geografia 8
geografia 8 geografia 8
andebis vulkanebia: san-pedro (6159 m), kotopaxi (5897 m), ruisi (5493 m), liuliailiako (6723 m). g) moipoveba spilenZi da kala 3. Cile, argentina, bolivia, peru, ekvadori, kolumbia. 4. samxreT amerikis havis formirebas umTavresad ganapirobebs kontinentis meridianuli ganfeniloba, reliefis mravalferovneba, okeanuri dinebebi. 5. amazonis dablobi ekvatorul klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs, sadac atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba 1500-3000 mm-ia, zogjer metic. swored es faqtori ganapirobebs amazonis teritoriis tenianobas. 6. a) tropikul klimatur sartyelSi gamoiyofa Semdegi havis olqebi: braziliis zeganis samxreTaRmosavleT nawilSi notio tropikuli havis olqi, wynari okeanis mxareze sanapiro udabnos hava, xolo maT Soris, Sida vakeebsa da andebis Sida zegnebze kontinenturi tropikuli havis olqi. subtropikuli havis sartyelSi havis sami olqia; dasavleT periferiaze – xmelTaSuazRviuri, aRmosavleT periferiaze – notio subtropikuli, xolo maT Soris – kontinentur-subtropikuli. zomier sartyelSi havis ori olqia: andebis dasavleTiT, wynari okeanis sanapiroze okeanuri (zRviuri) havis olqia, andebidan aRmosavleTiT, patagoniis zegansa da atlantis okeanis sanapiroze ki zomieri kontinenturi. b) samxreT tropikis gaswvriv tropikuli klimaturi sartyelia, romelic havis sami olqiTaa warmodgenili: notio tropikuli (braziliis zegnis samxreT-aRmosavleTi), sanapiro udabnos (wynari okeanis mxares) da maT Soris kontinenturi tropikuli havis olqi. 45 gradusiani paralelis gaswvriv zomieri sartyelia, sadac havis ori tipia: andebis dasavleTiT da wynari okeanis sanapiroze okeanuri havaa, andebidan aRmosavleTiT, patagoniis zegansa da atlantis okeanis sanapiroze – zomieri kontinenturi. g) samxreT amerikis kontinentze atmosferuli naleqebis ganawilebis procesSi andebs udidesi roli aqvs: igi warmoadgens klimatur bariers. kontinenti Riaa atlantis okeanidan wamosuli haeris masebisTvis, xolo wynari okeanidan haeris masebis SemoWras xels uSlis andebi. 7. samxreT amerikis kontinentis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedia andebi. 8. samxreT amerikis kontinentis mdinareTa gansakuTrebuli wyaluxvoba kontinentze atmosferuli naleqebis didi raodenobiT aixsneba. 10. a) ekvatoruli andebis, rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT kalTebze, 1000 m simaRlemde gavrcelebulia teniani ekvatoruli tyeebi, aRmosavleT kalTebze tenian ekvatorul tyeebs mosdevs tropikuli mTis tyeebi, romelic ar gvxvdeba dasavleT kalTebze. b) aRniSnulis mizezia atmosferuli naleqebis didi raodenoba andebis aRmosavleT kalTebze dasavleT kalTebTan SedarebiT. g) centraluri andebis dasavleT kalTebze 100 m simaRlemde gavrcelebulia udabnos zona, romelsac mosdevs naxevarudabnos zona; aRmosavleT kalTebze teniani ekvatorul tyeebis zona mSrali tropikuli tyeebis zoniT icvleba. 11. samxreT amerikis kontinentze yvelaze didi koloniebi hqondaT espaneTsa da portugalias. am qveynebis koloniaTa farTobebi kontinentze gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre Tavad metropoliebis farTobebi. 12. amJamad samxreT amerikis qveynebSi ZiriTadad saubroben espanur enaze, braziliaSi – portugaliur enaze. 13. a) brazilia, argentina, peru. b) kolumbia, ekvadori, peru, Cile. g) kolumbia, venesuela, gaiana, surinami, safrangeTis gviana, brazilia, urugvai, argentina. e) bolivia, paragvai. § 10. afrika 1. a) afrikas ekvatori TiTqmis or tol nawilad yofs. grinviCis meridiani gadis kontinentis 64
dasavleT nawilSi, amitom afrikis udidesi nawili aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi, xolo misi mcire nawili dasavleT naxevarsferoSia moqceuli. b) afrikis kontinenti moqceulia C.g. 35 0 da s.g. 35 0 paralelebs Soris, da d.g. 20 0 da a.g. 60 0 -ian meridianebs Soris. g) afrikis kontinentis udidesi nawili CrdiloeT da samxreT tropikebs Sorisaa moqceuli, amitom igi yvelaze cxeli kontinentia. d) afrikas dasavleTidan atlantis okeane, aRmosavleTidan – indoeTis okeane, CrdiloeTidan – xmelTaSua zRva, aRmosavleTidan – wiTeli zRva da adenis yure, xolo dasavleTidan – gvineis yure esazRvreba. e) afrikis sanapiro xazi naklebad danawevrebulia, aq gamoirCeva somalis naxevarkunZuli. kunZulebidan aRsaniSnavia madagaskari. afrikis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebareobs madeiras, kanaris da azoris kunZulebi. aRmosavleTiT – seiSelisa da komoris kunZulebi. 2. a) afrikis ganfeniloba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken 20 0 -iani meridianis gaswvriv gradusebSi tolia C.g. 22 0 -dan s.g. 35 0 -mde e.i. 57 0 -is, kilometrebSi 57X111,3=6344,1 km. b) ekvatoris gaswvriv afrikis ganfeniloba gradusebSi toli iqneba: a. g. 9 0 da a. g. 43 0 -s Soris e.i. 34-is, rac kilometrebSi udris 34X111,3=3,784,2 km. g) C.g. 23,5 0 ; s.g. 23,5 0 CrdiloeT da samxreT tropikebs Soris 47 0 -ia, romelic (47X102,3) 4808,1 km-s udris. 3. CrdiloeTiT el-abiadis koncxi – C.g. 37 0 20’ (aseve blankos koncxi) samxreTiT nemsas koncxi – s.g. 34 0 52’ aRmosavleTiT ras-xafunis koncxi – a.g. 51 0 23’ dasavleTiT almadis koncxi – d.g. 17 0 32’ 4. afrikis udidesi nawili aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi, mcire nawili ki dasavleT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs, xolo samxreT amerika mTlianad dasavleT naxevarsferoSia. afrika TiTqmis Tanabrad aris ganfenili Crdilo da samxreT naxevarsferoebSi, samxreT amerikis udidesi nawili ki samxreT naxevarsferoSia. 5. afrikis safuZvels warmoadgens teqtonikuri fila, amitom masiuri da erTferovani reliefiT gamoirCeva. aq vake reliefi Warbobs. 7. a) ekvatorTan gamavali izoTerma mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi +25 0 C-s Seesabameba, CrdiloeT tropikTan gamavali izoTerma aseve +25 0 C-s, xolo samxreT tropikis izoTerma – +12+14 0 C-s. b) haeris temperaturis absoluturi maqsimumi +58 0 C dafiqsirebulia afrikis CrdiloeTSi, libiaSi, q. tripolTan axlos, CrdiloeT tropikis maxloblad. 8. a) afrikis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi xmelTaSuazRvispira zoli da ukiduresi samxreTi nawili moqceulia subtropikul klimatur sartyelSi. ekvatoruli sartyeli moicavs gvineis yuris viwro sanapiro zolis da md. kongos auzs. subekvatoruli klimaturi sartylebi vrceldeba evatoris CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT daaxloebiT 15 0 -20 0 daSorebiT. yvelaze didi farTobi tropikuli sartylebs ukavia. b) ZiriTadad vake reliefi. 9. ekvatorul klimatur sartyelSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia Tbili da notio ekvatoruli haeris masebi da havis erTaderTi tipi – ekvatoruli. haeris temperatura mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi maRalia 26 0 -28 0 , xolo naleqebis saSualo raodenoba 2000 mm-s aRemateba. 10. subekvatorul klimatur sartyelSi mkafiod aris gamoxatuli zafxulis notio da zamTris mSrali periodebi, rac dakavSirebulia sezonebSi gabatonebuli haeris masebis cvalebadobasTan. haeris temperatura mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 20 0 -ze maRalia, atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba 800 mm-mdea. tropikuli klimaturi sartylebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi daRmavali da mSrali pasatebi. zafxulSi haeris temperatura 40 0 -s da ufro mets aRwevs. libiaSi dafiqsirebulia temperaturis absoluturi maqsimumi (58 0 ). zamTarSi saSualo temperatura 12 0 - 15 0 -ia. naleqebis raodenoba 10-15 mm-ia weliwadSi. 65
- Page 13 and 14: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 34. komunikaciebi
- Page 15 and 16: aucilebelia, maswavlebelma winaswar
- Page 17 and 18: mTeli moculobiT aTvisebasa da savar
- Page 19 and 20: gaziarebiTa da efeqtianobis Semowme
- Page 21 and 22: swavlebis meTodebi swavla-swavlebis
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- Page 27 and 28: pozicias da ikaveben saklaso oTaxSi
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- Page 51 and 52: § 31 transporti (1 sT.) Sedegi 7.
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- Page 91 and 92: ახსნილი ცნებ
- Page 93 and 94: ინფორმაციის
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- Page 97 and 98: nimuSi #2 niSani 1-4 5-7 8-10 rukis
- Page 99 and 100: XI TviTSefaseba GganmaviTarebeli Se
- Page 101 and 102: 20. moswavleebTan erTad yovelTvis v
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andebis vulkanebia: san-pedro (6159 m), kotopaxi (5897 m), ruisi (5493 m), liuliailiako (6723 m).<br />
g) moipoveba spilenZi da kala<br />
3. Cile, argentina, bolivia, peru, ekvadori, kolumbia.<br />
4. samxreT amerikis havis formirebas umTavresad ganapirobebs kontinentis meridianuli ganfeniloba,<br />
reliefis mravalferovneba, okeanuri dinebebi.<br />
5. amazonis dablobi ekvatorul klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs, sadac atmosferuli naleqebis<br />
raodenoba 1500-3000 mm-ia, zogjer metic. swored es faqtori ganapirobebs amazonis<br />
teritoriis tenianobas.<br />
6. a) tropikul klimatur sartyelSi gamoiyofa Semdegi havis olqebi: braziliis zeganis samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
nawilSi notio tropikuli havis olqi, wynari okeanis mxareze sanapiro udabnos hava,<br />
xolo maT Soris, Sida vakeebsa da andebis Sida zegnebze kontinenturi tropikuli havis olqi.<br />
subtropikuli havis sartyelSi havis sami olqia; dasavleT periferiaze – xmelTaSuazRviuri,<br />
aRmosavleT periferiaze – notio subtropikuli, xolo maT Soris – kontinentur-subtropikuli.<br />
zomier sartyelSi havis ori olqia: andebis dasavleTiT, wynari okeanis sanapiroze okeanuri<br />
(zRviuri) havis olqia, andebidan aRmosavleTiT, patagoniis zegansa da atlantis okeanis sanapiroze<br />
ki zomieri kontinenturi.<br />
b) samxreT tropikis gaswvriv tropikuli klimaturi sartyelia, romelic havis sami olqiTaa<br />
warmodgenili: notio tropikuli (braziliis zegnis samxreT-aRmosavleTi), sanapiro udabnos<br />
(wynari okeanis mxares) da maT Soris kontinenturi tropikuli havis olqi. 45 gradusiani paralelis<br />
gaswvriv zomieri sartyelia, sadac havis ori tipia: andebis dasavleTiT da wynari okeanis<br />
sanapiroze okeanuri havaa, andebidan aRmosavleTiT, patagoniis zegansa da atlantis okeanis<br />
sanapiroze – zomieri kontinenturi.<br />
g) samxreT amerikis kontinentze atmosferuli naleqebis ganawilebis procesSi andebs<br />
udidesi roli aqvs: igi warmoadgens klimatur bariers. kontinenti Riaa atlantis okeanidan<br />
wamosuli haeris masebisTvis, xolo wynari okeanidan haeris masebis SemoWras xels uSlis andebi.<br />
7. samxreT amerikis kontinentis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedia andebi.<br />
8. samxreT amerikis kontinentis mdinareTa gansakuTrebuli wyaluxvoba kontinentze atmosferuli<br />
naleqebis didi raodenobiT aixsneba.<br />
10. a) ekvatoruli andebis, rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT kalTebze, 1000 m simaRlemde<br />
gavrcelebulia teniani ekvatoruli tyeebi, aRmosavleT kalTebze tenian ekvatorul tyeebs<br />
mosdevs tropikuli mTis tyeebi, romelic ar gvxvdeba dasavleT kalTebze.<br />
b) aRniSnulis mizezia atmosferuli naleqebis didi raodenoba andebis aRmosavleT kalTebze<br />
dasavleT kalTebTan SedarebiT.<br />
g) centraluri andebis dasavleT kalTebze 100 m simaRlemde gavrcelebulia udabnos zona,<br />
romelsac mosdevs naxevarudabnos zona; aRmosavleT kalTebze teniani ekvatorul tyeebis zona<br />
mSrali tropikuli tyeebis zoniT icvleba.<br />
11. samxreT amerikis kontinentze yvelaze didi koloniebi hqondaT espaneTsa da portugalias.<br />
am qveynebis koloniaTa farTobebi kontinentze gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre Tavad metropoliebis<br />
farTobebi.<br />
12. amJamad samxreT amerikis qveynebSi ZiriTadad saubroben espanur enaze, braziliaSi – portugaliur<br />
enaze.<br />
13. a) brazilia, argentina, peru.<br />
b) kolumbia, ekvadori, peru, Cile.<br />
g) kolumbia, venesuela, gaiana, surinami, safrangeTis gviana, brazilia, urugvai, argentina.<br />
e) bolivia, paragvai.<br />
§ 10. afrika<br />
1. a) afrikas ekvatori TiTqmis or tol nawilad yofs. grinviCis meridiani gadis kontinentis<br />
64
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