geografia 8
geografia 8 geografia 8
indoeTis qediT aris gadakveTili. iseve, rgorc atlantis okeane, indoeTis okeanec wyalqveSa qediT dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebad iyofa. dasavleT nawilSi mravali Rrmulia. aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobs indoeT-avstraliis Rrmuli, romelic kunZul iavas sanapiroebTan iavas RrmulSi gadadis. misi maqsimaluri siRrme 7450 metria, rac indoeTis okeanis maqsimalur siRrmed iTvleba. aRsaniSnavia, rom indoeTis okeanis fskerze miwisZvrebisa da vulkanizmis sakmaod vrceli areebia. wynari okeane xasiaTdeba fskeris rTuli reliefiT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Rrmawyliani Rrmulebis arseboba, romlebic umTavresad okeanis dasavleT nawilSi, kunZulTa rkalebis gaswvrivaa ganlagebuli. uRrmes ubnebs cvlis fskeridan amoziduli wyalqveSa amaRlebebi, romlebic xSirad kunZulTa jgufebSi gadadis. wynari okeane kunZulebis raodenobiTa da Rrmawyliani RrmulebiT yvela okeanes aRemateba. wynari okeanis Rrmawylian Rrmulebs wagrZelebuli forma aqvs. isini ZiriTadad kontinentebis an kunZulebis gaswvrivaa ganlagebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeuli okeanis fskeris reliefi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba, yvela okeanes aqvs saerTo Tvisebebi. yvela okeane, garda CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanisa, centralur nawilSi amaRlebulia: atlantis okeaneSi – Sua atlantikuri qediT, wynar okeaneSi – samxreT da CrdiloeT wyalqveSa qedebiT, indoeTis okeaneSi – centraluri indoeTis qediT. yvela okeaneSi Rrmawyliani Rrmulebi ZiriTadad ganlagebulia okeaneebis ganapira adgilebSi, kontinentebisa da kunZulebis maxloblad. okeanis wylis temperatura da marilianoba msoflio okeanis Termuli reJimi ganapirobebs dedamiwis siTbur reJimsa da klimats. okeanis wyali ZiriTadad Tbeba mzis radiaciiTa da atmosferosTan siTbos cvlis Sedegad, agreTve mdinareTa wylebis mier Setanili da yinulwarmoqmnis gamoyofili siTbos raodenobiT. aRniSnuli siTbos didi nawili ixarjeba aorTqlebaze da yinulebis dnobaze. okeanis zedapiruli wylebis temperatura damokidebulia ganedze da umTavresad zonalurad aris ganawilebuli. Tumca rig raionebSi zonalurobas arRvevs dinebebi, xmeleTis araTanabari ganlageba, mudmivi qarebi, mdinareebi, yinulebi da sxva. msoflio okeanis zedapirze yvelaze maRali temperatura ekvatorul zonaSia, aq misi sidide 27 0 -30 0 aRwevs. polarul raionebSi wylis temperatura – -18 0 -mde ecema. aseTi temperaturis dros mtknari wyali iyineba, okeanis wyali ki masSi gaxsnili marilebis meSveobiT Txevadi rCeba. gansakuTrebiT maRalia zedapiruli wylis temperatura iseT zRvebsa da yureebSi, romlebic cxeli udabnoebiTa Semofargluli. kerZod, wiTel zRvaSi zafxulSi wylis zedapirulma temperaturam 34 0 -s miaRwia, sparseTis yureSi ki 36 0 -s. okeaneebs Soris yvelaze Tbilia wynari okeane, misi zedapiruli wylebis saSualo mravalwliuri temperatura 19,4 0 -ia. yvelaze civia CrdiloeT yinulovani okeane – 0,8 0 . indoeTis okeanis zedapiris saSualo mravalwliuri temperatura 17,3 0 -s udris. atlantis okeanis ki 16,5 0 -s. msoflio okeanis zedapirze wylis saSualo mravalwliuri temperatura 17,5 0 -s Seadgens, rac 3 0 -iT aRemateba haeris imave maCvenebels (14,5 0 ). es ki amtkicebs, rom msoflio okeane mzis energiis udidesi akumulatoria da aTbobs atmosferos. okeaneSi wylis temperatura siRrmis mixedviT klebulobs. misi intensivoba sxvadasxva ganedSi sxvadasxvagvaria. temperatura ZiriTadad 1000 metris siRrmemde cvalebadobs. siRrmis am monakveTSi temperatura swrafad ecema, Semdeg – TandaTanobiT. 1500 metramde temperaturis cvlileba umniSvneloa, xolo 1500 metrs qvemoT igi TiTqmis ar icvleba. 400-450 metr siRrmeze temperatura 10-12 0 -ia; 1000 metrze – 4-7 0 , 2000 metrze – 2,5-4, 0 0 xolo 3000 m-is qvemoT – daaxloebiT 1-2 0 . polarul areebSi temperaturis ganawilebas siRrmis mixedviT gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs. aq zedapiruli fena civia, daaxloebiT 0 0 , samxreT ganedebSi ki – 1,8 0 . samxreT naxevarsferoSi 200 metr siRrmemde wylis temperatura izrdeba 0,5 0 -mde. CrdiloeTSi ki 2,0 0 -mde. Semdeg siRrmeSi 104
temperatura isev klebulobs da 800 metrs siRrmeze 0 0 -ze ecema. mTlianobaSi msoflio okeanis saSualo mravalwliuri temperatura 3,8 0 -ia. okeanis wyali universaluri xsnaria. masSi dedamiwaze cnobili TiTqmis yvela qimiuri elementia gaxsnili. okeanis wyalSi gaxsnili marilebis ZiriTadi nawili qloridebia, bevrad naklebi sulfatebi da SedarebiT umniSvnelo karbonatebi. okeanis wyals momwaro-momalaSo gemo aqvs. marilianobas ganapirobebs masSi gaxsnili sufris marili, simwares ki – magniumis marilebi. erT litr wyalSi arsebul gaxsnil marilebis raodenobas, gamosaxuls gramobiT, marilianoba ewodeba. igi gamoisaxeba promilebSi (%o), rac meaTased nawils niSnavs. saSualod erTi litri okeanis wyali 35 g marils Seicavs. es msoflio okeanis saSualo marilianobaa. okeanis marilianoba yvelgan erTnairi ar aris. is umTavresad damokidebulia atmosferuli naleqebisa da wylis aor- Tqlebis Tanafardobaze, romelic geografiuli ganedis mixedviT icvleba da zonaluri ganawilebiT xasiaTdeba. zonaluroba zogan irRveva dinebebiT, mdinareTa Camdinare wylebiT, yinulebiT da sxva. kerZod, mdinareebi okeaneebs, gansakuTrebiT ki zRvebs SesarTavis midamoebSi amtknareben. ekvatorul sartyelSi didi raodenobis atmosferuli naleqebis gamo marilianoba Semcirebulia, tropikul ganedebSi ki mcire atmosferuli naleqebisa da didi aorTqlebis Sedegad marilianoba momatebulia. zomier da polarul ganedebSi marilianoba isev mcirdeba. zRvebis marilianoba damokidebulia zRvebsa da okeaneebs Soris wyalcvlis sidideze, havaze, zRvebSi mdinareTa Camonadenis raodenobaze. yvelaze maRali marilianobiT (41%o) wiTeli zRvis wyali xasiaTdeba, baltiis zRvis wylis marilianoba 10-12%o-a, Savi zRvis 16-18 %o, azovis 10-12 %o. okeaneTa zedapiruli wylebis saSualo wliuri temperatura okeaneebi atlantis indoeTis wynari msoflio okeane saSualo wliuri temperatura, 0 C 16, 9 17, 0 19, 1 17, 4 msoflio okeanis zedapiruli wylebis saSualo wliur temperaturaTa ( 0 C) ganawileba ganedebs Soris ganedebi 90-80 80-70 70-60 60-50 50-40 40-30 30-20 20-10 10-0 90-0 Crd. nax.sfero –1,7 1,0 3,1 6,1 11,0 18,9 23,9 26,5 27,3 19,3 samxr. nax.sfero 1,4 3,0 9,8 17,0 21,7 25,1 26,4 16,0 105
- Page 53 and 54: 4. bazarsa da bazrobas Soris? 5. sa
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- Page 61 and 62: klimatur sartylebSi. b) indostanis
- Page 63 and 64: 250-500 mm. yvelaze naklebi naleqi
- Page 65 and 66: dasavleT nawilSi, amitom afrikis ud
- Page 67 and 68: varkunZulia. 6. avstralia sam klima
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- Page 81 and 82: warmomadgenlebi mkacradaa daculi. 2
- Page 83 and 84: 2. a) samxreT kavkasiaSi b) kavkasi
- Page 85 and 86: 25. avstralia. 26. eris tba Crdiloe
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- Page 89 and 90: 3. satransporto kompleqsi gadaadgil
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indoeTis qediT aris gadakveTili. iseve, rgorc atlantis okeane, indoeTis okeanec wyalqveSa<br />
qediT dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebad iyofa. dasavleT nawilSi mravali Rrmulia. aRmosavleT<br />
nawilSi mdebareobs indoeT-avstraliis Rrmuli, romelic kunZul iavas sanapiroebTan iavas<br />
RrmulSi gadadis. misi maqsimaluri siRrme 7450 metria, rac indoeTis okeanis maqsimalur siRrmed<br />
iTvleba. aRsaniSnavia, rom indoeTis okeanis fskerze miwisZvrebisa da vulkanizmis sakmaod<br />
vrceli areebia.<br />
wynari okeane xasiaTdeba fskeris rTuli reliefiT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Rrmawyliani<br />
Rrmulebis arseboba, romlebic umTavresad okeanis dasavleT nawilSi, kunZulTa rkalebis gaswvrivaa<br />
ganlagebuli. uRrmes ubnebs cvlis fskeridan amoziduli wyalqveSa amaRlebebi, romlebic<br />
xSirad kunZulTa jgufebSi gadadis. wynari okeane kunZulebis raodenobiTa da Rrmawyliani<br />
RrmulebiT yvela okeanes aRemateba. wynari okeanis Rrmawylian Rrmulebs wagrZelebuli forma<br />
aqvs. isini ZiriTadad kontinentebis an kunZulebis gaswvrivaa ganlagebuli.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeuli okeanis fskeris reliefi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba, yvela<br />
okeanes aqvs saerTo Tvisebebi. yvela okeane, garda CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanisa, centralur<br />
nawilSi amaRlebulia: atlantis okeaneSi – Sua atlantikuri qediT, wynar okeaneSi – samxreT da<br />
CrdiloeT wyalqveSa qedebiT, indoeTis okeaneSi – centraluri indoeTis qediT. yvela okeaneSi<br />
Rrmawyliani Rrmulebi ZiriTadad ganlagebulia okeaneebis ganapira adgilebSi, kontinentebisa<br />
da kunZulebis maxloblad.<br />
okeanis wylis temperatura da marilianoba<br />
msoflio okeanis Termuli reJimi ganapirobebs dedamiwis siTbur reJimsa da klimats. okeanis<br />
wyali ZiriTadad Tbeba mzis radiaciiTa da atmosferosTan siTbos cvlis Sedegad, agreTve mdinareTa<br />
wylebis mier Setanili da yinulwarmoqmnis gamoyofili siTbos raodenobiT. aRniSnuli<br />
siTbos didi nawili ixarjeba aorTqlebaze da yinulebis dnobaze. okeanis zedapiruli wylebis<br />
temperatura damokidebulia ganedze da umTavresad zonalurad aris ganawilebuli. Tumca rig<br />
raionebSi zonalurobas arRvevs dinebebi, xmeleTis araTanabari ganlageba, mudmivi qarebi, mdinareebi,<br />
yinulebi da sxva.<br />
msoflio okeanis zedapirze yvelaze maRali temperatura ekvatorul zonaSia, aq misi sidide<br />
27 0 -30 0 aRwevs. polarul raionebSi wylis temperatura – -18 0 -mde ecema. aseTi temperaturis dros<br />
mtknari wyali iyineba, okeanis wyali ki masSi gaxsnili marilebis meSveobiT Txevadi rCeba. gansakuTrebiT<br />
maRalia zedapiruli wylis temperatura iseT zRvebsa da yureebSi, romlebic cxeli<br />
udabnoebiTa Semofargluli. kerZod, wiTel zRvaSi zafxulSi wylis zedapirulma temperaturam<br />
34 0 -s miaRwia, sparseTis yureSi ki 36 0 -s.<br />
okeaneebs Soris yvelaze Tbilia wynari okeane, misi zedapiruli wylebis saSualo mravalwliuri<br />
temperatura 19,4 0 -ia. yvelaze civia CrdiloeT yinulovani okeane – 0,8 0 . indoeTis okeanis<br />
zedapiris saSualo mravalwliuri temperatura 17,3 0 -s udris. atlantis okeanis ki 16,5 0 -s. msoflio<br />
okeanis zedapirze wylis saSualo mravalwliuri temperatura 17,5 0 -s Seadgens, rac 3 0 -iT aRemateba<br />
haeris imave maCvenebels (14,5 0 ). es ki amtkicebs, rom msoflio okeane mzis energiis udidesi akumulatoria<br />
da aTbobs atmosferos.<br />
okeaneSi wylis temperatura siRrmis mixedviT klebulobs. misi intensivoba sxvadasxva<br />
ganedSi sxvadasxvagvaria. temperatura ZiriTadad 1000 metris siRrmemde cvalebadobs. siRrmis<br />
am monakveTSi temperatura swrafad ecema, Semdeg – TandaTanobiT. 1500 metramde temperaturis<br />
cvlileba umniSvneloa, xolo 1500 metrs qvemoT igi TiTqmis ar icvleba. 400-450 metr siRrmeze<br />
temperatura 10-12 0 -ia; 1000 metrze – 4-7 0 , 2000 metrze – 2,5-4, 0 0 xolo 3000 m-is qvemoT – daaxloebiT<br />
1-2 0 . polarul areebSi temperaturis ganawilebas siRrmis mixedviT gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs.<br />
aq zedapiruli fena civia, daaxloebiT 0 0 , samxreT ganedebSi ki – 1,8 0 . samxreT naxevarsferoSi 200<br />
metr siRrmemde wylis temperatura izrdeba 0,5 0 -mde. CrdiloeTSi ki 2,0 0 -mde. Semdeg siRrmeSi<br />
104
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