pirovnulis mimarTebaa. - socium.ge
pirovnulis mimarTebaa. - socium.ge
pirovnulis mimarTebaa. - socium.ge
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informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebipirveli Sesavali leqciasociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebis mokle mimoxilvaras Seiswavlis sociologia?1. sociologia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi.2. sociologiuri kiTxvebi: faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi, ganviTarebissakiTxebi da Teoriuli.3. ra SeuZlia sociologias Tqvas Cvens qmedebebze?4. socialuri struqtura da adamianis qmedebebi.5. sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba.6. neil smelzeri: Tezisebi sociologiis arsis Sesaxeb.7. informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebi - Sesavali (frenk uebsteri )sakvanZo sityvebi: sociologia, socialuri struqtura, saR azrze damyarebuliwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi, socialuri kvlavwarmoeba, socialuri transformacia, socialuriwarmosaxva, faqtologiuri sakiTxebi, SedarebiTi sakiTxebi, SedarebiTisakiTxebi, ganviTarebis sakiTxebi, anTropologia, pozitivizmi, empiriulikvlevebi, Teoriuli sakiTxebi, winaswarganusazRvreli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi, TviTSemecneba,mniSvnelovani qmedeba, informacia da codna, informaciuli sazogadoeba.sociologia mowodebulia Seasrulos mniSvnelovani roli Tanamedroveinteleqtualur kulturaSi da socialur mecnierebebSi daikavos centraluriadgili. unda dadgindes sociologiis ZiriTadi perspeqtivebi da problemebi.pirveli Tema _ socialurisa da<strong>pirovnulis</strong> <strong>mimarTebaa</strong>.sociologiuri azrovneba mniSvnelovani daxmarebaaTviTSemecnebisaTvis, romelic amave dros gvibrundebasocialuri samyaros ukeTesi ga<strong>ge</strong>biT. sociologiis Seswavlaunda iyos ganTavisuflebis mcdeloba: sociologia anviTarebsCvens Cvevebsa da warmosaxvas, gvisaxavs axal perspeqtivebs1
Cveni aqtiurobis wyaroebis ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi da aRrmavebs Cvens unars Cveni sakuTarisagangansxvavebuli kulturis aRqmaSi. ramdenadac sociologiuri moRvaweoba dogmebisgamowvevaa is gvaswavlis davafasoT kulturuli gansxvavebuloba da gvexmarebadavinaxoT socialuri institutebis Sinagani meqanizmebi. sociologiurimoRvaweoba qmnis SesaZleblobebs adamianuri pirovnebisa da TavisuflebisganviTarebisaTvis.meore Temaa _ cvalebadi samyaro. sociologia aRmocenda dasavleTissocialuri wyobis industriuli transformaciis Sedegad, ramac mniSvnelovnadgamoiwvia wina sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebis cvlilebebi.industrializaciis procesiT Seqmnili samyari warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns sociologiurianalizis problemur obieqts. socialuri cvlilebebi grZeldeba da SeiZlebaCven vd<strong>ge</strong>varT iseTi fundamenturi cvlilebebis winaSe rogorsac qonda adgiliXVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukuneSi. sociologiis upirvelesi valiaasaxos warsulSi momxdari cvlilebebi da daiWiros dRevandeli cvlilebebismimarTulebebi.mesame, wigns axasiaTebs Tanmimdevruli SedarebiTi midgoma.sociologiis Seswavla ar SeiZleba warimarTos mxolod romelime sazogadoebisinstitutebis Seswavlis gziT. es gawonasworebulia sxva sazogadoebebisa dakulturebis Sesaxeb moyvanili mdidari masaliT. aq igulisxmeba gamokvlevebi,romlebic tardebodnen dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi, aseve ruseTsa daaRmosavleTevropul qveynebTan dakavSirebul masalebs. SeuZlebeliaindustriuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla mesame samyarosagan damoukideblad gardaamisa vamaxvileb yuradRebas sociologiisa da anTropologiia kavSirze,problemebze, romlebic sakmaod mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. mTelsmsoflioSi sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli kavSirisa da aseve tradiciulisocialuri sistemebis mravali formebis gaqrobis gamo kavSiri sociologiasa daanTropologias Soris ufro ganuyofeli xdeba.meoTxe, wignSi aRiarebulia sociologiaSi istoriuli orientaciisaucilebloba. Ees ufro mets niSnavs vidre movlenebis ,,istoriuli konteqstis”xazgasma. aseTi saxis informacia aucilebelia, rameTu studentTa mieristoriis, Tundac uaxlesis, codna Zalze SezRudulia. Uukanaskneli wlebissociologiaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan tendenciad mogvevlina istoriuli2
analizis aRorZineba. is unda iqnas ga<strong>ge</strong>buli ara rogorc mxolodsociologiuri msoflmxedvelobaze dayrdnoba warsulze msjelobisas, aramedunda ganixilebodes rogorc Tanamedrove institutebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis safuZveli.mexuTe, gamorCeuli yuradReba eTmoba <strong>ge</strong>nderis problemas. <strong>ge</strong>nderulimimarTebebis problema imdenad fundamenturia sociologiuri analizisaTvis, romar SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas disciplinis erT qvedanayofze, amitom wignismravali Tavi Seicavs <strong>ge</strong>nderis problemisadmi miZRvnil ganyofilebebs.meeqvse, wignis ZiriTadi Temaa _ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisglobalizacia. Mmzardi globalizaciis gavlena naklebadaa Seswavlilisociologiis specialur literaturaSic ki, da ignorirebulia TiTqmis yveklakursebis SesavalSi. Aam wignSi aqcenti globalizaciaze mWidro kavSirSia immniSvnelobasTan, romelic eZleva pirvel, meore da mesame samyaroebisurTierTkavSirs.amgvarad, sociologia gTavazobT adamianuri qcevis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis cxad da naTelperspeqtivas. sociologiis SeswavliT Cven vmaRldebiT samyaros sakuTarinterpretaciaze, raTa davinaxoT Cveni cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli socialurizemoqmedeba. Aamave dros sociologia arc uaryofs da arc amcirebsindividualuri gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas. piriqiT, Cven vcdilobT ukeTgavigoT Cveni Tavi da sxva adamianebi, amiT sakuTar TavSi vanviTarebT imsocialuri sinamdvilis kosmosis aRqmas, romelSi Tavad varT CarTuli.sociologiis Seswavla_ es aris TviTSemecnebis procesis nawili da amitomSeuZlebelia misi Seswavla Tu saWiro SemTxvevaSi ar daupirispirdi sakuTarcnobierebaSi zogierT, Rrmad gamjdar Sexedulebebs.sociologia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi.samyaroSi mudmivi cvlilebebia, ratom gansxvavdebian Cveni cxovrebisviTarebebi ase Zlier Cveni winamorbedebis viTarebebisagan? ra mimarTulebiTwarimarTebian cvlilebebi momavalSi? Ees sakiTxebi pirvel rigSi ainteresebssociologias, disciplinas, romelic mowodebulia iTamaSos fundamenturi roliTanamedrove inteleqtualur kulturaSi.3
sociologia _ esaa adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, jgufebisa dasazogadoebis Seswavla. Ees mSvenieri gamaognebeli saqmianobaa, romlis saganiaadamianebis, rogorc socialuri arsebebis qcevebis kvleva. sociologiissamoqmedo are ukiduresad farToa, dawyebuli quCaSi adamianTa SemTxveviTiSetakebebidan da damTavrebuli globaluri socialuri procsebis gamokvlevebiT.zogierTi magaliTi mogvcems pirvel warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs misi bunebisa da miznebisSesaxeb.ras ikvlevs sociologia? ramdenime magaliTi.siyvaruli da qorwineba. ratom uyvarT adamianebs erTmaneTi da ratomqorwindebian? erTi SexedviT pasuxi naTelia. siyvaruli _ es aris adamianebiserTmaneTTan fizikuri da sulieri urTierTltolva. SeiZleba, dRes bevriCvengani skeptikurad aRiqvams azrs, rom arsebobs ,,maradiuli” siyvaruli; magram,,Seyvarebuloba” (mijnuroba) albaT ganekuTvneba adamianis yvelaze amaRelvebelgrZnobebsa da emociebs. Ppirovnuli da seqsualuri TviTgamovlenis ZiebaSeyvarebuli wyvilis urTierTobaSi aris iseTive bunebrivi, rogorc maTisurvili qondeT erTi sacxovrebeli.Mmagram es, pirveli SexedviT savsebiT cxadi msjeloba sinamdvileSi sulacar aris trivialuri. siyvarauli sulac ar iyo yvela droisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli da iSviaTad iyo dakavSirebuli qorwinebasTan. axlowarsulamde romantikuli siyvaruli sulac ar iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleTSi daarc sxva kulturebSi arsebobda. mxolod Cvens droSi CaTvales, rom siyvaruli,qorwineba da seqsualoba mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. Suasaukuneebsada Semdgom epoqebSi adamianebi qorwindebodnen ZiriTadad imitom, romSeenarCunebinaT tituli an sakuTreba ojaxis xelSi, an imitom, rom yolodaTSvilebi, romlebic daexmarebodnen SromaSi. Ddaqorwinebulebi SeiZlebagamxdariyvnen axlo megobrebni, magram es xdeboda qorwinebis Semdeg da aramanamde. seqsualuri kavSirebi arsebobdnen qorwinebis gareSec, magram isini arSeicavdnen im grZnobebs, romelTac Cveulebriv vakavSirebT siyvarulTan.siyvaruli, ,,ukeTes SemTxvevaSi iTvleboda garduval sisusted, uares semTxvevaSiki senis nairsaxeobad.”(1).4
omantikuli siyvaruli pirvlad Cndeba didgvarovnul wreebSi, rogorcqorwinebagareSe seqsualuri Tavgadasavlebis gansakuTrebuli niSani. XVIIIsaukunis bolomde is gvxvdeba mxolod aRniSnul wreebSi da araviTarSemTxvevaSi ar aris gaigivebuli qorwinebasTan. Aaristokratiul garemoSidamokidebuleba colsa da qmars Soris ufro xSirad aris civi dagansxvisebuli, gansakuTrebiT imasTan SedarebiT Tu ras velodebiT Cven dResqorinebisagan. SeZlebuli adamianebi cxovreobdnen did saxlebSi, yovel meuRlesaqvs Tavisi sawoli oTaxi da msaxurebi; erTmaneTs Zalze iSviaTad xvdebodnen.seqsualuri Sesatyvisoba ojaxSi SemTxvevis sakiTxia da sulac ar iTvlebodaaucileblad. rogorc mdidrebs, ise Raribebs Soris qorwinebis sakiTxi wydebodaojaxis an naTesavebis mier, da ara TviT individebis mier, romelTa uflebebiwyvilebis SerCevaSi Zalze mcire an sulac ar iyo. (Cvens droSi dRemde aseazogierT aradasavlur kulturebSi).Aamgvarad, arc romantikuli siyvaruli da arc misi kavSiri qorwinebasTan arunda aRviqvaT, rogorc adamianis cxovrebisaTvis ,,Tavidan mocemuli”, isiniCamoyalibdnen Zlieri socialuri gavlenis Sedegad. sociologi Seiswavlis amgavlenis xasiaTs, da, rogorc Cans, sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelzec.Uumravlesoba CvenTagan samyaros xedavs sakuTari cxovrebiseuli saxeebiT.sociologia xedavs aucileblobas ufro farTod SevxedoT imas, Tu ratomviqceviT Cven ase da ara sxvagvarad.janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba. Cveulebriv, rodesac Cven vfiqrobTjanmrTelobasa da avadmyofobaze mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sxeulis mxolodfizikuri mdgomareoba. Aadamiani grZnobs tkivils an raRac sisustes. rogorSeiZleba es dakavSirebuli iyos socialur zemoqmedebasTan? sinamdvileSi kisocialuri faqtorebi Zlier moqmedeben avadmyofobis gaCenasa da mismimdinareobaze, imazec, Tu rogori reaqcia gvaqvs Cven, roca Tavs cudadvgrZnobT. Cveni Cveulebrivi warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi avadmyofobis Sesaxeb, rogorcwarmoqmnili sxeulis funqcionaluri darRvevebis mier, ar aris gaziarebuli damiRebuli sxva sazogadoebebis wamomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis mier. zogierT kulturebSiavadmyofoba da sikvdilic ki ganixileba rogorc Sedegi mtruli wyevlisa dafizikuri mizezebis Seswavlas ar eqvemdebareba.(2) dasavleTis kulturaSi5
qristianuli moZRvreba uaryofs zogadmiRebul warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs avadmyofobaze,varaudobs, rom adamianis buneba sulieria da gamoxatavs RvTis saxes,avadmyofoba ki modis uvicobidan da mcdarobidan.ramden xans icocxlebs adamiani, ramdenad realuria saSiSroeba romelicemuqreba gul-sisxlZarRvebiT, kiboTi da pnevmoniiT daavadebul adamianebs _yovelive es mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba socialuri faqtorebiT. rac ufroganviTarebulia kultura miT ufro naklebia albaToba, rom adamiani didxansiqneba Sewuxebuli seriozuli davaadebebiT. Ggarda amisa arsebobs garkveulizogadmiRebuli wesebi, romlebic gvaswavlian Tu rogor unda moiqces avadmyofi.Aavadmyofs ufleba aqvs Tavi aaridos zogierT an yvela yoveldRiur movaleobas,magram seni unda iqnes aRiarebuli ,,sakmaod seriozulad”, rom qondespretenziebi am privilegiebze. is vinc mxolod sustadaa, an visi avadmyofobaaraa dad<strong>ge</strong>nili SeiZleba simuliantadac ki miiRon da ar eqneba movaleobebisadmiTavis aridebis ufleba.(3).sxva magaliTebi: danaSauli da sasjeli. qvemoT moTxrobili saSineliambavi gvamcnobs im adamianis ukansknel saaTebs, romelic sikvdiliT daisaja 1757wels safran<strong>ge</strong>Tis mefe filipes mosaklavad SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis.ganaCeniT im ubedurs amoglijes xorci mkerdze, xelebze da fexebze daWrilobebze asxamdnen aduRebuli zeTis, sanTlisa da gogirdis naerTs. Semdegmisi sxeuli daanawevres, daglijes cxenebis saSualebiT, xolo naglejebidawves. darajTa oficerma momxdarze Semdegi angariSi Seadgina.jalaTma borkilebi CauSva mduRare naerTSi, romelsac blomad asxamdayovel Wrilobaze. Semdeg xelebiT da fexebiT gamoabes cxenebze. cxenebma gaqaCessxvadasxva mxares. meoTxedi saaTis Semdeg cxenebs adgilebi Seucvales daprocedura ramodenimejer gaimeores. Oori Tu sami cdis Semdeg jalaTmasamsonma da misma damxmarem aiRes danebi da Zvlebamde daaWres xorcebibarZayebze, cxenebma kvlav gaqaCes; Semdeg igive gaakeTes mklavebzec. cxenebmakvlav Zlier gaqaCes da daaglijes jer marjvena da Semdeg marcxena xeli. (4).Mmsxverpli cocxali iyo im wuTamde sanam kidurebi mTlianad ar mowyvitestorss.6
Tanamedrove periodamde aseTi sasjeli ar iyo uCveulo ram. Aai rogoraRwers jon loflendi dasjis tradiciul saSualebebs.Soreul istoriul warsulSi sasjeli gaTvlili iyo mokvdinebis periodismaqsimalurad gagrZelebaze da ise, rom dasjils cnobiereba ar unda daekarga.gaWyleta mkerdze dadebuli wonis TandaTanobiT momatebiT, borbalze gamobma,jvarcma, CamoxrCoba, koconze dawva, Zvlebis dafSvna, nawilebad daxleCa,agreTve sxva saSualebebi sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia. CamoxrCobac ki istoriisdidi periodis ganmavlobaSi neli procesi iyo. rodesac dasjils gamoaclidnenurikas an ixsneboda lukis Tavi, dasjili nel-nela igudeboda, sikvdilamderamodenime wuTi igrixeboda. zogjer jalaTi dasjis daCqarebis mizniT Cadiodadabla da ganwiruls fexebze eqaCeboda. (5)xSirad dasjaze xalxmravloba iyo _ es praqtika zogierT qveynebSi XVIIIsaukunemde grZeldeboda. Gganwirulebs Ria urikebiT daatarebdnen xalxmravalquCebSi raTa maT taSiT an stveniT gamoexataT msxverplisadmi TavianTidamokidebuleba. jalaTebi iseve popularulebi iyvnen rogorc Cvens droSikinovarskvlavebi.dRes dasjis aseTi saSualebebi sazizRrobad gveCveneba. CvenTagan cota vinmeTu gai<strong>ge</strong>bs Tu rogor SeiZleba miiRi siamovneba imis gamo, rom viRacas awamebenan sikvdiliT sjian, ra danaSaulis ar unda Caedina adamians. Ddasjis Cvenisistema efuZneba sapyrobileSi datusaRebas da ara fizikuri tkivilis miyenebas;dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. ratom Seicvaladasjis formebi? ratom Secvala sapyrobilem dasjis adre arsebuli mkacriformebi?macdunebelia pasuxi, rom adamianebi warsulSi ufro mkacrebi iyvnen, maSirrodesac Cven ufro humanurebi varT. Mmagram sociologisaTvis aseTi pasuxiaradamajerebelia. Zaladobis sajaro gamoyeneba, rogorc dasjis saSualebaevropaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. adamianebis mier aseT movlenebzeTavianTi damokidebulis gadaxedva moxda ara erTbaSad da ara SemTxveviT, aqadgili qonda siRrmiseul socialur gavlenas, rac dakavSirebuli iyo imperiodSi mimdinare mniSvnelovan cvlilebebTan. Eevropulma sazogadoebebmadaiwyes industrializireba da urbanizireba. Zveli cxovrebis sofluri wesebiTandaTanobiT gamodevna swrafad mzardma qalaqebma TavianTi fabrikebiTa da7
qarxnebiT. Qqalaqis mosaxleobaze socialuri kontrolis uzrunvelyofa ukveSeuZlebeli iyo daSinebis Zveli formebis saSualebebiT, romlebic misaRebi iyomxolod mcire zomisa da mWidrokavSirebian sazogadoebebSi, sadac movlenebiccota iyo.sapyrobileebi iqmneboda, rogorc dawesebulebaTa sistemis nawili, sadacadamianebi eyolebodaT izolirebuli, rom gaekontrolebinaT da moewesri<strong>ge</strong>binaTmaTi qcevebi. maT Soris vinc Caketili yavdaT iyvnen ara mxolod damnaSaveebi,aramed mawanwalebi, avadmyofebi, usaqmurebi, gonebaClun<strong>ge</strong>bi da giJebi.sapyrobile gvian gamoeyo saavadmyofoebsa da sagiJeebs. varaudobdnen, rom cixeSidamnaSaveebs wesier moqalaqeebad Camoayalibebdnen. danaSaulze sasjeliorientirebuli iyo keTilsindisieri moqalaqis Camoyalibebaze da ara imisdemonstraciaze Tu ra saSineli Sedegi moyveba arakeTilsidisier qcevas.sasjelis humanizireba, rasac Cven vxedavT, Sedegia socialuri cvlilebebisa daara maTi gamomwvevi. cvlilebebi damnaSaveebTan mimarTebaSi iyo im procesebisnawili, romlebmac ukuagdes tradiciuli wesrigi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi romicavdnen adamianebi.Ddaskvnebi: sociologiis arsi. Cven SegviZlia aqamde ganxilulimagaliTebis ganzogadeba. yoveliveSi im sami magaliTidan _ siyvaruli, qorwinebada seqsualoba, janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba, danaSauli da sasjeli _ CvenvnaxeT, rom grZnobebi da emociebi, romlebic Cven gveCveneba adamianisaTvis,,bunebriv monacemebad”, sinamdvileSi eqvemdebarebian socialur faqtorebs.Ddaxvewili, magram rTuli da siRrmiseuli saSualebebis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba, romlebiTacCveni cxovreba asaxavs Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis konteqstebs, aris sworedsociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis safuZveli. sociologias gansakuTrebiTainteresebs socialuri cxovrebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi, ukanaskneli orisaukunis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi.sociologiuri kiTxvebi: faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi,ganviTarebis sakiTxebi da Teoriuli.faqtologiuri kiTxvebi. im kiTxvaTagan, romlebsac sociolo<strong>ge</strong>biayeneben da romlebzec cdiloben gascen pasuxebi, umravlesoba aris8
faqtologiuri kiTxvebi. ramdenadac Cven varT sazogadoebis wevrebi, amdenad Cvengvaqvs garkveuli raodenobis faqtobrivi codna mis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, yovelmaicis, rom arseboben kanonebi, maTi dacva aucilebelia, maTi darRveva niSnavssisxlis samarTlis danaSauls. Aamave dros codna, romlelic aqvs ZiriTadnawils kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb, umetes SemTxvevaSi fragmentaruli daarasrulia. samarTaldamcavebsac sWirdebaT danaSaulebis zogierTi aspeqtebisuSualo da sistematuri sociologiuri gamokvleva. magaliTad, SeiZleba daisvaskiTxva: ra formis danaSaulia yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli? damnaSaveTa ranawils akavebs policia? sabolood ramdeni maTgani gasamarTldeba da moxvdebasaprobileSi? faqtologiuri kiTxvebi xSirad mosalodnelze ufro rTulia daZnelad pasuxgasacemi. magaliTad, kriminaluri aqtiurobis realuri donisdasad<strong>ge</strong>nad oficialuri statistikis monacemebis roli sakmaod saeWvoRirebulebisaa.SedarebiTi kiTxvebi. saeWvoa, rom erTi romelime sazogadoebis Sesaxebfaqtobrivma informaciam mogvces sruli suraTi imis Sesaxeb uCveulo SemTxvevaaTu movlenaTa garkveuli wesrigi. xSirad sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi eswrafvian dasvanSedarebiTi kiTxvebi, sadac Sedarebulia erTi sazogadoebis konteqstimeoresTan, an moyvanialia kontrastuli magaliTebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebebidan.magaliTad, britaneTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris kanonmdeblobebSi mniSvnelovanigansxvavebebia. tipiuri SedarebiTi kiTxvaa: rogor gansxvavdebian am or qveyanaSikriminaluri qcevis modelebi da samarTaldamcavi organoebis qmedebebi?(ramdenibe arsebiTi gansxvaveba marTlac iqna gamovlenili).ganviTarebis kiTxvebi. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolodarsebuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla, aseve mniSvnelovania warsulisa da awmyosSedareba. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bis mieram mizniT dasmul kiTxvebs ganviTarebis kiTxvebiewodeba. Tanamedrove samyaros bunebis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad Cven unda CavixedoT adrindelsazogadoebebriv formebSi, aseve SeviswavloT maTi ganviTarebis ZiriTadimimarTulebebi. ACven amgvarad SevZlebT gamovikvlioT Tu rogor gaCndnenpirveli sapyrobileebi _ Tema, romelsac zemoT SevexeT.9
Teoriuli kiTxvebi. faqtologiuri aru, rogorc sociologiaSiamiRebuli empiriuli gamokvlevebi dakavSirebulis imis analizTan Tu rogormimdinareobs movlenebi. magram sociologiis amocana gana mxolod faqtebisSegrovebaa, rac ar unda saintereso iyon isini. Cven gvinda aseve vicodeT ratomaris ase da amitom Cven unda viswavloT Teoriuli sakiTxebis dayeneba. isinidagvexmarebian mizezebis Ziebis dros im faqtebis sworad interpretaciaSi,romlebic eqcevian konkretuli kvlevis fokusSi. Cven viciT, romindustrializaciam bevrad ganapiroba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis formireba.Mmagram rogoria industrializaciis wyaroebi da wanamZRvrebi? ratom vavlenTgansxvavebebs im sazogadoebebSi, romlebmac ganicades industrializaciisprocesi? ratom iwvevs industrializacia cvlilebebs damnaSavepbisa dasasjelis sferoSi an ojaxisa da qorwinebis kuTxiT? Aam kiTxvebze pasuxisgasacemad maT unda mivud<strong>ge</strong>T Teoriulad. Teoria gulisxmobs abstraqtuliinterpretaciebis konstruirebas, romlebic SeiZleba gamogvadgnen sxvadasxvaempiriuli situaciebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, industrializaciis Teoriam undagansazRvros is ZiriTadi niSnebi, romlebic axasiaTebs industriul ganviTarebasda aCvenos Tu romeli maTgania ufro mniSvnelovabi sazogadoebisganviTarebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda araa saWiro faqtologiuri da TeoriulisakiTxebis erTmaneTisagan dacileba. Teoriuli midgoma dafuZnebulad CaiTvlebaim SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cven SevZlebT mis Semowmebas empiriuli gamokvlevebiT.Teoria gvexmareba faqtebis gaazrebulad aRqmaSi. mcdaria GgavrcelebuliTvalsazrisi, rom ,,faqtebi Tavad metyveleben TavianT Tavze”. sociologTaumravlesoba, pirvel rigSi, dakavebulia empiriuli gamokvlevebiT, magram TuTavis ZiebebSi isini ar xelmZRvaneloben TeoriiT, maTi Sroma ar iZlevaSesaswavli obieqtis mizezebis SesaZlo axsnas. amasa aqvs adgili maSinac,rodesac gamokvleva tardeba wminda praqtikuli miznebiT.adamianis qmedebebis winaswargansazRvruli da winaswarganusazRvreliSede<strong>ge</strong>bi. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi aRniSnaven qmedebis miznebs Soris gansxvavebismniSvnelobas _ rodesac Cven raimes vakeTebT winaswarganzraxulad _ dawinaswarganusazRvrel Sede<strong>ge</strong>bs, rasac qmedeba gvaZlevs. Aam gziT siaruliTSeiZleba bevri ram gavigoT sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad,10
skolebi arseboben imisaTvis, rom bavSvebs miscen axali codnis miRebisSesaZlebloba. magram skolebis arsebobas aqvs Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi, romelTa prognozirebaSeuZlebelia. Ggarkveul asakamde skola ukrZalavs bavSvebs Sromis bazarzegasvla. saskolo sistema, gansazRvravs ra mowafeTa momaval samuSao adgilebsmaTi akademiuri moswrebebis Sesabamisad xels uwyobs uTanasworobs zrdas.ra SeuZlia sociologias Tqvas Cvens qmedebebze? rogorc individebma Cvensakmaod bevri viciT sakuTari Tavisa da im sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelSicvcxovrobT. Cven miveCvieT fiqrs, rom kargad gvesmis Tu ratom viqceviT ase daara sxvagvarad, da ar vsaWiroebT sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bis karnaxs! Ggarkveuli doziT essworicaa. Uumravlesoba Cveni yoveldRiuri Mnabijebidan efuZneba arsebulisocialuri SeTanxmebebis Cvens ga<strong>ge</strong>bas. da mainc arsebobs aseTi TviTSemecnebisgarkveuli sazRvrebi da sociologiis erT-erTi amocanaa _ aCvenos, rom isiniarian.sociologiuri gamokvlevebi dagvexmareb ganvsazRvroT Cveni socialurimsjelobebis sazRvrebi da Tan Segvisworos Cveni codna Cvensa da socialurigaremos Sesaxeb.sociologiis meore mniSvnelovani wvlili mdgomareobs mtkicebaSi, romTumc Cven viciT udidesi nawili imisa rasac vakeTebT an ar vakeTebT, magramxSirad gvaqvs sakmaod bundovani warmid<strong>ge</strong>na Cveni saqmianobis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis Sesaxeb.qmedebebis gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi zemoqmedebensazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtsa da konteqstze.sociologiuri analizi ikvlevs socialuri samyaros gaTvaliswinebul dagauTvaliswinebel movlenaTa Soris ZneladSesamCnev kavSirebs.socialuri struqtura da adamianis qmedebebi. mniSvnelovani koncefcia,romelic gvexmareba socialuri kavSirebis ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi aris socialuri struqturiskoncefcia. Cveni socialuri garemo ar aris movlenebisa da qmedebebismouwesri<strong>ge</strong>beli jami. adamianTa qcevebSi, urTierTobebSi, romlebSic isiniSedian, SeimCneva siRrmiseuli regularoba. Aam regularobasTanaa dakavSirebulisocialuri struqturis idea. Ggarkveuli azriT sazogadoebis struqturulimaxasiaTeblebi samarTliania aRiweros SenobebTan analogiiT. Senobas aqvs11
iataki, kedlebi, saxuravi, romlebic aZleven mas garkveul formas. moyvanilimetafora ar unda aRviqvaT nametani sizustiT, SeiZleba sakiTxis arsidagvekargos. socialur struqturas qmnis adamianis qmedebebi da urTierTobebi;struqturis mdgradoba, maTi sisrule gapirobebulia maTi drosa da sivrceSiganmeorebadobiT. Aamgvarad, sociologiuri midgomis CarCoebSi socialurikvlavwarmoebisa da socialuri struqturis ideebi mWidro kavSirSia. AamitomSegviZlia Cven sazogadoeba SevadaroT na<strong>ge</strong>bobebs, romlebic yovelTviskvlaviqmnebian imave agurebiT, romelTaganc Tavad Sed<strong>ge</strong>bian. Yyvela Cveniqmedebebi eqvemdebarebian sazogadoebis struqturul maxasiaTeblebs, romelSicCven gavizardeT da vcxovrobT, amave dros Cvenive qmedebebiT Cven TviT vqmniT (dagarkveuli doziT vcvliT) am struqturul maxasiaTeblebs.sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba. sociologiuriazrovnebis Seswavla niSnavs warmosaxvis gaZlierebas. sociologiis SeswavlaSeuZlebelia mimdinareobdes, rogorc codnis miRebis rutinuli procesi.sociologi _ es aris adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia ganTavisufldes uSualopirovnuli viTarebebisagan. sociologis Sroma, Carlz rait milsis cnobilifrazis Tanaxmad damokidebulia ,,sociologiur warmosaxvaze”.sociologiuri warmosaxva, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs unars ,,ganud<strong>ge</strong>”Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveul rutinas, raTa mis miRma axleburadgadaixedo. ganvixiloT umartivesi aqti _ finjani yavis daleva. ra unda Tqvasociologiuri TvalsazrisiT am, Cveni qcevis umniSvnelo fragmentze? PpasuxiZalze bevria.pirvel rigSi SegviZlia mivuTiToT, rom es aris dasalevi, romelic xelsuwyobs organizmSi siTxis aucilebeli dozis SenarCunebas. Mmas, rogorcyoveldRiur socialur rituals aqvs simboluri mniSvneloba. Tanac yavissmasTan dakavSirebul rituals meti mniSvneloba aqvs vidre TviT yavis dalevisaqts. magaliTad, or adamians, romlebic apireben ,,finjani yavis dalevas” ufroSexvedra da Woraoba izidavT, vidre yavis sma. sakvebi da dasalevi yvelasazogadoebaSi _ es aris ritualebis Sesruleba da socialuri urTierTqmedebada amitom aris mdidari Tema sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis.12
meore, yava _ es aris tvinis mastimulirebeli kofeinis Semcvelinarkotiki.mesame, yavis finjanis miRma dgas mTeli msoflios momcveli socialurida ekonomikuri urTierTobebis urTulesi sistema.bolos, yavis dalevis siamovnebis MmiRma dgas socialuri da ekonomikuriganviTarebis dasrulebuli procesi.sociologiuri warmosaxvis ganviTareba niSnavs ara mxolodsociologiuri, aramed anTropologiisa (tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla)da istoriis masalebis gamoyenebas. anTropologiuri mimarTuleba ZalzemniSvnelovania sociologiuri warmosaxvis ganviTarebisaTvis, radgan gvaZlevssaSualebas davinaxoT socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebuli formebiskaleidoskopi. maTi SedarebiT Cvens cxovrebasTan Cven vi<strong>ge</strong>bT Cveni qcevisunikalurobis Sesaxeb. aseve fundamenturia sociologiuri warmosaxvisistoriuli mimarTuleba: Cven SeiZleba CavwvdeT dRevandelobis bunebas mxolodmisi warsulTan SedarebiT. warsuli _ es aris sarke, romelSic CaxedviTsociologi SesZlebs dainaxos Tanamedroveoba. orive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmebaCveni ,,gandgoma” sakuTari Cvevebisagan _ maTi ufro Rrmad Sesaswavlad.sociologiuri azris Tavisufali swrafva SesaZleblobaa Cawvde aramxolod imas, rac xdeba, aramed imasac rac moxdeba, rodesac Cven ase Tu isemoviqceviT. Cveni mcdeloba gavlena viqonioT momavalze uSedego iqneba Tu ardaveyrdnobiT arsebuli tendenciebis ganviTarebis sociologiur ga<strong>ge</strong>bas.sociologiis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.socialuri situaciebis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba. sociologia mravali kuTxiT axdensgavlenas Cvens cxovrebaze. sociologiuri azrovnebisa da gamokvlevebis CarTvapraqtikul politikasa da socialur reformebSi ramodenime gziT xorcieldeba.yvelaze uSualo saSualebaa _ socialuri situaciis ufro naTeli da ufroswori ga<strong>ge</strong>bis uzrunvelyofa. Ees SeiZleba gakeTdes faqtobrivi codnis donezean ufro swori ga<strong>ge</strong>bis miRweviT, Tu ratom xdeba raRac (sxva sityvebiT,Teoriuli dasabuTebis gziT). magaliTad, gamokvlevam SeiZleba aCvenos, romsiRaribis zRvarze cxovrobs mosaxleobis ufro meti nawili, vidre iTvleba.cxovrebis nebismieri standartebis gaumjobesebis mcdelobas warmateba eqneba im13
SemTxvevaSi Tu is efuZneba zust da ara mcdar informacias. rac ufro metiviciT Cven imis Sesaxeb Tu ratom rCeba siRaribe ase gavrcelebuli, miT ufroalbaTuria rom ganxorcieldeba efeqturi qmedebebi.kulturuli gansxvavebebis aRqmadoba. Mmeore gza, romliTac sociologiSesZlebs daexmaros praqtikul politikas _ es aris daxmareba sazogadoebaSisxvadasxva jgufebis mimarT meti kulturuli aRqmadobis formirebaSi.sociologiuri gamokvleva qmnis SesaZleblobas socialur samyaros Sexedo,rogorc kulturuli perspeqtivebis nairsaxeobas da es waad<strong>ge</strong>ba sxvadasxvajgufebis urTierTobebSi crurwmenebis daZlevis process. ar SeiZleba CaiTvaloganaTlebul politikosad, Tu ara gaqvs daxvewili warmod<strong>ge</strong>na kulturuliRirebulebebis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. praqtikul politikas, romelic ar efuZnebamaTi cxovrebis wesis codnas, vizec aris orientirebuli, warmatebis naklebiSansi aqvs. magaliTad, socialuri sferos TeTrkaniani mosamsaxure, romelicmuSaobs britanuli qalaqis dasavleTindur seqtorSi, ver daimsaxurebsmcxovrebTa ndobas, Tu ar aRiqvams arsebul kulturul gansxvavebas, romelicbritaneTSi xSirad ganasxvavebs TeTr da Savkanianebs.Ppolitikuri qmedebebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis Sefaseba. Mmesame, sociologiurgamokvlevas praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs politikuri iniciativebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bisSefasebisas. SeiZleba politikuri gardaqmnebis programam ver miaRwios dasaxulmiznebs, an gamoiwvios gauTvaliswinebeli arasasurveli xasiaTis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi.magaliTad, omis Semdeg, mravali qveynis qalaqebis centralur ubnebSi aSendnendidi komunaluri saxlebi. varaudobdnen cud pirobebSi myofidabalSemosavliani jgufebisaTvis aemaRlebinaT cxovrebis standartebi; aqveapirebdnen ganeTavsebinaT savaWro da sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis centrebi.Mmagram gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom TavianTi sacxovreblebidan maRal saxlebSigadasaxlebulebi Tavs izolirebulad da ubedurebad grZnobdnen. maRlivebi dasavaWro raionebi male moiSalnen da kargi niadagi Seuqesn jgufur xulignobsada sxva seriozuli danaSauls.TviTSemecnebis gaRrmaveba. meoTxe, da es albaT yvelaze mTavaria,sociologias SeuZlia sazogadoebriv jgufebs misces seriozuli codna14
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, gazardos maTi TviTga<strong>ge</strong>ba. rac ufro meti icianadamianebma sakuTari moRvaweobis pirobebis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb Tu rogorfunqcionrebs sazogadoeba, metia imis albaToba, rom isini SesZleben gavlenassakuTar cxovrebiseul viTarebebze. araswori iqneba sociologiis praqtikuliroli gavaigivoT asistentis rolTan politikosisa da politikurijgufebisaTvis dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. ZalauflebismflobelTagan yovelTvis ar aris mosalodneli araprivilegirebul fenebzezrunva. maRali donis TviTcnobierebis jgufebs SeuZliaT samTavrobiCinovnikebisa da sxva gavleniani personebis qmedebebze efeqturi reagireba,SeuZliaT win wamoswion sakuTari politikuri iniciativebi. urTierTdaxmarebebisjgufebi (msgavsad ,,anonimuri alkoholikebisa”) da sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi(magaliTad, qalTa moZraobebi) im sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis magaliTebia,romlebic pirdapir moiTxoven praqtikul reformebs (ix. Tavi 9, ,,jgufebi daorganizaciebi”).sociologis roli sazogadoebaSi. valdebuli arian Tu ara sociolo<strong>ge</strong>biTavadve daicvan da propaganda gauwion praqtikuli gardaqmnebisa da socialuricvlilebebis programebs? zogierTebs miaCniaT, rom sociologias SeuZliaSeinarCunos obieqturoba Tu sociologi SeinarCunebs neitralitets moralur dapolitikur sakiTxebSi, magram ara gvaqvs araviTari safuZveli vifiqroT, rommoZRvrebebi, romlebic Tavs arideben sazogadoebriv diskusiebs aucilebladufro obieqturebi iqnebian socialuri problemebis SefasebaSi. AarsebobsarsebiTi kavSiri sociologiis Seswavlasa da socialuri TviTcnobierebisgamoRviZebas Soris. arcerTi sociologiasTan axlo mdgomi adamiani ar darCebagulgrili uTanasworobis mimarT, romelic dRes aris msoflioSi, bevrsituaciaSi socialuri uTanasworobis mimarT, an milionobiT adamianisuuflebobasTan dakavSirebiT aimaRlebs xmas. sakvirveli iqneba Tu sociologiar miiRebs monawileobas praqtikul RonisZiebebSi da aralogikuri daarapraqtikuli iqneba Seecado aukrZalo maT gamoiyenon TavianTi sociologiurigamocdileba.15
daskvniTi komentarebi.Aam TavSi Cven ganvixileT sociologia, rogorc disciplina, romelsacaxasiaTebs Cveni da sxva adamianebis yofis ganmsazRvreli mvlenebis detaluriSeswavlisaTvis, samyaros pirovnuli, subieqturi xedvis ukugdeba. sociologia,rogorc gansakuTrebuli inteleqtualuri saqmianoba aRmocenda Tanamedroveindustriuli sazogadoebis Casaxvis adrindel etapebze da aseTi sazogadoebebisSeswavla principulia. Mmagram sociologias saqme aqvs socialuriurTierTqmedebebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebisfarTo wresTan. Semdeg TavSi Cven SevexebiT adamianuri kulturis nairsaxeobebsda vnaxavT saocar gansxvavebebs sxvadasxva xalxebis Cvevebsa da tradiciebSi.amisaTvis Cven dagvWirdeba eqspedicia msoflios irgvlis samogzaurod.inteleqtualur doneze Cven gavimeorebT qristefore kolumbis, kapitan kukisa daTavgadasavlebis sxva maZiebelTa mogzaurobebs msoflios irgvliv. Mmagram,rogorc sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi Cven ver SevZlebT SevxedoT amas mxolod mogzaurisTvalsazrisiT, rogorc pirvelgzamkvlevTa swrafvebs, radganac am eqspediciebmagamoiwvies dasavluri eqspansiis procesi, rasac sxva kulturebisaTvisdramatuli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi moyva da gavlena iqonia msoflios Semdgom ganviTarebaze.mokle Sinaarsi.1. sociologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebisSeswavla, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba Tanamedrove industriulsazogadoebebs.2. sociologia aRmocenda, rogorc bolo 2-3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi moxdariRrma cvlilebebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis mcdeloba. Tanamedrove socialuri samyarosmniSvnelovan niSnebs Soris ariniSneba industrializacia, urbanizmi dapolitikuri sistemebis axali tipebi.3. momxdari cvlilebebi gamoirCevian ara mxolod masStabebiT. Ddidicvlilebebi iyo agreTve adamianuri cxovrebis pirovnul da intimuraspeqtSi. amis magaliTad gamod<strong>ge</strong>ba romantikuli siyvaulis rolis zrdaqorwinebis safuZvelze.16
4. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi ikvleven sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, ayeneben garkveul kiTxvebsda sistematuri gamokvlevebis procesSi cdiloben pasuxebis Camoyalibebas.Ees sakiTxebi SeiZleba iyos faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi, ganviTarebis anTeoriuli sakiTxebi. sociologiur gamokvlevebSi gaTvaliswinebul undaiqnas adamianTa qmedebebis winaswargansazRvruli da wanaswarganusazRvreliSede<strong>ge</strong>bi.5. sociologiuri saqmianoba gulisxmobs warmosaxviTi azrovnebis unars dasocialur urTierTobebze winaswar Camoyalibebuli SexedulebebisaganganTavisuflebas.6. sociologia mWidro kavSirSia sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan. Yyvelasazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi ikvleven adamianTa qcevas, magram yuradRebasamaxvileben mis sxvadasxva aspeqtebze. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniakavSirebi sociologias, anTropologiasa da istorias Soris.7. sociologia aris mecniereba im azriT, rom iyenebs kvlevis sistematurmeTodebs da Teoriebs ayalibebs arsebul faqtebsa da logikurargumentaciaze dayrdnobiT. magram SeuZlebelia misi gaigivebabunebaTmecnierebebTan, imitom, rom adamianTa qcevebis Seswavlafundamenntalurad gansxvavdeba bunebrivi samyaros Seswavlisagan.8. socialuri samyaros SeswavlaSi sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi miiswrafian obieqturobisaken,cdiloben kvlevebSi iyon miukerZoebelni. Oobieqturoba damokidebulia arakonkretuli mkvlevaris midrekilebebze, magram damokidebulia gamokvlevisada Teoriis sajaro Sefasebaze da es aris sociologiis, rogorcmecnieruli disciplinis arsebiTi niSani.9. sociologia _ es aris praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani disciplina,aqvs praqtikuli gamoyeneba. Mmisi wvlili socialur kritikasa da praqtikulsocialur reformebSi vlindeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. jer-erTi,socialuri viTarebis ukeT codna gvaZlevs misi kontrolis met Sanss.Mmeore, sociologia xels uwyoba Cveni kulturuli aRqmadobis zrdas,saSualebas gvaZlevs nebismier politikur aqciebSi gaviTvaliswinoTkulturuli Rirebulebebis gansxvaveba. mesame, Cven SegviZlia garkveulipolitikuri programebis miRebisas vivaraudoT misi (winaswargansazRvrulida winaswarganusazRvreli) Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi. bolos, da es SeiZleba yvelaze17
mniSvnelovania, sociologia xels uwyobs TviTSemecnebis ganviTarebas,aZlevs jgufebsa da individebs TavianTi cxovrebis Secvlis didSesaZleblobebs.neil smelzeri: Tezisebi sociologiisarsis Sesaxeb1. sociologia _ es aris sazogadoebisa dasazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Seswavla. ismonacemebs (faqtebs) iRebs realuri samyarodan dacdilobs maT axsnas mecnierul analizze dayrdnobiT.sociologiam mecnierebad Camoyalibeba daiwyodaaxloebiT ori saukunis ukan.2. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi iyeneben ramodenime ZiriTadmidgomas. Demografiuli midgoma gvaZlevssazogadoebis daxasiaTebas Sobadobis, sikvdilianobisda migraciis Seswavlis gziT. fsiqologiuri midgoma aanalizebs adamianTaqcevebs, qcevis motivebs, azrs, socialur ganwyobas. Koleqtivisturi midgomagamoiyeneba jgufebisa da organizaciebis Seswavlisas. meoTxe midgomagulisxmoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, rogorc sazogadoebriviurTierTobebis Seswavlas. mexuTe, kulturologiuri _ aanalizebs qcevbskulturis iseT elementebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi normebida Rirebulebebi.3. sociologia Seiswavlis sazogadoebas or, mikro da makrodoneze.mikrosociologia ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs adamianTa yoveldRiururTierTobebs, makrosociologia ikvlevs sazogadoebis ZiriTadstruqturebs.4. mikrosociologiur doneze ZiriTadi aris simboluri urTierTqmedebis(interaqcionizmis) Teoria. am Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom adamianebigarkveul mniSvnelobas (simboloebs) aniWeben gare samyaros zemoqmedebas dametwilad am simboloebze reagireben da ara TviT zemoqmedebaze. warsulis18
gamocdileba da yvelas mier gaziarebuli, erTnairad ga<strong>ge</strong>buli simboloebiaadvileben urTierTobebs.5. makrosociologiur doneze arsebobs ori Teoria: funqcionalizmi dakonfliqtis Teoria. funqcionalistebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorcurTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebis sistemas, romelTagan yovelive axdensgavlenas mTelis funqcionirebaze. sxvadasxva nawilebis normalurifunqcionirebis Sedegad vRebulobT mdgrad, erTian sazogadoebas.konfliqtis Teoriis safuZvels warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns marqsis debuleba, romadamianebi ekonomikur sistemaSi maTi adgilebis Sesabamisad, dayofili arianklasebad da konfliqti am klasebs Soris garduvalia. Kkonfliqtis TeoriiszogierTi Tanamedrove mimdevari ZiriTad mniSvnelobas aniWebs Zalauflebisdanawilebis sistemas da ara ekonomikur gansxvavebas.6. sociologiuri gamokvleva iwyeba hipoTeziT _ debulebiT, romelicvaraudobs, rom erTi faqti mizezSedegobrivad aris dakavSirebuliameoresTan. Teoria aris urTierTSesabamisobaSi moyvanili hipoTezebissistema. sociologiuri meTodebi _ es aris wesebi da saSualebebi,romlebic erTmaneTs gadaabamen faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs.7. cvladi aris cneba, romelmac SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva mniSvneloba.sociologiis umravlesi gamokvleva cdilobs gamoavlinos romelimegarkveuli movlenis cvlilebebi, es aris damokidebuli cvladi, xoloSemdeg axsnas es cvlilebebi sxva movlenebTan kavSirSi, es arisdamoukidebeli cvladi.8. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi meTodebia SerCeviTi ganxilva,savele gamokvleva, istoriuli meTodi da eqsperimenti. am meTodebisgamoyenebiT mkvlevari cdiloba gaakontrolos Sesaswavli movlenis yvelaSesaZlebeli mizezi, ixilavs ra maT cal-calke. Eqsperimentis an sxvameTodiT kvlevis dros sociologi amcirebs damoukidebeli cvladebisraodenobas.9. sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia politikuri klimati, romelicxels Seuwyobs mkvlevaris Tavisuflebas, gamokvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis publikaciisSesaZleblobas da gamoricxavs represiis muqaras. sociologiisganviTarebaze gavlena aqvs sazogadoebriv problemebsa da krizisebs. Tavis19
mxriv, sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bis moRvaweoba exmareba sazogadoebas problemebisdad<strong>ge</strong>nasa da maTdami yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.10. sociologiuri codna sazogadoebaze gavlenas Semdegnairad axdens:1. specialisti sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi muSaoben saxelmwifoebriv da kerZoorganizaciebSi;2. sociol<strong>ge</strong>bis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sxva sferoebSi;3. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bs SeuZliaT Secvalon adamianTa damokidebulebamovlenebisadmi, aseve miawvdian informacias socialuri politikissakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad;4. sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gvexmareba arsebuli socialuri politikisqmediTobis SemowmebaSi.kultura: ZiriTadi elementebi.1. kultura aris cxovrebis erTiani wesiT Sekruli adamianebisaTvis saerToqcevis wesebisa da samyaroze Sexedulebebis RirebulebaTa sistema.cxovelTa qceva ZiriTadad gapirobebulia instinqtebiT an <strong>ge</strong>netikuradaadaprogramebuli, maSin, rodesac adamianTa qcevebi mniSvnelovanwiladSeswavlis rezultatia. adamianTa sazogadoebaSi kultura asrulebs igiverols, rasac cxovelTa samyaroSi instinqturi qceva. Kkultura erTiTaobidan meores gadaecema socializaciis procesSi.2. kulturas aqvs gavlena pirovnebis formirebaze, e.i, is aregulirebspirovnebis qcevas. Ggarda sxva funqciebisa, kultura gansazRvravs pirobebssadac SesaZlebelia midrekilebebis dakmayofileba. adamianis qcevazekulturis gavlenis SemzRudveli faqtorebia _ adamianis organizmisbiologiuri SesaZleblobebis zRvari, garemomcveli sinamdvilis pirobebida socialuri wesrigis mxardaWera.3. zogierTma mkvlevarma, gansakuTrebiT merdokma, meti yuradReba miaqciakulturul universaliebs (Tvisebebs, romlebic yvela kulturasaxasiaTebs). xSirad miaCniaT, rom kulturuli universaliebi gapirobebuliabiologiuri faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa, ZuZumwovarTa ususuroba, sakvebismoTxovnileba da a.S. magram adamianis qcevaze met gavlenas axdens20
kulturuli Rirebulebebi da normebi, romelc araferi aqvT saerTobiologiur moTxovnilebebTan, amitom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romkulturis specifikuri aspeqtebi Seesabamebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.4. adamianebs axasiaTebT midrekileba sxvisi kulturis SefasebaSi daeyrdnonTavianT kulturas, am tendencias eTnocentrizmi ewodeba. sapirispirotendencias kulturuli relativizmi ewodeba, romlis TvalsazrisiTnebismieri kultura SeiZleba ga<strong>ge</strong>bul iqnas mxolod misi sakuTariRirebulebebis analizis safuZvelze da misi sakuTar konteqstSi.5. kultura iwvevs erTianobis, jgufis wevrebis identurobis, erTiTanamegobrobisadmi mikuTvnebulobis SegrZnebas. kultura SeiZleba gaxdeserTi jgufis sxvadasxva qvejgufebsa da pirovnebebs Soris konfliqtismizezi, Tu jgufis erT-erTi wevri emxroba SedarebiT gansxvavebulnormebs.6. gudenaus azriT kultura oTxi elementisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba:1. cnebebi, aRniSnaven adamianis gamocdilebis organizebis wess;2. mimarTeba anu warmod<strong>ge</strong>na imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ukavSirdebianerTmaneTs adamianTa gamocdilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi;3. Rirebulebebi anu zogadi Sexedulebebi miznebze, romliskenacadamianebi unda miiswrafodnen;4. wesebi da normebi, romlebic aregulireben adamianebis qcevebs da moyavTisini maTi kulturis RirebulebebTan SesabamisobaSi. individebi icavennormebs, e.i. adamianuri urTierTobebis molodini an moTxovnebi, romlebicsanqciebiT aris gamagrebuli (mxedvelobaSia socialuri dasja anwaxaliseba).7. ena aris xmebisa da simboloebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebulikomunikaciis, romelTac aqvT pirobiTi, magram mkacrad struqturirebulimniSvneloba. enis daufleba SeuZlebelia socialuri urTierqmedebebisgareSe; mas aqvs garkveuli wesebi; is qmnis da awesri<strong>ge</strong>bs gamocdilebas dafuqcionirebs im mniSvnelobebis safuZvelze, romelic miRebulia am enazemolaparake adamianebis mier.8. ideologia aris garkveuliRirebulebebisa da faqtebis damfuZnebelisistema. ideologia anxorcielebs mraval funqcias. magaliTad, emsaxureba21
socialuri daZabulobis Senelebas, romlebic Tavs iCenen maSin, rodesacadamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom zogierTi, maT mier gaziarebuli Rirebulebebiar Seesatyvisebian maT realur cxovrebas. ideologiebs SeuZliaT agreTvegamoxaton an daicvan romelime socialuri jgufebis interesebi.Mmarqsizmis TvalsazrisiT ideologia an amarTlebs romelime jgufisarsebobas an ibrZvis mis winaaRmdeg. ideologia aniWebs sazriss dakanonierebas adamianTa qcevebs.9. erTianobis garkveuli niSnebis garda kulturebs Soris SesaZlebeligansxvavebebi da Tavs iCenen konfliqtebi. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bma gamoavlineskulturis konfliqtebis ramodenime saxe. Aanomia ewodeba socialurinormebis bundovani xasiaTis gamo kulturis erTianobis rRvevas.kulturuli Seyovneba SeimCneva im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac cvlilebebimaterialuri kulturis sferoSi win uswreben aramaterialuri kulturisSesaZleblobebs SeinarCunon Sesabamisoba materialuri kulturis donesTan.Uucxo kulturis batonobas mivyevarT kulturebis Sejaxebis formiTgamovlenili sxvadasxva struqturis mqone konfliqtebisaken.5. me XX saukunisaTvis Camoyalibda kulturis ori ZiriTadi forma: maRalikultura, gulisxmobs daxvewil xelovnebas, klasikur musikas daliteraturas, is iqmneboda da aRiqmeboda elitis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis mier;ubralo xalxis kulturas ganekuTvneboda zRaprebi, folklori, simRerebi,miTebi. Mmasobrivi informaciis saSualebebis ganviTarebam Seqmna masobrivikulturis gaCenis SesaZleblobebi, romelic yuradRebas ar aqcevsregionalur, religiur an klasobriv subkulturebs.6. normebisa da Rirebulebebis sistemas, romelic ganasxvavebs romelimejgufs ufro farTo erTobisagan, ewodeba subkultura. subkultura aruaryofs umravlesobis kulturas, magram garkveuli saxiT ganze dgasmisgan. kontrkultura aris subkulturis nairsaxeoba, romelicupirispirdeba gabatonebul kulturas. Kkontrkultura miiswrafvisCamoayalibos normebi da Rirebulebebi, romlebic upirispirdebiangabatonebuli kulturis ZiriTad aspeqtebs.7. tradiciul amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris unda aRiniSnos swrafvapirovnuli warmatebebisaken, aqtiuroba da Tavdadebuli Sroma, efeqturoba22
da sar<strong>ge</strong>blianoba, progresi, materialuri keTildreoba da mecnierebispativiscema. rismansa da mis kole<strong>ge</strong>bs miaCniaT, rom es Rirebulebebieqvemdebarebian cvalebadobas, rom adamianebi scildebian tradiciul,,Sinagan kulturas” da TandaTanobiT SeimuSaveben ,,gareSe Rirebulebebis”sistemas. Bbelma Seiswavla Cveni sazogadoebis wevrebs Sorisegocentrozmis zrda, rac imiTaa gapirobebuli, rom cxovrebis mravaliaspeqti regulirdeba institutebis mier, rac ver uzrunvelyofs sakuTari,,me”-s dad<strong>ge</strong>nas.8. amerikelTa zogierTi Rirebulebebi winaaRmdegobaSi modian teqnologiaSimimdinare cvlilebebTan, resursebis gamofitvasTan, mrewvelobisa daadamianebis keTildReobis donis klebasTan. Mmagram, Cven darwmunebulivarT, rom iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa swrafva warmatebisaken,optimizmi da Tavdadebuli Sroma, Rrmadaa gamjdari amerikul kulturaSi.socialuri struqtura:1. statusi ewodeba adamianis pozicias sazogadoebaSi garkveuli uflebebiTa damovaleobebiT. Aadamians SeiZleba qondes ramdenime statusi, magram erT-erTimaTgani, romelic mTavaria, gansazRvravs adamianis adgils sazogadoebaSi.dabadebidan miRebul statuss miwerili (Tandayolili) ewodeba; statuss,romelsac SeiZens raimes ganxorcielebis Sedegad ewodeba miRweuli.2. roli _ es aris garkveul statusTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli qceva.mocemuli statusisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rolebis erTobliobas rolurisistema ewodeba. Cveni rolebi gansazRvrulia sxva adamianebis molodiniT.zogierTi mosalodneli, magaliTad, kanoni, aris formaluri, sxva, vTqvaT,magidasTan qcevis normebi _ araformaluria. rodesac adamianis qcevaSeesabameba roliT mosalodnels, is Rebulobs socialur waxalisebas (fulsan pativiscemas 3.parsonsma, xuT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT gaakeTarolebis klasifikacia. 1.zogierTo rolebi moiTxoven emociur TavSekavebas,maSin, rodesac sxva roli uSvebs grZnobaTa aSkarad gamoxatvas. 2.arsebobenmiwerili rolebi, arsebobs miRweulic.23
3. zogierTi roli SezRudulia, sxvebi difuzuri xasiaTisaa..zogierTi roligulisxmobs adamianebTan urTierTobas formaluri wesebiT, sxvebi nebasrTaven daamyaron araformaluri piradi urTierTobebi 5.gansxvavebulirolebi dakavSirebulia gansxvavebul motivaciasTan.4. arc erTi roli (formaluri Tu araformaluri) ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns qcevismkacrad fiqsirebul models. ufro ki qceva aris Sedegi mocemuli pirovnebismier roluri molodinis ga<strong>ge</strong>bisa. simboluri interaqcionizmisa daeTnomeTodologiis momxreni xazs usvamen roliT mosalodnelsa da individisqcevas Soris kavSiris moqnil xasiaTs.5. rodesac adgili aqvs ori an meti Seusabamo rolebisurTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnebs, Cndeba roluri konfliqti. erTi daigive roliT Seqmnili dapirispirebuli moTxovnebi SeiZleba gaxdes roluridaZabulobis mizezi. Aarsebobs roluri konfliqtis daZlevis ramdenimesaSualeba: zogierTi rolebi unda CaiTvalos sxva rolebze mniSvnelovnad;ganacalkevo saxli da samuSao adgili da aseve rolebi aq; konfliqturisituaciis ganmuxtvas xels uwyob xumroba.6. institutebi ewodeba garkveuli socialuri moTxovnilebebisdasakmayofileblad gamiznuli rolebisa da statusebis erTobliobas.adamianebi ver iarsebeben grZelvadiani koleqtivebis Seqmnis gareSe. marqssmiaCnda, rom TavianTi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebladadamianebi qmnian pirobebs erToblivad organizebuli moRvaweobis wyalobiT,amis gareSe sazogadoeba ver iarsebebda. gamoyofen sazogadoebisarsebobisaTvis aucilebel eqvs elements: 1.urTierToba mis wevrebs Soris;2.saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba; 3.ganawileba; 4.sazogadoebis wevrTadacva; 5.gamoklebul wevrTa Secvla; 6.maTi qcevis kontroli.7. saqonlis warmoebisaTvis aucilebelia oTxi saxis sazogadoebrivi resursi:miwa, Sroma, kapitali da organizacia. erTi an ramdenime socialuri24
moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad sazogadoebrivi resursebis gamoyenebismizniT, institutebi qmnian adamianTa erToblivi moRvaweobis mdgrad formebs.institutebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa adamianTa moRvaweobisstabilizacia, romlis safuZvelze yalibdeba roluri qcevis metnaklebadmyari modelebi.8. sityva ,,sazogadoebas” aqvs bevri gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. marSi Seecadagaerkvia pirobebi, rodesac socialuri gaerTianeba iqceva sazogadoebad. espirobebia: 1.mudmivi teritoria; 2.sazogadoebis Sevseba ZiriTadad Sobadobisxarjze; 3.ganviTarebuli kultura; 4.,,politikuri” damoukidebloba. Gg.lenskida j.lenski gvaZleven sazogadoebis klasifikacias, dafuZnebuls arsebobissaSualebebis mopovebis formebze: monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba,mebaReobis, agraruli da samrewvelo.9. tionisi ikvlevda adamianTa kavSirebis Taviseburebebs tradiciul daTanamedrove sazogadoebebSi da Semoitana ,,<strong>ge</strong>mainSaftisa” da ,,<strong>ge</strong>zelSaftis”cnebebi. Ppirveli niSnavs glexTa Tems, meore ki industriul, qalaqursazogadoebas. maT Soris Semdegi ZiriTadi gansxvavebebia:1. ,,<strong>ge</strong>mainSaftis” tipis sazogadoebaSi adamianebi cxovroben TemuriaucileblobebiT, ,,<strong>ge</strong>zelSaftSi” _ yoveli efuZneba pirad mo<strong>ge</strong>bas;2. pirveli efuZneba tradiciul zne-Cveulebebs, meore _ formalur kanonebs;3. pirvelSi SezRudulia specializacia, meoreSi yalibdebaspecializirebuli profesionaluri rolebi;4. pirveli efuZneba religiur, meore ki saero Rirebulebebs;5. pirveli tipis sazogadoebis mTavari institutebia ojaxi da Temi, meoretipis sazogadoebis safuZvelia didi korporaciebi, adamianTaasociaciuri gaerTianebebi.25
სოციალური ჯგუფი და ორგანიზაცია:jgufi ewodeba adamianTa erTobas, romlebsac axasiaTebT urTierTobisgarkveuli saxe, grZnoben TavianT mikuTvnebulobas am jgufisadmi da sxvebismier aRiqmebian am jgufis wevrebad. Cven xSirad vxsniT ama Tu im adamianisqcevas misi romelime jgufis wevrobiT, amas xSirad dausabuTebladacvakeTebT.pirveladi jgufebi Sed<strong>ge</strong>bian mcire raodenobis adamianebisagan, romelTaerTmaneTTan uSualo urTierTmoqmedeba efuZneba maT individualurTaviseburebebs. pirveladi jgufebis magaliTebia ojaxi, megobruli wre annebismieri jgufi, romlis wevrebs Soris Camoyalibda Rrma emociuriurTierToba. misgan gansxvavebiT meoradi jgufi Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba adamianebisaganromelTa Soris Camoyalibebulia susti emociuri urTierToba; maTiurTierToba eqvemdebareba raime miznis miRwevas. Ppirovnebis individualur,ganumeorebel Tvisebebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvT meoradi jgufebisfunqcionirebisaTvis. zogjer pirvelad jgufebi yalibdebian meoradi jgufisSigniT, zogierTi pirovnebebisagan.Mmiuxedavad meoradi jgufebis batonobisa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,pirveladi jgufebi kvlav rCebian mniSvnelovan damakavSirebel Zaladadamiansa da cxovrebis ufro formalur, organizaciul mxares Soris.mecnierebma aRmoaCine e.w. hotornis efeqti, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,rom jgufis kvlevis TviT faqti, zemoqmedebs jgufis wevrebis qcevebze. Aamda sxva aRmoCenebis wyalobiT maT gaakeTes daskvna, rom Sromis sferoSi,,adamianuri faqtori” mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.jgufi _ es aris yvelaze maRalorganizebuli primtebis, adamianisCaTvliT, gadarCenis safuZveli. socializaciis garda jgufSi sxva mravalifunqciacaa. instrumentaluri jgufi iqmneba garkveuli samuSaosSesasruleblad, maSin, rodesac eqspresiuli jgufi iqmneba misi wevrebisemociuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs jgufis zoma. Ddiadebi (ori adamianisaganSemdgari jgufebi), triadebi (sami adamianisagan Semdgari jgufebi), luw dakentricxovani jgufebi gansxvavebulad, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT26
funqcionireben. xuTkacian jgufebs Cveulebriv ar awuxebT is problemebi,romlbic sxva jgufebs sicocxles uwamlaven.organizacia:rTul sazogadoebebSi garkveuli miznebis misaRwevad Cndeba mravaliorganizaciis an didi meoradi jgufebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.Qqarizmatuli jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc damakavSirebelipirvelad jgufebsa da organizaciebs Soris. Tavidan es jgufebixsasiaTdebian cvalebadobiT da Zlier liderze damokidebulebiT. wesebisa datradiciebis Camoyalibebis kvaldakval jgufi gadaiqceva ufro mowseri<strong>ge</strong>bulorganizaciad.Qqarizmis rutinizacia _ es termini veberma SemoiRo organizaciisstruqturis ganviTarebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic sami etapisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba:kristalizacia, aRiareba da institucionalizacia. Aam procesis dasrulebisSemdeg yalibdeba mdgradi nimuSebi, romlis safuZvelzec xorcieldebajgufis wevrebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan da sxvebTan.nebayoflobiTi organizaciebi xasiaTdebian sami ZiriTadi niSniT:1. maTi mizania wevrebis saerTo interesebis dacva;2. organizaciis wevroba nebayoflobiTia;3. organizacias ara aqvs kavSiri samTavrobo organizaciebTan.totaluri institutebi ki piriqiT, iqmnebian saxelmwifoebrivi,religiuri da sxva organizaciebis interesebis dacvis mizniT. gofmanitotalur institutebs dayofs ramdenime tipad:4. saavadmyofoebi, sanatoriumebi, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi;5. sakoncentracio banakebi, sapyrobileebi;6. samxedro yazarmebi, <strong>ge</strong>mebi, daxuruli saswavlo organizaciebi;7. qalTa da mamakacTa monastrebi da TavSesafarvebi.biurokratia aris organizacia, romlis saqmianobaSi gaTvaliswinebulia:rolebis danawileba da Sesabamisi adgili Zalauflebis ierarqiaSi.Sromis danawileba,daqvemdebarebis garkveuli wesrigi,sajaro kancelariis arseboba,27
specialistTa da saStato TanamSromelTa momzadebis formaluri meTodebisgamoyeneba,garkveuli wesebis dad<strong>ge</strong>na,TanamSromelTa mxridan organizaciis aRiarebis molodini.am Taviseburebebis gamo prognozirebadia biurokratiuli aparatisTanamSromelTa qcevebi da iZleva saSualebas maTi saqmianobiskoordinaciisaTvis.biurokratia gulisxmobs Sromis specializacias, romlis CarCoebSi yovelTanamSromels naTlad aqvs dad<strong>ge</strong>nili Tavisi saqme. Ees gadasvlaaraspecializirebuli Sromidan specializirebulze xels uwyoba warmoebiszrdas da konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmes. Bbiurokratiul aparatSi gavlenismopoveba damokidebulia informaciis flobaze; wamyvan specialistebs didigavlena aqvT, radgan isini akontroleben informaciis gavrcelebas.wesebi gansazRvraven Tu ras elodeba administraciaTanamSromelebisagan; maTi gamoyenebis wyalobiT mcirdeba pirdapirizedamxedvelobis aucilebloba. wesebis sxva funqciebi gulisxmobenadministraciis moTxovnebis mitanas TanamSromlebamde, yvela donisTanamSromlis saqmianobis marTvas, dasjis dasabuTebas, wesebisagan gadaxvevisSesaZleblobas da daTmobebs xelmZRvanelobis mxridan.organizaciis erT-erTi naklia gaurkvevloba miznebsa da maTi miRwevismeTodebSi. organizaciaSi, romelsac saqme aqvs adamianebTan da ara usulosagnebTan Znelia iwinaswarmetyvelo ama Tu im qmedebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi.Oorganizaciis sirTuleze gavlena aqvs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa misizoma, teqnikuri aRWurviloba, garemomcveli socialuri sinamdvile daprofesionalebis Sromis gamoyeneba. naklebad rTul organizaciebs axasiaTebsZalauflebis centralizaciis tendencia da novaciebis SezRudva.organizacia Cveulebriv xasiaTdeba sakuTari cxovrebiT. OorganizaciispaTologiis zogierT simptomebs Soris unda aRiniSnos wesebis gansakuTrebiTmkacri dacva da organizaciis didmasStabiani miznebis miviwyeba.Zalauflebisadmi brma morCilebis mTavari mizezia Aadamianebs Sorisusaxuri mimarTeba. maTi Sromis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bisagan muSakebis gansxvisebis gziT,28
iurokratias SeuZlia Seqmnas raRac neitraluri sivrce, Zalze xelsayreliadamianebis dasamorCileblad.iracionalur konfliqts organizaciis SigniT maSin aqvs adgili,rodesac muSakebis individualuri Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdenen maTsaqmian kontaqtebze yvela rangis Tanamdebobebis pirebTan. Pracionalurikonfliqtis SesaZlebloba Cadebulia yvela organizaciis struqturaSi;racionaluri konfliqti arsebobs sami ZiriTadi formiT:1. konfliqti iribad konkurirebad qvejgufebs Soris;2. konfliqti uSualod konkurirebad qvejgufebs Soris;3. konfliqti ierarqiis SigniT, rasac iwvevs dasajildoebelTa SerCeva.aseTi konfliqtebis regulireba Semdegnairad xorcieldeba:TanamSromlebTan normaluri, adamianuri urTierTobebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>niT;kooptaciis safuZvelze, anu zogierTi konfliqturi TanamSromlis miwvevagadawyvetilebis misaRebad; organizaciis struqturis Secvla.Oorganizaciis cxovreba asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas mTlianad.iseTma faqtorebma, rogorebicaa kanis feri, sqesi da eTnikuri warmomavloba,SeiZleba iseTive gavlena iqonios adamianebze organizaciis SigniT, rogoricaaqvs mis gareT.miuxedavad biurokratiis naklovanebebisa, Cven imdenad gavxdiT maszedamokidebuli, rom, albaT, SeuZlebelia uimisoba. amitom momavalSi Cvengvelodeba biurokratiuli sivrcis ufro gafarToeba.სოციალიზაცია, რესოციალიზაცია:socializacias e.i. gzebsa da saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTacadamianebi iZenen gamocdilebas da iTviseben maTi socialuri rolebisSesabamis ganwyobebs, normebs da Rirebulebebs, ori mizani aqvs: xeli Seuwyossocialuri rolebis safuZvelze Cvens urTierTobebs, da uzrunvelyossazogadoebis arseboba am sazogadoebis sxva wevrTa mier masSi arsebuliqcevisa da moqmedebis wesebisa da nimuSebis aTvisebis wyalobiT.adamianebs TiTqmis ar aqvT qcevis TanSobili modelebi, magram maT yvelacocxal arsebaze metad axasiaTebT rTuli Cvevebi (magaliTad enis) aTvisebisunari. kulturuli Rirebulebebi – dawyebuli kanonebidan kargi tonis29
dauwereli wesebiT damTavrebuli – aregulireben adamianTa qcevebsa damiswrafebebs.sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi amtkiceben, rom <strong>ge</strong>netikuri midrekilebebis erTobliobaxels uwyoben an akaveben Cveni qcevebis mimdinareobas. am TvalsazrisisSesabamisad qcevis iseTi tipebi, rogorebicaa altruizmi, gapirobebulia imiT,rom isini xels uwyoben saxeTa gadarCenas, arsebobas, maSin rodesac sisxlisaRreva amas zians ayenebs. kritikosebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom ar arsebobsraime dasabuTeba imisa, rom qcevis gansazRvruli saxeebi <strong>ge</strong>netikurad arianganpirobebulni. es Teoria ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom adamianTa qcevebze didgavlenas axdens simboloTa gamoyenebisa da bWoba-gaazrebis unari.iseT faqtorTa urTierToba, rogorebicaa adamianis fizikuri Tvisebebi,garemo, individualuri gamocdileba da kultura qmnian kidec unikalurpirovnebas. C. kuli Tvlida, rom pirovneba yalibdeba `sarkiseburi me~-swyalobiT, anu imis interpretaciis meSveobiT, rasac Cvenze fiqroben, amboben,grZnoben sxvebi. j. midis Tanaxmad pirovnebis formirebis procesi moicavs samstadias: 1) imitacia, anu bavSvebis mier zrdasrulTa qcevebis kopireba, 2)TamaSis stadia, rodesac bavSvebi adamianebis qcevebs aRiqvaven rogorcrolebis Sesrulebas, 3) jgufuri TamaSis stadia, rodesac bavSvebiacnobiereben adamianTa mTeli jgufis molodinebs.froidis mier SemoTavazebuli, pirovnebis ganviTarebis Teoriis Tanaxmad,pirovneba moicavs sam elements: id-s _ energiis wyaros romelicsiamovnebisaken miswrafebiT ikvebeba; ego-s, romelic `realobis principis~safuZvelze akontrolebs pirovnebis qcevebs da `superegos~ _ romeliczneobriv da SefasebiT funqciebs asrulebs. pirovnebis am sami elementisformireba oTxi stadiis Tanmimdevrul gavlas gulisxmobs: oraluris,analuris, falosurisa da sqesobrivi simwifis stadiebisas. TiToeulimaTgani dakavSirebulia sxeulis gansxvavebul nawilTan, romelsacero<strong>ge</strong>nulobas uwodeben.6. piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi gadianTanamedrove stadiebis rigs, romelTa procesSi isini im axal unarebsiTviseben, romlebic gansazRvraven maTTvis SesaZlebeli Semecnebis sazRvrebs.stadiebi erTmaneTis mkacri TanmimdevrulobiT cvlian:30
a) sensomotoruli (dabadebidan or wlamde);b) operacionaluri (oridan Svid wlamde);g) konkretuli operaciebis stadia (Svididan TerTmet wlamde) dad) formaluri operaciebis stadia (Tormetidan TxuTmet wlamde).resocializaciaprincipi, romlis Tanaxmadac pirovnebis ganviTareba mTeli sicocxlismanZilze aRmavali xaziT miemarTeba da i<strong>ge</strong>ba gavlilis damagrebisa daganmtkicebis safuZvelze, ar aris gadaulaxavi. magram pirovnebis adreCamoyalibebuli Tvisebebi, ar aris gamaradisebuli qvaSi. resocializaciaewodeba axali Rirebulebebis, rolebis, unar-Cvevebis aTvisebas Zveli,adrindeli, arasakmarisad aTvisebuli an ukve moZvelebuli rolebis nacvlad.resocializacia saqmianobis mraval saxes moicavs – kiTxvis unarisgaumjobesebidan dawyebuli da muSaTa profesiuli gadamzadebiT damTavrebuli.fsiqoTerapiac aseve resocializaciis erTerTi formaa. misi zemoqmedebis qveSadamianebi cdiloben gaerkvnen TavianT konfliqtebSi da am ga<strong>ge</strong>bis safuZvelzeSecvalon TavianTi saqcieli da qceva.11. socializaciis a<strong>ge</strong>ntebs Soris aRsaniSnavia masobrivi informaciissaSualebebisa da skolebis roli. zogierTi satelevizio programa afarToebsbavSvebis SemecnebiT unarebs, maSin rodesac zogierTma gadacemam SeiZlebauaryofiTi qcevebis stimulireba gamoiwvios. aziarebs ra iseT Rirebulebebs,rogoricaa patriotizmi, skola amzadebs maT sazogadoebis sxva RirebulebebisasaTviseblad.დევიაცია, ანომია,vcadoT deviacia ganvsazRvroT rogorc jgufuri normebisagan gadaxra,romelsac mosdevs izolacia, mkurnaloba, dapatimreba an sxva sasjeli.mocemuli gansazRvrebis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia deviaciis sami ZiriTadikomponenti gamovyoT:adamiani, romelsac gansazRvruli qceva axasiaTebs;molodini, anu norma, romelic devianturi qcevis Sefasebis kriteriumia, daromeliRac meore adamiani, jgufi an organizacia, romlebic qcevaze reagireben.31
adamianTa cxovrebis regulaciaSi mniSvnelovan rols socialuri wesebi danormebi TamaSoben. normebi marTaven maT qcevebs, maT ician Tu ras undamoelodnen sxvebisgan da maTgan ras moelian. adamianTa cxovrebiseuligamocdileba (e.i. maTi kmayofileba Tu imedis gacrueba), metnaklebadSeesatyviseba socialuri normebiT ganpirobebul molodinebs. magramradikaluri socialuri cvlilebebis, magaliTad saqmiani aqtiurobis dacemisan Seukavebeli inflaciis dros cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ukve aRarSeesatyviseba socialur normebSi ganxorcielebul - gamoxatul idealebs.yovelive amis Sedegad adamianebi dabneulobisa da dezorientaciismdgomareobas ganicdian.. moulodneli dacema an aRmasvla dakavSirebulia“wesrigis darRvevasTan”. socialuri normebi ingreva, adamianebi kargavenorientacias da - yvelaferi es xels uwyobs deviantur qcevas.socialuri dezorganizacia devianturi qcevebis mizezia, sayovelTaodaRiarebul raimed iTvleba. termini “socialuri dezorganizacia” aRniSnavssazogadoebis iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac kulturuli Rirebulebebi, normebi dasocialuriurTierTkavSirebi ufasurdebian, sustdebian an erTmaneTs ewinaamRde<strong>ge</strong>bianსტრატიფიკაცია და სოციალური მობილობა,ganzogadebuli saxiT es gamoiyureba Semdegnairad:uTanasworoba _ esaa pirobebi, romlis drosac adamianebs araTanabarixelmisawvdomoba aqvT iseTi socialuri sikeTeebisadmi, rogorebicaa: fuli,Zalaufleba da prestiJi.stratifikacia _ dakavSirebulia im wesebTan, romelTa meSveobiTacuTanasworoba erTi Taobidan meores gadaecema. am dros yalibdeba sazogadoebisgansxvavebuli fenebi.klasi _ ganpirobebulia im jgufTa arsebobiT, romelsac araTanabradmiuwvdebaT xeli simdidresa da Zalauflebaze, romlebic aseve araTanabariprestiJiT sar<strong>ge</strong>bloben. sazogadoebaSi dakavebuli adgili da mdgomareobaklasebs zogjer Zlieri gavlenis mqone politikur jgufebad aqcevs.vertikaluri an horizontaluri mobiloba.32
vertikaluri mobiloba aris individis socialuri mdgomareobis cvlileba,romelsac Tan axlavs statusis momateba an misi daqveiTeba. rodesac adamianiSedarebiT maRal statuss iZens, es aris aRmavali vertikaluri mobiloba; Tumisi daqveiTeba xdeba, maSin daRmaval vertikalur mobilobasTan gvaqvs saqme.(mdivnis xelmZRvanel postze daniSvna da piriqiT).rac Seexeba horizontalur mobilobas, es aris socialuri mdgomareobiscvlileba ise, rom statusi ar icvleba (erTi samsaxuridan meoreSi gadayvanaigive Tanamdebobaze).Ppolitikuri wyobapolitikuri wyoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc ideologiisa dainstitutebis erToblioba, romelic axdens politikuri moRvaweobis formirebassazogadoebis SigniT. politikuri sistemis safuZvelSi devs Zalauflebis cneba.Zalaufleba gulisxmobs SesaZleblobas, sakuTari neba ganavrco sxvaze, damoaxdino resursebis mobilizeba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.Zala es aris fizikuri zemoqmedebis gamoyeneba sxvebze sakuTari nebis gavrcobismizniT. Zlieri avtoriteti SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc legitimuri dainstitucionalur-samxedro Zalaufleba.veberma gamoyo batonobis sami tipi:xarizmuli,tradiciuli daracionalur-legaluri.saxelmwifo - es aris sazogadoebis nawili, romelic flobs resursebisa dasaSualebebis gadanawilebisaTvis saWiro Zalauflebas, Zalas da avtoritets.socialuri konfliqtis momxreebi saxelmwifos ganxilvis dros ZiriTadyuradRebas amaxvileben sxvadasxva jgufebis brZolaze SuzRuduliresursebisaTvis, maSin roca funqcionalizmis TeoriaSi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaeniWeba politikuri Zlauflebis im aspeqtebs, romlebic dafuZnebuliaTanamSromlobaze. marqsi saxelmwifos ganixilavda rogorc mmarTveli klasisZalauflebis dacvisa da gaZlierebis saSualebas. funqcionalisti parsonsigulisxmobs, rom sazogadoeba axdens adamianuri bunebis civilizirebas damoralur srulyofas. misi azriT politikuri cxovreba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns ufro33
koordinaciis process da ara klasebs Soris brZolas resursebisgakontrolebis mizniT.totalitaruli saxelmwifos liderebi iswrafvis qveynis da xalxis srulikontrolisaTvis. isini cdilobs gza gadauRobos Zalauflebisaken nebismierjgufs da xeli SeuSalos gaxdes Suamavali mTavrobasa da qveynis moqalaqeebsSoris. totalitaruli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia eqvsi ZiriTadiTavisebureba.: ideologiis farTo gamoyeneba, erTpartiuli sistema, terorisgamoyeneba, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa kontroli, iaraRis gankargva daekonomikis marTva. amgvarad totalitaruli sistema Slis zRvars sazogadoebrivda pirovnul sferos Soris da Trgunavs individualur iniciativas. saxelmwifocdilobs absoluturad daimorCilos moqalaqeebi sazogadoebaSi yvela sxvainstitutis kontrolisa da daTrgunvis gziT.avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia monarqis andiqtatoris xelSi, romelic marTavs Zalis gamoyenebiT. politikuri partiebi daideologia TamaSobs gansazRvrul rols, magram totalitarul sazogadoebaSiganxorcielebulia ufro mkacri kontroli cxovrebis yvela aspeqtTanmimarTebaSi.warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlobiT demokratia, es aris saxelmwifos forma, romlis pirobebSicxalxi axdens gansazRvruli vadiT sakuTari Zalauflebis delegirebas arCeulpirebze, romlebic raRac periodis Semdeg gadarCevas eqvemdebarebian. aseTisaxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi Tavisebureba: individualizmisdidi mniSvneloba, konstitucionaluri mmarTvelobis arseboba, marTulTammarTveloba, loialuri opozicia.politikuri socializacia wamoad<strong>ge</strong>ns evoluciur process, romlisganmavlobaSic bavSvebi da mozardebi iTviseben ideebs, cxovrebiseul poziciebsda qcevis modelebs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia maT garSemo arsebulipolitikuri garemosaTvis. socializaciis ZiriTadi a<strong>ge</strong>ntebia _ ojaxi, skola daTanatolebi.34
informaciuli sazogadoebis TeoriebiSesavali (frenk uebsteri )adamianTa umravlesobas adre Tu gvian uCndeba kiTxvebi:ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns is sazogadoeba, romelSic CvenvcxovrobT? rogor gaviazroT is, rac msoflioSixdeba? saiT mivdivarT? am kiTxvebze pasuxebis moZiebagrandiozuli amocanaa, radgan igi Zalian rTuli damudmivad cvalebadi pirobebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebisgansazRvrebis aucileblobas gulisxmobs. sxvadasxvasazogadoebis da xdomilebebis ZiriTadi niSnebisgaazrebis miswrafeba ganmazogadebeli cnebebis miRebasgvaiZulebs. analitikosebi sul ufro metad da metadlaparakoben informaciis rogorc Tanamedrove samyaros(msoflios) mTavari ganmasaxvavebeli (specifiuri) niSnis Sesaxeb.gveubnebian, rom SevdivarT informaciul eraSi, rom ,,informaciis axali wesebi”iwyeben prevalirebas, rom vcxovrobT ,,eleqtronul sazogadoebaSi”, davuaxlovdebiT ,,virtualur ekonomikas”, romlis mamoZravebeli Zala informaciagaxda, rom ukve vcxovrobT ,,globaluri informaciuli ekonomikis”pirobebSi.Zalian bevri eqsperti kidev ufro Sors midis da msoflios iseT iseTdawinaurebul qveynebs, rogorebicaa: aSS, didi britaneTi, iaponia, <strong>ge</strong>rmania,safran<strong>ge</strong>Ti da sxva cxovrebis wesiT msgavs qveynebs informaciul sazogadoebasuwodeben. informaciuli sazogadoebis idea moswonT politikosebs da imaT, vincpolitikas gansazRvravs, aseve wamyvan biznesmenebs, miT ufro, rom evrokavSiriCqarobs iaponiis msgavsad Sevides ,,globalur informaciul sazogadoebaSi”,romelmac es koncefcia jer kidev XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi miiRo.kamaTs mxolod is iwvevs, Tu ra moaqvs am cvlilebebs: erTni Tvlian, romyalibdeba namdvilad profesionaluri, Tavis wevrebze mzrunveli sazogadoeba;meoreni ki miiCneven, rom Zlierdeba kontroli moqalaqeebze; mesameni ki Tvlian,rom es cvlilebebi moaswavebs maRali ganaTlebis mqone fenis warmoSobas, da a.S.politikuri ekonomistebi bWoben imis Sesaxeb, rom axal ,,eleqtronulekonomikaSi” upiratesobas moipovebs mewarme, romelic codnas flobs, rac mas,,swrafi moazrebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis” SesaZleblobas miscems.35
maTTvis ki, visac aRelvebs kultura, kiber sivrce da virtualuri realobawarmosaxvisa da gamomgonebluri saqmianobisaTvis Seuferebeli da aramyudroadgilia.gasaocaria is, rom am Tvalsazrisebis dapirispirebulobis miuxedavad, yvelamecnieri erT rameSi eTanxmeba erTmaneTs: informacia esaa raRac gansakuTrebuli.avtorTa umravlesoba, romlebic informaciuli sazogadoebis problemebze weren,iSviaTad eTanxmebian erTmaneTs misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebisa Tu sazrisisSesaxeb, magram erT raimeSi yvela erTmaneTs eTanxmeba: informaciagansakuTrebul rols asrulebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi. rac ar undadapirispirebuli iyos maTi Sexedulebebi erTmaneTs, isini erT rameSieTanxmebian: informacias gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs.informaciis sazogadoebaze zemoqmedeba mravali avtoris kvlevis sagania. magramisini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rodesac aanalizeben imas, Tu rogoriformebi SeuZlia miiRos informaciam, ratom ikavebs informacia centraluradgils Tanamedrove sistemebSi, rogor zemoqmedebas axdens socialur,ekonomikur da politikur urTierTobebze. am problemebze diskusia mTeli ZliTgaiSala 1991 wels, ZiriTadad teqnologiuri cvlilebebisa da siaxleebis gamo.meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gamocxadebulma ,,mikroeleqtronulma revoluciam”dRis wesrigSi daayena mTeli rigi mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavsyvela CvenTaganisTvis informaciuli teqnologiebi (it): Sromis dasasruls,usaqmurobis eris dadgomas, srulad avtomatizirebul warmoebas. teqnologiebiTgamowveuli cvlilebis aRtaceba ar neldeba. axla dRis wesrigSia _ interneti,informaciuli ,,supermagistralebi” da kibersivrce, anu informaciuli dakomunikaciuri teqnologiebis (ikt) imer warmoqmnili sakiTxebi. bWoba-ganxilvispirvelxarisxovan Temebad iqceva: eleqtornuli demokratia, kiborgi daonlainuri gaerTianebebi (Tanasazogadoebebi). miuxedavad amisa, zogierT sferoSiZalian saintereso mobruneba moxda teqnologiebidan sxva informaciisSinaarsobrivi Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobisaken. wamyvan politikosTa da inteleqtualTagaremoSi izrdeba interesi informaciuli Sromisadmi, simbolurianalitikosebisadmi, romlebic yvelaze metad momzadebulni arin imisaTvis, romTan ataron da win waswion is momavali, sadac adaptaciuroba da mudmivigadamzadeba (axali codnis daufleba) normaa. es adamianebi mTavari moTameSenia36
informaciul sazogadoebaSi, maT bedad ergoT pirvelxarisxovani ganaTlebismiReba, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT informaciuli SesaZleblobebiT, rac Tavismxriv saSulebas aZlevs maT kargad moergon axal globalizirebul ekonomikas.dRes, Suamavlebi, menejerebi, porgramistebi, masmediis kreatiuli muSakebi dayvela is, vinc kreatiul sferoebSi muSaoben, ganixilebian rogorcinformaciuli sazogadoebis megzurni. teqnologiebidan adamianisakenmimarTulebis Secvlam aseve informaciisadmi dauokebelma interesma am wignisavtors gadaawyvetina ,,informaciuli sazogadoebis” meore gamocemis momzadeba.miznad isaxavs ra informaciuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva saxeebisa da formebiskvlevas, romelic saSualebas iZleva gamovarkvioT interesebis gadakveTis sfero,miuxedavad amisa, rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT am sferos, sadac TiTqosSexedulebaTa erTianoba arsebobs, miT ufro nakleb vxedavT Tanxmobasgansamartavi sagnis Sesaxeb.isaxavs ra am mizans, avtori cdilobs aagos es wigni ise rom masSi moeqcesyvela is Teoria, romlebmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes TanamedrovesamyaroSi informaciis raobis ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi. am mizezis gamo informaciis definiciisSemdeg (Tavi meore) yovel momdevno TavSi ganixileba calkeuli Teoriebi damisi yvelaze gamoCenili momxreebi, agreTve nacadia misi dadebiTi (Zlieri) dasusti mxareebis Sefaseba.TandaTanobiT win wawevisas, Tqven gaecnobiT denielbelis (Tavi mesame) postindustriuli sazogadoebiskoncefcias, gavecnobiT diskusias imis Taobaze xdebaTu ara gadasvla fordistuli sazogadoebidanpostfordistul sazogadoebaze, romlis warmatebissafuZvels informaciis marTva warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns (TavimeoTxe) manuel kastelsis gavlenis mqone Teoriasinformacionalur kapitalizmze qselursazogadoebaSi. (Tavi mexuTe). aseve gavecnobiT herbertSileris Sexedulebebs informaciis da misimanipulirebis moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb ganviTarebulkapitalizmSi (Tavi meeqvse).37
gavecnobiT iur<strong>ge</strong>n habermasis argumentebs, romelicTvlis, rom sajaro sfero da masTan erTad informaciisWeSmariteba dacemis gzazea (Tavi meSvide), entonigidensis ganazrebebs ,,refleqsuri modernizaciis”Sesaxeb, romelmac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmoinformaciis rols, romlis mopovebac dakvirvebisa dakontrolis mizniT xdeba (Tavi merve) da azrebspostmodernizmis, agreTve Jan bodriaris da zigmuntbaumanis postmodernizmis epoqas, mecnierTaSexedulebebs, romlebic gansakuTrebul yuradRebasTanamedrove samyaroSi niSnebis afeTqebas uTmoben.unda aRiniSnos, rom es mecnierni iseTi disciplinebis gadakveTaze muSaoben,rogorebicaa: sociologia, filosofia, ekonomika da <strong>ge</strong>ografia da socialurmecnierebebSi arsebuli Tanamedrove diskusiebis centrSi imyofeba. aq araferiagasaocari, socialuri moazrovneebi imitomac arseboben, raTa ecadon gaigon daaxsnan msoflio, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, xolo am samyaros mniSvnelovaniniSania cvlilebebi informaciis sferoSi. SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT, rom vinmecdilobdes msoflios suraTis aRweras ise, rom ar Seexos cvlilebebisuzarmazar sferos, romelic exeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs,informaciis gavrcelebas, komunikaciur teqnologiebs, dasaqmebis axal formebsda saganmanaTleblo sistemebsac ki.CemTvis cnobilia, rom moxda radikaluri, TviTrevoluciuri garRveva informaciis sferoSi, Cvenbunebrivia, gvsurs vicodeT, rogor ekonomikur dasocialur Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan migviyvans aseTi ganviTareba. amazepasuxebi SeiZleba popularuli broSurebidanac miviRoT.Tu gvinda kvalificiuri pasuxi gavceT informaciulisazogadoebis Sesaxeb dasmul kiTxvebs, maSin undamivmarToT gamoCenil, Zlier socialur Teoretikosebs.Zalian bevrma ,,praqtikosma”, romlebic STagonebulniarian informaciul teqnologiuri revoluciiT,aRtacebulni arian internetiT, cxovreba rom ar38
warmoud<strong>ge</strong>niaT eleqtronuli fostis gareSe, miwier realobaze amaRlebulvirtualur realobaSi mcxovreblebma, gadawyvites, rom ZaluZT swrafadgaacnobieron is socialuri da ekonomikuri Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi, romlebic aucilebladmoyveba am revolucias: Sroma transformirdeba, ganaTlebis sferoSi moxdebagadatrialeba, korporaciuli struqturebi xelaxla daibadebian, demokratiagadafasdeba _ da yvelaferi es informaciuli revoluciis Sedegad. Cven Tavidanunda aviciloT am rTuli problemis zedapiruli ganxilva. aseT rames adgiliaqvs iseT iaffasian wignebSi, rogorebicaa: ,,mikro, abadamacade”, ,,sazogadoeba,(sadenebiT moculi) gaxlarTuli sadenebSi”, ,,cifrebad qceuli cxovreba” da ,,raiqneba Semdeg?” aseTive SemTxvevebs aqvs adgili sauniversiteto kursebSi Temebze,,kompiuteruli revoluciis socialuri efeqtebi”,aseve politikuri da saqmiani wreebis uamravgamosvlebSi, da uTvalav Jurnalistur masalebSi,romlebsac mxolod sagangaSo ganwyobilebisgamowveva ZaluZs.avtorTa umravlesobis argumentebi informaciisrolis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis wyobis SecvlaSi,SeiZleba or jgufad davalagoT:1. raodenobrivi cvlilebebi informaciis sferoSiiwvevs socialuri wyobis Tvisebrivad axali tipis _informaciuli sazogadoebis warmoqmnas. msjelobislogika martivia: Cven droSi Zalian bevri informacia iwarmoeba, maSasadamesazogadoeba, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, informaciulia.2. aseve arsebobs kidev erTi definicia, romelic kardinalurad gansxvavdebapirvelisagan; igi imisa<strong>ge</strong>n ki ar amodis, rom Cvens epoqaSi didZali informaciaiwarmoeba da mimoqcevaSia, aramed imisagan, rom informaciis ara raodenobam,aramed informaciis xasiaTma Secvala Cveni cxovrebis wesi. am gansazRvrebaSiigulisxmeba, rom dRes Cveni qmedebebis safuZvelSi Zevs Teoriuli codna(informacia); d. belis azriT ,,kardinaluri siaxle dRes _ esaa Teoriulicodnis kodifikacia da misi sakvanZo ZiriTadi roli novaciebSi, rogorc axalicodnis mopoveba qmnadobis, ise saqonlisa da momsaxureobis sferoSi” anusiaxleebis wyaro xdeba mecnieruli kvlevebi da ganviTarebis analizi.39
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