dedamiwis klimatebi
dedamiwis klimatebi dedamiwis klimatebi
D Eelizbar elizbaraSvili dedamiwis klimatebi Tbilisi 2010
- Page 2 and 3: Tavi 1. evropis qveynebis klimatebi
- Page 4 and 5: teritoriis did nawilze did sirTulee
- Page 6 and 7: naxevarkunZulis Sida raionebSi yvel
- Page 8 and 9: samxreTis mimarTulebiT, rac aq mniS
- Page 10 and 11: aRmosavleT sanapiro da miwidan aRga
- Page 12 and 13: modis dasavleT sanapiroze, rac okea
- Page 14 and 15: zedapiri daxrilia CrdiloeTisaken, d
- Page 16 and 17: temperaturebi 0 0 -Tan axlosaa, xol
- Page 18 and 19: wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi pir
- Page 20 and 21: haeris masebis SemoWras. Aamitom za
- Page 22 and 23: dasavleT sanapiroze evropis kontine
- Page 24 and 25: zamTarSi qveynis samxreT raionebSia
- Page 26 and 27: 2.2. Eerayi fizikur- geografiuli Ta
- Page 28 and 29: 2.4. indoeTi fizikur- geografiuli T
- Page 30 and 31: CrdiloeTSi ianvris saSualo temperat
- Page 32 and 33: 2.7. iaponia fizikur- geografiuli T
- Page 34 and 35: Tavi 3. afrikis, avstraliis da okea
- Page 36 and 37: orografiuli TvalsazrisiT warmoadgen
- Page 38 and 39: 3.5. indonezia fizikur- geografiuli
- Page 40 and 41: samxreT raionebSic ki SeiZleba daik
- Page 42 and 43: CrdiloeTSi xSiria Tovli, samxreTSi
- Page 44 and 45: monacvleoba xdeba aRmosavleTidan da
- Page 46 and 47: ivnisis ganmavlobaSia, rodesac dgas
- Page 48 and 49: gamoc aq aRiniSneba mocemuli ganede
- Page 50 and 51: xasiaTze. sanapiro zolSi mTeli wlis
D<br />
Eelizbar elizbaraSvili<br />
<strong>dedamiwis</strong> <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />
Tbilisi<br />
2010
Tavi 1. evropis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />
1.1 islandia<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. islandia<br />
warmoadgens kunZuls, romlis reliefis didi<br />
nawili zegania. Mmisi saSualo simaRle zRvis<br />
donedan 600 metria, xolo calkeuli mwvervalebi<br />
2000m-s aRwevs. Ddablobs mcire teritoria ukavia,<br />
ZiriTadad sanapiro zolSi. reliefis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili ukavia myinvarebs,<br />
Tanamedrove gamyinvareba islandiis farTobis<br />
13%-ze vrceldeba. kunZuli aris dedamiwaze<br />
aqtiuri vulkanizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
kera.<br />
islandiis klimatis Camoyalibebaze did<br />
gavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: misi<br />
geografiuli mdebareoba maRal ganedebSi, anu<br />
polaruli wris maxloblad, atmosferos<br />
cirkulaciis xasiaTi, okeanis dinebebi, kerZod<br />
Tbili Crdilo atlantikuri dineba da misi<br />
ganStoebebi, romlebic kunZuls Cauvlis samxreT<br />
da dasavleT sanapiroebTan, da CrdiloaRmosavleT<br />
sanapiroebTan gamdinare civi<br />
aRmosavleT grenlandiis dineba.<br />
Kklimati. Kklimaturi Taviseburebebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT islandia miekuTvneba zomieri<br />
ganedebis atlantikur-arqtikul olqs.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis qarebi, rac<br />
kunZulis reliefis gavleniT xSirad icvlis<br />
mimarTulebas. sanapiroebze xSiria qari xmeleTis<br />
Sida raionebidan. zamTari samxreT da dasavleT<br />
sanapiroebTan Tbili Crdilo atlantikuri<br />
2
dinebis gavleniT SedarebiT rbilia. Yyvelaze<br />
civi Tve FTebervalia da Tvis saSuali<br />
temperatura aq minus 2 0 -ia, xolo samxreT<br />
sanapiroze dadebiTic kia. CrdiloeT sanapiroze<br />
zamTari gacilebiT civia, rac aixsneba<br />
CrdiloeTis polarul wresTan misi siaxloviT<br />
da civi aRmosavleT grenlandiis dinebis<br />
gavleniT. Uufro civia zamTari kunZulis<br />
centralur nawilSi, rasac adgilis simaRlis<br />
gazrda uwyobs xels.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi umTavresad<br />
icis Rrubliani amindi, samxreT sanapiroze,<br />
CrdiloeTisagan gansxvavebiT, xSiria naleqebi.<br />
naleqebi modis ZiriTadad Tovlis saxiT.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi agreTve<br />
gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis qarebi. zafxuli,<br />
kunZulis maRal ganedebSi ganlagebis gamo,<br />
Zalian civia. ivlissa da agvistoSi yvelaze Tbil<br />
dReebSi haeris temperatura 20 0 -s ar aRwevs.<br />
ivlisis Tvis saSualo temperatura samxreT,<br />
aRmosavleT da dasavleT sanapiroebze<br />
daaxloebiT 10 0 -ia, xolo CrdiloeT sanapiroze<br />
da kunZulis centralur nawilSi 10 0 -ze naklebi.<br />
zafxuli naklebad Rrubliania, xSiria nisli.<br />
naleqebi xSiria samxreT sanapiroze, SedarebiT<br />
iSviaTia CrdiloeT sanapiroze. saerTod wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi samxreT sanapiroze modis 2000mm,<br />
xolo CrdiloeT sanapiroze, sul 300-400mm naleqi.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Ddabali temperaturebis da<br />
Zlieri qarebis gamo islandiis mcenareuloba<br />
umTavresad tundris xasiaTs atarebs. SedarebiT<br />
maRaltaniani xe-mcenareebi mxolod samxreTis<br />
Tbil sanapiroze gvxvdeba. civi zafxuli<br />
3
teritoriis did nawilze did sirTuleebs uqmnis<br />
miwaTmoqmedebas.<br />
N1.2. norvegia da SvedeTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Ees<br />
saxelmwifoebi mdebareoben evropis udides<br />
skandinaviis naxevarkunZulze. naxevarkunZulis mTeli<br />
dasavleT sanapiros gaswvriv 1500 km-is manZilze<br />
gadaWimulia masiuri skandinaviis mTianeTi, romlis<br />
samxreT nawilSi umaRlesi mwvervali(glitertini)<br />
aRwevs 2481m simaRles. MmTianeTi dasavleTiT cicabod<br />
eSveba norvegiis zRvisken, xolo aRmosavleTiT –<br />
SedarebiT damrecad baltiis zRvisken. mTianeTis<br />
CrdiloeTi nawili 400-500m simaRlisaa, Tumca<br />
calkeuli mwvervalebi 2000m-s aRwevs. mTianeTi farTo<br />
xeobebis saSualebiT danawevrebulia calkeul<br />
masivebad, saidanac bevri myinvari iRebs saTaves.<br />
aRmosavleTiT mTebi TandaTan gadadis dablobSi,<br />
romelic gadaWimulia 150-200km siganeze. Sveciis<br />
samxreT nawilSi bevria tba, maTi saerTo farTobi<br />
qveynis farTobis 8%-s Seadgens. skandinaviis<br />
naxevarkunZulis dasavleT sanapiro Zlier<br />
danawevrebulia da bevr yures, anu fiordebs qmnis.<br />
aRmosavleT sanapiro ufro swori moxazulibisaa.<br />
naxevarkunZulis farTobis 15% CrdiloeT polaruli<br />
wris SigniTaa.<br />
Kklimati. Kklimaturi Taviseburebebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT Nnorvegiis da SvedeTis didi<br />
nawili miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis<br />
atlantikur-arqtikul olqs, xolo am<br />
saxelmwifoTa samxreTi raionebi- atlantikurolqs.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi norvegiis<br />
dasavleT sanapiroze gabatonebulia dasavleTis,<br />
4
samxreT-dasavleTis da samxreTis mimarTulebis<br />
qarebi. mTagorian raionebSi qaris mimarTuleba<br />
ganisazRvreba reliefis xasiaTiT.<br />
Qqaris siCqare sanapiro zolSi saSualod<br />
5m/wm-ia, xolo naxevarkunZulis Sida raionebSi ar<br />
aRemateba 2m/wm-s. Nnorvegiis CrdiloeT da<br />
Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroebze xSiria grigali<br />
da qarbuqi.<br />
Nnorvegiis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze<br />
ianvris da Tebervlis saSualo temperatura minus<br />
3 0 -ia, xolo samxreTiT izrdeba plius 2 0 -mde. Aamis<br />
mizezia atlantikis okeanidan Tbili haeris<br />
gadmoadgileba, romelic Tbili Crdiloatlantikuri<br />
dinebis Sedegad yalibdeba.<br />
calkeul dReebSi haeris temperaturam SesaZloa<br />
minus 25 0 -mde daiklos. Uufro dabali<br />
temperaturebi aRiniSneba norvegiis da SvedeTis<br />
Sida raionebSi, sadac ver aRwevs atlantikidan<br />
Tbili haeri. Aam SemTxvevaSi skandinaviis<br />
mTianeTi klimatgamyofis rols asrulebs da<br />
eRobeba Tbili haeris masebs. calkeul dReebSi aq<br />
temperatura ecema minus 30 0 -mde, xolo<br />
absoluturi minimumi dafiqsirebulia minus 51 0 .<br />
norvegiis da SvedeTis Sida raionebSi, sadac<br />
skandinaviis mTebi dabldeba, kargad aRwevs<br />
Tbili atlantikuri haeri da temperaturac<br />
izrdeba. Bbaltiis zRva ver axdens mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas SvedeTis havaze, mis sanapiroebze<br />
temperatura 3-7 0 -iT dabalia, vidre atlantikis<br />
okeanis sanapiroze. Aamave dros aSkarad aris<br />
gamoxatuli zRvebis gavlena klimatis tipzesanapiroebze<br />
yvelaze civi Tve Tebervalia, rac<br />
damaxasiaTebelia zRviuri havisaTvis, xolo<br />
5
naxevarkunZulis Sida raionebSi yvelaze civi Tve<br />
ianvaria.<br />
dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis<br />
mimarTulebis qarebis batonobis gamo norvegiis<br />
sanapiroze umTavresad Rrubliani da wvimiani<br />
amindi dgas. Ddekember-TebervalSi sanapiros<br />
CrdiloeT nawilSi naleqi umTavresad Tovlis<br />
saxiT modis, samxreTSi Tovli iSviaTia da,<br />
rogorc wesi swrafad dneba. norvegiis da<br />
SvedeTis Sida raionebSi Tovlis safari TiTqmis<br />
Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi devs(oqtombris Sua<br />
ricxvebidan maisis Sua ricxvebamde), xolo<br />
samxreTis sanapiroebze Tovlis safari erT<br />
Tvesac ver sZlebs.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi, anu<br />
oqtombridan martis CaTvliT, sakmao raodenobis<br />
naleqebi modis da Seadgens sanapiroze 500-700mm-s,<br />
xolo cicabo ferdobebze 1500mm-s.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
dasavleTis, samxreT-dasavleTis da samxreTis<br />
mimarTulebis qarebi sustdeba, da aqtiurdeba<br />
CrdiloeTis qarebi, anu qarebi arqtikidan. Aam<br />
dros temperaturis ganawilebas Sebrunebuli<br />
suraTi aqvs wlis civ periodTan SedarebiTnorvegiis<br />
da SvedeTis Sida raionebSi ufro<br />
Tbila, vidre dasavleTis sanapiroebze. Sida<br />
raionebSi ivlisis saSualo temperaturaa 15-17 0 .<br />
zafxulSi naklebia Rrublianoba, Tumca mainc<br />
gabatonebulia moRrubluli da notio amindebi.<br />
naTeli uRrublo amindi iSviaTia da TveSi<br />
mxolod erTi-Svidi dRe aRiniSneba. sanapiro<br />
raionebSi xSiria nisli.<br />
Mmcenareuli safari. norvegiis da SvedeTis<br />
teritoriis did nawilze gavrcelebulia<br />
6
wiwvovani tyeebi. maT ukaviaT skandinaviis<br />
mTianeTis aRmosavleTi ferdobi mTlianad, da<br />
agreTve dasavleT ferdobis mTebi. Nnorvegiis<br />
CrdiloeT da Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroebze,<br />
zafxulis Tveebis dabali temperaturebis,<br />
agreTve maRali sinotivisa da Zlieri qarebis<br />
gamo, mcenareuloba TiTqmis ar aris, batonobs<br />
tundra. samxreT raionebSi ki wiwvovani tyeebi<br />
icvleba Sereuli wiwvovan-foTlovani tyeebiT.<br />
ukidures samxreTSi Cndeba tipiuri<br />
farTofoTlovani tyeebi, sadac Warbobs wifela.<br />
mTebSi tyis sazRvari CrdiloeTSi vrceldeba 500<br />
metramde, xolo samxreTSi 1100 metramde zRvis<br />
donedan. Aam maCveneblis maRla vrceldeba mTis<br />
tundra naxevradbuCqnari da balaxis<br />
mcenareulobiT.<br />
1.3. fineTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
Oorografiuli agebulebis TvalsazrisiT fineTi<br />
warmoadgens platoebis, qedebis da Rrmulebis<br />
mravalferovnebas, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili<br />
ukavia tbebs. tbebis siuxviT mas msoflioSi<br />
pirveli adgili ukavia, tbebis wylis zedapiris<br />
farTobi qveynis farTobis 12%-s Seadgens.<br />
teritoriis didi nawili mdebareobs zRvis<br />
donidan 80-300m farglebSi.<br />
Kklimati. Kklimaturi klasifikaciis Tanaxmad<br />
fineTi miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis<br />
atlantikur-arqtikul olqs. skandinaviis<br />
naxevarkunZulisgan gansxvavebiT, fineTis hava<br />
xasiaTdeba TandaTanobiTi cvlilebiT<br />
dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeTidan<br />
7
samxreTis mimarTulebiT, rac aq mniSvnelovani<br />
mTis qedebis ar arsebobiT aixsneba.<br />
zamTari CrdiloeTSi mkacri icis.<br />
arqtikuli haeris xSiri SemoWrebis gamo haeris<br />
temperatura ianvar-TebervalSi saSualod minus<br />
15 0 -ia, xolo calkeul dReebSi yinva minus 40 0 -ze<br />
dabla Cadis. Yyinvebi saerTod icis oqtombridan<br />
aprilamde, Tovlis safari 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />
devs da xSirad ivnisis dasawyisamde gastans.<br />
amindebi umTavresad notio da Rrubliania.<br />
samxreTis mimarTulebiT zamTris<br />
xangrZlivoba iklebs da yinvebi aRiniSneba<br />
dekembridan martamde. Yyvelaze civi Tvis-ianvris<br />
saSualo temperatura minus 6 0 -ia, Tumca calkeul<br />
dReebSi SesaZloa daiklos minus 25-30 0 -mde.<br />
dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebs<br />
atlantikidan xSirad moaqvs Tbili haeri, amitom<br />
sanapiroze zamTari rbili icis, aq yvelaze civi<br />
Tve Tebervalia.<br />
Ggazafxuli civi da xangrZlivi icis.<br />
Rrublianoba da sinotive zamTarTan SedarebiT<br />
mniSvnelovnad iklebs.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi fineTis<br />
TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze gabatonebulia<br />
CrdiloeTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, xolo<br />
sanapiro zolSi, gansakuTrebiT samxreTSi<br />
ganviTarebulia Bbrizi, anu perioduli qari,<br />
romelic dRisiT qris sanapirodan xmeleTisaken,<br />
xolo RamiT piriqiT-xmeleTidan okeanisaken.<br />
Yyvelaze Tbili Tve ivlisia. Tvis saSualo<br />
temperatura CrdiloeTSi saSualod 12 0 -ia, xolo<br />
samxreTSi-17 0 . Rrublianoba zafxulSi naklebia<br />
zamTarTan SedarebiT, magram naleqebi ufro meti<br />
modis. xSiria Tavsxma naleqebi da setyva.<br />
8
zafxuli saerTod xanmoklea da wayinvebi ukve<br />
seqtembridan iwyeba.<br />
mcenareuli safari. teritoriis didi nawili<br />
dafarulia tyeebiT. CrdiloeTSi wiwvnari<br />
Warbobs, samxreTSi siTbos momatebasTan erTad<br />
Cndeba foTlovani mcenareebic, umTavresad muxa.<br />
reliefis Taviseburebisa (Warbobs vakeebi da<br />
Rrmulebi), zafxulis dabali temperaturisa da<br />
maRali sinotivis gamo Zalian bevri tbaa,<br />
gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTSi. tbebs ukavia qveynis<br />
mTeli farTobis daaxloebiT 30%.<br />
D1.4. didi britaneTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. yvelaze<br />
SemaRlebulia Ddidi britaneTis CrdiloeTi<br />
nawili, anu Sotlandia da inglisis CrdiloeT<br />
raionebi. Sotlandia ukavia mTianeTs, sadac didi<br />
britaneTis umaRlesi mwvervalia-mTa ben-nevisi<br />
(1343m zRvis donedan). inglisis teritoriaze<br />
SedarebiT dabali simaRlis-peninis mTebia,<br />
romelTa simaRlec 1000m-s ver aRwevs. inglisis<br />
aRmosavleT raionebSi Warbobs dablobebi.<br />
sanapiro zoli gansakuTrebiT danawevrebulia<br />
dasavleTSi, xolo naklebad danawevrebuli<br />
aRmosavleTSi da samxreTSi.<br />
klimati. Ddidi britaneTi miekuTvneba zomieri<br />
sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur<br />
olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gabatonebulia dasavleTis da samxreTdasavleTis<br />
qarebi. sanapiro raionebSi xSiria<br />
Zlieri qarebi, xolo CrdiloeTSi-Stormi. 1953<br />
wlis TebervalSi CrdiloeTis zRvaSi ganviTarda<br />
iseTi Stormi, rom mTlianad datbora inglisis<br />
9
aRmosavleT sanapiro da miwidan aRgava mravali<br />
dasaxlebuli punqti.<br />
Ggabatonebuli Tbili zRviuri qarebis gamo<br />
zamTari Zalian rbili icis, ianvar-Tebervlis<br />
saSualo temperatura 3-5 0 , xolo inglisis<br />
samxreTSi 6-7 0 -ia. teritoriis dasavleTi nawili,<br />
Tbili Crdilo-atlantikuri dinebis gamo, ufro<br />
Tbilia, vidre aRmosavleTi nawili, sadac xSirad<br />
xdeba civi haeris masebis SemoWra evropis<br />
kontinenturi nawilidan.<br />
damaxasiaTebelia Rrubliani, notio amindi.<br />
xSiria nisli, Tova, Tumca mdgradi Tovlis<br />
safari myardeba mxolod mTebSi. Ggazafxulze<br />
temperaturis zrda Zalian nela mimdinareobs,<br />
rac zRviuri haeris masebis SemoWrebs<br />
ukavSirdeba.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebTan<br />
erTad aqtiurdeba CrdiloeTis qarebi. rogorc<br />
damaxasiaTebelia zRviuri havisaTvis, zafxuli<br />
grilia, gansakuTrebiT Sotlandiis CrdiloeTSi,<br />
sadac yvelaze Tbili Tvis saSualo temperatura<br />
12-14 0 -ia. inglisis samxreT nawilSi temperatura<br />
16-17 0 -mde izrdeba.<br />
zafxulSi Rrublianoba zamTarTan SedarebiT<br />
iklebs, Tumca naTeli mziani dReebi mainc<br />
iSviaTia. Nnaleqebi bevri modis, gansakuTrebiT<br />
CrdiloeT raionebSi, sadac maTi wliuri jami<br />
2000mm-mde aRwevs. Nnaleqebis didi raodenobis da<br />
zafxulis dabali temperaturebis gamo mdinareebi<br />
wyaluxvia.<br />
Mmcenareuli safari. maRali tenianobisa da<br />
rbili zamTris gamo mcenareuloba mdidaria.<br />
kunZulis samxreT naxevarSi maradmwvane tyeebi da<br />
10
subtropikuli olqis buCqnaric kia<br />
gavrcelebuli. Aamave dros iseTi mcenareebi,<br />
romlebic ganviTarebisaTvis moiTxovs<br />
mniSvnelovan siTbos zafxulis TveebSi aq ar<br />
xarobs. Zalian Znelad mwifdeba marcvlovani<br />
kulturebi da gansakuTrebiT xexili.<br />
1.5. safrangeTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. safrangeTis<br />
reliefi mravalferovania. teritoriis didi nawili<br />
warmoadgens saSualo simaRlis mTebis da vakeebis<br />
kompleqss. Yyvelaze maRali mTebi qveynis samxreTSiapirineis<br />
mTebis samxreTi ferdobebi, alpebis<br />
dasavleTi ferdobebi, centraluri safrangeTis<br />
masivi. Crdilo-dasavleTis sanapiro zoli Zlier<br />
danawevrebulia.<br />
klimati. safrangeTis CrdiloeTi nawili miekuTvneba<br />
zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur<br />
klimatur olqs, xolo samxreTi nawili<br />
subtropikuli sartylis atlantikurxmelTaSuazRviur<br />
olqs.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi qveynis<br />
CrdiloeTSi gabatonebulia samxreT-dasavleTis,<br />
xolo samxreTSi- Crdilo-aRmosavleTis da<br />
aRmosavleTis qarebi.<br />
dabal ganedebSi mdebareobisa da atlantikis<br />
okeanes gavlenis gamo zamTari teritoriis<br />
mniSvnelovan nawilze Zalian rbilia. Ddablob<br />
raionebSi temperatura zamTarSic dadebiTia, da<br />
saSualod aRemateba 7 0 -s, mxolod CrdiloeTSi<br />
Camodis temperatura 0 0 -mde. mTebSi zamTari<br />
SedarebiT civia.<br />
Rrublianoba mniSvnelovania CrdiloeTSi da<br />
mTebSi, samxreTSi umniSvneloa. Bbevri naleqebi<br />
11
modis dasavleT sanapiroze, rac okeanis<br />
gavleniT aixsneba. samxreT sanapiroze da Sida<br />
raionebSi naleqebi mcirea.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
atmosferos cirkulacias gansxvavebuli xasiaTi<br />
aqvs. safrangeTis mTel teritoriaze<br />
gabatonebulia dasavleTis, Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />
da CrdiloeTis qarebi, ris Sedegadac zafxuli<br />
zomierad Tbilia. ivlisis saSualo temperatura<br />
qveynis CrdiloeTSi 16 0 -ia, parizSi-18 0 , samxreTSi-<br />
20 0 -ze meti, xolo mTebSi zRvis donedan 2000-2500m<br />
simaRleze ecema 10 0 -mde. zafxulSic bevri<br />
naleqebi modis, xSiria Tavsxma naleqebi,<br />
gamonaklisia samxreT raionebi, sadac zafxuli<br />
gvalviani icis.<br />
mcenareuli safari. siTbosa da tenis<br />
gansxvavebuli reJimebi ganapirobebs arsebiT<br />
gansxvavebas mcenareTa saxeobaSi. zomieri<br />
ganedebis vake raionebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
farTofoTlovani tyeebi, romlebic amJamad<br />
mniSvnelovnad aris gaCexili. samxreT sanapiroze<br />
xmelTaSuazRviuri maradmwvane tyeebic gvxvdeba.<br />
mTebSi kargad aris gamoxatuli tyeebis<br />
vertikaluri zonaloba: qvemod muxnaria, Semdeg<br />
wiflnari, ufro maRla wiwvovani tyeebi, xolo<br />
alpebisa da pirineis maRalmTian sartyelSi<br />
gavrcelebulia subalpuri buCqnari da mdeloebi.<br />
1.6. Nniderlandebi, belgia da luqsemburgi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Nniderlandebi<br />
da belgiis didi nawili xasiaTdeba brtyeli,<br />
erTgvarovani reliefiT, amaRlebebi mxolod belgiis<br />
samxreTSia, sadac gadaWimulia mTis masivi.<br />
niderlandebis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />
12
zRvis doneze dabla mdebareobs da daculia<br />
datborvisagan kaSxalebis xelovnuri qseliT.<br />
klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT<br />
niderlandebs, belgias da luqsemburgs gaaCnia<br />
SedarebiT erTgvarovani pirobebi, ukaviaT<br />
zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinenturi<br />
klimaturi olqi.<br />
zamTarSi am saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze<br />
gabatonebulia dasavleTis, samxreT-dasavleTis<br />
da samxreTis qarebi, romlebic qris Tbili<br />
atlantikis okeanedan. Aamis gamo aq zamTari<br />
Zalian rbilia. ianvris da Tebervlis saSualo<br />
Tviuri temperaturebi sanapiro zolSi<br />
daaxloebiT 3 0 -ia, xolo xmeleTis siRrmeSi 0 0 -Tan<br />
axlosaa.<br />
zafxuli SedarebiT grili icis. ivlisis da<br />
agvistos saSualo temperatura 16-18 0 -ia. mTeli<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia moRrubluli<br />
amindi, Tumca zafxulSi zamTarTan SedarebiT<br />
sinotive naklebia.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba<br />
warmodgenilia wiflnari da muxnari tyeebiT,<br />
romlebsac SigadaSig monacvleoben mdeloebi.<br />
teritoriis didi farTobi gamoiyeneba<br />
marcvlovani da teqnikuri kulturebis mosayvanad.<br />
D1.7. germania<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Dgermaniis<br />
zedapiris reliefi xasiaTdeba didi<br />
mravalferovnebiT. Qqveynis CrdiloeTi nawili<br />
dablobs warmoadgens, romelic ZiriTadad zRvis<br />
donedan 100m simaRlemde mdebareobs. Ddablobi<br />
samxreTiT icvleba uZvelesi mTebiT, romelTa<br />
simaRle ar aRemareba 800-1000m-s. teritoriis<br />
13
zedapiri daxrilia CrdiloeTisaken, da<br />
Sesabamisad yvela mTavari mdinare miemarTeba<br />
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. CrdiloeT germaniis<br />
dablobi xasiaTdeba tbebis siuxviT.<br />
klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT germania<br />
miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikurkontinentur<br />
klimatur olqs. misi hava<br />
mniSvnelovan wilad ganisazRvreba atlantikis<br />
okeanis gavleniT. wlis civi periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia samxreT-dasavleTis<br />
qarebi. amis gamo, CrdiloeT germaniis dablobze,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki mis dasavleT nawilSi, zamTari<br />
Zalian rbilia. yvelaze civi Tvis –ianvris<br />
saSualo temperatura daaxloebiT 0 0 -ia.<br />
aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT temperatura<br />
TandaTan ecema, magram CrdiloeT germaniis<br />
dablobze Zlieri yinvebi mainc ar aRiniSneba.<br />
qveynis samxreTSi zamTari SedarebiT mkacria,<br />
rasac xels uwyobs adgilis simaRlis gazrda.<br />
mdgradi Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi<br />
warmoiqmneba, CrdiloeT germaniis dablobze is<br />
swrafad dneba.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi ufro<br />
xSirdeba dasavleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />
mimarTulebis qarebi, anu qarebi atlantikis<br />
okeanedan. Aam dros okeanes wyali grilia da<br />
Sesabamisad germaniis Crdilo-dasavleT<br />
raionebSi zafxuli Tumca xangrZlivia, magram<br />
grilia. ivlisis Tvis saSualo temperatura<br />
daaxloebiT 16 0 -ia. aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT<br />
temperatura mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. mTebSi zRvis<br />
donedan 1000-1200m simaRleze ivlisis temperatura<br />
daaxloebiT 10 0 -s Seadgens.<br />
14
Rrublianoba zafxulSic mniSvnelovania,<br />
naleqebi, rogorc zamTarSi, xSiria. swored<br />
amitom germaniis mdinareebi wyaluxvia mTeli<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi landSafti<br />
Zlieraa Secvlili adamianis mier. farTobis didi<br />
nawili dakavebuli aqvs marcvlovan da teqnikur<br />
sasoflosameurneo kulturebs. Mmdinare reinis<br />
zemo welSi, sadac icis cxeli xangrZlivi<br />
zafxuli da Tbili Semodgoma, ganviTarebulia<br />
mebaReoba, mevenaxeoba, meTambaqooba. calkeul<br />
adgilebSi SemorCenilia muxa da wifela, mTebSi<br />
ki-fiWvi.<br />
1.8. Sveicaria<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Sveicaria<br />
mTagoriani qveyanaa, misi reliefi Zlier<br />
danawevrebulia. Mmas ukavia alpebis yvelaze<br />
mZlavri nawili. Mmravali masivi da mwvervalia<br />
aRmarTuli zRvis donedan 4000m-ze maRla. Aaq<br />
aris evropis umaRlesi mwvervali monblani(4810m).<br />
mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia Tovlis mindvrebs<br />
da farTo myinvarebs. Aalpebs kveTen mdinareTa<br />
Rrma xeobebi.<br />
klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT Sveicaria<br />
miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikurkontinentur<br />
klimatur olqs, amave dros mTis<br />
landSafti gansazRvravs <strong>klimatebi</strong>s<br />
Taviseburebebs, rac gamoarCevs Sveicarias amave<br />
klimatur olqSi ganlagebul sxva qveynebisagan.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
SveicariaSi gabatonebulia atlantikis okeanes<br />
haeris masebi. Mmagram qveynis sakmaod didi<br />
simaRlis gamo zamTari mainc civia. saSualo<br />
15
temperaturebi 0 0 -Tan axlosaa, xolo ramdenadme<br />
maRalia CrdiloeTiT.<br />
zafxuli, maRalmTiani zonis garda, zomiered<br />
Tbilia. zeganze temperatura 18-19 0 -ia, daxurul<br />
xeobebSi- 21-22 0 , xolo maRalmTian zonaSi 2500m<br />
simaRleze daaxloebiT 5 0 . zafxulSi momatebulia<br />
Rrublianoba da naleqebi.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Mmdidari mcenareulobaa<br />
dacul xeobebSi, sadac gavrcelebulia<br />
farTofoTlovani tyeebi, bevria baRi da venaxi.<br />
tye mTebSi vrceldeba daaxloebiT 1800m<br />
simaRlemde. simaRlis zrdiT Sereul tyeebs<br />
cvlis wiwvovani tyeebi, ufro maRla ki alpuri<br />
mdeloebia. Mudmivi Tovlis sazRvari gadis 2500-<br />
3000m simaRleze.<br />
A1.9. avstria<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Aavstriis<br />
mTagoriani raionebi, landSaftis xasiaTis mxriv,<br />
Zalze waagavs Sveicarias. Qqveynis farTobis 70%<br />
ukavia aRmosavleT alpebs, romelic gamoyofilia<br />
Sveicariis alpebisagan farTo xeobebiT da<br />
qvabulebiT. Qqveynis yvelaze dasaxlebuli<br />
adgili aris dunais xeoba.<br />
klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT avstria<br />
agreTve miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis<br />
atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqs. mdinare<br />
dunais xeobaSi zamTari SedarebiT rbilia,<br />
uaryofiTi saSualo Tviuri temperaturebi aq<br />
mxolod ianvarSia. alpebSi ki, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maRalmTian raionebSi zamTari sakmaod mkacria,<br />
sadac uaryofiTi temperaturebi seqtembridan<br />
ivnisis CaTvliT aRiniSneba, xolo Tebervlis<br />
saSualo temperatura minus 14 0 -ia. naleqebi<br />
16
zamTarSi umTavresad Tovlis saxiT modis, Tumca<br />
mdgradi Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi<br />
yalibdeba.<br />
zafxuli xeobebSi Zalian Tbilia, ivlisis<br />
saSualo temperatura venaSi 20 0 -ia. maRalmTian<br />
raionebSi zafxuli, ra Tqma unda civia, yvelaze<br />
Tbili Tvis saSualo temperatura 0-Tan axlosaa.<br />
zafxuli yvelaze Rrubliani da naleqiania.<br />
mcenareuli safari. vakeebsa da qvabulebSi tye<br />
TiTqmis ganadgurebulia. mTis ferdobebze<br />
gvxvdeba Sereuli tyeebi, romlebsac cvlian<br />
wiwvovani tyeebi, xolo 2000m simaRlidansubalpuri<br />
mdeloebi.<br />
1.10. Pportugalia da espaneTi<br />
fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Oorive<br />
qveyana mdebareobs pirineis naxevarkunZulze.<br />
naxevarkunZulis reliefis forma umTavresad<br />
mTebi da zegnebia, dablobebi mxolod sanapiro<br />
zolSia da maT umniSvnelo farTobebi ukavia.<br />
gansakuTrebiT maRalia mTebi naxevarkunZulis<br />
CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebSi. CrdiloeTSi<br />
gadaWimulia mZlavri pirineis qedi, sadac<br />
umaRlesi mwvervalis simaRle aRemateba 3400m-s.<br />
samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi ganlagebulia<br />
mZlavri mTaTa sistema- andaluziis mTebi.<br />
klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT Pportugalia<br />
da espaneTi miekuTvneba subtropikuli sartylis<br />
atlantikur-xmelTaSuazRviur klimatur olqs.<br />
amave dros naxevarkunZulis didi ganfenilobis,<br />
okeanidan sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebis da<br />
rTuli orografiuli agebulebis gamo,<br />
naxevarkunZulis sxvadasxva nawilSi klimati<br />
arsebiTad gansxvavebulia.<br />
17
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi pirineis<br />
naxevarkunZulze gabatonebulia atlantikis<br />
okeanidan wamosuli zomieri ganedebis haeri.<br />
sanapiro raionebi xasiaTdeba Tbili, wvimiani<br />
zamTriT. Yyvelaze civi Tvis – ianvris saSualo<br />
Tviuri temperatura CrdiloeT da dasavleT<br />
sanapiroebze 8-10 0 -ia, xolo samxreT sanapiroze<br />
12 0 -s aRemateba. Aaq naleqebi wvimis saxiT ufro<br />
iSviaTia vidre CrdiloeTSi. CrdiloeTSi zogjer<br />
icis Tova.<br />
Pportugaliis da espaneTis centralur<br />
raionebSi zamTari ufro civia, radganac mTis<br />
masivze gadaadgilebisas haeri civdeba.<br />
centralur raionebSi Rrublianobac naklebia da<br />
SedarebiT naklebi naleqebi modis, vidre<br />
sanapiroze.<br />
zafxuli Pportugaliis da espaneTis umetes<br />
teritoriaze cxelia. pirineis naxevarkunZulis<br />
CrdiloeT da Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze<br />
agvistos saSualo temperatura 18-20 0 -ia, xolo<br />
samxreT sanapiroze, sadac aRwevs cxeli haeri<br />
saharidan, temperatura 26 0 -s Seadgens. zafxulSi<br />
wvimebi iSviaTia, yvelaze bevri naleqebi modis<br />
gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
zafxulSi mdinareebi wyalmcirea, xolo<br />
wyaluxvoba zamTrisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
mcenareuli safari. klimaturi gansxvavebebi<br />
naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapirosa da<br />
mis centralur raionebsa da samxreT sanapiros<br />
Soris, mizezia am raionebSi gansxvavebuli<br />
mcenareuli safaris gavrcelebaSi. CrdiloeT da<br />
Crdilo - dasavleT raionebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia Suaevropis mcenareuloba, anu<br />
xSiri tyeebi da naTeli mwvane mdeloebi.<br />
18
naxevarkunZulis samxreT, samxreT-dasavleT da<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroebze mcenareuloba<br />
tipiuri xmelTaSuazRviuria, maradmwvane<br />
xeSeSfoTlovani tyeebiT da buCqnarebiT.<br />
espaneTis samxreT-aRmosavleTis calkeul<br />
raionebSi gvxvdeba naxevradudabnos<br />
landSaftebic. mTebSi tyeebis gavrcelebaSi<br />
vertikaluri zonaloba SeiniSneba- muxa, wabli,<br />
fiWvi, buCqnari da alpuri mdeloebi, Tumca<br />
amJamad tyis masivebi CenarCunebulia mxolod<br />
umniCvnelo teritoriaze.<br />
1.11. italia<br />
fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
mdebareobs apeninis naxevarkunZulze, romlis<br />
didi nawili danawevrebulia saSualosimaRlis<br />
mTebiT. mTeli naxevarkunZulis gaswvriv<br />
gadaWimulia apeninis mTebi. Qqveynis CrdiloeTSi<br />
ganlagebulia lombardis farTo dablobi, sadac<br />
miedineba mdinare po. Ddablobi CrdiloeTidan<br />
SemosazRvrulia alpebis mZlavri mTis sistemiT,<br />
romelic gamoyofs naxevarkunZuls mTeli<br />
danarCeni evropisagan.<br />
Kklimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT italia,<br />
lombardis dablobis gamoklebiT, miekuTvneba<br />
subtropikuli sartylis atlantikurxmelTaSuazRviur<br />
klimatur olqs, lombardis<br />
dablobi ki miekuTvneba atlantikur-kontinentur<br />
klimatur olqs.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi apeninis,<br />
iseve rogoc pirineis naxevarkunZulze,<br />
gabatonebulia atlantikis okeanidan wamosuli<br />
zomieri ganedebis haeri. Aalpebi aferxebs<br />
naxevarkunZulze evropidan civi kontinenturi<br />
19
haeris masebis SemoWras. Aamitom zamTari<br />
italiaSi, misi ukiduresi CrdiloeT raionebis<br />
gamoklebiT, gansakuTrebiT rbilia. yvelaze civi<br />
Tvis, ianvris, saSualo temperatura sanapiroze 7-<br />
10 0 -ia. CrdiloeTSi lombardis dablobze zamTari<br />
ufro civia, aq . ianvris saSualo temperatura 1-<br />
2 0 -ia, xolo yinvebma SesaZloa miaRwios minus 8 0 -s.<br />
amis mizezi aris arqtikuli haeris SemoWra<br />
CrdiloeTidan.<br />
rogorc xmelTaSuazRviuri klimatisaTvis<br />
aris damaxasiaTebeli, italiaSic zamTari<br />
yvelaze wvimiania. xSirad wvimebi katastroful<br />
xasiaTs atareben da mdinare poze iwveven<br />
wyaldidobas.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
naxevarkunZulze gabatonebulia tropikuli haeri<br />
da qari qris samxreTidan da samxreTdasavleTidan.<br />
aseT qarebs, rogorc wesi, moaqvs<br />
siTbo da teni. Aamitom zafxuli, maRalmTiani<br />
raionebis garda, yvelgan cxelia. ivlis-agvistos<br />
saSualo temperatura dablob raionebSi 24-26 0 -ia,<br />
mTebSi temperatura naklebia da 700-800m<br />
simaRleze zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 20 0 -ia.<br />
zafxulSi naleqebi Zalian cota modis, samxreTSi<br />
ki xSiria gvalvebi. Sesabamisad Zalian cotaa<br />
Rrublianoba da umTavresad naTeli mziani amindi<br />
dgas.<br />
mcenareuli safari. apeninis naxevarkunZulis<br />
mcenareuli safars, lombardis dablobisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, xmelTaSuazRviuri xasiaTi gaaCnia<br />
gamokveTili vertikaluri zonalobiT.<br />
maradmwvane xemcenareebi da buCqnari aRwevs Sors<br />
xmeleTis siRrmeSi da vrceldeba mTebSi<br />
CrdiloeTSi 500-600, xolo samxreTSi 700-800m<br />
20
simaRlemde zRvis donedan. saSualosimaRlis<br />
mTebis ferdobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wabli.<br />
lombardis dablobze, sadac zamTari sakmaod<br />
grilia, bunebrivi mcenareuloba atarebs<br />
Suaevropul xasiaTs- ZiriTadad izrdeba muxa.<br />
1.12. saberZneTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. saberZneTs<br />
ukavia balyaneTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTis<br />
viwro nawili. Qqveynis didi nawili mTagoriania,<br />
dablobebs Zalian mcire teritoria ukavia.<br />
reliefi, gansakuTrebiT teritoriis aRmosavleT<br />
nawilSi, Zlier danawevrebulia. Ddidi<br />
mdinareebi saberZneTSi ar aris. Bbevri mdinare<br />
zafxulSi saerTod Sreba. sanapiro zoli Zlier<br />
danawevrebulia.<br />
klimati. saberZneTi miekuTvneba subtropikuli<br />
sartylis<br />
kontinentur-xmelTaSuazRviur<br />
klimatur olqs.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc<br />
damaxasiaTebelia subtropikuli klimatisaTvis,<br />
saberZneTSic gabatonebulia zomieri ganedebis<br />
haeri.<br />
dablobSi zamTari rbilia, gansakuTrebiT<br />
teritoriis dasavleTSi, sadac xSirad iWreba<br />
Tbili zRviuri haeri. dasavleT sanapiroze<br />
ianvris saSualo temperatura daaxloebiT 10 0 -ia.<br />
xmeleTis siRrmeSi temperatura ramdenadme, xolo<br />
mTebSi ufro metad klebulobs.<br />
saberZneTis aRmosavleT sanapiroze zamTari<br />
ramdenadme Tbilia, vidre naxevarkunZulis<br />
centralur raionebSi, magram dasavleT<br />
sanapirosTan SedarebiT ufro civia. Ees aixsneba<br />
21
dasavleT sanapiroze evropis kontinentidan civi<br />
haeris xSiri SemoWrebiT.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi xSiria<br />
Rrublianoba da naleqebi. gansakuTrebiT bevri<br />
wvima modis dasavleT sanapiroze. ianvar<br />
TebervalSi CrdiloeT raionebSi, samxreTisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, xSiria Tovli. maRal mTebSi Tovli<br />
devs wlis didi drois ganmavlobaSi.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi, iseve<br />
rogorc zamTarSi, qarebi aramdgradia. zafxuli<br />
mTel saberZneTSi, maRalmTiani raionebis<br />
gamoklebiT, Zalian cxeli da gvalviania. ivlisis<br />
da agvistos saSualo temperaturebi dablobSi da<br />
mTebSi dabal simaRleebze 26-30-ia. naleqebi<br />
zafxulSi Zalian iSviaTia, gansakuTrebiT<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT raionebSi, sadac ivlisagvistoSi<br />
mxolod 2-5 naleqiani dRea. Daq am<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi modis araumetes 5-15 mm<br />
naleqi. dasavleT sanapiroze naleqebi ufro<br />
xSiria, aq wlis ganmavlobaSi modis daaxloebiT<br />
1400 mm naleqi, maSin rodesac aRmosavleT<br />
sanapiroze naleqebis wliuri jami Seadgens 300-<br />
600mm-s.<br />
mcenareuli safari. dablob raionebSi da mTebSi<br />
dabal simaRleebze Warbobs maradmwvane buCqnari.<br />
didi teritoria ukavia kulturul<br />
mcenareulobas-marcvleuls, venaxebs, citrusebs.<br />
zRvis donedan 1700-2000m simaRleebze gvxvdeba<br />
farTofoTlovani (wifela, muxa) da wiwvovani<br />
tyeebi. Uufro did simaRleebze yalibdeba alpuri<br />
da subalpuri mcenareuloba, balaxisa da<br />
dabaltaniani buCqnarisagan. Fferdobebis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili gaSiSvlebulia.<br />
22
1.13. bulgareTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. miuxedavad<br />
teritoriis simcirisa, bulgareTi xasiaTdeba<br />
reliefis didi mravalferovnebiT. Qqveynis<br />
CrdiloeTSi ganlagebulia dunais vake, misgan<br />
samxreTiT ganeduri mimarTulebiT gadaWimulia<br />
stara planina, anu balyaneTis mTebi., romlis<br />
umaRlesi mwvervalia mTa botevi(2376m). Uufro<br />
maRali mTebi ganlagebulia bulgareTis samxreTdasavleTSi-<br />
rila-rodopis mTianeTi, romlis<br />
mwvervalTa umravlesobis simaRle aRemateba<br />
2700m-s. Savi zRva bulgareTis sanapiroze<br />
wyalmarCxia, xolo sanapiro zoli naklebad<br />
danawevrebulia.<br />
klimati. bulgareTis CrdiloeT nawili<br />
miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis kontinentur, xolo<br />
samxreTi –subtropikuli sartylis kontinenturxmelTaSviazRviur<br />
klimatur olqs.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
bulgareTis teritoriaze gabatonebulia<br />
dasavleTis qarebi, dunais vakeze da Savi zRvis<br />
sanapiroze- agreTve CrdiloeTis da CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />
qarebi. swored kontonenturi<br />
haeris batonobis Sedegad bulgareTSi zamTari<br />
civi icis. CrdiloeTSi, dunais vakeze, ianvris<br />
temperatura 0-ze dabalia. maRalmTian raionebSi<br />
ki ramodenime Tvis ganmavlobaSia SenarCunebuli<br />
uaryofiTi saSualoTviuri temperaturebi,<br />
SesaZloa temperaturis dacema minus 40 0 -mde. Savi<br />
zRvis sanapiroze ramdenadme Tbila, magram zRvis<br />
Semsrbilebeli gavlena, CrdiloeTis qarebis<br />
sixSirisa da zRvis dabali siRrmis gamo,<br />
SesamCnevad umniSvneloa. Yyvelaze didi siTbo<br />
23
zamTarSi qveynis samxreT raionebSia, romlebic<br />
mTebiT daculia civi kontinenturi haerisagan.<br />
Rrublianoba da SefardebiTi sinotive<br />
zamTarSi maRalia, naleqebi mciremodis.<br />
oqtombridan aprilis CaTvliT mosalodnelia<br />
Tova.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
matulobs aRmosavleTis qarebis sixSire, rac<br />
ganapirobebs cxeli da mSrali amindebis<br />
Camoyalibebas. ivlisis saSualo temperatura<br />
vakeSi 22 0 -ia, samxreTSi-24 0 ° da meti. Rrublianoba,<br />
zamTarTan SedarebiT iklebs, naleqebi ki<br />
izrdeba, xSiria elWeqi, Tavsxma naleqebi da<br />
setyva, agreTve gvalva.<br />
mcenareuli safari. bunebrivi mcenareulobidan<br />
gamoirCeva farTofoTlovani xeebi da buCqnari,<br />
romelTa Soris bevri samxreTevropuli saxeobaa.<br />
Tavi 2. aziis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />
2.1. TurqeTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. TurqeTi<br />
mTagoriani qvqyanaa. Mmisi centraluri nawili<br />
ukavia zegans, romelic aRmosavleTSi gadadis<br />
maRal somxeTis mTianeTSi. CrdiloeTidan zegans<br />
esazRvreba pontos mTebi, romelTa simaRle<br />
aRwevs 4000m, xoli samxreTidan- tavris da<br />
antitavris mTebi. Mmcire aziis naxevarkunZulis<br />
dasavleT sanapiro Zlieraa danawevrebuli,<br />
samxreT da CrdiloeT napirebs ki martivi<br />
moxazuloba gaaCnia.<br />
24
klimati. Hhava subtropikuli sartylis<br />
xmelTaSuazRviuria. wlis civi periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi xSiria ciklonebi, amitom sanapiro<br />
raionebSi es dro yvelaze moRrubluli da<br />
wvimiania. Yyvelaze civi Tvis, ianvris, saSualo<br />
temperatura Savi da egeosis zRvebis sanapiroebze<br />
6-8 0 -ia, xolo xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiroze- 10 0 .<br />
magram calkeul dReebSi CrdiloeTSi,<br />
sanapirozec ki, SesaZlebelia yinvebi minus 8-10 0 -<br />
mde da Tova. Qqveynis Sida raionebSi zamTarSi<br />
piriqiT uRrublo amindi Warbobs, da zeganze<br />
zRvis donedan 700-800m-ze ianvris temperatura<br />
uaryofiTia, calkeul dReebSi ki yinvebi minus<br />
25 0 -s aRwevs.<br />
zafxulSi Warbobs cxeli, uRrublo amindi,<br />
magram zRvis siaxlovis gamo haeris tenianoba<br />
mainc maRali rCeba. Yyvelaze Tbili Tveebis,<br />
ivlisis da agvistos, saSualo temperatura<br />
egeosis da xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiroebze 26-30 0 -ia,<br />
xolo Savi zRvis sanapiroze daaxloebiT 25 0 .<br />
zeganzec ki, miuxedavad misi simaRlisa, haeri<br />
Zlier Tbeba da maRali temperaturebi aRiniSneba,<br />
700-800m simaRleze 20-22 0 -s aRwevs. Aam dros<br />
wvimebi, iseve rogorc TurqeTis mTel<br />
teritoriaze, iSviaTia.<br />
mcenareuli safari. mcenareulobis xasiaTi<br />
damokidebulia naleqebis ganawilebisagan.<br />
sanapiro raionebSi, sadac sakmarisi naleqebi<br />
modis (800-1000mm) izrdeba xmelTaSuazRvis tipis<br />
maradmwvane tropikuli mcenareebi. zeganze, sadac<br />
naleqebis wliuri jami ar aRemateba 300mm-s<br />
naxevradudabnos da udabnos mcenareulobaa.<br />
25
2.2. Eerayi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Eerayis<br />
centralur mdebareobs farTo mesopotamiis<br />
dablobi. Qqveynis dasavleT da aRmosavleT<br />
raionebi mniSvnelovnad SemaRlebulia.<br />
Kklimati. Eerayis samxreTi xasiaTdeba tropikuli<br />
haviT, xolo CrdiloeTi- subtropikuli<br />
xmelTaSuazRviuri haviT.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi erayis<br />
CrdiloeT raionebze xSiria ciklonebis gavla,<br />
amitom zamTari gansakuTrebiT wvimiania. Nnaleqebi<br />
umTavresad Tavsxma wvimis saxiT modis. iSviaTad<br />
Tovs, dablobSi is swrafad dneba. Tovlis safari<br />
warmoiqmneba mxolod mTebSi. samxreTSi naleqebi<br />
mcirdeba.<br />
ianvris saSualo Tviuri temperatura<br />
mesopotamiis dablobis CrdiloeTSi daaxloebiT<br />
7 0 -ia, samxreTSi-10 0 . amave dros, zogjer, civi<br />
haeris CrdiloeTidan da Crdilo-dasavleTidan<br />
SemoWrebis dros aRiniSneba Zlieri yinvebi-<br />
CrdiloeTSi minus 18-20 0 , samxreTSi minus 7 0 .<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi erayis<br />
teritoriaze gabatonebulia mSrali da cxeli<br />
Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, romelTac xSirad<br />
axlavs qviSiani qareSxlebi. Aam dros dgas cxeli<br />
amindebi da SesaZloa ramodenime Tve wvimis wveTi<br />
ar Camovardes. ivlisi-agvistos saSualo<br />
temperaturebi dablobSi Seadgens 34-35 0 -s, xolo<br />
maqsimaluri temperatura aRwevs 45-50 0 -s.<br />
mcenareuli safari. klimaturi Tavisebarebebidan<br />
gamomdinare ZiriTadad naxevradudabnos da<br />
udabnos mcenareulobaa. Mmesopotamiis dablobze<br />
nayofieri niadagia da melioraciis pirobebSi<br />
kargi mosavali mohyavT.<br />
26
2.3. irani<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Qqveynis<br />
teritoriis didi nawili zegania, misi simaRle<br />
dasavleTSi 1000-1200m-s, aRmosavleTSi ki 500-700m-s<br />
Seadgens. zegani Crdilo-dasavleTidan<br />
SemosazRvrulia qedebiT.<br />
klimati. iranis hava kontinenturi-subtropikulia,<br />
mxolod qveynis samxreTSia tropikuli hava.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi iranze<br />
gadis polaruli fronti, anu sazRvari tropikul<br />
da zomier haers Soris. Aamitom es periodi<br />
gansakuTrebiT wvimiania. ianvris saSualo<br />
temperatura 0 0 -Tan axlosaa, yinvebi SesaZlebelia<br />
minus 20 0 -mde. Tbili zamTari mxolod qveynis<br />
samxreTSia, sparseTis yuris sanapiroze, sadac<br />
ianvris saSualo temperatura 13-15 0 -s aRwevs.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi iranis<br />
teritoriaze gabatonebulia mSrali da cxeli<br />
Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi. Aamitom myardeba<br />
mSrali, uRrublo, unaleqo amindi. zafxuli<br />
cxelia, ivlisis saSualo temperatura 30-32 0 -ia,<br />
xolo maqsimaluri temperatura aRwevs 40-45 0 -s.<br />
mcenareuli safari. mcenareuloba<br />
mravalferovania. Kkaspiis zRvis sanapiroze<br />
izrdeba xSiri tyeebi. mTebi gaSiSvlebulia, an<br />
dafarulia buCqnariT. qvabulebSi warmodgenilia<br />
stepebisa da udabnoebis mcenareuloba.<br />
dablobebSi nayofieri niadagebia, magram<br />
miwaTmoqmedeba SesaZlebelia mxolod xelovnuri<br />
morwyvis pirobebSi.<br />
27
2.4. indoeTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. indoeTi<br />
mdebareobs indostanis naxevarkunZulze, romlis<br />
zedapiric xasiaTdeba didi mravalferovnebiT.<br />
CrdiloeTSi gadaWimulia dedamiwaze yvelaze<br />
maRali- himalais mTebi. farToa mdinareebis<br />
indis, gangis da brahmaputris velebi. CrdilodasavleTi<br />
ukavia qviSian udabnoebs(Taris<br />
udabno). naxevarkunZulis samxreTi nawili dekanis<br />
zegans ukavia, romelic SemosazRvrulia<br />
dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis gatebis mTebiT.<br />
klimati. indoeTi musonebis klasikuri qveyanaa, is<br />
miekuTvneba ekvatoruli musonebis klimatur<br />
sartyels.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi musonuri<br />
qarebi mimarTulia xmeleTidan zRvisken. maRali<br />
himalais mTebi eRobeba centraluri aziidan<br />
wamosul civ mSral haers, amitom zamTari<br />
indoeTSi Zalian Tbili, uRrublo da mSralia. am<br />
dros mcire wyalsatevebi da mdinareebi Sreba.<br />
ianvris temperatura dablobze 15-20 0 -ia, xolo<br />
himalais mTebze 3500m simaRleze- minus 8 0 -ia.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonuri<br />
cirkulaciis xasiaTi icvleba. isini qrian<br />
samxreT-dasavleTidan, anu okeanidan, da<br />
mniSvnelovani teni moaqvT. Mmusonebis dawyebamde,<br />
mais-ivnisSi, Zalian cxela, temperatura 40-45 0 -mde<br />
aRwevs. Dmusonebi uecrad iwyeba da swrafad<br />
icvleba amindi. temperatura ecema, izrdeba<br />
Rrublianoba da naleqebi. oTxi Tvis<br />
ganmavlobaSi naleqebis wliuri jamis 90% modis.<br />
swored aq mTa Carapujazea dafiqsirebuli<br />
dedamiwaze naleqebis maqsimumi-11000mm weliwadSi.<br />
calkeul wlebSi naleqebi 22000mm-s aRwevs.<br />
28
mcenareuli safari. mcenareuloba<br />
mravalferovania. samxreT-dasavleTSi, viwro<br />
sanapiro zolSi izrdeba maradmwvane tropikuli<br />
tyeebi, Crdilo-dasavleTSi Warbobs udabnoebi.<br />
aRmosavleTSi da qveynis centralur raionebSi<br />
umTavresad savanebia. mTebSi gvxvdeba arqtikuli<br />
tipis mcenareuloba.FfarTobis didi nawili<br />
damuSavebulia.<br />
2.5. CineTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. reliefis<br />
mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi<br />
pirvelTagania. Aaq aris msoflios umaRlesi<br />
mTebi- aRmosavleT tian-Sani, himalai, kun-luni,<br />
yvelaze umaRlesi zegani-tibeti, romlis saSualo<br />
simaRle 3500-4000m-ia, mravalricxovani qedebi 7000-<br />
8000m-simaRliT, da qveynis aRmosavleTSi<br />
ganlagebuli farTo dablobebi. CineTis udidesi<br />
mdinareebia xuanxe da ianczi, romlebic<br />
dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken miemarTebian.<br />
ivlis-agvistos wvimebis dros isini gadmodian<br />
kalapotidan da tboraven mimdebare teritoriebs.<br />
wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi xSiria da didi<br />
zaralis, zogjer ki msxverplis momtani.<br />
klimati. Qqveynis didi ganfenilobis da<br />
landSaftebis mravalferovnebis gamo, misi<br />
calkeuli provinciebis klimaturi pirobebi<br />
gansxvavebulia. teritoriis did nawilze hava<br />
subtropikulia, samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili ki<br />
miekuTvneba ekvatoruli musonebis klimatur<br />
sartyels.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi Qqveynis<br />
CrdiloeTSi civi musonuri qarebi qris<br />
aRmosavleT cimbiridan. Aamitom zamTari civia.<br />
29
CrdiloeTSi ianvris saSualo temperatura minus<br />
15 0 -ia, maSin rodesac dasavleT evropaSi igive<br />
ganedebze temperatura 8-10 0 -ia. civi zamTaria<br />
dasavleT raionebSic. samxreTSi temperatura<br />
izrdeba, ise rom ianczi ar iyineba. Yyvelaze<br />
Tbili zamTari CineTis ukidures samzreTaRmosavleTSia,<br />
sadac yvelaze civi Tvis,<br />
Tebervlis, temperatura 15 0 -mde aRwevs.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonebi<br />
qris okeanidan- aRmosavleTidan, samxreTaRmosavleTidan<br />
da samxreTidan. maT moaqvT teni,<br />
amitom am dros Rrublianoba da naleqebi<br />
maqsimums aRwevs. Tova mosalodnelia qveynis<br />
mTel teritoriaze, ukiduresi samxreTaRmosavleTis<br />
gamoklebiT. Mmagram Tovlis safari<br />
Zalian Txelia da xSirad saerTod ar<br />
warmoiqmneba.<br />
Ddablob raionebSi zafxuli Zalian Tbilia.<br />
ivlisis saSualo temperatura 25-30 0 -ia. tibetSi,<br />
lxasaSi temperatura 17 0 -ia, xolo 5000m simaRleze<br />
– daaxloebiT 10 0 .<br />
mcenareuli safari. Kklimaturi pirobebis didi<br />
mravalferovnebis gamo qveynis sxvadasxva raioni<br />
gansxvavebuli mcenareulobiT gamoirCeva. CineTis<br />
dablobebze tyeebi ar aris. Crdilo-aRmosavleTis<br />
vakeebze bunebrivi mcenareuloba stepuria,<br />
dasavleTSi-udabnos mcenareulobaa. Qveynis<br />
samxreTSi mcenareulobas subtropikuli xasiaTi<br />
aqvs-muxa, palma, citrusebi. Ddidi sameurneo<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs ianczis auzSi da samxreT<br />
provinciebSi gavrcelebul bambuks. tyis masivebi<br />
ZiriTadad ganadgurebulia, isini mxolod Znelad<br />
miuval mTebis qedebzea SemorCenili. Ddidi<br />
30
farTobebi ukavia sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT bevria brinjis naTesebi.<br />
2.6. monRoleTi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili SemaRlebul vakes<br />
warmoadgens, romelic calkeul adgilebSi<br />
danawevrebulia mTis qedebiT. maT Soris farTo<br />
qvabulebia, romlebSic bevri msxvili tbaa.<br />
klimati. monRoleTi okeaneebidan did manZilzea<br />
daSorebuli. is CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan<br />
garsSemortymulia samxreT cimbiris da<br />
centraluri aziis mTebiT. Aamitom misi hava<br />
mkveTrad kontinenturia. monRoleTi miekuTvneba<br />
zomieri sartylis kontinentur klimatur olqs.<br />
zamTrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia uRrublo,<br />
yinviani amindi. ianvris saSualo temperatura<br />
minus 25 0 -ia. Tova iSviaTi movlenaa, Tovlis<br />
safari warmoiqmneba mxolod mTebSi. Ddabali<br />
temperaturebisa da Tovlis safaris ararsebobis<br />
gamo, niadagi iyineba did siRrmeze, xolo<br />
CrdiloeT mongoleTSi niadagi mudmivad mzralia.<br />
radganac hava kontinenturia zafxuli cxeli<br />
icis. zRvis donedan 900m simaRleze ivlisis<br />
saSualo temperatura 25 0 -s aRwevs. Nnaleqebi<br />
Zalian mcirea, wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 200mm<br />
modis.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba<br />
stepuria. samxreTSi stepebi gadadis<br />
naxevradudabnoSi da udabnoSi (udidesi gobis<br />
udabno). tye mxolod Qveynis CrdiloaRmosavleTSia<br />
mTebis CrdiloeT ferdobebze.<br />
31
2.7. iaponia<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. iaponia<br />
mdebareobs kunZulebze, romelTa Soris<br />
udidesebia hokaido, honsiu, sikoku da kiu-siu.<br />
kunZulebi wagrZelebulia CrdiloeTidan<br />
samxreTis mimarTulebiT. wynari okeanes<br />
sanapiroebi Zlier danawevrebulia, xolo<br />
dasavleTis sanapiroebi, romlebic mimarTulia<br />
iaponiis zRvisken, SedarebiT gluvia. wynari<br />
okeane iaponiis sanapiroebTan Zalian Rrmaa.<br />
kunZulebis reliefis didi nawili<br />
mTagoriania. calkeuli qedebi aRweven 3500m<br />
simaRles, umaRlesia vulkani fuZiama(3790m).<br />
Zalian bevri momqmedi vulkania, xSiria<br />
miwisZvrebi. vulkanebis maxloblad cxeli<br />
vulkanuri wyaroebia. Mmdinareebi moklea, magram<br />
swrafi da wyaluxvi.<br />
klimati. miekuTvneba subtropikuli sartylis<br />
musonuri olqis klimats. Ggamonaklisia mxolod<br />
kunZuli hokaido da honsius CrdiloeT nawili,<br />
romelic zomieri sartylis musonuri klimatur<br />
olqs miekuTvneba.<br />
iaponiis klimatis Camoyalibebaze did<br />
gavlenas axdens okeanes dinebebi- Tbili kurosivo,<br />
romelic Cauvlis samxreTis kunZulebs da<br />
civi oia-sivio, romelic gaedineba qveynis<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirebis gaswvriv.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis<br />
kunZulebze gabatonebulia Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />
musonebi. iaponiis zRvaze gadaadgilebisas haeri<br />
mdidrdeba teniT da amitom aseT musonebs<br />
dasavleT sanapiroze da dasavleTiT mimarTul<br />
ferdobebze bevri naleqi moaqvs. Aam dros<br />
aRmosavleTis ferdobebi sakmaod mSralia.<br />
32
Tovli icis yvelgan, magram samxreTSi Zalian<br />
iSviaTad devs. Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi, uxvi<br />
Tovisa da dabali temperaturebis gamo,<br />
warmoiqmneba mZlavri Tovlis safari. Tovlis<br />
gamo bevri uReltexili iketeba.<br />
radganac civi musonuri qarebi qris CrdilodasavleTidan,<br />
dasavleT sanapiroebi ufro civia.<br />
kunZul hokaidoze ianvris saSualo temperatura<br />
minus 5 0 -ia, xolo mis ukidures CrdiloeTSi-minus<br />
10 0 . samxreTis kunZulebze Tbila-honsius dablob<br />
raionebSi ianvris temperatura daaxloebiT 5 0 -ia,<br />
xolo kiu-siuze -7 0 . yinva mosalodnelia yvela<br />
kunZulze. Mminimaluri temperatura kunZul<br />
hokaidoze dafiqsirebulia minus 25 0 , xolo<br />
qveynis samxreTSi-minus 7 0 .<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonebi<br />
qris samxreT-aRmosavleTidan. Aamitom aRmosavleT<br />
sanapiroebze da aRmosavleTis ferdobebze<br />
Warbobs Rrubliani, naleqiani amindi. dasavleTis<br />
ferdobebze ki piriqiT, zafxulSi SeiniSneba<br />
Rrublianobis da naleqebis ramdenadme Semcireba.<br />
Yyvelaze Tbili Tve agvistoa. Agvistos<br />
saSualo temperatura hokaido 17-20 0 -ia, honsiuze<br />
da samxreT kunZulebze ki 25-28 0 .<br />
mcenareuli safari. siTbosa da naleqebis siuxvis<br />
gamo iaponia gamoirCeva mcenareulobis<br />
simdidriT. kunZul hokaidos CrdiloeTi nawili<br />
ukavia taigas, samxreT iaponiaSi ki tropikuli da<br />
subtropikuli tyeebia. maTTan Sereulia<br />
foTlovani da wiwvovani tyeebi. mTis ferdobebi<br />
dafarulia foTlovani da wiwvovani tyeebiT.<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebidan udidesi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs brinjs, bambas da Cais.<br />
33
Tavi 3. afrikis, avstraliis da okeaneTis<br />
qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />
3.1. alJiri, libia, egvipte<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. ukaviaT<br />
afrikis CrdiloeTi nawili. reliefis zedapiri<br />
warmoadgens axagaris da tibestis mTis masivebs,<br />
romelTa mwvervalebis simaRle aRemateba 3000m-s<br />
zRvis donedan.<br />
klimati. samive qveyanaSi tropikuli havaa,<br />
mxolod alJiris ukiduresi CrdiloeTi<br />
moqceulia subtropikul klimatur sartyelSi.<br />
klimatis formirebaze ZiriTad gavlenas axdenen<br />
pasatebi, mudmivi qarebi, romlebic qris CrdiloaRmosavleTidan,<br />
anu kontinentidan. aseT pasatebs<br />
moaqvs ukiduresad mSrali kontinenturi haeri.<br />
amitom naleqebi Zalze cotaa. Uufro metic,<br />
udabnoebSi aris adgilebi, sadac naleqebi wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ar modis.<br />
Rrublianoba dabalia, zogan ki iSviaTia.<br />
amitom mze xangrZlivad anaTebs da Sesabamisad<br />
miwa Zlier xurdeba. Aamis gamo haeris<br />
temperatura maRalia da Seadgens ivlisSi 30-35 0 -s,<br />
xolo ianvarSi- 15 0 . udabnos pirobebSi didia<br />
sxvaoba dRisa da Ramis temperaturebs Soris da<br />
saSualod aRwevs 15-20 0 -s, xolo <strong>dedamiwis</strong><br />
zedapirze temperaturis amplituda 70 0 -sac ki<br />
aRwevs.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Yyvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
landSaftia qviSiani naxevradudabnoebi da<br />
udabnoebi, bunebrivi mcenareuloba mxolod<br />
wyaroebsa da mdinareebTan axlosaa. Mmdinare<br />
nilosis xeobaSi da deltaSi yalibdeba oazisebi,<br />
34
sadac brinjis da sxva marcvlovnebis mdidar<br />
mosavals iReben weliwadSi 2-3 jer. Eegviptis<br />
miwaTmoqmedebis safuZvels warmoadgens mdinare<br />
nilosi. Eaprili-seqtembris eTiopiis mTianeTSi<br />
uxvi naleqebis gamo mdinare gadmodis<br />
kalapitidan da tboravs mimdebare teritorias.<br />
mdinaris dinebis mimarTulebiT agebulia<br />
kaSxlebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba misi<br />
reJimis regulireba.<br />
3.2. sudani da eTiopia<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
mdebareoben afrikis aRmosavleTSi. Warbobs vake<br />
sivrceebi, simaRleebiT 300-400m. umaRlesi<br />
mwvervalia sudanSi mTa jebel-mara(3088m).<br />
klimati. pasatebi qris Crdilo-aRmosavleTidanevraziis<br />
kontinentidan, maT moaqvT mSrali haeri.<br />
amitom noembridan aprilis CaTvliT aq dgas<br />
gvalviani periodi da naleqebi Zalze iSviaTia,<br />
CrdiloeT raionebSi zogierT wlebSi saerTod<br />
ar modis. samxreTSi matulobs naleqebi.<br />
temperatura maRalia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
xolo maqsimaluria gazafxulze(maisi).<br />
mcenareuli safari. Nnaleqebis ganawilebis<br />
Sesabamisad icvleba mcenareuli safari. samxreT<br />
raionebSi tropikuli tyeebia, CrdiloeTis<br />
mimarTulebiT maT cvlis savanebi, Semdeg stepebi,<br />
da bolos naxevradudabnoebi. Sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
kulturebidan gavrcelebulia bamba, simindi,<br />
brinji da sxv.<br />
3.3. samxreT afrikis respublika<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. mdebareobs<br />
afrikis kontinentis ukidures samxreT nawilSi.<br />
35
orografiuli TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens zegans.<br />
dablobi mxolod ukidures samxreT-dasavleT<br />
nawilSia.<br />
klimati. hava subtropikulia. zafxuli mSralia,<br />
zamTari wvimiani, Tumca naleqebi mcire<br />
modis.Hhaeris temperatura ramdenadme naklebia,<br />
vidre analogiur ganedebSi CrdiloeT<br />
naxevarsferoSi, rac okeanis civi dinebiT<br />
aixsneba. igive mizeziT aixsneba is, rom qveynis<br />
aRmosavleTi nawili dasavleTze ramdenadme<br />
Tbilia.<br />
3.4. avstralia<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. reliefis<br />
xasiaTis TvalsazrisiT avstralia SeiZleba<br />
davyoT 3 nawilad. aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv<br />
gadaWimulia didi wyalgamyofi qedi. CrdiloeTSi<br />
misi simaRle ar aRemateba 500-600m-s, samxreTSi<br />
maRldeba da aRwevs 2000m-s, xolo umaRlesi<br />
mwvervalia kosciuSko-2290m. didi wyalgamyofi<br />
qedis dasavleTiT ganlagebulia centraluri<br />
afrikis dablobi, sadac miedineba kontinentis<br />
udidesi mdinare murei Tavisi SenakadiTdarlingiT.<br />
Qqveynis dasavleTi nawili<br />
warmoadgens SemaRlebul zegans 300-500m<br />
simaRliT. Mmisi CrdiloeT sanapiro<br />
danawevrebulia, kontinentSi SeWrilia<br />
karpentariis yure da ori didi naxevarkunZuliaarnemlendis<br />
da keip-iorkis. samxreTi sanapiro<br />
mosworebulia, akravs tasmaniis kunZuli.<br />
klimati. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi haeris<br />
moZraoba mimarTulia xmeleTidan okeanisken,<br />
amitom naleqebi mcire modis.<br />
36
ivlisis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeT<br />
raionebSi 20-25 0 -ia, samxreTisaken swrafad iklebs,<br />
da samxreTis tropikTan Seadgens 15 0 .<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi icvleba<br />
haeris cirkulaciis xasiaTi. Kkontinentis<br />
calkeul raionebSi xSirdeba okeanuri haeris<br />
masebis SemoWra da am adgilebSi izrdeba<br />
naleqebi. aseTebia aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi<br />
raionebi. samxreT sanapiroze ki haeris<br />
cirkulacia sustdeba da naleqebi iklebs.<br />
zafxulSi haeris temperatura samxreT<br />
sanapiroze daaxloebiT 20 0 -ia, CrdiloeTis<br />
mimarTulebiT matulobs da udabnoebSi 30 0<br />
aRwevs. mTebSi temperatura 15-18 0 -ia.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Teritoriis didi nawili<br />
dakavebulia savanebiT, stepebiT da udabnoebiT.<br />
tyeebs ukavia mcire farTobi sanapiro zolSi.<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros viwro zolSi,<br />
sadac bevri naleqebi modis, izrdeba maradmwvane<br />
notio tropikuli tyeebi. tropikuli tyeebi aris<br />
agreTve centraluri afrikis dablobis<br />
CrdiloeTSi. samxreTSi tropikul tyeebs cvlis<br />
subtropikuli tyeebi, sadac Warbobs evkalipti<br />
da akacia. Kkontinentis samxreT-dasavleT raionSi<br />
gavrcelebulia subtropikuli maradmwvane tyeebi<br />
da buCqnarebi.<br />
soflis meurneoba ganviTarebulia<br />
umTavresad sanapiro raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT StatebSi. Aaq mohyavT<br />
xorbali, simindi, bamba, Saqris lerwami, Saqris<br />
Warxali, Tambaqo da sxv. savanebis da stepebis<br />
farTo sivrceebi gamoiyeneba saZovrebad.<br />
37
3.5. indonezia<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. indoneziis<br />
kunZulebis reliefi Zlier danawevrebulia.<br />
sumatras, iavas, mcire zondis da molukis<br />
kunZulebze Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreTaRmosavleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT gadaWimulia mTebi,<br />
sadac mravali momqmedi vulkania. Ddablobi<br />
sanapiroebi daWaobebulia. kunZul axali gvineis<br />
gaswvriv gadaWimulia farTo mTianeTi, romlis<br />
centraluri nawilis simaRle 5000m-s aRwevs. amave<br />
kunZulis samxreT nawilSi dablobia. farTod<br />
aris ganviTarebuli mdinareTa qseli. Mmdinareebi<br />
didi ar aris, magram wyaluxvia.<br />
klimati. hava ekvatorialuria. Ees imas niSnavs,<br />
rom wlis ganmavlobaSi sezonuri sxvaobebi<br />
umniSvneloa. zafxuli da zamTari erTmaneTisagan<br />
TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian. saSualo Tviuri<br />
temperaturebi wlis ganmavlobaSi dablobze 25-<br />
28 0 -ia, xolo mTebSi 1500-2000m simaRleze<br />
daaxloebiT 15-18 0 -ia.<br />
Nnaleqebi bevria, gansakuTrebiT ekvatoris<br />
maxloblad da Seadgens 2000-3000mm-s weliwadSi.<br />
mTis qarpira ferdobebze ki naleqebi izrdeba<br />
4000mm-mde. Nnaleqebi ramdenadme mcirea mcire<br />
zondis kunZulebze da axali gvineis samxreTSi,<br />
rac aixsneba mSrali samxreT-aRmosavleTi<br />
pasatebis moqmedebiT, romlebic gamoivlian<br />
avstraliis kontinents da Zlier Srebian.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Mmcenareuloba<br />
mravalferovania. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba<br />
dablob adgilebSi warmodgenilia notio<br />
tropikuli tyeebiT. Mmcenareebi ramodenime<br />
iaruss qmnian. zRvis donedan 1500-3000m simaRleze<br />
ganlagebulia notio mTis tyis sartyeli<br />
38
(wiwvovani subtropikuli tyeebi, zomieri<br />
sartylis mcenare wabli da sxv.). ufro maRla<br />
3500m-mde mTis dabaltaniani tyeebia. SedarebiT<br />
mSral raionebSi, maT Soris mcire zondis<br />
kunZulebze gavrcelebulia savana.<br />
Tavi 4. CrdiloeT da centraluri<br />
amerikis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />
4.1. kanada<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
teritoriis didi nawili warmoadgens borcvian<br />
vakes, romelic dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT dabldeba. dasavleTSi<br />
ganlagebulia kordilieris mTebi, romlebic<br />
Sedgeba paraleluri sanapiro da kldovani<br />
mTebisagan. Qqveynis farglebSi maTi simaRle 4000m<br />
aRwevs. samxreT-aRmosavleTSi dabali Zveli<br />
apalaCis mTebia. Kkanada mdidaria mdinareebiT da<br />
tbebiT. Sanapiro zoli Zlier danawevrebulia<br />
CrdiloeTiT da DdasavleTiT, xolo naklebad<br />
danawevrebulia aRmosavleTiT.<br />
klimati. CrdiloeTi nawili miekuTvneba arqtikul<br />
da subarqtikul klimatur zonebs, xolo samxreT<br />
nawili- zomieri ganedebis klimats.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
teritoriis did nawilze gabatonebulia CrdilodasavleTis,<br />
dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis<br />
qarebi. teritoriis didi ganfenilobis gamo haeri<br />
civdeba, amitom zamTari xasiaTdeba mdgradi<br />
yinvebiT. CrdiloeTSi ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo<br />
temperatura minus 28-30 0 -ia, xolo samxreTSi minus<br />
18-20 0 . arqtikuli haeris SemoWrisas temperaturam<br />
39
samxreT raionebSic ki SeiZleba daiklos minus<br />
50 0 -ze qvemod. wynari okeanis sanapiroze ianvar-<br />
Tebervlis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi 1-<br />
2 0 -ia, samxreTSi ki 3-4 0 . es gacilebiT baRali<br />
temperaturaa, vidre qveynis siRrmeSi, magram<br />
naklebia evropis Sesabamis ganedebTan SedarebiT,<br />
rac aixsneba evropis napirebTan mZlavri Tbili<br />
CrdiloeT-atlantikuri dinebis gavliT.<br />
aRmosavleT sanapiroze atlantikis okeanis<br />
gavlena sustia vidre dasavleT sanapiroze,<br />
amitom aq ufro civa da ianvar-Tebervlis<br />
saSualo temperatura minus 2-10 0 -ia.<br />
ivlis-agvistos saSualo temperatura qveynis<br />
CrdiloeTSi ar aRemateba 5-6 0 . samxreTSi ki<br />
zafxuli Tbilia, temperatura 18-20 0 -ia. CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />
sanapiro raionebSi civi<br />
labradoris dinebis gavlenis gamo zafxuli<br />
civia da ivlis-agvistos saSualo temperatura<br />
CrdiloeTSi 7-10 0 , xolo samxreTSi 15-18 0 -ia.<br />
naleqebis rejimi da ganawilebac Zalze<br />
mravalferovania. CrdiloeTSi, arqtikul zonaSi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi modis 250mm-ze naklebi naleqi.<br />
wynari okeanis sanapiroze teniani dasavleTis<br />
qarebis Sedegad naleqebi izrdeba@(2500mm).<br />
kordilierebis aRmosavleT ferdobebze, sadac<br />
gabatonebulia mSrali haeri naleqebic iklebs da<br />
Seadgens 500mm-s. Aatlantikis okeanis sanapiroze<br />
naleqebi kvlav izrdeba 1000mm-mde. Tovlis safari<br />
warmoiqmneba yvelgan wynari okeanes sanapiros<br />
garda.<br />
mcenareuli safari. Kkanadis CrdiloeTi raionebi<br />
ukavia tundrasa da tyetundras, samxreTiT<br />
vrceldeba taiga, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mas<br />
cvlis Sereuli tyeebi. Qveynis centralur<br />
40
aionebSi, sadac Tbili zafxuli icis, mohyavT<br />
xorbali.<br />
4.2. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. qveynis<br />
mTeli dasavleTi nawili ukavia kordilierebis<br />
mTaTa sistemas. sistemis aRmosavleT nawils<br />
kldovani mTebi warmoadgens, mis DdasavleTiT<br />
mdebareobs zegani. Zegani Sedgeba 3 nawilisagan:<br />
kolumbiis plato, didi auzi, kolorados plato.<br />
dasavleTidan kordilierebi SemosazRvrulia<br />
sanapiro mTebiT. kordilierebis mTaTa sistemis<br />
aRmosavleTiT gadaWimulia farTo vakeebi.<br />
aRmosavleTSi mdebareobs apalaCis mTebi, xolo<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi didi tbebis jgufia<br />
ganlagebuli.<br />
klimati. aSS teritoriis didi nawilze,<br />
CrdiloeT zolisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
raionebis gamoklebiT, subtropikuli havaa.<br />
CrdiloeT zolis hava somieria, xolo samxreTaRmosavleTSi<br />
floridis hava- tropikuli. Aam<br />
zonaluri dayofis garda, fizikur-geografiuli<br />
pirobebis mravalferovnebis gamo, ganasxvaveben<br />
sam klimatur raions: dasavleT sanapiros,<br />
centralur olqebs da aRmosavleT sanapiros.<br />
dasavleT sanapiroze subtropikuli da<br />
zomieri sartylebis wynarokeanuri klimaturi<br />
olqia.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gabatonebulia qarebi wynari okeanedan, amitom<br />
zamTari gansakuTrebulad rbilia. ianvar-<br />
TebervalSi saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi 5 0 -<br />
ia, xolo samxreTSi-10 0 . CrdiloeTSi ufro<br />
moRrubluli da wvimiani amindia vidre samxreTSi.<br />
41
CrdiloeTSi xSiria Tovli, samxreTSi iSviaTia<br />
da ara yovelwliurad.<br />
zafxulSi agreTve samxreTi ufro Tbilia<br />
(20 0 ), vidre CrdiloeTi (10 0 ). SedarebiT dabali<br />
temperaturebi aixsneba civi kaliforniis dinebis<br />
gavleniT.<br />
aSS centraluri olqebi subtropikuli<br />
sartylis kontinentur da atlantikurkontinentur<br />
klimatur olqebs da zomieri<br />
sartylis kontinentur olqs miekuTvneba.<br />
CrdiloeT da samxreT raionebs Soris<br />
temperaturaTa sxvaoba didia. ianvarSi<br />
CrdiloeTSi temperatura minus 10 0 -ia, xolo<br />
samxreTSi 10-12 0 . analogiurad ivlisSi<br />
CrdiloeTSi temperatura daaxloebiT 20 0 -ia,<br />
xolo samxreTSi 27-30 0 . samxreT kaliforniaSi<br />
sikvdilis velze dafiqsirebulia 57 0 . yvelaze<br />
gvalviani adgili kordilierebis<br />
aRmosavleTidaa. magaliTad arizonas StatSi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi 100mm naleqic ar modis.<br />
wvimebi iSviaTia, SeiZleba wlebi gavides<br />
unaleqod. iseTi simSralea, rom SefardebiTi<br />
sinotive zafxulSi ar aRemateba 20-30%-s.<br />
aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT naleqebi<br />
izrdeba 800-1500mm-mde, rac atlantikis okeanedan<br />
notio haeris masebis SemoWrebs ukavSirdeba.<br />
xSiria elWeqi.<br />
aRmosavleT sanapiros hava (floridis<br />
naxevarkunZulis gamoklebiT) zomieri da<br />
subtropikuli sartylebis atlantikur-musonuria.<br />
Aaq zamTari SedarebiT Tbilia, ianvris<br />
saSualo temperatura 10-12 0 -ia.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
aRmosavleT sanapiroze gabatonebulia qarebi<br />
42
okeanidan, maT moaqvT bevri siTbo da teni.<br />
ivlisis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi<br />
daaxloebiT 20 0 -ia, xolo samxreTSi, meqsikis<br />
yuris sanapiroze, 28 0 . wlis ganmavlobaSi modis<br />
1000-1500mm naleqi.<br />
gansakuTrebuli klimaturi pirobebia<br />
floridis naxevarkunZulze. is imyofeba<br />
tropikuli klimatis zonaSi, risi niSnebic<br />
gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoxatulia<br />
naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilSi. Aamitom<br />
naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi<br />
nawilebis temperaturuli reJimebi mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba: ianvris saSualo temperatura<br />
CrdiloeTSi 12 0 , samxreTSi ki 20 0 -ia. samxreTSi<br />
Tovli ar modis.<br />
zafxulSi floridis naxevarkunZulze<br />
gabatonebulia tropikuli haeri, amitom<br />
temperaturuli reJimi mTel teritoriaze<br />
erTgvarovani xdeba. ivlisis saSualo<br />
temperatura 28-30 0 -ia. naleqebis wliuri jami<br />
Seadgens daaxloebiT 1500mm-s. wvima modis mTeli<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT bevri ivnisseqtemberSi.<br />
Am dros SeiZleba TveSi movides 200mm<br />
naleqi, rac ukavSirdeba notio atlantikuri<br />
haeris Semosvlis gaaqtiurebas.<br />
Ffloridis hava Zalze keTilsasurvelia<br />
zamTarSi rbili, Tbili da mziani amindebis gamo.<br />
amitom aq mravali zamTris kurortia. zafxuli,<br />
didi sicxeebisa da maRali sinotivis gamo,<br />
Znelad asatania.<br />
mcenareuli safari. AaSS centralur da<br />
aRmosavleT raionebSi mcenareuli safaris<br />
gavrceleba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba datenianebis<br />
pirobebiT. Aamitom bunebrivi mcenareulobis<br />
43
monacvleoba xdeba aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT. Aatlantikis okeanis sanapiroze<br />
izrdeba Sereuli da farTofoTlovani tyeebi.<br />
dasavleTiT gadaadgilebisas isini gadadian<br />
stepebSi da preriebSi. Ppreriebi warmatebiT<br />
gamoiyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis<br />
da saZovrebad.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mdidari da mravalferovani<br />
mcenareulobaa floridis naxevarkunZulze. didi<br />
farTobebi ukavia tyeebs (fiWvi, kiparisi, palma).<br />
mohyavT citrusebi, Saqris lerwami, Tambaqo,<br />
bostneuli da sxv.<br />
bunebrivi mcenareuloba SedarebiT<br />
ganadgurebulia wynari okeanes sanapiroze da<br />
kordilierebis dasavleT ferdobebze. Aaq<br />
odesRac arsebuli tyis didi masivebi gaCexilia.<br />
sanapiros samxreT nawilSi ganviTarebulia<br />
mebaReoba, mevanaxeoba, mohyavT citrusebi.<br />
4.3. meqsika<br />
fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Mmeqsika<br />
xasiaTdeba mTagoriani landSaftiT. Ddidi nawili<br />
ukavia meqsikis zegans, romelic samxreTSi<br />
maRldeba da aRwevs 2300m simaRles. umaRlesi<br />
mwvervalia vulkani orisaba (5550m).<br />
klimati. Mmeqsikis klimati tropikulia, magram<br />
SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT 3 klimaturi olqi: wynari<br />
okeanes sanapiro, aRmosavleT sanapiro da<br />
meqsikis zegani.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi wynari<br />
okeanes sanapiro olqSi gabatonebulia CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />
qarebi. isini gaivlian mTis qedebs<br />
da sanapiroze modian gamomSralni. Nnaleqebi am<br />
dros TiTqmis ar modis. Yyvelaze civi Tvis<br />
44
saSualo temperatura 15-20 0 -ia, magram RamiT icis<br />
yinvebi. RamiT xSirad warmoiqmneba nisli.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi wynari<br />
okeanes sanapiro olqSi aqtiurdeba samxreTdasavleTis<br />
qarebi, anu okeanedan. isini Seicaven<br />
bevr tens, amitom moaqvT naleqi. Nnaleqebi xSirad<br />
atereben Tavsxma xasiaTs da maT Tan axlavs<br />
elWeqi. zafxuli Zalian cxelia, ivlisis<br />
saSualo temperatura 27-30 0 -ia, zogjer 400-ze<br />
maRlac iwevs.<br />
Mmeqsikis aRmosavleT sanapiroze wlis civi<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />
qarebi, anu xmeleTidan. Aamitom<br />
zamTarSi naleqebi cota modis. ianvris saSualo<br />
temperatura 18-22 0 -ia. wlis Tbili periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi aqtiurdeba aRmosavleTis notio<br />
qarebi, romelTac bevri naleqebi moaqvs. zafxuli<br />
cxelia, ivlisis saSualo temperatura 27-29 0 -ia.<br />
maRal temperaturebs axlavs maRali tenianoba,<br />
rac daxuTvis SegrZnebas qmnis.<br />
meqsikis zeganze wlis civi periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia mSrali,<br />
kontinenturi Crdilo-aRmosavleTis qarebi.<br />
amitom zeganze myardeba uRrublo mSrali amindi,<br />
naleqebi iSviaTia. temperatura damokidebulia<br />
adgilis simaRleze. zRvis donedan 2000-2500m<br />
simaRleze ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo<br />
temperatura 10-12 0 -ia.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi meqsikis<br />
zeganze gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis tropikuli<br />
qarebi. Aamitom mkveTrad matulobs Rrublianoba<br />
da naleqebi. ivlisidan seqtembris CaTvliT<br />
yovelTviurad 150mm-ze naklebi naleqi ar modis.<br />
gansakuTrebiT maRali temperaturebi aprili-<br />
45
ivnisis ganmavlobaSia, rodesac dgas mSrali<br />
periodi.<br />
mcenareuli safari. meqsikis sanapiroze<br />
mcenareuloba warmodgenilia tropikuli tyeebis<br />
da buCqnaris saxiT. mTebSi tropikul tyeebs<br />
cvlis zomieri zonis tyeebi. 4000m simaRlidan<br />
alpuri mcenareulobaa.<br />
Mmeqsikis zeganze mcenareuloba Raribia, mas<br />
umTavresad stepuri xasiaTi aqvs. sasoflosameurneo<br />
kulturebidan mohyavT xorbali,<br />
simindi, Saqris Warxali. Bevria yavis da bananis<br />
plantaciebi.<br />
Tavi 5. samxreT amerikis qveynebis<br />
<strong>klimatebi</strong><br />
5.1. kolumbia<br />
fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
kolumbias kveTs ekvatori. qveynis dasavleT<br />
nawilSi gadis andebi, romlis calkeuli qedebis<br />
simaRle aRemateba 5000m-s. kolumbiis aRmosavleT<br />
nawili vakea.<br />
klimati. Qqveynis udidesi nawili ekvatoruli<br />
klimatis sartyelSia, xolo CrdiloeTi raionebi-<br />
CrdiloeT naxevarsferos ekvatoruli musonebis<br />
klimatis olqSia. dablobebSi saerTod cxeli da<br />
notio amindebi icis. xSiria Zlieri Tavsxmebi.<br />
sezonuri cvalebadoba ar aris, mTeli wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi temperatura ucvlelia da Seadgens<br />
28-30 0 -s. mTebSi am Ddros ufro keTilsasurveli<br />
pirobebia, temperatura Seadgens 13-15 0 -s.<br />
46
naleqebis ganawilebaSi didi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs qedebis ganfenilobis mimarTulebas.<br />
magaliTad andebis dasavleT ferdobebze,<br />
romlebic mimarTulia notio haeris moZraobis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod, weliwadSi modis 7000mm naleqi,<br />
maSin rodesac aRmosavleTis ferdobebze, sadac<br />
mSrali haeris nakadebi Warbobs, naleqebi sul<br />
750mm-s Seadgens.<br />
mcenareuli safari. aRmosavleT kolumbiasa da<br />
wynari okeanis sanapiroze gavrcelebulia notio<br />
maradmwvane tropikuli tyeebi, CrdiloeTSi<br />
tropikuli tyeebi gadadis savanebSi.<br />
5.2. peru<br />
fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. peru<br />
mTagoriani qveyanaa. teritoriis didi nawili<br />
maRali qedebiT aris dakavebuli. Qqedebs Soris<br />
Rrma xeobebia saidanac saTaves iRebs mdinare<br />
amazonkis mravali Senakadi. mTebSi xSiria<br />
miwisZvrebi. boliviis sazRvarze mdebareobs<br />
maRalmTiani tba titikaka. Ddablobebi umTavresad<br />
qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da wynari okeanes<br />
sanapirozea.<br />
klimati. Kklimaturi pirobebi mravalferovania,<br />
rac ganpirobebulia qveynis orografiuli<br />
agebulebiT da wynari okeanis gavleniT.<br />
gamoiyofa sami msxvili klimaturi olqi:<br />
dasavleT sanapiro, maRalmTiani olqi da<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili.<br />
Pperus dasavleT sanapiros klimats bevri<br />
saerTo aqvs afrikis dasavleT sanapiroebis<br />
tropikuli sartylis klimatTan. wlis civi<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi sanapiroze Warbobs<br />
dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebi, ris<br />
47
gamoc aq aRiniSneba mocemuli ganedebisaTvis<br />
SedarebiT dabali temperaturebi. Yyvelaze civi<br />
Tveebis, ivlis-agvistos, saSualo temperatura<br />
perus dasavleTSi 15-18 0 -ia, maSin rodesac<br />
braziliaSi igive ganedebSi temperatura<br />
aRemateba 22 0 -s.<br />
wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi Pperus<br />
dasavleT sanapiroze okeane, perus civi dinebis<br />
zemoqmedebiT, gamagrilebel gavlenas axdens.<br />
haeris temperatura ianvridan martis CaTvliT<br />
(rodesac yvelaze metad Tbila) mxolod 20-22 0 -ia,<br />
maSin rodesac braziliaSi igive ganedebSi<br />
temperatura aRwevs 25-28 0 -s. rogorc<br />
damaxasiaTebelia tropikuli sartylis dasavleT<br />
sanapiroebisaTvis, wvima iSviaTia, naleqebis<br />
wliuri jami ar aRemateba 100mm-s.<br />
perus maRalmTian olqSi temperaturis<br />
ganawileba adgilis simaRleze da reliefis<br />
xasiaTzea damokidebuli. 4000m simaRleze mTeli<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi saSualo temperatura 5-7 0 -s ar<br />
aRemateba.<br />
Pperus Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, anu<br />
amazonis dablobze, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
cxeli notio amindi dgas. saSualo Tviuri<br />
temperaturebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 24-26 0 -ia.<br />
naleqebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi modis da maTi<br />
wliuri jami Seadgens daaxloebiT 2500mm-s.<br />
mcenareuli safari. wynari okeanis sanapiroze,<br />
mcire naleqebis gamo, gavrcelebulia<br />
naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba. Mmdinare amazonis<br />
dablobi dafarulia tropikuli tyeebiT.<br />
mTebSi miwaTmoqmedeba SesaZlebelia 3500msimaRlemde.<br />
miwaTmoqmedebis zonis maRla, mSral<br />
da mkacr pirobebSi ganlagebulia saZovrebi.<br />
48
5.3. brazilia<br />
fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareobs mdinare amazonkis<br />
dablobi., samxreT-aRmosavleTSi farTo<br />
braziliis mTianeTia, romlis calkeuli qedebic<br />
2000-2700m-s aRwevs. Kontinentis siRrmeSi mTianeTi<br />
dabldeba.<br />
klimati. Ggamoiyofa sami msxvili klimaturi<br />
olqi: braziliis CrdiloeTi nawili, centraluri<br />
nawili da braziliis mTianeTi.<br />
braziliis CrdiloeTi nawili ekvatorul<br />
klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs. Mmas ukavia<br />
mdinare amazonkis dablobi. mTeli wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi wynari, cxeli amindebia. Haeris<br />
temperatura 25-28 0 -ia, RamiTac ki temperatura<br />
iSviaTad ecema 20 0 -ze dabla. dRis meore naxevarSi<br />
xSiria wvima, wlis ganmavlobaSi modis 1500-2000mm<br />
naleqi. xSiri wvimebi iwvevs amazonis gadmosvlas<br />
kalapotidan da mimdebare teritoriebis<br />
datborvas.<br />
Bbraziliis centralur raionebSi<br />
ekvatoruli musonebis havaa. Ggansxvaveba wlis<br />
Tbil da civ periodebs Soris ramdenadme<br />
SesamCnevia. SedarebiT grili periodi gvalviania.<br />
braziliis mTianeTSi da aRmosavleT<br />
braziliis sanapiro zolSi mTeli wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia samxreTaRmosavleTis<br />
pasaturi qarebi. Aam qarebis<br />
Semxvedrad ganlagebul ferdobebze naleqebi<br />
bevri modis, 1500mm-ze meti weliwadSi.<br />
maqsimaluri naleqebi wlis Tbil periodSi modis.<br />
temperaturuli reJimi mniSvnelovan wilad<br />
damokidebulia adgilis simaRleze da reliefis<br />
49
xasiaTze. sanapiro zolSi mTeli wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi cxeli notio amindia. Pplatoze,<br />
daaxloebiT 800m simaRleze, klimaturi pirobebi<br />
ufro keTilsasurvelia- zafxuli zomierad<br />
Tbilia, ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura<br />
20-22 0 -ia, xolo civ periodSi (ivlisi) temperatura<br />
15-17 0 -ia. uaryofiTi temperatura braziliis<br />
mTianeTSi mxolod zRvis donedan 1500-2000m<br />
simaRleebis maRla aRiniSneba.<br />
mcenareuli safari. amazonis dablobi dafarulia<br />
xSiri tropikuli maradmwvane tyeebiT. tropikuli<br />
tyeebi gadaWimulia agreTve qveynis aRmosavleT<br />
sanapiros gaswvriv.<br />
samxreTis mimarTulebiT klimati ufro<br />
mSrali xdeba da Sesabamisad tye iSviaTdeba.<br />
braziliis centralur nawilSi tropikuli tyeebi<br />
da savanebi monacvleoben.<br />
ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebia<br />
yava, Saqris lerwami da brinji. Bbrazilia<br />
samSobloa ananasis, kakaos, vanilis.<br />
5.4. argentina<br />
fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. qveynis<br />
aRmosavleT nawili vakea (laplatis dablobi),<br />
sadac miedineba mdinare parana Tavisi SenakadiT<br />
paragvaiT. dasavleT nawilSi andebis mTebia,<br />
sadac kontinentis umaRlesi mwvervaliaakonkagua<br />
(7040m). Aandebi aRmosavleTSi gadadian<br />
paTagoniis platoSi.<br />
klimati. Mmeridianis gaswvriv didi ganfenilobis<br />
gamo klimaturi pirobebi icvleba. CrdiloaRmosavleTSi<br />
subtropikuli sartylis<br />
atlantikuri klimaturi olqia. CrdilodasavleTSi<br />
– kontinenturi tropikuli da<br />
50
subtropikuli. samxreTSi – zomieri ganedebis<br />
wynarokeanuri havaa.<br />
wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi tropikul<br />
da subtropikul sartyelebSi, sanapiro zolSic<br />
ki yvelaze civi Tveebis (ivnisi da ivlisi)<br />
temperatura ar eSveba 10 0 -ze dabla, xolo<br />
centralur raionebSi Seadgens 14-16 0 . samxreTis<br />
mimarTulebiT zamTari ufro civi xdeba da<br />
cecxlovan miwaze temperatura 1-3 0 -ia.<br />
zafxuli Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da sanapiro<br />
zolSi cxelia, ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo<br />
temperatura 20-22 0 -ia, xolo okeanedan daSorebul<br />
raionebSi 25-28 0 . am ganedebSi 3500m simaRleze<br />
yvelaze Tbili Tvis temperatura daaxloebiT 12 0 -<br />
ia. yvelaze civi zafxulSi kunZuli cecxlovani<br />
miwaa (9-10 0 ).<br />
Nnaleqebis ganawilebasac rTuli xasiaTi<br />
aqvs. Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi daaxloebiT 1000mm<br />
naleqi modis. Qqveynis siRrmeSi naleqebi<br />
klebulobs. Yyvelaze mcire naleqebi modis<br />
argentinis samxreTSi da paTagoniaSi (150mm<br />
weliwadSi). wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
SesaZlebelia Tova, umTavresad samxreTSi, magram<br />
Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi yalibdeba.<br />
mcenareuli safari. argentinis teritoriis didi<br />
nawili ukavia pampas, anu stepebs nayofieri<br />
niadagebiT. amJamad pampebis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />
gadaxnulia, an dakavebulia saZovrebad.<br />
dablobebSi subtropikuli tyeebia, paTagoniaSi –<br />
buCqnari.<br />
51
sarCevi<br />
gv.<br />
Tavi 1. evropis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong> 2<br />
1.1 islandia 2<br />
1.2. norvegia da SvedeTi 4<br />
1.3. fineTi 7<br />
D1.4. didi britaneTi 9<br />
1.5. safrangeTi 11<br />
1.6. Nniderlandebi, belgia<br />
da luqsemburgi 12<br />
D1.7. germania 13<br />
1.8. Sveicaria 15<br />
A1.9. avstria 16<br />
1.10. Pportugalia da espaneTi 17<br />
1.11. italia 19<br />
1.12. saberZneTi 21<br />
1.13. bulgareTi 23<br />
Tavi 2. aziis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong> 24<br />
2.1. TurqeTi 24<br />
2.2. Eerayi 26<br />
2.3. irani 27<br />
2.4. indoeTi 28<br />
2.5. CineTi 29<br />
2.6. monRoleTi 31<br />
2.7. iaponia 32<br />
Tavi 3. afrikis, avstraliis da<br />
okeaneTis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong> 34<br />
3.1. alJiri, libia, egvipte 34<br />
3.2. sudani da eTiopia 35<br />
3.3. samxreT afrikis respublika 35<br />
3.4. avstralia 36<br />
3.5. indonezia 38<br />
Tavi 4. CrdiloeT da centraluri<br />
amerikis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong> 39<br />
52
4.1. kanada 39<br />
4.2. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 41<br />
4.3. meqsika 44<br />
Tavi 5. samxreT amerikis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />
5.1. kolumbia 46<br />
5.2. peru 47<br />
5.3. brazilia 49<br />
5.4. argentina 50<br />
53