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebicberZnul werilobiT sistemaSi momdevno periodSi warmoiqmna.yovelive es gvavaraudebinebs Zveli qarTuli asomTavrulidamwerlobis xelovnurad Seqmnas nimuSad aRebuli ber-Znuli grafikuli sistemis gardaqmnisa da stilizaciis Sedegad.Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Semqmneli weriT nimuSad,grafikul prototipad da modelad iRebs mis Tanadroulmonumentur berZnul weriT sistemas da axdens mis stilizebul`arqaizacias~, rac gamoixata ZiriTadad saTanadoberZnul grafikul simboloTa pirmarcxniv SebrunebaSi.amasTanave, igi Segnebulad cvlis Sesabamis berZnul grafikulsimboloTa moxazulobas sxvadasxva grafikuli xerxisgamoyenebiT: asos ZiriTadi xazisaTvis damatebiTi xazebis mimatebiTan gamoklebiT, riTac garkveuli grafikuli prototipissafuZvelze Seqmnili niSani am ukanasknels scildebada originalur grafikul iers iZens.magram amisda miuxedavad, prototipul berZnul damwerlobasTangrafikuli kavSiri qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobismonumenturobasa da mis mrgvlovan duqtusSi gamoixata,rac Tanadrouli berZnuli uncialuri damwerlobisZiriTadi grafikuli maxasiaTeblis amsaxvelia.amasTan dakavSirebiT bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ratom ariqna aRebuli Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Semqmnelismier nimuSad berZnuli werilobiTi sistema im grafikulisaxiT, ra saxiTac igi qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisas arsebobda;ratom ar iqna gamoyenebuli axlad Seqmnil anbanSisaTanado berZnul niSanTa moxazuloba, rogorc es, magali-Tad, kopturi an goTuri anbanebis Seqmnisas moxda, rogorces berZnulisa an semiturisagan warmomdgar sxva damwerlobaTaSemTxvevaSi gvaqvs?am movlenis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli axsna iqneboda daSvebaimisa, rom asomTavruli damwerlobis Semqmneli cdilobs amgziT dafaros axlad Seqmnili qarTuli anbanis damokidebulebada kavSiri misi drois berZnul weriT sistemasTan.110

igi am mizniT axdens berZnul grafikul simboloTa iseTmodifikacias qarTulSi, rom saTanado berZnul da qarTulaso-niSnebs Soris ikargeba yovelgvari formalur-grafikulikavSiri, romlis gamovlena mxolod specialuri grafikulianalizis saSualebiT Tu xerxdeba. Zveli qarTuli asomTavrulidamwerlobis niSnebi saTanado berZnuli weriTisimboloebis Segnebul grafikul stilizacias warmoadgens.Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Semdgeneli qmniserovnul damwerlobas erovnul enaze teqstebis Casawerad,xolo erovnuli damwerloba damoukidebeli unda iyos,amgvari warmodgenebis mixedviT, yoveli sxva damwerlobisagan,ar unda imeorebdes romelime sxva damwerlobis grafikulformas.egeve mosazrebebi edo safuZvlad mesrop-maSTociseulisomxuri damwerlobis berZnuli prototipisagan sruliadgansxvavebuli moxazulobis Seqmnas; amave mizeziT xdeba slavur`glagolicaSi~ berZnul minuskularul aso-niSanTamoxazulobis stilizacia da modifikacia, rac maT sruliadgansxvavebul duqtuss aniWebs. am gziT xerxdeba axlad Seqmnilidamwerlobis erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ganmtkiceba damisi sxva damwerlobaTagan damoukideblobis demonstrireba.am tendenciam somxuri anbanis Semqmneli miiyvana berZnulniSanTa moxazulobis srul ukugdebamde da saTanado grafikulisimboloebis originalur niadagze SeTxzvamdesxvadasxva grafikuli xerxisa da nimuSebis gamoyenebiT.qarTuli anbanis Semqmneli analogiuri tendenciis gansaxorcielebladsxva gzas irCevs: igi ar wyvets yovelgvarkavSirs nimuSad aRebuli damwerlobis gamoxatulebis plan-Tan, prototipuli anbanis niSanTa moxazulobasTan; igimxolod axdens prototipul niSanTa grafikul stilizaciassxvadasxva grafikuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT. mizani orive amanbanis SemdgenelT erTi da igive aqvT, am miznis grafikuliganxorcielebis gza _ arsebiTad gansxvavebuli 12 .12ramdenadac Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba warmoadgensoriginaluri Semoqmedebis nayofs, Cveni varaudebi konkretul niSanTawarmomavlobis, maTi SeTxzvis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva grafikuli xerxis gamoyenebiTuaRresad pirobiTi da hipoTeturia.yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom SeuZlebelia zustad dadgena imisa, Tu ragrafikuli asociaciebi SeiZleba gasCenoda anbanis Semqmnels ama Tu imniSnis SeTxzvisas; xSirad aseTi daskvnebi mkvlevris subieqtur STa-111

amgvari nacionaluri tendenciebi damaxasiaTebeli undayofiliyo aRmosavluri qristianobisaTvis, romelic acxadebsRvTismsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT enaTa Tanasworuflebianobisprincips da miiswrafvis axali qristianuli kulturisSeqmnisaken erovnuli enisa da erovnuli damwerlobissafuZvelze 13 .qveyanaSi qristianobis gavrceleba gulisxmobda amavedros farTo muSaobis gaSlas erovnul enaze saRmrTo wignebissaTargmnelad specialurad am miznebisaTvis axlad Seqmnilierovnuli damwerlobis saSualebiT.ase moxda es koptur, somxur da slavur damwerlobaTaSeqmnis SemTxvevaSi. egeve unda yofiliyo ZiriTadi safuZveliZveli qarTuli `asomTavruli damwerlobis~ Seqmnisa, damwerlobisa,romelic Tavdapirvelad gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyoqristianuli saeklesio wignebis qarTulad gadmoRebisaTvisda agreTve erovnul enaze originaluri qristianuliwerilobiTi Zeglebis Sesaqmnelad.RvTis winaSe enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis ideas aRmosavlur-qristianulieklesiis doqtrinaSi, ramac warmoSvaTavdapirvelad aRmosavlur-qristianul samyaroSi mTelirigi axali damwerlobani da dasabami misca werilobiTfiqsirebuli qristianuli literaturis Seqmnas erovnulenebze, mohyva am enaTa socialuri funqciisa da mniSvnelobiszrda, erovnuli enisa da damwerlobis gadaqceva xalxTaerovnuli identifikaciisa da kulturuli TviTdamkvidrebiserT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad.13beWdilebebs ufro warmogvidgens, vidre im procesebis obieqtur asaxvas,rasac adgili unda hqonoda ama Tu im anbanis Semqmnelis `SemoqmedebiTlaboratoriaSi~.Cven SegviZlia mxolod ama Tu im damwerlobiTi niSnebis sinqronulgrafikul urTierTmimarTebaTa erTgvari modelireba, magram es srulebiTacar niSnavs im grafikuli proceduris aRdgenas, romelic ganaxorcielaam damwerlobis Semoqmedma aso-niSnebis SeTxzvisa da grafikuligaformebis dros; miT ufro gaumarTlebelia meTodologiuradcalkeuli weriT simboloTa amgvari grafikuli analizis safuZvelzeSorsmimavali istoriuli daskvnebis gakeTeba mTlian werilobiT sistemaTawarmomavlobisa da Seqmnis Sesaxeb.aRmosavluri, berZnuli qristianoba am TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad emijnebaromis eklesias, romelic avrcelebda qristianul sarwmunoebas dasavlursamyaroSi laTinuri enisa da damwerlobis safuZvelze, erovnuli enisada erovnuli kulturis gauTvaliswineblad.112

erZnul enasTan da eklesiis sxva oficialur enebTan axladgaqristianebulierebis enaTa Tanasworuflebianobisprincipi TandaTan erovnul enaTa primatisa da TvisebriviaRmatebulobis ideiT icvleba, rac, magaliTad, X saukunisqarTvel mwignobars ioane-zosimes qarTuli enis `qebasa dadidebas~ aTqmevinebs da acxadebinebs, rom `meored mosvlis~Jams `yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa~, anda XIIIsaukunis somex moRvawes vardan arevelcis somxur enas warmoadgeninebsrogorc `gvirgvins yovelTa enaTa qveyanasazeda~.yovelive es erTi da imave tendenciis gamovlinebaa aRmosavlur-qristianulsamyaroSi _ mSobliuri enis gandidebisada aRzevebis, am epoqaSi gabatonebuli berZnuli enissapirispirod; am warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, mSobliuri enaberZnulis Tanaswori da toli enaa, `ese arian orni dani~;amgvari tendenciebi albaT mniSvnelovnad ufro adre daiwyoaRmosavlur-qristianul samyaroSi, riTac unda aixsnebodesswored aseTi swrafva adreqristianul epoqaSi, rom axladSeqmnil damwerlobaSi berZnuli weriTi niSnebis nacvladsruliad originaluri da xelovnurad SeTxzuli weriTi simboloebisgamoyenebis saSualebiT dafaruliyo erovnuli anbanisberZnulze damokidebuleba da berZnulisagan warmomavloba.Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli damwerlobis~ qristianuldamwerlobad miCneva da misi warmomavlobis drois gansaz-Rvra qarTul saxelmwifoSi qristianobis gavrcelebis xaniTagreTve gasagebs xdis Zvel qarTul anbanSi `jvris~ moxazulobisj `jan~ asos moTavsebas anbanis boloSi fonetikurimniSvnelobis mqone ukanasknel niSnad, rasac am TvalsazrisiTgasagebi simboluri mniSvneloba unda hqonoda.amiTve unda aixsnebodes rigi msgavsi struqturuli niSnebi,rasac Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba amaveepoqaSi Seqmnil berZnul anbanze damyarebul sxva qristianuldamwerlobebTan avlens.9. Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis SemqmnelisvinaobaZveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis qristianuli epoqisdamwerlobad miCneva, romelic unda Seqmniliyo berZnuliweriTi sistemis safuZvelze garkveuli piris originaluri113

Semoqmedebis Sedegad, bunebrivad svams kiTxvas qarTuli anbanisSemqmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb: vin iyo is pirovneba, romelmacTanadrouli berZnuli uncialuri damwerlobis safuZvelzesruliad originaluri monumenturi stilis qar-Tuli mrgvlovani damwerloba Seqmna prototipuliberZnuli grafikis Segnebuli modifikaciis Sedegad?istoriam Semogvinaxa qristianuli goTuri da somxuri anbanebisada slavuri `glagolicas~ SemqmnelTa saxelebi: eseniavulfila, mesrop-maSToci da konstantine-kirile; magramCven dRemde ar viciT danamdvilebiT saxeli Zveli qarTuliasomTavruli damwerlobis Semoqmedisa, rogorc ar vicnobTqristianuli kopturi anbanis Semqmnelis vinaobas.somxuri istoriuli wyaroebi Zveli qarTuli anbanis Seqmnas(somxurTan da kavkasiis albanur damwerlobasTan erTad)imave mesrop-maSTocs miawers; magram amave cnobebis mixedviTirkveva, rom mesrop-maSToci TviT ar iyo dauflebuli qar-Tuls, rac sruliad gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas mis mierqarTuli anbanis Seqmnisas: axali damwerlobis Seqmna axaligrafikuli simboloebis gamogoneba-SeTxzvas ki ar niSnavsmxolod; igi gulisxmobs uwinares yovlisa enis Rrma lingvisturianalizis Catarebas, sametyvelo teqstis danawevrebascalkeul bgeriT erTeulebad, romlebic unda gamoixaton sa-Tanado grafikuli niSnebiT; es aris swored axali damwerlobisSeqmnis procesSi logikurad pirveli da ZiriTadietapi, rasac arsebiTad emyareba mTeli Semdgomi procedurabgeraTa grafikuli gamoxatvisa da maTi anbanTrigSi gawyobis.yovelive es SeuZlebels xdis konkretuli enisaTvis damwerlobisSeqmnas iseTi piris mier, romelic am enas Rrmadar aris dauflebuli, romelsac winaswar am enis Taviseburilingvisturi analizi ar Cautarebia.11410. Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis SeqmnisTariRi`...qarTlad friadi qveyanaÁ aRiracxebis, romelsacaSina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvaÁ yoveliaResrulebis~giorgi merCule, `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis `sruli CamonakveTiloba~da savsebiT Camoyalibebuli grafikuli xasia-

Ti, rac ukve uZveles istoriulad dadasturebul qarTulwarwerebSi SeiniSneba, mowmobs swored mis xelovnur xasiaTs,am damwerlobis Seqmnas erTdrouli SemoqmedebiTiaqtis Sedegad; damwerlobis Seqmna gulisxmobs mTliani werilobiTisistemis Camoyalibebas, romelsac garkveuliazriT dasrulebuli xasiaTi aqvs, da ara sxvadasxva epoqaSiSeqmnili nawilebis saerTo sistemaSi gaerTianebas; rac ufrosrulyofilia axlad Seqmnili damwerloba, rac ufro adekvaturadasaxavs igi enis bgeriT mxares, miT ufro naklebidamatebebi da Sesworebebi SeaqvT masSi, miT ufro stabiluriaigi Tavisi xasiaTiT.swored amgvari srulyofileba axasiaTebs Zvel qarTul`asomTavrul damwerlobas~ da misi savsebiT Camoyalibebulida `CamonakvTili~ xasiaTi ukve V saukunis warwerebSi argulisxmobs aucileblobiT am konkretuli weriTi sistemisxangrZliv winare istorias.Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis Seqmna qristianobisxanaSi, rodesac unda dawyebuliyo erovnuli anbaniT`saRmrTo werilis~ qarTul enaze gadmoReba, adviladgasagebs xdis im werilobiTi da literaturuli tradiciebisarsebobasac, rac Cven qarTuli enisaTvis ukve V saukunisbolos unda vivaraudoT, rodesac iqmneba iseTi rangis originaluriTxzuleba, rogoricaa `SuSanikis martviloba~.qristianoba imTaviTve iyo mwignobruli religia da amitomxalxi, romelic am sarwmunoebas eziareboda, sakuTarmwignobrobas qmnida da iviTarebda; amasTanave, gansxvavebiTdasavluri qristianobisagan, aRmosavluri qristianoba xelsuwyobda mwignobrobisa da mwerlobis ganviTarebas sakuTar,erovnul enaze, erovnuli enisaTvis axali damwerlobis Seqmnasda am enaze naTargmni Tu originaluri Zeglebis SeTxzvas.amdenad, qristianobas mniSvnelovnad unda Seewyo xelierovnuli literaturuli tradiciebis swrafi ganviTarebisaTvissaqarTveloSi; swored am sarwmunoebis safuZvelzeiqmneba axali qarTuli kultura da mwignobroba, yalibdebaqarTvelTa erovnuli erTianobis Segneba...amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Zveli qarTuliasomTavruli damwerloba SesaZlebelia arc warmoadgendesqarTuli enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnis pirvel cdas, daqristianobamdel saqarTveloSi savaraudoa arsebuliyo kidevufro Zveli werilobiTi tradiciebi.115

ar aris gamoricxuli, asomTavruli damwerloba qristianobisxanis axali qarTuli erovnuli damwerloba iyos, romelmacSecvala (an gamoaZeva) manmade arsebuli, warmarTuliepoqis werilobiTi sistema; da Tumca (Tu ar CavTvliT leontimrovelis cnobas farnavaz mefis mier `qarTuli mwignobrobisSemoRebis Sesaxeb~) Cven amis pirdapiri miTiTebebi armogvepoveba, magram sxvadasxva zogadi mosazrebebis safuZvelzeSesaZlebelia garkveuli albaTobiT vivaraudoT arqaulqarTul saxelmwifoSi qarTuli werilobiTi tradiciebisarseboba jer kidev qristianobis xanamde.11. `mwignobroba qarTuli~ da qarTuli`aloglotografiaaloglotografia~`ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisanaTesavTagani; aman ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRaraizraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa daaman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~.leonti mrovelif arnavazis droindeli an ufro gviandeli warmarTulisaqarTvelosaTvis `mwignobroba qarTuli~ SeiZleba niSnavdesam dros qarTulis werilobiTi xmarebis SemoRebas `heterografiis~saxiT, e.i. romelime gavrcelebul ucxour enaze,magaliTad arameulad, Sedgenili teqstis wakiTxviT adgilobrivienis safuZvelze. `arameuli heterografia~ werisgavrcelebuli xerxi xdeba iranulenovan samyaroSi saSualosparsulze teqstebis Casawerad.ufro adre iranul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli iyo weris,anu `mwignobrobis~, wesi, romelsac `aloglotografias~, anu`sxva-enaze-weras~ uwodeben.weris, `mwignobrobis~ amgvari wesis dros teqsti, romelsacgarkveul enaze karnaxoben, magaliTad, Zvelsparsulad,iTargmneba sinqronulad specialist-Camweris mier da Caiwerebadamwerlobis mqone sxva romelime enaze, am SemTxvevaSielamurad, da waikiTxeba an amoikiTxeba adresatis mier specialist-TarjimnisdaxmarebiT ara elamurad, aramed Tavdapirvelenaze, romelzedac nakarnaxevi iyo es teqsti an Setyobineba,e.i. Zvelsparsulad; elamuri ena da damwerlobagamodis am SemTxvevaSi `Suamavali enis~ rolSi, romlis saSualebiTacxdeba zepirad Zvelsparsulad Sedgenili Tavdapir-116

veli teqstis kodireba (sakuTriv Zvelsparsuli solisebridamwerloba mxolod ufro mogvianebiT iqna SemoRebuliuSualod Zvelsparsuli teqstis werilobiTi fiqsaciisaTvis).saSualo sparsuli epoqisaTvis amgvar `Suamaval enad~ ukveara elamuri, aramed im xanad farTod gavrcelebuli arameuliena gvevlineba `konstantur-silaburi~ damwerlobiT.`elamografia~, rac Zvelsparsuli `mwignobrobisaTvis~ iyodamaxasiaTebeli, saSualo sparsul epoqaSi `arameografiiT~icvleba, rasac SemdgomSi saSualo sparsuli werisaTvis damaxasiaTebelideografiamde an heterografiamde mivyavarT.amasTanave, adgilobriv enebze damwerlobis arqona da`weris~ aloglotografiuli wesi, e.i. wera-kiTxvis faqtiuricodna mxolod specialist-TarjimanTa viwro wris mier, arniSnavda sxvaTa `gaunaTleblobas~ an qveyanaSi literaturulitradiciebis uqonlobas; aseTi daSveba iqneboda CvenidRevandeli warmodgenebis gadatana Zvel epoqebze, rodesac`aloglotografia~ da wera-kiTxva sazogadod viwro, Sesa-Zlebelia, arc Tu ise prestiJul specialobas warmoadgenda(rogorc, magaliTad, stenografia Cvens epoqaSi) da ar gansazRvravdaadamianis ganaTlebis dones; sazogadoebis `gana-Tlebuloba~ ganisazRvreboda sazogadod codnis im maragiT,romelic zepirad, zepirsityvierebis gziT Taobidan Taobazegadaicemoda.qristianobamdel samxreT kavkasiaSi weris erT-erTi ZiriTadimeTodi, rogorc Cans, `aloglotografia~ unda yofiliyo,riTac aixsneba aq arameul warweraTa gansakuTrebuligavrceleba. warmarTul iberiasa da somxeTSi `saSinaomoxmarebisaTvis~ teqstebi sakuTar, adgilobriv enebze, albaT,swored arameuli aloglotografiis wesiT iwereboda,rac gasagebs xdis cnobas qarTlSi mefe farnavazis dros`qarTuli mwignobrobis~ SemoRebis Sesaxeb: `qarTuli mwignobroba~SeiZleba, gavigoT rogorc `qarTuli aloglotografia~arameulis safuZvelze, romelzedac weram am epoqaSispecifikuri, `armazul arameulad~ wodebuli saxeobamiiRo. maSasadame, teqsts karnaxobdnen qarTulad, igi sinqronuladiTargmneboda da Caiwereboda specialist-Camwerismier arameulad da amoikiTxeboda qarTuladve; es unda yofiliyoqarTuli zepiri teqstis Caweris wesi arameuli enisada damwerlobis SuamavlobiT.117

qristianobamdel qarTul saxelmwifoSi `mwignobrobis~arseboba Tundac mxolod `aloglotografiis~ saxiT mniSvnelovnadSeuwyobda xels mSobliur enaze literaturulitradiciebis swraf ganviTarebas erovnuli damwerlobis SemoRebisSemdgom; `mwignobroba~ mSobliur enaze erTgvarigagrZeleba iqneboda manamde arsebuli aloglotografiulimwignobruli tradiciebisa.amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve SesaZleblobaqristianobamdel qarTul samyaroSi `literaturuli~ tradiciebisarsebobisa zepirsityvierebis saxiTac. cnobilia, romliteraturuli enis Camoyalibeba ama Tu im kulturaSi ariwyeba aucileblad enis werilobiT fiqsaciasTan erTad, amenaze damwerlobis gaCenasTan erTad; `literaturuli~ tradiciebida `literaturuli ena~ SesaZlebelia arsebobdesxangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi zepirsityvierebis saxiTam enaze specifikuri damwerlobis arsebobis gareSec.weris SemoReba mxolod grafikul fiqsacias axdens amgvaritradiciebisa da xels uwyobs literaturuli enisSemdgom ganmtkicebasa da ganviTarebas. ase, magaliTad,Zveli induri literaturuli Zeglebi _ veduri himnebi _xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mxolod zepirsityvierebisZeglebs warmoadgenda; isini zepirad gadaicemoda davrceldeboda; homerosis poemebi Seiqmna mniSvnelovnadufro adre, vidre misi werilobiTi fiqsacia da Cawera ganxorcielda;egeve Seexeba sxvadasxva evropul literaturultradiciebs...zepirsityvierebis amgvar tradiciebs aZlierebs agreTveaxlad gaqristianebul aRmosavlur samyaroSi (maT Soris,albaT, saqarTveloSic) saRmrTo wignebis Targmnis iseTiwesi, rasac `aloglotoepia~, anu `sxva-enaze-Tqma~, SeiZlebaewodos, rodesac xalxSi mSobliur enaze qadageba dareligiuri teqstebis (Zveli da gansakuTrebiT axali aRTqmis)wakiTxva xdeboda maTi uSualod zepirad gadmoReba-Targmanebis saSualebiT; aseT viTarebaSi ixveweboda damdidrdeboda leqsikurad da terminologiurad TviT isenac, romelzec qadagebdnen da zepirad gadmoscemdnen kanonikurreligiur teqstebs, amasac unda Seeqmna winapirobaimisa, rom qarTuli ena ganviTarebul da daxvewil literaturulenad Camoyalibebuliyo sakuTriv qarTuli qris-118

tianuli damwerlobis Seqmnisa da enis werilobiTi fiqsaciisdroisaTvis.12. `asomTavruliasomTavruli~, `nusxanusxa-xucurixucuri~, `mxedrulimxedruli~Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis `asomTavruli~ saxeobisgarda, rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs `nusxa-xucuri~ da `mxedruli~saxeobani.Tavis droze niko marma gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi qarTuli`mxedruli damwerlobis~ arqaulobis Sesaxeb; am TvalsazrisisTanaxmad, qarTuli damwerlobis es saxeoba asomTavruldamwerlobaze uwinaresia qronologiurad da warmarTuliepoqidan unda momdinareobdes...jer kidev m.brosem da Semdgom iv.javaxiSvilma sruliadeWvmiutanlad cxadyves, rom `qarTuli damwerlobis~ e.w.`nusxa-xucuri~ da `mxedruli~ saxeobani Zveli qarTuliasomTavruli damwerlobis uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgenen,qarTuli asomTavrulisagan warmomdgar qronologiuradmomdevno grafikul etapebs asaxaven.ramdenadac IX saukuneSi nusxa-xucuri ukve savsebiT Camoyalibebulidamwerlobaa, misi Casaxva gacilebiT ufroadreul xanas unda miekuTvnos. qarTuli weris am saxeobisCamoyalibebis procesi qveda qronologiur zRvrad VII-VIIIss. unda miviCnioT, rodesac asomTavrul damwerlobaSi Tavgaxsnilib `ban~, w `Uie~ da `yar~ aso-niSnebi yalibdeba,rac saTanadod aisaxeba nusxa-xucuri damwerlobis Tavgaxsnil¸, w da ç niSnebSi. nusxa-xucuri damwerloba asomTavruligakruli da gadabmuli damwerlobisagan unda iyos TandaTanobiTwarmomdgari.119

qarTuli damwerlobis grafikuli ganviTareba`nusxa-xucuri damwerlobis~ mrgvlovani saxesxvaoba dasabamsaZlevs qarTuli damwerlobis axal saxeobas _ e.w. `mxedruldamwerlobas~, romelic arsebiTad X-XI ss. mdivanmwignobrulinusxa-xucuri damwerlobis gagrZelebas warmoadgens.nusxuridan mxedrulze TandaTanobiT gadasvlisweriT nimuSad atenis sionis warwerebi iTvleba, romlebic XsaukuniT TariRdeba; Zveli qarTuli weris es ukanasknelisaxeoba, umniSvnelo grafikuli cvlilebebiT, TanamedroveqarTuli damwerlobis beWdviTsa da werilobiT sistemasqmnis.120

nodar lomourisaqarTvelos da bizantiis kulturulurTierTobaTa zogierTi aspeqtiaziisa da evropis gzagasayarze mdebareobam gamoiwvia saqarTveloSiiseTi civilizaciis Seqmna, romelic rogorc dasavluri,ise aRmosavluri gavlenebis zemoqmedebas ganicdida.didi xnis win elinur (berZnul), Semdeg elinisturromaulda bolos bizantiur samyarosTan saqarTvelos ur-TierTobis problema ganixileboda sakmaod ubralod: mcireaziaSi, SavizRvispireTSi dasavleTis civilizaciis, socialurekonomikuri,politikuri gavlenis SemoRweva da damkvidrebaxdeboda da qarTuli kulturac mTlianad aqedan momdinareobda.magram garkveuli droidan iv. javaxiSvilis, g. CubiniSvilis,g. Citaias, v. bardaveliZis, k. kekeliZis, s. yauxCiSvilis,g. nioraZis da maTi mowafeebis gamokvlevebma, qarTuliarqeologiis, wyaroTmcodneobis, eTnologiis, istoriografiisganviTarebis wyalobiT msoflio procesebSi qarTvelTamonawileobisadmi midgoma Seicvala da araerTi problemaaxleburad gadaiWra. am miRwevebma cxadhyves ZveliSexedulebis dausabuTebuloba da qarTuli kulturis Tavis-Tavadoba, misi warmomavloba sakuTari, ZirZveli fesvebidan.qarTul saxelmwifoTa elinistur-romaul samayarosTanpolitikur, ekonomikur da kulturul urTierTobaTa Seswavlam,arqeologiuri masalis analizma da saTanado specialistTagamokvlevebis SedegTa gaTvaliswinebam saSualebamogvces gagvekeTebina daskvna, rom mecnierebaSi aSkarad aqvsadgili gadaWarbebul Sefasebas im mniSvnelobisa, romelichqonda elinistur-romaul gavlenebs saqarTvelos kulturulcxovrebaze. wyaroTa monacemebi ufro metad uWerenmxars daskvnas am gavlenis SezRuduli xasiaTis Sesaxeb; is arvrceldeboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis wes-CveulebebSi,meurneobasa da yofaze, romlebic inaxavdnen aSkarad gamoxatulTviTmyofadobas da uZveles adgilobriv tradiciebs. 11ix. o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, 2002; v.liCeli, kolxeTisa da iberiis kulturis sakiTxebi, 2001; n. lomouri,kolxeTSi elinisturi kulturis gavrcelebis SefasebisaTvis, _ kxu samecnieroSromebis krebuli, # 1, 2003.121

kolxeTsa da iberiaSi udavod Seiqmna elinizebuli mosaxleobisfena, gansakuTrebiT zRvispira qalaqebSi, an zogierTsaqalaqo centrebSi, romlebic sxvadasxva garemoebaTagamo elinizacias ganicdidnen, rogoric iyo magaliTad sata-Zro qalaqi vani. aqaur moqalaqeTa socialuri zedafena udavodeziareboda adgilobriv kulturas, magram isic rCebodaadgilobriv kulturul tradiciebTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli.2 igive situacia iyo aq romauli eqspansiis xanaSiac; amasmowmoben qarTvel arqeologTa mier sxvadasxva mxareebSimopovebuli da saTanadod gaanalizebuli masalebi. 3mniSvnelovan etapad saqarTvelos istoriaSi gvevlinebaIV s., rodesac aq damkvidrda qristianoba da iqca gabatonebul,saxelmwifoebriv religiad. magram verc mWidro politikurmakavSirebma bizantiasTan, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSividre VIII s-mde imperiis uSualo batonobam, verc aqedanSemosulma qristianuli religiis zemoqmedebam, ver Ses-Zles saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi uZvelesi erovnuli tradiciebisamoZirkva. adgilobrivi kultura merec agrZelebdaganmapirobebeli rolis Sesrulebas qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi.bizantiuri da qarTuli kulturebis urTierTzemoqmedebisproblema dRemde rCeba kavkasiis mxaris Suasaukuneebis erTerTurTules problemad. misi araerTi aspeqti moiTxovsRrma da diferencialur Seswavlas konkretul masalazedayrdnobiT. XX s-is 50-ian wlebSi samecniero wreebis didiinteresi gamoiwvia Zveli qalaqis – biWvinTis (pitiuntis) mravalwlianmada masStaburma gaTxrebma. es qalaqi umWidresadiyo dakavSirebuli romTan, aq iyo ganlagebuli kolxeTSiromauli garnizonis sadgomi, agreTve episkoposis rezidencia.miuxedavad am mniSvnelovani garemoebisa, adgilobrivikulturis elementebi dadasturda aqac, kerZod im eklesiisnangrevebSi, romlebSic IV-V ss-Si unda yofiliyo saepiskoposotaZari. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mozaikebi, romlebic mar-Talia ganekuTvnebian wina aziis elinisturi xanis mozaikebis23o. lorTqifaniZe, vanis naqalaqari, _ kreb. `vani~, t. 1, 1975, gv. 48-82; g.yifiani, kolxeTisa da iberiis warmarTuli taZrebi da qarTuli qristianulixuroTmoZRvrebis warmoSobis sakiTxi, 2006, gv. 5-32.О. Лордкипанидзе, Античный мир и Восточное Причерноморье (Колхида, Иберия), _КС,1980, gv. 15-17; n. lomouri, narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan,1975, gv. 84-96; 98-100.122

wres, magram amave dros avlenen adgilobriv xelovnebasTanda xalxur warmodgenebTan mWidro kavSirs. Amis Sesaxeb, ker-Zod, metyvelebs iseTi detalebi, rogoricaa aq Zroxisa daxbos gamosaxuleba, agreTve zogierTi sxva dekoratiuli elementi,romelic ar naxulobs arsad analogs garda saqarTvelosi,rac aZlevs mkvlevarebs safuZvels es mozaika miakuTvnonam dargis adgilobriv skolas. 4qristianul taZrebsac ki, romelTa arqiteqturuli saxeunda TiTqos Seefardebodes taZarTmSeneblobis dadgenilnimuSebs, saqarTveloSi axasiaTebs mkveTrad gamoxatuli Tavisebureba.maxlobel aRmosavleTSi (mcire aziaSi, siriaSi,palestinaSi, saberZneTSi) adreuli qristianuli taZrebi gavrcelebuliiyo e. w. bazilikuri formisa, igulisxmeba ugumbaTo,orferdsaxuraviani nagebobebi da aseTebi gavrceldasaqarTveloSiac. magram Tavdapirvelad eklesia saqarTveloSiwamoadgenda mcire zomis, erTnavian Senobas. romel-Siac mrevli saerTod ar eteoda, Semdeg-ki ukve TandaTanxdeboda namdvili samnaviani bazilikebis ageba da es procesiiyo rTuli, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse procesi. bizantiaSisamnaviani bazilikebi iyo xazgasmiT gamoxatuli sigrZiviRerZis mqone Senoba, romlis Sida sivrce Sedgeboda centralurimaRali da ganieri navisgan, romelic mTavrdeba naxevarwriuliabsidiT, sadac aris sakurTxeveli, xolo centralurinavis orive mxares ufro viwro da dabali navebiT,romlebic centraluri navisagan gamoyofilia ritmuladganlagebuli svetebiT.aseTia samnaviani bazilikebi, romlis yvelaze adreuli nimuSebisaqarTveloSi V s-is bolos dasturdeba. maTi yvelazecnobili nimuSia bolnisis sioni, magram saqarTveloSi warmodgenilies taZrebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian am tipissaydrebis klasikuri nimuSebisagan da amJRavneben tendenciascentraluri gadawyvetisaken. es gamoixateba SemdegSi: Sua naviSedarebiT moklea, ara aqvs svetebis rigi, gverdiTi navebiviwroa, moklebulia damoukidebel funqcias da centralurinavisagan gamoyofilia farTo, masiuri svetebiT, xolo cen-4Л. Мацулевич, Открытие мозаичного пола в древнем Питиунте, – ВДИ, 1956, № 4,misive, Мозаики Бичвинты – Великого Питиунта, – kreb. `didi pitiunti~ t. 3,1978, gv. 100-168; Л. Шервашидзе, Пицундская мозаика, _ imave kreb-Si, gv. 169-193;Н. Вачнадзе, Из истории Христианской символики, - Tsu Sromebi, 1982, # 237, gv.106-113.123

tralur navs uerTdebian viwro gasasvlelebiT. gverdiTinavebi da dasavleTis narteqsi hqmnian Tavisebur viwro `Semosavlels~Sua navis garSemo, riTac xazs usvamen mis Taviseburgabatonebul mdgomareobas Sida sivrcis dagegmarebaSi.es nagebobebi aSkarad amJRavneben centralur-gumbaTovaninagegobebis Zlier gavlenas, uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelo-Si damowmebuli sacxovrebeli ~darbazuli tipis~ Senobebis,aseve ritualuri tipis nagebobebis gavlenas. 5niSandoblivia, rom CamoTvlili damaxasiaTebeli elementebimJRavndeba dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebzedac (biWvinTa,cixisZiri, noqalaqevi, sefieTi), e. i. im regionis saeklesionagebobebzedac, romlebic yvela arsebul wyaroTamowmobiT, vidre IX s-mde rCeboda eklesiurad konstantinepolispatriarqze daqvemdebarebulad. 6 ufro metic samnavianibazilikis aseTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebs cixisZirSi anu ZvelpetraSi gamovlenil eklesiebsac, im dros, rodesac es qalaqiwarmoadgenda konstantinepolis sapatriarqos sistemaSi Semavalcentrs – saepiskoposo kaTedras. 7magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom saqarTveloSiyalibdeba sruliad Taviseburi saxesxvaoba ugumbaTotaZrebisa – e. w. `sameklesiani bazilikebi~, romelTac garegnuladaqvT bazilikebis forma, magram Sida are sruliadoriginaluria: igi faqtobrivad gayofilia sam wagrZelebulsadgomad, romelTagan Sua navi aris ganieri da maRali, ori-567Г. Чубинашвили, Болнисский Сион, 1941; misive, Архитектура Кахети, Тб., 1959, gv.37-142; v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 23-25; 2010 w. g.CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis da ZeglTa dacviserovnulma centrma gamosca Zalze mniSvnelovani wigni: `qarTuliqristianuli xelovneba~ (qarTul da inglisur enebze), aq moklemimoxilva xuroTmoZRvrebisa ekuTvnis d. TumaniSvils, romelicmTlianad iziarebs adreuli qristianuli taZrebis motanil analizs, ix.gv. 8-10; amave problemasTan dakavSirebiT ix. n. lomouri, n. andRulaZe, d.TumaniSvili, T. sayvareliZe, bolnisis sionis sakiTxisaTvis, - `macne,istoriis… seria~, 1984, # 3, gv. 115-141.i. ciciSvili, saeklesio nagebobaTa kompleqsi biWvintaSi, _ `didipitiunti~, t. 2, gv. 116-117; p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, cixe-goji – arqeopolisinoqalaqevi, 1991, gv. 165-214. CvenTvis gaugebaria, ratom aRniSnavs d.TumaniSvili, rom biWvinTasa da noqalaqevSi aRmoCenili eklesiebi araris am TaviseburebaTa matarebeli da isini ase vTqvaT `importuli~saxis nagebobaa: ix. `qarTuli qristianuli xelovneba~, gv. 9.n. inaSvili, petras saepiskoposo kaTedra, _ `bizantiologia saqarTveloSi– 2~, t. 1, gv.275-288.124

ve mxares gasdevs viwro da ufro dabali navebi. SemdegSi estipi ixveweba, gverdiTi navebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba dasavleTisSemaerTebeli galereiT, xolo gverdiT navebSi CndebasakuTari sakurTxevlebi, amasTan Sua navi gverdiTebisgangamoiyofa kedlebiT, romlebSiac gaWrilia viwro karebi.amrigad aqac Sida sivrceSi gabatonebulia centraluri sa-Tavsi. aseTi `sameklesiani bazilikebi~ erTdroulad gamoCndaaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – qarTlsa da kaxeTSi (qvemobolnisi, vanaTi, kordenaxi, ruispiri da a.S.) da Zveli afxazeTisteritoriazedac – Zveli gagris eklesia. 8TiTqmis srul damoukideblobas bizantiuri saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisaganamJRavneben centralur-gumbaTovani ta-Zrebic, romelTac v. beriZis sityviT aseve ganvles ganviTarebisTaviseburi gza, martividan rTulisaken: Zveli gavazisada Tbilisis qvaSveTis ubralo tetrakonqidan mcxeTis jvrisada misi tipis rTuli aRnagobis Zeglebamde. 9 es tipi arisqarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis originaluri qmnileba, romelicSemdeg somxeTSiac gavrcelda, magram bizantiis sxva provinciebSimas ar eZebneba paralelebi. maT winamorbeds saqarTveloSiwarmoadgens isev sacxovrebel nagebobebis darbazuliforma. am tipis nagebobebia atenis sioni qarTlSi, ZveliSuamTa kaxeTSi, martvilis RvTiSoblis taZari – odiSSi, CamxusitaoSi. 10damoukidebeli arqiteqturuli mimerTulebebi iqmnebodaaRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi, tao-klarjeTSi SemdegsaukuneebSiac. es Taviseburi stili damaxasiaTebeli iyoiseTi taZrebisaTvis, rogoric iyo sveticxoveli, bagratistaZari, alaverdi, iSxani, bana, xaxuli da a.S. yvela maTi safuZveliiyo adgilobrivi, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTanSemuSavebuli erovnuli warmomavlobis Taviseburebani. 11mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom mecnierTa es daskvna891011Г. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахети, 1959; v. beriZe, Zveli qarTulixuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 25-26; R. Mepisaschwili, W. Zinzadze, Die Kunst des altenGeorgiens, 1977, gv. 61 da Semd.v. beriZe, kvlav adreqristianuli xanis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisSesaxeb, gv. 140.Г. Чубинашвили, Памятники типа Джвари, 1948; d. TumaniSvili, qarTuliqristianuli xelovneba, gv. 10.В. Беридзе, Архитектура Тао-Кларджети, 1981; p. zaqaraia, qarTuli centralurgumbaTovaniarqiteqtura, t. 1, 1975; misive, tao-klarjeTisxuroTmoZRvreba, 1992.125

vrceldeba afxazeTis teritoriaze agebul iseT eklesiebzedac,rogoricaa bzifis taZari, anakofiis, lixnis, moqvis, gagriseklesiebi. yvela am nagebobas gaaCnia calkeuli elementebi,romlebic maT aaxlovebs bizantiur taZrebTan; rogorcaRniSnavs l. rCeuliSvili, afxazuri Zeglebi udavos xdian,rom saqarTvelos am mxareSi sakmaod aSkarad Cans bizantiuriarqiteqturis elementebis SemoRweva, magram es SemoRweuliSenaZeni ar gansazRvravs regionis arqiteqturul saxes. aSkaraaaq arsebul taZarTa kavSiri aRmosavleT saqarTvelosxuroTmoZRvrebasTan. Tumca Taviseburebani am kontaqtebisakanonzomiers xdian arqiteqturis `afxazuri skolis~ arsebobazelaparaks, magram aq igulisxmeba ara bizantiuri arqiteqturis,aramed qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis `afxazuri skola~. 12qarTuli xelovnebis sxva sferoebSiac Cven vxedavT bizantiurixelovnebis Sejvarebas adgilobriv tradiciul elementebTan.dasturdeba es reliefur qandakebebSiac, e. w.`qvajvarebSiac~, kedlis mxatvrobaSi, xatweraSi, WedurobaSi,minanqris xelovnebaSi, naqargobaSi da xelnawerTa dasura-TebaSic. am dargebis nimuSebi Cven adreqristianuli xanisTvisyovelTvis ar gvaqvs Semonaxuli, magram gviandeli Zeglebiccxadhyofen am dargebis aRmoceneba-ganviTarebaSi adgilobrivniadagze mravali saukunis win Seqmnili xelovnebis udavomonawileobas. 13axla unda mokled SevCerde qarTul-bizantiur literaturulkavSirebze. saqarTvelosa da bizantiis mravalsaukunovanurTierToboTa pirobebSi am kavSirebma udavod Seasrulesmetad mniSvnelovani roli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli literaturisada azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi. ar iwvevs eWvs, romV s-dan (Tu ara ufro adreuli xanidan) saqarTveloSi yalibdebasaeklesio naTargmni literature (bibliur teqstTa,1213Л. Рчеулишвили, Купольная архитектура VIII-X веков в Абхазии, 1988; misive, Поповоду интерпретации архитектурных памятников как исторических документов, -`macne, istoriis... seria~, # 4, 1975, gv. 181-189.Ш. Я. Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной живописи, т. 1, 1957; K.Matchabeli, Georgia and Byzantine World, – “Perception of Byzantium and its Neighbors”,the Metropolitan Museum of Art, N. Y., 2000, gv. 188-197; k. maCabeli,adrebizantiuri kultura da saqarTvelo, –“bizantiologia saqarTveloSi- 2~, t. 1, gv. 438-442; ix. agreTve k. maCablis, m. didebuliZis, n. WiWinaZis, T.sayvareliZis, l. xuskivaZis, a. oqropiriZis, m. kecxovelis mimoxilvebikrebulSi `qarTuli qristianuli xelovneba~, gv. 14-35; agreTve Cveni `TheHistory of Georgian-Byzantine Relations~, `Perception...~, _ gv. 182-186.126

hagiografiul, mistikur-asketur nawarmoebTa); qarTuliqristianuli literaturis saTaveebi unda Casaxuliyo mcireaziis, siriis da palestinis sasuliero-samonazvno kerebSi,saidanac iberiaSi Sedioda ara marto siriulidan naTargmninawarmoebi (magaliTan simeon mesvetis, efrem sirielis, martvilisabawmindelis da a.S.), aramed aqedan movidnen qarTulisaeklesio cxovrebis gamoCenili moRvaweebi – 13 sirieli (Tuasureli) mama da sxv. aqedanve aRwevda qarTlSi berZnulisaeklesio literaturac, xolo mogvianebiT aqve eziara qar-Tuli samonastro mrevli arabul literaturasac. 14 TavdapirveladTviT bizantiis am samonastro savaneebSi iqmnebodaZveli e. w. kimenuri redaqciebi wmindanTa Tu saeklesio moRveweTacxovrebebisa; es iyo Zalze sada, (kimenuri) Txroba,romelsac arsebiTad ar axlda araviTari ganyenebuli komentarebi,garemos aRwera Tu ganmazogadebeli Sefasebebi. 15qarTuli hagiografia faqtiurad aseT Semoklebul versiebsar icnobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi redaqciebi Semonaxuliaraa. ramdenadac hagiografiulma Janrma saqarTveloSi bizantiidanSemoaRwia, qarTuli nawarmoebebi ZiriTadad mihyvebianbizantiuri hagiografiis principebs, imeoreben mismTavar niSan-Tvisebebs. magram amasTan erTad, rogorc cxadhyofsqarTuli hagiografiuli Txzulebebis analizi (w. SuSanikis,evstaTi mcxeTelis, abo Tbilelis da sxvaTa martvilobebi),isini xasiaTdebian sakuTari erovnuli TvisebebiT, romlebicmaT gamoarCevs imTaviTve bizantiurisgan. 16pirvel rigSi esaa bizantiuri hagiografiisTvis sruliaducxi aRweriloba im geografiuli, politikuri da socialurigaremosi, romelSiac mimdinareobs wminda mowameTa cxovreba,maTi qmedebani da TviT maTi wamebac. am elementebis calkedetalebi gvxvdeba arakimenur bizantiur hagiografiul literaturaSic,magram qarTlSi isini ufro konkretulia, ufrorealisturi da uWiravT bevrad ufro didi moculoba. es Tvi-141516E. Khintibidze, Byzantine-Georgian Literary Contacts, Tbilisi, 1979.qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi, naw. 1, kimeni – 1, k. kekeliZis redaqtorobiT,1918; naw. 1, kimeni 2, 1946.Sua saukuneebis qarTuli literaturis da kerZod hagiografiis daxasiaTebisaTvisix. iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, _Txzulebebi, t. 8, 1977; k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.1. 1980.127

seba qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzulebebis imdenad reliefuria,rom zogjer maT istoriul Janrsac ki miakuTvneben. 17amasTan aRsniSnavia kidev erTi Tavisebureba, yvelazeaSkarad warmodgenili `wm. SuSanikis martvilobaSi~ (V s.). isvlindeba bizanriuri martirologiisTvis sruliad uCveulorealistur daxasiaTebaSi moqmedi pirebisa, pirvel rigSiTviT wamebulisa da im garemosi, romelSiac isini moqmedeben.avtori iakob curtaveli gvixatavs ara abstraqtul, sqematurportrets asketisa, romelmac uari Tqva cxovrebaze, aramedadamianisa, romelic umWidroesad aris dakavSirebulirealur sinamdvilesTan, aqtiurad monawileobs masSi, risgamoc saxe mTavari gmirisa, aRsavsea Sinagani winaaRmdegogebiT.avtori warmogvidgens SuSaniksa da mis qmars, romlisganacis wamebas ganicdis, Cveulebriv mokvdavebad, realur personaJebad,romelTac aqvT rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTiTvisebebi. 18 es damaxasiaTebelia agreTve am periodis sxvaqarTuli hagiografiuli ZeglebisaTvis. 19sruliad gansxvavebulad warimarTa am Janris Semdgomievoluciis gzebi bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi: bizantiuriagiografia viTardeba, ase vTqvaT, daRmavali gziT da TandaTankargavda im realistur pasaJebs da politikur Tu socialuriSinaarsis im umniSvnelo gadaxvevebsac, romelic masdasawyisSi gaaCnda; masSi sul ufro batondeboda erTi mTavariprincipi – wmindanis sulieri gancdebi da miswrafebebiar unda daCrdiluliyo meorexarisxovani detalebiT,sulieri asketizmis aRwera unda damorCileboda garkveulSablons da unda darCeniliyo erTgvarovani, monotoruli. 20originaluri qarTuli hagiografia ar wasula am gziT. manara marto SeinarCuna Tavisi zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebani,aramed ufro ganaviTara isini da Semdgom saukuneebSi SeiZinaTviT wmindanis qmedebaTa da misi garemomcveli garemos,17181920r. baramiZe, wm. SuSanikis wameba, qarTuli literaturis uZvelesi Zegli,1977 (igive rusul enaze, 1978); r. siraZe, qarTuli hagiografia, 1987; m.lorTqifaniZe, qarTuli agiografia da istoriuli azrovnebis ganvi-Tareba, - kreb. `wminda nino~, gv. 218-225.r. baramiZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 7; l.-n. janaSia, `SuSanikis wamebis~ personaJebi,- `mnaTobi~ – 1983, # 8, gv. 104-133.e. xinTibiZe, qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobebis istoriisaTvis,1982, gv. gv. 90-126, 154-163.I. Ševčenko, Hagiographiy of the Iconoclasm Period, – “Iconoclasm”, Birmingham, 1947,gv. 115-120128

agreTve im politikur-konkretul-istoriul movlenaTa gadmocemis,ufro realisturi aRweris Tviseba, romelSic mimdinareobdaTviT wmindanis cxovrebac da xorcieldeboda misiwamebac. 21 amiT aixsneba, rom X-XI ss-is Semdgomi xanis hagiografiuliTxzulebebi xSirad warmogvidgebian ufro metad`cxovrebebad~ da Zneli gasarCevi xdebian saistorio Janrisnawarmoebebisgan.Nodar LomouriSEVERAL ASPECTS OF CULTURAL RELATIONSBETWEEN GEORGIA AND BYZANTIUMThe existence of quite powerful layers of foreign influence in Georgianculture created grounds for the opinion expressed in scientific literature thatGeorgian culture originates from Hellenistic-Roman and, later, Byzantinecultures.The study of the political, economic, and cultural relations of Georgianstates with the Hellenistic-Roman world, the analysis of archaeological materials,and research conducted by relevant specialists have confirmed thatGeorgian culture has independent roots and paths of development, whichwere maintained despite influence exerted from various sides. Even the influenceof Christianity failed to uproot these ancient national traditions.There are numerous examples to confirm this opinion. Even the architectureof Christian temples, which had to conform to established rules, hasobvious peculiarities in Georgia. It is the question of a kind of churches,widespread all over the Middle East _ three-nave basilicas, which haveprolonged forms everywhere, while in Georgia, major importance is attachedto the central space of its interior, which must be the heritage of ancient“hall” dwellings and ritual buildings. There is quite a peculiar varietyof domeless churches – the so-called "three-church basilicas" _ in Georgia.They have an absolutely original interior, where with the central space isalso of dominant importance.Centrally planned domed churches are also almost completely differentfrom the Byzantine ecclesiastic architecture. Such churches passed a peculiarpath of development from simple tri-vaults to complex monuments likeJvari in Mtskheta, which developed into large ecclesiastic buildings in thefollowing centuries. It should be emphasized that these peculiarities are21e. xinTibiZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 160-165; Н. Ю. Ломоури, Некоторые аспектыгрузино-византийских культурных связей, – ВВ, # 64 (89), 2005, gv. 225-231.129

characteristic of ecclesiastic buildings both in east Georgia (Kartli, Kakheti)and west Georgia, the latter being a province, where the church was subjectto the Constantinople Patriarchy for centuries.The merger of Byzantine art with traditional local elements is also evidentin other spheres of art _ relief sculptures, mural paintings, iconography,and so forth.The Georgian hagiographic literature also has peculiarities. Of course, itcame to Georgia from Byzantium, but acquired a completely different formback at the early stage. Like in Byzantine literature, Georgian hagiographydescribed martyrs' habitat and personal features and relevant historic background.However, unlike the Byzantine literature, it is often impossible totell the difference between a hagiographic work and historical chronicles.130

lia meliqiSvilixelis simbolikisaTvis saqorwilo ritualSixeli, rogorc RvTiuri aqtivobis simbolo, mraval kulturaSiagavrcelebuli. igi adamianis moqmedebaTa ganxorcielebisyvelaze srulyofili organoa sxeulis nawilTagan,ganasaxierebs fizikur da sulier siZlieres da, amdenad, masgrZnobaTa emociaTa gamosaxvis funqcia aqvs. amitomac xelisJestikulaciasTan dakavSirebiT 2000-ze meti simbolo arsebobs.xeli, rogorc simbolo, mravali xalxis kulturaSia fiqsirebuli.is qorwinebis ritualSic figurirebs da sxvadasxvaxalxis kulturaSi sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgeba. am mxrivarc saqarTveloa gamonaklisi.aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi sul uaxloes warsulSimxo-lod xevsureTis eTnografiul sinamdvileSi gvxvdebodaqalis daniSvnis saintereso Cveuleba, romelsac`xelis dakvra" ewodeba. aseTi daniSvna SeiZleba momxdariyoyoveli TavSeyris adgilas. xelis dakvra SeiZleboda mxarze,xelis CamorTmeviT. xeldakrulze ityodnen: `xelmokidebulia,xeldakrulia". xelis dakvra SeeZlo vaJis mamas, biZas,biZaSvils, deidaSvils da vaJis megobars. zog SemTxvevaSiTviT vaJsac SeeZlo eTqva: `coli Cemi xar, Cemi xelmokidebulixar, sxvagan ara gaqvs neba gaTxovebis". Tu xelis dakvrisdros iqve maxloblad qalis axlo naTesavebi iqnebodnen,isini aucileblad vaJis mxares, e. i. xeldamkvrels, Cxubsautexavdnen, magram qali mainc daniSnulad iTvleboda. `TuvaJs mowons qali, is Tavis naTesavs, qals an mamakacs (ufroaxalgazrdas), an Zmadnafics Txovs xelis dakvras. Tu esxalxmraval adgilze moxdeboda da iq qalis naTesavi iqneboda,xeldamkvrels ueWvelad Cxubs autexavda: `Cems Tvalwinrogor gaakeTe aseTi ramo~, Tu sasiZo TviTon dakravs _etyvis: `dReis Semdeg Cemobaze xaro~. `mkvdarze viyavi da iqdamkres xeli. erTi wlis Semdeg vnaxe WinWarauli ivane. samiweli viyavi daniSnuli. me daviwune. iman `kveTilSi~ (ganawyenebulivaJis mier qalisaTvis qorwinebis akrZalva. _l.m.) Camsva. arxotSi da piraqeTSi (bisosa da xaxmatSi)amikrZala gaTxoveba. mere Cemi Zmebi Caerivnen. Zmam uTxra:`erT mtkavel miwas ar gagavlevinebo~ da imaT aaxsnevines131

`kveTili~. Semdeg arxotSi gavTxovdi. isini `samwunebros~maxdevinebdnen _ Cven Tqvens mkvdarze davdiodiT da araysvxarjavdiTo. magram me iseTi Zmebi myavda, rom SeaSines daaraferi ar gadamixdia~ (meliqiSvili, 1968).qalis mSoblebi gaikiTxavdnen vaJis ojaxis vinaobas. Tuqals ar surda, igi SeiZleba ar wahyoloda xelis damkvrelvaJs. sxvis daniSnulze xelis dakvra ar SeiZleboda. Tu aseTiram moxdeboda, maSin qalis adre damniSnavi ojaxi, romelsaczog SemTxvevaSi qalis ojaxic exmareboda, Cxubs autexavdaxelis damkvrelis ojaxs, rac xSirad sisxlis daRvriTmTavrdeboda. moqiSpeebs xalxuri wesiT gaasamarTlebdnen.gansjis Semdeg qals ZiriTadad pirvel damniSnavs akuTvnebdnen.xSirad qals arc erTs ar gaayolebdnen, xolo Tupirveli damniSnavi uars acxadebda, maSin qali xelis damkvrelsrCeboda. qvriv qalze, Tu is qmris saxlSi cxovrobda,xelis dakvra ar SeiZleboda.unda aRiniSnos, rom xelis dakvriT daniSvnis wesi argvxvdeba xevsurebis mezobel fSavlebsa Tu TuSebSi. msgavsiwesiT qalis daniSvna fiqsirebulia pankisis qistebSi daCeCnebSi (margoSvili, 2002: 126; meliqiSvili, 1978) rasac `qug-Tuexn~_ xelis SexebiT daniSvna ewodeba.marTalia, es wesi jer kidev uaxloes warsulSi anomaliadiTvleboda, magram misi arseboba mainc fiqsirdeboda. aseTiwesiT qals maSin niSnavdnen, Tu qali qorwinebis winaaRmdegiiyo. xelis dadebis ufleba hqonda mxolod vaJs, mis Zmobilsada biZas (mamis mxridan). magram amis gakeTeba samarcxvinodiTvlebodada, sadao iyo da adaTobrivi samarTlis samsjelosakiTxad iqceoda xolme. Semdeg saqmis mogvareba moxucebsevalebodaT. qalis mSoblebTan misvla da patiebis Txovnasavaldebulo iyo. `xelSemxebs’’ jarimas 5 _ 6 Zroxasgadaaxdevinebdnen, qals ki uflebas aZlevdnen Tavisi survilisamebrgaTxoviliyo. `qistebSi momxdari qalis SeuracxmyofeliSemTxvevis Sesaxeb qali valdebuli iyo dedisTvisSeetyobinebina, dedas ki Tavis meuRlisTvis. im SemTxvevaSi,Tu mSoblebi ar iyvnen Tanaxma, sakiTxs soflis Temi _ `el~ganixilavda. vaJis mama, Zmebi da biZaSvilebi (15-20 Tavkaci)yuranze daificebdnen, rom maT vaJs msgavsi, ram ar ukadrebiada mas qaliSvilTan araviTari urTierToba ar eqneba SemdgomSi.Tu ver SeZlebdnen daficebas maSin jarimas daak-132

ierebdnen da qals `gaanTavisuflebdnen’’ (margoSvili, 1969:155 _156).aseTi wesiT qorwineba cnobilia zogad literaturaSic.pol vinogradovi wignSi `Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence"CamoTvlis ra qorwinebis saxeebs, gamoyofs xelis dadebiT(Hand fast) qorwinebas da upirispirebs mas saeklesiojvrisweras. aseT SemTxvevebs igi aRwers inglissa da SotlandiisCrdiloeT raionebSi. avtori gvixsnis: marTalia,aRwerili SemTxvevebi axalia, magram TviT es wesi Zvelia.motanilia XV-XVI saukunis sabuTebi. magaliTad: 1471 welsarsebobda sasamarTlo saqme or pirs Soris, romlebiciTxovdnen grafis tituls. aqedan erTi iyo graf miueris vaJi,xolo meore grafis qaliSvilis qmari. Zieba emyareboda imas,rom saeklesio TvalsazrisiT ar arsebobda oficialurimamakaci _ memkvidre, radganac miueris vaJi iyo izoblisSvili, romelic xelis dadebis wesiT miTxovda grafs. xoloqaliSvili saeklesio qorwinebiT gaCenili Svili iyo sxvacolisagan. saqme gairCa mowmeebis TandaswrebiT da gadawydavaJiSvilis sasargeblod, tradiciis Tanaxmad, miuxedavadimisa, rom is ewinaaRmdegeboda saeklesio da saxelmwifo kanonebs.1509 wels sasamarTloSi aseve sadavo iyo sazerlendisgrafis tituli. xelis dadebiT qorwinebaSi aleqsandre sazerlendimoiTxovda grafis tituls, rogorc erT-erTi kanonierimemkvidre Tavis mamis, grafi jon III-isa. masupirispirdeboda adam gordoni, misi dis qmari, romlismeuRle gaCenili iyo saeklesio qorwinebidan da romelmacimdeni moaxerxa, rom aleqsandres am saqmeze xeli aaRebina.graf angusisa da margaret tiudoris qorwineba, rogorcCans, gauqmda im safuZvliT, rom xeliT dadebiT qorwinebagraf angussa da ledi Trequas Soris ufro adre arsebobda(Vinogradoff , 1920: 244-245; 246-248).skini mogviTxrobs `xelis dadebiT _ `xeldabmuli"qorwinebis wesis Sesaxeb, romelic iTvaliswinebs or beladsSoris kontraqtis dadebas, am wesis Tanaxmad erT memkvidresunda ecxovra meoris memkvidresTan 12 Tvisa da 1 dRis vadiT.amasobaSi qali deda gaxdeboda an dafexmZimdeboda. aseTiqorwineba kanonierad iTvleboda, Tundac mRvdels ar Seesrulebinaqorwinebis wesi. magram Tu nayofi ar Canda, es kon-133

traqti uqmdeboda. orive mxare Tavisufali iyo da SeeZloTsxvasTan qorwineba.penentis mier warmodgenili Sotlandiuri qorwinebis wesebisaRwerisas vamCnevT saintereso Taviseburebebs. xelSekrulebaideba ara meqorwile pirebs Soris, aramed siZesa daqalis mamas Soris `xelebis SeerTebiT" (xelis CamorTmeviT).aseTi qorwineba ar iyo niSandoblivi mTeli SotlandiisaTvis,mxolod ripunisa da iorkis saeklesio mrevlSi dasturdeboda.es iyo samoqalaqo da ara saeklesio wesi. ripunSimoxda aseTi ram: vinme margretma `xelis dadebiT" qorwinebamoaxdina or pirTan erT weliwadSi da am pirebs Soris SedgasasamarTlo imis Taobaze, Tu visi coli unda yofiliyo qali.margretma momxdari aRiara, da colad gahyva imas, vincpirvelma mohkida xeli.xelis dadebiT qorwineba formdeboda dokumentSi, romlisgarkveuli formac arsebobda: me Sen mimyevxar, margaret,Cems ~xeldadebul colad. . .“. xelis dadebiT qorwineba emyarebodaSeTanxmebas da SeiZleboda gauqmebuliyo kidec.amave dros is ganixileboda rogorc daniSvna. iorkis qronikebSitermini `Sekruli coli" (Wedded wife) enacvleba termin`xeldadebuli cols" (Handfast wife).TviT pol vinogradovi aseTi tipis qorwinebebs winaqristianulsmiakuTvnebs da dasZens, rom aucilebeli ar iyo,qorwineba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gagrZelebuliyo, anuor sqess Soris urTierToba Seloa, ar yofiliyo samudmo,is, rogorc TviT aRniSnavs, SesaZlebelia yofiliyo `moZravi~.seqsualuri eWvianoba da simkacre, rogorc axla vambobT_ ar TamaSobda did rols da mTeli foni sruliadgansxvavebuli iyo Tanamedrove qristianuli qorwinebisgan,romelsac mudmiv SeTanxmebamde mivyavarT (Vinogradoff , 1920:248).literaturaSi cnobilia agreTve qorwinebis wesi, romelsaczogadad uwodeben `SexebiT" qorwinebas. magaliTad: koriakebSi(kamCatkaze) sasiZom unda moaxerxos sapatarZlosgaxda, romelsac specialurad acmeven bevr tansacmels, kravenqamrebiT, axveven Tevzis saWer badeSi da malaven. sasiZomunda ipovos da gaxados tansacmeli, miuxedavad qalis winaaRmdegobisada xeli daados sasqeso organoze, ris Semdegacisini daniSnulebad iTvlebian. amas eZaxian `dapyrobas"(seize). am saqmis advilad Tu Znelad aRsruleba damokidebu-134

lia qalis survilze. Tu qals ar surs vaJi, is cdilobs, racSeiZleba didxans iyos damaluli da ar misces gaxdis saSualeba.am SemTxvevaSi sasiZos naTesavebi exmarebian, xolo Tuqals surs vaJi, TviTonve uwyobs xels mas. magram Tu vaJsqali daxvdeba gaxdili, wesis mixedviT, xelsac ar daakarebs,radganac amas Tvlis Tavis Seuracxyofad (Iochelson, vol. VI ;741, 742, 176).aseTi wesis arsebobaze miuTiTebs koriakebis miTologiac:mTvaris qali ar endoba ememkutis dapirebebs, rom es ukanaskneliiqorwinebs masze. maSin ememkuti xeliT exeba mis sasqesoorganos da amiT _ adasturebs, rom igi ar tyuis, radganaseTi xelis Sexeba igivea, rac qorwineba (Максимов, 1908: 140).daaxloebiT aseTi wesi xelis SexebiT qorwinebisa arisdafiqsirebuli eqspediciis wevris, juzepe taimis mieramerikis kontinentze, saliSis tomis tompsonis indielebSi(romlebic cxovroben freveris da tompsonis mdinareebzekolumbiaSi). am wesis mixedviT, adamians, visac surda colisSerTva, unda xeli daedo mis mier amorCeuli qalis mkerdzean fexis quslze (Teit,vol I, Part IV, : 323-325). aseTive wesi aqvstompsonis tomis mezobel indielebs _ liluetebs (Teit,vol I,Part IV, : 323-325). f. buasi aRwers: `asakSi Sesul gogonebs eZinaTdedebTan erTad. rodesac vaJi daapirebda colis SerTvas,is Cumad miepareboda Rame gogonas logins da cdilobdamisTvis quslze moekida xeli. gogona maSinve acnobebda mamas,rom ama da am kacma mas xeli daado quslze, rasac aucilebladqorwineba mohyveboda" (Boas, 1894: 458. 44). rogorczemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, Cvens mier aRweriliwesi arc ise gavrcelebuli yofila, magram tradiciulad misiarseboba sxvadasxva epoqaSi, sxvadasxva xalxSi, sxvadasxvakulturaSi dasturdeba.ra Tqma unda, es wesebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia, magrammaTi ZiriTadi gamaerTianebeli niSania erTi adamianismier meoris xeliT Sexeba. sxvadasxvaa Sexebis wertili iqnebaes mxari, TviT xeli, sasqeso organo, mkerdi Tu fexis qusli,magram Semxebi sxeulis organo yvelgan xelia.rogorc viciT, xelis gamosaxuleba jer kidev paleoliTidanaris cnobili. am epoqaSi xelis gamosaxulebismniSvnelobis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs.zogi avtoris azriT, es gamosaxuleba e. w. mxatvris xelmowerasunda aRniSnavdes, xolo zogierTi mas religiur135

mniSvnelobas aniWebs. xelis gamosaxulebis tradicia uZvelesida mraval xalxSia damowmebuli. igi gvxvdeba aramarto materialuri kulturis Zeglebze (taZrebi, koSkebi,sacxovrebeli nagebobebi, stelebi), aramed mravali istoriulida iuridiuli xasiaTis dokumentSi. xelis gamosaxulebas,rogorc simbolos, mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba aqvs.igi SeiZleba iyos, rogorc religiuri (magiur-apotrofiuli,mzis kulti, amuletebi da sxva.) aseve Zalis, simtkicis, uflebebisada sakuTrebis gamomxatveli simbolo (javaxiSvili iv.,1928: 108 _ 109; berZeniSvili n., 1966: 141; bardaveliZe v., Citaiag., 1939: 18). xevsureTSi, sadac xelis dakvriT qorwineba arsebobda,xelis zemoT aRniSnuli TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelobaadadasturebuli (bardaveliZe v., Citaia g., 1939: 18). igigvxvdeba socialur yofasa Tu materialuri kulturis ZeglebSi.amas aseve SeiZleba gverdiT davuyenoT xelis dakvriTdaniSvnis wesi (Меликишвили, 1971: 151-181.).es wesi, Tavisi warmomavlobiT, Zveli unda iyos. zogierTimkvlevari mas nayofierebis kults ukavSirebs (Максимов, 1908:140). SesaZlebelia, misi pirvandeli mniSvneloba aseTic iyo,magram xevsureTis magaliTze Cven aSkarad mflobelobis simbolosTangvaqvs saqme. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom ZiriTadadxelis damkvrelad gamodis vaJis mama, biZaSvili, deidaSvilida ara TviT vaJi, rogorc es sxva xalxebSia damowmebuli.xevsurul CveulebaSi win wamoweulia vaJis gvaris uflebebi,radganac xeldamkvrelebi ZiriTadad vaJis gvaris wevrebi arian.unda vigulisxmoT, rom mamis mier xelis dadebis wesi misuflebebze miuTiTebs, e. i. mis mier xeldadebuli qali misi damisi gvaris sakuTrebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. aRsaniSnaviaagreTve is garemoebac, rom xevsureTSi, sadac Semonaxulia(xelis dakvriT) qalis daTavisebis wesi, qorwilTan dakavSirebuliyvela sirTule da danaxarji ekisreba siZis ojaxs, ufrosworad ki, mis mamas. aq saqorwino rituali araa gadatvirTulimravali wesis SesrulebiT da, rac mTavaria, xelis momkidisvaldebulebebs siZis mama asrulebs, sxva naTesavebs (biZa, biZaSvilebs)ki ar akisriaT didi valdebulebebi. isini mTavar moqmedpirTa ricxvSi ar xvdebian. amitom terminebi _ ejibi daxelismomkide, rac mTel saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli, xevsureTSiar gvxvdeba. aq aravin ar gamodis siZis saxeliT, an misimamis damxmared.136

eTnografiuli masalis ganxilvisas Cven mivdivarT daskvnamde,rom im regionebSi, sadac sasiZos mamis rolisaqorwino ritualSi mniSvnelovania, xelismomkide ar figurirebs.magaliTad, samcxe-javaxeTSi qorwilis mTel ceremonials,rac sxva regionebSi xelismomkides akisria, siZismama asrulebs. Tumca mis amalaSi arian siZis biZebi da biZaSvilebi.daniSvnis momentidan qorwilamde siZis mama gamodisyvelaze aqtiur rolSi (xositaSvili s., 1972: 168 _ 188).sainteresoa am mxriv erTi dokumentis ganxilva, romelsacmoixmobs s. xositaSvili: `moyvare (siZis mama) midis sapatarZlosmosanaxuleblad, sapatarZlo am dros `imaleba"sxvis saxlSi. siZis mama mayrebis, musikosebis da sapatarZlosaxloblebis TanxlebiT miemarTeba iq, sadac imaleba axalgazrda.siZis mamas Tan miaqvs boTliT arayi, riTac umaspin-Zldeba gzaze Sexvedril mgzavrebs. im ojaxSi, sadac patar-Zali imaleba, saxeldaxelod Slian sufras. patarZaliimaleba qalebs Soris. saxlis patronis qaliSvili an rZalipatarZals Tavze adebs xels. momavali mamamTili asaCuqrebssaxlis patronis qaliSvils an rZals da sTxovs moaSorosxeli patarZlis Tavs. is xels hkidebs patarZals xelSi, magrames ukanaskneli ar dgeba, wesi aseTia: patarZali odnavwamoiwevs da isev jdeba, xolo mesamejer adgeba. siZis mamasxeli aqvs mokidebuli mis xelze, saxlis patronis vaJi dgebameore xelis mxares da patarZali gamohyavT. siZis mama madlobasuxdis ojaxs, sadac `imaleboda" axalgazrda imisaTvis,rom mas misces TavSesafari da asaCuqrebs vercxlis fuliT"(xositaSvili 1972).am CveulebaSi Cans siZis mamis aqtiuri roli. sainteresoaisic, rom am ritualSi warmodgenilia siZis mamis mieruflebis mopoveba patarZalze da misi ganTavisufleba sxvisimflobelobisagan (xeli, romelic patarZals adevs Tavze,amis gamomxatveli simbolo unda iyos).aseTi wesiT qorwineba, Cveni azriT, unda aixsnas xelis,rogorc uflebis simbolos gamoxatviT.iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT `Ãeli~ mniSvnelobiT laTinurmanus-s (manus) udrida da uflebasa da saqmes ewodeboda.swored es mniSvnelobaa sitvaSi `xelmwife~ _ sruluflebianimoxele da Semdeg gansakuTrebiT mefe, . . . .sityvas `Ãeli~Zvel qarTul iuridiul mwerlobaSi rom uflebis mniSvnelobahqonda, es Tundac Tamar mefis SiomRvimisadmi137

sigelis Semdegi sityvebidan Cans: `arc rai mas wyalsa daglexsa zeda ÃelisufalTa CvenTan Ãeli Seuvidodes~- o.(javaxiSvili, 1928, 108 _ 109).sabasTan `Ãelisdadebas~, sxva axsnasTan erTad, moepovebaaseTic _ `gina didebulman vinme vinginda miibaros da TÂssafarvels qveS daifaros~ (orbeliani sulxan _ saba, II, 1993).n. berZeniSvili, exeba ra miwaTmflobelobis formebs feodalursaqarTveloSi, garkveul sabuTebze dayrdnobiTganixilavs termin `Ãels~, dasZens: `Ãeli aimarTeba vinmes sasargeblodda vinmes, aseTi mxares aris, sazianod, visi uflebacaRdgenilia Tu axlad dadgenilia, mas Ãels aumarTaven amuflebis dadgenis niSnad, xolo Tu amave dros visime uflebauaryofilia, es Ãelis amarTva misi uflebis uaryofis niSanicxdeba.Ãelis amarTva xdeboda mamulze (miwa, venaxi, tye, baRi),wisqvilze (da sawisqvileze), ymaze (aznaurze, glexze), saTavadoze(Tu mis nawilze), sofelze~ (berZeniSvili, 1966: 141). aserom, Ãeli, rogorc mfarvelobisa da uflebis simbolo, far-Tod gavrcelebuli yofila saqarTveloSi. misi simbolikaqorwilis wesebSi, gansakuTrebiT patarZlis mamis gvaridansiZis gvaris mfarvelobaSi gadasvlis ritualSi, aqtiuradCans. es ki ZiriTadad patarZlis Tavze misi ojaxis wevrismamakacis (mama, Zma) xelis mtevnis gaSliT da simboluri `gamosasyidis~Semdeg xelis aRebiT gamoixateboda, rac erTigvaridan qalis sxva gvaris mfarvelobis qveS gadasvlis simbolosgamoxatavda da rac ara marto savele masalebSi, aramedwerilobiT wyaroebSic dasturdeba (T. ivelaSvili, 1999:158 _161).amrigad, Tu qorwilis ritualSi xeli gvevlineba rogorcmfarvelobis simbolo, daniSvnis dros igi qalis dauflebissimbolod unda miviCnioT, da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zogadmonacemebs, am movlenas SesaZlebelia uZvelesi warmomavlobacki hqondes.138gamoyenebuli literatura:1. bardaveliZe v., Citaia g., xevsuruli ornamenti, Tb., 1939.2. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, III,Tb., 1966.3. gogolaZe g., xalxuri Cveuleba, xelnaweri # 87, inaxebaaxalcixis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi.

4. ivelaSvili T., saqorwilo wes _ Cveulebani saqarTveloSi,Tb., 1999.5. margoSvili l., pankisis xeoba (istoriul _ eTnografiuligamokvleva, proeqtis avtori l. meliqiSvili,Tb., 2002.6. margoSvili l., pankiseli qistebi, Tb., 1969.7. meliqiSvili l., xevsureTis eTnografiuli eqspedicia,1968.8. meliqiSvili l., CaCneTis eTnografiuli eqspedicia, 19789. orbeliani sulxan _ saba, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, 199310. xositaSvili s., saqorwilo wesebi mesxeT _ javaxeTSi,masalebi mesxeT-javaxeTis eTnografiuli SeswavlisaTvis,Tb., 1972. (sqoli-oSi: gogolaZe g., xalxuri Cveuleba, xelnaweri# 87, inaxeba axalcixis mxareTmcodneobis muzeum-Si).11. javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, III, nak I.,tf., 1928.12. Максимов А. И., Об одном свадебном обряде, (Joheles, The Koryak),ЭО.13. Меликишвили Л.Ш., Некоторые стороны Осетинскогосвадебного ритуала, КЭС, т. V, вып. 2, Тб., 1971.14. Vinogradoff Paul, Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence, Oxsford,1920.15. Iochelson W., The Koryak (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol.VI.16. Teit Y., The Thomson Indians of British Columbia (The Jesup NorthPacific Expedition, vol. I, Part IV.17. Boas, F., The Indian Tribes of the Lower Fraser River, British Associationfor the Advancement of science, 1894.Lia MelikishviliON HAND SYMBOLICS IN MARRIAGE RITUALHand as a symbol can be traced in the cultures of many peoples. Amongothers, it is present in the marriage ritual and varies across different cultures.In this terms Georgia makes no exception.Within the highlands of Eastern Georgia only in the ethnographic realityof Khevsureti an interesting ritual of betrothal had existed in the most recentpast. The ritual was called “touching of hand”. Such betrothal could occur at139

any place of gathering. After the ritual the woman was considered betrothed.The origin of this tradition is supposedly ancient. If we return toKhevsureti example, a hand symbolizes ownership. It is noteworthy that the“toucher” generally is the man’s father or cousin but not the man himself, asis the case in the traditions of other peoples. According to Khevsureti tradition,as the “touchers” are mainly the man’s family members, the rights ofthe man’s family are privileged. We should suppose that the rule of handtouchingby father is a manifestation of his rights, i.e. the hand-touchedwoman could be considered as his and his family’s property.The similar tradition of marriage is known in ancient cultures of Europe,Indians or Northern Aborigines. It should be explained as a reflection of ahand as a symbol of right. While the hand is the symbol of patronage in amarriage ritual, in a ritual of betrothal it might be a symbol of becoming amaster of a woman.140

nino mindaZenana xazaraZe da qarTuli eTnologiis problemebirodesac moxsenebis weras Sevudeqi, mas sxva saTaurihqonda, kerZod nana xazaraZe _ eTnologiuri mecnierebismkvlevari, magram mivxvdi, rom es saTauri ar amowuravdaCems saTqmels. nana xazaraZe mxolod eTnologiis mkvlevariar aris. igi mudam, WirSi Tu lxinSi eTnologTa gverdiTaa.sxva rom araferi vTqva, am sityvebis sailustraciod eTnografiuliatlasis tomeulebis gamocemis saqmeSi nanas gansakuTrebuliRvawlis warmoCena ikmarebda. me arafersvityvi nanas am damsaxurebis Sesaxeb. radgan arsebobs misisaukeTeso da Rirseuli Sefaseba. es aris madlieri batonigiorgi Citaias warwera nanasTvis mirTmeuli eTnografiuliatlasis I tomze. warwera aseTia: `qalbaton nana xazaraZes amwignis Seqmnisa da gamocemisaTvis didad damaSvrals, siyvaruliT,pativiscemiTa da madlobiT~ giorgi Citaia 7. VII. 1980.am sityvebiT yvelaferia naTqvami. mxolod eTnografiuliatlasisaTvis ar iyo `damaSvrali~ nana. rogorc vTqvi, igiyovelTvis mxarSi gvedga da axlac gvidgas eTnografebs,dRes ukve eTnologebs; iyo da imedi maqvs, rom kvlavaciqneba ara erTi eTnologis oponenti, maTi naSromebis redaqtoriTu recenzenti; bevrisTvis gzis gamkafavi da rCevismimcemi. Cemi Taobis eTnologebs da albaT sxva Taobebisasac,yovelTvis ainteresebdaT da axlac ainteresebT nanas azrimaT naSromebze. piradad me, rodesac raime axali idea anazri gamiCndeba, yovelTvis minda nanas gavuziaro, gansakuTrebiT,mas Semdeg, rac aRar arian Tina oCiauri dairakli surgulaZe, rom araferi vTqva, vera bardaveliZesada giorgi Citaiaze, mas Semdeg, rac Zveleburi SemarTebiTTavs aRar dagvtrialebs julieta ruxaZe.sxva rom araferi gaekeTebina nanas, qarTveli eTnologebimisi madlierebi iqnebodnen im SesaniSnavi kvlevisTvis, romelicman qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezis xaziT Caatara.swored man Seqmna -“qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisa da eTnikuriganviTarebis kompleqsuri Seswavlis saproblemojgufi~, am jgufma, samwuxarod, didxans ar iarseba. magrammisi muSaobis Sedegebi asaxulia, nanas ZalisxmeviT gamocemulSesaniSnav krebulSi _ `qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi~,141

Tb. A2002. swored am krebulSi, sxva specialistebTan erTad,mkveTrad warmoCnda eTnologTa roli qarTveli xalxis eTnogeneziskvlevis saqmeSi. vgulisxmob: irakli surgulaZis,nanuli javaxaZis, nino maisuraZis, nino abakelias, rolandTofCiSvilis Tina ivelaSvilis da sxv. statiebs. am da bevrisxva damsaxurebisaTvis eTnologiisa da eTnologTa winaSe,pirvel rigSi ki Tavad eTnologTa surviliT, swored nanaxazaraZes miandes saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiasTanarsebuli istoriisa da eTnologiis swavlebisa da propagandiscentrSi eTnologebis xelmZRvaneloba. es mecnierebi,miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriisa da eTnologiis institutiskedlebs miRma aRmoCndnen, nanas xelmZRvanelobiT, dResacnayofierad agrZeleben muSaobas. swored nana aris erT-erTisulisCamdgmeli krebulis `qarTvelebi~ gamocemisa. kidevramdeni SeiZleba iTqvas. mTavari ki isaa, rom Cven eTnologebiyovelTvis vgrZnobdiT nanas siyvaruls. siyvarulsCveni dargisadmi, dargis mesveurebis, TiToeuli Cvenganisadmi.es siyvaruli ojaxidanac modis. rom ara didi siyvarulieTnografiis mimarT, albaT profesiiT eqimi batoniegnate fifia, romelsac nana yovelTvis mamad moixseniebs, ardawerda patara, magram metad sainteresio eTnografiul naSroms:`qorwili da masTan dakavSirebuli rituali samegreloSi~,romelic 1972 wels qalbaton vera bardaveliZisadmimiZRvnil krebulSi _ `masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~,t.XVII, gamoqveynda. swored Cveni dargis siyvarulisSedegi unda iyos is, rom nana xazaraZis, ramdenime recenzia,5 samecniero naSromi eTnologebTan TanaavtorobiTaris dawerili. es naSromebia: `wminda xis kulti saqarTveloSi~,Tb.,1999, Tamila cagareiSvilis TanaavtorobiT, sadacerT-erTi wminda xis Sesaxeb arsebuli xeTuri werilobiTiwyaroebis monacemebis SejerebiT, urTxelze arsebulindoevropul da qarTul rwmena-warmodgenebTan, dadgeniliamaTi semantikuri siaxlove, mocemulia cda xeTuri wminda xisidentificirebisa, kerZod avtorebs miaCniaT, rom es wmindaxe urTxelia. g. gociriZesTan erTad nana xazaraZe ukve sxvaeTnografiuli realiis analizs akeTebs. naSromi aWaraSigavrcelebul ritualur namcxvars `sinors~ exeba, romelicTavisi garegnuli formiT, sazRvris, mijnis asociacias iwvevsda misi erT-erTi mniSvnelobac _ sazRvari, mijnaa. am orisityvis semantikuri msgavsebisa da misi saerTo indoevro-142

puli enis doneze rekonstruqciis Sedegad, sinorTan dakavSirebulieTnografiuli monacemebis analiziT, naSromSidadgenilia qarTul enasa da kulturaSi leqsema `sinorisa~da Sesabamisad tradiciuli kulturis am saintereso elementisSemosvlisa da gavrcelebis areali. Tavad me nanas saminaSromis Tanaavtori var: `gelasi kesarielis erTi cnobisinterpretaciisaTvis~, [“masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~,t.XXVI, Tb., 2004],sadac erT-erTi uZvelesi tradiciis_ avadmyofi bavSvis kardakar Camotarebis da Zveli qarTulimedicinis socialur xasiaTzea laparaki, `marTlmadideblurisamyaro da qarTveli qali~, [qaraTuli wyaroTmcodneoba X,daviT musxeliSvilis 75 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli,Tb. 2004], sadac qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis winaSeda qarTuli medicinis dargSi qarTveli qalis damsaxurebaagaSuqebuli, xolo bolo Cveni erToblivi naSromi: `RvTismSoblissartylis qveyanaSi~, Tb., 2008, oTx damoukidebelstatias moicavs da maTze sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb.nana xazaraZe ramdenime eTnologiuri naSromis avtoria.nu miwyenen Zveli istoriis specialistebi, Tu am naSromebseTnologias mivakuTvneb. aseTia: `adamianis dabadebasTan dakavSirebuliqarTvelTa rwmena–warmodgenebi da miwisganadamianis Sesaqmis koncefcia~. [“ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuriZiebani~, Tb.,2001]. am statiaSi. qarTuli werilobiTiwyaroebis: `moqcevai qarTlisai~, arsen berisTxzuleba, wminda ninos cxovrebis perifrazi, leonti mrovelis`cxovreba mefeTa~–s cnobili epizodis _ samefo samoTxismcveli uSvilo col-qmris mier miwis Wamisa da SemdegmaTi gaSvilierebis Sesaxeb, aseve adamianis Sesaqmeze arsebulisaxviTi xelovnebis, folkloruli, enobrivi Tu sxv.monacemebisa da qarTvelTaELanalogiuri rwmena-warmodgenebisanalizis safuZvelze, man gaakeTa metad mniSvnelovanidaskvna, rom adamianis Sesaqmis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulrwmena-warmodgenebsa da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ aRniSnul epizodSiaSkarad Cans ori Sre: erTi _ qristianuli, romelSicigulisxmeba adamianis miwisgan Sesaqmis bibliuri varianti,miwiTa da wyliT naTlisReba da meore _ qarTvelTa uZvelesi,winaqristianuli warmodgenebi miwaze, rogorc adamianispirvelsawyisze. rac mTavaria, nana xazaraZem qarTulirwmena-warmodgenebisaEda ZvelaRmosavluri (Sumeruli,Zvelegvipturi, Zvelebrauli), aseve berZnulromauli weri-143

lobiTi wyaroebis gziT moRweuli miTebisa da legendebisurTierTSejerebis Sedegad, moaxerxa am ori Sris (qristianulisda winaqristianulis) gamijvna.eTnologiuri mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoananas statia `warRvnis Sesaxeb miTosis erTi qarTuliversia ZvelaRmosavluri miTologiis konteqstSi~, [krb.samxreT kavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi, Tb., 2005].naSromis mTavari Tema warRvnis miTosia, analizs ki avtorierwos Sesaxeb vera bardaveliZis mier Cawerilixalxuri gadmocemis mixedviT akeTebs. masSi xvadasxva TemaiSleba, romelTa Soris mTavaria: noes kidobnis, gveleSapis,gveleSapis mZleveli mozveris//xaris. fSauri gadmocemisstruqturuli analizis Sedegad, misi komponentebis SedarebisasZveli aRTqmis saTanado teqstsa da Suamdinarul gilgameSiseposTan, avtori ZiriTadad msgavsebis or momentsgamoyofs: 1.Zvel aRTqmasTan _ noes kidobnis motivs da aRniSnavs,rom FfSaur gadmocemaSi laparakia ara xomaldze,rogorc es Suamdinarul tradiciaSia, aramed kidobanze, rogorces Zvel aRTqmaSia da 2.Suamdinarul miTosTan _ gvele-Sapisa da wylis motivs. aRniSnuli monacemebis analizisSedegad ki avtori fSaur gadmocemas `mcire warRvnis~ miTosiserT-erT qarTul versiad miiCnevs.nana xazaraZes aqvs unari eTnografiuli faqtis yovelmxrivi,eTnologiuri, istoriuli, enaTmecnieruli Tu sxv.analizis Sedegad mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTebisa. zemoganxilulnaSromebTan erTad, amis saukeTeso magaliTia nanasstatia: ~Zvel anatoliur samyarosTan qarTvelTa urTierTobisistoriidan~. igi, saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobisdacvis fondis mier meored gamoica giorgi Citaias120 wlisadmi miZRvnili seriuli gamocemis saxiT, rubrikiT _~qarTuli tradiciuli kultura~. saTauriT: `samxreTkavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi~. naSromi Zvel anatoliur(xeTur) da qarTul samSeneblo, kerZod Senobis saZirkvlis(fuZis) gamarTvasTan dakavSirebul rwmena-warmodgenebsa daritualebs exeba. mocemulia ritualebis am kompleqsisstrqturuli analizi, naCvenebia sxvadasxva elementis, mag.,samSeneblo adgilis SerCevis, msxverplSewirvis, saZirkvelSinivTebis Cayolebisa Tu sxv. Zvelanatoliuri da saqarTvelostradiciul yofaSi SemorCenili maTi transformirebuliformebi, yvelaferi es Sedarebulia Sua saukuneebis144

saqarTveloSi qristianuli taZrebis mSeneblobis, krZod sa-Zirkvlis gaWris tradiciasTan. kvlevis aseTi gziT ritualebisxeTuri kompleqsi qarTul yofaSi dadasturebuli wesebiTaris Sevsebuli da piriqiT qarTuli rituali xeTurimasaliT. saboloo jamSi, aRdgenilia am uZvelesi ritualurisistemis sruli saxe, gamovlenilia misi transformirebuliformebi. magram es ar warmoadgenda avtoris mTavar mizans,aseTi detaluri, Rrma da yovelmxrivi kvleva mas dasWirdaimis saTqmelad, rom saqarTveloSi dadasturebuli ritualebitipologiur paralelebs Zvel anatoliur samyaroSipoulobs. am daskvnis safuZvelze ki avtori ufromniSvnelovan daskvnas akeTebs, kerZod, rom `qarTveluritomebis uZvelesi istoria da kultura ZvelaRmosavluri eTnokulturulisamyaros ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens~.aseTi kvleva saukeTeso magaliTia imisa Tu rogor SeiZlebaerTi yofiTi tradiciis gamoyeneba Zalze mniSvnelovanisamecniero daskvnebis misaRebad.nana xazaraZe gamorCeuli mecnieria. amaSi albaT yveladameTanxmeba. gamorCeulia im mxrivac, rom igi im erTeulqarTvel istorikosTa wres ekuTvnis, romlebic kvlevisTvisqarTul eTnografiul masalas saistorio wyaros donezeiyeneben, eTnologiuri kvlevis meTodebs maRal doneze flobenda istoriul-eTnologiur kvlevas kompleqsurad ewevian.aseTi interdisciplinaruli kvlevis saukeTeso magaliTinanas naSromebia. me Sevecade isini am kuTxiT warmoCena. ramdenadSevZeli Tqven gansajeT.albaT mecnieris erT-erTi mTavari movaleoba rogorcTavisTvis, ise Tavisi mowafeebisTvis kvlevis perspeqtivebisdasaxvaa. am perspeqtivebze nana Tavad ilaparakebs. memxolod Cems survils gamovTqvam. CemTvis, rogorc eTnologisaTvissasurveli iqneboda nana xazaraZis mier ametyvelebuliyvela luviuri ieroglifis qarTuli tradiciebis konteqstSiganxilva, vici, rom am xaziT muSaoba dawyebulia,igives vityodi sxva naSromebis Sesaxebac, mag, `Svidis~ simbolokisaTvis~qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ [“samxreT kavkasia daaxlo aRmosavleTi~, Tb., 2005]. visurvebdi, rom es sakiTxi eTnologiuriaspeqtiTac damuSavebuliyo. CemTvis ki piradadZalian saintereso iqneboda nanasTan erTad krulvis formulebissakiTxebze muSaoba. vgulisxmob statias: `werilobiTiwyaroebi krulvis Semcveli konteqstebis interpre-145

taciisaTvis~ [“klio~ #4 Tb., 1999, `ZvelaRmosavluri daqarTveolologiuri Ziebani~, Tb.,2001 da kidev ramdeniSeiZleba CamovTvalo, ase rom samuSao bevria, risTvisacnanas xangrZlivi sicocxle, janmrTeloba da Semoqmedebissurvili sWirdeba da swored amas vusurveb mas pirvel rigSi.dabolos, Cemo nana, erTi ram minda gagimxilo. Cems warsulsTvali rom gadavavale, aRmoCnda, rom mTeli cxovrebaSeniT var moxibluli. Tavdapirvelad, jer kidev skolis mowafes,da ara marto me, mTel Cems megobrebs, Seni SesaniSnavigaregnoba gvxiblavda; istoriis institutSi muSaobis dawyebisSemdeg, Seni mecnierebiT movixible. mxiblavda Seni moxsenebebi,wignebi Tu statiebi; bolos ki, mas Semdeg, rac bedmaSenTan megobrobiT gamanebivra, im adamianuri TvisebebiT dapirovnuli RirsebebiT movixible, romliTac bunebam ase uxvaddagajildova.Nino MindadzeNANA KHAZARADZE AND THE PROBLEMS OFGEORGIAN ETHNOLOGYThe article refers to the activity of the well known Georgian scientist,specialist of old history Nana Khazaradze in the field of ethnology. It pointsout the merits of the scientist in publishing Atlas of Ethnology. There arereviewed several articles of Nana Khazaradze referring to the ethnologicalproblems and the works written in collaboration with ethnologists. It is emphasizedthat Nana Khazaradze belongs to the circle of those rare Georgianhistorians who use Georgian ethnological materials as historical sources intheir researches and are highly aware of the methods of ethnological researchesand who conduct historical-ethnological researches in complex. Inthe article are also described Nana Khazaradze's perspectives in interdisciplinary,historical and ethnological researches.146

Давид МусхелишвилиГРУЗИНО-ДАГЕСТАНСКИЕ КУЛЬТУРНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ СВЯЗИ В РАННЕМ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЕ 1Кавказ – регион с четко выраженными чертами. Народы и племена,живущие на его территории, с древнейших времен связывалимногосторонние, сложные, взаимоотношения. Это касается, конечно, игрузино-дагестанских сношений, которые насчитывают не однотысячелетие. Так, лингвистика, в частности лексические параллели науровне общекартвельского языка-основы и нахско-дагестанскогоязыка-основы свидетельствуют о древности и интенсивности этихпроцессов, которые происходили пять-шесть тысячелетий тому назад(Гиоргадзе, Хазарадзе 2002:36).Археология подтверждает эти факты. Так, например, археологисчитают, что уже в первой половине IV-го тысячелетия до н. э. натерритории Срединной Грузии и Дагестана существовала родственнаяархеологическая культура, которая возникла благодаря взаимопроникновениюместных племен, населявших эти территории и наосновании которой возникла знаменитая Куро-аракская археологическаякультура (Джапаридзе 2006:138, 139).Эта последняя культура эпохи Ранней Бронзы, котораяокончательно сформировалась к середине IV-го тысячелетия до н. э., ипросуществовала до середины III-го тысячелетия, как известно, былараспространена на обширной территории, начиная с Северо-Восточного Кавказа, включая Южный Кавказ, вплоть до восточнойАнатолии и даже региона Сирии-Палестины, что является несомненнымсвидетельством культурных взаимосвязей между живущимина этом пространстве племенами, в частности показателем оживленныхвзаимоотношений северо – и южнокавказских народов.В эпоху Средней Бронзы, в первой половине II тысячелетия до н. э.археологи вновь отмечают интенсивные сношения племен СрединнойГрузии – Шида Картли – с дагестанскими племенами (Джапаридзе2009:111). Без сомнения эти процессы развивались и в последующиеэпохи вплоть до возникновения в IV в. до н. э. раннеклассовоговосточногрузинского государства, Картлийского царства, для котороговзаимоотношения с северо-кавказскими племенами стали одним из1Доклад на Международной научной конференции «Грузино-дагестанские культурноисторическиесвязы», Тбилиси, 4 мая 2011 года.147

приоритетных направлений государственной политики (Мусхелишвили1998: 161, 162). Эти процессы были взаимообусловлены, какполитическими, так и культурно-экономическими причинами.Особенно сильно эти отношения развивались между ЮжнымДагестаном и Грузией, во второй половине V-го века, когда при цареВахтанге Горгасале Грузия распространила свое политическое влияниена этот регион Кавказа (Мусхелишвили 1977:214).В конце VI–го века дагестанцы вместе с грузинскими войсками подпредводительством правителя Восточной Грузии в союзе свизантийцами, арабами и среднеазиатскими турками вступают в воинус Персией (Мусхелишвили 2004: 240, 241).В 654 году арабы захватили Восточную Грузию. Арабскийисточник подробно перечисляет покоренные провинции и племена, втом числе и дидойцев т. е. население юго-западного Дагестана. Этоподтверждает, что и в этот период этот регион политически был тесносвязан с Грузией (Баладзори 1927:11).Такая же ситуация наблюдается спустя столетие, когда верховныйправитель Грузии Арчил, по сведениям грузинской летописи «застал вЦукети (т.е. в верховьях ущелья р. Самур) правителей которым Цукетибыл дарован Вахтангом (Горгасалом). Тогда тушинами, хунзами ивсеми язычниками тех мест управлял Абухосро, и не изъявил (Арчил)желания отобрать у него Цукети» (Мусхелишвили 1980:63).Подобная обстановка продолжалась и в дальнейшем. Такимобразом, надо полагать, что сильное влияние культуры высокоцивилизованногоКартлийского государства, в частности, христианскойкультуры распространялось и на эти территории.Действительно, соответствующие реалии последующей эпохи,оставляющие впечатление внезапного взрыва христианского прозелитизма,должны указывать, как раз на то, что процесс проникновенияхристианской, именно грузиноязычной культуры начался значительнораньше.Очень интересные в этом отношении сведения имеются у арабскихисториков X века, которые территорию Дагестана называют `Сариром~.Центром Сарира, его столицей, арабские историки считаютХунзах (Минорский 1963:204), расположенный в ущелье АварскогоКай-су т. е. именно на той территории, где, как мы знаем издавнараспространялась грузинская христианская культура. Ибн-Русте,писавший около 900-го года, указывает, что высшее общество Сарираисповедует христианскую религию (Минорский 1963:219). Другойарабский писатель, Масуди, в 943 году также отмечает, что царьСарира является христианином (Минорский 1963:203).148

В этой связи, особенно следует отметить следующий факт. Вдревнегрузинской провинции, Гурии, в Шемокмедском монастыре до20-ых годов XX-го столетия хранились церковные драгоценности,перенесенные сюда в XVI веке из Зарзмийского монастыря провинцииСамцхе, которую тогда завоевали турки. Среди них хранились серебряныепозолоченные пластаны с фигурными композициями, изображающимисцены въезда Христа в Иерусалим. На бортах двух пластинбыли исторического содержания грузинские надписи: надпись выполненнаякрупными рельефными буквами: «Христос, возвеличь царяБахтишор Хуасро» с припиской мелкими буквами: «Христос, помилуйказначея дома». На второй пластине с такими же крупными буквами:«Хроникон был 228» т. е. 1008 год (Чубинашвили 1959:105, 106).Акад. Г. Чубинашвили, издавший эти великолепные образцы грузинскогозлатокузнечества, в своей монографии писал: «Встает вопрос,кто же упоминаемые в надписи и ее приписке – царь и казначей, ибоцаря с именем Бахтишор Хосро мы не знаем в Грузии ни в 1008 году,ни в какую-либо иную эпоху. Это подтвердил мне и покойный И. А.Джавахишвили, когда я с ним поделился своими недоумениями поповоду этих надписей» (Чубинашвили 1959:106).После опубликования В. Ф. Минорским арабского источника XI-говека стало ясным, что Бахтишор Хуасро является, царем Сарира,который в этом источнике именуется «Бухт-Имо владетель Сарира» иупоминается под 1025 годом (Минорский 1963:70).Отсюда совершенно ясен размах влияния грузинской христианскойкультуры на население Дагестана, в частности на элитарное общество,включая самого царя этого края.Особенно красноречивы факты, относящиеся к X-XI векам.Сохранились не только христианские храмы того времени, но ифрагменты грузинских рукописей, большое количество памятниковгрузинской эпиграфики.Однако, огромный размах такого культурного влияния охватывалне только высшее общество, но довольно глубоко проникал и внародные массы. В этом отношении огромный интерес вызываютдвуязычные надписи на грузинском и хунзахском (с использованиемгрузинской азбуки) языках в Дагестане. Большинство из них относитсяк X-XI векам (Мусхелишвили 1980:237-242).В XII веке, в эпоху блистательного расцветa Грузинского царстваэто влияние несомненно должно было возрасти. Даже в XIII веке, впериод владычества монголов, представители грузинской церкви велив Дагестане миссионерскую деятельность, а в XIV веке, когда царьГеоргий V освободил Грузию от монголов и возглавил ее149

политическое и культурное возрождение, документально зафиксированосуществование в горном Дагестане, находящихся под юрисдикциейкатоликоса Грузии, трех епископов, а также `хунзахского католикоса~(Кекелидзе 1945:318, 319).Процесс христианизации Северного Кавказа, в частности Дагестаназакончился в конце XIV и начале XV веков в результате восьмикратныхнашествий на Грузию орд Тимура. Известно, что он разграбил иСеверный Кавказ. Именно с этого времени начался там процессраспространения мусульманской религии.Однако тесные экономические взаимоотношения Грузии и Дагестана,несмотря на политические осложнения, не прекращались дажев эту эпоху.Источники и литератураБаладзори. Книги завоевания стран. Текст и перевод. Перевод сарабского проф. П. К. Жузе. Баку, 1927.Г. Гиоргадзе, Н. Хазарадзе. Этногенез грузинского народа идревневосточный мир. Сборник: «Этногенез грузинского народа», Тб.2002 (на груз. языке).О. Джапаридзе. У истоков этногенеза грузинской нации, Тб., 2006(на груз. языке).О. Джапаридзе. Из древнейшего прошлого Шида Картли. Тб., 2009.К. Кекелидзе. К истории грузинской культуры в эпохумонгольского господства. Сборник: Этюды по истории древнегрузинскойлитературы, т. II. Тб. 1945 (на груз. языке).Д. Мусхелишвили. Основные вопросы исторической географииГрузии, т. I. Тб., 1977 (на груз. языке).Д. Мусхелишвили. Основные вопросы исторической географииГрузии, т. II. Тб., 1980 (на груз. языке).Д. Мусхелишвили. Кавказская политика средневековой Грузии (доXIII в.). Сборник: «Caucasica», The Journal of Caucasian Studies, VolumeI. Tbilisi, 1998.Д. Мусхелишвили. Грузия в IV-VIII веках. Тб. 2004 (на груз.языке).В. Ф. Минорский. История Ширвана и Дербенда X-XI веков, М.1963.Г. Н. Чубинашвили. Грузинское чеканное искусство, Тб. 1959.150

David MuskhelishviliGEORGIAN-DAGHESTANIAN CULTURAL-HISTORICALRELATIONS IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGESLexical parallels between the parent language of Georgia and the Nakh-Daghestanian parent language confirm the 5-6 millennia of intensive relationsbetween Proto-Georgian and Proto-Daghestanian tribes.These data are supported by archaeological evidence: The foundation ofa well-known Early Bronze Age culture, the so-called Kura-Araxes culturewas formed by a kindred archaeological culture, emerged on the basis ofinter-penetrability of the tribes on the territory of central Georgia and Daghestanin the first half of the 4 th millennium BC.Archaeological contacts continued in the subsequent period as well.This process must have strengthened further after the origin of an EasternGeorgian state _ Iberia (4 th c. BC), as for the latter relations with NorthernCaucasian tribes were among the priority directions. This was due to thepolitical, cultural and economic relations.According to both Georgian and Arabic sources, it is obvious that in theEarly Middle Ages, Georgian Christian culture was widespread in the populationof Daghestan. In particular, in the 10 th -11 th cc. the elite society of theso-called Sarir Kingdom of Daghestan was definitely Christian and evidentlybilingual, which is demonstrated by the construction of churches anddiscovery of Georgian epigraphic monuments in Khundzakh. In this regard,gilded silver plates bearing a Georgian inscription _ Christ, glorify KingBakhtishor Khuasro _ are especially interesting. The inscription is dated to1008. It should be noted, that Bakhtishor Khuasro is the same as KingBakhtishor of Sarir, mentioned in an Arabic source in 1025.In the 12 th -13 th cc. the influence of Georgian Christian culture in Daghestanmust have intensified even greater. In the 14 th c. Catholicos Okropir ofKhundzakh is mentioned.At the turn of the 12 th -13 th cc., Tamerlane’s eight invasions of Georgiadrastically changed the situation and Islam began to spread in the populationof Daghestan from that time.151

paata ramiSviliqanesis savaWro organizacia `qarumi~ daTavisufali sabazro ekonomika Zveli anatoliissaerTaSoriso vaWrobaSiqalaq-saxelmwifo qanesi, xeTuri wyaroebis nesa, mdebareobdaTanamedrove Turquli qalaqis, kaiseris maxloblad,qiul-Tefes naqalaqaris teritoriaze. swored qanesSi aRmoCndaaqaduri enis Zvelasurul dialeqtze Sedgenili daaxloebiT20.000-mde firfita, romelTa, daaxloebiT, erTi mesamediswakiTxvam daadastura rom Zveli anatolia, Zveliwina aziis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centrs warmoadgenda IIaTaswleulis dasawyisSi qr.S.-mde. 1 im droisaTvis giganturimasStabebis sabiTumo-savaWro operaciebSi yvelaze aqtiuradasureli vaWrebi da maTi saojaxo klanebi iyvnen CarTulni. 2maTi mTavari savaWro ofisi – `qanesis qarumi~ (kārumKaniš), romelic unarianad xelmZRvanelobda am uaRresadrTul process, asiriologTa didi nawilis mier aSurissavaWro koloniad ganixileboda, rac Cveni azriT, ar arismarTebuli. amitom, SemdgomSi Cven Segnebulad avaridebTTavs termin `qarumis~ amgvar interpretacias. 3 sityva `qarumi~Sumeruli kār_idan momdinareobs da sityvasityviT `navsayudels~niSnavs. es informacia mocemulia aqaduri enis, oryvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan leqsikonSi 4 da agreTve specialursamecniero literaturaSi. 5 saleqsikono statiebismixedviT, `qarumi~ nagebobaTa kompleqss warmoadgenda, sadacvaWrebi Cerdebodnen da inaxavdnen saqonels. `qarumi~ ganlagebuliiyo komunikaciisaTvis mosaxerxebel, sawylosno arteriebze,_ mdinareebze da umeteswilad navsayudlebTan. aqedanmiiRo sityvam kārum-is, e.i. `navsayudelis~ mniSvneloba.droTa viTarebaSi, saxelwodeba kārum-i gadavida im dasaxle-12345Hidegard Lewy, Neša, JCS 17, 1963, 103-104.P. Garelli, Les Assyriens en Cappadoce, Paris, 1963, 7-47.J. Lewy, Some Aspects of Commercial life in Assyria and Asia Minor in Nineteenth pre-Christian Century, JAOS, 78/2, 1958, 89-101.CAD – The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,1963, vol., K, part I, 67-68; AHw – W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, Wiesbaden,1960, vol. 11, K, 652.N. B. Jankowskaja, Klinopisnye teksty iz Kjul’ – Tepe v sobranijach SSSR, Moscow, 1968.152

ebzec, romlebic ar iyvnen ganlagebulni sawylosno magistralebze,magaliTad, qanesi, buruSxaTumi, amquva, urSu, vax-SuSana da sxv. 6 sityva kārum-ma, Zvelanatoliur saerTaSorisovaWrobaSi axali mniSvneloba SeiZina: ase iwodebodavaWarTa Temi, ucxoeli mosaxleebis CaTvliT, romelsacgaaCnda gansakuTrebuli administraciuli da sazogadoebrivistatusi. 7Zvel SuamdinareTSi savaWro organizaciebis sul cotasami tipi arsebobda. 8 Sumeris erTerT uZveles qalaqs – urs(avtonomiuri qalaqi ālum-is statusiT) gaaCnda savaWro kvartalikārum-i, romelic uSualod ekvroda sataZro nagebobebismTavar siwmindeTa teritorias. urTan SedarebiT ufroaxalgazrda qalaqi sifari mTlianad `qarums~ warmoadgendada ar gaaCnda saqalaqo Temi. misi calkeuli kvartalebiTavdapirvelad kompaqturad iyo dasaxlebuli amorevelitomebiT – amnanumiT da iaxrurumiT. savaWro organizaciismesame tips, upirveles yovlisa, ganekuTvneboda CrdiloeTmesopotamiis savaWro-xelosnuri centri – qalaqi aSuri, romelicaqadelebma md. tigrosis gadaRma, xuritebis teritoriazegaitanes. aSuri, tigrosis gadmoRma, anu aRmosavleTiTmdebare qalaq-saxelmwifoebisaTvis tvirTebis Tavmosakrebbazad gadaiqca. mas hqonda saqalaqo Temis statusi – ālum-i daar gaaCnda `qarumi,~ ise rogorc hqonda urs. cnobilmaasiriologma, benno ladsbergerma specialur samecnieroliteraturaSi daamkvidra mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, aSuris`qarumi~ Zvel mcire aziis qalaq qanesSi gaitanesrogorc asurelTa kolonia. 9 qanesis momZlavrebam SemdgomSiganapiroba sxva qalaqebis Cabma saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi damaTi mWidro ekonomikuri kavSirurTierTobani.Tumca, qanesTan dakavSirebuli TiToeuli mcireaziuli dasiriuli savaWro punqti, arsebuli ocdaerTidan, adgilobrivi`alumis~ nawils warmoadgenda, maT Soris, centraluric,qanesis `qarumic.~ igi srulebiT ar hgavda Sumeris qalaqsifarSi gamovlenil savaWro organizacias, radgan rogorc6789K. Hashef, Rekonstruktion der Reiserouten zur Zeit der altassyrischen Handelskoloniederlassungen,Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1987, 80-87.G. Evans, Ancient Mesopotamian Assemblies, JAOS, 78/1, 1958, 57-71.T. Özguç, An Assyrian Trading Outpost, SA, 208/2, 1963, 96-104.B. Landsberger, Assyrische Handelskolonien in Kleinasien aus dem dritten Jahrtausend,Der Alte Orient 24, 4, Leipzig, 1925, 47-69.153

gaTxrebma dagvanaxes, igi lokalizebuli iyo qanesis `alumis~qvemo SemogarenSi, maSin rodesac zeda qalaqSi mdebareobdacitadeli adgilobrivi administraciiTurT. qalaqis orivenawilSi dokumentacia iwarmoeboda aqaduri enis Zvelasuruldialeqtze, xolo sabiTumo vaWrobas adgilobrivi sasaxlisCinovnikebi akontrolebdnen. 10TiTqmis mTlianadaa gamocemuli da SedarebiT kargad Seswavliliasureli biznesmenebis saxlebSi napovni arqivebi,romlebic qanesis `qarumis~ CrdiloeT nawilSi saxlobdnen.rac Seexeba analogiur kerZo arqivebs Sua, `qarumis~ Sereulinawilidan, da samxreTis, umeteswilad adgilobrivi vaWrebiTdasaxlebuli kvartlidan, cnobilia aqtebis mxolodcalkeuli egzempliarebiT. aSurelTa asurelTa arqivebisxelaxalma, safuZvlianma gadamuSavebam prof. k. r. veenhofisiniciativiT, maTi saqmianobis axali aspeqtebi warmoaCina,romlebic erTgvar SeusabamobaSi modis `qarum~ qanesis tradiciulSefasebasTan. paradoqsia, magram `qarumis~ bunebisganazRvrisas prof. veenhofi, mainc Zvel poziciebze darCa,rac CvenTvis gamoucnobi fenomenia. 11umniSvnelovanesi garemoeba ki is aris, rom adgilobrivixelisufleba, rogorc wesi, anonimuria dokumentebSi, zustadise, rogori anonimurebic arian saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sayovelTaodaRiarebuli principalebi – tamkārum-ebi da umme’ānum-ebi,anu savaWro agentebi da xelosanTa agentebi. sailustraciodwarmovadgenT salaroTa umsxvilesi gaerTianebisdokumentis teqsts, saidanac kargad Cans, rom anonimuri `Tamqarumi~ver iqneboda asurelTa savaWro firmis Tavkaci,rogorc amas varaudoben prof. veenhofi da prof. larseni.dokumentis Sinaarsi TvalnaTliv gvixatavs qanesis savaWroorganizaciis sabiTumo vaWrobis mTel rig Taviseburebebs:(3). 1 ½ MA.NA I-ri-šum (4). 2 MA.NA I-dí-A-šur (5). MA.NA A-láhu-um(6). 2 MA.NA x x x _ AN (7). 2 MA.NA I-ku-pì-Ištar (8). 2MA.NA I-lí-dan (9). 1 ½ MA.NA A-šùr ma-lik (10) 1 ½ MA.NA A-šur-x x(11). 2 ½ MA.NA A-ku za-ni (12). 1 ½ MA.NA tám-kà-rum (13). 1MA.NA A-bu-ša (14). 1 MA.NA Hi-na-a (15). 4 MA.NA A-mur-Ištar (16).1011L. L. Orlin, Assyrian Colonies in Cappadocia, The Hague, 1970, 35-65.K. R. Veenhof, Aspects of Old Assyrian Trade and its Terminology, Leiden, 1972, 270-278.154

naphar 30 MA.NA hurāxim (17). na-ru-uq A-mur-Ištar (18). iš-tu li-mu-um(19). Zu-ha-a 12 ša-na-tim (20). i-ma-kà-ar i-na (21). nè-mè-lim šál-ša-tim(22). e-ka-al a-na šál-ša-tim (23). i-za-az ša a-dí (24). lá ūmē(me)-šu ma-láe-em(25). kaspam i-lá-qí-ú 4 MA.NA TA (26). kaspam ki-ma 1 MA.NAhurāxim (27). i-lá-qì né-ma-lam (28). mi-ma ú-lá i-lá-qí (29). mahar El-tura-amNU.BANDA mahar Šal-ma-A-šur (30). mahar x x – tab-ba (31). maharLa-qí-pé-im mahar I-ku-pì-a (32). mahar Puzur-Ištar mahar A-šur-beel-a-wa-timteqstis Targmani:(pirveli ori striqoni dazianebulia) `(3). 1 mina – iriSumis;(4). 2 mina _ idi-aSuris; (5). 2 mina _ alaxumis; (6). 2 X X Xan; (7). 2 mina – iqufi-iSTaris; (8). 2 mina – ilidanisa; (9). 1 mina– aSur-maliqisa; (10). 1 mina – aSur X X X; (11). 2 mina _ aquzanisa;(12). 1 _ mina `Tamqarumisa;~ (13). 1 mina abuSasi; (14). 1 minaxinaiasi; (15). 4 mina amur-iSTarisa; (16). sul: 30 mina oqro –(17). salaro amur-iSTarisa; (18). (aTvlili) eponimobidan (19).zuxaiasi, 12 weli (20). igi ivaWrebs. (21). mogebidan mesamedi(22). mas SeuZlia daxarjos, (xolo) meore mesameds (23). gahyofs,e.i. daanawilebs. is, vinc (24). Tavisi vadis gasvlamde (25).vercxls aiRebs – 4 minis (odenobiT), (26). vercxls erT minaoqrod, (27). igi aiRebs, (rac Seexeba) mogebas, (28). man xeli arunda axlos. (29). elTuris, `lafuTumis~ winaSe; (30). SalmaSuriswinaSe; (30). X X Tabbas winaSe; (31). lakifumis winaSe;(32). fuzur-iSTaris winaSe; aSur-bel-avaTimis winaSe.~teqstidan savsebiT naTelia, rom vaWarTa saxelobiT siaSi,(maT Soris vxvdebiT CvenTvis kargad cnobil asurelebsac),imave wris kerZo pirs ar SeuZlia gamovides, anu imoqmedosanonimurad. am movlenis axsna orgvaradaa SesaZlebeli:savaWro agenti an adgilobrivi mmarTvelis, anu igive sasaxlis(ekallum) warmomadgenelia, an _ adgilobrivi savaWrokantoris (bīt kārim).salaros kavSiri TxuTmet meanabres aerTianebda, rac kargadCans TiToel striqonSi dafiqsirebuli TiTo kerZo saxeliT.pirveli ori meanabris Senatani 5.5 minas Seadgenda, anu3 da 2.5 minas. Tuki wili saSualod 1.5 – 2 minas udrida, maSines xuTi meanabris wili gamodis (striq. 4 – 8). am saSualonormas sanaxevrod gadaaWarba erTma mepaiem – 4 mina (striq.15). normas erTi meoTxediT gadaaWarba orma mepaiem (striq.155

11 da erTi lakunaSi). meoTxedi wili daaklda normamde oTxmepaies (striq. 3, 9-10, 12) da maT Sorisaa anonimuri `Tamqarumi.~12 orma pirma ki naxevari wili Seitana (striq. 13-14) damxolod erTma Cado ormagi pai (striq. 15). swored amukanasknelma miiRo ufleba evaWra yvelas magivrad 12 wlisganmavlobaSi. mas agreTve SeeZlo daexarja sakuTar Tavze(sityvasityviT `SeeWama~) mogebis mesamedi. mepaieTa jgufidanvadamde adre gamosvlis msurvels araferi ar Sexvdebodasalaros kavSiris mogebidan, sakuTari wilis garda, racvercxlis saxiT daubrundeboda. zemoaRniSnul periodSi,Zvel mcire aziaSi oqro vercxls Seesabamiseboda kursiT 1 :8-ze, Tumca asurelTa savaWro operaciebSi es kursi ganisaz-Rvreboda 1 : 4-ze. swored orjer ufro dabali Tanafardobadadginda salaros kavSiridan gamosvlis pirobad. rogorcCans, es mimarTuli imisken, rom asurelebs ar esargeblaTkursebs Soris gansxvavebiT. 13amur-iSTari (striq. 15), fuSuqenTan erTad qanesidan uZ-Rveboda vaWrobas da isini saTaveSi edgnen asurelTa ormsxvil, saojaxo klans. 14aqtis pirveli mowme (striq. 29), `nubanda~ – `lafuTTu,~benno ladsbergeris azriT `vaqlumis~ warmomadgeneli undayofiliyo. 15 prof. igor diakonovi `vaqlums~ aSuris saqalaqosabWos Tavad ganixilavda. am kerZo SemTxvevaSi `lafuTTu~aSurelTa mxridan garigebis pirobebis Sesrulebisgarantad gamodis, da, imavdroulad, salaros kavSiris organizatorismxaresac warmoadgenda, romelsac benno ladsbergerimolared miiCnevda.prof. veenhofis mier qanesis savaWro kantoraSi gamovlenilikoleqtiuri anabrebi moixseniebian termin dātum-iT.amas garda, es termini adgilobriv xelisuflebisaTvis mirTmeulZRvensac niSnavs. Tuki bīt kārim-i, iseve rogorc qanesis`qarumi~ adgilobriv organizaciebs warmoadgendnen, maSintermin dātum-is gamoyeneba savsebiT kanonzomieri da gasage-12131415M. T. Larsen, Old Assyrian Caravan Procedures, Istanbul, 1967, 91-99.M. Ichisar, Les archives cappadociennes du marchand Imdilum, ADPF, Recherches sur lesgrandes civilizations, 3, Paris, 1981, 45-64.M. T. Larsen and E. Moller, Five Old Assyrian Texts, in Marchands, Diplomates et Empereurs,Mélanges P. Garelli, Paris, 1991, 227-259.B. Landsberger, Vier Urkunden vom Kültepe, Türk tarih, archeologia ve etnographia dergisi4, 1940, 7-31.156

ia. aqedan gamomdinare, swored adgilobrivi organizaciissalaroSi aRnusxul msxvil `Senatanebs~ efuZneboda sabiTumovaWrobis mTliani fondi. salaros kavSiris siaSi vervxedavT asurelTa biTumad movaWres, erTerT centralurfiguras – fuSuqens, Tumca SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rommisi saxeli ewera kidec dokumentis pirvel or dazianebulstriqonSi. 16 asea Tu ise, prof. veenhofis mier aRniSnuli dātum-isTanxebi, fuSuqenis jgufis TiToeuli kompanionisaTvis,raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT uaxlovdebian moyvanil aqtSiCamonaTval paebs: 15 mina vercxli (BIN IV, 33) da 20 mina vercxli(BIN VI, 36).Tuki Cvens mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba marTebulia, maSinsabiTumo vaWroba Zvel anatoliaSi ar yofila `firmebis~prerogativa, rogorc varaudobs prof. larseni, piriqiT, igikoleqtiuri iyo da misi legalizeba adgilobriv niadagzesulac ar niSnavda `aSuris Zalauflebis ganvrcobas:~ igixorcieldeboda adgilobrivi qalaq-saxelmwifos savaWroagentis – `Tamqarumis~ monawileobiT, rac savsebiT logikuriada dasturdeba kidec lursmuli werilobiTi wyaroebismonacemebiT. 17qaravnis formirebisas, savaWro Temis kantora CaricxulTanxebs iRebda Senatanebis saxiT – šaddu’utum-i, rasac ematebodasabaJo gadasaxadi – nishātum-i, romelsac iRebda adgilobrivisasaxle. prof. veenhofma aRmoaCina, rom savaWroTemis ofisis gankargulebaSi iyo oficialuri giri, woniT 1mina. es yvelgan ganixileba suverenuli saxelmwifos prerogativad,romelic gankargavda bazars, e.i. Cvens SemTxvevaSiisev da isev adgilobrivs, anatoliurs. 18prof. veenhofis dakvirvebiT, matyliT biTumad vaWroba,iseve rogorc prof. pol garelis mier specialurad SeswavlilispilenZiT biTumad vaWroba, `qarumis~ kantoris meSveobiTxorcieldeboda da TiTqmis mTlianad ifarglebodaam nedleulis anatoliur bazrebze miwodebiT. 19 rac SeexebaaSurs, iq, zemoxsenebuli nedleulis umniSvnelo partiebi16171819K. Balkan, Contributions to the Understanding of the Idiom of the Old Assyrian Merchantsof Kanish, Or. Ns, 36, Prague, 393-415.M. T. Larsen, Seal Use in the Old Assyrian Period, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 6, 81- 105K. R. Veenhof, An Ancient Anatolian Money-Lender. His Loans, Securities and DebtSlaves, in Festchrift L. Matouš II, Budapest, 1978, 279-311.P. Garelli, Trois tablettes cappadociennes du Museé de Rouen, RA 51, 1-10.157

gahqondaT. Sesabamisad, sabiTumo vaWrobis es saxeoba aSurisbazarze TiTqmis ar iyo damokidebuli. anatoliis bazrebzeyvela kategoriis spilenZs ar hqonda erTnairi fasi, radganmoTxovnis da miwodebis ekonomikuri faqtori am liTonzexSirad ar modioda TanxvdenaSi. 20 vaWrebs Semotanili qsovilebiadgilobriv sasaxleSi mihqondaT da maTze fasebs `qarumis~kantora awesebda, cxadia, bazarze saqonelbrunvisprincipebis Sesabamisad. marTalia, savaWro kompanionebi SekveTilqsovilebze fasebs saorentaciod winawar awesebdnen,magram saqonlis miRebisas igi, (e.i. fasi), ar aRmoCndebodaxolme iseTi, rogorsac varaudobdnen da Sedegad savaWrooperaciebi krizisul zolSi Sediodnen. es aris moTxovnis damiwodebis moqmedebis tipiuri meqanizmi, romelic Tavisufalibazris wesebiT imarTeboda. 21prof. veenhofi aRiarebs, rom asurelebis saqmianoba Zvelmcire aziaSi ar efuZneboda arc samxedro da arc politikurhegemonias, radgan Zvelasuruli dokumentebis Tanaxmad, vaWrobaSimonawileobis ufleba maT eZleodaT mxolod formaluriSeTanxmebis safuZvelze, romelsac aformebdnen adgilobrivmmarTvelebTan. 22 benno ladsbergeris mier aRweriliteqstis, n/k 32 mixedviT, xelSekruleba daido qalaq-saxelmwifoebis:qanessa da mammas Soris, romlis ratifikaciaSifigurireben am ori mcireaziuli politikuri erTeulismmarTvelebi. maT garda, dokumentis ratifikacias eswrebodaoTxi vaWari TiToeuli mxridan: ori asureli da ori anatolieli.amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxezea asureli daadgilobrivi vaWrebis paritetuli kompanionobis magaliTi. 23niSandoblivia, rom asureTis arc erTi mmarTveli ar arismoxseniebuli arc n/k 32-Si da arc sxva `kapadokiur~ firfitebSi.qanesis da mammas savaWro Temebs gansxvavebuli statusigaaCndaT: qanesis `qarumi~ centraluri iyo sxva aT qarumsada amave raodenobis wabartum-Ta (savaWro sadgomebi) Soris.mammas savaWro Temi savaWro dasaxlebebis yvelaze dabal20212223J. G. Dercksen, The Old Assyrian Copper Trade in Anatolia, PIHANS, Istanbul, 1996, 26-54.N. B. Jankovska, Some Problems of the Economy of the Assyrian Empire, in I. M. Diakonoff(ed.), Ancient Mesopotamia. Socio-Economic History, Moskva, 1969, 253-276.K. R. Veenhof, “Modern Features” in Old Assyrian Trade, JESHO 40, 1997, 336-366.K. Balkan, Letter of King Anum-Hirbi of Mama to King Warshama of Kanish, T. T. K.7/31, 1-70.158

kategorias ganekuTvneboda, e. i. _ `vabarTums.~ ar aris gamoricxuli`vabarTumi~ banakis tipis dasaxleba yofiliyo, magrammiuxedavad amisa, savaWro garigebebis dadebisas, `qarumebsa~da `vabarTumebSi~ moRvawe vaWrebi Tanabari statusiTsargeblobdnen. vaWarTa wyvilebi qanesidan da mammadan arianelCebi, romlebic sakuTar qveyanas yovelTvis or-orad warmoadgendnenmolaparakebebis Tu garigebebisas – šina ša mātim(teqsti KTP 14): erTi warmoadgens sakuTar saqalaqo Tems, xolomeore – savaWros, šiprū ša ālim ū kārim. 24prof. veenhofis azriT, qanesis `qarumis~ elCebi ar undayofiliyvnen Statiani Cinovnikebi: maTi delegireba xdebodasavaWro Temis wevrebidan, mandatis statusis mqone werilissafuZvelze. amiT, prof. veenhofi, upirispirebs maT `qalaqiselCebs,~ romlebic TiTqos mudmivad imyofebodnen qanesis`qarumSi.~ am koncepciidan gamomdinare, prof. veenhofi oficialuriwerilebis misamarTs kiTxulobs rogorc `qalaqis(aSuris) elCebisadmi da qanesis savaWro Temisadmi~ mimarTvas_ šiprū ša ālim û kārum Kaniš, nacvlad sayovelTaod miRebuliformulirebisa _ šiprū ša ālim û kārim Kaniš. 25 amavdroulad cnobilwerilSi, sadac saubaria asureli vaWrebisagan mSobliuriqalaqis kedlis asaSeneblad Tanxebis akrefaze, pirdapiraanaTqvami, rom qanesSi gasagzavni elCi aSurSi airCies.sxvaTaSoris, elCis qanesSi gagzavna asurel vaWrebs damatebiT1 mina vercxlad daujdaT. 26ficis da xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis garda, elCebi qanesis`qarumis~ brZanebulebebsa da gadawyvetilebebs gadascemdnensxvadasxva savaWro dasaxlebebs, krefdnen gadasaxadebs,piradad aZlevdnen xelSi sasamarTlo uwyebebs, axorcielebdnenaqciaTa farTo speqtrs calkeuli pirebis mimarT,SeeZloT SeeCerebinaT qaravani da sxv. yovelive zemoTCamoTvlili cxovrebaSi tardeboda `savaWro Temis ZalauflebiT~– kārum lū emūq šipri-ni (teqsti TC I, 34, striq. 15) da gaaCndaTuflebamosileba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi miemarTaTyvela `qarumisa~ da `vabarTumisaTvis.~ rasakvirvelia, qanesis`qarumis~ elCebi ar iyvnen ubralo Sikrikebi; regula-242526M. T. Larsen, Partnerships in the Old Assyrian Trade, Iraq 23, 1977, 119-149.K. R. Veenhof, Some Social Effects of Old Assyrian Trade, Iraq 41, 1977, 109-118.K. R. Veenhof, The Old Assyrian Merchants and their Relations with the Native Populationof Anatolia, in Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn, eds. H. J. Nissen, J. Renger, RAI 25,Berlin, 1982.159

ul fostas da amanaTebs sxva pirebi daatarebdnen – ālikumebi.elCebi ki, eWvgareSea, vaWarTa elitas miekuTvnebodnen daTems warmoadgendnen. 27mimoweridan gamomdinare, asurelebi valdebulni iyvnenadgilobrivi sasaxlisaTvis gadaexadaT baJi – nishātum-i: qsovilebissaerTo Rirebulebis 5% da kalisa ki _ 3% (2 minaTiToeul paketze). amasTan, taZris sakuTreba baJis gareSeiyideboda. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani iyo asuruli taZrisageba CrdiloeT siriis qalaq urSuSi, romelisSesaZloa, asurelTaTvis saqonelis anatoliaSi gadasazidadsartanzito punqts warmoadgenda. adgilobriv sasaxles mcireaziaSi, qsovilebis arCevis da maTi 10%-is Sesyidvis upiratesiufleba hqonda. amas garda, sasaxle ucxotomelebismonawileobas zRudavda iSviaTi da ZvirdRirebuli liTonebiTvaWrobaSi (meteorituli rkina, hematiti). 28 SezRudvebisdarRveva cixeSi CasmiT da jarimiT isjeboda. adgilobrivixelisuflebisaTvis saqonlis miwodebisas Cadenili TaRli-Toba sicocxlis fasadac ki SeiZleba dajdomodaT vaWrebs. bītkārim-isaTvis saqonelis gadacema registraciis gareSe, kontrabandaTganixileboda. Tavis mxriv, adgilobrivi mmarTvelebiuflebas aZlevdnen ucxotomel vaWrebs gaevloT maTteritoriebze da dasaxlebuliyvnen `qarumebsa~ Tu `vabar-TumebSi.~ 29qanesis `qarumis~ ofisis saqmianobis speqtri mravalgvariiyo: sxvadasxvagvari savaWro operaciebis gaformeba, debetisda kreditis aRiareba Tanmxlebi angariSebiT, am angariSebzexelwerilebis da dokumentebis Sedgena, koleqtiur fondebSidepozitis dadgena, dokumentebis Cawera da dabeWdva, gadasatanitvirTebis aRwera, konfliqtur situaciebSi saqonliskonfiskaciis aqtebis Sedgena, nairgvari finansuri operaciebisdadastureba da sxva mravali. savaWro ofisi sasaxles davaWrebs Soris Suamavlis rols TamaSobda. `qarumis~ gadawyvetilebiTdadgenili procentis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli272829J. Lewy, On Some Institutions of the Old Assyrian Empire, HUCA 27, 1-80.J. D. Muhly, Copper and Tin. The Distribution of Mineral Resources and the Nature of theMetals Trade in the Bronze Age, New Haven, 1973, 49- 87.C. Michel, Validité et durée de vie des contrats et reconnaissances de dettes paléoassyriennes,RA 89, 1995, 15-27.160

odenoba sesxebis gacemisas 1 sikli vercxli iyo TiTo minazeyovelTviurad (anu 30% _ wliuri da 9 uṫṫātu – dReSi). 30procentis absoluturi sidide sakanonmdeblo regulirebisgansakuTrebul sagani iyo da amasTan, SesaZlebelia gamovyoTmisi ori, gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba: es aris anmxareTa Tavisufali SeTanxmeba, an kanoniT dadgenili normaluri,an maqsimaluri procentis odenoba. qanesis savaWrogaerTianebaSi, udaod, pirveli iyo miRebuli. 31vaWarTa sayovelTao swrafva savaWro TemSi faseulobebisCadebisa, albaT, am punqtSi meanabreTa konkurencias iwvevda,rac saboloo jamSi savaWro saqmianobisaTvis dadgenilisaprocento ganakveTis SedarebiTi Semcirebis erTerTi mizezigaxda. Temis xazinis SedarebiT dabali saprocento ganakveTismeore mizezad (romelic prof. veenhofis monacemebismixedviT, wliur 15%-s Seadgenda) SeiZleba dasaxeldes misigacilebiT ufro saimedo kreditunarianoba, kerZo pirebTanSedarebiT. sarisko savaWro operaciebSi damatebiTi garantiebisgareSe, procenti, bunebrivia, maqsimalur niSnuls aRwevda,rac msxvili sesxis droulad dabrunebis saimedo garantiaiyo. 32qanesis dokumentebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sesxiT gacemuliprocentis mniSvnelovani meryeoba, rogorc maqsimum240% wliuri. (k/t, j/k, 90). amasTan erTad, nebismieri saprocentoganakveTis gadaxda, rogorc wesi, iwyeboda mxolodgadasaxadis vadis gadacilebidan da izrdeboda yoveli dRisgadauxdelobis gamo. sagulisxmoa, rom dReebis gadavadebazeSeRavaTebi arsebobda da iwodeboda `mowyalebis dReebad~ –ūmē gamālim. daSvebuli iyo SeRavaTi procentis daricxvisas,an sulac ukve daricxuli procentis gauqmeba – kabāsum.prof. veenhofis kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, vaWrebi mudamcdilobdnen SeetanaT Tundac umniSvnelo Tanxa savaWroTemis saerTo saqmeSi. avtori am fenomens xsnis vaWrebis miswrafebiTmaqsimaluri sargebeli mieRoT TavianTi savaWrooperaciebidan. 33 Tuki es koleqtiuri fondi (ufro sworad sa-30313233P. Garelli, Marchands et tamkārū assyriens en Cappadoce, Iraq 39, 1977, 99-107.B. Kienast, The Old Assyrian be’ūlātum, JCS 41, 1989, 87-95.K. R. Veenhof, “SAG.ÍL.LA=saggilū, “Difference assessed.” On Mesuring and Accountingin some Old Babylonian Texts,” in J. M. Durand and J.-R. Kupper (eds.), MiscellaneaBabylonica. Mélanges offerts à Maurice Birot, Paris, 285-306.K. R. Veenhof, “Miete. C. Altassyrisch,” RlA 8, 1994, 181-184.161

dazRvevo fondi) iyo kidec anonimuri `Tamqarumis~ pais wyaro,maSin Cven miviRebT damakavSirebel rgols Tavisufalbazars da saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad vaWrobas Soris.saxsrebis gaerTianeba, ase Tu ise, kreditis stabilizaciasuwyobda xels, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia vaWrobis warmodgena.sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom procentuli ganakveTis xasiaTisdasadgenad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben ara martomaterialuri uflebebi, aramed samarTalwarmoebac, e. i. sadaosakiTxebis gadawyvetis forma da pirobebi.qanesis `qarumis~ erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia iyovaWrobis monawileTa samarTlebrivi dacva, rac kargad CansprotokolebiT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebiT da werilebiT.yovel `qarums~ da `vabarTums~ SeeZlo gamosuliyorogorc sasamarTlo instancia, xolo centraluri `qarumi~qanesSi damatebiT funqcionirebda rogorc saapelacio sasamarTlo.samarTalwarmoebaSi maRali statusi hqonda advokats– rābiṡum-s. gamoTqma `savaWro Temi – Zalaa advokatisa~– kārum emūq rābiṡum, Cveni varaudiT, erT rigSi ayenebs advokats,savaWro Temis wevrebs da elCebs. braldebulis dacvisda sasamarTlo ganCinebis gamotanis Semdeg advokati TaviskuTvnil honorars igrum-s Rebulobda (ase ewodeboda,agreTve, nebismiri Tavisufali muSakis dasaqiravebelTanxas). icavda ra saqalaqo Tems rogorc iuridiuli piri,advokati, bunebrivia, iwodeboda rogorc rābiṡ ālim-i, Tumcaes ar aniWebda mas saxelmwifo Cinovnikis statuss. 34ras warmoadgenda realurad `qarumis~ Zala naTlad Cansmis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi SeewyvitaT vaWroba erTanatoliel mmarTvelTan, romelic Tavs aridebda asurelivaWrisaTvis micemuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. vaWarTarigebis simtkice unda avxsnaT imiT, rom calkcalke Ti-Toeuli maTgani naklebad rezistentuli iyo adgilobrivixelisuflebis winaSe, romel saxelmwifosac ar unda kuTvnebodnenmaTi klientebi da mimwodeblebi. am mxriv, konfliqtursituaciebs adgili hqondaT TviT aSurSic, rac vaWrebsaiZulebda eZebnaT axali bazrebi. amitom, nakleb savaraudoa,rom odesme aRmoCndes qanesis `qarumis~ mTavari34B. L. Rosen, Studies in Old Assyrian Loan Contracts, unpublished dissertation, BrandiesUniversity, UM no. 77-22.827, 1977, 32-75.162

savaWro kantoris arqivi misi Tavdapirveli mdebareobisadgilas. savaraudoT, igi periodulad, albaT, nadgurdeboda.rogorc uwindeli, aseve mimdinare arqeologiuri gaTxrebisSedegad gamovlenili teqstebi fragmentulad gvawvdian informacias`qarumis~ saqmianobis Sesaxeb. werilebi mimofantulniiyvnen vaWarTa kerZo arqivebSi, vinaidan biznesSimonawile komersantebi `morigeebis~ rols asrulebdnen mTavarkantoraSi. amis gamo, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qanesissavaWro arqivebi unikaluri movlenaa arqeologiaSi. es CanawerebiZalze mosaxerxebeli iyo vaWrebisaTvis aRricxviTioperaciebis sawarmoeblad, magram uaRresad saSiSi –SesaZlo Semowmebis SemTxvevaSi. albaT, amitom aRmoaCineserTerTi aseTi kerZo arqivi mTlianad damaluli iatakisqveS. 35arqeologebma aRmoaCines qanesis `qarumis~ statutis, anuwesdebis sami fragmenti, romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebeliaaRvadginoT misi ZiriTadi institutebis moqmedebis zogadisuraTi. uflebamosilebis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovaniorgano saerTo kreba iyo. igi moixsenieba rogorcṡaḫer rabi, anu `pataridan didis CaTvliT.~ orive terminixSirad gvxvdeba mimoweraSi, rodesac saubaria vaWrobaSiCarTul am or, polarul socialur safexurze mdgom adamianebze.`patarebi~ – ṡuhārum-ebi, Cveulebriv, Sikrikebi datvirTebis gadamtanebi iyvnen da, rogorc wesi, lursmulteqstebSi ar moixsenebian kerZo saxelebiT. sakmaod xSirad,gansakuTrebiT, sarisko situaciebSi, `bosebi~ maT avalebdnensavaWro operaciebis Catarebas. yovelive erTad aRebuli kiimas miuTiTebs, rom `cuxarumebi~ adgilobrivi moqalaqeebiiyvnen da kargad erkveodnen TavianTi qveynis yoveldRiuricxovrebis niuansebSi, efeqturad asrulebdenen uSualo Semsruleblebisfunqciebs. `didebi~ `ufrosebis~ rolSi gvevlinebianda `cuxarumebis~ msgavsad, ar moixseniebian kerZosaxelebiT. Tumca, gamoTqma `pataridan didis CaTvliT~ ufrofarTo cneba unda yofiliyo da moicavda vaWrobaSi monawileyvela danarCen pirs, upirveles yovlisa, ucxotomel vaWrebs,anu savaWro organizaciis wamyvan Zalas. prof. larsens miaCnia,rom `didebi~ savaWro klanebis da `saxlebis/firmebis~Tavebi iyvnen, e.i. isini, vinc dātum-s ixdidnen. Tuki es varaudi35C. Michel, Innāya dans les tablettes paléo-assyriennnes, Paris, 1991, 45-90.163

marTebulia, maSin mTavar ofisSi vaWris mdgomareobisganmsazRvreli sabiTumo vaWrobis sawarmoeblad Setaniliwilis odenoba iyo. magram prof. veenhofs ~didebis~ ricxvSiSehyavs uxucesebic – šíbūtum-ebic, radgan xSirad, Zvel aRmosavleTSi,avtoriteti qonebriv mdgomareobaze ufro maRlaidga. 36prof. larsenis maxvilgonivruli rekonstruqciis Tanaxmadgamodis, rom savaWro Temis gadawyvetilebebis damuSavebasabWos prerogativa iyo, romelic Semdgom `danar-Cenebis~ (nam’ūdum) xmebis micemiT dasturdeboda da xmaTa umravlesobiTkanonis Zalas iZenda. krebis sami jgufidan xmaTaumravlesobis misaRebad sakmarisi iyo nebismieri oris gaer-Tianeba. mowvevis proceduras da krebis monawileTa dayofasmdivani – ṫupšarrum-i xelmZRvanelobda. krebis mowveva `erTipiris, salaros kacis~ – wēdum awēlum ša nikkasi – moTxovniT,`didebis~ aryofnaSi, mdivans ekrZaleboda da Tuki es moxdeboda,10 sikli vercxliT dajarimdeboda. 37prof. larseni aRiarebs, rom wēdum-i aq sakvanZo terminia,Tumca, am da kidev sxva konteqstebis moSveliebiTac ki verxsnis konkretul situacias. 38 es aris qanesis `qarumis~ tradiciulikoncepciis mkvdari wertili. umniSvnelovanesi momentiis aris, rom saqonlis registraciisas is, racekuTvnoda `erT pirs~ – wēdum-s da is, rac ekuTvnoda `qarums~erTmaneTs upirispirdeba.davubrundeT Cvens mier ganxilul salaros kavSiris dokuments.masSi, Cveni azriT, saxezea zemoxsenebuli urTierTdapirispirebasaxelobiT CamoTvlil kerZo meanabreebiswilebsa da `qarumis~ koleqtiuri fondis warmomadgenlis,anonimuri `Tamqarumis~ wils Soris. mTeli salaros ganmkarguleblad12 wlis ganmavlobaSi xdeba erTerTi piri kerZomeanabreebidan (savaraudoT, wēdum-i, `erTi piri~). es gaxlavTamur-iSTari – asurelTa umsxvilesi `firmis~ Tavi, romelicaris swored – awēlum ša nikkasi. qanesis `qarumis~ wesdebauflebas ar aZlevs amur-iSTars adgilobrivi qalaq-363738G. Eisser und J. Lewy, Die altassyrischen Rechtsurkunden vom Kultepe, MVAeG 33, 35/3,Leipzig, 1930, 54-69.M. T. Larsen, Five Old Assyrian Texts, in Marchands, Diplomates et Empereurs, MélangesP. Garelli, Paris, 1991, 227-252.M. T. Larsen, Seal Use in the Old Assyrian Period, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 6, 1977, 81-105.164

saxelmwifos `ufrosebis~ nebarTvis gareSe, romelTa ricxvs,Cveni azriT, miekuTvneba anonimuri `Tamqarumic,~ miemarTa`danarCenebisaTvis,~ anu umravlesobisaTvis. didi albaTobaaimisa, rom mimarTvis mizani, Temis sadazRvevo fondis, e.i.adgilobrivi institutis mxardaWeris mopoveba iyo. amgvaradveSeiZleba aixsnas akrZalva `patarebisaTvis~ – ṡuhārum,gamoCeniliyvnen kantoraSi salaros Semowmebis dros – nikkasišasā’u. am gziT, gamoiricxeboda molaris kontaqti `danar-CenebTan.~prof. veenhofis mier dasmuli mTavari kiTxva, iyo Tu araqanesis savaWro organizacia Tavisufali bazris funqcionirebisnimuSi, Tu piriqiT: es iyo saxelmwifos kontrolis qveSmimdinare saqonelgacvla, avtorma pirveli mosazrebis sasargeblodgadawyvita, rac arsebiTi winsvlaa qanesSi aSuriskvartalis `qarumis~ arqivebis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT. Tavadis faqti, rom Zvelanatoliuri saerTaSoriso vaWrobiskoined aqaduri enis Zvelasuruli dialeqti gadaiqca daagreTve, asurelTa samagaliTo erTianoba da koordinirebulimoqmedeba mcire aziaSi, Tavis droze safuZveli gaxdaprof. iulius levisaTvis asureTis politikuri eqspansiaevarauda am regionSi. prof. levis Semdeg, am ideis apologetiprof. larseni gaxda. 39 orive koncepcia eyrdnoba im mosazrebas,rom uZvelesi droidan maxlobel aRmosavleTSivaWrobis mastimulirebeli aucileblad saxelmwifo iyo, romelicumeteswilad saxelmwifo saxsrebs efuZneboda. Cvensmier Seswavlili qanesis arqivebis masalebi ki mTlianaduaryofen am warmodgenas.Paata RamishviliTRADING ORGANIZATION OF KĀRUM KANIŠ AND FREEMARKET ECOMOMY IN THE INTERNATIONALANATOLIAN TRADEAt the beginning of the II millennium B.C.E. in the Ancient Anatolia(modern Turkey) under leadership of the Old Assyrian merchants and thelocal citizens of the various city-states was conducted a large-scale wholesaletrade which is well-attested in the Old Assyrian documents known also39M. T. Larsen, The Old Assyrian City-State and its Colonies, Copenhagen, 1976, 38-46.165

under the name of the “Cappadocian” Tablets. Although From the totalamount of these cuneiform inscriptions (approximately 20.000) composedin the Old Assyrian dialect of the Akkadian language so far only the thirdpart has been read, their data reveal the complicated nature and proceduresof international trade between Mesopotamia and Asia Minor in the abovementionedepoch.The central issue among many disputable questions discussed in the specialscientific literature (Julius Lewy, Paul Garelli, Mogens Trolle Larsen,etc.) is the theory of political domination of Assyrians in the Asia Minor.Their main argument is that Assyrians colonized the Anatolian cities wherethey established the network of trading organizations – kārum-s and wabartum-s.These institutions skillfully ran the wholesale trade thanks to family“clans” and “firms” of the Assyrian merchants who are considered to havebeen the wealthiest bigwigs of that time.Recent revision of already studied Old Assyrian texts and some newlyexcavated “Cappadocian” tablets revealed totally different picture of thequestion of Assyrian domination in Anatolia and the nature of the internationaltrade. First and the most important counter-argument is that accordingto the text n/k 32 the rulers and high authorities of the local city-states areabsolutely independent politically, and the second one is that the Anatoliantrade was based on the priciples of free market economy and was not dependenton the state. This point of view drastically opposes the previous oneand is strengthened by numerous factual evidences.166

irine tatiSvili, levan gordezianikidev erTxel xeTur-qarTuli paralelebis Sesaxebwinamdebare naSromis qalbatoni nanasTvis miZRvnis surviliganapiroba iman, rom mis samecniero SemoqmedebaSi sakmaodmniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs ZvelaRmosavlur da, saxeldobr,anatoliur samyarosTan samxreTkavkasiuri civilizaciebismimarTebis kvleva-Ziebas. 1 qvemoT Tavmoyrili gvaqvsgarkveuli mosazrebebi, romlebic am mimarTulebiT muSaobisfarglebSi Camogviyalibda da zogierT maTganze adrecgvqonia saubari. 2xeTur-qarTveluri paralelebi didi xania mecnierTadainteresebas iwvevs da dReisaTvis am paralelebis mravalimagaliTia cnobili.Aaq SevexebiT ramdenime maTgans da maTiSeswavlis meTodologiur sakiTxebs.pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom terminSi `xeTuri~vgulisxmobT sxvadasxva anatoliur tradicias, romelTa simravledasturdeba xeTur teqstebSi, agreTve xeTuri xanisanatoliis arqeologiur masalas, xolo `qarTulSi~ erTiandebaxeTebis Tanadrouli arqeologiuri masala, antikuri daadreSuasaukuneebis werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebi, mecnierebismier saqarTvelos teritoriaze Segrovebuli eTnografiulimasala _ lokaluri kultebi, ritualebi, folklori.aq vxvdebiT uZveles kavkasiur Tu qarTvelur elementebsac,berZnul da Suamdinarul gavlenasac – uSualod anbibliis meSveobiT SeTvisebuls, qristianuli, islamuri anTundac komunisturi ritualebis paganizebul variantebsac. eselementebi xSirad Zalze Zneli gasarCevia erTmaneTisagan daWirs maTi mikuTvneba ama Tu im kulturuli Tu qronologiurifenisaTvis. Sesabamisad, Zneli saTqmelia, aqedan ra ganekuTvnebaZv.w. II aTaswleulis qarTul tomebs. Tumca, maincgvaqvs garkveuli safuZveli, erTi mxriv, mTel am masalas`qarTuli~ vuwodoT da, meore mxriv, gamovyoT masSi is elementebi,romlebsac xeTurs SevudarebT. dRes TiTqos araasadavo, rom qarTveluri elementi monawileobas iRebda12amis naTeli dadasturebaa nana xazaraZis naSromTa krebulebi: xazaraZe2001, xazaraZe 2005; ix. agreTve xazaraZe 2010.ix. mag., tatiSvili 2002; Tatišvili 2007; Tatišvili, Gordeziani 2010.167

injaos xanis kavkasiuri arqeologiuri kulturebis formirebaSi,xolo ufro gviandel qarTul masalaSi namdviladunda iyos Semonaxuli uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis elementebi.3zogierTma xeTur-qarTvelurma paralelma jer kidevxeTuris gaSifvramde miiqcia yuradReba. calkeuli SesabamisobebileqsikaSi, onomastikasa da sityvaTwarmoebaSi enebisnaTesaobis STabeWdilebasac ki tovebdnen. gaSifvris Semdeg,rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom xeTuri indoevropul enaTaojaxs ganekuTvneba, am paralelebis safuZvlad Cveulebrivganixileboda mWidro kulturuli kontaqtebi da SesaZlo na-Tesaoba araindoevropel anatoliel xalxebTan, romlebmacmniSvnelovani roli Seasrules xeTuri kulturis SeqmnaSi. 4saerTod, naTesavebis Zieba aris erT-erTi im stimulTagan,rac qarTvels Zveli istoriis Seswavlisken ubiZgebs. qar-Tuli enisa da kulturis codna, cxadia, garkveuli upiratesobaaqarTveluris sxva eTno-kulturul jgufebTan mimarTebiskvlevisas, magram winaswari orientirebuloba garkveulSedegze ucxoel kolegebSi met-naklebad samarTlian eWvebsaCens da, rig SemTxvevaSi, obieqturadac uSlis xels mecnieruladdasabuTebuli Sedegebis miRebas. 5 meore mxriv, vinunda ikvlios es problematika, Tu ara qarTvelma? erTiSexedviT, saocaria, magram siZveleTmcodneobis sxvadasxvasferos ganviTarebis adreul etapebze qarTuli masalisadmiinteresi ufro didi iyo, vidre dRes. rogorc Cans, viwrospecializaciis gaRrmaveba aRar utovebs mecniers saSualebas,momijnave dargebiT dainteresdes da dRevandel xeTologsxeTurisa Tu xaTuris sailustraciod avstraliuri, afrikuliTu centraluramerikuli tipologiuri paralelebismotana urCevnia, 6 vidre qarTul Tu sxva kavkasiur enebSiCaRrmaveba. 7 kavkasiur enaTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxSi,34567ix. mag., Fähnrich 2009, VII ff.magram qarTvelTa eTnogenezis kvlevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTveuZvelesi kontaqtebi indoevropelebTan. ix. mag., meliqiSvili 1965: 203 Smd;Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984: 870 и слл.Sdr. mag., Tuite 2008: 23.ix. mag., Melchert 2011; Goedegebuure 2008a: 164, 171.Sdr. Soysal 2004: 23 ff., sadac sakmaod kritikuladaa Sefasebuli xaTurissxvadasxva kavkasiur enasTan dakavSirebis arsebuli cdebi, TumcagamoTqmulia maT Soris tipologiur msgavsebaTa kvlevis aucilebloba(iqve, 39).168

viwro specializaciis tendenciis garda, erTgvarad politikurikoniunqturac ereva. rusul skolasa Tu oficiozs ur-Cevnia uaryos kavkasiuri (Tu iberiul-kavkasiuri) enobrivierTobis idea da Tbiliss kavkasiis Tundac mxolod samecnierocentrad yofnis pretenziac waarTvas. ukanasknelxanebSi gamocemulma mniSvnelovanma gamokvlevebma axaliZala Sehmata iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobis Teorias. 8 CvenTavs SevikavebT am Teoriis av-kargianobis Sefasebisagan, magramerTi ki cxadia: qarTul-xaTuri/xeTuri, qarTul-SumeruliTu qarTul-xuri-urartul mimarTebaTa kvlevas sakiTxebisfarTo kavkasiur konteqstSi ganxilva mxolod waadgeba.Sesabamisad, Cven gvmarTebs maqsimalurad gamarTuli me-Todologiis moSvelieba, masalisa da argumentaciis maqsimaluradmotana da, sasurvelia, ucxoeli kolegebis dainteresebada Cabma Cvens kvlevaSi.TiTqmis aswlovanma kvlevam gamoavlina uaRresad sainteresoxeTur-qarTveluri religiuri paralelebi sxvadasxvadoneze: saxelebi, sakulto obieqtebi, RvTaebrivi personaJebi,ikonografia, ritualebi, miTebi, kosmologia. 9 aq mokled ganvixilavTzogierT maTgans:1. RvTaebaTa saxelebi: tar-Wabuki, tarosi – Taru, Tarhun; melia-Telefia_ Telipinu; armazi – Arma; zadeni – Sandon, Santas;ajahara, aSahara – Išhara; veb, vob – Tešub da sxv.2. RvTaebaTa saxeebi: qarTul mTaSi mopovebuli eTnografiulimasalisa da folkloris safuZvelze, vera bardaveliZemaRadgina amgvari panTeoni: morige RmerTi, mzisRvTaeba – qalRmerTi, kviria. ierarqiulad maT qvemoT dgananlokaluri kultebi – `RvTisSvilebi~. 10am kultebma, cxadia, ganicades qristianobis gavlena damorige RmerTma SeiZina mama RmerTis garkveuli niSnebi,xolo kviriam – kyrios – qristesi. amas Tu CamovaSorebT, SemdegsuraTs miviRebT: morige RmerTi cisa da sicocxlis momniWebeliwylis gamgebelia, riTic Taru-TarxunT-TeSub-zevssgvagonebs, mze dedaa da amiT axlos dgas dedamiwasTan. igi8910qurdiani 2008; Cuxua 2008. iberiul-kavkasiuri Teoriis TanamedrovemdgomareobisaTvis ix. mag., Tuite 2008.mimoxilvisa da sistematizaciisaTvis ix. n. javaxiZis samagistro naSromi(xeTur-qarTuli religiuri paralelebi, Tsu, Tbilisi 2009).Бардавелидзе 1957: 23 и слл.169

mravali niSniT (sqesi, pozicia panTeonSi da sxv.) axlos dgasxaTur-xeTur mzis RvTaebasTan. 11 adamianisaTvis ufro axlobel,masTan uSualo kontaqtSi myof personaJebad gvevlinebiankviria da RvTisSvilebi. Cveni azriT, es aris mfarveliRvTaebis ori gamovlineba – kviria ganzogadebulia, ama Tuim soflis xati ki lokaluri, konkretuli. xeTur religiaSiam rolSi gvevlinebian axalgazrda amindis RmerTi, Telefinuan mfarveli RvTaebebi.farnavazis mier gaerTianebuli qarTlis saxelmwifo pan-Teonis uzenaes RvTaebad dadginda armazi, romelic, rogorccnobilia, xSirad iyo gaigivebuli ahuramazda/ aramazdTan.magram misi interpretaciis sxvadasxva variants SorisvxvdebiT agreTve Sedarebas anatoliur armasTan. 12 ZnelisaTqmelia, ramdenad gamarTlebulia esa Tu is dakavSireba,magram cxadia, rom axali kulti organulad Cajda qarTlisreligiaSi da igi qarTvelTa mier sakuTar kultad aRiqmeboda.13 misi qandakeba/ kerpi idga ori sxva RvTaebis, gacisada ga(im)is kerpebs Soris. rogorc calkeuli qandakebebis,aseve mTeli triadis aRweriloba mogvagonebs anatoliurtriadas, romelsac qmnian TeSubi, seri da xuri. 14mniSvnelovani ikonografiuli paralelebi SeiZlebavnaxoT agreTve TrialeTis erT-erT yorRanSi napovnvercxlis Tasze. masze gamosaxuli procesia mraval ikonografiuldetalSi avlens msgavsebas anatoliur samyarosTan,Wvintiani fexsacmelebiT dawyebuli da sicocxlis xiT dam-Tavrebuli. 15 SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom Tasi saerTod anatoliuriwarmoSobisaa, Tumca mogvianebiT yaraSambSi (somxeTi)msgavsi Tasis aRmoCenam albaT ufro gaaZliera argumentebinivTis adgilobriv, kavkasiur nawarmad misaCnevad. 16Tasze gamosaxuli procesiis araerTi interpretacia arsebobs.centraluri mjdomare figura RvTaeba unda iyos, xolomisken mimavali 22 msgavsi figura _ umcrosi RvTaebebi an qurumebi,ritualis monawileebi. mglis an ZaRlis niRbiani sa-111213141516Tatišvili 2007.Меликишвили 1959: 112.ix. mag., qc I, 29.Giorgadze 1999: 547 ff.ix. mag., lorTqifaniZe 2002: 96 Smd. (iqve amomwuravi bibliografia).lorTqifaniZe 2002: 97; Нариманишвили 2007.170

kulto personali, 17 danarCen simbolikasTan erTad – irmebi,`sicocxlis xe~ da sxv. _ aRZravs asociaciebs calkeul xeTurritualebTan, romlebic dakavSirebulia sicocxlisa da bunebisganaxlebasTan, sikvdil-sicocxlis brunvis ciklTan. amas-Tan dakavSirebiT, gvinda SevexoT nivTs, romelic figurebsxelSi uWiravT. pirveli, rasac kaci ifiqrebs, es Tasi undaiyos. ukve Tasis aRmomCeni, boris kuftini, miiCnevda, rom esnivTi, albaT, 18 sasmisi unda yofiliyo. SemdgomSi es `albaT~daikarga da ufro gviandel publikaciebSi yvela avtori masTasad aRiqvams. marTlac, arc met-naklebad msgavsi WurWeliiyo ucxo Zveli samyarosaTvis da arc ritualuri daleva Tulibacia. magram gamoricxuli ar unda iyos am nivTis arc sxvainterpretacia. figuraTa umravlesobas nivTi ise uWiravs,rom arc adoraciis Jests miagavs da arc dalevis, pirTan mitanis;sasmisadac da libaciisaTvisac ufro xSirad sxvaformis WurWeli gamoiyeneboda. gamosaxulebis calkeuli detalebimogvagonebs `KUŠ kurša-s ganaxlebis~ xeTur rituals.xom ar SeiZleba, sakvlevi nivTi KUŠ kurša iyos? imisgan damoukideblad,xeTuri teqstebis KUŠ kurša sawmisia Tu tyavisaganSekerili sanadiro CanTa, 19 is samefo xelisuflebasTan CansmWidro kavSirSi. marTalia, xeze Camokidebuli qursa odnavsxvanairad gamoiyureba, magram tyavi an tyavis produqciasimbolurad am saxiTac SeiZleba iyos gamosaxuli reliefze.amis sasargeblod SeiZleba movitanoT luviuri (L 322) damikenuri (*164, *167) ideografiuli niSnebi, romlebic, savaraudod,tyavs aRniSnavda, aseve kviprosuli talanti – tyavisformis spilenZis zodi. 203. kultis obieqtebi: GIŠ eya poulobs paralelebs sxvadasxvawminda xesTan; 21 KUŠ kurša, sityvis zusti mniSvnelobisagan damoukideblad,funqciis mixedviT, SeiZleba tyavisgan damzadebulqarTul sakulto obieqtebs SevadaroT, mag., svanurlems/loms. 224. ritualebi: kargadaa cnobili savaraudo kavSiri Telefinuskultsa da svanur melia-Telefias sagazafxulo ritu-171819202122Sdr. qarTuli miTologiuri personaJi iasauli.Куфтин 1941: 87 сл.diskusiisaTvis ix. mag., McMahon 1991: 250 ff.ufro dawvrilebiT ix. tatiSvili, gelaSvili 2009.Khazaradze, Tsagareishvili 1999.ix. Бардавелидзе 1957: 48 и слл.; agreTve Plontke-Lüning 2008.171

als Soris. mas gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi mieqca yuradRebada mas mere araerTi mecnieri Seexo. 23 Telefinus miTsa daritualebs svanur zeimTan akavSirebs araerTi damTxveva leqsikaSi,sakulto qmedebebSi, realiebSi, sakulto obieqtebSi(mag., igive KUŠ kurša da GIŠ eya). sxva svanuri sagazafxulo ritualisdros Seismeboda sxvadasxva RvTaebis sadidebeli. 24msgavs saritualo qmedebebs vxvdebiT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic.25 aRniSnuli Cveuleba mogvagonebs xeTur ritualeb-Si dadasturebul sakulto qmedebas, romelic aRiniSnebaformuliT „ D N eku-“ (sityvasityviT „RvTaebis daleva“) daromlis interpretaciac xeTologiaSi didi diskusiis sagania.265. miTebi: Telefinus zemoxsenebuli miTis garda, qarTvelursamyarosTan msgavsebas avlens iluianqas Sesaxeb xeTurikosmogoniuri miTic. RmerTisa da gveleSapis kosmogoniuribrZolis mravali varianti arsebobs. 27 CvenTvis sayuradReboaam miTis erTi pasaJis – inarasa da xufasias ambis erTgvarimsgavseba dalisa da monadiris TqmulebasTan. 286. panTeoni: panTeonTa msgavsebaze saubrisas Cvengvainteresebs ara imdenad calkeuli RvTaebis saxeli, romelicdrosa, sivrceSi an genetikurad naklebad daSorebulxalxebSic ki SeiZleba icvlebodes (magaliTad, qarTul mTaSiyovel xevs, sofelsa Tu Tems sakuTari kulti hyavs), aramedpanTeonis struqtura, rwmena-warmodgenaTa is kompleqsi,romelic SedarebiT myaria da ar icvleba iolad axali kultisSeTvisebiT an, Tundac, Zvelis axliT Canacvlebisas. CveniazriT, SeiniSneba garkveuli msgaseba xeTursa da qarTulsSoris ara saxelmwifo panTeonis doneze, rac arc unda iyosmosalodneli, aramed lokaluris. zemoT ganxiluli qar-Tlis rekonstruirebuli panTeoni _ morige RmerTi, mzisqalRmerTi, kviria, RvTisSvilebi _ sakmaod hgavs imas,rogorc gamoiyureba lokaluri panTeonebi calkeul xeTur232425262728ix. mag., Бардавелидзе 1957: 89 и сл.; Бендукидзе 1973; Girbal 1980; Haas 1982: 210;etc.Бардавелидзе 1957: 72.jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, 13 Smd.sakiTxis dRevandeli mdgomareobisaTvis ix. Soysal 2008: 45 ff., Goedegebuure2008b: 67 ff.xidaSeli 1982: 122 Smd.Абакелия 1991: 71.172

itualSi an muvaTalis locvaSi mocemul lokalur pan-TeonTa siaSi: mzis, amindisa da mfarveli RvTaebebi. 297. kosmologia: garkveuli msgavsebebi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoTagreTve kosmologiur warmodgenebSi, kerZod, samyarosvertikalur dayofaSi. tradiciuli da TiTqos sayovelTaodgavrcelebuli samad dayofis – ca, miwa, qveskneli – gverdiTrogorc anatoliur, aseve qarTul masalaSi SeiZleba davinaxoTorad dayofis – ca da miwa – niSnebic. 30SesaZlebelia kidev sxva magaliTebis moxmobac.Teoriulad or eTno-kulturul erTobas Soris msgavsebaTainterpretaciis ramdenime SesaZlebloba arsebobs:SemTxveviTi Tanxvedra, tipologiuri msgavseba, nasesxobaintensiuri kontaqtebis Sedegad, naTesaobis an, ufro rbiladrom vTqvaT, maTi erTi eTno-kulturuli samyarosadmikuTvnilebis niSani.pirvel jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT erT-ormarcvlianisaxelebi da terminebi.religiuri warmodgenebi, romlebic saerToa kacobriobisaTvisda azrovnebis erTian sistemas emyareba, mravalimecnieris gamokvlevis sagnad iqca. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnisRirsia m. eliades naSromebi. am tipologiur msgavsebaTafarglebSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT kosmogoniuri miTis 31sxvadasxva variacia da iseTi sakulto obieqtebi, rogoricaamagaliTad, sawmisi/tyavi da wminda xe/ sicocxlis xe.mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es saxelebi, terminebi, sakultoobieqtebi da moqmedebebi qmnis erTian sistemas – miTs,rituals, romelic naxulobs paralelebs sxva xalxis Tu regionisanalogiur sistemasTan, SeiZleba xalxebs SorismWidro kontaqtebze an, Tundac, naTesaobaze fiqri. am debulebissailustraciod SeiZleba kvlav movixmoT melia-Telefias rituali, romelic n. benduqiZes xeTebsa da qarTvelebsSoris mWidro kontaqtebis, xolo f. haass xeTebissamefos dacemis Semdeg xeTuri mosaxleobis nawilis saqarTveloSigadmoxizvnis niSnad miaCnia. 3229303132Tatišvili 2002:109 sqq.Tatišvili 2007: 184 ff.Eliade 1996, 336.Haas 1982: 210.173

aze unda miuTiTebdes zemoT motanili paralelebi xe-Tur da qarTvelur religiur warmodgenebs Soris?arsebobs araerTi cda calkeuli paralelis Seswavla-Sefasebisa. cxadia, TiToeuli individualur midgomas saWiroebs,magram Zalze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia maTi kompleqsuriSeswavlac.masala Taviseburia da erTmaneTTan Znelad Sedarebadi.jerac SesamuSavebelia meTodologia garkveuli mizandasaxulebiTSedgenil xeTur religiur teqstebSi da qarTulfolklorul, arqeologiur Tu werilobiT masalaSi areklilkosmologiaTa nakvalevis Sesadareblad. amdenad, dasmulkiTxvaze gadamwyveti pasuxi verc iarsebebs, magram maincmigvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli msgavsebebi mTlad SemTxveviTi arunda iyos da kvleva am mimarTulebiT bevrs sainteresosgvpirdeba.am paralelebis mniSvnelobis Sesafaseblad, Cveni azriT,sasurveli iqneba sistemaTa Sedareba.Zalze mniSvnelovani da myari sistema aris rwmenawarmodgenaTais kompleqsi, romelsac kosmologias vuwodebT.SeiZleba sadavo iyos, arsebobda Tu ara odesmexeTur imperiaSi met-naklebad erTiani kosmologiuri sistema.33 Cvenamde xom moaRwia religiuri Sinaarsis aTasobiTteqstma, romlebic sxvadasxva eTno-kulturuli samyaros warmodgenebsasaxaven – mesopotamiurs, xurituls, xaTurs, luviurs...cxadia, rom eTnikurad Wreli xeTuri imperiis mTelimosaxleobisaTvis saerTo kosmologiur sistemaze ver visaubrebT,magram, savaraudoa, rom is xalxi, vinc imperiisbirTvs qmnida, met-naklebad erTgvarovani msoflaRqmisa iyo.SesaZleblad migvaCnia „xaTur-xeTuri kosmologiis“ rekonstruqcia.34 sad aris saZebari mravalferovan xeTur teqstebSixaTur-xeTuri kosmologiis kvali, romelic qarTul masalasTanSesadareblad gamogvadgeba?pirvel yovlisa, es aris panTeoni, romelic zemoT ukvevaxseneT. am mimarTulebiT uaRresad saintereso perspeqtivebiiSleba. erTmaneTTan Sedarebis TvalTaxedviT unda safuZvlianadgadamowmdes lokalur panTeonTa variantebi,3334xeTuri religiisTvis zogadad da misi Seswavlis problemebisa dameTodologiisaTvis ix. mag., Haas 1994; Popko 1995; tatiSvili 2004; Hutter2010.ix. tatiSvili 2002; Tatišvili 2007 (iqve bibliografia).174

maTi struqtura, kavSirebi ZiriTad personaJebs Soris, Tavades ZiriTadi personaJebi maTi panTeonSi da adamianebTan,mefesTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc TavisTavad,aseve Sedarebis perspeqtiviT Zalian mniSvnelovnad migvaCniae.w. mfarveli RvTaebis figura.Cveni kvlevisaTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovania kosmologiisiseTi arsebiTi da myari elementi, rogoricaa samyaros vertikaluridayofa zonebad, sknelebad. am sakiTxze SedarebiTdetalurad SevCerdebiT.xeTebisTvis kosmosis TiToeuli zona, bevri sxva miTologiisgangansxvavebiT, ar aris ama Tu im konkretuli RvTaebis(an RvTaebebis) sauflo da gansaxiereba. xeTur teqstebSi Cvenver vipoviT miniSnebas samyaros iseT danawilebaze RvTaebrivmbrZanebelTa Soris, romelic mogvagonebda berZnul anmesopotamiur kosmogonias. 35 marTalia, RvTaebis gadasvlasamyaros erTi sferodan meoreSi safrTxes uqmnis kosmiurwesrigs, magram ara Tavad RvTaebas, mis arss. albaT, amitomaa,rom RvTaebis sikvdilisa da aRdgomis Sesaxeb sxvaxalxebis miTebis Sesabamis xaTuri warmoSobis miTebSiRvTaeba ki ar kvdeba, aramed imaleba da gamqrali RvTaebisSesaxeb miTSi mTavar gmirad nebismieri RvTaeba SeiZlebamogvevlinos.amrigad, xeTebis warmodgeniT, RvTaebebi Tavisufladgadaadgildebian erTian samyaroSi, romlis sxvadasxvanawili ar Cans erTmaneTisgan mkacrad gamijnuli.vfiqrobT, rom xeTuri kosmologiis es TaviseburebamWidrodaa dakavSirebuli samyaros orad dayofasTan. cisada miwis erTianoba-dapirispireba ar gulisxmobda calkeulizonis, sknelis dakavSirebas keTil an borot sawyisTan daierarqias am zonebs Soris. amisgan gansxvavebiT, samad gayofilsamyaroSi moniSnulia sikeTisa da borotebis sauflo damaT Soris sazRvrebi RmerTebisTvisac ki Zneli gadasalaxavia.Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom xeTur teqstebSivxvdebiT samyaros rogorc orad, aseve samad dayofas 36 da amkoncefciaTa Serwymis mcdelobebsac, aSkaraa, rom or principuladgansxvavebul kosmologiur koncefciasTan gvaqs3536Sdr. Laroche 1981, 235 f.Singer 1996: 62 f.175

saqme. erTi adgilobrivad, anatoliurad, xaTur-xeTuradSeiZleba CaiTvalos, meore ki – Suamdinarulad.samyaros dayofa vertikalur zonebad, RvTaebaTa dagmirTa gadaadgileba Tu sikeTisa da borotebis ganawilebaam zonebs Soris SeiZleba arsebiTi aRmoCndes rogorc sistemisrekonstruqciisaTvis, aseve xeTur/ anatoliur da qar-Tul/ kavkasiur samyaroTa kulturuli erTianobis Tugansxvavebulobis saCveneblad.erTi SexedviT, am TvalsazrisiT bevri msgavsebaa. arviciT, ramdenad Sors midis es msgavseba, magram qarTul masalaSicTiTqos SeimCneva samyaros rogorc samwevriani,aseve ufro arqauli orwevriani dayofis niSnebi, 37 yvelazemet msgavsebas anatoliur da qarTul masalas Soris kvlevisam etapze mainc `mcire panTeonebis~, mzis, amindisa da mfarvelRvTaebaTa doneze vxedavT, rac sakmaod arsebiTad migvaCniada kvlevis gagrZelebis stimuls gvaZlevs. winamdebare statiaaris momavali kvlevis erTgvari anonsi da mowvevakolegebisaTvis am Temebze erToblivi fiqrisa da muSaobisaTvis.Irene Tatišvili, Lewan GordesianiNOCHMALS ZU DEN HETHITISCH-KARTWELISCHENPARALLELENEinige der hethitisch-kartwelischen Parallelen haben noch vor derEntzifferung des Hethitischen die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen.Einzelne Übereinstimmungen in Lexik, Onomastik und Formbildung liessensogar an eine Verwandtschaft der Sprachen zu denken. Nach der Entzifferungwurden als Grund dieser Parallelen gewöhnlich enge kulturelle Kontakteund mögliche Verwandtschaft mit den nichtindogermanischen anatolischenVölkern, die bei der Bildung der hethitischen Kultur wichtige Rollespielten, betrachtet.Die Forschung von fast hundert Jahren hat viele mehr oder weniger interessanteParallelen fixiert, u.a. in den Götternamen, Göttergestalten, Kultobjekten,Riten, Mythen, lokalen Panthea und der Kosmologie.37Sdr. aleqsiZe 2002: 64 Smd.; surgulaZe 2004: 74 Smd.; ix. agreTve Abakelia1991: 114 ff.; Charachidzé 1999: 865 sqq.; xidaSeli 2001: 87 Smd.176

Die Parallelen kann man theoretisch unterschiedlich interpretieren: alszufällige Übereinstimmungen, allgemein menschliche Erscheinungen, Spurintensiver Kontakte oder Beweis von Verwandtschaft.Zu der ersten Gruppe könnten, in erster Linie, einige kurze, ein- oderzweisilbige Namen oder Termini gehören.Den religiösen Vorstellungen, die für die ganze Menschheit gleichartigsind, könnte man verschiedene Variationen vom kosmogonischen Mythosoder solche Kultobjekte wie Vlies oder heiliger Baum zuordnen.Nur in dem Fall, wenn diese Kultobjekte, sowie die Namen, bestimmteHandlungen oder typische Passagen im gleichen komplizierten mythologischenoder rituellen Kontext in verschiedenen Regionen auftauchen, darfman an Kontakten oder sogar an Verwandtschaft denken. Die Methodik derLinguistik, die zur Bewertung von Parallelen, zur Bestimmung der Richtungvon Übernahmen und zur Bestimmung von Verwandtschaften verwendetwird, könnte auch in der Kultur- bzw. Religionswissenschaft zu neuen Erkenntnissenführen. Neben der Fixation einzelner verschiedenartiger Parallelenmüssten vor allem die systembildenden Elemente und die Systemeselbst rekonstruiert und verglichen werden.Ein System auch allein in bronzezeitlichen Anatolien oder in Südkaukasusist kaum zu fassen, andererseits ist das erhaltene Material ganz unterschiedlichund kaum vergleichbar, aber doch scheint es möglich, einen bestimmtenProgress in dieser Richtung zu erreichen.Ein wichtiges und stabiles System ist die Kosmologie. Dem Glaubeneinzelner Menschen, ihren kosmologischen Vorstellungen entspricht besondersgut das lokale Pantheon. Deswegen ist es wichtig, seine Varianten,seine Struktur, die Verhältnisse zwischen den Hauptfiguren, ihre Beziehungenzum König zu erforschen. Sowohl von selbst als auch für den Vergleichder hethitischen und kartwelischen Systeme scheint die Figur derSchutzgottheit sehr interessant. Für unseren Vergleich ist von grosser Bedeutungdie vertikale Aufteilung der Welt und die Zuordnung der Gottheitenzu verschiedenen Zonen.In den hethitischen Texten sind Spuren von zwei verschiedenen kosmologischenSystemen bezeugt: der Zwei- und Dreiteilung der Welt. DieDreiteilung – Himmel, Erde, Unterwelt ist sowohl für die indogermanischenals auch die mesopotamischen Völker charakteristisch. Bei diesem Systemherrschen die himmlischen, meist positiven Gottheiten im Himmel, dieunterirdischen, meist negativen – in der Unterwelt. Die Erde ist Wohnortder Menschen und ein Treffplatz der himmlischen und unterirdischen Götter.Der Übergang vom Himmel zur Unterwelt und umgekehrt ist sogar fürdie Gottheiten erschwert und mit großer Gefahr verbunden. Bei derZweiteilung – Himmel, Erde+Unterwelt ist der Pass zwischen den Zonen177

nur für den Menschen beschränkt. Die Götter beherrschen die ganze Weltund können entsprechend frei von einer Zone zur anderen zu wandern.Die vertikale Aufteilung der Welt, die Bewegung der Gottheiten undHelden oder Verteilung des Guten und Bösen zwischen den Zonen kannwichtig sein sowohl für Rekonstruktion des Systems als auch fürBeurteilung der hethitisch-kartwelischen Beziehungen.Auf einem Blick ist zwischen den Beiden viel Gemeinsames. Es scheintso, als ob auch im georgischen Material die Götter frei die Grenzen derZonen überschreiten. Aber die bedeutendste Übereinstimmung könnte manim Fall der lokalen Panthea und der Sonnen-, Wetter- und Schutzgottheitensehen. Diese preliminären Betrachtungen erlauben uns ein grosses Projektzu beginnen und die Kollegen zur Zusammenarbeit einzuladen.gamoyenebuli literatura:z. aleqsiZe, skneli, miTi Tu realoba? enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi,Tbilisi, 2002/1, 64 Smd.m. qurdiani, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebi,Tbilisi 2008.o. lorTqifaniZe, qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan,Tbilisi 2002.g. meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTisuZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tbilisi1965.i. surgulaZe, termini `skneli~, analebi. i. javaxiSvilissaxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Jurnali,Tbilisi 2004/1,74 Smd.i. tatiSvili, xeTebis kosmologiis sakiTxebi, ena da kultura3, 2002, 141 Smd.i. tatiSvili, xeTuri religia. genezisi, formireba, pan-Teonis struqtura, Tbilisi 2 2004.i. tatiSvili, n. gelaSvili, kidev erTxel sawmisis kultisSesaxeb xeTur samyaroSi (reziume inglisur enaze). istoriisada eTnologiis institutis Sromebi IX, Tbilisi 2009, 13 Smd.m. Cuxua, iberiul-iCqeriuli enebis SedarebiTi gramatika,Tbilisi 2008.n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani,Tbilisi 2001.n. xazaraZe, samxreT kavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi2005.178

n. n. xazaraZe, samxreT kavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi(kulturuli tipologiuri paralelebi), Tbilisi 2010.m. xidaSeli, centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovnebaadreul rkinis xanaSi, Tbilisi 1982.m. xidaSeli, samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi2001.jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, Semdgenlebi: z. kiknaZe, x. mamisimediSvili,t. maxauri, Tbilisi 1998.Н. Абакелия, Миф и ритуал в Западной Грузии, Тбилиси 1991.В. Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовоеграфическое искусство грузинских племен, Тбилиси 1957.Н. Бендукидзе, Хеттский миф о Телепину и его сванские параллели.ВДИ 4, 1973, 95 и слл.G. Charachidzé, Géorgie. La religion et les mythes des géorgiens de lamontagne. Dictionnaire des mythologies (sous la direction de Yves Bonnefoy)1,Paris 1999, 865 sqq.M. Eliade, Traité d’histoire des religions, Paris 1996.H. Fähnrich, In den Bergen der Götter, Reichert, Wiesbaden 2009.Т.В. Гамкрелидзе, В.В. Иванов, Индоевропейский язык ииндоевропейцы, Тбилиси 1984.G. Giorgadze, Hethitisch-hurritische und armasische Triaden, ArchivOrientalni 67/4, Praha 1999, 547 ff.C. Girbal, Weiterleben des Telepinu-Mythos bei einem kaukasischenVolk, SMEA 22, 1980, 69 ff.P. Goedegebuure, Central Anatolian Languages and Language Communitiesin the Colony Period: A Luwian-Hattian Symbiosis and the IndependentHittites, PIHANS 111 (2008), 137 ff. (= 2008a).P. Goedegebuure, Hattian Origins of Hittite Religious Concepts: theSyntax of „to Drink (to) a Deity“ (again) and other Phrases, JANER 8.1(2008), 67 ff. (= 2008b).V. Haas, Hethitische Berggötter und hurritische Steindämonen, Mainzam Rhein 1982.V. Haas, Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. Leiden/New York/Köln1994.M. Hutter, Methodological issues and problems in reconstructing “HittiteReligion(s)”, Acts of the VII th International Congress of Hittitology, vol.1. Ankara 2010, 399 ff.N. Khazaradze, T. Tsagareishvili, The Cult of Sacred Tree in Georgia,Tbilisi 1999.Б.А. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети, Тбилиси 1941.179

E. Laroche, Panthéons d’Asie Mineure. L’organisation des dieux chezles hittites. Dictionnaire des Mythologies, Paris 1981, 235 sqq.G. McMahon, The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities, Chicago1991.C. Melchert, The Problem of the Ergative Case in Hittite, Variations,concurrence et evolution des cas dans divers domains linguistiques (edd. M.Mazoyer & M. Fruyt) (to appear 2011) –http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/recent_papers.html.Г. Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, Тбилиси 1959.Д. Нариманишвили, Предметы быта, изображенные на серебряномкубке из Триалети, Вопросы армянской этнологии и археологии 3,Ереван 2007, 41 слл.A. Plontke-Lüning, Lomi – ein historisches Feldzeichen aus Svanetien,Hypermachos (Fs. W. Seibt), Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2008, 283 ff.M. Popko, Religions of Asia Minor, Warsaw 1995.I. Singer, Muwatalli's Prayer to the Assembly of Gods through theStorm-God of Lightning (CTH 381), American Schools of Oriental Research,1996.O. Soysal, Hattischer Wortschatz in hethitischer Textüberlieferung(HWHT), Handbuch der Orientalistik Abt. 1, Bd. 74, 2004.O. Soysal, Philological Contributions to Hattian-Hittite Religion (I),JANER 8.1 (2008), 45 ff.I. Tatišvili, Les divinités hatties dans le panthéon hittite. Caucasica 5,2002, 109sqq.I. Tatišvili, Aietes – son of Helios, Phasis 10-1, 2007, 182 ff.I. Tatišvili, L. Gordesiani, Zur Erforschung der hethitisch-kartwelischenreligiösen Parallelen, Acts of the VII th International Congress of Hittitology,vol. 2. Ankara 2010, 891 ff.K. Tuite, The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis,Historiographia Linguistica Vol. 35 (2008), No. 1-2, 23 ff.180

konstantine ficxelauriior-alaznis ormdinareTis brinjao-rkinis xanissazogadoebis gansaxlebis zogierTi aspeqtisazogadoebis gansaxleba ama Tu im geografiul garemoSi,misi dasaxlebis Taviseburebani da mTlianad kulturis social-ekonomikuriiersaxe, nebismier epoqaSi, adamianis miergare samyaros Secnobisa da mis TaviseburebaTa Rrmad gaazrebisSedegadaa Camoyalibebuli.kavkasiaSi, rogorc or samyaros – evropasa da azias Sorismdebare regionSi, epoqalurad gare zegavlenis Sedegad,erTdroulad mravali siaxle Cndeba, rac xSirad miuRebeliaadgilobrivi ganviTarebis sistemisaTvis. Tumca, yvelaSemTxvevaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac es inovaciebi mniSvnelovangavlenas axdens adgilobriv kulturaze, sabolood mainc,realobis gaTvaliswinebiT igi adgilobrivi – kavkasiuriganviTarebis sqemas emorCileba.Zv.w. VI-V aTaswleulebSi samxreT kavkasiis aRmosavleTnawilSi mZlavri Suamdinaruli talRa iWreba, kavkasiisaTvisucxo Tixis, mrgvali gegmarebis arqiteqturiT da sxva mravalidamaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebiT. igi mTlianad faravsmtkvris qvemo dinebis dablobs da Sulaver-SomuTefes kulturissaxelwodebiT aris cnobili. misi elementebi CrdiloaRmosavleTkavkasiaSic Cndeba, magram samxreT kavkasiis centralurida dasavleTi nawili, rogorc Cans, am gavlenissferoSi ar aris moqceuli, iseve rogorc mTlianad ivrisada alaznis ormdinareTi (jafariZe, 2003; Гаджиев, 1991; Гулиев,Гусейнов, Алмамедов, 2009; Джапаридзе, 1989; Кушнарева, 1993;Кушнарева, Чубинишвили, 1970; Мунчаев, 1975; Хансен, Мирцхулава,Бастерт-Ламприз, 2009; Энеолит, 1982).Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, samxreT kavkasiismTeli aRmosavleTi nawili kvlav Suamdinaruli – urukulikulturis gavlenis sferoSi eqceva, romelic kavkasiisTvisucxo, amjerad oTxkuTxi gegmarebis Tixis arqiteqturiT datipuri urukuli artefaqtebiT xasiaTdeba (Андреева, 1977;Ахундов, Махмудов, 2008; Алиев, Нариманов, 2001; Мусеибли, 2007;2009; Мунчаев, 2007).amJamad kavkasiaSi am kulturas `leilaTefes~ da `protomtkvararaqsuli~saxelwodebiT moixsenieben (Нариманов,181

Ахундов, Алиев, 2007; kote ficxelauri – gamokvleva ibeWdeba2011 w.). igi, winamorbedi Suamdinaruli kulturis msgavsad,mtkvris qvemo dinebis dablob regions ikavebs mTlianad. amgavlenis niSnebi gamovlinda mtkvris Sua da zemo dinebaSic(Žavaxišvili, 1998; Джибладзе, 2005; Makharadze, 2007) da rionisxeobis ayolebiT (Гаджиев, Джавахишвили А., Джавахишвили Г.,Киквидзе, Тушабрамишвили, 1968), saidanac igi, rogorc Cans,CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic gadadis. fiqroben, rom aq swored amsiaxleebis uSualo monawileobiT yalibdeba maikopis brwyinvalekultura (Андреева, 1977; Кореневский, 1990; 1993).ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi am kulturis arsebobaze mxolodTiTo-orola miniSneba gvaqvs, rac am sakiTxze sasaubrodrealur safuZvels ar iZleva.arsebuli masalebis mixedviT, am winaaziur eqspansiazeufro adrec da mis periodSic mTlianad mdinare mtkvrisa daior-alaznis auzis mTasa da barSi garkveuli TaviseburebebiTgamorCeuli, samxreT kavkasiis dasavleTi nawilis neoliTuriepoqis iersaxis matarebeli, adgilobrivi kulturaiyo damaxasiaTebeli (kiRuraZe, 1976; menabde, kiRuraZe, 1981;nebieriZe, 2001; 2010; Kiguradze, 1986).ivrisa da alaznis ormdinareTSi pirveli miTiTeba sacxovrebeliSenobebis arsebobis Sesaxeb swored am droidandasturdeba. isini aRmoCnda rogorc alaznis velze, ise gomborisqedis Txemze da mis samxreT ferdobze. alaznis velzeSeswavlili namosaxlarebis mixedviT aq Senobebi, rogorCans, miwiszeda xis nagebobebs warmoadgenda. msgavsi suraTiCans sxva regionebSic (Варазашвили, 1992; nebieriZe, 2010). gomborisqedis Txemze, sof. WeremTan, am drois mravalricxovaniartefaqtebi ki mSrali wyobiT nageb qvis kedlebis nangrevebsukavSirdeba. amgvarad, ukve am droidan ior-alaznisormdinareTSi da mTlianad mtkvris auzSi, gansxvavebiT winaaziidan SemoRweuli Sulaver-SomuTefes da protomtkvararaqsulikulturebisgan, adgilobrivi adamianis mier aTvisebuliiyo mxaris mTac da baric. sacxovrebel SenobaTasamSeneblo tradiciebi ki yalibdeboda da viTardeboda klimaturipirobebisa da bunebrivi resursebis Sesabamisad.am regionidan, rogorc gansaxlebis sakiTxebze, ise dasaxlebaTagegmarebaze da samSeneblo teqnikaze msjelobisaTvis,gacilebiT met informacias vflobT Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis182

meore da Zv.w. III aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris mtkvararaqsulikulturis Zeglebis saxiT.xelT arsebuli masalebis mixedviT, am periodis Sesaxebzogadi da umTavresi daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba is iTqvas, romyvela niSniT adgilobrivi kulturis Zeglebi, winamorbedi,Semosuli ucxo tomTa dasaxlebebisgan gansxvavebiT, am droiswinare, adgilobrivi Zeglebis msgavsad, erTnairad faravssamxreT kavkasiis centraluri da aRmosavleTi regionebisyvela geografiul zonalobas (CubiniSvili, 1965; javaxiSvili,Rlonti, 1962; jafariZe, javaxiSvili, 1971; jafariZe, 2003;Джавахишвили, 1973; Джапаридзе, 1989; Кушнарева, Чубинишвили,1970; Кушнарева, 1993; Куфтин, 1941; 1943; Мунчаев, 1975;Чубинишвили, 1971).gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania isic, rom Tu mtkvar-araqsiskulturis adreul periodSi jer kidev gvxvdeba Senobebimrgvali gegmarebiT (kikviZe, 1972), Semdgom, rogorc qvisnagebobebi, ise sar-lastis ormxriv Selesili kedlebiani sa-Tavsoebi banuri gadaxurviT, ZiriTadad, oTxkuTxi gegmarebisaa(javaxiSvili, Rlonti, 1962; Джавахишвили, 1973). es tradiciaam droidan mokidebuli kavkasiis am kuTxeSi arsebobsaTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi. ivrisa da alaznis ormdinareTimtkvar-araqsis kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia, da aqrogorc Tanadrouli sazogadoebis gansaxleba, ise maTi dasaxlebisyvela niSan-Tviseba mtkvar-araqsuli kulturisTvistipiuria.Tu Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevris e. w. martyofulida alazan-bedenuri kulturebis sazogadoebis gansaxlebisproblemebze vimsjelebT, sruliad cxadi gaxdeba, rom igiadgilobrivi eneoliTuri da mtkvar-araqsuli kulturebismsgavsia da mTlianad moicavs samxreT kavkasiis centralurda aRmosavleT regionebs, mis mTasa da bars. miuxedavad imisa,rom am drois dasaxlebebis arsebobaze jerjerobiTmxolod miniSnebebi gvaqvs, maTi ganvrcobis Sesaxeb daskvnisgamotanis saSualebas gvaZlevs am kulturis kuTvnili samarxebi,romlebic erTnairad kompaqturadaa gavrcelebuli ammxaris yvela geografiul zonalobaSi (jafariZe, 1998; gobejiSvili,1981; Дедабришвили, 1979). am drois cnobili yvelasamarxis konstruqcia xis morebiT amoyvanili jargvalurinagebobaa, riTac isini ufro Crdilo-stepuri zonis kulturebsuaxlovdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am drois artefaqtebis183

nawilic aRniSnuli regionis Tanadroul nakeTobebTan poulobsmet msgavsebas.rac Seexeba am periodis dasaxlebis tips, Tu alaznis velismravalfeniani namosaxlarebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, ismtkvar-araqsuli kulturis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel tradiciasagrZelebs, radgan misTvis sar-lastis wnuli, ormxrivSelesil kedlebiani da banurad gadaxuruli oTxkuTxi nagebobebiadamaxasiaTebeli. amgvarad, es kultura, miuxedavadmravali arakavkasiuri niSan-Tvisebisa, garemos aTvisebisprincipebiT, mravaldargovani sameurneo cxovrebiT da dasaxlebaTasamSeneblo teqnikiT aSkarad adgilobrivi tradiciebisgamagZelebelia.samxreT kavkasiis centraluri nawilis Semdgomi, Suabrinjaosxanis TrialeTuri kulturis mis winare xanis kulturebTandasakavSireblad realuri sayrdeni jer-jerobiTara gvaqvs. erTia mxolod sruliad cxadi: winamorbedebisgangansxvavebiT, TrialeTuri kultura mWidrod Cans dakavSirebuliwinaaziur civilizaciebTan (Куфтин, 1941; gogaZe, 1972)da, rogorc Cans, misi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi xazi sworedamis gaTvaliswinebiT unda iqnes ganxiluli. magram isicxazgasasmelia, rom igi, Tavisi winamorbedi kulturebismsgavsad, mTlianad faravs am mxaris, maT Soris ivrisa daalaznis ormdinareTis, mTasa da bars da Tavisi sameurneocxovrebis mravalferovnebiT msgavsia winamorbedi da,rogorc davinaxavT, momdevno drois adgilobrivi kulturebisa.Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom TrialeTuri kulturis dasaxlebebi,rogorc wesi, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevrisda Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris samosaxloebTanaris Sewyvilebuli (ficxelauri, 1984), rac, cxadia, am epoqaTasazogadoebebisa da maTi kulturebis genetikur kavSirze pirdapirimiTiTebaa. arsebiTia, rom am epoqaTa artefaqtebic,mravali detaliT, msgavsi kavSiris damadasturebelia (ficxelauri,1972).rac Seexeba TrialeTuri kulturis dasaxlebaTa gegmarebasada samSeneblo teqnikas, is isev tradiciulia da ZiriTadadimeorebs mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis ZeglebisTvis damaxasiaTebelisar-lastiT nagebi, oTxkuTxi Senobebis yvelaniuanss.184

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan ivrisa da alaznisormdinareTSi did siaxleebs eyreba safuZveli, rogorcsamosaxloTa topografiis, ise dasaxlebebis gegmarebisa dasamSeneblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT.Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebSida mis momdevno periodSi, grZeldeba samxreTkavkasiis centraluri nawilis kulturebis gansakuTrebiTmWidro urTierToba mcireaziur civilizaciebTan, romelicmniSvnelovnad ucvlis saxes adgilobriv kulturebs, magram,erTdroulad, xels uwyobs kavkasiis am regionSi Sida ganvi-Tarebis process da aCqarebs iseTi socialuri sistemis Seqmnas,romelmac, unda vifiqroT, gadalaxa saxelmwifoebriobisCamoyalibebis zRvari.ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi, Tavidanve, landSaftur pirobebTanSefardebuli ori regionia erTmaneTisgan mkveTradgamoyofili rogorc gansaxlebis topografiiT, ise dasaxlebaTagegmarebiT da samSeneblo tradiciebiT. erTiaalaznis velis qvemo dinebaSi, meore ki ivris zeganze da mimdebaregomboris qedis samxreT ferdobze.alaznis velis qvemo dinebis dablobi am regionSi er-TaderTi kuTxea, sadac Zv. w. IV aTaswleulidan mokidebuliTiTqmis Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Suaxanebamde cxovreba uwyvetadviTardeba erTi da igive samosaxlo adgilebSi da sabolooderTdroulad wydeba ekologiuri katastrofis Sedegad. es,rogorc Cans, ganapiroba am mxareSi sruliad gansakuTrebulmageografiulma pirobebma, romelmac morwyviT miwaTmoqmedebasdaudo saTave. amaze aSkarad migviTiTebs aq kompaqturadganlagebuli mravalfeniani namosaxlarebis didijgufi (tab. I). mniSvnelovania, rom yvela maTganze, arsebobismTel periodSi, ucvlelia dasaxlebaTa gegmareba da samSenebloteqnika, romelic agrZelebs mtkvar-araqsuli kulturisperiodSi SemuSavebul tradicias.Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi da Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvelnaxevarSi sruliad sxva suraTia ivris zeganze. samosaxloebistopografias aqac landSafturi monacemebi da sasoflosameurneoTvalsazrisiT vargisi teritoriebi ganapirobebs.dasaxlebebi, rogorc wesi, am savargulebis irgvliv arisganlagebuli da arasdros ar ikavebs saxnav-saTesad xelsayrelfarTobebs.185

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan arsebiTi cvlilebebixdeba dasaxlebaTa gegmarebasa da mTlianad mis arqiteqtonikaSi,rasac Cven sazogadoebis socialuri ganviTarebis sistemaSiarsebul siaxleebs vukavSirebT.pirveli mZlavri safortifikacio nagebobebi, romelickolosaluri masStabis samuSaoebTan da adamianTa didi masebisZlieri centris mier marTvasTan aris dakavSirebuli,ivris zeganze Cndeba Suabrinjaos xanis miwuruls, rac TanadroulsazogadoebaSi socialuri diferenciaciis arsebobazeaSkara miTiTebaa. es aris pirdapir miwis mosworebul zedapirzexis msxvili morebiT nagebi, oTxi metri siganis galavnebioTxkuTxi koSkebiT, romlebic Semovlebuli aqvs samosaxloebsada samlocveloebs, sigrZiv ki ramdenime aseulmetrs aRemateba (tab. II, III). aRniSnuli samSeneblo teqnikaaSkarad winaaziuri warmoSobisaa, sadac mas mravaliparaleli moepoveba. arsebiTia isic, rom samxreT kavkasiiscentraluri nawilis arqeologiur Zeglebze erTdrouladCndeba mravali artefaqti, romlebic winaaziuri xasiaTisaada adgilobrivi kulturis ara erTi mimarTulebis ganvi-Tarebis safuZvlad iqca, Tumca adgilobriv gadamuSavebisSemdeg yvela isini wminda kavkasiur saxes iReben.Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan mokidebuli Zv. w. IaTaswleulis pirveli naxevris CaTvliT, am regionSimcxovrebi sazogadoebis mkveTri socialuri dawinaurebismaCvenebeli unda iyos am mxaris mTasa da barSi didi raodenobiTganfenili orwiladi dasaxlebebi – citadeliTa damis gareT mdebare mozrdili samosaxloebis mTeli qseliT.isini didi jgufebis saxiTaa ganTavsebuli sasoflosameurneosanaxebis irgvliv, centrSi samosaxloebisgan gamoyofilididi samlocveloebiT (ficxelauri, 1973). calkeuljgufebSi samosaxloebi erTimeorisgan xSirad sul erTi anori kilometriTaa dacilebuli. am jgufebSi Tavisi zomebiTsami saxis samosaxloebi ganirCeva. ase magaliTad, daviT garejisudabnoSi, mlaSe tbebis mxareSi winaswar dagegmarebuli,erTi proeqtiT erTdroulad nagebi ramdenime dasaxlebaa,romlebic ramdenime heqtarzea ganfenili (Pizchelauri,1996; Pitskhelauri, 2002) (tab. IV, V). maTze ori mZlavri kulturulifena fiqsirdeba. qveda Zv. w. XIV-XIII saukuneebisa dazeda Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulisa da Zv. w. I aTaswleulisdasawyisis. maTi citadelis centrSi, SemaRlebul186

adgilze, didi qvis kvadrebze xis msxvili morebiT nawyobi 3-4metri siganis galavniT SemozRuduli samlocveloa ganlagebuli.citadelis pirveli galavnis irgvliv, rogorc Cans,sazogadoebis elitaruli nawilis dasaxlebaa, romelic citadelisnawils warmoadgens da imave konstruqciis galavniTaris daculi. citadelis gareT, mTis ferdze terasebadaaganlagebuli rigiTi mosaxleobis didi samosaxlo (qvedaqalaqi), romelic iseTive wyobis mZlavri galavniT da TavdacviTiTxrilebiT aris garSemovlebuli. aRniSnul dasaxlebebsyovelTvis axlavs agreTve kargad daproeqtebuliwyalmomaragebis sistema saidumlo gvirabebiT (tab. IV) dasxv. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos iqve, am dasaxlebebidan gamoyofili,didi samlocvelo centrebis arseboba (udabno II –tab. V), romelic gegmarebiT da samSeneblo teqnikiT mravalparalels poulobs centraluri anatoliis Tanadrouli,msgavsi daniSnulebis ZeglebTan.satelituri gadaRebebis Sedegad Siraqis velis centrSididi zomis dasaxleba aRmoCnda Zv. w. XIV-XIII ss. da Zv. w. XII-IX ss. kulturuli fenebiT, romlis Sida cixe gansakuTrebulimasStabebiT da mZlavri safortifikacio nagebobebiT gamoirCeva(tab. VI).aRniSnul dasaxlebaTa irgvliv, kompaqtur jgufebad, aseveorwiladi gegmarebiT, saSualo da ufro mcire, citadelianisamosaxloebia Tavmoyrili (tab. VII), romlebic winaswariproeqtiT ar aris ganaSenianebuli.yovelive es, bunebrivia, ivris zeganze Zv. w. XIV saukunidanmainc socialurad gansakuTrebiT dawinaurebuli sazogadoebisarsebobaze migvaniSnebs.ivris zeganze, kerZod, Siraqis velze mxolod Zv. w. IaTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi Cndeba dasaxlebebi, romlebicmkveTrad icvlis topografiul ganlagebas da, rogorcwesi, mdebareobs sasoflo-sameurneo TvalsazrisiT saukeTesosavargulebis teritoriaze, yvelaze nayofieri niadagebiszonaSi, velze. isini erTdroulad warmodgenilia amregionisTvis aratradiciuli Tixis arqiteqturiT, sakanalizacioqseliT da kavkasiisTvis ucxo saxis artefaqtebiT, romelicaqemeniduri samyaros gansakuTrebiT mkveTri zegavlenisniSnebs atarebs.amgvarad, brinjao-rkinis xanaSi, miuxedavad mZlavri periodulikataklizmebisa, samxreT kavkasiis centraluri187

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Куфтин Б.А., Археологические раскопки в Триалети. Тбилиси,1941.Куфтин Б.А., Урартский «колумбарии» у подошвы Арарата и куроараксскийэнеолит. Вестник Гос. Музея Грузии (ВГМГ), т. ХIII-В,Тбилиси, 1943.Мусеибли Н., Энеолитическое поселение Беюк-Кесик. Баку, 2007.Мусеибли Н., Этнокультурные связи Передней Азии и Кавказа в IVтыс. до н.э. Азербайджан – страна, связывающая восток и запад.Обмен знаниями и технологиями в период «первой глобализации» VII-IV тыс. до н.э. Международный симпозиум, Баку, 2009.Мунчаев Р.М., Кавказ на заре бронзового века. Москва, 1975.Мунчаев Р.М., Урукская культура (Месопотамия) и Кавказ.Археология, этнология и фольклористика, материалы международнойнаучной конференции, Махачкала, 2007.Нариманов И.Г., Ахундов Т.И., Алиев Н.Г., Лейлатепе (Поселения,традиции, этап в этнокультурной истории Южного Кавказа, Баку,2007.Хансен С., Мирцхулава Г., Бастерт-Ламприз К., Аухло, поселениеэпохи неолита в Грузии. Азербайджан – страна, связывающая восток изапад. Обмен знаниями и технологиями в период «первой глобализации»VII-IV тыс. до н.э. Международный симпозиум, Баку, 2009.Чубинишвили Т., К древней истории Южного Кавказа (Древняякультура Южного Кавказа и проблема становления «Куро-араксской»культуры на Южном Кавказе). Тбилиси, 1971.Энеолит СССР, Энеолит Кавказа, стр. 93-342. Москва, 1982.Kiguradze T., Neolithische Siedlungen von Kvemo-Kartli, Georgien,Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie, Band 29.München, 1986.Makharadze Z., Nouvelles données sur le Chalcolithique en Géorgieorientale. Les cultures du Caucase. (VIe-IIIe siècle Avant Notre Ère), Leursrelations arec le Proche-Orient, Paris, 2007.Pizchelauri K., Eine neue altorientalische Kultur der Eisenzeit im innerndes Kaukasus. Anadolu Araştirmalari, XIV. Istanbul, 1996.Pitskhelauri K.N., South Caucasian Ancient Civilisation in Gareji Desert(Udabno). Festschrift für Manfred Korfmann. Mauer Schau, Band 2, Remshaldengrunbach,2002.Žavaxišvili A., Ausgrabungen in Berikldeebi (Šida Kartli), Georgica –Zeitschrift für Kultur, Sprache und Geschichte Georgiens und Kaukasiens.Heft N 21, Konstanz, 1998.190

tabulebis aRwerilobaI. alaznis velis mravalfeniani namosaxlarebis ruka.II. taxtiferda – samosaxlos da samlocvelos galavani.III. taxtiferdas namosaxlaris safortifikacio nagebobebisWrili.IV. namosaxlari udabno I – aerofoto.V. udabno II _ samlocvelo da udabno III – namosaxlari.aerofoto.VI. Siraqis velis centrSi mdebare dasaxleba mZlavri SidacixiT.VII. ivrispira dasaxlebebi – wiwmatiani, citadelebiT dairgvliv mdebare samosaxloebiT.Konstantin PitskhelauriSOME ASPECTS OF POPULATING IORI-ALAZANI BASININ THE BRONZE-IRON AGEDespite the heavy cataclysms peculiarities of populating the central partof Southern Caucasus in the Bronze-Iron Age makes serious basis to considerconsecutive development of culture on this territory. In all epochs societydeveloped according to the geo-environmental conditions and livedboth in the mountains and in the lowlands. Naturally, this points out to theautochthony of the population and allows us to make certain conclusionswith regards to its ethnic belonging.191

192I

II193

194III

IVV195

196VI

VII197

maia quTaTelaZecxenis kulti da misi simbolika miTraizmSimiTraizmSi gansakuTrebuli adgili cxenis simbolikasuWiravs. cnobilia, rom mravali xalxis uZveles rwmenawarmodgenebSicxeni mzis RvTaebis cxovelad iyo gaazrebuli.samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,mzis RvTaebasTan cxenisa da cxenSebmuli etlis dakavSirebaindoariuli tomebis uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebSi iRebs sa-Taves. 1 `avestasa~ da `rig-vedaSi~ mzes `swrafcxeniani~ewodeba. maTive mixedviT, mzis RvTaebis etli RvTaebriv cxensmihyavs, etlSi ki miTra da suria sxedan. 2varaudoben, rom indoiranuli miTologiis mixedviT,cxenSebmul etlSi mjdomare mzis Tema jer kidev xuritul,xolo ufro mogvianebiT, xeTur da egviptur miTologiaSicdamkvidrda. 3 cxeni da cxenSebmuli etli mzis RvTaebisganuyrel simboloebs warmoadgens berZnul miTologiaSic.Tundac berZnuli mzis RmerTis, heliosis cxenebi gavixsenoT,romelTa Sekaveba TviT zevssac ar SeeZlo. 4 mzis RvTaebasmsxverplad cxenebs swiravdnen. herodotes Tanaxmad, uswrafessRmerTTa Soris (mzes) uswrafesi cxeni Seefereboda. 5qsenofontes `anabazisis~ cnobiT, mzis RvTaebisadmi cxenismsxverplad Sewirva kavkasiisaTvis ucxo movlena ar yofila. 6cxenis msxverplSewirva gavrcelebuli iyo sparseTSi, winaaziasa da somxeTSi. jer kidev qsenofonte aRniSnavs, romsomxeTSi adgili hqonda cxenis Sewirvas mzis RmerTis _heliosisadmi. 7 strabonis mowmobiT, somxeTi cxenis saZovre-1234567n. xazaraZe, g. cqitiSvili, mxedris gamosaxuleba cixiagoradan, Tb., 1995; g.cqitiSvili, cixiagoras sataZro kompleqsi, Tb., 2003, gv. 10-13; Е. Е.Кузьмина, Конь в религии и искусстве Скифов и Саков, сб. ,,Скифы и Сарматы~,Киев, 1977, с. 96-98.Ригведа. Избранные гимны. Перевод, комментарии и вступительная статья Т.Я.Елизаренковой, М., 1972, III,59; В. Н. Топоров, Митра, Мифологический словарь, М.,1990, с. 162-163.В. В. Иванов, Луна упавшая с неба. М., 1977, с. 18-19 и 107-108.Овидий, Превращения, кн. II, М., 1974, с. 33.T. yauxCiSvili, herodotes cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1960, gv. 216.Ксенофонт, Анабазис, гл. IV, с. 35; T. miqelaZe, qsenofonte, `anabazisi~,cnobebi qarTveli tomebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 1967, gv. 4.Ксенофонт, Анабазис, гл. V, с. 70.198

iT iyo cnobili. somxeTis satrapi sparseTis mefes miTrasdResaswaulisaTvis yovelwliurad 20 aTas kvics ugzavnida. 8miTras cxenebs sparseTSic swiravdnen, xolo yovelilaSqrobisas sparsTa mxedrobas win miTrasaTvis Sewirulietli miuZRoda, romelSic eqvsi TeTri cxeni iyo Sebmuli.miTrasaTvis Sesawir TeTr cxenebs sagangebod rTavdnen dafnisada Taflingis foTlebiT. 9sayuradReboa isic, rom Tu herodote da qsenofonte aqemenianTamefeebis mier ahuramazda-zevsisa da helios-zevsisaTviscxenebiT Sebmuli etlebis Sewirvis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben.tacitusis Tanaxmad, sakralur nadirobaSi monawileobismisaRebad vereTragna-heraklesaTvis `wminda cxenebs~specialurad zrdidnen. 10 sagulisxmoa, rom berZnul miTologiasada xelovnebaSi cxenSebmuli etli heliosTan erTadmTvaris RvTaeba selenes atributsac warmoadgenda. 11samecniero literaturaSi imasac aRniSnaven, rom cxeni dacxenSebmuli etli mTeli rigi sxva RvTaebebis atributebadda inkarnaciad aris miCneuli. magaliTad, indoiranuliRvTaebebi varuna, indra, vata, cxenSebmuli etliT gamoisaxebodnen.cxeni asaxierebda cecxlis RvTaeba agnisac. aqedan gamomdinareTvlian, rom cxenis gamosaxulebebi mzis RvTaebissimbolod mxolod maSin unda miviCnioT, rodesac cxens solaruliniSnebi (svastika, jvris disko, varskvlavi) axlavs. 12mzis RvTaebas xSirad cxenis saxiT gamosaxavdnen, radganaccxeni mzis simbolod iyo gagebuli ara marto qarTul, aramedwina aziis xalxTa religiur-miTologiur warmodgenebSi.am mosazrebas mxars uWers gliptikisa da xelovnebis sxva Zeglebzedadasturebuli cxenis iseTi gamosaxulebebi, romel-Tac solaruli niSnebi axlavs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZlebamoviyvanoT yanCaeTis sabeWdavze mocemuli fantastikurirqosani cxenis figura mkerdze mzis niSniT. 138910111213T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis `geografia~, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb.,1957, IX, gv. 9-14.S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1944, gv. 116.Тацит, Аналы, XII, II и сл.n. xazaraZe, g. cqitiSvili, mxedris gamosaxuleba cixiagoradan, Tb., 1995.Е. Е. Кузьмина, Конь в религии и искусстве Скифов и Саков, сб. ,,Скифы и Сарматы~,Киев, 1977, с. 99.i. gagoSiZe, antikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan, Tb. 1964, gv. 36-39.199

cxenis sakraluri funqcia kargad Cans elinisturi xanisqarTuli xelovnebis Zeglebis SeswavliTac (cviruli bal-Tebi, gliptikisa da torevtikis Zeglebi). maTze dadasturebulicxenis gamosaxulebebis semantika naTelia. aq, rogorcwesi, cxeni bomonis winaSe dgas (boris, armazisxevis, zRuderispinakebi) da savaraudod, igi mzis inkarnacias warmoadgens.14cxenTan dakavSirebiT, sayuradReboa qarTuli enisa da eTnografiulimonacemebic. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili `cxenis~fuZes sicocxlisa da cecxlis aRmniSvnel sityvebs ukav-Sirebs. 15 qarTvelTa warmodgenebSi cxeni `yvelaze metadcecxlovani cxovelia~. 16cxenis kultis arseboba saqarTveloSi jer kidev brinjaosxanaSia damowmebuli. cxenis gamosaxulebaTa simravle imismaniSnebelia, rom cxeni damkvidrda ara marto adamianissameurneo saqmianobaSi, aramed mis azrovnebaSi. saqarTvelosteritoriaze dakrZaluli micvalebulisaTvis cxenis mTlianadTu nawilobriv Catanebis mravalsaukunovani tradiciadakrZalvis ritualSi cxenis sakralur funqciaze unda metyvelebdes.aseTi faqtebi mravlad dafiqsirda arqeologiurmasalebSi. magaliTad, Zv.w. X-IX ss.-iT daTariRebul dmanisissamarovanze adamianTan erTad cxenicaa damarxuli; 17 Zv.w. VI-IV ss.-is axalgoris qalis mdidruli samarxi savse iyo cxenisakazmulobiT; 18 g. Citaias mier wiwamurTan axlos mikvleulda Zv.w. VI saukuniT daTariRebul samarxSi maxviliT, isrebiTaRWurvil meomarTan erTad cxenic aRmoCnda dakrZaluli; 19algeTis xeobaSi, sofel winwyarosTan gaTxril mdidrulqalis samarxSi aseve cxenis dafvlis faqti dafiqsirda; 20 Zv.w.14151617181920К. Мачабели, Позднеантичная торевтика Грузии, Тб., 1976, с. 80 и сл.v. nozaZe, vefxistyaosnis mzismetyveleba, santiago de Cile, 1957, gv. 101; Н.А. Брегадзе, К вопросу о характере одного из грузинских народных календарныхпраздников (,,Тедороба ~), Вопросы этнографии Грузии, Тб, 1970, с. 89.Н. А. Брегадзе, dasax. naSromi, gv. 90; v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesisarwmunoebis istoriidan, Tb., 1941, gv. 63-77, 87.g. nioraZe, dmanisis nekropoli da misi zogierTi Tavisebureba, saqarTvelossaxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. XIV-В, Tb., 1947, gv. 16Я. Смирнов, Ахалгорский клад, Тб., 1934, с. 39-43, 44-56.g. Citaia, arqeologiuri gaTxra zemo avWalaSi, mecniereba da teqnika, #3,Tb., 1925, gv. 10-11; Б. Kуфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети, Тб., 1941, с.55.iqve, gv. 34-41.200

II saukuniT daTariRebul zemo avWalis samareSi micvalebulmeomars cxenis yba da kbilebi axlda. 21cxenis Tayvaniscemas saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenilmravalwaxnaga minis sabeWdavebze damowmebuli gamosaxulebebicadasturebs (TeTriwyaro, abelia, loWini, walka, tuiaqo-Cora), romlebic genetikurad mcireaziul samyaros ukavSirdeba.sabeWdavebis nawilze cxenis mier kvicis wvrTnaa aRbeWdili.ufliscixisa da arkneTis mravalwaxnaga minis sabeWdavebzeki etlSebmuli cxenebia gamosaxuli.dakrZalvis ritualSi cxenis sakralur funqciaze metyvelebsarqeologiur masalebSi farTod warmodgenili cxenisakazmuloba da cxenis gamosaxulebebis Semcveli xelovnebissxvadasxva nimuSi: brinjaos balTebi, oqros sasafeTqleebi,brinjaos qamrebi, brinjaosa da Tixis qandakebebi,JRarunebi da sxv. 22dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze adrerkinis xanidanmoyolebuli cnobilia e.w. cxensamarxebi. mag., kulanurexvis(Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) da wiTelSuquras (Zv.w. Vs.) samarovnebi. 23dakrZalvis es wesi garkveuli koreqtivebiT dRemdea Semor-Cenili saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. 24 eTnografiuli monacemebiTirkveva, rom xevsureTSi dasakurTxebul cxens winaswar gulmodginedamzadebdnen _ gabandnen, gawmenddnen, Semdeg kiSekazmavdnen da dasaflavebis dRes micvalebuls daakurTxebdnen.25TuSeTSi, micvalebulis datirebis wesSi, gansakuTrebuliadgili wlisTavze gamarTul `dalais~ tradicias uWiravs.ritualuri msvlelobisas modalave `sulis cxenze~ (micvalebuliscxenze) ijda, romelic Savi safeniT iyo daTalxuli.ritualSi monawileobas xuTi mxedari Rebulobda, romlebicityodnen ra micvalebulis Sesandobars, cota luds micvalebuliscxen-fafars daasxamdnen da dalevdnen, cxen-mxedars kirZes apkurebdnen da fetvs ayridnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom2122232425g. nioraZe, zemo avWalis samare, saqarTvelis saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe,t. VI, Tb., 1931, gv 143, 180.Я. Смирнов, dasax. naSromi, gv. 20 da Smd; l. wiTlanaZe, xevis arqeologiuriZeglebi, Tb., 1976, gv. 64-66.М. Трапш, Труды, т. II, Сухуми, 1969, с. 90.z. kviciani, dasavleT saqarTvelosa da romis imperiis kulturulurTierTobaTa istoriidan, Tb., 1997, gv. 153 da Smd.a. oCiauri, micvalebulis kulti roSkasa da ukanaxadus TemebSi, masalebisaqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, III, Tb., 1940, gv. 74-78.201

`dalaoba~ mxolod maSin sruldeboda, roca micvalebulimamakaci iyo. qarTvel mecnierTa gamokvleviT, `dalai~ ciskrisanu dilis mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo daigi micvalebulis kults ukavSirdeboda. es ki Cveulebrivimovlenaa, radgan micvalebulis kulti mzisa da saerTod astralurkultebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, rogorc msoflioxalxTa religiebSi, aseve Zvel qarTul rwmenawarmodgenebSi.26cxenis dakurTxevis wesi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli samegreloSi,sadac arc Tu didi xnis win cxens Zuas aWridnen damicvalebuls saflavSi atandnen. es rituali Zveli warmar-Tuli tradiciis gadmonaSTsa da mis transformirebul variantsunda warmoadgendes _ cxenis nacvlad, amjerad misi sxeulisnawili Zua ikrZaleba. ufro mogvianebiT ki, dasaflavebisdRes cxens Sekazmavdnen da micvalebuls gars Semoutarebdnen.27 es iyo CvenSi SemuSavebuli gansakuTrebuli wesi_ winaswar Sekazmul micvalebulis cxens ZaZebiT Semosavdnentirilisa da ormocis dros, iqve imarTeboda zari. n. marisTanaxmad, am SemTxvevaSi cxeni simbolurad micvalebuls warmoadgendada mas, rogorc micvalebuls ise gamoitirebdnen.es Cveuleba mTel saqarTveloSi yofila gavrcelebuli, amJamadki, kargad aris daculi afxazeTsa da samegreloSi. misivecnobiT, cxens Savi ZaZis garda wiTel gadasafarebelsacgadaafarebdnen. wiTeli feri ki aRdgomas, cecxls, mzes aRniSnavs.28 T. saxokias monacemebiT, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesacmicvalebuls cxenSebmuli faetoniT moasveneben. TiTqmisanalogiur suraTs afxazeTsa da svaneTSi vxedavT. 29arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi Zv.w. IIs.-is Semdeg micvalebulisaTvis cxenis Catanebis SemTxvevebiTiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba ax.w. I s.-is damdegamde, rac qronologiuradromsa da romis provinciebSi miTraizmis gansakuTrebulpopularobas emTxveva. amjerad, cxenis kulti mzis kults26272829d. giorgaZe, micvalebulis datirebis wesi TuSeTSi, masalebi saqarTveloseTnografiisaTvis, XIX, Tb. 1978, gv. 94-99.T. saxokia, micvalebulis kulti samegreloSi, masalebi saqarTveloseTnografiisaTvis, III, Tb., 1940, gv. 177.Н. Я. Марр, Термины из Абхазо-русских этнических связей ,,лошадь~, ,,тризна~,Избранные работы, т. V, с. 151; S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria,t. I, Tb., 1944, gv. 118.T. saxokia, dasax. naSromi, gv. 178.202

ukavSirdeba da micvalebulisaTvis cxenis Cayoleba mzisRvTaebisadmi msxverplad Sewirvis faqts warmoadgens. cxenisdakrZalvis SemTxvevebi dafiqsirda wiwamurSi, RebSi, kldeeTSi,mcxeTis sadgurTan gaTxril akldamaSi (ubelo cxeni),Jinvalis #5 mamakacis samarxis aRmosavleTiT. borSi ki,cxenis ori kbilisa da kvicis sami eSvis Catanebis faqtebshqonda adgili. rogorc Cans, micvalebulisaTvis cxenic SeuwiravTda kvicic. swored am periodisaTvis TiTqos xelaxlaaRorZinda micvalebulisaTvis cxenis Catanebis Zveli tradicia,rasac, ra Tqma unda, jer kidev warsulSi Rrmad hqondafesvebi gadgmuli. axali welTaRricxvis damdegidan cxeniskulti axali ZaliT evlineba qarTlis (iberiis) mosaxleobasda ukve gvianantikur xanaSi cxenis msxverplSewirva farTodgavrcelebuli movlena Cans. am tradiciasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli,agreTve, cxenis akazmulobis naSTebi, romlebicnapovnia mcxeTaSi, kldeeTSi, armazisxevis #6 samarxSi. amas-Tan dakavSirebiT, savsebiT marTebulia i. gagoSiZis mosazreba,rom samarxSi cxenis Catanebis SemTxveva antikuri xanissaqarTveloSi mxolod da mxolod warCinebulTa samarxebisaTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli da amas gansakuTrebuli mtkicebaar sWirdeba. 30gvianantikur xanaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSimxedarTan erTad cxenis dakrZalvis SemTxvevebia cnobili.31 cxeniani samarxebi ucxo ar aris kavkasiisaTvisac. isinibosforis samefoSic gvxvdeba. cxeniani samarxebibiWvinTis teritoriazec aRmoCnda. qarTvel mecnierTa nawilidasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mikvleul cxensamarxebsadgilobrivi mosaxleobis kuTvnilebad miiCnevs. 32rac Seexeba RvTaeba miTras cnobili gamosaxulebebidanerT-erT gavrcelebul variants, miTra-mxedars, aRmosavle-Tis xelovnebis Zeglebze igi SedarebiT gvian, Zv.w. I aTaswleulisdasawyisSi Cndeba. 33 mwiradaa warmodgenili cxenosaniRvTaebebi `avestasa~ da `rig-vedaSi~. m. rostovcevis azriT,30313233i. gagoSiZe, antikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan, Tb. 1964, gv. 79.Б. Техов, Материальная культура населения среднего течения реки Большой Лиахвив I-VIII вв., Тб., 1987, с. 67.g. lorTqifaniZe, biWvinTis naqalaqari, Tb., 1991, gv. 154; z. kviciani,dasavleT saqarTvelosa da romis imperiis kulturul urTierTobaTaistoriidan, Tb., 1997, gv. 155.В. В. Иванов, Луна упавшая с неба. М., 1977, с. 18.203

iranul samyaroSi mxedari-RvTaeba an miTraa an masTan dakavSirebuliRvTaeba-mZleveli. uaxles samecniero literaturaSimxedris gamosaxulebis semantikasTan dakavSirebiT,gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisic arsebobs. kerZod, raki indoiranulimiTologiisa da religiis Tanaxmad, miTra xel-Sekrulebisa da wesrigis RvTaebaa, misTvis ucxo unda yofiliyoZlevisa da daTrgunvis funqciebi. aqedan gamomdinareTvlian, rom jer-jerobiT ar arsebobs sakmarisi masala imisaTvis,rom miTra meomar RvTaebad warmovidginoT. mkvlevarTanawili miiCnevs, rom miTrasTan mxedris gamosaxulebisidentifikacia mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesacmxedari romelime RvTaebis an miTologiuri gmiris atributiTaawarmodgenili, an kidev iseT scenaSi, romelic CvenTviscnobil miTologiur siuJets asaxavs. 34 erTaderTi SemTxveva,rodesac miTras mZlevelis funqcia aqvs, esaa siuJeti, sadacmiTra xars klavs, magram am SemTxvevaSic igi, rogorc wesi,qveiTadaa warmodgenili. 35werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebiT, miTra ara marto wesrigisada xelSekrulebis RvTaebaa, aramed ahuramazdasTanamgzavric, romelic samyaros bnel Zalebs (arimans) ebrZvis.borotebis winaaRmdeg brZola ki yovelTvis gulisxmobsmis Zlevas, masze gamarjvebas. boroti Zalebis winaaRmdegbrZola, sikeTis saboloo gamarjveba miTraizmis aucilebeliaspeqtia. ase rom, rogoric ar unda iyos RvTaeba miTras kompozicia_ mxedari iqneba igi Tu qveiTi da xarTan mebrZoli,yvela SemTxvevaSi igi mZlevelia, radgan `avestasa~ da `rigvedas~mixedviT, borotebis daTrgunva miTras upirvelesfunqciebSi Sedis.mxedris Temis popularoba kargad Cans saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilmravalricxovani arqeologiuri masalidan: furclovanisartylebi, abzindebi, gliptika, Standartebi,mxedris gamosaxulebiani sabeWdavebi, minis mravalwaxnagasabeWdavebi da a.S. rogorc m. xidaSeli miiCnevs, saqarTvelosteritoriaze mcxovrebi uZvelesi tomebis cnobierebaSi TavidanveSemodis ara cxeni damoukidebeli saxiT, aramedmxedari. amitom savaraudoa, rom CvenSi gaRmerTeba xdeba ara3435Е. Е. Кузьмина, Конь в религии и искусстве Скифов и Саков, сб. ,,Скифы и Сарматы~,Киев, 1977, с. 108.К. В. Тревер, Очерки по истории культуры древней Армении, М., 1953, с. 87, таб. 59,60, 64.204

imdenad cxenisa, ramdenadac mxedrisa da rodesac CvenSi antropomorfulRvTaebaTa saboloo gaformebis procesi mimdinareobs,mamakaci RvTaebebi mxedrebis saxiT arian gansaxierebulni.36Maia KutateladzeTHE HORSE CULT AND ITS SYMBOLIC IN MITHRAISMThe use of horse as a symbol is one of the important attributes in Mithraism.The horse is considered to be the principal animal of the sun god inthe beliefs of many people. In many cases the sun god is portrayed as ahorse, because the horse is considered to be the symbol of the sun, not onlyin Georgia, but also in the beliefs of Asian population. This could be provedby the images of horses on many artifacts.The Georgian artifacts of ancient times reveal the sacred function of thehorse. The horse is standing in front of the altar, as on the silver bowls,found in Armazisxevi, Bori, Zguderi and Jinvali.Horse statues are often found in ancient graves on the territory of Georgia.This determines the sacred function of the horse in old times. Today,one can detect the sacred function of the horse in the funerary ritual in Tusheti.This ritual is connected with the process of mourning called "Dalai".36m. xidaSeli, centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreulrkinis xanaSi (brinjaos gravirebuli sartylebi), gamokvleva dakatalogi, Tb., 1982, gv. 81-82.205

jemal SaraSeniZeZveli Suamdinaruli teritoriuli Temisstruqtura da mmarTvelobis organoebi maniSTuSusobeliskis cnobaTa mixedviTZveli welTaRricxvis IV-III aTaswleulebis droindelZvel SuamdinareTSi arsebuli Sumeris saxelmwifos miwa(dRevandeli erayi) dafaruli iyo teritoriuli TemebiT, racim xanad warmoadgenda sazogadoebis erTaderT gabatonebulorganizaciul ujreds. Mmas Cveulebriv movixseniebT samecnieroliteraturaSi dReisaTvis miRebuli terminebiT,rogoricaa samezoblo Temi, sasoflo Temi, saqalaqo Temi...amdroindel teritoriul Tems _ individualur mwarmoebelTakoleqtiur gaerTianebas araviTari kavSiri, SoreuligadmonaSTis donezedac ki, ar gaaCnda gvarovnul TemTan,romelic, rogorc cnobilia, warmoadgenda koleqtiur mwarmoebelTaorganizaciul ujreds.aRniSnuli periodis Suamdinaruli teritoriuli TemisSesaxeb Cven dokumentur doneze saubari mxolod Zv.w. XXIX-XXVIII saukuneebidan SegviZlia. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Suaxanebis droindeli Suamdinaruli Temi ki ukve teritoriuliTemis klasikur numuSad warmogvidgeba mTeli rigi damaxasiaTebeliniSnebiT, kerZod, warmoebisa da ganawilebis wesiT,miwismflobelobis individualuri sargebloba-mflobelobisformebiT, mmarTvelobis organoebis daxvewili struqturiTada sxva misTananiT.Zveli welTaRricxvis III aTaswleulis droindeli Suamdinarulisasoflo da saqalaqo Temebis Sesaxeb uZvirfasescnobebs Seicavs maniSTuSus obeliskis saxeliT cnobili unikaluriwerilobiTi Zegli, 1 romlis teqsti Sedgenilia1dReisaTvis arsebobs am Zeglis ramdenime gamocema-Targmani frangul,rusul, inglisur da qarTul enebze. Qqronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT esgamocemebi ase warmogvidgeba: Scheil V., Obélisque de Maništu-Irba, “Délégation enPerse. Mémoires”, II, Paris, 1900, gv. 6-39; Чипирова Л. А., Земельные отношения всемейной общине по “Обелиску Маништушу”, “Вестник древней истории”, 1988, #2, gv. 3-34; SaraSeniZe j., maniSTuSus obeliski, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTisxalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia, Tb., 1990, gv. 43-50; Gelb I.J., Maništušu Obelisk,wignSi: Gelb I.I., Steinkeller P., Whiting R.M., Earliest Land Tenure Systems in the NearEast: Ancient Kudurrus, Text, Chicago, 1991, gv. 116-151; SaraSeniZe j., maniSTuSusobeliski, Tb., 2010 (winamdebare statiaSi maniSTuSus obeliskis teqstis206

aqadis dinastiis xanaSi (Zv.w. XXIV-XXIII ss.) arsebuli ZveliSuamdinaruli imperiis mbrZaneblis, mefe maniSTuSus zeobis(Zv.w. 2305-2291 ww.) Sua wlebSi. maniSTuSus obeliskis teqstimogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZina mefem 3500-mdeheqtari miwa CrdiloeT SuamdinareTSi mdebare oTxi saqalaqoTemis _ Tursuenis, girTabis, maradisa da qiSis teritoriaze.2 TiToeuli maTganis mcxovreblebTan gaformebuligarigebebis (sul 8 garigebis) teqsti warwerilia dioritisqanisagan gamoTlil oTxwaxnagovan obeliskze amgvariTanamimdevrobiT: A, B, C da D waxnagebi.ZiriTadi sakiTxis irgvliv saubrisas dasaxelebuli Zeglisteqstis avtori mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis sasofloda saqalaqo Temebis struqturis Taobazedac. sanam am cnobebismimoxilvaze gadavidodeT, saWirod migvaCnia ramdenimesityviT SevCerdeT teritoriuli Temis aRmniSvneliSumeruli da aqaduri terminebis irgvliv.Zvel SuamdinareTSi teritoriuli Temis aRsaniSnavad dokumentebSigvxvdeba Sumerul-aqaduri terminebi URU, ālum.maT qveS moiazreboda yovelgvari dasaxlebuli, didi Tumcire punqti, romelsac gaaCnda garkveviT zRvardadebuliteritoria (ki-sur-ra, kisurrû “teritoria~, sityv. “sazRvari~)da mmarTvelobis sakuTari organoebi. moyvanili terminebimxolod am garemoebaze migvaniSnebs, xolo Tu ra tipis,sididisa da struqturis TemTan gvaqvs saqme _ saqalaqo TusasoflosTan, amas termini ver arCevs. es unda gavarkvioTyovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi konkretuli monacemebis mixedviT.maniSTuSus obeliskSic Cven ara erTxel gvxvdeba terminURU-s xmarebis SemTxvevebi. igi aqac, igulisxmeba, aRniSnavs2calkeul adgilebze miTiTebas vaxdenT am bolo gamocemidan SemoklebiT:mo).mefis mier Tavisive saxelmwifos teritoriaze miwis yidva rigiTi pirovnebisrangSi imas niSnavs, rom aqadis dinastiis xanaSi mefe ar warmoadgendasaxelmwifos sazRvrebSi arsebuli miwa-wylis umaRles da erTpirovnulmesakuTres. Mmiwis umetes nawilze mflobel-ganmkargavis uflebasaxorcielebda teritoriuli Temi. maniSTuSus obeliskis monacemebis maxvilgonivruligaanalizebis kvalobaze aRniSnul garemoebaze pirvelad i.diakonovna miuTiTa (ix. Дьяконов И.М., Общественный и государственный стройдревнего Двуречья. Шумер, М., 1959 (Semdeg: ОГСДШ), gv. 81). es mosazreba yovelgvariSeniSvnis gareSe dRes gaziarebulia yvela aRmosavleTmcodnismier.207

ogorc saqalaqo, aseve sasoflo Tems. Ees teritoriuli Temebi,igive samezoblo Temebi, struqturiTa Tu maT cxovrebaSidamkvidrebuli warmoeba-ganawilebis wesiT urTier-Tidenturia. sasoflo Temisagan saqalaqo Tems mxolod dasaxlebisformiT Tu gamovarCevT, kerZod, saqalaqo Temiscentrs sasoflo Temisagan gansxvavebiT umetes SemTxvevaSi(da ara yovelTvis) Semovlebuli hqonda kedeli-simagre,romlis sazRvrebSi moqceuli arc Tu ise didi teritoriis 3SuagulSi, rogorc mTavari atributi, agebuli iyo mocemulidasaxlebuli punqtis mfarveli RvTaebis saxelobaze arsebulitaZari (e 2 ) sakulto-sameurneo nagebobebiTurT. taZrisirgvliv dasaxlebuli iyo ZiriTadad samiwaTmoqmedosaqmianobiT dakavebul moqalaqeTa nawili, Cveulebriv sazogadoebisSeZlebuli fenis warmomadgenlebi, romelTakuTvnili miwis savargulebi moicavda kedlis gareTa teritoriazearsebul vel-mindvrebs. kedlis Sida teritoriazecxovrobda agreTve xelosnobasa da vaWrobaSi dasaqmebulimosaxleobis SedarebiT mcire nawili. moqalaqeTa, SumeruliterminologiiT `qalaqis/soflis SvilTa~ (dumu-uru) didinawili ki gansaxlebuli iyo kedlis gareTa perimetrze, gviandelitermini rom vixmaroT, rabaTis tipis SemogarenSi.maTi kuTvnili miwis savargulebic, igulisxmeba, qalaqiskedlis mimdebare velebze iyo ganfenili.aRniSnulis garda saqalaqo Tems sasoflo Temisagan isicgamoarCevda, rom saqalaqo Temi gabatonebuli, xelmZRvanelida warmmarTveli struqturuli erTeulis rols inarCunebdamis irgvliv gaerTianebuli sasoflo Temebis dajgufebaSi, 434arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebis safuZvelzezustadaa dadgenili Sumeris ZiriTadi qalaqebis, igive saqalaqo Temebiskedlis SigniTa farTobis zomebi. Aam niSnis mixedviT es qalaqebi ase gamoiyureba:uruqi _ 2600x2280 m=592,8 ha; uma _ 1400x1200 m=168 ha; Surufaqi _1600x1400 m=224 ha; eridu _ 230x230 m=5,29 ha; uri _ 2500x2000 m=500 ha; qiSi _8000x800 m=640 ha (ix. Кифишин А.Г., Ответ на письмо И.М. Дьяконова в редакциюВДИ, “Вестник древнрей истории”, 1970, # 1, gv. 248).aqadis dinastiis epoqamde TiToeuli saqalaqo Temi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelipolitikuri erTeulebis _ qalaq-saxelmwifoebis centrebswarmoadgenda. Aqadis dinastiis xanaSi umaRlesi, centralizebuli samefoxelisuflebis mTel SuamdinareTSi ganuyoflad gabatonebis Semdegqalaqma-saxelmwifoebma dakarges damoukidebloba. Aamieridan maT centrebs_ saqalaqo Temebs saTaveSi udganan mefis mier daniSnuli olqismmarTvelebi _ ensebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv, unda vifiqroT, TavianT sa-208

5anu sasoflo da saqalaqo Temebs Soris ierarqiuli, administraciuliurTierTmimarTeba arsebobda. Ees, kerZod, imasniSnavs, rom am didi saqalaqo Temebis daqvemdebarebaSiSedioda ufro mcire, sasoflo Temebi. maniSTuSus obeliskismonacemebis mixedviT es ukanasknelni iseTi Temebia, romlebicorganizaciulad eqvemdebarebodnen saqalaqo Tems, TumcaTiToeul maTgans yoveldRiuri saqmianobisaTvis xelmZRvanelobisgasawevad gaaCnda mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi, SedarebiTSezRuduli funqciebis mqone organoebi. moxsenebuliZeglis mowmobiT Tursuenis saqalaqo Temis SemadgenlobaSiSedioda bacis sasoflo Temi. mefe miuTiTebs, rom mis mierSesyiduli miwis erTi nawili warmoadgenda `bacis (sasofloTemis) miwas~ (GANA 2 Ba-az ki , mo, A X 1). iqve xazgasmiT aRniSnavsSemdegsac: es sasoflo Temi mdebareobda `Tursuenis(saqalaqo Tem)Si~ (Ba-az ki in BAD 3 - d EN-ZU ki , mo, A XVI 20-21) da,igulisxmeba, organizaciulad eqvemdebareboda mas. amas qvemoTacdavinaxavT.saintereso cnobaa ZeglSi daculi Tursuenis saqalaqoTemis mmarTvelobis organoebis Sesaxeb. Cans, rom aRniSnulTems hyavda Tavisi mudmivmoqmedi uxucesTa sabWo. 5 am sabWoserT-erTi wevri, vinme enanumi ixsenieba kidec `TursuenisTemis uxucesad~ (ABBA 2 -URU BAD 3 - d EN-ZU ki , mo,M A VI 12-13, VII12-13, X 15-16). misi ojaxi fizikurad bacis sasoflo TemSiimyofeboda _ iq cxovrobda. es faqti ki ukve imaze migvaniSnebs,rom saqalaqo Temis uxucesTa sabWo saerTod, unda vifiqroT,Sedgeboda saqalaqo TemSi Semavali calkeulisasoflo Temebis uxucesi/arCeuli warmomadgenlebisagan. mogamgebloSiSemaval sasoflo TemebSi niSnavdnen sakuTari xelisuflebisadmidamorCilebul Cinovnikebs.saqalaqo TemSi (da ara sasoflo TemSi!) uxucesTa sabWos arsebobis Sesaxebcnoba maniSTuSus obeliskis garda daculia Sumerul enaze SedgenilerT literaturul teqstSic _ `gilgameSi da aga~. masSi saubaria Zv.w.XXVII-XXVI ss. Ddroindeli viTarebis Sesaxeb, sadac naTqvamia, rom uruqisqalaq-saxelmwifos mbrZanebeli gilgameSi mezobeli qalaqsaxelmwifos_ qiSis mefe agasTan omis gamarTvis Taobaze SekiTxviT gamodis`Tavisi qalaqis uxucesTa winaSe~ _ ab-ba-uru ki -na-še 3 (ix. Kramer S.N.,Bernhardt I., Sumerische literarische Texte aus Nippur, II, Berlin, 1967, tab. VIII, teqsti:striqoni 3,9,17). uxucesTa winaSe gamosvlis Semdeg gilgameSma es sakiTximoqalaqeTa krebazec dasva (ix. iqve, striqoni 18,24). aRniSnuli literaturuliwyaros lursmuli teqstisa da Targmanis qarTuli gamocema ix.SaraSeniZe j., Sumeruli qrestomaTia, Tb., 2005, gv. 115-119 da 206-208.209

cemul SemTxvevaSi Zegls, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, araRuricxavs Tursuenis saqalaqo TemSi Semavali sxva, danar-Ceni sasoflo Temebi da arc am Temebis warmomadgeneliuxucesebi mouxsenebia, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom aseTisarseboba gamoricxulad miviCnioT.Tursuenis saqalaqo Tems hyavda Tavisi saxalxo krebac, 6romelsac iwvevdnen saerTo-saTemo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.7 maniSTuSus mier am saqalaqo Temis teritoriaze, ker-Zod, bacis sasoflo Temis miwebis SesyidvasTan dakavSirebiT_ miwis gayidvis Taobaze Semdgari garigebis dasadasturebladmouwveviaT saqalaqo Temis mcxovrebTa saerTo kreba,romelic mocemul SemTxvevaSi Sedgeboda 190 kacisagan (mo,M AX 20). krebis monawileTa ricxvi, unda vifiqroT, icvlebodayovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, magram misi minimaluri sididezogadad mudmivi rCeboda. krebis ricxovnoba pirdapirproporciuli Cans teritoriuli Temis sididisa. amas CvenqvemoT davinaxavT.Tursuenis saqalaqo Temze saubrisas vityviT erTsac:zemoT roca vTqviT, rom bacis sasoflo Temi organizaciuladeqvemdebareboda Tursuenis saqalaqo Tems-Tqo, vgulisxmobdiTSemdegs: Tursuenis saqalaqo Temis saxalxokreba mowveul iqna swored bacis sasoflo Temis teritoriazearsebuli miwis gayidvis Taobaze gaformebuli garigebisdasamtkiceblad. es imas niSnavs, rom organizaciulad Tursuenissaqalaqo Temi warmoadgenda bacis sasoflo Temiszemdgom, ganmkargulebel erTeuls, xolo baci _ mis daqvemdebarebaSiSemaval koleqtiur ujreds. msgavsi faqti _ sxvasaqalaqo TemebSiac analogiur sakiTxze saxalxo krebebismowveva ueWvel damadasturebel garemoebas warmoadgenssasoflo Temebis imgvarive organizaciuli daqvemdebarebissamtkiceblad, rogori urTierTobac vnaxeT bacis sasofloTemisa da Tursuenis saqalaqo Temis magaliTze.ismeba kiTxva: calkeul sasoflo Temebs hyavdaT Tu arasakuTari saxalxo krebebi? ZeglSi sruliad garkveuli miniS-67saqalaqo TemSi (da ara sasoflo TemSi!) saxalxo krebis arsebobis Sesaxebcnobebs isev `gilgameSi da aga~ gvawvdis (ix. aqve, SeniSvna 5).Zveli aRmosavleTis praqtikaSi damowmebuli saxalxo krebisdaniSnulebisa da organizaciis sakiTxebze vrclad ix. SaraSeniZe j., miwismflobelobisformebi aqadis dinastiis droindel SumerSi, `macne~,1968, # 3, gv. 125.210

neba gvaqvs im faqtze, rom aseTi kreba mxolod saqalaqo TemsgaaCnda. Cans, mxolod mas hqonda ufleba sagangebo viTarebaSiSeekriba Tavisi moqalaqeebi, unda vifiqroT, mis SemadgenlobaSiSemavali sasoflo Temebis srulwlovanimamakacebi (GURUŠ) _ didi Tu patara ojaxebis ufrosebi. maniSTuSusmier miwebis Sesyidvis dros garigebebisdasamtkiceblad saxalxo krebebi moiwvies oTxive saqalaqoTemSi (mo,M A X 20; B XV 7-9; C XIX 30; D VII 3-4). yvelaSemTxvevaSi isini iwodebian mxolod Sesabamisi saqalaqo Temebiskrebebad. sasoflo TemebSi rom arsebuliyo amgvarikrebebis mowvevis praqtika, sad ganxorcieldeboda igi sxvadros, Tu ara axla? 8Tursuenis msgavsi struqturis mqonea girTabis saqalaqoTemic. masSi erTiandeboda SaaTeqimis, simanaqis, nimisa damesbaris (mo,M B VIII 11-12, XII 5, XV 1) sasoflo Temebi. rogorcmosalodnelic iyo, girTabis saqalaqo Temsac hyavdaTavisi saxalxo kreba, romelic Sekrebila mis teritoriaze,kerZod, girTabis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi sasoflo Temebis _SaaTeqimisa da simanaqis sazRvrebSi mdebare miwis nakveTebisgayidvis Taobaze gaformebuli garigebis dasamtkiceblad.kreba mocemul SemTxvevaSi Sedgeboda 94 kacisagan. isiniiwodebian `girTabis moqalaqeebad~, sityv. `Svilebad~ (94GURUŠ DUMU-DUMU Gir 13 -tab ki , mo,M B XV 7-9).mefes analogiuri saqme hqonda agreTve maradis saqalaqoTemTan, sadac man SeiZina 2289,62 ha miwa (mo,M C I 1). es mTeliSesyiduli miwebis 2 / 3 -s Seadgenda. Cans, rom aRniSnulisaqalaqo Temi sakmaod didi teritoriis mqone iyo; mis SemadgenlobaSiSedioda (rac dafiqsirebulia!) 7 sasoflo Temi_ SaaTfarumi, giSmanu, qasuraqi, emarca, xarxamunaqi, mare,sulumi da, SeiZleba, qasaluc (mo,M C XII 3, XIII 18, XV 7, XVI 17,8pirvelad i. diakonovma miuTiTa, rom maniSTuSus obeliskSi warmodgeniligarigebebis damtkicebis saqmeSi sakmaod aqtiuradmonawileobda saqalaqo teritoriuli Temebis (i. diakonovis terminiT`qalaqi-saxelmwifos~) saxalxo krebebi (ix. ОГСДШ, gv. 77). maSin (1959wels) mkvlevars sagangebod ar gauxazavs, rom saxalxo kreba moqmedebdamxolod saqalaqo, da ara sasoflo, TemSi. mogvianebiTac, kerZod 1963wels, aseve zogadad da gaudiferencireblad miuTiTa mkvlevarma, rom`…соседская община управляется собранием глав семейств”, (ix. Дьяконов И.М.,Община на древнем Востоке в работах советских исследователей, “Вестник древнрейистории”, 1963, # 1, gv. 26).211

XVII 31, XIX 3, 6, 9, 12, 21). am sasoflo Temebis mcxovrebTaganzogierTebi, kerZod, 52 kaci gamodis maradis saqalaqo TemSiSeZenili miwebis gayidvaze mowmeebad. isini iwodebian maradelebad(52 GURUŠ Marad 2 ki , mo,M C XIX 17), rac imaze miuTiTebs,rom yvela aq CamoTvlili Temi _ am 52 kacissacxovrebeli punqtebi organizaciulad erTiandeboda maradissaqalaqo TemSi.Tursuenis saqalaqo Temis msgavsad maradis saqalaqo Temsachyavda Tavisi uxucesTa sabWo, romlis erT-erTi wevri _ilubani ixsenieba `Temis uxucesad~ (ABBA 2 -URU, mo,M C XIV 28-29). mocemul SemTxvevaSi termini URU Temis saxelis miTiTebisgareSea moyvanili.Ees gvafiqrebinebs, rom mis qveS undaigulisxmebodes mxolod maradis saqalaqo Temi da ara sxvaromelime saqalaqo Temi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi amaze sa-Tanado miTiTeba iqneboda gakeTebuli sxva analogiuri vi-Tarebis msgavsad.maradSic dadasturebulia saxalxo krebis arseboba. krebamouwveviaT qasalus 9 sasoflo Temis teritoriaze. mocemulkonkretul SemTxvevaSi kreba Sedgeboda 600 kacisagan (mo,M CXIX 20), romelTac ori dRis ganmavlobaSi umuSavniaT (aq mefemxom yvelaze meti raodenobis miwa SeiZina, romlis azomvasada saTanado garigebis gaformebas ori dRe namdviladdasWirdeboda). krebis wevrebi ixseniebian zogadad `maradisxalxad~ (LU 2 -Marad ki , mo,M C XIX 30).maradis saqalaqo Tems hyavda Tavisi mfarveli RvTaeba`lugalmaradi~ ( d LUGAL-Marad 2 , sityv. `maradis meufe~, mo,M CXIV 27, XVII 20). mis saxelobaze maradSi agebul taZarsxelmZRvanelobda `(RvTaeba) lugalmaradis ufrosi qurumi~(SANGA- d LUGAL-Marad 2 , mo,M C XIV 26, XVII 19). unda vifiqroT,igi aerTianebda maradis saqalaqo Temis teritoriaze mdebarecalkeuli sasoflo Temebis adgilobriv kultebs daxelmZRvanelobas uwevda maT saxelobaze agebuli taZrebisaTu salocavebis (eš 3 ) saqmianobas. aseTi adgilobrivi daniSnulebistaZrad gvevlineba maradis saqalaqo Temis daqvemde-9teqstSi ar aris zusti miTiTeba imaze, Tu romeli saqalaqo Temis teritoriazemdebareobda qasalus sasoflo Temi. ubralod naTqvamia, rom aqSeikriba rogorc maradis, ise qiSis saqalaqo Temebis krebebi (MO, C XIX21; D VII 5). Aaraa gamoricxuli, rom qasalus sasoflo Temi Sedioda maradissaqalaqo Temis SemadgenlobaSi. SeiZleba isic, rom igi mdebareobdaaRniSnuli saqalaqo Temebis sazRvarze.212

arebaSi arsebuli `giSmanus (sasoflo Temis) taZari~ (E 2 -Gišma-nuki , mo,M C XIII 18).momdevno saqalaqo Temia qiSis teritoriuli Temi, romlisdaqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli sasoflo Temis _ faraccerimissazRvrebSi (mo,M D XIV 19-20) mefem SeiZina 794 iqumiwa (1 iqu=3528,36 kvm). mis garda qiSis saqalaqo TemSi Sediodabaris sasoflo Temic (mo,M D VI 17). sxva mezobelisasoflo Temebi Zegls ar daufiqsirebia.teqstSi naTqvamia, rom Sekrebila QqiSis 80 moqalaqisaganSemdgari saxalxo kreba (80 DUMU-DUMU Kiš ki , mo,M D VII 3-4).mocemul SemTxvevaSi kreba Semdgara qasalus sasoflo Temisteritoriaze, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi qasalussasoflo Temis saxalxo kreba iyo (sxvaTa Soris, aq, rogorcukve vTqviT, Sedga maradis saqalaqo Temis saxalxo krebac _(mo,M C XIX 21). teqstSi garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom krebiswevrebi arian `qiSis (saqalaqo Temis) moqalaqeni~, sity.`Svilebi~ (DUMU-DUMU Kiš ki , mo,M D VII 3-4).ramdenime sityviT SevexebiT sasoflo Temebis struqturissakiTxsac. maniSTuSus obeliskis cnobaTa mixedviT naTladCans, rom CamoTvlili sasoflo Temebi urTierTmsgavsi Sinaganistruqturis mqoneni arian. isini Sedgebodnen didi Tumcire patriarqaluri ojaxebisagan Camoyalibebuli sanaTesao-sababuisSvilogaerTianebebisagan/wreebisagan. es agnaturisanaTesaoebi ki Cveulebriv jgufdebodnen meoTxe,mexuTe da zogjer meeqvse Taobis winapris saxelis (an totemis)irgvliv. aRniSnulis magaliTad ganvixilavT erTi,zemoT ara erTxel naxsenebi sasoflo Temis _ bacis Sinaganstruqturas.Tursuenis saqalaqo Temisadmi daqvemdebarebuli bacissasoflo TemSi erTiandeboda Soreuli saerTo winaprebis _mecicis (mo,M A II 15-V 16), Siunisa (mo,M A VI 11-VIII 4) da lamumis(mo,M A VIII 17-IX 8) STamomavali sanaTesao gaerTianebebi.10 Tavis mxriv calkeuli es sanaTesao Sedgeboda didi Tupatara ojaxebisagan.10savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom bacis sasoflo Temi Soreuli saerTo winaprismqone STamomavali ojaxebis sxva dajgufebebsac miiTvlida. mocemulSemTxvevaSi ixsenieba mxolod is sami dajgufeba, romelTa warmomadgeneliojaxebi hyidian miwas.213

sakuTriv mecicis dajgufebaSi oTxi sanaTesao erTiandeboda,romelTa winapari mamebi arian Sumunumi (mo,M A IV 3),irara (mo,M A V 2) da kidev ori pirovneba, romelTa saxelebiteqstSi araa miTiTebuli (erTis mxolod Tanamdebobaa moxsenebuli,ix. mo,M A II 17). miwis Sesyidvis dros erT-erT, ker-Zod, Sumunumis sanaTesaoSi erTiandeboda sami patara mamam-Tavruli da erTi saZmo ojaxi, romelSiac, SeiZleba, erTianisaojaxo meurneobis mqone ori Zma cxovrobda. patara ojaxebisufrosebad ixseniebian: [.....] (teqstis saTanado adgilisdazianebis gamo sakuTari saxeli araa SemorCenili) (mo,M A III1), lamqiumi (mo,M A III 4) da eTirilumi (mo,M A III 7). 11msgavsi struqtura gaaCnda mecicis dajgufebis sam danar-Cen sanaTesaosac. aseTive ojaxur-naTesauri Semadgenlobisaiyo maniSTuSus obeliskSi moxsenebuli saqalaqo TemebisdaqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli yvela sasoflo Temi.ramdenime sityviT SevexebiT sasoflo Temis mmarTvelobisorganoebis sakiTxsac. rogorc maniSTuSus obeliskisarapirdapiri monacemebiT Cans, sasoflo Tems ar hyavda damoukidebeliuxucesTa sabWo da saxalxo kreba. rogorczemoT vnaxeT, aseTi ram gaaCnda mxolod saqalaqo Tems. undavifiqroT, sasoflo Temis cxovrebisa da mimdinare yoveldRiurisaqmianobis saerTo xelmZRvanelobas awarmoebdaTemis ufrosi, meTauri, romelsac `Temis mama~ (abu-URU) 121112rogorc saerTod miRebulia, aqadis dinastiis xanaSi da saerTod adreulSuamdinarul sazogadoebaSi patara ojaxad miiCneva is ujredi, romel-Siac Sediodnen mxolod meuRleebi da maTi dauqorwinebeli Svilebi. isdokumentebSi Cveulebriv mamamTavrul ojaxad (e 2-ab-ba, sityv. `mamisojaxi~) ixsenieba. ra Tqma unda, arsebobda erTsuliani ojaxebic _ e 2-gurušdili,sityv. “martoxela kacis ojaxi~. rac Seexeba did anu gafarToebulojaxs, aseTad iTvleba uaxloesi naTesavebis amgvari gaerTianeba: mama,deda da colSviliani ori an sami (da metic) Zma anda iseTi ojaxi, romelicwarmodgenili iyo ori an sami (da metic) colSviliani ZmiT. amgvariSemadgenlobis ujreds werilobiTi sabuTebi `saZmo ojaxad~ (e 2-šeš-šeš, sityv.`Zmebis ojaxi”) ixsenieben. didi ojaxebis wevrebi Cveulebriv erTWerqveS cxovrobdnen da, igulisxmeba, gaerTianebul saojaxo meurneobasflobdnen (dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. Gelb I.J., Household and Family in EarlyMesopotamia, wignSi: State and Temple Econimy in the Ancient Near East, I, Leuven,1979, gv., gv. 75 da Semdegi).mocemul frazas (abu âlim) i. gelbi Targmnis rogorc `qalaqis uxucesi~ (ix.G e l b I.J., Glossary of Old Akkadian, 1957, gv. 12), rac, vfiqrobT, ar unda iyosswori. `Temis (resp. qalaqis) uxucesis~ mniSvnelobiT maniSTuSus obeliskisteqstSi xSirad gamoyenebulia Sumeruli termini abba 2-uru (ix. mo, A VI 12,214

ewodeboda. aseTi (SeiZleba, arCeviTi?) Tanamdebobis arsebobasmaniSTuSus obeliski gvimowmebs girTabis saqalaqo TemisSemadgenlobaSi Semavali nimis sasoflo Temis mimarT. amTanamdebobas atarebda vinme iqilumi (mo,M B XII 3-5).garda amisa, sasoflo TemSi arsebobda Temis zedamxedvlis(UGULA) da e.w. nubandas (NU-BANDA 3 ) Tanamdebobebi. maradissaqalaqo Temis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli qasuraqis sasofloTemSi zedamxedvlis Tanamdebobas asrulebda vinme imiilumi.igi iwodeboda rogorc UGULA Ka-zu-ra-ak ki “qasuraqis(sasoflo Temis) zedamxedveli~ (mo,M C XV 7).nubandebis arseboba ki dafiqsirebulia amave saqalaqoTemis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul SaaTfarumisa da emarcassasoflo TemebSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi nubandas Tanamdebobasasrulebs vinme fusurumi (NU-BANDA 3 Ša-at-ba-ri-im ki , mo,M C XII2-3), xoli meore SemTxvevaSi _ urnisaba (NU-BANDA 3 E 2 -marzaki , mo,MC XVI 17). araa gamoricxuli, rom es xelmZRvanelipirebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebisagan, kerZod ki saqalaqoTemis mmarTvelis _ ensis mier daniSnuli moxeleebi iyvnen(Tumca amgvar daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT sagangebod unda SevniSnoT,rom am garemoebaze raime iribi, miTumetes pirdapirimiTiTeba maniSTuSus obeliskis teqstSi an sxva romelime dokumentSidadasturebuli ar aris).maniSTuSus obeliskis cnobebze dayrdnobiT ar xerxdebasasoflo TemSi dadasturebuli Tanamdebobis mqone pirTazusti funqciebis dadgena. saerTod ki cnobilia, rom ZveliSuamdinareTis sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saxelmwifomeurneobaSi ugula iTvleboda muSaTa calkeuli jgufebiszedamxedvlad, romelic pasuxs agebda misadmi daqvemdebarebulisameurneo personalis saqmianobaze. zogadad ki estermini `zedamxedvels~ gulisxmobda. 13 nubanda (sityv. `ara13VII 12, X 15; C XIV 29). Aqedan gamomdinare, Tundac gaurkvevlobis Tavidanacilebis mizniT, mwerali _ maniSTuSus obeliskis teqstis avtori erTi daigive mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad or sxvadasxva termins ar gamoiyenebdagverdigverd. aqaduri terminis abu mTavari da ZiriTadi, TiTqmis er-TaderTi mniSvneloba aris `mama~ (ix. S o d e n W. von, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch,Wiesbaden, 1959, gv. 7-8; Gelb I.J., Jacobsen T., Landsberger B., Oppenheim A.L.,Reiner E., The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of Chicago, I 1, Chicago, 1964,gv. 67). swored amave mniSvnelobiTaa igi naxmari maniSTuSus obeliskisteqstis saTanado adgilas _ abu-URU “Temis mama~.Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary _ eleqtronuli varianti:http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/epsd-A.html, gv. 1239.215

patara (kaci)~=didi Tanamdebobis kaci) ki warmoadgenda er-Tiani saxelmwifo meurneobis ama Tu im filialis ufrosis anmeurneobis calkeuli dargis xelmZRvanlis Tanamdebobas. 14sasoflo TemSi ugula, SeiZleba, ufro administraciulsaqmeebs ganagebda, 15 xolo nubanda sameurneo saqmianobasxelmZRvanelobda.ai, ase warmogvidgeba aqadis dinastiis droindeli saqalaqoda sasoflo Temebis ierarqiul-administraciuli xasiaTisurTierTmimarTeba, TiToeuli maTganis Sinagani struqturada mmarTvelobis organoebi maniSTuSus obeliskiscnobaTa mixedviT. yovelive aRniSnuli SeiZleba aseTi martivisqemiT warmovaCinoT:erTeulisaqalaqo Temi↓sasoflo Temi↓sanaTesaoTadajgufebebi↓sanaTesaoebi/sababuisSviloebi↓patara ojaxi/didi (saZmo)ojaximmarTvelobauxucesTa sabWo + saxalxo kreba↓`Temis mama~, ugula, nubanda↓Soreuli winapris _ eTnarqis saxeliTsaTaveSi↓mesame an meoTxe Taobis winaprissaxeliT saTaveSi↓ojaxis mama/ufrosi Zma.1415Шарашенидзе Дж.М., Формы эксплуатации рабочей силы в государственномхозяйстве Шумера II пол. III тыс. до н. э., Тб., 1986, gv. 19 da Semdegi.aqadis dinastiis epoqaSi erTgan damowmebulia termin UGULA-URU-s arseboba.am Tanamdebobis mqone pirs evaleba qalaq umadan savaWro mogzaurobaSimimavali xalxis zedamxedveloba. aRniSnul funqcias asrulebsvinme eSeSi (ix. Никольский М. В., Документы хозяйственной отчетностидревнейшей эпохи Халдеи из собрания Н.П. Лихачева, II. Эпоха династии Агаде иэпоха династии Ура, “Древности Восточныя”, V, С.-П., 1915, 19 II 11), xolo meoreSemTxvevaSi vinme giSgi (ix. iqve, III 10). uris III dinastiis epoqisaTvis`Temis zedamxedvlis~ funqciebis Sesaxeb ix. Струве В. В., Общины Египта иШумера и общины Индии, “Вестник Ленинградского университета”, 1963, № 20,вып. 4, gv. 52-64.216

Jemal SharashenidzeTERRITORIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF ANCIENTMESOPOTAMIA AND GOVERNMENT ACCORDING TOINFORMATION OF MANISHTUSHU OBELISKIn the society of ancient Mesopotamia (Sumerian State) of III millenniumBC, the citizen’s organizational unit was a territorial (neighbor) community.It represented a collective union of individual producers. Therewere two types of territorial communities _ village and city. They wereidentical according to a rule of land ownership, production and distribution.The city community differed from the village community only in the formof settlement; the city community represented the former centre of earlierpolitical unit, the so-called `city-state~ _ the settlement, surrounded withthe wall. It had a governing role over the village communities which weresituated around it and depended on it.The counsil of elders and popular assembly represented the city (but notthe village!) community government bodies. The village community washeaded by an authoritative person named `community father~ (abbu-URU).Perhaps, along with him, the community administrative activities were administeredby the `community supervisor~ (UGULA-URU), and the economicactivities were administered by the special official _ Nubanda (NU-BANDA 3 ).The territorial communities _ village and city _ were of the same structure.They comprised the relatives, joined in small or large families andunited around the name of the third or fourth generation ancestor. Further,these kin were grouped around the name or totem of the fifth or sixth generationancestor. The unity of these groupings represented the ancientMesopotamian territorial community in III millennium BC.217

giorgi WeiSvili`oseTidan~ `samxreT oseTamde~: rogor icvlebodaeTnikuri geografia politikur geografiadsaukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos istoriul mxareebSiucxo tomTa damkvidreba Tu batonoba asaxvas hpovebda, xolme,istoriul-geografiul terminologiaSic. qveynis sazRvrebzeCndeboda eTnonimuri warmomavlobis geografiulisaxelebi: `somxiTi~, `borCalo~, `oseTi~ da sxv., romlebickargad aCvenebda saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi mimdinare eTnikursada politikur cvlilebebs.`oseTis~ cnebis damkvidreba, cxadia, dakavSirebuli undayofiliyo osTa CamosaxlebasTan daSlil-daqucmacebul damosaxleobisgan daclil saqarTvelos mTaSi XV-XVIII saukuneebSi.1 osTa migraciis Sedegebi pirvelad dvaleTma iwvnia.vaxuSti bagrationis mkafio CvenebiT `xolo Semdgomad mooÃrebisaovseTisa da Semoslvisa maTisa kavkasiasa Sina, iwodnen... kavkasiasa Sina myofni maT SemosulTagan ovseTad, rameTuawca guarianTa maT uwodeben osad, xolo sxuaTa uguaroTa_ kualad dualadve~. 2 mecnieri batoniSvili osTa masobrivSemosvlas centraluri kavkasiis mTianeTSi XV saukuniTgansazRvravs 3 da aRniSnavs, rom kavkasianni da dvalni misdros (`aw~) `oseTad~ iwodebodnen. 4rodis ewoda `dvaleTs~ `oseTi~?qarTlis samefos politikuri Tavgadasavlis TxrobisasvaxuSti, Cveulebriv, `dvalebs~ da `dvaleTs~ axsenebs, 5 Tumcakargad Cans, rom `dvaleTi~ misTvis `oseTi~ anu osebiT dasaxlebuliqveyanaa. 61saqarTveloSi osTa migraciis sakiTxebi araerT qarTvel mkvlevars aqvsSeswavlili; gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia r. TofCiSvilis naSromi `saqarTveloSiosTa Camosaxlebisa da Sida qarTlis eTnoistoriis sakiTxebi~,Tb., 1997.2vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba,IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier, Tb., 1973, gv. 634.3iqve, gv. 654-655.4iqve, gv. 370.5iqve, gv. 420, 434, 465, 850.6iqve, gv. 455.218

vaxuSti batoniSvilis erTi cnobis Tanaxmad, `xolo vaxtanggamge qarTlisa ... kualad aRimÃedra spiTa SeslvadoseTs da Sevida da Semusrna p ~ koSkni, mowva da mostyuevnnaurCni, Cavlo zramaga da Semovlo JRelis Ãevi da gardmovlokedelasa zeda da movida kudaros da kudarodam qarTls gamarjuebuliq ~ sa C ~ Ria, qar. t ~ JT, daipyra dualeTi da dasdvaxarkni...~. 7citirebuli fragmentidan ise Cans, TiTqos, dvaleTi, romelicpolitikurad qarTlia, imavdroulad, warmoadgens(eTnografiulad) `oseTs~. amgvari interpretaciis sisworeSigvarwmunebs vaxuStis `qronikebic~, sadac 1711 wliT daTari-Rebul sxva ambebs Soris naTqvamia: `vaxtang oseTi dalaSkraagvistoSi~. 8 rogorc vxedavT, amjerad mxolod oseTis kampaniazeasaubari, anu `oseTi~ faravs `dvaleTs~.`oseTis~ cnebis gafarToeba ukve XVIII saukunis dasawyis-Sia dadasturebuli. 1711 wliT daTariRebul erT minawerSivkiTxulobT: `... mefeman qarTvelTaman vaxtang... aman axalmangorgasal aRiRo Suri misi... Semokribna laSqarni saqarTvelosnida waremarTa. odes Sevides Znelsa karsa oseTsasamaSinve iZlivnes da moisrnes da Semusrnes cixeni maTni dawarmoemarTnes mSvidobiT~. 9 eWvi araa, rom vaxtangis panegiristigabriel saginaSvili imave laSqrobaze mogviTxrobs,romelic vaxuStis zemoTmotanil cnobaSia aRwerili.yuradRebas ki, gansakuTrebiT, is garemoeba ipyrobs, romaqac mxolod oseTzea saubari.sainteresoa, rom XVII saukunis meore naxevris qarTvelimoRvaweni jer kidev asxvaveben erTmaneTisgan dvaleTs daoseTs: 10 `C_n Ãelmwifeman bagratovanman, didisa mefisaSanavazisa Zeman, mefeman giorgi, SemogwireT zari ese wmidasamamasa oseTisa qveynisa diRorisa da dvaleTisa meoÃsa...~7iqve, gv. 491. dvaleTze laSqrobis ambavs gadmogvcems sexnia CxeiZec: `gamoxdaxani mciredi, Seiyara qarTvelTAjari, garduxda dvaleTs, gaemarTa,daswva da daaqcia cixe ocda-aTi ZiriTurT, daimona zemo naridamqvemo kudaromdis, dasdva begara da msaxurebden~ (sexnia CxeiZe, saqarTveloscxovreba, z. WiWinaZis gamocema, Tf., 1903, gv. 26). rogorc vxedavT,vaxuStis Tanamedrove istorikosi `oseTs~ aRar moixseniebs.8iqve, gv. 909.9qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, Sekrebili,qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili T. Jordanias mier, III, Tb.,1967, gv. 40.10r. TofCiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 10.219

(1674 wlis warwera reqomis zarze); 11 xolo giorgi XI-is Zma,arCili, Tavis `avtobiografiaSi~ gadmogvcems, rom `... dlvaleTsgardamovel, dedofali iq davayene da me iqiv imereTsCavel (1680 w.) da rvas TTves Cxers viyav da isev dvaleTs wamovel(1681 w.) da iqidam oseTs faiqomSi gardmovel...~. 12 XVIIsaukunis II naxevarSi dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebioseTisa da dvaleTis `mpyrobelebad~ iwodebian, 13 xoloafxazeTis kaTalikozebi `osTa da dvalTa ... saWeTmpyroblis~tituls XVIII saukuneSic atarebdnen. 14imereTis mefeTa xmaurian tituls realuri politikurisafuZvelic gaaCnda. 1601 wels, kinklosebis Tanaxmad, `... daipyrasrulebiT duvaleT-oseTi da aRiRo cixe da soflebimefeman rostom imereTisaman~. 15 digoreli osebis damokidebulebasraWis saerisTaoze vaxuSti batoniSvilic adasturebs:`garna digori mcired rasame hmorCilebs raWis erisTavs, vinaÁTganupyries mas raWaÁ, da ars dReindelad dRedmdeesreT~. 16politikur urTierTobaTa formas fizikuri da ekonomiurigeografia ganapirobebda. centraluri da aRmosavleT kavkasionismTielTa yofa-cxovrebis aRwerisas vaxuSti batoniSviliaRniSnavs, rom `morCileben da aZleven xarkTa Cerqez-Ta, memÃreTa TÂsTa, usazrdlobisa, saSiSlosa da marilisa-TÂs~ 17 . rac Seexeboda konkretulad osebs, `ara ars queyanaTamaTTa Sina marili, seli, kanafi, da bamba da abreSumi, raTam-11T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, tf., 1897, gv. 489.12iqve, gv. 498.13s. kakabaZe, imereTis cixisTavTa Sesaxeb me-17 saukuneSi, saistorio moambe,I, 1925, gv. 91; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi dasaZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, VI, Tb., 1977, gv. 671 (qvemoT qsZ).14sargis kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, II, tf. 1921, gv.7; istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa(1466-1770 ww.), I, teqsti gamosca, winasityvaoba da saZieblebi daurToS. burjanaZem, Tb., 1958, gv. 106.15mcire qronikebi (kinklosebis istoriuli minawerebi), teqstebi gamosca,Sesavali werili da komentarebi daurTo j. odiSelma, Tb., 1968, gv. 56. dokumenturiwyaroebis mixedviT, oseTisa da dvaleTis mpyrobeloba arcrostomisa da arc mis winamorbed imereTis mefeTa titulaturaSi dasturdeba.pirvelad is aleqsandre III-is titulaturaSi gvxvdeba (ix. pirTaanotirebuli leqsikoni, I, gamosacemad moamzades d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem,e. cagareiSvilma, g. jandierma, Tb., 1991, gv. 218, 225, 232, 335).16vaxuSti, gv. 655.17iqve, gv. 653.220

ca yon samosni TÂsni. amisTÂs umetesni scxovreben cxovarTatyaviTa, garna amaTac zidven qarTlidam, raWidam da Cerqezidam.da amisTÂsca morCileben TÂs-TÂsTa mÃareTa da kualadumetesad sazrdelTaTÂsca~. 18 marilis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobazeosTa cxovrebaSi sxva avtorebic miuTiTeben. 19giuldenStedti ki mowmobs, rom `onSi ... somxebi da ebraelebivaWroben wedisidan motanili rkinis nivTebiT, bambis qsovilebiT– qarTlidan da mariliTa da fetviT; amitomac osebimodian aq dvaleTidan da dugoridan; malyarebi, basianelebida agreTve svanebic modian~. 20imereTis mefis xelisuflebis gavrcelebas dvaleTis daoseTis nawilze aRmosavluri wyaroc adasturebs. isqandermunSi gadmogvcems, rom 1614 wlis laSqrobisas, `goris sanaxebSi~dabanakebul Sahs moaxsenes, rom `im mxareSi aris usadwodebuli erTi velaieTi, romlis mcxovrebni qristes ...rjulis [mimdevari] urwmunoni arian da Tumca baSi-aCukisqveSevrdomebad iTvlebian, magram gzebis siZnelis, iqauriadgilebis simagris da ialbuzTan gadabmuli mTebis [didi]simaRlis gamo ... gaamayebulni [da daimedebulni], mefesac aremorCilebiano. Sahma ... erTi razmi islamisaTvis mebrZolTajarisa ... maT winaaRmdeg gagzavna. Zlevamosilma molaSqreebmabevri gaWirveba naxes iq Rrma TovliT dafarul gzebsa daxevebze gadasvlis dros. [iqaurebi] vinc sabrZolvelad gamovida,Raziebis maxvilebsa da Subebs ver gadaurCa... xolo vinctyesa da mTaSi eZebda TavSesafars, maTi sacxovreblebi daarbiesda aikles [yizilbaSebma], daaxloebiT xuTasi kaci tyvedwamoiyvanes da oriaTasamde Zroxa da xari da cxvari xelSiCaigdes da gamarjvebulebi Sahis banakSi dabrundnen~. 21motanil amonawerSi damowmebuli `usa~ rom oseTad undawavikiTxoT, es farsadan gorgijaniZis Txzulebidan Cans. 221819202122iqve, gv. 641.Акты собранные Кавказскою археографическою коммиссиею, VI, 1. Издан подредакциею ... Ад. Берже. Тифлис, 1874, с. 690 (qvemoT АКАК).giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, t. I, germanuli teqsti qar-Tuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb.,1962, gv. 107.isqander munSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti qarTuliTargmaniTa da SesavliT gamosca v. fuTuriZem, Tb., 1969, gv. 89-90.Д. Л. Мусхелишвили, Директору научно-исследовательского института им. З. Ванееваг-ну Р. Гаглойты. Сб. Некоторые вопросы истории осетин Шида Картли, Тб., 2010,с. 21.221

imave ambebs qarTveli istorikosi ase aRwers: `yaeni niqozsmivida da iqidam jari gauZaxa da oseTi darbevina da giorgimefes risxviani wingni miswera...~. 23amrigad, irkveva, rom XVII s-is dasawyisisaTvis imereTismefes nominalurad eqvemdebareboda `usa~ anu `oseTi~. kinklosuriqronikisa da vaxuStis zemoTmotanili cnobebis gaTvaliswinebiTSegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom `oseTi~ gulisxmobsaramxolod dvaleTs, aramed sakuTriv oseTis xeobebs. 24amas gvidasturebs, erTi mxriv, digorelebis, valagirelebis,qurTaTelebis gadmocemebi saxis anu Sah-abasis laSqrobebsada brZolebze galiaTTan, nuzalTan, ZivgisTan, xilakTan;cixe-simagreebis aRebasa da eklesia-monastrebis gadawvaze, 25xolo, meore mxriv, `Tqmuleba saqarTvelos gvirgvinis Sesaxeb~:`digori emorCileboda qarTvel fadiSahs erekines~ –ase iwyeba CvenTvis saintereso osuri gadmocema. erekine, rogorcCans, erekle II-a (cnobilia misi mWidro urTierTobaCrdiloeT kavkasielebTan, maT Soris, osebTan), mis pirovnebaSiki personificirebulia ramdenime qarTveli mefe. es Cansamave gadmocemis im adgilidan, romelSic naTqvamia, rom erekinemgulmowyalebisTvis saCuqrad miiRo zeciuri oqrosgvirgvini, romelic Taobidan TaobaSi gadaecemoda qarTvelmefeebs ruseTTan SeerTebamde. 26amrigad, osTa migraciisa da dvalTa denacionalizaciisSedegad dvaleTi TandaTanobiT `oseTis~ nawilad moiazreba.garkveuli miniSnebiT, es procesi ukve XVII saukunis dasawyi-23s. kakabaZe, farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria, amonabeWdi `saistorio moambidan~w, II, 1925 w., tf., 1926, gv. 21. amave cnobas imeorebs `parizisqronikis~ avtori.24Sdr. Д. Л. Мусхелишвили, iqve.25В. Миллер, Осетинские этюды, I , УЗИМУ, отдел историко-филологический, вып.первый, сс. 140-141, 160.26iqve, gv. 141. qarTul-osur urTierTobebs asaxavs kidev erTi digoruligadmocema: `iyo sami Zma: suani, osi da qarTili. qarTili samSobloSidarCa da qarTvelTa mamamTavrad iqca. suani wavida da daemkvidra axlandelsvaneTSi, romelmac misgan miiRo saxeli. mesame Zma _ osi dasaxldaalagiris xeobaSi da osTa mamamTavrad iqca. osis ufrosi Svili gadavidadigors da iq daemkvidra...~ (iqve, gv. 138). v. mileri fiqrobs, rom esTqmuleba osebSi qarTvelebisgan unda yofiliyo Sesuli (iqve, gv. 159, Sen.4). albaT, qarTvelTa im eTnografiuli jgufisgan, visTvisac TanabradmniSvnelovaniiyo qarTic da svanic. aseTad SeiZleba vcnoT raWvelebian dvalebi. isic mniSvnelovania, rom Tavad osebs Tavisi sam-Soblo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi warmoedginaT.222

sidan unda dawyebuliyo (iskander munSi, farsadan gorgijaniZe),27 magram dasrulda arauadres XVIII s-is dasawyisisa;Tumca amave saukunis SuaxanebSi jer kidev SemorCenili hqondaTTavisi erovnuli niSnebi: `ena aquT Zueli, dualuri, daaw ubnoben osursa sakuTrad...~ _ ambobs vaxuSti. 28Semdgom xanebSi `oseTi~ Sida qarTlis teritoriazecvrceldeba. termini `oseTi~ Sida qarTlis mTiani Temebis aRsaniSnavadpirvelad papuna orbelianis TxzulebaSi dasturdeba.`ambavni qarTlisanis~ wakiTxva cxadyofs, termini aramTeli Sida qarTlis mTianeTis, aramed osebiT dasaxlebulicalkeuli xeobebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. 29 mematianesTvis`oseTia~ xan `osni erisTavisani~, 30 xan `Trusi~ (Truso?)31 , xanac `aragvis osi~ an `qsnis erisTvis osni~, 32 anda`orTav saerisTaosni~ ovsni. 33erT adgilas papuna orbeliani wers, rom ajanyebuli San-Se erisTavis winaaRmdeg gagzavnili jari `gahyves ... samad,misces erTi jari aragvis erisTavs da gardausies lomisaze,meore jari qsanze Sevida da mesame jari liaxvzed... uyvesTareSi, aaoÃres qsani...~; Semdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebma pataraliaxvze gadainacvla: mterma `daaqcia cixe awerisa da anusada simagreni iyvnes, srulad aaoÃra. gauSva marbieli avRnisada saca ram darComiliyo, daatyveves, oseTs aqaT sulahyara...~. 34 es erTaderTi SemTxvevaa, roca Cveni avtori27amazeve unda mianiSnebdes tatiSCevis erTi cnobac: `... меж Черкасские иЮрьевы царевы земли есть горские люди, словут Осинцы, всего их человек з 200; ите люди Карталинским людем чинят тесноту, тайно приходя, побивают и грабят... Итолько то место очиститца, – и дорога будет из их Карталинской земли к государевеотчине к Кабардинской земле прямая и просторная... А те Осинцы бывали за АйтекмурзоюЧеркасским, да от него отложились ... и Айтек-мурза о том говорил, чтотьему дапи пюдей на тех, которые от него отложились, что деи от них государевымлюдям, которые ходят в станицах в Грузинскую землю через Шат гору, чинятцаубивства” (С. А. Белокуров, Сношения России с Кавказом, вып. 1, М. 1889, с. 508).cnobis interpretaciisaTvis ix. r. TofCiSvili, dasax. naSr, gv. 109-110, 139Sdr. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 1974, gv. 431.28vaxuSti, gv. 639.29Д. Л. Мусхелишвили, dasax. naSr., gv. 20.30papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti daadgina, Sesavali da saZieblebidaurTo e. cagareiSvilma, Tb., 1981, gv. 110.31iqve, gv. 11332iqve, gv. 114.33iqve, gv. 113.34iqve, gv. 47-48223

`oseTs~ sinonimis gareSe moixseniebs, Tumca aRwerilobaiseTi detaluria, rom CvenTvis saintereso toponimi pataraliaxvis saTaveebTan Tu mis mezobladaa savaraudebeli.igive ambebs vaxuSti batoniSvili ase gadmoscems: `Semdgomadmoiqca ra Sanadir ... warmoavlina spani da moadgnen San-Ses; gamoiyvanes amaT aweris xevis cixidam colSvili SanSesida tyueni mravalni... da aliyuli xan, romeli iyo Tav spaTada xani tfilisisa, Sevida maRran-dualeTs, mostyuevna igi damTani SanSesani. aramed Jamuris ovsTa aotes xani da moswyÂdnesspani misni~. 35am cnobaTa urTierTSepirispirebidan Cans, rom papuna orbelianis`oseTs~ vaxuSti batoniSvilis `Jamuris ovsni~ Seesabameba;isic, TiTqos, naTelia, rom es daurbeveli `oseTi~ar faravs darbeul maRran-dvaleTsa da qnoRos (= `mTaniSanSesani~?). isic SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom `oseTis~ damkvidrebaXVIII s-is II naxevris movlenas warmoadgens.sxva naratiuli da agreTve, dokumenturi wyaroebidanacirkveva, rom Sida qarTlis osuri axalSenebi im senioriebis,teritoriul-administraciuli erTeulebis an xevebis/qveynebismixedviT moixseniebodnen, sadac isini cxovrobdnen: `saxasoosi nara, Spa, kudaro~, 36 `aragvis osi zaxas, Trusos,Wvrivs, da Ãadas da Rudas~, 37 `qsnis osi~, 38 `maCablis osi~ 39 an`samaCablos osebi~, 40 `kudaroeli osi~. 41 gamoiyeneboda ufrozogadi terminebic _ `piraqeT da piriqiT osebi~, 42 `piriqiTda piraqeTi osi~. 43 piraqeTi osebi kavkasionis mTavar qedssamxreTiT, aragvis, qsnis, didi da patara liaxvis saTaveebSimcxovreb osebs gulisxmobs, xolo piriqiTi – qeds Crdiloe-TiT, Tergisa da ardon-mamisonis saTaveebSi mcxovrebT. zog-35vaxuSti, gv. 517.36v. maWaraZe, masalebi XVIII saukunis meore naxevris ruseT-saqarTvelosurTierTobis istoriidan, III, 1, Tb., 1988, gv. 547.37iqve.38iqve.39iqve.40oman xerxeuliZe, mefoba irakli meorisa, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo l. miqiaSvilma, Tb., 1989, gv.58.41qsZ, VIII, gv. 71.42qsZ, II, gv. 517.43papuna orbeliani, gv. 191.224

jer piriqiTi osi (“osisa piriqiT jarsa...~, `jari oseTisa,piriqiTni kacni...~) 44 Crdilokavkasiel oss gulisxmobs.amrigad, Sida qarTlis `oseTi~ warmoadgenda ara teritoriulan administraciul erTeuls, aramed krebiT terminssaqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Camosaxlebul osTa soflebisaRsaniSnavad. termini `oseTi~, savaraudod, XVIII s-is IInaxevarSi ikidebs fexs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, niSandoblivia,rom mas ar icnobs vaxuSti bagrationi.XIX saukunis dasawyisis qarTveli moRvaweebisTvis saqarTvelosmxareebidan dvaleTi (nara) `ovseTia~, liaxviszemo weli – `ovsni~, xolo jejoras xeoba mTlianad raWaa. 45cvlileba xdeba oronimiaSic: sexnia CxeiZe sversa da muguTsSoris `mTa oseTisa~-s uCvenebs. 46 es mTa, unda vifiqroT,didi liaxvis zemo welze osTa gavrcelebis samxreT sazRvarswarmoadgenda. marTlac, vaxuSti ambobs, rom `...suers zeiT ...liaxÂs Ãeoba ... ars uvenaxo, uxilo; msaxlobelni arian osni,dualni; mosavliT mTis alagebri da pirutyuTaca egreTi~. 47`qarTl-oseTis mTebs~ asaxelebs iakob rainegsi. 48rac Seexeba XVIII saukunis II naxevris rus avtorebs – saimperatorokaris moxeleebs, misionrebsa Tu saqarTveloSigamogzavnil oficrebs _ `oseTs~ isini mxoloddamxoloddRevandel CrdiloeT oseTs uwodeben. 49 saqarTvelos teritoriazeosur mxareebad (‘mazrebad~) zaxas da naras asaxelebenmxolod. 50 yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi isini icnoben `kavkasiismTebSi mcxovreb osebs~, romlebic amaTuim qarTvel batonsemorCilebodnen. 51 swored amitomac ruseT-saqarTvelostraqtatis dadebis momentisaTvis Seqmnil specialur `aRwerasa~da rukaze polkovnikma burnaSevma `oseTi~, ukeT, ose-44iqve, gv. 173, 184.45Teimuraz bagrationi, axali istoria, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvlevada saZieblebi daurTo l. miqiaSvilma, Tb., 1983, gv. 77.46sexnia CxeiZe, gv. 41.47vaxuSti, gv. 372.48iakob rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidan Targmna,Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002, gv. 144.49v. maWaraZe, dasax, naSr., gv. 220, 228, 232, 234, 241, 245, 258, 260, 268, 270, 271,283-85, 287, 303, 313, 319, 394.50iqve, gv. 25851iqve, gv. 321-22.225

iT dasaxlebuli miwebi (“Осетинцы~) qedis meore mxares,mTebSi daitana. 52gamonakliss warmoadgens kapitan iazikovis `Canawerebi~(1770 weli), sadac naTqvamia, rom oseTis didi nawili saqarTvelos(qarTlis) qveSevrdomobaSia, xolo mefe erekleqarTl-kaxeTTan da yazax-borCalosTan erTad oseTis nawilsacflobs. 53CvenTvis cnobil avtorTagan giuldenStedti pirvelia,vinc kavkasiis orive mxares mcxovreb osebs `oseTis provinciis/qveynis~saxeliT aerTianebs, 54 Tumca iqve miuTiTebs, rom“samxreTi nawili~, anu jejoris saTaveebi, didi da pataraliaxvis zemo weli saTaveebiTurT, qsnis, aragvisa da TergissaTaveebi qarTvelebis qveSevrdomobaSi iyo. 55 saqarTvelosaRwerisas germaneli mogzauri ar axsenebs `oseTs~; is icnobsmxolod `osur~ an `osebiT dasaxlebul~ soflebs da `osurmxareebs~, romlebic mefes an Tavadebs ekuTvnoda. 56erT-erT werilSi giuldenStedti Tavad aRniSnavs, romkavkasiis xalxebi da, maT Soris osebi, man enobrivi niSniTdaajgufa. 57ruseTis rezidenti rainegsi ufro neitralur termins,`osebs~ aniWebs upiratesobas. misi cnobiT, `osebi saxlobenagreTve kavkasionis CrdiloeT vakis sakmaod did nawilze davrceldebian samxreTisamdec. am xalxis bevri gvari mTladdamoukidebelia; sxvebi ki, sanam isini jamagirs iRebdnen, TavisTavs ruseTis imperatoris qveSevrdomebs uwodebdnen;danarCenebi ki ekuTvnian georgias da iberias~. 58ruseTis samsaxurSi mdgomi kidev erTi germaneli, iohanblarambergi, XIX s-is pirveli mesamedis moRvawe, aseve`oseTs~ xmarobs da masSi 14 xeobas aerTianebs: raWa, kudaro,qeSelTa, liaxv-mejuda, maRrandvaleTi, Jamuri, kuda da Ruda,52s. burnaSevis 1784 wlis ruka gamoqveynebulia `saqarTvelos istoriisatlasSi~, Tb., 2003, gv. 56-57.53А. А. Цагарели, Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII века, относящиесяк Грузии. Том 1, с 1768 по 1774 года. СПБ. 1891, c. 184.54giuldenStedti, II, gv. 57.55giuldenStedti, II, gv. 59-67, 171-173.56giuldenStedti, I, gv. 94-105.57giuldenStedti, II, gv. 380-387.58rainegsi, gv. 208226

Truso, nara, zramaga, digori, valagiri, qurTaTi, Tagauri. 59Tu SevadarebT mis cnobebs giuldenStedtis monacemebs, davinaxavT,rom kavkasiis qeds samxreTiT `oseTis~ cneba raWisxarjzea gafarTovebuli.1841 wels Sedgenil kavkasiis rukaze diubua de monperemkavkasiis qeds CrdiloeT da samxreT kalTebze mcxovrebiosebi OSSETH-is saxelwodebiT gaaerTiana, Tumca misTvisacamosavali lingvisturi viTareba iyo da mwvane kantiT SemosazRvruloseTs legendaSi aseTi ganmarteba misca: `FamillePersanne~. 60blarambergisa da diubuas naSromebSi rus moxeleTaTvalsazrismac hpova asaxva.XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, saqarTvelos SeerTebis Semdeg,rusul oficialur dokumentebSi `oseTi~ aramxolod CrdiloeToseTis, aramed saqarTvelos osuri axalSenebis aRmniSvnelterminadac mkvidrdeba. `oseTi, anu Tavisufali mTielixalxis dasaxleba~ _ ase ganmartavda CvenTvis sainteresotermins generali ermolovi. 61 `oseTi~, ZiriTadad, didi dapatara liaxvis osur mosaxleobas miemarTeboda. 62 kapitanadiutantiloficki `SeniSvnebSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~ (1806w.) axsenebs cicianovis laSqrobas `oseTze~ osebis dasasjeladriSkinis polkze TavdasxmisaTvis. 63 Tavad cicianovi kiimperators acnobebda, rom miemarTeboda riSkovis kazakTapolkis gamosaxsnelad `saqarTvelos osebisgan (“ГрузинскихОсетинцев~), romlebic didsa da patara liaxvze mosaxleobdnen~.64 motanili ori amonaridis urTierTSepirispirebacxadyofs, rom XIX saukunis dasawyisis rusi CinovnikebisaTvis`oseTi~ krebiTi saxelwodebaa, romelic aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTSi, didi da patara liaxvis xeobebSi arsebuliosuri dasaxlebebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda.“oseTi~ goris kapitan-ispravniks emorCileboda. 6559606162636465Иоганн Бларамберг. Историческое, топографическое, статистическое и этнографическоеописание Кавказа. Нальчик. Эль-Фа. 1999, сс. 233-239.aRniSnuli ruka diubuas `albomSia~ gamoqveynebuli.АКАК, VI, 1, с. 161.АКАК, I, с. 248, АКАК, II, сс. 129-131, АКАК, IV, сс. 111-113.АКАК, III, 5.АКАК, II, 33.АКАК, с. II, 72, АКАК, VI, 1, с. 414.227

liaxvis `oseTi~ momavali `oseTis okrugis~ Canasaxs warmoadgenda.dasavleTidan mas raWis mTebi sazRvravda. 66 igivemTebs Teimuraz batoniSvili `liaxvis mTebis~ saxeliT icnobs.67 samxreT-dasavleTiT sazRvari gasdevda Sav mTas anulixis qedis im monakveTs, romelic froneebs jejorasa daliaxvisgan gamohyofs. 68 da es miuxedavad imisa, rom 1802 wlisaRweriT qeds samxreTiT osuri dasaxlebebi yofila. 69 1818wlisaTvis yornisis xeoba `oseTad~ moiazreba, 70 Tumca 30-ianwlebSi Seqmnil oseTis okrugis miRma darCa.samxreTiT `oseTis~ sazRvari sverTan gadioda. es ukanasknelirusul dokumentebSi xan `qarTul~, xan `osur~ sofladmoixsenieba. 71 1802 wlis aRweriT sverSi qarTvelebTan erTadosebic cxovrobdnen. 72 patara liaxvze `oseTi~ beloTs zeiTiwyeboda, 73 sxva dokumentiT ki – vanaTidan. 74 samxreT-aRmosavleTidanpatara liaxvisa da mejudas wyalgamyofi qedigasdevda. i. blarambergis sityvebi, rom naqalaqevis mTebinawilobriv sazRvravda liaxv-mejudas osur Tems, 75 SeiZlebaise gavigoT, rom mejudas xeobis garkveuli osuri soflebi,aseve, `oseTSi~ Sedioda. rusi Cinovnikebi imasac mowmoben,rom `oseTi~ ar yofila wminda osuri mxare; iq qarTvelebiccxovrobdnen. 1802 wlis monacemebiT vanaTSi, sacxenisSi, beloTSi,snekvSi, Warebsa da awerisxevSi mosaxleoba qarTulosuriiyo. 76 1803 wlis saufliswulo mamulebis davTari awerisxevSi11 qarTulsa da 3 osur komls uCvenebs, beloTSi ki_ 27 qarTul komls. 77rodesac `oseTi~ mxolod liaxvis xeobis osuri mosaxleobisaRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, is osebiT dasaxlebul sxvaxeobebTanaa dapirispirebuli, mag., `oseTi~ da `aragvisosebi~. 78 farTo mniSvnelobiT ki, `oseTi~ Tu `oseTis miwebi~66676869707172737475767778АКАК, IV, с. 468.Teimuraz bagrationi, gv. 77АКАК, I, с. 252.АКАК, I, с. 469.АКАК, VI, 1, с. 382.АКАК, I, сс. 248, 394.АКАК, I, с. 467.АКАК, I, с. 394.АКАК, I, с. 656.Иоганн Бларамберг. с. 235.АКАК, I, с. 467.АКАК, II, с. 84.АКАК, IV, с. 155.228

`aragvis xeobis osebsac~ moicavs 79 da qsnis xeobis saTaveebsac,romelic osTa erT-erT umTavres sacxovrisad iTvleboda.80rusul dokumentebSi xSirad cal-calke moixseneba `oseTi~da `qarTli~ // `saqarTvelo~, 81 rac qmnis imis iluzias, TiTqosisini Tanabarfardi terminebia da Sesabamisad, damoukidebelierTeulebic. sinamdvileSi, raTqmaunda, ase ar yofila. rusiCinovnikebis mimoweridan mSvenivrad Cans, rom `oseTi~`qarTlisa~ Tu `saqarTvelos~ nawilia, 82 amitom oficialurdokumentebSi xSirad vxvdebiT terminebs: `Грузинские Осетинцы”,83 “Осетинцы, принадлежащие к Грузии”, 84 “подвластные ГрузииОсетинцы”, 85 “Осетинцы северной Карталинии, на южной сторонеКавказских гор”. 86 imereTis samefos dapyrobis Semdeg Cndeba`Имеретинские Осетинцы”, “Цедисские Осетинцы”. 87 es terminologiaefuZneboda osTa geografiul gansaxlebas, samarTlebrivmdgomareobas da administraciul-politikur kuTvnilebas. 1802wliT daTariRebul erT dokumentSi, romelsac ewodeba`Объявление Осетинцам, имеющим жилища свои у рек Большой иMалой Лиахвы и Паци и в уездах Арагви и Нара” naTqvamia, romruseTis xelisufleba apirebda mTeli simkacriT aRedgina`...надлежащий порядок, который некоторые из ваших злоумышленников,еще при жизни последних Грузинских царей, которым выиздревле подвластны, покусились нарушать (АКАК, I, с. 582).1830 wlisTvis, osebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sadamsjeloeqspediciebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos mTian mxareSimcxovrebi osebi faqtobrivad damorCildnen ruseTis xelisuflebas.es gamarjveba erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyokavkasiis omebis istoriaSi. 88 rus didmoxeleebsa da samxedroebsganumtkicdaT rwmena, rom rusuli iaraRiT dapyrobilies `oseTi~ saxazino sakuTreba da ara qarTvel TavadTa79808182838485868788АКАК, IV, с. 466, 469АКАК, VII, с. 359.АКАК, I, с. 252; АКАК, IV, с. 465.АКАК, I, сс. 461-470; АКАК, II, сс. 129, 550; АКАК, IV, с. 465.АКАК, I, с. 582.АКАК, IV, с. 116, АКАК, V, с. 515.АКАК, IV, с. 468.АКАК, VII, с. 354.АКАК, V, с. 515.В. Потто, Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях, т.5, вып. 1, Тифлис, 1889, с. 143.229

samflobelo unda yofiliyo, miT ufro, rom rus jariskacebisgamoCenamde iq _ gansakuTrebiT, maRran-dvaleTSi,TliSi, gvidisSi, Cifransa da qnoRoSi _ sruli `pirvelyofileba~sufevda da TiTqos, qarTvelTa batonobis aranairikvali ar Canda. 89 ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg es pretenziebilamaz miTadac SeifuTa: `Этим закончилась экспедиция генералаРенненкампфа. Войска наши проникли так далеко и прошли черезтакия места, где не только не была нога русского солдата, но куда недоходили даже грузинские цари, владевшие Осетиею целыя столетия...Так совершилось покорение южной Осетии, навсегда утратившейсвою независимость”. 90 ase TandaTan qmnida rusuli oficiozida istoriografia `oseTs~, `samxreT oseTs~, `damoukideblobas~.saimperatoro kars, strategiuli interesebidan gamomdinare,aucileblad miaCnda osebiT dasaxlebul yvela xeobaSi,kavkasiis qedis orive mxares, gansakuTrebuli erTiani mmarTvelobisSemoReba. `Один взгляд на карту удостоверяет, что землясия во многих отношениях заслуживает особеннаго внимания правительства.Прочное владычество наше в Осетии решительно разрежетхребет гор Кавказских на две части” _ moaxsenebda baroni rozenisamxedro ministrs CerniSevs.erTiani oseTis cnebas, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, gza gauxsnajer kidev XVIII s-is miwuruls kavkasiaSi warmoebulmasamxedro da sabunebismetyvelo-topografiulma eqspediciebma.yvela es naSromi specialuri dakveTiT iqmneboda, ra-Ta mecnieruli gamokvlevidan saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi rusulirealpolitikis praqtikul saxelmZRvanelod qceuliyo.am gegmis erT-erT produqts warmoadgenda 1840 wels SeqmnilioseTis okrugi, romelic moicavda Sida qarTlis mTelmTianeTs didi liaxvis saTaveebidan Tergis saTaveebisCaTvliT. magram ruseTis mesveurTaTvis maleve aSkaraSeiqmna, rom okrugi warmoadgenda maRalmTian xeobaTaxelovnur gaerTianebas, romelic Znelad gasavali qedebiTiyo erTmaneTisgan gamoyofili da wlis umetes dros maTSoris yovelive kavSiri Sewyvetili iyo. amitom ori wlisSemdeg oseTis okrugi oseTis da mTis okrugebad daiyo. 91899091АКАК, VII, сс. 374-385.В. Потто, iqve.АКАК, IX, с. 750.230

mTis okrugi aerTianebda xevis, mTiuleTis da qsnis ubnebs, 92romelic moicavda ara mxolod osebiT dasaxlebul Jamurisxeobas, aramed qsnis saTaveebis qarTul soflebsac. 93 oseTisokrugSi ki javisa da patara liaxvis ubnebi gaerTianda. masveSeuerTes goris mazraSi Semavali naris ubani. 1847 wlidan,rodesac Seiqmna quTaisis gubernia, dvaleTis dasavleTi nawili,kerZod ki, mamisonis xeoba raWis mazraSi gaaerTianes.mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganxorcielda 1859 wels: narisa damamisonis ubnebi CamoaSores Tbilisis da quTaisis guberniebsda SeuerTes kavkasiis xazis marcxena frTis oseTis samxedrookrugs; xolo oseTis okrugis darCenili teritoria ubnadgardaqmnes da goris mazras dauqvemdebares. 94rogorc vxedavT, XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi osebiT dasaxlebulisoflebisTvis iqmneba calke, eTnonimuri dasaxelebisadministraciuli erTeuli, xolo dvaleTi administraciuladCamocilda saqarTvelos da oseTs SeuerTda. ufro Sors mimavalinabijebis gadasadgmelad gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaskavkasioni qmnida.magram amave geografiulma faqtorma warmoSva terminebi`samxreTi osebi~ (XIX s-is 30-iani wlebisaTvis) 95 da `samxre-Ti oseTi~ (XIX s-is Suaxanebi), 96 romlebmac ukve XIX saukunisbolosaTvis fexi moikida rogorc rus, ise qarTvel moRvaweTaleqsikaSi. mxolod 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciisada gansakuTrebiT ki, bolSevikuri gadatrialebis SemdegqarTuli sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis cxadi gaxda, romes uwyinari geografiuli terminebi politikur safrTxesSeicavda. amitomac iyo, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikismTavrobis warmomadgenlebi rus kolegebs ganumartavdnen:`... saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi aris ara samxreT oseTi,aramed saqarTveloSi myofi osuri dasaxlebebi...~. 97 samxreToseTis, rogorc politikuri erTeulis, absurduloba kargadesmodaT qarTvel bolSevikebsac: `samxreTi oseTi, rogorcmTliani geografiuli erTeuli, ar arsebobs. aris mxolod929394959697АКАК, XII, с. 222.АКАК, IX, с. 750.АКАК, XII, сс. 222, 651.АКАК, VII, с. 359.АКАК, XII, с. 1357.qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierTobis istoriidan (samxreT oseTisstatusis Semswavleli komisiis daskvna), Tb., 1991, gv. 37.231

osebiT dasaxlebuli calke raionebi, romelTac urTieTSorisaraviTari damokidebuleba ara aqvT arc geografiuladda arc ekonomiurad. TviTeuli am raionTagani warmoadgensganuyofel organul nawils sxvadasxva geografiul da sameurneoprovinciebisas~ _ vkiTxulobT Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxokomisariatis daskvnaSi. 98 ideis absurduloba esmodaTTviTon osebsac, amitomac iyo rom maTi liderebi ase gaaf-TrebiT moiTxovdnen Sida qarTlis baris, cxinvalisa da misimimdebare soflebis, mierTebas, radgan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,maTive aRiarebiT, samxreT oseTs sruli kulturuli daekonomikuri kraxi emuqreboda. 99 okupirebul da gasabWoebulsaqarTveloSi politikurma mosazrebebma imZlavra da SeiqmnasamxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic teritorii-Tac da statusiTac bevrad aRemateboda `oseTsa~ da `oseTisokrugs~.amgvari transformacia ganicada terminma, romelic XX saukunisdasawyisSi separatistuli ideologiis qvakuTxedadiqca.George TcheishviliFROM `OSSETIA~ TO `SOUTH OSSETIA~: HOW THEETHNIC GEOGRAPHY WAS CHANGED TO POLITICALGEOGRAPHYOssetian migration to Georgia in the early modern period resulted in establishingthe term Oseti, which designated compact Ossetian settlements inthe kingdoms of Kartli and Imereti. During the 17 th -18 th cc the term coveredthe province of Dvaleti on the sources of the river Ardon, and later (secondhalf of the 18 th c.) various mountainous regions on the sources of the riversDidi Liakhvi, Patara Liakhvi, Terek, Aragvi, and Ksani. In parallel to OsetiGeorgian historians and geographers of the 18 th century used the termsDvaleti, Ossetians of Aragvi, Ossetians of Samachablo, etc. Changes hadoccurred in the naming of mountains as well. Ossetian mountains or Osetianand Kartlian mountains used to be referred to the mountains whichseparated Ossetian and Georgian villages.9899iqve, gv. 69.iqve, gv. 56.232

European and Russian travelers and officials described separate Ossetiansettlements/districts in mountainous parts of Georgia as belongingeither to the king or the tavads (princes).After Georgia’s conquest at the turn of the 19 th century the Russian officialsemployed the term Ossetia to designate both the present-day NorthOssetia and Ossetian population of Georgia. In a narrow sense GeorgianOssetia applied to the villages in the upper Didi Liakhvi and Patara Liakhvivalleys, and in a broader sense to the Ossetian settlements along the banksof the Aragvi, the Ksani, the Terek and the Prone. In certain cases the termcovered Georgian or mixed Georgian-Ossetian villages as well.Since the 1830s the high-rank Russian officials elaborated projects forunification of Ossetian settlements on the both sides of the Caucasian rangeunder a separate single government to bind the Caucasus more firmly to theEmpire. A major step towards the project was the establishment of the Ossetianokrug in Georgia (1840). Couple of years later the Dvaleti provincewas separated from Georgia, i.e. the Tbilisi and Kutaisi gubernias, andjoined the Military Ossetian okrug of the North Caucasus. In parallel, theterms south Ossetians (1830s) and South Ossetia (mid-19 th c.) developedand came in use.At the turn of the 20 th century the terms Ossetia, South Ossetia got thepolitical connotation. As a corner stone of the secessionist ideology it led tothe formation of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (1922), armed conflict(1991-1992) and the Russian occupation (2008).233

manana xvedeliZeras niSnavs maneTonis `dinastia~?manToni iyo Zvelegvipteli qurumi da istorikosi, romelmacdawera egviptis istoria berZnul enaze. misi istoriasruli saxiT fasdaudebeli SenaZeni iqneboda egviptologiisaTvis,magram dRes Cven gagvaCnia mxolod nawyvetebiebraeli istorikosis ioseb flaviusis (Cv. w. I s.) daqristiani istorikosebis seqstus iulius afrikanusis (Cv.w. IIIs.) da eusebius kesarielis (daaxl. Cv. w. III-IV ss.) SromebSi.Tavis mxriv, am avtorebis `maneTonma~ Cvenamde bevrSemTxvevaSi bizantieli istorikosis giorgi sinkelis (VIII s.)naSromSi moyvanili amonaridebis saxiT moaRwia. 1 TviTonmaneTonis Sesaxeb Zalian mwir cnobebs vflobT. is cxovrobdaptolemaios I soteris (Cv. w.-mde 323-283 ww.) da ptolemaios IIfiladelfosis (Cv. w-mde 285-246ww.) dros. Tu cnobil hibespapirusSi moxseniebuli maneToni igive pirovnebaa, maSin isSesaZloa ptolemaios III evergetosis (Cv. w-mde 246-222 ww.)drosac moRvaweobda. saxeli `maneToni~ SesaZloa niSnavs`Totis simarTles~. 2 savaraudod, is daibada sebenitosSi,nilosis deltis damietis dasavleT napirze da gaxda umaRlesiqurumi heliopolisSi. maneToni aqtiur monawileobasiRebda serapisis kultis 3 SeqmnaSi da berZen timoTeosTanerTad am sakiTxSi ptolemaios soteris mrCeveli iyo. mane-Tonis kalams Zveli avtorebi rva naSroms miawerdnen: Aegyptiaca(egviptis istoria), soTisis wigni, wminda wigni, epitomefizikur doqtrinebze, dResaswaulebze, kifis damzadebis Sesaxeb(kyphi, sakmevelis nairsaxeoba) da herodotes kritika. amnaSromebidan, dRes soTisis wigni ar iTvleba maneTonisnawarmoebad, da saeWvod aris miCneuli, rom mas daeweros123amas garda, maneTonis calkeuli amonaridebi gabneulia plutarqes,Teofilusis, elianes, porfirosis, diogene laertelis SromebSi,platonis sqolioebSi da sxv. misi religiuri nawarmoebebi mxolodplutarqes `isidasa da osirisSi~ moyvanili amonaridebiT aris cnobili.D.B.Redford, The Name Manetho, in Egyptological Studies in Honour of Richard A. Parker(ed. L.H.Lesko), Hannover and London, University press of New England, 1986, 118-121.egviptur-berZnuli RvTaeba, romelic ptolemaiosebma berZnebis da egviptelebiskulturuli daaxlovebis mizniT `Seqmnes~.234

calke naSromi herodotes Sesaxeb, Tumca iosebisagan cnobilia,rom rom maneToni herodotes uzustobebSi adana-Saulebda. 4 eqvsi darCenili saTauridan maneTons namdviladmiewereba egviptis istoria, epitome fizikur doqtrinebze dawminda wigni, xolo danarCeni sami wminda wignis calkeulinawilebis dasaxelebad aris miCneuli. maneTonis egviptis istoriaori saxis nawyvetebiT aris Semonaxuli. pirvelianawyvetebi maneTonis originaluri nawarmoebidan iosebTan,Tumca aqac aris fsevdo-maneTonuri pasaJebi, radgan jerkidev iosebamde misi naSromi gamoyenebuli iyo polemikaSiegviptelebs da ebraelebs Soris, romlis drosac moxda naSromSidamatebebis CarTva. ebraelebi maneTonis SemdegZalian dainteresebuli iyvnen misi egviptis istoriiT maTiwinaprebis egviptesTan kavSiris gamo. isini cdilobdnen TeoriebiebraelTa warmoSobis da siZvelis Sesaxeb originaluregviptur wyaroebTan daekavSirebinaT. TavianTwinaprebad maT warmodgenili hyavdaT hiksosebi, hiksosebisgandevna egviptidan ki ebraelTa gamosvlas daukavSires,ramac xSirad maneTonis teqstis gadakeTebac ki gamoiwvia.Sedegad, iosebi gcamcnobs, rom hiksosebma (iosebis Tanaxmad,igive ebraelebma) datoves egvipte da dasaxldnen `TavianTmiwaze~ danaosis argosSi Casvlamde. amaze dayrdnobiT, isebraelTa gamosvlas egviptidan troas omze aTasi wliT adreaTariRebs. 5 meore saxis (kerZod ki afrikanusis da eusebiusis)Sromebi Seqmnilia maneTonis istoriis Sekvecil versiaze(e.w. Epitome) dayrdnobiT. “Epitome” ar aris SeqmniliTviTon maneTonis mier da warmoadgens amonaridebs mane-Tonis Sromidan, kerZod ki dinastiebis CamonaTvals moklekomentarebiT gansakuTrebiT gamorCeul mefeebze an movlenebze.`epitomeSi~ maneTonis 30 dinastias damatebuli aqvs 31-e, sparsuli dinastia artaqserqsedan darius III-mde, romelicaleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa mis mier egviptis dapyrobisdros. Tavis mxriv, epitomec Secvlilad iTvleba elinisturiperiodis ucnobi ebraelis mier, ebrauli qronologiismaneToniseulTan damTxvevis mizniT. dReisaTvismiCneulia, rom epitomes originaluri versia gamoyenebuli45Manetho (with an English translation by W.G. Waddel), in The Loeb Classical Library,London, William Heineman Ltd.&Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1956, 79.iqve, 107235

aqvs afrikanuss, gadakeTebuli _ eusebiuss. sinkelis cnobi-Tac, afrikanusis versia ufro zustia. 6 Tavis mxiv, afrikanusida eusebiusi miznad isaxavdnen SeedarebinaT aRmosavleTisavtorebis qronologia bibliasTan da daedasturebinaTwarRvnis TariRi. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom afrikanusis`qronika~ (xuT wignad) dakargulia da Semonaxulia sinkelismier gamoyenebuli nawyvetebis saxiT. eusebiusis berZnuliteqstis nawyvetebi aseve sinkelTan aris citirebuli, magramnaSromi srulad aris Semonaxuli originaluri berZnuliteqstidan Sesrulebul somxur TargmanSi (Cv.w. V s.) daieromis (Jerome) mier Sesrulebul laTinur versiaSi (Cv.w.-isIV s. dasasruli). Tavisi miznebisaTvis aqvs gamoyenebulimaneToni sinkelsac. misi Ekloge Khronographia warmoadgens istoriisaRweras adamidan diokletianamde da masac esaWiroebodainformaciis da TariRebis bibliasTan miaxloveba. amdenad,maneTonis teqstma Cvenamde Zalian saxeSecvlili saxiTmoaRwia da misi Seswavla dRes bevr problemasTn aris dakavSirebuli.Tumca, dReisaTvis iTvleba, rom maneTonis naSromsTavidanve gaaCnda naklovanebebi da misi Cvenamde sruladmoRwevis SemTxvevaSic ki is ar iqneboda ufro faseuli,vidre misi wyaroebi, mis mier mefeTa dinastiebad dayofisprincipis bundovanebis gamo, radgan erT dinastiaSi gaerTianebulimefeebi xan namdvilad miekuTvneba erT ojaxs, xan kiara. 7 amgvarad, Tumca maneTonis ocdaaTi dinastia dResacwarmoadgens Zveli egviptis istoriis im ZiriTad ConCxs,romliTac Tanamedrove egviptologia xelmZRvanelobs, masxSirad akritikeben dinastiuri principis darRvevisaTvis,radgan xSirad erTi ojaxis faraonebi mas sxvadasxva dinastiebSihyavs moqceuli. cnobili egviptologi maleki wers,rom maneTonis susti mxareebi, albaT, yvelaze ufro Zvelisamefos qronologiaSi Cans, radgan Zneli iqneba misi kriteriumebisdacva iq, sadac erTi ojaxis mefeebis xazi gawyvetilia.8 grimalisaTvis gaugebaria, Tu ratom iwyebs mane-Toni axal, mesame dinastias yovelgvari mizezis gareSe,radgan II dinastiis ukanaskneli faraonis, xasexemuis erTerTidedofali nimaatxapi III dinastiis faraonis, joseris678iqve, 57.iqve, XXI.Malek in I. Shaw (ed),The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press,2003, 84.236

dedaa. 9 msgavsi gamonaTqvamebi mravlad aris gabneuli egviptologiurliteraturaSi. marTlac, faraonebis dinastiebaddalagebisas maneTons xSirad aqvs darRveuli is `ojaxuriprincipi~, romelTanac Tanamedrove adamians sityva `dinastia~aqvs asocirebuli. igi xan erTi genealogiuri xazis warmomadgenlebssxvadasxva dinastiaSi aTavsebs, xan ki piriqiT,sxvadasxva ojaxebis warmomadgenlebi erT dinastiaSi hyavsgaerTianebuli. magram Tu dakvirvebiT gavayolebT TvalsmaneTonis dinastiebis grZel rigs, sakmaod saintereso suraTiikveTeba.dinastiuri cvlilebis mizezi pirvel or dinastias Soriscnobili ar aris, da savaraudod is mSvidobiani iyo, radganII dinastiis pirvelma faraonma, xetepsexemuim pativi miagoTavis winamorbeds, kaas. nivTebi xetepsexemuis sabeWdavebiTbevria aRmoCenili kaas samarxis Sesawiri oTaxis midamoebSi.10 magram TvalSi sacemia ramodenime garemoeba. xetepsexemuiaris pirveli faraoni, romelic daikrZala arasamxreTSi, abidosis nekropolisSi, aramed saqqaraSi, memfisissiaxloves. memfisis daarsebas egvipturi tradiciagaerTianebuli egviptis pirvel faraons, meness miawers. memfisigaerTianebuli egviptis pirveli dedaqalaqi iyo da ukvexor-axas, romelsac dRes bevri menesTan aigivebs, saqqaraSikenotafi hqonda, magram pirveli dinastiis faraonebi TavianTmSobliur mxareSi, Soreul abidosSi ikrZalebodnen. amasgarda, TvalSi sacemia cvlileba, romelic II dinastiidanfaraonebis saxelebma ganicada. denis, jeris, jetis da kaasSemdeg II dinastiis faraonebis saxelebi xetepxesemui (egv.`orive Zala mSvidadaa~), nineCeri (egv. `is, vinc RmerTsekuTvnis~), ranebi (egv. `ras batoni~ an `ra batonia~) da sxv.ukve iZens faraonis saxelis im `egviptur~ JReradobas da Sinaarss,romelsac egviptis istoriis bolomde inarCunebs.`orive ZalaSi~ udavod egviptis ori didi RvTaeba, xori dasetxi igulisxmeba, romlebic samefo ZalauflebasTan iyvnendakavSirebuli. unda aRiniSnos aseve ras gamoCena, romelic910N. Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 80. aq unda aRiniSnos,rom Zvel egvipteSi samefo taxtis legitimireba qalis xaziT xdeboda.swored am tradiciaze dayrdnobiT moaxerxa gamefeba xatSepsutma mravalisaukunis Semdeg, Tumca ukve palermos qvaze, romelic V dinastiis drosaris Seqmnili, faraonebis dedebi uZvelesi droidan arian moxseniebuli.T. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 2001, 81.237

aq pirvelad aris dafiqsirebuli faraonis saxelSi. aseTicvlilebebi udavod dakavSirebuli iyo sakmaod did ZvrebTanpolitikasa da religiaSi, romlebzec Cven, masalis simwirisgamo, mxolod logikur msjelobaze dayrdnobiT SeiZlebavisaubroT, magram savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom maT SesaxebmaneToni Cvenze ukeT iyo informirebuli da man dinastiuriwyveta am cvlilebebs daukavSira.zemoT ukve movixsenie naTesavuri kavSiri meore da mesamedinastiebs Soris. unda aRiniSnos, rom III dinastiis pirvelmafaraonma, nebkam Tavis winamorbeds, II dinastiis bolo faraons,xasexemuis spilenZis qandakeba daudga, 11 rac aseve movlenebismSvidobian mimdinareobaze miuTiTebs. magram dRessayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom meore dinastiasTan erTadmTavrdeba gaerTienebuli egviptis istoriis pirveli, e.w.adredinastiuli an arqauli periodi, romelic egvipturi saxelmwifosCamoyalibebis periodad aris miCneuli 12 , III dinastiiTki iwyeba Tvisobrivad axali eroqa, romelic dResZveli samefos saxeliT aris cnobili. seriozul cvlilebebzeideologiasa da religiaSi miuTiTebs faraonis samarxis axaliforma – piramida, romelic aseve mesame dinastiaSiCndeba. 13mesame dinastiis faraonebis Tanmimdevroba dReisaTvisbundovania, danamdvilebiT ar SeiZleba laparaki arc misbolo faraonze. ramesidebis periodiT daTariRebuli teqstisTanaxmad, IV dinastia iwyeba snofrus gamefebiT, romelictaxtze faraon hunis gardacvalebis Semdeg avida. savaraudod,snofru iyo III dinastiis faraonis, hunis vaJiSvili erT-erTimeore rigis colisagan, amitom legitimizaciisTvis manSeirTo Tavisi naxeveri da, hunis qaliSvili mTavari dedoflis,xetepxeres I-gan, romelic SemdgomSi xeofsis deda gaxda.14 amgvarad, aqac ikveTeba naTesavuri kavSiri dinastiebs Soris,magram ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT sagrZnobi cvlile-11121314W. Helck, Geschichte des alten Ägypten, Handbuch der Orientalistik, 1 Abt., 3 Abschn.,Leiden-Köln, 1968, 80.is daaxl. xuT saukunes moicavspirveli (safexurovani) piramida dinastiis savaraudod meore faraons,josers ekuTvnis. misi winamorbedis, nebkas samarxi aRmoCenili ar aris.Grimal, 77. unda aRiniSnos, rom roca asTive gziT moxda Totmes II-is da IIIislegitimizacia XVIII dinastiis dros, iq dinastiuri xazi gawyvetili araris, savaraudod imitom, rom maT wina faraonebTan saerTo epoqaakavSirebda.238

ebi SeimCneva. swored meoTxe dinastiis dros miaRwiafaraonis RvTaebriobam Tavis umaRles wertils. samefo institutisRvTaeba xorTan dakavSireba jer kidev winadinastiuregvipteSi, hierakonpolisSia dafiqsirebuli. 15 gaer-Tianebuli egviptis ukve pirveli faraonebi RvTaebebadiyvnen Seracxuli. oficialuri ideologiis Tanaxmad, egviptisfaraoni warmodgenili iyo, rogorc miwaze movlenilixori Tavis sasaxleSi. 16 es savsebiT Seefereboda egvipteliswarmodgenas, rom RvTaebis arsebas warmoadgenda uxilavi,fluiduri sawyisi, romelsac sxvadasxva sxeulebSi Casaxlebada mravali saxis miReba SeeZlo. SesaZloa, faraonis RvTaebriobisideis Camoyalibebas egviptis Taviseburma SidapolitikurmaviTarebam ubiZga, romelic, Tavis mxriv, egviptissakmaod specifiuri geografiuli pirobebiT iyo gamowveuli.farTod gaSlili oazisi nilosis deltaSi, romelzecmibmulia nilosis viwro dablobi didi mdinaris gayolebiT,bunebrivad yofda qveyanas or nawilad, ris gamocegviptelebi TavianT qveyanas `or miwas~ eZaxdnen. `zemo daqvemo egviptes yovelTvis gaTviTcnobierebuli hqonda, romisini gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan. maT aerTianebdaTsaerTo damokidebuleba nilosze da sayovelTaod aRiarebulidogma, rom maT marTavda ara zemo egvipteli an qvemoegvipteli, aramed RvTaeba, romlis warmomavlobis adgiliiyo ara raime geografiuli adgili ama soflisa (ufro zustad,samxreTi egvipte, romlis mefeebmac moaxdines qveynisgaerTianeba), aramed RmerTebis sasufeveli~, wers vilsoni,magram iqve dasZens: `magram ramdenad aRiares egviptelebmaes dogma qveynis gaerTianebis momentSi? 17 arqauli (I – II dinastiebi)periodis egviptis movlenebi cxadyofs, rom egviptesoTx saukuneze meti dasWirda imisaTvis, rom es dogmaoficialurad mieRo. politikuri brZola, romelic am droisganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da romelSic sabolood `xorismimdevrebma~ gaimarjves, gulisxmobda erTi konkretulisamefo saxlis gamarjvebas da Sesabamisad im RvTaebis gamarjvebas,romelTanac am samefo saxlis faraonebo iyvnengaigivebuli. amgvarad, arqauli egvipte ara marto egvipturi151617B. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation, Routledge, 1991, 41.B.E. Shafer (ed), Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths and Personal Practice, CornellUniversity Press, 1991, 117.J. A. Wilson,The Culture of Ancient Egypt, The University of Chicago Press, 1957, 44-45.239

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis periodia. swored am periodSixdeba faraonis RvTaebriobis ideis Camoyalibeba da aRzeveba.politikuri ganviTarebis Semdeg, miuxedavad arqauli periodisSidaaSlilobebisa, egvipte saocari siswrafiT iwyebsganviTarebas da masTan erTad Zlierdeba misi mTavariRvTaeba – faraoni. Tu pirveli dinastiis dros faraoni Tavadaxdenda mTeli qveynis inspeqtirebas, meore dinastiidanes ukve SuZlebeli xdeba, radgan im mokvdavTa wres, romlebsacfaraonis piradad naxva SeeZlo, mxolod samefo ojaxiswevrebi da umaRlesi rangis moxeleebi Seadgenda. Sesabamisad,qveynis inspeqtirebas ukve ara faraoni, aramed misimoxeleebi awarmoebdnen. 18 pirveli dinastiis dasasrulsxdeba kidev erTi SesamCnevi cvlileba: Tu aqamde saxelmwifouwyebebis beWdebze faraonis saxelis gverdiT Sesabamisiuwyebis moxelis saxelic moixsenieboda, axla es tradiciaqreba. axla faraonis saxelis gverdiT mxolod moxelisTanamdebobis dasaxeleba moixsenieba. saerTod, rogorc Cans,ikrZaleba faraonis da `mokvdavebis~ erT warweraSi moxsenieba.19 faraonis, rogorc qveynis uzenaesi RvTaebis mdgomareobakulminacias swored meoTxe dinastiis dros aRwevs.meoTxe dinastiis faraonebis uzarmazari piramidebi (maT Sorisyvelaze cnobili xeofsis, xefrenis da mikerinis samigrandiozuli piramida) swored qveynis mTavari RvTaebismokvdavi sxeulis ZvalSesalagebs warmoadgenda, romelTasidiades maradiulad unda gaexsenebina STamomavlobisaTvismaTi patronebi. xeofsis dros umaRlesi rangis didebulebsacki ekrZalebodaT samarxebSi sakuTari qandakebebis Setana,rac, Tavis mxriv, egviptis gardacvlilTa kultis ritualisaucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili iyo. 20 amitom varaudoben,rom herodotes (II, 124) cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom xeofsmadaxura taZrebi da akrZala RmerTebisaTvis msxverplisSewirva, simarTlis marcvals Seicavs. maneTonis Tanaxmad,didi piramidis patroni RmerTebis mimarT udierebas iCenda,Tumca unda aRiniSnos isic, rom maneTonis yvela SemorCenil181920K. Sethe, H. Schäfer, L. Borchardt, Ein Bruchstück altägyptischer Annalen, Leipzig, 1976,13-54.W. Helck, Geschichte des alten Ägypten, 1968, 32-33. faraonis saxis aseTi transformaciakidev erTi sagulisxmo gansxvavebaa pirvel da meore dinastiebsSoris.iqve, 53.240

versiaSi meoTxe dinastia `sxva samefo Stod~ aris moxseniebuli.21 amave periodSi Tavs iCens udidesi Zvrebis axalitalRa – egviptis panTeonis taxtze `pretenziis gancxadebas~axali RvTaeba iwyebs. am movlenis winapirobebi ufro adrecSeimCneva, magram gansakuTrebiT ikrebs Zalas sami didi piramidismflobelTa mefobis Semdeg. ra, mzis RvTaeba, TandaTanikavebs faraonis, rogorc qveynis uzenaesi RvTaebis adgils.ras kultis samSoblod heliopolisia miCneuli, magramheliopolisis kosmogoniis Seqmnis dros ra jer kidev ariyo imdenad mniSvnelovani RvTaeba, rom heliopolisis qurumebsis TavianTi kosmogoniis demiurgad daesaxelebinaT.kosmogoniis uZvelesi demiurgi anTropomorfuli atumi iyo,magram ras aRzevebis Semdeg igive qurumebma ra atumTangaaigives da ra, ra-atumis saxiT, kosmogoniis demiurgicgaxda. TandaTan izrdeba daZabuloba faraons da ras Soris.am orTabrZolaSi gaimarjva mzis RvTaebam da ukve is, da arafaraoni, ikavebs qveynis uzenaesi RvTaebis adgils, faraoni kimis vaJiSvilad cxaddeba. ukve IV dinastiis dros faraonistitulaturaSi Cndeba axali elementi `ras vaJiSvili~, romelicV dinastiidan, roca mzis religia ukve egviptis saxelmwiforeligia xdeba, mudmiv adgils ikavebs faraonisrTul titulaturaSi. `yofili~ uzenaesi RvTaeba – faraoni,marTalia, inarCunebs RvTaebriobas, magram is ukve `meoreTaobis~ RvTaebaa, `xori, ras vaJiSvili~. aRsaniSnaviaagreTve, rom V dinastiis piramidebi erTbaSad iklebs zomaSiIV dinastiis grandiozul piremidebTan SedarebiT, magramsamagierod am dinastiis faraonebi iwyeben axali tipis taZrebis– mzis obeliskebis aRmarTvas. mniSvnelovan faqts warmoadgensisic, rom amave dinastiis dros warwerebSi moxeleebissaxelebi kvlav Cndeba faraonis saxelis gverdiT. 22es yvelaferi uTuod dakavSirebuli iyo udides ZvrebTanideologiaSi, ramac SesaZloa biZgi misca maneTons axali aTvladaewyo. mas adanaSauleben V da VI dinastiebs Sorisxazis gavlebis gamoc da am dayofas `iluzorulsac~ ki eZaxianistoriis mSvidi msvlelobis gamo, radgan V dinastiis bevriwarCinebuli moxele mSvidobianad agrZelebda moRvaweobasVI dinastiis drosac. 23 Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobili212223Manetho, 49.J.H.Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, New York, 1962, vol. I, 119.Grimal, 2003, 87.241

`piramidebis teqstebi~ pirvelad V dinastiis bolo faraonis,unisis piramidaSi Cndeba da sabolood imkvidrebs Tavs VIdinastiis faraonebis da maTi deoflebis piramidebSi, racaseve metyvelebs am dinastiebis mijnaze momxdar cvlilebebze,romlebic ideologiasTan, kerZod ki, faraonis kultTan iyodakavSirebuli. amas garda, VI dinastiidan wydeba mzis taZrebismSenebloba, rac, savaraudod, aseve garkveuli obieqturimizezebiT iyo gamowveuli. VI dinastiasTan aris dakavSirebuliaseve osirisis kultis aRzeveba da micvalebulTa kultis`osirianizacia~. swored VI dinastiis dasawyisidanosirisi mtkiced imkvidrebs adgils micvalebulTa locveb-Si. 24 amave dinastiis dros egvipte sabolood gadaiqca feodalursaxelmwifod, rac dinastiis bolis qveynis daSliserT-erT ZiriTad mizezad aris miCneuli. VI dinastiasTan er-Tad sruldeba Zveli samefos xana. momdevno periodi (XII dinastiamde),romelsac dRes pirvel gardamaval periodsuwodeben, maneTonTan (ufro zustad, maneTonis kupiurebSiafrikanusTan da eusebiusTan) Zalian SemWidrovebulad ariswarmodgenili. VII dinastiaSi is, afrikanusis mixedviT, asaxelebs70 mefes memfisidan, romlebic 70 dRes mefobdnen, eusebiusismixedviT ki 5 mefes, aseve memfisidan, romelTa mefobam75 dRes gastana. Semdegi dinastiebi asea ganawilebuli: VIIIdinastia: 27 mefe memfisidan, 146 weli (afrikanusi), 5 mefe memfisidan,100 weli (eusebiusi). IX dinastia: 19 mefe herakleopolisidan,409 weli (afrikanusi), 4 mefe herakleopolisidan,100 weli (eusebiusi); X dinastia: 19 mefe herakleopolisidan,185 weli (afrikanusi), 19 mefe herakleopolisidan, 185 weli(eusebiusi); XI dinastiasTan mimarTebaSi afrikanusis da eusebiusismonacemebi emTxveva: 16 mefe diospolisidan (an Tebedan),43 weli. mTeli am dinastiebis manZilze dasaxelebuliamxolod erTi faraoni IX dinastiaSi, axtoi (maneTonis transkrifciiT,oxtoisi), romelic istoriulad dadasturebulipirovnebaa. 25 aseTi naklovanebebiT aRsavse monaTxrobismiuxedavad, gardineris azriT, maneToni mainc gvawvdis im istoriulimovlenebis ConCxs, romlebic dReisaTvis mecnierebaSirekonstruirebulia: memfisis reJimis kolafsi da areulobaqveyanaSi, romelic bunebrivad mohyva centralizebuli2425H. Kees, Totenglauben und Jenseitsvorstellungen der alten Ägypter (Grundlagen undEntwicklungen bis zum Ende des mittleren Reiches), Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1980, 132.Manetho, 57-65.242

mmarTvelobis rRvevas (VII dinastia), brZola ZalauflebisaTvisfeodalebs, an `nomarqebs~ Soris (VIII-IX dinastiebi),herakleopolisis nomarqebis mier qveynis centralurinawilis gaerTianeba (X dinastia), Tebes nomarqebis miersamxreTis gaerTianeba, herakleopolisis damarcxeba daqveynis kvlav gaerTianeba (XI dinastia). 26 maneTonis yvelaversiaSi xazgasmiT aRniSnulia, rom XI dinastiis mefeebisSemdeg mefobda amenemesi. 27 dRes Cvens xelT arsebuli mane-Toniseuli kupiurebidan SeuZlebelia originaluri teqstisaRdgena, magram dasaSvebia vivaraudod, rom mas gansakuTrebiThyavda gamoyofili amenemesi, igive amonemxat I. sagulisxmoa,rom amonemxat I-is mefobiT daiwyo sruliad axali epoqa,romelsac dRes Sua samefos periodiT moixsenieben, TviTonamonemxat I ki egviptis ramodenime umniSvnelovanes faraonTaSoris saxeldeba. es iyo arasamefo warmoSobis piri, romelmacdasustebuli XII dinastiis dros alRo auRo situacias,moaxdina taxtis uzurpireba da safuZveli daudo ara martoaxal dinastias, aramed Tvisobrivad axal egviptes. magrambrwyinvale XII dinastia dinastiuri krizisiT sruldeba.maneToni dinastias qali-faraoniT asrulebs. savaraudod,dinastiis bolo faraons, amonemxat IV-s ar darCa mamakacimemkvidre, da taxtze avida misi da, sobeknefru (an sobeknefrura).28 rogorc Cans, sobeknefru XII dinastiis ukanasknelilegitimuri memkvidre iyo, da misi gardacvalebis Semdegsamefo taxts bevri pretendenti gamouCnda. isev iwyeba qveynisdecentralizaciis procesi, taxtze erTmaneTis miyolebiTadian sxvadasxva socialuri, zog SemTxvevaSi ubralo warmo-Sobis, mefeebi, romlebic sul sxvadasxva ojaxebs miekuTvnebian.maTi Zalaufleba, rasakvirvelia, ar vrceldeba mTelqveyanaze da xSirad, iseve rogorc pirveli gardamavali periodisdros, qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi ramodenime mefeerTdroulad acxadebs taxtze pretenzias. drois es monakveTidRes meore gardamavali periodis saxeliT aris cnobili.qveynis daqucmacebas kidev ufro arTulebs is garemoeba, romegvipte, pirvelad Tavis istoriaSi, ucxoeli dampyroblebisxelSi eqceva. am periodis da misi dinastiebis rekonstruqcia262728A.H. Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford,1961, 107.Manetho, 65.E. Hornung, Pharaoh, in: S. Donadoni (ed.), The Egyptians, The University of ChicagoPress, Cgicago, London, 1997, 296.243

dResac egviptologiis erT-erT amocanas warmoadgens. samwuxarod,aseTive amocanas warmoadgens am periodis maneToniseulidinastiebi. XIII-XIV dinastiebis SemTxvevaSi afrikanusisda eusebiusis cnobebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. XIII dinastiaSiorive asaxelebs 60 mefes (mefobis 453 weli), XIV dinastiaSiki 76 mefes (mefobis 186 weli). arc erTi mefis saxelidasaxelebuli ar aris. XV dinastia, romelic, afrikanusisTanaxmad, `mecxvare mefeebisagan~ Sedgeboda 29 , moicavs 6 mefes(salaTisi, bnoni, paxnani, staani, arxlesi, apopisi, mefobis284 weli), eusebiusis Tanaxmad ki es iyo dinastia diospolisidan(Tebedan), romlebic mefobda 250 wels (mefeebis ricxvida saxelebi ar aris moxseniebuli). XVI dinastia, afrikanusismixedviT, isev `mecxvare mefeebia~ (dasaxelebulia ricxvi _32, mefobis wlebi – 518), eusebiusis Tanaxmad, XVI dinastiasSeadgenda 5 mefe Tebedan, romlebmac 190 wels imefes. XVIIdinastiaSi afrikanusi asaxelebs 43 `mecxvare mefes~ da 43 mefesTebedan, romlebic erTdroulad mefobdnen (mefobis 151weli). eusebiusis Tanaxmad, XVII dinastias Seadgendnen`mecxvareebi da Zmebi~ saitesi, bnoni, apopi (mefobis 103weli). 30 aseTma gansxvavebam logikurad SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos,rom arc erTi avtori ar iZleva zustad maneToniseulversias. Tanamedrove rekonstruqciiT, periodi XII dinastiisdasasrulsa da XVIII dinastiis dasawyiss Soris daaxl. 220-230wels moicavs, XIII dinastia ki daaxl. 110-125 wels. am epoqisbundovan istoriaze da efemeruli mefeebis simravleze metyvelebsturinis mefeTa papirusic. 31 papirusze CamoTvliliapraqtikulad yvela faraoni, romelic egvipteSi sami aTasiwlis ganmavlobaSi mefobda, da maTma CamonaTvalma TerTmetisveti daikava. am TerTmeti svetidan eqvsi daTmobiliaqvs monakveTs XII-XVIII dinastiebs Soris da dasaxelebulmefeTa ricxvi daxxloebiT 175-ia. maTgan ramdeni unda miekuTvnosmaneToniseul XIII dinastias, dadgenili ar aris.arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT, moZiebulia am periodiT da-TariRebuli uamravi artefaqti, romlebzec samefo kartuSSi293031laparakia hiksosebze, romlebmac am dros dapyres egvipte. savaraudod, esiyo semituri warmoSobis eTnosi (maneToni maT `finikielebs~ eZaxis) ,romelTa identuroba dReisaTvis zustad ar aris dadgenili.Manetho. 73-75, 91-95.turinis mefeTa papirusis saxeliT cnobilia Zveli egviptidan Semonaxulimefeebis siebs Soris yvelaze ufro srulyofili.244

Casmuli ucnobi saxelebia moTavsebuli. am rTuli periodisTanamedrove rekonstruqcia da TiTqmis ucnobi 175 mefis`gadanawileba~ ase gamoiyureba:1. mefeebi, romlebic uSualod mosdevdnen XII dinastias.ZiriTadad, magram SesaZloa yvela SemTxvevaSi ara, isinimarTavdnen qveyanas memfisidan. maT garkveulwilad aRiarebdnensamxreTSic. TiTqmis aSkaraa, rom isini ar ganekuTvnebodnenerT ojaxs da xSirad ar iyvnen samefo warmo-Sobis (am jgufs maneTonis XIII dinastiasTan aigiveben).2. mefeebi, romlebic marTavdnen qveyanas zemoTmoxseniebulimefeebis Semdeg, magram amjerad samxreTodan, kerZodki Tebedan (aigiveben maneTonis XVII dinastiasTan).3. eqvsi hiksosi mefe, romlebic Caenacvla pirvel jgufs damefobda meore jgufis paralelurad (aigiveben maneTonis XVdinastiasTan.4. gaurkvevli raodenobis `mefeebi~, romelTa gavlenacxandaxan SeiZleba mxolod erT qalaqze vrceldeboda. savaraudod,maTi mefoba wina jgufebis mefeebis paraleluradacmimdinareobda (aigiveben maneTonis XIV da XVI dinastieb-Tan). 32miuxedavad imisa, rom maneTonis mier am periodis mefeebisdinastiebad dalagebam Cvenamde Zalian Zalian Sekvecilikupiurebis saxiT moaRwia (amaze metyvelebs isic, rom hiksosimefeebis garda, arc erTi egvipteli faraonis saxeli dasaxelebuliar aris) 33 , mainc ikveTeba misi mcdeloba moawesrigosam bundovani periodis istoria. savaraudod, man erTdinastiaSi (XIII) gaaerTiana yvela mefe, romelic qveyanasmarTavda XII dinastiis dasrulebidan egviptis hiksosebismier dapyrobamde. Tumca dReisaTvis iTvleba, rom essxvadasxva (xSir SemTxvevaSi sruliad dabali) fenidan daojaxidan gamosuli adamianebi iyvnen, maT erTi saerTo epoqaakavSirebdaT. qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg, roca hiksosebmaqveynis CrdiloeTSi (jer memfisSi, Semdeg ki avarisSi) daidesbina, erovnuli Zalauflebis centrma bunebrivad gadainacvla3233B.Kemp, in: Ancient Egypt: A Social History, Cambridge University Press, 2001, 154-155.dReisaTvis istoriulad realur pirebad iTvleba maneTonis mier dasaxelebulihiksosi mefeebi, da amdenad saeWvoa, rom mas ar hyoloda dasaxelebulizogierTi mainc am periodis egvipteli faraonebis grZeli rigidan,gansakuTrebiT ki XVII dinastiis Tebeli faraonebi, romlebmac kvlavgaaerTianes qveyana.245

TebeSi. am Tebeli mefeebis gavlena mxolod qveynis samxreTzevrceldeboda, magram es ukve mecnierebisaTvis cnobili Tebesnomarqebis ojaxia (XVII dinastia), romelmac moaxerxaqveynidan hiksosebis gandevna da egviptis klav gaerTianeba.XIV da XVI dinastiebSi SesaZloa gaerTianebuli iyo is mefeebi,romelbic am ori dinastiis paralelurad acxadebdnenpretenzias mafobaze, Tumca maTi gavlena (razec dRes CvensxelT arsebuli arqeologiuri masala miuTiTebs) maTiqalaqis an nomis farglebs ar scdeboda.XVIII dinastiis gamefebiT iwyeba axali epoqa, romelsacaxali samefos periods uwodeben. es egviptis ara marto erTerTiubrwyinvalesi, aramed dReisaTvis es erT-erTi yvelezekargad dokumentirebuli da Seswavlili dinastiaa, magrammaneTonTan (ufro sworad ki, maneTonis afrikanusis da eusebiusisversiebSi) is imdenad areulad aris warmodgenili,rom bevr SemTxvevaSi Znelic aris mefeebis saxelebis identificireba.34 ufro metic, aq moxseniebuli arian ramses II damerneptaxi, romlebic Semdeg, XIX dinastiaSi, kvlav ariandasaxelebuli, ukve `TavanT adgilebze.~ gansakuTrebuli `pativi~migebuli aqvs xoremxebs, romelic orjer aris moxseniebuli,jer rogorc `orusi~ amonxetep III-is Semdeg dameorejer ufro qveviT, rogorc `armaisi~, gaugebar mefeebsSoris. 35 amgvarad, XVIII dinastiis Cvenamde moRweuli mane-Toniseuli versia namdvilad Sorsaa dReisaTvis istoriuladdadasturebul dinastiis faraonebisagan da maTi Tanmimdevrobisagan.savaraudod, is Sorsaa maneTonis originaluriversiidanac. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom Cvenamde moRweuli versiebiZalian Sors aris originalidan. am mtkicebis sasargeblodgansakuTrebiT kargad metyvelebs XVIII dinastiis mefeebissaocrad areuli CamonaTvalic. es iyo periodi, rocaegvipte imperiad gadaiqca da dinastiis warmatebuli mefeebigansakuTrebiT bevrs werdnen (rogorc qvaze, ise papirusze)TavianTi warmatebebis Sesaxeb. arqeologiis wyalobiT, amdinastiaze uzarmazari masalaa mopovebuli, da miT ufrokargad cnobili unda yofiliyo es mefeebi maneTonisaTvis,romlis gankargulebaSic CvenTvis dakarguli egviptis sataZrobiblioTekebi da umdidresi arqivebi iyo. amitom3435afrikanusTan 16, eusebiusTan ki 14 mefea dasaxelebuli, Manetho, 111-119.Gardiner, 241246

Zalian saeWvoa, rom mas erTmaneTSi areoda iseTi didi mefeebisTanmimdevroba, rgorebic iyvnen Totmes III da ramzesII, romlebic mudmivad moixseniebodnen STamomavlobis mier,rogorc legendaruli mefeebi. 36 magram yuradReba mainc undagavamaxviloT or garemoebaze. orive versiaSi dinastiasiwyebs amosi (igive iaxmes I), im Tebes (XVII) dinastiis warmomadgeneli,romelic hiksosebis paralelurad mefobdasamxreTSi. iaxmesma warmatebiT daagvirgvina brZola hiksosebiswinaaRmdeg, magram es ar iyo misi erTpirovnulibrZolis Sedegi. man gaagrZela Tavisi ufrosi Zmis, kamosessaqme, romelic dRes XVII (maneTonze dayrdnobiT) dinastiisbolo faraonad aris miCneuli. iTvleba, rom maTi mama, tao IIsekenenra, aseve hiksosebTan brZolaSi daiRupa, rasac adasturebsumZimesi Wrilobebi mis mumiaze. 37 magram iaxmesswilad xvda brZolis warmatebiT dasruleba. man saboloodgandevna hiksosebi qveynidan da safuZveli daudo axal epoqas,romelsac dRes axal samefos uwodeben. am SemTxvevaSimaneTonTan gawyvetilia erTi ojaxis genealogia, rac Tvisobrivadaxal istoriul viTarebas ukavSirdeba. rac Seexebaxoremxebs, is iyo maRali Tanamdebobebis mqone, magram ucnobiwarmoSobis samxedro piri, romelic ojaxuri TvalsazrisiTarc XVIII, arc XIX dinastias ar miekuTvneboda, amitommas xSirad eZaxian faraons `or dinastias Soris~. 38 dRes masxan XVIII dinastiis bolo 39 , xan XIX dinastiis pirvelfaraonad 40 asaxeleben. magram maneTonis mier misi XVIII dinastiaSimoTavsebas Tavisi logika hqonda: xoremxebmaCaatara sruli restavraciis procesi exnatonis religiurireformis Semdeg da qveyana religiuri da ideologiuriTvalsazrisiT `daabruna~ im relsebze, romlebzec is exnatonamde`idga~. 41 mas ar hyolia Svilebi da Tavis memkvidred man363738394041egviptis istoriis bolomde amuletebsac ki amzadebdnen maTi saxelebiT,radgan iTvleboda, rom am warmatebuli mefeebis saxelebs iRbali undamoetana amuletis patronisaTvis.J. Bourriau in Shaw (Ed.), 2000, 199.Gardiner, 242.J. Baines in D.O’Connor and D.P.Silverman (editors), Ancient Egyptian Kingship, E.J.Brill, Leiden, New York, Köln, 1994, 3Helck, 1968, 180.exnatons (rogorc `eretikoss~) da mis momdevno sam faraons (smenxkaras,tutanxamons da ais) momdevno egvipturi tradicia ar aRiarebda da amdenadisini xSirad ar moixseniebodnen mefeTa siebSi.247

SearCia aseve samxedro, pa-ramsesi, warmoSobiT tanisidan,romelic taxtze avida xoremxebis gardacvalebis Semdeg,rogorc ramses I. nebsiT Tu uneblieT, am arCevaniT man biZgimisca egviptis axali dapyrobiTi omebis serias, romlebicramses I-is Svilis, seti I-is mefobiT daiwyo. seti I-is gamefebiTegvipte kvlav ibrunebs XVIII dinastiis brwyinvalebas daagrZelebs brZolebs imperiis SesanarCuneblad. amgvarad,xoremxebi TiTqos asrulebs erT epoqas, mis mier SerCeulimeore ojaxi ki axals iwyebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom xandazmuliramses I-is daaxl. orwliani mefoba maneTonis mxolod iosebisversiaSia moxseniebuli. afrikanusi da eusebiusi dinastiasmisi SviliT, seti I-iT iwyeben. 42 dinastiis dasasruls,ramses II-is vaJiSvilis, merneptaxis gardacvalebis Semdeg,daiwyo brZola taxtisaTvis, savaraudod, ramses II-ismravalricxovan STamomavlobas Soris. am mxriv problemebiSeeqmna ukve merneptaxis vaJiSvils, seti II-s. dinastias asrulebstaosreti, romelzec eusebiusTan da afrikanusTanvkiTxulobT, rom mas homerosi moixseniebs, rogorc polibiussda rom misi mefobis dros daiwyi troas omi. 43 TanamedroverekonstruqciiT, es iyo qali-faraoni, seti II-is colida SesaZloa naxevari da. masze praqtikulad araferia cnobili,magram aq albaT saqme gvaqvs kidev erT qalTan egviptisistoriaSi, romelmac moaxerxa taxze asvla, magram dinastiurixazis SenarCuneba ver SeZlo. 44meoce dinastiaze (romelic dRes ramesidebis epoqis saxeliTaris cnobili), arc afrikanusi, arc eusebiusi araviTarcnobebs ar gvawvdis, garda imisa, rom is Sedgeboda 12 Tebelimefisagan da imefa 135 (afrikanusi) an 172 (eusebiusi) weliwads.45 araferia cnobili misi damaarseblis, setnaxtis Sesaxeb.46 nebismier SemTxvevaSi, misi urTierToba wina dinastiasTanmegobruli ar unda yofiliyo, radgan man taosretissamarxis uzurpireba moaxdina. 47 misi Svili, ramses III egviptisukanaskneli didi faraonia. mis Semdeg erTmaneTis miyolebiT424344454647Manetho,149-151.iqve, 151-153Gardiner, 1961, 279.Manetho, 153-155.K.A. Kitchen, The Thid Intermediate Period in Egypt, Aris&Phillips Ltd., Warmonster,England, 244Gardiner, 1961, 282.248

mefobda kidev rva ramsesi, romelTa dros faraonis ZalauflebaTandaTan daRma svlas ganicdida. ukanaskneli, XI-eramsesis dros qveyana faqtiurad orad gaiyo. TebeSi ZalauflebasxelSi igdebs Tebes mTavari qurumi, romelic reluradmarTavda samxreTs, ramses XI ki mxolod nominaluradinarCunebs faraonis statuss CrdiloeTSi, radgan aqacZalauflebas realurad axali saxe, vinme smendesi flobs.ramses XI-is gardacvalebis Semdeg smendesma Tavi faraonadgamoacxada. 48 smendesis gamefebiT maneToni bunebrivad iwyebsaxal, XXI dinastias. XXI dinastias erTi Tavisebureba gamoarCevs.misi faraonebi (maTi rezidencia qveynis ukiduresCrdiloeTSi, tanisSi mdebareobda) mefobdnen CrdiloeTSi,samxreTi ki realurad Tebes mTavari qurumis daqvemdebarebaSiimyofeboda. qveynis aseTi dayofa TiTqos CrdiloeTsada samxreTs Soris mSvidobiani garigebis safuZvelze moxda,radgan maT Soris araviTari uTanxmoeba ar momxdara, ar yofilabrZolebi qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis an gavlenis sferosgazrdisaTvis, rogorc pirveli da meore gardamavaliperiodebis dros. smendesis Semdeg taxtze adis misi vaJiSviliamonemnisu. misi mefobis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili. savaraudod,mas ar darCa memkvidre, radgan mis Semdeg taxtze TebesmTavari qurumis vaJiSvili fsusenesi adis. fsuseness cvlismisi Svili amonemope, magram mis Semdeg faraonad gvevlinebavinme osoxori, romlis warmomavloba ucnobia da mas dinastiurikavSiri wina mefeebTan ara aqvs. 49 mas cvlian asevegamoucnobi warmoSobis pirebi siamuni da fsusenes II, romelicasrulebs dinastias. amgvarad, istoriulad dadasturebuliamaneTonis mier dasaxelebuli XXI dinastiis Svidifaraoni, 50 da Tumca es dinastia ar warmoadgens erTi ojaxisgenealogiur xazs, is moicavs erT konkretul periods 51 ramesidebisSemdeg vidre egviptis pirvel ucxour, libiur dinastiamde,da savaraudod isini am niSniT arian gaerTianebuli.libieli faraonis, SeSonkis taxtze asvliT maneToni axal,XXIII dinastias iwyebs, rac savsebiT bunebrivad gamoiyureba,48495051Kitchen, 248-254.iqve, 272.Manetho, 155.am periodis gamoyofa im garemoebiTac SeiZleba, rom swored am dosmoxda qveynis mSvidobiani ganawileba CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs, faraonsada amonis mTavar qurums Soris.249

Tumca SeSonki da fsusenes II garkveulad danaTesavdnen kidec:SeSonk I-is vaJiSvili, osorkoni (romelic taxtze SeSonkisSemdeg avida) fsusenes II-is qaliSvilze iyo daqorwinebuli. 52XVIII dinastiamde libielebze praqtikulad araferia cnobili,radgan gansxvavebiT nubiisagan, is ar iyo mdidari mineraluriresursebiT da egviptelebis interesebi libiis mom-Tabare tomebis egviptis sazRvrebs miRma SekavebiT da ammizniT Catarebuli samxedro eqspediciebidan saqonlis damonebis CamoyvaniT Semoifargleboda. SedarebiT metia informacialibielebze XVIII dinastiidan. am dros Cndeba libiaSimcxovrebi tomebis axali saxelebic – Mšwš da Libu.SesaZloa es iyo axali tomebi, romlebic am dros xmel-TaSuazRvispireTis auzSi dawyebulma xalxebis didma migraciam(zRvis xalxebi) moiyvana. 53 amave droidan, savaraudod,daiwyo libielebis Casaxleba dasavleT deltaSi. es tomebi,romlebic aqamde pastoraluri cxovrebis wess misdevdnen,TandaTan gardaiqmnen mebrZolebad, romlebic SeiaraRebuliiyvnen brinjaos periodis xmelTaSuazRvispireTisaTvis tipiuriiaraRiT, aseve etliT da cxeniT. savaraudod, maT mSidobianimigraciiT mopovebuli teritoriebis gafarToveba surdaT.Camoyalibdnen isini politikuradac, radgan SeqmneskavSiri zRvisiqiTa xalxebTan (Aqawasha, Tursu, Luku, Sherden,Shekelesh). libiuri sazogadoebis aseTi gardaqmnis mizeziCvenTvis ucnobia. 54 am koaliciasTan mouxdaT SebrZolebamerneptaxs (XIX dinastia) da ramses III (XX dinastia). egvipturiteqstebis Tanaxmad, libielebi movidnen colebiT,SvilebiT da TavianTi qonebiT da maT mizans aq samudamoddarCena warmoadgenda. aseve egvipturi wyarobidan vgebulobT,rom brZolebi orive faraonis brwyinvale gamarjvebiTdasrulda, 55 magram am teqstebis triumfaluri tonismiuxedavad, libielebis migracia grZeldeboda, da maleqveynis didi nawili maTi mmarTvelobis qveS aRmoCnda. Tumcaegviptur wyaroebSi amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvani, libiurieqspansiis masStabebidan gamomdinare, savaraudod, maT ramodenimegamarjveba moipoves egviptur jarze da ZiriTadi52535455unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi qorwinebebiT xSirad xdeboda faraonis legitimirebaerTi donastiis farglebSi.K.A. Bard (ed), Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge,1999, 445.B.Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation, 44.Breasted, 1962, I, §§569-617; IV, §§ 83-114.250

qalaqebi daikaves. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom SeSonkis taxtzeasvlisaTvis libielebi ukve savsebiT `gaegvipteleulebi~iyvnen. SesaZloa, maT SenarCunebuli hqondaT sakuTari ena,magram maT arasodes ucdiaT raime daefiqsirebinaT am enaze.qveyanas isini marTavdnen bubastisidan, romelic libiurikoloniis mTavari qalaqi iyo, magram imarxebodnen tanisSi,amonis taZris ezoSi, romelic ukve ramodenime dinastiis man-Zilze egviptis faraonebis samudamo gansvenebis adgils warmoadgenda.afrikanusis Tanaxmad, XXIII dinastiaSi iyo 9 mefebubastisidan, romlebmac 120 wels imefes. mas dasaxelebulihyavs mxolod SeSonki, osorkoni da takeloti, danarCenebi`kidev sxva mefeebad~ hyavs moxseniebuli. eusebiusi asaxelebssam mefes (saxelebi emTxveva afrikanusisas) da mefobis 49wels. 56 Tanamedrove rekonstruqciiT, dinastiaSi iyo TerTmetimefe da is Cv. w.-mde 945-715 wlebSi mefobda. 57dinastiis merve faraonis, SeSonk II-is dros garegnuladegvipte iseTi erTiani Cans, rogorc arasdros bolo aTwleulebismanZilze, 58 magram moulodnelad viTareba iZabeba.leontopolisSi, tanisis siaxloves, Cndeba vinme pedubasti,aseve libieli, romelic Tavs faraonad acxadebs dawlebis aTvlas, rogoc yvela egviptis legitimuri faraoni,Tavisi mefobis wlebiT iwyebs. Tu ratom gauyo mas SeSonkmamSvidobianad egviptis taxti, ucnobia, magram samxreTi, ker-Zod ki Tebes mTavari qurumi, misi gamefebis Semdeg aRiarebsmis, da ara SeSonkis xazs. amis sapirispirod memfisis mTavariqurumi SeSonkis Stos cnobda. 59 es paraleluri samefo StomaneTonma (albad savsebiT samarTlianad) calke gamoyo. isdRes XXIII dinastiis saxeliT aris cnobili, pedubasti ki misdamaarseblad iTvleba. maneTonis Tanaxmad, is SedgebodaoTxi mefisagan, 89 saerTo mefobis wliT (afrikanusi), an samimefisagan (mefobis 44 weli, eusebiusi). 60 Tanamedrove rekonstruqciiT,dinastiis Svidi (an rva) mefe Cv. w.-mde 818-715wlebSi mefobda. daaxloebiT amave periodSi mefobaze pretenziasacxadebs kidev erTi libieli, amjerad saisidan, vinme5657585960Manetho, 159.Kitchen, 1973, 467.iqve, 357.es Cans iqidan, rom TebeSi wlebs pedubastis mefobiT iTvlidnen, memfisSiki SeSonkis.Manetho, 161-163.251

tefnaxti. Tavidan is iyo `libielebis didi beladi~ da jarismTavarsardali. TandaTan mis wodebebs emateba `mTeliqveynis didi beladi~ da `dasavleTis nomebis mmarTveli~.misi gavlenis qveS eqceva mTeli dasavleTi delta xmelTaSuazRvamde da memfisi, sadac is sem-qurumic iyo. es teritoriatefnaxtma realurad gadaaqcia Tavis samefod da daiwyo misigafarToveba. man Seutia herakleopoliss da hermopoliss.magram aq egvipteSi Cneba axali Zala, amjerad samxreTidan.es aris nubia, romelic saukuneebis manZilze egviptis koloniaiyo da TandaTan eziara gviptur kulturas. libiuridominirebis periodSi, roca CrdiloeTi TandaTan iqsaqsebodalibiel mefeebs Soris da isini Zalauflebis sferosgafarTovebiT (an SenarCunebiT) iyvnen dakavebuli, samxreTSiki realurad amonis mTavari qurumi mefobda, nubiaSiCamoyalibda samefo, romlis mefeebma male igrZnes, romsituacia egvipteSi maT sasargeblod viTardeboda. tefnaxtisgaaqtiurebis droisaTis nubiis mefes, pianxis, ukve Tavisigavlenis qveS hyavda moqceuli Tebe. male is daiZraCrdiloeTisaken, rasac mohyva pianxis mier egviptis srulidapyroba da tefnaxtis jaris da flotis ganadgureba. TviTontefnaxtma moaxerxa gaqceva da pianxis danebebis Sesaxeb acnoba.magram pianxi dabrunda nubiaSi ise, rom ar datovaTavisi administracia, is aSkarad ar apirebda egvipteSidabrunebas da qveynis memfisidan marTvas. Zalauflebis vakuumimaSinve sagrZnobi gaxda deltaSi. am viTarebaSi tefnaxtmamiiRo faraonis oficialuri titulatura da Tavifaraonad gamoacxada. mis samefoSi Sedioda mTeli dasavleTdelta memfisidan CrdiloeTiT. magram mas ar hqoniamcdeloba SebrZoleboda osorkon IV-s (XXII dinastiis bolofaraoni) an iuput II-s (XXIII dinastiis bolo an bolos winafaraoni. es ori dinastia, rogorc iTqva, erTmaneTisparalelurad mefobda). savaraudod, nubiidan axali SemotevisSiSiT, mas arc samxreTisaken daZvra ucdia. Tumca undaaRiniSnos, rom maneToni mas ar moixseniebs, rogorcfaraons. mis XXIV dinastiaSi dasaxelebulia mxolod erTimefe, tefnaxtis memkvidre bakenranefi. afrikanusis mixedviT,man fantastiuri 990 weli imefa, eusebiusis mixedviT ki 44. 61bakenranefis mefobaze egvipturi wyaroebidan praqtikulad61Manetho, 165.252

araferia cnobili. maneTonis cnobiT, is daatyveva dacocxlad dawva pianxis Zmam, Sabakam. 62 dRes Zneli saTqmelia,Tu ramdenad Seesabameba es simarTles, magram egvipturiwyaroebidan is qreba mefobis meeqvse wels da rogorc mTeliegviptis mefe, Cndeba Sabaka, romelic erTi wliT adre Tavisiufrosi Zmis, pianxis gardacvalebis Semdeg avida taxtze. 63 nubielifaraonis taxtze asvliT bunebrivad iwyeba axali, XXVdinastia. afrikanusis da eusebiusis cnobebi nubiuri dinastiisSemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs emTxveva: sami mefe (sabakosi,sebixosi da tarkusi), mefobis 40 weli. 64 is dinastias iwyebsSabakas mefobiT, romelic realurad mefobda egvipteSi. dResdinastias iTvlian pirveli istoriulad dafiqsirebuli mefidan(alara), radgan nubiis agresia egvipteSi misi mefobisdroidan daiwyo da taxtze pianxis asvlisaTvis Tebe maTigavlenis qveS imyofeboda. pianxi, romelmac samxedro reidimoawyo egvipteSi, aseTi daTvliT ukve mesame mefea. SabakasSemdeg Tanamedrove rekonstruqciiT mefobda ara ori, aramedsami mefe (Sebitku, taxarka da tanutamani), periodi Sabakadandinastiis dasasrulamde Cv. w.-mde 716-656 wlebs moicavs.65nubiuri dinastiis dasrulebas xeli gareSe faqtormacSeuwyo. is asureTis samefos aRzevebis xanas daemTxva da nubielifaraonebis pretenzia siriaSic aRedginaT egviptisgavlena asureTTan SetakebiT da asureTis mier CrdiloeTegviptis dapyrobiT damTavrda. swored asurelebma gaaZevestaxarka CrdiloeT egviptidan, da deltis mmarTvelebi TavianTvasalebad gadaaqcies. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovaniiyo nexo saisidan, cnobili, rogorc nexo I, romelic realuradasurelebis mTavari nacvali iyo CrdiloeT egvipteSi.nubielebma bolomde ver gaaTviTcnobieres asureTissiZliere. taxarkas gardacvalebis Semdeg CrdiloeT egviptezesamxedro marSiT wamovida taxarkas memkvidre tanutamani.Tavidan man garkveuli upiratesoba moipova, da moklanexo I, savaraudod, asuruli orientaciis gamo. tanutamanisgamarjveba Zalian xanmokle gamodga da Zlian Zvirad daujdaegviptes. asurelebma is sastikad daamarcxes da sdies samxre-62636465iqve, 169.Kitchen, 1973, 362-377,Manetho, 167.Kitchen, 1973,468.253

Tamde, rasac Tebes cnobili aoxreba mohyva. aseT uimedo vi-TarebaSi nexo I-is vaJiSvilma, fsamtixma, moaxerxa jerCrdiloeTis gaerTianeba, Semdeg ki asurelebis gandevna.fsamtix I (Cv.w.-mde 663-610) iwyebs XXVI, e.w. saisur dinastias.oficialurad fsamtix I Tavisi gamefebis wlebs taxarkas gardacvalebidaniTvlis, rac xsnis maneToniseul nubiur dinastiaSitanutamanis gamotovebas. diplomatiuri gzebiT fsamtixmamoaxerxa gaevrcelebina gavlena Tebeze. misi qaliSviliiSviles `amonis mTavarma colebma~, rac avtomaturad Tebesmier fsamtixis aRiarebas da Tebes nubielebis gavlenissferodan gamosvlas niSnavda. savaraudod, Tebes aseTi ganwyobisaTvisdidi biZgi iyo nubielebis uunaroba Tavi daeRwiaTasurelebis batonobisagan da is saSineli aoxreba, romelicTebes daatyda Tavs nubielebis politikis gamo. 66 fsamtixisgamefebiT iwyeba ara marto axali dinastia, aramedukanaskneli brwyinvale periodi egviptis istoriaSi, romelsacdRes saisuri renesansis saxliTac moixsenieben. idealurmodelad saisuri faraonebi Zveli samefos egviptes irCeven.arqauli tendenciebi igrZnoba literaturaSic. xdeba ZveliTanamdebobebis da wodebebis aRdgena. saisis faraonebisTavisebur gavlenaze qveyanaSi miuTiTebs is faqtic, rom Tebe,xangrZlivi periodis Semdeg, aRar iyo tonis mimcemi religiaSida xelovnebaSi, da aRorZinda memfisis tradiciebi, romelicam dros kvlav qveynis politikuri dedaqalaqi gaxda.saisuri periodi xelovnebis saocari gafurCqvnis da ekonomikuribrwyinvalebis xana iyo, magram restavracia xanmoklegamodga _ 525 w. sparseTis mefis, kambizis armiam aiRomemfisi da sikvdiliT dasaja dinastiis ukanaskneli faraonifsamtix III, romelmac mxolod eqvsi Tve imefa da mefedkurTxevac ki ver moaswro. 67 afrikanusis mixedviT maneToniXXVI dinastiaSi asaxelebs cxra mefes (mefobis 150 weli daeqvsi Tve). eusebiusTan aseve dasaxelebulia cxra mefe (163mefobis weli), magram mas ar hyavs moxseniebuli fsamtix III,samagierod pirvel mefed gaugebari mizeziT vinme `eTiopel~ameriss asaxelebs. 68 amgvarad, saisuri periodi moicavsmkveTrad gamokveTil epoqas egviptis istoriaSi nubiur dinastiasada sparsul dapyrobas Soris. savaraudod, swored666768Law, 2002, 90.Grimal, 355-357.Manetho,254

amitom `miaba~ mas maneTonma amasisi, romelic dinastiisdamaarseblis ojaxis wevri ar iyo. am arasamefo warmoSobisgeneralma, romlis moxseniebasac pirvelad dinastiis mesamefaraonis, fsamtix I-is dros nubiaSi moRvaweobisas vxvdebiT,gamoiyena egviptur jarSi da mosaxleobaSi Tavisiwinamorbedis, apriesis mimarT agorebuli ukmayofilebistalRa da taxtis uzurpireba moaxdina. amasisi cnobiliaTavisi moqnili politikiT berZen vaWrebTan, romlebsac Tavimouyara q. navkratisSi, TviTon qalaqs ki TavisufalisavaWro postis statusi mianiWa, ramac biZgi misca vaWrobisgasaocar ayvavebas deltaSi. misi mefoba egviptis ayvavebisxanad iTvleba, warmatebuli vaWrobiT da mzardi soflismeurneobiT. 69 amgvarad, amasisi realurad axal samefo Stoswarmoadgens da maneTons SeeZlo amasisi gamoeyo calke dinastiad,rogorc es bokxorisis SemTxvevaSi aqvs gakeTebuli,magram movlenebis ganviTareba amas ar moiTxovda, radganamasisis mefoba saisuri periodis bunebriv gagrZelebas warmoadgens.70XXVII dinastias bunebrivad sparselebi Seadgenen (egviptispirveli dapyroba sparselebis mier). afrikanusi da eusebiusiaq ase Tu ise emTxvevian erTmaneTs. orive asaxelebsrva mefes, pirvelma maT mefobis 124 weli da 4 Tve gamouyo,meorem – 120 weli da oTxi Tve. Tanamedrove monacemebiT, egviptesparseTis satrapiad Cv. w.-mde 525 w. gadaiqca, darius IIisgardacvalebis Semdeg ki (Cv. w.-mde 404 wels) vinmeamirteosma saisidan Tavi egviptis faraonad gamoacxada.gasaocrad male, sul raRac oTx weliwadSi, amirteosiaRiara mTelma egviptem asuanamde, maT Soris ebraelTa koloniamelefantinaze. ar aris SemorCenili amirteosis arcerTi warwera, da praqtikulad araferia cnobili misi mefobisSesaxeb, romelic 398 w. dasrulda, magram maneTonTanamirteosi XXVIII dinastiis erTaderT faraonad aris dasax-6970Gardiner, 1961, 360.unda aRiniSnos, rom libiuri faraonebis mefobis bolo periodSi qveyanaSitaxtis imdeni pretendenti gamoCnda da is imdenad daiSalasxvadasxva gavlenis sferoebis qveS moqceul teritoriebad, rom am periodissaukeTeso specialisti kiCeni (Kitchen, 468) maneTonis dinastiebisgarda kidev saisuri mmarTvelebis erT jgufs gamohyofs. ase rom, mane-Tonis sam libiur dinastiaSi qveynis daqucmacebac aris asxuli.255

elebuli. 71 savaraudod, amirteosis SedarebiT advili gamarjvebagamowveuli iyo SidaaSlilobiT da samoqalaqo omiTsparseTSi, sadac taxtisaTvis ibrZodnen darius II-is Svilebi,artaqserqse II da kiros II. amirteosis mefobiT daiwyo egviptisdamoukideblobis ukanaskeneli da Zalian xanmokle periodi,romelmac Cv. w.-mde 343 wlamde gastana. amirteosis SemdegmaneToni iwyebs axal, XXIX dinastias mendesidan, romelmacafrikanusis mixedviT 20 weli da oTxi Tve, eusebiusismixedviT ki 21 weli da oTxi Tve imefa. 72 mis pirvelfaraonad dasaxelebulia neferitosi (neferitos I). praqtikuladaraferia cnobili dinastiuri cvlilebis Sesaxeb. ucnobiaaseve TviTon neferitos I-is warmomavloba. radgan iyomendeseli, varaudoben, rom iyo libiuri warmoSobis. Semor-Cenilia erTaderTi dokumenti, e.w. bruklinis muzeumisarameuli papirusi, romlis Tanaxmad dinastiur cvlilebasTan axlda Zaladobrivi qmedebebi qveynis mTel teritoriaze.teqstSi aseve moTxrobilia brZolaze amirteoss da neferitossSoris, romlis drosac neferitosma daatyvevaamirteosi da sikvdiliT dasaja memfisSi, ris Semdegdedaqalaqad mSobliuri mendesi gamoacxada. es monacemebierTgvarad mtkicdeba arqeologiuri masaliT, romelc moipovabruklinis muzeumma 1980-ian wlebSi Catarebuli gaTxrebisSedegad. maneTonis mixedviT, neferitosma eqvs weliwadsimefa, Tumca dReisaTvis mopovebuli misi warwerebidan ugvianesimefobis meoTxe wliT aris daTariRebuli. 73 neferitosisgardacvalebis Semdeg (Cv.w.-mde 393 w.) misi Svilisnacvlad taxtze adis axali uzurpatori, fsenmuti, romelicerT weliwadSi Secvala Semdegma uzurpatorma, hakorma. hakormakviprosze gaugzavna jari berZnebs, romlebic aseveajanyebulebi iyvnen sparselebis winaaRmdeg, da Cv.w.-mde 385-383 wlebSi moigeria sparselebis Semoteva egvipteze. 380 welshakori Secvala Semdegma uzurpatorma, neferitos II-m, romelicgamefebidan ramodenime Tvis Semdeg iqna mokluli.taxtze adis neqtanebos I sebenitosidan, romelic egviptisukanaskneli (XXX) egvipturi dinastiis damaarseblad717273Manetho, 179.Manetho, 179-181.Grimal, 2003, 372.256

iTvleba. 74 albaT, maneTons hqonda mizezi calke gamoeyoamirteosi. is iyo saisis mefeebis STamomavali. jer kidev misibabua, aseve ufliswuli amirteosi, ibrZoda sparselebis winaaRmdegerT-erTi ajanyebis dros. 75 XXIX dinastia ki saeWvowarmoSobis uzurpatorebisagan Sedgeba, da SesaZloa isini amniSniT arian gaerTianebuli erT dinastiaSi. Semdegi, ukanaskneliegvipturi dinastia aseve Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba maTgan.Cv.w.-mde 380 w. mxedarTmTavarma sebenitosidan, neqtanebosma,moaxerxa XXIX dinastiis bolo faraonis, neferites IIistaxtidan Camogdeba. is adis taxtze, rogorc neqtanebos I daaarsebs axal, XXX dinastias. 373 w. neqtanebos I-ma moigeriaartaqserqse II-is Semoteva. man gamoiyena nilosis adideba damoaxerxa sparselebis ukugdeba egviptis sazRvridan. Semdegman gaamagra dasavleTi sazRvrebi, da mSvidobianad daasrulamefoba. 76 marTalia, es periodi ver miuaxlovda brwyinvalesaisur xanas, magram am periodis literaturis da xelovnebisxarisxi mainc kulturul aRorZinebaze miuTiTebs. neqtanebosI Zalian bevrs aSenebda. mis dros damzadebuli mravali qandakebaSemdgomSi gadatanili iqna aleqsandriaSi, da mogvianebiTromSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom neqtanebosi moSordaegvipturi xelovnebis klasikur kanonebs, da mis dros daiwyois axali talRa, romelic egviptis berZnuli periodisxelovnebasTan aris asocirebuli. neqtanebos I-is gardacvalebisSemdeg taxtze adis misi vaJiSvili Teosi (taxosi),romelic mamis TanammarTveli iyo neqtanebos I-is mefobisbolo wlebSi, Semdeg ki Teosis SviliSvili, neqtanebos II,egviptis ukanaskneli egvipteli faraoni. qveynis SigniTneqtanebos II-m gaagrZela neqtanebos I-is mSeneblobebi, damudmivi sparsuli muqaris miuxedavad, is bevrs aSenebda mTelqveyanaSi. 77 magram neqtanebos II-is gamefebis droidan vi-Tareba icvleba sparseTSi. artaqserqse II-is gardacvalebamde(Cv.w.-mde 359 w.) cota xniT adre oxosma, momavalma artaqseqseIII-m, dalaSqra siria, magram saswrafod gaeSura Sin artaqserqseII-is gardacvalebis gamo. daaxl. aTi wlis ganmav-74757677R.C.C. Law, North Africa in the Period of Phoenician and Greek Colonisation, in: TheCambridge History of Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, 104.iqve, 102A.Dodson, Monarchs of the Nile, American University in Cairo Press, 2002, 197.iqve, 200.257

lobaSi artaqserqse III dakavebuli iyo sakuTar imperiaSiproblemebis mogvarebiT, Cv. w.-mde 350 wlis zamTarSi ki piradadgauZRva jars egviptisaken, magram Tavis mizans ver miaRwia.artaqserqses damarcxebas Zlian didi rezonansihqonda, da 343 wlamde moxda ramodenime ajanyeba sparselebiswinaaRmdeg sidonSi, kviprosze da sxv. Tavidan ajanyebulebissaqme warmatebiT midioda, magram TandaTan sparseTidaeufla situacias, da Cv.w.-mde 343 w. artaqserqse III kvlavpiradad gauZRva jars egviptisaken. man moaxerxa CrdiloeTegviptis dapyroba. neqtanebos II gaiqca memfisidan zemo egvipteSi,saidanac scada kontrieriSis ganxorcieleba artaqseqseIII-is sparseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg, magram is kvlavdamarcxda, da amjerad gaiqca nubiaSi, sadac, savaraudod,adgilobriv samefo kars Seafara Tavi. 78 egvipteSi kvlavsparseli mefeebi gamefdnen. isini Seadgenen qveynis XXXI dinastias,romliTac, afrikanusis da eusebiusis Tanaxmad, mane-Toni Tavis wigns asrulebs. Tumca, rogorc zemoT iTqva,XXXI dinastia ukve maneTonis epitomeSia damatebuli.amgvarad, mefeebis dinastiebad dalagebisas maneTons xangawyvetili aqvs erTi ojaxis genealogiuri xazi, xansxvadasxva warmoSobis mefeebi hyavs gaerTianebuli erT dinastiad,xan erTi mefe hyavs calke dinastiad gamoyofili, xanki aseve `eulad darCenili~ mefe wina dinastiaze hyavs mier-Tebuli, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi amgvar gaerTianebas Tugayofas raime mniSvnelovani istoriuli, politikuri an religiurimizezi udevs safuZvlad. realurad ikveTeba, rommefeebis dinastiebad dajgufebisas is ojaxur principze ufrogarkveuli movlenebiT xelmZRvanelobda. cnobilia, rom egviptisyvela taZars sakuTari mdidari biblioTeka gaaCnda,sadac bevri gadamweri muSaobda. maTi wyalobiT biblioTekebispapirusebi srul wesrigSi imyofeboda, mudmivad xdebodasiZvelisagan dazianebuli xelnawerebis gadawera. biblio-Teka imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo egviptelebisaTvis, rom isinimas `sulis samkurnalo saxls~ eZaxdnen, 79 da am `saxlebSi~isini rudunebiT icavdnen papireusebze moTavsebul uzarmazarinformacias TavianTi qveynis Sesaxeb. egviptelebis erT-erTTvisebas yvelafris saocrad skrupulozuri aRwera war-7879Grimal, 380.A. Manguel, The Library at Night, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2008, 26.258

moadgenda. aseTive rudunebiT daiwyes maT TavianTi istoriisdafiqsireba uZvelesi droidan. 80 Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesimefeTa cxrili, e.w. palermos qva, V dinastiiT aris daTari-Rebuli. is aRwers mefeebs da mniSvnelovan movlenebspirveli dinastiidan, romlebic dReisaTvis arqeologiuraddadasturebulad iTvleba. mexuTe da pirvel dinastiebs erTmaneTisaganeqvs saukuneze meti aSorebs, da aseTi cxrilisSedgena SeuZlebeli iqneboda ukve maSin arsebuli mdidarisaarqivo masalebis gareSe. amgvarad, istoriuli movlenebisdafiqsireba egvipteSi damwerlobis gamoCenasTan erTaddaiwyes. axali samefos faraonebs ukve sakuTari mematianeebihyavdaT, romlebic maT cxovrebas da brZolebs aRwerdnen.abd el kurnaSi, TebesTan, aRmoCenili iqna Totmes III-is mematianis,Caninis samarxi, romelic adre realuri istoriulipirovneba arc ki egonaT. herodote (II, 100) gviyvebapapirusze, romelzec 331 mefis CamonaTvali iyo moTavsebuli.diodore (I, 44:4) gvamcnobs Canawerebze `wminda wignebSi~, sadacmoTxrobili iyo yvela mefeze, mis xasiaTze, saqmeebze damefobis xangrZlivobaze. savaraudod, egviptelebi ara martomefeebis cxovrebas aRwerdnen, radgan egviptur teqstebSixSirad SevxvdebiT gardasul droTa rigiTi, magram TavianTsaqmeSi gamorCeuli eqimebis, arqiteqtorebis da Wkviani adamianebisdidi pativiscemiT moxseniebas. garkveulwilad, isiniiazrebdnen movlenebis mimdinareobasac, radgan aRorZinebisperiodebs TavianTi qveynis istoriaSi 81 eZaxdnen `wḥm mswt”,“dabadebis gameorebas~, rasac dRes Targmnian, rogorc `renesanss~.maneToni iyo umaRlesi rangis qurumi. ukve Sua samefosperiodis qurumebis es kategoria dRes egviptis inteleqtualurklasad aris miCneuli. amas garda, im drois gaTvaliswinebiT,romelSic maneTons cxovreba mouwia, mas SesaniSnaviberZnuli ganaTlebac hqonda miRebuli. amgvarad, mas xelewifebodaara marto egviptis umdidresi biblioTekebis arqi-8081aRsaniSnavia, rom egvipteSi erTmaneTs emTxveva erTiani saxelmwifosSeqmna da damwerlobis Camoyalibeba, amitom mecnierebaSi arsebobs iseTiazric, rom qveynis gaerTianeba ufro adre moxda, magram egvipturi tradiciaaRiarebda meness, rogorc erTiani egviptis pirvel faraons, radganis werilobiT dafiqsirebuli pirveli faraoni iyo.mag. qveynis kvlav gaerTianebis dros pirveli da meore gardamavali periodebisSemdeg.259

vebi, aramed berZnuli wyaroebic. 82 swored amitom daavalamas ptolemaios II-m egviptis istoriis dawera berZnul enaze,romlis mizans qveynis istoriis imdroindeli civilizebulimsofliosaTvis gacnoba warmoadgenda. misi istoria originalurisaxiT fasdaudebeli SenaZeni iqneboda mecnierebisaTvis,radgan iosebi, afrikanusi da eusebiusi dainteresebuliiyvnen ara egviptis istoriiT, aramed egviptis istoriis gamoyenebiTim ZiriTadi miznebisaTvis, romlebsac maTi naSromebiemsaxureboda. 83 miuxedavad amisa, maneTonis SenataniTanamedrove mecnierebaSi mainc Zalian didia. man udidesigavlena moaxdina egviptologiaze da misi kritikis miuxedavad,mecnierebi dResac egviptis istorias misi dinastiuriConCxis farglebSi moiazreben. magram upirveles yovlisa,misi istoria imitom aris saintereso, rom im umowyalodSecvlil kupiurebSic ki, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia,igrZnoba egviptis istoriis `egvipturi~ aRqma da tradicia,garkveuli movlenebis Cvengan gansxvavebuli dakavSirebasamefo dinastiebTan, rac gansakuTrebiT faseulia.Manana HvedelidzeWHAT DOES THE “DYNASTY” OF MANETHO MEAN?The History of Egypt by Manetho has come down to us in excerpts oftwo kinds. The first group is made up of excerpts from the original Manethoin the works of a Jewish historian Josebus (A.D. I), though here too they areinterspersed with passages which can only be pseudo-Manethonian, as alreadybefore Josephus Manetho’s history was used in the polemics betweenJews and Egyptians, during which some additional passages were insertedinto the original text. The second group of excerpts is based on the Epitomeof Manetho’s history which might have been made soon after the appearanceof the original history of Manetho, but not by Manetho. Epitome itselfis a kind of excerpt comprising bare lists of Dynasties with short notes ondistinguished kings or events. The extracts from Epitome are preserved in8283cnobilia, rom is icnobda herodotes istorias da erTgvarad kidec akritikebdamas.amas mowmobs aseve mefeebisaTvis miwerili wlebis fantastiuri raodenoba.maneTonis versiasTan axlos unda iyos is wlebi, romlebic Tanamedroverekonstruqcias emTxveva. xSir SemTxvevaSi wlebi savaraudod momatebuliabibliur TariRebis dadasturebis mizniT.260

the works Christian chronographers Sextus Julius Africanus (A.D. III) andEusebius of Kesarea (A.D. III-IV). Of the two, the work of Africanus isconsidered more accurate. About A.D. 800 George the Monk, also knownas Syncellus, used Manetho’s work in his history of the world from Adamto Diocletian.Manetho has often been criticized for destroying the dynastic principle,as he does not always follow the idea of kinship between predecessors andsuccessors within one dynastic line, the principal idea on which, in ourmodern sense, any royal dynasty is based. Yet viewed from a different angle,his dynasties reveal a special reasoning for both joining kings intogroups and separating them. Although, more often than not, our informationabout the periods of dynastic changes remains meagre, some general featuresappear conspicuous.With the second Dynasty, the move of royal burials to Memphis necropolis,disappearance of the names of officials from the inscriptions withkings’ names and apparent change in the structure of the kings’ names maypoint to deeper changes in ideology and religion than we are apt to think of.The Dynasty, with its hitherto obscure upheavals and seemingly peacefulend also creates an epoch, termination of the formative period of the Egyptianstate. Much as our information about the third Dynasty and its kings isscarce, it is the start of the Old Kingdom. The emergence of the pyramid inthis dynasty is also indicative of dramatic changes in psychology and religiousideas. With the fourth Dynasty, the idea of the divinity of the kingseems to have reached its apex. In the meantime, the first appearance of Rein the pharaoh’s name was a harbinger of great changes which showed upvery soon, as in the fifth Dynasty the solar religion was proclaimed the statereligion, with great Re becoming king of gods, and the pharaoh, from nowon, was destined to become “the son of Re”, therefore to belong to the secondgeneration of the gods. The specific feature of the fifth Dynasty wasalso pharaohs’ building solar temples – the tradition, abandoned foreverafterwards. With the last pharaoh of the fifth Dynasty appear the PyramidTexts, which become habitual with the kings of the sixth Dynasty. In thisDynasty Osiris gains his power as the ruler of the next world and the deceased,and the state, now practically a feudal one, is tormented by decentralizingtendencies, which bring the Old Kingdom to its end during thereign of its last much too long-lived king. With the First Intermediate PeriodManetho’s dynasties become shrunk and kings nameless. Nevertheless, heprovides us with a general outline of this obscure period into which findingsof modern research fit reasonably well. His seventy kings of the seventhDynasty, ruling for seventy days, may be the reflection of complete chaosfollowing the rapid disintegration of the state. The first shock was followed261

with anarchy and civil war resulting from the rivalries of the feudal lords(Dynasty VIII); amid these encounters, a powerful family line started toemerge in Herakleopolis, with Akhtoy as its founder (the only king mentionedby Manetho during this period), whose members managed to unitethe central part of the country. In the meantime, a yet more powerful familyrose in Thebes, and this small town far in the south and its princes started togain ever growing importance which resulted in the defeat of Heracleopolisand reuniting the country under the Theban rule (Dynasties IX-XI). Thetruncated dynasties of Manetho are followed with the statement that “in successionto these, Ammenemes ruled the country”, who might be AmenemhetI, the founder of the twelfth dynasty, although he is mentioned again inthe dynasty XII. After this brilliant dynasty Manetho is again at his worst,and he does not give any kings’ names (except for the Hyksos kings), buthis baffled Dynasties XIII-XVII, in a way, reflect the obscurity of the period,complicated with the Hyksos invasion. Nevertheless, it is visible thathis Dynasty XIII comprises kings of different family lines _ but the sameepoch. They all ruled from Memphis and belonged to one specific period ofhistory. After the Hyksos conquest the seat of national power naturallyshifted to the south, with Thebes gaining its prominence again (DynastyXVII, based on one family line). In parallel with these rulers, now and then,there emerged a number of kinglets, who might have ruled only one town(possibly Dynasties XIV and XVI), and there was a dynasty of the Hyksoskings (dynasty XV). By and large, the multitude of dynasties in this periodreflects the disintegrated state of Egypt. Further Manetho, following thedevelopment of the events, divides one family line into two separate DynastiesXVII-XVIII, as with the first ruler of the eighteenth dynasty we witnessthe expulsion of the Hyksos and the beginning of the new era. The samereasoning can be felt in counting Horemheb in the same dynasty. Not havingany kinship with either of the royal lines (Dynasties XVIII and XIX) heis often called “the pharaoh between two Dynasties”. Nevertheless, he vigorouslybrought to the end the restoration of old ways after the religiousreform of Akhenaten. It should be noted that had the Egyptian tradition acknowledgedthe heretic king, we might have had a new dynasty startingwith him. The wayward treatment of Manetho’s text by his excerptors mightbe well demonstrated in the way the kings of brilliant eighteenth and nineteenthDynasties are arranged, with hardly legible names of eighteenth dynastykings and Ramesses II and Merenptah in the same dynasty, who reappearagain in the nineteenth, already in “their place”. It appears hardly possiblethat Manetho, with his access to rich Egyptian archives (lost for us),was ignorant of the succession of kings (especially Thutmose III and RamessesII) who were remembered by posterity, as almost legendary. After262

Merenptah Dynasty XIX started to decline and came to a logical end withTawosret, one more woman in the history of Egypt who managed to seizethe throne but was unable to save her dynastic line. The founder of the nextDynasty, Setnakht of obscure origins, seems to have usurped not only herthrone, but also her tomb. Setnakht’s son, Ramesses III, was deemed to bethe last great warrior pharaoh of Egypt, but he was followed by eight bleaknamesakes. During the reign of the last Ramesses two men of unknown originspeacefully divided the country between themselves. The south was underthe control of the High Priest of Amon Herihor, in the north the de factoking Smendes took over the power. He officially declared himself King afterthe death of Ramesses XI and thereby founded a new Dynasty. All sevenkings of Manetho’s Dynasty XXI are attested historically. They belong todifferent family lines, but they intrinsically belong to the same line ofevents, covering a specific period of history before the Libyan Dynasty.With the next, Libyan Dynasty (XXII) we witness the first foreign dynastyof Egyptian pharaohs (unlike the Hyksos kings, they were not viewed asinvaders, as the infiltration of Libyan population into Egypt had started severalcenturies before and by the time of their accession to the throne theyseem to have been practically egyptianised.) The first Libyan king, Shoshenkwas even related to the last king of Dynasty XXI, Psusennes II bymarital bonds, as his son Osorkon (afterwards Osorkon I) was married tothe daughter of Psusennes II. During (or after) the reign of the fourth Libyanruler times began to change and the first harbingers of what is now called “aLibyan anarchy” appeared. As always in the periods of decline, thereemerged several kings in different parts of the country. A certain Pedubastemerges in Leontopolis, not far from Tanis (the seat of the first Libyan dynasty)and he seems to have been recognized by Theban priests of Amun(whose domination in the south had persisted since Herihor), as Thebesstarted to count years with the regnal years of Pedubast. On the other hand,the priests of Memphis continued to acknowledge the pharaohs of DynastyXXII as kings. With Pedubast, Manetho starts his next Dynasty (XXIII). Atabout the same time, in Sais appears yet another Libyan claimant to thethrone, Tefhnakht, whose son Bakenranef is the sole member of Manetho’sDynasty XXIV. During the period of Libyan domination a mighty nativedynasty started to rise in Nubia, Egypt’s age-long former colony which hadseemingly felt at ease during the decline of strong central power in Egypt.By the time of appearance of Tefnakht Thebes had already been under thecontrol of Nubian King Piankhi. Soon afterwards Piankhi raided the north.He managed to conquer the country and destroy completely the fleet of Tefnakht,who managed to flee after surrendering to Piankhi. Surprisingly, thelatter returned to the south without leaving his administration and soon Tef-263

nakht proclaimed himself king. He had under his control the western Deltabut he does not seem to have had any attempts to fight the last kings of contemporaneousdynasties XXIII and XXIV. During the reign of Tefnakht’sheir, Bakenranef, Shabaka, Piankhi’s brother, ascended the Nubian throne.He soon moved to the north and after defeating Libyans, became pharaoh ofEgypt, recognized by both parts of the country, thus starting Dynasty XXV.Unfortunately for Nubians, their dynasty coincided in time with the rise of anew power in the East – Assyrians. Nubian attempts to revive Egyptian influencein Syria resulted in clashes with Assyrians and the Assyrian conquestof the north of Egypt. The Nubian king Taharka fled to the south, andAssyrians appointed Egyptian nomarchs as their vassal rulers (the mostprominent of them was Necho of Sais). Unfortunately for both themselvesand Egypt, the Nubians were unable to realize the real strength of Assyrians.After Taharka’s death his successor Tantamani marched to the north.At first he managed to take over and even killed Necho, but this was a shortlasting success. Tantamany was completely defeated by Assyrians who pursuedhim to the south. All this resulted in disastrous plundering of Thebes,awesomely remembered by future generations centuries later. Now that thesituation seemed completely hopeless, Necho’s son Psammetichus managedto unite the north and oust Assyrians from Egypt. Using diplomatic means,he managed to spread his authority to the south and make Thebes recognizehim as king. Psammetichus started not only a new (XXVI) Dynasty, butalso a new (the so-called Saitic) period in the history of Egypt, which happenedto become the last brilliant period in Egypt’s history and lasted tillthe Firs Persian Domination. Therefore, if we assume that in grouping hiskings Manetho followed the events, it seems quite logical that he mentionsin the same Dynasty Amasis, a usurper, who destroyed the family line of theDynasty, but continued the flow of the flourishing Saitic Period. His sonPsammetichus did not rule long enough to be announced king officially. Hewas executed by Cambissus, who starts the first Persian Dynasty (XXVII)in Egypt. After the death of Darius II a wave of domestic skirmishes sweptover Persia, where the sons of Darius fought for the throne. In the meantime,Amirteos of Sais announced himself king of Egypt and was surprisinglysoon recognized by the whole of Egypt. Amirteos, who is the soleruler of Manetho’s Dynasty XXVIII, started the last and very short periodof independence in the history of Egypt. Nevertheless, with the next rulerManetho again starts a new dynasty, XXIX, made up of four usurpers ofdifferent family lines. Odd as it may seem, Manetho might have had hisreason to separate Amirteos, a descendant of old Saite kings, from usurpersof obscure origin, whose parade was stopped by Nektanebos, a general fromSebennytos and the founder of the last (XXX) Egyptian Dynasty, which was264

intrinsically different from the previous one. Taking the advantage of theinundated Nile, Nektanebos managed to draw Persians away from Egyptianborder. Although not as brilliant as the Saite Renaissance, this short periodis marked with stability and development of art and literature. Nektanebos,who built a lot, abandoned classical Egyptian tradition and gave a start tothe new wave in Egyptian art, which is associated with Greek period inEgypt. Unfortunately, during the third – and last pharaoh of this Dynasty,Nektanebos III Artaxerxes III invaded Egypt and the pharaoh had to flee tothe south, maybe having to seek shelter at Nubian court. Artaxerxes IIIstarts Dynasty XXXI which was not mentioned in the original Manetho (itwas added in the Epitome).In Dealing with Manetho we should remember that his work is preservedin the works of excerptors who were not very keen on history ofEgypt. They all pursued their goals and accordingly altered, corrupted andre-handled the original text. The Jews were willing to identify their ancestorswith the Hyksos, and the Exodus with their expulsion from Egyptandthus justify their theory on the antiquity of their nation. The aim of Africanusand Eusebius was to compare the chronologies of the Oriental nationswith the Bible. Syncellus sought to prove that the incarnation took place inAnno Mundi 5500.The Egyptians started to record the events of their history from the timeof appearance of their writing. Considering their meticulous ways and fondnessof writing the schematic kings’ lists preserved on the walls of templesmight be something very different from descriptions which were put on papyrus(the Turin papyrus provides us with a tenuous hint). During the thousandsof years they might have developed some special, “Egyptian” attitudeto the flow of events (they did call the landmark periods of their history“Wḥm mśwt”, “the repeating of births”, or “renaissance”). In organizingKings in Dynasties Manetho in one case breaks one family line to createtwo dynasties, in another joins kings of different origins in one Dynasty, yetin another his Dynasty comprises one king, although sometimes he avoidshaving a Dynasty with only one king, who, in this case, is “added” to theDynasty of kings preceding him, but in all cases, this “division” or “joining”follows some changes in the development of events. Therefore, we can concludethat in joining kings into one definite group Manetho might have beenoperating with events more than family kinship, which could be a reflectionof Egyptian tradition.265