xuTi esse Tanamedrove saqarTvelos Sesaxeb - Litsakhelebi.ge
xuTi esse Tanamedrove saqarTvelos Sesaxeb - Litsakhelebi.ge
xuTi esse Tanamedrove saqarTvelos Sesaxeb - Litsakhelebi.ge
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<strong>xuTi</strong> <strong>esse</strong> <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>Sesaxeb</strong><br />
gigi TevzaZe
sarCevi:<br />
1. Cveni sinamdvilis ganjadoebis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi mecnierebis warsulis,<br />
awmyos da momavlis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> msjelobis gziT<br />
2. pirvelad - politikuri anTropologia saqarTveloSi<br />
3. warsulis ganviTarebis scenari: kanonieri qurdebis SemTxveva<br />
4. qarTveli eris dabadeba<br />
5. „saqarTvelo - aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis gzisgasayarze“: dRevandeli<br />
qarTvelebis TviTwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nis da TviTprezentaciis istoria<br />
SeniSnvebi
Cveni sinamdvilis ganjadoebis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi mecnierebis warsulis,<br />
awmyos da momavlis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> msjelobis gziT<br />
kiTxvaSi gawvrTnili mkiTxveli mixvdeba, rom saTauris am formas bevri<br />
saerTo aqvs me-19 da me-18 saukunis teqstebTan. aseve, TvalSi moxvdeba ucnauri<br />
sityva - ganjadoeba, romlic mniSvnelobasac albaT intiuciurad esmis, magram<br />
100 welze meti xnis winandeli stilis dasaTaurebaSi am neologizmis SemoWra<br />
albaT afiqrebs da maT Soris kavSirze kiTxvas aRZravs.<br />
ganjadoeba socialur mecnierebaSi maqs veberis mier Semotanili cnebaa<br />
(Entzauberung) da niSnavs samyaros suraTis cvlilebas - religiasa da<br />
saswaulebze orientirebuli msofilmxedvelobidan racionalizmze orientirebul<br />
msoflmxedvelobaze gadasvlas.<br />
maqs veberi am gadasvlas evropaSi kaTolicizmis dasustebas,<br />
protestantizmis gaZlierebas da kapitalizmis warmoSobas ukavSirebda. dRes<br />
veberis am Teorias, romelic sazogadoebrivi warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis ganjadoebas evropis<br />
Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlis erT-erT ZiriTad gzad ganixilavs, bevri<br />
mowinaamRde<strong>ge</strong> hyavs, rogorc axal Teoriebze, aseve - meoce saukunis meore<br />
naxevarSi moZiebul empiriul masalaze dayrdnobiT. es Teoriebi da masalebi<br />
miuTiTeben, rom arc kapitalizmis warmoSobaa erTminSvnelovnad<br />
protestantizmTan dakavSirebuli da arc ise erTmniSnvnelovania axali drois<br />
evropaSi samyaroze warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis saswaulebTan kavSirisagan dacla da amis gamo<br />
mmarTvelobiTi racionalizmis da <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> biurokratiis warmoSoba.<br />
es werili saqarTveloSi mecnierebis dRevandel mdgomareobas, mis<br />
warsuls da savaraudo momavals aRwers. sityva ”ganjadoeba”-sac me veberiseuli<br />
pirvandeli mniSvnelobiT viyeneb da viwyeb msjelobas qarTuli mecnierebis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong> - im warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebze orientaciiT, romlebic dRes arsebobs Cvens<br />
sazogadoebaSi, da romelTa umetesobac - vecdebi davamtkico - umsjelobebsa da<br />
sazogadoebrivi koniuqturisadmi gauazrebel morCilebazea dayrdnobili.
saqarTveloSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnirebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> Cvens garSemo arsebuli<br />
warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis dawurva Semdeg gamoTqmebze SeiZleba:<br />
pirveli: saqarTveloSi mecniereba Zalian magari iyo sabWoTa dros, imitom, rom<br />
maSin saxelmwifo did yuradRebas aqcevda mecnierebas;<br />
meore: dRes qarTuli mecniereba dakninebulia, imitom, rom saxelmwifo auqmebs<br />
mecnierebaTa akademias da ar aqcevs yuradRebas mecnierebs;<br />
mesame, romelic pirvelis da meores sinTeziviTaa: saqarTveloSi dResac<br />
msoflio donis mecnierebaa, sakmarisia fuli mivceT, da sabWoTa kavSiris dones<br />
male davubrundebiT.<br />
es sami debuleba Tu mosazreba mniSvnelovan miTiur fenas aCens qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis wevrebis azrovnebSi: SeiZleba Tamamad vTqvaT, rom am sam<br />
debulebas yvela eTanxmeba - met-naklebi variaciebiT: magaliTad, xelisuflebis<br />
wevrma an misma gulSematkivarma SeiZleba Tqvas, rom ”Znelia sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
donis miRweva mecnierebaSi - maSin xom qveyana uzarmazar resursebs flobda.<br />
Cven vcdilobT, da imedia, male mivaRwevT mecnierebis im dones, romelzec<br />
saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris dros iyo”. amas Semdeg mohyveba saubari im<br />
kontaqtebze da laboratoriebze, romelic ”im dros” iyo, da a.S.<br />
igives ityvis xelisuflebis mowinaamRde<strong>ge</strong>, an ubralod e.w. ”neitraluri”<br />
adamiani. es erTsulovneba imdenad TvalSisacemia - Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebul<br />
totalur ”erTmaneTTan-araferSi-daTanxmebis”, sazogadoebrivi interesebis<br />
ramdenime saerTo mniSvnelamde dauyvanelobis fonze, rom socialur<br />
mecnierebaSi odnav ganswavlulic ki aucileblad ityvis, rom aq saqme gvaqvs<br />
sakmaod Zlier miTTan.<br />
magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom es sami debuleba, raki isini miTiuri<br />
konstruqciis nawilebs Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen, imTaviTve ar Seefereba sinamdviles: miTiuri<br />
konstruqciebis mecnieruli kvlevis istoriaSi bevria SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />
miTebis realurobasTan Sesabamisobis maRali xarisxi damtkicebula da<br />
skeptikosebis didi sinanuli gamouwvevia.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, davamtkicebT Tu ara am miTs qarTuli mecnierebis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, Tu uarvyofT, mainc davd<strong>ge</strong>biT ganjadoebis gzaze: uaryofis SemTxvevaSi
kamaTs da diskusias mainc miviRebT am miTis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, rac miTs daasustebs mainc,<br />
xolo damtkicebebis SemTxvevaSi - miTi ukve aRar iarsebebs da SesaZlebelia<br />
sazogadoebas amiT sxva sakiTxebze SeTanxmebis mniSvnelovani, verificirebuli<br />
dasayrdeni gamouCndes.<br />
meTodi<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> samecniero samyaroSi mecnieris, mecnierTa jgufis Tu mTlianad<br />
qveynis mecnierTa miRwevebis gazomvis utyuari raodenobrivi meTodi arsebobs da<br />
mas ”bibliometruli analizi” hqvia. am meTodis mixedviT, mecnieruli muSaobis<br />
indikatori sul ramdenimea da maTi ricxvebze dayvana, minimaluri<br />
interpretaciis saWiroebiT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia. es indikatori ZiriTdad<br />
oria: mecnieris avtorobiT gamoqveynebuli naSromebis raodenoba da am mecnieris<br />
naSromebis sxva mkvlevarebis naSromebSi citirebis raodenoba.<br />
cxadia, rom es indikatorebi iTvaliswineben mxolod pirdapir<br />
raodenobriv monacemebs, romlebic SeiZleba ar iyos erTmniSvnelovani - mag.<br />
konkretuli publikaciis citirebis raodenoba SeiZleba gaizardos ara mecnieris<br />
ideebTan da Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan Tanxmobis, aramed uTanxmobis gamo. magram mecnierebis<br />
ganviTarebis istoriaSi Secdomebs aranaklebi wvlili miuZRviT, vidre pozitiur<br />
Sede<strong>ge</strong>bs. garda amisa, xSirad, aRiarebuli Secdoma gamxdara mecnierebis momavali<br />
ganviTarebis qvakuTxedi. Sesabamisad, es niSnavs, rom Tuki mecnieris Secdomas<br />
bevri gamoxmaureba aqvs, is mniSvnelovnadaa CarTuli samecniero procesSi.<br />
amitom, yvelaze advili da albaT erTaderTi gza, vnaxoT Tu ra<br />
mdgomareobaSia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecniereba - da Sevadarod is mis warsul miRwevebs<br />
- aris zemodCamoTvlili indikatorebis mixedviT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebis<br />
miRwevebis Sefaseba.<br />
dRevandel msoflioSi ramdenime monacemTa bazaa, romlebic mecnierTa<br />
miRwevebis Sesaxen raodenobiv monacemebs amuSaveben da aqveyneben. yvelaze<br />
momcveli maT Soris e.w. ”codnis qselia” (ISI Web of Knowled<strong>ge</strong>) romelic<br />
samecniero slengSi tomsonis (Thomson) saxeliTaa cnobili. monacemTa es baza<br />
Secavs akademiuri kvlevis miRwevebis monacemebs 1975 wlidan dRemde.
Sesabamisad, Cven advilad SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> miRwevebs,<br />
rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi, aseve mis Semdeg.<br />
monacemTa bazebSi gamocdil mosiarules gauCndeba saZiebo arealebis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong> kiTxva. nakleb gamocdilebisaTvis Sevecdebi ganvmarto, ratom aris<br />
saZiebo arealebis codna mniSvnelovani monacemTa bazebidan swori pasuxis<br />
miRebisaTvis: warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT xorblis da rkinis marcvlebis grova,<br />
xolo amocanaa erTmaneTisagan gamoaCioT rkina da xorbali. aq sul mcire sami<br />
gzaa: 1. xeliT - anu vizualurad da SegrZnebis safuZvelze gadaarCioT grova; 2.<br />
daTesoT mTeli grova da romelic ar amova, is iqneba rkina; 3. magnitis<br />
saSualebiT miizidoT rkinis marcvlebi.<br />
am sam wesSi pirveli energiis didi danaxarjs moiTxovs, meore -<br />
maxvilgonieria, magram Sede<strong>ge</strong>bs didi xani unda velodoT. Sedegic SeiZleba ar<br />
iyos zusti - xorblis marcvlebis raRac raodenobam SeiZleba ar gaixaros.<br />
mesame - yvelaze adekvaturia - moiTxovs minimalur dros da Sedegic<br />
maqsimalurad efeqturi unda iyos.<br />
saZiebo arealis codna swored is magnitia, romelsac informaciis<br />
grovidan CvenTvis saintereso monacemebi umokles droSi gamoaqvs.<br />
”tomsonSi” Sesulia informacia e.w. saerTaSoriso JurnalebSi<br />
gamoqveynebuli Tu citirebuli naSromebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. saerTaSoriso Jurnalebi ki<br />
is Jurnalebia, romelsac gaaCnie peer review-s meqanizmi: anu, redaqciis mier<br />
statiebis SerCevis meTodologia, romelic gulisxmobs Jurnalis redaqciaSi<br />
Semosuli statiebis xarisxis anonimur Semowmebas avtoris kole<strong>ge</strong>bis mier. am<br />
monacemTa bazaSi Sesul TiToeul erTeuls, anu, publikacias aqvs Tavisi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi. maT Soris, garda avtoris saxelebisa da gvarisa, aris am<br />
avtorebis instituciuri mikuTvnebuloba, da qveyana, sadac es institucia<br />
mdebareobs. bunebrivia, gvarebis mixedviT rom vamuSaoT monacemTa baza, amas<br />
Zalian didi dro da resursebi dasWirdeba da daemsgavseba rkinis da xorblis<br />
marcvlebis xeliT gadarCevas. magnitis funqcia qveynis da instituciis<br />
dasaxelebam unda Seasrulos, rac, sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
SemTxvevaSi iqneba ”<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademia” da/an ”<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>
sabWoTa socialisturi respublika” daweris yovelnairi formiT, xolo sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris Semdgom periodSi ”<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika” - ase miuTiTeben<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> tomsonis monacemTa bazebSi mas merec, rac saqarTvelom dasaxeleba<br />
Seicvala - imisaTvis rom aSS-s jorjiis Statisagan ganasxvavon (romelic,<br />
sxvaTa Soris, cnobilia maRali donis kvleviTi unviersitetebiT).<br />
Cveni miznebis misaRwevad SerCeuli tomsonis saZiebo sityvebis nakrebi ase<br />
gamoiyureba:[Address=(rep* of Georgia) OR Address=(Tbilisi*) OR Address=(Georgian<br />
Acad*) OR Address=(GEORGIA USSR) OR Address=(GEORGIA SSR) OR<br />
Address=(Kutaisi*) OR Address=(Batumi*) Timespan=All Years. Databases=SCI-<br />
EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH]. rac Semdegnairad ikiTxeba; momeci<br />
yvela monacemi, romlis aRweraSic miTiTebulia an <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika, an<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademia, an <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssrk, an <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr,<br />
an Tbilisi, an baTumi, an quTaisi. da am sityvebis yvela SesaZlebeli gagrZeleba<br />
(* - es amas niSnavs).<br />
es ki niSnavs, rom unda gvqondes imedi, rom monacemTa baza mogvems yvela<br />
im monacems, romlis aRweraSic Tundac erTi es sityvaTSeTanxmeba Tu sityva<br />
figurirebs. amitom, Cven, am magnitis gamoyenebiT, ar unda gagviWirdes vnaxoT<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebis mdgomareoba 1974 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevamde,<br />
da Semdeg - <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebidan dRemde.<br />
gamonaklisebi da uzustobebi<br />
cxadia, monacemTa arcerTi baza da miT umetes damuSavebis meTodi ar aris<br />
unaklo. Cvens SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs gamonaklisebTan da uzustobebTan. magram<br />
arc es gamonaklisebi da arc uzustobebi ar moqmedeben mTlian suraTze.<br />
gamonaklisebia: am Sede<strong>ge</strong>bSi ver moeqceva is samecniero produqti, sadac ar<br />
aris miTiTebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo, an instiucia. Sesabamisad, rac ar unda<br />
gvegonos, rom maqs plankis intitutSi an niu iorkis universitetSi moRvawe<br />
qarTveli mecnieri qarTul mecnierebas warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, es ase ar aris, Tuki is<br />
Tavis publikaciebis misamarTad ar uTiTebs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> an <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
romelime institucias.
aseve, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, tomsonis monacemTa baza iTvaliswinebs<br />
mxolod im JurnalebSi gamoqveynebas, romlebsac miRebuli aqvT saerTaSoriso<br />
statusi. Sesabamisad, Tuki aseTi statusi Jurnals ar aqvs, masSi gamoqveynebuli<br />
statia ver Seva Cveni kvlevis arealSi. imdenad, ramdenadac saqarTveloSi<br />
gamocemul arcerT humanitarul da socialuri mecnierebis Jurnals ara aqvs es<br />
statusi miRebuli, am damuSavebidan avtomaturad vardeba am sferoebSi qarTul<br />
enaze gamoqveynebuli statiebis 100 %. aseve, SesaZlebelia am damuSavebidan<br />
zogierT ucxour JurnalSi publikaciac amovardes. magram Tuki<br />
gaviTavalisiwnebT imas, rom 1. Cven am SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs qarTuli<br />
mecnierebis donis Sedareba saerTaSoriso indikatorebTan, aseve imasac, rom 2.<br />
Tuki naSromis Rirebuleba maRalia, da misi citireba mimdinareobs, is<br />
aucilebad xvdeba monacemTa bazaSi: anu, Tuki qarTvelma mecnierma gamoaqveyna<br />
statia ara-saerTaSoriso statusian JurnalSi, magram Tu am statiam gamoiwvia<br />
kole<strong>ge</strong>bis interesi, is moxvdeba Cveni damuSavebis arealSi: radganac, rogorc<br />
vTqviT, Cven gamovikvlevT ara marto publikaciebs, aramed, qarTuli mecnierebis<br />
citirebis indeqssac, rasac - dRevandel samecniero samyaroSi sul ufro da<br />
ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba (igive exeba wignebis citirebas - <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />
samecniero samyaroSi wignis Rirebuleba ufro metad misi citirebebis<br />
raodenobiT fasdeba, vidre gamomcemlobis prestiJiT). am monacemTa bazaSi sxva<br />
indikatorebic arsebobs, mag. konferenciebSi monawileobis raodenoba da<br />
konferenciis gamoqveynebuli absrtaqtebis raodnoba. dRes am or indikators am<br />
publikaciaSi ar viyeneb - isini mainc meoreulebi arian da Tavisi mniSvnelobiT<br />
bevrad CamorCebian samecniero JurnalebSi gamoqveynebebs da citirebebs. Tunca,<br />
maTi gaTvaliswnebiTac rom gadaviTvaloT qveynis an mecnierebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi,<br />
proporcia arc sxva qveynebTan da arc sxva mecnierebTan mimarTebaSi mainc ar<br />
icvleba.<br />
ase rom, Cveni kvlevidan gamonaklisebi da uzustobebi ase SeiZleba<br />
CamovayaliboT: Cveni monacemebis didi wili - 90%-mde - iqneba<br />
sabunebismetyvelo da zust mecnierebaTa <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. Tumca, esec ar aris Cveni<br />
amocanisaTvis didi problema. Cveni sakvlevi miTi xom ZiriTdad
sabunebismetyvelo da zust mecnierebebze laparakobs: sabWoTa kavSiris dros<br />
humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi ideologiuri kontrolis qveS iyo -<br />
saxelmwifo cdilobda xeli SeeSala am mecnierebebis ganviTarebisaTvis. amitom,<br />
rac am dros saqarTveloSi am humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebis dargSi<br />
Rirebuli Seiqmna, Seiqmna saxelmwifos moqmedebis sawinaamRdegod. amis<br />
sapirispirod, sabWoTa kavSiri aviTarebda (garkveuli ideologiuri<br />
SezRudvebiT), sabunebismetyvelo da zust mecnierebebs, romlebic, misi<br />
partiuli bosebis azriT, iaraRis damzadebaSi gamoad<strong>ge</strong>bodaT.<br />
citirebis da publikaciebis indeqsis kidev erTi arasrulyofileba mis araabsoluturobaSia:<br />
mecnieris Rirebuleba garkveul SemTxvevebSi ganisazRvreba<br />
ara misi dawerili da gamoqveynebuli produqciiT, aramed - mag. misi<br />
monawileobiT saerTaSoriso eqsperimentebSi, magram aseTi mniSvnelovani<br />
mecnierebis wili (anu, romelbic teqnikosebi ar arian da mTel Tavis dros<br />
konkretuli eqsperimentis Catarebas uZRvnian) msoflio mecnierebaSi, da miT<br />
umetes, saqarTveloSi, sakmaod cotaa. amitom, yvela zemod CamoTvlili<br />
gamonaklisis da uzustobis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRes, citirebis da publikaciebis<br />
indeqsi rCeba erTaderT instrumetad, romlis saSualebiTac Cven SegviZlia<br />
vimsjeloT qveyanaSi mecnierebis ganviTarebis doneze, mis warsulze da momaval<br />
perspeqtivebze.<br />
monacemebi:<br />
cxrili #1. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxeliT gamoqveynebuli naSromebi 1975 wlidan<br />
dRemde
(am cxrilSi 70 da momdevno ricxvebi 100-mde niSnavs 1975 da mis momdevno<br />
wlebs. 100 da misi momdevno ricxvebi niSnavs 2000 da mis momdevno wlebs).<br />
rogorc am cxrilidan Cans, saqarTveloSi warmoebuli samecniero<br />
publikaciebis raodenoba 1975 wlidan 2008 wlis bolomde - mxolod imatebs,<br />
da 2008 wels aRwevs im maCvenebels, romelic arasodes hqonia.<br />
cxrilidan Cans, rom yvelaze maRali niSnuli sabWoTa kavSiris dros 1985<br />
wels iyo miRweuli, da es monacemi emTxveva sabWoTa kavSiris ideologiuri<br />
manqanis Sesustebas. sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg ki yvelaze maRali niSnuli 2005-<br />
2006 wlebze modis da rogorc cxrilidan Cans - izrdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom<br />
publikaciebis raodenobis zrda emTxveva ganaTlebis da mecnierebis reformis<br />
dasawyiss - rodesac dRis wesrigSi dadga mecnierTa Sromis racionaluri<br />
indikatorebiT Sefasebis sakiTxi.<br />
magram, am statiis SesavalSi aRwerili miTiuri konstruqciis momxre<br />
ityvis, rom saqme aris ara raodenobaSi, aramed xarisxSi: anu, sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />
gamoqveynebuli Sromebis xarisxi ufro maRalia, vidre sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
dangrevis Semdeg. es ki niSnavs, rom sabWoTa kavSiris dros gamoqveynebuli<br />
Sromebis citireba bevrad unda sWarbobdes sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg<br />
gamoqveynebuli Sromebis citirebas. codnis qseli citirebis indeqsis mxriv<br />
Semdeg suraTs gvaZlevs:<br />
cxrili #2
es ki niSnavs, rom dRes qarTuli mecnierebis cnobadoba iseTia, rogorc<br />
arasdros. is ramdenimejerme aRemateba sabWoTa kavSiris droindels da<br />
yovelwliurad izrdeba.<br />
maSasadame, am ori cxriliT miTi ”<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>-mecnierebis-sabWoTakavSirSi-kargi-mdgomareobis-<strong>Sesaxeb</strong>-da-<strong>Tanamedrove</strong>-saqarTveloSi-misi-cudimdgomarebis-<strong>Sesaxeb</strong>”<br />
daingra. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs imis Teoriuli Sansi, rom<br />
2008 wels citirebuli statiebis absoluturi umravlesoba sabWoTa kavSirSia<br />
dawerili. magram es saeWvoa, Tundac imis gamo, rom citirebis zrda emTxveva<br />
publikaciebis raodenobis zrdas, da pirdapir unda iyos 2004-2005 wlebSi<br />
dawyebul saerTaSoriso samecniero kontaqtebis gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSirebuli,<br />
da ara - qarTveli mecnierebis 15 an 25 wlis winandeli naSromebis Tavidan<br />
aRmoCenasTan.<br />
magram gvaZlevs Tu ara am miTis ngreva safuZvels, rom davmSviddeT da vTqvaT,<br />
rom yvelaferi kargadaa, da rom mecnieruli kvlevebis saxelmwifo politika<br />
sworedaa mimarTuli? amisaTvis Sedarebas unda mivmaroT da da SevadaroT Cvens<br />
mier mopovebuli monacemebi regionis da Tundac - yofili sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
qveynebis analogiur monacemebs:
cxrili #3<br />
Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan,<br />
Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania<br />
am cxrilebidan Cans, rom sulac ar gviWiravs regionSi mowinave adgili<br />
da mniSvnelovnad CamovrCebiT ufro mcire mosaxleobis mqone qveynebs: kidev<br />
erTi mniSvnelovani daskvna, romleic SegviZlia am cxrilebidan gamovitanoT,<br />
aris is, rom citirebis indeqsi yvela qveyenaSi Tanabrad izrdeba. magram,<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu saidan aris dawyebuli es zrda da ra niSnulia mag.<br />
2008 wlis bolosaTvis: rogorc vxedavT, somxeTis citirebis angariSi TiTqmis<br />
orjer aRemateba Cvensas, xolo estoneTis - TiTqmis 4-jer.<br />
igive SeiZleba iTqvas publikaciebis raodenobaze: 2008 wels qarTvelma<br />
mecnierebma 311 statia gamoaqveynes. litvelma mecnierebma 2163 statia<br />
gamoaqveynes. estonelebma 942, somxebma 465, latvielebma - 360, xolo<br />
azrbeijanelebma - 282. es monacemebi aRebulia 2008 wlis dasawyisSi. imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac yoveli Semdegi kalendaruli wlis pirvel naxevarSi gamoicema<br />
Jurnalebi romelsac gamocemis wlad 2008 weli aqvT miTiTebuli, wlis bolos<br />
an SuaSi monacemebi SeiZleba ramdenadme gansxvavdebodnen mocemulidan, magram,
ogorc wesi aseTi ”gadacdomebi” wlis arc ZiriTad tendencias da arc<br />
miRebul proporcias ar cvlis.<br />
cxrili # 4.<br />
(ix. linki: qveynebis ranJireba publikaciebis raodenobis mixedviT:<br />
Http://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?area=0&category=0®ion=all&year=all&<br />
order=it&min=0&min_type=it qvemoT moyvanili cxrili gakeTebulia 1996-2007<br />
wlebisaTvis).<br />
Country<br />
Publications<br />
Citable<br />
Publications Citations<br />
Self-<br />
Citations<br />
Citations<br />
per<br />
Publication<br />
1 United States 3.885.065 3.652.547 55.078.925 26.887.171 14,51<br />
2 United<br />
Kingdom<br />
1.105.308 1.007.750 12.819.856 3.315.114 12,39<br />
3 Japan 1.103.915 1.081.652 9.104.613 3.003.301 8,52<br />
4 Germany 1.013.151 963.401 10.817.780 3.064.671 11,30<br />
5 China 969.985 964.718 2.379.100 1.178.534 3,68<br />
6 France 732.180 695.274 7.491.135 1.855.193 10,78<br />
7 Canada 550.920 524.539 6.180.777 1.302.773 12,44<br />
8 Italy 534.598 509.208 5.018.387 1.250.266 10,28<br />
9 Spain 388.908 367.174 3.126.547 852.506 9,14<br />
10 Russian<br />
Federation<br />
369.018 366.673 1.352.932 444.618 3,69<br />
11 Australia 346.740 325.599 3.415.148 772.972 11,19<br />
12 India 336.429 322.168 1.347.950 485.084 4,59<br />
13 Netherlands 306.962 291.250 3.955.859 735.740 14,11<br />
14 Korea,<br />
Republic Of<br />
265.535 261.952 1.400.150 350.951 6,70<br />
15 Sweden 224.187 215.491 2.870.070 539.440 13,55<br />
16 Switzerland 218.831 207.770 3.122.283 480.655 15,72<br />
17 Brazil 197.705 192.615 1.036.204 331.101 6,50<br />
Taiwan,<br />
18 Province of 197.162 193.462 1.036.713 276.206 6,38<br />
China<br />
19 Poland 184.120 181.128 905.331 278.293 5,55<br />
20 Belgium 165.330 157.589 1.799.084 303.047 11,99<br />
21 Turkey 145.069 137.575 534.944 166.337 4,84<br />
22 Israel 137.447 131.702 1.522.055 255.082 11,78<br />
23 Denmark 115.462 110.364 1.540.066 256.255 14,34
Citable<br />
Country Publications<br />
Publications Citations<br />
Self-<br />
Citations<br />
Citations<br />
per<br />
Publication<br />
24 Austria 114.352 108.346 1.166.968 189.608 11,36<br />
25 Finland 109.740 106.887 1.284.956 242.028 12,75<br />
26 Greece 93.184 89.266 583.651 123.192 7,59<br />
27 Hong Kong 90.031 86.736 632.361 128.739 8,22<br />
28 Mexico 82.792 80.945 470.643 112.239 6,57<br />
29 Norway 82.489 79.146 848.672 154.873 11,45<br />
30 Czech<br />
Republic<br />
81.068 79.090 436.320 118.277 6,05<br />
31 New Zealand 69.958 66.141 638.868 118.609 10,25<br />
32 Singapore 68.762 66.833 428.798 73.677 7,43<br />
33 Ukraine 65.566 65.174 178.075 55.784 2,73<br />
34 Ar<strong>ge</strong>ntina 64.630 63.051 422.383 101.758 7,08<br />
35 Hungary 63.923 62.035 464.390 92.894 7,76<br />
36 South Africa 61.905 58.317 386.983 92.161 6,92<br />
37 Portugal 60.411 58.911 398.409 90.635 8,12<br />
38 Ireland 49.429 46.596 443.543 57.103 11,07<br />
Iran, Islamic<br />
39<br />
Republic Of<br />
48.818 47.859 133.024 57.498 5,04<br />
40 Egypt 40.967 40.411 154.308 38.547 4,21<br />
41 Thailand 33.485 32.713 167.269 31.732 6,69<br />
42 Romania 33.424 33.054 120.388 30.661 4,18<br />
43 Chile 31.137 30.441 234.489 47.196 9,02<br />
44 Slovakia 30.738 29.965 148.005 37.534 5,07<br />
45 Croatia 27.425 26.722 96.574 26.561 4,05<br />
46 Bulgaria 26.434 26.016 120.784 25.615 4,83<br />
47 Slovenia 25.379 24.899 125.714 31.010 5,72<br />
48 Saudi Arabia 23.515 22.504 92.635 14.288 4,10<br />
49 Malaysia 21.324 20.772 73.628 13.606 4,75<br />
50 Pakistan 19.025 18.112 51.229 14.781 3,38<br />
51 Ni<strong>ge</strong>ria 16.973 16.566 43.816 11.523 3,29<br />
52 Belarus 15.778 15.721 49.075 12.666 3,17<br />
53 Venezuela 15.416 15.068 80.335 14.506 5,60<br />
54 Tunisia 14.124 13.748 39.110 9.348 3,91<br />
55 Morocco 14.009 13.640 54.839 11.534 4,24<br />
56 Colombia 11.238 10.924 61.088 9.442 7,10<br />
57 Lithuania 10.343 10.194 46.985 10.422 6,18<br />
58 Cuba 10.342 10.005 43.335 11.230 5,03
Citable<br />
Country Publications<br />
Publications Citations<br />
Self-<br />
Citations<br />
Citations<br />
per<br />
Publication<br />
59 Al<strong>ge</strong>ria 9.052 8.973 25.143 5.171 3,95<br />
60 Estonia 9.030 8.900 68.885 14.294 8,79<br />
61 Jordan 8.936 8.823 28.502 5.621 3,85<br />
62 Kenya 8.770 8.376 71.701 13.284 9,19<br />
63 Bangladesh 7.835 7.638 31.821 6.424 4,64<br />
64 Indonesia 7.791 7.646 46.885 5.526 6,86<br />
65 Kuwait 7.675 7.509 32.462 6.020 4,46<br />
United Arab<br />
66<br />
Emirates<br />
7.272 6.980 25.530 3.821 4,50<br />
67 Philippines 6.505 6.352 46.499 6.439 7,95<br />
68 Lebanon 6.254 5.805 28.934 3.483 6,19<br />
69 Viet Nam 5.898 5.789 35.795 5.147 7,51<br />
70 Puerto Rico 5.867 5.724 55.577 4.898 10,28<br />
71 Iceland 5.121 4.955 69.490 7.426 15,54<br />
72 Armenia 4.901 4.845 23.962 4.662 5,25<br />
73 Uruguay 4.763 4.607 38.870 6.097 9,53<br />
74 Latvia 4.626 4.590 26.853 4.808 5,88<br />
75 Uzbekistan 4.280 4.255 10.566 2.390 2,52<br />
Tanzania,<br />
76 United<br />
3.928 3.781 27.484 4.737 8,48<br />
Republic Of<br />
77 Georgia 3.867 3.816 19.063 2.789 5,41<br />
78 Peru 3.710 3.568 26.712 3.176 9,34<br />
79 Cameroon 3.659 3.567 19.403 4.244 6,82<br />
80 Ethiopia 3.640 3.566 18.212 3.700 5,97<br />
81 Oman 3.637 3.458 12.377 2.035 4,23<br />
82 Sri Lanka 3.608 3.393 18.046 2.251 6,17<br />
83 Zimbabwe 3.479 3.369 21.143 2.791 5,90<br />
am monacemebisaTvis aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs qveyanaSi realur<br />
mkvlevarTa raodenobas. igive tomsonis mixedviT, 2008 wels saqarTvelodan<br />
saerTaSoriso JurnalebSi 310 publikaciis gamoqveynebaSi monawileoba miiRo<br />
(ara marto - mTavar avtorad, aramed - damxmaredac) 263 mkvlevarma. aqedan 150<br />
mkvlevarma 1 statiis momzadebaSi miiRo monawileoba, 78-ma - 2-s, 19-ma - 3-s, 11-<br />
ma 4-s, 3-ma 5-s, 2-ma 6-s xolo 1-ma - 16-s. SeiZleba kritikosebma Tqvan, rom 16
publikaciaSi erTi mkvlevaris monawileoba ararealuria. magram meores mxriv, am<br />
monacemis arseboba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebis aRweraSi utyuaria.<br />
es ricxvi ki mogviTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi realur, anu aqtiur<br />
mkvlevarTa raodenoba 500-s ar unda aWarbebdes - yvelaze ufro Tamami daSvebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi: Tuki vivarudebT, rom am 261 mkvlevaris ricxvSi ver moxvedrili<br />
mkvlevarebi or weliwadSi erTxel akveyneben statiebs anda - rTul temebze<br />
muSaoben da or-sam weliwadSi erTel axerxeben samecniero qselSi formalur<br />
dafiqsirebas.<br />
Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom msoflios karg kvleviT universitetebSi<br />
Sefardeba profesorebs (romlebic ZiriTadaT mkvlevarebi arian) da studentebs<br />
Soris saSualod 1/10-Tanaa - anu, erT mkvlevarze modis 10 studenti, miviRebT,<br />
rom dRes saqarTveloSi erTi patara kvleviTi universitetis (5000 studenti)<br />
potenciali arsebobs.<br />
gamodis, rom dRes mcire raodenobis mecnierebi qmnian iseTi xarisxis da<br />
raodenobis produqcias, romelic arasodes ar yofila saqarTveloSi. magram,<br />
meore mxriv, Tuki saerTaSoriso indikatorebiT SevxedavT, arc mecnierTa da<br />
arc maTi produqciis raodenoba ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis rom vTqvaT, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi mecnierebis mdgomareoba Tundac damakmayofilebelia.<br />
miT umetes, Tuki gaviTavaliswinebT imas, rom qveyanaSi sadoqtoro<br />
programebis studnetebis raodenoba katastrofulad mcirea: 2008 wels<br />
qveyanaSi sul 728 doqtoranti iyo. rac niSnavs yovel wels 100-150 doqtoris<br />
gamoSvebis potencias. Tavis mxriv, es sul ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom<br />
mecnierebis ricxvi aramc Tu gaizardos, aramed maTi axlandeli raodenoba<br />
SenarCundes. - isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom aqtiur mkvlevarTa asaki sakmaod<br />
xandazmulia da maTi saSualo asaki 50 wels uaxlovdeba.<br />
Tuki raodenobrivi niSnuli gvinda, Tu ra doneze unda iyos <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
mecnierebis produqcia, imisaTvis, rom Tavi ganviTarebuli mecnierebis mqoned<br />
CavTvaloT, am mxriv estoneTis monacemebis doneze asvla sulac ar aris<br />
warmatebis indikatori. qvemoT mocemulia sami wlis ganmavlobaSi estoneTis da<br />
sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebis mecnierTa citirebebis raodenobebis Sedareba. es is
qveynebia, romlebic mosaxleobis raodenobiT, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelo, e.w.<br />
“patara qveynebis” jgufSi SeiZleba SeviyvanoT:<br />
cxrili<br />
#5<br />
rad gvinda mecniereba, anu, mecnierebis adgili qveynebis ekonomikaSi<br />
zemoT moyvanili raodenobrivi monacemebi sakmarisia am werilis dasawyisSi<br />
aRwerili saqarTveloSi mecnierebis warsuls da awmyos <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> miTis<br />
ganjadoebisaTvis. magram mecnierebis momavlis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>ac arsebobs ori miTiuri<br />
konstruqcia, romelic erTmaneTs ewinaamRde<strong>ge</strong>ba, magram, orive maTgani poulobs<br />
sazogadoebaSi Tavis mimdevrebs.<br />
aqedan pirveli (da ufro didi xnis - jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris bolo<br />
wlebidan rom modis) ambobs, rom mecniereba qveynis, gansakuTrebiT patara<br />
qveynis, prestiJia, misi savizito baraTia msoflioSi da is aucileblad unda<br />
finansdebodes, Tundac mxolod imitom, rom msoflios wamyvan centrebSi Cveni<br />
mecnierebi muSaobdnen da saqarTvelo amiT - kulturuli da ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynis saxels imkvidrebdes.<br />
meore (wina saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos gamoCnda saqarTveloSi)<br />
ambobs, rom mecniereba unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc qveynis prestiJis, aramed,<br />
rogorc ekonomikuri mo<strong>ge</strong>bis wyaro. am Teoriis mixedviT kargi mecniereba<br />
yovelTvis mo<strong>ge</strong>biania, amitom, Tuki is swored aris organizebuli, mas<br />
yovelTvis moaqvs mo<strong>ge</strong>ba. es Teoria uyurebs mecnierebas rogorc bankiri<br />
sainvesticio proeqts: Tu mecniereba gaamarTlebs, man unda daabrunos is fuli,
omelic masSi iqneba Cadebuli da Semdeg - damoukideblad SesZlos<br />
warmatebuli arseboba.<br />
saintereso isaa, rom es orive Teoria saR azrzea damyarebuli da<br />
safuZvlad yvelaferi SeiZleba edos, yvelaferi am sakiTxis codnis garda:<br />
satelevizio gadacemebSi nanaxi an gagonili (vinmes mier moyolili),<br />
TviTgadarCenisken swrafva, warsulis viTarebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nis survili Tu sxva<br />
nebismieri ram.<br />
pirveli Teoria ambobs, rom marTalia, fundamentur mecnierebebSi<br />
Catarebuli kvleva <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> bevr materialurs verafers moutans, magram,<br />
saqarTveloSi kargi, msoflio donis mecnierebis arseboba Cveni<br />
civilizebulobis da gnebavT, evropelobis niSania. ramac, saboloo jamSi,<br />
SeiZleba usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani garantic ki Seqmnas. es salonuri Teoria<br />
warmoiSva sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg, rodesac <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebam<br />
dakarga iaraRis warmoebis xelSewyobis azri. mecnierebis arsebobis<br />
ideologiuri safuZvelis gaqrobis Semdeg qarTvel mecnierebs da<br />
inteleqtualebs sakuTari arsebobis da muSaobis gamarTlebisaTvis axali<br />
argumentebis moZebna dasWirdaT.<br />
meore Teoria e.w. gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis arsebobas eyrdnoba, da ambobs,<br />
rom saxelmwifom mxolod mom<strong>ge</strong>biani da praqtikuli proeqtebi unda dafinansos.<br />
am mimarTulebiT uxvad gamoiyeneba iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa inovacia,<br />
teqnologia, sistemuri midgoma da a.S. am Teoriis momxreebi amboben, rom erTis<br />
mxriv mxolod ase SevZlebT im ekonomikuri danaxarjis gamarTlebas, romelsac<br />
am mimarTulebiT gavwevT, xolo meores mxriv - am midgomis safuZvelze<br />
gadavarCevT dasafinansebel mecnierebebs da mimarTulebebs. am Teoriis<br />
konturebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 90-iani wlebis bolos gamoCnda<br />
saqarTveloSi, rodesac saxelmwifo aparatSi gaCnda azri optimaluri meTodiT<br />
gadaenawilebinaT mwiri resursebi da mwiri resursebis miuxedavad mainc<br />
ganviTarebuli mecniereba mieRoT Sedegad.<br />
Tumca, mecnierebis <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> marTva orive am miTologiuri<br />
konstruqciidan gansxvavebulia: wminda ekonomikuri da biznes TvalsazrisiT
yvela qveyanaSi mecniereba wam<strong>ge</strong>biania - yvela im gamoyenebiTi laboratoriebis<br />
mom<strong>ge</strong>bianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic maRalteqnologiur sawarmoebSi<br />
arsebobs da konkretuli inovaciebis danergvaze muSaobs. fundamentur<br />
mecnierebebSi imdeni danaxarjia saWiro Tundac mcire efeqtis misaRebad, rom<br />
laparakic ki zedmetia qveyanaSi mom<strong>ge</strong>biani mecnierebis arsebobaze. ra Tqma unda.<br />
qveynis PR-ic ar udevs safuZvlad mecnierebis dafinansebas, Tumca, SesaZlebelia,<br />
rom politikur diskursSi mecnierebis cneba xSirad am azriT gamoiyenebodes.<br />
mecnierebis roli <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> samyaroSi sxvaa: mecniereba, anu, kvlevis da<br />
kvlevis saSualebiT swavlebis arseboba saWiroa codnis ekonomikis misaRwevad:<br />
Tuki qveyanaSi aris kargi mecniereba, es niSnavs, rom qveyanaSi kargi<br />
universitetebia. es ki niSnavs, rom qveyenaSi bevri ganaTlebuli adaminia,<br />
romlebmac ician kvlevis meTodebi, samyarosadmi racionaluri midgoma aqvT da<br />
ician rogor da<strong>ge</strong>gmon sakuTari cxovreba. qveyana kargi mecnierebis arsebobis<br />
pirobebSi damoukidebeli, ganaTlebuli da zrdasruli adaminebiTaa savse. es ki<br />
utyuari Sansia qveynis ekonomikisaTvis gaxdes condaze, da ara fizikuri Tu<br />
bunebrivi resursebis (rac adre Tu gvian iwureba, an gamousadegari xdeba)<br />
primitiul gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli.<br />
SeiZleba paradoqsia, magram qveyanisaTvis kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi ar aris<br />
uSualod is, rasac is pirvel rigSi elodeba mecnierebisagan. mecnierebis<br />
ganviTrebam gvaCvena, rom mecnierebis istoriaSi garRvevebi da naxtomebi<br />
sruliad moulodnel da xSirad - cariel adgilebze warmoiSoba. qveyana, Tuki<br />
mis politikosebs da sazogadoebas undaT rom am qveyanaSi iarsebos codnis<br />
ekonomikam, rac saboloo jamSi sazogadoebis wevrebis bednierebas moemsaxureba,<br />
daiteresebulia kargi da mravalferovani kvlevebis arsebobiT: ara imitom, rom<br />
xval vinme am kvlevebisagan saswauls elodeba, aramed imitom, rom adamianebma,<br />
romlebic am kvlevebSi monawileobiT da am kvlevebis saSualebiT iReben karg<br />
ganaTlebas, gaaZlieron da gazardon qveynis ekonomika. Zlieri ekonomika ki<br />
Tavis mxriv kvlevebis da swavlebis dafinansebis gazrdaSic Seitans wvlils da<br />
ase Semdeg. saboloo jamSi, ase emsaxureba qveyanaSi mecniereba sazogadoebis
yoveli wevris keTildReobis da bednierebis miRwevis mizans, da ara uSualod<br />
teqnologiuri saswaulebis da garRvevebis miznad dasaxviT.<br />
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi mocemulia qveynebis saerTo erovnuli<br />
produqtidan danaxarjebis procentuli wili mecnierebaze da mecnierebis donis<br />
maCvenebeli citirebis indeqsi. advili SesamCnevia, rom is qveynebi, romlebic<br />
ekonomikuri keTildReobiT gamoirCevian, mets xarjaven mecnierebaze da<br />
Sede<strong>ge</strong>bic ukeTesi aqvT. mecnierebaze danaxarjebis gazrda ki aris ara<br />
ekonomikuri keTildReobis momdevno, rogorc ex xSirad hgoniaT ”mecnierebis,<br />
rogorc prestijis”, da ”mecnierebis, rogorc mom<strong>ge</strong>biani biznesis” Teoriis<br />
momxreebs, aramed - winmswrebi procesi:<br />
cxrili #6 da #7<br />
GDP % expenditure per Country<br />
aSkaraa, rom mecnierebis miRwevebis done pirdapir kavSirSia saerTo<br />
erovnuli produqtis danaxarjis moculobaTan. proporciebis Cavardnebi am<br />
cxrilebSi iseve rogorc me-8 da me-9 cxrilSi (latviis, azerbaijanis da
xorvatiis SemTxvevaSi) mecnierebis marTvis sistemis aramodernizebulobas unda<br />
mivaweroT.<br />
rac Seexeba sxva, ganviTrebul evropul qveynebs, pozitiuri kavSiri<br />
danaxarjebs da mecnierebis dones Soris utyuaria. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,<br />
SedarebisaTvis SevarCieT iseTi qveynebi, romlebSic mosaxleobis raodenoba<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mosaxleobis raodenobis farglebSia:<br />
#9<br />
cxrili #8 da<br />
”mxolod mom<strong>ge</strong>biani mecnierebis dafinansebis Teoriis” momxreebi ityvian,<br />
rom es qveyanaSi gaweuli mTliani xarjebia, da ara mxolod saxelmwifo<br />
biujetidan. magram Tuki CaxedavT Tundac internetSi ganTavsebul cxrilebs,<br />
qveynebis mier mecnierebaze [kvlevaze da ganviTarebaze [research & developemnt],<br />
rogorc mas dRevandel saerTaSoriso diskursSi ewodeba] gaweul sabiujeto da
sxva danaxarjebs, naxavT, rom saxelmwifo biujetebis wili am danaxarjebSi<br />
maRalia, xolo danarCeni, e.w. ara-sabiujeto xarjebi ZiriTadaT imitom xdeba,<br />
rom saxelmwifoebi sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo xerxebiT xels uwyoben kvlevaze<br />
da ganviTarebaze Tanxis gaRebas kerZo pirebis da korporaciebis mxridan. unda<br />
iTqvas, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi es xelSewyoba ar aris primitiuli sagadasaxado<br />
SeRavaTi.
pirvelad - politikuri anTropologia saqarTveloSi<br />
politikuri anTropologia, rogorc mecniereba, romelic politikur<br />
procesebs ”eTnografiuli meTodis” gamoyenebiT swavlobs, meoce<br />
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi britaneTSi Seiqmna. meTodis SemuSaveba<br />
daemyara britaneli anTropolo<strong>ge</strong>bis afrikaSi miRebul gamocdilebas,<br />
romlis mixedviTac britanuli politikuri institutebis kopirebam<br />
afrikis qveynebSi ar moitana is Sedegi, rasac elodnen. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom britanuli da afrikuli politikuri institutebi<br />
sakanonmdeblo formiTa da funqcionirebis wesebiT erTmaneTisagan ar<br />
gansxvavdebodnen. mogvianebiT politikuri anTropologiis meTodis<br />
gamoyeneba daiwyes nebismieri sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad – im faruli,<br />
siRrmiseuli socialuri institutebis gamosavlenad, romlebic<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da politikuri procesebis konkretul<br />
saxes ganapirobeben.<br />
1985 wels meoce saukunis erT-erTma yvelaze cnobilma anTropologma<br />
meri duglasma (Mary Douglas) sirakuzis universitetSi waikiTxa leqciebis<br />
kursi ”rogor fiqroben institutebi”. mogvianebiT es kursi wignadac gamoica.<br />
leqciebis am kursma da wignma saTave daudo axal talRas institutebisa da<br />
individebis urTierTobis kvlevaSi. ZiriTadi idea, romelsac duglasi asabuTebs<br />
am wigniT, is aris, rom organizaciul gadawyvetilebebs metwilad da<br />
upiratesad gansazRvravs ara Zalauflebis mqone pirovnebebs Soris molaparakeba,<br />
aramed instituticiuri kultura: institutebi axorcieleben Cveni codnisa da<br />
gadawyvetilebis unarTa (cognition) socialur kontrols. es niSnavs, rom, Tuki<br />
raime msjeloba sazogadoebis romelime jgufSi erTxmad aris miRebuli da/an<br />
masze saerTo Tanxmoba arsebobs, unda vivaraudoT, rom is ufro socialur<br />
kontrols eyrdnoba, vidre informaciasa da informirebulobas.<br />
institutebis mier ganxorcielebuli socialuri kontrolis magaliTi<br />
SegviZlia SedarebiT martivi socialuri institutebis sferodan moviyvanoT:<br />
rodesac saqme exeba saSualo fenis ojaxSi memkvidreobiT moulodnelad<br />
miRebuli didi fulis gankargvis sakiTxs, ojaxis ufrosebis gadawyetileba –<br />
ras moaxmaron es fuli – saxli iyidon, kargi ganaTleba miaRebinon Svilebs,
fasiani qaRaldebi Seisyidon Tu Tanxa bankSi datovon – ufro im Sexedulebazea<br />
damokidebuli, romelsac sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ojaxis instituti (qcevebis<br />
da metyvelebis kodebisa 1 da praqtikebis erTianoba) uWers mxars, vidre ojaxis<br />
wevrebis molaparakebasa da SeTanxmebaze. sxva viTarebasa da sxva sazogadoebaSi<br />
SesaZloa gonivrulad CaTvliliyo fulis eklesiisTvis Sewirva, msoflios<br />
garSemo samogzaurod wasvla, fulis vertmfrenidan gadmoyra da a.S.<br />
axla ufro rTuli institutebis mxridan socialuri kontrolis<br />
magaliTebi vnaxoT: metia imis albaToba, rom xangZlivi istoriisa da Zlieri<br />
infrastruqturis mqone eklesiaSi saeklesio pirebis mier dogmebze msjelobis<br />
dawyeba eresad iyos aRqmuli, vidre eklesiis gaZlierebisken mimarTul qmedebad.<br />
Sesabamisad, metia albaToba, rom saeklesio ierarqebi dogmebze msjelobaSi<br />
eress dainaxaven. aseve, eTnikuri umciresobis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlis winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTuli radikaluri qmedeba an sityva, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac is<br />
damnaSavea, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> liberalur erTobaSi ufro metad aRqmuli iqneba<br />
rogorc gadametebuli RonisZieba. da piriqiT – metia albaToba, rom tradiciul<br />
sazogadoebaSi eTnikuri umciresobis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlis mier Cadenili danaSauli<br />
aRqmuli iqnes rogorc danaSauli eTnikur warmomavlobis gamo, vidre im<br />
adamianis konkretul Tvisebebidan gamomdinare. anu, rodesac institutebze<br />
vlaparakobT, vgulisxmobT qcevebis, metyvelebis praqtikebisa da kodebis<br />
kompleqss, romlebic yvelaze ufro mosalodneli da moTxovnadia konkretul<br />
sazogadoebriv jgufSi.<br />
socialuri institutis yvelaze ufro moxerxebuli, magram<br />
aramecnieruli gansazRvreba, romelic me Semxvedria aseTia: ”is, rac<br />
arsebobs Sens dabadebamde”. anu is aramaterialuri struqtura,<br />
romelSic Sen Sedixar, rogorc ukve arsebulSi da romlis nawilic<br />
xdebi.<br />
es niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi jgufebis SeTanxmebuli da sayovelTaod<br />
mowonebuli qmedebebi unda ganvixiloT rogorc ufro socialur kontrolze
damyarebuli, vidre am jgufSi Semavali konkretuli adamianebis motivebidan da<br />
pirovnuli Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare.<br />
aq erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT politikuri da socialuri<br />
institutebi: politikuri institutebi aris kanonebiT, moqmedebis dawerili<br />
wesebiT da xSirad – konkretuli politikuri TanamdebobebiT warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili<br />
sistemebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen politikaSi CarTuli adamianebisa da<br />
Zalauflebis ganawilebas. socialuri institutebi ki qcevebisa da metyvelebis<br />
is uxilavi kodebi da sistemebia, romlebSic politikuri institutebi arseboben<br />
da Tanaarseboben. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom moqalaqeobis socialuri<br />
instituti demokratiul qveyanaSi aris is, romelSic da romlis ZaliTac is<br />
politikuri institutebi (mag., parlamenti, mTavroba, prezidenti, sasamarTlo,<br />
policia) arseboben, romlebic Tavis mxriv ganapirobeben demokratiuli qveynis<br />
(mag., britaneTis, aSS-is, safran<strong>ge</strong>Tis) dRevandel politikur saxesa da Sinaarss.<br />
socialuri mecnierebis midgomas, romelic socialuri instiutebidan<br />
gamomdinare ganixilavs sazogadoebaSi mimdinare politikur procesebs da<br />
individebis politikur qcevas, politikuri anTropologia ewodeba. am midgomis<br />
mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebi im politikuri da sociologiuri<br />
Teoriebis gamoyenebiT ki ar unda aRvweroT, romlebic ukve viciT, aramed –<br />
davakvirdeT mimdinare procesebs da am procesebis <strong>ge</strong>neralizaciiT, reducirebiTa<br />
da analogiebis moxmobiT aRvweroT (”daviWiroT”) qcevis is praqtikebi da<br />
kodebi, anu is socialuri institutebi, romlebic mimdinare procesebs udevs<br />
safuZvlad.<br />
politikuri anTropologiis meTodis gamoyeneba miT umetes gamarTlebulia<br />
CvenSi arsebuli politikuri procesebisa da gadawyvetilebebis analizisaTvis:<br />
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, udavod sainteresoa, ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen socialuri<br />
institutebi, romlebic dRes Cvens garemoSi apirobeben politikuri<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da am gadawyvetilebebis mxardaWeras politikaSi<br />
CarTuli sazogadoebis wevrebis mier. es midgoma produqtiuli unda iyos im<br />
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac bolo dros miviReT, da im viTarebis gamoc,<br />
romelic bolo dros Seiqmna am realobis analizis TvalsazrisiT. politikuri
subieqtebis nebismieri Sefaseba miuReblobisa da gauziareblobis kedlebs<br />
awydeba. am SefasebaTa miReba/miuReblobis ZiriTadi problema, Cemi azriT, is<br />
aris, rom analitikosebi politikosebis, politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis<br />
procesSi CarTuli profesionalebisa da maTi mimdevrebis ama Tu im<br />
gadawyvetilebas da moqmedebas maTi pirovnuli Tvisebebidan da Rirebulebebidan<br />
gamomdinare aRweren, rac umetes SemTxvevaSi miaxloebulic ki ar aris am<br />
politikosebisa da maTi mimdevrebis warmod<strong>ge</strong>nasTan sakuTar Tavze. amis<br />
magaliTia am bolo dros gaxSirebuli paralelebis gavleba kanonieri qurdebis<br />
qcevasa da „ucnobis“ politikur prezentaciebs Soris 2 ; braldebad qceuli<br />
analizi, romlis mixedviTac radikaluri opozicia, Tu ganzrax ara,<br />
aracnobierad mainc ruseTis davalebas asrulebs; xelisuflebis, rogorc<br />
adamianis uflebebis permanentuli damrRvevis, ufro radikaluri SefasebiT –<br />
rogorc kaciWamiebis, mkvlelebis, kriminalebis da a.S. jgufis, moqmedebaTa ukve<br />
socialur konstantad qceuli aRwera. aseTi mouxeSavi analogiebi ki<br />
politikuri poziciebis matareblebSi iwvevs ara dafiqrebasa da<br />
TviTkoreqtirebis survils, aramed – gaRizianebas da Sefasebis avtoris<br />
erTmniSnvnelovan ”ganTavsebas” romelime politikur banakSi.<br />
zemoT aRwerili meTodiT midgoma, vfiqrob, pirovnebebze miTiTebisa da<br />
maTTvis iarliyis mikerebis xifaTs agvaridebs. me vapireb aRvwero qcevisa da<br />
metyvelebis kodebi, romlebic koleqtiurad aRiarebuli gadawyvetilebebidan da<br />
koleqtiuri qcevebidan gamomdinareobs, da ara konkretuli adamianebis<br />
fsiqotipebi da RirebulebiTi prioritetebi. Sedegad miviRebT im socialuri<br />
institutebis (an institutis) aRweras, romelSic dRevandeli politikuri<br />
institutebi moqmedeben da urTierTmoqmedeben.<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelic Cveni politikuri garemos<br />
analizisaTvis politikuri anTropologiis meTodis gamoyenebisaken gvibiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs,<br />
aris rogorc radikaluri opoziciis, aseve mmarTveli partiisa da<br />
xelisuflebis politikuri programebis sqematuri xasiaTi 3 , rac mafiqrebinebs,<br />
rom es programebi imitomacaa sqematuri, rom raRac sxvaze miuTiTeben da<br />
TavisTavadi mniSvneloba ara aqvT. is raRac ki, razedac es sqemebi miuTiTeben,
savaraudod, is socialuri institutebi arian, romlebic politikur subieqtebs<br />
moqmedebisa da diskursis konkretuli formebisaken mimarTaven. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
politikuri programa kodirebuli gzavnilis rols asrulebs, romlis miRebis<br />
Sedegad socialuri institutis wevrisaTvis cxadi xdeba, rom es mis socialur<br />
institutSi Semavali jgufis mier gakeTebuli ganacxadia. Sesabamisad, Tuki es<br />
asea, individebi orive mxares moqmedeben ufro rogorc socialuri institutis<br />
warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebi, vidre politikuri partiis an partiaTa koaliciis wevrebi.<br />
dRevandel politikur procesebSi CarTuli individebis koleqtur qcevaTa<br />
da sajaro gamoTqmaTa analiziT yalibdeba diskursuli da qceviTi kodebis ori<br />
jgufi (TiToeulSi oTxi kodia), romelTaganac erTs umetesad radikaluri<br />
opoziciis, xolo meores umetesad xelisuflebisa da mmarTveli partiis<br />
warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebi da mxardamWerebi ekuTvnian.<br />
esenia: radikaluri opoziciis qcevis da diskursis kodebi:<br />
1. yvelaze ufro misaRebi saqcielia iyo mediatori da msajuli, yvelaze<br />
miuRebeli – iyo CarTuli da warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nde mxares;<br />
2. erTaderTi politikuri pozicia, romelic SeiZleba <strong>ge</strong>kavos, aris is,<br />
romlis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>ac ukve arsebobs upirobo Tanxmoba im jgufSi, romelsac<br />
miakuTvneb sakuTar Tavs;<br />
3. arsebobs upirobo avtoriteti, romelic unda aRiaro da romelsac unda<br />
daemorCilo. magram avtoritetad aRiareba rTuli da sapasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blo saqmea da<br />
Secdoma dauSvebelia;<br />
4. nebismieri politikuri aqcia/qmedeba mxolod samarTlianobis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nasa da<br />
Rirsebis dabrunebaze SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli.<br />
mmarTveli partiis da xelisuflebis qcevis da diskursis kodebi:<br />
1. sakuTari Secdomis aRiareba Rirebulebaa;<br />
2. SeTanxmebuli Rirebulebebis ignorireba SesaZlebelia, Tuki arsebobs<br />
arCevani am Rirebulebebsa da socialur-politikur cvlilebebs Soris;<br />
3. Cven unda SevTanxmdeT vin aris Cven Soris avtoriteti, romelsac<br />
davemorCilebiT;
4. nebismieri politikuri qmedeba, romelic arsebuli viTarebis Secvlas<br />
isaxavs miznad, Rirebulia.<br />
kodebis orive am kompleqss bevrnairi da mravalmxrivi gamovlineba aqvs.<br />
magaliTad, radikaluri opoziciis qcevis kodebi vlindeba rogorc radikaluri<br />
opoziciuri partiebis qmedebebSi, aseve politikur eqspertTa, politikuri Toq<br />
Souebis wamyvanTa, ubralod, radikaluri opoziciuri partiebis mxardamWerTa<br />
qcevebSi da perfonmansebSic ki. ramdenime magaliTi: radikaluri opoziciuri<br />
partiebis mcdeloba arsebuli politikuri konfliqti warmoeCinaT ara rogorc<br />
ori politikuri jgufisa da maTi mxardamWerebis dapirispireba, aramed rogorc<br />
xelisuflebisa da xalxis konfliqti, xolo sakuTari Tavis rogorc ”saqmis<br />
gamrCevisa” da samarTlianobis damd<strong>ge</strong>nis reprezentacia moexdinaT; aseve – maTi<br />
mxridan konkretuli politikuri poziciis dafiqsirebaze uaris Tqma – garda im<br />
poziciisa, rom isini upirobod icaven adamianis uflebebsa da samarTlianobas;<br />
patriarqis avtoritetis upirobobis manifestacia miuTiTebs, rom isini zemoT<br />
aRwerili operaciuli kodebis mixedviT moqmedeben; am bolo dros zogierTi<br />
politikuri eqspertis swrafva, maqsimalurad daafiqsiros ara sakuTari<br />
kompetencia, aramed sakuTari obieqturoba, gansajos orive mxare adamianis<br />
uflebebisa da samarTlianobis upirobo poziciaze dayrdnobiT;<br />
ar SemiZlia ar moviyvano magaliTad ori adamianis kamaTi ”ria<br />
novistis” studiaSi: erT-erTi maTgani sakmaod cnobili politologi da<br />
parlamentis wevria, meore - eqspertis label-is matarebeli. kamaTisas<br />
eqspertma uTxra politologs, rom is ar aris eqsperti, razedac<br />
gabrazebulma politologma miugo, ra gaqvs salaparako, rodesac<br />
politologiis elementaruli cnebebi ar icio. eqspertma mSvidad<br />
upasuxa: samagierod me obieqturi varo.<br />
amave rigSi ewereba peticiebis wyeba, romelic april-maisSi gamoCnda –<br />
sazogadoebis cnobili saxeebis mier xelmowerili da romlis diskursi igive<br />
iyo: Cven obieqturebi varT, arc viciT visi politikuri poziciaa swori, magram<br />
mTavari adamianis uflebebi da samarTlianobaao; aseve – xelovnebis cnobili
warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis mowodeba Rirsebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nisaken, TiTqos Rirsebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na<br />
TavisTavad cxadi politikuri programa iyos; da bolos – Toq Souebis<br />
wamyvanTa umetesobis pozicia – ki ar daexmaros studiaSi mowveuls gamoxatos<br />
Tavisi pozicia da am gamoxatvisas daafiqsiros winaaRmdegoba, aramed sityvaze<br />
gamoiWiros stumari da daumtkicos, rom is mtyuania.<br />
qcevis Tu diskursis es formebi xan kanonieri qurdebis instituts<br />
gvaxsenebs (mag., saknebis simbolika da mTavar sakanSi myofi ucnobi, sadac<br />
opoziciis mxardamWerebi midian saqveyno saqmeebze salaparakod), xan – sabWoTa<br />
inteli<strong>ge</strong>ncias (xelovnebis dargis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nelTa peticiebi), xan –<br />
komunisturi partiuli elitis diskurss, rodesac sakuTari privilegiebis<br />
mopovebis survili umaRlesi Rirebulebebis dacviT iniRbeboda (mag., Rirsebisa<br />
da qarTvelobis dabruneba).<br />
amave diskursuli kodis erTi saintereso gamovlinebaa qarTuli<br />
humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis mier sakuTari<br />
kole<strong>ge</strong>bis minimaluri citireba sakuTar statiebSi sxva qveynebis<br />
mecnierebTan SedarebiT; TiTqosda maT amis gakeTeba rcxveniaT.<br />
sinamdvileSi, zemoT aRwerili kodebis mixedviT, vinmes dasaxeleba<br />
niSnavs mis aRiarebas avtoritetad. es ki amave diskursis Tanaxmad<br />
safrTxilo da sapasuxism<strong>ge</strong>lo saqmea – ar unda Se<strong>ge</strong>Salos da vinme<br />
usafuZvlod ar unda gamoacxado avtoritetad.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom amave diskursuli kodis nawilia kritikuli sityvieri<br />
Tu performansuli epataJebi qarTveli eris mimarT: sazogadoebisadmi kritikuli<br />
damokidebulebis axali diskursi aq ver ”xarobs”, is zedmetad tradiciulia:<br />
sul erTia, qarTveli eris mimarT kritika laSa buRaZis piridan modis Tu anri<br />
joxaZis klipidan. TiTqosda stereotipebis damrRvevi politikuri satirac,<br />
romelic anri joxaZem dadga, ver gavida sayovvelTaod miRebuli da dad<strong>ge</strong>nili<br />
warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis miRma da ilia WavWavaZis ”bednieri eris” meti veraferi ver<br />
moifiqra teqstad. ras ar SexvdebiT am diskursis matarebeli xalxis<br />
TviTgamoxatvebSi: ilia WavWavaZis, konstantine kapanelis, meram mamardaSvilis,
akaki baqraZis sityvebisa da ganwyobebis kopirebas, magram yvela am kopirebis<br />
ukan mkacri saxiT dgas diskursuli kodi, romlis mixedviTac am sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebuli da miRebuli lanZRvis wessac ki ar unda gadauxvio da mxolod ise<br />
unda ilaparako, rogorc upirobo jgufuri SeTanxmeba gavaldebulebs. rac<br />
arcerTi zemoT CamoTvlili pirovnebis SemTxvevaSi ase ar iyo: yoveli maTgani<br />
axal diskurss qmnida an axali diskursi gadmohqonda qarTul sinamdvileSi.<br />
diskursuli da qceviTi kodebis es erTianoba erT konkretul socialur<br />
institutze migviTiTebs, romelic Cveni warsulis ganuyofeli nawilia da<br />
romelsac moqalaqis Zveli socialuri instituti SeiZleba davarqvaT. Aam<br />
institutisaTvis SeiZleboda sabWoTa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> moqalaqis socialuri<br />
instituti dagverqmia, magram maSin mkiTxvelebis mxridan RirebulebiT,<br />
SefasebiT aRqmas ver gaveqceodiT. es im diskursebisa da qcevaTa kodebis<br />
kompleqsia, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda sabWoTa saqarTveloSi.<br />
mis CamoyalibebaSi sxvadasxva politikuri Tu arapolitikuri procesebi<br />
Rebulobda monawileobas. moqalaqis am socialur institutSi gaerTianda<br />
kanonieri qurdebis, inteli<strong>ge</strong>nciis da partiul-mmarTvelobiTi elitis kodebis<br />
nawili. sabolood miviReT socialuri instituti, romelic socialur sivrceSi<br />
gamoixateba rogorc konkretuli politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi poziciis<br />
daukavebloba, mxolod zogad-sakacobrio Rirebulebebisadmi mxardaWeris<br />
dafiqsireba, msajuloba da gansja rogorc umaRlesi Rirebuleba, Rirseba da<br />
samarTlianoba rogorc moqmedebis erTaderTi orientiri – es qcevis is kodebia,<br />
romlebidanac gamomdinareobda rogorc qarTveli inteli<strong>ge</strong>ntis, aseve partiuli<br />
aqtivistis da kanonieri qurdis qceva da diskursi.<br />
am ganwyobis ”bralia”, rom 2003-2007 wlebSi xelisuflebis mier<br />
wamowyebuli reformebis vercerTma talRam ver moipova verc e.w.<br />
yofili sabWoTa inteli<strong>ge</strong>nciis da verc im axalgazrdebis mxardaWera,<br />
romlebsac sazogadoebaSi met-naklebad aRiarebuli pozicia ekavaT: es<br />
mxolod im reformebma daimsaxures, romelTa mizanic Zalian cxadad<br />
da upirobod pozitiurad gamoiyureboda. amitom xelisuflebam<br />
mxolod ori mimarTulebiT miiRo mxardaWera am jgufebisgan –
patrulis reformaze da erTian erovnul gamocdebze. sxva<br />
mimarTulebebma, iqneboda es saswavlo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis liberalur principebze<br />
damyareba, sasamarTlos inkviziciuri formidan SejibrobiTobisaken<br />
moZraoba Tu ekonomikuri reformebi, ver miiRo am diskursis<br />
matareblebis mxardaWera swored am reformebis kompleqsurobisa da<br />
araerTmniSnvnelovanebis gamo. amitom maTi mxridan rTul da<br />
kompleqsur reformebze msjelobisas iReb pasuxs ”ar vici”, an ”saidan<br />
ici”. am SemTxvevebSi isini diskusiaSi ar Semodian da<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis da Tundac maTTvis Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs<br />
(umaRlesi ganaTlebis reforma, sasamarTlos konkretuli mowyoba,<br />
investiciebis tipi da xelSemwyobi garemos formireba) mxolod<br />
politikosebs utoveben gadasawyvetad, raTa Semdeg Seafason da<br />
gansajon.<br />
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs, rom radikaluri opoziciis mxardamWerebi<br />
aRtacebulni arian sabWoTa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ideiT da iq undaT dabruneba. es,<br />
ubralod, niSnavs, rom sabWoTa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> dros Camoyalibebuli moqalaqis<br />
socialuri instituti jer kidev Zlieria (kvlav gaZlierda) da aRzrdisa da<br />
socializaciis SemorCenili sistemebisa da qvesistemebis meSveobiT is maTzec<br />
zemoqmedebs, visac sabWoTa kavSirSi did xans ar ucxovria an saerTod ar<br />
ucxovria.<br />
rac Seexeba saxelisuflebo-mmarTvelobiT qceviT da diskursul kodebs,<br />
isinic socialuri institutis parametrebsa da sazRvrebs gvid<strong>ge</strong>nen, Tundac<br />
imitom, rom am institutis SemoTavazebuli kodebi radikalurad gansxvavdeba<br />
moqalaqis Zveli institutis kodebisagan. Tuki am institutis adgilis moZebnasa<br />
da daxasiaTebas davapirebT, im qcevebisa da diskursuli kodebis erTobliobas<br />
mivad<strong>ge</strong>biT, romlebic sabWoTa epoqaSi Seiqmna disidenturi kulturis saxiT, da<br />
socialur institutad Camoyalibda sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom disidenturi kultura saqarTveloSi ufro<br />
nacionalisturi iyo, vidre adamianis uflebadacviTi. SesaZloa
nawilobriv amiT aixsneba am axali socialuri institutis qcevis<br />
kodi, romlis mixedviTac adamianis uflebebis dacva meoreuli SeiZleba<br />
iyos eri-saxelmwifosa da socialuri cvlilebebis konkretuli<br />
miznebidan gamodinare.<br />
Draki aRar arsebobda sabWoTa kavSiri, romlisadmi dapirispirebac disidenturi<br />
kulturis mTavari macocxlebeli Zala iyo, disidentobam<br />
gaqroba/gadasxcvafereba daiwyo. misi adgili sazogadoebaSi arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciaTa kulturam daikava, romelmac disidenturi qcevisa da diskursis<br />
kodebi SeierTa. sabolood, 2003 wlisaTvis am kulturis matareblebma gaakeTes<br />
ganacxadi, rom SeZlebdnen moqalaqeobis Zveli socialuri institutis anu<br />
politikuri institutebis mimoqcevisa da urTierTqmedebis safuZvlis<br />
Canacvlebas axali socialuri sivrciT/institutiT. am socialuri institutis<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili kodebi xelisuflebisa da misi mxardamWerebis nebismier<br />
qcevaSi vlindeboda da vlindeba: 2004-2007 wlebSi – adamianis uflebebis<br />
minimalistur dacvasa da radikalur cvlilebebze orientirebaSi [es cvlilebebi<br />
radikaluria maSinac, rodesac ukve radikalurad Secvlilis isev wina<br />
mdgomareobaSi dabrunebaze iwyeba laparaki.], 2008 wlidan – socialurad<br />
orientirebul mTavrobad gadaqcevis mcdelobaSi, nepotisturi ekonomikis<br />
maqsimalurad Tavisufal ekonomikad gardaqmnasa da Semdeg mis sqematur<br />
organizebulobaSi. yovelive es miuTiTebs, rom es axali instituti, romelsac<br />
xelisufleba da misi mxardamWerebi sTavazoben moqalaqeebs, mTlianad<br />
cvalebadobazea orientirebuli. Sesabamisad, cvalebadoba da cvlilebebi am<br />
socialuri institutis RerZia.<br />
maSasadame, Cveni sinamdvilis politikuri anTropologiis meTodiT<br />
analizisas mivediT daskvnamde, rom am bolo dros, daaxloebiT 2007 wlidan,<br />
Cvens politikur sivrceSi moqalaqeobis ori socialuri instituti ebrZvis<br />
erTmaneTs. sagulisxmoa, rom es brZola mimdinareobs ara erTi socialuri<br />
institutis farglebSi, rogorc es xdeba xolme ganviTarebuli demokratiis<br />
qveynebSi, sadac prezidentis, parlamentisa da mTavrobis erTi instituciuri<br />
mniSvneloba arsebobs, xolo politikuri brZola am institutebis sakuTari
individebiTa da ideologiebiT Sesavsebad CaRdeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi orive<br />
socialur instituts sakuTari warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi aqvs am politikuri institutebis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. amitom praqtikulad SeuZlebelia maT is saxec SeinarCunon, rac axla<br />
aqvT, da amave dros maT Soris Tanxmobam daisadguros – saerTo wesebiT TamaSze<br />
SeTaxmdnen. ase rom, ara politikur, aramed socialur-institucionalur<br />
konfliqtTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
zemoT ukve vTqvi, rom is socialuri instituti, romlis<br />
warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebic mTavroba, xelisufleba da maTi mxardamWerebi arian,<br />
disidenturi da arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa qcevisa da diskursuli kodebis<br />
gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmna. mniSnvelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es socialuri<br />
instituti swored im xalxis Seqmnilia, vinc 2003 wels vardebis revolucia<br />
moaxdina da vardebis revoluciis warmatebac amaze iyo damyarebuli: axali<br />
socialuri institutis, da ara politikuri moqmedebis <strong>ge</strong>gmis, SeTavazeba,<br />
romelic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda arsebulisagan (moqalaqis Zveli<br />
socialuri institutisagan), da axal, manamde ganucdel, totalur cvlilebebze<br />
dafuZnebul samyaros sTavazobda mxardamWerebs. am axal instituts pirobiTad<br />
SeiZleba ”moqalaqis axali socialuri instituti” vuwodoT.<br />
moqalaqis Zvel socialur instituts ramdenime weli dasWirda imisaTvis,<br />
rom gamococxleba/aRd<strong>ge</strong>na daewyo: 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Sedegad<br />
moqalaqeobis Zveli socialuri institutis sayovelTao Tanxmobis ideologia,<br />
romelsac pirobiTad ”Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba da samarTlianoba” SeiZleba<br />
davarqvaT, mas warmatebiT waerTva axali institutis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis mier.<br />
Zvel socialur insitutSi Rirseba sul ufro da ufro metad niSnavda<br />
mmarTvelebis Rirsebas, xolo samarTlianoba metismetad iyo Seferili<br />
kriminaluri, kanonier-qurduli warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebiT. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ki misi<br />
aRd<strong>ge</strong>na/gacocxleba moxda im adamianebisa da jgufebis daxmarebiT, visac<br />
xelisuflebis mier SeTavazebulma axalma socialurma institutma imedi<br />
gaucrua. am imedgacruebis pirovnuli mizezi uamravi SeiZleba iyos –<br />
ukmayofileba axali mTavrobis mier adamianis uflebebis dacvis moTxovnaTa<br />
minimalisturi SesrulebiT an, zogierTi SefasebebiT, saerTod ignorirebiT;
sakuTari Tavisa da jgufis axali socialuri instutitis ierarqiul<br />
simaRleebze verayvana; xelisuflebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nelTa qcevis esTetikuri an,<br />
ubralod, pirovnuli miuRebloba da a.S..<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> moqalaqis Zvelma institutma axali mxardaWera swored im<br />
xalxisgan moipova, vinc nel-nela emijneboda axal socialur instituts: maT<br />
mier gamoyenebuli adamianis uflebadacviTi diskursi aRmoCnda swored is<br />
safuZveli, romelze dayrdnobiTac moqalaqis Zvelma socialurma institutma<br />
ipova is politikuri pozicia, romlis mimarTac mis mxardamWerebSi upirobo<br />
Tanxmoba iarsebebda. amave dros xelisuflebis mier samarTlianobis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nis<br />
egidiT ganxorcielebulma qmedebebma bevri adamianis artikulirebuli protesti<br />
gamoiwvia, radganac maTi warmod<strong>ge</strong>na samarTlianobasa da Rirsebaze<br />
ewinaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>boda imas, rac maT da maT axloblebs daemarTaT „mTavrobis gamo“.<br />
Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebebis dacvas ”bunebrivad” Seeria Rirsebis da<br />
samarTlianobis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nis koncefcia da Sedegad miviReT Zveli socialuri<br />
instituti, romelmac nel-nela Zalebis mokrefa da aRd<strong>ge</strong>na daiwyo da romelsac<br />
ueWvel da upirobo ideaTa axali sistema hqonda.<br />
am ZalTa mokrebis da aRd<strong>ge</strong>nis mniSvnelovani safuZveli is xalxi iyo,<br />
vinc uari Tqva axal socialur institutSi monawileobaze. rogorc zemoT<br />
aRvniSneT, mizezi bevri iyo – xelisuflebis wevrTa zedmeti gulgriloba<br />
sakuTari mxardamWerebis, sakuTari socialuri institutis wevrebis mimarT,<br />
piradi ambiciebi, maTi warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis SeuTavsebloba imasTan, rasac xelisufleba<br />
akeTebda samarTlis ganxorcielebis mxriv da a.S. xelisuflebis gulgriloba<br />
sakuTari socialuri mokavSireebis mimarT advilad gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia – 2003 wlidan<br />
moqalaqeobis sxva instituti, romelic xelisuflebis mier SemoTavazebul<br />
moqalaqeobis socialuri intitutis koncefcias konkurencias gauwevda,<br />
ubralod, ar arsebobda, Tundac imitom, rom Zvel, damarcxebul moqalaqeobis<br />
instituts arc filosofiuri da arc adamianuri resursebi aRar gaaCnda. magram<br />
nel-nela axali moqalaqeobis socialuri jgufis wevrobaze uaris mTqmelTa<br />
”misakuTreba” <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> moqalaqis Zvelma socialurma institutma daiwyo.<br />
amis mizezi ramdenimea: 1. opoziciurma partiebma aRmoaCines, rom yvelaze
warmatebuli diskursi adamianis uflebadacviTi diskursia da ara – politikurprogramuli;<br />
2. es diskursi daemTxva im adamianebis diskurss, romlebmac uari<br />
Tqves axali socialuri institutis wevrobaze da cvlilebebis kods<br />
daupirispirdnen; 3. yofilma nomenklaturam da maTma socialurma Tu<br />
fiziologiurma STamomavlebma aRmoaCines, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva<br />
samarTlianobis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nas moiTxovs. Sesabamisad, maT saSualeba miecaT maTi Zveli<br />
”samarTlianobis” kodi SemoetanaT axal sistemaSi da masSi gawevrianebuliyvnen.<br />
Sedegad, am sami faqtoris gadakveTiT aRdga moqalaqis Zveli socialuri<br />
institituti, sadac sayovelTaod gaziarebul ideaTa sistemaSi samarTlianobisa<br />
da Rirsebis dacvis upirobo moTxovnas adamianis uflebebis dacva daemata.<br />
ver vityvi, rom am axali/Zveli socialuri institutis aqtiuri da<br />
politikur procesebSi monawileobis msurveli wevrebis raodenoba didia. es<br />
imitom, rom politikuri moZraobis TvalsazrisiT Zveli instituti<br />
winaaRmdegobrivia: garda imisa, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi mas SeuZlia didi<br />
raodenobiT wevrebis SemoerTeba, amave dros is Caurevlobasa da<br />
mxardauWerlobas iRebs operaciul kodad. amitomacaa, rom radikaluri<br />
opoziciis momxreebi saprotestod didi raodenobis xalxs ver kreben, Tumca im<br />
xalxis raodenoba, romelic maT arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi xmas miscems, bevrad<br />
ufro meti iqneba, vidre mitin<strong>ge</strong>bis monawileTa raodenobaa. magram maTi ricxvi<br />
mainc ver gadaaWarbebs xelisuflebis mxardamWerTa ricxvs, radganac, Tuki<br />
Tbilisis mosaxleobas axsovs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> moqalaqeobis Zveli institutisadmi<br />
mikuTvnebulobis xibli, es xibli bevrad ufro mcire da zomieri iyo regionebis<br />
mcxovreblebSi. amitomacaa, rom, politikuri anTropologiis TvalTaxedviT, 26<br />
maisis Semdeg radikaluri opozicia politikuri uTanxmoebis gamo ki ar gaiyo<br />
[maTi politikuri moTxovnebi, Tundac formalurad, igive darCa], aramed, erTi<br />
mxriv, imis gamo, rom gubaz sanikiZem da konstantine gamsaxurdiam 70-iani<br />
wlebis kulturuli nacionalizmis politikuri gamoyenebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na moindomes,<br />
xolo irakli alasaniam – axali moqalaqeobis institutSi dabruneba.
Tundac imitom, rom kargad esmis (inglisuri enis kargad codnis<br />
gamo), ras eubnebian evropeli da amerikeli politikosebi,<br />
romelTa naTqvams am statiaSi SemoTavazebuli cnebebiT Tu<br />
vTargmnoT, miviRebT, rom radikaluri opozicia unda dabrundes<br />
(an Sevides) im socialur institutSi, sadac politikuri<br />
institutebis maTTvis (evropelebisa da amerikelebisaTvis)<br />
nacnobi mniSvnelobebi moqmedebs. es erTmniSvnelovnad sul ar<br />
niSnavs saakaSvilis mxardaWeras. magram swored imis gamo, rom<br />
isini saakaSvilis SemoTavazebul axal socialur institutSi<br />
dabrunebas mouwodeben, radikaluri opoziciis adeptebis mier es<br />
saakaSvilis mxardaWerad aRiqmeba.<br />
marTalia, alasanias ukanasknels jerjerobiT arc Zvel institutTan<br />
gauwyvetia urTierToba, magram, Tuki is Tavis gadawyvetilebebs ar Secvlis,<br />
adre Tu gvian am arCevanis gakeTeba mouwevs. orive es qmedeba mniSvnelovnad<br />
daasustebs Zvel instituts – alasania ”wamoiRebs” politikuri kamaTis<br />
SesaZleblobas erTi socialuri institutis safuZvelze, xolo sanikiZe da<br />
gamsaxurdia – kulturul-nacionalistur diskurss gamoaclian mas.<br />
socialur institutebs politikuri partiebisagan is ganasxvavebs, rom maTi<br />
wevrebi erTmniSvnelovnad ar arian Semofargluli wevrobis politikuri<br />
valdebulebiT. amitom moqalaqeobis Zveli socialuri institutis<br />
warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebi mravlad iyvnen saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi da, unda<br />
vivaraudoT, rom axlac arian. is, rom radikaluri opoziciis liderebis<br />
absoluturi umravlesoba saakaSvilis yofili TanamebrZolia, amis dasturia.<br />
riTi damTavrdeba es procesebi jerjerobiT ucnobia, Tumca cxadia, rom<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> moqalaqis Zveli socialuri instituti Tavis pikze 2007 wlis 7<br />
noembers da 2009 wlis 26 maiss iyo. magram es ar niSnavs, rom is gaqreba –<br />
rogorc zemoT aRwerilma procesebma dagvanaxa, misi aRd<strong>ge</strong>na Zalian SemTxveviT<br />
faqtorebzea damokidebuli da mcire droiT, magram mainc SeiZleba seriozuli,<br />
angariSgasawevi Zala gaxdes. aSkaraa, rom moqalaqeobis Zveli socialuri<br />
instituti ukve meored marcxdeba, magram aranairi garantia ar aris, rom misi
aRd<strong>ge</strong>na ar moxdeba. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi ruseTis intervencia am<br />
institutis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nas uciloblad gamoiwvevs.isic aSkaraa, rom am damarcxebis<br />
Semdeg Zalian bevri adamiani rCeba am axal instituts gareT. vfiqrob,<br />
xelisuflebis warmatebuli Zalisxmeva iqneba moqalaqis axali socialuri<br />
institutis gaZliereba da gamravalferovneba, Tundac imisTvis, rom yvelam<br />
ipovos am socialur sivrceSi Tavisi adgili – Tundac rogorc radikalurma<br />
politikurma protestantma.<br />
cxadia, rom male isev minavldeba moqalaqis Zveli socialuri institutis<br />
Zala da kvlav xelisuflebisa da maTi mxardamWerebis SemoTavazebuli axali<br />
moqalaqis socialuri institutis amara davrCebiT. magram es ar niSnavs, rom am<br />
instituts gareT ar darCebian ”miumxroblebi”, rac momavalSi moqalaqis Zveli<br />
institutis gamovlenas SesaZlebels gaxdis. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqis axali<br />
socialuri instituti kvlav sworxazovani (da amitom saeWvo) ar darCes,<br />
saWiroa mravalferovani politikuri institutebiT misi maqsimaluri Sevseba.<br />
rogorc sen-Jiusti ambobda – rac ufro bevri politikuri institutia, miT<br />
ufro Tavisufalia adamiani.
warsulis ganviTarebis scenari: kanonieri qurdebis SemTxveva<br />
erT–erTi borxesuli Teoriis mixedviT, romelmac am aTiode wlis winaT<br />
gazeT „pravdis“ mowinaveebis avtorTan dialogSi wamoyo Tavi, dro Tavis yovel<br />
wertilSi ori mimarTulebiT iSleba - warsulisaken da momavalisaken. istoriis<br />
mecniereba, dawerili istoria, romelic baZavs dros, mxolod im SemTxvevaSia<br />
Tavisi misabaZis adekvaturi, rodesac ori mimarTulebiT muSaobs: rodesac is<br />
warsulis aRweriT da warsulze azrovnebiT cvlis da formas aZlevs momavals.<br />
anu, Cvens mier aRwerili warsuli, Tu es aRwera met-naklebad relevanturia,<br />
iwyebs Cveni momavlis da xandaxan (sic!) awmyos gansazRvrasac ki. aseT istorias<br />
iqve „warsulis ganviTarebis scenarebi“ davarqviT.<br />
amave Teoriam iqve, dialogisas, Seqmna dominikaneli ieronimusi,<br />
romelmac SeimuSava es swavleba da romlisTvisac istoriis wera<br />
RmerTis baZvis saukeTeso saSualeba iyo: ieronimusis TeoriiT,<br />
droSi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri - gonebis iluziaa da<br />
SemTxveviTia. sinamdvileSi RmerTi yovel momentSi qmnis axal<br />
samyaros, romelsac Tavisi warsuli da momavali aqvs. Sesabamisad,<br />
istoriis wera aris qmnadobis umciresi SemTxvevis kopirebis<br />
miwieri analogi. istoriis weriT Cven maqsimalurad vuaxlovdebiT<br />
saRvTo saqmes - ambobda ieronimusi - radganac vimeorebT [rogorc<br />
SegviZlia] drois saRvTo qmnadobis process.<br />
am TeoriiT, Zalian mniSvnelovania vweroT da viazrovnoT (rac xSirad<br />
erTi da igivea) Cvens uaxloes da arc Tu ise uaxloes warsulze: swored<br />
warsulze weris saSualebiT xdeba momavlis Secvla - da ara momavlis<br />
ganviTarebis proeqtebiT, rogorc es dRes bevrs hgonia. amitom, gveubneba es<br />
Teoria, istoriis wera da istoriaze azrovneba axal mniSvnelobas iZens, ara<br />
imis gamo, rom gviyveba Cveni identobis da warsulis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, aramed, imis gamo,
om gveubneba, rogorebi viqnebiT uaxloes momavalSi - im Sefasebebis da<br />
gadafasebebis saSualebiT, romelsac istoriaze dawerili teqstebi iwveven.<br />
es aTi wlis winandeli inteleqtualur-iumoristuli dialogi am bolo<br />
dros inteleqtualur, politikur da maT gadakveTaze warmoSobil facebook-ur<br />
diskursebSi kanonier qurdebis xSirma gamoyenebam gamaxsena. Cvens istoriulkoleqtiur<br />
mexsierebaSi ramdenime Temaa, romelzec azrovneba mniSvnelovania<br />
Cveni momavalis formirebisaTvis. vfiqrob, erT-erTi aseTi Tema kanonieri<br />
qurdebis sakiTxia. imdenad, ramdenadac maqvs am sakiTxis, rogorc socialuri<br />
institutis kvlevis mcire gamocdileba, gadavwyvite mokled gadmovce is, rac<br />
vici am sakiTxis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, Sesabamisad, isic, rac ar vici.<br />
kanonieri qurdebis socialuri institutis warmoSobis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> sul ori<br />
Teoria arsebobs:<br />
1. romantikuli: kanonieri qurdebis instituti ganviTarda sabWoTa<br />
la<strong>ge</strong>rebSi ruseTis imperiaSi manamde arsebuli bandituri saZmoebidan. anu,<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiWira yvela kriminali, xolo Semdeg, ukve la<strong>ge</strong>rebSi<br />
am kriminalebma Seqmnes kanonieri qurdebis instituti, rogorc ruseTis<br />
imperiis droindeli qurdebis samyaros (”vorovskoi mir”) gagrZeleba (James O.<br />
Fikenauer, Elin J. Waring, А. В. Роулинсон, А. В. Кучинский. aseve, ixile<br />
vikipediis rusuli da inglisuri versiis resursebi);<br />
2. <strong>ge</strong>nealogiuri (miSel fukos azriT): kanonieri qurdebis instituti Seiqmna<br />
sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis mier jer la<strong>ge</strong>rebSi - politpatimrebis sakontrolod,<br />
xolo Semdeg - kontrolis es meqanizmi gavrcelda mTel sazogadoebaze -<br />
kanonieri qurdebis la<strong>ge</strong>rebidan gamosvlis Semdeg (Gigi Tevzadze. “Thieves in Law:<br />
New Facts for the History of Social Control,“ in: Die Idee der Freiheit in Philosophie und<br />
Sozialwissenschaften, Benjamin Verlag, Amsterdam 2009 (forthcoming).;<br />
pirveli, ”romantikuli” Teoria erTmaneTs upirispirebs kanonier qurdebs,<br />
rogorc anti-saxelmwifoebriv organizacias (romelsac sruli monopolia<br />
gaaCnda danaSaulis samyaroze) da saxelmwifos (opozicia: saxelmwifo/qurdebi),<br />
da aRwers saxelmwifos da kriminalebis aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
dapirispirebis process. am Teoriis sisuste swored am dapirispirebis
daSvebaSia: saeWvoa kanonieri qurdebis institutis saxelmwifo organoebidan<br />
damoukidebeli arseboba, miT umetes stalinis periodSi. aseve, am romantikuli<br />
Teoriis mixedviT gau<strong>ge</strong>baria, ra edo safuZvlad kanonieri qurdebis kodeqss,<br />
romelic sakmaod gansxvavdeba „vorovskoi miris“ kodeqsidan. konkretulad,<br />
kanonieri qurdebis kodeqsis mixedviT qurds ar unda qondes qoneba, unda<br />
dastovos ojaxi da TviTon ar daojaxdes, ar imuSaos, aiRos sxva qurdis<br />
danaSauli Tavis Tavze, moiTxovos krebis mowveva konfliqturi situaciis<br />
gasarCevad, ar daTvres, ar iTanamSromlos xelisuflebasTan, ar miiRos<br />
monawileoba sajaro aqtiobebSi, ar gawevriandes sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi,<br />
ar imsaxuros jarSi. saeWvoa es kodeqsi ”TavisTavad” – ”xalxurad” Seqmniliyo<br />
la<strong>ge</strong>rebSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonieri qurdebis da saxelmwifos dapirispirebis<br />
Teoriis wyaro mxolod kgb-s da nkvd-s yofili oficrebi, an<br />
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis Sinagan<br />
saqmeTa saministros TanmSromlebi arian (magaliTad, aleqsandre<br />
gurovi, sabWoTa kavSiris organizebul danaSaulTan mebrZoli<br />
ganyofilebebis [kgb da Sinagan saqmeTa saministro] ufrosi). mxolod<br />
maTi mowmeobiT xdeba kanonieri qurdebis, rogorc saxelmwifosadmi<br />
impliciturad dapirispirebuli institutis ganmarteba.<br />
meore Teoriis mixedviT es winaaRmdegoba advilad iWreba: am TeoriiT<br />
kanonieri qurdebi Seqmna nkvd-m rogorc socialuri kontrolis meqanizmi da<br />
safuZvlad am insituts evropis Sua saukuneebis berebis qcevis kodeqsi daudo.<br />
amiT ixsneba kodeqsis is erTi SexedviT ucnauri adgilebi, romelic ojaxis<br />
datovebas, qonebaze uaris Tqmas, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Caurevlobas, aseve -<br />
kanonieri qurdebis erTobis rogorc mxolod mamakacTa gaerTianebis dad<strong>ge</strong>nas da<br />
a.S. gulisxmobs. mizanic gasa<strong>ge</strong>bia - Sua saukuneebis evropaSi berebis ordenebi<br />
socialuri wesrigis erT-erTi mniSnvelovani nawili iyo: am gziT xdeboda<br />
socialuri stabilurobis miRweva da sazogadobidan aqtiuri xalxis ”amoReba” -<br />
maTTvis alternatiuli karieris SeTavazebiT.
am Teoriis mixedviT kanonieri qurdi ganmanrtebulia rogorc<br />
kanonis (xelisuflebis) nebiT arsebuli qurdi (kanoniT qurdi<br />
vor v zakone), romelic upirispirdeba kanongareSes (kanongareSe<br />
qurdi vor vne zakona). anu, saxelisuflebo, kontrolirebadi<br />
qurdi „velur“, ukontrolo qurds. Tumca, pirveli Teoriis<br />
mixedviT cneba ”kanonieri qurdi” ganmartebulia, rogorc qurdi,<br />
romelis sakuTari, urTierTSoris aRiarebuli kanonebis mixedviT<br />
cxovrobs.<br />
is, rac meore TeoriaSi eWvs iwvevs, aris im donis inteleqtualis<br />
arseboba sabWoTa kavSiris politikur istebliSmentSi, romelic moifiqrebda am<br />
sqemas da mere advilad danergavda - cnobilia, rom komunizmis ideolo<strong>ge</strong>bi da<br />
damnergavebi (dawyebuli plexanoviT, damTavrebuli trockiT), arc kargi<br />
ganaTlebiT da arc inteleqtiT ar gamoirCeodnen (ix. Mikhail Vaiskopf. Pisatel<br />
Stalin. Mockva. 2002. rusul enaze). Sesabamisad, erTsa da imave dros es adamiani<br />
unda yofiliyo 1. kargi ganaTlebis mqone inteleqtuali - im SemTxvevaSic ki,<br />
Tu es sqema am ukanasknelis mofiqrebuli ar iqneboda, mas unda gaego da<br />
gaeziarebina is, rac, aseve, araordinalur inteleqtualur Zalisxmevas<br />
moiTxovs.; 2. unda yofiliyo sabWoTa mmarTvelebis pirvel rigSi - imisaTvis,<br />
rom mis proeqts ar Seqmnoda winaamRdegoba da warmatebiT danergiliyo. aqedan<br />
gamomdinareobs am Teoriis meore naklic - kanonieri qurdebis institutis<br />
”xelovnuroba” saeWvoa swored imis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenad adekvaturad da<br />
srulyofilad xdeboda am institutis gamoyeneba wlebis manZilze<br />
sazogadoebrivi kontrolisaTvis.<br />
am insitutis saxelwmifo kontrolze iribad miuTiTebs Tundac is, rom<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi kanonieri qurdebi cxovrobdnen maTTvis<br />
gamoyofil adgilebSi. mag. saqarTveloSi kanonier qurdebs, manam sanam<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris policiuri manqana gamarTulad muSaobda, SexvdebodiT
mag. quTaisSi da Tbilisis periferiaze, magram arasodes - Tbilisis<br />
centrSi - sadac politikuri da policiuri elita cxovrobda.<br />
anu, kanonieri qurdobis instituti muSaobda iseve, rogorc berebis<br />
ordenis instituti Sua saukuneebis evropaSi: imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovreba zedmetad aramdgradi ar gamxdariyo, xdeboda ”zedmeti” aqtivistebis<br />
kanonieri qurdebis samyaroSi gadasrola da im sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis<br />
kultivireba, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileoba da<br />
xelisuflebasTan TanamSormloba uRirsi saqcielia (”grexia” - qurduli<br />
JargoniT).<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, orive Teoria, romantikulic da <strong>ge</strong>nealogiuric,<br />
Tanxmdeba imas, rom sazogadoebriv sferoSi kanonieri qurdebis institutis<br />
gavlena Zalian didi iyo. Zalian mniSvnelovani moqmedeba, romlebsac kanonieri<br />
qurdebi awarmoebdnen, iyo e.w. qurduli garCeva, anu, sasamarTlo.<br />
struqturulad es igive rols asrulebda, rac prokuroris ofisTan<br />
molaparakeba aSS-Si an dRevandel saqarTveloSi: imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlo ar<br />
gadaitvirTos, saWiroa instituti, romelic mcire davebs swrafad gaarCevs ise,<br />
rom ar gamoiwvevs sasamarTlo manqanis Zvir da xist amoqmedebas. magram garda<br />
aseTi ”Semsubuqebisa” qurduli sasamarTlo ”kanonier qurds” RirebulebiT<br />
orientirad aqcevda: rodesac konfliqti or mxares mouri<strong>ge</strong>beli iyo, sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris moqalaqeebi ufro qurdul sasamarTlos aniWebdnen upiratesobas vidre<br />
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs. sazogadoebrivad miRebuli iyo, rom qurdi mkacria,<br />
magram samarTliani, imitom, rom gamorCenas ar elodeba saqmidan (rasac<br />
mosamarTle elodeboda - korumpirebuli sistemis gamo).<br />
qurdic, Tuki saqme qurdebs ar exeboda, uflebamosili iyo martos<br />
gadaewyvita saqme da ganaCeni gamoetana. Tuki saqme qurdebs Soris iyo gasarCevi,<br />
an qurdis saqciels exeboda, maSin am saqmes qurdebis sabWo<br />
arCevda.mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom sazogadoebriv aRqmaSi qurdi ar<br />
iyo movale raime saqmis profesionali yofiliyo - mas qonda ”ga<strong>ge</strong>ba”, anu,<br />
qurduli kanonebidan gamomdinare samarTlianobis codna. orive mxaris mosmeniT
da ”ga<strong>ge</strong>bis” gamoyenebiT is saqmes wyvetda ara romelime mxaris, aramed<br />
samarTlianobis sasar<strong>ge</strong>blod. eklesiis upirobo paticiscemac aseve Sedioda<br />
kanonieri qurdis paradigmaSi.<br />
rom SevajamoT kanonieri qurdis paradigma, romelic Seiqmna politikuri<br />
(mizanmimarTuli) da socialuri (mizanmiumarTavi, arapirdapiri) meqnizmebis<br />
saSualebiT, ase gamoiyureba: ar TanamSromlobs sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan<br />
da xelisuflebasTan; upirobod aRiarebs eklesiis avtoritets [es nawilic<br />
albaT sabWoTa uSiSroebis mier ori kontrolirebadi insitutis koordinacias<br />
emsaxureboda.]; konfliqtebSi ar uWiravs romlime mxare; aqvs ”ga<strong>ge</strong>ba” romelic<br />
mas aZlevs saSualebas iyos samarTlianobis, da ara konfliqtis romelime<br />
monawilis mxareze; ar zrunavs sazogadoebriv karieraze [Sida, qurduli<br />
kariera, ra Tqma unda, iyo zrunvis mizani]; ara aqvs qoneba; TavisTvis araferi<br />
unda;<br />
sxvadasxva da<strong>ge</strong>gmili kampaniebis Tu TavisTavad momxdari SemTxvevebis<br />
wyalobiT qurduli kodeqsi gaxda is, razec misi Semqmnelebi albaT verc<br />
iocnebebdnen: is nel-nela sazogadoebis wevrebis qcevis ganmsazRvrel, erT-erT<br />
”farul” idealad iqca. ra Tqma unda, am gaidealebaSi lomis wili am<br />
institutis xelisuflebasTan afiSirebul dapirispirebaze modioda.<br />
amave dros is dapirispirebis moxerxebuli forma iyo - Tuki<br />
disidentobis yvelaze ufro susti formac (mag. samzareuloSi politikuri<br />
anegdotebis moyola) xelisuflebasaTan pirdapir konfrontacias niSnavda, da<br />
SeiZleboda dakavebiT damTavrebuliyo, qurduli kodeqsis elementebis gaziareba<br />
am konfrontacias gamoricxavda: ra Sedegi unda moyoloda Tavmdablobas,<br />
karieraze arzrunvas, an politikur Tu sazogadoebriv procesebSi Caurevlobas.<br />
Tan es yvelaferi religiuri morCilebiT iyo Seferadebuli.<br />
vfiqrob, rom sabWoTa kavSiriSi cxovrebis sami paradigmuli konstruqcia<br />
arsebobda: partiuli (elitaruli gza, romelic ZiriTadad memkvidreobiT<br />
gadadioda, Tumca deklarirebuli miznebis SesanarCuneblad uSvebda cxovrebis<br />
sxva strategiebis matarebeli individebis CarTvas), disidenturi (es ZiriTadad<br />
inteleqtualebis strategia iyo da didi amplituda qonda - ironiidan sabWoTa
xelisuflebis mimarT - realur, saxelmwifosadmi dapirispirebul politikur<br />
moZraobaSi CarTvamde) da qurduli (es struqtura moicavda sazogadoebis im<br />
nawilebs, romlebic yoveldRiur fizikur SromaSi an momsaxurebaSi iyvnen<br />
CarTulebi). saintereso isaa, rom am sami paradigmuli konstruqciidan ors<br />
Soris saocari msgavseba iyo, da ra gasakviric ar unda iyos, es ori msgavsi -<br />
qurduli da elitaruli iyo.<br />
am msgavsebas la<strong>ge</strong>ruli saxeldebebic aRniSnavs: la<strong>ge</strong>rebis<br />
zedamxedvelebs ori termini qondaT disidentebis da kriminalebis<br />
gasarCevad: SB (socialno blijnii) - kriminalebi da SV (socialnii vrag)<br />
disidentebi. es garCeva saWiro iyo imitom, rom Zalian bevr<br />
disidents kriminaluri muxliT qonda ganaCeni gamotanili.<br />
orive, qurduli da elitaruli konstruqcia Seicavda avtoritetebisadmi<br />
morCilebas, politikur msjelobaze uaris Tqmas, Sida, Caketil karieraze<br />
zrunvas da sazogadoebrivi procesebisadmi ”zemodan yurebas”. am ors<br />
disidentur cxovrebiseul karierasTan mxolod eklesiisadmi loialoba Tu<br />
qonda saerTo, isic, absoluturi ar iyo: disidenturi paradigmis nawili iyo<br />
eklesiis, rogorc uSiSroebis da komunisturi partiis a<strong>ge</strong>nturis aRwera.<br />
swored am msgavsebis gamo moxda daSlis piras misul sabWoTa kavSirSi am ori,<br />
qurduli da elitaruli paradigmuli tipebis gaerTianeba, ramac Sedegad<br />
ruseTis axali (dRevandelis CaTvliT) politikuri elitis struqturuli<br />
paradigma mogvca.<br />
magram, qurdul idealur tips qonda erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelic ar<br />
gaaCnda arc disidenturs da arc elitaruls: samarTlianobis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba, romelic<br />
saSualebas aZlevda am ga<strong>ge</strong>bis matarebels miukerZoebeli arbitri yofiliyo. es<br />
aspeqti qurdul idealur tips Zalian momxibvlelad aqcevda: Tan ar gaiZulebda<br />
romelime mxare (disidenturi Tu saxelisuflebo) da<strong>ge</strong>Wira, Tan uzrunvelyofda<br />
angarebis ararsebobas, rac am poziciis matarebels erTsa da imave dros<br />
socialuri ierarqiis ”gareT da zemod” ayenebda. miT umetes, rom meoce
saukunis meore naxevarSi am arbitrobam mniSvnelovani materialuri sikeTis<br />
motana daiwyo kanonieri qurdebisaTvis.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis saqarTveloSi Semdeg garkveuli periodi axali<br />
paradigmis - cxovrebiseuli strategiis axali tipis Seqmnas moxmarda. magram,<br />
vfiqrob, rom erTis mxriv gamsaxurdias mier qveynis yoveldRiur marTvaSi<br />
sabWoTa biurokratiis zedmetma gamoyenebam, xolo meore mxriv SevardnaZis mier<br />
Catarebulma met-naklebad warmatebulma restavraciam isev daabruna sami<br />
dominanturi paradigma, romlebic cxovrebiseuli strategiis sam ZiriTad tips<br />
gansazRvravda.<br />
calke sakiTxia, rogor ganviTardnen es cxovrebiseuli strategiebi dRes da ra<br />
forma miiRes. Tumca, es ukve warsulis sxva SesaZlebeli scenaria.
qarTveli eris dabadeba<br />
identoba da ideologia. politetaluri da socioetaluri identobebi.<br />
erovnuloba da religiuroba<br />
Tuki meoce saukunis azrovnebis rukas gadavavlebT Tvals, vnaxavT, rom<br />
erebis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sami ZiriTadi Teoria, romlic<br />
ekuTvnis ernst <strong>ge</strong>lners (Ernst Gehlner) 4 , bedediqt andersons 5 (benedict Anderson)<br />
da entoni smits 6 (Antony Smith). am samma Teoriam erTis mxriv Seajama<br />
arsebuli diskusia 7 , xolo meores mxriv, safuZveli Cauyara axal msjelobas<br />
erebis da erovnuli cnobierebis warmoSobis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>.<br />
samive Teoria ambobs, rom nacionalizmi, an, ufro zustad, naciis, eris<br />
idea, artefaqtia da misi warmoSoba dakavSirebulia kacobriobis istoriaSi<br />
konkretul socialur-politikur da kulturul movlenebTan. am SeTanxmebaze<br />
mTavrdeba am Teoriebis erTgvarovneba da iwyeba gansxvavebebi:<br />
<strong>ge</strong>lneri gansazRvravs nacionalizms rogorc ”politikur princips,<br />
romlis mixedviTac politikuri da nacionaluri unida daemTxves erTmaneTs”. es<br />
aris sruliad axali principi, romlic modernulobas axasiaTebs. manamde<br />
saxelmwifoebi ar iyvnen organizebuli erovnulis mixedviT 8 .<br />
<strong>ge</strong>lneri gamoyofs istoriis sam safexurs: monadire-Semgrovebulurs,<br />
agro-damwerlurs da industriuls: nacionalizmi Cndeba agro-damwerluri<br />
kulturidan industriul safexurze gadasvlisas. agro-damwerlur safexurze<br />
elitebi sar<strong>ge</strong>bels naxuloben kulturul mravalferovnebaSi - am dros aseT<br />
viTarebaSi maT Zalauflebas araferi ar emuqreba.<br />
industriul sazogadoebebSi ”maRali kultura xdeba mTeli sazogadoebis<br />
ganmsazRvreli da saWiroebs politikis mier uzrunvelyofil mdgradobas”.<br />
industriul sazogadoebaSi samuSaos bunebis Secvla iTxovs kulturul<br />
homo<strong>ge</strong>nurobas. anu, warmoiSoba saWiroeba impersonalur, konteqstidan<br />
Tavisufal komunikaciaSi.<br />
garda amisa, industriuli sazogadoeba damokidebulia moTxovnilebebis<br />
dakmayofilebis mizniT mudmiv zrdaze. mudmiv zrdas ki SesaZlebelia miaRwio
mxolod samuSaoze ayvanis struqturaSi mudmivi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebiT.<br />
teqnikuri unarebis moTxovnili maRali done niSnavs, rom bevri adgili unda<br />
ganawildes meritokratulad. es ki aucilebels xdis garkveul egalitarizms,<br />
da amave dros, aucileblad aqcevs zogad wvrTnas specialuri wvrTnis win,<br />
imisaTvis, rom samuSao adgilebs Soris gacvla da gadanacvleba iqnes<br />
uzrunvelyofili.<br />
amdenad, ganaTleba mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. ganaTleba iwyebs individis<br />
statusis gansazRvras, iseve, rodesac amas manamde, agro-damwerlobiT<br />
sazogadoebaSi, naTesaoba akeTebda.<br />
amitom, saxelmwifo aerTianebs saxelmwifos da kulturas. amitom<br />
warmoiSoba saWiroeba, rom gadaifaros kulturuli wvdomis yvela are, da<br />
nacionalizmi aris erTaderTi gza, rom es gadafarva warmatebiT ganxorcieldes.<br />
andersonis ”warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi” gamoqveynda imave wels, romel<br />
welsac <strong>ge</strong>lneris ”erebi da nacionalizmi” (1983). andersonis ZiriTadi daSveba<br />
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: religiis gavlenis daRmasvlam gamoiwvia drois axali<br />
koncefciebi, ramac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia eris warmosaxvis SesaZlebloba.<br />
nacionalizmamde arsebobda ”diadi religiurad warmosaxviTi<br />
sazogadoebebi”, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qristianuli, romlic eyrdnoboda saerTo<br />
enas (mag. laTinurs). gavrceleba/gafarToebasTan erTad evropelebma aRmoaCines,<br />
rom arsebobis maTi koncefciebi ar aris erTaderTi. aseve, laTinuris, rogorc<br />
saerTo enis faqtorma Sesusteba da e.w. saero enebma - aRorZineba daiwyo.<br />
sanam evropa arsebobda, rogorc diadi religiuri warmosaxviTi<br />
sazogadoeba, drois cneba iyo is, rac aerTianebda da Tavs uyrida istorias.<br />
warsuli, awmyo da momavali mizez-Sedegobrivad ki ar iyo dakavSirebuli,<br />
aramed, RvTaebrivi nebis meSveobiT. drois aseT cnebaSi sityvas ”amasobaSi” ar<br />
qonda azri. aseTi sazogadoebis daSlis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi<br />
mdgomareobis warmosaxva, sadac iyo ara ”erTdrouli dro” aramed ”homo<strong>ge</strong>nuli,<br />
carieli dro”. aseTi tipis drois moniSvna SesaZlebeli iyo saaTiT da<br />
kalendariT, da iyo pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>beli Teoriulad SemTxveviTi damTxvevebisaTvis.
Semdeg ”dadga” beWdviTi kapitalizmis xana. garkveuli drois Semdeg<br />
laTinurma dakarga monopolia da daiwyo axali wignebis saero enebze<br />
gamoqveyneba. aq gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qonda protestantizms da mis<br />
koncefcias Sinagani gadarCenis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. dabeWdilma da gavrcelebulma wignebma,<br />
gazeTebma da moTxrobebma gauCines mkiTxves azri, rom erTdrulad arsebobs misi<br />
msgavsi mkiTxvelebis jgufi, romelic, iseve rogorc is, iyenebs kulturuli<br />
warmoebis produqtebs.<br />
am warmoebam mkiTxvelebs erovnuli cnobierebis sami safuZveli Seuqmna:<br />
1. laTinursa da saero enebs Soris mimocvlis erTiani veli;<br />
2. enis dafiqsirebis axali saSualeba da amiT eris mudmivobis ideis<br />
safuZvlis gaCena;<br />
3. Zalauflebis enebi, romlebic gansxvavdebodnen manamde arsebuli laTinuri<br />
enisagan.<br />
andersoni amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi aris sekularizaciis, adamianuri<br />
mravalferovnebis, kapitalizmis da beWdviTi teqnologiis ganviTarebis nazavis<br />
Sedegi.<br />
smitis Teoria damyarebulia ”eTno-simbolizmze” - smiti <strong>ge</strong>lneris mowafe<br />
iyo da Seecada gadaelaxa is sirTuleebi, rac <strong>ge</strong>lneris modernistul<br />
perspeqtivas qonda. modernistuli perspeqtivis mTavari sisuste aris<br />
nacionalizmis mier gamowveuli vnebebis axsnis SeuZlebloba: ratom ibrZvian da<br />
kvdebian sakuTari erisaTvis, Tuki nacionalizmi aris mxolod da mxolod<br />
iaraRi, romelsac elita qmnis ekonomikuri mo<strong>ge</strong>bis gazrdisaTvis da ekonomikuri<br />
SekavSirebisaTvis?<br />
smiti amtkicebs, rom yoveli nacionalizmi eyrdnoba ”konkretuli jgufis”<br />
mcdelobas mianiWon istorias saerTo identobis da saerTo istoriis azri. es<br />
ar niSnavs, rom es istoria akademiurad adekvaturi uda iyos - smiti ambobs,<br />
rom bevri nacionalizmi damyarebulia istoriulad mcdar interpretaciebze da<br />
miiswrafis sakuTari istoriis garkveuli nawilebis mTliani<br />
miTologizaciisaken.
nacionalizmi, smitis mixedviT, ar moiTxovs, rom ”eris” wevrebi msgavsni<br />
iyvnen. aramed, mxolod imas, rom isini unda grZnobdnen solidarobas erTan da<br />
eris sxva wevrebTan. nacionalizmis grZnoba SeiZleba warmoiSvas nebismieri<br />
ideologiidan, romelic dominanturia mocemul adgilas. nacionalizmi<br />
amoizrdeba manamde arsebuli naTesaobidan, religiuri da rwmenis sistemebidan.<br />
es samive Teoria sami sxvadasxva perspeqtiviT - konstruqcivistuli<br />
(<strong>ge</strong>lneri), tradicionalisturi (smiti) da reduqcionistuli (andersoni) -<br />
ixilavs nacionalizms da eris warmoSobas. magram, samive Teorias aqvs<br />
mniSvnelovani nakli - rogorc smiti marTebulad aRniSnavs, vercerTi es Teoria<br />
ver xsnis, ratom “klaven” adaminebi erTmaneTs eris da erovnuli ideis gamo.<br />
Ratoma ris nacionalizmi mniSvnelovani da zogjer Semzaravi vnebebis safuZveli.<br />
maT Soris verc smitis Teoria, romelic ambobs, rom erovnuloba Tavis arsSi<br />
solidarobis grZnobaa da solidarobis grZnoba SesaZlebelia iyos is, risTvisac<br />
adamianma SeiZleba Tavi gaswiros.<br />
* * *<br />
aq kidev erT miTologias unda SevexoT, romelic saTaves XIX saukuneSi<br />
iRebs da aracnobieris cnebis gaCenas ukavSirdeba. XIX saukuneSi aracnobieris<br />
cneba gamoiyureboda, rogorc erTaderTi ram, riTac masebis aRSfoTebis da<br />
ajanyebebis axsna SeiZleboda. froidi ”totemSi da tabuSi” werda, rom<br />
erTaderTi, riTac SesaZlebelia masebis (xalxis) fsiqologiis axsna, aris masis<br />
fsiqikis arseboba, da gamocdilebis dagroveba masis fsiqikaSi.<br />
qvemoT moyvanili <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli dedani da ori - inglisuri da rusuli<br />
Targmani imiTaa saintereso, rom TargmanebSi am abzacis sakvanZo sityva<br />
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan: rusuli Targmani dednis adekvaturia,<br />
rodesac inglisur avtorizebuli Targmani ”erebis (xalxebis)<br />
fsiqologias” mecnierebis dargiT - ”socialuri fsiqologiiT”<br />
anacvlebs. SesaZlebelia es froidis mier inglisuri enis konteqstSi<br />
cudaT garkveulobas mivaweroT, an - imas, rom ”totemi da tabus”<br />
<strong>ge</strong>rmanuli gamocemidan <strong>xuTi</strong> wlis gavlis Semdeg, froidi ufro mkacri<br />
gaxda Tavisi meTodis mimarT, da fsiqoanalitikosis kabinets gareT is
mxolod kulturaSi gamomuSavebuli midgomebis (mag. socialuri<br />
fsiqologiis) analizisaTvis miaCnda gamosadegad. Tumca, SeiZleba saqme<br />
ubralo uyuradRebobasTanac gvqondes. miT umetes, rom Semdegi<br />
winadadeba (If psychic proc<strong>esse</strong>s of one <strong>ge</strong>neration...) ucvleladaa Targmnili.<br />
“Allein eine weitere Erwaegung zeigt, das wir die Varaentwortlichkeit fuer<br />
solche Kuenheit nicht allein zu tra<strong>ge</strong>n haben. Ohne die Annahme einer<br />
Massenpsyche, einer Kontinuitaet in Gefuehlsleben der Menschen, welche<br />
<strong>ge</strong>stattet, sich ueber die Unterbrechnun<strong>ge</strong>n der seelischer akte durch das<br />
Ver<strong>ge</strong>hen der Individuen hinwegzusetzen, kann die Voelkerpsychologie<br />
ueberhaupt nicht bestehen. Setzen sich durch die psychischen Proz<strong>esse</strong> der einen<br />
Generation nicht auf naechste fort, mueste jede ihre Einstellung zum Leben neu<br />
erwerben, so gaebe es auf diesem Gebiet keinen Frtschritt und keine<br />
Entwiklung.” 9<br />
“But further consideration shows that we ourselves do not have to carry the<br />
whole responsibility for such daring. Without the assumption of a mass psyche,<br />
or a continuity in the emotional life of mankind which permits us to dis¬regard<br />
the interruptions of psychic acts through the transgression of individuals, social<br />
psychology could not exist at all. If psychic proc<strong>esse</strong>s of one <strong>ge</strong>neration did not<br />
continue in the next, if each had to acquire its attitude towards life afresh! there<br />
would be no progress in this field and almost no development.” 10 .<br />
“Однако, дальнейшие соображения показывают, что не нам одним<br />
приходится нести ответственность за подобную смелость. Без<br />
допущения массовой психики, непрерывности в жизни чувств людей,<br />
дающей возможность не обращать внимания на прерываемость<br />
душевных актов, вследствие гибели индивидов, психология народов<br />
вообще не может существовать. Если бы психические процессы<br />
одного поколения не находили бы своего продолжения в другом,<br />
если бы каждое поколение должно было заново приобретать свою<br />
направленность к жизни, то в этой области не было бы никакого<br />
прогресса и почти никакого развития” 11 .
imisaTvis, rom arsebobdes im viTarebebis axsna, rac awuxebda XIX<br />
saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisis inteleqtualebs, aucilebeli iyo<br />
erSi, xalxSi saerTo fsiqologiis daSveba. anu, im raRac saerTos da<br />
iracionaluris daSveba, romlic raRacnairad gadaecema mamidan (an dedidan)<br />
Svils Semdgom Taobebs da Semdeg, aiZulebs xalxTa masebs moiqcnen, rogorc<br />
organizmi. amitom, mecxramete saukunis miTologia erebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> gveubneba, rom<br />
arsebobs raRac saerTo, risi nawilebic adamianebSi devs, da romelic<br />
aqtualizirdeba, rodesac isini ikribebian. inteleqtualebma mecxramete<br />
saukuneSi daiwyes SemCneva, rom konkretuli adamianebis garda, arsebobs<br />
erTobebi, romlis moqmedebebsac SesaZlebelia, garkveul viTrebebSi,<br />
damangreveli efeqtic ki qondes. es maTTvis srulian axali socialuri faqti<br />
iyo. maT aqamde - arc iq, rasac swavlobdnen da arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT -<br />
ar SexvedriaT am faqtis axsna. amitom, sruliad logikuri iyo, ”swrafi” axsnis<br />
mosaZebnad, SeexedaT masisaTvis, xalxisaTvis, rogorc organizmisaTvis da<br />
sabolood - daeSvaT am organizmSi rogorc fsiqikuri (cnobieri), aseve -<br />
aracnobieri. XIX da XX saukunis yvelaze gavlenianma moazrovneebma - froidi,<br />
vundti, iungi - swored am sqemis gaazrebas da aRweras miuZRvnes sakuTari Tavi.<br />
maTi popularoba imiTac SeiZleba aixsnas, rom es iyo gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi da advili pasuxi<br />
kiTxvaze romelic am periodis (da Semdgomisac) inteleqtualebs awuxebdaT: ra<br />
aris is, rac adamianebs, rodesac isini masaSi arian, aiZulebs moiqcnen ase da<br />
ara sxvagvarad.<br />
amjerad me aRar gavagrZeleb am udavod saintereso Temas. mxolod<br />
aRvniSnav, rom smitis Teoria, romlic solidarobaSi xedavs erovnulobis da<br />
eris ga<strong>ge</strong>bis fesvebs, am, mecxramete-meoce saukuneSi gamogonil, axsniT<br />
receptzea damyarebuli. solidaroba aris meoce saukunis meore naxevris saxeli<br />
imisaTvis, rasac froidi da iungi masebis fsiqologias uwodebda. kidev ufro<br />
rom ganvmartoT - solidarobis daSveba eris da erovnuli cnobierebis<br />
safuZvlad, niSnavs, rom yovel CvenganSi aris raRac, rac am solidarobas<br />
ganapirobebs da rac gvaiZuleba adamianebs erTobebisaken miviswrafodeT. es<br />
fsiqikuri da fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ar
arsebobs aranairi eqsperimentaluri dadastureba, rom es Tviseba SesaZlebelia<br />
calke gamoiyos adamianSi - an fsiqikurad an <strong>ge</strong>netikurad. erTaderTi, rac<br />
zustad viciT adamianebis erTobebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, aris is, rom adamiani socialuri<br />
arsebaa da ver arsebobs Tavis msgavsebTan interaqciis gareSe. solidaroba<br />
mniSvnelovani socialuri konstruqtia, magram is mTlianad inteligibeluri<br />
warmonaqmnia da cnobier gadawyvetilebebs efuZneba. riCard rorti moqalaqeebis<br />
erTmaneTTan solidarobas demokratiuli da libelaruli Rirebulebebis mTavar<br />
damcvels uwodebs 12 . amitom, saeWvoa, rom entoni smitis kiTxvaze marTebuli<br />
pasuxi solidarobas daefuZnos: is, rac cnobieri gadawyvetilebaa, ver iqneba<br />
masiurad ajanyebebis da Tavis gawirvis safuZveli. es SesaZlebelia, oRond,<br />
mcire raodenobis xalxSi, romlebsac gadawyvetilebebis miRebis seriozuli<br />
treningi eqnebaT gavlili. imisaTvis, rom am xalxma eris masStabi miiRos, isini<br />
Zalian ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi da saxelmwifoSi unda cxovrobdnen - raTa<br />
am treningis miRebis saSualeba umravlesobas qondes. arada, nacionalisturi<br />
afeTqebebi, marTalia modernul, magram ZiriTadaT ganviTarebad qveynebSic xdeba.<br />
meores mxriv, ra unda vuyoT Sua saukuneebidan SemorCenil im werilobiT<br />
wyaroebs romlebic dRes, mkiTxvelebis mier erTmniSvnelovnad gai<strong>ge</strong>ba, rogorc<br />
eris ideis da nacionalizmis Canasaxebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi Sua saukuneebis<br />
sazogadoebis struqturaSi unda veZeboT: procentulad rom gamovsaxoT, albaT,<br />
ganaTlebuli da SeZlebuli fena, romelmac wera-kiTxva icoda da marto<br />
yoveldRiuri gadarCena ar qonda miznad da safiqrad, yoveli sazogadoebis 5 %-<br />
ze naklebs Sead<strong>ge</strong>nda. ra Tqma unda, maT qondaT saerTo ideologia, romelic<br />
varirebda jgufidan jgufSi da samTavrodan samTavromde, magram yovelTvis<br />
brunavda politikuri erTeulis damoukideblobis garSemo. amitom, marTalia,<br />
sakamaToa, vipoviT Tu ara imdorindel wyaroebSi eris <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> cnebas,<br />
magram, samagierod, uxvad gvxvdeba saxelmwifos cneba da erTiani saxelmwifos<br />
ideologia. es ideologia, aqedac gamomdinare sar<strong>ge</strong>blis da piradi warmatebis<br />
perspeqtivis gamo, warmoSobda solidarobas am miznis garSemo. Tumca, es<br />
solidaroba advilad irRveoda Tuki sxva, ufro mom<strong>ge</strong>bian solidarobaSi<br />
gawevrianebis Sansi Cndeboda. aseTi solidaroba iqneboda im didgverovnebSi da
samefo ojaxebSi, romlebic aviTarebdnen ideologias, rac dRes erovnuli<br />
cnobierebis pirvel versiad aRiqmeba. Tumca, am ideologias politikuri, da<br />
ara poeturi, TvalTaxedviT Tu gavaanalizebT, miviRebT, rom rom es ideologia<br />
maT eqspansiuri politikis gasamarTleblad da/an arsebuli centrebidan meti<br />
avtonomiis misaRebad sWirdebodaT: cnobili fraza Sua saukuneebis qarTuli<br />
”grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan” romelic xSirad erovnuli cnobierebis<br />
dabadebis sabuTad mohyavT (<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> qarTul enaze rom vTargmnoT, es fraza<br />
gveubneba, rom iq, sadac qarTuli wirva-locva warmoebs, yvelgan saqarTveloa),<br />
sxva araferia, Tu ara saxelmwifos ideolo<strong>ge</strong>bis mier momavali eqspansiuri<br />
politikis gamarTleba. amis iribi dasturi Tundac isaa, rom qarTvelebi axlo<br />
aRmosavleTSi da aRmosavleT evropaSi Sua saukuneebSi aqtiurad aSenebdnen<br />
eklesia-monastrebs. Znelia am aqtiobis sxva mizezi ivaraudo, Tu ara momavali<br />
eqspansiisaTvis fizikuri da moraluri dasayrdenis Seqmna. igive xdeboda<br />
protestantuli ideebis gavrcelebisas centralur da CrdiloeT evropaSi:<br />
protestantizmi iyo is ideologia, riTac adgilobrivi feodalebi da samefo<br />
sagvareuloebi meti damoukideblobis da avtonomiis mosapoveblad iyenebdnen.<br />
mxolod amiT SeiZleba axsna <strong>ge</strong>rmaneli mTavrebis mier luTeris politikuri<br />
mxardaWera da protestantizmis warmateba: sxva mxriv, ”ubralo xalxSi” arc<br />
mxardaWeris, da arc axali moZRvrebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis potenciali ar unda yofiliyo,<br />
imdenad yoveldRiur cxovrebaze orientirebuli da wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba.<br />
am zedapiruli ganxilviTac Cans, rom Sua saukuneebSi eris da<br />
erovnulobis cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvas am konstruqts sxvadasxva enis<br />
SemTxvevaSi) gamoiyeneba, rogorc ideologia: anu, marqsis gansazRvrebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT - socialuri realobis amotrialebuli asaxva 13 . socialuri realoba ki<br />
Sua saukuneebSi marTlac amotrialebulia erovnul ideasTan mimarTebaSi: im<br />
xalxis umravlesobas, vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs, araferi ar aerTianebs<br />
sakuTri cxovrebis adgilze mijaWvulobis garda. aseTi erTianobis SegrZneba ki<br />
aSkarad aqvs elitas. metic - elitis wevrebis aRzrdac - met naklebad
stabilur (da albaT arastabilur) saxelwifoebSi Tu samTavroebSi - am<br />
ideologiiT xdeboda.<br />
rac verbalurad SeiZleba gamoixatos ase: es saxelmwifo Seni<br />
samSobloa, adgili, sadac Seni winaprebi cxovrobdnen da Seni<br />
STamomavalebi icxovreben, es aris Seni xalxi, vinc aq cxovrobs da<br />
a.S. - an, is adgili - sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro aris sivrce, romlic<br />
Sen <strong>ge</strong>kuTvnoda, imitom, rom iq Seni winaprebi cxovrobdnen da a.S.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa, rom is, rac Sua saukuneebis elitis aRzrdis da<br />
azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo, socialur realobas amotrialebulad asaxavda: is,<br />
rac iyo zednaSeni (superstructure) - tyeebze, velebze da ubralo xalxze<br />
konkretuli mmarTvelobis niSnis miwera da maTi am niSniT dabeWdva -<br />
ganixileboda, rogorc am yvelafris safuZveli: rogorc wesi, am safuZvels<br />
religiuri argumentic - RvTis mier kurTxeulobac emateboda. amitom, sruliad<br />
SesaZlebelia, Sua saukuneebSi eri-saxelwmifos ideologiuri cnebac gaCeniliyo,<br />
magram, am cnebis adgili - TviTon elitaSive misi gavrcelebis arainstitucionalizaciis<br />
gamo - elitis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlis cnobierebaSi SemTxveviTi<br />
iyo: SesaZlebeli iyo misi, rogorc elitis wevris pirovnulobis<br />
makonstruirebelis muSaoba (Tuki konkretul sasaxlis karze<br />
aRzrdis/ideologiis gadacemis Camoyalibebuli sistema arsebobda) da aseve,<br />
SesaZlebeli iyo mas emuSava, rogorc solidarobis safuZvels: qceuliyo im<br />
konstruqtad, romelic ganapirobebda elitis wevrebs Soris saerTo<br />
politikuri enis arsebobas da saerTo miznebs. savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom es ori,<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli viTareba erT elitarul sistemaSi arsebobda: anu,<br />
elita Sed<strong>ge</strong>boda im adamianebisagan, visTvisac eri-saxelmwifos idea misi<br />
pirovnebis konstruirebaSi iRebda monawileobas, da aseve, im adamianebisagan,<br />
romlebisTvisac es idea mxolod solidarobis safuZveli iyo. imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac Sua saukuneebSi ar arsebobda aRzrdis mwyobri sistema, romelic am<br />
ideas pirovnebis makonstruirebel institucionalizirebul elementad
gadaqcevas moaxerxebda, [anu, ar arsebobda elitis aRmzdelebis/maswavleblebis<br />
mwarmoebeli instituti] savaraudoa, rom elitaSi maTi ricxvi, visTvisac<br />
eri/saxelwmifos idea mxolod solidarobis safuZveli iyo, ufro meti iyo,<br />
vidre maTi, visac saxelmwifo/eris ideis gareSe sakuTari Tavi ver warmoedgina.<br />
amitomac, elitis wevrebs Soris Sua saukuneebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo<br />
solidarobis safuZvlis Secvla, anu, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> SefasebiT, Ralati.<br />
Sesabamisad, Cven gagviWirdeba vipovoT Sua saukuneebSi politikuri elita,<br />
romelsac ar eqneboda raime ideologia, romelic saxelmwifo/eris da erTi<br />
xalxis cnebebis sxvadasxva versias gvTavazobs. amaTgan zogi Zalian axlos<br />
id<strong>ge</strong>ba eris <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> cnebasTan, zogi ki Zalian Sors. magram, es siaxlove da<br />
siSore sxva araferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva istoriuli pirobebiT ganpirobebuli<br />
konstruqciebi. ra Tqma unda, yovel am konstruqtSi religia centralur rols<br />
asrulebs - gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac qveyanaSi arsebuli<br />
religiuri praqtika gansxvavebulobis safuZvels iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi ara<br />
aqvs mniSvneloba imas, Tu ra tipis religiaa es, aramed, imas, Tu ramdenad aris<br />
socialur garemoSi potenciali elitam esa Tu is religia sakuTari<br />
eqskluziurobis da pretenziebis safuZvlad gamoiyenos. erTi SexedviT, aseTi<br />
eqskluziurobis safuZveli ufro marTlmadidebluri da protestantuli<br />
religiebi unda iyvnen, magram irlandiis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi<br />
ideologiis safuZveli elitisaTvis SeiZleba kaTolicizmi vs protestantizmic<br />
iyos.<br />
<strong>Tanamedrove</strong> warmod<strong>ge</strong>niT ers ori Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli aqvs: Tavad eris cneba,<br />
ideis konstruqcia da adamianebis erToblioba, romlic sakuTar Tavs am eris<br />
nawilad Tvlis. aseve, igulisxmeba, rom am ers misi wevrebi, rogorc wesi,<br />
dabadebiT unda ekuTvnodnen da eris wevrebis raodenoba unda cdebodes erTi<br />
ojaxis an naTesauri kavSirebiT dakavSirebuli adamianebis raodenobas. kidev<br />
ufro rom gavaRrmaod eris meore niSani, unda vTqvaT, rom adamiani, vinc<br />
sakuTar Tavs romelime ers akuTvnebs, amave dros eris saSualebiT sakuTar Tavs<br />
sazRvravs, anu, axdens sakuTari Tavis identificirebas konkretul ideasTan da
istoriasTan. amave dros, axdens sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebas im adamianebisagan,<br />
visi identobac sxva ideasTan da istoriasTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
* * *<br />
Sesabamisad, rodesac eris warmoaSobaze vlaparakobT, am orive nawilis<br />
warmoSobas cal-calke unda SevxedoT: 1) eris ideologiis warmoSoba da 2)<br />
eris, rogorc identobis warmoSoba. istoriulad, eris, rogorc ideologiis<br />
warmoSoba win uswrebs eris, rogorc identobis warmoSobas. anu, imisaTvis, rom<br />
raRac ideologia identoba gaxdes, is unda damuSavebuli unda iyos rogorc<br />
ideologia.<br />
eris warmoSobis ideologiis da identobis warmoSobebad gayofa maSin<br />
iqneba gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi, rodesac ganvixilavT socialuri cxovrebis im process,<br />
romelsac identobebis Seqmna da konkretuli adamianis mier identobis miReba<br />
hqvia: samwuxarod, identobis erTiani Teoria, romelic identobas, rogorc<br />
socialur mocemulobas da process ganixilavs, socialur mecnierebaSi ar aris<br />
damuSavebuli, amitom, qvemoT gadmocemuli Teoriuli mosazrebebi amis pirvel<br />
mcdelobaa: adamiani identobebis kompleqss warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. am identobidan<br />
zogierTi pirveladia, da masSi Sedis pirveladi socialuri institutebis<br />
saSualebiT (ojaxi) an meoradi, da adamianis mier misi gaTaviseba sxvadasxva<br />
tipis socialuri institutSi monawileobiT xdeba. arseboben identobebi,<br />
romlis miRebac konkretul socialur struqturaSi gardauvalia (ojaxis,<br />
naTesaobis, sqesis) da arseboben identobebi, romelTa miRebac SemTxveviTia<br />
(profesiuli, partiuli da isini, romlebic konkretul sazogadoebaSi<br />
midrekilebebis institucionalizaciazea damokidebuli - mag. seqsualuri<br />
umciresobebis identoba).<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, yoveli konkretuli identoba Cveni sakuTreba<br />
sxvadasxvanairad xdeba: imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT, ras niSnavs identobis miReba,<br />
umjobesia identobebis miRebis (akrefis) procesi Cveni civilizaciis da<br />
kulturis magaliTze ganvixiloT: Cveni identoba ojaxTan, an iq, sadac pirvel<br />
cnobier moZraobebs vakeTebT, aucilebelia: am identobis miReba, anu, imis<br />
gacnobiereba, rom Sen konkretuli ojaxis wevri xar da Seni Tavi SenTvis da
sxvebisTvis ase unda gansazRvro, iwyeba dabadebidan - anu, pirveladi<br />
socializaciidan. Semdegi identoba, romlic CvenSi Semodis, aris dayarebuli im<br />
garemoze, romelSic Cemi ojaxi cxovrobs - anu, miviReb me naTesaobiT<br />
identobas, anu, sakuaTar igiveobas gadavWimav ojaxis naTesavebze Tu ara - es<br />
konkretul socialur garemozea damokidebuli. Tumca, rogorc wesi, ”ojaxis<br />
Semdgomi” identoba naTesauria. paralelurad, im informaciis da socialuri<br />
kavSirebis saSualebiT, romelsac me viReb, me miCndeba socio-biologiuri<br />
identobebi (socio-biologiuri identoba [bavSvi] da sqesobrivi identoba).<br />
Semdegi identobebis miReba dakavSirebulia im socialur institutebTan,<br />
romleTa saSualebiT me verTvebi socialur garemoSi: Cvens kulturaSi es<br />
socialuri institutebi ganaTlebis da mas-mediis (anu, inforiaciis da codnis<br />
gavrcelebis/gadacemis) institutebia. am dros CemSi iwyebs erovnuli identoba<br />
Semosvlas. es SesaZlebelia skolaSi siarulis dawyebamde moxdes, SeiZleba<br />
daemTxves skolaSi siarulis dawyebas. TavisTavad cxadia, eris cneba CemSi<br />
SemTxveviTad ar Semodis - is Semodis im principebze dayrdnobiT, romelzec<br />
dgas ganaTlebis sistema da informaciis gavrceleba. Cvens, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
SemTxvevaSi, es principebi cnobieradaa SemuSavebuli - mag. rogori unda iyos<br />
erovnuli saswavlo <strong>ge</strong>gma, an, konkretuli gamomcemlobis an eleqtronuli<br />
mediis politika. am identobis Semosvlis da Cemi sakuTari Tavis gansazRvrebad<br />
gadaqcevis Semdeg, an pararelurad, me mid<strong>ge</strong>ba profesiuli, partiuli Tu sxva<br />
(midrekilebiTi) identobebis arCevis periodi, romlsac me virCev, vir<strong>ge</strong>b, Tu ar<br />
momegro vicvli da a.S. is, rac CemSi rCeba mudmivad da rac Cemi<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRma aris Semosuli - aris ojaxuri, naTesauri, sociobiologiuri<br />
da erovnuli identobebi. ra Tqma unda, amaTi Secvlac SeiZleba,<br />
Tuki adamini gadawyvetilebas miiRebs. gansxvaveba isaa, rom am oTxi identobis<br />
miReba ar aris damokidebuli gadawyvetilebaze. Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi<br />
erovnuli identobis adgili SeiZleba aRweris mixedviT eTnikurma identobam<br />
daikavos, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, Tuki saqme gvaqvs eTnikurad aramonoliTur<br />
saxelwmifoebTan. am SemTxvevaSi, Cemi pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
erovnuli identoba iqneba eTnikuri identobis Semdgomi, zemo struqtura.
am <strong>xuTi</strong> (ojaxuri, naTesauri, socio-biologiuri eTnikuri da erovnuli)<br />
identobidan oris (eTnikuri da erovnuli) miRebis wesi da Sinaarsi ufro metad<br />
damokidebulia konkretul politikur gadawyvetilebebze da strategiul<br />
xedvebze, romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebobs, xolo samis (ojaxuri, naTesauri da<br />
socio-biologiuri) - im socialur struqturebze, romelis arsebobs<br />
konkretul sazogadoebaSi.<br />
Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom konkretul sazogadoebaSi ufro metad<br />
socialur struqturebze damokidebuli identobebis wyaroebi SesaZlebelia<br />
sulac ar atarebdnen igiveobriv enobriv dasaxelebebs. magaliTad, ojaxis<br />
eqvivalents SeiZleba eklesia, an klani erqvas, an raime sxva, CvenTvis<br />
radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sinaarsobrivi konotaciis matarebeli.<br />
Sesabamisad, Cveni ZiriTadi identobebi, anu, is identobebi, romlis arCevac<br />
da romlebzec uaris Tqmac ar Sedis socialuri cxovrebis yoveldRiur wesSi,<br />
SeiZleba gavyoT orad - socialurze da politikurze metad damokidebulebebad<br />
- da maT societaluri da politetaluri identobebi davarqvaT.<br />
Tuki identobebis Camoyalibebas istoriulad SevxedavT, unda vTqvaT, rom<br />
societaluri identobebis Camoyalibeba e.w. ”bunebrivad” xdeba - maTi<br />
CamoyaliebebisaTvis adamianebis ubralo erTobebi sakmarisia. rac Seexeba<br />
politetalur identobebs, maT arsebobas da maTi miRebis safuZvels<br />
politikuri gadawyvetilebebi da formaluri da araformaluri ganaTlebis da<br />
mas mediis institucionaluri struqturebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns: eTnikuri idnetobebis<br />
CaTvliT, radganac eTnikuri identobis miRebisaTvis saWiroa SeTanxmeba<br />
sazogadoebis konkretul jgufs Soris da am Tanxmobis gamyareba misi wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi dacviT, rasac, Tundac araformaluri ganaTlebis sistema sWirdeba.<br />
politetaluri identobis gaCenis Semdeg, ideologia iqceva identobad,<br />
anu, trialdeba da isev d<strong>ge</strong>ba fexebze: rodesac erovnul ideologiaSi Cadebuli<br />
principebi ziardeba didi socialuri jgufebis mier, ideuri konstruqti ukve<br />
aRar aris amotrialebuli asaxva socialuri realobis (anu, mxolod elitebis<br />
mcire jgufebSi arsebuli ideebis didi socialuri jgufebis sakuTrebad<br />
gamocxadeba), aramed, arsebuli socialuri realobis Sesabamisi asaxva: rodesac
didi socialuri jgufebi marTlac arian erovnuli identobis matareblebi.<br />
xolo elitebis ideologia - romelic efuZneba erovnul identobas, SeiZleba<br />
”masebSi arsebuli viTarebis” piperbolizacias warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ndes (mag. faSisturi, an<br />
teroristuli), magram mainc, realur da ara amotrialebul amosavalze -<br />
mosaxleobaSi erovnuli identobis arsebobis faqtze dgas.<br />
Tuki identobebis warmoSobis istoriul process SevxedavT, SeiZleba<br />
SevimuSaoT hipoTeza, rom im warsulis perspeqtivaSi, sadac Cveni kulturis<br />
istoriis Tvali wvdeba, societaluri identobebi mudmivia, xolo -<br />
polietaluri - SeZenili. amis safuZveli ki is saSualebebia, romlebiTac es<br />
identobebi mtkicdebian da dgindebian: ojaxur, socio-biologiur da klanur<br />
identobebs damatebiTi istoriuli institucionaluri sxeulebi ar sWirdeba: am<br />
identobebis dad<strong>ge</strong>na da miReba xdeba mcire ricxvis adamianebis erTmaneTTan<br />
urTierTobiT. maSin, rodesac erovnuli da eTnikuri identobebis dad<strong>ge</strong>nas da<br />
didi jgufebis mier mis gaziarebas rTuli sistemebi - rogorc insituciuri,<br />
aseve teqnologiuri - sWirdeba. benediqt andersonma da <strong>ge</strong>lnerma am sistemebis<br />
ori modusi aRweres: ganaTlebis sistema da mas media. mxolod am oris<br />
saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli gaxdes erovnuli da eTnikuri ideologia<br />
identoba - anu, mosaxleobis didi moculobisaTvis TviTgansazRvris da<br />
TviTdad<strong>ge</strong>nis, aseve, sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari erTobis sxvebisagan gansxvavebis<br />
saSualeba da instrumenti.<br />
yovelive zemodTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobis istoriis<br />
procesi amave dros socioetaluri da politetaluri identobebis, anu,<br />
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, identobebis fenebis dagrovebis procesia da pirovnebis<br />
ganviTareba amave dros asaxavs istoriul ganviTarebas: identobebi dagroveba<br />
iwyeba ojaxis identobidan, da Cvens garemoSi mTavrdeba erovnuli identobis<br />
miRebiT. Tuki politetaluri identobis dad<strong>ge</strong>na da gavrceleba damokidebulia<br />
formalur da araformalur ganaTlebis sistemaSi Cadebul Sinaarsze da<br />
sainformacio saSualebebze, Semdgomi, momavlis identobebi regionuli,<br />
globaluri da albaT, msoflio identobebia. Tumca, am ukanasknelis
dad<strong>ge</strong>nisaTvis, Sesabamisi sainformacio sistemis arsebobis miuxedavad, am<br />
identobisaTvis ucxoebis arsebobis damtkiceba iqneba saWiro.<br />
amdenad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT identoba, rogorc Cveni sakuTari<br />
Tavis, Cveni warsulis, kulturis da momavlis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebis kompleqsi,<br />
romlis Sexebis/dafarvis areals iqiT moxvedrili adamiani/movlena/artefaqti<br />
CvenTvis upirobod warmoad<strong>ge</strong>bs ucxos.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, erovnuli identobis warmoSoba SemTxveviTia - anu, mas<br />
TviTon ar moaqvs misi gavrcelebis saSualebebi, aramed politikuri da<br />
teqnologiuri procesebis Sedegad warmoSobil gavrcelebis saSualebebs iyenebs<br />
ideologiis identobad qcevisaTvis.<br />
aseve, cxadia, rom am gavrcelebis saSualebebis gaCenamde didi, anu,<br />
polietaluri identoba ar arsebobda. ufro zustad, arsebobda mxolod misi<br />
Sinaarsi, elitis ideologiis saxiT.<br />
amitom, sanam am hipoTezis Camoyalibebas davasrulebT, kidev erTi kiTxva<br />
unda davsvaT: ramdenad aucilebeli da Seuqcevadia, rogorc istoriulad, aseve<br />
- faqtiurad, Cvens garemoSi - mxolod erovnulobis, rogorc politetaluri<br />
identobis dad<strong>ge</strong>na? xom ar aris kidev raime Cvens garemoSi, rac SeiZleba<br />
gaxdes [an gaxda da ver vamCnevT] didi identoba? an xom ar aqvs raime<br />
konstruqts did polietalur identobad qcevis Tundac Teoriuli Sansi?<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxi zedapirze devs: Cven vlaparakobdiT erovnulobaze,<br />
rogorc Sua saukuneebis elitis SesaZlebel ideologiaze. magram, Sua<br />
saukuneebSi iyo ideologia, romelic upirobod warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda yvela elitis<br />
ideologias (gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebis evropaSi). Sua saukuneebis<br />
erovnulobis ideologia mxolod am ideologiis kerZo SemTxvevad SeiZleba<br />
ganvixiloT. es ideologia aris religia. is, rom religia elitis ideologia<br />
iyo, ueWvelia da amas mravali istoriuli wyaro adasturebs. magram xom ar iyo<br />
amave dros religiuroba da religia didi identobac?<br />
gamomdinare im hipoTezidan, romlis Camoyalibebasac exla vcdilob, Sua<br />
saukuneebSi didi identobis arsebobis pirobebi ar iyo. anu, ar iyo arc<br />
formalizebuli, an Tundac araformaluri, magram institucionizirebuli
ganaTlebis sistema, romelic adamianTa did jgufebs moicavda da arc - mas<br />
media, romelic erTianobis da erTSi mTlianobis SegrZnebas gaaCenda. eklesiebis<br />
da sasuliero dawesebulebebis qseli elitis gafarToebas da mis mdgradobas<br />
emsaxureboda, da ara didi identobis Seqmnas: anu, Sua saukuneebSi eklesiis<br />
socialur-politikuri roli elitaSi ideologiis gavrceleba iyo, da ara didi<br />
identobis Seqmna.<br />
* * *<br />
meoce saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, mas Semdeg, rac piter ber<strong>ge</strong>rma uari<br />
Tqva Tavis Tezaze kacobriobaSi, da gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi<br />
religiurobis Semcirebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> 14 , mkvlevarebma meti yuradReba miaqcies Sua<br />
saukuneebis Seswavlas da gansakuTrebiT - am periodSi religiurobis rols 15 .<br />
daskvna, romlic maTi kvlevidan gamomdinareobs cxadaT aCvenebs, rom mkvlevarTa<br />
da filosofosTa lamis orsaukunovani azri imis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, rom Sua saukuneebi<br />
es iyo religiuri epoqa, sadac adamianebis identobas totalurad religia<br />
ad<strong>ge</strong>nda, iyo Secdoma da Cveni realobis parametrebis Sua saukuneebze gadatana 16 .<br />
Secdomis fesvebis kvleva, rac albaT, volteramde da he<strong>ge</strong>lamde migviyvans - im<br />
konstruqtebamde romelic maT daad<strong>ge</strong>nes - pirvelma - rwmenis epoqis<br />
damTavrebis da gonebis epoqis dadgomis moTxovniT, xolo meorem - gonis<br />
safexurebis aRweriT da am safexurebis principuli erTgvarobis dad<strong>ge</strong>niT. am<br />
Secdomis yvelaze mkafio msxverpli benediqt andersonia, romelmac sakuTari<br />
Teoriis swori daskvna araswor safuZvelze - Sua saukuneebSi didi religiuri<br />
identobis arsebobasac daayrdno 17 .<br />
Tumca, es ukve sxva teqstis Temaa. CvenTvis am msjelobidan saintereso<br />
isaa, rom religiis did identobad qceva emTxveva im periods, rodesac<br />
erovnuloba iqceva did identobad. sxva SesaZlebloba - gamxdariyo<br />
politetaluri identoba - religias ubralod arasodes ar qonda. sxvadasxva<br />
empiriuli kvlevebic 18 adastureben, rom Tuki Cven gvinda vimsjeloT religiaze,<br />
rogorc politetalur identobaze, es mxolod Cvens garemoSia SesaZlebeli da<br />
ara warsulis romelime epoqaSi.
maSasadame, ganaTlebis institucionalizebuli sistemis da globaluri<br />
sainformacio saSualebebis epoqis dadgomasTan erTad Cven ori politetaluri<br />
identobis SesaZlebloba miviReT: erovnuli da religiuri. ratom es ori da ara<br />
sxva - am kiTxvaze pasuxi martivia - is, rac SeiZleboda ganaTlebis sistemiT<br />
gavrcelebuliyo da mas mediaSi mieRwia formalizebisaTvis - anu, saxlmwifo<br />
ideologia am droisaTvis, da dResac - sul ori iyo - erovnuli da religiuri.<br />
anu, sul ori ideologia warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nda elitebis potenciur da aqtualur<br />
identobebs. Sesabamisad, mxolod ori ideologia SeiZleboda qceuliyo<br />
polietalur, did identobad. zogierTi qveynis SemTxvevaSi es ori erTmaneTs<br />
emTxveoda, zogierTis SemTxvevaSi ki, erTmaneTs ewinaamRde<strong>ge</strong>boda da elitas<br />
cnobieri, an gaucnobierebeli arCevani unda gaekeTebina.<br />
aseve, unda aRiniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebSi SeiZleba arsebuliyo elitis<br />
ideologia erovnulis gareSe, magram ar arsebobda da SeuZlebeli iyo yofiliyo<br />
erovnuli ideologia religiuris gareSe.<br />
Sesabamisad, rodesac didi identobebis dro dadga, politikosebma daiwyes<br />
sakuTari ideologiis instalireba ganaTlebis sistemaSi da mas mediaSi.<br />
zogierTi, rTuli socialuri sistemebis (mag. imperiebis) SemTxvevaSi,<br />
paralelurad ramdenime ideologia SeiZleba gavrcelebuliyo da am SemTxvevaSi<br />
viRebdiT ideologiebis konkurencias, romlis mizanic identobad qceva iyo.<br />
amitom, sruliad da gardauvlad istoriuladaa ganpirobebuli is, rom rig<br />
qveynebSi politetalur identobas religia warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, rigSi ki - erovnuloba.<br />
amitomacaa, rom xSirad religiis politetalur identobad qceva, magaliTad -<br />
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, nacionalizmadaa aRqmuli. sinamdvileSi ki, es sxva<br />
araferia, Tu ara am sazogadoebis struqturaSi - globalizaciis, Tu raime sxva<br />
mizezis gamo - ganaTlebis formalizebuli sistemis da mas mediis instalaciis<br />
Sedegad - politetaluri identobis warmoSoba.<br />
amitom, rogorc globalurad, aseve, lokalurad, politetaluri<br />
identobis epoqis dadgoma ar niSnavs avtomaturad nacionalizmis epoqis<br />
dadgomas. Zalian xSirad, inteleqtualTa wreebSi nacionalizmi gamocxadebulia<br />
ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis produqtad, religiuloba ki - e.w. wina safexurze
mdgomi sazogadoebis Sedegad. rogorc Cvens mier Catarebuli kvleva da<br />
Camoyalibebuli hipoTeza aCvenebs, es kavSiri SemTxveviTia, da metic -<br />
fardobiTad Zalian mokle xanSi nacionalizmi SeiZleba Seicvalos<br />
religiurobiT, da piriqiT - Tuki Sesabamisi politikuri gadwyvetileba miiReba<br />
da moiZebneba amisaTvis saWiro adamianuri da materialuri resursebi.<br />
metic - religiurobis erTi SexedviT auxsneli zrda <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />
ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi 19 swored politetaluri identobis cvlilebas<br />
miuTiTebs da am cvlilebis safuZveli am sazogadoebebis sainformacio<br />
saSualebebSi da formalur da araformalur ganaTlebis sistemebSi unda<br />
veZeboT. Tumca, esec kvlevis Temaa: SeiZleba religiurobis saxiT saqme ufro<br />
did politetalur identobasTan gvqondes, romelic qmnis ufro farTo<br />
identobas, vidre erovnulia. am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia momavali regionuli<br />
da msoflio identobebis kerZo versiad religiuri identobac ganvixiloT.<br />
Tumca, vimeoreb, es calke kvlevis Temaa, da SesaZlebelia saqme ”ubralod”<br />
erovnuli identobis religiuriT CanacvlebasTan gvqondes saqme. aseve,<br />
SesaZlebelia religiuroba - socioetaluri identobis axal, aqamde ucnob<br />
moduss warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ndes.<br />
* * *<br />
yovelive zemodTqmulis Suqze cxadia, rodis moxda qarTuli didi<br />
identobis warmoSoba. Cven SeiZleba sakmaod maRali xarisxis istoriuli<br />
sizustiT vTqvaT, rodis daiwyo im ideologiam, romelic sakmaod ganviTarebuli<br />
da Camoyalibebuli iyo qarTul elitaSi, did identobad qceva. me vfiqrob, rom<br />
am identobis gaCenis dasawyisi istoriul rukaze unda movxazoT mecxramete<br />
saukunis meore naxevarSi - pirveli qarTuli gazeTebis gamocemis periodSi.<br />
xolo ideologiis identobad gardaqmna - pirdapir unda davukavSiroT werakiTxvis<br />
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarsebas da mis gaaqtiurebas. amdenad,<br />
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba marTlac iyo ”qarTveli eris<br />
skola” 20 , oRond ar im azriT, rom qarTveli eris umravlesoba swavlobda<br />
masSi, aramed im azriT, rom am skolidan gamovida qarTveli eri, anu, qarTveli<br />
eri daibada da aRizarda wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi.
* * *<br />
magram kiTxva, romelic exla unda davsvaT swored am didi identobis<br />
Sinaarss exeba. ruseTis imperiis da sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi mas mediiT da<br />
ganaTlebis sistemis saSualebiT erovnuloba, rogorc didi politetaluri<br />
identoba vrceldeboda da dgindeboda, albaT, rogorc specifikuri eTnikuri<br />
identoba - sabWoTa erovnuli identobis gavrcelebis mouxeSav mcdelobebTan<br />
erTad. sabWoTa kavSiramde, ruseTis imperiis sasar<strong>ge</strong>blod unda iTqvas -<br />
qarTuli warmoqmnadi identoba principSi harmoniaSi iyo rusul imperiul<br />
identobasTan - qarTuli elita mSvidad aRiqvamda ruseTis imperiis wevrobas -<br />
da sakuTari ideologiis gardaqmnas eTnikur-politetalur identobad<br />
cdilobda. sabWoTa kavSiris ganaTlebis sistema cdilobda igive ganmeorebina,<br />
rasac ruseTis imperia akeTebda, magram, sxvadasxva politikuri Tu subieqturi<br />
mizezebis gamo, sabWoTa kavSiris ganmavlobaSi qarTveli ganmanaTleblebis mier<br />
dawyebuli eTnikuri polietaluri identobis Seqmna gadaiqca erovnuli<br />
identobis Seqmnis procesad - sakuTari, erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis<br />
moTxovniT. Amis mizezi iyo rogorc sabWoTa kavSirTan qarTuli<br />
inteleqtualuri elitis kulturuli dapirispirebuloba, da aseve - ganaTlebis<br />
sistemaSi literaturis da istoriis saswavlo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis saxelmwifo kontrolis<br />
uneblie, an ganzrax sisuste.<br />
es moTxovna jer elitis ideologiad, xolo Semdeg - ganaTlebis sistemis<br />
da mas mediis gavliT, XX saukunis daaxloebiT 70-iani wlebis dasawyisidan -<br />
politetalur identobad gaformda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 80-iani wlebis bolos<br />
saqarTveloSi sabolood damarcxda sabWoTa politetaluri identoba. amave<br />
dros, erovnuli identobis konstruqtSi nel-nela daiwyo Sesvla<br />
danaSaulebrivi samyaros konstruqtebma, romlic kanonieri qurdebis wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebul kultTan iyo dakavSirebuli da misgan<br />
gamomdinareobda.<br />
dReisaTvis sakmaod Znelia rame vTqvaT 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi<br />
gavrcelebuli erovnuli identobis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. Tumca, imdroindeli presis da sxva<br />
beWdviTi gamocemebis analizis saSualebiT garkveuli rekonstruqcia mainc
SesaZlebelia. erTi ram cxadia: 80-iani wlebis bolosaTvis qarTul nacionalur<br />
ideologiaSi religiuri mTlianad iyo daqvemdebarebuli erovnuls: erTis mxriv<br />
- saeklesio ierarqebis sabWoTa uSiSroebasTan aSkara kavSiris, xolo meores<br />
mxriv - sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxridan religiis da eklesiis Zlieri<br />
kontrolis gamo. amasTanave - sabWoTa religiuri politika struqturulad<br />
ekumenuri iyo da principulad uars ambobda romelime religiis politetalur<br />
identobad qcevisaTvis Seewyo xeli.<br />
Semdegi kiTxva, romelic unda davsvaT exeba Cvens <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />
politetalur identobas: sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg politetaluri<br />
identobis danergvis teqnologia principulad xelmisawvdomi gaxda. es niSnavs,<br />
rom saqarTveloSi religiur ideologiasac iseTive saSualebebi mieca<br />
gasavrceleblad da identobad qcevisaTvis, rogoric es manamde erovnul<br />
ideologias qonda. 2006 wels Catarebuli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
Rirebulebebis kvlevam 21 aCvena, rom gamokvleuli 39 Rirebulebidan da<br />
institutidan 2/3-is warmosaxviT konstruirebaSi saxelmwifos da tradiciebis<br />
Rirebulebebis gverdiT Tanabrad iRebs monawileobas marTlmadideblobis da<br />
religiurobis Rirebulebebi.<br />
es Rirebulebebi/institutebia: mTavroba; naTesaoba; ojaxi;<br />
parlamenti; patriotizmi; pirovnuli Tavsufleba; politikuri<br />
partiebi; policia; religiuroba; samarTlianoba; samSoblosaTvis<br />
Tavganwirva; sasamarTlo sistema; sasjelaRsrulebiTi sistema;<br />
saxelmwifo; skola; tradiciebi; universiteti; qaliSvilobis<br />
instituti; qvelmoqmedeba; SeiaraRebuli Zalebi; Semwynarebloba;<br />
adamianis uflebebi; ara-marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi; axali<br />
teqnologiebi; bunebis dacva; ganaTlebis sistema; dasvenebis/garTobis<br />
SesaZlebloba; ekonomikuri sistema; Tavisufali<br />
asociaciebi/gaerTianebebi; Tavisufali seqsi; Tqveni samuSao;<br />
kanonmdebloba; kanonmorCileba; kerZo biznesi; kerZo sakuTreba;<br />
koleqtivizmi; kulturuli mravalferovneba; marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesia; megobroba.
Sesabamisad, Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelebis politetalurma<br />
identobam cvlileba daiwyo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da albaT am axali<br />
formis konstruireba damTavrebuli ar aris. gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ideologiis<br />
instalirebis da identobad qcevis ra instrumentebi gaaCnia saxelwmifos da ra<br />
- eklesias, Zneli ar iqneba davaskvnaT, rom dReisdReobiT eklesia i<strong>ge</strong>bs am<br />
konkurencias da erovnulobas religiurobas uqvemdebarebs. Cvens garemoSi amis<br />
<strong>xuTi</strong> niSani arsebobs:<br />
1. eklesiis SigniT umravlesobas Soris ideologiis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> Tanxmoba;<br />
2. xelisuflebaSi erovnuli ideologiis Camouyaliblebloba;<br />
3. eklesiis mier ideologiis identobad qcevis instrumetebis siZliere<br />
(eklesiebis maRali avtoriteti, eklesiebis mier warmoebuli araformaluri<br />
ganaTleba, saeklesio gamocemebi);<br />
4. saxelmwifos mier erovnuli ideologiis identobad qcevis instrumentebis<br />
sisuste (skolebis dabali avtoriteti da saxelmZRvaneloebis Sinaarsi), da<br />
masSi monawile subieqtebis (maswavleblebis) upiratesad eklesiis institutebSi<br />
monawileoba;<br />
5. sainformacio saSualebebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis (Jurnalistebis)<br />
umravlesobis da eklesiebis principuli mokavSireoba, da saxelmwifos ideasTan<br />
dapirispirebuloba;<br />
Cven Cveni politetaluri identobis istoriis saintereso safexurze<br />
vimyofebiT: jer jerobiT, cxadia, rom didi politetaluri identobisaTvis<br />
gamarTul konkurenciaSi religiuroba imarjvebs da iqvemdeberebs erovnuls. ra<br />
moxdeba uaxloes momavalSi, SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara erovnuli da religiuri<br />
ideologiebis dabalanseba, an kvlav - erovnulis primati - amas momavali<br />
gviCvenebs: es bevr ramezea damokidebuli, upirveles yovlisa ki - saxelmwifos<br />
mier warmarTul socialur da ganaTlebis politikebze.
„saqarTvelo - aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis gzisgasayarze“: dRevandeli<br />
qarTvelebis TviTwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nis da TviTprezentaciis istoria<br />
is, rom saqarTvelo evropis da aziis, gnebavT, evropuli da aziuri<br />
kulturebis gadakveTaze arsebobs da amis gamo misi warsuli, awmyo da momavali<br />
gamorCeulia - dRes qarTul sazogadoebaSi (da ara marto) miRebuli da<br />
gavrcelebuli, eWvSeutaneli azria. am Temaze ewyoba konferenciebi - ara marto<br />
saqarTveloSi (mag. 2009 wlis aprilSi - kolumbiis universitetSi), mzaddeba<br />
telegadacamebi (amas winaT Tvali movkari reklamaSi - laSa buRaZes, rati<br />
amaRlobels da Tu ar vcdebi - gio axvledians moumzadebiaT e.w. „winandlis<br />
gadacema“ am Temaze), am Temas xSirad iyeneben ucxoeli „qarTvelolo<strong>ge</strong>bi“.<br />
ramdenime xnis winaT swored zemoT xsenebuli kolumbiis universitetis<br />
konferenciisaTvis moxsenebis momzadeba momiwia. erTi xanoba ki vapirebdi<br />
evropis da aziis gadakveTis fenomenologias SevWidebodi, da saxeldaxelo<br />
Teoriac ki movamzade, romlis mixedviTac evropa-aziis gadakveTa - politikurkulturuli<br />
cnebaa, da ara <strong>ge</strong>opolitikuri. rom am cnebis miyenebis areali<br />
dasavleTis politikuri Rirebulebebis da kulturis politikis gavrcelebasTan<br />
erTad, inacvlebs aRmosavleTisaken. am mini-Teoriis mixedviT, aRwera - „evropis<br />
da aziis gadakveTaze yofna“ (an, gnebavT, aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis)<br />
politikur-kulturuli indikatorebis kompleqsia da moZravia. XIX saukuneSi<br />
da XX-s dasawyisSi is <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tvis adekvaturi aRwera iyo. manamde ki,<br />
exla rom evropis centralur nawils rom uwodenen, im qveynebis Sesabamisi.<br />
amjerad is azerbaijanis kuTvnili aRweraa da mosalodnelia, rom ramdenime<br />
xanSi isev gaiwios aRmosavleTisaken.<br />
is iyo am Teoriis xorcSesxmas Seudeqi, nacional-socialistebis<br />
mxardamWeri erTi filosofosis - rCeva/wesi gamaxsenda, rom yvelaze meti<br />
kiTxva imis mimarT unda daisvas, rac zedapirzea da viciT, rom TavisTavad<br />
cxadia.
pirveli kiTxva swored am aRweris, rogorc evropis da aziis, Tu<br />
evropuli da aziuri kulturebis da cxvorebis wesebis gadakveTis mimarT<br />
gamiCnda: Tu es aRwera Sua saukuneebSic relevanturi iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis,<br />
vinmes - ucxoel mogzaurs, an <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mkvidrs mainc - unda gamoeyenebina.<br />
Cemma xangZlivma Ziebam saintereso Sedegi gamoiRo: arcerT ucxoel mogzaurs,<br />
arcerT qarTvel inteleqtuals, arc Sua saukuneebSi da arc merec, XIX<br />
saukunis bolomde, es aRwera <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis ar miuyenebia. arc Sardens, arc<br />
kastels, arc lamberts, arc de grai de fuas, arc avitables, arc monperes,<br />
arc giuldenStedts. arc marko polos da, bolos da bolos, arc aleqsandre<br />
diumas. mokled, arcerTi ucxoeli mogzauris TvalSi, romelic adreuli Sua<br />
saukeneebidan axal dromde saqarTveloSi mogzaurobda, arc saqarTvelo da arc<br />
misi romelime kuTxe ar aRuweria „evropis da aziis gadakveTis“ gamoyenebiT.<br />
magram xom SeiZleba es aRwera yofiliyo ara mogzaurebis, aramed,<br />
evropeli, aramogzauri inteleqtualebis mier gamoyenebuli? im adamianebis,<br />
romlebic <strong>ge</strong>ografiiT iyvnen dainteresebulni da mogzaurebis Canawerebze da maT<br />
mier Sed<strong>ge</strong>nil rukebze azrovnebdnen? am mimarTulebiTac igive Sedegi miviRe:<br />
magaliTad, imanuel kanti, romelic kioniqsbergis universitetSi fizikur<br />
<strong>ge</strong>ografiaSi kiTxulobda leqciebs, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> wers qveTavSi,<br />
romelsac „TurqeTis azia“ (anu, CvenTvis ufro nacnobi „wina azia“) hqvia 22 . ase<br />
rom, Tuki vlaparakobT warmoasaxviT saqarTveloze, rogori iyo is Sua<br />
saukuneebSi da axali drois dasawyisSi evropelebis da qarTvelebis TvalSi, is<br />
araniarad ar iyo evropis da aziis gadakveTa da arc am gadakveTaze<br />
warmoSobili cxovrebis wesi da saxelmwifo. ra Tqma unda, jer kidev adreuli<br />
Sua saukuneebidan qarTuli saxelmwifos ideologia metyvelebda sakuTar Tavze,<br />
rogorc karibWeze da qristianobis bolo sayrdenze aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.<br />
magram, dameTanxmebiT, „sayrden-karibWidan“ „gadakveTaze warmoSobilamde“ sakmaod<br />
rTuli gzaa, spekulaciebiT da aradamajereblobiT aRsavse.<br />
evropelebisaTvis saqarTvelo Sua saukuneebis da Semdgom periodSic iyo<br />
aRmosavleTi, an, ufro xSirad - wina azia. es ar aris gasakviri: Sua saukuneebis<br />
evropis rukebi ucnaurad emTxveva civi omis droindel centraluri evropis
ukas da ar Seicavs ungrul, serbul da polonur teritoriebs 23 . isic unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg <strong>ge</strong>rmaneli inteleqtualebi<br />
<strong>ge</strong>rmaniis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> svamdnen misi evropisadmi Tu aziisadmi mikuTvnebulobis am<br />
kiTxvas da masze, rogorc evropis da aziis gadakveTaze myof saxelmwifoze da<br />
aqedan gamomdinare politikur Sede<strong>ge</strong>bze saubrobdnen 24 .<br />
bunebrivia, amis Semdeg marTebuli iqneba vikiTxoT rodis warmoiSva<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, rogorc aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis, anda - evropis da aziis<br />
[kulturebis] gzisgasayarze/gadakveTaze mdgomis aRwera?<br />
zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT pasuxis sami versia SeiZleba arsebobdes:<br />
1. es aRwera SeimuSaves qarTvelma inteleqtualebma XIX saukunis boloSi<br />
XX-s dasawyisSi. gansakuTrebiT - damoukideblobis mokle (1917-1921) periodSi.<br />
miznad isini isaxavdnen Zlieri saxelmwifo-eris identobis Seqmnas;<br />
2. es aRwera SemoiRes sabWoTa kavSirSi, rogorc sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />
proeqtis nawili, romlic amtkicebda sabWoTa kavSiris gansakuTrebulobas da<br />
gamorCeulobas yvelaferi da yvela sxvisgan;<br />
3. es aRwera warmoiSva sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, 70ian wlebSi, <strong>Tanamedrove</strong><br />
qarTuli erovnuli identobis Seqmnis procesSi.<br />
ganvixiloT samive versia:<br />
1. 1917-23 wlis versia:<br />
qarTvel inteleqtualebs Soris kamaTi qarTuli identobis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong><br />
saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis bolos, XX saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo. am kamaTis<br />
dasawyisi emTxveva ruseTis imperiis Sidapolitikur da sagareo dasustebas.<br />
kamaTis ZiriaTadi Sinaarsi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, rogorc konkretuli kulturis da<br />
cnobierebis matarebeli xalxis erTobis mikuTvneblobis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> iyo. es<br />
gasa<strong>ge</strong>bicaa: ruseTis dasustebamde da misi daSlis safrTxis realurad qcevamde<br />
ruseTisadmi politikuri da kulturuli kuTvnileba eWvs ar iwvevda. mas<br />
Semdeg, rac ruseTis imperiam rRveva daiwyo, qarTvelma moazrovneebma<br />
logikurad dasves kiTxva Tu „awi“ visTan mikuTvnebulad unda warmoeginaT<br />
sakuTari Tavi da qveyana.
isic unda iTqvas, rom es kamaTi ufro <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> momavalis,<br />
ganviTarebis gzis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> mimdinareobda, vidre imis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, Tu warsulSi rani<br />
iyvnen da dRes ras warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen qarTvelebi. am diskusiaSi mTavari kiTxva iyo<br />
momavali ganviTarebis mamarTulebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>: saiT unda wasuliyo saqarTvelo -<br />
evropisaken Tu aziisaken. evropis gzis „lideri“ <strong>ge</strong>ronti qiqoZe iyo, xolo<br />
aziis - vaxtang kotetiSvili. Zalian cota xma (maT Soris grigol robaqiZec)<br />
aRwerda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, rogorc kulturebis gadakveTas, am gadakveTaze mdgoms da<br />
cdilobda amiT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gansakuTrebulobis dasabuTebas (ix. „evropa Tu<br />
azia“. gamocemloba „literaturis matiane“. Tbilisi 1997). vfiqrob, am dros<br />
„gadakveTaze dgoma“ imitomac ar iyo popularuli idea, rom sakamaTo sakiTxi<br />
metad pragmatulad gamoiuyureboda: ruseTis imperia qreboda, da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
sWirdeboda identobis axali sayrdeni. Semdeg, rodesac ruseTis imperia<br />
marTlac daiSala, saWiro iyo axali adgilis povna <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> samyaroSi,<br />
romelic momavali identobis amosaval wertilad iqceoda. „gadakveTaze dgoma“<br />
ki sul mcire - momavlis gaurkveevlobas niSnavda da mudmiv qanqars or<br />
samyaros Soris - da amave dros - zedmetad iyo warsulze da warmoSobaze<br />
orientirebuli da pragmatulad ver pasuxobda konkretul kiTxvas konkretuli<br />
momavlis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. maSin, rodesac evropis da aziis mimarTulebebis momxreebs<br />
pragmatuli pasuxebic hqondaT da momavlis met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli xedvac.<br />
2. sabWoTa kavSiris gansakuTrebulobis Teoriis versia:<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris gansakuTrebulobis Teoria ZiriTadaT Seiqmna stalinis<br />
dros da misi mxardaWeriT. am Teoriis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo qarTuli<br />
renesansis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac evropuli renesansi saqarTveloSi daiwyo.<br />
aranaklebi mniSvneloba sabWoTa gansakuTrebulobis TeoriaSi eniWeboda<br />
‘evraziistvo“-s, romelic aRwerda ruseTs, rogorc orarsian qveyanas - sadac<br />
evropa da azia erTiandebodnen. es erTianoba ki orive mxareze batonobis<br />
legitimacia iyo. es Teoria XIX saukuneSi Seiqmna rusi nacionalistebis mier<br />
da aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda sabWoTa ideologiaSi.<br />
magram, „gadakveTaze myofoba“ arcerT - arc renesansis da arc<br />
„evraziistvos“ TeoriaSi ar iyo gamoyenebuli. me amis kvali didi sabWoTa
encikloediis vercerT gamocemaSi (sami gamocema - 30ian, 50ian da 70ian wlebSi)<br />
ver vipove.<br />
saqarTveloSi, gasabWoebamde da gasabWoebis Semdegac, mxolod oriode qarTveli<br />
inteleqtuali (mag. nikolo miwiSvili, akaki papava) cdilobda „evraziistvo“<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> aRweraSi gamoeyenebina, magram, rogorc Cans, maT verc amis<br />
adekvaturi gamoyeneba, da verc mimdevrebis povna ver moaxerxes 25 .<br />
3. wina saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi warmoSobis versia:<br />
gasuli saukunis 70ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris represiuli da<br />
ideologiuri meqanizebis muSaoba mTeli rigi Sida Tu gare faqtorebis muSaobis<br />
gamo Sesustda. aman ki saSualeba misca qarTvel sabWoTa inteli<strong>ge</strong>ncias daewyo<br />
fiqri qarTul kulturul identobaze (warsulze orientirebiT) da es nafiqri<br />
saskolo wignebSi da sauniversiteto leqciebSi gamoexata. mxolod am droidan<br />
xdeba „gadakveTis“ da „gzisgsayaris“ Teoria dominanturi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
aRwerebSi. amas mniSvnelovnad xeli Seuwyo grigol robaqiZis Tavidan aRmoCenam<br />
qarTveli mkiTxvelebisTvis: am droisaTvis robaqiZis nawerebma (romelTa<br />
RerZic „gadakveTis“, „gzisgasayaris“ „ori dapirispirebulis (evropis da aziis)<br />
aq SeerTebis“ Teoria iyo) aqtiuri gavrceleba daiwyo qarTul sazogadoebaSi<br />
e.w. „samizdatis“ meSveobiT. grigol robaqiZe upirobod iqna miwodebuli da<br />
aRqmuli, rogorc Zalian mniSvnelovani evropeli mwerali, da Sesabamisad, erTerTi<br />
(Tu yvelaze ufro ara) saukeTeso qarTveli mwerali. amitom, misi erT<br />
dros marginaluri Teoria „gzisgasayaris/gzajvaredinis“ <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> qarTveli<br />
sabWoTa inteli<strong>ge</strong>nciis mier (Zalian mcire gamonaklisebiT) aseve upirobod iqna<br />
miRebuli, rogorc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> „sulis“ erTaderTi WeSmariti aRwera. es<br />
aRwera imdenad gavcelda, rom ukritikod SeaRwia qarTvelolo<strong>ge</strong>bSic ki 26 .<br />
Sesabamisad, am ideam, romelic axali kulturuli nacionalizmis nawili<br />
gaxda da qarTvelebis gansakuTrebulobas daedo safuZvlad: - is, rom<br />
saqarTvelo evropis da aziis gadakveTis Sedegad rom warmoiSva - an zogi,<br />
radikaluri versiiT - es is adgilia, romelic safuZvlad udevs orives -<br />
evropasac da aziasac. am Teoriam Zalian male moipova popularoba da<br />
TavisTavadi sicxade. Sedegad, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> legitimuri kulturuli aRwera
Camoyalibda, rogorc evropis da aziis gzisgasayarze warmoqmnili da amitom -<br />
gansakuTrebuli, mniSvnelovani da a.S. Sedegad, dRemde, kiTxva „saqarTvelo -<br />
evropa Tu azia?“ ritorikulia da pasuxi cxadia - arc evropa da arc azia,<br />
aramed orive erTad da kidev raRac....<br />
post-sabWoTa ganviTareba<br />
90-iani wlebis Semdeg qarTuli erovnuli identobis am nawilma -<br />
„evropis da aziis gzisgasayarze da gadakveTaze yofnam“ - nel-nela<br />
<strong>ge</strong>opolitikur faqtorad daiwyo gardaqmna. am gardaqmnaSi mTavari roli eduard<br />
SevardnaZem Seasrula: mis winaSe sakmaod rTuli amocana iyo - sakuTari<br />
politikuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis erTsa da imave dros mas unda<br />
daemyarebina kargi (an normaluri) urTierToba ruseTTan, aSS-sTan, qarTul<br />
sazogadoebasTan (yofil sabWoTa inteli<strong>ge</strong>nciasTan mainc). es yvelaferi unda<br />
ekeTebina romelime mxares aSkara gadaxris gareSe.<br />
ar vici, ramdenad acnobierebda eduard SevardnaZe mis mier qarTuli<br />
identurobis kontrquciis gamoyenebas (romelic sxvaTa Soris, misi kompartiis<br />
centraluri mdivnobis periodSi Seiqmna), magram faqtia, rom swored misi<br />
miTiTebebiT moxda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, rogorc abreSumis gzis (warsuli) da<br />
navTobsadenebis gzis (momavali) prezentacia msoflio politikur scenaze.<br />
am prezentaciam saqarTvelo gasa<strong>ge</strong>bi da misaRebi gaxada msoflio<br />
politikisaTvis, da SevardnaZis moklevadiani mizani - uzrunvelyo sakuTari<br />
politikuri stabiluroba - Tundac teritoriebis dakargvis xarjze -<br />
Seasrula. SevardnaZis proeqti - eqcia gzisgasayari-derefani-gzajvaredini<br />
<strong>ge</strong>opolitikur mudmivad - warmatebiT ganxorcielda. gzisgasayaris,<br />
gzajvaredinis identoba uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeebis TviTwarmod<strong>ge</strong>nas da<br />
warmod<strong>ge</strong>nas sakuTari qveynis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, rogorc arcerT mxareze (arc evropa, da<br />
arc azia) mdgaris, magram raRac Zalian mniSvnelovanis. amas SevardnaZem<br />
<strong>ge</strong>opolitikuri aRwerac daumata, romelic identobis am Sinaaris ekonomikurpolitikur<br />
ganzomilebas uzrunvelyofda. Sedegad, SevardnaZem, rogorc am<br />
sqemis avtorma da erTaderTma mcodnem, Tu rogor unda uzrunvelyo misi<br />
warmatebuloba, sakuTari politikuri stabiluroba karga xniT gainaRda.
marTalia, am identoba-<strong>ge</strong>opolitikurma kontruqciam <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
teritoriebic daakargvina da demokratiis da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzidanac<br />
aacdina, magram es qarTveli inteleqtualebisaTvis SeumCneveli darCa. piriqiT -<br />
SevardnaZis „<strong>ge</strong>gma“ zustad „Cajda“ 70ian wlebSi Seqmnil erovnuli identobis<br />
SinaarsSi, da amis Semdeg <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> politikuri midrekileba derefnebis,<br />
milsadenebis da gzisgasayarebisaken Seuqcevadad iqca.<br />
SevardnaZem moaxerxa, rom identobis konstruqcia <strong>ge</strong>opolitikur mudmivad<br />
eqcia da amiT kidev ufro gaamyara 70-80ian wlebSi Seqmnili gzisgasayaris,<br />
gzebis da kulturebis gadakveTis erovnuli identurobis Sinaarsi.<br />
SevardnaZis Semdeg<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom 2003 wlis Semdeg axalma administraciam daiwyo<br />
SevardnaZis memkvidreobis uaryofa/cvlileba, misi mTavari memkvidreoba<br />
SeumCneveli darCa: gzisgadakveTis, kulturagadakveTis, gzajvaredinis da<br />
kulturjvaredinis Teoria, rogorc qarTuli identurobis da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
<strong>ge</strong>opolitikuri RerZi. es SeumCnevloba bunebrivicaa, radgan axlandeli<br />
xelisuflebis politikosebi swored im skolaSi dadiodnen, sadac qarTulma<br />
sabWoTa inteli<strong>ge</strong>nciam da qarTvelma maswavleblebma am identobaze damyarebuli<br />
ganaTlebis Setana daiwyo. amitom, bunebrivia, rom isini aRiqvamen am identobas,<br />
rogorc erTaderT SesaZlebels.<br />
axalma xelisuflebam moaxerxa SevardnaZis memkvidreobis zedapirze myofi<br />
problemebisagan mniSvnelovanwilad ganTavisufleba (korufcia, arasistemuri<br />
ganviTareba da a.S.), magram politikuri moqmedebis RerZi isev SevardnaZiseuli<br />
<strong>ge</strong>opolitikuri mudmivi da 80iani wlebis identobis Sinaarsi darCa:<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> prezentacia adgilad, romelic idealuria ucxo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis, imitom, rom aq iseTi xelisSemwyobi kanonebia, rogorc arsad,<br />
isev im identobis kultivirebaa, romelic SevardnaZis dros warmoiqmna: iseve,<br />
rogorc gazsadenis da gzisgasayaris SemTxvevaSi, aqac orientacia ucxouri<br />
invesitciisaTvis karg pirobebzea gakeTebuli. Tuki gazsadenebis SemTxvevaSi es<br />
piroba <strong>ge</strong>orgafiulia, axali adminsitraciis SemTxvevaSi amas sakanonmdeblo baza<br />
daemata. imis Tqma, rom am midgomas aranairi Sedegi ar aqvs - Sors aris rogorc
saRi azrisagan, aseve saqmis realuri viTarebisagan. iseve, rogorc SevardnaZis<br />
baqo-jeixanis navTobsadenis SemTxvevaSi, sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebamac<br />
ekonomikuri zrda gamoiwvia. magram ekonomikuri zrdis es orive meTodi<br />
moklevadiania - orientirebulia dros mokle monakveTSi ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
miRebaze: orive SemTxvevaSi aqcenti amowurvad da fardobiT (politikurad da<br />
fizikurad) resursebzea gakeTebuli.<br />
me ar vambob, rom romelime am meTodze uari unda iTqvas, magram eWvi<br />
mepareba am ori mimarTulebis RerZad dasaxvaSi. rogorc gazsadeni, aseve<br />
sainvesticio garemo kargia rogorc politikuri (es ukve vnaxeT) iaraRi da<br />
moklevadian perspeqtivaSi ekonomikis zrdis meTodi.<br />
magram mgonia, rom <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> samyaroSi erovnuli identoba ufro<br />
codnis da unarebis ganviTarebaze unda iyos damyarebuli, vidre garedan<br />
politikuri da ekonomikuri Cadinebebis molodinze. arada, codnis da unarebis<br />
ganviTarebaze qveynis orientirebas, rogorc Cans, Cveni erovnuli identoba da<br />
<strong>ge</strong>opolitikuri warmosaxva ewinaamRde<strong>ge</strong>ba.<br />
amitom vfiqrob, rom dRes Cveni mTavari problema Cveni erovnuli<br />
identobis Sinaarsis da a<strong>ge</strong>bulebis gansazRvraa. Tuki davrCebiT maspinZlis,<br />
gziris, gzis momvlelis sqemaSi, saeWvoa, rom raime Rirseuli ganviTarebis<br />
molodini unda gvqondes. arada - es samwuxaro iqneba, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
es identoba, romelic Cvens awmyos da momavals gansazRvravs, da romlis<br />
tyveobaSic varT, ara uxsovar dros, aramed sul raRac 20-30 wlis winaT<br />
Camogviyalibda. Tanac, imdroindeli sabWoTa xelsuflebis aqtiuri<br />
monawileobiT.<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac qarTuli saxelmwifos <strong>Tanamedrove</strong> profili exla<br />
yalibdeba, saxelmwifos moqmedebebs mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdeba kidev<br />
SeuZliaT erovnuli identobis re-konstruirebaze. am bolo dromde Cveni<br />
ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo politika kvlav Zveli identobis farglebSi<br />
trialebda. ara marto ucxouri investiciebisaTvis xelsayreli sainvesticio<br />
garemos Seqmna, aramed sazRvargareT swavlebazec mkafio biujeturi aqcentis
gakeTebac isev da isev maspinZlobis, molodinis da garemos Seqmnis,<br />
gzisgasayarze yofnis identobis konstruqciaSi jdeba.<br />
Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom am bolo dros xelisuflebis sabiujeto aqcentis<br />
cvlileba da misi daintereseba Sida ekonomikuri procesebiT da codnis<br />
ganviTarebiT imeds iZleva, rom sabolood mivalT im poziciamde, rom ekonomikis<br />
grZelvadiani ganviTarebis piroba, Tundac saukeTeso da mdgradi sainvesticio<br />
garemo, aris ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebi da maTi codnaze damyarebuli unarebi. da<br />
imisaTvis, rom es garemo Seiqmnas ramdenime wlis Semdeg, amaze dRes unda<br />
daviwyoT zrunva. es ki aucileblad moaxdens Cveni identobis Sinaarsze<br />
Sesabamis gavlenas da Tavs davaRwevT im komikur, Zalian SemTxveviT faqtorebze<br />
damyarebul identobas, romlis tyveobaSic varT.
SeniSnvebi:<br />
1 am SemTxvevaSi ”kodis” cneba gamoiyeneba moqmedebis an metyvelebis algoriTmis,<br />
winaswar mocemuli struquturis mniSvnelobiT.<br />
2 am midgomis reprezentarorebi: giga zedania, levan RambaSiZe, gia nodia, am<br />
teqstis avtori.<br />
3 opozicia: ”ruseTTan keTlilmezobluri urTierTobis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na”, ”ganaTlebis<br />
sistemis damyareba erovnul tradiciebze”. xelisufleba: ”natoSi gawevrianeba”,<br />
”dasavleTSi integracia”, ”investiciebis mozidva”. struqturulad es ufro<br />
msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlebia, vidre partiuli programebi.<br />
4 ernst <strong>ge</strong>lneri. erebi da nacionalizmi. Tbilisi. nekeri. 2004<br />
5 benediqt andersoni. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi. Tbilisi. ena da kultura.<br />
2005.<br />
6 entoni smiti. nacionalizmi. Teoria, ideologia, istoria. Tbilisi. qarTuli<br />
enis saerTaSoriso centri. 2006<br />
7 renani (Renan), keduri (Kedourie), seton-uotsoni (Seton-Watson) da sxvebi.<br />
8 me aq ar ganvixilav hobsbaumis Teorias (Nations and Nationalism since 1780.<br />
Combrid<strong>ge</strong> university Press. 1992), romelic principulad <strong>ge</strong>lneris Teoriis<br />
dazustebaa.<br />
9<br />
Sigmund Freud. Gesammelte Werke. Neunter Band. Totem und tabu. Fischer Tachenbuch Verlag.<br />
p. 190.<br />
10 Sirmund Freud. Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Sava<strong>ge</strong>s and<br />
Neurotics. Contributors: Sigmund Freud - author, A. A. Brill - transltr. Publisher: Moffat, Yard.<br />
Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1918. Pa<strong>ge</strong> Number: 260.<br />
11<br />
http://www.pseudology.org/Psyhology/Freid_TotemTaboo/index.htm. перевод М.<br />
Вульфа.<br />
12 Richard Rorty. Solidarity, Contin<strong>ge</strong>ncy, Irony. Chicago University Press. 1995.<br />
13 marqsi. ludvig foierbaxi da <strong>ge</strong>rmanuli ideologia. Tbilisi 1995.<br />
14 Rodney Stark, “Secularization. R.I.P. – rest in pease”, in: Sociology of Religion. Fall<br />
1999. p.13<br />
15 David Martin, “Toward eliminating the concept of secularization”, in: G.Harmondworth<br />
(ed.), Penguin survey of the social sciences. Penguin Books. 1965.
16<br />
William Swatos, Secularization theory: the course of a consept, in: Sociology of<br />
Religion. Fall 1999. p.2.<br />
17 benediqt andersoni. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi. Tbilisi. ena da kultura.<br />
2005<br />
18<br />
William H. Swatos, Jr. and Loftur Reimar Gissurarson. Icelandic spiritualism.<br />
Mediumship and Modernity in Iceland. New brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 1997.<br />
19 ibid: Swatos, “Secularization theory”; Martin, “Toward eliminating the concept of<br />
secularization”; Stark, “Secularization.<br />
20 Oliver Reisner: Die Schule der Georgischen Nation: Eine sozialhistorische Untersuchung<br />
der nationalen Bewegung in Georgien am Beispiel der "Gesellschaft zur Verbreitung der<br />
Lese- und Schreibkunde unter den Georgiern" (1850 - 1917). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2004.<br />
21 qarTuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi. fondi Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelo.<br />
2006 weli.<br />
22<br />
Kants Werke. Band IX. Physishe Geographie. Pp. 405-406. Leipzig. 1923<br />
23<br />
Geor<strong>ge</strong> H.T. Kimble “Geography in the middle a<strong>ge</strong>s” London 1937<br />
24<br />
Jakob Kaiser und der zusammenbruch der Deutschen brueckenfunktion zwischen ost und<br />
west. in: Christian Hacke. Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutchland. Ullstein<br />
Buchverla<strong>ge</strong> GmbH, Berlin. 1997).<br />
25 „evropa Tu azia“. gamocemloba „literaturis matiane“. Tbilisi 1997.<br />
26 Luigi Magarotto – “Georgia as a brid<strong>ge</strong> between Europe and Asia”. “L’avanguardia a<br />
Tifliss”. Venice. 1982).
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