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saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (37), 2008 ART SCIENCE ...

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (37), 2008 ART SCIENCE ... saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (37), 2008 ART SCIENCE ...

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SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universiteti Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (37), 2008 ART SCIENCE STUDIES #4 (37), 2008 gamomcemloba `kentavri~ Tbilisi _ 2008 1

SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos<br />

universiteti<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film<br />

University<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> <strong>Ziebani</strong><br />

<strong>#4</strong> (<strong>37</strong>), <strong>2008</strong><br />

<strong>ART</strong> <strong>SCIENCE</strong> STUDIES<br />

<strong>#4</strong> (<strong>37</strong>), <strong>2008</strong><br />

gamomcemloba `kentavri~<br />

Tbilisi _ <strong>2008</strong><br />

1

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)<br />

s-364<br />

SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universiteti<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> <strong>Ziebani</strong> <strong>#4</strong> (<strong>37</strong>), <strong>2008</strong><br />

saredaqcio sabWo<br />

vasil kiknaZe<br />

nato gengiuri<br />

lela oCiauri<br />

literaturuli<br />

redaqtori<br />

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala<br />

uzrunvelyofili unda iyos<br />

Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan<br />

unda axldes monacemebi avtoris<br />

samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb<br />

qarTul da inglisur enebze, agreTve<br />

naSromis inglisurenovani reziume.<br />

Teatrmcodneoba<br />

Sinaarsi<br />

maka vasaZe<br />

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis .....................10<br />

qoreografia<br />

nele hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze ......................................19<br />

kultura da politika<br />

stiv osteni<br />

kulturis roli evropis gaerTianebis procesSi ...........................................<strong>37</strong><br />

mariam iaSvili<br />

garekanis dizaini<br />

levan dadiani<br />

dakabadoneba<br />

ekaterine<br />

oqropiriZe<br />

koreqtura<br />

manana goSaZe<br />

gamomcemlobis<br />

xelmZRvaneli<br />

maka vasaZe<br />

krebulis stamburi gamocema<br />

egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso<br />

kvleviT centrebs.<br />

naSromebi mogvawodeT da<br />

cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:<br />

0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

gamziri <strong>#4</strong>0, SoTa rusTavelis<br />

Teatrisa da kinos universiteti,<br />

II korpusi.<br />

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408<br />

mob: +995 (95) 305 060<br />

+995 (55) 218 292<br />

E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge<br />

Web: www.tafu.edu.ge<br />

xelovnebisa da socialur <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

fakultetis samecniero konferenciis<br />

masalebi<br />

Teatrmcodneoba<br />

Tamar bokuCava<br />

Ramis, sizmrisa da komikuris sakiTxisaTvis Seqspiris<br />

`zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~ ............................................................................................43<br />

merab gegia<br />

religia da Teatri ............................................................................................................50<br />

maia goSaZe<br />

pandoras yuTis fskerze ...................................................................................................59<br />

mixeil kalandariSvili<br />

modernistuli eqsperimenti tiflisSi ....................................................................63<br />

maia kiknaZe<br />

Tojinebisa da Crdilebis warmodgenebi indoneziaSi .....................................69<br />

guliko mamulaSvili<br />

`Tazie~ sparsul samecniero literaturaSi ........................................................74<br />

nino maWavariani<br />

evgeni Svarci da misi `drakoni~ rusTavelis TeatrSi .........................86<br />

2 3

gubaz megreliZe<br />

uSangi CxeiZis ucnobi mogoneba<br />

`kotes rusTavelis Teatridan wasvla~ .............................................................94<br />

manana turiaSvili<br />

aTasi saxis adamiani ..........................................................................................................101<br />

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

Teatris funqcia da faseulobebi ..................................................................................115<br />

lamara RonRaZe<br />

reJisori, dro, speqtakli .....................................................................................................124<br />

giorgi cqitiSvili<br />

„kaci viyav, adamiani...~ ...............................................................................................................135<br />

guliko javaSvili<br />

msaxiobis erTi roli .............................................................................................................143<br />

kinomcodneoba<br />

irina demetraZe<br />

sublimirebuli rasizmi .........................................................................................................148<br />

nana doliZe<br />

arCevnebi da qarTuli satelevizio arxebis politika ................................155<br />

lia kalandariSvili<br />

qalis saxe samocdaaTiani wlebis inglisur kinoSi .........................................163<br />

irina kuWuxiZe<br />

kinematografis konturebi axali teqnologiebis epoqaSi ..........................173<br />

maia levaniZe<br />

qarTuli telesivrce da reklamis Tavisebureba ................................................181<br />

manana lekboraSvili<br />

media reprezentaciebi da maTi Seswavlis aqtualoba .....................................187<br />

dinara maRlakeliZe<br />

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis kinoavangardi ........................................................192<br />

nino mxeiZe<br />

deskripcia Tu eqsplikacia ...........................................................................................200<br />

eTer okujava<br />

`ganaxlebis~ xana qarTul kinoSi ............................................................................205<br />

lela oCiauri<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde ................................................211<br />

oliko JRenti<br />

`feqsebi~ da 20-iani wlebis QqarTuli kinoavangardi ..................................229<br />

qeTevan trapaiZe<br />

qarTvel reJisorTa mier ucxoeTSi gadaRebuli filmebi ...........................245<br />

Teo xatiaSvili<br />

`survilis miuwvdomeli obieqti~<br />

lakaniseuli interpretaciebi luis bunuelis SemoqmedebaSi ..................254<br />

qeTevan janeliZe<br />

Semotanili produqcia da qarTuli sinamdvile `importuli animacia~<br />

gmirebi, ideologia, morali ...........................................................................................261<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneoba<br />

irine abesaZe<br />

firosmanologiis, rogorc axali saxelovnebaTmcodneo<br />

mimarTulebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebi .............................................................267<br />

nato gengiuri<br />

arqiteqturis simbolika ..................................................................................................277<br />

qeTevan kinwuraSvili<br />

interteqstualuri TamaSi da `narativis intriga~ giorgi<br />

aleqsi-mesxiSvilis scenografiul namuSevrebSi ...............................................284<br />

kulturologia<br />

revaz balanCivaZe<br />

anTropologiuri pedagogika rogorc ganaTlebis mecniereba ................290<br />

qeTevan elaSvili<br />

erotizmis diapazoni qarTul sityvaSi ....................................................................300<br />

rusudan mircxulava<br />

gardasaxvis fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb ........................................305<br />

mediologia<br />

giorgi CarTolani<br />

kultura televiziis sainformacio programebSi ..........................................313<br />

saavtoro monacemebi ................................................................................................................322<br />

4 5

THEATRE STUDIES<br />

MAKA VASADZE<br />

Formation Of Robert Sturua’s Theatrical Language<br />

(Interpretation of Georgian Classical Literature a la Robert Sturua) .............324<br />

CHOREOGRAPHY<br />

NELE HERTLING<br />

History Of Ballet And Dance<br />

History And Present Of Dance As An Artform .............................................325<br />

CULTURE AND POLITICS<br />

STEVE AUSTEN AND KAROLINA NOWACKI<br />

The Role Of Culture In The European Unification Process ..........................326<br />

<strong>ART</strong> AND SOCIAL <strong>SCIENCE</strong> FACULTY<br />

THEATRE STUDIES<br />

TAMAR BOKUCHAVA<br />

For The Aspects Of Night, Dream And Comic In Shakespeare’s<br />

“A Midsummer Night’s Dream” ..................................................................328<br />

MERAB GEGIA<br />

Religion And Theatre ....................................................................................328<br />

MAIA GOSHADZE<br />

At The Bottom Of Pandora’s Box .................................................................329<br />

MIKHAIL KALANDARISHVILI<br />

The Modernistic Experiment In Tiflisi .........................................................329<br />

MAIA KIKNADZE<br />

Puppet And Shade Performances In Indonesia .............................................330<br />

GULIKO MAMULASHVILI<br />

“Th ‘Asies” In Persian Scientific Literature .................................................331<br />

NINO MACHAVARIANI<br />

Eugene Swartz’s “Dragon” In The<br />

Rustaveli Theatre ..........................................................................................331<br />

GUBAZ MEGRELIDZE<br />

Ushangi Chkheidze’s Unknown Reminder ...................................................332<br />

MANANA TURIASHVILI<br />

Thousand Kinds Of People<br />

Mikhael Chekhov ..........................................................................................333<br />

TAMAR KUTATELADZE<br />

Theatre’s Function And Its Valuable<br />

(By example of the Kote Marjanishvili’s “Uriel Akosta” restore<br />

by Sophiko Chiaureli) ...................................................................................334<br />

LAMARA GONGADZE<br />

Producer , Time, Per<br />

(Lily Ioselyani ‘S First Play) .........................................................................335<br />

GIORGI TSKITISHVILI<br />

I Was A Human, Man... ..................................................................................335<br />

GULIKO DJAVASHVILI<br />

Actor’s One Role<br />

(In Givi Berikashvili’s Play “Berikaoba” (Georgian Carnaval)<br />

By M. Eliozishvili)...................................................................................... 336<br />

FILM STUDIES<br />

IRA DEMETRADZE<br />

Sublimated Racism<br />

(The Caucasus Ethos Myth In Post Soviet Cinematography) .......................3<strong>37</strong><br />

NANA DOLIDZE<br />

Elections And Georgian Tv Channels Politics .............................................338<br />

LIA KALANDARISHVILI<br />

The Women’s Face In English Film<br />

Industry In 70 Years .......................................................................................338<br />

IRINA KUTSUKHIDZE<br />

The Outlines Of Cinematograph In The Period Of New Technologies .........339<br />

MAIA LEVANIDZE<br />

Georgian Tv Space And Advertising Peculiarities ......................................339<br />

MANANA LEKBORASHVILI<br />

media representations and studding activeness .............................................340<br />

DIANA MAGLAKELIDZE<br />

Image Liberation –North-European Modern<br />

Cinema Avant-Garde 95 ................................................................................341<br />

NINO MKHEIDZE<br />

Description If Explication .............................................................................342<br />

ETER OKUDJAVA<br />

60 th Years – Period Of Cinematography Renovate .......................................342<br />

6 7

LELA OCHIAURI<br />

From Socialiste Realism To Post-Modernism ..............................................343<br />

OLGIKO ZGENTI<br />

Georgian Leading Film And “Fexsis” – Parallels And Intersection ..............344<br />

KETEVAN TRAPAIDZE<br />

Abroad Directed Movies Of Georgian Ditectors ..........................................344<br />

TEO KHATIASHVILI<br />

“Inaccessible Object Of The Will”<br />

Lakan’s Interpretation In The Luis Bunueli ...................................................345<br />

KETEVAN JANELIDZE<br />

Animated Films ..........................................................................................345<br />

Teatrmcodneoba<br />

<strong>ART</strong> STUDIES<br />

IRINE ABESADZE<br />

The Prospects Of Founding The Phenomenology As New<br />

Direction Of Art History ...............................................................................346<br />

NATO GENGIURI,<br />

Symbolism Of Architecture<br />

(Christian Georgia) ......................................................................................347<br />

KETEVAN KINTSURASHVILI<br />

The Theatre Of Gogi Aleksi-Meskhishvili ...................................................348<br />

CULTURE<br />

REVAZ BALANCHIVADZE<br />

Anthropological Pedagogic As The Science Of Education ...........................349<br />

KETEVAN ELASHVILI<br />

The Range Of Eroticism In Georgian Literature ........................................350<br />

RUSUDAN MIRTSKULAVA<br />

On Psychological Possibilities Of Transformation<br />

And Stage Acting ..........................................................................................351<br />

MEDIA STUDIES<br />

GEORGE CH<strong>ART</strong>OLANI<br />

Culture In Television Information Programs ..............................................352<br />

8 9

maka vasaZe<br />

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis<br />

sakiTxisaTvis<br />

(qarTuli klasikis sturuaseuli interpretacia)<br />

(gagrZeleba, dasawyisi ix. wina nomerSi)<br />

robert sturuam, 1974 wels, qarTuli Teatris aRdgenis<br />

125 wlisTavs miuZRvna aleqsandre sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis piesis<br />

`Ralatis~ dadgma da misi ganxorcielebisas metad gabeduli<br />

gza airCia. cnobilia, rom `Ralatis~ scenuri cxovreba sakmao<br />

dros moicavs. Iigi mravaljer daudgamT qarTul TeatrebSi.<br />

ar darCenila saqarTvelos arcerTi profesiuli, Tu moyvarulTa<br />

dasi, rom ar esinja am nawarmoebis dadgma. Aamitom, sazogadoeba<br />

didi interesiT eloda, Tu rogor saxes miiRebda piesa iseTi<br />

reJisoris xelSi, rogoric sturuaa, vinaidan is principulad<br />

uaryofda gatkepnili gzebiT siaruls, cdilobda viwro,<br />

konkretuli epoqis farglebSi moqceuli movlenebi ganevrco<br />

da erovnuli tipaJisTvis ufro farTo, zogadsakacobrio elferi<br />

mieniWebina. robert sturuam amjeradac uari Tqva wlebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli `Ralatis~ dadgmis tradiciaze<br />

(iseve, rogorc `samaniSvilis dedinacvalis~ da `yvaryvares~<br />

dadgmisas), piesa zedmiwevniT Seiswavla da Tanadroulobis<br />

Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, gaacocxla warsulis patriotuli<br />

epizodebi. `es ar gaxlavT speqtakli, romelSic reJisori<br />

SeumCnevlad `mokvdeba aqtiorSi~. `Ralati~ reJisoruli<br />

speqtaklia. upirveles yovlisa, mas aqvs Tavisi saTqmeli,<br />

literaturuli saSualeba da ara mizani am saTqmelis<br />

gamosaxatavad. es saTqmeli gaxlavT mZafri inteleqtualuri<br />

damokidebuleba warsulis Tu awmyos mniSvnelovani movlenebis<br />

mimarT. es sakuTari damokidebulebaa, romelic Cvenad unda<br />

aqcios speqtaklis meSveobiT~. 1<br />

reJisorma speqtakli Semzaravi simbolikiT daiwyo. darbazSi<br />

ismoda sparsul sakravTa xmebi, avanscenaze Canda nergi, romelic<br />

cxovrebis xis, anu maradiulobis simbolos gamoxatavda. scenis<br />

siRrmidan modioda Sav samosSi gaxveuli qali da nergis qveS<br />

emxoboda. Ees iyo saqarTvelos dedofali _ Tamari. saorkestro<br />

ormodan scenaze nel-nela amoemarTeboda soleimani da miwaze<br />

garTxmul Tamar dedofals medidurad gadaabijebda. misi<br />

mosasxami gadaacocdeboda Tamaris sxeuls, sudaras gadaaclida<br />

da saqarTvelos dedofali - zeinabad, soleimanis meuRled<br />

gadaiqceoda mowiTalo ferebSi gadawyvetili samosiT. soleimani<br />

ki, gzas agrZelebda da maRali kibiT adioda gabzaruli<br />

wminda giorgis karedis win dadgmul taxtze. saerTod<br />

speqtaklSi, ferTa simbolikas, mniSvnelovani dramturgiuli<br />

funqcia mieniWa. magaliTad, Tuki dasawyisSi zeinabsa da oTarbegs<br />

sisxlisferi samosi ecvaT, rogorc soleimanis msaxurebs,<br />

speqtaklis dasrulebisas, sisxlisferi, mooqrosferoTi<br />

icvleboda, rac albaT maT ganaxlebul sulier mdgomareobaze<br />

mianiSnebda. `Ralts~ robert sturuam zogadsakacobrio masStabi<br />

SesZina da globlaurad warmoaCina dampyroblisa da dapyrobilis<br />

urTierTobani, maTi fsiqologia da cxovrebis cvalebadobis<br />

gardauvaloba.<br />

`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ robert sturuam da Temur<br />

CxeiZem erTmaneTs SeuTavses fsiqologiuri wvdomis, gardasaxvis<br />

principebi _ brextiseuli `gansxvisebis efeqts~. am xerxis<br />

gamoyenebiT, distancia msaxiobebsa da moTxrobis gmirebs Soris,<br />

xan mcirdeboda da xan, kvlav izrdeboda. amgvari mignebiT,<br />

zustad iqna daWerili da gadmocemuli daviT kldiaSvilis<br />

moTxrobebis `suli~, romlis saSualebiTac msaxiobebi TavianTi<br />

gmirebis cxovrebas kidec ganicdidnen da amave dros,<br />

Semfaseblebadac gvevlinebodnen. reJisorebma da msaxiobebma<br />

miaRwies xasaiTebisa da movlenebis arsis groteskul gadmocemas.<br />

maTdami damokidebulebis warmoCenas. amas garda, meTodi, romelic<br />

gamoiyenes reJisorebma, speqtaklis dasawyisidanve aZlevda maT<br />

saSualebas Tavisuflad gadasuliyvnen moTxrobis realuri<br />

situaciebidan pirobiTsa da stilizebul xerxebze. esec xazs<br />

usvamda reJisorebis damokidebulebas ama Tu im movlenisadmi<br />

_ gadasvlas ironiidan da iumoridan, naRvelisa da tragizmis<br />

situaciebze. magaliTisTvis moviyvanT platonis wasvlis scenas<br />

10 11

maka vasaZe<br />

`sacole-dedinacvlis~ saZebnelad. moTxrobis mixedviT, gzis<br />

naxevarze mets, platoni fexiT midis da `cxens~, am gasacodavebul<br />

sulier arsebas ukan moaTrevs. es epizodi moTxrobaSi aRsavsea<br />

iumoriTa da naRveliT. reJisorebma SemogvTavazes uCeulo<br />

sanaxaoba: wnelisagan gakeTebuli raRac fitulis cxeni. igi<br />

sabralod da sacodavad gamoiyureboda. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba<br />

ver mimxvdariyavi, rom es cxenia. magram uceb, platonis _<br />

giorgi gegeWkoris mier erTi maTraxis aqneva, cxenze mjdomis<br />

moZraoba... da mayurebelis winaSe realuri sinamdvilis iluzia<br />

iqmneboda. mayurebels sjeroda, rom platoni marTlac Tavis<br />

daCaCanakebul cxens miaTrevda. aseve pirobiT xerxSi iyo<br />

gadawyvetili platonisa da kiriles (ramaz CxikvaZe)<br />

gamgzavrebis scena. giorgi gegeWkori da ramaz CxikvaZe iRebdnen<br />

Cveulebriv skamebs, `gadaajdebodnen~, xelebs skamis zurgs<br />

CasWidebdnen, cxenze mjdomi kaciviT moZraobdnen, xmiT cxenis<br />

floqvebis xmas gamoscemdnen da mayureblis wianSe kvlav<br />

iSleboda realuri da amave dros, iumoriT savse sanaxaoba.<br />

anda, bekinasa da elenes tradiciuli wes-CveulebiT dadgmuli<br />

qorwinebis scena, romelic reJisuram ironiis sagnad aqcia. am<br />

scenis finali gadawyvetili iyo Zveli fotosuraTis pozaSi,<br />

sadac ojaxis wevrebs kmayofilebiT aRsavse saxeebi aqvT.<br />

marTlacda TiTqos, yvelaferi kargad damTavrda. platoni da<br />

bekina kmayofilebi iyvnen TavianTi bediT. bekinam aisrula<br />

colis SerTvis survili, platonma ki, uSvilo, ornaqmarevi<br />

dedinacvali `iSovna~. mas aRar hqonda SiSi mamulze moziaris<br />

dabadebisa, magram cxovreba umowyalo aRmoCnda. elene<br />

dafexmZimda. bekina TiTqos damnaSavedac grZnobda Svilis winaSe<br />

Tavs, magram amave dros, eamayeboda kidec, rom am asakSi colis<br />

dafexmZimeba SesZlo da platonis winadadebas _ elenem muceli<br />

moiSaloso, aRSfoTebulma upasuxa: `RvTis Casaxuli kaci<br />

movkla?~<br />

Semdgom, bavSvis dabadebis scenac pirobiTad iyo gadawyvetili.<br />

speqtaklis yvela monawile scenaze imyofeboda, maT Soris -<br />

elenec. ismoda Tofis gavardnis xma. aristo qvaSaviZe amcnobda<br />

bekinas biWi SegeZinao. platonis natvra gogo mainc daibadoso,<br />

ar asrulda. xalxi modioda bekinasTan da elenesTan mosalocad.<br />

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

Tavis dabla daxriT xels arTmevdnen, TiTqos usityvo<br />

solidarobas ucxadebdnen da imave dros, usamZimrebdnen kidec.<br />

yvelafers agvirgvinebda TiTqmis tragikuli finali. giorgi<br />

gegeWkori TandaTan `Sordeboda~ Tavis platons, da kvlav<br />

wigns iRebda xelSi. igi samuzeumo eqsponatis ukanasknel<br />

gverds furclavda da iwyebda kiTxvas Tavisi gmiris ara<br />

gakicxvis, aramed TanagrZnobis intonaciiT. giorgi gegeWkori<br />

auwyebda mayurebels, Tu ramdeni mwuxareba da usiamovneba xvda<br />

wilad samaniSvilebis ojaxs. bavSvis gaCenam sixarulis nacvlad,<br />

saxlSi ubedureba Semoitana. es aris adamianTa cxovrebis<br />

tragikuli Seusabamoba. magram ram moitana aseTi Seusabamoba.<br />

ra Tqma unda epoqam. epoqam, romelmac adamianSi adamianuri<br />

suli mokla. es, marTlac satireli da sasaciloa. da, rusTavelis<br />

Teatris speqtaklic xom tragi-komedia iyo. ai, ras wers am<br />

speqtaklis Sesaxeb v. ivanovi: `Своеобразие спектакля в том,<br />

что драматический сюжет омертвления человеческой души<br />

воплащён в комической фабуле, в ряде острокомических жанровых<br />

сцен, Герой “МАЧЕХИ” во власти эгоистической разобщённости,<br />

но внешне они само внимание и предупредительность.” 2<br />

speqtaklis sevdanarevi iumori, naRvliani kilo sicilTan<br />

erTad, mayureblis gulistkivilsac iwvevda. iwvevda agreTve<br />

TanagrZnobas im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic scenaze idgnen<br />

da TiTqos Sengan (mayureblisgan) xsnas elodnen.<br />

rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, robert sturuas reJisoriuli<br />

azrovneba miiswrafis ATanamedrove brextiseuliATeatris<br />

principebis Seqmnisaken qarTul nacionalur kulturasTan<br />

sinTezSi. amis magalTia speqtakl `yvaryvares~ Seqmna. sityva<br />

`Seqmna~ me SemTxveviT ar mixmaria, radganac `yvaryvare~ robert<br />

sturuas usazRvro reJisoruli fantaziis nayofia. misma dadgmam<br />

Zalian saintereso rezultati mogvca. saintereso Tundac<br />

imitom, rom warmodgenam didi kamaTi gamoiwvia ara marto<br />

Teatris kritikosTa Soris, aramedATeatris moyvaruli da<br />

TeatrSi mosiarule mTeli sazogadoeba aalaparaka. zogni<br />

mTlianad uaryofdnen polikarpe kakabaZis sturuaseul<br />

interpretacias, zognic piriqiT, didad uWerdnen mxars.<br />

12 13

maka vasaZe<br />

mowinaaRmdegeni sxva mizezebTan erTad, robert sturuas<br />

speqtakls uaryofdnen imis gamo, rom maTi azriT, ar SeiZleboda<br />

globalur masStabebSi warmodgeniliyo polikarpe kakabaZis<br />

wmindad qarTuli piesa. magram aq Cndeba erTi uneburi kiTxva:<br />

Tu polikarpe kakabaZis nawarmoebTa problematika aseTi viwro<br />

wriT, mxolod da mxolod `erovnuli niadagiT~ ifargleba,<br />

maSin ratom aris igi klasikosi, msoflio masStabis dramaturgi?<br />

magram saqme aq sxvagvaradaa. robert sturuas yvaryvaresaTvis<br />

`qarTuli niadagi~ ar gamouclia, reJisorma ubralod polikarpe<br />

kakabaZis siRrmeebSi arsebuli `yvaryvarizmis~ zogadsakacobrio<br />

idea wina planze wamoswia da es idea speqtaklSi Taviseburi<br />

formiT gadmogvca. Cems azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom robert sturuas<br />

sareJisoro ena, xerxebi qarTul niadags eyrdnoba cnobili<br />

rusi Jurnalistis mixeil Svidkois sityvebic adasturebs:<br />

`CemTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom sturua aris qarTveli<br />

reJisori, romelic gamoxatavs Tavisi xalxis tkivils, vnebaTa<br />

SeWirvebas, imeds. rasac ar unda dgamdes _ brextsa Tu Seqspirs,<br />

romlebmac mas msoflio saxeli mouxveWes, sturua CemTvis<br />

aris ilia WavWavaZisa da niko firosmanaSvilis, daviT<br />

kldiaSvilisa da polikarpe kakabaZis Tanamemamule~. 3<br />

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, `yvaryvareSi~ moxetiale dasi<br />

iwyebda warmodgenis Cvenebas. prologis damTavrebis Semdeg,<br />

qvemexebisa Tu tyviamfrqvevTa kakanis fonze, scenaze Semorboda<br />

Tavzardacemuli brbo da miwas erTxmoda. maT Soris iyo<br />

SeSinebuli, saxegafiTrebuli, jariskacis formaSi gamowyobili<br />

ltolvili, romelic erTi Tvalis gadavlebis Semdgom, isev<br />

ukan garboda, raTa mcire xnis Semdeg maT mesiis saxiT<br />

gamocxadeboda. `gaTeTrebuli saxe gahqvavebia, niRbad hqcevia,<br />

usicocxlo, vnebamiukarebelia. SemosvlisTanave sazeimo,<br />

tragikuli toniT mimarTavs SiSisagan gondakargul xalxs:<br />

`sul ase unda iwanwaloT, uTaurebo? Tqveni kacad gaxdoma ar<br />

iqna da ar moxerxda!~ diax, es yvaryvares sityvebia, romliTac<br />

(polikarpe kakabaZis piesaSi) igi mimarTavs Tavis sacodav<br />

ATanasoflelebs _ yayutasa da quCaras. aqedan iwyeba yvaryvares<br />

sakvirveli metamorfoza, da misi svla cxovrebis sxvadsxva<br />

`rkalSi~, romelic Tavis TanmimdevrobiT macxovris cxovrebas<br />

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

mogvagonebs, gardatexils groteskulad, Sebrunebulad, ironiuli<br />

paradoqsalurobiT~. 4<br />

me ki, Cems mier moyvanil nodar gurabaniZis citatas<br />

davumatebdi, rom reJisoris mier yvaryvares warmoCena aseTi<br />

saxiT, pirvelsave scenaSi xazs usvamda da amave dros, mayurebels<br />

ATavidanve amcnobda yvaryvares araCveulebriv niWs situaciis<br />

Sefasebisa. yvaryvarem igrZno, rom swored es momenti, rodesac<br />

xalxs, masas Tavgza aqvs abneuli da goneba dakarguli, SeeZlo<br />

gamoeyenebina Tavisi gandidebis mizniT. es, xom yvela im uniWo<br />

adamianis Tvisebaa, romelsac ATavisTavad araferi Rirebulis<br />

Seqmna ar ZaluZs, magram raRac niRabs moirgebs da ase<br />

niRabamofarebuli warmoaCens Tavis Tavs. `rac Seexeba niRabs,<br />

amaze ki vityvi _ Zveli berZnebi xSirad mimarTavdnen amgvar<br />

Teatralur niRabs. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari niRabi msaxiobs<br />

xels uSlis srulad gamoxatos personaJis sulieri moZraobani,<br />

am speqtaklSi igi mainc mniSvnelovan komponentad mimaCnia _<br />

yvaryvare ar gvevlineba Tavisi namdvili saxiT, mas udidesi<br />

niRabi aqvs afarebuli cxovrebaSi, igi mudam SeniRbulia~ 5 _<br />

igonebs ramaz CxikvaZe.<br />

yvaryvarem `qristes~ niRabi aifara xalxis mosanusxad. ai,<br />

rogor xsnis amas Tavad reJisori robert sturua: `me gavavle<br />

paraleli qristes cxovrebasTan, radgan Tavisi droisaTvis<br />

igi warmomidgeba keTilis, progresulis sawyisad. am paralelis<br />

meoxeobiT vaCvene egreTwodebuli `antiqriste~, romelic Tavis<br />

saqmianobas sikeTis saxeliT iwyebs - qadagebs imas, rac<br />

xalxisaTvis saWiro da misaRebia~. 6<br />

imisaTvis, rom es paraleli qristesa da antiqristes Soris<br />

mayureblisaTvis ufro naTeli da gasagebi yofiliyo, robert<br />

sturuam ramaz CxikvaZis _ yvaryvares pirvel gamoCenas `qristes~<br />

saxiT musikalur fonad daudo qarTuli qoralis xmebi `Sobai,<br />

Seni qristeo~. reJisoris es SesaniSnavi migneba, marTlac rom<br />

savsebiT naTelia - qveyanaSi rwmenas urwmunoeba Secvlis,<br />

adamianTa idealebs _ gaqroba, gadagvarebis saSiSroeba moelis.<br />

reJisors speqtakli gadawyvetili hqonda rogorc<br />

sakarnavalo farsi, xolo aseT JanrSi yovelgvari pirobiTobaa<br />

dasaSvebi. amitomac sruliad gamarTlda ramaz CxikvaZis<br />

14 15

maka vasaZe<br />

yvaryvares saxis warmoCena tiranis globalur aspeqtebSi.<br />

yvaryvare _ triumfatori, xakisfer kostiumSi gamowyobili<br />

interventi generali, bonapartizmis Tvisebebis matarebeli.<br />

rogorc davinaxeT, speqtaklis dasawyisSi yvaryvare<br />

mxsneladaa Seracxuli, Tavgzaabneulma brbom `Tavkaci iSovna~.<br />

sul araraobas erCivna yvaryvare yoloda winamZRolad.<br />

ndobaaRWurvili yvaryvare xelSi iRebda gvirgvins da Tavze<br />

idgamda. swored am detalSi vlindeboda yvaryvares gegmis<br />

mizani _ gandideba. xalxi, `sazogadoeba~ jer ver xvdeboda Tu<br />

ras sCadioda yvaryvare, magram rodesac mixvda, mainc masTan<br />

darCa, mainc misi miznebis da `ideebis~ gamtarebeli da<br />

aRmsrulebeli aRmoCnda.<br />

robert sturua amxelda ara marto yvaryvares, aramed iseT<br />

sazogadoebsac, romelic uSvebs da itans yvaryvares arsebobas.<br />

albaT, swored amitom, reJisorma dagvanaxa yvaryvares<br />

metamorfoza, misi niRbis sxvadasxvagvari imitaciebi. da es,<br />

sxva reJisorul mignebebTan erTad, yvaryvares kostiumebis<br />

cvalebadobaSi gamoxata. jariskacis ubralo formas cvlida<br />

qristes wamosasxami, Semdeg SemTxveviT icvamda yayutasa da<br />

quCaras mier gaZarculi Turqi jariskacis formas, romelic<br />

Ziudoistis formas mogvagonebda. pirveli moqmedebis bolos,<br />

qarTul CoxaSi warmogvidgeboda, Semdeg, momwvano samxedro<br />

formiTa da rkinis muzaradiT _ generali interventi,<br />

Zalauflebis zenitSi yofnis dros - `inteligenturad Cacmuli~,<br />

xolo bolos, rodesac Seityobda mis mazraSi revoluciuri<br />

armiis Semosvlis ambavs _ SiSvldeboda.<br />

am kostiumebis cvalebadobisas, yovelTvis ucvleli rCeboda<br />

erT-erTi detali _ ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvare yovelTvis<br />

fexSiSveli iyo. TiTqos reJisori da msaxiobi, am StrixiT,<br />

xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom yvaryvare Sinagani bunebiT<br />

mudam nacrismqeqav mawanwalad darCeba. ai, ras ambobs am detalis<br />

Sesaxeb TavadAmsaxiobi ramaz CxikvaZe: `es fexSiSveloba me,<br />

rogorc msaxiobs, Sinaganad mexmareba ufro cxadad warmovidgino<br />

mawanwala yvaryvares natura. yvaryvares frakic acvia, magram<br />

me ar vkargav personaJis `bosiakur~ sawyiss. igi naZiralaa da<br />

wmindanad, xalxisaTvis wamebul kacad gvaCvenebs Tavs.~ 7<br />

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

uvcleli rCeboda agreTve misi saxis gayinuli gamometyveleba,<br />

romlis miRma adamianis namdvili grZnobebis amokiTxva<br />

SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />

(gagrZeleba Semdeg nomerSi).<br />

1. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris muzeumis masalebidan,<br />

g.xuxaSvili;<br />

2. «Дружба народов» 1977 г. №6, В. Иванов «Человек в обществе мир в<br />

человеке. Размышления о театре имени Руставели»;<br />

3. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris muzeumis masalebidan, m.Svidkoi;<br />

4. Jurn. `Teatraluri moambe~ 1974 w. #7 n. gurabaniZe `yvaryvare~;<br />

5. Jurn. `Teatraluri moambe~ 1974 w. #7 `dialogi yvaryvareze~;<br />

6. Jurn. `Teatraluri moambe~ 1974 w. #7 `dialogi yvaryvareze~;<br />

7. Jurn. `Teatraluri moambe~ 1974 w. #7 `dialogi yvaryvareze~.<br />

16 17

qoreografia<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da<br />

awmyoze<br />

cekva aris xelovnebis erT-erTi uZvelesi forma. zogierT<br />

religiaSi is samyaros Seqmnas uswrebs win. qristianul<br />

tradiciaSi ki cekva didi xnis manZilze idevneboda.<br />

cekvam, rogorc TviTmyofadma xelovnebis formam,<br />

damsaxurebuli aRiareba mxolod dRes moipova da gauTanasworda<br />

xelovnebis danarCen formebs. operaSi igi baletis formiT<br />

vlindeba da erT-erT umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens.<br />

rogorc Tanamedrove cekva igi ZiriTadad `Tavisufal jgufebSi~<br />

arsebobs da damokidebulia ama Tu im warmodgenis formatze.<br />

asea Tu ise cekva, romelic SesaZloa yvelaze adamianuri<br />

xelovnebis formaa mTeli istoriis manZilze, yvelaze mWidrod<br />

iyo gadajaWvuli, SemosazRvruli, gamoyenebuli da gamoxatuli<br />

sazogadoebriv da politikur cvlilebebSi. Tanamedrove cekvis<br />

istoria germaniaSi amis naTeli magaliTia. swored amaze minda<br />

visaubro mokled da Sevecado, naTeli gavxado es kavSiri<br />

RirSesaniSnav SemoqmedTa magaliTze.<br />

`yoveli adamiani mocekvavea”<br />

rudolf fon labani 1920<br />

am winadadebiT gamoxatavs labani meoce saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

axal cnebasa da damokidebulebas sxeulisadmi. mecxramete<br />

saukunis dasasruls industriis progresulma ganviTarebam da<br />

axalma teqnologiebma masiurad Secvala samuSao pirobebi.<br />

Zvel socialur struqturebs funqcia daekargaT, uamravi adamiani<br />

iZulebuli gaxda qalaqSi gadmosuliyo sacxovreblad, ramac<br />

Tan identurobis SegrZnebis dakargva da sisuste moitana.<br />

cxovrebis wes-Cveulebebi boboqari kritikis qarcecxlSi moyva<br />

– ocneba axal cxovrebaze, axal identurobaze. moxda<br />

mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis gadafaseba. aseTia suraTi<br />

uSualod pirveli msoflio omis win.<br />

axalgazrda Taoba protests gamoTqvamda azrovnebisa da<br />

cxovrebis simwiris, Cacmulobasa da moZraobaze dawesebuli<br />

mkacri SezRudvebis winaaRmdeg. isini tradiciuli moqcevis<br />

18 19

nele hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze<br />

normebisgan gaTavisuflebas cdilobdnen. maT aRmoaCines – `buneba~.<br />

romlis Sedegad warmoiSva axali mimdinareoba saxelad<br />

`moxetiale Citi~. es iyo Tavisuflebis sruliad axali SegrZneba.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare ganviTarda sxeulis Tavisuflebac. individma<br />

sakuTari Tavi aRmoaCina. `personaluri gamoxatuleba~ iyo axali<br />

devizi, romelic moicavda xelovnebis sxvadasxva formebs da<br />

romelsac v. kandinski misdevda saxviT xelovnebaSi. zigmund<br />

froidma safuZveli daudo fsiqoanalizs, xolo nicSes filosofia<br />

axal religiad iqca. nicSem mocekvavisgan axali kerpi Seqmna:<br />

`me mxolod erTaderTi RmerTi SemiZlia viwamo, is, romelic<br />

cekvavs~. amiT igi mxars uWerda sxeulisa da moZraobis axal<br />

kulturas da warmoSobil eqspresionistul cekvas.<br />

erT-erTi sakvanZo termini gaxldaT `ritmi~. igi yofierebis<br />

safuZvels gamoxatavda. cekvam da tanvarjiSma adamianisa da<br />

bunebis dakarguli erTianobisaken mimavali gza gaxsna. Jak<br />

dalkrozma, Sceicarielma kompozitorma da musikis pedagogma,<br />

dabadebulma venaSi 1865 wels, ganaviTara ritmul-musikaluri<br />

aRzrdis axali meTodi. imisaTvis rom sakuTari mowafeebisaTvis<br />

musikis ukeTesi gageba eswavlebina, igi iyenebda sakuTar `ritmul<br />

tanvarjiSs~. igi cdilobda, musikis dineba pirdapir sxeulis<br />

moZraobaSi gadaetana. drezdenis Soriaxlos helerauSi volf<br />

dornTan erTad man daarsa axali centri musikisa da ritmisaTvis.<br />

aq man Tavi mouyara mowafeTa did raodenobas. misi drois<br />

RirSesaniSnav warmomadgenlebTan erTad weliwadSi erTxel<br />

igi awyobda festivals gasaocari dadgmebiT. mogvianebiT es<br />

dadgmebi sakvanZo gaxda saerTaSoriso Teatris istoriaSi. am<br />

skolam warmoSva uamravi iseTi mniSvnelovani mocekvave da<br />

qoreografi rogorebic iyvnen: mari vigmani, hania holmsi da<br />

miriam raubergi, mogvianebiT mari ramberti, romelic Semdgom<br />

inglisuri Tanamedrove sabaleto dasis Tanadamaarsebeli gaxda.<br />

meoce saukunis dasawyisSi Sveicariis monte veritaSi<br />

warmoiSva pacifizmis, anarqizmis, antrofosofiisa da<br />

fsiqoanalizis axali centri, sadac uamravi Semoqmedi, moazrovne,<br />

medikosi da `mecnieri~ Seikriba TanacxovrebisaTvis. es<br />

sazogadoeba aseve gaxda axali sacekvao mimdinareobis mimdevarTa<br />

mizidulobis centric. rudolf fon labanma 1913 wels daarsa<br />

moZraobis xelovnebis sazafxulo skola. mowafeTa Soris iyo<br />

mari vigmanic. labani gaxda Tanamedrove germanuli cekvis<br />

Semqmneli da mniSvnelovani Teoretikosi. cekva misTvis arsebobis<br />

Semadgeneli nawili iyo – yvelaferi imisaTvis iyo Seqmnili,<br />

rom momxdariyo `TviTgamoxatva~. labans swamda axali da<br />

sufTa sazogadoebis daarsebis SesaZleblobisa cekvis meSveobiT.<br />

labanis moZraobis TeoriaSi sxeuli mis irgvliv arsebuli<br />

sivrcis centrad warmogvidgeba. igi interpretirebda cekvas,<br />

rogorc xelovnebis damoukidebel formas, romelsac sakuTari<br />

wesebi gaaCnia.<br />

Tanamedrove cekvis novatorad 1877 wels amerikaSi<br />

dabadebuli da 1899 wlidan evropaSi moRvawe aisidora dunkani<br />

gvevlineba. man Tavidanve uaryo baleti da ganaviTara sakuTari<br />

cekvis stili. 1904 wels berlinSi cekvis skola-internati<br />

daarsa, romelic bavSvebs gansakuTrebul ganaTlebas aZlevda.<br />

misTvis cekva qalis emansi paciasTan iyo kavSirSi. motivacias<br />

efeqti ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed procesi, rogorc aseTi. igi<br />

sakuTari xelovnebiT pirveli msoflio omamdeli Taobis<br />

ganwyobas gamoxatavda, romelic im dros saxviT xelovnebaSi<br />

arsebuli ideebisa da, kerZod, eqspresionizmis axlobeli iyo.<br />

igi sakuTari profesiis yvela finansur aspeqts uaryofda.<br />

turneebs, kontraqtebs da msgavs sakiTxebs aRiqvamda rogorc<br />

sakuTari WeSmariti misiidan gadaxras. `Tanamedrove cekva~<br />

dunkanma warmatebuli gaxada. igi miRebuli iqna, rogorc<br />

xelovnebis nairsaxeoba. mas mravlad hyavda mimdevrebad qali<br />

mocekvaveebi – maT Soris yvelaze gansakuTrebulni - debi<br />

vizentalebi.<br />

pirveli msoflio omis dasasrulma mZime droeba moitana.<br />

es Tanabrad Seexo xelovnebasac. cekvas uxdeboda rTul<br />

realobaSi arseboba. mravali Semoqmedi Seecada piradi grZnobebis<br />

gamoxatvas da realobaze reagirebas. cekvas amisaTvis mravali<br />

forma da saxelwodeba gaaCnda – gamomsaxvelobiTi cekva,<br />

Tavisufali cekva, Tanamedrove mxatvruli cekva – yvelaferi<br />

dasaSvebi iyo. drezdenma isev SeiZina mniSvneloba. aq mari<br />

vigmanma `eqspresionistuli cekva~ SeimuSava. eqspresionistuli<br />

cekva pirvelad damoukideblad Seiqmna, mcire oTaxebSi, magram<br />

warmatebam am individualuri cekvis formas male Teatris<br />

karebic gauRo. aq man baletis gverdiT daimkvidra adgili.<br />

20 21

nele hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze<br />

eqspresionistuli cekvis saTaveebTan idgnen rudolf fon<br />

labani da mari vigmani. Tavisi pirveli germanuli turne mari<br />

vigmanma 1919 wels Caatara. misi skola drezdenSi gadaiqca<br />

germanuli eqspresionistuli cekvis centrad. aqedan moyolebuli<br />

cekvas saTaveSi Caudgnen gret paluka, herald kroicbergi,<br />

hania holmi da kidev mravali sxva.<br />

1924 wels axalma ekonomikurma stabilurobam da wesrigma<br />

Tavisi gavlena moaxdines xelovnebis dargebzec. safuZveli<br />

Caeyara cnebas `axali obieqturoba~, ramac anarekli hpova<br />

cekvaSic. axla saubari aRar iyo mxolod da mxolod individis<br />

`gamoxatvaze~. mniSvneloba SeiZina teqnikurma SesaZleblobebma<br />

da qoreografiulma principebma. amis sailustraciod gamodgeba<br />

oskar Slemeri, romelmac jer kidev 1916 wels ganaviTara<br />

sakuTari `triaduli baletis~ pirveli monaxazi da Semdgom<br />

1925 wels igi bauhausSi warmoadgina. axali principi – formis,<br />

ferisa da sivrcis damokidebuleba moZrav sxeulTan<br />

daupirispirda mari vigmanis fsiqologiur gamoxatulebas.<br />

SlemerisaTvis mTavari moZraoba sivrceSi gaxldaT.<br />

Tanamedrove cekvis gavlena, zogadad, imdenad gaZlierda,<br />

rom klasikurma baletmac ki ganicada saxecvlileba. mas<br />

sWirdeboda axali gzebi, imisaTvis rom SezRuduli, moZvelebuli<br />

rutinidan gaTavisuflebuliyo. eqspresionistuli cekva gaxda<br />

tradiciuli baletisaTvis erTgvari katalizatori. mocekvaveebi<br />

da qoreografebi, romlebic labanisa da vigmanis<br />

skoladamTavrebulni iyvnen TeatrSi dafuZndnen. pirveli iyo<br />

kurt iosi, romelic 1924 wlidan 1930 wlamde berlinis<br />

operisa da baletis TeatrSi moRvaweobda. mas mohyva mravali<br />

sxva, Tumca TiTqmis verc erTi dasi TeatrSi ver gaxda bolomde<br />

`Tanamedrove~.<br />

kurt ioss swamda formebisa da wesebis saWiroebis – misi<br />

naSromebi misive drois interpretaciebia da maT araferi aqvT<br />

saerTo fsiqologiur, individualur gamomsaxvelobasTan. misTvis<br />

politikur gancxadebebsac ar hqonda didi mniSvneloba. misTvis<br />

zogadad `adaminauris~ gamosaxva iyo mniSvnelovani. igi<br />

safuZvlad labanis formalur enas iyenebda. misma dadgmam<br />

`mwvane magida~ gaxada is da misi dasi msoflioSi cnobili. es<br />

erTaderTi dadgmaa im droidan, romelic exlac xSirad idgmeba.<br />

arsebobda politikurad angaJirebuli cekvac _ iseTi,<br />

rogorsac qmnida magaliTad hans vaiti. man 1930 wels berlinSi<br />

`wiTel mocekvaveTa~ dasi daarsa. igi wvrilburJuaziis<br />

winaaRmdeg angaJirebul dass warmoadgenda, romelSic valeska<br />

gerti gamodioda. igi iyo axali dinamiuri cekvis radikaluri<br />

magaliTi; gamosaxavda yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul problemebs<br />

da iyo pirveli mocekvave qali, romelic kabares stils<br />

miuaxlovda.<br />

politikuri suraTi dRiTidRe mZimdeboda. uamravi adamiani<br />

darCa umuSevari. quCurma dapirispirebebma faSistebsa da<br />

komunistebs Soris, arastabilurma politikurma sistemebma,<br />

meryevma mTavrobam da antidemokratiulma tendenciebma kidev<br />

ufro daamZimes saerTo foni. miuxedavad amisa, 1933 wlamde<br />

cekva Tavisi gziT ganagrZobda ganviTarebas. mari vigmans, gret<br />

palukas, valeska gertsa da sxvebs jer kidev hyavdaT TavianTi<br />

mayurebeli. regularulma e. w. `mocekvaveTa kongresebma~<br />

Caatares Tanamedrove cekvis warmomadgenelTaTvis pirveli<br />

forumi. labanis skolam, romelic 1922 wlidan funqcionirebda<br />

hamburgSi da sadac k. iosi da albreht kunsti swavlobdnen<br />

safuZveli Cauyara muSaobas moZrav adamianTa gundebTan, romelic<br />

xSirad wamyvani qoreografebis improvizaciaze iyo agebuli.<br />

am formam didi gamoxmaureba hpova germaniaSi. moZravi jgufebi<br />

warmoiqmna mraval adgilas. politikurma partiebma da<br />

dajgufebebma gamoiyenes es mimdinareoba, rogorc gamoxatvis<br />

Sesaferisi da gavleniani forma TavianTi RonisZiebebisa da<br />

demonstraciebis gasaformeblad. am mimdinareobam Tavisi<br />

gamoxatva 1936 wels berlinis olimpiadaze gamarTul masobriv<br />

RonisZiebebSi hpova.<br />

mraval qoreografsa Tu mocekvaves swamda, rom maTi xelovneba<br />

sruliad apolitikuri iyo da momaval faSizmTan araferi<br />

akavSirebda. magram cekva – rogorc yvela sxva xelovnebis<br />

forma – ostaturad iqna gamoyenebuli mTavrobis mier. mravali<br />

mocekvave, romelic Tavis namuSevars warmoadgenda ver xvdeboda<br />

vis emsaxureboda. is vinc ar jdeboda mTavrobis mier dadgenil<br />

standartebSi ganwiruli iyo izolaciisaTvis. sacekvao cxovreba<br />

germaniaSi destruqturizebuli gaxda. berlinis 1936 wlis<br />

olimpiadis Semdeg cekvis skolebs, qoreografebsa da dasebs<br />

22 23

nele hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze<br />

axali wesebi da struqturebi dauweses. mravali xelovani<br />

iZulebuli gaxda emigraciaSi wasuliyo. Tumca, bevrs movlenebis<br />

aseTi ganviTareba ar gauTvaliswinebia. isini gaerTiandnen<br />

organizaciebsa da struqturebSi, romlebic maT mxars uWerdnen.<br />

Tavidan vigmansa da labansac aseve gulubryvilod swamdaT<br />

TavianTi damoukideblobis. Tumc 19<strong>37</strong> wels labanma dakarga<br />

yvela funqcia da moqmedebis Tavisufleba. mari vigmanma, romelsac<br />

aseve swamda, rom germaniaSi moRvaweobis gagrZelebas SeZlebda<br />

1935 wels dakarga yvelanairi finansuri mxardaWera. misma<br />

rwmenam _ piradi da individualuri pasuxismgeblobisa _<br />

SeuZlebeli gaxada faSistebTan muSaoba. mas jer kidev gaaCnda<br />

sakuTari skola drezdenSi, sadac is axal solo dadgmebze<br />

muSaobda da sul ufro da ufro axdenda sakuTar Tavze<br />

koncentrirebas. Tumca 1942 wels man Tavi daaneba muSaobas<br />

da skola datova. yvela TavTavianTi gziT wavida. herald<br />

kroicbergi Tavis dadgmebs omis dasasrulamde warmoadgenda.<br />

gret paluka Tavidan Zalzed dafasebuli iyo faSistebis mxridan,<br />

Ta v i s i opti m i s turi s ti l i s a da di na m i u r i<br />

sicocxlisunarioanobis gamo, magram 1936 wels isic gadaiqca<br />

problemad – damoukidebeli, individualuri da Zalzed mWidrod<br />

gadabmuli bauhausis warmomadgenlebTan. igi iZulebuli gaxda<br />

skola daetovebina, magram mas mainc gamosdioda SemdgomSi<br />

SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba.<br />

`cekvaze muSaoba – es aris Tematuri masalis ganviTareba<br />

musikasTan mimarTebaSi. amis Sedegad warmoiqnmneba ormagi<br />

erTianoba – es CemTvis axali cekvaa~. klasikuri cekvis yvela<br />

pirobiTobisagan Tavisufali paluka cdilobda emociuri<br />

gamomsaxvelobisaTvis moZraobis xarisxis misadagebas. mas ar<br />

surda yofiliyo graciozuli baletis mocekvave. mas surda<br />

adamianuri emociebis gamoxatva. igi ar yveboda amiT konkretuli<br />

adamianis istorias – is mxolod da mxolod grZnobebsa da<br />

ganwyobilebebs gamoxatavda.<br />

omis dasrulebisTanave palukam kvlav daiwyo drezdenSi<br />

pedagogoba. pirvelad TviTdafinansebaze kerZo darbazebSi. 1949<br />

wels palukas skola zaqsebis mTavrobam oficialurad aRiara<br />

da Tavis mmarTvelobis qveS moaqcia. ormocdaaTian wlebSi<br />

palukas protestis miuxedavad es skola sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

magaliTze baletis skolad gadakeTda. man bolos da bolos<br />

germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi im droisaTvis did<br />

kompromiss miaRwia: klasikuri baleti da eqspresionistuli<br />

cekva erTmaneTis gverdigverd iswavleboda. am skolis<br />

moswavleTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda klasikuri baletis<br />

zedmiwevniT siRrmiseuli codna iseve, rogorc maTi SemoqmedebiTi<br />

unarebis ganviTareba aratradiciul cekvaSi. 1989 wlidan dRemde<br />

skola sTavazobs Tavis mowafeebs Tanamedrove ganaTlebas. gret<br />

paluka 1993 wels gardaicvala.<br />

omis dasasrulTan da faSizmis damarcxebasTan erTad cekvas<br />

axali xana daudga. faSistebis dafinansebis wyalobiT germanuli<br />

eqspresionistuli cekva im droisaTvis cudi saxeliTa da<br />

reputaciiT sargeblobda. mravali emigrirebuli Semoqmedi<br />

daviwyebas mieca. axladgaxsnil saopero TeatrebSi mniSvnelovani<br />

sabaleto dasebi cdilobdnen im Tanamedrove repertuaris<br />

SemuSavebasa da warmodgenas, romelic faSistebis mier warsulSi<br />

akrZaluli iyo. es repertuari moicavda stravinskis, bartoks,<br />

verner egks, boris blaSers, volfgang fortners, h. v. hences da<br />

a. S. berlinSi jer germaniis saxelmwifo operaSi, xolo Semdgom<br />

germanul operaSi moRvaweoba daiwyo qoreografma tatiana<br />

gsovskim. t. gsovksi aisidora dunkanis mowafe da heleraus<br />

skoladamTavrebuli gaxldaT. 1924 wels igi ruseTidan<br />

berlinSi gadasaxlda, rogorc emigranti da mis meuRlesTan<br />

viqtorTan erTad 1928 wels, amave qalaqSi, sabaleto skola<br />

daaarsa. igi muSaobda boris blaSerTan erTad. es TanamSromloba<br />

axal dadgmebSi gadaizarda, romlebsac solo mocekvave herd<br />

reinholmi RirSesaniSnav movlenebad aqcevda. t. gsovskim<br />

angaJireba gaukeTa jer sruliad axalgazrda gerhard booners,<br />

romelic mTeli weli operis sabaleto dasSi cekvavda, sanam<br />

qoreografad daiwyebda moRvaweobas.<br />

omis dasrulebisTanave pedagogoba mari vigmanmac daiwyo.<br />

jer 1948 wels laifcgSi, xolo 1950 wlidan gardacvalebamde<br />

studiaSi _ dasavleT berlinSi. vigmanma, romelic labanis<br />

skoladamTavrebuli iyo didi xnis win uaryo tradicia, romlis<br />

mixedviTac musikas Tan mosdevs moZraoba. man daiwyo musikis<br />

gareSe cekva. Semdeg dasartyami instrumenti misi mTavri<br />

partniori gaxda – siCumesTan mudmiv cvalebadobaSi. misi<br />

24 25

nele hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze<br />

karieris dasrulebis Semdeg, igi jgufur dadgmebs uwevda<br />

qoreografias. aseTi gaxldaT karl orfis `karmina burana~.<br />

misma 1957 wlis stravinskis `wminda gazafxulis” inscenirebam<br />

germanul operaSi didi gamoxmaureba hpova. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

mari vigmanmac ver SeZlo germanuli eqspresionistuli<br />

cekvisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba.<br />

mari vigmanis `msxverplSewirvaSi~ mTavar rolSi berlinis<br />

germanul operaSi, gamoCnda dora hoieri. igi iTvleba yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovan solo mocekvaved ocdaaTiani, samociani wlebis<br />

germaniaSi. kritikosebi mis xelovnebas pikasosa da kandinskis<br />

adareben. im martivi mizezis gamo, rom cekvis xelovneba ise ar<br />

iyo yuradRebiT ganebivrebuli, rogorc saxviTi xelovneba, es<br />

Sedareba sajarod TvalsaCino ar iyo. dora hoiermac sakuTari<br />

SemoqmedebiTi gza tanvarjiSis skolidan daiwyo. 1930 wels<br />

igi gret palukasTan Seecada muSaobas, magram am droisaTvis<br />

igi ukve sakuTari dadgmebiT iyo dainteresebuli. `ratom<br />

vcekvav? – imitom rom me Cemi sxeuliT, moZraobiT SemiZlia<br />

raime gamovxato. moZraoba, rogorc saSualeba, rogorc masala<br />

imisaTvis rom idea, procesi TvalsaCino gaxado~. igi yovelTvis<br />

SemoqmedebiTi procesiT iyo dainteresebuli. amis Sedegad mas<br />

mudmivad hqonda finansuri problemebi. Tumca is yovelTvis<br />

poulobda gamosavals. zogjer igi mari vigmanis studiaSi an<br />

mis dasSi muSaobda. misma mzardma popularobam mas uamravi<br />

mowveva moutana mTeli msofliodan. miuxedavad amisa, samuSao<br />

pirobebi misTvis germaniaSi katastrofuli gaxldaT.<br />

omis dasrulebisTanave dora hoiersac imedi gauCnda, rom<br />

drezdenSi gaagrZelebda moRvaweobas. mas swamda, rom SeZlebda<br />

axali sazogadoebisa da axali cekvis Seqmnas emigraciidan<br />

dabrunebul moRvaweebTan erTad. Tumca germaniis demokratiuli<br />

respublikisaTvis igi zedmetad `personaluri~, Zalzed<br />

individualuri aRmoCnda. amis Sedegad igi dasavleT germaniaSi<br />

gadavida. aqac samuSao pirobebi iseTi SemoqmedisaTvis, rogorc<br />

dora hoieri iyo araxelsayreli aRmoCnda: naklebi mayurebeli,<br />

naklebi sivrce, mwiri interesi.<br />

dora hoieri ibrZoda – werda, rom yvelas Tavisi movaleoba<br />

Seesrulebina. mis movaleobas mari vigmanis xelovnebis<br />

ganviTareba, cekvis xelovnebis mis fesvebTan daaxloeba<br />

warmoadgenda. miuxedavad amisa yvelgan klasikuri baleti<br />

mefobda. dora hoieri Tavis Tavs erTaderT radikalur<br />

mocekvaved da qoreografad Tvlida. `Cems kolegebs me amis<br />

gamo vZulvar~! `omis Semdgomi germaniis yvela mocekvavis<br />

gverdiT dora hoieri warmogvidgeba yvelaze Zlier pirovnebad.<br />

misi xelovneba Tanamedrovea – xelovnuri paTosisa da snobizmis<br />

gareSe. igi sakuTari cekviT amtkicebs, rom cxovrebiseul formebs<br />

sazRvrebi gaaCniaT, magram energias ara. dora hoieri aris<br />

evropuli masStabis pirovneba da es sxva xelovnebis formebSi<br />

Zalzed iSviaTad gvxvdeba~. miuxedavad amisa, miuxedavad<br />

warmatebuli turneebisa argentinasa da braziliaSi misi mZime<br />

da arastabiluri cxovreba naklebad Siecvala. dora hoieri<br />

ambobs: `mayurebels surs bedniereba da sicili. Cemi cekva ki<br />

mwuxarebas gamoxatavs. me ar var im mdgomareobaSi rom<br />

`bedniereba~ vicekvo. ratom unda davaZalo adamianebs gaxdnen<br />

Cemi mimdevrebi. me vwyvet muSaobas~. sakuTar dadgmebSi man mari<br />

vigmans didi xnis win gauswro. energia da Tanamedroveoba masTan<br />

mudmivad igrZnoba da es xdis mas ase Zliers. man sxeuli axal<br />

formebad aqcia – sxeuli misTvis formirebis instrumentia.<br />

1962 wels dora hoieri muSaobas iwyebs did ciklze<br />

spinozas mixedviT, saxelad - `afeqtors humanos~. pativmoyvareoba,<br />

qedmaRloba, sixarbe, siZulvili, siyvaruli. es misi erTaderTi<br />

namuSevaria, romelic firze iqna gadatanili. SemdegSi igi<br />

gavlenian namuSevrad iqca, romelic SemdgomSi Seiswavla da<br />

gadaakeTa palukas mowafe anila sigertma da vigmanis mowafe<br />

suzan liuhem.<br />

sasowarkveTilma dora hoierma 1967 wels TviTmkvlelobiT<br />

daasrula sicocxle.<br />

suzan linke Tanamedrove cekvaSi omisSemdgomi periodis<br />

Taobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figuraa. mis SemoqmedebiT<br />

gzaze Tavisi kvali datova bavSvobaSi gadatanilma rTulma<br />

avadmyofobam, romlis Sedegad mas smena da metyveleba<br />

sagrZnoblad dauqveiTda. mis cnobierebas mZime daRi daasva<br />

fsiqiatriul klinikaSi gatarebulma drom. maswavlebelTa da<br />

megobarTa mxardaWeriT man gamosavali hpova moZraobasa da<br />

cekvaSi. didi saxaruliT mivida igi berlinSi mdebare mari<br />

vigmanis skolaSi. aq man moZraoba iswavla, romelic sxeuls<br />

26 27

nele hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze<br />

sivrcesTan akavSirebs da iswavla is, rom teqnikis miuxedavad<br />

cekvaSi mTavari mainc is aris, rac mocekvavis Sinagani arsebidan<br />

gamomdinareobs. es aris sxeulis, sulisa da gonebis erTianoba<br />

– mcireoden moZraobaSic ki. swored es iswavla mari vigmanisgan<br />

suzan linkem. 19 wlisam man dora hoieri ixila, romelic<br />

misTvis momavalSi samagaliTo gaxda.<br />

vigmanis skolaSi sami wlis swavlis mere, suzan linke<br />

mixvda, rom misi teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi ar iyo sakmarisi<br />

da igi esenSi folkvangSuleSi gadavida, sadac jer kidev<br />

aswavlida kurt iosi Tavis qaliSvilTan ana markardTan erTad.<br />

kurt iosma germania 1933 wels datova. mas ar surda<br />

Tavisi ebraeli kolegebi mietovebina. igi samxreT inglisis<br />

qalaq dartingtonSi gadavida, sadac man Tavisi yofili<br />

maswavlebeli labani dapatiJa. man sigurd seedesTan erTad<br />

folkvangSuleSi gamomuSavebuli koncefcia inglisSi Camoitana<br />

da 1949 wlamde iq muSaobda. mis uamrav mowafeTa Soris arian<br />

pina bauSi da rainhild hofmani. kurt iosi, romelic ormocdaaT<br />

weliwadze meti qoreografad da pedagogad muSaobda germanuli<br />

Tanamedrove cekvis umniSvnelovanes figurad iTvleba. cneba<br />

`cekvis Teatri~ labanis SemuSavebulia. Tumc iosma es cneba<br />

gadaasxvafera. samocdaaTian wlebSi ukan dabrunebulma emigrantma<br />

Seqmna gza cekvis Teatris ganviTarebisaTvis. iosi iyo pirveli<br />

qoreografTagani, romelic sakuTari dadgmebisaTvis socialur<br />

da politikur Temebs irCevda. `cekva adamianuri yofis<br />

gamomxatvelia, adamianis SemoqmedebiTi bunebis manifestaciaa~.<br />

rodesac suzan linke folkvangSuleSi mivida, iq ukve<br />

folkvangis sacekvao studias pina bauSi xelmZRvanelobda.<br />

misgan Seiswavla linkem grZnobisa da formis koordinacia.<br />

man aseve iswavla, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani sizustea. aq<br />

suzan linke Tavisi Sinagani samyarodan gamomdinare muSaobas<br />

Seudga. man daiwyo iseTi piraduli Temebis damuSaveba, rogorebic<br />

misTvis sakuTari avadmyofoba, dardi da SiSi gaxldaT. teqnikuri<br />

ostatoba aucilebelia, magram igi TviTmizani ar unda gaxdes<br />

– igi sulier da mentalur ganzomilebaSi unda gadavides.<br />

suzan linkes qmnilebebi xangrZlivi samuSao procesis Sedegia.<br />

misma solo programebma saqveynod popularuli gaxada, magram<br />

igi aseve qmnida uamrav jgufur dadgmas. misTvis interesis<br />

sagans qalis socialuri pozicia warmoadgenda. 1991 wlidan<br />

suzanisaTvis, rogorc jgufuri dadgmebis qoreografisaTvis,<br />

axali epoqa daiwyo. 1994-1997 wlebSi igi berlinis cekvis<br />

Teatrs xelmZRvanelobda, qmnida erTobliv namuSevrebs mis<br />

partnior ditrihTan erTad da muSaobda sxva dasebis magaliTad<br />

niu iorkis, parizis operisa da niderlandebis cekvis Teatris<br />

dasis qoreografad. 1997 wlidan man mTels msoflioSi<br />

damoukideblad daiwyo muSaoba da pedagogoba.<br />

1998 wels suzan linke muSaobda qoreografad folkvangSules<br />

droindel kolega rainhild hofmanTan duetze `jvris Tavze~,<br />

romelic hebelis TeatrSi daidga. es warmoadgens garkveul<br />

qoreografiul dapirispirebas istoriasa da cekvis aqtiur<br />

pozicias Soris – cekvis mkacr `mamamTavrebze~ labansa da<br />

iosze. igi warmoaCens saerTo fesvebs, magram aseve Zireul<br />

esTetikur gansxvavebebs. hofmani, rogorc struqturuli<br />

sivrculi daZabuloba da saxiereba, xolo linke, rogorc zustad<br />

modulirebuli energiis dineba.<br />

suzan linkeze damatebiT unda iTqvas, rom man dora hoieris<br />

`afeqtos humanos~-is premieridan 25 wlis Semdeg moaxdina am<br />

qmnilebis gadakeTeba. es iyo qmnileba, romelmac masze didi<br />

gavlena moaxdina. mas surda amiT dora hoieris, rogorc<br />

Tanamedrove cekvis mniSvnelovani memkvidris gaxseneba. 1993<br />

wels man analogiurad gaixsena iseTi mniSvnelovani germaneli<br />

qoreografi, rogoric iyo gerhard booneri da misi qmnileba<br />

`dialogi g. b. -sTan~.<br />

magram modiT davubrundeT rainhild hofmans, romelic 1965<br />

wels folkvangSuleSi kurt iosis mowafe gaxldaT. 1970<br />

wels bremenSi igi gawevrianda ansamblSi mocekvave iohanis<br />

saxeliT. rogorc folksvangSules sacekvao studiis<br />

xelmZRvanelma (suzan linkesTan erTad) man 1974 wels daiwyo<br />

sakuTari dadgmebis ganxorcieleba. 1978 wels igi bremenis<br />

cekvis Teatris xelmZRvaneli (gerhard boemerTad erTad) gaxda.<br />

paralelurad igi xelmZRvanelobda sakuTar dass. 1980 wels<br />

suzan linke oTxi dadgmiT miipatiJes berlinis Teatralur<br />

Sexvedraze. 1986 wels igi sakuTari ansambliT bohumis TeatrSi<br />

samuSaod gaemgzavra – ise, rogorc mogvianebiT saSa valci da<br />

tomas ostermaieri berlinis `SaubiuneSi~. 1996 wlidan igi<br />

28 29

nele hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze<br />

kvlav Tavisufali Semoqmedia, muSaobs rogorc qoreografi da<br />

dgams ZiriTadad operebs.<br />

rainhild hofmanma cekvidan gamomdinare ganaviTara sakuTari<br />

stili. es stili folkvangSules tradiciidan momdinareobs<br />

da upirispirdeba pina bauSisas, romelic Tavis qmnilebebSi<br />

Zlier Teatralur elementebs rTavs. Tumc rainhild hofmanic<br />

isev da isev solo qmnilebebs ubrundeba – rogorc poziciis<br />

ganmsazRvrel wertils. mas didi aRiareba moutana 1977 wlis<br />

dadgmam saxelad _ `solo taxtTan~. `me yovelTvis mindoda<br />

Cemi grZnobebis cekviT gamoxatva. sxeulis enas verafriT<br />

Caanacvleb.…sxeulis enas SeuZlia mudmivad ganviTardes<br />

yoveldRiuri enidan~.<br />

linke-hofmanis Taobas ekuTvnis gerhard booneric, romelic<br />

radikalur gzas daadga da cekvisaTvis axali ganzomilebebi<br />

gaxsna. booneric, romelmac 18 wlidan sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi<br />

gza tanvarjiSis skolidan daiwyo, mari vigmanis mowafe gaxldaT.<br />

paralelurad igi dakavebuli iyo sakuTari teqnikis srulyofiT.<br />

1960 wels tatiana gsovskim mas jer frankfurtSi, xolo Semdeg<br />

rogorc solo Semsrulebels berlinis germanul operaSi gauwia<br />

rekomendacia. gsovski – ruseTis sabaleto skolis eqspresionisti<br />

qoreografi miizida booneris inidividualurma gamomsaxvelobiTma<br />

Zalam. booneri misi avangarduli Teatraluri dasis mniSvnelovani<br />

wevri gaxda. Teatraluri dasi STagonebis wyarod literaturasa<br />

da musikas iyenebda. 1971 wels kompozitor gerhard humelTan<br />

erTad SemuSavebulma qmnilebam `beatrisas vnebani~ booneri<br />

saqveynod cnobili gaxda. gasaocarma warmatebam Tan moitana<br />

dadgmebi milanSi (laskala), marselSi, miunhenSi, diuseldorfSi,<br />

darmStadSi da bremenSi. qoreografia iyenebda Tanamedrove<br />

baletis umniSvnelovanes masalas iseve rogorc imdroindel<br />

saWirboroto socialur da politikur Tematikas.<br />

oskar Slemeris qmnilebis intensiuri Seswavlis Semdeg,<br />

romelmac bauhausSi axali, gamomsaxvelobiTi cekvis sapirispiro<br />

stili Seqmna, boonerma oskar Slemeris `triaduli baletis~<br />

gadakeTebis grandiozuli proeqti wamoiwyo. igi daukavSirda<br />

kompozitor ioahim hespers da mTeli qmnileba Caifiqra rogorc<br />

yvelafer aqamde gakeTebulisa da gaazrebulis erToblioba.<br />

`triaduli baleti~ aris seria kargad organizebuli, mraval-<br />

ganzomilebiani, agebuli ~kostiumebze~, romlebic moZraobaSi<br />

moyavT mocekvaveebs. proeqtis warmatebisa da gastrolebis<br />

Semdeg, booneri kvlav dakavda Slemeris gamocdilebebiT<br />

bauhausSi. pirvel rigSi es aisaxa mis solo warmodgenebSi<br />

`momwifebuli cekva~ da `joxebiT cekva~. misi adreuli solo<br />

cekvebi warmoadgens tradiciuli germanuli Teatraluri<br />

struqturis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas. es xels uSlida mas<br />

Teatris farglebSi emuSava da sakuTari esTetika ganeviTarebina.<br />

mas ramdenime weli mkacrad hqonda gadawyvetili jer<br />

StutgartSi, Semdgom rainhild hofmanTan erTad, bremenSi<br />

Tanamedrove cekvisaTvis rogorc xelovnebis formisaTvis<br />

Tanabari aRiareba rom moetana, magram mzardi problemebis<br />

gamo mas es ar gamouvida. amisaTvis jer Zalzed adre iyo.<br />

sakuTari dasis Senaxva booners ar SeeZlo, amitomac igi<br />

iZulebuli gaxda qoreografad emuSava.<br />

amis Sedegad boonerma TandaTan daiwyo sazogadoebaSi<br />

mocekvavis poziciisa da sakuTari ukve daberebuli sxeulisadmi<br />

damokidebulebis axal yaidaze interpretacia. umniSvnelovanesi<br />

qmnileba, romelic am interpretaciis Sedegad warmoiSva aris<br />

sami xedva saxelad `oqros kveTa~. 1 da me-2-e mxatvrebTan<br />

erTad TanamSromlobaSi da i. s. baxis (kargad temperirebul<br />

klaviri) musikaze Seqmnili, xolo me-3-e imave mxatvrebTan da<br />

kompozitor roland prenglesTan erTad Seqmnili JReradobis<br />

moZraobaze reagirebis mcdeloba. `oqros kveTa~ booneris yvela<br />

SemoqmedebiTi ideis erTobliobis Sedegia. arcerT germanel<br />

qoreografs ise radikalurad ar gauazrebia sxeulis, rogorc<br />

instrumentis, sivrcis da scenaze martod arsebobis koncefcia,<br />

rogorc es gerhard boonerma gaiazra.<br />

rogorc g. boonerma moaxdina Slemeris qmnilebebis gadakeTeba<br />

da sxva kuTxiT dagvanaxa `gadakeTebis~ sakiTxi, aseve miudga<br />

booneris axalgazrda kolega da megobari katalonieli<br />

qoreografi da mocekvave CeSi booneris sikvdilis Semdeg mis<br />

dadgmas `oqros kveTa~. man moaxdina qmnilebis 1 da me-2-e<br />

nawilis gadakeTba da SeZlo farTo mayureblisaTvis am qmnilebis<br />

TviTmyofadobis Cveneba.<br />

verc gerhard boonerma da verc suzan linkem ver moikides<br />

germanul TeatrSi fexi da ver monaxes myari, stabiluri adgili<br />

30 31

nele hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze<br />

TavianTi xelovnebis – cekvis xelovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

germanul Teatralur sistemaSi cekva isev baletis formiT<br />

iyo warmodgenili da ar gaaCnda, rogorc damoukidebel<br />

xelovnebis formas, aranairi kulturul-politikuri zurgi,<br />

adekvaturi mayurebeli an sponsorebi. orive: boonerica da<br />

linkec, iZulebulni iyvnen ZiriTadad solo dadgmebze<br />

gaekeTebinaT aqcenti an mudmivad dadgmebis SesaZleblobebis<br />

damTrgunvel da meryev ZebnaSi yofiliyvnen. xelovnebis akademia<br />

im drois erT-erT xelze CamosaTvlel dawesebulebaTagani<br />

gaxldaT, romelmac am axal xelovanT xeli gaumarTa.<br />

sxvanairad gaxldaT pina bauSis saqme. man ganaTleba<br />

folkvangSuleSi kurt iosTan miiRo. 1960 wels igi DAADis<br />

stipendiiT gaemgzavra niu iorkSi cnobil juliardis<br />

skolaSi, sadac xose limoni da enton tiudori aswavlidnen.<br />

paralelurad igi sxvadasxva dasSi muSaobda, magaliTad,<br />

metropoliten operis sabaleto dasSi. 1962 wels igi ukan<br />

esenSi dabrunda, rogorc solisti axlad daarsebul baletSi.<br />

1968 wels man Tavisi pirveli qmnileba dadga. 1969-1973<br />

wlebSi igi folksvang studias xelmZRvanelobda, sadac misma<br />

qmnilebebma swrafi aRiareba moutanes. 1972 wels SesTavazes<br />

vupertalis saopero baletis xelmZRvaneloba, romelic man<br />

erTi pirobiT miiRo - SesaZlebloba eqneboda folkvangSules<br />

mocekvaveebi moeyvana. am sabaleto dasidan daibada vupertalis<br />

cekvis Teatri, romelmac pina bauSi samomavlod cnobili gaxada.<br />

man SeZlo, omisSemdgom germaniaSi SorsmWvreteli samxatvro<br />

xelmZRvanelebis daxmarebiT Tanamedrove cekvisaTvis axali<br />

sulis Caberva, misi axali SinaarsiT datvriTva da misTvis<br />

dakarguli aRiarebis dabruneba.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, pina bauSis radikaluri qmnilebebi<br />

mayurebelSi jer Soks iwvevda; mis mier bartokis operis<br />

`hercog blaubartis cixesimagris~ dadgmis dasasruls<br />

mayurebelma aRelvebulma datova Teatri. es wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

meordeboda. aTi weli dasWirda pina bauSs imisaTvis, rom<br />

TeatrSi Tavisi gaetana. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi qmnilebebi<br />

bevrs umadloda Tanamedrove cekvas, bauSma male ganaviTara<br />

sakuTari stili – kolaJebi, suraTebi realurisa da irealuris<br />

zRvarze – mravali paraleluri moqmedebebiTa da gameorebebiT.<br />

misi qmnilebebi Sinagani logikis mixedviT arian agebulni da<br />

ara erTi raime ambavis irgvliv. `igi ufro imiTaa dainteresebuli,<br />

Tu ra amoZravebT adamianebs, vidre imiT, Tu rogor moZraoben<br />

isini~. 1996 wlidan S.p.s. `pina bauSis cekvis Teatri~<br />

damoukideblad funqcionirebs.<br />

dResdReobiT pina bauSi iTvleba yvelaze RirSesaniSnav<br />

cocxal qoreografad. aRuniSnavi ar unda darCes iohanes kresniki,<br />

romelsac Zalzed gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. rogorc<br />

mocekvavem, man jer berlinSi, xolo Semdeg 1960-68 wlebSi<br />

kiolnSi, daiwyo qoreografoba. 1968-78 wlebSi igi jer bremenSi,<br />

xolo 1979-88 wlebSi kurt hiubneris angaJirebiT haidelbergis<br />

cekvis Teatris xelmZRvaneli xdeba. 1989 wlidan igi kvlav<br />

bremenSia, sadac igi 1990 wels `ulrike mainhofs~ da 1992<br />

wels `frida kalos~ dgams. 1994/95 wlebSi igi berlinis<br />

folksbiuneSi muSaobs, xolo 2003/2004 wlebSi Tavis ansamblTan<br />

erTad bonis TeatrSi miemgzavreba. mas Semdeg igi damoukideblad<br />

muSaobs sxvadasxva adgilebSi.<br />

kresniki dainteresebuli iyo samociani wlebis radikaluri<br />

TamaSiT da aseTi ti pis Ria formebis sacekvao moedanze<br />

gadmotaniT. igi pina bauSTan erTad 1967 wels warmoSobili<br />

`cekvis Teatris~ uxucesi warmomadgenelia. igi `cekvis Teatrs~<br />

Tavdapirvelad `qoreografiul Teatrs~ uwodebda. kresniki<br />

Tavisi xelovnebiT mudmiv dapirispirebaSi iyo kapitalizmisa<br />

da korumpirebuli socializmis ganviTarebasTan. misi `sxeulebi~<br />

warmoadgenen politikuri da ekonomikuri sisastikis proeqciebs.<br />

`me yovelTvis im adamianebis biografiebi ufro mainteresebda,<br />

romlebic sazogadoebasTan dapirispirebaSi iyvnen... yoveli Cemi<br />

saRamo, amave dros, premieracaa. yoveli biografia asaxavs im<br />

politikur struqturas, romelSic am adamianebs ucxovriaT,<br />

gatanjulan da gardacvlilan. me mainteresebs is Zala, romelic<br />

am adamianebs gaaCndaT da am Zalis scenaze mayureblisaTvis<br />

gardaqmna.~ kurt iosis Semdeg kresnikTan cekvam yvelaze Zlieri<br />

politikuri sarCuli SeiZina. sxeuli mis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

instrumentad iqca. aseT radikalizmSi kresniki SeiZleba iTqvas<br />

erTaderTia germaniaSi. mis qmnilebebs am radikalizmis miuxedavad<br />

TavianTi mniSvneloba ar daukargavT.<br />

32 33

nle hertlingi<br />

baletisa da cekvis istoria droTa manZilze<br />

cocxali xelovnebis formis istoriasa da awmyoze<br />

omis Semdgom germaniaSi, rogorc yvelgan aseve berlinSic<br />

baleti saopero saxlebSi swrafad ganviTarda. pirvelad<br />

saxelmwifo operasa da komikur operaSi Semdeg, tatiana gsovskis<br />

germanul operaSi gadanacvlebiT axali era daiwyo. valter<br />

felsenStainis komikur operaSi, romelsac misma realisturma<br />

dadgmebma saerTaSoriso aRiareba moutana, SeeZlo tom Silings<br />

Tavisi sakuTari sabaleto ena da esTetika ganeviTarebina. es iyo<br />

aseve is adgili, sadac palukas yofilma mowafem anila ziigertma,<br />

rogorc solo mocekvavem da qoreografma, misi Zalzed<br />

individualuri da Seudarebeli sacekvao enisaTvis sivrce da<br />

mayurebeli SeiZina. anila ziigertic germanuli Tanamedrove cekvis<br />

tradiciis pirmSo gaxldaT. isic, rogorc solo Semsrulebeli,<br />

dora hoieris zegavlenas ganicdida. suzan linkes msgavsad manac<br />

moaxdina `afeqtos humanos~ sakuTar yaidaze gadakeTeba.<br />

rTuli da mudam mocekvaveTa TviTeqspluataciaze<br />

damyarebuli cekvis ganviTareba biZgs aZlevs axalgazrda jgufs,<br />

amerikel Jaklin karlisa da diter haiTkampis TaosnobiT sxva<br />

angaJirebul mocekvaveebTan erTad, berlinSi cekvis fabrika<br />

daarson. Ria mxardaWeris gareSe, TviTdafinansebaze myof<br />

fabrikaSi iqmneba axali dadgmebi da grovdeba didi gamocdileba.<br />

cekvis fabrikam, romelic dResac arsebobs cekvis centrisa da<br />

skolis saxeliT berlini TandaTanobiT mocekvaveTa da<br />

qoreografTaTvis mTeli msofliodan mizidulobis wertilad<br />

aqcia. Seiqmna mravali axali adgili, iniciativa, festivali,<br />

saganmanaTeleblo SemoTavazeba.<br />

samociani wlebis dasasrulidan mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs<br />

dasavleT berlinis xelovnebis akademia, romelic yovelwliuri<br />

festivaliT P.M.T.T. berlinelebs saSualebas aZlevs gaecnon<br />

Tanamedrove qoreografiisa da cekvis ganviTarebas –<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-Si. 1988 wlidan es funqcia SeiTavsa<br />

hebelis Teatrma festivaliT `cekva agvistoSi~. ase myardeboda<br />

saerTaSoriso kontaqtebi da kavSirebi, rac berlinis sacekvao<br />

asparezze sakuTar gavlenas axdenda. ase SeeZloT xelovanT<br />

berlinSi fexis mokideba, xangrZlivad muSaoba da dasebis<br />

daarseba. magaliTad, ase Camoyalibdnen rubalo, konstance makrosi,<br />

tomas selemeni da mravali sxva, romlebic axla ukve arc erT<br />

saerTaSoriso cekvis festivals ar akldebian.<br />

maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia saSa valci. jer amsterdamSi,<br />

Semdgom ki niu iorkSi swavlis Semdeg, igi Camovida ukan evropaSi<br />

da 1993 wels berlinSi sakuTari dasi saxelad `saSa valci da<br />

stumrebi~ daarsa. mis partniorTan, iohen sandigTan erTad, 1996<br />

wlis Sua xanebSi man SeZlo, berlinSi dacarielebuli darbazebi<br />

daekavebina da iq mokle xanSi mimzideveli, Tanamedrove, dinamiuri<br />

programis Seqmna jer `travelonis trilogiiT~, romelic man<br />

gastrolebze waiRo da Semdgom `kosmonavtebis xeivaniT~,<br />

`cvailand 97-iT~ da mravali sxva dadgmiT, romlebzec moTxovna<br />

dResac ar klebulobs.<br />

rodesac 1999 wels iurgen SiThelma axalgazrda reJisori<br />

tomas ostermaieri germanuli Teatridan `Saubiunes~ samxatvro<br />

xelmZRvanelad miipatiJa saSa valcma igi daarwmuna imaSi, rom<br />

samxatvro xelmZRvanelis movaleobani nawilobriv masac<br />

dakisreboda. es iyo struqtura, romlis analogic rainhild<br />

hofmanma bohumis TeatrSi ukve gamoscada – TamaSi da cekva,<br />

rogorc Tanasworni, erTamneTis gverdigverd unda yofiliyo<br />

warmodgenili. saSa valcisaTvis es gamowveva iyo. berlinis<br />

mcire darbazebidan Saubiunes didi scenaze. man aq ramdenime<br />

Zalzed warmatebuli dadgma ganaxorciela magaliTad `sxeuli~,<br />

`S~, `aravin~ da a. S. es qmnilebebi bevrgan iqna naCvenebi, magram<br />

cekvis msaxiobobasTan SeTavsebam aqac kraxi ganicada. Teatrisa<br />

da cekvis samuSao pirobebi Zalzed gansxvavebulia da Teatri<br />

mainc dominant elementad rCeba, romelic cekvas sakuTar wesebs<br />

karnaxobs. valcma da sandigma am mdgomareobidan Tamami<br />

gamosavali ipoves da maRali riskis miuxedavad, Zvel musikalur<br />

ansamblTan erTad, ostbanhofze axal adgils saxelad<br />

`radialsistema~ Cauyares safuZveli. maT Cven mxolod warmateba<br />

SegviZlia vusurvoT.<br />

amasobaSi cekvam da misma potencialma qveynis masStabiT<br />

aRiareba moipova. axalma pirobebma, moTxovnebma da gansakuTrebiT<br />

`germaniis cekvis gegmam~ dagvanaxa, rom cekvam, rogorc<br />

damoukidebelma xelovnebis formam, bolos da bolos moi pova<br />

damsaxurebuli aRiareba.<br />

Targmani: Tamar lolua<br />

34 35

kultura da politika<br />

stiv osteni<br />

kulturis roli evropis gaerTianebis<br />

procesSi<br />

`neba miboZeT gavimeoro: evropa ar aris damyarebuli mxolod<br />

bazarze, igi aseve emyareba Rirebulebebsa da kulturas. neba<br />

miboZeT erTi piradi SeniSvnac gavakeTo: RirebulebaTa ierarqiaSi,<br />

kulturuli Rirebulebebi ekonomikurze maRla dgas. Tu<br />

ekonomika Cveni cxovrebisaTvis saWiroebas warmoadgens, kultura<br />

is elementia, romlisTvisac saerTod Rirs cxovreba.<br />

evrokavSiri Tavisi istoriis im etapzea, rodesac misi<br />

kulturuli ganzomileba aRar SeiZleba darCes yuradRebis<br />

miRma.~<br />

am sityvebiT mimarTa presasa da auditorias hose manuel<br />

barozom, evrokomisiis prezidentma 2004 wlis dekemberSi<br />

berlinis pirvel konferenciaze `evropis sulisTvis~.<br />

mas Semdeg, evrokomisiam mravali iniciativis saSualebiT<br />

popularizacia gaukeTa ideas, rom evropeloba, rogorc aseTi,<br />

SeiZleba ganviTardes mxolod kulturuli qmedebis Sedegad.<br />

es idea TavisTavad ar aris axali.<br />

adreul wlebSi, moqalaqeobis sakiTxi, rogorc adamianis<br />

uflebaTa danergvis produqti ori politikuri blokis, e. w.<br />

dasavlurisa da socialisturi arenis (sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

CaTvliT), TanamSromlobis avangardSi idga. es sabolood<br />

gadaizarda helsinkis xelSekrulebebSi da safuZveli Cauyara<br />

konferencias usafrTxoebasa da TanamSromlobaze evropaSi<br />

(CSCE). es ganviTareba – cnobili dResdReobiT, rogorc helsinkis<br />

procesi, Seferxda omis Semdgom periodSi. mis aRdgenas<br />

garkveuli dro dasWirda: evropul usafrTxoebaze konferenciis<br />

idea sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam ormocdaaTian wlebSi wamoayena.<br />

1960-ian wlebamde Crdilo atlantikuri bloki (NATO)<br />

uars acxadebda Semdgom molaparakebebze. nato iTxovda iseTi<br />

humanitaruli sakiTxebis wamoWras rogorebicaa magaliTad:<br />

adamianebisa da informaciis Tavisufali dineba aRmosavleT<br />

blokSi. im dros adamianis ufelebebi zogadad ar iyo<br />

36 <strong>37</strong>

stiv osteni<br />

kulturis roli evropis gaerTianebis procesSi<br />

prioritetuli. maTi roli uSualod procesis mimdinareobasTan<br />

erTad 1973 wlis Semdeg izrdeba.<br />

lurj wignSi, romelic 1973 wlis ivlisis helsinkis<br />

konsultaciebis daskvniT rekomendacias warmoadgens, miTiTebuli<br />

iyo sami ZiriTadi sakiTxis: usafrTxoebis, ekonomikisa da<br />

humanitarul e. w. `kalaTebSi~ organizeba.<br />

helsinkis daskvniTi aqtis `kalaTebis~ Tanasworuflebianobam<br />

kultura politikuri barierebis gadalaxvis saSualebad<br />

warmoadgina. kulturas nel-nela mieca saSualeba Camosuliyo<br />

ideologiuri platformidan da ufro praqtikuli mcneba<br />

gamxdariyo. aman saSualeba misca mzard samoqalaqo moZraobas<br />

ganemtkicebina samoqalaqo da adamianis uflebebi uSualod<br />

politikur procesSi CareviT da misi aRmavali miRwevebis<br />

mxardaWeriT.<br />

xelovanebma da inteleqtualebma miiRes es daskvniTi aqti,<br />

rogorc maTi samoqalaqo, adamianisa da kulturuli uflebebis<br />

garantia da sazom erTeulad, am garantirebul uflebebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, TavianTi imdroindeli mdgomareoba aiRes. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare Semdogomi procesi ganisazRvra swored am uflebebis<br />

politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi ganmtkicebiT.<br />

sul ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina orma aspeqtma: pirveli,<br />

mtkice moqalaqeobrivi rwmenis saWiroeba da meore, kulturis<br />

mniSvneloba mSvidobiani gaerTianebisaTvis, romelic ara marto<br />

individebsa da qveynebs aaxloebs, aramed am daaxloebis gziT<br />

yvelaze optimalur Sedegebs aRwevs.<br />

1985 wels konferenciam usafrTxoebasa da TanamSromlobaze<br />

evropaSi, budapeStSi kulturuli forumi Caatara, romelic<br />

gansazRvruli iyo imisaTivs, rom swori mimarTulebebi mieca<br />

mesame `kalaTis~ ZalisxmevisaTvis da gamoenaxa evropel xalxTa<br />

Soris kontaqtebisa da gacvlis gasaumjobesebeli gzebi. es<br />

forumi gaxda umniSvnelovanesi etapi kulturis mniSvnelobis<br />

warmoCenisa politikur sferoSi.<br />

oficialur forumze, germaniis federaciuli respublikis<br />

delegaciis spikerma, giunter grasma warmoadgina sakuTari<br />

mosazreba pan-evropuli kulturuli fondis daarsebisa raTa<br />

`adamianTa gonebaSi arsebuli sazRvrebis gaxsna~ momxdariyo.<br />

paralelurad, misi kolegebi adgilobriv ludxanaSi<br />

araformaluri Sekrebis farglebSi, saxelad mweralTa<br />

araformaluri simpoziumi, bWobdnen msgavs Temebze mowveul<br />

inteleqtualebTan erTad. rasakvirvelia am or Sekrebas mohyva<br />

ideaTa mravlismomtani gacvla. sabolood grasi iZulebuli<br />

gaxda uari eTqva sakuTar SemoTavazebaze, romelic a.S.S.-sa da<br />

rumineTis mier dadebulma vetom dabloka.<br />

aman, yvela procesSi Cabmul xelovansa da politikoss<br />

uCvena, rom ideaTa gacvla erTi saqmea, xolo praqtikuli da<br />

novatoruli SemoTavazebebis danergva ki meore. miuxedavad<br />

aseTi gamocdilebisa, xelovanebs ar SeuwyvetiaT swrafva TavianTi<br />

miznebisaken. maT ubralod am procesidan politikosebi<br />

gamoTiSes.<br />

ase Caeyara safuZveli mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom xelovanebs,<br />

inteleqtualebsa da kulturis dawesebulebebs, politikuri<br />

klasis Tanxmobis gareSec ki, SeuZliaT mravali ramis gakeTeba<br />

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebisaTvis.<br />

erT-erTi pirveli mcdeloba, am mosazrebis ganmtkicebisa,<br />

iyo 1987 wels amsterdamSi gamarTuli evropel xelovanTa<br />

forumi: `amsterdami, rogorc evropis kulturuli centri,<br />

momaval ideaTa xorcSesxmisaTvis~ farglebSi.<br />

giunter grasma miiRo miwveva mTeli evropidan mowveul<br />

xelovanebTan da inteleqtualebTan erTad, raTa kidev erTxel,<br />

ganexilaT misi budapeStis SeTavazeba, oRond amjerad<br />

politikosebis gareSe. es movlena, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rogorc<br />

umniSvnelovanesi platforma msofliosaTvis kulturuli<br />

samyaros xmis misawvdenad. am platformas daerqva `guliveri~.<br />

igi warmoadgenda pirvel mcdelobas Camoyalibebuliyo evropuli,<br />

arasamTavrobo, araformaluri da damoukidebeli samuSao jgufi,<br />

rogorc platforma, individualur evropel xelovanTa da<br />

inteleqtualTa Soris, evropuli kulturis samomavlo<br />

sakiTxebze ideaTa gacvlisaTvis.<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi, `guliveri~ uzarmazar kulturul<br />

qselSi integrirebiT nel-nela gadaiqca saerTaSoriso<br />

TanamSromlobis, gacvlisa da mobilobis progresul saSualebad.<br />

es qseli erTmaneTs akavSirebs aramarto `guliveris~ wevrebs,<br />

aramed akavSirebs maT amsterdamTan, rogorc `feliqs meritis<br />

fondis~ mudmivi saqmianobis adgilTan (1988 wlidan).<br />

38 39

stiv osteni<br />

am arasamTavrobo organizaciam gauswro `gulivers~, romelic<br />

nela Seerwya iseTi maStabebis fonds, romelsac dasawyisSi veravin<br />

ver warmoidgenda: namdvil evropul samoqalaqo sazogadoebas.<br />

uaxlesi mcdeloba helsinkis ideebis danergvisa aris<br />

samoqalaqo iniciativa saxelad `evropis sulisaTvis~, romelmac<br />

2004 wels daiwyo moRvaweoba. amjerad iniciatvia<br />

politikosisagan, germaniis federaciuli respublikis yofili<br />

prezidentis rihard fon vaiczekerisgan, wamovida.<br />

`evropis sulisaTvis~ iniciatorebis gansazRvrebiT:<br />

evropuli procesi, igive kulturuli procesia. moqalaqeobis<br />

cneba unda iyos wamyvani. im mware realobidan gamomdinare, rom<br />

evrokavSiri ver gaxda warmatebuli gaerTianebis procesSi<br />

moqalaqeobisa da kulturis, rogorc ZiriTadi elementis<br />

popularizaciiT, isini iRwvian (helsinkis daskvniTi aqtis<br />

suliskveTebiT) daakavSiron aRmavali kulturuli<br />

mimdinareobebi politikuri taqtikis ganmsazRvrel daRmaval<br />

procesebTan.<br />

`feliqs meritis fondis~ mxardaWeriTa da misi saxalxo<br />

qselis daxmarebiT, `evropis sulisaTvis~ iniciativas saSualeba<br />

mieca xma miewvdina evropelTa axalgazrda TaobebisaTvis.<br />

mxolod ramdenime weliwadSi, inteleqtualebi, kulturis<br />

muSakebi, mecnierebi, xelovanebi, moswavleebi da studentebi,<br />

iseve, rogorc adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso politikosebi<br />

gaerTiandnen berlinis procesSi, imisaTvis rom stimuli miscen<br />

momaval axalgazrda evropelebs TavianT xelSi aiRon Cveni<br />

momavlis sadaveebi. amave dros isini propagandas uweven ideas,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebam unda Camoayalibos<br />

da zegavlena moaxdinos politikuri strategiis SemuSavebaze,<br />

imisaTvis rom evropa wevr saxelmwifoTa kavSiridan gardaiqmnas<br />

wevr saxelmwifoTa da moqalaqeTa kavSirad. evropis moqalaqeTa,<br />

kulturul organizaciaTa da xelovanTa sakuTrebaSi gadacema<br />

kvlav unda iqces wamyvan prioritetad.<br />

amsterdami, <strong>2008</strong> wlis dekemberi.<br />

xelovnebisa da socialur<br />

<strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> fakultetis<br />

samecniero konferenciis<br />

saorganizacio jgufi:<br />

masalebi<br />

18 - 19 ivnisi <strong>2008</strong> weli<br />

sruli profesorebi - levan xeTaguri, vasil kiknaZe,<br />

nato gengiuri.<br />

asocirebuli profesorebi - lamara RonRaZe, giorgi<br />

CarTolani, nino mxeiZe, rusudan mircxulava<br />

Targmani: Tamar lolua<br />

40 41

Teatrmcodneoba<br />

Tamar bokuCava,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

Ramis, sizmrisa da komikuris sakiTxisaTvis<br />

Seqspiris `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~<br />

Seqspiris `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~, piesaSi, romelic<br />

antikuri da Sua saukuneebis miTologiisa da literaturis<br />

TemaTa da motivTa ucnaur sinTezs gvTavazobs, mTvarisa da<br />

Ramis Tematikasa da simbolikas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />

originalSi piesas `Sua zafxulis sizmari hqvia~. nawarmoebis<br />

saTauri mis ZiriTad teqstTan mimarTebaSi erTgvari gzamkvlevisa<br />

da gasaRebis mniSvnelobas iZens. erTi SexedviT, saTauri<br />

moqmedebis droze migvaniSnebs. Sua zafxuli zodiaqaluri<br />

wris kirCxibis monakveTs Seesabameba. kirCxibis zodiaqos<br />

mmarTveli planeta mTvarea. iTvleba, rom Seqspirs ocdaoTxi<br />

ivnisis Rame hqonda mxedvelobaSi, romelic mraval qveyanaSi<br />

saswaulTa Ramed iTvleba da ivanes Ramed iwodeba. MTumca,<br />

nawarmoebis teqstis Tanaxmad, Tezevsisa da ipolitas saqorwilo<br />

dResaswauli maisis dasawyisSi, kerZod, pirvel maiss ewyoba.<br />

pirveli maisis dResaswauli dRis zeimi iyo da, Sesabamisad,<br />

dRisiT imarTeboda. ratom dasWirda dramaturgs moqmdebis<br />

ormagi drois Semotana? ra aris es _ Secdoma Tu uzustoba?<br />

Tumca, vfiqrob, Seqspirma es ganzrax gaakeTa da amiT drois<br />

cnebis orgvari gageba SemogvTavaza.<br />

paul tilixi erTmaneTs drois or cnebas upirispirebs,<br />

qronossa da qaiross. qronosi istoriuli, linearuli droa,<br />

movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobis adgili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qronosi<br />

neitraluri, TavisTavadi, distanciuri droa. sxvagvaria qairosi,<br />

sazrisiani, mniSvnelobis matarebeli dro, xdomilebaTa momenti,<br />

romelic Tavis TavSi viTarebis ganmsazRvrel, mis maregulirebel<br />

Zalas Seicavs. swored aseTi dro udgebaT moqmedebis gmirebs,<br />

dro, romelic kalendarul droze dominirebs da mas damatebiT<br />

sazriss aniWebs. es magiuri droa, saswaulTa Rame. misi dadgoma<br />

samyaros ZalTa farul kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba. swored<br />

amitom sWirdeba Seqspirs moqmedebasTan mTvaris simbolikis<br />

dakavSireba, saxecvalebadi planetisa, romlis fazebi drois<br />

42 43

Tamar bokuCava<br />

msvlelobas gansakuTrebuli sazrisiT datvirTul mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebs da romelsac adamianTa miTologiur cnobierebaSi<br />

mravalnairi mniSvneloba da rwmena-warmodgena ukavSirdeba.<br />

mTvares iseTi cnebebi Seesabameba, rogorebicaa qali, wyali,<br />

nayofiereba, sikvdili, Rame, aracnobieri fsiqika da a. S. amave<br />

dros, is cikluri procesebis, ganaxlebisa da maradiuli<br />

dabrunebis simboloa. mTvare, Tavisi SuqiT ar anaTebs, is mzis<br />

naTels ireklavs. egvi ptelma qurumebma mnaTobi rwmenis<br />

simbolod airCies, romelic mzis naTelis msgavsad, gamocxadebul<br />

WeSmaritebebs ireklavs. rogorc msoflio zRva, mTvare mzis<br />

gamanayofierebel principebsac Seicavs, romlebsac eTerSi ganfens.<br />

mzesa da mTvares Soris arsebuli kavSiri piesaSi umniSnelovanes<br />

rols TamaSobs da damatebiT, maT Soris erotikul sazrisebs<br />

iZens. moqmedebis ormagi droc 1 maisis dRis dResaswaulisa<br />

da ivanes Ramis zeimis alogikuri SeerTebiT am kavSiris<br />

gamoxatulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. arsebobs mosazreba, rom<br />

piesa romeliRac didgvarovani wyvilis qorwinebas mieZRvna.<br />

zogierTi mkvlevaris mosazrebiT es adamianebi poetTa mfarveli<br />

qali lucia haringtoni da eduard raseli, bedfordis mesame<br />

grafi unda yofiliyvnen, sxvaTa SexedulebiT ki mizezi uiliam<br />

stenlis, graf derbis qorwineba iyo.<br />

Tavad piesis CarCo-siuJeti Tezevsisa da i politas<br />

saqorwilo samzadisia. patriarqatis formirebam mraval qveyanaSi<br />

mzisa da mTvaris dualuri wyvilSi mamakacuri da qaluri<br />

funqciebi gansazRvra. mze mamakacur sawyissa da refleqsias<br />

daukavSira, mTvare _ warmosaxvas. mTvaris simbolikaSi misi<br />

ambivalenturobis, cvalebadobis, mzesTan ukuproporciuli<br />

kavSiris idea misi Sesatyvisi ricxviT - 2 gamoisaxeba, rac mis<br />

ganusazRvrelobasa da cvalebad bunebas aRniSnavs. piesis<br />

moqmedebaSi qronolgiur da miTologiur droebs Soris<br />

arsebuli gansxvaveba, maisidan ivlisis RameSi ganxorcielebuli<br />

naxtomi, piesis dasawyisSive Tezevsis molodiniT aris<br />

ganpirobebuli. Tezevsi Zveli mTvaris milevisa da axali mTvaris<br />

dadgomis molodinSia, radgan axal mTvareze ipolitasTan<br />

iqorwinebs. swored qorwineba, rogorc mistikuri kavSiris<br />

rituali, mzisa da mTvaris SeuRlebis momenti xdeba is Zala,<br />

romelsac kalendaruli droidan Tvisobrivi xdomilebis droSi<br />

gadavyavarT.Ddro movlenis TariRidan misi Sinagani mniSvnelobis<br />

Ramis, sizmrisa da komikuris sakiTxisaTvis<br />

Seqspiris `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~<br />

niSnulad gardaiqmneba.Pqorwineba erTgvari zavia, kavSiri,<br />

romelic or opoziciur mnaTobs Soris ideba.<br />

Tezevsis teqstidan SevityobT, rom i polita man brZoliTa<br />

da muqariT daimorCila, axla ki surs, rom yofili mtroba<br />

mxiaruli qorwiliT daasrulos. ukve piesis dasawyisSive gvaqvs<br />

mtroba-siyvarulis urTierTmonacvleobis Tema, romelic<br />

mogvianebiT elenesa da demetriusis wyvilsa da SeyvarebulTa<br />

Ramis Tavgadasavlebis peripetiebSi iCens Tavs. urTierTobebis<br />

Tvisobrivi cvlileba, naxtomi, sikvdilis Temis siyvarulisa<br />

da ganaxlebis motiviT Secvla kvlavac mTvaris gamaerTianebeli<br />

simbolikis SuqSia gaxveuli. mTvare piesaSi 28-jer aris naxsenebi<br />

da gmirTa yvela jgufs Tu piesis yvela movlenas<br />

sxvadsxvagvarad ukavSirdeba. rogorc danawevrebuli da<br />

orazrovani yofierebis paradoqsuli mTlianobis simbolo, mzis<br />

naTebiT manaTobeli planeta, dRisa da Ramis gamaerTianebeli<br />

mogzauri, is movlenaTa Semkvreli faqtoris rols TamaSobs.<br />

mTvaris, rogorc momakvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi planetis<br />

Tema dionise-osirisis dramatul Tavgadasavalsac gvaxsenebs.<br />

osirisi egviptur miTologiaSi mTvaris astrologiis simbolur<br />

gansaxierebad gvevlineboda, misi sxeuli tifonma 14 nawilad<br />

daanawevra, rac milevadi da mzardi mTvaris 14 saxls Seesabameba.<br />

mTvaris ambivalenturi buneba, misi dabadebis, sikvdilisa da<br />

Semdgomi Sobis fazebi tragedia-komediis ambivalenturi wyvilis<br />

siRrmiseul erTianobasac ganasaxierebs.<br />

Tezevsis mier piesis dasawyisSi miTiTebuli mTvaris<br />

mdgomareoba Ramis mnaTobis mier ramdenime, kerZod mTvaris<br />

sami fazis gavlas Seesabameba. milevadi mTvare Savi mTvaris<br />

fazaSi unda gadavides da Semdeg xelaxla daibados.Ees monakveTi<br />

mTvaris ciklSi yvelaze dramatulia da mTvaris gardacvalebas,<br />

sulTa samyaroSi gadasvlasa da xelaxla dabadebas Seesatyviseba.<br />

qorwilic swored axalmTvareobas aris daniSnuli, romelsac<br />

ZvelTaganve miusadagebdnen xolme sxvadsxva ti pis sakulto<br />

ritualebs da qmedebebs. axalmTvareobas mraval magiur Zalas<br />

miawerdnen, maT Soris makurnebel Zalasac. uZvelesi droidan<br />

mTvaris fazebi cxovrebis dinebis warmmarTvel fenomenad<br />

miiCneoda. Zveli mTvare berZnul miTologiaSi hekatas kults<br />

ukavSirdeboda. zogi versiis Tanaxmad, Zvel samyaroSi hekata<br />

sammag RvTaebad iTvleboda, romelic qvesknelSi mefobda rogorc<br />

hekata, dedamiwaze rogorc artemida, xolo zecaSi, rogoc mTvare.<br />

44 45

Tamar bokuCava<br />

Ramis, sizmrisa da komikuris sakiTxisaTvis<br />

Seqspiris `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~<br />

amdenad, rodesac Tezevsi Zvel mTvareze saubrobs, mas<br />

qvesknelis mTvare - hekata yavs mxedvelobaSi, fermkrTali<br />

stumari, jadoqrobis, misticizmis, sikvdilis gansaxiereba.<br />

ipolita vercxlis mSvildiviT morkalul mTvares axsenebs,<br />

romelmac maTi qorwilis Rame unda gaanaTos.Naxali mTvaris<br />

vercxlis mSvildi amorZali i politas simbolodac SeiZleba<br />

ganvixiloT, axali mTvare berZnul-romaul miTologiaSi<br />

nadirobis qalwuli qalRmerTis artemida-dianas Seesabameba.<br />

qristianul mistikaSi mariami axali mTvariT Ramis sibneleSi<br />

naTlis Semtan qalur princips ganasaxirebs. berZnebTan mTvare,<br />

artemidesTan erTad qorwinebisa da ojaxis mfarveli qalRmerTis,<br />

heras simboloc iyo. i politas teqsti mTvaris am ori<br />

hipostasis mimarT apelirebs. Ddianas civi mTvare SesaZloa,<br />

mamis nebis winaaRmdeg amboxebuli elenas cxovrebis Tanamgzavric<br />

gaxdes, romelsac daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi sikvdili an<br />

monazvnis unayofo da sevdiani xvedri emuqreba.MmTvaris romelime<br />

fazaSi samudamod darCena sicocxlis kanonis SeCerebisa da<br />

sikvdilis tolfasad ganixileba.<br />

Tezevsisa da ipolitas mTvareebis gamoCinebas Soris arsebul<br />

xanmokle droSi samyaros udidesi saswaulia moqceuli. swored<br />

mTvaris gardasaxvis moments Seesabameba Seyvarebulebis Ramis<br />

tyeSi, sulTa saufloSi saxifaTo mogzaurobis periodi, saidanac<br />

isini ganaxlebulni da gankurnebulni unda dabrundnen. Rameulma<br />

mogzaurobam harmonia da dakarguli wonasworobis principi<br />

unda aRadginos.<br />

tyis simbolika Seqspiris piesebSi xSirad gvxvdeba, komediaSi<br />

`rogorc mogewonebaT~ moqmedebis tyeSi gadatana<br />

dramaturgisaTvis filosofiuri msoflgancdis gadmocemis<br />

saSualeba xdeba. `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~ tye erT-erTi<br />

centraluri mxatvruli saxea, simbolo, romelic Seqspirma<br />

fantastikuri miTologiuri da folkloruli personaJebiT<br />

daasaxla da aracnobieri fsiqikis numiozuroba mianiWa. Seqspiris<br />

piesaTa Soris `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~ imiTac gamoirCeva,<br />

rom misi siuJetis uSualo wyaro aRmoCenili ar aris. siuJetis<br />

Canafiqri da moqmedebis kompozicia Tavad Seqspirs ekuTvnis.<br />

dramaturgis fantazia moqmedebis samgvar esTetikas da oTxmag<br />

siuJets _ Tezevsisa da i politas qorwils, aTeneli<br />

Seyvarebulebis ambavs, oberonisa da titanias konfliqtsa da<br />

Serigebas, qalaqeli xelosnebis mier piramosisa da Tisbes<br />

dadgmis istorias _ erTiani feeriuli kompoziciis asagebad<br />

iyenebs. Tezevsisa da ipolitas da oberonsa da titanias<br />

Soris piesaSi gasnakuTrebuli kavSiria, es wyvilebi qalaqisa<br />

da tyis samyaroebSi TiTqos erTmaneTs Seesabamebian, maT umaRlesi<br />

Zalaufleba da siyvaruli aerTianebT. Tezevsi da ipolita<br />

dRis samyaroSi mefoben, oberoni da titania _ Ramis. SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom feriebis dedofalisa da oberonis figurebi dRis<br />

mbrZanebelTa Rameul manifestaciasac warmoadgenen.<br />

arsebobs analogia tyes, rogorc swavlis simbolur adgilsa<br />

da vnebaTa da instinqtTa labirinTs Soris, sadac adamiani<br />

Tavis Tavs kargavs da gamosasvlelis naxvasTan erTad kvlavac<br />

pulobs.Aase kargaven da pouloben Tavis identobas tyeSi<br />

Seyvarebulebi, romlebsac tyis sulebi Tavgzas ubneven da<br />

exmarebian. tye, rogorc TavSesafari da damcveli, dedobriv<br />

arqetipsac ukavSirdeba. sizmrisa da Zilis Tema kidev ufro<br />

aaxlovebs tyis simbolikas aracnobieri fsiqikis fenomenTan,<br />

sadac adamianis gzismkvlevebi aracnobieris arqetipebi xdebian,<br />

romlebic xSirad zRaprisa da miTologiis personaJebSi<br />

saxierdebian. swored aseTebi arian am koleqtiur sizmarSi<br />

oberoni da titania, animasa da animusis msgavsi figurebi,<br />

sizmareuli tyis mbrZanebelni. Cinuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, tye<br />

xuTi elementidan erT-erTi, aRmosavleTs, siyvarulsa da<br />

mamakacuri energiis ianis gamoRviZebasa da aRmasvlas Seesbameba.<br />

piesis teqstidan SevityobT, rom oberoni Soreuli indoeTidan<br />

Camovida, misi samefo aRmosavleTSia. tradiciisamebr, evropa<br />

aRmosavleTSi ganusazRvrelobis, iracionalurobis, misticizmis<br />

mxarea. jer kidev berZnebTan, aRmosavleli medea hekatas qurumi<br />

da jadoqaria. xolo iasonis mSobliur saberZneTSi goneba da<br />

samarTali batonobs. aTenisa da tyis, kulturisa da bunebis,<br />

dRisa da Ramis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis, mzisa da mTvaris,<br />

mamakacuri da qaluri sawyisis, antikuri miTologiisa da Sua<br />

saukuneebis folkloruli samyaros saxeebis urTierTkavSiri<br />

da `mistikuri qorwineba~ Seqspiris piesaSi samyaros dinamikuri<br />

harmoniis fantastikur panoramas qmnis. mxolod am sinTezs<br />

aqvs makurnebeli Zala, sizmarisa da cxadis, cnobierisa da<br />

aracnobieris TanamSromlobiT miiRweva wonasworoba. swored<br />

amiT aixsneba im totaluri siyvarulisa da erotizmis<br />

46 47

Tamar bokuCava<br />

Ramis, sizmrisa da komikuris sakiTxisaTvis<br />

Seqspiris `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~<br />

atmosfero, romelSic CaZirula cvalebadi mTavris SuqiT<br />

ganaTebuli piesis moqmedeba. es piesa winaaRmdegobaTa Sexvedrisa<br />

da dazavebis adgilia, TviT tyis sulebi Tavisi ormagi bunebiT,<br />

romelic maT sityvebsa da moqmedebebSi gamosWvivis, aq komediis<br />

saerTo ganwyobisTvis Sesaferisi Serbilebuli mxariT<br />

warmogvidgebian. `unda viCqaroT, mbrZanebelo, Torem xom<br />

xedav...…gamobrwinda aRmosavleTiT avroras macne~, _AafrTxilebs<br />

paki oberons. razedac es ukanaskneli miugebs _ `Cven sul<br />

sxvagvari sulebi varT. me, Cemda Tavad, ramdenjer ciskris<br />

megobarTan miTamaSnia...~ tyis sulebis Sualeduri mdgomareoba<br />

da ciskarTan moTamaSe oberoni swored Seqspiris saerTo<br />

gadawyvetilebis farglebSi jdeba, rom sizmrisa da cxadis<br />

samyaroTa TanamSromlobis gziT adamianis bunebaSi harmoniisa<br />

da wonasworobis aRdgenis suraTi SemogvTavazos.<br />

Sesabamisad, Tavad qorwilisaTvis samzadisis idea, rogorc<br />

nawarmoebis moqmedebis saerTo qarga, misi faruli sazrisic<br />

xdeba da zedapiruli siuJeturi wyobidan Sida struqturaSi<br />

gadainacvlebs da stiqiaTa da winaaRmdegobaTa Sexvedra-dazavebis<br />

sizmrad iqceva. sizmris TemiT Seqspiri Tavis romantikul<br />

xilvas, iseve, rogorc danawevrebul, winaarmdegobebiT aRsavse<br />

samyaroSi ganxorcielebuli siyvarulis arsebobis<br />

SesaZleblobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs, mxolod ivanes<br />

Rames dasizmrebul sizmarSi Tu miiRweva sayovelTao siyvarulis<br />

mdgomareoba. virisTava koWas saxeSi igi Tavisive ideis parodias<br />

gvTavzobs da romantikul zRaparSi komikuri da vnebiani<br />

monstris groteskuli xateba Semoaqvs. dramaturgi amiT ar<br />

kmayofildeba da finalSi qalaqis xelosnebis mier `piramosisa<br />

da Tisbes~ komikurad gaTamaSebul tragedias gvTavzobs. imisaTvis,<br />

rom qalebis mgrZnobiare nervebi daindon, xelosnebi dadgmas<br />

gulubryvilo da utrirebulad pirobiT farsad aqceven,<br />

romelSic lomi nazad Rrialebs, prologi msmenls windawin<br />

amSvidebs, raTa gmirTa tragikuli sikvdili gulTan axlos ar<br />

miitanon, xolo mTvariani Ramis gansaxierebisaTvis mTvares<br />

speqtaklis personaJad aqceven.Bbolos scenaze mxolod lomi<br />

da mTvare rCebian. _ albaT imitom, _ SeniSnavs gamxiarulebuli<br />

Tezevsi, _ rom danarCenebi damarxono. swored ase farsulad<br />

mTavrdeba `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~ gaTamaSebuli mTvaris<br />

misteria. Tezevsis xumrobaSi gacilebiT meti Sinaarsi devs,<br />

vidre es erTi SexedviT moCans. romantikuli mTvariT dawyebuli<br />

misteria farsuli mTvaris gamoCeniT sruldeba, xolo lomi _<br />

mzis simbolo, mTvaresTan erTad SeyvarebulTa mesaflaved<br />

gvevlineba.<br />

qorwilis da ganaxlebuli mTvaris Tema masTan dakavSirebuli<br />

metamorfozebiT, mdidari erotikuli simbolikiT, romelic piesis<br />

teqstSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis sizmareul da farsul nawilSi<br />

pirdapiri Tu metaforuli gziT Semodis, `zafxulis Ramis<br />

sizmars~ formalurad komediis falikur sakulto da xalxur<br />

sawyisebTan anaTesavebs. dionises kults aq sinTeturi RvTaebis<br />

_ mTvaris `kulti~ enacvleba, romelic, zrdisa da swrafi<br />

saxecvalebis wyalobiT, zogierT kulturaSi nayofierebis<br />

simbolod iqca. magaliTad, mesopotamiuri sini, mzis RmerT<br />

SamaSis mama, mcenareuli samyaros RmerTi iyo. Tumca, ra Tqma<br />

unda, SeqspirTan mTvare rTuli kulturul-filosfiuri<br />

simboloa, romelic dramaturgs piesis musikalur nawarmoebTan<br />

miaxlvebuli kompoziciis gamTlianebisa da urTulesi<br />

esTetikuri Tu konceptualuri sinTezis ganxorcielebis<br />

saSualebas aZlevs.<br />

· Надя Жюльен, “Словарь Символов”, “Урал ЛТД”, 1999;<br />

· Карл Густав Юнг, “Архетип и Символ”, Москва, “Ренессанс”, 1991;<br />

· У. Шекспир, “Сон в летнюю ночь”;<br />

· В. Гете, “Фауст”;<br />

· А. Аникст, Шекспир, Ремесло Драматурга, Москва, 1974;<br />

· G.S.Kirk, “Myth. Its meaning and functions in ancient and other cultures”,<br />

Cambridge, At The University Press;<br />

· А. Аникст, “Творчество Шекспира”, Москва, 1965;<br />

· Пинский Л.Е., Шекспир, Основные начала драматургии, Москва, 1975.<br />

· guram lebaniZe, `dasavleTi~, `ena da kultura~, 2000;<br />

· Дидье Жюлиа, “Философский словарь”, Москва, “Международные<br />

отношения”, 2000;<br />

· Э.Е. Платонова, “Культурология”, Москва, “Академический проект”,<br />

2003;<br />

· Ю.Борев, “Эстетика”.<br />

48 49

eligia da Teatri<br />

merab gegia,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

Teatrisa da religiis urTierTmimarTeba uciloblad<br />

saWiroebs imis ganmartebas, Tu ra igulisxmeba religiis cnebaSi<br />

da ratom miviCnevT mas Teatris fundamentad.<br />

religia ar aris statikuri fenomeni. mas aqvs Casaxvisa da<br />

ganviTarebis Tavisi kanonzomierebani. religiaSi araviTar<br />

SemTxvevaSi ar igulisxmeba esa Tu is sarwmunoeba, religiuri<br />

dogmatebi an Sexedulebebi. magram amasTanave nebismier religias<br />

aqvs Tavisi zogadi maxasiaTeblebi. igi warmoSobs erTianobis<br />

gancdas, aduRabebs adamianebs, erebs, rasebs. TviT aTeizmis<br />

pirobebSic ki igi kacobriobas evlineba humanizmis saxiT,<br />

zogadsakacobrio idealebis SenarCunebiT, rac iSva swored<br />

religiis wiaRSi. amitomaa, rom Teatris umTavres Sinaarss<br />

qmnis religiuri miswrafebani, romelTa Soris gamorCeulia<br />

gmiruli Tavganwirva, adamianuri Rirsebis grZnoba, siyvaruli,<br />

saTnoeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom Teatri, rogorc msaxiobisa da<br />

mayureblis Ria, uSualo urTierTobis asparezi, mudmivad<br />

inarCunebs moZRvrisa da mrevlis urTierTmimarTebis statuss,<br />

rameTu mayureblis reaqcia TavisTavad aris komentari scenaze<br />

gaTamaSebuli movlenebis mimarT. arsad ise ar aisaxeba da<br />

fiqsirdeba sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gamovlinebani, rogorc<br />

TeatrSi. marto scena ki ara, mTlianad Teatria sazogadoebrivi<br />

cxovrebis sarke.<br />

magram isic uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Teatri araviTar<br />

SemTxvevaSi ar aris didaqtikis, qadagebisa da Ria propagandis<br />

tribuna. igi religiurobasTan erTad eyrdnoba TamaSs, am cnebis<br />

pirdapiri gagebiT. igi qmnis mxatvrul realobas da es<br />

mayurebels kargad aqvs Semecnebuli. ufro metic, sakmarisia,<br />

Teatrma daTmos saTamaSo funqciebi, igi kargavs yovelgvar<br />

mimzidvelobas da mosawyen sanaxaobad gadaiqceva.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, Teatri warmoiSva totemizmis xanaSi<br />

samonadireo ritualidan. totemi iyo pirveli RvTaeba, romelsac<br />

adamianma miawera magiuri Tvisebebi da Tavis mfarvelad aRiara.<br />

es iyo zoomorfizmis xana, roca bunebis yvela movlena<br />

mimsgavsebuli iyo romelime cxovelis TvisebebTan. samonadireo<br />

ritualSi ukve mocemuli iyo Teatris ZiriTadi komponentebi:<br />

fabula da personaJi, moqmedebiT Txroba da gardasaxvis<br />

elementebi. amave periodSi iSva niRabi, Teatris ucvleli<br />

atributi. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored totemur ritualSi daixvewa<br />

simRera da cekva, warmoiSva ritmi, rogorc moqmedebis<br />

warmmarTveli elementi.<br />

animizmis epoqam, anu, yovelive arsebulis gasulierebis<br />

tendenciam warmoSva magiuri rituali. aman kidev ufro gaaRrmava<br />

meditaciuri procesebi da safuZveli Cauyara Teatris erTerT<br />

umTavres movlenas _ eqstazs. magiur ritualSive iSva<br />

sityva, magram ara rogorc moqmedebis saSualeba, aramed rogorc<br />

Selocvis ,,meqanizmi~. animizmis epoqaSive iSva miTebi, rac<br />

momavalSi Teatris formirebis aucilebeli nawili gaxdeba.<br />

yvelaze saTayvano miTosur personaJad iqca nayofierebis RvTaeba.<br />

am RvTaebisadmi miZRvnilma ritualebma Teatrs Semata zeimis<br />

elementi, ganaviTara personaJis cneba, TeatrSi Seitana<br />

orgiastuli suliskveTeba. amave periodSi adamianis cnobiereba<br />

xdeba antropomorfistuli, anu, bunebis movlenebs da miTosur<br />

personaJebs eniWebaT adamianuri Tvisebebi. aqedan ukve erTi<br />

nabijiRa rCeboda dramatuli situaciis warmoqmnamde da es<br />

nabiji ganxorcielda jer miTosSi da Semdgom ukve TeatrSic.<br />

ase warmoiSva jer Zvelegvipturi, Semdgom ki ZvelberZnuli<br />

Teatri. magram TviT gaRmerTebul bunebis ZalebSi adamianma<br />

aRmoaCina Ria da faruli dapirispirebani. dRes Rame cvlis,<br />

zamTars _ zafxuli, mzes – mTvare, gvalvas – kokispiruli<br />

wvimebi, sicocxles – sikvdili, sikvdils – axali sicocxlis<br />

warmoSoba da es dapirispireba man ritualSi Seitana, riTac<br />

Teatraluri xelovnebis umTavresi sayrdenis, konfliqtis<br />

Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli.<br />

adamianma nayofierebis RvTaebas mianiWa upiratesoba da es<br />

savsebiT logikuri da gasagebi movlenaa. magram am ZiriTadi<br />

ritualis gverdiT iSva magiuri ritualebic, romlebic Serisxvas<br />

an Selocvas emsaxureboda. swored am magiur ritualebSi iSva<br />

transmeditacia da eqstazi, swored aq Caeyara safuZveli<br />

tragediul intonaciasac. sagulisxmoa, rom am sakralur<br />

50 51

merab gegia<br />

religia da Teatri<br />

ritualebSi sityva gamoyenebuli iyo rogorc zebunebriv Zalebze<br />

zemoqmedebis iaraRi.<br />

totemizmSi mibaZvis gziT warmoiSva gardasaxvis elementebi.<br />

magiurma ritualma imitacia aqcia abstraqtul gardasaxvad.<br />

farTod iqna gamoyenebuli meditaciis da transmeditaciis<br />

aRmZvreli saSualebebi, maT Soris – cecxli, msxverplSewirva,<br />

bangi, Troba.<br />

animisturma panTeizmma, Tavisi personificirebuli<br />

mravalRmerTianobiT, simbolur-metaforuli xedviT, RvTaebaTa<br />

Soris adamianuri urTierTobebis daSvebiT, niadagi Seumzada<br />

miTebs da Sesabamisad, _ epossa da dramaturgias. aqedan erTi<br />

nabijiRa rCeboda egvi pturi da berZnuli miTologiis<br />

Camoyalibebamde, romlebmac daagvirgvines winamorbedi procesebi<br />

da miTologia ideologiur sistemad aqcies. am sistemaSi adgili<br />

daeZebna yvela did Tu patara movlenas mzisqveSeTSi da mis<br />

farglebs gareTac.<br />

miTologiuri siuJetebi TiTqos TavisiT iltvodnen<br />

gaTamaSebisaken. bevr maTganSi tragediis an komediis gasaSlelad<br />

ukve mocemuli iyo dramatuli muxti, zogjer, _ naRmic ki.<br />

ager, adrasti, argosis mefe, amfiaraes mier gaZevebuli, brundeba<br />

Tavis samefoSi da amfiaraeze Surs imiT iZiebs, rom swored<br />

mas miaTxovebs Tavis idumalad mSvenier, magram verag da xarb<br />

qaliSvils. amfiarae ver umklavdeba meuRlis intrigebs, ver<br />

uZlebs Sinagan gaorebas da iRupeba. am fabulaze SesaZlebelia<br />

aigos tragediac, komediac da tragikomediac.<br />

ager, gasaTamaSeblad gamzadebuli oidiposis, antigones,<br />

eleqtras da medeas tragikuli koliziebi. medea pirveli<br />

adamiani-antigmiria dramaturgiis istoriaSi. SemTxveviTi rodia,<br />

rom interesi mis mimarT epoqidan epoqas gadaecema da yvela<br />

droSi cdiloben gaSifron es uaRresad saorWofo, qimerasaviT<br />

idumali arseba.<br />

magram sagulisxmo mainc is aris, rom saTeatro fabula,<br />

ZiriTadad, ibadeba saojaxo urTierTobebis wiaRSi. aRsaniSnavia<br />

isic, rom berZnebma jer miTebi gaaadamianes, mere ki adamianuri<br />

urTierTobebi aqcies miTologemebad, riTac kidev erTi nabijiT<br />

wawies win Teatraluri azrovneba.<br />

yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulia is varaudi, rom<br />

sinkretuli Teatridan verbalur, samayureblo Teatrze gadasvla<br />

moxda naxtomiseburad. berZnuli miTebis analizi cxadyofs,<br />

rom maTSi mocemuli antropocentristuli tendenciebi, uTuod<br />

gamoiwvevda mizidulobas maTi profesiuli Sesrulebisaken.<br />

ra Tqma unda, RmerTebis Sesaxeb sjobs wavikiTxoT, magram<br />

adamianebi sjobs ganvasaxieroT. adamianis gansaxiereba ki, niWTan<br />

erTad, saWiroebs Sesabamis ostatobas, ostatobis misaRwevad<br />

ki aucilebelia scenuri Cvevebis gamomuSaveba.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom intrigis muxti TiTqmis yvela xalxebis<br />

miTologiaSia mocemuli. ase magaliTad, vedur da induistur<br />

miTebSi figurireben dabal safexurze mdgomi qal-RvTaebani _<br />

afsarebi, ulamazesi norCi qalwulebi, cekvis didostatebi,<br />

romlebic saxloben caSi, mdinareebSi, mTebze. RmerTebis davalebiT<br />

isini xiblaven da acduneben rogorc asurebs (dabal safexurze<br />

mdgom RvTaeba-mamakacebs), ise im adamianebs, romlebmac Tavisi<br />

asketuri amaRlebiT, SesaZloa moi povon RmerTebze ufro meti<br />

Zlevamosileba. verc erTi asketi ver uZlebs afsarebis xibls<br />

da efloba miwier codvilobaSi.<br />

Teatrs sul sxva pirobebi Seeqmna monoTeisturi religiis<br />

wiaRSi. imis gamo, rom monoTeizmi qadagebda asketizmsa da<br />

TavdaWerilobas, Teatri Tavisi TamaSiTa da orgiastuli<br />

suliskveTebiT, Seuferebeli aRmoCnda monoTeizmisaTvis.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, SuasaukuneebSi iyo mcdeloba, rom TeatrisTvis<br />

daebrunebiaT religiuri funqciebi. ase warmoiSva liturgikuli<br />

drama, misteria, mirakli, moralite. religiis cneba pirvelyovlisa<br />

gulisxmobs demiurgis, anu yovlisSemZle, kreatuli gareSe<br />

Zalis arsebobas, adamianis sulis ukvdavebis rwmenas da sikeTis,<br />

saTnoebis gansakuTrebul unars, winaaRmdegobis gareSe sZlios<br />

borotebas. eklesiis mamebi sul male darwmundnen, rom Teatri<br />

da TamaSi ganuyreli cnebebia da saeklesio drama gandevnil<br />

iqna qristianuli taZrebidan. magram ,,jini~ ukve gamoSvebuli<br />

iyo da misi ukan Cabruneba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. Teatrma jer<br />

qalaqis moednebze gadainacvla, Semdgom ki misTvis gankuTvnil<br />

specialur nagebobebSi, sadac igi imyofeba dRemde.<br />

filosofiuri azris ganviTarebam warmoSva deizmad (laT.<br />

deus _ RmerTi) wodebuli sruliad axali Sexeduleba samyarosa<br />

da RmerTis Sesaxeb. formalur logikaSi antinomiuri (berZn.<br />

antinomia – kanonis winaaRmdegobrivoba sakuTar TavTan)<br />

52 53

merab gegia<br />

religia da Teatri<br />

debulebebis SemoWram (filosofiuri cneba, romelic gulisxmobs<br />

urTirTsawinaaRmdego, urTierTgamomricxavi debulebis Sexamebas<br />

an erTianobas) warmoSva axali mimarTeba religiasa da Teatrs<br />

Soris. religiis sakiTxebma SeiZina diskursis ieri, rac yvelaze<br />

mkafiod aisaxa ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. antinomizmi isedac<br />

damaxasiaTebelia religiuri cnobierebisaTvis (wminda sameba<br />

,,SeerTebis gareSe erTiania~ da ,,ganuyoflad ganiyofian~,<br />

qristeSi mocemulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego – adamianuri da<br />

RvTaebrivi sawyisi). antinomiis gansakuTrebuli simaxviliT<br />

da ganviTarebiT gamoirCeva Zen-budizmi, sadac paradoqsuli,<br />

alogikuri, antinomiuri formulebi, erTdrouli ,,ho da ara~<br />

iqca cnobierebis verbalur-gonismier mzadebad ganviTarebisa<br />

da sakuTari Tavis srulyofisaTvis. paradoqsul, alogikur da<br />

absurdul formulebTan erTad, antinomiebma mniSvnelovani adgili<br />

daikaves jer simbolizmis da avangardis, Semdgom ki mTlianad<br />

modernistul xelovnebaSi.<br />

ganmanaTlebloba, rogorc cnobilia, mimarTuli iyo<br />

feodalur-absolutisturi wyobis winaaRmdeg. mis Camoyalibebaze<br />

zegavlena iqonia sensualizmma, swavlebam adamianis Sesaxeb, lokis<br />

deizmma, dekartes racionalizmma da meqanisturma fizikam,<br />

niutonis meqanikam da deizmma, me-18 saukunis dasawyisis<br />

antisqolasturma skeptikurma swavlebebma. ganmanaTleblobam<br />

wamoayena burJuaziuli demokratiis, sazogadoebrivi progresis,<br />

Tanasworobis, sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sromis, pirovnebis<br />

Tavisufali ganviTarebis ideebi. maTi mTavari mizani iyo gonebis<br />

meSveobiT umecrebis damarcxeba. am ideebma mkafio gamoxatuleba<br />

poves filosofiaSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi.<br />

kacobriobis momavali maT esaxebodaT ,,gonierebis samefod~.<br />

ingliseli ganmanaTleblebis interesma yoveldRiuri yofis<br />

da Cveulebrivi adamianis mimarT moaxdina zegavlena mTel<br />

evropul ganmanaTleblobaze. mdabiuri dramis warmoSoba<br />

safrangeTsa (didro, m. sedeni) da germaniaSi (lesingi)<br />

dakavSirebuli iyo am Janris inglisur formebTan (j. lilo, e.<br />

muri). didi ganviTareba pova satirulma komediam (r. Seridani<br />

– inglisSi, p. bomarSe – safrangeTSi, l. holbergi – daniaSi).<br />

ganmanaTleblebma tragediaSi Seitanes tiraniasTan brZolis<br />

motivebi (volteris ,,bruti~, 1731 da sxv). me-18 saukunis<br />

bolos germaniaSi didi ganviTareba pova tragediis Janrma<br />

(lesingis ,,emilia galoti~, 1772, goeTes ,,gioc fon berlixingeni~,<br />

Sileris ,,yaCaRebi~, 1781). anu, religiuri faseulobebis<br />

SenarCunebasTan erTad, Teatri xdeba antropocentristuli da<br />

masSi personaJi da misi xasiaTi gansazRvravs moqmedebas da<br />

ara gareSe, zebunebrivi Zalebi. amave periodSi yalibdeba e. w.<br />

maradiuli saxeebis ,,sistema~, asparezi eTmoba sxvadasxva qveynis<br />

Tu epoqis literaturaSi mravalgzis asaxul, zogadsakacobrio<br />

mniSvnelobis literaturul da miTologiur personaJebs:<br />

promeTes, kaens da abels, mefistofels da fausts, hamlets,<br />

don Juans, don kixots, mejnuns (da sxv.). isini aRqmulni arian<br />

rogorc droisa da sivrcis miRma myofi adamianuri<br />

suliskveTebis simboluri gamosaxulebani. Semdgomi epoqebi<br />

maradiul saxeebs usadagebs konkretul-istoriul viTarebas<br />

da zogjer maTi daxasiaTebis sruliad axal versias gvTavazobs<br />

(don kixoti gvevlineba xan komikur, xan satirul, xan ki<br />

sanimuSo gmirad; don Juani – xan borotmoqmedad, xan buntarad;<br />

hamleti – xan simarTlisTvis mebrZolad, xan ki – simSvidis<br />

damrRvevelad, da a. S.). magram yvela epoqasa Tu viTarebaSi,<br />

maTi miswrafebebi ganixileba sakacobrio idealebis poziciidan,<br />

rac Tavisi arsiT, gvevlineba religiis erTgvar Canacvlebad.<br />

igive iTqmis ezoTerikuli xedvis gamZafrebazec, rac<br />

gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo simbolizmisaTvis. misticizmi,<br />

TviTCaRrmaveba, uSualo gancda, iracionalizmi, intuicia _ is<br />

ZiriTadi sayrdenebia, rasac efuZneboda simbolistebis<br />

Semoqmedeba. simbolizmisaTvis umTavresi iyo movlenebis wiaRSi<br />

da adamianebis sulSi idumali, faruli Sreebis warmoCena,<br />

ezoTerikuli Sinaarsis amokiTxva. aqedan gamomdinare, sityva<br />

kargavs komunikaciur funqciebs da mistikur qveteqsts iZens.<br />

arcTu iSviaTad, mas enacvleba mravlismTqmeli pauza an sityvaTa<br />

iseTi ganlageba, sadac vlindeba ara viTarebis raoba, aramed<br />

Tavad individis araamqveyniuri swrafvebi. simbolistebma poeziaSi<br />

musika umTavres faseulobad gamoacxades. musikaSi maT<br />

igulisxmes ritmis, metris da harmoniis principebTan erTad,<br />

musikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wminda formiseuli zemoqmedeba.<br />

am princi pebis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoiSva simbolisturi<br />

dramaturgiac (meterlinki, emil verharni, henrik ibseni).<br />

54 55

merab gegia<br />

religia da Teatri<br />

simbolizmi TeatrSi sxva winamorbed mimdinareobebze<br />

radikaluri gamodga. mTlianad uaryofil iqna realobis<br />

dakonkretebis principi. malarme Teatrs mouwodebda gamoenaxa<br />

damoukidebeli ,,sametyvelo ena~. aseT ,,enad~ mas esaxeboda<br />

sityvis, musikis da feris sinTezi, romelsac mayurebelze unda<br />

emoqmeda musikis msgavsad. simbolistebma uari Tqves personaJis<br />

dakonkretebazec da ganyenebuli fabulis gmirad aqcies drois,<br />

sivrcis, socialuri da eTnikuri niSnis miRma mdgomi adamianisimbolo.<br />

simbolistebma reJisors da mxatvars mianiWes<br />

avtonomiuri ufleba da isini dramaturgs gauTanabres.<br />

gamomsaxveli saSualebebi _ mizanscena, ritmi, foni _ maT mier<br />

gaazrebul iqna, rogorc Teatris iracionaluri fenomeni.<br />

simbolistebi Seecadnen agreTve Suasaukuneebis Teatraluri<br />

kulturis modernizebas da simbolisturi stilistikiT<br />

aRadgines misteria, mirakli, bazrobis da sakarnavalo Teatris<br />

zogierTi saxeobani. mizanscenebis saxviToba, pozebis<br />

skulpturuloba, musika, ganaTeba emsaxureboda mistikuri<br />

ganwyobilebis Seqmnas. mistika da religia ki, rogorc cnobilia,<br />

ganuyreli cnebebia.<br />

religiuri motivebi Zalze Taviseburad gaiazra modernizmma.<br />

es arc aris gasakviri, radgan modernizmis fesvebi animizmSi<br />

(bunebis da sagnebis gasuliereba) da magiur ritualebSia<br />

ganTavsebuli. formis TvalsazrisiT misi uaxloesi winaparia<br />

manierizmi (me-16 s.) da barokos xelovneba (me-16_18 ss.).<br />

modernizmis filosofiur mamamTavrebad gvevlinebian:<br />

fridrix nicSe (iracionalizmi), anri bergsoni (intuitivizmi<br />

da cxovrebis filosofia), edmund huserli (fenomenologia).<br />

yvela isini idealistebi arian, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs<br />

sulierebis primats materiaze. aqedan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom<br />

modernizmis fesvebic religiaSia ganTavsebuli.<br />

modernizmis religiuri poziciebi sabolood gaamyares<br />

egzistencialistebma (martin haidegeri, karl iaspersi).<br />

dasavlurma xelovnebam saxe Zireulad icvala. ganxorcielda<br />

Taviseburi sinTezi romantizmisTvis niSneuli individualizmis,<br />

naturalisturi reduqciis (gamartiveba), simbolisturi<br />

ezoTerikis (idumaleba), avangardistuli eqsperimentalobis da<br />

dekadansis grZnobaTa bunebis.<br />

ganaxorciela ra mxatvruli revolucia, modernizmma swored<br />

miRmier samyaroze orientaciiT sagrZnoblad xeli Seuwyo<br />

literaturasa da xelovnebaSi axali gamomsaxveli saSualebebis<br />

danergvas. cnobierebis nakadi, Sinagani monologi, asociatiuri<br />

montaJi, mexsierebisa da wamieri gancdis gadakveTa, Txrobis<br />

ganTavseba sxvadasxva droSi, fabulis da personaJis gaerTianeba<br />

_ es yovelive qmnida sruliad axal mxatvrul realobas.<br />

modernizmma literaturasa da xelovnebaSi aRadgina<br />

miTosuri azrovneba da arqetipuli xasiaTebi, danerga zedrouli<br />

da zenacionaluri xedva. es yvelaferi, ra Tqma unda, religiuri<br />

cnobierebis mier iyo ,,naanderZevi~.<br />

Teatralur xelovnebaSi modernizmma mTlianad zurgi aqcia<br />

realobas da iqca pirobiTi, Ria Teatris apologetad. speqtaklis<br />

formam SeiZina simboluri, alegoriuli, groteskuli, mistikuri<br />

mniSvneloba. `ara Sinaarsi qmnis formas, aramed forma qmnis<br />

Sinaarss~ _ aseTi iyo modernistebis devizi ara marto TeatrSi,<br />

aramed literaturaSic da xelovnebis sxva dargebSic.<br />

modernizmma axali formis gziT TeatrSi Semoitana axali<br />

Sinaarsebi, Zireulad Secvala fabulis agebis, Temis damuSavebis<br />

da personaJis daxasiaTebis xerxebi, rac mTeli srulyofilebiT<br />

aisaxa jer eqspresionistul, Semdeg ki egzistencialur da<br />

absurdis dramaSi.<br />

SegviZlia, Tamamad ganvacxadoT, rom RmerTebis ki ara,<br />

adamianebis gulisSemZvrelma istoriebma warmoSves samayureblo<br />

Teatri da didxans, TiTqmis me-19 saukunis meore naxevramde,<br />

isini tols ar udebdnen miTosur gmirebs da Tavad xdebodnen<br />

miTosurebi. es procesi daasrula xelovnebis humanizaciam da<br />

Cveulebrivi adamianis gakultebam. ase warmoiSva realizmi da<br />

naturalizmi, Tavisi arsiT aTeisturi mimdinareobani, sadac<br />

pasuxismgebloba yofierebis av-kargze daekisra ara RmerTebs,<br />

mefeebs an gmirebs, aramed ubralo, Cveulebriv adamianebs. aseTi<br />

midgoma Seicavda optimizmsac, radgan rogorc cnobilia,<br />

pasuxismgeblobas, movaleobas axlavs uflebebic. uflebebis<br />

qona ki ganuzomlad zrdida Cveulebrivi adamianis mniSvnelobas.<br />

samwuxarod, igive ar iTqmis postmodernizmis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic gaigivebulia ..daRlil~, ,,entropiul~ (gaurkvevel)<br />

epoqasTan, sadac mefobs esqatologiuri (rel. _ ,,samyaros<br />

dasasruli~) ganwyobileba. mas axasiaTebs esTetikuri mutacia,<br />

stilebis ekleqtikuri Sereva. avangardistul midrekilebas<br />

56 57

merab gegia<br />

siaxlisaken, aq erwymis miswrafeba, rom Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />

Setanil iqnas msoflio mxatvruli kulturis gamocdileba,<br />

Tundac ironiuli citirebis gziT. modernistuli koncefcia<br />

samyaros qaoturobis Sesaxeb, aq icvleba surviliT, rom es<br />

samyaro gaazrebul iqnas gaTamaSebis poziciidan.<br />

postmodernistuli esTetikis specifika iTvaliswinebs<br />

klasikuri tradiciebis araklasikur gaazrebas. igi emijneba<br />

klasikas, magram gaurbis masTan konfliqts da cdilobs moargos<br />

igi axal Teoriul safuZvlebs. postmodernistuli esTetika<br />

principulad antisistemuri, adogmaturi, konceptualuri sqemebis<br />

gare mdgomi movlenaa. misi mTavari simboloa labirinTi. aqedan<br />

momdinareobs orientacia asonansze, asimetriaze. amaRlebuls<br />

cvlis sakvirveli, tragikuls – paradoqsuli. centralur<br />

adgils iWers komikuri Tavis ironiul hi postasSi. mozaikur<br />

postmodernistul xelovnebaSi ironia azris warmomTqmeli<br />

principia. postmodernizmis meore Taviseburebaa xelovnebis<br />

sruli gaxsniloba, orientacia Seucnobelze, gaurkvevelze. man<br />

modernizmisgan isesxa mxatvruli da filosofiurfsiqologiuri<br />

xedvis ZiriTadi postulatebi, romelTagan<br />

umTavresia zedrouloba da zenacionaluroba. igi xazgasmiT<br />

globaluri xelovnebaa. amasTanave, modernizmisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

postmodernizmi ar cdilobs Seqmnas esTetikuri doqtrinebi.<br />

misi mizani martivia _ gaamTlianos msoflios xelovneba, waSalos<br />

zRvari elitarul da masobriv kulturas Soris.<br />

postmodernizmis Tanamedrove tendenciebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom<br />

isic, ,,gzaabneuli Svilis~ msgavsad, apirebs dabrundes religiis<br />

wiaRSi. postmodernizmi ukve cdilobs mecnieruli da<br />

miTologiuri azrovnebis morigebasac. amiT aixsneba is faqti,<br />

rom postmodernistul nawarmoebebSi mecnieruli daskvnebi ki<br />

ar upirispirdeba ezoTerikas, aramed nayofierad TanamSromlobs<br />

masTan.<br />

amrigad, kvlavac ucvleli rCeba Teatris formula – religia<br />

+ TamaSi.<br />

msoflios religiebis istoria (m., gam. eksmo, 2007);<br />

janeliZe d., qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi;<br />

msoflio xelovnebis istoria (m., gam. bmmao, 1998).<br />

pandoras yuTis fskerze<br />

maia goSaZe,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

CvenSi amboben: imediT cocxlobso adamiani. igive moaruli<br />

azri rusul yaidaze gansxvavebulad gamoiTqmis, – imedi<br />

ukanaskneli kvdebao, _ amboben. sazogadod, imedi umeteswilad<br />

mainc pozitiuri gancdis, sicocxlis im damamkvidrebeli da<br />

moyvare sawyisis gamomxatvelad aRiqmeba, romlis danakargic<br />

adamians misTvis pirquSi realobis pirispir unugeSod tovebs.<br />

imavdroulad, imedis masazrdoebeli STagonebis wyaros,<br />

yovelTvis axla da amJamad, arsebulis miRmismieri sfero<br />

warmoadgens. imediT adamiani swored momavals Sehyurebs. imediT<br />

mcxovrebi adamianic, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, swored axla da<br />

amJamad sicocxlis moZrav stiqiasTan sakuTari Zalisxmevis<br />

gamovleniT Tanaziarebas, gulmowyale momavlis zurgis qaris<br />

molodins anacvalebs.<br />

swored molodinis inertulobaSi adamianis gamaxevebel<br />

Zilispirulad Cagvesmis imedis goeTeseuli alegoriis<br />

gamomxatveli sityvebi: „xval cxovreba TavisTavad zRaprad<br />

gveqceva~. 1 yovelives TavisTavad momgvareblad miCneuli,<br />

TviTmoqmedi wesrigisa Tu piruku, yovlismomcvelad aRqmuli<br />

qaosis winaSe, yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebis,<br />

zedmetobis idea (Cexovis piesebis marTlac imediT mcxovreb<br />

e. w. zedmet adamianTa cxovrebiseuli kredos gamomxatveli<br />

leitmotivi) imedis alegoriis Tavisebur savizito baraTad<br />

iqceva. sagulisxmoa, rom faustis gamafrTxilebeli goniereba<br />

adamianis yvelaze ukeTur mtrebad imedsa da mis ganuyrel<br />

Tanamgzavrad warmoCenil SiSs miiCnevs.<br />

goniereba:<br />

qveynis ori didi mteri<br />

aris SiSi da imedi.<br />

moerideT, am or mtarvals –<br />

axlos nuRar gaikarebT. 2<br />

Tuki „faustSi~ imedi da SiSi hadesiseul alqajTa<br />

wyvilis iersaxes iZenen, aryofnis usasrulo sicarieleSi<br />

58 59

maia goSaZe<br />

pandoras yuTis fskerze<br />

STanTqmul absurdis dramis gmirTa ganuyrel Tanamgzavrad<br />

amjerad molodinTan dawyvilebuli imedi gvevlineba.<br />

imedis macdunebeli orsaxovneba, misi pirmSvenieri fasadisa<br />

da Sinagani siRrmiseuli arsis kontrastuli Seusabamoba,<br />

pandoras Sesaxeb antikur miTSic vlindeba.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, zevsma pandora promeTesTan megobrobisTvis<br />

dasasjelad mouvlina kacobriobas. momajadoebeli silamazis,<br />

graciozuli, tkbilxmiansurnelovani, Tvalwarmtaci samosiTa<br />

da samkauliT damSvenebuli pandora Zvel berZnulad yovlad<br />

Semkulis aRmniSvneli sakuTari saxelisve xorcSesxmad iqca.<br />

Tavis mxriv, garegnuli brwyinvalebiT mzesaviT manaTobeli,<br />

magram bunebiT mrude da yalbi qaliSvilis saxelma, marTalia,<br />

yovlad Semkuli, magram ubedurebis momtani ZRvenis gamomxatveli<br />

mniSvneloba SeiZina.<br />

misi meuRlis, promeTes Zmis – epiTemes gafrTxilebis<br />

miuxedavad, cnobismoyvare pandoram mainc gaxsna adamianuri<br />

mankierebebiT, sneulebebiTa da ubedobebiT aRsavse yuTi da<br />

qveynierebas aTasgvari Wir-varami mouvlina – gaTavisufleba<br />

mxolod fskerze myofma imedma ver SesZlo, radgan pandoram<br />

yuTis daxurva moaswro.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom antikur miTSi imedi swored ukeTurobebiT<br />

a Rs av s e yu Ti s kuTv ni leb ad m oia zr eb a . mr a va li ,<br />

aradiferencirebuli saxiT warmoCenil siaveTa Soris konkretul<br />

iersaxes mxolod imedi iZens. mxolod imedi iqceva pandoras<br />

yuTis Semadgenel „anonimur~ ubedobaTa masidan gamorCeul,<br />

Tavis konkretulobaSi Secnobad „protagonistad~. imavdroulad,<br />

dRis sinaTleze gamosul, SeuniRbavi pirdapirobiT amqveynad<br />

movlenil ukeTurebaTagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod imedi darCa<br />

wyvdiadiT moculi, uxilavad danaRmuli safrTxis msgavsad<br />

Seucnobadi. tkbilxmianmaamebeli, magram imavdroulad, netar<br />

inertulobis momgvreli imedi mimzidvel, magram macdur<br />

nugeSismcemlad, yovlad Semkul, magram saSiS ZRvenad darCa. am<br />

TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia aTasgvari Wir-varamiT aRsavse yuTis<br />

gasaxsnelad movlenil pandorasa da yuTis „usaxo~ binadarTagan<br />

Tavisi individualuri „iersaxiTac~ da xvedriTac gamorCeuli<br />

imedis macduri arsis urTierTamreklavi msgavseba. yovlad<br />

Semkuli, tkbilxmianmaamebeli, magram ubedurebis momtani pandora<br />

„orsaxovani~ imedis Tavisebur personificirebul arqeti pad,<br />

Taviseburad amreklav oreulad aRiqmeba.<br />

gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, rom zevsma pandora swored<br />

promeTesTan, swored TviTrealizaciisken, mudmivi zrdisa da<br />

ganviTarebisken mswrafi adamianis titanizmis gansaxierebad<br />

qceul gmirTan dapirispirebis Sedegad mouvlina qveynierebas.<br />

arsebiTad, adamianisve SemoqmedebiTi sawyisis, bunebis, aqtivobis<br />

gamomxatveli promeTeseuli suliskveTebis dasaTrgunad, imediani<br />

molodiniT mogvril sulier sizanteSi mimaZineblad mouvlina<br />

kacobriobas.<br />

amdenad, imedTan gamoTxoveba SesaZloa ara mxolod<br />

sicocxlis uarmyofeli sasowarkveTis, aramed swored<br />

sicocxlis „uimedod~ miRebis moSiSi mimarTebis daZlevis<br />

mauwyebladac iqces, Tundac sasurvel, magram warsulis msgavsad,<br />

yovelTvis uZrav momavalSi gaxevebisken swrafvis damZlevi<br />

sulieri mowifulobis gamomxatvelad.<br />

sakuTar TavSi imediT mcxovrebTan gamoTxovebac, SesaZloa,<br />

realobasTan pirispir, momavalSi „gamqcevi~ nugeSis gareSe<br />

Sexvedris, – sanugeSosa da sasurvelTan wilnayari iluziis<br />

safars miRma arsebulis Secnobis SesaZleblobad vaqcioT.<br />

amdenad, sicocxlis damamkvidrebeli „uimedoba~ yovelTvis<br />

mxolod awmyoSi sicocxlis moZrav stiqiasTan sakuTari<br />

„yofniseuli~ mdgomareobiT, sakuTari Sinagan-pirovnuli<br />

resursebis realizebadi mdgomareobiT Tanaziarebis<br />

SesaZleblobadac moiazreba.<br />

imedis ukompromiso mamxilebeli alber kamiu, mudam<br />

saxvaliod Zalisxmevis gamovlenis gadamdeb, momavlis moimede<br />

sulier sizantes, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mTeli sisavsiT<br />

awmyoSi cxovrebis Sinagan aqtivobas upirispirebs, imediT<br />

dabindul inertul mzeras ki uimedo „naTelmxilvelobas~.<br />

Seqspiris „makbetSi~ swored axla da amJamad arsebobis<br />

mTeli sisavsiT aRqma-gancdis SesaZleblobis (arsebiTad, sakuTari<br />

Sinaganpirovnuli arsis TviTrealizebadi SesaZleblobis)<br />

STanTqmel fantomad, swored imedian facifucSi momavlisken<br />

swrafmavali mzera gvevlineba – mudam ararsebulSi, guSindelsa<br />

Tu xvalindelSi gamqcevi sulieri umecreba iqceva.<br />

„ase maradJams, sul mere da mere,<br />

60 61

maia goSaZe<br />

xvale xvales misdevs<br />

(dedanSi: tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow)<br />

da wvril nabijiT dRe dRis ukan miizlazneba,<br />

vidre JamT brunva ukanasknel saaTs dahkravdes<br />

guSindelTa dReT ugunurebs gza gaunaTes,<br />

miwad gardamqcev sikvdilamde~. 3<br />

arsebulidan ararsebulSi, warsulTan dawyvilebul momavalSi<br />

gamqcevi imedis maradiul mZevlebad gvevlinebian kinomsaxiobTa<br />

TeatrSi giorgi margvelaSvilis mier dadgmuli „alublis<br />

baRis~ – im speqtakl paradigmis gmirebic, romlis finalSi<br />

swored pandorasa da imedis urTierTamreklavi identurobis<br />

motivi warmoCindeba. rodesac ranevskaia Tavisi dakarguli<br />

mamulis amjerad ukve samudamod misatoveblad mieSureba, scenis<br />

siRrmiv SuagulSi ganlagebul masiur skivrTan miaxlovebisas,<br />

TiTqos erT adgilas Sezrdili xevdeba, Semdeg gasatanad<br />

gamzadebul skivrs gaxsnis da ganvlilisa da gardasulis<br />

Tanamdev Zvelmanebs Tanmimdevrulad amoyris. dacarielebul<br />

skivrSi ki TiTqos brma, somnambuluri SeupovrobiT Tavadve<br />

Cawveba da zed Tavsaxursac daimxobs. Zvelmanebisgan daclili<br />

skivris fskerze, swored uwyvet moZraobaganviTarebaSi<br />

gamovlenili sicocxlis stiqiisgan, zrdisa da fericvalebis<br />

SesaZleblobis momcveli „yofniseuli~ realobisgan, warsulis<br />

msgavsad yovelTvis uZrav momavalSi gamqcevi gmiri rCeba<br />

samudamod miZinebuli, netar inertulobaSi gaxevebuli.<br />

dasangrevad ganwiruli saxlidan ranevskaia swored im skivriT<br />

gaaqvT, romlis fskerze sakuTari nebiTve aRmoCndeba misive<br />

gamxsneli „pandora~ – mudam mizans acdenili isariviT, yovelTvis<br />

swored axla da amJamad arsebuls „acdenili~. mudam warsulsa<br />

da momavals Soris miusafari mgzavri.<br />

1. iohan goeTe „fausti~, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 321;<br />

2. iqve;<br />

3. uiliam Seqspiri, tragediebi, t. III, Tb., 1987, gv. 222;<br />

4. Н. Кун. “Легенды и мифы древней Греций”;<br />

5. Альберт Камю. Бунтующий человек. М., 1990.<br />

mixeil kalandariSvili,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

modernistuli eqsperimenti tiflisSi<br />

`me Zlier miyvars iisfer Tovlis qalwulebiviT xididan<br />

fena...~ _ es striqoni axalgazrda galaktions ekuTvnis. saocrad<br />

amaRelvebeli, saocrad mSvenieri... `TovlSi~ galaktioni<br />

gvixatavs uimedo, sasowarkveTili grZnobis amaRlebul, poetur<br />

suraTs: iisferi Tovlis qulebi xididan qalwulebiviT efinebian,<br />

xolo `siyvarulis ase moTmena~ mwuxare TviTmkvlelobaSi<br />

gadadis. es leqsi 1916 wliTaa daTariRebuli. aTi wliT adre<br />

ki, 1906 wels, TbilisSi pirveli `iisferi Tovli~ gaCnda.<br />

Tovli, romelic aseve uimedod Seyvarebuli fermkrTali qalis<br />

TviTmkvlelobiT sruldeba. Tumca, es `Tovli~ poezia ar iyo,<br />

es iyo vsevolod meierholdis skandaluri speqtakli.<br />

meierholdi saqarTveloSi Camovida, raTa sabolood daesva<br />

wertili naturalisturi TeatrisTvis. axali ideebis<br />

ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba sagrZnoblad gaizarda TbilisSi,<br />

miT umetes, rom mis gankargulebaSi moeqca `axali dramis~<br />

amxanagobis ukanaskneli teqnikuri miRwevebiT aRWurvili<br />

rusuli Teatris scena. i. elagini ostatis muSaobis saerTo<br />

mimarTulebis daxasiaTebisas gamoyofs, erTi mxriv, `moskovis<br />

samxatvro Teatris gamocdil gzas~, romelmac ganapiroba<br />

warmateba Tbilisis inteligentur publikasTan da, meore mxriv,<br />

miuTiTebs ukve axal, `modernistuli dramaturgiis~ uCveulo<br />

labirinTze, romlis bilikebi meierholdma pirvelad swored<br />

aq gakvala.<br />

TbilisSi moRvaweoba k. stanislavskis gamorCeulma mowafem<br />

nacadi xerxiT daiwyo: igi virtuozis simsubuqiT acxobda<br />

samxatvro Teatris speqtaklebis gamartivebul aslebs, yovel<br />

dRe imeorebda da aRadgenda `cxovrebiseul suraTebs~, rogorc<br />

reJisuris savarjiSoebs, cdilobda zemoqmedeba moexdina<br />

Tbilisel mayurebelze, Seecvala misi Cveuli esTetikuri<br />

kriteriumebi. gaocebuli kritika aRniSnavda: `msaxiobi mxolod<br />

aucilebeli Cxiria im etlis borbalSi, romelsac reJisori<br />

marTavs~. 1<br />

62 63

mixeil kalandariSvili modernistuli eqsperimenti tiflisSi<br />

i. elaginis Tanaxmad, yvelaferi kargad midioda iqamde, vidre<br />

meierholdma s. pSibiSevskis 2 `Tovli~ ar dadga. igi werda:<br />

`mayureblisaTvis nacnobi naturalisturi Teatris xerxebisagan<br />

`Tovlis~ dadgmaSi araferi ar darCa. TviTon Tovlic ki ar<br />

iyo TeTri... iyo ultraiisferi~. 3<br />

`Tovlis~ dadgmamdec da merec publikis nawili da misi<br />

interesebis gamomxatveli oficiozuri gazeTi `Кавказ~-i<br />

ukmayofilebas gamoxatavda meierholdis modernistuli<br />

repertuaris gamo. amas pirdapir asabuTebs speqtakl `Tovlze~<br />

gamoqveynebuli recenzia: `Cvenma mayurebelma ver moaswro<br />

`CaZiruli zaris~ 4 mere sulis moTqma, rom meierholdma axali<br />

dartyma ganizraxa da mayurebels Tavze daayara pSibiSevskis<br />

WuWyiani `Tovli~... scenuri Sarlatanobis nimuSi~. 5<br />

yvelasTvis gaugebarma `Tovlma~, romelSic `egvi pturi<br />

wyvdiadi sufevda~, aiZula meierholdi kulisebSi damalvoda<br />

ganrisxebul mayurebels. Tumca sabolood speqtakli istoriuli<br />

mniSvnelobis gamodga, mas ruseTSi uwodeben pirobiTi,<br />

antinaturalisturi Teatris pirvel cdas.<br />

Cven profesiaSi kritikul recenziebs meti mniSvnelba aqvs,<br />

vidre saqebar diTirambebs: kritikosebis paTosi, Tavisi uaryofiTi<br />

muxtiT, mets gveubneba meierholdis gaugebar eqsperimentze da<br />

ufro gvafiqrebs uCveulo kanonzomierebis SemTxvevaze, romelsac<br />

adgili hqonda maSin. vis SeuZlia imis Tqma, naxa, Tu ara<br />

Teqvsmeti wlis galaktionma meierholdis `iisferi Tovli~,<br />

Tumca misi araCveulebrivi metafora: `me Zlier miyvars iisfer<br />

Tovlis qalwulebiviT xididan fena~ ucnaurad saxiers xdis<br />

daviwyebul, gamqral spektakls, TiTqos gvenaxos igi... SesaZloa,<br />

swored Teatraluri STabeWdilebis anarekli mogvevlina<br />

mogvianebiT saocar leqsad, an iqneb geniosebi erTnairad<br />

araCveulebrivad xedaven Cveulebriv movlenebs! aseTi ram xdeba<br />

xolme, Tumca, ratomRac mgonia, rom galaktionma SemTxveviT ar<br />

uwoda Tavis leqss `Tovli~, vfiqrob, rom igi swored<br />

meierholdis `iisferi Tovlis~ konceptze migvaniSnebda,<br />

mxatvrul saxeze, romelmac SesaZloa SeZra poeti da, Tavis<br />

mxriv, aseTi leqsiT upasuxa. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom: radgan<br />

fSibiSevskic modernistia, SesaZloa, swored mimarTulebas<br />

ekarnaxa msgavsi aRqma galaktionisTvis, magram fSibiSevskis<br />

piesaSi Tovli TeTri iyo. sxva mxriv, orive `TovlSi~ erTi da<br />

igive ram xdeba: aqac da iqac saubaria lamaz sikvdilze, anu,<br />

cxovrebisagan daRlili adamianebis im ocnebaze, romelic<br />

scildeba ukve simbolizmis esTetikas da dekadansis idealSi<br />

gadadis..<br />

1906 wels fSibiSevskis `Tovli~ misi gmirebis vnebaTa<br />

daufaravi siSiSvle Sokis momgvreli gaxldaT da, cxadia, yvela<br />

erTnairad ver aRiqvamda: moulodnelobisgan Seuracxyofili<br />

Tbiliseli recenzenti saubrobda `WuWyian Tovlze~, romelic<br />

mas Tavze Turme vsevolod meierholdma daayara. galaktionis<br />

poeturi qmnileba Sors dgas amgvari SegrZnebebisgan: misi<br />

zambaxisferi Tovli – sufTaa. iyo Tu ara realurad raime<br />

kavSiri am or `Tovls~ Soris - varaudis Temaa. mxolod imis<br />

Tqma SeiZleba, rom Cven qalaqSi XX saukunis dasawyisSi saswauli<br />

moxda: gadaikveTa sami didi xelovanis gza: stanislav<br />

fSibiSevskis, vsevolod meierholdis da sul axalgazrda<br />

galaktion tabiZisa.<br />

Teatri poezia ar aris. mas SedarebiT ufro uWirs bolomde<br />

`gamouTqmelobis~ scenuri xorcSesxma, rac sruliad bunebrivia<br />

misi mTavari Taviseburebis da bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram<br />

Teatrs gaaCnia sxva upiratesoba – Cveneba, saxieri gadmocema,<br />

c oc xa li konta qti, i nter pr etir eb a, m ay ur eb li s<br />

mojadoeba...…amitomac iZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />

fSibiSevskis `Tovli~, romelic 1906 wlis gazafxulis sezonze,<br />

TbilisSi bolo Camosvlisas, dadga meierholdma. Tumca, es<br />

gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva iyo, rogorc wesi, mis dadgmebs udidesi<br />

warmateba hqondaT. `haneles~ dadgmas presaSi reJisoruli<br />

Semoqmedebis apoTeozs uwodeben. meore sezoni ki v. meierholdma<br />

m. meterlinkis 6 `tentaJilis sikvdiliT~ daasrula. speqtakli<br />

TamaSdeboda muqi mwvane tulis qsoviliT gadakrul CarCoSi,<br />

fizgarmonze Sesrulebuli akompanimentis TanxlebiT: `artistebi<br />

antraqtebze gamoZaxebisas ar gamodiodnen. mexuTe aqtis Semdeg<br />

daiwyo grandiozuli ovacia... gamoiZaxes aranakleb ocjer~. 7<br />

ase daemSvidoba maestros Tbilisi.<br />

meierholdi ukmayofilo iyo msaxiobebiT da uCioda maT<br />

TamaSs. Tbilisidan gagzavnil werilSi igi werda: `mSralad,<br />

teqnikurad, magram ras izam? rodisRa gamoCndebian momavali<br />

64 65

mixeil kalandariSvili modernistuli eqsperimenti tiflisSi<br />

Teatris msaxiobebi~. 8 amgvari msaxiobebi masTan mxolod oci<br />

wlis Semdeg mividnen, Tavisi xalisiani xelovnebiT gaielves<br />

da wavidnen, sul male TviTonac SeeTvisnen `socialisturi<br />

realizmis Teatris amRvreul, damdgar gubes~. 9<br />

Tbilisuri sezonebi gardamtexi gaxda v. meierholdis<br />

SemoqmedebisTvis: aq man xorci Seasxa Tamam ideebs da Canafiqrebs,<br />

realurad warmoadgina axali reJisoruli gamomsaxvelobisa<br />

da xerxebis mTeli speqtri. swored Tbilisurma eqsperimentebma<br />

daudes dasabami msoflioSi saxelganTqmul `rusul pirobiT<br />

Teatrs~; Tavis mxriv, qarTulma scenamac ganviTarebis uSualo<br />

impulsi miiRo vsevolod meierholdis xelidan. ecnoboda<br />

samxatvro Teatris axalTaxal aslebs, ufro metic, sruliad<br />

axali, modernistuli repertuaris uSualo mowme gaxda.<br />

meierholdma saqarTvelo datova madlieri mayureblis<br />

samaxsovro saCuqriT – vercxlis firfitaze amotvifruli<br />

sityvebiT: 10 `Tqven dagvamarcxeT, – swerda mas mravalricxovani<br />

Tbiliseli mayurebeli, – Tqven SeZeliT dagemsxvriaT eWvis<br />

yinuli, undoblobis yinuli, rodesac Tqven mogvevlineT, Cven<br />

ar gicnobdiT... Tqven gyavdaT uamravi mteri, Tqven isini axlac<br />

gyavT, magram isini imas ki ar uaryofen, Tu rogor TamaSobT,<br />

aramed Tu ras... Tqven dagvimorCileT mwyobri ansamblis SeteviT,<br />

axali repertuaris Seupovari ieriSiT... gamarjvebulebs ar<br />

asamarTleben!~<br />

rogorc Cans, gulisamaCuyebelma damSvidobebam ver moubruna<br />

guli meierholds da man ver daiviwya yvela is wyena, rac ori<br />

sezonis ganmavlobaSi SemoqmedebiTi wvis Sedegad Sexvda. es im<br />

werilidanac Cans, romelic man Tbilisidan gamgzavrebis win<br />

dawera: `me mombezrda, xalxs anbani vaswavlo, me poeti var da<br />

ara skolis maswavlebeli... arc uxovi, arc fedotovi, da arc<br />

miT umetes nemiroviC-danCenko... me esTeti var. mombezrda WuWyian<br />

perangebSi da gaqonil SarvalSi siaruli... me minda, imdenad<br />

kargad viyo Cacmuli, rom sulis mSvenieri swrafva sacvlis<br />

elvarebas Seesabamebodes~. 11<br />

TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg meierholdi komisris msgavsad<br />

gimnasturasa da tyavis qurTukSi gamoewyo, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom omi ukve karga xnis damTavrebuli iyo. Tumca amgvar<br />

samosSi man didxans ver gaZlo: `stalinis meore xuTwledis<br />

periodSi, rodesac yvelaze mediduri xelmZRvaneli amxanagebi<br />

gamocxaddebodnen xolme kabinetebSi, TeatrebSi da restornebSi<br />

gimnasturiT Semosilebi `beladis msgavsad~, maSin meierholdi<br />

ukve saukeTeso mkeravTa kostumebs aniWebda upiratesobas,<br />

inglisur halstuxebs, italiur qudebs, mkacr, aristokratul,<br />

konservatiul stils~. 12<br />

am Cacma-gadacmebis logikis axsna SeiZleba: rolis<br />

gasaxsnelad msaxiobisTvis kostumi iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc<br />

qmedeba. meierholdi ki, suliT xorcamde artisti, stilis<br />

ufaqizesi grZnobiT Tavisi principebis Sesatyvisad icvamda;<br />

magram misi iersaxe yovelTvis konfliqturad gamoiyureboda<br />

garemos fonze.<br />

meierholdma datova Tbilisi da daikarga is realuri<br />

SesaZlebloba, rom ara petrogradSi, aramed swored aq<br />

aRsrulebuliyo cocxali marionetebis `modernistuli<br />

Teatris~ Tamami mxatvruli idea, romelic msoflio reJisoruli<br />

Semoqmedebis umaRles mwvervals warmoadgens. Tumca, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom erTgvari estafeta gagrZelda _ saqarTvelos<br />

kulturis, tradiciisa da gemovnebisTvis ucxo ar aris aseTi<br />

xasiaTis Teatris sistema. es bevrad ufro gvian, magram mainc<br />

aRsrulda da xorci Seisxa marjaniSvilis da axmetelis<br />

modernistul eqsperimentebSi. axalma talRam axleburad aagora<br />

XX saukunis udidesi Teatraluri idea, romlis dabadeba<br />

Ggordon kregis saxels ukavSirdeba. 70-iani wlebidan dRemde<br />

qarTuli Teatri kvlav am talRaze aRmoCndeba, isev am ideidan<br />

aRmocendeba da gabrwyindeba speqtaklebiT, romlebic qarTuli<br />

xelovnebis emblemad iqcnen: `yvaryvare~, `kavkasiuri carcis<br />

wre~, `riCard mesame~, `mefe liri~ da sxva.<br />

1. Кавказ, 1904, 28 сентября;<br />

2. stanislav pSibiSevski (1868-1927) - poloneli mwerali da<br />

dramaturgi. modernisti, dekadenti, TanamedroveTa yuradRebas iqcevda<br />

antimeSCanuri, burJuaziul-anarqistuli meamboxe suliskveTebiT, mwvaved<br />

asaxavda burJ. inteligenciis cnobierebis kriziss. sayrdens eZebda<br />

nicSeseul `Zlieri pirovnebis kultSi~, erotizmSi, princi pSi,<br />

66 67

`xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis~, piesebi `bednierebisaTvis~ (1899) da<br />

`Tovli~ (1903), gamoirCeva stilis gamokveTili, ganzrax efeqtaciiT;<br />

3. Jelagin J., Dark Genius, OPY, LTD. London, 1982, P.89;<br />

4. SeniSvna: saubaria g.hauptmanis `CaZirul zarze~;<br />

5. Кавказ, 1904, 4 октября;<br />

6. moris meterlinki (1862-1049) - belgieli mwerali, dramaturgi,<br />

filosofosi.. meterlinki qmnida zRaprul filosofiur piesebs.<br />

misi adreuli dramatugiis wamyvani Temaa daucveli da brma adamianis<br />

bedi gaugebar, daundobel samyaroSi. mis nawarmoebebs gamsWvalavs<br />

idumali bedisweris dekandenturi koncepcia. gansakuTrebuli<br />

popularobiT sargeblobdnen misi piesebi: `mona vana~, `brmebi~, `lurji<br />

frinveli~, `tentaJilis sikvdili~, `da beatrisa~, `peleasi da<br />

melisandra~ da sxva;<br />

7. Jelagin J., Dark Genius, OPY, LTD. London, 1982, p.109;<br />

8. iqve, gv. 106-107;<br />

9. Jelagin J., Dark Genius, OPY, LTD. London, 1982, p. 106-107;<br />

10. Тифллисский листок, 1905, 1 марта;<br />

11. ix. iqve, elagini, gv. 106-107;<br />

12. iqve, Jelagin, p. 106-107.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

i. Tuxareli, meierholdi saqarTveloSi, disertaciis avtoreferati,<br />

Tb. 1978.<br />

maia kiknaZe,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

Tojinebisa da Crdilebis warmodgenebi<br />

indoneziaSi<br />

(vaiang kuliti)<br />

Crdilebisa da Tojinuri Teatris saxeobebi, romelic termin<br />

vaiangis 1 qveS gaerTianda erT-erTi Zveli da gavrcelebuli<br />

sanaxaoba iyo indoneziaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ kunZul iavaze.<br />

Tojinuri sanaxaoba vaiangi Tavis TavSi moicavda yvela<br />

aspeqts sazogadoebrivi, ideologiuri Tu kulturuli<br />

cxovrebisa da am TvalsazrisiT is `iavuri sinamdvilis oreuls~<br />

warmoadgenda, romelSic mkafiod ikveTeboda indoneziuri<br />

klasobrivi sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi:<br />

winaparTa kulti, agraruli kulti da animisturi tradiciebi.<br />

iavis, balis, maduras soflebSi saRamos 7 sT.-ze qoqosis<br />

zeTiT gaJRenTil naTuras aanTebdnen da xis karkasze gadaWimul<br />

TeTr tiloze _ ekranze, cnobili Tojinebis Teatris vaiangis<br />

warmodgenebs marTavdnen, sadac orkestr gamelangis musikis<br />

TanxlebiT xaris tyavisagan Sekerili Tojinebi mefeebis, gmirebis,<br />

princesebisa da groteskuli urCxulebis saxeebs warmoadgendnen.<br />

ekranze RvTaebebisa da miTiuri gmirebis gamoCena principSi<br />

iyo winaparTa sulebis gamoZaxeba, romlis Cvenebebisas vaiang<br />

kulitis (tyavis Tojina) warmodgenebi uzrunvelyofda da<br />

romelic miznad isaxavda winaparTa mier STamomavlebis<br />

dalocvasa da maTTvis keTildReobis motanas.<br />

Senoba, sadac warmodgena imarTeboda, pirobiTad gayofili<br />

iyo or nawilad. erT mxares qalebi da bavSvebi isxdnen, romlebic<br />

Crdilebs uyurebdnen, meore mxares _ mamakacebi da isini<br />

meTojinisa da Tojinis TamaSs adevnebdnen Tvalyurs. mayurebelTa<br />

amgvari ganlageba migvaniSnebda, rom warmodgena erTdroulad<br />

Crdilebisa da Tojinebis sanaxaoba iyo, raSic mdgomareobs<br />

misi unikalurobac.<br />

vaiang kulitis warmodgenebis ZiriTadi funqcia, romelic<br />

saritualo, religiur-mistikuri niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba,<br />

boroti sulebis Selocva, RvTaebebis gulis mogeba, miwis<br />

68 69

maia kiknaZe<br />

Tojinebisa da Crdilebis warmodgenebi indoneziaSi<br />

ganayofiereba da kargi mosavlis aReba gaxldaT. agraruli<br />

magiis Semcvel epizodebSi, rac, pirvel rigSi, brinjis mosavlis<br />

aRebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli animisturi religiisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli sagnis, am SemTxvevaSi, brinjis sulier arsebad<br />

warmoCena da maTdami pativiscemis gamoxatva warmodgenis<br />

ZiriTadi Tema gaxldaT. am dros sruldeboda warmodgena<br />

`brinjis RvTaeba sri~, raTa kidev erTxel pativi miegoT brinjis<br />

mindvrebisaTvis da ganedevnaT parazitebi, radgan iavelTa gagebiT<br />

Tu rituali ar Sesruldeboda mosavalic ar iqneboda.<br />

vaiangis warmodgenebis daniSnuleba da mizani kidev ufro<br />

Rrma da mravalmxrivi iyo, rac mTlianad indonezieli xalxis<br />

rwmenasa da Sexedulebaze iyo dafuZnebuli. vaiang-kulitis<br />

lakonebis Casma aucilebeli iyo adamianis cxovrebis iseT<br />

mniSvnelovan epizodebSi, rogoricaa dabadeba, iniciacia da<br />

sikvdili. Tu romelime ojaxs surda misi vaJi lamazi<br />

gamosuliyo, sasurveli iyo fexmZimobis me-7 Tves SeekveTaT<br />

piesa `arjunas dabadeba~. xolo Tu adamians boroti sulebisagan<br />

ganTavisufleba sWirdeboda, speqtakl `kolos dabadebas~<br />

warmoadgendnen radgan mosaxleobis azriT, warmodgenas magiuri<br />

Zala gaaCnda da is ara marto SemkveTisTvis (warmodgena<br />

yovelTvis SekveTiT tardeboda), aramed damswre<br />

sazogadoebisTvisac Zalze sasargeblo iyo da xSirad CaZinebul<br />

mayurebelzec (speqtakli 9-10 saaTi grZeldeboda) dadebiT<br />

gavlenas axdenda, radgan maT uaryofiTi energiisgan<br />

aTavisuflebda.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, warmodgena yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />

SemTxvevebis dros tardeboda da mas aranairi gasarTobi<br />

datvirTva ar gaaCnda. dabadeba Tu gardacvaleba, fexmZimoba,<br />

winadacveTa, avadmyofoba Tu sixaruli, omis dawyeba Tu damTavreba,<br />

axali mmarTvelis mosvla Tu sxva mniSvnelovani movlenebi<br />

adamianisa Tu qveynis cxovrebaSi Tojinebis monawileobis gareSe<br />

ar Caivlida. aseTi Zala gaaCnda tyavis warmodgenebs, romelic<br />

wminda sanaxaobad iTvleboda, xolo Tojina _ magiuri Zalis<br />

matareblad, romelsac didi pativiscemiT epyroboda misi sulis<br />

Camdgmeli meTojine _ dalangi, speqtaklis reJisori da Tojinis<br />

matarebeli. yvelaze ganaTlebuli adamiani iavur sazogadoebaSi<br />

(gansakuTrebiT sasaxlis karis dalangi, romlis koleqciaSi<br />

600-mde Tojina inaxeboda), romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da<br />

sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobiT qurumsac ki utoldeboda.<br />

speqtaklis dawyebis win, roca locvas ityoda, Tojinebsa da<br />

rekvizits bolSi gaaxvevda, ekranis win moikalaTebda da gonebis<br />

koncentraciis meSveobiT gardacvlil sulebTan kontaqtis<br />

damyarebas axerxebda. aseTi niWis wyalobiT qveynis mmarTvelebi<br />

vaiangis meTojineebs, rogorc es qronikebSia aRniSnuli (1847-<br />

77), saxelmwifos siZlieris garantad Tvlidnen da cdilobdnen<br />

isini mudam TavianT garemocvaSi hyolodaT. me-19 s.-is 2 iavuri<br />

Txzulebis erT-erTi personaJi (serat Centini) ki dalaings<br />

RmerTis simbolod miiCnevda `dalaingi _ es RmerTia, romelmac<br />

Seqmna yvelaferi da daadgina Cveni bedi, im dros, roca adamiani<br />

dedis saSoSi Caisaxeba, misi cxovrebis istoria ukve<br />

gaTamaSebulia da dasrulebulic. asea Tojinur warmodgenebSic<br />

_ vis Tu ara dalangs SeuZlia Tojinebis moqmedebebisa da<br />

moZraobebis xelmZRvaneloba _ es aris erTianoba Semoqmedisa<br />

da qmnilebisa _ Cveni cxovrebis gza vaiangis piesaa.~<br />

Tojinur warmodgenebs Tavisi tradiciuli repertuari<br />

gaaCnda. piesebi, anu lakonebi, specialurad iTxzveboda da is<br />

zepirsityvierebiT Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda. amave dros<br />

warmoadgendnen maTTvis ukve kargad nacnobi induri eposis<br />

`ramaianasa~ da `mahabharatas~ siuJetebs, romelTa epizodebic<br />

saukuneebis manZilze nel-nela adgilobriv zRaprebsa da<br />

miTologiur motivebSi gaiTqvifa. ase Seiqmna iavuri<br />

miTologiiTa da istoriiT STagonebuli nawarmoebebi: `ramaiana~<br />

(IX), `arjunas qorwili~ (X).<br />

vaiangis lakonebis ZiriTadi Tema adamianis daniSnuleba,<br />

sakuTari Tavis Zieba da cxovrebis sazrisis Secnoba gaxldaT.<br />

mTavari gmiris (vaJis) gamgzavreba ukvdavebis wlis an ucnobi<br />

mamis mosaZebnad da am gzaze (ZiriTadad, uRran tyeSi) uamravi<br />

dabrkolebebis gadalaxva, urCxullebTan da goliaTebTan brZola<br />

araerTi lakonis siuJetSi iyo warmodgenili. erT-erTi iaveli<br />

avtoris princi mankunegoro VII-is 3 mtkicebiT, survili gaigo,<br />

vin aris mamaSeni, cxovrebis gagebis survilia, rac piesaSi<br />

mxolod meditaciis samadis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. mamis saZebnelad<br />

wasuli axalgazrda vaJi meditaciaSi varjiSobs. man unda<br />

daTrgunos vnebebi da survilebi. adamianuri vnebebi da sisusteebi<br />

70 71

maia kiknaZe<br />

Tojinebisa da Crdilebis warmodgenebi indoneziaSi<br />

ki lakonSi simbolurad urCxulebisa da goliaTebis saxiTaa<br />

warmodgenili. goliaTebis damarcxeba ki sakuTar vnebebze<br />

gamarjvebas niSnavda.<br />

vaiangis warmodgenebSi kargad aisaxa indoneziuri<br />

sazogadoebis ierarqiuli dayofac, rac moqmed pirTa sametyvelo<br />

enaSic vlindeboda. mayureblisaTvis Znelad gasagebi RmerTebis<br />

ena iyo, advilad gasagebi ki msaxurTa ena. qveynis ierarqiuli<br />

mowyoba migvaniSnebda ama Tu im funqciaze, mis saWiroebebsa da<br />

aucileblobaze indoneziur sazogadoebaSi. mag.: RvTis msaxurTa<br />

funqcia ritualis mowyoba iyo, raindebs saxelmwifos dacva<br />

evalebodaT, vaWrebs ki ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis unda SeewyoT<br />

xeli. ierarqiuli mowyobidan gamomdinareobda lakonis<br />

moralur-eTikuri swavlebac, rac vaiangSi `moraluri<br />

pluralizmis kodeqss~ (andersoni) efuZneboda. amdenad, adamianis,<br />

rogorc garkveuli socialuri fenis warmomadgenlis moqmedeba,<br />

vaiangis mixedviT, Tavisi kargi an cudi TvisebebiT ki ar<br />

fasdeboda, aramed imiT, Tu rogori warmomadgeneli iyo Tavisi<br />

rangisa (mag., kauravebs kicxavdnen imis gamo ki ara, rom isini<br />

cudebi arian, aramed imis gamo, rom cudi raindebi arian).<br />

vaiangis lakonebis mniSvnelovani nawili qveynis warsulis<br />

Txrobasac eTmoboda da mas ganixilavdnen, rogorc erTian<br />

uwyvet movlenas istoriuli procesebisa. vinaidan iavelTa<br />

sulieri cxovreba vaiangTan iyo dakavSirebuli da is maTTvis<br />

garkveul skolis funqciasac asrulebda, istoriis ardaviwyebas<br />

winaparTa brZolebis, RmerTebis, pandavebis, madjahitebis<br />

mmarTvelebisa da misi STamomavlebis CvenebiT cdilobda. am<br />

TvalsazrisiT vaiangi saganmanaTleblo da SemecnebiTic iyo,<br />

romelsac didi gavlenis moxdena SeeZlo axalgazrdobaze. mis<br />

sulier aRzrdasa da xalxuri tradiciebis SenarCunebaze, vinaidan<br />

masSi kargad ikveTeboda humanisturi msoflmxedveloba,<br />

movaleobisadmi erTgulebis grZnoba, samarTlianobisaTvis brZola<br />

da maRali idealebi.<br />

vaiangis gmirebis istoria da Tojinis figuris moxatuloba<br />

imdenad popularuli iyo mTel indoneziaSi, rom arqiteqturaSi<br />

`vaiangis stilic~ ki damkvidrda. vaiangis personaJTa cxovrebis<br />

amsaxveli epizodebi monumentur xelovnebaSi gamoiyeneboda da<br />

araerTi arqiteqtoruli Sedevris kedlebze iyo gamosaxuli.<br />

mag: vulkanuri warmoSobis plato diengze 4 ganlagebuli Sua<br />

saukuneebis arqiteqturis saukeTeso nimuSebi momcro sakulto<br />

nageboba Candebis yvelaze warmosadgeni Zeglebi Teatr vaiangis<br />

gmirebis personaJebiTaa dasaxelebuli. (Candi puntadeva, Candi<br />

arjuna, Candi bima) da sxva.<br />

vaiangi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani movlena gaxldaT indoneziis<br />

kulturis istoriaSi da is am kulturis simbolos<br />

warmoadgenda. mravali saukuneebis manZilze vaiangi ayalibebda<br />

iavelTa esTetikur gemovnebasa da msoflmxedvelobas, qmnida<br />

kulturasa da icavda tradiciebs, romelsac Taobidan Taobas<br />

gadascemda.<br />

1. vaiangi _ ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs<br />

a) mas eZaxian Tojinebs gamoWrils xis an tyavisagan<br />

b) warmodgenas niSnavs<br />

g) adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi vaiangis mniSvnelobaSi suls,<br />

aCrdils gulisxmobdnen;<br />

2. С. С. Кузнецова – У истоков индонезийской культуры м. 1989<br />

ст. 88;<br />

3. И. И. Соломоник – Традиционный театр кукол востока м. 1983<br />

ст. 105;<br />

4.Г.Г. Баидиленко – Культура и идеология средиевековых<br />

государств явы м. 1984 ст. 59.<br />

72 73

guliko mamulaSvili,<br />

wamyvani mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

`Tazie~ sparsul samecniero literaturaSi<br />

Zveli sparsuli Teatris nairsaxeobis, `Tazies~, Rrmad<br />

mistikuri arsi, erovnuli fesvebi da sulieri, zneobrivmoraluri<br />

Rirebulebebi gansakuTrebuli siRrmiT warmoCndeba<br />

iraneli avtorebis specialur samecniero literaturaSi. iranel<br />

specialistTa xedva kidev ufro naTels xdis `Tazies~ da<br />

Sahsei-vahseis misteriul buneba-xasiaTs, mis kulturologiur<br />

Rirebulebas mTeli Sua saukuneebis iranuli yofisTvis da,<br />

imavdroulad, mis principul mniSvnelobas sazogadod sparsuli<br />

Teatris CamoyalibebisaTvis; miT umetes, roca aseTi samecniero<br />

kvlevebi amomwurav istoriul-literaturul wyaroebzea<br />

dayrdnobili. Cven uprianad miviCnieT sparsulenovani samecniero<br />

Sromebis monacemebi calke warmogvedgina, radgan maTSi<br />

Tanmimdevrulad da kompleqsuradaa ganxiluli samsjelo<br />

misteriis arseboba warmoSobis dRidan dRemde da Tavmoyrilia<br />

yvela monacemi iranis vrceli teritoriis yvela kuTxidan.<br />

qvemomoyvanili masala ramdenime aseTi Sromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsis<br />

mokle mxatvrul gadmocemas asaxavs SigadaSig Cveni<br />

komentarebiTurT.<br />

`misteriis dadgma~ (Sabihgardani) an `misteriis Sesruleba~<br />

(Sabahxani), igive `Tazie~, iyo warmodgena, warmoSobiT<br />

dakavSirebuli islamis winaswarmetyvelis ojaxis dramatuli<br />

movlenebisa da cxovrebis Sesaxeb arsebul gadmocemebTan.<br />

gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba im faqtebs da tragediebs, rac imam<br />

huseinsa da mis ojaxs daatyda Tavs moharamze, hijris 662<br />

wels, romelic swrafad gavrcelda da moicva xalxuri<br />

kulturis, zepirmetyvelebisa da dasTanebis (Tqmulebebis) yvela<br />

mimdinareoba.<br />

arabTa gabatoneba iranSi erovnul marcxad aRiqmeboda da<br />

iranelebi imTaviTve cdilobdnen, Tavi daexsnaT am batonobisagan.<br />

maT arab xalifebs daupirispires winaswarmetyvelis, muhamedis<br />

memkvidreebis Sto, garkveuli jgufi Seqmnes safaris saxiT da<br />

am gziT sando `sp. Sia~ seqta warmoiqmna, romelic moqmedebda<br />

abasidebis mmarTvelobamde (XVI-XVII s.), vidre `Sia~, anu Siitoba,<br />

Siizmi, ar gamocxadda oficialur religiad.<br />

sefianTa saxelmwifos (1502-1722 ww.) politika Siizms<br />

eyrdnoboda, romlis meSveobiTac iranma damoukidebloba moipova,<br />

qveyana fexze dadga, gaZlierda. `Tazies~ warmoCena da ayvaveba<br />

ki am politikuri da religiuri damoukideblobis erT-erTi<br />

Semadgeneli nawili da Sedegi iyo. saSualo klasis ganviTareba,<br />

vaWrebisa da wvril mewarmeTa, xelosanTa momagreba ganapirobebda<br />

myar ekonomikur viTarebas, SedarebiT stabilurobasa da simSvides,<br />

rac religiurad unda Semkobiliyo salocavi gund-dasebisa da<br />

misteriuli saxiobebis arsebobiT. sefianTa dinastia, uwyobda<br />

ra xels xelovnebis, literaturis, mwerlobis, poeziis<br />

ganviTarebas, agebda didebul arqiteqturul nagebobebs, imgvar<br />

sazogadoebriv garemos qmnida, saiqioze, imqveyniur cxovrebaze,<br />

rom SeZlebuli moqalaqeni, memamuleni Tu didebulebi,<br />

afinansebdnen religiuri misteriebis Semsrulebel dasebs. saero<br />

xelovnebaSi (cekva, simRera, mxatvroba, poezia) moRvawe msaxiobebis<br />

garda, sefianTa dedaqalaqSi isfahanSi umaRles mwvervals miaRwia<br />

profesiuli misteriuli dasebis Camoyalibebis procesma. es<br />

dasebi aisidan vaxSmamde awyobdnen msvlelobebs, rac XIX saukunis<br />

Suawlebamde iyo SemorCenili. maT mier warmodgenili scenebi<br />

Seicavdnen sanaxaobebs kacobriobis dasabamidan VIII Siiti imamis<br />

saflavis monaxulebamde.<br />

963 wels qristianuli welTaRricxviT, Tazie pirvelad<br />

Catarebula baRdadSi mayzoldoulebuies wyalobiT.Mman brZaneba<br />

gasca, bazari daketiliyo da Savebi (ZaZebi) CaecvaT.BbrZanebis<br />

gamo ara, magram ufro Rrma xalxuri tradiciis gamoisobiT<br />

Taziem TandaTan swored aseTi saxe miiRo: ZaZebi, Savebi da<br />

bazris daketva. Svidi Semdgomi saukunis ganmavlobaSi Tazie<br />

ixveweboda da TandaTan Teatraluri piesis, anu misteriis<br />

(saxiobis), saxe miiRo. mogzaurTa wyaroebi mowmoben, rom mkerdSi<br />

cema, jaWvebis rtymeva, moTqma-tirili, xmiT simRera-glova, almebis<br />

tareba, Semdgom ki sagangebo samosis da garegnuli atributikis<br />

gamoyeneba _ yovelive es ukve adridanve Tazies maxasiaTeblebad<br />

gvevlineba.<br />

Camoyalibda terminologiac. ase, mag.: misteriis mowyoba<br />

aris Sabihsazi (`mibaZvis mowyoba~), msaxiobi _ Sabihbaz<br />

74 75

guliko mamulaSvili<br />

`Tazie~ sparsul samecniero literaturaSi<br />

(mimbaZveli, moTamaSe) an Sabihxan (misteriis wamkiTxveli), Sabih<br />

(misterikosi), bazigar (msaxiobi) da sxv.<br />

rogorc Cans, sefianTa (1502-1722) dinastiis dros Taziem<br />

gaiara Tavisi srulqmnisa da srulyofis saboloo etapi da<br />

miaRwia mwvervals. am srulyofilebis Semdeg igi im saxiT<br />

warmoCinda, rogoradac dResdReobiT vicnobT.<br />

rogorc irkveva, piesa, Teatraluri warmodgena jer kidev<br />

1634 wels qristianuli welTaRricxviT (Seesabameba mzis<br />

kalendriT pijris 1012 wels) ar arsebobda. iyo mxolod<br />

samgloviani rituali (qviTini, moTqma, xanjlis cema, datireba<br />

aSuris dRes, panaSvidi da misT.). magram 1668 weli qristianuli<br />

welTaRricxviT (mzis kalendriT, hijris 1046 weli) sefi IIis<br />

Sahobisas, yofila movlena, romelsac tavernie misterias<br />

uwodebs. metad sayuradReboa aseTi scenis aRwera: bavSvebi<br />

daxocilebs TamaSobdnen da kuboebSi iwvnen gaunZrevlad<br />

mZinareebiaviT. GmaT garSemo ki glova-datireba iyo<br />

gamarTuli.Ees bavSvebi ganasaxierebdnen xalifasgan moklul<br />

huseinis or mcirewlovan vaJs. es ukve msaxiobobaa da<br />

Teatraluri scena, romelic diliT iwyeboda da (5 saaTi)<br />

SuadRemde grZeldeboda. dasSi mxolod mamakacebi Sediodnen<br />

da qalebis rolebs yrmebi, ymawvil-Wabukebi asrulebdnen. Tumca<br />

gogonebi 9 wlamde daSvebulni iyvnen.<br />

1738 wlisTvis (mzis kalendriT hijris 1166 wels)<br />

u.franklini gvamcnobs TamaSobebis Sesaxeb, romelic ambebisa<br />

da Tqmulebebis (dasTanebis) nawilebs eyrdnoboda.Ees iyo piesa,<br />

saxioba (sp. nemaieS). dasSi sxvadasxva asakis msaxiobebi<br />

monawileobdnen, iyo simboloebic (magaliTad, `faraTis wyali~,<br />

`samoTxis wyali~); msaxiobebs ecvaT Sesabamisi Sesamoslebic,<br />

quCebSic gamodiodnen huseinis neStis Tanmxlebebad, iyo ficxeli<br />

omi da Cxubi, xalifa ijda Zvirfasad morTul-mokazmul cxenze,<br />

xolo mis gverdiT idga is frangi elCi, romelic Siitad<br />

moiqca da Sahidad, anu mowamed, wamebulad iqca.<br />

Tazies erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli da Teatralurad<br />

saintereso scena iyo yasimis qorwinebis ambavi, romelic<br />

idgmeboda samgloviaro warmodgenaSi. yrma Wabuki yvela<br />

Sesabamisi morTulobiT TamaSobs patarZlis _ hasanis<br />

qaliSvilis fatimas, rols. yasimi (huseinis ufrosi vaJi) da<br />

fatima Sewyvetili qorwilis dros eTxovebian erTmaneTs, unazes-<br />

unatifesi gamoTxovebisas saqmro aZlevs sacoles samgloviaro<br />

samoss, romelsac is mxrebze moigdebs da Semdeg ki ojaxis<br />

Tanamgzavri qalebis garemocvaSi warmoTqvams satiral leqss<br />

daRupul yasimze.<br />

aRniSnuli sasiyvarulo sevdiani sceniT Tazies sistema<br />

ukve aSkarad mZlavr ganacxads akeTebs namdvil Teatrze. zendebis<br />

xelmwifobis dasasruls Taziem Tavi Teatris saxed warmoaCina.<br />

xolo mogvianebiT, yajarTa epoqis dros (1795-1925), Tazie<br />

samefo karis yuradRebas miipyrobs, da didebulTa da didvaWarTa<br />

mfarvelobis qveS moeqca.<br />

erTgvarad moduri gaxda Tazies mxardaWera, rac mxolod<br />

saxiobis mfarveloba ki ara, saerTo saxalxo erovnuli<br />

pativiscemis mizidva-mimxrobasac niSnavda. amiT Tazies momxreni<br />

upirispirdebodnen Taziesadmi skeptikurad ganwyobilT. yajarTa<br />

dinastiis dros Taziem Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia.<br />

igi imarTeboda TamaSxaneebSi, TaqieebSi (dasayrdeni), huseiniebSi<br />

(huseinis saxli), droebiT Teatralur SenobebSi _<br />

nemaieSxaneebSi.Aamdenad, gaCnda Teatraluri Senobebis mTeli<br />

seria, sxvadasxva Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiT. am Senobebis qselma<br />

mTeli irani moicva: dedaqalaqi Teirani, didi qalaqebi, pirvel<br />

rigSi, isfahani, sadac ukve sefianTa dedaqalaqis Zveli tradiciebi<br />

arsebobda, aseve provinciebis centrebi da ufro patara qalaqebi<br />

da dabebic.<br />

Taqies principi, dasajdom-dasayrdeni nageboba, rogorc<br />

droebiTi Senoba, karvebidan iRebs saTaves, esaa ZvelTagan<br />

gamoyolili tradicia da suliskveTeba karvebSi jdomisa,<br />

karvebSi cxovrebisa.<br />

`warmodgenis saxli~ _ nemaieSxane Sedgeboda karvisgan an<br />

Zalian didi karvisgan (karvis saxli, fanCaturi), sp. Cador,<br />

xeime. igi magrdeboda xis boZebiT da SesaZlebeli iyo misi<br />

iolad akecva da gadadgma, gadatana.<br />

Semdeg gaCnda mtkice, medgari qvis an xis Senobebi. isini<br />

warmoSobiT da ideiT ukavSirdeba tradiciul zurxanebs, mrgvali<br />

darbaziT, amfiTeatris tipis dasasxdomebiTa da centrSi<br />

moqceuli sceniT.AaseTi medgari Taqies ZiriTadi<br />

nawilebiaMmayureblebis aivnebi (yorfa) da maRali mrgvali<br />

wriuli qva (saqu) SuaSi, qvemoT, ormoSi. saqu aris TamaSis<br />

adgili, scena. erTi aseTi Taqies zusti istoria warmodgenilia<br />

76 77

guliko mamulaSvili<br />

`Tazie~ sparsul samecniero literaturaSi<br />

(1799 wels, mzis kalendriT hijriT 1177), faThaliSahis mefobis<br />

pirvel wlebSi. mas erqva `nouruzxanis Taqie~.<br />

am epoqis uamravi evropeli TviTmxilveli iZleva aRniSnuli<br />

tipis Teatralur SenobebSi nanaxi sxvadasxva speqtaklebis<br />

sakmaod mxatvrul da emociur aRwerebs. isini aRniSnaven, rom<br />

fanCaturiani Teatrebis garSemo Ria cis qveS uamravi xalxi<br />

iyrida Tavs, saxuravebze, banebzec adiodnen. yvela monayolidan<br />

Cans, rom Tazies warmodgenebi uzarmazari popularobiTa da<br />

siyvaruliT sargeblobda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki isaa, rom<br />

am droisTvis Tazie sayovelTao erovnul Teatrs warmoadgens:<br />

rogorc iTqva, misi mayureblebi da mfarvelebi xalxis farTo<br />

masebis garda vaWarTa da mewarmeTa klasi, umaRlesi aristokratia<br />

da TviT samefo ojaxebi iyvnen.<br />

Tavisi saboloo saxis Ziebisas Taziem bevri ram aiRo,<br />

mTxrobelTa institutidan (sp. nayal) da _ wamkiTxvelTagan<br />

(xeTab _ kiTxva, yuranis mkiTxveli, da sxv.). moambeni da<br />

wamkiTxvelni XIX saukunis Tazies saxiobis erT-erT mTavar<br />

Semsruleblebad iqcnen.<br />

amdenad, Tazies Teatrma Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles<br />

safexurs miaRwia sefianTa epoqaSi isfahanSi da yajarTa epoqaSi<br />

(1795-1925) TeiranSi.<br />

nadirSah afSarma, piriqiT, am or epoqas Soris garkveuli<br />

xniT daasusta da SeaCera Tazies ganviTareba, radgan ver iyo<br />

misi, wminda Siituri aristokratiuli sanaxaobis<br />

Tayvanismcemeli.<br />

samagierod, nasreddinSahis dros yajarTa mfarvelobis qveS<br />

Tazies, marTlac, erovnulma Teatrma Tavis kulminacias miaRwia.<br />

igi gadaiqca mdidarTa da aristokratiis fufunebad,<br />

imavdroulad Rirsebad, radgan Tazies dafinanseba da mxardaWera<br />

didebulebs pativad eTvlebodaT. aseTi iyo sazogadoebrivi<br />

ganwyoba, saerTo klimati, rasac uSualod Sahis Sexedulebebi<br />

da damokidebulebebi umagrebda poziciebs.<br />

warmodgenebi uSualod sasaxlis karzec imarTeboda da<br />

yajarTa sagvareulos zogi warmomadgeneli Tavadac msaxiobobda.<br />

Ddidebulebi ki am gzaze baZavdnen Sahs da mis ojaxs, xels<br />

uwyobdnen Teatraluri Senobebis mdidrulad morTvas da<br />

galamazebas. bevrgan aRwerili aris da Caxatulicaa Teiranis<br />

mTavari Taqie, _ TaqiedoulaTi, romelic sparsuli erovnuli<br />

Teatris centrad gvevlineba am droisTvis. isfahanSic da<br />

TeiranSic arsebobda uzarmazari Taqieebi, romlebic aTasobiT<br />

mayurebels itevda, qalebi mamakacebisgan gamoyofilad sxdebodnen.<br />

aivnebi ramdenime sarTulad adioda, sadac didebulebs sakuTari,<br />

aRmosavlur stilSi gamoWrili, yajarTa epoqis sparsuli<br />

mxatvrobiTa da CuqurTmebiT morTuli loJebi gaaCndaT.Ggarda<br />

amisa, iyo naklebad SeZlebulTaTvis qandarebi da gasasvlelebi,<br />

sadac uamravi adamiani eteoda. specialur adgilebze aTasobiT<br />

qali da bavSvi sxdeboda. TaqiedoulaTi yovelTvis gadaWedili<br />

iyo aRtacebuli mayurebliT.Yyvela evropeli TviTmxilveli<br />

aRfrTovanebiT aRgviwers im Teatralur viTarebas da ganwyobas,<br />

rac sufevda imdroindel TaqiedoulaTSi Tu sxva TamaSxanebSi.<br />

centraluri Teatrebi da, pirvel rigSi, TaqiedoulaTi<br />

ukiduresad mdidruli dadgmebiT xasiaTdeboda, rac vimedovnebT<br />

Tavad Sahis karis, aristoktatiisa da maRali wreebis<br />

warmomadgenelTa xelSewyobiT da dafinansebiT xdeboda.<br />

dekoraciebi, Cacmuloba, atributika, grimi, cocxali cxovelebis<br />

(cxenebis, aqlemebis da sxv.) monawileoba, _ yovelive<br />

grandiozuli iyo.<br />

arsebobs cnobebi warmodgenebSi uamravi cxenisa da aqlemis<br />

gamosvlis Sesaxeb, rac monumentur, waruSlel STabeWdilebas<br />

tovebda. farTod iSleboda bataluri scenebic, iaraRis<br />

JRaruniTa da SeZaxilebiT, cxenebis WixviniTa da yvela saTanado<br />

aRWurvilobiT.<br />

moqmedeba TamaSdeboda ormoSi, saquze da mis garSemo. saqu<br />

Tavisi warmoSobiT Wasac ukavSirdeba, romelsac qvis sarqveli<br />

aqvs, qveS ki didi raodenobiT civi wyali. Wis sarqvelze<br />

jdoma SeiZleboda da mis garSemo qarvaslebSi xalxi ikribeboda<br />

da erToboda. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis es xalxuri elementi<br />

TaqieSi saqus saxiT iCens Tavs: saqu – skami, dasajdomi.<br />

msaxiobebs tansacmlis gamosacvleli oTaxebi hqondaT _<br />

Tanamedrove kulisebi. aseve kulisebis saxiT mowyobili iyo<br />

cxovelebis samyofeli adgili gamosvlamde da sxva damxmare<br />

saSualebebi.<br />

TaqiedoulaTi imdroindeli evropuli (dasavluri) Teatris<br />

teqnikur xerxebs flobda da AaRWurvili iyo xmis, sinaTlisa<br />

da sanaxaobis efeqtebiT. Hhaeridan eSveboda nivTebi, eSvebodnen<br />

da dasrialebdnen angelozebi, sulebi, scenaze iqmneboda burusi,<br />

78 79

guliko mamulaSvili<br />

Rrubeli, naTeba cecxli da sxv. MmZlavri iyo xmovani efeqtebic.<br />

msaxiobebisaTvis TamaSisas gansazRvruli iyo xmis tembri, Yyvela<br />

rolisTvis damuSavebuli esa Tu is, laparakis stili, yvirili,<br />

tirili, simRera, da a. S.<br />

dasebSi mravalricxovani personali iyo. ganarCevdnen<br />

scenarists, reJisors (Sabihgardan), reJisoris TanaSemwes,<br />

musikalur dass, wamkiTxvelebs, momRerlebs, motiralebs, meomrebs,<br />

cxovelebTan momuSaveebs da sxv. MmaTi gasamrjelo mTlianad<br />

damfinanseblebze iyo damokidebuli da igi imxanad Zalian<br />

didi iyo. amitomac, dedaqalaqis profesiuli dasebis wevrebi<br />

SeZlebul adamianebad iqceodnen da pativiscemiTac<br />

sargeblobdnen.<br />

cnobilia, rom am epoqaSi iranis yovel kuTxeSi eZebdnen da<br />

CamohyavdaT niWieri da garegnulad momxiblavi msaxiobebi,<br />

rogorc Wabukebi, aseve asakovani adamianebic.<br />

centraluri didi Taqieebis garda arsebobda provinciuli<br />

patara Taqieebi da gadasatani fanCaturebi.MmaTi patronebic<br />

da mesveurebic aqtiurad iRvwodnen Tavisi dasebis<br />

gasaumjobeseblad da qiraobdnen, iwvevdnen msaxiobebs sxvadasxva<br />

provinciebidan. samefo,Aaristokratiuli Tazies paralelurad,<br />

arsebobas ganagrZobda xalxuri Taziec, romelic saukuneTa<br />

siRrmidan im dromde arsebobda da kvebavda xalxis dabali<br />

fenebis da farTo masebis sulier cxovrebas, magram imavdoulad<br />

moSorebul da SedarebiT Rarib regionebSi arsebobas<br />

ganagrZobdnen WeSmaritad saxalxo TamaSxanebic, romelic<br />

yovelTvis da axlac ubralo xalxis SemowirulobebiT<br />

cxovrobda da sulier sazrdos awvdida Tavis Semomwirvelebs.<br />

aseTi xalxur tradiciebze damyarebuli Taziexanebi Tavisi<br />

fesvebiT Tazies misteriis saTaveebs ukavSirdebodnen.MmaTi<br />

Rirseba ki imaSia, rom isini farTo masebis uangaro da gulwrfel<br />

siyvaruls emyarebodnen da kvebavdnen im siyvaruls. msaxiobebs<br />

xSirad qiraobdnen sezonurad, _ roca samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebi<br />

soflad amoiwureboda. zogs ki visac Zalian, moewoneboda<br />

msaxioboba, xangrZlivad rCeboda.<br />

qali kvlavindeburad ar gamodioda scenaze, magram arsebobda<br />

`qalTa Tazieebi~, romelic Sinaurul wreSi qalbatonebis<br />

garemocvaSi idgmeboda moyvarulTa mier. am mimdinareobis<br />

`Tazie~ sparsul samecniero literaturaSi<br />

damfuZnebeli da ganmaviTarebeli samefo ojaxi da aristokratia<br />

iyo. yajarTa sagvareulos qalbatonebi amzadebdnen da Sinaur<br />

wreSi gaiTamaSebdnen xolme scenebs, romlis monawileni mxolod<br />

qalebi iyvnen. yvelaze arsebiTi ki Teatris istoriisTvis isaa,<br />

rom am periodis Taziewarmodgenebi, romelic TaqiedoulaTSi<br />

idgmeboda, struqturulad, Sinaarsobrivad da scenaTa<br />

SemadgenlobiT swraf cvlilebebs ganicdida. mas emateboda<br />

axal-axali scenebi, zogi Zveli, zogic axlad SeTxzuli. zog<br />

maTgans glovasTan uSualo kavSiri arc hqonda, xdeboda<br />

improvozireba. aRwerilia, magaliTad, aseTi scena: mecxramete<br />

saukunis evropeli mogzauri qali, Tanamedrove tansacmliT,<br />

aqlemze an cxenze mjdari, moxvdeba qarbalas velze. mas axlavs<br />

adgilobrivi gamyolebi, Rames karavSi atarebs. sizmrad ieso<br />

qriste moevlineba, romelic uyveba qarbalas tragediis ambavs.<br />

es monayoli tradiciul TaziesQwarmoadgens. qalze monaTxrobi<br />

iseT STabeWdilebas moaxdens, rom rwmeniT ganimsWvaleba da<br />

Siizmze moiqceva. aseT TxzulebebSi naTlad ikveTeba yajarTa<br />

epoqis suliskveTeba: evropasTan, dasavleTisaken swrafva, evropul<br />

civilizaciasTan ziareba da Serwyma. imavdroulad aSkaraa<br />

religiaTa daaxloebis ideac: iesos monawileoba da TanagrZnoba<br />

Siiti Sahidebisadmi (mowameebisadmi), saerTo sakacobrio<br />

Rirebulebebis da saerTo sulieri faseulobebis warmoCena.<br />

TeatrSi warmodgenili es ideebi yovelmxriv momgebiani iyo<br />

yajarTa epoqis TaqieebisTvis, miT ufro, rom maT mayureblebSi<br />

mravlad iyvnen iranSi Camosuli dasavleli mogzaurebi,<br />

diplomatebi, mecnierebi, saqmiani xalxi da oficialuri pirebi.<br />

yajarTa droindeli dadgmebis ganviTareba bolos iseT<br />

mimarTulebasac iZenda, rom, glovis garda, sxvagvar piesebsac<br />

warmoadgendnen, xdeboda improvizireba. zogjer igrZnoboda,<br />

rom, tragediisa da glovis garda, xalxs garTobac unda. imave<br />

TaziexanebSi paralelurad Semovida komediebi, xalxuri<br />

komediebi) sxvadasxva gasarTobi da TavSesaqcevi Janris piesebi.<br />

saboloo jamSi SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom TaqieebSi Teatri<br />

imxanad bunebrivad viTardeboda, sazogadoebis moTxovnebis<br />

Sesatyvisad.<br />

Tavad Tazies wyaroebi misi dadgmis mravalgvari variantis<br />

SesaZleblobas iZleva, Tanac imgvarad, rom interpolaciuri<br />

scenebis wyalobiT SesaZloa, sakuTriv tragedia aRar moeqces<br />

80 81

guliko mamulaSvili<br />

centraluri yuradRebis qveS. swored amgvar mimarTulebebs<br />

vxedavT gasuli saukunis (igulisxmeba XIX saukune. g. m.)<br />

mogviano xanis dedaqalaqis TaqieTa moRvaweobaSi.<br />

Tazies wyaroebi Tavdapirvelad dasTanebi (Tqmulebebi,<br />

gadmocemebi, ambebi) iyo, Semdgom ki daiwyes maTi Cawera da<br />

bolos _ piesebis wera. Aam kuTxiT yajarTa epoqisTvis cnobili<br />

saxelebic arsebobs: jer Taziexanebi (wamkiTxvelebi), Semdgom<br />

piesebis avtorebi, wasakiTxi Tu xmiT samRerali leqsebis damweri<br />

poetebi, scenaristebi da gadamwerebi, agreTve wamyvanebi da<br />

reJisorebi. did TaqieebSi diriJorebic iyvnen, romlebic<br />

musikalur dass niSans aZlevdnen, rodis daiwyon da daasrulon<br />

Tavisi gamosvlebi.EerT-erTi elementi iyo agreTve winaTqma<br />

(piesis Sesavali), romelic TaqiedoulaTis pirobebSi<br />

Tavisuflad gamoiyeneboda.Mmas sxvadasxva variantiT specialuri<br />

mTqmeli asrulebda. Sesavali SeiZleba mTeli scenis saxiTac<br />

warmoCeniliyo.<br />

mogvepoveba Cawerili piesebis xelnaweri nimuSebic, leqsebis<br />

xelnawerebi da maTi variantebi.<br />

dasavluri kulturis mZlavri nakadis SemoWrasTan da<br />

gacxovelebuli kontaqtebis, Sedegad Taziesadmi interesi<br />

TandaTan sustdeboda da igi brZanebiT ki ara, kvlav bunebrivad<br />

ukusvliTi dinamikiT ixevda ukan, vidre maRali profesiuli<br />

Teatraluri scenidan ar Camovida da arsebiTad kvlav Tavis<br />

tradiciul poziciebs ar daubrunda. am saxiT igi dRemde<br />

arsebobs da uWiravs faqtobrivad Tavisi sawyisi istoriuli<br />

adgili da mdgomareoba. rogorc Cans, am adgils da statuss<br />

mas veraferi da veravin waarTmevs.<br />

dasanani mxolod isaa, rom garkveul periodSi erovnuli<br />

saxiobis ganviTarebis nacvlad, iranSi bevri meorexarisxovani<br />

dasavluri piesebis TargmaniTa da arc Tu RirsSesaniSnavi<br />

dadgmebiT iyo dakavebuli, rac xels uSlida WeSmariti<br />

xelovnebis ganviTarebas,AamasTanave, daingra da ar SemogvrCa<br />

didebuli Taqieebi, _ es originaluri Teatraluri Senobebi.<br />

zogierTi komentari da mosazreba sparsulenovani<br />

wyaroebisTvis:*<br />

`Tazie~ sparsul samecniero literaturaSi<br />

1. amgvarad, ganxiluli wyaroebidan da specialuri<br />

literaturidan irkveva, rom iranSi xalxuri Teatri _ saxioba,<br />

islamis droidan Tu visaubrebT da uZveles epoqas aRar<br />

SevexebiT _ adreuli Suasakuneebidanve iwyeba, anu, islamis<br />

epoqis saTaveebidanve momdinareobs. centraluri adgili amaSi<br />

`Tazies~ ukavia, romelic Tavdapirvelad mxolod samgloviaroreligiuri<br />

misteria iyo, Semdeg ki TandaTan ise ganviTarda,<br />

rom damatebiTi axali Senakadebi SeiZina da gviani Suasaukuneebis<br />

bolosTvis (sefianTa dros) da XIX saukuneSi, agreTve XX<br />

saukunis dasawyisamde, grandiozuli Teatraluri sanaxaobis<br />

donemde avida, rac ukve profesiuli Teatris xasiaTs atarebda.<br />

2. wyaroebis avtorebi revoluciamdeli iranis epoqas<br />

ganekuTvnebian, amdenad maTi daskvnebic ukve warsuls ekuTvnis.<br />

avtoris sinanuli Tazies daqveiTebadacemisa da degradaciis<br />

gamo dRes aRar aris safuZvliani, radgan misteriuli msvlelobis<br />

saxiT kvlav aRorZinebulia, Tumca ar arsebobs im profesiuli<br />

saxiTa da masStabiT, rac yajarTa epoqis TaqieebSi imarTeboda.<br />

Cven mainc vfiqrobT, rom Tazies udidesi tradiciebi Tanamedrove<br />

sparsul Teatrsac erTgvarad kvebaven.DdRevandeli sparsuli<br />

Teatri aerTianebs Tavis TavSi erovnulsa da dasavlurs, da<br />

manamde arnaxul ganviTarebas miaRwia. es aRaraa is ususuri<br />

`dasavleTis mimbaZveloba~, razedac wuxs zemoaRniSnuli iraneli<br />

avtori. Taziem ver SeinarCuna profesiuli Teatris poziciebi,<br />

magram aseTad rCeboda Tavisi istoriis TiTqmis ori saukunis<br />

manZilze, ori yvelaze saxelganTqmuli da Zlevamosili samefo<br />

dinastiis epoqebSi. xolo xalxuri misteriis saxiT igi ukve<br />

saukuneebis manZilze ar Tmobs poziciebs da, Cveni azriT, zogadad<br />

Teatraluri, saxioburi azrovnebis ganviTarebisTvis nayofier<br />

masalas Seicavs. A<br />

3. `Tazie~ udidesi sulieri Rirebulebebis matarebeli da<br />

Semcveli kulturuli monapovari iyo. igi araoden religiuri<br />

(Siituri mimdinareobis) SinaarsiT iyo datvirTuli, aramed<br />

politikuri (irani arabTa eqspansiis winaaRmdeg) SeniRbuli<br />

82 83

guliko mamulaSvili<br />

`Tazie~ sparsul samecniero literaturaSi<br />

arsiTac. man Rrmad erovnuli mniSvneloba SeiZina: iranuli<br />

Segnebis TviTgamorkveva arabizaciisa da islamizaciis Semdgom,<br />

nawilobriv ki, _ dabruneba Zveli iranis fesvebTan, sasaniduri<br />

sawyisebis Zieba personaJebis warmoSobis genealogiur<br />

labirinTebSi, da bolos, _ Rrmad erovnuli Teatraluri<br />

kulturis Seqmna yovelive amis gamoisobiTa da Sedegad.<br />

4. XIX saukuneSi iranma, zogadad aRmosavleTma mZlavrad<br />

gaiwia Tavisi mravalgvari interesebiT dasavleTisken, Zveli<br />

iranuli kulturidan da xalxuri eposidan aRmocenebuli<br />

misteria, romelSic Tavis mxriv ZvelTagan jer ebrauli, Semdeg<br />

qristianuli da bolos arabuli elementebic iyo SeTvisebuli,<br />

Cvens dromde erTi-ori saukuniT adre TiTqmis Tu nawilobriv<br />

evropuli piesis saxiT idgmeboda da mas erTdroulad<br />

aRmosavleTic uWvretda da dasavleTic.<br />

5. xalxis wiaRSi warmoSobili es saxioba, dabal da farTo<br />

fenebSi naloliavebi da gafrTxilebuli, siyvaruliT motanili<br />

gvian Suasaukuneebamde, sefianTa epoqidan dawyebuli, da Semdgom<br />

nadirSahis gamovliT, yajarebis friad ganaTlebul da<br />

ganswavlul epoqaSi, aristokratiul da elitarul sanaxaobadac<br />

gadaiqca da arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. imavdroulad, orive<br />

SemTxvevaSi igi Zalzed popularuli iyo. ramdenime aTasi<br />

mayureblisTvis aSenebuli uzarmazari da grandiozuli Teatrebi<br />

XVII-XIX saukuneebSi ivseboda Turme!<br />

6. `Tazies~ istoria gviCvenebs, rom SuasaukuneebSi iranSi<br />

moRvaweobda namdvili profesiuli moxetiale Teatri, swored<br />

iseTive, Tavisi wminda Teatraluri niSnebiT, rogoric evropaSi<br />

iyo.<br />

7. `Taziem~ TandaTanobiT SeiZina, ZiriTadi misteriebis garda,<br />

sxva speqtaklebis nusxac da aq, miT umetes, gadaiqca ara marto<br />

misteriul Teatrad, ara marto misteria-saxiobad, aramed Teatrad<br />

am sityvis dasavluri gagebiTac.<br />

8. `Tazie~ Teatris Semdegi niSnebis matarebelia: arsebuli<br />

dramaturgia (piesa), teqstebi _ jer zepiri, Semdeg ki saxiobis<br />

werilobiTi nusxebi; aseve kiTxva, laparaki, musika, leqsi, simRera,<br />

moqmedeba, moZraoba da sxva; profesionali msaxiobebi,<br />

profesionali reJisorebi, damdgmelebi, maTi TanaSemweebi,<br />

musikaluri dasebi; scena, Teatris Senoba, Teatraluri Senobis<br />

specialuri mowyobiloba; scenografia, scenuri atributebi,<br />

kostumebi, niRbebi, grimi, cocxali cxovelebis monawileoba(!);<br />

Semdgom cocxali cxovelebis gamoyvana evropisa da ruseTis<br />

scenebze XX saukunis did modernistul novatorobad iyo<br />

miCneuli da axlac aseTad aRiqmeba, _ dResac es modernul<br />

eqstravagantobad miiCneva, iranisTvis ki es imTaviTve bunebrivi<br />

saxioburi xerxi yofila; da rac mTavaria: mayurebeli aTasobiT<br />

hyoliaT! hyavdaT agreTve mecenatebi, mfarvelebi.<br />

amdenad, aSkaraa: saqme gvaqvs xalxuri tradiciis wiaRidan<br />

amozrdil namdvil profesiul saxiobasTan _ TeatrTan.<br />

9. `Taziem~ mTel msoflios uCvena, rom iranma ver da ar<br />

daiviwya qerbalas ambavi (tragedia). aseTi mZlavri erovnuli<br />

mexsiereba gamovlinda da aisaxa saxiobaSi, xolo saxiobam,<br />

Tavis mxriv, didad gansazRvra sulierebis xarisxi da xelovnebisa<br />

da kulturis, Teatraluri skolebisa da saxiobis ganviTareba.<br />

`Tazie~ unikaluri, fenomenologiuri movlena aris msoflio<br />

Teatrisa da kulturis istoriaSi.<br />

* wyaroebis warmodgenili mokle varianti qrestomaTiuli masalis<br />

saxiT da detaluri analiziT srulad calke gamoqveyndeba.<br />

beizan bahrami. iranis erovnuli Teatris istoria. Teirani. 1956<br />

(sparsul enaze);<br />

abul-yasem jenaTi aTani. iranuli Teatraluri warmodgenebis<br />

safuZvlebi. Teirani. 1956 (sparsul enaze);<br />

azarnuS azarTaSi. iranis xelovneba. Teirani. gam. senehri. 1976<br />

(sparsul enaze);<br />

abul-yasem anjavi Sirazi. iranis xalxuri Teatri. Teirani. gam.<br />

amirqabiri. 1973 (sparsul enaze);<br />

84 85

nino maWavariani,<br />

wamyvani mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

evgeni Svarci da misi `drakoni~ rusTavelis<br />

TeatrSi<br />

`me miyvars Cexovi. miyvars cotaa. me ar mjera, rom adamianebi,<br />

romelTac is ar uyvarT, namdvili adamianebi arian. rodesac<br />

Cem Tvalwin gamoxataven aRfrTovanebas CexoviT, iseT siamovnebas<br />

vgrZnob, TiTqos saubari CemTvis pirovnulad axlobel adamians<br />

exebodes da am siyvarulSi ukanasknel adgilze ar dgas imis<br />

gacnobiereba, rom Cexovis maneriT wera CemTvis warmoudgenelia.<br />

misi niWi organulia, bunebrivi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

CemSi ki is saswaulis SegrZnebas badebs. rogor SeeZlo ase<br />

wera?<br />

romantikosebi, mezRapreebi da misTanani ki CemSi saswaulis<br />

SegrZnebas ar badeben. meCveneba, rom ase wera iolia. me TviTonac<br />

ase vwer... nuTu Cemze gavlenas is mwerlebi axdenen, romlebic<br />

naklebad momwons? Tu aq saqme gvaqvs organul (rogorc,<br />

magaliTad, xma), Tandayolil midrekilebasTan literaturis am<br />

saxeobisadmi?..<br />

Cems pirvel piesas `undervuds~ gulwrfelad, realistur<br />

nawarmoebad vTvlidi. gancvifrebiTa da kmayofilebiT gavige,<br />

rom Turme zRapris axali saxeoba Semiqmnia. es me Zalian<br />

momewona. vfiqrob, SemdgomSi me ufro gacnobierebulad, vidre<br />

adre, vcdilobdi, Cemi piesebi damsgavsebodnen zRaprebs~. 1 evgeni<br />

Svarci yvelasaTvis gasagebi da erTi SexedviT, martivi<br />

literaturuli formiT movida dramaturgiaSi da mainc SeZlo<br />

Tavisi politikuri da pirovnuli mrwamsis mxatvruli<br />

srulyofilebiT gamoTqma. SeZlo gamoecxadebina is erTgvari<br />

Teatraluri manifestebis _ piesa-zRaprebis saxiT. `Искусство<br />

вносит правильность, без формы не передашь ничего, а все<br />

страшнее тем и страшнее, что оно бесформенно. Никто не избежит<br />

искушения тут сделать трогательнее, там характернее, там<br />

многозначительнее... Уж лучше сказки писать. Правдоподобием<br />

не связан а правды - больше~. 2<br />

da marTlac, is faqti, rom pirobiTobiTa da TeatralobiT<br />

zRaprebi TeatrisaTvis misaRebi mxatvruli formaa, Tavis droze<br />

karlo gocimac daamtkica, magram maT kidev erTi sikeTis motana<br />

SeuZliaT _ isini ise qadageben simarTles, rom Tanamedrove<br />

realiebis zust konstatacias ar iTxoven. ase iwereba `Crdili~,<br />

`SiSveli mefe~, `drakoni~...<br />

Tavis dRiurebSi Svarcma zRaprebis weris survili 1942<br />

wlis 17 aprils gamoTqva, anu, maSin, rodesac is ukve aRiarebuli<br />

dramaturgi iyo. ori wlis Semdeg ki Tavis antifaSistur<br />

piesas `drakons~ wers. `Написал я тут пьесу... Зон и Большой<br />

Драматический собираются ее ставить. Даже репетируют. До чего<br />

же отчаянные бывают люди на свете~. 3 es sityvebic naTlad<br />

gviCvenebs, Tu rogori TavmdablobiT gamoirCeva es dramaturgi,<br />

romelic sicocxleSive aRiares niWier dramaturgad, magram<br />

misi namdvili fasi mogvianebiT gaiges _ maSin, rodesac misi<br />

piesebi didi warmatebiT daidga sazRvargareT. mwerlis megobari<br />

v. kaverini 1965 wels, anu, misi gardacvalebidan Svidi wlis<br />

Semdeg, aRniSnavda ra, Tu rogor uWirda literaturis am<br />

usayvarles Janrs (zRapars – n. m.), romelic sabWoTa<br />

msoflmxedvelobam arasaWirod, mavned da socialurad saSiSadac<br />

ki CaTvala bavSvebisaTvis, ase mimarTavda mwerals: Ты знаешь,<br />

а ведь я только теперь, перечитывая твои пьесы, понял, что тебе<br />

удалось. 4<br />

eWvs gareSea, rom zRaprebs poeturi aRqmis unariT<br />

dajildovebuli adamianebi weren da mezRapreebis es qmnilebebi<br />

poeziis mxatvrul donezea Sesrulebuli (anderseni, Zmebi<br />

grimebi). Tavisi dRiurebis sruliad ubralo, yofiT CanawerebSic<br />

ki Svarci gansakuTrebulia. is teqsts ar riTmavs, magram mis<br />

striqonebSi yofis poeziis aRqmis unari gamosWvivis: `Как-то<br />

меня поразило, что все птицы моего детства умерли...~ _ wers<br />

igi dRiurebSi 1950 wlis 24 dekembers. wignis saTauradac<br />

`Живу беспокойно~ SearCia da asec iyo mTeli misi cxovrebis<br />

manZilze.<br />

evgeni Svarci peterburgSi 1921 wels Cavida rostovis<br />

TeatrTan erTad da SeuerTda am qalaqis literaturul kampanias.<br />

im dros axalgazrdoba erTmaneTs raRac iSviaTi komunikabelobiT<br />

86 87

nino maWavariani<br />

_ Sinagani grZnobiT _ ecnoboda da uaxlovdeboda da Svarcic<br />

Seeria maT, rogorc samxreTeli _ Crdiloelebs, rogorc msaxiobi<br />

_ mwerlebs. megobari mwerlebi sul fiqrobdnen, rom igi<br />

daiwyebda weras, radgan es axalgazrda, temperamentiani msaxiobi,<br />

nerviuli, moZravi, feTqebadi, yvelafers iWerda Tvisi Wkviani<br />

cocxali TvalebiT da sityvaSi svamda. myisierad xvdeboda<br />

yovel dafarul azrs Tu grZnobas.<br />

20-ian wlebSi evgeni Svarcs hqonda gonebamaxvilobiT<br />

gamorCeuli improvizaciebi, romelTac is Tavis megobrebTan _<br />

zoSCenkosTan da luncevTan erTad dgamda xelovnebis saxlis<br />

romelime darbazSi. am `kapustnikebze~ ikribebodnen mwerlebi,<br />

mxatvrebi, musikosebi, xelovnebis moyvaruli axalgazrdoba. aq<br />

yalibdeboda momavali mwerlis ganumeorebeli satiruli niWi,<br />

romelic mogvianebiT mis dramaturgiaSi gamobrwyinda.<br />

1925 wels gamovida evgeni Svarcis pirveli wigni `Zveli<br />

balalaikis naambobi~. ase daibada is, rogorc mwerali. man<br />

Seqmna brwyinvale nawarmoebebi bavSvebisaTvis leqsad Tu prozad,<br />

magram misi SesaZleblobebis mcodne megobrebi Tvlidnen, rom<br />

mas niWis erTi meoTxedic ki ar hqonda gamovlenili da is<br />

jer kidev izrdeboda SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT. isini ar<br />

cdebodnen.<br />

Svarcma SeZlo yofis poeziisa da poeziis yofiTobis Serwyma<br />

originaluri Teatraluri formiT. misi zRaprebi is Wkviani<br />

zRaprebia, romlebic umRerian sikeTes, magram amavdroulad,<br />

politikuri da satiruli simaxviliT gviCveneben borotebas,<br />

romelic yovelTvis arsebobs Cvens garSemo da yvela epoqaSi<br />

mTavar rolSia. gviCveneben sikeTis umweobas, romelic marTlac<br />

rom zRapriseuli paradoqsulobiT imarjvebs xolme borotebaze,<br />

radgan adamianTa umravlesoba mainc Sinaganad sikeTis mxarezea,<br />

Tumc aseve umravlesoba arasodes ibrZvis mis dasamkvidreblad.<br />

sazogadoeba erTeuli gmirebis, Zlieri borotebisa da misi<br />

pasiuri da arapersonificirebuli qveSevrdomebisagan Sedgeba.<br />

es aris misi zogadi modeli da rogor hgavs igi `Crdilisa~<br />

Tu `drakonis~ zRaparTa personaJebsa da samyaros...<br />

Svarci 1944 wels `drakons~ aSkara antifaSisturi<br />

ganwyobilebiT qmnis, Tumc diqtatoris Temas is arcTu<br />

evgeni Svarci da misi `drakoni~ rusTavelis TeatrSi<br />

calmxrivad moiazrebs. am zRapris siuJeti ar iTxovda drakonis<br />

realuri saxiT Cvenebis aucileblobas. boroteba xom saxes<br />

yoveli epoqis Sesabamisad icvlis da mxolod imitom parpaSebs<br />

amqveyanaze, rom brbos masTan brZolis unari, axlis, ukeTesisa<br />

da miT ufro, sikeTis damkvidrebis unari ar Seswevs. es mxolod<br />

im srulfasovan sazogadoebas xelewifeba, romelic Tavad qmnis<br />

moralur kodeqss da emorCileba mas.<br />

`SeibraleT erTmaneTi da maSin bednierebi iqnebiT. es aris<br />

yvelaze didi simarTle, rac ki arsebobs am qveyanaze~ _ es<br />

sityvebi am piesis mTavar gmirs, lancelots ekuTvnis.<br />

`drakoni~ rusTavelis akademiurma Teatrma `yvaryvares~<br />

dadgmidan ori wlis da `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ dadgmidan<br />

erTi wlis Semdeg SesTavaza mayurebels. es iyo 1976 weli. man<br />

organulad da pirdapiri gziT gaagrZela zemoxsenebul<br />

warmodgenaTa mTavari saTqmeli. masac iseve, rogorc `kavkasiurs~<br />

axasiaTebda gamokveTili Teatraloba da pirobiToba, romelSic<br />

ara mxolod dramaturgiulad, aramed vizualuradac ikiTxeboda<br />

reJisoris azri Svarcis piesis irgvliv. borotebasTan brZolis<br />

da sikeTis gamarjvebis garda, rac erTgvarad anaTesavebda piesas<br />

`carcis wresTan~, man win wamoswia uzenaesi xelisuflis _<br />

diqtatoris Tema, romelic ~yvaryvareSi~ JRerda.<br />

am speqtaklze ar arsebobs arc erTi recenzia, arc<br />

TeatrmcodneTa da arc literatorTa mier dawerili. mxolod<br />

mogvianebiT, sxva warmodgenaze msjelobisas b-ni niko yiasaSvili<br />

ityvis mis Sesaxeb, rom robert sturuas an `yvaryvare~ unda<br />

daedga, an `drakoni~ am nawarmoebTa zeamocanebis identurobis<br />

gamo da radganac `yvaryvare~ ukve dadgmulic iyo da<br />

aRiarebulic, meoris dadgmas Temis gameorebis sababiT uadgilod<br />

miiCnevda. jer erTi, am Temas robert sturuam iseTi saetapo<br />

mniSvnelobis speqtaklebi miuZRvna, rogorebic iyo Seqspiris<br />

`riCard mesame~ da `mefe liri~, romlebSic reJisori swored<br />

gvirgvinis, anu diqtaturis, problemas aJRerebda da am gziT<br />

iwvevda asociaciebs Tanamedrove qarTuli yofis irgvliv.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom arc erT recenzents ar mosvlia azrad, misTvis<br />

am warmodgenaTa zeamocanebis identurobaSi daedo brali da<br />

erT-erTi maTganis zedmetoba am gziT daesabuTebina. ra Tqma<br />

88 89

nino maWavariani<br />

unda, aq saqme sxva movlenas exeboda. is pirvelive Cvenebaze<br />

akrZala maSindelma xelisuflebam da presam gasagebi mizezebis<br />

gamo ver SeZlo misi dacva. zogma ki, rogorc vxedavT, mTavrobis<br />

poziciis dasabuTebac ki SeZlo.<br />

ra periodSi daidga `drakoni~ qarTul scenaze? amas yvelaze<br />

ukeT daaxasiaTebda piesis pirveli suraTis zRapruli personaJis<br />

_ katis replika: `cxovreba gvaswavlis, roca Tbilad xar da<br />

Tanac rbilad (Targmani r. sturuasa da l. fofxaZis), jobia<br />

Tvlemde da Cumad iyo. dumilSia mTeli sibrZne, Zvirfaso~.<br />

dRes am dros e. w. uZraobis periods veZaxiT. piesa zRaparia,<br />

magram es zRaprad moTxrobili ambavi Tavisi scenuri<br />

metaforebiTa da mxatvruli simbolikiT tipurad asaxavs<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifos cxovrebis models, romelsac<br />

ise, rogorc arc erTi sxva politikuri wyobis saxelmwifos,<br />

sWirdeba zRapruli gmiri, romelic daamarcxebs diqtators.<br />

speqtaklSi Sarlemani, anu misi saxiT xalxi, moCvenebiTad<br />

mainc kmayofilia da Seguebuli drakonis arsebobas da aramc<br />

Tu Sarlemani, aramed drakonis momavali msxverpli _ mSvenieri<br />

elzac moxiblulia perspeqtiviT, rom misi gardacvalebis dRes<br />

xalxi funTuSebs `sabralo gogonas~ daarqmevs da SuadReze<br />

miirTmevs. ufro metic. xalxi sikTesac ki xedavs drakonSi,<br />

romelmac epidemia mospo qalaqSi cecxliT, romelsac afrqvevs,<br />

tba aaduRa. qalaqelebi ixsna boSebisagan _ im Tavisufali<br />

bunebis xalxisagan, romelTac SeeZloT gadamdebad emoqmedaT<br />

da gaexsenebinaT maTTvis Tavisuflebis bedniereba da silamaze.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom drakoni Zroxebis jogebsa da cxvris<br />

farebs anadgurebda da qaliSvilebsac iTxovda desertad,<br />

burgomistris azriT, zRapruli gmiri qalaqisTvis mainc zedmeti<br />

da arasaWiro iyo. `Cveni qalaqis saamayo Svilebi movidnen da<br />

muxlmodrekiT gevedrebian, waeTrioT aqedan~, _ mimarTavda is<br />

lancelots. rom ityvian, asociaciebi naTeli iyo. Svarcis<br />

mizani beladis saxis SeuniRbavi Cveneba iyo, magram ara im<br />

beladisa, romelic 70-iani wlebis miwurulis qarTul scenaze<br />

gamoCnda.<br />

mocemuli periodis erT-erT interviuSi robert sturua<br />

aRniSnavda felinis Sesaxeb, rom geniosi Tavisufalia. mas ar<br />

evgeni Svarci da misi `drakoni~ rusTavelis TeatrSi<br />

erideba iyos gulaxdili. sturuas am mosazrebas kidev ufro<br />

amyarebda kritikos k. rudnickis gakvirveba, Tu rogori<br />

TavisuflebiT eqceoda reJisori lenins (Satrovis `lurja<br />

cxenebi wiTel balaxze~, sadac man leninis sami personaJi<br />

SesTavaza mayurebels) da Tundac stanislavskis legendarul<br />

saxelebs. sturuas TiTqmis yvela speqtakls, romelsac is<br />

samSobloSi an mis gareT dgams, atyvia reJisoris, rogorc<br />

Tavisufali pirovnebis, SemoqmedebiTi silaRis kvali. m. ulianovi<br />

m. Satrovis `brestis zavis~ Sesaxeb werda: `Tundac samarcxvinod<br />

CavflavebuliyaviT, mainc Rirda. Cven Tavi xelovanebad vigrZeniT,<br />

vigemeT riskis mSveniereba. sturuam iseT muSaobaSi CagviTria,<br />

rogorzec sul cota xniT adre verc ki viocnebebdiT~, magram<br />

es riski mainc sxva iyo. Tuki `yvaryvareseuli~ diqtatorebidan<br />

arc erTi aRar iyo cocxali, `drakonis~ SemTxvevaSi saqme<br />

uaresad iyo. visac unaxavs speqtakli, albaT, axsovs, Tu rogor<br />

hgavda msaxiobi guram saRaraZe aw gansvenebul leonid ilias<br />

Ze breJnevs, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, maSin gansvenebuli ar gaxldaT<br />

da es iyo mTavari. ulvaSebi, saxis moTeTro feri, Tmis<br />

varcxniloba, siarulis miseuli manera da datkepnili, marTalia<br />

qarTuli, magram iSviaTi sizustiT SerCeuli intonaciebiT<br />

metyveleba pirdapir asociaciebs badebda. am faqtma TiTqmis<br />

Sokuri reaqcia gamoiwvia garkveuli tipis mayurebelTa Soris.<br />

drakoni-g.saRaraZe sulac ar iyo is zRapruli urCxuli,<br />

romelic spobs adamianebs an sadilad miirTmevs. is evropulad<br />

Cacmuli Suaxnis mamakaci gaxldaT, romelic sakmaod logikurad<br />

azrovnebda da miT ufro, moqmedebda. magram diqtatori<br />

diqtatoria da amitom drakonisTvis misarTmev gogonas<br />

wamoZaxilSi `raRa am drakonis dros davibadeo,~ iSviaTi<br />

mentalobis grZnoba isadgurebda yovel CvenganSi. Cven yvelas<br />

maSin sxva droSi cxovreba gvenatreboda da ar vicodiT, rom<br />

namdvil Tavisuflebamde arsebobs Turme raRac gardamavali<br />

droc, romelic jer Svarcma da Semdgom sturuam `drakonis~<br />

safinalo sceniT dagvanaxes ase aSkarad da daufaravad _<br />

gmiris mier drakonis damarcxebas Tan mohyva patara pauza,<br />

radgan lanceloti daiWra da goneba dakarga. es dro gaxda<br />

sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom qalaqis burgomistrs, anu mTavrobas,<br />

90 91

nino maWavariani<br />

xelSi aeRo Zalaufleba. piesaSi amas burgomistri xalxisadmi<br />

mimarTviT axerxebs. sturuas speqtaklSi ki es azri saxierad<br />

ganxorcielda. wiTel-yviTel bafTebSebmuli burgomistri,<br />

romelic oriod wuTis win buCqebSi imaleboda da Wkuas uxmobda:<br />

modi CemTano, anu giJs TamaSobda (an iyo kidec), brZolis<br />

velze movida. man daWrili raindisa da elzas gverdiT dagdebul<br />

urCxulis ski ptras mokra Tvali, aiRo xelSi es joxi, ris<br />

Semdgomac moxda saswauli: scenaze Semosuli qalaqis mosaxleoba,<br />

romelic yvelafris daTvalierebas da ambis gagebas cdilobda,<br />

sul erT wamSi or mwkrivad ganlagda da ukan gahyva burgomistrs,<br />

rogorc yoCs _ cxvris fara. burgomistris mier Zalauflebis<br />

mopovebis scena iyo reJisoris namdvili gamarjveba da Svarcis<br />

am nawarmoebis mxatvruli srulyofilebiT gaazreba.<br />

maSasadame, guSindelma giJma, romlis mier qalaqis marTva<br />

pirobiTi iyo da urCxuls emorCileboda, dRes qveynis marTva<br />

daiwyo. drakoni, romelic ara adamianis, aramed misi sulis<br />

nafleTebad qcevas natrobda misi samudamo damonebis mizniT,<br />

Secvala giJma (`drakonis mZleveli Tavisufali prezidenti<br />

mobrZandeba~), romelmac monoba ki ar aRmofxvra xalxSi, aramed<br />

piriqiT, drakonis diqtatura gaagrZela. asociaciebma awmyos<br />

gadaaWarba da momavlis winaswarmetyveleba daiwyo. es faqti<br />

araerTxel SeumCneviaT reJisoris SemoqmedebaSi da dauweriaT<br />

kidec mis Sesaxeb. amis magaliTad Tundac `mefe liris~ safinalo<br />

scenebic sakmarisiaa.<br />

`Tavisufleba gaCuqeT, Tqven ki ra CaidineT~ _ am sityvebiT<br />

mimarTavda xalxs lanceloti (msax. k. kavsaZe) romelic<br />

sikvdils saswaulebrivad gadarCenili brundeboda qalaqSi.<br />

`elza, drakoni ar momkvdara, isev adamianad iqca, mTel qalaqs<br />

moedo da Tqvens sulSi Casaxlda, magram Cven amas movuvliT,<br />

yvela TqvenganSi movklav drakons!~<br />

brZola grZeldeba. is ar damTavrebula, radgan monobas<br />

SeCveulma Tavisuflebis fasi ar icis. lancelotis mizani da<br />

misi rwmena, bednierebi viqnebiT, radgan miyvarxarTo, ufro imedian<br />

momavals gamoxatavda, vidre awmyos SesaZlo realizacias.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `drakoni~ moxsnes repertuaridan,<br />

Tumca sturuas ukmayofileba mainc ar emCneoda, radgan speqtakli<br />

evgeni Svarci da misi `drakoni~ rusTavelis TeatrSi<br />

Sedga da man Tqva Tavisi saTqmeli ara mxolod mxatvruli<br />

srulyofilebiT, aramed im politikuri TavisuflebiTac, romlis<br />

saSualeba mas pirovnulma gambedaobam da evgeni Svarcis<br />

SesaniSnavma nawarmoebma misca.<br />

1. Евгений Шварц, Живу беспокойно... советский писатель, 1990<br />

(1948г);<br />

2. iqve;<br />

3. iqve;<br />

4. М.Слониьслий, собр.соч.т.4 стр.513;<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

· В. Каверин, избранные произведения, «художественная<br />

литература», 1977, т.2, стр. 651;<br />

gaz.: `Tbilisi~. 1987.16.11. r. sturua. saWirboroto da<br />

maradiuli reJisoris xelovnebaSi (k. rudnickis interviu).<br />

92 93

gubaz megreliZe,<br />

wamyvani mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

uSangi CxeiZis ucnobi mogoneba<br />

`kotes rusTavelis Teatridan wasvla~<br />

uSangi CxeiZis dRemde gamouqveynebeli mogoneba mravalmxrivaa<br />

saintereso. masSi asaxulia rusTavelis TeatrSi arsebuli<br />

faruli, Tu aSkara dapirispirebebi, ramac mogvianebiT kote<br />

marjaniSvilis Teatridan wasvla ganapiroba.<br />

mogonebaSi mocemulia rusTavelis Teatris 1924-26 wlebis<br />

SemoqmedebiTi analizi, agreTve k. marjaniSvilsa da s. axmetels<br />

Soris Tavidan kargi urTierTobis TandaTanobiTi daZabva da<br />

ukiduresad gamwvaveba, Tu ra viTarebebma ganapirobes<br />

konfliqturi situaciis Seqmna, raSic gvarebis dausaxeleblad<br />

msaxiobTa garkveul jgufsac moixseniebs: `marjaniSvilis<br />

gajavrebis erTaderTi namdvili mizezi is iyo, rom mis<br />

warmodgenaSi axmeteli metad gaTavxedda da TandaTanobiT mas<br />

Teatrs aclida _ ase arwmunebda mas, zogierTi<br />

keTilismsurveli~.<br />

samagierod, konkretul pirebs Tavis mogonebaSi akaki xorava<br />

asaxelebs, riTac uS. CxeiZis mogonebis es faqti dasturdeba<br />

da srulyofili saxiT warmogvidgeba.Bbatoni akaki wers:<br />

`durujSi~ imTaviTve ori jgufi Seiqmna _ erTi, ase vTqvaT,<br />

aristokratia, `kulturul~ msaxiob-moRvaweebSi miRebuli xalxi,<br />

ukve saxelmoxveWili: v. anjafariZe, g. daviTaSvili, e. donauri,<br />

b. gamrekeli da sxvani.…pirveli jgufis mier axmetelis<br />

damuSavebam umaRles wertils miaRwia. isini cdilobdnen,<br />

rogorme kotes guli acrueboda sandroze...~ aqve aRvniSnav,<br />

rom ak. xoravas mogoneba kotes Teatridan wasvlis Taobaze,<br />

Zalian hgavs uS. CxeiZis Sexedulebebs da erTobliobaSi srulad<br />

warmosaxaven TeatrSi Seqmnil mZime viTarebas.<br />

uS. CxeiZe gabedulad asaxelebs im mizezebs, ramac dasi k.<br />

marjaniSvilis winaaRmdeg ganawyo da axmetelis mxares<br />

gadavida.Aaseve Tamamad aris mocemuli k. marjaniSvilis mier<br />

da S v eb u l i S e c domeb i da da s i s m oTxov n eb i s<br />

gauTvaliswinebloba.Eesenia: kotes avadmyofoba, misi baTumSi<br />

Casvla da dasTan lanZRva-muqariT saubari, dasis Semcirebis<br />

mcdeloba, korporaciasa da marjaniSvils Soris konfliqtis<br />

gaRrmaveba. uS. CxeiZe pirdapir wers, rom maswavlebels Tavisi<br />

aRzrdilebi daupirispirdnen da brZola gaumarTes: `marTalia,<br />

marjaniSvili sardlis uflebebiT iyo aRWurvili, magram raRaa<br />

igi sardali, romelsac jari aujanydeba. jari ki korporacia<br />

da mTeli axalgazrdoba iyo.~ uS. CxeiZes awuxebs ra konfliqtis<br />

arsSi Cawvdoma, gulwrfelad wers: `am sakiTxs axla, sruliad<br />

obieqturad minda mivudge, ramdenadac SevZleb vcado simarTlis<br />

garkveva, radgan marjaniSvilis rusTavelis Teatridan wasvlis<br />

namdvili mizezi jerac gamourkvevelia, an arada damaxinjebuli~.<br />

uSangi CxeiZe mokled ixsenebs 1924 wels momxdar konfliqts,<br />

ramac Teatridan s. axmetelis xanmokle wasvla ganapiroba.Ees<br />

incidenti asaxulia korporacia `durujis~ 1924 wlis 31<br />

ianvris #9 oqmSi. saqme exeba gazeT `komunistis~ publikacias<br />

`axalgazrda msaxiobebis manifesti~, 1 romelic mimarTuli iyo<br />

korporaciis winaaRmdeg. viTarebis gasarkvevad korporaciasTan<br />

SeuTanxmeblad s. axmeteli, v. jiqia, pl. koriSeli da ak. vasaZe<br />

redaqciaSi mividnen, rasac incidenti mohyva.Aamitom isini<br />

disci plinis darRvevisTvis korporaciidan garicxes. 2<br />

Tebervals k. marjaniSvili incidentis monawileebTan erTad<br />

redaqciaSi mivida da bodiSi moixada.<br />

amis Sesaxeb `durujis~ 3 Tebervlis #10 oqmSi aRniSnulia:<br />

`redaqcia `komunistTan~ momxdari molaparakebis Semdeg, sadac<br />

gairkva, rom araviTari mZime, zneobrivi danaSauli ar CaudeniaT<br />

Cvens oTx amxanags _ axmetels, jiqias, koriSels da vasaZes, _<br />

korporacia winadadebas aZlevs maT daubrundnen Cvens wres...~<br />

amrigad, es garicxva simboluri xasiaTis iyo da uS. CxeiZe<br />

cdeba, rodesac ambobs _ axmeteli Teatridan wasulic ki iyoo.<br />

am mogonebidan is viTarebac kargad Cans, rom or did<br />

xelovans Soris urTierTobis daZabva mxolod `lamaras~ dadgmam<br />

ar ganapiroba, rasac win uZRvoda marjanisvilsa da `durujs~<br />

Soris konfliqturi viTarebis Seqmna.<br />

mniSvnelovania is faqtic, Tu rodis naxa marjaniSvilma<br />

pirvelad speqtakli `lamara~, vinaidan amis Sesaxeb arsebobs<br />

Tamar wulukiZis, mixeil yvarelaSvilis, akaki vasaZisa da dodo<br />

anTaZis winaaRmdegobrivi mogonebebi.<br />

94 95

gubaz<br />

megreliZe<br />

uS. CxeiZis TqmiT, marjaniSvilma speqtakli Teatris<br />

gastrolebidan dabrunebis Semdeg, fexburTelTa gund `durujis~<br />

materialuri daxmarebisTvis gamarTul saSefo RonisZiebaze<br />

naxa.Aaseve mniSvnelovania cnoba, Tu ra garemoebebma SeuSales<br />

xeli baTumsa da zestafonSi speqtaklis Cvenebas, ramac<br />

marjaniSvilis eWvebi dasis mimarT ufro gaaRrmava. sxvaTa<br />

Soris, arcerTi moRvawis mogonebebSi ar ixsenieba `lamaras~<br />

Cvenebis TariRi, romelic gaz. `komunistis~ 2 cnobiT 13 ivliss<br />

gaimarTa.<br />

Tamar wulukiZe wers, rom marjaniSvilma `lamara~<br />

specialurad misTvis gamarTul daxurul speqtaklze naxa:<br />

`konstantine aleqsandres Zem speqtakli `lamara~ naxa mxolod<br />

dasis sagastrolo mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg. misTvis<br />

rusTavelis Teatris scenaze daxuruli speqtakli specialerad<br />

gaimarTa. rogorc axla, ise vxedav mas benuaris me-12 loJaSi,<br />

ojaxuri sinklitis garemocvaSi lele vaCnaZis meTaurobiT.<br />

cnobilia, rom konstantine aleqsandres Ze ukmayofilo darCa<br />

Tanadamdgmelis namuSevriT da misTvis Cveuli maneriT amis<br />

damalva saWirod ar CaTvala. 3<br />

sinamdviles ar Seesabameba mixeil yvarelaSvilis mogoneba,<br />

TiTqos `lamaras~ premieraze miiyvanes avadmyofi marjaniSvili:<br />

`TviTon axmetelma etliT, eqimebis daxmarebiT moiyvana<br />

kote.Aaxmeteli mxarSi Seudga da ase aiyvana loJaSi.Kkote<br />

Tvalcremliani uyurebda speqtakls. speqtaklis Semdeg xalxis<br />

gasagonad marjaniSvilma ganacxada, rom aseTi speqtaklis dadgma<br />

Cemi ocnebaao~. 4<br />

arc, dodo anTaZis mogonebaa uzustobisgan daculi, sadac<br />

wers: `saavadmyofodan gamosulma marjaniSvilma miaSura Teatrs<br />

da Tavidan bolomde uyura speqtakl `lamaras~.Bbunebrivia,<br />

rom es mas ar moewona, Zalze TavSekavebulad, magram mainc<br />

agrZnobina axmetels Tavis ukmayofileba, rogorc Teatris<br />

xelmZRvanelma~. 5<br />

uS. CxeiZe, T. wulukiZe da d. anTaZe mxolod im garemoebaSi<br />

arian erTsulovanni, rom marjaniSvilma loJa ukmayofilom<br />

datova.<br />

uS. CxeiZe ar aris marTali, rodesac wers, TiTqosda, axmetelma<br />

`lamaras~ dadgma usamarTlod miisakuTra: `piesis<br />

uSangi CxeiZis ucnobi mogoneba<br />

`kotes rusTavelis Teatridan wasvla~<br />

dasasruleblad axmetelmac, didi Sroma Caatara, magram es<br />

araviTar uflebas ar aZlevda, rom dadgma sakuTrad mas<br />

mieTvisebina, rasac SemdgomSi hqonda adgili, rodesac<br />

marjaniSvili Teatridan wavida.~Aam SemTxvevaSi uS. CxeiZe ver<br />

asxvavebs 1926 wlis marjaniSvil-axmetelis dadgmas 1930 wels<br />

axmetelis mier dadgmul sruliad damoukidebeli<br />

speqtaklisgan.Oorive warmodgena erTmaneTisgan radikalurad<br />

gansxvavdeboda da yovlad dauSvebelia axmetels mimTvisebeli<br />

ewodos.Aamaze metyvelebs orive speqtaklze arsebuli recenziebi,<br />

Teatralur moRvaweTa memuarebi da araerTi samecniero<br />

gamokvleva.<br />

s. axmeteli `lamaras~ miTvisebas arc cdilobda, vinaidan<br />

speqtakli marjaniSvilis Teatridan wasvlis Semdeg moixsna.<br />

moskovSi gastrolebis Semajamebel ganxilvaze 1933 wlis 25<br />

ivniss s. axmeteli pirdapir acxadebda: `...Cven garkveviT davinaxeT,<br />

rom gza, romelic naCvenebi iyo Teatris xelmZRvanelobis mier,<br />

marjaniSvilis mier _ es is gza aRar iyo, romelic Cven<br />

gvWirdeboda... da daiwyo... patiosani principuli brZola~.Aaqedan<br />

gamomdinare, axmetels Tavisi gansxvavebuli mxatvruli xedva<br />

hqonda da marjaniSviliseuli stili misTvis miuRebeli iyo.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom uS. CxeiZe iseT detalebs ixsenebs, rac<br />

sxvaTa mogonebebSi ar gvxvdeba da ukeT warmoaCens pirad<br />

urTierTobaTa sirTuleebsa Tu intrigebs, romlebic Teatralur<br />

cxovrebaze zegavlenas axdendnen.Aam urTierTobebis gamwvaveba<br />

Teatris dasavleT saqarTvelosa da kaxeTSi gastrolebmac<br />

ganapiroba, romelic 1926 wlis 22 aprilidan 29 ivnisamde<br />

mimdinareobda. uS. CxeiZe s. axmetelisa da v. anjafariZis<br />

konfliqtze miuTiTebs. d. anTaZe am incidents saerTod ar<br />

ixseniebs da mxolod Teatris Sida konfliqtis gamwvavebaze<br />

zogadad saubrobs.<br />

uS. CxeiZe am gastrolebze v. anjafariZis aryofnas operaciis<br />

gakeTebiTa da axmetel-anjafariZis konfliqturi<br />

damokidebulebiT xsnis. gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg igi kotes<br />

nebarTviT `hamletSi~ ofelias rolis Sesasruleblad quTaisSi<br />

Cavida.Aam faqts Teatrmcodne naTela uruSaZe ase xsnis: `maSin<br />

is fexmZimed iyo da Tavs SeuZlod grZnobda, magram amis Sesaxeb,<br />

etyoba, aravisTvis uTqvams~. 6 am incidents ak. vasaZec aRniSnavs,<br />

96 97

gubaz<br />

megreliZe<br />

uSangi CxeiZis ucnobi mogoneba<br />

`kotes rusTavelis Teatridan wasvla~<br />

mxolod v. anjafariZis gvaris dausaxeleblad mas uaryofiT<br />

konteqstSi ixseniebs: `zogierT amxanags mxolod quTaissa da<br />

baTumSi moundaT monawileobis miReba~-o. 7 Tamar wulukiZe<br />

(dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 162) ki wers, rom korporaciis<br />

ukompromiso gadawyvetilebiT axmetelma da sagastrolo<br />

komisiam v. anjafariZes ofelias rolis Sesrulebaze uari<br />

uTxra.<br />

sxvadasxva mogonebaSi gansxvavebulad aris aRwerili k.<br />

marjaniSvilis baTumSi Casvla. uS. CxeiZis mogonebiT, kotes<br />

sadgurze mxolod oriode kaci Sexvda. T. wulukiZis 8 azriT,<br />

kotes Sesaxvedrad sadgurze mTeli dasi movida. Dd. anTaZis 9<br />

cnobiT, kote moulodnelad dasma baTumSi samxedro eklesiis<br />

kibeebze suraTis gadaRebisas dainaxa.Aak. vasaZe 10 ki kotesTan<br />

Sexvedras pirdapir TeatrSiMmosvlidan aRwers, Tumca yvela<br />

maTi maswavleblis gajavrebul da oficialur saubars erTxmad<br />

aRiarebs.<br />

uS. CxeiZe, rodesac saubrobs k. marjaniSvilisa da i.<br />

gedevaniSvilis mier TeatrSi Catarebul Semcirebaze,<br />

mxedvelobaSi aqvs xelovnebis saqmeTa mTavari sabWos prezidiumis<br />

1926 wlis 17 ivlisis #666 brZaneba.Aam reorganizaciiT<br />

marjaniSvili `durujis~ winaaRmdegobis saboloo gatexvasa<br />

da sakuTari poziciebis ganmtkicebas cdilobda, Tumca<br />

sawinaaRmdego Sedegi miiRo.<br />

uS. CxeiZe naTlad warmoaCens k. marjaniSvilsa da `durujs~<br />

Soris arsebuli brZolis mizezebs. igi daufaravad saubrobs<br />

ukompromiso dapirispirebasa da arsebul intrigebze. ixsenebs<br />

im viTarebasac, rodesac k. marjaniSvili TiToeul msaxiobs<br />

masTan muSaobas sTavazobda.<br />

es epizodi agreTve aRwerili aqvT Tavis mogonebebSi akaki<br />

vasaZes (gv. 225-227), Tamar wulukiZes (gv. 164), xolo dodo<br />

anTaZe am moments saerTod ar asaxelebs. gansxvaveba mxolod<br />

imaSia, rom akaki vasaZe am Sexvedras k. marjaniSvilis binaSi<br />

aRwers, T. wulukiZe Teatris direqtoris kabinetSi, xolo uS.<br />

CxeiZe ki saubris adgils ar akonkretebs.<br />

uSangi CxeiZe aRwers korporantebis Sexvedras k.<br />

marjaniSvilTan sofel rionSi, sadac `samaniSvilis<br />

dedinacvalis~ gadaRebebi mimdinareobda. igi igonebs, rom<br />

Tbilisidan korporaciis imJamindeli mamasaxlisi kukuri<br />

patariZe zestafonSi Cavida, saidanacUuSangisa da dodo<br />

anTaZesTan erTad sofel rionSi wavidnen. sainteresoa, rom<br />

uSangi CxeiZe Sexvedris iniciatorad kukuri patariZes asaxelebs,<br />

dodo anTaZe (gv. 344) ki am iniciativas sakuTar Tavze iRebs:<br />

`me damevala Cavsuliyavi zestafonSi, sadac imyofeboda uSangi<br />

CxeiZe, iqedan ki wavsuliyaviT quTaisSi kukuri patariZesTan<br />

da samiveni unda gavmgzavrebuliyaviT rionSi~. Tanac d. anTaZe<br />

marSrutsac gansxvavebulad aRwers.Aakaki vasaZe ki upiratesobas<br />

arcerT maTgans ar aniWebs: `dodo anTaZes, uSangi CxeiZesa da<br />

kukuri patariZes gadaewyvitaT Cveni da batoni kotes naxva~<br />

(gv. 229). sxva mxriv samive avtoris mogoneba marjaniSvilTan<br />

Sexvedris Sesaxeb realurad asaxavs Seqmnil viTarebas da<br />

erTmaneTs avsebs.<br />

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom uS. CxeiZis, ak. xoravas, ak.<br />

vasaZis da d. anTaZis mogonebebSi erTiani azri ikveTeba k.<br />

marjaniSvilis xasiaTis sificxis, dasze ganawyenebis, Teatridan<br />

wasvlis Sesaxeb, raSic mniSvnelovan rols obieqtur garemoebaTa<br />

garda, TamaSobda moaruli Worebi, marjaniSvilisa Tu axmetelis<br />

mxridan enis mimtanebi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom uS. CxeiZe zog<br />

epizodSi daufaravad adanaSaulebs k. marjaniSvilis garemocvasa<br />

da ojaxis wevrebs, rogorc konfliqtis wamqezeblebs.Aamave<br />

azrs iziarebs akaki xoravac, rodesac wers: `TandaTan ise<br />

gaaRvives kotes eWvebi sandros mimarT, rom imanac sandroze<br />

guli aicrua.~ uSangic imaves ambobs: `mas ase TandaTanobiT<br />

aZulebdnen axmetels~.Oorive msaxiobi k. marjaniSvilis ojaxis<br />

Sesaxeb msgavs poziciaze dgas _ uS. CxeiZe wers: `misi axloblebi<br />

aramc Tu ar ifaravdnen aseTi Secdomebisgan, aramed isedac<br />

ficxsa da eWvian adamians sawinaaRmdego qmedebaSi uwyobdnen<br />

xels.Mmisi ojaxi gadagvarebuli qalebisgan Sedgeboda, romelTac<br />

arc uyvardaT da arc ainteresebdaT rogorc Teatri, ise saerTod<br />

qarTuli kultura. maT mxolod patara, wvrilmani, yoveldRiuri<br />

adamianuri interesebi amoZravebdaT da aseTi xalxi kargs<br />

arafers gaagonebda da verc raime goniers urCevda.~Aakaki<br />

xorava ki ase afasebs: `Seiswavles ra kotes sisuste, donauris<br />

ojaxi TiTqmis yoveldRe marTavda qeifebs kotesTvis... mudam<br />

dRe iyo damuSaveba korporaciisa misi daSlis mizniT.Aaxmetelis<br />

damuSaveba, TiTqos mtrisa marjaniSvilis.~<br />

98 99

gubaz<br />

megreliZe<br />

sainteresoa, rom uS. CxeiZis am mogonebis fragmenti Sesulia<br />

s. axmetelis krebulis pirvel tomSi (sTs, 1978), sadac aRniSnulia,<br />

rom dedani dakargulad iTvleba. sinamdvileSi dedani daculia<br />

saq. Teatris, musikis, kinosa da qoreografiis sax. muzeumis<br />

fondSi (f. 1, saqme #570, x-16888, saqaRalde #9).<br />

vfiqrobT, rom am mogonebis gamoqveyneba zog pirs ar awyobda,<br />

vinaidan uS. CxeiZe daufaravad saubrobs k. marjaniSvilis<br />

garSemo Seqmnil viTarebebze, mis pirovnul naklsa, Tu Rirsebebze,<br />

korporacia `durujis~ poziciebze. Cans, rom uS. CxeiZe garkveul<br />

sakiTxebSi k. marjaniSvils ar eTanxmeba da xSirad<br />

gamarTlebulia s. axmetelis gadawyvetilebebi.Ees mogoneba im<br />

garemoebasac cxadyofs, rom kotes rusTavelis Teatridan<br />

wasvlaSi is msaxiobebi monawileobdnen, romlebmac TavianTi<br />

maswavlebeli aiZules erTad Seqmnili Teatridanac wasuliyo,<br />

magram Seqmnes legenda _ TiTqosda sicocxlis bolomde mis<br />

erTgul mowafeebad darCnen.<br />

1. gazeTi `komunisti~, 1924, 31. 01, #25;<br />

2. gazeTi `komunisti~, 1926, #158;<br />

3. T. wulukiZe, mxolod erTi sicocxle, rus. enaze. `xelovneba~,<br />

1983, gv.166;<br />

4. e. daviTaia, arjaniSvilisa da axetelis erToblivi dadgmebi~, gam.<br />

`xelovneba~, 1981, gv. 130;<br />

5. d. anTaZe, `dReebi axlo warsulisa~, gam. `xelovneba~,1962, wigni<br />

pirveli, gv.316;<br />

6. n. uruSaZe, `meore sicocxle~, gam. `xelovneba~, 1987, gv.110;<br />

7. ak. vasaZe, `mogonebebi, fiqrebi~, gam. sTs, 1977, gv. 221;<br />

8. dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 162;<br />

9. dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 333;<br />

10. dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 222.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

d. anTaZe, `dReebi axlo warsulisa~, gam. `xelovneba~,1962, wigni<br />

pirveli;<br />

n. uruSaZe `meore sicocxle~, gam. `xelovneba~, 1987;<br />

ak. vasaZe `mogonebebi, fiqrebi~, gam. sTs, 1977;<br />

e. daviTaia arjaniSvilisa da axetelis erToblivi dadgmebi~, gam.<br />

`xelovneba~, 1981.<br />

aTasi saxis adamiani<br />

(mixeil Cexovi)<br />

manana turiaSvili,<br />

asistent-profesori<br />

m. Cexovi werda: `ratom ambobs poeti, rom apoloni misgan<br />

wminda msxverpls iTxovs? ratom msxverpls? imitom, rom miece<br />

STagonebas da STagonebis gziT mayurebels, drois suls, epoqas<br />

da a. S. _ es niSnavs msxverplis Sewirvas.~<br />

roca moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi (mxatSi) stanislavskim<br />

m. Cexovs `mousmina~, nemiroviC-danCenkos uTxra: `anton pavles<br />

Zis ZmisSvili _ geniosia.~ 1912 wels m. Cexovi mxatis filialis<br />

ganyofilebaSi Caricxes, TanamSromlad. 1913 wels samxatvro<br />

Teatris dasSia. mxatis msaxiobebi k. s. stanislavskis sistemis<br />

gadasamowmebel eqsperimentebze ar Tanxmdebodnen da Seiqmna<br />

mxat-is pirveli studia (1913). studiis xelmZRvaneli iyo l.<br />

a sulerJicki, sistemis mixedviT mecadineobebs xelmZRvanelobda<br />

k. s. stanislavski, e. b. vaxtangovi. im periodSi m. Cexovi<br />

korespondents eubneboda: `Cven varT stanislavskis religiis<br />

mimdevrebi~.<br />

pirvel studiaSi man ramdenime roli iTamaSa: kobusi _ g.<br />

heiermansis `imedis~ daRupva~ (1913, l. a. sulerJicki). Cexovi<br />

am rolSi siberis xatebas qmnida. male Seasrula fribes<br />

roli g. hauptmanis `samyaros dResaswaulSi~ (1913, reJ. e.<br />

vaxtangovi) _ sadac ikveTeboda misi TamaSis msubuqi manera da<br />

samsaxiobo ferebis swrafi cvalebadoba.<br />

1914 wels kalebis saxe Seqmna C. dikensis `WriWina Rumelze~<br />

(dadges l. a. sulerJickim da b. m. suSkeviCma), am saxes n.<br />

benuam: `namdvili mxatvruli saswauli~ uwoda. n. efrosis<br />

azriT, m. Cexovi samxatvro Teatris saukeTeso artistul xazs<br />

gaagrZelebs.<br />

p. markovi werda: `mas pirvel planze Seucvlelad gamoaqvs<br />

erTi Tviseba, adidebs garkveul sazRvramde da mere mas<br />

uqvemdebarebs yvelafers~ 1 . am periodSi is gmiris<br />

individualurobis warmoCenaze muSaobda.<br />

100 101

manana turiaSvili<br />

aTasi saxis adamiani<br />

bergeris `warRvnaSi~ _ frezeri (1915, reJ. l. sulerJicki,<br />

Ce. vaxtangovi) mdabali sulis, xarbi da sacodavi adamiani<br />

gemis daRupvis saSiSroebisas ametyveldeboda da moulodnel<br />

kontrastul Tvisebebs amJRavnebda: adamianurs, asxivebda sulier<br />

silamazes, ubraloebas. saSiSroebis Cavlis Semdeg frezeri<br />

kvlav Zvelebur stiqias ubrundeboda. rogorc n. efrosi<br />

aRniSnavda, `warRvnaSi~ m. Cexovi iyo scenis namdvili ostati.<br />

am rolma mas gaugonari warmateba moutana.<br />

1917 wels mxatis I studiaSi dadgmul Seqspiris `meTormete<br />

RameSi~ (reJ. k. s. stanislavski) m. Cexovma malvolios roli<br />

Saesrula. warmodgenaSi groteskul malvolios speqtaklSi<br />

xuTi gamosvla hqonda da intonaciebis mravalferovnebiT<br />

umaRlesi dramatulidan sacirko-bufonadamde misuli mimikiT<br />

da saxasiaTo JestebiT homerul sicils iwvevda. komikuri<br />

feierverkis Semdeg malvolios bolo sityvebi: `me Tqven<br />

mawyenineT, grafinia, sastikad mawyenineT~ gaismoda, rogorc<br />

qviTini da mouxerxebel, ucnaur adamianSi, uceb xedavdiT saocr<br />

siRrmes, sulierebas, adamianurobas.<br />

mxat-1 msaxiobTa erTi jgufi samsaxiobo teqnikaSi<br />

fsiqologiur detalizaciamde midioda, meore ganzogadoebul<br />

saxeebs eZebda. Cexovi am periodSi mkveTrad arc erTi jgufisaken<br />

ar ixreboda.<br />

m. Cexovi didxans itanjeboda imis gamo, rom sistematiuri<br />

muSaoba ar SeeZlo. dasawyisSi codnas Zalian swrafad iTvisebda,<br />

vnebianad, magram zedapirulad... Tu adre afasebda uSualobas,<br />

talanturobas, Semdeg aSinebda es `talanturoba~, radgan<br />

Seupovari, daJinebuli Sromis gareSe is stiqia iyo, riTac<br />

scenur kulturas ver SeiZenda...<br />

Tu msaxiobi formisa da stilis sakiTxebs ar icnobs, m.<br />

Cexovis azriT, isini Zvel, dromoWmul formebs iyeneben an<br />

saerTod ar iyeneben formebs. amitom scenidan `yrian um<br />

(Semousvlel) masalas vnebebisa da afeqtebis saxiT _ rasac<br />

eZaxian temperaments. msaxiobi TandaTanobiT swavlobs<br />

diletantizmis siyvaruls da iRebs mas rogorc Tavisuflebas.<br />

magram rogori damRupvelia es `Tavisufleba!~ mas mihyavs<br />

TavaSvebulobamde, aRviraxsnilobamde ara mxolod scenaze, aramed<br />

cxovrebaSic.~ 2<br />

misi pirveli rolebis qeba-didebis miuxedavad sircxvili<br />

tanjavda _ scenaze Tavisi Tavi ar moswonda da ar eTanxmeboda<br />

maSindel Teatrs _ gulisxmobda daaxloebiT 20-iani welebis<br />

bolos. dakarga TviTdajerebuloba mayurebelTan da Semoqmedebis<br />

Sinagani impulsi, scenaze gamosvlisas yvelafers iviwyebda,<br />

stiqiur grZnobas eZleoda, romelic ar asvenebda misi cxovrebis<br />

gviandel periodSic. scenaze mxatvruli mTlianobis SegrZneba<br />

dakarga. scenazec da cxovrebaSic meqanikurad moqmedebda. Tu<br />

uceb Sin wasvla moundeboda, rols swrafad amTavrebda da<br />

SeeZlo Sua speqtaklis mitoveba. warmodgenis dros sicili<br />

autydeboda xolme da farda ixureboda maSinac, roca darbazSi<br />

stanislavski ijda.<br />

1917 wlis dekembers `warRvnis~ msvlelobisas antraqtSi<br />

_ fanjridan xalxis brbo dainaxa da daumTavrebeli<br />

speqtaklidan gaiqca. TiTqmis mTeli weli saxlidan ar gamosula.<br />

oqtombris revoluciis dReebSi ukve Zalian avadmyofi, gulis<br />

SeteviT itanjeboda. Teatri saerTod gadaaviwyda. 1918 wlis<br />

1 ianvridan Teatrma avadmyofobis gamo naxevari wliT<br />

SvebulebaSi gauSva. stanislavskim eqimebic gaugzavna. erTxel<br />

erTma megobarma b. s. smiSliaevma uTxra, gaexsna sakuTari<br />

Teatraluri skola da amiT mudmivi Semosavali eqneboda.<br />

`Cexovis studia~ Seiqmna 1918 wels, mecadineobebi mis binaSi<br />

mimdinareobda da iarseba 1922 wlamde. oTx weliwadSi is<br />

gamojanmrTelda da misi suli moicva mTlianobis SegrZnebam.<br />

mowafeebi m. Cexovis gakveTilebis paralelurad mecadineobdnen<br />

stanislavskisTan da vaxtangovTan. nicSe, Sopengaueri, Spengleri,<br />

kanti, bergsoni. axalgazrda studielebi kiTxulobdnen am<br />

literaturas da Semdeg m. CexovTan erTad msjelobdnen. am<br />

periodSi iwyebs savarjiSoebs `burTebiT~, romelsac mere<br />

`hamletis~ dadgmisas gamoiyenebs.<br />

stanislavski ambobda: `rac ufro Zlieria msaxiobi, miT<br />

ufro metad interesdeba Tavisi xelovnebis teqnikiT.~ 3<br />

`Cexovis studiaSi~ mimdinareobda Ziebebi etiudis,<br />

improvizaciebis sferoSi. m. Cexovis azriT, etiuds dasawyisi<br />

da dasasruli unda hqondes, unda gadawydes mocemuli siuJetis<br />

stili da Janri. mere mTavaria `marcvlis~ Taviseburebis povna<br />

da Semdeg siuJetis SezRudvisagan ganTavisuflebuli, TemiT<br />

102 103

manana turiaSvili<br />

aTasi saxis adamiani<br />

gamdidrebuli _ iwyebda improvizacias. m. Cexovi ambobda, rom<br />

ase muSaobda ara mxolod etiudze, aramed yovel rolze. msaxiobi<br />

imdenad unda daeuflos teqnikis Sinagan da garegan xerxebs,<br />

rom misi sulis axali unareb-Cvevebi unda gaxdes. mxolod<br />

gamudmebuli improvizaciebis gziT SeiZleba amis miRweva... misi<br />

moswavle m. knebeli werda: `Cexovi gamudmebiT laparakobda, Tu<br />

msaxiobi SeiTvisebs im Semoqmedis fsiqologias, romelic<br />

improvizirebs, is Tavis TavSi ipovis mxatvars. amitom msaxiobi,<br />

pirvel rigSi, unda aRizardos rogorc mxatvar-improvizatori.~ 4<br />

m. Cexovi Tvlida, rom iumori adamians xelovnebis SeicnobaSi<br />

exmareba da Semoqmedebis muSaobaSi Seaqvs simsubuqe. Sesrulebis<br />

simsubuqe CexovisTvis arsebiTi iyo _ misi azriT, iumori<br />

yovelTvis gamoarCevs xelovnebis WeSmarit qmnilebas. iumori<br />

mxatvars obieqturobis unars aniWebs, rac aucilebelia... m.<br />

Cexovis azriT, msaxiobs, romelsac iumori ara aqvs, kargi msaxiobi<br />

ver iqneba. igi Tvlida, rom iumoris swavla SesaZlebelia da<br />

Teatralur skolebSi unda iyos klasi, sadac iumoris<br />

gakveTilebs Caatareben.<br />

forma da stili _ kulturuli msaxiobi da ukulturo<br />

adamiani SeuTavsebelia. misi azriT, codnis SeZena msaxiobisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia. oRond codnaSi gulisxmobda ara mSral,<br />

inteleqtualur codnas, aramed WeSmarit, cocxal codnas.<br />

talanti, cocxali codnis gareSe ver ganviTardeba. codnis<br />

gareSe stilisa da formis SegrZnebas Semoqmedi ver daeufleba.<br />

`msaxiobi-mxatvari gaigebs, rom stili yvelaze Zvirfasi ramaa,<br />

romelic Seaqvs Tavis nawarmoebSi, risTvisac bolos da bolos<br />

Rirs Seqmna.~ 5<br />

metyveleba _ xmis dayeneba, diqcia, deklamacia, plastika<br />

da im dros moduri akrobatika `Cexovis studiaSi~ ZiriTadad<br />

ar iswavleboda, maT meorexarisxovani roli hqondaT. m. Cexovs<br />

gasaocari damokidebuleba hqonda sityvasTan. uyvarda anbanis<br />

yvela aso. misi azriT, yvela asos Tavisi garemo, Tvisebebi da<br />

feri hqonda. misi azriT, msaxiobi Cveulebrisamebr mecadineobas<br />

artikulaciT iwyebs, es bolos unda iswavlebodes. veraviTari<br />

garegnuli xerxebi ver aswavlis msaxiobs mxatvrulad da<br />

gamomsaxvelobiT laparaks, Tu is manamde ar SeaRwevs TiToeuli<br />

sityvis, calkeuli marcvlis Rrma da mdidar SinaarsSi da Tu<br />

is ver gaigebs da ver SeigrZnobs asos rogorc bgeris cocxal<br />

suls. `metyveleba, cocxali metyveleba _ sityvis sferoSi<br />

uapelacio maswavlebelia.~<br />

mecadineobebze warmoiSveboda simarTlis SegrZnebis sakiTxi.<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeboda Tema masaxiobis fantaziaze da<br />

droebiT studiis muSaoba fantaziis niSniT mimdinareobda. ase<br />

gaCnda zRapris Tema. m. Cexovi Tvlida, rom zRapari, rogorc<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebis forma, niWieri axalgazrdebis<br />

ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania, damwyeb msaxiobSi aRagznebs<br />

SemoqmedebiT fantazias. mxatvris cnobierebas is aamaRlebs<br />

naturalizmze. zRapari araCveulebrivad xlarTavs erTmaneTSi<br />

tragizms da iumors, anviTarebs mxatvruli stilis SegrZnebas,<br />

iTxovs mkafio da zust formebs da ar dauSvebs Sinagan, mxatvrul<br />

sicrues, romelic scenaze ase msubuqad SeRwevadia.<br />

studiaSi muSaobis ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi m. Cexovis<br />

mtanjveli azrebi, dardebi gaqra da 1920 wels m. Cexovi<br />

mxatis pirvel studiaSi dabrunda. 1921 wels gadatvirTulobis<br />

gamo `Cexovis studiis~ xelmZRvanelobaze uari Tqva. studiam<br />

arseboba Sewyvita 1922 wels.<br />

1921 wels samxatvro TeatrSi man xlestakovi iTamaSa n.<br />

gogolis `revizorSi~. man Seqmna niRabi, komediuri groteskis<br />

planSi, TiTqmis farsuli, rac adreul namuSevrebSi ar<br />

SeiniSneboda. xlestakovSi bolomde aviTarebda simsubuqis<br />

cnebas. fizikuri uwonadobas sxeuliT xatavda. sakmarisi iyo<br />

suli SegeberaT, rom xlestakovi gaqreboda, rogorc mtvris<br />

nawili. amas emateboda improvizaciuli feierverki. Cexovis<br />

iprovizaciis dros scenaze teqsts arasdros cvlida da arc<br />

dadgenil mizanscenebs.... misi improvizaciebi qaosuri ar iyo<br />

da mxolod sxvebs uxmobdnen Sesaqmnelad.<br />

1921 wels Cexovma xlestakovSi srulyo atmosferos cneba.<br />

atmosfero _ yvelanairi mxatvruli warmodgenis gulia Tu<br />

`msaxiobi eZleva ama Tu im atmosferos, es masSi aucileblad<br />

gamoiwvevs aqtiuri qmedebisken swrafvas. sanam rolSi ar miaRwev<br />

`atmosferos~ absolutur realur SegrZnebas, CaTvale, rom<br />

rolis arsisTvis jer ar migignia. atmosfero aRviZebs<br />

warmosaxvas, nebisyofas da grZnobas.~ ixsenebs misi moswavle<br />

m. knebeli wignSi `mTeli cxovreba.~<br />

104 105

manana turiaSvili<br />

cxovrebis bolo wlebSi sxvadasxva Teoriul mosazrebebebTan<br />

erTad anviTarebs am azrs da askvnis, rom scenaze atmosferoTa<br />

Widili da erT-erTi maTganis gardauvali gamarjveba mxatvrul<br />

gamomsaxvelobis Zlieri saSuaelebaa _ werda m. Cexovi<br />

`msaxiobis teqnikis Sesaxeb~.<br />

presaSi ambobdnen, m. Cexovis gansakuTrebul, Zalauflebriv<br />

momxibvlelobaze, romlis winaSec fermkrTaldebodnen<br />

`revizoris~ iseTi monawileebi, rogorebic iyvnen samxatvro<br />

Teatris wamyvani msaxiobebi: leonidovi, moskvini, gribunini,<br />

lilina.<br />

a. strindbergis `erik XIV~ (1921) mxat-1 studiis speqtakli,<br />

saetapo mniSvnelobis iyo. aq daiwyo e. vaxtangovma samsaxiobo<br />

teqnikaSi axali formebisa da gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebisa<br />

Zieba. `erTxel da samudamod mayurebels unda CamovaSoroT<br />

WuWrutanidan dazverva, TvalTvali. mayurebelma yovelTvis<br />

Tavi unda igrZnos TeatrSi da ara Zia vaniasTan. unda moxvide<br />

TeatrSi da ara voinickisTan. saWiroa, rom Teatri Teatri<br />

iyos.~ 6<br />

m. Cexovi saxes aRiqvamda erT mTlianobad, swored amitom<br />

SeeZlo repeticia bolo scenidan daewyo _ misi azriT,<br />

mxatvruli saxis Seqmnaze gavlenas ar moaxdens. m. Cexovis<br />

azriT, msaxiobi scenis sivrceSi moZraobisas Tavisi sxeuliT<br />

unda `xatavdes~ figurebs, xazebs da roca msaxiobi Tavis<br />

gamomxatvelobas debs mimikaSi amiT sxeulis gamomsaxvelobas<br />

klavs. `ratom ar undaT (msaxiobebs _ m. t.) mTeli sxeuliT<br />

farTo, lamazi da gamomxatveli Jesti? aq damnaSavea msaxiobis<br />

Cveva mimirebsa. is iswrafvis, Tavis gamomxatveloba jer mimikaSi<br />

Cados, amiT ki sxeulis gamomsaxvelobas klavs. mimikis dros<br />

sxeuli irindeba da qvavdeba. sxeulis Jesti gadadis saxis<br />

JestSi, xdeba patara da xandaxan sacodavi. imas aRar vambob,<br />

rom msaxiobis saxes mayurebelTa darbazi ubralod ver dainaxavs<br />

da amasTan is arasodes iqneba iseTi gamomxatveli, rogorc<br />

sxeuli.~ 7<br />

m. Cexovis azriT, scenaze maqsimalurad metyveli mxolod<br />

msaxiobis Tvalebia, magram Tvalebi metyveli xdeba maSin, roca<br />

msaxiobis sxeuli absoluturad Tavisufalia da scenur<br />

aTasi saxis adamiani<br />

sivrceSi xatavs Tavis formebsa da xazebs. Tu sxeuli cocxalia,<br />

maSin Tvalebi aucileblad aivseba azriT da xdeba gamomxatveli.<br />

m. Cexovi scenaze muSaobisas Zlier grZnobebsa da energias<br />

bolo momentisTvis, kuliminaciisTvis da a. S. ar iyenebda.<br />

`erik XIV~-Si pirvelive Semosvlidan mTeli datvirTviT<br />

muSaobda, mis pirvel gamosvlas ki mexis dartymas adarebdnen.<br />

erikis Jestebi iyo mokle, daZabuli. marmarilos TeTri saxe<br />

da Savi Tma. Tvalebi gayinuli, TiTqos ar moZraobdnen. misi<br />

gasaocari martooba Semzaravi iyo. `cocxlebisa~ da `mkvdrebis~<br />

niRbebis kontrastuli dapirispireba da am mxatvrul saxeebSi<br />

reJisorisa da msaxiobebis subieqturi damokidebuleba<br />

imaleboda. Semdeg Cexovi azrs Seicvlis da ityvis, rom Tavis<br />

mxatvrul saxeebs uyurebs obieqturad. eriki am or sazogadoebas<br />

Soris sxlteboda _ xan aqeT da xan iqiT.<br />

1916 wels sulerJicki gardaicvala. 1921 wels studiis<br />

gadasarCenad mxatTan SeerTebis sakiTxi dadga. 1922 wlis 29<br />

maiss e. vaxtangovi gardaicvala. 1922 wlis seqtemberSi Cexovma<br />

moiTxova studiis xelmZRvaneloba da 24 seqtembers gaxda<br />

misi direqtori. 1924 welis 5 ivniss pirvelma studiam miiRo<br />

nezlobinis yofili Teatri, sverdlovis moedanze da nemiroviCdanCenkos<br />

winadadebiT daarqves mxat 2. studiis patara<br />

mayurebelTa darbazi, romelic 175 kacze iyo gaTvaliswinebuli,<br />

Seicvala darbaziT, romelic 1350 kacs itevda.<br />

m. Cexovi sastikad uaryofda naturalizms, romelic, misi<br />

azriT xelovneba ar iyo, radgan mxatvari naturalistur<br />

`xelovnebis nawarmoebSi~ Tavisas ver Cadebs, misi amocana<br />

SezRudulia, misi unari vlindeba `naturis~ met-naklebad zusti<br />

aslis gaakeTebSi. im dros moskovisa da peterburgis scenebze<br />

gamoCnda agitaciuri piesebi da propagandistuli xasiaTis<br />

nawarmoebebi (revoluciis pirveli epoqis produqti).<br />

naturalizmi, `ubraloeba, rogorc cxovrebaSi~, fotografiuli<br />

zustiT mimdinare movlenebis gadmocema, maTi xorcSesxmis<br />

erTaderTi SesaZlo `stili~ iyo.~ gaCndnen axali `Tanamedrove~<br />

dramaturgebi, romelTa nawarmoebebiT savse iyo klubebisa da<br />

qarxnis scenebi da isini cdilobdnen mxat-2 studiaSic<br />

SemoRwevas.<br />

106 107

manana turiaSvili<br />

aTasi saxis adamiani<br />

m. knebeli wers: misi azriT, `materializmi~ rogorc sawyisi,<br />

xelovnebis mteria, is ki ara da rogorc kacobriobis<br />

pirovnebisac... Cexovi Camoscildeba `materialurobas~, rogorc<br />

`sulieris~ damangrevels~ 8<br />

am viTarebaSi m. Cexovma studiis mxatvruli cxovrebis<br />

SenarCunebisaTvis Tavis Tavze aiRo marTva da Tavi `diqtatorad~<br />

gamoacxada, ramac bevris mtroba gamoiwvia. m. Cexovma Teatris<br />

marTvisTvis oTxi kacisagan Semdgari sando piri airCia, romelTac<br />

dasi pativs scemda. m. Cexovis `Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis~<br />

sami-oTxi dRis Semdeg narkomprosma mis diqtatorobas sanqcia<br />

daado.<br />

1924 wels m. Cexovma `hamletis~ dadgma daiwyo. am<br />

speqtaklis repeticiebze m. Cexovi axali samsaxiobo teqnikis<br />

SemuSaveba daiwyo, romelic Sesatyvis savarjiSoebs eyrdnoboda.<br />

`hamletis~ repeticiebi uxmaurod mimdinareobda da idumalebiT<br />

iyo moculi. teqstis warmoTqvamde msaxiobebi moZraobiT<br />

midionen. es iyo savarjiSoebi `burTebi~. `repeticiis periodSi,<br />

`raTa teqsti enis kunTze ar damjdariyo~ (stanislavskis<br />

gamoTqmaa) msaxiobebi sityvebs ar iyenebdnen da burTebis<br />

gadagdeb-gadmogdebisas, yovel moZraobaSi debdnen garkveuli<br />

nebisyobis gzavnils. ase eziarebodnen urTierTobis bunebas,<br />

ritmebis sxvadasxvaobas.<br />

xlestakovidan hamletamde intervali ori weliwadia. m.<br />

Cexovi Ziebebma `axal sarepeticios teqnikasTan~ miiyvana. swored<br />

`hamletze~ acxadebs m. Cexovi: `rom msaxiobi saxes qmnis<br />

fantaziaSi da Semdeg cdilobs mis rogorc garegnul, ise<br />

Sinagan imitacias. `mxatvruli saxis imitacias~. imitacias<br />

hamletSi bolomde ver miaRwia.<br />

es is welia _ 1924, roca a. belis gavleniT gaicno<br />

rudolf Steineri da mas Sexvda. 1913 wels man daafuZna<br />

antroposofiuri sazogadoeba. Steineris TeoriaSi m. Cexovs<br />

Secnobis intuiciuri SesaZleblobebi ainteresebda.<br />

`hamletis~ repeticiebis paralelurad mezobel<br />

sarepeticioSi a. d. diki muSaobda n. s. leskovis nawarmoebze<br />

Seqmnil `rwyilze` (1925). `hamletis~ garSemo sxvadasxvanairi<br />

xmebi dadioda. ambobdnen, rom Cexovi dakavebulia raRac mistikiT.<br />

`roca orive speqtakli gamovida, presisa da mayureblis<br />

Sexedulebebi mkveTrad gaiyo. isini, vinc usityvod iRebda<br />

`rwyils~, ar iRebda `hamlets~. aman Teatris SigniT da mis<br />

garSemo gamiwvia arajansaRi atmosfero.~ 9<br />

a. d. diki werda Tavis wignSi: `Повесть о театральной юности~:<br />

`studiam ar icis, ra gzas daadges, is ver grZnobs drois<br />

pulsacias... studiaSi m. a. Cexovis xelmZRvanelobiT mistikurantroposofiuli<br />

mimarTulebaa da koleqtivis ufro met wevrs<br />

isrutavs... pirvelive dRidan me mkveTrad gavemijne Cexoviseuli<br />

jgufis Ziebebis Cemi `miwierobis~ gamo. me bavSvobidan ver<br />

vitandi yovelgvar `jandabas~, maT Soris _ filosofias...<br />

magram mxolod me ar meCveneboda, rom mefe SiSvelia...<br />

xelmZRvaneloba direqciis xelSi iyo, Cexovis xelSi _<br />

inteligenturi moskovis sayvareli adamianis...~ _ 1927 wels<br />

Jur. `Новый зрител~-is # 13,+ РСФСР-s pirveli saxalxo<br />

komisari (1917-29), a v. lunaCarski hamletze da ableuxovze<br />

wers: `Театру МХАТ-2-му совершенно необходимо отделаться от<br />

пристрастия к сюжетам туманным, к созданию настроений жутких,<br />

тревожных и неясных~, Semdeg agrZelebs: `Suq-Crdilebis bundovan<br />

simbolikaSi hamleti aSkarad abstraqtuli, istorizmisgan<br />

daSorebulia, is orientirdeboda mxolod aradroul moralur<br />

kategoriebze sikeTisa da borotebis maradiul brZolaze.~<br />

hamletis scenas aCrdilTan mistikurs uwodebdnen. Rrublebidan<br />

mTvaris Suqi ipareboda da mxolod hamletis saxes da xelebs<br />

anaTebda. Tavad m. Cexovi ambobda mamis aCrdilis sityvebsac da<br />

hamletis teqstsac. scenis miRma musikalur fonze gongisa da<br />

dolis mkveTri dartymebi gaismoda, romelic aCrdilis fexis<br />

xmas mianiSnebda. `scenis miRma mamakacebis gundis xmebi aCrdilis<br />

sityvebs warmosTqvamden, xolo hamleti ki am sityvebs imeorebda,<br />

TiTqos, xelaxla iazrebda. m. Cexovma `hamletSi~ TiTqmis<br />

mTlianad uaryo Jesti da mizanscenebis dinamika: im mxolod<br />

usmenda, akvirdeboda da fiqrobda. arnaxuli Zalebis mokreba<br />

gonebas unaTebda. 1928 wels m. Cexovi a. b. lunaCarskisadmi<br />

sapasuxo werilSi wers: `rogorc mxatvari me arasdros uarvyof<br />

imas. rom Tu scenaze gamoCndeba `hamletis suli~, es ise unda<br />

gaakeTo, rom iyos STabeWdileba `sulis~ da ara gadacmuli<br />

msaxiobisa, es mistika araa, aramed mxatvruli gemovneba~. 10<br />

108 109

manana turiaSvili<br />

aTasi saxis adamiani<br />

a. b. lunaCarski `rwyilis~ da misi reJisoris _ a. d.<br />

dikis2Ddidi megobari iyo. dikis TqmiT, man gulwrfelad miuloca<br />

da premieraze saidumlo fraza uTxra: `ai, speqtakli, romelic<br />

niCabze dadebs mTel konstruqtivizms~ (А. Д. Дикий `Повесть<br />

о театральной юности~), lunaCarski _ profesionali<br />

revolucioneri. РСФСР-is pirveli saxalxo komisari (1917-<br />

29), 1917 wlidan kulturis sferoSi leninuri politikis<br />

aqtiuri gamtarebeli.LМХАТ-2-is msaxiobi serafima birmani,<br />

romelic TamaSobda e. vaxtangovis `erik IV~ da a. dikis<br />

`rwyilSi~, wers: `gulwrfelad rom vTqva, CexovTan metoqeobda<br />

misi yvela megobari, isini SesaniSnavad acnobierebdnen, rom<br />

Cexovi niWierebiT maTze maRla dgas. me vfiqrob, swored amitom<br />

ebrZoda diki Cexovs da ara imitom, rom maTi politikuri da<br />

ideuri swrafvebi gansxvavebuli iyo~.<br />

hamletis sikvdili mayurebelSi kaTarziss iwvevda, Tumc<br />

perspeqtiva wydeboda, radgan fortinbrasis scena amoRebuli<br />

iyo _ ris gamoc lunaCarskis sayveduri gamoiwvia. m. Cexovis<br />

gadawyvetiT wydeba sicocxle sikeTisa da adamianurobisa, radgan<br />

es qveyana sapyrobilea. `hamleti~ m. Cexovma dadga (reJ: smiSlaevi,<br />

tatarinovi, Cebani) 1924 wels da amgvari koncefciiT<br />

iwinaswarmetyvela, Tu ra moeloda Tavis qveyanas momavalSi.<br />

1925 wels m. Cexovma iTamaSa ableuxovi andrei belis<br />

`peterburgSi~. es iyo maTi megobrobis periodi. mecadineobdnen<br />

ritmis, moZraobis da sityvis sferoSi, swavlobdnen poetikas<br />

da literaturis Teorias. Cexovi da beli, rogorc m. knebeli<br />

ixsenebs mecadinebdnen `evriTmiis~ SeswavlaSi. knebelis azriT,<br />

swored a. belis gavleniT, ritmi gaxda erT-erTi mTavari<br />

problema, romelsac m. Cexovi amuSavebda. isini anbanis yoveli<br />

asos plastikur gamoxatulebas eZiebdnen, swavlobdnen Jestebis<br />

`gramatikas~, gadadiodnen ra asodan marcvalze da Semdeg _<br />

frazaze, winadadebaze. isini JestebiT `kiTxulobdnen~ puSkinis<br />

leqsebs, Seqspiris sonetebs, `faustidan~ qoros nawilebs.<br />

Cexovi asoTa `plastikur~ enas srulyofilebamde flobda.<br />

xandaxan is ucnob teqsts nela akiTxebda da TiTqmis<br />

sinqronulad moZraobda, plastikaSi Sifravda sityvaTa bgerebs.<br />

mas nawarmoebis saerTo xasiaTis gadmocema sxeulis moZraobiT<br />

SeeZlo, Tan ise, rom misi atrmosfero da fsiqologiuri<br />

feradovnebac gamoexata.<br />

ableuxovi (a. belis `peterburgi~, 1925 weli _ mxat-2), es<br />

speqtakli gamoirCeoda ritmebis iSviaTi mravalgvarobiT, magram<br />

warmodgenis centri da mTavari mxatvruli Zala iyo senatori<br />

ableuxovi _ m. Cexovi. `socialuri Tvalis axela.~ wignSi<br />

`msaxiobis teqnikis Sesaxeb~ gamoTqvams azrs, rom msaxiobisTvis<br />

aucilebelia `socialuri grZnoba~. ableuxovi miagavda Ramuras,<br />

mas didi Zalaufleba hqonda _ ableuxovs Tavis sastik xelebSi<br />

eWira `cecxlmokidebuli imperia~ da monarqis miniWebul<br />

Zalauflebis sxvisTvis micemas ar apirebda. masSi iyo Zalac<br />

da avbediTi mbrZanebluroba, SiSi da Svilisadmi saTuTi grZnoba,<br />

magram yovelive amaSi iyo ganwiruloba, istoriuli ganwiruloba,<br />

da dasasrulis moaxloeba.<br />

m. Cexovis bolo namuSevari ruseTSi muromskia. (suxovokobilinis<br />

`saqme~, 1927 weli _ mxat-2). igi gulRia, keTili<br />

da gaxsnilia sisastikis, borotebis da veragobis samyaroSi.<br />

amis yureba ki mayurebels saSineli tkivilis gareSe ar SeeZlo.<br />

es saxe imitaciis principiT aago. `muromskis saxes fantaziaSi<br />

vWvretdi da repeticiebze mis imitacias vaxdendi... me ar<br />

vTamaSobdi, Cveulebrisamebr rogorc vakeTebT xolme msaxiobebi,<br />

aramed vakeTebdi saxis imitacias, romelic Cems warmosaxvaSi<br />

Cem magivrad TamaSobda. am mcdelobiT scenaze muromskis<br />

gamosvlisas garkveul xarisxSi misgan ganze vdgavar, TiTqos<br />

vuTvalTvaleb, (Tvalyurs vadevneb mas), mis TamaSs, mis cxovrebas<br />

da es gverdidan dgoma me saSualebas maZlevs mivuaxlovde im<br />

mdgomareobas, romlis drosac mxatvari wmends da<br />

akeTilSobilebs Tavis saxeebs da masSi ar Seaqvs Tavisi<br />

arasaWiro, piradi adamianuri xasiaTis Tvisebebi.~ 11<br />

`bunebisagan momadlebuli warmosaxvis saocari ZaliT, mas<br />

SeeZlo `imitacia~ ara mxolod gmiris garegnuli saqcielis,<br />

aramed SeeRwia xasiaTis Sinagan arsebiT nawilSi. `Cexoviseuli~<br />

imitacia _ garegnulis dacinva ki ar iyo, aramed gza Sinaganis<br />

wvdomisa da saSualeba ganviTarebisTvis da warmosaxvis<br />

varjiSi~. 12<br />

Semdeg ufro daxvews formulirebas: samsaxiobo xelovnebis<br />

specifika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom masala, romliTac sargeblobs<br />

msaxiobi, is Tavadaa. Cexovi mivida daskvnamde, rom SemoqmedebiTi<br />

individualuroba rogorRac gancalkevebulia or `meze~, `or<br />

110 111

manana turiaSvili<br />

aTasi saxis adamiani<br />

cnobierze~. `dabali mes~ TandaTanobiT aviwrovebs `maRali<br />

me~ da rom `maRali me~ badebs mesame `me~-s, `mesame cnobiers~,<br />

romelic Seqmnil rols axasiaTebs.<br />

marTalia Tu ara Cexovi? stanislavskis azriT, ar aris<br />

marTali! m. Cexovis werili berlinidan, 1928 wels n. a.<br />

podgornisadmi (mxatis msaxiobi, mxati-2 studiis erT-erTi<br />

damfuZnebeli). `Cven sistemebs erTmaneTs vadarebdiT da movnaxeT<br />

rogorc bevri saerTo, aseve bevri daumTxvevlobac~... `kostia<br />

rom daTanxmdes Tavisi sistemis zogierT cvlilebaze, Cven<br />

SevZlebdiT erTad muSaobas da ufro mets gavakeTebdiT, vidre<br />

calk-calke.~ 13<br />

`...Cemi meTodiT msaxiobi samuSaos dawyebidan mis<br />

dasrulebamde Seqmnili saxisadmi obieqturia. k. s.-s rogorc<br />

meCveneba bevri momentia, roca msaxiobiAZalas atans pirad<br />

nebas da sakuTari Tavidan pirad grZnobebs gamowuravs _ es<br />

rTulia, mtanjveli, ulamazo da arasiRrmiseuli. magaliTad,<br />

Cveneuli saxis Wvretas da Semdeg gamomdinare mis imitacias,<br />

k. s.-Tan Seesatyviseba SemoTavazebuli viTarebebis Wvreta, magram<br />

saxis nacvlad dgeba Tavad ganmWvreti, romlis amocanaa gasces<br />

pasuxi kiTxvas: `Tu rogor moiqceoda Cemi gmiri (am SemTxvevaSi<br />

me) mocemul SemoTavazebul viTarebebSi? es punqti cvlis<br />

msaxiobis mTel fsiqologias da rogorc meCveneba, uneburad<br />

sakuTar Rarib sulSi qeqvas aiZulebs. yoveli adamianis suli<br />

mdidari araa im saxeebTan SedarebiT, romelsac xandaxan<br />

fantastikuri samyaro gvigzavnis xolme... msaxiobi stanislavskis<br />

sistemis mixedviT iwyebs fizikuri amocaniT, amasTan asrulebs<br />

Tavis Tavidan gamomdinare: dadgas magida, gaadgilos skami, aanTos<br />

asanTi da a. S. da es yvelaferi _ simarTlis grZnobis<br />

arsagznebad. Cemi swavlebiT msaxiobs simarTlis SegrZneba ukve<br />

saxeSi aqvs Cadebuli da masTanaa Serwymuli. Cems msaxiobs<br />

SeuZlia ganaviTaros Tavisi simarTlis grZnoba saxlSi _ es<br />

misi saqmea, magram amiT repeticiis dawyeba ar SeiZleba. ratom?<br />

imitom, rom `dadgiT magida~ _ es pirdapiri gzaa sazareli<br />

naturalisturi ganwyobilebisaken da yuradRebis mipyroba Sens<br />

araSemoqmedebiT pirovnebaze.~ 14<br />

1928 wels `mxat 2~-s sagastrolod germaniaSi iwveven, m.<br />

Cexovma SuamdgomlobisTvis `Главискусство~-s da a. v.<br />

lunaCarskis mimarTa. es gastrolebi ar Sedga. `mxat 2~-Si<br />

konfliqtia da m. Cexovis Teatridan wasvla unda, radgan<br />

dasis zogierTi nawilis mxatvruli miznebi mis amocanebs<br />

xelovnebaSi ar Seesabameboda. `Главискусство~-s sazRvargareT<br />

erTwlian Svebulebas sTxovs (germanuli enisa da `evriTmiis~<br />

Sesaswavlad) _ romelsac akmayofileben. imave wels berlinidan<br />

a. lunaCarskis sTxovda Teatrs da msaxiobebs, raTa Tavis<br />

dakvirvebebi da aRmoCenebi speqtaklebSi ganexorcielebina. a.<br />

lunaCarskim ar upasuxa.<br />

im dros `misticizmisa~ da `simbolizmis~ wodeba<br />

saxarbielo ar gaxldaT. albaT, rudolf SteinerTan Sexvedrasac<br />

ar patiobdnen. Steineri xom Sepyrobili iyo gadaeqcia<br />

abstraqtuli idealisturi Teoriebi cocxal rwmenaSi, mgznebare<br />

swrafvaSi, romelic mowodebuli iyo adamianSi gaeRviZebina<br />

umaRlesi sulieri Zalebi.TeatrSi msaxiobad darCena, Cveulebriv,<br />

rolebis saTamaSod, mas ar SeeZlo, radgan ukve didi xania<br />

amowura calkeuli rolebiT gatacebis stadia. `me SesaZloa<br />

gamitacos da SemoqmedebisTvis Semagulianos mxolod da mxolod<br />

Teatris ideam, axali Teatraluri xelovnebis ideam~ 15 _ werda<br />

m. Cexovi.<br />

im periodSi sabWoTa Teatrs sTxovdnen sarepertuaro<br />

politikas, sadac soc. mSenebloba da `axali adamianebi~ unda<br />

asaxuliyvnen. es yovelive ewinaaRmdegeboda TeatrSi m. Cexovis<br />

mxatvrul azrovnebas da `Tavisufali Semoqmedebis~ Ziebis<br />

mizniT man datova samSoblo, sadac cenzura aRar Seawuxebda.<br />

1928 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde mixeil Cexovi sazRvargareT<br />

muSaobda.<br />

1. p. a. markovi, Teatris Sesaxeb, t. I. 1974, gv. 395;<br />

2. Михаил Чехов, литературное наследие, `Путь актера~,<br />

моск..,искусство, 1986. ст. 67;<br />

3. К.С. Саниславский, Моя жизнь в искусстве, 1983, стр. 415;<br />

4. m. knebeli `mTeli cxovreba.~ mosk. gv. 210. 1967;<br />

5. Михаил Чехов, литературное наследие, `Путь актера~, моск,<br />

искусство, 1986. ст. 68;<br />

112 113

manana turiaSvili<br />

6. abobda e. vaxtangovi Ï. А. Марков, О театре т.1, 1974, стр. 395<br />

7. Михаил Чехов, литературное наследие, `Путь актера~, моск,<br />

искусство, 1986. ст. 82;<br />

8. m. knebeli, mixeil Cexovi, literaturuli memkvidreoba,<br />

gamomc. xelovneba, 1986. gv. 34;<br />

9. m. knebeli, mixeil Cexovi, literaturuli memkvidreoba, gamomc.<br />

xelovneba, 1986. gv.19;<br />

10. В, А, Громов, Михаил Чехов. 1970, стр. 333;<br />

11. Михаил Чехов, литературное наследие, `Путь актера~, Моск,<br />

искусство, т. 1.1986. ст. 129;<br />

12. m. knebeli, mixeil Cexovi, literaturuli memkvidreoba, gamomc.<br />

xelovneba, 1986. gv. 38;<br />

13. Михаил Чехов, литературное наследие, `Путь актера~, Моск,<br />

искусство, 1986. ст. 352;<br />

14. Михаил Чехов, литературное наследие, Моск, искусство, 1986.<br />

ст. 352-353;<br />

15. Коллективу МХАТ 2-го Михаил Чехов, литературное наследие,<br />

Моск. искусство, т. 1. 1986. ст. 350.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

v. a. gromovi, `mixeil Cexovi~, mosk. 1970;<br />

p. a. markovi, Teatraluri kritikosis dRiuri, kreb. `Teatris<br />

Sesaxeb~ mosk. 1-2-tomi, 1974;<br />

p. a. markovi, Teatraluri portretebi, kreb. `Teatris Sesaxeb~<br />

t. 2, mosk. 1974;<br />

p. a. markovi, Teatris simarTle, statiebi, mosk. 1965;<br />

s. g. birmani, msaxiobis gza, mosk. 1959;<br />

n. efrosi, WriWina Rumelze, mxatis studia, peter. 1918;<br />

a. diki, moTxroba Teatralur siWabukeze, mosk. 1957;<br />

a. morovi, erTi cxovrebis istoria, Jur. `moskva~, 1970 # 9<br />

n. pankova, mixeil Cexovi, Jur. `sabWoTa xelovneba~ # 7, 1970<br />

m. knebeli, mTeli cxovreba, mosk. 1967;<br />

k. s. stanislavski, Cemi cxovreba xelovnebaSi, mosk. 1983;<br />

mixeil Cexovi, literaturuli memkvidreoba, 2 tomeuli, mosk.<br />

gamomc iskustvo, 1989.<br />

Tamar quTaTelaZe,<br />

wamyvani mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

Teatris funqcia da faseulobebi<br />

(s. Wiaurelis mier aRdgenili k. marjaniSvilis speqtaklis<br />

`uriel akostas~ mixedviT)<br />

qarTuli Teatris reformatoris, meore saxelmwifo<br />

Teatris damfuZneblis kote marjaniSviliseuli SemoqmedebiTi<br />

Sedevris `uriel akostas’’ kongenialuri restavrirebisaken<br />

mimarTuli mcdelobebi 1962, 1993, 2007 wlebSi mravalmxriv<br />

saintereso movlenaa. rogorc irkveva, qarTuli Teatris<br />

moRvaweebSi ar qreba nostalgia qarTuli Teatraluri modernis<br />

am warmatebul dadgmaSi gacxadebuli, jer kidev Seucnobeli<br />

Teatraluri faseulobebisadmi. `uriel akostasadmi’’<br />

marjaniSvilelTa daucxromeli interesi SesaZloa warmoadgens<br />

protests Tanamedrove Teatraluri procesebisadmi da<br />

gaucnobierebel ltolvas misi reformebisken. Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtsac, rom Teatraluri modernis<br />

saukeTeso warmomadgenlebis (k. marjaniSvilis, s. axmetelis,<br />

v.meierholdis, e. vaxtangovis, a. Tairovis da a. S.) SemoqmedebiTi<br />

moRvaweoba xelovnurad Sewyda da Tavad modernuli xelovnebis<br />

ZiriTadi tendencia kvlavac ganagrZobs farul arsebobasa da<br />

ganviTarebas. amdenad, vfiqrob, yuradRebas imsaxurebs<br />

marjaniSvilelTa mier araerTgzis warmarTuli mcdeloba<br />

STawvdes qarTuli Teatraluri modernis am saxelovani<br />

warmomadgenlis miRwevebs, romelmac qarTuli sazogadoebis<br />

araerT Taobaze moaxdina hipnozuri zemoqmedeba. Tavad es<br />

faqti ki, rogorc cnobilia modernuli xelovnebis ZiriTad<br />

mizans warmoadgenda. mas maradisobaSi unda Seenaxa ganaxlebuli<br />

uZvelesi da myari faseulobebis primati, sazogadoebis azrovneba<br />

waremarTa am faseulobaTa wvdomisa da dacvisaken, xolo momdevno<br />

TaobebisTvis axali SemoqmedebiTi impulsebi mieniWebina. amjerd,<br />

marjaniSviliseuli `uriel akostas~-80 wlis saiubileo<br />

TariRTan dakavSirebiT vixileT s. Wiaurelis mier aRdgenili<br />

114 115

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

speqtakli. socialur-politikuri da kulturulogiuri garemo,<br />

romlis wiaRSic iSva es ori warmodgena, radikalurad<br />

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, Sesabamisad bunebrivia, rom<br />

gansxvavebuli miviReT Sedegic. sofiko Wiaurelis aRdgenil<br />

speqtaklSi gacxadda marjaniSviliseuli dadgmis vizualuri<br />

partitura, romelic uxvad iyo gajerebuli yofiTi msaxiobis<br />

intonaciebiTa da plastikuri naxaziT, rasac kategoriulad<br />

gamoricxavda adreuli modernuli periodis Teatris esTetika,<br />

romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac Seiqmna `uriel akostas~marjaniSviliseuli<br />

warmodgena. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom<br />

s. Wiaurelis mier Seqmnili speqtaklis vizualuri<br />

partituridanac naTlad warmoCinda marjaniSvilis mier Seqmnili<br />

Teatraluri esTetikis, samsaxiobo skolisa da Tavad speqtaklis<br />

funqcia da faseulobebi, misi adgili Tanadrouli Teatraluri<br />

procesebis konteqsSi.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis miwuruli,<br />

rodesac iqmneba marjaniSvilis aRniSnuli speqtakli modernuli<br />

xelovnebis klasikuri periodia, naxevarsaukuneze xangrZlivi<br />

SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis Sedegi da novatorul tendenciaTa<br />

Jami. TeatrSi kvlav aRdga Teatralizaciis procesi, msaxiobebis<br />

momajadovebeli intonaciebi, natifi Jestebi da pozebi.<br />

reJisorebi rolebs, saopero partiebis msgavsad, xmebis mixedviT<br />

anawilebdnen, sadac msaxiobis xma jados Zalas iZenda. es<br />

mistikur-poeturi Teatri mtrulad ganewyo cxovrebiseuli<br />

prozisadmi da daupirispirda yofiTi Teatris ganpoeturebul<br />

esTetikas. wignSi `kote marjaniSvilis eqvsi speqtakli~ 1 Tamar<br />

vaxvaxiSvili adasturebs, rom kote marjaniSvili rolebs<br />

msaxiobis temperamentis, xmis tembrisa da diapazonis mixedviT<br />

anawilebda, xolo masobriv scenebSi msaxiobebis xmebis kontrasti<br />

qmnida simfoniebs.<br />

modernuli periodis Teatraluri esTetikis fuZemdebelTa<br />

Sesabamisad, romlebTanac k. marjaniSvils SemoqmedebiTi<br />

megobrobac akavSirebda (mag.: g. kregi, m. reinhardti, a. sanini<br />

da sxv.), marjaniSvilic eswrafoda sinTezuri Teatris esTetikis<br />

formirebas. misi mizani iyo speqtaklSi erTian mxatvrul<br />

mTlianobaSi harmonizirebuliyo dramis, tragediis, operis,<br />

Teatris funqcia da faseulobebi<br />

baletis, pantomimis, politikuri satiris elementebi. yuradReba<br />

koncentrirebulia axali ti pis e.w. msaxiob-marionetis anu<br />

zemsaxiobis aRzrdaze, romelsac xelewifeboda sxeulisa da<br />

xmis virtuozuli marTva. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gamorCeuli<br />

funqcia eniWeboda saorkestro musikasac, romlisTvisac reJisori<br />

arCevda saukeTeso musikosebs. marjaniSviliseul `uriel<br />

akostaSi~ garkveulwilad warimarTa antikuri Teatris<br />

texnikisa da msaxiobis xelovnebis reanimaciac, msaxiobis xmisa<br />

da saxis mkafiod aRsaqmelad speqtakli mimdinareobda<br />

prosceniumze, plastika daeqvemdebara musikalur ritms,<br />

msaxiobisgan moiTxoves skulpturuli gamomsaxvelobiTi Jestebi.<br />

msaxiobTa pozebi periodulad iyineboda srul uZraobaSi da<br />

qmnida bareliefebs mayureblisadmi profiliT. partituris<br />

zedmiwevniTi codna Semsrulebels aniWebda Sinagan simSvidesa<br />

da Tavisuflebas.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, 1930 wlis gastrolebze marjaniSvilis<br />

Teatri moskovma (es iyo Teatris pirveli gasvla respublikis<br />

sazRvrebs gareT) aRmoCenad aRiara, speqtakls uaRresad<br />

nacionaluri da epoqis Tanaxmieri miRweva, xolo uSangi CxeiZes<br />

didi tragikosi msaxiobi uwoda. Tumca k. marjaniSvilis<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg `uriel akosta~ formalistur dadgmad<br />

gamoacxades, rogorc irkveva, misi uCveulod meamboxuri<br />

revoluciuri paTosis gamo.<br />

`uriel akostas~ petre ocxeliseuli dekoracia XX saukunis<br />

dasawyisis sxvadasxva mxatvruli mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

elementebis narevs warmoadgenda, konstruqtivizmiTa da<br />

eqspresionizmiT dawyebuli, surealizmiT dasrulebuli. scenuri<br />

garemo: kibeebi, svetebi, arqiteqturis pirveladi elementebi<br />

prioritets msaxiobis sxeulis gamomsaxvelobasa da<br />

plastiurobas uqmnida. personaJebis qmedebis, Jestikulaciisa<br />

da metyvelebis stils gansazRvravda. igi monumenturi da<br />

haerovani, myari da elastiuri formebis sinTeziT aRibeWda.<br />

speqtaklis dekoraciul garemos iseve, rogorc prioritetul<br />

Sav sivrces an yviTeli da ruxi ferebis kombinacias musikalurfilosofiuri<br />

Sinaarsic eniWeboda.<br />

116 117

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

`uriel-akostas~ marjaniSviliseuli premiera gaimarTa<br />

quTaisSi 1928 wlis dekemberSi. speqtaklma gaagrZela da<br />

ganaviTara qarTuli Teatraluri tradiciebi da ganicada 1906<br />

wlis l. mesxiSviliseuli Sedevris gavlenac. u. CxeiZis<br />

urielsac axasiaTebda l. mesxiSviliseuli scenuri gmirisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli gmiruli ieri, romantikuli paTosi, zeaweuli<br />

Teatraluroba iseve, rogorc u. CxeiZes, l. mesxiSvilsac Tavisi<br />

momajadovebeli baritoniTa da cecxlovani temperamentiT<br />

mayurebeli egzeltaciamde mihyavda. v. garikis 2 TqmiT, elinuri<br />

silamazis msaxiobi monologebSi namdvil musikalur simfonias<br />

qmnida. tragikosi msaxiob-poeti TiTqos mReroda, ise aJRerebda<br />

Tavis jadosnur xmas da mayurebels ajadoebda Tavisi<br />

mravalmniSvnelovani intonaciebiT, msaxiob-tribunis Tvalebic<br />

iseve cimcimebdnen scenidan, rogorc u. CxeiZis Sinagani cecxliT<br />

ganaTebuli sxiviani Tvalebi. simon Ciqovanis 3 TqmiT,<br />

u.CxeiZiseuli saSemsruleblo xelovneba gamoirCeoda gancdis<br />

siRrmiT, daxvewili intonaciiT, xolo misi maRali tembris<br />

Zlieri da mJReri xma zariviT rekavda scenidan. rogorc<br />

irkveva, marjaniSvilis speqtaklis centrSi kvlav amaRlebuli,<br />

sinamdvilis gardaqmnisa da Semecnebis JiniT anTebuli,<br />

cecxlovani temperamentis romantikuli gmiri idga, xolo<br />

qarTuli Teatris istoriisaTvis yvelaze organuli da<br />

sicocxlisunariani, romantikuli saSemsruleblo xerxebi<br />

modernuli Teatris esTetikis damfuZneblebisTvisac yvelaze<br />

optimaluri iyo (mag. a. apia). marjaniSviliseuli `uriel<br />

akosta~ warmoadgenda iniciacias (gandobas), romelic mayurebels<br />

ganacdevinebda TviTziarebis Zalas. saCino formebs miRma faruli<br />

azri idga. speqtakli sazogadoebas ganumartavda totalitaruli<br />

reJimis mmarTvelTa kanonebis logikas, yofierebis filosofiasa<br />

da adamianuri cxovrebis azrs. igi amZafrebda pasuxismgeblis<br />

rols da sazogadoebis gafxizlebas eswrafoda, xolo 1920-<br />

iani wlebi, rogorc cnobilia heroikuli modernis periodia.<br />

Sesabamisad, k. marjaniSvili qmnida filosofiur tragedias,<br />

mayurebels sTavazobda dramaturgiseuli nawarmoebis sakuTar<br />

xedvas, anu koncefciur speqtakls, romelsac unda Seecvala<br />

realoba. T. vaxvaxiSvilis TqmiT 4 , k. marjaniSvilis `uriel<br />

Teatris funqcia da faseulobebi<br />

akosta~ heroikuli da optimisturi tragedia iyo. am principiT<br />

viTardeboda mkveTrad Teatralizebuli moqmedeba, sadac<br />

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda plastikasa da sityvas.<br />

msaxiobis xma bunebrivad unda gadasuliyo metyvelebidan mRerad<br />

deklamaciaSi, sasceno moZraoba sacekvao plastikasa da JestSi.<br />

speqtakli uaxlovdeboda antikur wminda xelovnebas, sadac<br />

dro ar arsebobda.<br />

modernuli periodis xelovnebaSi cxovrebis mimbaZvelobiTi<br />

xelovneba Seicvala poeturi dialogiT. radgan, damkvidrebuli<br />

azris Tanaxmad, mxolod poetebs xelewifebodaT samyaros Secnoba,<br />

xolo poeziis mwvervalad tragedia da musika gacxadda, romelic<br />

samyaros nebis obieqtivacias warmoadgenda. kvlav aRorZinda<br />

musikidan dabadebuli tragedia, Sesrulebis paTosi da jadosnuri<br />

xelovneba. musikaSi gacxadebuli samyaro warmoaCenda yvelaze<br />

idumal sawyiss, sadac samyaro musikis, musika samyaros xati<br />

iyo. xolo aramusikaluri, evripides mier damkvidrebuli teqstis<br />

gagebis tendencia, kvlav Seicvala musikidan dabadebuli<br />

tragediis esTetikuri msmenelis aRorZinebiT.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Tanamedroveni msaxiobis metyvelebas<br />

zaris rekvas adarebdnen. garkveulwilad msaxiobis xma<br />

warmoadgenda kidec musikalur instruments. poeturi<br />

metyvelebis melodia teqstis Sinaarsisa da ganwyobis mixedviT<br />

iyo moZebnili. musika sametyvelo enis kolorits gansazRvravda<br />

da, piriqiT, poeturi metyveleba JRerda rogorc musika, romelic<br />

erwymoda melodias.<br />

marjaniSviliseuli speqtaklis musika ZiriTadad Seiqmna<br />

fleitisa da simebian sakravTa meSveobiT. franguli ganaTlebis<br />

kompozitori T. vaxvaxiSvili qarTuli musikaluri tradiciebis<br />

gaazrebiTa da franguli sisadaviT qmnida evropuli mignebebis<br />

Tanaxmier musikas. rogorc cnobilia, swored safrangeTs<br />

(bodlers) ukavSideboda aRniSnuli periodis heroikuli<br />

modernisTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualuri xelovnebiseuli<br />

formebis prioritetis dafuZneba. marjaniSviliseul speqtaklSi<br />

msaxiobis individualuri monacemebis, mis mier mignebuli<br />

gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneboda da<br />

icvleboda musika da piriqiT. musika gansazRvravda msaxiobis<br />

118 119

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

poeturi metyvelebis ZiriTad aqcentebs, sasceno moZraobisa<br />

da speqtaklis mTel tempo-ritms. amrigad, cocxali orkestris,<br />

musikalur-poeturi sityvisa da msaxiobis moZraobis harmoniul<br />

sinTezSi iqmneboda musikalur-simfoniuri warmodgenis<br />

garkveuli Janri, samTa erTianobis kanoni, anu e. w. magiuri<br />

samkuTxedis triada. am erTianobis ganviTarebisa da am kanonis<br />

srulyofili gacnobierebis safuZvelze warmoiqmneboda uZvelesi<br />

xelovnebiseuli formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nawarmoebi. aq<br />

msaxiobis sxeulic musikisa da plastikis, musika-sityvisa da<br />

plastikis gamomsaxveli iyo, xolo ritmi organizebul sawyiss<br />

warmoadgenda. amrigad, musikaluri melodiis ritmis, msaxiobis<br />

moZraobis ritmis, metyvelebis ritmis da a.S. yvela am<br />

mravalferovan ritmTa harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis safuZvelze<br />

iqmneboda xelovnebis nawarmoebis hipnozuri zemoqmedebis<br />

winapiroba. erTmaneTs avsebdnen verikos-ivdiTis haerovani da<br />

uSangis-urielis qariSxliseburi graciozulobiT Seqmnili<br />

maneruli scenuri saxeebi. maTi yoveli sityva, moZraoba da<br />

Jesti maTematikurad gaTvlili iyo. personaJis sulieri<br />

mdgomareoba JestSi gardaiqmneboda. aq apoloni individis<br />

tanjvaze, silamaze cxovrebiseul gancdaze zeimobda. Tanamedrove<br />

TeatrSi SemoiWra ZvelberZnuli TeatrisaTvis prioritetuli<br />

apolonur-dionisuri xelovnebis gadakveTa, anu harmonia da<br />

qaosi. SesamCnevi gaxda xelovnebis, rogorc TamaSisaken swrafvis<br />

tendencia. modernul periodSi prioritetuli metaforuli<br />

xelovneba ganerida yovelive realurs da Semusra adamianuri<br />

aspeqti. scenaze damkvidrda adamiani-simbolo. marjaniSviliseul<br />

speqtaklSi urielic da ivdiTic swored aseT simbolizirebul<br />

saxeebs warmoadgendnen. orive maTgani sicocxlisa da adamianuri<br />

arsebobis, misi funqciisa da faseulobebis ganmsazRvrel<br />

metaforul saxeebad iqcnen, sadac sicocxlis arseba swrafvaa,<br />

ltolvaa, raimes nebaa, cvla-ganaxlebis simboloa. igi<br />

siyvarulicaa da Tavisuflebis dauokebeli wadilic, amitomac<br />

iyo scenaze wyvilTa vneba-uvnebo, mistiuri da Seucnobeli.<br />

k.marjaniSvilis koncefciiT, urieli da ivdiTi orsxeuliani<br />

sxeulis Suaze gakveTili, realisturi koncefciis TviTkmari<br />

individualoba iyo. aq xorcieli sawyisi dakninebulia da<br />

Teatris funqcia da faseulobebi<br />

esTetikur koncefcias emorCileba. Sesabamisad, scenazea ara<br />

xorcieli arseba, aramed idealisti, romelic unda mokvdes<br />

imisTvis, rom ukeTesi da umetesi, ufro Zlieri iSvas. xolo<br />

mis damdablebas, ara marto Semmusravi da uarmyofeli mnSvneloba<br />

aqvs, aramed dadebiTi. igi amaRorZinebeli da ambivalenturia.<br />

uSangi CxeiZis uriels msubuqad mohqonda mZime, Savi<br />

wamosasxami, tiranuli reJimis pirobebSi, misive xvedris simbolo.<br />

urielisve Sav samosze TeTri tilos sayelo, iseve rogorc<br />

ivdiTis qaTqaTa, TeTri samosi, natifad aqandakebda msaxiobTa<br />

keTilSobilur profils, maT kexian, aRmosavlur cxvirs.<br />

k.marjaniSvili mkacri sizustiT mihyveboda damkvidrebul<br />

modernul tendencias aristokratuli xelovnebis formirebis<br />

Taobaze. Sesabamisad, k. marjaniSviliseuli arCevani qarTuli<br />

gvaris or rCeul warmomadgenelze am mxrivac iyo motivirebuli.<br />

modernuli tendenciis Sesabamisad, k. marjaniSvilis<br />

Teatraluri esTetikac gamoirCeva mkveTri ferebiT. speqtaklis<br />

ganaTebaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda sisxlisferi da<br />

TvalismomWreli oqrosferi, avismomaswavebel musikas zeimuroba<br />

da silaRe. saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi prioritetuli iyo<br />

saopero, sabaleto da dramatuli Teatris msaxiobTa<br />

gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi. speqtaklSi CarTuli pantomimuri<br />

scenebi amZafrebda arsebuli reJimis sisastikis saxier Cvenebas.<br />

meamboxe urielisadmi mimarTuli wyevlis yoveli frazis<br />

dasrulebisas de santosi (al. imedaSvili, g. CuguaSvili)<br />

kibis TiTo safexurze eSveboda. qedmoxrili ivdiTi (v.<br />

anjafariZe, n. murvaniZe) uneblied ixevda urielisgan. es pasaJi<br />

mkafiod asaxavda damkvidrebuli morCilebis momajadoebel Zalas.<br />

mrevli iseTi simwvaviT reagirebda wyevlis yoveli frazis<br />

dasasruls, TiTqos maTraxi dahkreso. tkivilisa Tu Tavdacvis<br />

instiqtiT welSi moxrilebsa da TavzexelebSemoWdobilebs<br />

gminvisa da muqarismagvari bgerebi aRmoxdebodaT xolme. es<br />

pantomimuri scena sisxlisfrad iyo ganaTebuli, orkestric<br />

avismomaswavebel musikas ukravda. mRelvareba piks aRwevda da<br />

samarisebul siCumes hkveTda ivdiTis mtkice amboxi. rabinTa<br />

jgufi mrisxane saxeebiT tovebdnen wyvils. sisxlisfer sinaTles<br />

kvlav TvalismomWreli oqrosferi enacvleboda, JRerda<br />

120 121

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

`gamarjvebulTa laitmotivi~. amayi, bednieri da momRimari ivdiTi<br />

urielisken xelebgawvdili kibis zeda baqnidan iwyebda sabaleto<br />

msaxiobis graciozulobiT Seqmnil saxelganTqmul monologarias:<br />

`axla Cemi xar, Cemo uriel!~... u. CxeiZis urieli muxls<br />

idrekda mamaci qalis winaSe da Tavadac ivdiTisaken<br />

xelebgawvdili neli nabijiT iwyebda svlas grZel kibeze.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom speqtaklis kostumebi moyvarulma<br />

mkeravma, profesiiT operis momReralma ganaxorciela. Tavad<br />

reJisoris TanaSemwe al. gvelesians ki diriJoroba daekisra.<br />

igi warmodgenis reJisoruli partiturisa da TiToeuli<br />

Semsruleblis individualurobis gaTvaliswinebiT marTavda<br />

orkestrs<br />

marjaniSvilis mier modernulad iqna gaazrebuli<br />

ZvelberZnuli qoros funqciac. ZaZiT mosili adamianebis jgufi<br />

SiSiT aTrTolebuli moZraobda scenaze. maTi haerSi molivlive<br />

xelis mtevnebi Tu mravaltanjuli mzera, warmoaCenda urielis<br />

samarTliani amboxis Tanamoazre da sakuTari umweobiT<br />

sasowarkveTili sazogadoebis ganwyobas. usamarTlo realobasTan<br />

uSedego brZolis Semdeg, adamianuri Rirsebis xelmyof reJimTan<br />

amboxis erTaderT alternatiul saSualebad misgan ganridebaRa<br />

rCeboda. T. vaxvaxiSvilis 5 cnobiT, TviTmkvlelobis scenaSi v.<br />

anjafariZis scenuri gmiri welgamarTuli, didebuli da mSvidi<br />

ieriT pirqve emxoboda petre ocxeliseul egzotikur<br />

savarZelSi. Tavs iklavda urielic. wamieri pauzis Semdeg ki<br />

scenas sazeimo musika da TvalismomWreli mzis sxivebi avsebda.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, dionisuri xelovanisaTvis sikvdili<br />

maradiuli ganaxlebaa. igi ambivalenturia, uaryofs da amkvidrebs.<br />

amitomac iyo marjaniSviliseuli speqtaklis finali uCveulod<br />

zeimuri, xolo zeimoba (yovelgvari) mix. baxtinis ganmartebiT,<br />

kulturis pirveladi formaa, dakavSirebuli adamianuri<br />

cxovrebis krizisuli gardatexis - sikvdilisa da aRorZinebis,<br />

cvlisa da ganaxlebis momentebTan. aq gmiri kvdeba, ibadeba da<br />

axldeba. swored am ambivalentobaSia misi zeimuroba. mas<br />

akvdineben da Tesaven kidec, raTa iSvas ukeTesi da ufro<br />

Zlieri.<br />

amrigad, k. marjaniSvilis `uriel akostas~ saxiT qarTuli<br />

Teatris istoriaSi Seiqmna maRali tragedia, romelic gaamxelda<br />

Teatris funqcia da faseulobebi<br />

Tanadroul sinamdvileSi warmoqmnil umTavres problemas -<br />

brZolas sicocxlisTvis, gadarCenisTvis, realobidan gaqcevaamaRlebisTvis.<br />

speqtaklis yvela komponenti mimarTul iqna<br />

swored am ZiriTadi ideis warmosaCenad. am mxriv s. Wiaurelis<br />

mier aRdgenili dadgma distancirda rogorc modernuli, ise<br />

Tanamedrove periodis social-politikuri garemosgan, moarul<br />

saTeatro esTetikasTan da saSemsruleblo skolasTan.<br />

1. T vaxvaxiSvili, kote marjaniSvilis eqvsi speqtakli, Tbilisi,<br />

1968;<br />

2. v. gariki, Teatri, Tbilisi, 1958;<br />

3. v. anjafariZe ,,uSangi CxeiZe’’, Tbilisi, 1979, gv-29;<br />

4. T vaxvaxiSvili, kote marjaniSvilis eqvsi speqtakli, Tbilisi,<br />

1968 w;<br />

5. ix. zemoT dasaxelebuli wigni.<br />

122 123

lamara RonRaZe,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

reJisori, dro, speqtakli<br />

(lili ioselianis pirveli speqtakli)<br />

lili ioseliani gamorCeuli adamiani, pirovneba, reJisori<br />

da pedagogia. es gamorCeuloba yovelTvis imdenad TvalSisacemi<br />

iyo, rom TiTqos, mis Semoqmedebasac ki uwevda metoqeobas! –<br />

rasac, albaT, yvelaze metad misi saxelis gansakuTrebuli<br />

legendiTmosileba ganapirobebda. es legendaruli areali xSirad<br />

imasac sarwmunos xdida, rom, vTqvaT, misi ganuxorcielebeli<br />

Canafiqric ki, gacilebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre sxva reJisoris<br />

warmatebuli speqtakli. Tumca gamorCeuloba lili ioselianisTvis<br />

RvTis saCuqarze ufro umZimesi jvari iyo yovelTvis. jvari,<br />

romelic sxvebze metis atanasa da gausaZlisis gaZlebas moiTxovda<br />

misgan. misi gamorCeuloba Tavdapirvelad mis iseT sisustesa da<br />

daucvelobaSi gamoixata, romelic TandaTanobiT, liliseuli<br />

daTmeniTa da nebiT, sakuTar siZliered aqcia.<br />

pirveli Seudrekeli neba ki maSin gamoamJRavna, roca<br />

reJisoroba, esoden `mamakacuri saqme~ airCia profesiad da<br />

veRaravin aTqmevina uari masze. mSoblebis aqtiur<br />

winaaRmdegobasac sZlia da mravalTa skepticizmsac – am<br />

sifrifana qalma artistebis marTvis Zala da gamZleoba saidan<br />

unda ipovos sakuTar TavSio?! – gamZleobasac miakvlia da<br />

gabedulebasac – erT mSvenier dRes uyoymanod miatova Tbilisis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis filologiuri fakultetis<br />

germanuli enis ganyofileba da moskovSi, Teatraluri<br />

institutis sareJisoro fakultetze Casabareblad gaemgzavra.<br />

Caabara kidec! – misi utexoba ki ufro metad gaxdeba sacnauri,<br />

Tu davsZen, rom es 1941 wels xdeboda!...<br />

marTalia, swavlis dawyebidan sul raRac sami Tvis Semdeg,<br />

mamam – konstantine ioselianma _ CaakiTxa da acremlebuli<br />

saxlSi wamoabrZana, magram es daTmoba ki ara, mtkiced arCeuli<br />

gzis gagrZeleba iyo. gzisa, romelmac 1939 w. aRdgenil<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Teatralur institutSi moRvawe<br />

didostatebTan miiyvana.<br />

reJisuras maSin axalgazrda, SemdgomSi msofliloSi<br />

saxelganTqmuli reJisori, giorgi tovstonogovi aswavlida.<br />

msaxiobis ostatobas, imxanad TbilisSi evakuirebuli samxatvro<br />

Teatris msaxiobi, olRa iakubovskaia. Tavis am did<br />

maswavleblebTan eziara igi stanislavskis qmediTi analizis<br />

meTods. maTTan daeufla msaxiobTan muSaobis im gansakuTrebul<br />

xerxebsa da saSualebebs, mogvianebiT lilis skolis saxeliT<br />

rom gaxda cnobili.<br />

sainteresoa qarTuli Teatrmcodneobis erT-erTi gamorCeuli<br />

avtoritetis, naTela uruSaZis mosazrebac, misi msaxioburi<br />

niWierebis Sesaxeb – `lili ioselianis aqtiorul niWierebaSi<br />

eWvis Setana SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom, rodesac g. tovstonogovi<br />

anawilebda rolebs, samsaxiobo fakultetis meoTxe kursis<br />

sadiplomo warmodgenisaTvis pristlis piesaSi `dro da konveis<br />

ojaxi~, medea CaxavasTan erTad lilic daniSna kerolis rolze.<br />

rodesac lili pirvelad gamocxadda repeticiaze... g.<br />

tovstonogovma maSinve samuSaod gaixmo. uceb Seaxsena mocemuli<br />

viTarebani... swrafad Caeba lili mxiarulebis ritmsa da<br />

ganwyobilebaSi... parteridan moisma g. tovstonogovis: `yoCaR~.<br />

arc Tu ise advili iyo misgan am sityvis gagoneba~. 1<br />

lili ioselianisTvisac arasodes araferi yofila advili.<br />

arc yofaSi, arc SemoqmedebaSi. Tavis mtkivneulad sust<br />

janmrTelobasTan erTad yofas gausaZlisad umZimebda misia,<br />

romelic TiTqmis bavSvobidan ergo. `pigmalionis qmnadobis~<br />

am misias ki igi maSin Seudga, rodesac Tavisi gzasacdenili Zma<br />

jaba jer sasikvdilo ganaCenisagan ixsna, Semdeg ki Taviseburi<br />

utexi daJinebiT Seudga misi pirovnebis im miTosuri suraTxatis<br />

srulqmna-damkvidrebas, aseTi TavdaviwyebiT rom aRazeva me-20<br />

saukunis miwurulis weraatanil qarTvelTa aRgznebulma<br />

gonebam!... samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom lili ioseliani<br />

am qmnadobaSic iseTive did simaRleebs Sewvda, rogorc<br />

Tea t r a l u r xe l ov neb a S i , r ogo r c Tea tr a l u r<br />

pedagogikaSi.@`lili ioseliani qarTuli reJisuris didostatia.<br />

misi pedagogiuri monacemebi unikaluria. lili ioseliani<br />

skolaa~. sxvaTa qebisas friad TavSekavebuli mixeil<br />

TumaniSvilis am sityvebis Semdeg SemiZlia, ufro Tamamad<br />

124 125

lamara RonRaZe<br />

gavimeoro dasawyisSi naTqvami _ lili ioseliani gamorCeulia<br />

imiT rom lili ioseliania!<br />

Tumca, im gardasul, ukve saukunis miRmier 1952 wels, rodesac<br />

igi marjaniSvilis TeatrSi mivida, yvelaze TvalSi sacemi, rac<br />

mis gamorCeulobas ganapirobebda, albaT, jer mxolod misi<br />

umweo da dasacavad momxmobi garegnoba iyo. anu g. tovstonogovis<br />

frTian Sedarebas Tu movixmob _ `mudam naxevrad qalisa da<br />

naxevrad gogonas STabeWdilebis momxdeni garegnoba~.<br />

marjaniSvilis TeatrSi lili ioseliani damdgmel reJisorad<br />

miiRes. mTavari reJisori vaxtang tabliaSvili iyo. gacilebiT<br />

zusti iqneba Tu vityvi _ sakadro nusxis Sesabamisi Tanamdeboba<br />

vaxtang tabliaSvils ekava meTqi! – radgan namdvili mTavrebi<br />

da Zalian mTavrebic scenaze idgnen.<br />

da mere vin idgnen?! _ lado asaTianis ar iyos, sxvebi<br />

rom ara, veriko anjafariZe kmaroda. magram sxvebic iyvnen da<br />

Tanac isini, romlebic TviT marjaniSvilsac ki manamde itanden<br />

(verikosTan erTad), sanam misi mxardWeriT TavianT Tavisuflebas<br />

alaRebdnen. sanam kmaroda axmetelTan gajibrebis Jini da<br />

marjaniSvilis geniiT Seqmnili ukvdavi speqtaklebis xibli,<br />

saxel-didebas rom uxveWda maT. sanam iyo maTiT da mxolod<br />

maTiT aRtacebuli marjaniSvilis sxivmfinari Tvalebi! sakmarisi<br />

iyo, am TvalebSi maTiT aRtacebis garda, damoukidebeli nebis,<br />

Tundac umniSvnelo Crdilic ki gaciagebuliyo, am misgan<br />

xeldasxmulma artistebma TavianTi ganaCeni ise Rrmad<br />

dautriales gulSi did maswavlebels, rom, axmetelisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, sistemis represiuli manqanis gamoyeneba aRar<br />

dasWirvebiaT, ise gauCerda igi!...<br />

amdenad, ar iyo gasakviri, rom swored isini, oci-ocdaaTianiormociani<br />

wlebis codo-brals naziarebi da represiebs<br />

TavdaRweuli artistebi moiazrebdnen Tavs 50-iani wlebis<br />

qarTuli Teatris liderebadac. realuradac isini qmnidnen im<br />

periodis Cveni Teatris ganumeorebel saxes. amitomac iyo, rom<br />

isini arc mmarTvels eZebdnen da arc gzis maCvenebels. reJisors<br />

speqtakli unda daedga, maTTvis sasurveli da maT didebaze<br />

morgebuli... am TvalsazrisiT verc lili ioseliani iqneboda<br />

gamonaklisi. daostatebis rogori skolac ar unda hqoneboda<br />

reJisori, dro, speqtakli<br />

gavlili, Tavis damkvidrebis garda, albaT im dros, arc ioselians<br />

eqneboda metis pretenzia, miT ufro, rom xmauriani meamboxeoba<br />

da wingaWrilis Tavdaviwyeba, arc Semdeg yofila misi stili.<br />

igi ufro Cumad ukmayaofilo adamiani gaxldaT. ukmayofilo<br />

ki marTlac yovelTvis iyo. Tanac yvelaTi da yvelafriT!<br />

magram Tavis romelime speqtaklSi es arc arasdros ganucxadebia.<br />

mTeli misi epataJi da janyi misi Zma jaba iyo! speqtaklebSi ki<br />

igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro TavisTvis buzRunebda. iqneb fiqrSi<br />

apirebda kidec yvelasTvis yvelaferi pirSi miexala da erTi<br />

kargad moeoxebina guli, magram?! rac marTalia marTalia, mis<br />

pirovnebaSi amis ganzraxulobis xazgasma yovelTvis ikiTxeboda,<br />

da albaT, yvelaze `xmamaRali~ masSi swored ganzraxuloba da<br />

kidev moridebulobis gamokveTilad gamomwvevi demonstrireba<br />

gaxldaT.<br />

Tumca, saeWvoa, amas maSin vinmeze raime efeqti moexdina.<br />

lili ioselianis, dRes ukve yvelasTvis ase nacnobi<br />

uflebawarTmeulobis gamomwvevi xazgasma, angariSgasawev Zalas<br />

mere da mere SeiZens, Torem maSin marjaniSvilis TeatrSi<br />

damxdurTaTvis es axalgazrda reJisoris arsebobis bunebrivi<br />

forma iyo.<br />

zraxvebi da imedebi, yvela damwyebis msgavsad, rasakvirvelia,<br />

masac diadi eqneboda, magram iluziebisadmi gansakuTrebulad<br />

Tavmicemuli rom ar yofila, amas misi, ase vTqvaT, yovlad<br />

udavidarabo da uwyinari arCevanic cxadhyofs.<br />

pirveli piesa, romelic ioselianma marjaniSvilis TeatrSi<br />

dadga, imdroisaTvis sakmaod gaxmaurebuli saxelis mqone poetisa<br />

da dramaturgis viqtor gabeskirias piesa `gazafxulis dila~<br />

iyo, anu, is nawarmoebi, romelic zedmiwevniT Seesabameboda<br />

sabWouri wyobis ideologiur kliSes da omaxianad exmianeboda<br />

sistemis TviTkritikuli paTosis imxanad aSlil saRerRels<br />

_ `sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis 1946 wlis 26<br />

agvistos istoriulma dadgenilebam `dramatuli Teatrebis~<br />

repertuarisa da misi gaumjobesebaTa RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb~.<br />

dramaturgebsa da Teatris muSakebs amocanad dausaxa Seqmnan<br />

mkafio da mxatvrulad srulfasovani nawarmoebebi sabWoTa<br />

sazogadoebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, sabWoTa adamianis Sesaxeb.<br />

126 127

lamara RonRaZe<br />

reJisori, dro, speqtakli<br />

roca am amocanis TvalsazrisiT vudgebiT viqtor gabeskirias<br />

piesas `gazafxulis dila~, aseT daskvnamde mivdivarT, igi uTuod<br />

did daxmarebas gauwevs mayurebelSi mowinave, sabWoTa<br />

ideologiisa da moralis danergvis saqmes, ufro metad<br />

gaamaxvilebs Cvens yuradRebas im naklovanebebze, rac jer kidev<br />

mTlianad ar aris aRmofxvrili yofidan~. 2<br />

v. gabeskirias piesis mixedviT, `yofidan jer kidev<br />

aRmoufxvreli naklovaneba~ e. w. saerTo-saxalxo sakuTrebidan<br />

metis miTvisebisa da metis dauflebis survili gaxldaT.<br />

mayurebelSi mowinave sabWoTa ideologiisa da moralis<br />

danergvisaTvis SemarTuli dramamturgi didi mowadinebiT<br />

cdilobda, Tavisi gmirebis magaliTiT daegmo da gaekicxa is<br />

adamianebi, ukeT cxovrebis `yovlad mankieri~ midrekilebebis<br />

gamo `xalxis qonebas~ rom iparavdnen!<br />

sazogadoebis mTavari xorcmeti, rogorc maSin uwodebdnen,<br />

piesaSi Saqris qarxnis direqtori longinozia, momxveWeli da<br />

cxovrebis komunisturi princi pis damrRvevi. sazogadoebis<br />

meorexarisxovan wylulad, piesis avtors, misi moadgile titiko<br />

miaCnia, romelic Tavisdasamarcxvinod didi gemos CatanebiT<br />

ilokavs im TiTebs, xalxis kuTvnil Taflian kasrSi rom aqvs<br />

Cayofili?!<br />

dramatuli konfliqti swored am uwesoebisa da Tavdadebuli<br />

komunistis, qarxnis DinJiner Salvas urTierTdapirispirebazea<br />

agebuli. piesis avtoris ideologiuri gulmodgineba rom<br />

SeumCeveli ar darCenila, amas imdroindeli presa Zalze naTlad<br />

adasturebs: _ `viqtor gabeskiriam Tavis piesaSi erTmaneTs mkveTrad<br />

daupirispira, erTi mxriv, gadagvarebuli, egoisti longinozi da<br />

titiko, romelTa sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi interesi<br />

arafrad ar miaCniaT, yvelafers mxolod piradi keTildReobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT uyureben, Tanamdebobas borotad iyeneben da<br />

saxelmwifo qonebas aniaveben; meore mxriv _ patiosani, uaRresad<br />

keTilSobili, mtkice, brZolaSi Seupovari, xalxisa da<br />

saxelmwifosTvis Tavdadebuli komunisti _ inJineri Salva,<br />

romelic xalxis siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT sargeblobs~. 3<br />

konfliqtis ganviTareba da kvanZis gaxsna qarxanaSi<br />

Tbilisidan Camosuli revizorebis Semowmebis fonze xdeba.<br />

konkretuli situacia aseTia _ Saqris qarxanas revizia<br />

estumreba. direqtor longinozs yvelaferi rigze ver aaqvs.<br />

revizorebs SeuZliaT mis mier moparulis, arc Tu kargad<br />

dafarul, kvals miagnon. Tanac icis rom, maT am saqmeSi didi<br />

siamovnebiT daexmareba mtkice komunisti Salva. maSasadame, Salvas<br />

Camocilebaa saWiro! da longinozi abriyvebs, ase vTqvaT,<br />

gulubryvilo da gamoucdel mZRols eliozs da Caagonebs<br />

moparos sabuTebi Salvas. amiT braleuloba masze gadainacvlebs,<br />

longinozi ki gamoZvreba.<br />

mZRoli marTlac iparavs sabuTebs, radgan TavdaviwyebiT<br />

uyvars da eWvianobs lilize, romelsac Tavis mxriv patiosani<br />

komunisti Salva uyvars. longinozis fandi gaWris _ dakarguli<br />

sabuTebis kvals gamodevnebuli revizorebi Salvas miadgebian.<br />

Salvas daWeris safrTxe daemuqreba, magram am dros siyvarulis<br />

diadi Zala imZlavrebs. patiosani eliozi mixvdeba, rom, rac ar<br />

unda moxdes, lilis mainc Salva eyvareba. bedsSerigebuli da<br />

sindisis qenjna aRZruli eliozi SalvasTan miva, yvelaferSi<br />

gamoutydeba da moparul sabuTebs ukan daubrunebs.<br />

samarTali zeimobs.<br />

finali Salvas oTaxSi TamaSdeba. oTaxSi Salva da lili<br />

arian.<br />

`Salva _ lamazi dila Tendeba. (moismis simRera) _ zambaxsac<br />

gaRviZeboda da Tavs uxrida niavsa... bavSvobaSi dauweria da<br />

mainc ramdeni Zala aqvs... aq vrCebi, erTad viqnebiT, erTad<br />

vimuSavebT. iseTi dila gaTenda, rogoric Sen daxate, Cveni<br />

qveyana, Cveni cxovrebac mas hgavs, Cvenc yvelani misi sispetakis,<br />

misi sidiadis Sesaferisni unda viyoT~.<br />

aseTi paTosiT egebeboda v. gabeskirias patiosani komunisti<br />

Salva, gazafxulis dilas, romelic mayurebels, rasakvirvelia,<br />

ise unda mieRo, rogorc komunistebis mier dapirebuli is<br />

nanatri dila, romelic gaciskrovnebul dRed da netari<br />

cxovrebis dasawyisad unda qceuliyo!...<br />

dramaturgis an reJisoris mimarT raimes SeniSvnamde, vfiqrob,<br />

kargi iqneba, Tu gavixsenebT piesis dawerisa da dadgmis dros.<br />

speqtaklis premiera Sedga 1952 wlis 19 noembers. es aris<br />

dro, rodesac sabWoTa sistema garegnulad mainc Tavisi zeobis<br />

mwvervalze imyofeba. lamis ukidegano qveyana SepyobiliviT<br />

128 129

lamara RonRaZe<br />

reJisori, dro, speqtakli<br />

Sescicinebs `vards gaefurCqna kokoris~ kremlSi davanebul<br />

avtors da yvelafridan ise Cans, TiTqos gulwrfelad xarobs<br />

naTeli `gazafxulis dilis~ ideiT!... amJamad SeiZleba vTqvaT:<br />

Tavs aCvenebdao, magram am moCvenebiTobaSi iseTi ganwiruli<br />

mowadineba igrZnoboda, rom simarTlemde TiTqmis aRarc araferi<br />

aklda!.. is mowadineba, gabeskirias damtkbar-dasaTnoebuli<br />

gmirisagan gansxvavebuli realuri Salvebis daundobeli<br />

sisastikiT rom caxcaxebda!...<br />

dRes vin gaamtyunebs im patara, sifrifana gogonas, romelic<br />

verc TeatrSi daxvedril msaxiobTa moZalebul diqtatsa da<br />

rutinas Seeba da verc wyobis represiul manqanas. anda mas<br />

maSin saidan unda scodnoda rom sul male iq, kremlSi,<br />

dasasrulis dasawyisis mauwyebeli zari Camohkravda?!<br />

man ubralod is gza airCia, romelsac yvela miuyveboda da<br />

sistemis winaaRmdeg uperspeqttivo janys, speqtaklSi Salvasa<br />

da lilis siyvarulis lirikuli xazis win wamoweva da<br />

longinozis msgavs `cud warmonaqmnebze~ ukmayofileba amjobina.<br />

reJisoris kompromisuli ganwyoba rolebis ganawilebidanac<br />

Cans. `gadagvarebulsa da saxelmwifo qonebis gamniavebel<br />

longinozs~ vaso goZiaSvili TamaSobda, xolo masze aranakleb<br />

`mavne elements~ titikos _ akaki kvantaliani. komediuri da<br />

saxasiaTo rolebis Semsrulebeli am ori gamoCenili ostatis<br />

arCevani, vfiqrob, mravlismetyvelad cxadhyofs axalgazrda<br />

reJisoris damokidebulebas dasagmobi, sazogadoebisagan<br />

uarsayofad ganwiruli personaJebisadmi. swored maTi, am ori<br />

didi artistis saSemsruleblo palitraSi uxvad moZalebul<br />

komediur ferebs unda gaemasxrebina, gaekicxa d,a ase vTqvaT,<br />

satiris geenisaTvis gadaeca `idealuri sazogadoebis~ mSenebelTa<br />

Semarcxvenelni.<br />

imdroindeli presa gvimowmebs, rom v. goZiaSvilsa da<br />

ak.kvantalians brwyinvaled SeusrulebiaT es diadi misia! _<br />

`v. goZiaSvilis longinozi swored gagebuli da mxatvrulad<br />

dasrulebuli xasiaTia – msaxiobi Rrmad Cawvda uaryofiTi<br />

gmiris bunebas, mkveTrad gamoavlina misi konkretuli Tvisebebi,<br />

qcevis Taviseburebani... man mSvenivrad monaxa rolis Sesatyvisi<br />

scenuri ferebi da longinozi uaryofiTi tipis ganzogadebul<br />

saxed aqcia~...<br />

`iSviaTi warmateba xvda speqtaklSi ak. kvantalians. aq<br />

erTxel kidev mTeli ZaliT gamoCnda msaxiobis aqtioruli<br />

ostatoba da xalasi niWi. ak. kvantalianma ostaturad gaaSiSvla<br />

da gakicxa saxelmwifo qonebis gamniavebeli, uqnara adamianis<br />

tipi. msaxiobs metad marjved aqvs monaxuli Jestebi, moZraobis<br />

manera. metyvelebis mkveTri Tavisebureba. misi yoveli gamosvla<br />

scenaze, ubralo gavla Tu sityvis warmoTqma mayurebelSi<br />

gulwrfel sicils iwvevs... maSinac, roca titiko gamomJRavnebuli<br />

da moxsnilia, msaxiobi misdami sibralulis grZnobas ki ar<br />

aRZravs, Seubraleblad dascinis da bolomde anadgurebs mas~. 4<br />

winaswarganzraxuli ganwyobis Seqmnis gamiznulobis<br />

deficiti arc sxva rolebis SerCevisas Cans. iseTi ganwyobisa,<br />

roca ginda, esa Tu is gmiri danaxvisTanave moewonos, ufro<br />

metic, danaxvisTanave Seuyvardes mayurebels. personaJi, romliTac<br />

darbazi, ase vTqvaT, programis wakiTxvisTanave unda moxibluliyo,<br />

piesaSi, `diad stalinur epoqaSi aRzrdili da gamowrTobili<br />

tipiuri gmiri~ Salva gaxldaT. reJisors am rolze, marTlac<br />

rom gamorCeuli xibliT dajildoebuli ostati, pier kobaxiZe<br />

hyavda daniSnuli. cxovrebiseuli, Tu scenuri mimzidveloba,<br />

arc mis axalgazrda dubliors, ediSer maRalaSvils aklda.<br />

Tumca, obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom reJisoris<br />

gulmodginebas, rac SeiZleba saukeTeso scenuri gansxeuleba<br />

moeZebna Salvas saxisaTvis, albaT, isic ganapirobebda, rom<br />

cdilobda am gziT mainc gaexada damajerebeli piesiseuli<br />

Salvas sakmaod sqematuri saxe.<br />

reJisoris mowadineba aqac Sedegiani aRmoCnda _ `pier<br />

kobaxiZe Salvas saxes ise gvixatavs, rom mayurebeli masSi<br />

xedavs da grZnobs mowinave sabWoTa adamians, amitomac sjera misi<br />

simarTlisa... TavdaWerili, mtkice, pirdapiri, principuli komunistia<br />

pier kobaxiZis Salva. igi ver urigdeba longinozisa da misi<br />

wris uxamsobas, maqinaciebs, saxelmwifo qonebis datacebas, ulmoblad<br />

amxels maT borotmoqmedebas, saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs igi~.<br />

calkeuli Semsruleblebis msgavs Sefasebebs dRes is<br />

mniSvnelobac aqvs, rom isini msaxiobTa TamaSis maRali xarisxis<br />

Sesaxebac gvamcnoben da speqtakllis ideologiuri paTosis<br />

wakiTxvis saSualebasac gvaZleven. paTosisa, romelic sabWoTa<br />

adamianisaTvis ukadrisi da mankieri midrekilebebis dagmobaSi<br />

unda gamoxatuliyo.<br />

130 131

lamara RonRaZe<br />

reJisori, dro, speqtakli<br />

Tumca piesaSi da cxadia, speqtaklSic, ar SeiZleboda Tavi<br />

ar eCina im Sinagan winaaRmdegobebs e. w. socialisturi realizmis<br />

principebze Seqmnili nawarmoebebisTvis rom iyo damaxasiaTebeli<br />

_ roca iwereboda erTi da ikiTxeboda meore. roca mxatvruli<br />

simarTlis siRrmiseuli logika usxlteboda Tavsmoxveul<br />

xelovnurobas da imas warmoaCenda, rac sinamdvileSi xdeboda.<br />

amas verc Cveni sakvlevi speqtaklis avtorebi acden. viqtor<br />

gabeskirias piesaSi, misi arc Tu faseuli mxatvruli Rirebulebis<br />

miuxedavad, mainc Canda, rom rac ar unda ilaparakos partiam<br />

Tanabari cxovrebis wessa da saerTo saxalxo sakuTrebis Sesaxeb,<br />

Saqari mainc Saqris qarxnis direqtoris ufro iqneba, vidre im<br />

muSis, qarxanaSi SaqriT savse tomrebs rom ezideba... anu,<br />

Tavisdauneburad, magram mainc Canda, komunizmis am mSenebelTa<br />

wiaRSi rogor ibadeboda da Zalas ikrebda mqonebelTa axali<br />

fena, ase ubodiSod rom uTxrida Zirs Tanabari cxovrebis<br />

TavisTavad mSvenier ideas.<br />

cxadia, is, rac am sakmaod sust piesaSi gacxadda, lili<br />

ioselianis daxvewili, maRalprofesiuli ostatobiT dadgmul<br />

speqtaklSic ver damalavda Tavs. da Sesabamisad, albaT, swored<br />

es gaxldaT akrZalulTan Sexebis is siTamame, moqalaqeobriv<br />

gabedulebad rom CaeTvala mis Semqmnels.<br />

Tavad reJisori Tvlis rom `im dros, roca simarTlis Tqma<br />

akrZaluli iyo, Cven raRac wamoviwripineT!.. amis miuxedavad<br />

speqtaklma manc gaiJRera. Teatris istoriaSic iTamaSa garkveuli<br />

roli. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom me maswavla rom<br />

_ reJisoris bednierebaa gaugos avtors! Cawvdes mis saTqmels!<br />

me gancdis reJisori var! reJisori, romelic ganicdis avtors!<br />

gancdas ki maSin vaRwev, roca vxvdebi ris Tqma undoda avtors,<br />

roca mis suls vwvdebi!~<br />

diax, albaT, mnaxvelTa mexsierebaSi, swored imitomac darCa<br />

es speqtakli, rogorc erT-erTi dauviwyari STabeWdileba, rom<br />

lili ioselianma SeZlo avtoris sulsac Cawvdomoda da<br />

msaxiobebic axali xerxebiTa da saSualebebiT aemetyvelebina.<br />

giga lorTqifaniZe _ `speqtakli brwyinvale gamovida. masSi<br />

organulad iyo Serwymuli reJisoris realisturi, fsiqologiuri,<br />

magram amasTan erTad amaRlebuli, lirikuli samyaro... SesaniSnavi<br />

saxeebi Seiqmna, sruliad moulodneli saRebavebiT aJRerdnen _<br />

elene yifSiZe, vaxtang ninua, SaSo gomelauri da sxvebi~.<br />

elene yifSiZe _ `lilis repeticiebi saocreba iyo. yvelani<br />

monusxulebi viyaviT. _ `repeticiebi sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis,<br />

rom sxva adamianad iqce, dRis ganmavlobaSi, rasac ar unda<br />

akeTebde, rolze fiqri ar unda gtovebdes~, _ gvaswavlida<br />

lili. maxsovs, repeticiaze mimavalni troleibusSi avediT da<br />

me TiTqmis viyvire _ `ori!~ _ uceb lilim xeli wamatana da<br />

wamCurCula: `ase ara, ase ara, lili rogor aiRebda bileTs?!.~<br />

mivxvdi, rom me lena aRar var!... davwvrildi, avituze da Zlivs<br />

wamoviluRluRe _ Tu SeiZleba, qalbatono, ori bileTi~. SevediT<br />

TeatrSi. moriges Zlivs gasagonad, gaubedavad mivesalme. qurTuks<br />

rom vkidebdi, morigem aRelvebulma mkiTxa _ avad xom ar<br />

xaro?!. lilim Cem magivrad upasuxa: ara, Zalian kargad aris,<br />

swored ise, rogorc unda iyoso da kmayofilma gaiRima~...<br />

elene yifSiZe, im dros Tavadac axalgazrda msaxiobi, qarxnis<br />

buRalteriaSi momuSave gogonas _ lilis, TamaSobda. mxiaruls,<br />

magram morcxvsa da moridebuls, umweobamde moridebuls,<br />

romelsac TavdaviwyebiT uyvarda Salva. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba<br />

moulodneli mogeCvenos reJisoris gadawyvetileba aseTi<br />

grZnobaTa bunebis gmiris gansaxiereba miendo ukiduresad mkveTri,<br />

gabeduli, SeiZleba iTqvas, kvimati saxasiaTo Strixebisken<br />

midrekili msaxiobisaTvis. magram arss Tu CavwvdebiT, mivxvdebiT,<br />

rom es moulodneloba ki ara, reJisoris xelweris im<br />

damaxasiaTebel niSanTagania, romelmac misi gzis dasawyisSive<br />

iCina Tavi. rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misTvis msaxiobis<br />

fsiqofizikuri samyaro, mxolod `saSeni masala~ ki ara, rolis<br />

axleburi interpretaciis saSualebaa.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrob, yvelaze tipuri magaliTi, mis<br />

mier mogvianebiT dadgmuli d. kldiaSvilis `darispanis gasaWiri~<br />

da ulamazesi medea jafariZis arCevania karoJnas Semsruleblad!...<br />

_ arCevani, romelic ara mxolod moulodneli, bevrisTvis, albaT<br />

Sokis momgvrelic ki iyo. Tumca m. jafariZis karoJnamac da<br />

saerTod, l. ioeselianis mTelma Semoqmedebam cxadyo, rom msgavs<br />

gadawyvetilebas zedapiruli efeqtebis moyvareoba ki ara,<br />

siRrmiseul wiaRsvlebze orientirebuli Semoqmedis xedva<br />

ganapirobebda. amitomac iqca mayureblisaTvis, rogorc<br />

132 133

lamara RonRaZe<br />

m.jafariZec gvimowmebs, `gazafxulis dila~ dauviwyar<br />

speqtaklad. amitomac iyo, rom scenidan, reJisoris mier Seqmnili<br />

wminda da marTali atmosferos wyalobiT, ara raRac komunisturzepaTosuri<br />

miraJi, aramed Cveulebrivi, adamianuri, namdvili<br />

gazafxulis surneli ifrqveoda. im dilisa, Tu im gazafxulisa,<br />

ori mSvenieri axalgazrdis: elene yifSiZis lilisa da pier<br />

kobaxiZisa, Tu ediSer maRalaSvilis - Salvas siyvarulisTvis<br />

rom damdgariyo.<br />

axalgazrda reJisoris niWiereba da Tavisi saqmis Rrma<br />

codna msgavs scenebSi, rasakvirvelia, Warbad iCenda Tavs. iseT<br />

scenebSi sadac ideologiuri rifebis SiSs aridebuls mSvidad<br />

SeeZlo gasaqani mieca Tavisi SesaZleblobebisaTvis. mTeli<br />

misi Semoqmedeba ki imis dasturia, rom iq, sadac saqme wminda<br />

Semoqmedebas exeba, lili ioseliani Seudarebelia.<br />

vfiqrob, rogorc saTesle marcvalSi moiazreba is mcenare,<br />

romelic misgan unda amoizardos, rogorc jer kidev norCi<br />

nergisagan imzireba is mZlavri xe, drosa da qariSxlebs rom<br />

unda gauZlos, ise moCans, am speqtaklSi, is l. ioseliani,<br />

romlis Sesaxebac Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas: _ igi swored imiT<br />

aris gamorCeuli, rom lili ioseliania!...<br />

1. d. xvTisiaSvili, lili ioseliani (krebuli), Tb., 2002, gv. 24;<br />

2. gazeTi `komunisti~, # 806, 1952;<br />

3. iqve;<br />

4. iqve.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

lili ioselianis Sesaxeb marjaniSvilis Teatris muzeumSi daculi<br />

masalebi.<br />

„kaci viyav, adamiani...~<br />

giorgi cqitiSvili,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

„liri _ Sen an vin iyav? an ra iyav?<br />

edgari _ kaci viyav, adamiani, gulzviadi,<br />

Wkva amayi...~<br />

uiliam Seqspiri _ `mefe liri~ 1<br />

adamianTa sacxovrisi rom idealuri araa, es yvelasaTvis<br />

kargad cnobili WeSmaritebaa. kacobrioba dasabamidan ibrZoda<br />

mis gasaumjobeseblad. garkveul etapze, TiTqos, odnav<br />

warmatebasac aRwevda, magram srulyofilebamde maSinac ise<br />

Sors iyo, rogorc dRes... da, rac mTavaria, samwuxarod,<br />

mravalsaukunovani istoriis yovel monakveTSi, ganviTarebis<br />

yvela safexurze, erTsa da imave Secdomas uSvebda... TiTqos,<br />

misi mexsiereba gangeb iviwyebda warsuls, wlebis manZilze<br />

dagrovebul gamocdilebas, Wkuis saswavlebel gakveTilebs...<br />

arada, miuxedavad drois borblis ulmobeli, swrafi brunvisa,<br />

yvela drosa Tu epoqaSi, yvelaferi ciklurad, jiutad<br />

meordeboda... uzenaesis, qveynis gamriges ironiuli nebiT, kvlav<br />

da kvlav xdeboda is, rac araerTxel momxdara... Tumc, Cven<br />

yovelTvis mainc brmad, umecrad vimeorebdiT erTsa da imave<br />

Secdomas... mudam windauxedavni, ara SorsmWvretelni, gulmaviwyni<br />

viyaviT... amitomac, vimkidiT imas, rasac vTesdiT...<br />

kacobriobis istoria savsea mZafri qartexilebiT, sastiki<br />

gardaqmnebiTa, Tu ngrevis momtani kataklizmebiT... did<br />

socialur-politikur Zvrebs, romlebic, ra Tqma unda, xalxis<br />

sakeTildReod, cxovrebis, Tundac materialuri pirobebis<br />

gaumjobesebisaTvis xdeba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, lozungebi da<br />

dapirebebi, mudam am Sinaarsisaa), xSirad, ufro swori iqneba,<br />

yovelTvis, Tan axlavs tyupiscaliviT msgavsi procesebi... amis<br />

dasturad Soreul saukuneTa qronikebis qeqva ar dagvWirdeba...<br />

erT saukuneze odnav naklebi xnis win ruseTSi e. w. didi<br />

oqtombris socialisturi revolucia moxda...<br />

134 135

giorgi cqitiSvili<br />

axali qveynis, saxelmwifo-politikuri sistemis mSeneblebma,<br />

romelTa deklarirebul mizans, xalxisaTvis naTeli momavlis<br />

mopoveba warmoadgenda, sakmaod mtkivneuli reformebis gatareba<br />

daiwyes... maT aqamde arsebulis Zirfesvianad Secvla ganizraxes...<br />

energiulad, Seupovrad Seudgnen kidec saqmes... maTi Canafiqris<br />

Tanaxmad, savsebiT unda Secvliliyo yvelaferi... es exeboda,<br />

rogorc saxelmwifo mowyobas, ise Tavad adamians...<br />

marTlmadidebluri rwmena aTeizmiT Caanacvles; kerZo sakuTreba<br />

koleqtiuriT; manamde arsebul kulturas burJuaziuli uwodes<br />

da mis nacvlad proletarulis Seqmnas mihyves xeli... rac<br />

yvelaze mTavaria, axladgamomcxvarma ideologebma Tavad adamianis,<br />

maTTvis sasurvel qmnilebad gardaqmna ganizraxes...<br />

viRac damorCilda am process... Seegua... dayabulda azrovnebis<br />

rwmenis, cxovrebis wesis, mentalitetis, erovnuli<br />

TviTmyofadobis daTmobas, mis axliT Canacvlebas... aseTebi cotani<br />

rodi iyvnen... isini ricxobriv umravlesobas warmoadgendnen...<br />

ai, vinc sakuTar konstitucias, Tavis Tavs, principebs ar<br />

uRalata, ar damorCilda sxvis nebas, umciresobaSi aRmoCnda...<br />

amitom, isini xalxis anu masis mtrebadac iolad gamocxaddnen...<br />

isini zedmet adamianebad iqcnen... ufro iRblianebma, emigracias<br />

miaSures... umetesi maTgani ki represiebs emsxverpla... aseTebs<br />

absurduli braldebebi waeyenaT... maT ZiriTadad samSoblos<br />

RalatSi dasdes brali...<br />

albaT, sityva gamigrZelda, radgan Cemi naSromis mizani<br />

sulac araa istoriis kvleva, gardasul dReTa mogonebebis<br />

kvlav win wamoweva... ubralod, e. w. zedmeti adamianebis, uxeSad<br />

rom vTqvaT _ yofilTa Tema, yovelTvis aqtualur da maradiul<br />

problemad mimaCnia... amitom, ar unda daviviwyoT istoriuli<br />

magaliTebi, mexsiereba ar unda mivaZinoT... Torem, rac TiTqmis<br />

saukunis win moxda, didi albaTobiT dResac SesaZlebelia<br />

ganmeordes...<br />

Cem mier zemoaRniSnul problemas, xelovnebis araerTi<br />

nawarmoebi mieZRvna. gamonaklisi, bunebrivia, verc qarTuli Teatri<br />

iqneboda... am Temis mizani ramdenime magaliTis warmoCenaa, radgan<br />

formatiT mcire naSromSi SeuZlebelia srulad, yovlismomcvelad<br />

gaaanalizo, mimoixilo e. w. yofilTa pirovnuli tragedia, maTi<br />

kaci viyav, adamiani...~<br />

sulieri drama da is, Tu ra saxiT, ra xerxebiT warmoCnda<br />

yovelive es qarTul scenaze... amitom vecdebi lakonuri,<br />

konkretuli viyo... Tqvens yuradRebas SevaCereb XX saukunis<br />

80-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi dadgmul or speqtaklze...<br />

ufro swored, or warmodgenaSi naCveneb yofil adamianebze...<br />

naxevradCabnelebul, iisfrad mkrTalad ganaTebul scenaze,<br />

mayureblis Tvali jer kidev mkafiod ver aRiqvamda dekoraciis<br />

konturebs... Cven Tvalwin erTdroulad Zveli, warsulSi didi<br />

tradiciebis, saxelovani istoriis mqone ojaxis sacxovrisi,<br />

samxedro kreiseris gembani da zRvispira qalaqis, navsayudlis<br />

siaxloves mdebare quCac iyo warmodgenili... mTel scenur<br />

garemoSi (mxatvari _ mixeil WavWavaZe), dominantis rols<br />

fotoebi asrulebdnen... isini TiTqmis yvelgan ekida... TiTqos,<br />

warCinebuli ojaxis winaparTa, mTeli maTi genealogiis<br />

eqspozicia moewyo uxilav xels... raRac darbaisluri, sevdiani,<br />

mowiwebaSereuli ganwyobileba isadgurebda mayurebelTa<br />

darbazSi... yovelive amas ki samxedro kreiseris qvemexidan<br />

yurTasmenis damxSobi gasrolis Soreuli eqo myis spobda...<br />

TandaTan, Semodgomis foTolcvenasaviT Zirs cviodnen<br />

fotosuraTebi... scenas odnav emateboda momwvano Suqi da<br />

mxolod axla aRmovaCendiT, rom zogierTi foto pirdapir<br />

gemis anZaze ekida CamoxrCobiliviT... aCaCul-daCaCuli, naxevrad<br />

mezRvauris samosiT mosili mefarne (vladimer meqvabiSvili),<br />

swrafad wamokrefda Zirs Camocvenil suraTebs da udierad<br />

yrida sanagve yuTSi...<br />

amgvari eqspozicia hqonda reJisor Salva gawerelias mier<br />

mozardmayurebelTa qarTul TeatrSi dadgmul boris lavrenevis<br />

`rRvevas~...<br />

es piesa XX saukunis 20-an wlebSi axali qveynis mSenebelTa<br />

ideologiis Tanxmieri iyo. Zvelis ulmobeli ngreva, rRveva,<br />

ganadgureba... mefis flotis aristokrat, brwyinvale<br />

warmomavlobis, TavadTa adgilis ubralo mezRvaurTa mier<br />

dakaveba... yofilTa axali saxeebiT Canacvleba... ai, is<br />

problematika, romlis gamoc `rRveva~ imJamindel sabWoTa<br />

kavSirSi TiTqmis yvela respublikis uamrav scenaze daidga...<br />

136 1<strong>37</strong>

giorgi cqitiSvili<br />

1928 wels es piesa rusTavelis TeatrSi sandro axmetelma<br />

didi warmatebiT dadga...<br />

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki Salva gawereliam<br />

sruliad axleburad gaiazra lamis sabWoTa Teatris<br />

qrestomaTiad qceuli piesa... mozardmayurebelTa Teatris<br />

warmodgenaSi veRar SexvdebodiT revoluciur heroikas... axali,<br />

gamarjvebuli klasis aRzevebas aristokratTa anu yofilTa,<br />

amitom gasanadgureblad uciloblad ganwirulTa mimarT...<br />

Sav mundirebSi, gaqaTqaTebul TeTr perangebSi lazaTianad<br />

gamowyobil, daxvewili manerebis, brwyinvale warmomavlobisa<br />

Tu Cinebuli ganaTlebis mqone mefis armiis flotis oficrebs,<br />

romelTa Soris gamoirCeodnen bersenevi (nodar cercvaZe) da<br />

fon Stube (goCa cxvariaSvili), qvesknelidan movardnili bneli<br />

ZalasaviT walekavda mezRvaurTa Tavxedurad agresiuli brbo...<br />

wamis win, oficrebis mier iZulebiT datovebul asparezs,<br />

ficarnags, TavaSvebuli, naxevradmTvrali, Sav, nacrisfer samosSi<br />

ulazaTod Camjdari, naxevradveluri, bogano brbo stveniT,<br />

xmamaRali SeZaxiliT ikavebda da isakuTrebda... TavianTi beladis,<br />

artiom godunis (oTar baRaTuria) wamxedurobiT,<br />

Zalauflebamopovebuli mezRvaurebi raRac amazrzen, naxevradvelur,<br />

mouTokavi, aulagmavi pirvelyofili instinqtebiT aRsavse rokvas<br />

asrulebdnen... es gaxldaT gemis yvelaze bneli, binZuri<br />

kuTxe_kunWulebidan dRis sinaTleze amosulTa, triumidan<br />

amomZvral-amobobRebulTa, gamarjvebulTa rokva... dRes, es samyaro<br />

maT xelT iyo, Tu fexqveS morCilad garTxmuliyo...<br />

bersenevTan stumrad mosuli goduni (o. baRaTuria),<br />

xazgasmulad Tavxedurad, ganzrax gamomwvevad iqceoda...<br />

mzesumziras mourideblad aknatunebda ojaxis ufrosTan, mis<br />

qaliSvilebTan Tu fon StubesTan Sexvedrisas... o. baRaTurias<br />

scenur gmirs, gamoCenisTanave, xmis amoRebamde, mxolod sakuTari<br />

mentalitetiT mZafrad TvalSisacemi disonansi Semohqonda<br />

bersenevis rafinirebul ojaxur garemoSi... igi, Tavisi arsiT,<br />

mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda iq myofTagan... grZnobda ra amas, o.<br />

baRaTurias goduni, xazgasmulad Tavisuflad, TavaSvebulad<br />

iqceoda... urcxvad, mourideblad earSiyeboda tatianas... TiTqos<br />

surda yvelas egrZno, rom swored igia dRes am qveynis batonkaci<br />

viyav, adamiani...~<br />

patroni... rogorc macxovari ambobs: `magram bevrni pirvelni<br />

ukanasknelni iqnebian, xolo ukanasknelni _ pirvelni~... 2<br />

leopold fon Stubes ara mxolod coli an samsaxuri,<br />

aramed sicocxlis uflebac waarTves, radgan is yofilTa<br />

rigebidanaa da axladmosulT igi araferSi WirdebaT... mefis<br />

armiis flotis naoficralis dasja reJisors Semdegnairad<br />

hqonda SeTxzuli... daxvretis win, mezRvaurebi mundirs gaxdian<br />

Stubes... JRerda rusuli saeklesio sagalobeli da goCa<br />

cxvariaSvilis fermkrTali, gamxdari, TeTrperangiani scenuri<br />

gmiri, macxovris msgavsad golgoTas gzas adgeboda... Salva<br />

gawerelia am sakmaod Tamami, saxieri mizansceniT, TiTqos, pirdapir<br />

mimarTavda mayurebelTa darbazs... saTqmeli naTlad ikveTeboda<br />

_ leopold fon Stube mowameobrivad aResrula, asparezi ki<br />

mis jalaT artiom godunsa da mis xrovas darCa... Zalauneburad<br />

ibadeboda asociacia mixeil bulgakovis piesebTan: `turbinTa<br />

dReebi~, `srbola~...<br />

sasceno Cacmulobisagan TiTqmis mTlianad gaSiSvlebuli<br />

scena ipyrobda Cvens mzeras... aguris kedlebi, teqnikuri<br />

aRWurvilobis detalebi daufaravad gadaSliliyo mayurebelTa<br />

darbazis Tvalwin... SuagulSi, bedaurebSeubmeli Savi etli<br />

bediswerasaviT avismauwyeblad garinduliyo... mis zeviT, mTel<br />

scenas uzarmazari WaRiviT ekida hi perbolizirebuli<br />

parametrebisa, Tu moculobis boRCa (mxatvrebi: aleqsandre<br />

slovinski, oleg qoCakiZe, iuri CikvaiZe)... rogorc simbolo,<br />

boSebiviT marad gzadagza mowanwale, moxetiale bogano xalxis<br />

cxovrebis wesisa... am uzarmazari boRCidan gamoCrili iyo<br />

ramdenime detali: gitara, mezRvauris zoliani maisuriT Semosi<br />

li manekeni... iseTi SegrZneba geuflebodaT, TiTqos damokles<br />

maxviliviT avismomaswaveblad dakiduli fuTa, viRacas<br />

saxeldaxelod Seekra morigi mgzavrobis win...<br />

yvav-yoranTa avismauwyebeli yrantalis fonze ganaTebis susti<br />

sxivi ubedauro etlis siaxloves daCoqil TeTrCoxian mefis<br />

armiis oficris brWyviala epoletebian, mkerdze jvris ordenian<br />

ujuS emxas (oTar meRvineTuxucesi) gamohyofda... kote<br />

marjaniSvilis saxelobis Teatris scenaze leo qiaCelis `haki<br />

aZbas~ damdgmeli reJisori Temur CxeiZe, TiTqos speqtaklis<br />

138 139

giorgi cqitiSvili<br />

prologSive xazgasmiT mianiSnebda mayurebels am scenuri gmiris<br />

gardauvali daRupvisaken... marTlac, ramdenad mtkivneulic ar<br />

unda iyos, logikuria, rom leopold fon Stubesa da ujuS<br />

emxas msgavsi adamianebi Tavisi drois, epoqis zedmet bargad<br />

qceulan... isini imJamindel realobaSi aravis sWirdeba... piriqiT,<br />

upirobod sZulT... maT keTrovanTa msgavsad sdevnian iqamde,<br />

sanam qancgawyvetilT saboloo ganaCens ar gamoutanen...<br />

Temur CxeiZis `haki aZba~ Salva gawerelias `rRvevas~ maleve<br />

mohyva... am or warmodgenas erTmaneTisgan drois mcire monakveTi<br />

aSorebs... erTi SexedviT, sxvadasxva avtoris absoluturad<br />

gansxvavebuli nawarmoebebia, magram... orma qarTvelma reJisorma,<br />

TiTqmis erTdroulad suliT monaTesave scenuri gmirebi, maTi<br />

dramatuli bedi warudgina mayurebels...<br />

da kvlav revoluciuri ideebiT ganmsWvaluli, rusuli<br />

samxedro kreiseri... amjerad `Smidti~... isev gembanze gamofenil<br />

TavaSvebul mezRvaurTa xrova, romelmac veluri JiniTa Tu<br />

mouridebeli, xmamaRali yiJiniT, yviriliT, stveniT, lamisaa<br />

walekos qalaqi soxumi...<br />

avanscenis marjvena kuTxeSi xmauriT iReba triumis liTonis<br />

sarqveli... stvenis xmaze iqidan mezRvauris quds viRac mTeli<br />

ZaliT amoagdebs qalaq soxumis mmarTvelobis sagangebod<br />

Sekrebili, nirwamxdari, SiSiT erTmaneTs akruli delegaciis<br />

fexebTan... triumidan, viT qvesknelidan sanaxevrod gamoCndeba<br />

saxenaiarevi kaci _ kuzma kilga (irakli uCaneiSvili)... kreiser<br />

`Smidtis~ kapitani...<br />

bedaurSeubmeli Savi etlis saxiT Cven Tvalwin gacxadebuli<br />

bediswera urTierTSeyris ujuS emxasa da mezRvaur vaska<br />

xritaniuks (mixeil maRalaSvili)... gasrolis xmas, romelmac<br />

TeTrCoxiani oficris Rirseba, Tavmoyvareoba daicva, magram<br />

qalaqis simSvide ki gangmira, raRac wamiT win uswrebs kvlav<br />

yvav-yoranTa avbediTi Cxavili...<br />

mTeli qalaqi fexze dgas... SiSma mteri Tu moyvare erTad<br />

Seyara... yvela sakuTari Tavisa da qonebis gadarCenaze zrunavs...<br />

sisxliT naTesavnic zvarakiviT imeteben ujuS emxas...<br />

isic xvdeba, rom yvelasagan ganwirulia... TavSekavebiT, sakuTar<br />

TavSi Cakluli gancdiT emSvidobeba dedas... saxegaqvavebuli,<br />

kaci viyav, adamiani...~<br />

amayad SemarTuli dgas Souhari (Tamar sxirtlaZe)... o.<br />

meRvineTuxucesis scenuri gmiri, mowiwebiT iCoqebs dedis winaSe...<br />

kocniT odnav exeba mis xels... TiTqos, ar surs mezRvauris<br />

sisxlSi gasvrili, codviani xeli Seaxos mSobels...<br />

ganiaraRebuli, saxarebiT xelSi amayad, dinjad, mSvidad,<br />

sakuTari nebiT adis samsxverploze... Tavad Cabardeba samxedro<br />

kreiseris ekipaJs... mezRvaurTa Sav-nacrisfrad Semosil figurebs<br />

Soris TeTraxaluxiani ujuS emxa wmindans Camohgavs... zneobrivad,<br />

moralurad, adamianurad igi aSkarad aRemateba Tavis<br />

mowinaaRmdegeebs... o. meRvineTuxucesis gmirs Rirseba gaaCnia,<br />

amayia, vaJkaci, uSiSari... sakuTar Tavs ar Ralatobs... Tu garemoeba<br />

moiTxovs, Tavisi nebiT golgoTaze asvlac xelewifeba...<br />

irakli uCaneiSvilis kuzma kilgasaTvis ujuS emxa mxolod<br />

klasobrivi mteri rodia... bolSevikuri kreiseris kapitnisaTvis<br />

mefis armiis oficeri mTeli arsiT miuRebelia... mas aRizianebs<br />

emxas cxovrebis wesi, princi pebi, Sexedulebebi... rogorc<br />

`rRvevaSi~, aqac ujuSis msgavsi pirovneba ganwirulia... asparezi<br />

kuzma kilgasa da mis mezRvaurTa xrovas ekuTvnis...<br />

gamarjvebulni asamarTleben damarcxebulT...<br />

im triumis Wrilidan, saidanac adre kreiser `Smidtis~<br />

kapitani gamoecxada mayurebels, axla ujuS emxas figura moCans<br />

sanaxevrod... saxarebis fragments warmosTqvams mSvidad,<br />

auRelveblad, moaxloebuli aRsasrulis winaSe qeduxreli...<br />

sakuTari bedisweris ganaCens, xvedrs damorCilebul-Seguebuli...<br />

xelT locvani upyria... veeba proJeqtoris mZlavri, kaSkaSa,<br />

TvalismomWreli sxivi zemodan naTlis svetiviT daadgeba<br />

ujuSs... locvani scenaze ecema... emxas figura triumSi<br />

uCinardeba... i. uCaneiSvilis kuzma kilga xmauriT xuravs triumis<br />

liTonis sarqvels... xelebs kmayofilebiT moifSvnets da im<br />

adgils fexqveS gaTelavs, sadac wamis win, mefis armiis oficris<br />

landi gauCinarda...<br />

amaoeba amaoebaTa... amqveynad yovelive warmavalia... dro da<br />

istoria, rogorc erTaderTi piruTvneli, mousyidveli msajuli,<br />

Tavad ukeT gansjis mtyuansa da marTals... yvelas sakadris<br />

adgils miuCens... RirseulT aamaRlebs, uRirsT sircxvilisa<br />

da samudamo miviwyebis, SeCvenebis sanagveze moisvris... bedi<br />

140 141

giorgi cqitiSvili<br />

mdevari yvela Cvengans wamogveweva gansazRvrul Jams... magram,<br />

miuxedavad istoriuli mexsierebis arsebobisa, Cven, adamianebi,<br />

samwuxarod, momavalSi kvlav davuSvebT erTsa da imave<br />

sabediswero Secdomas...<br />

guliko javaSvili,<br />

mTavari mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

msaxiobis erTi roli<br />

(g. berikaSvili speqtaklSi `berikoni~)<br />

1. uiliam Seqspiri _ tragediebi, wigni meore, `mefe liri~,<br />

inglisuridan gadmoRebuli ivane maCablisa da ilia WavWavaZis<br />

mier, III moqmedeba, IV suraTi, gverdi 102, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1987 weli;<br />

2. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, maTes saxareba, 19, 30, gverdi 42,<br />

bibliis Targmnis instituti, stokholmi, 1991 weli.<br />

m. elioziSvilis piesa `berikoni~ marjaniSvilis TeatrSi<br />

1977 wels reJisorma l. mircxulavam dadga (mxatvrebi: sameuli<br />

_ o. qoCakiZe, al. slovinski, i. CikvaiZe; komp. v. azaraSvili;<br />

qoreografi g. odikaZe). speqtakli upirvelesad sainteresoa<br />

imiT, rom es iyo xalxuri Teatris _ berikaobis _ scenaze<br />

ganxorcielebis pirveli cda. miuxedavad imisa, rom amis mcdeloba<br />

ara erTxel yofila. jer kidev k. marjaniSvili da s. axmeteli<br />

xalxur saxiobaSi _ berikaobasa da yeenobaSi _ uaRresad<br />

Teatralur da orginalur erovnul sawyisebs xedavdnen, romelTa<br />

Seswavla da gamoyeneba aucileblad miaCndaT Teatris Semdgomi<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis. marjaniSvilis azriT, aucilebeli iyo im<br />

sawyisebis Zieba, romliTac viTardeboda qarTuli Teatraluri<br />

sanaxaoba XIX s.-mde, anu mis evropizaciamde. mas miaCnda, rom<br />

saWiroa orginaluri gzebis Zieba, radgan amiT ufro Rirebuli<br />

iqneba qarTuli kulturis roli kacobriobis saerTo<br />

monapovarSi. TviTon ara erTxel gamoiyena sanaxaobiTi elementebi<br />

Tavis speqtaklebSi (z. antonovis `mzis dabneleba saqarTveloSi~,<br />

`arsenas leqsi~ _ xalxuri). marjaniSvili imdenad iyo am<br />

ideiT dainteresebuli, rom dramaturg i. mWedliSvils piesa<br />

daukveTa cnobili berikis ioana-buianas Sesaxeb. piesa daiwera,<br />

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi Catarda, l. gudiaSvilma Seqmna<br />

brwyinvale eskizebi, ganawilda rolebi, magram samwuxarod didma<br />

reJisorma Tavis Canafiqris ganxorcieleba ver moaswro.<br />

al. axmetelma erovnuli Teatris Seqmnis sakuTari<br />

Tvalsazrisi swored xalxur sawyisebze dayrdnobiT SeimuSava.<br />

igi yovelTvis aRniSnavda, rom erovnuli, karnavaluri sanaxaoba<br />

unda iyos Tanamedrove Teatraluri formis sawyisi. orive<br />

maTgans upirvelesad xalxuri sanaxaobis forma, orginaluri<br />

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebani izidavda.<br />

SemdgomSic Zveli xalxuri sanaxaobis elementebi ara erTma<br />

reJisorma gamoiyena Teatrsa Tu kinoSi (l. goTuas `mefe<br />

142 143

guliko javaSvili<br />

msaxiobis erTi roli<br />

erekle~ _ reJ. v. yuSitaSvili, da `samsaxeoba raindisa~ _<br />

reJ. g. laRiZe, p. kakabaZis `kaxaberis xmali~ _ reJ. g.<br />

lorTqifaniZe, j. ioselianis `eTeriani~ _ reJ. m. kuWuxiZe da<br />

sxv.), magram es iyo speqtaklis gadawyvetis xerxi, `berikoni~<br />

ki uSualod berikebis cxovrebas asaxavda, xelovanis bedze, mis<br />

daniSnulebaze mogviTxrobda.<br />

m. elioziSvilma Seqmna xalxur sawyisebze agebuli<br />

sadResaswaulo saxilveli, romlis Janric ase gansazRvra _<br />

`saxioba~, rac imas niSnavda, rom qarTul dramatul Semoqmedebas<br />

sakuTari Zirebi da sawyisebi gaaCnia. piesisa da speqtaklis<br />

mTavari Rirseba berikaobis imitacia ki ara, aramed Tanamedrove<br />

dramaturgiuli azrovnebiTa da mxatvruli saxierebiT<br />

warmosaxuli cxovreba gaxldaT. speqtaklSi erovnuli, xalxuri<br />

da zogadsakacobrio problemebi iyo wamoWrili. Tavberikas<br />

tragikomikur bedukuRmarTobaSi saerTod xelovanis bedi<br />

moiazreboda.<br />

speqtaklSi xalxuri Teatris tradiciebi organulad<br />

erwymoda Tanamedroveobas. es iyo fiqri warsulze<br />

dRevandelobis Tvalsawieridan. avtorebisaTvis mTavari iyo<br />

am formiT warmoeCina maradiuli Rirebulebani _ simarTle,<br />

patiosneba, moyvasis siyvaruli, movaleobis grZnoba samSoblosa<br />

da adamianebis winaSe.<br />

reJisorma l. mircxulavam speqtakls Taviseburi gadawyveta<br />

mounaxa _ es iyo Teatri TeatrSi, rac msaxiobebisagan TamaSis<br />

garkveul wess moiTxovda. isini warmogvidgendnen niRbebs,<br />

romelTac garkveuli simbolika gaaCndaT _ Tavberika, taxberika,<br />

virberika, mRvdeli, Tavadi... yoveli maTgani sikeTesa Tu borotebas,<br />

cbierebasa Tu patiosnebas ganasaxierebdnen. TiToeuli msaxiobi<br />

or da sam saxes TamaSobda da berikas niRabSi Camjdari, xalxuri<br />

sanaxaobis ZiriTad arss warmoaCenda. warmodgena, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

orplastiani iyo: erTi _ berikuli garemos cxovrebiseuli<br />

sinamdvilis asaxva, meore ki _ TviT berikuli sanaxaobis<br />

gaTamaSeba.<br />

warmodgena morRveuli, damwvari taZris ezoSi TamaSdeba.<br />

freskebi fergadasulia, angelozebs Tavebi aRar SerCeniaT,<br />

kedlebs aSkarad etyoba natyviarebi. iqve uremi iyo migdebuli,<br />

romelic xan Tavadis sasaxle da xan dilegi, xan kubo da xan<br />

akvani, xan sazidari da xan berikaT samRerali gaxldaT.<br />

Tavberika lales rols givi berikaSvili asrulebda, mis<br />

satrfo ianos _ sofiko Wiaureli. swored lale da iano<br />

iyvnen speqtaklSi patiosnebis, gonierebis, samSoblosa da xalxis<br />

erTgulebis, xelovnebis ukvdavebis simboloebi.<br />

orive msaxiobi gvaocebda xalxuri sanaxaobisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli pirobiTobisa da Tanamedrove artistizmis<br />

SerwymiT. sicocxlis damamkvidrebeli xalisiT, elvare ritmiT<br />

TamaSdeboda yoveli monakveTi. gansakuTrebiT brwyinvale iyo<br />

maTi ostatoba e.w. Svilobanas scenaSi, `rodesac s. Wiaurelis<br />

iano da g. berikaSvilis lale jarasaviT datrialdebian da<br />

mravalSvilianobiT, Zeobis gabmuli dResaswauliT mayurebelTa<br />

darbazs axareben. es scena Tavisi ucnauri moulodnelobiT,<br />

STamagonebeli ZaliT, maimedebeli sixalisiT avtoris, reJisoris<br />

da msaxiobebis, mTeli Teatris namdvili gamarjveba _<br />

dResaswaulebrivi warmodgenis Seqmnisaken winwadgmuli nabijia~<br />

_ werda d. janeliZe.<br />

berikaSvilis lale upirvelesad xelovani iyo _ berika,<br />

romelic ibrZoda simarTlisaTvis, radgan simarTle ase sWirdeba<br />

xalxs. lalem icis, rom nar-ekliT aris simarTlis gza mofenili,<br />

magram es misi gzaa, misi arCevania. igi mzadaa gauZlos yvela<br />

gansacdels, RimiliT xvdeba sikvdilsac ki, radgan igi ukvdavia,<br />

igi xalxia, sibrZnea, siyvarulia, romelic arasodes moispoba.<br />

lales klaven da igi kvlav aRorZindeba, akvnidan axali lale<br />

wamodgeba. saxeze keTili Rimili dasTamaSebs, magram gamoxedva<br />

kvlav mkacri da jiuti aqvs, arc is uRalatebs Tavberikas<br />

mZime xvedrs.<br />

lale brZenia, rogorc xalxi, samarTliania, rogorc xalxi,<br />

radgan Tavadaa xalxis RviZli Svili.<br />

givi berikaSvili ostaturad warmogvidgenda sxvadasxva<br />

niRabs. is enakvimatic aris da laRic, jiutic da nazi<br />

Seyvarebulic, mebrZolic da ojaxis alersiani mamac. igi Zlieri<br />

muxasaviTaa, romelsac fesvebi mSobel miwaSi, xalxis tradiciaSi,<br />

mis mravalsaukunovan kulturaSi Cazrdia. msaxiobs bunebiT<br />

aqvs boZebuli `xalxuroba~, igi yovelTvis bunebrivia,<br />

TavisTavadia, miwieria da amaSia swored misi lales warmatebis<br />

144 145

guliko javaSvili<br />

mizezi. pirvelyofili cxovelmyofeloba, mkveTri garegani<br />

monaxazi, daxvewili plastika, gadamdebi sixalise da azris<br />

simZafre anaTesavebs lales Zvel berikebTan. iqmneboda<br />

STabeWdileba, rom msaxiobi Tavis winaparTa ambavs mogviTxrobda.<br />

maT saqmes agrZelebda.<br />

givi berikaSvili saocrad marTali, TviTmyofadi iyo am<br />

rolSi. is misi roli gaxldaT, romelSic mkafiod warmoCinda<br />

misi aqtioruli individualoba. Rrma azri da laRi iumori,<br />

pirdapiroba da momxiblavi eSmakoba, miznisken swrafvis<br />

Seupovroba da Cveulebrivi adamianuri sisuste organulad<br />

iyo lales saxeSi Sesisxlxorcebuli.<br />

berikaSvili-pirovneba naTlad Canda lales rolSi. aq<br />

mkveTrad ikiTxeboda msaxiobis damokidebuleba gmirisadmi,<br />

Tanamedrove msaxiobis damokidebuleba xelovnisadmi, romelmac<br />

aTasi gansacdeli da Wir-varami gamoiara da mainc saTuTad<br />

Semoinaxa siwminde da patiosneba. swored es pozicia xdida<br />

ase sainteresos Tavberika lales saxes.<br />

`berikonma~ didi warmateba moutana Teatrs da es warmateba<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad swored givi berikaSvilis lalem da sofiko<br />

Wiaurelis ianom ganapirobes. `am speqtaklSi ori brwyinvale<br />

aqtioruli gamarjvebaa. is, rasac akeTebs g. berikaSvili, Rrma<br />

msaxioburi Sesrulebis nimuSia usaSvelod rTul piesaSi. aq<br />

yvelaferi Tavberikazea damokidebuli. igi didi filosofiuri<br />

Sinaarsis matarebelia. unaklod, SesaniSnavad asrulebs am<br />

amocanas msaxiobi da es xelovnebis maRali klasis donea, rac<br />

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs scildeba~, _ werda moskovis<br />

gastrolebis Semdeg presa (`Teatraluri moambe~, #5, 1978, gv.<br />

60).<br />

speqtakli `berikoni~ da Tavberika lale _ g. berikaSvilis<br />

SesrulebiT uTuod RirsSesaniSnavi movlenaa qarTul TeatrSi<br />

swored erovnuli, xalxuri sanaxaobrivi formis Tanamedrove<br />

gaazrebiT.<br />

kinomcodneoba<br />

`Teatraluri moambe~, #5, 1978, gv. 60.<br />

146 147

irina demetraZe,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

sublimirebuli rasizmi<br />

Cems mier SerCeuli filmebis _ `12~ (nikita mixalkovi),<br />

`aleqsandra~ (aleqsandre sokurovi), “rusuli samkuTxedi”<br />

(aleko cabaZe) kavkasiis eTnomiTis problemis garSemo<br />

gaerTianeba, erTi SexedviT, zedapiruli xasiaTisaa da ZiriTadad<br />

Tematuri diskursis (CeCneTis omi) xarjze xdeba SesaZlebeli.<br />

CemTvis sainteresoa is, Tu ra socio-ideologiuri faqtorebi<br />

axdens gavlenas am reJisorebze da maT filmebze, rac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, Janrul transformaciasa da mxatvruli sivrcis<br />

struqturirebis Taviseburebebs ganapirobebs.<br />

Cemi azriT, nikita mixalkovi da aleko cabaZe ver ascdnen<br />

(anda ganzrax ver acdnen) `aqtualuri Temis~ sworxazovan,<br />

tendenciur da ideologiurad angaJirebul, mizanmimarTul<br />

interpretirebas. imavdroulad, es ori filmi ori antagonisturi<br />

ideologiuri modelis reprezentaciis nimuSia. Jan-liuk godari<br />

ambobda, rom sakoncetracio banakze filmis gadaReba uzneobaa,<br />

vinaidan am movlenis pirdapiri asaxva imTaviTve spekulatiuria.<br />

da Tuki am movlenas Seexe, maSin es komedia unda iyos.<br />

aleqsandre sokurovis filmi uSualod groznoSia<br />

gadaRebuli. reJisori qronikalur-dokumenturi stilis<br />

mimikriasac axdens. firi specialur `sepiis~ teqnikaSia<br />

damuSavebuli, rac gamosaxulebas siZvelisa da mzisgan<br />

gaxunebuli fotos efeqts aZlevs. es xerxi sokurovis<br />

reJisoruli xelwerisTvis damaxasiaTebelia (Tanac misi<br />

SemoqmedebiTi biografiiTacaa ganpirobebuli. igi Tavidan swored<br />

samecniero-popularul da dokumentur kinoSi muSaobda) da<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, faqturis specifikidan gamomdinarec,<br />

gamarTlebulia. misTvis arc stilisturi ekleqtizmia ucxo<br />

_ iqneba es bernard Sousa Tu platonovis ekranizaciebi, anda<br />

istoriuli beladebisadmi miZRvnili filmebi, sadac qronikaluri<br />

manera mkveTrad pirobiT, absurdis an siurealistur xerxebTanaa<br />

Serwymuli. am SemTxvevaSi saopero, epikuri stilis elementebia<br />

gamoyenebuli, magram epikuri struqtura yovelgvar xelovnur<br />

paTossa da paTetikasaa moklebuli. es xazi galina viSnevskaias<br />

figurasTan da mis gmirTanaa dakavSirebuli. es sakulto figura<br />

miTs Tavis TavSi moiazrebs _ igi sabWouri istoriis mTel<br />

epoqas aerTianebs da rusi qalis arqetipul saxesTanac<br />

asocirdeba (saopero repertuaridan gamomdinare). es ganapirobebs<br />

gmirisa da zogadad filmis miTo-epikur Sres. filmis<br />

originaluri musikac (kompozitori a. sigle), erTi mxriv,<br />

samamulo omis cnobili melodiebis maneraSia stilizebuli,<br />

da amave dros alfred Snitkes Semoqmedebiskenac ixreba.<br />

mTavari mainc is prizmaa, ris miRmac aleqsandre sokurovi<br />

uyurebs movlenebs. galina viSnevskaias gmiri groznoSi Cadis<br />

SviliSvilis, rusi oficris mosanaxuleblad. aq gatarebuli<br />

ramdenime dRe mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens mis identurobaze.<br />

Tavad omi, ase vTqvaT, kadrs miRma rCeba. reJisori yuradRebas<br />

amaxvilebs Cveulebriv YyofiT realiebze, rigiTi jariskacebisa<br />

da bazarSi movaWre Suaxnis CeCeni qalbatonebis yoveldRiur<br />

cxovrebaze, maT Cveul yofaze am araordinarul, eqstremalur<br />

garemoSi. sainteresodaa gadaRebuli TviTon grozno _<br />

Seulamazebeli sinamdvile, dangreul-gapartaxebuli urbanistuli<br />

sivrce, rac amave dros, grandiozuli saopero dekoraciis<br />

asociacias iwvevs. am adamianebis `Cveul~ yofaSi, swored es<br />

uCveulo `dekoraciebi~ iWreba disonansurad da maTi sulieri<br />

Tu fsiqikuri tramvebis gamoxatulebad iqceva.<br />

sainteresoa kidev erTi detali. CeCeni qali ambobs, rom es<br />

rusis jariskacebi, jer sul pirtitvela biWebi arian, magram<br />

ukve kacuri suni asdiT. viSnevSkaias gmiric SviliSvilis<br />

moralur-fsiqologiur degradacias sunTan identificirebiT<br />

axdens. aq erTgvari taqtiluri SegrZnebebi Semodis _ am biWebis<br />

sxeulze da zogadad garesamyaroSi omis suni isadgurebs. erTerTi<br />

CeCeni ymawvili viSnevskaias gmirs sTxovs: dagvanebeT Tavi,<br />

gagviSviT, ise, TiTqos mis uflebamosilebaSi eWvic ar epareba.<br />

sainteresoa dedis (siuJeturad is mTavari gmiris bebiaa,<br />

magram avtorebis interpretaciiT igi eris `dedis~ krebiTi<br />

saxea), am SemTxvevaSi Tavad avtoris da, imedia, rusi inteligenciis<br />

mcire nawilis pozicia. Zala araa fizikur ZalmomreobaSi,<br />

148 149

irina demetraZe<br />

Zala gonierebaSia da rodesac goniereba ar arsebobs, zeobs<br />

Zalmomreoba. ase rom, esaa ara eris nebiT, aramed misi ugunurebis<br />

gamoisobiT gamowveuli tragedia. albaT, aq kacobriobis<br />

ugunurebac igulisxmeba, vinaidan eTnokonfliqtebi am erTi<br />

cxeli wertiliT ar amoiwureba.<br />

samwuxarod, gmiric uSualo empiriuli gamocdilebiT iRebs<br />

yovelive imas, rac aq dasadgurebula. adamianur TanagrZnobasa<br />

da mxardaWeras iRebs ubralo CeCeni qalbatonebisgan. filmSi<br />

aqcentirebulia am adamianebis Rirseba, rac, Cemi azriT, XIX<br />

saukunis rusul literaturul trdiciasTanaa mimarTebaSi<br />

(`haji murati~).<br />

sokurovisTvis ucxo da miuRebeli araa e.w. `gansxvavebulobis~<br />

problema.DEdeda SviliSvilis kvaldakval tankSic miZvreba da<br />

avtomatsac iRebs xelSi – swored am bronirebuli manqanis<br />

SigniT moqceuli akvirdeba igi sinamdviles, saidanac samyaro<br />

specifikuri rakursiT aRiqmeba. kino, xelovneba sokurovisTvisac<br />

realobis specifikuri Wvretis saSualebaa da misTvis organulia<br />

ara egreT wodebuli registrirebis meTodi, aramed<br />

sinamdvilisadmi dialeqtikuri damokidebuleba, ara konkretuli<br />

faqti, movlena, aramed ganzogadeba, epizacia, yofierebis Sris<br />

wamoweva.<br />

nikita mixalkovis `12~ sidni liumetis `12 ganrisxebuli<br />

mamakacis~ motivebzea agebuli. Tavad avtori sakuTar films<br />

rimeiqad ar miiCnevs, rac, principSi, misaRebicaa _ liumetis<br />

filmi `dramaa~, xolo mixalkovma `fsiqologiuri Trileri~<br />

gadaiRo. liumetTan filmis daaxloebiT 365 scena operator<br />

boris kaufmanis mier sxvadasxva rakursiTaa gadaRebuli. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, kameruli istoria saocrad kinematografiul<br />

xorcSesxmas poulobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom es reJisoris<br />

kinodebiutia. samsaxiobo namuSevrebic Teatralurobis efeqts<br />

ar axdens.<br />

marTalia, nikita mixalkovTan saintereso samsaxiobo<br />

ansamblia Sekrebili da ramdenime maTgani (s. makovecki, s.garmaSi)<br />

saintereso saxes qmnis _ kinos magia, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs.<br />

am filmebze aisaxa epoqisa Tu zogadad rusul-amerikuli<br />

kulturisa da socialuri sivrcis Taviseburebani. da am<br />

sublimirebuli rasizmi<br />

garemoebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvavebuli ideologiuri mimarTeba.<br />

bibliuri aluziebic, imTaviTve Cadebuli rejinald rouzis<br />

nawarmoebSi, mixalkovis redaqciaSi sagrZnob `revizias~<br />

eqvemdebareba. Tuki sidni liumetis filmSi socialuri<br />

diskursia aqtualuri _ anu socialuri warmomavloba, ar<br />

igivdeba damnaSaveobasTan da filmi mimarTulia swored amgvari<br />

socialuri diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, nikita mixalkovTan<br />

qsenofobia, nacionalisturi ideologiaa aqcentirebuli. misi,<br />

`marTlmadideblobiT~ gamyarebuli didaqtikur-mentoruli<br />

pozicia obol CeCen ymawvilSi, obol ers moiazrebs. amave<br />

dros, avtori `Tanamedrove rusuli realobis enciklopediis<br />

Seqmnazec acxadebs pretenzias.~ mixalkovis leqsikonSi<br />

`marTlmadideblobac~ egreT wodebul `derJavul~ interesebTan<br />

asocirdeba. xolo Tavad mTavari msajulis, demiurgisa da<br />

`RmerTkacis~ rolsac ki asrulebs.<br />

liumetTan axali droebis 12 mociquli ymawvils Seiwyalebs.<br />

mixalkovis ganaCeni gansxvavebulia. vinaidan `cixeSi is ufro<br />

did xans icocxlebs~. Tavdapirvelad, daoblebuli CeCeni<br />

ymawvili (anu eri) `mamobils~ rusi oficris saxiT poulobs,<br />

xolo Semdeg `mamis rols~ kvlav rusi, magram ara oficeri,<br />

aramed demiurgi-RmerTkaci nikita mixalkovis gmiri kisrulobs.<br />

`oboli CeCeni eri~ rusi `mamobilis~ gareSe `ganwirulia~ da<br />

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi ufro did xans icocxlebs,<br />

vidre damoukideblad. mixalkovis H~humanuroba~ marTlac<br />

usazRvroa.<br />

avtori fokusirebas kidev erT aforizmamde dayvanil pasaJze<br />

axdens: rusi yviris: _ movklav, CeCeni _ dums, xolo mere modis<br />

iaraRiT da uswordeba mas. da kidev, is, rac slavianofilebis<br />

cnobierebaSi kavkasiis arqetips, ufro swored, stereotips<br />

ukavSirdeba. erT-erTi msajuli, e. w. `Curka~ (sxvaTa Soris,<br />

qarTveli), warmatebuli qirurgia, magram am iarliys ver ascda.<br />

ai, ukve 3-4 aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi es stereotipi aqtualuria<br />

socialur realobaSi. termini `sublimirebuli rasizmi~ swored<br />

am movlenas gulisxmobs. momwifda erTgvari ararefleqsirebuli<br />

situacia, anu koleqtiur aracnobiersa da leqsikaSi damkvidrdda<br />

iseTi sityvebi rogoricaa `Curka~, `Savukanaliani~ da ase Semdeg,<br />

150 151

irina demetraZe<br />

rac kavkasieli xalxis krebiT saxelad iqca. da kidev<br />

nacionaloba igivdeboda garkveul socialur kuTvnilebasTanac<br />

_ mwvanilis an mixakebis gamyidvelTan. bolo dros, rac<br />

qsenofobia da patriotizmi, ukve ara aracnobieris, aramed<br />

oficialuri saxelmwifo ideologiis doneze gaigivebuli<br />

Sinaarsis matarebeli cnebebia – mwvanilis gamyidveli<br />

teroristma Caanacvla. rusul da qarTul sivrceSi patriotizmi,<br />

erovnuli idea, umTavresad, omTan, sisxlisRvrasTan igivdeba.<br />

saWiroa mtris xati – rusis an qarTvelis, afxazis an osis<br />

saxiT, raTa saxelmwifoebrivi Tu socio-kulturuli<br />

identifikaciis meqanizmi amoqmeddes. omi da qsenofobia<br />

arajansaRi fobiebisa da kompleqsebis kompensirebis saukeTeso<br />

saSualebad iqca. xolo frustrirebuli masis, ararealizebuli<br />

da socialurad umweo fenis cnobierebis manipulirebisas<br />

zeefeqturi saSualeba gaxda. anu erTgvari opiumia sakuTari<br />

arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsis CasaxSobad.<br />

da marTlac, raSia saqme, ra mentalobis matarebelia es<br />

xalxi, Tundac CeCnebi? rogoria sxvadasxva erebis<br />

anTropologiuri da konfesionaluri orientirebi? ra udevs<br />

safuZvlad islamur eqstremizmsa Tu rusul imperiul<br />

Sovinizms? mTavari, albaT, mainc isaa, rom eqstremizmi ar iyos<br />

gaigivebuli nacionalobasTan da `mtris xati~ ar iyos eris<br />

socio-kulturuli identurobis ganmapirobebeli aucilebeli<br />

faqtori.<br />

aleko cabaZis `rusuli samkuTxedi~ kriminaluri dramis,<br />

deteqtivisa da Trileris Janrul elementebs aerTianebs.<br />

poliJanruli struqtura dramaturgiulad saTanadod araa<br />

gamyarebuli. siuJetis dinamikuri ganviTareba xSirad avtorebis<br />

gadametebul ambiciebs ewireba. CemTvis saintereso, mainc is<br />

stereotipebi da axali arqetipebia, rac Tanamedrove sociopolitikur<br />

koniunqturas esadageba.<br />

mTavari gmiri axali drois Serlok holmsi, don kixoti da<br />

supermenia erTdroulad. is mTeli arsebiT erTveba `CeCnuri<br />

kvanZis~ gaxlarTul qselSi: seriuli mkvlelobebi, iaraRiTa<br />

da tyveebiT vaWroba, anu yvela is movlena, rac am konfliqtis<br />

Tanmdevi iyo. sainteresoa, aseve gmiris eTnikuri warmoSoba –<br />

sublimirebuli rasizmi<br />

igi rusia, bebia qarTveli hyavda, xolo habitusiT ebraels<br />

waagavs. anu `arsiT~ da `garegnuladac~ internacionaluri<br />

hibridia.<br />

meore gmiri, rusuli enis yofili maswavlebeli groznodan<br />

fexmZime colis daRupvisTanave islams iRebs da boevikebs<br />

uerTdeba. magram `samarTals~ iqac ver poulobs... erTaderTi<br />

nivTi, rac dabombili skolidan gamoitana da Tan daatarebs,<br />

dostoevskis `eSmaknia~. avtorebis es Sablonuri, sworxazovani<br />

aluzia imis maniSnebelia, rom dostoevskis geniiT ganWvretili<br />

movlenebi dResac aqtualuria. sakuTari `inteleqtiT~ mTavari<br />

gmiric gvaocebs _ igi erT–erT `opers~ azazelos amsgavsebs.<br />

mokled, svidrigailovisa da volandis prototipebi Tanamedrove<br />

rusul realobaSic daiarebian...<br />

am Triler-deteqtiur-kriminaluri filmis kidev erTi<br />

siuJeturi xazi konstanrine xabenskis gmirs ukavSirdeba.<br />

uaxlesi rusuli kinos seqs-simbolo aleko cabaZesTan<br />

aseqsualuria. albaT, reJisors gmiris `rTul~ fsiqo-sulier<br />

tramvebze surda mayureblis yuradRebis fokusireba. igi omis<br />

invalidia, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, ufro msxverpli,<br />

vidre jalaTi an sulac orive erTad. epizodi, sadac CeCneTisa<br />

da avRaneTis sulierad da fizikurad xeibari veteranebis<br />

Rreobaa naCvenebi – yvelaze amazrzeni da araesTeturia filmSi.<br />

esaa mayurebelze mimarTuli pirdapiri zewola, agresia,<br />

mxatvruli spekulacia. Tanac am epizods `saTqmelis mxatvruli<br />

ganzogadebis~ ambiciac aqvs. esaa araa mxolod CeCneTis omi,<br />

aramed masSi afxazeTi, avRaneTi da sxva cxeli wertilebic<br />

moiazreba.<br />

finalSi yvela gmiri Tu antigmiri iRupeba, mTavari personaJis<br />

garda. ufro metic, morwmuneTa Tu urwmunoTa, mterTa Tu<br />

moyvareTa sisxliT SeRebili (pirdapiri da gadataniTi<br />

mniSvnelobiT) igebs, rom misi megobari gogonas saSoSi axali<br />

sicocxle Caisaxa. da Cvenc SvebiT amovisunTqavT, vinaidan<br />

SesaZloa, es axali genetikuri hibridi postsabWouri sivrcis<br />

xsnis `garantic~ iyos...<br />

verc aleko cabaZe ascda sworxazovnebasa da didaqtikurmentorul<br />

tons, magram mixalkovisgan gansxvavebiT, misi pozicia<br />

152 153

irina demetraZe<br />

bevrad `humanuri~ da `politkoreqtulia~. mokled, mixalkovis<br />

`poCvenikuri~ filosofia cabaZesTan postmodernul<br />

dekonstruqcias ganicdis. me ki am situacias nasesxeb termins<br />

`Sizofreniul diskurss~ davarqmevdi (postsabWouri<br />

sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socio-politikuri atmosfero<br />

maqvs mxedvelobaSi). am qaosidn, albaT, odesRac wesrigi daibadeba,<br />

Tu, ra Tqma unda, amisi keTili neba iqneba, manamde ki sisxls<br />

sisxliT CamovibanT da amiT sakuTar `patriotul~ egos<br />

davikmayofilebT.<br />

lela oCiauri, rusuli samkuTxedi, <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

<strong>Ziebani</strong>, #3(32);<br />

aleqsandr sokurovi rCeba mxolod kultura, iskustvo kino #7,<br />

2002;<br />

m. iampolski qairosi da istoria sokurovTan. kinovedCeskie<br />

zapiski. www.kinozapiski.ru/article/182.<br />

nana doliZe,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

mecnier TanamSromeli<br />

arCevnebi da qarTuli satelevizio arxebis<br />

politika<br />

(<strong>2008</strong> wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sesaxeb)<br />

televizia yvelaze masobrivi da informaciis miRebis yvelaze<br />

popularuli saSualebaa. amasTan mZlavri politikuri<br />

zemoqmedebis instrumenti, rasac obieqturi teqnikuri xerxebic<br />

emateba. teqstis, musikisa da moZravi gamosaxulebis fenomens<br />

yuradRebis mobilizebis, gafantvis an gadarTvis, emociebis marTvis,<br />

sazogadoebrivi azrisa da ganwyobis formirebaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

roli akisria da arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom masobrivi<br />

komunikaciis saSualebebs meoTxe xelisuflebad naTlaven.<br />

televiziiT mowodebuli informacia yovelTvis ufro<br />

damajerebelia auditoriisaTvis, vidre Teoriuli an<br />

ideologiuri xasiaTis argumentebi.<br />

saqarTveloSi warmoebuli satelevizio saarCevno politika<br />

gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeoda, romelic<br />

postsabWouri qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, warsulidan<br />

aRorZinebuli tradiciisa da importirebuli axladSeZenili<br />

maRalprofesiuli teqnologiebis sinTezs warmoadgens. sabWouri<br />

tradicia, upirvelesad, satelevizio sivrcis marTvis meTodebis,<br />

saarCevno Sedegebis daTvlisa da dadgomis gacxadebaSi, xolo<br />

importirebuli, yvela im danarCeni satelevizio teqnologiis<br />

gamoyenebaSi gamovlinda, romelic aqtiurad iyo CarTuli<br />

winasaarCevno procesebSi. nebismieri Zalaufleba im resursebis<br />

sistemaa, romlis saSualebiTac saerTo mizani miiRweva. saarCevno<br />

kampania, Sesabamisad, sxva araferia, Tu ara am resursebis<br />

SenarCuneba an gadanawileba, an kidev dapyroba, rogorc,<br />

materialuri, aseve Zalovani, inteleqtualuri, adamianuri da<br />

rac mTavaria sainformacio resursebis.<br />

saxelisuflo struqturebs kolosaluri sainformacio<br />

resursebis mobilizeba SeuZliaT da maTi saSualebiT arCevnebSi<br />

154 155

nana doliZe<br />

arCevnebi da qarTuli satelevizio arxebis politika<br />

yovelTvis mimarTaven im teqnologiebs, rac maT momgebian<br />

poziciaSi Caayenebs. mayureblis cnobierebis dacva<br />

propagandistuli teqnologiebisgan sakmaod rTulia.<br />

winasaarCevnod rusul internet-saitebze specialuri<br />

proeqtic ki gaCnda `interneti teleekranis winaaRmdeg~, 1<br />

romelic mkiTxvelisTvis, swored im sqemebis gaxsna-gaSifrvas<br />

isaxavda miznad, romelsac rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve ucxoeli<br />

piarteqnologebi manipulirebisaTvis iyeneben. Tumca, nebismieri<br />

amgvari, calkeuli proeqti am problemas ver gadadawyvets,<br />

vinaidan tyuili yovelTvis iwyeba iq, sadac wesebis axsnas<br />

iwyeben. amasTan, manipulirebis xarisxi pirdapir kavSirSia<br />

auditoriis garkveul jgufebad daxarisxebis sakiTxTan. aq,<br />

SeiZleba gamovyoT ganaTleba, asaki, profesia, sqesi da a. S.<br />

SesaZlebelia, YTu ara, adamianebis garkveuli jgufi<br />

gansazRvruli saxiT moqmedebisaTvis ganawyo anu daaprogramo<br />

maTi qceva? amisTvis upirvelesi da aucilebeli principi<br />

satelevizio sivrcis mowyobis gansakuTrebuli meTodis SerCevaa.<br />

winasaarCevno vnebebis dasacxromad `idealuri~ garemoa,<br />

rodesac politikuri istebliSmenti cdilobs demokratiis<br />

Zireuli principebis sityvis Tavisuflebisa da informaciis<br />

Tavisufali gavrcelebis dacvas. Tumca, qarTul satelevizio<br />

sivrceSi calkeuli televiziebis roli iqamde davida, rasac<br />

Tavis droze sabWoTa propaganda asrulebda. nebismieri mcdeloba<br />

ki, oficialuri sainformacio politikisagan gansxvavebuli<br />

politika ewarmoebinaT, mkacrad daisaja. amis magaliTia<br />

telekompania `maestro~-saTvis licenziis modificirebaze uaris<br />

Tqma. mauwyeblobis SezRuduli formisa da teqnikuri<br />

saSualebebis simwiris miuxedavad, qarTul satelevizio sivrceSi<br />

`maestro~ Seecada movlenebi komentaris gareSe eCvenebina.<br />

amasTan, Toq Sou `Jurnalisti~, romelic analitikuri tipis<br />

gadacema iyo, eTeridan moixsna (rasac boikotis uprecedento<br />

forma mohyva _ klasikuri musikiT respondentebis saubris<br />

gadafarva).<br />

dRes ukve naTelia, rom arCevnebSi warmateba ara imdenad<br />

imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad damajerebelia an gamarTulia<br />

ama Tu im politikuri Zalis ideologiuri programa, aramed<br />

imaze, Tu ramdenad kargad aris organizebuli sainformacio<br />

saSualebebSi saarCevno Sou, romlis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba<br />

satelevizio axali ambebis politika, politikuri Toq Sous<br />

saxesxvaobebi da satelevizio politikuri reklamis industria.<br />

mayurebeli televiziisgan garTobas elodeba da amitomac<br />

movlenebis SerCeva martivi, ubralo struqturiT xdeba, anu<br />

iseTis, romlis centrSic konfliqtia. politikac ekranidan ubralo,<br />

iol saqmed aRiqmeba, romlis warmoebac TvalisdaxamxamebaSia<br />

SesaZlebeli. amgvari iluzoruli midgomisTvis ki `idealuri~<br />

garemoa aucilebeli, romelsac qarTulma satelevizio sivrcem<br />

`warmatebiT~ gaarTva Tavi _ adresati mayurebeli izolirebuli<br />

unda iyos gare gavlenisgan. idealuri iqneboda totalitaruli<br />

zemoqmedebis modeli _ anu alternatiuli arakontrolirebadi<br />

wyaroebis sruli ararseboba. 2 Tumca, am wesis dacva dRevandel<br />

sainformacio garemoSi SeuZlebelia internetisa da beWduri<br />

mediis wyalobiT, romelsac Tavisuflebis xarisxis gacilebiT<br />

maRali niSnuli aqvs, vidre televizias. amitom, aucilebeli<br />

gaxda mayureblisTvis damoukideblobis iluziis Seqmna<br />

mravalarxianobis, mravalferovnebis, Sesabamisad, Tavisufali arCevnis<br />

SesaZleblobis, mxolod garegnuli niSnebis damkvidrebiT.<br />

realurad ki, mTeli es sistema wamyvan ideologias eqvemdebareba,<br />

xolo informaciis mowodebis erTaderT, radikalurad<br />

opoziciuri wyaros arseboba, rogoric telekompania `kavkasiaa~,<br />

mauwyeblobis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebiT, am fonze<br />

,,demokratiuli xmauris~ elfers iZens.<br />

amave mizans emsaxureboda winasaarCevnod `rusTavi 2-is~<br />

arxze Seqmnili ori Toq Sou `upasuxe xalxs~ da `samkuTxedi~,<br />

sadac Tavisufali diskusiis garegnul formas mkacrad<br />

gansazRvruli, parametrebSi moqceuli politikuri pozicia<br />

iyo amofarebuli, sadac gauTavebeli SekiTxva da moulodneli<br />

informaciis gaJRereba, rac Toq SousTvis tradiciuladaa<br />

damaxasiaTebeli, SeuZlebeli iyo. politikuri Toq Sou yvelaze<br />

reitingul telegadacemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba, masSi politikuri<br />

reklamis ganTavsebis Rirebulebac maRalia, Sesabamisad, fasiani<br />

reklama `rusTavi 2~-is arxze, mxolod xelisuflebas hqonda.<br />

saqarTvelos satelevizio bazarze politikuri reklamis amgvari<br />

fasic (mag.: `praimtaimSi~ 30 wm.-iani reklama 16000 dolari<br />

156 157

nana doliZe<br />

arCevnebi da qarTuli satelevizio arxebis politika<br />

Rirda) blokirebis iribi meTodia, fasebi reitings mieba, reitingi<br />

ki propagandistul iaraRad iqca.<br />

Tu rogor Suqdeboda winasaarCevno kampania satelevizio<br />

arxebiT, monitoringis erT-erTi umartivesi meTodi _ rodesac<br />

iTvleba ama Tu im subieqtisaTvis daTmobili drois jamuri<br />

raodenoba, naTlad miuTiTebs disbalansze. mag.: arCevnebis bolo<br />

kviras, `nacionalur moZraobas~ 3 saaTi, mTel opoziciur speqtrs<br />

ki ori saaTi daeTmo. Tumca, monitoringis es meTodi<br />

arasrulyofilia da srulad ver asaxavs im obieqtur realobas,<br />

romlis demonstrirebac sruli sisavsiT, Tundac 20 maisis 3<br />

saaTiani `kurieris~ gamoSvebaSi Sedga. 12 siuJeti, rac 40<br />

wuTamde dros moicavda `nacionaluri moZraobis~ saqmianobas<br />

mieZRvna, 3 ki, _ opoziciisas, romlis saerTo dro 4 wuTs ar<br />

aRemateboda. is, rom politikuri partiebi araTanabar pirobebSi<br />

iyvnen Cayenebulni, arc politikuri liderebi Suqdeboda<br />

erTgvarovnad, TvalSisacemi realoba iyo. Tumca, esec<br />

winasaarCevno mizanmimarTuli strategiis mxolod Semadgeneli<br />

nawilia. axali ambebis samsaxuri, reklama _ rogorc fasiani,<br />

aseve ufaso, rogorc politikuri, aseve socialuri,<br />

arapolitikuri gadacemebis saarCevno subieqtebis interesebSi<br />

gamoyeneba, mag.: `Wadrakis dafa~, `videopatruli~, `pulsi~, `mzis<br />

dartyma~, opoziciuri arxebis simwirem da maT mierve arasworad<br />

SerCeulma sareklamo taqtikam, romelic ZiriTadad negativze<br />

iyo agebuli, satelevizio bazris monopoliis pirobebSi, saarCevno<br />

teqnologiebidan satelevizio manipulirebis meTodebi ufro<br />

efeqturi gaxada da praqtikulad momgebian poziciaSi Caayena.<br />

TvalSisacemia, rom Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan<br />

gandevnilia ideebis Sepirispirebis saSualebiT politikuri<br />

arCevnis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. satelevizio sivrce aRmoCnda<br />

is adgili, sadac winasaarCevno programa, problemebis dasma, Tu<br />

maTi gadawyvetis alternatiuli gzebis dasaxva Seicvala<br />

calkeuli politikosebis imijTa konkurenciiT, romelic aseve<br />

sareklamo biznesis principiT igeba.<br />

rodesac 1960 wels jon kenedim saarCevno kampaniisTvis<br />

mTeli sareklamo saagento daiqirava, wamyvani formula iyo _<br />

`Tu Sen ar miReb me aseTs, rogoric var, maSin gavxdebi iseTi,<br />

rogoric ginda, rom daminaxo~. 3 es formula gaxda lozungis _<br />

`saqme laparakis nacvlad~ faruli laitmotivi. amomrCeveli<br />

unda darwmunebuliyo imaSi, rom xedavda imas, risi danaxvac<br />

surda, miiRebda imas, risi miRebac surda.<br />

politikurma figuram, partiam an winasaarCevno gaerTianebam<br />

unda moipovos xalxis interesebis gamomxatvelis tituli. am<br />

titulis mosapoveblad aucilebelia kandidatisa Tu partiis<br />

kritikis praqtikuli SeuZlebloba, kandidatis pozitiuri imiji<br />

da sainformacio resursebi. saxelisuflebo partiam am<br />

SemTxvevaSic momgebiani satelevizio strategia SeimuSava, rodesac<br />

maJoritari kandidatebis sareklamo kampania moculobiT bevrad<br />

aRemateboda partiis sareklamo kampanias. politikosisTvis<br />

prioritetulia ekranze gamoCenis faqti da `saxis~ mayureblis<br />

cnobierebaSi CabeWdva, rac maTi ekranze Cvenebis sixSiris<br />

pirdapirproporciulia. amitom ufaso politikur sareklamo<br />

rgolebs daemata fasiani sareklamo rgolebic, romelzec<br />

rTulad ikiTxeboda an saerTod ar figurirebda partiis<br />

saxelwodeba. wina planze wamoiwia saarCevno nomerma _ 5,<br />

romelTanac warmatebuli mSeneblebis, bankirebis, meRvineebisa<br />

Tu eqimebis `pozitiuri saxe-simboloebi~ dakavSirda.<br />

cnobierebaSi xdeboda _ nomeri xuTis, 50 dRis, 50 Tvis, 5<br />

nabiji socialuri stabilurobisken, 5 nabiji dasaqmebisaken, 5<br />

nabiji mosaxleobis dasasaqmeblad _ `Camagreba~. erT-erTi<br />

kandidatis saarCevno Stabis satelefono nomeric ki xuTi<br />

xuTianisagan Sedgeboda. analogiuri meTodi, nawilobriv<br />

`respublikuri partiis~ sareklamo rgolSic gamoiyenes: ,,30<br />

kanonproeqti pirvelive 30 dReSi~, romelic `respublikuri<br />

partiis~ 30 wlis iubileze gacxadda, Tumca, am Setyobinebis<br />

`Casamagreblad~ arc mowodebis sixSire, anu materialuri<br />

resursi da arc `idealuri garemo~, romelic pirvel SemTxvevaSi<br />

arsebobda _ maT ar gaaCndaT.<br />

winasaarCevnod gacemuli dapirebebi mani pulirebis<br />

mniSvnelovani xerxia. Sinaarsobrivi erTferovnebis miuxedavad,<br />

romelic kandidatebis Tu mTlianad partiis sareklamo<br />

rgolebSi ikiTxeboda, yoveli maTgani mimarTuli iyo amomrCevlis<br />

yofiTi problemebis mogvarebisken, xolo sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad<br />

iyo SesaZlebeli am dapirebebis Sesruleba, dRis wesrigidan<br />

ixsneboda, vinaidan axali ambebis nebismier SetyobinebaSi formula:<br />

158 159

nana doliZe<br />

problema-momentaluri gadawyveta - efeqturad muSaobda. amgvari<br />

iyo skverebis, moednebis, samarSruto xazebis gaxsnis,<br />

sadarbazoebis SeRebvisa da sazeimo gaxsnis ceremoniebi. mwvave<br />

socialuri problemebidan yuradRebis gadatanam da `ubralo<br />

adamianis~ anu `Cvenianebis~ ampluaSi TamaSma, Cvenive yofiTi<br />

problemebis mosagvareblad, arsebuli sinamdvile xelovnurad<br />

Seqmnili satelevizio realobiT Caanacvla.<br />

sazogadoebis cnobierebiT manipulireba teqnologiad iqca<br />

da Cvens sinamdvileSic gaCndnen profesionalebi, romlebic<br />

misi ganxorcielebis meTodebs srulad an nawilobriv floben.<br />

maTi mTavari mizani adamianebze zemoqmedeba da maTi qcevis<br />

marTvaa, 4 ganxorcielebis taqtika _ faruli, faqti _ yovelTvis<br />

SefuTulia da ise mowodebuli, vinaidan misi gamJRavnebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi aqcia CaSlilad iTvleba. amgvari iyo xurCaSi<br />

momxdari incidentis satelevizio versia, romelmac arCevnebis<br />

dRes bevri kiTxva Riad datova. magaliTad: megruli teqsti,<br />

romelic Semdgom sainformacio gamoSvebaSi aRar figurirebda<br />

(`didi madloba, rom momkaliT~). saRamos, axali ambebis<br />

gamoSvebebidan siuJeti saerTod iyo amoRebuli. Tumca, am<br />

SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani ara Sinaarsis namdviloba, aramed<br />

auditoriis fsiqologiuri mobilizebis efeqti iyo, rasac<br />

saarCevno ubnebze xelisuflebis mxardamWerTa ricxvis mateba<br />

mohyva, rogorc mosalodnel safrTxeze adeqvaturi zomebis<br />

mimRebis garantze.<br />

Tanamedrove etapze Cven vuyurebT imis Canacvlebas, rasac<br />

politika hqvia, simboluri politikiT. rodesac politikuri<br />

procesebi ara racionaluri kriteriumebiT, aramed maTi<br />

sanaxaobrivi mimzidvelobiT fasdeba. Setyobinebaze fsiqologiuri<br />

operaciis ganxorcielebiT, informaciaze kontrolis dawesebiT,<br />

dezinformaciis, faqtebis gadafarvis, SerCevis, sainformacio<br />

racionis gansazRvriT, arasaWiro informaciis miCumaTebiT da<br />

sinamdvilis obieqturi suraTis sanacvlod virtualuri<br />

realobis SeqmniT, Cveni satelevizio sivrce demokratiuli<br />

xmauris principebs iyenebs, xolo im Setyobinebas, romlis<br />

gaJonvasac Tavs ver daaRwevs, mravalricxovani informaciis<br />

dinebaSi, SeumCnevel poziciaze gadaisvris. amgvari iyo<br />

opoziciuri partiebis mier mowyobili aqciebisadmi<br />

arCevnebi da qarTuli satelevizio arxebis politika<br />

damokidebuleba, rodesac, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, `axali ambebis~<br />

struqturaSi maTi Setyobineba mexuTe, meeqvse adgilze<br />

inacvlebda.<br />

<strong>2008</strong> wlis saparlamento arCevnebis obieqturad gaSuqebis<br />

mizniT urTierTgagebis memorandumsac moewera xeli, romelic,<br />

Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobda satelevizio arxebis politikuri<br />

Zalebisgan Tavisuflebas da neitralobas. Tumca gvaviwydeba,<br />

rom isini saqmian sawarmoebs warmoadgenen, romlebic Semosavals<br />

sakuTari droisa da striqonis gayidviT iReben, es ki niSnavs,<br />

rom maTi mousyidveloba mxolod miTia. erTaderTi arxi<br />

sazogadoebrivi mauwyebelia, romlis funqcionirebac sareklamo<br />

Semosavalze ar aris mibmuli, Tumca, sakmarisia axali ambebis<br />

politikas mivadevnoT Tvali, rom savalalo obieqtur suraTad<br />

saxelisuflebo komerciuli arxebis `axali ambebis~<br />

SetyobinebaTa ara mxolod politikuri orientirebi, Sinaarsic<br />

da rigiTobac ki identuria.<br />

aris Tu ara sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli sazogadoebis<br />

samsaxurSi? akmayofilebs Tu ara is im moTxovnebs, romelsac<br />

sazogadoeba uyenebs? am kiTxvaze pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania _<br />

uaryofiTi (rac calke ganxilvis Temaa). imis erT-erTi naTeli<br />

magaliTi, rom mauwyebeli `Rirseulad~ agrZelebs sabWourtotalitarul<br />

tradicias da is, rom mas sazogadoebis samsaxurSi<br />

moRvaweobis aranairi `survili~ ar gaaCnia, 26 maiss<br />

gaerTianebuli opoziciis mier gamarTul saprotesto aqciisadmi<br />

damokidebulebaSic gamJRavnda. saprotesto aqciis translireba<br />

pirdapir eTerSi mxolod telekompania `kavkasiaze~<br />

ganxorcielda. miuxedavad imisa, rom `moambis~ yovel gamoSvebaSi<br />

CarTuli iyo mitingis amsaxveli reportaJi, sazogadoebis<br />

ukmayofileba da protesti faqtis gaumniSvnelovnebam gamoiwvia.<br />

iseve, rogorc damoukideblobis dRisadmi miZRvnili aRlumi,<br />

mitingic 26 maisis dRis mniSvnelovani niusi unda yofiliyo.<br />

sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirdapiri eTeri ki jgufi `molokos~<br />

mier gamarTul koncerts daeTmo, am faqtis logikuri gagrZeleba<br />

ki sazogadoebis protesti iyo, romelic 27 maiss<br />

`sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ Senobis win gamarTul aqciaSi<br />

gamoixata.<br />

160 161

nana doliZe<br />

im pirobebSi, rodesac mravalmilioniani sazogadoeba,<br />

ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri bazrebi, saxelmwifosa da<br />

ekonomikis mWidro kavSiri obieqturi realobaa, masobrivi<br />

komunikaciebis saSualebebiT sazogadoebis azris kontroli<br />

da marTva aranaklebmniSvnelovani faqtoria. 5 magram politikis<br />

trankvilizatorad gadaqceva mxolod garkveuli droiT axdens<br />

sazogadoebis loialobas xelisuflebis mimarT. Tu problema<br />

realurad ar wydeba, situacia adre, Tu gvian mainc Semotrialdeba<br />

socio-ekonomikur krizisad da maSin, komunikaciis saSualebaTa<br />

Zlevamosilebis miuxedavad, obieqtur realobasa da virtualur<br />

realobas Soris arsebuli napralis Sevseba SeuZlebelia, rac<br />

metad amoqmedebulia simboluri politikis meqanizmebi, miT<br />

ufro mZafria adamianebisaTvis mware sinamdvilesTan Sejaxeba.<br />

da bolos, amerikis arasamTavrobo organizaciam `Tavisufalma<br />

saxlma~ 2007 wlis angariSi saparlamento arCevnebamde ramdenime<br />

TviT adre gamoaqveyna, sadac mediis Tavisuflebis mxriv<br />

saqarTvelo 128-e adgilzea da aqcenti mediagaremos<br />

politizebaze, prosamTavrobo arxebze xelisuflebis pozitiur<br />

imijze, damoukidebeli satelevizio ambebis gavrcelebisa da<br />

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvaze, mediamflobelebis Sesaxeb<br />

informaciis gaumWvirvalebaze miuTiTebdnen. situacia arsebiTad<br />

ar Secvlila, garda imisa, rom saparlamento arCevnebmac,<br />

mediaTavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT, CamonaTvals ramdenime<br />

gamuqebuli Strixi Semata, ramac sabolood Seqmna, swored is<br />

`idealuri garemo~, romelmac sruli gamarjveba garantirebulad<br />

gadasca sainformacio resursebis erTmniSvnelovnad<br />

makontrolebel Zalas.<br />

1. www.patriotica.ru/actual/vahitov_5methods.html<br />

2. Р. Харрис. `Психология массовых коммуникаций~, Еврознак, 2001, с. 128;<br />

3. www.pr-sp.ru/main/publications/public12.html;<br />

4. Шиллер Г. Манипуляторы сознанием. - М.: `Мысль~, 1980. с. 204;<br />

5. Кара-Мурза Власть манипуляции С.Г. 2007 г. с. 83;<br />

20.05.-05.06.<strong>2008</strong> wlis perioduli presa (`rezonansi~, `alia~),<br />

internet resursi. www.media.ge.<br />

lia kalandariSvili,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

wamyvani mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

qalis saxe samocdaaTiani wlebis inglisur<br />

kinoSi<br />

70-ian wlebis inglisur kinoSi postmodernistuli epoqis<br />

gavleniT xdeba mraval tradiciul ideaTa Tu saxeTa<br />

fundamenturi gadafaseba. am process ukavSireba jozef louzis<br />

filmi `romantikuli ingliseli qalic~, msgavsi azrovnebisTvis<br />

da m a xa s i a Teb el i i r oni i T, i nter ku l turuli Tu<br />

interteqstualuri sivrciT, asociaciebiT, aluziebiT, sarkeebiT,<br />

labirinTebiT, motiv-fragmentebad daSlili da kolaJurad<br />

ganfenili siuJetiT.<br />

filmis Tema, TavisTavad, bevrismomcvelia. igi eZRvneba<br />

literaturaSi da xelovnebaSi kargad damuSavebul romantikul<br />

qalis saxe-xats. es, erTi SexedviT, msubuqi, `romanuli~ elferis<br />

mqone Tema aerTianebs kulturul, nacionalur, socialur,<br />

fsiqologiur, esTetikur, SemoqmedebiT da kidev mraval aspeqts,<br />

romelic gansazRvravs da garkveuli saxiT warmoadgens<br />

nawarmoebSi mTlianad drois suraTs, cvlilebebs da mis gavlenas<br />

adamianze, qalze, romelic samyaros romantikulad, poetis TvaliT<br />

uWvrets, eswrafvis damoukideblobas, izidavs idumali, sasworze<br />

agdebs mravali qalisTvis saocnebo keTildReobas, raTa Tavisi<br />

cxovrebiT icxovros da romelsac survili aqvs `ifrinos~,<br />

Tundac TviTmfrinaviT...<br />

idea sarkiseburad irekleba siuJetSi: mxolod filmis<br />

avtorebi ki ar muSaoben am Temaze, aramed personaJebic 1 : personaJi,<br />

mwerali luis fildingi muSaobs scenarze, romlis gmiri<br />

Tanamedrove ingliseli romantikuli qalia, magram misTvis es<br />

Tema bundovani da xelovnuria. nacnobi, irgvliv arsebuli<br />

qalebi am niSniT ar gamoirCevian, piriqiT, sabeWd manqanasTan<br />

SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrenisTvis gamzadebul mwerals mudam<br />

`ufrTxoben muzas~ sarecxi manqanebis raxraxiT, mtversasrutebis<br />

bzuiliT, yoveldRiuri xmauriani, uintereso da wvrilmani<br />

162 163

lia kalandariSvili<br />

`yofiTobiT~. problema mis winaSe mTeli simZafriT dgeba: vin<br />

aris, rogoria Tanamedrove ingliseli qali, rogorc Rirebuleba,<br />

rogoria axali idealis masStabebi? riTi gansxvavdeba igi<br />

wina Taobebisgan an Tundac sakuTari Tanamedrove Tavisufali<br />

ucxoeli qalbatonebisgan? iqneb romantikuli qalis ideali<br />

frangi mirandaa? damoukidebeli, saocrad mSvenieri,<br />

srulyofileba! ufro metic, inteleqtualuri – garegnobiT<br />

xom natali delonia da amasTan, sorbonis filosofiis<br />

profesoric, meti raRa unda iyos!<br />

restornis wveulebis scenaSi, SemTvrali luis fildingi<br />

ukve imeddakarguli, ironiulad mimarTavs mirandas, axali drois<br />

romantikul ideals: `rogoria masStabi calkeuli adamianisa<br />

im samyaroSi, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, miTumetes aseT<br />

adgilebSi?...~ Semdeg es ironia ufro damcinavi xdeba, roca<br />

laparaki grZeldeba papebis droindel fasebze da dRevandelze...<br />

is Rirebulebebi, romlebsac adamianebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

mieCvivnen, tradiciebad daadgines da `cxovreba dailages~,<br />

Tanamedroveobas `ver iyidis~, ukve miuRebelia. Tumca, drois<br />

cvlilebebTan erTad, franguli idealic Zalian gansxvavdeba<br />

inglisurisgan, rogori srulyofilic ar unda iyos igi.<br />

`sorbonaSi es sxvavgvarad xdeba~ _ ambobs miranda, romelic,<br />

yvelaferTan erTad, arc baden-badenSia namyofi, im sivrceSi,<br />

sadac luisis azriT, romantikul arseba ibadeba.<br />

mweral luis fildingis SemoqmedebiTi `wvis~ istoria<br />

asociaciebsa da aluziebs iwvevs XVIII saukunis mweral henri<br />

fildingis SemoqmedebasTan, mis epoqasTan, stilTan, mis mier<br />

asaxul qalTa tipebTan. aq xazgasmulia drois niSani, luisi<br />

romanebs, tragediebs da dRiurebs ki ar Txzavs, rogorc misi<br />

saxelovani mogvare, aramed scenars wers megobari reJisoris,<br />

hermanis, filmisTvis, romelic, rogorc hermani ambobs, aris<br />

`fsiqologiuri moTxroba axali yaidis qalze~. magram garemo,<br />

tipaJebi, yofa, stili da yvelaferi, rasTan fardobiTobaSic<br />

unda gamJRavndes saxe-xatis Tavisebureba, mwerlisTvis ukve<br />

araerTel gatkepnili, stereotipebis gzaa, `yvelaferi saSinlad<br />

mosawyeni, pretenziuli da usicocxlo~. Tumca, grZnobs, rom<br />

aseTi SeboWilobis mizezi TviTonaa da aRiarebs: `mesakuTres<br />

qalis saxe samocdaaTiani wlebis inglisur kinoSi<br />

Tavisi sakuTrebis simZime awuxebs: saxli, Zvirfaseuloba, coli...~<br />

aseve, romantikuli azrebisgan `icavs~: tradiciebi, sakuTari<br />

SezRuduli Sexedulebebi, ojaxuri simyudrove da meuRlis<br />

yuradReba _ yvelaferi, risi xelidan gaSvebac ar surs, rac<br />

mis keTildReobas safrTxes uqmnis. misTvis romantikuli qali<br />

misi meojaxe colia, romelsac saxlidan gasvlis SiSi aqvs,<br />

rom mis aryofnaSi raime ubeduri SemTxveva ar moxdes.<br />

luis fildings `Tavisufali qali~ mxolod diskomforts<br />

ki ar uqmnis, mxolod ki ar `Rlis~, misi arsebobac ki<br />

anerviulebs. igi gaafTrebuli esxmis Tavs `Tavisufal~ izabels,<br />

miuTiTebs, rom qmris sacvlebis recxva misTvis swored<br />

zedgamoWrili saqmea! magram xvdeba, rom scenarSi, yofiT<br />

problemebSi gabmuli colis adgili, samwuxarod, ar aris.<br />

elizabeti romantikas gaurbis, `ver grZnobs, rom amis ufleba<br />

aqvs!~. arc luiss emeteba igi romantikuli TavgadasavlebisTvis,<br />

Tumca ubiZgebs da elodeba, ra moxdeba! iwyeba siuJetis jiuti<br />

Zieba, romelic luisis mier winaswar gamzadebul, sasurvel<br />

finals moergeba. magram luis fildings misi, realobas acdenili,<br />

Tumca myarad fesvgadgmuli Sexedulebebi xels uSlian, erTi<br />

mxriv, sinamdvilis da meore mxriv, ideis danaxvaSi: dasaxati<br />

qalis saxe mainc sakuTari colisas emTxveva da mwerali qmari<br />

saSinel eWvianobas iwyebs. saxe wydeba realobas da gaucxoebul,<br />

gazviadebul uaryofiT niSnebs iZens. misi Txzuleba TandaTan<br />

gardaiqmneba ambad `yalb, umadur qalze, romelic wesier,<br />

brwyinvale kacs hyavs colad, Tumca amis danaxvis unari ar<br />

gaaCnia, romelic, erTxelac, miemgzavreba sakuTari Tavis mosaZebnad,<br />

poulobs kidec, magram Camova misi keTilSobili qmari da<br />

saxlSi mihyavs. maSin ki xvdeba igi, Tu ra araCveulebrivi kaci<br />

hyolia gverdiT~. swored movlenaTa amgvari ganviTarebiTvis<br />

ibrZvis gaorebuli luisi.<br />

filmSi fantazias TiTqos msgavsi, magram arsobrivad<br />

gansxvavebuli realoba cvlis. teqstebi erTmaneTSi ireva,<br />

erTimeoreSi irekleba da ironiul sivrces ayalibebs: es xom<br />

is mweralia, romelmac personaJi ver daimorCila, gausxlta<br />

xelidan iseve, rogorc sakuTari coli. es tolstois ambavs<br />

hgavs, romelsac ana kareninas moulodnelma qcevam Tavzari<br />

164 165

lia kalandariSvili<br />

qalis saxe samocdaaTiani wlebis inglisur kinoSi<br />

dasca. Tumca, luis fildings Tavisi SeTxzuli finali ar<br />

Seucvlia. mxolod misi JReradoba, misi arsi Seicvala TavisTavad<br />

konteqstebis sarkeebSi.<br />

kadri, romelSic elizabeti pirvelad Cndeba, ar aris ubralod<br />

istoriis dasawyisi. rasakvirvelia, siuJeti aqedan iwyeba. igi<br />

miemgzavreba baden-badenSi, magram es mxolod Txrobis erTi<br />

Srea. mayurebeli aRiqvams saxe-koncepts, xedavs qals, romelic<br />

martodmarto gaunZrevlad zis, fiqrebSia wasuli. erTi mxriv,<br />

elizabeti matarebliT mogzaurobs, es garkveviT aris naCvenebi,<br />

meore mxriv, igi, gamWvirvale, rogorc msubuqi eTeri, rogorc<br />

molandeba micuravs matareblis miRma ulamazes, zRaprul<br />

sivrceSi. ase mas vagonis sarkmeli ireklavs. igi ufro iq<br />

aris, swored im sivrceSi, vidre matarebelSi. es metaforaa,<br />

ulamazesi, poeturi kinometafora romelic filmis saxelwodebas<br />

ganmartavs. swored amitom adevs am kadrebs titrebi, anu SesaZloa,<br />

es amgvarad aRsaqmeli saxe uSualod mxolod saxelwodebas<br />

ganmartavdes. meore mxriv, sadRac gamgzavreba, miTumetes, amgvarad<br />

ganzogadebuli, rodesac ar ici mgzavrobis arc mizezi da arc<br />

mgzavrze gaqvs jerjerobiT raime konkretuli informacia,<br />

tradiciulad migvamrTavs im azrisken, rom igi mogzaurobs<br />

Tavis samyaroSi, sakuTari sulis ucnob sirceebSi, swored am<br />

azrs adastureben reJisori hermani da mwerali luis fildingi<br />

saubarSi, rom maTi personaJi qali miemgzavreba sadRac sxvagan,<br />

safrangeTSi, germaniaSi... (ara aqvs mniSvneloba sad!) raTa Seicnos<br />

sakuTari Tavi. am daukonkretebel detals, imas, rom `mniSvneloba<br />

rom ara aqvs~ konkretul kulturul, Tu geografiul adgils,<br />

filmSi interkulturuli, asociaciebis Tavisufali, gaSlili<br />

sivrce Semoaqvs, asparezi kulturaTa mimarTebebisaTvis.<br />

mayurebeli erTi aluziidan meoreze gadadis, sarkidan _<br />

sarkeze, asociaciidan _ asociaciaze. adgili rCeba avtorTa<br />

TviTironiisaTvisac. rodesac mwerlisa da reJisoris<br />

daukonkretebel, bundovan detalebze msjelobas vismenT, vxvdebiT,<br />

Tu ra gauTvaliswinebel viTarebaSi Cacvivdnen aseTi zerele<br />

damokidebulebis gamo maTi personaJebi: gvaxsendeba ukve Cavlili<br />

kadri, vagonis scena, sadac personaJ kerolainTan gaigivebuli<br />

realuri elizabeti uecrad iRviZebs da kiTxulobs: sad varTo?,<br />

razec igi ormag pasuxs iRebs: safrangeTSi, _ Tavazianad<br />

atyobinebs, albaT, safrangeTis mxares mjdomi mgzavri, xolo,<br />

savaraudod, germaniis mxares mjdomi dabejiTebiT pasuxobs,<br />

rom germaniaSi.<br />

anu qali, romelic mogzaurobs realurad, mogzaurobs<br />

irealuradac, rogorc daumuSavebeli personaJi, jer kidev<br />

ganuviTarebeli idea, mwerlisa da reJisoris `mSrali~ samuSao<br />

gegmis masala. es personaJi arsebobas iwyebs zustad filmis<br />

dasawyisSi da TandaTan ufro da ufro Rrmad uerTdeba da<br />

erwymis fildingis colis elizabetis saxes. msgavsebas<br />

reJisoric (hermani) poulobs. Tumca, am faqts fildingi wyobidan<br />

gamohyavs da gaRizianebuli, kategoriulad uaryofs maT Soris<br />

raime msgavsebas. mamakacTa saubari, imis kategoriuli mtkiceba,<br />

rom coli mxolod ojaxis saqmeebiT aris dainteresebuli da<br />

saxlidan gasvla saerTod ar unda - damatebiT migvaniSnebs<br />

isev henri fildingis Semoqmedebaze: konkretulad, am SemTxvevaSi,<br />

gvaxsendeba `migdebuli werilebi, anu colis saxlSi dakavebis<br />

axali saSualeba~, sadac, `rqebisgan~ Tavis dasazRvevad, ingliseli<br />

qmrebi yvela Rones xmaroben, colebis saxlebSi Casaketad.<br />

rodesac erT-erTi personaJi, softli, Civis colis Wkuaze,<br />

rogorc ubedurebaze; meore, bediT kmayofili uizdomi, gamudmebiT<br />

madlobas swiravs RmerTs, rom misi coli aseTi ar aris.<br />

`madloba RmerTs, Wkua qalisTvis udidesi borotebaa~. saukuneebs<br />

TiTqos arc gauvlia!<br />

meTvramete saukunis fildingi xatavs qalTa Tu mamakacTa<br />

tipebs, inglisur tradiciebs, realurad arsebul situaciasa<br />

da ocnebebs, rac jozef louzis filmSi isev da isev kiTxvis<br />

niSnis qveS dgas: gaurkvevelia, aris marTlac sasurveli<br />

`sakuTari cxovrebiT cxovreba~, Tu, piriqiT, es aris ocneba<br />

imaze, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi, sinamdvileSi aravis unda!<br />

amgvarad, rogorc eqspoziciaSia, filmis gmiri: qali-idea,<br />

coli da personaJi, realuri da fsiqologiuri, Tanamedrove<br />

da tradiciuli, miemgzavreba baden-badenSi da paralelurad,<br />

mogzaurobs sakuTari sulis siRrmeebSi. coli midis, raTa<br />

daubrundes sakuTar Tavs, personaJi - kulturas. intuiturad<br />

igi imeorebs dabrunebis simbolur gzas `dakargul samoTxis<br />

baRSi~ da erTgvarad, asociacias qmnis jon miltonis<br />

SemoqmedebasTan, inglisuri literaturis tradiciebTan. am<br />

166 167

lia kalandariSvili<br />

qalis saxe samocdaaTiani wlebis inglisur kinoSi<br />

motivs filmSi gamorCeuli adgili ukavia. es aris `romantikuli<br />

ingliseli qalis~ gamWoli motivi, romelsac louzi filmSi<br />

araerTxel, sxvadasxva mimarTebiT citirebs: es iqneba inglisuri<br />

`zamTris baRis~ pavilioni, sadac realoba, fantazia da simboluri<br />

mTlian gamoxatvas iRebs, Tu meuRleTa Sexvedris scena sakuTari<br />

saxlis win, ezoSi - mxolod yofiTi realoba ironiul<br />

konteqstSi, sadac elizabeti _ `eva~ iZulebuli xdeba SiSvelma<br />

datovos `samoTxe~, xolo luisi _ `adami~, namdvili inglisuri,<br />

zogjer zedmetad damTrgunveli tradiciebis `msxverplia~.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, louzi elizabetis saxes kidev erTi<br />

SriT aRrmavebs _ qalis arsobrivi, arqeti puli ganzomilebiT,<br />

rogorc SiSveli idea – qali zogadad, rogorc aseTi. louzis<br />

azriT, Tanamedrove qalma-evam dakarga Tavisi arsi, igi ZiebaSia,<br />

konkretulad ki, cdilobs `aRadginos~, ipovos Tavisi `samoTxis<br />

baRi~. gmirebs filmSi aseT adgilad baden-badeni egulebaT. es<br />

metad ironiulad JRers, radgan realurad arsebuli badenbadeni<br />

mxolod geografiuli adgili ar aris. igi TavisTavad<br />

moicavs garkveul asociaciaTa ares: zRapruli kurorti cnobili<br />

gamajansaRebeli wylebiT, mdidar, xandazmul da mosawyen<br />

aristokratTa samyofeli, genialur mweralTa nawarmoebebis<br />

sivrce... saocnebo adgili, magram gaaCnia, visTvis! am adgilis<br />

mTavari Rirseba xom samkurnalo wylebi da procedurebia,<br />

TavisTavad, sakmaod araromantikuli.<br />

gmiris iq gamgzavrebis ucnaur axirebaze mwerali da<br />

reJisori sakmaod dabneulebi saubroben. filmSi xSirad meordeba<br />

kiTxva: ra unda mas aseT dros baden-badenSi? elizabeti xom<br />

janmrTeli, axalgazrda qalia. ori ingliseli inteleqtualis,<br />

erTi SexedviT, seriozul tonalobaSi, yovelgvar gadametebas<br />

moklebuli dialogi _ erTi mxriv, momavali romanis Tu filmis<br />

personaJze da, meore mxriv, mwerlis colis zrdilobiani mokiTxva<br />

_ kalamburis masala xdeba, romelic filmis simbolur Sres<br />

uerTdeba: `ra unda badSi?~ – ukvirs hermans. sinonimebis<br />

sityvaTa TamaSi sxvadasxva ironiul JReradobaSi izrdeba.<br />

erTi mxriv, es aris `cudi~, meore mxriv _ `abazana~, `sawoli~,<br />

`magram~... aseT araerTmniSvnelovanebas luisi moTminebidan<br />

gamohyavs. `ara, is badSi ki ara, baden-badenSia!~, _ xmas uwevs<br />

igi. mas, rogorc avtors, ar moswons megobari reJisoris miniSneba<br />

gaumarTlebel detalze, ufro metad ki, colis gamo, romelic,<br />

vin icis, marTlac romelime `badSia~... `aaa, baden-badenSi! albaT,<br />

wylis procedurebze?!<br />

isev abazanis mniSvneloba! swored abazanaSi CaZinebas<br />

imizezebs elizabeti, roca eWvianobiT gaRizianebuli qmari<br />

urekavs. `warmodgena ara maqvs! xom ici elizabetis xasiaTi,<br />

raRaca rom wamouvlis~. es sasacilo dialogi sxvadasxva<br />

asociacias iwvevs. maT Soris, ikiTxeba aluzia herman fildingis<br />

`lisabonSi mogzaurobis dRiurze~. visac axsovs mwvaved<br />

satiruli, Tu simwriT dawerili dRiuri, sityva `badis~<br />

gagonebaze, im epoqis saSineli, gawvalebuli mogzaurobis suraTebi<br />

warmoudgeba, rodesac, yovelmxriv, yvelaorganodaavadebul<br />

mweral-mosamarTles, romelsac ganzraxuli aqvs saxelganTqmul<br />

balneologiur kurortze gamgzavreba, rom `iqneb samkurnalo<br />

wyalma mainc argos~, mZarcvelebisgan da yaCaRebisgan inglisis<br />

gaTavisuflebis gegmis ganxorcieleba ise gaugrZelda da Tan,<br />

ise cota gadauxades, rom saocnebo `badSi~ veRar CaaRwia da<br />

lisabonSi gamtanjvel mogzaurobas Seudga. badenSi gamgzavrebis<br />

idea, rogorc ganuxorcielebeli ocneba! da misi ganxorcieleba<br />

ki jozef louzis filmis personaJs, luis fildingis cols,<br />

elizabets gadauloca.<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, nebismier gaJRerebul sityvas, ekranze<br />

warmodgenil sruliad uniSvnelo detalsac ki Tan mohyveba<br />

miniSnebebis, asociaciebis, aluziebis uzarmazari sivrce, romelic<br />

erTmaneTTan ironiul damokidebulebebs qmnis. filmi<br />

daxlarTul-daqselilia, mTlianad labirinTis formaSia<br />

gadawyvetili. aris es semantikuri mxare, Tu vizualuri. aq<br />

Zalian nacnob sivrces, sakuTar saxlsac ki, uamravi gasasvleli<br />

aqvs, realuri Tu uamrav sarkeSi areklili, gamravlebuli da<br />

sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli irealuri, rTuli labirinTis<br />

gasasvlelebi. am sivrceSi gmirebs sruliad moulodneli<br />

rakursebidan vxedavT. isini gamodian sarkis CarCoebidan da<br />

gadadian realur sivrceSi, an piriqiT, sadRac sarkeebSi ikargebian.<br />

iSviaTad, rom sakuTari oreulis gareSe gamoCnden, romlebic<br />

maT Tvals adevneben an zurgs aqceven, toveben, isev modian...<br />

louzisTan sarke kadris kompoziciis centria. reJisori<br />

swored am sarkeebis anareklSi warmogvidgens personaJTa<br />

168 169

lia kalandariSvili<br />

qalis saxe samocdaaTiani wlebis inglisur kinoSi<br />

portretebs, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan fsiqologiur Tu sxva<br />

yvelaze sayuradRebo momentebs, xSirad mTel kadrs, romelsac<br />

iseTive sruli saoperatoro palitriT iRebs, rogorc realur<br />

sivrces. kamera TiTqos Tavisuflad moZraobs sarkis miRma<br />

arsebul usasrulo gafarToebul samyaroSi da aucileblad<br />

giCndeba asociacia kidev erT did ingliselze: TiTqos araviTari<br />

winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs, Cveulebrivad Sedixar da gamodixar<br />

luis kerolis jadosnur, sarkis miRma, sxva, axal SesaZleblobaTa<br />

samyaroSi. zogjer sarkis CarCoSi moqceuli scena citataa,<br />

hiperrealoba, romelsac ormagi azrobrivi datvirTvaa aqvs da<br />

kadrs konceptualurad kravs. magaliTad, elizabeti `brundeba<br />

saxlSi~ (saxlSi dabrunebis motivi, iseve, rogorc `samoTxis<br />

baRSi~, filmSi gamudmebiT figurirebs). uwyveti kadris gadaRebis<br />

wertilia meore sarTulze kibisTavi, saidanac moCans, erTi<br />

mxriv, ezos xedi sarkmlidan, da meore mxriv, kibis ujredi,<br />

romlis mopirdapire mxares, kedelze sarkea da romelSic<br />

holis sivrcis fragmenti irekleba.<br />

kamera daxrilia da zemodan pirvel sarTuls akvirdeba.<br />

Tavidan sarkmlidan moCans, rogor Cerdeba manqana da elizabeti<br />

saxls rogor uaxlovdeba. kamera mas horizontalurad mihyveba.<br />

kadri, rogorc vTqviT, uwyvetia da elizabeti pirdapir sarkeSi<br />

Sedis, rogorc saxlSi. misi gaucxoebuli moZraoba, simartove<br />

didi carieli saxlis CarCoian sarkeSi gansakuTrebiT saxierad<br />

ikiTxeba. amasTan, aSkaraa aluzia godaris qalTa saxeebTan<br />

(`cxovreba sakuTari cxovrebiT~, `SeSlili piero~), sadac godari<br />

ana karinas gansakuTrebiT TavisTavSi wasulad, dabneulad da<br />

bedsmindobil martosulad warmoadgens maSin, rodesac gmiri<br />

Sinaganad sruliad carielia da ar icis, Semdeg ra moxdeba.<br />

aseTi mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad elizabeti pirdapir sarkis<br />

zedapirisken miemarTeba saxiT mayureblisken, aRmasvliT da<br />

Cven vxedavT, rogor gadmodis igi sarkidan, anu sarkis<br />

gamosaxuleba rogor uerTdeba realurs.<br />

filmSi TiTqos realizebulia miSel fukos Tvalsazrisi<br />

labirinTze, rogorc metamorfozaze, romlis SuagulSi myofi<br />

minotavri – transformaciis ganxorcielebas warmoadgens.<br />

fildingis momavali scenaris personaJebi, iseve, rogorc Tavad<br />

avtori, daexetebian aseT usasrulo labirinTSi sakuTar<br />

oreulebTan erTad da iqidan gamosasvlels daeZeben, Tumca es<br />

arc ise iolia, radgan irgvliv mxolod labiriTia. labirinTi,<br />

romelic pirvelive kadrebidan matareblis sivrceSi Semodis<br />

da romelic ufro TvalsaCino xdeba, rodesac baden-badenSi<br />

Casuli elizabeti Zvelebur uniformaSi gamowyobili msaxuris<br />

etlSi jdeba da sastumrosken miemgazvreba.<br />

saocrad mSvenieri sivrce, romliTac romantikuli qali<br />

tkbeba, namdvili labirinTis suraTSi izrdeba daxveuli,<br />

dagrZelebuli bilikebiT; aq TiTqos droc deformirebulia,<br />

radgan mas fexiT mimavali Tomasi samjer dauxvdeba win, daaswrebs<br />

gzaSi sxvadasxva bilikze da bolos, sastumros holSic xvdeba.<br />

igi yvelgan Cndeba, yvelgan aris, radgan es is `minotavria~,<br />

romelmac unda gamoiwvios elizabetSi transformacia. germaneli<br />

poeti, Jigolo, avanturisti, menamcece, damxmare, mdivani,<br />

narkotikebis gadamtani da a. S., germanuli literaturis<br />

tradiciuli, eleganturi demoni... mas mravali idumali saxe<br />

aqvs, magram maTgan mTavari isaa, rom misTvis araviTari<br />

winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs: rogorc luisi ambobs, seriozuli<br />

winaaRmdegoba arasdros Sexvedria. akeTebs imas, rac surs da<br />

nebismier momentSi Tavisufalia.<br />

Tomasi, es saocrad mimzidveli macduri, filmSi sazRvris<br />

Slagbaumis TemasTan erTad Cndeba, jadosnuri samyaros<br />

sazRvarTan, sadac igi damRupvel Trobisa da tkbobis sagnebs<br />

farulad aparebs. narkotikebi matareblis tualetSi, parkSi<br />

aqvs damaluli. kompozitori (hartli) mas disonansuri, mdore<br />

da gabmuli simebiani JReradobiT axasiaTebs. labirinTebis<br />

xveulebSi igi swrafad ikvlevs gzas, nebismier daketil kars<br />

uceremoniod, mourideblad aRebs. misi socialuri mdgomareoba<br />

aristokrati da SeZlebuli ingliselisTvis niSnavs, `aravin~-s<br />

Tumca es aris `aravin, iv sen loranis kostumSi~. am rols<br />

louzTan helmut bergeri SemTxveviT ar asrulebs. mas filmSi<br />

ara mxolod germanuli kulturis sivrce Semoaqvs, aramed _<br />

viskontis filmebSi mis mier naTamaSebi saxeebis aspeqtic.<br />

`RmerTebis daRupva~, `ludvigi~ da, rasakvirvelia, `ojaxuri<br />

portreti interierSi~. louzi am kavSirs gansakuTrebiT usvams<br />

xazs, es is sarkea, romelic Tomasis saxes ganzomilebas matebs.<br />

170 171

lia kalandariSvili<br />

fildingi, elizabeti da Tomasi bolos da bolos Sejerdebian<br />

`romantikuli istoriis~ finalze. `samoTxis baRis~ patara<br />

samyaro ezos SuagulSi, gamWvirvale oranJereaSi imeorebs<br />

`codvad dacemas~ da cdunebas ayolili elizabeti TomasTan<br />

erTad tovebs `samoTxes~. es poetis versiaa, filmis finalis<br />

dawera ki, scenaristis saqmea! luisi akiTxavs elizabets da<br />

isini, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ambobs `aras!~, mainc erTad<br />

arian. Tumca, ukanaskneli kadri - `dabruneba Sin~, xmauriT<br />

asaxvs yvela im transformacias, rac labirinTis gzam moitana:<br />

luisi da elizabeti sxedan manqanaSi da sibneleSi uyureben<br />

sakuTar saxls – sakuTar Sinagan samyaros, sruliad gaucxoebuls,<br />

ucnob deformirebul saxeebs, usmenen mouridebel sicils,<br />

avxorcul drostarebas, romelic maT saxlSi Sesvlis survils<br />

akargvinebs. oranJereac isev ise anaTebs, rogorc im sabediswro<br />

`gandevnis~ Rames! Tumca, vin icis, rogori finalis imedi<br />

SeiZleboda gvqonoda! es, ubralod, realobaa, Tu irealoba...<br />

70-iani wlebis kinoTxrobaSi amas saerTod ara aqvs mniSvneloba.<br />

henri fildingi. farsi, `migdebuli werilebi anu colis saxlSi<br />

dakavebis axali saSualeba~, moskovi `iskustvo~, 1980 (rusul enaze);<br />

miniSneba J. l. godaris filmze `sakuTari cxovrebiT cxovreba~.<br />

h.fildingi. rCeuli Txzulebani, `lisabonSi mogzaurobis dRiuri~,<br />

moskovi, `xudoJestv. lit-ra~, 1989 w. (rusul enaze);<br />

miSel fuko, `sityvebi da sagnebi: humanitarul <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

arqeologia~. spb., 1994 w. (rusul enaze).<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

1<br />

SeniSvna: am sarkeSi uSualod ikiTxeba louzis<br />

TviTiroinia.<br />

irina kuWuxiZe,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori<br />

sruli profesori<br />

kinematografis konturebi axali<br />

teqnologiebis epoqaSi<br />

gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi andre bazeni Tavis SesaniSnav<br />

statiaSi `totaluri kinos miTi~ werda: `kino idealisturi<br />

fenomenia. misi idea savsebiT mza saxiT arsebobda adamianis<br />

gonebaSi _ rogorc platoniseul caze... winamorbedebis<br />

warmosaxvebi kinematografiul ideas aigivebdnen realobis<br />

totalur da erTmTlian reproducirebasTan... advili SesamCnevia,<br />

rom kinos gamogonebis yvela ZiriTadi etapi ganvlili iyo<br />

manamde, vidre teqnikuri pirobebi Seiqmneboda. amis Semdeg bazeni<br />

dasZens: `kino TiTqmis arafriTaa davalebuli mecnieruli<br />

gamokvlevebisgan.~ 1 Tuki pirveli Teza sakamaTo ar aris da<br />

ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, maSin mecnierul-teqnikuri<br />

ganviTarebis da SesaZleblobebis mimarT erTgvari skepticizmi,<br />

cota ar iyos, ucnaurad JRers. sainteresoa, ra Sefasebas<br />

miscemda dRevandeli teqnologiebis epoqas kinos fotografiuli<br />

bunebis da realobisadmi ndobis apologeti? cxadia, es<br />

ritorikuli SekiTxvaa da masze pasuxs arc veliT, Tumca<br />

erTis Tqma ki danamdvilebiT SeiZleba: uniWieresi da<br />

kinematografSi uzomod Seyvarebuli mkvlevari mimdinare<br />

araerTmniSvnelovan procesebis zust da saintereso analizs<br />

SemogvTavazebda. me ki Sevecdebi am movlenis zogierT aspeqtze<br />

Cemi mokrZalebuli mosazrebebi gagacnoT.<br />

kinematografis gamogonebis momentidan teqnika da<br />

kinoSemoqmedeba ganuyofeli aRmoCnda. es kavSiri TiTqos or<br />

mimarTulebas Seicavs: ayenebs ra Tavis winaSe mxatvrul amocanebs,<br />

kinoxelovneba, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `SekveTas aZlevs~ teqnikur<br />

azrs, da piriqiT _ winmswrebi teqnikuri azri kinoenis<br />

ganviTarebis inspirirebas axdens. `kinoteqnika da kinoxelovnebis<br />

gamomsaxveli saSualebebi~ _ es Tema ama Tu im formiT yovelTvis<br />

172 173

irina kuWuxiZe<br />

idga dRis wesrigSi, xolo calkeul periodebSi gansakuTrebul<br />

aqtualobasa da simwvaves iZenda. dRes uTuod amgvar<br />

situaciasTan gvaqvs saqme: kinoteqnikaSi ramdenime aTwleulis<br />

win dawyebuli eleqtronuli teqnologiis CarTva XX saukunis<br />

bolo aTwleulSi mTlianad cifrul teqnikaze gadasvliT<br />

dagvirgvinda da am, rogorc mas uwodeben, teqnologiurma<br />

revoluciam xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi `digitaluri kinos~ da<br />

fotorealizmis stilis cnebebi daamkvidra. ismis kiTxva: raSia<br />

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba (ara marto teqnikuri, aramed, albaT,<br />

esTetikuric) tradiciul, fotografiulad registrirebul<br />

kinogamomsaxvelobasa da digitalur saxovnebas Soris? am<br />

ukanasknels yovelive isic xelewifeba, rac klasikur<br />

kinematografs, anu ekranze sinamdvilis kvlavwarmoqmna, realobis<br />

firze dafiqsireba. magram amasTanave is qmnis realurisa da<br />

xelovnuris anu sxvagvarad _ sinTezirebulis erTmaneTTan<br />

organulad Serwymul realobas. da mesame: qmnis sruliad axal,<br />

obieqturad ararsebul virtualur realobas.<br />

cnobili bulgareli mkvlevari boJedar manovi Tvlis, rom<br />

es fenomeni ara imdenad teqnikuri da Tundac esTetikuri<br />

xasiaTisaa, aramed ufro filosofiuri mniSvnelobis problemad<br />

warmoCindeba, exeba ra obieqturi realobis damorCilebas Tu<br />

mis meorad kvlavwarmoqmnas raRac subieqtur realobad, romelic<br />

damokidebulia ara marto Semqmnelis saavtoro nebaze, aramed<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad agreTve kompiuteruli programirebis<br />

SesaZleblobebze. digitaluri teqnologiis gamoCenam da<br />

ganviTarebam kidev ufro maRal xarisxSi moaxdina aqtualizireba<br />

sakiTxis audiovizualuri saxe-xatis obieqturi bunebis Sesaxeb,<br />

rac fotografiis wyalobiT absoluturi utyuarobiT<br />

xorcieldeboda. mkvlevari askvnis, rom Tuki klasikuri<br />

kinematografiuli Teoriis kategoriebs gamoviyenebT, procesi<br />

moZraobs Semdegnairi paraboliT _ bazenis fotografiulobidan<br />

gaivlis `danagvianebas~ sxvadasxvagvari teqnikuri subieqturavtoriseuli<br />

SeWrebiT, axal sinTezur (Tu sinTetikur)<br />

fotografiulobis digitalur saxe-xatisken. 2<br />

araerTi gamocdili kinematografisti Civis da amtkicebs,<br />

rom ekranze videogamosaxuleba (Tundac digitaluri)<br />

kinematografis konturebi axali teqnologiebis epoqaSi<br />

naklovanad gamoiyureba, vinaidan is moklebulia tradiciuli<br />

kinogamosaxulebis magiur siRrmesa da Zalas. Znelia uarhyo,<br />

rom gansxvaveba marTlac arsebobs, Tumca axali teqnologiis<br />

mimdevrebi amboben, rom gamosaxuleba ubralod sxvagvari da<br />

ara naklovania. am kamaTSi CarTva umaduri saqmea, erTi ram ki<br />

aSkaraa: digitaluri gamosaxuleba xasiaTdeba raRac ucnauri<br />

realizmiT, rac ufro civ da mwvave SegrZnebebs iwvevs klasikur<br />

filmTan SedarebiT, romelic, marTlac, magiis garkveul wils<br />

flobs. Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes aRqmis wminda fsiqologiuri<br />

momenti _ SeCvevis faqtori da Tu davukvirdebiT, sakiTxis es<br />

aspeqti ukve Zalas ikrebs da aSkarad saxezea. isic cnobilia,<br />

rom araerTi gamoCenili reJisori ubralod loialobas ki ar<br />

iCens axali teqnologiis mimarT, aramed Tavadac mimarTavs mas<br />

da Sehyavs Tavisi Semoqmedebis orbitaSi. bevrs gadaReba firze,<br />

teqnikuri montaJi ukve anaqronizmadac eCveneba, eleqtronuli<br />

montaJis gamocdilebiT uWirs firTan muSaoba, Riziandeba, roca<br />

gadaRebuls maSinve ver naxulobs... igive xdeba TviT fiqsaciis<br />

procesTan mimarTebaSi: magaliTad videoze gadaReba bevrad<br />

ufro mosaxerxebelia, kamerebi msubuqi, zomiT patara, cal xelSi<br />

daWera rom SeiZleba. aqedan gamomdinare, kinoenis Seqmnis<br />

TvalsazrisiTac meti Tavisuflebaa: ar xar damokidebuli mZime<br />

aparaturaze, ganaTebasa da firis xarisxze. xolo gamosaxulebis<br />

cifruli damuSaveba specefeqtebisTvis ganusazRvrel<br />

SesaZleblobas iZleva. video da cifruli teqnologiis gareSe<br />

ver warmoiSveboda iseTi kinomimarTuleba, rogoric iyo `dogma~.<br />

misi erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli Tomas vinterbergi<br />

Tavis gaxmaurebul, kanSi premirebul filmTan `dResaswauli~<br />

dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda im upiratesobebs, rasac Semoqmeds<br />

digitaluri kamera aniWebs _ es aris simsubuqe, sivrceSi<br />

Seuferxebeli da advili moZraoba-gadaadgileba, rogorc ityvian,<br />

msaxiobisTvis kudSi devna, Ria cis qveS damatebiTi atributebis<br />

gareSe gadaRebis SesaZlebloba da gansakuTrebiT bunebriv<br />

xmaurian garemoSi nebismieri dialogis Cawera. yovelive es,<br />

rogorc viciT, `dogmis~ manifestis ZiriTadi punqtebia da am<br />

mimarTulebis farglebSi gadaRebuli filmebis esTetikisa da<br />

stilis maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens.<br />

174 175

irina kuWuxiZe<br />

avtorebi, romlebic digitalur teqnologiaSi gatacebiT<br />

muSaoben Tvlian, rom cifruli teqnikiT Seqmnili filmebi<br />

sulac ar uaryofen kinogamosaxulebis tradiciulad aRiarebul<br />

erT-erT specifikur niSans _ utyuarobas, ubralod Taviseburad<br />

axdenen am utyuarobis realizacias da es aramc Tu<br />

winaaRmdegobaSi Sedis bazeniseuli Teoriis Zireul<br />

postulatTan, anu `realobisadmi ndobasTan~, aramed axal<br />

xarisxSi ahyavs es ndoba, oRond ukve digitaluri realobisadmi.<br />

Cems mier ukve naxsenebi boJedar manovi SeniSnavs, rom amaSi<br />

simarTlis marcvali devs, vinaidan maSinac ki, roca digitaluri<br />

teqnologiis daxmarebiT iqmneba axali, xelovnuri virtualuri<br />

sinamdvile, romelic obieqtur samyaroSi ar arsebobs, avtorebi<br />

eZeben da iswrafvian utyuarobis idealisken, romelic axal<br />

xedvas obieqtur sinamdvilesTan daaaxlovebda. amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT sainteresoa Tu rogor ixseneben kompiuteruli<br />

damuSavebis specialistebi muSaobis process stiven spilbergis<br />

filmze `iuruli periodis parki~. es filmi, gadaRebuli 1992<br />

wels, cifruli teqnologiis aTvisebis da axali stilis _<br />

e.w. fotorealizmis Camoyalibebis procesSi Semobrunebis<br />

punqtad, Tu etapad aris miCneuli. manamde kompiuteruli teqnikis<br />

gamoyeneba kinoSi ZiriTadad rTuli specefeqtebis SeqmniT da<br />

fantastikuri triukebis damuSavebiT ifargleboda. swored<br />

`iuruli periodis parki~ iyo pirveli, romelmac erT mTlianobad<br />

organulad Serwya realuri da xelovnuri, sinTezirebuli<br />

elementebi da fotorealizmi anu axali tipis utyuaroba<br />

axal xarisxSi aiyvana. axla ki ai, ras ixsenebs kompiuteruli<br />

damuSavebis specialisti tom uiliamsi, romelic spilbergis<br />

filmis Semdeg muSaobda robert zemekisis `forest gampze~,<br />

`niRabze~ da kidev araerT sxva filmze. ra gziT iqmneboda<br />

realurisa da xelovnuris WeSmariti sinTezi? rogor unda<br />

ganlagebuliyvnen da Serwymodnen naturul `dekoraciebs~<br />

dinozavrebi da sxva sinTezirebuli obieqtebi? `CvenTvis<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, rom `emuSava~ dinozavrebis<br />

ara marto zedapirs, garegnobas, aramed Sinagan bunebas. Cven<br />

kompiuterze vaxdendiT dinozavrebis kanisa da moZraobis<br />

rekonstruirebas,kameriT viRebdiT ra sxvadasxva cxovelebs<br />

kinematografis konturebi axali teqnologiebis epoqaSi<br />

zooparkSi, vakvirdebodiT da vswavlobdiT cxovelTa moZraobis<br />

Taviseburebebs, konsultaciebisTvis mivmarTavdiT<br />

arqeozoologebs _ da yvelaferi es imisTvis, raTa udidesi<br />

realizmisTvis migveRwia. ~3<br />

me ramdenimejer vaxsene Tu rogor gaiolda eleqtronuli<br />

teqnikiT ekranze specefeqtebis Seqmna. misi areali marTlac<br />

saocrad gafarTovda. axalma teqnikam Secvala ra tradiciuli<br />

kombinirebuli kinogadaRebebi, SesaZlebeli gaxada yvelaze<br />

daujerebeli efeqtebis miRweva: wyaldidobebi, xanZrebi,<br />

miwisZvrebi, afeTqebebi, sxva planetebi...Yyovelive es da kidev<br />

bevri sxva ram araerTxel gvixilavs `holivudis~ produqciaSi.<br />

sainteresoa agreTve sxva ti pis efeqtebi: e. w. `kompouzingis~<br />

xerxiT miiRweva obieqtebis erTmaneTSi uwyveti gadasvlis<br />

xilvadoba yovelgvari `nakerebis~ gareSe; organzomilebiani<br />

obieqtis samganzomilebianSi gadayvana; obieqtebis<br />

dematerializaciis Seqmna, maTi konturis gaoreba,<br />

gaumWvirvalobis dakargva da sxva mravali manipulaciis<br />

warmoudgeneli Sedegi. sakmarisia gavixsenoT vaCovskebis<br />

gaxmaurebuli `matrica~, sadac sakmaodaa Tavmoyrili CamoTvlili<br />

efeqtebi, da naTeli xdeba, rom tradiciuli kinoteqnikiT maTi<br />

meaTedis miRwevac SeuZlebeli iqneboda. farTod gamoiyeneba<br />

cifruli teqnikis SesaZlebloba nebismieri interieris Tu<br />

eqsterieris warmosaxvisTvis. es gansakuTrebiT aiolebs<br />

istoriul filmebze muSaobas, rodesac ZviradRirebuli<br />

dekoraciebis ageba aRar xdeba saWiro. magaliTisTvis ikmarebs<br />

Tundac ridli skotis `gladiatorSi~ cifrulad Seqmnili<br />

kolizeumi.<br />

digitaluri kinos mimarT interesi gasuli saukunis 90-<br />

iani wlebidan moyolebuli sul ufro izrdeba. aris festivalebi,<br />

sadac is erT-erT prioritetad aris miCneuli. aseTia, vTqvaT,<br />

roterdamis kinofestivali. aq yovelTvis warmodgenilia sakmao<br />

raodenobis namuSevrebi, romlebic ara marto gadaRebulia<br />

cifrul safuZvelze, aramed maTi demonstrirebac `dividi~<br />

proeqciis saSualebiT xdeba. ufro metic, umaRles kategoriad<br />

aRiarebuli veneciis festivalis farglebSi araerTxel moewyo<br />

specialuri ganxilvebi Tu bienalebi, romlebic `digitaluri<br />

176 177

irina kuWuxiZe<br />

kinos~ problemebs mieZRvna da masSi gamoCenili xelovanebi,<br />

avtoritetuli Teoretikosebi iRebdnen monawileobas: vim<br />

vendersi, jilo pontekorvo, kSiStof zanusi, umberto eko da<br />

sxvebi. yvela maTgani Tanxmdeba, rom azrs moklebulia msjeloba<br />

da miT ufro kamaTi imis Taobaze axali teqnologiebis danergva<br />

kinoSi kargia Tu cudi. es ukve momxdari faqtia, axla ki<br />

mTavaria rogor da risTvis gamoiyeneben kinoxelovanebi axal<br />

SesaZleblobebs. vim vendersi, romelic Tavad didi interesiT<br />

Caeflo digitalur xelovnebaSi, jer kidev 10 wlis win Tavis<br />

Tavsac da sxvebsac TiTqos afrTxilebda: “dRevandel kinos<br />

Cven mivyavarT yvelaze fantastikur mogzaurobaSi, sadac advilia<br />

daikargo. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania sakuTar cnobierebaze<br />

kontrolis SenarCuneba, TavisTavadad darCena `pirveli xelis~<br />

realobaSi, romelic mainc yvelaze metad momxiblavi da<br />

amaforiaqebelia.~ 4 kSiStof zanusi ver uarhyofs, rom XX1<br />

saukuneSi kino uTuod sxva _ eleqtronul formaSi iarsebebs,<br />

magram TiTqos gvafrTxilebs, roca ambobs: `...rogori teqnikac<br />

unda gamoiyenebodes, CvenTvis yovelTvis saintereso iqneba<br />

monaTxrobi sxva adamianebis cxovrebaze. am monaTxrobis gareSe,<br />

teqnikuri saSualebebis SuamavlobiT sxva adamianebis gacnobis<br />

gareSe, Cven cxovreba ar SegviZlia.~ 5 sakmaod skeptikurad<br />

ganwyobilma umberto ekom axal teqnologiebs `simulaciuri~<br />

uwoda. ai, ra Tqva cnobilma moazrovnem: “rac Seexeba kinoSi<br />

axali `simulaciuri~ teqnologiebis danergvis Sedegebs, rogorc<br />

Cans, Cven SevejaxebiT situacias, analogiurs imisa, rac masobrivi<br />

informaciis saSualebebTan, gazeTebsa da televiziasTan<br />

mimrTebaSi SeiniSneba.~ 6 WeSmaritad, axali tipis kinematografma<br />

farTo gasaqani misca `meorad~ saxeebs, erTgvarad axali sunTqva<br />

Sehmata da Caewera postmodernistuli simulakrebisa da<br />

simulaciebis zogad konteqstSi. rac Seexeba analogias masobrivi<br />

informaciis saSualebebTan, aq umberto ekos, rogorg Cans, maTdami<br />

da, maSasadame, momavali kinosadmic ndobis faqtorSi aSkarad<br />

eJvi Seaqvs.<br />

dasasruls minda gamovyo ramdenime tendencia, romelic<br />

cifruli kinos ganviTarebasTan erTad gamoikveTa da, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas zedapirze devs. pirveli teqnologizmiT zRvardaudebeli<br />

kinematografis konturebi axali teqnologiebis epoqaSi<br />

gatacebaa, rodesac filmi meti araferia, Tu ara teqnikasTan<br />

TamaSi. aseTi tendencia gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi iyo axali<br />

teqnologiiT damkvidrebuli Janris _ e. w. videoartis filmebSi.<br />

Tumca, am JanrSi ukve dagrovda WeSmaritad mxatvruli miRwevebic.<br />

sakmarisia movixsenioT poloneli reJisoris ribCinskis<br />

SesaniSnavi namuSevrebi. meore mimarTuleba garkveuli Janrebis<br />

gaaqtiurebasTan aris dakavSirebuli: saocar masStabebs aRwevs<br />

fantastikuri Janris modifikaciebi. erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva<br />

tipis kosmosuri odiseebi: teqnologiurad unaklod gamarTuli<br />

`varskvlavuri omebi~, `armagedonebi~ da sxva mravali...<br />

fantastikur-saTavgadasavlo filmebis mTeli seria, maT Soris,<br />

dabali, saSualo da maRali donis SesrulebiT, vTqvaT,<br />

gaxmaurebuli `beWdebis mbrZanebeli.~ amave JanrSi mesame ganxra<br />

- es aris fantastikuri Trileri an e. w. `hororebi~. aqac<br />

arCevani Zalze farToa, magram moviyvan Tundac erT magaliTs:<br />

`ucxoebis~ mTel cikls.<br />

mkvidrdeba `virtualuri kinoTeatris~ cneba, icvleba<br />

nawarmoebTan komunikaciis forma, mxedvelobaSi maqvs mayureblis<br />

specifikuri ukukavSiri ekranTan. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _<br />

interaqtiuloba, rac sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia komunikaciis<br />

digitaluri saSualebebisTvis. garkveuli tipis filmebSi<br />

mayurebels ganusazRvrelad SeuZlia Caerios filmis nebismier<br />

elementSi da Tavidan gauSvas qselSi. aseTi komunikacia<br />

mxatvrul nawarmoebsa da, uxeSad rom vTqva, momxmarebels Soris<br />

Zalze sakamaToa. albaT, ufro _ miuRebeli, vinaidan ikiTxeba<br />

Semoqmedsa da xelovnebaze masebis Zaladobis ufro pirdapiri<br />

da Tavxeduri gamovlena. sityva `ufro~ imitom vixmare, rom<br />

xelovnebis da sazogadod kulturis sivrcis did farTobs,<br />

samwuxarod, isedac masebis `dakveTa~ aregulirebs. es yovelive<br />

rom ganvazogadoT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: kinoSi dRes masobrivi<br />

produqciis masStabis arnaxuli zrdaa, rogorc Cveulebrivi<br />

formatis filmebis, ise gansakuTrebiT teleserialebis saxiT.<br />

Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom amJamad kinematografSi TvalnaTlivi<br />

krizisuli situacia uSualod teqnologiur siaxleebiTaa<br />

ganpirobebuli, magram es krizisi (rasac bolo prestiJuli<br />

kinofestivalebic adasturebs) Tu erTgvarad gardamavali<br />

178 179

irina kuWuxiZe<br />

periodi jer-jerobiT aZnelebs kinos momavlis konturebis<br />

danaxvas. da bolos, kinos erTsaukunovani istoriis manZilze<br />

teqnikuri siaxleni WeSmarit xelovanebs enobrivi Ziebebisken<br />

ubiZgebdnen, esTetikuri problemebis daZlevis Tu<br />

konceftualuri siRrmeebis vizualizaciis instrumentebi<br />

xdebodnen. imedi viqonioT, rom axali teqnologiac upiratesad<br />

namdvili xelovnebis samsaxurSi Cadgeba.<br />

Mmaia levaniZe,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

wamyvani mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

qarTuli telesivrce da reklamis<br />

Tavisebureba<br />

1. Андре Базен. Что такое кино? М., 1972, ст.48-50;<br />

2. Киноведческие записки,№24,19994/95. ст.198;<br />

3. Киноведческие записки,№22;<br />

4 Киноведческие записки,№24,19994/95. ст. 200;<br />

5. www.kinozapiski.ru<br />

`sifilisi gonebriv daavadebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, televizia<br />

ki Tanamedrove adamianis SemecnebaSi mimdinare ngrevis mizezia.<br />

Tomas mani romanSi `doqtori fausti~ aRniSnavda, rom sifilisi<br />

sazRauria adamianis genialobisTvis. dRes televiziis fenomens<br />

imave Tvisebebs miaweren: esaa me-19 saukunis kulturis<br />

aRorZinebisa da ayvavebis sazRauri. sifiliss moaqvs sigiJe<br />

da gancda. sabolood ki sikvdili, sawyissa da sasruls Soris<br />

CvenSi raRac saSineleba xdeba...~ 1 suzan zontagis mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli es uCveulo Sedareba, vfiqrob, mkveTrad<br />

gamoxatavs televiziis unars, zegavlena moaxdinos adamianis<br />

Sinagan samyaroze, misi cxovrebis stilsa da msoflmxedvelobaze;<br />

mis unikalur unars, Seqmnas simulaciuri realoba yvelaze<br />

damajerebeli, realisturi niSnebiTa da elementebiT.<br />

simulaciuri realobis Seqmnis procesSi mniSvnelovani<br />

adgili reklamas ukavia. Tu sainformacio saSualebebi<br />

yoveldRiurad ayalibeben garkveul ideologias (sadac ikveTeba<br />

politikuri aqcentebi, movlenaTa Sefasebis qvakuTxedi), reklama,<br />

misgan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadad mimarTulia zogadi Rirebulebebis,<br />

cxovrebis wesis yofaSi damkvidrebisken. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

reklamis ZiriTadi funqcia ama Tu im sagnis realizebaa, qarTul<br />

telesivrceSi, Warbad SemoTavazebuli dasavluri reklamis<br />

xarjze, xSirad xdeba garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana, rogorc<br />

mentalobaSi, ise arsebul tradiciebSi. xSirad, sareklamo<br />

rgolebis lakirebuli, idealizebuli, romantikuli samyaro<br />

mibaZvis sagani xdeba da pirdapir asaxvas hpovebs sazogadoebis<br />

garkveul nawilis cxovrebaSi.<br />

satelevizio rekalama moicavs gamosaxulebas, xmas, moZraobas,<br />

fers da swored amitom, auditoriaze is ufro mkveTr da<br />

Zlier zegavlenas axdens, vidre sxva masobrivi saSualebebi.<br />

180 181

maia levaniZe<br />

qarTuli telesivrce da reklamis Tavisebureba<br />

reklama televiziaSi mayureblisTvis gansakuTrebiT saintereso<br />

im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu kompiuteruli grafikis gamoyenebiTaa<br />

Seqmnili. telereklamis meSveobiT xdeba ufro meti<br />

samomxmareblo sagnis gayidva, vidre, nebismieri sxva tipis<br />

sareklamo gancxadebiT. satelevizio sareklamo rgolebi<br />

SeiZleba iyos dokumenturi, mxatvruli, animaciuri. maT<br />

mayureblebze didi fsiqologiuri zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sareklamo blokebs uaryofiTi Tvisebic<br />

aqvT, magaliTad, maRali Rirebuleba da Cvenebis sixSire, rac<br />

mayurebelSi xSirad garkveul gaRizianebas iwvevs.<br />

telereklamaSi, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania<br />

dinamikuroba da bunebrioba. sareklamo rgolis dinamikuri<br />

ritmis dakargva iwvevs imas, rom reklama dune Dda naklebad<br />

saintereso xdeba. arsebobs sentimentaluri reklamebi,<br />

romlebSic dasavluri reklamebi qarTul niadagze pirdapir<br />

gadmodis. reklamis damzadebisas, mniSvnelovania saerTo stilis<br />

da ganwyobis Seqmna. zegavlenis TvalsazrisiT, sareklamo<br />

gzavnili SesaZloa iyos racionaluri da emociuri.<br />

racionaluri (sagnobrivi) reklama myidvels konkretul<br />

informacias awvdis. is sagnis realizebis procesSi damajerebel<br />

argumentebs iyenebs. emociuri (asociaciuri) reklama garkveul<br />

mogonebebs aRZravs, iZleva saazrovno impulsebs, mimarTulia<br />

grZnobaTa samyarosadmi, emociebisa da qvecnobierisadmi da<br />

zemoqmedebs ideis da warmosaxvis saSualebiT. reklamebis<br />

umetesoba am ori komponentis nakrebia, magram es tipebi arseboben<br />

damoukidebladac.<br />

gamosaxvis mixedviT reklama or ti pad iyofa: `msubuqi~<br />

da `myari~. aseTi tipis reklama xSirad uaryofiTi stimulirebis<br />

gamosawvevadaa gamiznuli da xanmokle periodisTvisaa<br />

gankuTvnili. aseTi tipis nimuSebi yuradRebas ipyrobs myvirala,<br />

Sinagan efeqtze gaTvlili gancxadebebiT. `msubuqi~ reklama<br />

qmnis garkveul areals, atmosferos, zogad ganwyobas. ufro<br />

xSirad esaa emociuri reklama, romelic iyenes simbolikas,<br />

siRrmiseul motivebs. miznebis mixedviT, reklama SesaZlebelia<br />

iyos: `imij-reklama~, stimulisa da stabilurobis momcemi reklama,<br />

Sida safirmo reklama, SedarebiTi, informaciuli da sxva.<br />

`imij-reklama~ mimarTulia saxis, imijis Sesaqmnelad, masSi<br />

SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos stabiluroba, erTguleba, gaweuli<br />

samuSaos efeqturoba, keTilganwyoba klientebisadmi.<br />

sareklamo b lokebis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas Semdegi komponentebi:<br />

1. saintereso, advilad dasamaxsovrebeli vizualuri mxare;<br />

2. mkafio da martivi vizualuri mxare;<br />

3. sareklamo rgolisadmi mayureblis yuradReba unda iyos<br />

mipyrobili pirveli ori wuTis ganmavlobaSi, sxva SemTxvevaSi,<br />

interesi ecema;<br />

4. sareklamo rgoli ise unda iyos awyobili, rom maSinve<br />

miipyros mayureblis interesi;<br />

5. misi Sinaarsi unda aigos ara mxolod reklamirebuli sagnis<br />

garSemo, aramed potenciuri momxmareblis moTxovnaTa<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />

6. sareklamo rgolSi gamoyenebuli yoveli fraza unda muSaobdes<br />

qmediTunarianad da efeqturad.<br />

arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis sareklamo rgolebi, maT Soris:<br />

komerciuli reklama, socialuri reklama (mimarTulia<br />

saqvelmoqmedo da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis<br />

popularizaciisken. aseve gaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifo<br />

interesebi), politikuri reklama (maT Soris, saarCevno).<br />

satelevizio reklama moicavs virtualur reklamas, morbenal<br />

striqons, telegancxadebas. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi Rirseba<br />

maRali emociuri damajereblobaa. misi meSveobiT, mayurebels<br />

ramdenime wuTSi, sruliad damajereblad eqmneba garkveul<br />

damokidebuleba sagnis mimarT. reklamebs Soris telereklama<br />

yvelaze emociuri da sanaxaobrivi saxea. M<br />

gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis miuxedavad, telereklamas aqvs<br />

rigi seriozuli SezRudvebic: 1. gayidvisa da damzadebis didi<br />

Rirebuleba; 2. mravaljeradad CvenebaDda sxva.<br />

saqarTveloSi samrewvelo sareklamo rgolebis umetesoba<br />

dasavleTisa da ruseTis televiziebis produqcias warmoadgens.<br />

xSiradreklamirebul saganTan erTad xdeba sxva, ucxo qveynis<br />

cxovrebis, urTierTobis stilis gafetiSeba. mayurebelis<br />

cnobierebaSi, romelic, faqtobrivad, gaucnobiereblad iRebs<br />

sareklamo rgoliT miwodebul informacias, atmosfero<br />

182 183

maia levaniZe<br />

qarTuli telesivrce da reklamis Tavisebureba<br />

etapobrivad, nel-nela jdeba; meore mxriv, aratipuri garemos<br />

SeTvisebisas ar xdeba identificireba arsebul personaJebTan<br />

da samyarosTan.<br />

saarCevno kampaniis periodSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani roli<br />

mieniWa politikur reklamas, romelic pirobiTad SesaZloa daiyos<br />

or _ `poziciis~ (mmarTveli partiis) da `opoziciis~ blokad.<br />

`poziciis~ sareklamo rgolebi ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo<br />

`momxmareblisTvis~ konkretuli mesijebis gagzavnisken. wina<br />

xedze wamoweuli iyo cnebebi: rwmena, profesionalizmi, moqmedeba.<br />

rac konkretdeboda sloganebiT: `me gTavazob yovelive amas,<br />

raTa Sen miiRo keTildReoba da stabiluroba.~ nacionaluri<br />

moZraobis sareklamo rgolebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili<br />

iyo ara am moZraobis, partiis zogadi saxis Seqmnaze, rac<br />

arsebul situaciaSi wamgebiani pozicia SesaZloa yofiliyo,<br />

aramed konkretul pirovnebebze, romlebsac realurad SeswevdaT<br />

Zala da unari SeecvalaT arsebuli realoba. saxelisuflo<br />

sareklamo rgolebi amomrCevels sTavazobda konkretul saxeebs,<br />

romlebic TiToeul adamians konkretuli problemebis gadaWras<br />

pirdeboda. anu Seiqmna mesiji: `konkretuli deputati piradad<br />

SenTvis~.Pamis paralelurad, aqcenti keTdeboda iseT mniSvnelovan<br />

Rorebulebebze, rogoricaa rwmena, ojaxuri tradiciebi,<br />

patriotizmi. Yyovelive es myardeboda konkretuli kandidatis<br />

warsuliTa da awmyoTi. Eekranze Cndebodnen masaSi `gaTqvefili~<br />

warmatebuli adamianebi, romlebic mayurebelSi asocirdebodnen<br />

materialur keTildReobasTan, stabilurobasTan. zogadad,<br />

`poziciis~ sakmaod vrceli formatis politikuri reklama,<br />

romelic mcire satelevizio siuJetebs warmoadgenda, mimarTuli<br />

iyo arsebuli mdgomareobis ganaxlebis, problemis gadaWris,<br />

mogvarebisken., ramac met-naklebad pozitiuri roli iTamaSa<br />

damkveTis sasargeblod. sareklamo bloki `opoziciuri~<br />

blokisgan gansxvavebiT, agebuli iyo konkretul gamosaxulebaze,<br />

realuri garemoTi da adamianebiT, mizanmimarTuli mesijebiT.<br />

`opoziciuri~ bloki, faqtobrivad, Tavs aridebda<br />

konkretizacias. isini ZiriTadad aqcents saxelisuflo<br />

partiebis im Secdomebze amaxvilebda, romlebsac xelisufleba<br />

Tavad aRiarebda da mayurebels gamosavalsac Tavadve sTavazobda.<br />

`opoziciuri~ blokis saarCevno klipebSi gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

struqtura agebuli iyo zogad `simbolur frazebze~, garemosa<br />

da ganwyobaze. xSirad xdeboda kadris esTetizeba. mniSvnelovani<br />

xeboda musikaluri laitmotivebi, romlebic klipSi xSirad<br />

gansazRvravda ritmis raobas, mis Taviseburebas. swored amitom,<br />

politikurma reklmam, am SemTxvevaSi, zogadad musikaluri klipis<br />

forma miiRo, rac mayurebelSi TavisTavad garTobasTan<br />

igivdeboda. anu is Znelad aRiqmeboda problemur, mniSvnelovan<br />

mesijad. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT `ucnobis~ sareklamo<br />

klipi: `Seni xma mWirdeba, Zmao!~<br />

`opoziciuri~ bloki or ZiriTad mesijze aigo:<br />

1. `saqarTvelo saakaSvilis gareSe~ anu moxda dapirispireba<br />

erT konkretul pirTan da mtris saxis Seqmna, rac, faqtobrivad,<br />

Tavidanve ganwiruli aRmoCnda. vinaidan, saarCevno procesSi<br />

wina planze wamoweuli iyo mixeil saakaSvilis persona.<br />

`saqarTvelo saakaSvilis gareSe~ ukve moZvelebuli mesiji<br />

aRmoCnda, ramac ver moaxdina partiisa da konkretuli pirebis<br />

identifikacia. mesiji mesijad darCa. `opoziciurma~ blokma<br />

`pozicias~ konkretuli Rirebulebebi ver daupirispira,<br />

konkretul Temebze agebuli antireklama, rogorc es `vardebis<br />

revoluciis~ dros moaxerxa opoziciurma speqtrma. maSin maT<br />

aqcenti gaakeTes ara mxolod SevardnaZeze, aramed, zogadad,<br />

qveynis mZime socio-politikur mdgomareobaze. sareklamo<br />

rgolebiT mouwodebdnen, uari eTqvaT _ qveynis `varadnaze~<br />

zogadad, da amave dros, `Se-vardna-Zeze~, rogorc vardnis erTerT<br />

mizezze.<br />

2. `gaverTiandeT~. sareklamo bloki orientirebuli iyo<br />

konkretuli partiebis irgvliv xalxis gaerTianebisken, magram,<br />

vinaidan ZiriTadi mesiji iyo gaerTianeba prezidentis winaaRmdeg,<br />

moxda mayureblis, potenciuri amomrCevlis yuradRebis erTgvari<br />

`gabneva~, rodesac agresia, kritika isev konkretuli adamianisa<br />

da partiis winaaRmdeg warimarTa, politikurma reklamam isev<br />

`poziciis~ sasargeblod imuSava. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

saparlamento arCevnebis periodSi `opoziciis~ sareklamo<br />

blokSi ar iyo gamoyenebuli politikuri reklamis<br />

SesaZleblobebis mTeli speqtri, rasac `poziciis~ sareklamo<br />

blokze ver ityvi.<br />

184 185

maia levaniZe<br />

arsebul realobaSi aqtualuri xdeba Jan bodriaris frazebi:<br />

`Cven vcxovrobT simulaciur samyaroSi, sadac niSan-simboloebi<br />

(telegamosaxuleba, kompiuteruli TamaSebi, eleqtronuli fuli)<br />

ukeT funqcionirebs, vidre realuri~... `axlandeli foto,<br />

kino da telesaxeebi samyaros arsebobas gulaxdilobiTa da<br />

damajerebeli uSualobiT gvimtkiceben. Cven daufiqreblad<br />

gvjera maTi realobis, WeSmaritebis, magram vcdebiT~... `swored<br />

maSin, roca saxe yvelaze realisturad, yvelaze WeSmarit<br />

sinamdviled gveCveneba, swored maSin avlenen ufro metad avlenen<br />

sakuTar satanur arss...~ 2<br />

1. `televizia me-XX saukunis kulturuli aRzevebis sazRauri~-gaz.<br />

kultura 2005, #2, gv.4;<br />

2. J. bodriari, saxeTa boroti demoni, `iskustvo kino~ 1992, #10,<br />

gv.64-70.<br />

manana lekboraSvili,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

media reprezentaciebi da maTi Seswavlis<br />

aqtualoba<br />

qarTul metyvelebaSi da werilobiT teqstebSi sul ufro<br />

xSirad gvxvdeba sityva `reprezentacia~ da es ar aris<br />

SemTxveveiTi _ dReisTvis reprezentacia erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

aqtiurad diskusirebadi Temaa ara mxolod akademiur kvlevaSi,<br />

aramed ufro farTod, kulturul garemoSi.<br />

mxolod sityvis moqmedi gansazRvrebebi SeiZleba erTgvari<br />

dabneulobis mizezi gaxdes. inglisuri enis oqsfordis<br />

universitetis leqsikoni reprezentacias, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

gansazRvravs rogorc `arsebobas~, `yofnas~ („presence”) an<br />

`gamovlenas~, `garegnul saxes~ („appearance”). aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

termini ixmareba sxvadasxva sferoSi da konteqstSi da SeiZleba<br />

sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes.<br />

reprezentacia SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc procesi,<br />

movlena, rodesac xdeba erTi obieqtis meoriT Canacvleba. is<br />

miRebulia axali istorikosebis mier, romlebic am mniSvnelobas<br />

garkveuli sazogadoebis da garkveuli drois periodis<br />

simboluri konstruqtirebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben.<br />

amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba is politikaSic. aq fokusi<br />

gadainacvlebs politikur reprezentaciaze, roca erTi persona<br />

an jgufi Caanacvlebs vinmes an rames, am SemTxvevaSi _ ufro<br />

did warmomadgenlobiT jgufs. amgvari reprezentacia ZiriTadia<br />

demokratiuli sazogadoebebis funqcionirebaSi. magaliTad,<br />

parlamenti swored warmomadgenlobiTi organoa da idealSi<br />

unda axdendes mosaxleobis jgufebis sruli speqtris<br />

reprezentirebas, konkretul moqalaqesa da saxelmwifos Soris<br />

interaqtiobis funqcias asrulebdes.<br />

meore gansazRvreba gulisxmobs, rom `reprezentacia~ aris<br />

teqstebis unari, gamoiyenos samyaros damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi<br />

da warmoudginos igi mayurebels, ara mxolod rogorc ubralod<br />

186 187

manana lekboraSvili<br />

media reprezentaciebi da maTi Seswavlis aqtualoba<br />

anarekli (reflection), aramed ufro rogorc konstruqcia. amgvar<br />

reprezentacias adgili SeiZleba hqondes rogorc metyvelebaSi<br />

an werilobiT teqstSi, aseve fotografiaSi Tu kinematografSi.<br />

vinaidan amjerad Cveni interesis sagania mediareprezentacia,<br />

reprezentaciis swored es meore mniSvneloba gvainteresebs.<br />

termini gulisxmobs `realobis~ sxvadasxva aspeqtis (adamianebis,<br />

sagnebis, movlenebis, kulturuli identurobis da sxva<br />

abstraqturi cnebebis) konstruirebas nebismier mediaSi.<br />

albaT, SeiZleboda movridebodiT qarTuli enis kidev erTi ucxo<br />

terminiT damZimebas da Cagvenacvlebina is Cveuli sityviT `warmodgena~.<br />

magram arsebobs erTi arsebiTi niuansi, romelic iZulebuls gvxdis,<br />

vixmaroT swored es termini da ara romelime sxva.<br />

reprezentacia, rogorc termini, Seicavs gagebas, rom<br />

nebismieri xati, nebismieri teqsti ar asaxavs realobas<br />

miukerZoeblad, asprocentiani sizustiT, aramed ufro<br />

warmogvidgens `realobis variaciebs~, romlebic ganpirobebulia<br />

kulturiTa da adamianebis Cveuli azrebiTa da qmedebebiT.<br />

Tavis mxriv, igive gzis gavliT mas aqvs unari gavlena moaxdinos<br />

kulturis da sazogadoebis damokidebulebebis, Rirebulebebis,<br />

aRqmis da qcevis formirebaze. 1 amrigad, iqmneba wre, romlis<br />

sawyisi wertilis povna da, miT umetes, Tavis daRweva, TiTqmis<br />

SeuZlebeli xdeba, radgan yvelani am wreSi vtrialebT da<br />

aravis xelewifeba masze amaRleba. Cven vqmniT reprezentaciebs,<br />

reprezentaciebi gvqmnian Cven.<br />

realoba yovelTvis reprezentirebulia – is, rasac Cven<br />

ganvixilavT rogorc `pirdapir~ gancdas, yovelTvis<br />

`gaSualebulia~ aRqmis kodebiT da reprezentacia yovelTvis<br />

dakavSirebulia “realobis konstruirebasTan”.<br />

nebismieri teqsti, rac unda `realisturad~ gveCvenebodes<br />

is, upiratesad `konstruirebuli reprezentaciebia~, vidre ukve<br />

arsebuli realobis pirdapiri `anarekli~, Canaweri Tu aslia.<br />

Tumca, Cven amas xSirad verc vacnobierebT, radgan reprezentaciebi,<br />

romlebsac gamudmebuli xmareba kargad nacnobs xdis, aRiqmeba<br />

rogorc `bunebrivi~ da aragaSualebuli. 2<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, `realobas yovelTvis hyavs avtori~D(deniel<br />

Candleri). 3 Tu realistebi fokusirdebian reprezentaciebis<br />

`mimarTebaze~ `obieqtur~ realobasTan (rac aisaxeba terminebSi<br />

`simarTle~, `Sesabamisoba~, `sizuste~,’`damaxinjeba~),<br />

konstruqtivistebi fokusirdebian sakiTxze, visi realobaa<br />

warmodgenili da visi – uaryofili, vinaidan, nebismieri<br />

reprezentacia gardauvalad arCeviTia: is wina xedze wamowevs<br />

garkveul xedvas, sakiTxs, problemas da ugulebelyofs, aCumaTebs<br />

(nebiT Tu uneblieT) – sxvas. amis metad TvalsaCino magaliTad<br />

SeiZleba moviyvanoT TbilisSi gaxsnili `sabWoTa okupaciis<br />

muzeumi~. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, yvelasTvis naTelia, rom es<br />

eqspozicia arc isaxavs miznad sabWoTa realobis srulad<br />

mocvas, rom aq win wamoweulia realobis mxolod erTi mxare,<br />

dRevandeli politikuri diskursis Sesabamisad. magram xedvis<br />

kuTxe, teqstis arCeviToba ase mkafiod gacxadebuli yovelTvis,<br />

da ufro xSirad, ar aris.<br />

magaliTad, muzeumebi, romlebic kolonizirebul kulturebs<br />

warmoadgenen, `orientalizmis~ diskursis terminebSi asaxaven<br />

dasavlur ideologiur pozicias, romelic ganixilavs SuaaRmosavlur,<br />

muslimur kulturas rogorc egzotikurs,<br />

idumalebiT moculs, mouxelTebels da potenciurad saxifaTos.<br />

da es diskursi dasavleli damTvarielebelisTvis sulac ar<br />

aris gacxadebuli, ramdenadac ukve Cveulia da amdenad, bunebrivic.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia Tanamedrove<br />

eleqtronuli mediasaSualebebis miswrafeba, moaqcion Tavisi<br />

`moRvaweoba~ tradiciuli `realobis asaxvis~ diskursSi.<br />

mediasaSualebebis tradiciuli kvleva aseve ganixilavs<br />

mediaproduqtebs, rogorc garkveuli realobis an movlenis<br />

`cru~ da `damaxinjebul interpretacias~. es cneba gulisxmobs,<br />

rom arsebobs `WeSmariti~ an `ucvleli~ azri, romelic<br />

asocirdeba gare `realobasTan~ da romelsac mediateqsti unda<br />

Seudardes; maSin, rodesac mediareprezentaciebis Tanamedrove<br />

mkvlevarTaTvis Tavad gare, `realobis~ mniSvnelobaa<br />

konstruirebulia mediis mier.<br />

mediateqstebi ar aris realobis ubralod garegnuli<br />

warmodgenis gza. isini Tavad qmnian realobis mniSvnelobebs.<br />

is procesic, rac dRes qarTul eleqtronul mediasivrceSi<br />

mimdinareobs, sxva araferia, Tu ara brZola realobis<br />

mniSvnelobebisaTvis.<br />

mediareprezentaciebi ayalibeben pirovnebis mier<br />

cxovrebiseuli movlenebis aRqmas – maT Sexedulebebs sqesze,<br />

188 189

manana lekboraSvili<br />

klasze, rasaze, maT warmodgenebs qalaquri, gareubnebis, TuU<br />

soflis cxovrebis wesze da sxva; maT mrwamss, cxovrebiseul,<br />

politikur, Tu kulturul Rirebulebebs da a.S. es Sexedulebebi,<br />

ufro xSirad, zogadia da azrovnebaSi stereotipad yalibdeba. 4<br />

magaliTad, rom msaxiobebi qarafSutebi arian, rom yvela fineli<br />

– alkoholikia, qarTvelebi – niWierebi, magram zarmacebi.<br />

amrigad, Cven vwvdebiT realobas mxolod reprezentaciebis<br />

gavliT: teqstebis, metyvelebis, xatebis meSveobiT – ar arsebobs<br />

aragaSualebuli daSveba realobasTan. maSinac ki, roca Cven<br />

`sakuTari TvalebiT~ vuyurebT garemo sinamdviles,<br />

garkveulwilda vxedavT mxolod imas da mxolod ise, rogorc<br />

viciT, rom `unda~ davinaxoT. magram is, rom Cven SegviZlia<br />

realobis xedva mxolod reprezentaciebis gavliT, ar niSnavs,<br />

rom realobas saerTod ver vxedavT... realoba yovelTvis ufro<br />

farTo da ufro rTulia, vidre reprezentaciis nebismier<br />

sistemas SeuZlia Caswvdes mas. kacobrioba yovelTvis<br />

acnobierebda, rom es asea – reprezentacia verasdros ver<br />

`moicavs~ srul realobas, amitomacaa, rom kacobriobis istoria,<br />

am miznis misaRwevad, amden sxvadasxva da cvalebad gzas badebs.<br />

mTlianobaSi, kacobrioba amas acnobierebda, magram saWiroa,<br />

calkeulma individmac gaacnobieros. es erTaderTi gzaa, raTa<br />

win aRvudgeT masebiT manipulirebis kidev erTi iaraRis kidev<br />

ufro gaZlierebas; mxolod Semdgom gaZlierebas, vinaidan is<br />

ukve arsebobs da sakmaod nayofieradac gamoiyeneba.<br />

am mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, dasavleTSi, kolejebSi Tu<br />

universitetebSi farTodaa danergili mediareprezentaciebis<br />

saswavlo kursebi. albaT urigo ar iqneba, Tu am gamocdilebas<br />

Cvens ganaTlebis sistemaSic davnergavT.<br />

imis nacvlad, rom mediareprezentaciebi SeviswavloT, rogorc<br />

`realobis~ ubralo anarekli, Cven unda vaswavloT axalgazrdebs,<br />

rogor emsaxureba mediareprezentaciebi realobis `xelaxla<br />

warmodgenas~ („re-present“) anu, faqtobrivad, axali realobis Seqmnas.<br />

Cven unda vaswavloT axalgazrdebs im specifikuri gzebis<br />

identificireba, romliTac mediareprezentaciebi gamosaxulebas,<br />

xmas da musikas, interteqstualobas, enas da realobis<br />

konstruirebis teqnikas iyeneben. Semdegi safexuria, gamovumuSavoT<br />

media reprezentaciebi da maTi Seswavlis aqtualoba<br />

axalgazrdebs Cveva, gamoiyenon mediareprezentaciebis es<br />

specifikuri aspeqtebi mediateqstebis analizisas.<br />

Seswavla exmareba auditorias, daikavos kritikuli pozicia,<br />

gzebis amocnobis swavlisas, romlis meSveobiTac media aSualebs<br />

realobas, gansazRvravs samyaros aRqmis mimarTulebas. kritikuli<br />

konteqstis Seqmna exmareba individs gamoarkvios reprezentaciis<br />

safuZvelSi arsebuli RirebulebiTi Sefasebebi, daikavos maT<br />

mimarT aseve kritikuli pozicia – iRebs is am Rirebulebebs<br />

Tu uaryofs.<br />

es daexmareba, axalgazrdas, gaerkves ara marto mis irgvliv<br />

arsebuli kulturuli modelebis mravalferovnebaSi, aramed<br />

am mravalferovnebaSi adgilis povnas, TviTidenturobis<br />

gamomuSavebas gauadvilebs. es ki, saboloo jamSi, socialur<br />

praqtikasac gansazRvravs.<br />

magaliTad, e. w. `realuri~ satelevizio Souebi<br />

telekompaniis miznebisda Sesabamisad gansazRvraven, televiziaSi<br />

qcevis ra formas Tvlian sasurvelad SerCevis, montaJis,<br />

gamosaxulebis meSveobiT. rogorc wesi, es garegnuli efeqtebiT<br />

da socialuri epataJiT gamorCeuli, sensaciisken, skandalisken<br />

gadaxrili formebia. amis Sedegad ki auditoriamac SeiZleba<br />

CaTvalos, rom programis monawileTa saqcieli jdeba `normaSi~<br />

– normaluria im pirobebSi, rogorSic televizia axdens<br />

`realobis~ reprezentirebas.<br />

dRes, rodesac informaciis moZalebisgan Tavdacva erT-erT<br />

yvelaze aqtualur problemad iqca da, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis<br />

sasicocxlo aucilebloba gaxda, reprezentaciebis Seswavla<br />

individis Tavdacvis erT-erT qmediT iaraRad SeiZleba ganvixiloT.<br />

zogi axerxebs Sinagani resursebis xarjze (ganaTleba, zogadi<br />

kultura, refleqsiisken midrekileba) es iaraRi Tavad<br />

`aRmoaCinos~ da moqmedebaSi moiyvanos, magram misi, masobriv<br />

iaraRad qcevisTvis, aucilebelia Zalisxmeva garedan.<br />

1. B. Moon Literary terms: a Practical Glossary, Cottesloe, 2001;<br />

2. Stuart Hall Cultural Representations and Signifying Practice, London, 1997;<br />

3. Daniel Chandler. Semiotics for beginners - http://www.aber.ac.uk/<br />

media/Documents/S4B/semiotic.html;<br />

4. Philip Rayner Peter Wall Stephen Kruger Media Studies London, 2001, p.63-65.<br />

190 191

dinara maRlakeliZe,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis kinoavangardi<br />

cifruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam da am teqnologiiT<br />

gamowveulma kinematografis demokratizaciis procesma XX<br />

saukunis 90-iani wlebis Crdiloevropul kinematografSi axali<br />

kinomimdinareobis dogma 95 Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.<br />

1995 wlis 13 marts danielma kinoreJisorebma: lars fon<br />

trirma, tomas vinterbergma, soren krag-iakobsenma da kristian<br />

levringma Seqmnes manifesti saxelwodebiT: dogma 95. 1<br />

ramdenime dRis Semdeg maT parizis kinoTeatr odeonSi<br />

kinematografis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze<br />

mewamul wiTel qaRaldze dabeWdili manifestis teqsti sazeimo<br />

viTarebaSi gaacnes kolegebs.<br />

kopenhagenel kinematografistTa provokaciuli da<br />

ironianarevi _ erTi mxriv, teqnikuri, cifruli sensaciebis,<br />

holivudis kinoindustriis da, mere mxriv, evropuli saavtoro<br />

kinos, rogorc individualuri gemovnebis gamomxatveli<br />

kinematografis winaamRdeg mimarTuli manifesti, kinematografist<br />

kolegaTa mier Tavdapirvelad Tanamedrove kinos krizisisadmi<br />

mimarTul ironiul komentarad iqna aRqmuli.<br />

magaliTad, klod Sabroli manifestis avtorTa misamarTiT<br />

ironiulad ambobda, rom isini male wverosnebis gamoCenasac ki<br />

akrZalaven filmebSi. 2<br />

dogma 95 _ manifestis avtorTa mixedviT _ kinematografis<br />

gadarCenis aqcias warmoadgens. 3<br />

maTi formulirebiT Tanamedrove teqnologiurma procesebma<br />

kinematografi axali, avangarduli kinomimdinareobis Seqmnis<br />

aucileblobis winaSe daayena.<br />

fon tririsa da vintenbergis ganmartebiT: dogma 95<br />

kinematografis iluziebidan, krizisidan gamoyvanis mcdelobasa<br />

da TavSekavebulobis aqciias warmoadgens. manifestis avtorebi<br />

Tvlian, rom teqnikuri demokratizaciis epoqis kinematografi<br />

aRar unda iyos individualuri, rom igi sabolood unda<br />

gaTavisufldes saavtoro kinos iluziebisagan.<br />

dogma 95 kinematografiuli saZmos reJosorTa mier<br />

dawesebuli TavSekavebulobis normebis mixedviT:<br />

filmebis gadaReba mxolod filmis siuJetisaTvis saWiro<br />

gadasaReb moedanze unda moxdes;<br />

xma gamosaxulebasTan erTad unda iqmnebodes, ar SeiZleba<br />

filmis gadaRebis Semdgom gaxmovaneba;<br />

musika filmSi ar unda iqnas gamoyenebuli, SeiZleba mxolod<br />

im musikis gamoyeneba, romelic uSualod gadasaReb moedanze<br />

Seiqmneba;<br />

nebadarTulia mxolod xelis kameris gamoyeneba;<br />

ar SeiZleba xelovnuri ganaTebis gamoyeneba;<br />

filmi aucileblad unda iyos feradi;<br />

akrZalulia filtris gamoyeneba;<br />

aseve akrZalulia iaraRisa da Zaladobis Cveneba filmSi,<br />

mkvlelobis scenebi;<br />

dauSvebelia geografiuli da droiTi gaucxoebis efeqtebis<br />

gamoyeneba;<br />

miuRebelia Janruli kinematografi;<br />

dasaSvebia mxolod akademiuri 35 mm. formati.<br />

danieli kinoreJisorebis winaamRdeg mimarTuli<br />

TavSekavebulobis manifesti - Mainstrram – kino, _ romelic<br />

filmis Seqmnis process garkveul wesebsa da SezRudvebs<br />

uqvemdebarebs, miuxedavad manifestis provokaciuli, ironianarevi<br />

suliskveTebisa, kinos istoriis didi avangardistebis, sergei<br />

eizenStainisa Tu lev kuleSovis eqspresiulobas exmianeba da<br />

am niSniT kinematografis axali vizualuri enis Seqmnis<br />

mcdelobas warmoadgens. 4<br />

dogma 95 saZmos reJisorebis mier Seqmnili manifestiT,<br />

saZmos wevrebi, kinos istoriaSi manamde arsebuli avangarduli<br />

moZraobebis msgavsad, kinoSi arsebuli krizisis dasaZlevad,<br />

sakuTar esTetikur strategias aviTareben.<br />

isini TavianT kritikas, erTi mxriv, holivuduri<br />

kinoindustriis, rogorc iluziebis kinematografis, xolo, meore<br />

192 193

dinara maRlakeliZe<br />

mxriv, evropuli saavtoro kinos, rogorc individualuri<br />

gemovnebis gamomxatveli kinos winaamRdeg mimarTaven.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT dogma 95 SesaZlebelia, swored meore<br />

msoflio omis Sedgomi kinos istoriiis cnobili avangarduli<br />

mimdinareobebis _ italiuri neorealizmis, franguli axali<br />

talRisa Tu amerikuli Direkt Cinema-s diskurSi iqnas<br />

ganxiluli.<br />

msgavsad zemoT dasaxelebuli avangarduli mimarTulebebis<br />

warmomadgenlebisa, dogma 95 manifestis avtorebic uars amboben<br />

konvenciuri kinos esTetikaze da kinematografis ganaxlebis<br />

sakuTar strategias gvTavazoben. strategias, romelic maTi<br />

formulirebiT kinematografis iluziebisagan gaTavisuflebaSi<br />

unda gamoixatos.<br />

dogma 95 -is mier dawesebuli e. w. kinematografiuli<br />

purizmi, Tavis Sekaveba, uaris Tqma aprobirebul kinematografiul<br />

SesaZleblobebze, manifestis avtorTa azriT, kinos zedapiruli<br />

aqcionizmisagan ganTavisuflebis aucilebeli winapiroba unda<br />

gaxdes.<br />

dogma 95-is avtorTa TvalsazrisiT, cifruli teqnologiebis<br />

epoqis kinematografSi namdvil emociebs iluziebi cvlian.<br />

holividur iluziur kinematografs saZmos wevrebi, upirvel<br />

yovlisa, dogma filmebis TvalSisacemi autenturobiT<br />

upirispirdebian, riTac isini neorializmisa da Direkt Cinema-s,<br />

Tu jon kasavetasis anti-holivodur tradicias exmianebian.<br />

saZmos wevrebis mier dawesebuli norma #7, romelic filmSi<br />

geografiuli da droiTi gaucxoebis efeqtebis gamoyenebas<br />

krZalavs, axlosaa im esTetikur mrwamsTan, romlebic<br />

kinamatografs Tavis droze neorialisturi mimdinareobis<br />

warmomadgenlebma wamouyenes: filmma awmyo unda asaxos.<br />

dRevandeloba, dRevandeloba, ai, ra sWirdeba kinos (Cezare<br />

Zavatini, fiqrebi kinoze, 1972). 5<br />

Direkt Cinema-s reJisorTa msgavsad, romlTa filmebSi xelis<br />

kamera konceptualur datvirTvas atarebda, dogmas saZmos<br />

reJisorTa filmebSic mousvenari, moqanave xelis kamera<br />

gansakuTrebul esTetikur, stilistur datvirTvas iZens da<br />

filmis dramaturgiis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.<br />

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis kinoavangardi<br />

dog m a 9 5 -i s avtorTa formulireb iT: kamer am<br />

SeZlebisdagvarad obieqturad unda asaxos sinamdvile. 6<br />

dogma 95 esTetikuri strategia _ pretenzia autenturobaze,<br />

xelis kameris gamoyeneba, originalur, filmis siuJetisaTvis<br />

saWiro gadasaReb moednebze muSaoba, xmis gadaRebis procesSi<br />

sinqronizireba, uaris Tqma xelovnur ganaTebaze _ garkveuli<br />

paralelebis gavlebis saSualebas iZleva mimdinareobis, kinos<br />

istoriis winamorbed avangardul mimdinareobebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

niSandoblivia is faqtic, dogma 95-is saZmos wevrebis<br />

filmebSi kameris moZraoba dramaturgiuli Txrobis funqcias<br />

iZens da mayureblis iluziisagan gaTavisuflebas, realobis<br />

asaxvas emsaxureba.<br />

kamer a ZiriTa dad msaxi obis gamometyvelebazea<br />

koncentrirebuli. msaxiobTa TamaSs, maT gamometyvelebas, maT<br />

mier emociebis zustad gadmocemas dogma 95 reJisorTa filmur<br />

TxrobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eniWeba. amasTan msaxiobis<br />

TamaSis manera dogma filmebSi spontanuri da Tavisufalia.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mimdinareobis reJisorebi swored am<br />

stilisturi Taviseburebis gamo amboben uars dekoraciebisa<br />

da rekvizitebis gamoyenebaze TavianT filmebSi, radgan maT<br />

filmebSi mTavari aqcenti swored kameris mier dafiqsirebul<br />

msaxiobis TamaSze keTdeba.<br />

aseve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dogma 95-is filmebSi<br />

filmis montaJs eTmoba. filmebis montaJi umetesad uCveulo,<br />

arakonvenciuria da momxdaris dramatizirebisa da dinamizirebis<br />

funqcias emsaxureba.<br />

arakonvenciuri da eqsperinementulia dogma filmebis<br />

Tematikac: ojaxi da individebi masTan mimarTebaSi, ojaxi da<br />

tabu, danaSauli da seqsi, sasiyvarulo istoriebi, fsiqikuri<br />

anomaliebi.<br />

dogma 95-is saZmos filmebSi aqcenti Tanemedroveobaze<br />

keTdeba, isini mayurebels Tanamedrove burJuaziuli ojaxis,<br />

burJuaziuli yofis tabuizirebul, maSokirebel saidumloebebze<br />

mouTxroben, yvebian adamianTa eqsistencialur problemebze,<br />

siyvarulis maZiebeli Cveulebrivi adamianebis istoriebze.<br />

194 195

dinara maRlakeliZe<br />

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis kinoavangardi<br />

Ainsteam-Kino-ze uaris TqmiT, dogma 95 saZmos reJisorTa<br />

filmebi, miuxedavad maTi kritikuli damokidebulebisa<br />

individualur, saavtoro kinematografTan, swored evropuli<br />

saavtoro kinos realistur tradiciebs agrZeleben im azriT,<br />

rom maT filmebSi reJisoris gemovneba mTlianad filmebis<br />

dramaturgiul sxeuls, dramaturgiul Txrobas, gmirTa xasiaTebsa<br />

da situaciebis realobas eqvemdebareba.<br />

manifestis avtorebi ara marto kinematografis istoriis<br />

cnobili avangarduli kinomimdinareobebis zegavlenas amJRavneben,<br />

aramed iseTi Teoretikosebisasac, rogorebic arian: zigfrid<br />

krakaueri, andre bazini da bertold brexti.<br />

mag.: zigfrid krakaueris realuri cxovrebis dinebis 7<br />

kinematografiul asaxvas isini did yuradRebas uTmoben.<br />

gacnobierebulad amboben uars Tanamedrove kinos teqnikur<br />

SesaZleblobebze da filmur TxrobaSi aqcents detalebze<br />

akeTeben, im mizniT, rom mayurebelSi maqsimaluri realobis,<br />

autenturobis SegrZneba gamoiwvion.<br />

amasTanave Zalze mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom danieli<br />

reJisorebis dogma 95-is sertifikatiT Seqmnili filmebi cxadad<br />

avlenen daniuri, kerZod ki kopenhagenuri, kinoskolis tradiciebs.<br />

lars fon triri da tomas vinterbergi kopenhagenis kinoskolaSi<br />

mogens rukovis studentebi iyvnen, misi kinematografiuli<br />

xelweris zegavlena danieli reJisorebis dogma filmebze<br />

aSkarad TvalSisacemia.<br />

dogma 95-is manifestis avtorebma, mimdinareoba ramdenjerme<br />

gamoacxades mkvdrad. 2002 wels maT gauqmebulad cnes dogma<br />

95-is samdivnoc. miuxedavad amisa, manifestis avtorTa mier<br />

dadgenili esTetikuri normebis mixedviT Tanamedrove msoflio<br />

kinoSi ocdaTxuTmeti (35) oficialuri da as samocze (160)<br />

meti araoficialuri dogma filmia Seqmnili.<br />

manifestis arsebobis 10 wlis Tavze, 2005 wels, dogma 95-<br />

is samdivnom kidev erTi gamosamSvidobebeli dogma manifesti<br />

gamoaqveyna, romlis mixedviTac mimdinareobis serTifikati<br />

misawvdomi gaxda nebismieri msurvelisaTvis.<br />

dogma 95 manifestis avtorebma: lars fon trirma, tomas<br />

vinterbergma, soren krag-iakobsenma da kristian levringma maT<br />

mier dadgenili normebis mixedviT mxolod TiTo filmi Seqmnes.<br />

tomas vintenbergma _ Festen (Dogma # 1) 1998 wels, lars<br />

fon trirma Idioterne (Dogma #2) 1998 wels, soren kragiakobsenma<br />

Mifunes Sidste Sang (Dogma # 3) 1998 wels da<br />

kristiam levringma The King is Alive (Dogma # 4) - 2000 wels.<br />

1999 wels Seiqmna frangi msaxiobis Jan-mark baris sadebiuto<br />

filmi Lovers (Dogma # 5) da amerikeli harmoni korinis Julien<br />

Donkey-Boy (Dogma # 6).<br />

dogma 95-is saZmos reJisorTa filmebis vizualuri ena<br />

reklamis, videoxelovnebisa da politikuri plakatis esTetikur<br />

praqtikas efuZneba.<br />

saZmos reJisorTa TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove teqnologiebma<br />

kinematografis multimediuroba axal ganzomilebaSi Seiyvana<br />

da misi demokratizaciis process Seuwyo xeli, Tanamedrove<br />

teqnologiebis pirobebi nebismier msurvels aZlevs filmis<br />

gadaRebis SesaZleblobas.<br />

kinematografi tradiciulad yvelaze Zvirad Rirebuli<br />

mediumia, dogma 95-is saZmos wevrebi SezRuduli teqnikuri<br />

SesaZleblobis pirobebSic inarCuneben optimizms da<br />

kinematografis gadarCenis axlebur, sakuTar strategias<br />

imuSaveben, romelSic mTavari aqcenti kinematografistis<br />

kreatiulobaze keTdeba.<br />

dogma 95-is serTificirebuli filmebi ar xasiaTdebian<br />

erTiani stiliT, TematikiTa da vizualuri esTetikiT. reJisorebi<br />

xSirad arRveven manifestiT dawesebuli TavSekavebulobis<br />

normebs.<br />

mimdinareobis reJisorTagan mxolod erTeulebi qmnian<br />

filmebs manifestis normaTa mixedviT: maT Soris _ espaneli<br />

xuan pinzasi, danielebi lone Serfigi, nataSa artusi da<br />

suzane biri da amerikeli laif tildeni.<br />

Tumca, Cveni azriT, dogma 95-is xelweriT Seqmnili yvela<br />

filmis saerTo maxasiaTeblad mainc am filmebis naratiuli<br />

autenturoba unda CaiTvalos.<br />

dogma 95-is reJisorTa ironiuli manifesti reJisorTagan<br />

filmis gadaRebis tradiciuli, aprobirebuli meTodebisagan<br />

TavSekavebas moiTxovs. Tumca, Tavis mxriv, igi Tavad awesebs<br />

garkveuli TamaSis wesebs, romelTa darRveva mTlianad am Tu<br />

im kinematografistis gemovnebaze, kreatiulobasa da<br />

temperamentzea damokidebuli.<br />

196 197

dinara maRlakeliZe<br />

miuxedavad mimdinareobis aSkara ironianarevi, provokaciuli<br />

xasiaTisa, dogma 95-ma Tanamedrove msoflio kinematografis<br />

vizualur da naratiul enaze seriozuli zegavlena moaxdina.<br />

dogma filmebis minimalistur esTetikisTan siaxloves<br />

amJRavnebs cnobili fineli reJisoris aki kaurismakis 1999<br />

wels tragikul sasiyvarulo istoriaze Seqmnili filmi, Juha.<br />

aseve cxadia dogma filmebis esTetikuri strategiis<br />

zegavlena florideli studentebis 1999 wels gadaRebul<br />

filmze Blair Witch Projeckt. 8 mm. video da 16 mm. kameriT<br />

gadaRebulma filmma profesionali msaxiobebis gareSe kinos<br />

samyarosaTvis sruliad ucnob axalgazrda damwyeb reJisorebs<br />

uzarmazari warmateba da 200 milioniani finansuri mogeba<br />

moutana.<br />

filmi kinoskolis sami studentis mistikur mogzaurobaze<br />

mogviTxrobs merilandis tyeSi, sadac isini merilandeli<br />

jadoqris ambis gadasaRebad gaemgzavrnen, Tumca iqidan dabruneba<br />

veRar moaxerxes. filmis avtorebi amtkiceben, rom maTi filmi<br />

swored dakarguli studentebis mier gadaRebuli autenturi<br />

masaliTaa Seqmnili.<br />

90-iani wlebis dasasruls manifests msoflios sxvadasxva<br />

qveynis ocze meti reJisori oficialurad SeuerTda<br />

kinoreJisorebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan, holandiidan,<br />

argentinidan, safrangeTidan, italiidan, Sveicariidan, iaponiidan,<br />

koreadan, espaneTidan.<br />

Tanamedrove kinos iseTi gavleniani reJisorebic ki,<br />

rogorebic, joel Sumaxeri da stiven soderbergi arian, Riad<br />

acxadeben sakuTar filmebze dogma 95-is zegavlenas.<br />

ufro metic, stiven soderbergi Tavis films Treffi ormoc<br />

milionian dogma films uwodebs, xolo saavtoro kinos cnobili<br />

kinoreJisori, germaneli vim vendersi dogma 96-is Sesaxeb<br />

ambobs, rom es mimdinareoba XX saukunis dasasrulis evropuli<br />

kinos istoriis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan movlenas<br />

warmoadgens.<br />

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis kinoavangardi<br />

3. Dogma 95 –Manifest - Online : www. dogma 95. dk;<br />

4. Andres Sudmann – Dogma 95 . Interviews, Hannover 2001, S.<br />

151- 185;<br />

5. Cesare Zavattini – Einige Gedanken zum Film In: Theorie zum<br />

Film, Frankfurt a. M. 1972, S. 202- 220;<br />

6. Dogma 95 –Manifest, Kopenhagen, 13 March, 1995;<br />

7. Siegfried Krakauer, Theorie des Films, Frankfurt a. M. 1964.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:P<br />

Andre Bazin, Was ist Kino?Bausteine zum Theorie des Films, Koeln<br />

1975;<br />

Monika Beyerle, Authentisierungsstrategien im Dokumentarfilm, Das<br />

amerikanische Direkt Cinema, Frankfurt a.M. 1997;<br />

Carmine Chiellino, der neorialistische Film, Text und Kritik 1979;<br />

Thomas Elsaesser, Cinema Futures, Convergence, Divergence,<br />

Differenz, Amsterdam 1998;<br />

Dogma 95 – Manifest www. dogma 95.com;<br />

Film Dienst 2005 www.film-dienst.de;<br />

Siegfried Krakauer, Theorie des Films, Frankfurt a. M. 1964;<br />

Georg Seessler, Aufbruch in der Sackgasse, die Daenischen Dogma-<br />

Filme, in : Die Zeit, Nr. 28, 1999;<br />

Andrias Sudmann, Dogma 95, Hannover 2001;<br />

Andrew Tudor, Filmtheorien, Frankfurt a. M. 1977;<br />

Cesare Zawattani, Einige Gedanken zum Film, Theorie des Kino,<br />

Frankfurt a. M. 1972;<br />

Peter Zander, Zeugen der Anklage, Berliner-Morgenpost 07. 01. 1999.<br />

1. Dogma 95 – Manifest, Copenhagen 13. Match 1995;<br />

2. Chaude Chabrol – Online Interview from Peter Zander 1999 ;<br />

198 199

Nnino mxeiZe,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

deskri pcia Tu eqsplikacia<br />

`deskripcia-aRwerisa da eqsplikacia-axsnis mecnierul<br />

amocanaTa gamTlianebiT fsiqologias, marTlac, unikaluri<br />

roli ekisreba kulturologiur kvlevaTa speqtrSi. xelovnebis<br />

Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, fsiqologia mimarTulia ara mxolod<br />

sakvlevi fenomenis aRwerisken, misi stilisturi, mecnieruli,<br />

struqturuli Tu istoriuli maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlisken,<br />

aramed aseve fsiqo-socialuri (zogadkulturuli, istoriuli<br />

Tu eTnikuri) determinantebis (mizezebis, motivebis, stimulebis<br />

da impulsebis) kvleviskenac. Ffsiqologiis amocanas Seadgens<br />

ara mxolod aRweriTi _ rogor?Aaramed aseve axsniTi _ ratom?<br />

problemebis gaazreba da mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebis moZieba.~ 1<br />

dameTanxmebiT, rom garkveulwilad igive funqcia<br />

kinematografsac SeTvisebuli aqvs. qarTuli kino bolo oci<br />

welia, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod aRwers, magram, samwuxarod,<br />

jerjerobiT ver xsnis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare<br />

procesebs.<br />

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi bevrma qarTvelma datova<br />

samSoblo. zogi nebiT, zogic ki iZulebiT moxvda emigraciaSi.<br />

ra daxvdaT dito cincaZis `xelmocaruli mkvlelebis,~ gela<br />

babluanis `13~-is, levan Rlontis `xaxvis cremlebis~ da daviT<br />

kandelakis `erika erT oTaxSi~ filmebis gmirebs?<br />

`xelmocaruli mkvlelebis~ personaJebs Soris erT-erTi<br />

qarTvelia, igi araprofesionalma laSa baqraZem ganasaxiera.<br />

SemTxveviTi araa, rom reJisori am problemiT dainteresda da<br />

mTavari gmiris rolis Sesruleba ucxoeTSi, kerZod, germaniaSi,<br />

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mcxovreb adamians miando. U<br />

uwin qarTveli emigrantebi TiTze CamosaTvlelebi iyvnen<br />

da maT saxelebs TiTqmis yvela icnobda, maTze mowiwebiT da<br />

siyvaruliT saubrobdnen. isini xom emigraciaSi revolucias<br />

gaeqcnen. dro Seicvala, mravali ram moxda da bevrma qarTvelma,<br />

sxvebis msgavsad, adgilis Zebna dasavleTSi daiwyo.<br />

dito cincaZis filmSi germaniis erT-erT patara qalaqSi<br />

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxis emigrantebi Sekrebilan. Ddito<br />

cincaZe kargad grZnobs garemos, situacias, emigrirebuli<br />

adamianebis guneba-ganwyobas. serbi branko, qarTveli merabi,<br />

iugoslaveli gogona, vietnameli meZavi da misi senegaleli<br />

megobari siyvarulSi eZeben megobrobas, xolo megobrobaSi _<br />

siyvaruls. advilad pouloben erTmaneTs, radgan ucxo samyaroSi<br />

Tavis marto gatana Znelia.<br />

branko da merabi daqiravebuli, iaffasiani mkvlelebi arian.<br />

maqsimalurad cdiloben gaWimon mkvlelobis procedura, aTasgvar<br />

mizezs igoneben, rom dakveTa sisruleSi ar moiyvanon.<br />

gauTaveblad svamen. smis dros merabs samSoblos nostalgiac<br />

eZaleba.<br />

yvela Taviseburad cdilobs maTTvis ucxo samyaroSi adgilis<br />

damkvidrebas, umeteswilad, es meZaveobiT an SekveTili<br />

mkvlelobiT xdeba, mxolod senegalelia mowadinebuli,<br />

avstraliaSi `tkbili cxovreba~ sakuTari filtvis gayidviT<br />

moiwyos.<br />

filmis atmosfero mZimea da damTrgunveli, adamianebi _<br />

miusafarni. maT ukan dasaxevi gzac moWrili aqvT. merabsac<br />

samSobloSi yofnas aq, am gaurkvevel situaciaSi, yofna urCevnia,<br />

Tumca es misi nebayoflobiTi arCevani ar aris. igi samSobloSi<br />

Seqmnil garemoebebs gamoeqca. saqarTvelo daqucmacda, mravali<br />

Wir-varami gamoiara, bevri faseuloba Tavidan gadafasda. aq,<br />

emigraciaSi, maTi cxovreba gausaZlisia, isini mitovebuli arian,<br />

magram es maTi arCevania.<br />

filmis gmirebma `zRvars~ gadaabijes, emigraciis Sesaxeb<br />

kanonis me-15 paragrafis mixedviT, aralegalurad myofT<br />

ganaTlebisa da samsaxurSi miRebaze uars eubnebian. swored<br />

amitom, aralegalurad, isini mxolod meZaveobisTvis, daqiravebuli<br />

mkvlelobisTvis arian ganwirulni.<br />

gela babluans filmSi `13~ CvenTvis ucnob garemoSi<br />

SevyavarT da modunebis, moSvebis uflebas ar gvaZlevs. moqmedebis<br />

adgili: safrangeTi - qarTvelebis mudmivi emigraciis saocnebo<br />

qveyana; ferebi: ruxi da Sav-TeTri; ambavi: Semzaravi.<br />

filmis gmiri SemTxveviT sxvisi TamaSis monawile gaxdeba.<br />

iRbliani nomeri cametia, TamaSis wesi _ daundobeli. aq<br />

200 201

nino mxeiZe<br />

deskripcia Tu eqsplikacia<br />

moxvedrils ukan daxevis, gaqcevis Sansi ara gaqvs. cameti<br />

moTamaSe da mxolod erTi gamarjvebuli. cocxal adamianebze<br />

fsonebs Camodian, es arc doRia da arc cekvis maraToni (rogorc<br />

filmSi `qancgawyvetil cxenebs xom xocaven?~), es `rusuli<br />

ruletkaa~. moTamaSeebi _ narkomanebi, loTebi, emigrantebi _<br />

ganwiruli adamianebi.<br />

Tavidan filmis gmirs gaqceva unda, magram iZulebulia<br />

TamaSis wesebs daemorCilos da saSineli maraToni bolomde<br />

ganvlos. gamarjvebis Sansi ki nel-nela klebulobs. erTi<br />

tyvia, ori, sami, oTxi gasrola da ori mokluli adamiani...<br />

jildo didi mogebaa. moTamaSeebs Soris erTi ucnauri wyvilia.<br />

ori Zma. erT-erTi iRupeba, mas swored filmis gmiri klavs.<br />

erTi dRe da mTeli cxovreba. am TamaSSi gamarjvebuli mxolod<br />

mepatronea. moTamaSe ganwirulia.<br />

filmis dasawyisSi erTxel jojoxeTgamovlili moTamaSe<br />

kvlav iq dabrunebas `kaifSi~ gaparvas amjobinebs. TiTqos<br />

yvelaferi kargad ewyoba, gmiri Tavs aRwevs jojoxeTs.<br />

policielebsac dauZvreba, fulis gagzavnasac axerxebs.<br />

ukanasknelad mSobliur, qarTul enaze Zmasac daelaparakeba da<br />

Sinisaken mimaval rTul gzas daadgeba. mas sadgurSi moklulis<br />

Zma aedevneba, ara imitom, rom Suri iZios (man xom Zma sasikvdilod<br />

Tavad gaswira), aramed mogebulisTvis fulis wasarTmevad. is<br />

matarebelSi klavs filmis gmirs da misi xelCanTiT garbis.<br />

ruxi peizaJi da gayinuli mzera, erTi TamaSis, cxovrebis<br />

tragikuli dasasruli. axlo xedebi, uCveulo rakursebi,<br />

ritmuli moZraoba. dramatuli, emociuri, plastikuri<br />

kinematografi. gela babluani cdilobs Cawvdes xilulis da<br />

uxilavis arsSi, kino xom ver itans sworxazovnebas, cxovrebasTan<br />

naturalistur miaxlovebas. babluani saocari daundoblobiT<br />

aCvenebs adamians sakuTar gadagvarebas da Tavzars scems mas.<br />

SeuZlebelia, Tvali moaSoro ekrans, erTi wamiT modunde.<br />

yovelgvari garegani efeqtebis gareSe reJisori axerxebs<br />

mayureblis `dabmas~ da gancdiliT SeZrwunebuls kvlav<br />

kinodarbazSi mibruneba gindeba.<br />

dito cincaZis da gela babluanis filmebis gmirebi<br />

gaucxoebul samyaroSi sakuTari Tavis gadarCenaze ar fiqroben.<br />

apaTiis, uimedobis mdgomareobidan ver gamodian. isini araferze<br />

daoben, aravis TanaugrZnoben, indeferentulebi arian. maT Soris<br />

verc siyvaruls, verc siZulvils ver vxedavT, mZafri emociebi<br />

maTTvis ucxoa. maT warTmeuli aqvT inciativa da moqmedebis unari.<br />

filmis gzaacdenili, gaucxoebuli, gadagvarebuli gmirebi<br />

Sinapatimrobidan Tavisuflebisken miiswrafvian, magram kvlav<br />

SinapatimrobaSi brundebian. maTTvis saocnebo samyaro tragikuli<br />

aRsasrulis adgilad iqceva. isini SeTxzul samyaroSi cxovroben<br />

SeTxzuli samyaro ki STambeWdavi imitomaa, rom realurs Zalzed hgavs.<br />

daviT kandelakis filmis `amerika erT oTaxSi~ gmiri koka<br />

gegeWkori ki realuri pirovnebaa, masze Seqmnili dokumenturi<br />

filmi sastik realobaSi gvabrunebs.<br />

koka gegeWkorisTvis saocnebo, Tavisuflebis, demokratiis<br />

qveyana, romelic TbilisSi misTvis radio `amerikis xmasTan~<br />

asocirdeboda, niu-orkSi moxvedrisTanave, kvlav erT oTaxSi<br />

moqceul samyarod iqca, oRond amjerad es oTaxi realuri<br />

sakania. Tavisuflebisaken swrafva, uxeS realobas, daundobel<br />

kanons, biurokratias, usamarTlobas Seejaxa da samSoblodan<br />

gaqceuli adamiani samudamo patimrobis marwuxebSi moeqca.<br />

rogorc filmidan vigebT, koka gegeWkori saqarTveloSi<br />

Seqmnil situacias gaeqca, man airida `mxedrionis~ rigebSi<br />

yofniT gamowveuli represiebi da daWera, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

fizikur ganadgurebasac gadaurCa da amerikaSi Casuli<br />

gaugebrobis msxverpli gaxda.<br />

patimars sinanuli, monaniebis saocari grZnoba aqvs. warsulis<br />

gaxsenebisas Tavis mimarT daundobelia, maqsimalurad gaxsnili<br />

da gulaxdili. warmosaxviTi samudamo Tavisufleba mas samudamo<br />

patimrobad eqca. Sekruli wris garRveva Znelia.<br />

mxatvruli da dokumenturi filmebis gmirebi ganwiruli<br />

arian, uimedoba maTi cxovrebis megzuria. moCvenebiTi Tavisufleba<br />

filmis gmirebisaTvis `monobaze~ uaresi aRmoCnda. reJisorebi<br />

deskripciasTan erTad movlenebis arsSi Cawvdomasac cdiloben,<br />

mayurebels fiqrisa da gansjisaken mouwodeben.<br />

levan Rlontis dokumentur filmSi `xaxvis cremlebi~,<br />

Cvens Tvalwin realuri adamianis, musikosis cxovreba iSleba.<br />

filmis gmiris cxovreba TiTqos erTferovania, momabezrebeli,<br />

magram amave dros _ savse SemoqmedebiTi impulsiT. igi musikosia.<br />

misi dRe saaTobrivad gawerili. sakuTari TavisTvis cota<br />

202 203

nino mxeiZe<br />

dro rCeba, magram saqarTveloSi umusikod, usaqmod yofnas<br />

germaniaSi yoveldRiur rutinul yofaSi CaZirva jobia.<br />

xaxvis WriT gamowveuli cremlebi, ra Tqma unda, samSoblodan<br />

Sors gadaxvewili adamianis xvedria.<br />

`nostalgia”, `msxverplSewirva~ andrei tarkovskis mier<br />

emigraciaSi gadaRebuli filmebis saTaurebia. fuZesa da fesvebs<br />

iZulebiT mowyvetili adamianebi, Tavisufal samyaroSi, warsuli<br />

mogonebebis tyveobaSi rCebian. maTi yofa gausaZlisia, adaptacia<br />

rTuli, momavali ki, bundovani.<br />

1. r. mircxulava, xelovnebis fsiqologia, gamomc. `kentavri~, 2007, gv.7<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

r. mircxulava, xelovnebis fsiqologia, gamomc. `kentavri~, 2007<br />

mocemul filmebze ixileT 2006-2007 ww.-Si periodul presaSi<br />

(`rezonansi~, `24 saaTi~, `cxeli Sokoladi~) gamoqveynebuli l.<br />

oCiauris, n. kakabaZis, s. kikaliSvilis recenziebi.<br />

eTer okujava,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

`ganaxlebis~ xana qarTul kinoSi<br />

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebi politikur, socialur da<br />

kulturul sferoSi cvlilebebis aTwleulia. cnobilia, rom<br />

am, e.w. `daTbobis~, periodSi axalgazrda Taobis qarTvelma<br />

kinematografistebma (maTze odnav ufrosi Tengiz abulaZis<br />

TaosnobiT) Tavisi esTetikuri Sexedulebebi ase Camoayalibes:<br />

uari eTqvas sinamdvilis yalb asaxvas, vaCvenoT mxolod<br />

simarTle da adamianis utyuari, WeSmariti saxe.<br />

mogexsenebaT, 50-iani wlebis saqarTvelos SemoqmedebiT<br />

cxovrebaSi arsebul, e. w. `lakirebis~ periodsa da<br />

ukonfliqtobis Teoriis moTxovnebis, fonze es gadawyvetileba<br />

socialisturi realizmis winaaRmdeg gamosvlas niSnavda, TviT<br />

fa q ti a r a m xolod S emoqmedeb i Ti , a r a m e d u kv e<br />

msoflmxedvelobiTi da politikuri aqti gaxldaT. bunebrivia,<br />

rom ideur-Tematur ganaxlebas gamomsaxveli saSualebebis<br />

inovaciebic mohyva, e. i. Sedga ideur-esTetikuri `ganaxleba~.<br />

sityva _ ganaxleba, romelic konkretulad, gasuli saukunis<br />

60-iani wlebis xsenebuli SemoqmedebiTi interesebis,<br />

gamomxatveli iyo, SemdgomSi, am periodis kinoprocesis Sefasebis<br />

gamomxatvel terminad damkvidrda.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom ganaxlebisaken ltolva ara mxolod qarTul<br />

kinoSia, aramed zogadad msoflio kinoxelovnebaSi, zogadad<br />

kulturul sivrceSi da amis dasturia araerTi araordinaruli<br />

moazrovnis individualuri xelweriT gamorCeuli Semoqmedeba.<br />

maT Soris, Jan-pol sartris, romelsac SvedeTis akademiam 1964<br />

wels nobelis premia mianiWa da romlis misaRebadac, rogorc<br />

viciT, igi ar wasula. sartrma uari martivad axsna: nebismier<br />

premirebas igi adamianis burJuaziuli elitisadmi mikuTvnebad<br />

miiCnevda, es ki ewinaaRmdegeboda mis warmodgenebs adamianis<br />

individualuri nebis, arCevnis Tavisuflebis gagebis Sesaxeb.<br />

204 205

eTer okujava<br />

`ganaxlebis~ xana<br />

qarTul kinoSi<br />

am garemoebas isic daemata, rom parizSi momxdari movlenebis<br />

Semdeg (vgulisxmob 1968 wels studentTa amboxebas, romelmac<br />

sartris cxovrebaze ganumeorebeli kvali datova; studentebis<br />

mitingebis fonze 63 wlis filosofosma ifiqra, rom dadga<br />

`burJuaziis diqtaturis~ damarcxebis dro, magram amboxebulebma<br />

xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg veraferi gaawyes _ de golis mTavrobam<br />

wesrigi droulad `aRadgina~). 1 sartrma maRal idealebze xeli<br />

sabolood Caiqnia.<br />

misi gancda arafriT gansxvavdeba dasavleTevropel<br />

kinoxelovanTa sulieri mdgomareobisgan. metic, ukve 1960-<br />

1966 wlebSi maT sakuTari ganwyoba mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi<br />

gamoTqves. amis ramdenime magaliTia: bresonis `sikvdilmisjili<br />

gaiqca~ (1956), romelic imave wels, kanis festivalze saukeTeso<br />

reJisurisTvis dajildovda, mogvianebiT ki franguli<br />

kinoakademiis premia miiRo; miqelanjelo antonionis trilogia<br />

`Tavgadasavali~ (1960), `Rame~ (1961), `dabneleba~ (1962);<br />

bergmanis `dumili~ (1962)). am filmebis magaliTze Cans, rom<br />

adamianis fsiqogancdis mimarT interesma filmis gmirebi sakuTar<br />

samyaroSi imdenad Caketa, rom kritikosebma saubari daiwyes<br />

`dedramatizaciaze~, `gaucxoebaze~... antonionis `gaucxoebis<br />

trilogiam~ win wamoswia, Tanamedrove sinamdvilidan amokiTxuli,<br />

adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis dakargvis Tema,<br />

arakomunikabelobis problema. xolo kidev ufro adre bresonis<br />

filmebidan naTlad gacxadda xelovanis mier movlenis<br />

siRrmiseuli xedvis da SemoqmedebiTi stilis asketizmis erToba,<br />

kinogamomxatveli saSualebebis simarTlisadmi maqsimaluri<br />

damorCileba, e. w. `wminda kinos~ erTguleba, rac sinamdvileSi<br />

amokiTxuli adamianis pirovnul simyareSi eWvs, nihilizmsa da<br />

uimedobas naTlad warmoaCenda. amave periodis filmebis<br />

safuZvelze, xazgasmiT aRvniSnav, kidev erT da, Cemi azriT,<br />

gansakuTrebiT RirsSesaniSnav movlenas. kerZod: naTelia, rom<br />

60-iani wlebis kinoxelovnebaSi iwyeba inteleqtualuri<br />

problemebis analizi da am mxriv is msoflio analitikuri<br />

samyaros avangardSia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kinoSi es procesebi<br />

ufro adre iwyeba, vidre maT kvlevis miznad (zemoT moxmobil<br />

xelovanT davumatebdi iseT reJisorebs, rogorcaa: felini, godari,<br />

viskonti, pazolini, bertoluCi, Zmebi tavianebi da sxv.)<br />

filosofia daisaxavda.<br />

rac Seexeba aRmosavleT evropas, iq 60-ian wlebSi<br />

kinoxelovanebi kidev ufro metad sulieri tragizmis (SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, ufro amboxis _ ssr kavSiris politikuri zewolis<br />

fonze) pirobebSi arseboben da qmnian Sesabamisi ganwyobis<br />

xelovnebas. eqsperimentul maneraSi muSaoben poloneli<br />

kinoreJisorebi: anjei vaida, anjei munki, eJi kavaleroviCi da<br />

sxvebi. ungreTSi ki 1956 wlis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg<br />

gansakuTrebiT mkafio aRmoCnda mikloS ianCos Semoqmedeba,<br />

romelic qmnis filmebs Zaladobaze, SemoqmedebiTad iazrebs<br />

istoriisa da Zalauflebis problemebs (filmebi: `uimedod~<br />

(1965), `wiTeli da TeTri~ (1967), `siCume da yvirili~ (1968)).<br />

`daTbobis~ periodma Sva roman polanskis, kSiStof zanusis,<br />

irJi mencelis, vera xitilovas da miloS formanis Semoqmedeba.<br />

magram, sainteresoa, rom SemoqmedebiTi `dabadebis~ Semdeg<br />

samSobloSi, arc erTi maTgani ar darCenila. maTgan zogi<br />

britaneTSi, umetesoba ki, aSS-Si gadaixizna.<br />

rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSne, rodesac Cven dasavleTsa da<br />

60-ian wlebze vsaubrobT, viTvaliswinebT, rom esaa politikur,<br />

socialur da kulturul sferoSi cvlilebebis aTwleuli.<br />

cxadia, yvela qveyanaSi am gardaqmnebs Tavisi konkretuli<br />

motivacia hqonda, magram, farTo gagebiT da msoflSegrZnebiT,<br />

yvelaferi erTad im didmniSvnelovani procesis nawilia, ramac<br />

adamianis mier samyaros axleburi aRqma gamoiwvia. kerZod,<br />

erT-erTi ZiriTadi muxti iyo `okultizmis~ afeTqeba (mirCa<br />

eliades terminologiiT), anu, ezoTeruli revolucia.<br />

marTalia, okultizmis namdvili afeTqeba ocdaaTi wlis<br />

win moxda (mxedvelobaSi maqvs iungis Sromebi), magram saqme<br />

isaa, rom Tu XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebSi xsenebuli moZraoba<br />

inteleqtualuri SemoqmedebiTi elitis safiqrali iyo, 60-ian<br />

wlebSi am ideebma masebi gaitaca da namdvil revoluciad<br />

mogvevlina, amasTan, masStabi gafarTovda. SegaxsenebT konkretul<br />

da cnobil faqtebs: 30-ian wlebSi iungma icoda sami ezoTeriuli<br />

seqta: ori - germaniaSi da erTi – safrangeTSi. 70-ian wlebSi<br />

mirCa eliade wers ukve aseulobiT wresa da seqtaze. amave<br />

periodSi, iseT mkacri reJimis saxelmwifoSic ki, rogoric<br />

espaneTia (vgulisxmob frankos reJims), viTareba icvleba.<br />

206 207

eTer okujava<br />

`ganaxlebis~ xana<br />

qarTul kinoSi<br />

sul cota xnis win iq akrZaluli iyo socialur da<br />

seqsualur realiebze filmebis gadaReba da Cveneba. 1959 wels<br />

ki franko erTgvar `daTbobis~ periods iwyebs. espaneTis<br />

kinobazari aSS-is da evropis kinosTvis ixsneba.<br />

saerTo daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxatvruli Ziebebis<br />

mxriv 60-iani wlebi evropis kulturul sivrceSi gardaqmnebis<br />

wlebia, ramac SemoqmedebiT xedvis sawyisad struqturalizmi<br />

da semiotika dasaxa, xolo 70-ian wlebSi gagrZelebuli es<br />

SemoqmedebiTi procesi poststruqturalizmis da<br />

postmodernizmis esTetikur mimdinareobebSi gadavida. aRniSnuli<br />

mimdinareobebis Tu gamomxatvelobis meTodologiis nebismier<br />

monakveTSi evropuli kino WeSmariti esTetizmis wiaRSia.<br />

amrigad, mas Semdeg, rac `daTbobis~ wlebma TvalnaTliv daanaxa<br />

evropas da agreTve ssr kavSirs xelovani adamianis SemoqmedebiTi<br />

TvalTaxedvis swrafi gafarToeba da is sabWoTa ideologiisTvis<br />

aSkara saSiSroebad warmosaxa, Sedegma ar daayovna: pirveli _<br />

Tavisuflebis pirvelive gaelveba evropaSic da ssr kavSirSic<br />

CixSi moeqca, es moxda 1967 wlis varSavis xelSekreulebidan<br />

erTi wlis vadaSi; xolo, 1970 wlisTvis yovelgvari Tavisufali<br />

`egzersisebi~ ukve dasrulebuli iyo. meore _ swored am droidan<br />

gaZlierda emigraciis procesi. rogorc ukve vTqvi, cnobili<br />

evropeli reJisorebi emigraciaSi wavidnen.<br />

vidre saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs Sevexebode,<br />

mokled vityvi, Tu ras sTavazobs sinamdvile am dros aSS-Si<br />

gadaxvewil xelovan adamianebs. cxadia, pirvel rigSi esaa<br />

SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba, razec Riad wers formani emigraciis<br />

pirvelsave wlebSi (ix. Sesabamisi periodis formanis interviuebi).<br />

istoriam daamtkica, rom amerikelebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

qveynis umTavres Rirebulebad xelovnebasa da kulturaze win<br />

politikas da politikur sistemas miiCnevdnen. amgvari<br />

damokidebulebis mizezi is iyo, rom SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

popularuli kultura, kerZod ki, kino, ufro garTobis sagnad<br />

aRiqmeboda, vidre qveynis sagareo politikis marTvis<br />

instrumentad, ise, rogorc es ssrk-Si iyo.<br />

gasuli da mimdinare procesebis Sefasebisas 1958 wels<br />

cnobili Jurnalisti piter groti werda kidec: `amerika aris<br />

ganviTarebuli sareklamo industriis qveyana, magram, roca saqme<br />

exeba umniSvnelovanes sareklamo kampanias – sakuTari Tavis<br />

Cvenebas, cxovrebis demokratiuli saxis reklamas _ Cven<br />

komunistebs SesamCnevad CamovrCebiT.~ 2<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, amerikeli mkvlevrebi dResac Tvlian, rom<br />

aSS-is kulturuli eqsporti 60-iani wlebis bolos erTgvarad<br />

pasuxic ki iyo sabWoTa ideologiaze da, rom am moZraobis<br />

centraluri elementia politikuri motivebi, romelTa safuZvelSi<br />

Cadebuli iyo kulturis, rogorc totalitarizmis damangreveli<br />

ZiriTadi iaraRis, sakiTxebi. faqtia, rom 60-iani wlebis<br />

dasasrulidan moyolebuli evropaSi ukve igrZnoba erTgvari<br />

SeSfoTeba amerikuli kulturis kardinaluri cvlilebebis gamo,<br />

rac aSS-is xelovnebis evropaSi eqspansiaSi gamoixata.<br />

rac Seexeba amave periodis qarTul kinos, sabWoTa da<br />

evropuli kulturuli yofis aqcentebis amgvari ganlagebis<br />

fonze kinoprocesis ganaxleba dakvirvebis axal kuTxes xsnis<br />

da ara mxolod im mxriv, rom erovnul kinematografSi moxda<br />

axali Taobebis mosvla. aqve vityvi, rom saintereso debiutebi<br />

iyo 70-ian wlebSic. am dros gaicno qarTvelma kinomayurebelma<br />

kinooperatori da Semdgom kinoreJisori aleqsandre rexviaSvili<br />

da telefilmelTa sakmaod Tamamad moazrovne da mkveTri<br />

mxatvruli koncefciis Taoba, maT Soris _ soso CxaiZe, irakli<br />

kvirikaZe da sxv., romlebmac Tavisi SemoqmedebiT mxatvrulesTetikuri<br />

sinamdvilis axali Sreebi gaxsnes. magram mTavari<br />

60-ian wlebSi isaa, rom sabWoTa adamians, ase vTqvaT, gzebi<br />

`gaexsna dasavleTisken, rac sabWoTa sinamdvileSi, rogorc<br />

cnobilia, politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, SezRuduli<br />

hqonda. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom es procesi uceb ar<br />

Semdgara; am wlebSic (vimeoreb, gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi)<br />

qveynis SigniT informaciuli SimSili garkveulwilad grZeldeba.<br />

samagierod, kinos ganusazRvreli mniSvnelobis gamo, kinematografis<br />

sawarmoo biujeti qveyanaSi Zalze didia. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

mravalricxovania (yvela sxva istoriul periodTan SedarebiT)<br />

kinodebiuti, maT Soris, umetesi wili moklemetraJiani filmebis,<br />

romlebsac kinoindustriis xelmZRvaneloba ufro damwyeb<br />

kinematografistebs ukveTavda (ara imdenad xelovnebaze fiqriT,<br />

ramdenadac wliuri kinoerTeulebis gegmis Sesavsebad), xolo<br />

208 209

eTer okujava<br />

axalgazrdebi axali TemebiT, siuJetebiT iyvnen gatacebuli da<br />

asaxavdnen kidec ekranze.<br />

swored am dros giorgi Sengelaias `alaverdobam~<br />

yumbarasaviT aafeTqa sazogadoebis obivateluri simyudrove.<br />

Sengelaias gmirs evropuli da amerikuli kulturisagan<br />

gansxvavebuli, Tavisi Sinagani interesis ideologiuri da<br />

analitikuri, konkretuli safuZveli hqonda, magram mrwamsiT<br />

zemoxsenebuli moZraobis sivrceSi trialebda, es iyo arCevnis,<br />

adamianis nebelobis gancda.<br />

amrigad, 60-ian wlebSi kinoprocesis ganaxleba qarTul<br />

kinoSi SeiZleba msoflio civilizaciis sivrcis Semadgenlad<br />

ganvixiloT, romelic samyaros mentaluri ganaxlebis<br />

kanonzomieri ciklis nawilia.<br />

evropisa da aSS-is kulturuli warsulis, Tumca arc ise<br />

Soreuli warsulis, gaxseneba saWiroa. vfiqrob, SemoTavazebuli<br />

eqskursi analizis safuZvels iZleva, kerZod, demokratiis<br />

pirobebSi kinoxelovnebis arsebobis formebis Sesamecneblad<br />

da, sazogadod, misi arsebobis aucileblobisTvis. Cveni qveyana,<br />

dRes ise, rogorc arasdros, grZnobs am process da masTan<br />

dakavSirebuli Temebi, raoden mtkivneulic unda iyos, Cven,<br />

xelovnebis mkvlevarebma, unda wamovWraT.<br />

1. sxvaTa Soris, unda iTqvas, rom sartris e.w. demokratiul mosazrebebi<br />

komunistebs ukavSirdeboda da studentTa amboxSi isini sabolood<br />

simxdaleSi daadanaSaula, magram am sakiTxis, winamdebare Sromis<br />

TemasTan konteqstSi, ganxilva amjerad saWirod ar mimaCnia;<br />

2. g. i. filimonovi, `kulturis faqtori aSS-is sagareo politikaSi~,<br />

2003, internetresursi.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

mirCa eliade, `okultizmi, jadoqroba da modebi kulturaSi~,<br />

(Mircea Eliade, Occultism, witch craft and cultural fashions), 2002,<br />

internetresursi.<br />

lela oCiauri,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

socialisturi realizmidan<br />

postmodernizmamde<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes yovel meore sityvad Tu terminad,<br />

rodesac saubari Tanamedrove xelovnebas exeba (iqneba es Teatri,<br />

literatura Tu kinematografi), postmodernizms viyenebT, misi<br />

mniSvneloba bolomde gacnobierebuli da gansazRvruli araa.<br />

Cven ase Tu ise viciT, ras niSnavs, vTqvaT, kritikuli realizmi,<br />

avangardi, modernizmi Tu surrealizmi (Tumca, zogjer vcdebiT<br />

xolme am mimdinareobebis srulfasovan gansazRvraSi), garkveuli<br />

mizezebidan gamomdinare, Zalian kargad gvesmis, ra aris<br />

socialisturi realizmi da, saerTod, naklebad verkveviT, ras<br />

niSnavs postmodernizmi da am Temas bevr pirobiT cnebasTan<br />

`naZaladevad~ vaigivebT.<br />

farTo gagebiT, postmodernizmi – esaa kulturis ganviTarebis<br />

saerTo mdgomareoba, misi erT-erTi etapi, romelmac modernizmi<br />

Secvala da mis alternativad iqca. modernizmi xelovnebas or<br />

nawilad hyofs. esaa, erTi mxriv – elitaruli kultura da,<br />

meore mxriv – masobrivi. erTi mxriv _ maRali xelovneba,<br />

meore mxriv _ yvelasTvis gasagebi da xelmisawvdomi produqcia,<br />

romelic gansazRvrulia imwamier, masobriv moTxovnaze, radgan<br />

pasuxobs sazogadoebis Cvevebsa da molodins. erTi mxriv _<br />

mxatvruli avangardi, romelic Slis arsebul esTetikur<br />

faseulobebs, qmnis axal formebs, qmnis maradiul qmnilebebs;<br />

meore mxriv _ amzeurebs ukve arsebul, ukve gamocdil esTetikur<br />

Stampebs, romlebic tradiciuli xelovnebidan an avangardidan<br />

miRebul gamocdilebas adaptirebas ukeTebs, aiaffasurebs~.<br />

eropuli Tu amerikuli kritika postmodernizmis Sesaxeb<br />

upirispirdeba xelovnebis amgvar axsnas, gaSifvras, dayofas da<br />

aerTianebs yvelafers, rogorc aramarto arsebuls, amave dros,<br />

sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis saSualebas, rogorc kanonzomierebas,<br />

TavisTavad moqmeds da im mizezebs, romlebic mas badebs.<br />

210 211

lela oCiauri<br />

postmodernistuli xelovneba esaa xelovneba, romelic<br />

faseulobaTa gadafasebis saSualebas iZleva da saamiso pirobebs<br />

qmnis imdenad, ramdenadac, is ukve TavisTavadaa Cadebuli<br />

mimdinareobis arsSi. isaa Cadebuli Tavad mis cnobierebaSi da<br />

mis mierve Seqmnil sistemaSi fxizeli da kritikuli TvaliT.<br />

amisTvis saWiro gaxda zogierTi gamtkicebuli da aRiarebuli<br />

Sexedulebis gadaxedva. xmarebaSi Semovida stereotipebis mimarT<br />

pativiscemiT gamsWvaluli xedva da maTi Taviseburi gamoyeneba.<br />

stereotipi, romelsac rogorc `Stamps~, `kliSes~ aRiareben,<br />

postmodernizmis SemTxvevaSi, sxva datvirTvas iZens, ufro sworad,<br />

sxva mniSvnelobas da Sesabamisad, terminic sxva mniSvnelobiT<br />

ixmareba. arsebobs saxeebis, xatebis Seqmnis saukuneebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli da Semonaxuli xerxebi da modelebi,<br />

romlebic fass dRemde ar kargaven.<br />

magaliTad, tradiciuli Janruli modelebi. maTi mniSvneloba<br />

ar ganisazRvreba `maRali~ Tu `dabali~ xelovnebis sferos<br />

kuTvnilebiT, aramed mxolod im kriteriumebiT, riTac fasdeba<br />

ama Tu im JanrSi Seqmnili namuSevrebis Rirebuleba. aq droulia<br />

gavixsenoT, rom `ar arsebobs kargi da cudi Janrebi, mosawyenis<br />

garda~ da isic, Tu ramdenadaa maTi Rirebuleba damokidebuli<br />

maTive arsebobis xangrZlivobaze kacobriobis kulturis<br />

istoriaSi. maTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba ganisazRvros imis<br />

mixedviT, ramdenad Rrmadaa isini cnobierebis arqaul siRrmeebSi<br />

Caleqili, ramdenad didia maTi gamomsaxvelobiTi potenciali.<br />

modernistuli kritika Zalian martivi sqemis mixedviT<br />

ewyoboda _ es iyo xelovneba, romelic raRac axals ayalibebda,<br />

uars ambobda yvela stereotipze. amdenad, xelovnebis aseTi<br />

nawarmoebi ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs maRal xelovnebas,<br />

novatoruls, arakomerciuls, xolo stereotipze damyarebuli<br />

xelovneba, Tundac amitom ukve ganwirulia misi uaryofisTvis,<br />

vinaidan (Tu Janrul stereoripebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas)<br />

komerciul, samayureblo (kinematografiul, Teatralur Tu<br />

literaturul) kategorias ganekuTvneba, rac TavisTavad ukve<br />

niSnavs minus niSniT `ganviTarebas~.<br />

postmodernizmis pirveli niSnebis arseboba kinematografSi<br />

60-iani wlebidan SeimCneva, mas Semdeg, rac daiwyo JanrebTan<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde<br />

dabrunebis tendencia, ufro sworad, maTi gamravleba da aRreva.<br />

dRes is harmoniuli hibridi, romelsac im periodSi jer kidev<br />

ar hqonda sabolood gansazRvruli saxe, ukve normad iqca.<br />

ra aris Semoqmedeba? am kiTxvas modernizmi sxvanairad,<br />

postmodernizmi ki sxvanairad pasuxobs.<br />

`Semoqmedeba _ es aris stereotipebis gacnobierebuli<br />

arCevani~, _ ambobs xelovnebis Teoretikosi, rac niSnavs, rom<br />

Semoqmedi sakuTar Tavs garkveuli koncefciis, saavtoro uflebis<br />

arCevnis nebas aZlevs, romelic moiTxovs stereoti pebis<br />

gansakuTrebul, gansazRvrul arCevans da maT SeerTebas Sesabamis<br />

CanafiqrTan SefardebiT. amave dros, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom<br />

stereotipi jer kidev ar niSnavs mxolod Janruli modelebiT,<br />

aramed garkveuli stilisturi figurebiT, frTosani siuJeturi<br />

motivebiTa da svlebiT, qmedebis gamocdili svlebiT azrovnebas<br />

da a. S., rac avtoris (sazogadoebis) mexsierebaSi arsebuli<br />

codnis Tavmoyras da Tavisebur asaxvas hpovebs.<br />

ra Tqma unda, rodesac stereotipebzea saubari, erTi<br />

romelime sqemis gamoyeneba saamisod gansakuTrebuls verafers<br />

Seqmnis da adamianze misi mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zalac<br />

minimaluri iqneba, magram Tu reJisori airCevs stereotipebis<br />

mTel sistemas, maTi variantebis erTianobas, maSin saqme ufro<br />

rTulad da, Sesabamisad, Sedegic ufro mniSvnelovani iqneba.<br />

aseve, stereotipebis xelovnuri, ekleqturi erTianoba ar<br />

niSnavs, rom es avtors sasurveli Sedegis miRwevis saSualebas<br />

miscems. aseTi midgoma an rCeba sqemad, an imdenad martiv saxes<br />

iZens, rom yvelaze gauTviTcnobierebuli mayureblisTvisac Tu<br />

mkiTxvelisTvisac naTeli xdeba, Tu ra warmonaqmTan aqvs saqme.<br />

xelovnebis nawarmoebi, ra Janris, Tu mimdinareobisac unda<br />

iyos is, Semadgeneli nawilebis gamTlianebas unda emsaxurebodes.<br />

`sadidan moyolebuli beketamde literaturaSi damkvidrebulma<br />

dumilis motivebma, ramdenadac isini sakuTar Tavsac da<br />

erTmaneTsac upirispirdebodnen, enis, kulturisa da cnobierebis<br />

mTeli sirTule gamoxates. es zebunebrivi musika<br />

postmodernizmis gamocdilebasa da SegrZnebas gvaziarebs. Tumca,<br />

imaves ver vityviT mis cnebasa da definiciaze. SesaZloa,<br />

koncefciis definiciisken svla garkveuli kiTxvebis dasmiT<br />

212 213

lela oCiauri<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde<br />

ganvaxorcieloT~ – wers ihab hasani., - `daviwyeb yvelaze<br />

aSkara SekiTxviT~ _ agrZelebs igi msjelobas _ `misaRebia Tu<br />

ara iseTi fenomeni zogadad dasavlur sazogadoebaSi an,<br />

konkretulad, literaturaSi, romelic modernizmisgan<br />

gamocalkevebasa da saxeldebas moiTxovs? Tu asea, rogor<br />

moergeba mas droebiTi rubrika `postmodernizmi~? am SemTxvevaSi<br />

SegviZlia Tu ara (Tundac droebiT), am fenomenis farglebSi<br />

iseTi qronologiuri da tipologiuri sqemis konstruireba,<br />

romel ic s rul ad moi cavda m is tendencieb sa da<br />

kontrmimarTulebebs, misTvis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul,<br />

epistomologiur da socialur xasiaTs? anda rogor ukavSirdeba<br />

es fenomeni iseT mniSvnelovan movlenebs, rogoricaa, saukunis<br />

Semotrialeba _ avangardi, anda, 20-iani wlebis maRali<br />

modernizmi?~ 1 Zalian xSirad, postmodernizmis safarqveS (iseve,<br />

rogorc avangardis) imaleba, iniRbeba is, rasac xelovnebasTan<br />

saerTo araferi aqvs da aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri mimbaZvelobasTan<br />

da moduri tendenciebisTvis xarkis gaRebasTan. postmodernizmi,<br />

albaT, rogorc arc erTi sxva mimdinareoba, kavSirSia saerTo<br />

kulturologiur realobasTan da amave dros, cxovrebis<br />

realobasTan.<br />

xelovnebis mizani – mimarTos adamians momavalSi _ ukana<br />

xedze iwevs postmodernistuli xelovnebis mTavar mizanTan _<br />

iqonios kavSiri Tanamedrove adamianTan da masTan dialogSi<br />

Sevides dRes da ara, vTqvaT, xval, SedarebiT. Tumca, ra Tqma<br />

unda, es ar niSnavs, rom postmodernuli filmebi aRar iarsebeben<br />

xval, 10, 20 Tu 30 wlis Semdeg. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

rom xelovanis erT-erT mizans Tu funqcias warmoadgens asaxos<br />

(ama Tu im formiT) is dro, romelSic is cxovrobs, maSin<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom postmodernizmi yvelaze `namdvili~<br />

xelovnebaa, raRac TvalsazrisiT, moduri koniunqturac, moduri<br />

spekulaciac. Tanamedrove mayureblis gemovnebisa da<br />

TvalTaxedvis mixedviT nawarmoebis Sefaseba _ postmodernizmis<br />

erT-erTi mTavari pirobaa.<br />

postmodernizmma erTgvari ironiiT Sexeda da TiTqos boloc<br />

mouRo romantikul pozicias im reJisorTa mimarT, romlebic<br />

erTeulebisTvis qmnidnen. Zalian xSirad, mayurebeli Tu<br />

kritikosebi postmodernistebs sayvedurobdnen, rom isini Zalian<br />

xSirad meordebian, xSirad sakuTarive citirebas axdenen.<br />

citireba da TviTcitireba mxatvrisTvis bunebrivi procesia.<br />

Zalian xSirad, Zalian bevri Semoqmedi iyenebs sakuTar sistemebs,<br />

niSanTa, xerxTa Tu simboloTa sistemebs, maT kombinaciebs, maT<br />

stereotipebs.<br />

vinaidan kinematografi axali xelovnebaa, mas ar hqonda<br />

gamocdilebis, stereotipebis, informaciis dagrovebis iseTi<br />

SesaZlebloba, rogorc xelovnebis sxva dargebs, magram, rogorc<br />

Cans, bolos es dro movida. kinematografma ukve imdeni daagrova,<br />

rom Tavs uflebas aZlevs imuSaos sakuTari sistemebis,<br />

stereotipebis, niSnebis gamoyenebiT. maTi interpretaciis gziT.<br />

es stereoti pebi Rrmad unda iyos Serwymuli ZiriTad xazTan,<br />

siuJetis ganviTarebasa Tu saerTo sxeulTan mis Sida<br />

struqturaSi, rodesac maT damoukidebeli saxe aqvs, rodesac<br />

isini zedapirze devs, maSin esaa an mibaZva, an parodia an isev da<br />

isev Stampi, radgan maTi gaazreba da gaanalizeba ar xdeba.<br />

socialisturi relizmis epoqaSi kinematografSi arsebuli<br />

stereotipebi iseTive zemoqmedebas axdenda (Tu ufro metadac<br />

ara) im mayurebelze, romelic uSualod iyo procesebis monawile,<br />

romelic uyurebda da emorCileboda im simarTles, romelsac<br />

ekranidan sTavazobdnen. Tanagancdis momenti, saiTac kinematografi<br />

mayurebels mouwodebs, yvela drosa da yvela mimdinareobis<br />

Jams, sazogadoebis mier aRiqmeba ise, rogorc mas sTavazobdnen,<br />

oRond erTi gamonaklisiT, miuxedavad imisa _ aris Tu ara is<br />

simarTle, radgan stereoti pebi, iqneboda es movlenaTa<br />

ganviTarebisa Tu personaJSi ganxorcielebuli _ pasuxobs<br />

moTxovnebs, rasac mayurebeli elis filmidan.<br />

drois distancia bevri axali aRmoCenis saSualebas iZleva,<br />

anu xelaxla gadaxedvis saSualebas, rogorc asaxuli movlenebis,<br />

aseve maTi mxatvruli Rirebulebis mxriv. albaT, isic<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom xelovnebis sazRvrebi myari da<br />

SezRuduli araa da esTetikuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba<br />

axali sazogadoebrivi interesebisa Tu drois faqtoris, drois<br />

moTxovnis aucileblobidan gamomdinareobs.<br />

xelovnebaSi `maRalisa~ da `dabalis~ Sefaseba garkveulad<br />

`SefardebiTia~, maradiuli, saerTo faseulobebis arsebobis<br />

miuxedavad. postmodernuli kinos mTavari principia _ kino<br />

214 215

lela oCiauri<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde<br />

unda arsebobdes `aq~ da `axla~. is muSaobs dRes. is aRqmul<br />

unda iqnas maSin, rodesac Seiqmna, radgan ukeT moqmedebs<br />

mayurebelze. rac Seexeba mis aRqmas, analizs, albaT, mTavari,<br />

rac, aseT SemTxvevaSi, unda iqnas gamoyenebuli, swored im<br />

stereotipebisgan gaTavisuflebaa, rac xels uSlis ama Tu im<br />

nawarmoebis aRqmas piradi gamocdilebidan, individualuri<br />

midgomebidan gamomdinare.<br />

nebismieri fibula _ esaa erTgvari Zaladoba realobaze,<br />

esaa mxatvris SeWra cxovrebaSi. aq xdeba adamianis cxovrebis<br />

_ misi xangrZlivobis miuxedavad _ SemWidroeba mxatvruli<br />

nawarmoebis msvlelobis droSi.Yyvelaferi nebadarTulia.<br />

mTavaria, rogor eqceva ``nebadarTuloba~ sistemaSi, romelsac<br />

reJisori Tu sxva xelovani awyobs da ramdenad ereva igi am<br />

sistemis msvlelobaSi, romlis sazRvrebi gacilebiT farToa,<br />

vidre ``Cveulebrivi~ xelovnebis nawarmoebis sazRvrebi. imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac am CarCoebSi eteva yvela is fiqri, mosazreba Tu<br />

migneba, Tundac yvelaze banaluri, rac xangrZlivi drois<br />

ganmavlobaSi dagrovda sazogadoebis gamocdilebasa da<br />

cnobierebaSi.<br />

aka morCilaZe romanSi `gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~<br />

`tradiciul~ postmodernul sqemas aSkarad da Tavisuflad<br />

iyenebs. am xerxs igi rogorc sametyvelo enas, ise mimarTavs<br />

da aqcevs sistemad, romelic `gamdidrebulia~ deteqturi<br />

siuJetiT, romelic bevri Cveulebrivi Srisgan Sedgeba. igi,<br />

meore romanSi `agvistos pasiansi~ am sqemas kidev ufro metad<br />

aSiSvlebs anu umartives da metad banalur siuJets, uSualod<br />

dayrdnobils drois niSnebze, rTul Sinagan struqturad aqcevs<br />

da marTlac pasiansiviT Slis ambavs, im pasiansiviT, romelic<br />

rTulad ewyoba, magram saboloo jamSi mainc gaiSleba - agvisto<br />

iqneba es (anu konkretuli dro, rodesac moqmedeba xdeba),<br />

adgili (sadac viTardeba es moqmedeba) Tu paraleluri, irealuri<br />

samyaro _ ganyenebuli Tvali, romelic retrospeqtiulad<br />

aRiqvams movlenebs, ra Tqma unda, mwerlis aqtiuri CareviT.<br />

mTavari mainc droa, romelic arsebobs da ara Cvengan<br />

damoukideblad, aramed CvenTan erTad. dro, romelic mudam<br />

axdenda sazogadoebis formirebas, gamoxatavda mis suls,<br />

cxovrebis wess, safuZvels uqmnida xelovans fiqrisTvis,<br />

azrovnebisTvis da Semdeg masTan WidilSi adamianebTan misasvleli<br />

gzebis da mxatvruli formebis Camoyalibebis gezs sTavazobda.<br />

veZebT Tu ara Cven im dros, romelic davkargeT? am kiTxvas<br />

xSirad svamen postmodernizmis epoqaSi da masze pasuxs eZeben.<br />

dRes aSkaraa _ Tanamedrove xelovneba aramarto ascda dros,<br />

aramed TiTqos saerTod daiviwya misi arseboba da im droSi<br />

gadavida, rodesac maradiuli araferia da rodesac sinamdvile<br />

ararsebuliT ifareba. sadRac droTa sazRvarze gaWedili<br />

qarTveli kinematografistebi, romlebmac orientirebi, pirvel<br />

rigSi, sakuTar TavSi dakarges, ararsebuls eZeben da swored<br />

amitomaa, umetes SemTxvevaSi, maTi Semoqmedeba azrs, siRrmesa<br />

da raRac mniSvnelovans moklebuli, konteqstidan amoRebuli.<br />

e. w. `perestroikis~ pirvel wlebSi, rodesac tabu aexsna<br />

akrZaluls da maSindel sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo im<br />

literaturis, filmebis da a.S. masalis gamomzeureba, romlebic<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi cenzuris gamo dafarul-Caketili, Taroze<br />

Semodebuli iyo, aRmoCnda, rom qarTuli xelovneba am procesebs<br />

ver gamoexmaura da iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, qveyanaSi ar<br />

aRmoCnda reJisori, romelic komunisturi ideologiis<br />

`msxverpli~ iyo da akrZaluli qmnilebis saaSkaraoze gamotana<br />

axla mainc SeeZlo, iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, kira muratovas, aleqsei<br />

germans an andron konCalovskis Tu sxvebs. iyo erTi-ori<br />

leqsi, iyo grigol robaqiZe da qarTveli emigrantebis, noe<br />

Jordanias mTavrobisa Tu qaquca ColoyaSvilis SeficulTa<br />

mogoneba-Canawerebi.<br />

evgeni zamiatini blokisadmi miZRvnil CanawerebSi wers:<br />

`sami weli Semdgom Cven Caketili viyaviT foladis WurvSi _<br />

sibneleSi, siviwroveSi, stveniT mivqrodiT, vin icis, saiT... am,<br />

winasasikvdilo wuTeb-wlebSi raRacis keTeba iyo saWiro. unda<br />

mogewyo cxovreba mqrolav WurvSi.~<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli kinematografi aseT WurvSi<br />

moqceuls hgavda, romelic sadRac mihqris, magram ar aqvs<br />

zemoqmedebis, mimarTulebis Secvlis unari. xelovneba mxolod<br />

maSinaa marTali, rodesac masSi arsebobs realobiT mogvrili<br />

da gacnobierebuli realoba, is mxolod maSin ganixileba, rogorc<br />

sakmarisad saimedo. masSi, rogorc wesi, Cadebulia sibrZnis<br />

216 217

lela oCiauri<br />

rwmena _ realuri drois rwmena-xedva (SigniT da ara garedan<br />

aRqmuli). amitom gare faqtebis gacnobiereba xdeba rwmenis<br />

saxe, is ki Semowmebas ar eqvemdebareba da ar saWiroebs. Semowmeba<br />

ki iwyeba maSin, rodesac mqrolav WurvSi msxdomebs gveCveneba,<br />

rom vmoZraobT, magram es moZraoba sxva araferia, Tu ara<br />

daxSul sivrceSi gamomwyvdeuli adamianebis farTxali, ara<br />

Tavis dasaRwevad, aramed iq, SigniT myudrod da moxerxebulad<br />

mosaTavseblad.<br />

mxatvruli Semecneba individualuri SemoqmedebiTi<br />

gamovlinebis sferoa da mas, wesiT, ar unda SeeZlos garemosTan,<br />

sazogadoebasTan (mis mier dawesebul xelovnur kanonebTan)<br />

konfliqtSi Seusvleloba. es misi aucilebeli sulieri<br />

moTxovnileba unda iyos, radgan sinamdvile gacilebiT rTulia,<br />

vidre, erTi SexedviT, warmodgeba. am labirinTSi gzis gakvalva<br />

ki, yvelas ar SeuZlia.<br />

socialisturi realizmis boboqroba-aRzevebis Jams<br />

xelovneba swored imitom ar iyo xelovneba, rom xelovani<br />

iZulebuli iyo tyuili eTqva, cru ideas cru forma mosdevda<br />

da erTi tyuili sicrueTa mTel jaWvs iwvevda. andrei siniavski<br />

wers: `ukanaskneli wlebis movlenebma Cveni xelovneba<br />

naxevaromebisa da naxevarsimarTlis gzas Seuyena...~<br />

sxvadasxva `sofl-xedva~ (zurab kakabaZis terminia) anu<br />

samyaros sxvadasxva suraTis aRqma ara mxolod sxvadasxva<br />

xalxebs axasiaTebs, aramed erTsa da imave xalxs sxvadasxva<br />

dros _ icvleba yoveli eris ZiriTadi ideali da aqedan, misi<br />

suraTis cvlileba enis Sesabamis cvlilebas moiTxovs da<br />

apirobebs. oRond cvlileba SedarebiT nela da SeumCnevlad<br />

xdeba _ enobrivi niSnebi inerciis ZaliT garegnuladac igiveni<br />

rCebian da imave wesiT moixmarebian, rac Cqmalavs im garemoebas,<br />

rom ZalaSi aRaraa Zveli ideali, samyaros Zveli suraTi da<br />

samyaros Sesabamisi wesrigi.<br />

gardamaval periodSi, rodesac Zala daukargavs tradiciul<br />

ideals, samyaros tradiciul suraTs da cxovrebis Sesabamis<br />

wesrigs, ise rom, axali jer ar Cans adamianis cxovreba, misi<br />

yofna samyaroSi arsebiTad ferxdeba da samyaro misTvis<br />

principulad ucxo xdeba; xolo am Seferxebas da samyaros am<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde<br />

ucxoobas, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, ramdenadme faravs da<br />

SeumCnevels xdis agreTve enis tradiciuli, Cveuli wesiT<br />

moxmareba, radgan es ukanaskneli cxovrebis tradiciul wesrigs<br />

Seesabameba.<br />

xSirad aseT dros iqmneba STabeWdileba, viTom cxovreba<br />

isev im wesiTa da rigiT, arsebiTad isev Seuferxeblad miedineba.<br />

mwerali naTlad xedavs da mwvaved ganicdis tradiciuli<br />

wesrigis rRvevas, samyaros arsebiT mouwesrigeblobas da<br />

ucxoobas da amgvar pirobebSi, enis tradiciuli moxmarebis<br />

principul siyalbesa da Seusabamobas. igi `am naTelxilvisa~<br />

da mwvave gancdis dawoliT, sagangebod arRvevs xolme enis<br />

tradiciul normebs, cxovrebis wesis Sesabamisad da naTelhyofs<br />

WeSmaritebas am ukanasknelis Taobaze.<br />

60-ian wlebSi xelovnebaSiOmomxdari gadatrialebis<br />

avtorebma, xelovan-meamboxeTa jgufma zustad icoda Tavisi<br />

daniSnulebis Sesaxeb da miznebic gansazRvruli hqonda. maT<br />

uTanasworo brZola moiges. moiges imitom, rom hqondaT rwmenac,<br />

mizanic, esmodaT, rom samyaros suraTis cvalebadoba enis Sesabamis<br />

cvalebadobas moiTxovs da ganapirobebs; icodnen, rom Zveli<br />

idealebi ZalaSi aRar iyo. maT Zala daukarges Zvel idealebs<br />

da daamyares axali cxovrebis Sesabamisi wesrigi. maT axali<br />

idealebi moitanes, axali idealebis AZiebasa da maTze dakvirvebas<br />

Seudgnen. maT gaamarTles im droSi arseboba, romelSic<br />

cxovrobdnen da araTu fexdafex mihyvnen, aramed win gauswres<br />

dros. `aseT SemTxvevaSi bunebrivi iyo, rom moxdeboda is<br />

raRac, rac isev da isev adamianma gamoigona da es gamonagoni<br />

SefarviT, pirobiTi, idumali niSnebiT, ucnauri `ieroglifebiT~<br />

Sealamaza da dro, romelic yvelafris mmarTvelia, ubralod,<br />

mospo, gaaqro, radgan is, ubralod, aRar dasWirda.<br />

wina periodebisgan (anu sabWoTa ideologiiT nakarnaxevi<br />

30-40-50-iani wlebidan) gansxvavebiT, rodesac istoria iwereboda<br />

asaxuli sinamdvilis yvela arsebul kiTxvaze mza pasuxiT,<br />

rodesac realuri siuJeti ukve winaswar gansazRvrul daskvnebsa<br />

da reziumeebTan iyo SeTanxmebuli, rodesac saWiro iyo ara<br />

mxolod didi tyuili, aramed axali miTologia, rodesac gaCnda<br />

axali, revoluciuri xelovneba, ramac yvelasa da yvelafers<br />

218 219

lela oCiauri<br />

Tavisi saTanado adgili miuCina. 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan<br />

es monoliTi, Tixis fexebze mdgomi goliaTi uecrad daingra.<br />

dRes, rodesac samyaroSi kvlav axali idealebi damkvidrda,<br />

rodesac yvelaferi TiTqos xiluli da xelmisawvdomia, ucbad<br />

amoCnda, rom xilulsa da xelmisawvdoms miRma uxilavi da<br />

xelSeuxebeli devs.<br />

axali legendaruli sinamdvilis (meorenairad, socialisturi<br />

realizmi) Seqmnisas saWiro iyo axali moqmedi gmirebis Seqmna,<br />

romlebic analogs Zvel, ukve Camoyalibebul, saukuneebgamovlil<br />

saxeebSi povebdnen da gaCndnen _ winaswarmetyveli<br />

revolucionerebi, maTi mociqulebi, raindi mxedarTmTavrebi, maTi<br />

saWurvelmtvirTavebi, maTi mtrebi da monebi, uwmindurebi, axali<br />

xalxi, axali morali, axali demonebi, axali gmirebi da uecrad<br />

(ra Tqma unda, ara erTbaSad) es yvelaferi gaqra.<br />

erTgvar miTologiur `Cvenad~ qceuli Semoqmedi kvlav<br />

`me~-s niSnian personad iqca da man daiwyo, miTologiuri samyaros<br />

personaJTa msgavsad - adamianebTan Sinagani Tvisebebis amotana,<br />

yvelafris ganumeoreblis, gansakuTrebulis Zieba, is, rac axlos<br />

iyo gamomxatvel bunebasTan, is rac axlos iyo sakuTar TavTan,<br />

im eris sworupovar TvisebebTan, romelsac igi warmoadgenda<br />

da aq ukve, didi xania, aRar iyo nihilizmis, cxovrebis uaryofis<br />

dro, jer komunizmis aCrdilma da Semdeg evropaSi (swored,<br />

50-ianis miwurulsa da 60-ianis dasawyisSi) dawyebulma<br />

moZraobam, axleburad Sefasebulma samyarom, axalma imedebma,<br />

axalma talRam, qarTvel xelovanTa da kinematografistTa<br />

rigebSic, SeiZleba pirdapiri ara, magram uxilavi pasionaluri<br />

kavSirebi daamyara.<br />

samyaro TiTqos didi xnis Zilisgan gamoerkva da gamofxizlda,<br />

sizmarSi nanaxi gakveTili cxadad aqcia, sizmari realobaSi<br />

gadmoitana, ufro sworad, realobas sizmris, zRapris, igavis,<br />

legendis (imis mixedviT, vis ra esizmra) forma mianiWa da<br />

galaktioniviT Tamamad ganacxada: `Cven vxedavT sizmrebs ara<br />

Tqveneburs~. am sizmrebs odnav tkbili surneli dahkravda,<br />

oRond isini ar iyo jadosnuri sizmrebi, agebuli ocnebebsa<br />

Tu iluziebze, isini Zalian realuri da myarsafuZvliani sizmrebi<br />

iyo, romelTa arsebobac winaparTa gamocdilebam, maTma namRerma,<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde<br />

nacekvma, maTma naTqvamma leqsebma Tu SeTxzulma legendebma _<br />

erovnulma tradiciam ganapiroba. miTologiuri samyaros<br />

personaJTa ganumeoreblobam, aq Semoqmedebis individualobis<br />

ganumeoreblobis saxe miiRo, Zveli sistemebi dairRva, axlebi<br />

amoqmedda, istoriuli realoba, romelSic maT cxovreba<br />

uxdebodaT, axali ganzomilebebiT Seicvala.<br />

Tanamedrove kvleva sul ufro da ufro ixreba im<br />

Tvalsazrisisken, rom miTosi Seicavs dafarul sazriss,<br />

fantastikuri saxeebisa da warmodgenebis miRma arsebuls. am<br />

sazrisis wvdomasa da gamovlenas isaxavs miznad Tanamedrove<br />

mecnieruli analizi, magram amave dros xazgasmiT aRiniSneba,<br />

rom ramdenadac goneba ver moicavs adamianis kulturuli<br />

arsebobis yvela formas, miTosis struqtura ver daxasiaTdeba,<br />

rogorc nacionaluri.<br />

mxatvruli realoba amCnevs Tavisi arsebobis pirobebs, rac<br />

sruliad ar SeuZlia miTs; Tavis pirobebs amCnevs folkloruli<br />

Semecneba; zRaparma icis, rom gamogonilia, miTs eWvi arafris<br />

aqvs, iseve, rogorc adamians, romelic miTis SigniT imyofeba,<br />

religiur adamians sWirdeba rwmena, raTa miiRos zebunebrivi,<br />

saswauli, miTur samyaros kacs es ar sWirdeba. is yovelgvar<br />

saswauls iRebs, rogorc savsebiT bunebriv movlenas.<br />

adamians, romelsac gadatanili aqvs sabWoTa `miTologiis~<br />

wlebi da romelmac SesaniSnavad iswavla Tavisi fiqrebisa Tu<br />

survilebis SeniRbva, axali sistemebis Seqmna SeuZlia, mas aqvs<br />

amis rwmena da amdenad, Tavisuflad epyroba garemomcvel samyaros<br />

- es odiTganve qarTveli kacis bunebaa.<br />

istoria da xelovneba erTaneTis ganuyreli Tanamgzavrebi<br />

arian, amdenad, xelovnebis dayofa, gancalkeveba – faqtobrivi<br />

istoriuli movlenebis amsaxvel da Tanamedrove adamianis Sesaxeb<br />

Seqmnil nawarmoebebad, mcdari iqneboda. miT umetes, rom<br />

damokidebuleba xelovnebis qmnilebis mimarT, rodesac mas wlebis<br />

intervalis Semdeg uyureb, TavisTavad gulisxmobs istorizmis<br />

moments. es distancia Rrmavdeba maSin, rodesac warsulis<br />

gaanalizebis Jami dgeba, Tumca, TavisTavad, Tanadroulobac ukve im<br />

epoqis drois gamomxatvelia, rodesac esa Tu is nawarmoebi iqmneba.<br />

220 221

lela oCiauri<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde<br />

amdenad, albaT, unda iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs filmebi<br />

`Tanamedrove~ da `istoriuli~, aramed arsebobs filmebi,<br />

romlebic adamianis Sesaxeb, misi Sinagani samyarosa da garemosTan,<br />

sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebaze mogviTxrobs, an warsulSi,<br />

an awmyoSi. dro ucvlelia da swored esaa 60-70-iani wlebis<br />

qarTuli kinos mTavari Tviseba - yvelaferi, rac masSi xdeba,<br />

erTi mxriv, Janris axali kanonebis damkvidrebis saSualebaa,<br />

meore mxriv, mxolod da mxolod Tanamedrove problemebis<br />

amsaxvelia, moqmedebis drois gadatanis, saTqmelis, viTarebis<br />

gantevebis miuxedavad.<br />

meoce saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

qarTuli kinematografis yvelaze saintereso da gamorCeuli<br />

periodia da, Sesabamisad, Tavis droze, _ yvelaze ukeT da<br />

Rrmad Seswavlili. gamomdinare iqidan, rom xelovans sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris respublikebSi, moRvaweoba sabWoTa cenzuris pirobebSi<br />

uxdeboda, igi iZulebuli iyo an damorCileboda gabatonebul<br />

ideologias, an epova is gzebi, anu is mxatvruli formebi,<br />

romelTa meSveobiTac igi Tavis namdvil saTqmels ityoda.<br />

maTi namuSevrebis Taviseburebac, am garemoebebma ganapiroba.<br />

drois cvalebadobasTan erTad, bunebrivad icvleba<br />

damokidebuleba mxatvruli nawarmoebis mimarT, Sefasebis<br />

sazomebic cvlilebas ganicdis, rac misi aRqmis Taviseburebebs<br />

gansazRvravs. saintereso swored isaa, Tu rogor xedavs xelovani<br />

(reJisori, mwerali, mxatvari) dros, saidan sadamde isazRvreba<br />

is SemoqmedebaSi _ aris es konkretuli wlebi, epoqa, dRe,<br />

ricxvi, Tu moicavs iseT periods, romelic miTurad - odesRac<br />

arsebulad, an ukiduresad ganzogadebulad warmosdgeba? ra<br />

iyo da Seicvala Tu ara xelovanis mier samyaros filosofiuri<br />

Wvretis kriteriumebi, ra iqceva xolme kulturis mTavar<br />

maxasiaTebel niSnad, drois msvlelobasTan erTad?<br />

zurab kakabaZe `filosofiur saubrebSi~ aRniSnavs: `cxovrebis<br />

istoriad gageba damatebiT naTels hfens xelovnebis<br />

kritikulobas, sinamdvilisadmi mis kritikul mimarTebas -<br />

sinamdvile am gagebiT, yovelTvis Zvelisa da axal ideal Soris<br />

brZola da, maSasadame, Zveli, dromoWmuli idealisa da Sesabamisi<br />

tendenciebis mxriv ganxiluli, uaryofasa da kritikas imsaxurebs.<br />

cxovrebis istoriad gageba naTels hfens agreTve xelovnebis<br />

Sinaarsisa da formebis cvalebadobis faqts. xelovneba, rogorc<br />

cnobilia, cxovrebas gamosaxavs, amitomac misi Taviseburebis<br />

gagebisTvis xSirad cxovrebis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba<br />

gvWirdeba. amasTan, cxovreba istoriaa, rac imas moaswavebs, rom<br />

misi gezi da mimarTuleba, misi warmmarTveli yoveli ideali<br />

mxolod droebiTia, rom igi odesme amowuravs Tavis<br />

SesaZleblobebs, anu, rogorc ityvian xolme, Tavis dros mosWams<br />

da axal gezsa da mimarTulebas, axal ideals dauTmobs adgils.~<br />

cxadia, socialisturi realizmis ideologiidan<br />

gaTavisuflebul xelovans (socialisturi realizmis eqo kidev<br />

didxans ismoda yofili sabWoTa respublikebis kulturebSi,<br />

imdenad rTuli iyo misi zegavlenisgan azrovnebis gamijvna)<br />

Sansi mieca, xelovneba Tavisi WeSmariti arsisTvis daebrunebina<br />

- cxovrebiseuli simarTlis asaxvisa da axali mxatvruli<br />

formebiT ametyvelebisken. rameTu xelovnebis yovel axal<br />

safexurze gadasvla yovelTvis gamomsaxveli xerxebis ganaxlebas,<br />

saxecvlilebas moiTxovs, radgan saTqmelTan erTad formac<br />

icvleba, miT ufro, rom es saTqmeli amboxebis xasiaTisaa da<br />

cxovrebis gardaqmniskenaaa mimarTuli.<br />

`xalxis winaSe gadaSlili sulieri da fizikuri Tavisufleba<br />

uxilavi bedisweris daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCnda. samyaroSi sakuTari<br />

Tavis ufro srulad realizebis SesaZlebloba (harmoniis niSani?)<br />

saerTo disharmonianSi gazavda. xolo bunebriv swrafvas<br />

darRveuli realobis mowesrigebisken globalur kraxamde,<br />

sikvdilis srul zeimurobamde, apokalifsamde mivyavarT... da<br />

srulebiT araa savaldebulo ca miwas daemxos, Tu miwa Sinaganad<br />

TviTnadgurdeba... magram cxovreba grZeldeba. paradoqsis mTeli<br />

didebuleba ufskrulis piras iyineba.~ 2<br />

rodesac saubaria sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis, kulturis<br />

zegavlenaze, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom qarTuli kultura<br />

karCaketili arasodes yofila da mudam Tavisuflad (ufro<br />

xSirad, iZulebiT) iRebda sxva qveynebis kulturis Senakadebs.<br />

magram saqmec isaa, rom umeteswilad, xdeboda organuli SeTavseba,<br />

gamTlianeba, `sruladi qveynis~ gaTaviseba da samyaros ukidegano<br />

sivrcesTan ziareba. magram es mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli,<br />

rodesac eri (xelovani) momwifebulia, Camoyalibebulia, siaxlis,<br />

222 223

lela oCiauri<br />

`informaciis~ misaRebad. amave dros, rogori gaxsnilic unda<br />

iyos Cveni suli SexvedrisTvis, man, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari<br />

Tavis gazrdaze, sakuTari sulierebis gadarCenaze unda izrunos.<br />

Tu es generaluri gadarCena ar moxda, ar moxdeba axali<br />

xelovnebis dabadebac, romelic Tan hgavs da Tanac ar hgavs<br />

imas, rac samyaroSi xdeba. aseT SemTxveaSi, imis gaazrebac<br />

gagviWirdeba, Tu sad vdgavarT Cven am samyaroSi, ra adgili<br />

gvikavia da ra adgilis dakaveba gvsurs.<br />

ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa sistemam, ideologiam adamianis yofas,<br />

mis cnobierebas mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnia, Semoqmedi am<br />

ideologiis kanonebs daemorCila da Tavadve gamoigona<br />

fsevdoromantizmi da ideaTa fsevdoamaRlebuloba, cxovreba,<br />

romelic arcTu mSvenieri iyo, idealur garsSi Semosa da<br />

mSvenierad warmogvidgina.<br />

iyo dro, rodesac Teoriuli manifestebi win uswrebda,<br />

faqtobrivad, yvela kinematografiul Tu <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> novacias.<br />

ukve sakmarisi xani gavida mas Semdeg, rac Semoqmedi Ziebebs<br />

winaswari deklarirebis gareSe axorcielebs.<br />

`kinematografis bunebis gamokvleva, pirvel rigSi, TviT<br />

sazogadoebrivi procesebis _ materialur da sulier _<br />

msvlelobaze dayrdnobas niSnavs.~ 3<br />

nebismieri mimdinareoba Tu xelovnebis nebismieri aqti<br />

arsebobs droSi da maT arsebobas konkretuli mizezebi apirobebs.<br />

ucxo mimdinareobaTa araorganuli zegavlena qarTulma<br />

xelovnebam adrec, marTlia, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, magram mainc<br />

ganicada, Tumca es zegavlena isev da isev zedapirze darCa,<br />

epataJurobis gamovlinebad, Tanac ar ganviTarebula.<br />

bunebrivia, saTqmelis gabundovneba, garTuleba srulebiT<br />

ar niSnavs mis Rirsebas, raSic Cveni Tanamedrove xelovanebi<br />

xSirad scodaven. harmonia arssa da formas, gamoxatvis gzebsa<br />

da Semoqmedis Sinagan samyaros Soris, bundovanebas gamoricxavs<br />

da naTels xdis, gamokveTs azrovnebis nebismier mxares. cxadia,<br />

Tuki aseTi ram saerTod arsebobs.<br />

cxadia, bundovanSi mravalazrovneba ar igulisxmeba.<br />

bundovanSi igulisxmeba is, rodesac nawarmoebSi azri saerTod<br />

araa da Tu aris, marTlac sjobs, saerTod ar iyos. saTqmelis<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde<br />

(cxadia, sakuTari da ara wesad, modurad, sayovelTaod<br />

aRiarebulad miCneulis, rodesac cnobilia, rom arsebobs<br />

`sargeblis momtani~ Temebi, magram maTi mniSvneloba ar viciT!)<br />

arqona, qmnis autaneli sicarielis SegrZnebas. rodesac saTqmeli<br />

ara gaqvs, cxadia, arc is ici, rogor Tqva. rodesac ici, misi<br />

gamoTqmis, gamoxatvis formebs bunebrivad eZeb. zogjer poulob.<br />

Cveni drois niSani - saTqmelis arqona, misi ararsebobaa.<br />

xelovnebaSi maradiul problemebTan erTad yovelTvis<br />

arsebobs konkretuli droisTvis, erisTvis, Tundac TaobisTvis<br />

maxasiaTebeli niSnebi da mTavari maTi `sworad~ gamoyenebaa da<br />

ara maTiT `Jonglireba~ Tavmowoneba da amdenad, uSedegoba.<br />

`Teoriuli azri dramaturgiis, kompoziciis, siuJetis awyobis,<br />

ekranis `enis~ Taobaze kamaTis, kamaTis kinogamosaxulebis `saxisa~<br />

da `niSnis~, `mniSvnelobisa~ da `azris~ Sesaxeb iswrafis<br />

aRmoaCinos gansazRvruli filosofiuri princi pebi da<br />

formaluri xerxebis miRma cxovrebasa da xelovnebaze<br />

filosofiuri Sexedulebebi gamoavlinos~. 4<br />

namdvil xelovans drois SegrZneba sWirdeba. arseboba droSi,<br />

Semdeg misi ganfena, gaSla, sxva droebTan, epoqebTan, sxva<br />

istoriebTan (Tundac Sinagani) dakavSireba. da swored imitom,<br />

rom gavigoT, ra SeemTxva Tanamedrove adamians, ratom dakarga<br />

man bunebis simSvenieriT tkbobisa da sicocxlis siyvaruliT<br />

sixarulis unari, ratom dakarga man adamianis siyvarulis<br />

grZnoba da Semwynareblobas, qarTveli kacis erT-erTi gamorCeul<br />

Tvisebas, rkinis farda miafara, unda kargad davukvirdeT, Tu, ra<br />

iyo mTavari motivi, mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala, ramac qarTuli<br />

poeturi, filosofiuri Tu metaformuli kinos arseboba<br />

gansazRvra. kinematorgafis bunebis gamokvleva pirvel yovlisa,<br />

TviT sazogadoebriv procesebze - materialursa da sulierze<br />

dayrdnobas niSnavs.<br />

`CemTvis kino zneobrivi saqmianobaa da ara profesiuli.<br />

CemTvis aucilebelia, SevinarCuno Sexeduleba xelovnebaze,<br />

rogorc raRac gansakuTrebul, seriozul sapasuxismgeblo<br />

movlenaze, rac iseT cnebebSi ar eqceva, rogoricaa: Tema, Janri,<br />

forma da a. S. xelovneba mxolod misTvis ki ar arsebobs, rom<br />

224 225

lela oCiauri<br />

socialisturi realizmidan postmodernizmamde<br />

sinamdviles asaxavs, igi adamians cxorebis winaSe unda<br />

aiaraRebdes, aniWebdes Zalas winaaRmdegoba gauwios cxovrebas...<br />

xelovneba Cven rwmenas gvaniWebs da gvavsebs sakuTari<br />

Rirsebis SegrZnebiT. mas adamianis, sazogadoebis sisxlSi Sehyavs<br />

winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris, ardanebebis erTgvari reaqtivi.<br />

adamians sWirdeba sinaTle. xelovneba mas sinaTles, momavlis<br />

rwmenas, perspeqtivas aZlevs.<br />

geniosi CemTvis perspeqtivasTan, sinaTlesTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />

adamiani dramatul, tragikul situciebSi unda gamoscado da<br />

sixarulSi simSvide, simyudrove da imedi mianiWo.~ 5<br />

rodesac Cven vsaubrobT filosofiis tradiciuli<br />

sazRvrebidan gasvlaze, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Cveni drois sulieri<br />

ganviTarebis erTi Tavisebureba - filosofiisa da xelovnebis<br />

daaxloeba. es procesi SeimCneva, rogorc filosofiis mxridan<br />

xelovnebis mimarTulebiT, aseve, filosofiis mimarTulebiT<br />

xelovnebis mxridan da bunebrivi xdeba, xelovnebis specifikuri<br />

xasiaTis SeZena sazogadoebrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare.<br />

saubaria aramxolod xelovnebis erTgvar inteleqtualizaciaze,<br />

aramxolod xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sinaarsis filosofiuri<br />

problematikiT gavsebaze, an formis garTulebaze (rom ara<br />

vTqvaT, gabundovnebaze) da arc filosofiuri koncefciebis<br />

martiv ilustraciaze mxatvruli xerxebiT. saubria rTul<br />

dialeqtikur procesze, romelic arss, sazogadoebrivi<br />

cnobierebis formebis specifikas exeba, saubria sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris Rrma kanonozomierebebis ganviTarebaze, romlis Zirebi<br />

Tavad cnobierebis ganviTarebis formebSia, rac mravalsaxeobrivi<br />

bunebrivi da socialuri sinamdvilis mTel sistemaSi aisaxeba.<br />

cxadia, mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, sociologiisa da<br />

filosofiisgan gansxvavebiT, Cven winaSe adamianuri arsebobis<br />

uSualo mravalsaxeobas gadmoscems. mxatvruli analizi imave<br />

istorizmSi CaRrmavebs gziT midis, drois kvlevis gziT.<br />

xelovneba moicavs aramxolod drois intervalebs, aramed Tavad<br />

drois dinamizms, warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis dialeqtikas,<br />

obieqturi da `subieqturi~ drois dialeqtikas. yvela es<br />

tendencia SeiZleba miviCnioT, rogorc sinamdvilis masalidan<br />

maqsimalurad ganzogadebuli arsis moZiebisken swrafva. arsi<br />

TiTqos mkveTrad SiSvldeba, mxatvruli sinamdvilis istoriuli<br />

buneba pirdapir gadmoicema. Semdeg ki, dafaruli arsidan<br />

gamomdinare, xdeba movlenis, axali xedvis rekonstruireba.<br />

Zalian xSirad mxatvruli sinamdvile bevrad ufro<br />

damajerebelia, vidre, _ Tavad realoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven<br />

winaSea realuri da umaRles xarisxSi ayvanili sulieri<br />

ganviTarebis procesi.<br />

`kinematografis mimarT filosofiuri midgoma Tavis TavSi<br />

moicavs yovel SemTxvevaSi, or urTierTdakavSirebul aspeqts<br />

_ istoriul-gnoseologiursa da kulturul-sociologiurs.<br />

...aseT Teorias didi mniSvneloba aqvs TviT umniSvnelovanesi<br />

filosofiuri (da istoriul-filosofiuri) problematikisTvis:<br />

sinamdvilis praqtikul-Teoriul aTvisebaSi saxeobriobisa da<br />

gagebis, vizualurobisa da verbalobis, intuiciisa da logikis<br />

sakiTxebSi. ramdenadac ekranis gamomsaxveli (audiovizualuri)<br />

SesaZleblobebi aaxloebs mas TviT sinamdvilis aRqmasTan,<br />

ekranuli saxe saWiroa ganxilul iqnas gnoseologiurad.~ 6<br />

kinos filosofiaSi igulisxmeba kinomcodneobis is done,<br />

romelzec xdeba ekranuli xelovnebis meTodologiuri,<br />

Teoretikul-SemecnebiTi da sociologiuri (iseve, rogorc<br />

sociologiur-fsiqologiuri) problemebis kvleva; keTdeba<br />

ekranuli saxis sinTetikuri xasiaTis analizi, misi kavSiri<br />

azrovnebasa da mis formebTan, xdeba ekranuli `realobis~<br />

kvleva obieqtur realobasTan kavSirSi da Tavad ekranuli<br />

saxis `arsi~ `sociumis~ sferoSi, misi funqciuri roli arsebuli<br />

socialuri sistemis saerTo kulturaSi.<br />

80-iani wlebis miwuruls, guram asaTiani werda: `Cveni dro<br />

globaluri procesebis droa. araferi `adgilobrivi~ aRar<br />

arsebobs – arc omebi, arc saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi, aRarc<br />

socialuri Zvrebi. sityva `lokalurma~ dakarga absoluturi<br />

mniSvneloba.~ 7<br />

mas Semdeg dro kvlav gavida, globaluri procesebi<br />

globalur procesebad darCa (SeiZleba, kidev ufro aqtiuri<br />

da masStaburic ki gaxda), Cvens qveyanaSi ki, saxelmwifo<br />

gadatrialebac moxda, Sida omebic, teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />

darRvevac da socialuri Zvrebic. yvelaferi moxda da<br />

saintereso swored isaa, ramdenad aisaxa esw yvelaferi xelovanze<br />

da xelovnebaze. Secvala Tu ara raime Secvlilma drom,<br />

226 227

lela oCiauri<br />

ganviTarebulma procesebma, airCia Tu ara xelovanma raime<br />

axali gza, forma drosa da drois mimarT sakuTari<br />

damokidebulebis gamosaxatad?!<br />

90-ian wlebSi Seqmnili qarTuli filmebis umetesobis<br />

`aqtualoba~ Cveni Seryeuli faseulobebis fonze, arsebuli<br />

mdgomareobis sakmaod Zlier suraTs xatavs da am procesSi<br />

Tanabrad moqmedebs, rogorc xarisxi, aseve maTi garegnuli<br />

gamovlineba ara Sinaarsobrivad, ara mxatvruli amocanebis<br />

dayeneba-gadaWris mxriv, aramed movlenaTa mimarT damokidebulebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT.<br />

Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia sxva mosazrebebic xelovnebis<br />

bunebis, Tvisebriobis Sesaxeb. rogorc volteri ambobda: `droa,<br />

moveSvaT cxovrebaze filosofiur msjelobas da saqme vakeToT.~<br />

`nurvin ifiqrebs, marTla gulubryviloni viyveT an<br />

simuxTlisa da veragobisa ara gvesmodes ra. ramdenic gnebavT,<br />

amaze meti ra gvinaxavs, magram bunebam da Semdeg qristes<br />

mcnebam Semwynareblobas Rrmad gaudga fesvi Cvens sulier<br />

samkvidrebelSi.~ 8<br />

es Tvisebebi qarTvelma kacma da Sesabamisad, qarTulma<br />

kulturam me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebs dasawyisamde SeinarCuna,<br />

maTi gaqrobis kvali xelovnebasac daetyo, es moxda maSin,<br />

rodesac rkinis godolTa nacvlad, xis demonebis mefoba<br />

damkvidrda da Cveni samkvidreblidan samudamod amoZirkva<br />

erovnuli xasiaTis iseTi Tviseba, rogoric Semwynareblobaa.<br />

Zveli gmirebis nacvlad axali gmirebi movidnen da axali<br />

miTebis SeTxvzis droc damyarda.<br />

1.Hhasani i., `artifaqti~, 0, <strong>2008</strong>, gv. 59-68, Tb., fondi `artkavkasusi~;<br />

2. Spagini a. `kide~, `iskustvo kino~, 2, m.,N1991 w., gv. 22-34, (rusul<br />

enaze);<br />

3. veicmani e., `kinos filosofiis narkvevebi~, moskovi, `iskustvo~,<br />

1978 w., gv. 4, (r.e.);<br />

4. iqve, gv. 5;<br />

5. tarkovski a. dRiuris Canawerebi, piradi arqividan (r.e.);<br />

6. veicmani e. `kinos filosofiis narkvevebi~, m. `iskustvo~, 1978 w., gv. (r.e.);<br />

7. asaTiani g. `saukunis poetebi~, Tb., `merani~, 1991 w., gv. 574;<br />

8. iqve, gv. 567.<br />

Ooliko JRenti,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

wamyvani mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

Q`feqsebi~<br />

da A20-iani wlebis QqarTuli kinoavangardi<br />

1905 wlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi gansakuTrebiT<br />

izrdeba interesi masobrivi kulturis mimarT _ kino xdeba<br />

maskulturis fenomeni, maRali xelovneba aRar ganixileba<br />

elitarul kategoriad.Kklasikur xelovnebas daupirispirda<br />

Tanamedroveobis dinamikuri ritmebi _ cirki, balagani, miuzikholi...<br />

xelovnebaSi uxeSad dairRva esTetikis normebi da<br />

kanonebi _ fovistebma da eqspresionistebma fundamenturad<br />

gadaafases naxatis ferTan mimarTebis sakiTxi. TviTdamkvidrebas<br />

eswrafvis `usagno~ abstraqcionizmi Tu agresiuli, nihilisturi<br />

futurizmi. XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi ruseTi iqca avangarduli<br />

xelovnebis epicentrad.<br />

`mesame kulturad~ wodebuli avangardi gansakuTrebiT aitaca<br />

SemoqmedebiTma inteligenciam _ literatorebis, mxatvrebis,<br />

poetebis nawarmoebebi orientirebuli iyo balaganuri tipis<br />

warmodgenebze da sacirko sanaxaobebze.<br />

rusuli futurizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, poeti vladimer<br />

maiakovski acxadebda: `Teatrma daiviwya, rom is aris sanaxaoba,<br />

Teatrs unda daubrundes sanaxaoba!~ cirki gauTanabrda namdvil<br />

xelovnebas da gadaiqca masobrivi moqmedebis mTavar atributad;<br />

saxalxo-revoluciuri Teatridan quCebsa da moedanze SeiWra<br />

pantomimisa da feierverkis elementebi.<br />

20-ian wlebs miekuTvneba lunaCarskis statia, saxelwodebiT:<br />

`cirkis ganaxlebis amocana~, sadac sacirko xelovneba<br />

misteriebis da xalxuri dResaswaulebis doneze ganixileboda.<br />

cnobilia, rom kote marjaniSvilis mier 20-ian wlebSi, Ria<br />

cis qveS dadgmuli masobrivi sanaxaobebi revoluciis Temas<br />

da sacirko-balaganur tradiciebs ukavSirdeboda (mag., msoflio<br />

komunis dRisadmi miZRvnili Teatraluri misteriebi).<br />

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saxiobiTi Teatris tradiciebi<br />

organulad SeeTvisa axalgazrda qarTul kinos _ cnobili<br />

228 229

oliko<br />

JRenti<br />

`feqsebi~ da 20-iani<br />

wlebis qarTuli kinoavangardi<br />

reJisoris, msaxiobis, publicistisa da sazogado moRvawis<br />

valerian gunias iniciativiT, misi uSualo organizebiT, 1909<br />

wels daidga da kinofirze aRibeWda qarTuli saxiobiTi Teatris<br />

warmodgena `berikaoba-yeenoba~ (scen. avtori Salva dadiani,<br />

reJ.Aaleqsandre wuwunava). cirki da balagani xalxuri Teatris<br />

ganuyofel komponentebs warmoadgenda. balaganuri warmodgenebi,<br />

Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba cirkis uZveles fesvebs, xalxur primitivs<br />

da arqaul kulturas.Aase gacocxlda kinoSi qarTuli saxiobiTi<br />

Teatris unikaluri nimuSi _ `berikaoba–yeenoba~ (filmi<br />

dakargulad iTvleba). berikaoba-yeenobis balaganur-bufonaduri<br />

sanaxaoba bunebrivad gadavida kinematografSi, romlis Sedegad<br />

moxda kinos, Teatris, cirkis saintereso sinTezi, miTumetes, rom<br />

balagani, klounada, Tojinuri dadgmebi miekuTvneboda yvelaze<br />

revoluciur Janrs da zustad pasuxobda drois suliskveTebas<br />

– am SemTxvevaSi, postrevoluciur da antimarqsistul ganwyobas<br />

saqarTveloSi, rac sazogadoebaSi sufevda.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, `berikaoba-yeenoba~ SeiZleba ganvixiloT<br />

rusuli avangarduli xelovnebis formirebis procesTan (1907-<br />

1914) mimarTebaSi.<br />

guuniasa da wuwunavas filmSi CarTuli iyo xalxuri da<br />

sportuli TamaSobebi, romlebic masobriv sacirko sanaxaobebad<br />

aRiqmeboda. filmis epizodebs Seadgenda qarTuli alaia, jiriTi,<br />

doRi, lelo, ferxuli, cekva, Widaoba.<br />

cirkisa da bufonadis elementebi Zlierdeba da mxatvrulesTetikur<br />

datvirTvas iZens wuwunavas Semdgom filmebSi: `xanuma~<br />

(1924), `vin aris damnaSave?~ (1925), `janyi guriaSi~ (1929).<br />

`berikaoba-yeenobas~ siuJeti agebuli iyo anekdotebsa da<br />

saxumaro nomrebze (sketCebi, reprizebi, Tojinuri nomrebi),<br />

xolo mTavar rolze miwveuli iyo cirkis msaxiobi – xumara lado<br />

gviSiani, romelic xSirad mimarTavda filmSi eqscentrikul<br />

triukebs.Mmizanscenebis gadaReba metwilad mis sazrianobasa da<br />

gonebamaxvilobaze iyo damokidebuli, amasTanave, `daSvebuli~ iyo<br />

improvizacia da mayureblis uSualo CarTva gadasaReb moedanze.<br />

garkveuli paralelebis moZieba SeiZleba gunias mier<br />

daarsebul saxumaro-iumoristul Jurnal `niSadursa~ (1907-<br />

1908) da film `berikaoba-yeenobas~ Soris. 1 saarqivo<br />

fotomasalis mixedviT, `berikaoba-yeenobis~ mTavari gmiri berika-<br />

masxara /msax.Llado gviSiani/GJurnal `niSaduris~ erT-erTi nomris<br />

garekanze gamosaxul masxara-jambazs hgavda. orive personaJi<br />

atarebda Txis mokauWebul rqebs da wagrZelebul wvers.<br />

`berikaoba-yeenoba~ politikuri SarJis da revoluciuri<br />

satiris elementebs mravlad Seicavda.Ggunias mier gamocemul<br />

Jurnal `niSadurSi~ periodulad ibeWdeboda kritikuli<br />

werilebi, feletonebi, SarJebi `masxarasa~ da `mcinaras~<br />

fsevdonimebiT,A JurnalSi aseve mravlad iyo satiruliumoristuli<br />

novelebi, parodiebi, anekdotebi socializmisa<br />

da marqsizmis liderebze, socializmis propagandasa da<br />

lozungebze, TviT `marqsizmis mociqulebsa~ da bolSevizmis<br />

ideologebze. `niSaduri~ Seicavda komiqsebs, seriul SarJebs,<br />

rac kinematografis winamorbed Janrad moiazreba. Jurnalis<br />

analogiurad, `berikaoba-yeenoba~ Sedgeboda anekdotebisgan da<br />

saxumaro sketCebisgan. filmSi Sesuli iyo bazrobis scenebi<br />

da balaganuri esTetikiT Seqmnili epizodebi. lado gviSianis<br />

saarqivo Canawerebis mixedviT, filmSi mravlad iyo<br />

folkloruli teqstebi, xalxuri leqsebi, andazebi. gviSiani<br />

jambazis formaSi gamodioda da oCofexebze Semdgari xalxs<br />

masobriv sacirko warmodgenaze dasaswrebad iwvevda.<br />

saxiobiTi Teatris specifika (moqmedebis gadatana Ria cis<br />

qveS) zustad miesadaga kinos balaganur xasiaTs – gadaRebebma<br />

da seansebma saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxe moicva da<br />

grandiozul dResaswaulad iqca. Ffilmma xalxSi masobrivi<br />

interesi gamoiwvia.<br />

cnobilia, rom berikaoba-yeenobis tradiciebs marjaniSvilma<br />

mimarTa filmSi `qariSxlis win~ (1924), romlis scenaris<br />

avtori iyo Salva dadiani (masve ekuTvnoda `berikaoba_yeenobas~<br />

scenari).Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa kritikam uaryofiTad<br />

Seafasa marjaniSvilis pirveli filmi, gamoCenilma sazogado<br />

moRvawem ioseb imedaSvilma igi qarTuli kinos Sedevrad aRiara<br />

da aRniSna: `am filmiT safuZveli Caeyara `kinos gaxalxosnebagaerovnulobas~.<br />

amgvarad, revoluciuri Janris es nawarmoebi mkafiod<br />

mianiSnebda, rom kote marjaniSvili Temebsa da ideebs xalxuri<br />

Teatris `wiaRidan~ iRebda, Tumca, didi reJisoris daintereseba<br />

xalxuri Teatris tradiciebiT gacilebiT adre daiwyo...<br />

XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi marjaniSvili daJinebiT<br />

eswrafvoda Teatri-dResaswaulis, Teatri-moqmedebis Seqmnas.<br />

230 231

oliko<br />

JRenti<br />

`feqsebi~ da 20-iani<br />

wlebis qarTuli kinoavangardi<br />

intensiurad eZiebda axal gamomsaxvelobiT formebs,<br />

amitomac,MruseTis `mxatSi~ miwveuli reJisoris yuradReba<br />

SeCerda norvegieli mwerlisa da dramaturgis knut hamsunis<br />

cnobil piesaze `cxovrebis brWyalebi~ (1910).<br />

qarTvelma reJisorma `mxatis~ TeatrisTvis moulodneli<br />

da uCveulo gadawyvetileba miiRo: hamsunis piesisgan Seeqmna<br />

`naTeli da mziuri` speqtakli, sikvdil-sicocxlis misteria.<br />

marjaniSvilis avangarduli eqsperimentebi miznad isaxavda<br />

sruliad axali da originaluri mxatvrul-esTetikuri<br />

principebis dafuZnebas moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi da im<br />

mayureblis provocirebas, romelic miCveuli iyo Teatris<br />

akademiur stils, realistur Tu naturalistur formebs,<br />

dekoraciebis mosawyen, yofiT, `damtveril~ garemos. mayurebeli<br />

meqanikurad emorCileboda Cexoviseuli speqtaklebis<br />

fsiqologiur ganwyobas. hamsunis piesis mxatvrul gaazrebaSi<br />

marjaniSvils isev xalxuri Teatris tradiciebi daexmara _<br />

man speqtaklSi Seitana eqscentrikis, estradis, operetis,<br />

miuziklholis anu `dabali Janris~ xelovnebis elementebi.<br />

amgvarad, qarTuli `berikaoba-yeenobis~ da xalxuri Teatris<br />

tradiciebs naziarebma marjaniSvilma moaxdina `mxatis~ Teatris<br />

revoluciuri gardaqmna, misi sruli `re-Teatralizacia~ _<br />

`cxovrebis brWyalebSi~ iqca Teatris namdvil dResaswaulad~.<br />

rusulma kritikam aRiara, rom `mxatis~ repertuarSi im<br />

periodisTvis ar moipoveboda meore aseTi maJoruli, xalasi<br />

speqtakli...~ 2 samwuxarod, marjaniSvilis esTetikuri koncefcia<br />

kategoriulad miuRebeli aRmoCnda Teatris xelmZRvanelobisTvis<br />

(nemiroviCi da stanislavski). aseve miuRebeli aRmoCnda speqtaklis<br />

avangarduli, gamomwvevi forma da is eqsperimentebi, rac<br />

upirvelesad Seexo scenis dekoratiul mxares _ ganaTebas, feris<br />

struqturas, agreTve msaxiobis TamaSs da musikas.<br />

mogvianebiT, marjaniSvili igonebda, Tu rogor moaxdina am<br />

speqtaklma misi sruli metamorfoza _ masSi iyivla qarTulma<br />

sisxlma, temperamentma, rac `ver Cakla susxianma ruseTma~: `...me<br />

vgrZnobdi, rogor iRviZebda sulSi Cemi samSoblos mze, rogori<br />

siSmagiT amoZravda Cems ZarRvebSi sisxli, qarTuli sisxli~. 3<br />

cnobilia, rom `mxatis~ scenaze dadgmul `cxovrebis<br />

brWyalebs~ marjaniSvili radikalurad ganasxvavebda ruseTis<br />

scenebze mis mierve dadgmuli sxva speqtaklebisgan da mas<br />

Tavis `pirvel qarTul warmodgenad~ miiCnevda, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom scenaze rusi artistebi rusul enaze TamaSobdnen.Aaqedan<br />

gamomdinare, marjaniSvilis `cxovrebis brWyalebi~ unda<br />

ganvixiloT, rogorc revoluciuri (avangarduli) formisa<br />

daAJanris qarTuli speqtakli rusuli Teatris scenaze.<br />

marjaniSvilma uxeSad da gamomwvevad daarRvia samxatvro<br />

Teatris `sulieri ganwyoba~.Aam eqsperimentis Semdeg scenidan<br />

`ganidevna~ butaforuli sagnebi, scena gaTavisuflda mZime<br />

rekvizitisgan, moxda oTaxis realuri garemos sruli<br />

dekonstruireba. feradovan gamas qmnida proJeqtoriT ganaTebuli<br />

qsovilebi da fardebi (fovizmi), sagnis nacvlad scenaze<br />

`gaTamaSda,~ `gacocxlda~ nivTi (erT-erT mizanscenaSi sufris<br />

TiToeul detalsa Tu atributze marjaniSvilma piradad izruna),<br />

romelmac uCveulo gamomsaxvelobiToba da dinamizmi SeiZina.<br />

Suqis zemoqmedebis Sedegad sagnebi gardaiqmnen nivTebad<br />

(dadaizmi). ganaTebis zemoqmedebiT scenaze amoZravda naTeli,<br />

mziuri, feradovani laqebi (fovizmi). marjaniSvilis mxatvrulma<br />

eqsperimentebma revoluciuri gardaqmna moaxdina aramxolod<br />

`mxatis~ TeatrSi, aramed mxatvrul dizainSi (tanisamosi, dekori,<br />

aveji im periodis modad iqca), xolo mogvianebiT, rus<br />

kinoavangardTa wreebSi (feqsebi). 4<br />

1913 wels marjaniSvilma datova `mxati~ da Camoayaliba<br />

`Tavisufali Teatri,~ sadac gagrZelda misi eqsperimentebi<br />

sinTezuri Teatris sferoSi. marjaniSvilisMmsaxiobebi<br />

swavlobdnen ritmikas, plastikas, cekvas. mogvianebiT, imave meTods<br />

iyenebdnen rusuli avangarduli dajgufebis `feqsebis~ studiaSi.<br />

Tumca, Tavis droze msaxiobTan muSaobis novatorulma meTodma<br />

mwvave skandali gamoiwvia rusul samxatvro TeatrSi:<br />

marjaniSvili msaxiobisgan iTxovda, rom mas uxeSad daerRvia<br />

sityvis `bunebrioba~, emetyvela maqsimalad mkveTrad, xatovnad,<br />

gamomsaxveli JestiT.Mstanislavskis sistemaze `gawvrTnili~<br />

msaxiobebisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda marjaniSvilis novatoruli<br />

amocanebi, amitomac isini Teatris xelmZRvanelobasTan<br />

aprotestebdnen marjaniSvilis muSaobas.<br />

speqtakl `cxovrebis brWyalebSi~ damkvidrda is esTetikuri<br />

principebi, romlebsac mogvianebiT ase aitaceben `feqsebis~<br />

mesveurni _ rusuli kinoavangardis pionerebi: iutkeviCi,<br />

232 233

oliko<br />

JRenti<br />

`feqsebi~ da 20-iani<br />

wlebis qarTuli kinoavangardi<br />

kozincevi, traubergi, romlebic Tavs `marjanovis mowafeebad~<br />

da mimdevrebad aRiarebdnen.<br />

jer kidev kievSi muSaobis dros marjaniSvilma sruliad<br />

axalgazrda iutkeviCs da kozincevs SesTavaza piesa `maskotis~<br />

dadgmis gaformeba.<br />

Zveli, naivuri opereta revoluciur pamfletad gadaiqca.<br />

es speqtakli rusuli Teatris istoriaSi damkvidrda, xolo<br />

marjaniSvilTan TanamSromloba saukeTeso skola aRmoCnda<br />

axalgazrda reJisorebisTvis.<br />

1920 wlidan kozincevi reJisorad muSaobda marjaniSvilis<br />

komikuri operis studiaSi, romelmac am dros, meore reJisorad<br />

leonid traubergi aiyvana.MqarTveli reJisoris uSualo<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT, komikuri operis sardafSi daidga piesa<br />

`jentlmeni jini da uxamsi boTli~. eqscentrikul Teatrs<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedeba kvebavda (speqtaklSi moxda aRmosavluri<br />

zRapris motivebis eqscentrikuli gaTamaSeba).Bbalaganuri<br />

groteski gansakuTrebiT warmoCinda bazris scenebSi – xalxur<br />

iumorsa da sasaubro leqsikaSi. swored marjaniSvilis TeatrSi<br />

Sexvdnen da erTmaneTs dauaxlovdnen kozincevi da traubergi.<br />

maT, Semoqmedebis devizad, daisaxes eqscentrika normidan,<br />

centridan gadaxveva. marjaniSvilis uSualo daxmarebiTa da<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT grigol kozincevma (SemdgomSi cnobilma<br />

kinoreJisorma) kaplerTan da iutkeviCTan erTad Camoayaliba<br />

eqsperimentuli Teatri `arlekini~, Semdeg ki Tojinebis Teatri.<br />

marjaniSvilma Tavad gaacno kozincevi iutkeviCs. mogvianebiT,<br />

isini erTad Camoayalibeben e. w. takimasxarebis Teatrs. samive<br />

gaiTamaSebs TviTSemoqmedi Teatris balaganur dadgmas `zRapars<br />

mRvdlis Sesaxeb da muSaze~ – (mRvdeli, muSa, bazari).KmarjaniSvilma<br />

piradad dauTmo scena `arlekinis~ Teatrs. kozincevma<br />

petrogradis quCaSi dadga folkorul-bufonaduri zRapari<br />

`mefe maqsimiliane~, xolo 1921 wels leonid traubergTan<br />

erTad Seqmna `eqscentrikuli Teatris manifesti~.<br />

1922 wels Camoyalibda Teatraluri saxelosno<br />

`eqscentrikuli msaxiobis fabrika~, romlis manifestad iqca<br />

gogolis piesa `qorwineba~. unda aRiniSnos, rom am piesis<br />

dadgma kozincevs piradad marjaniSvilma SesTavaza. kozincevi<br />

igonebda: ~kostumebsa da grimebSi iyo bufanoduri gadaWarbeba.<br />

yvelaferSi xdeboda raRac balaganuri~. 5<br />

gaCnda klounaduri grimis elementebi: maWanklis grZeli<br />

cxviri (cnobismoyvare personaJi cxvirs yofs yvelaferSi),<br />

detalma maqsimaluri gamomsaxvelobiToba SeiZina: maWanklis<br />

qolga, CanTa, cxeni (xis joxi).<br />

1924 wlidan rusi avangardistebis eqsperimentebma kinoSi<br />

gadainacvla. ase Seiqmna kinosaxelosno `feqsebi, `romlis<br />

manifestad iqca filmi `Sineli~.<br />

1933 wels, `maqsimes ymawvilobis~ gadaRebis Semdeg kozincevma<br />

ganacxada, rom misi samsaxiobo da reJisoruli muSaoba<br />

efuZneboda xalxur xelovnebas – folkors anu `dabali<br />

Janrebis~ tradiciebs. 6<br />

20-iani wlebis yvelaze skandaluri avangardistuli<br />

dajgufeba `feqsebi~ kategoriulad uaryofda `maRal Janrebs~<br />

da prioritets aniWebda `dabal Janrebs~: komedias, eqscentrikas,<br />

balaganur sanaxaobas. 7 marjaniSvili konsultaciebs uwevda<br />

`feqsebis~ aqtiur wevrebs: traubergsa da kozincevs, exmareboda<br />

maT eqscentrikuli warmodgenebis realizebaSi. damwyebi<br />

`avangardistebi~ xSirad sTxovdnen daxmarebas da rCevebs<br />

marjaniSvils, xolo, rodesac maT gauWirdaT piesa `vladimer<br />

maiakovskis~ dadgma, marjaniSvilma Tavis Segirdebs urCia, rom<br />

dadgmis sirTulis gamo, ukeTesi iyo SeeTxzaT `raime klounada~. 8<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom speqtakli `balaganuri warmodgena oTxi<br />

masxarasaTvis~ kozincevma Tavis maswavlebels – didostat<br />

marjaniSvils miuZRvna da es sanaxaoba bufonadur elementebs,<br />

folklorul teqstebs mravlad Seicavda.Kkonzincevi am piesas<br />

uwodebda blaganurs (Tumca, marjaniSvilma SesTavaza, rom dadgma<br />

yofiliyo klounaduri an sacirko), cirkisgan gansxavebiT,<br />

kozincevi `balaganurs~ – cirkTan SedarebiT, ufro `dabal<br />

Janrs~ miakuTvnebda.Bbalagani ukavSirdeboda bazrebs, saxalxo<br />

dResaswaulebs, folklorul teqstebs.Bkozincevis balaganuri<br />

warmodgena Seicavda reprizas, sadac ori TeTri jambazi atyuebda<br />

mesames – wiTurs..<br />

`feqsebis~ `memarcxene~ wevrebi (traubergi, kozincevi,<br />

iutkeviCi) Tavs sicocxlis bolomde marjaniSvilis mowafeebad<br />

miiCnevdnen. marjaniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT da rekomendaciebiT,<br />

isini dgamdnen eqscentrikul speqtaklebs, misive rCeviT,<br />

speqtaklebSi SehqondaT xalxuri Semoqmedebisa da masobrivi<br />

234 235

oliko<br />

JRenti<br />

`feqsebi~ da 20-iani<br />

wlebis qarTuli kinoavangardi<br />

dResaswaulebis, balaganuri, sacirko sanaxaobis elementebi,<br />

folkloruli teqstebi. marjaniSvilis rCeviT, jer kidev<br />

damwyebi da ucnobi reJisorebi mimarTavdnen xalxuri Teatris<br />

tradiciebs, folklors, zRapars. mis damsaxurebad unda<br />

CaiTvalos, rom axalgazrda avangardistebis speqtaklebSi scenaze<br />

damontaJebuli iyo kinosaproqcio aparati (es meTodi<br />

marjaniSvilma mogvianebiT Tavis speqtaklebSi: `hopla, Cven<br />

vcxovrobT~, `rogor?~, gamoiyena, Tumca manamdec, analogiur<br />

kinematografiul xerxs speqtaklSi `cremlebi~ mimarTa). kievSi,<br />

marjaniSvilis speqtaklis `fuente ove-xunas~ Weris panoze muSaobisas,<br />

kozincevi mTeli cxovreba amayobda `Tavisi arakvalificiuri muSaobiT~,<br />

roca cxvris wyaros Tavze `cisferi ca~ moxata. 9<br />

traubergi erT-erT interviuSi acxadebda: `marjanovi iyo<br />

SesaniSnavi adamiani, es unda iTqvas, imitom, rom yoveli adamiani<br />

unda amayobdes Tavisi maswavleblebiT.~ 10<br />

`feqsebis~ filmebSi msaxiobTa TamaSisKstili klounaduri<br />

iyo. isini ZiriTadad asaxierebdnen masxarebs, jambazebs. gasakviri<br />

ar aris, rom marjaniSvilis mier saqarTveloSi gadaRebul<br />

filmebSi mkafiod gamoikveTa is niSnebi, rac axasiaTebda<br />

`feqsebis~ kinoskolas: siuJetis gaTamaSeba klasikuri<br />

repertuaridan, kinocitatebi `feqsebis~ favoriti amerikuli<br />

komediebidan (Caplini), qorwinebis Temis figurireba da a. S.<br />

film `Sinels~ (1926), tinianovi uwodebda `mwerlis<br />

nawarmoebebis motivebze Seqmnil Tavisufal improvizacias~:<br />

~avtorebisTvis mTavari iyo ara siuJeti, aramed gogolis prozis<br />

stili da suliskveTeba – mwerlis mistikuri da eqscentrikuli<br />

samyaros kinematografiuli asaxva. `feqsebis~ pirveli filmi<br />

`Sineli~ Cafiqrebuli iyo, ara rogorc `klasikis ilustracia,~<br />

aramed rogorc `fantazia gogolis maneraSi~, rom `SinelSi~<br />

axleburad gaSuqda `klasikosebis~ sakiTxi kinoSi~ 11 (analogiuri<br />

Sedareba miesadageba Sengelaias films `elisos~ – avt.).<br />

nikoloz Sengelaias da tretiakovis SemoqmedebiTi tandemis<br />

mizani ar iyo yazbegis novelis meqanikuri ekranizacia,<br />

kategoriulad iyo uaryofili mTis egzotika da siyvarulis<br />

romantika, samagierod, wina xedze gamotanili iyo yazbegis<br />

peronaJTa sabrZolo, gmiruli paTosi – maTi miswrafeba<br />

Tavisuflebisken da mterTan Seurigeblobis, daumorCileblobis<br />

koncefcia. `feqsebis~ msgavsad,K20-iani wlebis qarTul kinoSi<br />

klasikuri literaturis mimarT siyvaruli gamoixata<br />

kldiaSvilis, yazbegis, aragvispirelis moTxrobebis ekranizaciiT<br />

dainteresebaSi. iseve, rogorc marjaniSvilis filmSi<br />

`samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ (1926), qorwinebisa da sacolis<br />

Ziebis Tema figurirebda `feqsebis~ cnobil speqtaklSi<br />

`qorwineba~ (1922), romelic marjaniSvilis piradi rCeviT<br />

daidga da `feqsebis~ esTetikis manifestad iqca (analogiuri<br />

Tema figurirebs wuwunavas film `xanumaSi~). cnobili rusi<br />

istorikosi da filologi iuri tinianovis ganmartebiT,<br />

`qorwinebaSi~ iyo cirki, estrada,Ppolitikuri teqstebi, `magram<br />

TiTqmis ar iyo gogoli~. 12 kinokomediaSi `samaniSvilis<br />

dedinacvali~ adgili aqvs kldiaSviliseuli teqstis<br />

futuristul, Tavisufal wakiTxvas. marjaniSvilma mimarTa<br />

`dabali~ Janrebis sinTezs _ bufonadis, xalxuri Teatris da<br />

eqscentrikis Serwymas.<br />

filmis Seqmnis winapirobad unda miviCnioT 1925 wels<br />

marjaniSvilis werilebi, romlebic erovnuli tradiciebis<br />

gadasarCenad iyo mimarTuli. `Zveli cxovrebis~ revoluciuri<br />

ngrevisa da warsulis uaryofis alternativad marjaniSvilma<br />

sazogadoebas mouwoda Zveli kulturis (xalxuri, folkloruli<br />

tradiciebis) gadarCenasa da am gziT qarTuli `yofa-Cvevebis~<br />

firze asaxvisaken: `Cveni kinosuraTebis pirveli amocana unda<br />

iyos Zveli yofa-cxovrebis adaTebis da zne-Cveulebebis<br />

aRbeWdva....~ 13 , _ werda marjaniSvili.<br />

faruli gangaSi da sabediswero winaTgrZnoba gansakuTrebiT<br />

gamoarCevda mis erT-erT werils: `ispoba Zveli tipebi, icvleba<br />

zne-Cveulebani, iqmneba axali cxovreba, xolo Zveli male<br />

daviwyebas miecema.... sanam jer kidev ar moxda yvelafris<br />

ni vel i r eb a da S Ta nTq m a zoga der ov nu l toneb S i<br />

(internacionalizmSi _ avt.) Cven unda aRvbeWdoT Cveni<br />

samSoblos yvela kuTxis cxovreba, egzom kolorituli da<br />

egzom nairferovani. ramdeni aseTi Zveli, ubadlo legenda,<br />

zRapari da moTxroba gvaqvs, rom msgavsi sxva xalxebs ara<br />

aqvT...~, _ werda qarTveli reJisori.<br />

erovnuli dramaturgiis krizisisgan gamosavals marjaniSvili<br />

xalxuri Teatris da satiruli komediis tradiciebTan mWidro<br />

236 2<strong>37</strong>

oliko<br />

JRenti<br />

kavSirSi xedavda. magaliTebad asaxelebda saeklesio dResaswaulebs,<br />

ferxuls, mayrobisa da berikaobis tradiciebs. 14 (1924)<br />

marjaniSvilis filmi `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ e.w.<br />

kinoapologetTa futuristuli Teoriebis gamoZaxilad iqca.<br />

`poeti misaRebia, rogorc scenari~, _ acxadebdnen qarTveli<br />

futuristebi, 15 isini uaryofdnen tradiciul literaturul<br />

siuJetsa da sufTa Janrebs: `siuJeti rac ufro idioturia,<br />

miT ukeTesi~, _ acxadebdnen futuristebi da upiratesobas<br />

aniWebdnen sacirko sanaxaobas, usityvo eqspresias. F<br />

platonis mier dedinacvlis anu sapatarZlos Zieba<br />

avantiurul Tavgadasavals emsgavseba da moicavs ramdenime<br />

sacirko nomers. magaliTad, gavixsenoT moxuci bekinas arSiyi<br />

soflis qalebTan, sadedinacvlos `xmauriani~ motaceba, maSvloba,<br />

qorwili, imeruli maspinZloba da a. S.<br />

marjaniSvilma, mxatvar mixeil WiaurelTan erTad, ekranze<br />

warmoaCina literaturul personaJTa groteskul-SarJuli<br />

tipebi, mimarTa tradiciuli kostumis eqscentrikul, klounadur<br />

stils: bekina samaniSvilis utrirebuli formis grZeli Tmawveri,<br />

Coxis uzarmazari Wiqebi da personaJTa zedmetad masiuri,<br />

didi boxoxebi (hiperbolis xerxi).<br />

filmis personaJebi groteskisa da karikaturis obieqtebad<br />

iqcnen: aznaur platonis kexiani cxviri (antikuri profilis<br />

SarJi), vazis lerwisgan Sekruli gvirgvini dionises kultis<br />

parodirebas axdenda. Rimilismomgvrelia scena, roca stumris<br />

gamoCeniT damfrTxali qaTmebi aforiaqebulebi darbian ezoSi,<br />

am dros maspinZlebi jargvalSi imalebian, rom rogorme Tavidan<br />

airidon maspinZlobis movaleoba.<br />

sadedinacvlos motaceba Capliniseuli komizmiT gaTamaSda<br />

(qarTveli futuristebi da `feqsebi~ aidealebdnen Caplinis<br />

virtuozul plastikas): moxuci sapatarZlos motacebis motivi<br />

sadedinacvlos umziTvobaa _ Ramis sibneleSi cxenze<br />

amxedrebuli mayrioni zedmetad `gairjeba~ da nabadSi gaxveul,<br />

sakmaod mZimewonian moxuc sapatarZlos, dabneulobisgan miwaze<br />

`daanarcxebs~. filmSi saxumaro triukebis mTeli kaskadia:<br />

mayrionis moCvenebiTi ayal-mayali, Tofis gasrola soflis<br />

gasagonad an maWanklobis scenebi, sadedinacvlos keklucoba<br />

moyvrebis winaSe da misi ferumariliT SeRebva, an kidev, oTaxSi<br />

`feqsebi~ da 20-iani<br />

wlebis qarTuli kinoavangardi<br />

Caketili bekinas foriaqi da nerviuli wriali, roca `satrfos~<br />

naxvis surviliT gulanTebuli moxuci cnobismoyvareobiT<br />

gaixedavs karis WuWrutanaSi, magram moulodnelad kari gaiReba<br />

da Tavmomwone sasiZo SubliT `Seejaxeba~ kars... yvela es<br />

epizodi uxeSad arRvevda kldiaSvilis literaturul teqsts<br />

da saxaliso, bufonadur nomrebs warmoadgenda filmSi.<br />

donkixotiseuli SemarTebiT jaglag cxenze amayad amxedrebuli<br />

platonis `mogzauroba~ da eqscentrikuli Tavgadasavlebi<br />

ZiriTadad naturaze _ Ria cis qveS warimarTeboda. (servantesis<br />

klasikuri romanis citireba).Mmoqmedebis gadatana Ria cis<br />

qveS, aseve damaxasiaTebelia `berikaoba-yeenobis~ dResaswaulisTvis.<br />

msgavsi meTodis gamoyeneba surdaT marjaniSvilsa da maiakovskis,<br />

rodesac, 1924 wels, poema `misteria bufis~ Tbilisis<br />

funikuliorze dadgma ganizraxes. `misteria bufs~ maiakovski<br />

uwodebda `cirks~, piesis moqmedebas `samyaros miniaturas cirkis<br />

kedlebSi~, xolo personaJebs _ cirkis msaxiobebs. Sesabamisad,<br />

maiakovskis piesa sacirko nomrebisgan Sedgeboda.<br />

marjaniSvilisa da kinoavangardis saintereso urTierTkavSirze<br />

mianiSnebs futuristuli `TavxedobiT~ gamorCeuli epizodi<br />

`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~: filmis erT-erT gmirSi (msaxuri<br />

malaqia) mayurebeli advilad aRmoaCens msgavsebas maiakovskisTan:<br />

goliaTuri aRnagobis, tlanqi malaqia futuristi poetis<br />

parodias warmoadgenda (megobruli kinoSarJi). cnobilia, rom<br />

maiakovskis bavSvoba da yrmoba imereTs ukavSirdeba, amitomac<br />

didi poetis es biografiuli detali filmis avtorebma tipur<br />

imerul garemoSi komikurad `gaaamaSes~.<br />

marjaniSvili aseve iziarebda qarTuli futurizmis<br />

`postulatebs~, amitomac miiwvia man filmis scenaris<br />

Tanaavtorad axalgazrda futuristi poeti nikoloz Sengelaia.<br />

saxumaro triukebi da eqscentrika gamoarCevs `samaniSvilis<br />

dedinacvalis~ TiToeul epizods.<br />

qarTul futuristul JurnalSi H2SO4 muSaobis<br />

gamocdileba Sengelaias kinoSi SemoqmedebiTi TviTrealizmis<br />

saSualebas aZlevs da soflis arqauli garemo, xalxuri<br />

folklori, imeruli yofis detalebi Tu adaT-wesebi filmSi<br />

balaganur-bufonadur sanaxaobas qmnida: aznaurTa ierSelaxuli<br />

odebi, morRveuli WiSkari, `Tavmomwoned awowili~ saqaTme _<br />

personaJebTan erTad sacirko klounadaSi erTvebodnen.<br />

238 239

oliko<br />

JRenti<br />

`feqsebi~ da 20-iani<br />

wlebis qarTuli kinoavangardi<br />

`feqsebis~ cnobili filmi `oqtombrelTa Tavgadasavlebi~<br />

(1924), tinianovis ganmartebiT, warmoadgenda triukebis `grovas~,<br />

romelsac ase `daacxrnen~ kinoze `damSeuli~ reJisorebi.<br />

`triukebis da eqscentrikuli kaskadebis arealad iqca<br />

peterburgis arqiteqturuli sivrce – taZris gumbaTebi,<br />

saxuravebi, kolonebi, sakarnavalo atmosfero. filmSi `eSmakis<br />

borbali~ (1926), feqsebma gamoavlines kinos SemoqmedebiTi arsi<br />

– rac maT yvelaze metad axasiaTebT _ Janruli Tavisufleba. 16<br />

qalaqma Zlieri gavlena moaxdina 20-ian wlebis peterburis<br />

kinoskolis formirebaSi. qalaquri kulturis Tema gamoikveTa<br />

wuwunavas `xanumaSi~ da gagrZelda mixeil Wiaurelis `sabaSi~.<br />

wuwunavas film `xanumaSi~ (1924) msaxiobebTan erTad<br />

moqmedebaSi CaerTo Zveli Tbilisi _ specifikuri<br />

arqiteqturuli da kolorituli garemo. avanscenad iqca<br />

(aivniani da baniani saxlebi, viwro, aRmarTiani, mokirwyluli<br />

quCebi) iseve, rogorc `feqsebis~ fantaziis wyarod _ qalaqi<br />

– peterburgi, romelsac jer kidev axsovda `wiTeli terori~,<br />

`samxedro komunizmi~. `xanumaSi~ gacocxlda mSfoTvare da<br />

fantasmagoriuli Zveli Tbilisis bohema, romelic komunizmis<br />

`axal industriul epoqaSi~ ganadgurebis da daRupvis zRvarze<br />

aRmoCnda. cnobilia, romKkino, rogorc qalaquri kulturis<br />

nawili, Tavdapirvelad balaganur garTobas warmoadgenda.<br />

cnobili kinematografistebis filmebSi qalaqi mTavari moqmedi<br />

personaJia: gavixsenoTFfric langis berlini, felinis romi,<br />

triufos parizi Tu niu iorki gansgsterul kinoqronikebSi...<br />

film `xanumaSi~ gacocxlda e. w. moZravi Teatris, berikaobayeenobis<br />

tradiciebi (moqmedebis gadatana Ria cis qveS, Tbilisis<br />

quCebSi, gaCnda intriga, moxda mayureblis dayofa or mopaeqre<br />

jgufad, iyo personaJTa gaqceva, devna, gadacma, grimi, niRbebis<br />

morgeba da a. S.)A`feqsebis~ gaxmaurebuli speqtaklis<br />

`qorwinebis~ Sesaxeb sareklamo afiSa iuwyeboda, rom es iyo<br />

triukebisgan Semdgari samaqtiani piesa da didi mwerlis<br />

`eleqtrofikacia~.. speqtakli Seicavda operetas, melodramas,<br />

farss, cirks, varietes, amerikul cekvebs, iseve rogorc<br />

marjaniSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ (1926), wuwunavas<br />

`xanumaSic~ (1926) dominirebda maSvlobisa da qorwilis Tema.<br />

`feqsebis~ msgavsad, qarTul eqscentrikul komediebs gamoarCevda<br />

klasikisadmi siyvaruli, axasiaTebda maRali xelovnebis uaryofa<br />

da `dabali Janrebis~ (bufonada, cirki) aRiareba, agreTve,U<br />

klounaduri elementebi. wuwunavam kinematografiulad gaiazra<br />

qalaquri folklori, ferwerulad gaacocxla `dabali~<br />

qalaquri kulturis (kintoebi, yaraCoRelebi) wiaRi. filmSi<br />

warmoCinda Capliniseuli eqscentrika, reprizebi, saxumaro nomrebi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos kintoebis originaluri dueti<br />

(dito- m. Wiaureli, mito-i. trapaiZe), romelic klounadis da<br />

sacirko warmodgenis saukeTeso nimuSad unda miviCnioT.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom filmi `xanuma~ kinoeqscentrikis enaze<br />

afiSirebas uwevda im saprogramo Tezisebs, romlebic axmetelma<br />

1923 wels wamoayena da amiT daupirispirda e. w. meSCanuri<br />

anu moZvelebuli Teatris tradiciebs: `Zlieria qarTveli xalxi<br />

Teatralobis potenciiT..... msaxiobi unda iyos celqi, giJmaJi,<br />

rogorc qarTveli bavSvi...~. 17<br />

filmze miwveuli Taetrisa da kinos msaxiobebi – Zveli da<br />

axali Taoba, swored amgvar sificxes, temperaments, `bavSvur<br />

sicelqes~, `giJmaJur~ TamaSs da Teatralobas avlendnen:<br />

lxinismoyvaruli qarTveli Tavadi fantiaSvilis (l. kavsaZe)<br />

qeifisa da muSti-krivis scena orTaWalis baRebSi, kintoebis<br />

saxumaro reprizebi, qarTveli Tavadis `glova~ da mis mier<br />

gamarTuli mama-papiseuli far-xmalis `panaSvidis rituali~<br />

golovinis prospeqtze, beberi maWanklebis (elisabed<br />

CerqeziSvilis da taso abaSiZis genialuri dueti) kinklaoba<br />

da gacxarebuli Cxubi Tbilisis quCebSi, romelic namdvil<br />

muSti-krivSi gadaizrdeba, an xumara kintoebis da turfa qalebis<br />

udardeli lxini da cekva-TamaSi orTaWalis baRebSi, patarZlis<br />

formaSi gadacmuli, «koWli da maxinji» xanumas (elisabed<br />

CerqeziSvili) mier sasiZos `sapativcemulod~ gamarTuli<br />

improvizebuli warmodgena, romelic namdvil cirkad iqca da a. S.<br />

`xanumas~ cnobili epizodi, TeTri baldaxinis scena, sadac<br />

qarTveli Tavadi panaSvids uxdis sakuTar samxedro<br />

aRWurvilobas, Tavisi eqscentrikuli gadawyvetiT da nivTis<br />

(Zveli, tradiciuli far-xmlis, muzaradis) dadaisturi<br />

gaTamaSebiT, mogvagonebs kinoavangardis cnobil Sedevrs _ rene<br />

kleris films `antraqts~ (dasaflavebis rituali).<br />

240 241

oliko<br />

JRenti<br />

`feqsebi~ da 20-iani<br />

wlebis qarTuli kinoavangardi<br />

`xanuma~ Seicavs politikur teqstebsac, rac qalaquri<br />

folkloris wiaRSi bunebrivad gaTamaSda (politikuri satira,<br />

rogorc sacirko-balaganuri xelovnebis nawili), mag., Tbiliseli<br />

kintos (m. Wiaureli) da marqsisti politpatimris `damegobreba~<br />

orTaWalis cixis sakanSi.<br />

futuristebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen `qarTul primitivs~<br />

_ xalxur warmodgenebs, saxiobiT Teatrs: `qarTul primitivs<br />

saTanadod aqvs: jiriTi, xanjlebis TamaSi, sazandari, Sairoba~. 18<br />

es iyo is principebi, romlebsac 1924 wels daefuZna irakli<br />

gamrekelis da nikoloz Sengelaias qarTuli cirkis proeqti<br />

saxelwodebiT `xedeira~.<br />

proeqtis mixedviT (vizualurad warmaodgenda paraleluri<br />

xazebisa da wris konstruqcias), cirki warmoadgenda sanaxaobas<br />

da iyo `masiuri koleqtivis~ organizatori. cirkis konstruqcia<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedebis tradiciebs eyrdnoboda da Tavisi<br />

mxatvruli koncefciiT uaxlovdeboda wuwunavas films `vin<br />

aris damnaSave?~. kerZod, amerikuli `bufalo bilis cirkis~<br />

epizodebs. al. wuwunavam cirki gamoiyena, rogorc siuJeturi<br />

da bufonaduri elementi, aseve, rogorc dramaturgiuli intriga<br />

_ filmis sakvanZo momentebi cirkis irgvliv viTardeba. (nino<br />

nakaSiZis amave saxelwodebis piesaSi amerikuli cirkis epizodebi<br />

saerTod ar iyo). grandiozuli Sou-warmodgenis monawileebi<br />

gaxdnen gansxvavebuli eTnosis, kulturisa da civilizaciis<br />

adamianebi: amerikeli qovboebi, indieli aborigenebi, romaeli<br />

meomrebi, afrikeli tomebi da a. S.<br />

sacirko xelovnebam ekranze gamoavlina personaJTa mxedruli<br />

niWi da cecxlovani, mgznebare temperamenti, laRi iumori, ubadlo<br />

plastika da ritmi.Gguruli mojiriTeebis `mxedrulma nomrebma~<br />

ganapiroba filmis eqscentrika da ritmuli mTlianoba (Tumca,<br />

cenzuram filmis montaJi reJisoris unebarTvod Secvala, ramac<br />

daarRvia ritmuli mTlianoba). ficxi da `xmauriani~ gurulebi<br />

advilad axerxeben `betonis~ qalaqis – niu-iorkis Tanamedrove<br />

ritmebTan adaptirebas _ msubuqad, moxdenilad cekvaven<br />

foqstrots, laRoben, oxunjoben, moqnili, sxarti ileTebiT<br />

erTvebian cecxlovani jazis ritmebSi.<br />

Tavis droze marjaniSvilis `cxovrebis brWyalebSi~ iyo<br />

iseTive epataJuri, da publikisTvis Sokismomgvreli speqtakli,<br />

rogoric `feqsebis~ pirveli filmebi.Oswored marjaniSvilis<br />

speqtakl `cxovrebis brWyalebiT~ (1911) dafiqsirda<br />

mniSvnelovani etapi rusuli avangardis istoriaSi _ mxatvruli<br />

eqsperimentebi gagrZelda 1932 wlamde _ am wels aRadgines<br />

da ukanasknelad daidga hamsunis piesa `mxatis~ scenaze,<br />

stanislavskim ki imTaviTve aRiara `revoluciamdeli Teatris<br />

Secdomebi~, 19 rac upirvelesad gamoixateboda `gamomsaxveli<br />

xerxebis TvalSisacemi efeqtebis miuReblobaSi~, sabolood ki,<br />

es dadgma saerTod `miuRebeli~ aRmoCnda rusuli Teatris<br />

repertuarisTvis (Tumca, 20-ian wlebSi marjaniSvilis es<br />

legendaruli speqtakli, isev stanislavskis mier iqna<br />

reabilitirebuli da mravaljer daidga). `cxovrebis<br />

brWyalebiT~, faqtobrivad, dasrulda avangardis mSfoTvare epoqa<br />

_Ddasrulda SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis, Tavisuflebis, `xulignobis~,<br />

individualizmis, avantiuruli eqsperimentebis etapi, riTac<br />

ase gamoirCeoda XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebi. 30-ian wlebSi<br />

gabatonda beladis kulti, Camoyalibda totalitaruli sistema.<br />

ispoba yovelgvari mxatvruli mimdinareoba da individualurobis<br />

gamovlineba xelovnebaSi.<br />

1. es sakiTxi vrclad aris ganxiluli statiis avtoris<br />

sadisertacio naSromSi `erovnuli da socialuri sakiTxi qarTul<br />

kinoSi – 20-iani wlebis kinoprocesTan mimarTebaSi~, Teatrisa da<br />

kinos universiteti, 2006;<br />

2. eTer guguSvili, kote marjaniSvili, Tb. 1972, gv. 156;<br />

3. kote marjaniSvili, krebuli, xelovneba, 1961.Ggv. 77;<br />

4. marjaniSvilis am speqtaklis Sesaxeb avtorma specialuri moxseneba<br />

waikiTxa tromsos (norvegia) universitetis literaturis<br />

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze 2007 wels. moxseneba statiis saxiT<br />

Sevida krebulSi: Knut Hamsun and Georgian Modernism - Konstantine<br />

MArjanishvili’s staging of In the Grip of Life in The Moscow Art Theatre<br />

(1911), Hamsun I Tromso IV - Rapport fra den 4. Internasjonale Hamsunkonferanse,<br />

2007, HAmsun-Selskapet <strong>2008</strong>, Norwey;<br />

242 243

oliko<br />

JRenti<br />

5. Юткевич С. И. Начало // Ваш Григорий Козинцев. t.I. gv. 52;<br />

6. iqve, gv.74;<br />

7. Молдавский Д. М. С Маяковским в театре и кино, М. , 1975;<br />

8.<br />

Юткевич С. И. Начало // Ваш Григорий Козинцев, Txzulebebi, tomi I.,Ggv. 39;<br />

9. Каплер А. Я. О Грише, друге молодости… // Ваш Григорий Козинцев. С. 12;<br />

10. Яков Бутовский Григорий Козинцев и Золотой век довоенного<br />

«Ленфильма». , “КИНОВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ЗАПИСКИ”, # 70, 2005;<br />

11. Тынянов Ю.Н. Поэтика. История литературы, Кино, М., 1977, gv.<br />

346-348;<br />

12. Тынянов Ю.Н. Поэтика. История литературы, Кино, М., 1977, gv.<br />

346-348;<br />

13. k. marjaniSvili, Pro Domo Sua, Jurn. `xelovneba~, 1925, <strong>#4</strong>;<br />

14. kote marjaniSvili, krebuli, `xelovneba~, 1961, gv.401.;<br />

15. Jurn. H2SO4, 1924, #1, gv. 16;<br />

16. Тынянов Ю.Н. Поэтика. История литературы. Кино. - М., 1977, –<br />

gv. 346-348;<br />

17. v. kiknaZe, `aris Tu ara qarTuli Teatri qarTuli?”, aleqsandre<br />

axmeteli, sandro, dokumentebi da narkvevebi sam tomad, t. 1, saqarTvelos<br />

Taetraluri sazogadoeba, gv. Ggv. 49-50;<br />

18. nikoloz Sengelaia, `qarTuli cirki~, Jurn. H2SO4, 1924 , #1;<br />

19. eTer guguSvili, kote marjaniSvili, Tb. 1972, gv. 157-158;<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

guguSvili e., kote marjaniSvili, Tb. 1972;<br />

kiknaZe v., `aris Tu ara qarTuli Teatri qarTuli?~, aleqsandre<br />

axmeteli, sandro, dokumentebi da narkvevebi sam tomad, t. 1, saqarTvelos<br />

Taetraluri sazogadoeba;<br />

marjaniSvili k., krebuli, `xelovneba~, 1961;<br />

marjaniSvili k., Pro Domo Sua, Jurn. `xelovneba~, 1925, <strong>#4</strong>;<br />

Sengelaia n., `qarTuli cirki~, J. H2SO4, 1924, #1.; Jurnali `H2SO4”,<br />

1924, # 1;<br />

Тынянов Ю.Н. Поэтика. История литературы, Кино, М., 1977;<br />

Юткевич С. И. Начало //Ваш Григорий Козинцев, Txzulebebi, tomi I;<br />

Каплер А. Я. О Грише, друге молодости… // Ваш Григорий Козинцев;<br />

БУТОВСКИЙ Я. Григорий Козинцев и Золотой век довоенного<br />

«Ленфильма»., “КИНОВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ЗАПИСКИ” # 70, 2005.<br />

qeTevan trapaiZe,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

wamyvani mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

qarTvel reJisorTa mier ucxoeTSi<br />

gadaRebuli filmebi<br />

(uaxlesi periodi)<br />

qarTul sinamdvileSi arsebuli araerTgvarovani emociuri<br />

foni axal Sefasebas Txoulobs. teritoriulad patara qveynis<br />

kulturuli potencia mudmiv gadasinjvas saWiroebs. qarTuli<br />

sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi nebismieri siaxlis damkvidreba Zalze<br />

advilad xdeba, Tumca, rodesac amiT Tavs viwonebT, siaxlis<br />

arsis gamorkvevis aucileblobas viviwyebT.<br />

adamianis Tavisuflebis maradiuli Tema kacobriobam mWidrod<br />

daukavSira pirovnuli Rirsebis, Sinagani damoukideblobis,<br />

TavisTavadobis ideas (aseve maradiuls). Tu qarTuli sinamdvilis<br />

am niSniT davinteresdebiT, vnaxavT, rom Tavisuflebaze fiqrisas<br />

da, rac mTavaria, gansjisas, iSviaTad Tu gamoikveTeba pirovnuli<br />

damoukideblobis motivi. arCevnis Tavisufleba `erTniSna~ cneba<br />

araa. is adamianis cxovrebis yvelaze intimuri detalebis<br />

sazogadoebisagan, tradiciuli ojaxisagan gamijvniT iwyeba da<br />

kulturuli, materialuri interesebis sruli suverenitetis<br />

uflebiT sargeblobs. kargad davakvirdeT: qarTuli sazogadoeba<br />

Tavisi jgufuri arsebobis interesebs didi aqtivobiT icavs,<br />

Tumca araviTar survils ar amJRavnebs iazrovnos pirovnebis<br />

moTxovnaTa masStabebSi.<br />

qarTuli kinematografi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi axerxebda<br />

aesaxa es Tematuri dinebebi, ekranze. am vrcel speqtrSi ar<br />

moviazreb etapebs, rodesac kinoSi esa Tu is Taoba sakuTari<br />

saTqmelis metaforul, adekvatur Sesatyviss poulobda. Cven<br />

sinamdvilisadmi damokidebulebis erTi, konkretuli aspeqti<br />

gvainteresebs: rodis moxdeba Tanamedrove qarTveli adamianis<br />

cnobierebaSi, Sedegad ki, xelovnebaSi pirovnebis Tavisuflebis<br />

Zireuli gaazreba.<br />

albaT, sakiTxis amgvari formulireba kategoriuladGJRers,<br />

magram Tanamedrove qarTuli `sajarooba~ imsaxurebs misTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli snobizmis da primitivizmis safuZvlian kritikas.<br />

244 245

qeTevan trapaiZe<br />

qarTvel reJisorTa mier ucxoeTSi gadaRebuli filmebi<br />

informaciuli Tu intuitiuri gamocdilebis miuxedavad,<br />

Cveni Tanamemamule Tavisuflebis arsis gasacnobiereblad ara<br />

sakuTar Tavs, aramed sazogadoebriv sivrces mimarTavs, Tan<br />

imgvarad, rom arc ki aRviZebs sakuTar TavSi bunebrivi protestis<br />

impulss, arc ki cdilobs, gamijnos pirovnuli, vTqvaT, sruliad<br />

intimuri interesi imisgan, rasac mas `gverdiT mdgomi~ sTavazobs.<br />

igive tendencia airekleba tele da kinoxelovnebaSic.<br />

aRniSnuli problema araa erTaderTi Tumca, Cemi azriT, aranakleb<br />

mniSvnelovania, vidre xelovnebis sayovelTaod ybadaRebuli<br />

finansuri arastabiluroba. dRevandel saqarTveloSi Semoqmedi<br />

cdilobs yvelaferi, rac misTvis saintereso gmirs exeba,<br />

nihilizmis zogad inercias daumorCilos. xSirad arc ufiqrdeba<br />

gmiris pirovnuli niSan-Tvisebebis waSlis mizezebs. ra aris es,<br />

Tu ara gmirSi miZinebuli damoukideblobis resursis anarekli?<br />

TiTqos uCveulod JRers, magram individis mier sakuTari<br />

Tavis Zieba (kvlav maradiuli problema), gansakuTrebiT<br />

araerTgvarovnad da amave dros, sazogadoebasTan konfliqtis<br />

sruli gaazrebiT igrZnoba im qarTvel kinematografistTa<br />

filmebSi, vinc saqarTveloSi ar cxovrobs, magram aq cxovrebis<br />

periodSi kargad gaecno am sinamdviles da arc amJamad grZnobs<br />

mas sxvaze naklebad.<br />

Temur da gela babluanebi, aleko cabaZe, dito cincaZe _<br />

TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva konceptualur, saxviT-formiseul<br />

kinonawarmoebs qmnis. CvenTvis saintereso TemasTan kavSirSi<br />

ki aSkarad davinaxavT gmirisa da pirovnuli damoukideblobis<br />

xedvis mkveTrad gamoxatul pozicias, survils _ gmiris<br />

individualizmidan gamomdinare, mayurebelma sazogadoebrivsocialuri<br />

problemebis gaazreba daiwyos da ara, piriqiT.<br />

swored gmiri, adamiani gaxdes maZiebeli, sakuTari survilebis<br />

`sapatio damcveli~ da ara, piriqiT. Tavad gmirma gadawyvitos,<br />

emsaxuros sazogadoebas, Tu ara.<br />

am reJisorebis bolodroindel namuSevrebSi: `memkvidreoba~<br />

(Temur da gela babluanebi), `13~ (gela babluanis sareJisoro<br />

debiuti), `dapireba~ (dito cincaZe), `rusuli samkuTxedi~<br />

(aleko cabaZe) ara mxolod gmiris, aramed im samyaros sruliad<br />

damoukidebel gaazrebas vawydebiT, sadac adamianebma<br />

sazogadoebriv azrs, isev da isev, protesti unda gamoucxadon.<br />

ratom icvleba swrafad da efeqturad pozitiuri<br />

mimarTulebiT adamianis mier sakuTari uflebebis aRqmis kuTxe<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kinematografisti gansxvavebul samoqmedo<br />

sivrces exeba?... Tundac es Sexeba periodul xasiaTs atarebdes.<br />

Tu zedapirul analizs movaxdenT, erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba<br />

Tanamedrove qarTuli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tematuri<br />

infantilizmi dasaxeldes, imisgan damoukideblad, ramdenad<br />

aqtiuria am mxriv sivrce, romelic Semoqmedma konkretul<br />

droiT monakveTSi airCia (an iZulebuli gaxda aerCia).<br />

es, erTgvar gulubryvilo, mozardisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />

Taviseburebasac waagavs. igi `moTvalTvalis~ kompleqsisagan<br />

mxolod maSin Tavisufldeba, rodesac darwmunebulia, rom<br />

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi sakuTar survilebsaa mindobili.<br />

sruliad axalgazrda, kinematografist gela babluanis<br />

sadebiuto filmi `13~, Sorsaa dasavluri fsevdosinamdvilis<br />

im niSnebisgan, romelsac, samwuxarod, xSirad vxvdebiT saswavlosadebiuto<br />

filmebSi (ara mxolod qarTulSi).<br />

axalgazrda gmiri naxevradmistikur samyaroSi asketuri,<br />

banaluri da arakomfortuli yofidan xvdeba, mistikur TamaSis<br />

wesebsac ecnoba. Tumca, mTavari dramatuli faqtori isaa, rom<br />

ara mxolod ecnoba, aramed mis fatalur wreSic Caebmeba.<br />

sikvdilTan da yofis momakvdinebel erTferovnebasTan TamaSi<br />

fsiqo-emociuri jaWvis logikiT gviTrevs.<br />

rogorc xSirad xdeba sadebiuto da mcirebiujetian filmebSi,<br />

amjeradac mTavar rols araprofesionali msaxiobi (giorgi<br />

babluani) asrulebs. Semsruleblis funqcia, Temaze improvizacia<br />

swored profesionali kinomsaxiobis mTavar unar-CvevebSi<br />

moiazreba, magram kinom Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi daakonkreta<br />

araprofesionali msaxiobis, rogorc SesaZlebeli da<br />

gamarTlebuli mxatvruli movlenis daniSnuleba. es praqtika<br />

Zalze frTxil damokidebulebas, mkveTr konceptualur amocanas<br />

moiTxovs avtorisagan. gela babluanis mxatvruli amocana, misi<br />

muSaobis stili advilad da sakmaod sainteresod iTvisebs am<br />

gamocdilebas, rac debiutSive gamoikveTa.<br />

filmSi `13~, naTeli dramaturgiuli koncefciis garda,<br />

formasa da Canafiqrs Soris axalgazrda avtoris wminda<br />

intuiciur harmoniul Tanxvedras vgrZnobT. gmiri fatalistis<br />

246 247

qeTevan trapaiZe<br />

qarTvel reJisorTa mier ucxoeTSi gadaRebuli filmebi<br />

Tvisebebsac amJRavnebs. misi maradiuli, Sinagani, Tundac utyvi<br />

borgva, Tanamedroveobis tyve axalgazrda kacis gancdis<br />

organuli nawilia. rogor xdeba misi diskomfortis arsis<br />

gaxsna, an ratom aris mTavari gmiri ase SemaSfoTeblad mSvidi?<br />

iqneb es, gela babluanis mier danaxuli tyveobis axali, CvenTvis<br />

nacnobi, magram gaucnobierebeli wesia?<br />

filmis personaJebi erTmaneTs sikvdilTan TamaSis wesebs<br />

sTavazoben. firi Sav-TeTria, rac kidev ufro amZafrebs yofis<br />

simartivis SegrZnebas.<br />

ubraloeba qcevaSi, saqcielis motivaciis mistificireba _<br />

yovelive es TviTmiznis STabeWdilebas ar tovebs. rogorc<br />

Cans, axalgazrda avtori pirovnebis cnobierebis Tavisuflebis<br />

problemisa da martoobis Temis sruliad damoukidebel<br />

interpretacias gvTavazobs. saqarTveloSi droebiT Camosuli<br />

gela babluani erT-erT, metad sityvaZunw interviuSi ambobda,<br />

rom am upretenzio mcdelobaSi (igulisxmeba filmi `13~),<br />

ufro metad Temis TviTganviTarebis process grZnobda, vidre<br />

gamiznul da aqtiur, mosalodnel qmedebebs. vfiqrob, es sakmaod<br />

naTeli formulirebaa imisa, rasac Cven avtoriseul koncefcias<br />

vuwodebT.<br />

Tavad filmis gmirebis urTierTdamokidebulebis formac<br />

swrafad da improvizaciulad icvlis saxes: mdore da mZime<br />

nihilizmi, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia dasavluri axalgazrduli<br />

kinematografisTvis (amaze gansakuTrebiT mkveTr ferebSi,<br />

Tbilisis kinofestivalze Camotanili filmebi metyvelebs),<br />

protestisa da fatalurobis axal niSnebs iZens. es ori, xandaxan<br />

urTierTgamomricxavi cneba gela babluanis namuSevarSi erTi<br />

mTliani ganwyobis fonia. es gaxlavT kinematografisTvis<br />

sasurveli polifoniuri JReradobis martivi magaliTi an is,<br />

rasac drodadro `erTi amosunTqviT naxvas~ vuwodebT.<br />

gela babluanis axalgazrda gmiri, sakmaod rTuli amocanis<br />

winaSe dgeba _ misi cxovreba or ganzomilebaSi warimarTa da<br />

orive, wina xedze, amaoebisa da protestis dapirispirebas<br />

gvTavazobs.<br />

...es dasavluri samyaroa, Tumca mxatvruli ganzogadebis<br />

dauwereli kanonebidan gamomdinare, avtori arsad ar axdens am<br />

faqtis umizno pedalirebas. martoobaze saubrisas arc is<br />

unda dagvaviwydes, rom es problema xelovnebis istoriis<br />

kuTvnilebaa odiTganve. Cven mxolod mis saxecvlilebas, aRqmis<br />

Taviseburebas vadevnebT Tvals da rac ufro berdeba kacobrioba,<br />

miT ufro sainteresod, mtkivneulad JRers adamianis cnobierebaSi<br />

martoobis Tema.<br />

adamiani am tragikuli niSniT ibadeba da kvdeba... amaSi<br />

gansakuTrebuli araferia, magram moazrovne kacobrioba<br />

martoobasTan brZolas uamravi cnobieri Tu yofiTi<br />

saSualebebiT axerxebda. filmi `13~-is gmiri ki spontanuri<br />

situaciebiT iwyebs fataluri ganwyobis martoobasTan gaigivebas.<br />

qarTuli da dasavluri cnobierebis kardinalurad sxva _<br />

socialur WrilSi interpretacias gvTavazobs reJisori dito<br />

cincaZe film `dapirebaSi~ (Tu _ `kaci saelCodan~?).<br />

moqmedebas Tanamedrove TbilisSi, devnilTa erT-erT<br />

sacxovrebel kompleqsSi, Tbilisis zRvaze da ucxoeli<br />

diplomatis binaSi gadavyavarT. mozardi gogonas, saSas, da<br />

misi uneblie mfarvelis, konfliqtiT dawyebuli Sexvedra male<br />

maT damegobrebaSi gadaizrdeba. es urTierToba odnav `veluri~<br />

saSas pirovnebis Secnoba-Secvlas unda emsaxurebodes. yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, mayurebels aSkarad uCndeba amgvari gancda.<br />

uzneo cxovrebas SeWidebuli adamianebi ki saSas `megobrebi~,<br />

ucxoelis kolegebi, Tu misi seqsualuri partniori qali,<br />

yvelafers gaakeTeben imisTvis, rom es urTierToba gawydes da<br />

mamakaci iZulebuli gaxdes, samudamod datovos saqarTvelo. am<br />

brZolaSi TiTqmis nebismieri xerxia misaRebi: Zaladoba, SantaJi,<br />

nimfomaniaze faruli miniSnebebi da ase Semdeg.<br />

filmis avtorebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen gverwmuna, Tu<br />

raoden sufTa da araangarebiani iyo ucxoelis zrunva gogonaze.<br />

ramdenad sainteresoa Tavad saSas damokidebuleba mfarvelis<br />

mimarT da aseve absoluturad moklebulia av zraxvebs. magram,<br />

raoden ucnauradac ar unda JRerdes, am keTilSobili<br />

damokidebulebis mxatvruli interpretacia ver scdeba sqematur,<br />

SigadaSig naZaladev xerxebs. CvenTvis Znelia gaviazroT, Semdeg<br />

realurad aRviqvaT am urTierTobis fsiqologiuri siRrme<br />

(razec aSkarad SeimCneva pretenzia avtorTa mxridan), rodesac<br />

saSasa da misi mfarvelis irgvliv arsebuli qarTuli sinamdvile<br />

mxolod agresiuli fsiqozis niSanTa matarebelia.<br />

248 249

qeTevan trapaiZe<br />

qarTvel reJisorTa mier ucxoeTSi gadaRebuli filmebi<br />

ra Tqma unda, samwuxarod, es sinamdvile, marTlac, arsebobs<br />

Cvens garSemo. misi mxatvruli ganzogadeba ambiciuri msajulis<br />

poziciidan xdeba. ucxoels aSantaJeben, binZur miznebSi sdeben<br />

brals, miusafari saSas interesebs sababad iyeneben da yovelive<br />

es, rogorc iTqva, aqtiurad gamoxatuli agresiiT avad momzirali<br />

personaJebis mier xorcieldeba.<br />

filmis dasawyisSi avtorebi gvamcnoben, rom am ambavs marTlac<br />

hqonda adgili qarTul realobaSi. ucnauri am gancxadebaSi<br />

araferia. ara Tu msgavsi, Tavisi daundoblobiT, bevrad mZime<br />

sisastikec dRevandelobis Cveuli movlenaa, magram, misi ekranze<br />

gadatana mniSvnelovan sifrTxiles, ganzogadebis unars moiTxovs.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, imave reJisoris erT-erTi adreuli namuSevari,<br />

filmi `zRvarze~, swored gulwrfelobiT, problemis mxatvruli<br />

gaazrebiT gamoirCeva. miT umetes, ormagad samwuxaroa is<br />

damokidebuleba, rac bolo nawarmoebis mimarT gviCndeba.<br />

gavixsenoT filmis erT-erTi epizodi, sadac saSas `megobrebi~,<br />

saocrad agresiuli axalgazrdebi, ucxoels garkveul Tanxas<br />

sTxoven imis sanacvlod, rom misi da saSas urTierTobas<br />

`oficialur xasiaTs~ ar miscemen da amas dauzustebeli<br />

`organos~ saxeliT akeTeben.<br />

msaxiobi giorgi gurgulia, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

xazgasmuli manerulobiT (rac, ra Tqma unda, reJisoris mier<br />

dasaxuli miznis Sedegia), cdilobs daarwmunos ucxoeli<br />

mdgomareobis gamouvalobaSi.<br />

moqmedeba mTavari gmiris saxlis win viTardeba. momxdurTa<br />

agresia aSkarad utrirebulia. ucxoelis samarTliani aRSfoTeba<br />

daaxloebiT, yalbi paTosiT Sepyrobili moqalaqis wamoZaxilebs<br />

gvagonebs, maSin, rodesac, vimeoreb, msgavsi faqtebi arc uCveulo<br />

movlenaa da arc avtorTa warmosaxvis nayofi.<br />

rodesac saqarTvelodan wasuli reJisorebis aRqmis<br />

Taviseburebani vaxseneT, ar gvigulisxmia mxolod gamZafrebuli<br />

negativizmi an, piriqiT, araobieqturi nostalgiis Sedegebi mxatvrul<br />

nawarmoebSi. Cven xazgasmiT mivuTiTeT im saintereso, sagulisxmo<br />

fsiqologiur metamorfozaze, rac mxatvris, Semoqmedis mier<br />

mijaWvulobis kompleqsisagan gaTavisuflebas axlavs Tan.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, es procesi, marTlac araerTgvarovania da<br />

gamovlinebis uamrav xerxs poulobs. faqti kanonzomieria.<br />

xelovnebaSi moRvawe adamianTa umravlesoba, rogorc wesi, sakuTar<br />

Tavze gamocdis im tendenciebs, razec zemoT vsaubrobdiT.<br />

daintereseba adamianis Rirsebis niSanTa sxvadasxvaobiT<br />

imdenad mniSvnelovani Temaa, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />

struqturaSi nebismieri, mcire an naklebad mcire, Temis gavrcobis<br />

SesaZleblobas qmnis. Tu avtors gaaCnia Sesabamisi<br />

msoflmxedveluri, warmosaxviT potencia, maSin am mimarTulebiT<br />

azrovneba, Tavisi bunebiT, kompleqsuria, magram xSirad sapirispiro<br />

suraTsac vawydebiT.<br />

kvlav dito cincaZis films moviSveliebT. amjerad gverdiTi<br />

motivebi saerTod ver ganviTarda, rogorc mxatvruli Canafiqris<br />

Sedegi. mTavari gmirebi drodadro TiTqos im mtkivneuli, mZime<br />

problemebis deklarirebas axdenen, romlebic, marTlac Cveni<br />

sinamdvilis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.<br />

Tavis, SedarebiT adreul namuSevrebSi: `stumrebi~ da `ojaxi~<br />

dito cincaZe qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis Cveuli da, marTlac,<br />

saintereso Temebis garda, nawarmoebis formis Ziebasac did<br />

yuradRebas uTmobda. qronikis saxiT gacocxlebuli mxatvruli<br />

Txroba filmSi `stumrebi~ da mdore montaJiT, magram dramatuli<br />

urTierTobebiT saintereso `ojaxi~, TiTqos xsenebuli Ziebis<br />

gamarTlebas gvpirdeboda. `dapireba~ ki, samwuxarod, formalurmaneruli,<br />

pretenziuli tempo-ritmiT viTardeba, rac kidev ufro<br />

amZafrebs erTgvar wyenas am, gavimeoreb, metad mtkivneuli Temis<br />

mxatvruli gaazrebis, warmoCenis arasrulyofilebis gamo.<br />

qarTvel mayurebels, albaT, arasodes daaviwydeba is rezonansi,<br />

romelsac aleko cabaZis filmebi iwvevdnen agresiulad da<br />

pozitiurad ganwyobil mayurebelSi. man, erT-erTma, pirvelTaganma<br />

moaxerxa saocari sinamdviliT, bunebriobiT, utyuari<br />

damajereblobiT da amave dros, daundoblobiT eTqva<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis is, Tu ras fiqrobs mis mier dakanonebul,<br />

normadqceul yofaze. swored amis gamo, misi debiuti kinoSi,<br />

mxatvruli filmi `laqa~, 80-ian wlebSi yvelaze primitiulad<br />

moazrovne `zneobis sadarajoze mdgomi~ adamianebis samizned<br />

iqca. naklebi masStabebiT, magram mainc Seirisxa, mogvianebiT<br />

gadaRebuli filmi, `Ramis cekva~. qarTveli mayureblis nawili<br />

ise xvdeboda gverdiT arsebuli fskeris mxatvrul asaxvas,<br />

TiTqos pirvelad Seityo amis Sesaxeb da ar icis, ra saWiroa<br />

250 251

qeTevan trapaiZe<br />

Zaladobis demonstrireba, Tundac aseTi ram realur cxovrebaSi<br />

marTla xdebodes. ratom unda Sewuxdes mayurebeli imis cqeriT,<br />

rasac yofaSi arasodes miiCnevs sakuTar problemad?!<br />

iseve, rogorc adreul periodSi, aleko cabaZem amjeradac<br />

Tanamedrove sinamdvilis is mkacri wertili amoirCia, romelic<br />

arasodes SeiZleba iyos erTmniSvnelovani. `rusuli samkuTxedi~<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebis<br />

Sesaxeb, kerZod, CeCneTis tragediis msxverplTa, damnaSaveTa da<br />

axali Taobis mZime xvedrze gvesaubreba. martivi samkuTxedi,<br />

aseve martivad da cabaZisTvis damaxasiaTebeli araagresiuli<br />

sisastikiT iTrevs adamianebs Caketil wreSi.<br />

sruliad axalgazrda gamomZiebeli, staJiori (msaxiobi<br />

andrei tkaCenko), didi enTuziazmiT da patriotizmiT, rogorc<br />

Tavad ambobs, rac `mas aswavles~, ucnobi mkvlelis saqmes<br />

ikvlevs. mkvleli uswordeba yvelas, visac ki kavSiri hqonda<br />

CeCneTis omSi iaraRiT vaWrobis, an ubralod Ralatisa da<br />

mkvlelobis faqtebTan. SurismaZiebeli Tavis droze CeCneTis<br />

moqalaqe, skolis yofili pedagogia. igi sakuTari ojaxis<br />

tragediis, meomarTa Ralatis monawilea. erT-erTi imaTgania,<br />

vinc msxverplidan daundobel SurismaZieblad SeiZleba<br />

gadaiqces. am saSinelebas ewirebian damnaSavenic da<br />

udanaSaulonic. TiTqos, tradiciuli, erTi SexedviT, Cveuli,<br />

banaluri siuJeturi qargaa.<br />

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos is utyuari alRo, romlis<br />

wyalobiTac aleko cabaZis samsaxiobo arCevans Cveni droebisaTvis<br />

nanatr movlenad qceul realizmamde mivyavarT. `laqa~-dan<br />

moyolebuli am bolo namuSevriT damTavrebuli ara Tu mTavari,<br />

aramed epizoduri rolebis Semsruleblebi faqizi, frTxili<br />

dramatuli sizustiT gamoirCevian. miuxedavad imisa, rom am<br />

reJisoris nawarmoebebi mudmivad mZime, tragikuli intonaciebis<br />

matarebelia, misi damokidebuleba saTqmelis da gmirebis mimarT<br />

imdenad naTelia, imdenad swrafad gamoikveTeba xolme, ama Tu<br />

im, socialuri garemos safuZvliani codna, misi SegrZneba, rom<br />

paTetikuri motivebisTvis adgili aRarsad rCeba.<br />

avtori kinorolebze msaxiobebis SerCevisas maT Sinagan<br />

resursebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas – STabeWdileba, daaxloebiT<br />

qarTvel reJisorTa mier ucxoeTSi gadaRebuli filmebi<br />

aseTia. TavisTavad, es kinematografis specifikis Semadgeneli,<br />

Zalze martivi niSania, Tumca ver vityviT, rom Cveni mayurebeli<br />

aseTi sisadaviT, sxva SemTxvevebSic ganebivrebulia.<br />

aleko cabaZe ar eZebs damnaSaves _ es iSviaTi saavtoro<br />

poziciaa. pozicia, romelic xelovanisTvis mudmivi Sinagani<br />

borgvis sagania. imave pozicias SevniSnavdiT wina Taobis<br />

reJisorTa mcire nawilis namuSevrebSi, magram gansxvavebul<br />

mxatvrul sivrceSi da gansxvavebul Tematur WrilSi.<br />

oTar ioselianis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi Cven sakmaod<br />

xSirad viyenebT misi saavtoro poziciis imave formulirebas<br />

_ mouwesrigebel samyaroSi, igi arasodes eZebs damnaSaves, piriqiT,<br />

uyvars kidec Tavisi gmirebi ise, rogorc `gzaabneuli bavSvebi~<br />

(es sityvebi oTar ioselians ekuTvnis). Tumca iseve, rogorc<br />

nebismieri, farTo diapazoniT moazrovne Semoqmedi, oTar<br />

ioselianic Sorsaa vinmes, an raimes gaidealebisagan.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, am ramdenime filmisa da avtoris mxatvruli<br />

koncefciis mokled mimoxilvis Sedegad kvlav saavtoro<br />

poziciis, realizmisa da Tematur-dramaturgiuli mTlianobis<br />

sakiTxebi gamoikveTa, rogorc umTavresi, umniSvnelovanesi,<br />

qarTveli (da ara mxolod qarTveli) mayureblis cnobierebaSi<br />

mimdinare procesebis gasaxsnelad. kidev ufro srulyofili<br />

suraTis Sesaqmnelad ki ,am da sxva, dasavleTSi Seqmnili<br />

QqarTvel avtorTa filmebis formiseuli dinamika unda<br />

moviSvelioT, rac vrceli da SemdgomSi calke ganxilvis motivi<br />

iqneba.<br />

l. oCiauri _ aleko cabaZe krebuli `qarTveli kinoreJisorebi~<br />

(damxmare saxelmZRvanelo) nawili I.<br />

n. mxeiZe _ anemiidan atu-alaba, otel kaliforniamde. krebuli<br />

`qarTveli kinoreJisorebi~ (damxmare saxelmZRvanelo) nawili<br />

II, perioduli presa, gaz. `rezonansi~.<br />

252 253

Teo xatiaSvili,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

wamyvani mecnierTanamSromeli<br />

`survilis miuwvdomeli obieqti~<br />

lakaniseuli interpretaciebi luis<br />

bunuelis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sapirispirod, rom qvecnobieri<br />

araregulirebadi, impulsurad ganviTarebadi da qaoturia,<br />

fsiqoanalizi da Cemi dRevandeli moxsenebis mTavari orientiri<br />

_ froidis moZRvrebis lakaniseuli interpretacia _ mudmivad<br />

aviTarebs koncepts imis Sesaxeb, rom qvecnobieric iseve, rogorc<br />

ena, struqturirebulia. survili konstruirebulia fantaziis<br />

mier, es ukanaskneli iZleva parametrebs, ris mixedviTac yalibdeba<br />

subieqtisa da survilis obieqtis urTierToba. Tumca fantaziis<br />

sivrce ar warmogvidgeba, rogorc survilebis asrulebis<br />

asparezi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, piriqiT, aq TvalsaCinovdeba<br />

subieqtis frustracia; lakanis TqmiT, fantaziis sivrce _ es<br />

aris „scena, romelsac saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs Cveni survilebi,<br />

rogorc aseTi, maT xdis realurs, warmoaCens maT damarcxebas~... 1<br />

imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor aris dacilebuli survilis<br />

obieqti da survilis dakmayofileba erTmaneTisgan, JiJeks<br />

magaliTad mohyavs berZeni filosofosis zenonis paradoqsebi,<br />

romliTac is amtkicebs Tavisi maswavleblis parmenides<br />

moZRvrebas samyaros, rogorc erTi mTelis Sesaxeb, sadac<br />

mravlobiToba da moZraoba mxolod iluzoruli xasiaTisaa.<br />

oTxidan pirveli aqilevsisa da kus Sesaxeb paradoqsia, romlis<br />

mixedviTac, aqilevsi verasdros eweva kus _ an uaxlovdeba mas<br />

an gadauswrebs, an Zalian Sors aris, an Zalian axlos, magram<br />

verasdros mis gverdiT. JiJekis azriT, es paradoqsi kargad<br />

xsnis libidolur ekonomikas da „subieqtisa da obieqtisurvilis<br />

mizezis urTierTmimarTebis ilustrirebas axdens.<br />

Cven verasdros daviWerT obieqt-mizezs. Cven mxolod mis garSemo<br />

konturebis Semoxazva SegviZlia~. 2<br />

lakani erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs libidoluri ltolvis<br />

mizansa da amocanas da amtkicebs, rom es ltolva saboloo<br />

miznis _ survilis miRwevaSi, anu sruli siamovnebis miRebaSi<br />

ki ar vlindeba, aramed im amocanis SesrulebaSi, rom mizans<br />

unda miaRwio dausrulebeli gzis gavlaSi; 3 swored miznidan<br />

miznamde cirkulirebuli moZraoba gvaniWebs siamovnebas. zenonis<br />

paradoqsebSi moyvanili sizifes miTic adasturebs am mudmivi<br />

ltolva-miaxloeba_daSorebis models: rac ufro uaxlovdebi,<br />

miT ufro Sordebi da miT ufro mZafrdeba survili miaxloebis<br />

anu Zlierdeba survilis obieqtis Zalaufleba Cvenze (JiJeks<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT mohyavs saintereso magaliTi nacistebis<br />

ebraelebTan damokidebulebis Taobaze: rac ufro izrdeboda<br />

sakoncentracio banakebSi amoxocil ebraelTa ricxvi, miT ufro<br />

mZlavrdeboda ebraelis, rogorc mtris xati, rac ufro cotani<br />

rCebodnen isini, miT ufro SemaSfoTeblad ixateboda maTgan<br />

wamosuli saSiSroeba). Sesabamisad, subieqtis SeSfoTebas iwvevs<br />

ara survilis obieqtis ararseboba, aramed masTan maqsimaluri<br />

miaxloeba, rac Teoriuli albaTobiT mis saboloo dauflebas<br />

anu survilis obieqtis gaqrobas gamoiwvevs.<br />

swored imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria Cveni mimarTeba, da<br />

daintereseba, ama Tu im, obieqtiT, xdeba am ukanasknelis da<br />

Sesabamisad, mTeli realobis konstruireba; realobis, romelic,<br />

erTi mxriv, „damaxinjebulia~ Cveni subieqturi aRqmiT, masze<br />

proecirebuli Cveni survilebiTa da gancdebiT, magram, meore<br />

mxriv, swored is warmoadgens realurs, ramdenadac „obieqturad~<br />

danaxuli obieqti araraa, mxolod „dainteresebuli mzeriT~,<br />

garkveuli xedvis kuTxiT aRqmuli obieqti iqceva raRacad.<br />

„...swored survilis logika uaryofs cnobil sentencias:<br />

„arafrisgan araferi ibadeba~. survilis moZraobaSi „arafrisgan<br />

raRac warmoiqmneba~. marTalia, obieqti-survilis mizezi sufTa<br />

moCvenebiTobaa, magram es mas xels ar uSlis, aamoqmedos SedegTa<br />

mTeli jaWvi, romlebic zemoqmedeben Cven „realur~, „namdvil~<br />

cxovrebasa da moqmedebebze~. 4<br />

ramdenad realuria realoba? is, rasac vxedavT, xom ar<br />

aris moCvenebiToba, romelic faravs realur arss? es kiTxvebi<br />

uZvelesi droidan ismeba filosofosTa da moazrovneTa<br />

teqstebSi, sadac samyaros gaazrebasTan erTad xelovnebis<br />

sakiTxic ganixileba, rogorc am samyaros refleqsiis sferosi.<br />

realoba_moCvenebiTobis dispozicia aq kidev ufro damabneveli<br />

da sakamaTo xdeba: xelovneba aris areklili realoba, romelic<br />

TavisTavad moCvenebiTia, maSin, ramdenad SesaZlebelia<br />

moCvenebiTobis moCvenebiTobam asaxos realuri? es problema<br />

254 255

Teo xatiaSvili<br />

`survilis miuwvdomeli obieqti~<br />

lakaniseuli interpretaciebi luis bunuelis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT ganixileba XX s-is dasawyisSi, roca<br />

logocentruli kulturis krizisi piks aRwevs, roca forma<br />

aranairad aRar gamoxatavs arss, roca avangarduli manifestebi,<br />

ara Tu adamianis, aramed nebismieri sagnis iracionaluris<br />

reprezentaciaSi xedaven WeSmaritebas. „calkeul sagans SeuZlia,<br />

Tavis TavSi ataros sanaxaoba, komikuri Tu tragikuli... namdvili<br />

kino _ es aris Cem mier aqamde unaxavi sagnis mxatvruli saxe~<br />

_ aRniSnavda fernar leJe „meqanikuri baletis~ Sesaxeb. 5 sagani,<br />

romelic utilitarul realobaSi „obieqturad~ aRqmis Sedegad<br />

araras warmoadgens, dakarguli aqvs saxe da romlis<br />

reabilitacias cdiloben avangardistebi „damaxinjebuli~ anu<br />

„dainteresebuli mzeriT~ asaxvis saSualebiT.<br />

luis bunuelisa da salvador dalis „andaluziuri ZaRlis~<br />

prologSive es mzera basri samarTebliT gadaisereba. kinos<br />

istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze sastik da amave dros bundovan<br />

epizodad aRiarebuli kadri aTasnair interpretacias eqvemdebareba:<br />

is xan heteroseqsualuri seqsualobis gamoxatulebaa, sadac<br />

Tvalisa da mTvaris disko _ qalur, samarTebeli da wagrZelebuli<br />

Rrublebi ki _ mamakacur genitaliebs warmoadgens; xan<br />

defloraciis simbolod ganixilaven, xanac solaruli<br />

msxverplSewirvis gamovlinebad, rac JorJ batais mier, imave<br />

periodSi, gamocemuli da, Zalze popularuli „Tvalis istoriis~<br />

magistraluri motivi da mxatvruli saxea.<br />

gadaserili Tvali, rac sibrmavesTan asocirdeba, Cemi azriT,<br />

bunuelisa da saerTod, siurrealistebisTvis erT metad<br />

mniSvnelovan aspeqts ukavSirdeba. sibrmave ukve adreul miTebSi<br />

konotirebulia sibrZnesTan, romelic raRac ze-gancdiT miiRweva.<br />

winaswarmetyveli tiresiosi RmerTebma mobanave aTenas SemTxveviT<br />

danaxvis gamo daabrmaves, samagierod, daajildoves xilvis unariT<br />

da sikvdilis Semdeg SeunarCunes maxsovroba. „sibrmavidan<br />

TvalxilulobaSi da, piriqiT, gadasvlis peripetia tragediis<br />

erT-erTi amosavali wertilia, rac gansakuTrebiT cxadad<br />

vlindeba brma, magram Tvalxilul tiresiossa da Tvalxilul,<br />

magram brma oidiposSi~ 6 (gavixsenoT, rom am ukanasknelis<br />

Tvalis axelac dabrmavebiT mTavrdeba). sibrmave (gan) Wvretis,<br />

ze-xedvis niSnad ganixileba, roca xedva aRar yovndeba moCvenebiT<br />

da warmaval realobaze, aramed aRwevs miRmur SreebSi, namdvil,<br />

gnebavT - ze - anu siurrealobaSi. Tvalis gadasera, rasac,<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom Tavad reJisori axorcielebs, ori avanturisti<br />

mxatvris mier realobidan fsiqologiur realobaSi gadasvlis<br />

aqtis gacxadebaa, rasac mohyveba swored obieqti-survilis<br />

mizezTa mTeli jaWvi.<br />

cnobilia, rom filmis idea avtorebs sizmrebis<br />

urTierTgaziarebis Sedegad gauCndaT, Semdgom ki scenari<br />

iqmneboda siurrealistebis mier aRiarebuli „avtomaturi weris~<br />

maneriT: erTs raRac mouvidoda azrad, mere meore sTavazobda<br />

momentalurad dabadebul ideas; Tu erT-erTs raRac ar<br />

moewoneboda, uaryofili iyo orives mier, ibmeboda axali<br />

asociaturi jaWvi da a.S. „ormxrivi TanxmobiT, martiv wesebs<br />

vicavdiT, _ ixsenebs bunueli, _ ar gavCerebuliyaviT imaze, rac<br />

iTxovda wminda racionalur, fsiqologiur da kulturul axsnas.<br />

gza mivceT iracionalurs. vtovebdiT mxolod imas, rac azrisgan<br />

damoukideblad gvaocebda~. 7 filmis gamosvlis Semdeg ki bunueli<br />

werda, rom es iyo mkvlelobisken sazogadoebis mowodeba.<br />

rogorc JiJeki aRniSnavs, „...Cvens qvecnobierSi, Cveni survilebis<br />

realobaSi Cven yvelani mkvlelebi varT~ da SvebiT gamoRviZebas<br />

_ es xom sizmari yofila _ romelic yvelas erTxel mainc<br />

ganucdia, adarebs Cjuan-czisa da pepelas igavs, sadac ismeba<br />

kiTxva: romelia sizmari, roca Cjuan-czis hgonia, rom is pepela<br />

iyo Tu, piriqiT, roca pepelas hgonia, rom Cjuan-czia? JiJeki<br />

gulubryvilobad miiCnevs „realobis samyarosa~ da „ocnebebis<br />

samyros~ dapirispirebas: „roca gaviazrebT, rom swored da mxolod<br />

sizmrebsa da warmosaxvebSi vxvdebiT Cveni survilebis realobas,<br />

aqcentebi maSinve icvleba: Cveni yofiTi yoveldRiuri realoba,<br />

sazogadoebis realoba, sadac Cven vTamaSobT wesieri da keTili<br />

adamianebis Cveul rolebs, aRmoCndeba gamonagoni, romelic efuZneba<br />

garkveul „daTrgunvas~, Cveni survilebis, realuris sivrcis<br />

mxedvelobis aredan gaSvebas~. 8<br />

bunuelis mTeli Semoqmedeba swored am farisevlobis<br />

gamoaSkaravebaze igeba, rodesac sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi<br />

„wesierebiT~, ufro sworad, „wesieri rolis~ morgebiT iniRbeba<br />

adamianuri instinqtebi: keTilSobili padres WeSmariti mowodeba<br />

ubralo mebaReobaa, Tan sakmarisia, mantia gaixados, is Cveulebrivi<br />

mkvlelic xdeba („burJuaziis mokrZalebuli xibli~),<br />

respeqtabeluri parizeli qalbatoni sinamdvileSi bordelSi<br />

naxulobs siamovnebas („SuadRis lamazmani~), sisastikesa da<br />

256 257

Teo xatiaSvili<br />

mkacr reJims damorCilebuli samxedroebi gulCvili da<br />

mistikisken midrekili adamianebi arian („burJuaziis<br />

mokrZalebuli xibli~) da a.S. bunueli ukiduresobamde miyvanili<br />

absurdulobiT aaSkaravebs, Tu ramdenad moCvenebiTia wesierebis<br />

c neba fi lm Si „Tav is u fl eb i s fa ntomi ~: pa ri zi s<br />

RirsSesaniSnaobebis turistebisTvis sayvarel Ria baraTebs<br />

ise aTvaliereben, rogorc urcxv pornografiul suraTebs, magidis<br />

garSemo unitazebze Semomsxdari „keTilSobilebi~ ki, kargad<br />

gazrdili adamianis TavdaWerilobiT musaifoben da moSiebulebi,<br />

bodiSis moxdiT, tualetSi ganmartovdebian.<br />

realuris (fsiqologiuri realobis) saCveneblad bunueli,<br />

an pirdapir mimarTavs sizmrisa, Tu xilvis narativs, an iyenebs<br />

„dainteresebuli mzeris~ metaforas, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, igive<br />

gadaserili Tvali Tu WuWrutanaSi TvalTvali, rasac sxva<br />

zerealobaSi gadavyavarT, iq, sadac Cveni survilebi aRar iTrguneba<br />

da sadac isini realurni xdebian. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSne,<br />

fantaziis sivrce sulac ar aris survilebis asrulebis asparezi.<br />

„oqros saukunis~ gamosvlis Semdeg salvador dali aRniSnavda,<br />

rom scenaris werisas miznad isaxavda Tanamedrove sazogadoebis<br />

dampali meqanizmis gamoaSkaravebas; bunueli ki umatebda: `CemTvis<br />

ki es umTavresad iyo filmi Smag siyvarulze, dauZlevel Zalaze,<br />

romelic adamianebs erTmaneTs Caaxutebs, Tumca xvdebian, rom ar<br />

SeuZliaT erTad yofna~. 9 dauokebeli, mwvave vnebis motivi, romelic<br />

uamravi dabrkolebiT aris SeboWili, ukve `andaluziur ZaRlSi~<br />

Cndeba, sadac sikvdilisa da erotikisadmi ltolva erTmaneTSi<br />

ixlarTeba da sazogadoebaSi tabuirebuli Temebis Tamami<br />

provocirebiT warmoCndeba.<br />

amitomac reagirebda Zalze mwvaved `kargad gazrdili<br />

sazogadoeba~, rom bunuelis filmebi Tavis koSmarul sizmrebs<br />

agonebda, romlidan gamofxizlebac simSvides ubrunebda: `es<br />

xom mxolod sizmari yofila!~ bunueli ki, daJinebiT da<br />

ironiulad CasCiCinebs: swored es aris realuri, is riskenac<br />

iltviT da risic geSiniaT. maTi, rac unda pativsacemi da<br />

momxibvlelebi iyvnen, survilebi Zalian mwiria: Wama, seqsi da<br />

sxvisi ganadgureba.<br />

filmi `burJuaziis mokrZalebuli xibli~ mTlianad sizmrebis<br />

moyolazea agebuli da zustad gamoxatavs lakaniseul mosazrebas<br />

`survilis miuwvdomeli obieqti~<br />

lakaniseuli interpretaciebi luis bunuelis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

fantaziis sivrcis Sesaxeb, „romelsac saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs Cveni<br />

survilebi, rogorc aseTi, maT xdis realurs da warmoaCens maT<br />

damarcxebas~... iseTi martivi da yofiTi moTxovnebic ki, rogoricaa<br />

sadili an, ubralod, megobrebTan erTad yavis daleva, rom aRaraferi<br />

vTqvaT, seqsiT dakmayofilebaze, filmis gmirebisTvis dauZleveli<br />

problema xdeba. ambebis ganmeorebadoba da ukacriel trasaze<br />

dausrulebeli xetiali miznidan miznamde cirkulirebuli<br />

moZraobis ilustrirebaa, romelic gvaniWebs sinamdvileSi<br />

siamovnebas da ara miznis saboloo miRweva.<br />

`survilis es bundovani obieqti~ uwoda bunuelma Tavis<br />

bolo films da amiT xazi gausva im gaurkvevlobis labirinTs,<br />

rasac subieqti-obieqtis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom `survilis obieqts~ ori msaxiobi: anxela<br />

molina da karol buke asrulebs, Tanac ise, rom erTi-ori<br />

epizodis garda (vTqvaT, roca flamengos mocekvave konCitas<br />

espaneli anxela molina asaxierebs), maTi rolebis gacvlagamocvla<br />

aranairi logikiT ar ganisazRvreba, anu didi<br />

mniSvneloba ar aqvs, am konkretul momentSi karol buke<br />

iTamaSebda Tu anxela molina _ e. i. Sesabamisad, Tavad survilis<br />

obieqti ar aris gansazRvruli, ar aqvs mkafio saxe, an ufro<br />

swori iqneba, Tu vityvi, rom arsebobs ltolvis survili,<br />

obieqti ki, SeiZleba nebismieri iyos.<br />

erTgan konCita eubneba senior mateos: `Tqven CemSi giyvarT ara<br />

me, aramed is, vinc uargyofT~ da mogvianebiT agrZelebs: `Tu mogcemT<br />

imas, rac gindaT, gadagiyvardebiT~. senior mateos SfoTva swored<br />

am survilis obieqtis moxelTebisa da saboloo dauflebis<br />

SesaZleblobas ukavSirdeba, amitomac Cndeba yvelaze sanukvar momentSi,<br />

roca mizanTan ase axlosaa, yvelaze absurduli dabrkolebebi:<br />

gardacvlili meuRlis foto sawolTan, quCidan Semosuli xmauri,<br />

qalwulobis qamari da a.S. zedmetad miaxloebis gamo periodulad<br />

gauCinarebuli survilis obieqtis nostalgia senior mateos mudam<br />

Tan sdevs da pirobasac debs: `Tu kidev gamoCndeba, me mas aRarafers<br />

vTxov, vijdebi masTan, rac SeiZleba moSorebiT...~<br />

`oqros saukunidan~ sakmaod mogvianebiT davubrundi ra<br />

isev qalis sxeulis dauflebis SeuZleblobas, vcdilobdi, mTeli<br />

filmis ganmavlobaSi Semeqmna Tavdasxmisa da daucvelobis<br />

atmosfero, romelic gvtanjavs yvelas, sadac unda viyoT~ _<br />

wers Tavis mogonebebSi bunueli da ixsenebs, Tu ra incidentebi<br />

mohyva filmis gamosvlas: los-anjelesis erT-erT kinoTeatrSi<br />

258 259

Teo xatiaSvili<br />

bombis afeTqeba, firis oTxi babinis dakargva, reJisoris mimarT<br />

muqarisa da Seuracxmyofeli warwerebi da a.S. 10 Tumca<br />

realobidan wamosuli am Tavdasxmebis gamo SeSfoTeba mxolod<br />

Tavis Sefarebaa im ususurobisa da daucvelobis gancdisgan<br />

TavisdasaRwevad, rasac realuris anu sakuTari daTrgunuli<br />

survilebis `Tavdasxmisas~ ganvicdiT.<br />

berlinis wlevandel saerTaSoriso festivalze, sadac yovelTvis<br />

Zalze gaazrebulad da konceptualurad igegmeba retrospeqtivebi,<br />

bunuelis Semoqmedeba iyo warmodgenili; ratom bunueli? _ svamdnen<br />

kiTxvas Tavad organizatorebi, ramdenadac, rogorc tradiciulad<br />

miRebulia xolme, reJisoris arc iubile, arc gardacvalebis an<br />

raime aRsaniSnavi TariRi ar yofila. da pasuxad CamoTvlidnen<br />

varaudebs, Tu rogor dascinebda `saukunis Tvalad~ monaTluli<br />

reJisori `mowevis akrZalvasa, Tu Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego debatebs,<br />

rogor galanZRavda saxelmwifos SeWras privatul sferoSi da<br />

ramdens imkrexelebda religiisken ukanmibrunebis Taobaze, kiCur<br />

papsaze, axal biurgerebsa da axal faseulobebze~... 11<br />

aRmoCnda, rom bunuelis mZafri da saRi mzera kidev ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani da bevrad Tanamedrove xdeba neopuritanizmis<br />

gamZvinvarebisa da mzardi fundamentalizmis epoqaSi. bunuelis<br />

mier samarTebliT gadaserva _ es sxeulis gaSiSvlebaa, fizikuri<br />

realobis, garsis garRveva, raTa kargad dainaxo is, rac SigniT<br />

aris, ris Sedegadac iZens mxolod mkafio gamosaxulebas<br />

survilis bundovani obieqti.…<br />

1. s. JiJek, gliadia skvoz. (rusul enaze);<br />

2. iqve;<br />

3. iqve;<br />

4. iqve;<br />

5. iz istorii francuzskoi kinomisli (rusul enaze);<br />

6. m. iampolski. pamiat tireseia. (rusul enaze);<br />

7. bunuel o bunuele (rusul enaze);<br />

8. JiJekis dasaxelebuli naSromi;<br />

9. bunuelis dasaxelebuli naSromi;<br />

10. iqve;<br />

11. Vanity Fair, specialuri gamoSveba <strong>2008</strong> wlis berlinalesTvis.<br />

qeTevan janeliZe,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

asistent profesori<br />

Semotanili produqcia da qarTuli<br />

sinamdvile<br />

`importuli animacia~ gmirebi, ideologia,<br />

morali<br />

aqsiomaa, rom bavSvebs Zalian uyvarT multfilmebi. yvela<br />

bavSvs hyavs sayvareli gmiri. saerTod, mozardis aRzrdaSi<br />

didi mniSvneloba erovnul multiplikacias, sabavSvo filmebs<br />

eniWeba... swored amitom, am brendze moTxovna mudmivadaa. wesiT,<br />

arc erTi mSobeli ar unda yidulobdes animaciur films,<br />

sadac xdeba agresiis, tyuilisa da sizarmacis propaganda da<br />

bavSvisTvis filmis yureba ar unda iqces drois mokvlis<br />

gauazrebel saSualebad.<br />

animacuri filmebi metad mniSvnelovan sainformacio masalas<br />

Seicavs, saidanac mozardma unda Seimecnos samyaros<br />

kanonzomiereba, sikeTe, Camouyalibdes zneobrivi kriteriumebi.<br />

feradovani, Sinaarsiani multfilmi bavSvis mexsierebaSi tovebs<br />

mkafio magaliTebs, romelTac man cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi unda<br />

mibaZos. universalur, sayovelTao zneobriv kanonebTan erTad<br />

arsebobs erovnuli Sinaarsis mqone zneobrivi maqsimebi. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, animaciuri filmi, romelic ama Tu im sazogadoebis<br />

moraliTaa Seqmnili, SesaZloa, Sefasebis sxva kuTxiT<br />

informaciulad mniSvnelovani ar aRmoCndes.<br />

saqarTveloSi ar Catarebula arc erTi seriozuli<br />

gamokiTxva, Tu sociologiuri kvleva, rac saSualebas mogvcemda<br />

gagverkvia, Tu romeli gmiria CvenSi ufro popularuli. Tu<br />

kinoTeatrebis salaros SemosavlebiT vimsjelebT, ra Tqma unda,<br />

qarTuli animacia ucxour filmebs konkurencias veranairad<br />

ver uwevs. Tumca, savse darbazebi da salaros Semosavlebi<br />

pirobiTi cnebebia da mxolod xarisxze damokidebuli araa. aq<br />

didi wilobrivi procentiT muSaobs reklama da produqtis<br />

distributoris promouteruli saqmianoba. Tumca mxatvruli<br />

260 261

qeTevan janeliZe<br />

Rirebuleba mainc erT-erT amosaval punqtad rCeba, romelic<br />

mozards Zalian sWirdeba.<br />

aris Tu ara ucxouri, Cvens qveyanaSi importirebuli,<br />

animacia imdenad srulfasovani da misaRebi Cveni<br />

sazogadoebisTvis, rom saerTod ar vifiqroT tradiciul qarTul<br />

personaJebze da siuJetebze? ufro koreqtuli iqneboda sakiTxis<br />

Semdegnairad dayeneba _ rodis daubrundeba mayurebels<br />

Tanamedrove qarTveli gmiri misi Cveuli qarizmatulobiT da<br />

komediurobiT? amave dros, dramaturgiac ar unda iyos<br />

yuradRebasmoklebuli.<br />

Tanamedrove popularuli hitebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,<br />

mwarmoeblebi ZiriTadad irCeven situaciebis komedias, an<br />

komediur miuzikls. es erTgvari warmatebis garantiaa. 3D<br />

animacia sakmaod Zviri siamovnebaa da amitom mwarmoeblebi da<br />

produserebi cdiloben maqsimalurad Seamciron danaxarjebi.<br />

Zalian xSirad aseT multfilmebSi dramaturgiuli qarga<br />

daculi ara aris. arada, filmis yurebisas mTavari marto<br />

sicilis efeqtis miRweva ki araa, aramed mayureblisTvis<br />

Tanagancdis momentis Seqmnac. magaliTad, `dreamworks~-is<br />

produqcia, romelic SeiZleba brendad miviCnioT, arcTu<br />

maRalxarisxovania produqciis Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT.<br />

`Sreki 1~-is originaluroba male Seewira amerikul meTods<br />

_ ekonomia filmze, didi danaxarjebi sareklamo kampaniaze.<br />

samwuxarod, jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi enTuziastebi, romlebic<br />

investiciebs erovnul multi plikaciaSi Cadeben da amiT<br />

maRalxarisxovani erovnuli produqciis Seqmnas Seuwyoben xels,<br />

ar arian, xolo saxelmwifo pirdapir investirebas aRar axdens,<br />

arc kanoni saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

potenciuri avtor-Semsrulebeli iZulebulia daemorCilos<br />

damkveTs, sponsors. sxva SemTxvevaSi, moZiebuli Tanxa imdenad<br />

cotaa, rom avtori SemoqmedebiTad maqsimalurad SezRudulia da<br />

es ZiriTadad ideologiis, xarisxis xarjze xdeba.<br />

aseT viTarebaSi, marTlac, Znelia upasuxo kiTxvas: ras irCevs<br />

qarTuli auditoria? `importul~ Tu qarTul animacias? da,<br />

saerTod, ramdenad koreqtulia sakiTxis ase dasma?<br />

ucxoeTis yvela msxvili kompania acxadebs, rom 3D<br />

teqnologiis gamoyeneba metad momgebiania, Sesabamisad, xeliT<br />

Semotanili produqcia da qarTuli<br />

sinamdvile `importuli animacia~ gmirebi, ideologia, morali<br />

naxati filmi aRaravis sWirdeba. xeliT naxats disneis studiac<br />

ki TiTqmis aRar iyenebs.<br />

saqarTveloSi masStaburi animaciuri proeqtis Seqmnaze<br />

msjeloba jer naadrevia. iseTi didi SesaZleblobebisa da<br />

potencialis qveyana, rogoric ruseTia, sul ramdenime welia,<br />

rac aseTi ti pis filmebs awarmoebs. magaliTad, filmi<br />

`krakatuki~. es rusuli zRapris imdenad Tanamedrove versiaa,<br />

rom dednis amocnoba saerTod Wirs. aq aris iumori da lirika,<br />

draivi da filosofia, kung-fu, siyvaruli, hip-hopi da rok-enroli,<br />

megobroba da siZulvili, spec efeqtebi, jadoqroba da<br />

interneti. rusuli animaciis Zalian mniSvnelovani warsulis<br />

miuxedavad, erovnuli xasiaTis SenarCuneba, am cnebis klasikuri<br />

gagebiT, verc iq SeZles.<br />

tradiciul qarTul ojaxSi bavSvebs pirveli wlebidan<br />

ukiTxaven qarTul xalxur zRaprebs, sadac moxerxebuli<br />

nacarqeqia da xuTkunWula devs amarcxeben; salamura, wiqara<br />

da irmisa borotebaze imarjveben. keTili, Tu boroti gmirebi<br />

erovnuli niSan-Tvisebebis matareblebi arian. qarTul zRaprebSi<br />

imdeni saintereso personaJia, rom aTeulobiT animaciur proeqts<br />

eyofa. da isini Tavisuflad SeiZleba CavTvaloT ucxouri<br />

reklamirebuli gmirebis konkurentebad.<br />

kinogamqiraveblebi yvela gziT cdiloben bavSvebis yuradReba<br />

miqcevas. amerikuli multfilmebis reklamirebisas farTodaa<br />

gavrcelebuli sareklamo triuki, rodesac msaxiobis popularoba<br />

mis mier gaxmovanebul personaJis popularizaciisaTvis<br />

gamoiyeneba. sareklamo rgolebi daJinebiT gvamcnoben, rom es<br />

roli edi merfim, an anjelina jolim, kameron diasma da ase<br />

Semdeg gaaxmovana... magram qarTvel mayurebels xom es xmebi ar<br />

esmis, kinoTeatrebSi rolebi qarTuladaa dublirebuli. amas<br />

qarTvelebis sareklamo `triukic~ emateba. anjelina jolis,<br />

edi merfis da sxvebs zvio, Sonzo, nanuli Tu `qlab Sous~<br />

biWebi axmovaneben. aseve qarTuli sareklamo `triukis~<br />

moTxovnebiT, originali teqsti icvleba da viRebT saSinel<br />

mutants. xSir SemTxvevaSi, teqstis Targmani mdare an sruliad<br />

Secvlilia, intonacia _ vulgaruli, gamoyenebulia bilwi slengi,<br />

politikuri frazeologia, rac sruliad Seusabamoa TviT<br />

262 263

qeTevan janeliZe<br />

filmisaTvis da, wesiT, miuRebeli unda iyos mayureblisaTvis,<br />

radgan is Rirebulebac ikargeba, rac nawarmoebs realurad aqvs.<br />

sabolood, Cven winaSe ormagi damangreveli standartia: jer<br />

erTi, TviT originalis saTuo Rirebuleba da, meorec, mdare<br />

qarTuli teqstis Sedegad filmebis saerTod gaqarwylebuli<br />

esTetika. Rirs Tu ara amaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba? aucileblad,<br />

radgan dRes es metad aqtualuria. aqedan modis im bavSvebis<br />

tradicia, istoria da moraluri aqcentebi, romlebic aseT filmebs<br />

uyureben da momavalSic naxaven.<br />

arsebul produqciaSi zneobrivi maqsimebis arqonas<br />

mwarmoeblebi sabalagano sareklamo banerebiT didi warmatebiT<br />

cvlian. xolo cnobili saxeebis sareklamod gamoyenebis zemoT<br />

moyvanili magaliTi, imis dasturia, rom am filmebSi aqcentis<br />

gasamaxvilebeli sxva Rirebulebebi TiTqmis arcaa da mSobeli,<br />

iZulebuli xdeba waiyvanos Svilebi aseTi filmebis sanaxavad,<br />

sul ubralo mizezis gamo: ar arsebobs xarisxiani qarTuli<br />

produqcia, romelic konkurencias gauwevda imports.<br />

aucileblad unda vimsjeloT qarTveli multmwarmoeblebis<br />

SesaZleblobebze. vinc filmwarmoebaSi cotaTi mainc erkveva,<br />

misTvis gasagebia, Tu ra Sromatevadia, Sinaarsiani da amave<br />

dros, originaluri animaciuri proeqtis Seqmna. amisTvis,<br />

upirvelesad, saWiroa Sesabamisi SemoqmedebiTi jgufis arseboba.<br />

ramdenime wlis win yvela fiqrobda, rom kompiuteruli<br />

animacia erT-erTi damxmare faqtoria multfilmebis Sesaqmnelad.<br />

xolo dRes umsxvilesi kompaniebi TiTqmis uaryofen xeliT<br />

naxat proeqtebs. saqarTveloSi jer kidev arian iseTi<br />

profesionalebi, romelTac araCveulebrivi naxati filmebis<br />

Seqmna ZaluZT. magram, rac Seexeba 3Danimacias da sakuTari<br />

masStaburi proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, aq yvelafris nulidan<br />

dawyeba gviwevs. xolo am gamocdilebis arqona imis erT-erTi<br />

winapirobaa, rom warmatebuli proeqti kidev didxans ar Sedgeba.<br />

arian adamianebi, romlebic aseT programebs icnoben, magram<br />

maTi ricxvi imdenad mcirea, rom rTulia jgufis Seqmna.<br />

Sesabamisad, saWiroa materialur teqnikuri bazac.<br />

erovnuli multwarmoebis upirvelesi problema reJisorebis<br />

simcire da iseTi produserebis ararsebobaa, romlebsac proeqtis<br />

srulfasovnad marTva SeeZlebaT. mxolod codna da niWi sakmarisi<br />

Semotanili produqcia da qarTuli<br />

sinamdvile `importuli animacia~ gmirebi, ideologia, morali<br />

araa. aucilebelia praqtikuli gamocdilebac. filmis Seqmnisas,<br />

ZiriTadi xarjebi gadamRebi jgufis xelfasebia. jgufis wevrebis<br />

koordinirebuli muSaobiT ki iqmneba srulfasovani nawarmi da<br />

amis garantias mxolod da mxolod kargi prodiuseri iZleva.<br />

aseve, Zalian mniSvnelovania gaxmovaneba da musika, rac<br />

kolosalur TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan srulfasovani<br />

saundis Sesaqmnelad 50-dan 100-mde musikaluri Temaa saWiro,<br />

rom Semdeg moxdes misi morgeba naxatze. xma, sabolood `5+1~<br />

formatSi unda.<br />

jerjerobiT ki `dreamworks~ da `pixar~ weliwadSi aTeul<br />

proeqts uSveben. saqarTveloSi gvaqvs ramdenime axali proeqti:<br />

lado sulaqveliZis `angalo~, `oqros Tevzi~, `legenda Rvinoze~,<br />

gia kereseliZis `imedi~, papuna daviTaias `mZleTamZle~, akaki<br />

lomsaZis `Soba~, zaliko sulakauris kidev ramdenime<br />

satelevizio proeqti, magram am produqcias miuxedavad misi<br />

mxatvruli Rirebulebebisa, araTu konkurenciis gaweva ar<br />

SeuZlia, aramed SeuZlebelia maTi ekranebze naxvac.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom kargad reklamirebulma saeWvo mxatvruli<br />

Rirebulebis mqone animaciurma produqciam daipyro ara marto<br />

qarTuli, aramed mravali qveynis sakmaod didi ekranuli sivrce.<br />

es viTareba gansakuTrebul saSiSroebas uqmnis qarTul kulturas,<br />

radgan misi mwiri ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi saSualebas ar<br />

iZleva am mRvrie masas principulad daupirispiros erovnuli,<br />

jansaRi produqcia. amave dros Taobis agresia gamowveuli<br />

adgilobrivi Tu globaluri mizezebiT, metismetad saSiS tandems<br />

qmnis zemoTdaxasiaTebul produqciasTan erTad saimisod, rom<br />

ganadgurdes erovnuli, zneobrivi Tu mxatvruli Rirebulebebi,<br />

rac Tavis mxriv erovnuli katastrofis momaswavebeli iqneba.<br />

http://www.disneyshorts.org/;<br />

www. animator.ru;<br />

The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons (Paperback) by Jeff Lenburg<br />

and Chris Bailey (Paperback - Oct 30, <strong>2008</strong>).<br />

264 265

xelovnebaTmcodneoba<br />

irine abesaZe,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

firosmanologiis, rogorc axali<br />

saxelovnebaTmcodneo<br />

mimarTulebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebi<br />

meoce saukune mravali axali samecniero dargis<br />

CamoyalibebiT aRiniSna. samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciebis<br />

SedegebiT gapirobebulma da gabeduli eqsperimentebiT<br />

moniSnulma axalma sakvlevma arealebma, upiratesad<br />

sabunebismetyvelo, zust <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> rkali gaarRvies, Tumca,<br />

arc humanitaruli dargebi darCenilan saerTo epoqaluri<br />

xasiaTis novaciebisadmi gulgrilni. kvlevis sistemurma meTodma<br />

humanitarebs TvalnaTliv uCvena interdisci plinarulkompleqsur<br />

midgomaTa safuZvlianoba. xelovnebis dargebis<br />

morfologiuri SeswavlisaTvis dRes ufro aqtiurad iyeneben<br />

semiotikas da hermenevtikas. es dargTaSorisi e. w.<br />

instrumentariebi xom saukeTeso saSualebaa uZveles miTopoetur<br />

daqaragmebul teqstTa wakiTxvisa da maTSi daunjebul niSanTa<br />

sistemis amoxsnisaTvis. magram ra vuyoT iseT teqsts, romlis<br />

welTaRricxva mxolod erT saukunes miiTvlis da TviT<br />

teqstualuri qsovilis struqturac, erTi SexedviT, saocrad<br />

martivia, Tumca masSi Cakvirveba mraval `amoucnob qimerebs~<br />

gvTavazobs. amgvaria niko firosmanaSvilis fenomenis kvlevis<br />

istoria. 1912 wlidan, anu firosmanis pirveli `aRmoCenidan~<br />

_ dRemdem, niko firosmanis Semoqmedebis qarTvel, Tu araqarTvel<br />

mkvlevarTa mier Seiqmna sxvadasxva xarisxis didZali samecniero<br />

produqcia, romelTa sistemurma dalagebam saSualeba mogvca<br />

`firosmanianis~ sagamomcemlo jgufs, maT Soris me, TvalnaTliv<br />

dagvenaxa, rogor Seisxa xorci xelovnebaTmcodneobis axalma<br />

mimarTulebam _ firosmanologiam.<br />

firosmanologia xelovnebis is axalgazrda dargia, romelic,<br />

xandazmul rusTvelologiis msgavsad, moiTxovs imgvar<br />

meTodologiur midgomas, romelic xels Seuwyobs momaval<br />

firosmanologebs gaTavisufldnen im apokrifebisa da<br />

legendebisagan, romelsac `Txzavda~ TiTqmis yvela (qarTveli<br />

266 267

irine abesaZe<br />

firosmanologiis, rogorc axali saxelovnebaTmcodneo<br />

mimarTulebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebi<br />

Tu ucxotomeli), vinc ki Sexebia am araCveulebrivad saTuT<br />

Temas. avi zraxvebisgan daclili es `mezRapreni~, ZiriTadad<br />

firosmanis `dostebi~ _ meduqneebi Tu gadmoxvewili mileTelebi,<br />

simbolistebi da futuristebi; mxatvrebi, poetebi, reJisorebi,<br />

mwerali-dramaturgebi, musikosebi, mogviano xanis mecnierinterpretatorebic<br />

ki, mxatvris mimarT gamoxatuli pativiscemis<br />

dasturad qmnidnen firosmanis miTologemas. amavdroulad, am<br />

erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedebis<br />

irgvliv gamoiTqva mravali metad sayuradRebo mosazreba,<br />

romelTa erT korpusad Tavmoyra udaod naTels mofens mxatvris<br />

RRemde daudgenel biografiul monacemebs. xolo<br />

maRalprofesiul doneze Sesrulebuli laboratoriuli<br />

eqspertiza, bolosdabolos, WeSmaritad firosmanaSvilis<br />

xelTqmnil Sedevrebs klonirebuli `tyupis calebisagan~<br />

ganacalkevebs. firosmanis memkvidreobisa da mis Sesaxeb<br />

literaturis interpolaciebisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis,<br />

eTnofsiqologebis, kulturologebis, xelovnebaTmcodneeqspertebisa<br />

da istorikosebis damcxrali gonebisa da grZnobis<br />

erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, kompleqsuri xasiaTis kvleva aris<br />

Casatarebeli.<br />

is, rom saqarTvelos, rogorc sakacobrio istoriis JamTa<br />

svlisas SemorCenil erT-erT uZveles civilizacias, dRemde<br />

axsovs droiT gamowrTobili Cvens eTnomexsierebaSi Cakiruli<br />

da Taobidan TaobaSi uryevad translirebuli uZvelesi<br />

miTopoeturi saxeebi gasakviri rodia. am zRapriseulkosmologiur<br />

saxeebs is istoriuli personaJebic Seematnen,<br />

romelTa garSemo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mravali legenda<br />

iqmneboda da istoriul realiebs romantikul samoselSi xvevda.<br />

gamorCeul moRvaweTa saxelebs qarTveloba leqsad `amoTqvamda~<br />

da amiT, Jamidan-JamiT ganmtkicebul gansakuTrebul pativgebas<br />

adasturebda.<br />

sakvirveli aris mxolod is, rom `gaucxoebis~ sindromiT<br />

Sebyrobilma, ukiduresad pragmatul-racionalurma meoce<br />

saukunemac Seqmna axali miTologemebi da erT-erTi maTgani<br />

niko firosmanaSvilia.<br />

ocdameerTe saukunis mkvidrT, dRes dabejiTebiT SegviZlia<br />

ganvacxadoT, miuxedavad imisa, rom niko firosmanaSvilis<br />

nawarmoebTa umetesoba mecxramete saukunis miwuruls Seiqmna,<br />

genialuri mxatvris Semoqmedebam xeli Seuwyo meoce saukunis<br />

universaluri avangarduli kulturuli Rirebulebebis<br />

damkvidrebas saqarTveloSi.<br />

axalze ~dageSili~ es araCveulebrivi instiqti Semoqmedisa,<br />

pirvelad swored saqarTveloSi `Camoxvewilma~ mileTelma<br />

futuristebma SeigrZnes da 1912 wels sazogadoebas amcnes.<br />

am droidan moyolebuli Seiqmna mravali gamokvleva, ese,<br />

publikacia, leqsi, poema, dramaturgiul-literaturuli,<br />

memorialur-epistoluri xasiaTis nawarmoebi, foto-kino-telexelovnebis<br />

nimuSi, musikaluri da saxviTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva<br />

saxis produqcia, iqmneboda mravali legenda, apokrifi, sadac<br />

mxatvris pirovnuli da SemoqmedebiTi portretis gamoZerwvis,<br />

masTan mimarTebis dadgenis sazogadoebrivi survili gacxadda.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1912 wlidan dRemde niko firosmanisadmi<br />

interesi araTu Semcirda, aramed geometriuli progresiiT<br />

gaizarda, rasac gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyo mxatvris<br />

nawarmoebTa gamofenebis sxvadasxva geografiul ganedze<br />

triumfalurma svlam, maT mier msoflios wamyvani muzeumebis<br />

da galereebis sagamofeno sivrceebis `dapyrobam~. XXI saukuneSi<br />

eleqtronuli informaciis arxebiT isic irkveva, rom<br />

firosmanisadmi msoflio sazogadoebis damokidebuleba arasdros<br />

yofila uangaro. Sou-biznesis da komerciuli interesebis<br />

gadakveTam siRaribeSi, upatronod gardacvlili genialuri<br />

mxatvris saxelis tiraJirebam mravali milioni moutana<br />

restornebis, sastumroebis, televiziebis, sareklamo saagentoebis,<br />

samodelo saxlebis, maRaziebis mepatroneebs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.<br />

cnobili rusi poeti qalis, marine cvetaevas, eses<br />

saxelwodebas Tu davesesxebi `Cemi puSkini~, firosmanis saxeliT<br />

Seqmnil yvela am maravalferovani produqtis avtors Tavisi<br />

sakuTari mimarTeba aqvs mxatvarTan gulwrfeli, uangaro, Tu<br />

angarebiani, zedapiruli, magram sakuTriv misi da amdenad<br />

mniSvnelovani. nu viqnebiT mkacri msajulni maT mimarT, vinc<br />

firosmanis saxeliT erTgvar mogebas eZebs. es xom axali<br />

pragmatuli epoqis markeria. Tumca, gamijvna, zRvaris dadeba,<br />

zomierebis dacva, albaT, aucilebelia. didi mxatvris saxelis<br />

gamoyeneba mogebis mizniT, naklebi danaSaulia imasTan SedarebiT,<br />

268 269

irine abesaZe<br />

firosmanologiis, rogorc axali saxelovnebaTmcodneo<br />

mimarTulebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebi<br />

rodesac ganaTlebuli, niWieri, firosmanis Semoqmedebis<br />

damfaseblebi cdilobdnen misi Semoqmedebis klonirebas. Tumca,<br />

gasaRebis bazarze momravlebuli didi mxatvris mier Seqmnili<br />

cxoveluri samyaros binadarTa „tyupis calebi~ WeSmarit<br />

originalebTan paeqrobisas, damarcxebisaTvis arian ganwirulni,<br />

radgan SeuZlebelia unikaluri RvTiuri madliT mosili im<br />

SemoqmedebiTi inspiraciis gameoreba, romelmac Seqmna, amouxsneli<br />

saidumlos matarebeli firosmaniseuli irmebisa Tu saaRdgomo<br />

batknebis, meliebisa Tu daTvebis, lomisa Tu Jirafis momnusxveli<br />

gamometyveleba. amiT firosmanma Tavisi ganumeorebeli<br />

SemoqmedebiT sakuTari Tavi yvelaze ukeT daicva. Tumca, aqve<br />

unda iTqvas, rom dRemde niko firosmanaSvilis xelovnebis<br />

amsaxvel albomebSi mainc gvxvdeba nawarmoebebi, romelTa<br />

firosmanisTvis mikuTvnebuloba saeWvoa, maSin, rodesac zogierT<br />

maTgans firosmanis xelweris damadasturebeli saeqsperto<br />

daskvna axlavs. vinaidan azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs<br />

eqspertizisas, mxolod vizualur-zedapiruli daTvalierebiT<br />

Semofargvla. vfiqrob, droa saxelmwifom gamoyos Tanxebi<br />

imisaTvis, rom saeWvo warmomavlobis nawarmoebebs Cautardes<br />

Tanamedrove saeqsperto teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT<br />

kvalificiuri laboratoriuli atribucia. uaxlesi meTodebiT<br />

warmoebuli gamokvlevis am procesSi unda CarTon firosmanis<br />

Semoqmedebis, rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli aRiarebuli<br />

mkvlevarebi, raTa erTxel da samudamod gairkves mxatvris<br />

SemorCenili originalebis zusti raodenoba. es ki Seavsebs da<br />

rig SemTxvevaSi koreqtivebsac Seitans saqarTvelos kulturis,<br />

ZeglTa dacvis da sportis saministros mier dReisaTvis<br />

aRnusxul niko firosmanaSvilis nawarmoebTa eleqtronul<br />

sapasporto monacemebSi, romelic mxolod saqarTvelos masStabiT<br />

aris gamovlenili. monacemTa bazas aklia ucxoeTis saxelmwifo<br />

da kerZo sacavebSi daculi Sedevrebi. firosmanis WeSmarit<br />

originalTa raodenobis zusti dadgena ki, Tavis mxriv, aRkveTs<br />

firosmanis nawarmoebTa gayalbebis yovelgvar mcdelobas da<br />

wertils dausvams yalbismqmnelTa Sesaxeb arsebul moarul<br />

versiebs, romelTac mraval pativsacem adamians Crdili miayenes.<br />

rogorc akad. vaxtang beriZe niko firosmanaSvilis Sesaxeb<br />

daweril monografiaSi aRniSnavs: `arc erT qarTvel mxatvarze<br />

ar dawerila imdeni, ramdenic niko firosmanaSvilze~. 1 Cemi<br />

mxriv, davumateb, rom arc erT mxatvarze imdeni legenda ar<br />

Seqmnila, ramdenic firosmanze. tyuili da marTali ise airia<br />

erTmaneTSi, rom bolos Tavgza TviT mxatvris Semoqmedebis<br />

gulmxurvale qomagebsac aebnaT, mag., kirile zdaneviCs sxvadasxva<br />

gamocemaSi erTmaneTis sapirispiro cnobebi gaepara. mxatvris<br />

gulubryvilo naTesaoba da naTel-mironni, Tanamedroveni, Tavs<br />

„nikalas~ uaxloes garemocvaSi rom moiazrebdnen, ase<br />

moulodnelad saxelmoxveWil TanamoZmisadmi interess<br />

fantastikuri, Znelad dasajerebeli ambebiT apurebdnen. maT<br />

arc niko firosmanis geniis aRmomCenni da inteleqtualuri<br />

elitis warmomadgenlebi CamorCebodnen. xelovans, romelsac<br />

sityviT aRmerTebdnen, realurad, rogorc cidan Camovardnil<br />

meteors ucxod miiCnevdnen da maTTan sulier erTobas danatrul<br />

xelovans, faqtobrivad, sakuTari samyarodan riyavdnen. didi<br />

ilias cnobilma maqsimam „Catexili xidis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb,<br />

swored „naswavl~ da „uswavlel~, profesiul, rafinirebul<br />

(akademiur) xelovnebas da daumuSavebel, sinamdvileSi ki mis<br />

dambad xalxur madans Soris iCina Tavi. im mistifikaciaSi<br />

garkvevis saxeliT, romelsac SeeZlo met-naklebi sizustiT<br />

amoexsna firosmanis fenomeni Catarda seriozuli xasiaTis<br />

kvleva-Zieba. sacnauria, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi swored garedan<br />

momzirali Tvali ukeT Seicnobda da SeigrZnobda firosmanis<br />

gansakuTrebulobas. ase iyo maSin, rodesac frangi mixeil ledantiu<br />

1912 wels Tavis megobar kirile zdaneviCTan erTad<br />

pirvelad ewveva Tbiliss da mis mzeras monusxavs, Zveli Tbilisis<br />

erT-erT duqanSi warmodgenili niko firosmanis namuSevari.<br />

man pirvelma miaqcevina yuradReba mxatvar kirile zdaneviCs<br />

am araCveulebriv qmnilebebze. kiriles, dediT qarTvels, mamiT<br />

polonels, romelic TbilisSi karga xnis Camosaxlebuli iyo,<br />

safiqrebelia, manamdec araerTxel enaxa am TviTnaswavli mxatvris<br />

namuSevrebi, romliTac, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mofenili<br />

iyo Zveli Tbilisis duqnebi. megobris es aRfrTovaneba kiriles<br />

gadaedo da Tavis Zma-iliasTan erTad, male erTgvar „saxadad~<br />

eqcaT da sicocxlis bolomde gahyvaT Zmeb zdaneviCebs. swored,<br />

mixeil le-dantiu, niko firosmanis WeSmariti `pirvelaRmomCeni~,<br />

270 271

irine abesaZe<br />

firosmanologiis, rogorc axali saxelovnebaTmcodneo<br />

mimarTulebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebi<br />

1912 wlis miwurulSi aRtacebuli miswers werils sakuTar<br />

dedas: „guSin Tbiliseli joto vixileo~.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, dRes ukve SeiZleba saubari<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis axali mimarTulebis _ firosmanologiis<br />

Sesaxeb... mecnierebis es axali dargi xandazmul rusTvelologiis<br />

msgavsad, moiTxovs yvela saxis masalis sistematizacias, mogviano<br />

xanis interpolaciebisagan gaTavisuflebas, legenda, apokrifis<br />

WeSmaritebisagan gamijvnas, biografiuli cnobebis saboloo<br />

dazustebas, kvlevas, romelSic didixania, oRond erTmaneTisagan<br />

damoukideblad, xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTis nakvlev-naazrevis<br />

gauTvaliswinebladac ki, CarTuli arian sxvadasxva qveynis<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneebi, literatorebi, kulturologebi,<br />

filosofosebi, zusti sabunebismeTyvelo mecnirebaTa<br />

warmomadgenlebic. gasuli saukunis ociani wlebidan dawyebuli<br />

araerTxel yofila mcdeloba firosmanis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />

masalis sistemurad dalagebisa da erT korpusad warmodgenisa,<br />

magram es mcdeloba, samwuxarod, dRemde srulad ar yofila<br />

realizebuli. erTgvari `firosmanianis~ Seqmnis am ganzraxvas,<br />

romlis sulisCamdgmelic poeti giorgi leoniZis Semdeg iyo<br />

mxatvari da firosmanis Semoqmedebis Cinebuli mcodne Tengiz<br />

mirzaSvili, yovelTvis raRac eRobeboda win, ZiriTadad finansuri<br />

xasiaTis dabrkolebebi, Tumca am araCveulebrivi ideiT Sepyrobil<br />

mxatvars far-xmali ar dauyria da bolo ori welia winamdebare<br />

striqonebis avtorTan erTad, miuxedavad mZime, ganukurnavi senisa,<br />

arnaxuli energiiT muSaobda, raTa amjerad mainc<br />

ganexorcielebina Tavisi sanukvari ocneba. samwuxarod, mxatvrs<br />

ar dascalda. Tengiz mirzaSvilis gardacvalebis miuxedavad,<br />

Cvenma sagamomcemlo jgufma miznad daisaxa, bolomde miiyvanos<br />

mxatvris es wamowyeba. Sromatevadi samuSao dasrulebulia, am<br />

gamocemis realizebisaTvis saWiroa saxelmwifos, an kerZo<br />

sponsoris keTili neba, raTa bolos da bolos am mniSvnelovanma<br />

gamocemam dRis sinaTle ixilos. gamocemaze muSaobis procesma<br />

TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa, Tu rogor iSleba droiTi da sivrciTi<br />

barierebi, roca saqme exeba firosmanis fenomenisadmi sxvadasxva<br />

droisa da qveynis mkvlevarTa mier gamovlenil interess. did<br />

xelovanTan pirdapir `kavSirze gasvla~, anu misi metnaklebad<br />

adekvaturi SegrZneba mxolod erTeulebma SeZles. TiTqos<br />

Cven Tvalwin gadaiSala sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiTi inspiraciiT<br />

Seqmnili erTi xelovnis portretuli galerea, romlis Tvalis<br />

gadevnebac gvarwmunebs, im ucilobel WeSmaritebaSi, rom did<br />

xelovnebas sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia. amitomac iyo, rom iuneskom<br />

niko firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedeba Seitana sakacobrio<br />

mniSvnelobis kulturuli memkvidreobis im saganZurSi, romlis<br />

dacva-gafrTxileba ganaTlebuli msoflios valia.<br />

Tavmoyrili masalis retrospeqciaSi ganxilva imasac<br />

warmoaCens, Tu rogor xdeboda TandaTanobiT garkveuli<br />

koreqtivebis Setana im ukve Stampad qceul mcdar debulebebSi,<br />

mxatvris SemoqmedebisaTvis primitivizmis sazomis morgebas,<br />

rom cdilobda, rac mxatvris Sesaxeb arsebul adreul gamocemebs<br />

axlda. gamoCnda agreTve isic, Tu rogori saocrad sicocxlis<br />

unariani aRmoCnda mxatvris biografiis misamarTiT<br />

dafiqsirebuli Semdgomi firosmanologiuri kvleva-ZiebiT<br />

gadasinjuli mravali aSkara faqtologiuri xasiaTis Secdoma.<br />

firosmanologiis erT-erT ZiriTad mizans swored am<br />

kliSeebisagan saboloo ganTavisufleba unda warmoadgendes.<br />

es, pivel rigSi, exeba polemikas mxatvris warmomavlobis Sesaxeb,<br />

dabadebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebis dazustebas, rac ukve<br />

warmatebiT gakeTda Jurnalist neli kobiaSvilisa da istorikos<br />

manana xomerikis mier, aseve gardacvalebis da dakrZalvis adgilis<br />

saboloo dadgenas, rac jer kidev dadgenas moiTxovs.<br />

rac Seexeba firosmanis Semoqmedebis geneziss, amis Sesaxeb<br />

mravali sagulisxmo azria gamoTqmuli rogorc qarTveli, aseve<br />

ucxoeli xelovnebaTmcodneebis mier. rogori sxvadasxva<br />

misamarTebic ar unda SemogvTavazon mkvlevrebma, iqneba es<br />

xalxuri sarewebi, votivuri nimuSebi, saflavis qvis reliefebi,<br />

Teatraluri sanaxaoba, `kamera obskura~, dageroti pia da sxva.<br />

erTi ram cxadia, firosmanis miTologemis mizezi unda veZeboT<br />

firosmanis warmomSob qarTul wiaRSi, im erovnul tradiciebSi,<br />

romlisTvisac ucxo ar iyo saidumloebiT moculi fantastikuri<br />

xilvebi da romelnic, poet boris pasternakis TqmiT, TavianT<br />

TavSi „mesianizmisa da mistikis Semcvelni, adamianis warmosaxviT<br />

unars amdidrebdnen~.<br />

geografiuli mdebareobis gamo kroskulturul sivrceSi<br />

myofi saqarTvelo meoce saukunes Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT<br />

272 273

irine abesaZe<br />

firosmanologiis, rogorc axali saxelovnebaTmcodneo<br />

mimarTulebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebi<br />

aRsavse socialuri da Sesabamisi kulturuli viTarebiT Seegeba.<br />

cxovrebis disharmoniam natvrad aqcia xelovnebis nawarmoebSi<br />

maradiuli harmoniis, monumenturi sawyisis da panTeisturi<br />

ganwyobis asaxva. „mxatvruli qarTulobis~ Zieba, erovnuli<br />

mxatvruli forma, _ ai, is, riskenac iswrafvoda axalgazrda<br />

xelovanTa kohorta daviT kakabaZis, lado gudiaSvilis, Salva<br />

qiqoZis, elene axvledianis, qeTevan maRalaSvilis da sxvaTa<br />

SemadgenlobiT. dazgur suraTSi monumenturi wyobis<br />

miRwevisaTvis mxatvarTa axali Taoba daewafa rogorc Sua<br />

saukuneebis monumentur xelovnebas, aseve, bedad, im dros<br />

„aRmoCenil~ niko firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedebas. niko firosmanis<br />

aRmoCena axalgazrda qarTveli mxatvrebisaTvis abedis kvesi<br />

iyo, romelic ganaxlebis aucileblobis winaSe mdgom Taobas<br />

qarTuli ferweris WeSmarit gzas gaunaTebda. niko<br />

firosmanaSvilis saxeli male „erovnul energiasTan~, mis sulTan<br />

iqna gaigivebuli. „uyureb firosmans da gjera saqarTvelo~ _<br />

ityvis `cisferyanwelTa~ ordenis ideologi grigol robaqiZe,<br />

axali qarTuli mxatvrobis ideuri sulisCamdgmeli daviT<br />

kakabaZe ki, kidev ufro daakonkretebs: `arc erT mxatvarTan ar<br />

Semxvedria firosmanis msgavsi Zalumi SegrZneba saqarTvelosi~.<br />

sainteresoa, Tuki qarTvelisTvis niko firosmani erovnuli<br />

TviTidentifikaciis sazomi gaxda, maS, raRa xiblavda im<br />

oTxmocamde araqarTvel avtors, romelTac araCveulebrivad<br />

gaiTavises da SeigrZnes mxatvris Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli<br />

xibli. ufro metic, ucxo Sefaseba didad daexmara qarTvelT<br />

sakuTari miTologemis SeqmnaSi, axsna amisa, vfiqrob, mxatvris<br />

SemoqmedebiTi inspiraciis araCveulebriv universalobaSia,<br />

„martivis sidiadeSia~, _ rogorc marTebulad aRniSna Tavis<br />

droze xelovnebaTmcodne oTar firaliSvilma.<br />

swored am universalizmiT, qristianuli mimteveblobiT,<br />

simboluri azrovnebiT, sakuTari profesiisadmi ritualuri<br />

kultmsaxurebis msgavsi damokidebulebiT firosmanis Semoqmedeba<br />

gascda viwro erovnul CarCoebs da igi sxvadasxva kulturaTa<br />

dialogis konteqstSi ikiTxeba.<br />

mainc ra faqtorebma ganapirobes firosmanaSvilis<br />

miTologemis amgvari interaqtiuri xasiaTi?! ra mizezebma Sekra<br />

firosmanis Semoqmedebis damfasebelTa aseTi integraciuli<br />

sulieri erToba?! vfiqrob, es is kiTxvebia, romlebzec pasuxebs<br />

mxolod sxvadasxva eris firosmanologTa momavali kompleqsuri<br />

kvlevis Sedegad miviRebT. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevis<br />

miRma arc im mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mizezi<br />

unda darCes, romelic Tavis droze gamoTqmuli iqna mxatvris<br />

Semoqmedebaze im droisaTvis sakmaod cnobili avtoritetebis<br />

mier. Cemi mxriv, vityvi firosmanis Semoqmedebis momnusxveli<br />

Zala, albaT, upirveles yovlisa, im R v T i u r i n a T l i s<br />

esTetikaSia, romelic niko firosmanis xelovnebis zneobrivi<br />

sispetakis ganmsazRvrelia. sinaTlis es esTetika warmarToba<br />

gamovlili Suasaukuneebis qarTuli eikonuri xatebidan<br />

SemoaRwevs mxatvris nawarmoebebSi. amitomaa, firosmaniseuli<br />

yurZnis mtevani gasaocari Suq-mfeni, orTaWaleli turfebis<br />

Tmebi mzis sxivebiT naferi, saaRdgomo kvercxebi nakverCxlebiviT<br />

mbzinavi. saocari ki is aris, rom niko firosmanaSvils arcerT<br />

nawarmoebSi mze ar dauxatavs, magram yvelaferi mzis energias<br />

asxivebs. imavdroulad mxatvars Zalze uyvars mTvaris gamosaxva,<br />

radgan Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

RvTaeba _ mTvare _ wminda giorgis qristianul saxeSi iyo<br />

personificirebuli. im wmindanis saxeSi, romelic mxatvris<br />

gadmocemiT mudam Tavze adga xelSi qamriT da xatvisaken<br />

mouwodebda: `nikala xateo~. TviT mxatvris mier gacemuli es<br />

araCveulebrivi axsna sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi inspiraciisa, is<br />

gasaRebia, romliTac SegviZlia nawilobriv mainc amovxsnaT<br />

mxatvris miTologemis xasiaTi. niko firosmanaSvilis<br />

daqaragmebuli azrovneba ki is xalxuri misterialuri<br />

warmosaxvaa, romelmac tradiciis konstantobaze unda<br />

migvaniSnos. amrigad, niko firosmanis SemoqmedebiT warmarTulma<br />

ei ko nu r m a s a xeeb m a _ q r i s ti a nu l s i m b oli ka S i<br />

transformirebulma, XX s.-is pirvel aTwleulebamde SemoaRwia,<br />

radgan mxatvris goneba da suli ar dabindula rTuli da<br />

wiaaRmdegobrivi civilizaciuri danaSrevebiT.<br />

niko firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedebis misamarTiT, angariSgasawevi<br />

azri aqvs gamoTqmuli filosofos mamuka biWaSvils. igi cdilobs<br />

Caswvdes firosmanis naratiuli diskursis siRrmiseul sawyisebs<br />

da am aspeqtiT miaCnia, rom firosmanis esa Tu is namuSevari<br />

274 275

irine abesaZe<br />

gaazrebul unda iqnes ara mxatvrul asaxvad, aramed TviTkmar da<br />

TavisTavad fenomenad, romliTac yofiereba aCvenebs Tavs. firosmani<br />

am azriT SeiZleba CaiTvalos yofierebis pirvelsawyisebze<br />

mTxrobelad. filosofosi, rakiRa ikvlevs firosmanis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi sawyisiseul fenomenebs, erT uTuod gasaziarebel<br />

sakiTxsac wamoswevs. igi mxatvris SemoqmedebaSi xedavs arqauli<br />

periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSans, romelic xasiaTdeba<br />

sxvadasxva pirobiTi sceniT gamoxatuli SetyobinebiT, rac erTgvar<br />

piqtografiul etaps uaxlovdeba, im Soreul warsuls, roca<br />

damwerloba da mxatvroba erTmaneTisgan jerac ar iyo gamijnuli.<br />

aqedan gamomdimare, m. biWaSvilis azriT, n. firosmanaSvilis<br />

kompoziciebi imgvarive wakiTxvas eqvemdebareba, rogorc es, arqaul<br />

kedlis mxatvrobaSi iyo. filosofosi Tvlis, rom firosmanis<br />

fenomeni im arqauli gagebiT aris saintereso, romelic gvarwmunebs,<br />

`rom sagani imdenad ki ar aRiniSneba naxatiT, ramdenadac Tavad<br />

sityvaa gacxadebuli sagani~. 3<br />

niko firosmanis Semoqmedebis SesaniSnavi mkvlevarebis: erasti<br />

kuznecovis, qeTevan bagratiSvilis, giorgi xoStarias, gaston<br />

buaCiZis da reJis geros msgavsad, filosofosi yuradRebas<br />

miapyrobs firosmanis mier sakuTari nawarmoebebis saxeldebis<br />

arastandartulobaze da maTi (saxelwodebaTa) mxatvruli<br />

kompoziciebis organul nawilad qcevaze.<br />

es ki firosmanis is gzavnilia, is Setyobinebaa<br />

STamomavlobisadmi, romelic msoflios nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis<br />

zneobrivi simarTlis aRmniSvneli sityvad qceuli gamosaxulebaa,<br />

maradiul miTologemad aRqmuli.<br />

1. vaxtang beriZe, niko firosmanaSvili, Tb. <strong>2008</strong>;<br />

2. niko firosmanaSvilis Sesaxeb naSromebis miTiTeba ix. i. abesaZe,<br />

q.bagratiSvili, dimitri SevardnaZe, Tb., 1998. gv.183-209; aseve, albomi<br />

`Нико Пиросманашвили (вступ. статья Э. Д. Кузнецова), каталог<br />

К.Багратишвили, Л., 1985;<br />

3. m. biWaSvili, instrumentariebi firosmanis naratiuli diskursis<br />

formaluri analizisaTvis, `axali paradigmebi~, #1,1998, gv 68-82.<br />

arqiteqturis simbolika<br />

(qristianuli saqarTvelo)<br />

nato gengiuri,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis TiToeuli etapi<br />

gviCvenebs, rom simboluri azrovneba kulturis ganuyofeli<br />

nawilia. Tumca isic aSkaraa, rom simboloTa arsi ar aris<br />

erTxel da samudamod SemuSavebuli da yovel kulturas axali<br />

sistema, niSan-Tvisebebi anda Zvelis gadasxvafereba moaqvs.<br />

simbolo gansakuTrebul Taviseburebebs iZens qristianul<br />

epoqaSi da yalibdeba erTian sistemad, romelic SesaZloa,<br />

erTdroulad axasiaTebdes mTels saqristianos anda adgilobriv<br />

kulturebSi gansxvavebulad svamdes aqcentebs.<br />

erTi SexedviT, iseT `funqcionalur~ xelovnebaSi, rogoric<br />

arqiteqturaa mistikuri azri da farul mniSvnelobaze<br />

miniSnebebi naklebad unda vlindebodes. magram es mxolod<br />

erTi SexedviTaa ase... gamokvlevebi mowmobs, rom arqiteqtura<br />

Tavisi `abstragirebuli~, geometriuli formebiT ideebisa da<br />

idumali mniSvnelobebis damtevi da gamomxatvelia. arqiteqturis<br />

formebSi idumali azris amocnoba, misi simbolikis gaSifvra<br />

misi Seswavlis erT-erTi amocanaa da es meTodi ucxour<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi ukve didi xania arsebobs. dasavleT<br />

evropaSi taZris calkeuli nawilisa da misi mTeli organizaciis<br />

mniSvnelobis ganmarteba istoriul wyaroebSic dasturdeba<br />

da es arqiteqturis simbolur axsnaSi arsebiTia. CvenTan am<br />

mxriv gansxvavebuli suraTia: Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis<br />

kvlevas stilisturi analizis meTodiT ukve didi xnis istoria<br />

gaaCnia. magram misi simbolikis, arqiteqturul formebSi<br />

saRvTismetyvelo Tvalsazrisis gamoxatvis Taviseburebani Cvens<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi ar gamxdara sagagngebo kvlevis sagani.<br />

aRniSnuli midgomiT dawerili ramdenime statia mxolod<br />

ukanasknel xans gamoCnda. es garemoeba mkvlevarTa winaSe axal<br />

amocanebs svams. gasarkvevia simboluri mimarTebebi qarTuli<br />

xuroTmoZRvrebis calkeuli nimuSis da aseve sxvadasxva<br />

istoriuli etapis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi, arqiteqturis<br />

276 277

nato gengiuri<br />

arqiteqturis simbolika<br />

simbolikisadmi, misi konkretuli gamovlinebisadmi Cveni da<br />

saqristianos sxva qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebis msgavseba-<br />

Taviseburebani da sxva sakiTxebi, romelebic sabolood gvexmareba<br />

individualuri kulturis axali Sreebi gavacnobieroT.<br />

bunebrivia, am mcire moxsenebaSi yvela aRniSnuli sakiTxi ver<br />

iqneba warmoCenili. Tumca calkeuli dakvirvebebis warmodgena<br />

savsebiT SesaZlebelia.<br />

niSandoblivia, rom qriatianobis gavrcelebis pirvel<br />

saukuneebSi wminda mamebma uari Tqves taZris mSeneblobaze.<br />

maT ar sjerodaT, rom materialur sagnebs SeuZliaT sulier<br />

gamomsaxvelobas flobdnen: `ra taZari unda avuSeno, roca<br />

mTeli es samyaro, mis mier Seqmnili, mas ver itevs?~ 1 _<br />

kiTxulobdnen isini da sjerodaT, rom ufals ar esaWiroeboda<br />

saxli, specialurad aSenebuli samyofeli, morwmuneebs is sakuTar<br />

gonebaSi da gulSi unda SeeSvaT.<br />

IV s-is dasawyisSi mdgomareoba mkveTrad icvleba: 313 wlis<br />

milanis ediqtiT qristianoba romis mTeli imperiis masStabiT<br />

oficialurad aRiares da daiwyo eklesiaTa intensiuri<br />

mSeneblobani. magram Zveli Teologiuri Sexedulebebi ar<br />

Secvlila. qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi Camoyalibebuli<br />

principebi ara Tu rCeba, ganmsazRvreli orientiris rolsac<br />

ki asrulebs: amieridan qristianuli taZari idealuri samyaros<br />

gamomxatveli unda gamxdariyo. amitom im droisaTvis cnobili<br />

arqiteqturuli kompoziciebi `qristianuli ideebis samyaroSi<br />

gadaitanes~. 2 qristianuli arqiteqtura da misi calkeuli<br />

elementi Teologiuri warmodgenebis, samyaros kosmiuri<br />

agebulebis da urTierTkavSirebis gamomxatveli gaxda.<br />

sainteresoa, ras gviCvenebs qarTuli masala. am kuTxiT<br />

mimovixilav arqiteqturaSi simbolikis gamovlenis sam dones.<br />

erTi es gaxlavT qalaqTa arqiteqtura, meore _ TviT eklesiaTa<br />

agebuleba da mesame, calkeul arqiteqturul formebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli simbolika.<br />

1. cnobilia, rom qristianobamdeli mcxeTis centri da<br />

ZiriTadi ubnebi iq ar iyo, sadac axlaa: is mtkvris marjvena<br />

sanapiroze mdebareobda. 3 mcxeTam IV s-Si, gaqristianebis Semdeg,<br />

icvala saxe: axal mSeneblobebs safuZveli Caeyara mtkvris<br />

marjvena sanapiroze. uflis kvarTis dakrZalvis adgili ki<br />

axali centri gaxda. swored mis garSemo moxda SenobaTa<br />

koncentracia. pirvel rigSi, Sendeba sveticxovlis uZvelesi<br />

taZari, magram amas garda sxva saintereso faqtebsac aqvs adgili:<br />

mtkvris napiras, mcxeTelebis monaTvlis adgilas daarsda,<br />

beTlemis eklesia (mRvimeSi). saxelwodeba beTlemi, bunebrivia,<br />

SemTxveviTi araa: qarTvelTa monaTvla simbolurad asocirdeboda<br />

sulier SobasTan.<br />

aSenda aseve Taboris eklesia, romelic wm. ninos mier<br />

feriscvalebis dRes kerpebis Semusvris aRsaniSnavad dafuZnda.<br />

wm. ninos locvis adgilas, mTaze, didi jvari aRimarTa. Semdgom<br />

iq jvris taZrebi aSenda. es adgili golgoTad iwodeboda. 4<br />

sveticxovlis garSemo aSenda sxva eklesiebic: geTsimania,<br />

antioqia. 5 rogorc vxedavT, eklesiaTa saxelwodebebi pirdapir<br />

ukavSirdeba wminda miwas, kerZod, qristes cxovrebasTan<br />

dakavSirebul adgilebs: beTlemi _ qristes Sobas, Tabori _<br />

qristes feriscvalebas, geTsimania _ qristes ukanaskneli<br />

locvisa da RvTismSoblis saflavis adgils, golgoTa _<br />

jvarcmas... amdenad, qalaqis arqiteqtura mTavari siwmindeebis<br />

_ eklesiebis _ ganlagebiT simboluri paralelebis princips<br />

eqvemdebareba. qristianuli mcxeTa simbolurad ierusalims<br />

imeorebda da amiT is acxadebda qristianuli samyaros wilobas.<br />

saintereso isicaa, rom mogvianebiT, rodesac Tbilis-qalaqis<br />

mSenebloba daiwyo, igive principi iqna arCeuli: imTaviTve<br />

`arqiteqturulad~ moiniSna qalaqis wminda adgilebi da isini<br />

ierusalimuri saxelwodebebiT akurTxes: beTlemi, sioni, Tabori,<br />

metexis RvTismSobeli, romelic `ierusalimSi geTsimaniis baRSi<br />

RvTismSoblis saflavze agebul eklesias mianiSnebda.~ 6 mcxeTisa<br />

da Tbilisis magaliTze kargad Cans, rom qristianobis<br />

damkvidrebisTanave qalaqebic ki simbolurad iqna gaazrebuli.<br />

isini ganixileboda wminda miwis simbolur xatebad. am fonze<br />

aSkaraa, rom saqarTveloSi aSenebuli eklesiebic SeuZlebelia<br />

yofiliyo `SemTxveviTi~ formisa, is warmoadgenda religiuri<br />

azris nivTier gamoxatulebas, religiuri moTxovnebis Tavisebur<br />

mxatvrul pasuxs.<br />

2. TviT sakulto Senobaze saubrisas am mcire moxsenebaSi,<br />

bunebrivia, ver gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas yovel konkretul<br />

tipze da gamovlinebaze da zogadi mniSvnelobis momentebiT<br />

278 279

nato gengiuri<br />

SemovifarglebiT: eklesiis xuroTmoZRvruli forma didwilad<br />

ganpirobebulia misi sakraluri mniSvnelobiT. upirvelesad is<br />

warmoadgens samyaros Tavisebur xats, miwaze arsebul sakralur<br />

sivrces, sadac kedlebi gaiazreba ori samyaros _ saaqaosa da<br />

sauflos _ simbolur sazRvrad. sarkmlebi da Sesasvlelebi<br />

ki am sazRvarSi, zRudeSi gaWrili Riobebia, ori samyaros<br />

makavSrebeli rgolebi. SigniT eklesia ori umTavresi nawilis<br />

momcvelia: morwmuneTaTvis gankuTvnili ZiriTadi sivrce da<br />

sakurTxeveli. Sida sivrcis umTavresi siwminde, sakurTxeveli<br />

naxevarwriuli moxazulobis kedliT _ afsidiTaa gamoyofili.<br />

amasac Tavsi mniSvneloba gaaCnia: wre, rogorc usasrulobis<br />

simbolo, zeciur samyaroze mianiSnebs iseve, rogorc gadaxurva,<br />

romelic, gamonaklisis gareSe, kamarovania da ara brtyeli da<br />

amiT zeciuri sauflos maradisobis gamomxatvelia. amdenad,<br />

eklesiis agebuleba da calkeuli nawilis forma konkretul<br />

azrs itevs, magram am azrisa da mniSvnelobis xazgasma<br />

mravalferovani mxatvruli xerxebiT xdeba da Seesabameba<br />

erovnuli xuroTmoZRvrebis individualur esTetikas, xasiaTs,<br />

ostatis SemoqmedebiT alRos.<br />

adreqristianul xanaSi eklesiis sxvadasxva nawilis<br />

simbolur azrze miniSnebas qarTveli xuroTmoZRvarni<br />

mxatvruli xerxebis Taviseburi gamoyenebiT axdenen. gvaqvs<br />

uZvelesi eklesiebis nimuSebi, sadac kamara, sakurTxeveli, karsarkmelTa<br />

garSemo kedlebi gansxvavebuli feris masaliT Sendeba,<br />

gamoiyofa rogorc gansakuTrebuli areebi da amiT maT Sinagan<br />

azrze xdeba miniSneba. magaliTad, qvemo bolnisis VI s-is<br />

taZari, sadac sakurTxevelis kuTxeebi, konqi, kamara mocisferofiruzisferi<br />

qviT aris aSenebuli da eklesiis sxva<br />

moyviTaloqviSisferi kedlebis fonze gamoikveTeba.<br />

ramdenadac eklesiis Sesasveli sauflosTan Sexvedris<br />

saSualebaa, misi aqcentireba, arqiteqturul-mxatvruli xerxebiT<br />

gamoyofa gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens; es mravali qarTuli<br />

Zeglis magaliTzec dasturdeba. isini gviCvenebs SesasvlelTa<br />

sxvadasxva mxatvruli xerxiT gamoyofis magaliTs: jer kidev<br />

V s-is bolnisis sionSi gvxvdeba TaRebiT gaxsnili karibWe,<br />

romelic fasadze Sesasvlels gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />

arqiteqturis simbolika<br />

aniWebs. igive iTqmis svetebis kapitelebze ganTavsebul<br />

reliefebze, romelic samoTxis da samoTxisken swrafvis<br />

simboluri gansaxierebaa. amave mizans emsaxureba karze<br />

ganTavsebuli reliefi, romlis Temac konkretul Sinaarsze<br />

migvaniSnebs. magaliTad, kompoziciebi irmebiT an SvlebiT<br />

morwmuneTa RvTisken swrafvas ganasaxierebs (bolnisis sioni,<br />

atenis sioni) da xazs usvams eklesiis karis mniSvnelobas,<br />

rogorc am miswrafebis dakmayofilebis gzas. sxva SemTxvevaSi<br />

karis timpanze gvxvdeba `qristes amaRlebis~ (mcxeTis jvari,<br />

qvemo bolnisi), `RvTismSoblis amaRlebis~, anda `jvris<br />

amaRlebis~ scenebi. aqac konkretuli miniSnebaa: macxovari TviTon<br />

acxadebs: `me var kari: Cem mier Tu vinme Sevides cxondes~<br />

(ioane, 19; 7,10).<br />

eklesiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti taZris qveynis<br />

mxareebze orientirebaa. cnobilia, rom eklesiis mTavari<br />

sakraluri adgili _ sakurTxeveli, aRmosavleTiT aris<br />

ganTavsebuli da es mTeli saqristianos sayovelTao wesia.<br />

bunebrivia, es qveynierebis mxareebis simbolur gagebas ukavSirdeba:<br />

aRmosavleTi, saidanac mze amodis, saidanac sinaTle ibadeba<br />

qristesTan da sarwmunoebriv sinaTlesTan aris gaigivebuli. 7<br />

dasavleTi ki, piriqiT, sibnelesTan da eSmakeul ZalebTan, radgan<br />

iq mze Cadis, sinaTle qreba. samxreTi sinaTlisa da siTbos<br />

mxarea, xolo CrdiloeTi _ Crdilisa da sicivis. erTia<br />

warmodgenebi, simbolika da meore is, Tu rogor gamoixata<br />

azri formaSi, ra dabada religiisa da xelovnebis kacSirma.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom am warmodgenaTa mxatvruli Sedegi<br />

gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi. ase magaliTad, dasavleT<br />

evropul sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi romanul da guTur<br />

arqiteqturaSi mkafio mxatvruli aqcentia dasmuli eklesiis<br />

dasavleT fasadze. es mxare mdidruladaa gaformebuli da<br />

CuqurTmiTa da qandakebebiT morTuli mTavari karic am mxares<br />

Tavsdeba. Tu qristianTa warmodgenaSi dasavleTi boroti<br />

Zalebisa da sulieri sibnelis mxarea, ratomaa, rom guTur<br />

taZarSi mdidrulad morTuli dasavleTi fasadia mTavari? es<br />

unda ganasaxierebdes miwieri samyarodan qristianTa sulier<br />

sinaTleSi _ eklesiaSi _ gadasvlis simbolur azrs. aq<br />

280 281

nato gengiuri<br />

mniSvnelovania sxva arqiteqturuli formebic, romelic dasavleT<br />

fasadis aucilebeli elementia. esaa koSkebi, romelnic,<br />

Cveulebriv, cixe-simagreTa nawilia da qristianuli<br />

warmodgenebiTac mtruli, bneli Zalebisagan dacvis azrs atarebs. 8<br />

swored am azriTaa koSki moxseniebuli fsalmunSic: `...Sena<br />

xar Cemi mfarveli, Zlieri koSki xar mtrisagan damcveli~<br />

(fsal. 60,4).<br />

sxva suraTia adreuli periodis qarTul eklesiebSi.<br />

eklesiebi TiTqos `zurgs aqceven~ dasavleTs: SemorCenil uadres<br />

nagebobebs (nekresis bazilika – IV s., samTavros mcire eklesia<br />

– IV s., zeganis wm. marine _ V s., bolnisis sioni _ V s., qvemobolnisi,<br />

ruispiri, _ VI s., mcxeTis jvari – 586/587-604/605<br />

ww., atenis sioni VII s., samwevrisi VII s. da a.S.) dasavleTiT,<br />

an sruliad yru kedeli aqvs, karis gareSe, anda mcire zomis<br />

SesasvleliT gamoiyofa maSin, rodesac samxreTidan kari xSirad<br />

TaRebiani karibWiT aqcentirdeba. qarTuli eklesiebisTvis<br />

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania aRmosavleTi da samxreTi<br />

fasadebi, rogorc sinaTlis mxareebi, xolo dasavleTisa _<br />

umeteswilad mxatvruli aqcentirebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

ignorirebulia.<br />

TviT Senobis nawilebis arqiteqturuli forma zogjer<br />

`asociaciur simboloebs~ warmoadgens. am momentze pirvelad<br />

yuradReba gaamaxvila r. krauthaimerma 1940-ian wlebSi. man<br />

SeamCnia, rom adreqristianul romSi gavrcelebuli sanaTlavebi<br />

oqtogonuri formisa. amiT maTi forma imeorebda antikuri<br />

samarxebis arqiteqturas. is ki Tvlida, rom baptisteriumis<br />

kompozicia antikuri samarxis agebulebas eyrdnoba da es kavSiri<br />

misi Zveli funqciis simboluri gadaazrebiTaa ganpirobebuli:<br />

qristianebisTvis naTlisRebisas morwmune simbolurad imeorebs<br />

qristes gardacvalebas da kvlav aRdgomas, sulier dabadebas.<br />

CvenSi sanaTlavebis sul sxva forma dasturdeba, magram<br />

simbolur asociascasTan aqac unda gvqondes saqme. bolnisis<br />

sioniSi 9 SemorCa sanaTlavebis adreuli orafsidiani varianti.<br />

misi forma gansxvavebulia romauli sanaTlavisagan. is ar<br />

aris oqtogoni, mas orafsidiani kompozicia aqvs. amiT bolnisis<br />

sanaTlavi uaxlovdeba antikuri abanos sivrces, romelsac msgavsi,<br />

arqiteqturis simbolika<br />

orafsidiani struqtura hqonda da romlis nimuSebic moipoveba<br />

rogorc dasvleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. qristianuli<br />

sanaTlavisaTvis orafsidiani formis miniWeba unda<br />

ukavSirdebodes naTlobiT sulieri ganbanvis, xelaxla Sobis<br />

asociaciur xats.<br />

yovelive mowmobs, rom religiuri warmodgenebi erTia mTeli<br />

saqristianosTvis, konkretuli ganxorcieleba, mxatvruli<br />

gadawyveta gansxvavebul nawarmoebebs warmoSobs. religiisa<br />

da xelovnebis kavSiriT ibadeba ganumeorebeli nawarmoebebi,<br />

romelnic adgilobrivi tradiciisa da esTetikuri SegrZnebiT<br />

aris nakarnaxevi da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis TviTmyofad<br />

saxes gansazRvravs. swored ise, rogorc locvisas: `mamao Cvenos~<br />

Sinaarsi yvelasTvis erTnairia, magram yvela enaze is<br />

gansxvavebulad JRers.<br />

1. Октавий Марка Минуция Феликса, XXXII. «Сочинения древних<br />

христианских апологетов», М., 1867 стр. 358;<br />

2. Комеч А. И.. Символика архитектурных форм в раннем<br />

христианстве, в книге: «Искуство западной Европы и Византии», М.,<br />

1978, стр. 214;<br />

3. a. afaqiZe, g. gobejiSvili, a. kalandaZe, g. lomTaTiZe. mcxeTa,<br />

arqeologiis kvlevis Sedegebi, t.I, Tb. 1955;<br />

4. saqarTvelis Zveli qalaqebi. mcxeTa, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 35;<br />

5. sxva eklesiebi aSenda wm. ninos moRvaweobis adgilebSi. mag.<br />

samTavro;<br />

6. saqarTvelis Zveli qalaqebi. Tbilisi, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 19;<br />

7. Becker U., Lexikon der Symbole, Freiburg-Basel-Wien, 1992;<br />

8. Osb D.F., Die Welt der Symbole, Insbruck-Wien-München, 1967, P. 393;<br />

9. sanaTlavebi SemorCa aseve, javaxeTis wyarosTavSi, ninowmindaSi<br />

(da, albaT, manglisSic). g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis<br />

istoria, Tb. 1936.<br />

282 283

qeTevan kinwuraSvili,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

interteqstualuri TamaSi da `narativis<br />

intriga~ giorgi aleqsi-mesxiSvilis<br />

scenografiul namuSevrebSi<br />

gogi mesxiSvili Tavis scenografiul da aseve ara-saTeatro<br />

namuSevrebSi xSirad iyenebs xelovnebis cnobil nimuSTa<br />

reproduqciebs. amis yvelaze naTeli da yvelasTvis nacnobi<br />

magaliTia `kavakasiuri carcis wre,~ sadac leonardo da vinCis<br />

`madona lita~ piesis da speqtaklis mTavar Temas usvamda<br />

xazs da metaforul mniSvnelobas iZenda. amgvarad, mas erTgvari<br />

teqstis funqcia hqonda, romelic dakvirvebul mkiTxvels unda<br />

`waekiTxa.~ 1<br />

Teatris mxatvrisTvis sxvadasxva epoqis gasacocxleblad<br />

xelovnebis nimuSebi da maTi reproduqciebi mniSvnelovan<br />

dokumentebs warmoadgenen. magram gogi mesxiSvilTan, rogorc<br />

postmodernulad moazrovne mxatvarTan, es saSualeba vizualur<br />

dokumentur wyaroze gacilebiT Rrma da mravalferovan<br />

mxatvrul-Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas iZens. warsulis mxatvruli<br />

nimuSebi masTan asociaciebis asaxvis, drosTan dialogis,<br />

esTetikuri samyaros Seqmnis (da ara epoqis restavrirebis),<br />

azris (ideis) niSnebSi Cvenebis, gaxsnis safuZvelia.<br />

`kavkasiur carcis wreSi~ reproduqciebi pop artistuli<br />

scenuri kolaJis nawilebs warmoadgenda. isini citatebis saxiT<br />

iyo mowodebuli. am xerxma Semdgom mesxiSvilis sxva namuSevrebSi<br />

pova ganviTareba, scenazec da mis miRmac _ dazgur kolaJebSi.<br />

reproduqciebis saSulebiT mxatvari ara mxolod esTetikur,<br />

aramed fabulur kodebs qmnida da yvela SemTxvevaSi<br />

postmodernis xanis inteleqtualur damTvalierebels an<br />

wamkiTxvels eloda, romelic interteqstualuri kodebisTvis<br />

Tvalis gadevnebiT siamovnebis miRebasTan erTad axali<br />

informaciis miRebisaTvis aris ganwyobili.<br />

am adreul etapze reproduqcia an misi fragmenti<br />

mesxiSvilTan pirvelwyaros aslia _ sasceno sivrceSi, kolaJSi<br />

an asamblaJSi CarTuli, Sesabamisad gansxvavebul masStabSi<br />

gadatanili, axal konteqstSi moqceuli, magram mainc misi<br />

ganmeoreba _ citata. Semdgom, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, xelovnebis<br />

nimuSebi sul ufro mravalferovan da rTul konteqstSi Cndebian<br />

mesxiSvilis namuSevrebSi da amis erT-erTi magaliTia mis mier<br />

2007 wlis bolos Seqmnili maketebi Sileris dramisaTvis<br />

`don karlosi~ (reJisori Temur CxeiZe, peterburgis didi<br />

dramatuli Teatri).<br />

speqtaklisTvis mxatvarma ramdenime gansxvavebuli maketi Seqmna.<br />

pirvelive variantSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTmaneTze gadabmuli<br />

gadaSlili wignebis mwkrivebi scenis kedlebze, rac epoqebTan,<br />

teqstebTan, warsulTan dialogze migviTiTebs. garda amisa, scenaze<br />

gamarTul ekranze proecirdeba espaneli keTilSobili qalis<br />

gamosaxuleba. es aris reproduqcia velaskesis suraTisa -<br />

`qali maraoTi.~ es gamosaxuleba SeiZleba aRviqvaT dedoflis<br />

portretad, romelic mis apartamentSi hkidia. Tumca, es ufro<br />

anareklia, warsulze fiqria, masTan dialogia, miT umetes, rom<br />

ekranze proecirebuli gamosaxuleba gabundovanebulia da<br />

ganaTebiT Secvlili. uSualod sasceno moedanze moTavsebul<br />

figurebs velaskesis `meninebis~ da sxva espaneli mxatvrebis<br />

suraTebis asociaciebiT Seqmnili kostiumebi mosavT. TiToeuli<br />

kostiumi erTi feris aris, magram morTulia Sesabamisi feris<br />

brWyviala detalebiT. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos<br />

figurebi zardaxSidan arian gadmosulebi (zardaxSa is nivTia,<br />

romelsac sakvanZo mniSvneloba eniWeba Sileris piesaSi) da<br />

yvelaferi erTad kriala Sav iatakSi airekleba. garemoSic da<br />

kostiumebSic Savi feri dominirebs, romelic espanel<br />

keTilSoblTa maTi portretebidan cnobil CacmulobasTan<br />

asocirdeba. kidev erTi elementia Semodgomis foTlebis grovebi,<br />

romlebic mxatvris CanafiqriT scenaze unda iwvodes xolme<br />

da, ra Tqma unda, don karlosis da dedoflis da, saerTod,<br />

siyvarulis poetur metaforas warmoadgens. piesasTan mimarTebiT<br />

es imiTac aris gamarTlebuli, rom zogi scena dramis mixedviT<br />

samefo baRSi mimdinareobs. amgvarad, rogorc Tanamedrove<br />

scenografiul modelSi aq zRvari interiersa da eqsteriers<br />

Soris waSlilia.<br />

meore maketSi wignebis motivs ufro meti mxatvruli<br />

datvirTva eniWeba. gadabmuli wignebis rigebia kedlebze da<br />

284 285

qeTevan kinwuraSvili<br />

interteqstualuri TamaSi da `narativis intriga~<br />

giorgi aleqsi-mesxiSvilis scenografiul namuSevrebSi<br />

saTamaSo moedanzec. ganaTebis sxivebTan erTad swored wignebi<br />

qmnian scenografiul garemos. iataki ar krialebs. saerTo<br />

koloriti ufo naTelia. msaxiobebis Cacmuloba siluetebis<br />

da faqturis mixedviT ufro sada da gaTanamedovebulia.<br />

velaskesis suraTma da piesis fabulam mxatvars, etyoba<br />

kidev meti saidumloTi moculi scenis Seqmnisken ubiZga da<br />

momdevno variantSi velaskesis suraTi scenis centrSi did<br />

linzaze gadainacvlebs. is aRiqmeba rogorc uzarmazari<br />

medalioni. medalioni kidev erTi nivTia, romelzec<br />

gamaxvilebulia yuradReba piesis teqstSi da remarkebSic.<br />

mTlianad saTamaSo moedani am SemTxvevaSi cilindrSia moqceuli,<br />

romelic ixsneba da ixureba da idumalebiT mosavs scenaze<br />

warmodgenil istorias. cilindrTan mdgari figurebis ganlageba<br />

da maTi saidumlos Semcvel sivrcesTan mimarTeba mogvagonebs<br />

velaskesis suraTs `mediCis vila,~ romelic aseve figurirebs<br />

mesxiSvilis mier am speqtaklisTvis Sekrebil `Sav~ masalaSi.<br />

Semdgom variantSi imave linzaze mxolod niRabafarebuli<br />

Tvalia datovebuli da es gamosaxuleba ukve gogi mesxiSvilis<br />

adreul namuSevrebTan povebs gadaZaxils, pirvel rigSi, kolaJTan<br />

- `Tvali,~ romelic CarTuli iyo mis mier qarTuli anabanis<br />

Temaze Seqmnil instalaciaSi (2001). kolaJSi mxatvari<br />

gamoxedvis idumalebas asaxavs, afiqsirebs, cdilobs gaxsnas, Tu<br />

ganmartos. `don karlosis~ am maketSi ganaTebis zemoqmedebiT<br />

centraluri linza mTlianad Tvals emsgavseba xolme.<br />

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi mesxiSvili qmnis sasceno saTamaSo<br />

models, sadac arc interieria asaxuli, arc eqsterieri.<br />

konkretuli drois SegrZneba nivelirebulia. Tu aris miniSneba<br />

drosa da adgil ze, mxolod _ as oc i ac iu ri da<br />

interteqstualuri. reproduqcia anareklis, Soreuli miniSnebis<br />

saxiT aris mowodebuli da ara pirdapiri saxiT. garemo<br />

asociaciuri niSnebiT aris datvirTuli, magram es niSnebi<br />

agresiul xasiaTs ar atareben, ar iTxoven `amoxsnas,~ aramed<br />

atmosferoSi gviTreven, ganwyobas qmnian.<br />

yoveli varianti mxatvris xeliT kidev mravlgvarad<br />

gardaiqmneba, radgan is ganaTebis zemoqmedebiT da figurebis<br />

da detalebis adgilebis SenacvlebiT cvlis ganwyobas, Sinaarss,<br />

emociur muxts. am scenebs mesxiSvili fotoaparatiT afiqsirebs<br />

da iqmneba uxmo mini speqtaklebi, sadac monawile pirTa modelebi<br />

`asruleben rolebs.~<br />

mTeli es procesi erTgvari interteqstualuri TamaSia _<br />

gadaZaxili epoqebTan, literaturis da xelovnebis nimuSebTan,<br />

Tavad mxatvris namuSevrebTan. ideasTan TamaSi asociaciuri<br />

TamaSia. aq amgvari TamaSi mravalferovan da mravalgvar Sedegs<br />

iZleva da seriebis saxiT fiqsirdeba, sadac Cven mxatvris<br />

fiqris procesis Tanamoziareni vxdebiT.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT is, rasac mxatvari saxeebiT warmogvidgens,<br />

erTgvari teqstia, monaTxrobia, am SemTxvevaSi eleqtronuli<br />

teqstic kia, radgan is yovel axal scenas dijitaluri failis<br />

saxiT inaxavs.<br />

am dros nawilobriv icvleba saxeebi, garkveul Sinaarsobriv<br />

cvlilebasac aqvs adgili, magram ZiriTadi, rac marTavs mTel<br />

am process, ar icvleba. es literaturul da mxatvrul saxeebSi<br />

Sefarul saidumlosTan TamaSis, misi idumalebis warmoCenis<br />

da idumalebiTve Semosvis procesia. umberto ekos sityvebs<br />

Tu gamoviyenebT, `...intriga imaSia, rom axali istoria gansxvavdeba<br />

winamorbedisgan, magram sinamdvileSi naratiuli intriga ar<br />

icvleba. 2<br />

umberto ekosve ganmartebiT, interteqstualuri dialogi<br />

warmoadgens fenomens, rodesac mocemul teqstSi eqosaviT<br />

gamoZaxils povebs winamorbedi teqstebi. 3 gogi mesxiSvilis am<br />

namuSevrebSi gamoZaxils povebs Sileris piesis teqsti;<br />

araverbaluri, velaskesiseuli `teqsti,~ radgan mesxiSvilTan<br />

mimdinareobs dialogi didi espanelis saxeebTan; TviT<br />

mesxiSvilis adreuli namuSevrebi; da konkretuli<br />

speqtaklisTvis Seqmnili winamorbedi variantebi.<br />

Sedegad viRebT SesaZlebel samyaroTa variantebs an maT<br />

modelebs, konceftualur saxeebSi dafiqsirebul mxatvrul<br />

`teqstebs,~ seriebs, romelTa Tvalis gadevneba da `wakiTxva,~<br />

fabuluri molodinebi gvaniWebs xelovnebis nimuSTan gacnobis<br />

siamovnebas. am SemTxvevaSi variaciuloba - dausruleblad<br />

varirebis SesaZlebloba - warmoadgens formalur princi ps<br />

da, swored, am principSi mdgomareobs mesxiSvilis namuSevarTa<br />

inovaciuroba. aq naivuri adresati warmoudgenelia. dasaSvebia<br />

mxolod kritikuli adresati (ekos diferenciacia),<br />

286 287

qeTevan kinwuraSvili<br />

romlisTvisac sainteresoa Tavad Seqmnis procesi. swored<br />

procesisaTvis Tvalis gadevneba uqmnis damkvirvebels<br />

kmayofilebas, anu akmayofilebs mis esTetikur mgrZnobelobas.<br />

kulturologia<br />

* * *<br />

`don karlosis~ maketebi, rodesac scenaze ori – dedoflis<br />

da don karlosis figurebia datovebuli, mogvagonebs gogi<br />

mesxiSvilis ferweruli namuSevrebis vrcel serias – `paemani.~<br />

msgaveba mJRavndeba kompoziciur wyobaSi, figurebis ganlagebaSi<br />

da urTierTmimarTebaSi, maT Soris aRmocenebul ganwyobaSi da<br />

sxva. es `mesxiSvilis Teatris~ damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa –<br />

Temebi, motivebi, calkeuli detalebi mis SemoqmedebaSi erTi<br />

sferodan meoreSi gadainacvleben da erTsa da imave dros,<br />

Zalian individualur da Zalian mravalferovan gamoxatvas<br />

poveben.<br />

procesualoba, seriuloba, droSi ganvrcoba, sinamdvilis,<br />

rogorc TamaSis, gancda, postmodernuli azrovnebis paradigmebia.<br />

gogi aleqsi-mesxiSvilis mier `don KkarlosisaTvis~<br />

Seqmnili maketebi da eleqtronuli seriebi gviCvenebs, rom,<br />

rodesac Txrobas ar wyvets da muSaobis process afiqsirebs,<br />

is sakuTari Teatris reJisoria. mas speqtaklis scenografiuli<br />

variantebi moqmedebaSi aqvs warmodgenili. amasTan, TiToeuli<br />

am variantebidan Tavisufali interpretaciebisTvis aris<br />

gaxsnili da reJisors farTo asparezi rCeba sakuTari<br />

koncefciis SemoTavazebuli variantebidan SerCeul garemoSi<br />

gasaxsnelad. es imitom, rom mxatvrisaTvis wamyvani TamaSis<br />

momentia _ TamaSis, romelic Teatris arss warmoadgens.<br />

1. q. kinwuraSvili, robert sturuas Teatri da kolaJi postmodernul<br />

epoqaSi, literatura da xelovneba, #9, 2007, gv. 68-71;<br />

2. inovacia da ganmeoreba: modernisa da postmodernis esTetikaTa<br />

Soris,” 1994, Пост-Модернизм, Энциклопедия, Минск, 2001, с. 325;<br />

3. iqve.<br />

288 289

P<br />

revaz balanCivaZe,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

anTropologiuri pedagogika rogorc<br />

ganaTlebis mecniereba<br />

XX saukune bevri axali samecniero disci plinis<br />

CamoyalibebiT aRiniSna.PfilosofiaSi aseTi axali disciplinebia:<br />

`filosofiuri anTropologia~, ~aqsiologia~, ~kulturologia~.<br />

XX saukuneSi daiwyo da axlac grZeldeba filosofiis kidev<br />

erTi axali dargis - `ganaTlebis filosofiis~ Camoyalibebis<br />

procesi. Yyvela am filosofiuri disciplinis gaCenas erTi<br />

saerTo safuZveli /Ziri, mizezi/ gaaCnia da amitomac yvela<br />

maTgani erTimeores ukavSirdeba da erTimeores ganapirobebs.<br />

filosofiuri disciplinebis Camoyalibebis paralelurad<br />

yalibdeba axali kerZo, specialuri mecnierebebi. erT-erTi<br />

aseTi specialuri mecnierebaa `anTropologiuri pedagogika~,<br />

romlis araTu principebze, saxelzedac ki ver SeTanxmebulan<br />

jerjerobiT mecnierebi. zogi mas `anTropologiur pedagogikas~<br />

uwodebs, zogic _ `pedagogiur anTropologias~. umetesoba<br />

orive am saxelwodebas paralelurad xmarobs, rogorc identur<br />

cnebebs. magram, cxadia, isini identuri cnebebi ar arian.<br />

elementaruli logika gveubneba, rom `anTropologiur<br />

pedagogikaSi~ mTeli aqcenti pedagogikaze keTdeba.<br />

`anTropologiuri~ is predikatia, romelic pedagogikas miewereba<br />

da, piriqiT: `pedagogiur anTropologiaSi~ anTropologiaa<br />

mTavari, pedagogiuri ki midgomis kuTxea mxolod.<br />

meore mxriv, aqvs ki ufleba pedagogikis specialists,<br />

ilaparakos ama Tu im saxis /Tundac pedagogiur/<br />

anTropologiaze? Dda Tu mainc ilaparakebs, risi specialisti<br />

gamodis is /nebsiT Tu ineblieT/ - pedagogikis Tu<br />

anTropologiis? TavisTavad cxadia, pedagogikis specialisti<br />

ar unda gascdes pedagogikas da uneblied sxva dargis qomagad<br />

ar unda mogvevlinos. Aamitom ra gansazRvrebac ar unda uZRodes<br />

win pedagogikas, ZiriTad cnebad /sagnad/ pedagogika unda darCes.<br />

amitom Cven migvaCnia, rom axal pedagogiur disciplinas, romelic<br />

jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSia /sazRvargareT. Torem CvenSi<br />

misi xsenebac ki araa, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT Cems wigns<br />

`pedagogikis filosofiuri safuZvlebi da Cemsave statias<br />

`anTropologiuri pedagogika~ Tu `pedagogiuri anTropologia~,<br />

unda ewodos `anTropologiuri pedagogika~ da ara `pedagogiuri<br />

anTropologia~.<br />

raki axali disciplinis saxelwodebis sakiTxi uaRresad<br />

principuli sakiTxia da, faqtobrivad, masze damokidebulia<br />

Cveni Semdgomi msjeloba, aseT faqts gavixseneb: cnobili<br />

germaneli filosofosi da pedagogikis uTvalsaCinoesi<br />

warmomadgeneli oto bolnovi kargaxans xmarobda termins:<br />

`pedagogiuri anTropologia~, magram Tavisi bolo wigni, romelic<br />

1983 wels gamovida, man ase daasaTaura: `anTropologiuri<br />

pedagogika~.Ees, cxadia, SemTxveviT ar momxdara, Tumca, samwuxarod,<br />

bevrisTvis SeumCneveli darCa.<br />

garda oto bolnovisa, `pedagogiur anTropologiasa~ da<br />

`anTropologiur pedagogikaSi~ saintereso naSromebi Seqmnes<br />

rotma, derbolavma, karl dineltim, loxma, langevelgma, finkma,<br />

dikopma, zdarzilma, lidtkem da sxvebma.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev erTi garemoeba: `anTropologia~,<br />

romelic aq pedagogikis msazRvrelad gamodis, aris filosofiuri<br />

anTropologia /anu, mecniereba adamianis arsis Sesaxeb/ da ara<br />

sabunebismetyvelo anTropologia, romelic swavlobs adamianis<br />

sxeuls /simaRle, wona, proporciebi, kanis feri, Tavis qalis<br />

forma da a. S. da romelic gansxvavebuli tipebis dadgenas<br />

cdilobs. pedagogika arc erTs sWirdeba araferSi da arc<br />

meores. Ppirvels imitom, rom adamianis arsi pedagogikis gareSec<br />

da pedagogikis `Carevis~ SemTxvevaSic erTi da igivea, meores<br />

imitom, rom gansxvavebuli anTropologiuri tipebis dadgenas<br />

pedagogika veraferSi daexmareba.<br />

ai, pedagogikas ki namdvilad sWirdeba anTropologia /<br />

cxadia, folosofiuri/. Yyovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

Cveni azriT, pedagogikis specialistebma `pedagogiur<br />

anTropologiaze~ ki ar unda ilaparakon, aramed `anTropologiur<br />

pedagogikaze~, Tuki surT, rom Tavisi dargi Tavadve ar gaauqmon.<br />

aris kidev ori garemoeba, ris gamoc pedagogikis<br />

specialistebi anTropologiur pedagogikasTan SedarebiT dRemde<br />

`pedagogiuri anTropologiis~ termins aniWeben upiratesobas.<br />

290 291

evaz balanCivaZe<br />

anTropologiuri pedagogika rogorc<br />

ganaTlebis mecniereba<br />

Ppirveli kantis avtoritetia. Mman adamianis /da ara bavSvis/<br />

Semswavlel pedagogikas ratomRac `anTropologiuri pedagogika~<br />

uwoda, meore ki is, rom `anTropologiur pedagogikas~ xmarobda<br />

uSinski, Tumca masSi sabunebismetyvelo anTropologias<br />

gulisxmobda da ara filosofiur anTropologias.<br />

orive SemTxvevaSi kontrargumenti erTi da igivea da<br />

umartivesi: arc kantis da arc uSinskis dros `filosofiuri<br />

anTropologia~ ar arsebobda. amitom kanti `pedagogiuri<br />

anTropologiiT~ xazs usvamda pedagogikis mier adamianis<br />

Seswavlis aucileblobas. xolo uSinski gulisxmobda im<br />

sabunebismetyvelo anTropologias, romelic mis dros arsebobda.<br />

axla, roca arsebobs filosofiuri anTropologia Tavisi<br />

didi warmomadgenlebiT – SeleriT, geleniT, roTakeriT da a.<br />

S., saxelwodebiT `anTropologiuri pedagogika~, imas esmeba<br />

xazi, rom Tanamedrove pedagogika unda daefuZnos `filosofiuri<br />

anTropologiis~ monacemebs. raki pedagogikam unda aRzardos<br />

adamiani, unda izrunos misi msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciisa<br />

da RirebulebiTi orientaciis Camoyalibebaze, sworad<br />

gaucnobieros mas Tavisi cxovrebis sazrisi, misi amqveyniuri<br />

vali da daniSnuleba, amitom anTropologia ki ar unda daSendes<br />

pedagogikaze, aramed, piriqiT, pedagogika unda daefuZnos<br />

filosofiur anTropologias, anu, unda gaxdes filosofiuranTropologiuri<br />

pedagogika. aseTia Cveni mtkice pozicia da,<br />

vfiqrobT, es imdenad naTelia, rom aRarc ki aris saWiro damatebiTi<br />

argumentebis Zieba am azris WeSmaritebis dasasabuTeblad.<br />

anTropologiuri pedagogikis upiratesobis ukeT warmoCenis<br />

mizniT igi unda davupirispiroT Zvel, tradiciul pedagogikas,<br />

romlis upirvelesi da umTavresi nakli is iyo, rom igi,<br />

rogorc empiriuli mecniereba, imTaviTve gaemijna filosofias/<br />

man ise daiwyo bavSvis /adamianis/ aRrzda-ganaTlebaze zrunva,<br />

rom arc ki dauyenebia kiTxva: ra aris adamiani, anu ra /vin/<br />

aris is, vis aRzrdasa da ganaTlebasac igi eswrafvis /igulisxmeba,<br />

rom laparakia adamianis arsze, mis ucvlel bunebaze da ara<br />

empiriul adamianze, romlis arseboba araviTar sagangebo<br />

dasabuTebas ar saWiroebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, kerZo<br />

mecnierebebisaTvis mainc/.<br />

da raki empiriuli adamiani, erTi mxriv, TavisSi mraval<br />

sxvadasxva fenas moicavs: boilogiurs, fiziologiurs, fsiqikurs,<br />

cnobiers, xolo, meore mxriv, warmoCindeboda, xan rogorc gonieri<br />

arseba, xanac rogorc zneobrivi, religiuri, esTetikuri,<br />

socialuri da a. S. arseba, Sesabamisad, gaCnda aRzrdis iseTi<br />

saxeebi, rogorebicaa: fizikuri aRzrda, gonebrivi aRzrda,<br />

zneobrivi aRzrda, esTetikuri aRzrda, religiuri aRzrda,<br />

saojaxo aRzrda da a.S.<br />

aRzrdis saxeTa simravles sulac ar gauadvilebia aRzrdis<br />

cnebis definicia. piriqiT, kidev ufro daabundovana da Znelad<br />

misawvdomi gaxada igi.<br />

droTa viTarebaSi aRzrdis zemoCamoTvlili saxeebidan, xan<br />

erTi xdeboda prioritetuli, xan – meore. ase magaliTad,<br />

spartelebTan fizikuri aRzrda iyo prioritetuli, sofistebTan<br />

– gonebrivi, sokratesTan gonebrivi da zneobrivi /ramdenadac<br />

sokrates miaCnda, rom yvela mcodne, gonieri kaci imavdroulad<br />

zneobrivicaa/, aristotelesTan –politikuri, Sua saukuneebSi<br />

_ religiuri da a. S. Sesabamisad, icvleboda aRzrdis cnebis<br />

Sinaarsic. masSi xan codnas eniWeboda upiratesoba, xan –<br />

zneobas, xan – rwmenas, xan – inteleqts, xan – sulierebas.<br />

aRzrda-ganaTlebis sakiTxi mTeli simwvaviT dadga XX<br />

saukunis meore naxevarSi.Aamis upirvelesi mizezi gaxda<br />

mecnierebisa da teqnikis arnaxuli winsvla. am winsvlam, jer<br />

erTi, gaaCina termini `mecnierul-teqnikuri revolucia~, xolo,<br />

meore mxriv, mravali mavne socialuri Sedegi mohyva. maT Soris<br />

erT-erTi bunebis /haeris, wylis, miwis/ dabinZureba-gaWuWyianebaa,<br />

meore ki – adamianis damsgavseba manqanasTan, misi robotizacia,<br />

misi qceva `homo faberad~.<br />

yovelive es ki iman gamoiwvia, rom teqnikam da adamianma<br />

gacvales adgilebi. is, rac adre mizani da umaRlesi Rirebuleba<br />

iyo, axla iqca teqnikis winsvlis saSualebad, xolo is, rac<br />

adre saSualeba iyo, anu teqnika, Tavad iqca miznad. yvelasaTvis<br />

naTeli gaxda teqnikis winsvlas gamodevnebul adamians Seswavlis<br />

gareSe darCa sakuTari Tavi da arc im kiTxvaze gaaCnda pasuxi,<br />

Tu ra aris adamiani, raSi mdgomareobs misi arsi, misi sakuTari<br />

buneba, magram ra aris adamiani ara cxovelTan, sazogadoebasTan<br />

an RmerTTan mimarTebaSi, aramed TavisTavad.<br />

aRniSnulma viTarebam yvelasaTvis gaxada naTeli: bunebis<br />

damorCilebis dauokebeli surviliT Sepyrobil, teqnikiTa da<br />

292 293

evaz balanCivaZe<br />

anTropologiuri pedagogika rogorc<br />

ganaTlebis mecniereba<br />

teqnologiebis winsvliT gatacebul adamians Seuswavleli darCa<br />

sakuTari Tavi, gamorCa misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis<br />

mqone kiTxva: ra aris adamiani? yovelive aman ki aucilebeli<br />

gaxada, Seqmniliyo specialuri filosofiuri disciplina,<br />

romelic gaarkvevda adamianis arss, upasuxebda kiTxvebs: ra<br />

aris adamiani? raSi mdgomareobs misi cxovrebis sazrisi da<br />

amqveyniuri vali, misi Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba. aseTi<br />

filosofiuri disciplina, marTlac Seiqmna da mas `filosofiuei<br />

anTropologia~ ewoda.<br />

filosofiuri anTropologiis Seqmnam dRis wesrigSi<br />

garduvlad daayena pedagogikis modernizaciis, an sulac axali<br />

pedagogikuri disciplinis Seqmnis sakiTxi, romelic aRadgenda<br />

gawyvetil kavSirs filosofiasTan da, pirvel rigSi, mWidro<br />

kontaqts daamyarebda filosofiur anTropologiasTan, rogorc<br />

adamianis Semswavlel filosofiur disciplinasTan. Aamgvari<br />

mWidro kontaqtis xazgasasmelad am axalma pedagogikam<br />

`anTropologiuri pedagogika~, `pedagogiuri anTropologia~<br />

uwoda Tavis Tavs /am saxelwodebaTagan romelia ufro marTebuli,<br />

amaze zemoT ukve gvqonda msjeloba da amitom aq aRar<br />

gavimeorebT/, xolo aRzrdis obieqt-subieqtad bavSvi ki ara,<br />

aramed adamiani gamoacxada.<br />

is viTareba, rom tradiciuli pedagogika bavSvis AaRzrdis<br />

Sesaxeb mecnierebad Camoyalibda, cxadia, Secdoma iyo. Tu<br />

<strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis istorias gadavavlebT<br />

retrospeqtul mzeras, Cven ver vipovniT verc erT SemTxvevas,<br />

roca mecniereba Tavis sakvlev sagans nawilobriv ikvlevdes<br />

da ara mTlianad. warmoudgenelia, magaliTad, biologiam<br />

sicocoxlis kvleva amebiT daiwyos da sadRac, romeliRac<br />

doneze SeaCeros, anu ar miiyvanos es procesi bolomde. raki<br />

biologia aris sicocxlis Sesaxeb mecniereba, igi swavlobs<br />

kidec sicocxles amebidan dawyebuli adamianiT damTavrebuli.<br />

aseve iqceva zoologiac /isic yvela cxovels swavlobs/ da<br />

fsiqologiac /yvela fsiqikur fenomens ikvlevs/. pedagogikis<br />

mxridan imis Tqma: me adamiani marto bavSvobis asakSi mainteresebs<br />

da meti arao, mxolod imis Sedegia, rom pedagogikis Teoriuli<br />

baza veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebda. Tu sxva <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

analogiiT vimsjelebT, maSin pedagogikas adamiani marto bavSvobis<br />

asakSi ki ar unda ainteresebdes, aramed – nebismier asakSi.Aamitom<br />

man Tavis sakvlev sagnad adamianis aRzrda unda gamoacxados<br />

da ara marto - bavSvis.<br />

axali pedagogikuri disci plinis `anTropologiuri<br />

pedagogikis~ upiratesoba tradiciul pedagogikasTan SedarebiT<br />

isaa, rom igi aris mecniereba adamianis aRzrda-ganaTleba-formirebis<br />

Sesaxeb. amasTan, es pedagogika umWidroesad aris dakavSirebuli<br />

filosofiasTan, kerZod, filosofiur anTropologiasTan.<br />

filosofiuri anTropologiis Seqmnam pedagogika `aiZula~,<br />

rom gadaexeda Tavisi cnebiTi aparatisaTvis da, pirvel rigSi,<br />

gaeTvaliswinebina adamianis is axali gageba, romelic damuSavda<br />

filosofiur anTropologiaSi.<br />

ramdenadac adamianis is axali gageba, romelic filosofiurma<br />

anTropologiam wamoayena, imdenad mniSvnelovani gamodga<br />

pedagogikisaTvis, rom igi `anTropologiur pedagogikad~ iqca<br />

/ufro zustad, apirebs qcevas/, SedarebiT vrclad SevCerdeT<br />

masze.<br />

kiTxvaze: ra aris adamiani? filosofiurma anTropologiam<br />

upasuxa, rom adamiani aris erTaderTi arseba, romelsac ara<br />

aqvs winaswardadgenili arsi, gamokveTili da ucvleli buneba.<br />

gansxvavebiT cxovlisagan, romlis buneba ucvlelia, adamianis<br />

buneba cvalebadia.Ees ase unda gavigoT: axaldabadebuli<br />

nebismieri cxoveli /vTqvaT, ZaRli/ imad gaizrdeba, radac daibada.<br />

igi ar icvlis jiSs, `zneobas~. axaldabadebuli bavSvi ki<br />

aravin icis, rogor pirovnebad Camoyalibdeba momavalSi.<br />

Camoyalibdeba rogorc didi mecnieri, eqimi, inJineri, mxatvari,<br />

musikosi, Tu iqceva ukanasknel naZiraladYyvelaferi<br />

damokidebulia imaze, Tu rad aqcevs is Tavis Tavs.<br />

es gansxvaveba imdenad princi pulia, rom maqs Seleri<br />

kategoriuli winaaRmdegia adamianis cnebis amgvari definiciis:<br />

`adamiani aris cxoveli, romelic... `Selers miaCnia: rogoradac<br />

ar unda gavagrZeloT es definicia, ra specialuri niSnebic ar<br />

unda mivaweroT adamians /azrovneba, metyveleba da a. S./, saqmes<br />

ukve araferi eSveleba, radgan ukve naTqvamia is, rac ar unda<br />

Tqmuliyo – adamiani gamocxadebulia cxovelad. cxadia, Seleri<br />

ar uaryofs, rom realuri adamiani biosocialuri arsebaa, magram<br />

WeSmariti adamiani /adamianoba/, misi azriT, iqidan iwyeba, saidanac<br />

294 295

evaz balanCivaZe<br />

anTropologiuri pedagogika rogorc<br />

ganaTlebis mecniereba<br />

is wyvets kavSirs cxovelTan. pirveli niSani imisa, rom adamiani<br />

principulad gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan, swored isaa, rom mas<br />

ara aqvs winaswardadgenili arsi, erTxel da samudamod mocemuli<br />

ucvleli buneba. Tavis arss is TviTon qmnis Tavisi sicocxlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi.Aamas dRes bevri filosofosi aRiarebs, maT Soris,<br />

pirvel rigSi, filosofiuri anTropologiisa da<br />

eqzistencializmis warmomadgenlebi, magaliTad, Jan pol sartri.<br />

adamianis am TvisebaSi igi xedavs mis Tavisuflebas.Dda marTlac,<br />

imaze didi da ukeTesi Tavisufleba ra unda iyos, rac aris is,<br />

rom mouxsna adamians yovelgvari garegani determinanti<br />

/bediswera, RmerTi, aracnobieri, socialuri garemo/ da Tavad<br />

gaxado sakuTari Tavis ufali.<br />

adamianis amgvari Tavisufleba iZleva, sxvaTa Soris,<br />

pedagogikis mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZleblobis dasabuTebas.Dda<br />

ai, ratom: Tu warmovidgenT, rom adamianis buneba /arsi/ ucvlelia,<br />

Tu mas, cxovelis msgavsad, aqvs erTxel da samudamod mocemuli<br />

arsi, maSin mis aRzrda-ganviTarebasac yovelgvari azri daekargeba.<br />

igi iseTive uazroba gaxdeba, rogorc adamianis aRzrda bedis<br />

fataluri garduvalobis arsebobis pirobebSi.<br />

adamianis amgvari Tavisuflebis aRiareba imis saSualebasac<br />

iZleva, rom sworad gadaiWras empirizmisa da nativizmis<br />

urTierTobis sakiTxi pedagogikaSi. Tu adamianis arsi icvleba<br />

/sikeTis an borotebis mimarTulebiT/, Tu adamians SeuZlia,<br />

rogorc piko dela mirandola ityoda, daeSvas cxovelamde an<br />

amaRldes angelozamde, es imas niSnavs, rom adamianis adamianad<br />

qcevaSi socialur garemosTan erTad aRzrdas gadamwyveti<br />

mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />

meore ZiraTadi debuleba filosofiuri anTropologiisa<br />

isaa, rom adamiani aris goniTi arseba da rom goni aris adamianis<br />

specifikuri niSani.<br />

qmnis ra adamianis fenaTa Teorias, maqs Selers miaCnia, rom<br />

adamianis arsebul fenaTa Soris sakuTriv adamianuri aris<br />

goni. gansxvavebiT fsiqika-cnobierebisagan, romlebic uSualod<br />

arian dakavSirebulni sxeulTan /fiziologiurTan/, gons araferi<br />

sarTo ara aqvs sxeulTan. igi ara Tu ar eqvemdebareba sxeuls,<br />

aramed araviTar angariSs ar uwevs mas. Uufro metic, goni<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi upirispirdeba sxeuls.<br />

gons rom SeuZlia daupirispirdes sxeuls, es Zalian kargad<br />

Cans Tavganwirvis magaliTze – adamians SeuZlia, saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi gawiros Tavi, anu, sakuTar sicocxleze Tqvas uari.<br />

goni rom fsiqika-cnobierebisagan gansxvavebuli fenaa<br />

adamianSi, es iqidanac kargad Cans, rom arsebobs mecniereba<br />

fsiqologia, romelic ikvlevs rogorc fsiqikas, ise cnobierebas.<br />

xolo is, rac cnobierebas ikvlevs, cnobierebaze maRla xom<br />

unda idges, masze meti xom unda iyos?<br />

gonis sferoa zneobis sfero, WeSmaritebis sfero, rwmenis<br />

sfero. tradiciuli pedagogika ar icnobda gonis sferos. igi<br />

fsiqika-cnobierebis iqiT ar midioda. Ffilosofiuri<br />

anTropologiisaTvis gonis cneba erT-erTi centraluri cnebaa.<br />

anTropologiurma pedagogikam, upirveles yovlisa, es cneba<br />

gadaiRo filosofiuri anTropologiisagan, ramdenadac igi<br />

adamians ganixilavs rogorc goniT arsebas.<br />

Tu adrindeli /tradiciuli/ pedagogika sagangebod ar<br />

ganixilavda adamianis, pirovnebis, individis, me-s cnebebs,<br />

anTropologiurma pedagogikam ara marto am cnebebis is gageba<br />

unda wamoiRos filosofiuri anTropologiidan, rac aq dadginda<br />

ukve, aramed iseTi cnebebic unda gadmoiRos, rogoricaa<br />

kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebebi da, rac mTavaria, is<br />

gansxvaveba, rasac filosofiuri anTropologia adasturebs am<br />

cnebebs Soris.<br />

aRiarebs ra gons specifikur adamianur niSnad,<br />

anTropologiurma pedagogikam goni da misi `gavrcelebis~<br />

sfero /mecniereba, xelovneba, kultura, religia/ unda ganixilos<br />

rogorc adamianis formirebis specifikuri garemo. filosofiur<br />

anTropologiaze dayrdnobiT anTropologiurma pedagogikam<br />

unda aCvenos, rom swored gonia is, rac adamians aucileblobis<br />

samefodan gamoiyvans da Tavisuflebis samefoSi daamkvidrebs.<br />

Sesabamisad, anTropologiurma pedagogikam adamiani Tavisufal<br />

arsebad unda Camoayalibos, Tumca es Tavisufleba sazogadoebis<br />

winaSe p asuxismgeblobiT unda iyos gaj erebuli.<br />

anTropologiurma pedagogikam adamians unda gaucnobieros misi<br />

cxovrebis sazrisi, misi amqveyniuri vali da daniSnuleba. tradiciuli<br />

pedagogika ki amas arc akeTebda da, cxadia, verc gaakeTebda.<br />

296 297

evaz balanCivaZe<br />

anTropologiuri pedagogika rogorc<br />

ganaTlebis mecniereba<br />

roca axali anTropologiuri pedagogikis upiratesobebze<br />

vlaparakobT tradiciul pedagogikasTan SedarebiT, isic unda<br />

aRvniSnoT, rom, Tu gonismecnierebis dilTaiseul koncepcias<br />

eWvqveS ar davayenebT, maSin axali anTropologiuri pedagogika<br />

ueWvelad Seva gonismecnierebebSi da misTvis, rogorc<br />

gonismecnierebisaTvis, mTavari meTodi iqneba gagebis /da ara<br />

axsnis/ meTodi/. samwuxarod, qarTul pedagogiur mecnierebaSi<br />

dRemde am meTodis ara Tu gamoyeneba ar xdeba, aramed ubralo<br />

xsenebac ki ar aris/. arada, anTropologiuri pedagogikis<br />

gamocxadeba gonismecnierebad, xolo mis ZiriTad meTodad gagebis<br />

meTodis miCneva, sruliad axal perspeqtivebs Slis<br />

anTropologiuri pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis, da<br />

pedagogiuri praqtikis winaSe.<br />

gagebis meTodis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani da<br />

upiratesoba isaa, rom igi eZebs adamianTa /moswavleTa/ qcevebsa<br />

da msjelobebSi sazrisian kavSirebs, cdilobs ki ar axsnas,<br />

aramed gaigos es qcevebi da msjelobebi misi hermenevtikuli<br />

analizisa da interpretaciis gziT.<br />

imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor moxerxdeba Teoriuli codnis<br />

misadageba praqtikasTan, unda gavixsenoT gonis erT-erTi Tviseba:<br />

mas SeuZlia gasagneba, SeuZlia iqces leqsad, musikad /notebad/<br />

, ornamentad, qandakebad, naxatad da, Tu Cven aqamde marto<br />

mecnierebas viyenebdiT adamianis ganaTlebis, misi codnis<br />

amaRlebis mizniT /sxvaTa Soris, arsebiTad imave mizniT viyenebdiT<br />

mSobliuri literaturusa da istoriis gakveTilebs/, amieridan<br />

am saqmeSi farTod unda CavrToT xelovnebis nebismieri dargi,<br />

romelic swored sulierad gaafaqizebs da gaakeTilSobilebs<br />

adamians da ara marto codnas miscems mas. sxvaTa Soris,<br />

swored es viTareba gaxda mizezi im didi interesisa, rasac<br />

e.w. kreatuli pedagogikisadmi iCens Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.<br />

axali anTropologiuri pedagogikis Taviseburebad da<br />

upiratesobad isic unda miviCnioT, rom aq mkveTrad Seicvleba<br />

damokidebuleba rogorc aRsazrdelis, ise aRmzrdelisadmi.<br />

ase magaliTad: aRsazrdeli gagebuli iqneba, ara rogorc aRzrdis<br />

obieqti, aramed rogorc partniori aRsazrdelTan mimarTebaSi,<br />

rameTu aRzrda-ganaTlebis procesi arsebiTad dialogis wesiT<br />

unda warimarTos.Aaman, cxadia, ar unda gamoiwvios maswavleblis<br />

avtoritetis xelyofa. maswavlebeli kvlav rCeba avtoritetad,<br />

pirovnebad, romelsac aqvs moswavleze meti codna, meti<br />

gamocdileba da, Tu gnebavT, zneobrivi simyare da pasuxismgebloba,<br />

magram maswavleblis amgvari Sefaseba ar unda iyos<br />

avtokratizmis safrTxis Semcveli.<br />

vamTavrebT ra `anTropologiur pedagogikaze~ msjelobas,<br />

Cven kargad gvesmis, rom aq wamoyenebuli debulebebi Txoulobs<br />

mis Semdgom gavrcobas da siRrmiseul dasabuTebas, magram, Cveni<br />

mxriv, mkiTxvels vTxovT, gaiTvaliswinos is specifikuri viTareba,<br />

romelTanac mocemul SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs saqme: Cven aq mxolod<br />

imis Cvenebas visaxavT miznad, rom aucilebelia anTropologiuri<br />

pedagogikis dafuZneba – Seqmna. Mmisi principuli sakiTxebis<br />

damuSaveba ki momavlis saqmea. amJamad vmuSaobT vrcel<br />

monografiaze, sadac filosofiuri anTropologiis yvela<br />

principuli sakiTxi iqneba ganxiluli, met-naklebi siRmiTa da<br />

seriozulobiT/cxadia, Cveni SesaZleblobis farglebSi/.<br />

r.balanCivaZe, v. asaTiani, pedagogikis filosofiuri safuZvebi, 1997;<br />

r. balanCivaZe, aRzrdis filosofiuri sakiTxebi, wignSi: `skolaSi<br />

saaRmzrdelo muSaobis aqtualuri problemebi~, 2000;<br />

Temur JRenti, revaz balanCivaZe, pedagoguri anTropologia Tu an-<br />

Tropologiuri pedagogika, kulturisa da xelovnebis universitetis<br />

samecniero Sromebis krebuli,111,2005;<br />

r. balanCivaZe, `aRzrdisa~ da `ganaTlebis~ cnebebi pedagogikasa da<br />

ganaTlebis filosofiaSi, saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi, Jurn.<br />

`logosi~, <strong>2008</strong>;<br />

naTela vasaZe, pedagogika, 2000;<br />

Больнов Отто, Мера и чрезмерность человека, 1962;<br />

· М. Шелер. Положение человека в космосе, в книге: Проблема человека<br />

в западной философии. 1988;<br />

V. Frankl. Der Mensch vor der Frage nach dem Sinn. Munchen, Zurich,<br />

1979;<br />

Fromm Erich,Die Seele des menschen, Berlin, Wien,1981;<br />

Fromm Erich, Escape from Freedom, 1941;<br />

Fromm Erich, Marx`s concept of Man, 1961.<br />

298 299

qeTevan elaSvili,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

erotizmis diapazoni qarTul sityvaSi<br />

qarTuli sityvis masStabi da diapazoni, misi filosofiurezoTeriuli<br />

plasti Tu emociur-warmosaxviTi buneba ratomRac<br />

`daCrdilulia~ anda, egeb, sagangebod tabuirebuli mxolod<br />

erTi mimarTulebiT – esaa sityvis erotiuli aspeqti... bunebrivia,<br />

es araerT Tavsatexs gviCens. friad sainteresoa imis dadgena,<br />

Tu ram ganapiroba am saxis `semantikuri vakuumis~ warmoSoba<br />

qarTul eTnofsiqologiaSi da rogor aisaxa es Cvens mwerlobaSi.<br />

grZnobis fenomeni, sityvaSi gacxadebuli, saocar eqspresias<br />

iZens da sityvieri xatis meSveobiT distanciuri tkbobisa Tu<br />

Trobis emociur efeqts badebs. amitomac gansakuTrebuli<br />

sisaTuTe da sifaqizea saWiro sulieri gaSiSvlebis Jams, rom<br />

es gamoTqma ar iqces banalur `sityvaTa TamaSad~... miT ufro<br />

sariskoa, roca martooden xorcieli siSiSvlis asaxvis<br />

tendencias miiCneven erotizmis umTavres winarexatad da<br />

aviwydebaT, rom erotizmi, upirveles yovlisa, grZnobadi speqtris<br />

Tavisufali gamomsaxvelobiTa da miniSnebebiT unda iyos<br />

mowodebuli. Zalzed rTulia am SegrZnebaTa asociaciuri<br />

gacxadeba sityvaSi ise, rom uxamsobis nakadi ar SemoiWras... es<br />

sacalfexo bilikia da yvela eTnokulturaSi gansxvavebuli<br />

saxiTaa warmodgenili.<br />

saqarTveloSi, erTi SexedviT, tabuirebulia es Tematika<br />

(rogorc winare, aseve qristianuli cnobierebis WrilSi) da<br />

Sesatyvisad ar xdeba qarTuli sityvis definiciac am<br />

mimarTulebiT. arada, swored erotizmis siRrmiseuli gaazreba<br />

daedo safuZvlad renesanss _ adamianuri, anu miwieri, qmedebanis<br />

`mSvenieri TvaliT~ aRqma... `klasikuri epoqis filosofosebTan<br />

erosi ganasaxierebda adamianur swrafvas sikeTis Secnobisa da<br />

RvTaebrivi mSvenierebisadmi~ (z. kiknaZe... 2003: gv.20). renesansuli<br />

azrovneba CvenSi gacilebiT adre aRmocenda, vidre mTel evropaSi,<br />

oRond qarTuli bunebidan gamomdinare, miwieri vnebani gacilebiT<br />

SefarviT amoiTqmeboda _ `surviliT TmobiTa~ Tu `sulisTqmis<br />

daokebiT~, magram emociaTa am WrilSi mainc gamokrTeba xolme<br />

gareSe TvalTagan dafaruli Zalzed intimuri gancdebiT... oRond<br />

qarTuli sityvis Sinaganma bunebam ver igua erotizmis Sesatyvisi<br />

leqsika – anu, ar Seqmna am nakadis metyveli sistema da, Sesabamisad,<br />

mkveTrad aqcentirebuli erotiuli mwerloba.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli sityvis `gamsityvelobiTi Zalis<br />

madli da Tvinier Sinagani buneba~ (sulxan-sabaseuli ganmartebis<br />

perifrazi) SegrZnebaTa am emociur piksac afiqrebinebs da<br />

Sesabamisad asaxavs kidec. erotizmis sityvieri diapazoni qarTul<br />

mwerlobaSicaa saZiebeli, oRond es nakadi araa imgvarad<br />

TvalSisacemi, rogorc esaa gansxvavebul eTnokulturul<br />

tradiciebSi: `Tavad romauli komedia iseve, rogorc sazogadod<br />

literatura da saxviTi xelovneba, qmnis erotikuli kulturis<br />

im sawyis Sres, romelzedac Semdgom aRorZinebis xanis<br />

`grZnobadi~ Sedevrebi Seiqmneba miniSnebebiTa da simboloTa<br />

mdidari mwkriviT. Tavis mxriv, bokaCos `dekameronis~ `xalisiani<br />

erotizmis~ tradicias agrZelebs fransua rables `gargantiua<br />

pantagriuveli~ _ sicocxlis mZafri da jansaRi aRqmiT, rusos<br />

`aRsareba~... yovlive is, rac, saboloo jamSi, ganapirobebs<br />

daxvewili erotikuli plastis arsebobas.<br />

msgavsi plasti islamur kulturaSic arsebobs, amas `aTas<br />

erTi Ramis~ zRaprebic mowmoben; is miniaturebic, romlebic<br />

mogolTa islamuri dinastiis dros iqmneboda indoeTSi; is<br />

grZnobadi Srec, romelic sufizmSi arsebobs da romelic esoden<br />

xatovnad aisaxa Suasaukunovan sparsul poeziaSi.<br />

Tavisi daxvewili erotikuli kultura hqonda iaponiasac;<br />

sakmarisia gavixsenoT Tundac gamorCeuli literaturuli niWiT<br />

dajildovebuli sefe-qalebis sei-senagonisa, an murasaki sikibus<br />

intimuri lirizmiT gamsWvaluli dRiurebi, sikubusave prozauli<br />

Sedevri – romanis `ambavi mefiswul genZisa~ harunobisa, Tu<br />

utamaros natifi grafikis gabeduli mizanscenebi, swored imitom<br />

ar gexamuSebaT, rom Tavad iaponur mentalobaSi ar aris<br />

evropelTaTvis Cveuli `tabu~... uxamsobas gamoricxavs<br />

saukunovani iaponuri tradicia `erotizmis esTetikisa~<br />

(z., abzianiZe, q. elaSvili, 2007: gv72).<br />

qarTuli mwerlobis uZvelesi tradiciis miuxedavad,<br />

nayofierebis sawesCveulebo ritualebma ar aRmoacenes is<br />

kulturul-esTetikuri plasti, romelic friad metyvel da<br />

daxvewil erotikul nakads warmoSobda qarTuli literaturis<br />

wiaRSi. Tumca, mTeli rigi paradoqsi SeimCneva: sakmaod Zneli<br />

300 301

qeTevan elaSvili<br />

warmosadgenia, rom swored sasuliero mwerlobis ZeglSi<br />

fiqsirdeba grZnobis saocari siRrme da imavdroulad udidesi<br />

tragizmiT... ar meguleba emociurad imaze ufro tevadi da<br />

gamomsaxveli sabediswero gancda, rogoricaa, aSot kurapalatis<br />

mier amoTqmuli: `netar mas kacssa, romelic cocxal arRar<br />

ars~ (Zeglebi, 1963, gv. 2<strong>37</strong>), anda umSvenieresi sefeqalis e. w.<br />

`siZvis diacis~ aRsareba: `ver Tavisufleba siyvarulze~... da<br />

grZnobis sabediswero zeoba TviT mefe-mijnurze...<br />

renesansuli cnobierebis arqetipi SeimCneva swored am<br />

hagiografiul ZeglSi (`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~), romelic<br />

ukve daxvewili da srulyofili saxiT gvevlineba<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~, sadac `grZnobis zneobis~ poetur-filosofiuri<br />

interpretaciebia zogadadamianuri tendenciebiT nasazrdoebi.<br />

sruliad gansxvavebuli Strixebi ikveTeba qarTuli mTis<br />

poeziaSi, romelic Tamam impulsebzea aRmocenebuli –<br />

TviTmyofadia da Tavisufali. mTis JReradobaSi bunebrivi da<br />

arauxamsi, magram baris mkvidrTaTvis sruliad gaugebari,<br />

warmoudgeneli da, rac mTavaria, amoucnobia uZvelesi wes-<br />

Cveulobani _ `wawloba~ Tu `sworfroba~ (mixeil javaxiSvilTan<br />

da grigol robaqiZesTan Sesatyvisi mxatvruli metamorfiziT<br />

mowodebuli...) `arc is yofila SemTxveviTi, rom orive mwerali<br />

Tanabrad iyo dainteresebuli sworfrobis CveulebiT. orives<br />

undoda amoecno, Tu ra iyo es ucnauri Cveuleba. `sastiki,<br />

saamuri mavne sworfroba-wawloba _ uzenaesi Zmuri siyvarulis<br />

mkacri adaTi _ dResac ar vici, veluri Tu zekacuri, RvTiuri<br />

Tu satanuri (`TeTri sayelo~). rasac `TeTri sayelos~ elizbari<br />

ganicdis, zustad imasve ganicdis grigol robaqiZis `engadis~<br />

giorgi valuevi~ (a. baqraZe, 1999: gv. 105). am uCveulo qmedebas<br />

gareSeTaTvis _ `iq dabla~ martooden erotikuli elferi<br />

dahkravT da dakarguli aqvT Tavisi pirvandeli – siRrmiseuli<br />

gaazreba; mamakacuri znis erTgvari gamocda Tu tkbili, tanjva<br />

_ `survilT Tmobis~ daokebiT. am dagmanul impulsTa metyveli<br />

amosunTqvaa swored kafiebSi gacxadebuli, magram isic<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom am SegrZnebis swori aRqmisaTvis mTis<br />

mizanscenebia gasaTvaliswinebeli (v. kotetiSvili, 2006).<br />

Tumca amgvari xedva erTgvarad atrofirebuli iyo sazogadod<br />

qarTul eTnofsiqologiaSi da amitomac qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

wiaRSi ar ganviTarda `erotizmis esTetika~, magram erTgvarad<br />

aerotizmis diapazoni qarTul sityvaSi<br />

SeniRbuli, aragamomwvevad TvalSisacemi saxiT, mainc gamokrTa<br />

swored Zvel mwerlobaSi – aRmosavluri bangnarevi, meditaciur<br />

poeziis zeobis Jams da qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi evropuli<br />

impulsis mcired SemoWrisas _ da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom es<br />

iyo XVIII saukune da, kerZod ki, daxvewili xiblis mqone<br />

poetis _ besikis _ poezia. oRond, am literaturul sivrceSi<br />

erotikuli asociacias da Zlier impulss qmnis TiToeuli<br />

bgeris saocari xmovaneba da sityvaTa imgvari TanaSezrda Tu<br />

plastika, rom Cndeba metyveli, vizualuri gancda da gaqvs<br />

SegrZneba, rom TiTqos Cvens erovnul samosSi saguldagulod<br />

dagmanuli qarTveli qalis natifi sxeuli aRmosavluri rokviT<br />

uzadod irweva da tydeba... da amitomac es cecxlovani gzneba<br />

da absoluturad zusti emociuri aqcenti saocrad daxvewil<br />

erotikul elfers sZens besikis mTel poezias da erTgvarad<br />

aqarwylebs Cem mier zemoTqmul mosazrebas – qarTul<br />

cnobierebaSi `erotizmis esTetikis~ ararsebobis Sesaxeb. aq<br />

uTuod gasaTvliswinebelia misi boboqari, magram imavdroulad<br />

saocrad romantiuli piradi peripetiebic...<br />

`tano tatano, gulwamtano, ucxod marebo!<br />

zilfo-kavebi, momklavebo, ver sakarebo!<br />

warb-wamwam-Tvalno, misaTvalno, Semazarebo!<br />

Zowlal-bageo, damdageo, sulT wamarebo!<br />

piro mTvareo, momigone, mzisa darebo!~<br />

(`tano tatano~, besiki, Tb., 1948,<br />

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, gv. 12)<br />

anda `me Seni mgone, Wirs Semkone, damwvi mal alo,<br />

zilfo naSalo, SemaSalo, mkvlelo dalalo...<br />

(`me Seni mgone~, besiki, Tb., 1948,<br />

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, gv. 20);<br />

`ra guli davage Senad sareblad,<br />

muniTgan vards mifer miTam arebiT~.<br />

(`ra guli davage Senad sareblad~,<br />

besiki, Tb., 1948, gamomcemloba<br />

`sabWoTa mwerali~, gv. 28).<br />

besiks sul sxva yaidaze, erTi SexedviT, aratradiciul<br />

qarTul leqswyobaze aqvs awyobili aramarto TiToeuli sityva,<br />

aramed bgerac ki da amiT aRwevs SegrZnebaTa srulyofas.<br />

albaT, amitomac swyalobdnen agre rigad Cveni `cisferyanwelebi~<br />

302 303

qeTevan elaSvili<br />

mas. besiks isini Tavis did winaprad miiCnevdnen da Tanamedrove<br />

simbolur JReradobasac swored mis leqsebs miawerdnen<br />

(literaturuli gemovnebis TvalsazrisiT) sakmaod pretenziuli<br />

Cveni simbolistebi _ `besikis baRSi vrgav bodleris borot<br />

yvavilebso~ _ werda ticiani... am maradiulma tabuirebam Tavisi<br />

damRa daamCnia qarTuli sityvis bunebriv diapazons, erTgvarad<br />

Caketa kidec. `es daemCna Sesabamisi leqsikis simwiresac, rac<br />

esoden arTulebs xolme Sesabamisi samecniero Tu mxatvruli<br />

literaturis Targmans, sadac an wminda samedicino<br />

terminologias mimarTaven an Jargons. saukunovani tabuireba<br />

erotikuli Tematikisa, raRa Tqma unda, daemCna Cvens mwerlobasac,<br />

sadac, mixeil javaxiSvilis garda, Cveni saukunis dasawyisamde,<br />

faqtobrivad, veravin gabeda Sexeboda am erTob sarisko sakiTxs.<br />

Tavis mxriv, erotikuli kulturis simwirem ganapiroba Sinagani<br />

atrofirebuli cenzuris oficiozuri cenzuriT Senacvleba<br />

da rodesac es `oficiozi~ moiSala, Cven sruliad<br />

dezorientirebulni aRmovCndiT, rac esoden savalalod daemCna<br />

qarTul `erotikul prozas~ (oriode gamonaklisi ar cvlis<br />

saerTo suraTs)~. (z., abzianiZe, q. elaSvili, 2007: gv. 72).<br />

da, dasasrul, kidev erTi, Tavad erotikuli kultura ar<br />

warmoSobs saCoTiro da uxerxuli situaciebs, amas ganapirobebs<br />

im SemoqmedTa daintereseba am TematikiT, romelTac RalatobT<br />

taqti, an saerTod ar gaaCniaT Sinagani kultura, mxolod am<br />

SemTxvevaSi iWreba uxamsobis nakadi da amitomac araerTgvanovani<br />

azri Cndeba sazogadoebaSic.<br />

abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. 2007: abzianiZe z. elaSvili q. simboloTa<br />

ilustrirebuli enciklopedia, gamomcemloba `bakmi~, II, Tb.: 2007;<br />

baqraZe 1999: baqraZe a. kardu anu grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da<br />

Rvawli, Tb.: `lomisi~, 1999;<br />

besiki 1948: besiki, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb.: 1948;<br />

kiknaZe... 2003: kiknaZe z., n. tonia. saymawvilo miTologiuri<br />

enciklopedia, I, bondo macaberiZis gamomcemloba, Tb.: 2003;<br />

kotetiSvili 2006: kotetiSvili v. moukreafvni (qarTuli<br />

skabrezuli folkloris nimuSebi), Tb.: `diogene~, 2006;<br />

Zeglebi 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,<br />

I (V-X ss.), il abulaZis (redaqtorobiT), `mecniereba~, Tb.: 1963.<br />

rusudan mircxulava,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

gardasaxvis fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

gardasaxva ara mxolod Teatrisa da xelovnebis TeoriisTvis,<br />

aramed fsiqologiisTvisac saintereso sakiTxad iqca.<br />

daukavSirda ra Tanamedrove fsiqo-treningsa da fsiqoTerapias<br />

(kerZod ki, `roluri TamaSis~ meTodebs), gardasaxvis problema<br />

axleburi mniSvnelobiTa da SinaarsiT daitvirTa.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, Teatrisa da fsiqo-Terapiis kavSiri<br />

uxsovari droidan modis da saTaves preistoriuli xanis<br />

ritualuri sanaxaobidan iRebs; rodesac rituali religiur,<br />

samedicino, fsiqologiur, esTetikur da yofiT _ utilitarul<br />

aspeqtebs amTlianebda. art-Terapiisa da treningis meTodebSi<br />

swored am dakarguli mTlianobis nostalgia ikiTxeba.<br />

`TamaSis meTodebi~ ara mxolod Sinaarsobrivad Tu<br />

funqciurad amdidreben art-Terapiasa da trenings, aramed aseve<br />

produqtiul niadags qmnian Tavad Teatris fenomenis mecnieruli<br />

SeswavlisTvisac. am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqo-drama da drama-Terapia<br />

(rogorc erTdroulad Taviseburi laboratoria da art-studia)<br />

Teatris Teoriisa da fsiqologiis interesTa kveTis ared, maTi<br />

erToblivi Ziebis sferod SeiZleba (da, albaT, unda) iqces.<br />

Tanamedrove art-Terapia iSviaTad mimarTavs termins _<br />

`gardasaxva~. samagierod, operirebs iseTi terminologiiT,<br />

rogoricaa: `roli~, `rolTan gaigiveba~, `magiuri _ Sen<br />

warmoidgine!~ art-Terapiuli meTodebis Seswavla aCvenebs, rom<br />

gardasaxvis fenomeni aq ara mxolod xelSemwyob pirobad, aramed<br />

fsiqikaze zemoqmedebis mZlavr instrumentad da, ufro metic,<br />

Terapiul efeqtad, mkurnalobis rezultatad miiCneva.<br />

aqve ismis ara erTi sakiTxi; kerZod, ra unda CaiTvalos<br />

klientis (pacientis) gardasaxvis (an rolis aTvisebis)<br />

kriteriumad? ramdenad realuria gardasaxvis fenomeni Terapiisa<br />

da treningis procesSi? xom ar gulisxmobs gardasaxva<br />

zedapirul imitacias? da bolos, xom araa Tanamedrove etapze<br />

304 305

usudan mircxulava<br />

magaliTad, erTi da imave pirovnebis `rolTa repertuarSi~<br />

arsebuli mSoblis roli mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba Svilis<br />

rolisgan (faqtobrivad, es antagonisturi rolebia), miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom maT erTi da igive pirovneba asrulebs. mSoblis<br />

rolis arss aqtiuri zrunva da pasuxismgebloba Seadgens<br />

maSin, rodesac Svilis rolisTvis damaxasiaTebeli _ SedarebiT<br />

pasiuri mimReblobaa. (magaliTisTvis Segnebulad SeirCa<br />

stereotipad Camoyalibebuli varianti: aqtiuri mSobeli _<br />

pasiuri Svili. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, realurad SeiZleba sruliad<br />

Seicvalos roluri Sinaarsi: Svilma aqtiuri, xolo mSobelma<br />

pasiuri roli, anda orivem erTggvarovani rolebi itvirTon.)<br />

`CvenSi brboa!~ _ am fraziT r. asajoli adamianSi arsebul,<br />

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul, mravalricxovan da mravalferovan<br />

personaliebze (an rolebze) miuTiTebs.Ppirovneba qve-pirovnebaTa<br />

erTobliobaa da TiToeuli maTgani TviTgamovlenisa da<br />

TviTrealizebisken iswrafvis. pirovnebas, sardlis msgavsad,<br />

misi `fsiqikuri armiis~ integracia, koordinireba da garkveuli<br />

miznebisken mimarTva evaleba.Aam amocanas arTulebs isic, rom<br />

yoveli personalia (an roli) sakuTari moTxovnebisa da<br />

`pretenziebis~ matarebelia. amasTan erTad, rolebs fiqsirebis,<br />

anu, sakuTari principebis Tavs moxvevis tendencia axasiaTebT.<br />

pirovnebis yoveli personalia (an roli) mentalur<br />

struqturaSi dominirebisken da gamorCeuli, `centraluri<br />

adgilis~ dakavebisken iswrafvis.Mmas mTeli pirovnebis mocva<br />

da fsiqikaSi sakuTari, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli moTxovnebis<br />

ganfena swadia,Aamitomac gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens<br />

fsiqikuri integraciisa da koordinirebis fenomeni, romelSic<br />

mTeli fsiqikuri arsenalis urTierT SesabamisobaSi moyvana,<br />

gamTlianeba an, asajolis terminis Sesabamisad, fsiqo-sinTezi<br />

igulisxmeba.<br />

fsiqologiur literaturaSi `rols~ uwodeben ara mxolod<br />

pirovnebaSi arsebul, profesiasTan da socialur qcevasTan<br />

dakavSirebul ganwyobaTa an tendenciaTa sistemebs; am<br />

ukanasknelTa aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba ufro konkretuli termini<br />

_ `socialuri roli~. magaliTad, aseTia mSoblis, Svilis,<br />

profesionalis, studentis, moqalaqis da sxva rolebi. qvegardasaxvis<br />

(erTgvari metamorfozis) fenomenze saubari<br />

sazogadod moZvelebuli?<br />

miTiTebuli sakiTxebidan TiToeuli problemuri xasiaTisaa.<br />

ase magaliTad, gardasaxvis obieqturi kriteriumis<br />

erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvra TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. tradiciulad,<br />

amgvar kriteriumad miiCneva sasceno moqmedebis `rezultati~ –<br />

auditoriis ukukavSiri. kerZod, auditoriisa da, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki, Teatraluri kritikis Sefaseba (sxva sityvebiT, TamaSis aRqma).<br />

magram aRqma da Sefaseba (miT ufro, myisieri Sefaseba)<br />

subieqtur xasiaTs atarebs. auditoriis yoveli wevris emociurafeqturi,<br />

kognitur-azrobrivi Tu motorul-fizikuri reaqciebi<br />

_ subieqturi da unikaluri bunebisaa. Sesabamisad, auditoriis<br />

ukukavSiri sasceno gardasaxvis kriteriumad ver CaiTvleba.Aaseve<br />

saeWvoa kriteriumad Tavad msaxiobis Sinagani, subieqturi<br />

gancdebis aRiareba, radganac Teatraluri xelovnebis arss<br />

msaxiobis swored auditoriasTan mimarTeba Seadgens.<br />

gardasaxvis sakiTxi art-TerapiaSi wminda praqtikul WrilSi<br />

moiazreba. kerZod, Tuki fsiqo-dramisa da drama-Terapiis<br />

procesSi klientis (pacientis) fsiqikuri Tu fizikuri<br />

mdgomareoba umjobesdeba (risi obieqturi registraciac<br />

SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri da samedicino meTodiT),<br />

maSin SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom klientma warmatebiT gaarTva<br />

Tavi `mxatvrul_Terapiuli~ gardasaxvis amocanas da SeZlo<br />

axali rolis gaTaviseba. rogorc vxedavT, gardasaxvis<br />

kriteriumad am SemTxvevaSi Terapiuli efeqti saxeldeba.<br />

sainteresoa, Tu ras gulisxmobs Tanamedrove fsiqologia<br />

`rolis~ (an, ufro swored, `fsiqologiuri rolis~) fenomenSi.<br />

aRniSnuli sakiTxis gaSuqebisas vixelmZRvaneleb<br />

`fsiqosinTezisa~ da `ganwyobis Teoriis~ debulebebiT.<br />

`fsiqo-sinTezis~ (r. asajoli) sabaziso ideis mixedviT,<br />

yoveli pirovneba calkeul qve-pirovnebaTa, `personaliaTa~ (subegos)<br />

an rolTa erTobliobaa. pirovnebis struqturaSi Semavali<br />

TiToeuli roli (mSoblis, Svilis, meuRlis, profesionalis,<br />

megobris, moqalaqis da sxva) SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc<br />

calkeuli qve-pirovneba an qve-`me~ (sub-ego), vinaidan mas sakuTar<br />

moTxovnilebaTa, orientirTa an ganwyobaTa sistema axasiaTebs.<br />

gardasaxvis fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb<br />

306 307

usudan mircxulava<br />

pirovnebas (an rols) uwodeben aseve pirovnebis ama Tu im<br />

konkretul Tvisebasa Tu unars. magaliTad, rogoricaa: sijiute,<br />

patriotizmi, filantropia, kreatuloba, sizarmace, altruizmi,<br />

pesimizmi, aqtiuroba da sxva.<br />

miTiTebuli Tvisebebis aRsaniSnad termini `roli~ SemTxveviT<br />

an mxolod metaforuli mniSvnelobiT rodi SeirCa. aRniSnuli<br />

terminiT xazi gaesmis pirovnebis SedareT Tavisuflebas misive<br />

Tvisebebis mimarT; msaxiobis msgavsad, pirovneba irgebs, swavlobs<br />

da iTvisebs ama Tu im rols (an Tvisebas). zogierTi rolis<br />

aTviseba SedarebiT iolia, zogierTis ki _ rTuli da<br />

pirovnebisgan mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. magaliTad,<br />

qalisTvis dedis rolis aTviseba, am rolis wminda biologiuri<br />

Zirebidan gamomdinare, Cveulebriv, TavisiT, didi Zalisxmevis<br />

gareSe xdeba. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki arsebobs<br />

gamonaklisebi.Aaltruizmi, patriotizmi, kretuloba ki is<br />

pirovnuli niSnebia (is rolebia), romelTa gamomuSaveba<br />

seriozul, mizanmimarTul muSaobas moiTxovs.<br />

fsiqologiaSi socialursa da fsiqologiur rolebs<br />

ganwyobis fenomenTan (atitudTan) akavSireben. roli Sesabamis<br />

ganwyobaTa sistemis saxiT gaigeba. rolis aTviseba adeqvaturi<br />

ganwyobis SemuSavebas ukavSirdeba, rolTa dinamika ki _<br />

ganwyobaTa dinamikas gulisxmobs. rolis ganwyobasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT xazi gaesmis rolis mimarTebas fsiqikis<br />

struqturis sabaziso elementebTan. rolis SemuSaveba<br />

fsiqikuri struqturis cvlilebas, mis gadastruqturebas<br />

gulisxmobs.<br />

pirovneba, rogorc msaxiobi-aqtiori, `rolTa repertuaris~<br />

mflobelia, romelTa SerCevac xdeba ara mxolod garemos<br />

karnaxiT, aramed Tavad pirovnebis mier miRebuli<br />

gadawyvetilebiTac. unda aRiniSnos, rom pirovnebis zrda (ara<br />

mxolod asakobrivi, aramed pirovnulic) xels uwyobs `rolTa<br />

repertuaris~ gafarToebasa da gamdidrebas. rac ufro<br />

maRalganviTarebulia pirovneba, miT ufro mravalferovania<br />

miseuli `rolTa repertuari~ anda miT ufro mravali Tvisebis,<br />

unaris, ganwyobisa da tendenciis matarebuli Tu mflobeli<br />

xdeba igi.<br />

gardasaxvis fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb<br />

`fsiqosinTezSi~ mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba `gaigivebis~<br />

fenomens; pirovneba axdens gaigivebas ama Tu im konkretul<br />

personaliasTan (an rolTan). magaliTad, qali SeiZleba srulad<br />

gaigivdes dedis rolTan, anu, misTvis arsebobis erTaderT formad<br />

da gamarTlebadac deda-Sviluri urTierTobebi iqces.<br />

mTeli pirovnebis mxolod erT, konkretul rolTan gaigiveba<br />

ara mxolod calmxrivs xdis pirovnebas, aramed aseve iwvevs<br />

seriozul fsiqologiur da socialur problemebsac.<br />

`gaigivebis~ fenomenis saintereso paralelia profesionali<br />

msaxiobis `Stampi~, `kliSe~ anda amplua. calmxrivi amplua,<br />

arc Tu iSviaTad, msaxiobis moqmedebas xelovnurobis niSniT<br />

aRbeWdavs da Semoqmedebis dayvanas axdens meqanikur<br />

avtomatizmamde.<br />

pirovnebis, rogorc rolTa erTianobis, gageba gardasaxvisa<br />

da TamaSis instinqtis fenomenebs axlebur JReradobas<br />

sZens.Ppirovnebis struqturaSi gansxvavebuli rolebis arseboba<br />

i m Ta v i Tv e gu l i s xmobs r olur d i na m i ka s a da<br />

gardasaxvas.Oobieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebidan gamondinare,<br />

pirovneba permanentuli fsiqologiuri cvlilebis, erTgvari<br />

`fsiqologiuri mdinarebis~ an TamaSis statusSi eqceva.<br />

Sesabamisad, msaxiobis ostatoba, rogorc specifikuri<br />

talanti, fsiqologiur rolTa mimarT specifikur `Riaobasa~<br />

da rolidan rolze gadanacvlebis moqnilobas unda<br />

ukavSirdebodes. `TamaSis instinqti~ ki, unda ganixilos im<br />

Tandayolil meqanizmTan kavSirSi, romlis mizansac pirovnuli<br />

resursebis sruli realizacia da ganxorcieleba Seadgens.<br />

Cveulebriv, pirovneba fsiqologiur rolTa mxolod nawilis<br />

gamovlenasa da realizebas axdens. ama Tu im rols, Cveulebriv,<br />

Sesabamisi situaciuri garemo astimulirebs. magaliTad, pedagogis<br />

roli vlindeba _ aRsazrdelebTan urTierTobisas, gmiris roli<br />

_ heroikul (da ara yofiT) situaciaSi da sxva. magram rolisa<br />

da situaciuri garemos mimarTeba yovelTvis aseTi calsaxa<br />

araa. roli SesaZloa Warbad dafiqsirdes, `miejaWvos~ adamians<br />

da Tavi sruliad Seuferebel situaciaSi iCinos: aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

roli situaciisadmi araadeqvaturi sdeba. magaliTad, zrdasruli<br />

pirovneba SesaZloa bavSvis rols ver aRwevdes Tavs, saqmiani<br />

308 309

usudan mircxulava<br />

adamiani _ dasvenebasa da garTobas ver axerxebdes, pedagogi _<br />

yofiT situaciaSic didaqtikiT iyos dakavebuli da sxva. cxadia,<br />

rolis aseTi fiqsireba problemebs uqmnis rogorc garSemo<br />

myofT, aseve rolis Semsrulebel pirovnebasac.<br />

r. asajolisa da misi didi maswavleblis, k. iungis, mixedviT,<br />

adamiani `mikrokosmia~_ Tavis fsiqikaSi mTeli samyaros<br />

matarebelia. Sesabamisad, masSi warmodgenelia yvela roli Tu<br />

qve-pirovneba, romelTa didi nawilic (ra Tqma unda) realizebis,<br />

gamovlenis gareSe rCeba. magram fsiqikaSi arsebuli Zalebi da<br />

maT Soris rolebi funqcionirebis, aqtivobis tendenciiT arian<br />

damuxtuli; maTTvis sruliad miuRebelia stabilurad inaqtiuri,<br />

pasiuri mdgomareoba. Sesabamisad, pirovneba `iZulebulia~<br />

moqmedebaSi moiyvanos mTeli fsiqikuri arsenali da aseve,<br />

rolTa mTeli mentaluri sistemac; am TvalsazrisiT, pirovneba<br />

iZulebulia iyos msaxiobi!<br />

fsiqikaSi warmodgenili `rolTa diapazoni~ ara mxolod<br />

SesaZlebels xdis gardasaxvas, aramed _ aucilebelsac!<br />

fsiqologiuri rolebis gamovlena-gaTamaSeba adamianis fsiqikuri<br />

balansis SenarCunebisa da misi normaluri funqcionirebis<br />

pirobad iqceva. gardasaxva, am TvalsazrisiT, sakuTari pirovnebis<br />

srulad, srulyofilad amoqmedebaa! da Tuki imitacia gareSes<br />

mxolod wabaZvaa da xelovnuri, zedapiruli gameoreba, gardasaxva<br />

_ pirovnebis struqturaSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, erTi<br />

mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlas anda, sxva sityvebiT, ganwyobaTa<br />

dinamikas gulisxmobs.<br />

sagangebod unda iqnes ganxiluli `fsiqologiuri rolis~<br />

`scenur rolTan~ mimarTebis sakiTxi. art-Terapiis erTob<br />

`maqsimalisturi~ poziciis mixedviT, sasceno gardasaxvisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, art-Terapiis manZilze axali pirovnuli niSnis<br />

(rolis) aTvisebas, pirovnebis Sida-struqturuli cvlilebebi<br />

gansazRvraven. fsiqologiuri roli, scenuri rolisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, pirovnebis `gadastruqturebas~,Mmis sistemur<br />

cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. Tumca, erTeul SemTxvevebSi (rac araa<br />

tipuri) SesaZloa scenurma rolmac msgavsi `globaluri~<br />

cvlilebebi gamoiwvios msaxiobis pirovnebaSi.<br />

gardasaxvis fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb<br />

drama-Terapia da fsiqo-drama roluri qmedebis gziT<br />

fsiqologiur cvlilebebze, axal ganwyobaTa formirebasa da<br />

pirovnul zrdazea orientirebuli. gardasaxvaSi aq axal ganwyobaTa<br />

(an RirebulebaTa, TvisebaTa, rolTa) formireba, realizeba da<br />

amiT pirovnebis fsiqologiuri `gamdidreba~ igulisxmeba.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, gardasaxva (sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT) swored<br />

art-TerapiaSi iZens gansakuTrebulsa da sruliad gamorCeul<br />

mniSvnelobas. imitaciisgan (rogorc gareSes kopirebisgan)<br />

gansxvavebiT, gardasaxvas aq unikaluri funqcia ekisreba.<br />

da bolos, ismis sakmaod mniSvnelovani (da, albaT,<br />

filosofiuri) sakiTxi: gardasaxva, Tundac terminis<br />

etimologiidan gamomdinare, `sxvad yofnas~, sakuTari pirovnebis<br />

CarCoebidan gasvlas, transcendencias niSnavs (msaxiobi sxva<br />

pirovnebad gardaisaxeba, gardaiqmneba). ramdenadaa es ukanaskneli<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli gardasaxvis SemoTavazebul gagebaSi?<br />

art-Terapiuli midgoma (gansakuTrebiT ki, r. asajolos<br />

`fsiqosinTezuri~ skola) mistikur metamorfozas<br />

utilitarulsa da pragmatul `kalapotSi~ aqcevs da Tavad<br />

pirovnebis fsiqikaSi arsebuli resursebis aRmoCenas, wvdomasa<br />

da gamoyenebas ukavSirebs.Aamitomac am SemTxvevaSi<br />

transcendencia (sakuTari, pirovnuli sazRvrebidan gasvla)<br />

sakuTarsave fsiqikis (da uwinaresad ki, pirovnuli da<br />

koleqtiuri aracnobieris) wvdomasa da mis xelaxal aRmoCenas<br />

gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, r. asajolis pozicia (iseve, rogorc,<br />

ra Tqma unda, misi didi maswavleblis, k. iungis, pozicia)<br />

antikuri Segonebis _ `yovelove axali, kargad daviwyebuli<br />

Zvelia~ _ Tanamedrove variaciad unda miviCnioT.<br />

1. Ассаджоли Р., Психосинтез, М., 1994;<br />

2. Келлерман П. , Психодрама крупным планом, М., 1998;<br />

3. Копытин А., Теория и практика арт_терапии, С-П., 2002;<br />

4. Роджерс К., Руководящий мотив- тенденция актуализации, В сб:<br />

Теории личности, С-П., 1997, стр. 528-573.<br />

310 311

mediologia<br />

giorgi CarTolani,<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

kultura televiziis sainformacio<br />

programebSi<br />

dRes, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli<br />

adgili uWiravs masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs.<br />

sazogadoebriv-politikur Tu kulturul cxovrebaSi<br />

zedamxedveluri da warmmarTveli rolis gamo, mas `meoTxe<br />

xelisuflebasac~ uwodeben.<br />

`masmedia~ aqtiurad SeimoiWra yoveldRiur yofaSic da<br />

dRes warmoudgenelia nebismieri Cvenganis arseboba presis,<br />

televiziisa da radios gareSe. ufro metic, swored masobrivi<br />

informaciis saSualebebiT mowodebuli informaciebi iqcnen<br />

orientirebad yvelaze fundamentur cxovrebiseul sakiTxebSic<br />

ki. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sazogadoebis sulieri da<br />

kulturologiuli Camoyalibebis procesebzec, raSic Tanamedrove<br />

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs gamorCeuli roli unda<br />

daekisroT.<br />

msoflios mraval ganviTarebul qveyanaSi imdenad didia<br />

masmediis gavlena sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris cxovrebaze,<br />

rom am saxelmwifoebis xelisufalnic ki, seriozul angariSs<br />

uweven am dargSi momuSave personalis mier miwodebul<br />

informacias da naazrevs. sazogadoebriv-politikuri datvirTvis<br />

garda, rig qveyanaSi, masmedia eris kulturuli potencialis<br />

amaRlebas, gemovnebis formirebas da azrovnebis sistemasac<br />

gansazRvravs. masmediis saSualebebis mravalferovnebis, misi<br />

Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis Tu teqnikuri mravalferovnebis gamo,<br />

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs SeswevT Zala, moicvan<br />

Tanamerove kulturis TiTqmis yvela sfero da iqcnen kulturis,<br />

xelovnebis da mecnierebis ara mxolod propagandistebad, aramed<br />

mematianeebadac. maT SeswevT unari, Seqmnan fondebi da SeinarCunon<br />

xelovnebis unikaluri nimuSebi.<br />

uaxlesi istoriuli warsulis Sedegad, CvenSi masobrivi<br />

informaciis saSualebebma erTgvarad politizirebuli xasiaTi<br />

312 313

giorgi CarTolani<br />

kultura televiziis sainformacio programebSi<br />

SeiZina, rac, upirveles yovlisa, ganapiroba Zveli sabWoTa sistemis<br />

ngrevis da axli damoukidebeli, demokratiuli sazogadoebis<br />

Senebis urTulesma procesebma. aqedan gamoimdinare, axali<br />

qarTuli Jurnalistikac ZiriTadad politikuri Jurnalistikis<br />

saxiT Camoyalibda. yoveli sainformacio-analitikuri programis<br />

wamyvani, sazogadoebas erTgvar `eqspertadac~ ki evlineba, romlis<br />

azrsac gansakuTrebuli gulisyuriT usmens ara mxolod ubralo<br />

mayurebeli, aramed politikuri elitac, ramac Cvens sazogadoebaSi<br />

Jurnalistebis avtoritetis ganuzomeli zrda gamoiwvia.<br />

axali qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis procesSi,<br />

mimdinare politikuri bataliebis fonze, seriozulad dazaralda<br />

qarTuli kultura, arada axali, srulyofili sazogadoebis<br />

formireba, civilizebuli, demokratiuli faseulobebis<br />

matarebeli, zneobrivad srulyofili da eTikurad daxvewili<br />

sazogadoebis Seqmna, romelic orientirebulia liberalur<br />

Rirebulebebze da aRiarebs adamianis Tavisuflebis principebs,<br />

SeuZlebelia kulturuli faseulobebis ganviTarebis da<br />

kulturuli Rirebulebebis propagandis gareSe. dRes `masmediaeqsperti~<br />

ZiriTadad socialur-politikur da ekonomikur<br />

sakiTxebs aSuqebs da Zalian minimalurad da amasTan<br />

arakvalificiurad exeba qveynis kulturul faseulobaTa<br />

analizs. faqtobrivad, ar axdens kulturul RirebulebaTa<br />

propagandas. sazogadoebamac daiviwya, rom mis cxovrebaSi, sul<br />

cota xnis win, am sferoebs mniSvnelovani roli ekava da<br />

TandaTan gaCnda bzari kulturasa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />

danarCen sferoebs Soris. es damRupveli bzari Tu gaRrmavda,<br />

Semdgom ukve SeuZlebeli iqneba misi amovseba, rac qarTuli<br />

civilizebuli sazogadoebis daSlis dasawyisi iqneba. am bzaris<br />

amovsebaSi dRes ise, rogorc arasdros, udidesi roli swored<br />

Jurnalistikam unda itvirTos misi ganuzomlad didi<br />

sazogadoebrivi avtoritetis gamo. masobrivi informaciis<br />

saSualebebma gansakuTrebuli da gamorCeuli yuradReba unda<br />

dauTmon qveynis kulturul cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs,<br />

itvirTon imgvari eqspertis da makontroleblis roli, rogoric<br />

maT dRes politikur Tu socialur-ekonomikur sferoebSi<br />

ukaviaT. masmediis didi avtoritetis gamoyeneba unda SesZlon<br />

kulturis sferoSi moRvawe obieqtebmac. aucilebelia,<br />

Tanamedrove Jurnalistikam SeiZinos qarTuli kulturis da<br />

xelovnebis kvalificirebuli da kompetenturi Semfaseblisa<br />

da propagandistis funqciac. amisaTvis ki, pirvel yovlisa,<br />

saWiroa kulturis JurnaklistikaSi moRvawe profesionali<br />

kadrebis arseboba, ris seriozul deficitsac, samwuxarod,<br />

ganicdis Cveni Tanamedrove Jurnalisturi korpusi.<br />

kulturis da mediis urTierToba televiziis warmoSobamde<br />

gacilebiT adre daiwyo. pirvelive perioduli gamocemebi did<br />

adgils uTmobdnen kulturul sakiTxebs, mecnierebis, xelovnebis,<br />

ganaTlebis sferoTa mimoxilvas. es ar iyo cnobebi mxolod<br />

ama Tu im movlenis Sesaxeb. presa da, zogadad, beWduri media,<br />

gamorCeulad aSuqebda ama Tu im kulturul movlenas. ibeWdeboda<br />

sxvadasxva saxis statiebi xelovnebaze, ganaTlebis sakiTxebze.<br />

swored periodulma presam, Jurnalebma da gazeTebma Semogvinaxes<br />

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis istoria.<br />

xelovnebis dargebis saqmianobis presaSi asaxva, istoriuli<br />

Rirebulebebis garda, mis popularizacias da propagandasac<br />

isaxavda miznad. xelovnebis nebismier dargs, ise rogorc<br />

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im mniSvnelovan movlenas,<br />

sWirdeboda sazogadoebis farTo auditoriisTvis gacnoba, misi<br />

mxardaWera da sazogadoebrivi Sefaseba. amitom, zogadad kultura,<br />

rogorc sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis, gemovnebis da cxovrebis<br />

wesis ganmsazRvreli, gamorCeul da mudmiv adgils iWerda<br />

perioduli gamocemebSi.<br />

xelovnebis da literaturis sakiTxebze werdnen ara mxolod<br />

literatorebi, aramed xelovnebis da literaturis kritikosebi,<br />

presis is muSakebi, romlebic uSualod specializdebodnen<br />

kulturis JurnalistikaSi. kritikul werilebs Soris, sadac<br />

sWarbobda kulturis TeoretikosTaAmecnierul-analitikuri<br />

statiebi, TandaTan gaCnda wminda Jurnalisturi da<br />

publicisturi publicisturi werilebi, esseebi, feletonebi<br />

da mxatvruli Jurnalistikis sxva Janris nawarmoebebi. gaizarda<br />

am statiebis mimarT sazogadoebis interesi. maTi mkiTxvelebi<br />

iyvnen ara mxolod <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> dargebis specialistebi, aramed<br />

farTo auditoria. aman ganapiroba <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> statiebis enis<br />

cvla _ samecnierodan Jurnalisturisken. kulturis da<br />

xelovnebis statiebis avtorTa ena, statiis wyobis struqtura<br />

314 315

giorgi CarTolani<br />

da stili maqsimalurad dauaxlovda Jurnalistikis sxva<br />

Janrebis stils. kulturis Jurnalistika moeqca da<br />

daeqvemdebara zogadi Jurnalistikis kanonebs.<br />

dRes sruliad warmoudgenelia nebismieri mediis muSaoba<br />

kulturis Jurnalistikis gareSe. gazeTebis specialuri gverdebi<br />

eTmoba informaciebs, analitikur statiebs Tu interviuebs<br />

kulturis da xelovnebis sakiTxebze. am dargSi moRvawe<br />

Jurnalistebi Jurnalistikis korpusis sruluflebiani da<br />

dafasebuli adamianebi arian, bevri maTgani kulturis da<br />

xelovnebis eqspertadac Camoyalibda.<br />

kulturis Jurnalistikis ganviTarebaSi gamorCeuli roli<br />

iTamaSa radios ganviTarebam, radgan xmovanma mauwyeblobam<br />

SesaZlebloba misca xelovnebis dargebs, damkvidrebuliyvnen<br />

JurnalistikaSi. radiomediis ganviTareba da misi popularizacia<br />

uSualod ukavSirdeba radiomauwyeblobaSi <strong>saxelovnebo</strong><br />

dargebisadmi miZRvnili gadacemebis warmoSobas. Tavis mxriv,<br />

radiom udidesi propaganda gauwia xelovnebis ama Tu im dargsac.<br />

specialurad Seiqmna redaqciebi, romlebic swored literaturis,<br />

Teatris da musikis popularizacias uwyobdnen xels. ase rom,<br />

kulturis Jurnalistikis warmomadgenlebi uxvad arian<br />

radioJurnalistikis sferoSi. redaqtorebis da prodiuserebis<br />

garda, ZiriTadAkorpuss warmoadgenen korespondentebi da<br />

reportiorebi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kulturis<br />

Jurnalistikis ganxriT radioreportiorebis muSaoba.<br />

kulturis Jurnalistikam Tavisi ganviTarebis piks<br />

televiziaSi miaRwia. televiziam yvela saSualeba Seqmna farTo<br />

auditoriis winaSe kulturis srulfasovnad warmosaCenad.<br />

kultura da xelovneba iqca telemauwyeblobis umTavres<br />

rgolad. ar arsebobs Tanamedrove telemauwyebloba, romelic<br />

ar iyenebs kulturis Jurnalistikas. televiziebis sainformacio<br />

saSualebebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli bloki kulturis siaxleebia.<br />

sainformacio samsaxurebSi muSaoben kulturis specialuri<br />

korespondentebi, mimomxilvelebi, prodiuserebi, redaqtorebi,<br />

reportiorebi, wamyvanebi. sainformacio gamoSvebebSi specialuri<br />

dro mxolod kulturis siaxleebis mimoxilvas eTmoba. es<br />

bunebrivia, radgan sainformacio gamoSveba sazogadoebis<br />

cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs mimoixilavs da, Sesabamisad,<br />

kultura televiziis sainformacio programebSi<br />

kultura da xelovneba sazogadoebis cxovrebis erT-erTi<br />

umniSvnelovanesi mxarea. misi mimoxilvis gareSe warmoudgenelia<br />

nebismieri saxis sainformaco programis arseboba. am mxriv,<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia telekompania `mze~, romelsac<br />

yoveldRiur mTavar sainformacio gamoSvebaSi, kulturis blokis<br />

garda aqvs yovelkvireuli specialuri sainformacio gamoSveba<br />

_ `mzera _ kultura~.<br />

sainformacio JurnalistikaSi kulturis gaSuqeba<br />

eqvemdebareba sainformacio Jurnalistikis kanonebs. aq siuJetebi,<br />

reportaJebi Tu kadr-sinqronebi im stilistikaSia mocemuli,<br />

rasac moiTxovs sainformacio gadacemis struqtura. magram<br />

aris mcire ganmasxvavebeli niSnebic. sainformacio ena bolomde<br />

ver ergeba kulturis da xelovnebis dargebs. gabatonebuli<br />

frazeologiebi, romelic axasiaTebs politikuri da socialurekonomiuri<br />

siaxleebis gadmocemas, ar esadageba kulturis<br />

bunebas. amitom garkveuli sirTule axlavs da specialur<br />

codnas moiTxovs sainformacio formatSi kulturis siaxleebis<br />

(`niusis~) enis sakiTxi. erTi mxriv, unda iyos daculi programis<br />

stilisturi erTianoba da, meore mxirv, mayurebelma unda igrZnos,<br />

rom kulturis bloki daiwyo. dauSvebelia kulturis da<br />

politikuri `niusis~ erTnairi intonaciuri rigiT gadmocema,<br />

ris gamoc kulturis blokebs sainformacio gamoSvebebSi xSirad<br />

specialuri wamyvanebi hyavT.<br />

kulturis siaxleebis momzadebisas gaTvaliwinebuli unda<br />

iyos xelovnebis im dargis, im xelovanis individualoba,<br />

romelzec saubrobs Jurnalisti. dauSvebelia, auditorias<br />

informacia mxatvarze, reJisorze da musikosze erTnairad<br />

miewodebodes. marTalia, sainformacio Setyobinebis struqtura<br />

faqtis konstataciis erTiani kanonebis dacvas gulisxmobs,<br />

magram rodesac saubaria siuJetze an reportaJze, aucilebelia,<br />

igi konkretuli SemoqmedebiTi bunebis mqone ambis<br />

Taviseburebasac gamoxatavdes.<br />

sainformacio gadacemebis kulturis blokebis siuJetebi<br />

mayurebels informaciis miwodebasTan erTad am mxatvruli<br />

nawarmoebis xilvis survilsac unda uRviZebdes. Sesabamisad,<br />

maT erTgvari propagandistis funqciac unda gaaCndeT. es ar<br />

gulisxmobs siuJetebSi ama Tu im nawarmoebis xilvisaken<br />

316 317

giorgi CarTolani<br />

pirdapir mowodebas. magram siuJeti ise unda iyos agebuli,<br />

rom aRZras mayureblis interesi.<br />

siuJetSi warmodgenili unda iyos ama Tu im mxatvruli<br />

movlenis avtori an Semoqmedi, SemoqmedebiTi jgufis ZiriTadi<br />

birTvi da is momxmarebelic, visTvisac is Seiqmna. magaliTad,<br />

Tu siuJeti eZRvneba ama Tu im speqtaklis premieras, unda iyos<br />

dasaxelebuli am speqtaklis reJisori, piesis avtori, aseve<br />

mTavari rolis an rolebis Semsruleblebi. sasurvelia, siuJetSi<br />

iyos sinqroni an mcire interviu SemoqmedebiTi jgufis wevrebTan.<br />

aucilebelia, siuJetSi naCvenebi iyos speqtaklis mTavari<br />

saTqmeli, misi problema da aqtualoba. miTiTebuli iyos<br />

speqtaklis Janri: tragedia, komedia, drama, miuzikli. es<br />

aucilebelia, radgan mayurebels sxvadasxva Janris speqtakli<br />

moswons. sasurvelia, naCvenebi iyos, rogor miiRo axali speqtakli<br />

darbazma, agreTve mayureblis sinqronebi, maT Soris Cveulebrivi<br />

da profesiuli mayureblis. es aris is aucilebeli, rac<br />

moeTxoveba saTeatro nawarmoebze Seqmnil siuJets. xolo<br />

rogori formiT da mxatvruli Jurnalistikis ra xerxebiT<br />

iqneba yovelive gadmocemuli, es ukve Jurnalistis SemoqmedebiT<br />

unarze, mis ostatobazea damokidebuli. es ukanaskneli ki<br />

gansakuTrebiT sWirdeba kulturis JurnalistikaSi momuSave<br />

Jurnalists. misi siuJetebi unda iyos saintereso, mxatvrulad<br />

gamarTuli, gamomgonebluri. magaliTad, Tu Jurnalisti aSuqebs<br />

axalgazrdul diskoTekas, mis siuJetSi mayurebelma unda<br />

dainaxos is ganwyoba, romelic gaaCnda am diskoTekaze myof<br />

axalgazrdobas, Sesabamisad, siuJeti unda iyos dinamikuri,<br />

ritmuli da diskoTekis suliT gaJRenTili. teqstic da<br />

gamosaxulebac mokle frazebiT da dinamikuri montaJiT<br />

Sesrulebuli. sxvagvarad unda aigos siuJeti sagamofeno<br />

darbazidan, sadac, magaliTad, klasikuri ferweris nimuSebis<br />

gamofena iyo warmodgenili. aq saWiroa meti darbaisloba, sidinje,<br />

meti kompetenturoba, raTa mayurebelma srulad Tu ara,<br />

nawilobriv mainc SeigrZnos am namuSevrebis sidiade.<br />

specifikuria sainformacio redaqciebis kulturis<br />

reportiorebis muSaobis procesi. kulturis movlenebze<br />

reportaJis mosamzadeblad isini kargad unda icnobdnen da<br />

erkveodnen mxatvruli nawarmoebis rTul struqturaSi.<br />

kultura televiziis sainformacio programebSi<br />

gansakuTrebiT rTulia reportioris pirdapir eTerSi muSaoba,<br />

radgan CarTvis dros man unda SesZlos, mayurebels srulad<br />

miawodos im movlenis arsi, gadmosces is situacia, romelic<br />

axlavs kulturuli movlenis mimdinareobis process. zusti<br />

informacia unda miawodos mayurebels monawileTa Sesaxeb da,<br />

rac mTavaria, auditorias ganumartos, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis<br />

ra formas aSuqebs es speqtakli, koncerti, iubile, gamofena,<br />

prezentacia Tu mravali saxis sxva kulturuli RonisZieba.<br />

iyos kvalificiuri, ar Secdes Janrobriv daxasiaTebaSi. winaaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi, is dakargavs auditoriis ndobas da avtoritets.<br />

reportaJebi im movlenis Sesabamisi unda iyos, romelic<br />

Suqdeba. Tu Jurnalistis pirdapiri CarTva mimdinareobs Teatris<br />

Senobidan, sadac dasrulda axali speqtaklis premiera,<br />

Jurnalistma mayurebels unda auwyos am premieris warmatebawarumateblobis,<br />

mis SemqmnelTa da masSi monawile msaxiobebis<br />

Sesaxeb da a. S. magram Tu Jurnalisti pirdapir eTerSi erTveba<br />

axalgazrduli TavSeyris adgilidan, rok-koncertidan,<br />

diskotekidan an axalgazrduli festivalidan, misi CarTva<br />

mimdinare movlenis ganwyobis adekvaturi unda iyos. aseT dros<br />

sasurvelia, Jurnalisti iyos monawileTa Soris, radgan sakuTriv<br />

Jurnalistis movlenaSi monawileoba ufro realisturs xdis<br />

im gancdas, romelic eufleba saxlSi, teleekranis win myof<br />

mayurebels, ufro metad uRuZravs mas movlenis adgilas yofnis<br />

survils. magram sruliad dauSvebelia saTeatro warmodgenis<br />

mimdinareobis dros Jurnalistis scenaze asvla, romelime<br />

msaxiobis rolis morgeba da aseTi saxiT pirdapir eTerSi<br />

reportaJis wayvana, radgan amgvari mcdeloba iqneba xelovnuri,<br />

arabunebrivi. mayurebli ar daijerebs, rom Jurnalisti<br />

monawileobda am warmodgenaSi. Sesabamisad, es iqneba<br />

arakvalificiuri da yalbi reportaJi. aseTi mcdelobebi<br />

periodulad axasiaTebT damwyeb Jurnalistebs. maTi azriT, Tu<br />

Tavad moirgeben xelovanis mantias, amiT met mxatvrulobas da<br />

damajereblobas SesZenen reportaJs. ase rom, aucilebelia<br />

zustad gansazRvra, Tu sad aris Jurnalisti kulturuli<br />

movlenis monawile da sad damkvirvebeli. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

unda SemuSavdes reportaJis mxatvruli formebic. Tu<br />

sainformacio programebis politikuri, socialuri, Tu sxva<br />

318 319

giorgi CarTolani<br />

saxis siuJetebi TiTqmis ar iyeneben musikalur gaformebas,<br />

kulturis blokis siuJetebs aseTi gaformeba uxdeba, mas met<br />

emociur muxts aniWebs da informaciis miRebasTan erTad<br />

mayurebels im ganwyobas uqmnis, rac kulturul da mxatvrul<br />

movlenebs axlavs Tan.<br />

sainformacio gamoSvebebis kulturis blokebis wamyvanebis<br />

pirdapir eTerSi muSaobac gansakuTrebul formas moiTxovs.<br />

erTi mxriv, isini unda erwymodnen sainformacio gamoSvebis<br />

erTian struqturas, magram, meore mxriv, ramdenadac isini<br />

warmoadgenen kulturas, aucilebelia kulturisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli individualurobis gaTvaliswinebiT, eTerSi<br />

muSaobis gansakuTrebuli stilistikis SemuSaveba.<br />

kulturis wamyvani kargad unda erkveodes kulturisa da<br />

xelovnebis procesebSi. misi garegnoba, xma, intonacia da<br />

metyvelebis manera unda Seesabamebodes kulturis mcodne<br />

adamianis imijs. dauSvebelia, kulturis blokis wamyvans<br />

etyobodes arakompetenturoba, radgan mayurebelSi is erTgvar<br />

eqspertad aRiqmeba, romlis azrsac igi emxroba da iTvaliswinebs.<br />

Tu wamyvani aris dabneuli, SeSinebuli da mas etyoba kulturis<br />

da xelovnebis sakiTxebis ar codna, mayurebeli mas ar endoba,<br />

misTvis is ar xdeba avtoriteti, rac Tavad am blokisadmi<br />

interess anelebs da, SesaZloa, kargi siuJetebic ki darCes<br />

mayureblis yuradRebis miRma.<br />

wamyvani kravs mTel bloks. igi Temidan Temisken,<br />

informaciidan informaciisken unda miuZRvebodes auditorias<br />

da arwmunebdes mis mier miwodebuli informaciis utyuarobasa<br />

da obieqturobaSi. sakadro teqstebi unda iyos dinamikuri,<br />

ritmuli da garkveuli intrigis Semcveli. dauSvebelia, wamyvanis<br />

sakadro teqstebSi imave frazebiT meordebodes siuJetSi an<br />

reportaJSi moTxrobili ambavi. wamyvanis sakadro teqstebi<br />

unda iwyebdes siuJetis an reportaJis Temas. sakadro teqstidan<br />

videomasalaze gadasvlebi ki, iyos organuli da gaazrebuli.<br />

aseT dros bloki aris Sekruli da srulyofili.<br />

sakadro teqstebisa da siuJetebis wardgenis garda, wamyvani<br />

xSirad amyarebs kontaqts pirdapir eTerSi CarTul<br />

reportiorebTan an uSualod xelovnebisa da kulturis<br />

warmomadgenlebTan. aseT dros, gansakuTrebiT Cans wamyvanis<br />

kultura televiziis sainformacio programebSi<br />

kvalifikacia da misi profesionalizmi, kulturis sakiTxebSi<br />

ganswavluloba. kiTxvebi, romelsac svams wamyvani, unda iyos<br />

profesiuli da gamomdinareobdes respodentis pasuxebidan.<br />

Sesabamisad, kulturis blokis wamyvani xelovnebis, kulturis<br />

istoriis da Teoriis safuZvlebs Tu ar icnobs, Tu mas ar<br />

aqvs zogadkulturologiuri ganaTleba, warmoudgenelia misi<br />

srulyofili muSaoba pirdapir eTerSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

interviuebis warmarTvis dros.<br />

ase rom, kulturis Jurnalistebs aucileblad sWirdebaT<br />

ormxrivi momzadeba _ Jurnalisturi da kulturologiuri.<br />

es moTxovna gansakuTrebiT exeba satelevizio JurnalistikaSi<br />

momuSave im Jurnalistebs, romlebic kulturisa da xelovnebis<br />

sakiTxebze vrcel satelevizio gadacemebs, programebs, Souebs<br />

amzadeben. aseT SemTxvevaSi gamorCeuli roli ekisrebaT ara<br />

mxolod korespondentebs da wamyvanebs, aramed kulturis<br />

prodiuserebs da redaqtorebs, gadacemebis avtorebs.<br />

Борев В.Ю., Коваленко А.В. - Культура и массовая коммуникация. М.,<br />

1986;<br />

Олег Беляков - `НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ВЫКЛЮЧИТЬ ТЕЛЕВИЗОР!~, M. 2002<br />

Tелевидение в контексте глобализации культуры, M. 2003;<br />

Культурный феномен телевидения, M. 2006;<br />

Media & culture – fifth edition, chapter 14, the culture of journalism. 2006;<br />

Elliot P. Intellectuals and the Information Society. // Collins R., Curran J.<br />

(eds.) Media, Culture and Society. Critical Reader. L - Beverly Hills -<br />

Newbury Park. 1986. P. 107;<br />

g. CarTolani – `tele-radio Jurnalistika~ naw. I.<br />

320 321

saavtoro monacemebi<br />

marine (maka) vasaZe _ Teatrmcodne.<br />

daamTavra Tbilisis Teatraluri institutis TeatrmcodneobiTi<br />

fakulteti.<br />

xelmZRvanelobs SoTa rusTavelis Taetrisa da kinos universitetis<br />

sauniversiteto gamomcemlobas `kentavri~. aris amave universitetis<br />

gazeT `durujis~ redaqtori, agreTve damaarsebeli da redaqtori<br />

gazeTisa `kultura~.<br />

moRvaweobs saerTaSoriso kulturis fond `kavkasiaSi~ menejerad,<br />

aris kulturis saerTaSoriso bazrobis (2003. 2005, 2007) erTerTi<br />

koordinatori. aris ramodenime wignis redaqtori; sistematiurad<br />

aqveynebs statiebs, werilebs, recenziebs Tanamedrove Teatralur<br />

procesebsa da problemebze. Jurn. ‘sabWoTa xelovneba~, `Teatraluri<br />

moambe~, `Teatri da cxovreba”, gazeTebSi: ‘kultura”, `duruji”.<br />

tel: +995 (95) 30 50 60<br />

el. fosta: vasilisa@yahoo.com<br />

nele hertlingi - moZraoba `evropis sulisaTvis~ spokpersona.<br />

samecniero xarisxi miniWebuli aqvs germanul filologiasa da<br />

TeatrSi. 1963-1988 wlebSi dasavleT berlinis xelovnebis <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

akademiis mecnier TanamSromeli. berlini - evropis kulturuli<br />

dedaqalaqi 1988-is samxatvro xelmZRvaneli. 1989-2003 wlebSi<br />

berlinSi hebel Teatris direqtori, `Teatr der veltis~ samxatvro<br />

xelmZRvaneli 1999. 2003-2007 deades programa xelovnebi berlinSi<br />

xelmZRvaneli. 2006 wlidan germaniis xelovnebis akademiis viceprezidenti.<br />

qalbaton hertlings didi Svlili miuZRvis 70-ian<br />

wlebSi qarTuli Teatris popularizaciis saqmeSi dasavleT germaniaSi<br />

stiv osteni - feliqs meritis fondis mrCeveli (amsterdami,<br />

niderlandebis samefo) kulturis anterpreniori, konsultanti,<br />

publicisti da jgufi `evropi sulisaTvis~ iniciatori. batoni<br />

osteni aqtiurad iyo CarTuli niderlandebis samefosa da evropis<br />

kulturul cxovrebaSi 1966 wlidan, igi iyo iniciatori da erTerTi<br />

organizatori programisa `amsterdami evropis kulturuli dedaqalaqi<br />

1987~. giunter grasTan erTad araformaluri organizacia `guliveris~<br />

damaarsebeli. 1987 wlidan iyo prezidenti feliqs meritis fondisa<br />

da direqtori da pedagogi amsterdam-maastrixtis sazafxulo<br />

universitetisa. aqiurad monawileobla saqarTvelos popularizaciis<br />

saqmeSi evropaSi 1996 wlidan, kulturis sferoSi arasamTavrobo<br />

seqtoris ganviTarebaSi.<br />

322 323

THEATRE STUDIES<br />

Maka Vasadze<br />

FORMATION OF ROBERT STURUA’S THEATRICAL LANGUAGE<br />

(Interpretation of Georgian Classical Literature a la Robert Sturua)<br />

(Summery)<br />

In this part of the article I am continuing to discuss Robert Sturua’s plays:<br />

‘Betrayal’ (1974) by Sumbatashvil-Iuzhin, ‘Step-mother of Samanishvili’<br />

(1969) by Kldiashvili (with Chkheidze) and ‘Kvarkvare Tutaberi’ (1974) by<br />

Kakabadze.<br />

Robert Sturua’s Georgian classical plays set in the Rustaveli theatre have<br />

had relative success. Nevertheless, they have become the subject of active<br />

discussions among the society. Probably reason for this was a completely<br />

new approach by the director.<br />

When setting ‘Betrayal’ the director refuses to accept all other older traditions<br />

of staging this play, as he had done it in the cases of ‘Step-mother of<br />

Samanishvili’ and ‘Kvarkvare Tutaberi’. On the contrary he tries to widen<br />

the events of a concrete epoch and make this national character more universal.<br />

ABOUT AUTHOR<br />

Marine (Maka) Vasadze –theater critic<br />

Has graduated from the faculty of theater art at the Tbilisi Theatrical Institute.<br />

Head of Shota Rustaveli Theater and Film University publishing house<br />

“Kentavri”. Editor of another newspaper of the same institution “Duruji”<br />

and a founder and editor of a newspaper “Kultura”.<br />

Holds a position of a manager at the International Culture Fund “Kavkasia”,<br />

is one of the coordinators of the International Cultural Fare (2003, 2005,<br />

2007). Is the editor of several books; systematically publishes articles and<br />

reviews on the processes and problems of contemporary theater:<br />

Magazines: “Soviet Art”, “Theatrical News”, “Theater and Life”.<br />

Newspapers: “Kultura”, “Duruji”.<br />

Tel: +995 (95) 30 50 60<br />

Email: vasilisa@yahoo.com<br />

CHOREOGRAPHY<br />

Nele Hertling<br />

HISTORY OF BALLET AND DANCE<br />

HISTORY AND PRESENT OF DANCE AS AN <strong>ART</strong>FORM<br />

(Summery)<br />

Dance is one of the oldest artforms. In some religions it comes even before<br />

the actual creation of the world. However in christian tradition dance was<br />

persecuted for centuries.<br />

Today dance as an indegenous artform has at last acquired its deserved<br />

recognition and put itself on an equal basis beside other artforms. In the<br />

Opera it is demonstrated in a form of ballet and represents one of the key<br />

elements. Dance as an independent artform exists mainly in „independent<br />

groups“ and depends on various formants of this or that particular<br />

performance. Anyway throughout history dance as possibly the most human<br />

of all artforms has always been tightly connected, limited, used and represented<br />

in civil and political changes. History of German modern dance is a clear<br />

example. This is the main idea of the following work to try and make this<br />

connection clear on basis of the great dancers’ work.<br />

The article examines the contribution of such great representatives of dance<br />

as: Jacque Delcroze (composer), Rudolph von Laban, Mary Wigman (at the<br />

very heart of an expressionistic dance), Isadora Duncan, Oscar Schlemmer,<br />

Kurt Jooss, Hans Weit, Gret Palucca, Valeska Gertsa, Albrecht Kunst, Tatiana<br />

Gzovsky, Gerd Reinholm, Dora Hoyer, Suzann Linke, Reinhild Hoffmann,<br />

Gerhard Hummel, Joachem Hesper, Gerhard Bohner, Pina Bausch, Iochanes<br />

Kresnik, Sasha Waltz.<br />

Dance and its potential has gained its recognition nationwide. New conditions,<br />

requirements and especially „German Dance Plan“ has shown that dance as<br />

an independent artform has gained its derserved appreciation at last.<br />

ABOUT AUTHOR<br />

Nele Herting - Spokesperson of the initiative “A Soul for Europe”. Degree<br />

in German Philology and Theatre. 1963-1988 Researcher Associate at the<br />

Academy of Arts in Berlin (West). Artistic director of “Berlin – Cultural<br />

Capital of Europe, 1988”. 1989-2003 Director of the Hebbel Theatre in Berlin,<br />

artistic director of the “Theater der Welt” festival (1999). 2003-2007 Head<br />

of the DAAD’s Artists-in-Berlin programme. Since 2006, she has been Vicepresident<br />

of the Academy of Arts.<br />

324 325

CULTURE AND POLITICS<br />

Steve Austen and Karolina Nowacki<br />

THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNIFICATION<br />

PROCESS<br />

(Summery)<br />

“Let me say it again: Europe is not only about markets, it is also about values<br />

and culture. And allow me a personal remark: in the hierarchy of values, the<br />

cultural ones range above the economic ones. If the economy is necessity for<br />

our lives, culture is really what makes our life worth living.<br />

The EU has reached a stage of its history where its cultural dimension can no<br />

longer be ignored.”<br />

Artists and intellectuals took the initiative to take the Final Act as a guarantee<br />

of their civil, human and cultural rights and measured their current condition<br />

against the background of these agreed rights. Hence the follow-up process<br />

was dominated by efforts of securing these rights both from political as well<br />

as from civil perspective. Eventually, both efforts blended in and served the<br />

improvement of the whole situation on both levels.<br />

Two aspects became more and more important: firstly, the need for a confident<br />

citizenship, and secondly, the importance of culture for a peaceful unification<br />

process that on the one hand tries to bind individuals, not only countries,<br />

together and in doing so achieves the most valuable results.<br />

In only a few years intellectuals, cultural operators, scientists, artists, pupils<br />

and students, as well as politicians, local, national as well as European have<br />

joined the Berlin process to stimulate the upcoming generation of Europeans<br />

to take our future in their hands.<br />

ABOUT AUTHOR<br />

Steve Austen - Permanent fellow of the Felix Meritis Foundation, Amsterdam,<br />

cultural entrepreneur, consultant, publicist and member of the group of<br />

initiators of “A Soul for Europe”. Austen, who has been active in cultural life<br />

of the Netherlands and Europe since 1966, is co-responsible for “Amsterdam<br />

Cultural Capital of Europe 1987”. Together with Günter Grass he co-founded<br />

the informal working body “Gulliver”. Since 1987, he has been president<br />

and lecturer of the Amsterdam-Maastricht Summer.<br />

<strong>ART</strong> AND SOCIAL<br />

<strong>SCIENCE</strong> FACULTY<br />

18 - 19 June <strong>2008</strong><br />

Organizational Group:<br />

Full Professor - Levan Khetaguri, Vasil Kiknadze, Nato<br />

Gengiuri.<br />

Ass. professor - Lamara Gongadze, Giorgi Chartolani, Nino<br />

Mkheidze, Rusudan Mirtskhulava.<br />

326 327

THEATRE STUDIES<br />

Tamar Bokuchava<br />

Art History Ph. D. Ass. professor<br />

FOR THE ASPECTS OF NIGHT, DREAM AND COMIC IN<br />

SHAKESPEARE’S “A MIDSUMMER NIGHT’S DREAM”<br />

(Summery)<br />

The night-side existence in the title of Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night’s<br />

Dream”, as the key of the main text of the drama.<br />

The structure of the artistic reality of the play; time, place and circumstances<br />

of the action development.<br />

The aesthetics and images of the night world.<br />

The tasks of the personages’ identity in the world of the night life.<br />

Connection of eroticism and dream in the context of the ritual essence of<br />

comedy.<br />

Merab Gegia<br />

Art History Ph. D.<br />

RELIGION AND THEATRE<br />

(Summery)<br />

Maia Goshadze<br />

Ph. D. Art History Ass. professor<br />

AT THE BOTTOM OF PANDORA’S BOX<br />

(Summery)<br />

Work “at the bottom of Pandora’s Box” is about the various kinds of hope<br />

motive<br />

On one side, hope is positive feeling, establishing life and is perceived as an<br />

expression of fundament of loving, loosing of which makes human hopeless<br />

in face of severe reality.<br />

At the same time, being hope-growing inspiration source that always was, is<br />

and will be beyond this sphere. Human is looking at future with hope. Man,<br />

living with hope, chooses hope and expectation of merciful future, in spite of<br />

communality, revealed with moving elements of live.<br />

So, loosing hope may become not only life refusing factor, but also defeating<br />

fear of taking life with “hopeless”, - even if is desirable, but expressing<br />

spiritual virile defeated by aspiration toward numbing in always unmovable<br />

(fixed) future like the past.<br />

It is discussed non-homogeneous hope, expressed in drama or scene art of<br />

different epoch in presented work – even if, it is “Faust” of Goethe, absurdum<br />

drama, Chekhov’s plays or “The Cherry Orchard” performed in theater of<br />

Cinema Actors (stage director Giorgi Margvelashvili).<br />

Mikhail Kalandarishvili<br />

Art History Ph. D. Ass. professor<br />

1. Origination of theatre from totemism, hunter ritual. Zoomorphism.<br />

2. Period of Animizm, Magical ritual. Rituals devoted to the idol of fertility.<br />

Origination of sinkret theatre. Antropomorphism.<br />

3. Tale and story. Origination of verbal artistic creative work. Period of<br />

Polytheoism. Myth as a system of religion. Origination of narrator institute,<br />

its gradual inclusion into customary ritual. Unification of myth and customary<br />

ritual, theirs compound. Origination of dramatic poetry.<br />

4. The Egypt theatre. Priests – First professional actors.<br />

5. Ancient Greck Theatre. Cult of Dionysos as analogy to the idol of fertility.<br />

Rapsodes and Aeds. Origination of dramatic genre. Tragedy and Comedy.<br />

6. Theatre of Monotheoisms period. Liturgy drama, Mistery, Miracle pley,<br />

Moralite.<br />

7. Ideal, utopia as analogy of religion.<br />

THE MODERNISTIC EXPERIMENT IN TIFLISI<br />

(Summery)<br />

Meierhold started his work with tried way in Tiflisi. he repeated the copies of<br />

simple plays of Art Theatre and tried to change the esthetical criteria of Tbilisi<br />

spectator. but in<br />

S. Pshibishevski’s production in “Tovli “( snow) “ there was not left nothing<br />

naturalistic popular for the spectators. “ even the snow was not white colored<br />

it was ultra violet. teh color of the snow was obscure for everyone and the<br />

producer had to shelter himself behind the scenes from angry spectators. at<br />

the end the performance had the historical meaning afterwards. in Russia<br />

they call conditionally and first try of the anti naturalistic Theatre.<br />

328 329

Maia Kiknadze<br />

Art History Ph. D. Ass. professor<br />

Guliko Mamulashvili<br />

Ph. D. Art History<br />

PUPPET AND SHADE PERFORMANCES IN INDONESIA<br />

(Summery)<br />

Puppet and shade performances were one of the most old and spread<br />

performances in Indonesia. The shade performances were used for religiousmystical<br />

purposes at first, as their origin was connected to the dead cult, to<br />

the rituals in honor of the dead ancestries, from the point of view of some<br />

researchers (Jacob, Goslin). The puppet and shade theatre “Vaiang Purva”<br />

supported calling spirits and their show.<br />

To prepare “Vaiang” puppets, it was necessary to pass several stages. First of<br />

all they had to prepare the bull skin and then they had to cut out and paint it.<br />

The color had symbolic meaning in the performance, which expressed the<br />

character and spiritual condition of a personage.<br />

The aim and the reason of the puppet theatre were founded of the belief and<br />

point of view of Indonesian people, for example: if any family wanted to be<br />

its son handsome, they ordered an appropriate play and etc.<br />

Puppeteer – Dalangi’s role and its meaning was unique for puppet<br />

performances. He was an organizer and owner of the theatre, who was even<br />

a sacrifice by his meaning.<br />

“Vaiang Purva” had its traditional repertoire. The plays were especially<br />

composed and they were passed from generation to generation orally.<br />

Especially Iava versions of Indian epos “Ramiana” and “Mahabparat” were<br />

popular.<br />

The rule of play and performance division was symbolic and it was connected<br />

to the rule of living and religion of a human being. The screen and the puppet<br />

box had also the symbolic meaning.<br />

Vaiang was not only an entertaining performance. Its purpose was also<br />

educational and cognitive, which had to influence the young people, as during<br />

the centuries it developed the people’s aesthetics, world outlook, created<br />

culture and protected traditions.<br />

“TH ‘ASIES” IN PERSIAN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE<br />

(Summery)<br />

The work belongs to Iranian, Islamic sheet mystery theatre “Th ‘asies”.<br />

The essence of this theatre, cultural religious roots and its connection will<br />

European culture is discussed in it.<br />

According to this work it’s the folk theatre which comes from ancient traditions<br />

of Persian religious mysteries and is of great importance not only for the<br />

history of Persian theatre but for the century old history of culture between<br />

Georgia and Persian countries.<br />

Nino Machavariani<br />

Ph. D. Art History<br />

EUGENE SW<strong>ART</strong>Z’S “DRAGON” IN THE<br />

RUSTAVELI THEATRE<br />

(Summery)<br />

Eugene Swartz is clear for everybody, he came in literature with simple form,<br />

but however he could improve formed by artistically his political and personal<br />

belief. Swartz could confluence being of poetry and poetry of being with<br />

original theatrical form. “Dragon” relation at Robert Sturua’s theatre<br />

problematic to fight et evil, to win kindness and also problematic for powerful<br />

fight. Play “Dragon” its stage metaphors and artistically symbolism typically<br />

images that totalitarian state’s life model, in what it stood.<br />

330 331

Gubaz Megrelidze<br />

Ph. D. Art History<br />

Manana Turiashvili<br />

Ph. D. Art History Ass. professor<br />

USHANGI CHKHEIDZE’S UNKNOWN REMINDER<br />

(Summery)<br />

Ushangi Chkheidze’s unknown reminder is important to know Kote’ leaving<br />

from Rustaveli theatre, with it, there is given position corporation “Duruji”,<br />

which made opposition between K. Marjanishvili and troupe.<br />

There is given creative analysis of Rustaveli theatre of 1924-1926 years.<br />

Also, there describes gradual effort good interrelation between Kote<br />

Marjanishvili and Sandro Akhmeteli and about that mistakes that made Kote<br />

Marjanishvili.<br />

Ushangi Chkheidze describes Rustaveli theatre’s Tour in West Georgia in<br />

1926 years, to met company of actors and Kote Marjanishvili in Batumi.<br />

There is given analysis result by Kote Marjanishvili and Ioseb Gedevanishvili<br />

maden staff reduction of actors against K. Marjanishvili.<br />

There is given met between the corporation “Duruji’s” members and K.<br />

Marjanishvili in the country Rioni, where passed made film “Samanishvili<br />

Step Mother”.<br />

Ushangi Chkheidze’s unknown reminder establishment of the Rustaveli’s<br />

theatre’s new circumstance difficult period being opposition in group, that<br />

haven’t do in other memories literature and it full being works. Ushangi<br />

Chkheidze’s unknown reminder for Georgian theatre history is very important<br />

acquisition.<br />

THOUSAND KINDS OF PEOPLE<br />

Mikhael Chekhov<br />

(Summery)<br />

To create an MKhT studio for the purpose of studying the “system” of<br />

Stanislavski. The specifity of Chekhov’s main roles.<br />

A spiritual crisis of Chekhov intensified by the October Revolution.<br />

Resignation from the theatre and life. A great change and return into the life.<br />

Chekhov creates “the studio of Chekhov”.<br />

The success in Moscow Art theatre -in Stanislavski’s “Revizor.” Voices-<br />

Chekhov with his artistic technique covers the leading actors of the art.<br />

Chekhovs practical searches into the realm of lightness, atmosphere and<br />

improvisation.<br />

Chekhov’s participation in the opera performance of E.Vakhtangov and his<br />

gradual separation from Stanislavski’s “system.” The improvement of the<br />

dramatic style of expression by Chekhov and “drawing with the body.”<br />

.According to the practice formation of theoretical ideas by Chekhov, about<br />

contrast, form, entirety, improvisation, sketch, lightness, atmosphere e.t.c.<br />

Criticism of the dilettantism.<br />

Cognition of the art with humour and how to develop this into the creative<br />

prossess. To make inevitable objectivity for the artist with the help of humour.<br />

.With the use of a new dramatic technique the problems of the audience are<br />

perceived differently by Chekhov during the performance. Chekhov about<br />

the speech.<br />

The principle of “imitation” in “Hamlet.” Confrontation with some thesis of<br />

the Stanislavski’s “system”and the proof of the superiority of Chekhov’s<br />

dramatic technique. Three “egos” of the actor’s consciousness.<br />

332 333

Tamar Kutateladze<br />

Ph. D. Art History.<br />

Lamara Gongadze<br />

Art History Ph. D.<br />

THEATRE’S FUNCTION AND IT’S VALUABLE<br />

(By example of the Kote Marjanishvili’s “Uriel Akosta” restore by<br />

Sophiko Chiaureli)<br />

(Summery)<br />

Georgian theatre reformer, the second state theatre constituent Kote<br />

Marjanishvili’s creative masterpiece “Uriel Akosta” aspires congenial<br />

reconstruction in many respects interesting fact. In Georgian theatre workers<br />

are till interesting nostalgia of the declaration Georgian theatre modern in<br />

this success play, till unknown theatrical valuable. For Marjanishvili theatre<br />

company untiring interest by “Uriel Akosta” notion clearly protest to the<br />

modern theatre process and unknown aspiration for its reforms.<br />

Past’s masterpiece’s restore is an interesting occurrence for that too, to acquaint<br />

with formed theatre gains simultaneously in Georgian or foreign theatre<br />

process. Process of its development or regress or priorities artificial turn out.<br />

By Sophiko Chiaureli restored play of Kote Marjanishvili was known past’s<br />

gains and today’s state of theatre. Creative thinking theatre constitutive and<br />

inculcation in the young generation theatre function and principal<br />

incompatibility to the valuable.<br />

Kote Marjanishvili’s “Uriel Akosta” had been imaged that process, which<br />

was passed in the modern art of the XX century. Modern play of the 20 th<br />

years end was very logical and successful result of those half ages, when<br />

continued long creative studies and finds, which went on national and foreign<br />

culture. In “Uriel Akosta” had been shown contrast with life-naturalistic<br />

theatre at the super theatre, mystical art’s valuable triumph, made musicalsymphonic<br />

bearer distinct genre, which made new phase to the developed<br />

national spectacle culture.<br />

By Sophiko Chiaureli’s restore “Uriel Akosta” had a sensation of Kote<br />

Marjanishvili’s “triumph of theatre” aesthetics difficult producers’ partite,<br />

its polyphonically sonorousness, also Marjanishvili’s super actores (Veriko<br />

Anjaparidze and Ushangi Chxeidze). Raiser, musical-mannerism perform art,<br />

which could happen to made hypnotic on the society.<br />

PRODUCER , TIME, PER<br />

(Lily Ioselyani ‘s First play)<br />

(Summery)<br />

Lily Ioselyani is an eminent person, a real personality, producer and a<br />

teacher. From the very outset her pecularitu was expressed in her<br />

weakness and unprotection, which step by step turned into her strength.<br />

Her first fearless desire was revealed when she chose such a manly<br />

“job” – a profession of a producer and nobody could manage to make<br />

her sure to renounce her point of view.<br />

She was invited as a staging producer at the Marjanishvili Theatre.<br />

The first play that she put on the stage was “Sprinq Morning” by<br />

Victor Gabeskirya. This play was satisfying the reguirements of<br />

ideological ciche of Soviet Government end responded to the self<br />

– critical pathos of the system existing in that period of time.<br />

Giorgi Tskitishvili<br />

Ph. D. Art History Ass. professor<br />

I WAS A HUMAN, MAN...<br />

(Summery)<br />

In any time, on every step of the evolution of humanity History repeated the<br />

same lessons, but people did the same mistakes again.<br />

The aim of this work is to discuss the so called “ex-human” themes, personal<br />

tragedies and dramas, on the basis of some Georgian plays. Both plays,<br />

which are analyzed in this theme , are create in the second half of XX<br />

century.<br />

These plays are: “Dezorganization” of Borys Lavrenev, directed by Shalva<br />

Gatserelia in the Young spectator’s Georgian theatre and “Haky Adzba ” of<br />

Leo Qiacheli, directed by Temur Chkheidze in Kote marjanaishvili state<br />

theatre. Different works of these different authors are united by the conception<br />

of two producers. They presented spiritually linked drama heroes to the<br />

spectators.<br />

Human’s tragedy was reflected very interestingly on Georgian scene and the<br />

plays, which are analyzed in this work, are the best examples of this.<br />

334 335

Guliko Djavashvili<br />

Art History Ph. D.<br />

ACTOR’S ONE ROLE<br />

(In Givi Berikashvili’s play “Berikaoba” (Georgian Carnaval) by M.<br />

Eliozishvili)<br />

(Summery)<br />

There were many experiments to produced Georgian national (folk) show in<br />

the theatre and cinema. In the show of Kote Marjanishvili and Sandro Axmeteli<br />

were made Berikaoba and Keenoba(carnival). They made more and more<br />

theatrical and original initials, which must study and use for the Georgian<br />

theatre development.<br />

The elements of the old national show repeated used by producers, but this<br />

was only performance’s decision way. M. Eliozishvili’s “Berikoni”<br />

represented straight life of Berikebi, they shown artist’s fate, they narrated<br />

their significance. There didn’t show imitation of Berikaoba, but by modern<br />

dramatic thinking and artistic figured life.<br />

There were symbols Lale – G. Berikashvili and Iano – S.Chiaureli of the<br />

people wisdom, motherland’s love, and love of art.<br />

In role of Tavberika shown ability for Givi Berikashvili himself, he passed<br />

national wisdom and humors, which was very typical for old national show.<br />

In role of Tavberika with all completeness shown actor’s creative national<br />

character, primitive life-giving, sharp outward outline, improved plastic,<br />

contagious cheerfulness and sharp reflection were related to Lale at old<br />

Berikas.<br />

Performance “Berikoni” and Tavberika Lale with G.Berikashvili’s perfom<br />

certainly is a remarkable phenomenon in Georgian theatre with modern<br />

consider of national, folk forms.<br />

FILM STUDIES<br />

Ira Demetradze<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

SUBLIMATED RACISM<br />

(The Caucasus Ethos myth in Post Soviet Cinematography)<br />

(Summery)<br />

Our contemporary social and cultural environment, where the notions of<br />

patriotism and xenophobia are almost identical creates a situation of nonreflexive<br />

reality. Overcoming mythology is possible only by substituting the<br />

latter by a new one (Rolan Bart). The Soviet transnational mythology has<br />

been substituted by the national mythology. A certain geo cultural Eurasian<br />

phenomenon has been formed within the post soviet area. There is a<br />

widespread opinion that Georgian social reality and values system are oriented<br />

on Western culture while everyday social life is mostly determined by Eastern<br />

tradition.<br />

In films discussed below the national discourse is illustrated by the example<br />

of the war in Chechnya (Aleko Tsabadze’s “Russian Triangle”, Nikita<br />

Mikhalkov’s “Twelve”, Alexander Sokurov’s “Alexandra”). While this<br />

national discourse becomes the subject of artistic speculation and ideologically<br />

impartiality in Tsabadze’s and Mikhalkov’s works, Alexander Sokurov’s<br />

mythology is closer to the tradition of XIX century Russian classic literature.<br />

A syndrome of so called “sublimated racism” had been apparent in collective<br />

subconscious since the second half of the last century, which has been even<br />

transformed into some kind of phobia for the last decade.<br />

336 3<strong>37</strong>

Nana Dolidze<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian. Ass. Professor<br />

ELECTIONS AND GEORGIAN TV CHANNELS POLITICS<br />

(Summery)<br />

On the stage of the today’s Georgian TV space in parallels there is functioning<br />

not one or two commercial channels, between them are in the direction themes<br />

(Military, Religion, and Pop-music).<br />

All of them are orient on the rating, on the expansion of the lecture-hall and<br />

on the commercial welfare, on that, all of them made self strait strategies,<br />

although, today’s in complicated social-political situation, where society are<br />

abruptly polarize. TV rating determines sympathy or antipathy to channel’s<br />

this or that political power.<br />

In parallels of the political taste there is a main factor channels’ financing<br />

source. In that case is that possible or not to speak about media space freedom<br />

and will it become by instrument of society’s manipulation. The second factors<br />

of the TV channels lecture-hall popularity are “entertainment politics” – which<br />

do entertain Georgian spectators?<br />

- Popular genres of the TV industry and there part in the program net.<br />

- A different form of herald manages. Post Soviet traditions modern lines.<br />

“News” politic in the Georgian media space.<br />

- Georgian TV channels and elections’ marathon, political advertisement and<br />

political discussion.<br />

Irina Kutsukhidze<br />

Doctor of Art. Film Historian. Full Professor<br />

THE OUTLINES OF CINEMATOGRAPH IN THE PERIOD OF NEW<br />

TECHNOLOGIES<br />

(Summery)<br />

From the moment invention of the cinematograph the developerment way of<br />

the technique and movie design, became inseparable from each other. Often<br />

during the one centurial history the new expressive forms of cinema exactly<br />

have dean determined by the technical achievements. It is enough to cast a<br />

glance to persuade how the technological and aesthetical processes are<br />

connected with each other. But the novelty that has been applied in the<br />

cinematograph from the decade of the twentieth century may be considered<br />

as some jinn of revolution. I have in view the digital technologies development<br />

by the cinema, called as “digital cinema” that moved and put under doubt the<br />

ontological vases and the specificity of its expressive forms that have been<br />

recognized during the decades. On the one hand the merging of cinema<br />

language, and from another has provided the basis of new tendencies and<br />

priorities – genre and esth<br />

Maia Levanidze<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

Lia Kalandarishvili<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

THE WOMEN’S FACE IN ENGLISH FILM<br />

INDUSTRY IN 70 YEARS<br />

(Summery)<br />

Josef Lousy’s “ Romantically English woman” is the post modernist work of<br />

art in 70 years. the film is structurally difficult and reach in inter tactual<br />

space, associations, intimation, labyrinth est.<br />

the main subject of the film is well treated romantically woman’s face in<br />

European art. plot tells us about the writer Lui Filding’s history in process of<br />

creative work. the cue is the mark of time and underlines creation the famous<br />

Hanry Filding’s creation in 18 century. it makes the contrast between past<br />

and modernity. in the film the fantasy is replaced by the different reality, the<br />

texts are mixed in one another they are reflected and make the ironical space.<br />

GEORGIAN TV SPACE AND ADVERTISING PECULIARITIES<br />

(Summery)<br />

Advertising appears to be one of the active elements of Georgian reality,<br />

which makes for the formation of stereotypes, norms and values in public.<br />

Advertising with its virtual mini-world (billboards, air-glass, light boxes,<br />

promos) turned to be the characteristic feature of the time epoch. It influences<br />

the formation of new expressive forms, visual structures.<br />

This study reviews the peculiarities and specifics of the advertising, its types<br />

(promos, trailers etc.) and forms of expression. At the same time, the study<br />

will focus on key tendencies existing in the Georgian broadcasting companies<br />

in general, as well as the influence of the western TV companies on Georgian<br />

television space.<br />

338 339

Manana Lekborashvili<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS AND STUDDING ACTIVENESS<br />

(Summery)<br />

Nowadays the term “representation” has been slowly establishing in Georgian<br />

spoken language. Representation (reflecting from the beginning, representing<br />

again) means constructing different aspects of reality (people, objects,<br />

phenomenon, cultural identity and other abstract concepts) in any media, in<br />

fact creating new reality. This sort of representation may occur both in oral<br />

language and written texts and in photography and cinematography.<br />

Reality is always represented-what we consider as “direct” feeling is always<br />

“mediated” by perceptual codes. Representation is always connected with<br />

“reality construction”. Even most realistic text as it seems to us in most cases,<br />

primarily is performed as “constructed representations” then straight<br />

“reflection”, record or copy of existing reality. Representations which become<br />

familiar through constant re-use come to feel ‘natural’ and unmediated. A<br />

key in the study of representation concern is with the way in which<br />

representations are made to seem ‘natural’.<br />

Why are learning media representations so important? Media representations<br />

form persons’ perceptions of vital occurrences-there views of gender, social<br />

class, race, there beliefs... What is valuable in life and their ideas about its<br />

different rules and different cultural models?<br />

Studding media representations help the public to keep the critical position,<br />

recognize the ways by which media mediated the reality, determine the<br />

direction of world perception and their own identity.<br />

Diana Maglakelidze<br />

Art History. Ph.D. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

IMAGE LIBERATION –NORTH-EUROPEAN MODERN CINEMA<br />

AVANT-GARDE 95<br />

(Summery)<br />

As a result of the development of digital technologies and democratization<br />

process of cinematography caused by these technologies in the 90s of the<br />

XX century in the North-European cinematography there was established a<br />

new trend in cinema – Dogma 95.<br />

In March 1995 Danish film directors Lars Fon Trir, Tomas Winterberg, Soren<br />

Krag-Jakobsen and Cristian Levring at the conference dedicated to the 100-<br />

th anniversary of cinematography in the cinema of Odeon in Paris solemnly<br />

introduced their colleagues a manifest called Dogma 95, created by<br />

themselves, which was declared by the authors as an action rescuing<br />

cinematography.<br />

A provocative manifest of film directors of Copenhagen was directed from<br />

the one hand against technical, digital sensations, cinema industry of<br />

Hollywood and from the other hand against the European author’s cinema,<br />

as cinematography, demonstarating an individual taste.<br />

According to the authors’ formulation modern technological processes and<br />

the crisis of cinematography induced the necessity of creating a new avantgarde<br />

trend in cinema.<br />

The authors of the manifest called themselves as members of the<br />

cinematographic brotherhood but they were subjecting the process of creating<br />

of a film to certain restrictions, which according to the manifest were called<br />

restriction norms.<br />

In 2005 the secretariat of Dogma 95, published a farewell manifest and<br />

declared the trend certificate accessible to everybody. In the world modern<br />

cinema there have been created thirty five official and even more unofficial<br />

films by aesthetic norms established by the manifest.<br />

The manifest Dogma 95 directed against the Danish cinematographers<br />

Mainstream-Kino and European author’s cinematography represented an<br />

attempt to withdraw cinema from illusions and despite its provocative and<br />

slightly ironical character it had a serious effect on a visual and narrative<br />

language of the contemporary cinematography. From this point of view it<br />

should be discussed in the discourse of the neorealist of cinema trends<br />

following the period of the Second World War, a new wave and Direct Cinema.<br />

340 341

Nino Mkheidze<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

DESCRIPTION IF EXPLICATION<br />

(Summery)<br />

Lela Ochiauri<br />

Doctor of Arts, Film Historian Full Professor<br />

FROM SOCIALISTE REALISM TO POST-MODERNISM<br />

(Summery)<br />

Description means picture in word, but explication means explain and analyze<br />

in detail. Modern Georgian film describes just for a long time, but<br />

unfortunately cann’t explains present process in modern society.<br />

In 90 th years of the last century a lot of Georgian leaves their country. Some<br />

of them with free-will, some of them with compulsion become in emigration.<br />

What did the characters of the Dito Tsintsadze “Unfortunately killer”, Levan<br />

Glonti’s “Onion’s tears”, Gela Babluani’s “13”, Davit Kandelaki’s “America<br />

in a room” met there? Could this producers not only explain, but describe<br />

that what is this “dream-land” West.<br />

Eter Okudjava<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian Full Professor<br />

60 TH YEARS – PERIOD OF CINEMATOGRAPHY RENOVATE<br />

(Summery)<br />

In the 60 th years, modern generations of the Georgian cinematographers have<br />

been formed aesthetics view like that: refutation to image reality such as<br />

forgery. Image truth only and human reality face. Political “concession”,<br />

such as in Georgian and all Soviet Union, as in European country have been<br />

strengthen social and creative liberalization. Although, by 1970 year there<br />

were just finished every freedom “Exercises” – On basis of Warszawa treaty<br />

freedom behaved in the blind alley in the 1967 years and from this time<br />

known European producers were leaved in the emigration. Among them the<br />

most part – in the U.S.A. In 50-60 th years everything American were<br />

association at the freedom and at the democracy. Although, in parallels, the<br />

term “American Culture” evaluated different by World known cinema expert,<br />

philosophers, cult urological. We look through consideration of the complete<br />

against phases in works self American investigator.<br />

On the ford accent of reality culture to arrange like that, 70 th years Georgian<br />

film continues to image truth on the screen by studies of similar genre and<br />

form. In 60 years cinema process renovate in Georgian film, can consider<br />

rising by component part of the world civilize, which is the natural cycle part<br />

of the universe mental renovate.<br />

Despite the fact that today every second word or term which we use (when<br />

the conservation concerns modern art, will it be theater, literature or<br />

cinematography) is post-modernism, its meaning is not fully recognized and<br />

determined.<br />

In a broad sense post-modernism is the general direction of development of<br />

culture, one of its stages, which succeeds modernism and became its<br />

alternative. On the one hand it is high art, but on the other it is production<br />

which is understandable and acceptable for everyone, and which is determined<br />

for short-term, wide demand because it answers the habits and expectations.<br />

Post-modernist art is the art which enables to overestimate values and creates<br />

necessary conditions for this as much as it is already lies in the heart of<br />

direction. It lies in its consciousness and in the system created by its own<br />

with sober and critical eye.<br />

Stereotype, which is recognized as “Stamp”, “Cliché”, in the case of postmodernism<br />

acquires a new meaning, obligation and therefore term is used in<br />

another sense. There are methods and models of creations of images and<br />

icons formed and preserved for centures which even today do not lose their<br />

value. Their significance may be determined on the basis of how deep it is<br />

deposited in the archaic depth of knowledge, how big is their expressing<br />

potential.<br />

First signs of post-modernism were registered in the cinematography of sixties<br />

once as tendency of returning to genres precisely its reproduction and<br />

confusion began. Today the harmonious hybride which had no determined<br />

imige at this time became a norm. Probably post-modernism as no other<br />

direction is in the close connection with general culturological reality and on<br />

the other hand with life reality. Citation and self-citation is a natural process<br />

for artist. Very often many creators use their own systems of signs, methods<br />

of symbols, their combination and stereotypes.<br />

Since cinematograph is relatively new art it did not have such opportunity of<br />

accumulation of experience, stereotypes and information, as other branches<br />

of art. But as can be seen this time has come. Cinematograph already<br />

accumulates so much that allows itself to work by use of its own system,<br />

stereotypes and signs, and by their interpretation.<br />

342 343

Olgiko Zgenti<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

GEORGIAN LEADING FILM AND “FEXSIS” – PARALLELS AND<br />

INTERSECTION<br />

(Summery)<br />

Kote Marjanishvili’s in creative role in Russia advance-guard especially<br />

eccentrics’ theatre and in process making “Fexsis”.<br />

By Kote Marjanishvili produced play “In claws of life” in Moscow artistic<br />

theatre, such as innovatory-experimental play and its influence genre of<br />

eccentrically comedy in form. Georgian show – Berikaoba-keenoba (carnival)<br />

and tradition of national creative, such as advance-guard arts film eccentric<br />

hard impulse. Influence of Marjanishvili, such as teacher and grand master<br />

on film creative of well-known producers Traubergi.<br />

Marjanishvi’s synthetic study theatre’s stylistic study line had continuing in<br />

20 th year’s Georgian film comedies- synthetic of low genres: circus, musichall,<br />

Shan tam, cheap literature, variety art, American films, operetta,<br />

pantomime, “Low genres” mixed tandention in 20 th year’s Georgian film.<br />

Prose of Grigol Robakidze in context of 20 th years film advance-guard Mixeil<br />

Chiaureli’s film “Saba” towards Russian “Fexsis” – study of artistic – stylistic<br />

and relatively City culture-conflict of conformism and romantics.<br />

Teo Khatiashvili<br />

PhD Art History. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

“INACCESSIBLE OBJECT OF THE WILL”<br />

LAKAN’S INTERPRETATION IN THE LUIS BUNUELI<br />

(Summery)<br />

The unknowingly conception Lakan’s as like language structuralisms. Will,<br />

that is designing by fantasia, but this one doesn’t image for us for the space<br />

to carry out will, but, opposite field of frustration, simple, that (Fantasia) is<br />

images will.<br />

At Bunuel semantics of eye or in chink constant shadow, as run over from<br />

really in unreal. (In psychological reality) and in the fantasia space it is a<br />

will’s forward condition.<br />

“Dog from Andalusia”, “Golden age”, “Bourgeoisie honorable charm”, “Daily<br />

beauty”, “Will’s this dull object”... – dissatisfied erotic passion or utilitarian<br />

will.<br />

Ketevan Janelidze<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian. Assist. Professor<br />

ANIMATED FILMS<br />

(Summery)<br />

Children like to look cartoon films. It is an axiom. And each child has favorite<br />

Ketevan Trapaidze<br />

heroes. Cartoon films and films for teenagers play great importance for rising<br />

Ph. D. Art History. Film Historian Ass. Professor<br />

generation. This industry works owing to constant need of a society for a<br />

reminder on moral criteria. Parents must not bye their children animated films<br />

ABROAD DIRECTED MOVIES OF GEORGIAN DITECTORS<br />

based in aggression, lies and laziness. Watching films must not be only killing<br />

the leisure time for children.<br />

(Summery)<br />

Animated films contain important informative material from which the child<br />

learns about laws of an external world. The bright substantial cartoon film<br />

It’s interesting how it is possible to consider a person’s independence in<br />

which has caused positive emotional reaction of the child inevitably leaves<br />

the modern Georgians mind and after in Art.<br />

in its memory an example for imitation and develops inquisitiveness.<br />

We want to analyze some artistic originalities of those directors who are<br />

Therefore the animated films created with the moral of definite society, may<br />

abroad: Dito Tsintsadze’s “Promise”, Aleko Tsabadze’s “Russian Triangle”,<br />

turn out not quite suitable on informational view. No serious interrogation or<br />

Gela Babluani’s “13”.<br />

social researches, concerning finding out the most popular hero, was held in<br />

In this work we pointed on this interesting , psychological changes.<br />

Georgia. By judging box-office income Georgian cartoons can’t compete<br />

with foreign films, but it is temporary notion and does not depend on quality,<br />

advertisement plays great importance.<br />

344 345

<strong>ART</strong> STUDIES<br />

Irine Abesadze<br />

Doctor of Study of Art, Full professor<br />

THE PROSPECTS OF FOUNDING THE PHENOMENOLOGY AS<br />

NEW DIRECTION OF <strong>ART</strong> HISTORY<br />

(Summery)<br />

The number of science directions was founded in the 20 th century. The<br />

technical revolution and brave experiments have opened the way to natural<br />

and humanitarian science directions.<br />

The systemic methods of research have made it clear for humanitarians the<br />

importance of interdisciplinary and complex approaches. Nowadays semiotic<br />

and hermeneutic is more intensively used for methodological learning of art<br />

directions. These interdisciplinary tools are the best ways of reading the coded<br />

ancient writings. But how can we deal with the text which isn’t older than<br />

one century ant at the first sight it’s structure is too simple but learning this<br />

text more fundamentally will show us the number of currently unknown things.<br />

This kind is the history of Niko Phirosmani’s phenomenon research. From<br />

1913 the huge scientific production of different degrees was maid by Georgian<br />

and foreigner researchers. This all helped the brand new art history direction<br />

The Phenomenology in coming into life.<br />

The Phenomenology like Rustvelology needs special methodological<br />

approach for being protected from the influence of different legends that<br />

were widely invented by Georgian and foreigner people. Also during the<br />

century many interesting opinions were pronounced about the creation of<br />

Phirosmanashvili and gathering all of them will make clear the unknown<br />

biographical data of painter. Also high professional laboratory expertise will<br />

at last distinguish Phirosman’s true works from its clones. So according to<br />

all above mentioned it’s necessary to hold the complex research.<br />

Nato Gengiuri,<br />

Doctor of Study of Art, Full Professor<br />

SYMBOLISM OF ARCHITECTURE<br />

(Christian Georgia)<br />

(Summery)<br />

Each stage of the historical development of the society shows that symbolic<br />

thinking is an integral part of culture. It is also obvious though that the essence<br />

of symbols is not worked out once and for all and each culture offers a new<br />

system and features or alters of the old one.<br />

A symbol acquires special peculiarities in the Christian period and takes shape<br />

as a single system which may be simultaneously characteristic of entire<br />

Christendom or in local cultures it may differently highlight key points. At a<br />

glance, in “functional” art such as architecture the mystical idea and allusions<br />

to the implication are revealed to a lesser degree. However, this is so only at<br />

a glance, as Christian architecture and its separate elements are imbued with<br />

secret, sacral idea.<br />

The study of architecture by this method has been known in art criticism<br />

abroad for a long time. The explanation of the significance of separate parts<br />

of a church and its entire organization in Western Europe is attested in<br />

historical sources too and this is essential in the symbolic explanation of<br />

architecture.<br />

It is interesting what Georgian material shows. It is evident on the example<br />

of Mtskheta and Tbilisi that immediately after Christianity became firmly<br />

established, even cities were interpreted symbolically. They were regarded<br />

as symbolic images of the Holy Land.<br />

In the early Christian period architects indicated the symbolic meaning of<br />

various sections of the church by the peculiar use of artistic devices. E.g. the<br />

vault, the altar, areas of doors and windows were built of a different material,<br />

or were decorated by the reliefs and ornaments pointing to the inner meaning.<br />

The architectural shape of the parts of the building proper sometimes<br />

represents “associative symbols”. Thus, the earlier two-apse variant of<br />

baptisteries (Bolnisi Sioni) is connected with the space of the ancient bath<br />

and must be related to the associative image of spiritual bathing, a new birth<br />

by means of baptism.<br />

The domed church built at the site where the Lord’s Tunic was buried in the<br />

Cathedral of Svetitskhoveli, which is a symbolic image of Christ’s Sepulchre,<br />

has an implied meaning.<br />

346 347

Ketevan Kintsurashvili<br />

Doctor of Study of Art, Full Professor<br />

THE THEATRE OF GOGI ALEKSI-MESKHISHVILI<br />

(Summery)<br />

As far as in the 1970ies, at an earlier stage of his artistic career it became<br />

evident that Gogi Meskhishvili’s stenographical (stage and costume design)<br />

and non-stenographical (paintings, collages, etc.) works supplemented and<br />

enriched one another by both artistic-technical means and substance. Already<br />

at that time a special phenomenon was generated – “Gogi Meskhishvili’s<br />

theatre,” which is viewed by wide audience on stage, has viewers in exhibition<br />

halls as well, but much more is kept and sometimes disappear like play (models<br />

for instance) in his workshop. Since that time till present stenography, at<br />

least externally occupying a leading place in Gogi Meskhishvili’s extremely<br />

rich and extensive creative work, collages, paintings, sculptures and<br />

installations form a single whole. Viewing them in unity enables us to trace<br />

the way this or that motive, technical finding, subject or idea pass from one<br />

sphere to another, their interchange from one field to another and vice versa,<br />

the path how artistic image emerges and is transformed, - how the artist’s<br />

fantasy “works.”<br />

CULTURE<br />

Revaz Balanchivadze<br />

The doctor of Philosophy, Full professor<br />

ANTHROPOLOGICAL PEDAGOGIC AS THE <strong>SCIENCE</strong> OF<br />

EDUCATION<br />

(Summery)<br />

The XX century is rich with the development of new scientific disciplines:<br />

Philosophical anthropology, Axiology, Cult urology, philosophy of education.<br />

Simultaneously, with this, new special disciplines are being formed. One of<br />

such disciplines is ‘Anthropological pedagogic. It is being, formed as a science<br />

of education and gradually replaced traditional pedagogic, as the science<br />

child rearing.<br />

In order to show the advantages of Anthropological Pedagogic we have to<br />

oppose it to the traditional Pedagogic, the weak side of which was that it<br />

being an empirical science separated itself from philosophy. It started to<br />

take care about the rearing up and education of the real, empirical human<br />

beings /namely, children/ without posing a question: what and who is the<br />

creature about whose rearing up and education he thinks so much.<br />

The fact that the traditional pedagogic was developed in a science about<br />

child rearing was a obvious mistake. If we cast the retrospective glance at the<br />

history of science formation and development, we won’t be able to find even<br />

a single case of studying a subject only partly and not in its full length. Imagine<br />

F. E biology starting to explore life from the ameba and stop on a certain<br />

layer. It means not to carry it to en end. When biology is a science about life,<br />

then it studies it from the ameba to a man and the same is true with zoology<br />

/it studies all animals/ and psychology/it studied all the psychic phenomena/<br />

. From the pedagogic point of view to say: I am interested in a human being’s<br />

childhood and not more, means, that a theoretical bases of pedagogic can<br />

never stand any critics.<br />

The term Anthropological Pedagogic is stress the fact, that the subject/object<br />

being studied is a man.<br />

The advantage of the new pedagogical discipline in comparison with the<br />

traditional pedagogic will be the closest ties with philosophy, namely<br />

philosophical anthropology and philosophy of education.<br />

348 349

Creation of philosophical anthropology made pedagogic to look through its<br />

notion apparatus and maintain into the first place a new understanding of a<br />

human, wish was worked out in a Anthropological Pedagogic.<br />

It’s not accidental, that this new pedagogic formed into pedagogic of<br />

education and not rearing. The thing is, that in the traditional pedagogic the<br />

nation of rearing is narrowed and by it only knowledge is meant. But, the<br />

modern technical-revolution showed, that if a deep understanding does not<br />

follow knowledge, spiritually it could be turned into a dangerous force. The<br />

spirituality, culture and deep understanding are united in the notion of<br />

education and that is why the main stress is put on education.<br />

Anthropological Pedagogic has to review the problem of a man maintaining<br />

its place in the universe. Having recognized mind /Gaits/ a specific human<br />

layer. Anthropological pedagogic has to review mind and its sphere /science,<br />

culture, arts, religion/ as a specific environment for a formation of a man.<br />

Relying on the philosophical anthropology, anthropological pedagogic has<br />

to show that, the mind is that phenomenon, that will enable a man to come<br />

out from the kingdom of duty and settle in the kingdom of freedom,<br />

consequently anthropological pedagogic has to create liberated creature out<br />

of a man, but his freedom has to be full of responsibility in the face of society.<br />

Anthropological Pedagogic has to help a human being realize the essence of<br />

his life, his duty in this universe and his destination.<br />

Traditional Pedagogic never did it.<br />

Ketevan Elashvili<br />

Ph.D of Philology. Ass. Professor.<br />

THE RANGE OF EROTICISM IN GEORGIAN LITERATURE<br />

(Summery)<br />

For some reason the scope and range of Georgian literature, its philosophical<br />

and esoteric layer or emotional and expressional nature seems to be “shaded”<br />

or, maybe intently tabooed only in one direction - it is the erotic aspect of a<br />

word… Naturally, this situation causes a real puzzlement. It is extremely<br />

interesting to establish what fact conditioned the origin of such “semantic<br />

vacuum” in Georgian thinking and how it is reflected in Georgian literature.<br />

We should take into account that “repressive background” existed in this<br />

layer in Georgian literature for today often creates embarrassing and delicate<br />

situation. These tendencies are traced in the so-called contemporary “erotic<br />

prose” written in a great deal with the mixture of author’s epatage and absence<br />

of complexes.<br />

It is due to this fact, namely that this time the comprehension of Georgian<br />

literature, i.e. new perception has been performed in this context because<br />

according to the classic epoch philosophers, Eros was personified with human<br />

aspiration for knowledge of good and divine beauty.<br />

Therefore it is quite impossible to link the notion of eroticism only with the<br />

name of Mikhail Javakhishvili. It is difficult to imagine his archetypes<br />

(sometimes in transformed and veiled form) not to be fixed in Georgian<br />

literature.<br />

Rusudan Mirtskulava<br />

The doctor of the psychology, professor<br />

ON PSYCHOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES OF TRANSFORMATION<br />

AND STAGE ACTING<br />

(Summery)<br />

The issue of transformation and stage acting gains a new importance in<br />

contemporary art therapy dramatic methods and also in theories where an<br />

individual is viewed as a collective of social and psychological roles (sub<br />

egos).<br />

On basis of this attitude, transformation for an individual may be connected<br />

with the change of psycho-social roles and mean transition from one system<br />

of sentiments or sets (from one role) to another system of sentiments or sets<br />

(to another role).<br />

“Role program” present in the psyche does not only makes possible<br />

transformation but makes it also necessary. Realization of psycho-social roles<br />

by an individual becomes a necessary condition for psychic balance and its<br />

normal functioning.<br />

The role system present in actor psychological structure may be viewed as a<br />

basis for a stage role; psyche itself encompasses different sentiments,<br />

tendencies, attitudes and unity of features that becomes a psychological basis<br />

for transformation, for transition from one role to another.<br />

350 351

MEDIA STUDIES<br />

George Chartolani<br />

Art History Ph.D. Ass. Professor<br />

352<br />

CULTURE IN TELEVISION INFORMATION PROGRAMS<br />

(Summery)<br />

Mass media and news programs play enormous role in developing of modern<br />

society. Except for social and political influence, in some countries, mass<br />

media forms nations cultural potential and way of thinking. Mass information<br />

systems are able to cover all fields of modern culture and not only make<br />

propaganda for culture, art and science, but write a modern history of this<br />

dimension, for they are able to create archives and keep unique performances<br />

for future generations. As soon as television was created culture won its<br />

rightful place on the scene. All forms of art was captured but eye of TV<br />

camera. Art always had special place in the broadcasting net. There is no<br />

modern television which is not using culture journalism. News of culture is<br />

one of the constant part of news editions. This news are created by<br />

correspondents, producers, editors, reporters and anchors specialised in<br />

culture. In information services culture is obeying major rules of news making,<br />

but there are some differences in way of presenting them.<br />

Informational language is not exactly fitting culture and arts, so making<br />

the program, one have to have in mind the individality of artist and specifics<br />

of the art field that story have to present.<br />

Ones creating cultural news for information, except for presenting the story<br />

line, journalist should give the spectator wish to see this performance. Story<br />

should present author of this art event, team that worked on it and people that<br />

it was created for.<br />

For cultural reporters the way of working is also different. To be able to<br />

create this kind of reportage journalist should have total understanding of<br />

difficult structure of this particular art form.<br />

This space also requires particular skills for anchors leading cultural news.<br />

On one side they have to for fill the form of news addition and at the same<br />

time, according to the fact that they present cultural news, it is necessary to<br />

create spatial individuality. Journalists presenting cultural news require<br />

double training - journalistic and cultural.<br />

This demand is spatially important for TV journalists, which are creating<br />

television programmes and shows in larger forms. In this cases not only<br />

correspondents and anchors, but producers, editors and authors play important<br />

role in creating quality production.

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