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kategorias, romlebic niRbebs `xdian~, rogorc socialur institutebs, iseTavianT oponentebsac.rogorc es xSirad xdeba, mecnier kole<strong>ge</strong>bTan urTierTobaSi, aseveTanamoazreebTan an mowinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>ebTan politikur brZolaSi avtoritarulobada ukompromisoba, marqsTan erwymoda meuRlisa da Svilebisadmi gamoxatulsinazes, siTbosa da gulkeTilobas. <strong>marqsis</strong> damokidebuleba mis megobrebTanda TanamoazreebTan iyofa or tipad: esaa an maswavleblisa da moswavleebisurTierToba, an urTierToba yofil Tanamoazreebisa da megobrebisa, romlebicmtrad iqcnen imis gamo, rom ar moisurves gamxdariyvnen an darCeniliyvnensxvis moswavleebad. am ukanasknelTa Soris iyvnen gamoCenili figurebic,romlebmac didi gavlena iqonies marqsze; Zmebi bauerebi, m. hesi, p.J. prudoni, m.bakunini, f. lasali da sxvebi.Seuwynarebloba imdenad Seerwya <strong>marqsis</strong> figuras da misi muSaobis meTods,rom pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gadaizarda misi moZRvrebis damaxasiaTebelTvisebad. sabolood es Tviseba aiTvisa v. leninma da bolSevikuriinterpretaciiT iTvleboda `WeSmariti marqsizmis~ damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad:`namdvili~ <strong>marqsis</strong>ti, gansxvavebiT `oportunistisagan~, mudam unda iyosSeuri<strong>ge</strong>beli da ukompromiso`ucxo~ ideuri mimdinareobaTa mimarT.gamonaklisi iyo <strong>marqsis</strong> megobroba fridrix en<strong>ge</strong>lsTan (1820-1895). en<strong>ge</strong>lsi iyomisi `alter ego~. igi arasdros da araferSi ar upirispirdeboda mas da mudamguwrfelad iyo aRtacebuli misi <strong>ge</strong>nialobiT. maTi megobroba daiwyo 1844wels da gagrZelda mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. marqsma da en<strong>ge</strong>lsma erTaddaweres iseTi cnobili nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa `wminda ojaxi, anukritikuli kritikis kritika~ bruno bauerisa da kompaniis winaaRmdeg (1845);`<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli ideologia~ (1945-47 w, xelnaweri ar iyo dasrulebuli dapirvelad gamoqveynda sabWoTa kavSirSi 1932w. originalis enaze, xolo Semdeg,1933w rusul enaze). `komunisturi partiis manifesti~(1848 w.)<strong>marqsis</strong> sikvdilis Semdeg en<strong>ge</strong>lsma moamzada zogierTi misi Sroma, romlebicmis sicocxleSi ar gamoqveynebula. arc mecnierul da arc politikurpraqtikulsakiTxebSi megobrebi araferSi ar wakamaTebulan. garkveuli azriT,en<strong>ge</strong>lsi SeiZleba CavTvaloT <strong>marqsis</strong> Teoriis Tanaavtorad, magrammTlianobaSi igi iyo gamoCenili propagandisti da populizatori. TviTon igiusvamda xazs <strong>marqsis</strong> prioritets istoriis materialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>bis SeqmnaSi.Tavis politikur brZolebSic marqsi aseve mudam gamodioda en<strong>ge</strong>lsTan erTad.marqsma miznad daisaxa proletariatis SeiaraReba komunisturi moZRvrebiT,rameTu swored proletariatSi xedavda igi materialur Zalas, romelicmowodebulia praqtikuli realizeba gauwios mis moZRvrebas. amitom, misiorganizaciul-politikuri saqmianoba iSleba swored muSaTa moZRvrebissferoSi. 1847 wels igi en<strong>ge</strong>lsTan erTad Sedis samarTlianTa kavSirSi,romelic Semdeg gardaiqmneba komunistTa kavSirad im principebis Sesabamisad,romlebic formirebuli iyo `komunistur manifestSi~. 1848 wels <strong>marqsis</strong>aTaveSi Caudga komunistTa kavSiris centralur komitets, xolo en<strong>ge</strong>lsigaxda am komitetis wevri. kavSiris radikalizmma gamoiwvia xelisuflebismxridan mudmivi devna da 1852 wels igi wyvets Tavis arsebobas. 1864 welsmarqsi monawileobs `mSromelTa saerTaSoriso amxanagobis~ (pirveliinternacionali) SeqmnaSi da misi faqtobrivi xelmZRvaneli xdeba. manve dawera`damfuZnebeli manifesti~, `droebiTi wesdeba~ da internacionalisprogramuli dokumentebis mTeli rigi. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnisparalelurad marqsi da en<strong>ge</strong>lsi aqtiurad monawileoben nacionaluri4
komunisturi da muSaTa partiebis Seqmnasa da saqmianobaSi, uwinares yovlisa,<strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi.<strong>marqsis</strong> moZRvreba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns erTian, daunawevrebul mTels, romlebSicmecnieruli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi mWidrd ejaWvebian erTmaneTs. kontisagangansxvavebiT, romelTanac `mecnieruli~ da `praqtikuli~ mxareebi ZiriTadadmoRvaweobis sxvadasxva periodebze modis, marqsTan isini mudam erTianobaSiarian. marqsi aucileblad acnobierebda WeSmaritebis mecnieruli Ziebisspecifikas da Tavs mecnierad Tvlida, magram mecniereba misTvis ar yofilaTviTmizani, aramed igi iyo saSualeba samyaros praqtikul revoluciurigardaqmnisaTvis. marqsma TviTon naTlad gamoxata es pozicia yvelaze cnobilTezisSi, `Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb~: `filosofosebi mxolodsxvadasxvanairad xsnidnen samyaros, magram saqme isaa, rom igi SevcvaloT~.rogorc Cans, wminda mecnieruli muSaoba marqss warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili hqondadroebiT, gardamaval saqmed, romelic momavlis sazogadoebaSi gaqreba SromisdanawilebasTan erTad da Seerwymis praqtikul saqmianobas. igi uaryofiTaduyurebda im socialur mecnierT, romlebic SezRudulni iyvnen akademiurimecnierebis CarCoebiT da aRiarebdnen arsebul socialur institutebs. aminstitutTa revoluciuri ganaxlebis aucileblobis aRiarebis SiSs damiuReblobas igi Tvlida ara mxolod amoralizmis gamovlinebad, aramedmecnieruli WeSmaritebis `bolomde~ Ziebis muxruWadac. magram bedis ironiiT,igi mainc Sevida mecnierebis istoriaSi, swored im akademiur, `burJuaziul~mecnierebis istoriaSi, romelsac igi ver itanda da iTvalwunebda.2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da <strong>marqsis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>mravali imaTTagani, vinc icnobda marqss, aRniSnavdnen mis <strong>ge</strong>nialurobas,kolosalur erudicias, misi codnis siRrmes yvelaze gansxvavebul sferoebSida agreTve mecnierul sakiTxebSi sakuTri Tavisadmi metismet momTxovnelobas.misi mecnieruli `specialobis~ gansazRvra arc Tu ise advilia. aseve Zneliamisi mecnieruli saqmianobis gamocalkeveba publicisturi da politikurpraqtikulisagan.marqsma daamTavra iuridiuli fakulteti, disertacia dawerafilosofiaSi, mravali weli Sealia ekonomikas da sxva mecnierebebisSeswavlas. misi Sromebi atareben disciplinaTSoriso xasiaTs, Tumca romelmecnierebasac ar unda miekuTvnebodes misi esa Tu is Sroma, mas axasiaTebssakvlevi problemis sociologiuri xedva. ideebi, cnebebi, problemebi,romelTac igi amuSavebda Tavis filosofiur, istoriul, ekonomikur,publicistur SromebSi, arian Tavisi arsiT sociologiurni da garkveuliwvlili SeaqvT sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. es exeba misiseT Sromebs, rogorebicaa ukve naxsenebi `<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli ideologia~,`filosofiis siRatake~(1847), `politikuri ekonomikis kritikisaTvis~ (1859),`klasobrivi brZola safran<strong>ge</strong>TSi 1848-1850 wlebSi~ (1850), `lui bonapartisTvrameti briumeri~ (1852), `kapitali~ da a.S. amitom araa gasakviri, rom <strong>marqsis</strong>moZRvrebis ganmarteba Zalian adre daiwyes ara mxolod ekonomikurad anpolitikurad, aramed sociologiuradac da aseTi ganmartebebi dResacSenarCunebulia. <strong>marqsis</strong> sociologiis kvlevas mieZRvna Sromebis didZaliraodenoba.5
magram <strong>marqsis</strong>, rogorc sociologis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba dakavSirebulia specifikursiZneleebTan, romlebic gamomdinareoben misi Semoqmedebidan. mecnieruliZiebebis da praqtikuli miswrafebebis erTianoba da kavSiri iwvevs misiTeoriis sakuTriv mecnierul Sinaarsis gamoyofis aucileblobas. misiSemoqmedebis disciplinaTSorisi xasiaTi aZnelebs misi mecnieruligamokvlevebis sakuTriv sociologiuri aspeqtebis Ziebas.TviT marqsi ar iyenebs termins `<strong>sociologia</strong>~. es arcaa gasakviri, TugaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom es termini mis droSi jer erTi ver damkvidrdamyarad, meore igi ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli iyo kontis doqtrinasTan,romelsac marqsi mTlianad uaryofiTad uyurebda.<strong>marqsis</strong> Semoqmedeba atarebs mniSvnelovani zomiT dausrulebel damravalmniSvnelovan xasiaTs. mas ar Seuqmnia nawarmoebi, romelSic sistemurisaxiT gadmocemuli iqneboda misi moZRvreba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, msgavsadimisa, rogorc es gaakeTa kontma. misi sociologiuri ideebi mimobneulia TviTyvelaze gansxvavebul nawarmoebebSi, Tanac es ideebi xSirad mocemulia arapozitiur, aramed polemikuri saxiT.<strong>marqsis</strong> zogierTi nawarmoebi darCa dausrulebeli da mis sicocxleSigamoqveynebuli iyo nawilobriv, sxvebma ki sinaTle ixiles mxolod misisikvdilis Semdeg. yoveli axali publikacia badebda <strong>marqsis</strong> ideebis axalinterpretacias. am garemoebas ori mniSvnelovani Sedegi aqvs. pirveli, <strong>marqsis</strong>SexedulebaTa yovelgvari interpretacia mudam ase Tu ise maTirekonstruqciaa. meore, arsebobs <strong>marqsis</strong> memkvidreobis yvelaze gansxvavebuliwinaaRmdegobrivi da urTierTgamomricxvel interpretaciaTa uzarmazariraodenoba. es mravalsaxiereba Zlierdeba imiT, rom politikur-ideologiurisistemis saxiT gavrcelebis procesSi marqsizmma miiRo ganmarteba imismixedviT, Tu rogor socialur, nacionalur, kulturul niadagze moxvda igi,rogor garemoSi daiwyo man funqcionireba. dRes msoflioSi arsebobsdidZali <strong>marqsis</strong>tuli da marqsologiuri literatura, romelic masStabebiTda stiliT gvagonebs teqstebis Teologias.amis Sedegad `marqsizmi~ gamoeyo Tavis Semqmnels da daiwyo sakuTarisicocxliT cxovreba. es daiwyo jer kidev <strong>marqsis</strong> sicocxleSi. mag. Tavisifrangi mimdevrebis mimarT 70-iani wlebis dasasruls igi ambobda: `me vicimxolod erTi, rom me <strong>marqsis</strong>ti ara var~.misi sikvdilis Semdeg es procesimniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. amis Sedegad dRes arsebobs misi moZRvrebis imdenadgansxvavebuli interpretaciebi da ganmartebebi, rom ufro upriania da swori,Tu vilaparakebT ara marqsizmis, aramed marqsizmebis Sesaxeb.rasakvirvelia, am marqsizmebisagan TiToeuls raRac mimarTeba aqvs marqsTan,magram pirvelwyarosTan siaxlovis xarisxis an interpretaciis WeSmaritebisgansazRvra yovelTvis SesaZlebeli araa. zogierTi interpretatori, <strong>marqsis</strong>tian marqsologi, eZeben `autentur~ namdvil marqss. sxvebi iyneben ra misinawarmoebis ama Tu im fragments, asruleben Taviseburi saxis `variaciebs<strong>marqsis</strong> Temaze~, zogjer friad faqizsa da daxvewils, Tumca TviTneburT.SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom marqss rom SesZleboda erTis da meores gacnoba,bevri ram masSi gamoiwvevda gakvirvebas da SeiZleba verc ki ecno sakuTariTavi am gamosaxulebebSi.amrigad, marqsi sociologiis ganmartebisas rekonstruqcia gardauvalia daaucilebeli, misi Semoqmedebis dausruleblobisa da mravalmniSvnelobis gamo.magram, imisaTvis, raTa es rekonstruqcia iyos metad Tu naklebad adeqvaturi,mniSvnelovania mudam ganvsazRvroT da gavyoT: 1) <strong>marqsis</strong> doqtrina anu <strong>marqsis</strong>6
marqsizmi erTi mxriv, da marqsizmi, ufro zustad `marqsizmebi~, meore mxriv;2) <strong>marqsis</strong> Semoqmedebis mecnieruli Dda aramecnieruli komponentebi; 3)mecnieruli komponentebis Sidasociologiuri da garesociologiuri,romlebic sxva socialur mecnierebebs ganekuTvnebian; 4) <strong>marqsis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>,e.i. is socialuri Teoriebi, da midgomebi, romlebic warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen misi ideebisganviTarebas, ganmartebas da gamoyenebas, TviT imisTvisac ki, raTa gavigoT ammxareTa urTierTgavlena, aucilebelia maTi gamijvna;rasakvirvelia, am gansxvavebisa da gayofis ganxorcieleba Znelia da zogjerSeuZlebelic ki, magram amisaken swrafva saWiroa, Tu Cven gvsurs gavigoTswored <strong>marqsis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong> (da ara raRac sxva) da <strong>marqsis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong> (daara vinme sxva).3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebiarsebobs cnobili warmod<strong>ge</strong>na imis Sesaxeb, rom marqsizmis wyaroebia:<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli klasikuri filosofia, inglisuri politikuri ekonomia dafranguli utopiuri socializmi, garda amisa, TviTon marqsi Tavis ideurwyaros aRiarebda me-17-18 saukuneebis inglisur da frangul materializms.marqsizmis es <strong>ge</strong>nealogia ukamaToa, magram aucilebelia maT daematos iswyaroebi, romlebic Sedioden, romlebic Sediodnen codnis sxva sferoebSi daagreTve isinic, romelTac marqsi TviTon ar aRiarebda. garda amisa es<strong>ge</strong>nealogia saWiroebs dazustebas.kerZod, rodesac bWoba exeba <strong>ge</strong>rmanul klasikur filosofias, saWiroa xazigaesvas misi ori warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlis he<strong>ge</strong>lisa da foerbaxis gavlenas. yvelazemeti gavlena marqsze he<strong>ge</strong>lma iqonia, rogorc mecnieruli meTodis stilze,ise sociologiuri azrovnebis stilzec, gansakuTrebiT mis warmod<strong>ge</strong>nazeobieqturi socialuri kanonebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gzas ikvlevs calkeuladamianTa survilebisa da interesebis meSveobiT. mis ideaze progresuliganviTarebis, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesis Sesaxeb, romeliwinaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikur sinTezSi (he<strong>ge</strong>lianuri triadis `TezisiantiTezisi-sinTezi~Tanaxmad). garda amisa, he<strong>ge</strong>lma gavlena iqonia <strong>marqsis</strong>pirad xasiaTze, da bolos, gaucxoebis <strong>marqsis</strong>eul Teoriaze. aseve gavlenaiqonia foierbaxma gaucxoebis problemis damuSavebaze imiT, rom marqsmamaTgan ukritikod aiRo. Tavis azrebs igi maTTan mudmiv polemikaSiayalibebda.rac Seexeba kants, misi realuri zemoqmedeba marqsze saeWvo da sakamaToa.Semecnebis Teoriis fundamentaluri problemebi, romlebic kantma daayena,<strong>marqsis</strong> mier ki ar gadaiWra, aramed gverdavlili iqna, im materialuripostulatis daxmarebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac cnobiereba _ esaa ubralodyofiereba `gadatanili~ da gardaqmnili adamianis TavSi.socialistebidan, romlebmac yvelaze didi gavlena iqonies <strong>marqsis</strong>, rogorcsociologiur, ise politikur-utopiur Sexedulebebze, aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni.sociologiuri aspeqtiT man didi gavlena moaxdina <strong>marqsis</strong> mier 1)`industriis~ (e.i. sen-simonis mixedviT warmoeba farTo azriT) rolisSefasebaze; 2) sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletariatismniSvnelobis Sefasebaze; 3) revoluciur moZraobaTa (`kritikuli epoqebis~ _sen-simoni) mniSvnelobaTa Sefasebaze. jer kidev marqsamde daamuSava sensimonmaidea imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo mTavari dabrkolebaa7
industrialuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gzaze. aseve didi iyo sen-simonisgavlena, <strong>ge</strong>rmaneli moazrovnis socialistur-komunisturi idealisformirebaze. kerZod, es exeba sen-simonis iseT ideebs, rogoricaasavaldebulo mwarmoebluri Sroma, samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneowarmoebis saxelmwifoebrivi da<strong>ge</strong>gmva. saxelmwifos gadaqceva warmoebisorganizaciis iaraRad: erovnuli sazRvrebis waSla da xalxTa msoflioasociaciis Camoyalibeba momavalSi.safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom sen-simonis gavlena marqsze ufroadrindelia, vidre he<strong>ge</strong>lis. sen-simonistebis gavlena <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi Zalian didiiyo, kerZod, sen-simonizmis propagandisti iyo <strong>marqsis</strong> megobari mozes hesi,romelsac uwodebdnen `<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli socializmis mamas~. (Tumca saboloodmarqss gaufuWda masTan urTierToba).saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom <strong>marqsis</strong> idealebi Camoyalibda ufro adre, vidreigi yuradRebas gaamaxvilebda mecnierul Ziebebze. mecnierebam ki ar miiyvanaigi komunizmis idealTan, aramed piriqiT, masSi ukve mtkiced Camoyalibebulda cnobierebaSi ganmtkicebul komunisturi idealisadmi igi cdilobdadaeZebna mecnieruli dasabuTeba. araa SemTxveviTi, rom `kompartiis manifesti~daiwera jer kidev 1847-48 wlebSi, e.i. didi xniT adre vidre marqsi TavisZiriTad mecnierul Sromebs Seqmnida sazogadoebis TeoriaSi, romelsac mandaRupva uwinaswarmetyvela (ekonomikur gamokvlevebs igi seriozulad 50-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi miudga). sainteresoa, rom <strong>marqsis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT, rwmenisanalogiuri simboloebi sen-simons (`mrewvelTa katexizisi~ 1823-1824w.; `axaliaqristianoba~, 1825) da konts (pozitivisturi katexizisi~, 1852) gauCndasicocxlis bolos, rogorc maTi mecnieruli da aramecnieruli ganazrebebisSedegi. [(katexizisi _ dari<strong>ge</strong>ba, qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis moklegadmocema kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT)].moazes hesis (1812-1875) gavlena marqsze sakmaod didi iyo da atarebdamravalmxriv xasiaTs, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon hesma, romelic marqsTanerTad monawileobda axalgazrda he<strong>ge</strong>lianelTa wreSi, marqsSi dainaxakacobriobis udidesi filosofosi. hesma pirvelma SeaerTa socializmihe<strong>ge</strong>lis fiolosofiasTan. hesis mixedviT socializmis ideali adamianissocialuri arsebis realizaciaa. foierbaxis mier SemuSavebuli Teoriaadamianis mier Tavisi arsebis gaucxoebisa religiaSi, man gaafarTova dagamoiyena sxvadasxva socialuri movlenebis sainterpretaciod. man daasabuTa,rom adamianze gaucxoebuli formiT batonobs misi sakuTari Zalebi: RmerTi _religiaSi, fuli _ ekonomikaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba_politikaSi.momavali socialisturi sazogadoeba gaaTavisuflebs adamians mis mierSeqmnili, magram misi arsebisagan gaucxoebuli Zalebis batonobisagan. amdebulebebSi sakmaod advilad ikiTxeba <strong>marqsis</strong> mier hesis kvaldakvalSemuSavebuli gaucxoebis Teoria. jer kidev `komunisturi partiis manifestis~gamoqveynebamde, 1847 wlis bolos hesma, romelic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdamuSaTaA moZraobaSi, gamoaqveyna Sroma `proletariatis revoluciis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi~,romelSic Camoayaliba debulebebi, romlebic Semdeg <strong>marqsis</strong>Tvis ZiriTaddebulebebad iqcnen: kapitalis koncentraciisa da centralizaciis SesaxebTanamedrove epoqaSi, proletariatis mzardi siRatakis Sesaxeb, zedmetiwarmoebisa da misi perioduli krizisebis Sesaxeb, kapitalizmis momavali _gardauvali daRupvis Sesaxeb.rogorc Cans, hesma, marqssa da en<strong>ge</strong>lss gaacno cnobili <strong>ge</strong>rmaneliistorikosisa da samarTalmcodnis lorenc fon Stainis wigni `socializmi da8
formaciis idea. biologiidan masze didi gavlena iqonia ujredis aRmoCenam daorganizmis a<strong>ge</strong>bulebis ujreduli Teoriis Seqmnam. <strong>marqsis</strong>aTvisgansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo darvinis evoluciuri moZRvreba, romelicgadmocemuli iyo mis cnobil wignSi `saxeTa warmoSoba~ (1859). marqsma masSidainaxa misi socialuri Teoriis raRac biologiuri analogi dadaadastureba, agreTve stimuli maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoebayoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mudam gulisxmobsadamianis arsebisa da samyaroSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb Teorias. sxva sityvebiTTeoriul <strong>sociologia</strong>s yovelTvis emezobleba gansazRvruli filosofiurianTropologia. ase iyo marqsTanac. adamianis miseuli xedva CamoyalibdaganmanaTlebelTa, he<strong>ge</strong>lis, foierbaxis, agreTve hesis gavleniT. marTalia,marqss amocanad ar dausaxavs Seeqmna gansakuTrebuli filosofiurianTropologia, mTlianobaSi gamoirCeoda Rrma originalobiT.<strong>marqsis</strong> Tanaxmad, adamiani uwinares yovlisa, Homo Faber-ia, anu mwarmoebeliadamiania. mwarmoebluri Sroma _ ai ra ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan.adamiani cxovelisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi ki ar egueba garemomcvelsamyaros, aramed iguebs mas. amasTan erTad, am stiqiaTa dauflebis zomisSesabamisad, TviTon adamianebis mier Seqmnili sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTiurTierTobani, sul ufro upirispidebian mas garegani mtruli Zalebis saxiT.xdeba adamianis gaucxoeba, mis mierve Seqmnili arsebebidan. adamianiaRmoCndeba gaucxoebuli Tavisi Sromis rezultatisagan, Sromis procesisagan,sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Tavisganac ki. mxolod momaval komunistursazogadoebaSi, rodesac dasruldeba kacobriobis `winaistoria_preistoria~da daiwyeba misi `namdvili~ istoria, rodesac kacobrioba `aucileblobissamefodan~ gadava `Tavisuflebis samefoSi~. adamiani daubrundeba sakuTarTavs da gaucxoebac gadailaxeba.marqsi amodis adamianis bunebaze rusoseuli Sexedulebidan, romlisTanaxmadac adamiani Tavisi bunebis Tanaxmad _ mTlianobiTi, `gauucxoebuli~,keTili arsebaa. adamianuri bunebis SefasebaSi igi uryevi racionalistia:adamiani, misi ga<strong>ge</strong>biT, Tavidanve da upirobod gonieri arsebaa. konti ki Tavis`obieqtur~ <strong>sociologia</strong>Si, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT `subieqturis~ Seaxeb, tovebsadgils grZnobebisa da rwmenisaTvis, rogorc adamianuri cxovelqmedebismniSvnelovani faqtorebisaTvis. marqsTan ki, am faqtorebisaTvis arsebiTadadgilic ki ar rCeba, ufro zustad, isini warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen adamianSi an imaveracionaluri sawyisis an gaucxoebis gamoxatulebas.imisaTvis, raTa adamianis Tavdapirveli dadebiTi gvareobiTi Tvisebebigamovlindes, aucilebelia sazogadoebis Zir-fesviani gardaqmna. momavalkomunistur kacobriobaSi, adamiani gadalaxavs ra gaucxoebas, daubrundebaufro axal, maRal safexurze Tavis amosaval da amave dros namdvilmdgomareobas. pirvelyofilisagan am axali `oqros xanis~ gansxvavebamdgomareobs imaSi, rom aq gaucxoeba eyrdnoba ara sawarmoo ZalaTa dabaldones da adamianebis erTmaneTTan da bunebasTan SezRudul urTierTobebs,aramed piriqiT, sawarmoo ZalTa usazRvro zrdas, adamianis yovlisSemZleobasda arnaxul simdidres.10
5. istoriis materialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>bafilosofiur materializms marqsi Tvlida Tavisi mecnierulimsoflmxedvelobis safuZvlad. es materializmi uwinares yovlisa, iyohe<strong>ge</strong>lisa da axalgazrda he<strong>ge</strong>lianebis idealizmze reaqcia, miswrafebadaefuZnebina samyaros axsna `realur~, `praqtikul materialur~ safuZvlebze.marqss arasodes ar gamouyenebia termini `istoriuli materializmi~,romliTac misi sikvdilis Semdeg daiwyes sazogadoebis, misi metaTeoriisaRniSvna. es termini Semoitana en<strong>ge</strong>lsma. TviTon marqsi amjobinebda ufrofrTxili gamoTqmis `istoriis materialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>bis~ gamoyenebas, amiT igiTiTqos xazs usvamda imas, rom saqme gvaqvs ara filosofiur sistemasTan,aramed gansazRvrul Teoriul-meTodologiur poziciasTan an ganwyobasTan.aman xeli ver SeuSala istoriul materializms, gamxdariyo erT-erTiTeoriuli sistema, yvelaze dogmatur, Caketil da universaluri axsnispretenziis mqone doqtrinad.ra aris istoriis materialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>ba TviTon <strong>marqsis</strong> ganmartebiT? amga<strong>ge</strong>bis arsi gadmocemulia <strong>marqsis</strong> cnobil winasityvaobaSi, romelic manwaumZRvara Sromas `politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~: `TavianTicxovrebis sazogadoebrivi warmoebisas, adamianebi erTmaneTTan amyareben,gansazRvrul, aucilebel, maTi nebisagan damoukidebel urTierTobas~, _warmoebiT urTierTobas, romelic maT materialur mwarmoeblur ZalaTaganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurs Seesabameba. am warmoebiT urTierTobaTaerToblioba Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns sazogadoebis ekonomiur struqturas, realur baziss,romelzedac iuridiuli da politikuri zednaSeni aRimarTeba da romelsacsazogadoebrivi cnobiererebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba.materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi ganapirobebs saerTod cxovrebissocialur, politikur da gonebriv process. adamianTa cnobiereba ki argansazRvravs maTs yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi ganviTarebis gasazRvrulsafexurze sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maTs cnobierebas.sazogadoebis materialuri Zalebi vardebian winaaRmdegobaSi arsebulwarmoebiT urTierTobasTan, anu rac mis mxolod iuridiul gamoxatulebaswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, _ sakuTrebis urTierTobasan, romlis SigniTac isini aqamdeviTardebodnen. mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis formidan es urTierToba maTborkilad iqceva. maSin d<strong>ge</strong>ba socialuri revoluciis epoqa. ekonomiurisafuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad mTeli uzarmazari zednaSenic meti Tunaklebi siswrafiT gadatrialdeba. amgvar gadatrialebaTa ganxilvisaswarmoebis ekonomikur pirobebSi momxdari materialuri gadatrialeba, romlisdad<strong>ge</strong>nac bunebismecnieruli sizustiT aris SesaZlebeli, yovelTvis undaganvasxvavoT im iuridiuli, politikuri, religiuri, xelovnebiTi anfilosofiuri, mokled: ideologiuri formebisagan, romlebiTac adamianebiSeicnoben am konfliqts da ibrZvian mis gadasawyvetad. rogorc ar SeiZlebaama Tu im individis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxebwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nebiT, aseve ar SeiZleba amgvari gadatrialebis epoqis SesaxebvimsjeloT misi cnobierebis mixedviT, piriqiT, es cnobiereba unda avxsnaTmaterialuri cxovrebis winaaRmdegobiT, arsebuli konfliqtiT sazogadoebrivmwarmoeblur Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa Soris. arc erTisazogadoebrivi formacia ar ispoba manmade, vidre ar ganviTarebula yvelamwarmoebluri Zala, romlisTvisac igi sakmao gasaqans iZleva da axali12
umaRlesi warmoebiTi urTierTobani arasodes ar iWeren imaT adgils, sanammaTi arsebobis materialuri pirobebi TviT Zveli sazogadoebis wiaRSi armomwifdeba~. (k. marqsi, f. en<strong>ge</strong>lsi, rCeuli nawerebi t.1, gv. 624-625. Tbilisi1975).`<strong>ge</strong>rmanul ideologiaSi~ Cven vpoulobT analogiur Tezisebs, kerZod:`cnobiereba arasodes ar SeiZleba sxva iyos, Tu ara gacnobierebuliyofiereba. adamianTa yofiereba ki maTi cxovrebis realuri procesia~ (t.3gv.25).reduqciis principi, sulieris materialurze dayvana, mTeli socialuricxovrebis misi materialuri aspeqtebidan axsna, istoriul materializmSiivseba imaze miTiTebiT, rom aucilebelia yofierebaze cnobierebisukuzemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebac. sicocxlis bolos en<strong>ge</strong>lsi iZulebeuligaxda, xazi gaesva, rom ekonomikuri faqtorebi mxolod `saboloo angariSiT~gansazRvraven socialur cxovrebas.istoriis materialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>bis mTavari postulatebi, miuxedavad gareganisicxadisa da mTeli rigi formulebis moCvenebiTi sicxadisa, mniSvnelovnadmetaforulnia, mravalmniSvnelovani da tavtologiuria. TviT iseTi bazisuricnebebi, rogoricaa `materialuri~ da `yofiereba~, gansakuTrebiTmravalmniSvnelovani da bundovania. mag. ganvixiloT marqsTan sityva`materialuris~ ramdenime mniSvneloba.1. materialuri rogorc ekonomikuri. amgvari sityvaTa gamoyenebaZiriTadad exeba cxovrebis aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebiswarmoebas. zogjer marqsi svams erTmaneTis gverdiT or sityvas:`materialuri, ekonomikuri~, ise rom meore TiTqos azustebs pirvels.`materialuris aseTi ga<strong>ge</strong>bisagan bunebrivad amoizarda `materialurideterminizmi~, romliTac <strong>marqsis</strong>tebs xSirad usayvedurebdnenistoriuli materializmis vulgarulobaSi.2. materialuri rogorc bunebrivi. am SemTxvevaSi es cneba Seicavs bunebrivfaqtorebs: biologiurs, <strong>ge</strong>ologiurs, klimaturs da a.S. aqmaterialisturi axsna erwymis naturalisturs. am ukanasknels icavdnennaturalisturi mimarTulebebis sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi, romlebic Zalian Sorsiyvnen istoriuli materializmisagan.3. materialuri rogorc realuri. am mnSvnelobiT sityva axlosaakontiseul terminTan `pozitiuri~, rogorc realurTan, qimerulissapirispirod. amgvari sityvaT gamoyenebisas materialisturi axsna argansxvavdeba kontis an spenseris pozitivisturi axsnebisagan.es ukanaskneli mniSvneloba kerZod axasiaTebs <strong>marqsis</strong>eul termins`yofierebas~, romelic ganixileba rogorc adamianTa cxovrebis `realuriprocesi~. amgvari sityvaTxmarebisas ZiriTadi postulati `sazogadoebriviyofiereba gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv cnobierebas~. magram aseT SemTxvevaSira mivakuTvnoT cnobierebas da ra yofierebas? saeWvoa davuSvaT, rom`realuri procesi~ esaa ekonomika, xolo samarTali, politika, morali da a.S.esaa `cnobiereba~, romelSic aisaxeba es `realuri~ procesi. es imitomaasaeWvo, rom pirveli, ekonomika ar arsebobs ekonomikuri cnobierebis gareSe,meorec, samarTali, politika, morali, mecniereba da a.S. adamianTa cxovrebisara nakleb `realuri~ praqtikuli procesia, vidre ekonomika.13
saboloo jamSi Tezisi `yofiereba gansazRvravs cnobierebas~, <strong>marqsis</strong>socialur filosofiaSi SeiZleba gavigoT samgvarad:1. adamianTa cxovrebis erTi realuri procesi gansazRvravs sxvarealur procesebs. Tezisi imdenadve ueWvelia, ramdenadac banaluri.2. adamianTa cxovrebis realuri procesebi gansazRvraven qimerulT,Tezisi imdenadve ueWvelia, ramdenadac uazro.3. bazisi, warmoebiTi urTierTobebi gansazRvravs `zednaSens~, e.i.politikas, morals, samarTals da msgavsT. Tezisi dasabuTebadia imzomiT, ra zomiTac dasabuTebadia sapirispiro.Tu amaT davumatebT termin `gansazRvrebis~ gansakuTrebulmravalmniSvnelobas, miTiTebul postulatSi (ganapirobebs, gavlenas axdens,badebs, zemoqmedebs, ayalibebs, iwvevs da a.S.), maSin istoriis materialisturiga<strong>ge</strong>bis amosavali postulatis mecnieruli Rirebuleba kidev ufro saeWvoxdeba. amitom araa SemTxveviTi, rom marqsi da en<strong>ge</strong>lsi iZulebulni iyvnen,pirveli, xazi gaesvaT socialuri realobis sxvadasxva sferoTa SorisurTierTqmedebis Seswavlis aucileblobisaTvis, meore, mieTiTebinaT, rommaterialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>ba _ esaa axsna `saboloo angariSiT~.amasTan erTad istoriis materialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>ba Seicavda socialurimecnierebisaTvis mniSvnelovan debulebas imis Taobaze, rom jgufebi dasazogadoebebi ar SeiZleba avxsnaT im warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebiT, romelsac isini TviTonqmnian sakuTar Tavze, rom sxvadasxvagvari ideologiebis ukan aucilebeliaveZeboT socialuri realobis siRrmiseuli safuZvlebi. am realobis dayvanaekonomikur qvesistemaze, naRdi Secdoma iyo. magram am qvesistemis CarTvasocialur sistemaSi, sazogadoebis sxva qvesistemebTan am qvesistemisurTierTkavSirisa da damokidebulebis analizi ueWvelad nayofieri iyo. mTelrig SromebSi marqsi ikvlevda bazisis zednaSenze ara calmxriv zemoqmedebas,aramed ekonomikuri da araekonomikuri institutebis urTierTqmedebas.miuxedavad amisa, ekonomika, agreTve politika mas mudam ufro `realurad~(materialurad) warmoedgina, vidre morali, samarTali da religia.6. meTodologiarogorc konti, ise marqsic Tvlis, rom socialuri ganviTareba mimdinareobsgansazRvruli kanonebiT. kanoni mas esmis, roogrc movlenebs Soris `Sinaganida aucilebeli kavSiri~. <strong>marqsis</strong>Tvis kanonebi ufro mets niSnavs, vidresocialur faqtebs Soris zogierTi erTgvari martivi, mimarTebis arsebobaa,rodesac gansazRvruli pirobebisas faqtTa erTi wyeba gvevlineba, rogorcfaqtTa meore wyebis mizezi. he<strong>ge</strong>lisa da kontis msgavsad, masac swamsuniversaluri da ucvleli istoriuli kanonebis arseboba, romelTamixedviTac viTardeba mTeli kacobrioba. mas swams istoriuli aucilebloba,romelic gzas ikvlevs mravalricxovan SemTxveviTobaTa meSveobiT. rogorckonti, marqsic evolucionistia. igi Tvlis, rom yvela sazogadoeba adre Tugvian TavianTi ganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian.socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progresuliganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurze.<strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebis codna, gvaZlevs aramxolod warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis ga<strong>ge</strong>bas, aramed momavliswinaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobasac. amitomaa, rom mis SromebSi14
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs winaswarmetyvelebas. istoriuli aucileblobiswinaswarmonaxazTa codnas, romelic gvevlineba RvTaebrivi gan<strong>ge</strong>bis nebisSemcvlelad, mivyavarT imasTan, rom istoriuli kanonebis an tendenciebisadmimiyola aRiqmeba ukve, rogorc moraluri movaleoba. ramdenadac kanonebi gzasikvleven adamianTa saqmianobis meSveobiT, amdenad adamianebi _ istoriulidramis avtorebi, romelTac Seicnes es kanonebi _ ar unda elodnen imas, Turodis gakvalaven gzas es kanonebi. adamianebs ZaluZT da valdebulnic ariandaaCqaron am kanonTa moqmedeba, Tu maT surT gadavidnen aucileblobissamefodan, Tavisuflebis samefoSi. socialur kanonTa aseT aqtivisturganmartebas xSirad amagrebda <strong>marqsis</strong>a da misi mimdevrebis politikiuriradikalizmi. <strong>marqsis</strong> zogad dialeqtikur orientaciasTan kavSirSiumniSvnelovanesi adgili mis meTodologiaSi uWiravs yovelgvariwinaaRmdegobebis, daZabulobebis, konfliqtebis gamovlenas. es exebasocialuri cxovrebis, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sferoTa SorisurTierTdamokidebulebebis kvlevas da a.S. marqsi Tvlis, rom dapirispirebulZalebsa da tendenciebs Soris winaaRmdegoba, brZola aris ganviTarebis wyaroda mamoZravebeli Zala. es meTodologiuri ganwyoba kontiseulis pirdapirsapirispiroa, romelic mimarTuli iyo socialuri realobis sxvadasxvasferoebSi erTianobis, solidarobis, Tanxmobis aRmoCenaze.marqsTan Cven vxvdebiT or dapirispirebul meTodologiur tendencias:bunebismecnieruls, romelic damaxasiaTebelia pozitivizmisaTvis, rogorcmecnierebis ideologiisaTvis da mis sapirispiros, romelic xazs usvamssociologiuri codnis specifikas, mis gansxvavebas bunebismecnierebismeTodebisa da rezultatebisagan. amitom araa gasakviri, rom XIXs-issociologiuri azris ori dapirispirebuli tradicia: `bunebismecnieruli~ da`humanisturi~, `amxsneli~ da `ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ _ oriveni mimarTaven marqss, rogorcerT-erT maT damwyebTagans.bunebismecnieruli tendencia marqsTan gamovlinda sakmaod adre danawilobriv gadaejaWva misi azrovnebis materialistur ganwyobebs. ukve 1844wlis `ekonomikur-filosofiur xelnawerebSi~ man gamoTqva azri, msjeloba,romelsac Tavisuflad moawerda xels konti da sxva mravali naturalisturiorientaciis sociologi. `sabolood bunebismecniereba Seicavs Tavis TavSimecnierebas adamianis Sesaxeb iseTive zomiT, ra zomiTac adamianis Sesaxebmecniereba moicavs Tavis TavSi bunebismecnierebas: es iqneba erTi mecniereba,`. . . bunebismecniereba gaxdeba adamianuri mecnierebis safuZveli~. (t.42.124).magram marqsi ar dalodebia am momaval mdgomareobas da Tavis socialurgamokvlevebSi iyenebda bunebismecnierul da zogadmecnierul meTodologiurwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs. ase magaliTad, sazogadoebis mimarT sistemur midgomaSinawilobriv Tavi iCina warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebma <strong>ge</strong>ologiuri sitemebisa da biologiuriorganizmebis Sesaeb. ujredis aRmoCenam gavlena moaxdina saqonlis, rogorc`ujredis~, rogorc kapitalisturi ekonomikuri sistemis elementaluri,martivi erTeulis analizze. amave dros marqsi iyenebs sapirispiro meTodsac:moZraobas rTuli formebidan martivisaken _ eyrdnoba ra am drosmorfologiur warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs: `adamianis anatomia – maimunis anatomiisgasaRebia; dabali saxeobis cxovelebSi miniSnebani ufro maRalze SeiZlebagavigoT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TviT es ufro maRali ukve cnobilia.amgvarad, burJuaziuli ekonomika gvaZlevs Cven antikuri, feodaluris da a.S.ga<strong>ge</strong>bis gasaRebs. (t.46. gv.42).15
zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi iyenebs abstraqtulidankonkretulisaken aRmasvlis meTods. es meTodi Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba Semecnebissamsafexuriani wesisagan:1) obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic `grZnobad konkretuls~warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns;2) `grZnobad konkretulis~ safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb abstraqtuliwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis Seqmna /Teoriuli done/;3) obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis miReba, romelsac`grZnobad konkretuli~, gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, gadaiqceva`azrobriv konkretulad~. (iqve gv. 37)marqsi jer kidev did xniT adre struqturuli funqcionalizmiswarmoSobamde akeTebs pirvel cdebs, kvlevis struqturul-funqcionalurimeTodis gamoyenebaSi, ganixilavas ra sxvadasxva movlenebs gansazRvrulsocialur sistemaSi, maTi Setanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, Cvenmis SromebSi vpoulobT istoriul-<strong>ge</strong>netur da SedarebiT-istoriulmeTodebsac.marqsi aseve uTmobda yuradRebas, maTematikas, romelsac swavlobdaTavisufal dros. igi Tvlida, rom maTematikis gamoyeneba mecnierulidisciplinis simwifis niSania. rac Seexeba antipozitivistur tendenciebs<strong>marqsis</strong> SemoqmedebaSi, igi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mis publicistur dapolitikur-revoluciur saqmianobasTan. mecnieruli saqmianobisadmi, rogorcsocialur praqtikaSi CarTuli saqmianobisadmi midgomam, dialeqtikazedayrdnobam, socialurma kriticizmma da politikurma radikalizmma, marqsiaqcia sxvadasxva antipozitivisturi da antiakademiuri mimdinareobebiswinamorbedad: fenomenologiuris, dialeqtikuris, memarcxene radikalis,kerZod frankfurtis skolis da a.S. amave tendenciam marqsi gaiyvana aramxolod pozitivisturi orientaciis sazRvrebidan, aramed mecnierebis,rogorc saqmianobis specifikuri saxis sazRvrebidanac. zogierTi SromaSeiZleba Tavisuflad mivakuTvnoT publicisturi sociologiis Janrs. maTSimarqsi farTod iyenebs Tavis sayvarel polemikis meTods, agreTve mxilebis,ironiis, sarkazmis meTodebsac.<strong>marqsis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>Si wamyvani adgili uWiravs Teoriul analizs. igi amdros eyrdnoboda uzarmazar empiriul masalas, romelic exeboda socialuriistorias, ekonomikas, samarTals da a.S. igi flobda calkeul sazogadoebaTada istoriul periodTa specifikis Rrma da faqizi SegrZnebiT, romelicxSirad modioda winaaRmdegobaSi mis zogad Teoriul sqemebTan.<strong>marqsis</strong> SromebSi SeiZleba aseve aRmovaCinoT imis elementebi, ramacsabolood empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevebis saxelwodeba miiRo. jer kidevTavis adrindel publicistur SromebSi 1842-43 wlebSi, rodesac igiswavlobda mozelis glexobis mdgomareobas, igi eyrdnoboda oficialuridokumentebis, werilebis da gamokiTxvis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis analizs. socialempirikosisTvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa mis mier damuSavebuli `anketamuSebisaTvis~, romelic gamoqveynda 1880 wlis aprilSi frangul Jurnal`Revue socialiste~. igi exeba muSaTa klasis Sromis, yofisa da politikuribrZolis pirobebs (t. 19, gv.223-240).16
7. socialur sistemaTa Teoriasociologiis istoriaSi marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava warmod<strong>ge</strong>nasazogadoebis, rogorc sistemis Sesaxeb. es warmod<strong>ge</strong>na uwinares yovlisa,ganxorcielebulia sazogadoebrivi formaciis miseul cnebaSi.Tavdapirvelad termini `formacia~ gamoiyeneboda <strong>ge</strong>ologiaSi /ZiriTadad/ dabotanikaSi. swored <strong>ge</strong>ologiidan isesxa marqsma es termini. SinaarsobriviplaniT am terminis arCeva ar yofila SemTxveviTi da gamoTqvams socialursistemaTa <strong>marqsis</strong>euli ga<strong>ge</strong>bis Teoriul siaxloves <strong>ge</strong>ologiur sistemebzemaSindel warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebTan. pirvelad marqsi termins `sazogadoebrivi formacia~iyenebs SromaSi `lui bonapartis Tvramet briumerSi~ (1852) XIX s-issafran<strong>ge</strong>Tis sazogadoebis aRsaniSnavad.<strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia _ esaa socialuri sistema,romelic Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba urTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan da imyofebaaramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi. am sistemis struqturas aqvs Semdegisaxe. mis safuZvelSi Zevs materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi, e.i.ekonomikuri qvesistema. mis aRsaniSnavad marqsi zogjer iyenebs agreTvetermins `ekonomikuri formacia~ da `ekonomikuri sazogadoebrivi formula~.warmoebis wess ori mxare aqvs: sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTiurTierTobani.sawarmoo Zalebs miekuTvneba sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi myofi yvelaresursi da saSualeba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen warmoebis process:warmoebaSi CarTuli bunebrivi da adamianuri resursebi, warmoebissaSualebebi, mecnierebis done da misi teqnologiuri gamoyeneba da a.S.gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan adgils sawarmoo ZalebSi igi sen-simonis kvaladmrewvelobas uTmobs, amtkicebs ra, rom mrewvelobis mxriv ganviTarebulqveyanas misi sakuTari momavlis suraTs uCvenebs.warmoebis wesis meore mxare, warmoebiTi urTierTobani gamoixateba <strong>marqsis</strong>mixedviT, ZiriTadad warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebSi.didi mniSvneloba aqvs gvqondes mxedvelobaSi is, rom marqss xSirad warmoebaga<strong>ge</strong>buli aqvs warmoebuli dovlaTis moZraobis (zogadi) saero cikli, sadacSedis sakuTriv warmoeba, anu warmoeba viwro azriT, ganawileba, gacvla damoxmareba. am ciklis yoveli faza asrulebs mniSvnelovan funqcias, romlisgareSec ganviTarebul socialur sistemebSi warmoebis procesi SeuZlebelia.marqsi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs am ciklis damasrulebel fazas _moxmarebas. `warmoebis gareSe araa momxmareba, magram moxmarebis gareSec araris warmoeba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi warmoeba miznis gareSe darCeboda~ _aRniSnavs igi da Semdeg igi ufro aZlierebs aqcents am azrze: `. . .mxolodmoxmarebaSi iqceva produqti namdvil produqtad. magaliTad, kaba namdvilkabad iqceva maSin, rodesac mas atareben; saxli, romelSic ar cxovroben araris namdvili saxli~. /t. 46. gv.27/. es debuleba friad mniSvnelovania sworedsociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, radgan igi exeba ara materialuri dovlaTiswarmoebasa da moZraoba-gadaadgilebis, aramed sazogadoebaSi komunikaciuriurTierTqmedebis yvela process.warmoebis wesis orive mxare imyofeba Sesabamisobasa da urTierTqmedebismdgomareobaSi. amave dros wamyvan rols TamaSobs sawarmoo Zalebi.<strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, warmoebis wesi Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns socialuri sistemismasistematizirebel, sistemis warmomqmnel komponents, romelic gansazRvravsmis danarCen elementebs, komponentebs. swored warmoebis wesi qmnis17
sazogadoebrivi formaciis Tvisobriv gansazRvrulobas da erTs ganasxvavebsmeorisagan. magram garda sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebisa,romlebic Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen sazogadoebis `realur baziss~, struqturas, formaciaaseve Seicavs zednaSens anu superstruqturas. masSi marqsi rTavs uwinaresyovlisa, iuridiul da politikur urTierTobebsa da institutebs. (isiniyvelaze axlos imyofebian bazisTan) da Semdeg, ufro zustad `maRla~ _imyofebian socialuri cxovrebis danarCeni sferoebi, romlebic, rogorcsamarTali da politika, ganekuTvnebian `sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis~ anu`ideologiis~ sferoebs: morali, mecniereba, religia, xelovneba.is, rom zednaSeni _ esaa zednaSeni bazisze, xolo bazisi zednaSenis bazisia,aqcevs Teziss erTis mier meoris ganmsazRvrelobis Sesaxeb tavtologiad dauazrobad. marqss esmoda zednaSenis bazisTan mimarTebaSi SedarebiTiavtonomiuroba (mag. xelovnebas sazogadod ganixilavda, rogorc sferos,romelic damoukidebelia ekonomiuri qvesistemisagan) da misi ukuzemoqmedebabazisze. magram mTlianobaSi igi darwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom namdvilrealobas uwinares yovlisa, flobs ekonomika, nawilobriv politika.danarCeni sferoebi floben mxolod SezRudul sakuTar yofierebas, maT<strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, ar aqvT sakuTari istoria, rameTu isini warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nenmxolod `namdvili~ yofierebis _ warmoebiTi urTierTobebis asaxvas,gacnobierebas.socialuri sistemis ganmartebaSi aseTi pozicia mkveTrad ganasxvavebs marqsskontisagan, romlisTvisac mecniereba, morali da religia _ esaa moqmedi,praqtikuli Zalebi, romlebic floben sakuTar realobas da efeqturobas dagamodian <strong>marqsis</strong> sawarmoo Zalebis rolSi.garda bazisisa da zednaSenisa, formacia Seicavs agreTve socialur klasTa,jgufTa da fenaTa gansazRvrul struqturas, romelic iseve, rogorczednaSeni gamoxatavs warmoebis wess, baziss da bolos, sazogadoebrivformaciaSi Sedian iseTi elementebi, komponentebi, rogorebicaa ojaxisgansazRvruli formebi adamianTa cxovrebis wesis da yoveldRiuricxovelsaqmianobis gansazRvruli formebi, kerZod moxmarebis formebi,romlis Sesaxebac ukve gvqonda saubari. rogorc Cans, mTeli es sfero,<strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, unda miekuTvnebodes ufro baziss, vidre zednaSens, radganaq adgili aqvs `adamianTa cxovrebis realur process~, anu en<strong>ge</strong>lsisgamoTqmiT, `uSualo cxovrebis warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas~.konkretulad rogor sazogadoebriv formaciebs gamoyofs da ikvlevs marqsi?farTodaa cnobili formaciaTa miseuli klasifikacia: pirvelyofilimonaTmflobeluri, feodaluri, burJuaziuli da momavali komunisturiformaciebi: am klasifikaciis safuZvelSi Zevs warmoebis wesSi arsebuligansxvavebani. pirvelyofili formacia dafuZnebulia koleqtiur TemursakuTrebaze da sisxliT naTesaur urTierTobebze. Semdegi sami formaciaeyrdnoba warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebas, maTSi urTierTobaniatareben antagonistur xasiaTs. `. . .burJuaziuli sazogadoebrivi formaciiTsruldeba adamianTa sazogadoebis predistoria~. misi `namdvili~ istoriaunda dad<strong>ge</strong>s komunisturi formaciis damkvidrebiT, romelic asrulebs,he<strong>ge</strong>lianuri azriT, triadas da aaRorZinebs axali formiT pirvelyofilkomunizms.komunisturi formacia Tavis ganviTarebul formaSi flobs iseT Tvisebebsada niSnebs, rogorebicaa:18
1. adamianis dammonebeli Sromis danawilebidan ganTavisufleba da misadmimorCilebis mospoba.2. gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis dapirispirebis erTdrouli gaqroba3. Sromis gadaqceva saSualebebidan cxovrebis pirvel moTxovnilebad4. individTa yovelmxrivi ganviTareba5. sawarmoo Zalebisa da sazogadoebrivi simdidris arnaxuli zrda6. `TiToeulisgan unaris, xolo TiToeuls moTxovnilebis mixedviT~principis realizacia~. (esaa lozungi, romelic pirvelad wamoayenafrangma komunistma e. kabem).<strong>marqsis</strong>aTvis sazogadoebrivi formaciebi _ esaa ara ubralod sxvadasxva,gansxvavebuli masStabisa da sirTulis mqone socialuri sistemebi. kontis`sami stadiis~ msgavsad esaa msoflio istoriis erTmaneTis momdevnoperiodebi, sazogadoebrivi progresis etapebi, `safexurebi~, romelTacmivyavarT `predistoriidan~ kacobriobis `namdvil~ istoriamde, e.i. miwiersamoTxemde. socialuri sistemebis aseTi ganmarteba gamomdinareobda misTvisdamaxasiaTebeli progresis rwmenisagan da socialuri evoluciis, rogorcprocesis Sesaxeb warmod<strong>ge</strong>nisagan, romelsac gaivlis nebismieri sazogadoebada Tanac gaivlis aucileblad erTsa da imave fazebs da rom mTelikacobrioba moZraobs erTi mimarTulebiT. marqsi TviTon akritikebda xolmeTavisi drois am Teoriul-meTodologiur stereotips. `egreT wodebuliistoriuli ganviTareba eyrdnoba sazogadod imas, rom uaxlesi formaganixilavs winamorbed, rogorc misi ganviTarebis safexurs da yovelTvisi<strong>ge</strong>bs maT calmxrivad, vinaidan mxolod Zalian iSviaTad da mxolod savsebiTgansazRvrul pirobebSi iqceva igi `TviTkritikis~ unaris mqoned. /t. 12 gv.732/.oqros sityvebia! magram samwuxarod marqsma ver SesZlo gamoeyenebina isinisakuTari Teoriis mimarT, darCa ra mis mierve gakritikebuli crurwmenistyveobaSi. araa gasakviri, rom sabolood oficialur sabWour marqsizmSiformaciebis Sesaxeb warmod<strong>ge</strong>nam SeiZina hipostazirebuli saxe da mecnierulicnebisagan ideologiur dogmad gadaiqca.8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revoluciasocialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, ganpirobebulia mudmivadwarmomqmnadi winaaRmdegobiT, konfliqtiT, romelic warmoiSoba ganviTarebaSimyof sawarmoo Zalebsa erTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris,meores mxriv. Tavis mxriv warmoebiTi urTierTobanic (bazisi) mudmivkonfliqtSia zednaSenTan da sazogadoebaSi am bazisis gacnobierebissxvadasxva formebTan. mTlianobaSi, sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, <strong>marqsis</strong>mixedviT, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns gardauval kanons. maT ar SeuZliaT, rom arganviTardnen. misTvis es ganviTareba TviT sicocxlis igiveobrivia. `. ..adamianebi TavianTi sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisas, e.i. sicocxlisasaviTareben gansazRvrul urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan da. . . am urTierTobaTaxasiaTi aucileblad icvleba am sawarmoo ZalaTa gardaqmnasa da zrdasTanerTad~ (t.46, gv. 406).rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyari wonasworoba irRveva dawarmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis saSualebebidan maTsdabrkolebad da muxruWad iqceva, isini revoluciuri cvlis sagani xdebian.erTdroulad es procesi gamoixateba socialuri sistemis danarCenkomponentTa Soris koliziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri,19
ideologiuri da a.S. brZolis gamwvavebaSi. ris Sedegadac xdebasazogadoebrivi formaciebis globaluri masStabiT cvla, e.i. socialurirevolucia. magram socialuri revoluciis Sedegadac winandeli formaciiselementebi agrZeleben nawilobriv arsebobas TandaTanobiT kvdomadigadmonaSTis saxiT.socialuri ganviTarebis marqistuli midgomis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad kargi iqneba misikontiseul midgomasTan Sedareba.ra aerTianebs maT?1. orives swamT adamianuri gvaris, modgmis universaluri evolucia. isinioriveni istoriuli evolucionistebi arian, rameTu Tvlian, rom yvelasazogadoeba viTaredeba erTi da igive kanonebis Tanaxmad da TavianTiganviTarebis procesSi gadian erTsa da imave stadiebs. kontis mixedviTesaa Teologiuri, metafizikuri da pozitiuri stadiebi. <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviTki, erTi meoris Semcvleli sazogadoebrivi formaciebi.2. orives swams progresis, e.i. Tvlian, rom socialuri evolucia _ esaaganviTareba dablidan maRlisaken, nakleb srulyofilidan ufrosrulyofilamde. kontis mixedviT, progresis safuZvlebSi Zevsinteleqtualuri da moraluri srulyofileba. <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT kisawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba.3. pirveli ori punqtidan gamomdinareobs, rom maT orives swamT saboloosrulyofili mdgomareobis miRweva, oqros saukunis xanis dadgma. kontismixedviT, esaa kacobriobis pozitiuri mdgomareoba, <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT,komunizmi.4. wina punqtebidan gamomdinareobs Tavis mxriv Semdegi: isini oriveniwinaswarmetyveleben, ufro zustad winaswarmetyvelebebs warmoTqvamenmomavali mdgomareobis mimarT.5. oqros saukunis dadgomis wanaswarmetyveebisas isini ubralod ki arelodebian mas, aramed Tavis mowodebad Tvlian amave dros xeli Seuwyonmis dadgomas. konti amas akeTebs kacobriobis religiis qada<strong>ge</strong>bis gziT.marqsi ki, politikur-organizaciuli da revoluciuri saqmianobiT.raSia maT Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba?1. kontisaTvis `normaluri~ socialuri mdgomareoba-ganviTarebagulisxmobs memkvidreobiTobas, tradiciebze dayrdnobas, mkveTrinaxtomebisa da biZ<strong>ge</strong>bis arsebobas.<strong>marqsis</strong>Tvis ki piriqiT, `normaluri~ socialuri mdgomareoba, ganviTareba_ esaa warsulTan mudmivi ganxeTqileba, mZlavri transformaciebi daqriSxlebi.kontis mixedviT, sazogadoebis fundamenturi safuZvlebi principSiucvlelia, arsebiTad icvleba mxolod socialuri garsacmi.ganviTareba midis TiTqosda franguli andazis Tanaxmad, `rac ufroicvlebi, miT ufro nakleb rCebi sakuTar TavTan.~marqsTan piriqiT, sazogadoeba ganuwyvetliv icvleba TviT mis safuZvelSi,xolo ucvleloba axasiaTebs mxolod garegan, socialuri sistemiszednaSenur fenebs, romelic CamorCeba Rrma, safuZvelmdebelcvlilebebs.20
Tumca, marqsi aRiarebs uZrav, gaqvavebul istoriul epoqaTa da regionTaarsebobas da im TandaTanobiT cvlilebebs, romelTac ar mivyavarTiseT mkveTr biZ<strong>ge</strong>bTan, romlebic iwveven socialur sistemaTa cvlas.igi tradiciebis rolsac ki aRiarebs sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, magramuZraoba, TandaTanobiToba, tradicia, yvelaferi es misTvis Taviseburianomalia, an metad Tu naklebad xangrZlivi Sesvenebebia cvlilebaTaganuxrel procesSi, an bolos, ideologiuri kamuflaJia, romlis ukanisev da isev imalebian mRelvare socialuri Zvrebi. konti ki tradiciasganixilavda, rogorc did keTilSobilur Zalas, romelic ayalibebssazogadoebas. marqsi ki maT rols afasebda savsebiT sxvagvarad: `yvelamkvdar TaobaTa tradiciebi awevs cocxal TaobaTa gonierebas, rogorckoSmari~. /t. 8 gv.119/. SromaSi `lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri~ igiaanalizebs tradiciis ideologiur funqcias, ganixilavs mas, rogorcTavisebur enas, romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba revoluciurigardaqmnebi. amgvarad, Tumca marqss kontis msgavsad ar gamouyviasocialuri dinamika, rogorc socialuri mecnierebis gansakuTrebulidargi, miuxedavad amisa, swored igi aris socialuri dinamikisSemqmneli, romelic ga<strong>ge</strong>bulia, rogorc socialur cvlilebaTa,inovaciaTa, revoluciur gardaqmnaTa kvleva.2. kontis mixedviT, socialuri progresi atarebs mSvidobian,arawinaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs. marTalia igi aRiarebs kritikul fazebssocialur ganviTarebaSi, roca xdeba revoluciuri cvlilebebi dasxvadasxva socialur ZalaTa Sejaxeba, magram es misTvis mainc ufropaTologiaa, vidre norma. <strong>marqsis</strong>aTvis piriqiT, socialuriwinaaRmdegobebi, konfliqtebi, yovelgvari dapirispireba, brZolasocialuri ganviTarebis wyaroa. es winaaRmdegobebi da konfliqtebi,misi TvalsazrisiT, atareben principSi mudmiv xasiaTs, romeliczogjer mwvavdeba, zogjer ki neldeba, magram arasdros ar wydeba. isiniarseboben, rogorc am elementebs Soris, ise maT Soris, rogorcdialeqtikis momxre marqsi ara mxolod konstatacias ukeTebssocialuri ganviTarebis winaaRmdegobriv da konfliqtur xasiaTs,aramed pozitiuradac afasebs mas. msgavsad imisa, rogorc kontma aramxolod konstatacia gaukeTa, aramed umRera ra kidec Tanxmobas,marqsma ara mxolod gamoikvlia, aramed xotbac ki Seasxa konfliqtebs.3. <strong>marqsis</strong> warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi socialuri evoluciis, progresis xasiaTisa dagzebis Sesaxeb ufro rTuli da faqizi iyo, vidre kontis Sexedulebebisocialur-istoriuli sinamdvilis faqtebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,rom igi principSi istoriuli evolucionisti da progresis ideismomxrea, mas mainc esmis socialuri ganviTareba, rogorc mravalmxriviprocesi da iWers calkeul sazogadoebaTa da kulturul-istoriularealTa specifikas. man aRniSna xangrZlivi regresiuli da uZraviperiodebis arseboba, agreTve socialuri evoluciis gansxvavebuli,sxvadasxva siCqare.revoluciis problematikas centraluri adgili ukavia <strong>marqsis</strong> socialuricvlilebebis TeoriaSi. socialuri revolucia mis ganmartebaSi _ esaa araubralod gadasvla erTi naklebad progresuli sazogadoebrivi formaciidan21
meore, ufro progresulze, ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis RrmaTvisobrivi gardaqmna, aramed amgvari gardaqmnis gansazRvruli wesi; esaasocialur urTierTobebSi swrafi, mkveTri, konfliqturi da totaluri Zvra.socialuri Zvrebis aseTi wess marqsi istoriulad gardauval da sasurvelramed Tvlis, rameTu igi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaCqaroT sazogadoebriviprogresi. swored aseTia misi cnobili Tezisis sazrisi: `revoluciebi _istoriis lokomotivebia~. am TezisTan axlosaa ara nakleb cnobili Tezisi:`Zaladoba asrulebs bebia-qalis rols yvela Zvel sazogadoebebSi, rodesacigi axliTaa fexmZimed~. /`kapitali~ t.1. t.23. 761/.socialuris gverdiT, marqsi ganixilavs ekonomikur, samrewvelo dapolitikur revoluciebs, aaxlovebs socialur revolucias xan pirvelTan,xan meoresTan, xan ki mesamesTan, magram gansakuTrebiT mWidrod igi socialurrevolucias akavSirebs politikasTan, e.i. progresuli klasis miersaxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis mopovebas da mis mier revoluciuridiqtaturis damyarebas reaqciuli klasebis dasaTrgunavad.marqsi namdvilad ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan socialur da politikurrevolucias. magram am ukanasknelma SeumCnevlad SeiZina mis cnobierebaSiTviTkmari mniSvneloba, gadaiqca ra socialuri revoluciis aucilebelipirobisa da elementis TviTmiznad. piriqiT, socialuri revolucia, rogorcobieqturad mimdinare procesi ukve mis SromebSi interpretirdeba, rogorcgansazRvrul jgufTa nebelobiT miswrafebebze dafuZnebuli politikurirevoluciis pirobad da saSualebad. rodesac marqsi wers ubralodrevoluciis Sesaxeb, mas am dros mxedvelobaSi aqvs swored politikurirevolucia.socialuri da politikuri reformebi marqss warmoud<strong>ge</strong>nia,rogorc xelovnuri muxruWi socialuri ganviTarebisa; gabatonebuli klasebismxridan iZulebiTi daTmobis da sicruis rezultatad an daCagrul klasTasisustisa da gaubedaobis Sedegad. sazogadoebis `winaistoriaSi~, romelica<strong>ge</strong>bulia kerZo sakuTrebaze da adamianis mier adamianis eqspluataciaze,socialuri ganviTarebis miseuli ideali _ esaa, `uwyveti – permanentulirevolucia~, sazogadoebis mudmivi garevolucionizireba, `namdvili~ istoriis_ komunizmis swrafad dasamyareblad. am oqros saukuneSi, politikurirevoluciebi, <strong>marqsis</strong> erT-erTi winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, ukve aRar iqneba`nivTTa mxolod iseTi wesrigis arsebobisas, rodesac ar iqneba metad klasebida klasobrivi antagonizmi, socialuri revoluciebi aRar iqnebianpolitikuri revoluciebi. manamde ki, sazogadoebis yoveli sayovelTaogardaqmnis dasawyisSi socialuri mecnierebis ukanaskneli sityva mudam iqneba:`brZola an sikvdili. sisxliani brZola an aryofna aseTia Seubralebelidrama~. (JorJ sandi). aq kargad Cans, rom marqsSi misma revoluciurma damebrZolma mxareeba aSkarad dajabnes marqsi-mecnieri da `socialurimecnierebis ukanaskneli sityva~ mWidrod gadaenaskva mesianizmsa da utopias.magram marqss hqonda kidev erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani Teoria, romelSic aseveidga saqme. esaa, klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria.22
9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoriaklasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Tema _ centraluria marqsTan. misi rolimis doqtrinaSi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom <strong>marqsis</strong>tebi xSirad aigiveben`<strong>marqsis</strong>tul Tvalsazriss~ `klasobriv TvalsazrisTan~.sazogadoebis klasebad dayofa da klasTa Soris brZolis TvalsazrisiTsocialuri ganviTarebis ganxilva marqsamdec arsebobda. jer kidev tiurgoganasxvavebda `miwadmoqmedi klasisa~ da `xelosanTa~ klasis SigniTmewarmeebsa da daqiravebul muSebs warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTari niSnismixedviT. adam smiti Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gamoyofda sam klass:daqiravebul muSebs, kapitalistebs da miwaTmflobelebs da pirvel klassupirispirebda danarCen ors. aseve rikardoc ganasxvavebda klasebsekonomikuri interesebis dapirispirebis mixedviT. frangi istorikosiromantikosebi(f. gizo, f. mine, a. tieri, o.terri), ganixilavdnen klasobrivbrZolas, rogorc istoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad. sazogadoebisklasobriv dayofas seriozul mniSvnelobas aniWebda sen-simonic.TviTon marqsi aRiarebda, rom klasebis arseboba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSimas ar aRmouCenia, arc klasobrivi brZola da arc am brZolis istoriuliganviTareba da `klasTa ekonomikuri anatomia~. marqsi ambobda: `is rac meaxali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: 1. rom klasebis arsebobadakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul istoriulfazebTan; 2. rom klasobriv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletariatisdiqtaturasTan, da 3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobasda uklaso sazogadoebaze gadasvlas~. /t.28. gv.427/marTalia, klasis cnebas centraluri adgili ukavia <strong>marqsis</strong> doqtrinaSi,magram arsad ar iZleva mis zogad ganmartebas. rogorc Cans, es cneba masimdenad cxadad da fundamenturad hqonda warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili, rom arc ki Tvlidamis ganmartebas aucilebel ramed. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom mas surda amcnebis gansazRvra `kapitalis~ mesame tomSi. magram xelnawerisdamadasturebeli Tavi, romelic iwodeba `klasebad~, swored iq wydeba sadackiTxvaa dasmuli: `uaxloesi sakiTxi, romelzec Cven unda gavceT pasuxi,aseTia: ra qmnis klass?. . ~ /t.25. gv.458/.miuxedavad amisa, kalsebis Sesaxeb <strong>marqsis</strong> warmod<strong>ge</strong>na SeiZleba aRvadginoTmisi Sromebisa da am sagnis Sesaxeb mravali gamonaTqvamis analizissafuZvelze. misi TvalsazrisiT, klasobrivi dayofa ararsebobs pirvelyofilsazogadoebebSi, romlebSic arsebob warmoebis saSualebebze koleqtiurisakuTreba. igi warmoiSoba mxolod e.w. antagonistur formaciebSi, Sromisdanawilebisa da warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTarebisSedegad. ra aris klasebi misi ganmartebiT?farTo azriT, klasebi <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, esaa nebismieri socialuri jgufebi,romlebic araTanabar urTiaerTobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da ibrZvianerTmaneTs Soris. am azriT, klasebi moicaven wodebebs da nebismier metad Tunaklebad mniSvnelovan socialur kategoriebs, romlebic ganla<strong>ge</strong>buliasocialuri kibis sxvadasxva safexurebze. swored am azriT gamoiyenebaklasebis cneba `komunisturi partiis manifestSi~. `Tavisufali da mona,patriciebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Segirdi, mokledmCagvreli da Cagruli imyofebian erTmaneTTan mudmiv antagonizmSi,awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xan farul, xan aSkara brZolas,23
omelic yovelTvis sruldeboda mTeli sazogadoebrivi Senobisrevoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgurebiT~.winamorbed istoriul epoqebSi Cven vpoulobT TiTqmis yvelgan sazogadoebissxvadasxva fenebad srul danawevrebas, sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivmdgomareobaTa mTel kibes. amave dros am klasebs SigniT kidevgansakuTrebuli danayofebia.`Cveni epoqa, burJuaziis epoqa imiT gansxvavdeba, rom man gaamartivaklasobrivi winaaRmdegobani: sazogadoeba, sul ufro da ufro ixliCeba ordid mtrul banakad, or did, erTmaneTos dapirispirebul klasad _burJuaziad da proletariatad~. /t.4. gv. 424-25/.ufro viwro azriT, marqss klasebis qveS esmis iseTi socialuri jgufebi,romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian warmoebis saSualebebzedamokidebulebiT. ramdenadac igi sazogadoebis klasobrivi dayofissafuZvels warmoebiT urTierTobebSi xedavs, amdenad klasebi gvevlinebian amurTierTobaTa gamoxatulebad, warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis forma, darac mTavaria, am sakuTrebis arseboba an araarseboba gamodis, rogorc klasTawarmoqmnis mTavar kriteriumad.magram es kriteriumebi jer kidev arasakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa vilaparakoTklasze, rogorc aseTze am sityvis sruli azriT. esaa, jer kidev `klasiTavisTavad~. klasi ki am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, <strong>marqsis</strong> azriT, esaa _`klasTa TavisTvis~, e.i. klasi, romelsac gacnobierebuli aqvs sakuTari Tavi,rogorc gansakuTrebul socialur jgufad Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT, darogorc sxva kalsebisadmi dapirispirebuli. iseT niSnebTan erTad,rogorebicaa warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebuleba, ekonomikurimdgomareoba da a.S. klasobrivi TviTcnobierebac did rols asrulebs klasis,rogorc aseTis ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi, `ramdenadac milionobiT ojaxi cxovrobs ekonomikurpirobebSi, romlebic gansxvavebulia da mtrulad upirispirebs maT cxovrebiswess, interesesa da ganaTlebas sxva klasTa cxovrebis wess, interesebsa daganaTlebas. amdenad isini qmnian klass. ramdenadac paralelur(daqucmacebuli meurneoba) glexebs Soris arsebobs mxolod adgilobrivikavSiri, ramdenadac maTi interesebis igiveoba ar qmnis maT Soris araviTarerTianobas, araviTar erovnul kavSirebs, araviTar politikur organizaciebs_ isini ar qmnian klass~, _ wers marqsi. /t.8. gv.208/. misi TvalsazrisiT,klasobrivi TviTcnobierebis gamoTqmis yvelaze adakvaturi formapolitikuri partiaa.<strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, mocemuli socialuri jgufis gansazRvruli , meore, sxvajgufisadmi dapirispireba, erTi umniSvnelovanesi niSania klasisa. `<strong>ge</strong>rmanulideologiaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `calkeuli individebi mxolod imdenad qmnianklass, ramdenadac maT uxdebaT brZola, romelime sxva klasTan; danarCenmimarTebebSi isini mtrul dapirispirebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTankonkurentTa saxiT~. /t.3. gv.54./. amgvarad, klasebis <strong>marqsis</strong>tuli koncefciaganuyofelia klasobrivi batonobisa da klasobrivi brZolis miseulikoncefciisagan.principSi, marqsi amodis sazogadoebis klasebad dixotomiuri dayofisagan.klasobrivi dixotomia masTan gvevlineba ori formiT:pirveli esaa, gamWoli dapirispireba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela`antagonisturi~ formaciebisaTvis, sadac erT polusze ganla<strong>ge</strong>buliaaramwarmoebeli, gabatonebuli, mCagvreli, eqsploatatoruli kalsebi,romelic iRebs zedmet produqts sxva klasis eqspluataciisagan, xolo meore24
polusze ki Sesabamisad ganla<strong>ge</strong>bulia mwarmoebeli, daqvemdebarebuli,daCagruli, eqsploatirebuli klasebi.meore, am formaciebidan TiToeulSi arseboben misTvis specifikuri klasTawyvilebi, romlebic gamoxataven warmoebis gansazRvrul wess. TiToeuliklasi principSi gulixmobs Tavis antipods, romelTanac igi brZolismdgomareobaSi imyofeba: aSkarad an dafarulad; gacnobierebulad angaucnobiereblad; realurad an potencialurad, warsulSi, awmyoSi anmomavalSi.ai magaliTebi, amgvari wyvilebia: Tavisuflebi-monebi, patricebi-plebeebi,memamuleni-yma glexebi, ostatebi-Segirdebi, burJuebi-proletarebi da a.S.brZola klasebs Soris <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, esaa _ saboloo jamSi ganviTarebadsawarmoo Zalebsa da maTgan CamorCenil warmoebiT urTierTobebs SorisbrZolis gamoxatuleba. gansazRvrul istoriul periodSi erTi klasi(`reaqciuli~) axorcielebs moZvelebul warmoebiT urTierTobebs, meore(`progresuli), axal Casaxul warmoebiT urTierTobebs romelebicSeesabamebian ganviTarebad sawarmoo Zalebs erTi da igive klasisazogadoebrivi formaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etaze gvevlineba jerprogresulad, xolo Semdeg reaqciulad; mag. burJuazia, romelickapitalisturi formaciis adreul stadiaze progresuli klasi iyo,damasrulebel stadiaze reaqciul klasad iqceva.proletariati da burJuazia, <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, ukanaskneli antagonisturiklasebia. momavali komunisturi formacia, esaa _ uklaso sazogadoeba. misidad<strong>ge</strong>nisaTvis, proletariatma, romlis istoriuli misiaa gainTavisuflosTavi burJuaziuli eqsploataciisagan da imavdroulad gaanTavisuflosmTeli sazogadoeba (kacobrioba), unda moipovos politikuri Zalaufleba dadaamyaros Tavisi revoluciuri diqtatura. amgvarad, marqsi aramxolod sensimonTan,sen- simonistebTan da kontTan erTad winaswarmetyvelebs oqrossaukunis dadgomas, ara mxolod aRmoaCens proletariatSi axal mesias, aramed`mecnierulad~ asabuTebs, rac am mesiam unda gaakeTos, raTa Sesrulos Tavisimsoflio-istoriuli daniSnuleba.magram marqsi xom friad seriozuli mecnieri iyo, raTa Tavisi utopiurimesianobis ukan ver daenaxa kalsobrivi struqturis ufro rTuli realoba. amstruqturis dixotomiur xedvas igi umatebda sxva klasebis, fenebisa dajgufebis arsebobasac. ufro metic, Tavisi gamartivebuli klasTa brZoliskoncefciis garda, man mogvca im socialur jgufTa urTierTdamokidebulebisanalizis brwyinvale nimuSebi, romlebic am klasebs, antagonistebs SigniT dagareT imyofebian. kerZod, msgavs nimuSebs Cven vpoulobT mis iseT cnobilSromebSi, rogorebicaa `klasobrivi brZola safran<strong>ge</strong>TSi da 1848-50 ww-Si~ da`lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri~.mis Tanamedrove burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi, garda proletariatis daburJuaziisa, marqsi, kerZod ganixilavs klasebis saxiT miwaTmflobelebs dawvril burJuazias (`esaa gardamavali klasi, romelSic orive klasisinteresebi urTierTs amdableben, ablagveben, amcroben~). igi iyenebs iseTcnebebs did da farTo klasebs SigniT arsebuli `fraqciebis~ aRsaniSnavad,romelTac Tavisi interesebi gacnobierebuli aqvT, rogorebicaa `fena~,`Sualeduri fena~, `Sualeduri wodeba~, `Sualeduri klasebi~, `saSualoklasebi~, `liberaluri saSualo klasi~ da a. S.aucilebelia aRvniSnoT `klasis~ <strong>marqsis</strong>tuli terminis mravalmniSvneloba.erTi da igive kategoriebi masTan xSirad gvevlinebian xan rogorc klasi, xan25
ogorc klasis nawili, xan rogorc wodeba. miwis mesakuTreTa klass igi xanganixilavs, rogorc burJuaziuli klasis nawilad, zogjer ki rogorcdamoukidebel klasad. zogjer ki Ralatobs Tavis sayvarel dixotomias dasam ZiriTad sazogadoebriv klass gamoyofs: daqiravebul muSebs,kapitalistebs da miwis mesakuTreebs. (t.25. gv.458)/da mainc, dixotomiuri klasobrivi dayofa iyo masTan wamyvani. amaSigamoixata, rogorc he<strong>ge</strong>lis dialeqtikis, ise misi revoluciuri temperamentisgavlena. magram klasobrivi struqturis aseTi xedva dakavSirebuli iyo amsaganze <strong>marqsis</strong> sakuTriv sociologiur warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebTanac. pirveli, manklasebis dixotomiuri dayofa gaigo ara mxolod rogorc realuri, aramedrogorc idealur-tipobrivad, rasac adastureben Sidaklasobrivi,gareklasobrivi da klasTaSorisi socialuri kategoriebis miseuli analizi.meorec, klasTa dixotomiuri suraTi dakavSirebuli iyo maTi ganviTarebisbazisuri tendenciis, polarizaciis tendenciis <strong>marqsis</strong>eul ga<strong>ge</strong>basTan.marqsi Tvlida, rom garda proletariatisa da burJuaziisa, yvela sxvasaSualo fena Tu klasi gaqreboda da klasebs, antagonistebs SorisgaiTqvifeboda. magram <strong>marqsis</strong> es winaswarmetyveleba ar gamarTlda, arcproletariatis gaRatakebis Tezisi aRmoCnda swori. warmod<strong>ge</strong>na imaze, romsocialuri ganviTareba, esaa klasTa Seuwyveteli brZola , romelic amganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis saxiT gvevlineba, rasakvirvelia iyocalmxrivi da gamartivebuli. igi yuradRebis fiqsacias axdenda mxolodklasobriv konfliqtze, uyuradRebod tovebda, pirveli, gareklasobrivsocialur konfliqtebs, meore, klasebs Soris TanamSromlobas, romelsacxazs usvamda konti. <strong>marqsis</strong> SromebSi klasebis sociologiur SeswavlisaTvismniSvneloba hqonda ara imdenad mis klasobriv dixotomiebsa da prognozebs,ramdenadac TviT aqcents /zogjer metismets/ socialuri konfliqtis rolze,am konfliqtebis ekonomikuri faqtorebis analizs, konkretul sazogadoebaSida socialur situaciebSi sxvadasxva klasebisa da jgufebis mdgomareobis daurTierTqmedebis kvlevas.10. Semecnebis <strong>sociologia</strong>marqsma pirvelad daamuSava problemuri sfero, anu sociologiuridisciplina, romelic swavlobs SemecnebiT procesTa socialur faqtorebs,socialur meqanizmebs da socialur Sede<strong>ge</strong>bs. sabolood, am disciplinammiiRo saxelwodeba `Semecnebis <strong>sociologia</strong>~. marqsi Tvlida, rom msgavsadimisa, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis safuZvelze,rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa da socialuri jgufebisSesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis safuZvelze, romelTacisini sakuTar Tavze qmnian. amitom socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa _aRmoaCinos faruli, siRrmiseuli socialuri realoba, romelic Zevsmravalgvar ideaTa, warmod<strong>ge</strong>naTa, codnaTa da rwmenaTa safuZvelSi. marqsmaerT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba ara mxolodSemecnebis <strong>sociologia</strong>, aramed mTeli <strong>sociologia</strong>c.Semecnebisadmi sociologiurma midgomam yvelaze koncentrirebuligamoxatuleba hpova ideologiis <strong>marqsis</strong>tul koncefciaSi. ideologiis qveSmarqss esmis cnobieri da aracnobieri miTosuri Semoqmedeba, romelicmowodebulia, Secvalos namdvili socialuri praqtika, meore, SeniRbos Tavisi26
kavSiri am praqtikasTan. sazogadoeba da uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuliklasebi mas warmoedgina Taviseburi saxis gigantur fabrikad, romlebiciluziebs awarmoeben: politikurs, iuridiuls, mecnieruls da miT ufroreligiurs, moralurs da mxatvruls. namdvilma mecnierebam ki, romelic araadakavSirebuli socialur statusis SenarCunebasTan da `gamoicno~ amiluzorul qmnilebaTa kavSiri urTierTdapirispirebul socialur ZalTaekonomikurisa da politikur interesebTan, <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, aris ideologiisantipodi. mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urTierTobanigaxdebian imdenad martivni, naTeli da gamWvirvaleni, rom ideologiebigaqrebian, radgan gaqreba am zednaSenuri kamufliaJis moTxovnileba..mraval gansxvavbul ideologiur konstruqciaTa analizis procesSi marqsmamiaRwia mraval,niSvnelovan warmatebeb. misma midgomam aRmoaCina socialur daSemecnebiT procesTa urTierTkavSiris Seswavlis nayofieri gzebi da CauyarasafuZveli mniSvnelovani sociologiuri disciplinis arsebobas. magramsamwuxarod, marqsi ise gaitaca ideologiis mxilebam, rom iluziebad aRiqvamsararadikaluri xasiaTis nebismier ideas an misi sakuTari Sexedulebebidangansxvavebul ideebs, rogorc klasobrivi interesebis SeniRbvas.`Semecnebis <strong>sociologia</strong>~ aseTi ga<strong>ge</strong>biT gadaiqca Taviseburi saxis, `niRbisCamomxsnelad~, `mamxilebelad~ namdvili Tu moCvenebiTi WuWyis `gamwmendad~,amave dros, sxvadasxva moazrovneTa klasobrivi iluziebis mxilebisas, marqsiiviwyebs gamoiyenos `Semecnebis sociolologia~ Tavisi sakuTari doqtrinismimarT.dairwmuna ra Tavi imaSi, rom misi kavSiri yvelaze `progresuli~ klasisproletariatis interesebTan warmoad<strong>ge</strong>n ideologiisagan Tavisuflebisgarantias, igi seriozulad ar dafiqrebula imaze, Tu misi moZRvrebarealurad rogor ifunqcionirebs sxvadasxva socialur garemoSi, rogoriqneba ga<strong>ge</strong>buli da gamoyenebuli. yovelive es mas cxadad da garkveuladwarmoedgina: sakmarisia Teoriuli gamarjveba movipovoT oponentze, rommoZRvreba ga<strong>ge</strong>bul da gamoyenebul iqnes ise, rogorc mas warmoud<strong>ge</strong>nia. maSinrodesac, misi moZRvreba iyo mravalmniSvnelovani, winaaRmdegobrivi dadauxrulebeli. amitom aRmoCnda ra sabolood sxva socialur niadagze,sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi, socialur klasebsa da fenebSi, igi ganimartebodada funqcionirebda sxvanairad, srulebiTac araa ise, rogorc es marqsswarmoedgina.11. daskvna<strong>marqsis</strong> SemoqmedebaSi mecnieruli da politikur-praqtikuli aspeqtebimWidrodaa erTmaneTTan Serwymuli. Tumca igi Tavis Tavs mecnierad Tvlidada sinamdvileSi ase iyo, mainc mis TvalSi mecniereba uwinares yovlisa iyoara mizani, aramed sazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmnis saSualeba. amitommisi Semoqmedebis mecnierul da aramecnierul mxareebs, romelTaurTierTgavlena Zalian didia. mTlianobaSi <strong>marqsis</strong> moZRvrebamravalmniSvnelovani da winaaRmdegobrivi, dausrulebeli xasiaTisaa, ramacgamoiwvia kidec misi mravalgvari interpretacia. miuxedavad amisa, mismamoZRvrebam mastimulizirebeli zegavlena iqonia sociologiis ganviTarebaze.marTalia, marqss ar gamouyenebia termini `<strong>sociologia</strong>~, magram man daamuSavasazogadoebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sinTezuri mecniereba, romelicinamdvileSi Seesabameba sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis niSnebs.27
ontologiuri aspeqtiT, marqsma mniSvnelobani wvlili Seitana socialurirealobis aRmoCenaSi, ganixila ra sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianTa SromiTisaqmianobis faqtori da Sedegi, romlebic erTdrouladYayalibeben socialursistemebs da socialuri sistemebis mier yalibdebian.marTalia, istoriis materialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>bis mTavari postulatebidausabuTebeli da amave dros uaryofilic /e.i. verc davamtkicebT da vercuarvyofT/ ar aris da atareben metaforul xasiaTs, mainc masSi iyo ZalianmniSvnelovani ganwyoba soiologiisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebisaTvis, romelicmdgomareobs siRrmiseuli socialuri struqturebis SeswavlaSi, romlebicdafarulni arian im warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebiT, romelTac sazogadoeba da klasebi qmniansakuTar Tavze. marqsi sazogadoebis Seswavlas ud<strong>ge</strong>boda, rogorc sistemas.sazogadoebis sistemuri xedva masTan ganxorcielda uwinares yovlisa,`sazogadoebis formaciis~ cnebaSi. mis TeoriaSi iyo ekonomikurireduqcionizmis tendencia, magram amasTan erTad igi ekonomikas ganixilavda,rogorc socialuri sistemis qvesistemas da gamoikvlia am qvesistemissxvebTan urTierTqmedeba.marqsma aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana socialuri cvlilebebis,socialuri da politikuri revoluciebis SeswavlaSi. aseve socialuriklasebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis miseuli ganmarteba gaxdaparadigmuli. sazogadoebis kontiseuli `konsensusi~ paradigmissawinaaRmdegod safuZveli Cauyara socialuri ganviTarebis `konfliqtur~paradigmas. marqsidan iwyeba <strong>sociologia</strong>Si socialuri konfliqtis pozitiurifunqciebis kvlevis tradicia.mecniereba <strong>marqsis</strong>aTvis iyo ufro samyaros Secvlis, vidre misi axnissaSualeba. igi Seuwynarebeli iyo Tavis mecnieruli oponentebis mimarT,amitom politikuri revolucioneris eTika masSi xSirad imarjvebda mecnieriseTikaze.28
<strong>karl</strong> <strong>marqsis</strong> socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi principebi1. k. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da <strong>marqsis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba5. istoriis materialisturi ga<strong>ge</strong>ba6. meTodologia7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria10. Semecnebis <strong>sociologia</strong>11. daskvnak. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri<strong>karl</strong> marqsi XIX s-is yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani socialuri moazrovnea. misideebs TiTqmis saukune naxevari iyenebdnen da axlac iyeneben yvelaze gansxvavebulsocialur moZraobaTa programebSi dedamiwis sxvadasxva raionebSi. zogierTmatotalitarulma reJimma marqsizmi aqcia erTaderT ideologiad, romelsac arsebobisufleba aqvs, gadaaqcies ra igi saxelmwifoebrivi religiis saxesxvaobad.<strong>marqsis</strong> cxovrebiseuli kredo`ar SemiZlia sicocxle simSvideSi,Tu mTeli suli cecxliT iwvis,ar SemiZlia sicocxle brZolisada qariSxlis gareSe Zil-RviZilSi.Cemi xvedria brZolisadmi swrafva,CemSi duRs maradiuli sicxe da cecxli,Cemi sicocxlis sazRvrebi viwroa daxels miSlis mdinarebis mixedviT curvaSi~.marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da <strong>marqsis</strong> <strong>sociologia</strong>mravali imaTTagani, vinc icnobda marqss, aRniSnavdnen mis <strong>ge</strong>nialurobas, kolosalurerudicias, misi codnis siRrmes yvelaze gansxvavebul sferoebSi da agreTvemecnierul sakiTxebSi sakuTri Tavisadmi metismet momTxovnelobas. misi mecnieruli29
`specialobis~ gansazRvra arc Tu ise advilia. aseve Znelia misi mecnierulisaqmianobis gamocalkeveba publicisturi da politikur-praqtikulisagan.amis Sedegad `marqsizmi~ gamoeyo Tavis Semqmnels da daiwyo sakuTari sicocxliTcxovreba. es daiwyo jer kidev <strong>marqsis</strong> sicocxleSi. mag. Tavisi frangi mimdevrebismimarT 70-iani wlebis dasasruls igi ambobda: `me vici mxolod erTi, rom me<strong>marqsis</strong>ti ara var~. misi sikvdilis Semdeg es procesi mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. amisSedegad dRes arsebobs misi moZRvrebis imdenad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi daganmartebebi, rom ufro upriania da swori, Tu vilaparakebT ara marqsizmis, aramedmarqsizmebis Sesaxeb.ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi• <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli klasikuri filosofia (i. kanti, i. fixte, g. he<strong>ge</strong>li, f. Selingi dal. foierbaxi)he<strong>ge</strong>lis idea progresuli ganviTarebis, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesisSesaxeb, romeli winaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikur sinTezSi (he<strong>ge</strong>lianuritriadis `Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezi~ Tanaxmad).• inglisuri politikuri ekonomia (adam smiti, devid rikardo)• franguli utopiuri socializmi (klod sen-simoni, robert oueni, Sarlfurie)aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni. sociologiuri aspeqtiT man didi gavlena moaxdina <strong>marqsis</strong>mier1. `industriis~ (e.i. sen-simonis mixedviT warmoeba farTo azriT) rolisSefasebaze;2. sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletariatismniSvnelobis Sefasebaze;3. revoluciur moZraobaTa (`kritikuli epoqebis~ _ sen-simoni) mniSvnelobaTaSefasebaze. jer kidev marqsamde daamuSava sen-simonma idea imis Sesaxeb, romTanamedrove saxelmwifo mTavari dabrkolebaa industrialuri sazogadoebisganviTarebis gzaze.kritika da urTierTgavlenebisaerTod sociologiis istoriaSi arsebobs erTi moazrovnis meoreze gavlenis orisaxe:pozitiuri - mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTi moazrovnis ideebi kvlav iwarmoebian,grZeldebian, viTardebian an gamoiyenebian meoris gamokvlevebSi. am dros gavlenaSeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas `mimdevris~ mier an ara. aseTi gavlenebi sakmarisadnaTelia.negatiuri - gavlenebis SemCneva Znelia, Tumca isini ufro xSirad gvxvdebian. esgavlenebi erTi moazrovnis meores mimarT sistematur opoziciaSi yofnaSi, erTiSexedulebebis meorisadmi dapirispirebaSi. `negatiuri~ gavlenis dros `winamorbedis~gansazRvruli Tezisebi iwveven `mimdevris~ gansazRvrul kontrTezisebs, ase, rom es30
ukanasknelni aRmoCndebian specifikurni, magram zogjer pirvelTa Zalian zustiasaxvac ki SeiZleba aRmoCndnen. ukve TviT polemikis obieqtis arCevas aqvs didimniSvneloba da adasturebs imas, rom `mimdevari~ araa gulgrili garkveuli`winamorbedis~ mimarT da masTan erTad CarTulia erTi da igive problemebisganxilvaSi. am ganxilvis procesSi pirveli xSirad gacilebiT mets sesxulobsukanasknelisagan, vidre es TviTon mas hgonia. `negatiuri~ gavlenani sociologiisistoriaSi xSirad ufro Zlieria, vidre `pozitiuri~, da SeiZleba miT ufro Zlieriiyos, rac ufro energiulia dapirispireba.filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoebayoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mudam gulisxmobs adamianisarsebisa da samyaroSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb Teorias. sxva sityvebiT Teoriul<strong>sociologia</strong>s yovelTvis emezobleba gansazRvruli filosofiuri anTropologia. aseiyo marqsTanac. adamianis miseuli xedva Camoyalibda ganmanaTlebelTa, he<strong>ge</strong>lis,foierbaxis, agreTve hesis gavleniT. marTalia, marqss amocanad ar dausaxavs SeeqmnagansakuTrebuli filosofiuri anTropologia, mTlianobaSi gamoirCeoda RrmaoriginalobiT.adamiani aRmoCndeba gaucxoebuli Tavisi Sromis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bisgan, Sromis procesisagan,sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Tavisganac ki. mxolod momaval komunistursazogadoebaSi, rodesac dasruldeba kacobriobis `winaistoria_preistoria~ dadaiwyeba misi `namdvili~ istoria, rodesac kacobrioba `aucileblobis samefodan~gadava `Tavisuflebis samefoSi~. adamiani daubrundeba sakuTar Tavs da gaucxoebacgadailaxeba.erT-erTi cnobili Tezisi misi `Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb~ gvauwyebs: `. ..adamianis arseba ar aris abstraqti, romelic calkeul adamians axasiaTebs.sinamdvileSi igi aris yvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erToblioba~.rogorc esqilesa da Seqspiris Tayvanismcemels, marqss istoriuli procesiwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nili hqonda dramis saxiT, romelSic adamianebi erTdroulad arian, rogorcam dramis avtorebi, ise Semsruleblebi _ msaxiobebi. adamianebi, praqtikulad moqmediarsebebia, amitom swored isini qmnian socialur sistemebs. magram qmnian isini amsistemebs gansazRvrul socialur da bunebriv pirobebSi, romlebic maT gareSewarmoiSvnen, maTi monawileobis gareSe warmoiqmnen: `adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianTistorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maT moesurvebaT, aramedpirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod da realuradarseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni~socialur sistemaTa Teoria<strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia _ esaa socialuri sistema, romelicSed<strong>ge</strong>ba urTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan da imyofeba aramdgradi wonasworobismdgomareobaSi. am sistemis struqturas aqvs Semdegi saxe.31
materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi – anu ekonomikuriqvesistemasawarmoobwarmoebiTiurTierTobebiwarmoebis saSualebebi,mecnierulteqnologiuri done,mrewveloba, transporti,komunikaciissaSualebebi.mwarmoebeliadamianebiwarmoebissaSualebebzesakuTrebisforma(sazogadoebrivian kerZo)warmoebis procesSisocialur klasTa SorisurTierTobis wesi (batonobamorCilebiTi=eqsploatacia,TanamSromlobiTi =solidaroba)materialuridovlaTismiRebis wesi daodenobameTodologiamarqsic evolucionistia. igi Tvlis, rom yvela sazogadoeba adre Tu gvian TavianTiganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian. socialuri mecnierebisamocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progresuli ganviTarebis gansazRvrulsafexurze.<strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebis codna, gvaZlevs ara mxolodwarsulisa da Tanamedroveobis ga<strong>ge</strong>bas, aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebisSesaZleblobasac. amitomaa, rom mis SromebSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravswinaswarmetyvelebas.mis meTodologiaSi uWiravs yovelgvari winaaRmdegobebis, daZabulobebis,konfliqtebis gamovlenas. es exeba socialuri cxovrebis, sazogadoebis sxvadasxvasferoTa Soris urTierTdamokidebulebebis kvlevas da a.S. marqsi Tvlis, romdapirispirebul Zalebsa da tendenciebs Soris winaaRmdegoba, brZola arisganviTarebis wyaro da mamoZravebeli Zala.amitom araa gasakviri, rom XIXs-is sociologiuri azris ori dapirispirebulitradicia: `bunebismecnieruli~ da `humanisturi~, `amxsneli~ da `ga<strong>ge</strong>biTi~ _ orivenimimarTaven marqss, rogorc erT-erT maT damwyebTagans.adamianis anatomia – maimunis anatomiis gasaRebia; dabali saxeobis cxovelebSiminiSnebani ufro maRalze SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TviT esufro maRali ukve cnobilia. amgvarad, burJuaziuli ekonomika gvaZlevs Cvenantikuri, feodaluris da a.S. ga<strong>ge</strong>bis gasaRebs.32
zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi iyenebs abstraqtulidan konkretulisakenaRmasvlis meTods. es meTodi Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba Semecnebis samsafexuriani wesisagan:1) obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic `grZnobad konkretuls~ warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns;2) `grZnobad konkretulis~ safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb abstraqtuliwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis Seqmna /Teoriuli done/;3) obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis miReba, romelsac `grZnobadkonkretuli~, gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, gadaiqceva `azrobrivkonkretulad~.marqsi jer kidev did xniT adre struqturuli funqcionalizmis warmoSobamdeakeTebs pirvel cdebs, kvlevis struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodis gamoyenebaSi,ganixilavas ra sxvadasxva movlenebs gansazRvrul socialur sistemaSi, maTiSetanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, Cven mis SromebSi vpoulobTistoriul-<strong>ge</strong>netur da SedarebiT-istoriul meTodebsac.bazisi da zednaSeniwarmoebiTiurTierTobaTaerTobliobasazogadoebisganviTarebisgansazRvrulgansazRvravszednaSens anu mocemuli sazogadoebis institutebisada dawesebulebis sistemas, romlebic awesri<strong>ge</strong>bensazogadoebriv cxovrebas da akmayofileben kulturismier Seqmnil moTxovnilebebsiuridiuliurTierTobebi daideebi, Sesatyvisimaterialuridawesebulebebi:sasamarTlo,sasjelaRsrulebisdawesebulebebipolitikuriurTierTobebi daideebi, Sesatyvisimaterialuridawesebulebebi:politikuri sistema,politikuri partiebimecniereba daSesabamisisazogadoebrivimaterialurimorali, moralurikoncefciebi da dawesebulebasazogadoebis ni: akademia,moraluri saxe universiteti,instituti daa.S.xelovneba,mxatvruliideebi daSesatyvisimaterialuridawesebulebani: Teatri,opera,kinoTeatri,konservatoriada a.S.religia daSesabamisimaterialuridawesebuleba:eklesia33
marqsi gamoyofs xuT sazogadoebrvi ekonomikur formacias, romlebic progresulimimarTulebiT viTardebian:momavali komunisturi sazogadoebriv – ekonomikuri formaciaburJuaziuli (kapitalisturi) sazogadoebriv - ekonomikuri formaciafeodaluri sazogadoebriv - ekonomikuri formaciamonaTmflobeluri sazogadoebriv - ekonomikuri formaciakomunisturi formaciis niSnebipirvelyofil – Temuri formacia• adamianis dammonebeli Sromis danawilebidan ganTavisufleba da misadmimorCilebis mospoba.• gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis dapirispirebis erTdrouli gaqroba• Sromis gadaqceva saSualebebidan cxovrebis pirvel moTxovnilebad• individTa yovelmxrivi ganviTareba• sawarmoo Zalebisa da sazogadoebrivi simdidris arnaxuli zrda• TiToeulisgan unaris, xolo TiToeuls moTxovnilebis mixedviT~ principisrealizacia~. (esaa lozungi, romelic pirvelad wamoayena frangmakomunistma e. kabem).socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revoluciasocialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, ganpirobebulia mudmivadwarmomqmnadi winaaRmdegobiT, konfliqtiT, romelic warmoiSoba ganviTarebaSi myofsawarmoo Zalebsa erTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris, meores mxriv.Tavis mxriv warmoebiTi urTierTobanic (bazisi) mudmiv konfliqtSia zednaSenTan dasazogadoebaSi am bazisis gacnobierebis sxvadasxva formebTan. mTlianobaSi,sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns gardauval kanons. maTar SeuZliaT, rom ar ganviTardnen. misTvis es ganviTareba TviT sicocxlisigiveobrivia. ` . . . adamianebi TavianTi sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisas, e.i.sicocxlisas aviTareben gansazRvrul urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan da . . . amurTierTobaTa xasiaTi aucileblad icvleba am sawarmoo ZalaTa gardaqmnasa dazrdasTan erTad~.rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyari wonasworoba irRveva dawarmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis saSualebebidan maTsdabrkolebad da muxruWad iqceva, isini revoluciuri cvlis sagani xdebian.34
erTdroulad es procesi gamoixateba socialuri sistemis danarCen komponentTaSoris koliziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri, ideologiuri da a.S.brZolis gamwvavebaSi. ris Sedegadac xdeba sazogadoebrivi formaciebis globalurimasStabiT cvla, e.i. socialuri revolucia. magram socialuri revoluciisSedegadac winandeli formaciis elementebi agrZeleben nawilobriv arsebobasTandaTanobiT kvdomadi gadmonaSTis saxiT.socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia,,revoluciebi – istoriis lokomotivebia”,,Zaladoba asrulebs bebia-qalis rols yvela Zvel sazogadoebaSi, rodesac igiaxliTaa fexmZimed”• sawarmoo Zalebi – moZraobs Tanabrad aCqarebulad• warmoebiTi urTierTobebi moZraobs Tanabradproletarulirevoluciebikomunisturi(socialisturi)sazogadoebaglexTa omebiburJuaziulisazogadoebamonaTaajanyebebifeodaluri sazogadoebawarmoebiTiurTierTobebimonaTmflobeluri sazogadoebapirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebasawarmoo Zalebiklasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoriamarqsi ambobda: `is rac me axali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomareobs:1. rom klasebis arseboba dakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebis ganviTarebisgansazRvrul istoriul fazebTan;2. rom klasobriv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletariatis diqtaturasTan,da35
3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobas da uklasosazogadoebaze gadasvlas~.`Tavisufali da mona, patriciebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Segirdi,mokled mCagvreli da Cagruli imyofebian erTmaneTTan mudmiv antagonizmSi,awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xan farul, xan aSkara brZolas, romelicyovelTvis sruldeboda mTeli sazogadoebrivi Senobis revoluciuri gardaqmniT anmebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgurebiT~.klasis niSnebiklasebi ewodeba adamianTa did jgufebs romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba:1. TavianTi adgiliT warmoebis istoriulad gansazRvrul sistemaSi2. TavianTi damokidebulebiT warmoebis saSualebebisadmi (mflobeli,aramflobeli)3. TavianTi roliT warmoebiT organizaciaSi (kapitalisti _ muSa, menejeri _Semsrulebeli)4. materialuri dovlaTis miRebis wesiTa da odenobiT, romelic maT xelT aqvT(mo<strong>ge</strong>ba _ xelfasi)yovel sazogadoebiv ekonomikur formaciaSi arsebobs misTvis specifikuri klasTawyvilebiSemecnebis (codnis) <strong>sociologia</strong>es aris sociologiuri disciplina, romelic swavlobs SemecnebiT procesTasocialur faqtorebs, socialur meqanizmebs da socialur Sede<strong>ge</strong>bs. sabolood, amdisciplinam miiRo saxelwodeba `Semecnebis <strong>sociologia</strong>~.marqsi Tvlida, rom msgavsad imisa, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZlebavimsjeloT imis safuZvelze, rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa dasocialuri jgufebis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis safuZvelze,romelTac isini sakuTar Tavze qmnian.amitom socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa _ aRmoaCinos faruli, siRrmiseulisocialuri realoba, romelic Zevs mravalgvar ideaTa, warmod<strong>ge</strong>naTa, codnaTa darwmenaTa safuZvelSi. marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsaceyrdnoba ara mxolod Semecnebis <strong>sociologia</strong>, aramed mTeli <strong>sociologia</strong>c.Semecnebis (codnis) <strong>sociologia</strong> (ideologia)ideologiis qveS marqss esmis:1. cnobieri da aracnobieri miTosuri Semoqmedeba, romelic mowodebulia,Secvalos namdvili socialuri praqtika,2. meore, SeniRbos Tavisi kavSiri am praqtikasTan. sazogadoeba da uwinaresyovlisa, gabatonebuli klasebi mas warmoedgina Taviseburi saxis giganturfabrikad, romlebic iluziebs awarmoeben: politikurs, iuridiuls, mecnierulsda miT ufro religiurs, moralurs da mxatvruls.3. namdvilma mecnierebam ki, romelic araa dakavSirebuli socialur statusisSenarCunebasTan da `gamoicno~ am iluzorul qmnilebaTa kavSiriurTierTdapirispirebul socialur ZalTa ekonomikurisa da politikurinteresebTan, <strong>marqsis</strong> mixedviT, aris ideologiis antipodi.36
4. mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urTierTobani gaxdebianimdenad martivni, naTeli da gamWvirvaleni, rom ideologiebi gaqrebian, radgangaqreba am zednaSenuri kamufliaJis moTxovnileba.`Semecnebis <strong>sociologia</strong>~ aseTi ga<strong>ge</strong>biT gadaiqca Taviseburi saxis, `niRbisCamomxsnelad~, `mamxilebelad~ namdvili Tu moCvenebiTi WuWyis `gamwmendad~,amave dros, sxvadasxva moazrovneTa klasobrivi iluziebis mxilebisas, marqsiiviwyebs gamoiyenos `Semecnebis sociolologia~ Tavisi sakuTari doqtrinis mimarT.dairwmuna ra Tavi imaSi, rom misi kavSiri yvelaze `progresuli~ klasisproletariatis interesebTan warmoad<strong>ge</strong>n ideologiisagan Tavisuflebis garantias.igi seriozulad ar dafiqrebula imaze, Tu misi moZRvreba realurad rogorifunqcionirebs sxvadasxva socialur garemoSi, rogor iqneba ga<strong>ge</strong>buli dagamoyenebuli.yovelive es mas cxadad da garkveulad warmoedgina: sakmarisia Teoriuli gamarjvebamovipovoT oponentze, rom moZRvreba ga<strong>ge</strong>bul da gamoyenebul iqnes ise, rogorc maswarmoud<strong>ge</strong>nia.daskvna<strong>marqsis</strong> SemoqmedebaSi mecnieruli da politikur-praqtikuli aspeqtebi mWidrodaaerTmaneTTan Serwymuli. Tumca igi Tavis Tavs mecnierad Tvlida da sinamdvileSi aseiyo, mainc mis TvalSi mecniereba uwinares yovlisa iyo ara mizani, aramedsazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmnis saSualeba.amitom misi Semoqmedebis mecnierul da aramecnierul mxareebs, romelTaurTierTgavlena Zalian didia. mTlianobaSi <strong>marqsis</strong> moZRvreba mravalmniSvnelovanida winaaRmdegobrivi, dausrulebeli xasiaTisaa, ramac gamoiwvia kidec misimravalgvari interpretacia.miuxedavad amisa, misma moZRvrebam mastimulizirebeli zegavlena iqoniasociologiis ganviTarebaze. marTalia, marqss ar gamouyenebia termini `<strong>sociologia</strong>~,magram man daamuSava sazogadoebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sinTezuri mecniereba,romelic sinamdvileSi Seesabameba sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis niSnebs.marqsma mniSvnelobani wvlili Seitana socialuri realobis aRmoCenaSi, ganixila rasazogadoeba, rogorc adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis faqtori da Sedegi, romlebicerTdrouladYayalibeben socialur sistemebs da socialuri sistemebis mieryalibdebian.marqsi sazogadoebis Seswavlas ud<strong>ge</strong>boda, rogorc sistemas. sazogadoebis sistemurixedva masTan ganxorcielda uwinares yovlisa, `sazogadoebis formaciis~ cnebaSi. misTeoriaSi iyo ekonomikuri reduqcionizmis tendencia, magram amasTan erTad igiekonomikas ganixilavda, rogorc socialuri sistemis qvesistemas da gamoikvlia amqvesistemis sxvebTan urTierTqmedeba.marqsma aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana socialuri cvlilebebis, socialuri dapolitikuri revoluciebis SeswavlaSi. aseve socialuri klasebisa da socialurikonfliqtebis miseuli ganmarteba gaxda paradigmuli. sazogadoebis kontiseuli`konsensusi~ paradigmis sawinaaRmdegod safuZveli Cauyara socialuri ganviTarebis`konfliqtur~ paradigmas. marqsidan iwyeba <strong>sociologia</strong>Si socialuri konfliqtispozitiuri funqciebis kvlevis tradicia.mecniereba <strong>marqsis</strong>aTvis iyo ufro samyaros Secvlis, vidre misi axnis saSualeba. igiSeuwynarebeli iyo Tavis mecnieruli oponentebis mimarT, amitom politikurirevolucioneris eTika masSi xSirad imarjvebda mecnieris eTikaze37
<strong>karl</strong> marqsipolitikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTviswinasityvaoba 1burJuaziuli ekonomiis sistemas me ganvixilav Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:kapitali, miwis sakuTreba, daqiravebuli Sroma; saxelmwifo, sagareo vaWroba,msoflio bazari. pirvel sam nawilSi me vikvlev ekonomiuri cxovrebispitrobebs im sami didi klasisas, romlebadac nawildeba TanamedroveburJuaziuli sazogadoeba; danarCeni sami nawilis urTierTkavSiri savsebiTnaTelia. pirveli wignis pirveli ganyofileba, romelic kapitals ganixilavs,Semdegi Tavebisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba: 1) saqoneli, 2) fuli,, anu martivi mimoqceva, 3)kapitali saerTod. pirveli ori Tavi Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns am nakveTis Sinaarss. mTelimasala Cems winaa monografiebis saxiT, romlebic sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisaganZalian daSorebul, periodebSi iyo dawerili, _ dawerili ara dasabeWdad,aramed CemTvis sakiTxebis gasarkvevad; am monografiaTa sistematuridamuSaveba zemoaRniSnuli <strong>ge</strong>gmis mixedviT damokidebuli iqneba gareSegaremoebebze.zogadi Sesavali, romelic me movxaze, aq aRar Semaqvs, radgan guldasmiTimofiqrebis Semdeg ise meCveneba, rom yovelgvari winaswari gamotanadaskvnebisa, romlebic jer kidev dasamtkicebelia, xelSemSleli iqneba;mkiTxvelma, romelic saerTod moisurvebs kvaldakval momyves, unda gabedoskeerZodan zogadze gadasvla. magram mainc ar mgonia aq uadgilo iyoszogierTi SeniSvna Cemi sakuTari politikur-ekonomiuri mecadineobismsvlelobis Sesaxeb.Cemi specialuri saswavlo sagani iurisprudencia iyo, magram me masvswavlobdi mxolod rogorc meorexarisxovan disciplinas filosofiasa daistoriasTan erTad. 1842-43 wels me, rogorc `rainis gazeTis~ 2 redaqtori,pirvelad Cavvardi gasaWirSi imis gamo, rom azri unda gamomeTqvaegreTwodebuli materialuri interesebis Sesaxeb. xe-tyis qurdobisa da miwissakuTrebis parcelebad dayofis sakiTxebze rainis landtagSi gamarTulmabWobam, oficialurma polemikam, romelic rainis provinciis maSindelmaoberprezidentma b-nma fon Saperma daiwyo `rainis gazeTTan~ mozelisglexebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, dasasrul, kamaTma Tavisufali vaWrobisa damfarvelobiTi baJebis Sesaxeb, _ pirveli biZgi momca xeli mimeyo ekonomiurisakiTxebis SeswavlisaTvis. meore mxriv, am xanaSi, roca `winsvlis~ keTilisurvili bevrad aRemateboda sagnis codnas, `rainis gazeTSi~ gaisma1 k. <strong>marqsis</strong> wigni `politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~ pirvelad gamoica berlinSi 1859 w.red.2 ,,Rheinische Zeitung”_ yoveldRiuri radikaluri gazeTi, 1843 w.w. gamodioda kelnSi. 1842 w. 15oqtombridan 1843 w. 18 martamde misi redaqtori iyo marqsi. red.38
safran<strong>ge</strong>Tis socializmisa da komunizmis odnav filosofiurad SeferadebuligamoZaxili. me gamovedi am diletantobis winaaRmdeg, magram amasTanave`All<strong>ge</strong>meine Augsbur<strong>ge</strong>r Zeitung” 1 -Tan gamarTul polemikaSi gulaxdilad vaRiare,rom sagnis is codna, romelic me maSin mqonda, nebas ar maZlevda raimemsjeloba gamebedna TviT frangul mimarTulebaTa Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. miTufro didi siamovnebiT gamoviyene iluzia `rainis gazeTis~ xelmZRvanelebisa,romelnicimedovnebdnen, rom rom gazeTis ufro zomieri moqmedebiT mis mimarTgamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCenis gauqmebas SeZlebdnen da sazogadoebriviasparezidan saswavlo kabinetSi gadavibar<strong>ge</strong>.pirveli Sroma, romelsac me xeli movkide Cemi momcveli eWvebis gasafantavad,iyo he<strong>ge</strong>lis simarTlis filosofiis kritikuli gadasinjva, _ Sroma, romlisSesavali 1844 wels parizSi gamocemul `<strong>ge</strong>rmanul-frangul yovelwliurkrebulSi~ 2 gamoqveynda. Cemma gamokvlevam im daskvnamde mimiyvana, romsamarTlebrivi urTierTobani, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos formebi, verc TviTmaTgan gai<strong>ge</strong>bian, verc adamianis gonebis egreTwodebuli saerToganviTarebidan, rom, piriqiT, fesvgadgmulni arian cxovrebis materialurpirobebSi, romelTa erTobliobas he<strong>ge</strong>li, ingliselebisa da XVIII saukunisfran<strong>ge</strong>bis magaliTis mixedviT, `samoqalaqo sazogadoebas~ uwodebs, da romsamoqalaqo sazogadoebis anatomia politikur ekonomiaSi unda veZieoT. amukanasknelis Seswavlas, rac parizSi daviwye, me ganvagrZobdi briuselSi,sadac gadavsaxldi im brZanebis gamo, romelic b-nma gizom gamosca parizidanCemi gasaxlebis Sesaxeb. im saerTo Sedegs, romelsac me mivaRwie da romelic,raki erTxel movipove, saxelmZRvanelo Zafi gaxda yvela Cems SemdgomgamokvlevaSi, SeiZleba mokled aseTi formulireba mieces: TavianTi cxovrebissazogadoebrivi warmoebisas adamianebi erTmaneTTan amyareben gansazRvrul,aucilebel, maTi nebisagan damoukidebel urTierTobas, warmoebiTurTierTobas, romelic maT materialur mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebisgansazRvrul safexurs Seesabameba. am warmoebiT urTierTobaTa erTobliobaSead<strong>ge</strong>ns sazogadoebis ekonomiur struqturas, realur baziss, romelzedaciuridiuli da politikuri zednaSeni aRimarTeba da romelsacsazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba. materialuricxovrebis warmoebis wesi ganapirobebs saerTod cxovrebis socialur,politikur da gonebriv process. adamianTa cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs maTyofierebas, aramed, piriqiT, maTi sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maTcnobierebas. TavianTi ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze sazogadoebismaterialuri mwarmoebluri Zalebi vardebian winaaRmdegobaSi arsebul1 marqss mxedvelobaSi aqvs Tavisi statia `komunizmi da `sayovelTao augsburgis gazeTi~. ix. k.marqsi da f. en<strong>ge</strong>lsi, Txz., t. I, gv. 217-220 {rus. gamoc.}. red.2 Deitsch – Franzosische Jahrbucher ~ _ revoluciuri da komunisturi propagandis organo; gamodioda <strong>marqsis</strong> redaqtorobiTparizSi 1844 wels. red.39
wamoebiT urTierTobasTan, anu _ rac amis mxolod iuridiul gamosaxulebaswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns _ sakuTrebis urTierTobasTan, romlis SigniTac isini aqamdeviTardebodnen. mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis formidan es urTierTobanimaT borkilad iqceva. maSin d<strong>ge</strong>ba socialuri revoluciis epoqa. ekonomiurisafuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad meti Tu naklebi siswrafiT xdebagadatrialeba mTel uzarmazar zednaSenSi. amgvar gadatrialebaTaganxilvisas warmoebis ekonomiur pirobebSi momxdari materialurigadatrialeba, romlis dad<strong>ge</strong>nac bunebismecnieruli sizustiT arisSesaZlebeli, yovelTvis unda ganvasxvaoT im iuridiuli, politikuri,religiuri, xelovnebiTi an filosofiuri, mokled: ideologiuriformebisagan, romlebiTac adamianebi Seicnoben am konfliqts daibrZvian mis gadasawyvetad. rogorc ar SeiZleba ama Tu im individis SesaxebvimsjeloT imis mixedviT, Tu ras fiqrobs TviTon igi Tavis Tavze, iseve arSeiZleba vimsjeloT amgvari gadatrialebis epoqis Sesaxeb misi cnobierebismixedviT; piriqiT, es cnobiereba unda avxsnaT materialuri cxovrebiswinaaRmdegobebiT, sazogadoebriv mwarmoeblur ZalTa da warmoebiTurTierTobaTa Soris arsebuli konfliqtebiT. arc erTi sazogadoebriviformacia ar ispoba manamde, vidre ar ganviTarebula yvela mwarmoebluriZala, romelTaTvis igi sakmao gasaqans iZleva, da axali umaRlesi warmoebiTiurTierTobani arasodes ar Cndebian manamde, vidre maTi arsebobismaterialuri pirobebi TviT Zveli sazogadoebis wiaRSi ar momwifebulan.amitom kacobrioba yovelTvis mxolod iseT amocanebs isaxavs, romelTagadawyvetac mas SeuZlia, radgan zusti ganxilvisas yovelTvis aRnmoCndebaxolme, rom TviT amocana mxolod maSin Cndeba, roca materialuri pirobebimisi gadawyvetisaTvis ukve arseboben an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobisprocesSi imyofebian. Tu zogadad avirebT, warmoebis aziur, antikur,feodalur da Tanamedrove, BurJuaziul, wesebs SeiZleba ekonomiurisazogasdoebrivi formaciis progresuli epoqebi ewodos. burJuaziuliwarmoebiTi urTierTobani warmoebis sazogadoebrivi procesis ukanaskneliantagonisturi formaa, antagonisturi ara indivi-dualuri antagonizmisazriT, aramed _ individTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebidanaRmocenebuli antagonizmis azriT; magram is mwarmoebluri Zalebi, romlebicburJuaziuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi viTardebian, qmnian amasTanave erTadmaterialur pirobebs am antagonizmis gadasawyvetad. amitom am sazogadoebriviformaciiT mTavrdeba adamianTa sazogadoebis winaistoria.fridrix en<strong>ge</strong>lsma, romelTanac me, _ mas Semdeg, rac ekonomiuri kategoriebiskritikis misi <strong>ge</strong>nialuri narkvevi gamoqveynda (`<strong>ge</strong>rmanul-frangulyovelwliur krebulSi~), _ mudmivi werilobiTi azrTa gaziareba mqonda,CemsaviT amave Sedegs miaRwia sxva gziT (Seadare misi `muSaTa klasismdgomareoba inglisSi~); da roca 1845 wlis gazafxuls isic briuselSidabinavda, gadavwyviteT erTad SegvemuSavebina Cveni Sexedulebani sawina-40
aRmdegod <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli filosofiis ideologiuri Sexedulebebisa, namdvilad kiangariSi gagvesworebina Cvens winandel filosofiur sindisTan. es ganzraxvaSesrulebul iqna he<strong>ge</strong>lis Semdgomdroindeli filosofiis kritikis formiT.xelnaweri, ori sqeli tomi, ukve didi xania misuli iyo gamocemis adgilasvestfaliaSi, roca cnoba miviReT, _ Secvlili garemoebani misi dabeWdvisnebas ar iZleviano. Cven miT ufro siamovnebiT davutoveT xelnaweri TagvebismRrRnel kritikas, rom Cveni mTavari mizani _ CvenTvis sakiTxis gamorkveva _miRweuli iyo. im calkeul naSromTagan, romlebSic maSin Cveni Sexedulebaniama Tu im mxriv sazogadoebas gavuziareT,, avRniSnav mxolod en<strong>ge</strong>lsis da Cemmier erTad daweril `komunisturi partiis manifests~ da Cem mier gamoqveynebul`sityvas Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb~. Cveni Sexedulebis gadamwyvetipunqtebi pirvelad iyo mecnierulad gadmocemuli, Tumca mxolodpolemikurad, Cems SromaSi `filosofiis siRatake~, romelic 1847 welsgamoica da mimarTuli iyo prudonis winaaRmdeg. erTi <strong>ge</strong>rmanulad daweriligamokvleva `daqiravebuli Sromis~ Sesaxeb, sadac me Tavi movuyare am sakiTxzeCem mier <strong>ge</strong>rmanel muSaTa briuselis kavSirSi wakiTxul leqciebs, veRardaibeWda, _ beWdva Sewyda Tebervlis revoluciisa da masTan dakavSirebiTbelgiidan Cemi Zalad gandevnis gamo.`axali rainis gazeTis~ gamocemam 1848 da 1849 wlebSi da Semdgom momxdarmaambebma Semawyvetina ekonomiur sakiTxebze muSaoba, romlis ganaxlebacCemTvisSesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod 1850 wels londonSi. politikuriekonomiis istoriis im uamravma masalam, romelic britaneTis muzeumSiadagrovili, im garemoebam, rom londoni xelsayrel adgils waermoad<strong>ge</strong>nsburJuaziul sazogadoebaze dakvirvebis sawarmoeblad, dasasrul,ganviTarebis im axalma stadiam, romelSic, etyoboda, es sazogadoeba Sevidakaliforniisa da avstraliis oqros aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT, _ aRmiZrasurvili kvlav Tavidan damewyo sagnis Seswavla da kritikuladgadamemuSavebina axali masala. am Seswavlas nawilobriv TavisTavadgadavyavdi garegnulad TiTqos sruliad garemdebare disciplinebze,romlebzedac me metnakleb didxans SeCereba mixdeboda. magram CemsgankargulebaSi arsebul dros gansakuTrebiT amcirebda Tavis rCenisaTvismuSaobis kategoriuli aucilebvloba. Cemma amJamad ukve rva wlisTanamSromlobam `niu-iorkis tribunaSi~ 1 . pirvel inglisur-amerikul gazeTSi,_ radgan me sagazeTo korespondenciebs am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiTmxolod gamonaklisis saxiT vwer, _ Cemi mecnieruli muSaobis metismetidaqsaqsuloba gamoiwvia. magram statiebi inglisisa da kontinentissayuradRebo ekonomiuri movlenebis Sesaxeb imdenad mniSvnelovan nawilsSead<strong>ge</strong>ndnen Cems sagazeTo muSaobaSi, rom iZulebuli viyavi ufro axlos1 `New-York Daily tribune~ _ yoveldRiuri demokratiuli gazeTi; gamodioda niu-iorkSi 1841 wlidan1924 wlamde; marqsi TanamSromlobda am gazeTSi 1851 wlidan 1862 wlamde. red.41
gavcnobodi praqtikul detalebs, romlebic sakuTriv politikuri ekonomiismecnierebis fargals gareSe mdebareoben.politikuri ekonomiis dargSi Cemi muSaobis msvlelobis es mokle mimoxilvamxolod imis maCvenebeli unda iyos, rom Cemi Sexedulebani, rogorc undaimsjelon maTze da ragind nakleb eTanxmebodnen isini gabatonebul klasTaegoistur crurwmenebs, keTilsindisieri da mravalwlovani kvleva-ZiebisSedegs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen. mecnierebis SesasvlelTan, iseve rogorc jojoxeTiskarebTan, Semdegi moTxovna unda iyos gamokruli:Qui si convien Lasiciare ogni sospetto,ogni vilta convien che qui sia morta. 1londoni, ianvari, 1859 w.<strong>karl</strong> marqsipolitikuri ekonomiis meTodirodesac ama Tu im qveyanas politikur-ekonomiurad ganvixilavT, Cven viwyebTmisi mosaxleobidan, am mosaxleobis klasebad dayofidan, misi ganawilebidanqalaqsa, sofelsa, zRvis sanapiroebsa da warmoebis sxvadasxva dar<strong>ge</strong>bs Soris,gazidva-Semozidvidan, wliuri warmoebidan da moxmarebidan, saqonlisfasebidan da sxva.TiTqos ufro swori iqneboda dagvewyo realuridan da konkretulidan,namdvili wanamZRvrebidan, maSasadame, magaliTad, politikur ekonomiaSimosaxleobidan romelic warmoebis mTeli sazogadoebrivi procesis safuZvelida subieqtia. magram axlo ganxilvisas irkveva, rom es mcdaria. mosaxleobaabstraqciaa, Tu me, magaliTad, im klasebs, romlebisganac igi Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba, ganzevtoveb. es klasebic kvlav carieli sityvaa, Tu me ar vici is elementebi,romlebsac isini emyarebian, magaliTad, daqiravebuli Sroma, kapitali da sxva.es ukanasknelni gulisxmoben gacvlas, Sromis danawilebas, fasebs da sxva.kapitali, magaliTad, araferia daqiravebuli Sromis, Rirebulebis, fulis,fasis da sxv. gareSe. amitom, Tu me mosaxleobidan daviwyebdi, es iqnebodaqaosuri warmod<strong>ge</strong>na mTelze, da mxolod ufro daaxloebuli gansazRvrisgziT mivaRwevdi analitikurad ufro da ufro martiv cnebebs. warmod<strong>ge</strong>naSimocemuli konkretulobidan ufro da ufro mWle abstraqciebze gadavidodi,1 `Sen aq uTuod unda dasTmo yoveli SiSi,ar unda eqnes aq adgili sruliad yoymans~.(dante, RvTaebrivi komedia). red.42
vidre umartives gansazRvrebebs ar mivaRwevdi. aqedan ki isev ukusvla undadamewyo, vidre, bolos, kvlav ar mivaRwevdi mosaxleobas, magram amSemTxvevaSi ukve ara rogorc qaosur warmod<strong>ge</strong>nas mTelze, aramed _ rogorcmravali gansazRvrisa da mimarTebis Semcvel mdidar erTobliobas. pirveligza aris is gza, romelsac politikuri ekonomia istoriulad gahyva TaviswarmoSobisas. meCvidmete saukunis ekonomistebi, magaliTad, yovelTvis iwyebencocxali mTelidan, mosaxleobidan, eridan, saxelmwifodan, mravalsaxelmwifodan da sxva; magram isini yovelTvis imiT aTaveben, rom analizissaSualebiT gamohyofen zogierT ganmsazRvrel, abstraqtul sayovelTaourTierTobas, rogoricaa Sroma, Sromis danawileba, moTxovnilebva,sacvleliRirebuleba, adian zeviT saxelmwifomde, saerTaSoriso gacvlamdeda msoflio bazramde. ukanaskneli meTodi, cxadia, mecnierulad sworimeTodia. konkretuli imitomaa konkretuli, rom igi mraval gansazRvraTaSeerTebaa, maSasadame, mravalsaxeobis erTianobaa. amitom azrovnebaSi igigvevlineba rogorc amosavali punqti, Tumca igi sinamdvileSi amosavalipunqtia da, maSasadame, Wvretisa da warmod<strong>ge</strong>nis amosavali punqtic. rodesacpirveli gzaa arCeuli, sruli warmod<strong>ge</strong>na abstarqtul gansazRvradorTqldeba; rodesac meorea arCeuli, abstraqtuli gansazRvrebani iZleviankonkretulis kvlavwarmoqmnas azrovnebis gziT. amitom he<strong>ge</strong>li iluziaSivardeba, rodesac mas realuri esmis rogorc Sedegi azrovnebisa, romelicTavisSi moicavs Tavis Tavs (des sich in zusammenfassenden), TavisSi Rrmavdebada Tavis Tavidan viTardeba. maSin rodesac abstraqtulidan konkretulzeasvlis meTodi mxolod wesia, romliTac azrovneba konkretuls SeiTvisebs,kvlav warmoqmnis mas gonebrivad rogorc konkretuls. magram igi araviTarSemTxvevaSi araa TviT konkretulis warmoSobis procesi. umartivesiekonomikuri kategoria,vTqvaT, magaliTad, sacvleli Rirebuleba, gulisxmobsmosaxleobas, mosaxleobas, romelic, garkveul pirobebSi awarmoebs,gulisxmobs agreTve ojaxis, Temis, saxelmwifosa da sxvaTa garkveulformebs. mas arasodes ar SeuZlia arseboba sxvagvarad, Tu ara ukve mocemulikonkretuli da cocxali mTlianobis abstraqtuli calmxrivi mimarTebissaxiT.piriqiT, sacvlel Rirebulebas, rogorc kategorias, winadiluvialuriarseboba aqvs. amitom cnobierebisTvis, _ filosofiuri cnobiereba ki imiTgansxvavdeba,rom misTvis logikuri azrovneba _ es namdvili adamiania, xolologikurad Secnobili samyaro rogorc aseTi _ namdvili samyaroa, _cnobierebisTvis kategoriebis moZraoba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns warmoebis namdvil aqts,romelic, samwuxarod, mxolod biZgs Rebulobs garedan da romlis Sedegicsamyaroa; da es imdenad aris marTebuli, _ aq Cven kvlav tavtologia gvaqvs, _ramdenadac konkretuli erToblioba rogorc azrovnebiTi erToblioba,rogorc azrovnebiTi erToblioba, marTlac azrovnebis, ga<strong>ge</strong>bis produqtia;magram es araviTar SemTxvevaSi araa produqti cnebisa, romelic TvalsaCinoWvretisa da warmod<strong>ge</strong>nis gareSe azrovnebs da Tavis Tavs TviTon warmoSobs,43
aramed es Wvretisa da warmod<strong>ge</strong>naTa cnebebad gadamuSavebaa. mTlianoba,rogorc igi gonebaSi gvevlineba azrovnebiTi mTlianobis saxiT, produqtiamoazrovne gonebisa, romelic samyaros aiTvisebs misTvis erTaderTiSesaZlebeli wesiT, wesiT, romelic gansxvavdeba am samyaros xelovnebiTreligiur-praqtikul-gonebriviaTvisebisagan. realuri subiqti uwindeburadgonebis gareSe rceba da Tavisi damoukidebeli saxiT ganagrZobs arsebobasswored manamde, vidre gonebas mxolod spekulaciurad, mxolod TeoriuladuWiravs Tavi. mis mimarT amitom [politikuri ekonomiis]Teoriuli meTodismomarjvebis drosac subieqti, e.i. sazogadoeba, Cvens warmod<strong>ge</strong>nas mudamTvalwin unda edgas rogorc winamZRvari.magram am martiv kategoriebs xom ara aqvT agreTve damoukidebeli istoriulianu bunebrivi arseboba ufro konkretul kategoriebze adre? Ca depend 1 .magaliTad, he<strong>ge</strong>li samarTlis filosofias marTebulad iwyebsmflobelobidan, rogorc subieqtis umartivesi samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan.magram araviTari mflobe-loba ar arsebobs ojaxamde anda batonobisa dadamorCilebis urTierTobamde, romelic gacilebiT ufro konkretuliurTierTobaa. piriqiT, ufro marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom arsebobenojaxebi, gvarebui, romelnic jer mxolod floben, magram romelTacsakuTreba ar gaaCniaT. maSasadame, ufro martivi kategoria gvevlineba rogorcpirveladi ojaxuri da gvarovnuli kavSirebis damokidebulebasakuTrebisadmi. ufro ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi igi CndebaganviTarebuli organizmis ufro martivi urTierTobis saxiT, magram ufrokonkretuli substraqti, romlis mimarTebac mflobelobas warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, mudamigulisxmeba. SeiZleba romelime calkeuli veluri mflobelad warmovidginoT.magram am SemTxvevaSi mflobeloba ar iqneba samarTlebriviurTierToba. araa swori, TiTqos mflobeloba istoriulad ojaxadganviTarebuliyos. mflobe-loba, piriqiT, gulisxmobs am `ufro konkretulsamarTlebriv kategorias~. magram aq mainc rceba nawili WeSmaritebisa,saxeldobr is, rom martivi kategoriebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen im urTierTobaTagamosaxulebas, romlebSiac SesaZlebe-lia ganxorcieldes ganuviTarebelikonkretuloba, da ganxorcieldes manamde, vidre damyardebodes ismravalmxrivi kavSiri, romelic ufro konkretuli katego-riiT gonebrivadgamoisaxeba, maSin rodesac ufro ganviTa-rebuli konkretuloba inarCunebsamave kategorias rogorc daqvemdebarebul urTierTobas.radgan, Semdeg, TviT burJuaziuli sazogadoeba ganviTarebis mxolod antagonisturiformaa, amitom Cven masSi vxsdebiT adrindel formaciaTaurTierTo-bas xSirad sruliad dakninebuli, anda gaSarJebuli saxiTac ki,magaliTad, saTe-mo sakuTrebas. amitom, Tu marTalia, rom burJuaziuliekonomiis kategoriebi yvela sxva sazogadoebrivi formisaTvis WeSmaritebas1 gaaCnia garemoebebs. red.44
Seicaven, es Cven unda gavigoT mxolod eun grano salis 1 . es kategoriebi SeiZlebaam urTierTobas Seicavdnen ganviTarebuli, damaxinjebuli, gakarikaturebulida sxv. saxiT, magram _ yovel-Tvis arsebiTad Secvlili saxiT.egreTwodebuli istoriuli ganviTareba imazea saerTod damyarebuli, rommermindeli forma adrindel formebs Tavis safexu-rebad ganixilavs da isiniyovelTvis calmxrivad esmis, vinaidan mas Zalian iSvi-aTad da mxolodsruliad garkveul pirobebSi Seswevs TviTkritikis unari; ra Tqma unda, aqlaparakia ara iseT istoriul periodebze, romlebic TviTon daSlis xanaswarmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen. qristianul sarwmunoebas mxolod maSin aRmoaCnda unari xeliSeewyo winadeli miTologiis obieqturi ga<strong>ge</strong>bisaTvis, roca misi TviTkritikaramdenadme mzad iyo, ase vTqvaT, dunamei. aseve burJuaziulma ekono-miammxolod maSin miaRwia feodaluri, antikuri, aRmosavluri sazogadoebisga<strong>ge</strong>bas, roca burJuaziuli sazogadoebis TviTkritika daiwyo. ramdenadacburJuaziuli ekonomia, miTologiaSi gadavardnili, Tavis Tavs pirwmindad araigivebda warsulTan, _ misi kritika winandeli, saxeldobr feodaluri[sazogadoebisa], romlis winaaRmdeg mas uSualod brZola uxdeboda, imkritikas hgavda, romelsac qristianoba warmarTobis mimarT andaprotestantizmi kaToli-cizmis mimarT eweoda.rogorc saerTod yovel istoriul, socialur mecnierebaSi, ekonomiurikategoriebis ganviTarebis dros mudam unda gvaxsovdes, rom sinamdvileSic dagonebaSic mocemulia subieqti, _ am SemTxvevaSi Tanamderove burJuaziulisazoga-doeba, _ da rom kategoriebi, maSasadame. am garkveuli sazogadoebis, amsubieqtismyofobis formebs, arsebobis pirobebs, xSirad mxolod calkeul mxareebsgamoxataven, da rom [politikuri ekonomia], maSasadame, mecnieruladacaraviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iwyeba mxolod iq, sadac masze rogorc aseTzelaparakia. es mosazreba mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, radgan igi erTbaSadiZleva gadamwyvet miTiTebebs [sagnis] danawilebis Sesaxeb.magaliTad, ise gveCveneba, TiTqos yvelaze bunebrivia daviwyoT miwis rentiT,miwis sakuTrebiT, radgan es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia miwasTan, yoveliwarmo-ebisa da yoveli myofobis wyarosTan, da miwaTmoqmedebasTan, romelicwarmoebis Tavdapirveli formaa yvela ramdenadme mtkiced CamoyalibebulsazogadoebaSi. magram amaze ufro mcdari ara iqneboda ra. sazogadoebisyvela formas aqvs garkveuli warmoeba, romelic yvela danarCens sWarbobs daromlis pirobebic amitom, yvela danarCenis adgilsa da gavlenasgansazRvravs. es aris saerTo gaSuqeba, romelSic sxva ferebi STainTqeba daromelic maT maTsave Tavisebu-rebaSi saxes Seucvlis. es aris TaviseburieTeri, romelic yvela masSi arsebuli myofobis specifikur wonasgansazRvravs.1 sityvasityviT: erTi weba mariliT. niSnavs: garkveuli SezRudulobiT, ara sruli azriT.45
erTi siyvarulis istoria<strong>karl</strong>i da Jeni marqsilodini, imedi, moTmineba da tanjva...1830 wels, rodesac maT erTmaneTi gaicnes, Jeni, baronesafon vestfaleni, 16 wlis, xolo <strong>karl</strong>i, monaTluliebraelis henrix <strong>marqsis</strong> Svili, 12 wlis iyo. prusiispatara qalaq trirSi yvela SeZlebuli adamiani erTmaneTsicnobda. <strong>karl</strong>is mama, advokati henrix marqsi, baronludvig fon vestfalenTan, Jenis mamasTan, megobrobda,<strong>karl</strong>i ki - Jenis umcros ZmasTan, edgarTan. <strong>karl</strong> marqsixSirad midioda vestfalenebis did baRSi edgarTansaTamaSod, Tumca TamaSze metad, edgarisagan gansxvavebiT,mas maTi vrceli biblioTeka ufro izidavda.Tavisi droisaTvis Zalze ganaTlebuli adamiani ludvig fon vestfaleni,romelic Tavisuflad laparakobda eqvs enaze, antikuri dramisa da Seqspirismcodne, marqssac didi siamovnebiT aziarebda wignebs. biWi brwyinvaledswavlobda, bevrs kiTxulobda da im droisTvis ukve SeeZlo ufrosebTanliteraturis, istoriisa da iurisprudenciis (mama mas momavaliadvokatobisaTvis amzadebda) Sesaxeb msjelobisas diskusiaSi Cabmuliyo.ludvig fon vestfaleni moxibluli iyo <strong>karl</strong>is gonebiTa da mWermetyvelebiTda surda daxmareboda mas cxovrebis gzaze. igi verc ki warmoid<strong>ge</strong>nda, rom misSvils es patara biWuna Seuyvardeboda. Jeni ukve didi qaliSvili, tririspirveli lamazmani iyo, dadioda balebze, Tavgzas ubnevda oficrebsa dabankirebs...<strong>karl</strong>i swrafad izrdeboda, 13 wlisa - is mozards ki ara, ukve ymawvils gavda.igi isev xSirad dadioda vestfalenebTan, magram ukve ara edgarTan saTamaSod,aramed baronTan sasaubrod. es misTvis bevrad ufro saintereso iyo, vidreTavis TanatolebTan urTierToba. iyo meore, saidumlo mizezic - <strong>karl</strong>s JeniSeuyvarda.mas ar hqonda sapasuxo grZnobis imedi. amis mizezi mxolod is ki ar iyo, romJeni uZvelesi gvaris STamomavali iyo, <strong>karl</strong>i ubralod gvian daibada. Jeniukve daniSnuli iyo leitenant <strong>karl</strong> fon pannvicze, romelsac male coladunda gahyoloda. magram <strong>karl</strong>is bunebaSi ar iyo umoqmedoba da Cumad tanjva,is cdilobda xSirad Sexvedroda Jenis. TandaTan Jenis ufro da ufromoswonda <strong>karl</strong>Tan saubari - am ymawvilSi saocrad iyo Serwymuli mozrdilisgoneba da romantikuli meocnebe buneba. <strong>karl</strong>ma Jenis gadasca rveuli, sadacmisdami miZRvnili leqsebi iyo dawerili, bolo gverdze ki - igi siyvarulSi46
utydeboda mas. Jenim, rogorc Semdeg ixsenebda, roca rveuli waikiTxa mixvda,rom Seuyvarda es biWi. es grZnoba imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom Jeni dapirda<strong>karl</strong>s - daucdida sanam is ar gaizdeboda da colad ar moiyvanda.Jenim uari uTxra Tavis daniSnuls fon pannvicss. mSoblebi Sewuxebulniiyvnen, magram imedovnebdnen, rom lamazi qaliSvili male ipovida sxva saqmros.<strong>karl</strong>is siyvarulis Sesaxeb Jeni aravisTan ar saubrobda - mas yvela suleladCasTvlida. is isev ise dadioda balebze, TeatrSi, xiblavda mamakacebs daismenda komplimentebs. Tumca misi guli TrToda mxolod maSin, roca maTTan<strong>karl</strong>i midioda. is Cumad Sedioda biblioTekaSi, rom moesmina baronisa da<strong>karl</strong>is saubrebi, yofiliyo mis siaxloves, Semdeg ki cdilobda martodarCeniliyo masTan. Jeni daumegobrda <strong>karl</strong>is das sofis - is erTaderTiadamiani iyo, vinc icoda maTi siyvarulis Sesaxeb. Jeni, romelsac <strong>karl</strong>mawignebis kiTxva Seayvara, nakiTx qaliSvilad iqca, rac misi mSoblebisSeSfoTebas iwvevda - im droisaTvis ganaTlebuli sapatarZloebi armoswondaT, Tanac, rac ufro emateboda Jenis wlebi, misi gaTxovebis Sansebi -ufro mcirdeboda.17 wlis asakSi <strong>karl</strong>ma bonis universitetis iuridiulfakultetze Caabara. is didi mondomebiT swavlobda. masori didi mizani hqonda - gamxdariyo kargi iuristi dacolad moeyvana Jeni fon vestfaleni.rogorc ki <strong>karl</strong>s 19 weli Seusrulda, is Cavida trirSida oficialurad iTxova Jenis xeli. da ra Tqma unda,uari miiRo misi mSoblebisagan. am winadadebam SokSiCaagdo ara marto Jenis mSoblebi, aramed TviT <strong>karl</strong>isojaxic. henrix marqsi kargad xvdeboda maT ojaxebsSoris gansxvavebas, man oficialuri bodiSi mouxadabaronis ojaxs. bodiSi miRebul iqna, Tumca <strong>karl</strong>svestfalenebis ojaxSi misvla aekrZala.bonSi wasvlis win <strong>karl</strong>ma da Jenim Cumad daiweres jvari, ris Sesaxebacmxolod sofim icoda. swored misi daxmarebiT werdnen isini erTmaneTs,Sexvedrebi maT sastikad hqondaT akrZaluli. zogjer <strong>karl</strong>i CamodiodatritrSi, raTa Cumad, ramdenime wuTiT mainc enaxa Jeni. am Sexvedrebis SemdegJeni werda <strong>karl</strong>s: „yoveli Seni wasvlis Semdeg, sul minda rom mogabruno,rom kidev erTxel giTxra Tu rogor Zlier miyvarxar... neta SemeZlos Senigzidan yvela winaaRmdegobis mocileba... magram Cveni bedia - lodini, imedi,moTmineba da tanjva...“1938 wels gardaicvala henrix marqsi. misi qvrivi Tvlida, rom swored<strong>karl</strong>isa da Jenis siyvarulma moukla mis qmars guli. igi daemuqra <strong>karl</strong>s, romCamoarTmevda memkvidreobas, Tuki is Jenis moiyvanda colad.47
Jenim imdenad mZimed gadaitana es ambavi, rom mas gau<strong>ge</strong>bari tkivilis Setevebidaewyo. eqimebma am tkivilebs „nevrologiuri“ uwodes. es tkivilebi massicocxlis bolomde gahyva, romelic mZime stresebis dros umZafrdeboda.ludvig fon vestfaleni gardaicvala henrix <strong>marqsis</strong> gardacvalebidan 4 wlisSemdeg. mxolod amis Semdeg gamoutyda Jeni dedas, rom <strong>karl</strong>ze iyo daniSnuli.henrieta <strong>marqsis</strong>gan gansxvavebiT, baronesam, Tumca ar mouwona qaliSvilsarCevani, uTxra, rom ar SeuSlida xels mis qorwinebas sayvarel adamianTan.am droisaTvis, <strong>karl</strong> marqsma daamTavra universiteti da gaxda filosofiisdoqtori, Tumca maswavleblis adgili, romlis imedic hqonda, ver miiRo. masicnobdnen, rogorc filosofossa da revoluciuri wreebis damfuZnebels.aseTi „buntisTavis“ samsaxurSi miReba arc erT iuridiul firmas ar surda.samsaxurisa da memkvidreobis miRebis imedis gareSe darCenili <strong>karl</strong>i, maincCamovida trirSi Jenis xelis saTxovnelad. Jeni bednieri iyo imiT, rom misilodini damTavrda. mogvianebiT <strong>karl</strong>i ixsenebda: „Cemma sacolem gauZloyvelaze mZime, janmrTelobisTvis saSiS brZolebs Cems gamo. nawilobriv Tavisaristokrat naTesavebTan da nawilobriv - Cems sakuTar ojaxTan“.1843 wlis 19 ivniss <strong>karl</strong> marqsi da Jeni fon vestfaleni daqorwindnen.Taflobis Tve maT reinis napirebze gaatares. isini Jenis mziTvis fulisxarjze cxovrobdnen. roca imave wlis oqtombris TveSi meuRleebi parizSigaemgzavrnen sacxovreblad, Jeni ukve fexmZimed iyo. gamomSvidobebisas Jenisdedamisma saCuqari gaukeTa - maTTan gauSva Tavisi mosamsaxure elena demuri:freilein demuri - ojaxSi mas lenis, xan lenxens eZaxdnen - maTTan 11 wlidanmsaxurobda, iyo idealuri mosamsaxure, mzareuli da mne. lamazsa da WkvianqaliSvils uyvarda kiTxva da Wadrakis TamaSi. Zalian male Jeni da elenaaxlo megobrebi gaxdnen.safran<strong>ge</strong>TSi, 1844 wlis TebervalSi, marqsma gamosca„<strong>ge</strong>rmanul-franguli yovelwliuri“ Jurnalis pirvelinomeri, is - ukanasknelic aRmoCnda. xelisuflebam JurnaliakrZala. marqsi isev umuSevari darCa, Jenis mziTvis fuliki - ileoda.1844 wlis 1 maiss gaCnda <strong>marqsis</strong> pirveli qaliSvili - Jenikarolina.<strong>karl</strong>is moTxovniT, yvela misi qaliSvilipirvel saxelad dedis saxels iRebda.fridrix en<strong>ge</strong>lsi, romelic parizSi manCesteridan, sadac mas safeiqrofabrika hqonda, Camovida ramdenime dRiT <strong>karl</strong>Tan gaCerda. isini namdvilimegobrebi gaxdnen, maT orives komunizmis ideebi itacebda. en<strong>ge</strong>lsi cotaodeniTanxiT daexmara marqss. Tumca es fulic cota xanSi aRar hqondaT.honorarebis imedze yofna ar SeiZleboda, <strong>marqsis</strong> mZafri statiebis dabeWdvasbevri gamomcemloba erideboda. erT-erTi gamomcemloba, romelic sxvebze met48
simamaces iCenda da aqveynebda mis statiebs, iyo emigrantuli Jurnali„forvertsi“. masSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi, marqsma aRfrTovaneba gamoTqvaprusiis monarqze Tavdasxmis gamo, ris gamoc prusiis mTavrobam moiTxovaministrisgan - fransua gizosgan - statiis avtoris safran<strong>ge</strong>Tidan gasaxleba.<strong>marqsis</strong> ojaxi briuselSi gadasaxlda, sadac 1845 wels Jenim meore qaliSvili- Jeni-laura gaaCina, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg - vaJi edgar-henrixi. fuligamoeliaT da iZulebuli gaxdnen fon vestfalenebis monogramiani vercxliskovzebi da Canglebi gaeyidaT. roca marqsi lombardSi mivida vercxleulisgasayidad, igi ise cudad iyo Cacmuli, CaTvales rom naqurdal nivTebs yiddada daakaves. roca gasayidi araferi aRar hqondaT, daagiraves TeTreuli,<strong>karl</strong>is palto da Jenis fexsacmelebic ki. ojaxi SimSilis piras iyo misuli.mxsnelad leni demuri evlinebodaT: mas xelfass Jenis deda uxdida,uricxavda fuls bankis meSveobiT im qalaqebSi, romlebSic <strong>marqsis</strong> ojaxixetialobda. leni mTel xelfass Tavisi „patronebis“ sarCenad xarjavda.1848 wlis 3 marts marqsi briuselidan gaasaxles. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1849wlis maisSi, <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi revoluciis damxobis Semdeg, is sakuTar qveyanaSicpersona non-grantad gamocxadda imitom, rom redaqtireba gaukeTarevoluciur gazeTs „axali reinis gazeTi“ da werda statiebs, romlebicajanyebisken mouwodebda xalxs. 1849 wlis zafxulSi, roca Jeni meoTxebavSvze iyo fexmZimed, <strong>karl</strong>i iZulebuli gaxda inglisSi gadasuliyo. Jeni,romelic belgiaSi faqtiurad ufulod darCa, cdilobda <strong>karl</strong>isTvissamwuxaro araferi miewera. marqsi brazobda: „Sen... ar unda grcxvenodesSematyobino amis Sesaxeb me. Tuki Sen, sacodavs, sinamdvileSi yvelafer amisgadatana gixdeba, samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom me azrebSi mainc gadavitanoyvela es tanjva SenTan erTad...“bolos da bolos, Jenim darCenili aveji da WurWeli rogorRac gayida dalondonSi Casasvleli bileTi iyida. londonSi maT SeeZinaT vaJi, romelsacitaliuri saxeli gvido daarqves. isini Raribul binebSi cxovrobdnen,sibralulis gamo maRaziaSi pursa da produqtebsmaT valad aZlevdnen. patara gvidom mxolod erTiweli icocxla: igi gacivda da filtvebis anTebiTgardaicvala, maT wamlebis sayideli fulic arhqondaT. <strong>karl</strong>ma gadawyvita dedisTvissasamarTloSi eCivla mamamisis qonebidan wilismisaRebad. saqme didxans gagrZelda, magram manmoigo sasamarTlo, Tumca mTeli memkvidreobavalebSi daixarja.materialurad maT en<strong>ge</strong>lsi exmarebodaT: is ara marto uxdida marqss„stipendiebs“, aramed istumrebda mis mniSvnelovan valebsac. Sobis49
dResaswaulze is aucileblad Cadioda maTTan stumradsanovagiT, bavSvebi mas „Zia an<strong>ge</strong>lss“ eZaxdnen.saCuqrebiTa daJeni cdilobda ar SeemCnia meuRlisTvis, rom siRaribisagan uimedobiszRvramde iyo misuli. TviTon marqsi yvelafers amas msubuqad da iumoriTitanda.Tavis megobars, ernestine libknexts, is swerda, rom gadaiRala mudmivigaWirvebisagan, SimSilisagan da mSobiarobebisagan da ocnebobs, romamoisunTqos mSobiarobebs Soris, magram dauRalavi temperatmentis <strong>karl</strong>samaze arafris gagoneba ar surs.1851 wels <strong>karl</strong>is temperamentma kinaRam misi ojaxi daangria. mas adrec hqondapatara gatacebebi… 1950 wels Jenis xangrZlivi avadmyofobis dros igidauaxlovda leni demurs, es xanmokle da mSfoTvare romani iyo, romlisSedegadac 1851 wlis gazafxulze lenis biWi SeeZina. <strong>karl</strong> <strong>marqsis</strong> ojaxuricxovreba arasdros ar yofila kraxTan ase axlos. situacia gadaarCinafridrix en<strong>ge</strong>lsma: man leni demuris bavSvi Tavisad scno. en<strong>ge</strong>lsma moZebnabavSvisTvis luisebis uSvilo ojaxi, romlebsac mTeli cxovrebis manZilzeuxdida aliments biWis swavlisa da aRzrdisaTvis. madlobis niSnad lenimbavSvs frederiki daarqva, en<strong>ge</strong>lsis saxeli, oRond inglisur maneraze.luisebi keTili xalxi aRmoCndnen, isini lenis bavSvTan Sexvedras aruSlidnen. en<strong>ge</strong>lss ki, rogors namdvil „keTil an<strong>ge</strong>lss“, regularuladdahyavda leni saseirnod, raTa gaemarTlebina maTi siyvarulis Sesaxeble<strong>ge</strong>nda.Jeni yvelas Tavs ise aCvenebda, TiTqos sjerodaen<strong>ge</strong>lsis, Tumca man simarTle icoda. „1951 wlisgazafxulze moxda kidev erTi ambavi, romelsac mesiamovnebiT ar Sevexebodi, magram man mniSvnelovnadgazarda Cveni Sinagani da garegani siZneleebi“ -werda is Tavis dRiurSi.am dros Jeni isev bavSvs elodeboda. mas SeeZinagogona - Jeni-franciska, romelic dabadebidanveavadmyofobda da erT wlamdec ver icocxla. ojaxsar hqonda fuli arc eqimis mosayvanad da arcsaTanadod mis dasamarxad. bavSvi imaze gviandaasaflaves, vidre es qristianuli wesiT iyosaWiro. bolos maT iSoves sasaflaosa da mesaflavis fuli. sasaflaomdebavSvis sxeuli <strong>karl</strong>s xeliT mihqonda, mas Jeni mihyveboda. mogvianebiT JeniTavis dRiurSi werda: „roca franciska gaCnda, mas akvani ar hqonda. masdidxans uars eubnebodnen ukanasknel savanezec ki. ra dReSi viqnebodiT Cven,roca Cveni gogona xeliT migvyavda ukanasknel gansasveneblamde.“50
Tanamedrove istorikosebma daiTvales, rom is Semosavlebic ki, romlebicmxolod werilebSia dokumentebis saxiT dafiqsirebuli, sakmarisi iyoimisTvis, rom <strong>marqsis</strong> ojaxs araferSi ar gasWirveboda. magram <strong>karl</strong>i Jenisojaxis gaZRolisTvis minimalur Tanxas aZlevda. sad qreboda danarCeni fuli,ucnobia. Tumca biografebi fiqroben, rom <strong>karl</strong>i TamaSobda birJaze da masregularulad ar umarTlebda.1854 wels mTelma ojaxma qoleris avadmyofoba gadaitana, am avadmyofobammTel evropas gadauara. daiRupa erTaderTi vaJi, mTeli ojaxisTvis sayvareli,rva wlis edgari. am sikvdilma dabinda maTi momavali qaliSvilis, Jeni-iuliaeleonoras,dabadebis sixaruli.Jenisa da <strong>karl</strong>is erToblivi cxovreba tanjvis uwyvet rigs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda -sixarulis iSviaTi gamobrwyinebebiT. Tumca am jojoxeTidan Tavis daRwevaJenim ar moisurva. mas SeeeZlo miemarTa Tavisi naTesavebisTvis,dabrunebuliyo <strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi - dedamisi Tanaxma iyo is mieRo. axloblebidanacaravin ar gakicxavda mas qmarTan gaSorebis gamo: marqsi xom gandevnili,revolucioneri, arsebuli wyobis mteri iyo, is ki - dabadebiT baronesa fonvestfaleni. mas xSirad sayvedurobdnen imis gamo, rom igi isev <strong>karl</strong>TanrCeboda. yvelafris miuxedavad Jenim Tavis siyvarulTan yofna arCia. mas<strong>karl</strong>i uangarod uyvarda da icoda, rom miuxedavad mravali Ralatisa, isicZlier uyvarda <strong>karl</strong>s...1856 wels, 38 wlis <strong>karl</strong>ma Tavis 42 wlis meuRles, 6 Svilis dedas, miwerawerili, romelic istoriaSi siyvarulis aRiarebis erT-erT mxurvale nimuSadSeiZleba CaiTvalos. werilis daweris mizezi xanmokle ganSoreba gaxda - JenitrirSi gaemgzavra mZimed avadmyofi dedis sanaxavad:„gwer isev Sen imitom, rom martoobaSi vimyofebi da imitom, rom ZneliaCemTvis gonebaSi mudmivad SenTan saubari im dros, roca Sen amis Sesaxebaraferi ar ici, ar <strong>ge</strong>smis da ar SegiZlia mipasuxo. rogori uxarisxoc arunda iyos Seni suraTi, me is brwyinvaled memsaxureba. me exla vxvdebi, TviT„Sav madonebs“, RvTismSoblis yvelaze uSno gamosaxulebebs, rogor SeeZloTmoeZebnaT ufro meti Tayvanismcemlebi, vidre mis karg gamosaxulebebs. yvelaSemTxvevaSi, arcerTi am „Sav madonaTagani“ ar daukocniaT, arc erTs ise areTayvanebodnen, rogorc me Sens am fotosuraTs, marTalia ara Savs, magrammoRuSuls, romelic srulebiTac ar gamoxatavs Sens keTil, momxibvlel datkbil, TiTqos kocnisTvis Seqmnil saxes. me vxvdebi, rom Cems Tvalebs, Ramislamfisa da Tambaqos bolisagan gafuWebuls, mainc SeswevT unari daxatonSeni saxe ara marto ZilSi, aramed cxadSic.Sen cocxaliviT xar Cems winaSe, me viReb Sens xelebs, vkocni Tavidan TiTiswverebamde, vecemi Sens winaSe muxlebze da aRmomxdeba: „me Tqven miyvarxarT,51
madam“. da namdvilad, me Sen ufro Zlier miyvarxar, vidre erT dros venecielmavrs uyvarda...droebiTi ganSoreba sasar<strong>ge</strong>bloa imdenad, ramdenadac mudmivi urTierTobaerTferovnebis SegrZnebas badebs, romlis drosac sagnebs Soris gansxvavebaiSleba. koSkebic ki, roca isini axlos arian, ar Canan iseTi maRlebi. aseveacxovrebiseuli wvrilmanebic: roca maT axlodan ejaxebi, isini uzomodizrdebian... asea Cemi siyvarulic...udavoa, qveyanaze bevri qalia, da zogierTi maTgani mSveniericaa. magram mesad vipovi kidev iseT saxes, romlis yoveli nakvTi gamiRviZebs Cemi cxovrebisyvelaze Zlier da mSvenier mogonebebs...mSvidobiT Cemo gulo. gkocniT aTasjer Sen da bavSvebs...“<strong>karl</strong> marqsi ar cruobda, roca am mgznebare striqonebs werda. is cdilobda,ramdenadac SeeZlo, kargi qmari da mama yofiliyo. is aRSfoTebas ver malavda,rodesac qalebze Zaladobis faqtebs i<strong>ge</strong>bda. Tumca misi usazRvrotemparamenti isev da isev xdeboda garSemo myofTaTvis, gansakuTrebiTJenisTvis, tanjvis wyaro.1862 wlis zafxulSi londonSi, <strong>marqsis</strong> saxlSiCamovida leni demuris naTesavi - axalgazrda mariana.is kargi samsaxuris Sovnaze ocnebobda, inglisSimsaxurebs ufro met xelfass uxdidnen, vidre -<strong>ge</strong>rmaniaSi. igi ramdenime Tve gaCerda deidasTan: lenissurda mas yvelaferi eswavla, rac unda scodnoda kargojaxSi momuSave moaxles. <strong>karl</strong>s Zalian moewonaazriani da norCi gogona, romelic Zalian gavda lenisaxalgazrdobaSi. im dros, roca Jeni trirSigaemgzavra, iqidan ki briuselSi, sadac <strong>marqsis</strong>naSromebi unda Caetana, <strong>karl</strong>ma mariana Seacdina.yvelaferi tragikulad damTavrda: dekembris dasawyisSiaxalgazrda gogona idumalebiT mocul viTarebaSi gardaicvala. manramodenime dRe iwvala da Tumca saSualeba hqondaT, masTan eqimi armouyvaniaT, leni cdilobda TviTon daxmareboda marianas. <strong>marqsis</strong> biografebiTvlian, rom marianam an aborti gaikeTa warumateblad an Tavis mokvlasSeecada. XIX saukunis inglisis kanonebiT orive qmedeba danaSauladiTvleboda da CamoxrCobiT isjeboda. marianasTan eqimi rom gamoeZaxaT, isaucileblad Seatyobinebda policias da Tu gogona gadarCeboda - masgaasamarTlebdnen da sikvdiliT dasjidnen. swored amitom Tqves eqimisdaxmarebaze uari.Jeni londonSi 1863 wlis dasawyisSi dabrunda. ucnobia visgan gaigo man amtra<strong>ge</strong>diis Sesaxeb, ramac igi naxevari weli TiTqmis sawols miajaWva.52
oqtomberSi is ernestine libknexts swerda: „mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi isevitanjebodi da ise davuZlurdi fizikurad, rom nebismieri gonebrivi saqmeZlier miWirs, patara werilis Sed<strong>ge</strong>nac ki. Zlier, nervul Tavis tkivilebTanerTad TiTqmis davyruvdi; am saSineli mdgomareobis aRwerac ki SeuZlebelia“.amasTan is isev fexmZimed iyo. magram avadmyofobis gamo misi meSvide Svili,sasurveli biWi, mkvdari daibada.mariana demuris ambis Semdeg <strong>karl</strong>isa da Jenis urTierTobebSi raRacSeicvala. siyvaruli ar gamqrala, magram ndoba da urTierTaRfrTovanebasamudamod wavida. Jenim ver apatia <strong>karl</strong>s ara imdenad morigi Ralati,ramdenadac gogonas sikvdili. <strong>karl</strong>i ki ver patiobda Jenis imas, rom igi asedidxans brazobda masze, miuxedavad imisa, rom <strong>karl</strong>i ase ganicdida momxdars.1862 wels <strong>karl</strong>s SemoqmedebiTi krizisi daewyo - naSromi „kapitali“,romelsac man mTeli cxovreba miuZRvna, bolomde daumuSavebeli darCa.cxovrebis bolomde Jenis bedi mkacri dedinacvaliviT eqceoda. misicxovrebis bolo wlebi saSineli iyo, mas kibo aRmoaCnda. avadmyofoba nela datanjviT uRebda bolos. is cdilobda ar SeemCnia tkivilebi, magram mZimeSetevebisas xSirad yviroda. marqsi mis tkivilebs ise grZnobda, rogorcTavisas. „roca me vxedav Cemi meuRlis tanjvas da amasTan vgrZnob Cems sruluZlurebas, me mzad var eSmaks pirdapir xaxaSi Cavuvarde“ - werda is en<strong>ge</strong>lss.Jeni 1881 wlis 2 dekembers gardaicvala, man suli <strong>karl</strong>is mklavebSi dalia,misi bolo sityvebi mimarTuli iyo misken: „<strong>karl</strong>, meti Zala aRar maqvs“.Jeni londonis prestiJul, hai<strong>ge</strong>tsis sasaflaozedakrZales. sikvdilis win man iTxova, rom misgverdiT, misTvis usayvarlesi ori adamianidaesaflavebinaT: meuRle da erTguli msaxurileni demuri. en<strong>ge</strong>lsma iyida sami adamianissaflavisaTvis samyofi adgili sasaflaoze. manTavis Tavze aiRo dakrZalvisaTvis saWiro xarjebi,manve gaacila Jeni ukanasknel gzaze da warmoTqvagamosamSvidobebeli sityva mis saflavze. <strong>karl</strong>marqsi dasaflavebaze ar wasula. mas bevrikicxavda am ucnauri saqcielis gamo, dadioda xmebiimis Sesaxebac, rom marqsma Jenis gardacvalebidan cota xniT adre filtvebismZime anTeba gadaitana da eqimebi mas ar urCevdnen nestian haerze gasvlas.marqsi yovelTvis ufrTxildeboda Tavis janmrTelobas, magram dasaflavebazemisi wausvlelobis mizezi sul sxva iyo - mas ar surda JenisTangamomSvidobeba. imqveyniuri cxovrebisa da sikvdilis Semdeg erTmaneTTanSexvdrisa mas ar sjeroda.53
Jenis gardacvalebis Semdeg leni demurma gadawyvita daetovebina <strong>marqsis</strong>saxli. magram <strong>karl</strong>is qaliSvilebma gadaaTqmevines wasvla - ufros qaliSvils,Jeni-karolinas, romelic tuberkulioziT nel-nela qreboda, misi movlasWirdeboda. lenim maT ojaxSi kidev ori weli icxovra. am periodSigardaicvala Jeni-karolina, 1883 wlis 14 marts ki - <strong>karl</strong> marqsi. bolo 2weli marqsi cdilobda, rac SeiZleba naklebad yofiliyo Tavis londonissaxlSi, romelic Jenis gareSe misTvis dacarielda. is bevrs mogzaurobda,xSirad, yovelgvari mizezis gareSe. marto sicocxlis bolo wels is iyoalJirSi, arJanteSi, veveSi, ventnorSi, lozanaSi, monte-<strong>karl</strong>oSi, engieneSi.roca saxlSi brundeboda igi biblioTekaSi iketeboda. marqsi gaurbodaSexvedrebs ara marto Tavis revolucioner megobrebTan, aramed ojaxiswevrebTanac. man biblioTekaSi, wigniT xelSi dalia suli. imis dasaflavebas,visac XX saukuneSi uwodeben „yvelaze popularuls ieso qristes Semdeg“,sul 11 adamiani eswreboda. <strong>karl</strong>i meuRlis gverdiT dakrZales.imave sasaflaoze, rogorc iTxova Jenim, dasaflavebulia leni demuri. man<strong>karl</strong>is gardacvalebidan kidev 7 weli icocxla da rogorc TviTon ambobda,es wlebi yvelaze bednieri iyo mis cxovrebaSi. igi sacxovreblad gadavidaen<strong>ge</strong>lsis saxlSi da bolosdabolos, Tavisuflad naxulobda Tavis Svils,romelic warmatebuli avtoSemkeTebeli gaxda. sikvdilamde cota xniT adre,rogorc fiqroben, lenim uTxra Svilsac da <strong>marqsis</strong> qaliSvilebsac simarTleim imediT, rom bavSvebi damegobrdebodnen.Tumca raRa bavSvebi, isini ukve zrdasruli adamianebi iyvnen. isinicdilobdnen cxovrebaSi epovaT namdvili siyvaruli, iseTi, rogoric maTmSoblebs hqondaT. eleonora <strong>marqsis</strong> ojaxuri cxovreba, romelic coladgahyva inglisel socialists eduard evelings, namdvili jojoxeTi iyo. igiamis Sesaxeb mxolod Tavis naxevarZmas frederiks gamoutyda, romelic maszeuimedod iyo Seyvarebuli. 1898 wels man Tavi moiwamla. Jeni <strong>marqsis</strong>a da Sarllon<strong>ge</strong>s ojaxuri cxovreba wameba iyo orivesaTvis. erTobliviTviTmkvlelobiT dasrulda laura <strong>marqsis</strong>a da pol lafargis ojaxuricxovreba.„Cven yvelani Zalian kargi adamianebi varT - werda sikvdilamde cota xniTadre eleonora frederiks - Tumca me mgonia, rom Cven raRacis gamo visjebiT“.54
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