saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (49), 2011 ART SCIENCE ...
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (49), 2011 ART SCIENCE ...
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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa<br />
da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film<br />
Georgian State University<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />
<strong>Ziebani</strong><br />
<strong>#4</strong> (<strong>49</strong>), <strong>2011</strong><br />
<strong>ART</strong> <strong>SCIENCE</strong> STUDIES<br />
<strong>#4</strong> (<strong>49</strong>), <strong>2011</strong><br />
gamomcemloba `kentavri~<br />
Tbilisi _ <strong>2011</strong>
UDC(uak) 7(051.2)<br />
s-364<br />
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> <strong>Ziebani</strong> <strong>#4</strong> (<strong>49</strong>), <strong>2011</strong><br />
saredaqcio sabWo<br />
maia goSaZe<br />
goga CarTolani<br />
nana doliZe<br />
literaturuli<br />
redaqtori<br />
mariam iaSvili<br />
garekanis dizaini<br />
levan dadiani<br />
dakabadoneba<br />
ekaterine<br />
oqropiriZe<br />
gamomcemlobis<br />
xelmZRvaneli<br />
maka vasaZe<br />
krebulisaTvis mowodebuli<br />
masala uzrunvelyofili unda<br />
iyos Sesabamisi samecniero<br />
aparatiT. Tan unda axldes<br />
monacemebi avtoris samecniero<br />
kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul<br />
da inglisur enebze, agreTve<br />
naSromis inglisurenovani<br />
reziume.<br />
krebulis stamburi gamocema<br />
egzavneba sxvadasxva<br />
saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.<br />
naSromebi mogvawodeT da<br />
cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:<br />
0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />
gamziri <strong>#4</strong>0, saqarTvelos SoTa<br />
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />
II korpusi.<br />
tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408<br />
mob: +995 (95) 305 060<br />
+995 (77) 288 750<br />
E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge<br />
Web: www.tafu.edu.ge
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />
Art Science Studies <strong>#4</strong> (<strong>49</strong>), <strong>2011</strong><br />
Editorial Group<br />
MAIA GOSHADZE<br />
GOGA CH<strong>ART</strong>OLANI<br />
NANA DOLIDZE<br />
Literary Editor<br />
MARIAM IASHVILI<br />
Cover Design<br />
LEVAN DADIANI<br />
Book Binding<br />
EKATERINE<br />
OKROPIRIDZE<br />
Head of Publishing<br />
House<br />
MAKA VASADZE<br />
Materials supplied for the<br />
volume should be provided<br />
with corresponding scientific<br />
appliance. Paperwork<br />
concerning author’s academic<br />
qualification and summary of<br />
work should be attached in<br />
Georgian and English languages.<br />
Printed version of the volume is<br />
sent out to various international<br />
research centers.<br />
Works should be supplied under<br />
the following contact:<br />
0102, Tbilisi, Davit<br />
Agmashenebeli Avenue <strong>#4</strong>0<br />
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and<br />
Film Georgian State University<br />
Second Block<br />
Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408<br />
Mob: +995 (95) 305 060<br />
+995 (55) 288 750<br />
E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge<br />
Web: www.tafu.edu.ge
sarCevi<br />
Teatrmcodneoba<br />
mixeil kalandariSvili<br />
klasicisturi Teatris poetika ............................................................10<br />
Teimuraz keJeraZe<br />
respublikuri ideebi fridrix Sileris<br />
adreuli periodis dramaturgiaSi ......................................................20<br />
maia kiknaZe<br />
akaki wereTeli Teatris xelmZRvaneli da reJisori .............27<br />
maia xaCiZe<br />
gamogonili paTosi ........................................................................................40<br />
kinomcodneoba<br />
lia kalandariSvili<br />
pirveli principi: `kinematografiuli azrovnebis meqanizmi<br />
da `meqanisturi iluzia~ ..........................................................................50<br />
maia levaniZe<br />
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli ..........................61<br />
reJimis pirobebSi<br />
lela oCiauri<br />
`sabWoeTis istoriaSi~ _ rogorc sarkeSi ..................................79<br />
mediologia<br />
eldar iberi<br />
gasarTobi teleprogramebi da politikuri<br />
socializacia ....................................................................................................94<br />
universitetis sadoqtoro programa<br />
dramisa da Teatris Teoria<br />
maka vasaZe<br />
saTeatro enis raoba ...................................................................................110<br />
Tea kaxiani<br />
nacionaluri Teatris koncepcia 90–iani wlebis<br />
qarTul reJisuraSi ....................................................................................129<br />
4
msoflio Teatris istoria da Teoria<br />
marika mamacaSvili<br />
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan ..................................................144<br />
dramis reJisura<br />
Tiko qoiava<br />
XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis araverbaluri<br />
saTeatro tendenciebi ...............................................................................164<br />
kinoreJisura<br />
giorgi uRreliZe<br />
kinoreJisura ideologiur-politikur<br />
konteqstSi ........................................................................................................178<br />
avtorTa Sesaxeb ............................................................................................187<br />
5
CONTENTS<br />
THEATRE STUDIES<br />
MIKHEIL KALANDARISHVILI<br />
Theatre Poetics Of Classicism .......................................................190<br />
TEIMURAZ KEJERADZE<br />
Republic Ideas In Dramatic Art Of Friedrich Schiller’s<br />
Early Period ....................................................................................191<br />
MAIA KIKNADZE<br />
Akaki Tsereteli The Head Of The Theatre And Producer ..............191<br />
MAIA KHACHIDZE<br />
Affected Pathos ..............................................................................193<br />
FILM STUDIES<br />
LIA KALANDARISHVILI<br />
First Principle: Cinematographical Mechanism Of Thinking<br />
And “Mechanical Illusion” ............................................................195<br />
MAIA LEVANIDZE<br />
Georgian Film Of 30-Yrs Under The Total<br />
Regime Conditions .........................................................................196<br />
LELA OCHIAURI<br />
Looking Into The The History Of Soviets,<br />
Like In The Mirror .........................................................................198<br />
MEDIA STUDIES<br />
ELDAR IBERI<br />
“Entertainig Tv-Programs And Political Socialization” .................200<br />
UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAM<br />
DRAMA END THEATRE THEORY<br />
MAKA VASADZE<br />
Essence Of Theatre Language ........................................................202<br />
TEA KAKHIANI<br />
Conception Of National Theatre In The Georgian<br />
Production Of 90yrs .......................................................................203<br />
6
THEORY AND HISTORY OF WORLD THEATRE<br />
MARIKA MAMATSASHVILI<br />
Peter Bruke’s Work With Actors ....................................................205<br />
DRAMA DIRECTION<br />
TIKO QOIAVA<br />
Actuality Of Non-Verbal Theatrical Tendencies Of Theatre<br />
Art In 21 Century ...........................................................................206<br />
FILM DIRECTING<br />
GIORGI UGRELIDZE<br />
Directing In The Ideologically Political Context At The Example<br />
Of Expressionism, Neorealism And Television .............................207<br />
7
Teatrmcodneoba<br />
9
10<br />
mixeil kalandariSvili<br />
klasicisturi Teatris poetika<br />
xelovnebis ganviTarebis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi<br />
mxolod erTxel, magram sakmaod didi xniT, gonebis<br />
konceptma izeima gamarjveba grZnobaze da amiT,<br />
daafiqsira logikisa da racionalizmis prioriteti<br />
adamianis moRvaweobis iseT individualur da specifikur<br />
sferoSi, rogoricaa mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.<br />
ramdenad arabunebrivadac unda gveCvenebodes,grZnobis<br />
`gaweva-gadanacvleba~ meore planze, namdvilad moxda<br />
XVII saukunis 30-ani wlebis safrangeTSi da sul male<br />
mTeli evropis masStabiT gavrcelda. Tu SevecdebiT<br />
davasaxeloT aseTi radikaluri cvlilebebis mizezebi,<br />
pirvel rigSi unda vaRiaroT, rom procesis momzadeba,<br />
nawilobriv, xorcieldeboda ufro adre – renesansis<br />
epoqaSi, xolo mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala, romelmac<br />
moaxerxa xelovnebis daaxloveba gonivrul sawyisTan,iyo<br />
rene dekartes racionalisturi filosofiis ayvavebis<br />
xana. misma naSromma `msjeloba meTodze~ udidesi<br />
gavlena moaxdina nikolo bualos traqtatze `poeturi<br />
xelovneba~. es ukanaskneli ki, aRiarebulia klasicizmis<br />
manifestad.<br />
dekartes erT-erTi ZiriTadi debuleba, romelic<br />
sulac ar exeba xelovnebas da ufro zust mecnierebas<br />
ukavSirdeboda, bualos pirdapir gadaaqvs sxva sferos<br />
interesebSi da ukve axal JReradobas iZens, – mxatvarma,<br />
Semoqmedma sworad unda iazrovnos. mxolod gonebas ZaluZs<br />
daexmaros mas mxatvruli problemebis gadawyvetaSi.<br />
dekartes Rrmad sjeroda adamianis gonebis Zalisa da<br />
amitomac, irCevda `eWvis Setanas~ yvelaferSi, _ rogorc<br />
msjelobis xerxs, Tavisebur meTods, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
SesaZlebeli xdeba gabatonebuli warmodgenebis Tavidan
acileba da WeSmariti codnis miReba.Ddekarte acxadebda,<br />
rom eWvis TvaliT uyurebs Cven warmodgenas samyaros<br />
Sesaxeb da es garemoeba aZlevda mas uflebas gamoeTqva<br />
Tavisi cnobili aforizmi: `me vazrovneb, maSasadame, _<br />
varsebob~.<br />
bualo Tavis `poetur xelovnebaSi~ renesansis dros<br />
dadgenil `sami erTianobis~ principebs normad aqcevs,<br />
mas unda daemorCilos dramaturgiuli Semoqmedebis<br />
yvela warmomadgeneli. adgilis, droisa da moqmedebis<br />
erTianobis moTxovnas aq emateba agreTve xasiaTis<br />
erTianoba, romelic, faqtobrivad, klasicistur<br />
tipizacias niSnavs,radganac dramaturgi gmiris xasiaTis<br />
erT, romelime Tvisebas warmoadgenda iseT gazviadebul<br />
masStabSi, rom igi xdeboda xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli<br />
faqtori, rac ukargavda gmirs yvela danarCen adamianur<br />
Tvisebas. magaliTad, molieris Zunwi – mxolod Zunwia,<br />
– ar gaaCnia xasiaTis mravalmxrivoba. es klasicisturi<br />
principi ukve mogvianebiT, – XIX saukunis II naxevarSi,<br />
gamoiyenes realistebmac da Seqmnes realisturi<br />
tipizaciis meTodi.<br />
am oTx erTianobas Soris yvelaze gonivruli<br />
aRmoCnda `moqmedebis erTianoba~, radgan igi xels<br />
uwyobda mxatvruli mTlianobis miRwevas. yvela<br />
danarCeni zRudavda dramaturgiul Semoqmedebas,<br />
uwesebda mas normatiuli xasiaTis moTxovnebs, romelTa<br />
gaTvaliswineba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis xarisxze<br />
uaryofiTad aisaxeboda. xasiaTis erTianobis Sedegi iyo<br />
calmxrivoba, romlis gamonaklisad SeiZleba mxolod<br />
ori SemTxveva davasaxeloT: rasinis fedra da molieris<br />
tartiufi. es ori mxatvruli saxe savsea sirTuliTa da<br />
mravalferovnebiT.<br />
rolan bartma Zalian didi dro dauTmo rasinis<br />
Semoqmedebas, kerZod ki, mis saukeTeso tragedias -<br />
`fedras~. man gamoavlina am udidesi dramaturgis<br />
11
mixeil kalandariSvili<br />
xelovnebaSi erotikuli da seqsualuri sawyisebi, magram,<br />
sabolood, mainc ganacxada, rom: `fedras uyvars ipolite<br />
sul sxvanairi siyvaruliT; misi siyvaruliT gataceba<br />
pozitiuria da dedobrivad Seferadebuli~. 1<br />
odnav sxvanairad uyurebs am sakiTxs vl. baxmutski,<br />
romelic fedras xasiaTSi tragikuli gmiris mTavar<br />
Tvisebas avlens,– mis mzadyofnas sikvdilisaTvis:`fedras<br />
siyvaruli ipolites mimarT gamoxatavs miswrafebas<br />
siwmindisaken (masSi Tezevsis idealur saxes xedavs...).<br />
fedras siyvaruli erTdroulad vnebianicaa da sulieric,<br />
magram, es suliereba da vneba arasodes Seirwymeba erT<br />
harmoniul mTlianobad, radgan isini bolomde darCebian<br />
fedras grZnobis polarul polusebad... fedras umaRlesi<br />
wami – saboloo gaelvebaa. tragediis dasawyisSi mas<br />
eSinoda daerRvia siCume – ar gaemxila samyarosaTvis<br />
Tavisi `Savi cecxlis ali~. magram finalSi fedra<br />
Sinagan Tavisuflebas moipovebs; Tavis Tavze iRebs<br />
danaSauls, pasuxismgeblobis mTel simZimes da gadadis<br />
sxva samyaroSi – mudmivi sibnelis sivrceSi~. 2<br />
aRniSnuli koncefciebis sawinaaRmdegod, qarTuli<br />
Teatris axlo warsulSi (XX s. 70-ani ww.) didi<br />
reJisoris mixeil TumaniSvilis mier, rasinis `fedra~<br />
gaazrebuli iyo naturalisturi xerxebiTa da<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT. klasicisturi tragediis<br />
amgvari interpretacia mowmobda Tamami eqsperimentis<br />
ganxorcielebaze, romlis daniSnulebas warmoadgenda<br />
rasinis mier dadgenili forma-Sinaarsobrivi mTlianobis<br />
radikaluri Secvla. fedra zina kverenCxilaZis<br />
SesrulebiT,zedmetad miwieri,damdablebuli qalis saxes<br />
gvixatavda, romelic Tavis vnebas verc faravda da verc<br />
ewinaaRmdegeboda; aq adgili ar hqonda gamarTlebis an<br />
idealizaciis mcdelobas – msaxiobi qmnida Savi feriT<br />
1. Барт Р. Семиотика. Поэтика. М., 1989, с.174;<br />
2. Бахмутский В. Пороги культуры. М., 2005, с.61-63.<br />
12
klasicisturi Teatris poetika<br />
Sesrulebul suraTs,romelic aocebda mayurebels gmiris<br />
`gaumaZRari~ wyurviliT – cxovrebisa da siyvarulis<br />
JiniT. reJisorisa da msaxiobis konceptualuri siaxlove<br />
speqtaklSi gamoixata,rogorc maTi saerTo da uaryofiTi<br />
azri am tragediis gmiris Sefasebisas. tragikuls fedras<br />
xasiaTSi zina kverenCxilaZe acnobierebs ipolites<br />
daRupvis Semdgom da maSin `grZnoba~ imarjvebs `gonebaze~,<br />
xolo damokidebuleba, romlis sawyisad msaxiobi gmiris<br />
pirad miuReblobas asaxelebs, Tavs iCens speqtaklis<br />
bnel, pesimistur, naRvlian saerTo ganwyobaSi.<br />
zina kverenCxilaZis mier Seqmnil tragediul<br />
triftixSi - `antigone~ (reJ. m. TumaniSvili),`fedra~ (m.<br />
TumaniSvili), `medea~ (r. sturua), – mxolod pirvelTan<br />
grZnobs siaxloves msaxiobi. amaze mowmobs zina<br />
kverenCxilaZis SesaniSnavi wignic - `Cemi antigone~.<br />
klasicisturi poetika Tavisi mTavari moTxovniT,<br />
romelic antikuri kulturis mibaZvaSi mdgomareobda,<br />
agrZelebda saerTo renesansul xazs, Tumca am<br />
mimbaZvelobis gamo, igi kargavda kavSirs erovnuli<br />
kulturis tradiciebTan, xalxur xelovnebasTan da sul<br />
ufro Sordeboda sakuTar,TviTmyofad sawyisebs. gonebisa<br />
da gemovnebis idealad klasicistebi acxadebdnen antikur<br />
xelovnebas, aristoteles da horaciusis `poetikebs~.<br />
fantaziis Tavisuflebas upirispirebdnen disciplinarul<br />
sawyiss,romelic kanonebisa da normebis aucilebel dacvas<br />
gulisxmobda. `bunebis mibaZvas~ klasicistebi igebdnen,<br />
rogorc `mSvenieri bunebis~ asaxvas, romelic mkacrad<br />
unda iyos arCeuli da gacnobierebul gamovlenebs<br />
mowmobdes. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,`bunebis mibaZvaSi~<br />
klasicistebi sulac ar gulisxmobdnen cxovrebis<br />
mravalferovnebis asaxvas da iTxovdnen, rom sinamdvilis<br />
maxinji mxareebi xelovnebaSi `galamazebuli~ saxiT<br />
warmodgeniliyvnen.<br />
klasicizmis ganviTarebis istoriuli farglebi<br />
13
mixeil kalandariSvili<br />
moicavs or saukunovan periods – ufro metic, XIX<br />
saukunis 30-an wlebSi, rodesac mTels evropaSi<br />
romantizmis epoqa dadga – maSinac ki, Cvenma siZem,<br />
aleqsandre griboedovma, dawera Tavisi wminda<br />
klasicisturi komedia `vai Wkuisagan~,romelSic daculia<br />
mimarTulebis kanonebi da normebi: moqmedeba viTardeba<br />
erT dReSi, erT adgilas, igi mTliania – xasiaTebi ki<br />
tipuri. yovelive es metyvelebs klasicizmis siZliereze,<br />
misi tradiciebis xangrZlivobasa da neoklasicisturi<br />
Teatris cxovrebis gagrZelebaze XIX saukunis bolomde.<br />
es exeba, rogorc parizis `komedi fransezis~ Teatris<br />
SemoqmedebiT praqtikas, romelic bolomde inaxavda<br />
klasicistur stils dramaturgiaSi, aseve _ samsaxiobo<br />
xelovnebis ganviTarebis im neoklasicistur tendenciebs,<br />
romlebic ara mxolod safrangeTSi,aramed sxva qveynebSic<br />
gamovlindnen, maT Soris ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi.<br />
magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT, moskovis `mcire~ Teatris<br />
SemoqmedebiTi saxe, sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis dramaturgia<br />
da samsaxiobo xelovnebis klasicisturi iersaxe;<br />
agreTve, sandro axmetelis axalgazrduli miswrafebebi,<br />
rodesac Cveni didi reJisori adidebda rusuli<br />
klasicizmis warmomadgenlis, karatiginis, Semoqmedebas<br />
da Tavis werilSi speqtaklze `Ralati~ aRfrTovanebiT<br />
werda sumbaTaSvili-iuJinis mier oTar-begis rolis<br />
Sesrulebaze – (rusul scenaze igi karatiginis Svilia)<br />
– `iuJini qmnis scenaze formebisa da plastikis himns~.<br />
XVII saukunis 30 wlebSi molieri, rasini da<br />
korneli safrangeTSi qmnian dramaturgiuli Semoqmedebis<br />
iseT nimuSebs, romlebic male misabaZi gaxdeba<br />
mTeli evropisaTvis. im qveynebSic ki, sadac udidesi<br />
dramaturgiuli tradiciebi arsebobda (inglisi da<br />
espaneTi) xSiri iyo Seqspiris tragediebis gadmokeTeba<br />
franguli klasicisturi dramis yaidaze. yovelive<br />
es metyvelebs klasicizmis saboloo Camoyalibebaze<br />
14
klasicisturi Teatris poetika<br />
evropul xelovnebaSi da misi principebis gardauval<br />
SemoWraze literaturaSi, dramaturgiasa da TeatrSi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa,rom XVII saukunis klasicizmi mkveTrad<br />
gansxvavdeboda XVIII saukunis ganmanaTlebluri<br />
klasicizmisagan, maT mainc akavSirebda erTmaneTTan<br />
ZiriTadi moTxovnebi da SemuSavebuli kanonzomierebebi,<br />
romlebic miuTiTebdnen saerTo amosaval niSnebze:<br />
gonebis dapirispireba grZnobasTan, racionaluris –<br />
emociurTan,saerTos – kerZosTan,– yovelive es,mkveTrad<br />
ganapirobebda klasicizmis Zlier da sust mxareebs.<br />
`damajereblobis~ moTxovna klasicistebTan ucnaur<br />
saxes iZenda – es iyo ara simarTlis Zieba, aramed svla<br />
sazogadoebaSi `dadgenili~ da miRebuli normebis<br />
aRiarebisaken; gonebis samarTlianobis mtkicebisa da<br />
martivi cxovrebiseuli logikis aRbeWdvisaken, romelic,<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi, samarTlisgan Sors idga. zustad<br />
amitomac, klasicistebis `damajerebloba~ niSnavda ufro<br />
formaluri logikis damkvidrebas, romelic ubiZgebda<br />
dramaturgebs winaswar gaazrebuli sqemis mixedviT<br />
eazrovnaT da emoqmedaT.<br />
dekartes meTodi iTvaliswinebda sirTuleebis<br />
dayofas, anu rTul movlenebSi maTi nawilebisa da<br />
elementebis gancalkevebas (magaliTad, adamianis xasiaTSi<br />
erTi, romelime, ganmsazRvreli Tvisebis gamoyofas),<br />
romelic sabolod gvaZlevda xasiaTis erT Strixs da<br />
mniSvnelovnad akninebda dramaturgiuli Semoqmedebis<br />
xarisxs. gonivruli mTlianobisaken miswrafeba da<br />
xasiaTis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevruli logika xsnida mis<br />
dinamikurobas. TviT principi ki poeturi Semoqmedebis<br />
reglamentaciisa, drois manZilze gadaizarda kanonebis<br />
kultSi, romelic ganviTarebisTvis Semaferxebel<br />
faqtorad iqca.<br />
Cven axla viciT, rom renesansulma Tavisuflebis<br />
ideam da saerTod, adamianis miwieri cxovrebis<br />
15
mixeil kalandariSvili<br />
reabilitaciam, udidesi roli Seasrula xelovnebaSi.<br />
magram,imis miuxedavad,rom renesansis drosac moqmedebda<br />
`sami erTianobis kanoni~, maTi gaTvaliswineba ar iyo<br />
savaldebulo – miT ufro samivesi erTad. rogorc<br />
a. aniqsti amtkicebs, – renesansis wesebs, mogvianebiT,<br />
XVII s. safrangeTSi, n. bualom mianiWa kanonis Zala. a.<br />
aniqstis daskvnaSi eWvi rom ar Segveparos sakmarisia<br />
gavixsenoT, is, rasac jer kidev aristotele ambobda<br />
– sasurvelia tragediis moqmedeba daiwyos mzis<br />
amosvlisas da damTavrdes mzis Casvlamde – `sasurvels~<br />
da `savaldebulos~ Soris ki didi gansxvavebaa. magram<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom drois erTianobis ideis avtori<br />
TviT aristotele iyo.<br />
nikolo bualo moiTxovda drois, adgilis da<br />
moqmedebis aucilebel gaTvaliswinebas, man daawesa isic,<br />
rom kvanZis gaxsna iyos swrafi, moulodneli, Tumca<br />
winaswar momzadebuli da gaazrebuli. rusul TargmanSi<br />
es Semdegnairad JRers: («Довольны зрители, когда<br />
нежданный свет, развязка быстрая бросает на сюжет»).<br />
saerTod, bualos traqtatis popularobaSi yvelaze<br />
didi roli im garemoebam iTamaSa, rom igi kargad iyo<br />
galeqsili. bualos gabrazebulma mterma Jan fransua<br />
reniarma,romlis Teoriulma naSromma aRiareba verafriT<br />
moipova, ganacxada: `ar SegeSindeT, Tu dakargavT bualos<br />
`poetur xelovnebas~. mas mTlianad ipoviT horaciusTan~.<br />
es, rasakvirvelia, gadameteba iyo, radgan horaciusis<br />
traqtatis gavlena bualoze bevrad naklebia, vidre rene<br />
dekartis filosofiuri ideebisa. ase rom `poeturi<br />
xelovnebis~ dakargvis problema ar arsebobda. XVII<br />
saukunis parizis cxovrebaSi, rogorc irkveva, bevrma<br />
frangma zepirad icoda bualos Txzuleba iseve, rogorc<br />
odesRac qarTvelebma, _ `vefxistyaosani~.<br />
vl. baxmutski gvTavazobs XVII saukunis kulturis<br />
ganzogadebul suraTs, romelSic kargad Cans misi<br />
16
klasicisturi Teatris poetika<br />
saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi: `XVII saukunis<br />
xelovneba warmodgenilia ori mxatvruli stiliT –<br />
barokoTi da klasicizmiT, romlebic, erTi mxriv, bevr<br />
rameSi ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs TavianTi esTetikuri<br />
principebiT da amave dros, Sinaganad axloblebic<br />
arian. samyaro barokos xelovnebaSi warmogvidgeba<br />
simyarisa da simtkicis gareSe (disharmoniuli da<br />
mudmiv cvalebadi)... klasicizmi ki piriqiT, miiswrafvis<br />
simyarisaken, harmoniisaken... goneba da grZnoba masSi<br />
polarizirebulia, xolo harmonia gansazRvravs mxolod<br />
mxatvruli mTlianobis formalur struqturas.<br />
klasicizms xelovnuri qmnilebis danaxva axasiaTebs,<br />
_ rogorc Segnebulad Seqmnili, racionalurad da<br />
logikurad agebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebisa~. 1<br />
vl. baxmutskis farTo xedva im ZiriTadi procesebze,<br />
romlebic XVII saukunis kulturisa da xelovnebis<br />
ganviTarebis mTavar tendenciebs gansazRvravdnen,miT ufro<br />
did mniSvnelobas iZenen,rac ufro koncentrirebulia mis<br />
mosazrebaSi warmodgena `xelovnurobis~ sawyisze,rogorc<br />
klasicisturi kulturis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebaze.<br />
SemTxveviTi ar aris, ruseTSi farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
formulireba - `cru klasicizmi~, (ложный классицизм),<br />
rac TavisTavad xazs usvavda mimarTulebis xelovnur<br />
xasiaTs.<br />
klasicisturi Teatris `xelovnurebaze~ amomwurav<br />
pasuxs iZleva igive vl. baxmutski,rodesac ambobs: `XVII<br />
saukune evropuli Teatris oqros xanaa. iseve rogorc<br />
renesansma Tavi gamoxata ferweraSi, xolo XIX saukunem<br />
_ romanSi, XVII saukune ki yvelaze mkafiod TeatrSi<br />
aisaxa. ratom moxda ase? TviT samyaro aRiqmeboda<br />
rogorc Teatri. erTi mxriv, Teatri – iluzoruli,<br />
moCvenebiTi, aranamdvili TamaSis samyaroa... meore<br />
mxriv, ki – kulturuli movlena, xelovnuri qmnileba,<br />
1. Бахмутский В. Пороги культуры. М., 2005, с. 44-45.<br />
17
mixeil kalandariSvili<br />
gacnobierebuli Semoqmedebis nayofi, raRac ufro<br />
maRali, vidre TviT realoba. amitomac, Teatri SeiZleba<br />
aRviqvaT cxovrebis nimuSad. da, marTlac, Teatraloba<br />
gamsWvalavs XVII saukunisFsafrangeTis mTel cxovrebas<br />
– sazogadoebaSi ar unda yofiliyavi bunebrivi, iq<br />
etiketis moTxovnebs unda damorCilebodi... ludoviko<br />
XIV-s karis cxovreba xom mTlianad iyo Teatraluri<br />
warmodgena~. 1<br />
da marTlac, klasicisturi Teatri cdilobda<br />
aesaxa yovelive is, rac myaria, razec ver imoqmedebs<br />
drois damangreveli Zala. erT dReRameSi viTardeba<br />
klasicisturi tragediis moqmedeba da masSi yovelive<br />
rac xdeba `axla~, am wuTSi, niSnavs maradiul swrafvas _<br />
gaxdes mudmiv da sayovelTao movlenad.Aklasicisturi<br />
esTetikis niSandoblivi Tvisebaa mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />
aRqma ara rogorc bunebrivad warmoSobili qmnilebisa,<br />
aramed, rogorc xelovnurad, adamianis mier Seqmnil da<br />
gamogonil Txzulebad, romelic winaswar daigegma.<br />
XVII saukunis bolos klasicizmica da franguli<br />
realobac ganicdis Rrma kriziss – warumatebeli<br />
politika, omebi, valebi – metyveleben absolutizmis<br />
kraxze. xelovnebaSic ki movlenebi krizisulad viTardeba:<br />
tragedia,komedia,satira dacemis gziT miemarTebian. Tumca<br />
gaivlis oci weli da klasicizmi gadava ganviTarebis<br />
axal fazaSi – ganaxldeba da moirgebs ganmanaTleblobis<br />
epoqis idealebsa da moTxovnebs.<br />
obieqturi msjeloba kulturis iseT movlenebze,<br />
rogoricaa: klasicizmi, sentimentalizmi, romantizmi an<br />
sxva, SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac isini<br />
warmoaCenen TavianT mravalmxriv saxes – Zlier da<br />
sust mxares, mxatvrul miRwevebsa da ganviTarebisTvis<br />
Semaferxebel faqtorebs. suraTi,romelic iqmneba amgvari<br />
midgomis Sedegad,gvarwmunebs,rom nebismieri mimarTuleba,<br />
1. Бахмутский В. Пороги культуры. М., 2005, с. 44.<br />
18
klasicisturi Teatris poetika<br />
Tu stili, kanonzomierad aRmocenda kulturis saerTo<br />
sivrceSi da misi dadebiTi an uaryofiTi tendenciebi<br />
erTobliobaSi qmnian im sazRvrebs, romelTa darRveva<br />
mxolod erTeulebs anu geniosebs SeeZloT.<br />
magaliTad, renesansisdroindeli manierizmi<br />
dramaturgebisgan moiTxovda rac SeiZleba meti sisxliani<br />
scenis aRweras, romlebsac pirdapir uCvenebdnen Teatris<br />
mayurebels. am faqtma,erTi mxriv,gamoiwvia dramaturgebis<br />
Sejibri, romelTac sisxliani scenebis simravlis gamo,<br />
xSirad aviwydebodaT ris Tqma undodaT TavianTi<br />
tragediebiT, meore mxriv ki, _ ganviTarda Teatraluri<br />
teqnika da butaforia (sisxliani scenebis pirdapiri<br />
Cveneba moiTxovda damajereblobis axal xarisxs).<br />
ase gaCnda rezinis burTulebi, romlebSic sisxlis<br />
magivrobas TamaSobda wiTeli saRebavi, butaforiuli<br />
Tavebi, xelebi, fexebi, romlebic did STabeWdilebas<br />
axdendnen mayurebelze. bolos da bolos manierizmma<br />
gavlena moaxdina TviT Seqspirze, romelmac dagvitova<br />
sisxliani tragediebis Seudarebeli cikli.<br />
aseTive TvalsazrisiT SevxedoT XVII saukunis<br />
klasicizms, romelmac Tavisi normatiuli kanonebiTa<br />
da wesebiT dramaturgiaSic da TeatrSic, erTi mxriv,<br />
SezRuda SemoqmedebiTi procesi, xolo meore mxriv,<br />
Seqmna xelovnebis iseTi nimuSebi, romlebic Tavisi<br />
mniSvnelobiT realobaze maRla idgnen. gavixsenoT<br />
klasicizmis samsaxiobo teqnikis virtuozuli xerxebi:<br />
pozebis da Jestebis urTulesi partitura, deklamacia,<br />
ritmuli sizuste, varjiSebi sarkesTan da a. S.<br />
klasicizmi,SeiZleba iTqvas,bevr qveyanaSi warmoadgenda<br />
uaxlesi xelovnebis skolas, romlis orientiri mxolod<br />
antikuri xelovneba rodi iyo. ganviTarebis procesSi<br />
klasicizmis mTavar miznad iqca mxatvrulobis miRweva. es<br />
ki, udaod am mimarTulebis Zlier mxareze migvaniSnebs.<br />
19
20<br />
Teimuraz keJeraZe<br />
respublikuri ideebi fridrix Sileris<br />
adreuli periodis dramaturgiaSi<br />
XVIII-XIX saukunis germaniam udidesi filosofosebi<br />
da poetebi misca msoflio civilizacias. dRemde<br />
aqtualuria maTi naazrevi, maTi Semoqmedeba, maT mier<br />
Seqmnili literaturuli da filosofiuri Txzulebebi.<br />
germaniisaTvis es periodi azrovnebis revoluciuri<br />
epoqa iyo. lesingi, goeTe, Sileri – literaturasa<br />
da xelovnebaSi; kanti, fixte, haidegeri, hegeli –<br />
filosofiur azrovnebaSi. verc erT Semdgom epoqebSi<br />
filosofiuri skolebi, literaturuli mimdinareobani<br />
pirdapir Tu iribad ver ascdnen XVIII-XIX saukuneebis<br />
genialuri germaneli moazrovneebis qmnilebebs. msoflio<br />
civilizaciis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />
daimkvidra fridrix Sileris poeziam, dramaturgiam,<br />
misma istoriul-esTetikurma memkvidreobam. ,,mxatvruli<br />
sityvis qarTveli ostatebi germanuli mwerlobidan<br />
iRebdnen mowinave ideebsa da mxatvrul saxeebs,<br />
amuSavebdnen analogiur siuJetebs, Targmnidnen iseT<br />
nimuSebs, romlebic garkveulwilad esadagebodnen maT<br />
SemoqmedebiT principebsa da miswrafebebs.~ 1<br />
1759 wlis 10 noembers, viurtembergis sahercogos<br />
qalaq marbaxSi daibada fridrix Sileri. igi karl<br />
evgenis, viutembergis hercogis mier daarsebul samxedro<br />
akademiaSi jer iurisprudencias, Semdeg ki medicinas<br />
swavlobda. samxedro akademiis msmenelebs ekrZalebodaT<br />
mSoblebTan Sexvedra da saubari zedamxedvelebis<br />
Tandaswrebis gareSe, werilebsac ki mkacri cenzura unda<br />
gaevlo. karlsSuleSi (ase ewodeboda samxedro akademias)<br />
1. reviSvili SoTa. ,,fridrix Sileri da qarTveli sazogadoebrioba~,<br />
gamomcemloba ,,codna – xalxs~, Tbilisi. 1959, gv. 5.
gatarebulma 8 welma, miuxedavad simkacrisa, ver Cakla<br />
axalgazrda SilerSi Tavisuflebisadmi ltolva, misi<br />
poeturi buneba. karlsSuleSi ecnoba Sileri meTvramete<br />
saukunis frangi ganmanaTleblebis lokisa da holbaxis<br />
filosofias, Seqspiris dramebsa da evropuli renesansis<br />
poetebs, Tanamedrove germanel moazrovneebs – lesingisa<br />
da goeTes Semoqmedebas.<br />
XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis germaniaSi e. w.<br />
literaturul-Teoriuli ,,amboxi~ ewyoba. literaturuli<br />
da sazogadoebrivi moZraoba ,,qariSxlisa da Setevis”<br />
(Sturm und Drang) saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. igi<br />
,,udaod progresuli movlena iyo, rogorc mZafri<br />
protesti germaniis CamorCenilobis winaaRmdeg~, 1 magram<br />
mkacri individualizmiT xasiaTdeboda. literaturul<br />
asparezze gamosuli axalgazrda Sileri Tavis pirvel<br />
dramaSi ,,yaCaRebi~,romelic karsSuleSi daiwera,scildeba<br />
,,qariSxlisa da Setevis~ farglebs da Tavisi gmiris _<br />
karl mooris individualisturi amboxis kraxis CvenebiT<br />
ebrZvis ,,SturmerTa~ ZiriTad niSans _ individulizms.<br />
,,msoflio literaturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
Zegli _ ,,yaCaRebi” uSualodaa dakavSirebuli germanuli<br />
literaturis im tradiciebTan,romlebic XVIII saukunis<br />
samocdaaTian wlebSi warmoiSva. maT saukeTeso nimuSebs<br />
lesingis ,,emilia galoti~ da ,,naTaan brZeni~, goeTes<br />
,,goc fon berlinxingeni~ da ,,verTeri~, biurgeris<br />
,,leonora~ da ,,qariSxlisa da Setevis~ periodis<br />
progresul mweralTa nawarmoebebi warmoadgendnen~. 2<br />
Sileris ,,yaCaRebi~ iseve, rogorc misi sxva dramebi,<br />
gamsWvalulia Tavisuflebis ideiT, tiraniis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZolis paTosiT. usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli<br />
1. Sileri fridrix. ,,rCeuli Txzulebani~, t. 1, gamomcemloba<br />
,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi. 1961, gv. 14.<br />
2. laSqaraZe daviT. ,,fridrix Sileri”, gamomcemloba ,,saxelgami”,<br />
Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 20.<br />
21
Teimuraz keJeraZe<br />
karl mooris (,,yaCaRebi~) saxeSi Silerma gviCvena<br />
keTilSobili adamianis sulieri drama. karlosi ambobs:<br />
,,ar SemiZlia artaxebiT SevboWo Cemi sxeuli, kanonebiT<br />
SevxuTo Cemi nebisyofa...~ 1<br />
Sileris Semoqmedebis adreuli periodis meore<br />
dramaSi ,,fieskos SeTqmuleba genuaSi~, tiraniis<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli SeTqmuleba marcxiT mTavrdeba,<br />
Tumca respublikuri ideis uaryofa ar xdeba. ,,fieskos<br />
SeTqmuleba genuaSi~ _ respublikuri ideis ara erTi<br />
momxre da Tavgamodebuli mebrZolni: kalvino, verina da<br />
sxvebi, mzad arian bolomde ibrZolon respublikuri<br />
ideis gansaxorcieleblad, magram tragediis dasasruls<br />
respublikel sakosTan, centurionesa da tibosTan erTad<br />
muxls idreken fieskos winaSe. aseT viTarebaSi verinas<br />
gulgatexiloba respublikisaTvis brZolis gagrZelebis<br />
SeuZleblobis gamo da kompromisze misi wasvla logikuri<br />
iyo. ,,yaCaRebSi~ tiraniis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli karl<br />
mooric sabolood uars ambobs brZolis gagrZelebaze,<br />
uaryofs brZolis ideas, radgan Tvlis, rom kanonierebis<br />
ukanonobiT damyareba SeuZlebelia. ,,magram mwerali<br />
garkveulad gvagrZnobinebs, rom es ar aris mooris<br />
saqmis sabolood damarcxeba. gvagrZnobinebs, rom<br />
es saqme gagrZeldeba da unda gagrZeldes. es Cans<br />
aSkarad nawarmoebis finalSi, sadac yaCaRebi mkveTrad<br />
upirispirdebian karl moors, moiTxoven misgan xeli<br />
aiRos Tavis gadawyvetilebaze~. 2<br />
Silerma ,,yaCaRebis~ siuJeti germaneli poetis daniel<br />
Subartis moTxrobidan ,,adamianis gulis istoriisaTvis~<br />
aiRo,xolo dramaSi ,,fieskos SeTqmuleba genuaSi~ asaxulia<br />
1547 wels genuaSi momxdari ajanyebis movlenebi. avtorma<br />
1. Sileri fridrix. ,,rCeuli Txzulebani~, t. 1, gamomcemloba<br />
,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi. 1961, gv. 289.<br />
2. xavTasi grigor. ,,narkvevebi germanuli klasikuri literaturidan~,<br />
gamomcemloba ,,ganaTleba~, Tbili, 1975, gv. 326.<br />
22
espublikuri ideebi fridrix<br />
Sileris adreuli periodis dramaturgiaSi<br />
SeTqmulebis istoriis Sesaswavlad gamoiyena kardinal<br />
recis ,,graf Jan lui fieskos SeTqmuleba~, robertsonis<br />
,,imperator karl V mmarTvelobis istoria~, heberlinis<br />
,,dawvrilebiTi istoriul-politikuri cnobebi genius<br />
respublikis Sesaxeb~ da diuperis ,,cnobil SeTqmulebaTa,<br />
konspiraciaTa da revoluciaTa istoria~. xolo rac<br />
Seexeba misi adreuli periodis mesame dramis ,,veragoba<br />
da siyvarulis~ siuJeti Sileris Tanamedrove germaniis<br />
erT-erT sahercogoSi iSleba. dramaSi mevioline mileris<br />
qaliSvil luizasa da prezidentis vaJis, ferdinandis,<br />
siyvarulis istoriaa asaxuli. wodebrivi sxvaoba<br />
wamoimarTeba SeyvarebulTa Soris gadaulaxav winaRobad.<br />
luiza ocnebobs im droze, roca gauqmdeba yovelgvari<br />
wodebrivi zRvari da yvela adamiani Tanaswori iqneba.<br />
ferdinandi ibrZvis TanasworobisaTvis, radgan misi da<br />
luizas siyvarulis umTavresi winaaRmdegoba wodebriv<br />
uTanasworobaSia. ,,ferdinandis brZola wodebrivi<br />
privilegiebis, socialuri zRudeebis winaaRmdeg, isev da<br />
isev migviTiTebs, rom arsebuli germanuli sinamdvilis<br />
winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli Sileri brZolis gzebisa da<br />
saSualebebis ZiebaSia~. 1<br />
,,veragoba da siyvaruli~ dramaturgiuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Sileris adreuli periodis erTerTi<br />
yvelaze srulyofili nawarmoebia. masSi ,,yvela<br />
personaJi emsaxureba ZiriTadi ideis gaxsnas, Tanac<br />
organulad monawileobs moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi da<br />
TavisTavad dasrulebul saxes warmoadgens. yuradRebas<br />
ipyrobs moqmed pirTa bunebrivobac. TviT ferdinandis<br />
da luizas monologebic ki ufro Cveulebrivia da<br />
naklebad maRalfardovani,vidre `yaCaRebisa~ da `fieskos<br />
SeTqmulebis~ gmirTa tiradebi. magram am nawarmoebis<br />
mTavari Rirseba is aris, rom masSi araCveulebrivi<br />
1. WarxalaSvili zurab. ,,istoriisa da literaturis Teoriis<br />
sakiTxebi~, gamomcemloba, ,,ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 257.<br />
23
Teimuraz keJeraZe<br />
siZlieriTa da mkveTrad aris mxilebuli arsebuli<br />
ukuRmarToba~. 1<br />
respublikuri ideebiT aris gamsWvaluli Sileris<br />
Semoqmedebis adreuli periodis ukanaskneli drama ,,don<br />
karlosi~. am dramaSi gacilebiT ufro Tanmimdevrulia<br />
respublikuri ideebisaTvis brZola, vidre Sileris<br />
adreul nawarmoebebSi ,,yaCaRebSi~, ,,fieskos SeTqmuleba<br />
genuaSi~ da ,,veragoba da siyvarulSi~.<br />
respublikuri ideebisaTvis brZola markiz pozas<br />
moqmedebis mTavari mizania. Tumca man icis, rom<br />
respublikuri ideis ganxorcielebisaTvis jer dro ar<br />
damdgara, magram mas swams sabolood veranairi Zala ver<br />
SeaCerebs TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis suliskveTebas da<br />
dadgeba respublikuri ideebis gamarjvebis istoriuli<br />
Jami. istoriis Semqmnel da mamoZravebel Zalad Silers<br />
markis poza yavs gamoyvanili. markis pozas respublikur<br />
ideaTa ganmaxorcieleblad ganaTlebuli xelisufali<br />
miaCnia. is Tvlis, ,,rom sakmarisia filipes kalmis ,,erTi<br />
mosma da mTeli qveyana ganaxldeba, gardaiqmneba~. Tumca,<br />
isic unda aRiniSnos,rom sazogadoebrivi ganTavisuflebis<br />
es gza, markiz pozasaTvis, yvelaze ufro sasurveli da<br />
misaRebi gzaa, magram mainc – ara erTaderTi. ukidures<br />
SemTxvevaSi is ar uaryofs despotizmis damxobis<br />
revoluciur saSualebasac da xalxTa uflebas –<br />
ajanyebiT, ZaladobiTve daibrunos is, rac misi ,,wmidaTawmida<br />
uflebaa~. 2<br />
Sileris Semoqmedebis adreuli periodis dramebi<br />
da imave periodSi Seqmnili misi leqsebi poetis<br />
mebZolis suliskveTebis gamomxatveli qmnilebebia.<br />
Sileris TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli personaJebi, xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi, araTanmimdevrulad moqmedeben, magram maTi<br />
1. laSqaraZe daviT. ,,fridrix Sileri~, gamomcemloba ,,saxelgami~,<br />
Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 61;<br />
2. iqve: gv. 67.<br />
24
espublikuri ideebi fridrix<br />
Sileris adreuli periodis dramaturgiaSi<br />
moqmedebis umniSvnelovanesi Rirseba TavisuflebisaTvis<br />
brZolis paTosia. ,,yaCaRebis~, ,,fieskos SeTqmulebisa~<br />
da ,,veragoba da siyvarulis~ saerTo ideuri<br />
RerZi calkeuli, SedarebiT mowinave adamianebis<br />
individualisturi ajanyebaa maSindeli sazogadoebrivi<br />
ukuRmarTobis winaaRmdeg. rogori SezRudulic ar unda<br />
iyos Sileris adreul dramebSi gamoyvanil meamboxeTa<br />
brZola, ra aspeqtSi da rogori formiTac ar unda iyos<br />
naCvenebi igi, Sileri mainc ver acda ,,Sturmeruli~<br />
msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciidan gabatonebuli reJimis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolis ideas.<br />
Sileris adreuli periodis dramebSi aSkarad Cans<br />
sazogadoebis moraluri aRzrdis gziT arsebuli<br />
sinamdvilis Secvla. ,,SeiZleba Tu ara absoluturi<br />
monarqiis gardaqmna respublikad ,,zemodan~ ,,ganaTlebuli~<br />
monarqisa da moralurad srulyofil rCeul individTa<br />
TaosnobiT, – aseTia sakiTxi, romelic tragediis avtors<br />
ainteresebs~. 1 am Temas Silerma Tavisi Teoriuli<br />
xasiaTis Sromebi miuZRvna ,,Tanamedrove germanuli<br />
Teatris Sesaxeb~ (1782) da ,,Teatri, rogorc moraluri<br />
dawesebuleba~ (1784). SemdgomSic, 1787-97 wlebSi<br />
Sileri ZiriTadad istoriul – filosofiuri xasiaTis<br />
Sromebze muSaobs. am SromebSi Sileri Teoriulad<br />
asabuTebs adamianis zneobrivi aRzrdis mniSvnelobas<br />
sazogadoebrivi wyobis gardaqmnisaTvis. pirovnebis<br />
sulier CamoyalibebaSi igi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs<br />
xelovnebas, rogorc zneobrivi aRzrdis erTaderT<br />
saSualebas.<br />
Sileri Tvlis, rom esTetikuri aRzrda, erTaderTi<br />
realuri gzaa adamianis zneobrivi srulyofisaken, rac<br />
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adamiani sazogadoebis<br />
sasurveli wevri gaxdes da Tavad ganaxorcielos<br />
1. WarxalaSvili zurab. ,,istoriisa da literaturis Teoriis<br />
sakiTxebi~, gamomcemloba, ,,ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 258.<br />
25
Teimuraz keJeraZe<br />
sazogadoebrivi cvilebebi. ,,mxolod Tavisufal xalxs<br />
SeuZlia daamkvidros samarTlianoba da bednieri ganwyoba<br />
adamianTa da xalxTa Soris~. 1 am ideiT aris gamsWvaluli<br />
Sileris adreuli periodis `respublikuri tragedia~<br />
,,don karlosi~.<br />
,,Sileri swored is poetia, romlis qadageba<br />
kacTmoyvareobisa, erTobisa da Tanasworobisa<br />
yvelaze ufro mZlavrad gaismoda warsuli saukunis<br />
ganmavlobaSi~. 2 adreuli periodis dramebSi ,,yaCaRebi~,<br />
,,fieskos SeTqmuleba genuaSi~, ,,veragoba da siyvaruli~<br />
da ,,don karlosi~ _ fridrix Silers gadmocemuli aqvs<br />
Tavisi drois TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis suliskveTeba,<br />
respublikuri miswrafebani, ganaTlebis epoqis germaniis<br />
didi moazrovneebis pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da<br />
adamianis Tavisufali ganviTarebis idea, rom Tavisufali<br />
adamiani,romelic miaRwevs grZnobisa da gonebis harmonias,<br />
Tavisi cxovrebis ZiriTad miznad daisaxavs sazogadoebis<br />
keTildReobisaTvis samsaxurs.<br />
1. reviSvili SoTa. ,,fridrix Sileri da qarTveli sazogadoebrioba~,<br />
gamomcemloba ,,codna – xalxs”, Tbilisi, 1959, gv.<br />
19.<br />
2. gomarTeli ivane. ,,rCeuli Txzulebani” t.2 gamomcemloba<br />
,,literatura da xelovneba”, Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 54.<br />
26
maia kiknaZe<br />
akaki wereTeli Teatris xelmZRvaneli<br />
da reJisori<br />
akakis sareJisoro moRvaweoba quTaisidan daiwyo.<br />
jer kidev 1862 wels, rodesac akaki ruseTidan droebiT<br />
quTaisSi Cavida, pirveli warmodgena gamarTa. `im dros<br />
qalaq quTaiss araferi gasarTobi ar moepoveboda, didi<br />
mowyeniloba iyoo~ - ixsenebda akaki. swored maSin,<br />
gimnaziis maswavlebels akakisTvis uTxovia `speqtaklis<br />
gamarTva~. akakic daTanxmebula, gadauwyvetiaT daedgaT<br />
zurab antonovis `mzis dabneleba~. Mmayurebels<br />
Teatri imdenad moswonebia, rom speqtakli ramdenjerme<br />
warmoudgeniaT kidec. Teatraluri saqmianoba akakim<br />
kvlav ganagrZo, roca is peterburgidan meored dabrunda<br />
samSobloSi.<br />
im periodSi quTaisSi momrigebel mosamarTled<br />
msaxurobda mwerali da sazogado moRvaweD rafiel<br />
erisTavi, romlis ZalisxmeviTac scenismoyvareTa wre<br />
Camoyalibda. am wris saqmianobaSi, sxva msaxiobebTan<br />
erad akakic aqtur monawileobas Rebulobda. wres<br />
didi warmateba hqonda. `darbazi sul xalxiT iyo<br />
savse~. erTxel TbilisSic miiwvies sagastrolod,<br />
sadac adgilobriv scenismoyvareTa daxmarebiT, iTamaSes<br />
giorgi erisTavis `yvaryvare aTabagi~. mogvianebiT 1869<br />
wels ki niko avaliSvilis TxovniT, akakim Tbilisel<br />
scenismoyvareebTan erTad, arCil muxran-batonis saxlSi,<br />
pirveli Sinauri warmodgena moawyo. akaki igonebda,<br />
Tu rogor pirobebSi uxdebodaT msaxiobebs muSaoba.<br />
`scena arsad iyo, muxran-batonis qvrivma misi saxlis<br />
zala maTxova scenad gasakeTeblad. SevudeqiT saqmes,<br />
ficrebi sativoze viyideT scenisaTvis da motaniT,<br />
rom Zvirad ar dagvjdomoda axalgazrdobam mozida<br />
27
maia kiknaZe<br />
Rame zurgiT~. 1 akakis dasadgamad aurCevia misive piesa<br />
`Zvelsa da axals Sua~, dekoracie bzec uzrunvia da mis<br />
dasaqiravebladac TviTon wasula. zogjer akaki Tavisive<br />
dadgmul speqtaklebSic Rebulobda monawileobas.<br />
1875 wlis 10 maiss, akakis reJisorobiT, Tbilisis<br />
sazafxulo TeatrSi warmoadgines akakis Targmani<br />
molieris komediisa `skapenis cuRlu toba~, romelSic<br />
akaki Jerontis rols TamaSobda. amis Sesaxeb sergei<br />
mesxi werda `...ra mSvenivrad iTamaSes... gansakuTrebiT<br />
akakim Jerontis roli da n. avaliSvilma skapenis...<br />
Txouloben rom meored warmoadginon~ 2 . Jerontis roli<br />
akakisTvis ar iyo erTaderTi, cnobilia, rom mas kidev<br />
ramdenime roli hqonda naTamaSebi, 1867 wels TbilisSi<br />
scenismoyvareTa warmodgenaSi beklemiSevis dramaSi<br />
`maiko~, qarTveli vaWris roli Seasrula, 1872 wels<br />
ozurgeTSi iTamaSa iWviani qmari, 1880 wels kote mesxis<br />
benefisze kvlav Jerontis roli, 1876 wels sundukinis<br />
piesaSi `kidev erTi msxverpli~, mixeilis roli. amave<br />
dros monawileobas Rebulobda antraqtebis dros<br />
gamarTul warmodgnebsa da literaturul saRamoebze,<br />
sadac kiTxulobda Tavisive nawarmoebebs da `tkbili<br />
eniT~ xiblavda sazogadoebas. misi erTerTi gamosvlis<br />
Sesaxeb gazeTi `droeba~ werda; `yvelaze mometebuli<br />
taSi da yuradReba sazogadoebisagan divertismentSi<br />
daimsaxura da daimsaxura samarTlianadac T. akaki<br />
wereTelma Tavis mSvenier leqsebis mSvenivrad wakiTxviT.<br />
gansakuTrebiT leqsi `ar momkvdara, mxolod sZinavs!<br />
iseTis aRtacebiTa da grZnobiT sTqva, rom roca gaaTava,<br />
TeatrSi erTi ori saSineli gauwynarebeli taSis kvra<br />
`bravos~ Zaxili, skamebis braxuni da griali Seiqmna...~. 3<br />
mudmivmoqmedi Teatris daarsebis Semdeg, 1879 wlidan<br />
daiwyo axali etapi qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi. nel-<br />
1. Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~EE1910 #37.<br />
2. s. mesxi – werilebi Tb. 1950 gv. 184.<br />
3. gazeTi `droeb~ 1880 #206.<br />
28
nela gaizarda moTxovnileba speqtaklis reJisorul<br />
gadawyvetaze. marTalia, recenziebSi ZiriTadad iwereboda<br />
msaxiobebisa da piesis (xSirad Sinaarsi) Sesaxeb, magram<br />
reJisuris ganivTarebis am etapze meti yuradReba<br />
daeTmo sareJisoro mxaresac `vurCev Cven dass, rom<br />
sareJisoroQnawilsac meti yuradReba miaqcion~- werda<br />
`droebis~ korespondenti. 1880 wlis seqtemberSi ki<br />
rodesac Teatraluri sazogadoebis wesdeba daiwera,<br />
pirdapir ganisazRvra reJisoris ufleba movaleobani,<br />
reJisors daeniSna xelfasis saxiT yovel TveSi 10<br />
marka, rac gaTanabrebuli iyo komikuri da vodeviluri<br />
msaxiobebis xelfasTan.<br />
1880 wlis seqtemberis pirvel naxevarSi akaki saTaveSi<br />
Caudgeba qarTul dass. is reJisoric aris da Teatris<br />
xelmZRvanelic. misi xelmZRvaneloba rTul periods<br />
daemTxva. am droisaTvis `Teatri rusis aqtiorma palma<br />
daiWira da qarTvelebs ki aRarc erTi dRe aRar daeTmo,<br />
darCa qarTvelebi uTeatrod da unda daSliliyo ase<br />
mSvenivrad pirvel sezonSi wayvanili saqme~. 1 _ igonebda<br />
akaki. dasi cud mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, am faqtis gamo<br />
Sewuxebulma iliam, akakis sTxova saqme moegvarebina.<br />
maSin akaki `mSakis~ redaqtor arwrunTan mivida da<br />
daxmareba sTxova.Aarwruni,romelsac qarvasla ekuTvnoda,<br />
akakis Sehpirda, rom `sakoncerto zalas~ Teatrad<br />
gadaakeTebda. dass ki misTvis yvela warmodgenaSi 40<br />
maneTi unda gadaexada. palmis Teatri arwrunis TeatrTan<br />
SedarebiT momcro iyo, amave dros misi daqiraveba<br />
ufro Zviric jdeboda. `kostumebi, muzika da sxvadasxva<br />
yvelaferi saSovneli da saqiravebeli iyo, maSinQrodesac<br />
palmis TeatrSi yvelaferi mza-iyo~ - (akaki) magram<br />
dass sxva gamosavali ar hqonda. akaki muSaobas Seudga.<br />
sezonis gaxsnamde, ramdenime dRiT adre, akakim<br />
rogorc antrepreniorma da Teatris xelmZRvanelma,Q<br />
1. akaki da Teatri – Tb 1955 gv 148.<br />
akaki wereTeli Teatris xelmZRvaneli da reJisori<br />
29
maia kiknaZe<br />
sainformacio weriliT `qarTuli Teatris saqme~, 1 Tavisi<br />
gegmebis Sesaxeb,acnoba sazogadoebas.Ggegmis mixedviT,Aam<br />
sezonSi Zvel msaxiobebs miemateboda axali pirebic<br />
da xandaxan scenismoyvareebic, romlebic miiRebdnen<br />
speqtaklebSi monawileobas. dasi ecdeboda axal-axali<br />
piesebis warmoadgenas, ZiriTadi yuradReba daeTmoboda<br />
maSindeli cxovrebis amsaxveli dramebis Cvenebas.<br />
sezoni 24 seqtembers akakis piesiT `kudur-xanumiT~<br />
gaixsna. gazeTi ‘’droeba’’ 2 1880 #205 sezonis gaxsnas<br />
weriliT exmianeba. `am dRes qarTuli dasi Teatralur<br />
scenas xsnis akakis reJisorobiT. warmoadgenen piesas<br />
`kudur-xanums~. akaki wereTelma ikisra qarTuli<br />
warmodgenis gamarTva da gamgeoba qarTuli trupisa...~<br />
werilidan irkvva, rom `adrindelze ufro mometebuli<br />
wesiereba iyo, moTamaSeebma rigianaT icodnen Tavis<br />
rolebi da kargaT gawvTnilni iyvnen~. Tumca moTamaSeTa<br />
Sesruleba dadebiTad Sefasda, recenzentma akakis<br />
piesis naklzec miuTiTa `erTob grZeli monologebi da<br />
dialogebi aqvso~. miuxedavad speqtaklSi arsebuli rigi<br />
naklovanebebisa, dasawyisisTvis saqme kargad midioda.<br />
speqtaklebi sistematurad imarTeboda, sazogadoeba did<br />
pativs scemda artistebs, Teatri yovelTvis xalxiT iyo<br />
savse,amis gamo Semosavali ara Tu hyofnidaT xelfasebis<br />
dasarigeblad, aramed aWarbebda kidec.BSemosavlis<br />
gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT,msaxiobTa umravlesobaSiBgaCnda<br />
azri,BTviTon CamoeyalibebinaT amxanagoba da TviTon<br />
Cadgomodnen Teatrs saTaveSi. esEsakiTxiBgansakuTrebiT<br />
mwvaved dadga quTaisis gastrolebis dros.<br />
1880 wlis 10 dekembers akakim dasi sagastrolod<br />
quTaisSi waiyvana. im dros quTaisSi saTavadaznauro<br />
bankis kreba midioda. amis gamo speqtaklebs mayurebeli<br />
ar aklda da Semosavalic kargi SeuvidaT, magram kargma<br />
Semosavalma msxiobTa nawilSi kvlav aRZra survili,<br />
1. gaz. `droeba~ 1880 #196<br />
2. gaz. `droeba~ 1880 #205<br />
30
akaki wereTeli Teatris xelmZRvaneli da reJisori<br />
rom amxanagoba SeeqmnaT da TviTon gaZRolodnen Teatrs.<br />
aman gamoiwvia usiamovneba akakisa da msaxiobebs Soris,<br />
ris gamoc akakim uari Tqva antrepreniorobaze.<br />
1881 wlis oqtombris meore naxevarSi akaki brundeba<br />
quTaisSi da adgilobriv ZalebiT qmnis dramatul wres da<br />
uzrunvelyofs speqtaklis momzadebas. `saSviliSvilio<br />
saqmes-Teatrs rom saxumaro dar mohkida xeli da mkvidrs<br />
niadagze daayenebs mas amas yvela hxedavs da yvela Sehxaris<br />
`bagrat didis~ avtoris – wers gazeTi ‘’droeba~. 1 misive<br />
reJisorobiT xarazovis TeatrSi quTaisel scenismoyvareTa<br />
dasisagan, warmodgenil iqna molieris `eWviT<br />
avadmyofi~ da akakis vodevili `repiticia’’. speqtaklis<br />
Sesaxeb ‘’droeba’’ werda; `warmodgena sazogadod Zalian<br />
kargad wavida da Cinebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina<br />
sazogadoebaze. rolebis kargad asrulebis garda, amis<br />
umTavresi mizezi iyo axali piesa, romelic TviTon<br />
erTob kargia da kargadac aasrules~. 2<br />
akaki wereTlis reJisoruli xedva, moTxovnilebebi<br />
Teatraluri xelovnebisadami misi damokidebuleba,<br />
gamoxatulia sxvadasxva statiebsa Tu werilebSi.<br />
misTvis `xelovnebis taZari~ uSualod dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo Teatris esTetikasTan, xolo `erovnuli sake~<br />
mis poziciasTan. Teatris arsebobis auclebloba<br />
da misi avtoritetis zrda ganxilulia erovnuli<br />
mniSvnelobis konteqstSi. akaki werda: `mxolod erTaderTi<br />
asparezi dagvrCenia – Teatri, saidanac SegviZlian<br />
gavigonoT Cveni deda-ena..., Cven, am Teatris wyalobiT,<br />
SegviZlian gavixsenoT Cveni warsuli, davinaxoT awmyo<br />
da warmovidginoT momavali~. 3 Teatrisadmi aseTi midgoma<br />
iyo amosavali wertili repertuaris SerCevis drosac,<br />
rac xels uwyobda Teatris saganmanaTleblo funqciis<br />
gazrdas.Aakakis sjeroda Teatris ganusa zRv reli Zalis<br />
1. gaz. `droeba~ 1881 #278<br />
2. gaz. `drpeba~ 1882 #101<br />
3. akaki da Teatri – dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 70.<br />
31
maia kiknaZe<br />
axalgazrdobis aRzrdis saqmeSi. ‘’scena xom sarke unda<br />
iyos, cxovrebis av-kargis utyuvrad maCvenebeli da<br />
imave dros xalxis gamwvrTneli umaRlesi skolac~.<br />
mayurebelma speqtaklidan zustad unda gaigos `ra aris<br />
cudi da ra aris kargi. ra aris sagulisxmo an ra<br />
aris saqebari da sasiamovno erTi sityviT daafiqros,<br />
agrZnobinos da aamoqmedos~. am kriteriumiT afasebs<br />
msaxiobTa niWsac, rogorc reJisori da kritikosi erTsa<br />
da imaves moiTxovs msaxiobisagan. rolis `sinamdviliT<br />
gadmocemas, gamoxatvas~, teqstisadmi erTgulebas. am<br />
mxriv sagangebod gamoarCevs kote yifians, romelic<br />
`mxolod imasa cdilobs, rom gveCvenos rolebSi ise,<br />
rogorc hsurvebia piesis avtors~. akaki principulad<br />
icavs ra dramaturgis uflebebs unda vigulisxmoT,<br />
rom misi rogorc dramaturgisa da reJisorisa Tvis<br />
teqstze muSaoba iqneboda umTavresi.Aakaki, werilSi<br />
`mcire SeniSvna~, reJisoris movaleobaze saubris dros,<br />
pirvel rigSi reJisorisagan moiTxovda gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradRebiT waekiTxa artistebisaTvis piesa, gaecno<br />
deda-azri, aexsna TiToeuli moqmedi piris xasiaTi.<br />
rogorc, msaxiobi nuca CxeiZis mogonebidanM viciT, akakis<br />
piesis Sinaarsis saucxood gadmocemis unari gaaCnda da<br />
gulmodgined SeeZlo ganemarta msaxiobebisTvis moqmedi<br />
piris xasiaTebi,magram is rom Tavad eCvenebina Tu rogor<br />
unda eTamaSa msaxiobs esa Tu is roli akakis amis<br />
gamocdileba ar hqonda.<br />
akakisaTvis, rogorc reJisorisa da Teatris<br />
xelmZRvanelisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda<br />
1903 wels. 1903 wlis 5 ivlss gazeT `iveriaSi~ (#145)<br />
gaCnda informacia, qarTul dramatul dasSi akakis<br />
reJisorad miwvevis Seaxeb. axsnilia is mizezebic, Tu<br />
ratom daavala mas dramatulma komitetma qarTuli<br />
dasis xelmZRvaneloba. cxadia, akakis did avtoritetTan<br />
erTad komitets imedi hqonda, rom misi gamocdileba<br />
32
akaki wereTeli Teatris xelmZRvaneli da reJisori<br />
da sasceno xelovnebis codna gamoakeTebda Teatris<br />
mdgomareobas. komiteti akakisagan Tanxmobas eloda.<br />
akakim werili sofelSi miiRo q-ni anastasia maCablisagan,<br />
romelic gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris, qarTveliSvilis<br />
survils atyobinebda, qarTuli dasis reJisorad misi<br />
miwvevis Sesaxeb. amas mohyva Tavad qarTveliSvilis<br />
Txovnac. akaki didi pativismcemeli iyo nikoloz<br />
qarTveliSvilisa, amitom `xaTri veRar gautexa da mis<br />
winadadebas daTanxmda.’’ akaki ar iyo reJisori, misi<br />
Tanxmoba mogvianebiT ase axsna: `msaxiobebs,romelTacA ar<br />
gamouvliaT saTeatro skola da xelovnebis ara gaegebaT<br />
ra da arc survili aqvT. amisTana xalxis winamZRoloba<br />
da swor gzaze dayeneba Znelia magram mainc radganac<br />
usaSvelo ara aris ra amgvar SemTxvevaSi, mec Tavi ar<br />
movaride amovudeq gverdSi qarTul dass. 1<br />
dasi sakmaod didi iyo, rogorc aRiniSna `amisTana<br />
didi dasi jer qarTul Teatrs ar hyoliao.~ qalebidan:<br />
mako safarova, nato gabunia, el. CerqeziSvili, nino CxeiZe,<br />
al. kargareTeli,taso abaSiZe,nebieriZe,gamyreliZe,mdivani,<br />
daviTaSvili, yifiani, giviSvili. kacebidan: k. yifiani, v.<br />
abaSiZe, k. mesxi, v. gunia, imedaSvili, mirianaSvili da<br />
sxvani. reJisoris TanaSemwed da scenis administratorad<br />
gamgeobam konstantine SaTiriSvili daniSna. akaki udides<br />
pasuxismgeblobas grZnobda dakavebul Tanamdebabaze,<br />
igives moiTxovda msaxiobebisgan `Tqven damanaxveT<br />
erTguleba, mxneoba da gamrjeloba qarTul Teatrisadmi<br />
da me giCvenebT magaliTs misi syvarulisas~ – mimarTavda<br />
dasis wevrebs. akakim, rogorc reJisorma da Teatris<br />
xelmZRvanelma Tavisi saprogramo gegma 5 punqtaT<br />
Camoayaliba. Teatris mimarTuleba,siaxlis Ziebis survili<br />
uSualod daukavSira repertuars, xolo repertuari<br />
qarTuli orientaciis sakiTxs. akaki, romelic kargad<br />
acnobierebda Tavis movaleobas, dasisgan pirvelive<br />
1. akaki wereTeli – TxzulebaTA sruli krebuli Tb., 1961,<br />
t.14, gv. 232.<br />
33
maia kiknaZe<br />
Sexvedrisas, principulad moiTxovda:<br />
1. gamtkicebul-gaspetakebul enas da ara<br />
CiqorTuls,<br />
2. rolebis gazepirebas, piesis mTavari azris<br />
Segnebas,<br />
3. rolebis dakvirevbiT Sewavlas da<br />
4. reJisoris survilTan msaxiobis survilis<br />
SeTanxmebas, raTa aRaravis eTqva `es didi rolia~, `es<br />
patara~, `es SemSveniso~, `es arao~, `amas viTamaSeb~, `imas<br />
arao~ da amgvarebi.’’ 1<br />
akaki maleve sityvidan saqmeze gadavida da sezonis<br />
gaxsnisTvis momzadeba daiwyo. dasadgmelad airCia<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis kargad nacnobi piesa, daviT erisTavis<br />
istoriuli drama `samSoblo~, es iyo misi principuli<br />
poziciis gamoxatva. rolebi akakim Tavad gaanaawila:levan<br />
ximSiaSvili – k. mesxi,Sah-abasi – v. gunia,qeTevani – CxeiZe,<br />
lioniZe – k. yifiani, gogia diakvani – k. SaTiriSvili,<br />
dedakaci – n. gabunia da sxvebi. warmodgenisaTvis axali<br />
tansacmeli da dekoraciebi mxatvar novaks SeukveTes.<br />
1903 wlis 21 seqtembers sezoni `Cinebulad gaixsna~.<br />
speqtaklma mayurebelTaA molodini ara Tu gaamarTla,<br />
aramed `yvela molodins gadaaWarba~. molodini<br />
ki marTlac Zalian didi iyo. Teatri gaWedili iyo<br />
xalxiT. Ppremieramde 2-3 dRiT adre, ukve yvela bileTi<br />
iyo gayiduli, amis gamo xalxi ukan gabrunda, Tumca<br />
Semdeg sazogadoebis moTxovniT, speqtakli ramdenjerme<br />
gaimeores. presac aRtacebiT Sexvda warmodgenas, Seaqes<br />
akaki, rogorc xelmZRvaneli da reJisori `marTalia,<br />
saeWvod aravis miaCnda, rom b-ni akaki dasabamiTve<br />
moamage da didad daxelovnebuli Cveni scenis saqmeebSi,<br />
Tavis madlian xels daamCnevda wlevandels qarTul<br />
warmodgenas, magram kviris warmodgenam yvela molodins<br />
gadaaWarba, `iseTi mwyobri, Segnebuli da moxdenili<br />
1. akaki da Teatri – dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 118.<br />
34
akaki wereTeli Teatris xelmZRvaneli da reJisori<br />
TamaSi, iSviaTad gvinaxavs~. 1 gazeTi `cnobis furcelis~ 2<br />
cnobiT, `piesam sakmaod mwyobrad Caiara, sazogadoebam<br />
artistebi mravaljer aRtacebiT gamoiwvia da xangrZlivi<br />
taSiT daajildova~. xolo warmodgenis bolos TviT<br />
reJisori T. akakic gamoiwvia da xangrZliv taSis cemiT<br />
miegeba~. presaSi,rogorc avRniSne akakis misamarTiT<br />
saqebari sityvebi gaisma gansakuTrebiT aRiniSna msaxiobTa<br />
Cacmuloba `romelic reJisoris didi dakvirvebiT<br />
moewyo da Seexamebina yovelive~. didi mowoneba<br />
daimsaxura msaxiobTa TamaSma, gansakuTrebiT valerian<br />
guniam Sah-abasis rolSi, axalgazrda msaxiobTaA Soris<br />
ki niko gvaraZem (patara biWi) isaxela Tavi. mogvianebiT<br />
niko gvaraZe madlierebiT igonebda akakisTan muSaobas,<br />
romelmac orsityvian rolsac ki didi yuradReba miaqcia<br />
da masTan bevri repeticia gaiara. speqtaklSi aseve<br />
SesamCnevi iyo gamarTuli qarTuli eniT metyveleba, ris<br />
gamoc reJisori gansakuTrebul madlobas imsaxurebda,<br />
radgan Cveulebriv CiqorTulis magivrad, wminda qarTul<br />
enaze saubars ismenda mayurebeli.<br />
`samSoblos~ warmatebis Semdeg, akakim dasadgemlad<br />
Seqspiris komedia `Wirveuli colis morjuleba~<br />
airCia. (k. mesxis Targmani). speqtakli 2 oqtombers<br />
TavadaznaurTa TeatrSi warmoadgines. akaki amjeradac<br />
Seaqes. `reJisoris mcodne da madlianma sulma sruliad<br />
gardaqmna Cveni Teatri. aqamomde Tu sircxvilis oflSi<br />
viwurebodiT, ucxom aravin Seixedos Cvens TeatrSio,<br />
axla mosaridebeli aRara gvaqvs ra~ 3 recenzentis azriT,<br />
artistebis TamaSi da maTi Cacmuloba araCveulebrivad<br />
Cinebuli iyo, Seqspiris komedia ise mwyobrad iTamaSes,<br />
rom yvela gaocebuli darCa... da sazogadoebam didad<br />
isiamovna~. ramdenime dReSi, 7 oqtombers, akaki kvlav<br />
premierisTvis emzadeboda. amjerad, rogrc dramaturgi<br />
1. gazeTi `iveria~ 1903 #202<br />
2. gazeTi `cnobis furceli~ 1903 #2272<br />
3. gaz. `iveria~ 1903, #211<br />
35
maia kiknaZe<br />
sakuTari piesiT’’patara kaxiT’’ unda wamdgariyo<br />
mayureblis winaSe. akakim rolebi sul axalgazrda<br />
msaxiobebs gaunawila. dasi kargad iyo momzadebuli,<br />
rolebi msaxiobebma sul zepirad icodnen. msaxiobTa<br />
Cacmulobasac didi yuradReba mieqca,aqac mxatvar novaks<br />
daxatina dekoraciebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom akaki werilebSi<br />
did yuradRebas uTmobda msaxiobebis Cacmulobas.<br />
istoriuli piesebis dadgmis dros,moiTxovda kostiumebis<br />
istoriuli sizustiT gamoyenebas da mourideblad<br />
akritikebda ara erT SemTxvevas kostiumebis arasworad<br />
SerCevis gamo. amdenad, bunebrivic aris rom Tavis<br />
dadgmul speqtaklSi guldasmiT akvirdeboda kostumebs<br />
da principulobasac iCenda. patara kaxis rolis<br />
Semsrulebeli, niko gvaraZe aRniSnavda, rom Tu adre<br />
,patara kaxs qulajaSi gamowyobls aTamaSebdnen, akakim<br />
amaze uari ganacxada da zustad suraTis mixedviT<br />
Seakerina mkeravs yurTmajiani Coxa~.<br />
premieram kargad Caiara, bevri qeba daimsasxura<br />
msaxiobebmac da reJisormac. `axalgazrda artistebi,<br />
swored rom erTmaneTs sjobdnen.…… Teatris reJisori,<br />
poeti-dramaturgi akaki, sazogadoebam ramdenjerme<br />
gamoixmo scenaze da didis aRtacebiT miiRo.~<br />
axalgazrda msaxiobebisadmi gansakuTreublma yuradRebam,<br />
Zveli Teatris msaxiobebi gaanawyena, ris gamoc akakis<br />
usayvedures kidec _ axalgazrda msaxiobebs aTamaSeb<br />
da Cven ki yuradRebas ar gvaqcevo. akakim,Tavi aarida<br />
dasSi ukmayofilebas da Semdegi warmodgena Rvawlmosil<br />
msaxiobebs aTamaSa, magram speqtakli `uSnod da ulaza-<br />
Tod Catarda~, araferSi momzadeba artistebs ar<br />
etyobodaT, ise la pa ra ko bdnen, dadiodnen da iqceodnen,<br />
TiTqos eZinebaTo~, msaxiobebis - CerqeziSvilis,<br />
yifianis, svimoniZis rolebis ucodinarobasa da maT<br />
gaurkvevel laparaksa da gaumarTav metyvelebaze gazeTi<br />
`cnobis furceli~ werda; `yvelaze kargad, xmamaRla da<br />
36
garkveviT isev sufliori asrulebda Tavis rols, imisi<br />
mWeqare xma mTelDAdarbazSi ismoda.~ speqtaklSi erTi<br />
usiamovno ambavic momxdara.Kkote yifians patara kaxis<br />
gamzrdelis givi ColoyaSvilis Sesrulebis dros, erT<br />
epizodSi unda eTqva; `mefe udrovod dagviorsuldao~akaki,<br />
romelic warmodgenas eswreboda Caicina da sTqvaorsuli<br />
mefis naxva arafera sainteresoao da darbazi<br />
datova~. 1<br />
akaki TeatrSi bevr sirTules awydeboda, pirvel<br />
rigSi ki msaxiobTa udisciplinoba awuxebda. msaxiobebi<br />
xSirad igvianebdnen repeticiaze,zogic sul ar midioda.<br />
rolebis ucodinarobas xom bolo ar uCanda,amis Sesaxeba<br />
TiTqmis yvela recenzenti aRniSnavda. gansaku TrebiT<br />
aRizianebda barbarosulad gadmokeTebuli piesebis siuxve.<br />
naucbaTevad Targmnili piesebis wyalobiT ki qarTuli<br />
ena maxinjdeboda. cnobilia, rom akaki kargi qarTuliT<br />
metyvelebas did yuradRebas aqcevda. msaxiobebsac xSirad<br />
usworebda sityvebs da zogjer sityvis mniSvnelobas<br />
ganumartavda. `msaxiobebs rac unda gausworoT, isini<br />
mainc Tavisas gaiZaxian `asTe~, `maqanei~ gouSvi. zogs<br />
mraval marcvlovan leqsis gamoTqma ar SeuZlia da<br />
`ganxorcielebis magivrad ganxorcebasa ambobs, zogma ar<br />
icis uflis-wuli rasa niSnavs da uflis welebs iZaxis~<br />
_ gulistkiviliT aRniSnawda akaki. cudi metyvelebis<br />
garda, repeticiebis dros xSirad gaismoda rusul enaze<br />
saubari, ris gamoc akakim jarimebi daawesa. TiTo rusul<br />
sityvaSi abazi unda gadaexada mas, vinc repeticiaze<br />
rusulad dailaparakebda. xSirad akakisac wascdeboda<br />
Turme rusulad laparaki da isic jarimas ixdida<br />
garderobis sasargeblod. Kkargi qarTuliT metyveleba,<br />
originaluri dramaturgiis xelis Sewyoba, akakisTvis,<br />
rogorc sazogado moRvawisTvis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
iyo. gansakuTrebul interess ki istoriuli piesebis<br />
1. Jurn. `sabWoTa xelovneba~ 1935, #5<br />
akaki wereTeli Teatris xelmZRvaneli da reJisori<br />
37
maia kiknaZe<br />
mimarT iCenda, radgan xalxSi patriotul grZnobebsa da<br />
erovnul TviTSegnebas amaRlebda. misi azriT, naTargmni<br />
,dekadenturi piesebi qarTuli scenisTvis xelsayreli<br />
ar iyo. `meterlinkebma,ibsenebma da sxvaTa scena moikaves,<br />
magram maTi xelovnuri dekadentoba dRevandel qarTvelis<br />
grZnoba-gonebas bevrs veRaras eubneba, radganac axal<br />
piesebze is Zveli qarTuli, antonov-erisTavis nawerebi<br />
ufro axlos arian~. 1 akakis aseTi damokidebuleba<br />
qarTuli dramaturgis mimarT gasagebic iyo, magram misi<br />
sarepertuaro politika axali TaobisTvis kritikis<br />
obieqti gaxda.axali Taoba,romelic samoRvaweo asparezze<br />
gamosvlas iwyebda, axlebur azrovnebasa da Zveli<br />
Teatraluri esTetikis axliT Secvlas moiTxovda. 1903<br />
wels, gazeT `cnobis furcelSi~ gamoqveynda mixeil<br />
javaxiSvilis werili `Cven da Cveni Teatri~, romlis<br />
ZiriTadi paTosi fsiqologiuri Teatris principebis<br />
dacva da Teatris modernizaciis aucileblobis idea<br />
iyo gatarebuli. javaxiSvils miaCnda,rom paTetikuri<br />
piesebis `samSoblos~ `Ralatis~, Zveli komediebis<br />
dadgmis dro wavida, ris Sesaxebac akakis `pativcemul<br />
poets~ moaxsena. Aaxalgazrda mwerlis kritikulma<br />
mosazrebam, akaki wereTeli gaanawyena. akakisa da<br />
javaxiSvilis polemika ar iyo pirovnuli dapirispireba.<br />
saqme exeboda patriotuli piesebis interpretaciis<br />
problemas, misi gamoxatvis stils, maneras, formas.<br />
javaxiSvilisTvis konceptualurad miuRebeli iyo<br />
istoriuli piesebisebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yalbi<br />
paTosi, paTetikuri SeZaxilebi, xmal-xanjalze xelis<br />
gakvra. `ucxoelTa piesebSi iciT ki, risTvis ibrZvian?<br />
Ppirovnebis TavisuflebisaTvis, adamianTa uflebebis<br />
dacvisTvis.~ sakiTxis dayeneba samarTliani iyo da<br />
drois moTxovnebiT iyo gamowveuli, magram axalgazrda<br />
javaxiSvili ar iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos istoriul<br />
1. akaki da Teatri – dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 151<br />
38
akaki wereTeli Teatris xelmZRvaneli da reJisori<br />
pirobebs. Aakakis ki didi gamocdileba hqonda rusuli<br />
TviTmpyrobelobis pirobebSi cxovrebisa da brZolisa,<br />
amitom misTvis patriotuli piesebis dadgma erovnuli<br />
mniSvnelobis sakiTxi iyo.<br />
1904 wels kidev ufro garTulda situacia. Teatris<br />
irgvliv presaSi ibeWdeboda polemikuri werilebi.<br />
amave wels cxare kamaTi gaimarTa akakisa da kote<br />
mesxs Soris. kote mesxis statiis `sicruis sezonis~,<br />
pasuxad ,akakim gamoaqveyna werili `gaiZverobis sezoni~,<br />
rasac mohyva k.mesxis pasuxi `sicrues bolo ar uCans~.<br />
kamaTi gamoiwvia sumbaTaSvilis piesis ‘‘Ralatis~<br />
TargmanTan dakavSirebulma, CaxlarTulma istoriam.<br />
kote mesxma amave dros uamravi pretenzia wauyena<br />
akakis saqmianobas Teatris xelmZRvanelis postze.<br />
aseTi dapirispireba xels uSlida Teatris muSaobas.<br />
akaki Rrma gulistkiviliT werda; `me jer-jerobiT, ar<br />
mindoda meTqva rame wlevandel sezonze. miT ufro,<br />
rom sasayveduro aravisgan-ra mimiZRvis da mxolod meve<br />
unda vusayvedurebde Cems Tavs, rom qarTul scenaze<br />
fexi Semovdgi da Tu Semovdgi, ratom im TaviTve ar<br />
gavSordi? Magram mec maqvs Sesawynarebeli mizezebi....<br />
megobrebi mirCevdnen rac unda gagiWirdes unda moiTmino<br />
da sezonis gaTavebamde Tavs mainc nu daanebebo~ 1 Aakakim<br />
Teatri datova, man ver SesZlo TeatrSi disciplinis<br />
damyareba,Zireuli gardatexis Setana. Teatridan wasvlis<br />
Semdeg ambobda; `Cemma reJisorobam veraferi sargebeli<br />
moutan Teatrso! magram tanjva ki bevri ganvicadeo~.<br />
akaki wereTlis, rogorc Teatris xelmZRvanelisa<br />
da reJisoris moRvaweoba qarTuli TeatrSi, reJisuris<br />
ganviTarebisa da misi avtoritetis amaRlebis periods<br />
daemTxva.Aakakim Teoriulad da praqtikuladac<br />
garkveuli niadagi moumzada profesionaluri reJisu ris<br />
formirebas. Fformirebis procesi ki winaaRmdegobisa da<br />
konfli qtebis fonze mimdinareobda.<br />
1. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli Tb. 1963 t. 15 gv. 215.<br />
39
maia xaCiZe<br />
40<br />
gamogonili paTosi<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi ar Semoifargleba<br />
masSi gatarebuli ideiT. im ideis xorcSesxmaSi, sulis<br />
STabervaSi uamravi elementi erTiandeba, rac Semoqmedis<br />
wyalobiT arsebobis axal formas, axal Sinaarss iZens<br />
da kvlav ganagrZobs sicocxles, ramdenadac Semoqmedis<br />
individualoba ganisazRvreba ara mxolod Tavis<br />
imanentur raobaSi ganyenebuli originalobiT, aramed im<br />
TaviseburebebiT, rac WeSmaritad faseuli nawarmoebis<br />
SeqmnaSi vlindeba. SemoqmedisaTvis individualoba<br />
samyaros esTetikuri Semecnebis, gaTavisebis xerxia, rac<br />
uflebas aZlevs mas sakuTari adamianuri poziciebidan<br />
isaubros am samyaros mravalferovnebaze.<br />
literaturuli personaJebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb<br />
saubari mxolod garkveuli pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiTaa<br />
SesaZlebeli. literaturaTmcodneobaSi aRniSnulia,<br />
rom `Подлинное назначение влияний – быть стимулом<br />
творчества~. 1 msgavsi Tematikis, ideebis, personaJebis<br />
arseboba imisi dasturia, rom konkretuli mwerlis<br />
Semoqmedeba warmoudgenelia ganyenebulad, igi bunebrivad<br />
xdeba literaturuli procesebis monawile da<br />
Tanaziari.<br />
am konteqstSi da pirobiTobis daSvebiT visaubroT<br />
qarTuli literaturis erT-erTi saxasiaTo personaJis<br />
Sesaxeb. i. WavWavaZis `kacia adamianis~ personaJebi<br />
mxatvruli ganzogadebis TvalsazrisiT, TavisTavadi,<br />
dasrulebuli xasiaTebi arian. yoveli maTgani<br />
tipurobis iSviaTi nimuSia. TiToeuli personaJis<br />
mxatvruli samyaro imdenad mravalferovania, imdenad<br />
1. Дима А., Принциры сравнительного литературоведения, М.,<br />
1977, ст.142.
damajerebladaa Seqmnili,rom Tundac erTxel moTxrobis<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg, SeuZlebelia romelime maTgani<br />
daaviwydes mkiTxvels. TaTqariZeebi, elisabedi, daviTi,<br />
mose gZeliZe, mouravi, lamaziseuli, mkiTxavi, sut-knena,<br />
_ saocari bunebriobiTa da originalurad morgebuli<br />
niSan-TvisebebiT gamoirCevian. TiToeuli SesaZlebelia<br />
Tavad iqces mxatvruli nawarmoebis Temad. yuradRebas<br />
amjerad sut-kneinas mxatvrul saxeze SevaCerebT. es iyo<br />
pirveli cda, literaturaSi qarTuli qorwinebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, uaRresad kolorituli figuris<br />
_ maWanklis saxis Semotanisa da vfiqrobT, sakmaod<br />
warmatebulic.<br />
SemTxveviTi araa, rom i. WavWavaZem es personaJi<br />
Tavisi yvelaze komikuri gmirebis _ luarsabisa da<br />
darejanis dasakavSireblad gamoiyena, _ amiT pirdapir<br />
mianiSna am figuris naxevrad parodiuli rolis Sesaxeb.<br />
rogorc `kacia-adamianis~ sxva personaJebTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
am SemTxvevaSic avtoris damokidebuleba satirulironiulia,<br />
miTumetes, rom personaJis Sinaarss aseTi<br />
xedva savsebiT Seesatyviseba.<br />
mwerlis mowmobiT, sut-kneina `moxucebuli,<br />
darbaiseli, Raribi da qvrivi~ dedakacia, romelic `am<br />
patiosani xelobiT~ irCens Tavs. iliam es personaJi<br />
ucnauri saxeliT Seamko _ sut-kneina uwoda, imitom,<br />
rom `amisi ubeduri qmari mTel sicocxleSi kniazobas<br />
eZebda da ver daimtkica~, 1 anu am personaJs, romlis<br />
`moRvaweoba~ iluziebis, tyuilebis, intrigebis SeqmniT<br />
Semoifargleba, saxelic aseTive butaforiuli aqvs _<br />
ararsebuli kniazis arSemdgari kneina.<br />
am tyuil-kneinasac aqvs Turme Tavisi Rirsebebi: `didi<br />
enametyvelis saxeli hqonda gavardnili TavadiSvilebSi<br />
am sut-kneinasa. amisTana gamocdili Suamavali Turme<br />
1. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. II,<br />
Tb., 1950, gv. 166.<br />
41
maia xaCiZe<br />
oric ar dadioda dedamiwis zurgzeda. amitomac<br />
blomad iRebda fexis qirasa, magram es iyo kargi, rom<br />
raki ikisrebda saqmes, bolosac mouRebda~. 1 am `didi<br />
enametyvelobis~ mizani isaa, rom sicruis rac SeiZleba<br />
sqel burusSi gaaxvios momavali sapatarZlosa da<br />
sasiZos ojaxebi, SeZlebisdagvarad daxlarTuli bade<br />
gaabas maT Soris da rac SeiZleba didi gasamrjelo<br />
Caigdos xelSi; misi saqmianoba mTlianad yalb, gamogonil<br />
paToszea damyarebuli da mTeli moxerxeba,energia iqiTaa<br />
mimarTuli,rom es siyalbe SeumCneveli gaxdes,anu miznis<br />
miRwevamde iluzia ar unda gaqres. amgvar saqmeSi ki<br />
sut-kneina araCveulebriv unars amJRavnebs.<br />
moxerxebuli maWankali arc iumoris grZnobasaa<br />
moklebuli. avtori xazgasmiT migvaniSnebs, rom mas<br />
sulac ar Ralatobs realobis gancda, rom misTvis<br />
iluziuri mdgomareobis Seqmna, mxolod miznis misaRwevi<br />
saSualebaa da ara Secdoma. rogori ironia mJRavndeba<br />
mis sityvebSi, rodesac qalis qebisa da misi mziTevis<br />
siuxviT Tavbrudaxveul luarsabs agulianebs, am saqmes<br />
`didi cda da xerxianoba ki unda~, magram Tu mamis<br />
daTanxmeba movaxerxeT, `rogori yaramanic Sena xar,<br />
imisTana salbixuraman is aris. swored tarieli da<br />
nestan-darejani iqnebiT, oriv erTad rom SegyaroT~.<br />
luarsabis qorwinebaSi sasimamro mose gZeliZesTan<br />
erTad, lomis wili swored sut-kneinas moxerxebas<br />
miuZRvis. avtori am personaJis garSemo ramdenjerme<br />
qmnis kuriozul situacias,saidanac Tavis daRwevas sutkneina<br />
ostaturad axerxebs. marTalia, aseTma mondomebam<br />
amaod Cauara `saxelovans mociquls~ _ masze gaiZvera<br />
mose gZelaZem xulaSi damwyvdeviT `daajildova~ da<br />
Cadenili codvebic uceremoniod Seaxsena, magram sutkneinas<br />
adaptaciis gasaocari unari da viTarebis<br />
1. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. II,<br />
Tb., 1950, gv. 167.<br />
42
gamogonili paTosi<br />
Sefasebis iSviaTi alRo aqvs da am mdgomareobasac ise<br />
iferebs, `miTom da aq araferia~. faqtobrivad, mis mier<br />
wamowyebuli saqme bolomde midis, magram maWankali,<br />
romelsac sindisi vaWrobis sagnad uqcevia, gawbilebuli<br />
rCeba. es mwerlis moraluri ganaCenia im kategoriis<br />
adamianebis mimarT, romelTac umjobesad miaCniaT icruon,<br />
Tavi daimciron, Seuracxyofa aitanon, oRond xels nu<br />
gaanZreven, nu iSromeben. magram siyalbe Tavs iCens da<br />
Sedegis momtani ver iqneba.<br />
maWanklis saxe iseTi mxatvruli simaxviliT<br />
daxatuli da drouli aRmoCnda, rom maSinve miipyro<br />
sazogadoebis yuradReba. igi ganasaxierebs personaJs,<br />
romelic arCeul rols TamaSobs cxovrebaSi, anu<br />
realur sinamdvileSic igi Tavs scenaze grZnobs. es<br />
saxe niRbis oden warmoudgenelia. maWanklis fenomeni _<br />
TavisTavad aris Teatraluri saxe. cxadia, es SeniSnes<br />
Teatris moRvaweebmac da maTi TxovniT,iliam Seqmna piesa<br />
`maWankali~. piesaSi TiTqmis ucvleladaa gadatanili<br />
sut-kneinas saxe, magram unda SevniSnoT, rom es personaJi<br />
gacilebiT efeqturi aRmoCnda moTxrobaSi.<br />
werilSi `axali dramebis gamo~, romelic `iveriaSi~<br />
(#268, 1890 w.,) daibeWda, i. WavWavaZe, werda: `erTob<br />
dramis Seqmna didad Zneli ram aris, imitom rom drama<br />
sulisa da gulis cxovrebaa, sulisa da gulis dids<br />
Zvrebzea asagebeli da asaSenebeli... amitomac dramis<br />
Seqmna yvela sxvagvar poetur qmnilebaze gacilebiT<br />
Znelia da yvela mwerali _ Tundac niWieric _ vera<br />
hbedavs xeli SehmarTos~ 1 . vfiqrobT, imis gamo, rom i.<br />
WavWavaZem _ rogorc beletristma ajoba i. WavWavaZes<br />
_ rogorc dramaturgs, sut-kneinas saxe swored<br />
misi araCveulebrivi moTxrobis saSualebiT SemorCa<br />
Cvens literaturas. magram piesam `maWankali~ Tavisi<br />
1. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. IV,<br />
Tb., 1955, gv. 174.<br />
43
maia xaCiZe<br />
gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa qarTul literaturasa<br />
da xelovnebaSi: swored am piesis gavleniT daibada kidev<br />
erTi kolorituli personaJi _ xanuma. swored ilias<br />
maWanklis saxe aRmoCnda is SemoqmedebiTi impulsi a.<br />
cagarelisaTvis, romlis realizaciis Sedegi iyo misi<br />
piesa `xanuma~. iseve,rogorc ilias `maWankali~,es piesac<br />
cnobili qarTveli msaxiobis nato gabunia-cagarelis<br />
sabenefisod Seiqmna da daidga kidec 1882 wlis 1<br />
dekembers Tbilisis scenaze. es iyo oTxmoqmedebiani<br />
komedia, romelic im bednier piesaTagani aRmoCnda,<br />
romelTac udides popularobasTan erTad, saocari<br />
sicocxlisunarianobac gamoiCines: piesis mTavarma gmirma,<br />
garda imisa, rom igi dRemde SemorCa qarTul scenas,<br />
scenis miRmac gadaabija: v. doliZem `xanumas~ mixedviT<br />
daamuSava libreto operisa `qeTo da kote~ da dadga<br />
kidec Tbilisis operis scenaze (1919 w.), 1926 wels<br />
a. wuwunavam gadaiRo filmi `xanuma~, 1947 wels ki v.<br />
tabliaSvilma igive siuJeti daudo safuZvlad Tavis<br />
mSvenier miuzikls `qeTo da kote~. sagulisxmoa, rom es<br />
piesa da mxatvruli saxe dResac ar kargavs aqtualobas<br />
qarTul scenaze. sxvaTaSoris, cagarelis piesa iTargmna<br />
somxuradac p. araqsianis (poRos qalanTiani) mier da<br />
didi warmatebiTac idgmeboda somxur scenaze.<br />
a. cagarelma saocrad niWierad gadaamuSava iliaseuli<br />
maWanklis saxe da sut-kneinasagan ori damoukidebeli<br />
personaJi Seqmna, rac saSualebas aZlevda dramaturgs,<br />
meti plastikurobiT mopyroboda mas da erTi Sinaarsis<br />
orgvari mxatvruli interpretacia moeca.<br />
keTilad daboloebuli maWankloba pativmoyvareobis<br />
damaamebelia, rac warmatebuli maWanklis imijs qmnis<br />
(Tumca esec TavisTavad Semosavlis raodenobasa da<br />
stabilurobas ukavSirdeba). xanuma ise trabaxobs Tavisi<br />
ucnauri `gamarjvebebiT~,rogorc mTavarsardali iamayebda<br />
brZolis velze mopovebuli warmatebiT.Aa. cagarelis<br />
44
gamogonili paTosi<br />
piesaSi ori maWankalia, romlebsac konkurenciis gamo<br />
erTmaneTi ver autaniaT, saqme Seuracxyofasa da cematyepamdec<br />
ki midis. Sesabamisad,erTi maTgani warmatebuli<br />
aRmoCndeba, meore ki _ gawbilebuli. piesaSi am faqts<br />
dramaturgi moralizebisaTvis iyenebs da xanumas<br />
warmatebas qarTuli andaziT `feri-fersa,madli-RmerTsa~,<br />
xsnis, ramdenadac araerTgzis SeniSnavs, rom xanumam ukeT<br />
icis vin visi Sesaferisia. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi xanuma<br />
TiTqos zRapruli keTili feriis ampluaSi gvevlineba,<br />
simarTlis da siyvarulis mxardamWerad da gamarjvebac<br />
mas rCeba. gawbilebuli qabatua ki Seuracxyofili da<br />
daviwyebuli aRmoCndeba.<br />
albaT, swored aseTi SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
gabedul maWankals arc saiqio aSinebs: `fiqri ar aris!<br />
did codvasTan cota madlic gasWris! xanumam Tu<br />
moindoma, mtkvari aRma wava!~ 1<br />
es ucnauri xeloba, romelic i. WavWavaZem da<br />
a. cagarelma TavianTi nawarmoebebis Temad airCies,<br />
eSmakobasa da moxerxebulobasTan erTad, garkveul<br />
riskTanacaa dakavSirebuli. TiTqmis yoveli nabiji,<br />
yoveli moqmedeba gaTvlili unda hqondes maWankals, da<br />
mainc, erTi gauTvaliswinebeli detalis gamo, SeiZleba<br />
es tyuilebiT, eSmakobiT Sekowiwebuli iluziuri koSki<br />
xuxulasaviT daengres Tavze da am ngrevis msxverpli,<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, maWankali aRmoCndeba xolme. swored<br />
ase daemarTa daviT kldiaSvilis moTxrobis `soloman<br />
morbelaZis~, mTavar gmirs.<br />
d. kldiaSvili Tavis SemoqmedebaSi kvlav daubrunda<br />
maWanklis Temas, Tumca es ganpirobebuli iyo ara<br />
mxolod literaturuli tradiciiT, aramed realobiTac,<br />
romelSic mouxda cxovreba da moRvaweoba did mwerals<br />
da romelic araCveulebrivi sicxadiT aisaxa mis<br />
1. av. cagareli. Kkomediebi, i. griS. redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1936,<br />
gv. 121.<br />
45
maia xaCiZe<br />
SemoqmedebaSi. Tu i. WavWavaZis, a. cagarelis personaJebi<br />
komikurebad gveCvenebian, d. kldiaSvilTan maSvals<br />
tragikulobis elferi dahkravs.<br />
soloman morbelaZe kldiaSviliseuli kudabzika,<br />
Raribi aznauria, romelic ukadrisobs, glexiviT miwaze<br />
imuSaos da misi azriT ufro mosaxerxebeli xeloba<br />
aurCevia Tavis sarCenad _ samaSvlo saqmeebze `nadirobs~:<br />
Seigulebs `msxverpls~, Semdeg ki gauTaveblad daZrwis<br />
momavali nefe-patarZlis ojaxebs Soris da orive<br />
mxares didi gulmodginebiT arwmunebs, rom ukeTesi arc<br />
sasiZo moiZebneba qveynad da arc sapatarZlo, Tanac (rac<br />
maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania) mziTevis pirobebic<br />
xelsayrelia da rom TviTon, solomani, mxolod maTi<br />
keTildReobisaTvis iRvwis, _ `Tvara sxva interesi me<br />
maincdamainc imisTana arc ki mqonebia~.<br />
arsebiTad ki am wamowyebuli maSvlobis Sedegzea<br />
damokidebuli soloman morbelaZis ojaxis Semosavali,<br />
movalis gastumrebis imedi, samomavlo perspeqtiva.<br />
Tumca kldiaSvilis personaJebze saubrisas aucileblad<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom maT, praqtikulad,<br />
arCevanis ufleba aqvT warTmeuli _ autaneli<br />
siduxWire, romelic sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze<br />
gadis, maTSi klavs yovelive adamianurs da tragikul<br />
personaJebad aqcevs. swored aman aiZula solomanic<br />
siyalbis, sicruis, sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis motyuebis<br />
gzas dasdgomoda da iZulebulia aTasgvari ubedureba,<br />
Seuracxyofa aitanos, _ `rac amisTanaobaSi maSvals<br />
Tavistexa daatydeba xolme~, magram sxva saSualebas<br />
ver xedavs, radgan misi da misi ojaxis yofna-aryofnis<br />
sakiTxi wydeba. miT ufro mtkivneulia es damcireba,<br />
ramdenadac solomani acnobierebs sakuTari mdgomareobis<br />
komizms, magram kuWis sicariele aiZulebs, Rirsebasa da<br />
pativs xazi gadausvas da iwanwalos `oRond is oxeri<br />
oriode groSi~ iSovos. misi ampartavnuli mcdeloba _<br />
46
gamogonili paTosi<br />
garegnulad mainc wodebis Sesaferisad gamoiyurebodes,<br />
kidev ufro komikur mdgomareobaSi agdebs.<br />
am mdgomareobaSi mxolod solomani ar aris. irgvliv<br />
yvela cdilobs, sxva gaacuros da gamarjvebuli swored<br />
isaa, vinc yvelaze moxerxebulad icruebs. sabolood,<br />
sut-kneinas msgavsad, solomanis wamowyebuli maSvlobac<br />
bednierad gvirgvindeba, magram sicruis badeSi swored<br />
maWankali aRmoCndeba gabmuli. siRaribem da SimSilma<br />
adamianebs patiosneba, sindisi daaviwya da moTxrobis<br />
finalSi uiRblo maSvalis `Sav-ukuRma fiqrebi~ saocari<br />
gulwrfelobiT asaxavs im sasowarkveTas, rasac d.<br />
kldiaSvilis personaJebis umravlesoba SeuerTebda Tavis<br />
xmas: `...daswyevla RmerTma xelmokle aznauris usaSvelo,<br />
gaZaRlebuli cxovreba! riTi gamoaqvT Tavi, meti gza<br />
rom aRar aqvT? tyuili, tyuili, yovel nabijze tyuili<br />
da upiruloba! ra gamovida ori Tvis Cemi wanwalidan?<br />
movatyue, momatyues da erTi motyuebuli xval an zeg<br />
karze momadgeba kidev...~. 1<br />
d. kldiaSvilTan es drama kidev ufro Rrmavdeba<br />
`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~, sadac platon samaniSvili<br />
maWanklad sruliad absurduli da komikuri mizezis<br />
gamo qceula. Tumca es mxolod erTi SexedviT. rogorc<br />
ki davakvirdebiT mis parodiul mdgomareobas, rogorc ki<br />
CvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba mizezi, ris gamoc es personaJi<br />
am mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, sicilis survili ukvalod<br />
qreba da mxolod usazRvro sibraluli da TanagrZnoba<br />
gveufleba ubeduri personaJisadmi. sazogadod, d.<br />
kldiaSvilTan am personaJis (maWanklis) uaRresad<br />
TavisTavad, originalur gadawyvetas vxedavT, romelSic<br />
mwerlis siyvaruli, sibraluli aSkarad igrZnoba, rac d.<br />
kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.<br />
i. WavWavaZis, a. cagarelis, d. kldiaSvilis<br />
1. d. kldiaSvili. moTxrobebi, `qarTuli proza~, w. XVI, Tb.,<br />
1988, gv. 244.<br />
47
maia xaCiZe<br />
nawarmoebebSi, maWanklis saxiT uaRresad saintereso,<br />
saxasiaTo personaJebi arian daxatuli. mwerlebma<br />
es kolorituli figura mxatvruli literaturis<br />
personaJad aqcies. am personaJis gansaxiereba TiToeul<br />
SemTxvevaSi realisturi da originaluria, ramdenadac<br />
`portretis problema mxatvrul literaturaSi,<br />
iseve rogorc saxviT xelovnebaSi, aris problema<br />
msoflmxedvelobisa, problema stilisa~. 1 isini sruliad<br />
axleburad aRiqmebian da gansxvavebuli xasiaTis,<br />
temperamentis, kulturis personaJebad gvevlinebian.<br />
yovel WeSmarit xelovans aqvs Tavisi ganumeorebeli<br />
xelwera, Tavisi axali mxatvruli samyaro, romelsac igi<br />
axleburad agebs maSinac ki, roca misi Sinaarsi kargad<br />
nacnob sakiTxsa Tu problemas gulisxmobs. am figuris<br />
Sinaarsma saSualeba misca avtorebs, misi ganzogadebiT<br />
gamoexataT TavianTi pozicia sazogadod, crusaqmianobis,<br />
siyalbeze dafuZnebul qmedebasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
• andronikaSvili n., narkvevebi XIXs-is qarTuli<br />
literaturis istoriidan, Tb., 1984…<br />
• balanCivaZe r., adamianis filosofiuri<br />
koncefcia qarTul mxatvrul literaturaSi, Tb.,<br />
1977<br />
• gafrindaSvili n., oZeli m., narkvevebi<br />
literaturul urTierTobaTa da<br />
urTierTmimarTebaTa istoriis da Teoriis<br />
sakiTxebze, Tb., ganaTleba, 1987<br />
• Проблемы сравнительнои филологии, М-Л,<br />
Наука, 1969<br />
1. b. bardaveliZe. personaJis xatvis principebi qarTul realistur<br />
prozaSi, Tb., 1967, gv. 13.<br />
48
kinomcodneoba<br />
<strong>49</strong>
50<br />
lia kalandariSvili<br />
pirveli principi: `kinematografiuli<br />
azrovnebis meqanizmi da<br />
`meqanisturi iluzia~<br />
kinematografis erT-erTi pirveli saxelwodeba swored<br />
iluzioni iyo – iluziuri sanaxaoba,romelic,Cveulebriv,<br />
Camwkrivebuli skamebiT savse Cabnelebul darbazSi tardeba,<br />
sadac, rigebis bolos, pawawina sarkmlidan sivrceSi<br />
Suqis nakadi iWreba da mopirdapire kedelze gaWimul<br />
ekrans moZravi CrdilebiTa da aTinaTebiT aSuqebs. `Suq-<br />
Crdilis TamaSi adamians jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi<br />
ajadoebda. axal welTaRricxvamde,daaxloebiT,360 wels,<br />
filosofosi platoni Tavis `respublikaSi~ aRwerda, Tu,<br />
rogor moZraoben CiraRdnis alisgan dacemuli Crdilebi<br />
gamoqvabulis kedelze. zogierTi kinos istorikosi Tvlis,<br />
rom moZravi saxeebi, pirvelad, swored am gamoqvabulis<br />
aRweraSia moxseniebuli~. 1 aseTi analogia, erTi SexedviT,<br />
naZaladevad, zedmetad gadaWarbebulad gamoiyureba,<br />
miTumetes, rom, `gamoqvabulis miTSi~ saubaria platonis<br />
moZRvrebis amosaval warmodgenebze `WeSmariti ideebis~<br />
samyaroze da mis `Crdilze~ realobaSi, rac, Cvens<br />
yuradRebas filosofiuri sazrisis arsisken mimarTavs<br />
da ara mis asaxsnelad moxmobili Sedarebisken. magram,<br />
Tu, Tavad magaliTis Sinaarss SevxedavT, filosofosis<br />
mier aRweril uZveles iluziur sanaxaobasa da<br />
kinoseansis principebs Soris msgavseba, SesaZloa, ufro<br />
damajerebelic mogveCvenos. platonis am dialogSi,<br />
sokrate alegoriebiT cdilobs auxsnas glavkons<br />
WeSmaritebis xilvis SeuZleblobis mizezi, rogorc<br />
samyaroSi adamianuri arsebobis pirobebiT gamowveuli<br />
SezRuduloba da erTgvari uunaroba: `warmoidgine, –<br />
1. David Parkinson. Cinema. oxford university press. 1995 , 8-9.
ambobs igi, - gamoqvabulis msgavs sardafSi, romelsac,<br />
mTel sigrZeze Suqi gamsWvalavs, adamianebi imyofebian.<br />
maT, mcire asakidan fexebze da kiserze borkilebi adevT,<br />
rom ganZreva ver SeZlon, da radgan xundebis gamo,<br />
Tavis mobrunebas ver axerxeben, mxolod imas xedaven,<br />
rac pirdapir Tvalwin aqvT. es adamianebi sinaTlisgan<br />
zurgSeqceviT sxedan, CiraRdani Sors, maRla anTia, xolo,<br />
cecxlsa da tyveebs Soris, dabali kedliT gadaRobili<br />
zeda gza gadis, im Sirmis msgavsad, romlis ukan<br />
iluzionistebi Tavis damxmareebs aTavseben, mis zemoT, ki,<br />
Tojinebs uCveneben. [...] axla isic warmoidgine, rom am<br />
kedlis miRma, sxva adamianebi nairgvar saojaxo nivTebs<br />
ezidebian, romlebic ise uWiravT, rom Robis zemoT<br />
moCans: atareben statuebs, qvisgan da xisgan gakeTebul<br />
yovelgvar cocxal arsebaTa gamosaxulebebs. da rogorc<br />
aseT SemTxvevebSi xdeba xolme, zogi mzidavi saubrobs,<br />
zogic gaCumebulia. [...] magram, nuTu fiqrob, rom aseT<br />
mdgomareobaSi, SesaZlebelia, saerTod, raimes danaxva,<br />
im cecxlisgan atyorcnili Crdilebis garda, romelic,<br />
gamoqvabulis mopirdapire kedels ecema?~ 1<br />
platonis mier aRweril sanaxaobaSi, romelic,<br />
rogorc Cans, arsebobda antikur xanaSi, kinoCvenebasTan<br />
raRac, saerTo, niSnebs, marTlac aRmovaCenT. saubaria<br />
iseT msgavsebaze, rogoric, saxeobis uZveles winaparsa<br />
da evoluciis Tanamedrove etapze myof, ganviTarebul<br />
formas Soris SeiZleba iyos. niSandoblivia isic,<br />
rom Tavisi `Crdilebis~ magaliTiT, platoni, swored,<br />
iluziur realobaze saubrobs. `WeSmariti realobis~,<br />
anu, namdvilad arsebulis nacvlad, gamoqvabulis tyveTa<br />
cnobierebamde mxolod misi Crdilebi aRweven da platonis<br />
`Crdilismayureblebi~, msgavsad kinomoyvarulebisa,<br />
mxolod iluziur realobas Seicnoben. Tumca, drois<br />
1. platoni, saxelmwifo, gamoqvabulis miTi, wigni 7, sokrates<br />
dialogi glavkonTan.<br />
51
lia kalandariSvili<br />
Zalian didi manZilis gavla mouwevs kacobriobas<br />
`Crdilis Tojinis~ Secvlamde - celuloidis firze<br />
aRbeWdili fotogamosaxulebiT. edisonisa da lumierebis<br />
gamogonebamde uamravi sxvadasxva vizualuri gasarTobi<br />
Seiqmneba 1 vidre, 1895 wlis 28 dekembers, parizSi,<br />
kapucinebis bulvarze Zmebi lumierebi kinoaparatisa<br />
da proeqtoris 2 saxelurs daatrialeben da daxveul<br />
firze aRbeWdili statikuri kadrebis Tanmimdevruli<br />
cvliT, TeTr ekrans moZravi gamosaxulebebiT aavseben<br />
– cocxali realobis msgavsi iluziiT. XX saukuneSi,<br />
rodesac, kinematografi samyaros moevlineba, axla ukve,<br />
aseTi,ganaxlebuli sanaxaobis Tanamedrove - filosofosi<br />
anri bergsoni gamoiyenebs mas, adamianuri azrovnebis<br />
`iluziuri~ principis magaliTad, masze misaniSneblad.<br />
`meqanisturi iluzia~ - swored ase uwoda anri<br />
bergsonma adamianis aRqmas gaxmaurebul, popularul<br />
naSromSi `SemoqmedebiT evoluciaSi~, romlis IV TavSi,<br />
saxelwodebiT, `azrovnebis kinematografiuli meqanizmi<br />
da meqanisturi iluzia...~ 3 adamianis azrovnebis<br />
Taviseburebebi kinematografis azrovnebis meqanizmTan<br />
SesatyvisobaSi gaaanaliza da aqedan gamomdinare, Tavad<br />
kinematografiuli principic aRwera. bergsonis mizans ar<br />
warmoadgenda kinematografis kvleva,igi,filosofosisTvis<br />
1. robert barkeris optikuri atraqcioni `panorama~, lui<br />
dagerisa da klod-mari butonis `diorama~, qristian gugensis<br />
`jadosnuri fanari~, etien gaspar robertsonis `fantaskopi~,<br />
romelic primitiuli animaciis saSualebasac iZleoda. Semdeg<br />
ukve `taumatropi~, eduard meibrijis da jozef platos<br />
`fenakistiskopi~, simon fon Stamferis `stroboskopi~, kineografi<br />
da sxva;<br />
2. aRsaniSnavia, rom lumierebis gamogoneba erTdroulad gadasaRebi<br />
kamerac iyo da saproeqcio aparatic;<br />
3. ix.: a. bergsoni. `SemoqmedebiTi evolucia~. (Lvolution L'Évolution cra- créatrice),<br />
`azrovnebis kinematografiuli meqanizmi da meqanisturi<br />
iluzia~, 1907.<br />
52
pirveli principi: `kinematografiuli<br />
azrovnebis meqanizmi da `meqanisturi iluzia~<br />
ubralod, kargi analogi iyo, rom TvalsaCinod daexata<br />
cocxali realobis buneba, adamianis aRqmis moCvenebiToba,<br />
iluziuroba. `sicocxle evoluciaa, _ werda igi, _ Cven<br />
am evoluciis konkretul periods vamWidrovebT,vkumSavT<br />
da mdgrad suraTad vaqcevT, romelsac formas vuwodebT;<br />
da rodesac cvlileba imdenad mniSvnelovani xdeba, rom<br />
Cveni aRqmis inerciis gadalaxvas SeZlebs, vambobT, rom<br />
sxeulma forma Seicvala. Tumca, sinamdvileSi sxeuli<br />
formas yovel wams icvlis. an ufro sworad,ar arsebobs<br />
formebi, radganac forma, es uZraobaa, xolo, realoba –<br />
moZraoba. realoba,es formis mudmivi cvalebadobaa: forma,<br />
_ mxolod gadasvlis wamieri suraTia.~ 1 gamosaxulebaTa<br />
rigs fotografiuli `stop-kadridan~, anu, uZraobidan<br />
sxvadasxva siCqariT SeuZliaT Cven Tvalwin Caiqrolon<br />
da mravalnairi xasiaTis moZraobis STabeWdileba Seqmnan.<br />
es moZraoba rom SevamCnioT, garkveuli siCqaris kadris<br />
monacvleobaa saWiro. 2<br />
ganixilavda, ra, realobas mudmiv moZraobaSi,<br />
cvalebadobaSi, uwyvet dadgenadobaSi myofad, bergsoni,<br />
amave dros, xazs usvamda adamianis inteleqtis erTgvar<br />
SezRudulobasac, romelic, sicocxlis am swraf da<br />
uwyveti metamorfozirebis procesis adeqvaturad aRqmas<br />
ver aswrebda, ver eweoda mas: `inteleqti, grZnobebis<br />
msgavsad, SemoisazRvreba mxolod imiT, rom materiis<br />
qmnadobis procesSi, dro da dro, wamier da uZrav<br />
(fotografiul) gadaRebebs akeTebs [...] cnobiereba,miyveba<br />
1. a. bergsoni. `SemoqmedebiTi evolucia~. (Lvolution L'Évolution cra- créatrice),<br />
`azrovnebis kinematografiuli meqanizmi da meqanisturi<br />
iluzia~, 1907;<br />
2 . SeniSvna: munj kinoSi standarti wamSi 18 kadri iyo,gamotovebuli<br />
fazebis (aRuqmeli `sicarielis~) gamo saxeebi ekranze<br />
daxtodnen. relobasTan miaxloebuli adekvaturi norma, yvelaze<br />
naklebi, wamSi 24 kadria, es iyo minimaluri siCqare, rac,<br />
xmis specifikam moiTxova. rac ufro metia kadrebis raodenoba,<br />
miT ufro mkvrivi da mkveTria gamosaxuleba.<br />
53
lia kalandariSvili<br />
ra inteleqtis kvals, Tavis mxriv, Sinagan cxovrebas<br />
ganixilavs, rogorc ukve Seqmnils da mxolod bundovnad<br />
grZnobs, rogor iqmneba igi. ase gamoiyofa grZliobebSi<br />
CvenTvis saintereso momentebi...~. 1<br />
am `saintereso momentebis~ konteqstSi mTliandeba,<br />
bergsonis azriT, is `sicarielec~, romlis aRqmasac<br />
adamiani cvalebadobis siswrafisa Tu sakuTari aRqmis<br />
SezRuduli tempis gamo ver axerxebs da verc acnobierebs.<br />
aRqmul `momentebs~ Soris `arsebul~ vakuums igi<br />
inerciuli, meqanikuri warmosaxviT avsebs: `vsargeblobT<br />
sicarieliT, raTa moviazroT sruli.~ 2<br />
mTelis warmodgena nawilis mixedviT – es,<br />
bergsonis `meqanisturi iluziaa~. da marTlac, swored,<br />
kinematografi gamoiyenebs azrovnebis am specifikur<br />
`nakls~ kinonarativis moqnili principis Sesaqmnelad,<br />
rogorc kinoxelovnebis SesaZleblobas da bunebriv<br />
kanonzomierebas.<br />
aseTi iluziis nairgvarobaa `kuleSovis efeqtic~,<br />
ociani wlebis klasikad qceuli eqsperimenti, romlis<br />
Sedegad, ori Sewebebuli kadri, ara mxolod azrobriv<br />
erTeuls warmoqmnis, aramed, mayurebels mkafio ganwyobas<br />
uyalibebs _ calkeuli kadris Tvisobrioba konteqstis<br />
mixedviT, da ufro metic – warmosaxviT, Secvlili<br />
saxiTac ki aRiqvas. magaliTad, eqsperimentSi monawile<br />
mayurebeli ver amCnevda, rom kuleSovma, sam sxvadasxva<br />
kadrTan _ wvnianiT savse TefSTan, moTamaSe bavSvTan da<br />
kuboSi mwoliare qalTan, saTiTaod, erTi da igive kadri<br />
- ivan mozJuxinis saxis axlo xedi daamontaJa. rac<br />
mTavaria, mayurebeli, ara ubralod ver aRiqvamda munji<br />
1. a.bergsoni. `SemoqmedebiTi evolucia~. (L'Évolution créatrice),<br />
`azrovnebis kinematografiuli meqanizmi da meqanisturi iluzia~,<br />
1907;<br />
2. ix.: a. bergsoni. `SemoqmedebiTi evolucia~. (Lvolution L'Évolution cra- créatrice),<br />
`azrovnebis kinematografiuli meqanizmi da meqanisturi<br />
iluzia~, 1907.<br />
54
pirveli principi: `kinematografiuli<br />
azrovnebis meqanizmi da `meqanisturi iluzia~<br />
kinos varskvlavis erTi da imave,ucvlel gamometyvelebas,<br />
aramed,emociuradac ki aRwerda,artistis `gansxvavebuli~<br />
TamaSiT miRebul STabeWdilebebs, rolis `fsiqologiuri<br />
siRrmiT gaxsnis~, sruliad sxvadasxva niSans: madas da<br />
SimSils - TefSis SemTxvevaSi, siyvaruls da xaliss _<br />
bavSvis mimarT da mwuxarebas – gardacvlili qalis<br />
gamo. rasakvirvelia, es imaze ufro didi iluziaa, vidre<br />
bergsoni moiazrebda Tavis `meqanisturi inerciis~<br />
cnebaSi. `kuleSovis efeqti~ kidev ufro metadaa<br />
gaaqtiurebuli ganwyobiT da datvirTulia warmosaxviT.<br />
es aris ukve `ormagad~ iluziuri da winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
`aqtiur-inerciuli~ kinematografiuli aRqma, anu,<br />
adamianis azrovnebis is Tavisebureba, romlis gaxsnac<br />
mxolod kinoxelovnebis SesaZleblobaa.<br />
kinematografi erTgvarad imeorebs da TavisTavSi<br />
aireklavs adamianis mxedvelobis Taviseburebebs.<br />
Tvali ganuwyvetlad moZraobs da rodesac, xedvis<br />
areSi raime sagani xvdeba, masze mzera avtomaturad,<br />
mravalgzis fiqsirdeba. aRqmaSi cvalebadi xatebi<br />
efinebian erTmaneTs: pirvel SuqCrdilovan efeqts,<br />
momdevno damaxsovrebuli efeqti efineba, Semdeg sxva...<br />
ris Sedegadac, mTlian fiqsirebul mkafio gamosaxulebas<br />
varCevT. Cven mexsierebiT vinaxavT gamosaxulebis fazebs<br />
da erTmaneTTan vakavSirebT. realoba savsea cvalebadi<br />
suraTebiT. Cvens aRqmaSi uamravi aseTi suraTi Cndeba<br />
da qreba, romelTac, rogorc bergsoni aRniSnavda, ver<br />
vacnobierebT. aseT pirobebSi,raRac qaotur,gaurkvevlobas<br />
unda vxedavdeT da ara konkretul gamosaxulebas, magram<br />
erTiani suraTis danaxvis SesaZleblobas, mxedvelobis<br />
- persistenciuli da masTan fsiqikurad dakavSirebuli<br />
`Pi-efeqtis~ gansakuTrebuli unarebi gvaZleven.<br />
persistencia, _ es, Tvalis funqcionaluri unaria,<br />
_ aRiqvamdes ara mxolod uSualod mzeris procesSi,<br />
aramed, gamosaxuleba (wamis meaTedidan mesamed wilamde<br />
55
lia kalandariSvili<br />
droSi) mexsierebaSic Seakavos. TiToeuli CvenganisTvis<br />
cnobilia `travmuli~ iluzia, romelic Cndeba mzidan<br />
mzeris aridebis Semdeg, rodesac, ramdenime wamis<br />
ganmavlobaSi misi kvali Cveni Tvalis badurazea<br />
aRbeWdili. msgavs efeqts ganvicdiT sxva mkafio<br />
obieqtze cqeris Semdegac, Tu, mzeras Werze, an, sufTa<br />
furcelze gadavitanT. persistenciis unaris gareSe,<br />
kinogamosaxuleba ar iarsebebda, es kinos sawyisi unaria.<br />
swored, es, _ persistenciuli STabeWdileba _ iqca<br />
daren aronovskis 1 filmis `Pi~-s, mxatvrul idead da<br />
mTavar simbolod, romelSic, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />
iqcevs, aseTi, erTgvari travmuli STabeWdilebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, kontrastuli efeqti da misgan<br />
gamomdinare stili: mkveTri, kadrSi gauwonasworebeli<br />
rakursiT Sesuli sagani, Tu personaJi, Sesaxedaoba, qceva<br />
da Jesti. aronovskis filmSi, es mdgomareoba gazomilia<br />
_ sapasuxo simZafris kontrastuli, elementebiT. magram<br />
mTavari saxe, romelic aseT cvalebad, TvalismomWrel<br />
stils mTlianobaSi gansazRvravs da miTis xarisxSi<br />
ahyavs, aris sinaTlis saxe-koncepti, mTavari simbolo<br />
da miniSneba. gmiris mier dabneulad, aramiznobrivad<br />
warmoTqmuli, TiTqos aCemebuli da filmis refrenad<br />
gayolili fraza: `dedam amikrZala, magram me mainc<br />
Sevxede mzes~,_ aRiqmeba ara mxolod simbolurad,aramed,<br />
SegrZnebiTac. mas, filmSi, is TvalismomWreli sikaSkaSe<br />
da Tanmdevi persistenciuli kvali Semoaqvs,rac,mxolod<br />
warmosaxvis ZaliT arsebobs da rac efeqturad avsebs<br />
mxatvrisa da operatoris mxatvrul gadawyvetas. Tavad<br />
simbolo `Pi~, romlis saxelsac, daren aronovskis filmi<br />
atarebs, Rrma da mravalazrovania: erTi mxriv, es aris<br />
usasrulobis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli iracionaluri<br />
ricxvi, meore mxriv, ki, igi, rogorc pi–efeqti, (ufro<br />
1. daren aronovski `pi~ (Pi, 1998).P<br />
56
pirveli principi: `kinematografiuli<br />
azrovnebis meqanizmi da `meqanisturi iluzia~<br />
zustad, aq, masSi igulisxmeba persistencia) 1 gamoxatavs<br />
Tavad kinematografis arss, mis sawyis princips,<br />
kinematografis siRrmiseul kavSirs samyaros yvelaze<br />
did saocrebasTan – sinaTlesTan. xolo, Tavad, piefeqts,<br />
anu, gamosaxulebis moZraobad Tanmimdevrul<br />
gardaqmnas, rogorc kinoxelovnebis sawyis princips,<br />
xazs usvams da mxatvrul saxed aqcevs miloS formani<br />
Tavis `regTaimSi~ 2 . filmis erT-erTi personaJi, tate,<br />
usaxsrod darCenili emigranti mxatvari, originaluri<br />
xelnakeTi saTamaSoebis maRaziis mepatrones, gasayidad,<br />
SvilisTvis gakeTebul `bloknot-saocrebas~ kineografs<br />
SesTavazebs da uCvenebs, rogor unda gadafurclos.<br />
ekranze uCveulo da STambeWdavi sanaxaoba ibadeba:<br />
moZraobis sxvadasxva fazaSi daxatuli gogonas silueti<br />
_ uZravi gamosaxuleba rveulis furclebze cocxldeba<br />
da yinulze srials iwyebs. moZraobis saidumlo aq,<br />
rveulis gadaTvalierebis tempSia! swored am detals<br />
uxsnis mxatvari dainteresebul gamyidvels.<br />
erTi SexedviT Cveulebrivi oinis, gamosaxulebis<br />
animaciis buneba, realobis winaaRmdegobrivi sawyisidan,<br />
– moZraobis iluzorulobis paradoqsuli principidan<br />
gamomdinareobs, kanonzomierebidan, romelic, jer kidev<br />
antikuri xanidan xdeba filosofosTa gansjisa da<br />
msoflmxedvelobrivi polemikis sagani. bergsonis<br />
kidev erTi `iluziis~ arsi, swored, am problemas<br />
ukavSirdeba.<br />
filmis Seqmnis procesSi,kinematografisti,cvalebadi<br />
realobidan gamoyofs,rogorc bergsoni uwodebda,misTvis<br />
1. SeniSvna: pi –efeqti, moZraobis vizualuri SegrZneba, rodesac,<br />
gamosaxulebidan gamosaxulebaze gadasvlisas gamotovebuli<br />
moments, tvini met-naklebad misaRebi varaudiT avsebs. magali-<br />
Tad, rodesac, naZvisxis naTurebi rigrigobiT anTebisas gveCveneba,<br />
rom wertili moZraobs. kinoSi msgavsi iluzia amoZravebs<br />
personaJebs da scenebs;<br />
2. miloS formani `regTaimi~ (Ragtim, 1981).<br />
57
lia kalandariSvili<br />
`mniSvnelovan grZliobebs~ da am arasrulyofili<br />
fragmentebiT, rogorRac, cdilobs, gadmosces realobis<br />
suraTi, cvalebadobis Tavisebureba,misi arsi. igi afiqsirebs<br />
rac Tvalwin aqvs, maT Soris, moZraobasac, romelsac,<br />
cocxal realobaSi `gamotovebuli sicarieleebis~<br />
miuxedavad, Cven mainc aRviqvamT. magram, visac kinofiri<br />
unaxavs, icis, rom gadaRebuli filmi, calkeul kadrebad<br />
danawevrebuli uZravi gamosaxulebebisgan Sedgeba. arc<br />
erTi detali ar moZraobs, isini samudamod arian erT<br />
konkretul poziciaSi gaqvavebulebi... es, bergsonis<br />
azriT, kinematografiuli azrovnebis iluziis faqtia,<br />
_ mcdari warmodgenis, rodesac, adamiani moZraobis<br />
gaazrebas,statikuriT cdilobs da hgonia,rom,cvalebadi<br />
movlenis gaxsna, misi sapirispiroTi, konstanturiT,<br />
mudmiviTaa SesaZlebeli. Tumca, rac saeWvo, mcdari da<br />
arasrulyofilia filosofosisTvis - xelovanisTvis,<br />
xSirad, piriqiT, WeSmariti da namdvilad Rirebulia.<br />
platoni,Tu bergsoni gonebis udidesi daZabviT cdiloben<br />
iluziisgan Tavis daxsnas, maSin, rodesac kinoxelovneba<br />
misken miiswrafvis, rogorc `iluzionad~ dabadebuli.<br />
`regTaimis~ mizez-Sedegobrivi kanonzomierebis<br />
ganmsazRvreli niSani swored, `arakanonzomieri~ faqti,<br />
_ iluziis dabadeba xdeba, aRqma imisa, rac sinamdvileSi<br />
ar arsebobs: grafikulad gamosaxuli gogonas uZravi<br />
silueti, Cveulebrivi, naxati, moZraobis calkeuli,<br />
gaSeSebuli faza _ momajadoebeli moCvenebiTobis nawili,<br />
mTliandeba, Tvisebas icvlis da Cven, ekranze formis<br />
nacvlad gardaqmnebs, moZraobas vxedavT. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom swored, es iluziaa kinos `genetikuri~ kodi da<br />
misi sawyisi principi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom miloS<br />
formani `regTaimSi~, swored, am, `statika-moZraobis~<br />
paradoqsiT iwyebs kinoze Txrobas da isic niSandoblivia,<br />
rom `kineografis~, _ kinematikuri iluziis Semqmneli,<br />
_ maZiebeli mxatvari tate, siuJetis Semdeg etapze,<br />
58
pirveli principi: `kinematografiuli<br />
azrovnebis meqanizmi da `meqanisturi iluzia~<br />
kinoreJisori xdeba, anu, profesionali, romlisTvisac<br />
cnobilia kinematografis yvelaze mTavari da arsobrivi<br />
principi, _ moZraobis aRbeWdvis saidumlo. Tavad<br />
saxelwodeba – kinematografi, xom swored, moZraobis<br />
aRbeWdvas aRniSnavs. 1<br />
gavixsenoT Zenonis cnobili aporiebi, romlebic,<br />
samagaliTo gakveTilebs gvaZleven,rom yvelaze TvalnaTliv<br />
faqtebsac ki eWviT SevxedoT, radgan, srulyofili axsna<br />
ar moeZebneba, ra momentSi iwyebs uZraobaSi myofi sagani<br />
moZraobas da saerTod,ra gvaZlevs safuZvels,ganvacxadoT,<br />
rom moZraoba arsebobs. Zenon eleelis 2 aporia `isari~,<br />
TiTqos, swored, kinematografiuli principis arss<br />
ganixilavs: dro diskretulia da mTlianad wertilmomentebisgan<br />
Sedgeba. winaaRmdegoba SemdegSia: moZraobs<br />
Tu ara, gatyorcnili isari, Tu, igi, viciT, rom Tavisi<br />
mdebareobis nebismier wertilSi, drois yovel momentSi,<br />
faqtobrivad uZrav mdgomareobaSia? da radgan, igi,<br />
uZravia drois yovel calkeul momentSi, gamodis, Tu ara,<br />
rom, maSin, igi uZravia drois yvela momentSi, anu, uZravia<br />
yovelTvis? Zenoni ver (an/ar) asabuTebda moZraobas<br />
da acxadebda, rom moZraoba ar arsebobs, iluzorulia,<br />
mxolod gveCveneba. aristotele Secdomis arss xedavda<br />
imaSi, rom Zenoni dros diskretulad ganixilavda. magram,<br />
vin aris marTali? aris Tu ara dro diskretuli? Cven<br />
xom mudmivad viTvliT wamebs, wuTebs saaTebs... da rac<br />
mTavaria, kadrebad dayofil kinofirze, Cven, realobis<br />
zustad am saidumlos faqtobriv monacems vakvirdebiT.<br />
imas, rom aseTi, frenis situaciaSi myofi isari, calkeul<br />
1. κινηματος — ( berZn.) kinematos - moZraoba, γραφω —grafo<br />
–Cawera.. kinematografi ewodeboda leon bulis 1892 wels dapatentebul<br />
saproeqcio aparats.<br />
2 Zenoni (Zv. w. <strong>49</strong>0-430 ww) berZ. filosofosi, eleelTa<br />
skolis warmomadgeneli, Pparmenides mowafe, dialeqtikuri<br />
formis fuZemdebeli, cnobili aporiebis avtori moZraobaze<br />
da droze.<br />
59
lia kalandariSvili<br />
kadrSi, marTlac, uZravadaa aRbeWdili, zustad ise,<br />
rogorc Zenons warmoedgina, Zveli welTaRricxviT V<br />
saukuneSi.<br />
gaocebas iwvevs, rogor ivarauda, Zenonma, im dros,<br />
aseTi,Rrmad dafaruli realoba? Cven SegviZlia,mxolod<br />
is aRvniSnoT, rom marTalia, kino teqnikuri progresis<br />
Sedegia, magram, SemTxveviTi gamogoneba ar aris, rom misi<br />
safuZveli arsebuli kanonzomierebaa, paradoqsi, romlis<br />
saidumlos amoxsnas,adamiani,rogorc Cans,Tavisi gonieri<br />
arsebobis manZilze, mudam cdilobda. Tumca, amave dros,<br />
kino mainc, im drom dabada, romelzec, miloS formani<br />
`regTaimSi~ mogviTxrobs _ XX saukunis mijnaze, didi<br />
da saocari gardaqmnebis dasawyisze, romelmac kinos<br />
epoqis aTvla daiwyo.<br />
60
maia levaniZe<br />
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino<br />
totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
1889 wels pirvelad kinoekranebidan bavSvis butbuti<br />
gaisma. ukve am etapidan reJisorebi Zmebi lumierebi,meliesi<br />
da sxvebi cdilobdnen ekrani aemetyvelebinaT. Ziebis<br />
procesSi xmisa da gamosaxulebis sinqronizaciisTvis<br />
araerTi eqsperimenti Catarda,Tumca uSedegod,yvela cda<br />
warumatebeli aRmoCnda. kinematografistebma sabolood<br />
didi xniT Tqves uari xmaze.<br />
kinoTeatrebSi gamoCndnen e. w. `tapiorebi~, adamianebi,<br />
romlebic ekranis qveS moTavsebul pianinoze, filmSi<br />
siuJetis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva melodias<br />
ukravdnen. im periodSi, rodesac ver moxerxda xmis<br />
gamosaxulebasTan sinqronizeba, cocxali Sesruleba da<br />
musikaluri laitmotivis Semotana kinoSi,SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
gamosavali iyo. kinoxelovnebas mxolod teqnikurma<br />
progresma misca saSualeba aemetyvelebina ekrani. es<br />
siaxle misaRebi iyo kinomwarmoeblebisTvis, vinaidan<br />
mayurebeli ufro martivad igebda filmis Sinaarss,<br />
ideas, problemas. mas aRar uxdeboda gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
enis gageba, simbolikis amokiTxva da titrebis wakiTxva.<br />
xmovan kinos arakeTilganwyobilad Sexvdnen munji<br />
kinos iseTi SesaniSnavi reJisorebi, rogorebic iyvnen:<br />
Carli Caplini, king vidori, rene kleri, fridrix<br />
murnau, vsevolod pudovkini, sergei eizenSteini,<br />
grigori aleqsandrovi da sxvebi. rusul kinoSi Seiqmna<br />
specialuri manifesti, romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo<br />
xmis SemosvlasTan dakavSirebuli, rogorc dadebiTi, ise<br />
uaryofiTi faqtorebi. rusi reJisorebi aRiarebdnen,<br />
rom munji kinos dasasruli movida, rom xmis gamoyeneba<br />
kinoSi aucilebelia, igi gamosaxulebas aTavisuflebs<br />
61
maia levaniZe<br />
titrebisgan,xedviTi parafrazebisgan,magram imavdroulad<br />
isini amtkicebdnen,rom `sityvis,_ rogorc damakavSirebeli<br />
elementis,_ Semotana kinoepizodebSi (rogorc TeatrSi),<br />
angrevs mizanscenas, vinaidan sityva ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
mTlianobas, romelic kinoSi warmoiqmneba calkeuli<br />
scenebis montaJuri SeTanxmebisas~. manifestis avtorebi<br />
upiratesobas aniWebdnen vizualur struqturas, xmas<br />
aRiqvamdnen gamosaxulebisgan damoukidebel faqtorad,<br />
rac, TavisTavad, mcdari mosazrebaa, vinaidan xmovani<br />
kino xedviT-xmovani saxeebisgan Sedgeba, _ xmovani<br />
kontrapunqtia.<br />
xmovani kinos winaaRmdeg analogiur mosazrebas<br />
gamoTqvamda Carli Caplini, romelmac Tavisi pirveli<br />
filmebis srul gaxmovanebazec ki Tqva uari. magaliTad,<br />
gavixsenoT `didi diqtatori~, sadac Carli munji kinos<br />
esTetikiT agebs Txrobas da mxolod finalur epizodSi<br />
Semoaqvs sityva. filmis gmiri, ebraeli dalaqi, faSist<br />
diqtatorTan garegnuli msgavsebis gamo fiurerSi<br />
aerevaT, am SemTxveviTobis gamo igi tribunaze, xalxis<br />
masis winaSe aRmoCndeba. `diqtatoris~ mier warmoTqmuli<br />
sityvis pirvel nawilSi,sadac is iZulebulia nacistebis<br />
saxeliT, misTvis miuRebel, gaugebar msoflmxedvelobasa<br />
da ideologiaze isaubros, abrakadabras emsgavseba.<br />
raRac momentSi patara, SeSinebuli adamiani, romelsac<br />
safrTxe emuqreba, erTgvar pasuxismgeblobas grZnobs<br />
kacobriobis winaSe da am momentidan gmiri tribunas<br />
humanuri ideebis propagandisTvis iyenebs. meore nawilSi<br />
metyveleba swordeba, Caplinis gmiri Tavis gamosvlaSi<br />
adamianebs mouwodebs iyvnen humanurebi, mimteveblebi<br />
sxvaTa mimarT, meti pasuxismgeblobiT moekidon samyaros.<br />
Aamgvard, Caplini teqsts iyenebs rogorc vizualuri<br />
Txrobis damatebiT elements, metaforad konkretuli<br />
msoflmxedvelobis, msoflaRqmis dasafiqsireblad da<br />
gasamZafreblad.<br />
62
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
pirveli xmovani filmebi ZiriTadad mayurebels<br />
musikaluri da qoreografiuli nomrebis nazavs<br />
sTavazobda. `jazis momRerali~ Tavisi stilistikiT<br />
munji filmia,romelSic Warbad iyo Casmuli dialogi da<br />
musika. es iyo periodi,rodesac xmovani kinos reJisorebi<br />
jer kidev eZebdnen xmis SesaZleblobebs.<br />
XX saukunis 30-ani wlebis dasawyisSi teqnika<br />
Zalzed mouxerxebeli iyo xmovani filmis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
kameris xmauri gadaRebis procesSi zRudavda xmis<br />
Caweris SesaZleblobebs. amitom, kinematografistebma<br />
garkveuli gamosavali ipoves, kamerebi moaTavses xmis<br />
gaumtar boqsebSi, ramac TavisTavad SezRuda gadaRebis<br />
saSualebebi da meTodebi. kinoTxroba ufro metad<br />
daemsgavsa firze dafiqsirebul speqtakls. aqcenti<br />
gadavida ara aqtiuri,saintereso vizualuri struqturis<br />
Seqmnaze, aramed teqstualuri nawilsa da samsaxiobo<br />
Sesrulebaze. am aucilebelma cvlilebebma studiebis,<br />
ganaTebisa da gadaRebis ZiriTadi principebis gardaqmna,<br />
axali specialobebis Seqmna moiTxova.<br />
xmovani kinos mimarT mayureblis interesi didi iyo,<br />
Tumca, arsebobda erTi problema. gaqiravebis procesSi<br />
gaCnda enobrivi barieri. magaliTad, inglisurenovani<br />
filmebis Cvenebas aprotestebdnen germanelebi, frangebi.<br />
inglisSic ki ar iRebdnen amerikuli inglisuriT<br />
mosaubre gmirebs. am problemis aRmosafxvrelad kinoSi<br />
filmebis gaxmovaneba daiwyo. msoflio kinoSi dawyebuli<br />
es procesi TavisTavad gavrcelda sabWoTa kavSirSic.<br />
1930 wels moskovSi xmovan kinos problemebisadmi<br />
miZRvnili sxdoma Catarda. saerTo politikis<br />
gasatareblad, kinematografistaTa kavSirSi miRebuli es<br />
dadgenileba,stenogramis saxiT,sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval<br />
yvela respublikas daegzavna.<br />
sxdomaze `adk~-Si (SemoqmedebiTo gaerTianeba,<br />
romelic 30-an wlebSi yvela xelovnebis dargSi<br />
63
maia levaniZe<br />
sxvadasxva struqturiT arsebobda, ZiriTadad teqnikuri<br />
sakiTxebis mogvarebas isaxavda miznad. kinoSi maTi<br />
mizani iyo specialuri teqnikis daxvewa da ganaxleba)<br />
gaerTianda 27 reJisori. maT ganixiles is teqnikuri<br />
problemebi, romlebic xmovan kinosTan dakavSirebiT<br />
warmoiSva kinowarmoebaSi.<br />
ZiriTadad gamoikveTa oTxi mimarTuleba, romlebic<br />
xmovani kinos Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze unda<br />
ganxorcielebuliyo:<br />
1. samecniero azrisa da kvlevis gaaqtiureba.<br />
2.samecniero-kvleviT masalaze dayrdnobiT,<br />
CamoeyalibebinaT xmovani aparaturis SeqmnisaTvis saWiro<br />
sabWoTa warmoeba. amgvarad uari eTqva dasavleTSi<br />
SemuSavebul teqnologiebs, vinaidan sabWoTa qveyanas<br />
hqonda ambicia sxvebze ukeTesi teqnika Seeqmna!<br />
3. axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba,axali<br />
specialobebisa da kadrebis Seqmna.<br />
4 kinoTxrobis Tanamedrove meTodebis Seqmna da<br />
daxvewa.<br />
am prioritetebma kinostudiebis Semdgomi muSaobis<br />
principi gansazRvra. daiwyo eqsperimentebi axali<br />
gadasaRebi aparaturis, ganaTebis sistemebis Seqmnis<br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
`es komunikaciis sruliad axali formaa,_ propagandis<br />
axali saSualeba. mxatvrul-agitaciur xmovani<br />
kino – uCveulo simZlavris iaraRia,~ _ miiCnevdnen<br />
kinematografistebi da aRniSnavdnen, rom sabWoTa<br />
kultura unda gadaiqces komunisturi ideologiis<br />
iaraRad, bolSevikur xelovnebad, sabrZolo Stabad, sadac<br />
is SemoqmedebiTi davalebebi unda daisaxos, romlebic<br />
komunisturi ideologiis propagandas Seuwyobdnen<br />
xels. sxdomaze erTnairia gamomsvlelTa ZiriTadi<br />
paTosi `staxanovuri~ muSaobis ritmze, damkvrelur<br />
revoluciur aqtivobaze.<br />
64
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
sabWoTa qveynis socialur-politikur sivrceSi<br />
arsebuli lozungi: `davewioT da gauswroT~<br />
aqtualuri xdeba kinoSic. sabWoTa qveyanaSi nel-nela<br />
yalibdeba sabWoTa ocneba: komunizmi _ gmirTa tipebiT,<br />
mtris xatiTa da Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis `Ria<br />
sazogadoebiT~, sadac yvelas SeuZlia miaRwios ideals,<br />
realurad ganaxorcielos ocnebebi. totalitaruli<br />
reJimis pirobebSi warmoqmil am `miTs~, faqtobrivad,<br />
ganxorcieleba ar ewera.<br />
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebisa da interesebis wina<br />
planze wamoweva adamianis cnobierebaSi erTgvar Sida<br />
cenzors badebda, romelic TviTonve aregulirebda<br />
moTxovnebs da garemoSi adaptirebis saSualebasac<br />
iZleoda. amgvarad, tabuebisa da kliSeebis mTeli kaskadi,<br />
ara mxolod zogadad sazogadoebis yofaSi, aramed<br />
adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi ikidebda fexs. idealuri<br />
sazogadoebisken, sabWoTa ocnebisaken swrafva realur<br />
yofaSi ormag standartebs ayalibebda. qveyana cxovrobda<br />
totalitaruli reJimis dadgenili normebiT, axali<br />
moralur-zneobrivi kanonebiTa da kriteriumebiT,<br />
romelic mmarTveli ZalisTvis manipulirebis saSualebas<br />
iZleoda, xolo paralelurad, realurad yofaSi sastiki<br />
represiebi midioda, romelsac aTasobiT udanaSaulo<br />
adamiani ewireboda.<br />
saqarTveloSi 1932 wlidan socialur-politikuri<br />
viTareba,iseve rogorc mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT,<br />
garkveulwilad Seicvala. prioritetuli darCa kvlav<br />
qveynis industrializaciis, koleqtivizaciis procesi,<br />
magram sul ufro gamwvavda mtrix xatis Seqmnis tendencia,<br />
raTa gamarTlebuliyo mmarTveli Zalis represiuli<br />
qmedebebi.<br />
pirvel da meore xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi komunistTa<br />
TaosnobiT iqmneboda brigadebi, ibadeboda novatorebi<br />
mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi,romlebic `SromiT<br />
65
maia levaniZe<br />
saswaulebs~ axdendnen. 1935 wlidan mTel qveyanaSi<br />
gaCaRda staxanovuri moZraoba, rac Zveli teqnikuri<br />
normebis msxvrevisken iyo mimarTuli. iwyeba axalgazrda<br />
Taobis politizirebis procesi,oficialuri ideologiis<br />
mimarT fanatikuri erTgulebis danergvis tendencia. am<br />
mizniT Cndeba axalgazrduli gaerTianebebi (oqtombrelebi,<br />
pionerebi, komkavSirelebi), romlebic aqtiurad erevian<br />
individis pirad cxovrebaSi. yvela `daeWvebuli~ adamiani<br />
`xalxis mtarad~ xdeba Seracxuli.<br />
egzaltirebuli masa maSin ver grZnobda, Tu rogor<br />
mimdinareobda partiuli da sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis<br />
xalxisgan gaucxoeba, realobis dayofa, sazogadoebis<br />
moralur-zneobrivi dacema, WeSmariti humanuri<br />
Rirebulebebisa da moraluri principebis nivelireba.<br />
represiebis fonze mmarTveli Zalis, sabWoTa qveynis<br />
ZiriTadi kursis, paTosis, yofisa da ideologiis<br />
gafetiSebis, idealizaciis procesi faqtobrivad<br />
ayalibebda sabWoTa miTebs. ZiriTadad es xdeboda<br />
realur yofaSi faqtebis gayalbebis meSveobiT.<br />
magaliTad, industrializaciisa da soflis meurneobis<br />
ganviTarebis procesSi, dasavlur samyaroze sabWoTa<br />
qveynis upiratesobis warmosaCenad, cifrebSi ayalbebdnen<br />
miRwevebs. qmnidnen zeadamianis miTosur saxes, romelsac<br />
SeeZlo araadamianuri, warmoudgeneli SromiTi Sedegebi<br />
eCvenebina. realobaSi mimdinare es procesebi, TavisTavad,<br />
zegavlenas axdendnen xelovnebaSi asaxvis axali formebis,<br />
stilis, Janrul-Tematuri tendenciebis Camoyalibebisas.<br />
kinoxelovneba kvlav ideologiis saukeTeso<br />
propagandis saSualebad rCeboda, mmarTveli Zala<br />
xelovnebis meSveobiT, iZleoda direqtivebs, amkvidrebda<br />
cxovrebis wess da mis realobaSi gatarebas moiTxovda.<br />
am periodSi gaCnda tabuebi, kliSeebi, stereotipebi.<br />
ikrZaleboda nebismieri Tema da problemebi, sadac<br />
elementaruli kritikuli damokidebuleba iyo<br />
66
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
gamoxatauli arsebuli realobis mimarT. am ideologiur<br />
SezRudvebs daemata xmis Semosvla kinoSi da masTan<br />
dakavSirebuli esTetikuri cvlilebebi. am mizezTa<br />
gamo qarTulma kinom garkveulwilad erovnuli niSani<br />
dakarga.<br />
1932 wels aprilSi gamoica saxelmwifo dadgenileba<br />
`literaturuli-samxatvro organizaciebis gardaqmnis<br />
Sesaxeb~, ramac gazarda dramaturgebis roli<br />
kinowarmoebaSi. `saxkinmrewvSi moxda reorganizacia,<br />
Seicvala misi zemdgomi struqtura, _ amieridan, mis<br />
xelmZRvanelobas axorcielebda mmarTveli, romelsac<br />
hyavda ori moadgile kinofikacia-gaqiravebaSi da<br />
warmoebis dargSi. kinofabrika calke gamoiyo, aSenda<br />
axli kinoTeatrebi, Seiqmna samxatvro politikursaganmanaTleblo<br />
sabWoebi, romlis funqciebSi Sedioda<br />
scenarebis profesiuli damuSaveba, filmis maRali<br />
mxatvruli donis uzrunvelyofa, axali kadrebis<br />
momzadeba.<br />
30-an wlebSi moRvaweoba gaagrZeles munji kinos<br />
SesaniSnavma reJisorebma: nikoloz Sengelaiam, mixeil<br />
kalatoziSvilma,mixeil Wiaurelma,leo esakiam da sxvebma.<br />
Tumca, maT gverdiT gamoCnda axali Taobis reJisorebi:<br />
daviT rondeli, aleqsandre TayaiSvili, diomide anTaZe<br />
da konstantine pipinaSvili. am periodSi sul 21 xmovani<br />
filmi Seiqmna, Tumca, paralelurad iRebdnen munj<br />
filmebsac.<br />
munji kinos reJisorebi rTulad Sordebodnen<br />
kinos Zvel esTetikas, maTi pirveli xmovani filmebis<br />
Txrobis struqtura da gamosaxuleba munji kinos<br />
esTetikis garkveuli principebiT igeboda, vinaidan didi<br />
mniSvneloba mieniWa sityvas,kinoekranze gaCnda sxvadasxva<br />
Janris nawarmoebebi: drama, komedia, publicistika da sxva.<br />
Cndeboda ZiriTadi Tematuri tendenciebi, romlebic<br />
yvela Janris filmisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, rac<br />
67
maia levaniZe<br />
ucxo iyo munji periodis montaJur-poeturi kinosTvis.<br />
montaJi gaxda naratiuli, Txrobis principi, daemsgavsa<br />
literaturuls, Teatralur xelovnebaSi siuJetis<br />
agebis ZiriTad principebs.<br />
vinaidan qveynis kursi ar Seicvala,industrializaciis,<br />
koleqtivizaciis, religiuri Temebi ucvleli darCa.<br />
Seicvala filmebis ZiriTadi paToisi. kamera gaxda<br />
naklebad moZravi,Txroba naratiuli. TiTqmis statikuri<br />
kadrebi,studiuri gadaRebebi,ganaTebis rTuli sistemebi<br />
ara mxolod qarTuli kinosTvis gaxda damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
mniSvnelovba mieniWa saxeebis skurpulozur damuSavebas,<br />
intonacias, Tematikis aqtualobas, dialogebs anu<br />
yvelafer imas, rac xmovan rigTan iyo dakavSirebuli.<br />
wamyvan ideologiur xazs, koleqtivizaciis Temas<br />
Tan axlda gakulakebis idea, mavneblobis Temac, romelic<br />
TavisTavad gulisxmobda mtris xatis Seqmnis tendencias<br />
da misgan Tavdacvis aucileblobas.<br />
30-ian wlebSi naTlad gamoikveTa teqnikis<br />
idealizaciis tendenciac. xdeboda teqnikuri miRwevebis<br />
dapirispireba dromoWmul tradiciebTan. dapirispirebis<br />
es momenti arsebobda 20-ian wlebSic, am etapze<br />
konkretuli `mesijebis~, metaforuli vizualuri<br />
xatebis Seqmna xdeboda, xolo 30-an wlebSi es `xatebi~,<br />
ZiriTadad, sityvier, teqstualur nawilSi iSleboda.<br />
ekrani gaivso lozungebiT mosaubre gmirebiT. swored<br />
am xelovnurma samyarom ekranze warmoqmna metyvelebaSi<br />
paTetikuri intonacia. Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom 30-<br />
iani wlebis qarTuli heroikuli Teatris zegavlena<br />
am konkretul komponentzec aSkara iyo. 30-in wlebSi<br />
kinoSi moRvaweoba daiwyes qarTuli Teatris iseTma<br />
saukeTeso warmomadgenlebma, rogorebic iyvnen: veriko<br />
anjafariZe, uSangi CxeiZe, akaki xorava, akaki vasaZe, Salva<br />
RambaSiZe, aleqsandre JorJoliani, sesilia TayaiSvili,<br />
vaso goZiaSvili, sergo zaqariaZe, giorgi SavguliZe,<br />
68
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
akaki kvantaliani da sxvebi, romlebmac kinoSi qarTuli<br />
TeatrSi arsebuli Sesrulebis manera gadmoitanes.<br />
vinaidan, jer kidev Camouyalibebeli iyo xmovani<br />
kinos esTetika, faqtobrivad, ekranze Sromis procesi<br />
ar aisaxeboda. ubralod saubrobdnen mis Sedegebze,<br />
realurad warmoudgenel `SromiT warmatebebze~,garkveul<br />
SemTxvevebSi, Tu iqmneboda SromiTi procesis Cvenebis<br />
aucilebloba, avtorebi mxiaruli notebiT gvixatavdnen<br />
Sromisgan gamowveul aRtkinebasa da aRfrTovanebas.<br />
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yofis ideologiaze<br />
morgebis aqtiurma mcdelobam kinos realobis grZnoba<br />
daukarga.<br />
1932 wels ekranze gamodis pirveli qarTuli xmovani<br />
filmi leo esakias `Saqiri~, romelic kolmeurneobis<br />
Temas mieZRvna. filmi mogviTxrobda pirveli germanuli<br />
kolmeurneobis `rote fanes~ Camoyalibebis istorias.<br />
Raribi glexoba, romelsac surs warmatebuli, Zlieri<br />
kolmeurneobis Camoyalibeba, TavdadebiT ibrZvis<br />
mtrulad ganwyobili kulakobis winaaRmdeg, kulakebi<br />
germaniaSi garbian. `rote fane~ did warmatebebs aRwevs,<br />
xolo germaniaSi gaqceuli kulakoba, qveyanaSi arsebuli<br />
ekonomiuri krizisis gamo, cud mdgomareobaSi vardeba.<br />
`gaqceuli germanelebi~ aRiareben TavianT Secdomas da<br />
nanoben sabWoTa qveynis datovebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
`Saqiris~ siuJetis ZiriTadi sqema da paTosi tipuria<br />
am periodis filmebisTvis, sadac sabWoTa adamiani<br />
yovelTvis warmatebuli da gamarjvebulia, xolo mteri<br />
_ damarcxebuli da imedgacruebuli.<br />
`Saqir~-Si grZeldeba 20-ian wlebSi arsebuli<br />
kulakebis, rogorc socialuri fenisgan, `mtris xatis~<br />
Seqmnis tendencia. zogadad yalibdeba standartuli<br />
saxe _ mzakvari, bneli adamianisa, romelic piradi<br />
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, religiuri dogmebiT,<br />
erovnuli tradiciebiT cdilobs sazogadoebis marTvas.<br />
69
maia levaniZe<br />
TiTqmis yvela filmSi kulakoba upirispirdeba siaxles,<br />
romelic sabWoTa adamianebis momaval keTildReobasTan<br />
asocirdeba.<br />
leo esakias Semoaqvs kidev erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
aspeqti,dasavluri samyarosadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba,<br />
sadac sabWoTa qveynis sapirispirod, yvelaferi ingreva<br />
`araswori~ politikuri kursisa da cxovrebis wesis<br />
gamo.<br />
filmis ZiriTadi struqtura igeba munji kinos<br />
esTetikis zegavleniT. gamosaxuleba ufro dinamikuri<br />
da aqtiuria, vidre am Temaze Seqmnil Semdgom filmebSi.<br />
faqtobrivad, xmovani kinos dasawyisSi, jer kidev, iqmneba<br />
munji kinos nimuSebi:giorgi makarovis komedia `naxvamdis~<br />
(1934w.), siko falavandiSvilis `JuJunas mziTvebi”<br />
(1934w.), nuca RoRoberiZis `uJmuri” (1934w.),<br />
`JuJunas mziTvebi~ aqilikebda saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebuli qaliSvilis gaTxovebis, gamziTvebis uZveles<br />
tradicias. xSirad, swored is wyvetda qalis beds, misi<br />
cxovrebis Semdgom perspeqtivas, mziTvis raodenoba<br />
vaWrobis sagnad iqceoda ojaxebis urTierTobaSi.<br />
filmis gmiri vardeni warsulSi cxenis qurdobiT<br />
irCenda Tavs. sakuTari siRaribisgan Tavis daxsnis<br />
saSualebad mdidar qaliSvilTan daqorwineba miaCnda,<br />
magaram kolmeurne qalis siyvarulma mTlianad Secvala<br />
misi msoflmxedveloba da cxovreba. filmis finalSi<br />
satrfos mziTvebiT dainteresebuli vardeni JuJunasgan<br />
paTetiur pasuxs iRebs: `gana mTeli kolmeurneobis<br />
qoneba Cemi mziTvebi araa?~<br />
kolmeurneobisadmi sabWoTa ideologiis<br />
damokidebuleba mkveTrad ikiTxeba nikoloz Sengelaias<br />
filmSic `narinjis veli~, sadac erT-erTi gmiri ambobs:<br />
`koleqtivi, rogorc xalxTa erToba, ganusazRvrelad<br />
zrunavs TiToeuli gaWirvebulis keTildReobisTvis.<br />
mTeli soflis warmateba aris mniSvnelovani. swored<br />
70
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
amitom sofelSi ar unda iyos gaWirvebuli adamiani,<br />
kompartia aris imedi Taobebis, wlebis manZilze Raribi<br />
ojaxebis. mTavaria iyos mondomeba, Sromis survili da<br />
saerTo sabWoTa realobis keTildReobisTvis zrunvis<br />
survili.~<br />
am periods xelovnebas, SesaZlebelia, agitaciurpropagandistuli<br />
vuwodoT, _ roca nawarmoebebi<br />
itvirTeba konkretuli ideiT,lozungiT,misi cxovrebaSi<br />
damkvidrebisa da popularizaciis mizniT. ase yalibdeboda<br />
stereotipebi. magaliTad, qarTveli komunisti rus<br />
an ukrainel komunists Camohgavs cxovrebis stiliT,<br />
dadebiTi TvisebebiT, paTetikuri metyvelebiT, zeaweuli<br />
intonaciiT, da a. S. sabWoTa adamiani mxolod qveynis<br />
interesebiT cxovrobs, misTvis ar arsebobs piradi<br />
interesebi, individualizmi. ra Tqma unda sabWoTa kinoSi<br />
arsebuli es tendencia axali araa,magram 30-an wlebSi is<br />
gansxvavebul intonacias iZens, xdeba utrireba. sabWoTa<br />
kinoSi ideologiis am principiT gatarebis mcdeloba<br />
stalinuri epoqis kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
erTian niSans warmoSobs. sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali<br />
respublikebis kinoxelovneba kargavs Tavis erovnul<br />
niSans da individualizms.<br />
1933 wels nikoloz Sengelaia muSaobas baqos<br />
kinostudia `azerkinoSi~ iwyebs, sadac iRebs films `26<br />
komisari~. faqtobrivad,es iyo bolo namuSevari,romelic<br />
reJisorma montaJur-poeturi kinos esTetikis zegavleniT<br />
Seqmna. filmi mogviTxrobda 1918-20 wlebSi baqoSi<br />
mimdinare revoluciur movlenebze,daxvretil komisrebze,<br />
maT gmirul SemarTebaze. reJisori cdilobda dokumenturi<br />
sizustiT gamoekvlia movlenis ganviTarebis peripetiebi,<br />
eCvenebina erTiani masis Zalian qmediTunariani, Sinaganad<br />
damuxtuli saxe. masis monumenturi saxis Seqmnisas<br />
filmSi aSkarad SeigrZnoboda sergei eizenSteinis<br />
Semoqmedebis zegavlena. filmi warmatebuli aRmoCnda.<br />
71
maia levaniZe<br />
presa gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavda nikoloz Sengelaias<br />
unars Seeqmna masis monumenturi da STambeWdavi saxe,<br />
saintereso gamomsaxvelobiTi, montaJuri rigi. 1933-34<br />
wlebSi mixeil SoloxovTan erTad, nikoloz Sengelia<br />
muSaobas iwyebs filmis `aRebuli yamiri~ scenarze.<br />
samwuxarod, filmis gadaReba ver moxerxda.<br />
1937 wels iRebs films `narinjis vels~. nikoloz<br />
Sengelaias es filmi SesaZloa miviCnioT kolmeurneobis<br />
Temaze Seqmnil yvelaze gamokveTil namuSevrad, vinaidan<br />
masSi Tavmoyrilia yvela is niSani, romelic am periodis<br />
calkul filmebs axasiaTebs.<br />
reJisori filmSi ori dapirispirebuli samyaros<br />
daxasiaTebas gvTavazobs. kulakebi, romelic cdiloben<br />
Signidan daangrion sabWoTa kolmeurneoba, mavneblurad<br />
gaanadguron xalxis monapovari (aq ukve Cndeba Sida<br />
mtris xatis Seqmnis tendencia) da glexoba, romlebic<br />
patiosani SromiT, cxovrebis wesiT, patriotizmisa da<br />
Tavdadebis grZnobiT qveynis aRmSeneblobas uwyoben<br />
xels. am saerTo idiliaSi maTTvis Sromis procesic ki<br />
saxalisoa. Sinagani aRtkinebiTa da aRmafreniT cxovrobs<br />
yoveldRiurad sofeli da zogadad sabWoTa kavSiri.<br />
swored es iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani `mesiji~,romelsac<br />
xelovnebis meSveobiT nergavda sabWoTa ideologia ara<br />
mxolod qveynis SigniT, aramed mis farglebs gareTac.<br />
filmis ZiriTadi siuJeti sami gmiris garSemo igeba:<br />
Tedo, giorgi da nino. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sameulSi<br />
arsebobs garkveul melodramatul elementze miniSneba,<br />
maT urTierTobaSi mainc mniSvnelovani megobrobisa<br />
da patriotizmis grZnobaa. samSoblos winaSe<br />
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gamo,filmis gmirebi uaryofen<br />
pirad grZnobebs, uars amboben axlobel adamianebzec ki.<br />
sazogadoebas nikoloz Sengelaia ramdenime fenad yofs:<br />
idealuri adamianebi-komunistebi, mtrebi, _ romelic<br />
iyofa Sinaur da gare mtrebad da uaryofiTi Tvisebebis<br />
72
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
matarebeli,meryevi umciresoba. aqedan gamomdinare,filmSi<br />
yalibdeba garkveuli stereotipebi _ ideologiis<br />
ZiriTadi postulatebi.<br />
mandarinis plantaciebi kolmeurneobis saerTo<br />
qonebaa, mas xelmZRvanelobs Tedo, romelic ninozea<br />
gamijnurebuli. maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba erTi<br />
epizodiT Semoifargleba. gamijnurebuli wyvili<br />
plantaciis erT-erT kuTxeSi skamze Camomjdari umReris<br />
samSoblos naTel momavals. mxolod nazi gamoxedva,<br />
morcxvad daxrili Tavi amxels Seyvarebulebis Sinagan<br />
grZnobas. maTi dialogebi, yvela Sexvedra ideologiurad<br />
datvirTuli da aqtiuria. kolmeurneobaSi samuSaod<br />
Camodis komunisti giorgi,romelic axerxebs ganawyenebuli<br />
glexobis garkveuli nawilis gadmobirebas. soflis<br />
mkvidrni axali SemarTebiT iwyeben muSaobas. aq ibadeba<br />
konfliqti Tedosa da giorgis Soris, vinaidan Tedos ar<br />
surs giorgi masze ukeTesi xelmZRvaneli gaxdes. masSi<br />
iRviZebs erTgvari eWvi, ambicia, Suri. am dapirispirebis<br />
miRma Sengelaia gviCvenebs kolmeurneobaSi SemoRweul<br />
kulakebs, romlebic ori komunistis dapirispirebiT<br />
sargebloben da cdiloben daazaralon kolmeurneoba.<br />
kulakebis wris dasaxasiaTeblad reJisori gvTavazobs<br />
epizods, rodesac saidumlo `serobaze~ Sekrebilebi<br />
Rreobas miscemian. maTi mzakvruli Canafiqri, survili<br />
saaSkaraoze gamodis, isini ebrZvian giorgis da cdiloben,<br />
gamoiyenon Tedos ambicia,am dapirispirebiT ki _ Signidan<br />
daSalon kolmeurneoba.<br />
reJisori kulakebis sruli daxasiaTebisTvis<br />
gvTavazobs sazogadoebis meryevi nawilis,Raribi kostaias<br />
saxes, romelic Seguebulia Tavis beds da miiCnevs rom<br />
RmerTis gangebiT is ganwirulia siRaribisTvis, TiTqos<br />
garedan uTvalTvalebs kolmeurneobaSi datrialebul<br />
movlenebs,Cumad afasebs da sakuTar pozicias etapobrivad<br />
imuSavebs.<br />
73
maia levaniZe<br />
kulakebis mavneblur saqmianobas Tedo SemTxveviT<br />
waawydeba, mas moklaven da masve abraleben Ralats. am<br />
momentSi mniSvnelovani xdeba erTi epizodi, romelic<br />
naTlad asaxavs sabWoTa realobis yoveldRiur yofas.<br />
sajaro krebaze ganixileba Tavmjdomaris mkvlelobis<br />
sakiTxi. gansjis dros is uaryofili da gankiTxulia<br />
ara mxolod sazogadoebis, sayvareli qalis mier, aramed<br />
mSobeli dedisgan, romelic sajarod ambobs uars<br />
moRalate Svilze. aq isev Cndeba motivi moRalate<br />
adamianebis sazogadoebidan sruli mokveTis Sesaxeb. Tu<br />
gadavxedavT qveyanaSi am periodSi arsebul socialurpolitikur<br />
situacias, realuri represiebis fonze,<br />
msgavsi ideologiis damkvidreba komunisturi reJimis<br />
qmedebebis gamarTlebas gulisxmobda. saxalxo krebaze<br />
epizodis finalur nawilSi reJisori gvTavazobs erTerTi<br />
partiuli muSakis paTetikur gamosvlas stalinis<br />
suraTis fonze. ekranidan ismis Semdegi sityvebi:<br />
`xalxis risxva gangmiravs yvelas, vinc gabedavs da Cvens<br />
gamarjvebas win gadaeRobeba, vinc unda iyos mteri, sul<br />
erTia, Semogvitevs Signidan Tu garedan. igi CvenTvis<br />
saSiSi ar aris, sanam Cveni wiTeli armia Cvens patiosan<br />
Sromas icavs. sanam win migviZRvis da gzas gvimSvenebs<br />
Cveni naTeli goneba didi stalini.~<br />
nikoloz Sengelias `narinjis veli~ gansxvavdeboda<br />
misi adreuli namuSevrebisgan gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
struqturis TaviseburebiT: naratiuli Txrobis stiliT,<br />
statikuri kadrebiT, tradiciuli rakursebiT da a. S.<br />
gmirTa erTmniSvnelovani daxasiaTebiT.<br />
kolmeurneobis TemasTan uSualo kavSirSi<br />
ganixileba qveynis industrializaciis Tema. teqnikis<br />
fetiSizmi damaxasiaTebeli iyo ara mxolod sabWoTa<br />
kinoxelovnebisTvis. faqtovrivad, saukunis dasawyisSi<br />
teqnikis swrafma ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod<br />
teqnikur progressa da komunikaciis gaaqtiurebis process,<br />
74
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
aramed Secvala adamianis azrovnebisa da cxovrebis stili.<br />
swored am faqtorebis gamo,teqnikis,industrializaciis<br />
Tema aqtualuri xdeba msoflio kinoSi. Tumca, sabWoTa<br />
kinosgan gansxvavebiT, sadac erTmniSvnelovnad dadebiT<br />
procesad moiazrebdnen teqnikuri progresi, amerikul<br />
kinoSi iqmneba iseTi mniSvnelovani namuSevari rogoricaa<br />
`axali droeba~. Carli industrializacias, teqnikis<br />
ganviTarebas adamianis bunebrivi yofis damangrevel Zalad<br />
gaiazrebs. teqnokratiul samyaroSi mxolod moZraobis<br />
siswore da `grafikuloba~ arsebobs, sadac adamiani<br />
Cveulebriv patara tikinad gadaiqceva, tikinad, romelsac<br />
teqnika sakuTar kanonebsa da cxovrebis stils karnaxobs.<br />
Carlis poziciisgan gansxvavebiT, sabWoTa ideologia<br />
qveynis aRmSeneblobis process uSualod industriul<br />
aRmSeneblobas ukavSirebda.<br />
industrializaciis Temas mieZRvna daviT rondelis<br />
filmi `arSaula~. sabados mopoveba wmnida mTa<br />
`arSaulaze~ iwyeba. morwmune kulakebi aprotesteben<br />
mis dangrevas, provokatorebi cdiloben SuRli<br />
Camoagdon ojaxSi da amiT patiosan komunists Cirqi<br />
moscxon. saboloo jamSi aRmoCndeba, rom CaxlarTuli<br />
intrigebis miRma kulakebis simdidre, piradi interesebi<br />
imaleba. faqtobrivad, mayureblisTvis saintereso xdeba<br />
melodramatuli elementebi, siuJetSi arsebuli intriga.<br />
Tumca `arSaulac~ martiv qveteqsts Seicavs _ axali<br />
da Zveli droeba, mtrebi, romelic emuqrebian samSoblos<br />
keTildReobas. saerTo jamSi, SesaZlebelia iTqvas,<br />
rom sxvadasxva Tematuri tendenciebis ganviTarebis<br />
paralelurad, mudmivia klasobrivi brZolis Tema. is<br />
TiTqos erTgvar laitomtivad gayveba 30-ani wlebis<br />
qarTul xelovnebas.<br />
kolmeurneobisa da industrializaciis TemSi<br />
paralelurad, qarTul kinoSi, Cndeba sabWoTa heroikuli<br />
gmiris saxis Seqmnis tendencia. siko doliZis `dariko~<br />
75
maia levaniZe<br />
da mixeil Wiaurelis `arsena~, _ orive filmis<br />
paTosi erTnairia. orive gmiri upirispirdeba `Zveli~<br />
feodaluri wyobis, mmarTvel Zalis, TavadaznaurTa<br />
aRviraxsnil cxovrebas da ganukiTxaobas. darikoc da<br />
arsenac iZulebulni arian brZola daiwyon, radgan maT<br />
Rirsebas, Tavmoyvareobas exebian. piradi konfliqtidan<br />
dawyebuli winaaRmdegoba saerTo saxalxo moZraobaSi<br />
gadaizrdeba da Cveulebrivi glexisgan WeSmariti gmiri<br />
ibadeba. TavisTavad, aseTi gmirebi xalxis aRiarebasa da<br />
erTgulebas imsaxureben.<br />
sabWoTa ideologizirebuli xelovnebis erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani Tema Zveli epoqis kritikaa. Zveli yofis<br />
asaxvis procesSi reJisorebi cdiloben uaryofiT<br />
aspeqtSi ganixilon erovnuli tradiciebi da religiuri<br />
dogmebi. sabWoTa adamiani ar SeiZleba yofiliyo erovnuli<br />
niSnis matarebeli, vinaidan saWiro iyo Seqmniliyo<br />
universaluri sazogadoeba,universaluri adamiani saerTo<br />
mentaluri azrovnebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT, amitom<br />
sabWoTa ideologia ebrZoda erovnul TviTmyofadobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul nebismier gamovlinebas. adamianebi,romlebic<br />
icavdnen tradiciebsa da religias, asocirdebodnen<br />
`sibnelesTan~, regresTan, uzneobasTan. am Temas mieZRvna<br />
siko doliZis `ukanaskneli jvarosnebSi~ (1933 w.) da<br />
zaqaria beriSvilis filmi `mdinaris miRma~ (1935 w.)<br />
1937 wels iqmneba daviT rondelis `dakarguli<br />
samoTxe~ filmi, romelic faqtobrivad gamoirCeva im<br />
periodis produqciisgan Tavisi poziciiT,gmirTa tipebiT,<br />
saerTo atmosferos Seqmnis tendenciiT.<br />
filmis saTaurSive ikiTxeba qveteqsti, `dakarguli<br />
samoTxe~, _ Zveli droebisadmi erTgvari sevda,<br />
nostalgiuri damokidebuleba. `samoTxe~, sadac, odesRac<br />
laRad, Rirsebisa da patriotizmis usazRvro grZnobiT<br />
cxovrobdnen qarTveli Tavadaznaurebi. dRes es `samoTxe~<br />
daikarga, masTan erTad gaqra adamianebSi sulieri<br />
76
30-iani wlebis qarTuli kino totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi<br />
wonasworobac. Zmebi kalmaxeliZeebi RirsebaSelaxuli<br />
`Semodgomis aznaurebi~ `dakargul samoTxes~ mistirian<br />
da axal droebaSi Tavis gadarCenas sxvadasxva xrikiT<br />
cdiloben.<br />
daviT rondelis erTgvari nostalgiuri<br />
damokidebuleba Zveli droebisadmi gansxvavdeba 30-ani<br />
wlebis kinos saerTo paTosisgan. aq aris qiliki da<br />
sevda, TanagrZnoba da SarJi filmis gmirebTan cxovrebis<br />
bedukuRmarTobis gamo.<br />
films erTgvar laitmotivad gasdevs `Semodgomis<br />
aznaurTa~ idea. dangreuli, gapartaxebuli karmidamo,<br />
romelsac Zveli didebis kvalic ki ar SerCenia...<br />
erTi wyvili Ceqmis da mamlis imedad myofi Zmebi<br />
kalmaxeliZeebi Rirseba Selaxulni, magram mainc Tavadaznauruli<br />
kudabzikobiT, cdiloben SeinarCunon Zveli<br />
yofis garkveuli atributika. materialuri mdgomareobis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad, maTze socialurad dabal fenasTan,<br />
glexobasTanac ki, ar eridebian daaxloebas, Tumca<br />
uSedegod. ar Takiloben mojamagirisa da xalxis motyuebas,<br />
religiuri grZnobebiT vaWrobas, mefis ruseTis jarSi<br />
msaxurs. magram maTi dro wasulia, axal sazogadoebaSi<br />
maT ukve aRar SeuZliaT damkvidreba. realur garemosa<br />
da kalmaxeliZeebis warmosaxviT yofas Soris kontrasti<br />
erTdroulad badebs sevdisa da Rimilis SegrZnebas.<br />
kalmaxeliZeebis mojamagire lazaria amaod eZebs<br />
simarTles am samyaroSi. misi optimizmi im erTaderTi<br />
mamlis yivils emsgavseba, romelic Cvevis gamo yovel<br />
diliT axali cxovrebis dasawyiss auwyebs Tavis<br />
patrons. cxovrebis erTferovnebisa da usamarTlobisgan<br />
imedgacruebuli lazaria satrfosTan erTad miemgzavreba<br />
qalaqSi axali cxovrebis dasawyebad,magram misi momavali<br />
gaurkvevelia. daviT rondeli TiTqosda Riad tovebs<br />
finals: moxriokebuli garemo, wvrili biliki, Soreuli<br />
horizonti da am bilikze mimavali wyvili. filmis finali<br />
77
maia levaniZe<br />
am periodis sxva filmebisgan gansxvavebiT, optimisturi<br />
ganwyobis saSualebas ar iZleva.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom daviT rondelis `dakarguli<br />
samoTxe~ erTgvarad, amovardnilia im periodis<br />
produqciis saerTo paTosisgan, masSi mainc ikiTxeba<br />
sabWoTa ideologia, Tundac religiur TematikasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, epizodi, roca miqela mRvdelTan<br />
erTad gadawyvets saiqiodan dabrunebul wmnidanad<br />
iqces da amiT soflis morwmune mosaxleobas fuli<br />
gamosZalos. mTeli es `afiora~ gviCvenebs sazogadoebis,<br />
am fenis moralur-zneobrivis degradaciis process...<br />
angarebiani RvTismosavebi da matyuara Tavadaznauroba<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad patiosani, motyuebuli glexebis<br />
undoblobasa da risxvas imsaxurebs.<br />
amgvarad, imereTis peizaJebi, sxvadasxva socialuri<br />
fenisTvis dasaxasiaTebeli garemos Seqmnis tendencia,<br />
gmirTa tipebi, portretebis mTeli galerea, daviT<br />
kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
tragikomikuri situacia da `Semodgomis aznaurTa~<br />
idea, daviT rondels saSualebas aZlevda, Tundac<br />
mcire miniSnebiT, qveteqstiT daefiqsirebina arsebuli<br />
situaciisadmi sakuTari damokidebuleba.<br />
1938 wlidan `saxkinmrewvis~ magivrad `Tbilisis<br />
kinostudia~ yalibdeba. am periodSi iqmneba m. Wiaurelis<br />
`diadi ganTiadi~ (1938 w.), k. miqaberiZis `dagvianebuli<br />
sasiZo~ (1940 w.), nikoloz Sengelaias `samSoblo~<br />
(1940 w.) da sxva filmebi, romlebSic ukve SeigrZnoboda<br />
msoflioSi mimdinare rTuli socialur-politikuri<br />
mdgomareobis zegavlena. is saerTo ganwyoba, rodesac<br />
qveyana didi samamulo omisTvis emzadeboda.<br />
78
`sabWoeTis istoriaSi~ _<br />
rogorc sarkeSi<br />
lela oCiauri<br />
kulturis istoriaSi arsebobs calkeuli SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac xelovnebis damoukidebeli nimuSic ki (da ara,<br />
davuSvaT, mimdinareobebi, mimarTulebebi Tu periodebi)<br />
qmnis epoqis panoramas, movlenaTa masStabur suraTs, maT<br />
ganzogadebul modelad iqceva da amiT gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens. aseTTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, vTqvaT<br />
_ pablo pikasos `gernika~, mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos<br />
xiznebi~, Carli Caplinis `didi diqtatori~, rober vines<br />
`eqim kaligaris kabineti~, rainer-verner fasbinderis<br />
`maria braunis qorwineba~ da sxva da sxva.<br />
xelovnebis aseTi nawarmoebebi scildebian konkretul<br />
CarCoebs, ar aRiqmebian da ar ganixilebian rogorc<br />
mxolod filmi, ferweruli Tu prozauli qmnileba,<br />
radgan arsebuli sazRvrebi maTSi moqceul saTqmels,<br />
problemebs, koncefciebs ver itevs da yvelaferi sxva<br />
xarisxSi gadadis.<br />
erT-erT aseT nimuSad SeiZleba miviCnioT axalgazrda<br />
latviel politolog, istorikos da reJisor edvins<br />
Snores mravalmxriv gaxmaurebuli srulmetraJiani<br />
dokumenturi kinosuraTic, filmis formatSi moqceuli<br />
istoriuli dokumenti,kvleva-analizi,kinematografiuli<br />
movlena, `sabWoeTis istoria~ (2008 weli), romelsac<br />
marTla ver gavaanalizebT mxolod rogorc films,<br />
rogorc mxolod xelovnebis nimuSs da masze, rogorc<br />
`damoukidebel~ Semoqmedebi produqtze, ver visaubrebT,<br />
radgan masSi Cadebuli saTqmelisa da mniSvnelobis,<br />
konteqstisa da struqturis mxriv, am CarCoebs Sors<br />
scildeba.<br />
is,rom `sabWoeTis istoriam~ gulgrili aravin datova,<br />
79
lela oCiauri<br />
gamoCnda misi pirvelive Cvenebis Semdeg. filmis ganxilva,<br />
msjelobis survili, mwvave reaqcia masSi asaxulsa da<br />
naTqvamze,reJisoris moqalaqeobriv poziciaze ara imdenad<br />
kinos istorikosebis, kinomcodneebisa Tu xelovnebis<br />
kritikosebis, aramed istorikosebis, politikosebis,<br />
fsiqologebisa da a. S. wreebSi daibada.<br />
istoria<br />
_ realoba da postrealoba<br />
erT-erTi aseTi istorikosi,romelmac farTomasStabiani<br />
brZola gamoucxada `sabWoeTis istorias~ da saTaveSi<br />
Caudga moZraobas mis winaaRmdeg, aleqsandre diukovi<br />
sagangebo konferencize ambobs: `filmSi `sabWoeTis<br />
istoria~ Segnebuladaa areuli cnebebi _ sabWoTa,<br />
rusuli da nacizmi. Cveni qveyana warmodgenilia rogorc<br />
ssrk-s memkvidre, xolo sabWoTa kavSiri _ rogorc<br />
nacistur germaniaze gacilebiT saSineli totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifo. yvelaferi es iqceva mZlavr ideologiur<br />
iaraRad ruseTis winaaRmdeg. filmi Semzaravi da saSineli<br />
sanaxaobaa, romelic adamianis fsiqikaze moqmedebs~. 1<br />
rogorc `sabWoeTis istoriis~ mowinaaRmdegeebi<br />
rusul mediaSi aRniSnaven, _ `filmis siuJeti, awyobili<br />
saeWvo faqtebsa da dokumentebze, latviasTan mxolod<br />
iribadaa dakavSirebuli. `sabWoeTis istoriis~ mTavari<br />
Temebia _ `enkavedes~ TanamSromloba gestaposTan,<br />
xelovnurad Seqmnili SimSiloba (golodomori)<br />
ukrainaSi da samedicino eqsperimentebi, romlebsac<br />
`gulagis~ sistemis patimrebze atarebdnen~. 2<br />
sabWoTa jalaTebisa da maT mier Cadenili sisastikis<br />
erT-erTi monakveTis,reJimTan dapirispirebul meamboxeTa<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTul sadamsjelo operaciebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT (rac kidev erTxel, amjerad saqarTvelos<br />
1. http://actualhistory.ru/polemics-the-soviet-lies.<br />
2. http://www.stoletie.ru/politika/kursom/2008-06-06.htm.<br />
80
`sabWoeTis istoriaSi~ _ rogorc sarkeSi<br />
magaliTze,dokumenturad adasturebs realobas,romelic<br />
nawilobriv Snores filmSia dafiqsirebuli) istorikosi<br />
levan z. uruSaZe wers: `1922 wels Seiqmna saqarTvelos<br />
antisabWoTa partiebis interpartiuli aralegaluri<br />
paritetuli komiteti (igive `damoukideblobis<br />
komiteti~) da misi samxedro centri, romelsac kavSiri<br />
hqonda 1921 wlis 5 noembers parizSi Seqmnil `samxedro<br />
komisiasTan~.<br />
gamcemlobis Sedegad, 1923 wlis martSi `Cekam~<br />
moaxerxa `samxedro centris~ wevrTa dapatimreba.<br />
imave wlis 19 maiss maT miesajaT daxvreta. ganaCeni<br />
sisruleSi iqna moyvanili 1923 wlis 20 maiss,<br />
TbilisSi, dRevandeli vakis parkis teritoriaze. kerZod,<br />
daxvretil iqnen: generali konstantine (kote) afxazi<br />
(samxedro centris xelmZRvaneli), generali varden<br />
wulukiZe,generali aleqsandre andronikaSvili,generali<br />
rostom musxeliSvili, polkovniki giorgi ximSiaSvili,<br />
polkovniki aleqsandre maWavariani, polkovniki elizbar<br />
gulisaSvili, polkovniki dimitri Crdileli, kapitani<br />
farnaoz yaralaSvili, rotmistri simon bagrationmuxraneli,<br />
rotmistri levan klimiaSvili, nikoloz<br />
zandukeli, iason kereseliZe, simon WiabriSvili, ivane<br />
quTaTelaZe.<br />
amis Semdeg,parkis teritoriaze daixvrita samSoblos<br />
TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli ramdenime aTasi patrioti.<br />
mogvianebiT sabWoTa reJimma am adgilas savsebiT<br />
Segnebulad Seqmna parki,raTa xalxs etaSfandura wamebul<br />
mamuliSvilTa Zvlebze da maTi sisxliT gaJRenTil<br />
miwaze~. 1<br />
edvins Snores filmi aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
daxvretilTa,gadasaxlebulTa,moralurad da fizikurad<br />
ganadgurebulTa Sesaxeb ukrainis, latviis, poloneTis,<br />
1. levan z. uruSaZe, bolSevizm-menSevizmi da saqarTvelos<br />
demokratiuli respublika (1918-1921), Tb., 2005, gv. 155-156.<br />
81
lela oCiauri<br />
ruseTis da a. S. magaliTebiT _ dokumenturi, saarqivo<br />
masalis gamoyenebiT gviambobs. imave werilSi, levan<br />
uruSaZe ambobs: `1937-1939 wlebis sisxlian represiebs<br />
TiTqmis mTlianad Seewira erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
moZraobis 20-ian wlebSi gadarCenili nawili. garda<br />
amisa, daxvrites mecnierebisa da kulturis dargebSi<br />
moRvawe mravali SesaniSnavi mamuliSvili...<br />
... meore msoflio omis dasrulebisTanave sabWoTa<br />
reJimma xeli mihyo sxvadasxva maqinaciiT gavlenian da<br />
avtoritetul politikur emigrantTa Semotyuebas. arc<br />
motacebas Takilobdnen. ase aRmoCndnen saqarTveloSi<br />
tite margvelaSvili,svimon ciciSvili,spiridon WavWavaZe<br />
da ara erTi sxva cnobili moRvawe, romlebic daxvrites<br />
1947-1951 wlebSi. rac Seexeba eqvTime TayaiSvils,<br />
samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, igi sicocxlis bolomde<br />
hyavdaT umkacres izolaciaSi, Sina patimrobaSi.<br />
amiT rodi dasrulda represiebi. stalinis miTiTebiT<br />
da imperiuli mTavrobis 1951 wlis 29 noembris #<br />
4893-2113 dadgenilebiT, `arakeTilsaimedoobis~ motiviT<br />
daigegma saqarTvelodan Sua aziaSi ramdenime aTasi<br />
adamianis gadasaxleba. am mizniT ruseTidan iqna mowveuli<br />
Sinagani jaris sagangebod momzadebuli qvedanayofi.<br />
`specgadasaxlebas~ daeqvemdebaren 1941-1945 wlebSi<br />
tyved namyofTa ojaxebi, politikur emigrantTa ojaxebi<br />
da naTesavebi, `xalxis mtrebis~ ojaxebi. am amocanis<br />
xorcSesxmis mizniT TbilisSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi, soxumSi<br />
da sxva qalaqebSi Caayenes satvirTo (!) eSelonebi. 1951<br />
wlis 25 dekembers, kaTolikuri Sobis dRes, 11 aTasze<br />
meti adamiani Cayares am vagonebSi da Sua aziisken mimaval<br />
gzas gauyenes...<br />
dabolos,ar SeiZleba ar movixsenioT is barbarosuli<br />
damokidebuleba, romelic gamoiCina sabWoTa reJimma<br />
uwmidesis da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqis kalistrates (cincaZe) mimarT.<br />
82
`sabWoeTis istoriaSi~ _ rogorc sarkeSi<br />
1954 wlis 31 dekembers aSS-is 83-e kongress<br />
rezoluciis proeqtis saxiT waredgina amerikis<br />
qarTuli asociaciis da misi imJamindeli Tavmjdomaris<br />
leo dumbaZis aqtiuri monawileobiT Sedgenili vrceli<br />
teqsti `komunisturi gadatrialeba da saqarTvelos<br />
okupacia~ (sagangebo komitetis specialuri angariSi<br />
#6).<br />
aRniSnuli dokumenti kongresis oficialuri<br />
angariSis saxiT 1955 wels vaSingtonSi gamosca aSS-is<br />
samTavrobo gamomcemlobam. 2007 wels misi qarTuli<br />
Targmani gamosca saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis<br />
sabWoTa okupaciis muzeumma. masSi vkiTxulobT: `1951<br />
wels, kaTolikosma kalistratem, TbilisSi gazeT `niu<br />
iork taimsis~ warmomadgenelTan, harison solzberisTan<br />
saubarSi ganacxada, rom saqarTveloSi mxolod 100<br />
eklesia SemorCa. `sxva faqtebi romc ar arsebobdes, esec<br />
sakmarisi iqneboda imis sailustraciod,rac komunistebma<br />
qarTul eklesias damarTes~. qarTuli marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesiis mesaWis es uaRresad Tamami da riskiani<br />
gancxadeba savsebiT sakmarisi iyo CekistebisTvis,<br />
rom Sesabamisi zomebi mieRoT kaTolikos-patriarqis<br />
`urCobis~ asalagmavad~. 1<br />
`autodafeze~...<br />
`sabWoeTis istoria~ 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />
agvistos omis dros saqarTvelos televiziiT gadmosces<br />
(rusuli agresiisgan aRelvebul sazogadoebaSi films<br />
didi miTqma-moTqma da sja-baasi mohyva); iseve, rogorc<br />
zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac man araerTgvarovani reaqcia<br />
gamoiwvia. xazs vusvam, zogierTs, radgan TviT zogierT<br />
evropul qveyanaSi misi Cveneba an ar indomes,an `iZulebis<br />
1. levan z. uruSaZe, bolSevizm-menSevizmi da saqarTvelos<br />
demokratiuli respublika (1918-1921), Tb., 2005, gv. 159.<br />
83
lela oCiauri<br />
wesiT~ warudgines mosaxleobas.<br />
2008 wlis seqtemberSi `sabWoeTis istoriam~<br />
bostonis festivalis prizi miiRo _ `globaluri<br />
problemis asaxvisTvis~.<br />
prizi,TavisTavad,kargia,magram mTavari am SemTxvevaSi<br />
isaa, ramac da risTvisac Jiuris Snores dajildoeba<br />
gadaawyvetina. sabWoeTi da sabWoTa ruseTi, bolSevikuri<br />
Tu neobolSevikuri, rogoric is dResaa, marTlac<br />
globaluri problemaa da amaSi, Tanamedrove evropac<br />
(yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi is nawili, romelsac `sabWoeTis<br />
sisastikis miTis~ dRemde `ar sjeroda~) TandaTan<br />
rwmundeba.<br />
albaT, isic Taviseburi `prizi~ iyo, rodesac<br />
axalgazrda reJisoris portretebi, saxrCobelaze<br />
Camokidebuli fituli da filmis `dividi~ Canawerebi<br />
moskovSi, latviis saelCosTan, rusuli nacionalisturi<br />
jgufis `rosia molodaias~ ganrisxebulma agresiulma<br />
warmomadgenlebma dawves, TavianTi `papebis~ qmedebis<br />
gasamarTleblad Tu misaCqmalad, Tu Tanamedrove<br />
ruseTis `derJavas~ yvela Zaladobisa da sisastikis<br />
mxardasaWerad. es ki niSnavs, rom `sabWoeTis istoriam~<br />
reaqcia gamoiwvia, viRacas mtkivneulad Seexo (`gulze<br />
moxvda~), filmma iseTi ram Tqva, risi danaxva Tu mosmena<br />
mTavarma `adresatma~ ar isurva.<br />
aranaklebi agresia gamoxates maT evroparlamentis<br />
misamarTiT, radgan `sabWoeTis istoria~ misi dakveTiTa<br />
da dafinansebiT Seiqmna. Tanamedrove rusma istorikosebma,<br />
politologebma da politikosebma ki edvins Snores<br />
filmze sxvadasxva dros ramdenime ganxilva moawyves da<br />
istoriuli kuTxiT mTlianad `gaanadgures~ is, rogorc<br />
tyuili, falsifikacia da mizanmimarTuli provokacia<br />
ruseTis mimarT.<br />
Tanamedrove ruseTis (udidesi nawilis) reaqcia<br />
iseTi mwvave iyo (da aris), rom SiSi, romelsac filmi<br />
84
`sabWoeTis istoriaSi~ _ rogorc sarkeSi<br />
ggvris, kidev ufro izrdeba, radgan xvdebi, rom araviTar<br />
monaniebaze,araviTar sinanulze,wuxilze sxva adamianebis<br />
bedisa da sakuTari qveynis mier kacobriobis winaSe<br />
Cadenili danaSaulebis gamo (rogorc es germanel<br />
ers axasiaTebs nacistebTan mimarTebaSi), laparakic ki<br />
araa (ruseTis moqalaqeebis mcire jgufis pozicia ki,<br />
romelsac sakuTari xalxisa Tu xelisuflebis qmedebis,<br />
rogorc warsulis, ise dRevandelis, rcxvenia da wuxs<br />
amis gamo, oponentebis RriancelTan SedarebiT, araferia.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, agresia da siZulvili yovelTvis<br />
ufro Zlieria).<br />
`sabWoeTis istoriam~ _ sakuTarma istoriam ruseTi<br />
isterikaSi Caagdo. aseTi mZvinvare agresia (maTTvis<br />
tradiciul stilSi) iSviaTad Tu romelime films rgebia<br />
(ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg). procesSi _ `ara _ `sabWoTa<br />
istorias!~ didian-patarianad yvela Caeba da sakuTari<br />
`Rirsebis~ (?!) dacvisTvis sastiki brZola sxvadasxva<br />
frontze gaSala. presa, telrvizia, internetsaitebi,<br />
blogebi da a. S. waleka politikosebis, sazogadoebis<br />
warmomadgenlebis, Jurnalistebis, politologebis,<br />
analitikosebis, eqspertebis gamosvlebma da werilebma.<br />
ratom aRiqva ruseTma ase mwvaved sakuTari istoria?<br />
imitom, rom sicruea? piriqiT, swored imitom, rom<br />
Snorem maT simarTle uTxra da kidev erTxel sakuTar<br />
warsulSi (sulSi) Caaxeda, rogorc sarkeSi. magram maT<br />
_ sakuTari gamosaxulebis _ danaxva ar moindomes. an<br />
rogor endomebaT, rodesac, rac Cans, iseTi Semzaravia,<br />
iseTi maxinji, sisxlSi ise amosvrili, danaxvis msurveli<br />
gasagebia, ar eyoleboda.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, filmSi warmodgenil epizodebisa da<br />
faqtebis _ Tu rogor xvdebian nacistebi da komunistebi<br />
da erTad zeimoben,rom iyo SimSili,romelmac milionobiT<br />
adamiani Seiwira _ ignorirebas oponenti istorikosebi<br />
85
lela oCiauri<br />
argumentebulad arc ki cdiloben. 1<br />
ras ar uwodeben edvin Snores films:propagandistuls,<br />
fsevdoistoriuls, dakveTils, sicrues, falsifikacias,<br />
revanSistuls, pasuxs rusul filmze `nacizmi<br />
baltiispirulad~ (reJisori _ boris Certkovi)<br />
latvieli nacionalistebis Sesaxeb da nacionalisturs...<br />
rogori ucnauric unda iyos _ sabWoTa propagandistuli<br />
kinos analogiurs (!)<br />
`sabWoeTis istorias~ ruseTSi iseTi mwvave<br />
reaqcia mohyva, rom gadawyvites, pasuxad, amjerad, ukve<br />
mravalseriani filmi gadaiRon da Tqvan `simarTle~...<br />
iseve, rogorc sCveviaT.<br />
ratom? ra aris aseTi `sabWoeTis istoriaSi~, rac<br />
maT ar unaxavT, rasac ar uyureben da yoveldRiurad ar<br />
Cadian?<br />
ufro Semzaravi is ki araa, rac moxda, aramed is, rom<br />
procesi grZeldeba (SeiZleba,ara ise masStaburad,magram<br />
afxazeTis, samaCablos, CeCneTis da sxva aseTi magaliTebi,<br />
an sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, sapirispiro<br />
imeds ar iZleva); sazogadoebis amgvari damokidebuleba<br />
niSnavs, rom am xalxis sulSi dResac igive xdeba da,<br />
albaT, igive moxdeba, Tu ruseTi fiqrs ar iswavlis, Tu<br />
mas gamosworebis survili ar gauCndeba.<br />
is,rom `sabWoeTis istoria~ ruseTSi (sadac cenzura<br />
sabWour reJimSi muSaobs da sityvis Tavisufleba,<br />
demokratia Tu sxva amgvari cnebebi mxolod virtualurad<br />
arsebobs) aikrZala, albaT, aravis gahkvirvebia. magram<br />
iman, rac filmis arsebobas da mis aralegalur Cvenebas<br />
sazogadoebis mxridan mohyva, yovelgvar molodidns<br />
gadaaWarba da aris kidec SeSfoTebisa da sasowarkveTis<br />
safuZveli.<br />
edvins Snores gansazRvriT, misi mTavari mizania,<br />
dasavleT evropelebamde stalinis reJimis Sesaxeb<br />
1. http://www.izvestia.ru/news/335322.<br />
86
simarTlis mitana. meore mizania, ganmartos, rom saubaria<br />
ara mxolod warsulze, aramed imaze, Tu rogor moaxdina<br />
gavlena stalinis danaSaulebaTa miCqmalvam Tanamedrove<br />
evropaze... 1<br />
TviT ioseb stalinis yofili TanamebrZoli,<br />
Tanamoazre da Semdeg Serisxuli Teodor raskolnikovi<br />
(sazogado moRvawe, diplomati, Jurnalisti, saxalxo<br />
komisari, politemigranti) gaxmaurebul werilSi `Ria<br />
werili stalins~ yvelafer imas, rasac edvins Snore<br />
filmSi aCvenebs, adresats pirdapir mimarTvaSi eubneba:<br />
`... Tqven yvelaferi gaakeTeT sabWoTa demokratiis<br />
diskreditebisTvis, rogorc socializmis diskreditacia<br />
moaxdineT. imis nacvlad, rom konstituciiT dasaxuli<br />
cvlilebis gziT wasuliyaviT, Tqven axSobT mzard<br />
ukmayofilebas ZaladobiTa da teroriT. proletariatis<br />
diqtaturis Tqveni piradi diqtaturiT TandaTanobiT<br />
CanacvlebiT, Tqven gaxseniT axali etapi, romelic Cveni<br />
revoluciis istoriaSi `teroris epoqis~ saxeliT<br />
Seva.<br />
aravin sabWoTa kavSirSi ar grZnobs Tavs usafrTxod.<br />
aravin, dasaZineblad dawolisas ar icis, ascdeba Tu ara<br />
dapatimreba. dandoba aravis aqvs. marTali da damnaSave,<br />
oqtombris gmiri da revoluciis mteri, Zveli bolSeviki<br />
da upartio, kolmeurne glexi da politwarmomadgeneli.<br />
saxalxo komisari da muSa, inteligenti da sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris marSali _ yvela Tanabrad eqceva Tqveni<br />
Soltis dartymis qveS,yvela eSmakis sisxlian karuselze<br />
trialebs.<br />
rogorc vulkanis amofrqvevisasa uzarmazari<br />
lodebi skdebian da gruxuniT eSvebian krateris xaxaSi,<br />
aseve sabWoTa sazogadoebis mTeli fenebi wydebian<br />
da ufskrulSi cvivian. Tqven daiwyeT sisxliani<br />
angariSsworebebi yofili trockistebis,zinovievistebisa<br />
1. http://actualhistory.ru/polemics-interv-shnore.<br />
`sabWoeTis istoriaSi~ _ rogorc sarkeSi<br />
87
lela oCiauri<br />
da buxarinistebis winaaRmdeg, Semdeg Zveli bolSevikebis<br />
ganadgurebaze gadaxvediT, Semdeg mospeT patriulTa<br />
da upartioTa kadrebi, romlebic samoqalaqo omSi<br />
gaizardnen, romlebmac TavianT mxrebze zides pirveli<br />
xuTwledebis mSeneblobebi da organizeba gaukeTeT<br />
komkavSiris gasresas.<br />
... `eZieT da hpoveT gantevebis vacebi~,_ CasCurCulebT<br />
Tqven TqvenTan daaxloebul pirebs da Sepyrobil,<br />
samsxverploze miyvanilT Tqvens sakuTar codvebs axvevT<br />
Tavs.<br />
Tqven SeboWeT qveyana teroris Semzaravi SiSebiT,TviT<br />
mamacsac ar SeuZlia pirdapir mogaxaloT simarTle.<br />
... magram sabWoTa xalxma mSvenivrad icis, rom<br />
yvelaferze Tqven agebT pasuxs _ `sayovelTao bednierebis<br />
mWedeli~.<br />
... Tqven gaxrweniT,daabinZureT Tqveni TanamebrZolebis<br />
sulebi. Tqven aiZuleT... Tqvens ukan mavalni wamebiTa da<br />
zizRiT abijebdnen guSindeli megobrebisa da amxanagebis<br />
sisxlis gubeebSi.<br />
Tqveni xelmZRvanelobiT daweril partiis tyuil<br />
istoriaSi Tqven gaZarcveT mkvdrebi, moklulebi, Tqvens<br />
mier Sercxvenili adamianebi da miiTviseT maTi gmirobebi<br />
da damsaxurebebi.<br />
sadistis daundoblobiT Tqven spobT qveynisTvis<br />
saWiro, sasargeblo kadrebs. isini saSiSad migaCniaT<br />
Tqveni piradi diqtaturis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
Tqveni araadamianuri represiebi autanels xdian<br />
sabWoTa mSromelebis cxovrebas, romlebsac patara<br />
darRvevisTvis samsaxuridan `mglis bileTiT~<br />
aTavisufleben da aZeveben binidan.<br />
... omis saSiSroebis mrisxane saaTs, rodesac sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris winaaRmdeg faSizmis maxvili aRimarTa, rodesac<br />
dancingis brZola da omi CineTSi _ mxolod placdarmis<br />
momzadeba iyo ssrk-s winaaRmdeg intervenciisTvis,<br />
rodesac germanul-iaponuri agresiis mTavari obieqti<br />
_ Cveni samSobloa, rodesac omis Tavidan acilebis<br />
erTaderTi saSualeba sabWoTa kavSiris Ria Sesvlaa<br />
88
`sabWoeTis istoriaSi~ _ rogorc sarkeSi<br />
demokratiul saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso blokSi,<br />
saswrafo politikuri kavSiris Sekvra inglissa da<br />
safrangeTTan, Tqven meryeobT, icdiT da iryeviT, rogorc<br />
qanqara or `RerZs~ Soris.<br />
Tqveni SeSlili baqxanalia ar SeiZleba didxans<br />
gagrZeldes. usazRvroa Tqveni danaSaulebebis ricxvi.<br />
usazRvroa Tqvens msxverplTa ricxvi. ar arsebobs maTi<br />
CamoTvlis SesaZlebloba~. 1<br />
swored amgvari braldebebis mravali ganStoebaa<br />
edvins Snores filmSi. es yvelaferi arsebobs, magram<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor akeTebs amas<br />
reJisori, rogor formaSi aqcevs da rogor mxatvrul<br />
gadawyvetas uZebnis. filmi unikaluri dokumenturi<br />
foto-kino kadrebiT, dokumentur masalaze: qronikaze,<br />
istoriul dokumentebze,mowmeebis Cvenebebze,monaTxrobze,<br />
istorikosebis, eqspertebis, mkvlevarebis interviuebsa<br />
da movlenaTa Sejereba-analizzea agebuli. amiT is<br />
metad damajerebeli xdeba da amdenadve miuRebeli,<br />
aRmaSfoTebeli oponentebisTvis.<br />
filmSi naCvenebia erTimeoreze koSmaruli movlenebi,<br />
katinis, `golodomoris~, masobrivi daxvretebis, rusi<br />
Cekistebisa da germaneli eseselebis xelSekrulebebisa<br />
Tu saidumlo molaparakebebis amsaxveli epizodebi<br />
(stalinuri da germnul-faSisturi reJimebis<br />
TanamSromloba da maTi msgavseba, rogor exmarebodnen<br />
ruseTSi,saerTod sabWoTa kavSirSi nacistebs ebraelebis<br />
mkvlelobaSi, rogor xocavdnen sakuTar moqalaqeebs<br />
samrewvelo masStabiT), istoriuli paralelebi, Semzarav<br />
danaSaulebaTa vizualuri `bosxiseuli~ panorama,<br />
romelic TandaTan ganivrcoba da ganzogadebul xasiaTs<br />
iZens.<br />
erT movlenas meore cvlis, erTi sisastike _ meores,<br />
1. ткрывая Открывая новые страницы страницы… Международные воросы вопросы: события<br />
и люди / Сост. Н.В. Попов – М.: Политиздат, 1989, ct. 5.<br />
89
lela oCiauri<br />
erT danaSauls sxva mosdevs, meores _ mesame da a. S.<br />
mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis ganmavlobaSi da mis<br />
Semdgomac.<br />
filmi sabWoTa istoriis msxverpl 20 milion<br />
adamians, bavSvebs, qalebsa da kacebs, axalgazrdebsa da<br />
moxucebs, sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs da maT<br />
STamomavlebs eZRvneba, romlebmac, aseve, sakuTar Tavze<br />
gamoscades sabWoTa jalaTebis Zala.<br />
edvins Snores filmi esaa `sabWoeTis istoria~,<br />
sabWoeTis ambavi (magram aramcdaaramc zRapari da ra<br />
kargi iqneboda, ase rom iyos), romelic Zalian didxans<br />
grZeldeba, magram es qveynis istoriis mxolod nawilia,<br />
romelsac verc erT da verc ramdenime filmSi Catev da<br />
masze saubars verc mokle droSi amowurav. miT umetes,<br />
rom istoria grZeldeba...<br />
amitomac Seiqmna es filmi, romelic marTla yvelam<br />
unda naxos: qarTvelebmac, latvielebmac, polonelebmac,<br />
ukrainelebmac, germanelebmac, frangebmac, italielebmac,<br />
didma da pataram, moswavlemac da asakovanmac, mTelma<br />
civilizebulma samyarom _ maT, vinc wiTeli ruseTis<br />
terori gadaitana da visac is (jer) ar ganucdia,<br />
visTvisac sakuTari Tu sxvisi istoria gakveTilad ar<br />
iqca da Tu ar gafrTxildeba, SesaZloa, yvelaferi win<br />
aqvs. `sabWoeTis istoria~ (gansakuTrebiT dRevandeli<br />
movlenebis fonze) unda naxon rusebmac.<br />
is naRmebi, romlebsac gulmodgined debdnen<br />
qveynebSi komunistebi, romlebsac Semdeg meTodurad<br />
afeTqebdnen da kacobriobas Tavs atexdnen: represiebs,<br />
masobriv mkvlelobebs, daxvretebs, cixeebs, SimSilobas,<br />
sakoncentracio banakebs (`gulagSi~ Tu sxvagan),erovnuli,<br />
religiuri Tu politikuri niSniT angariSsworebas,<br />
danaSaulebriv garigebebs, erebis srul ganadgurebas<br />
(rasac mxolod ukrainaSi, poloneTsa da latviaSi 20<br />
milioni adamiani Seswires),kvlav moqmedebaSia,maT `vada~<br />
90
`sabWoeTis istoriaSi~ _ rogorc sarkeSi<br />
ar gasvliaT,radgan ruseTis politikaSi da,rac mTavaria,<br />
maT (da aramxolod xelisuflebis) mentalitetSi bevri<br />
araferi Secvlila.<br />
ruseTis mxecobebis, araadamianobis, sisastikis es<br />
istoria (rac sabWoTa kavSiris dros gulmodgined<br />
iyo miCqmaluli, razec TviT misi uSualo momswreni da<br />
msxverplni _ ar, an ver saubrobdnen, dasjis meqanizmebis<br />
kvlav amoqmedebis SiSiT) sazogadoebisTvis ukve<br />
cnobilia. bevr faqts didi xania farda aexada, magram,<br />
miuxedavad amisa, `sabWoeTis istoria~, pirdapir vityvi,<br />
gaSinebs.<br />
ratom moqmedebs is aseTi ZaliT mayurebelze?<br />
mis orive nawilze, oRond, cxadia, sxvadasxvagvarad?<br />
mxolod imitom, rom Zalian gulaxdil da Semzarav<br />
kadrebs Seubraleblad aCvenebs? mxolod imitom, rom<br />
amxels sisastikis, borotebis istoriis gamoumzeurebel<br />
epizodebs da maT vizualurad (romelTa xilvisas, didi<br />
gamZleoba gmarTebs) saxavs?<br />
filmi-kvleva Tavs uyris da erT mTlianobaSi<br />
aqcevs, kidev erTxel gangacdevinebs qveynis istorias,<br />
romlis tyveobidan Zlivs TavdaRweulebi, ufro metad<br />
SevigrZnobT winaprebis gadatanili tanjvis mTel<br />
simZimes da Tanamedrove ruseTis namdvili saxis axal<br />
Strixebsac kidev erTxel naTlad vxedavT.<br />
Jurnalistis kiTxvaze, _ Tqven albaT ganicadeT<br />
raRac Tavdasxmebi,edvins Snore pasuxobs,_ kerZod,aseTi,<br />
_ rom `igi unda mivaxvritoT~. moskoveli istorikosi<br />
aleqsandre diukovi Tavis internet dRiurSi wers: `me<br />
mSvidi adamiani var, magram filmis 2/3-s naxvis Semdeg<br />
erTi survili mqonda: momekla reJisori da damewva<br />
latviis saelCo~. 1<br />
zemoT moyvanil werilSi, Teodor raskolnikovi<br />
stalins swers: `hitleris Semdeg Tqven aRadgineT wignebis,<br />
rogorc SuasaukuneebSi, koconze dawvis tradicia...<br />
91
lela oCiauri<br />
sakuTari TvaliT vnaxe sabWoTa biblioTekebSi wignebis,<br />
Tqvens mier gagzavnili, uzarmazari siebi, romlebic<br />
saswrafo da ulaparako ganadgurebas eqvemdebarebian...~ 2<br />
`sabWoeTis istoriaze~, sasiamovno sanaxavia da<br />
mxatvrulad gamorCeuli gadawyveta aqvso (rogorc<br />
es saerTod Tan axlavs xolme xelovnebis ama Tu im<br />
nimuSis xilvas) namdvilad ver ityvi, iseve, rogorc<br />
sabWoeTis istoriaze, zogadad. es istoria gaZrwunebs<br />
aramxolod warsulis, aramed awmyosa da momavlis gamoc<br />
da giCvenebs gzas, saiTac arc erTi eri ar unda wavides,<br />
Tu is adamianebisgan Sedgeba.<br />
• solomon zaldastaniSvili. saqarTvelos 1924 wlis<br />
amboxeba, Tb., 1994 (givi maRularias winasityvaoba)<br />
• elise patariZe. petre didis anderZi da istoriuli<br />
ganaCeni. „samSoblo“, parizi, # 21-22, 1937.<br />
• lui le furi. saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso ufleba<br />
(Targmani frangulidan), „damoukidebeli saqarTvelos“<br />
gamocema # 3, p., 1933.<br />
• mixako wereTeli. eri da kacobrioba, Tb., 1990.<br />
• Salva amirejibi. adamianebi da saqmeni. „kavkasioni“,wigni<br />
•<br />
IV, p., 1930.<br />
aleqsandre bendianiSvili. erovnuli sakiTxi<br />
saqarTveloSi (1801-1921), Tb., 1980.<br />
• levan uruSaZe. saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
moZraoba da evropis zogierTi saxelmwifos sadazvervo<br />
saqmianoba kavkasiaSi 1900-1910-ian wlebSi. `amirani”,<br />
XX, monreali-Tbilisi, 2008<br />
• Оккупация и фактическая аннексия Грузии. Документы<br />
и материалы, Тб., 1990<br />
• komunisturi gadatrialeba da saqarTvelos okupacia.<br />
sagangebo komitetis specialuri angariSi # 6, aSSis<br />
warmomadgenelTa palata, oTxmocdamesame kongresi,<br />
meore sxdoma, 1954 wlis 31 dekemberi, vaSingtoni, 1955<br />
(qarTuli Targmani, Tbilisi, 2008).<br />
92
mediologia<br />
93
eldar iberi<br />
gasarTobi teleprogramebi<br />
da politikuri socializacia<br />
adamianebi arsebuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
Rirebulebebs, normativebs, ganwyobebsa Tu orientaciebs<br />
eziarebian socializaciis procesSi, romelSic sxva<br />
socialur institutebTan erTad, Tavis rols asrulebs<br />
masmediac, pirvel rigSi, televizia.<br />
televizia sazogadoebis `ZiriTadi kulturuli<br />
iaraRia~, igi aris `sinTetikuri kulturuli modelebis<br />
(informaciasTan garTobis SeTavsebiT) mTavari Semoqmedi<br />
yvelaze mravalgvarovani auditoriisaTvis, maT Soris<br />
adamianTa im mravalricxovani jgufebisTvisac, romelsac<br />
masobrivi informaciis sistema manamde ar moicavda~. 1 es<br />
gansakuTrebiT exeba masobriv cnobierebaSi politikuri<br />
ideebisa da orientaciebis damkvidrebas, politikuri<br />
ganwyobebisa da Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebas, rac<br />
mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis<br />
damokidebulebas konkretuli politikuri liderebis,<br />
partiebisa Tu mimdinare politikuri movlenebis<br />
mimarT.<br />
marTalia,zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis,rom ar SeiZleba<br />
dabejiTebiT ganisazRvros politikaze masmediis gavlenis<br />
sakiTxi,magram Tanamedrove praqtika gviCvenebs,rom swored<br />
masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa (gansakuTrebiT<br />
_ televiziis) meSveobiT, xdeba manipulatoruli<br />
zemoqmedebis translacia yvelaze farTo masebze. mediis<br />
cnobili mkvlevris m. makluenis azriT, `televiziis<br />
warmoSobiT politikuri saqmianoba gadaiqca masobrivi<br />
cnobierebis totaluri da mravalsensoruli marTvis<br />
1. Г. Бакулев. Массовая коммуникация. Западные теории и концепции.<br />
М., 2010, с. 90<br />
94
yoveldRiur saSualebad~. 1<br />
es didad ganapiroba iman, rom, jer erTi, televiziam<br />
moaxdina Jurnalistikis esTetizacia – informaciis<br />
saxeobrivi formebiT gadmocema, dokumenturisa da<br />
mxatvruli pirobiTobis SeTavseba, riTac maqsimalurad<br />
gazarda misi aRqmis efeqtianoba; meore, _ televiziis<br />
wyalobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda politikis intensiuri<br />
personifikacia – politikuri ideebisa da Sexedulebebis<br />
konkretuli fizikuri pirebis, ZiriTadad politikuri<br />
liderebis saxiT warmodgena. televizia saSualebas<br />
aZlevs mosaxleobas gaecnos ama Tu im politikuri<br />
gaerTianebis ara mxolod lozungebsa da debulebebs,<br />
aramed mis lidersac, TvalnaTliv dainaxos igi, Seafasos<br />
misi codna, xasiaTi, zneobrivi Tvisebebi da a. S. amgvari<br />
satelevizo imijis Camoyalibeba bevrad uwyobs xels<br />
rogorc TviT politikosis, ise misi organizaciis<br />
popularobas. da, mesame, _ telepropagandis efeqtianobas<br />
didad aZlierebs misi sistematuri xasiaTi. naklebad<br />
mosalodnelia, rom erTma gadacemam Rrma kvali datovos<br />
adamianis cnobierebaSi, magram Tu informaciis garkveuli<br />
tipi didxans iqneba mimarTuli romelime Tvalsazrisis<br />
gansamtkiceblad, aman ar SeiZleba saTanado Sedegi ar<br />
gamoiRos garkveuli periodis Semdeg.<br />
Cveulebriv iTvleba, rom mosaxleobis politikur<br />
socializaciaze gavlenas axdens iseTi satelevizio<br />
gadacemebi, rogoricaa: axali ambebi, politikuri<br />
reklamebi, toqSouebi, debatebi, politikur liderTa<br />
preskonferenciebi da a. S. Cveni azriT,es `politikuris~<br />
viwro gagebiTaa gamowveuli. politikuri socializacia<br />
imdenad farTo cnebaa, rom masSi televiziis<br />
kulturuli programebis monawileobac uTuod unda<br />
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. amjerad Cven mxedvelobaSi<br />
1. М. Маклюэн. Телевидение. Робкий гигант. "Телевидение<br />
вчера, сегодня, завтра". М., 1987, с. 164.<br />
95
eldar iberi<br />
gvaqvs gasarTobi teleprogramebi, romlebic uSualod<br />
ukavSirdeba arsebul socialur-politikur realobas<br />
da cdilobs garkveuli poziciebidan daanaxos igi<br />
sazogadoebas. amgvari programebi sulac araa apolitikuri<br />
da ufro ubiZgebs auditorias politikuri procesebis<br />
saTanado gaazrebisaken, vidre xels uwyobs politikuri<br />
problemebisgan mis CamoSorebas _ xelisuflebaze<br />
damokidebul telearxebze emsaxureba mmarTveli Zalis<br />
legitimacias, xolo opoziciur eTerSi aZlierebs<br />
antisaxelisuflebo ganwyobas. maT efeqtianobas didad<br />
ganapirobebs is, rom auditorias isini ideologias<br />
moklebul gadacemebad miaCnia da ZiriTadad winaaRmdegobis<br />
gareSe aRiqvams. arada, yoveli gasarTobi programa<br />
gulisxmobs garkveuli Rirebulebis swavlebas. rogorc<br />
komunikaciis sferos cnobili amerikeli specialisti<br />
Hherbert Sileri aRniSnavda: `garToba aris ganaTleba,<br />
ganaTleba ki ideologiaa... gasarTobi programebi<br />
adamianebs miuTiTeben, ra aris Rirebuli sazogadoebaSi<br />
da rogor unda moiqcnen. sinamdvileSi isini warmoadgenen<br />
ganaTlebis, principebis STagonebis formebs~. 1<br />
aq gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom teleinformaciam<br />
(gansakuTrebiT,Tu igi politikuri xasiaTisaa) mravalnairi<br />
filtri unda gadalaxos,rom Tavis adresatamde miaRwios.<br />
amasTan,dRes adamianis informirebuloba imdenad maRalia,<br />
rom igi naklebad aRiqvams axal informacias, Tu masSi<br />
raime gansxvavebuli ar SeamCnia. gasarTobi programebi<br />
ki uTuod gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi `seriozuli~<br />
politikuri programebisgan, pirvel rigSi Tavisi<br />
mxatvruli Tu mxatvrul-dokumenturi formebiT. kidev<br />
ufro meti upiratesoba aqvs am mxriv iumoristuli<br />
xasiaTis teleprogramebs, romlebic komunikaciuri<br />
efeqtianobiT gamoirCeva da garTobis, dasvenebis<br />
1. Г. Шиллер. Манипуляторы сознанием. М., 1980, с. 116.<br />
96
gasarTobi teleprogramebi da politikuri socializacia<br />
saSualebad warudgeba xolme auditorias. aseTi xasiaTis<br />
gadacemebia: parodiuli serialebi `didebis zRapari~<br />
da `dardubala~, romlebic politikuri socializaciis<br />
TvalsazrisiT Cvens interess iwvevs rogorc masobriv<br />
cnobierebaSi qarTveli politikosebis dadebiTi da<br />
uaryofiTi imijis damkvidrebis gamokveTili cda.<br />
politikuri saxeebiT manipulacia qarTul<br />
telemauwyeblobaSi arc sxva gasarTobi programebisTvis<br />
yofila ucxo. daviT gogiCaiSvilma Tavisi iumoristuli<br />
`SabaTis Sous~ struqturis mudmiv komponentad aqcia<br />
studiaSi moqmedi politikosebis miwveva,rac warmatebiT<br />
gagrZelda `vanos SouSi~ _ saqme iqamde mivida, rom erTerTi<br />
gamoSvebis wamyvanad `sxva vano~, Sinagan saqmeTa<br />
ministri vano merabiSvilic ki moevlina auditorias.<br />
qarTveli politikosebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen<br />
`Ramis SouSi~, xolo maTi (pirvel rigSi prezidentis)<br />
imitaciebi Tu parodiebi TiTqmis tipuri gaxda `komedi<br />
Sousa~ da `iumorinasTvis~. aRar gavagrZelebT saubars<br />
sxvadasxva sadResaswaulo gasarTob programaze, sadac<br />
bevrma ministrma da parlamentarma `gamoavlina~ Tavisi<br />
vokaluri Tu msaxioburi monacemebi. politikuri<br />
socializaciis am formas yvela xsenebul programaSi<br />
erTi funqcia hqonda – masobriv cnobierebaSi konkretuli<br />
politikuri moRvawis araoficialuri,`adamianuri~ saxis<br />
damkvidreba, misi dadebiTi imijis Seqmna.<br />
am mxriv, upirvelesad iqcevs yuradRebas studia<br />
`audienciis~ mier momzadebuli parodiuli Tojinuri<br />
seriali `didebis zRapari~ (proeqtis avtori koka<br />
yandiaSvili, reJisori beso giorgobiani, mxatvari Tengiz<br />
mirzaSvili). igi pirvelad 1998 wlis seqtemberSi,<br />
saparlamento arCevnebamde erTi wliT adre gamoCnda<br />
saxelmwifo telearxze, rac sulac ar yofila<br />
SemTxveviTi. Tojinisa Tu animaciis pirobiT niSnad<br />
gamoyeneba kargad aprobirebuli meTodia bevri qveynis<br />
97
eldar iberi<br />
televiziaSi. Sesabamisad, Tojinuri da animaciuri<br />
gadacemebi garkveul Sedegebs iZleva sxvadasxva aspeqtSi,<br />
iqneba es gamoyenebuli axali imijis Sesaqmnelad Tu<br />
arCevnebSi warmatebis mosapoveblad. msgavsi gadacemebis<br />
seriul formebad organizeba ki xangrZlivi propagandis<br />
saSualebas iZleva da bevrad zrdis saboloo efeqts.<br />
sxva qveynebis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, am parodiul<br />
serials saqarTvelos mmarTveli elitis sasargeblod<br />
unda waremarTa sazogadoebrivi azris formireba<br />
– sasacilo da sayvareli Tojinebis wyalobiT<br />
xelisuflebis pirveli pirebi keTil da iumoriT<br />
aRsavse adamianebad warmoeCina da SeZlebisdagvarad<br />
gamoesworebina maTi sakmaod Selaxuli imiji: `mere ra,<br />
rom isini Tavs ver arTmeven dakisrebul movaleobas da<br />
sakuTar keTildReobaze ufro zrunaven, vidre saqveyno<br />
saqmeebze; samagirod naxeT, rogori keTilebi, sayvarlebi<br />
da simpaTiurebi arian!~<br />
ra Tqma unda,araswori iqneba ama Tu im politikosis an<br />
partiis reitingis mxolod msgavs gadacemasTan dakavSireba,<br />
magram isic cxadia, rom mas mniSvnelovani rolis<br />
Sesruleba SeuZlia saTanado ideologiuri atmosferos<br />
SeqmnaSi. rac Seexeba serialis parodiul xasiaTs, unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom parodireba mosaxleobaSi politikosebis<br />
popularizaciis msoflioSi gavrcelebuli xerxia da<br />
Tamamad SeiZleba igi politikuri teqnologiebis erTerT<br />
formad miviCnioT. adamianebs ufro amaxsovrdebaT<br />
parodirebuli pirovneba da is politikuri Tu sazogado<br />
moRvaweebi, romelTa garegnoba, metyveleba Tu sxva niSan-<br />
Tvisebebi parodirebis met saSualebas iZleva,sxvebze met<br />
popularobas ixveWen. amave mizans emsaxureba megobruli<br />
SarJebi Tu karikaturebi beWdur mediaSi,zedmetsaxelebi<br />
Tu anegdotebi cnobil pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb, radgan<br />
masobriv cnobierebaSi maT `gaSinaurebas~ uwyobs xels.<br />
veraviTari propaganda ver gamoiwvevda iseT interess da<br />
98
gasarTobi teleprogramebi da politikuri socializacia<br />
xSirad simpaTiebsac ki qarTveli politikosebis mimarT,<br />
rogorc amas axerxebda Tojinuri seriali `didebis<br />
zRapari~ (socialisturi partiis Tavjdomarem vaxtang<br />
rCeuliSvilma, romelic parlamentis Tavjdomaris<br />
zurab Jvanias erT-erTi radikaluri mowinaaRmdege iyo,<br />
teleeTerSi pirdapir ganacxada, rom misma Tojinam igi<br />
lamis Seayvara). da Tumca TviTon idea nasesxebi iyo<br />
(`didebis zRapari~ qarTuli variantia cnobili rusuli<br />
parodiuli ciklisa `kukli~, romelic, Tavis mxriv,<br />
franguli serialis `sainformacio Tojinebis~ analogia),<br />
igi SeiZleba ucxouri formis qarTuli gaazrebis erTerT<br />
yvelaze warmatebul cdad CaiTvalos.<br />
`didebis zRapari~ orwlinaxevris manZilze<br />
ukonkurento garemoSi ayalibebda prezidentisa da<br />
xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenelTa dadebiT politikur<br />
imijs da sakmao popularobac moixveWa,magram 2001 wlis<br />
martidan opoziciuri `rusTavi 2~-is eTerSi gamoCnda<br />
animaciuri seriali `dardubala~, romelmac Semdeg<br />
telekompania `202`-is ekranze `Cveni ezos~ saxeliT<br />
ganagrZo arseboba da radikalurad daupirispirda<br />
`didebis zRapars~ (scenaris avtorebi: n. ramiSvili, i.<br />
saRinaZe, m. mSvildaZe. reJisori g. Wanturia. prodiuseri<br />
S. ramiSvili). Tu pirveli keTili iumoriT uCvenebda<br />
sazogadoebas, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi<br />
dauRalavad Sromoben mis sakeTildReod da maTi brali<br />
araa,rom araferi gamosdiT (am mxriv gacilebiT mZafri iyo<br />
`kuklis~ iumori, romelic xSirad gadadioda satiraSi<br />
da pamfletis donesac ki aRwevda). meore Tamamad<br />
amxelda igive xelisuflebis saeWvo saqmeebs da arcTu<br />
sasiamovno ambebi gamohqonda dRis sinaTleze. is, rom<br />
`didebis zRapari~ iumoristul parodias warmoadgenda<br />
(ufro megobruli SarJis doneze), xolo `dardubala~<br />
_ mwvave satiras, aSkarad gviCvenebs maT mizansa da<br />
daniSnulebas. orive serialSi mTavari personaJi<br />
99
eldar iberi<br />
saqarTvelos prezidenti eduard SevardnaZea, oRond<br />
pirvelSi igi yvelas `guru~ aris, yvelafers winaswar<br />
Wvrets da yovelTvis swor gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. igia<br />
`msoflioSi cnobili politikosi~, `demokratiisTvis<br />
mebrZoli~, `berlinis kedlis damangreveli~, romelic<br />
yvelas da yvelafers marTavs. misi TanamebrZolebi<br />
ver Seedrebian mas WkuiTa da moxerxebiT. aq mxolod<br />
erTia Wkviani da beladi. xolo am beladis arsebobas<br />
eWvqveS ayenebs `dardubala~, romelic mas belads ki ara<br />
`bnelads~ uwodebs. uaryofilia ara mxolod SevardnaZis<br />
politikuri platforma,aramed misi pirovnebac. es mwvave<br />
dacinvaa ara mxolod prezidentisa, aramed im arsebuli<br />
realobisac,sadac yvelaferi kargi moCvenebiTia da sadac<br />
mxolod da mxolod `bnela~. `dardubalas~ reJisorisgan<br />
Seqmnili sanaxaobiTi epizodebi kidev ufro aZlierebs<br />
zemoqmedebis Zalas, xolo gamanadgurebeli satiriT<br />
datvirTuli frazebi sazogadoebriv rezonanszea<br />
gaTvlili _ igi mas konkretuli moqalaqeobrivi<br />
poziciisken mouwodebs. `dardubalas~ publicisturoba<br />
organulad erwymis satiris mxatvrul Rirsebebs.<br />
esaa swored am serialis Zala. man amxila da dascina<br />
imdroindeli xelisuflebis SexedulebaTa sistemas,<br />
gaakritika `socialuri borotebis saTave~ da eWvqveS<br />
daayena prezidentis qmediTunarianoba, im dros, roca<br />
`didebis zRapari~ sinamdvilis `esTetizaciiT~ iyo<br />
dakavebuli.<br />
Seiqmna saintereso situacia – orma telearxma<br />
sazogadoebas erTdroulad warudgina erTi realuri<br />
pirovnebis ori sxvadasxva politikuri imiji, TiTqos<br />
ori sxvadasxva adamiani daupirispirda erTmaneTs<br />
da, rac yvelaze paradoqsulia, orive garkveulwilad<br />
akmayofilebda sazogadoebis molodins. 2001 wlis<br />
ivlisSi gazeT `kviris palitris~ gamokvlevis mixedviT<br />
orive parodiuli gadacemis personaJebi Tanabari<br />
100
gasarTobi teleprogramebi da politikuri socializacia<br />
reitingiT sargeblobdnen auditoriaSi, rac imaze<br />
metyvelebs, rom xalxisTvis `eduard aRmaSenebeli~ da<br />
`eduard damangrevelic~ erTnairad misaRebi iyo (Tumca<br />
bolomde ase ar gagrZelebula _ `didebis zRapris~<br />
reitingma TandaTan iklo da 2003 wlidan igi eTerSi<br />
aRar gamoCenila, xolo ukonkurentod darCenilma<br />
`dardubalam~ `vardebis revoluciamde~ miaRwia).<br />
rogorc `didebis zRapris~, ise `dardubalas~<br />
efeqtianobas bevrad ganapirobebda is,rom garda xangrZlivi<br />
zemoqmedebisa, orive fexdafex miyveboda mimdinare<br />
socialur-politikur movlenebs,mosaxleobisTvis kargad<br />
nacnob situaciebs,rac saerTod tipuria dokumenturi da<br />
mxatvrul-dokumenturi gasarTobi teleprogramebisTvis.<br />
kviris Semajamebeli analitikuri gadacemebis miRma<br />
yovelkvireulad realobis iumoristul WrilSi danaxva<br />
metad efeqturi aRmoCnda. orive serialisTvis mTavar<br />
Temebad iqca arCevnebi, energetikuli krizisi, ruseTsaqarTvelos<br />
urTierToba, ekonomikuri problemebi da a.<br />
S. am tipis gadacemebi gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas iZens<br />
didi politikuri kampaniebisa Tu sxva movlenebis dros<br />
da ucxoeTSi maT mniSvnelovani rolic SeusrulebiaT:<br />
magaliTad, aSS-Si prezident klintonis arSemdgari<br />
impiCmentis wina periodSi teleekranze samkvdrosasicocxlod<br />
aCxubes pirveli ledis hilarisa da<br />
monika levinskis Tojinebi. safrangeTSi Jak Sirakis<br />
saprezidento arCevnebSi gamarjvebas Tojinurma<br />
serialmac Seuwyo xeli. gamokiTxul axalgazrdaTa<br />
didma nawilma ganacxada: Cven mas xma miveciT nawilobriv<br />
imitomac, rom `kanal plusis~ eTerSi cnobili serialis,<br />
`Cuinoles de l’information~ (sainformacio Tojinebis)<br />
yvelaze simpaTiuri da dadebiTi Tojina swored misi<br />
iyoo. aseTive didi datvirTva hqonda ruseTSi elcinis<br />
saprezidento arCevnebis wina periodSi mis Tojinas,roca<br />
acxadebdnen, rom is iyo yvelaze Wkviani da mzrunveli<br />
101
eldar iberi<br />
`diadia~. saqarTveloSi arc 1999 wlis saparlamento da<br />
arc 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi `dardubala~<br />
jer kidev ar iyo eTerSi da `didebis zRapars~ moqmedebis<br />
sruli Tavisufleba hqonda. sulac ar yofila SemTxveviTi,<br />
rom 2000 wlis 9 aprils, prezidentis arCevnebis dRes,<br />
`didebis zRapris~ sami gamoSveba gavida eTerSi da<br />
samive arCevnebis Temaze. da Tumca maTi eTerSi gasvlis<br />
dros xmis micema faqtobrivad damTavrebuli iyo, kidev<br />
erTxel arwmunebda eleqtorats, rom moqmed prezidents<br />
alternativa ar hyavda. maTgan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia<br />
cnobili qarTuli moklemetraJiani filmis `qvevris~<br />
siuJetze agebuli gamoSveba, romelic sazogadoebas<br />
STaagonebda, rom SevardnaZis garda prezidentobis yvela<br />
kandidati `WurSi ijda~.<br />
`didebis zRaparSi~ edurd SevardnaZis Tojina<br />
xan Tavisi namdvili saxeliT gvevlineboda, xan kidev<br />
romelime kino an literaturuli gmiris saxiT, magram<br />
yovelTvis aRemateboda sxvebs WkuiT, moxerxebiT,<br />
SorsmWvretelobiT. Tumca serialis avtorebi zogjer<br />
masac umaspinZldebodnen wkipurtebiT, magram iqve<br />
mianiSnebdnen, rom prezidentis Secdomebi sulac<br />
araa gasabrazebeli, isini ufro sasaciloa da amitom<br />
unda `mietevos~. samagierod, razec `didebis zRapari~<br />
iumoriT hyveba d xalxs TanagrZnobisken mouwodebs,<br />
mas `dardubala~ danaSaulad warmoadgens. Tu `didebis<br />
zRaparSi~ prezidenti myar kedlebs aSenebs (amisTvis<br />
man rusTavelis Teatris kedlebis gamagrebas Tavisi<br />
yvelaze axlobeli zurab Jvaniac ki Seswira suramis<br />
cixis siuJetze agebul gamoSvebaSi), `dardubalaSi~<br />
sapirispiro viTarebaa – misi aSenebuli kedeli ingreva<br />
da qveS uamrav adamians moiyoliebs. es realoba imdenad<br />
mtkivneulia, rom prezidents aseTi sityvebi wamoscdeba<br />
- `qveyanas Tu ara, Cems Tavs mainc mivxedav~, rac<br />
winaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda da ukve realurad iTqva<br />
102
gasarTobi teleprogramebi da politikuri socializacia<br />
ramdenime weliwadSi.<br />
rogorc `didebis zRaparSi~ ar dascinodnen eduard<br />
SevardnaZes, aseve ar kicxavdnen mixeil saakaSvilis<br />
pirovnebas. piriqiT, misi personaJi yvelaze dadebiTi,<br />
bejiTi da Wkviania. is yvela problemis gadawyvetis<br />
saukeTeso gzas poulobs, swraf da Semtev politikas<br />
atarebs. igi SevardnaZis sayvareli mowafea, misi<br />
gazrdilia da misi uryevi ndobiTac sargeblobs. Tumca<br />
mogvianebiT `dardubala-2~ yofil prezidents aseT<br />
sityvebsac aTqmevinebs - `visac Cavacvi, iman gamxadao~.<br />
`dardubalasgan~ gansxvavebiT, `didebis zRapari~<br />
personaJebis simravliTa da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva.<br />
roca saWiro gaxda alievic gamoCnda ekranze da putinic.<br />
magram mTavari mainc mudmivi Tojinebia, romlebic<br />
sazogadoebisTvis yvelaze cnobil xalxs warmoadgenen.<br />
oRond aq arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom es mxolod<br />
`zRaparia~ anu gamogonili ambavia (Tumca yvela epizodi<br />
realobidan aris amozrdili). rogorc specialistebi<br />
miuTiTeben, `... Tojinuri warmodgena Tavisi mravali<br />
wesiT ukavSirdeba zogadesTetikur kanonebs, romlebic<br />
savaldebuloa yvela saxeobis xelovnebisaTvis. xolo<br />
isini aqsiomad miiCneven debulebas, romelic jer<br />
kidev antikuri droidan iRebs saTaves: saxe igive<br />
araa, rac realuri sinamdvile. sxva sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, nebismieri, yvelaze msgavsi Tojinac ki mainc<br />
scenaristis, reJisoris, avtoris Semoqmedebis nayofia<br />
da ara fotografia~. 1 amitomac daamaxsovrda xalxs<br />
is Tojinebi, sadac avtorebma mxatvruli saxis Seqmna<br />
moaxerxes: `guru~ eduard SevardnaZe, `warCinebuli~<br />
mixeil saakaSvili, gulubryvilo zurab Jvania, `snobi~<br />
lana RoRoberiZe,`sofleli dedakaci~ luiza SakiaSvili,<br />
1. А. Вартанов. Актуальные проблемы телевизионного творчества.<br />
(На телевизионных подмостках). М., 2003, с. 138.<br />
103
eldar iberi<br />
opozicioneri nodar anTaZe, `qarTulis maswavlebeli~<br />
elene TevdoraZe,mudmivad mokinklave wyvili sariSvili-<br />
TargamaZe,`Zveli biWi~ arCil gogelia da kidev ramdenime.<br />
mayurebeli guwrfelad icinoda maT saqcielze da<br />
amdenad TanaugrZnobda kidec. `didebis zRapari~ ar<br />
iwvevda gaRizianebas, Surs an uaryofiT ganwyobas, radgan<br />
yvela fraza imdenad didi iumoriT iyo gadmocemuli,<br />
Zalauneburad mowonebas imsaxurebda. Tojinebi TavianT<br />
Secdomebs ise gulwrfelad aRiarebdnen,ise gamoxatavdnen<br />
sakuTar danaSauls, rom sazogadoeba yovel kviradRes<br />
eloda maT `aRsarebas~. es iyo erT-erTi xerxi, riTac am<br />
serialma mayurebels Tavi daamaxsovra da TanagrZnobiT<br />
ganawyo. amas daemata isic,rom seriulobidan gamomdinare,<br />
Tojinebi personaJ-niRbebad iqcnen da erTgvari xalxuri<br />
xasiaTic ki SeiZines, radgan bevri maTi gamonaTqvami<br />
xalxSi moarul frazebad iqca. es miT ufro aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis istoriulad ucxoa<br />
iseTi saxasiaTo Tojinebi,rogoricaa italiuri arlekini,<br />
franguli poliSineli Tu rusuli petruSka.<br />
magram maT gverdiT ekrans avsebda mravali usaxuri<br />
personaJi – vaJa lorTqifaniZis, gia arseniSvilis,<br />
avTandil jorbenaZis, aslan abaSiZis, vano zodelavas,<br />
vaxtang rCeuliSvilis, Temur SaSiaSvilis da sxvebis<br />
Tojinebi,romelTa saxeebi bolomde mainc ver gamoikveTa.<br />
aSkarad gamoCnda, rom parodirebuli saxis Sesaqmnelad<br />
mxolod realuri pirebis nakvTebis deformireba an xmis<br />
mimsgavseba sulac araa sakmarisi, amisTvis aucilebelia<br />
Tavad am pirovnebis xasiaTis,misi biografiis,politikuri<br />
poziciis dramaturgiuli gaazreba da cxovrebiseul<br />
detalebSi gadmocema. aseTi detali iyo, magaliTad,<br />
seria `qeTo da koteSi~ milioneri makaris rolSi Tavis<br />
droze Tbilisis partiuli xelmZRvanelisa da Semdgom<br />
saxelmwifo ministris niko lekiSvilis warmodgena, visi<br />
sxvadasxva gziT mopovebuli simdidre kargad iyo cnobili<br />
104
gasarTobi teleprogramebi da politikuri socializacia<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis. aseve ucbad aRiqva auditoriam<br />
epizodi seria `sabavSvo baRidan~, roca aslan abaSiZe<br />
Wamas ver axerxebs da `aRmzrdeli~ SevardnaZe cdilobs<br />
sakuTari xeliT aWamos:<br />
` _ modi aslan, gamiRe piri da me gaWmev!<br />
_ masw... Tqven rogor unda mawamoT?<br />
_ Sen magaze ar idardo, me imdenisTvis miWmevia da<br />
kidev imdens SevaWmev... ro?~<br />
prezidentma ase Seafasa Tavisi moRvaweoba. es<br />
ironiuli naTqvami,marTlac rom TvalsaCinod axasiaTebda<br />
mis politikur meTodebs.<br />
rogorc Cans, `didebis zRaparSi~ personaJebis<br />
aseTi simravle serialis maRalma reitingma da<br />
qarTveli politikosebis popularobisken miswrafebam<br />
ganapiroba. megobruli gaSarJebis ideam ise moxibla<br />
bevri maRalCinosani, rom `didebis zRaparSi~ gamoCena<br />
avtoritetis erTgvar indikatorad iqca – Tojinis<br />
arseboba pirovnebis mniSvnelobis maCveneblad warmoCinda.<br />
xelisuflebaSi yoveli axalmosuli cdilobda speqtaklSi<br />
Tavisi Tojinis CarTvas,miuxedavad imisa,iZleoda Tu ara<br />
misi pirovneba dramaturgiuli saxis Seqmnis saSualebas.<br />
Sedegad ki seriali gadaitvirTa uamravi personaJiT,<br />
romelTac arc funqcia gaaCndaT da arc xasiaTi. Tumca<br />
amave dros yoveli Tojinis `patroni~ cdilobda, rom<br />
mis personaJs zedmeti dacinva ar gamoewvia – yofilma<br />
saxelmwifo ministrma avTandil jorbenaZem, magaliTad,<br />
erT-erT sxdomaze protesti gamoTqva imis gamo, rom mis<br />
Tojinas morig seriaSi Tvalgaxelils eZina.<br />
`didebis zRaprisgan~ gansxvavebiT, cxadia,<br />
xelisuflebis arc erT warmomadgenels ar gasCenia<br />
`dardubalaSi~ moxvedris survili, imdenad mwvave<br />
satiras warmoadgenda igi (Tumca amis ganzraxva arc<br />
teleserialis avtorebs hqoniaT – is TiTqmis mTlianad<br />
SevardnaZis diskreditaciaze iyo koncetrirebuli). aqve<br />
105
eldar iberi<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom `dardubala~ beWduri mediiTac<br />
vrceldeboda – yovelkvireul gazeT `axal versiaSi~<br />
ibeWdeboda TiToeuli seriis sagazeTo varianti<br />
ilustraciebiTa da Sesabamisi teqstebiT.<br />
sabolood, am serialebze dakvirveba da realobasTan<br />
Sedareba Semdegi daskvnebis saSualebas iZleva:<br />
1. televizia politikuri socializaciis<br />
mniSvnelovani saSualebaa, rac saqarTvelos magaliTze<br />
aSkarad gamoCnda 2003 wlis `vardebis revoluciis~<br />
periodSi;<br />
2. televizia xels uwyobs arsebuli sistemis<br />
socialur-politikuri normebis ganmtkicebas, Tumca<br />
saTanado situaciebSi SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegodac<br />
imoqmedos;<br />
3. am procesSi sxvadasxva telegadacemas Soris<br />
yvelaze efeqturad gamoiyureba seriuli xasiaTis<br />
gasarTobi programebi, radgan yvelaze did da mudmiv<br />
auditorias moicavs;<br />
4. gasarTobi programebis popularobas bevrad<br />
gansazRvravs mxatvruli da mxatvrul-dokumenturi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki satirul-iumoristuli satelevizio<br />
formebis gamoyeneba;<br />
5. `didebis zRaparma~ da `dardubalam~ dagvixata<br />
wina xelisuflebis bolo 5-wliani mmarTvelobis,<br />
Cveni qveynis maSindeli politikuri sistemis ori<br />
gansxvavebuli suraTi, romlis gaazrebaSic orive<br />
parodiulma serialma Tavisi roli Seasrula da Tanabrad<br />
iqna gamoyenebuli rogorc demokratiis iaraRad, ise<br />
demagogiis saSualebadac.<br />
106
universitetis<br />
sadoqtoro programa<br />
107
108
dramisa da Teatris Teoria<br />
naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.<br />
statiis stili daculia.<br />
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. mixeil kalandariSvili<br />
109
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
maka vasaZe<br />
doqtoranturis II kursi<br />
XX saukuneSi lingvosemiotikis ganviTarebasTan<br />
erTad <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> mecnierebaSi gaaqtiurda `xelovnebis<br />
enis~ kvlevis sakiTxi. XX s. meore naxevari iqca<br />
metakulturuli problemebis epoqad. xdeba miTologiuri<br />
azrovnebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblis regeneracia. aranakleb<br />
mniSvnelovania mxatvruli enebis gamoyeneba kulturis<br />
metameqanizmebis gansaviTareblad. erTi romelime<br />
mxatvruli enis,rogorc kulturis metaenis gamoyofasTan<br />
erTad, viTardeba sxva tendencia _ metaxelovnebis<br />
Seqmna: metapoeziis (poezia poeziaze), metaferweris<br />
(ferwera ferweris enis aRmweri), metaTeatris (Teatri<br />
gamaanalizebeli Teatris enis), metakinematografis.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT semiotikis gamoCena kanonzomieria<br />
ara marto mecnierebis istoriis perspeqtivaSi, aramed<br />
rogorc faqti kulturis TviTorganizaciisa. `Tuki Cven<br />
SevTanxmdebiT, rom evolucia aris cvlileba sistemis<br />
wevrebis Tanafardobisa, funqciisa da formaluri<br />
elementebis cvlileba, _ evolucia aRmoCndeba<br />
`cvlilebad~ sistemebisa. es cvlilebebi epoqidan<br />
epoqamde atareben, xan nel, da xanac naxtomisebr xasiaTs<br />
da ar gulisxmoben ucabed da srul ganaxlebasa da<br />
Secvlas formaluri elementebisa, magram gulisxmoben<br />
axal funqcias am formaluri elementebisa~. 1<br />
ras niSnavs `xelovnebis ena~? terminSi `ena~ mecnierebi<br />
gulisxmoben yvelanair sakomunikacio sistemas, romelic<br />
sargeblobs gansakuTrebuli saxiT ganlagebuli niSnebiT.<br />
semiotika enas ganixilavs rogorc niSanTa sistemas,<br />
1. . Н. Тынянов, Поэтика, стория литературы, ино зд. Нау-<br />
. Ю. Н. Тынянов, Поэтика, История литературы, Кино Изд. Наука,<br />
Москва 1977, С. 281.<br />
110
komunikaciis saSualebas. winamdebare naSromSi Cven ar<br />
vapirebT enis bunebis lingvistur analizs, Cven mxolod<br />
SegaxsenebT, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas TavisTavad, garda<br />
imisa, rom igi ideebis gamtarebelia.<br />
`marTlac, ra aris ena? Cveulebriv mas ganixilaven<br />
rogorc saSualebas, Seqmnils adamianis mier Tavisive<br />
msgavsTan komunikaciisaTvis, aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc<br />
raRac xelovnurs. Zalian advilia imis damtkiceba, rom<br />
es Tvalsazrisi mcdaria. Tuki ena marTlac xelovnurad<br />
Seiqmna, igi unda arsebuliyo Tavis aRmocenebamde,<br />
vinaidan adamianebs aucileblad mouwevdaT miemarTaT<br />
sityvebisadmi, raTa moelaparakebinaT maT mniSvnelobaze.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare ena ar Seqmnila xelovnurad. es aris<br />
iseTive bunebrivi movlena, rogoric Tavad adamiania. aqve<br />
unda ganvmartoT, rom ena _ socialuri movlenaa: misi<br />
mizania _ komunikacia, romelic amave dros mis mizezsac<br />
warmoadgens~. 1<br />
postmodernizmis epoqaSi, mxatvruli nawarmoebis,<br />
rogorc asaxvis aRqmis, egzistencialur-mniSvnelovani<br />
proceduris fonze,Tanamedrove <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> mecnierebaSi<br />
dgeba sakiTxi misi enis Sesaxeb, rogorc saerTo enis<br />
gamonaxvisa avtorsa da mkiTxvels, mayurebels, msmenels<br />
da a. S. Soris. komunikaciis yoveli aqti Tavis TavSi<br />
Seicavs informaciis gadamcemsa da mimRebs,xolo imisaTvis,<br />
rom mimRebma gaigos gadamcemis Setyobineba, aucilebelia,<br />
maT Soris arsebobdes saerTo Suamavali _ ena.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> mkvlevrebi, imaze<br />
dayrdnobiT, rom yovelnairi sistema, romelic or an<br />
ufro met adamians Soris komunikaciis saSualebaa,<br />
SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos rogorc ena, amtkiceben, rom<br />
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ena<br />
gaaCnia. `xelovneba komunikaciis erT-erTi saSualebaa.<br />
igi axorcielebs kavSirs gadamcemsa da mimRebs Soris<br />
1. Марсель Мартен, Язык Кино, изд. Искусство, Москва 1959 г.<br />
C.19);<br />
111
maka vasaZe<br />
(is, rom zogjer, orive SeiZleba gaerTianebuli iyos<br />
erT saxeSi, saqmis viTarebas ar cvlis, iseve rogorc,<br />
molaparake adamiani sakuTar TavSi aerTianebs mosaubresa<br />
da msmenels), gvaZlevs es Cven uflebas ganvsazRvroT<br />
xelovneba, rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxiT organizebuli<br />
ena?~ 1 _ svams kiTxvas cnobili lingvisti,literaturisa<br />
da xelovnebis mkvlevari, filosofosi iuri lotmani<br />
da iqve iZleva pasuxs, rom vinaidan xelovneba Seicavs<br />
komunikacias, mas aucileblad aqvs am komunikaciis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad organizebuli sistema,anu ena. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, Cven SeiZleba visaubroT musikis, ferweris,<br />
Teatris, zogadad, xelovnebis enaze.<br />
`ena, upirveles yovlisa, azrobrivi sferoa; da enis<br />
niSnebi azrobrivi niSnebia, xolo Tavis azrs isini<br />
iZenen im sagnebisgan, romlebsac isini aRniSnaven; ase<br />
rom, es sagnebi, romlebic manamde iyo ucnobi, nakleb<br />
gansazRvruli da adamianis cnobierebisaTvis bundovani,<br />
mxolod aq pirvelad iZenen Tavis azrs, Tumca es azri<br />
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo manamdec, adamianis mier maT<br />
gamosaxvamde da adamianamdec ki,magram es ar iyo enobrivi<br />
azri, da, SeiZleba iTqvas adamianuri azri, adamianTa<br />
mier gamosaxuli da Secnobili, aramed azri realurmaterialuri~.<br />
2<br />
yovel enas aqvs Tavisi gansazRvruli struqtura.<br />
Tuki xelovneba komunikaciis saSualebaa da, aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, enaa, maSin am enas aucileblad unda hqondes<br />
Tavisi niSanTa sistema, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
(gansazRvruli) saxiT mowyobili. sakiTxis amgvarad<br />
dasma iZleva saSualebas mivudgeT xelovnebas ori<br />
1. . Ю. отман, Лотман, б Об скусстве, Искусстве, Структура художественного текста,<br />
Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, статии, заметки,<br />
выступления,Санкт-Петербург, «Искусство – СПБ», 2005<br />
г.Искусство как язык, с. 19);<br />
2. А. Ф. Лосев Проблема символа и реалистическое искусство,<br />
Москва, изд. Искусство, 1976. С.106.<br />
112
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT.<br />
pirvel rigSi, mas aqvs yvela sxva enasTan raRac<br />
saerTo da meorec, mas gaaCnia mxolod misTvis, rogorc<br />
gansakuTrebuli enisTvis, damaxasiaTebeli, rac asxvavebs<br />
mas am tipis sxva sistemebisgan. iuri lotmani gamohyofs<br />
enebis sam tips. `cneba `ena~ aerTianebs:<br />
a) bunebriv enebs (magaliTad: rusuli, franguli,<br />
estonuri, Cexuri);<br />
b) xelovnur enebs: mecnierebis enebi (metaenebi<br />
samecniero aRwerisTvis), pirobiTi signalebis enebi<br />
(magaliTad sagzao niSnebi) da a. S.;<br />
g) meoradi enebis meorad modelirebad sistemebs _<br />
komunikaciuri struqturebi,daSenebuli bunebriv-enobriv<br />
safexurze (miTi, religia).~ 1 da askvnis, rom xelovneba _<br />
meoradi modelirebadi sistemaa, xolo `meoradi enasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi~ ar unda gavigoT, rogorc `gamomyenebeli<br />
enisa, rogorc masalisa~.<br />
vinaidan adamianis cnobiereba aris enobrivi Semecneba,<br />
misi yvela saxeoba, maT Soris xelovnebac, SeiZleba<br />
ganisazRvros, rogorc meoradi modelirebadi sistemebi.<br />
amrigad, xelovneba warmoadgens erTgvar, meorad enas,<br />
xolo xelovnebis nimuSi am enaze Seqmnil teqsts.<br />
avtori, Semoqmedi mis mier Seqmnili enobrivi sistemiT,<br />
gadascems informacias mkiTxvels, mayurebels, msmenels<br />
da a. S. swored am enis meSveobiT myardeba kontaqti<br />
informaciis gadamcemsa da mimRebs Soris, adresatsa da<br />
adresants Soris. imavdroulad, adresati SeiZleba iyos<br />
erTi an mravali. mxatvruli teqstis informaciuli<br />
sisavse miiRweva imiT,rom miuxedavad misi rTuli,xSirad<br />
bolomde gaugebari Sinagani meqanizmisa, struqturuli<br />
kanonzomiereba ar amcirebs masSi informaciulobas. am<br />
1. . Ю. отман, Лотман, б Об скусстве, Искусстве, Структура художественного текста,<br />
Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, статии, заметки,<br />
выступления,Санкт-Петербург, «Искусство – СПБ», 2005<br />
г.Искусство как язык, с. 21.<br />
113
maka vasaZe<br />
informaciis gadacemas mkvlevrebma pirobiTad uwodes<br />
mxatvruli komunikacia da gansazRvres, rom mxatvruli<br />
komunikaciis monawile iRebs informacias ara mxolod<br />
Setyobinebidan, aramed im enidanac, romelzec esaubreba<br />
mas xelovneba. mxatvruli komunikaciis aqtSi<br />
arasdros aris SeumCneveli, avtomatizirebuli, winaswar<br />
ganWvretili sistema. aqedan gamomdinare, mxatvruli<br />
urTierTobisas esTetikuri konteqstis enam da teqstma<br />
imave enaze, mTeli urTierTobis ganmavlobaSi unda<br />
SeinarCunon moulodneloba. mxatvruli komunikacia<br />
TiTqosda qmnis urTierTsawinaaRmdego situacias.<br />
vinaidan is rac moulodnelia _ arakanonzomieria,<br />
xolo rac arakanonzomieri, arasistemuria, ar SeiZleba<br />
gadaices, vinaidan niSanTa sazRvrebs gareT rCeba. `am<br />
sawyisi winaaRmdegobidan mxatvruli teqsti ori<br />
gziT gamodis. pirveli dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom<br />
erTi da igive teqsti esadageba or struqturul<br />
normas. is, rac teqstSi erTi normativi poziciidan<br />
SemTxveviTia, meorisTvis aRmoCndeba kanonzomieri.<br />
urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli ori sawinaaRmdego<br />
sistemis sisavse, erTimeoris gadafarvisas qreba da<br />
teqsti mTel manZilze inarCunebs informaciulobas~. 1<br />
Tuki xelovnebis nawarmoebi me raimes matyobinebs,<br />
Tuki es emsaxureba komunikaciis miznebs gadamcemsa da<br />
mimRebs Soris, maSin masSi SeiZleba gamoiyos: Setyobineba<br />
_ is rac gadaicema da ena _ saerTo abstraqtuli<br />
sistema gadamcemisTvisac da mimRebisTvisac, romelic<br />
SesaZlebels xdis Tavad komunikaciis aqts. meqanizmebis<br />
msgavsebis da gansxvavebebis aRmoCenam da aRweram<br />
Tanamedrove lingvistikas xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod<br />
1. . Ю. отман, Лотман, б Об скусстве, Искусстве, Структура художественного текста,<br />
Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, статии, заметки,<br />
выступления,Санкт-Петербург, «Искусство – СПБ», 2005<br />
г.Искусство как Монтаж, с. 327.<br />
114
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
Rrmad Caswvdomoda iseT rTul sazogadoebriv movlenas,<br />
rogoric aris ena, aramed Seqmna sqema komunikaciisa<br />
da niSanTa sistemis zogadi Teoria. semiotikuri<br />
Tvalsazrisidan kultura SeiZleba warmovidginoT,<br />
rogorc rTulad organizebuli niSnobrivi meqanizmi.<br />
mis erT-erT ZiriTad Taviseburebas warmoadgens is,<br />
rom mTlianobis uzrunvelmyofeli Sinagani kavSirebi<br />
realizdeba semiotikuri komunikaciebis meSveobiT.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturas axasiaTebs<br />
poliglotizmi. arc erTi kultura ar SeiZleba<br />
dakmayofildes erTi eniT. yvelaze cota SeiZleba<br />
visaubroT ori paraleluri enis Tanaarsebobaze _<br />
sityvieri da gamomsaxvelobiTi. nebismieri kulturis<br />
dinamika Seicavs semiotikuri komunikaciebis krebulis<br />
gamravlebas. sxvadasxva saxis elementebis Tanaarseboba<br />
_ farTod miRebuli saSualebaa xelovnebaSi. ufro<br />
metic, zogierTi mxatvruli stili orientirebulia<br />
elementebis Sejaxebaze,mwvave konfliqtze,magram rogori<br />
stilic ar unda avirCioT _ kontrastebiT gamaocebeli<br />
Tu harmoniiT STabeWdilebis Semqmneli _ misi meqanizmis<br />
safuZvelSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT Tanaarseboba da<br />
winaaRmdegoba elementebisa, konstruqciis is Sinagani<br />
winaaRmdegoba, romlis gareSec `teqsts~ CamoerTmeoda<br />
mxatvruli informaciuloba. mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris<br />
nakrebi xerxebisa.<br />
lingvosemiotikosebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,<br />
amtkiceben, rom xelovneba gansakuTrebuli saxiT<br />
organizebuli enaa, aqedan gamomdinare Cven SeiZleba<br />
visaubroT musikis, ferweris, kinos, Teatris da a.S. enaze.<br />
uSualod robert sturuas saTeatro enis kvlevamde,<br />
Cven SevecdebiT gavaanalizoT, Tu ras warmoadgens<br />
zogadad `saTeatro ena~. `saTeatro enaze~ saubrisas<br />
unda ganisazRvros niSnebis is erToblioba, romlebic am<br />
enas qmnian.<br />
scenuri qmedeba, rogorc erTianoba msaxiobebisa<br />
115
maka vasaZe<br />
romlebic moqmedeben da axorcieleben saqciels,<br />
sityvieri teqstebi maT mier warmoTqmuli,dekoraciebi da<br />
rekvizitebi, ganaTeba, musikaluri gaformeba warmoadgens<br />
mniSvnelovani sirTulis teqsts, romelic iyenebs<br />
sxvadasxva tipisa da xarisxis pirobiTobis niSnebs.<br />
Tumca is faqti, rom scenuri samyaro Tavisi bunebiT<br />
niSnobrivia, aniWebs mas gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan<br />
Tvisebebs. niSani Tavisi arsiT winaaRmdegobrivia: is<br />
mudam realuria da mudam iluzorulia. realuria imitom,<br />
rom niSnis buneba materialuria; imisaTvis, rom iqces<br />
niSnad, anu gardaiqmnas socialur faqtad, mniSvneloba<br />
realizebuli unda iqnas raime materialur substanciaSi.<br />
niSnis iluzoruloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is<br />
yovelTvis moCvenebiTia, anu asaxavs ara mis garegnul<br />
saxes, aramed raRac sxvas. winaaRmdegoba realursa da<br />
iluzoruls Soris qmnis semiotikuri mniSvnelobebis<br />
im garemos, romelSic cxovrobs yoveli mxatvruli<br />
teqsti. scenuri teqstis erT-erTi gansakuTrebuloba<br />
gamoyenebuli enebis mravalferovnebaSia.<br />
Jestebi ewodebaT gansazRvruli mniSvnelobebis<br />
matarebel moZraobebs. fiqsirebuli mniSvnelobebiT<br />
dakavSirebuli fonemebis SeTavsebas _ sityvebi. ufro<br />
ganzogadebuli midgomisas SeiZleba visaubroT niSnebze<br />
_ simboloebze _ gamoxatvis nebismier saSualebaze,<br />
mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelobebis<br />
matareblebze. niSnebi arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis, razec<br />
damokidebulia maTi pirobiTobis xarisxi. niSnebi iseTi<br />
tipisa, rogoric aris `sityva~ pirobiTad aerTianeben<br />
zogierT mniSvnelobas gansazRvrul gamoxatulebasTan.<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi (`xatovani~) niSnebi aerTianeben Sinaars<br />
gamosaxvasTan, romlebic floben garkveul msgavsebas.<br />
nebismier adamianTaSoris urTierTobas,romelic eyrdnoba<br />
gansazRvruli wesebiT daregulirebul niSanTa sistemas,<br />
SeiZleba vuwodoT enobrivi. am sistemebsa da maTi<br />
meSveobiT urTierTobebis pirobebs Seiswavlis semiotika.<br />
116
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
vinaidan es aris mecniereba urTierTobebze,Setyobinebebis<br />
gadacemaze,adamianTa mier sxva xalxisa da sakuTari Tavis<br />
gageba _ argagebaze, socialur-kulturuli formebis<br />
kodirebaze _ mas aqvs sazogadoebrivi xasiaTi.<br />
adamianTa garkveul qmedebebs erTiani gegmiT, cnobieri<br />
an aracnobieri programiT ganxorcielebuls, ewodeba<br />
qceva. magaliTad,samuSao qceva da niSnobrivi. niSnobrivi<br />
qceva vlindeba TamaSebrivi xasiaTis rTul formebSi da<br />
xdeba ZiriTadi yvela xalxisTvis. niSnobrivi qcevis<br />
sferoa: zeimi, TamaSi, sazogadoebrivi da religiuri<br />
dResaswaulebi.<br />
TamaSebri qcevis specifika mis araerTgvarovnebaSia:<br />
TamaSi gulisxmobs erTdroul realizacias praqtikuli<br />
da pirobiTi qcevisa. moTamaSes axsovs, rom igi imyofeba<br />
ara realur, aramed pirobiT _ TamaSis samyaroSi.<br />
imavdroulad igi ganicdis sinamdvilesTan miaxloebul<br />
emociebs. TamaSis qcevis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
erTdroulad icode da arc icode, gaxsovdes da<br />
gaviwydebodes, rom situacia gamogonilia. TamaSis<br />
xelovneba swored ormagi qcevis Cvevebis dauflebaSia.<br />
nebismieri `amovardna~, rodesac qreba `viTom~, angrevs<br />
TamaSs. TamaSi _ SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis erT-erTi<br />
meqanizmia, romelic pasiurad ki ar misdevs romelime<br />
winaswar mocemul programas, aramed orientirebulia<br />
SesaZleblobebis rTul da mravalmxriv uwyvetobaze.<br />
amgvarad, cxovrebaSi, romelic scenis miRma viTardeba,<br />
arsebobs masalebi,romelTagan igeba Teatraluri samyaro.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom es masalebi TavisTavad jer kidev ar<br />
qmnian Teatrs. imisTvis, rom es moxdes, maT unda Seexos<br />
xelovneba.<br />
saTeatro xelovneba flobs Tavis specifikur enas.<br />
Teatraluri enis erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgens scenis<br />
mxatvruli sivrce. Teatraluri sivrce ZiriTadad or<br />
nawilad iyofa: scena da mayurebelTa darbazi, romelTa<br />
Soris myardeba urTierTobebi. arsebobs dadgmebi,<br />
117
maka vasaZe<br />
sadac sivrce sam nawilad iyofa, scena, scena-scenaze<br />
da mayurebelTa darbazi. sivrcis amgvari dayofa im<br />
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba rodesac speqtaklSi TamaSdeba<br />
`Teatri-TeatrSi~. aseTi dayofa sivrcisa arc ise xSiria.<br />
ZiriTadad sivrce ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. saubaria<br />
urTierTdapirispirebaze arsebulsa da ararsebuls<br />
Soris. arseboba da realoba am ori Teatraluri nawilisa<br />
TiTqosda realizdeba or sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi.<br />
mayureblis TvalsazrisiT, fardis awevisa da piesis<br />
dawyebis momentidan mayurebelTa darbazi wyvets<br />
arsebobas. yvelaferi rampis aqeTa mxares qreba. misi<br />
utyuari realoba xdeba uCinari da mTlianad uTmobs<br />
adgils scenuri moqmedebis iluzorul realobas.<br />
scenis TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs mayurebelTa darbazi.<br />
Teatri moiTxovs adresatis arsebobas,am adresatis yofnas<br />
scenaze arsebul droSi da imavdroulad aRiqvams misgan<br />
momaval signalebs (mdumarebis, mowonebis da gakicxvis,<br />
daZraxvis niSnebs), Sesabamisad varirebs teqstiT.<br />
scenuri sivrce gamoirCeva niSnobrivi gajerebulobiT<br />
_ yvelaferi,rac scenazea,iRebs tendencias,ganimsWvalos<br />
damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT. moZraoba iqceva mniSvnelobis<br />
matarebel Jestad, nivTi _ detalad. yoveli moqmedeba<br />
savse unda iyos sakuTari mniSvnelobiT da imavdroulad<br />
gamzadebdes SemdegisaTvis,kidev ufro mniSvnelovnisaTvis.<br />
scenuri samyaro Tavisi bunebiT niSnobrivia, rac aniWebs<br />
mas gansakuTrebul, arsebiT Tvisebebs. `arsebobs scenuri<br />
sivrce, rogorc realuri mocemuloba da arsebobs<br />
dramatuli sivrce, rogorc misi referenti. dramatul<br />
sivrces patris pavi ganmartavs rogorc mayureblisa<br />
Tu mkiTxvelis mier warmosaxvaSi Seqmnil sivrces.<br />
scenuri sivrce dramatuli sivrcis referencias axdens.<br />
is mayureblis warmosaxvis warmarTvisa da modelirebis<br />
funqcias kisrulobs. dramatuli da scenuri sivrcis<br />
urTierT sinTezis safuZvelze iqmneba e. w. mayureblis<br />
Sida sivrcec, scenuri sivrcis saboloo formirebas<br />
118
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
mayureblis mes TviTproeqcia asrulebs, mxolod aseTi<br />
TviTporeqciis gziT ganxorcielebuli semiotizaciis<br />
gziT iZens sivrceTa gadakveTis es fizikuri wertili<br />
srulfasovan sazriss~. 1<br />
scenuri qmedebis safuZvelia msaxiobi, moTamaSe<br />
adamiani, Caketili scenur sivrceSi. magram, swored<br />
es scenuri qmedebis Zireuli elementi iZens ormag<br />
semiotikur mniSvnelobas. scenaze viTardeba movlenaTa<br />
jaWvi, gmirebi sxvadasxva saqciels axorcieleben, erTi<br />
scena cvlis meores. Tavis SigniT es samyaro cxovrobs<br />
ara niSnobrivi, aramed realuri cxovrebiT. yovel<br />
msaxiobs `sjera~ rogorc sakuTari, aseve partnioris da<br />
mTlianobaSi moqmedebis realurobisa scenaze. mayurebeli<br />
ki aris esTetikuri da ara realuri gancdis zemoqmedebis<br />
qveS. mayurebeli sxvanairad iqceva: ra gancdebic ar unda<br />
hqondes, gaunZrevlad rCeba savarZelSi. scenaze myofi<br />
adamianebisaTvis xdeba movlena, darbazSi myofTaTvis ki<br />
movlena warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis niSans. `msaxiobs<br />
mihyavs dialogi or sxvadasxva sibrtyeze: gamoxatuli<br />
urTierToba mas akavSirebs moqmedebis sxva monawileebTan,<br />
xolo aragamoxatuli Cumi dialogi _ mayurebelTan.<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi igi gvevlineba ara dakvirvebis pasiur<br />
obieqtad, aramed komunikaciis aqtiur monawiled...~ 2<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens scenaze dekoracia da<br />
rekviziti. dekoraciisa da rekvizitis semiotikuri buneba<br />
ufro gasagebi gaxdeba, Tuki SevadarebT mis funqciasa<br />
da gamoyenebas kinoSi. Teatralur da kinodarbazSi<br />
1. Tamar bokuCava `Teatraluri nawarmoebi rogorc `teqsti~<br />
da struqtura~ samecniero konferenciis masalebi II, gamom.<br />
kentavri, 2010 w. gv. 14;<br />
2. . Ю. отман, Лотман, б Об скусстве, Искусстве, Структура художественного текста,<br />
Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, статии, заметки,<br />
выступления,Санкт-Петербург, «Искусство – СПБ», 2005 г. Пространство<br />
сцены, с. 592.<br />
119
maka vasaZe<br />
mayurebeli mTeli sanaxaobis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave<br />
fiqsirebul mdgomareobaSia, magram maTi damokidebuleba<br />
im esTetikur kategoriasTan, romelsac xelovnebis<br />
struqturul TeoriaSi ewodeba `TvalTaxedva~, Zlier<br />
gansxvavebulia. Teatraluri mayurebeli inarCunebs<br />
bunebriv TvalTaxedvas sanaxaobaze,romelic ganisazRvreba<br />
misi Tvalis optikuri urTierTobebiT scenisadmi.<br />
mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi es pozicia ucvlelia.<br />
kinomayureblis Tvalsa da ekranze gamosaxulebas Soris,<br />
arsebobs Suamavali _ operatoris mier mimarTuli<br />
kinoaparatis obieqtivi. mayurebeli TiTqos gadascems<br />
mas Tavis TvalTaxedvas. xedi da rakursi kinogamoxatvis<br />
aqtiuri elementebia. dekoraciebis da sagnebis (rekvizitis)<br />
funqciebi kinosa da TeatrSi gansxvavebulia. sagani<br />
TeatrSi mxolod msaxiobis TamaSis atributia,kinoSi igi<br />
SeiZleba iyos sruluflebiani moqmedi piri. es, kerZod,<br />
ganisazRvreba SesaZleblobiT _ sagani gadaRebuli iqnas<br />
msxvili xediT, kadrebis ricxobrivi zrdis meSveobiT<br />
masze yuradRebis SeCerebiT da sxv. kinematografSi<br />
detali TamaSobs, TeatrSi igi gaTamaSdeba. TeatrSi<br />
da, ufro metad, kinoSi sagani, rekviziti metaforis,<br />
simbolos rolis matarebelia. metaforebs da simboloebs<br />
SeiZleba hqondes Zalian rTuli da mravalmxrivi<br />
mniSvneloba. gamovyofT sami saxis metafora-simboloebs:<br />
plastikur metaforebs,dafuZnebulebs wmindad garegnul<br />
msgavsebaze an gamosaxulebis kontrastze. dramatul<br />
metaforebs: isini TamaSoben rols qmedebaSi, da, SemoaqvT<br />
ganmartebiTi elementi, xels uwyoben monaTxrobis<br />
gagebas. dabolos, arsebobs metaforebis mesame kategoria<br />
_ ideologiuri, vinaidan maTi mizania _ mayureblis<br />
cnobierebaSi dabados idea,romelic scildeba scenaze an<br />
kadrSi arsebuli moqmedebis zRvars, emsaxurebian ideebis<br />
gamoxatvas, romelic bevrad scildeba monaTxrobis<br />
CarCoebs, romelSic isinia CarTulia da asaxaven<br />
reJisoris damokidebulebas kacobriobis winaSe mdgar,<br />
120
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemebisadmi. saboloo jamSi<br />
gamoxataven gansazRvrul msoflmxedvelobas. `metafora<br />
_ es niSania da erTdroulad ilustracia; amgvarad, es<br />
enis elementia. metyvelebis toni,misi ritmuli agebuleba<br />
_ es enobrivi elementebia, romlebic sxvadasxva amocanas<br />
asruleben~. 1 sazRvris SegrZneba, mxatvruli sivrcis<br />
Caketiloba TeatrSi ufro Zlierad aris gamoxatuli<br />
vidre kinoSi. amas mivyavarT modelirebis funqciis<br />
mniSvnelovan zrdasTan. Tuki kino Tavisi `bunebrivi~<br />
funqciiT miiltvis imisken, rom iyos aRqmuli rogorc<br />
dokumenti, epizodi sinamdvilidan, cxovrebis modelis<br />
saxe, TeatrisaTvis aranakleb `bunebrivia~ aRqmuli<br />
iqnas, rogorc sinamdvilis gansaxiereba, ukiduresad<br />
ganzogadebuli saxiT.<br />
imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos Setyobinebis<br />
gagzavna da miReba,igi Sesabamisad unda iyos kodirebuli<br />
da dekodirebuli. rodesac Cven vsaubrobT speqtaklze,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, ganvsazRvravT, ras niSnavs `teqsti~<br />
speqtaklSi. Cven,ra Tqma unda,SegviZlia visaubroT ama Tu<br />
im speqtaklze, rogorc erTian teqstze. igi upasuxebs am<br />
gagebis ZiriTad niSanTvisebebs: gamoxatulebiT, gamijvniT,<br />
erTiani mniSvnelobiT. materialuri gamoxatuleba<br />
miiRweva Tavad dadgmis faqtiT; gamijvna _ naTlad<br />
gamoxatuli niSanTvisebebiT. speqtakli matarebelia<br />
mTeli rigi calkeuli Setyobinebebisa, imavdroulad<br />
gaaCnia mTlianobis, integrirebulobis mniSvneloba da<br />
asrulebs raRac erTian kulturul funqcias.<br />
dramaturgis TvalsazrisiT piesa, romelic ar<br />
dadgmula TeatrSi _ srulyofili teqstia, Teatris<br />
TvalsazrisiT _ es mxolod mniSvnelovani komponentia<br />
sasceno teqstis Sesaqmnelad. dramaturgisTvis piesa<br />
SeiZleba iyos Setyobineba mkiTxvelisadmi adresirebuli.<br />
1. Питер Брук, Пустое Пространство, Секрктов Нет, М. 2003 г.<br />
Типография «Наука», Театр как таковой С. 165).<br />
121
maka vasaZe<br />
TeatrisaTvis Setyobineba SeiZleba iyos mxolod<br />
scenuri dadgma. speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba _<br />
misi ganuyofeli, organuli nawilia da erTdroulad<br />
igi rig SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc<br />
xelovnebis damoukidebeli faqti. saqmis viTarebidan<br />
gamomdinare, speqtaklis erTiani teqsti igeba, sul<br />
cota, sami sakmaod damoukidebeli subieqtisagan. piesis<br />
sityvieri teqstidan, romelsac qmnian msaxiobebi<br />
da reJisori, musikalur-mxatvruli gaformebiT da<br />
ganaTebiT. teqstis Seqmnis yovel rgolSi _ avtorisagan,<br />
reJisorisagan, wamyvani msaxiobisgan, statistisa da<br />
gamnaTeblis CaTvliT, _ xorcieldeba ormagi qceva.<br />
erTi mxriv, avtori ar aris Tavisufali tradiciebTan,<br />
mayureblis gemovnebasTan, epoqis ideebTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
reJisori SeboWilia avtoris CanafiqriT da a. S.. magram,<br />
meore mxriv, yovel rgolSi igulisxmeba partniorobac,<br />
TanaSemoqmedebac, anu Tavisufleba. sistema `scena _<br />
mayurebeli~ viTardeba TamaSis modelis mixedviT.<br />
speqtakli gadascems informacias Seqmnili teqstis<br />
meSveobiT. mayurebeli ki umetes SemTxvevaSi adekvaturad<br />
aRiqvams informacias. es efeqti miiRweva, imiT, rom<br />
speqtaklis Semqmnelebic da mayurebelic _ arian erTi<br />
istoriul-kulturuli epoqis adamianebi, CarTulebi<br />
saerTo socialur,kulturul da fsiqologiur kodebSi.<br />
Teatri _ erT-erTi yvelaze metad Zveli da globaluri<br />
xelovnebaa msoflio kulturisaTvis. Tavisi arsebobis<br />
aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi man daagrova mdgradi<br />
saSualebebis arsenali, nebismieri ideur-mxatvruli,<br />
scenuri reformebis pirobebSi SenarCunebuli. es<br />
stabiluri semiotikuri karkasi warmoadgens TiTqosda<br />
universalur mTargmnels, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
minimum Tanaziarobas. yoveli WeSmaritad mxatvruli<br />
teqsti Seicavs mxatvrul enas da am enis Seswavlagagebas.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, procesi unikaluri teqstis<br />
gardaqmnisa saerTo mxatvrul enad, geniosis qmnileba<br />
122
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
_ zogadnacionaluri kulturuli monapovari aRar<br />
gvaocebs.<br />
semiotikuri aqti _ ar aris mxolod gamgzavnidan<br />
mimRebamde raRac garkveuli saxis Setyobinebis<br />
gadacema. es aris rTuli procesi, misi mimdinareobis<br />
dros informaciis gadamcemi da mimRebi gardaiqmnebian,<br />
transformirdebian, urTierTqmedeben. es aris cocxali<br />
procesi, romlis msvlelobisas yvela komponenti<br />
imyofeba rTuli konfliqtis mdgomareobaSi da amJRavnebs<br />
simyaresa da cvalebadobas, gagebasa da ver gagebas.<br />
mayureblis CarTva koleqtiuri cnobierebis sistemaSi,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs sxvis xedvas, rogorc partniorisa<br />
komunikaciaSi, subieqti da ara sagani, aqcevs Teatrs<br />
sazogadoebrivi moralis skolad.<br />
Teatri ansambluri xelovnebaa. ansamblze<br />
orientireba sasceno semiotikis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa.<br />
yoveli mxatvruli teqsti semiotikurad metnaklebad<br />
araerTgvarovania, magram mxolod `ansamblis~ cneba<br />
gardaiqmneba erT-erT wamyvan konstruqtivistul principad.<br />
igi mdgomareobs mxatvruli gamoxatvis sxvadasxvagvari<br />
saSualebiT principul orientaciaSi. ansamblurobis<br />
TeoriaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs niSanTa sistemebis<br />
ori gansxvavebuli tipis Tanaarsebobas: erTimeorisgan<br />
gamijnul (diskretul) niSnebs, gancalkevebul sistemas<br />
da sadac erTi niSnis meorisgan gamijvna Znelia da<br />
SeuZlebeli,xolo mniSvnelobis matarebeli Tavad teqstia.<br />
aseT (aradiskretul) sistemaSi mTeli teqsti gvevlineba<br />
rTulad agebul niSnad. speqtaklis verbaluri nawili<br />
iswrafvis mniSvnelobebis diskretuli gadmocemisken,<br />
qmediTi _ aradiskretulisaken. es sawyisi `bunebrivi~<br />
orientacia eqvemdebareba Semdgom garTulebas: sityvieri<br />
teqstis elementebi, speqtaklis plastikur detalebTan<br />
da erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTulni, kargaven Tavis azrobriv<br />
saTiToobas da SeduRabdebian aradiskretul mTelSi,<br />
zemniSvnelobis matarebelSi. speqtaklSi erTdroulad<br />
123
maka vasaZe<br />
SeiZleba warmoiqmnas rogorc aradiskretuli teqsti,<br />
aseve zeaweuli (zeamaRlebuli) mniSvnelobebi. scenuri<br />
ansamblurobis mTavari Tvisebaa: sxvadasxvis erTianoba<br />
da sxvadasxvaoba erTianobaSi. `xelovnebis yvela saxeoba<br />
dakavSirebulia mxatvruli urTierTobis problemebTan,<br />
anu semiotikasTan. magram misi aspeqtebis sxvadasxvaobas<br />
da mravalwaxnagovanebas cota maTgani esadageba.<br />
grimidan da mimikidan dawyebuli darbazSi mayureblis<br />
qcevis normebiT damTavrebuli, Teatraluri salarodan,<br />
ritualizebul `Teatralur atmosferomde~ _ TeatrSi<br />
yvelaferi semiotikaa. misi saxeobebi imdenad rTuli da<br />
sxvadasxvaa, rom scenas sruliad safuZvlianad SeiZleba<br />
vuwodoT semiotikis enciklopedia~. 1<br />
gansakuTrebuli adgili TeatrSi _ ansamblur<br />
xelovnebaSi _ aqvs musikas. Teatris samyaroSi mudmivad<br />
JRers musika, romelic qmnis gansakuTrebul atmosferos,<br />
raRac axal ganzomilebas,romelic mudmivad amdidrebs mas,<br />
ganmartavs,xandaxan asworebs,xandaxan aZlevs mimarTulebas,<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, axdens mis organizebas droSi. `musika,<br />
_ es aris uxilavi ena, romlis meSveobiTac `araferi~<br />
uecrad iZens formas: misi danaxva SeuZlebelia, magram<br />
SesaZlebelia SegrZneba~. 2 musikam xeli unda Seuwyos<br />
gamTlianebas da ar unda Semoifarglos TanxlebiT an<br />
mayurebelze STabeWdilebis moxdeniT. igi SeumCnevlad<br />
unda monawileobdes speqtaklis saerTo tonalobis<br />
SeqmnaSi, mis esTetikur da dramaturgiul JReradobaSi.<br />
misi zemoqmedeba iqneba ufro Zlieri da uSualo, rac<br />
ufro naklebad mousmenen, miuxedavad imisa, rom mudmivad<br />
ismis. TeatrSi ar midian musikis mosasmenad. man mxolod<br />
1 . Ю. отман, Лотман, б Об скусстве, Искусстве, Структура художественного текста,<br />
Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, статии, заметки,<br />
выступления,Санкт-Петербург, «Искусство – СПБ», 2005 г Семиотический<br />
ансамбль, с.603;<br />
2. Питер Брук, Пустое Пространство, Секрктов Нет, М. 2003 г.<br />
Типография «Наука», Театр как таковой С. 165.<br />
124
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
unda gaaRrmavos mayureblis STabeWdileba. musikam<br />
scenur qmedebas Taviseburi JReradoba unda mianiWos.<br />
mas unda Sehqondes sakuTari qarga speqtaklis ama Tu<br />
im epizodSi. musika, iseve rogorc piesa, sareJisoro<br />
eqsplikacia,dekoraciebi,mizanscenebi xels unda uwyobdes<br />
speqtaklis sicxades, logikurobas, simarTles. miT<br />
ukeTesi, Tuki musika, SeumCnevlad amdidrebs mas, Cuqnis<br />
ra sakuTar poezias. cnobili faqtia, rom meierxoldi<br />
sareJisoro eqsplikaciaSi iyenebda musikalur terminebs.<br />
amgvarad, musika unda axdendes saerTo zemoqmedebas.<br />
yoveli xelovneba gvesaubreba misTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
enaze. xelovnebis enis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom is arasdrosaa winaswar mocemuli, is yovelTvis<br />
erTgvari cvalebadi variaciaa, aucilebeli konkretuli<br />
CanafiqrisTvis. Canafiqri,SemoqmedebiT aqtamde arasdros<br />
gvevlineba, rogorc raRac logikuri. Canafiqri, romelic<br />
moaqvs Semoqmeds, aris mxatvruli azri.<br />
upirveles yovlisa Teatris, rogorc xelovnebis,<br />
ena aris Teatraloba. Teatris arsebobis manZilze<br />
erTmaneTs ebrZvis Teatralurobis ori koncefcia:<br />
mayurebelma unda daiviwyos, rom igi TeatrSia, da _<br />
mayurebeli yovelTvis unda grZnobdes,rom igi TeatrSia.<br />
es dava axasiaTebs ara Teatris bunebas, aramed ama Tu im<br />
Teatraluri moRvawis subieqtur midgomas. sinamdvileSi<br />
mayurebeli unda iviwyebdes da imavdroulad, araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar aviwydebodes, rom TeatrSia. gamomdinare<br />
esTetikuri koncefciebidan, kulturuli orientaciidan,<br />
individualuri amocanidan, SeiZleba keTdebodes am<br />
orgvari formulirebis aqcenti ama Tu im nawilze. sanam<br />
arsebobs Teatri, arsebobs misi zemoqmedebis ori mxare:<br />
rwmena imisa, rom scenis iluzoruli realoba realuria<br />
da imisa, rom igi cxovreba ki ar aris aramed `cxovrebis<br />
TamaSi~. Teatris saidumloeba imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom mayurebeli, romelic uyurebs speqtakls, erTi<br />
mxriv, yvelaze intensiuri saxiT, aRmoCndeba CarTuli<br />
125
maka vasaZe<br />
mimdinare qmedebaSi, xolo meore mxriv, inarCunebs<br />
distancias. piter bruki wignSi `carieli sivrce~ wers:<br />
`muSaobis dawyebisas, aucilebelia swrafva, gamoiyeno<br />
yvela elementi, Teatris yoveli SesaZlebloba, ar<br />
ecado winaswar gamoyo maTgan isini, romlebic ufro<br />
kargad esadagebian Canafiqrs. mTavari mizania miaRwio<br />
saboloo STabeWdilebis namdvilobas. es imas ar niSnavs,<br />
rom laparakia realizmze an naturalizmze. Sesruleba<br />
SeiZleba iyos usazRvrod pirobiTi, stilizebuli, xolo<br />
Sedegi iqneba namdvili. an piriqiT, SeiZleba yvelaferi<br />
gaakeTo Zalian `naturalurad~, magram Sedegi iqneba<br />
xelovnuri, gamogonili. amitom dRes CemTvis yvelaze<br />
mTavari sakiTxia _ ras vgulisxmobT,rodesac vsaubrobT<br />
kulturaze da kulturul faseulobebze? vinaidan erTi<br />
da igive sityva SeiZleba aRniSnavdes yvelaze kargs<br />
da yvelaze cuds, gamomdinare iqidan, rogor gvesmis da<br />
rogor viyenebT mas~. 1<br />
Teatralobas gansakuTrebiT rTuli buneba aqvs.<br />
upirveles yovlisa igi iqmneba piesasTan speqtaklis<br />
damokidebulebiT. TavisTavad piesa dasrulebuli<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebia, iseve, rogorc sxva sityvieri<br />
xelovnebis Janrebi: romani, poema, leqsi, magram piesis<br />
speqtaklad gadaqcevis dawyebisTanave aRmoCndeba, rom<br />
igi Seicavs mraval potenciur interpretacias, rom<br />
igi TiTqos jer kidev daumTavrebelia da saWiroebs<br />
dagvirgvindes romeliRac xorcSesxmiT, axali<br />
reJisoruli gadawyvetiTa Tu samsaxiobo TamaSiT.<br />
piesisa da speqtaklis dialogi _ rTuli, da rogorc<br />
wesi,dramatuli dialogia. piesa da speqtakli saubroben<br />
sxvadasxva enaze da sityva, romelic iwereba qaRaldze,<br />
araadekvaturia sityvisa scenaze. dadgma _ erT-erTi<br />
urTulesi saxeobaa mxatvruli Targmanisa. magram<br />
1. Питер Брук, Пустое Пространство, Секрктов Нет, М. 2003 г.<br />
Типография «Наука», С. 289-290.<br />
126
saTeatro enis raoba<br />
swored mis siZneleSia misi Rirebuleba. Teatralobas<br />
aqvs sxva `berketis mxarec~. speqtakls, erTi mxriv,<br />
miyavs dialogi piesasTan, meore mxriv _ mayurebelTan.<br />
es ori, _ gansxvavebuli dialogia da speqtakli iSleba<br />
maTSi sxvadasxvanairad. arc erTi xelovneba ar aris<br />
dakavSirebuli, esoden uSualod, auditoriis reaqciasTan,<br />
ar reagirebs am reaqciaze umalve da aqtiurad, rogorc<br />
Teatri. Tavad dialogis SesaZlebloba _ xelovnebis<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da urTulesi monapovaria.<br />
saWiroa enobrivi erToba, erTgvari, erTiani kulturuli<br />
sivrce.<br />
Teatri _ yovelTvis Zalian lokaluri movlenaa.<br />
yvelaferi damokidebulia konkretul garemoebebze,<br />
viTarebaze. erT situaciaSi ufro metad efeqturi<br />
SeiZleba aRmoCndes folkloruli Teatri, sxva<br />
situaciaSi didi mniSvnelobis movlenad SeiZleba iqces<br />
politikuri Teatris speqtakli. gaaCnia ra socialurpolitikur<br />
garemoebaSi idgmeba speqtakli. rodesac<br />
vsaubrobT xelovnebaze, albaT, ukanasknel rols ar<br />
TamaSobs is,rom WeSmariteba _ yovelTvis aris Zieba. ara<br />
zedapiruli moda, ara daufiqrebeli survili siaxlisa,<br />
aramed Zieba siaxlisa WeSmaritebis dadgenisaTvis. es<br />
survili ki cvlis xelovnebaSi miRweul formebs jer<br />
kidev ucnobze. `kacobrioba qmnis ra xelovnebis axal<br />
modelebs, qmnis maT ara imitom, rom Tavad modelebi<br />
unda ganaxldes, aramed igi ibrZvis cxovrebaze Tavisi<br />
uflebebis gasafarToeblad, kvlevis uflebisaTvis da<br />
axali bednierebis misaRwevad... Zveli struqturebis<br />
gamocdileba rCeba, magram isini ar meordeba, aramed<br />
gamoiyvaneba da gamoiyeneba SejaxebbebiT, erTmaneTis<br />
uaryofiT.~ 1<br />
1. Шкловский Виктор, избранное в двух томах, Том Второй, Тетива,<br />
несходстве сходного. нергия нергия нергия нергия нергия нергия нергия Энергия нергия Заблуждения, нига нига нига нига нига нига Книга нига нига нига нига нига нига о сюже-<br />
те. Москва, Художественная литература, 1983 99, 184.<br />
127
maka vasaZe<br />
scenisa da darbazis urTierTgageba _ saqmis mxolod<br />
erTi mxarea. metismetad sruli urTierTgageba, romelic<br />
Sromis gareSe miiRweva, rogorc adreuli warmatebebis<br />
gamoZaxili, mowmobs Teatris SeCerebaze. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
igi eqspluatacias ukeTebs guSindel Teatralobas da<br />
ar eZebs axals. enis evolucia, misi cvlileba, dinamizmi<br />
_ enis semiotikuri sistemis kanonia. piter bruki Tavis<br />
wignSi `carieli sivrce~ aRniSnavs,rom saTeatro ena unda<br />
iyos martivi, magram yovelTvis sxvadasxva, damokidebuli<br />
imaze, Tu sad da visTvis TamaSob.<br />
`amgvarad, msaxiobi an msaxiobTa jgufi axdenen raRac<br />
STabeWdilebas, romelic, Tanamedrove terminologiiT<br />
sargeblobisas, TavisTavad warmoadgens raRac kods. es<br />
niSnavs,rom adamianuri urTierTobis saSualebebis mTeli<br />
krebulidan,sityva,metyveleba gvevlineba erT-erT SesaZlo<br />
variantad. metyvelebis miRma arsebobs sxeulis ena. xmis<br />
JReradoba _ esec enaa. sivrceSi moZraoba _ agreTve enaa.<br />
dumili, siCume _ es enaa. ritmi _ es aseve enaa. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT me mgonia, dRes Cven isev vsargeblobT<br />
Zveli terminiT `totaluri Teatri~, gaviazrebT ra mas<br />
Tavidan. am cnebis tradiciuli interpretacia gamovida<br />
eqspresionizmidan, igi gulisxmobs, rom msaxiobTa TamaSi,<br />
dekoraciebi, Suqi, musika _ yvelaferi es saTeatro enis<br />
formebia, romlebisganac iqmneba speqtakli~. 1<br />
1. Питер Брук, Пустое Пространство, Секрктов Нет, М. 2003 г.<br />
Типография «Наука», С. 288.<br />
128
Tea kaxiani<br />
doqtoranturis II kursi<br />
nacionaluri Teatris koncefcia 90-iani<br />
wlebis qarTul reJisuraSi<br />
90-iani wlebis qarTuli Teatri axali gamowvevebis<br />
winaSe aRmoCnda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis<br />
brZolisa da misi aRiarebis Semdeg, sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi dawyebuli axali etapi cvlilebebs<br />
moiTxovda yvela sferoSi da maT Soris TeatrSic.<br />
mis winaSe wamoWrili SemoqmedebiTi da organizaciuli<br />
sakiTxebi sruliad axal xasiaTs atarebda. Teatrebs<br />
Tavad unda gadaeWraT TavianTi struqturuli Tu<br />
finansuri problemebi, magram umTavresi. rac am drois<br />
qarTul TeatrSi gamoikveTa. SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis<br />
sakiTxi iyo. damTavrda im alegoriul-metaforuli<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis saWiroeba,rac sabWoTa epoqis<br />
qarTuli TeatrisaTvis da zogadad xelovnebisTvis iyo<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. aRniSnul formaSi qarTulma Teatrma<br />
SeZlo saukeTesod gamoevlina sakuTari mxatvruli<br />
azrovnebis SesaZleblobani. moipova msoflio aRiareba<br />
da zustad im dros roca warmatebis zenitSi iyo, axal<br />
sastarto mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Teatrebis umetesoba<br />
Seudga erovnuli moZraobis Sesatyvisi mxatvruli<br />
formebis Ziebas.<br />
1989 wels marjaniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo<br />
TeatrSi daidga grigol robaqiZis romanis `graalis<br />
mcvelnis~ inscenireba. romani germanulidan naira<br />
gelaSvilma Targmna. inscenirebis avtorma da reJisorma<br />
daviT andRulaZem sabWoTa cenzuris mier daRdasmuli<br />
grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedeba farTo sazogadoebas<br />
SesTavaza.<br />
`graalis mcvelni~ 1989 wlis 9 aprilis Semdeg<br />
129
Tea kaxiani<br />
movlenad iqca. recenziebSi vkiTxulobT im emociuri<br />
zegavlenis kvals, rac speqtaklma mayurebelze moaxdina.<br />
JurnalSi `sabWoTa xelovneba~ daibeWda Teatrmcodneebis<br />
saubari, sadac Tamar bokuCava, maia gabunia da ana<br />
WavWavaZe ganixilaven speqtakls da amasTanave, aRweren<br />
im saerTo ganwyobas, romlis fonzec is mimdinareobda.<br />
mayureblis reaqcia konkretul qmedebebSi gamoixateboda<br />
da scenur nawarmoebze aranakleb STambeWdavi iyo::<br />
`xangrZlivi da mquxare taSis Semdeg axalgazrdebi<br />
iwyeben simReras – `Cemo kargo qveyanav~, `Savlego~,<br />
`qarTvelo, xeli xmals ikar~, darbazSi saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli droSebi frialebs....~ 1 warmodgena mayurebelTa<br />
darbazSi `grZeldeboda~ da qarTveli xalxis erovnuli<br />
TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebad ganixileboda.<br />
sasceno nawarmoebis mayurebelze emociuri zegavlenis<br />
msgavsi faqtebi ucxo ar aris qarTuli Teatris<br />
istoriisTvis, pirvel rigSi unda gavixsenoT 1882<br />
wels dadgmuli speqtakli d. erisTavis `samSoblo~.<br />
vasil kiknaZe wignSi `qarTuli dramatuli Teatris<br />
istoria~ aRwers da aanalizebs dadgmis mimarT didi<br />
sazogadoebrivi rezonansis gamomwvev mizezebs:`...zeimi iyo,<br />
roca `samSoblos~ warmoadgendnen xolme. zogjer mTeli<br />
Rame ar eZina qalaqs. anTebuli CiraRdnebiT dadiodnen<br />
quCebSi. ver isvenebda patriotuli grZnobiT aRelvebuli<br />
mayurebeli.~ 2 msgavsma istoriulma viTarebam, sxvadasxva<br />
droSi, saTeatro xelovnebis saSualebiT erTnairi<br />
ganwyoba warmoSva. Teatrma gamoxata eris suliskveTeba.<br />
Seiqmna Teatrisa da mayureblis erTianobis gamZafrebuli<br />
gancda. Teatrmcodneebi saubrobdnen imazec, rom daviT<br />
andRulaZis speqtaklma am dramatul viTarebaSi Seasrula<br />
1. T. bokuCava, m. gabunia, a. WavWavaZe. `ar gadavSendebiT~,<br />
Jurn. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1990, #2, gv. 2;<br />
2. v. kiknaZe. `qarTuli dramatuli Teatris istoria~, 2001,<br />
tomi I, gv. 251.<br />
130
nacionaluri Teatris koncepcia 90–iani wlebis qarTul reJisuraSi<br />
is funqcia,romelic,rogorc maSinve aRiniSna,– `scildeba<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebis sazogadoebriv daniSnulebaze<br />
aqamde arsebul warmodgenebs~. 1 Teatrma ganacxada Tavisi<br />
aqtiuri moqalaqeobrivi pozicia, rac imdenad Tanmxvedri<br />
aRmoCnda sazogadoebis moTxovnilebasTan, rom swored<br />
im dros, rodesac Teatri ganicdida mayureblis<br />
kriziss, dacarielebuliyo rogorc sagamofeno aseve<br />
musikaluri darbazebi, Jurnal `xelovnebaSi~ aRwerilia<br />
mravlismetyveli faqti, premieridan erTi wlis Semdeg<br />
araTu Semcirda mayureblis interesi speqtaklisadmi,<br />
piriqiT – „...Teatri ramdenjerme iZulebulic ki<br />
gaxda, rom sxvadasxva dawesebulebis TanamSromelTa<br />
koleqtiuri moTxovniT, orSabaT dRes, roca Teatrebi<br />
Cveulebriv isveneben, damatebiT warmodgena daeniSna”. 2<br />
reJisorma, daviT andRulaZem, sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
mtkivneuli da aqtualuri Temis mxatvrul formaSi<br />
gadmocema da amasTan, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania,<br />
konkretuli politikuri viTarebidan, Tanamedroveobidan<br />
nakarnaxevi aqcentebis ganzogadebac moaxerxa. speqtaklis<br />
prologs, sadac anTebuli proJeqtorebis Suqze, yvela<br />
moqmedi piris mier 9 aprilis sisxliani Ramis tragedia<br />
TamaSdeboda, mayureblamde mihqonda Tavzardamcemi<br />
emocia da misi qveynis zogad-istoriuli gamocdilebac.<br />
sainteresoa kote abaSiZis recenzia speqtaklze<br />
`graalis mcvelni~. aRsaniSnavia, rom recenziis saTauria<br />
`gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTvelos~. werils dadebiTi<br />
gamoxmaureba mohyva SemoqmedebiTi jgufis mxridan.<br />
amas, pirvel rigSi, Tanmxvedri emociuri da azrobrivi<br />
ganwyobileba ganapirobebda. reJisori, TiTqos, msxvili<br />
kadriT aCvenebda qarTveli xalxis Cagvras, romelic,<br />
imavdroulad, saukuneebis manZilze miRebuli tkivilis<br />
1. T. bokuCava, m. gabunia, a. WavWavaZe. ix.: dasaxelebuli naSromi,<br />
gv. 2;<br />
2. f. yuSitaSvili. `me axla mgonia, rom SemiZlia yvelaferi<br />
nulidan daviwyo~, Jurn. `xelovneba~, 1990, #6, gv. 78.<br />
131
Tea kaxiani<br />
zogad suraTsac gadmoscemda: `rasac mayurebeli scenaze<br />
xedavs, mxolod 9 aprilis rbevis imitacia ar aris. aseT,<br />
TiTqmis naturaluri sizustiT warmodgenil prologs<br />
ufro farTo, ganzogadebuli mniSvneloba aqvs~. 1<br />
naturalistur xerxebTan erTad, speqtaklSi<br />
gamoyenebuli iyo literaturuli Teatris principebi.<br />
grigol robaqiZis sityva, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
energetika, motanili naira gelaSvilis SesaniSnavi<br />
TargmaniT, speqtaklis plastikuri monaxazis<br />
ganmsazRvreli gaxda. aseve speqtaklis gadawyvetis erTerT<br />
xerxs `Teatri TeatrSi~ warmoadgenda. erT–erTi<br />
personaJi reJisori – marjani (m. gorgilaZe),warmodgenis<br />
dasawyisSive acxadebda, rom es ar iyo realisturi drama,<br />
aramed – misteria. rom mayurebels uCvenebdnen magiur<br />
ZalTa moqmedebas, `Tu ra Zalebi ebrZvian saqarTvelos<br />
da ra Zalebi icaven mas~.<br />
sinTezuroba, romelic speqtakls axasiaTebda,<br />
yvelaze ukeT gamoxatavda arsebuli procesebis<br />
gaazrebis Sedegs. udaod analizis Sedegi iyo `graalis<br />
mcvelnis~ scenografiuli gadawyveta (oleg qoCakiZe,<br />
aleqsandre slovinski, iuri CikvaiZe). `scenis SuagulSi<br />
hkidia lamazyeliani eklesiis gumbaTi, rac TavisTavad<br />
sulieri amaRlebis niSania. magram am gumbaTs araviTari<br />
dasayrdeni ar gaaCnia~. 2 dRevandeli gadasaxedidan kidev<br />
ufro zustad da Rrmaazrovnad gveCveneba speqtaklis es<br />
sakmaod gabeduli detali, romelic 20 wlis Semdgom<br />
Tanamedroveobasac itevs.<br />
naturalisturi elementebi grigol robaqiZis<br />
simbolistur da qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis paTetikur<br />
notebTan kontrapunqtiviT gaerTianda. TiTqos winaswar<br />
moiazra qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli procesebis Semdgomi<br />
1. k. abaSiZe. `gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTvelos~, Jurn. `Teatraluri<br />
moambe~, 1989, #5, gv 23;<br />
2. k. abaSiZe. `gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTvelos~,Jurn. `Teatraluri<br />
moambe~, 1989, #5, gv. 22.<br />
132
nacionaluri Teatris koncepcia 90–iani wlebis qarTul reJisuraSi<br />
suraTi,sadac damoukideblobis,Tavisuflebis amaRlebul<br />
SegrZnebas iqve mosdevda Rrma ekonomikuri krizisi da<br />
brZola, omebSi adamianebis fizikuri gadarCenisTvis.<br />
speqtaklis polistilisturoba vrceldeboda<br />
samsaxiobo namuSevrebzec. scenuri saxeebi iqmnebodnen<br />
rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve sakuTar rolTan<br />
gaucxoebis xerxebiT. reJisoris mier daSvebul<br />
stilistur siWreleSi arc aqtioruli iniciativa iyo<br />
SezRuduli. oTar meRvineTuxucesis Tavadi giorgis saxe<br />
fsiqologiuri Teatris xerxebiT iyo Seqmnili. xolo<br />
istoriuli personaJebis (beria, orjonikiZe da sxva.)<br />
gansaxiereba xdeboda msaxiobis damokidebulebiT sakuTar<br />
rolTan: „maT SesrulebaSi igrZnoba xerxis gamZafreba,<br />
saxis uaRresad satiruli, mikerZoebulad mamxilebeli,<br />
zogjer ironiuli Sefaseba. ufro metic, aq SeiZleba<br />
vilaparakoT, scenuri niRbis gamoyenebis xerxze...~ 1<br />
speqtaklis araordinalurma wyobam, sxvadasxva<br />
mxatvrul xerxTa aRrevam,azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.<br />
eTer guguSvilis SefasebiT reJisoris mier gamoyenebuli<br />
mravali, zogjer urTierTSeusabamo xerxi, romelic<br />
umTavresad scenuri qaosis gamomwvevia, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
mocemul mxatvrul formad aRiqmeboda „...ucqeri<br />
speqtakls da TandaTan rwmundebi rom qaosis organizebac<br />
SeiZleba~. 2 Tumca, aqve arsebobda gansxvavebuli azric, _<br />
is, ZiriTadad, speqtaklSi masobrivi scenebis gadawyvetas<br />
exeboda: `masobrivi scenebis qaosi SeiZleboda<br />
koncefciuric yofiliyo, magram mocemul SemTxvevaSi<br />
es rezultati mxatvruli xerxis mniSvnelobiT ar<br />
xorcieldeba~. 3<br />
reJisors, rogorc Cans, marTlac hqonda usaxuri da<br />
1. e. guguSvili. `...da zari gvixmobs~, gaz. `qarTuli Teatris<br />
dRe~, 14/I, 1990, gv. 12;<br />
2. iqve;<br />
3. T. bokuCava, m. gabunia, a. WavWavaZe. ix.: dasaxelebuli naSromi,<br />
gv. 8<br />
133
Tea kaxiani<br />
indeferentuli masis koncepcia, romelmac miuxedavad<br />
arasakmarisi damuSavebisa, SeZlo swored amgvarad<br />
gansazRvruli fonis Seqmna im ZiebisTvis, romelic<br />
mTavari iyo speqtaklSi. warmodgenas xazi unda gaesva<br />
qarTuli xasiaTis gamomxatveli TvisebebisaTvis. iseTi<br />
damaxasiaTebeli,specifikuri niSnebisaTvis,rac arqetipul,<br />
miTologiur doneze SeiZleboda daZebniliyo. zedapirze<br />
unda amoetanaT Strixebi `...romelic Cadebulia erSi<br />
rogorc misi saxis ganmsazRvreli geni~. 1<br />
speqtaklis avtorTa mizani miRweuli iyo, msaxiobebma<br />
SeZles gamoeZerwaT simboloebamde amaRlebuli xasiaTebi.<br />
e. guguSvili oTar meRvineTuxucesis mier gansaxierebuli<br />
Tavadi giorgis rolze werda: `...gmiris saxe scildeba<br />
Teatris CarCoebs, iZens globalur JReradobas da<br />
aRiqmeba ara rogorc epoqis tipuri, aramed rogorc<br />
eris saukeTeso nacionaluri Tvisebebis, rogorc misi<br />
Rirsebis brwyinvale gamoxatuleba~. 2<br />
speqtaklSi qarTuli xasiaTi akumulirdeboda<br />
graalis mcvelebis tipaJebSi, Tavad giorgisa (oTar<br />
meRvineTuxucesi) da levan orbelis (gia burjanaZe)<br />
saxeebSi, romelTac upirispirdebodnen saxelmwifo<br />
uSiSroebis komitetis winamZRoli velski (revaz<br />
CxikviSvili) da misi TamanebrZolebi. aRsaniSnavia isic,<br />
rom revaz CxikviSvilis velski graalis Tasis fizikur<br />
ganadgurebaze metad misi ideis mospobas cdilobda.<br />
graalis Tasi, romelSic Segrovil macxovris sisxls,<br />
qristianuli legendis mixedviT, raindebi icavdnen,<br />
qarTul versiaSi axali saxiT gvevlineboda: qarTveli<br />
raindebi graalis Tass, ayvavebuli vazis jvris mier<br />
mosxmuli oqros mtevnebis naJuri wveniT avsebdnen.<br />
mzisa da vazis sakraluri kavSiri, romelic<br />
qarTveli kacis vazTan gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT<br />
grZeldeboda, qmnida graalis mcvelTa ideas. am ideaSi<br />
1. iqve, gv. 3;<br />
2. e. guguSvili. ix.: dasaxelebuli naSromi.<br />
134
nacionaluri Teatris koncepcia 90–iani wlebis qarTul reJisuraSi<br />
moiazreboda erovnuli TviTmyofadobis, unikaluri<br />
nacionaluri sawyisebis da misi gadarCenis gancda.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daviT andRulaZis `graalis<br />
mcvelni~ gaxda mauwyebeli tendenciisa, romliTac<br />
qarTuli reJisuris yuradReba miipyro nacionaluri<br />
ideis, qarTuli xasiaTis, erovnulobis arsis da misi<br />
gamovlinebebis erTobliobam. `graalis mcvelns~ mohyva<br />
am koncefciiT gajerebuli speqtaklebi. rusTavelis<br />
TeatrSi daidga guram baTiaSvilis `SeTqmuleba~ (reJ.<br />
gogi qavTaraZe),axmetelis TeatrSi – zurab samadaSvilis<br />
`kars iqiT~ da laSa TabukaSvilis `taZari~ (reJ.<br />
aleqsandre qanTaria), marjaniSvilis TeatrSi _ jaba<br />
ioselianis `saqarTvelos ukanaskneli dedofali~ (reJ.<br />
medea kuWuxiZe), WiaTuris TeatrSi _ grigol robaqiZis<br />
`londa~ (reJ. gaiorgi gabilaia).<br />
qarTuli nacionaluri Teatris Seqmnisken aRebul<br />
gezs Tavisi istoria gaaCnia, rac aseve ukavSirdeba<br />
grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedebas. misi piesis `lamaras~<br />
mixedviT sandro axmetelma rusTavelis TeatrSi, 1930<br />
wels, gaxmaurebuli speqtakli dadga. axmetelis Sesaxeb<br />
v. kiknaZe wers: `axmetelis Semoqmedebis safuZvlebis<br />
Ziebas qarTuli Teatris uRrmesi saTaveebisaken mivyavarT.<br />
ufro sworad, es aris TviT eris sulSi moqceuli<br />
Teatralobis aRmoCenisa da gaSifrvis wadili.~<br />
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ar cxreboda polemika<br />
axmetelis SemoqmedebaSi nacionaluri raobis<br />
gamomxatveli mxatvruli formebis mniSvnelobasa<br />
da daniSnulebaze. mixeil kalandariSvili wignSi<br />
„sandro axmetelis reJisuris problemebi“ am<br />
sakiTxis analizs, axmetelis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb<br />
gamoqveynebuli mniSvnelovani statiebis saSualebiT<br />
axdens. mowinaaRmdege banakebad dayofili recenzentebis<br />
werilebis safuZvelze,romlebSic naTlad Cans,reJisoris<br />
mier, qarTul kulturul memkvidreobaSi nacionaluri<br />
formis Ziebis rTuli procesi, ikveTeba Semdegi: „am<br />
135
Tea kaxiani<br />
Ziebebs gansakuTrebuli sisavse da sicxade Seqonda<br />
mis sareJisoro praqtikaSi. ufro metic, yvelaferi<br />
es, met-naklebad irekleboda axmetelis Sexedulebebze<br />
qarTuli Teatris nacionaluri saxis Sesaxeb. aq<br />
axmeteli gamomdinareobda marTebuli Sexedulebidan:<br />
„nacionaluri mxolod kulturaSi poulobs ukvdavebas.<br />
naciis gadaSeneba iwyeba misi kulturis gaqrobidan...<br />
didi kultura yovelTvis nacionaluria da ar arsebobs<br />
ganyenebuli kultura“. 1<br />
naSromSi „miTosi da qarTuli Teatri“,Tamar bokuCava<br />
axmetelis werilebisa da misi praqtikuli moRvaweobis<br />
analizis safuZvelze, cxadyofs kavSirebiT sistemas,<br />
rac arsebobs miTs, nacionalur kulturas, mis umaRles<br />
gamovlinebas – xelovnebasa da am ukanasknelis erovnul<br />
formas Soris. axmetelis Teoriul mosazrebebsa da<br />
praqtikul Ziebebs mivyavarT esTetikuri formis,rogorc<br />
mxolod nacionaluri bunebis, zednaSenis gaazrebamde.<br />
„... axmetelis azriT, es swored is erTaderTi<br />
faqtoria, romelic formas esTetikur srulyofilebas<br />
da zogadad, esTetikur Tvisobriobas aniWebs. zemoT<br />
Tqmulidan gamomdinare, safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT,<br />
rom axmetelisTvis erovnuli arqetipuli anu miTiuria,<br />
da istoriaSi erovnuli kulturisa da misi mwvervalis<br />
– nacionaluri xelovnebis saxiT arsebobs“. 2<br />
axmetelis dadgmebidan, nacionaluri formis<br />
sakiTxi, yvelaze srulad, gamoikveTa s. SanSiaSvilis<br />
mier gadmoqarTulebul „anzorsa“ da g. robaqiZis<br />
„lamaraSi“. speqtakli „lamara“ Tavisi qarTuli<br />
dramaturgiuli sawyisiTa da scenuri ganxorcielebis<br />
mxatvruli doniT nacionaluri xelovnebis erT-erT<br />
brwyinvale gamoxatulebad iqca. misterias `lamara~,<br />
1. М. Каландаришвили. „Проблемиы режиссуры Сандро Ахметели“,<br />
Тбилиси, 1986, Стр. 16;<br />
2. ix.: T. bokuCava. sadisertacio naSromi „miTosi da qarTuli<br />
Teatri“.<br />
136
nacionaluri Teatris koncepcia 90–iani wlebis qarTul reJisuraSi<br />
romelic grigol robaqiZem 1920-ani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
dawera, igive miTi udevs safuZvlad, rac vaJa-fSavelas<br />
filosofiur poemas `gvelismWameli~. miTSi, romelSic<br />
gadmocemulia xevsuri mindias mier ezoTeruli sibrZnis<br />
daufleba, aucileblad devs nacionaluri cnobierebis<br />
gamovlineba. Tavis mxriv, rodesac mwerali nawarmoebs<br />
miTs udebs safuZvlad, safiqrebelia, rom am miTSi<br />
Cadebuli msoflmxedvelobis zedapirze amotana aqvs<br />
ganZraxuli. am msoflmxedvelobasa da arqetipebTan<br />
miaxloebis, maTi gaazrebis cduneba mwerlisa da Semdeg<br />
reJisoris mier nacionaluri specifikis, rogorc aseTis,<br />
sumburuli,Znelad mosaxelTebeli Sinaarsis konturebSi<br />
moqcevas niSnavda. `gonis erovnuli specifikis arsebobas,<br />
rogorc udavo WeSmaritebas intuitiurad SevigrZnobT.<br />
siZnele ki ibadeba imaSi, rodesac saWiro xdeba am<br />
specifikis, mis TaviseburebaTa CamoTvla an dafiqsireba.<br />
sityvebs, rogorc Cans ar gaaCniaT is niuansebi, romelTa<br />
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia gamoTqva is gansxvaveba, rasac<br />
`vigebT~, `vgrZnobT~, rodesac vlaparakobT: qarTul<br />
iumorze, vaJkacobaze, sizarmacesa Tu Sromisunarianobaze,<br />
megobrobasa Tu mtrobaze da a. S.~ 1 elene TofuriZe am<br />
azrs gamoTqvams kvlevaSi `adamianis problemis zogierTi<br />
aspeqti qarTul xalxur zraparSi~. misi azriT, qarTul<br />
zRaparSi, iseve rogorc miTebSi, SesaZlebelia qarTvelis<br />
mier samyaros gagebis wesis da msoflmxedvelobis<br />
garkveva.<br />
speqtaklSi „graalis mcvelni“ igive makavSirebeli<br />
sqema gaxda aqtualuri. mniSvnelovani iyo miTiT motanili<br />
informaciis gaazreba, masSi arsebuli erovnuli niSan-<br />
Tvisebebis identificireba. maTi konkretul, Sesatyvis<br />
formaSi moTavseba. es faqtori gansazRvravda interess<br />
miTisadmi, romelic Tavis mxriv, Tavis TavSi moicavda im<br />
1. e. TofuriZe. `adamianis problemis zogierTi aspeqti qarTul<br />
xalxur zraparSi~, Jurn. `xelovneba~, 1998, # 1-2, gv. 37.<br />
137
Tea kaxiani<br />
xasiaTis niuansebs, romlis wiaRSic mouxda aRmoceneba.<br />
Tanamedrove reJisura sandro axmetelis kvaldakval,<br />
isev ubrundeboda miTs, rogorc erovnuli, nacionaluri<br />
xasiaTidan wamosuli informaciisa da impulsebis<br />
sabados. axmetelis ZiebebTan Tanamedrove reJisuris<br />
Ziebebis Sedareba gvaZlevs varaudis gamoTqmis saSualebas,<br />
rom 90-ani wlebis dasawyisis qarTuli Teatraluri<br />
reJisura agrZelebda axmetelis mier dawyebul fiqrs<br />
nacionaluri Teatris Seqmnis Sesaxeb. es fiqri,<br />
axmetelTan, cxaddeboda rogorc mxatvrul nawarmoebSi,<br />
da mis komponentebSi (mag., `lamaras~ i. gamrekeliseul<br />
mxatvrobaSi nacionaluri landSaftiT da simbolikiT),<br />
aseve sarepeticio dRiurebis CanawerebSi: – „nacionaluri<br />
Teatraluri formebis Zieba SeuZlebelia xalxuri<br />
sanaxaobebis Rrma Seswavlis gareSe“. dRes ukve, albaT,<br />
aRaravisTvis aris sadavo – faqti – reJisoris miswrafeba<br />
gaeazrebina da Seeqmna Teatris nacionaluri formis<br />
modeli. magram, aRsaniSnavia is, rom Tu axmetelTan am<br />
ZiebaTa ZiriTadi aspeqti gamomdinareobda esTetikuri<br />
Teatris principebidan, Cven TanamedoveobaSi Canafiqris<br />
ganpirobebuloba da ganxorcielebis meTodika sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli iyo.<br />
mivubrundeT 90-ani wlebis movlenebs. erovnuli<br />
Teatris koncefciaze, qarTvel gmirze daiwyo fiqri<br />
qarTulma dramaturgiamac. laSa TabukaSvilis `taZari~,<br />
romelic aseve miTis safuZvelze Seiqmna, sandro<br />
axmetelis saxelobis TeatrSi 1990 wels aleqsandre<br />
qanTariam dadga. reJisorma amocanad daisaxa,rac SeiZleba<br />
meti qarTveli mwerali miezida TeatrSi. speqtaklebis<br />
programebze dabeWdili iyo manifesti, romelic ase<br />
mTavrdeboda: „RvTisa da eris SemweobiT, SevecdebiT,<br />
wavadgeT im did saqmes, rasac momavali Tavisufali da<br />
maRali kulturis mqone saqarTvelo hqvia.~<br />
maRal kulturaSi sakuTari misiis SegnebiT dadgmul<br />
speqtakls kritika deklaraciulobaSi adanaSaulebda.<br />
138
nacionaluri Teatris koncepcia 90–iani wlebis qarTul reJisuraSi<br />
laSa TabukaSvilis `taZars~ suramis cixis Tqmuleba<br />
udevs safuZvlad. speqtaklSic Tavidanve iyo daTqmuli<br />
piroba: Tu ers surs taZari aigos,Tavganwiruli ymawvili<br />
Tavisi nebiT unda daetanos kedels.<br />
sakmaod erTmniSvnelovnad daxasiaTebuli moqeife,<br />
udardeli brbos fonze ikveTeboda gmiri – leqso (goga<br />
gorgasaniZe), romelsac araviTari subieqturi mizezi<br />
ar ubiZgebda Tavganwirvisaken. msaxiobi asaxierebda<br />
axalgazrda, mxiarul, Tavmomwone adamians, romelic<br />
siyvarulisa da sicocxlis nacvlad Tavdadebul sikvdils<br />
irCevda. `gadawyvetilebis miRebis, misi gacnobierebis,<br />
masTan Sinagani Seguebis procesi dedasTan (nato gagniZe)<br />
Ramis dialogis scenaSi gaTamaSdeba. es scena msaxiobis<br />
mier zomierad, gulwrfelad, Warbi paTetikis gareSe<br />
sruldeba.~ 1<br />
sayuradReboa speqtaklis finaluri scena, romelmac,<br />
rogorc Cans araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia<br />
kritikasa da mayurebelSi. gmiris taZarSi Cakirvis scenas<br />
reJisori masStabur, paTetikur misteriad warmoadgenda,<br />
SemaZrwuneblad amaRlebuli musikiT, romelsac leqsos<br />
Seyvarebulis qviTini kidev ufro amZafrebda, scenis<br />
kulminaciur momentSi, roca mxolod erTi ficariRa<br />
sWirdeboda kedlis amoyvanas, uecrad Toma (z. qaSibaZe)<br />
angrevda kedels da xalxs amcnobda, rom msxverpli<br />
ukve gaRebuli iyo. kritikam Toma, romelic speqtaklis<br />
dasawyisSi, xalxs aseve amcnobda amave msxverplis<br />
aucileblobas, arc meti arc naklebi, avantiuristad<br />
aRiqva. meore mxriv, gakeTda Sedarebebi abraamisa da<br />
isaakis bibliuri Temis originalur variaciazec.<br />
speqtaklis paTetikurma notebma, rogorc Cans, xeli<br />
SeuSala dramaturgisa da reJisoris sakmaod sainterso<br />
gadawyvetis aRqmas. SemoTavazebuli `hefi endi~ dRes<br />
gacilebiT ufro Tanamedroved da gasagebad JRers, vidre<br />
1. „qarTuli Teatri dRes“. Jurn: `xelovneba~, 1990, #6, gv. 18.<br />
139
Tea kaxiani<br />
am Tqmulebis yvelasTvis nacnobi finali. speqtaklis<br />
SemoqmedebiTma jgufma mayurebels movlenebis gagebis<br />
procesSi,miTis `gadasinjvis~ reJimSi napovni gamosavali<br />
Seaxsena.<br />
JurnalSi „xelovneba,“ gamoqveynebul werilSi, f.<br />
yuSitaSvili, miTis transformaciaze miuTiTebs daviT<br />
andRulaZis mier dadgmul speqtaklSi `didostati~.<br />
speqtakli marjaniSvilis TeatrSi 1991 wels daidga.<br />
k.gamsaxurdias romanis `didostatis marjvena~<br />
inscenirebis avtori gigla xuxaSvili iyo. recenziis<br />
mixedviT, miTi, lazi xuroTmoZRvris arsakiZis Sesaxeb<br />
d. andulaZis speqtaklSi transformirda miTad zviad<br />
spasalarze. g. CuguaSvilis mier gansaxierebuli zviadi,<br />
gamWriaxi,eSmaki da gaqnili politikosi iyo. speqtaklSi<br />
is politikur TamaSs iwyebda da igebda kidec.<br />
„politikuri mafiis am didostatis winaSe uZlurni<br />
arian Tavad mefe da kaTalikosi.~ 1<br />
amave recenziaSi aRniSnulia epizodi, romelsac<br />
reJisori sagangebod gamohyofda, scenis centrSi mdgari<br />
zviad spasalari gamWoli mzeriT akvirdeboda mayurebels,<br />
mis mier mTel saqarTveloSi dagzavnili `damsmenni~ ki<br />
faseul cnobebs krebdnen Sina da gare mtrebis Sesaxeb.<br />
arsebobs Sinagani logika, romelmac `graalis<br />
mcvelnis~ Semdeg `didostatis~ dadgma gamoiwvia.<br />
is TiTqos pirdapiri pasuxic kia im procesebze rac<br />
qveyanaSi viTardeboda. rac ufro maRalia ocneba, miT<br />
ufro mtkivneulia masSi imedgacrueba. imedgacrueba jer<br />
ara, magram kritika ukve gaisma farsmanTa aRzevebisa da<br />
xuroTmoZRvris mokveTili mklavis TemaTa aqcentirebiT.<br />
`dRes mxolod rwmenaa Tavad ukvdaveba – ambobs reJisori,<br />
– radgan ngrevis da farisevlobis `sadidostatoSi~<br />
xelovans marjvenas kveTen~. 2<br />
1. f. yuSitaSvili. „didostatis~ miTi“ Jurn: `xelovneba~,<br />
1992, #1-2, gv. 135-141;<br />
2. iqve: gv. 136.<br />
140
nacionaluri Teatris koncepcia 90–iani wlebis qarTul reJisuraSi<br />
`didostatSi~ moqmedeba mxatvris saxelosnoSi<br />
viTardeboda. speqtakli iwyeboda usityvo plastikuri<br />
prologiT. xaraCoebze acocebuli Segirdebis Zalayinisa<br />
da CaquCis dartymis xmebi da SeZaxilebi qarTuli saomari<br />
cekvis `xorumis~ ritms gamoimuSavebdnen. scena 3-4 wuTi<br />
grZeldeboda da tempo-ritmi TandaTan matulobda. imave<br />
sceniT da imave `Sinagani musikiT~ mTavrdeboda speqtakli,<br />
rogorc cxovrebis dinebis ucvleli mdgomareoba.<br />
speqtaklis kamertoni daviT andRulaZes aseve hqonda<br />
napovni `graalis mcvelnSic~: `mTlian warmodgenas raRac<br />
gansakuTrebuli melodia da Sinagani JReradoba gaaCnia.<br />
iqmneba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom yvela msaxiobi Tavis<br />
ganumeorebel bgeras gamoscems.~ 1 azrovnebis musikalur<br />
abstraqtulobasTan erTad, amave speqtaklebSi vxvdebiT<br />
sruliad sqematur midgomebsac: Tu `graalis mcvelnSi~<br />
scenaze Semodioda Tavisufali saqarTvelos droSisfer<br />
CoxaSi gamowyobili Tavadi giorgi, `didostatSi~ Temur<br />
ninuas mier, mTlianad Sav-TeTris kontrastze agebul<br />
speqtaklSi aSkarad gamoikveTeboda muqSindisfer<br />
samosiani arsakiZe (revaz CxikviSvili).<br />
gasakviri ar aris, rom 1989 wlidan, saqarTvelos<br />
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis viTarebaSi, qarTuli<br />
Teatri erovnuli specifikiT iyo gansazRvruli, zogjer<br />
es mcdeloba zedapiruli da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT<br />
Seumdgaric gaxldaT. Teatri qveyanaSi mimdinare<br />
procesebs exmianeboda,rac qnida iseTi gmiris saxis Seqmnis<br />
aucileblobas, romelSic individualuri cnobierebis<br />
garda eris TviTcnobierebac xorcieldeboda. 2<br />
mivuaxlovdiT sakiTxs, rac Tanamedrove reJisuris<br />
Ziebebs ganasxvavebs nacionaluri Teatris koncefciis<br />
axmeteliseuli Ziebebisagan. rogorc aRvniSneT, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi,ganmasxvavebeli niSani reJisoruli Canafiqris<br />
ganmapirobebel faqtorebsa da misi ganxorcielebis<br />
1. k. abaSiZe. ix.: dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 24;<br />
2. „qarTuli Teatri dRes“ Jurn: `xelovneba~, 1990, #6, gv. 3.<br />
141
Tea kaxiani<br />
meTodikaSi devs.<br />
p. markovi wignSi „auxlesi Teatraluri<br />
mimdinareobebi“ ganixilavs fsiqologiuri, esTetikuri<br />
da revoluciuri Teatris maxasiaTeblebs. revoluciuri<br />
Teatri aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac qveyanaSi mimdinare<br />
procesebis zegavleniT warmoiSveba sakiTxi xelovnebaze,<br />
romelic revoluciis Tanxmieria, Teatrs afaseben misi<br />
aucileblobis da im sazogadoebrivi rolis mixedviT,<br />
romelsac is asrulebs. xolo misi zogad–mxatvruli<br />
Sefaseba meore planze inacvlebs. „marTlac, saWiro<br />
xdeba mxolod is xelovneba,mxolod is Teatri,romelic<br />
asrulebs gansazRvrul sazogadoebriv daniSnulebas;<br />
masebis fsiqikas, Sexedulebebsa da miswrafebebs saWiro<br />
mimarTulebiT warmarTavs.“ 1 ar aris Znelad SesamCnevi,<br />
rom qarTuli Teatri 90-ani wlebis dasawyisSi avlens<br />
swored im „revoluciuri Teatris“ ganwyobebs, rasac<br />
axasiaTebda p. markovi. rogorc aRvniSneT, am periodis<br />
qarTuli scena erovnulobis niSniT iyo gansazRvruli.<br />
mas ainteresebda qarTuli formisa da nacionalobis<br />
arsis sakiTxebi. rogori iyo qarTveli Tavisi garegnuli<br />
da Sinagani TvisebebiT? ra iyo is winaaRmdegobani, rac<br />
misi nacionaluri gamovlinebebis srulqmnas uSlida<br />
xels? _ es iyo kiTxvebi, romelzec fiqrobda qarTuli<br />
reJisura. Tumca, mniSvnelovani aqcenti, umTavresad,<br />
gadatanili iyo am sakiTxebis ara mxatvrul gaazrebaze,<br />
aramed im aucilebel sazogadoebriv rolze, romelsac<br />
Teatri asrulebda am sakiTxTa damuSavebis procesSi.<br />
1. П. А. Марков „Новейшие театральные течения“, Москва,<br />
1924. Стр. 40.<br />
142
msoflio Teatris<br />
istoria da Teoria<br />
naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.<br />
statiis stili daculia.<br />
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. Tamar bokuCava<br />
143
marika mamacaSvili<br />
doqtoranturis III kursi<br />
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
piter bruki msaxiobs Tvlis Teatris umTavres<br />
sayrden Zalad. igi am daskvnamde midioda nabij-nabij,<br />
cdisa da Secdomis, dauokebeli Ziebebis gziT.<br />
samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi, rogorc Semoqmedebis yvela<br />
sxva saxeobaSi, bruki upiratesobas aniWebs intuicias,<br />
qvecnobiers, Semoqmedebis iracionalur impulsebs.<br />
aseT dros yvelaferi SeiZleba iqces biZgad, TviT<br />
umniSvnelo detalic ki: ,,iyo SemTxveva, roca pols<br />
(igulisxmeba pol skofildi – m. m.) ar gamosdioda<br />
roli. [...] saRamoobiT poli TamaSobda hamlets, xolo<br />
dRisiT gavdiodiT axali speqtaklis repeticiebs grem<br />
grinis romanis mixedviT ,,Zalaufleba da dideba~. pols<br />
Zalian moswonda moridebuli, smis moyvare meqsikeli<br />
mRvdlis roli. igi naTlad xedavda am xasiaTs, magram<br />
misi sxeuli ar exmaureboda mis xedvas (kursivi Cemia<br />
– m. m.). mimdinareobda ,,hamletis~ bolo warmodgenebi<br />
da aseve axali speqtaklis bolo repeticiebi. avtori<br />
moicva sasowarkveTilebam, me SeSfoTebam, polisac<br />
etyoboda Relva – misi Semoqmedebis idumali meqanizmi<br />
(kursivi Cemia – m. m.) uZluri iyo raime gaekeTebia.<br />
man ver SeZlo rolis garegnuli monaxazis povnac ki.<br />
SabaTs ukanasknelad iTamaSes ,,hamleti~, xolo ori<br />
dRis Semdeg, orSabaTs, unda Semdgariyo Cveni premiera.<br />
kviras, generaluri repeticiis win, dakavebuli viyavi<br />
dekoraciisa da ganaTebis mowesrigebiT, xolo poli<br />
gaemarTa pirdapir sagrimiorosaken, sadac mas elodeboda<br />
dalaqi, raTa gadaeparsa didebuli romantikuli qoCori,<br />
romelic polma daiyena daniis princis rolisaTvis.<br />
uwyveti repeticiis dawyebis win parterSi vijeqi grem<br />
144
grinTan da inscenirebis avtorTan, denis kenanTan erTad.<br />
aiwia farda, gamoCnda mdinaris yuresTan mdgari qoxmaxi,<br />
fanjridan moCanda Jangiani gemi,uZravi mdinare,meqsikuri<br />
ca. wina planze kbilis eqimi kbils aZrobda indiels.<br />
ukana planze gaiRo kari da Semovida viRac Cofura kaci.<br />
mas ecva Savi kostiumi, saTvaleebi moTavsebuli hqonda<br />
rkinis budeSi, xelSi momcro Cemodani uWiravs. Cven ver<br />
mivxvdiT,vin aris es kaci an rogor moxvda scenaze. bolos<br />
da bolos cxadi gaxda: es polia,mTlianad saxeSecvlili.<br />
igi mTlianad imyofeboda axali arsebis gavlenis qveS,<br />
misi tani mniSvnelovnad dapataravda da sruliad<br />
uRimRamo gaxda. aqamde mas xels uSlida sakuTari Tavi,<br />
ufro zustad, misi Tmis hamleturi, aristokratiuli,<br />
didebuli varcxniloba. repeticiebis dros msaxiobis<br />
instinqti karnaxobda mas, rom raRac rigze araa, rom mis<br />
garegnobaSi aris raRac siyalbe. igi intuiciiT grZnobda,<br />
rom hamletis silueti imyofeba srul winaaRmdegobaSi<br />
mRvdlis rolTan. sakmarisi iyo sarkeSi daenaxa Tavisi<br />
gadaparsuli Tavi, rom maSinve azrebi da grZnobebi,<br />
dagrovili mravalkviriani repeticiebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
(kursivi Cemia – m. m.), uecrad Camoyalibdnen, da man Tavis<br />
TavSi ipova is adamiani, romelsac eZebda~. 1<br />
amrigad, rogorc davinaxeT, bruki srul upiratesobas<br />
aniWebs msaxiobis ,,Semoqmedebis idumal meqanizmebs~,magram<br />
arc imas iviwyebs,Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs ,,mravalkvirian<br />
repeticiebs~.<br />
brukis azriT,ra exmareba msaxiobs da ra aris misTvis<br />
usargeblo?<br />
exmareba mxolod miznis aRmoCena personaJis qcevasa<br />
da moqmedebaSi. misTvis usargebloa zogadi msjeloba<br />
personaJis irgvliv. mas mohyavs isev skofildis magaliTi<br />
mefe lirze muSaobis praqtikidan. man gaacno skofilds<br />
Tavisi xedva liris tragediis Sesaxeb: ,,liri – adamiania,<br />
1. Питер Брук, «Нити Времени» стр. 54-55-56. Москва, 2005.<br />
145
marika mamacaSvili<br />
romelsac surs yvelafrisgan ganTavisufldes. magram ra<br />
msxverplic ar unda gaiRos, mainc rCeba raRac, rasTanac<br />
igi mijaWvulia. igi uars ambobs mefobaze, magram mas<br />
rCeba mefuri uflebebi. igi uars ambobs uflebebze,magram<br />
rCeba qaliSvilebisadmi rwmena. es yvelaferi qreba, iseve<br />
rogorc qreba Weri TavszemoT, magram rCeba goneba. roca<br />
msxverplad mitanilia goneba, rCeba Rrma gulmxurvaleba<br />
sayvareli kordelias mimarT. magram kordeliac qreba am<br />
danakargebis sastik procesSi. aseTia piesis tragikuli<br />
moqmedebis logika”. da bruki ganagrZobs: ,,pols ar<br />
gamouxatavs enTuziazmi. igi frTxilad ganapirda: ,,mmm...~<br />
da mere Sefiqrianebulma Tqva: ,,SesaZlebelia, magram me,<br />
rogorc msaxiobma, ar unda vifiqro amaze imitom, rom es<br />
me,rogorc msaxiobs,ar mexmareba. me ar SemiZlia viTamaSo<br />
antimoqmedeba, me ar SemiZlia vuCveno raRacis arqona. me<br />
unda vipovo sxva gza energiis mobilizaciisTvis, unda<br />
aqtiurad vimoqmedo danakargebis drosac ki, marcxis<br />
drosac ki~. da bruki akeTebs mravalmniSvnelovan<br />
daskvnas: ,,am momentSi me samudamod mivxvdi, Tu raoden<br />
saxifaToa sakuTari ideebiT gataceba. sakmarisia erTi<br />
gaufrTxilebeli sityva, rom daamuxruWo an Seaferxo<br />
msaxiobis SemoqmedebiTi procesi~. 1<br />
zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebis gasamyareblad bruks<br />
moaqvs meore magaliTi, roca dramaturgiuli teqsti<br />
literaturulad gamarTulia, magram ar gamomdinareobs<br />
gmiris xasiaTidan da amitom ver exmianeba msaxiobis<br />
Semoqmedebis idumal meqanizmebs: ,,erTxel pols mouxda<br />
yoveldRiurad gadaelaxa axal piesaSi cudad agebuli<br />
da zereled dawerili scenis arasrulyofileba.<br />
repeticiebis bolos avtorma irwmuna Tavisi teqstis<br />
sisuste da meore dRes moitana sxva, ufro ukeTesi<br />
teqsti.<br />
Cven aRtacebuli viyaviT axali variantiT, magram<br />
1. iqve, gv. 57.<br />
146
epeticiis dawyebisTanave polma Tavi gadaaqnia: ,,Zvel<br />
variantSi me ukve vipovne is Zafebi, rac erTmaneTTan<br />
akavSirebs yovel calkeul replikas. am Zafebis<br />
wyalobiT me unari Semwevs gavacocxlo Zveli scenis<br />
monaxazi. axali varianti ukeTesia, magram misi TamaSi ar<br />
SemiZlia~. 1<br />
ipovos Zafi, razec aigeba personaJis yoveli sityva<br />
da qceva, _ ai ras Tvlis bruki yvelaze mTavar momentad<br />
msaxiobis xelovnebaSi. swored es aris scenaze organuli<br />
moqmedebis saTave da bruki swored amas miiCnevs Teatris<br />
umTavres faseulobad (kursivi Cemia – m. m.).<br />
Tuki aRvwerT da vuCvenebT sasurvel rezultats,<br />
msaxiobs SeuZlia garkveul momentSi misi gameoreba.<br />
magram imisaTvis,rom man es gaimeoros sakmarisi energiiT,<br />
unda daijeros, rom impulsi namdvilad mas ekuTvnis.<br />
es rwmena msaxiobs ebadeba Signidan da ver aRmocendeba<br />
reJisoris brZanebiT~. 2 magram kvlav ibadeba kiTxva, _<br />
rogor, ra gziT aris SesaZlebeli msaxiobSi energiis<br />
wyaros aRmoCena? brukis pasuxi sruliad araorazrovani<br />
da martivia. reJisorma unda iswavlos rolze muSaoba<br />
msaxiobTan erTad: ,,vidre me vlanZRavdi msaxiobebs<br />
speqtaklis marcxis gamo, binki intuiciiT mixvda raSi<br />
vcdebodi da Taviseburad, SemovliT da delikaturad<br />
amixsna yovelive sakmaod naTlad. ,,me vkiTxe alans, _<br />
meubneba is erT-erT msaxiobze, _ ratom ar aago man<br />
urTierToba partniorebTan, ratom ar aris scenaSi<br />
moZraoba kulminaciisaken. alanma ki mipasuxa: ,,piters<br />
amaze CvenTan ar umuSavia, is mxolod laparakobda<br />
mizanscenebze, stilze, sityvebis musikaze~. _ binkim<br />
TvalebSi Camxeda, magram laparaki ganagrZo kvlav<br />
miniSnebebiT: ,,me gamikvirda da vkiTxe alans: ,,Sen fiqrob,<br />
alan, rom Cvenma megobarma reJisorma unda gaswavlos<br />
1. iqve, gv. 58;<br />
2. iqve, gv. 132.<br />
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
147
marika mamacaSvili<br />
rogor iTamaSo?~ _ vaswavlo alans rogor iTamaSos!<br />
_ am sityvebma momca biZgi, mefiqra sxvagvarad. adre ar<br />
mifiqria profesiis am aspeqtze, yovelTvis vmuSaobdi<br />
gamocdil msaxiobebTan da karg teqstebze, _ gana ra<br />
vicodi msaxiobis xelovnebis Sesaxeb, risi micema<br />
SemeZlo, ra unda meswavlebia? arc gamocdileba mqonda<br />
da arc survili, gavmxdariyavi maswavlebeli. gana yvelas<br />
Tavisi profesia ara aqvs: gana msaxiobebma ar unda<br />
iTamaSon, mwerlebma – weron, xolo reJisorebma Seqmnan<br />
vizualuri saxe, warmoSvan energia, bgerebi, gamoavlinon<br />
gamomgonebloba?<br />
magram SekiTxva warmoiSva da jiutad iTxovda<br />
yuradRebas. me vxedavdi, rom msaxiobs verafers vaswavli,<br />
scenaze arasodes miTamaSnia da vicodi, rom arc<br />
arasodes viTamaSebdi. sityva ,,vaswavli~ ar iyo sworad<br />
SerCeuli. miuxedavad amisa, rom igi gulisxmobda raRac<br />
absoluturad zusts, moiTxovda gagebas...<br />
...sityvam ,,konkretuli~, pirvelad SeiZina uaRresad<br />
pirdapiri, praqtikuli azri, TiTqosda es iyo ankesi,<br />
romelzec ekida danarCeni simarTle, _ personaJis<br />
cxovrebis wvrilmanebi, fsiqologiuri wvrilmanebi,<br />
siuJetis wvrilmanebi _ speqtaklis is Semadgeneli<br />
nawilebi, romlebsac msaxiobebTan ganvixilavdi saerTo<br />
niSnebiT, konkretulis povnas ki maT vuTmobdi. axla ki<br />
mivxvdi, rom es yvelaferi Cemi safiqralicaa~. 1 (kursivi<br />
yvelgan Cemia – m. m.)<br />
amrigad, bruki ukve ayalibebs msaxiobTan muSaobis<br />
meTodologiur normebs. energetikuli impulsebis<br />
gaRviZeba, muSaoba rolze msaxiobTan erTad, – yovelive<br />
es pirdapiri rekomendaciebia. da ai, dgeba momenti, roca<br />
bruki gvesaubreba msaxiobebis Semoqmedebaze partniorTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, maT urTierTobaze rolis Seqmnis momentSi,<br />
sadac igi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs msaxiobis mxridan<br />
1. iqve, gv. 134<br />
148
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
partnioris mosmenis unars: ,,mousmino – es gamocanaa,<br />
saidumloebaa. imisaTvis, rom sxeuli ismendes da amave<br />
dros iyos umoZrao, saWiroa igi vavarjiSoT moZraobaSi.<br />
SemTxveviTi rodia, rom diriJorebi cocxloben didxans<br />
– isini mTeli cxovreba varjiSoben, harmoniaSi moyavT<br />
sxeuli, grZnoba da azri (kursivi Cemia – m. m.).<br />
repeticiebzec da sajaro Sesrulebis drosac diriJori<br />
erTdroulad da Tanabar xarisxSi eyrdnoba am sam<br />
Semadgenel nawils. [...] aseTi gziT ganviTarebul sxeuls<br />
SeuZlia mSvidad idges da usmendes~. 1<br />
ra Tqma unda, bruks SemTxveviT ar moaqvs diriJoris<br />
magaliTi. aq igi qaragmulad miuTiTebs im harmoniaze,<br />
uromlisodac ar arsebobs sulieri wonasworoba da<br />
bunebrivia ver iarsebebs mosmenis unaric. amasTanave,<br />
aq igrZnoba gadaZaxili gurjievis swavlebasTan, sadac<br />
sulieri wonasworobis garanti aris es sami Semadgeneli<br />
nawili, oRond im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sxeulis qveS<br />
vigulisxmebT adamianis instinqtebs.<br />
brukis azriT, msaxiobSi ganviTarebuli da harmoniul<br />
TanxmobaSi unda iyos moyvanili es sami sawyisi, maSin igi<br />
advilad SeZlebs partnioris mosmenas da Sesabamisad, mis<br />
sityvebsa da qcevaze reagirebas. da kvlav qaragmulad<br />
bruki miuTiTebs imaze, rom mosmena sulac ar niSnavs<br />
umoqmedobas. ufro metic, mosmena Seicavs moqmedebis<br />
iseT speqtrs, rac, SesaZloa, metyvelebasac ki sWarbobdes:<br />
,,mimebis didma mamam etien dekrum, romelsac hqonda<br />
paradoqsis maxvili grZnoba, erTxel aseTi ram miTxra:<br />
,,xalxs hgonia,rom mimis xelovneba – dumilis xelovnebaa,<br />
magram mciredi gamonaklisis garda, es marTali ar<br />
aris. Cveulebriv, mimi SeuCereblad laparakobs, radgan<br />
ufleba ara aqvs Tund erTi wamiT moadunos mayureblis<br />
yuradReba. man gamudmebiT unda gamosces signalebi,<br />
1. iqve, gv. 134.<br />
1<strong>49</strong>
marika mamacaSvili<br />
sxvagvarad aravin indomebs mis yurebas~. 1<br />
da bruki iwyebs am ,,signalebis~ Ziebas, maT<br />
gamomuSavebas msaxiobSi: ,,savarjiSoebs, mofiqrebuls<br />
xmisa da sxeulisaTvis,SevyavdiT sferoSi,romlis Sesaxeb<br />
araferi vicodiT da arc gamocdileba gvqonda [...]<br />
... me gamiqra survili SemeTxza sxva, warmosaxuli<br />
samyaro, da yovelive amis Sedegad Cven davinaxeT,<br />
ramdenad usazRvroa msaxiobis SesaZleblobebi, roca is<br />
damoukidebelia da ar sargeblobs reJisoris sabjenebiT~. 2<br />
aqve bruki exeba im sakiTxs, rac gansazRvravs saerTod<br />
xelovnebis da gansakuTrebiT Teatralur xelovnebis<br />
misiasac – religiamde ayvanil saTnoebis sakiTxs:<br />
,,msaxiobebs da reJisorebs unari SeswevT qvecnobieris<br />
bneli sferoebidan aRmoacenon Rrmad mimaluli saxeebi,<br />
romelTa damangreveli Zala imdenad didia, rom saWiroa<br />
mkacrad hkiTxo sakuTar Tavs, gaqvs Tu ara imis ufleba<br />
gadmoanTxio igi sxvebze.<br />
wlebis msvlelobaSi, mravali cdisa da Secdomis<br />
Sedegad Cven mivxvdiT,rom saTnoeba partniorebs Soris da<br />
mayurebelTa darbazis mimarT bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />
vidre sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvis survili~ 3 (kursivi<br />
Cemia _ m. m.).<br />
anu, bruki ar Tvlis Tavis gamoxatvas xelovnebis<br />
umTavres Rirebulebad. misTvis is ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />
Tu ras gamoxatavs xelovani da ra mizniT. am debulebiT<br />
igi uaxlovdeba xelovnebis religiur daniSnulebas,<br />
romlis mixedviT, nebismieri Semoqmedeba imdenadve<br />
mSvenieria, ramdenadac saTno da keTili. yvela religiis<br />
daniSnulebac xom es aris, saTnoeba gaaRvivos moyvasis<br />
mimarT.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, brukma bevri ram isesxa<br />
meierholdis biomeqanikidanac. yuradRebis gamaxvileba<br />
1. iqve, gv. 206;<br />
2. iqve, gv. 212;<br />
3. iqve, gv. 213.<br />
150
sxeulze,rogorc maregulirebel da mgrZnobiare aparatze,<br />
autotreningis sxvadasxva formebi – es yovelive<br />
ukve aprobirebuli da Teoriulad dasabuTebul iqna<br />
vsevolod emileviCis mier. magram rogorc yovelTvis,<br />
bruki aqac eZebs Tavis gzas da misi damokidebuleba<br />
Teoriuli memkvidreobisadmi kvlavac SemoqmedebiTia.<br />
meierholdis ideebiT dainteresebam, Tavi gansakuTrebiT<br />
iCina Seqspiris ,,zafxulis Ramis sizmarze~ muSaobis<br />
dros: ,,repeticiebis dawyebisTanave, amocanad davisaxe<br />
msaxiobebSi speqtaklisTvis saWiro Cvevebis gamomuSaveba.<br />
am mizniT gamoviyene savarjiSoebis kaleidoskopi,<br />
romlebic SevimuSave sxva eqsperimentebis dros.<br />
ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi msaxiobebs es savarjiSoebi<br />
Tavsatexad moeCvenaT. isini muSaobdnen mxolod ndobis<br />
wyalobiT da Znelad warmoedginaT,Tu rogor moiyvandnen<br />
mTlianobaSi calkeul nawilebs. dRe iwyeboda gimnasturi<br />
savarjiSoebiT kargi fizikuri formis mosapoveblad;<br />
SemdgomSi mecadineoba mimdinareobda sacirko triukebis<br />
da komikuri improvizaciebis mimarTulebiT, raTa<br />
gagveRvivebina gamomgonebloba da TamaSis survili<br />
mxolod TamaSisaTvis. TamaSi speqtaklSi unda hgavdes<br />
sixarulis momniWebel sports – es iyo muSaobis mTavari<br />
mizani. [...] mogvianebiT ganrigSi SevitaneT mecadineoba<br />
musikaSi, simRerasa da cekvaSi [...] 1 (. kursivi Cemia –<br />
m.m.)<br />
da yovelive amis Semdeg, bruki kvlav ubrundeba<br />
,,sxeulis~ Temas, rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors<br />
msaxiobis xelovnebaSi. vfiqrobT droulia,rom paralelis<br />
gasavlebad, gavixsenoT meierholdis ,,biomeqanikis~<br />
zogierTi umTavresi debuleba. pirvel rigSi igi warmoiSva<br />
rogorc msaxiobis wvrTnisa da scenuri ganwyobis<br />
SemuSavebis sistema. es iyo specialuri varjiSebis<br />
wyeba (gimnasturi, plastikuri, akrobatuli), romelTa<br />
1. iqve, gv. 235.<br />
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
151
marika mamacaSvili<br />
SesrulebiT msaxiobis tani moqnili da gamomsaxveli<br />
xdeboda. amasTanave, am gziT msaxiobi Tavisufldeboda<br />
kunTuri daZabulobisagan, rac mniSvnelovanwilad xels<br />
uwyobda fsiqikuri daZabulobis moxsnasac 1 . zogad<br />
treiningul amocanebTan erTad,biomeqanika miznad isaxavda<br />
mxatvrul amocanebsac. meierholdis Teatraluri xedva<br />
msaxiobisgan moiTxovda rolis plastikur gaxsnas, tanis<br />
mxatvrul ametyvelebas. swored am gziT msaxiobs unda<br />
aesaxa personaJis fsiqikuri da mentaluri Taviseburebani.<br />
meierholds es gza miaCnda scenuri Stampebis Tavidan<br />
acilebis saukeTeso saSualebad.<br />
biomeqanikas didi roli eniWeboda sarepeticio<br />
periodSi. misi SemweobiT xdeboda scenuri ganwyobis<br />
SemuSaveba. msaxiobs sityvebze da movlenebze jer taniT<br />
(plastikiT) unda moexdina reagireba da mxolod amis<br />
Semdgom _ sityviT an JestiT.<br />
meierholdi modernistTa Soris erT-erTi imaTgania,<br />
vinac SeZlo Tavisi Sexedulebebis ara mxolod<br />
Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli xorcSesxmac. Cven Tamamad<br />
SegviZlia igive vTqvaT brukis Sesaxeb, rasac naTlad<br />
mowmobs misive Teoriuli Sexedulebani: ,,Tuki sxeuli<br />
ar aris gaRviZebuli da CarTuli procesSi, msaxiobs<br />
ideebi iZulebiT amoaqvs ukve cnobili da mravalgzis<br />
gamoyenebuli gonebis salarodan, rac zarals ayenebs<br />
gonebaze maRla mdgom SemoqmedebiT doneebs~ 2 (kursivi<br />
Cemia – m.m.).<br />
Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom brukisaTvis msaxiobis<br />
xelovnebaSi umTavresia intuiciis, qvecnobieri<br />
SemoqmedebiTi impulsebis amoqmedeba, naTeli xdeba,<br />
Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebs igi ,,sxeulis<br />
gamoRviZebas~.<br />
aRsaniSnavia,rom brukis yvela eqsperimenti emsaxureba<br />
1. Вс.мейерхольд. Статьи, письма, речи,беседи. М.,1968,с.205;<br />
2. iqve, gv. 236.<br />
152
mayurebelze zemoqmedebis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebebis<br />
Ziebas. XX saukunis II naxevris reJisorTa Soris, bruki<br />
albaT upirvelesia ,,mayureblis faqtoris~ Seswavlisa<br />
da gaTvaliswinebis TvalsazrisiT. SemTxveviTi rodia,<br />
rom swored Seqspiri iqca im avtorad, romelsac<br />
igi mTlianad daeyrdno Tavis ZiebebSi. Seqspiri xom<br />
upirvelesia dramaturgTa Soris swored scenuri<br />
efeqtebis SeTxzvis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
da ai, bruki kvlav mimarTavs Tamam eqsperiments:<br />
,,muSaobis axali saSualebebis Ziebis dros, pirvelad<br />
cxovrebaSi,repeticiebze moviwvieT bavSvebi. [...] bavSvebis<br />
reaqciam gvikarnaxa, Tu ras SeiZleba vendoT, ra iyo<br />
saSinao, mxolod CvenTvis sasixarulo, ra iyo nakleb<br />
damajerebeli,ra _ banaluri an bundovani. aman STagvagona<br />
axali eqsperimentis Catareba sami kviris Semdeg.<br />
repeticiebi dasrulebuli ar gvqonda,roca birmingemis<br />
klubSi vuCveneT speqtaklis improvizebuli varianti,<br />
sadac axalgazrdebi isxdnen iatakze, xolo piesis erTerTi<br />
personaJi (fskera), saxeze gazeTgadafarebuli iwva<br />
maT Soris. Cven Segnebulad ar wamoviReT rekviziti,<br />
daviviwyeT ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili<br />
yvela mizanscena da monafiqri, speqtaklis SeTxzva<br />
xdeboda uSualod msvlelobis procesSi, arsebuli<br />
sivrcis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sedegad miviReT mCqefare,<br />
cocxali speqtakli~ 1 (bruki aqve ganmartavs, rom es<br />
warmateba atarebda lokalur xasiaTs, warmoSobili iyo<br />
konkretul sivrceSi da gaTvlili iyo bavSvebze, anu<br />
yvelaze gulwrfel, uSualo mayurebelze).<br />
cxadia, sxva pirobebi da moTxovnebi wamoayena scenakolofma,Tumc<br />
is ,,nervi~,razec aigo warmateba bavSvebTan,<br />
msaxiobebSi SenarCunebul iqna. amis Sesaxeb bruki wers:<br />
,,magram rodesac davbrundiT stratfordSi da daviwyeT<br />
repetireba erTi erTze veeberTela carieli darbazis<br />
1. iqve, gv. 237.<br />
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
153
marika mamacaSvili<br />
pirispir, SevZrwundiT da mivxvdiT, rom ver gamoviyenebT<br />
verc erT mignebas, romelic daibada improvizebul<br />
speqtaklSi. didi sivrce iTxovs sxva xerxebs,<br />
msaxiobebis yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, raTa gadailaxos<br />
manZili scenidan mayurebelTa darbazamde (kursivi Cemia<br />
– m. m.). swored amitom, trapeciebi, oCofexebi, garbenebi,<br />
kulbitebi,kostiumebis ZiriTadi tonebi – rac momavalSi<br />
ase moewoneba mayurebels, _ ukiduresad aucilebeli<br />
gaxda scena-kolofis sivrceSi. magram birmingemis<br />
improvizaciebi iyo uaRresad mniSvnelovani, man gaaRviZa<br />
msaxiobebSi axali energia da Tavisuflebis SegrZneba,aman<br />
ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba speqtaklis ,,mTeli eSxi~. 1<br />
bruki aqve xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom arsebobs<br />
mkacri gamijvna komerciul da akademiur Teatrebs<br />
Soris, sadac komerciuli cdilobs sxvadasxva triukisa<br />
da Teatraluri efeqtebis gamoyenebiT moxiblos da<br />
gaarTos mayurebeli, xolo akademiuri ki cdilobs<br />
ganacvifros mayurebeli Tavisi maRali kulturiT da<br />
daxvewili ostatobiT.<br />
brukis azriT arsebobs mesame gzac, roca maRali<br />
kultura da ostatoba ki ar efloba TavmowonebaSi,<br />
aramed cdilobs ipovos yvela triukze da scenur<br />
efeqtze ufro efeqturi scenuri qmedeba, cdilobs<br />
miagnos mayurebelTan kontaqtis wminda Teatralur<br />
saSualebebs, romelTa simZlavre gacilebiT metia, vidre<br />
nebismieri maxvilgonivruli triuki an scenuri efeqti.<br />
swored aseTi Teatris apologetia piter bruki. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT igi wers: ,,cxadi gaxda, rom mayurebelTan<br />
urTierTobis gakveTilebis miReba SeiZleba ara marto<br />
komerciul TeatrSi. me mkafiod gavacnobiere: mayurebeli<br />
aris Teatraluri procesis ganuyofeli nawili, da me<br />
gadavwyvite ufro Rrmad Semeswavla es meqanizmebi.<br />
amas garda, Cven gavakeTeT daskvna, rom arsebobs<br />
1. iqve, gv. 237.<br />
154
speqtaklis ori sruliad gansxvavebuli mxare, da<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTi dacalkeveba.<br />
aris mizanscenebi, dadgmis garegnuli saxe, romelic<br />
Seicavs speqtaklis fizikur pirobebs – mayurebelTa<br />
darbazi da masSi adgilebis raodenoba, scenis zomebi<br />
da sxva amdagvari faqtorebi. magram aris, agreTve,<br />
speqtaklis faruli sicocxle, personaJebis uxilavi<br />
urTierTobebi da piesaSi aRZruli Temebi, romlebic<br />
yalibdeba repeticiebis procesSi. dadgmis es mxare<br />
cocxlobs garegnuli formisgan damoukideblad da<br />
garemos Secvlis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia migviyvanos axal<br />
sadadgmo variantebTan~ 1 (kursivi Cemia – m. m.).<br />
eWvgareSea,rom brukis <strong>Ziebani</strong> kvlavac orientirebulia<br />
uxilavis xilulad qcevis procesze. amas niSnavs<br />
,,faruli sicocxle~ da ,,uxilavi urTierTobebi~. garemos<br />
SecvliT isini iTxoven axal gamomsaxvel saSualebes,rac<br />
sareJisoro da saerTod sasceno teqnikis saqmea. mTavari<br />
ki, scenuri sicocxlis nervi ukve mopovebulia da<br />
reJisors, msaxiobebs isRa darCeniaT, eZebon saSualebebi<br />
rogor ,,gadaabijon rampas~, rogor ,,miawvdinon xma~<br />
mayrebels.<br />
interess iwvevs brukis saubrebi reJisorisa da<br />
msaxiobis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. ai, ras ambobs<br />
bruki gazeT ,,izvestiis~ korespondentisTvis micemul<br />
interviuSi:<br />
korespondenti: TqvenTan saubris dros, didma<br />
polonelma reJisorma eJi grotovskim Tqva: ,,Cemi <strong>Ziebani</strong><br />
eyrdnoba reJisorsa da msaxiobs, Tqveni – msaxiobs,<br />
reJisors da mayurebels. aseTi gza misaRebia, magram<br />
CemTvis igi metismetad daxlarTulia.~<br />
Tqveni samocwliani praqtikidan gamomdinare, xom ar<br />
fiqrobT,rom grotovski marTalia,rom Tqveni Teatraluri<br />
ideebi ufro srulyofilad ganxorcieldeboda, Tuki maT<br />
1. iqve, gv. 239.<br />
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
155
marika mamacaSvili<br />
ganaviTarebdiT publikisagan moSorebiT da speqtaklebs<br />
gaTvlidiT mxolod maRalkvalificiur mayurebelze.<br />
bruki: me arasodes damisaxavs miznad sakuTari<br />
ideebis realizacia! zizRis momgvrelia, roca reJisori<br />
ideebs epotineba. misi profesia misgan amas ar iTxovs.<br />
[...] aseT dros nadgurdeba yvelaze faseuli TeatrSi.<br />
polifoniurobis nacvlad, rac gapirobebulia sxvadasxva<br />
individualobebis SerwymiT, Cven vRebulobT samyaros<br />
Sesaxeb calmxriv, mikerZoebul Sexedulebas. [...] Teatri<br />
reJisors uyenebs sul sxva amocanas. reJisoris mizania,<br />
da me es araerTxel aRvniSne, sicocxle STaberos<br />
uxilavs. amisaTvis mas sWirdeba sxva adamianebi, maTTan<br />
xangrZlivi kontaqti, xangrZlivi repeticiebi, romlis<br />
procesSi reJisori ki ar Trgunavs msaxiobebs, aramed<br />
aZlevs srulfasovan SesaZleblobas gaixsnan pirovnulad.<br />
reJisors sWirdeba sxva adamianebi. ai axla me gesaubrebiT<br />
da es mexmareba,rom ufro naTlad gamovxato Cemi azrebi.<br />
es bevrad ufro efeqturia, vidre is, roca marto xar da<br />
damoukideblad ayalibeb azrebs.<br />
reJisors sWirdeba msaxiobi, msaxiobs sWirdeba<br />
partniori. ase yalibdeba jgufi. [...] reJisoris energia<br />
(idea kia ara, energia, rac bevrad ufro farTo da<br />
mZlavria) gamoxatulebas hpovebs mxolod adamianebis<br />
jgufTan mimarTebaSi. misi energia mravldeba mxolod<br />
msaxiobebis SemweobiT. xolo roca modis publika,<br />
reJisoris energia mravldeba aTaswilad. mayurebelTan<br />
damokidebuleba unda ganviTardes TandaTanobiT.<br />
mayurebels da msaxiobebs unda CamouyalibdeT msgavsi<br />
gancda. ara idea, ara mesiji, aramed Tanagancda! azri<br />
aRmocendeba Semdgom. azri da gancda unda SeerTdnen.<br />
[...] Tuki speqtakli agebulia mxolod emociebze, arc is<br />
Rirs ramed. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia bevrad ufro<br />
Zlieri ryevebi ganvicadoT rok-koncertze. speqtaklSi<br />
156
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
azri da gancda unda SeerTdnen.~ 1<br />
amrigad, brukis azriT, Teatri energiaTa<br />
urTierTgacvlis asparezia da aq Tanabari roli eniWebaT<br />
msaxiobs, reJisors da mayurebels. misi azriT, mxolod<br />
aseT viTarebaSi aris SesaZlebeli ,,azrisa da gancdis<br />
SeerTeba~. amitom aris misTvis namdvili Teatri uwyveti<br />
SemoqmedebiTi procesi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom bruki xSirad imeorebs ukve cnobil<br />
Teoriebs wyaroebis moSveliebis gareSe. ase, magaliTad,<br />
mayureblisa da Teatraluri qmedebis absoluturi<br />
Serwymis survili, aSkarad gvagonebs f. g. lorkas<br />
literaturul esses ,,duendes Teoria da TamaSi~. wignSi<br />
,,carieli sivrce~ bruki wers: ,,rogorc wesi, gamocdili<br />
msaxiobi, roca kiTxulobs mniSvnelovan nawyvets, TviTon<br />
gamostacebs mayurebels yuradRebis im xarisxs, rac<br />
Seesabameba misi Sesrulebis damajereblobis xarisxs.<br />
zogjer msaxiobi axerxebs auditoriis yuradRebis<br />
srul dapyrobas (kursivi yvelgan Cemia – m. m.), da<br />
maSin mas, rogorc matador-virtuozs, SeuZlia Tavs<br />
moaxvios mayurebels yvelaferi, rac surs.~ 2 ,,duendes<br />
TeoriaSic~ magaliTad moyvanilia swored matadoris da<br />
xaris saboloo Serkinebis gadamwyveti momenti, rogorc<br />
,,duendes~ yvelaze mkafio nimuSi. imisda mixedviT,SeZlebs<br />
Tu ver SeZlebs matadori xaris SublSi daSnis gayras,<br />
damokidebulia erTi mxriv misi, da meore mxriv xaris<br />
sicocxle. da swored es qmnis daZabulobis im muxts,<br />
rasac lorka uwodebda ,,duendes~ da rasac eswrafvis<br />
Tavis SemoqmedebaSi piter bruki.<br />
cxadia, aseTi ,,egzistencialuri wamisken~ swrafva,<br />
TavisTavad gansazRvravs msaxiobebTan muSaobis<br />
specifikas, Tumca bruks kargad aqvs Segnebuli, rom<br />
aqac yovelive damokidebulia msaxiobis Tandayolil<br />
1. gaz. ,,Известия”, #17, 1989 w.<br />
2. Питер Брук «Пустое пространство». стр. 45.<br />
157
marika mamacaSvili<br />
monacemebze: ,,rCeuli msaxiobebi, iseve rogorc yvela<br />
namdvili mxatvrebi, dajildoebulni arian erTgvari<br />
idumali niWiT, _ ramdenadme gacnobierebuliT, magram<br />
sami meoTxedi – gaucnobierebeliT (xazgasma Cemia – m.<br />
m.), rasac isini uwodeben ,,instinqts~, ,,winaTgrZnobas~,<br />
,,Sinagan xmas~. maTi daxmarebiT isini srulyofen Tavis<br />
xedvas da ostatobas.~ 1 magram msaxiobis monacemebi<br />
is potencialia, romelic mJRavndeba mxolod swori<br />
reJisoruli meTodologiis pirobebSi. bruks kargad<br />
aqvs Segnebuli, rom msaxiobs swored reJisorma unda<br />
Seuqmnas SemoqmedebiTi niadagi: ,,odiTganve cnobilia,rom<br />
sxvadasxva dasSi momuSave msaxiobebi,iSviaTi gamonaklisis<br />
garda,bolomde ver avlenen Tavis SesaZleblobebs. magram<br />
CvenTvis isic cnobilia, rom mudmivi dasic ganwirulia,<br />
Tuki mas ar gaaCnia mizani, da, Sesabamisad, meTodi da,<br />
Sesabamisad, skola~ 2 (kursivi Cemia – m. .).<br />
brukis azriT, ,,mizani~ farTo cnebaa da moicavs<br />
sazogadoebrivi Tu pirovnuli cxovrebis uamrav<br />
aspeqtebs. am SemTxvevaSi ,,mizanSi~ igi ar gulisxmobs<br />
mayurebelze politikuri an moraluri zemoqmedebis<br />
mcdelobas. aq saubaria swored SemoqmedebiT mizanze,<br />
rac qmnis kidec meTods da Sesabamisad, skolasac. brukis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi aseT SemoqmedebiT miznad SegviZlia Tamamad<br />
davasaxeloT misi swrafva uxilavis gamosaxvisaken. misi<br />
eqsperimentebis ,,veqtoric~ aqeTkenaa mimarTuli: ,,Cven<br />
winaSe ijda msaxiobi, romelsac vTxoveT Tavis TavSi<br />
warmoesaxa iseTi dramatuli situacia, romelic ar<br />
moiTxovs fizikur qmedebas,da SevecadeT mivmxvdariyaviT<br />
mis sulier mdgomareobas. ra Tqma unda, es SeuZlebeli<br />
aRmoCnda, rac daamtkica kidec am eqsperimentma. Semdeg<br />
Cven SevecadeT dagvedgina, ra minimaluri gamomsaxveli<br />
saSualebebia saWiro, rom gamocnoba SesaZlebeli gaxdes:<br />
1. iqve, gv. <strong>49</strong>;<br />
2. iqve, gv. <strong>49</strong>.<br />
158
gera, moZraoba, ritmi; SeuZliaT Tu ara am elementebs<br />
erTmaneTis Canacvleba, Tu yovel maTgani Taviseburad<br />
SemosazRvrulia da aqvs gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedebis<br />
Zala? Cven vmuSaobdiT da yovel monakveTSi vayenebdiT<br />
mkacr pirobebs. msaxiobs vavalebdiT ecnobebia CvenTvis<br />
sakuTari ganzraxva – dasawyisi yovelTvis iyo azri an<br />
survili, romelic man unda miitanos mayureblamde, _<br />
magram Cveni eqsperimentis pirobebis mixedviT, msaxiobs<br />
SeeZlo gamoeyenebia, magaliTad, mxolod erTi TiTi, erTi<br />
intonacia, erTi amoZaxili an dastvena.~ 1<br />
bruki ,,uxilavs~ eZebs partniorebis urTierTobaSic:<br />
,,msaxiobi zis oTaxis kuTxeSi saxiT kedlisaken.<br />
mopirdapire kuTxidan mas zurgSi umzers meore msaxiobi,<br />
romelsac akrZaluli aqvs moZraoba. misi amocanaa –<br />
damorCileba aiZulos pirvels. vinaidan pirveli zis<br />
zurgiT, mas Tavisi survilebis gamoxatva SeuZlia<br />
mxolod bgerebiT, radgan sityvis warmoTqma akrZaluli<br />
aqvs. [...]<br />
Cveni savarjiSoebis procesSi Cven ramdenjerme miviReT<br />
fenomenaluri Sedegi: xangrZlivi siCume, yuradRebis<br />
maqsimaluri mokreba,meore msaxiobi gamoscems sxvadasxva<br />
bgeras – ustvens, SiSinebs. da amis Semdeg, moulodnelad,<br />
pirveli msaxiobi dgeba da uyoymanod asrulebs im<br />
moZraobebs, romelic Caifiqra meorem. [...]<br />
analogiuri xerxebiT msaxiobebi cdilobdnen<br />
daemyarebiaT kontaqti partniorebTan, magaliTad,<br />
frCxilebis kakuniT, anu kvlavac gamomdinareobdnen<br />
aucilebeli moTxovnilebidan, raRac gamoexataT da<br />
sargeblobdnen mxolod erTi saSualebiT. mocemul<br />
SemTxvevaSi es iyo ritmi, sxva SemTxvevaSi Tvalebis<br />
Sexvedra an kefisken mimarTuli mzera. gansakuTrebiT<br />
faseuli savarjiSo aRmoCnda Cxubi – dartymebis gacvla,<br />
romlis drosac akrZaluli iyo erTmaneTTan Sexeba,<br />
1. iqve, gv. 85.<br />
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
159
marika mamacaSvili<br />
Tavis, xelebis da fexebis moZraoba. anu, sxvagvarad rom<br />
vTqvaT, am savarjiSoSi daSvebuli iyo mxolod torsis<br />
moZraoba. da am akrZalvebis miuxedavad, partniorebs<br />
Soris imarTeboda brZola – fizikuri da emociuri, _<br />
brZola, romelic gaivlida yvela Cveulebriv fazas.<br />
aseT savarjiSoebs araferi aqvT saerTo tanvarjiSTan,<br />
Tumca xels uwyoben kunTebis gamagrebas. maTi azri imaSia,<br />
rom SesaZleblobaTa SezRudviT,gavzardoT winaaRmdegoba<br />
da miT namdvili gamomsaxvelobis miRwevis Sansebic.<br />
ori joxis erTmaneTze xaxunis dros moqmedebs igive<br />
kanoni: erTmaneTis mowinaaRmdege zedapirebis xaxuniT<br />
Cndeba cecxli; rogorc Cans, amave xerxiT SesaZlebelia<br />
sicocxle mivceT sxva wvasac. am savarjiSoebis procesSi<br />
msaxiobi xvdeba, rom uxilavi sxvisTvis SesaZlebelia<br />
sagrZnobi gavxadoT mxolod yuradRebis maqsimaluri<br />
mokrebis gziT; rom amisaTvis saWiroa nebisyofa,msaxiobis<br />
mTeli sulieri Zalebi, gabedulebac da azris sinaTlec.<br />
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegia – msaxiobis uryevi<br />
rwmena, rom amisaTvis saWiroa forma. ar aris sakmarisi<br />
ganvicadoT Zlieri grZnobebi; imisaTvis,rom SevasruloT<br />
SemoqmedebiTi naxtomi, saWiroa Seiqmnas axali forma,<br />
romelic gaxdeba msaxiobis impulsebis matarebeli<br />
da gamtari. swored es aris is, rasac samarTlianad<br />
uwodeben ,,moqmedebas~ 1 (kursivi yvelgan Cemia. m. m.).<br />
anu, gamosaxvis zusti saSualebebis gareSe bruks ver<br />
warmoudgenia msaxiobis xelovneba. ,,moqmedebaSi~ igi<br />
gulisxmobs personaJSi kodirebuli muxtebis gadmocemas<br />
Jestis, mimikis da plastikis meSveobiT. swored aq xdeba<br />
misi Tanxvedra meierxoldis biomeqanikasTan. bruki<br />
msaxiobis moZraobas aranakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs,vidre<br />
sityvis warmoTqmis xelovnebas: ,,msaxiobis moZraoba –<br />
igive metyvelebaa, es aris grZnobis gamoxatuleba es<br />
aris informaciis gadacemis saSualeba da, amave dros,<br />
1. iqve, gv. 86-87.<br />
160
simartovis uaRresad piradi SegrZnebis dasturic. es<br />
yovelTvis aris niSani almodebuli saxlidan, rogorc<br />
amas arto ambobda. da mainc, rogorc ki msaxiobsa<br />
da mayurebelTa darbazs Soris myardeba kontaqti,<br />
msaxiobis yoveli moZraoba gulisxmobs mayureblis<br />
Tanamonawileobas~ 1 (kursivi yvelgan Cemia – m. m.).<br />
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, bruki kategoriulad<br />
winaaRmdegia gamomsaxveli saSualebebis stagnaciisa<br />
repeticiis procesSi. gamomsaxveli Jesti, mimika Tu<br />
plastika unda daibados Signidan, msaxiobis sulis<br />
xveulebidan, da yovelTvis xelaxla, uSualod rolze<br />
muSaobis procesSi. igi dauSveblad miiCnevs mis dayvanas<br />
raime meqanikur qmedebamde: ,,repeticiis procesSi<br />
improvizaciis mizani yovelTvis erTi da igivea – Tavi<br />
davaRwioT usicocxlo Teatrs. es imas ar niSnavs, rom<br />
msaxiobi unda ixrCobodes siamovnebis Sxefebisagan,<br />
rogorc es gareSeebs warmoudgeniaT. amocana imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom isev da isev miviyvanoT msaxiobi<br />
im zRvarTan, sadac xelaxla napovn simarTles igi<br />
cvlis siyalbiT.” 2 (xazgasma Cemia – m.m.). anu, reJisori,<br />
brukis azriT, fxizlad unda iyos, raTa ar gaeparos<br />
msaxiobis gadaxra meqanikuri TamaSisaken. amitomaa, rom<br />
erTaderT gamosavals igi xedavs improvizaciaSi rolis<br />
irgvliv. igi samarTlianad Tvlis (rasac mowmobs<br />
samsaxiobo xelovnebis istoriuli gamocdilebac), rom<br />
,,uxilavi~ ar emorCileba dafiqsirebas da yovelTvis<br />
ibadeba ,,aq da axlave~, rom mxolod am SemTxvevaSi<br />
warmoiSoba sasurveli ,,xarisxi~, ase Znelad asaxsneli<br />
da ase rTulad mosaxelTebeli. TeatrSi, brukis azriT,<br />
yvelafris gameoreba SeiZleba, magram umTavresi ibadeba<br />
yovelTvis xelaxla.<br />
piter brukis muSaoba msaxiobebTan<br />
1. iqve, gv. 87;<br />
2. iqve, gv. 158.<br />
161
162
dramis reJisura<br />
naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.<br />
statiis stili daculia.<br />
programis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. giorgi margvelaSvili,<br />
vasil kiknaZe<br />
163
Tiko qoiava<br />
doqtoranturis II kursi<br />
XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis<br />
araverbaluri saTeatro tendenciebi<br />
speqtaklis forma yalibdeboda da viTardeboda<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi. epoqa, Semoqmeds aZlevda impuls,<br />
raTa misTvis saintereso iseTi xelovnebis nimuSi<br />
Seeqmna, romelic iqneboda aRiarebuli da mowonebuli.<br />
speqtaklis sxvadasxva forma _ dramatuli, miuzikli,<br />
pantomima, Tu rokopera sxvadasxva dros Camoyalibda da<br />
dResac aqtualuria.<br />
bolo periodSi, msoflioSi gaCnda warmodgenis<br />
axali mimarTuleba - qoreografiuli speqtakli. es<br />
mimdinareoba imdenad swrafad gavrcelda amerikasa Tu<br />
evropaSi, rom msoflio kulturis erT-erTi magaliTi<br />
gaxda. araverbaluri speqtaklis gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebaa moZraoba, sadac didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
mxatvrul gaformebas. igi dadgmas aZlevs esTetikurad<br />
srulyofil elfers. dRes, xelovnebis am speqtrs aziasa<br />
Tu evropaSi, upirvelesad ki amerikaSi, gansakuTrebuli<br />
adgili uWiravs. araverbaluri mimarTulebis dadgmebi,<br />
Zveli sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSic ki aqtualuri gaxda.<br />
saqarTveloSi, 2009 wlidan arsebobs Tbilisis<br />
saerTaSoriso Teatraluri festivali, sadac qarTvel<br />
mayurebels saSualeba eZleva naxos sxvadasxva qveynis<br />
warmodgenebi da aseve ixilos qarTuli premierebi, Tu<br />
ukve kargad nacnobi speqtaklebi.<br />
ama wlis Semodgomaze,Tbilisma 18 qveyanas umaspinZla,<br />
sadac repertuarSi met wilad araverbaluri speqtaklebi<br />
iyo warmodgenili. maT Soris gamovyof ramodenimes.<br />
`observatoria~<br />
reJisori _ odit hermani;<br />
164
musikis avtorebi _<br />
dimitri tulpanovi da<br />
jon tali;<br />
mxatvrebi _ odit<br />
hermani da deniel<br />
blanga gubai;<br />
mxatvari-fotografi _<br />
denielKaminski.<br />
Teatris darbazSi<br />
S e s v l i s T a n a v e<br />
mayurebels uCveulo<br />
garemo xvdeba: parteri<br />
Tavisufali da<br />
ucnauri konstruqcia<br />
scenaze. speqtaklis<br />
o r i g i n a l u r o b a c<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom mayurebeli<br />
msaxiobisTvis gankuTvnil adgils ikavebs da xvdeba<br />
mistikur garemoSi. yvelaferi Sav,ukideganod Sav ferSia<br />
gadawyvetili,sadac fermkTlad ganaTebulia pedestalze<br />
mjdomi msaxiobi. igi mSvidad, auRelveblad emzadeba.<br />
yvelafers Savad Rebavs.<br />
da risTvis emzadeba? am dros farTovdeba kedlebi<br />
da fexze mdgomi mayurebeli adgils ikavebs ufro<br />
gaSlil sivrceSi, rbil baliSebze. msaxiobi, romelic<br />
Savad Seimosa, moemzada Crdilebis gamosaZaxeblad,<br />
romlebic dasartyami instrumentis mkveTr, xmaurian<br />
bgerebze iwyeben qaotur moZraobas. gadaadgildebian<br />
mayurebelSi, asruleben mkacr, cxovelisebur moZraobebs,<br />
romelic iwvevs interess da amavdroulad SiSs. isini<br />
yvelgan arian, iatakze, haerSi, Sens garSemo. teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebis meSveobiT dafrinaven da namdvilad efeqtur<br />
sanaxaobas qmnian.<br />
165
Tiko qoiava<br />
am qaoss cvlis qalis intimuri cekva, romelic<br />
erTgvari CanarTia qalisa da umweo kacis urTierTobis<br />
gamomsaxvelobisTvis, sadac qali dominantia, xolo kaci,<br />
qalis marioneti.<br />
warmodgenis kulminacia yvelaze efeqturi sanaxaobaa,<br />
romelic gvaZlevs saSualebas, Tavi warmovidginoT<br />
wylis qveS da davtkbeT mocurave navisa da adamianis<br />
virtuozuli qmedebiT. igi marTlac rom erT-erTi<br />
saintereso reJisoruli gadawyvetaa. warmodgena<br />
grZeldeba 40 wuTi da Sedgeba ramodenime mizanscenisagan,<br />
romelic damoukidebelia erTmaneTisagan da ar atarebs<br />
erTian logikur jaWvs.<br />
speqtakli `observatoria~, warmoadgens gansxvavebul<br />
speqaklis formas,romelic ucxoa Cveni mayureblisaTvis.<br />
moZraoba,romelic am SemTxvevaSi mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebaa, ar aris raime rTuli elementebisgan<br />
Semdgari, igi situaciisa da msaxiobis grZnobidan<br />
gamomdinare primitiul qmedebas warmoadgens. TiTqosda,<br />
moZraobis improvizaciaa. Tavisufali da imavdroulad<br />
organizebuli, sWarbobs pantomima. musika, is mTavari<br />
elementia, romelic ganwyobas gvaZlevs da gvkarnaxobs<br />
moZraobas. mkveTri bgerebi, romelic axlavs mimalul<br />
harmonias, swored rom situaciuri aRmoCnda. uxdeba<br />
garemos da iZleva Sesaferis ganwyobas. am speqtaklis<br />
yvelaze Zlieri mxare es aris mxatvruli gaformeba,<br />
misi teqnikuri gadawyveta, sadac gvxvdeba lazeruli<br />
efeqtebi, dekoraciis dinamikaSi moyvana da akrobatuli<br />
SesrulebisTvis bevri daWimuli Toki.<br />
warmodgena sruldeba moqmedebis ukmarisobiT,TiTqos<br />
da raRac daaklda. vTqvaT rom gvqonda haeri da ar<br />
gveyo wyali. sruli harmonia xom kmayofilebaSia. da<br />
rogor miiReba es kmayofileba? es is rTuli amocanaa,<br />
romelic reJisorma unda dasaxos da gaTvalos.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi warmodgena SefuTulia teqnikuri<br />
166
XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis araverbaluri saTeatro tendenciebi<br />
gadawyvetiT, vizualuri efeqtebiT da aklia is mkveTri<br />
ideur-Tematuri xazi, romliTac mayurebeli amoxsnida<br />
misTvis saintereso gadawyvetebs. moZraobis, musikis da<br />
vizualuri gamosaxulebis sinTeziT israelis dasma<br />
moaxerxa, rom mayureblisTvis Seeqmna abstraqciis<br />
ramdenime wuTi, romelic Teatraluri mimdinareobis<br />
erT-erT originalur magaliTs warmoadgens.<br />
`jalaTi~<br />
speqtakli `jalaTi~ warmoadgina Teatrma `do~,<br />
romelic 1987 wels daarsda, rogorc cekvis Teatris<br />
eqsperimentul kompaniad. Teatri do iTvleba erT-erT<br />
gavlenian jgufad, romelic postkomunisturi ruseTidan<br />
wamovida da erT-erTma pirvelma Seqmna eqsperimentaluri<br />
Teatri, sadac cekvis enas iyenebda gamomsaxvelobiT<br />
saSualebad. jgufi amJamad aaxenSi (germania) moRvaweobs<br />
da aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas msoflios sxvadasxva<br />
saerTaSoriso festivalebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
speqtaklma dauviwyari STabeWdileba moaxdina YTbilisis<br />
saerTaSoriso Teatralur festivalzec. speqtakl<br />
167
Tiko qoiava<br />
`jalaTis~ SemoqmedebiT jgufs Seadgens reJisori da<br />
qoreografi – evgeni kozlovi, Teatris dizaini da<br />
musika tomas niumanis `pen kvarteti~, monawileoben:<br />
evgeni kozlovi, aleqsandre bondarevi, irina kozlova,<br />
iulia tokareva, tania viliamsi.<br />
`jalaTi~ TamaSia da amave dros personaJicaa.<br />
warmodgenaSi erTmaneTs erwymis absurdis Teatrisa da<br />
Tanamedrove cekvis elementebi. speqtaklis dawyebisTanave<br />
musika Sefarulad gamzadebs, daZabul notebs mayurebeli<br />
mohyavs uCveulo ganwyobaze. amas emateba Zalzed<br />
originaluri dekoracia, romelic mTlianad gazeTebis<br />
saSualebiTaa awyobili.<br />
speqtakli agebulia ramodenime epizodze da yvelas<br />
aerTianebs erTi amocana _ TamaSi da mkvleloba.<br />
personaJebi arian masxarebi, romlebic sxvadasxva<br />
epizodSi, sxvadasxva roliT warmosdgebian. masxarebis<br />
gulubryvilo xumrobebi gajerebulia Savi iumoriT.<br />
Zalzed momajadovebel, ucnaur da komikur ambavs<br />
gadavyavarT sxva ganzomilebaSi.<br />
piesaSi sami gmiri dawyevlili sameulia: brma, yru<br />
da munji. isini dausrulebel TamaSs TamaSoben _ vin<br />
iqneba msxverpli. personaJebi gamudmebiT cvlian rolebs,<br />
damaintrigeblad icvleba xedvis areali. `jalaTSi~<br />
naCvenebia danaSaulic, sasamarTlo procesic da sajarod<br />
sikvdilis dasjac.<br />
speqtaklSi idealurad aris Serwymuli yvela komponenti:<br />
reJisura, qoreografia, musika, mxatvruli gadawyveta da<br />
msaxiobTa maRalprofesiuli saSemsruleblo ostatoba.<br />
speqtakli dadgmulia 5 Semsrulebelze, romlebsac<br />
aqvT kargi momzadeba, rogorc qoreografiuli, aseve<br />
samsaxiobo. isini msubuqad, moqnilad, TviTdajerebulad<br />
warmoaCenen rols da maTi Sesruleba mimzidvels xdis<br />
mTlian sanaxaobas.<br />
mxatvruli gadawyeveta, imdenad originaluria da<br />
168
XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis araverbaluri saTeatro tendenciebi<br />
organuladaa Serwymuli speqtaklSi,(rasTanaa Serwymuli)?<br />
rom Zalian bunebrivs da imavdroulad, esTetikurad<br />
Rirebuls xdis SemoqmedebiT namuSevars. Tavdapirvelad,<br />
moqmedebis dasawyisSi iataki gazeTebiTaa mofenili,<br />
romelic, Semdeg speqtaklis moqmedebidan gamomdinare<br />
ireva. aRsaniSnavia WaRi, romelic aseve gazeTebisgan<br />
aris damzadebuli. igi speqtalis ganviTarebis erT-erT<br />
momentSi eSveba da sivrceSi arsebul yuTs emsgavseba,<br />
romelSic msaxiobia moTavsebuli.<br />
Zalian STambeWdavi gadawyvetaa ganaTeba, romelic<br />
wertilovania da msaxiobebi uSualod iyeneben,<br />
amoZraveben, maTTan erTad cekvaven. anu aq, ganaTeba ar<br />
aris mxolod ganaTebisTvis, aramed warmoadgens uSualo<br />
moqmedebis nawils,rac xazs usvams gonivrul reJisorul<br />
da qoreografiul mignebas. scenaze daSvebulia sami<br />
wertilovani ganaTeba, TiTqos da anaTebs gadaSlili<br />
wigni. garemo Savia da es msubuqi naTeba, Zalian<br />
idumals xdis moqmedebas. aqcenti qoreografiazea, sadac<br />
moqanave lampionebis Suqze moZraoben landebi. am yvela<br />
komponentis SerwymiT,sadac ganaTeba uSualo moqmedebaSia,<br />
aseve STambeWdavi scenaa ori gmiris mier banqos TamaSi,<br />
romlebic magidasTan ostaturi gadaadgilebisa da erTi<br />
wertilovani ganaTebis gamoyenebiT, axdenen garemos<br />
mistifikacias.<br />
musika, imdenad bunebrivad erwymis moqmedebas da<br />
piriqiT, rom mayureblis ganwyoba zustad Seesatyviseba<br />
mocemul garemoebas. TiTqos da nacnobi motivebi<br />
erwymian erTmaneTs, romelsac sruliad axali harmonia<br />
cvlis. mocemuli ritmi da musikaze dadebuli xmebi,<br />
gadagisvris situaciur realobaSi da gexmareba aRqmasa<br />
da SegrZnebebSi.<br />
vardi (wminda gazafxuli)<br />
koreis dasma warmoadgina ori absoluturad<br />
gansxvavebuli sanaxaoba _ vardi da sxeulis koncerti.<br />
erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelma sanaxaobam, araverbalur<br />
169
Tiko qoiava<br />
saSualebiTa da ganaTebis originalurobiT, Seqmna<br />
gansxvavebuli garemo.<br />
reJisori _ sangsu ani;<br />
warmodgenaSi gamoyenebulia_igor stravinskis musika.<br />
speqtakli `vardi~ tomis ritmul cekvaze<br />
dafuZnebuli sanaxaobaa. yovel zafxuls tomis wevrebi,<br />
miwis Tayvaniscemis niSnad, ritmul cekvas asrulebdnen.<br />
tradiciiis mixedviT, es axalgazrda qalebis cekvaa, am<br />
dros unda aerCiaT erT-erTi maTgani da dedamiwisTvis<br />
msxverplad SeewiraT, magram am SemTxevaSi mamakacebi<br />
moisurveben SeuerTdnen am rituals. mamakacebis<br />
CarTulobaze, winaparTa sulebisgan iReben nebarTvas da<br />
kacebs wiraven msxveplad, ris Sedegad dedamiwa ufro<br />
uxvmosavliani xdeba. TeatrisTvis es warmodgena ara<br />
mxolod qoreografiis modernizaciis warmosaCenadaa<br />
mimarTuli, aramed pirvelyofili sazogadoebis rwmenawarmodgenebis<br />
gasacnobadac, sadac TvalnaTliv ikveTeba<br />
mamakacuri Zalis xibli.<br />
warmodgena “Body Concerto” absoluturad gansxvavdeba<br />
wina sanaxaobisgan, rogorc Janrobrivad, aseve ideurad.<br />
reJisori da qoreografi _ sangzu ani;<br />
musikaluri gaformeba _ kangmin jangis.<br />
speqtaklSi vxvdebiT nacnob melodiebs, rogoricaa –<br />
170
XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis araverbaluri saTeatro tendenciebi<br />
musika filmidan `Seusrulebeli misia~, “Take five”.<br />
“Body Concerto” Svid patara nawarmoebze dafuZnebuli<br />
sxvadasxva xasiaTis cekvaa. qoreografi, sxeulis eniT<br />
gadmogvcems Tavis emociur mdgomareobasa da 2010<br />
wlis konkretul faqtebs. dasi mocekvaveebisagan Sedgeba,<br />
romlebsac gansxvavebuli cekvis stili aqvT. aq aris<br />
warmodgenili,rogorc tradiciuli koreuli cekvis,aseve<br />
Tanamedrove mimdinareobis, Cinuri tradiciuli cekvisa<br />
da pop momRerlebisaTvis dadgmuli cekvebis sinTezi.<br />
mocekvaveebic Zalzed gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, zogi<br />
dabali, zogi ki Zalian maRalia.<br />
qoreografi iyenebs alternatiul Janrebsac,<br />
rogoricaa: eleqtromusika, jazi, telegadacemebis musika,<br />
kinomusika,aseve beThovenis,barberisa da Sumanis didebul<br />
nawarmoebebs.<br />
irJi kilianis Tanamedrove baleti<br />
171
Tiko qoiava<br />
jer kidev,2008 wels,rodesac am speqtaklis premiera<br />
Sedga, mayurebelSi aRtaceba, ovacia gamoiwvia iman, Tu<br />
rogori transformacia ganicada qarTulma baletma.<br />
ostatur, profesionalur Sesrulebas mTlianobaSi<br />
mohyavda metad originaluri repertuari. es is naSromia,<br />
romelic namdvilad gauZlebs drosa da iqneba mudam<br />
aqtualuri.<br />
wels ganmeorebiT Sedga speqtakli, _ bevrisTvis ukve<br />
nacnobi, magram Zalzed sainetreso, bevrisTvis ki ucnobi<br />
da gamaognebeli.<br />
irJi kilianis avtorobiT sami, absoluturad<br />
gansxvavebuli baleti daidga, romelTac erTmaneTTan<br />
stili da qoreografis maStaburi xedva akavSirebT. misi<br />
dadgma gansxvavdeba, rogorc emociurad, qoreorafiuli<br />
leqsikiT,aseve gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT musikis<br />
ritmTan da harmoniasTan. samive nawili dramaturgiulad<br />
sainteresod aris dalagebuli ise rom, pirveli ori<br />
nawarmoebi “Stepping Stones” da “Falling Angels”, erT<br />
moqmedebaSi TamaSdeba, iseT STabeWdilebas iZleva, rom<br />
speqtakli struqturulad martividan rTulisken<br />
viTardeba. es aris erT amosunTqvaSi nanaxi Sedevri,<br />
romelsac agvirgvinebs absoluturad gansxvavebuli<br />
meore moqmedeba, _ Zalian mokle da mravlis mTqmeli<br />
`germanuli cekvebi~.<br />
“Stepping Stones” baleti, kilianis Semoqmedebis im<br />
xanas ganekuTvneba, romelic antikuri kulturiTa da<br />
gansakuTrebiT, avstralieli aborigenebis cxovrebaze<br />
misi xedviT gamowveul Rrma aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavs.<br />
qoreografis sityvebiT “Stepping Stones” qoreografiuli<br />
kvlevebia da kacobriobis memkvidreobaze mis pirad<br />
xedvas warmoadgens.<br />
speqtaklSi gamoyenebulia _ jorj keijis<br />
safortepiano sonetebi _ 5, 5, 11, 16 da aseve pirveli<br />
da meore interludia. anton vebernis eqvsi bagateli<br />
simebiani kvartetisaTvis Txz. 9<br />
172
XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis araverbaluri saTeatro tendenciebi<br />
dadgma _ nensi euverinkisa da ken osolass;<br />
dekoraciebisa da ganaTebis mxatvari _ maikl<br />
saimoni;<br />
kostiumebis mxatvari _ jouk viseri.<br />
qoreografiuli kompozicia iwyeba asimetriuli<br />
ganlagebiT da mTlian kompoziciaSi xSirad vxvdebiT<br />
msgavs gadawyvetas, sadac moqmedeba pirvel da meore<br />
planze erTdoulad, sxvadasxva ritmSi da moZraobiT<br />
viTardeba. erTaderTi rekviziti aris qva, romelic<br />
akavSirebs qalisa da mamakacis harmoniul Tanacxovrebas.<br />
baletSi monawileobs 4 wyvili,romelic Tanmimdevrulad<br />
warmogvidgenen sxeulis plastikis xelovnebas da<br />
qvis gamoyenebis ostatobas. am yvelafers mxatvrulad<br />
aformebs marcxena kuTxeSi sami, didi katisebri cxoveli<br />
da mrgvali WriliT, zeviT aRmarTuli piramida, romlis<br />
gadaxra-gadmoxra SuqCrdilebs akeTebs.<br />
“Falling Angels”<br />
kompozitori _ stiv riqi;<br />
dadgma _ nensi euverinkisa da brijit martinis;<br />
173
Tiko qoiava<br />
kostiumebis mxatvari _ ioop kaboorti;<br />
ganaTebis adaptacia _ qees Tiebesi.<br />
es aris, raRac gamaognebeli baleti. ratom? imitom<br />
rom,is sruldeba mxolod dasartyam istrumentebze. irJi<br />
kilianisTvis stiv riqis kompoziciis momxibvleloba<br />
mis ritmul struqturaSia,gansakuTrebiT im stilistur<br />
meqanizmSi, romelsac frazireba hqvia. ritmi da<br />
moZraoba imdenad Serwymulia, rom verc ki ganacalkaveb.<br />
imdenad avsebs erTmaneTs, rom waroudgenelia es ritmi<br />
gansxvavebuli qoreografiiT. aq rva solisti gogona<br />
cdilobs erTmaneTs Tavi moawonos. rodesac solisti<br />
iwyebs cekvas, maSin masa Senelebuli moZraobiTa da<br />
asimetriuli ganlagebiT amxnevebs Semsrulebels. xan win,<br />
xan ukan,xan marjvniv da xan ki marcxniv moZrav solists,<br />
harmoniulad erwymis masis araordinaluri ganlageba.<br />
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos mxatvruli gadawyvetis<br />
mSveniereba, romelic mxolod ganaTebaSi mdgomareobs.<br />
is konkretizacias ukeTebs<br />
Semsrulebels da lokalurs<br />
xdis moqmedebas. kompozicia<br />
isea gadawyvetili,rom mTeli<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi rvave<br />
Semsrulebeli imyofeba<br />
scenaze da asrulebs<br />
kargad gaTvlil moZraobaTa<br />
kompleqs.<br />
`germanuli cekvebi~<br />
s p e q t a k l S i<br />
gamoyenebulia<br />
_<br />
volfgangAamadeus mocartis,<br />
eqvsi germanuli cekva.<br />
dadgma _ patrik<br />
delkruasi;<br />
174
XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis araverbaluri saTeatro tendenciebi<br />
scenografia da kostiumebi _ irJi kilianis;<br />
kostiumebis mxatvar-Semsrulebeli _ naTia<br />
sirbilaZe;<br />
mxatvar-gamnaTebeli iop kaboorti;<br />
ori saukune gvaSorebs im dros, roca mocartma<br />
`germanuli cekvebi~ dawera. es iyo omebis,revoluciebisa<br />
da socialuri cvlilebebis xana.<br />
am kompoziciis sanaxaobiTi mxare mayurebelSi didi<br />
popularobiT sargeblobs. cekvebSi mxolod parodia<br />
ar unda davinaxoT, masSi gadmocemul ganwyobas sxva<br />
faseulobaTaken mivyavarT.<br />
qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobis fonze sasacilo<br />
scenebi viTardeba. personaJebis kostiumi, grimi imdenad<br />
STambeWdavia, rom cekvis dawyebamde ukve dadebiTi<br />
ganwyoba iqmneba. dadgmaSi monawileobs 4 wyvili da<br />
damatebiT ori wyvili, romlebis qmnian cekvebs Soris<br />
komikur situacias. ai magaliTad rogorc am fotoSia<br />
asaxuli.<br />
175
Tiko qoiava<br />
israelis, germaniis, koreisa da saqarTvelos<br />
warmodgenebs aqtualuri Tematika qondaT. festivalze<br />
warmodgenil, araverbaluri speqtaklebidan gamovarCevdi<br />
am oTx speqtakls.<br />
Tbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatraluri festivali,<br />
saSualebas gaZlevs, gaxde msoflio kulturis nawili.<br />
naxo gansxvavebuli da aCveno sakuTari naSromi.<br />
Tumca Zalzed mniSvnelovania, rom ar dairRves<br />
balansi repertuaris JanrobriobaSi. wels Warbobda<br />
qoreografiuli speqtaklebi, amitomac mniSvnelovania<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT yvelas interesi.<br />
176
kinoreJisura<br />
naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.<br />
statiis stili daculia.<br />
programis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. lela oCiauri,<br />
daviT janeliZe<br />
177
giorgi uRreliZe<br />
doqtoranturis II kursi<br />
kinoreJisura ideologiur-politikur<br />
konteqstSi<br />
(eqspresionizmis, neorealizmisa da televiziis magaliTze)<br />
politikur-sazogadoebrivi kataklizmebiT aRsavse<br />
XX saukuneSi ekranuli xelovnebis ganviTarebam maRal<br />
safexurs miaRwia. XIX saukunis miwuruls Seqmnilma,<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri azrovnebis `produqtma~ _<br />
kinematografma _ sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi adgili<br />
maleve daimkvidra da teqnikuri miRweva, cota xanSi,<br />
xelovnebis dargad iqca.<br />
kinematografi yvelasTvis erTnairad sainereso gaxda<br />
_ rigiTi moqalaqidan aristokratiis warmomadgenlamde.<br />
adamianebma misi meSveobiT daiwyes azrebis, fiqrebis,<br />
gancdebis,grZnobebis gamoxatva. amave dros,kino TandaTan<br />
ideologiuri xazis matarebel masStabur saerTosaxalxo<br />
sanaxaobad iqca.<br />
I msoflio omis Semdeg germaniaSi aRmocenebuli<br />
eqspresionizmi da II msoflio omis miwuruls italiaSi<br />
Camoyalibebuli neorealizmi epoqebis amsaxveli<br />
mimdinareobebia, romlebSic aSkrad ikveTeba reJisoris<br />
ideologiur-politikuri subieqturi xedva.<br />
maT arsebobas SeiZleba analogiuri safuZveli vupovoT<br />
_ Zaladobisa da omis mimarT protesti, politikurideologiuri<br />
faqtori, omis Sedegad sazogadoebisTvis,<br />
saxelmwifoebisTvis miyenebuli moralur-ekonomikuri<br />
ziani, saerTo sazogadoebrivi depresia, krizisi. maTTvis<br />
aseve damaxasiaTebelia aSkarad gamokveTili mxatvruli<br />
formebi,stilistika,plastikuri amocanebi, specifikuri<br />
sareJisoro xelwera, Tumca, amave dros, swored am<br />
yvelafriT es ori mniSvnelovani kinematografiuli<br />
178
mimdinareoba erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavdeba.<br />
magaliTad, eqspresionistul filmebSi _ `eqim<br />
kaligaris kabineti” (reJisori. rober vine 1920 weli),<br />
`dilidan SuaRamemde” (karl hainc martini, 1920),<br />
`nosferatu _ saSinelebis simfonia” fridrih murnau,<br />
1920) _ romlebSic `Txrobis centrSi antigmirebis<br />
dayeneba, mizanscenis sagangebod damaxinjeba an gadameteba,<br />
kinematografistis piradi emociuri reaqciis win wamoweva,<br />
naturalizmis uaryofa” iyo mTavari, neorealistur<br />
filmebSi `ekranze gamoCnda adamianTa fizikuri da ideuri<br />
ganadgureba, materialuri da sulieri gasaWiri, pirvel<br />
planze wamoiwia militaristuli absurdis msxverplmakonkretulma<br />
pirovnebam”.<br />
`eqim kaligaris kabineti” da fric langis `eqimi<br />
mabuze, moTamaSe _ droebis suraTi” (1922 weli)<br />
eqspresionistTa erT-erTi mTavari namuSevarebia. mabuzesa<br />
da kaligars Soris paralelebis gavlebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
msgavsebebTan erTad gansxvavebebsac vipoviT.<br />
`uxmo~ ekranuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis<br />
procesi 20-iani wlebis bolos axal safexurze avida,<br />
roca gamosaxulebas xma daemata. `kinoxelovnebam<br />
araCveulebrivad bevri moigo, xmovani rom gaxda da<br />
am teqnikurma wvlilma mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova<br />
kinos gamomsaxvelobiTi sazRvrebi. ra Tqma unda, es ar<br />
niSnavs imas, rom xmovani kino mxatvruli RirsebebiT<br />
avtomaturad da uciloblad yvela SemTxvevaSi munjurze<br />
maRla dgas”. xmam meti saSualeba misca kinematografs.<br />
politikur-ideologiuri propagandis erT-erT mTavar<br />
instrument radios audio-vizualuri xelovnebis saxiT<br />
Zlieri konkurenti gamouCnda.<br />
italiuri neorealizmis erTgvari stimulatori<br />
meore msoflio omi da am periodSi ganviTarebuli<br />
movlenebi gaxda.<br />
`Tanamedrove adamianebis proletarizaciisa da<br />
179
giorgi uRreliZe<br />
masebis Camoyalibebis gza erTi da imave procesis<br />
ori mxarea. faSizmi cdilobs axlad warmoSobili<br />
proletarizebuli masebis organizebas” 1 _ werda valter<br />
beniamini 1935-1936 wlebSi. es is droa, roca hitleris<br />
ideebi germanulenovan xalxebSi ukve popularulia.<br />
informaciis masebamde misatanad da maTi organizebisTvis<br />
hitleri radios iyenebda. amave dros, misi daintereseba<br />
televiziiTa da kinematografiT didi iyo, razec<br />
miuTiTebs is faqti, rom: `faSisturi diqtaturis<br />
damyarebis Semdeg (1933) germanuli kinematografi<br />
mTlianad daeqvemdebara saxelmwifo kontrols. ukve<br />
1933 wels Seiqmna imperiis kinopalata, romelmac<br />
daiqvemdebara mwarmoebeli da gamqiravebeli firmebi~. 2<br />
televiziis ganviTareba ki faSistur germaniaSi imdenad<br />
swrafi tempiT xdeboda, rom 1936 wels SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxda berlinis olimpiadis teletranslireba. es faqti<br />
televiziis ganviTarebis istoriaSi saetapoa. amave,<br />
berlinis zafxulis XI olimpiur TamaSebs mieZRvna leni<br />
rifenStalis dokumenturi filmi `olimpia~,(1938 weli),<br />
romelsac araerTi prizi aqvs mopovebuli, maT Soris,<br />
veneciis kinofestivalis mTavari prizi da olimpiuri<br />
komitetis oqros medali. masve ekuTvnis nacisturi<br />
ideologiiT nasazrdoebi `nebis triumfi~F(1935 weli),<br />
romelSic niurnbergSi nacisturi partiis Sekrebaa<br />
naCvenebi.<br />
neorealizmis ideologiur konteqstSi gaazrebis<br />
Sedegad SeiZleba ganvixiloT dapirispirebul banakebs<br />
_ faSizmsa da antifaSistur Zalebs Soris brZolis<br />
mTavar instrumentad antifaSistebis xelSi. marTalia,<br />
neorealizmi italiaSi maSin Caisaxa, roca faSizmis<br />
damarcxebis albaToba ukve didi iyo, magram fizikuri<br />
1. “Кинословарь” ,“Cоветская энциклопедия”, , М., 1970, t., 2 ст.<br />
192.<br />
180
kinoreJisura ideologiur-politikur konteqstSi<br />
damarcxebidan moralur ganadgurebamde didi dro<br />
iyo gasavleli, raSic neorealisti reJisorebis<br />
moqalaqeobrivi pozicia da wvlili udavod didia.<br />
II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg italiaSi<br />
socialuri problemebi didxans gagrZelda. neorealistur<br />
filmebSi asaxulia is yofa da realuri garemo,romelic<br />
faSistur da postfaSistur saxelmwifos samoqalaqo<br />
cxovrebaSi arsebobda.<br />
neorealistebs erTiani samoqmedo manifesti ar<br />
SeudgeniaT. vitorio de sika ambobda,rom neorealisturi<br />
filmebis reJisorebi TiTqmis arc ki vicnobdiT<br />
erTmaneTso. maTi gamaerTianebeli sazogadoebrivpolitikuri<br />
garemo iyo.<br />
italia XX saukunis 20-ani wlebidan musolinis<br />
FfaSisturi reJimis pirobebSi cxovrobda. musolinis<br />
iseve, rogorc hitlers, esmoda kinematografis Zala.<br />
misi meTvalyureobiT moxdeba veneciis kinofestivalis<br />
organizeba. masve miaweren 1937 wels kinostudia<br />
`CineCitas~ daarsebasac.<br />
italiuri Jurnali `Cinema”, romlis redaqtori iyo<br />
benito musolinis vaJi vitorio, neorealizmis Teoriis<br />
dasabamad iqca. Jurnalis irgvliv Seikriba kinomoRvaweTa<br />
jgufi, romlebic TandaTan iqcnen italiuri realobis<br />
kritikosebad. serTod ki neorealizmis esTetikis<br />
sawyisebis Zieba frangul kulturaSia SesaZlebeli.<br />
neorealizmis erT-erTi pirveli filmis _ vitorio<br />
de sikas `velosipedis gamtaceblebi~ (scenaris avtori<br />
Cezare Zavatini, 1948 weli) analizisas, SeiZleba<br />
gagviCndes satelevizio siuJetis asociacia _ mTavari<br />
gmiri, arsebuli gaWirvebisa da mZime socialuri<br />
pirobebis gamo iZulebulia iqurdos. sazogadoeba mas<br />
`gaqurdavs~, Semdeg TviTon cdilobs moparviT aRadginos<br />
samarTlianoba, yvelaferi ki urTierTpatiebiT mTavrdeba,<br />
Tumca ki problema isev grZeldeba.<br />
181
giorgi uRreliZe<br />
vinaa `velosipedis gamtaceblebSi~ realurad<br />
`gamtacebeli~ _ saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba Tu mTavari<br />
gmiri _ antonio? vinaa maT Soris susti an Zlieri?<br />
esaa, faqtobrivad, is mTavari kiTxvebi, romlebsac<br />
neorealistebi svamdnen. siuJetebis mravalgvarobis<br />
miuxedavad, neorealistur filmebis mTavari idea<br />
yovelTvis humanizmi iyo, oRond humanizmi politikur<br />
konteqstSi.<br />
mkveTri antifaSisturi xasiaTiT gamoirCeva<br />
roberto roselinis `romi _ Ria qalaqi” (1945 weli).<br />
`politikuri aqciis garda, es iyo esTetikuri protesti<br />
omamdeli italiuri yalbi da uxarisxo kinoxelovnebis<br />
winaaRmdeg~. 1 neorealizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
filmebSi naklebad cnobili msaxiobebis gadaReba.<br />
roselinis am kinosuraTSi mTavari roli ana manianim<br />
Seasrula, romlisTvisac `romi Ria qalaqi~ saetapod<br />
iqca.<br />
neorealisturi mimdinareobis erTgvar, pirobiT,<br />
`winaprad~, politikur-ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT,<br />
SeiZleba CavTvaloT Carli Caplinis `didi diqtatori~<br />
(1939 weli). `vgrZnobdi,rom CamiTria zvaviviT daZrulma<br />
politikurma cxovrebam. uneburad aseTi kiTxva davusvi<br />
sakuTar Tavs: ram wamaqeza? iqneb aqtiorulma bunebam<br />
_ mayurebelTan uSualo urTierTobis survilma?!<br />
antifaSisturi filmi rom ar damedga, neta gavebmebodi<br />
am donkixotisebur TavgadasavalSi? iqneb es xmovani<br />
filmebis winaaRmdeg Cemi gaRizianebis gamovlineba iyo?<br />
vfiqrob, yvela es elementi monawileobda, magram yvelaze<br />
Zlieri mainc nacisturi sistemis mimarT Cemi siZulvili<br />
iyo~, 2 _ werda Caplini `Cems biografiaSi~.<br />
antifaSisturi filmebis gadaReba aseve Zalian<br />
popularuli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSic, meore msoflio<br />
1. naTia amirejibi `adamianis mravalsaxeoba ekranze~ `qarTuli<br />
mwerloba~, Tb., 2009, gv. 60;<br />
2. Carli Caplini, `Cemi biografia~, Tb., 1978, gv. 542.<br />
182
kinoreJisura ideologiur-politikur konteqstSi<br />
omidan moyolebuli sabWoeTis daSlamde. maTgan aRsaniSnia<br />
satelevizio mravalseriani filmi `gazafxulis 17<br />
gaelveba~ (reJisori tatiana lioznova, mTavar rolSi<br />
viaCeslav tixonovi. 1973 weli, gorkis saxelobis<br />
kinostudia).<br />
eqspresionizmis Semdeg televiziam, `romelic<br />
viTardeba ara marto teqnikuri, aramed ekonomikuri da<br />
politikuri faqtorebis zegavleniT~ 1 pirveli nabijebis<br />
aTvla daiwyo, neorealizmis dasruleba televiziis<br />
aRmavlobis xanis dawyebas daemTxva.<br />
50-iani wlebidan televiziis istoriaSi ganviTarebis<br />
axali epoqa iwyeba. sazogadoebis daintereseba imdenad<br />
didia, rom kino bevrs ukve mxolod istoriad miaCnia.<br />
roberto roselini erT-erT interviuSi, 1966 wels,<br />
kinematografs mkvdrad acxadebs da ekranuli xelovnebis<br />
momavlad mxolod televizias aRiarebs.<br />
`ra kino? kino aRar aris. is aRar arsebobs. dRes<br />
kino leSia~, 2 _ roselinis amis Tqmis safuZvels<br />
arsebuli situacia, kinoTeatrebSi xalxis nakleboba<br />
da kinematografistTa didi nawilis kinostudiebidan<br />
telestudiebSi gadanacvleba aZlevda. TviTonac frangul<br />
da italiur televiziebSi ramdenime filmi gadaiRo,maT<br />
Soris `ludoviko XIV mier Zalauflebis xelSi aReba~,<br />
(1966), romelic veneciis kinofestivalis konkursSi<br />
moxvda.<br />
televiziis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani ganmsazRvreli<br />
gaxda misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebi: myisiereba da<br />
intimuroba: `myisiereba, _ movlenebis myisieri gadacema<br />
da intimuroba, _ SesaZlebloba mayurebels esaubro<br />
pirispir, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas milionobiT adamiani<br />
1 Рене Клер. “Телевидение и кино”, “40 Мнений о телевидении”,<br />
М., 1978, ст. 138;<br />
2 Роберто Росселлини “ С кино окончено” покончено!” , “40 Мнений о телевидении”<br />
, М., 1978, ст. 151.<br />
183
giorgi uRreliZe<br />
uyurebs~ 1 , _ `moqmedebis, movlenisa da ekranze misi<br />
asaxvis erTdrouloba – televiziis unikaluri Tvisebaa~, 2<br />
rac mas kinematografisgan ganasxvavebs.<br />
aqedan gansakuTrebulia myisierebis faqtori,<br />
romelzec moTxovna sazogadoebaSi Zalian didia.<br />
myisiereba mayurebelSi Tanadaswrebis fsiqologiur<br />
efeqts iwvevs. `misi wyalobiT telemayurebels SeuZlia<br />
saqme iqonios ara warsulTan,aramed awmyosTan da amdenad,<br />
misi grZnobebic sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa,<br />
_ esaa gancda, romelic mimdinare movlenebTan erTad<br />
warmoiSoba~. 3 mayureblis moTxovna `daswrebaze~ metad<br />
aqtualuria. mniSvnelovan sportul Tu politikur<br />
movlenebs adamianebi Tvals pirdapir eTerSi adevneben.<br />
berlinis 1936 wlis olimpiuri TamaSebis translirebidan<br />
70 wlis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda, rom olimpiuri<br />
TamaSebi erTdroulad miliardobiT adamians teleeTeriT<br />
enaxa.<br />
televiziis masStaburoba da myisiereba, ra Tqma unda,<br />
maRali xarisxis damajereblobas qmnis. pirveli didi<br />
gamowveva, romelic televiziam sazogadoebas mouwyo,<br />
vietnamis omis satelevizio `versiaa~. am omSi (1964-<br />
1975), romelSic 2 milioni adamiani daiRupa televiziis<br />
muSaobam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. moaxerxa da<br />
gadaRebul masalas faqtobrivad,cenzuris gareSe,wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi awodebda sazogadoebas.<br />
amerikelebi, saomari moqmedebebis qronikis,<br />
faqtobrivad, yoveldRiuri yurebis (romelic uCvenebda<br />
omSi daxocil mSvidobian mosaxleobas,gadamwvar soflebs,<br />
jariskacebs, romlebic pirdapir telekamerebis win<br />
1 Рене Клер ”1970 год“ , “40 Мнений о телевидении”, М., 1978,<br />
ст. 141;<br />
2 avtorTa jgufi: `satelevizio Jurnalistika~, a. i. iurovski,<br />
`televiziis specifika~. Tb., 1998, gv 40;<br />
3 marina kereseliZe, ”vietnamis omi amerikul kinoSi”, Jurnali<br />
“kino _ cxeli Sokoladi” #10, 2008, gv. 46.<br />
184
kinoreJisura ideologiur-politikur konteqstSi<br />
atarebdnen samxedro operaciebs, romlebic msxverpliT<br />
sruldeboda) Semdeg TandaTan iqcnen am omis mowinaaRmdege<br />
organizebul Zalad. maT masobrivi demonstraciebiT<br />
aiZules xelisufleba amerikeli jariskacebi samSobloSi<br />
daebrunebina. vietnamis omma pirvelad aCvena msoflios<br />
televiziis axali Zala da SesaZlebloba. ganviTarebis<br />
procesi kidev ufro win wavida. aqve unda vTqvaT,<br />
rom vietnamis Temaze uamravi kinofilmi gadaiRes,<br />
erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavebul politikurideologiur<br />
konteqstSi, magram am namuSevrebs mTavari<br />
faqtori _ mayureblis movlenaze uSualod daswrebis<br />
fsiqologiuri efeqti _ televiziisgan gansxvavebiT ar<br />
axlda.<br />
marTalia, televiziam aCvena, rom mniSvnelovani<br />
resursebi gaaCnia adamianze fsiqologiuri gavlenis<br />
mosaxdenad. vietamis Semdeg sxva samxedro SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqtebisa Tu omebis dros televiziebi<br />
xelisuflebaTa mxridan did winaaRmdegobebs awydebian da<br />
iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, mxolod im masalas uCveneben,<br />
romelic erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul saxelmwifoTa<br />
interesebSi Sedis.<br />
vietnamis omis dros televiziisgan gansxvavebiT<br />
`amerikuli kino dumda,omis mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynis<br />
kinoindustriisTvis es Tema daxuruli iyo. holivudi<br />
moerida omis msvlelobisa da sabrZolo moqmedebebis<br />
amsaxveli filmebis gadaRebas da sxva gzebis Zieba scada.<br />
reJisorebi iZulebulni iyvnen Tavisi damokidebuleba<br />
`ezopes eniT”, warsulis omebis magaliTze gamoexataT~. 1<br />
am omis dros gadaRebuli filmi `mwvane beretebi~<br />
(reJisori jon ueini, 1968 weli) aSS-s administraciis<br />
oficialuri poziciis gamomxatveli nawarmoebi iyo.<br />
filmSi am omis momxreTa pozicia da pentagonis<br />
1. marina kereseliZe, `vietnamis omi amerikul kinoSi~, Jurnali<br />
`kino _ cxeli Sokoladi” #10, 2008, gv. 46.<br />
185
giorgi uRreliZe<br />
interesebi iyo gatarebuli.<br />
vietnamis oms eZRvneba `irmebze monadire~ (reJisori<br />
maikl Cimino,1978 weli,robert de niros monawileobiT).<br />
jon ueinisgan gansxvavebiT maikl Ciminom sxva kuTxiT<br />
dainaxa omis arsi. es iyo omis mowinaaRmdegeTa idealebis<br />
gamomxatveli `pirveli seriozuli filmi vietnamze~. 1<br />
1979 wels filmma 5 `oskari~ miiRo, maT Soris<br />
`saukeTeso reJisurisTvis~. antisaomari ganwyobebis<br />
filmebi gadaiRes frensis ford kopolam da miloS<br />
formanma.<br />
Temis masStaburobis gamo ideologiur-politikuri<br />
konteqstis ekranuli xelovnebis nawarmoebebidan<br />
mxolod ramdenime magaliTi moviyvaneT. es is namuSevrebia,<br />
romlebmac Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebebiT mayurebels<br />
Tavi daamaxsovres. maTSi mkveTrad igrZnoba reJisoruli<br />
xelwera, `radgan karg reJisors ainteresebs, rogor<br />
cxovroben Cveulebrivi adamianebi, midrekileba aqvs<br />
ganzogadebisken da cdilobs Cvens win gaSlil samyaros<br />
suraTs raRac Tavisi daamatos~. 2<br />
sanam kacobrobisTvis interesis sfero sazogadoebrivpolitikuri<br />
procesebi iqneba, politikur-ideologiuri<br />
konteqstebiT gajerebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebebi,<br />
televizia aqtualobas ar dakargavs.<br />
1 ix.: iqve;<br />
2 maikl rabigeri. `dokumenturi kinos reJisura~, Tb., 2010,<br />
gv. 112.<br />
186
avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />
mixeil kalandariSvili – 1974 wels daamTavra SoTa<br />
rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri instituti<br />
da Cairicxa leningradis Teatris,musikisa da kinematografiis<br />
(лгитмик) institutis aspiranturaSi. 1979 wels amave<br />
institutSi (лгитмик), icavs disertacias s. axmetelis<br />
reJisuris problematikaze xelovnebaTmcodneobis kandidatis<br />
xarisxis mosapoveblad. 1979 wlidan SoTa rusTavelis<br />
saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutis pedagogi da<br />
mecnier-muSakia. 1993 wels SromiT `qarTuli Teatris ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebi~ icavs disertacias xelovnebaTmcodneobis<br />
doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad. aris oTxmocamde Teoriuli<br />
da istoriuli xasiaTis samecniero publikaciebis da agreTve<br />
rusuli da franguli Teatraluri enciklopediebis werilebis<br />
avtori. amJamad SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos sruli<br />
profesoria kritikis da Teoriis mimarTulebiT.<br />
maia kiknaZe _ Teatrmcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.<br />
1989 wels daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri<br />
institutis Teatrmcodneobis fakulteti.<br />
1991 wlidan muSaobs Teatraluri institutSi leqtorad.<br />
kiTxulobs saleqcio kurss qarTuli Teatris istoriisa da<br />
Tojinebis Teatris istoriaSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 50-mde<br />
statia da samecniero naSromi Jurnal-gazeTebSi.<br />
daculi aqvs disertacia Temaze ,,eqspresionizmi 10-iani<br />
wlebis qarTul TeatrSi”.<br />
amJamad SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetSi<br />
ukavia asocirebuli profesoris akademiuri Tanamdeboba.<br />
kiTxulobs disciplinebs:qarTuli Teatris istoria,Tojinebis<br />
Seatris istoria, saTeatro kritika da Teoria.<br />
maia xaCiZe _ 1991-96 ww. swavlobda iv. javaxiSvilis<br />
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis<br />
fakultetze. 1993-96ww. amave uniuversitetis xelovnebisa<br />
da humanitarul profesiaTa fakulktetze. 1996-99ww.<br />
187
swavlobda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis aspiranturis ganyofilebaSi. 2001 w. mieniWa<br />
filologiis <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> kandidatis samecniero xarisxi.<br />
2002 wlidan muSaobs gr. robaqiZis saxelobis universitetSi<br />
pedagogad. 2006 w. arCeul iqna amave universitetis humanitarul<br />
da socialur <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> fakultetis asocirebul<br />
profesorad. aris ramdenime samecniero publikaciis avtori.<br />
2002 ww. muSaobda saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis<br />
saministrosa da saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi.<br />
lia kalandariSvili _ kinomcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobis<br />
doqtori.<br />
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis mkvlevari kinos Teoriis mimarTulebiT.<br />
daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri<br />
institutis kinomcodneobis fakulteti. profesiul da<br />
samecniero JurnalebSi werilebs aqveynebs 1974 wlidan.<br />
1979-80 wlebSi staJirebas gadis moskovis kinos istoriisa<br />
da Teoriis samecniero institutSi esTetikisa da Teoriis<br />
ganxriT. 1990 wels iRebs kinematografistTa kavSiris premias<br />
`wlis saukeTeso naSromisaTvis kinomcodneobisa da kritikis<br />
dargSi~. wlebis manZilze msaxurobda kinos Teoriisa da<br />
istoriis samecniero centrSi.<br />
tel: +995 (32) 298 57 06<br />
maia levaniZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.<br />
1991 wels davamTavre saqarTvelos Teatrisa da kinos<br />
universiteti, kinomcodneobis specialobiT. 1991-2010 wlebSi<br />
vmuSaobdi amave universitetis samecniero kvleviT centrSi.<br />
1992 wlidan dRemde sxvadasxva universitetebSi vewevi<br />
pedagogiur moRvaweobas.<br />
2002 wels davicavi disertacia Temaze: `qarTuli<br />
saoperatoro xelovneba: tradiciebi, <strong>Ziebani</strong>”. vmonawileobdi<br />
araerT adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso konferenciebSi, var 30<br />
samecniero da 200-mde sagazeTo statiis avtori. ZiriTadad<br />
Cemi namuSevrebi exeba qarTuli kinos istoriasa da Tanamedrove<br />
tendenciebs, kinogamosaxulebis Taviseburebasa da specifikas<br />
(vizualuri struqturis kvlevas).<br />
188
wignis `60-70 wlebis germanuli kino (hercogi, Slendorfi,<br />
kluge. fon trota, fasbinderi, vendersi) 2008 w. avtori,<br />
aseve wignebSi `qrestomatia saoperatoro ostatobis<br />
kursis student operatorebisTvis” 2010w da `qarTveli<br />
kinoreJisorebi” I-II t narkvevebis krebulSi (damxmare<br />
saxelmZRvanelo) 2005-2007w.w. statiebis avtori.<br />
189
THEATRE STUDIES<br />
Mikheil Kalandarishvili<br />
THEATRE POETICS OF CLASSICISM<br />
Summary<br />
In the letter there are examined main peculiarities of theatre<br />
poetics of classicism, which laid the foundation of the direction<br />
of development in France and in European countries caused<br />
the formation of new principles of Drama theory. Normative<br />
aesthetics of classicism demanded requirements to art. These<br />
considerations became obligatory rules and defined visuality of<br />
Dramatic art for a long time.<br />
ABOUT AUTHOR<br />
was born in 1952 july 11. In 1969 he finished the secondary<br />
school of Tbilisi, number 50, In 1974 he graduated from<br />
ShotaRustaveli Theatre and Film State University. He entered<br />
and enrolled on post-graduate school of Leningrad theatre,<br />
music and film institute. At the same year, in 1979 he maintained<br />
a thesis about Akhmeteli direction problems to receive a PhD<br />
degree. Since 1979 he has been a teacher and scientist. In 1993<br />
he maintained a thesis to get a doctoral degree of art study,<br />
with the work “The basic directions of Georgian theatre”.<br />
He is author of eighty theatrical and historical c haracteristic<br />
scientific publications and also Russian and French theatrical<br />
encyclopedia letters’. Nowadays he is the complete professor<br />
of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film in the direction of critics<br />
and theory.<br />
190
Teimuraz Kejeradze<br />
REPUBLIC IDEAS IN DRAMATIC <strong>ART</strong> OF FRIEDRICH<br />
SCHILLER’S EARLY PERIOD<br />
Summary<br />
In the early period dramas such as “The Robbers”, “Fiesco”,<br />
“Intrigue and Love” and ” Don Carlos”, Friedrich Schiller gave<br />
the desire to fight for freedom, national aspirations, the idea of<br />
free development of human rights and individual freedom of<br />
the great thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment in Germany. A<br />
free person achieved the harmony of senses and mind, the main<br />
purpose of life makes the duty for prosperity of society.<br />
Schiller considers that esthetic growth - a unique real way to<br />
perfection of person consciousness which is necessary in order<br />
to became a desired member of a society and personally carried<br />
out social changes.<br />
Maia Kiknadze<br />
AKAKI TSERETELI THE HEAD OF THE THEATRE<br />
AND PRODUCER<br />
Summary<br />
The letter refers to a famous novelist, playwright, public<br />
figure, Akaki Tsereteli, producing activities of a permanent<br />
professional theatre in the season of in 1880- and 1903yrs<br />
In the 80yrs of 19 th century on the foil of current Georgian<br />
theatrical process when there didn’t yet exist a professional<br />
191
production, it was noteworthy the role and its importance of<br />
Akaki Tsereteli, in the process of development of producing<br />
art.<br />
On the basis of studing documentary newspaper materials<br />
and actors creations, there is presented a brief history of the<br />
staged performances. (D. Eristavi “Patrie”, W.Shakespeare “<br />
The Taming of the Shrew”. A. Tsereteli “Small Kakhi”). Akaki<br />
Tsereteli as a producer and head of the theatre in his creation<br />
represents essential main directions and requirements as to<br />
select correct repertoire to study a role by heart from the side of<br />
actors to think about the play, the author’s devotion to the text,<br />
understanding character of characters, right speech, speak good<br />
Georgian Language and the other. at the same time about the<br />
above-mentioned questions there are represented the opinions<br />
and theatrical notes of Akaki Tsereteli as a producer and Art<br />
critic.<br />
ABOUT AUTHOR<br />
Theatre critic, The Doctor of art study.<br />
Graduated from Shota Rustaveli university of drama and theatre<br />
with major in theatre studies in the year of 1989.<br />
From 1992 works at the university as a lecturer, gives a lectures<br />
at the Georgian theatre history and the puppet theatre histoy.<br />
Published 50 articles and scientific works on newspapermagazine.<br />
Maintained a thesis with the article “ Expressionism in Georgian<br />
theatre” of 10yrs.<br />
At the present she is an associated professor of Shota Rustaveli<br />
university of drama and theatre. She gives lectures at the<br />
Georgian theatre history, puppet theatre history, theatrical critic<br />
and theory.<br />
192
Maia Khachidze<br />
AFFECTED PATHOS<br />
Summary<br />
The publication relates about matchmaker, an exceptionally<br />
colorful figure in Georgian literature. It represents a personage,<br />
who plays a certain role in life, i.e. feels herself on the stage<br />
while being in the actual reality. This image without mask is<br />
unimaginable. The phenomenon of a matchmaker is a theatrical<br />
image by itself and this was not left unnoticed by the Georgian<br />
stage.<br />
There are portrayed exceptionally interesting character<br />
personages in literary works by I. Chavchavadze, A. Tsagareli,<br />
D. Kldiashvili by use of the image of matchmaker. The writers<br />
managed to transfer this colorful character in their novels and<br />
made it a literary personage. The portrayal of the personage<br />
is realistic and unique in each case. They appear before us as<br />
characters of different nature, temperament, and culture. The<br />
essence of this figure gives the authors opportunity to express<br />
their attitude towards false, made up activities as a whole by its<br />
generalization.<br />
Existence of this kind themes, ideas, and personages proves<br />
that artistic work of a writer is inconceivable in isolation; it<br />
becomes a participant of the literary processes, although every<br />
writer builds an artistic world in a unique way even when its<br />
essence lies in well known themes or problems.<br />
ABOUT AUTHOR<br />
In 1991-96 she studied at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State<br />
University in the Faculty of Philology. In 1993-96 she studied<br />
at the Faculty of Art and Human Studies of Ivane Javakhishvili<br />
193
Tbilisi State University. In 1996-99 she took Undergraduate<br />
Courses at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.<br />
In 2001 she earned the academic degree of Doctor of Philology<br />
(Ph.D.).<br />
From 2002 till now she is working at Gr. Robakidze University<br />
as a Lecturer. In 2006 she was nominated as an Associate<br />
Professor of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of<br />
Gr. Robakidze University. She is an author of several scholar<br />
publications.<br />
In 2002 she worked at the Ministry of Culture and Monument<br />
Protection of Georgia and at the Georgian National Museum.<br />
194
FILM STUDIES<br />
Lia Kalandarishvili<br />
FIRST PRINCIPLE: CINEMATOGRAPHICAL<br />
MECHANISM OF THINKING AND “MECHANICAL<br />
ILLUSION”<br />
Summary<br />
Specifications of each field of art are determined not only<br />
by creation of art and skills, peculiarities of developement of<br />
culture or historical achievement of humanity, but also physical<br />
reality and adaptational abilities of a person in the Universe.<br />
Imitative arts or music don’t exist without sight or hearing,<br />
choreography needs also plastic of body and feeling of balance,<br />
though art of the film was born later at the edge of the XIX-XX<br />
centuries, it is so unique with it’s ability of it’s expressiveness<br />
as any field of art origined at the stage of art the early human<br />
civilization filmart makes illusion of reality, main principles<br />
of which can be considered persistence and Pi- effect mainly<br />
caused by a human’s peculiarities of vision – delay impression<br />
and replace imperceptional part by supposition. Both of them<br />
represent illusion “error” to reality, therefore it gives possibility<br />
of creation of new reality.<br />
ABOUT AUTHOR<br />
Cinema historian, Ph. D. in Art History. Graduated from Shota<br />
Rustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema in the field of<br />
cinema studies in 1977. Her publications appear in professional<br />
and scientific magazines from the year 1974. In the years from<br />
1979 to 1980 is an intern in Moscow State Scientific Institute<br />
of Cinema Studies and Theory in the field of esthetics and<br />
theory. In 1999 received an award of Cinematographers’ Union<br />
195
for the best annual research in the field of cinema studies and<br />
criticism. Worked for a number of years in the scientific center<br />
for cinema theory and history. Lia Kalandarishvili is currently<br />
an assistant professor in Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre<br />
and Cinema.<br />
Tel: +995 (32) 298 57 06<br />
Maia Levanidze<br />
GEORGIAN FILM OF 30-YRS UNDER THE TOTAL<br />
REGIME CONDITIONS<br />
Summary<br />
The development of Georgian film of 30-yrs in the Soviet<br />
Union coincided with the complicated period of the total regime<br />
formation. The existing slogan: “Catch up and outrun” in the<br />
social-political sphere of the country becomes actual for the<br />
Georgian film of the very period either.<br />
In the Soviet country a soviet dream slowly begins to form:<br />
communism – with types of heroes, an image of an enemy and<br />
“an open society” for ordinal people, where everyone is able<br />
to achieve his aim,that means he can really realize his dreams.<br />
Aspiration for an ideal society, soviet dream in the real life<br />
was forming double standards. The country carried on with<br />
the regulated norms of the total regime, besides that with new<br />
moral-ethical laws and criteria, that make possibilities for the<br />
Government to manipulate, at the same time in real life there<br />
took place severe repressions in result of which thousands of<br />
innocent people were doomed to death.<br />
In the very period there appeared taboos, stereotype blocks<br />
in the Art and privately in the film.<br />
Any themes and problems were prohibited, just the<br />
196
problems which expressed elementary critical attitude towards<br />
the existing reality.<br />
Besides these ideological limits they began to sound a film<br />
causing esthetic changes in connection with it. Because the<br />
above-mentioned reasons the Georgian film somehow lost its<br />
national feature.<br />
In the 30-yrs the remarkable producers of the mute film<br />
continued their working, they are: Nicoloz Shengelaia, Mikheil<br />
Chiaureli, Leo Esakia and others.<br />
Though beside them there appeared the producers of a new<br />
generation: David Romdeli, Alexandre Takaishvili, Diomide<br />
Antadze and Konstantine Pipinashvili.<br />
In the cinematography they tried to create a new simulating<br />
reality with its enthusiasm, themes and problems. In the<br />
conditions of censorship, monotony, common production some<br />
of them still try even a little bit, to express their own, different<br />
attitude towards the existing reality, research new means and<br />
forms of narration in cinematography with somehow getting rid<br />
of stereotype blochs.<br />
Hence, the main aim of the very theme is to review the<br />
basic tendencies of reality under total regime conditions, the<br />
machinery and the peculiarities of creating the Soviet myths.<br />
ABOUT AUTHOR<br />
In 1991 i finished Georgian university of drama and theatre<br />
with specialization of film critics. i used to work at the centre<br />
of scientific research at the same university in 1991-2010yrs.<br />
Since 1992 i have been a lecturer of different universities.<br />
In 2002 i maintained a thesis with the article “Georgian<br />
operational art: traditions, searches”.I used to take part not only<br />
in local but also international conferences. I am the author of<br />
30 scientific and 200 newspaper articles. Basically my works<br />
concern Georgian film history and modern tendencies also is<br />
about pecularities of film-image.<br />
197
She is an author of the book German film of 60-70yrs (Duke,<br />
Schlendorf, Kluge, Fon Trota, Pasbinder, Wenders). She is the<br />
author of the books “reading-book” for the student-operators of<br />
operational skills course in 2010 and Georgian filmmakers in<br />
the collections of essays of I-II volumes (subsidiary manuals) In<br />
2005-2007yrs, and besides she is an author of some articles<br />
Lela Ochiauri<br />
LOOKING INTO THE THE HISTORY OF SOVIETS,<br />
LIKE IN THE MIRROR<br />
Summary<br />
There are cases in the history of culture, when a piece of<br />
art makes a whole panorama of the era, big-scale picture of<br />
development, becomes a genereal model and obtains outstanding<br />
importance.<br />
One of such masterpieces is the well-known documentary<br />
film directed by the Latvian politologist and historian Edvin<br />
Shnorrea. It is a historical document, an analytical study and a<br />
cinematographic occasion the name of which is “The History<br />
of Soviets”.<br />
Nobody stayed indifferent after whatching the film “The<br />
History of Soviets”. Everybody had acute reaction and was<br />
involved in discussion on civil position of the film director. It<br />
became a subject of debates for not only art experts and critics,<br />
but for politicians, historians, psychologist, etc.<br />
As the opponents of “The History of Soviets” state in<br />
Russian media, the plot of the film is built on suspicious facts<br />
and document and is indirectly connected with Latvia itself.<br />
But Edvin Shnorrea explained that his main goal was to put<br />
the Europeans aware about the realities of Stalin’s Regime. In<br />
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addition he wished to define how hushing up of Stalin’s criminal<br />
affairs has impacted the contemporary Europe.<br />
The film-study puts as a whole and and delivers emotional<br />
experience of the history. Those who had managed to achive<br />
the deliverance from it genuinely feel the suffering overcome<br />
by their ancestors and once again, even more obviousely see the<br />
new features of the current Russian politics.<br />
ABOUT AUTHOR<br />
The full professor, The film critic, The Doctor of philosophy<br />
Graduated from the faculty of art artism Tbilisi art academy.<br />
She did probation at the University of film history and scientific<br />
research institute of Moscow under the management of Irina<br />
Shilova. Since 1982 she has been working at the University<br />
of Drama and Theatre in the sector of Scientific-research of<br />
film. (until it has been abolished) Similteniously she has been<br />
giving lectures in the theory film and critics, film history and<br />
journalism.<br />
She used to be an author of ”tele-cine-video” and then became<br />
the host and consultant from 1990 including 2003. Since<br />
1999 till today she has been the invited lecturer of Batumi<br />
university. Since 1996 she has been the editor of the newspaper<br />
“Rezonance” culture and is a reviewer. Besides she has worked<br />
with journals such as “ critics”, our writing, “names” “Amarta”<br />
“focus” “Line”.<br />
In 2005 she maintained a thesis with the article- 60-70yrs Poetic<br />
tendencies in Georgian film.<br />
Main issues of scientific research are: Georgian and European<br />
film’s of 60-80yrs, the latest film process, mythological aspects<br />
and the national conception in culture and oters.<br />
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MEDIA STUDIES<br />
Eldar Iberi<br />
“ENTERTAINIG TV-PROGRAMS AND POLITICAL<br />
SOCIALIZATION”<br />
Summary<br />
The research is based on the analysis of two popular TVprograms<br />
– a puppet-show serial “A Tale for Grown-ups” and an<br />
animated serial, called “Dardubala” and reveals their influence<br />
on the forming process of political ideas and beliefs in the mass<br />
consciousness.<br />
The work states that entertaining programs definitely are not<br />
apolitical at all and at the same time they do not lack ideology.<br />
During the permanent and long impact on the audience they either<br />
contribute to strengthening the already existing socio-political<br />
standards, raising Government’s authority, (“A Tale for Grownups”)<br />
or, on the contrary, they act against it (“Dardubala”). The<br />
effectiveness of the programs are greatly depended on using of<br />
feature or feature-documentary film forms, especially satirichumorous<br />
(in this case parodies) types. This mode attracts wider<br />
TV- audience.<br />
ABOUT AUTHOR<br />
Doctor of Philological Sciences (Journalism direction)<br />
1963 - graduated from Ivane Javakhisvili Tbilisi State University,<br />
Faculty of Philology, Department of Journalism.<br />
1963 - started to work at Georgian State TV and Radio<br />
Committee on different positions: editor, senior editor, chiefeditor,<br />
vice-chairman; 1987- started to work at TSU, , first<br />
as an assistant-professor, then as a professor of the Chair of<br />
Journalism. Since 2005 - works as an associated professor at<br />
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TSU Faculty of Social and Political Sciences (department of<br />
Journalism); Conducts lectures in TV-Radio Journalism and<br />
in the theory of mass-communications.1999 - maintained<br />
dissertation on Journalism.<br />
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UNIVERSITY' Ph.D PROGRAM<br />
DRAMA END THEATRE THEORY<br />
Head of the Program: Prof. Mikheil Kalandarishvili<br />
Maka Vasadze<br />
Second year PhD Student<br />
ESSENCE OF THEATRE LANGUAGE<br />
Summary<br />
What does “Art language” mean? Using the term<br />
“language” scientists consider all kinds of communicative<br />
system, that makes use of placed symbols with a particular<br />
model. Semiotic language is defined as a system of symbols,<br />
means of communication. In the former work we aren’t to make<br />
Linguistic analysis of the language nature, the latter possesses<br />
capacity of creating ideas, we are only to remind what kind of<br />
meaning it has got either.<br />
In the epoch of postmodernism as on the foil of the process<br />
of existancial-meaning of reflection of the Artistic works in the<br />
modern Artistic Science a question arises about it’s language,<br />
as a reflection of the common language between an author<br />
and a reader, or spectator listener and so on and so forth.<br />
Each communicative act contains for itself a transmission and<br />
receiver of an information. It’s necessary to exist a common<br />
intermediate language for a receiver to realize a message of a<br />
transmission.<br />
Modern Artistic investigators supporting upon all kinds<br />
of system which might be defined as a language just a<br />
communicative means among two or more persons, prove that<br />
various branches of Art possess a particular language.<br />
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To Linguasemiotics mind Art is an organized language with<br />
a special model, therefore we can speak the language of music,<br />
painting, film, theatre and etc. Before researching Robert<br />
Sturua’s Artistic Language we will try to analise “Artistic<br />
Language” in common, while talking in the Artistic Language<br />
it must be intended the whole complex of symbols, which create<br />
the very language. The language evolution, change dynamism<br />
is a law of semiotic system of a language. In his book “Empty<br />
sphere “ Peter Brooke indicates, that a theatre language should<br />
be simple, but always different depending on where and for<br />
whom you work.<br />
Tea Kakhiani<br />
Second year PhD Student<br />
CONCEPTION OF NATIONAL THEATRE IN THE<br />
GEORGIAN PRODUCTION OF 90YRS<br />
Summary<br />
I instruct the work under the direction of Drama, theatre<br />
theory and PhD programe “ modern tendencies of Georgian<br />
film production”. Research topic includes the period from 1990<br />
till 2000. I represent review of a tendence outlined in Georgian<br />
film production at the beginig of 90yrs, which might be called<br />
the conception of national theatre.<br />
Started struggle of national liberation in Georgia, which<br />
ended with forming an independent republic of the country<br />
was reflected on Georgian theatre as a concrete form. A great<br />
majority of the staged performances express Georgian national<br />
inspiration in this period. Searches the expressive form of<br />
national features. The main line of producers research passes<br />
through the Georgian cultural herity and runs through onfolk<br />
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and mythology.<br />
Started thinking in 90s by producers about the conception<br />
of national theatre takes roots from the creation of Sandro<br />
Akhmeteli. The staged performance “Lamara” by G. Robakidze<br />
became one of the brilliant expressivenss of national art in<br />
1930.<br />
In 1989 the producer David Andguladze organized “<br />
Defenders of Graali” by G Robakidze at the theatre of named the<br />
Mardjanishvili. This performance was a broadcast of tendence<br />
that issue of national substance and form has become actual<br />
again. In the article there is examined this tendence.<br />
It should be noted that in our modern times in the<br />
performances defined by national theatre concept the most<br />
important focus primarily was refered the issues with not so<br />
Artistic reflection as with that essential role of the society, the<br />
theatre used to perform in the process of forming in the process<br />
of forming in the above-mentioned issues.<br />
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THEORY AND HISTORY OF WORLD THEATRE<br />
Head of the Program: Prof. Tamar Bokuchava<br />
Marika Mamatsashvili<br />
Third year PhD Student<br />
PETER BROOKE’S WORK WITH ACTORS<br />
Summary<br />
Peter Brook considers actors to be a main body a theatre<br />
supports on. He has come up to this conclusion step-by-step i.e.<br />
has used the way of experiment and error, unholding back from<br />
searching.<br />
In the Artistic skill, as in all other spheres of creation, Brook<br />
prefers to intuition, subconsciousness, he gives the whole<br />
advantage to an actor’s mysterious machinery of creation”. He<br />
is categorically against the schemes worked at beforehand not<br />
only in the production, but the Artistic works either, That is his<br />
exceptionally principle matter. He thinks that in the process of<br />
scenic creation divulging of productive view is inadmissible.<br />
because such an attitude does not kindle an actor’s energy,<br />
on the contrary puts down it. Sometimes when too much<br />
time passes before a producer grows out of the thought of the<br />
categories with desired results, instead of it he will strives to<br />
discover source of energy in actor with which there spring up<br />
real creative impulses.<br />
Brook does not consider selfdivulging to be the most value<br />
of art. The important thing for him is what an actor expresses<br />
and what purpose this expression surves. With this regulation<br />
Brook draws nearer to religious nomination of Art, according to<br />
which any creation is so much delightful as virtuous and kind.<br />
The purpose of all religions is to kindle virtue towards a near<br />
relation, isn’t it?<br />
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DRAMA DIRECTION<br />
Head of the Program: Prof. Giorgi Margvelashvili, Vasil Kiknadze<br />
Tiko Qoiava<br />
Second year PhD Student<br />
ACTUALITY OF NON-VERBAL THEATRICAL<br />
TENDENCIES OF THEATRE <strong>ART</strong> IN 21 CENTURY<br />
Summary<br />
Actuality of non-verbal theatrical tendencies of theatre art in<br />
21 century doesn’t mean to neglect existing directions this is a<br />
platform for innovatory ideas. Show elements have great delight<br />
due to demands of aesthetics in society. Therefore this direction<br />
obtained popularity, though it isn’t easy to keep it on a proper<br />
level. Fusion of two arts. (theatre and choreography) creates<br />
necessity of existence of skilled creative group, according to<br />
which a choreographic producer should stage and actor-dancers<br />
correspondently must act. Tandem of creative groups were<br />
drawn in there four plays, which gave opportunity to spectators<br />
to see fusion of these two fields. Georgia, as one of the part of<br />
world culture, in this regard, it shouldn’t be behind.<br />
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FILM DIRECTING<br />
Head of the Program: Prof. Davit Janelidze, Lela Ochiauri<br />
Giorgi Ugrelidze<br />
Second year PhD Student<br />
DIRECTING IN THE IDEOLOGICALLY POLITICAL<br />
CONTEXT AT THE EXAMPLE OF EXPRESSIONISM,<br />
NEOREALISM AND TELEVISION<br />
Summary<br />
Film expressionism, having appeared in Germany before<br />
World War I and neo realism, which appeared in Italy at the end<br />
of World War II reflected the orientation (line) of the epoch, in<br />
which the vision of a director was ideologically political. When<br />
comparing both lines of film expressionism and neorealism,<br />
we can emphasize the general Stimulus on violence and on the<br />
mood of the protest, on the politically – ideological moment and<br />
also on clear handwriting of a director. On the other hand the<br />
difference between the contents and the formal side is radial.<br />
The end of neo-realism coincided with the appearance of<br />
the epoch of television.<br />
The main factor of development of the television became<br />
main determinations instantaneous and intimateness.<br />
And the development of television was going on with such<br />
fast speed that in 1936 it became possible to broadcast Olympic<br />
Games in Berlin. This fact became stage full in the history of<br />
television.<br />
Such scale and instantaneous of television cause confidence<br />
from each spectator. From the 50-ies the television raises on<br />
new height.<br />
Until political processes are in the interest of mankind, the<br />
artistic works won’t lose their realism.<br />
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