ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á

ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á

from press.tsu.ge More from this publisher

25.01.2015 Views

avtoris stili daculia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti ბექა სვანიძე mxatvruli teqstis analizi hermenevtikul filosofiaSi filosofiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis (Ph.D.) mosapoveblad wardgenili sadisertacio naSromi xelmZRvaneli: filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, sruli profesori akaki yulijaniSvili Tbilisi 2012

avtoris stili daculia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

ბექა სვანიძე

mxatvruli teqstis analizi hermenevtikul

filosofiaSi

filosofiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis (Ph.D.)

mosapoveblad wardgenili sadisertacio naSromi

xelmZRvaneli: filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

sruli profesori akaki yulijaniSvili

Tbilisi

2012

s a r C e v i

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 3

sakiTxis dasmisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 8

თავი I. ხელოვნების განმარტება, ინტერპრეტაცია, გაგება

$ 1. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizonti antikuri

epoqis msoflmxedvelobaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv.16

$ 2. RmerTi da mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizonti

gviandel elinizmSi, Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqebis

filosofiaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 45

$3. axsnisa da gagebis safuZvlebi germanul filosofiaSi gv 69

თავი II. გაგების უნივერსალურობა

$ 1. ena, rogorc gagebis horizonti da xelovnebis ena. . . gv. 94

$ 2. gagebis, rogorc universaluri Semecnebis da xelovnebis,

rogorc universaluri hermenevtikis SesaZlebloba. . . . .gv. 103

$ 3. epoqaTa zogadi sulieri simptomebi da xelovnebis

hermenevtikuli horizonti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv.114

თავი III. ხელოვნების გაგების თავისებურებანი

$ 1. istoriisa da progresis iluzoruloba-realurobis

dialeqtika, rogorc istoriis, kulturisa da xelovnebis

istoriis erT mTlianobad gaazrebis SesaZlebloba . . . gv. 121

$ 2. gagebis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebi da interpretacia, rogorc

mxatvruli teqstis arseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 130

$ 3. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizontis

modernistuli da postmodernistuli aspeqtebi . . . . . . . gv. 152

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 168

gamoyenebuli literatura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 173

Sesavali

antikuri epoqidan dRemde moyolebuli, hermenevtikul problematikas

SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi centraluri adgili ukavia filosofiaSi.

hermenevtikuli kvleva-Zieba Tavdapirvelad, marTalia, sistemur xasiaTs

ar atarebda, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, man swored aseTi saxe miiRo.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom hermenevtikuli

problematikis kvleva-Ziebis vrcel gzaze xelovnebas imTaviTve

gamorCeuli adgili eWira da uWiravs.

mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) hermenevtikuli analiziT Cveni

daintereseba ZiriTadad iman ganapiroba, rom hermenevtikuli problemebis

mkvlevarTa didi nawili xelovnebas adamianuri moRvaweobis erT-erT

umaRles formad miiCnevs. swored am garemoebam gamoiwvia esTetikuri

diskursis mTlianad filosofiis erT-erT ZiriTad formad gadaqcevac.

poststruqturalisturi da postmodernistuli cnobiereba aRweril

situacias aSkarad adasturebs, ramdenadac Tanamedrove filosofiaSi

mxatvruli elementebis moWarbeba cxadi da naTelia. sainteresoa isic,

rom hermenevtikuli kvleva-Ziebis Tanamedrove etapze hermenevtika,

SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovnebis, Semecnebis erT – erT umaRles formad iqca,

gansxvavebiT adrindeli etapebisgan, sadac hermenevtikuli kvleva-Zieba

mxolod garkveuli filosofiuri amocanebis wanamZRvrebis rols

iTavsebda. magaliTad, dilTaimde da dilTaisTan hermenevtika

warmoadgenda gagebis erTgvar meTods sxvadasxva filosofiur

problemaTa gansja-gaanalizebis gzaze, maSin roca haidegerTan da

gadamerTan hermenevtika, rogorc meTodi, mTlianad gadaswvda anu

gauigivda Semecnebis, azrovnebis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, xelovnebac

azrovnebis erT-erT umaRles formad warmoCinda. am kuTxiT

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa martin haidegeris naSromebi _ `holderlini

da poeziis arsi~, `yofiereba da dro~ da `dasabami xelovnebis

qmnilebisa~, aseve hans-georg gadameris _ `WeSmariteba da meTodi~ da

`mSvenierebis aqtualuroba~.

kidev erTi mizezi, ramac mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis)

hermenevtikuli analiziT Cveni daintereseba gamoiwvia, is aris, rom

kvlevebi hermenevtikul problematikaze, miT umetes, mxatvrul teqstTan

(xelovnebasTan) mimarTebaSi, CvenSi arcTu xSiria. am mimarTulebiT,

marTalia arsebobs Sesabamisi gamokvlevebi, magram Cveni azriT,

hermenevtikul problematikaze mxatvrul teqstTan dakavSirebiT, ufro

meti gamokvlevaa sasurveli. amgvarad, hermenevtikuli problematika,

metwilad mxatvrul teqstTan (xelovnebasTan) dakavSirebiT, CvenSi

kvlavac dasamuSavebelia, miT umetes, roca mTlianad filosofiis

Semdgomi ganviTareba, cxadia, veRarafriT acdeba hermenevtikul

Tvalsawiers, rogorc Semecnebis, azrovnebis, erT-erT umaRles formas.

aqedan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvebs, romlebic

logikurad ibadeba: ras niSnavs hermenevtika, rogorc gagebis meTodi

rogor aris hermenevtika, rogorc gagebis meTodi Semecnebis, azrovnebis

erT – erTi umaRlesi ganzomileba rogoraa esTetikuri diskursi

mTlianad filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi forma

maSasadame, hermenevtika, rogorc gagebis meTodi, Tavisi arsiT,

SeiZleba iTqvas, ერთგვარი universaluri Teoriaa, romelic rogorRac

mTlianad msWvalavs Tanamedrove filosofias. swored am konteqstSi

warmoCinda teqstis interteqstad, interpretaciis mxatvruli teqstis

arsebad, mxatvruli teqstis konstruqciad gaazrebis SesaZleblobani

Tanamedrove filosofosebTan: bartTan, kristevasTan, bodriiarTan,

jeimsonTan, umberto ekosTan Tu sxvebTan. mxatvruli teqstis

(xelovnebis) amgvarad gaazrebam Tanamedrove mkvlevar-filosofosebi

logikurad miiyvana `avtoris sikvdilis~ aqtualobamdec da Tanamderove

esTetikis `transesTetikur esTetikad~ gagebamde.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, cxadi da naTelia, rom

hermenevtikul kvleva-Ziebas filosofiaSi, Sesabamisad, mxatvruli

teqstis (xelovnebis) hermenevtikul kvleva-Ziebas, Tavisi etapebi gaaCnia:

pirveli etapi antikuri periodia; meore etapad, disertaciis

struqturidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, gviandeli elinizmi(rogorc

antikurobis bolo periodi), Sua saukuneebi da aRorZinebis epoqebi, xolo

mesame etapad _ zogadad germanuli filosofia miviCnioT, ramdenadac

germanulma filosofiam, Teologiam, kulturam, saerTod germanulma

azrovnebam, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti da gardamtexi roli iTamaSa

hermenevtikis Semdgomi ganviTareba-daxvewis saqmeSi; meoTxe etapi

modernistuli da postmodernistuli epoqebia.

CvenTvis aseTi periodizacia misaRebia, magram sakvlevi Temis

specifikidan gamomdinare, aqve ramdenime garemoebaze unda mivuTiToT.

kerZod, antikurma filosofiam hermenevtika, rogorc gagebis meTodi,

saerTod ar icoda, Tumca amis miuxedavad, antikur filosofiaSi

problemebis mTeli rigi swored hermenevtikul WrilSia gaazrebuli da

mxolod amdenad SeiZleba antikur hermenevtikaze msjelobac. am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aristoteles `poetika~ da platonis

dialogebi. am filosofosebTan, SeiZleba iTqvas, ara mxolod antikuri

epoqis hermenevtikuli horizontia Sejamebuli, aramed winaswarvea

gansazRvruli is konturebi, romelTa mixedviTac, hermenevtikas Semdgom

epoqebSi ewera ganviTareba.

momdevno mniSvnelovani momenti hermenevtikis ganviTarebis gzaze

reformatorTa wiaRSi aRmocenebul dava-kamaTs ukavSirdeba. es is

periodia, roca martin luTeri germaniaSi saeklesio reformis ideiT

gamovida, xolo flaciusma luTeris sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebani

erTgvari meTodisa da sistemis doneze daalaga. kidev erTi

umniSvnelovanesi momenti dilTaisa da dilTais Semdgomi filosofosebis

azrTa sxvadasxvaobas ukavSirdeba. dilTaisTvis gagebis meTodi mxolod

gonismecnierebebis sferoa, xolo axsnis sauflo bunebismecnierebebia.

dilTais aseTma Tvalsazrisma, hermenevtikis, rogorc gagebis meTodis

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, ra Tqma unda udidesi wvlili Seitana, magram

msgavsi midgoma, cxadia imTaviTve gamoricxavda hermenevtikis

universalur Semecnebad gaazrebis SesaZleblobas. swored amas

sayvedurobdnen dilTais haidegeri da gadameri, Sesabamisad, am

ukanasknelebma gagebis meTodis sayovelTaobis aRiarebiT, axsnis meTodi

gagebas dauqvemdebares, riTac gonismecnierebebis primatis safuZvelze

gonismecnierebebsa da bunebismecnierebebs saerTo substancia gamounaxes

da amiT gageba universalur Semecnebas, xolo xelovneba, SeiZleba iTqvas,

universalur hermenevtikas gauigives. swored am WrilSi ganixilaven

hermenevtikul, konkretulad mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis)

hermenevtikul problematikas Tanamedrove filosofiuri mimdinareobani,

romlebzec zemoT zogadad ukve mivuTiTeT.

hermenevtikis, rogorc gagebis meTodis gaazrebisas, mivediT

daskvnamde, rom Semecnebis erT-erT universalur ganzomilebad gagebis

gamocxadeba, xolo hermenevtikis erT-erT umaRles formad xelovnebis

dadgineba, ar aris naZaladevi da xelovnuri aqti, ramdenadac aseTi

erTgvari universaluroba yovelTvis bunebrivad iyo Cafesvili gagebis

(hermenevtikis) SesaZleblobaSi, romelic mxolod gamoaSkaravebas

saWiroebda. amgvarma amocanam ki TavisTavad migviyvana im arsebiT

momentebTan, romlebic hermenevtikis ZiriTad RerZs Seadgens. kerZod, esaa

filosofiisa da xelovnebis safuZvliseuli urTierTkavSiris da am

konteqstSi hermenevtikis, rogorc yovlismomcveli esTetikuri

kategoriis Tema.

SeviswavleT ra hermenevtikul TematikasTan dakavSirebuli TiTqmis

yvela sakiTxi, SevecadeT met-naklebad Segvevso xarvezebi, romlebic am

mimarTulebiT CvenSi SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tumca sulac ara gvaqvs

pretenzia, rom mocemuli naSromi amomwurav da yovlismomcvel suraTs

Seqmnis, Tundac imitom, rom moculobis TvalsazrisiT, sadisertacio

Temis CarCoebSi SezRudulebi varT. amgvari SezRudulobis gamo, mTeli

rigi sakiTxebis yuradRebis miRma datoveba mogvixda, magram iseTi

saintereso Temis gaazrebis mcdeloba, rogoric mxatvruli teqstis

(xelovnebis) hermenevtika da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebia,

winamdebare naSromSi namdvilad safuZvlianadaa mocemuli.

Cvens mier dasaxuli miznis miRwevis mcdelobam Semdegi konkretuli

amocanebis winaSe dagvayena: 1. gangvesazRvra is ZiriTadi problematika,

romelic dominanturia hermenevtikuli kvleva-Ziebis gzaze. 2.

gangvesazRvra msgavseba-gansxvaveba wina da Tanamedrove epoqebis

hermenevtikuli problemebis gaanalizebisas, rac Tavis mxriv

gaaadvilebda sayrdeni wertilis povnas da ufro ukeTesad dagvanaxebda

axsnisa da gagebis meTodebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. 3. dagvedgina

raSi xedavs hermenevtikuli Tvalsawieri axsnisa da gagebis meTodebis

rols da ra funqcias ganusazRvravs mas mTlianad esTetikuri

Sexedulebebis erTian struqturaSi. 4. gamogvekveTa is garemoebebi,

romelTa gamoc gagebas Semecnebis erT-erT umaRles ganzomilebad, xolo

xelovnebas hermenevtikis erT-erT umaRles formad miviCnevT. 5.

gamogvekveTa e.w. hermenevtikuli situaciis, rogorc erTgvari

hermenevtikuli wris, anu erTisa da mravlis urTierTmimarTebis

konturebi. 6. gagverkvia, ratomaa SesaZlebeli, mxatvruli teqstis gageba

imaze ufro naklebi an meti sizustiT, rogorc igi avtors esmis, anu,

ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli mxatvruli teqsti gavigoT zustad ise, rogorc

igi avtors esmis. 7. gangvesazRvra, ramdenad tovebs adgils gansxvavebul

epoqaTa specifikuroba istoriis, Sesabamisad, xelovnebis istoriisa da

saerTod kulturis erT mTlianobad gaazrebisTvis da ramdenadaa

SesaZlebeli aseT situaciaSi interpretacia, rogorc mxatvruli teqstis

arseba. 8. gagverkvia, ramdenadaa ignorirebuli avtoris roli da

funqcia da ramdenad ikavebs konstruqcia mxatvruli nawarmoebis adgils

postmodernistul xelovnebaSi.

naSromze muSaobisas Cven vixelmZRvaneleT Cvens TemasTan

dakavSirebiT arsebuli Teoriuli monapovrebiT. ramdenadac kvlevis

meTodologia Sesaswavli Temis TaviseburebebiT ganisazRvra, amdenad igi

istoriul-SedarebiT, fenomenologiur da garkveulwilad da garkveuli

azriT teqstualuri analizis meTodebs aerTianebs. mniSvnelovani da

aRsaniSnavi siaxlea is garemoeba, rom naSromi erT-erTi pirveli

mcdelobaa iseTi saintereso esTetikuri doqtrinis rekonstruirebisa,

rogoricaa mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) hermenevtikuli Tvalsawieri

mis uarsebiTes momentebSi da yvela umniSvnelovanes aspeqtSi.

disertacia moicavs 172 gverds da Sedgeba Sesavlisgan, qveTavisgan -

,,sakiTxis dasmisTvis”, 3 Tavisgan, 9 paragrafisgan (TiToeul TavSi 3

paragrafi) da daskvnisgan. sadisertacio naSroms Tan erTvis sarCevi da

gamoyenebuli literaturis sia (sul 104 dasaxeleba).

sakiTxis dasmisTvis

hermesi berZnul miTologiur panTeonSi erT-erT yvelaze mTavar

da sapasuxismgeblo misias kisrulobs _ adamianebTan miaqvs RmerTebis

ambavi, atyobinebs maT RmerTebis neba-survilebsa da brZanebebs (hermesi

berZnul miTologiaSi egvipturi miTologiidan damkvidrda, romaul

miTologiaSi misi analogi merkuria _ avt). es Setyobineba sakmaod

rTuli procesia, radgan hermesi adamianTa enaze `Targmnis~ RmerTebis

neba-survils, ganmartavs da agebinebs ubralo mokvdavebs RmerTebis enas.

swored amitom Searqves ganmartebis xelovnebas mogvianebiT

`hermenevtika~. es saxelwodeba ganmartebis xelovnebisTvis, vfiqrobT,

marTlac zedgamoWrilia, radgan miTologiuri hermesis saqmianoba

rogorRac winaswar gulisxmobs im sirTuleebs, rasac Semdgom da

Semdgom moazrovneebi ganmartebis xelovnebis meTodologiurad

dafuZnebis gzaze waawydnen. ese igi, kacobrioba jer kidev azrovnebis

ganviTarebis primitul etapze TiTqosda instiqturad grZnobda adamianisa

da RmerTis maradiuli urTierTmimarTebis siZnelis mTel siRrmes, anu

adamianisa da RmerTis maradiuli urTierTmimarTebis es horizonti

imTaviTve winmswrebi saxiT Seicavda momavalis sulier-kulturuli

ganviTarebis mravalferovan horizonts, sadac am mravalferovani

ganviTarebis miuxedavad, RmerTis sityvisa da neba-survilis `Targmna~

mainc yovelTvis aqtualur Temad darCeboda. am konteqstSi sityva

`Targmna~ namdvilad gansakuTrebuli qveteqstis matarebelia, ramdenadac

igi ara ucxo sityvebis pirdapiri gagebiT Targmnas, aramed RmerTTa

(RmerTis) azrebis ganmartebas niSnavs. maSasadame, RmerTTa (RmerTis)

azrebis gagebis TvalsazrisiT erT romelime enas upiratesoba imTaviTve

ar eniWeboda. RmerTTa (RmerTis) azrebi, ramdenadac gagebadi da

ganmartebadia erT romelime enaze, sxva enebzec amdenadve gagebadi da

ganmartebadia. hermesis miTSi nagulisxmevi es viTareba namdvilad

mravlismTqmelia: Tuki hermess ZaluZs adamianTa enaze `Targmnos~

RmerTTa azrebi da miswrafebebi, ese igi, RmerTebisa (RmerTis) da

adamianebis ena, siRrmiseulad iqneb hermesis ganmartebebamde da, saerTod,

yvelanair ganmartebebamdec emTxveva erTmaneTs, oRond imdenad

siRrmiseulad, rom adamians amis Sesaxeb warmodgenac ara aqvs da

amitomac saWiroebs hermesis ganmartebebs da saerTod ganmartebebs.

sxvagvarad, RmerTebis (RmerTis) azrebi adamianebisaTvis savsebiT ucxo

rom yofiliyo, RmerTTa (RmerTis) azrebis gagebis TvalsazrisiT hermesis

`Targmanebic~ uZluri aRmoCndeboda, magram hermesis saWiroebac swored

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom RmerTTa (RmerTis) azrebi adamianisTvis arc

mTlad gaugebaria da arc mTlad gasagebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, miTologiuri cnobierebis gariJraJze

adamianisTvis hermesi erTgvari simbolo iyo im gaucnobierebeli

ganzomilebis raRac donemde mainc interpretaciis SesaZleblobisa,

romelic RmerTebisa (RmerTis) da adamianebis enaTa siRrmiseul

erTianobas gulisxmobs. enisa da azris amgvar siRrmiseul

urTierTCawnulobas Zvel berZnebTan termini `logosi~ gamoxatavda.

`logosi~ sulac ar udrida marto sityvas, an marto azrs. igi orive

maTgans aRniSnavda, magram ara rogorc maT Semdgom nazavs, aramed

imTaviTve siRrmiseul urTierTCawnulobaSi mocemuls. hermesi swored am

logosis Tanaziaria, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi uZluri iqneboda

RmerTebis (RmerTis) ena, romelic swored logosSi da logosiTaa

gaxsnil-gamovlenili, Tavis mxriv, Cveulebriv enaSi gaexsna. logosTan

Tanaziaria adamianTa enac, magram vinaidan es Tanaziaroba TviTon

adamianisTvis dafarul-mouxelTebelia, amitomac saWiroebs adamiani

hermesiseul ganmartebebs, rogorc mudmivad dafarul-mouxelTebelis

mudmivad ganfarva-moxelTebadobis Wrils, rac amave dros interpretaciis

amouwurav SesaZleblobebsac gulisxmobs. amasTan, is garemoeba, rom

logosis `Targmna~ mraval adamianur enaze SeiZleba, logosze, rogorc

yvela enaTa saerTo safuZvelze miuTiTebs, anu logosi yvela enis

saerTo arsebaa, igi yvela enaSi metn-naklebad Tanabrad vlindeba, Tumca,

refleqsia gamovlinebis am procesze yovelTvis igvianebs, ramdenadac,

miTiTebul gamovlinebaze refleqsia maSin xorcieldeba, roca

gamovlinebis procesi ukve ganxorcielebulia, anu TviTon gamovlinebis

procesi mudmivad xelidan gvisxlteba da amitomac iCina Tavi `hermesis~,

rogorc hermenevtikis moTxovnilebam.

azrisa da enebis urTierTmimarTebis amgvar siRrmiseul

logosiseul WrilSi, rogorRac TavisTavad ikveTeba mTelisa da

nawilebis urTierTmimarTebis konturebic, rogorc hermenevtikuli wre,

anu enaTa sxvadasxvaobaSi, rogorc nawilebSi, mogvecema logosi, rogorc

am sxvadasxvaobis erTiani, mTliani saerTo safuZveli.

rogorc vxedavT, ukve miTologiuri cnobierebis gariJraJzec,

hermesis miTSi, nagulisxmevia TiTqmis yvela is aqcenti, romlebic

Semdgomma hermenevtikulma kvleva-Ziebam ganxilvis ZiriTad sakiTxebad

aqcia. amitomac aRniSnavs vaxi _ `im droidan, rac adamiani arsebobs

dedamiwaze, gagebac arsebobs~ (103.1). aseTive azrs gamoTqvams gadameric,

roca acxadebs: `hermenevtika, marTalia, aris Semadgeneli disciplina

filosofiuri da Teologiuri moZRvrebis meTodis Sesaxeb da meTodikisa,

magram misi damoukidebeli ganviTareba da Teoriuli srulyofa gvian

moxda ara imitom, TiTqos gageba meoradia, piriqiT, swored imitom, rom

gageba imdenad msWvalavs adamianTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, mas

saTanado yuradRebas ar aqceven~ (104.7). sxvagvarad, gagebis fenomeni

imdenad Rrmad msWvalavs adamianTa arsebas uxsovari droidan, masze

srulfasovani refleqsia Tanamedrove eroqaSic ki Zneli saqmea. es

garemoeba, Tavis mxriv, imas adasturebs, rom rogor meToduradac unda

davafuZnoT hermenevtika, mas minimaluri doziT mainc yovelTvis dayveba

rogorRac Seucnobadi xasiaTi, radgan meTodika, rogori srulyofilic

unda iyos igi, bolomde mainc ver amowuravs hermenevtikuli horizontis

siRrmeebs. hermenevtikuli horizonti xom adamianis msoflmxedvelobriv

mimarTebaTa siRrmeebidan imTaviTve, Tundac intuiciurad amoizarda da

aseve intuiciur-siRrmiseulad gulisxmobs adamianis samyaroSi myofobis

specifikuri ganzomilebis filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis moTxovnilebasac.

aki adamianis mxolod arsebobac ki, usazRvro da amoucnobad samyaroSi

umTavresi winapirobaa msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebis warmoSobisa.

usasrulo samyaros Semxedvare adamians ar SeiZleba kiTxva ar gauCndes

samyarosa da masSi myofi adamianis raobis Sesaxeb. buneba da adamiani _

ai, ras ikvlevs, ris garSemo trialebs filosofia dasabamidan

filosofiuri azrovnebisa. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos sakvirvelia is

garemoeba, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ver moxerxda am sakiTxebze

sayovelTao pasuxis gacema, magram, meores mxriv, unda aRiniSnos, rac

ufro Rrmad xerxdeba maTi Seswavla, Sesaswavli areali miT ufro

farTovdeba da amouwuravi xdeba, amdenad, miT ufro cxadi xdeba is

viTarebac, rom samyarosa da adamianis sulis siRrmeebze amomwuravad

pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia. adamiani marTlac rom mikrokosmosia, Tavis

TavSi Semcveli makrosamyarosi da Tu makrosamyaro amouwuravamoulevelia,

cxadia, aseve amouwurav-amoulevelia mikrokosmosic

adamianis saxiT. bunebisa da adamianis urTierTmimarTebis amgvarma

siRrmiseulma hermenevtikam, hermenevtuli kvleva-Ziebis Semdgom da

Semdgom etapebze dRis wesrigSi axsnisa da gagebis urTierTgamijvnis

sakiTxic daayena, rac, Tavis mxriv, bunebisa da adamianis, rogorc

sulieri arsebis, urTierTgamijvnasac gulisxmobda. aseTi gamijvna, erTi

SexedviT, azrovnebis progresis maniSnebelia, magram meores mxriv, msgavsi

gamijnuloba, ra Tqma unda, erTgvar siZneles warmoSobs bunebisa da

adamianis, rogorc sulieri arsebis SekavSirebis TvalsazrisiT.

Sesabamisad, am siZnelis daZlevis moTxovnilebis kvalobaze,

hermenevtikuli kvleva-Ziebis gviani etapi, arc axsnisa da gagebis meTodTa

kvlav urTierTgadajaWvulobaSi ganxilvis horizonts moisaklisebda,

ramdenadac amgvari Tvalsazrisis momxreebs bunebisa da adamianis,

rogorc sulieri arsebis, ukiduresad daSoriSoreba, sakiTxisadmi

araswor midgomad miaCniaT. hermesis miTSi adamiani-bunebis

urTierTmimarTebis miTiTebuli orivenairi Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebis

SesaZlebloba winaswarmoxazulis saxiT igulisxmeba. miTologiuri

cnobiereba adamianisa da bunebis erTianobis aRqmiT isedac xasiaTdeboda,

magram amasTanave, adamianis bunebaze aRmatebulobac imTaviTve

igrZnoboda, Tumca amis miuxedavad, antikuri hermenevtikisTvis axsnisa da

gagebis, aseve STagonebis, divinaciisa da sxva hermenevtikuli tipis

meTodebi, rogorc meTodebi, mainc ucxo iyo. saerTod, antikur

hermenevtikaze, rogorc garkveul disciplinaze saubari, ar SeiZleba,

samagierod SeiZleba antikuri hermenevtikis horizontze yuradRebis

aqcentireba, radgan antikuri periodis filosofosebTan, ukve mecnieruli

msoflmxedvelobis donezea mocemuli is sakiTxebi, romlebic hermesis

miTSi Seucnoblad igulisxmeba, anu swored antikuri periodis

filosofosTa naazrevSi ikiTxeba hermenevtikis meTodologiurad

dafuZnebis Semdgomi SesaZleblobac. dilTais mixedviT, swavlis

moTxovnilebam poetTa Semoqmedebis ganmartebis moTxovnileba pirvelad

swored saberZneTSi warmoSva, sadac berZnulad metyvelebdnen, homerosisa

da sxva poetebis ganmarteba da kritika yvelgan popularuli iyo,

`sofistebisa da ritorikis skolebSi ganmartebis xelovneba ritorikis

problemebTan mWidro kavSirSi ganixileboda. sofistebTan da Semdeg

stoelebTan ganviTarda e.w. alegoriuli interpretacia. ganmartebis

xelovnebis sxvadasxva mxares exeboda platoni, gansakuTrebiT ki

aristotele TxzulebebSi, romlebSic ixileoboda ritorikis, poetikisa

da logikis sakiTxebi~ (7.395).

qristianul epoqaSi hermenevtikis antikuri horizonti, cxadia,

qristianul hermenevtikad gardaiqmna, radgan qristianuli Teologiuri

azrovnebis aRzevebis dros dRis wesrigSi saRvTo wignebis ganmartebis

aucilebloba dadga. `ase eyreba safuZveli Teologiur hermenevtikas,

romlis mizanic bibliis swori interpretacia, Zveli aRTqmisa da axali

aRTqmis SeTanawyoba da SeTanxmebaa. am mxriv, didi roli iTamaSa

avgustines Txzulebam `qristianobis moZRvrebis Sesaxeb~.

filosofiurisa da Teologiuris gverdiT igulisxmeba iuridiuli

hermenevtikac, romelic samarTlebriv kanonebs ganmartavs~ (7.395).

kidev erTi axali etapi hermenevtikis srulyofis gzaze

reformaciis wiaRSi iwyeba. saRvTo wignebis ganmartebaTa procesSi

gaSlilma kamaTma gaaRrmava interesi hermenevtikuli praqtikisa da

Teoriisadmi. dilTai miCnevs, rom swored `reformaciis epoqaSi xdeba

hermenevtikis saboloo Camoyalibeba. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

dilTai aniWebs flaciusis Txzulebas, romelic mieZRvna saRmrTo

wignebis gagebis sakiTxs~ (7.395). saqme is gaxlavT, rom reformaciis erTerTma

yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma martin luTerma saRmrTo

wignebis dogmaturi gagebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. misi azriT, saRmrTo

wignebis gageba yovelgvari dogmatikis gareSe unda ganxorcielebuliyo.

qristianobis kaTolike mimdevrebi protestant luTeris amgvar

Tvalsazriss, ra Tqma unda, ar Seeguvnen da swored am garemoebam

gamoiwvia flaciusis mier specialurad luTeranuli midgomebis

sawinaaRmdego TvalsazrisTa erTian sistemad gadmocema, sadac manamde

stiqiurad mocemuli da moqmedi wesebi meTodis doneze iyo dalagebuli.

amitomac miuTiTebs dilTai flaciusis am Sromis Sesaxeb: `masSi

pirvelad gaerTianda moZRvrebad erToblioba interpretaciis wesebisa,

romlebic manamde iyo napovni. saxeldobr, im postulatis saSualebiT,

romlis Tanaxmadac am wesebis safuZvelze xelovnebiseuli meTodiT

miiRweva sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone codna~ (7.396).

maSasadame, hermenevtikis, rogorc gagebis meTodisa da meTodikis

erTgvari formireba reformaciis wiaRSi aRmocenebul dava-kamaTs mohyva,

magram flaciusis Txzuleba sulac ar aRmoCnda bolo navsayudeli

hermenevtikisTvis. hermenevtikuli kvleva-Zieba arc luTeris

reformatorul monapovrebze SeCerda. axali da Tanamedrove epoqebisTvis

hermenevtika veRar irgebs im rols, rogorsac Sua saukuneebSi irgebda,

radgan modernistulma da postmodernistulma suliskveTebam mTlianad

moSala yvela is wesi Tu norma, romelsac hermenevtikuli xedva manamade

yovelTvis emyareboda. Tumca, amgvari `uwesobac~ da `unormobac~, farTo

gagebiT, ukve TviTonaa raRacnairi `wesic~ da `normac~. Tanamedrove

hermenevtikuli horizontis msgavsi `uweso wesic~ da `unormo normac~,

upirveles yovlisa, modernistul da postmodernistul xelovnebaSi

igrZnoba, albaT imitom, rom xelovneba, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis

imTaviTve, Tundac rogorRac mizandausaxavad da spontanurad yvelaze

uwin aireklavda da aireklavs misive Tanadrouli epoqis konkretul

kulturul simptomebsa da zogad sulier atmosferos. aki

istoriuladac, gagebis pirveli seriozuli moTxovnileba swored

homerosis poeziis, anu mxatvruli teqstis axsna-ganmartebis

moTxovnilebas ukavSirdeba da axsna-ganmartebisadmi manamdeli, anu

homerosamdeli Seucnobeli miswrafebac gana mxatvrul, oRond zepir

teqstebSi ar aris mocemuli miTic, rogorc aseTi da am konkretuli

SemTxvevisTvis hermesis miTic xom, farTo gagebiT, swored mxatvruli

teqstia, ramdenadac miTosuri saxismetyveleba, rogorc gare da

Sidasamyarosadmi simbolur-fantaziuri mimarTeba, Zalze waagavs saxeTa

aRwera-gadmocemis xelovnebiseul meTods. amdenad, mxatvruli teqsti

mxolod teqstualuri saxiT mocemul xelovnebis dargebs ar udris. igi

sakuTar TavSi yvela tipis xelovnebas aerTianebs. sxvagvarad, ferweruli

tiloc, qandakebac da musikac Taviseburad `molaparake teqstebia~,

radgan romelime ferweruli tilos, romelime konkretuli qandakebis

naxvisas Tu musikaluri nawarmoebis mosmenisas Cven maTSi garkveul

azrebs vkiTxulobT iseve, rogorc poezia Tu proza gvakiTxvinebs da

gvagebinebs sakuTar Tavs. maSasadame, `xelovneba SeiZleba ganxilul

iqnas, rogorc Taviseburi ena. mas nacionaluri enis mTeli rigi Tvisebebi

aqvs. garda imisa, rom xelovnebis iseTi saxeebi arsebobs, rogoricaa

literatura da masze dafuZnebuli sinTezuri formebi, romlebic Tavisi

mxatvruli qsovilis saSen masalad bunebriv enas iyeneben, xelovnebis ena

sxva enebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze ufro metad amJRavnebs bunebrivi enis

TvisebebTan siaxloves... imisTvis, rom adamianma SeZlos xelovnebis

qmnilebasTan, rogorc aseTTan urTierToba, mas unda esmodes misi

sazrisi. sazrisis gageba ki gulisxmobs am enis niSnebis, simboloebis,

formebis codnas, raSic daSifrulia sazrisi. xelovneba niSnebsa da

simboloebSi arsebobs, amdenad, is Taviseburi enaa. am azriT, xelovneba

enaa, romlis codna aucilebeli pirobaa, raTa gavigoT am enaze

ganxorcielebuli Sinaarsi~ (45. 299_300).

aqedan gamomdinare, saerTo jamSi, xelovnebaSi, rogorc zogadad

mxatvrul teqstSi, logosi aranaklebadaa gaxsnil-gamovlenili, vidre

sakuTriv metyvelebaSi, enaSi. Aam azriT, ena, rogorc azrebis gadmocemis

meqanizmi, mxolod Tavisi xmovanebiT gansxvavdeba xelovnebisgan, romelic

farTo gagebiT aseve enaa, oRond araxmovani. Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, ar

Rirs imis aq ganxilva, romeli iyo Tavdapirvelad _ xmovani metyveleba

Tu `uxmo ena~, rogorc xelovneba, miT umetes, roca kacobriobis

mexsiereba iqneb uZluricaa miTiTebuli sakiTxis garkvevis gzaze,

vinaidan enisa da xelovnebis warmoSobis istoriul horizonts marTlac

gauvali burusi dasdebia. xmovani enisa da `uxmo enis~, rogorc

xelovnebis fenomenebi mxolod imas gvimxelen, rom maTi warmoSoba

Tanadroulad unda momxdariyo. isini logosTan Tanabrad wilnayarni

arian _ roca gaCnda xelovneba, ukve iyo metyveleba da roca gaCnda

metyveleba, ukve iyo xelovneba. Tavdapirvelad enaca da xelovnebac, ra

Tqma unda, erTgvari primitiulobiT gamoirCeodnen, magram Tavdapirvelad

yvelaferi primitiuli iyo _ enac, gamoqvabulis kedlebze milionobiT

wlis win Sesrulebuli `ferweruli nimuSebic~ da sxva SemdgomSi

ganviTarebuli da daxvewili garkveulobanic.

amdenad, enasa da xelovnebaSi hermenevtikuli horizonti, iqneb

yvelaze cxadad igrZnoba, magram hermenevtikuli kvleva-Ziebis warmoeba

zogadfilosofiuri safuZvlebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe mainc naklovani

aRmoCndeba im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mxolod mxatvruli teqstis anu

xelovnebis hermenevtikuli Wrili gvainteresebs. filosofia

msoflmxedvelobaa da saerTod adamianis nebismieri tipis mimarTeba Sida

da gare samyarosadmi, yovelTvis gulisxmobs garkveul

msoflmxedvelobas. am azriT, enasac da xelovnebasac, cxadia, sakuTari

filosofia yovelTvis gaaCndaT. kacobriobis istoriis im periodSic ki,

roca filosofia, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobda, adamiani gare Tu Sida

samyarosadmi mimarTebisas filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobriv wanamZRvrebs

Seucnoblad mainc eyrdnoboda. sxva sityvebiT, adamianis sulieri

cxovrebis mravalferovan aspeqtebSi, filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi

winamZRvrebi yovelTvis Seucnoblad iyo Cafesvili da axlac, ra Tqma

unda, asea. amgvarad, aucilebelia, mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli

analizisas, adamianis sulieri cxovrebis filosofiuri safuZvlebic

gaviTvaliswinoT, miT umetes, roca kacobriobis mdidari filosofiuri

warsuli saamiso saSualebas namdvilad gvaZlevs. aki cnobieri da

aracnobieri, racionaluri da iracionaluri, transcendenturi da

transcendentaluri da sxva msgavsi Sinaarsobrivad datvirTuli

filosofiuri xedvebi, romlebTanac mxatvruli teqsti imTaviTve

siRrmiseul kavSirSia, droTa ganmavlobaSi filosofiur terminebad da

kategoriebad qceula. mxatvruli teqstis analizis aseTi konteqsti, ra

Tqma unda, ufro srulyofili da yovlismomcveli iqneba.

Tavi I. xelovnebis ganmarteba,

interpretacia, gageba

§1. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizonti

antikuri epoqis msoflmxedvelobaSi

Zvel berZnul da romaul filosofiaSi hermenevtika, rogorc

filosofiuri disciplina, ar arsebobda, magram im epoqis filosofosebi

TavianT naSromebSi xSirad laparakoben iseT Temebze, gansakuTrebiT

xelovnebasTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic savsebiT Seesabamebian im

disciplinis cnebebs, romelsac dRes Cven hermenevtikas vuwodebT.

platonma da gansakuTrebiT aristotelem, antikuri filosofiis am orma

didma warmomadgenelma, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTlianad Seajames mxatvruli

teqstis gagebis antikuri horizonti da mxatvruli teqstis gagebis

peripetiebi Semdgomi epoqebisTvisac ki winaswar gansazRvres. platonis

`ionSi~, gansakuTrebiT aristoteles `poetikaSi~, marTlac yvelaferia

mocemuli, rasac Tundac Tanamedrove hermenevtika kidev ufro Rrmad,

safuZvlianad da masStaburad ganixilavs.

aristoteles `kaTarzisi~ anu ganwmenda, imTaviTve gulisxmobs

`STagrZnobis~, `Casaxlebisa~ Tu `divinaciis~ Teoriebs erTobliobaSi,

Tavis mxriv, es ukanasknelebi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas

aucileblobiT Seicaven. saboloo jamSi ki, es yovelive hermenevtikul

situacias udris, romelic winaswarmoxazulis saxiT manamdecaa

mocemuli, vidre xelovnebis nawarmoebi da Semfasebeli erTmaneTs

Sexvdebian da Sedegis saxiTac, anu mas merec, rac xelovnebis qmnileba

da Semfasebeli erTmaneTTan kontaqts daamyareben. antikur samyaroSi,

`STagrZnobis~, `Casaxlebis~, `divinaciisa~ Tu hermenevtikuli situaciis

Sesaxeb, terminebisa da meTodologiis doneze, cxadia, ar icodnen, Tumca,

vinaidan aristotelesa da antikuri epoqis sxva filosofosebTan

miTiTebul problemebze Tavisebur, magram Zalze saintereso msjelobebs

vxvdebiT, es terminebic winmswrebad swored amitom vaxseneT, miT umetes,

roca, aristotelesTan da misi Tanadrouli epoqis sxva filosofosebTan,

ogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, yvela is konturi aSkarad gamokrTis, romlebic

Tanamedrove hermenevtikam meTodebad da mTlianad Semecnebis

garegadamwvdom cnebebadac ki aqcia. am yovelives zemoT gacilebiT

vrclad SevexebiT, axla umjobesia, kvlav antikur hermenevtikul

horizonts mivubrundeT.

aristotele Tavis `poetikaSi~ marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom

tragediis warmodgenisas mayurebeli SiSiTa da sibraluliT

gamsWvaluli Sedis tragikuli gmiris mdgomareobaSi da mis gancdebs, mis

mdgomareobas ise ganicdis, rogorc Tavisas, anu mayurebels ara mxolod

SeuZlia tragikuli situaciis gancda, tragikuli gmiris da Sesabamisad,

avtoris sulSi `Casaxleba~, aramed tipurobis SegrZnebiT am yvelafris

ganzogadeba-interpretacia da amiT empiriuli `mes~ sazRvrebis

garRvevac xelewifeba. `tragedia aRwevs mayurebelTa ganwmendas

sibralulisa da SiSis aRZvriT~ - wers aristotele `poetikaSi~ - `magram

ra aris sibraluli sibraluli aris tanjva tanjvis mimarT, an

Tanatanjva. me warmovidgine an Sevicani, Tu rogor itanjeba esa Tu is

arseba da amis gamo TviTonac vitanjebi – ai amas ewodeba sibraluli, an

Sewyaleba. ra aris SiSi – sibralulis msgavsad SiSic aris tanjva

tanjvis mimarT, an Tanatanjva. oRond sibralulisgan gansxvavebiT SiSis

SemTxvevaSi tanjvas iwvevs warmodgena (codna, cnoba) ara realur

tanjvaze, aramed SesaZlebel tanjvaze, an iseT tanjvaze romelic

mosalodnelia, awmyoSi ar aris mocemuli, magram momavalSi moxdeba.

magaliTad, me Sevicani, rom me an visme sxvas, moelis momavalSi tanjva

da amis gamo axlave vitanjebi – amas ewodeba SiSi. rogorc vxedavT,

sibraluli da SiSi emsgavsebian erTmaneTs: orive Tanatanjva, an tanjvis

Secnobis gamo gaCenili tanjvaa, romelic SeiZleba hqondes mxolod

Semecnebis, warmodgenis (reprezentaciis) unariT aRWurvil arsebas an

subieqts... ucqeris ra TeatrSi tragediis gmirebis cxovrebas, mis sulier

tanjvas, misi `me~-s wvalebas, mayurebeli ivseba TanagrZnobiT gmiris

mimarT da mas aviwydeba Tavisi sakuTari `me~, sakuTari prozauli

cxovreba, aviwydeba sakuTari usiamovnebebi, romlebic awuxebdnen mas

TeatrSi mosvlamde da swored es aris is `ganwmenda~, is `Semsubuqebac~

da `siamovnebac~, romelsac aZlevs mayurebels tragediis cqera~ (1. 95_96;

107-108).

aristoteles `kaTarzisis~ aseTma niuansma bernaissa da mis

momxreebs saSualeba misca emtkicebina, TiTqos ganwmenda mayureblisTvis

mxolod sakuTari piradi vnebebis daviwyeba iyos (1. 92,93,94), rac ra Tqma

unda, kaTarzisis WeSmarit gagebas ar unda Seesabamebodes. tragediis

yurebisas mayurebeli sakuTar vnebebs cxadia iviwyebs, magram es

pirdapiri gagebiT daviwyeba ki ar aris, aramed `daviwyeba~ imdenad,

ramdenadac sakuTari vnebebi tragediis gmirisadmi Tanatanjvis gancdaSi

iTqvifeba, rogorRac masTan erTiandeba, ramdenadac ama Tu im individis

personalur tanjvas, rogori gansxvavebuli situaciac unda iyos misi

maprovocirebeli, saboloo jamSi, rogorc aseTs, zogadi azriT, mainc

saerTo Strixebi axasiaTebs. es konteqsti ki, aristotelesTan

`kaTarzisis~ gagebas Taviseburad akavSirebs tipurobis gagebasTan:

`mxatvruli saxe emsgavseba cnebas. Tu cneba zogadia, mxatvruli saxec

zogadia. e.i. mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT, yoveli mxatvari mravalferovan

saganTa im qaosSi, romelic misi grZnobebis winaSe ireva, aRmoaCens raRac

erTobas, wess, formas... Tanamedrove esTetikis enaze mxatvrul saxes,

romelic mravalsa gavs da mravals aerTianebs Tavis TavSi, hqvia

mxatvruli tipi, xolo kerZo saganTa STabeWdilebebidan xelovanis mier

mxatvruli tipis SegrZnebas ewodeba tipizacia~ (1.60;62). marTlac, rogorc

aristoteles `kaTarzisis~ zemoT ganxiluli niuansebidan irkveva,

tragedia swored `imiT aRwevs kaTarziss, rom xatavs tipebs da tipebis

saSualebiT aviwyebinebs mayurebls mis empirias. piradi `me~-dan amosvla

empiriuli `me~-s im viwro kedlebis garRvevaa, romelSic Cagvketa Cveni

biologiuri arsebobis SenarCunebis praqtikulma interesma... ai ra

yofila tragikuli kaTarzisi aristoteles moZRvrebiT. am kaTarziss ki

tragedia ver gamoiwvevda, rom igi ar yofiliyo xelovnebis qmnileba,

romelic baZavs realur sinamdviles da Txzavs am sinamdvilis zogad

saxeebs an tipebs. aristoteles moZRvrebiT, baZvis procesSi xelovneba

awarmoebs realuri sinamdvilis tipizacias, anu qmnis mxatvrul tipebs,

xolo tipebis saSualebiT xelovneba aRviZebs tragediis mayurebelTa

sibralulisa da SiSis emociebs da aRwevs maT kaTarziss anu ganwmendas~

(1.110, 111).

aristotele marTlac zust aqcentebs akeTebs. marTalia, igi

kaTarzisis gagebas mxolod tragediaze dakvirvebiT gvTavazobs, magram

ra Tqma unda misTvisac imTaviTve cxadia, rom mxolod Teatraluri

xelovneba ar iwvevs kaTarziss, amasTan tipizacias sxva xelovnebebic

awarmoeben. sxva sityvebiT, ukeTesi iqneboda, aristoteles kaTarzisi

mxolod sibralulisa da SiSis grZnobebTan ar daekavSirebina, radgan

kaTarziss mxolod sibralulisa da SiSis gancdebi ar unda iwvevdnen,

radgan faqtia, rom xelovneba zogadi gagebiT, mnaxvelSi mxolod

sibralulsa da SiSs ar ganapirobebs. xelovnebis qmnilebis naxvisas

mnaxvelSi xan erTi grZnoba iRviZebs, xan meore da kaTarzissac

TiToeuli maTgani ganapirobebs. aristotelem kaTarzisis gamomwvev

mizezebad mxolod sibralulis da SiSis gancdebi Cans imitom daasaxela,

rom man kaTarzisi mxolod xelovnebis erT dargTan, kerZod

tragediasTan mimarTebaSi ganixila, Tumca tragedia-kaTarzisis

urTierTmimarTebis es viwro Wrili, eqstrapolaciis mSvenieri bazisia da

tragedia-kaTarzisis urTierTmimarTebis viwro Wrilis mTlianad

xelovnebaze ganzogadebis muxti, vfiqrobT, aristotelesTanac naTlad

igrZnoba. magaliTad, laokoonis qandakeba mnaxvels aranaklebad

kaTarzisulad ganawyobs, vidre scenaze warmodgenili nebismieri

tragedia. laokooni, romelsac uzarmazari gveli Semoxvevia, TiTqos

ewinaaRmdegeba gvelis simZlavres, magram misi sxeulis raRacnairad

daZabuli nakvTebi da saxis metad Sewuxebuli gamometyveleba gvamcnobs,

rom male mas uZlurebis, ganwirulobis yvirili aRmoxdeba. swored es

momenti `gauqvavebia~ moqandakes. lesingis Tanaxmad: `nayofieri aris

mxolod is, rac xelovanis, Semoqmedis Zalas Tavisufali TamaSis Zalas

aZlevs. mTlianobaSi ki maRali afeqtebis misaRebad arc erT moments ar

aqvs iseTi naklebi unari, rogorc umaRlesi daZabulobis moments. imis

iqiT, araferi ar aris da Tvals rom ukiduresoba uCveno, es niSnavs

frTebi Seakveco fantazias da aiZulo dakmayofildes usustesi

suraTebis xedviT, radgan grZnobiTi STabeWdilebis sazRvrebidan swored

misi xiluli sxeulis gamo veRarsaiT gava. roca laokooni ase kvnesis,

warmosaxvis Zala mis yvirilsac iolad warmoidgens. is rom yvirodes,

maSin mnaxveli veRarc maRla aiwevs, veRarc dabal safexurze Camova,

rameTu orsave SemTxvevaSi laokooni warmoudgeba sacodav, maSasadame

uintereso mdgomareobaSi. mokled, raki xelovanma is erTaderTi wami

unda ukvdavyos, man araferi unda asaxos iseTi, rac Cvens warmosaxvaSi

mxolod warmavalia (tranzitorulia)~ (27.58-59). maSasadame, ferwera da

qandakeba mnaxvels yovelTvis utovebs adgils Semdgomi warmosaxvisTvis

da am warmosaxvis tipurad ganzogadebisTvis, magram mTavari aq isaa rom,

xelovnebis qmnilebis mTlianobaSi gagebis, avtoris sulSi `Casaxlebis~

unari rom ara, warmosaxva-interpretaciac SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amdenad,

gagebis Wrili xelovnebis yvela dargs erTnairad mieyeneba imisda

miuxedavad, rom `is, rac ferweraSi da qandakebaSi dafarvas iTxovs,

tragikuli scenis erTaderTi mizania da amitomac sruliad sapirispiro

moqmedebas moiTxovs. misma gmirebma grZnoba unda gamoiwvion, tkivilebi

unda gamoxaton, gaSiSvlebuli buneba unda gviCvenon TavianT arsebaSi

dafaruli~ (27.66). daufaravobis TvalsazrisiT aseTive maxasiaTeblebs

atarebs poeziac, prozac, anu Tuki ferwera da qandakeba warmosaxvis

aqtiurobas moiTxovs, raTa `gaqvavebuli wamis~ Semdgomi droulsivrculi

gagrZelebis SesaZlo variaciebi Tavad mnaxvel-Semfasebelma

warmoidginos warmosaxva-interpretaciis wyalobiT, Teatri, poezia, proza

amis saSualebas TiTqosda ar gvitovebs, radgan es ukanasknelebi iseTi

tipis xelovnebebi arian, romlebsac sakuTari saSualebebis wyalobiT

ZaluZT bolomde amowuron is, rasac qandakeba da ferwera mudam Riad

toveben, magram gana es poeziaSi, prozaSi da maT msgavs xelovnebebSi

mnaxvelis warmosaxva-interpretaciis unars gamoricxavs ra Tqma unda

ara, radgan miTiTebuli gansxvaveba xelovnebis calkeul dargebs Soris,

safuZvels maTive bunebidan iRebs: is, risi gamosaxva skulpturaSi an

ferweraSi naklad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, poeziaSi, prozaSi da Teatralur

xelovnebaSi SeiZleba aucilebelic ki iyos da piriqiT. `laokoonze~

msjelobisas lesingi pirdapir miuTiTebs: `martooden piris farTod

gaRebac – Tundac Tavi gavaneboT imas, rom aseTi mdgomareoba saxis

danarCen nawilebsac ausaxurebs da auSnovebs – mxatvrobaSi laqaa,

qandakebaSi ki CaRrmaveba, romelic yvelaze amazrzen STabeWdilebas

axdens~ (27.57), maSin roca poeziaSi, prozasa Tu Teatralur xelovnebaSi

piris farTod gaRebis bolomde aRwera da gansaxiereba arc laqaa da arc

CaRrmaveba, magram amave dros isic faqtia, rom rac unda bolomde

aRweros poeziam da prozam esa Tu is mimika da rac unda bolomde

ganasaxieros igive mimika Teatralurma xelovnebam, warmosaxvainterpretacia

mnaxvel-Semfaseblis mxridan aqac iseTive ZaliT moqmedebs,

rogorc xelovnebis sxva dargebSi Seqmnili qmnilebebis mimarT. sxva

sityvebiT, Tuki ferwera da qandakeba interpretaciisTvis adgils

`amouvsebulobiT~ tovebs, poeziaSi, prozaSi, Teatralur xelovnebaSi

interpretaciis SesaZlebloba swored `amovsebulobaSi~ imaleba. imas,

rasac ferwera an qandakeba `gaqvavebuli wamis~ miRma SeiZleba

gulisxmobdes, poeziam, prozam, Teatralurma xelovnebam, iqneb, sityvasityviT

gamoTqvas da interpretaciis maprovocirebladac, SeiZleba

nagulisxmevic da gamoTqmulic erTidaigive ZaliT mogvevlinos, miT

umetes, rom rac unda bolomde gamoTqvas poeziaSi, prozaSi, Teatralur

xelovnebaSi Seqmnilma nawarmoebma saTqmeli, e.w. `amouvsebeli adgili~

mainc darCeba, rac interpretaciisTvis damatebiTi stimulia. amasTan,

cxadia isic, rom interpretaciis moTxovnileba mxolod xelovnebis ama

Tu im dargis sakuTrivi maxasiaTeblidan ar gamomdinareobs, igi mxolod

inspiraciul funqcias kisrulobs, xolo inspiracia maSinaa SesaZlebeli,

Tuki raime moTxovnileba ukve inspiraciamde arsebobs. e.i. xelovnebis

nebismieri dargis esa Tu is nawarmoebi, interperaciis realizebis

saSualebas imTaviTve iZleva da swored am `mocemaSi~ imaleba

`STagrZnobis~, `divinaciisa~ Tu avtoris sulSi `Casaxlebis~, anu

avtori-xelovneba-mnaxvelis imTaviTve winaswarmoxazuli erTianobis

saidumloeba, rogorc gagebis SesaZlebloba. iqneb swored esaa

hermenevtikuli situacia, romelic aristoteles kaTarzisSi rogorRac

Taviseburad igulisxmeba. gadameris Tanaxmad: `Tuki SevajamebT da

SevadarebT aristoteles moZRvrebas eTikaze da Cvens SekiTxvebs

zneobrivi mSvenierebis gaazrebaze, davinaxavT, rom maTi analizi

aristotelesTan Taviseburi modelia problemisa, romelic Cven

hermenevtikuli amocanis saxiT gvesaxeba... interpretatori arafers sxvas

ar eswrafvis garda imisa, rom gaigos sayovelTao (teqsti), anu gaigos is,

asac ambobs mocemuloba, is, rac azris da teqstis mniSvnelobas

warmoadgens. magram es rom gavigoT, man ar unda ganaxorcielos

abstragireba sakuTari Tavisagan da im konkretuli hermenevtikuli

situaciidan, romelSic is imyofeba. piriqiT, man teqsti swored am

situacias unda daukavSiros, Tuki surs saerTod gaigos igi~ (71.382_383).

amdenad, aristoteles kaTarzisi upirvelesad esTetikurhermenevtikuli

mniSvnelobiT esmoda da ara korneliseuli eTikuri da

bernaisiseuli biologiuri TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, aristoteles

hermenevtikuli xedva, anu hermenevtikuli situacia imTaviTve

gulisxmobda e.w. hermenevtikul wresac, anu nawilisa da mTelis

safuZvliseul urTierTCawnulobas, rogorc maT Tavdapirvel erTianobas.

`tragedias aqvs dasawyisi, Sua nawili da bolo. amitom savaldebuloa,

rom kargad Sedgenili fabula iwyebodes ara iqidan, saidanac

mogveprianeba, aramed igi unda eTanxmebodes miTiTebuli nawilebis

specifikas. tragedias unda hqondes araSemTxveviTi sididec. simSveniere

xom sidideSi da simwyobreSia. e.i. Zalian mcire sagani ver iqneboda

mSvenieri imitom, rom Zalian mcire sagnis SeniSvna SeuZlebeli iqneboda,...

Tumca, Zalian didi saganic ver iqneboda mSvenieri, vinaidan misi Wvreta

erTbaSad ver ganxorcieldeboda da mWvretelebs Wvretis gareSe

daurCebodaT aseTi sagnis erTianoba da mTlianoba. ufro martivad rom

iTqvas, tragediis faruli sididis sazRvaria is sidide, romlis

farglebSic Tu SemTxvevebi erTmaneTs gunebisamebr an

aucileblobisamebr misdeven, SesaZlebelia, ubedurebidan bednierebaSi an

bednierebidan ubedurebaSi gadasvla. e.i. tragediis sidide unda

gansazRvros ara mis gareSe mdebare sagnebma, aramed misma sakuTarma

bunebam. tragediis sididis sazomi TviT tragediaSia mocemuli. ambavi

unda iyos erToblivi. fabula, ramdenadac igi moqmedebis mibaZvaa, aris

erTisa da imave mTelis asaxva. xolo nawilebi ise arian urTierTSoris

Sewyobili, rom Tu erTi nawili an gadasmuli, an amoRebuli iqna, maSin

mTelic gamoicvleba da waborZikdeba. xolo is, ris mimatebas an

gamoklebas araviTari sinaTle ar Seaqvs nawarmoebSi, mTelis araviTar

nawils ar Seadgens... patara-patara ambavidan warmoiSvnen didi

Txzulebebi da sasacilo sityvidan warmoiSva dialogi. Semdeg,

gadidebuli iqna epizodebis (xoro simRerebs Soris moTavsebuli nawilad

darCa, e.i. dialogad) raodenoba da tragediis sxva nawilebs miecaT

mwyobri saxe~ (1.8,9,10,11,12) – aseT monologebs mravlad naxavT

aristoteles `poetikaSi.~

miTiTebul monologebSi nawilisa da mTelis urTierTmimarTeba,

marTalia, sakuTriv xelovnebis TvisebaTa kuTxiTaa ganxiluli, magram am

Temisadmi aristoteles saerTo midgoma am konkretul konteqstSic

igrZnoba. is garemoeba, rom erTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma SeiZleba

saerTod moarRvios mTliani sistema, cxadia nawilis did mniSvnelobaze

miuTiTebs, magram aq iribad igrZnoba isic, rom mTeli nawilTa

xelovnuri naerTi ki ar aris, aramed imTaviTve organuli erTianobaa da

amitomac irRveva mTeli misi mniSvnelovani nawilis amoRebiT. nawili rom

mTelidan ar gamomdinareobdes, maSin am nawilis amoReba, cxadia mTels

verafers daaklebda da Tuki nawilis amoRebiT mTels arc araferi

emateba da arc araferi akldeba, igi mTelis organuli nawilic ar

yofila. amitomacaa, rom `tragediis sxva nawilebs miecaT mwyobri saxe~,

roca `gadidebul iqna epozodebis raodenoba~. ase ki imitom moxda, rom

nawarmoebSi mTeli imTaviTve winaswarmoxazuli saxiT igulismxeba da

nawilebic swored mTelidan gaigeba. iqneb isec iyos, rom xelovnebis

mnaxvel-Semfasebeli nawilebidan gavides mTelze, magram roca mTels

swvdeba, imasac xvdeba, rom nawilebi swored mTelis organuli nawilebia,

rom isini mTelis winaswarmoxazulobis Sedegia.

sainteresoa, rom mTelisa da nawilebis aseTi urTierTmimarTeba

mTels antikur ritorikas axasiaTebs: `gavixsenoT hermenevtikuli wesi,

romlis Tanaxmadac mTelis gageba nawilebiTaa sasurveli, xolo

nawilebisa, mTeliT. es wesi swored antikurma ritoirkam SeimuSava da

axali drois hermenevtikam oratoruli xelovnebis es wesi gagebis

xelovnebaSi gadaitana. iqac da aqac wriul SeTanawyobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

azris mier mTelis winaswar ganWvreta imis wyalobiT xdeba axsnadi, rom

nawilebi rogorc mTeliT gansazRvrulebi, Tavis mxriv mTels

gansazRvraven~ (66.345), anu nawilebi mTels gansazRvraven imdenad,

ramdenadac isini mTelisken miswrafebiT, mTelis Tavdapirvelobaze azris

winaswarWvretis siswores adastureben.

nawilisa da mTelis urTierTmimarTebis antikuri da Tanamedrove

gageba rogorc xedavT, TiTqmis identuria da vinaidan aristotele

savsebiT eTanxmeba nawilisa da mTelis zogadantikur xedvas, amiT igi

solidarobaSi modis TanamedroveobasTanac. am sakiTxis antikuri, maT

Soris aristoteleseuli gaazreba marTlac Zalze axlos dgas nawilisa

da mTelis urTierTmimarTebis astiseul gagebasTan. aki aristoteles

kaTarzisic, rogorc ganwmendis SesaZlebloba, xelovnebis nawarmoebis

imTaviTve mTlianobad mocemulobasTanaa wilnayari, magram aseTi

Tavdapirvelis mTlianoba, xelovnebis nawarmoebis nawilebad gagebagancda-ganwmendas

ar ewinaaRmdegeba imdenad, ramdenadac es nawil-nawil

gancda-gageba-ganwmenda xelovnebis nawarmoebis imTaviTve mTlianobad

mocemul ganwmendasTanaa wilnayari anu isev Tavdapirvel mTlianobaSi

ukuSeqcevaa. asti aseT ukuSeqcevas gonis TviTwvdomis procesebTan

aigivebda, ramdenadac masTan mTeli, goniseuli mTelia da nawilebi am

goniseul-mTeliseuli aseve goniseuli nawilebi arian. astTan goni

yvelaferSia nawilebad gamovlenili, magram gana aristotelesTanac

uTqmelad aseTive goniseuli logika ar igulisxmeba msgavsi qveteqsti

iqneb misi filosofiis zogad konturebTan garkveuli Seusabamobis

elfers tovebdes, magram faqtia, aristotelesTan materia sulac ar aris

srulyofili substancia, radgan igi garedan moiTxovs amoZravebas. aki

aristotelesTvis pirveli mamoZravebeli substancia RmerTis saxiT,

`arsebiTia, radgan igi erTeulebis arsebaa, arsebiTi erTeulebis arseba,

romelic inarCunebs Tavis erTeulobas (Tavis TavSi da TavisTvis

arsebobs) – RmreTia. RmerTi erTeuli substanciaa, igi yvelaferSia

rogorc asrebiTi, yovelive masze gamoiTqmis, TviT ki arasodes ar

gamoiTqmeba raimeze, rogorc predikati, RmerTi absoluturi subieqtia,

romelsac yoveli arsebuli predikatad (atributad) miewereba. aseTi

substancia erTeuladi zogadia~ (65.79). Sesabamisad, aristoteles

`kaTarzisi~ nawilisa da mTelis swored miTiTebuli urTierTmimarTebis,

anu hermenevtikuli wris WrilSi unda ganvixiloT, Tavis mxriv,

hermenevtikuli wre winaswarmoxazulis saxiT, imTaviTve gulisxmobs

mTelisa da nawilebis, aseve xelovnebis nawarmoebis avtorisa da am

nawarmoebis mnaxvelis SefasebaTa erTgvar urTierTgamsWvalulobas,

rogorc hermenevtikul situacias.

Zalian zogadi gadmosaxedidan, aristotelesa da platonis

Sexedulebebi xelovnebis raobisa da misi gagebis Taobaze, mTeli rigi

konkretuli da mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas,

erTmaneTs mainc Seesabamebian. magaliTad, aristotelesTvisac da

platonisTvisac xelovneba zogadad baZvaa, ufro konkretulad,

aristotelesTvis xelovneba baZvaa, platonisTvis ki – baZvis baZva. es

konkretuli gansxvaveba ki, Tavad aristotelesa da platonis

filosofiuri konceficiebidan gamoidinareobs – platonisTvis xelovneba

baZvis baZva imdenadaa, ramdenadac sagani baZavs ideas, xolo xelovani

(xelovneba) grZnobad sagans, aristotelesTvis ki, xelovneba imTaviTve

zogadi sagnis baZvaa, ramdenadac am filosofosTan ideaTa samyaro ar

arsebobs. platonisa da aristoteles msoflmxedvelobebisTvis am

konkretul gansxvavebas SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes Tundac

idealizmisa da materializmis urTierTgamijvnis WrilSi metafizikuri

probelmatikis gasaazreblad, magram xelovnebis gagebis kuTxiT,

miTiTebul gansxvavebas, vfiqrobT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeba:

platonTan xelovnebas tipuris, anu cnebis wvdoma-gamoxatva, swored

baZvis unariT ZaluZs, aseve aristotelesTanac, magram aristotelesTan

tipuris, cnebis wvdoma baZvis Sedegia, maSin roca platonTan tipuri, anu

cneba, rogorc idea (ideebi), baZvamde arsebobs. is garemoeba, rom

xelovnebaze baZvis baZvis funcqiis miweriT platoni TiTqosda abnelebs

sagnebis cnebas, zogad suraTs mainc ver cvlis, radgan tipuri amgvari

sibnelis pirobebSic, sakmaod naTlad Cans. sxvagvarad, Tuki aristotele

erTeulebSi mdebare tipurs gonebis gansjiseuli muSaobis Sedegad

cnebis saxiT `qvemodan~, gamaSualebeli rgolebis gareSe, pirdapir wvdeba

da amiT TiTqosda sagnebSi arsebuli zogadi da tipuris cneba

gaWvirvale naTelSi gveZleva, platoni swored `zemodan~ anu

gamaSualebeli rgolebis, rogorc baZvis baZvis meSveobiT imdenad

abnelebs sagnis cnebas xelovnebaSi, ramdenadac mas aristotele

pirdapiri gziT `qvemodan~ anaTebs. baZvis, rogorc xelovanis unaris

gagebasTan dakavSirebiT, platonisa da aristoteles aseT

urTierTSebrunebul midgomas, cxadia, am filosofosebis Semecnebis

TeoriaTa gansxvaveba ganapirobebs. platonTan Semecnebis Teoria igivea,

rac cdamde mocemuli codnis, anu ideebis samyarosTan imTaviTve

naziarebobis gaxseneba, maSin, roca aristotelesTvis cda pirveladia da

codnac cdis Sedegia. aseTi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, platonic da

aristotelec baZvis Tandayolilobas aRiareben. platoni am daskvnamde

iqidan midis, rom Tuki ideaTa samyaroSi yvelafris idea arsebobs, maSin

baZvis ideac unda arsebobdes da ramdenadac adamiani ideebis samyarosTan

cdamdea naziarebi, Sesabamisad, baZvis ideac adamianSi cdamde, imTaviTvea

mocemuli. aristotelesTan ki baZva, imdenadaa Tandayolili, ramdenadac

igi TviTon unda iyos cdis bunebisa da ara cdis Semdeg mocemuli - `jer

erTi, mibaZva Tandayolili aqvs adamians bavSvobidanve da adamiani imiT

gansxvavdeba sxva cxovelTagan, rom igi yvelaze ufro wambaZavia da Tavis

pirvel swavlas mibaZvis saSualebiT iZens. garda amisa, mibaZvis Sedegi

yvela adamians axarebs. amis sabuTia Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba:

rasac sinamdvileSi usiamovnod SevxedavdiT, imis Zalian zustad

gakeTebul suraTs siamovnebiT vucqeriT. amitom adamians uxaria, rodesac

igi xedavs suraTebs, vinaidan ucqeris ra suraTebs, adamians uxdeba

swavlis SeZena da daskvnis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris TiToeuli

suraTi. magaliTad, ai, es aris is~ (1.56,57).

maSasadame, platonTanac da aristotelesTanac,

baZva nebismieri

adamianisTvis Tandayolili unaria, magram es unari gansakuTrebuli

simZafriT xelovans axasiaTebs, Sesabamisad, xelovnebac, moRvaweobis sxva

sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva. swored baZvis

unaris am gansakuTrebulobaSi mdgomareobs xelovnebis gziT nawvdomi

tipurobisa da filosofiis (mecnierebis) gziT miRebuli cnebis

gansxvavebisa da msgavsebis paralelurob ac: `sxvanairad rom iTqvas,

filosofosi aanalizebs kerZo warmodgenebs da is cnebac, romelsac

aRwevs filosofosi, aris analizis Sedegi, gansjis nayofi. poeti

(xelovani) aRmoaCens tips, ara dialeqtikis, ara analizis, ara

azrovnebis an msjelobis, aramed intuiciis an Wvretis saSualebiT.

aristoteles TqmiT, poeti Zalian cxadad xedavs imas, rasac sxvebi ver

xedaven, igi amCnevs grZnobebisaTvis mocemul saganSi tips da amis gamo

SeuZlia sxvebsac SemCnevinos igi. tipi ganiWvriteba, cneba ki ara. tips

xelovani uSualod xedavs, cnebas filosofosi ki ar xedavs, aramed

gmoiyvans danaxulisagan msjelobis saSualebiT. tipi aris intuiciis

obieqti, cneba ki gansjis obieqtia. tipi mTliani warmodgenaa, cneba ki

niSanTa kompleqsia... amgvarad, codnisadmi miswrafebam filosofiaSi erTi

forma miiRo (Seiqmna cnebebi), xolo poeziaSi sxva (Seiqmna mxatvruli

saxeebi an tipebi). ese igi poeziaca da filosofiac erTi Ziridan

warmoiSvnen da orive es forma Tansworad saWiro aris kacisaTvis~

(1.66,68,69).

rogorc xedavT, tipi arsitotelesTvis iseTive zogadia, rogoc

cneba anu tipica da cnebac zogadi bunebisaa, magram sakiTxavia,

erTeulebi gansazRvraven zogads Tu zogadia erTeulebamde mocemuli da

erTeulebis ganmsazRvravi. aristoteles mixedviT, zogadi obieqturad

erTeulebSi arsebobs da cnebaSi gamoiTqmeba, magram swored zogadia

erTeulis ganmsazRvravi, anu sinTezi Tavdapirvelia, romelic analizis

saxiT erTeulebSi mogvecema da misi erTeulebSi zogadis cnebebiT

gamoTqma, amavdroulad, igivea, rac erTeulTa Tavdapirveli safuZvlis,

rogorc sinTezis kvalvwvdoma Sedegis saxiTac. cxadia, aristoteles

sgavsi Tvalsazrisi, unda Tu ara es TviTon aristoteles, umeteswilad

Seesabameba platonis Tvalsazriss analogiur sakiTxze. platonTanac xom

zogadi, rogorc Tavdapirveli safuZvliseuli sinTezi, ganapirobebs

erTeulTa arsebobas da am erTeulebis, anu analizis meSveobiT zogadis,

rogorc safuZvliseuli sinTezis kvlavwvdomas, magram platonTan

tipuroba da cneba imTaviTve cdamdea mocemuli zogadTan, Tavdapirvel

analizTan, ideebTan erTad, maSin roca, aritotelesTan cnebas meoradi

anu gonebis gansjiseuli muSaobis Sedegad vaaSkaravebT, rogorc

erTeulebis safuZvels. amasTan, aristoteles zogads, rogorc

erTeulebis safuZvels, transcendenturi sayrdeni aklia, Tumca RmerTis,

rogorc materiisgan raRacnairad mowyvetili, garemdebare substanciis

daSvebiTa da imis aRiarebiT, rom substancia msjelobaSi yovelTvis

subieqtia da arasodes msjelobis predikati an atributi, aristoteles

wesiTa da rigiT zogadis erTeulebs gareT arsebobac unda daeSva da

cnebis cdamde, gonebaSi imTaviTve mocemulobis SesaZleblobac, miT

umetes, Tuki gonebas erTeulebSi zogadis aRmoCenis unari, imTaviTve aqvs

momadlebuli, rom ara es unari, igi erTeulebSi zogads cxadia, verc

SeamCnevda. igive iTqmis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis proceszec: baZvis

Tandayoliloba imas niSnavs, rom igi Cveni neba-survilis miuxedavadaa

Tandayolili, Cvens cnobier aqtebamdea mocemuli CvenSi, e.i. iseve

aracnobierad moqmedebs CvenSi, rogorc platoniseuli zeSTagoneba

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis procesisas. marTalia, aristotele mxatvruli

Semoqmedebis process ise dawvrilebiT arsad ganixilavs, rogorc

platoni, magram sadac baZvis Tandayolilobis aRiarebasTan gvaqvs saqme,

gana SeiZleba iq mxatvruli Semoqmedebis procesis zeSTagonebiTi

xasiaTis Tandayoliloba ar igulisxmebodes cxadia, swored asea,

amdenad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia baZvis aristoteleseul gagebasa da

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis procesis platoniseul xedvas Soris uaRresad

mWidro paraleli gavavloT. Sesabamisad, mxatvruli Semoqmdebis

procesisa da zeSTagonebis gagebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aristotelesa

da platons Soris zustad iseTive gansxvavebaa, rogorc platonsa da

kants Soris. magaliTad, kantTan zeSTagoneba Semoqmedis imanenturi,

bunebrivi, amdenad aracnobieri mocemulobisaa, asevea platonTanac,

oRond platonTan es imanenturi zeSTagoneba amavdroulad

transcendenturicaa. ufro zustad, platonTan xelovanSi zeSTagonebis

am imanenturobas transcendenturi safuZveli ganapirobebs. cxadia,

aristoteles pozicia am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, kantis pozicias ufro

Seesabameba, imdenad, ramdenadac cnebis, tipurobis, baZvis, mxatvruli

Semoqmedebis procesis gageba, aristotelesTan transcendentur

safuZvels moisaklisebs, Tumca, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, aristoteles

Sexeduleba, RmerTis, rogorc materiisgan raRacnairad garemdebare

substanciis daSvebis Sesaxeb, aseve raRacnairad mainc gvaZlevs imis

varaudis safuZvels, rom yovelgvari imanenturi aristotelesTan

transcendenturs iribad, dafaruli saxiT mainc unda ukavSirdebodes,

imis miuxedavad, unda Tu ara aseTi kavSiris aRiareba TviTon

aristoteles.

Amdenad, faqtia, aristotele didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, mainc

verafriT acda platonizmis elementebs, magram es msjelobis sxva Temaa,

CvenTvis ufro sainterseo aq isaa, rom tipis, rogorc zogadisa da

erTeulis, Sesabamisad, nawilebTan mimarTebaSi mTelis Tavdapirvelobis,

aseve zeSTagonebis Tandayolilobis aRiareba, anu am sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT platonisa da aristoteles Tvalsazrisebis identuroba,

saboloo jamSi mainc aSkaraa, imis miuxedavad, rom isini msgavs

daskvnebamde gansxvavebuli gzebiT, meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT mividnen.

gansxvavebuli poziciebidan raime identur daskvnamde misvla ki arc

manamde gaxldaT ucxo. magaliTad, platonis dialog `ionis~ `yvelaze

mkafiod gamokveTili koncefcia RvaTebrivi (muzebismieri) zeSTagonebis

koncefciaa, romelsac platoni uSualod didi berZeni poetebisgan

(homerosi, hesiode, pindare da sxva) sesxulobs. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas,

rom es koncefcia, rogorc Cans platonze ufro adre filosofiurad

daafuZna misma ufrosma Tanamedrovem demokritem (460-370 Zv. w. aR.). ragind

ucnauric unda Candes, “idealisti da materialisti, am mxriv

absoluturad erTsulovanni arian~ (32.17). aseTive analogi, rogorc

xedavT, platonisa da aristoteles xelovnebis TeoriaTa Sedarebis

drosac SesaZlebelia. platonTan da aristotelesTan, msgavsi saerTo

Wrilis CarCoSi unda ganvixiloT kaTarzisic miznis TvalsazrisiT, imis

miuxedavad, rom aristotele da platoni kaTarzisis mizansac

sxvadasxvgvarad igeben. vidre platonTan da aristotelesTan kaTarzisis

miznis sxvadasxvagvarad gagebas ganvixilavdeT, mizanSewonilia jer imaze

gavamaxviloT yuradReba, rom orive maTganTan kaTarzisis mizani

gagebulia ara rogorc meoradi, cnobieri, mizanmimarTuli aqti, aramed

rogorc raRacnairi umizno mizanSewoniloba, mizani kaTarzisis

imanenturi maxasiaTebelia, anu Cven specialurad ki ar vsaxavT raime

mizans kaTarzisis procesisas, aramed kaTarzisis mizani, rogorc

moTxovnileba, kaTarzisis procesisas, rogoRRac TavisiT,

Zaldautaneblad warmoiSveba da Cvenc am Zaldautanebeli, TavisTavadi

miznis dinebasac aseve Zaldautaneblad, TavisTavad mivyvebiT. aqedan

gamomdinare, platonsa da aristoteles Soris kaTarzisis miznis gagebis

gansxvavebac, vfiqrobT ufro pirobiTia, vidre arsebiTi. sxva sityvebiT,

xelovnebis erTi da igive qmnilebis naxvam, zogSi SeiZleba apaTiuri

ganwyoba dabados, zogSic piriqiT _ eqspresiuli ganwyoba gaaRvivos. am

konteqstSi mizanSewonilia imTaviTve miuTiToT, rom aristotelesTan

`Teatris movaleobas ar Seadgens grZnobebis mokvla da sruli

ugrZnoblobis anu apaTiis miRweva, rogorc amas platonis eTikuri

kaTarzisi gulsixmobda, xolo amas Semdeg stoikosebi qadagebdnen.

aristoteles moZRvrebiT, grZnoba aris kacis bunebrivi nawili da

rogorc aseTis, misi mokvla ki araa saWiro, aramed movla. Teatric

uvlis grZnobebs, aZlevs maT Tavisufali gaqanebis saSualebas~ (1.92).

erTi mxriv platonisa da stoikosebis, meore mxriv aristoteles

miTiTebul gansxvavebul SexedulebaSi kaTarzisis miznis Taobaze,

rogorc xedavT refleqsiis siZnele aSkarad igrZnoba. sxvagvarad,

miTiTebuli filosofosebi cdiloben kaTarzisis procesisas warmoqmnil

grZnobebsa da gancdebs raime mimarTuleba xelovnurad miscen, magram

amaze meti WeSmariteba xom swored is aris, rom raimesgan TavdaRweva

maSinaa TavdaRweva, Tu TavdasaRwevi winaswaraa nagulisxmevi da aqedan

gamomdinare gana yoveli momdevno TavdaRweva TavdasaRwevs amdenjerve

winaswar ar gulisxmobs Sesabamisad, albaT cxadze cxadia, rom, rom ara

grZnobaTa bunebrivoba, apaTiis SesaZleblobaze laparaki SeuZlebeli

iqneboda, amasTan, apaTiis yoveli procesi ra Tqma unda winaswar

moiTxovs grZnobebs, romelTaganac apaTia unda ganxorcieldes. SeiZleba

sakvirveli iyos, magram am konteqstSi aristotele Zalian waagavs

hardegers, radgan haidegerisTvisac sindisis xma, wuxuli, zrunva, SiSi,

sibraluli da sxva adamianuri grZnobebi iseTi egzistencialebi arian,

romelTa prizmaSi unda yofiliyo ganxiluli sxva yvelaferi danarCenic.

Tavis mxriv, platonisa da stoikosebis Tvalsazrisi, kaTarzisis miznis

Taobaze, Zalze waagavs Sopenhaueris Sexedulebas, romelic xelovnebis

saboloo mizans tanjvisagan TavdaRwevaSi xedavda. iqneb swored amitom

dahkravda kaTarzisis gagebas platonTanac da stoikosebTanac

umeteswilad eTikuri elferi, vidre esTetikuri, Tumca, rogorc

miuTiTeT, yovelgvari uaryofa Tu apaTia winaswar gulisxmobs im

uarsayofi grZnobebis aqtiur rols, romelTa apaTiac, garkveul

moazrovneTa azriT, TiTqosda saWiroa. amdenad, vinc da ramdenjerac

rogori apaTiuri miznisken unda warmarTos grZnobaTa Tavdapirveli

aqtivoba, es apaTia grZnobaTa prizmas misdauneburad mainc verasdros

acdeba. rac Seexeba kaTarzisis eTikur da esTetikur mxareebs

aristotelesTan: marTalia, aristotelesTan kaTarzisi upirveles

yovlisa esTetikur Sinaarss Seicavs, magram bolomde arc misi eTikuri

Sinaarsi unda gamovricxoT, radgan rac ar unda iyos, SiSi, sibraluri

da sxva msgavsi terminebi, rogorc aseTebi, mainc eTikuri kategoriebia.

ubralod, es ukanasknelebi aristotelesTan xelovnebasTan mimarTebaSi

upirvelesad esTetikur Sinaarss iZenen. saerTod, antikur cnobierebaSi

eTikursa da esTetikurs Soris mkacri zRvaris gavleba zogadad TiTqmis

SeuZlebelia, radgan Zveli berZnebis SegnebaSi eTikuri da esTetikuri

urTierTCawnulobad anu siRrmiseul-safuZvliseul erTianobad

gaiazrdeboda. amitom romelime Zvel berZen filosofosTan eTikuris da

esTetikuris mkacrad gamijvnis sakiTxis dayeneba, iqneb araadeqvaturic

iyos, magram Tu maincdamainc ase unda davsvaT sakiTxi, maSin esTetikuris

an eTikuris mxolod prioritetze unda vilaparakoT da es prioriteti

ar unda gavaabsoluturoT. platonic ki, romelic Tavisi idealuri

saxelmwifodan poetebis gaZevebas swored eTikuri principebidan

gamomdinare moiTxovda da amdenad kaTarzisi upirvelesad eTikuri niSniT

esmoda, bolomde mainc ar uaryofda kaTarzisis esTetikur Sinaarssac.

saerTod, platons raRacnairi winaarmdegobrivi azrovneba yovelTvis

axasiaTebs. ufro zustad, xSiria, roca igi msjelobs raRac garkveuli

miznis miRwevis mixedviT, magram mis msjelobas Semdgom da Semdgom

sapirispiro Sedegebi mohyveba xolme. metic, am sapirispiro Sedegebisadmi

simpaTia farulad TviTon platonis msjelobebSic ki igrZnoba.

magaliTad, platonis dialog `ionSi~ saxelmoxveWil rafsodTan

sokrates saubrisas iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom sokrates (platons)

xelovnebis (da ara mxolod homerosis poeziis) damcireba xelovnebis

zeSTagonebiTi (RvTaebrivi insipiraciis) warmomavlobis xasiaTis

damtkicebis safuZvelze surs, magram gana xelovnebis mTeli xibli da

sixalase swored zeSTagonebaSi ar mdgomareobs sxva sityvebiT, platons

surs xelovnebis zeSTagonebiTi xasiaTi xelovnebis dasamcireblad

gamoiyenos, magram amavdroulad swored xelovnebis aseTi xasiaTisadmi,

anu zeSTagonebisadmi simpaTia platonTan Tumca farulad, magram mainc

igrZnoba. aseTive viTarebaa xelovnebisa da kaTarzisisadmi platonis

damokidebulebaSi zogadad. platonis azriT, poetebi TavianT

nawarmoebebSi RmerTebis aRviraxsnil cxovrebas aRweren da amdenad cud

samsaxurs uweven axalgazrdebis aRzrdas, amdenad platonisTvis

xelovneba kaTarzisis anu ganwmendis funqcias TiTqosda savsebiT unda

moisaklisebdes, magram meore mxriv, Tuki xelovnebis saSualebiT

vacnobierebT miTologiuri RmerTebis cud qcevas, gana esec Taviseburi

ganwmenda ar aris aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebis eTikuri funqcia

platonTan aSkarad igulisxmeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igive

zogadberZnuli (da ara mxolod zogadberZnuli) cnobierebidan

gamomdinare, warmoudgenelia, platons xelovnebis arsebad, mSvenierebis

ideasTan Tanaziareba eRiarebina – xelovnebis mSvenirebisa da xelovnebis

araeTikurobis erTdroulad daSvebiT platonTan paradoqss miviRebdiT.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Tamamd SegviZlia

ganvacxadoT, rom antikuri samyaros cnobierebas zogadad, savsebiT

zustad gamoxatavs ZvelberZnuli termini _ `kalokagaTion~. es termini

Zvel berZnebTan zemoT aRwerili ganzomilebebis xelovnuri SeerTeba

rodia, igi upirveles yovlisa maTi Tavdapirveli siRrmiseulsafuZvliseuli

erTianobis gamomxatvelia, anu Tuki Zveli berZeni

ganixilavs WeSmaritebas, igi aseTi ganxilvisas apriori gulisxmobs

sikeTe - mSvenierebasac, Tuki ganixilavs sikeTes, masSi WeSmariteba -

mSvenierebasac imTaviTve gulisxmobs da Tuki ganixilavs mSvenierebas,

cxadia misTvis WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis gareSe arc mSveniereba arsebobs.

sxva sityvebiT, Zvel berZnebTan, WeSmariteba sikeTismieri da

mSvenierismieria, sikeTe – WeSmaritebismieri da mSvenierebismieri,

mSveniereba – WeSmaritebismieri da sikeTismieri. Sesabamisad,

`kalokagaTia~ Zvel berZnebTan gakrkveul kosmiur wesrig - harmoniasac

gamoxatavda. swored aseTi harmonia warmoadgenda antikuri samyaros

Segnebasac, rogor antikur suls. Sesabamisad, msgavsi kosmiuri harmonia

gamosWvivoda antikur miTologiaSic da antikur filosofiaSic.

magaliTad, `kosmosi platonis azriT, erTaderTia da SesaZlebelTagan

yvelaze srulyofili. am srulyofis Semoqmedi mizezi yovlad

srulyofili RmerTi unda iyos... samyaros Semoqmedi RmerTi keTilia,

amitom mTeli kosmosi misi sikeTiTaa gasxivosnebuli~ (65.73). platonis es

Tvalsazrisi zogadad SesabamisobaSia antikuri samyaros TiTqmis yvela

moazrovnesTan. sainteresoa, rom analogiur wesrigs aRiarebda antikuri

epoqis TiTqmis yvela materialisti filosofosic, mniSvneloba ar hqonda

romeli substanciidan xsnidnen isini samyaros, wylidan, haeridan,

ceclidan, `apeironidan~ Tu ramdenime sawyisidan. isini saboloo jamSi

mainc mowesrigebuli, proporciulad SeTanawyobili kosmosis aRiarebamde

midiodnen. piTagoram, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze harmoniulad

SeTanawyobil-mowesrigebuli kosmologiuri Teoria mogvca. am

moazrovnis mixedviT _ `kosmosuri harmonia ciuri sxeulebis moZraobiT

musikalur harmonias (sferoTa musikas) qmnis. es harmonia adamianebs ar

esmiT, radgan kosmosSi mcxovrebTa smena SeCveulia am xmas~ (65.35).

heraklitec, piTagoramde amtkicebda, rom uxilav harmonias xilulze meti

xibli aqvs.

aseT mowesrigebul harmoniulobas, rogorc antikurobis Sinagan

maxasiaTebels, cxadia, imTaviTve asxivebs antikuri xelovnebis nebismieri

qmnilebis formaca da Sinaarsic. antikuri saberZneTis xelovnebaSi,

miTiTebuli harmonia, rogorc erTgvari riTmi, savsebiT bunebrivad

erwymis nawarmoebis Sinaarss. ZvelberZnuli xelovnebis aseTi xasiaTi

aristoteles `poetikaSic~ kargad Cans. amdenad, antikuri xelovnebis

mTeli srulyofileba, gothold efraim lesingis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

mdgomareobs `im Semadgeneli nawilebis SeTanxmebuli ganlagebis

harmoniaSi, rasac Tvali erTbaSad moicavs... sxva mxriv, erTaderTi

Seusabamo nawilic mSvenieri mTlianis harmonias arRvevs~ (27.133). ise

gamodis, TiTqos antikur xelovnebaSi araproporciuli formebis, an

simaxinjis asaxvas adgili ar unda hqondes, magram zogjer faqtebi

sapirispiroze metyveleben. aseTi ormagi situacia ki antikur

xelovnebaze lesingis msjelobasac winaaRmdegobriv elfers sZens. ufro

zustad, lesingi winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba, radgan erTi mxriv, yvela is

mizezi, romelic proporciis, harmoniis darRvevas, Sesabamisad laqasa da

CaRrmavebas iwvevs, simxanjed miaCnia, magram meores mxriv, am yvelafers

misaRebad miiCnevs, Tuki isini sidiadis mizans emorCileba. gamodis,

laokoonis Semqmnels sidiade ar hqonia mizanad dasaxuli, Torem

SeiZleba laokoonis saxeze tirilic aesaxa da yvirilic, imis miuxedavad,

om aseTi midgoma, viTomda mSvenierebis proporcias daarRvevda, arada,

sinamdvileSi laokoonis qandakeba marTlac diadia imis miuxedavad, rom

arc tiris, arc yviris da arc proporciebia darRveuli. amasTan, veWvobT,

ferweraSi Tu qandakebaSi proporciebis darRvevas, aseve laqasa Tu

CaRRmavebas maincdamainc simaxinjis asaxva iwvevdes, miT umetes, roca

tirili da yvirili, rogorc aseTebi, sulac ar arian simaxinjeebi da

rogorc vxedavT, yovelTvis arc proporciebis mizanmimarTulad

darRvevaa simaxinje.

miTiTebuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, lesingi mainc Rrmad wvdeba

ferwera-qandakebisa da poeziis, saerTd, xelovnebis, miT umetes

ZvelberZnuli xelovnebis arss da saboloo jamSi samarTlianad midis im

daskvnamde, rom ZvelberZnul xelovnebas zogadad marTlac axasiaTebs

proporciuloba, riTmuloba, ritmuloba, metic, antikuri xelovanis

araproporciul qmnilebebSi siRrmiseulad mainc proporcia gamosWvivis

da raime simaxinjis gamosaxva-gamoxatvaSi siRrmidan mainc mSveniereba

`anaTebs~. sxva sityvebiT, urTierTsapirispiro mocemulobaTa harmoniul

erTianobad aRqma zogadad ZvelberZnuli cnobierebis maxasiaTebeli niSaa

da es ar aris mxolod sqema, is ZvelberZnuli sulis erTgvari

siRrmiseuli gadmosaxedia, romelic ZvelberZnul miTologiur

panTeonzec aisaxa, sagmiro saqmeebis aRweraSic da patriotuli Tu sxva

Sinaarsis matarebel xelovnebaSic: `ai, Cvens winaSea warsulis

SesaniSnavi Zegli – pindares memkvidreoba. masaliT, eniT da goniT is

wminda antikuri poetia, _ aRniSnavs asti, _ misi poezia am sami aspeqtiT

gvicxadebs antikurobis gons. asparezobani, romelsac umReris poeti,

gadmocemis plastikuri, daxvewili forma, patriotizmisTvis brZolisa da

heroikuli siqvelisTvis anTebuli goni himnebisa, badeben CvenSi

WeSmaritad klasikuri samyaros suraTs. es aris samyaro, romelSic

adamiani mxolod keTilSobiluri SexedeulebebiT, sadidebeli

miswrafebebiT ki ar ganimnsWvaleba, agreTve xarobs samSoblosa da misi

RmerTebisaTvis Cadenili didi saqmeebiT. es aris zogadi mimarTeba,

romelic pindares poezias aqvs mTels antikurobis gonTan, magram poeti

am gons Tavis yaidaze acxadebs, am qmnilebebSi laparakobs ara mxolod

antikurobis goni, aramed poetis individualuri gonic~ (7.401). poetis

individualuri goni, cxadia aq antikurobis erTian gonTan mowyvetiT ar

aris gagebuli. piriqiT, individualur gonSi Cven swored antikurobis

gonis xasiaTs vkiTxulobT, rac imas adasturebs, rom rac gindaT `Tavisi

yaidis~ iyos individualuri goni, igi safuZvliseulad mainc Tavisi

Tanadrouli epoqis goniseulia. amitomac miuTiTebs fridrix asti _

`ibadeba kiTxvebi: ra dros cxovrobda pindare, ra iyo is Tavisi geniis

safuZvelze rogor zrdida is sakuTar Tavs da ra urTierTobaSi

cxovrobda yvela am kiTxvaze rac SeiZleba sruli pasuxis gacema

aucilebelia, Tuki Cven gvsurs SevqmnaT WeSmariti da cocxali suraTi

pindares poeziis gonisa da xasiaTis Sesaxeb. es niSnavs antikurobis

mwerlis gagebas~ (7.401). sxva sityvebiT, individualur gons, xelovnebis

individualur nawarmoebs verafriT gavigebT, Tuki konkretuli epoqis

gons, am SemTxvevaSi antikuri epoqis gons, zogadad antikuri epoqis

xelovnebas ar gavigebT, magram amave dros konkretuli (am SemTxvevaSi

antikuri) epoqis goni, swored individualur gonSi, xelovnebis

individualur nawarmoebSi vlindeba, iseve rogorc wylis wveTidan,

rogorc aseTidan vigebT wylis rogorc aseTis, rogorc TviTon wveTis

Tavdapirvel bunebas.

antkuri sulisa da xelovnebis swored aRwerl prizmaSi danaxvis

didostatia fridrix nicSe. nicSes Txzuleba `tragediis dabadeba

musikis sulidan~ sworedac antikuri sulis, antikuri gadmosaxedis

zedmiwevniT zustad gamoaSkaravebis demonstrirebaa. am Txzulebis

mixedviT, berZnuli xelovneba `ar aris erTgvarovani. is ori saxisaa, ori

gansxvavebuli, urTierTsapirispiro sawyisis Semcvelia, ar aris mxolod

wesrigisa da harmoniis gansaxiereba rogorc es bevrs egona. am or

gansxvavebul sawyiss nicSe Zvel berZenTa RmerTebis – apolonisa da

dionises – saxelebiT aRniSnavs. apoloni simboloa sinaTlisa,

harmoniisa, wesrigisa, zomisa, gonierebisa, lamazi ocnebisa,

srulyofilebisa, dionise ki – sibnelisa, zomis rRvevisa, orgiastulqaosurisa,

tanjvisa, eqstazisa, veluri Zalebis, instiqtebis TareSisa,

sqesobrivi aRviraxsnilobisa. amis Sesabamisad, apolonuri xelovnebaa

plastikuri xelovneba, magaliTad, eposi da lirika, dionusuri

xelovnebaa araplastikuri – musika. xatis saxe, mkveTri sazRvrebis mqone,

`moxazuli~ fugura upirispirdeba `giJur~, `awyvetil~ musikas.

heraklites mexotbe nicSe apolonuri da dionisuri xelovnebis

mimarTebas uyurebs rogorc dapirispirebulTa brZolas, brZolas,

romlis Sedegadac xelovnebis orTave saxe ixveweba, viTardeba, ufro

srulyofili xdeba. xelovnebis am or gansxvavebul formas, gveubneba

nicSe, qmnis ori gansxvavebuli saxis xelovani, ori gansxvavebuli

ltolvis mqone Semoqmedi~ (7.307). maSasadame, `tragediis dabadebis~

mixedviT, am ori gansxvavebuli ltolvis safuZveli ufro `zemoTaa~,

vidre mxolod ama Tu im konkretuli xelovanis konkretuli cnobiereba,

anu adamianSi moqmedi apoloniuri da dionisuri ltolva Taviseburi

anareklia Tavad samyaros ZirSi moqmedi apolonuri da dionisuri

ltolvebisa, romlebic aseve Semoqmedni arian, aseve saxeebs qmnian.

`amrigad, irkveva rom samyaro Tavadve atarebs Tavis TavSi

xelovnebiseul Zalas – apolonur da dionisur ltolvebs. nicSes

koncefciaSi samyaro warmodgeba rogorc xelovani, `moTamaSe~, `artisti~.

Sesabamisad, samyaros filosofiuri gageba masTan `artistuli

metafizikaa~ (7.309), xolo `radgan buneba Tavisi arsebiT or ltolvas

aerTianebs, `bunebis baZva~ anu xelovneba am ori miswrafebis baZva iqneba

– iarsebebs erTi mxriv apolonuri xelovneba da meore mxriv dionisuri

xelovneba... magram cxadia, xelovnebisa da xelovanis tipi SeiZleba iyos

ufro rTuli, am ori saxisagan gansxvavebuli – SeiZleba arsebobdes

xelovneba, romelic Tavis TavSi gaaerTianebs orive ltolvas. nicSe

aseTad miiCnevs berZnul tragedias~ (7.311). dionisuri da apolonuri

ltolvebis erTianobaSi gamomxatveli, berZnuli tragedia imitomacaa,

rom `Tavad berZnuli apolonuri kulturis siRrmeSi dionisuri

ltolvaa Camaluli. swored am erTi SexedviT, ucnauri faqtis gamo,

`dionises diTirambuli saxis~ xilvisas Zveli berZnis gakvirvebas Tan

axlavs SiSi imisa, rom yvelaferi es arc ise ucxoa misTvis, rom misi

apolonuri cxovreba safarveliT faravs misgan am dionisur samyaros...

berZeni Rrmad xedavda adamianuri cxovrebis tragikulobas _ amas

adasturebs, Tundac Tqmuleba, romelSic dionises Tanamgzavri, berZeni

silenosi ase pasuxobs mefe midasis kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris

adamianisaTvis yvelaze ukeTesi da upiratesi: yvelaze ukeTesi SenTvis

savsebiT miuRwevelia – ar daibado, ar iyo, arara iyo. Semdgom amisa ki

SenTvis ukeTesia – male mokvde. diax, Zvelma berZenma icoda saSineleba

adamianuri arsebobisa, gveubneba nicSe, magram raTa exsna Tavi

tanjvisagan, Seqmna ocnebis lamazi samyaro – olimpieli RmerTebis

samyaro, apolonuri xelovnebis brwyinvale nimuSebi... berZnebma Seqmnes

olimpieli RmerTebi, raTa gaeZloT, ecxovraT: saSinelebis RmerTTa

Tavdapirveli titanuri wesrigidan silamazis apolonuri instiqtis

saSualebiT TandaTanobT ganviTarda mxiarulebis RmerTebis olimpiuri

wesrigi. homerosis apolonur samyaroSi brZeni silenosis WeSmariteba

kargavs Zalas: samyaro mSvenieria, amitom adamianisTvis yvelaze cudia is,

rom saerTod adamianis xvedria sikvdili. rogorc vxedavT, nicSes

Tanaxmad, homerosiseuli sinaTlis sirRmeSi imaleba silenosis

WeSmariteba. maSasadame, ZvelberZnuli apolonuri kulturisaTvis

arasodes ar yofila ucxo dionisuri gancda. roca garkveul konkretulistoriul

epoqaSi dionises kultma SeaRwia saberZneTSi, mas nayofieri

niadagi daxvda. apolonurisa da dionisuris TiTqosda Seurigebeli

brZola, gveubneba nicSe – morigebiT damTavrda. am morigebis erT-erTi

brwyinvale nimuSi iyo antikuri tragedia. nicSe eZebs tragediis

SedarebiT rTul fenomenze ufro martiv fenomens, romelSic sinTezi

dionisurisa da apolonurisa ukve mocemulia, am martivi fenomenis

Taviseburebis gaxsniT, kerZod, masSi, erTi mxriv, musikaluri aspeqtisa

da meore mxriv, poeturi saxis gamoyofiT, naTeli efineba berZnuli

tragediis arsebasac. es saxea lirika~ (7.311_312_313).

maSasadame, nicSe Tavdapirvelad TiTqosda uaryofs antikuri

xelovnebis harmoniulobisa da mowesrigebulobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas,

magram sabolood Tundac, Tavisdauneburad mainc antikuri xelovnebis

harmoniulobisa da mowesrigebulobis aRiarebamde midis. jer erTi, is

garemoeba, rom ZvelberZnuli xelovneba urTierTsapirispiro dionisur

da apolonur ltolvaTa gamoxatulebaa, sulac ar metyvelebs

ZvelberZnuli xelovnebis disharmoniulobasa da mouwesrigeblobaze,

meorec, dionisur da apolonur ltolvebs, rogorc Tavad nicSesTan

aRmoCnda, saerTo safuZveli gaaCniaT. dionisuri da apolonuri

ltolvebis siRrmiseuli urTierTCawnuloba Zalian kargad Cans, roca

nicSe apolonuri kulturis siRrmeSi dionisuri ltolvis mocemulobaze

msjelobs. antikur xelovnebaSi, `mxiaruli~ elferis miRma tragikulobis

muxti marTlac gamosWvivis da vfiqrobT, es tragikuloba yvelaze

xelSesaxebad mainc antikur tragediaSi igrZnoba. amdenad, SemTxveviTi

sulac ar unda iyos is garemoeba, rom TviTon antikuri epoqis

Tanamedroveni da ara marto isini, xelovnebis dargebidan yvelaze did

yuradRebas swored antikur tragedias aqcevdnen. am azriT, magaliTisTvis

Tundac mxolod platonis, aristotelesa da nicSes motanac ikmarebs,

rom aRaraferi vTqvaT Tanamedrove hermenevtikosebze – am

ukanasknlTaTvis, antikuri xelovneba, antikuri sulis gagebis marTlac

ZiriTad gasaRebs warmoadgens.

ai, aseTia antikur berZenTa siRrmiseulad tragikuli cnobiereba,

magram `gana SeiZleba iTqvas, tragikuli epoqis berZeni `aras~ eubneba

cxovrebas gana SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas dakarguli hqonda cxovrebis

gemo nicSes pasuxi am kiTxvaze uaryofiTia. Zveli berZeni xedavs

samyaros dionisur Zirs, is pesimistia, ramdenadac misTvis aSkaraa, rom

arseboba da tanjva gadanaskvulia erTmaneTze, magram es pesimizmi

sneulTa, daRlilTa, dasustebulTa msoflgancda ki ar aris, aramed

rogorc ambobs nicSe, Zalis pesimizmia. Zalis pesimistma icis, rom

cxovreba tragikulia, rom elis sikvdili, magram miuxedavad amisa, is ar

uaryofs cxovrebas, ar uaryofs amreziT Tavis arsebobas. man, rogorc

dionisurma xelovanma, icis, rom sikvdili ar aris absoluturi gaqroba,

rom sikvdili dabrunebaa marad cocxal, marad arsebul `pirvelerTTan~,

romlis gamovlenasac warmoadgens yoveli individualuri arsebuli. amave

dros dionisuri Semoqmedi `moixmobs~ apolonur `saxes~, `xats~ da `hos~

eubneba cxovrebas da samyaros imis safuZvelze, rom mSvenieri zmanebis

samyaros qmnis. es samyaro mSvenierebis samyaroa da mSvenierebis mzeram

ar SeiZleba ar gaaqarvos tanjvis gancda~ (7.319).

aseTi `Zalis pesimisturi~ cnobiereba, cxadia, Sesabamisi Sinaarsis

xelovnebas aRmoacenebs, magram pesimizmi ragind Zalisac ar unda iyos

igi, pesimizmia da igi Sinaganad mainc `RrRnis~ imas, rasac am SemTxvevaSi

Zalas vuwodebT. Sesabamisad, `Zalis pesimizmi~ antikur xelovnebasa da

saerTod kulturaSi, imTaviTve winaswamoxazulis saxiT ukve

igulisxmeboda kidec. aseve igulisxmeboda `Zalis pesimisturi~ moralis

Sesabamisad, xelovnebisa da kulturis gardauvali cvalebadobac. aki

moxda kidec ase: `tragedia daibada, ganviTarda, da bolos, mokvda. nicSe

mogviTxrobs aramarto tragediis dabadebaze, aramed mis sikvdilzec. ras

niSnavs tragediis sikvdili tragedia iSva musikis sulidan –

dionisuridan. maSasadame, tragedia kvdeba, roca masSi ispoba dionisurmusikaluri

sawyisi, roca miTs eWvis TvaliT uwyeben yurebas. ram da vin

mokla tragedia tragediis sikvdils nicSes Tanaxmad, gvamcnobs

evripides Semoqmedeba: evripide tragediis agoniaa. dionises evripidesTan

veRav vxvdebiT. am berZeni Semoqmedis tragediebi mTlianad aradionisur

safuZvelzea aSenebuli. mis qmnilebebSi RmerTis adgili daikava

adamianma, Tavisi yoveldRiuri interesebiTa da gancdebiT. ratom moxda

es xom ar imaleboda am faqtebis ukan Zireuli cvlileba Zveli berZenis

msoflSegrZebaSi nicSes pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia: tragedia mokvda,

radgan arsebiTad Seicvala msoflmxedveloba, iSva axali tipi adamianisa,

axali tipis kultura. niRbebis Camoxsnis ostati – nicSe _ evripideSic

niRabs xedavs: evripides ukan dgas sruliad axali msoflSegrZnebis

adamiani – sokrate... amrigad, apolonisa da dionises gverdiT `tragediis

dabadebaSi~ Cndeba mesame `gmiri~ _ sokrate~ (7.316). nicSes Tanaxmad:

`evripidec garkveuli azriT mxolod niRabi iyo: RvTaeba, romelic misi

saxiT laparakobda, iyo ara dionise, aramed savsebiT axladmovlenili

demoni, saxelad sokrate~ (7.316).

cxadia, sokrates piriT, nicSesTan epoqa laparakobs. epoqis xma

airekleba sokratul da postsokratul anu aleqsandriul kulturasa da

xelovnebaSic. sxva sityvebiT, tragediis sikvdili imas ki ar niSnavs,

TiTqos tragedia rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTi dargi moispo, aramed

Zveli berZnis msoflSegrZnebis gardauval cvlilebas moaswavebs. am

gagebiT, `tragediis sikvdili~ swored sokratuli da postsokratuli,

anu aleqsandriuli kulturis gamarjvebas niSnavda: `rac mTavaria _ es

kultura, nicSes azriT, is niadagia, romelzec cxovrobs Tanamedrove

adamiani... mecnierebis, codnis es gaRmerTeba, nicSes Tanaxmad, samyaros

erT-erTi Zalis, saxeldobr, apolonuris gaukuRmarTeba iyo. apolonuri

sawyisi – es xelovnebiseuli Zala – dasustebuli, dauZlurebuli saxiT

ganviTarda... apolonurma tendenciam logikuri sqematizmis saxe SeiZina.

am gaukuRmarTebis kvals, nicSes Tanaxmad, mTeli Tanamedrove evropuli

kultura atarebs~ (7.317-318). nicSes mtkicebiT: `mTeli Cveni Tanamedrove

samyaro, aleqsandriuli kulturis badeSia moxvedrili da mas idealad

miaCnia Semecnebis umaRlesi ZalebiT SeiaraRebuli, mecnierebis

samsaxurSi damdgari Teoriuli adamiani, romlis pirvelsaxe da

mamamTavaria sokrate~ (7.318).

sokratesTan, Semdeg ki platonTan, aristotelesTan da momdevno

filosofosebTan, marTlac cxadad moxda im eWvebis masiurad

akumulireba, romlebic manamdeli kulturis wiaRSi aramasStaburi saxiT,

magram mainc mniSvnelobda. amdenad, maincadamainc sokratem ki ar

ganapiroba epoqaluri msoflgagebis cvalebadoba, aramed Tavad sokrate

mogvevlina Tanadroulobis axali sulieri sios erTianobaSi

gamomxatvel `demonad~. aseTive `demonad~ SegviZlia miviCnioT

protagorac, romelic poliTeisturi anu miTologiuri warmodgenebis

siyalbeze sokratemde miuTiTebda, magram sokrates epoqisgan

gansxvavebiT, protagoras xma jer kidev ar iyo epoqis xma, ramdenadac

maSindeli berZnebis cnobiereba zogadad kvlavac epoqaluri

SeueWveblobiT iyo aRWurvili im Rirebulebebisadmi, romelsac

poliTeisturi, anu miTologiuri warmodgenebi ewodeboda, maSin, roca

sokrates Tanadroul epoqaSi es eWvi Tundac SeumCnevlad ukve epoqis

mZlavr gamoZaxilad qceuliyo. savsebiT marTalia, martin haidgeri, roca

nihilizmis Zirebis Ziebisas, am Zirebs jer kidev sokratemde, protagoras

filosofiaSi poulobs, misTvis protagoras debuleba _ `adamiani aris

saganTa sazomi~ (87.262) _ sworedac nihilisturi ganwyobis maniSnebelia.

am azriT, haidegeris da nicSes Sexedulebebi antikuri nihilizmis

Taobaze, emTxveva kidec erTmaneTs. aki nicSec, analogiur ganwyobas

evripides SemoqmedebaSi xedavs, radgan am tragikosTan, iseve rogorc

protagorasTan, RmerTebis adgili Tavisi yoveldRiuri interesebiTa da

gancdebiT swored adamainma daikava. ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tuki

nihilistur ganwyobas jer kidev protagoramde moRvawe Zvel berZen

filosofoss qsenofanesac davukavSirebT, ramdenadac qsenofanesTanac

misi Tanadrouli Rirebulebebisadmi nihilistur ganwyobas vxvdebiT.

Tumca, es ar aris mTavari, mTavari is aris, rom Tuki qsenofanesa da

protagoras periodis droindeli Rirebulebebi zogadad mainc

SeueWveblobiT sargeblobdnen, sokrates Semdgomi epoqis damaxasiaTebeli

niSan - Tviseba swored isaa, rom poliTeisturi anu miTologiuri

Rirebulebebi imdroindeli sazogadoebisTvis myari sulieri sayrdenis

funqcias veRar kisruloben. sokratesTan, platonTan, aristotelesTan, es

namdvilad asea da Tuki aristoteles Semdgom, elinistur epoqaSi Zveli

msoflgancda kvlavac igrZnoba kulturasa da xelovnebaSi, aqve isic

igrZnoba, rom Zveli poliTeisturi Rirebulebebisadmi erTguleba ara

uwindeli uryevi rwmeniTaa gaJRenTili, ramdenadac inerciiT.

epikureizmi, stoicizmi, skepticizmi, ekleqtizmi, misticizmi – es is

filosofiuri mimdinareobebia, romlebmac sokrates, platonis,

aristoteles moZRvrebebze dayrdnobiT, poliTeisturi anu miTologiuri

Rirebulebebisadmi eWvi ukiduresobamde ganaviTares, Tumca es პროცესი ar

დასრულებულა erT an or dReSi, igi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

mimdinareobda da swored am saukuneebs ewodeba antikurobis elinizmis

periodi. transcendenturi RmerTebis uaryofis momZlavrebuli simptomebi,

cxadia, aisaxa kulturazec da xelovnebazec. elinisturi xelovneba

elinuri xelovnebisgan swored amgvari ganwyobebiT gamoirCeva, rac

swored miTologiuri panTeonis rRvevam gamoiwvia: `elinizmis epoqis

Taviseburi individualisturi ganwyoba mkveTrad gamovlinda kulturaSi,

`daxvewili kulturuli inteligenciis~ CamoyalibebaSi, kulturis axali

centrebis SeqmnaSi (aleqsandriis biblioTeka da muzeumi, samecniero

centrebi pergamonSi, antioqiaSi da sxva). elinizmis xanaSi Seiqmna

xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis uCveulod maRali Rirebulebebis nimuSebi:

aleqsandriis Suqura (farosi), zevsis sakurTxeveli pergamonSi, rodosis

kolosi, kolizeumi, venera miloseli, laokooni da sxva. epoqis

individualisturi ganwyoba aisaxa literaturul nawarmoebebSic, Seiqmna

axali stilisa da Janris Txzulebebi: aleqsandriis samijnuro poezia,

berZnuli realisturi novelebi, minandres komediebi, Teokrites

bukolikuri poezia. yovelive amas win uswrebda evripides tragediebSi

klasikuri berZnuli literaturuli stilis sapirispirod ganviTarebuli

individualizmi~ (51.20). aqedan gamomdinare, antikuri filosofiisa da

saerTod, antikurobis cnobli specialisti aleqsei losevi

gadametebulad miiCnevs elinizmis periodTan mimarTebaSi `dekadansis~,

`dacemis~ da sxva amgvari SefasebiTi terminebis gamoyenebas (51.22). am

qveTavSi antikuri sulis, antikuri xelovnebis erT-erT zogad magaliTad

aki Cvenc elinistur xanaSi Seqmnili laokoonis qandakeba gamoviyeneT.

amdenad, antikuri sulis gasagebad elinisturi xelovnebis nimuSebic

gamogvadgeba, ramdenadac es epoqebi siRrmiseulad mainc erTi

mTlianobaa, anu elinisturi xana ara antikuri epoqisgan Zirfesvianad

gansxvavebuli epoqaa, aramed antikuri epoqis bolo anu dasasrulia.

marTalia, losevi gadaWarbebulad miiCnevs elinistur periodTan

mimarTebaSi `nihilizmisa~ Tu `dekadansis~ xmarebas, magram amave dros

iZulebulia aRiaros, rom elinizmi garkveulwilad mainc unda Sefasdes,

rogorc `gulgatexilobis~, `uimedobis~ xana. Ufro zustad, elinizmTan

mimarTebaSi, ,,gulgatexilobis”, ,,uimedobisa” da sxva msgavsi terminebis

motana imdenadaa marTebuli, ramdenadac elinizmi marTlac gamoirCeva

warsulis Rirebulebebisadmi erTgvari nihilizmiT, magram aqve igrZnoba

axali Rirebulebebis aRmocenebis molodinica da Sesabamisad garkveuli

optimizmic. saerTo jamSi, elinisturi periodis adamianis suliskveTeba

SegviZlia isev losevis sityvebiT davaxasiaToT, marTalia, man am

sityvebiT skeptikosebis msoflSegrZneba Seafasa, magram

zogadfilosofiuri aspeqtiT, skeptikosebis msoflgancda savsebiT

emTxveva elinisturi periodis sxva filosofiur mimdinareobaTa zogadi

xasiaTis msoflgancdebs, iseve rogorc mTlianad elinisturi periodis

suliskveTebas. am periodis suliskveTeba, zogadad sworedac skeptikuri

suliskveTebaa: `TiTqos raRacnairma Sinaganma cxovelmyofelma Zalam

datova msoflio, ris gamoc sagnebma dakarges TavianTi suli.

skeptikosisTvis sagnebma dakarges sagnobrioba, CaiZirnen raRacnair

iracionalur burusSi, uwonadni gaxdnen, usxeuloni, mumiebiviT

dafuturovdnen, usicocxlo suraTebs daemsgavsnen, kvamlad, nislad da

ar-arsad gadaiqcnen. skeptikoss saso warekveTa, transcendenturad

warekveTa saso~ (26.8). poliTeisturi religiebis saxiT, elinistursa da

gvianelinistur xanaSi, marTlac rom cxovelmyofelი Zala tovებდa

msoflioს da swored amas ჰqvia `transcendenturi sasowarkveTa~. aseTi

sasowarkveTa cxadia, elinistur xelovnebaSic aisaxa. magaliTad,

elinisturi xanis filosofosebi musikas aRar uyurebdnen piTagorasaviT

transcendenturi poziciebidan, isini musikis safuZvlebs fizikur da

grZnobad-fsiqologiur ganzomilebaSi eZebdnen. peripaTetikos

aristoqsenes mixedviT `musikaluri bgera fizikuri moZraobis Sedegia. am

poziciidan igi upirispirdeboda piTagorelebs, romelTa mixedviT, dabal

da maRal tonebs Soris gansxvaveba marto raodenobriv mimarTebaze iyo

damokidebuli.~ (51.86) aseve, peripaTetikosi Teofraste

`winamorbedebisgan gansxvavebiT musikis grZnobad-emociur mxares

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda. Teofrastes esTetikur

SexedulebebSi gamokveTilad Cans musikis Teoriis sakiTxebi, romelTa

gaSuqebaSi vlindeba aristoteluri aspeqtebi, oRond grZnobadfsiqologiur

momentebze aqcentirebuli. plutarqes azriT, Teofrastem

musikis warmoSobis wyaro sam afeqtSi aRmoaCina: mwuxarebaSi,

siamovnebaSi da STagonebaSi. radgan fsiqologiur moments aseTi didi

mniSvneloba mieniWa, advilad sarwmunoa is cnobebic, romelTa mixedviT

Teofrastes wesad hqonia musikiT gankurnebis meTodi~ (51.80) kidev erT

peripaTetikos dikearqes `moraluri aspeqtiT Seufasebia da gaukritikebia

`odiseas~ is nawili, sadac homerosma penelope Tavis saqmroebs Seaxvedra.

igi penelopes gamosvlas Tavisi saqmroebis winaSe afasebs keklucobad

mTvrali mamakacebis winaSe da gmobs mas~ (51.89).

peripaTetikosebis aseTi transcendenturi nihilizmi, cxadia,

mxolod imiT ar unda avxsnaT, rom isini aristoteles poziciis

Taviseburi mimdevrebi iyvnen, msgavsi nihilzmi, rogorc mivuTiTeT,

zogadad axasiaTebs elinistur msoflmxedvelobas, Tumca swored

transcendeturisadmi amgvar elinistur nihilizmSi Cans raRac

analogiurisadmi, magram amave dros gansxvavebuli transcendeturi

garkveulobisadmi Sesabamisi da Sesaferisi adgilis Semzadebis

moTxovnilebac da tendenciac. albaT, swored am Wrilidan gamomdinare,

ar uyurebda losevi maincadamainc dekadenturad elinizmis periods,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gaugebari gaxdeboda misi Tvalsazrisi, romlis

Tanaxmadac, elinisturi periodi erTsa da imave dros gulgatexolobacaa

da amave dros arcaa gulgatexiloba. aseTi, erTi SexedviT, paradoqsis

amoxsna imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, Tuki kvdebodnen Zveli RmerTebi,

sanacvlod, axali orientacia axali RmerTis saxiT, Tavis

winaswarmoxazulobaSi ukve adreul elinistur xanaSic igrZnoboda.

epikurec ki, elinisturi periodis atomisti da materialisti

filosofosi `sruliadac ar aris aTeisti am sityvis trivialuri

gagebiT, igi ar uaryofs RmerTebis arsebobas. misi azriT, RmerTebi

arseboben, magram isini ar arian brbos mier warmosaxuli RmerTebis

msgavsni. Amitom, is ki ara scodavs, vinc brbos RmerTebs uaryofs, aramed

is, vinc iziarebs brbos Tvalsazriss RmerTebis Sesaxeb, radgan brbos

gamonaTqvamebi RmerTebze misi uSualo xilvis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed

yalbi monagonia~ (51.107). maSasadame, sokratem, platonma, aristotelem da

maTma mimdevrebma, TavianTdauneburad didi samsaxuri gauwies mistikos

filon aleqsandriels, berZnuli filosofiis bibliur teqstebze

misadagebisa da amiT monoTeizmis kidev ufro metad gamyareba -

gamarTlebis saqmeSi. marTalia, antikuri epoqis yvela filosofosi

monoTeisturi azrovnebis muxtiT ar gamoirCeoda, magram sokrateplatoni-aristoteledan

moyolebuli, zogadad monoTeisturi muxti

imdenad mZlavrad igrZnoboda, poliTeisturi azrovnebidan monoTeistur

azrovnebaze zogadad kacobriobis cnobierebis gardaqmnis gardauvaloba,

elinistur periodSi, ukve cxadi da gasagebi iyo. SeniSvnis saxiT aqve

unda mivuTiToT, rom monoTeisturi msoflxedviT iudaisturi religia

qristianobamdec gamoirCeoda da sokrate-platon-aristotelemdec, magram

mas mxolod patara eTnikuri jgufi aRiarebda da amdenad, ar hqonda

iseTi masobrivi da epoqaluri xasiaTi, rogoric sokrates, platonis,

aristoteles da maT mimdevarTa Tvalsazrisebs. Sesabamisad, am

filosofosebTan monoTeisturi muxtis momZlavreba iudaizmis gavleniT

ar momxdara, imis miuxedavad, rom maT Tvalsazrisebs iudaizmi droSi win

uswrebda. samagierod, swored iudaistur msoflmxedvelobaze aRzrdilma

filon aleqsandrielma, safuZveli erT-erTma pirvelma daudo ანტიკური

ეპოქის filosofosTa naazrevis bibliur teqstebze misadagebas da

amisdakvalad, ანტიკური ფილოსოფიის ქრიstianulad interpretaciis

SesaZleblobas biZgi Tundac avtomaturad da Tavisdauneburad, erT-erTma

pirvelma misca, romelic SemdgomSi, qristianma filosofosebma kidev

ufro ganaviTares. daaxloebiT aseTive konteqstSi SegviZlia movixsenioT

filon aleqsandrielis Tanamedrove romaeli filosofosi senekac,

ramdenadac qristianul saazrovno sivrceSi senekas Sexedulebebis

Tavisebur interpretaciebsac vxvdebiT. filon aleqsandrielica da

senekac, TavianTi moRvaweobis periodis mixedviT, elinistur periods

ganekuTvnebian, magram maTi msoflmxedveloba imdenad axlos dgas შუა

საუკუნეების saazrovno არეალთან, mizanSewonilად მიგვაჩნია, მათი

თვალსაზრისები სწორედ შუა საუკუნეების saazrovno sivrcესთან

ურთიერთმიმართებაში ganvixiloT. aseve mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,

antikurobis ukanaskneli etapis, gviani elinizmis zogierTi moazrovnis

Tvalsazrisic amave WrilSi ganvixiloT amave mizeziT. sxva sityvebiT,

filon aleqsandrielisa da senekas TvalsazrisTa gviandeli elinizmisa

da Sua saukuneebis gadmosaxedidan mimoxilva, vfiqrobT, savsebiT

misaRebi unda iyos. Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebis gadmosaxedidan, miT

ufro sainteresoa, sakuTriv antikurobis ukanaskneli etapis, gviandeli

elinizmis garkveuli warmomadgenlebis, magaliTad, avgustines

Sexedulebebi, aseve neoplatonikosebis emanaciis Teoriaც, ramdenadac

neoplatonikosebma TvianTi emanaciis TeoriiT, monoTeisturi

qristianuli RmerTis ideis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi TavianTdauneburad

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes. rac Seexeba Sua saukuneebis xelovnebas:

cxadia, xelovnebac nebsiT Tu uneblied, qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis,

qristianuli sulieri muxtis gamomxatveli gaxda. Tu am konteqsts nicSes

logikis mixedviT ganvav rcobT, SegviZlia, ganvacxadoT, rom antikuri

dionisuri da apolonuri ltolvebi, qristianul epoqaSi qristianuli

SinaarsiT SeiniRbnen.

$ 2. RmerTi da mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli

horizonti gviandel elinizmSi, Sua saukuneebisa

da aRorZinebis epoqების filosofiaSi

elinistur periodSi, marTalia poliTeisturi warmodgenebi anu

transcendenturi RmerTebis rwmena TandaTan kargavda Zalas, magram es

sulac ar niSnavda transcendenturi ganzomilebis rogorc aseTis

uaryofas. msgavsi gaupirovnebeli transcendenturi erTgvari

transcendenturi vakuumi aRmoCndeboda, Sesabamisad, cxadze cxadi iyo,

transcendenturi RmerTebis uaryofis Sedegad aRmocenebuli

trancendenturi vakuumi axal garkveulobas unda amoevso, iseT

garkveulobas, romelic aRar iqneboda mravali, magram amave dros

swored transcendenturi iqneboda da aki aseTi transcendenturi

garkveulobis konturebic, dawyebuli sokratedan da platonidan, ufro

da ufro ikveTeboda. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aqve miuTiToT, rom arc

platonis, arc aristotelesa da arc neoplatonikosebis moZRvreba

qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas ar gulisxmobda, piriqiT

`aleqsandriaSi pirvelma neoplatonikosma amonios sakam qristianoba

dagmo da warmarTuli platonuri moZRvrebis ganaxleba daiwyo. plotine

da gansakuTrebiT misi mowafe porfiri, aseve neoplatonizmis klasikosi

prokle, sakmaod mkacrad akritikebdnen qristianobas, radgan

darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom mxolod platonis moZRvrebiT SeiZleboda

umaRlesi WeSmaritebis wvdoma~ (52.301). amdenad, platonidan da platonis

akademiis moRvaweTagan moyolebuli, neoplatonizmiT damTavrebuli, es

moZRvrebani qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis aRmocenebasa da

damkvidrebas imdenad uwyobdnen xels, ramdenadac qristianobis

momxreebma miTiTebuli moZRvrebani TavianT miznebs Zalze warmatebiT

moarges. qristianobis momxreebma, TavianT msoflmxedvelobas ara marto

platonisa da misi mimdevrebis, berZnuli da romauli stoicizmis,

epikureizmis, ekleqtizmis da sxva mimdinareobaTa ideebic aseve

warmatebiT miusadages. qristianobis momxreTaTvis, platonis moZRvrebis

emanaciuri tendenciebi da stoikosTa, epikurelTa Tu ekleqtikosTa

moZRvrebani, mSvenieri Wrili aRmoCnda monoTeisturi qristianuli

RmerTis gamomdinareobisTvis. platonis moZRvrebis emanaciuri muxti

marTlac mSvenivrad SeTanawyobadi gamodga stoelTa msjelobaze

`RmerTi aris gonieri suli, romelic yovel arss msWvalavs~ (51.259),

aseve ekleqtikos ciceronis Sexedulebaze _ romlis Tanaxmadac,

`samyaros iseve hyavs gonieri Semoqmedi da warmmarTveli, rogorc

xelovnebis nimuSebs Tavisi xelovani-Semoqmedi, arqiteqtori an mxatvari~

(51.335). TviTon platonis moZRvrebis emanaciuri tendenciebi ki

safuZvlianad aqvs Camoyalibebuli mexuTe saukunis aTenis neoplatonuri

skolis warmomadgenels prokle likiels: `prokle ayalibebs Tavis

originalur Tvalsazriss erTidan simravlis emanaciisa, erTis gasvlisa

TavisTavidan emanaciis aqtSi da ukudabrunebisa TavisTavSi,

ganviTarebulia triadis is umaRlesi formulireba, romliTac umaRles

donezea ayvanili neoplatonuri moZRvrebis sistematizaciis

SesaZleblobebi: arsebulis yofna upirveles mizezSi - `mone~ _ erTSi,

erTidan simravlis gamosvla, `emanacia~ _ `proodos~ da emanirebulis

ukudabruneba erTSi _ `epistrofe~ _ ganxorcieleba simravlis Serwymisa

zearsul erTTan. sabolod, triadam aseTi saxe miiRo: pirveli arsi _

`mone~ _ yofieris simSvideSi, misi gasvla TavisTavidan _ emanacia da

ukudabruneba. es procesia, dinamikaa, magram droul-vrceuli

procesisagan sruliad sxvaa: es aris mwarmoeblis gasvla warmoebulSi

da warmoebulis dabruneba mwarmoebelSi. es `producirebaa~ axali arsis

Semoqmedebaa, magram ar aris arc moZraoba da arc qmnadoba fizikuri

gagebiT, es umaRlesi metafizikaa da saqme gvaqvs umaRlesi RvTaebrivi

arsis TviTqmedebasTan~ (52.232). aseTi yvelfris `gamomsxivebeli~ erTi, ra

Tqma unda, mSvenier fons qmnida platonisa da neoplatonikosebis

moZRvrebaTa qristianul msoflmxedvelobaze misadagebisTvis, imis

miuxedavad, rom igi, miTiTebuli `umaRlesi metafizikurobis~ gamo,

TiTqos Zalze mowyvetilia fizikuri samyarosgan. aseTi `mowyvetiloba~

imdenad mniSvnelobs, ramdenadac erTidan, rogorc umaRlesi RvTaebrivi

arsidan simravlis emanacia SeiZleba Cven ver avxsnaT bolomde, anu Cven

ver gavigoT umaRlesi RvTaebrivi arsidan, rogorc umaRlesi

metafizikurobidan siRrmiseuli gamomdinareoba simravlisa, fizikuri

samyarosi, Torem aseTi kavSiri saerTod rom gamovricxoT, maSin

gaugebari dagvrCeboda saerTod idea metafizikuri arsidan samyaros

simravlis gamomdinareobisa. pirvelerTidan simravlis gamomdinareobis

aseTi erTdroulad racionalur-iracionaluri Wrili, erTis mxriv,

aristoteles moZRvrebis qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT

interpretaciis saSualebasac iZleva, ramdenadac materiac siRrmiseulad

swored metafizikuri erTarsidan unda `gamosxivdebodes~, meores mxriv

ki mSvenier fons qmnis stoelTa kidev erTi Tvalsazrisis

`SesrutvisTvis~, romlis Tanaxmadac transcendenturi RmerTi amave dros

yvelafris imanenturi safuZvelicaa: `stoelebis RmerTi pirveli

mizezicaa da sabolooc, magram igi samyarosTvis imanenturia, mxolod

masSia da isic asrulebs msoflio logosis funqcias~ (51.155). aqedan

gamomdinare, sruliad gasagebia, Tuki qristianobis momxreebisTvis

`RmerTi yvelganaa, igi SenSicaa~ (52.101). es Tvalsazrisi, cxadia, erTgvar

panTeistur situaciasac gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT, `emanaciis~ Teoria

iseTi uzogadesi gadmosaxedia, romelic cxadia, Taviseburad Seicavs

panTeizmis ideasac. panTeizmi, rogorc aseTi, ucxo arc antikuri

epoqisTvis iyo, magram poliTeisturi panTeizmisagan qristianuli

panTeizmi swored Tavisi monoTeisturi xasiaTiT gansxvavdeba da amdenad

igi siaxles warmoadgens, anu mravlidan ki ar gamomdinareobs mravali

da mravalSi ki ar aris mravali, aramed RmerTSi, rogorc erTSi aris

yvelaferi, rogorc simravle - buneba da yvelaferSi, simravleSi,

bunebaSi aris RmerTi. aseTi tipis panTeizmis mimdevaria magaliTad, Cv. w.

aR-iT II saukunis qristiani filosofosi ipolite romaeli, romlis

Tanaxmadac: `yvelaferi iyo RmerTSi da RmerTi iyo yvelaferSi~ (52.365).

msgavs qristianul panTeizms ufro dafuZnebulad

vxvdebiTGfsevdodionise areopagelis moZRvrebaSi. qristianul

TeologiaSi swored misma moZRvrebam daamkvidra safuZvlianad

qristianuli panTeizmi, romelsac Semdgom, Sua saukuneebis panTeisturi

Tvalsazrisebi emyareboda. magaliTad, ioane skot eriugena saukuneebis

Semdeg pirdapir acxadebs: `yvelaferi RmerTSia da RmerTi yvelaferSia~

(19.95). SeniSvnis saxiT aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom msjelobis sxva Temaa,

esa Tu is oficialuri religia kanonikuri TvalsazrisiT rogor egueba

panTeistur Sexedulebebs. ramdenadac Cvens mizans oficialur

religiaTa kanonikuri Tvalsazrisebis panTeizmTan urTierTmimarTebis

garkveva ar warmoadgens, amdenad am Temas arc ganvixilavT, miT umetes

roca, panTeizmi oficialur qristianul kanonikasTan SeuTavsebadia.

qristianuli msoflmxedveloba, am yvelaferTan erTad, naTelia,

sakuTari wiaRis gareT ver datovebda iracionalizmisa Tu aracnobieris

ganzomilebebsac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver aRmoCndeboda

yovlismomcveli, `yovlisSemwovi~ da vinaidan `emanaciuri~ platonizmi

mas amis saSualebasac aZlevda, cxadia, man es mizani sisruleSi moiyvana,

miT umetes, roca platonisa da neoplatonikosebis moZRvreba qristianul

msoflmxedvelobas iracionalizmisa da aracnobieris racionalizmTan da

cnobierTan SeTanawyobis mSvenier winapirobebs uqmnida. qristianulma

msoflmxedvelobam ra Tqma unda, es Sansi xelidan ar gauSva da

miTiTebuli Canafiqri swored platonisa da neoplatonistur

moZRvrebebze dayrdnobiT ganaxorciela. platonisa da neoplatonikosebis

moZRvreba rom saamiso saSualebas iZleoda, amas isev da isev plotines

moZRvreba adasturebs: `hegelis filosofiis istoriaSi plotines

moZRvreba da, saerTod, neoplatonizmi Sefasebulia rogorc antikuri

filosofiis uaryofis uaryofa: berZnuli filosofia pirvel etapze

iracionalur-miTologiur azrovnebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da misi

pirveli uaryofa ganxorcielda klasikuri berZnuli filosofiis

Sedevrebis – platonisa da aristoteles racionalistur moZRvrebebSi –

neoplatonizmma maTi uaryofis uaryofiT SeinarCuna racionalizmi da

masTan daakavSira iracionaluri, mistikuri, eqstaturi, Teoriuli

momentebi~ (52.216). platonizmis swored iracionalistur interpretacias

warmoadgens qristianuli filosofiis warmomadgenlis tertulianes

mtkicebac, rom `sulis siRrmidan wamosuli aracnobieri gancda gonebis

sabuTze ufro Zlieria~ (19.8). tertulianes am Tvalsazriss Taviseburad

emTxveva netari avrelius avgustines Sexeduleba, ramdenadac misTvis

rwmena refleqsiamdea mocemuli, igi iracionaluri aqti ufroa. swored

am konteqtsSi iZens avgustinesTan rwmena uaRresad aRmatebul

mniSvnelobas, `rwmena gagebis safuZveli xdeba – rac ar gwams, verc

gaigeb. formula `mwams, raTa gavigo~ anselm kenterberiels miewereba,

magram amisi safuZveli avgustinesTanaa Semzadebuli. RmerTis rwmena win

unda uZRodes saganTa axsna-ganmartebas, radgan is, risi rwmenac

gagvaCnia, gvexmareba mis ufro metad gagebaSi, goneba miT ufro

gabedulad miiwevs win, rac ufro sarwmunosTan aqvs saqme... aq mkveTrad

gamoCnda avgustines midrekileba iracionalizmisken. misi azriT, neba

rwmenasTan aris dakavSirebuli, nebis Tavisufleba sruli saxiT rwmenaSi

xorcieldeba. RvTaebrivma nebam Tavisi Tavi adamianur nebaSi gaacxada

wmenis saxiT da ase amaRlda Semecnebis poziciidan neba gonebaze,

rwmenam goneba daimorCila: sulis umaRlesi mizania netari simSvidis

miRweva RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis WvretaSi. am mizans ver axorcielebs

goneba, radgan mas RmerTis Sesaxeb mxolod uaryofiTi

gansazRvrulobebis miRweva SeuZlia racionaluri gziT da miT ufro

empiriuli, grZnobadi SemecnebiT, RmerTis wvdoma SeuZlebelia~

(52.262_263).

iqneb sakvirvelic ki iyos, magram faqtia, iseTi racionalisti

qristiani filosofosi, rogoric anselm kenterberialia, swored

iracionalisturi poziciebidan mivida im debulebis aRiarebamde, romlis

safuZvelic ukve avgustinesTan iyo Semzadebuli. rogorac mivuTiTeT, es

debulebaa _ `mwams, raTa gavigo~. anselmi marTalia `yovelives gonebiT

gagebas cdilobs, magram is mxolod damxmare saSualebaa rwmenisTvis~

(19.103), amitom `gonebis didi ndobis miuxedavad anselmis

msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia unda daxasiaTdes, rogorc meTodologiuri

racionalizmi, romlis safuZveli da mizani rwmenis ueWvelobaa~ (19.104).

rwmenisa da gagebis swored amgvar Wrils gulisxmobs anselm

kenterberielis orive debuleba: `mwams raTa Sevimecno~ da `rwmenam unda

gageba eZebos~ (19.103).

urTierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebidan erTidaigive daskvnamde misvla,

pirvelyovlisa, iqneb, TviTon urTierTsawinaaRmdegos pirobiTobaze

miuTiTebdes imdenad, ramdenadac avgustines iracionalizmSi

racionalizmic imTaviTve igulisxmeba da anselm kenterberialis

racionalizmSi iarcionalizmis elementebic aSkaraa. sxva sityvebiT, am

filosofosebTan da ara marto maTTan, erTis mxriv, racionalizmSi

iracionalizmis gancda da meore mxriv, iracionalizmSi racionalizmis

gulveba, Sesabamis winapirobebs qmnis maTi ufro ukeTesad

SeTanawyobisTvis da aki aseTi SeTanawyoba qristianobis kidev erTma

didma momxrem, Toma aqvinelma ganaxorciela kidec. am filosofosis

naazrevs SegviZlia sayovelTaoc ki vuwodoT, radganac masSi

erTmaneTTanaa SeTanawyobili ara marto racionaluri da iracionaluri,

aramed cnobieric da aracnobieric, materialuric da idealuric,

zogadic da erTeulic, mokled, platoniseulic da aristoteleseulic

(neoplatonizebuli aristotele). sxvagvarad, Toma aqvinelis moZRvreba

iseTi ekleqtizmia, sadac elinuridan moyolebuli da elinizmis

periodiT gagrZelebuli, misi drois qristianuli filosofiis CaTvliT,

yvela mimarTulebis Tvalsazrisia Sejerebuli da qristianuli

filosofiis Semdgomi ganviTarebis realuri konturebic ki nagulisxmevgansazRvrulia:

`Toma anselmis racionalizmis winaaRmdegia, fiqrobs,

rom RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba ar unda vandoT mxolod ganswavlul

gonebas. maSin igi miuwvdomeli darCeba ubralo adamianebisaTvis. arc

tertulianes iracionalizmi moswons, radgan icis, rom adamianisaTvis ar

SeiZleba damajerebeli iyos is, rac azrovnebis ZiriTad principebs

ewinaaRmdegeba. magram yoveli religia, raRacnairad swored amgvar

principebs emyareba. amitom Tomas racionalizmi Taviseburi faruli

iracionalizmia. RmerTi Cveni SemecnebisaTvis miuwvdomelia da mis

gasagebad gamocxadebaa saWiro. Tomas surs gaaerTianos empirizmi,

racionalizmi da iracionalizmi... Tomas surs daasabuTos, rom RmerTi

aramarto zogadsa da sayovelTaos Seimecnebs, aramed erTeulsac,

ganumeorebelsac. mxolod zogadis Semecnebis unari naklovaneba

iqneboda, radgan erTeuli gacilebiT mets Seicavs, vidre zogadi. RmerTi

ucodinari iqneboda zogaddTan erTad erTeulic rom ar icodes; ar

icodes grZnobad nivTTa is formebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia mxolod

materialurTan kavSiriT. materia formasTan kavSirSi warmoadgens

individualuri, konkretuli yofieris SesaZleblobas. am azriT ewodeba

materias individualobis principi. materiis gamoa, rom erTi zogadi

forma individualur formaTa uamravi saxiT vlindeba sagnebSi... RmerTis

codnisa da samyaros mimarTebis bunebis gansamartavad, Toma iyenebs

xelovanisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarTebis analogias. rogorc

xelovanma winaswar icis jer ar arsebuli, magram mis mier ukve

warmosaxuli suraTi, aseve RmerTma icis ara marto yoveli arsebuli,

aramed ararsebulic, mizezSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes Sedegi, sanam igi

ganxorcieldebodes... ramdenadac RmerTi TavisSi Seicavs yvela

SesaZlebel upiratesobas da Rirebulebas, igi SeiZleba miviCnioT yoveli

yofieris pirvelsaxed, anu yoveli arsebulis miznad, xolo meore mxriv,

yoveli arsebuli ganvixiloT rogorc RmerTis naklovani ganxorcieleba.

adamianis gonebas, romelsac ara aqvs RmerTis arsebis sruli codna, am

SesaZleblobis realizeba ar SeuZlia. mxolod RmerTis gonebas, rogorc

absoluturs, ZaluZs es, radgan Tavad warmoadgens amgvar realizacias.

es niSnavs, rom igi sakuTar TavSi, rogorc yovelives mizezsa da mizanSi

arsebuli sxvadasxva aspeqtis ganxilviT amoikiTxavs yoveli sagnis

specifikurobas da zRvrul SesaZleblobebs~ (19.285, 296, 298_299).

amdenad, qristianuli msoflmxedveloba marTlac sakuTar TavSi

`isrutavda~ da Taviseburad isadagebda yvela arsebul da SesaZlebel

Tvalsazriss, raTa amiT miTiTebuli TvalsazrisebisTvis sxva aranairi

gza ar daetovebina, grada qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi

gamarTlebisa. ra Tqma unda, es konteqsti, SemdgomSi raime SesaZlo

mimarTulebis isev da isev qristianul wiaRSi Sewovis erTgvar

garantiasac gulisxmobda, Tumca saamisod qristianul msoflmxedvelobas

imTaviTve ufro myari garantia Wirdeboda, vidre es ama Tu im moazrovnis

kerZo Tvalsazrisis mixedviT warsuli msoflmxedvelobis interpretacia

gaxldaT. ufro zustad, meti damajereblobisTvis, amgvar kerZo

Tvalsazrisebs aucileblad xelSesaxebi safuZveli unda hqonoda, iseTi

safuZveli, romelic apriori aqsiomis funqcias ikisrebda. amnairi

aqsiomaturi principis saWiroebas, cxadia, Teologebi imTaviTve

grZnodnen da aki Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvelive saukuneebidan jer kidev

filon aleqsandrielTan, sworedac amgvar saRmrTo wignebze apelirebas

vxvdebiT. Sesabamisad, იუდეველ ფილონ ალექსანდრიელთანაც da qristiani

filosofosebis mTels Semdgom pleadaSic amosaval wertilad swored

saRmrTo wignebi iTvleboda, romlebic drodadro kidev ufro daixvewa

da sabolood im saxiT Camoyalibda, romelic dRes Zveli da axali

aRTqmis, anu bibliis saxiT gvaqvs mocemuli. ese igi, tertulianesac,

avgustinesac, Toma aqvinelsac da sxva qristian Teolog-filosofosebsac

ukve hqondaT miTiTebuli xelSesaxebi sayrdeni saRmrTo wignebis saxiT.

Aaki, zemoT, pirveli Tavis pirvelive paragrafSi mivuTiTeT, rom

gansakuTrebuli wvlili saRmrTo wignebis erTian sistemad dalagebis

SesaZleblobaSi, jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi, anu tertulianemde,

avgustinemde, Toma aqvinelamde Tu sxva Teologebamde adre, erT-erTma

pirvelma swored filon aleqsandrielma Seitanა. რაც შეეხება ფილონ

ალექსანდრიელის თანამედროვე რომაელ ფილოსოფოსს სენეკას, ქრისტიანულ

სააზროვნო სივრცეში სენეკას თვალსაზრისების ერთგვარ ინერპრეტაციებსაც

ვხვდებით: „senekasTan, qristianobis momamzadebeli wina safexuri Zalumad

igrZnoba. senekam qristianuli religiis warmoSobamde wamoayena umaRlesi

qristianuli moralis principi: yvela adamiani Zma da megobaria, yvela

Tanasworia RmerTis winaSe. yvelani warmoSobilni arian erTiani

gonebrivi sawyisidan... senekasTan filosofia sabolood RmerTis

samsaxurSi dgeba~ (51.273). es suliskveTeba, cxadia, saRmrTo wignebis, anu

bibliis ZiriTadi eTikuri principia. senekasTan vxvdebiT aseve

„suliwmindis“ თავისებურ გაგებასაც: `senekas ganmartebiT, CvenSi Sinaganad

moqmedebs `suliwminda~, romelic Tvalyurs gvadevnebs, Cvens qcevebs

marTavs, gvexmareba sikeTisa da borotebis garCevaSi. Cvenzea

damokidebuli misi yuradReba, is, Tu ramdenad vaRiarebT da mivsdevT

mas~ (51.266). saRmrTo wignebi ver iqneboda mTlad srulyofili Tu igi

bunebis sferos auxsnels da sulierTan Seusabamoს datovebda, შესაბამისი

გამოსავალი ki კვლავაც სენეკას შეხედულებებში იმთავითვე შეიძლება

ამოვიკითხოთ: “სენეკა cdilobs, aucileblobis Sesaxeb stoelTa principi

Tanmimdevrulad gaarkvios da gansazRvros misi mimarTeba RmerTTan,

bedTan, gonebasTan, samyarosTan, bunebasTan. sabolood gamodis, rom

RmerTi yovel maTganTan wilnayaria, rom buneba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes

RmerTis gareSe da arc RmerTi bunebis gareSe~ (51.267). aseTi senekaseuli

panTeizmi zogadad Seesabameba filon aleqsandrielis

msoflmxedvelobas, Tumca, filon aleqsandrielTan panTeisturi muxti

platonis მოძღვრების Taviseburad gagebis safuZvelzea Semcirebuli,

logosis, rogorc `Suamavlis~ funqciis ufro aqtiurad warmoCeniT:

`filon aleqsandrieli aRiarebda piTagorasa da platonis moZRvrebaTa

did mniSvnelobas da maTSi eZebda saRmrTo wignTa ideebis filosofiur

safuZvlebs. amasTan erTad man stoicizmis Zlieri gavlenac ganicada~

(51.345_346). filonma `ganaviTara axali moZRvreba emanaciis Sesaxeb,

romelic jer mxolod Canasaxis saxiT iyo warmodgenili... filonTan

emanaciis ZaliT daukavSirdeba RmerTi-zearsi mis pirvel Semoqmedebas

logoss da misi SuamavlobiT grZnobad yofiers. logoss ekisreba

RmerTsa da bunebas Soris erTianobis dadgena da TviT am cnebaSi ukve

adreve igulisxmeboda samyaros erTianoba, misi struqturuli sazrisi.

amave dros logosi aris sityva, pirveli gacxadeba, gaxsna RmerTis

qmedebisa~ (51.347_348) bibliis pirveli fraza _ Tavdapirvelad iyo sityva

da sityva igi iyo RmerTi _ cxadia, savsebiT Seesabameba logosis sityvad

da sityvis logosad gagebis, rogorc RmerTis qmedebis gaxsnis

filoniseul Tvalsazriss, Tumca es ar iyo mxolod filonis

Sexeduleba, msgavsi Sexeduleba stoikosebTanac gvxvdeba, amitom:

`filoni angariSs uwevda stoelebis moZRvrebas logosis Sesaxeb da maTi

gavleniT logoss axasiaTebs rogorc msoflio gonebas, samyaros

mamoZravebelsa da kanonzomierebas. misi azriT, adamianur gonebaSi

logosi ganxorcielebulia mikrokosmosis doneze, amitom adamianisaTvis

logosis saSualebiT gaixsneba gza RmerTisaken, misi gacxadebisaken~

(51.348). amdenad, `logoss kosmologiuri funqciis garda anTropologiuri

funqciac aqvs dakisrebuli, ramdenadac logosi aris Suamavali ara

marto RmerTsa da samyaros Soris, aramed RmerTsa da adamians Sorisac~

(51.349). amasTan, `filonis moZRvrebaSi aris erTi arsebiTi ram, romelic

misticizmis organul nawils warmoadgens – misatikuri Wvreta, eqstazi,

gamocxadeba rogorc adamianis arsebobis umaRlesi mizani. qristianuli

filosofiis gviandel periodSi misticizmis es arsebiTi Tavisebureba

gansxvavebul Sefasebasa da ganviTarebas moipovebs~ (51.350_351).

maSasadame, filonisa da senekas da ara marto maTi moZRvrebebis

ZiriTadi Tezisebi umeteswilad emTxveva saRmrTo wignebis (bibliis)

ZiriTad Tezisebs, razec Semdgom mTeli qristianuli filosofia

ganviTarda, magram imTaviTve cxadi iyo, rom bibliis teqsts axsna mainc

dasWirdeboda, ramdenadac `teqstis sityva-sityviTi ganmartebisas

gaugebari xdeboda RvTaebrivi arsisaTvis sruliad gaumarTlebeli

qmedebebis miwera, amouxsneli rCeboda teqstSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobani

da calkeuli alegoriebi~ (51.346_347). bibliaSi marTlacaa iseTi

adgilebi, romlebic mouazrebadia, zogic eTikur principebs uxeSad

ewinaaRmdegeba. aseT paradoqsul garemoebebze refleqsia jer kidev

tertulianem ganaxorciela. magaliTad, savsebiT mouazrebadia

`virwmunoT adamianis saxiT (gaadamianurebulad) movlenili RmerTi,

omelmac xorcieli sxeuli miiRo qalwulisagan dabadebiT~ (52.87),

RmerTisagan msxverplis gaRebis moTxovna ki, marTlac araeTikurad

gamoiyureba – gavixsenoT is momenti, roca RmerTma abraams isaakis

mokvla sTxova. TviTon tertuliane bibliaSi mocemul aseT momentebs

absurds uwodebs, magram mas mainc swams da swored imitom, rom absurdia.

`mwams, radgan absurdia~ (52.86) _ es fraza swored terturlianes

ekuTvnis da aseTi suliskveTeba swored im garemoebidan amodis, romlis

mixedviTac bibliaSi mocemul absurdul situaciebs adamianuri logika

ver Cawvdeba. aseT viTarebas qristianobis sxva momxreebic, cxadia

acnobierebdnen da amitomac dadga `teqstze alegoriis mixedviT muSaobis

praqtikuli da Teologiur-filosofiuri mniSvneloba dRis wesrigSi~

(51.347). msgavsi samuSao dRis wesrigi filon aleqsandrielTan ukve

imTaviTve idga, raTa garkveuli gauazrebadi Tu araeTikuri

mocemulobebi `alegoriulad~ mainc gaazrebadni da eTikurni

gamxdariyvnen. `filonma amocanad daisaxa eCvenebina filosofiisa da

saRmrTo wignTa dedaarsis sinTezirebis SesaZlebloba da izruna

Sesabamisi meTodisa da moZRvrebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. WeSmaritebis

erTaderTobis mtkicebisTvis man alegoriuli meTodi ganaviTara, romlis

winamorbedi iyo saberZneTSi stoelebis simboloebis Teoria da maT mier

berZnuli miTebis axsnis wesi~ (51.346). Tavis mxriv, stoelTagan alegoriis

yvelaze TvalnaTel magaliTs iZleva qrisiposi, romlis mixedviTac,

`miTologiuri RmerTebi arseboben rogorc kosmosis calkeul nawilTa

alegoriebi, magaliTad, kronosi aRniSnavs nakadTa dinebas, realur

miwiers, hefestosi – cecxls da a.S~ (51.155). am adreul anu berZnul

stoikur alegorizmSi ukve Cans miTologiuri poliTeisturi cnobierebis

dasasrulis dasawyisi, ramdenadac ukve TviTon adreul stoelebTan

`alegoriuli TvalsazrisiT moixseniebodnen usulo, utyvi bunebis

obieqtebi~ (51.156). amdenad, filoni alegoriul meTods iqneb marTlac

stoelebisgan sesxulobs, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom filonTan alegoria

swored rom meTodis gagebiTaa mocemuli da ara RmerTTan Tu bunebis

sagnebTan igiveobrivi saxiT. sxva sityvebiT, filonTan alegoria is gzaa,

romelmac garkveul mouazrebad Tu araeTikur Sinaarsebs miRma

raRacnairad, Tundac iracionalurad swored azrobrivi da eTikuri unda

dagvanaxos. am konteqstSi filonTan TiTqos winaswaraa moxazuli

tertulianes zemoT motanili frazis gamarTleba _ `mwams, radgan

absurdia~. Sesabamisad, gasagebia, ratomac daamuSava filonma

`alegoriuli meTodis safexurebrivi Tanamimdevroba mTliani formaluri

struqturis Sesabamisad, romlis mixedviT pirveli safexuria bibliis

teqstze muSaoba, mis debulebebze yuradRebis fiqsireba, meore safexuria

am debulebebis ganmarteba maTSi filosofiuri sazrisis aRmoCenis

mizniT, mesame safexurze dadgindeba mocemul debulebebSi gamoyenebuli

saRmrTo simboloebisa da maTi Sinaarsobrivi ganmsazRvrelis

filosofiuri cnebis igiveoba~ (51.346). am konteqstis mixedviT unda

gaviazroT erTi SexedviT, ucnauri alegoriuli Sedarebebi filonTan,

magaliTad, `bibliaSi moxseniebuli personaJebis saxelebi mis mier

axsnili iyo sxvadasxva sulier mdgomareobaTa simboloebad, maTve

ukvaSirebda zneobrivi qcevis saxeebs. filoni sityvaTa etimologiur

mniSvnelobasac iSveliebda, magaliTad, adami – gonebas, eva – sicocxlesa

da grZnobas, kaeni – ugunurebasa da angarebas gamoxatavda. zogjer igi

SemTxveviT niSnebs aqcevda yuradRebas da vefxvs ganmartavda, rogorc

`Jins~, aqlems _ `mexsierebas~, Txas _ `simarTlisken swrafvas~ ~

(51.352_353). filonis es, erTi SexedviT, ucnauri alegorizmi imdenad

ucnaurad aRar mogveCveneba, Tuki mas alegoriis gagebis filoniseulive

zogad Wrils miuyenebT. aseT SemTxvvaSi, magaliTad goneba da grZnoba

ara marTla adamisa da evas saxiT mogvecema, aramed gonebisa da grZnobis

adamsa da evaze SedarebiT raRacnairad nagrZnob-nawvdomia gonebisa da

grZnobis raoba maT TavisTavadobaSi. aseve unda gavigoT vefxvis `JinTan~,

aqlemis `mexsierebasTan~, Txis `simarTlesTan~ filoniseuli alegoriuli

Sedarebebic. Sesabamisad, bibliis mouazrebadi da araeTikuri pasaJebis

racionalurobisa da eTikurobis aseTive nagrZnob-nawvdomis saxiT

gagebis SesaZlebloba swored alegoriul prizmaSi gveZleva. maSasadame,

filonis msgavsi alegoriuli Tvalsazrisi, erTgvari gamamarTlebeli

saxiT mieyeneba bibliis zemoT miTiTebul e.w. paradoqsul pasaJebs, anu

igi `arsebiTad TavisTavSi Seicavs yvela qristianul warmodgenas:

adamianis TanSobil codvas, logoss, romelic gadaiqca Suamavlad

RmerTsa da adamians Soris, monaniebas, RmerTisTvis sakuTari gulis

Sewirvas~ (51.350).

saboloo jamSi, `bibliis teqstze Taviseburi Zaldatanebis

miuxedavad, romelsac filoni zog SemTxvevaSi mimarTavda, man Tavisi

alegoriis meTodis danergviT filosofiisa da RvTismetyvelebis

gaerTianebis pirveli seriozuli mcdeloba ganaxorciela. man safuZveli

Cauyara saRmrTo wignTa mimarT, erTi mxriv, hermenevtikul midgomas,

romelic Semdeg avgustinem Teologiuri hermenevtikis doneze aiyvana,

meore mxriv, saTave daudo Sua saukuneebSi im mecnierul-sqolastikuri

(samecniero skoluri) moRvaweobis farTod gaSlas, romelsac cnobili

moazrovneni didi STagonebiT eweodnen saxarebaTa da sxva saRmrTo

wignTa komentarebisa da axsna-ganmartebis mimarTulebiT~ (51.353).

avgustinem, naSromSi _ `qristianuli mecniereba anu wminda

hermenevtikis safuZvlebi da saeklesio mWevrmetyveleba~ _ marTlac

seriozulad gaamaxvila yuradReba filon aleqsandrielis mier pivel

saukuneTa mijnaze danergil saRmrTo wignTa gagebis tradiciaze, oRond

filonisgan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadi aqcenti niSanTa Teoriaze gadaitana:

`avgustinem saRmrTo wignTa interpretaciis Teoriuli safuZvlebis

damuSavebisas stoelTa niSnis Teoria gamoiyena da Camoayaliba e.w.

hermenevtikuli meTodi, romlis mixedviT, bibliis teqsti WeSmaritebis

Sesaxeb daSifrul informacias iZleva da saWiroa am Sifrebis gageba.

episkoposi moazrovne ufro Sors midis _ ena RmerTis WeSmaritebaTa

daSifruli niSnebiT muSaobs. es upirveles yovlisa saRmrTo wignis enas

exeba da Semdeg _ TviT grZnobadi sinamdvile da adamiani RmerTis

WeSmaritebaTa Sifruli niSnebiT arsebobs. avgustinem gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba gaamaxvila enobriv niSnebze da maTi axsna miiCnia

WeSmaritisagan mcdaris, qristianobisa da warmarTuli antikuri

filosofiuri azrovnebis garCevis kriteriumad. misi azriT, warmarTul

teqstebSi enobrivi niSnebi ar iZleva Tavdapirvel WeSmaritebaze

informacias, qristianuli teqstebi ki iseT Sifrebzea agebuli, romelnic

swori informaciis wyaroa WeSmaritebis wvdomisTvis... adamiani Semecnebas

axorcielebs saganTa samyaroSi maTi moxmarebis procesSi, amave dros igi

moixmars enas, sityviT niSnebs, sagnebi aRniSnulni arian niSnebiT, anu

sityvebiT, sityva bgerebiT an asoebiT aRiniSneba. arsebobs am niSanTa

WeSmariti SeerTebis wesebi. magram WeSmariti SemecnebisTvis ar aris

sakmarisi niSan-sityvaTa SeerTebis siswore, aramed amis gareSea TviT

azrTa WeSmariteba, romelic daSifrulia garkveuli niSnebiT. niSnebi

orgvaria: bunebrivi da xelovnuri. xelovnuri niSnebi SeTanxmebiTaa

dadgenili da maTi gadacema xdeba gansazRvruli sulieri moZraobis

ZaliT. adamianTa urTierTSuRlma gansazRvra enaTa da damwerlobaTa

gansxvavebani. adamianebs saerTo aqvT azrovnebis wesebi, rac azrovnebas

ki ar gvaswavlis, aramed gagvagebinebs sworsa da araswor kavSirebs~

(52.265, 266).

avgustines aseTi Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi

ibadeba kiTxva: saidan askvnida es filosofosi, rom warmarTul

teqstebSi bunebrivi niSnebi ar iZlevian Tavdapirvel WeSmaritebaze

informacias, xolo qristianuli teqstebi aseT WeSmarit Sifrebzea

agebuli am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mizanSewonilia stoelTa

niSnebis Teorias SevexoT, radgan rogorc mivuTiTeT, avgustinem

interpretaciis faruli safuZvlebis damuSavebisas, safuZvlad am

TemasTan dakavSirebiT stoelTa Tvalsazrisi gamoiyena: `gonebis

moRvaweobis, logikuri azrovnebis bunebaSi sakmado Rrmad garkvevis

Sedegad stoelebma aRmoaCines, rom Semecnebis procesi ar aris martivi

asaxvis, anabeWdebis, anasaxebis SeZenisa da cnobierebaSi damagrebis

meqanikuri procesi. SemecnebaSi sami momenti monawileobs: aRmniSvneli

(sityva), aRsaniSni (sagani) da sazrisi im sityvisa, romliTac

aRmniSvnelSi gamoiTqmeba aRsaniSnis obieqturi dedaarsi. es mesame aris

`leqtoni~ (sityvasityviT `gamoTqmuli~), arasxeulebrivi, aramaterialuri

(romelic gamoiTqmeba an daiwereba), gansxvavebuli sityvisaganac da am

sityviT aRniSnuli sagnisganac. stoelebis mixedviT, sityva TavisTavSi

raRaca sxeulebriv garkveulobas Seicavs, sityva bgerebisgan Sedgeba...

`leqtonis~ cnebis SemotaniT stoelebma axali problema daayenes, maT

dasves sakiTxi, materialurisa da fsiqikurisagan gansxvavebuli

obieqturi arsis iseTi saxeobis Sesaxeb, romelsac sakmaod gvian

neokantianelebma mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis cnebebi Seufardes,

huserlis fenomenologiaSi ki misi analogia obieqturad arsebuli

idealuri sazrisi. sagangebo kvlevis sagania, magram winaswarve SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom `leqtonis~ Sesaxeb stoleTa moZRvrebaSi platonis ideebis

Teoriis trasformaciis momentic moiZebneba... sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom stoelebTan `leqtonis~ cnebaSi Cadebulia iseTi Sinaarsi, romelic

gamoxatavs azris wminda obieqtsac da wminda azris sagansac, iseT

sinamdviles, romelic damoukidebelia rogorc SegrZnebebisa da

aRqmebisagan, ise sxeulebrivisagan. aqve isic unda davumatoT, rom

`leqtonis~ mniSvneloba ar ifargleba arc Semecnebis Teoriisa da arc

logikis sazRvrebiT, mas stoelebTan gacilebiT ufro farTo,

ontologiis momcveli mniSvneloba aqvs~ (51.187, 188).

rogorc xedavT, warmarTuli stoicizmis niSnis TeoriaSi

monoTeizmis principebi ukve Zalze mkafiod ikveTeba. es gansakuTrebiT

stoelebis mier `leqtonis~ gagebaSi Cans, amitomac SegviZlia stoelebTan

platonis ideebis Teoriis transformaciis safuZvelic davinaxoT da

`leqtonis~ gagebas ontologiuri mniSvnelobac mivaniWoT monoTeisturi

mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis perspeqtiviT. amdenad, vfiqrobT, avgustine

maincadamainc imas ki Aar adasturebda, TiTqos warmarTul teqstebSi

enobrivi niSnebi pirdapiri gagebiT ar iZlevian Tavdapirvel

WeSmaritebaze infromacias, aramed imas, rom warmarTebi amgvari enobrivi

WeSmaritebis adekvaturad interpretacias ver axerxebdnen, Sesabamisad,

maT enobriv niSnebSi imTaviTve mocemuli WeSmariteba mcdari

interpretaciis morevSi iyo Cakarguli da SeTanxmebiT dadgenili

xelovnuri niSnebis sulieri ZaliT gadacemis procesic aseTi mcdari

interpretaciis mixedviT miedineboda, rac ganapirobebda imas, rom

warmarTuli teqstebis enobrivi niSnebi Tavdapirvel WeSmaritebaze

informaciis ver mocemis STabeWdilebas tovebda. Tavis mxriv, avgustines

mixedviT, qristianuli teqstebi Tavdapirvel WeSmarit Sifrebze

imdenadaa agebuli, ramdenadac am teqstebis adekvaturad gagebis pirobebi

winaswarmoxazulis saxiT, rogorc es stoikosTa niSanTa Teoriidanac

davinaxeT, warmarTul teqstebSicaa mocemuli. ufro zustad, avgustines,

Cans, swored stoikosTa niSanTa Teoriam daanaxa warmarTul teqstebSi

ukve winaswarmoxazulis saxiT nagulisxmevi WeSmariti Sifrebis

adekvaturad anu WeSmariti Tvalsazrisis mixedviT interpretaciis

SesaZlebloba. Tavis mxriv, interpretaciis Teoriuli safuZvlebis

damuSavebiT miRebuli ZiriTadi postulatebi enobrivi Tu sxva tipis

gansxvavebaTa miRma `mdebare~ azrovnebis wesebis saerToobis gamo yvela

adamianisTvis saerTo unda gamxdariyo, iseve rogorc amave mizezis

wyalobiT, filonis alegoriuli meTodis Teoriuli safuZvlebis arsi

yvelasTvis erTnairad gasagebi unda gamxdariyo da amave dros

miTiTebuli enobrivi Tu sxva tipis gansxvavebaTa Sesabamisi

interpretaciis Sinaarsic swored ZiriTadi Teoriuli safuZvlebis

CarCoebs ar unda gascdenoda. Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebi swored

amgvar WrilSi ganixilavdnen mTelisa da nawilebis urTierTmimarTebasac.

mTelisa da nawilebis urTierTmimarTebaze refleqsias jer kidev

antikuri moazrovneebi akeTebdnen, magram misi hermenevtikul WrilSi

safuZvlianad gadmotana swored Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma

ganaxorcieles. imave filon aleqsandrielTan da avgustinesTan saRmrTo

teqstis romelime konkretul epizods, marTalia aseve konkretuli

alegoria da konkretuli enobrivi Sifri mieyeneba, magram amgvar

konkretulobaSi apriori mTlianis `sunTqva~ igrZnoba, radgan rom ara am

konkretulis mTelidan gamomdinareoba, konkretuli SeiZleba ramdenadme

gasagebi mainc yofiliyo, magram igi saerTo konteqstidan amovardnili

darCeboda. meore mxriv, saRmrTo wignebs ver gavigebT mTlianobaSi, Tuki

ver CavwvdebiT misi Semadgeneli nawilebis arss. Sesabamisad, Sua

saukuneebis filosofosebic swored im daskvnamde midiodnen, rogor

daskvnamdec saukuneebis Semdeg magaliTad, asti mivida: ama Tu im teqstis,

maT Soris bibliis nawilebi SeiZleba TavisTavad konkretulobaSic

iyvnen gasagebni, maT Soris alegoriis meTodiTac, magram es

konkretulobani mainc imdenad arian gasagebni, ramdenadac mTelis gaSlagamovlinebani

arian da mTelic imdenad gaigeba, ramdenadac am Tavis

konkretul gaSla-gamovilnebaSi sakuTar Tavs wvdeba. ase Seikra bibliis

safuZvelze `hermenevtikuli wre~ Sua saukuneebSi, romelic rogorc

meTodi, Semdgomi periodis moazrovneebmac aitaces. gadameric, roca Sua

saukuneebis hermenevtikul kvleva-Ziebebs exeba, erTmniSvnelovnad

miuTiTebs: `saRvTo werilis namdvili sazrisi, cxadia, erTmniSvnelovnad

gasagebi ar aris yvelgan da yovelTvis. calkeuli fragmentis gageba

gapirobebulia saRvTo werilis mTlianobis gagebiT, iseve rogorc piriku

– es mTeli SeiZleba nawvdomi iyos mxolod calkeuli fragmentebis

gagebis wyalobiT. mTelisa da nawilebis mimarTebis amgvari Caketiloba

TavisTavad ar aris raRac axali. is icoda ukve antikurma ritorikam,

romelic adarebs srulyofil sityvas organul sxeuls, mimarTebas Tavsa

da sxeulis sxva nawilebs Soris~ (71.223).

mTelisa da nawilebis amgvari urTierTmimarTebis WrilSi Cawnuli

bibliuri Sinaarsebis Tavisebur asaxvas warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis

xelovnebac. sxva sityvebiT, xelovnebis verc erTi dargi vercerT epoqaSi

verasdros acdeba misive Tanadrouli epoqaluri saazrovno garemodan

gamomdinare Sinaarsebs. Sua saukuneebsac, rogorc davinaxeT, sakuTari

saazrovno garemo axasiaTebda da Sesabamisad am epoqis mxatvruli

teqstic mTlianad qristianul Sinaarss asxivebda. es Tvalsazrisi sulac

ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi epoqis saazrovno

garemos `gamosxiveba~ ZaldatanebiTi aqti iyo, piriqiT, igi iseTive

Zaldautanebeli, bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, rogorc sulieri Zvrebi

kacobriobis istoriaSi, magaliTad _ poliTeisturi cnobierebis

monoTeisturi cnobierebiT Secvlis procesi. poliTeisturi azrovnebidan

monoTeistur azrovnebaze gadawyobis xangrZlivi procesi zustadac rom

grndiozuli gardatexis etapia kacobriobis azrovnebaSi, magram amave

dros, aseTi gardatexa, aSkarad aracnobier xasiaTs atarebda.

kacobriobis azrovneba marTlac nabij-nabij, momavlis Sedegebis

winaswarganWvretis gareSe mieqaneboda poliTesituri Sexedulebebidan

monoTesiturisken da roca Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi,

Sedegebi ukve saxeze iyo, iqneb garkveul ideologiur Tu sxva tipis

mizanmimarTul qmedebebsac hqonda adgili, magram aseT mizanmimarTulebas

zurgs ukve swored manamde globalur masStabebSi ganxorcielebuli

aRwerili procesi umagrebda. amgvar sulier-kulturul viTarebas

zedmiwevniT kargad axasiaTebs germanel romantikosTa erT-erTi beladi,

cnobili poeti da moazrovne novalisi. kerZod, werilSi `qrsitianoba Tu

evropa~ igi wers: `Sua saukuneebi iyo brwyinvale dro, roca evropaSi

qristianoba batonobda da yvelas saerTo interesi akavSirebda, roca

TiToeuls bavSvuri ndoba hqonda RmerTis, rac uadvilebda maT Tavisi

amqveyniuri daniSnulebis Sesrulebas~ (19.5).

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, Sua saukuneebis

mxatvruli teqstic verafriT acdeboda religiur Sinaarsebs, imdenad

ramdenadac Sua saukuneebis sulier-kulturuli atmosfero amave epoqaSi

moRvawe mxatvruli teqstis SemqmnelisTvisac imTaviTve aracnobierad,

apriori `misi~ iyo. swored am konteqstis mixedviT unda gavigoT Sua

saukuneebis xelovnebaSi imdroindeli saazrovno garemos mixedviT

nakarnaxevi Sinaarsebis asaxvis faqti da ara ZaldatanebiTi

mniSvnelobiT. amdenad, is, rasac fridrix Selingi, rilke, imanuel kanti

da sxva filosofosebi Zaldautanlobas uwodeben, mxatvruli teqstis

aRmocenebis mTavari pirobaa da Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi, aseve sxva

epoqebis xelovnebaSic, epoqis ideebica da grZnobebic swored

Zaldautaneblad, bunebrivad airekleba. yvela epoqis xelovani, antikuri

filosofiis erT-erT mTavar burjs, platons Tu davesesxebiT, udavod

`gondakarguli~ moqmedebs da Tanamedrove terminologiiT Tu vityviT,

swored am aracnobieri moqmedebisas eZleva xelovans misi Tanadrouli

saazrovno ganwyobilebebi yvelaze wminda, `bavSvuri~ saxiT. sxva

sityvebiT, xelovans aseTi ganwyobilebebi TviTcnobierebamde,

refleqsiamde aqvs mocemuli da am ukanasknelsac igi mxatvrul teqstSi,

mxatvrul qmnilebaSi, aseve bunebrivad da Zaldautaneblad gadaaqvs.

Sesabamisad, absurdulad gamoiyureba kiTxva Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis

SesaZlo naZaladevobis Taobaze, aseve imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos xelovani

aracnobieri moqmedebisas mxatvrul teqsts epoqis Sinaarss ver SesZens.

aracnobieri SemoqmedebiTi aqti xelovans araTu xels ar uSlis epoqis

saazrovno ganwyobilebebis mxatvrul teqstSi gadatanis gzaze, aramed

aseT dros mas epoqis ideebi da grZnobebi xelovnebis qmnilebaSi

sruliad bunebrivad, yvelaze wminda saxiT gadaaqvs, Tanac aseTi

bunebrivi siwminde yovelgvar Zaldatanebas, Sesabamisad cnobieri

muSaobis monur winaswarganzraxulobas savsebiT gamoricxavs. aqedan

gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebSi moRvawe xelovansac savsebiT miesadageba

fridrix Sileris sityvebi, romlis Tanaxmadac, `Semoqmedebis aqtis

momamzadebeli mdgomareobisas is (Semoqmedi) ver poulobs TavisTavSi

aime saxes, sagans; arsebobs mxolod raRac musikaluri ganwyobileba,

romelsac Semdgom mosdevs poeturi idea~ (7.313). swored aseT WrilSi

aireklavda Sua sakuneebis Semoqmedi mis Tanadroul saazrovno

atmosferos da Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom Sua saukuneebis mxatvruli

teqstic mTlianad qristianul Sinaarss `asxivebda~. ipolit teni am

viTarebas ase aRgviwers eklesiis agebulebaze, rogorc qristianuli

arqiteqturis mwvervalze msjelobisas: `Senoba Tavisi ekvderis

mowyobilobiT gamosaxavs jvars, romelzec suli dalia qristem, mrgvali

sarkmlebi Tavisi almasiseburi yvavilebiT gamosaxaven samaridiso vards,

romlis furclebic warmoadgenen gamoxsnilTa sulebs. yoveli nawilis

sidide Seesabameba saRmrTo ricxvebs. meore mxriv, Senobis formebi

Tavisi simdidriT, ucnaurobiT, gabedulebiT, sifaqiziT da

uzarmazarobiT, kargad Seesabameba fantaziis TavSeukaveblobas da

cnobismoyvareobas. aseTi sulis mqone adamians esaWiroeba cocxali,

mravalnairi, cvalebadi, ukiduresi da ucnauri SegrZnebebi. aRarc svetsa

xmaroben, arc horizontalur gardigardmo gadafenas, aRarc mrgval

TaRs, mokled rom vTqvaT, uaryofen antikuri arqiteqturis mtkice

saZirkvels~ (38.56). msgavs qristianul Sinaarss `asxivebda~ Sua

saukuneebis musikac. am tipis musika `aZlevs adamians samlocvelo

eqstazs, romelsac usasrulobisken gavyavarT, musika wyvets adamians

miwieri cxovrebisagan da amaRlebs mas ciur sferoebamde. musika

didebuli saCuqaria, romliTac RmerTma adamiani daajildova~ (93.27).

musikis amgvari gageba SeiZleba iTqvas, zustad emTxveva musikis

neoplatonistur gagebas. magaliTad, neoplatonikos plotines mixedviT,

`musika adamianis suls amaRlebs da ganaridebs grZnobadi sagnebisagan,

amzadebs mas saazrovno samyaros WvretisaTvis. musikis moyvaruli

aracnobierad iswrafvis harmoniisa da sikeTisaken, gmobs borotiseuls,

bgeraTa harmoniis abstraqcia xdeba materialurisagan, tkbobis mizezi is

ki ar aris, Tu ra instrumentze sruldeba musikaluri nawarmoebi, aramed

sruliad mowyvetilad amisagan, suli idealuri harmoniiT tkbobas

eZleva” (52.212). amas garda, plotine `aviTarebs platonis moZRvrebas

mSvenierebis safexurebis Sesaxeb da arCevs mSvenierebis gamoxatvis

sxvadasxva formebs, miuTiTebs mSvenierebaze xelovnebaSi, mecnierebaSi,

zneobaSi, romelTac suli sabolood erTianobaSi moaqcevs da gonis

safexurze amaRlebuli mzaobaSia pirvelarsTan miaxloebisTvis~

(52.212_213). musikisa da saerTod xelovnebis forma-Sinaarsis Taobaze

platonisa da neoplatonikosebis aseTi Sexeduleba, qristianuli

msfolmedvelobisTvis racionaluri da misaRebi iqneboda da rogorc

zeviT vnaxeT, qristianma filosofos-Teologebma platonisa da

neoplatonikosebis miTiTebuli Tvalsazrisi musikisa da zogadad

xelovnebis qristianul gagebas warmatebiT miusadages kidec. Sua

saukuneebis moraluri muxtis aRwerili logikis mixedviT, ra Tqma unda,

imdroindeli ferwerac, skulpturaca da poeziac bunebrivad sazrdoobda.

xelovnebis es saxeobebi marTalia poliTeisturi epoqis Sinaarsebsac

gamoxatavdnen, magram rogorc zemoT erTgan ukve avRniSneT,

gamoxatavdnen ara WeSmaritebad, aramed imis gaxsenebis saSualebad, rom

qristianobamde arsebobda poliTeisturi cnobiereba, rogorc adamianis

religiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis sawyisi da mcdari etapi.

kacobriobis religiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis amgvar logikaze Tavis

SromebSi hegelic miuTiTebs.

qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis saazrovno garemosa da amave epoqis

xelovnebis urTierTCawmulobidan gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebis

xelovnebis gagebis horizontic, cxadia, savsebiT Seesabameboda saRmrTo

wignebis gagebis horizonts. metic, ukve gagebis aseTsave WrilSi iyo

moqceuli antikuri xelovnebis gaazrebis SesaZleblobac, rogorc amaze

ukve araerTxel miuTiTeT. Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis

nebismieri konkretuli nawarmoebi mTlianobaSi gaigeboda, rogorc

konkretuli nawilebis TavisTavad gagebadi erToblioba, magram es

konkretulobani mainc imdenad arian gagebadni, ramdenadac mTliani

mxatvruli teqstis gaSla-gamovlinebebs warmoadgenen, romelTa

meSveobiTac Tavdapirveli mTliani idea sakuTar Tavs kvlavac nawilebis

Tavdapirvel safuZvliseul erTianobad wvdeba. teqstis gagebis aseT

struqturaSi miuRebeli TavisTavad araferia, magram Sua saukuneebis

Semdgom, aRorZinebis (reformaciis, humanizmis) epoqaSi, mravali

moazrovnisTvis teqstis gagebis miTiTebuli struqturis wiaRSi

dafaruli saxiT nagulisxmevi aqsiomaturi principebi aRmoCnda

miuRebeli. kerZod, Sua saukuneebis qristiani filosofos-Teologebi

saRmrTo teqstebis gagebis hermenevtikul Wrils ise ki warmosaxavdnen,

TiTqos saRmrTo teqstebi alegoriuli Tu sxva tipis midgomebiT

TavisTavad gasagebni iyvnen, magram sinamdvileSi isini apriori

emyarebodnen saeklesio dogmatikasa Tu qristian TeologTa avtoritets.

aseT viTarebaze erT-erTma pirvelma miuTiTa reformaciis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenelma martin luTerma, roca ganacxada _ `saRmrTo wignebi

sakuTari TaviT sawvdomni arian~ (7.396). sxvagvarad, es debuleba,

saRmrTo wignebis gagebis gzaze, ara mxolod saWirod ar Tvlida

saeklesio dogmatikaze Tu sxva gareSe avtoritetebze damyarebas, aramed

gulisxmobda imasac, rom saeklesio dogmatikaca da sxva gareSe

avtoritetebic saRmrTo wignebis gagebis SesaZleblobas araTu aioleben,

sinamdvileSi ufro aerTuleben kidec. gadameris Tanaxmad: `marad

sakiTxavi saRmrTo wigni eklesiisTvis iyo biblia, magram misi gageba

ganisazRvreboda da reformatorTa azriT Zneldeboda saeklesio

dogmatikis tradiciiT~ (71.222). Tavis mxriv, martin luTerma, saRmrTo

wignebis gagebis gzaze, saeklesio Tu sxva avtoritetebis uaryofis

pirobebSi, SeinarCuna saRmrTo wignebis gagebis Sua saukuneobrivi sqema,

magram Tavad gagebis axleburi Wrili ukve uaResad mniSvnelovani

simptomebis aSkara maniSnebeli iyo: TviTon luTers saeklesio dogmebisa

da avtoritetebis uaryofa, sulac ar ucdia saRmrTo wignebSi mocemuli

Sinaarsebis uaryofasTan gaeigivebina, magram saRmrTo teqstebis gagebis

luTeranuli Wrili, imis miuxedavad, ra rogor surda luTers, apriori

gulisxmobda saRmrTo teqstebis Sinaarsebis uaryofis SesaZleblobasac.

es Wrili ki Tavis mxriv uaRresad uaxlovdeboda msoflgagebis

neoplatonistur gadmosaxeds. Tuki neoplatonistur monoTeizme SeiZleba

msjeloba, es iseTi monoTeizmia, romelic erTi da imave dros, Sors dgas

poliTeisturi cnobierebisganac da religiis gagebis monoTeisturqristianuli

interpretaciisganac. aki aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebic

swored azrovnebis amgvari stiliT xasiaTdebian, radgan isini, erTi

mxriv, aRar gamoirCevian kanonikuri religiisadmi uapelacio morCilebiT,

xolo meores mxriv, antikur suls, antikur kulturasa da xelovnebas

rogorRac poliTeisturi safuZvlebis gareSe aRorZineben. swored amitom

ewodeba aRorZinebis epoqas `aRorZinebis epoqa~ _ am epoqis moazrovneebs

antikuri kultura poliTeisturi cnobierebiTurT rom aRedginaT, igi

iqneboda antikuris ubralo gaxseneba, anu ukan dabruneba da ara

`aRorZineba~. antikuri kulturis qristianuli dogmatikis safuZvelze

xelaxali inetpretacia ki azrovnebis stilis TvalsazrisiT isev Sua

saukuneebs mogvcemda da ara aRorZinebas. amdenad, aRorZinebis epoqa

marTlac saintereso fenomenia, imitom rom `kacobiorbis ganviTarebaSi

yoveli epoqis kultura gardamavalia, igi ganpirobebulia warsuliT da

amzadebs pirobebs momdevnosaTvis. magram aRorZinebis epoqa

gansakuTrebiT imsaxurebs am saxels, ragdan ori savsebiT Camoyalibebuli

da gamokveTili kulturis: feodalizmis da kapitalizmis kulturaTa

Sorisaa moqceuli. Sua saukuneebTan mTeli misi dapirispirebis

miuxedavad aRorZinebis epoqa mniSvnelovnadaa ganmsWvaluli misi

miznebiT da problematikiT, axal epoqasTan mTeli siaxlovis miuxedavad,

gansxvaveba mainc arsebiTi rCeba. aRorZinebis kulturis specifikas ori

didi kulturis swored es urTierTgamsWvalva qmnis. axali da Zveli aq

isea gadaxlarTuli erTmaneTze, rom formaluri SesaZlebloba iqmneba,

es kultura mTlianad mivakuTvnoT Zvels da misi ganviTarebis umaRles

punqtad CavTvaloT, an axals da misi ganviTarebis sawyisidan

warmovidginoT~ (65.142). Cveni azriT, ufro logikuria, aRorZinebis epoqa

axal epoqas mivakuTvnoT da axali epoqa aRorZinebis epoqis sawyisidan

ganviTarebis saxiT warmovidginoT, radgan axali epoqis azrobriv-ideuri

Sinaarsi mTlianad aRorZinebis epoqis ZvelTan urTierTgamsWvaluli

msoflmxedvelobis Tavisebur ataceba-ganviTarebas warmoadgens. aseve,

Cveni azriT, aRorZinebis epoqis sawyisi wertili, yvelaze ufro mainc

martin luTeris reformatorulma saqmianobam gansazRvra, radgan

prqtikulad swored man gakvala gza Tavisufali azrovnebisaken,

Tavisufali azrovneba ki Zvelsa da axals Soris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,

konkurencias gulisxmobs. ganmanaTleblobis, humanizmisa da sxva amgvar

moZraobaTa aRmoceneba, cxadia, swored Tavisufali saazrovno `bazris~

produqtia, iseTi produqti, romelic ZvelTan dapirispirebis wiaRSi

amoizarda. aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebTan ukve veRar vxvdebiT

religiisadmi SeueWvebel damokidebulebas, metic, bevri maTgani

eligiebs pirdapir gamonagonsa da siyalbes uwodebs. magaliTad, jer

kidev luTeramde cota xniT adre moRvawe italiel humanist mwerlebs

petrarkasa da bokaCos eWvi SeaqvT religiis dogmebSi. petrarkas

`intimuri lirika mogviTxrobs siyvarulze, ara abstraqtul siyvarulze,

aramed siyvarulze cocxali qaliSvilisadmi (laurasadmi), TiTqmis

mTeli misi poezia miZRvnilia laurasadmi. bokaCo ki Tavis `dekameronSi~

principulad ewinaaRmdegeba xucobis, berobis instituts da msgavs

religiur dogmebs~ (6.19). aseTive Sualedur pozicias iWeren momdevno

periodis frangi da germaneli humanistebi, magaliTad miSel monteni da

iakob boeme. montenisTvis amosavali principi yvelaferSi eWvis Setanaa,

maT Soris Teologiur principebSic. misTvis adamianuri morali

religiisgan unda gaTavisuflebuliyo _ `qristianuli RmerTis saxeliT

espanelebi xocaven amerikel mosaxleobas, angreven maT bednierebas~ (6.53)

_ ambobda igi. boemec swored amdagvarad msjelobda, roca acxadebda _

`CemTvis naTelia, rom yoveli Cxubi da kamaTi religiidan warmoiSva~

(65.171). montenisa da boemesagan gansxvavebiT kidev ufro kategoriulia

benediqt spinoza, romelmac saerTod uaryo nebismieri religiuri

moZRvrebis WeSmariteba. igi pirdapir acxadebs, rom religiaTa

warmoSobis bazisi aris SiSi: `SiSi aris mizezi crurwmenis warmoSobisa,

adamiani am crurwmenis monad iqceva. adamianTa uvicobazea damokidebuli

religiisa da eklesiis avtoriteti. religia saWiroa imisTvis, rom

adamianebi morCilebaSi yavdes mefes, ufross~ (6.207). Sesabamisad, spinozas

mtkicebiT `saRmrTo wignebi dawerilia daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis

manZilze sxvadasxva avtoris mier gansxvavebuli epoqebis xalxebisTvis.

es wignebi adamianTa dokumentia. unda gairkves, vin werda, ris gamo

werda, visTvis werda, rogor iyo miRebuli isini TanamedroveTa mier, vis

xelSi Cavarda da rogor iqna gadamuSavebuli; agreTve rogor da vin

gaaerTiana isini erT mTlian saRmrTo wignebad~ (6.207). aseTive paToss

iziarebs lesingic: `filosofosi iakobi SromaSi `spinozas filosofiis

Sesaxeb~, gadmogvcems Tavis saubars lesingTan. lesingi am saubarSi

ambobs, rom RvTaebis Sesaxeb orTodoqsuli warmodgenebi misTvis

miuRebelia, rom is spinozas filosofiis momxrea~ (6.245). lesingis

cnobili dramis `naTan brZenis~ mixedviT, namdvili religia keTili

saqmeebis keTeba, adamianTa urTierTsiyvarulia da ara dogmaturi

principebisadmi brma erTguleba: `kacobriobis istorias lesingi

ganixilavs ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. es istoria aris kacobriorbis

TandaTanobiTi srulqmnis istoria dabali safexurebidan maRlisaken. rac

Seexeba religiebs, isini garkveuli istoriuli epoqiT arian

ganpirobebuli. yoveli religia gamoxatavs ama Tu im epoqis cnobierebas,

Semdgom epoqaSi arsebuli religia aRar Seesabameba kacobriobis

Secvlil moTxovnilebas, misi ganviTarebis axal dones da amitom

icvleba axali religiiT. amdenad, religiebi istoriulad warmoadgens

safexurebs kacobriobis zneobrivi da kulturuli ganviTarebisa.

sabolood unda gaimarjvos gonebam, samarTlianobam da humanizmma,

romelic Secvlis religias~(6.247). analogiur ideebs lesingis

paralelurad lesingze ufro gabedulad avrcelebdnen frangi

ganmanaTleblebi. magaliTad, adreuli franguli ganmanaTleblobis

warmomadgenlis pier beilis mixedviT, `zneoba sruliad damoukidebelia

religiisagan, iseve rogorc, filosofia aris damoukidebeli

religiisagan... zneobrivi normebis Rirseba TviTon am zneobriv normebSi

unda veZeboT, maTi dakavSireba religiasTan maT Rirsebas arafers

Sematebs~(6.303). pier beilis Tanamedrove kidev erTi ganmanaTleblis Jan

melies mixedviT ki, `religia adamianTa gamogonilia, is Sedegia

Secdomisa, iluziisa, eklesiis warmomadgenlebi atyueben xalxs.

dasawyisSi religiuri Sexedulebebi moigones gaiZvera politikosebma,

Semdeg es Sexedulebebi gaavrceles matyuarebma. uvicma, gaunaTlebelma

mosaxleobam brmad daijera es tyuili~(6.305). rac Seexeba volters,

franguli ganmanaTleblobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan warmomadgenels, igi

religiis arsebobas imdenad amarTlebs, ramdenadac `religia saWiroa,

rogorc lagami brbos damorCilebisaTvis. amitom, RmerTi rom ar

arsebuliyo, saWiro iqneboda misi gamogoneba, mxolod am gziT SeiZleba

brboze gabatoneba. RmerTis arsebobis rwmenis gareSe wesrigi

sazogadoebaSi dairRveva, sazogadoeba moispoba~(6.312). volterisgan

ramdenadme gansxvavebul azrebs aviTarebs frangi ganmanaTleblebis

demokratiuli frTis warmomadgeneli Jan Jak ruso: `samarTlian, idealur

sazogadoebaSi unda arsebobdes idealuri religia. es religia unda

Seesabamebodes bunebasa da adamianis bunebriv grZnobebs. RmerTi

samyarosa da adamianis Semoqmedia, man Caunerga adamians grZnobiereba da

sindisi. es religia moiTxovs adamianisagan keTil saqmes, grZnobis

gulwrfelobas~(6.351). sainteresoa, rom `es religia~ rusosTanac uaryofs

oficialur religiasa da mis dogmatebs _ `religiuri aRzrda

aucilebeli momentia axali adamianis SeqmnaSi, magram gamocxadebis

religia im saswaulebiT, romliTac savsea igi, rusos mier principuladaa

uaryofili~(6.351).

saerTo jamSi, konkretul niuansebSi SexedulebaTa identurobis

miuxedavad, aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia da xelovneba Sua saukuneebis

saazrovno garemos Tavisebur saxecvlilebas mainc aSkarad adasturebs.

swored azrovnebis amgvar WrilSi ewera ganviTareba SemdgomSi

filosofias, xelovnebas, kulturas da aki marTlac ase moxda.

$3. axsnisa da gagebis safuZvlebi

Ggermanul filosofiaSi

filosofosTagan erT-erTi upirvelesi, romelmac gagebis Teoriis

seriozuli filosofiuri gaazreba mogvca, vilhelm dilTaia. ufro

zustad, Tu sxva manamdel filosofosebTan gagebis, rogorc mecnieruli

Teoriis dafuZnebis konturebi, umeteswilad igulisxmeboda, dilTaisTan

amosavali wertili da refleqsiis sagani swored gagebaa, rogorc

mecnieruli Teoria. gagebis Teorias dilTai Taviseburad afuZnebs.

kerZod, misi mtkicebiT, roca gagebaze vlaparakobT, iq aucileblad

sicocxle igulisxmeba da sadac sicocxlea, swored iqaa gagebac.

Sesabamisad, dilTai bunebas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, uaRresad didi

manZiliT mijnavs goniT-sulieri samyarosgan, ramdenadac buneba (materia)

am filosofosTan sicocxlis ganzomilebas ar warmoadgens da

amisdakvalad, bunebis (materiis) ganzomilebas gagebis meTodic ar

miesadageba. sxva sityvebiT, dilTaisTan materia uaRresadaa gamijnuli

imaterialurisgan, cnobiereba _ sagnisgan. aseTi gamijvna dilTaisTan

marTlac didi ukiduresobiT xasiaTdeba, im donis ukiduresobiT, rom

araTu cnobierebisa da sagnis raimenairi tipis Tanxvedra-Sesabamisaobaze,

maT urTierTSedarebazec ki zedmetia laparaki: `garegani sagnis

WeSmariteba, rogorc xatis Sesabamisoba realobasTan, ar arsebobs,

radgan es realoba arc erT cnobierebaSi ar aris mocemuli da,

maSasadame, gamoricxavs Sedarebas~ (7.370). amitomac, askvnis dilTai, rom

goniT-sulieri samyaro bunebismecnierebaTa principebiTa da kategoriebiT

ar unda vikvlioT, goniT-sulier samyaros bunebismecnierebaTa

kategoriebisgan absoluturad gansxvavebuli kategoriebi Seesabameba.

aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia dilTais meTodologiuri dualizmic.

bunebisa da goniT-sulieri samyaros erTmaneTisgan ase mkacrad gamijvna,

cxadia, meTodebis Sesabamis gamijvnasac moiTxovs da dilTaic

gamosavals advilad poulobs. misi azriT, axsnis meTodi bunebas unda

mivusadagoT, gagebisa _ goniT-sulier samyaros. sxvagvarad, `Zalze

mokled es gza SegviZlia davaxasiaToT Tavad dilTais mier mocemuli

formuliT, romelic ase SeiZleba gamovTqvaT: `buneba sarbielia axsnisa,

goni _ gagebisa~ (7.374) dilTais es Tvalsazrisi ukeTesad rom gaviazroT,

mizanSewonilia mis azrTa dinebas mivyveT: `gageba grZnobadSi

`dafaruli~ aragrZnobadis amocnobas niSnavs. iseTi grZnobadi masala,

fizikuri fenomeni, romelSic araferia, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,

`Cadebuli~, e. i. romelsac ara aqvs `Sinagani~ mxare, gamosasaxi Sinaarsi,

cxadia, SeuZlebelia gavigoT. aseTi obieqti, dilTais Tanaxmad, unda

aixsnas, is bunebismecnierebis sferos ganekuTvneba da ara

gonismecnierebas~ (7.380).

maSasadame, dilTaisTan bunebas ar axasiaTebs `Sinagani~ mxare,

`siRrmiseuli Sinagani sazrisi~, gancda da mas arc SeiZleba goniTsulieri

sferos meSveobiT vwvdeT da gavigoT, Tavis mxriv, goniT-sulier

samyaros fsiqikuri myofoba ar axasiaTebs: `roca vlaparakobT,

magaliTad, qvis Sesaxeb, vgulisxmobT fizikur movlenas, roca vsaubrobT

SiSis an SimSilis gancdaze, fsiqikuri arsebobis wesi gvaqvs

mxedvelobaSi. aq Cven ar vcdebiT. magram, vTqvaT, vlaparakobT iseT

fenomenebze, rogoricaa ena, mecniereba, zneoba, xelovneba... advili

SesaZlebelia, isinic fsiqikurs mivakuTvnoT: adamianis gareSe, adamianis

qmedebis gareSe isini xom ar arseboben! swored es mikuTvneba iqneba

ontologiuri sibrmavis gamomJRavneba. enas, mecnierebas, zneobas,

xelovnebas da sxva am tipis fenomenebs ara aqvT fsiqikuri buneba,

fsiqikuri fenomeni subieqtis kuTvnilebaa, adamianis Sinagani, sulieri

cxovrebis nawilia, individualuria. ena an mecniereba ar daiyvaneba

fsiqikurze, ramdenadac maTTvis arsebiTia swored is, rom yoveli

maTgani, upirveles yovlisa, obieqturia, e. i. ar aris Cemi individualuri

sulieri cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawili. fizikosi qmnis Teorias, poeti

wers leqss, fizikosi da poeti kvdebian, maTi qmnilebebi ki ganagrZoben

arsebobas. es, cxadia, niSnavs imas, rom amgvarad qmnili fenomeni ar

daiyvaneba individis Sinagani, sulieri cxovrebis fenomenebze, ar

daiyvaneba fsiqikaze. mecnierebac da xelovnebac adamianis moRvaweobis

Sedegia, magram subieqtidan, individidan gareT gatanilia,

zeindividualuria, obieqturia. adamianisaTvis bavSvobis asakSi ena

savsebiT obieqturia, garemdebarea, asaTvisebelia, Sesaswavlia. amiT ena

fizikur sagnebs emsgavseba: isinic obieqturni arian. gansxvaveba isaa, rom

mecnierebaSi, xelovnebaSi da sxva msgavs fenomenebSi obieqtad qceulia

goni. maSasadame, am fenomenebisaTvis savsebiT ucxoa fizikuri sxeulis

arsebobis wesi. rogorc Cans, isini arc fizikurni arian da arc

fsiqikurni, maTi arsebobis wesi Taviseburia, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom esaa

swored obieqturi gonis arsebobis wesi” (7.388_389). dilTais obieqturi

gonic Taviseburad esmis, igi `aTavisuflebs hegels metafizikurspekulaturi

momentebidan: absoluturi gonis formebi _ xelovneba,

religia da filosofia masTan aRar warmoadgenen metafizikurad

gaazrebuli absoluturi gonis TviTwvdomis saSualebebs. isini

`obieqturi gonis~ jgufSi Tavsdebian. `subieqtur gons~ dilTaisTan

upirispirdeba mxolod `obieqturi goni~, romlis safuZvelSi aRar devs

RmerTi: `obieqturi goni~ `subieqturi gonis~ qmnilebaa, gasagnebaa,

metafizikuri Zala dilTaisTan ar Cans. samagierod, aq Cans sicocxle,

sicocxlis gamosaxuleba. sicocxlis gamosaxulebasTan Cven SegviZlia

davamyaroT sasicocxlo kavSiri _ gancdiT vwvdeT mas. es wvdoma

gasagebia, gancda Cveni arsebis totalobaa, Tavad sicocxlea: msgavsi

wvdeba msgavss, sicocxle wvdeba sicocxles” (7.389_390). raTa ukeTesad

dagvanaxos gansxvaveba bunebasa da goniT-sulier samyaroebs Soris,

dilTai mizezobriobis Taobaze Tavisebur Sexedulebasac gvTavazobs,

omlis Tanaxmadac, mizezobrioba grZnobad cdaSi ki ar `amoikiTxeba~,

aramed Cveni meSveobiT `emateba~ grZnobadi cdiT mocemul masalas da,

amdenad, mizezobrioba mxolod hipoTezaa. axsniTi mecnierebani, anu

bunebis mecnierebani, dilTais azriT, yovelTvis hipoTezuri,

konstruqciuli da sinTezuri mecnierebebia, maSin roca gonis

mecnierebani ar saWiroeben hipoTezebs, radgan sazrisian kavSirebs gonis

mecnierebebi imTaviTve Sinaganad gulisxmoben da amitomac es Sinaganad

nagulisxmevi sazrisiani kavSirebi gagebis obieqtebs warmoadgenen.

magaliTad, `vkiTxulob frazas: `axla, roca am striqons vwer, SuaRame

iwvis, dneba~. am frazis wvdomisaTvis saWiroa hipoTezebi, adre

izolirebul elementTa sinTezi an konstruireba cxadia, ara! frazis

sazrisi, masSi arsebuli kavSiri, fraziT gamoxatuli ganwyobileba

Tavidanve Sinaganad ganicdeba Cem mier~ (7. 377).

cxadia, unda daveTanxmoT dilTais, rom goniT-sulieri samyaro

bunebismecnierebaTa principebisgan da kategoriebisgan gansxvavebul

asociaciebs warmoSobs, magram gana es sakmarisi mamtkicebelia saimisod,

TiTqos bunebasa da goniT-sulier samyaros aranairi Sinagani kavSiri ar

axasiaTebT ase xom es ori sfero erTmaneTisagan sruliad gaTiSuli

darCeba, rac ara gvgonia, WeSmaritebas Seesabamebodes. ragind Sorsac

unda gaveqceT miTiTebul kavSirs, igi Tavs srulad Tu ara, nawilobriv

mainc amJRavnebs da gvaiZulebs mas yuradReba mivaqcioT. aseT iZulebas

verc dilTai gaeqca, Tumca am siZneles Taviseburad miudga da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, Zalze aradamajerebeli Tvalsazrisi SemogvTavaza, romlis

Tanaxmadac Cveni cnobierebisgan damoukidebeli gare samyaro imdenad

arsebobs, ramdenadac adamians, rogorc ltolvaTa sistemas, gare samyaro

winaaRmdegobaTa saxiT eZleva, rogorc `sxva~. SeiZleba es marTlac ase

gamoiyurebodes, magram aradamajerebloba aq imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gare

samyaros, rogorc `sxvad~ mocemuloba, dilTaisTvis bunebisa da goniTsulieri

samyaros, Sesabamisad bunebismecnieruli da gonismecnieruli

meTodebis gamijvnisaTvis sakmarisi sababia, maSin roca, rogori xarisxis

sxvadyofnadac unda gveZleodes garesamyaro, sinamdvileSi swored imave

xarisxis Sinagan urTierTkavSirze miuTiTebs igi goniT-sulier

samyarosTan, Tundac iribad. maSasadame, garesamyaros, Tundac

`sxvadyofnad~ mocemuloba sinamdvileSi Cveni cnobierebisa da

garesamyaros araTu gaTiSulobaze, piriqiT, maTi siRrmiseuli kavSiris

maRal xarisxze mianiSnebs. aqedan gamomdinare ki, bunebis mizez-

Sedegobriv kavSirTa Cvens cnobismier danamatad, anu Cvens cnobismier

hipoTezad gamocxadeba gamosavali sulac ar aris. ufro zustad,

dilTaisTan cnobismieri hipoTezebi gare samyaros garedan, xelovnurad

miewereba, maSin roca hegelTan buneba aseve `sxvadyofnaa~, magram es iseTi

`sxvadyofnaa~, romelic imTaviTve cnobierebaSia Cafesvili, rogorc

safuZvelSi da gauswrebad SesaZleblobaSi gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-

TviTwvdomis gzaze.

amrigad, garesamyaro cnobierebas hipoTeturi kveTebis saSualebas

imdenad aZlevs, ramdenadac, hegeliseulad rom vTqvaT, TviTon gare

samyaro, rogorc gonis `yru Zvra~, imTaviTve gonis TviTwvdomis saboloo

etapTan safexurebrivad ufro axlo mdgomi cnobierebis, rogorc gonis

kidev ufo metad daZrulobis pirmSoa. aqedan gamomdinare, garesamyaroze

cnobierebis hipoTeturi kveTeba araTu hipoTetur, imTaviTve realur

kveTebad gamoiyureba. rogori mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebic axasiaTebs

cnobierebas, iseTive mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi axasiaTebs gare

samyarosac da rogori mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebic axasiaTebs gare

samyaros, iseTive mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi axasiaTebs cnobierebasac.

cnobierebisa da garesamyaros msgavsi siRrmiseuli TanSewyobilobis, anu

`SuaSi gavlis~ miuxedavad, `SuaSi gavlis~ siZneles georg vilhelm

hegelTan marTalia mainc vawydebiT, radgan cnobierebisa da materiis

safuZvliseuli erTianobis meqanizmis axsna uZnelesi saqmea, magram

hegelTan `SuaSi gavlis~ siZnele cnobierebisa da materiis

safuZvliseuli erTianobis simptomebs mainc gamoxatavs, maSin roca

dilTai `SuaSi gavlis~ siZneles cnobierebisa da materiis ufro metad

daSorebis saSualebad iyenebs.

dilTaize imTaviTve gacilebiT Tanmimdevrulia artur Sopenhaueri,

mTeli misi filosofia `SuaSi gavlis~ siZnelis daZlevis mcdelobaa. igi

kantis msgavsad cnobierebis apriorul formebs aRiarebs. miaCnia, rom

mTeli samyaro Cven swored am apriorul yalibebSi gveZleva da amitomac

askvnis: `samyaro aris Cemi warmodgena~ (7.260). Sopenhaueri amaze ar

Cerdeba, radgan `namdvili sinamdvilis~, anu TaviTavadi nivTebis

samyaroSi SeRwevis survili dauZlevelia, magram rogor unda gadavideT

`warmodgenaTa samyarodan~ `TavisTavadi nivTebis~ samyaroze

Sopenhaueris Tanaxmad, sanam Cveni mzera mimarTulia gareT, gare nivTebze

da procesebze, `TavisTavadi nivTis~ sferosken mimavali gza ar Cans: `am

SemTxvevaSi Cven cixesimagres vuvliT gars, vxedavT mis fasads, magram

Sig ver SevdivarT~ (7.272). `SuaSi gavlis~ am siZnelis dasaZlevad

Sopenhaueri dilTaisgan imTaviTve gansxvavebul, hegelis msgavs

Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs. aki hegelisTvisac sinamdvilis dabali formebi,

magaliTad, eleqtrooba an miziduloba ki ar gvagebinebs maRals, aramed

piriqiT, maRali formebi _ dabals. sinamdvilis maRali forma ki

SopenhauerTan TviTcnobierebaa, sinamdvilis `dabal safexurze moqmedi

`Zalebi~ _ miziduloba, eleqtroba, magnetizmi da a.S. ver agvixsnian

sinamdvilis maRal formebs, radgan Tavad saWiroeben gagebas. maTi

gagebis erTaderTi saSualeba ki swored subieqtisken mzeris mobrunebaa.

swored sakuTar TavSi, swored TviTcnobierebis saSualebiT SemiZlia me

vipovo sakuTar TavSi, iseTi ram, rac CemTvis, bunebis Zalisgan

gansxvavebiT, savsebiT gasagebi ramaa da Semdeg, mis safuZvelze, misi

analogiiT, gavigo bunebis Zalebi da kanonebi, fizikuri Tu qimiuri

kanonzomierebebi~ (7.272_273]) cxadia, Sopenhaueris aseTi Tvalsazrisi

Zalze waagavs hegelis mtkicebas, romlis Tanaxmadac gonis

TviTSemecneba-TviTCaRrmavebis gzaze, yoveli momdevno safexuri,

safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobaa wina safexurebisa. am

SemTxvevaSi wina safexuri bunebaa, momdevno _ TviTcnobiereba.

Sopenhauers swored bunebisa da cnobierebis (TviTcnobierebis) kavSirSi

Caxedva, anu maTi urTierTkavSiris Sinagani meqanizmi surs axsnas, es is

Sinagani meqanizmia, romelsac Cven `SuaSi gavlis siZnele~ vuwodeT.

`SuaSi gavlis~ Sinagani meqanizmis, anu bunebisa da cnobierebis

(TviTcnobierebis) siRrmiseul erTianobaSi Caxedvas, Sopenhaueri

Semdegnairad cdilobs: `nebis yoveli WeSmariti, namdvili, uSualo aqti,

amave dros da uSualod aris agreTve sxeulis gamovlenili aqti. amis

Sesabamisad, meore mxriv, sxeulze yoveli zemoqmedeba, amave dros da

uSualod aris zemoqmedeba nebaze... sxeuli Cemi nebis Semecnebis pirobaa,

amitom me ar SemiZlia warmovidgino es neba Cemi sxeulis gareSe~ (7.274,

275).

ase Taviseburad warmoaCina bunebisa (materiisa) da cnobierebis

(TviTcnobierebis) siRrmiseuli erTianoba Sopenhauerma. aseTi erTianobis

warmoCena ki avtomaturad cdiseuli, anu warmodgenaTa da metafizikuri,

anu TavisTavadi nivTebis samyaroTa `urTierTSuaSi gavlis~ siZnelis

Taaviseburad gadawyvetasac gulisxmobs, nebis nebismieri uSualo aqti

xom SopenhauerisTvis amavdroulad metafizikuri nebis gamovlenaa. ufro

zustad, rom ara nebis aqti, rogorc metafizikuri nebis gamovlena,

SopenhauerisTvis metafizikur da cdiseul samyaroTa `urTierTSuaSi

gavlis~ procesic sruliad mouxelTebeli aRmoCndeboda. amitomac

amtkicebs Sopenhaueri, rom `nebis aqti atarebs yvelaze gamWvirvale

safarvels, masSi Cans `nivTi TavisTavad~ , misi aRqma aris wertili,

sadac `nivTi TavisTavad~ yvelaze uSualod Sedis movlenaSi da

uaxloesad ganaTdeba Semmecnebeli subieqtis mier~ (7.276). aqedan

gamomdinare, mSvenivrad Cans, rom ris winaSec kantma, Tu SeiZleba ase

iTqvas, ukan daixia, Sopenhauerma swored iq `gaiara SuaSi~, yovel

SemTxvevaSi, saamisod Zalisxmeva ar daiSura. Sesabamisad, Tuki kantTan

warmodgenaTa samyarosa da TavisTavadi nivTebis gaTiSulobas vxvdebiT,

SopenhauerTan metafizikuri nebis safuZvelze maT raRacnair mWidro,

siRrmiseul, Tundac iracionalur kavSirs viRebT. amasTan, SopenhauerTan

edmund huserlisa da saerTod fenomenologebis amosavali wertilis

sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi safuZvelSive uTqmelad igulisxmeba imdenad,

ramdenadac fenomenologebisgan gansxvavebiT, SopenhauerTan arsebis

wvdomisTvis arsebobis `amorTva~ yovlad warmoudgenelia. arsebobis

`amorTvis~ daSvebiT Sopenhaueris sistema mTlianad daingreva, radgan Tu

fenomenologebi arsebis, anu TavisTavadi nivTis wvdomas, arsebobisgan,

anu movlenebisgan, gindaT, warmodgenaTa samyarosgan izolirebiT

cdilobdnen, SopenhauerTan arsebis, anu TavisTavadi nivTebis wvdoma,

arsebobis, anu movlenebis, igive warmodgenaTa samyaros prizmaSi

`gauvlelad~ savsebiT SeuZlebelia. amiT, Tavis mxriv, Sopenhaueri Zalze

uaxlovdeba egzistencialistebs, gansakuTrebiT martin haidegers,

romelic adamianisa da samyaros saidumloebaTa axsnas swored

arsebobaze, anu movlenaTa Tu warmodgenaTa samyaroze gavliT cdilobs:

`ramdenadac gageba ganwyobiTia da rogorc aseTi, egzistencialurad

gadagdebulobas gadacemuli, amdenadaa munyofiereba imTaviTve acdenili

Tavis Tavs da ver cnobs mas. amitom igi Tavis yofnis unarSi dgas

SesaZleblobis winaSe, rom Tavis SesaZleblobebSi sakuTari Tavi

xelaxla naxos. gageba aris TviT munyofierebis, sakuTari yofnis unaris

egzistencialuri yofiereba, magram ise, rom es yofiereba TviT masSi

gaxsnis, TviT masTan yofnis rasTan... gageba Tavis moxazulobiT xasiaTSi

eqzistencialurad qmnis imas, rasac Cven munyofierebis beds vuwodebT...

gamoTqma `bedi~ cxadia, gaugebrobisgan unda davifaroT, igi Seesatyviseba

ganaTebulobas, riTac Cven `munis~ gaxsniloba davaxasiaTeT... xedis

eqzistencialuri mniSvnelobisaTvis xedvis mxolod is Taviseburebaa

aRebuli, rom xedva misTvis misawvdom yofierT TviT Tavis TavTan

daufaravi Sexvedris SesaZleblobas aZlevs... munyofiereba, rogorc

gageba, Tavis yofierebis monaxazs SesaZleblobebze akeTebs... masSi gageba

Tavis mier gagebuls gagebiTad iTvisebs... gagebis monaxazSi yofieri

gaxsnilia mis SesaZleblobaSi. SesaZleblobis xasiaTi yovelTvis

Seesabameba gagebuli yofieris yofnis wess... sazrisi gagebuli unda iqnas,

rogorc gagebis kuTvnili gaRebulobis formalur-egzistencialuri

xaraCo... da roca Cven yofierebis sazriss veZebT, amiT kvleva

Rrmaazrovani ki ar xdeba da imis Cxrekas ki ar iwyebs, rac yofierebis

ukan dgas, aramed kiTxulobs TviT yofierebis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac igi

munyofierebis gagebaSi Semosula... samyaros yovel gagebaSi

Tangagebulia egzistenci da piruku~ (54. 222, 225, 226, 228, 232, 233_234).

saerTod, haidegerTan gageba gasagebis imTaviTve winaswargagebaa,

anu gasagebis imTaviTve Seucnoblad wvdomiloba da amdenad, am

Seucnoblis SemdgomSi ramdenadme gacnobierebis winaswarmoxazulobaa

gauswrebadi safuZvlisa da SesaZleblobis saxiT. amitomacaa gageba,

rogorc aseTi, Tavisive gauswrebadi winaswarmoxazuli safuZvel-

SesaZleblobis mixedviT sakuTarive Tavis xelaxla povna, es

kvlavpovnileba ki yvelaze ukeT swored arsebobis, rogorc

egzistencialurad `gadagdebuli~ xedis, rogorc `xedvis~ da sxva

amdagvarad `gadagdebuli~ egzistencialebis, magaliTad, ganzraxvis,

winaswargadawyvetis, Zrwolis, mzrunvelobis WrilSi xorcieldeba,

ramdenadac, es ukanasknelni xels uwyoben arsebaTa gamovlenas, rogorc

gagebis SesaZleblobis kidev ufro gaxsnas. aqedan gamomdinare miuTiTebs

haidegeri, rom `fenomenologiuri arsebis Wvretac egzistencialur

gagebas efuZneba... gagebisa da saerTod `mun~-is gaxsnilobis analizis

dros Si-yofnis gaxsnilobas ewoda munyofierebis naTeba, romelSic

pirvelad xdeba SesaZlebeli iseTi raime, rogoricaa bedi. bedi

gacnobierebuli iyo gagebaze, rogorc yvela munyofierebisnairi

gaRebulobis ZiriTad saxeze orientaciiT, yofierTa zusti aTvisebis

azriT, yofierTa, romlebTanac munyofierebas misi arsebiTi yofierebis

SesaZleblobebis Tanaxmad, SeuZlia mimarTeba hqondes. bedis ZiriTadi

struqtura vlindeba `danaxvisken~ yoveldRiurobis specifikur

yofierebiT tendenciaSi... yofiereba is aris, rac wminda mWvretel

dakiTxvaSi vlindeba da mxolod es xedva aRmoaCens yofierebas.

pirveladi da namdvili WeSmariteba Zevs wminda WvretaSi. amieridan es

Tezisi dasavluri filosofiis safuZveli xdeba. masSia hegelis

dialeqtikis motivi da mxolod misi safuZvlidanaa es dialeqtikac

SesaZlebeli~ (54. 226, 260,261). haidegeris es monologi didwilad marTlac

Seesatyviseba Sopenhaueris Tvalsazrisebs gagebis SesaZleblobis

Taobaze, ramdenadac haidegeris `xedi~, rogorc `xedva~ da `xedva~,

rogorc Wvreta, rogorRac identuria Sopenhaueris nebis aqtisa.

haidegerTan `xedSi~, rogorc `xedvaSi~ da `xedvaSi~, rogorc WvretaSi

vlindeba arseba, xolo SopenhauerTan nebis aqtSi, rogorc metafizikuri

nebis gamovlenis WrilSi, TavisTavadi nivTi rogorRac moCans, iseve

rogorc, arseba Tu TavisTavadi nivTi ramdenadme winaswar warmoCindeba

Selingis `inteleqtualur Wvretasa~ Tu hegelis `WvretaSi~, rogorc

`SemgrZneb inteleqtualobaSi~. saerTod, `inteleqtualur Wvretasac~ da

`SemegrZneb inteleqtualobasac~, mizanSewonilia, erToblivad

`inteleqtualuri intuicia~ vuwodoT.

rogorc vxedavT, Sopenhauerisa da haidegeris Tvalsazrisebi ara

mxolod arsebisa da arsebobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxSi emTxveva

erTmaneTs, amitomac da ara mxolod amitom, SegviZlia, Sopenhaueri

`TiTqmis egzistencialistadac~ ki movixsenioT. rac Seexeba sxeulis da

nebis dualizmis problemis gadawyvetas SopenhauerTan, unda aRvniSnoT,

rom saboloo jamSi, misTvis aseTi dualizmi mcdaria, radgan

`sinamdvileSi am gansxvavebas warmoSobs ganxilvis wesi _ is, rac garegan

mzeraSi meZleva, rogorc sxeuli, SinaganSi meZleva rogorc neba~ (7.274).

maSasadame, Cven iZulebuli varT goniT-sulier da materialur samyaroze

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli kategoriebiTa da cnebebiT vilaparakoT,

magram aseTi iZulebiTi cnebiT-terminologiuri gansxvaveba, bunebisa da

cnobierebis erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli paralelizmis samtkiceblad ki

ar unda gamoviyenoT, aramed miTiTebul gansxvavebul cnebiTterminologiur

aparatSi Tundac iribad, swored maTi siRrmiseuli

kavSiri unda vigulisxmoT. cxadia, swored aseTi viTareba unda gvqondes

SopenhauerTan misive Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, anu SopenhauerTan

axsnisa da gagebis urTierTmimarTeba dilTais midgomaTagan

gansxvavebulia. ufro konkretulad, dilTaisTan axsnis meTodi bunebis

movlenebs miesadageba, xolo gageba goniT-sulier samyaroSi batonobs,

maSin roca SopenhauerTan es meTodologiuri dualizmi moxsnilia,

ramdenadac swored goniT-sulieri samyaroa gza da xidi bunebis

movlenebis asaxsnelad. Sesabamisad, SopenhauerTan gageba ukve imTaviTve

axsnas unda niSnavdes, axsna ki Tavis TavSi gagebas unda gulisxmobdes,

rogorc es kidev erT germanel filosofosTan fridrix astTanaa.

astTan, Sopenhauerisa da hegelis SexedulebaTa zemoT miTiTebuli

Serwymuli varianti, marTlac imTaviTve igulisxmeba: `aris goni da gonis

gareSe ar arsebobs araviTari sicocxle, araviTari yofa, Tavad

grZnobaTa samyaroc ki. goni yovlismomcvelia, is yvelganaa, sadac ki

aris yofna, Tavad materialur sxeulebSic ki arsebobs Tavdapirveli

erTianoba yvela nivTierebisa da swored amitomaa SesaZlebeli gageba~

(7.398) _ amtkicebs asti da misi es monologi Zalze waagavs gonis

TviTCaRrmavebis hegeliseul Tvalsazriss, kerZod im adgils, sadac

laparakia materiaze (bunebaze), rogorc gonis `yru Zvraze~ TviTwvdomis

procesis WrilSi. gonis materiaSi `myofobisa~ da saerTod, sicocxlis

gonis gareSe ar arsebobis mtkiceba astTan, principSi igivea, rac gonis

`yru Zvra~ da Semdgom da Semdgom ufro metad daZruloba-TviTCaRrmaveba

hegelTan. Tavis mxriv, TviTCaRrmavebis gzaze gonis daZrulobis

TandaTanobiT mateba sakuTari Tavis saboloo TviTwvdomamde, aSkarad

waagavs Sopenhaueriseul nebis TviTSemecnebis processac.

filosofiis mkvlevarebSi gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad: `nebis

uaRresad did mniSvnelobas aRiarebda klasikuri germanuli filosofiis

uklebliv yvela warmomadgeneli, magram yvela maTganisaTvis neba da

goniereba moucilebeli iyo erTmaneTisgan. SopenhauerisaTvis neba

absoluturad iracionaluria, alogikuria, gonierebas moklebulia da Tu

misi moazreba gvsurs, is unda warmovidginoT rogorc SiSveli ltolva,

miswrafeba, survili~ (7.279). am Tvalsazrisis pirvel nawils, ra Tqma

unda, unda daveTanxmoT, magram meore nawili, vfiqrobT, kritikas

imsaxurebs, radgan sinamdvileSi goneba SopenhauerTanac uaRresad

mniSvnelobs, oRond nagulisxmev-dafaruli saxiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,

cxadia, nebis TviTwvomis procesic warmoudgeneli iqneba. nebaSi gonebis

dafaruli saxiT Cawnulobas xatovnad gamoTqvams sicocxlis

filosofiis kidev erTi warmomadgeneli fridrix nicSec: `Sens sxeulSi

meti gonierebaa, vidre Sens ukeTes sibrZneSi da vin uwyis, rad saWiroebs

Seni sxeuli uTuod Sens ukeTes sibrZnes~ (30.31). gamodis, samyaro,

rogorc gonis TviTSemecnebis procesi, siRrmiseulad igivea, rac samyaro,

rogorc nebis TviTSemecnebis procesi: Tuki hegelTan gonis TviTwvdoma-

TviTCaRrmavebis process raRacnairi iracionaluri elferi dahkravs,

SopenhauerTan nebis TviTSemecnebas aSkarad gonierebis kvali amCnevia.

gonis TviTSemecnebis hegeliseuli procesi uTqmelad gulisxmobs nebis

Sopenhaueriseul TviTSemecnebas, xolo nebis TviTSemecnebis

Sopenhaueriseuli procesi aseve uTqmelad gulisxmobs gonis

hegeliseul TviTSemecnebas. amdenad, is garemoeba, rom hegelisaTvis

samyaro gonis TviTSemecnebis procesia, Sopenhaueri ki sayaros nebis

TviTSemecnebis procesad warmoadgens, sxva araferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva

mxriT gavlili erTi da igive gza, iseTi gza, sadac gonebisa da nebis

siRrmiseuli erTianoba gonebisa da nebis TviTwvdomis yovel safexurze

igrZnoba. magaliTad, hegeli nebas im zomamde did mniSvnelobas aniWebs,

rom nebas Teoriuli da obieqturi gonis, anu gonis TviTwvdoma-

TviTCaRrmavebis boloswina stadiebs akuTvnebs, rac gonisa da nebis

sworedac safuZvliseul urTierTCawnulobaze miuTiTebs, radgan rom ara

maTi aseTi safuZvliseuli urTierTCawnuloba, gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-

TviTwvdomis sxvadasxva stadiaze gonisa da nebis ramdenadme gamijvnac

SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitomac, hegelis mixedviT: `neba, rogorc

moazrovne da TavisTavad Tavisufali, TviT asxvavebs TavisTavs

swrafvaTa kerZoobisgan da TavisTavs, rogorc azrovnebis martiv

subieqturobas, maT mravalfer Sinaarss zemoT ayenebs; amgvarad, igi

marefleqtirebeli nebaa. Tu ase moxda, maSin swrafvis aseTi kerZooba

aRar aris uSualo, aramed igi nebiseulia, rakiRa mas (am swrafvas)

Seerwymis da amiT garkveul erTgulobasa da namdvilobas miiniWebs.

amjerad neba im safexurzea, romelzedac igi midrekilebebs Soris

arCevans axdens da igi TviTnebobaa, moxasiaTebaa... namdvili Tavisufali

neba Teoriuli da praqtikuli gonis erTianobaa _ Tavisufali neba,

romelic TavisTvis aris rogorc Tavisufali neba, rakiRa formalizmma,

manamdeli praqtikuli Sinaarsis SemTxveviTobam da Semofarglulobam

TavisTavi moixsna. gaSualebulobis moxsniT, romelsac igi (es Sinaarsi)

Seicavda, neba iqceva Tavis mierve dadgenil uSualo erTeulobad, magram

iseTad, romelic amasTanave, zogad gansazRvrulobad, Tavisuflad

gawmendilia. es zogadi gansazRvreba nebas Tavis sagnad da miznad aqvs,

iazrebs ra TavisTavs, icis ra Tavisi es cneba da aris ra neba, rogorc

Tavisufali inteleqtualoba. goni, romelmac icis TavisTavi rogorc

Tavisufali da hnebavs TavisTavi, rogorc Tavis es sagani _ sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romelsac Tavisi arseba gansazRvrebad da miznad

aqvs _ upirvelesad, aris gonebiTi neba saerTod, anu idea TavisTavad.

maSasadame, mxolod cneba absoluturi gonisa, rogorc abstraqtuli idea,

igi (es idea) mxolod uSualo nebaSi arsebulia, TviT gonebis mxolod

aqarsuli mxarea, erTeuli nebaa, rogorc Tavisi im gansazRvrebis codna,

romelic mis Sinaarssa da mizans Seadgenda da romlis mxolod

formaluri qmedebac igi aris. amgvarad, idea Tavs avlens mxolod iseT

nebaSi, romelic sasrulia, magram qmedebaa misi (am ideis) ganviTarebisa

da misi gaSlili (ganviTarebadi) Sinaarsis dadgenisa aqarsebad, romelic,

viTarca ideis aqarsoba, sinamdvilea. esaa obieqturi goni~ (59.279, 280_281).

gonebisa da nebis swored aseT erTianobas vxedavT astTan. metic,

astTan gonebisa da nebis amgvari Tavdapirveli sinTezi ufro

gamokveTilad igrZnoba, vidre TviTon hegelTan da SopenhauerTan. ufro

zustad, astTan amosavali wertilia is, rac hegelTan da SopenhauerTan

igulisxmeba. astTan goneba da neba imTaviTve da yovelTvis raRacnair

erTianobaSia mocemuli, maSin roca hegelTan gonebaSi neba oden

igulisxmeba, xolo SopenhauerTan nebaSi gonebaa nagulisxmev-dafaruli

saxiT mocemuli, Tumca, rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, es dafarulobani am

ukanasknelebTanac uaRresad mniSvneloben. amasTan, Sopenhaueric da

hegelic TiTqmis analogiurad igeben nebisa da gonebis obieqtivaciis

princips. magaliTad, `Sopenhaueri Rrmad darwmunebulia, rom Cvens winaSe

warmoadgina mes siRrmiseuli struqtura: erTi mxriv, me, rogorc sxeuli,

e. i. warmodgena da, meore mxriv, me, rogorc nivTi, TavisTavad e. i. neba.

Cems nebasa da sxeuls Soris mimarTeba, cxadia, aq aRar gaiazreba,

rogorc kauzaluri kavSiri _ `nivTma TavisTavad~ ar icis, ra aris

mizezi da Sedegi _ am SemTxvevaSi unda vilaparakoT ara mizezis mier

Sedegis warmoqmnaze, aramed obieqtivaciaze. Cemi sxeuli nebis

obieqtivicaa. axla dgeba kiTxva: ras warmoadgens sxva sxeulebi.. Cven

unda davemyaroT Cvens sakuTar sxeulze miRebul codnas da is

gamoviyenoT gasaRebad yvela sxva movlenis arsebis gagebisaTvis. Cven

unda mivmarToT analogiis meTods: yvela sxva sxeuli ganvixiloT,

rogorc Cveni sxeulis analogiuri. Sedegi aseTi iqneba: yoveli sagani

sxeulia da nebac, yoveli arsebuli _ materialuri sxeuli, mcenare,

cxoveli, adamiani _ am ori mxaris Semcvelia. erTi da igive neba

sxvadasxvagvarad gamovlindeba qvis vardnaSic da adamianis Segnebul

moqmedebaSic _ substancia am SemTxvevaSi erTia, gansxvavebulia mxolod

obieqtivaciis forma~ (7. 276, 277_278).

Sopenhaueris amgvari Tvalsazrisi zedmiwevniT Seesabameba astis

zemoT motanil Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac, goni, rogorc

sicocxle yvelgan da yvelaferSia, maT Soris, materiaSic, oRond

rogorc xedavT, asti Sopenhaueriseul nebas gons uwodebs, xolo

SopenhauerTan aseTi goni igivea, rac neba. Tavis mxriv, Sopenhauerisa da

astis aseT TvalsazrisTa siRrmiseul erTianobaSi amokiTxva hegelTan

imTaviTve SegviZlia. hegelis mixedviT xom: `sagani is Suaa (saSualo

terminia), romlis meSveobiTac ukiduresobani (kiduri terminebi) _

napirebi erTdebian (`Seiskvnebian~) TavianTi igiveobis, rogorc

TavisufalTa da amave dros erTmaneTis mimarT damokidebulTa codnaSi.

am sxva adamianebisaTvis Cems nebas aqvs Tavisi garkveuli Semecnebadi

arseboba nivTSi _ aqvs flobili sagnis uSualo sxeulebrivi

xelTmogdebis ZaliT, an (Cem mier) misi formebis ZaliT an oden, misi

saTanadod aRniSvnis ZaliT~ (59. 287). hegelis am SexedulebaSi ukve

nagulisxmevia Sopenhaueriseuli analogiis meTodic, anu yvela sxva

sxeulis Cveni sxeulis msgavsad ganxilvis SesaZleblobac, ramdenadac

Cveni sxeuli siRrmiseul impulsebs sxva sxeulebis Sesaxebac gvawvdis,

ramdenadac, rogorc Cveni, aseve sxva sxeulebis substancia erTi da igive

gonia, Tundac erTi da igive nebaa. Cans, hegelTanac da SopenhauerTanac

axsna-gagebis SesaZlebloba swored analogiis amgvar ganaserSi

mdgomareobs.

hegelisa da Sopenhaueris TvalsazrisTa aseTi siRrmiseuli

msgavsebidan gamomdinare, logikurad ibadeba iseTi STabeWdiloeba,

romlis mixedviTac, SopenhauerTan xiluli movlenebi isevea nebis

obieqtivaciebi, rogorc hegelTan gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis

mTeli safexurebrivi sistema gonis obieqtivaciis safexurebia.

Sesabamisad, SopenhauerTan ukve `Cvens winaSea samyaro mis mTlianobaSi _

warmodgenac da nebac. Cven ukve viciT, Tu ras warmoadgens xiluli

movlenebis Sinagani arseba _ is nebaa~ (7.278), Tundac rogorc goneba. am

konteqstSi ar unda dagvabnios iman, rom hegeli gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-

TviTwvdomis `yru Zvris~ safexurs, rogorc bunebis saxiT gansaxierebuli

gonis obieqtivacias, subieqturi gonis kategoriaSi aTavsebs. hegeli

gonis aseT doneze obieqtivacias subieqtur gons uwodebs imdenad,

ramdenadac igi TavisTavis wvdomis dabali safexuria da gons, rogorc

obieqts, jer ver imecnebs. SopenhauerTan, marTalia, termins `subieqturi

neba~ saerTod ar vxedavT, magram Tu Sopenhaueris sistemas hegelis

sistemis Wrils mivuyenebT, materia, mcenareTa samyaro, cxovelTa samyaro

da kidev ramdenime safexuri garkveul stadiamde, rogorc nebis

obieqtivaciebi, aqac e.w. `subieqturi nebis~ kategorias miesadagebian.

`brma nebis obieqtivacias TiTqmis sruli anarqia unda warmoeSva _

wesrigi da kanoni xom gonierebis gamovlenaa! SopenhauerTan ki brma neba

obieqtivacias ganicdis ideebSi, romlebic garkveulad mowesrigebul

safexurebs qmnian! ideebis safexurebi piramidis saxiT warmogvidgeba. am

piramidas ki Seesatyviseba samyaros sferoTa `aRsvla~ araorganulidan

mcenareTa samyarosken, aqedan cxovelTa samyarosken da bolos

sazogadoebisken~ (7.283). aq kidev erTxel Cans, rom Sopenhaueriseuli neba

nagulisxmev-dafaruli saxiT gonierebasac gulisxmobs, magram aseTi

nebiseuli goniereba Tu goniseuli neba, nebis TviTSemecnebis ufro da

ufro ganviTarebul safexurze gacilebiT ukeT ikveTeba. nebis

TviTSemecnebis am etaps, hegelis terminis perifrazs Tu gavakeTebT,

SegviZlia `obieqturi neba~ vuwodoT, radgan aq ukve saqme sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobis formebTan da inteleqtTan gvaqvs. marTlac, SopenhauerTan

`ideaTa umaRles safexurs Seesabameba nebis yvelaze daxvewili iaraRi _

inteleqti, romelic ubralo gaRizianebis safuZvelze ki ar moqmedebs,

aramed qcevas motivebs umorCilebs. inteleqti xelmZRvanelobs

organizmis moqmedebas, unaTebs organizms gzas. ltolva inteleqtis

doneze cnobierebis SuqiTaa ganaTebuli da, amdenad, aRaraa brma~ (7.283).

Sopenhaueris es Tvalsazrisi siRrmiseulad TiTqmis igivea, rac hegelis

Sexeduleba gonebiTi nebis Sesaxeb. hegelTan xom gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-

TviTwvdomis maRali, obieqturi gonis safexurze, neba imTaviTve

`Tavisufali inteleqtualobaa~ da amitomac igi gonebiTia, rogorc

safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZlebloba nebis xarisxobrivinteleqtualurad

dabali da ufro dabali gamovlinebebisa. nebis

aqtivobis swored am WrilSi unda ganvixiloT Selingisa da eduard fon

hartmanis Sexedulebebic nebis raobis Taobaze, imis miuxedavad, rom es

ukanasknelebi nebis gonebaze aRmatebulobas aRiarebdnen. magaliTad,

fridrix Selingis mixedviT, `adamianSi aris gonebaze raRac meti, riTac

arsebobas, eqsistencs imecnebs. es meti mis nebaSia~. (65.316). eduard fon

hartmani ki cnobierebisken mswrafi aracnobieri nebis gamovlinebebs eZebs

materiaSi, mcenareebSi, cxovelebSi, istoriaSi. amnairi midgomiT, eduard

fon hartmanis sistema aSkarad waagavs hegelis sistemas, oRond Tu

SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `amotrialebul~ konteqstSi, ramdenadac eduard fon

hartmanTan jer viRebT absolutur aracnobiers Tavis TavSi, Semdeg mis

sxvadyofnas bunebasa da cnobierebaSi da, bolos, am aracnobieris

dabrunebas Tavis TavSi, rogorc uaryofis uaryofas. Tumca, nebis

`cnobierebisken miswrafeba~ araTu Semdeg, ukve imTaviTve gulisxmobs

gons, undaT Tu ara es TviTon hartmansa da Selings, radgan sadac

cnobierebisken, anu TviTcnobierebisken swrafvaa, iqvea gonic, xolo

hartmanTanac da SelingTanac aseTi swrafva safuZvelSivea, ese igi

safuZvelSive igulisxmeba gonic. amdenad, hartmanTan aracnobieri neba

TiTqosda `aris raRac identuri mesame materiisa da cnobierebis

safuZvelSi, maTi saerTo Ziri~ (65.340), rogorc gonisa da aracnobieri

nebis erTmaneTisadmi gauswrebad myofobaSi safuZvliseuli

urTierTnawnuloba. msgavsi tipis `identuri mesamis~ elferi dahkravs

nebas SelingTanac, SopenhauerTanac, rogorc imTaviTve Tundac

dafarulad gonis Tavis TavSi mgulisxmev instancias da hegelis gonsac

ki, rogorc aseve nebis Tavis TavSi imTaviTve mgulisxmev ganzomilebas.

rogorc vxedavT, erTi mxriv, Selingi, eduard fon hartmani da meore

mxriv, hegeli, `obieqtur nebasa~ Tu `obieqtur gons~ dilTaisgan

gansxvavebulad igeben. dilTaisTan, `subieqturi goni~ ar warmoadgens

gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTSemecnebis gzaze gonis obieqtivaciis ramenair

safexurs. marTalia, cnobiereba, TviTcnobiereba da azrovneba

dilTaisTanac subieqturi goniseuli arian, magram isini moklebuli

arian bunebisadmi mimarTebaSi safuZvliseul-gauswrebad SesaZleblobad

myofobas. metic, buneba dilTaisTan saerTod `amovardnilia~ da igi oden

Cveni ltolvebis winaaRmdegobad gveZleva maSin, roca hegelTan

ltolvebi azriseulia, xolo azrovneba rogorc gonis TviTCaRrmavebis

momdevno safexuri, sworedac safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobaa

bunebisa, rogorc wina safexurisa gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis

gzaze. materiis, ltolvebis, cnobiereba-TviTcnobierebisa da azrovnebis

aseTive siRrmiseuli kavSiria mocemuli SopenhauerTanac, oRond masTan

gonis TviTCaRrmavebis nacvlad nebis TviTCaRrmavebasTan gvaqvs saqme.

Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iq, sadac Sopenhaueri nebaze laparakobs,

gonic uTqmelad igulisxmeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, me ar mecodineboda,

magaliTad, ra mnebavs maSin, roca vTqvaT, xels vamoZraveb: `me vxedav

Cemi xelis moZraobas da, amave dros, vici, ratom vamoZraveb mas. vici, ra

mnebavs me, roca xels vamoZraveb. maSasadame, me meZleva uSualod ara

marto Cemi xelis, Cemi sxeulis moZraoba, aramed Cemi nebac. Tu sxva

sagnebi me meZleva mxolod `garegan~ mzeraSi _ me vxedav mxolod maT

sxeuls _ Cemi sakuTari Tavi, Cemi sxeuli meZleva `garegansa~ da `Sida~

mzeraSi, TviTcnobierebaSi: garegan mzeraSi meZleva Cemi sxeulis aqti,

SinaganSi _ Cemi nebis aqti~ (7.273).

ase rom, hegelisa da Sopenhauerisagan gansxvavebiT, dilTaisTan

materia (buneba) ar atarebs Cveni TviTSemecnebis Tundac minimalur

funqcias, Sesabamisad, obieqturi gonis cneba, rogorc subieqturi gonis

safuZvelSive imTaviTve gasagnebuloba, dilTaisTan Zalze calmxrivad da

pirobiTad gamoiyureba, iseve rogorc calmxrivad da naklovanad

gamoiyureba dilTaiseuli `sicocxlis mTlianoba~ inteleqtis

mosaklisebis gamo. dilTai verafriT amCnevs `sicocxlis mTlianobaSi~

Cafesvil ltolvaTa sistemas da ltolvalTa sistemaSi dafarulnagulisxmevi

saxiT Cafesvili inteleqtis uaRresad did mniSvnelobas.

didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, mTeli samyaro sicocxlidan aexsna,

dilTaisTan mainc sicocxlis sanaxevrod wvdomas vxvdebiT. hegels

sicocxlis filosofosad aravin moixseniebs, magram misi sistemis

Tundac erT epizodSi, roca gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTSemecnebis gzaze

materia gonis `yru Zvradaa~ gagebuli, ufro metad igrZnoba sicocxle,

vidre dilTais mTel filosofiaSi. metic, hegelis sistema zustadac

aseTi `cocxali epizodebis~ krebulia: `Cemi SexedulebiT, romelic

mxolod TviT sistemis dalagebiT unda gamarTldes, mTavari isaa, rom

WeSmariti gavigoT da gamovxatoT ara rogorc mxolod substancia,

aramed aseve rogorc subieqti~ (74.9) _ acxadebs hegeli. marTlac, Tuki

goni absolutia, igi yvelaferTan erTad sicocxlesac aucileblad unda

gulisxmobdes, xolo sicocxle mxolod subieqts SeiZleba axasiaTebdes.

ganmartebisTvis, mizanSewonilia aqve mivuTiToT, rom am konteqtsSi

termini `subieqti~ ar udris gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTSemecnebis

mxolod subieqtur etaps, igi cxadia, arc gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-

TviTSemecnebis mxolod obieqtur etaps Seesabameba, ramdenadac

subieqturuoba miTiTebul konkretul SemTxvevaSi imTaviTve sakuTriv

absoluts miewereba. goni sakuTari TavisTvis safuZvelSive obieqticaa da

subieqtic. sxvagvarad, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, marTlac ar SeiZleba

iyos da radgan goni, rogorc substancia, sakuTar TavSi da sakuTari

TavisTvis safuZvelSive, imTaviTve subieqticaa, `ar aris inertuli da

gayinuli ram, is aqtiuria, `cocxali substanciaa~, goneba sicocxlea,

goneba Semoqmedebaa~ (7.138). aqedan gamomdinare, arcTu adekvaturi da

arcTu marTebulia hegelis soren kirkegoriseuli Sefaseba: `hegeli

kirkegorisTvis tipuri warmomadgenelia `obieqturi moazrovnisa~, e. i.

iseTi moazrovnisa, rogoric ar unda iyos filosofosi. `obieqturi

moazrovne~ qmnis `mecnierul~ filosofias, romelSic daviwyebulia Tavad

moazrovne, Tavad subieqti. `obieqtur moazrovnes~ kirkegorTan

upirispirdeba `subieqturi moazrovne~, `egzistencialuri~ filosofosi _

WeSmariti moazrovne. am ukanasknelisTvis WeSmariteba Rrmad pirovnulia,

subieqtis, individis cnobierebis nawilia, amitom WeSmariteba aRar aris

sayovelTao, is egzistencialuria, subieqturia, subieqtis matarebelia,

subieqti cxovrobs WeSmaritebaSi~ (7.345_346). soren kirkegoris amgvari

Sexedulebidan kargad Cans, rom man ise ver gaigo hegelis filosofia,

rogorc unda gvesmodes is. kerZod, kirkegori im mizeziT ufrTxis

yovelgvar `obieqtur azrovnebas~, raTa ar dakargos subieqti `cxovrebis

WeSmaritebaSi~, magram aki zemoT araerTgzis ganvmarteT, rom `obieqturi

azrovneba~ sulac ar udris subieqtisa da subieqturis ignorirebas.

metic, yovelgvari obieqturi subieqturobas Tavis TavSi rogorRac,

Tundac uTqmelad gulisxmobs da yovelgvari subieqturi, aseve rogorRac

uTqmelad, Cveni neba-survilis miuxedavad gulisxmobs obieqturs. gana

TviTon kirkegorisaTvis `Rrmad pirovnuli~ egzistencialuri

ganzomileba, imis miuxedavad, ra rogor unda TviTon kirkegors,

ramdenadme mainc obieqtur raobas ar warmoadgens winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneboda bibliuri abraamis saqcielis

gamarTleba an gamtyuneba, roca es ukanaskneli usityvod daemorCila

RmerTis nebas da mzad iyo Svili, isaaki, sasikvdilod gaemetebina. arada,

kirkegori, rogorc religiuri adamiani, abraamis saqciels rwmenis

momizezeba-moSveliebiT amarTlebs. e. i. kirkegorisTvis, iseve rogorc

tertulianesTvis, rwmena absurdia, Tumca igi gamarTlebulia imdenad,

ramdenadac individualuri, subieqturia (7.355). magram gana imis aRiareba,

rom abraamis saqcieli paradoqsul-absurdulia, Zalauneburad

obieqturobis erTgvarad aRiarebac ar aris amasTan, gana abraamis

saqcielis gamarTleba, am uneblied aRiarebuli obieqturobis ganzrax da

naZaladevad uaryofis STabeWdilebas ar tovebs subieqturegzistencialur-spontanuris

gamarTlebis mizniT ra Tqma unda asea da

rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, hegelTanac ar ar aris naZaladevad uaryofili

an aseve naZaladevad `yuriT moTreuli~ arc subieqti da subieqturi da

arc obieqti da obieqturi. hegelTan isini rogorRac imTaviTve

harmoniulad urTierTgamsWvalul sicocxled warmogvidgebian, iseT

sicocxled, romelSic amavdroulad `cxovrebis WeSmaritebac~

igulisxmeba, iseTi `cxovrebis WeSmariteba~, romelSic `subieqtic

cxovrobs~ da Tan obieqturi myofobis wesic axasiaTebs. sicocxlis

swored aseTi hegeliseuli mZlavri nakadi igrZnoba astiseul gonsa da

Sopenhaueriseul nebaSic isev da isev dilTaisgan gansxvavebiT,

romelTanac sicocxle, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, sanaxevrod da SedarebiT

mkrTalad gamosWvivis. dilTai sakmaod winaaRmdegobriv daskvnamde midis:

misTvis materiaSi, bunebaSi aranairi `Sinagani sazrisi~ ar devs. `Sinagani

sazrisi~ SegviZlia mxolod obieqturi gonis gamoxatulebebSi

amovikiTxoT. magaliTad, dilTais Tanaxmad, Sinagan sazriss ver

amovikiTxavT materiaSi. Tumca amovikiTxavT Tixisgan gakeTebul

xelovnebis nimuSSi, magram gana obieqturi goni Sinagani sazrisis

gamoxatvisTvis materias ar saWiroebs amitom, iqneb gacilebiT

marTebulia hegeli, roca materias, bunebas, Tundac rogorc

`sxvadyofnad~, magram mainc gonis `yru Zvrad~ miiCnevs da zustadac am

`yru ZvrobaSi~ xedavs materiis sazriss sakuTriv materiisTvisac da

obieturi da absoluturi gonisTvisac, rogorc am `materiisTvis

sazrisis~ safuZvlisa da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobisaTvis. Tuki

obieqturi da absoluturi gonis sazrisi goniT-sulieri Sinaarsia,

materiis Sinagani sazrisi is aris, rom misTvis obieqtur-absolutur gons

goniT-sulieri Sinaarsebis gamoxatvis saSualebis funqcia miuniWebia da

amiT winaswar mouxazia materiis `yru Zvroba~, rogorc materiisave

Sinagani sazrisoba, romelic kidev imitomacaa materiis Sinagani sazrisi,

rom igi rogorRac Tavadve, misdauneburad miuCens xolme Sesabamis

kalapots goniT-sulier Sinaarsebs da amiT xsnis gzas ufro

maRalganviTarebadi safexurebisaTvis gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis

gzaze, xolo TviTon am maRalganviTarebad safexurebSi, rogorc

sakuTarive safuZvlebsa da gauswrebad SesaZleblobebSi ukuSeqceviT, anu

`uku-SuaSi gavliT~, isev safuZvelTa safuZvelsa da gauswrebadze

gauswrebad SesaZleblobas, anu absoluts kvlav ubrundeba

maRalganviTarebad safexurebad gardaqmnili saxiTac da amavdroulad

`yruZvroba~ SenarCunebulic. dilTai materiis, cnobierebis, obieqturi

gonisa da absolutis aseT urTierTCawnulobas an verafriT wvdeba, anac

ubralod, araseriozulad uyurebs, imis SiSiT, rom fsiqologizmSi ar

gadavardes, mecnierebas, zneobas, xelovnebas fsiqikuri

maxasiaTeblebisgan savsebiT wmends da ontologiuri sibrmavis

gamomJRavnebad miiCnevs imas, Tuki vinme cnobierebis, obieqturi gonisa da

absoluturi gonis am gamovlineba-gansaxierebebs fsiqikur xasiaTs

ramdenadme mainc miawers, magram sinamdvileSi ontologiuri sibrmave

iqneb is ufroa, materia, cnobiereba, obieqturi goni da absoluti

erTmaneTs ise movwyvitoT, maTi dakavSireba aRar SeiZlebodes marTalia,

obieqturi gonisa da absoluturi gonis gamovlinebebs (absoluturi goni

dilTaisTan ar arsebobs, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli igivea, rac

obieqturi goni) mTlianad fsiqikur xasiaTs ver mivawerT, magram radgan

gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis gzaze momdevno safexurebi wina

safexurebis safuZvlebad da gauswrebad SesaZleblobebad gvevlinebian

da winaswarmoxazuli saxiT gulisxmoben wina safexurebis konturebsac,

amdenad, isini TavisTavSi imTaviTve iribad mainc gulisxmoben

fsiqikursac, azrovnebiseulsac, cnobierebiseulsac da suliseulsac,

Sesabamsiad, zneobis, saxelmwifosa Tu xelovnebis warmoSobis Sinagan

moTxovnilebasac. amdenad, warmoudgenelia vmsjelobdeT zneobaze,

saxelmwifoze an xelovnebis romelime Sedevrze, rogorc obieqturi da

absoluturi gonis TviTwvdomis saSualebebze da ramdenadme mainc ar

vgulisxmobdeT garkveul fsiqikur wanamZRvrebs. dilTai fsiqikurSi,

upirveles yovlisa, SimSils an SiSis gancdas gulisxmobs, magram

fsiqikuri mxolod SiSisa da SimSilis gancdaze ar daiyvaneba. adamiani

xandaxan zneobis iseTsave deficits ganicdis, rogorsac kuWi _ sakvebis

ararsebobis pirobebSi. amdenad, mcdaria, roca obieqturi, gindaT

absoluturi gonis sauflodan fsiqikurs saerTod gamovricxavT.

WeSmaritebasTan axlos Semdegi viTareba ufroa: obieqturi (absoluturi)

goni fsiqikuricaa, oRond ara mxolod fsiqikuri, igi amavdroulad

fsiqikurze metia, amitomac vuwodebT mas obieqtur (absolutur) gons da

ara imis gamo, TiTqos obieqturi (absoluturi) gonis saufloSi

fsiqikuri absoluturad gamoricxulia. obieqturi da absoluturi gonis

amgvar ganazrebas gulisxmobs astic da Sopenhaueric, oRond upriania,

SopenhauerTan sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, samarTali `obieqturi nebis~

TviTwvdomis saSualebebad gamovacxadoT, xolo xelovneba _

`absoluturi nebisa~. neba aq, rogorc ideaTa umaRlesi instanciis

Sesabamisi inteleqtualuri safexuri, obieqturi imdenadaa, ramdenadac

misive gamovlinebis formebis saSualebiT, neba Tavis obieqturobas da

TavisTavadobas wvdeba, magram ra aris, ras warmoadgenen ideebi,

romlebic SopenhauerTan ase SeumCnevlad da, SeiZleba iTqvas,

uadgilodac Semogvepara

unda vaRiaroT, rom ideaTa sfero, albaT, yvelaze susti wertilia

Sopenhaueris moZRvrebaSi, ramdenadac igi Sopenhaueris moZRvrebis

danarCeni nawilebis mwyobr mTlianobas aSkarad ar Seesabameba. ideaTa

samyaros daSvebiT, gaadvilebis nacvlad saqme sinamdvileSi miT ufro

rTuldeba: Tu Cven zogads erTeulebSi davuSvebT, romelic cnebebiT

gamoiTqmeba, rogorc amas aristotele aRiarebs, amiT ideaTa samyaro

Sopenhaueris sistemisTvis sruliad zedmeti aRmoCndeba, xolo Tu ideaTa

samyaros droisa da sivrcis gareT gavitanT, igi gvinda Tu ara, umal

absoluturi nebis sibrtyes gauTanabrdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tavis mxriv,

or substancias miviRebT, absolutur nebasa da ideaTa samyaros, rac, ra

Tqma unda, yovlad dauSvebelia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom nebis

substanciurobas Crdili ar miayenos da, amavdroulad, erTeulebze

aRmatebuladac warmosaxos, Sopenhauers ideaTa sfero metafizikur

ganzomilebaSi gaaqvs, magram es iseTi metafizikuri ganzomilebaa,

romelic ar uigivdeba nebis substanciurobas, miTiTebuli metafizikuri

nebisa da erTeul saganTa Suamdebarea, ideebi nebis obieqtivaciebia,

rogorc nebisa da erTeul saganTa damakavSirebeli Sua rgoli. erTi

SexedviT, gamosavali TiTqos napovnia, magram sinamdvileSi ideaTa

samyaros aseTi `Sua rgoloba~ mainc raRacnairi abstraqtulis,

konteqstidan amovardnilis, amdenad nebis garemdebare instanciis

STabeWdilebas tovebs, radgan Tu zogadobebi nebiseulia, ratom ar

SeiZleba es zogadobebi erTeulebSi yovelgvari Sualeduri idealuri

samyaros gareSe vlindebodes ufro zustad, xom ar aris zedmeti ideaTa

sfero SopenhauerTan da xom ar jobia ideaTa sferos funqcia

SopenhauerTanac cnobierebis funqcias gavuigivoT

vfiqrobT, saqmisadmi msgavsi midgoma ufro adekvaturia, radgan am

SemTxvevaSi zogadi cnobierebis transcendentalur maxasiaTeblad

mogvevlineba, xolo ramdenadac cnobiereba nebis gamovlinebaa, amdenad

zogadis cnobierebisadmi msgavsi transcendentaluroba, amasTanave,

zogadis transcendenturobasac gaamarTlebs da Tan aseTi

gamarTlebisaTvis raRacnairad ganyenebul idealur samyarosac aRar

daiWirvebs, amasTan, nebis substanciurobasac aranair Crdils ar

miayenebs, piriqiT, ideaTa samyaros gamoricxviT, nebis substanciuroba

miT ufro myardeba. swored amgvari situacia gvaqvs hegelTan, oRond

nebis adgilze hegelTan, cxadia, goni gvevlineba. hegelTan aranair

idealur samyaros ar vxvdebiT, magram mTeli sistema xom gonis yru

Zvridan Tavis TavSi dabrunebamde, `SuaSi gavlis~ siZneleebis miuxedavad,

ufro myari da Sekrulia, vidre im moazrovneebisa, romlebic ideaTa

samyaros aRiareben hegelis msgavsi Sexedulebis suraTi gvaqvs astTanac,

amitomacaa, rom astTan zogadisa da erTeulebis urTierTdamokidebuleba

aixsneba gonidan da mxolod gonidan, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, pirdapiri

gziT, yovelgvari garegani Tu gareganis msgavsi idealuri Tu

araidealuri Sualeduri samyaros gareSe: `yovelive erTi gonidanaa

warmoqmnili da miiswrafvis ukan, gonisken... yovelgvari gagebisa da

Semecnebis ZiriTadi kanoni aseTia: erTeulidan unda vipovoT mTelis

goni da mTelis saSualebiT unda vwvdeT erTeuls... mxolod amitomaa

SesaZlebeli, rom me erTeuls mTeliT vimecneb da piriqiT, mTels

erTeuliT~ (104.113, 116, 117) _ acxadebs asti.

Sesabamisad, `hermenevtikuli Zieba, astTan efuZneba gonis

universalurobis debulebas... bunebrivia, samyaros aseTi gaazrebisas,

gageba yovelTvis iqneba erTeulebSi mTelis, gonis wvdoma. erTeuli am

SemTxvevaSi mTels gvagebinebs, magram Tavad mTeliT gaigeba. ase iqmneba

hermenevtikuli wre, sinTezi da analizi aq mWidro urTierTkavSirSia

iseve, rogorc mTeli da nawilebia urTierTkavSirSi... asti gons uyurebs,

rogorc organul mTels, e. i. mTlianobas, romelic ar warmoiqmneba

erTeulTa jamiT. goni misTvis Tavdapirvelia, martivia, arsebaa da yovel

erTeulSi is amgvari saxiT monawileobs~ (7.398, 399, 400). astTan goni

Tavadaa yvelanairi erTeulis zogadi safuZveli da gauswrebadi

SesaZlebloba, amitom zogadisa da erTeulis urTierTmimarTeba raime

sxva Sualedur sferos ar saWiroebs imdenad, ramdenadac goni yvelgan da

yvelaferSia. nebismier erTeulSi goni zogadis saxiTaa Cawnuli, xolo

erTeulebis saSualebiT Cven vwvdebiT zogads, iseve rogorc zogadi,

rogorc goni, wvdeba Tavis Tavs erTeulebis meSveobiT. zogadi iseTi

transcendenturi safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobaa, romelic

amave dros imanenturia yoveli erTeulisTvis. gonis (nebis) da erTeulis

urTierTmimarTebis amnairi astiseuli gageba imwamsve dairRveva, Tuki maT

Soris transcendenturi yaidis zogadi ideebis samyaros davuSvebT, aseT

SemTxvevaSi miviRebT winaaRmdegobas ara mxolod ormagi

transcendentizmis saxiT, aramed xels gamovkravT meTodologiur

dualizmsac, romelic Sopenhauerma Tavdapirvelad daZlia, roca goniTsulieri

samyaro da buneba erTmaneTs siRrmiseulad daukavSira, magram

transcendentur-metafizikuri tipis ideaTa samyaros daSvebiT, boloSi

imaze uaresi miiRo, rac Tavdapirvelad daZlia. Sopenhaueris

Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac bunebismecnieri bunebis movlenaTa

gamomwvev mizezebs swavlobs da ara bunebis Zalebs, metad bundovnad da

gaugebrad gamoiyureba: gamodis, bunebis Zalebi, rogorc metafizikuri

ganzomileba, goniT-sulier sferos unda gavuTanabroT da gagebis meTodi

mivusadagoT, xolo bunebis movlenebis sfero, rogorc fizikuri

ganzomileba, axsnis meTodis sauflod unda davtovoT. xom ar aris aseTi

midgoma isev da isev naZaladevi Tuki metafizikur ganzomilebas

SegviZlia gagebis meTodis saSualebiT ramdenadme mainc vwvdeT, aseTi

gagebiTi wvdoma xom winaswarmoxazulis saxiT imTaviTve axsnis

SesaZleblobasac unda gulisxmobdes, ramdenadac bunebis movlenebi

swored bunebis Zalebis, rogorc metafizikuri ganzomilebis

gamovlinebania da Tu bunebis movlenebi SegviZlia avxsnaT, isev da isev

iqidan gamomdinare, rom bunebis movlenebi bunebis Zalebis

gamovlinebania, axsnaSi TavisTavad unda vlindebodes gagebac, rogorc

axsnis arseba. sxva sityvebiT, SeiZleba bunebismecnierebis mizani

marTlac bunebis movlenaTa Seswavla iyos, magram es mizani axsnisa da

gagebis meTodTa saerTo horizontis mixedviT ganxilvis SesaZleblobas

sulac ar gamoricxavs, iseve rogorc am SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs

gonismecnierebaTa mizanic – wvdes bunebis Zalebs, rogorc Tundac

metafizikur ganzomilebas. magaliTad, romantikuli skolis

(neohumanizmi) cnobil warmomadgenels iohan gotfrid herders, gagebis

cneba swored bunebasTan erTianobis grZnobidan gamohyavs,

novalisisTvisac gageba aris is Sinagani grZnobis saxe, romelic

saSualebas gvaZlevs `buneba an gare samyaro adamianur arsad vigulvoT...

Cven maSin gavigebT samyaros, roca gavigebT Cvens Tavs, radgan Cven da is

integrantuli naxevrebi varT~ (48.57, 59, 60), volfisTvis ki `axsna Tavis

wanamZRvrad yovelTvis gulisxmobs gagebas~ (48.67). rac Seexeba

egzistencializmis erT-erT TvalsaCino warmomadgenels karl iasperss,

misi mixedviT, `mcdaria is Sexeduleba, romelic amtkicebs, TiTqos

fsiqikuri mxolod gagebis sferoa, fizikuri ki – axsnis. ar arsebobs

iseTi realuri procesi, fiqikuri iqneba igi Tu fizikuri, romelic

principulad kauzalur axsnas ar eqvemdebarebodes. mizez-Sedegis

problema sulierSic iseve arsebobs, rogorc fizikurSi. kauzaluri

Semecneba zRvardaudebelia... gagebis yoveli sazRvari warmoadgens

sakiTxis kauzaluri dayenebis sababs~ (48.155). yovelive amiT imas ki ar

vamtkicebT, TiTqos axsnasa da gagebas Soris arc erT etapze araviTari

gansxvaveba ar aris, aramed imis warmoCena gvsurs, rom samyaros erTian

suraTs verasgziT miviRebT, Tuki bunebismecnierebebisa da

gonismecnierebebis meTodebs erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebul meTodebad

warmovidgenT, isini erTmaneTs ki ar unda upirispirdebodnen, rogorc es

dilTaisTanaa, aramed maT gansxvavebulobaSi erTmaneTs unda

gulisxmobdnen da avsebdnen, rogorc es astTanaa. am ukanasknelTan, axsna

da gageba erTmaneTisgan rkinis fardiT sulac ar aris gamoyofili,

ramdenadac gonis (nebis) da erTeuli movlenebis urTierTmimarTeba

srulebiT ar saWiroebs zedmet, zogadi ideebis Sualedur samyaros. asti

mTels warmogvidgens, `rogorc calkeulTa mravalferovnebaSi arsebul

erTianobas. gagebis procesi dasrulebulia, roca erTeulebis rigi

mTlianad gavlilia da maT erTobliobasa da mTlianobas Soris arsebobs

sruli Sesatyvisoba. gagebis ganviTarebisa da gadmocemis am process asti

uwodebs axsnas~ (7.402).

cxadia, dilTais `axsnisgan~ astis `axsna~ mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba da, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom asti ufro siRrmiseulad

wvdeba arsebobaSi, movlenebSi gamovlenil arsebas, erTeulebSi

gamovlenil zogads, bunebaSi gamovlenil gons (nebas) da, Sesabamisad,

maT siRrmiseul kavSirebs. astis Tanaxmad, `qmnis procesi, romelsac

imeorebs gageba _ axsna, sami safexuris erTianobaa: qmnis dasawyisia

erTianoba, Tavad qmna gulisxmobs _ simravles _ elementebis

dapirispirebulobas, xolo qmnis dasasruli erTianobisa da simravlis

urTierTganmsWvalvaa _ yovladobaa~ (104.120). sxva sityvebiT, “astTan

`mTlianobis idea~ Tavdapirvelad ganuviTarebeli da gauSleli,

calkeuli fragmentebis rigSi viTardeba da bolos, srulad amJRavnebs

Tavs. e. i. midis sakuTar arsebamde, midis Tavis TavTan, gonis am misvlaSi

Tavis Tavdapirvel arsebasTan, gonis am Tavisebur ukanasvlaSi

gamoisaxeba axsnis wrexaziseuli moZraoba~ (7.402-403).

aqedan gamomdinare, astTan gageba siRrmiseulad yovelTvis da

imTaviTve axsnas gulisxmobs, axsna ki yovelTvis da imTaviTve gagebis

WrilSi mogvecema. sxvagvarad, astTan gagebis, rogorc Tavdapirveli

sinTezis (mTlianobis) da axsnis, rogorc am sinTezis (mTlianobis)

analizurad mocemul erTeulTa urTierTCawnuloba, yvelaze

daxvewiladaa mocemuli. astis mixedviT, Tavdapirveli mTelis (sinTezis),

am mTelis erTeulebad (analizurad) gaSlisa da kvlav Tavdapirvel

mTelSi (sinTezSi) ukuSeqcevis procesi, yvelaze TvalsaCinod mainc

mxatvrul teqstSia warmodgenili: `roca teqstSi asaxsnelia raime

adgili, Cven, pirvel yovlisa, vkiTxulobT imas, Tu ras gamoTqvamen

asoebi; Semdeg imas, Tu rogor gamoTqvamen isini gamoTqmuls, ra sazrisi,

mniSvneloba aqvs gamoTqmuls; bolos ki imas, Tu ra aris idea

mTlianobisa, anu goni, rogorc is erTianoba, romelic asoebisa da

sazrisis fuZea. asoebi sazrisis gareSe usicocxlo da gaugebari arian,

sazrisi gonis gareSe, gamocalkavebuli, izolirebuli atomebis msgavsi

fenomenia da es imitom, rom mxolod gonis meSveobiT xdeba CvenTvis

naTeli yoveli nivTis `ratom~, `saidan~ da `saiT~. asoebi, sazrisi da

goni sami elementia~ (7.403). Sesabamisad, astTan sami saxis hermenevtikaa

mocemuli: asoTa, sazrisisa da gonis _ `asoTa hermenevtika sityvaTa da

saganTa axsnis hermenevtikaa. sityvaTa da saganTa mniSvnelobebs

konkretuli fragmentebis farglebSi sazrisis hermenevtika xsnis, xolo

gonis hermenevtika am calkeuli sazrisiani mniSvnelobebis mqone

fragmentebis mTliani gonidan gamomdinareobas adasturebs~ (104.122). astis

miTiTebuli Sexedulebebidan Cans, rom igi mxatvrul teqsts sagnebTan da

sityvebTan siRrmiseuli kavSirurTierTobis WrilSi ganixilavs, asoebi

da sityvebi masTan `sagnebia~ imdenad, ramdenadac asoebi da asoTnaerTebi,

sityvebi, cal-calkec da erTobliobaSi aRebulnic, materiaa, magram

iseTi materiaa, romelSic goniT-sulieri samyaro, Tundac goniT-sulieri

samyaros metafizikuri raoba meti xarisxiTa da intensivobiT vlindeba,

vidre Cveulebriv materialur sagnebSi, xolo xelovneba, anu mxatvruli

teqsti, ara mxolod Cveulebrivi materialuri sagnebisa da

asoTnaerTebis, sityvebis, rogorc sazrisiani mniSvnelobebis mqone

materiis Semdgomi nazavia, aramed imTaviTve maTi Tavdapirveli goniseuli

erTianobis gamovlinebaa, rogorc TviTon Tavdapirveli goniseuli

erTianoba.

Tavi II. gagebis universaluroba

§1. ena, rogorc gagebis horizonti da xelovnebis ena

wina paragrafSi ganxilulidan gamomdinare, saboloo jamSi, enis

Semadgeneli nawilebis _ sityvebis da bgerebis _ materiebad

gansazRvrebamde mivediT, magram radganac es ukanasknelebi sakuTar TavSi

goniT-sulieri samyaros Wrilsac gulisxmoben, amdenad arc mTlad

materialuris STabeWdilebas toveben. hegeli erTdroulad materialuris

da arc mTlad materialuris msgavs fenomens fsiqikur fenomenad da

amavdroulad, rogorc momdevno safexurs gonis TviTSemecneba-

TviTwvdomis gzaze - Cveulebrivi sagnebis, anu wminda materiis safuZvlad

da gauswrebad SesaZleblobad – amdenad, arc mTlad fsiqikur fenomenad

miiCnevs. sityvebis, bgerebis, Sesabamisad, enis erTian fsiqikur da

amavdroulad arc mTlad fsiqikur fenomenad gamocxadeba imdenadaa

gamarTlebuli, ramdenadac sityvebi da bgerebi marTlac materiebi arian,

magram, meore mxriv, ena, rogorc aseTi, materiaze aRmatebul, gacilebiT

obieqtur instanciad gamoiyureba. ena, rogorRac, Cveni neba-survilis

miuxedavad gveZleva Tavis TavSi Semcveli bgerebiTa da sityvebiTurT da

sakuTarive Sinagani azrobrivi kanonzomierebis mixedviT moqmedebs CvenSi,

Tumca ramdenadac sityvebi da bgerebi enis Semadgeneli nawilebia,

rogorc materiebi da, amave dros, arc mTlad materiebi, amitom enas

fsiqikuri xasiaTi, Tundac mcire an Zalian mcire doziT, magram mainc

dahyveba.

asea Tu isea, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sityvebi da bgerebi, rogorc

enisa da materiis SemakavSirebeli erTiani `Sua rgoli~, Cveulebriv

sagnebze, anu wminda materiaze aRmatebulad gamoiyureba, ena ki,

Sesabamisad, wminda materiaze kidev ufro aRmatebul instanciad

gvesaxeba, magram enis aseTi aRmatebuloba materiis dasamcireblad mainc

aramc da aramc ar unda gamoviyenoT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba

WeSmaritebisken mimaval gzas didi manZiliT avcdeT. marTlacda, rogorc

zemoT mivuTiTeT, sakuTari erTgvari `Sinagani~ sazrisi SeiZleba

Cveulebriv materiasac gaaCndes. enasTan mimarTebaSi Cveulebrivi materiis

Sinagani sazrisianoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom enobriv gamosaxulebaTa

aRbeWdva-gamosaxvis funqcia materiisTvis winaswarmoxazulis saxiT

TviTon enas miuniWebia, rogorc materiis safuZvelsa da gauswrebad

obieqtur SesaZleblobas. materiis Sinagani sazrisi enasTan mimarTebaSi

imaSic gamoixateba, rom materia Tavadve, rogorRac Tavisdauneburad

uwyobs xels materiisa da enis SemakavSirebeli `Suargolebis~ _

bgerebisa da sityvebis _ erTian enobriv gamosaxulebaTa mwyobrad

mocemuloba-Camoyalibebas da amiT avtomaturad xsnis gzas ufro

maRalganviTarebadi safexurebisaTvis gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis

gzaze, Tavad ki am maRalganviTarebad safexurebSi, anu aso-bgerebSi,

sityvebsa da enaSi, rogorc sakuTarsave safuZvlebsa da gauswrebad

SesaZleblobebSi ukuSeiqceva. aseTive konteqsti SegviZlia Tamamad

mivusadagoT xelovnebasac, rogorc enas. marTlac, `mxatvruli

informacia ganuyofelia misi ganmaxorcielebeli niSanTa sistemidan. es

imitom, rom am niSnis struqtura yovelTvis mniSvnelobis struqturiT

aris gansazRvruli, romlis gadasacemadaa igi mowodebuli. sityvieri ena

da yvela xelovnuri kodi Seqmnilia abstraqtuli mniSvnelobis

gadasacemad. sityva swored imitom iqca azris ganivTebis mTavar

saSualebad, rom mas SeuZlia adekvaturad mogvces azrovnebis

rezultati, xelovnebaSi ki mxatvrulad damuSavebuli sityva mxatvruli

Sinaarsis ganxorcielebis mravalTagan erT-erTi saSualebaa, vinaidan

samyaros mxatvruli aTviseba ufro mdidari, mravalferovani da rTulia,

vidre Teoriuli Semecneba. mTeli am mravalferovnebis gamosaxatavad

dasWirda xelovnebas sxvadasxva da gansxvavebuli `enebi~ _ plastikuri,

ferweruli, qoreografiuli, musikaluri da a.S., romelTagan TiToeuli

maTgani Tavisi specifikiT gamoirCeva da sxvisTvis miuwvdomel mxares

gamoTqvams. xelovneba zogadad, sxvadasxva niSnur sistemebad

warmogvidgeba, romlebSic gamoiyeneba Tvalisa da yurisTvis misawvdomi

signalebi, radgan grZnobis organoTagan mxolod es orni arian

dakavSirebulni adamianis cnobierebasTan da SeuZliaT gadascen mas is

Sinaarsi, romelsac mxatvruli nawarmoebi Seicavs... mxatvrul enas

SeuzRudavi variantuloba axasiaTebs, radganac saxovan niSanTa sistema

xelovnebis sxvadasxva saxeSi mravalgvarad modificirdeba da

transformirdeba mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Sesatyvisad da

sagrZnoblad icvlis saxes yoveli xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi. aqedan

gamomdinare, xelovnebis forma erTdroulad aris saxovani modeli da

niSanTa sistemac, materialuri konstruqciaca da specialuri enac,

esTetikuri da komunikaciuri Rirebulebebis erTdroulad matarebeli~

(45.300_301). amdenad, xelovnebis ena, sxva xelovnur enebTan SedarebiT,

yvelaze ufro metad amJRavnebs bunebrivi enis TvisebebTan, rogorc

sazrisian niSnebTan siaxloves, Sesabamisad, xelovnebis gagebis

SesaZleblobac, upirveles yovlisa, swored am sazrisian niSnebSi,

rogorc sazrissa Tu sazrisTa matarebel enaSi, rogorc logosSia

davanebuli.

azrovnebis, anu sazrisis mTeli siRrmiseuli fluqturaciebi

cnobil germanel poets fridrix holderlins sul erT fragmentSi

Taviseburad aqvs gadmocemuli – „bevri Seityo adamianma, zenaars

mravals arqva saxeli, mas Semdeg rac varT Cven saubari da erTmaneTis

ZalgviZs mosmena“ (57.77). es erTi fragmenti holderlinis Semoqmedebidan

marTlac uaRresad yovlismomcvel qveteqstTa Semcvelia, amitomac

aniWebs holderlinis am fragments martin haidegeri did mniSvnelobas:

„adamianis yofiereba safuZvels enaSi iRebs. magram es pirvelad sakuTriv

saubarSi xorcieldeba. saubari marto imas ki ar gulisxmobs, Tu ra

saxiT iSleba ena, aramed mxolod rogorc saubaria ena mniSvnelovani.

rac Cveulebrivad gvesmis „enaSi“ da saxeldobr ki sityvaTa da

sityvaTwyobis wesTa erTianoba, mxolod zedafenaa enisa. magram ras

niSnavs „saubari“ cxadia, erTmaneTTan ubnobas raimes Sesaxeb da Tan,

aseT dros ena erTmaneTTan misvlis saSualebadac gvevlineba. xolo

holderlini ambobs: mas Semdeg rac varT Cven saubari da erTmaneTis

ZalgviZs mosmena. saubris SesaZlebloba da mosmenis SesaZlebloba erTi

da igivea dasabamidan. Cven varT saubari niSnavs: Cven SegviZlia

erTmaneTis mosmena. Cveen varT saubari, amave dros yovelTvis niSnavs:

Cven varT erTi saubari, saubris erTianoba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

arsebiT sityvaSi yovelTvis erTi da igive cxaddeba: is, ris

safuZvelzec Cven verTiandebiT da amdenad WeSmaritad Cven varT.

saubarsa da mis erTianobas Seicavs Cveni munyofiereba“ (57.82).

maSasadame, sityvaTa da sityvaTwyobis wesTa erTianoba mxolod

zedafenaa enisa da, ramdenadac am wesTa safuZveli enis gavliT unda

veZeboT, msgavsi Zieba laparakTan, metyvelebasTan, gamoTqmasTan

saubarTan migviyvans, rogorc enis safuZvlebTan. aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT

vitgenSteinis miniSneba enis logikur-gramatikuli sintaqsis metaenidan

gamomdinareobis Sesaxeb (10.66,68), anu is, rac enis zedafenad gvaCvenebs

Tavs, SeiZleba enis arsebac ki iyos, radgan ise ki ar aris, TiTqos jer

ena gveboZeba da mere Cven vagebT am naboZeb enas logikur-gramatikuli

sintaqsis mixedviT, aramed ena imTaviTve logikur-gramatikuli

sintaqsiTuTrT gveZleva, rogorc saubari e. i. logikur-gramatikuli

sintaqsi igivea, rac gamoTqma, laparaki, metyveleba, saubari. isini erTi

da imave instanciis sxvadasxva terminebad gamoTqmuli erTi da igive

SesaZleblobebia, magram radgan holderlini am erTidaigive

SesaZleblobebs saubrad moixseniebs, umjobesia am SemTxvevaSi Cvenc ase

moviqceT da enis safuZvlad swored saubari movixsenioT. aki

holderlinisa da haidegeris mixedviT, saubari swored enis saxiT

iSleba da Sesabamisad enac mxolod isea mniSvnelovani, rogorc saubari

da Tuki adamianis yofiereba safuZvels enaSi iRebs, xolo enis

yofierebis safuZveli saubaria, maSin adamianis yofierebis arsebac

saubari yofila, rogorc azrovnebis potenciis enaSi da eniT adamianSi

garegamotana-ganamdvileba. aq ar unda dagvabnios frazam „mas Semdeg“,

arada erTi SexedviT marTlac damabnevelia Semdegi viTareba: Tuki

adamianis yofierebis arseba saubaria, maSin adamiani eniTurT yovelTvis

„mas Semdeg“, anu saubris Semdeg unda iyos, imis miuxedavad, rom adamiani

da ena, rogorc saubari „manamdecaa“, anu saubramdec, radgan ena

imTaviTve saubaria, xolo saubari, rogorc ena, ukve manamdea, vidre Cven

gavacnobierebdeT, rom saubari ZalgviZs. e. i. saubari, rogorc ena da ena,

rogorc saubari, refleqsiis pirvelsave aqtebisas arian mocemulni, Tu

ufro adre ara.

sainteresoa, rom saubarTan adamianisa da enis „manamdesa~ da „mas

Semdegis“ msgavsi damabneveli urTierTSepirispireba Tavis TavSi

gamosavalsac avtomaturad gulisxmobs: adamianSi ena, rogorc saubari

yovelTvis „manamdea“, imis miuxedavad, rom ena da enis gamovlineba

adamianSi yovelTvis „mas Semdeg“ unda iyos, ramdenadac enis arseba

saubaria. sxva sityvebiT, saubarTan mimarTebaSi, adamianisa da enis

„manamdesa“ da „mas Semdegobis“ aRwerili urTierTSepirispireba, arsebisa

da arsebobis rogorRac Tanadrouloba-Tanxvedrilobis Wrils sworedac

amgvar urTierTSepirispirebulobaSi Tavisdauneburad Tavadve xsnis,

ramdenadac adamiani da ena siRrmiseul urTierTCawnulobaSi saubramde,

anu „manamdec“ gveZlevian, magram amave dros saubris merec, anu „mas

Semdegac“ arian, radgan saubari enis arsebaa da mxolod amdenadaa ena

da adamiani saubari. ufro mokled, adamiani da ena siRrmiseul

erTianobaSi saubramdec anu „manamdec“ arian da saubris merec, anu „mas

Semdegac“. Sesabamisad, ar unda dagvabnios arc miniSnebam „mas Semdeg“,

imitom, rom adamianisa da enis saubarTan urTierTSepirispirebaerTianobis

aRweril konteqstSi „mas Semdeg“ igivea, rac „imTaviTve“.

holderlinis „mas Semdeg“ swored „imTaviTveobas“ gulisxmobs, anu

adamianma „mas Semdeg“ Seityo bevri ram da „mas Semdeg“ arqva mraval

zenaarss saxeli, rac „imTaviTve“ ukve Setyobili hqonda bevri ram da

mravali zenaarsisTvisac saxeli ukve „imTaviTve“ Serqmeuli hqonda.

sxvagvarad, „Setyoba“ da „saxelqmna“, iseve rogorc ena, refleqsiis

pirvelsave aqtTanaa mocemuli Tu ufro adre ara da ara refleqsiis

Semdeg. am azriT gulisxmobs holderlinis „mas Semdegoba“

„imavdroulobas“, iseve rogorc mosmenac imTaviTve enasTan, rogorc

saubarTan Tanadrouladaa mocemuli, radgan warmoudgenelia enad

gamovlenili saubari amavdroulad saubris mosmenad gamovlenis gareSe,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saubari aRar iqneboda saubari. amitom saubari da

mosmena marTlac erTi da igivea da aqedan gamomdinare, enac mosmenasTan

siRrmiseulad „mas Semdegoba“-„manamdelobis“ iseTive Tanadroul-erTian

ganaserSi unda iyos Cawnuli, rogoradac igi saubarTan mimarTebaSi

mogvecema. am konteqstSi haidegeri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs

holderlinis kidev erT frazas – „niadag jafiT, Tumc poeturad

binadrobs kaci dedamiwaze“ (57.55).

holderlinis am Tvalsazrisis dedaarsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

poezia enis safuZvelia, Tumca Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba piriqiT

mogveCvenos. haidegeric swored am garemoebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas

holderlinis miTiTebul fragmentTan dakavSirebiT: „poeziis safuZvelia

ena, amdenad, poeziis arss enis arsidan amosvliT unda CavwvdeT. Semdeg

gamoirkva: poezia aris damfuZnebeli saxeldeba yofierebisa da yvela

saganTa arsisa, ara nebismieri Tqma, aramed is, romlis wyalobiTac

yvelaferi es ganxmulobaSi Seabijebs, razedac Semdeg yofiT enaSi

vsaubrobT da vmsjelobT. amitom poezia arasodes iRebs enas rogorc

mza masalas, aramed poezia Tavad xdis enas SesaZlebels, poezia aris

Tavdapirveli ena istoriuli xalxisa. amgvarad, piriqiT, enis arsi

poeziis arsidan amosvliT unda davadginoT. adamianuri munyofierebis

safuZveli saubaria, rogorc enis WeSmariti ganxorcieleba, xolo

poezia, rogorc yofierebis dafuZneba, Tavdapirvel enas warmoadgens“

(57.55_56).

holderlinis Tvalsazrisis es haidegeriseuli ganmarteba kidev

ufro naTels xdis TviTon holderlinis TvalsazrisSi nagulisxmev

qveteqsts. kerZod, Tuki adamianis yofierebas safuZveli enaSi aqvs da

Tavis mxriv, saubari, rogorc enis yofierebis safuZveli, avtomaturad

adamianis yofierebis arsebadac gvevlineba, maSin poezia, rogorc

adamianis yofierebis arseba, im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu Tavad

poezia saubari, anu metyvelebaa. e.i. poezia marTlac imTaviTve enis

arsebac yofila. aseTi logikiT, poeziisTvis ena sakuTar TavSi

ukuSeqcevis safexuria da gana holderlinic da haidegeric zustad amas

ar amtkiceben rom ara ena, rogorc safuZvelSi, anu poeziaSi

ukuSeqcevis safexuri, ver CavwvdebodiT TviTon poezias, rogorc enis

safuZvels. sxva sityvebiT, Tuki poeziis sakuTar TavSi ukuSeqcevis

dasawyisSi ena gveCveneba poeziis safuZvlad, ukuSeqcevis procesis

mimdinareobisas TandaTan vxvdebiT, rom poeziaa enis safuZveli,

ramdenadac ar arsebobs poezia saubris gareSe da marTlac, gana poezia

sxva raa Tu ara saubari, ufro zustad, poeturad saubari cxadia asea,

magram xom arsebobs iseTi saubaric, romelic araa poezia am azriT,

poezia imTaviTve saubaria, magram saubari SeiZleba poeturic iyos da

arapoeturic da Tu asea, rogoraa poezia enis arseba, Tuki SeiZleba

saubari poeturadac gvevlinebodes enaSi da arapoeturadac

saqme isaa, rom saubari, rogorc enis arseba, namdvilad

SesaZlebelia enaSi poeturad an arapoeturad gvevlinebodes, magram

TviTon saubari, rogorc aseTi, TavisTavaSi da TavisTavisTvis

mocemulobaSi poeziaa, amitomacaa SesaZlebeli poezia enaSi, iseve

rogorc enis arapoeturi Tanawyoba-garkveulobani. sxvagvarad, enis

arapoeturad mocemuloba klebaa saubris, rogorc aseTis Tavdapirveli

poeturobisa, xolo arapoeturi saubris poeziad SeTanawyoba,

arapoeturi saubris sakuTar safuZvelsa da gauswrebad SesaZleblobaSi

kvlavmibruneba-ukuSeqcevaa, rogorc klebulis kvlavmateba. is garemoeba,

rom yvela adamiani poeti araa, aRweril saerTo suraTs, ra Tqma unda

ver cvlis, radgan Tu poetebis raodenoba mcirea, samagierod sxva

100

danarCenebs met-naklebi xarisxiT boZebuli aqvT poeziis gagebis unari,

anu rom ara adamianis dedamiwaze poeturad binadroba, arc poezia

iarsebebda, ramdenadac poezia da poeziis gagebiToba zogadad TavSic da

boloSic erTi daigive instanciaa. poeziis gagebiToba imTaviTve

gulisxmobs zogadad enaSi poeziis monacemebs, rogorc enisa da

metyvelebis safuZvelsa da gauswrebad SesaZleblobas da amitomac

fasobs poezia, rogorc aseTi. rom ara garkveuli poeturi monacemebi

zogadad enaSi da amiT „sxva danarCenebSi“, ar iarsebebda arc poeziis

gageba da, cxadia, arc poezia. ar aris aucilebeli iyo poeti, raTa

gaigo poezia, magram rom ara gageba, rogorc Tundac mcire xarisxiT

imTaviTve damaxasiaTebeli poeturi monacemebi „sxva danarCenebisTvis“,

ar iarsebebda arc poezia, e. i. dedamiwaze adamianis poeturad binadroba

yvela adamianis poetobas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed poeziisadmi

imTaviTve gagebiTobas, rogorc „sxva danarCenebis“ poeturad myofobas.

aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia ratomac miiCnevs haidegeri xelovnebis

danarCeni dargebidan yvelaze aRmatebulad poezias – poezia xom

metyvelebadqmnadi, anu saubradqmnadi damwerlobiTi xelovnebaa.

metyvelebadqmnadoba-saubradqmnadoba, Tavis TavSi, cxadia,

sityvaTqmnadobasac imTaviTve Seicavs. poeziaca da prozac xelovnebis

sxva dargebidan swored damwerlobiT gamoirCevian. amiT imis Tqma sulac

ar gvsurs, TiTqos damwerloba ganapirobebdes metyvelebadqmnadobasaubradqmnadoba-sityvaTqmnadobas,

ra Tqma unda, piriqiTaa, magram ise

kia, rom roca damwerlobiT xelovnebebTan – poeziasTan, prozasTan –

gvaqvs saqme, apriori vgulisxmobT, rom es xelovnebebi metyvelebadqmnadsaubradqmnad-sityvaTqmnadi

xelovnebebia, anu damwerlobiT xelovnebebSi

imTaviTve gaxsnilia metyveleba-saubaric da enac, rogorc damwerlobis

safuZvlebi da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobani. am azriT haidegeri iqneb

marTalicaa, roca xelovnebis sxva dargebze poezia-prozis

aRmatebulobas aRiarebs, radgan xelovnebis sxva dargebis damwerlobiT

gadmocema ar SeiZleba, magram metyveleba-saubari gana mxolod

damwerlobiT xelovnebebSi amJRavnebs sakuTar Tavs xom ar aris

metyveleba-saubris gamovlinebisTvis damwerlobiTi xelovnebebi da

saerTod damwerlobiToba Zalze viwro konteqsti Tuki metyveleba-

101

saubars mxolod cocxal fizikur metyvelebaTqmnadoba-saubarqmnadobas

gavuigivebT, maSin damwerlobiTi xelovnebebi metyveleba-saubrisaTvis

araTu viwro, erTi SexedviT, iqneb Zalze farTo ganaseradac mogveCvenos,

magram gana es sakmarisi safuZvelia xelovnebis sxva dargTa

„dasamcireblad“, romlebsac metyvelebadqmnadoba-saubarqmnadobis

TvalsazrisiT fizikuri utyvoba axasiaTebT sxva sityvebiT,

metyvelebadqmnadoba-saubarqmnadoba ara mxolod damwerlobiT

xelovnebebs axasiaTebT, ramdenadac metyvelebadqmnadoba-sityvaTqmnadoba

igivea, rac sazrisis gamovlena da gana ferwerul tiloSi, qandakebaSi

Tu musikaSi raime garkveuli sazrisi ar vlindeba erTi upiratesoba

poeziisa da prozisa, xelovnebis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT isaa, rom

maTi dazepirebis gziT sxvisTvis gadacema SeiZleba, maSin roca,

magaliTad, ferwerul qmnilebas zepirsityvierebiT veravis gadascem,

Tumca, arsebobs daviwyebadobac da Tu poeziis esa Tu is qmnileba

daviwyebas miecema, maSin mis gasaxseneblad wignsa Tu JurnalSi misi

naxva da wakiTxva isevea saWiro, rogorc ferwerul qmnilebebs aseve

naxviT Tu aRviqvamT da „wavikiTxavT“. amasTan, Tuki zogadad adamiani

dedamiwaze poeturad binadrobs, maSin poeturoba xelovnebis nebismier

dargs miT ufro unda axasiaTebdes.

am WrilSi xelovnebis sxva dargebis mimarT poeziis

safuZvladmdebareba TiTqos kidev erTxel marTldeba, magram poeziis

aRmatebulobis mamtkicebeli miTiTebuli orive garemoeba sinamdvileSi

mainc pirobiTia da ara – arsebiTi. martivad rom vTqvaT, visTvis poezia

metyvelebadqmnadobs-saubradqmnadobs yvelaze ukeTesad, visTvis ferwera,

visTvis qandakeba da visTvis musika. aki metyvelebadqmna-saubradqmna,

rogorc sazrisis gamovlena, xelovnebis yvela dargs erTnairad

axasiaTebs. metic, magaliTad, nicSe, gansakuTrebiT piTagora da

Sopenhaueri xelovnebis yvelaze aRmatebul dargad musikas miiCnevdnen.

piTagorasTvis musikaluri harmonia igive iyo, rac samyaros

harmoniis gamovlena, SopenhauerisTvis ki musikis wvdoma samyaros

arsebis wvdomas udrida, anu piTagorasTvis da SopenhauerisTvis samyaro

swored musikalurad gvemetyveleba-gvesaubreba. amdenad, piTagoraca da

Sopenhaueric masikas zustad imdagvar WrilSi ganixilavdnen, rogor

102

WrilSic poezias haidegeri ganixilavs da radgan SesakrebTa

gadanacvlebiT jami ar icvleba, yvelaze WeSmarit da optimalur

gamosavlad gamoiyureba varianti, romlis Tanaxmadac poeziis adgilze

haidegerTan da musikis adgilze nicSe-piTagora-SopenhauerTan, zogadad

xelovneba CavsvaT, rogorc amas hegeli akeTebs. maSasadame mxatvrul

teqstSi ara mxolod damwerlobiTi, saerTod, xelovnebis yvela dargi

igulisxmeba da Sesabamisad, xelovnebis dargebis erTimeoreze

aRmatebulobis kriteriumic, albaT, ufro sxva mimarTulebiT unda

veZeboT, vidre im WrilSi, rogori Wrilis mixedviTac amas piTagora,

Sopenhaueri, nicSe da haidegeri eZebdnen.

$ 2. gagebis, rogorc universaluri Semecnebis

da xelovnebis, rogorc universaluri hermenevtikis

SesaZlebloba

xelovnebisa da enis urTierTmimarTebis logikam, wina paragrafSi

naTlad dagvanaxa, rom xelovneba, rogorc ena (azrovneba) da ena

(azrovneba), rogorc xelovneba, `dedamiwze kacis binadrobis~

Tavdapirveli da mudmivi maxasiaTebelia. e.i. xelovneba, rogorc

absolutis TviTwvdomis erT-erTi umaRlesi ganzomileba, anu TiTqmis

yvela sxva safexuris safuZveli absolutis TviTSemecnebis gzaze,

WeSmaritebis dafarulobas ramdenadme garegamoitans da naTelSi

amyofebs, anu rom ara xelovneba, rogorc absolutis SidawiaRis,

rogorc WeSmaritebis naTelSi ramdenadme garegamomtani ganzomileba, ar

eqneboda arsebobis safuZveli adamianuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis arc erT

mimarTulebas da Tu yvela Cvengani Semoqmedi ar aris, samagierod,

aucileblobiTaa gansazRvruli is garemoeba, rom yvela Cvengans metnaklebad

axasiaTebs xelovnebis gagebis SesaZlebloba, riTac

kvlavvwvdebiT im gancda-Sinaarsebs, romlebTan wvdomilobac, Tundac

aracnobierad, manamdec gvaxasiaTebda, iseve rogorc aucileblobiTaa

gansazRvruli ama Tu im Semoqmedis xeliT konkretuli mxatvruli

103

qmnilebis aRmocenebis SesaZlebloba, raTa xelovneba am konkretul

qmnilebebSi saerTo-adamianur gancda-Sinaarsebad saxedSemtkicebuli

formiT isev sakuTar TavSi ukuSeeqces, rogorc xelovnebis qmnilebisa

da xelovnebis qmnilebaSi am saerTo-adamianuri gancda-Sinaarsebis, aseve

mecnierebisa da adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva dargebis gamxsnelganmapirobebel

safuZvlebSi. es qveteqsti igulisxmeba haidegerTanac,

kerZod, misi mtkicebiT: `mecniereba ar aris WeSmaritebis xdomilebis

Zireuli saxe, aramed igi misi ukve xsnili ares gafarToebaa, kerZod ki,

imisi wvdomisa da dafuZnebis meoxebiT, raic mis arealSi albaTur da

aucilebel siswored mJRavndeba~ (55.63_64). e. i. xelovneba, rogorc

WeSmaritebis Zireul safuZvlebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi saxeganzomileba,

ramdenadme garegamoitans WeSmaritebas, xolo mecniereba,

WeSmaritebis am ukve „xsnili ares“ gafarToebaa da Tuki mecniereba

axsnis meTods emyareba, es safuZvelSi igivea, rac Tundac

Tavisdauneburad gagebis meTodze damyareba, radgan rogorc vxedavT,

rom ara WeSmaritebis ramdenadme „xsnili are“, anu xelovnebis imTaviTve

rogorRac gagebadoba, axsnis meTodis, anu mecnierebis SesaZleblobac

ar iarsebebda. e.i. gagebaSi, rogorc axsnis safuZvelSi, axsna

winaswarmoxazuli SesaZleblobis saxiT ukve imTaviTve igulisxmeba.

xolo iq, sadac axsna wina planze dominirebs, gagebac SeiZleba

farulad, magram mainc uaRresad mniSvnelobs. e. i. mecnierebaca da

adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva sferoebic, cxadia, imdenad arian

SesaZlebelni, ramdenadac swored xelovnebis ganzomileba, rogorc

absolutis mier sakuTari Tavis TviTwvdomis etapi da yvela sxva

safexuris safuZveli absolutis TviTSemecnebis gzaze, xsnis ares

mecnierebisa da adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva sferoebis sakuTrivi

ganviTarebisTvis.

yovelive amiT imis Tqma ki ar gvsurs, TiTqos mecnierebis

problematika xelovnebis gagebis yalibis mixedviT unda ganvixiloT,

ubralod, imas vamtkicebT, rom mecnierebis, miT ufro bunebismecnierebis

axsniTi Wrili oden klebaa gagebisa, rogorc azrovnebis TavisTavSi

TavisTvis imTaviTve mocemulobisa da gana azrovnebis TavisTavSi

TavisTvis mocemuloba dasabamidan dRemde garkveuli mxatvrulobiT ar

104

xasiaTdeba maSasadame, axsniTi meTodi, iseve rogorc materia da

bunebismecnierebani, azrovnebis TavisTavSi TavisTvis, rogorc gagebis

imTaviTve mocemulobaSi arian fuZedebulni da imdenad afarToveben

WeSmaritebis ukve xsnil ares, ramdenadac ukve sakuTriv viTardebian da

amiT SeiZleba xelovnebasac, rogorc WeSmaritebis ukve xsnil ares,

Tundac iribad kvlavubruneben axal da axal impulsebs axali da axali

materialuri Tu sulieri Sinaarsebis kvalvsawvdomad. amdenad,

xelovneba da bunebismecnierebani, Sesabamisad, gageba da axsna, ra Tqma

unda, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, magram maTi erTianobis safuZveli

azrovnebaSi, ideaSi swored isaa, rac maT ganasxvavebs, Sesabamisad,

gageba axsnisTvis garegadamwvdomi cnebaa erTdroulad maT erTianobaSic

da gansxvavebulobaSic. e.i. is rom mecnierebisa da adamianuri

moRvaweobis sxva sferoebis safuZveli azrovnebis xelovnebiseulobaSi

WeSmaritebis ramdenadme „xsnili area“, sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos

mecnierebasa da adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva sferoebs sakuTrivi

ganviTareba ar SeeZloT da amitomacaa xelovneba da mecniereba

erTmaneTisgan radikalurad daSorebul sferoebad rom gveCveneba.

cxadia, adamianuri moRvaweobis doneze es marTlac asea, magram aki ukve

araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom msgavsi gansxvavebuli sibrtyeebis

ganmasxvavebeli swored isaa, rac safuZvelSi maTive Tavdapirveli

erTianobis safuZvelia.

saboloo jamSi, im daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom aradamajereblad

gamoiyureba dilTais Tvalsazrisi gagebisa da axsnis meTodebis

erTmaneTisgan kategoriulad gamijvnis Taobaze. gonismecnierebani,

bunebismecnierebani da xelovneba, cxadia, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan,

Sesabamisad, isini iqneb marTlac sxvadasxvagvari meTodebiT mimarTebasac

moiTxoven, magram es sxvadasxvagvari meTodebi siRrmiseul-safuZvliseul

erTianobas, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxaven. metic, rogorc vxedavT,

swored gageba gamoiyureba miTiTebuli erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli

sferoebis erTian substanciur meTodad, romlis CarCoebSic am

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul sferoebs axsnis meTodic TavianTeburad

miesadageba, anu axsnis Zirebi swored gagebis horizontSia saZebneli da

ara mis gareT. zustadac am viTarebidan gamomdinare unda akritikebdes

105

dilTais haidegeric, roca acxadebs: `dilTais saxe, romelic dResacaa

gavrcelebuli, Semdegia: gonisa da gansakuTrebiT literaturis

istoriis `daxvewili~ ganmmartebeli, romelic `agreTve~ bunebisa da

gonismecnierebis gamijvnas cdilobs da am dros am mecnierebebs da aseve

`fsiqologiis~ istorias gansakuTrebul rols aniWebs, maT Tavis

relativistur sicocxlis filosofiaSi gaalRobs. zedapiruli

ganxilvisaTvis es `suraTi~ sworia, magram mas usxlteba substancia. es

suraTi ufro mets faravs, vidre aaSkaravebs~ (54.588_589).

dilTais Tvalsazrisi axsnisa da gagebis meTodebis Sesaxeb

marTlac ufro mets faravs, vidre aaSkaravebs, radgan dilTais

substancia imdenad usxlteba, ramdenadac gagebisa da axsnis meTodebs

erTmaneTisgan ukiduresad mijnavs da ver acnobierebs, rom axsna

gagebisgan siRrmiseulad gamijnuli ki ar aris, aramed axsna gagebaSi

winaswarmoxazuli saxiT imTaviTve igulisxmeba, xolo Tu isini

erTmaneTis sapirispiro instanciebis STabeWdilebas mainc toveben, es

sworedac zedapirzea ase da ara siRrmiseulad.

Sesabamisad, gasakviri sulac ar aris, roca dilTaisTan

hermenevtika, rogorc meTodi, mxolod nawilobriv emTxveva Semecnebis

cnebas, rogorc aseTs, maSin roca, hermenevtikis cneba haidegerTan

uigivdeba `adamianuri yofierebis da TviTyofierebis gagebis sawyisiseul

wess da Sesabamisad, yovelgvari Semecnebis fundamentur cnebas

(haidegeri da haidegeriT gansazRvruli uaxlesi filosofia)~ (48.4).

ufro zustad, haidegerTan `gageba, rogorc `TviTon im faqtiuri yofnis~

wesi, romelSiac samyaro konstruirdeba, warmoadgens Semecnebis im

ZiriTad cnebas, saidanac iRebs Tavis sazrissa da daniSnulebas saerTod

yovelgvari Semecnebis yovelgvari meTodi~ (48.182). kidev ufro zustad:

`filosofia, rogorc azrovneba yofierebaze, miznad isaxavda yofierebis

fenomenis axsnas, ganmartebas, mis Semswavlel fenomenologias ki

haidegeri swored hermenevtikas uwodebs. magram ramdenadac yofierebis

axsna da gagebis cda samyaros Seqmnasa da gardaqmnas niSnavs, amitom

haidegeri hermenevtikis axlebur gagebas icavs. hermenevtika marto

arsebulis yofierebis ganamrteba ki ar aris, aramed ambis motanac

yofierebidan (anu miTologiuri, hermesiseuli funqciis Sesruleba). es

106

ki yofierebis gamovlenaa, e.i. axlis Seqmna yofierTa samyaroSi.

haidegerTan hermenevtikam universaluri saxe miiRo, gansxvavebiT

dilTaisagan, romelic am meTods mxolod goniT mecnierebebs miuyenebda~

(45.310). hermenevtika universalurobiT xasiaTdeba kidev erT germanel

filosofosTan hans gadamerTan. am filosofosTan `SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

hermenevtikuli meTodi mTeli Tavisi sisruliTaa mocemuli. igi

cdilobs gaemijnos Tavis winamorbedTa subieqtivizms, xazs usvams im

garemoebas, rom Tanamedrove filosofiuri hermenevtika principulad

gansxvavebulia hermenevtikis tradiciuli gagebisagan. Tuki tradiciuli

hermenevtika acxadebada pretenzias imaze, rom yofiliyo gonis

mecnierebebis meTodi, gadameri aRiarebs hermenevtikas, rogorc axali

drois universalur filosofias. is mowodebulia, rom pasuxi gasces

umniSvnelovanes filosofiur kiTxvebs, rogoraa SesaZlebeli

garSemomyofi samyaros gageba~ (45.311). sainteresoa, rom ramdenadme

msgavsi Tvalsazrisi haidegersa da gadamerze adre gamoTqva

personalizmis warmomadgenelma Sternma. am filosofosis mixedviT:

`zustmecnieruli (amxsneli) da gagebiTi meTodebis urTierTkavSiri

aucilebelia: gagebis mecnieruli meTodi yvelgan da yovelTvis

Semecnebis `gan-meebeli~ meTodis damsabuTebel, makontrolirebel da

Semavsebel TanamSromlobas saWiroebs~ (48.125), ramdenadac `sinamdvilis

pativiscemis gareSe gageba ar arsebobs~ (48.125). sinamdvilis pativiscemas

ki haidegeri yvelaze ukeT gamoxatavs: `is saqmianoba da saqmiani

urTierToba, romliTac munyofiereba Tavis `soflur samyaros~ agebs,

haidegerisTvis niSnavs mocemulisadmi `saxezemyofisadmi~ gansazRvruli

poziciis daWeras, mis `mizanSi amoRebas~, magram ara munyofierebis

`TavisTavidan gasvlas~: vinaidan, `samyaro transcendentia~, amitom

samyaroSi mocemulze TviTwarmarTvisas adamiani `TavisTavidan ki ar

gadis~, aramed igi `yovelTvis gareTaa, yovelTvis ukve aRmoCenili

samyaros raRac Sexvedril arsebulTan~. igi im `samyaroSi yofnaa~,

romelic imecnebs. me yovelTvis `gareT samyaroSi~ var sagnebTan erTad;

amitom Teoriuli Semecneba aris munyofierebis samyaroSi yofnaze

dafuZnebuli modusi~ (48.205). amdenad, marTebulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis

mixedviTac, romantikuli hermenevtikis momdevno istoria `ukve gagebis

107

cnebis gagebiTi meTodis cnebaSi gardaqmnis istoriaa~ (48.80), iseTi

gagebiTi meTodisa, romelic mTlianad faravs Semecnebis cnebas, rogorc

aseTs da Sesabamisad, TavisTavSi Seicavs axsnis bunebismecnierul

SesaZleblobasac, ramdenadac bunebismecnieric `yovelTvis `gareT

samyaroSia~ sagnebTan erTad~. am azriT, am filosofosebTan, gagebisa da

hermenevtikis cnebebic savsebiT emTxvevian erTamenTs, ramdenadac

Semecnebis cnebas, rogorc aseTs, erTic sruliad uigivdeba da meorec.

ase rom, gageba SedegSi, anu zedapirze, igivea, rac axsna, xolo

axsna safuZvelSi igivea, rac gageba, anu gageba, rogorc axsna

safuZvelSi da axsna, rogorc gageba SedegSi, zedapirze Tu

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, Torem safuZvelSi erTi da igiveni arian,

rogorc erTiani substancia, iseTi substancia, romelic dilTais

mxedvelobidan gamorCa da romelic SedegSi, anu zedapirze

bunebismecnierebasa da gonismecniereba _ xelovnebas apriori

gansxvavebul meTodebad miesadageba. amgvari erTianoba-gansxvavebis

ramdenadme gamxsnel-gamomaaSkaravebeli ganzomileba ki, zemoTac

davinaxeT, rom pirvel yovlisa xelovnebaa, rogorc absolutis

TviTwvdomis etapi da amdenad, gauswrebadi safuZveli yovelgvari

mecnieruli ganzomilebis aRmocenebis SesaZleblobisa anu yvelaze

aRmatebuli hermanevtika yovelgvari hermanevtikisa. am konteqstSi, Tavis

mxriv, kidev erTxel marTldeba astis Sexduleba gagebis meTodis

xelovnebasa da bunebismecnierebaze Tu gonismecnierebaze met-naklebad

erTnairad miyenebadobis Sesaxeb. marTlac, Tuki gagebis meTodmiyenebadi

xelovneba absolutis TviTSemecnebis etapi da absolutis

TviTSemecnebis gzaze qveda safexurebis, maT Soris, rogorc

gonismecnierebaTa, aseve bunebismecnierebaTa safuZveli da gauswrebadi

SesaZleblobaa, maSin gagebis meTodTan Sesabamisoba zogadad

mecnierebasac avtomaturad unda gadmohyves. Sesabamisad, xelovnebisa da

mecnierebis, gagebisa da axsnis urTierTmimarTebis es Wrili, ra Tqma

unda, amarTlebs mTelisa da nawilebis Taobaze astis ganazrebebsac.

astTan nawilebi mTelidan gamomdinareoben da swored nawilebis

gacnobierebiT mivdivarT mTelamde, rogorc am nawilebis safuZvlamde.

ufro zustad, mTeli, rogorc safuZveli, ukve imTaviTve

108

winaswarmoxazuli SesaZleblobis saxiT Seicavs nawilebs da es

nawilebic saboloo jamSi sakuTar safuZvels, rogorc mTels

ukuubrundebian, anu mTeli Tavisi Tavidan nawilebis saxiT gamodis da

sakuTar Tavs, rogorc Tavdapirvel mTels, nawilebad

saxedSemtkicebuli formiT kvlavukuSeeqceva. mTelisa da nawilebis

aseTive urTierTmimarTeba axasiaTebT xelovnebis konkretul

qmnilebebsac da zogadad xelovnebasac. kerZod, sakuTar calkeul

epizodebTan, rogorc nawilebTan mimarTebaSi, xelovnebis erTiani

qmnileba, cxadia, mTelia, magram rom ara xelovnebis qmnilebebis

mTlianobis Tavdapirveli idea, ra Tqma unda, xelovnebis qmnilebis

calkeul epizodebsac, anu nawilebsac ar eqnebodaT arsebobis

safuZveli, xolo xelovnebis qmnilebis mTlianobis Tavdapirveli idea,

rogorc xelovnebis qmnilebisa da misi calkeuli epizodebis, anu

nawilebis safuZveli, sxva ra unda iyos, Tu ara zogadad xelovneba, anu

xelovneba, rogorc aseTi ase rom, Tavis mxriv, TviTon xelovnebis

calkeuli mTliani qmnilebebi zustadac nawilebia zogadad xelovnebisa,

rogorc aseTisa. e i. xelovneba, rogorc aseTi, safuZvelia xelovnebis

calkeuli qmnilebebisa, rogorc sakuTarive nawlebisa, anu xelovnebaSi,

rogorc mTelSi, ukve imTaviTve winaswarmoxazuli saxiT igulisxmeba

xelovnebis calkeuli qmnilebebis, rogorc nawilebis aRmocenebis

SesaZlebloba, xolo xelovnebis calkeuli qmnilebebi am aRmocenebiT

kvlav sakuTar safuZvelsa da gauswrebad SesaZleblobas ubrundebian,

rogorc Tavdapirvel mTels. sxva sityvebiT, xelovneba, rogorc mTeli,

sakuTari Tavidan, rogorc xelovnebis calkeul qmnilebaTa zogadi

safuZvlebidan, xelovnebis calkeuli qmnilebebis aRmocenebiT gamodis

da am calkeul qmnilebebSi sakuTarive Sinaarsebis saxedSemtkicebuli

formiT sakuTar Tavs kvlavukuSeeqceva-kvlavwvdeba. amitomac vambobT

xelovnebaze, rom igi qmnaa, rogorc `gamoReba~. maSasadame, aSkarad

qarwyldeba imis iluzia, TiTqos jer xelovania, xelovnebis qmnilebaa

da merea xelovneba. aki Cvenma msjelobam aSkarad dagvanaxa, rom ara

xelovneba, rogorc Tavdapirveli mTliani, erTiani ganzomileba,

Semoqmedsac ar eqneboda unari xelovnebis, rogorc mTliani, erTiani

ganzomilebis calkeuli Sinaarsebis xelovnebis calkeul qmnilebebSi

109

saxedSemtkicebisa da aseve, verc xelovnebis qmnilebebi iarsebebdnen,

rogorc xelovnebis mTliani, erTiani ganzomilebis nawilebi. am

garemoebaze haidegeri yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs: `dasabami

imas hqvia, saidanac da risi meoxebiTac sagani aris is, rac aris. mas, rac

raRac aris, rogorc is aris, Cven arsebas vetyviT. raRacis dasabami aris

misi arsebis warmomavloba. SekiTxva xelovnebis qmnilebis dasabamze

kiTxulobs misi arsebis warmomavlobis Taobaze. Cveulebrivi

warmodgenis Tanaxmad, qmnileba warmodgeba xelovanis saqmianobidan da

am saqmianobis Sedegad, magram risi meoxebiT da saidan aris xelovani is,

rac is aris qmnilebis meoxebiT. radgan ostats qmnileba warmoaCenso,

Semdegs moaswavebs: mxolod qmnileba aZlevs dasabams xelovans, viTarca

xelovnebis ostats. xelovani aris qmnilebis dasabami, qmnileba aris

xelovanis dasabami. isini erTimeoris gareSe ar arseboben, magram calcalke

verc qmnileba warmoSobs xelovans da verc xelovani _ qmnilebas.

xelovani da qmnileba, TiToeuli Sinaganad da maTs urTierTmimarTebaSi

mesamis meoxebiT arseboben. SesaZloa, es mesame _ xelovneba, pirvelic ki

aris, radgan swored xelovnebaa is, saidanac xelovans da xelovnebis

qmnilebas TavianTi saxelebi miuRiaT. marTalia, aucileblobiTaa

gansazRvruli is, rom xelovani sxva saxiTaa qmnilebis dasabami, vidre

qmnileba aris dasabami xelovnebisa, magram aseve ueWvelia isic, rom

kidev ufro gansxvavebuli saxiT TviTon xelovnebaa erTsa da imave dros

rogorc xelovanis, ise qmnilebis dasabami. magram saerTod, ZaluZs ki

xelovnebas, iyos dasabami sad hgiebs da rogor hgiebs xelovneba igi

xom carieli sityvaa, romelsac araferi namdvili aRar Sesatyviseba.

xelovneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos krebiTs warmodgenad, romelSic Segvaqvs

yovelive is, rasac mxolod xelovnebismieri sinamdvile aqvs: qmnilebebi

da xelovnebebi. sityva xelovnebas iqneb ufro meti raRacis aRniSvnac

akisria, vidre es aris krebiTi warmodgena, magram is, rac am sityvaSi

igulisxmeba, aseTi meti ramis aRmniSvnelad yofnas isev xelovanTa da

qmnilebaTa sinamdvilis safuZvelze Tu SeZleboda. an egebis saqme

piriqiTaa qmnileba da xelovani xom ar hgieben mxolod imdenad,

ramdenadac arsebobs xelovneba, viTarca maTi dasabami~ (55.12_13).

110

a Tqma unda, asea, es Cven yovelive zemoganxilulidanac Zalian

kargad davinaxeT, anu xelovnebis qmnilebaSi mocemul im absolutismier

impulsebs, romlebic mnaxvelSi aTasgvar asociacias iwvevs, Semoqmedi

xelovnebis qmnilebaSi verafriT Cadebda, rom ara absolutismieri

SidawiaRi xelovnebisa, rogorc safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZlebloba

Semoqmedis nebismieri ganzraxvisa. marTlacda, gana xelovanis mogonilia

zemoT miTiTebuli absolutismieri impulsebi haidegerTan _ SiSi,

sixaruli, TrTolva, sikvdilis muqara Tu sxva amdagvarebi, romelTa

asociaciebsac xelovnebis ama Tu im qmnilebis naxva CvenSi ganapirobebs

ra Tqma unda, ara, am siRrmiseul impulsebs xom xelovanic, rogorc sxva

nebismieri adamiani, Semdeg ki ar iZens, aramed, isini nebismier adamians,

maT Soris xelovansac apriori Tan dahyveba, ubralod, absoluti am

sakuTar SidawiaRs Semoqmedis xeliT qmnilebaSi saxedSemoimtkicebs,

raTa sakuTarsave Sinaarsebs ase saxedSemtkicebuli formiT kvlavwvdes

xelovnebis ganzomilebaSi, anu sakuTari Tavis TviTwvdomis stadiaze.

aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia, ratomacaa gageba im wuTSive iq, sadac

xelovnebaa: gana SiSi, sixaruli, TrTolva, sikvdilis muqara, Tu sxva

amdagvari Sinaarsebi rogorRac, Tundac Cvengan gaucnobiereblad

imTaviTve gasagebi ar aris amitomac miuTiTebs gadameri, gageba ukve

winaswargagebulis gagebaao da axsnis SesaZleblobac, rogorc am,

Tundac aracnobierad xsnili gagebis arealis gafarToeba, swored am

ukve winaswargagebulidan gamomdinareobs, magram Tu gagebis xsnili

arealis aRniSnuli Sinaarsebi yvela Cvengans apriori axasiaTebs, maSin

ratom ar aris yvela Cvengani Semoqmedi am kiTxvas Semdegnairad unda

vupasuxoT: is garemoeba, rom miTiTebuli gagebadi Sinaarsebi yvela

Cvengans apriori axasiaTebs, sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, TiTqos

TiToeuli Cvengani aucileblad Semoqmedi unda iyos.

TiTqos yvelaferi gasagebia, magram yovelive zemoTqmuli aSkarad

gvaiZulebs Semdegi kiTxva davsvaT _ xelovneba, zemoaRwerili

funqciebiT, RmerTis funqcias xom ar iTavsebs, radgan xelovneba

gamodis yvelafris ganmapirobebel-warmomqmneli, maSin roca sayovelTao

Tvalsazrisis mixedviT yvelafris warmomSob-warmomqmneli RmerTia

cxadia, xelovnebas RmerTis funqcia didwilad marTlac apriori

111

miewereba, magram ara im gagebiT, TiTqos xelovneba iyos RmerTis

ganmapirobebeli, aramed piriqiT, xelovneba TviTonaa RmerTiT

ganpirobebuli. xelovnebis mimarTeba RmerTTan zustad iseTivea, rogorc

nivT-xelsawyos mimarTeba xelovnebasTan, anu xelovneba RmerTis

funqciebs imdenad iTavsebs, ramdenadac RmerTi aZlevs amis saSualebas.

am azrs gulisxmobs haidegeri, roca xelovnebis qmnilebis Sesaxeb

acxadebs: `igia qmnileba, romelic RmerTs Tanaobas anebebs da amitom

TviTon aris RmerTi~ (55.42), iseve, rogorc masala, nivTi da xelsawyo

xelovnebis konteqstSi da xelovnebis wyalobiT, ar aris Cveulebrivi

gagebiT masala, nivTi da xelsawyo. azris amgvar dinebas Tu gavyvebiT,

SeiZleba Semdeg daskvnamdec mivideT: ara marto xelovnebaa RmerTi,

aramed nivTic (masalac, xelsawyoc) RmerTia, imis miuxedavad, rom

`vSiSobT kidec, RmerTs nivTi vuwodoT~ (55.17). magram Tuki xelovneba

RmerTis SidawiaRia, xolo nivTis nivTurs, rogorc masalas xelovnebis

SidawiaRi warmoaCens, maSin savsebiT logikuria, Tuki xelovnebis

SidawiaRSi warmoCeniT, nivTsa da masalas RmerTismieri Sinaarsebic

gadmohyvebaT. amitomacaa SesaZlebeli ferwerulad asaxul `Zvel

waRebSi~ SevigrZnoT da davinaxoT `mdumareba~, `gawbileba~, `SiSi~,

`sixaruli~, `TrTolva~, `sikvdilis muqara~ Tu sxva amdagvarebi.

ganmartebisaTvis aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom RmerTi aq gagebulia rogorc

wminda azrovneba, anu wminda arara, e. i. rogorc absoluti da gana

SeiZleba RmerTis aseTi gansazRvrebisas vcdebodeT wminda azrovneba,

rogorc wminda arara, anu absoluti, gana SeiZleba sxva raime iyos, Tu

ara RmerTi vfiqrobT, ukve mivediT xelovnebis qmnilebis da ara marto

xelovnebis qmnilebis, aramed xelosnobis, nivTisa Tu masalis

dasabamTanac. maSasadame, absoluti, rogorc safuZveli da gauswrebadi

SesaZlebloba, sakuTar SidawiaRs warmoaCens xelovnebis ganzomilebad,

xolo es ukanaskneli, rogorc absolutis TviTwvdomis etapi, am

absolutiseul SidawiaRs absolutis sxvadyofnaSi, anu materiamasalaSi

xelovnebis qmnilebad saxedSeimtkicebs, riTac avtomaturad

warmoaCens nivTisa da xelsawyos arsebasac. amiT, materia-masala-nivTxelsawyos

arsebawarmomCeni xelovnebis qmnileba ukuSeeqceva sakuTar

safuZvels _ xelovnebas, rogorc aseTs, xolo nivT-xelsawyo-materia-

112

masalis arsebawarmomCeni xelovneba absolutis Sinaarsebis materiamasalaSi

saxedSemtkicebuli formiT ukuSeeqceva absoluts, rogorc

safuZvelTa safuZvelsa da yovlad gauswrebad SesaZleblobas.

cxadia, es procesebi, ukve manamaa momxdari, vidre Cven am moxdomas

gavacnobierebdeT, anu miTiTebuli `sqema~ win uswrebs Cvens mier `sqemis~

analizs. ase ki imitomaa, rom `kvlavwvdoma~, `kvlavdabruneba~,

`ukuSeqceva~ absolutis mier sakuTari Tavidan gamosvlis mere ki ar

xorcieldeba, aramed roca da sadac absolutia, ukve imTaviTvea

absolutic, rogorc sakuTari Tavidan gamosuli da, amave dros,

ukuSeqceul-TviTnawvdomi saxiTac, absoluti ki yovelTvis da

yvelganacaa, anu `manamdecaa~ da `merecaa~, e. i. es `manamde~ igivea, rac

`mere~ da `mere~ igivea, rac `manamde~. amdenad, terminebi `kvlavwvdoma~,

`kvlavdabruneba~, `ukuSeqceva~, CvenTvis absolutis SidawiaRSi

ramdenadme Camwvdomi cnebebia. Tumca, es cnebebi sakuTriv

absolutisTvis iqneb Zalze pirobiTnic ki arian. amitomacaa, rom Cveni

analizi sruliad mainc ver amowuravs absolutis mier Tavisi Tavidan

gamosvlisa da ukuSeqcevis procesis yvela kuTxe-kunWuls. Sesabamisad,

gasagebia, roca xelovnebis, rogorc absolutis TviTwvdomis

ganzomilebis mier absolutis SidawiaRis naTelSi gamotanasTan

mimarTebaSi sityva `ramdenadmes~ vxmarobT, anu xelovneba dasabamTan

iqneb marTlac Zalian axlos `saxlobs~, magram mainc `Znelad gviboZebs

samemkvidreod Tavis alags igi, raica saxlobs siaxloves dasabamisa~

(55.82). sxvagvarad, xelovneba, rogorc absolutis TviTwvdomis

ganzomileba, swored imis gamo, rom Znelad gviboZebs samemkvidrod Tavis

alags, mxolod ramdenadme xsnis da garegamoitans absolutis SidawiaRs,

magram es `ramdenadme~ mainc SidawiaRia, iseTi SidawiaRia, romelic im

doneze xsnil alags mainc gviboZebs, rom xelovnebis RmerTismieroba

gavigoT. Tavis mxriv, xelovnebaSi aseT doneze garegamotanilganaTebuli

absolutiseuli xsnili alagi savsebiT sakmarisia

hegelisTvisac, raTa ganacxados: `Semoqmedebas TviT TavisTavadve

bunebiTi uSualobis forma aqvs. igi geniis, rogorc am kerZo subieqtis

kuTvnilebaa da, amave dros, igi teqnikur gansjasa da meqanikur garegan

moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli muSaobaa. amitom, xelovnebis nawarmoebi

113

imdenadvea Tavisufali TviTnebobis qmnileba, xolo xelovani RvTis

ostati~ (59.338).

aqedan gamomdinare, ukve gasagebia isic, saidanac unda gamovideT,

Tuki xelovnebis arsebisa da gagebadobis Wrilis wvdoma ramdenadme

mainc gvinda, kerZod, xelovnebis qmnilebaSi xelovnebiT ramdenadme

garegamosul-ganaTebuli absolutiseuli WeSmaritebidan, romelic amave

dros mSvenieria. mSvenieria, radgan Tundac rogorRac da ramdenadme

garegamotana imisa, rac dafarulobaSi myofobs, TavisTavad mSvenieria:

`WeSmariteba daufaravobaa yofieris, viTarca yofieris WeSmariteba

yofierebis WeSmaritebaa, xolo mSveniereba rodi arsebobs gareSe

WeSmaritebisa. Tavisi Tavis qmnilebaSi dadginebiT WeSmariteba naTliT

imoseba, naTelmosileba, viTarca myofoba WeSmaritebisa qmnilebaSi da

viTarca Tavad es qmnileba, aris swored mSveniereba. amrigad, mSvenieri

WeSmaritebis mier Tavisi Tavis TviTSemTxvevas ganekuTvneba~ (55.84).

§3.epoqaTa zogadi sulieri simptomebi

da xelovnebis hermenevtikuli horizonti

WeSmaritebis mier Tavisi Tavis qmnilebaSi `TviTSemTxveva – naTliT

Semosva~, rogorc wina paragrafSi davinaxeT, mSvenieria, ramdenadac,

pirvel rigSi TviTon WeSmaritebis mier xelovnebis qmnilebaSi

`TviTSemTxveva – naTliT Semosvis~ aqtia TavisTavad mSvenieri, magram ra

aris, rogoria is Sinaarsebi Tavdapirveli ideisa, romelic xelovnebaSi

WeSmaritebis `TviTSemTxvevas~ iTxovs saamisod pirvel rigSi, is

kulturul-sulieri atmosfero unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rogor

kulturul-sulier atmosferoSic mxatvruli teqstis Semqmnels uxdeba

cxovreba da moRvaweoba. cxadia, gagebis aseT Wrils verc erTi epoqisa

da vercerTi mimarTulebis xelovneba ver acdeba, ramdenadac swored ama

Tu im epoqis kulturul-sulieri atmosferoa Tavdapirveli ideis is

SidawiaRi, romelic xelovnebas imTaviTve msWvalavs. amdendad, xelovneba

yovelTvis Tavisi epoqis pirmSoa, iseTi pirmSo, romelSic misi

114

Tanadrouli epoqis suli, adamianis moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan

SedarebiT, iqneb yvelaze cxadad mosCans. maSasadame, xelovnebis

siRrmeebis gagebis gzaze, im epoqis kulturul-sulieri atmosfero,

rogor kulturul-sulier garemoSic esa Tu is xelovneba, ufro

konkretulad, xelovnebis esa Tu is qmnileba aRmocenda, yvelaze kargi

gadmosaxedia. Sesabamisad, ama Tu im epoqis xelovnebis analizmma,

TavisTavad unda dagvanaxos is saerTo, romelic nebismier epoqasa da

nebismieri epoqis xelovnebas met-naklebad erTnairad unda axasiaTebdeT.

ama Tu im epoqaSi ama Tu im saxiT zogadad xelovnebaSi gamovlenil

kulturul-sulier atmosferos anu `epoqis suls~, frangi filosofosi

ipolit teni zogadad `moralur temperaturad~ moixseniebs: `minda

Sedareba movixmo, rom TqvenTvis ufro sagrZnobi gaxdes zne-Cveulebebisa

da gabatonebul SexedulebaTa gavlena xelovnebaze... rogorc arsebobs

erTgvari fizikuri temperatura, romelic Tavisi cvalebadobiT iwvevs

ama Tu im mcenaris jiSis gaCenas, swored aseve arsebobs erTgvari

moraluri temperatura, romelic Tavisi cvalebadobiT iwvevs xelovnebis

ama Tu im dargis gaCenas da rogorc fizikur temperaturas vswavlobT,

raTa SevignoT ama Tu im mcenaris gaCena, iqneba es simindi Tu Svria,

aloe Tu wabli, iseve unda SeviswavloT moraluri temperatura, rom

SevignoT xelovnebis raime dargis gaCena, kerpTayvanismcemelobisa,

vnebiani musikisa an idealisturi poeziisa. adamianis sulis

Semoqmedebani, rogorc cocxali bunebis nawarmoebni, SeiZleba SevignoT

mxolod maSin, Tu maT SeviswavliT garemocul aresTan dakavSirebiT~

(38.12, 13). ipolit tenis es Tvalsazrisi, ra Tqma unda misaRebia, Tumca

mizanSewonilia aqve davazustoT, rom miTiTebuli garemoculi

`moraluri temperatura~, rogorc ama Tu im epoqis sxva Tanamedroveebs,

Semoqmedsac, cxadia, zustad aseve TviTcnobierebamde, refleqsamde aqvs

mocemuli da am ukanasknelsac igi mxatvrul teqstSi, mxatvrul

qmnilebaSi aseve bunebrivad da Zaldautaneblad gadaaqvs. sxva sityvebiT,

xelovani SemoqmedebiTi procesisas, marTalia `gondakarguli~ qmnis,

magram igi apriori mainc imas asxams xorcs, riTac misi suli, goneba da

guli TviTcnobierebamde, refleqsiamdea gaJRenTili. Semoqmedis suli,

goneba da guli ki swored imgvari `moraluri temperaturiTaa~ imTaviTve

115

aRsavse, rogori `moraluri temperaturiTac~ misi Tnamedroveebic aseve

imTaviTve aRvsilni arian. marTebulad miuTiTebs ipolit teni –

`mwerloba, ferwera Tu qandakeba epoqis ideebiT sazrdoobs, epoqis

ideebiT sunTqavs. ise ver Seiqmneba xelovnebis verc erTi mSvenieri

nawarmoebi, mSvenieri qmnileba~ (38.4). amnairi SexedulebiT ipolit teni

savsebiT eTanxmeba did germanel poets iohan volfgang goeTes, romlis

mtkicebiTac: `gaivseT Tqveni goneba da guli, ragind farToc ar unda

gqondeT, Tqveni saukunis ideebiT da grZnobebiT da xelovnebis

nawarmoebic gaCndeba~ (38.5).

goeTesa da tenis es Tvalsazrisi, ra Tqma unda marTebulia, magram

igi ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos mxatvruli qmnilebis Semqmneli, anu

xelovani gonebasa da guls misi saukunis ideebiTa da grZnobebiT

naZaladevad ivsebdes. cxadia, sityva `gaivseT~, goeTes ukve imTaviTve

`gavsebulis~ mniSvnelobiT aqvs naxmari, radgan epoqis grZnobebiTa da

ideebiT gonebisa da gulis ZaliT `gavsebis~ fenomeni, SeiZleba iTqvas,

bunebaSi saerTod ar arsebobs. amitomacaa, rom xelovneba, rogorc

epoqis ideebisa da grZnobebis, anu `moraluri temperaturis~

gamoxatuleba, ar aris am `moraluri temperaturis~ naZaladevad

mizanmimarTuli asaxva, mizanmimarTuleba xelovnebaSi epoqis `moraluri

temperaturis~ rogorRac mizanSeuwonlad mizanmimarTul arekvlas

udris, anu unda Tu ara Semoqmeds, igi mainc versad gaeqceva epoqis

`moraluri temperaturis~ xelovnebis qmnilebaSi gadmocemas. sxva

sityvebiT, Semoqmedis refleqsia qmnilebaSi asaxul epoqis `moralur

temperaturaze~ mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac `moraluri temperatura~ ukve

qmnilebaSia asaxuli. ufro zustad, qmnilebaSi asaxvamde `moralur

temperaturaze~ refleqsia SemoqmedSi imTaviTve aranaZaladevi, anu

rogorRac mizanSeuwonlad mizanSewonili fsiqologiuri procesia,

romelic `mizanSewonilad mizanSewonili~ refleqsiis saxes `moraluri

temperaturis~ qmnilebaSi asaxvis Semdeg iRebs. epoqis `moralur

temperaturasTan~ zustad aseTive fsiqologiur mimarTebaSi imyofeba

Tavisi Tanadrouli epoqis nebismieri sazogadoebac, ubralod xelovansa

da sxva danarCenebs Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom Semoqmeds Tanadrouli

epoqis `moraluri temperaturis~ mxatvrulad gadmocemis unari imTaviTve

116

axasiaTebs, sxva danarCenebi ki amgvar unars moisakliseben. mokled,

xelovani zustad isevea Tavisi epoqis Svili, rogorc misive

Tanamedroveni da xelovanis cnobierebaSic zustad iseve imTaviTve

airekleba Tavisi Tanadrouli epoqis `moraluri temperatura~, rogorc

misive sxva Tanamedroveebis cnobierebaSi. xelovneba-Semoqmedi-xalxis

msgavs urTierTmimarTebaSi mdgomareobs xalxis mier zogadad

xelovnebis gagebis SesaZleblobac, magram Tu asea, maSin sainteresoa

rogor unda avxsnaT Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac araTu sxvadasxva,

sakuTriv erT konkretul epoqaSic ki SeiZleba aRmocendes iseTi tipis

xelovneba, romelic TviTon am erTi konkretuli epoqis

TanamedroveTaTvisac ki gaugebaria magaliTad, xose ortega-i-gaseti

Tavis `xelovnebis dehumanizaciaSi~ swored im azrs aviTarebs, rom

modernistuli da postmodernistuli, anu axali xelovneba TanamedroveebisTvis

gaugebaria (88.511). modernistul-postmodernistuli

xelovnebis Taobaze aseTive azrisaa xelovnebis TeoretikosTa

garkveuli nawilic. msgavsi Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod, SegviZlia

ganvacxadoT, rom Tuki klasikuri da axali xelovnebis Tayvanismcemlebs

erTmaneTisgan gavmijnavT, davinaxavT, rom klasikuri xelovnebis

TayvanismcemlebTanac xelovnebis gagebis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,

iseTive struqtura moqmedebs, rogoric axali xelovnebis

Tayvanismcemlebisa axali xelovnebis mimarT da Tu maincdamainc axali

xelovnebisadmi rogorRac upativcemulo damokidebulebasTan gvaqvs

saqme, es ara vergagebiTi, aramed upirveles yovlisa, `politikuri~ aqtia,

romelic iqneb sworedac axali xelovnebis gagebidan amoizrdeba.

`nihilizmi~, `RmerTsklebeloba~ – es is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia axali

xelovnebisa, rac SemfasebelTa garkveul wreebSi, ubralod protests

iwvevs da ara gaugebrobas. ortega-i-gaseti da xelovnebis TeoretikosTa

garkveuli nawili ki, vfiqrobT, gaugebrobas Sinagani protestisgan

jerovnad ver arCeven da axal xelovnebas mcdarad miaweren gaugebrobis

iarliys. aqve unda mivuTiToT imazec, rom klasikuri xelovnebis

TayvanismcemelTa mxridan axali xelovnebis upativcemulobis gamomwvevi

erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi, zemoTmotanil faqtorebTan erTad, SeiZleba

117

klasikuri xelovnebis TayvanismcemelTa gemovnebac iyos, gemovnebaze

dava ki iqneb marTlac ar Rirdes.

xelovnebis ganxilvis amnair WrilSi kidev erTi saintereso kiTxva

warmoiSoba: Tuki xelovnebis gageba erTi konkretuli epoqis pirobebSic

ase Tu ise mainc problemaa, gana gansxvavebuli epoqebis xelovnebaTa

gageba ufro met problemas ar unda warmoadgendes magaliTad, rogor

unda gavigoT antikuri an Sua saukuneebis xelovnebebi maSin, roca

Cvenive epoqis axali xelovnebis gagebac rogorRac gviWirs axali

xelovnebis gagebadobis Taobaze zemoT ukve vTqviT, rom misi gaugebroba

sinamdvileSi ara gaugebroba, aramed swored gagebad-gagebuli axali

xelovnebisadmi gemovnebiT – `politikuri~ protestia, axali xelovnebis

amgvar protestnarev gagebadobaSi ki Tavis mxriv wina epoqebis

xelovnebaTa gagebadobac Tundac iribad, magram mainc apriori

igulisxmeba: gana qristianoba, Sesabamisad qristianuli anu Sua

saukuneebis xelovneba, antikuri epoqis sazogadoebriv-religiuri

cnobierebisa da am cnobierebasTan, rogorc `moralur temperaturasTan~

SeTanawyobili xelovnebis Tanmdevi nihilizmis, anu antikuri `moraluri

temperaturis~ uaryofis safuZvelze ar aRmocenda cxadia, zustad ase

moxda, xolo raimes uaryofa imis uaryofaa, rom gagebuli gvaqvs rasac

uarvyofT, amave dros gasagebia is siaxlec, romelic am uaryofidan

gamodminareobs. es konteqsti kidev erTxel adasturebs zemoqTmuls,

kerZod imas, rom axlis vergagebis asociacia sinamdivleSi ara axlis

vergagebiTi, aramed Zvelsa da axals Soris swored gemovnebiT –

`politikuri~ dapirispirebis aqtia. antikuri, anu miTologiuri epoqis

nihilizmis Zirebi TviTon antikuri epoqis safuZvlebSive unda veZeboT.

magaliTad, jer kidev Cvens welT aRricxvamde VII-VI saukuneebSi

gamoCenili berZeni filosofosi qsenofane kolofoneli miuTiTebda:

`RmerTebs yvelaferi miaweres homerosma da hesiodem rac ki samarcxvino

da gasakicxia adamianTa Soris, raTa gaxmaurebuliyo (maTi) ugvano

saqmeebi – qurdoba, mruSoba da erTmaneTis motyueba~ (17.536, 370). saerTo

jamSi, am berZenma filosofosma `daasrula brZola eposis winaaRmdeg da

saboloo daskvnebi gamoitana Zveli patriarqaluri ideologiis mravali

kritikisagan. misi msoflmxedveloba sinTezi iyo im didi gonebrivi

118

moZraobisa, romelsac Cvens welT aRricxvamde meSvide-meeqvse saukuneebSi

hqonda adgili rogorc poeziaSi, ise zneobasa da azrovnebaSi~ (17.376).

amgvari nihilizmi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yovlismomcveli gaxda, ramac

gamoiwvia kidec antikuri poliTeisturi religiebis, anu miTologiuri

Segnebis rRveva: sokrates, platonis, aristoteles, bolos ki

neoplatonikosebis monoTeisturi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi

poliTeisturi religiebis, Sesabamisad miTologiuri cnobierebis

gardauvali rRvevis momasawvebeli iyo da aki asec moxda. estafeta

axalma, qristianulma epoqam gadaibara, romelmac miTiTebuli

filosofosebis monoTeisturi naazrevi sakuTari principebis

gamyarebisTvis gamoiyena, Tumca monoTeistur qristianobas poli-

Teisturi religiebidan memkvidreobad nihilizmic imTaviTve gadahyva:

gansxvavebulad moazrovneTa giliotinaze ayvanisa Tu cecxlze dawvis

mravali faqti qristianobis istoriaSi, sxva araferia Tu ara

nihilisturi gamovlinebebis sastiki meTodebiT mospobis mcdeloba,

Tumca aseT gamovlinebebs ZaliT, cxadia veravin verafriT aRomfxvris,

radgan igi ar aris raRac garedan yuriT moTreul SexedulebaTa

nakrebi, piriqiT, iseve rogorc zogadad religiuri gancda, nihilizmic

zeindividualuri, rogorRac kanonzomieri gamovlinebaa adamianis

cnobierebaSi. metic, rogor ucnauradac unda mogveCvenos, religiuri

gancda da nihilizmi iqneb siRrmiseulad urTierTCawnuli, erTmaneTiT

urTierTganpirobebuli, imTaviTve erTiani da erTi ganzomilebac ki iyos

da ara kategoriulad sxvadasxva ganzomilebani. amitomacaa nihilizmi

zogadad religiuri cnobierebis, Sesabamisad nebismieri konkretuli

religiisTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebeli raoba, romelic droTa

ganmavlobaSi yovelTvis ufro da ufro globalur masStabebs

gadaswvdeba xolme. nihilisturi masStabebis zrdis tendencias

Tanadroulobac adasturebs: aRorZinebis periodidan moyolebuli

dRevandelobis CaTvliT, nihilisturi gamovlinebani im zomamde

gaZlierda, rom mecxramete-meoce saukuneebis mijnaze germanelma

filosofosma fridrix nicSem pirdapir da miukib-moukibavad ganacxada –

`RmerTi mokvda~ (30.16). amave periodidan iReben dasabams axali, anu

modernistuli da Semdeg postmodernistuli mimdinareobani

119

xelovnebaSic – fovizmi, abstroqcianizmi, kubizmi, futurizmi,

neorealizmi da ase Semdeg. maSasadame, rogorc qristianuli epoqisa da

qristianuli xelovnebis aRmoceneba antikuri cnobierebis Tanmdevi

nihilizmis masStabebis zrdam ganapiroba, zustad aseve ganapiroba

modernistuli da mere postmodernistuli xelovnebis warmoSoba

qristianuli cnobierebis Tanmdevi nihilizmis masStabebis zrdam.

aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, ra Tqma unda, ise ar unda aRviqvaT, TiTqos

xelovnebis gageba mxolod nihilistur WrilSi SeiZlebodes, anu yvela

epoqis `moraluri temperatura~ TiTqos yovelTvis nihilisutri yalibisa

iyos. ufro zustad, epoqebis sulier-kulturul xasiaTs arsebul

RirebulebebSi SeueWvebeloba gansazRvravs, Sesabamisad aseTi

SeueWvebeli `moraluri temperatura~ ganapirobebs amave epoqebis

xelovnebis xasiaTsac, magram yovelTvis dgeba xolme etapi, roca

arsebuli Rirebulebebi forma-Sinaarsis cvalebadobas iwyeben da

swored aucilebeli cvalebadobis am etapebs vuwodebT nihilizms, Tumca

msgavsi gardamavali etapis Semdeg aRmocenebuli axali epoqis sulierkulturuli

Rirebulebebi, garkveuli xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi

kvlavac SeueWveblobiT sargebloben xolme. maSasadame, SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom nihilizmi da aranihilizmi erTidaigive sulieri

SidawiaRis sxvadasxva forma-SinaarsiT garegamotana-konkretizaciaa da

Tuki Tanamedrove xelovneba nihilistur tendenciebs aSkarad amJRavnebs,

ese igi, Tanamedrove xelovneba, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove `moraluri

temperatura~, gardamaval stadiaze imyofeba, gardamavali stadia ki

gardamavali imitomaa, rom man adre Tu gvian kvlavac unda aRmoacenos

Zvelisgan gansxvavebuli epoqa, iseTi epoqa, romelic aseve isargeblebs

sakuTari `moraluri temperaturis~ SeueWveblobiT xangrZlivi an

garkveuli periodis manZilze mainc, Tumca, aqve unda mivuTiToT imazec,

rom Znelia imis prognozi, rogori doziT iqneba axali epoqa, anu axali

`moraluri temperatura~ wilnayari ZvelTan da rogori doziT

daamkvidrebs axal Rirebulebebs.

120

Tavi III. xelovnebis gagebis Taviseburebani

$1. istoriisa da progresis iluzoruloba-realurobis

dialeqtika, rogorc istoriis, kulturisa da

xelovnebis istoriis erT mTlianobad gaazrebis

SesaZlebloba

filosofosebsa da xelovnebis TeoretikosebSi dRemde

aqtualuria sakiTxi ama Tu im epoqis kulturisa Tu xelovnebis erT

mTlianobad gaazrebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb da radgan es sakiTxi

aqtualuria, ese igi, garkveuli safuZveli gaaCnia Tvalsazriss, romlis

Tanaxmadac, calkeuli epoqebis erTian konteqstSi gaazreba SeuZlebelia.

miTiTebuli safuZveli ki, yvelaze metad, ama Tu im epoqis

specifikurobaSi mdgomareobs. yovel epoqas gansakuTrebuli

specifikuri Tavisebureba namdvilad axasiaTebs da swored es

Taviseburebani warmoSoben calkeuli epoqebis, Sesabamisad, am calkeuli

epoqebis xelovnebisa Tu kulturis erTian WrilSi gaazrebis

SeuZleblobis STabeWdilebas. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa, rogori doziTaa

msgavsi STabeWdileba wilnayari iluzorulobasTan da rogori doziT

Seicavs es STabeWdileba realurobis elementebs.

aRniSnul kiTxvas uaRresad sainteresod pasuxobs gadameri: `Cveni

drois xelovneba, ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego, gansxvavebuli

tendenciis _ istoriis iluzorulobis da progresis iluzorulobis _

harmoniulad gaerTianebis amocanis winaSe gvayenebs. istoriis

iluzoruloba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc kulturuli

tradiciebis dabrmaveba, maSin roca am tradiciebTan Sesabamisoba

rogorRac mainc mniSvnelobs. progresulobis iluzoruloba aseve

kulturul-kritikuli dabrmavebiT sazrdoobs: xalxi, aseT

dabrmavebulobas damorCilebulebi, darwmunebulebi arian, rom yovel

dRe axali epoqa iwyeba im azriT, rom maT mTlianad gaiges da Seimecnes

is tradiciebi, romlebsac ganekuTvnebian da daZlies, gadalaxes isini.

121

sinamdvileSi ki im gamocanis WeSmariti gadawyveta, romlis winaSec

xelovnebam dagvayena, swored rom warsulisa da axlis TanadroulobaSi

mdgomareobs~ (72.315).

gadameris es Sexeduleba, cxadia, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli

Zvelisa da axlis Sefarul-iribi kvlaverTianobis konteqsts zedmiwevniT

Seesabameba, Tumca aqve unda mivuTiToT imazec, rom gadameris msgavsi

Tvalsazrisi ise ki ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos kacobriobis istoriuli

ganviTarebis calkeuli epoqebi Tavisi specifikurobiT ar gamoirCevian

da erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdebian, aramed ise, rom istoriis

erTmaneTisgan absoluturad mowyvetil epoqebad gaazreba

aramarTebulia. ese igi, calkeuli epoqebi, rogori specifikurobiTac

unda xasiaTdebodnen isini, mainc mWidro urTierTkavSiris mixedviT,

erTiani istoriuli ganviTarebis WrilSi unda ganvixiloT, ramdenadac

istoriuloba, rogorc adamianuri yofierebis winaswarmoxazuloba,

Tavadac calkeul epoqaTa gansxvavebisa da am gansxvavebis kvlav

erTianobad gaazrebis safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobaa. iqneb

sworedac amnairi gadmosaxedi iyos yvelaze marTebuli konteqsti ama Tu

im epoqis kulturisa Tu xelovnebis erTian WrilSi gaazrebis

SesaZleblobisa Tu SeuZleblobis garkvevisaTvis. msgavsi gadmosaxedi

ki, Tavis mxriv, aSkarad adasturebs, rom adamiani, rogorc istoriuli

cnobierebis siRrmiseulad matarebeli arseba, veranairad ver gaarRvevs

istoriulobis sazRvrebs. Sesabamisad, ganviTareba istorul wreSi

ganviTarebas udris da am wreSi momavlis specifikurobac ukve

rogorRac winaswarmoxazulia, anu am logikiT, poliTeistur

(miTologiur) religiebSi, Sesabamisad, poliTeistur cnobierebaSi,

saerTod poliTeistur kulturasa da xelovnebaSi, ukve

winaswarmoxazuli iyo monoTeisturi religiebis (qristianobis, islamis

da sxvaTa), Sesabamisad, monoTeisturi cnobierebis, saerTod

monoTeisturi kulturisa da xelovnebis aucilebeli aRmocenebis

konturebi. Tavis mxriv, qristianul da sxva monoTeistur religiebsa,

kulturasa Tu xelovnebaSi kacobriobis Semdgomi religiur-kulturuli

ganviTarebis da xelovnebis rogorobis konturebic iqneb aseve

winaswarmoxazulia. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, raSic mdgomareobs

122

progresis iluzoruloba. igi imiT gamoixateba, rom axal epoqas

winaswarmouxazav ganzomilebad aRviqvamT, maSin roca sinamdvileSi,

warsul Tu Tanadroul religiebsa Tu xelovnebaSi, zogadad kulturasa

da tradiciebSi, maTi momavali saxe ukve imTaviTve winaswarmoxazulia.

am konteqstSi Zalze sainteresoa drois bunebis haidegeriseuli, erTi

SexedviT ucnauri gageba, rom warsuli da awmyo ki ar gansazRvraven

momavlis xasiaTsa da Sinaarss, aramed swored momavalia awmyosa da

warsulis xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli (54.484_485, 501, 504, 520).

marTlac, Tuki warsulsa da awmyoSi momavali imTaviTve

winaswarmoxazulia, maSin warsulica da awmyoc ukve winaswarmoxazuli

momavlis ganxorcielebis saSualebebad gvevlinebian, xolo momavali

warsulisa da awmyos safuZvlad da gauswrebad SesaZleblobad

gvevlineba. maSasadame, momavlis horizonti iqneb yvelaze kargi Wrili

iyos saerTod gagebisTvis, ramdenadac warsulica da awmyoc swored

momavalTan erTianobaSi gveZleva. ufro zustad, momavali warsulSi

wvdeba Tavis Tavs da awmyoSic warsulTan, anu Tavis TavTan wvdomilobaerTianobad

mogvecema. ese igi, awmyo sxva araferia, Tu ara warsulmomavlis

erTianobad warmoCena momavalis horizontidan: rom ara

momavali-awmyo-warsulis erTianobis aseTi mudmivoba da am erTianobiT

ganpirobebuli nawilebis, anu momavali-awmyo-warsulis momavlis

horizontSi kvlav erTianobad ukuSeqceva, rogorc momavlis mier

sakuTari Tavis kvlavwvdomoba, CvenTvis marTlac sruliad gaugebari

darCeboda ara mxolod calkeuli epoqebis sulier-kulturuli

monapovrebi, Tanadrouli epoqis sulier-kulturuli atmosferos

Secnobis gzazec savsebiT uZlurni aRmovCndebodiT. amasTan, SeuZlebeli

iqneboda TviTon calkeul epoqebSi paralelurad warmoSobili

gansxvavebuli kulturebis gagebac. am konteqstSi mizanSewonilia

kulturaTa raobis Sesaxeb osvald Spenglerisa da karl iaspersis

Tvalsazrisebi zogadad mainc mimovixiloT. magaliTad, indoeTis,

CineTis, saberZneTis, sparseTis, sxva manamdeli da Semdgomi kulturebis

erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad aRmoceneba iaspersisTvis ar aris sakmao

safuZveli kulturaTa Caketilobis samtkiceblad (53.217_228), maSin roca

SpenglerisTvis kulturaTa ase erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad

123

aRmocenebis faqti, calkeul kulturaTa Caketilobis samtkiceblad

sakmaoze meti mizezic kia (89.219). maSasadame, Spengleris Tvalsazrisi

radikaluri calmxrivobiT gamoirCeva, Tumca, amis miuxedavad,

kulturaTa raobis Taobaze mis amgvar SexedulebaSi iribad, Tundac

misdauneburad mainc igrZnoba imis aRiareba, rasac igi mizanmimarTulad

uaryofs. ufro konkretulad, Spengleri Tavis `evropis aRsasrulSi~

calkeul kulturaTa karCaketilobas ki aRiarebs, magram amave dros,

eZebs ra calkeul kulturaTa saerTo pirvelfenomens, amiT calkeul

kulturaTa karCauketaobis SesaZleblobasac, unda Tu ar unda,

safuZvelSive uSvebs. amasTan, aseTi pirvelfenomenis wvdomis saSualebad

Spengleri intuitur grZnobasa da Wvretas miiCnevs da ara

gamaanalizebel gansjas. `Tu gvsurs istoriaSi garkveva, gveubneba

`evropis aRsasrulis~ avtori, aucilebelia uari vTqvaT

`gamananalizebel gansjaze~ da mivendoT grZnobasa da Wvretas~ (7.460).

sxvagvarad, `Spengleri cdilobs Cawvdes istoriis dafarul Sres,

realurad, istoriulad ganxorcielebuli kulturebis `ukan~ miagnos

pirvelfenomens _ kulturis pirvelsaxes, pirvelad tips, kulturis,

rogorc aseTis ideas. `grZnobadi~ Tvali am ideas, am pirvelfenomens ver

xedavs: am Tvals mxolod grZnobad-konkretuli masala eZleva. intuiciaa

xedavs siRrmes, xedavs kulturas, rogorc wminda formas, ideas,

ganTavisuflebuls yovelive SemTxveviTisgan, grZnobadobisgan. ai, es

zogadi idea devs yoveli calkeuli kulturis safuZvelSi da

ganapirobebs maT urTierTmsgavsebas... intuicia wvdeba istoriul

sinamdviles, romelic SpengerisTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara gansxvavebul

kulturaTa erToblioba. garegani dakvirveba am istoriul procesSi

mxolod gansxvavebul kulturaTa droSi Tanmimdevrobas dainaxavs,

istoriis siRrmiseul fenebSi SeWra ki savsebiT axal suraTs gadaSlis

Cvens Tvalwin: is dagvarwmunebs, rom kulturebi ara marto

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, aramed uaRresad msgavsnic arian

erTmaneTisa~ (7.458, 459_460).

erTi sityviT, Spengleris Tvalsazrisi kulturaTa raobis Sesaxeb,

urTierTgamomricxavi SexedulebebiTaa gajerebuli: `erTi mxriv, igi

amtkicebs, rom yoveli kultura Caketilia, amdenad, sxva kulturaze

124

laparaki yovelTvis iqneba relatiuri, subieqturi, meore mxriv, mis

wigns (`evropis aRsasruli~ _ avt) aqvs pretenzia imisa, rom masSi

ganWvretilia kulturaTa pirvelfenomeni da, maSasadame, yvela

kulturis arsebac. Tu sworia azri kulturaTa Caketilobaze, `evropis

aRsasruli~ ar unda daweriliyo, Tu daiwera `evropis aRsasruli~,

kulturebi Caketili ar yofila~ (7.478). marTlac, yoveli kultura,

cxadia, Taviseburad specifikuria, magram Spengleris mTavari Secdoma

isaa, rom igi calkeuli kulturebis specifikurobas karCaketilobamde,

urTierTgaTiSulobamde aabsoluturebs, maSin roca kulturaTa

specifikuroba minimum maT Caketiloba-urTierTgaTiSulobas aramc da

aramc ar niSnavs. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, ama Tu im kulturas Tavisi

specifikurobac axasiaTebdes da sxva kulturebisadmi gaxsnilic iyos.

sulac ar aris aucilebeli, specifikuroba kulturaTa Soris `rkinis

fardis~ funqcias asrulebdes. metic, rogorc Cveni msjelobidan

gamoCnda, swored kulturaTa gaxsnili xasiaTi ganapirobebs kulturaTa

specifikurobasac, rogorc am gaxsnili xasiaTis konkretul

gamovlinebebs. swored es Wrilia yvelaze adekvaturi gadmosaxedi yvela

periodisa da yvelanairi tipis xelovnebis axsna-gagebis gzazec. ase

imitomacaa, rom yoveli kulturisa da yvelanairi xelovnebis saerTo

safuZveli, rogori specifikuric unda iyvnen isini, gonia, xolo

kulturaca da xelovnebac, rogorc aseTni, xom gonis gamovlena _

`gamosxivebani~ arian. aki am garemoebaze Tavad Spengleric miuTiTebs.

Spengleris am miTiTebis mixedviT: `yovel kulturas erTi Semoqmedi

hyavs. esaa goniTi suli, anu mokled, goni. suli, Tu mas gavigebT viwrod,

fsiqikuris mniSvnelobiT, kulturas ver Seqmnis _ is individualuri

mdgomareobaa adamianisa, adamianis Sinagani cxovrebis nawilia da am

nawilad rCeba bolomde. goni isaa, rac SeiZleba `gaxmiandes~, iqces

sityvad, leqsad, ornamentad, qandakebad, naxatad, gonis sicocxle

Semoqmedebaa~ (7.479).

saerTo jamSi, Spengleri cdilobs kulturaTa Caketiloba

rogorme gaamarTlos, magram kulturaTa saerTo safuZvlad gonis, anu

goniTi sulis aRiarebiT, Tundac Tavisdauneburad sapirispiro daskvnas

iRebs, anu kulturaTa Riaobis aRiarebamde midis. Spengleris aseTnairi

125

Tavisdauneburad miRebuli daskvna ki Tavis mxriv Seesabameba isapersis

`RerZulis drois~ Teorias, romelic swored kulturaTa

karCauketaobazea orientirebuli, magram iaspersis msgavsi orientacia,

amavdroulad, kulturaTa specifikurobasac ar gamoricxavs, anu

isapersis `RerZulis drois~ TeoriaSi kulturis empiriul

gamovlinebaTa miRma kulturaTa saerTo Ziris, gonis mZlavri sunTqva

igrZnoba. `RerZuli dro~ is mravalsaukunovani etapia kacobriobis

ganviTarebis istoriaSi, roca sxvadasxva kulturebma Tanadroulad

ifeTqes. es etapi iaspersis mixedviT Cvens welTaRricxvamde 800 _ Cvens

welTaRricxviT 200 wlebs moicavs (53.219). istoriis miTiTebuli periodi

marTlac iseTi periodia, roca calkeuli kulturebi, maTi

specifikurobis miuxedavad, SegviZlia mainc erTianobaSi ganvixiloT.

metic, swored msgavs WrilSi unda ganixilebodes Tundac uZvelesi da

axali xelovnebis urTierTmimarTebac. sxva sityvebiT, progresis

iluzoruloba iq aris, sadac axali xelovnebis absoluturi

gansxvavebulobis gancda ibadeba, Tumca amave dros xelidan arc

realuri gansxvavebulobis SegrZneba unda gagvisxltes, anu axali

xelovnebis specifikuroba, ra Tqma unda, swored Zvelisgan

gansxvavebulobaSi mdgomareobs, magram amgvar gansxvavebolobaSi

mdgomareobs maTi kvlaverTianobac. amitom unda daveTanxmoT iaspersis

Tvalsazriss: `RerZuli drois saTaveSi araCveulebrivi saxiT warmoCnda

CineTi. maSin iq cxovrobdnen konfuZi da laoZi, warmoiSva Cinuri

filosofiis yvela mimarTuleba, maSin moRvaweobdnen didi moazrovneebi:

mo-Zi, juan-Zi, lao-Zi da sxvebi. amave dros, indoeTSi ganixileboda

sinamdvilis filosofiuri wvdomis yvela SesaZlebloba. iyo

skepticizmic, materializmic, sofostikac da nihilizmic. amave periodSi

iranSi moRvaweobs zaratustra, palestinaSi _ winaswarmetyvelni,

saberZneTSi _ homerosi, filosofebi _ parmenide, heraklite, platoni,

berZeni tragikosebi, aseve Tukidide da arqimede.... magram mTavari is aris,

rom yovelive es warmoiSva erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad. RerZul droSi

gaCnda sami axali da mTavari kultura _ CineTis, indoeTisa da

saberZneTis. samive qveyanaSi adamianis winaSe daisva TiTqmis erTnairad

radikaluri kiTxvebi Tavisi umweobis daZlevis mizniT. man daiwyo Tavisi

126

SesaZleblobebis sazRvrebis gacnobiereba, umaRlesi miznebis dasaxva~

(53.219). ese igi, Zvel da axal epoqebsa da kulturebs, iseve rogorc Zvel

da axal xelovnebas, is aerTianebs, rac amavdroulad maTi gansxvavebis

safuZvelia da is ganasxvavebs, rac maTi erTianobis safuZvelia.

gansxvavebuloba-erTianobis zustadac amnair safuZvelSi mdgomareobs

xelovnebis istoriad gaazrebis SesaZleblobac. magaliTad, Sua

saukuneebis ferwerac, skulpturac, poeziac da xelovnebis sxva

dargebic, pirvel rigSi, cxadia, qristianul moralur temperaturas

asaxavdnen, magram Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis am saxeobebSi

qristianobamdeli epoqis Sinaarsebsac Zalian xSirad vxvdebiT: marto

Sua saukuneebSi, fermwerebma, qristianobamdeli, anu miTologiuri

Sinaarsis imdeni ferweruli tilo Seqmnes, Tavad miTologiuri epoqis

mxatvrebsac ki SeSurdebodaT. amdenad, qristianuli epoqis xelovneba

qristianobamdeli epoqis Sinaarsebs, marTalia, iyenebda, magram iyenebda

ara rogorc mizans, aramed rogorc saSualebas, rogorc gaxsenebas

imisas, rom qristianobamde arsebobda miTologiuri cnobiereba, rogorc

adamianis religiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis mcdari (Tumca ki

aucilebeli) etapi. kacobriobis religiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis

amgvar logikaze Tavis SromebSi hegelic miuTiTebs (59.341_346). aqve unda

gavmartoT, rom gaxseneba, rogorc aseTi, Tundac iribad, magram

siRrmiseulad swored imis damaxsovreba-gagebas da imasTan Tundac irib

kvlaverTianobas gulisxmobs, rac ukve iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ukve

namyofi Sinaarsebis Tundac saSualebebad gamoyenebac da maTi istoriad

gaazrebac absoluturad SeuZlebeli iqneboda. zustad amdagvari

daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba klasikuri da axali xelovnebis

urTierTmimarTebidanac: Tuki axali xelovneba nihilisturi ganwyobiTaa

gajerebuli (88.512_517), es nihilizmi klasikuri (saerTod Zveli)

xelovnebis swored im Sinaarsebze nihilizmia (84.153, 176), romlebic

Semoqmeds safuZvels aZleven nihilizmisTvis (22.89). ese igi, Sefarulirib

kvlaverTianobas klasikuri da axali xelovnebis

urTierTmimarTebac gulisxmobs. maSasadame, amdagvari gansxvavebulobakvlaverTianoba,

rogorc drois vertikalur ganaserSi, aseve drois

horizontalur sibrtyeze erTnairad aqtualuria. kerZod, is garemoeba,

127

om CineTis, indoeTis, saberZneTis, sparseTis xelovnebebi da kulturebi

met-naklebad Tanadroulad, magram erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad

aRmocendnen, `Caketili kulturebis~ Tvalsazriss sulac ar amarTlebs.

piriqiT, damoukideblad aRmocenebuli mravali analogiiiT msgavsi

kulturebis Tanadrouloba, maTi sinqronulobis winaswarmoxazul

SesaZleblobaze metyvelebs (90. 33, 77, 91).

amdenad, yvela kultura, winaswarmoxazuli momavlis saxiT, maTi

sinqronulobis horizonts imTaviTve gulisxmobs da vinaidan

winaswarmoxazulobaSi nagulisxmevi sinqronuli momavalis horizonti,

rogorc es zemoT ganvmarteT, gauswrebadia, TviTon damoukidebeli

kulturebi, drois meSveobiT da `RerZul droSi~ isev TavianT

Tavdapirvel goniseul sinqronulobas, rogorc drois vertikalur,

aseve horizontalur ganaserSi, imgvarad kvlavwvdebian, rom amasTan

erTad, sakuTar specifikurobasac ar kargaven. es konteqsti calkeul

kulturaTa damoukideblad aRmocenebis albaTobas erTi da imave dros

`aufasurebs~ kidec da Zalze saintereso elfersac sZens. `aufasurebs~

im gagebiT, rom rogor damoukideblad aRmocenebuladac unda miviCnioT

esa Tu is kultura, sinamdvileSi maT mainc saerTo safuZveli, saerTo

arseba gaaCniaT. amdenad, geografiulad, fizikurad da droSi

urTierTdaukavSirebel kulturebSic, Semdgomi urTierTgagebis

SesaZlebloba winaswarmoxazuli saxiT yovelTvis imTaviTve igulisxmeba.

aki aseTi urTierTgageba Tanamedrove samyaroSi ukve realobacaa da

yvelaze sainteresoc swored calkeul kulturebSi saerTo horizontis

saxiT winaswarmoxazuli gagebis SesaZleblobaa. am logikis mixedviT,

urTierTgageba-urTierTsinqronulobis horizontis winaswarmoxazuloba

igulisxmeba ara mxolod `RerZuli drois~, aramed manamdel

kulturebSic. rom ara urTierTgageba-urTierTsinqronulobis

horizontis msgavsi winaswarmoxazuloba, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqneboda

`RerZuli drois~ aRmocenebac, rogorc am winaswarmoxazuli

urTierTgageba-urTierTsinqronulobis realuri ganxorcieleba.

Sesabamisad, Tuki Tanamedrove samyaroSi romelime kultura

CamorCenilobiT gamoirCeva, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos igi

winaswarmoxazulobis zemoT ganmartebuli vertikaluri da

128

horizontaluri Wrilidan amovardnili iyos da sxva kulturebis mimarT

karCaketiloba axasiaTebdes. magaliTad, afrikul cekvebSi Tanamedrove

kulturis mkvlevarebi imave pirvelfenomenis gamovlinebas xedaven,

rogor pirvelfenomensac maRali donis kulturebis gamovlenaTa miRma

Wvreten, anu, winaswarmoxazuli sinqroni aqac saxezea. e. i.

karCaketiloba arc CamorCenil kulturebs axasiaTebT, miT umetes, Tuki

mravali analogiis moZebna CamorCenili kulturis sxva kulturebTan

gansxvavebulobis pirobebSic SeiZleba (89.117-126).

am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilia, CamorCenili

kulturebic `RerZuli drois~ srulfasovan wevrebad miviCnioT. aseve,

Tuki Tanamedrove samyaroSi esa Tu is, magaliTad, evropuli

(qristianuli) da aziuri (musulmanuri) kulturebi erTmaneTisadmi metnaklebi

SeugueblobiT gamoirCevian, es Seuguebloba, Tu SeiZleba ase

iTqvas, ufro politikur aqtad, anu argagebad gamoiyureba, vidre

erTmaneTis kulturebis vergagebad. argageba xom swored gagulisebul

mizanmimarTul protests gulisxmobs da ara vergagebas, aseTi argageba

ki cxadia, ufro xelovnurad aRmarTuli barieris elfers atarebs,

vidre safuZvliseuli Seugueblobis niSas. maSasadame, kulturaTa

saerTo pirvelfenomeni erTgvarad marTlac `aufasurebs~ kulturaTa

sruli TavisTavadobis Tvalsazriss, magram calkeul kulturaTa

amnairi `gaufasureba~ kidev ufro metad saintereso imitomacaa, rom

nebismieri kulturis TavisTavadobac, amavdroulad, swored am

`gaufasurebaSi~, rogorc pirvelfenomenis calkeul gamovlinebebSi

mdgomareobs. sabolood, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda

daveTanxmoT iasperss, romlis Tanaxmadac: `Tvalsazriss adamianTa

istoriaze mivyavarT Cveni adamianuri yofierebis saidumloebasTan. is

faqti, rom Cven, saerTod, istoriaSi varT CarTulni, rom istoriis

wyalobiTa varT iseTebi, rogorebic varT, gvaZlevs saSualebas

vikiTxoT: saidan modis istoria, saiT midis~ (90.28).

129

$2. gagebis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebi da interpretacia,

rogorc mxatvruli teqstis arseba

kulturaTa saerTo pirvelfenomenis Ziebam, wina paragrafSi,

rogorc davinaxeT, adamianuri myofobis istoriaSi da istoriad

gaazrebis SesaZleblobis aRiarebamde migviyvana. aseTma aRiarebam, erTi

mxriv, kulturaTa TavisTavadoba erTgvarad marTlac gaaufasura, magram

meore mxriv, swored am `gaufasurebam~ warmoaCina kulturaTa

TavisTavadobani, rogorc pirvelfenomenis gamovlinebani. marTlac, rom

ara mravalferovneba-TavisTavadobis winaswarmoxazuloba

pirvelfenomenSi, rogorc absolutSi, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda

mravali TavisTavadi kulturis ramdenadme axsnac, rogorc faqtobrivi

mocemulobisa. maSasadame, kulturaTa TavisTavadoba faqtia, magram iseTi

faqtia, romelic pirvelfenomenSia fuZedebuli da swored es

pirvelfenomeni aniWebs maT TavsiTavadobis SesaZleblobas amavdroulad

saerTo goniseuli safuZvlebis SenarCunebiT. amisdakvalad, calkeuli

TviTmyofadi istoriul-kulturuli epoqebi SegviZlia pirvelfenomenis

interpretaciebad ganvixiloT, iseT interpretaciebad, romlebic TviTon

pirvelfenomenis, rogorc absolutis kvlavwvdomis erTgavri

saSualebani arian. Sesabamisad, ganxilvis aseTive Wrili unda

mivusadagoT zogadad ama Tu im epoqis istoriis, kulturis, maT Soris

xelovnebis konkretul gamovlinebaTa axsna-gagebis horizontsac, anu

zogadad axsna-gagebas, maT Soris konkretuli mxatvruli teqstebis,

rogorc xelovnebis calkeuli qmnilebebis axsna-gagebis SesaZleblobac

swored aRweril WrilSi unda trialebdes: `Txzulebis axali da axali

framentebis gacnoba Tavdapirvelad winaTgrZnobiT amocnobil mTels

xorcs asxams da warmogvidgens rogorc calkeulTa mravalferovnebaSi

arsebul erTianobas... Tu kargad davukvirdebiT aRmoCndeba, rom

nebismieri rTuli nawarmoebis gageba da axsna Taviseburi reproduqciaa,

kvlavSeqmnaa ukve Seqmnilisa an nawarmoebisa. axsna-gageba Taviseburad

imeorebs Txzulebis qmnis process~ (7.402). mxatvruli teqstis gagebaaxsnis

msgavsi yalibi, cxadia, erTi didi segmentia saerTod, absolutis,

130

gonis, pirvelfenomenis `gamosxivebisa~. sxvagvarad, es segmenti adamianis

goniTi moRvaweobis sxva masStaburi Tu lokaluri moculobis

segmentebis darad, nawilad gamoiyureba absolutTan, gonTan,

pirvelfenomenTan, rogorc erTian, zogad safuZvelTan mimarTebaSi.

Tavis mxriv, Semoqmedebis individualuri aqtebi, mxatvruli teqstis, anu

xelovnebis rogorc aseTis, calkeuli gamovlinebania. amitomac

amtkicebs fridrix asti: `yoveli sicocxle aris goni da gonis gareSe

ar arsebobs araviTari sicocxle, araviTari yofa, Tavad grZnobaTa

samyaroc ki~ (104.111). astisTvis goni yovlismomcvelia, sadac ki yofnaa,

iqaa gonic, Tavad materialur sxeulebSic ki, gageba swored imitomaa

SesaZlebeli, rom yvela nivTis Tavdapirveli erTianoba gonSi arsebobs.

amisdakvalad, astTan permenevtikuli Zieba gonis universalurobis

debulebas efuZneba: `bunebrivia, samyaros aseTi gaazrebisas gageba

yovelTvis iqneba erTeulSi mTelis-gonis wvdoma. erTeuli am

SemTxvevaSi mTels gvagebinebs, magram Tavad mTeliT gaigeba. ase iqmneba

hermenevtikuli wre~ (7.398). ase rom, astTan mTeli nawilTa SejamebiT

sulac ar warmoiqmneba. mTeli am nawilebSia davanebuli, rogorc

nawilTa safuZveli. ase iRebs asti mTelisa da nawilebis srul

Sesabamisobas mTelis safuZvelze _ `mxolod amitomaa SesaZlebeli is,

rom me erTeuls mTeliT vimecneb da piriqiT, mTels erTeuliT~ (104.117).

gagebis istoriul-kulturuli ganaseric swored msgavs hermenevtikul

wres Seesabameba: `Cven ver gavigebdiT warsuls, Cveni goni rom

Tavdapirvel erTianobaSi ar yofiliyo warsulis gonTan. Tu istorias

droiTsa da garegnuls movaSorebT, dagvrCeba igiveobrivi goni. astis

es mtkiceba safuZvlad edeba imis mtkicebas, rom istoriuli Semecneba

SesaZlebelia, rom filologiuri kvleva-Zieba warsulisa, kerZod,

kacobriobis kulturis umaRlesi monapovrisa _ antikurobisa _ savsebiT

myar niadanze dgas~ (7.398).

maSasadame, astTan ukve manamaa daZleuli istoriisa da progresis

iluzoruloba, vidre amaze gadameri da haidegeri miuTiTebdnen, aki

istoriaze droiTisa da garegnulis moSorebiT, astTan warsulica da

axlandelobac swored momavlis horizontidan aris nawvdomi. warsulisa

da axlandelobis gagebis aseTi erTiani Wrili, erTis mxriv, wina

131

epoqebis kulturaTa, meore mxriv ki, am epoqebSi moRvawe calkeul

SemoqmedTa individualuri sulis gaTavisebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

aRweril situacias Tu SevabrunebT, gamodis, rom ama Tu im epoqis

kulturul garemoSi moRvawe Semoqmedis sulis gaTaviseba Tavad misi

Semoqmedebis, Sesabamisad, am Semoqmedis Tanadrouli epoqis kulturuli

atmosferos gagebis pirobaa. individualurisa da zogadis, am SemTxvevaSi

individis, rogorc Semoqmedisa da epoqis kulturuli atmosferos,

rogorc zogadis urTierTmimarTeba, astTan, ra Tqma unda, Tavad gonis

axsnidan gamomdinareobs: `gonis axsna, astis azriT, orgvari SeiZleba

iyos: Sinagani, anu subieqturi da garegani, anu obieqturi. pirveli

Txzulebis farglebSi rCeba, is wvdeba ideas, romlisganac adre

wamoiwyo Tavisi Semoqmedeba mweralma da aqedan kvlav agebs Txzulebis

mTlianobas _ erTiani ideidan midis nawilebis simravlesTan da bolos,

ubrundeba erTianobas. obieqturi axsna ki am sferodan gadis da ikvlevs

mocemul TxzulebaSi arsebuli ideis mimarTebas sxva monaTesave

ideebTan, mis kavSirs im Zireul ideasTan, saidanac yvela sxva saxis idea

gamomdinareobs, cdilobs am maRali wertilidan Seafasos nawarmoebSi

mocemuli idea. magaliTad, platonis romelime dialogis goni maSinaa

sworad gagebuli da gadmocemuli, roca misi idea sxva dialogebis

ideebTan mimarTebaSia ganxiluli, monaTesave dialogebis ideebi

erTmaneTTanaa Sedarebuli da es dialogebi dayvanilia platonis

filosofiis Zireul ideaze. asti warsulis nawarmoebs kidev erTi axali

kriteriumiT afasebs. nawarmoebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT calkeuli

avtoris geniasTan an eris kulturul donesTan mimarTebiT. am

SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom platonis zogierTi

dialogi ufro maRali Rirebulebisaa, vidre romelime sxva... warsulis

yoveli mwerali Tavis TxzulebaSi gamoxatavs warsulis erT gons,

magram yoveli maTgani amas akeTebs Tavisi drois, Tavisi individualobis,

ganaTlebis, gare sasicocxlo urTierTobebis kvalobaze~ (7.400,404])

Sesabamisad, astTanac, Semoqmedebis subieqturi idea imTaviTve misive

Tanadrouli epoqis suliTaa gaJRenTili, ramdenadac SemoqmedSi

Tanadrouli epoqis atmosfero Tundac TviTon Semoqmedis neba-survilis

miuxedavad airkleba. ese igi, romelime epoqaSi Seqmnili xelovnebis ama

132

Tu im nawarmoebis calkeuli nawilebis gagebiT Cven xelovnebis am

nawarmoebs mTlianobaSic vigebT, xolo nawarmoebis mTlianobaSi gagebiT

im epoqis kulturuli atmosferos xasiaTsac vacnobierebT, romel

epoqaSic xelovnebis es nawarmoebia Seqmnili. `asti iZleva gagebis

meqanizmis Zalze zust aRweras. yoveli Txzuleba rTuli warmonaqmnia.

Cven, cxadia, Tavidanve ar ZalgviZs mTlian nawarmoebs vwvdeT. amitom

viwyebT nawilebiT, fragmentebiT, calkeuliT. pirvelive gacnoba

calkeulisa Cven amave dros gvacnobs mTlianobis ideasac, magram

jerjerobiT es aris mixvedra, winaTgrZnoba... Txzulebis axali da axali

fragmentebis gacnoba Tavdapirvelad winaTgrZnobiT amocnobil mTels

xorcs asxams da warmogvidgens rogorc calkeulTa mravalferovnebaSi

arsebul erTianobas. gagebis procesi dasrulebulia, roca erTeulebis

rigi mTlianad gavlilia da maT erTobliobasa da mTlianobas Soris

arsebobs sruli Sesatyvisoba~ (7.401,402). Amitomac, amtkicebs asti, rom

`mixvedra, winaTgrZnoba, aris gonis jer gaurkveveli da ganuviTarebeli

winareSemecneba, romelic gansaWvret da naTel Semecnebad gadaiqceva

erTeulTa Semdgomi wvdomiT... yoveli qmna iwyeba raRac miTiuri,

TavisTavSi jer dafaruli sawyisi wertiliT, romlisganac qmnis

faqtorebis saxiT ganviTardebian sicocxlis elementebi~ (104.119_120).

aqedan gamomdinare, astis mixedviT, `sawyis wertilSi ganuviTarebeli

idea TandaTan Seqmnil produqtebSi ganxorcieldeba da obieqturad

gadaicema. yoveli qmnis dasasruli aris gonis gamocxadeba, harmoniuli

gaerTianeba garegani _ Tavdapirveli erTianobidan gamoyofili

elementebisa _ da Sinagani _ goniTi sicocxlisa. amrigad, qmnis

procesi, romelsac imeorebs gageba-axsna, sami safexuris erTianobaa:

qmnis dasawyisia erTianoba, Tavad qmna gulisxmobs – simravles _

elementebis dapirispirebulobas, xolo qmnis dasasruli erTianobisa da

simravlis urTierTgamsWvalvaa _ yovladobaa. mTlianobis idea,

Tavdapirvelad ganuviTarebeli da gauSleli, calkeuli fragmentebis

rigSi viTardeba da bolos, sruliad amJRavnebs Tavs. e. i. midis sakuTar

arsebamde, midis Tavis TavTan. gonis am misvlaSi Tavis Tavdapirvel

arsebasTan, gonis am Tavisebur ukanasvlaSi gamoisaxeba axsnis

wrexazuli moZraoba~ (7.402_403).

133

ogorc vxedavT, astTan axsna gagebis, xolo nawili mTelis

wvdomis saSualebad gvevlineba, nawilebi mTelSi, rogorc imTaviTve

mocemul erTian ideaSi, anu mTelis mier Tavisi Tavdapirveli

mTlianobis kvlavwvdomis gzaze aseve imTaviTve elementebad

igulisxmebian. Sesabamisad, gagebac, rogorc ideis Tavdapirveli

mTlianobis SidawiaRi, sakuTar TavSi, anu sakuTari Tavis TviTwvdomis

gzaze, Semadgeneli nawilebis saxiT axsnasac imTaviTve gulisxmobs. sxva

sityvebiT, rom ar arsebobdes Tavdapirveli mTlianoba da gagebis

intuituri mocemuloba, ar iarsebebdnen arc nawilebi da arc axsnis,

rogorc Tavdapirveli mTlianobis Tundac mizanmimarTuli,

mizandasaxuli analizis SesaZlebloba.

am konteqstSi bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva gagebis pirobaTa Sesaxeb,

romlis gareSec gageba, rogorc aseTi, ver iarsebebs. fridrix

Slaiermaxeris mixedviT, gageba iq unda veZioT, `sadac aris `ucxo~,

gageba `ucxos~ gagebaa, am `ucxoobis~ gareSe, gasagebi Tavidanve cxadi

iqneboda, magram es `ucxo~ ar unda iyos `savsebiT ucxo~, radgan

`savsebiT ucxo~ gaugebaria. Tu ar arsebobs raRac saerTo wertili,

raRac igiveobrivi gagebasa da gasagebs Soris, gageba ver

ganxorcieldeba. me da meore adamiani ver gavugebT erTmaneTs, Tu ar

arsebobs Sexvedris wertili Cvens Soris. yoveli dialogi emyareba

`ucxoobasa~ da `igiveobrivobas~. igive iTqmis yoveli teqstis gagebaganmartebaze.

komunikacia sxva adamianebTan da yovel adamianur

qmnilebasTan am ori elementis arsebobas moiTxovs~ (104.135).

Slaiermaxeris msgavsad, `dilTaic fiqrobs, rom ganmarteba SeuZlebeli

iqneboda, Tu gansamartavi _ sicocxlis esa Tu is gamovlena _ savsebiT

ucxoa, meore mxriv, ganmarteba iqneboda savsebiT zedmeti, gansamartavSi

raime ucxo rom ar iyos~ (7.114). maSasadame, `ganmarteba `devs~ am or

ukiduresad dapirispirebul wertils Soris. ganmarteba saWiroa

yvelgan, sadac aris raRac ucxo, romelic moiTxovs gagebis xelovnebis

gamoyenebas~ (7.114). e. i. gageba imdenadaa SesaZlebeli, ramdenadac

gamgebisa da gasagebis `ucxoobaSi~ maTi `naTesaobac~, anu garkveuli

igiveobrivoba Tundac Sefarulad igulisxmeba. Sesabamisad, axla dgeba

`hermenevtikis umniSvnelovanesi problema: rogor aris SesaZlebeli

134

gageba konkretulad, ra iZleva imis saSualebas, rom erTi goni wvdes

meores erTmaneTis mimarT savsebiT ucxo fenomenebi, verafers gaugeben

erTmaneTs. gagebis misaRwevad am fenomenTa ramenairi msgavsebaa

aucilebeli. axla ismeba kiTxva: raSi gamoixateba es msgavseba~ (7.114).

dilTais pasuxi am kiTxvazec gaaCnia, misi Sexedulebis “ZarRvia

gamgebisa da gasagebis koncefciaTa naTesaobis aRiareba.

interpretatoris individualuroba da nawarmoebis avtoris

individualuroba dilTaisTvis, msgavsad Slaiermaxerisa, ar

upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, rogorc ori sawinaaRmdego faqti. adamianis

buneba zogadia, saerToa. adamianTa es erToba qmnis swored

urTierTgagebis SesaZleblobas. individualurobis arseboba, fiqrobs

dilTai, sulac ar gamoricxavs adamianTa Soris igiveobrivis, raRac

saerTos arsebobas. ratom imitom, rom individualur gansxvavebas

adamianTa Soris, saboloo angariSiT, qmnis ara pirovnebaTa Taviseburi

sxvaobani, aramed adamianebis sulier procesTa raodenobrivi,

xarisxobrivi sxvaobani. dilTais koncefcia gagebis

intersubieqturobisa, gulisxmobs individualurobis swored amgvar

koncefcias, gulisxmobs imas, rom `ucxos~ gamovlenaSi ar monawileobs

araferi iseTi, rasac ar Seicavs Cemi _ gamgebis _ sococxliseuli

mTlianoba. adamianis bunebis es igiveoba niSnavs imas, rom yovel

adamianSi igiveobrivi SesaZleblobebi da midrekilebebia~ (7.414_415).

dilTais miTiTebul Tvalsazriss, anu transpoziciis Teorias maqs

Selerisa da sxva filosofosebis saxiT, kritikosebi maleve gamouCndnen.

kritikosTa am jgufis ukmayofilebis mizezi, saerTo jamSi isaa, rom

`subieqtze, subieqtis sulier cxovrebaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam

dilTais moZRvrebaSi Zlieri subieqtivisturi nakadi Semoitana. es

naTlad Cans misi filosofiuri Tvalsazrisis erT-erTi Zireuli

Semadgeneli nawilis _ sxvisi `mes~ _ wvdomis problemis magaliTze.

sxvisi gageba misTvis sakuTari gancdebis gadatanaa sxvaSi, `mes

kvlavpovnaa SenSi~. cxadia, amgvari Teoria arsebiTad uaryofs imis

SesaZleblobas, risi dafuZnebisTvisac aris mowodebuli: man unda

gagvagebinos sxvisi `mes~ gagebis meqanizmi, sinamdvileSi ki amtkicebs,

rom gageba transpoziciaa sakuTari gancdebisa, maSasadame, arcaa gageba~

135

(7.443). rac Seexeba konkretulad maqs Selers, igi `akritikebs or

ZiriTad Teorias, romelTac pretenzia aqvT axsnan sxvisi `mes~ wvdoma.

pirveli Teoria analogiiT daskvnis saSualebiT cdilobs problemis

gadawyvetas. Cemi sxeulis yovel moqmedebasTan dakavSirebulia

garkveuli sulieri mdgomareobebi. roca meore adamianSi vxedav Cemi

romelime moqmedebis msgavs moZraobas, me vaskvni, rom am subieqtSi

iseTive sulieri mdgomareobaa, rogoric iyo CemSi am moqmedebis

Sesrulebisas. aseTia analogiiT daskvnis Teoriis ZiriTadi Tezisi.

meore Teoria sxvisi `mes~ sulieri cxovrebis naTelyofisas aRar

laparakobs daskvnaze an raime sxva logikur operaciaze. is STagrZnobis

Teoriaa da fiqrobs, rom sxvisi `me~ Cven gveZleva gancdebis gadataniT

sxvis sxeulSi. dilTais transpoziciis Teoria STagrZnobis Teoriis

nairsaxeobad unda CaiTvalos. saerToa maTTvis imis aRiareba, rom sxvisi

`mes~ wvdomisas xdeba sakuTari `mes~ gancdebis proeqcia~ (7.443_444).

Seleris mier miTiTebuli ori Teoriis kritika gancdaTa

aradiferencirebulobis aRiarebas emyareba: `Sua saukuneebis moRvaweni

Tavis azrebs `kiTxulobdnen~ antikuri xanis TxzulebebSi, magaliTad,

aristoteles qristianul yaidaze ganmartavdnen. SelerisTvis

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aseTi mdgomareoba: gancdebi mocemulia,

magram me veWvianob da ar vici, Cemia Tu sxvisi. es viTareba naTlad

laparakobs Cveni cnobierebis Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaze _ gancdaTa

aradiferencirebulobaze. Tavdapirveladaa gancdaTa indiferentuli

nakadi. gancda gaxdeba `Cveni~ an `sxvisi~ ufro gvian~ (7.445). Tavis mxriv,

dilTais sxva kritikosebic gancdaTa aradiferencirebulobis Sesaxeb

Seleris Tvalsazriss eyrdnobian da erTmniSvnelovand askvnian:

`kvlavgancda dilTaisTan emyareba gasagebisa da gamgebis igiveobas.

`sxva~ Cemi sxvagvarad organizebuli SesaZleblobebia da am

SesaZleblobaTa aqtualizebiT me SemiZlia gavigo sxva. maSasadame,

sxvaSi me gavigeb Cems Tavs da amitom `sxva~ sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs.

arsebobs Cemi me da misi sxvis perspeqtivaSi mocemuli anareklebi~

(48.117). saerTo jamSi, dilTais kritikosebi im azramde midian, rom

dilTais transpoziciis Teoria siZneles Seicavs: `is, faqtobrivad,

uaryofs sxvisi `mes~ gagebas~ (7.446). Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, `Seleris

136

Rrma dakvirvebebi gvaTavisufleben am siZnelisgan. gancdaTa

aradiferencirebulobiT, sakuTari sulieri cxovrebis aqtivoba sulac

ar gamoiricxeba, magram es aqtiuroba sxvisi gancdis miRebis saSualebaa

da ara `gadatanis~, transpoziciis piroba~ (7.446).

cnobierebis Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba, cxadia, gancdaTa

aradiferencirebulobaa, magram iqneb dilTais transpoziciaSic

gancdaTa aradiferencirebuloba imTaviTve uTqmelad igulisxmeba da Tu

es marTlac asea, maSin transpoziciis sakiTxSi dilTais oponentTa

umTavresi Secdoma isaa, rom maT dilTais transpoziciaSi es

nagulisxmevi Sinaarsi ki ar moZebnes, piriqiT, apriori aRiares, rom

dilTais transpozicia aseT Sinaars ar gulisxmobs. WeSmaritebas am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gagebis pirobaTa konteqstSi moxseniebuli iseTi

`ucxos~ ganmartebiT Tu davadgenT, romelic amave dros `arc savsebiT

ucxoa~, anu ra aris es ucxo, romelic amavdroulad savsebiT ucxoc

araa am kiTxvaze pasuxisTvis, mizanSewonilia Tavdapirvelad

cnobierebis raobaze TviTrefleqsia ganvaxorcieloT: cnobiereba CvenSi

CvendadaukiTxavadaa mocemuli, igi ukve manam moqmedebs CvenSi, vidre Cven

masze refleqsias movaxdendeT, anu cnobierebis aqtivoba yovelTvis win

uswrebs cnobierebaze Cvens refleqsias, amitomac gvevlineba igi rogorc

`ucxo~. Tavis mxriv, swored aseTi `ucxooba~ ganapirobebs cnobierebis

aracnobierad mocemulobas. ufro zustad, aracnobieri sxva araferi

unda iyos, Tu ara cnobierebis winswreba cnobierebisadmi Cvens

refleqsiaze, xolo cnobierebis aseTi winswrebiTi gamovlena, rogorc

aracnobieri, erTnairi ZaliT axasiaTebT zogadad kacobriobas, didi Tu

mcire geografiuli arealiT SemosazRvrul did Tu mcire

sazogadoebriv koleqtivebs da individs, rogorc personas. Sesabamisad,

zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis, sakuTriv calkeuli sazogadoebrivi

koleqtivebis zne-Cveulebebisa Tu individualuri Sexedulebebis

safuZvelic, ra Tqma unda, miTiTebuli winmswrebi cnobiereba, anu

aracnobieria, romelsac yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia

zecnobieric vuwodoT. ramdenadac es winmswrebi aracnobieri, anu

zecnobiereba, rogorc uzogadesi ram, kacobriobis stadiaze ramdenadme

konkretizirdeba, amdenad, SegviZlia igi zogadsakacobrio masStabis

137

koleqtiur aracnobierad movixsenioT, magram, ramdenadac igive

zecnobieri, didi Tu mcire sazogadoebrivi koleqtivebis stadiaze kidev

ufro konkretizirdeba, SesaZlebelia mas, ubralod, koleqtiuri

aracnobieri SevarqvaT. amisdakvalad, miTiTebuli zecnobieri

individualur stadiaze, personalur aracnobierad gvevlineba. am

logikis mixedviT, cxadze cxadia, zogadsakacobrio masStabis

koleqtiur aracnobiers avtomaturad dahyveba absoluturi zecnobieris

xasiaTi, garkveul koleqtiur aracnobiers _ zecnobierisa da

zogadsakacobrio masStabis koleqtiuri aracnobieris xasiaTi, xolo

individualur anu personalur aracnobiers _ zecnobieris,

zogadsakacobrio masStabis koleqtiuri aracnobierisa da viwro

koleqtiuri aracnobieris xasiaTi. maSasadame, zecnobiereba, rogorc

`dafaruli” da “amoucnobi” “ucxo”, amavdroulad, swored rom yvela

zemoT CamoTvlil stadiaze imTaviTve gvevlineba, rogorc `arc savsebiT

ucxo~. Amitom, CemTvis, Tundac sxvisi `dafaruli” da “amoucnobi~ `ucxo~

personaluri gancdebi, ukve manamaa ramdenadme cxadi, gagebadi da `arc

mTlad ucxo~, vidre me mivxvdebode, rom es asea. Sesabamisad,

zecnobieris zogadsakacobrio masStabis koleqtiur aracnobierad, ufro

viwro masStabis koleqtiur aracnobierad da personalur aracnobierad

gamovlena, gancdaTa upirobo diferencirebaSi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

unda avurioT, anu gancdaTa diferenciacia imitom atarebs pirobiT

xasiaTs, rom aseTi diferenciaciis safuZveli swored gancdaTa

Tavdapirveli aradiferencirebulobaa. Sesabamisad, dilTais

transpozicia ise ki ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos igi gancdaTa

aradiferencirebulobas upirispirdeba, aramed ise, rom transpozicia

sworedac gancdaTa aradiferencirebulobas emyareba. amdenad,

transpozicia mxolod da mxolod gancdaTa aradiferencirebulobis

pirobebSi xorcieldeba. aki TviTon dilTaic garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom

adamianis buneba zogadia, saerToa da urTierTgagebis SesaZleblobac am

saerToobaSi mdgomareobs, anu transpozicia apriori analogiiT daskvnis

meTodi ki ar aris, aramed analogia sworedac grZnobaTa

aradiferencierebulobis pirobebSi, aradiferencirebulobis wyalobiT

xorcieldeba. sxva sityvebiT, sxvisi gageba imdenadaa Cemi gancdebis

138

sxvaSi gadatana, ramdenadac gancdaTa Tavdapirveli

aradiferencirebulobis gamo, sxvac zogadad imTaviTve iseTi xasiaTis

gancdebsaa naziarebi, rogorsac me. amitom, savsebiT bunebrivia, Tuki

maqvs molodini, rom romelime konkretul situaciaSi sxvac ise moiqceva,

rogorc me da am dros sxvaSi mxolod Cemi gancdebis proeqcia ki ar

xdeba, aramed sxvisi gancdebis gagebac grZnobaTa Tavdapirveli

aradiferencirebulobis safuZvelze. amave dros, zustad grZnobaTa

Tavdapirveli aradiferencirebuloba miqmnis imis gancdasac, rom

SeiZleba sxvam konkretuli situacia sxvagvarad ganicados, Sesabamisad,

sxvagvarad moiqces, anu Tuki sxivisi sxvagvarad gancda-moqcevis

mixvedriloba sxvaSi Cemi SesaZlo moqmedebebis proeqciaa, amave logikiT,

aseTi mixvedriloba sxvisi SesaZlo moqmedebebis CemSi proeqciacaa,

rogorc imis gageba, rom sxvisi moqmedebebi ara mxolod Cemi sxvagvarad

organizebuli SesaZleblobebia, aramed amavdroulad es sxvisi

moqmedebebi sakuTriv sxvisi SesaZleblobebicaa, iseTi SesaZleblobebi,

romlebic garkveul situaciebSi SeiZleba Cemadac iqces. aseTi

urTierTtranspozicia ki, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara Cemi da

sxvisi gancdebis safuZvelmdebare zogadi obieqturi safuZveli, rogorc

CemTvis da sxvisTvis saerTo zecnobierebis zogadsakacobrio masStabis

koleqtiur, SedarebiT viwro masStabis koleqtiur da individualurpersonalur

aracnobierad gamovlena maT urTierTukugamsWvalulobaSi.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, iqneb usafuZvloc ki iyos dilTais im

kuTxiT kritika, TiTqos misi transpozicia subieqtivisturi iyos. metic,

swored Cemi da sxvisi gancdebisTvis saerTo obieqturi safuZvlebis

aRiarebaSi Cans yvelaze metad dilTaisTan metafizikuris aCrdilic.

amave konteqsts unda mivusadagoT volfis e. w. `Casaxlebac~ da

Slaiermarxeris `divinaciac~. `gansakuTrebuli yuradReba volfma miaqcia

im aucileblobas, rom gamgebma SeZlos nawarmoebis avtoris sulier

mdgomareobaSi `Casaxleba~, sxvisi azrebis gaTaviseba, sxvis gancdebSi

STasvla~ (7.405). Slaiermaxeric aseve `laparakobs divinaciaze, uSualo,

intuiciur wvdomaze, divinaciaa is, rac Segviyvans Txzulebis avtoris

sulSi. esaa mwerlis individualur gonSi `STasvlis~, `gardasvlis~,

`Casaxlebis~ erTaderTi piroba, es `STasvla~ logikurad auxsnelia.

139

yovel nawarmoebSi gamoiyofa is `subieqturi~ elementi, romelic

mxolod divinacias eqvemdebareba da is `obieqturi~ elementi, romelic

SeiZleba analizis sagani gaxdes~ (7.407_408).

SlaiermaxerTan marTlac iqmneba saimiso STabeWdileba, rom

`obieqtur elements~ divinaciasTan saerTo TiTqosda arc araferi aqvs.

Sesabamisad, Tuki divinacias mxolod nawarmoebis `subieqtur

elementTan~ dakavSirebiT, maSin divinacias obieqturi sayrdeni

mnamdvilad gamoecleba, amitom calmxrivoba amTaviTve unda

gamovricxoT, miT umetes, roca TviTon Slaiermaxeric subieqtur

elementebze laparakobs ara ganyenebulad, aramed xelovnebis

nawarmoebis, rogorc aseTis, obieqtur elementTan kavSirSi. ese igi, Cven

xelovnebis nawarmoebis Semoqmedis individualur suls mTlianad

xelovnebis nawarmoebis gagebis gareSe verafriT CavwvdebiT, radgan Tuki

xelovnebis nawarmoebi ar gveqneba, cxadia, verc am nawarmoebis

Semqmnelis individualuri suli mogvecema, xolo xelovnebis

nawarmoebis Seqmnisas, avtori, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, Tundac

misdauneburad verafriT gaeqceva misi Tanadrouli epoqis ideebsa da

gancdebs, anu obieqtur safuZvlebs. Sesabamisad, Semoqmedic, rogorc

`subieqturi elementi~, unda Tu ara es TviTon Slaiermaxers, Zalian

siRrmiseulad swored obieqtur safuZvels, anu zekoleqtiur

aracnobiers, rogorc zecnobierebas emorCileba. e. i. Tuki xelovnebaSi

`subieqturi elementi~ mainc ufro metad gvamaxvilebinebs yuradRebas, es,

upirveles yovlisa, albaT TviTon xelovnebis mravalferovnebis bralia,

xelovnebis mravalferovnebas ki ara mxolod epoqaTa Tu kulturaTa

sxvadasxvagvaroba ganapirobebs, aramed xelovneba, mravalferovnebiT

romelime erTi epoqisa Tu romelime erTi kulturis pirobebSic

gamoirCeva. aseTi viTareba, Tavis mxriv, apriori gulisxmobs Semdegi

Sinaarsis kiTxvas: Tuki esa Tu is epoqa, esa Tu is kultura, esa Tu is

xelovneba, saerTo zecnobierebiTaa determinirebuli, maSin rogor

SeiZleba epoqaTa monacvleoba, kulturaTa sxvadasxvagvaroba an

xelovnebis mravalferovneba, miT umetes, roca msgavs mravalferovnebas

TviTon xelovnebis ama Tu im dargis SigniTac vxvdebiT marTlac,

bunebis erTsa da imave movlenaze sxvadasxva fermweris mier

140

Sesrulebuli ferweruli tiloebi, rogorc minimum, raRaciT

aucileblad iqnebian erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulni, erTi da imave

Temaze sxvadasxva Semoqmedis mier Sesrulebuli poeturi Tu prozauli

nawarmoebebic ra Tqma unda, raRaciT gansxvavebulebi aRmoCndebian, rac

Semoqmedis, avtoris gansakuTrebulobis, Sesabamisad, subieqturobis

elementis logikurad auxsnelobis, anu am subieqturi elementis

zecnobierebisadmi, rogorc obieqturi safuZvlisadmi daumorCileblobis

STabeWdilebas aSkarad tovebs. maSasadame, `SuaSi gavlis~ siZneles

amjerad hermenevtikul WrilSi, kidev erTxel mivadeqiT: erTi mxriv,

saqme gvaqvs zekoleqtiur aracnobierTan, anu zecnobierebasTan, rogorc

yovelgvari individualurobis aucilebel pirobasTan, meore mxriv ki,

swored individualurobaSi mdgomareobs goniTi mravalferovneba,

rogorc Tavisufleba. amitomac amtkicebda hegeli, Tavisufleba

aucileblobis gamovlinebis formaao. Slaiermaxeris divinaciac,

vfiqrobT, mravalferovnebis, Tavisuflebis gamovlinebis amgvar

konteqtsts gulisxmobs, ubralod, SlaiermaxerTan zustadaa nagrZnobi

`SuaSi gavlis~ siZnele, roca sakiTxi zogad kanonzomierebasa da am

kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare mravalferovnebis, Tavisuflebis axsnas

exeba. `SuaSi gavlis~ es siZnele SegviZlia ramdenadme mainc

Semdegnairad avxsnaT da davZlioT: vinaidan individualuri,

personaluri cnobierebis doneze aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis

siRrmiseuli erTianoba Tavisuflebis primatiT gveZleva, Cven xelovnebis

mravalferovnebas da mravalferovnebas xelovnebis calkeuli dargebis

SigniT, veRar aRviqvamT determinirebulobis Sedegad, igi mxolod

Semoqmedis, rogorc subieqtis sakuTvrivi aqtivobiT ganpirobebulad

gveCveneba, ramdenadac subieqtis aqtiurobis obieqturi sayrdeni

TiTqosda gamoclil-gamqralia. swored obieqturi sayrdenis gamoclilgamqralobis

msgavsi `mistikuri~ aqti gansazRvravs rogorc avtoris,

aseve xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebis specifikurobaindividualurobasac

da interpretaciis amouwurav SesaZleblobebsac. e.

i. personaluri cnobierebis doneze, am personaluri cnobierebis

obieqturi sayrdeni, rogorc zekoleqtiuri aracnobieri, anu zecnobieri,

TiTqos sadRac qreba, magram sinamdvileSi zustadac es sadRac gamqrali

141

obieqturi sayrdeni, Tumca SeumCnevlad, magram mainc ganapirobebs

Tavisuflebisa da Tavisufali interpretaciis mravalferovnebas. am

logikiT, Slaiermaxeris divinaciac avtoris sulSi rogorRac

`STasvlis~, `Casaxlebis~ pirobebSi, iribad am avtoris nawarmoebebis

mravalnairad interpretaciis SesaZleblobebsac unda gulisxmobdes.

marTlac, ama Tu im kategoriis mkiTxvels erTi da imave nawarmoebis ara

mxolod mravali kuTxiT danaxva, iqneb imaze ukeTesad gagebac ki ZaluZs,

vidre igi Tavad avtors esmoda. hermenevtikis cnobili warmomadgeneli

biorki, magaliTad, aseT formas aZlevs Slaiermaxeris azrs:

`ganmmartebelma avtori unda gaigos ara marto ise kargad, rogorc esmis

Tavisi Tavi avtors, aramed ukeTesadac ki~ (98.52). aseve esmis divinaciis

arsi dilTaisac: `poetis ganmarteba aris gansakuTrebuli amocana,

gavigoT ukeTesad, vidre avtors esmoda sakuTari Tavi _ am wesidan

gadawydeba problema poeziaSi mocemuli ideis Sesaxeb~ (7.411).

Slaiermaxeris mimdevari haiman StainTalic msgavs Tvalsazriss

aviTarebs: `filologs esmis mosaubre da poeti ukeTesad, vidre maT

sakuTari Tavi da ufro ukeTesad, vidre esmodaT maT Tanamedroveebs~

(104.172).

miTiTebuli filosofosebi amnairi `ukeTesad gagebis~ mizezad

miiCneven im garemoebas, rom `ganmmartebeli ganmartebis procesSi

acnobierebs imas, rac gamomTqmelis, avtoris mier ar iyo

gacnobierebuli. hermenevtikosi gamoacalkevebs im momentebs, pirobebs,

romlebTanac avtori Sezrdili iyo da romlis arsebobasac ver

grZnobda, ver acnobierebda~ (7.411_412). am konteqstSi saintereso daskvnas

akeTebs xladeniusic. misi Sexedulebis mixedviT: `gaugo avtors, ar

aris mTlad igive, rac bolomde gaigo metyveleba Tu teqsti. wignis

gagebis normad avtoris azri araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda miviCnioT,

ramdenadac yvela adamiani ver iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas, rom

Semoqmedis sityvebSi, metyvelebam Tu Semoqmedebam, SeiZleba gamoxatos

is, risi Tqmac Tu dawerac winaswar ar hqonia gansazRvruli. Sesabamisad,

avtoris nawarmoebis gagebis mcdelobisas, Tundac Cvendauneburad,

SeiZleba iseT sagnebze vifiqroT da sakmaod safuZvlianadac, romlebic

TviTon avtors iqneb WkuaSic ar mosvlia~ (71.231). cxadia, aseTi

142

situacia, SegviZlia SebrunebiTac warmovidginoT, anu ise, rom SeiZleba

avtors Tavis nawarmoebSi ufro meti hqondes nagulisxmevi, vidre es ama

Tu im kategoriis mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaigos. ra Tqma unda, esec

hermenevtikis amocanaa. ufro zustad, radganac gacilebiT didi

albaTobaa imisa, avtoris teqsti imaze metad an imaze naklebad gavigoT,

vidre Tavisive teqsti TviTon avtors hqonda gagebuli, amitom

xladeniusis hermenevtikis mTavari amocana mxatvruli teqstis zustad

iseve wvdomaSi mdgomareobs, rogorc igi mxatvruli teqstis avtors

esmoda. sxvagvarad, hermenevtikis amocana ara maincdamainc imaSia, rom

`bolos da bolos rogorRac gavigoT es `meti~, aramed imaSi, rom

wignebs maTsave WeSmaritebaSi vwvdeT, maTi Tundac sagnobrivi gagebiT.

yvela wignica da adamianTa metyvelebac sakuTar TavSi raRac

miuwvdomels yovelTvis Seicaven da zustadac es `bneli~ adgilebi,

rogorc sagnobrivi gagebis deficitis gamovlinebani arian nawarmoebis

swori gaazrebis moTxovnilebis safuZvlebi. es `bneli~ adgilebi

mravali azris gaRviZebas, anu inspirirebas iwveven, amavdroulad,

savsebiT SesaZlebelia isic, msgavsi `bneli~ adgilebi CvenTvis

`naTlebic~ gaxdnen~ (71.231).

maSasadame, yvelaze meti siZnele mainc isaa, rom xelovnebis

nawarmoebi, anu teqsti zustad ise gavigoT, rogorc is avtors esmoda:

erTi mxriv, Cven gvaqvs imis SesaZlebloba, romelime nawarmoebSi imaze

meti amovikiTxoT, vidre Tavis nawarmoebSi TviTon avtori gulisxmobda,

xolo meore mxriv, naklebi amovikiTxoT, vidre aseve TviTon avtori

gulisxmobda Tavis nawarmoebSi. cxadia, aris imis SesaZleblobac,

xelovnebis nawarmoebi gavigoT zustad ise, rogorc igi TviTon avtors

esmoda, magram amis SesaZlebloba, xladeniusis zemoT moyvanili

Tvalsazrisidanac kargad Cans, gacilebiT mizerulia, radgan divinacia,

romelic xelovnebis nawarmoebSi da avtorSi `subieqturi elementis~

amocnobazea mimarTuli, intepretaciis SesaZleblobasac imTaviTve

sakuTar TavSi gulisxmobs, rogorc aseve sakuTar `subieqtur elements~.

swored am `subieqtur elementSi~ mdgomareobs avtoris Tavisuflebis

mravalferovneba da Tuki individualuri cnobierebis doneze

aucilebloba Tavisuflebis saxiT gveZleva, igi iseTive ZaliT

143

axasiaTebs xelovnebis qmnilebis Semfasebels, rogorc xelovnebis

qmnilebis avtors, anu Tuki avtors `subieqturi elementi~ nawarmoebis

Seqmnis procesSi arCevanis Tavisuflebas aniWebs, aseve aniWebs

xelovnebis qmnilebis Semfasebels es `subieqturi elementi~ Tavisufali

interpretaciis saSualebas xelovnebis qmnilebis Sefasebisas. aqve unda

mivuTiToT, rom xelovnebis qmnilebis TviTon qmnilebis avtorze

naklebad gagebac, Tumca uxarisxo, magram mainc Taviseburi

interpretaciaa.

rogorc vxedavT, aseTi Tu iseTi yaidis interpretaciis safuZvlebi

ara mxolod xelovnebis nawarmoebis xladeniusiseul `bnel kunWulebSi~,

rogorc mravali azris inspirirebis gamomwvev mizezebSia saZiebeli,

aramed TviTon Slaiermaxeriseul divinaRiaSic, miT umetes, roca

xladeniusis mixedviTac, miTiTebuli `bneli~ adgilebis `ganaTeba~

igivea, rac am `bneli adgilebis~ Tundac Cveneburad, subieqturad gageba

_ `ganaTeba~. amdenad, SeiZleba nawarmoebis zustad ise gagebis pretenzia

bevrs hqondes, rogorc igi TviTon am nawarmoebis avtors esmoda, magram

aseTi gageba, Zalze xSirad, iqneb mainc avtoris TviTgagebaze metad an

naklebad gagebis tolfasi iyos.

saerTo jamSi, Slaiermaxeris divinacia, anu im `subiequr

elementebze~ mimarTeba, romelic xelovnebis yvela nawarmoebisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli, aucileblobiT gulisxmobs zekoleqtiur aracnobiers,

anu zecnobierebas, rogorc obieqtur safuZvel-arsebas. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, anu aseTi obieqturi safuZvlis ararsebobis daSvebisas,

subieqturi elementebi xelovnebaSi, SemoqmedSi da mnaxvel-SemfasebelSi,

erTmaneTis mimaT `sruliad ucxo~ aRmoCndebodnen, rac gagebis Sesaxeb

TviTon Slaiermaxeris Teorias Tavidan bolomde SeewinaaRmdegeboda.

Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebul `bnel momentebsac~, romlebic SeiZleba

marTla axasiaTebdes yvela epoqis, yvela kulturis, yvelanairi

xelovnebis, xelovnebis yvelanairi dargis, ama Tu im nawarmoebis

avtoris sulis siRrmeebis gagebis horizonts, igive obieqturi safuZveli

`gamoasxivebs~, anu yovelgvari, maT Soris, miTiTebuli `bneli

momentebis~ Tundac subieqturi kuTxiT gagebis Ziric swored aRniSnuli

saerTo obieqturi safuZvelia. amisdakvalad, sakiTxavia, rogor SeiZleba

144

erTsa da imave dros, saerTo safuZveli hqondeT gagebis, rogorc naTel,

aseve bnel aspeqtebsac saqme is aris, rom cnobierebas imitom dahkravs

imavdroulad aracnobieris elferic, rom igi CvenSi CvegdadaukiTxavadaa

mocemuli da Tu am CvendadaukiTxavad mocemul cnobierebas misive

safuZvlebidan, anu zekoleqtiuri aracnobieridan, rogorc

zecnobieridan, aseve CvendadaukiTxavad dahyveba SesaZlebloba, romelic

gagebis naTelmxilebas gulisxmobs, ra gasakviria, amave logikiT, CvenSi

CvendadaukiTxavad mocemul cnobierebas imave safuZvlebidan, anu

zekoleqtiuri aracnobieridan, rogorc zecnobieridan, aseve

CvedadaukiTxavad gadmohyvebodes gagebis siZnelec, rogorc `bneli~

momentebis gagebis SesaZleblobaSi, miT umetes, roca amgvari albaTobis

sasargeblod Tundac mxolod TviTon cnobierebis CvenSi

CvendadaukiTxavad mocemulobis faqti savsebiT samarTlianad metyvelebs.

Tumca, amasTan erTad, isic faqtia, rom gagebis horizontSi `bneli~

momentebis msgavsi mocemuloba Tavisufali, mravalferovani

interpretaciis, e. i. miTiTebuli `sibnelis~ gagebis SesaZleblobasac

rogorRac mainc gulisxmobs. ufro zustad, aRniSnuli `bneli~

momentebis Tavisufali, mravalferovani interpretaciis SesaZlebloba

igivea, rac am bneli `momentebis~ Taviseburi gageba da ramdenadac am

`bneli~ momentebis interpretacia, anu ramenairad gageba SesaZlebelia, e.

i. arc es `bneli~ momentebi yofilan `mTlad ucxoni~, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, aRniSnuli `bneli~ momentebis ramdenadme

interpretacia-gagebis minimaluri Sansic ar iarsebebda. amgvari logikiT,

ise gamodis, TiTqos yvelaferi, e. i. miTiTebuli `bneli momentebic~

rogorRac gagebadia da Tu es asea, maSin raRa saWiroa gagebaze amdeni

msjeloba Seleris Tqmisa ar iyos, `araferia imaze naTeli, rom Cven

viazrebT rogorc Cvens azrebs, aseve sxvebis azrebs, SegviZlia

ganvicadoT rogorc sakuTari grZnobebi, aseve sxvaTa grZnobebic, gana

amis Sesaxeb yoveldRiurad ar vlaparakobT~ (7.445). marTlac asea, aki

`im droidan, rac adamiani arsebobs dedamiwaze, gagebac arsebobs~, magram

amavdroulad, isic xom faqtia, Cveni da sxvisi azrebisa da grZnobebis

yoveldRiuri sicxade kvlav da kvlav met sicxades rom moiTxovs amnair

Sinagan moTxovnilebas zedmiwevniT kargad warmoaCens merab

145

mamardaSvilis sityvebi: `SegiZlia ise mokvde, rom arasdros aRmoaCino

ra iyo Seni grZnoba. es grZnoba Seni iyo, magram is ver igrZno; fiqri

Seni iyo, magram Sen is ver ifiqro; gamocdileba Seni iyo, magram am

gamocdilebidan azri ver gamotano. ase da amgvarad, gamocdileba

meordeba, TiTqos Seni cxovreba maradiulad ReWavda erTsa da imave

naWers, ise, rom verc erTxel ver gadaylapa igi~ (28.21). swored amas hqvia

gadameriseuli `dafaruloba TavisTavad gasagebisa~ (104.7_8).

mamardaSvilisa da gadameris aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisebi adamianTa

mxolod garkveuli kategoriis SesaZleblobebs ar unda davukavSiroT,

ufro zustad, ki unda davukavSiroT, magram ara mxolod maT, radgan

`erTi da igive naWris ReWva~ met-naklebad TiToeul Cvengans axasiaTebs.

ase ki imitom xdeba, rom adamiani misdauneburad, anu manamdea CarTuli

hermenevtikul horizontSi, vidre am horizontze refleqsiis

ganxorcielebas Seecdebodes da swored amaSi mdgomareobs gagebis

Tanadrouli moTxovnilebac, amavdroulad, zemoT aRwerili siZneleebis

arsic gagebis procesis ganxorcielebis gzaze. am garemoebebis Zalze

sayuradRebo axsna-ganmartebas da am axsna-ganmartebis Sesabamis daskvnas

vxvdebiT haidegerTanac: `arseboba yovelTvis win uswrebs mis moazrebas:

Semecnebis aqts, romlis drosac subieqti upirispirdeba obieqts, win

uswrebs Semmecneblis Tavdapirveli CarTuloba masSi, rasac imecnebs, is

yovelTvis winaswar `poulobs~ Tavis Tavs gansazRvrul adgilsa Tu

situaciaSi. saSualeba, romliTac xorcieldeba es `povna~, aris swored

gageba, romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara adamianuri cxovrebis

ganxorcielebis sawyisi forma da ar aris SemecnebisTvis aucilebeli

moTxovnebis damakmayofilebeli garkveuli meTodologiuri operacia.

ramdenadac gageba xorcieldeba axsnis, interpretaciis saSualebiT,

amitom haidegeris TvalsazrisiT, adamianuri yofiereba Tavdapirveladve

hermenevtikulia~ (43.21). ase rom, gageba imis `povnaa~, rac ukve winaswaraa

`napovni~, e. i. gagebis ZiriTadi piroba am winaswar povnilis kvlavpovnis

moTxovnilebaa, xolo am moTxovnilebas, rogorRac ukugavyavarT

(TviTwarmoaCens) im ganzomilebaze, sadac winaswarpovnilebac imTaviTvea

mocemuli da winaswarpovnilis kvlavpovnis SesaZleblobac. es

ganzomileba ki, cxadia, sxva veraferi iqneba, Tu ara zekoleqtiuri

146

aracnobieri, anu zecnobereba, rogorc enaSi, xelovnebaSi, kulturaSi

da adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sxva sferoSi gamovlenili amouwuravi

mravalferovnebis, aseve am sferoebSi mocemuli `bneli~ momentebis

mravalgvari, Tavisufali interpretaciis SesaZleblobis erTgvari

winaswarmoxazuloba. amitom, aq kidev erTxel marTldeba hegelis

cnobili debuleba Tavisuflebis aucileblobidan gamomdinareobis

Sesaxeb. marTlac asea, magaliTad, xelovnebis ama Tu im nawarmoebis an

am nawarmoebis ama Tu im adgilis nebismier interpretacias, ra Tqma

unda, imTaviTve goniseuli kvali amCnevia, Sesabamisad, Sedegis saxiTac,

interpretaciis es mravalgvarobani, TiTqosda usazRvro Tavisuflebis

miuxedavad, mainc ver scildebian absolutiseul, anu zekoleqtiuri

aracnobieris, rogorc zecnobierebis sayovelTao areals. sxva sityvebiT,

aseTi mizanSewonili mizanSeuwonlobis saxiT miemarTeba Tavisufleba, am

SemTxvevaSi interpretaciis mravalferovneba sakuTarive safuZvlisken da

Tu msgavsi mizanSeuwonlad mizanSewonili interpretaciis

ganxorcielebis areali, rogorc Tavisufleba, mainc amouwuravia, es imis

`bralia~, rom Tavisuflebis, Sesabamisad, Tavisufali, mravlgvarovani

intepretaciis amdagvar bunebas Tavad absoluti, rogorc zekoleqtiuri

aracnobieri, anu zecnobiereba ganapirobebs, ramdenadac igi TviTonaa

amouwuravi da amouleveli SesaZleblobebis swored Tavisuflebis

formiT gamomvlinebeli, amisdakvalad, mravalferovani, mravalgvari

interpretaciis `gamomsxivebeli~ safuZvliseuli uzogadesi wminda raoba,

anu wminda arara.

maSasadame, wminda arara, anu wminda azrovneba, rogorc

zekoleqtiuri aracnobieri, anu zecnobiereba, mudam ucvlelia Tavis

cvalebadobaSi. cvalebadoba ki isaa, rasac kacobriobis epoqebs,

sxvadasxva epoqis kulturas, xelovnebas vuwodebT, e. i. mudam ucvleli

wminda arara, anu wminda azrovneba, rogorc zekoleqtiuri aracnobieri,

anu zecnobiereba, Tavisive gamovlinebis forma-saxeebSi da formasaxeebiTaa

amavdroulad mudam cvalebadic. mudam ucvlelis

mudmivcvalebad forma-saxeebSi da cvalebad forma-saxeebad

gamovlinebaSi mdgomareobs mudmivi ganviTarebis winaswarmoxazuli

SesaZleblobanic. am konteqstSi, kargad daviwyebuli Zvelis axleburad

147

interpretaciac ganviTarebaa. saboloo jamSi, gamodis, rac ufro

zogadia absolutis gamovlinebis forma, miT ufroa igi ufro

konkretul gmovlinebaTa interpretacia-ganviTarebis safuZveli da

saerTod gauswrebadi SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, antikuri, Zvelinduri,

ZvelCinuri Tu Zvelsparsuli kulturebi, konkretuli, specifikuri

gamovlinebani iyvnen absolutisa, magram es kulturebi, Tavis mxriv,

zogad safuZvlebs warmoadgendnen TavianT kulturul arealSi

aRmocenebuli xelovnebisTvis da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebisTvis.

aqve aucileblad unda mivuTiToT imazec, rom miTiTebul kulturaTa

specifikuroba-gansxvavebulobis miRma erTi saerTo `ZarRvi~ dafarulis

saxiT yovelTvis igulisxmeba. es saerTo ZarRvi, ra Tqma unda,

gansxvavebul kulturaTa absolutismierobaa, amitomacaa, rom yvela

kultura TavianTi specifikurobis miuxedavad, erTmaneTs rogorRac

mainc yovelTvis gavs. metic, amgvari absolutismieri logika, Tundac

Sefarulad vrceldeba ara mxolod erTsa da imave epoqaSi paralelurad

arsebul erT an ramdenime, aramed sxvadasxva drois, erTmaneTisgan

aswleulebiT daSorebul kulturebzec. amaSi mdgomareobs absolutis

yovlismomcveli siZliere, Tumca, absolutis aseT `zemodan~ Zlierebas

Cven `qvemodan~ ukeT vgrZnobT. sxva sityvebiT, CvenTvis ama Tu im epoqis

sulic da ama Tu im kulturis xasiaTic swored maTi konkretuli

gamovlinebebidan, am SemTxvevaSi xelovnebidan, xelovnebis ama Tu im

dargSi Seqmnili konkretuli nawarmoebebidan dainaxeba. magaliTad,

antikuri epoqis suls, Sesabamisad, antikuri kulturis xasiaTs yvelaze

ukeT swored fidiasis qandakebebidan Tu sofokles tragediebidan

vwvdebiT. amitom, Tuki ama Tu im epoqis (kulturis) suli gvinda

gavigoT, refleqsia upirveles yovlisa, swored am epoqaSi Seqmnil

xelovnebis nawarmoebebze unda gavakeToT. amasTanave, mxedvelobidan ar

unda gamogvrCes, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, is Sidaparaleluri sulieri

dineba, romelic SeiZleba raRacnairad dafarul-miCqmaluli saxiT imave

epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sulieri ganwyobilebebis sawinaaRmdego

ganwyobilebebs winaswarmoxazuli momavlis saxiT gulisxmobdes. aseT

sawinaaRmdego sulier ganwyobilebebs Sidaparaleluri dineba imitom

vuwodeT, rom igi misive Tanadrouli epoqis sulieri arealidan

148

ogorRac mowyvetili ki ar aris, sworadac amave epoqis sulier

arealSi Tundac dafarul-miCqmalulad myofobs. es Sidaparaleluri

sulieri ganwyobilebani maTive Tanadrouli epoqis sulieri arealidan

mowyvetilni, cxadia, arc arasdros iyvnen da verc verasdros iqnebian.

gansxvavebul sulier ganwyobilebaTa maTive Tanadrouli epoqis sulieri

atmosferodan, rogorc zogadi safuZvlebidan gadacdena, imTaviTve

imdenadaa yovlad gamoricxuli, ramdenadac epoqis suli, rogorc

`Sesabamisi~ Tu `Seusabamo~ sulier ganwyobilebaTa zogadi safuZveli,

yovelTvis Tavadaa `gadacdenac~ da amave dros `gadaucdenlobac~. e. i.

rom ara raime `gadacdena~, anu gansxvavebuli sulieri ganwyobilebani,

Tundac ideis, SesaZleblobis doneze, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ama Tu im

epoqis standartuli, `gadaucdeneli~ sulieri atmosfero, radgan Tuki

raime rogoriRac saxiT arsebobs, misi aseTi saxe azrs da garkveulobas

swored `arastandartul gadacdenebTan~ gamijvniT iRebs da piriqiT.

mokled, ase gansazRvraven da ganapirobeben erTmaneTs sapirispiro

garkveulobani TavianT gamovlinebebeSi urTierTgamijvniT, magram

msgavsi urTierTgamijvna, amave dros, am gamovlinebaTa miRma maT

safuZvliseul erTianobazec aSkarad migviTiTebs. rom ara maTi aseTi

siRrmiseuli erTianoba, cxadia, isini verc erTmaneTis xasiaTs

ganapirobebdnen. aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom am garkveulobaTagan erT-erTs

`epoqis suls~ imitom vuwodebT, rom igi masobrivia, xolo am masobrivi,

anu standartuli sulieri atmosferosagan gansxvavebuli sulieri

garkveuloba yovelTvis umciresobaSia, amitomacaa igi TiTqosda

miCqmalul-miCumaTebuli, Tumca rogorc aRvniSneT, amnairi miCqmalulmiCumaTebuli

gansxvavebuli sulieri ganwyobilebani, SeiZleba

winaswarmoxazuli momavlis saxiT iyos Cawnuli TviTon standartul

sulier atmosferoSi. amdenad, Tuki raodenobriv sxvaobas ar miviRebT

mxedvelobaSi, standartuli, masobrivi sulieri atmosfeosgan

gansxvavebuli sulieri ganwyobilebanic zogadad imave epoqis

suliseulia, romeli epoqis sulsac ufro masStaburad standartuli,

masobrivi sulieri atmosfero ansaxierebs. amasTan, arc isaa

gamoricxuli, bolo-bolo, masobrivi sulieri atmosferosgan

gansxvavebuli es sulieri ganwyobilebani gaaqtiurdnen, standartul,

149

masobriv sulier atmosferosac saxe sabolood ucvalon da amiT

dasabami axal epoqas miscen. swored ase moxda antikuri epoqis

SemTxvevaSi, roca iman, rac antikur sulSi winaswarmoxazuli momavlis

saxiT TiTqosda naklebi ZaliT mniSvnelobda, bolo-bolo antikur suls

saxe ucvala da dasabami monoTeistur azrovnebas, Sesabamisad

monoTeisturi religiebis epoqas daudo. ufro zustebi viqnebiT, Tu

vityviT, rom kultura, romelsac antikuri niSniT vaerTianebT,

gamovlineba iyo antikuri epoqis farTo sazogadoebrivi jgufisTvis

sakuTrivi, saerTo specifikuri maxasiaTbelis mqone koleqtiuri

aracnobierisa. aseve, im periodis Tu manamdeli sxva sazogadoebrivi

jgufebis kulturebic specifikurad maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli

koleqtiuri aracnobieris gamovlinebani iyvnen. erTobliobaSi ki es

ukanasknelebi gamovlinebani iyvnen im zogadsakacobrio masStabis

koleqtiuri aracnobierisa, romlis ZiriTadi gamaerTianebeli niSani

poliTeisturi rwmena-warmodgenebi iyo. Tavis mxriv, es zogadsakacobrio

masStabis koleqtiuri aracnobieri, rogocr uzogadesi Wrili,

gamovlineba iyo zekoleqtiuri aracnobierisa, anu zecnobierebisa.

amitomac vuwodebT antikur da sxva mis Tanadroul Tu manamdel

kultura-civilizaciebs uzogades WrilSi erToblivad aRebulebs

poliTestur epoqas, iseve rogorc monoTeistur epoqasac ara marto

qristianuli, masTan erTad musulmanuri, iudaisturi Tu sxva amgvari

msoflmxedvelobebi ganasaxiereben. ubralod, roca poliTeizms

antikurobasTan, xolo monoTeizms qristianobasTan vaigivebT, ase imitom

vakeTebT, rom poliTeisturi epoqis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, yvelaze

ganviTarebuli segmenti antikuri sulieri (Tundac geografiuli) areali

iyo, qristianoba ki aseTive misias kacobriobis monoTeisturi

cnobierebis pirobebSi kisrulobs. Sesabamisad, Tuki zogadad

poliTeisturi sulieri garemos raoba-xasiaTs yvelaze ukeT `qvemodan~,

anu poliTeisturi epoqis xelovnebis konkretuli qmnilebebidan,

magaliTad, antikuri an romauli ferweridan, qandakebidan Tu poeziidan

vgrZnobT, zustad aseve vgrZnobT yvelaze kargad monoTeisturi sulieri

garemos raoba-xasiaTs monoTeisturi epoqis xelovnebis, konkretulad

qristianuli kulturuli sivrcis calkeuli mxatvruli teqstebidan

150

(xelovnebidan). amiT imis Tqma sulac ar gvinda, TiTqos monoTeisturi

epoqos sulieri garemos raoba-xasiaTi musulmanuri Tu sxva kulturuli

sivrceebis xelovnebidan ar igrZnobodes. ubralod, saqme is aris, rom

rac ufro maRalganviTarebulia esa Tu is kulturuli sivrce, am

SemTxvevaSi qristianuli kultura, zogadad epoqis sulis amokiTxvis

miT ufro farTo SesaZleblobebs gvaZlevs igi.

zogadad gagebis aRwerili gadmosaxedi SegviZlia mivusadagoT

Tanamedrove xelovnebasac anu Tanamedrove sruliad axali saazrovno

horizontic siRrmiseulad sxva araferia, Tu ara erTgvari intepretacia,

magram gacilebiT masStaburi moculobisa da radikaluri xasiaTisa,

vidre mxolod garkveulwilad interpretirebul warsulTan Sexvedris

SesaZlebloba da vidre es procesi jer kidev ar dasrulebula,

SegviZlia igi `Suagzadac~ movixsenioT. Tanamedrove epoqis `Sua gzoba~

ki yvelaze mZafrad, rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, swored axal, anu

Tanamedrove epoqis xelovnebaSi airekleba. Sesabamisad, `Sua gzaze~

vimyofebiT axali xelovnebis gagebis TvalsazrisiTac. ufro zustad,

axali xelovnebis gaugebroba mnaxvel-Semfaseblis garkveuli nawilis

mxridan, sinamdvileSi iqneb marTlac erTgvar politikur protests, anu

mizanmimarTul argagebas warmoadgendes, magram Tundac TviTon msgavsi

argagebiTi aqtic, swored rom `Sua gzobis~ winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs

imTaviTve warmoaCens da am problemis aqtualobasac TavisTavad

adasturebs.

151

$3. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizontis

modernistuli da postmodernistuli aspeqtebi

termini `modernizmi~, Sesabamisad _ `moderni~ _ sityvasityviT

`Tanamedroveobas~ niSnavs, ufro zustad _ Tanamedroveobas, romelic

kulturul-mecnieruli Tu sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT, klasikuri

Sinaarsebisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebis matarebelia.

sainteresoa, rom `modernizmis, anu Tanamedroveobis aTvlis raime

mkacrad gansazRvruli wertili ar arsebobs. Tanamedroveobis aTvlas

zogi XX saukunis racionaluri mimarTulebebidan iwyebs, zogic

mecnieruli Semecnebis momZlavrebis etapidan, zogic XIX sukunis meore

naxevridan, roca XX saukunis kulturul-mecnieruli Tu sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebis tendenciebi ukve ramdenadme winaswarganWvretadi iyo~ (95.

28). magaliTad, nicSes, froidisa Tu maTi Tanamedrove sxva

moazrovneebis naazrevSi meoce saukunis, rogorc modernistuli epoqis

konturebi, marTlac winaswar ikiTxeboda, iseve rogorc, modernistul

kulturaSi winaswar igrZnoboda postmodernis, rogorc modernizmisgan

raRac gansxvavebuli kulturis aRmocenebis SesaZlebloba. ese igi, im

bazisad, razec jer modernizmi, Semdeg ki postmodernizmi daSenda,

yvela erTxmad nicSes, froidis, intuitivistebisa da sxva maTi

Tanamedrove moazrovneebis Sexedulebebs miiCnevs, anu gardamavali

safexuri klasikur da postmodernistul epoqebs Soris, gaxda `nicSes,

intuitivistebisa da froidis Sexedulebebi, romlebmac, Tavis mxriv,

xeli Seuwyves relativizmis aRorZinebas~(45. 111). Sesabamisad, klasikur

da postmodernistul epoqebs Soris gardamavali safexuris funqcia

modernizmmac avtomaturad ikisra. Tuki modernizmi “Tanamedroveobas”

nisnavs, postmodernizmi (postmoderni) igivea, rac `Tanamedroveobis

Semdeg~(95. 237-238). ese igi, Cven ukve vcxovrobT `Tanamedroveobis Semdeg~,

ramdenadac Cveni Tanadrouli epoqa postmodernistuli epoqaa: `SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom postmodernizmi Tavis arsebiT nawilSi aris pasuxi

`universaluri cnobierebis proeqtis~ krizisze. axali drois evropuli

kulturis fuZemdebluri paradigma goneba da misi kanonmdebeli funqcia

152

postmodernistul kulturaSi uariyofa da mas scvlis

interpretatoruli goneba, rac Tavis mxriv, iwvevs adamianis

inteleqtualuri saqmianobis veqtoris Secvlas. interpretatoruli

goneba codnis transcendentalur safuZvlebs ukuagdebs da kvlevis

sagnad ixdis yoveldRiurobas. codnis wyaros axali goneba xedavs ara

metafizikaSi, aramed aq da amJamad arsebul individTa cxovrebaSi.

postmodernistuli diskursi metafizikas upirispirebs ironias,

tradiciuli teqstis gagebas sclis interteqsti, WeSmaritebas _ kvali,

Semoqmedebas _ dekonstruqcia~ (45.112). moyvanil citataSi `universaluri

cnobierebis proeqtis~ krizisze ZiriTadi aqcenti tyuilad rodia

gadatanili. amgvari krizisi postmodernizmis marTlac uarsebiTesi

maxasiaTebelia, magram postmodernisms sulac `ar gamougonia es

situacia, is mxolod gaiazrebs, is mxolod evropuli reaqciaa swored

rom axali evropuli kulturis proeqtis krizisze~ (45.111). amdenad,

micSes cnobili fraza _ `RmerTi mokvda~ (30.16) _ uaRresad Rrma da

yovlismomcveli qveteqstebis Semcvelia anu `RmerTis sikvdilis~,

Sesabamisad, `universaluri cnobierebis proeqtis krizisis~ Temebi

viwrokonfesiuri gagebiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda aRviqvaT,

ramdenadac es gamoTqmebi gacilebiT globaluri sulier-kulturuli

masStabebisa da epoqluri mniSvnelobebis Semcvelia. marTlac, `Cveni

realoba da cxovrebiseuli samyaro postmodernistuli gaxda. imdenad

danawevrda, rogorc germaneli mwerali muzili ityoda, SeuZlebelia

misi moyola. internetis, sahaero mimosvlis da telekomunikaciebis

epoqaSi gansxvavebulni imdenad dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, rom yovel

nabijze ejaxebian. sxvadasxvadroulobis erTdrouloba, erT toposSi

gansxvavebulebis mSvidobianad Tanaarseboba Cveulebrivi ambavia. axali

samyaro gaxda sxvadasxvagvari koncefciebisa da Tvalsazrisebis

urTierTSeRwevis sawindari~ (45.111). Sesabamisad, `postmodernisa da

zogadad postkulturuli epoqis aRweris savaraudo sqemaSi yvela

ZiriTadi gansazRvruloba `transiT~ iwyeba, magaliTad,

transpolitikuri, transreligiuri, transmecnieruli, transpersonaluri

da sxva~ (45.113), magram gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom `postkulturuli

epoqis `trans~-gansazRvrulobebs Soris yvelaze universaluri

153

transesTetikuria~ (45.113). amitomac `dRes savsebiT samarTlianad

saubroben azrovnebis da ara marto azrovnebis, aramed yofierebis

esTetizaciaze, es siaxle ar aris. ukve me-18 saukunidan, rogorc

habermansi aRniSnavs, filosofiuri diskursi gadaikveTa esTetikur

diskursTan da uamravi problemis gaazreba esTetikur sferoSi xdeba.

siaxle mTeli adamianuri yofnis detalebis gamocxadebaa

transesTetikuris Semadgenel sferoebad~ (45.114). amgvari viTarebis

kvalobaze, savsebiT gasagebia, roca `XX saukunis dasasrulis

esTetikuri diskusiebis erTerT mTavar dominants XXI saukunis

mxatvrul-esTetikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis moniSvna warmoadgens~

(45.113). Tavis mxriv, aseTi ganmartebebidan gamomdinare, gasakviri sulac

ar aris, rom Tanamedrove moazrovneebi modernizmisa Tu

postmodernizmis Temebs, uwinares yovlisa, swored, esTetikur-mxatvruli

gadmosaxedidan ganixilaven, ese igi, `Tanamedrove~ da `Tanamedroveobis

Semdeg~ kulturaTa xasiaTis wvdoma yvelaze ukeT zustadac esTetikurmxatvruli

Wrilidan SeiZleba. magaliTad, barti postmodernistuli

diskursis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul _ `avtoris sikvdilis~ _ Temas

`literaturis Suqze ganixilavs, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im

garemoebas, rom yvelaferi aris teqsti, maSin bartis Tvalsazrisi ar

unda gavigoT mxolod rogorc literaturaTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva,

avtoris sikvdilis dafiqsireba masTan ufro zogadfilosofiuria da

Tanamedrove kulturis Taviseburebebs gamoxatavs~ (45.264). amdenad,

zogadad kulturaa erTi didi teqsti, romlis Sinaarsic yvelaze ukeT

swored mxatvrul teqstSi gamosWvivis, Tavis mxriv ki termini _

`mxatvruli teqsti~ _ xelovnebis yvela dargs gulisxmobs, ramdenadac,

ferwerac, skulpturac Tu arqiteqturac iseve `gvakiTxeben~ sakuTar

Tavs, rogorc literatura da Tu ultraTanamedrove mxatvruli teqsti

anu xelovneba postmodernistuli maxasiaTeblebisaa, ese igi, Tavad Cveni

Tanamedrove kulturaa aseTi, magram vidre postmodernistuli

mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) maxasiaTeblebis ufro vrclad

ganxilvaze gadavalT, manam mizanSewonilia, mxatvruli teqstis

(xelovnebis) modernistuli aspeqtebi mimovixiloT.

154

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijna globaluri gardatexebis periodia,

rogorc teqnicisturi, ise kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. gardatexis am

process, cxadia, xelovnebac versad gaeqca. ufro zustad, xelovnebam

imTaviTve Seisruta axali epoqis saxecvlili Sinaarsi. swored

miTiTebul periodSi warmoiSva fovizmi, rogorc ferweris

aratradiciuli mimdinareoba, fovizmis fuZemdeblad frangi fermweri

anri matisi mogvevlina. es mimdinareoba gaxlavT klasikuri ferweridan

modernistul ferweraze gadasvlis safexuri. Cveni azriT, aseTive

gardamavali safexuris statuss imsaxurebs fovizmamde aRmocenebuli

ferweris metad popularuli mimarTuleba _ impresionizmic.

modernistuli ferweris pirveli ganmasaxierebeli ki abstraqcionizmia,

romlis fuZemdebelic poloneli fermweri kandinskia. abstraqcionizmma,

Tavis mxriv, dasabami misca iseT modernistul mimdinareobebs ferweraSi,

rogorebic arian kubizmi, futurizmi da ase Semdeg. modernistuli

gardatexa, ra Tqma unda, mxolod ferweras ar ganucdia, igive moxda

literaturaSic, poeziaSic da xelovnebis sxva dargebSic. sainteresoa,

rom modernistul xelovnebas sxvagvarad, deformirebul, stilizebul,

RmerTsklebul, saerTo jamSi dehumanizirebul xelovnebasac uwodeben:

dehumanizireba xelovnebis qmnilebaSi raime Sinaarsis deformirebuli

saxiT asaxva-gadmocemas gulisxmobs. soxe ortega-i-gasetis mtkicebiT:

`adamianTa mxatvruli gemovneba tiloze obieqtis cocxlad asaxvasaa

SeCveuli, realobis tiloze deformirebuli saxiT gadmocemas ki ara,

rasac Tanamedrove xelovneba akeTebs~ (88.511). amasTan, dehumanizireba

realobis mxolod deformirebulad asaxva-gamoxatvas rodi niSnavs,

ortega-i-gaseti yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebazec, rom SeiZleba

dRevandelma axalma xelovnebam aradeformirebuli saxiTac asaxos

realoba, magram es asaxva mainc ar emgvaneba realobis tradiciul,

cocxlad asaxvas. gasets, yovelive amis ukeT gagebis mizniT,

Tanamedrove mxatvris mier tiloze momakvdavi adamianis asaxvis

magaliTi mohyavs, romelsac coli, eqimebi an naTesavebi adganan Tavze.

gasetis mtkicebiT, Tuki klasikuri stilis mxatvari aseT scenas

`cocxal realobad~ aqcevda, anu mxatvris tiloze SesamCnevi iqneboda

momakvdavis mimarT garSemomyofTa TanagrZnoba da tiloze asaxuli am

155

TanagrZnobiT TviTon mxatvris TanagrZnobac, amis sapirispirod,

dRevandeli mxatvris mier aseTi scena asaxuli iqneba, rogorc mxolod

`aracocxali realoba~, anu mxatvris tiloze, marTalia, momakvdavis

garSemomyofni aradeformirebulad iqnebian asaxulni, magram am tilos

mainc ar Seetyoba arc momakvdavis garSemomyofTa da, amdenad, arc

mxatvris TanagrZnoba momakvdavis mimarT. msgavs xelovnebas gaseti

`adamiansklebul~, anu `stilizebul~ xelovnebas uwodebs. e. i.

modernistuli xelovnebis garkveul mimarTulebebs deformirebuloba

pirdapiri, konkretuli gagebiT, SeiZleba ar axasiaTebdeT, magram

`adamiansklebuloba-RmerTsklebuloba-stilizeba~ dehumanizirebis

zogadi azriT, anu farTo gagebiT, mainc igivea, rac deformirebuloba.

dRevandeli xelovnebis ZiriTad TvisebaTa _ `realobis aracocxlad

asaxvis~, `RmerTsklebulobis~, `adamianskleblobis~, `stilizebis~,

`deformirebulobis~ _ gamomwvevi mizezebi ufro kargad rom gavigoT,

magaliTisTvis franc kafkas Semoqmedebaze Tvalis gadavlebac kmara.

kafkas SemoqmedebaSi ganuwyvetliv igrZnoba adamianisa Tu samyaros im

maxinji, saSineli mxareebis warmoCenis survili, romelic adamianebs

adamianuri `niRbis~ qveS aqvT damaluli. sxva sityvebiT, kafkas

mixedviT, adamianebi swored adamianuri `niRbis~ Signidan imarTebian,

magram `niRbis~ Signidan aseTi marTuloba yovelTvis aviwydebaT. swored

adamianis sulis aseT simaxinjeebze yuradRebis gansakuTrebul

aqcentirebas vxvdebiT kafkas SemoqmedebaSi: `warmovidginoT, ori nacnobi

kacis saubars Seveswari; vgrZnob, rom maT erTmaneTi arc ainteresebT da

amitom Sinaganad arc usmenen erTmaneTs, garegnulad ki yvelaferi

rigzea. erTbaSad meufleba STabeWdileba, mosaubreebs TiTqos xma

CauwydaT, amaod aReben pirs, araferi ismis, saubari `dayruvda~, imitom

rom saubris miRma siZulvili imaleba. raRa saWiro iyo saubari,

romelic mxolod niRbis rolSi gvevlineboda anda, kaci cxovrobda ise,

rom TiTqos mis cxovrebaSi yvelaferi Tavis wessa da rigze iyo, mas

arasodes daurRvevia mis sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod miRebuli raime

oficialuri kanoni da norma. miuxedavad amisa, erTxel, diliT, roca

SfoTiani sizmris Semdeg gamoiRviZa, aRmoaCina, rom Tavis sawolSi

raRac saSinel mwerad qceuliyo... cxadia, namdvilad ase ar momxdara, es

156

ar aris sinamdvile Cveulebrivi azriT, es ufro molandeba da

moCvenebaa, oRond moCveneba iseTi, romelic farul WeSmaritebas

gamoxatavs~ (23.8).

amrigad, `saSineli samyaros~ orazrovneba, ZiriTadi motivia

dRevandeli xelovnebis stilizebisa Tu deformirebisa. es orazrovnebaa

dRevandeli samyaros `moraluri temperatura~. deformatorma, anu

modernistma mxatvarma adamianuri niRbis qveS samyaros, adamianis maxinji

saxe aRmoaCina da am imedgacruebis gamo mZime Soki miiRo. swored amitom

ambobda kafka, namdvili realoba yovelTvis ararealisturiao. aqedan

gasagebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba `saSineli samyaros~ STabeWdileba

xelovnebaSi radikaluri deformaciis tendenciis impulsad iqces.

`saSineli samyaros~ mxatvari im STabeWdilebis qveS dgas, rom

`movlenaTa namdvili da Sinagani saxe erTob gansxvavdeba maTi bunebriv-

Cveuli, garegnuli saxisgan. es ukanaskneli mas macdur niRbad eCveneba.

swored amitom igi, am samyaros namdvili da Sinagani saxis gamosaxvas

rom lamobs, didis ZaliT gardaqmnis Cveulebriv-Cveul garegnul saxes.

saSineli samyaros namdvili saxis gamosaxva misi bunebrivi-Cveuli,

garegnuli saxisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul formebs, anu abstraqtul

formebs moiTxovs~ (23.51). abstraqtuli xelovnebis fuZemdeblis da

Teoretikosis kandinskis azriTac: `rac ufro saSineli xdeba samyaro

(da swored axlaa igi ise saSineli, rogorc arasdros), miT ufro

abstraqtuli xdeba xelovneba, maSin rodesac bednieri samyaro

realistur xelovnebas warmoSobs~ (96. 201). rogorc vxedavT,

modernistuli xelovnebis deformaciis mizezs, kandinskis azriTac,

saSineli samyarosadmi Tvalis arideba warmoadgens. mxatvari TiTqos

gangeb aridebs Tvals saSinel samyaros da qmnis `deformirebul~

samyaros, Tumca samyaros `deformirebis~ miRma `saSineli samyaros~

danaxvac igulisxmeba, radgan Tvalis arideba gulisxmobs swored imas,

rom raime arasasurvelze arideb Tvals. maSasadame, Tanamedrove

xelovani `deformacias~ swored imitom mimarTavs, raTa Tvali aaridos

`saSinel samyaros~, magram swored stilizeba-deformirebuloba asaxavs

yvelaze mZafrad imas, rasac Tvals arideb, anu Tanamedrove xelovani

didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, araTu Tvals ver ardebs `saSinel

157

samyaros~, iqneb misdauneburad, zustad stilizeba-deformirebulobiT

`saSinel samyaros~ Zalze mZafradac gamoxatavs, rac, Tavis mxriv,

erTgvar, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `Cixur situacias~ mogvagonebs.

Sesabamisad, savsebiT gasagebia ortega-gasetis, erTi SexedviT,

winaaRmdegobrivi Tvalsazrisi, romelic imis gamo, rom miTiTebuli

`Cixuri situaciis~ winaaRmdegobis mTeli sicxadiT warmoCenaa,

winaaRmdegobrivi aRarc aris: `stilizacia Tavis TavSi dehumanizacias

Seicavs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xelovnebaSi adamianis (adamianuri grZnobebis)

klebiT Tu gaqrobiT gamoixateba~ (88. 517). e. i. arasasurveli, sazizRari

realobis stilizacia-deformirebulobiT Semoqmeds surs swored am

arasasurvel, sazizRar realobas gaeqces, magram zogadad gaqcevis

msgavs mcdelobaSi mdgomareobs `vergaqcevac~, anu arasasurveli,

sazizRari realobis Tundac Tavisdauneburad kidev ufro mZafri da

mkveTri formebiT warmoCena, zogadi gagebiT, `RmerTsklebulobaadamiansklebuloba-dehumanizirebuloba~.

aseTi modernistuli suliskveTeba SemdgomSi kidev ufro

gaRrmavda da postmodernistul suliskveTebaSi gadaizarda _ Tuki

modernistul xelovnebaSi `saSineli samyaros~ gancda TviTon

Semoqmedsac da mnaxvel-Semfasebelsac raRacnairad sinanulisken

ubiZgebda, postmodernistul xelovnebaSi TviTon amgvari sinanulis

SesaZleblobaze ironiis, ufro uxeSad Tu vityviT, dacinvis paTosi

aSkarad igrZnoba. paralelurad, TvalnaTelia avtoris rolisa da

funqciis ignorirebis tendenciac, ramdenadac postmodernSi mxatvruli

nawarmoebis adgils ukve konstruqcia ikavebs. sxvagvarad, postmoderni

TiTqmis mTlianad gamoricxavs raime axlis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas,

radgan `yovelive ukve iyo~ da is, rasac Cven SegviZlia `axali~ vuwodoT,

sinamdvileSi sxva araferia, Tu ara `yovelive ukve iyos~ erTgvari

interpretacia-interpolacia. amgvari tendenciis mizezad Jan bodriaric

swored `yovelive ukve iyos~ miiCnevs: `gaiara ra formis, xazis, ferisa

da esTetikuri koncefciebisgan gaTavisuflebis stadia, moxda ra yoveli

kulturisa da stilis aRreva, Cvens sazogadoebaSi yovlismomcvel

esTetizacias dausadgurebia~ (66.101). bodriari msgavs yovlismomcvel

esTetizacias transesTetikur esTetikas uwodebs. kulturaTa aRrevaze

158

efleqsias akeTebs umberto ekoc, ufro zustad, amnair aRrevas igi

kulturaTa qaoss uwodebs da ra gasakviria, roca misi Tvalsazrisis

mixedviTac, Tanamedrove xelovnebis nawarmoebebi swored am qaosurad

aRreul kulturaTa mxolod konstruirebul garkveuloba-gamovlinebebs

anu erTgvar `konstruirebul TamaSs~ warmoadgenen. msgavsi

gadmosaxedidan ki avtori `yvelanairad ukve namyofi~ stilisturteqstualuri

konstruqciebis mZevlad ufro gamoiyureba, vidre raime

axlisa da originaluris Semoqmedad. es viTareba ki, bartis Tanaxmad,

`avtoris sikvdilis~ adekvaturia. amdenad, modernizmisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli dehumanizaciis procesi postmodernizmSi kidev ufro

gaRrmavda da dehumanizaciaSi nagulisxmev-aRweril qveteqstebTan erTad,

`ukve namyof~ mxatvrul-teqstualur garkveulobaTa Taviseburi

`kontruirebuli TamaSis~ funqciac ikisra. ufro zustad, dehumanizaciastilizacia

Tavis TavSi ukve winaswarmoxazuli saxiT gulisxmobda

teqstualur garkveulobaTa `konstruirebuli TamaSis~ SesaZleblobas,

amitomacaa yoveli teqsti interteqsti postmodernistuli gagebiT, anu

nebismieri teqsti esaa axali teqsti, romelic SegviZlia mxolod Zveli

teqstebis safuZvelze gavigoT, nebismier teqstSi sazrisis amokiTxva,

mxolod ukve arsebul teqstebTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba. aqedan

gamomdinare, gasagebia umberto ekos moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac,

warsuli unda gadaisinjos, gadaisinjos Taviseburad, ironiulad,

yovelgvari miamitobis gareSe da ara warsulis mecnieruli

monapovrebisa da adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis ignorirebis mizniT.

umberto ekos es Tvalsazrisi savsebiT Seesabameba kristevas

Sexedulebas: `nebismieri teqsti Tavis TavSi sxva teqsts Seicavs da

misdami mimarTul replikas warmoadgens... nebismieri sityva (teqsti) aris

ori sityvis (teqstis) iseTi gadakveTa, romelSic SesaZlebelia sul

cota kidev erTi sityvis (teqstis) amokiTxva... literaturuli Janrebis

yoveli evolucia lingvisturi struqturebis aracnobieri obieqtivaciaa~

(97. 432). mocemuli romelime konkretuli teqstis da sxva teqstis, aseve

sityvisa da sxva sityvis kristevaseuli urTierTmimarTeba, marTlac

aracnobieri xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac nebismieri teqsti Tu sityva, sxva

teqstsa da sxva sityvas ara maincdamainc mizanmimarTulad, upirveles

159

yovlisa, imTaviTve Tavisdauneburad gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, gasagebia,

roca kristevas mixedviT Tanamedrove literatura avtonomiuri

arasodesaa, igi yovelTvis sxva, winare da Tanamedrove literaturebTan

awarmoebs dialogs, rac, Tavis mxriv, TviTon avtoris mier

literaturul formebTan erTgvar brZolasac gulisxmobs imisda

miuxedavad, dasaxuli aqvs aseTi mizani avtors Tu ara. teqstSi sxva

teqstebis, sityvaSi sxva sityvebis nagulisxmevoba mTelisa da nawilebis

urTierTmimarTebis Wrilis Rrmad dafarul Sreebs ufro da ufro

aaSkaravebs. kerZod, Tuki teqstSi sxva teqstebi, sitvyaSi sxva sityvebi

apriori igulisxmeba, es imas niSnavs, rom mTeli, rogorc sityvebis,

Sesabamisad, teqstebis da saerTod, sityvebisa da teqstebis

Tavdapirveli aradiferencirebuloba-erTianoba, nebismier sityvasa Tu

teqstSi igulisxmeba, Tavis mxriv, aseT siRrmiseul

aradiferencirebuloba-erTianobaSi am aradiferencirebuloba-erTianobis

sityvebad da teqstebad, anu nawilebad gaSla-gamovlinebis

SesaZleblobac imTaviTve winaswarmoxazuli saxiTaa Cawnuli. ese igi,

rom ara sitvyebsa da teqstebSi maTi Tavdapirveli mTlianobis

nagulisxmevoba da am Tavdapirvel mTlianobaSi calkeuli sityvebisa da

teqstebis winaswarmoxazuloba, sityvebic da teqstebic gaugebari

aRmoCndeboda da maTi Semdgomi SekavSirebac SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

maSasadame, sityvebis erTmaneTTan teqstebad dakavSireba igivea, rac

Tavdapirveli, winaswarmoxazuli erTianobis diferencirebulobaSi

kvlavwvdoma. sxvagvarad, nebismieri konkretuli sityva da teqsti

apriori amoizrdeba maTTvisve aracnobierad maTSive nagulisxmevi sxva

sityvebisa da teqstebis siRrmiseuli mTlianobidan. postmodernistuli

TvalsazrisiT, aseTive Rrma Sinagani kavSiri axasiaTebs xelovnebis

calkeuli dargebis konkretul qmnilebebs da, zogadad, xelovnebis

calkeuli dargebis erTmaneTTan urTierTmimarTebas _ xelovnebis

nebismieri calkeuli dargis konkretuli qmnilebac xom Taviseburi

teqstia, iseve rogorc zogadad xelovnebaa erTi didi teqsti. amasTan,

mTelisa da nawilebis msgavsi siRrmiseuli urTierTCawnuloba ara

mxolod warsul da Tanadroul epoqaTa teqstebis, maT Soris,

mxatvruli teqstebis urTierTmimarTebas, aramed sakuTriv yoveli

160

konkretuli, maT Soris, sakuTriv Tanadrouli epoqis teqstebis

urTierTmimarTebasac msWvalavs. interteqstis amnair siRrmiseularacnobier

Sreebs `jenksi paradoqsalur dualizms anu ormagi

kodirebis princips uwodebs, rac erT interteqstualur sivrceSi ori an

meti erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli teqstualualuri fragmentis

urTierTSerwymis ganxorcielebaSi gamoixateba, anu erTi

interteqstualuri sivrcis fragmenti uaryofs amave interteqstualuri

sivrcis sxva fragmentebs da amasTan, TviTonvea uaryofili sxva

fragmentebis mier~ (29.138_139). ufro koknretulad, msgavsi uaryofa

Tavdapirveli urTierTSerwymulobis uaryofis formiT gamovlenili

kvlav urTierTSerwymaa da radganac uaryofis formaSi gamovlenili

safuZvliseuli urTierTSerwymuloba erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel

teqstualur fragmentebad mogvecema, TviTon interteqtualuri sivrcec

avtomaturad msgavsi `wyvetadi~ saxiT warmoCindeba, anu iseTi saxiT,

sadac yovelgvari lingvisturi wesi da norma ignorirebulia. zogadad

teqstis amgvarma zedapirulma fragmentaciam ukve imgvari masStabebi

miiRo, rom yovelgvari norma Tavis mniSvnelobas kargavs. interteqstis

gagebis swored aseT Wrils gulisxmobs termini `pastiCi~. `es italiuri

warmomavlobis termini sxvadasxva stilis operaTa nawyvetisgan

Sedgenil operas niSnavs, rogorc erTgvar popurs. Sesabamisad, pastiCSi

teqstebis sazrisisa da sxvadasxva stilTa erTmaneTTan

urTierTmimarTebis iseTi wesi igulisxmeba, sadac teqstis semantikur

mniSvnelobebTan erTad aqsiologiuri prioritetebic ignorirebulia~

(29.137). amavdroulad, pastiCi sxvadasxvagvari stilisturi da

aqsiologiuri fragmentebis iseTi ekleqtikuri konstruirebaa, romlis

ramenairi gansazRvrebis CarCoSi moqcevac SeuZlebelia da SeuZlebelia

imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari konstruqcia yovelTvis rogorRac manam

xorcieldeba, vidre Cven masze refleqsias ganvaxorcielebdeT. amitomac,

miTiTebuli sxvadasxva tipis stilisturi da aqsiologiuri fragmentebis

msgavsi SeerTeba, garegnulad SemTxveviTi konstruirebis STabeWdilebas

tovebs. aseve, TiTqosda SemTxveviT, pastiCi enasTan erTgvari brZolis

iaraRadac gvevlineba. pastiCis mixedviT, aRar arsebobs araviTari

stilisturi norma, igi ewinaaRmdegeba enis pretenziasac imis Taobaze,

161

TiTqos enas raime sazrisi gaaCnia. saerTo jamSi, `pastiCi ignorirebas

ukeTebs sayovelTao normebs, stilisturi wesebisa da mxatvruli

saxeTqmnadobis nebismier kanonmdeblobas, riTac enis struqturalisturi

kanonmdeblobis pretenziazec maRldeba da interteqstualuri teqstis

yofierebis erTaderT iaraRadac Tavad qceula~ (29.140). sxva sityvebiT,

pastiCi uaryofs yovelgvar kanons, magram amgvari kanonis funqcias

Tavadve kisrulobs, Tumca es axali `pastiCuri kanoni~ iseTi kanonia,

romelic amave dros raRac `sxvacaa~, ramdenadac misi gansazRvreba da

erTiani sistemuri saxiT SemuSaveba yovlad SeuZlebelia. swored raime

garkveulobaTa sistemurad Tavmoyris SeuZleblobaa `pastiCuri kanonis~,

Sesabamisad, interteqstis arsi da ZiriTadi kanoni, rogorc `sxva~, anu

`sxva kanoni~. es `sxva kanoni~, igive `pastiCuri kanoni~, imitomacaa Zalze

saintereso, rom igi, erTis mxriv, uaryofs yovelgvar standartul

kanons, magram meore mxriv, warmoqmnilia ra zustadac standartuli

kanonebis uaryofiT, iribad mainc imas emyareba, rasac uaryofs, amiT ki

rogorRac Tavis Tavsac uaryofs, Sesabamisad, teqstis nawilebis Tu

fragmentebis erTiani sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyris SesaZleblobis

uaryofasTan erTad, amave nawilebisa Tu fragmentebis erTiani sistemuri

saxiT Tavmoyris SeuZleblobasac uaryofs. maSasadame, SegviZlia

ganvacxadoT, rom `pastiCuri kanoni~ teqstis nawilebisa Tu fragmentebis

erTiani sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyris SeuZleblobis aRiarebis miRma, maTi

sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyris SesaZleblobas rogorRac mainc gulisxmobs.

ese igi, sulac ar unda vifiqroT ise, TiTqos pastiCis arsi mainc da

mainc teqstis fragmentebis sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyris SeuZleblobis

aRiareba iyos, pastiCi ubralod uars ambobs aseTi fragmentebis

sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyraze da misi arsica da kanonic sinamdvileSi

swored es uarisTqmaa. erTi kia, msgavsi uarisTqma imdenad araa

nebayoflobiTi aqti, ramdenadac igi aracnobieris siRrmiseuli

Sreebidan wamosuli survilia, amdenad, dauZleveli Zalisaa da Cven ki

ar gvemorCileba, Tavad gvimorCilebs Cven. `pastiCuri kanonis~ obieturi

safuZvlis danaxvac zustad am WrilSi SeiZleba, anu irkveva, rom

`pastiCuri kanoni~ winaswarmoxazuli saxiT imTaviTve yofila

nagulisxmevi im wesebsa da kanonebSi, romlebsac standartuls vuwodebT.

162

aqedan gamomdinare miiCneven jenksic da kristevac uaryofis miTiTebul

`pastiCur kanons~ erTgvari paroduli situaciis gagrZelebad. marTlac,

`pastiCuri~, ese igi, iseTi tipis uaryofis uaryofa, romelic uaryofis

uaryofiT mudmivad uaryofs sakuTar Tavs, magram, amavdroulad, mainc

verafriT ubrundeba da egueba sakuTari Tavis uaryofis sapirispiros,

anu imas, rac Tavdapirvelad uaryo (ე.ი. საკუთარ თავს) da amitomac aris

raRac `sxva~, gana Tavadve araa uaRresad kritikuli doziT parodulic,

ironiulic da TviTironiulic aseT situacias zedmiwevniT zustad

gamoxatavs jeimsonis Tvalsazrisi _ `imis SegrZneba, rom dacinvis Jinze

Tanamedrove kulturaSi kidev arsebobs raime normaluri, mTlianad

amowuravs Tavis Tavs~ (79. 223). Tavis mxriv, kristeva miTiTebul zogad

situacias karnavals, karnavalur sicils adarebs da acxadebs:

`karnavalis universalur scenaze ena Tavis Tavze parodirebas

axorcielebs... karnavaluri sicili ara mxolod parodiuli sicilia,

masSi komizmic imdenivea, ramdenic tragizmi. igi Zalian seriozulia da,

amdenad, misdami kuTvnili scenuri sivrce araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

warmoadgens arc kanonis, arc misi parodirebis sivrces. Tanamedrove

werili gvaZlevs im universaluri scenis saocar magaliTebs, romelic

erTsa da imave dros aris kanonic da misi `sxvac~. esaa scena, sadac

sicili iyineba, radganac igi parodia ki ara, mokvdineba da revoluciaa~

(97. 443, 445). amisdakvalad, Tanamedrove mxatvruli teqstis avtori,

TviTparodirebis aqts imdenad veRar gaurbis, ramdenadac interteqstis

sivrceSi pastiCs dausadgurebia. es ukanaskneli ki ara mxolod sxva

teqstebTan parodiul damokidebulebas, TviTparodirebasac imTaviTve

gulisxmobs (29. 140_141). aseTi viTarebis ontiuri safuZveli ki,

bodriiaris azriT isaa, rom Tavad bunebaa ironiuli _ `Cven uSedego

epoqaSi varsebobT da yoveli qmedeba parodiis sxiviT ganaTebuli

bunebis mier xorcieldeba~ (67. 11) _ acxadebs igi. amave azrs kidev ufro

mZafrad kristeva gamoTqvams: `karnavaluri xedva angrevs ara marto

enobrivi kodis wesebs, aramed sazogadoebrivi moralis normebsac...

kanavali uaryofs RmerTs, avtoritetsa da socialur kanons... karnavali,

es Wamisa da kuWSi gasvlis dResaswauli Tanamedove samyaros

simbolodaa qceuli...~ (97. 435, 443, 474).

163

maSasadame, axali epoqis dasawyisSi `RmerTis sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb

nicSes uadgilod rodi wamoscda, aseve tyuilad rodi gaamaxvila

modernistuli xelovnebis RmerTsklebelobaze yuradReba xose ortega-igasetma.

modernistul xelovnebaSi, igrZnoboda ra RmerTklebeloba,

paralelurad, swored RmerTsklebelobiT gamowveuli sinanulis gancda

ramdenadme mainc aqtualuri iyo, postmodernistul xelovnebaSi ki

RmerTsklebulobis gancda ara mxolod gaRrmavda, RmerTsklebulobis

gancdiT gamowveuli sinanuli erTgvarad ironiis, TviTironiis, dacinvis,

TviTdacinvis obieqtadac iqca. amdenad, aq ukve TiTqos saerTod

daviwyebas unda miscemoda RmerTic da masTan erTad sinanulic, magram,

cxadia, arasdros ar xdeba ise, ar gaxsovdes is, ris gamoc raime

daviwyebas unda mieces. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, TviTon daviwyebis

SesaZleblobazec ver vilaparakebdiT. Sesabamisad, viRebT Cixs,

ramdenadac erTi mxriv saxezea daviwyeba, xolo meore mxriv daviwyebas

swored is garemoebebi asuldgmuleben, rasac viviwyebT. ese igi, is

garemoebebi rasac viviwyebT, daviwyebaSi rogorRac mainc gamosWvivis.

amisdakvalad, vawydebiT imnair situacias, rogorsac `pastiCuri kanoni~

gulisxmobs, anu vcdilobT raRacis daviwyebas, magram bolomde mainc

ver viviwyebT mas, radgan amavdroulad TviTon am raRacis daviwyebis

mcdelobis daviwyebasac vcdilobT da msgavs mcdelobebSi viRebT raRac

`sxvas~, rogorc usasrulo `uaryofis uaryofas~. pastiCuri `uaryofis

uaryofa~ ki imitomacaa `sxva~, rom rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, msgavsi

`uaryofis uaryofa~ maincdamainc Tavdapirvelad uaryofilisadmi

mibrunebas ar niSnavs, Tumca pastiCuri uaryofis uaryofa kidev imitomaa

`sxva~, rom igi am `ar niSnavs~ uaryofacaa. amitom pastiCuri `ar niSnavs~

sadRac, rogorRac, iribad mainc niSnavs imas, rasac ar unda niSnavdes.

amrigad, RmerTisa da masTan erTad sinanulis pastiCuri uaryofa,

rogorc `sxva~, anu `uaryofis uaryofa~, zustad am `uaryofis

uaryofaSi~ sadRac, rogorRac, arapirdapir, kvlavac gulisxmobs

RmerTTan erTad gamqrali sinanulis gamo Tundac Zalze mcire doziT

sinanuls. ase rom, postmodernistul xelovnebas TiTqos sinanulis

natamalic aRar unda dastyoboda, magram aki TviTon bodreiaric

yovlismomcveli esTetizaciis paradoqss imaSi xedavs, rom am procesma

164

xelovnebis gaufasureba gamoiwvia da amitom postmodernistuli

esTetizaciac negatiuri sazrisis matarebelia. gana es erTgvari

sinanuli ar aris anda, kristevas mier postmodernistuli karnavalis

`Wamisa da kuWSi gasvlis~ dResaswaulad gancda, iribad sinanuls ar

gulisxmobs umberto eko ki `kulturul-pastiCuri qaos-areulobis

kvalobaze mainc SesaZleblad miiCnevs `obieqtis, rogorc obieqtis~

vwdomasa da dadgenas, rac miTiTebul qaos-areulobaSi erTgvar imedis

sxivad cialebs~ (95.338). am konteqstSi Zalze sainteresoa, isev rCeba Tu

ara adgili RmerTis (sinanulis) kvlavmovlinebisTvis am kiTxvas

haidegerma Taviseburi pasuxi gasca, kerZod: `sad unda dabrundes RmerTi

xelaxali mosvlisas, Tuki adamianebma windawin ar moumzades

adgilsamyofeli. viT eqneba RmerTs RmerTis saferi samyofeli, Tuki

windawin, yvelaferi rac aris, Cenas ar daiwyebs RvTaebrivis cialiT

RmerTebi, romlebic niadag mun iyvnen, `dabrundebian~ odes saferJams,

kerZod ki maSin, odes adamianebi safer alags, safergvarad Seicvlebian~

(8. 14). rogorc vxedavT, haidegeris azriT, epoqis Semotrialeba,

marTalia, Zveli RmerTebis kvlavmovlinebiT an axlis SeqmniT ar xdeba,

magram amisda miuxedavad, igi mainc eZebs RmerTis mobrunebisa Tu axali

RmerTis Seqmnis gzebs. amgvari optimisturi pesimizmisa Tu pesimisturi

optimizmis WrilSi Zalze sainteresoa, ras niSnavs RmerTis

kvlavmovlineba Tu axali RmerTis Seqmna. gana RmerTis `dabruneba~ -

`ardabruneba~ Tu `Seqmna~ adamianis gadasawyvetia aseTi `dasabrunebeli~

Tu `Sesaqmneli~ RmerTi zedmiwevniT xom ar hgavs RmerTisadmi nicSeseul

`erTob adamianur~ mimarTebas ra Tqma unda, asea, radgan Tuki RmerTis

kvlavmovlineba Tu axlidan Seqmna adamianis neba-survilzea

damokidebuli, maSin RmerTi, romelic adamianebs sxvadasxva epoqaSi

sxvadasxvanairad swamdaT, yovelTvis `erTob adamianuri~ fantaziis

nairgvari nayofi yofila da Tu asea, maSin winaaRmdegobis saxiT, aqac

erTgvar kvlavparodias viRebT. Sesabamisad, cxadia, msgavs raRacnairad

gansxvavebul realobas verc xelovneba uaryofs. metic, amgvar

kvlavparodiul postmodernistul situacias xelovneba yvelze uwin

aireklavs rogorc epoqalur dabneulobas da rogorc gasaWirs TviTon

xelovnebis gagebis TvalsazrisiTac. tyuilad rodi miuTiTebs liotari,

165

om `Tanamedrove sivrceSi mxatvruli nawarmoebis gagebis garTulebas

xels zogadkulturuli postmodernistuli mdgomareoba uwyobs,

romelic orientirebulia ara realobis asaxvaze, aRmoCenaze, Seqmnaze,

rac klasikuri esTetikuri diskursisTvis iyo niSandoblivi, aramed

sinamdvilis modelirebaze, meore rigis realobis Seqmnaze. xolo is

principebi, romliTac warmosaxva meore rigis realobis generirebas

axdens, TandaTan mTel kulturul sivrces gadafaraven. am procesis

Sedegad Camoyalibebuli popgemovneba, konformistuloba, xels uwyobs

warsulis kulturuli memkvidreobis muzeumad gadaqcevas.

postmodernisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ontologiuri nihilizmi, safuZveli

xdeba imisa, rom iqmneba axali virtualuri realoba Sesabamisi

meTodebiT da Sesabamisi araklasikuri esTetikuri kategoriebiT. cxadia,

es axali virtualuri sivrce mTlianad mxolod warmosaxvis saSualebiT

konstruirdeba~ (45.115).

maSasadame, gamosavali TiTqos arsaiT Cans, aki rogorc zemoT

erTgan ukve aRvniSneT, Cven uSedego epoqaSi vcxovrobT da yoveli

qmnileba parodiis sxiviT ganaTebuli bunebis mier xorcieldeba.

SemTxveviT rodi ambobs miSel fuko: `XIX saukunis damdegidan dasabams

iRebs modernizmi, romlidanac Cven jerac ar gamovsulvarT~ (42.31). ufro

zustad, araTu modernizmidan ver gamovediT, rogorc davinaxeT,

postmodernistuli realobis saxiT, `universaluri cnobierebis

proeqtis~ krizisi, ontologiuri nihilizmi, TviTparodia-ironia Tu

karnavali, rogorc Wamisa da kuWSi gasvlis dResaswauli, Tanamedrove

samyaros arsebiT maxasiaTeblebad iqcnen. amdenad, ukve

postmodernizmidan `gamosvlis~ gzebze msjeloba ufro mizanSewonilia,

Tumca statiaSi aRwerili garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, albaT, aqve

unda mivxvdeT da gavaTviTcnobieroT isic, rom postmodernizmidan

`gamosvlis gzebis~ xelovnurad Zieba imdenad uSedegoa, ramdenadac

TviTon postmodernizmidan `gamosvlis gza~, Tuki es, saerTod,

SesaZlebelia, yovelTvis win uswrebs aseTi gzis xelovnurad Seqmnis

yovelgvar mcdelobas. Sesabamisad, umjobesia, davdumdeT, ufro ukeT,

`aqtiurad davdumdeT~, rogorc skeptikosi da amiT cxovrebas yvelaze

ufro Rrma da saintereso pasuxi gavceT, anu skeptikosis dumili sulac

166

ar aris pasiuri dumili, igi aqtiuri dumilia imdenad, ramdenadac

msgavsi dumili kidev ufro ukeTesad uxsnis gzas enisa da xelovnebis

morevs sulieri SidawiaRis kvlav da kvlav amosaTqmelad. saamiso unari

ki TavianT nebaze `miSvebul~ enasac da xelovnebasac namdvilad gaaCniaT

da Tu enas marTlac zedmiwevniT zustad Seefereba `yofierebis saxlis~

epiTeti, es epiTeti, aseTive sizustiT Seesabameba xelovnebasac _

mxatvruli teqstic xom Taviseburi metyveleba, Taviseburi gamoTqmaa. ese

igi, enaca da xelovnebac erTnairi ZaliT arian `yofierebis

gamosxivebani~, iseve, rogorc `Rrublebi cis Rrublebi arian~ (14.74).

amisdakvalad, skeptikosis `aqtiuri dumili~ savsebiT gamarTlebuli

dumilia: `skeptikosi didad ganswavluli da maRladmxedia. mas

Secnobili aqvs sulis saidumloebani. skeptikoss mZafri, natifi da Rrma

SegrZnebebi aqvs. igi imitom ki ar dums, rom araferi aqvs saTqmeli. maS,

ratom arafers ambobs iqneb, imitom, rom misTvis Sinaganad cnobilia

yovelgvari sityvisa da azris amaoeba, cnobilia, rom sicocxle azrsa

da sityvaze gacilebiT Rrmaa, rom yofiereba ufro Rrmaa, vidre Tavad

adamianis goneba diax, skeptikosis dumili swored cxovrebis myvirala

moTxovnebis mimarT gacemuli pasuxia da Cven vityodiT, rom es yvelaze

ufro rTuli, Rrma da saintereso pasuxTagania saerTod~ (26.5-6). aki,

haidegerisTvisac, `WeSmariti filosofosoba yofierebis mosmenaa~ (14.73),

xolo yofiereba, yvelaze ukeT `Sinagan, gansakuTrebul dumilSia

gacnobierebuli~ (14.67).

167

daskvna

azrovnebis ganviTarebis jer kidev primituli etapidan dRemde

moyolebuli, kacobriobis hermenevtikulma horizontma, rogorc zemoT

mocemuli Tavebidan da paragrafebidan davinaxeT, mravali saxecvlileba

ganicada sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferosTan, maT Soris

xelovnebasTan mimarTebaSi. SegviZlia asec vTqvaT: adamianis

hermenevtikulma moTxovnilebam sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva epoqaSi,

sxvadasxvanairad axsna da gaigo sinamdvile da am sinamdvilis axsnagageba

Taviseburad asaxa ama Tu im epoqis religiaSi, xelovnebaSi Tu

sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferoSi. magaliTad, Tuki

adamianis istoriuli ganviTarebis poliTeisturi da qristianulmonoTeisturi

etapebis xelovnebaSi `yovladRmerTismieroba~,

àradeformirebuloba~, àranihilizmi~, àradekadansi~ igrZnoboda,

dRevandeli xelovneba swored sapirispiro maxasiaTeblebis matarebelia,

xolo xelovneba, rogorc araerTxel avRniSneT, yvelaze umal da ukeT

aireklavs epoqis tendenciebs, rogorc `epoqis suls~. saerTo jamSi

mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) hermenevtikuli analizis Sedegad

SegviZlia Semdegi daskvnebi gamovitanoT:

1. adamianis hermenevtikulad myofobam antikur(elinistur)

samyaroSi aseT hermenevtikul myofobaze refleqsiis moTxovnileba

warmoSva. Sesabamisad, antikur filosofiaSi marTlac Zalze xSirad

vxvdebiT ama Tu im problemisadmi hermenevtikul midgomebs, magram saqme

isaa, rom aseTi midgomani erTgvari refleqsiis farglebs ar gacdenilan,

Sesabamisad, antikur filosofiaSi hermenevtikis meTodurad dafuZnebis

cdebs versad vawydebiT, samagierod, sakuTari myofobisadmi msgavsma

hermenevtikulma TviTrefleqsiam gamoZaxili da Semdgomi ganviTareba Sua

saukuneebSi pirvelad avgustinesTan hpova, romelmac yvelaze uwin

gaamaxvila yuradReba saRmrTo wignebis gagebis filon

aleqsandrieliseul tradiciaze da igi garkveuli meTodis saxiT

Camoayaliba. swored amis Semdeg, humanizmis epoqaSi, kerZod, martin

luTerisa da flaciusis dava-kamaTSi aiRo safuZveli hermenevtikis

168

meTodad dafuZnebis kidev erTma mZlavrma nakadma. maSasadame,

hermenevtikis meTodad dafuZnebis gza azrTa sxvadasxvaobiTa da

ukiduresi winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaTdeba: Tuki luTeri saRmrTo wignebis

gagebis gzaze erTgvari Tavisuflebis momxrea, flaciusi luTeranuli

midgomebis winaaRmdeg tradiciul Sexedulebebs kidev ufro mkacr

CarCoebSi aqcevs da saamisod sakmaod daxvewil meTodebs nergavs.

flaciusis Sexedulebani, axali epoqisTvis, marTalia moZvelebuli

aRmoCnda, magram flaciusisa da luTeris dava-kamaTis mTeli

damsaxureba isaa, rom maT dava-kamaTSi Camoyalibebuli meTodebi

hermenevtikis problemebis kvleva-Ziebis gzaze dRemde aqtualuri da

misaRebia. sxva sakiTxia, daveTanxmebiT Tu ara dRes flaciusis,

luTerisa Tu Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneTa

Sexedulebebs erTisa da mravlis urTierTmimarTebis, interpretaciis

SesaZleblobisa Tu sxva hermenevtikul problemaTa Taobaze, magram

faqtia, TviTon erTisa da mravlis, interpretaciis SesaZleblobisa da

sxva amgvari Temebi dRevandeli mkvlevarebisTvisac friad sainteresoa.

2. iseTi moazrovne, rogoric dilTaia, hermenevtikas rogorc

gagebis meTods, kidev ufro mZalvrad afuZnebs, Tumca Tu haidegersa da

gadamers verwmunebiT, dilTais nakli isaa, rom man gagebisa da axsnis

meTodebis ukiduresad gamijvniT, erTmaneTisgan ukiduresad gamijna

gonismecnierebani da bunebismecnierebani, riTac moWra gza gagebis

meTodis Semecnebis erT-erT universalur formad, xolo xelovnebis

hermenevtikis erT-erT universalur ganzomilebad gaazrebisken. dilTais

es nakli TviTon haidegerma, gadamerma da sxva hermenevtikosebma

gamoaswores da axsnis meTodis safuZvlad gagebis meTodis miCneviT,

gagebis meTodis erTgvar universalur Semecnebad, xolo xelovnebis

erTgvar universalur hermenevtikad gaazreba savsebiT SesaZlebeli

gaxades. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT saintereso haidegeramde da

gadameramde moRvawe romantikuli hermenevtikis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenlis astis Tvalsazrisia, ramdenadac masTan yvelaferi

gonSi, rogorc yvelafris absolutur substanciaSia fuZedebuli,

Sesabamisad am moazrovnesTan gagebisa da axsnis meTodebs Soris

imTaviTve mxolod formalur gansxvavebas Tu vxvdebiT.

169

3. gagebis meTodis Semecnebis erT-erT umaRles formad, xolo

hermenevtikis erT-erT umaRles ganzomilebad xelovnebis gaazrebam,

sulac ver amowura hermenevtikul problemaTa mravalferovneba. metic,

swored ase da amgvarad gaazrebulma realobam warmoSva mTeli rigi

axali sakiTxebi, magram yvelaze saintereso aq isaa, rom es axali

sakiTxebi, didwilad TanxmobaSi modis antikur(elinistur) epoqaSi

mxolod refleqsiis (da ara meTodis) CarCoebSi gaazrebul sakiTxebTan.

magaliTad, aristoteles `kaTarzisi~ anu ganwmenda, imTaviTve

gulisxmobs `STagrZnobis~, `Casaxlebisa~ Tu `divinaciis~ Ta namedrove

Teoriebs erTobliobaSi. Tavis mxriv, es Teoriebi interpretaciis

SesaZleblobasac da Tanamedrove hermenevtikis erT-erTi centraluri

problemis _ mTelisa da nawilebis _ urTierTmimarTebasac

aucileblobiT Seicaven. aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom aRniSnul TemasTan

dakavSirebiT aristotele da platoni erTmaneTis msgavs poziciebamde

gansxvavebuli gzebiT, meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT mividnen. saerTo

jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, swored platonma da gansakuTrebiT aristotelem,

mTlianad Seajames mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) gagebis antikuri

horizonti da mxatvruli teqstis gagebis peripetiebi Semdgomi

epoqebisTvisac didwilad winaswar gansazRvres. Tavis mxriv, antikuri

periodis filosofosTa naazrevSi rogorRac winaswar ikiTxeba

hermenevtikis meTodurad dafuZnebis Semdgomi SesaZleblobanic, rogorc

Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis, aseve Tanamedrove epoqisTvisac.

4. sadisertacio TemaSi mocemulma analizma Tavisi

specifikurobiT gamorCeul gansxvavebul epoqaTa urTierTmimarTebaSi

saerTo Strixebi aSkarad da TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa. aseTi saerTo

Strixebi rom ara, CvenTvis rogorc antikuri, aseve Sua saukuneebisa Tu

aRorZinebis epoqaTa xelovnebis gageba saerTod SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

aRarafers vambobT ama Tu im epoqis calkeuli avtorebis gagebis

SesaZleblobaze. amdenad, gamocdileba, romlis mixedviTac Cven

SegviZlia gavigoT gansxvavebul epoqaTa xelovneba, gvaiZulebs vaRiaroT,

rom gansxvavebul epoqebs raRac garkveuli saerTo pirvelfenomeni

gaaCniaT. cxadia es asea, magram yvelaze saintereso aq isaa, rom aseTi

pirvelfenomeni araTu ar aufasurebs garkveul epoqaTa Tu gansxvavebul

170

kulturaTa TviTmyofadobas, piriqiT, igi msgavs gansxvavebuloba-

TviTmyofadobas kidev ufro metad warmoaCens. amdenad, aRniSnulma

viTarebam Tavad gvaiZula, erTgvari winaaRmdegobebi dadebiTi

dialeqtikis WrilSi gadagvewyvita da gangvecxadebina, rom TviTmyofadi

epoqebis, iseve rogorc gansxvavebul xelovnebaTa TviTmyofadobagansxvavebis

safuZveli swored is pirvelfenomenia, romelic amave dros

mocemul TviTmyofadoba-gansxvavebulobaSi maTi erTianobis

safuZvelicaa.

5. hermenevtikuli Tematikis gaanalizebam filosofiur da

hermenevtikul problematikaTa erTgvar (garkveul) Tanabarzomierebazec

cxadad migvaniSna. ufro zustad, Tuki gageba Semcnebis erT-erTi

umaRlesi formaa, xolo xelovneba hermenevtikis erT-erTi umaRlesi

ganzomilebaa, maSin hermenevtika erTgvar (garkveul) universalur

filosofiadac ki gvevlineba. Amitom, gasakviri sulac aRar aris, Tuki

xelovnebaze refleqsias gverds hermenevtikis problematikisadmi

miZRvnili TiTqmis verc erTi nawarmoebi ver uvlis. xelovnebaze

Tanamedrove refleqsia ki, rogorc sadisertacio naSromSi gaSlilma

analizma gvaCvena, imTaviTve win wamoswevs teqstis (xelovnebis) rogorc

interteqstis anu erTgvari konstruqciis, `avtoris sikvdilis~,

Sesabamisad teqstis (xelovnebis), rogorc erTgvari parodiisa da

dacinvis mtkivneul Temebs. aseTi `konstruqcia-parodia-dacinva~

Tanamedrove epoqis `sulia~ da cxadia, masze msjelobas Cvenc versad

gaveqeciT.

6. saboloo jamSi, Cvens mier dasaxuli miznis

ganxorcielebisTvis fenomenologiuri, komparatistuli da

garkveulwilad da garkveuli azriT teqstualuri analizis meTodebi

gamoviyeneT. swored am meTodebis WrilSia ganxiluli xelovnebis

ganmarteba – gageba – interpretaciis Taviseburebani. Zneli saTqmelia,

ramdenad srulyofilad gadavwyviteT disertaciaSi mocemuli

problemebi, magram vfiqrobT, garkveuli xarvezebi namdvilad gvepatieba.

aki `Cven uSedego epoqaSi varsebobT da yoveli qmnileba parodiis sxiviT

ganaTebuli bunebis mier xorcieldeba~. Tuki gaviTvalsiwinebT

disertaciaSi aRniSnul garemoebas, romlis mixedviTac istoriisa da

171

progresis iluzoruloba-realurobis dialeqtika, istoriis, kulturisa

da xelovnebis istoriis erT mTlianobad gaazrebis SesaZleblobaa,

maSin cnobili Tezisi – “yovelive axali, kargad daviwyebuli Zvelia” _

kvlavac aqtualurad mogveCveneba da mivxvdebiT, rom Taviseburi

“modernizmi” da “postmodernizmi” yvela epoqas axasiaTebda. aqve

vacnobierebT imasac, rom rogorc zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT, modernizmidan

da postmodernizmidan “gamosvlis~ gzebis xelovnurad Zieba imdenad

uSedegoa, ramdenadac TviTon modernizmidan da postmodernizmidan

“gamosvlis gza”, Tuki es saerTod SesaZlebelia, yovelTvis win uswrebs

aseTi gzis xelovnurad Seqmnis yovelgvar mcdelobas. Sesabamisad,

umjobesia davdumdeT, ufro zustad `aqtiurad davdumdeT~, rogorc

skeptikosi da amiT cxovrebas yvelaze ufro Rrma da saintereso pasuxi

gavceT.

172

გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა

1. aristotele, `poetika~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1944.

2. aristotele, `ritorika~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1981.

3. aristotele, `nikomaqes eTika~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2003.

4. avaliani sergi, `mecnieruli ontologia~, gamomcemloba

`filosofiuri biblioTeka~, Tbilisi, 1994.

5. baqraZe kote, `filosofiis istoria~, Tbilisi, 1962.

6. baqraZe kote, `rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi~, t. VI, Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972.

7. buaCiZe Tamaz, `filosofiuri narkvevebi~, t. I, Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2003.

8. baramiZe giorgi, `msoflmxedevlobis SesaZlebloba m.

haidegerTan~, wignidan `martin haidegeri _ dabadebidan asi wlis

aRsaniSnavad~, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1991.

9. baramiZe giorgi, `fantazia da msoflmxedveloba

(fenomenologiur-hermenevtikuli etiudi)~, gamomcemloba `goni~,

Tbilisi, 1993.

10. biWaSvili mamuka, `m. haidegeri da l. vitgenSteini enis Sesaxeb~,

wignidan `martin haidegeri _ dabadebidan asi wlis aRsaniSnavad”,

avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1991.

11. biWaSvili mamuka, `sametyvelo moqmedebis analitikuri Teoria~,

gamomcemloba `goni~, Tbilisi 1994.

12. boWoriSvili angia, `fsiqologiis principuli sakiTxebi~, nawili

mesame, Tbilisi, 1962.

13. boWoriSvili angia, `kantis esTetika~, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,

Tbilisi, 1967.

173

14. gordeziani revaz, `martin haidegeri _ adamianis sulis

mkvlevari~, Jurnali `arsi~ #1, Tbilisi, 1993.

15. gaTri uiliam, `berZeni filosofosebi _ Talesidan

aristotelemde~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi,

1983.

16. gabiZaSvili o. gegeSiZe d. `religiuri rwmena da mecnieruli

codna~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1969.

17. danelia sergi, `antikuri filosofiis narkvevebi~, Tbilisi, 1983.

18. venturi lionelo, `manedan lotrekamde~, gamomcemloba

`nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1984.

19. TevzaZe guram, `Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria~, Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1996.

20. TevzaZe guram, `imanuel kanti~, Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1974.

21. kanti imanuel, `wminda gonebis kritika~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1979.

22. kasireri ernst, `ra aris adamiani~, Tbilisi, 1990.

23. kakabaZe zurab, `werilebi~, Tbilisi, 1972.

24. kakabaZe zurab, `eqsistencialuri krizisis problema da edmund

huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia~, gamomcemloba

`mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1985.

25. lao Zi, `dao de Zini~, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1990.

26. losevi aleqsei, `dumili~, gamomcemloba `lomisi~, Tbilisi, 1993.

27. lesingi, `laokooni, anu poeziisa da mxatvrobis sazRvrebis

Sesaxeb~, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1986.

28. mamardaSvili merab, `CaxSuli fiqri _ saubrebi ani epelbuanTan~,

gamomcemloba `Celmi~, Tbilisi, 1992.

29. msxilaZe goCa, `ironia, rogorc germanuli romantizmis ZiriTadi

esTetikuri kategoria~, sadisertacio naSromi, iv. javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2005.

30. nicSe fridrix, `ese ityoda zaratustra~, Tbilisi, 1993.

31. norakiZe vladimer, `xasiaTis fsiqologia da mxatvruli

literatura~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1969.

174

32. platoni, `ioni~, `didi hipia~, `menoni~, Tbilisi, `nakaduli~, 1974.

33. platoni, `nadimi~, Tbilisi, 1964.

34. platoni, `fedoni~, Tbilisi, 1966.

35. sartri Jan pol, `sarkis meore mxare~, gamomcemloba `lomisi~,

Tbilisi, 1993.

36. sanaia manana, `yofiereba da drodan, drodan yofierebisaken~,

wignidan `martin haidegeri _ dabadebidan asi wlis aRsaniSnavad~,

avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, 1991.

37. sanebliZe nikoloz, `m. haidegeri da v. humboldti~, wignidan

`martin haidegeri _ dasabamidan asi wlis aRsaniSnavad~, avtorTa

koleqtivi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba,

1991.

38. teni ipolit, `xelovnebis filosofia~, gamomcemloba

`saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1990.

39. tyemalaZe anzor, `esTetika, nawili I _ esTetika, rogorc

mecniereba~, Tbilisi 2000.

40. uznaZe dimitri, `omis filosofia~, Jurnali `arsi~, #1, Tbilisi,

1993.

41. uznaZe dimitri, `anri bergsoni~, Tbilisi, 1920.

42. fuko m. `sityvebi da sagnebi~, gamomcemloba `diogene~, Tbilisi,

2004.

43. qavTaraZe Tamar, `martin haidegeris hermenentikuli moZRvrebis

zogierTi aspeqti~, `saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne~,

filosofiis seria, Tbilisi, 2006.

44. qarumiZe zurab, `ena da dro~, wignidan `martin haidegeri _

dasabamidan asi wlis aRsaniSnavad~, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1991.

45. yulijaniSvili akaki, `esTetika~, gamomcemloba `meridiani~,

Tbilisi, 2006.

46. yulijaniSvili akaki, `kulturologia~, Tbilisi, 2001.

47. Sopenhaueri artur, ~cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis aforizmebi~,

gamomcemloba `lomisi~, Tbilisi, 1994.

175

48. cincaZe giorgi, `gagebis meTodi filosofiaSi da pirovnebis

problema~, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1975.

49. cercvaZe lali, `geniosis problema germanul klasikur

esTetikaSi~, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1988.

50. WavWavaZe niko, `esTetikis sakiTxebi~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1958.

51. WeliZe meri, `elinizmis filosofia~, Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1992.

52. WeliZe meri, `elinizmis filosofia adrindeli qristianobis

epoqaSi~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998.

53. WeliZe meri, revaz gordeziani, `Zveli aRmosavleTis filosofia

(indoeTi, CineTi)~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,

Tbilisi, 2001.

54. haidegeri martin, `yofiereba da dro~, Tbilisi, 1989.

55. haidegeri martin, `dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa~, gamomcemloba

`goni~, Tbilisi, 1992.

56. haidegeri martin, `TemSara~, wignidan `martin haidegeri _

dabadebidan asi wlis aRsaniSnavad~, avtorTa koleqtivi,

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1991.

57. haidegeri martin, `holderlini da poeziis arsi~, Jurnali `arsi~,

#1, 1993.

58. holderlini fridrix, `hiperioni anu gandegili saberZneTSi~,

gamomcemloba merani, Tbilisi, 1982.

59. hegeli, `gonis filosofia~, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi,

1984.

60. hegeli, `logikis mecniereba~ Tbilisi, 1962.

61. hegeli, `esTetika~, t. I, Tbilisi, 1973.

62. avtorTa koleqtivi, `XX saukunis burJuaziuli filosofia~,

Tbilisi, 1970.

63. Jurnali `arsi~, #2, gamomcemloba `arsi~, Tbilisi, 1995.

64. avtorTa koleqtivi, `esTetikisa da xelovnebaTmcodneobis

sakiTxebi~, I, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1973.

176

65. avtorTa koleqtivi, `narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi~,

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1993.

66. Бодреяр Ж. «Прозрачность зла», (Интернет-версия).

67. Бодреяр Ж. «Екстаз и инерция», (Интернет-версия).

68. Белза Игорь, «Исторические судьбы романтизма и музыка», Издательство

«Музика». Москва, 1985.

69. Бегиашвили Арчил, «Структура метафилософии», Издательство тбилиского

университета, 1993.

70. Бур М. Иррлиц Г. «Притязание разума», Москва, «прогресс», 1978.

71. Гадамер Г. «Истина и метод», Москва, «Прогресс», 1988

72. Гадамер Г. «Актуальность прекрасного», Москва, «искусство», 1991.

73. Гегель, «Наука логики», Т.I, Москва 1970.

74. Гегель, «Сочинения», Т.IV, Москва, 1956.

75. Гартман Н. «Эстетика», Издательство инностранной литератури, Москва, 1958.

76. Галеев Б,. «Светомузыка: становление и сущность нового искусства», Казань,

1976.

77. Декарт Р., «Избранные произведения», Москва, 1950.

78. Зись А. «Выди искусcтва», Народный университет, факультет литератури и

искусства, издательство «знание», Москва, 1979.

79. Илин И., «Постструктурализм, деконструктивизм, постмодернизм», Москва,

«Интрига», 1996.

80. Кант И., «Собранные сочинения в шести томах», Т. V, Москва, 1966.

81. Кант И., «Собранные сочинения в шести томах», Т. VI, Москва, 1966.

82. Коссак Эжи, «Екзистенциализм в философии и литературе», «Политиздат»,

Москва, 1980.

83. Куманецкий Казимеж, «История културы древней Греции и Рима»,

Издательство «Высшая школа», Москва, 1990.

84. Ничше Фридрих, «Воля к власти», 1910.

85. Степанов Г.П. «Синтез искусств», «Знание», Ленинград, 1976.

86. Фихте И.Г., «Избранные сочинения», Москва, 1916.

177

87. Хаидеггер Мартин, «Проблема Человека в западной философии», Москва, 1988.

88. Хосе Ортега и Гасети, «Дегуманизация искусство». Москва, 1991.

89. Шпенглер О., «Закат европи», Т. I, Москва, 1923.

90. Ясперс К., «Смысл и назначения истории», Москва, 1994.

91. Шеллинг Ф. «Сочинения в двух томах», Т. II, Москва, «Мысл», 1989.

92. Шеллинг Ф. «Система трансцендентального идеализма», Москва, 1936.

93. Яковлев Е.Г. «Искусство и мировые религии», «Знание», Москва, 1972.

94. «Французская семиотика», Москва, «Прогресс» , 2000.

95. «Постмодернизм» - Энциклопедия, Минск, 2001.

96. «Иностранная литература», №5, Москва, 1960

97. «Современная западная философия» (словарь), Москва, Издательство

политической литературы, 1991;

98. Bollnow L. „Studien zur Hermeneutik”, Freiburg _ München, 1982.

99. Buber M. „Das Problem des Menschen“, Heidelberg, 1982.

100. Dielthey W. „ Das leben Sleiermachers”, Bd II, Berlin, 1966,

101. Kafka Franc, „Erzählungen”, Leipzig, 1985.

102. Schleiermacher F. „Sämmtliche werke”, I, Abteilung zur Theologie, siebenter

Band, Berlin, 1838.

103. Wach J. „Das Verstehen“, Tübingen, 1926.

104. „Seminar: philosophische hermeneutik“, Frankfurt am Mein, 1976.

178

ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á

ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á ... View more ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á

Delete template?

Save as template ?

ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á

ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á ááá¥á á¡ááááá«á