ra unda icodes yvelam Tavisufal samyaroSi ruseTis Sesaxeb
ra unda icodes yvelam Tavisufal samyaroSi ruseTis Sesaxeb
ra unda icodes yvelam Tavisufal samyaroSi ruseTis Sesaxeb
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ivane nanuaSvili<br />
<strong>ra</strong> <strong>unda</strong> <strong>icodes</strong><br />
<strong>yvelam</strong> <strong>Tavisufal</strong><br />
<strong>samyaroSi</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>
I<br />
avtoris winasityvaoba<br />
am wignis mizania, daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom aucilebelia,<br />
<strong>Tavisufal</strong>ma samyarom movlenebs obieqtu<strong>ra</strong>d Sexedos da ganvlili<br />
Tu mimdinare politikuri situaciebi civi gonebiT gaaanalizos.<br />
aseTi midgomis gareSe am wignis wakiTxvas azri ar eqneba.<br />
1914 wlis agvistoSi pirveli msoflio omis pirveli gasrola<br />
gaisma da amiT dasrulda istoriis mkafiod gansazRvruli periodi,<br />
romelic saf<strong>ra</strong>ngeTis revoluciis miwuruls daiwyo da romlis<br />
uSualo gavlenac pirvel msoflio omamde gagrZelda. mTeli<br />
am xnis ganmavlobaSi yvela saxelmwifo Tavis ZiriTad principebs<br />
saSinao politikasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs usadagebda.<br />
saf<strong>ra</strong>ngeTis revoluciis pirvelma etapma da saerTaSo riso<br />
urTierTobebze misma uSualo gavlenam evropaSi a<strong>ra</strong>stabiluri<br />
politikuri situacia Seqmna, <strong>ra</strong>c 26 weliwads gagrZelda: 1789<br />
wlis 14 ivlisidan – bastiliis cixis aRebidan 1815 wlis 18<br />
ivnisamde – vaterloos brZolamde.<br />
cxadia, 1815 wlidan 1914 wlamde kacobriobas ar ucxovria<br />
absolutur simSvideSi. es iyo sw<strong>ra</strong>fi ganviTarebisa da Sida<br />
cvlilebebis epoqa yvela qveyanaSi. saerTaSoriso Zalauflebis<br />
wonasworobac mudmivad icvleboda, mag<strong>ra</strong>m am movlenebs ar<br />
miuRwevia msoflio masStabis vulkanuri amofrqvevis donemde.<br />
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebiT gamowveulma politikurma<br />
cvlilebebma stabiluri saerTaSoriso situacia ver Seqmna.<br />
yvela qveyana cdilobda, Tavs dasxmoda da gaenadgurebina sxva<br />
qveynis Sida mowyobis safuZvlebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom zog<br />
Zlier saxelmwifos SeeZlo, didi gavlena moexdina msoflio
politikaze, im periodis politikuri viTareba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gaurkveveli rCeboda da SeuZlebeli iyo winaswar gan<br />
Wvreta, Tu rogor ganviTardeboda msoflio movlenebi. sabWoTa<br />
blokis qveynebi, romlebic kremlis diqtatu<strong>ra</strong>s eqvemdebarebodnen,<br />
xelovnu<strong>ra</strong>d qmnidnen qaoss saerTaSoriso politikaSi.<br />
am mdgomareobas moulodnelad moeRo bolo 1956 wels. sab<br />
WoTa kavSiris tyveobaSi myofma erebma ia<strong>ra</strong>RiT daiwyes brZola<br />
TavisuflebisaTvis, <strong>ra</strong>mac naTlad gansazRv<strong>ra</strong> msoflio istoriis<br />
ganviTarebis f<strong>unda</strong>menturi mimarTuleba.<br />
Tanamedrove politikuri movlenebisa da maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis<br />
gageba rom SevZloT, <strong>unda</strong> SeviswavloT msoflio<br />
istoria 1914 wlidan. es periodi or mkafiod gansazRvrul<br />
nawilad iyofa. pirveli – 1914 wlidan 1956 wlamde da meore –<br />
1956 wlidan dRemde.<br />
pirveli nawili (1914-1956 ww.) msoflio areulobis dausrulebel<br />
da bundovan periods warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom zogi elementis Zlieri agresiuli z<strong>ra</strong>xvebi mkafiod Canda,<br />
movlenaTa zogadi ganviTarebis mimarTulebis gansazRv<strong>ra</strong> jer<br />
kidev SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />
1956 wlis movlenebma da maTma Semdgomma ganviTarebam naTeli<br />
pasuxi gasca 1914-1956 wlebSi gaCenil kiTxvebs.<br />
am kvlevis mizania, qronologiu<strong>ra</strong>d gamoaSka<strong>ra</strong>vdes istoriuli<br />
movlenebi, ise, rogorc es movlenebi Tavs gadaxda kacobriobis<br />
istoriis moqmedi elementebis erT-erT jgufs – dapyrobil<br />
erebs.<br />
am wignis pirveli Teqvsmeti Tavi dawerilia 1956 wlis saqveynod<br />
cnobil movlenebamde, rodesac ssrk politikuri da samxedro<br />
Zalauflebis mwvervalze idga. msoflio movlenebis<br />
Semdgomma ganviTarebam srulad daadastu<strong>ra</strong> simarTle, romelic<br />
am TavebSia gadmocemuli.<br />
imdroindeli ssrk-is sagareo politikis gansazRvris mizniT<br />
aucilebeli iyo sami terminis gamoyeneba: kremli, moskovis<br />
imperia da ruseTi.
termini `kremli~ asocirdeba ssrk-is mTavrobis mxolod<br />
dRevandeli mmarTveli f<strong>ra</strong>qciis sagareo politikasTan,<br />
romelic, sava<strong>ra</strong>udod, Seicvleba, rodesac sxva rusuli f<strong>ra</strong>qcia<br />
mova xelisuflebis saTaveSi.<br />
termini `moskovis imperia~ gulisxmobs agresiul imperialistur,<br />
uwyvet dampyroblur politikas, romelic istoriulad<br />
ukavSirdeba am droebiT politikur struqtu<strong>ra</strong>s.<br />
termini `ruseTi~ gamoxatavs rusi eris identobas mis eTnog<strong>ra</strong>fiul<br />
sazRvrebSi da mis ucvlel erovnul Tvisebebsa da<br />
midrekilebebs.<br />
madlobas vuxdi kompanias HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS, Inc-s,<br />
romelmac neba damrTo, gamomeyenebina amonaridi wignidan<br />
`labirinTi~ – uolter Selenbergis mogonebani (uolter<br />
Selenbergi – germaniis sagareo dazvervisa da germaniis samxedro<br />
dazvervis ufrosi 1944 wlidan), romelic luis hagenma<br />
Targmna da gamoqveynda 1956 wels.<br />
amonaridSi moyvanilia dialogi himleris ufros lei tenants,<br />
r. heidrixsa da v. Selenbergs Soris dapyrobili erebis mimarT<br />
hitleris politikis Taobaze.
I<br />
mSvidoba<br />
Taoba, romelmac politikuri moRvaweoba msoflios<br />
udidesi aRmavlobis periodSi daiwyo da mSvidoba daamya<strong>ra</strong>,<br />
axlac msoflio politikis saTaveSi dgas. es iyo dro,<br />
rodesac ub<strong>ra</strong>lo adamians SeeZlo, gaeTvala sakuTari<br />
cxovreba. is xedavda da sjeroda Tavisi Tu sxva qveynebis<br />
Zalauflebis da xelSeuxeblobisa. misi politikuri fantazia,<br />
Tuki saerTod ainteresebda politika, mxolod zogi<br />
qveynis mcire teritoriuli cvlilebebiT Semoifargleboda;<br />
politikuri reformebi da revoluciebi ki qveynis<br />
Sida pirobebis idiliu<strong>ra</strong>d mowyobisTvis esaxeboda.<br />
pirveli msoflio omis pirvel TveebSic ki am Taobas<br />
swamda, rom es iyo ukanaskneli omi civilizebul <strong>samyaroSi</strong><br />
da rom am brZolis Semdeg msoflioSi daiwyeboda iseTi<br />
cxovreba, rom samxedro konfliqtebis aRmoceneba SeuZlebeli<br />
iqneboda. `omi omebis winaaRmdeg~ – aseTi iyo am<br />
periodSi sayovelTao devizi.<br />
dRes igive Taoba SeZrwunebuli da ganadgurebulia ori<br />
msoflio omiT, sxva lokaluri oficialuri Tu a<strong>ra</strong>oficialuri<br />
omebisa da Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli Setakebebis dausrulebeli<br />
seriiT, sisxliani revoluciebiT, samoqalaqo omebiT,<br />
ajanyebebiTa da samxedro gadatrialebebiT. maT Tvalwin<br />
daeca uam<strong>ra</strong>vi politikuri Zala, romlebic daumarcxeblad<br />
miaCndaT, da warmoiqmna bevri axali saxelmwifo.<br />
dRes am Taobis xalxi ukiduresobamdea gamofituli,<br />
mSvidobas iTxovs da yvelafers akeTebs mis dasamyareblad,<br />
11
Tumca kargad xedavs, rom mSvidoba daucvelia, rom is realu<strong>ra</strong>d<br />
ukve didi xania aRar arsebobs, rom is ar arsebobda<br />
meore msoflio omamdec; rom e. w. `nervebis omi~, romelic<br />
lokalu<strong>ra</strong>d mimdinareobda omis Semdgom warmoqmnil<br />
sxvadasxva seqtorSi, sinamdvileSi meore msoflio omis<br />
gagrZeleba iyo da rom meore msoflio omis dasrulebis<br />
Tanave `nervebis omi~ `civma omma~ Caanacvla, romelmac<br />
moicva mTeli msoflio.<br />
umniSvnelovanesia faqti, rom mSvidobis da normaluri<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis SenarCunebis safuZveli<br />
TandaTan qreba.<br />
1918 wlidan moyolebuli, uam<strong>ra</strong>vi samSvidobo SeTanxmeba,<br />
xelSekruleba, samudamo megobrobisa da Tavdausxmelobis<br />
paqti gaformda, mag<strong>ra</strong>m yvela maTgani dairRva an<br />
maTi SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli gaxda. msoflios politikuri<br />
Tanavarskvlavedi ise sw<strong>ra</strong>fad da <strong>ra</strong>dikalu<strong>ra</strong>d icvleba,<br />
rom yoveli wina politikuri organizacia, CarCo an sagareo<br />
urTierTobebi azrs kargavs da absurduli xdeba.<br />
damkvidrda ucnauri t<strong>ra</strong>dicia – wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mimdinareobs sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebi, mag<strong>ra</strong>m am mdgomareobas<br />
a<strong>ra</strong> oms, a<strong>ra</strong>med oficialur mSvidobas uwodeben.<br />
politikuri situaciis, Zireuli principebisa da t<strong>ra</strong>diciebis<br />
yvela am cvlilebas mxolod erTi Taoba moeswro.<br />
istoriuli movlenebi sw<strong>ra</strong>fad viTardeba da mimarTulia<br />
konkretuli mdgomareobisken, Tumca xalxi amas ver<br />
grZnobs. amasobaSi Tanamedrove msoflios politikur<br />
scenaze mdgari mTavari moqmedi pirebi amaod cdiloben,<br />
istoriuli ganviTarebis saWe TavianTi miznebisa da Sexedulebebisamebr<br />
moatrialon. Sedegad amisa, warmoiqmneba<br />
gardauvali da dausrulebeli konfliqtebi, <strong>ra</strong>c didi xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi SeuZlebels gaxdis, ub<strong>ra</strong>lo adamianisaTvis<br />
normaluri cxovrebis pirobebi damyardes.<br />
arsebobs Tu a<strong>ra</strong> am mdgomareobidan gamosavali da SeuZ<br />
12
lia Tu a<strong>ra</strong> msoflios, dRevandel pirobebSi uzrunvelyos<br />
xangrZlivi mSvidoba axali katastrofuli Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli<br />
dapirispirebebis gareSe?<br />
dRes mTeli msoflios yu<strong>ra</strong>dReba mipyrobilia mistikuri<br />
kiTxvis niSnisken, romelic dedamiwis Tavze livlivebs.<br />
pasuxi SeiZleba gaices mxolod (1) arsebuli mdgomareobis<br />
mkafio da zusti gansazRvriT, Tu WeSmaritebas<br />
ar uarvyofT da yvelafers Tavis saxels davarqmevT, aseve<br />
(2) istoriis im periodis yu<strong>ra</strong>dRebiani SeswavliT, romelic<br />
dRevandel mdgomareobas udevs safuZvlad.<br />
rogoria dRes politikuri mdgomareoba msoflioSi? es<br />
SekiTxva imdenad ucnauria, <strong>ra</strong>mdenadac martivi da gulubryvilo.<br />
Tumca arsebuli atmosfero srulad amarTlebs mas.<br />
msoflios istoriaSi arc erTi politikuri daZabuloba<br />
ar yofila garTulebuli amdeni SecdomiT da tyuiliT,<br />
Seusabamo zomebiT da xelovnuri bundovanebiT, rogorc<br />
axlandeli mdgomareoba. amis mizezi aris is, rom aqamde arc<br />
erT politikur qmedebas ar hqonia aseTi farTo masStabi da<br />
ar daukisrebia aseTi uzarmazari pasuxismgebloba xelisufalTaTvis.<br />
dRevandeli msoflio or banakadaa gayofili. erT ba <br />
nakSi ruseTia gabatonebuli da damonebul erebs moicavs.<br />
ssrk-is saxeliT <strong>ruseTis</strong> wiTelma imperiam evropisa da<br />
aziis mniSvnelovani nawili daiqvemdeba<strong>ra</strong> da mTavar miznad<br />
mTel msoflioze gabatoneba aqvs dasaxuli. sabWoTa kav<br />
Siris yvela politikuri svla msoflioSi misi mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobesebisken da saboloo miznis misaRwevad saWiro<br />
naxtomis mzadebisken aris mimarTuli.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiri Tavisi misw<strong>ra</strong>febebis xorcSesasxmelad<br />
ori meTodiT or pa<strong>ra</strong>lelur xazze muSaobs.<br />
sabWoTa sistemis Teoriam warmoSva religiuri dogmatizmi<br />
da igi agresiis mimzidvel ideologiad aqcia. misi propagandiT<br />
ssrk cdilobs dezorganizebas im qveynebis xalxebisa,<br />
13
omlebic mis daqvemdebarebaSi ar arian da ebrZvis danarCeni<br />
msoflios Sida sistemebs. ssrk awarmoebs intensiur saqmianobas<br />
saerTaSoriso doneze, <strong>ra</strong>c miznad isaxavs srul izolacias<br />
dasavleTis im qveynebisa, romlebisganac mosalodnelia<br />
<strong>ra</strong>ime saxis winaaRmdegoba sabWoTa agresiis mimarT. ssrk<br />
iyenebs nebismier SesaZleblobas, <strong>ra</strong>Ta safuZveli Cauyaros<br />
mwvave konfliqtebs planetis yvela kuTxeSi, <strong>ra</strong>Ta miswvdes<br />
msoflios <strong>Tavisufal</strong> nawilSi mcxovreb erebs da gaafarTovos<br />
Tavisi batonobis teritoria.<br />
am udides da yovlismomcvel agresias amagrebs Zlieri Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli<br />
Zalebi, romelic mudmiv mzadyofnaSia, mag<strong>ra</strong>m ar<br />
moqmedebs. es <strong>ruseTis</strong> uZvelesi t<strong>ra</strong>diciaa. ssrk-s surs, danarCeni<br />
msoflio oficialuri mSvidobis dros daiqvemdebaros<br />
politikuri qmedebiT. amis mere ki misi jarebi simbolu<strong>ra</strong>d<br />
Seasruleben ceremonialur marSs dapyrobil teritoriaze.<br />
ssrk-is amJamindeli qmedeba da taqtika am eris Zveli<br />
t<strong>ra</strong>diciuli meTodia, romelic warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda<br />
revoluciamde m<strong>ra</strong>vali saukunis manZilze. revoluciis<br />
Semdeg es meTodebi gaumjobesda da metad efeqturi gaxda<br />
ukve datyvevebuli erebis meored dapyrobisas. meore<br />
msoflio omis dasrulebisTanave es meTodebi sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris yofili mokavSireebisa da danarCeni msoflios<br />
mimarT amoqmedda. am mizanmimarTulma da mkafiod gansaz<br />
Rvrulma qmedebam omis dasrulebidan sul male, ssrk da<br />
mis mier damonebuli qveynebi gardaqmna kargad organizebul,<br />
kbilebamde Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebul samxedro banakad, romelmac<br />
mSveniv<strong>ra</strong>d icoda Tavisi miznebi, saSualebebi da qmedebis<br />
meTodebi. es aris banaki N1, anu wiTeli banaki.<br />
meore mxares danarCeni msoflio dgas – <strong>Tavisufal</strong>i<br />
qveynebi TavianTi demok<strong>ra</strong>tiuli t<strong>ra</strong>diciebiT. am qveynebisaTvis<br />
wiTeli banakis kargad koordinirebuli da mizanmimarTuli<br />
qmedeba srul moulodnelobas warmoadgenda.<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi maT ver gaacnobieres sabWoTa kav<br />
14
Siris meTodebi, mizani da dRemde ar SeumuSavebiaT taqtika<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris mSvidobiani Tavdasxmebis winaaRmdeg.<br />
damqancveli omis Semdeg dasavleTis qveynebs surdaT,<br />
moewesrigebinaT urTierToba TavianT yofil mokavSires<br />
Tan da axla ukve mezobelTan, Tumca yvela mcdeloba am<br />
mimarTulebiT warumatebeli gamodga. yvelaze saSiSi<br />
meTodi iyo wiTeli banakis dausrulebeli moTxovnebis<br />
dakmayofileba – daSoSminebis meTodi. am meTodebma ssrk-s<br />
usazRvro horizontebi gauxsna da misca saSualeba, mieRwia<br />
iseTi politikuri warmatebisTvis, <strong>ra</strong>c Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli<br />
ZalebiT SeuZlebeli iyo. dasavleTis am damokidebulebam<br />
kidev ufro gazarda wiTeli banakis agresiis tempi da<br />
masStabi. swored am periodSi moeqca ssrk-is batonobis<br />
qveS aziisa da evropis didi nawili.<br />
sabolood, didi xnis Seferxebis Semdeg, dasavleTma<br />
gaacnobie<strong>ra</strong> Tavisi mdgomareoba da mixvda, rom aucilebeli<br />
iyo wiTeli agresiis winaaRmdeg kargad organizebuli<br />
daumorCileblobis Camoyalibeba. swored saWiroebis gamo<br />
da sakuTari survilis sawinaaRmdegod dasavleTi gaerTianda<br />
meore samxedro banakSi. es aris samxedro banaki # N2,<br />
romlis saTaveSic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi dgas.<br />
meore banakis upirvelesi survili mSvidobis SenarCunebaa.<br />
am miznis miRwevis yvela sxva saSualebis amowurvisa<br />
da oponentis miznebisa da qmedebis saboloo gaanalizebis<br />
Semdeg meore banakma gadawyvita, ukiduresi zomebisTvis,<br />
anu Seia<strong>ra</strong>RebisTvis miemarTa. man daiwyo Seia<strong>ra</strong>Reba ise,<br />
rom ar yofiliyo macduri samizne ioli dapyrobisaTvis da<br />
daerwmunebina mowinaaRmdege, rom daicavda Tavisuflebas<br />
mis xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflios Tanavarskvlavedis swored am or<br />
elements Soris warmoiqmneba yvela politikuri sirTule.<br />
am problemebis umetesoba Zalian Zvelia, wina saukunidan<br />
modis, mag<strong>ra</strong>m sxvadasxva garemoebis Sedegad kvlav mwvavde<br />
15
a da formas icvlis; amitom dasavleTis did nawils isini<br />
axali da uprecedento hgonia.<br />
SesaZlebelia mSvidobis SenarCuneba aseT garemoebebSi?<br />
da Tu a<strong>ra</strong>, <strong>ra</strong>tom?<br />
pirvel msoflio omamde aseTi gamwvavebuli problemebi<br />
mxolod adgilobriv afeTqebebs iwvevda da maTi mogvarebis<br />
Semdeg msoflioSi kvlav didi xniT isadgurebda xolme<br />
mSvidoba. dRes am problemebis srulad mogvarebac ki ar<br />
iZleva absoluturi mSvidobis ga<strong>ra</strong>ntias.<br />
dRevandel rTul mdgomareobaSi kacobrioba msoflio<br />
omebis Sedegad aRmoCnda. 1914 wlamde msoflioSi mSvidobiani<br />
periodi idga, romelic sakmaod didxans, 1871 wlidan<br />
1914 wlamde gagrZelda. 1877-78 wlebSi moxda ruseT-<br />
TurqeTisa da balkaneTis omebi, <strong>ra</strong>mdenime koloniuri omi<br />
da konfliqti aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi. Tumca isini<br />
lokalu<strong>ra</strong>d mimdinareobda da ar Seuryevia mTeli msoflio<br />
sxva omebis msgavsad, romlebic Zvel kontinentze politikuri<br />
Tanavarskvlavedis Zlier cvlilebebs iwvevda.<br />
am omebis miuxedavad, 1871-1914 wlebSi msoflioSi absoluturi<br />
mSvidobis erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivi periodi<br />
idga. am xanas miekuTvneba kacobriobis udidesi miRwevebi<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. evropis qveynebis um<strong>ra</strong>vlesobamac<br />
swored am dros ganicada udidesi aRmavloba.<br />
im drois evropaSi ori Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli, dapirispirebuli<br />
banaki moewyo: erTi mxriv, cent<strong>ra</strong>luri saxelmwifoebi –<br />
germania, italia, avstria-ungreTi da meore mxriv – ruseTi<br />
da saf<strong>ra</strong>ngeTi. sinamdvileSi es banakebi ori kontinenturi<br />
saxelmwifos garSemo dajgufdnen, romlebic erTmaneTs<br />
ebrZodnen Zvel kontinentze batonobisTvis. maSindeli<br />
uZlieresi sazRvao flotis mqone didi britaneTi ki politikas<br />
awonasworebda.<br />
am politikuri Tanavarskvlavedisa (romelic sam Zlier<br />
masas moicavda) da kontinentze Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli Zalebis far<br />
16
dobiTi wonasworobis wyalobiT iyo swored aseTi mSvidobiani<br />
periodi msoflioSi. amaSi m<strong>ra</strong>val fenomens miuZRoda<br />
wvlili. im drois samxedro teqnologiis done ar ganapirobebda<br />
Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli Zalebis xSir cvlilebas. belgiis<br />
garda, mTeli kontinentis jarebi ukve dafuZnebuli iyo<br />
sayovelTao savaldebulo samsaxurze, Tumca samxedro<br />
meTaurebs jer kidev ar SeeZloT, gaeTvaliswinebinaT qveynebis<br />
erovnuli struqturebi.<br />
qveiTTa da artileriis aRWurviloba mecx<strong>ra</strong>mete saukunis<br />
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis mere TiTqmis ar Secvlila.<br />
man Rirseulad gauwia samsaxuri or Taobas, gauZlo pirvel<br />
msoflio oms da zogma maTganma meore msoflio omamdec<br />
ki miaRwia. miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba evropuli<br />
saxelmwifoebisa Tavad awarmoebda samxedro teqnikas,<br />
Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli Zalebi jer kidev ar iyvnen mWidrod dakav<br />
Sirebuli erovnul mrewvelobasTan da arc grZnobdnen am<br />
kavSiris saWiroebas. samxedro Stabebi jer kidev ar iTvaliswinebdnen<br />
da ar gegmavdnen mwarmoeblurobas da mis ekonomikur<br />
potencials.<br />
`ia<strong>ra</strong>Riani xalxi~ da sxva msgavsi devizebi ise gamoiyeneboda,<br />
rom verc ki xvdebodnen maT mniSvnelobas; maT, ub<strong>ra</strong>lod,<br />
lamazi gamonaTqvamebis funqcia hqonda.<br />
aseT mdgomareobas Seia<strong>ra</strong>RebaSi Sejibrebac ki ar SeiZleba<br />
ewodos am terminis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT, Tumca<br />
mas ase moixseniebdnen. yvela qveyanas SeeZlo, CarTuliyo<br />
am WidilSi da Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebis wonasworobis didi xniT Senar<br />
Cunebac gansakuTrebuli mcdelobebis gareSe SeiZleboda.<br />
kontinentis saxmeleTo jarebis diapazons gareT mdebare<br />
qveynebi, imdroindeli samxedro teqnikis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
ar grZnobdnen safrTxes da arc monawileobdnen<br />
saxmeleTo Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebis SejibrebaSi. did britaneTsa<br />
da aSS-Si ar moqmedebda savaldebulo samxedro<br />
samsaxuri da mxolod mcire profesiuli jarebi arsebobda.<br />
17
am fenomenma Seqmna Tanamedrove istoriaSi yvelaze xangrZlivi<br />
mSvidobiani periodi. es iyo Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebis wonasworobaze<br />
dafuZnebuli Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli mSvidoba.<br />
1914 wlis 1 agvistos, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis<br />
dRes, dasrulda bolo mSvidobiani periodi msoflioSi.<br />
am omSi monawile yvela qveyanas sakuTari miznebi da<br />
idealebi hqonda. dRes, naxevari saukunis gadmosaxedidan,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli periodi pirveli msoflio<br />
omidan dRemde, orive msoflio omis frontebze gaCaRebuli<br />
sisxlismRvreli brZolebi, omebs Soris da maTi dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg momxdari t<strong>ra</strong>gikuli politikuri konfliqtebi<br />
nawilia erTi mTliani qmedebisa.<br />
saubedurod, es yvelaferi mxolod dasawyisi iyo kontinenturi<br />
imperializmis or ukanasknel warmomadgenels<br />
Soris kontinentze Zalauflebis mosapoveblad gaCaRebuli<br />
brZolisa. amJamad, amdeni t<strong>ra</strong>gikuli konfliqtis Semdeg,<br />
Zvel kontinentze mxolod agresiis erTi ukanaskneli triumfatori<br />
– sabWoTa kavSiri darCa, romelic samxedro svlas<br />
amzadebs, rom gamanadgurebeli brZolis mogebis upi<strong>ra</strong>tesobebiT<br />
isargeblos. saboloo jildo ki msoflio batonobaa.<br />
es principi sruliad gonivrulia, mag<strong>ra</strong>m moagvarebs ki<br />
igi arsebul problemas?<br />
mecx<strong>ra</strong>mete saukunis Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebis wonasworobis wyalobiT<br />
kacobrioba xangrZlivad cxovrobda absolutur<br />
simSvideSi, mag<strong>ra</strong>m meoce saukunis teqnikurma progresma<br />
da Seia<strong>ra</strong>RebaSi Sejibrebam agresori mxolod mcire xniT<br />
SeiZleba Seakavos da ver uzrunvelyos Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli mSvidoba.<br />
Tanamedrove teqnikuri progresis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
ZiriTadi sahaero Zalebis, javSant<strong>ra</strong>nsportiorebisa<br />
da balistikuri <strong>ra</strong>ketebis, iseve, rogorc saxmeleTo da<br />
sahaero t<strong>ra</strong>nsportis saukeTeso saxeobebi mxolod oTxixuTi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSia gamosadegi. am vadis gasvlis Sem<br />
18
deg es ia<strong>ra</strong>Ri ukve moZvelebulad iTvleba da a<strong>ra</strong>efeqturia<br />
axali Taobis ia<strong>ra</strong>RiT aRWurvil mowinaaRmdegesTan<br />
sabrZolvelad. samxedro teqnika dRes ukve veRar emsaxureba<br />
or Taobas, rogorc es pirveli msoflio omis dros<br />
moxda. dRevandeli teqnika agresoris Tavdasxmas erTi-ori<br />
wliT Tu Seakavebs. msoflio veRar gauZlebs kidev erT<br />
Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebas an Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebisken sw<strong>ra</strong>fvas.<br />
am SejibrSi totalitaruli mxare ufro didxans gaZlebs,<br />
mag<strong>ra</strong>m a<strong>ra</strong> imitom, rom mas mwarmoeblurobis ufro maRali<br />
done aqvs; am kuTxiT is CamorCeba kidec demok<strong>ra</strong>tiul<br />
saxelmwifoebs da ve<strong>ra</strong>sdros gaaswrebs maT. saqme isaa, rom<br />
totalitarulma reJimma cxovrebis isedac dabali standartebi<br />
minimumamde Seamci<strong>ra</strong> da samarTlebrivi da materialuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT mosaxleoba pirutyvis donemde daiyvana.<br />
demok<strong>ra</strong>tiul qveynebs ar xelewifebaT amis gakeTeba<br />
da ar SeuZliaT Seia<strong>ra</strong>RebaSi Sejibreba gaaxangrZlivon amis<br />
safasu<strong>ra</strong>d. Sedegad, Seia<strong>ra</strong>Reba ukve veRar uzrunvelyofs<br />
verc stabilur wonasworobas da verc xangrZliv mSvidobas.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi <strong>ra</strong> SeiZleba iyos sapirwone? gania<strong>ra</strong>Reba?<br />
ai, zustad aq miaRwia kacobriobam pa<strong>ra</strong>doqss. Seia<strong>ra</strong><br />
Rebis principebi dRes mas Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT esmis,<br />
gania<strong>ra</strong>Reba ki – isev arqauli mniSvnelobiT. msoflios<br />
masStabiT gania<strong>ra</strong>Reba ganixileboda ori mniSvnelobiT:<br />
erTi iyo nebayoflobiTi, SeTanxmebuli da sayovelTao<br />
gania<strong>ra</strong>Reba, xolo meore – damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis<br />
iZulebiTi gania<strong>ra</strong>Reba.<br />
nebayoflobiTi sayovelTao gania<strong>ra</strong>Reba kacobriobis<br />
Zveli ocnebaa. Tumca Tanamedrove teqnologiuri miRwevebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, es iqneboda droebiTi xriki, <strong>ra</strong>c<br />
katastroful Sedegebs moitanda. Tanamedrove warmoebis<br />
potenciali imxelaa, rom yvelaze didi qveynis Seia<strong>ra</strong>Reba<br />
umokles droSia SesaZlebeli. aseT garemoebebSi, sayovel<br />
Tao gania<strong>ra</strong>Rebis SemTxvevaSi, ia<strong>ra</strong>Ris flobaze monopo<br />
19
lias mxolod industrializebuli qveynebi moipovebdnen,<br />
a<strong>ra</strong>industrializebul qveynebs ki CamoerTmeoda Tavdacvis<br />
yvela saSualeba. aseTi gania<strong>ra</strong>Rebis Sedegad msoflioze<br />
gabatondeboda ori an sami saxelmwifo, romlebic gadainawilebdnen<br />
danarCen ususur qveynebs.<br />
<strong>ra</strong> Sedegebi mohyveba damarcxebuli mtris iZulebiT<br />
gania<strong>ra</strong>Rebas?<br />
Cven orjer vnaxeT, Tu rogor ganicada damangreveli<br />
marcxi zedized orjer im qveyanam, romelic msoflio<br />
batonobas esw<strong>ra</strong>fvoda; Tu rogor upirobod danebda da<br />
gania<strong>ra</strong>Rda igi. mas CamoarTves mTeli samxedro teqnika da<br />
mis industriul centrebSi droebiTi samxedro postebi<br />
aRmarTes. Tumca yvela es <strong>ra</strong>dikaluri zoma damarcxebuli<br />
qveynis gauvnebelyofis mizniT ver uzrunvelyofda iseT<br />
mSvidobas, rogorsac Zveli, droebiTi zavebi.<br />
aseTi gania<strong>ra</strong>Reba <strong>ra</strong>mdenime saukunis winandel pirobebs<br />
Seefereba. me-18 saukuneSi cent<strong>ra</strong>luri evropuli<br />
saxelmwifo, an ufro swo<strong>ra</strong>d, misi mmarTveli miiCnevda,<br />
rom mzad iyo omisTvis, Tuki hqonda daaxloebiT ori tona<br />
tyviawamali da meoTxedi tona vercxli. aseTi ma<strong>ra</strong>gebiT<br />
daiwyo omi, romelic Svidi weli gagrZelda. im xanaSi mTeli<br />
am ma<strong>ra</strong>gis likvidacia rom momxdariyo, evropa didi xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi icxovrebda mSvidad, mag<strong>ra</strong>m axla sxva droa.<br />
<strong>ra</strong> Sedegi mohyveboda msoflio batonobis dRevandeli<br />
pretendentis winaaRmdeg amave zomebis gamoyenebas, Tuki<br />
is damarcxdeboda?<br />
mTeli istoriis manZilze es qveyana Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebis deficits<br />
ganicdida. nebismier koaliciur omSi is yovelTvis<br />
pirveli aryevda da emuqreboda sxva qveynis mSvidobas, xan<br />
nebdeboda, xanac ki mowinaaRmdege koalicias uerTdeboda.<br />
man gamoia<strong>ra</strong> am qronikuli avadmyofobis ori yvelaze mwvave<br />
etapi 1915-1916 da 1941-1942 wlebSi. imis SiSiT, rom Tixis es<br />
uzarmazari goliaTi imsxvreoda, mokavSire qveynebma orive<br />
20
SemTxvevaSi daiwyes sasicocxlo Zalebis – Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebisa da<br />
sabrZolo masalebis – gamalebuli moma<strong>ra</strong>geba, miuxedavad<br />
xmauriani da xangrZlivi sazogadoebrivi ganxilvebisa omis<br />
industriis uprecedento ganviTarebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>.<br />
miuxedavad am qronikuli naklovanebebisa, garkveuli<br />
garemoebebis wyalobiT es qveyana axla Zveli kontinentis<br />
imperializmis ukanaskneli da Zlevamosili warmomadgenelia<br />
da msoflio batonobisken miiltvis.<br />
modi, warmovidginoT am qveynis gania<strong>ra</strong>Reba am terminis<br />
Tanamedrove principebis mixedviT da am nabijis Sedegebi.<br />
(1) samxedro teqnikis CamorTmeva da Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebuli<br />
Zale bis likvidacia.<br />
absolutu<strong>ra</strong>d zedmetia. 1904-5 wlebidan moyolebuli, es<br />
qveyana, t<strong>ra</strong>diciulad, brZolis velze mtris xelSi tovebs<br />
mTel Seia<strong>ra</strong>Rebas da ganuzomlad bevr samxedro tyves.<br />
(2) damarcxebuli mtris teritoriebis okupacia da<br />
mcve lebis dayeneba samxedro wertilebSi.<br />
am saxelmwifos mTeli teritoriebis dakaveba SeuZlebelia<br />
im vadiTac ki, romliTac dasavleTis qveynebma daikaves<br />
meore msoflio omSi damarcxebuli qveynebi.<br />
es faqtebi naTelyofs, rom, miRebuli principebis Tanaxmad,<br />
damarcxebuli mtris gania<strong>ra</strong>Rebas mxolod simboluri<br />
datvirTva aqvs da moklebulia p<strong>ra</strong>qtikul mniSvnelobas<br />
gamarjvebis mosapoveblad saWiro ZalisxmevasTan SedarebiT.<br />
am meTodebis gamoyenebis Semdeg gardauvali iqneboda<br />
kidev erTi msoflio konfliqti, romelic SeiZleba mxolod<br />
cota xniT gadadebuliyo ia<strong>ra</strong>Ris warmoebisa da jarebis<br />
wvrTnebis gamo.<br />
dRes omis beds aRar gansazRv<strong>ra</strong>vs mebrZoli mxaris Seia<strong>ra</strong>Reba.<br />
is dro wavida. warsuls Cabarda profesiuli jaris<br />
epoqac.<br />
21
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