Georgian - Turkey
Georgian - Turkey
Georgian - Turkey
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cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb _ sagakveTilo gegmebi<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis sabazo safexurisaTvis<br />
avtorebi: rolf golobi, ted hudlestoni, piter krafi,<br />
don rouvi, uim taelmani<br />
wigni III<br />
eqvsi wignisagan Semdgari seriidan, romelic exeba swavlebas<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
swavlebis procesi, cnebebi, meTodebi da modelebi
wignSi warmodgenili mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs<br />
da ar asaxavs evrosabWos oficialur pozicias.<br />
mTargmneli: maia Canqseliani<br />
redaqtori: naTia nacvliSvili<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: giorgi bagrationi<br />
ilustraciebi: peti viskemani<br />
ydis dizaini: evrosabWos grafikuli dizainis jgufi<br />
© Council of Europe<br />
yvela ufleba daculia. am gamocemis nebismieri nawilis eleqtronuli, meqanikuri,<br />
fotografiuli an nebismieri saxiT reproduqcia dauSvebelia komunikaciebis direqtoratis<br />
sajaro informaciisa da gamocemebis ganyofilebis werilobiTi nebarTvis<br />
gareSe (el. fostis misamarTi: publishing@coe.int; veb-gverdi: http://book.coe.int).<br />
pirveli qarTuli gamocema<br />
`maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri~, 2009.<br />
wigni gamodis evrosabWos mxardaWeriT. Targmanis xarisxze pasuxismgebelia<br />
`maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri~.<br />
Tbilisi, 0102, uznaZis q. 52.<br />
tel: (+995) 91 14 53, 95 13 02/04<br />
veb-gverdi: www.tpdc.ge el-fosta: info@tpdc.ge<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-1559-5 _ eqvsive wignis<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-1560-1
sarCevi<br />
gverdi<br />
Sesavali .............................................................................................................................5<br />
saxelmZRvanelos konceptualuri CarCo: ZiriTadi cnebebi ..................................... 11<br />
pirveli nawili _ pirovneba da Temi ............................................................................... 19<br />
Tavi 1. stereotipebi da crurwmenebi: ra aris TviTmyofadoba<br />
rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini........................................ 21<br />
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba: Tqven Cemze meti uflebebi gaqvT ........................................... 35<br />
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi. rogor SeiZleba<br />
adamianebma erTad, mSvidobianad icxovron .................................................. 53<br />
Tavi 4. konfliqti. rogor viqceviT, roca ar veTanxmebiT .................................... 75<br />
meore nawili _ pasuxismgeblobis aReba ......................................................................... 93<br />
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi.<br />
ra uflebebi gvaqvs da rogor xdeba am uflebaTa dacva ........................... 95<br />
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba. ra pasuxismgeblobebi gvakisria ..................................... 121<br />
mesame nawili _ monawileoba ......................................................................................... 135<br />
Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi. rogor iqmneba media ........................................................ 137<br />
meoTxe nawili _ Zalaufleba da uflebamosileba ...................................................... 149<br />
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi. ra tipis wesebi sWirdeba sazogadoebas ..................... 151<br />
Tavi 9. mTavroba da politika. rogori unda iyos qveynis mmarTveloba ............ 167<br />
3
Sesavali<br />
ras gvTavazobs es wigni<br />
winamdebare wigni evrosabWoSi Semavali qveynebis maswavleblebis, maswavlebelTa<br />
trenerebis, saswavlo gegmebis specialistebis, saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis redaqtorebisa<br />
da mTargmnelebisaTvisaa momzadebuli. nebadarTulia am wignis Targmna da<br />
qveynis ganaTlebis sistemis saWiroebebze morgeba.<br />
wigni cxra Tavisagan Sedgeba da exeba swavlebas demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb. TiToeuli Tavi oTx gakveTils moicavs. es gakveTilebi<br />
gankuTvnilia sabazo safexuris damamTavrebeli klasebisaTvis (ZiriTadad, me-8 da<br />
me-9 klasebi, damokidebulia qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaze). wignis TiToeuli Tavi<br />
exeba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis iseT<br />
cnebaTagan erT-erTs, rogorebicaa: pirovnuloba _ Tavisufleba _ pasuxismgebloba<br />
_ konfliqti _ komunikacia _ pluralizmi _ wesebi da kanonebi _ Tanasworoba _<br />
qveynis marTva.<br />
TiToeuli gakveTilis aRwera swavlebis etapebis Tanmimdevrobis Sesaxeb gvawvdis<br />
informacias. yvela Tavi danarTis formiT moicavs maswavleblis mier moswavle-<br />
TaTvis dasarigebel samuSao furclebs. Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvanelo maswavleblebzea<br />
gaTvlili, da ara moswavleebze. maswavlebelTa treningebis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom damwyebi maswavleblebi yovelTvis gamoxataven survils,<br />
miiRon gakveTilis detaluri gegmebi. imedi gvaqvs, rom gamocdili maswavleblebisTvisac<br />
sasargeblo iqneba am wignSi warmodgenili ideebi da masalebi. maswavlebelTa<br />
trenerebma winamdebare wigni SeiZleba gamoiyenon saxelmZRvanelod demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis treningebis momzadebisas.<br />
es wigni pirvelad bosnia-hercogovinaSi gamoica (2002 w.) axali saskolo sagnis<br />
_ demokratia da adamianis uflebebi _ damxmare saxelmZRvanelod. 1992 wlidan<br />
moyolebuli, evrosabWo CarTulia demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis sferoebSi maswavlebelTa da trenerTa gadamzadebis<br />
proeqtebSi. es proeqtebi omis Semdgom samSvidobo process uwyobs xels. am wignis<br />
avtorebi da pirveli gamocemis redaqtorebi proeqtSi monawile saerTaSoriso trenerebis<br />
gundis wevrebi iyvnen. proeqtis farglebSi ganvaxorcieleT maswavlebelTa<br />
da trenerTa gadamzadeba, SevimuSaveT saswavlo masalebi; am ukanasknelTa ricxvSi<br />
iyo winamdebare wignis pirveli redaqciac, romelic momzadda rogorc maswavlebelTa<br />
gadamzadebis, aseve klasSi gamoyenebis mizniT. 1<br />
ra midgomebiT gamoirCeva swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis qvakuTxedia. 2 moswavleebs<br />
imis gaazrebaSi unda davexmaroT, Tu ras gulisxmobs Tavisufali azris<br />
gamoxatva. moswavleebma unda icodnen, Tu rogor icavs maTi konstitucia maT uflebas,<br />
rom gamoxaton Tavisufali azri (es aris codnis miReba da gaazreba). gamomdinare<br />
iqidan, rom am uflebis gamoyenebazea damokidebuli pirovnebaTa monawileoba demokra-<br />
1 am proeqtis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisaTvis gaecaniT xuTi wignisagan Semdgari seriis pirvel<br />
nawils.<br />
2 ixileT adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 10 dekemberi, 1948 weli, muxli 19; adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, 4 noemberi, 1950, muxli 10.<br />
5
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
tiul sazogadoebaSi, moswavleebma, aseve, unda iswavlon sazogadoebaSi kamaTis wesebi<br />
(es aris unarebis ganviTareba da kompetenciis Camoyalibeba). da bolos, azrisa da<br />
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba safuZvels uyris Ria, pluralistur sazogadoebas. aseT sazogadoebaSi<br />
interesTa/azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da konkurencia sayovelTao normaa, da<br />
ara gamonaklisi. arsebobs konfliqtebic, romlebic araZaladobrivi gziT unda gadaiWras.<br />
konfliqturi situaciebis mogvarebisaTvis gamoiyeneba kamaTi, molaparakeba,<br />
garigeba, rogorc sajarod, ise daxurul kars miRma. Ria, pluralisturi sazogadoeba<br />
emyareba mkacrad gansazRvrul wesebsa da Zlier instituciebs, romlebic am wesebis<br />
dacvis garantad gvevlinebian. aseTi sazogadoeba, pirvel yovlisa, moqalaqeTa iseT<br />
saerTo Rirebulebebs efuZneba, rogorebicaa: Semwynarebloba; urTierTpativiscema;<br />
araZaladobrioba; unari, Tvali gausworo problemur, sakamaTo situaciebs, sadac<br />
saboloo gadawyvetileba ar aris miRebuli. Tu politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba<br />
demokratiul Rirebulebs efuZneba, sazogadoeba yovelTvis gadalaxavs mwvave uTanxmoebebs<br />
konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT da miaRwevs SeTanxmebas. Sesabamisad, azris<br />
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba mTavrobisaTvis safrTxes sulac ar warmoadgens. piriqiT,<br />
sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis kultura mTavrobas<br />
samarTliani da efeqturi gamosavlis moZebnaSi exmareba.<br />
demokratias kulturuli ganzomileba aqvs; politikuri mecnierebis TeoriaSi<br />
am kulturul ganzomilebas im dauwerel socialur kontraqtad aRiqvamen, romelsac<br />
qveynis TiToeuli moqalaqe awers xels. yoveli axali Taoba gaazrebulad unda<br />
daeTanxmos am dauwereli socialuri kontraqtis pirobebs, riTac sazogadoebis<br />
Rirebulebebs gaiziarebs (Rirebulebebisa da damokidebulebebis ganviTareba).<br />
ase rom, swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
swavlis procesis integracias sam ganzomilebaSi axdens:<br />
• codna da gaazreba (SemecnebiTi ganzomileba);<br />
• unarebis ganviTareba da kompetenciis Camoyalibeba;<br />
• Rirebulebebisa da damokidebulebebis ganviTareba.<br />
es modeli, zogadad, ganaTlebas miesadageba da, Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
SeiZleba nacnobi aRmoCndes. mogexsenebaT, rom maRal klasebSi SemecnebiT ganzomilebaze<br />
metismetad Zlieri aqcenti keTdeba xolme. sainteresoa, rogor pasuxobs<br />
am gamowvevas swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu moswavle zemoTwarmodgenil sam ganzomilebas unda<br />
daeuflos, rogori unda iyos maswavleblis roli am procesSi<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb:<br />
ZiriTadi principebi<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavleba aerTianebs<br />
sam ganzomilebas ise, rom klasSi swavlis process mWidrod akavSirebs yoveldRiur<br />
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasTan. swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb moicavs sam didaqtikur midgomas:<br />
6<br />
• swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb;<br />
• yoveldRiuri saskolo gamocdileba, rogorc demokratiisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba;<br />
• swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisaTvis.<br />
es sami didaqtikuri midgoma erTian mTels qmnis. swavlebis procesi am samive<br />
midgomas moicavs; qvemoT detalurad ganvixilavT TiToeuls.
Sesavali<br />
swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb gulisxmobs saskolo sagans<br />
samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi. sityvas Sesaxeb swavlis SemecnebiTi ganzomileba Semohyavs.<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis saswavlo<br />
gegmis standartebi moicavs Semdeg komponentebs: moswavles SeuZlia Camoayalibos<br />
demokratiis ZiriTadi principebi da axsnas, riT gansxvavdeba demokratia diqtatoruli,<br />
an oligarqiuli wyobebisagan; moswavlem icis adamianis uflebaTa istoriisa<br />
da masTan dakavSirebuli tradiciebis Sesaxeb; mas SeuZlia, axsnas, Tu rogor aisaxeba<br />
adamianis uflebebi qveynis konstituciaSi, rac am uflebebs samoqalaqo uflebebad<br />
aqcevs da maT ufro mkacr dacvas uzrunvelyofs. ase rom, saswavlo gegma<br />
unda moicavdes kursebs demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
iseve, rogorc monaTesave sagnebs: istorias, socialur mecnierebebsa da ekonomikas.<br />
yoveldRiuri saskolo gamocdileba, rogorc demokratiisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba<br />
moswavleebma ara mxolod unda icodnen sakuTar uflebaTa Sesaxeb, aramed unda<br />
SeeZloT maTi gamoyeneba. amisaTvis aucilebelia, moswavleebma monawileoba miiRon<br />
skolaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi da praqtikuli gamocdileba SeiZinon.<br />
magaliTad, maswavlebelma moswavleebs unda misces saSualeba, gamoxaton TavianTi<br />
azrebi ara mxolod klasSi ganxiluli masalis Sesaxeb, aramed, zogadad, swavlebis<br />
procesisa da skolis marTvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTac. Tu demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa<br />
da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebas am kuTxiT SevxedavT, isini<br />
iqcevian saxelmZRvanelo pedagogiur principebad, rac ukve mTel skolas moicavs,<br />
da ara mxolod demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebisaTvis<br />
specialurad gadamzadebul maswavleblebs. iseTi adamianuri Rirebulebebis<br />
gaazreba, rogorebicaa TanagrZnoba da pasuxismgebloba, mxolod praqtikuli gziT<br />
miiRweva. am SemTxvevaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba yvela sagnis maswavlebels,<br />
romelic moswavleebisaTvis sanimuSo unda iyos da sxvadasxva adamianuri Rirebuleba<br />
unda ganasaxieros. skolaSi miRebuli gamocdileba adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
miRebul sistematizirebul codnaze (swavla adamianis uflebaTa da demokratiis<br />
Sesaxeb) unda aisaxebodes da mas unda ukavSirdebodes. demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa<br />
da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavleba am orive ganzomilebas moicavs. Sesabamisad,<br />
msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom saswavlo gegmaSi samoqalaqo ganaTleba, rogorc sagani,<br />
unda Caanacvlos demokratiasa da adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebulma ganzogadebulma<br />
pedagogiurma principma, mcdaria.<br />
swavla demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisaTvis<br />
es didaqtikuri midgoma exeba skolis periodSi miRebuli gamocdilebis kavSirs<br />
adamianis Semdgom cxovrebasTan. Cven gvesmis, rom pirovnebis saskolo cxovreba<br />
mniSvnelovania zogadi da politikuri socializaciis TvalsazrisiT. skolis periodi<br />
aris adamianis cxovrebis nawili. gamocdileba, romelsac adamiani skolaSi iRebs,<br />
xSirad zrdasrul cxovrebaSic meordeba: genderuli uTanasworoba, Temis wevrebis<br />
gaerTianeba sxvadasxva eTnikuri Tu socialuri niSnis mixedviT, ZaladobasTan<br />
gamklaveba, pasuxismgeblobis aReba, Zalauflebis araTanabari ganawileba, resursebis<br />
simwire (fulis, drois), wesebisa da kanonebis morCileba, daTmobaze wasvla.<br />
roca demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisaTvis swavlaze vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT<br />
ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas zrdasruli adamianis cxovrebisaTvis. yvela sagnis maswav-<br />
7
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
leblis valia, daexmaros moswavleebs, raTa am ukanasknelT ganuviTardeT sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis unarebi, magaliTad, unari imisa, rom<br />
sakuTari azri mokled da naTlad Camoayalibon.<br />
skolaSi moswavleebs SeuZliaT, gaecnon realur cxovrebas. skola cxovrebaa, da<br />
ara izolirebuli adgili, sadac adamianebi mxolod akademiur codnas euflebian.<br />
skola is mikroTemia, romelic mTliani sazogadoebis models warmoadgens. 3 skola<br />
SeiZleba ukeTesi, ufro demokratiuli sazogadoebis modeladac ki aRviqvaT, radgan<br />
skolis sazogadoebas aqvs SesaZlebloba, gacilebiT aqtiurad CaerTos gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis procesSi skolis doneze, vidre skolis gareT SeZlebda. demokratiisa<br />
da adamianis uflebebisaTvis swavla niSnavs imis gaazrebas, Tu rogor unda miiRo<br />
monawileoba Temis cxovrebaSi. yoveldRiuri saskolo gamocdileba ki, rogorc<br />
demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba, gulisxmobs, rom Tems<br />
demokratiuli principebi marTavs, sadac adamianis uflebebi pedagogiuri saxelmZ-<br />
Rvanelo principebia. demokratia politikur kulturas emyareba; es ukanaskneli moswavleebma<br />
saskolo gamocdilebisa da am gamocdilebis analizis saSualebiT unda<br />
gaiTavison (swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb).<br />
zogadad, swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
mTeli skolis reformirebas gulisxmobs, raSic CarTulni arian rogorc maswavleblebi,<br />
ise skolis direqcia. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo ki exeba swavlebas demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb konkretul saswavlo sagnad. ganaTlebis<br />
reforma mravali elementisagan Sedgeba da Sedegebi, rogorc wesi, gansxvavebulia<br />
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. reformis pirveli etapi swored saklaso oTaxSi unda daiwyos,<br />
sadac maswavleblebi iReben gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi Secvla surT. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, meToduri da Sinaarsobrivi sakiTxebi Zalian mniSvnelovania.<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb:<br />
meTodikis kavSiri Sinaarsobriv mxaresTan<br />
swavla aqtiuri procesia da am process yvela moswavle gansxvavebulad udgeba<br />
(swavlis konstruqtivistuli cneba). gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas moswavle mxolod xSiri<br />
praqtikiT eufleba. moqmedebs Semdegi principi: `gamoiyene, an dakarge~ es ufleba.<br />
es principi imas gulisxmobs, rom moswavle, romelic xSirad ar iyenebs gamoxatvis<br />
Tavisuflebas, am unars kargavs. yvela maswavleblis movaleobaa, Seuqmnas moswavleebs<br />
iseTi saswavlo garemo da misces iseTi davalebebi, romelic maT swavlis procesSi<br />
daexmareba. magaliTad, maswavlebels SeuZlia prezentaciebis, diskusiebis, debatebis,<br />
posterebis, xelovnebis nimuSebisa da videoklipebis gamoyeneba.<br />
Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT iseT meTodebze, romlebic proeqtis Sesrulebaze<br />
orientirebul, interaqtiul da TanamSromlobiT swavlas uwyoben xels. roca moswavleebi<br />
davalebis Sesrulebis gzebs ikvleven da problemebis gadaWris gzebs eZeben, isini<br />
gacilebiT mets swavloben, vidre maswavleblis mier swavlebis tradiciuli meTodis<br />
4 gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. interaqtiuli da TanamSromlobiTi swavleba TiToeuli<br />
moswavlis swavlis saWiroebebis ufro ukeT gaTvaliswinebis saSualebasac iZleva. am<br />
wignSi warmodgenili masala cxadyofs, Tu rogor SeiZleba proeqtis Sesrulebaze<br />
orientirebuli swavleba konkretuli Temebisa Tu sagnebis swavlisas gamoviyenoT.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom swavlebis tradiciuli meTodi ar warmoadgens interqatiuli swavlebis<br />
alternativas. xarisxiani swavleba orives meTodis elementebs unda moicavdes<br />
3 am mosazrebas safuZvels uyrian diui (skola, rogorc `sazogadoeba embrionul stadiaSi”) da fon<br />
henTingi (`skola, rogorc qalaqi-saxelmwifo”).<br />
4 swavlebis tradiciul meTodad movixseniebT saleqcio formatiT swavlebas, roca drois ZiriTadi<br />
nawili maswavleblis saubars eTmoba; nebismier diskusias, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, srulad<br />
warmarTavs da akontrolebs maswavlebeli (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).<br />
8
Sesavali<br />
da amas wignSi warmodgenili gakveTilebis aRwerebic adasturebs.<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
swavlebis mTavari amocana: moqalaqis CarTuloba<br />
demokratiuli sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi<br />
swavla swavleba meTodebi skola<br />
codna da<br />
gaazreba<br />
unarebi<br />
damokidebulebebi<br />
da<br />
Rirebulebebi<br />
swavleba<br />
_ demokratiisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
_ rogorc yoveldRiuri<br />
saskolo gamocdileba,<br />
rogorc demokratiisa<br />
da adamianis uflebaTa<br />
gaazrebis saSualeba<br />
_ demokratiisa da adamianis<br />
uflebebisaTvis<br />
demokratia da adamianis<br />
uflebebi<br />
_ proeqtis Sesrulebaze<br />
orientirebuli<br />
_ interaqtiuli<br />
_ TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
es meTodebi kombinirebulia<br />
maswavleblis<br />
mxridan:<br />
_ swavlebasTan<br />
_ dakvalianebasTan<br />
_ varjiSTan<br />
_ demonstrirebasTan<br />
`skola, rogorc<br />
mikrosazogadoeba~<br />
realuri<br />
cxovrebis<br />
gamocdileba<br />
skolaSi<br />
proeqtis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli meTodi drois saTanado dagegmvas<br />
saWiroebs. Tu maswavleblis mizania, moswavleTaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micema,<br />
man naklebi unda ilaparakos da meti moqnilobiT unda moekidos moswavleTa saswavlo<br />
saWiroebebs. interaqtiuli swavlebac karg momzadebasa da dagegmvas saWiroebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, es ori meTodi ufro met dros moiTxovs maswavleblisagan, vidre swavlebis<br />
tradiciuli meTodi. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom es ukanaskneli jer kidev<br />
sakmaod popularulia maswavleblebSi. kvlevebis Sedegebi ki aCvenebs, rom interaqtiul<br />
swavlebaze gadasvla aucilebelia swavlebis Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad.<br />
gamomdinare iqidan, rom maswavleblebisagan interaqtiuli swavleba sxvadasxva<br />
rolis Sesrulebasa da met moqnilobas moiTxovs, es wigni swored maT dasaxmarebladaa<br />
Seqmnili. maswavlebeli aris mTavari monawile, radgan pasuxismgebelia moswavleTa<br />
sxvadasxva SesaZleblobiT, davalebiTa da sainformacio saSualebiT uzrunvelyofaze.<br />
ra aris Cveni mTavari mizani<br />
demokratiuli sistema demokratiuli Rirebulebebis mqone aqtiuri moqalaqeebis<br />
arsebobazea damokidebuli. demokratiuli qveynis TiToeulma moqalaqem unda<br />
Seiswavlos sakuTari uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi; is unda erkveodes demokratiisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel rTul instituciur sistemaSi. sajaro diskusiebSi monawileobis<br />
misaRebad, adamianebs sajaro gamosvlisa da molaparakebis warmoebis unarebi<br />
sWirdebaT. Cveni mizania, axalgazrdebs aqtiur moqalaqeebad CamoyalibebaSi davexmaroT<br />
da amiT demokratias sicocxle SevunarCunoT. demokratia ver iarsebebs konstituciiT<br />
daculi instituciuri sistemis arsebobis gareSe. ufro metic, am sistemas<br />
sazogadoebriv kulturaSi unda hqondes fesvi gadgmuli. Cven swored am kulturuli<br />
ganzomilebis gaZlierebisTvis vmuSaobT. amitomac evrosabWom, bosnia-hercogovinas<br />
9
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
samSvidobo procesis farglebSi, ganaxorciela maswavlebelTa gadamzdebis programa<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis sferoSi.<br />
es wigni me-8 da me-9 klaseli moswavleebis maswavleblebisTvisaa dawerili. adamianis<br />
mier axali codnisa da unarebis aTviseba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli im<br />
codnasa da unarebze, romelic adamians swavlis dawyebisas gaaCnia, aseve im cxovrebiseul<br />
gamocdilebaze, romelic man wlebis manZilze SeiZina. am wignSi warmodgenili<br />
masala demokratiis kulturul ganzomilebas exeba, xolo Semdegi wigni (IV) ki<br />
_ demokratiis politikur da instituciur ganzomilebebs. 5<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb:<br />
`evropuli midgoma~<br />
es wigni demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebisadmi<br />
zogadevropuli damokidebulebis gamomxatvelia. wignis momzadebis idea da<br />
misi pirveli versia bosnia-hercogovinaSi gaCnda; am procesSi araerTi maswavlebeli<br />
da ganaTlebis specialisti iRebda monawileobas. wignis avtorebs swavlebis meTodologiebi<br />
da tradiciebi iseTi qveynebidan mohyavT, rogorebicaa: didi britaneTisa<br />
da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefo, belgia, Sveicaria da germania. am<br />
gamocemis momzadebisas, mxardaWera aRmogviCines q-nma olof olafsdotirma da q-<br />
nma sara kiTing-CeTvindma evrosabWodan, aseve q-nma sabrina marunCedum da doqtorma<br />
viltrud vedingerma curixSi mdebare ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso proeqtebis centridan.<br />
q-nma anjela doulma (evrosabWo) waikiTxa wignis saboloo varianti. b-nma<br />
peti viskermanma ki ilustraciebi moamzada; es ilustraciebi met mniSvnelobas sZens<br />
wignSi warmodgenil masalas. madlobas vuxdiT avtorebs, ilustraciebis Semqmnelsa<br />
da recenzentebs mxardaWerisaTvis. gansakuTrebuli madlierebiT gvinda aRvniSnoT<br />
saraevoSi evrosabWos proeqtebis koordinatoris b-ni emir adzovicis wvlili,<br />
romelmac didi daxmareba aRmogviCina muSaobis procesSi; misi CarTulobis gareSe es<br />
wigni dRis sinaTles ver naxavda. aseve, madlobas vuxdiT q-n heTer korants administraciuli<br />
sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi TanadgomisaTvis. madloba yvela partniors, rom<br />
maT am WeSmaritad evropuli proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi Seitanes wvlili.<br />
strasburgi, 2008 wlis aprili<br />
rolf golobi (ciurixi, Sveicaria)<br />
piter krafi (vaingarTeni, germania)<br />
5 demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb yvela asakis moswavles SeiZleba vaswavloT.<br />
magram aucilebelia moswavleTa gamocdilebisa da codnis gaTvaliswineba. `bavSvTa uflebebis<br />
Sesaxeb ganaTlebis saxelmZRvanelo~ (swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb, wigni V) warmoadgens im didaqtikur midgomebs, romelTa gamoyenebac mizanSewonilia<br />
skolamdeli aRzrdis asakidan me-8 klasamde.<br />
10
wignSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi<br />
cnebebi<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb swavlebis ZiriTadi cnebebi: ra unda hqondes gaazrebuli<br />
aqtiur moqalaqes<br />
orientirebulia ra cnebebze, am wignSi viyenebT klasikur didaqtikur midgomas.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom cnebebi Teoriidan gamomdinareobs, swavlasa da swavlebaSi<br />
cnebebi sistemur Teoriul CarCos ar qmnian. cnebebis SerCeva imitomaa saWiro, rom<br />
isini moswavlisaTvis sasargeblo saSualebas warmoadgenen.<br />
cneba struqturirebul SemecnebiT sqemas iZleva, rac moswavles axali informaciis<br />
arsebul konteqstTan dakavSirebasa da mis ukeT damaxsovrebaSi exmareba<br />
(konstruqtivistuli swavla). es gansakuTrebiT im faqtebsa da ricxvebs exeba,<br />
romelTa zepirad daswavlac moswavleebs cnebebis gamouyeneblobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mouwevdaT. aseve, cnebebi adamians exmareba gazeTis kiTxvisas, an axali ambebis mosmenisas<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac sakiTxi mniSvnelovani mxolod maSin xdeba, roca raime<br />
cnebas ukavSirdeba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: demokratia, Zalaufleba, konfliqti,<br />
pasuxismgebloba. ase rom, cnebebi informirebuli moqalaqis ganaTlebisaTvis<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania. cnebebis mniSvnelovneba mxolod SemecnebiTi codnis struqturirebiT<br />
ar Semoifargleba; maTi gamoyeneba saWiroa Rirebulebebisa da unarebis<br />
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. am wignSi warmodgenili masalebi yovelive zemoTqmulis<br />
dadasturebaa.<br />
moswavleebi, romlebic SekiTxvebs wignSi ganmartebuli cnebebis mixedviT dasvamen,<br />
ufro momzadebulebi iqnebian axal informaciasTan da axal problemebTan<br />
samuSaod (mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ganaTleba). cnebebze dafuZnebuli swavleba<br />
moswavleebs Semdgomi akademiuri ganaTlebisTvisac amzadebs, roca maT konkretuli<br />
Teoriebis ganviTareba unda SeZlon, romlebic axal cnebebs Cauyrian safuZvels.<br />
rogor esmiT da rogor iyeneben moswavleebi axal cnebebs<br />
swavla da msjeloba konkretulis abstraqtulTan dakavSirebas gulisxmobs.<br />
cnebebi analizisa da msjelobis abstraqtul, ganzogadebul Sedegs warmoadgenen.<br />
moswavlem cneba SeiZleba ori midgomis gamoyenebiT gaiazros. esenia: deduqcia<br />
da induqcia. deduqciuli midgoma iwyeba cnebiT, romelsac moswavle leqciidan<br />
an teqstidan iRebs da mas konkretul problemas usadagebs. induqciuri midgoma<br />
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT viTardeba _ iwyeba konkretuliT da bolovdeba abstraqtuliT.<br />
mkiTxveli dainaxavs, rom winamdebare wignis avtorebi, ZiriTadad, induqciur<br />
midgomas iyeneben.<br />
am wignSi ZiriTadi cnebebis axsna konkretuli magaliTebiT iwyeba. roca moswavleebi<br />
magaliTebs ganixilaven, isini kiTxuloben, Tu ra cneba akavSirebs da ganazogadebs<br />
am magaliTebs. maswavleblis gadasawyvetia, ra dros miawodos moswavleebs<br />
axali cneba.<br />
cnebebi masalis gaazrebis saSualebebs warmoadgenen. rac ufro xSirad iyenebs<br />
moswavle ama Tu im cnebas, miT ufro ukeTesad swvdeba mis Sinaarss da ukeTesad<br />
ukavSirebs mocemul cnebas sxva cnebebsa da magaliTebs. imis nacvlad, rom,<br />
ubralod, axali faqtebi daiswavlon, moswavleebs SeuZliaT, axali masala garkveul<br />
cnebebsa da CarCoebs daukavSiron.<br />
11
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
rogor SeiZleba movargoT es wigni konkretuli moswavlis/<br />
qveynis moTxovnebsa da interesebs<br />
TiToeuli Tavi konkretulidan abstraqtulisaken viTardeba. moswavleebsa<br />
da maswavleblebs wigni swavlisa da swavlebis sxvadasxva saSualebas sTavazobs.<br />
wignSi moyvanili masalis praqtikuli gamoyeneba ukve zogadis konkretizacias gulisxmobs;<br />
process, romelic mTlianad maswavlebelsa da moswavleebzea mindobili.<br />
wignis praqtikaSi danergvis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia moswavleTa swavlis saWiroebebi<br />
da interesebi, mocemuli qveynis ganaTlebis sistemis instituciuri mowyobis<br />
Taviseburebebi da saganmanaTleblo tradiciebi.<br />
wignis sxvadasxva Tavi politikur wignierebas, unarebis ganviTarebasa da damokidebulebebis<br />
Camoyalibebas exeba. magaliTebi, romlebic wignSia warmodgenili, romelime<br />
konkretuli qveynis realobas an romelime konkretul dros ar ukavSirdeba.<br />
ufro metic, xSirad waawydebiT rCevas, rom moswavlem an maswavlebelma misi qveynis<br />
konteqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli magaliTebi unda moiZios. vTxovT redaqtorebsa da<br />
mTargmnelebs, gaiTvaliswinon Cveni es Canafiqri. TiToeuli qveyana Tavad aviTarebs<br />
demokratiis miseul tradiciebs, romlebic saxelmwifos kulturuli da socialur<br />
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis tradiciac TiToeuli qveynisaTvis gansxvavebulad<br />
ganviTardeba. am or TemasTan dakavSirebuli saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis ganmapirobebeli<br />
faqtorebi iqneba: ganaTlebis sistemis maxasiaTeblebi, politikuri sistemis<br />
instituciuri CarCoebi, politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Taviseburebebi.<br />
romel ZiriTad cnebebs moicavs es wigni<br />
moyvanili diagrama gviCvenebs im ZiriTad<br />
cnebebs, romlebic am wignis cxra TavSia mocemuli.<br />
demokratia diagramis centrSia da mianiSnebs<br />
imaze, rom es cneba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa<br />
da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
swavlebis yvela konteqstSi gvxvdeba. aqtiuri<br />
moqalaqeebis demokratiul procesebSi<br />
monawileoba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis<br />
ganaTlebisa da adamianis uflebebis<br />
Sesaxeb swavlebis ZiriTadi mizania; es<br />
cnebebic naTladaa gamoyofili.<br />
Semdegi wre moicavs demokratiis sam<br />
ganmsazRvrel komponents: uflebebi, pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
da samarTlianoba. es sami<br />
cneba urTierTdamokidebulia da warmatebuli<br />
demokratiis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.<br />
moqalaqeebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba,<br />
isargeblon sakuTari uflebebiT da<br />
monawileoba miiRon sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis procesSi. saubaria iseT<br />
uflebebze, rogorebicaa: xmis micemis, azris<br />
gamoxatvis, presis Tavisuflebis, kanonTan<br />
Tanasworobis da umravlesobis mier gadawdemokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTlebisa<br />
da adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb swavlebis<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebis diagrama<br />
garemosdacviTi<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
wesebi/<br />
kanonebi<br />
politikuri<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
pirovneba/<br />
Temi<br />
uflebebi<br />
moraluri<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
Zalaufleba/<br />
avtoriteti<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
demokratia<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
TanamSromloba/<br />
konfliqti<br />
iuridiuli<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
mizani<br />
monawileoba/<br />
aqtiuri moqalaqeebi<br />
socialuri<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
Tanaswo<br />
roba/<br />
mravalferovneba<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
12
wignSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
yvetilebis miRebis uflebebi. demokratia konkurencias gulisxmobs. xarisxiani saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis simwiridan gamomdinare, konkurencia arsebobs interesebs, ideebsa<br />
da Rirebulebebs Soris. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis<br />
procesze zegavlenis SesaZleblobebi araTanabaria; sazogadoebaSi, zogadad, araTanabradaa<br />
gadanawilebuli resursebi, romlebic adamianTa keTildReobas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis gamosworeba politikuri sakiTxia (socialuri<br />
samarTlianoba). moqalaqeebs unda SeeZloT TavianT uflebaTa gamoyeneba sakuTari<br />
interesebis dasacavad, magram Temi ver gadarCeba, Tu mis wevrebs ar aqvT gaazrebuli<br />
erTmaneTisa da zogad interesebze zrunvis aucilebloba (pasuxismgebloba). es diagrama<br />
cxadyofs, rom cnebebi damoukideblad ki ar arseboben, aramed erTmaneTTan arian<br />
dakavSirebuli; cnebaTa makavSireblebs ki saTanado gaazreba da dabalanseba sWirdeba.<br />
cnebebi, romlebic gare wreSia moqceuli, ZiriTad cnebebsa da erTmaneTs sxvadasxvanairad<br />
miemarTeba.<br />
isrebi ki im sferoebze mianiSneben, romlebze muSaobis drosac am cnebebis<br />
gamoyeneba SeiZleba. es sferoebia: moraluri, socialuri, ekonomikuri, iuridiuli,<br />
politikuri da garemosdacviTi.<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb: ZiriTadi cnebebi da swavlis ganzomilebebi<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba swavlis ganzomilebebs. rogorc SesavalSi<br />
aRiniSna, swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlis<br />
procesis integracias sam ganzomilebaSi axdens. qvemoT warmodgenili cxrili<br />
aCvenebs, Tu ra principiT gavaerTianeT Tavebi nawilebad da rogor dagvexmareba<br />
wignSi warmodgenili Tavebi demokratiis Sesaxeb, demokratiisaTvis swavlaSi iseve,<br />
rogorc yoveldRiuri saskolo gamocdilebis demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa<br />
gaazrebis saSualebad qcevaSi. wignSi warmodgenili masala oTx nawilad iyofa, esenia:<br />
pirovneba da Temi, pasuxismgeblobis aReba, monawileoba da Zalaufleba da<br />
uflebamosileba. am nawilebSi gaerTianebuli Tavebi mTlian kurss qmnian. pirveli<br />
nawili pirovnebis cnebiT iwyeba, rac Temis cnebis ganxilvaze gadadis da Semdeg<br />
sakiTxebs moicavs: socialuri TanamSromloba, stereotipebi, mravalferovneba da<br />
pluralizmi, pluralizmi da konfliqti. meore nawili TemSi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
ganawilebas ukavSirdeba. mesame nawilis meSvide Tavi (gazeTis gamocema) damoukidebelia.<br />
es Tavi yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba TemSi aqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs.<br />
meoTxe Tavi kanondeblobisa da politikis sakiTxebs exeba, rogorc zogadad, ise<br />
moswavleTa parlamentis doneze.<br />
Tavi saxelwodeba ZiriTadi<br />
cneba<br />
demokratia, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis<br />
saSualeba, swavleba demokratiis Sesaxeb, swavleba<br />
demokratiisaTvis<br />
demokratiis<br />
Sesaxeb swavleba<br />
demokratia _ adamianis<br />
uflebaTa gaazrebis<br />
saSualeba<br />
demokratiisaTvis<br />
swavleba<br />
pirveli nawili: pirovneba da Temi<br />
1 stereotipebi da<br />
crurwmenebi:<br />
ra aris TviTmyofadoba<br />
rogor<br />
aRviqvam sxvebs da<br />
rogor aRmiqvamen<br />
isini<br />
pirovneba<br />
da Temi<br />
TviTmyofadoba<br />
stereotipebi,<br />
crurwmenebi,<br />
pirovnuloba<br />
da jgufuroba<br />
sxvadasxva midgomis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
stereotipebisa<br />
da<br />
crurwmenebis<br />
Secnoba da<br />
ganxilva<br />
13
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi saxelwodeba ZiriTadi<br />
cneba<br />
2 Tanasworoba:<br />
Tqven Cemze meti<br />
uflebebi gaqvT<br />
demokratia, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis<br />
saSualeba, swavleba demokratiis Sesaxeb, swavleba<br />
demokratiisaTvis<br />
demokratiis<br />
Sesaxeb swavleba<br />
demokratiisaTvis<br />
swavleba<br />
Tanasworoba<br />
diskriminacia<br />
socialuri<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
diskriminacia<br />
sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tanasworoba,<br />
rogorc<br />
adamianis<br />
ufleba<br />
demokratia _ adamianis<br />
uflebaTa gaazrebis<br />
saSualeba<br />
gansxvavebebisa da<br />
msgavsebebis dafaseba<br />
diskriminaciis<br />
msxverplTa midgomis<br />
gaziareba<br />
diskriminaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli<br />
situaciebis<br />
analizi<br />
moraluri<br />
midgoma<br />
3 mravalferovneba<br />
da pluralizmi.<br />
rogor SeiZleba<br />
adamianebma er-<br />
Tad, mSvidobianad<br />
icxovron<br />
mravalferovneba<br />
pluralizmi<br />
demokratia<br />
plura lizmi<br />
da misi<br />
CarCoebi<br />
Tanabar uflebi<br />
anoba da<br />
ganaTleba<br />
daucvelTa<br />
interesebis<br />
dacva<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
konvenciebis<br />
saSualebiT<br />
Semwynarebloba<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba<br />
problemebze,<br />
da ara<br />
pirovnebebze<br />
demokratiuli<br />
diskusia<br />
debatebi<br />
molaparakeba<br />
4 konfliqti.<br />
rogor viqceviT,<br />
roca ar veTanxmebiT<br />
konfliqti<br />
mSvidoba<br />
konfliqtis<br />
mogvarebis<br />
cnebebi _<br />
`mogebamogeba~<br />
ara Zaladobas<br />
konfliqtebis<br />
mogvarebis<br />
eqvssafexuriani<br />
modeli<br />
survilebi,<br />
saWiroebebi<br />
da kompromisebi<br />
meore nawili: pasuxismgeblobis aReba<br />
5 uflebebi,<br />
Tavisuflebebi da<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi.<br />
ra uflebebi<br />
gvaqvs da rogor<br />
xdeba am uflebaTa<br />
dacva<br />
uflebebi<br />
Tavisuflebebi<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
pirveladi<br />
saWiroebebi<br />
survilebi<br />
adamianuri<br />
Rirseba<br />
piradi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gacnobiereba<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevebis<br />
identifikacia<br />
da ganxilva<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
da<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
dacva<br />
14
wignSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
Tavi saxelwodeba ZiriTadi<br />
cneba<br />
mesame nawili: monawileoba<br />
7 saskolo gazeTi.<br />
rogor iqmneba media<br />
demokratia<br />
sazogadoebivi<br />
azri<br />
demokratia, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis<br />
saSualeba, swavleba demokratiis Sesaxeb, swavleba<br />
demokratiisaTvis<br />
demokratiis<br />
Sesaxeb swavleba<br />
6 pasuxismgebloba.<br />
ra pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
gvakisria<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
iuridiuli,<br />
socialuri<br />
da<br />
moraluri<br />
pasxismgeblobebi<br />
arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis<br />
roli samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebaSi<br />
beWdviTi<br />
mediis saSualebebi<br />
axali ambebis<br />
ganyofilebis<br />
daniSnuleba<br />
meoTxe nawili: Zalaufleba da uflebamosileba<br />
8 wesebi da kanoni.<br />
ra tipis wesebi<br />
sWirdeba sazogadoebas<br />
wesebi da<br />
kanoni<br />
kanonis<br />
uzenaesoba<br />
kanonis<br />
daniSnuleba<br />
samoqalaqo<br />
samarTali<br />
da sisxlis<br />
samarTali<br />
kanonebi axalgazrdebisaTvis<br />
demokratia _ adamianis<br />
uflebaTa gaazrebis<br />
saSualeba<br />
moraluri midgoma<br />
dilemidan<br />
gamosavlis povna<br />
(pasuxismgeblobaTa<br />
konfliqti)<br />
informaciisa<br />
da gamoxatvis<br />
Tavisufleba<br />
dagegmareba<br />
erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miReba<br />
samarTliani<br />
kanonebis identifikacia<br />
demokratiisaTvis<br />
swavleba<br />
pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
aReba<br />
konkretul<br />
proeqtTan<br />
dakavSirebiT<br />
pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
aReba<br />
kanonis<br />
pativiscema<br />
kargi<br />
kanonis kriteriumebi<br />
9 mTavroba da<br />
politika. rogori<br />
unda iyos qveynis<br />
mmarTveloba<br />
politika<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
da<br />
uflebamosileba<br />
demokratia<br />
sazogadoebis<br />
marTvis<br />
formebi<br />
(demokratia,<br />
monarqia,<br />
diqtatura,<br />
Teokratia,<br />
anarqia)<br />
mTavrobis<br />
masuxismgeblobebi<br />
azrisa da<br />
gamoxatvis<br />
Tavisufleba<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovneba<br />
debatebi<br />
wignis Tavebis ZiriTadi cnebebis mixedviT dalageba maswavlebels met<br />
SesaZleblobebs aZlevs gakveTilis dagegmvisas. moswavleebis mier dasmuli<br />
SekiTxvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia, Semdeg TavSi mocemuli sakiTx-<br />
15
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
ebisadmi midgomebi Secvalos. aseTi moqniloba xels uwyobs moswavleTa saswavlo<br />
saWiroebebis ukeT dakmayofilebas.<br />
rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, am wignSi yvela Tavi induqciur meTods mihyveba. swavlis<br />
meore ganzomilebas (demokratiuli Rirebulebebisa da midgomebis ganviTareba)<br />
eZRvneba meore Tavi _ pasuxismgeblobis aReba. Rirebulebis ganzomileba yvela<br />
TavSi gvxvdeba, rogorc svetSi `demokratia _ adamianis uflebaTa gaazrebis saSualeba~<br />
vxedavT. demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis<br />
mesame ganzomileba (monawileoba TemSi _ swavla demokratiisa da adamianis<br />
uflebebisaTvis) aseve yvela TavSia ganxiluli; swavlis am mesame ganzomilebaze<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mexuTe TavSia gamaxvilebuli.<br />
gakveTilis gegmebi moicavs informacias konceptualur swavlaze. TiToeuli<br />
Tavis am nawilSi ganmartebulia ZiriTadi cnebebi da, aseve, is cnebebi, romlebic<br />
mocemuli gakveTilis gaazrebisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani.<br />
cnebebis mozaika: konstruqtivistuli swavlis modeli<br />
mTavroba da<br />
politika<br />
pirovnuloba<br />
wesebi da kanonebi<br />
sainformacio<br />
saSualebebi<br />
konfliqti<br />
uflebebi da<br />
Tavisuflebebi<br />
mravalferovneba<br />
da pluralizmi<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
Tanasworoba<br />
16
wignSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
cnebebis es mozaika mTel wigns laitmotivad gasdevs; is yvela Tavis sawyis gverdzea.<br />
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi mozaikis is nawilia gamokveTili, romelsac am TavSi ganviTarebuli<br />
ZiriTadi cneba ukavSirdeba. sruli mozaika zemoTwarmodgenili cxra<br />
ilustraciisagan Sedgeba da misi wakiTxva sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba.<br />
TiToeul mozaikaSi teqsti im cnebaze migviTiTebs, romelic ilustratorma<br />
grafikulad gamoxata. cxra nawilis dakavSireba imaze mianiSnebs, rom es cnebebi<br />
mravalmxrivaa urTierTdakavSirebuli da erT mTels qmnian.<br />
mozaika iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom cnebaTa erToba aris sruli da arc<br />
erTis gamotoveba, an damateba ar SeiZleba.<br />
es cxra cneba ar qmnis Teoriis an gaazrebis Caketil sistemas. isini imitom<br />
SevarCieT, rom gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia. sxva cnebebic saintereso<br />
iqneboda, magaliTad, fuli, Zalaufleba da ideologia. mocemuli wigni sxvadasxva<br />
masalis erTobliobas ufro emsgavseba, vidre erT Teorias, romelic praqtikaSi<br />
unda dainergos. Sesabamisad, yvelanairi adaptacia da damateba misasalmebelia.<br />
am mozaikas SeiZleba SevxedoT, rogorc moswavlis mier mniSvnelobis Camoyalibebis<br />
process. mniSvnelobis Zieba swavlis procesisadmi konstruqtivistul<br />
midgomas warmoadgens. moswavle axali informacias im codnas ukavSirebs, romelsac<br />
is ukve flobs. mniSvnelobis Ziebis procesSi moswavleebi demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa<br />
da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebis ZiriTad cnebebs erTmaneTs ukavSireben.<br />
am dros gonebaSi sakuTar mozaikas qmnian, sxvadasxva urTierTkavSiriTa da<br />
Semadgeneli elementebis gansxvavebuli ganlagebiT. moswavleebs, SesaZloa, daebadoT<br />
SekiTxvebi, romlebic wignSi mocemul cnebebs scildeba. maT mier `awyobili~<br />
mozaikebi gansxvavebuli iqneba zemoT mocemuli mozaikisagan. moswavleebs unda<br />
mieceT SesaZlebloba, rom mozaikebi klasSi erTmaneTs warmoudginon. saWiroebisamebr,<br />
moswavlem an/da maswavlebelma mozaikis elementebis ganlagebaSi cvlilebebi<br />
unda Seitanon (dekonstruqcia).<br />
roca maswavlebeli am wignis daxmarebiT gakveTils amzadebs, mas ukve unda<br />
hqondes garkveuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba es cnebebi erTmaneTs<br />
da rogor unda/SeuZliaT gaigon es cnebebi moswavleebma.<br />
grafikuli gamosaxuleba SeiZleba ufro mravlismetyveli aRmoCndes, vidre asobiT<br />
sityva. Sesabamisad, es mozaika naTel informacias awvdis mkiTxvels wignSi ganxiluli<br />
cnebebis, didaqtikuri variantebisa da konstruqtivistuli swavlebis Sesaxeb.<br />
grafikuli gamosaxvis saSualebebi aqtiur mkiTxvels<br />
nawarmoebis azris wvdomaSi exmareba (metarefleqsia)<br />
es Tavi abstraqtul ideas exeboda _ cnebebs. rogorc wesi, avtorisaTvis rTulia<br />
cnebebis Sesaxeb garkveviT wera, mkiTxvelisaTvis ki arc Tu ise advilia abstraqtuli<br />
ideis wvdoma. urTierToba avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris SeiZleba maswavleblisa<br />
da moswavleebis urTierTobas SevadaroT. am sakiTxs SeiZleba induqciurad mivudgeT<br />
da mkiTxvelisa da avtoris urTierTobis ganzogadeba movaxdinoT.<br />
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom teqstis gacnobamde mkiTxveli suraTebsa da diagramebs<br />
aTvalierebs. suraTis gamomsaxveloba damokidebulia mis esTeturobaze da informaciulobaze.<br />
grafikuli masalis uaryofiTi mxare isaa, rom informaciis araverbaluri<br />
formiT gadacema xdeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa, mkiTxvels araswori<br />
warmodgena Seuqmnas avtoris saTqmelze, mis realur Canafiqrze.<br />
avtoris, mkiTxvelisa da avtoris saTqmelis urTierTqmedeba samkuTxediT<br />
SeiZleba gamovsaxoT. es imas niSnavs, rom avtori srulad ver akontrolebs imas, Tu<br />
rogor aRiqvams mis saTqmels mkiTxveli. analogiurad, maswavlebels ar SeuZlia,<br />
winaswar gansazRvros axsnili masalidan ras daimaxsovrebs, an daiviwyebs moswavle.<br />
17
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
avtori<br />
mkiTxveli<br />
maswavlebeli<br />
avtoris saTqmeli<br />
moswavle<br />
swavlis sagani<br />
didaqtikuri samkuTxediT gamoxatuli modeli saSualebas iZleva, avtorsa da<br />
mkiTxvels Soris komunikaciis struqtura SevadaroT maswavlebelsa da moswavles<br />
Soris komunikacias. arsebobs rogorc struqturuli analogiebi, ise mniSvnelovani<br />
gansxvavebebi.<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi urTierToba samkuTxedis princips efuZneba, rac imas niSnavs,<br />
rom samidan arc erTi elementi ar dominirebs. avtorebi mkiTxvelTan komunikacias<br />
wignis saSualebiT amyareben. es, Cveulebriv, calmxrivi komunikaciaa. avtori<br />
da mkiTxveli TiTqmis arasodes xvdebian erTmaneTs pirispir; avtori iSviaTad<br />
iRebs mkiTxvelisagan komentarebs mis naSromTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, avtors<br />
TiTqmis ar SeuZlia, gaakontrolos mkiTxvelis gonebaSi Camoyalibebuli mosazrebebi<br />
avtoris namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
analogiurad, maswavlebeli srulad ver akontrolebs klasSi moswavlis swavlis<br />
process. skolaSi aqtiuri komunikaciis SesaZlebloba aadvilebs moswavlesa<br />
da maswavlebels Soris azrebisa da komentarebis gacvlis process. aseve, swavlebis<br />
procesSi maswavleblis pirovneba yvelaze mniSvnelovania.<br />
roca mkiTxveli grafikul gamosaxulebas uyurebs, is gonebaSi garkveul saxeebs<br />
qmnis da uCndeba molodini avtoris saTqmelTan dakavSirebiT. nawarmoebis gacnobis<br />
Semdeg, mkiTxvelma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom misi molodini swori iyo; SesaZloa, is<br />
mixvdes, rom misi varaudebis garkveuli nawili arazusti iyo. grafikuli gamosaxulebebi<br />
xels uwyoben dialogis process avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris, im dialogis,<br />
romelic, arsebiTad, mkiTxvelis gonebaSi mimdinareobs. grafikuli gamosaxulebis<br />
teqstTan Serwyma aucilebelia aqtiuri mkiTxvelisa da moazrovnisaTvis.<br />
grafikuli gamosaxulebis wakiTxvis unari Tanamedrove, e. w. informaciul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania. Sesabamisad, vurCevT maswavleblebs, zemoT<br />
moyvanili mozaika moswavleebs gauziaron. moswavleebs mozaika SeiZleba am wignis<br />
gamoyenebiT Seqmnili axali saswavlo gegmis gacnobisas, an saswavlo wlis bolos,<br />
Sejamebis dros vaCvenoT. SeiZleba vTxovoT maT, rom es mozaika cxra nawilad daSalon<br />
da, sakuTari Sexedulebebis mixedviT, Tavidan aawyon. mozaikis sxvadasxva versiis<br />
urTierTgaziareba moswavleebs cnebebis sxvadasxva kombinaciaze daafiqrebs. aseTi<br />
diskusiebi maT imis gaazrebaSi daexmareba, rom azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba<br />
ara mxolod gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis demokratiul process axlavs Tan, aramed<br />
swavlis procesis damaxasiaTebelicaa.<br />
18
pirveli nawili _ pirovneba da Temi<br />
Tavi 1.<br />
stereotipebi da crurwmenebi: ra aris TviTmyofadoba<br />
rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini<br />
Tavi 2.<br />
Tanasworoba: Tqven Cemze meti uflebebi gaqvT<br />
Tavi 3.<br />
mravalferovneba da pluralizmi.<br />
rogor SeiZleba adamianebma erTad, mSvidobianad icxovron<br />
Tavi 4.<br />
konfliqti. rogor viqceviT, roca ar veTanxmebiT
Tavi 1<br />
stereotipebi da crurwmenebi:<br />
ra aris TviTmyofadoba<br />
rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da<br />
rogor aRmiqvamen isini<br />
1.1 rogor xedaven pirovnebas sxvebi...<br />
pirovneba ufro mravalmxrivia, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans<br />
1.2 rogor SeiZleba davaxasiaToT pirovneba gansxvavebulad...<br />
rogor SevqmnaT pirovnebis ukeTesi portreti<br />
1.3 stereotipebi da crurwmenebi<br />
Cveni mosazrebebi sxva adamianebis, jgufebisa da qveynebis Sesaxeb<br />
1.4 stereotipebi Cem Sesaxeb!<br />
rogor vxedav Cems Tavs da rogor aRmiqvamen sxvebi
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 1. stereotipebi da crurwmenebi<br />
ra aris TviTmyofadoba<br />
rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini<br />
vin var sinamdvileSi moswavleebi yoveldRiurad iReben informacias sxvadasxva<br />
Rirebulebisa da cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom sakuTari adgili ipovon,<br />
maT sWirdebaT arCevanis gakeTebis unaris ganviTareba. ra SemiZlia gavakeTo risi<br />
gakeTeba ar SeiZleba ra aris swori da ra aris araswori bavSvebi da mozardebi male<br />
xvdebian, rom am SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema xSirad rTulia. rac, erT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SeiZleba swori iyos, sxva SemTxvevaSi araswori aRmoCndeba. rogor SeiZleba miviRo<br />
gadawyvetileba ra saxelmZRvanelo principebs unda gavyve<br />
adamianis dakvalianebis saukeTeso saSualebebia qveynis konstitucia da midgomebi<br />
adamianis uflebebisadmi; orive gamoxatavs, Tu ramdenad pluralistulia sazogadoebis<br />
Rirebulebebi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani principi piradi Tavisuflebaa,<br />
rac TiToeul adamians aZlevs pirovnuli ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. piradi<br />
Tavisuflebis urTierTSemwynareblobisa da pasuxismgeblobis principebze dafuZneba<br />
sasargebloa rogorc TemisaTvis, romelSic es adamiani cxovrobs, ise, zogadad,<br />
kacobriobisaTvis. SeiZleba gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi da midgomebi gvqondes. mTavaria,<br />
uTanxmoebebis mSvidobiani ganxilvis wesebze vTanxmdebodeT.<br />
bavSvebsa da mozardebs unda esmodeT, rom zrdasrulebsac uwevT problemebTan<br />
Widili. aseve, unda iazrebdnen, rom maswavlebeli ar aris absoluturi WeSmaritebis<br />
gansaxiereba, isic uSvebs Secdomebs da isic swavlobs miRebuli gamocdilebidan.<br />
am TavSi pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze iqneba msjeloba. aseve, SevexebiT sakiTxebs,<br />
romlebic ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xdeba sakuTari Tavisa da sazogadoebis sxva<br />
wevrebis aRqma. moswavleebma unda gaiazron, rom maTi pirovneba mxolod maT mier ar<br />
yalibdeba; pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili Seaqvs adamianis urTierTobebs<br />
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan. pirovnulobas gansazRvravs adamianebs Soris ganmasxvavebeli<br />
niSnebi da adamianis survili, rom miekuTvnebodes garkveul TanamoazreTa/<br />
TanatolTa jgufs. axalgazrdebi ukeTesad Caswvdebian sakuTar pirovnebas, Tu<br />
gaaanalizeben im grZnobebsa da saWiroebebs, romelic maT amoZravebT; dafiqrdebian<br />
pirovnuli ganviTarebis gzebsa da samomavlo miznebze. axalgazrdebma yovelTvis<br />
aqtiuri, konstruqciuli monawileoba unda miiRon socialur interaqciaSi.<br />
im qveynis socialuri da politikuri istoria, romelSic adamiani cxovrobs, did<br />
zegavlenas axdens adamianis yofaze. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs am gavlenis arsi esmodeT,<br />
isini mudmivad unda agrovebdnen informacias mimdinare movlenebze da ganixilavdnen<br />
mas. aseTi ganxilvebis Sedegad, maT sakuTari azri CamouyalibdebaT da sxvisi<br />
mosmenis kulturas SeiZenen. moswavleebma yuradReba unda miaqcion Sexedulebebs,<br />
crurwmenebsa da stereotipebs, rac sazogadoebrivi azris nawils warmoadgens. Tu<br />
adamiani aseT detalebs ver cnobs, mas gauWirdeba sazogadoebrivi azris kritikulad<br />
gaazreba, sakuTari Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba da, saWiroebisamebr, Secvla.<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis da adamianis uflebebi<br />
gakveTilTa es seria daexmareba moswavleebs imis gaazrebaSi, rom:<br />
_ arsebobs stereotipebTan da crurwmenebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi;<br />
_ Cven adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs yovelTvis garkveul Tvisebebs mivawerT;<br />
_ adamianebisaTvis garkveuli Tvisebebis miweriT vcdilobT, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />
sirTuleebs gavumklavdeT;<br />
_ Tvisebebis miwera SeiZleba mavne da arasamarTliani iyos;<br />
_ Tvisebebis miwera xels uwyobs individualuri da jgufuri TviTmyofadobis Camoyalibebas;<br />
_ TviTmyofadoba rTuli fenomenia da imas niSnavs, rom TiToeul adamians unda mivudgeT,<br />
gavicnoT da aRvweroT gansxvavebulad.<br />
22
Tavi 1. pirovnuloba<br />
Tavi 1. stereotipebi da crurwmenebi<br />
ra aris TviTmyofadoba<br />
rogor aRviqvam sxvebs da rogor aRmiqvamen isini<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
swavlis mizani<br />
moswavlis<br />
davaleba<br />
saWiro masala<br />
moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
rogor<br />
aRiqvamen<br />
adamians<br />
sxvebi<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
rogori gansxvavebuli<br />
SeiZleba iyos<br />
erTi da imave<br />
adamianis<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
aRwera<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
stereotipebi<br />
da<br />
crurwmenebi<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
stereotipebi<br />
Cem Sesaxeb!<br />
moswavleebs gaazrebuli<br />
aqvT, rom midgomebi<br />
SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari<br />
iyos; maT SeuZliaT arCevanis<br />
gakeTeba.<br />
moswavleebs esmiT, rom<br />
SeiZleba sxvadasxva daxasiaTeba<br />
erT pirovnebas<br />
ukavSirdebodes<br />
moswavleebs esmiT,<br />
rogor ukavSirdeba<br />
crurwmenebi da stereotipebi<br />
erTmaneTs. aseve,<br />
maT gaazrebuli aqvT,<br />
rom stereotipebisa da<br />
crurwmenebis gamoyenebam<br />
SeiZleba araswori,<br />
zedmetad gamartivebuli<br />
Sexedulebebi Segviqmnas<br />
adamianebze, adamianTa<br />
jgufebsa da qveynebzec<br />
ki.<br />
moswavleebi aanalizeben<br />
imas, Tu rogor aRiqvamen<br />
maT sxvebi da amas iReben,<br />
rogorc realobas.<br />
moswavleebi ukeT iazreben,<br />
rogor aRiqvamen maT<br />
da am aRqmaze uCndebaT<br />
reaqcia.<br />
moswavleebs rolebs<br />
vunawilebT<br />
da vTxovT,<br />
rolidan gamomdinare,<br />
sakuTari<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
Camoayalibon.<br />
isini varjiSoben<br />
sxvadasxva midgomis<br />
SemuSavebaze.<br />
moswavleebi scenebs<br />
gaiTamaSeben<br />
da werilobiT<br />
naSroms warmoadgenen.<br />
ganixilaven<br />
dadgmebs, romlebic<br />
naxes.<br />
moswavleebi aanalizeben<br />
sakuTar<br />
Sexedulebebs sxva<br />
adamianebze da<br />
am Sexedulebebs<br />
jgufebSi ganixilaven.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
aRweren sakuTar<br />
Tavs da danar-<br />
Cen moswavleebs.<br />
aRweris Sedegebs<br />
isini erTmaneTs<br />
uziareben, adareben<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
midgomas.<br />
rolebis aRwerebi,<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao<br />
furceli 1.1<br />
(jgufebi 1-3),<br />
didi zomis<br />
furclebi,<br />
markerebi.<br />
pirveli<br />
gakveTilis<br />
Sedegebi meore<br />
gakveTilis<br />
ZiriTad<br />
masalas warmoadgens.<br />
moswavleebs<br />
esmiT, rom maTi<br />
monawileobisa<br />
da wvlilis<br />
gareSe mecadineoba<br />
ver gagr-<br />
Zeldeba.<br />
furclebi da<br />
markerebi.<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli<br />
1.2<br />
jgufuri<br />
muSaoba<br />
rolebis<br />
gaTamaSeba,<br />
prezentaciebi<br />
da<br />
diskusia<br />
jgufuri<br />
muSaoba,<br />
diskusia<br />
wyvilebSi<br />
muSaoba,<br />
diskusia<br />
23
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
rogor xedaven pirovnebas sxvebi<br />
pirovneba ufro mravalmxrivia, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs gaazrebuli aqvT, rom SeiZleba midgomebi sxvadasxvagvari<br />
iyos; maT SeuZliaT arCevanis gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebs rolebs vunawilebT da vTxovT, rolidan gamomdinare,<br />
sakuTari Sexedulebebi Camoayalibon. isini varjiSoben sxvadasxva midgomis SemuSavebaze.<br />
saWiro masala _ rolebis aRwerebi, moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.1 (jgufebi 1-3), didi<br />
zomis furclebi, markerebi.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba<br />
gakveTili<br />
moswavleebi sam jgufad nawildebian. maT urigeben moswavlis samuSao furcel<br />
1.1-s (sami sxvadasxva versia sami jgufisaTvis), didi zomis furclebsa da markerebs.<br />
Tu klasSi bevri moswavlea, SeiZleba meti jgufi SevqmnaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavlebels<br />
mouwevs samuSao furcelebis damatebiTi versiebis momzadeba, an ramdenime<br />
jgufisaTvis erTi da imave scenaris micema.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs uyveba biWis Sesaxeb, romelmac sacxovrebeli adgili<br />
Seicvala da cdilobs, axal garemos moergos. biWi yoveldRiuri Canawerebis dRiurs<br />
awarmoebs. moswavleTa TiToeul jgufs dRiurSi gakeTebuli Canawerebis sxvadasxva<br />
amonaridi Sexvda.<br />
saWiro informacia maswavleblebisaTvis<br />
mTliani teqsti:<br />
`es Cemi pirveli dRea axal klasSi. Cemi ojaxi sxva regionidan Camovida da jer kidev<br />
ucxod vgrZnob Tavs. bolo ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi bevri ram gadamxda da Sen, Cemo<br />
dRiuro, am ambebs gagiziareb.<br />
Cveni axali bina mdinaris pirasaa. erT-erTi Cemi klaseli biWi Cems mezoblad cxovrobs.<br />
sami dRis gadmosulebi viyaviT binaSi, roca am biWma saTevzaod wasvla SemomTavaza.<br />
me uari vuTxari, radgan Cemi ankesi jer kidev romeliRac yuTSi devs. jer xom nivTebis<br />
amolageba ar dagvisrulebia.<br />
Cveni skolis win didi safexburTo moedania. Zalian mixaria, radgan fexburTis TamaSi<br />
miyvars. movitane Cemi burTi da TamaSs vapirebdi. daviwye Tu ara TamaSi, skolis darajma<br />
SemaCera. is gabrazebuli Canda da mkiTxa, SemeZlo Tu ara kiTxva - warwera yofila gakeTebuli,<br />
rom moedani droebiT daketili iyo wvimis Semdeg, raTa balaxi ar dazianebuliyo ise<br />
Sevwuxdi, rom usityvod saxlisaken wavedi.<br />
Cveni binis Tavze erTi moxucebuli kaci marto cxovrobs. guSin saxlSi rom movedi, sadarbazoSi<br />
Semosasvlel karTan Sevxvdi, sayidlebidan sursaTiT datvirTuli mosuliyo.<br />
mZimed sunTqavda. mominda davxmarebodi. gamovarTvi mZime CanTa da binamde avatanine”.<br />
sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis gankuTvnili samuSao furceli dRiuridan sxvadasxva<br />
amonarids Seicavs. jgufebi biWze im amonaridis mixedviT Seiqmnian warmodgenas,<br />
romelic maT SexvdebaT. TiToeuli jgufi biWs gansxvavebuli kuTxidan aRiqvams da<br />
swored am damokidebulebas gaiTamaSebs. jgufebi, pirvel rigSi, biWis maxasiaTebel<br />
24
Tavi 1. pirovnuloba<br />
zedsarTavebs warmoadgenen. diskusiis Sedegebs jgufidan erTi moswavle did furcelze<br />
iniSnavs Semdegi gakveTilisaTvis.<br />
jgufebi mokle gaTamaSebisaTvis emzadebian, romelmac biWisadmi maT damokidebuleba<br />
unda warmoadginos. rolebis gasaTamaSeblad, moswavleebisaTvis mosaxerxebeli<br />
iqneba garkveuli sivrcis arseboba _ sakonferencio oTaxi, darbazis sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxe an Ria cis qveS mowyobili saTamaSo moedani (Tu amindi amis saSualebas<br />
iZleva). gaTamaSebis mosawyobad, moswavleebs garkveuli dro dasWirdebaT. zogs<br />
gacilebiT uadvildeba saTqmelis gamoxatva gaTamaSebis formiT, vidre sityvebiT.<br />
gakveTilis bolos yvela jgufs unda hqondes biWis maxasiaTebeli zedsarTavebis<br />
nusxa da unda daasrulon gaTamaSebaze varjiSi.<br />
maswavlebeli agrovebs posterebs, romlebsac Semdegi gakveTilis dasawyisSi<br />
kvlav daurigebs moswavleebs da, moswavleebTan erTad, mokled ganixilavs Sedegebs.<br />
maswavlebeli dadebiTad afasebs moswavleebis muSaobas da momavali gakveTilis<br />
Temas acnobs klass.<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
rogor SeiZleba gansxvavebulad davaxasiaToT pirovneba...<br />
rogor SevqmnaT pirovnebis ukeTesi portreti<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs esmiT, rom sxvadasxva daxasiaTeba SeiZleba erT pirovnebas<br />
ukavSirdebodes.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi scenebs gaiTamaSeben da werilobiT naSroms<br />
warmoadgenen. ganixilaven dadgmebs, romlebic naxes.<br />
saWiro masala _ pirveli gakveTilis Sedegebi meore gakveTilis ZiriTad masalas<br />
warmoadgens. moswavleebs esmiT, rom maTi monawileobisa da wvlilis gareSe<br />
mecadineoba ver gagrZeldeba.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ rolebis gaTamaSeba, prezentaciebi da diskusia.<br />
gakveTili<br />
nawili 1<br />
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, Tu risi gakeTeba mouwevT gakveTilze; is<br />
klass 5 wuTs aZlevs, raTa moswavleebma gasaTamaSebeli scenebi gaimeoron. Semdeg<br />
imarTeba sxvadasxva jgufis warmodgenebi.<br />
scenis gaTamaSebis Tanmimdevroba Semdegia: jgufis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli<br />
kiTxulobs nawyvets dRiuridan, romelic mis jgufs Sexvda da warmoadgens maT<br />
mier CamoTvlil zedsarTavebs. amas mohyveba uSualod gaTamaSeba. sasurvelia, yvela<br />
jgufis gaTamaSeba erTmaneTs damatebiTi Sualeduri komentarebis gareSe mosdevdes.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ramdenime jgufs dRiuris erTi da igive amonaridi aqvs,<br />
maT, uSualod, erTmaneTis Semdeg unda gaiTamaSon scenebi.<br />
roca jgufebi warmodgenebs daamTavreben, maswavlebeli dadebiTad afasebs moswavleTa<br />
muSaobas da ajamebs am warmodgenebis mizans. Tu bavSvebi aseTi stiliT<br />
muSaobas miCveulebi arian, SeiZleba gakveTilis Semdeg etapze gadasvla. Tu moswavleTaTvis<br />
aseTi tipis muSaoba siaxles warmoadgens, maswavlebelma unda misces maT<br />
SesaZlebloba, ganixilon warmodgenili scenebi formisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT.<br />
25
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moswavleebma azrebis gamoxatvis procesi SeiZleba Semdeg SekiTxvebze pasuxebis<br />
ZiebiT warmarTon:<br />
_ rogori iyo jgufSi muSaoba<br />
_ rame axali gavige sakuTar Tavze<br />
_ rogor SevZeliT personaJebis realisturad warmodgena<br />
nawili 2<br />
gakveTilis meore nawilSi moswavleebi skamebs dafis garSemo naxevarwred, erT<br />
an or rigad alageben. dafaze maswavlebeli erTmaneTis gverdiT kidebs posterebs.<br />
ase xedaven biWs sxvebi:<br />
klaselebi maswavleblebi mezoblebi<br />
diskusis dros moswavleebma unda gaiazron, rom savsebiT bunebrivia, roca adamians<br />
adamianebi an adamianTa jgufebi sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvamen. maT unda gaigon,<br />
rom Sexedulebebi ar SeiZleba iyos `swori~ an `araswori~. Tu biWis srulyofilad<br />
aRwera gvsurs, ar SeiZleba mxolod erTi kuTxiT aRweriT SemovifargloT.<br />
Semdegi SekiTxvebi moswavleebs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi daexmareba:<br />
_ amdeni sxvadasxva midgoma dabneulobas xom ar iwvevs<br />
_ romeli aRwera Seesabameba sinamdviles<br />
_ realurad vin aris maqsi<br />
maswavlebeli icdis, sanam moswavleTa garkveuli raodenoba xels aswevs da<br />
Semdeg saSualebas aZlevs maT, gascen am SekiTxvebs pasuxebi. maswavlebeli pasuxebs<br />
dafaze an flipCartze 6 iniSnavs.<br />
ra SeiZleba vTqvaT biWze<br />
_ rogor SeiZleba is saTanadod davaxasiaToT<br />
_ winadadeba 1<br />
_ winadadeba 2<br />
_ winadadeba 3<br />
_ winadadeba 4<br />
_ winadadeba 5<br />
6 sakancelario nivTi, romelic Sedgeba specialur mobilur stendze Camokidebuli qaRaldebisagan.<br />
gamoiyeneba prezentaciisa da/an diskusiis dros leqciaze, gakveTilze, treningze da a.S. (mTargmnelis<br />
SeniSvna).<br />
26
Tavi 1. pirovnuloba<br />
gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli ajamebs moswavleTa Sexedulebebs, romlebic ori<br />
gakveTilis manZilze iqna gamoTqmuli. flipCartze ZiriTadi mosazrebebis CaniSvna<br />
sasargebloa, radgan SesaZlebeli iqneba am masalis gamoyeneba Semdeg gakveTilze.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi informacia:<br />
TviTmyofadoba<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis da adamianis uflebebi<br />
gakveTilTa es seria daexmareba moswavleebs imis gaazrebaSi, rom:<br />
_ pirovnebis TviTmyofadobas mravali mxare aqvs;<br />
_ sxvadasxva adamians (mezoblebs, megobrebs, maswavleblebsa da ucnobebs) erTsa da<br />
imave adamianzeSesaZloa gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi hqondeT;<br />
_ Tu gvinda, rom adamiani gavicnoT, sxvadasxva Sexedulebas unda movismunoT;<br />
_ .....<br />
_ .....<br />
gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gamoxaton mosazrebebi;<br />
maswavlebeli Tavs ikavebs moswavleTa SeniSvnebis komentirebaze.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mTeli klasisaTvis SekiTxvebis dasma ar aris sauke-<br />
Teso meTodi, radgan, rogorc wesi, kiTxvebs erTi da igive moswavleebi pasuxoben<br />
xolme. umjobesia samizne dafis meTodis gamoyeneba, rac swrafi da konkretuli komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. danarTSi es meTodi kargadaa aRwerili.<br />
maswavlebeli mokled mimoixilavs Semdeg or gakveTils, roca moswavleebi konkretul<br />
adamianebze ki ar imsjeleben, aramed adamianTa jgufebsa da qveynebze.<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
stereotipebi da crurwmenebi<br />
Cveni mosazrebebi sxva adamianebis, jgufebisa da qveynebis Sesaxeb<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs esmiT, rogor ukavSirdeba crurwmenebi da stereotipebi<br />
erTmaneTs. aseve, maT gaazrebuli aqvT, rom stereotipebisa da crurwmenebis gamoyenebam<br />
SeiZleba araswori, zedmetad gamartivebuli Sexedulebebi Segviqmnas adamianebze,<br />
adamianTa jgufebze da mTel qveynebzec ki.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi aanalizeben sakuTar Sexedulebebs sxva adamianebze da<br />
am Sexedulebebs jgufebSi ganixilaven.<br />
saWiro masala _ furclebi da markerebi.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba, diskusia<br />
gakveTili<br />
am gakveTilis mizania moswavleebisaTvis imis Cveneba, rom konkretul pirovnebas<br />
gansxvavebuliad aRviqvamT, vidre pirovnebaTa jgufs, an qveyanas.<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli mokled, leqciis formiT, esaubreba moswavleebs<br />
stereotipebsa da crurwmenebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze. wina ori<br />
gakveTilis gamocdilebis moSveliebiT, maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs, stereotipebsa<br />
da crurwmenebs Soris gansxvavebebis aRmoCenaSi. maswavlebels es ori cneba<br />
Semoaqvs wina gakveTilebze ganxiluli magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic axal<br />
27
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
sazogadoebaSi biWis damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba. maswavlebeli moswavleebs axsenebs,<br />
rom sxvadasxva adamiani gansxvavebulad aRiqvams am biWs. am Sexedulebebs maswavlebeli<br />
ganixilavs, rogorc crurwmenebs an stereotipebs (ixileT damxmare masala<br />
maswavlebilsaTvis am Tavis bolos, sadac mocemulia informacia aseTi mokle<br />
leqciisaTvis). Semdeg moswavleebi mcire zomis jgufebs qmnian da muSaoben iseTi<br />
socialuri jgufebis aRwerebze, rogorebicaa:<br />
_ gogonebi da biWebi;<br />
_ profesiebi;<br />
_ eTnikuri jgufebi;<br />
_ qveynebi;<br />
_ kontinentebi.<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebs ar movTxovoT sxvebisadmi maTi piradi damokidebulebis<br />
Camoyalibeba. umjobesia, maT imsjelon imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen,<br />
maTi azriT, mezoblebi, sazogadoeba, sainformacio saSualebebi im jgufebs, romlebic<br />
maT aRsawerad ergoT.<br />
maswavleblis mier gakveTilis dasawyisSi miwodebuli informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
moswavleebi cdiloben, crurwmenebi stereotipebisagan gaarCion.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, dafaze garkveuli miniSnebebi misces moswavleebs, romlebic<br />
prezentacias sakiTxebis iseTi nusxis formiT amzadeben, rogorc qvemoTaa<br />
warmodgenili.<br />
moswavleebi davalebas, daaxloebiT, 15 wuTs uTmoben. 3-4 moswavlisagan Semdgar<br />
jgufebSi maTi muSaoba maswavleblis leqciis dasrulebisTanave iwyeba. maswavlebelma<br />
unda gadawyvitos, romel magaliTze muSaobas daavalebs moswavleebs. qveyanaSi<br />
arsebuli politikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelime varianti SeiZleba<br />
ufro axlos iyos moswavleebis yoveldRiur gamocdilebasTan. maswavlebelma unda<br />
gaiTvaliswinos, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis Sesaxeb diskusiis/prezentaciis mowyoba<br />
mxolod maSinaa mizanSewonili, Tu danamdvilebiTaa cnobili, rom am sakiTxze<br />
msjeloba arcerT moswavles guls ar atkens, an ar Seqmnis konfliqtur situacias.<br />
TiToeuli jgufi diskusiis Sedegebis warmosadgenad erT adamians irCevs,<br />
romelic prezentaciis dros yuradRebas Semdeg sakiTxebze amaxvilebs:<br />
_ Cveni qveyana, Cveni jgufi, Cveni eTnikuri kuTvnileba, Cveni profesia;<br />
_ stereotipebi, romlebic jgufSi diskusiis dros gamoikveTa;<br />
_ crurwmenebi, romlebic jgufSi diskusiis dros gamoikveTa;<br />
_ Cveni varaudebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom aqvT jgufis wevrebs es Sexedulebebi;<br />
_ Cveni azrebi, msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi Cvens midgomebSi.<br />
prezentaciebis dros maswavlebeli TiToeuli jgufis gamosvlidan ZiriTad<br />
sakiTxebs flipCartze iniSnavs. qvemoT mocemuli diagrama daexmareba maswavlebels<br />
aseTi Canawerebis gakeTebaSi:<br />
jgufi qveyana/profesia/eTn. jgufi stereotipebi crurwmenebi SeniSvnebi<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
28
Tavi 1. pirovnuloba<br />
bolos, maswavlebeli ajamebs gakveTils da afasebs rogorc procedurul<br />
sakiTxebs, ise Sedegebs. maswavlebeli moswavleebs mokled acnobs Semdegi<br />
gakveTilis Temas.<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
stereotipebi Cem Sesaxeb!<br />
rogor vxedav sakuTar Tavs da rogor aRmiqvamen sxvebi<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi aanalizeben imas, Tu rogor aRiqvamen maT<br />
sxvebi da iReben amas, rogorc realobas.<br />
moswavleebi ukeT iazreben, rogor aRiqvamen maT da am aRqmaze uCndebaT<br />
reaqcia.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi aRweren sakuTar Tavs da danarCen moswavleebs. aRweris<br />
Sedegebs isini erTmaneTs uziareben, adareben sxvadasxva midgomas.<br />
saWiro masala – moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.2<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ wyvilebSi muSaoba, diskusia<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavalebeli gakveTils wina ori gakveTilis SejamebiT da moswavleTaTvis<br />
dRevandeli gakveTilis gegmis gacnobiT iwyebs.<br />
maswavlebeli axsenebs moswavleebs, rom maT erTi konkretuli biWis situaciis<br />
ganxilviT daiwyes msjeloba da Semdeg adamianTa jgufebis analizze gadavidnen.<br />
axla isini kvlav individualur midgomas daubrundebian da amjerad ganxilvis sagans<br />
Tavad moswavleebi warmoadgenen. isini Semdeg SekiTxvebs gascemen pasuxs:<br />
vin var me<br />
rogor davaxasiaTebdi Cems Tavs _ sakuTari Tavis aRqma<br />
rogor damaxasiaTebda Cemi Tanaklaseli _ sxvis mier Cemi pirovnebis aRqma<br />
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, maswavlebels SeuZlia, es SekiTxvebi dafaze an flipCartze<br />
daweros. aseve, maswavlebels SeuZlia, mokled gamokiTxos moswavleebs wina<br />
gakveTilebze aTvisebuli masala imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqmeba adamiani sxvebisa<br />
da sakuTari Tavis mier. aseve, mas SeuZlia, Seaxsenos moswavleebs (an maT gamohkiTxos)<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi stereotipebisa da crurwmenebis Sesaxeb.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli uCvenebs moswavleebs maT mierve momzadebul samuSao furclebs,<br />
romlebzec maqsis daxasiaTebaa mocemuli. es samuSao furclebi moswavleebs<br />
daexmareba, zogadad Camoayalibon adamianis maxasiaTeblebi. maswavlebeli sTxovs<br />
moswavleebs, Camoweron zedsarTavi saxelebi, romlebic adamianTa dasaxasiaTeblad<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes. am etapze maswavlebels SeuZlia, garkveuli ideebis miwodebiT<br />
daexmaros moswavleebs. magaliTad, maswavlebels SeuZlia, garkveuli kategoriebi<br />
warmoudginos maT:<br />
rogor daaxasiaTebdiT adamians, Tu:<br />
_ is karg xasiaTzea<br />
_ is cud xasiaTzea, an ganrisxebulia<br />
29
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
_ is Seni kargi megobaria<br />
_ misi garegnobis aRwera gvsurs<br />
_ misi, rogorc moswavlis, daxasiaTeba gvWirdeba<br />
_ ------<br />
am SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemis procesSi mTeli klasi unda CavrToT, da ara<br />
mxolod ramdenime moswavle. amis misaRwevad SeiZleba Semdegi savarjiSos 7 gamoyeneba,<br />
rac moswavleebs individualuri muSaobis saSualebas miscems: oTaxis sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxeSi unda ekidos da magidebze unda ewyos didi zomis posterebi. TiToeul<br />
posterze erT-erTi kategoria unda iyos mocemuli da iqve idos markeri. moswavleebi<br />
sxvadasxva posterTan midian da am kategoriasTan dakavSirebul zedsarTavebs<br />
posterze weren. moswavleebi unda gavafrTxiloT, rom daweramde aucilebelia, waikiTxon<br />
posterze ukve datanili zedsarTavebi da ar gaimeoron isini. Tumca moswavleebs<br />
SeuZliaT, ukve daweril zedsarTavebs SeniSvnebi an axali ideebi miuweron.<br />
savarjiSos Sedegi, daaxloebiT, ase gamoiyureba:<br />
rogor gamoiyureba adamiani,<br />
romelic karg xasiaTzea<br />
_ mxiaruli<br />
_ xumara<br />
_ gantvirTuli<br />
_ komunikabeluri<br />
_ momxibvleli<br />
_ -----<br />
_ -----<br />
savarjiSos Sejameba ar sWirdeba, radgan es aris masala Semdegi safexurisaTvis.<br />
am droisaTvis maswavlebels ukve gaazrebuli unda hqondes, Tu romeli moswavleebis<br />
dajgufeba SeiZleba wyvilebad. Semdegi etapis Tema delikaturia da mniSvnelovania,<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebi yuradRebiT daajgufos _ aucilebelia, maswavlebeli<br />
darwmunebuli iyos, rom moswavleebs, romelTac awyvilebs, erTmaneTisadmi<br />
antipaTia ar aqvT.<br />
wyvilebi Semdeg davalebas iReben:<br />
axla vimsjelebT imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da erTmaneTs. mihyeviT<br />
Semdeg Tanmimdevrobas:<br />
_ jer marto imuSaveT;<br />
_ waikiTxeT posterebi da amoarCieT is zedsarTavebi, romlebic Tqven saukeTesod<br />
gaxasiaTebT. CamowereT es zedsarTavebi samuSao furclze;<br />
_ nusxas daumateT is zedsarTavebi, romlebic Tqven gaxasiaTebT, magram klasSi<br />
warmodgenil posterebze ar iyo datanili;<br />
_ axla amave meTodiT daaxasiaTeT Tqveni mewyvile;<br />
7 es savarjiSo `dumilis kedlis~ variantia (ix. swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb, wigni IV, axali ideebis ganviTareba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTlebasa<br />
da adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb swavlebaSi).<br />
30
Tavi 1. pirovnuloba<br />
_ roca orive daasrulebT muSaobas, namuSevari mewyviles gauziareT. daakvirdiT,<br />
ra emTxveva da ra ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs Tqvens aRwerebSi; gamoxateT<br />
Tqveni azrebi da grZnobebi am aRwerebTan dakavSirebiT:<br />
_ ra iwvevs Cems gakvirvebas<br />
_ ra momwons<br />
_ ra ar momwons<br />
_ ra mtkens guls<br />
_ SegiZliaT konkretuli magaliTebiT isaubroT Tqvens damokidebulebebze<br />
_ romeli aRwera aris (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) stereotipi<br />
maswavleblis gadasawyvetia, Tavad Seajamebs am oTx gakveTils, Tu garkveul<br />
dros dauTmobs Semajamebel diskusias. orive SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli aRmoaCens,<br />
rom klasSi samuSao garemo sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. moswavleebs ganuviTardaT<br />
saintereso urTierTobebi, ufro axlos gaicnes erTmaneTi, erTmaneTis Sesaxeb bevri<br />
ram aRmoaCines da erTmaneTs gauziares gancdebi. axla maT SeuZliaT:<br />
_ ganasxvavon stereotipebi da crurwmenebi;<br />
_ ganasxvavon sakuTari Tavis aRqma sxvebis mier maTi pirovnebis aRqmisagan.<br />
moswavleebma socialuri kompetenciebi ganiviTares, rac maT yoveldRiur<br />
cxovrebaSi daexmareba, skolaSi da skolis gareT.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.1<br />
(jgufi 1)<br />
rolebis gaTamaSeba<br />
SeTanxmdiT, vin waikiTxavs xmamaRla dRiuridan amonarids<br />
da davalebas Tqveni jgufisaTvis.<br />
SearCieT jgufis meore wevri, romelic diskusiis dros<br />
Canawerebs gaakeTebs da jgufuri muSaobis bolos msjelobis<br />
Sedegebs klasis winaSe warmoadgens.<br />
amonaridi maqsis dRiuridan:<br />
`es Cemi pirveli dRea axal klasSi. Cemi ojaxi sxva regionidan Camovida da jer<br />
kidev ucxod vgrZnob Tavs. bolo ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi bevri ram gadamxda da<br />
Sen, Cemo dRiuro, am ambebs gagiziareb.<br />
Cveni axali bina mdinaris pirasaa. erT-erTi Cemi klaseli biWi Cems mezoblad<br />
cxovrobs. sami dRis gadmosulebi viyaviT binaSi, roca am biWma saTevzaod wasvla<br />
SemomTavaza. me uari vuTxari, radgan Cemi ankesi jer kidev romeliRac yuTSi devs.<br />
jer xom nivTebis amolageba ar dagvisrulebia.”<br />
davalebebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
CamowereT zedsarTavebi, romlebsac maqsis Tanaklaselebi mis dasaxasiaTeblad<br />
gamoiyenebdnen;<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ras etyoda maqsis Sesaxeb misi erT-erTi klaseli meores<br />
gaiTamaSeT es scena.<br />
31
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.1<br />
(jgufi 2)<br />
rolebis gaTamaSeba<br />
SeTanxmdiT, vin waikiTxavs xmamaRla dRiuridan amonarids<br />
da davalebas Tqveni jgufisaTvis.<br />
SearCieT jgufis meore wevri, romelic diskusiis dros<br />
Canawerebs gaakeTebs da jgufuri muSaobis bolos msjelobis<br />
Sedegebs klasis winaSe warmoadgens.<br />
amonaridi maqsis dRiuridan:<br />
`Cveni skolis win didi safexburTo moedania. Zalian mixaria, radgan fexburTis<br />
TamaSi miyvars. movitane Cemi burTi da TamaSs vapirebdi. daviwye Tu ara TamaSi, skolis<br />
darajma SemaCera. is gabrazebuli Canda da mkiTxa, SemeZlo Tu ara kiTxva _ warwera<br />
yofila gakeTebuli, rom moedani droebiT daketili iyo wvimis Semdeg, raTa<br />
balaxi ar dazianebuliyo. ise Sevwuxdi, rom usityvod wavedi saxlisaken.’’<br />
davalebebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
CamowereT zedsarTavebi, romlebsac maqsis Tanaklaselebi mis dasaxasiaTeblad<br />
gamoiyenebdnen;<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ras etyoda maqsis Sesaxeb misi erT-erTi klaseli meores<br />
gaiTamaSeT es scena.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.1<br />
(jgufi 3)<br />
rolebis gaTamaSeba<br />
SeTanxmdiT, vin waikiTxavs xmamaRla dRiuridan amonarids<br />
da davalebas Tqveni jgufisaTvis.<br />
SearCieT jgufis meore wevri, romelic diskusiis dros<br />
Canawerebs gaakeTebs da jgufuri muSaobis bolos msjelobis<br />
Sedegebs klasis winaSe warmoadgens.<br />
amonaridi maqsis dRiuridan:<br />
`Cveni binis Tavze erTi moxucebuli kaci marto cxovrobs. guSin saxlSi rom movedi,<br />
sadarbazoSi Semosasvlel karTan Sevxvdi, sayidlebidan sursaTiT datvirTuli<br />
mosuliyo. mZimed sunTqavda. mominda, davxmarebodi. gamovarTvi mZime CanTa da binamde<br />
avatanine”.<br />
davalebebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
CamowereT zedsarTavebi, romlebsac maqsis Tanaklaselebi mis dasaxasiaTeblad<br />
gamoiyenebdnen;<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ras etyoda maqsis Sesaxeb misi erT-erTi klaseli meores<br />
gaiTamaSeT es scena.<br />
32
Tavi 1. pirovnuloba<br />
damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvis<br />
stereotipebi da crurwmenebi<br />
ra aris stereotipi<br />
adamianebs xSirad miakuTvneben ama Tu im jgufs, maTi kulturis, religiuri warmodgenebis,<br />
kanis feris, Tmis varcxnilobis an Cacmulobis mixedviT.<br />
jgufuri kuTvnilebis gansazRvras xSirad Tan sdevs adamianisaTvis garkveuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis miwerac. Sedegad, konkretuli warmodgenebi ukavSirdeba adamianebis<br />
konkretul jgufs. roca es warmodgenebi imdenad gazviadebulia, rom realobas<br />
aRar Seesatyviseba, maT stereotipebs vuwodebT.<br />
stereotipebi gvxvdeba wignebSi (saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic ki), reklamebSi,<br />
filmebSi. stereotipia, magaliTad, afrikeli qalis gamosaxva didi tuCebiT, palmis<br />
rtoebisagan gakeTebul kabaSi.<br />
stereotipidan crurwmenamde<br />
roca adamians an adamianTa jgufs afaseben mxolod stereotipebis mixedviT, da<br />
ara, rogorc pirovnebas an pirovnebaTa jgufs, saqme gvaqvs crurwmenasTan. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
adamianze an adamianTa jgufze maTi gacnobis gareSe viqmniT warmodgenas.<br />
rogorc wesi, aseT damokidebulebebs araferi aqvT saerTo realobasTan, xSirad<br />
mtruli da uaryofiTia.<br />
`dadebiTi~ stereotipebi<br />
arsebobs dadebiTi streotipebic. magaliTad, roca amboben, rom Savkanianebi<br />
kargad darbian, saqme gvaqvs dadebiT stereotipTan. Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom<br />
araferi cudi ar aris, Tu stereotipi dadebiT warmodgenas amkvidrebs. es damokidebuleba<br />
mcdari iqneboda. ar SeiZleba adamianTa mTeli jgufi gavaerTianoT da<br />
maT yvelas erTi Tviseba mivaweroT, Tundac dadebiTi Tviseba. mizezi es simarTle<br />
ver iqneba. gana marTalia, rom yvela Savkaniani swrafad darbis<br />
riTaa sasargeblo stereotipebi<br />
crurwmenebi adamianTa cxovrebas amartivebs. Tu ucnaur adamians vxvdebiT, Tavs<br />
arc Tu ise komfortulad vgrZnobT. crurwmenebi amgvari diskomfortis miCqmalvaSi<br />
gvexmareba _ SegviZlia Tavi movaCvenoT, rom yvelaferi viciT sxvebis Sesaxeb<br />
da kiTxvebis dasma ar gvWirdeba. Sedegad, Tavidanve azrs vukargavT adamianTan<br />
Sinaarsian urTierTobas.<br />
ra Sedegebamde mivyavarT crurwmenebs<br />
crurwmenebi Seuracxmyofelia, upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom adamianisadmi<br />
usamarTlo mopyrobas gulisxmoben. crurwmenebi adamians ukargaven SesaZleblobas,<br />
aCvenos, vinaa is sinamdvileSi da risi gakeTeba SeuZlia. magaliTad, damsaqmebelma<br />
SeiZleba samsaxurSi ar aiyvanos warmoSobiT Turqi, radgan gaugonia, rom Turqebi<br />
samsaxurSi igvianeben. zogierTi avrcelebs crurwmenebs, imisda miuxedavad, rom<br />
cxovrebaSi arasodes Sexvedria adamiani, romelic am Sexedulebas Tavisi cxovrebiseuli<br />
magaliTiT daadasturebda.<br />
33
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
ra SeiZleba gavakeToT crurwmenebis winaaRmdeg<br />
crurwmenebis aRmofxvra rTulia. imedis dakargva ki mainc ar Rirs, radgan adamianebi<br />
crurwmenebiT ar ibadebian. crurwmenebs adamianebi iTviseben, swavloben.<br />
Sesabamisad, SeiZleba maTi daviwyebac. sanam adamians gansji, hkiTxe, Tu ratom moiqca<br />
ase da ara _ sxvagvarad. gaiTvaliswine, rom ar gesiamovneboda, Tu Sens saqciels<br />
ise gansjidnen, rom sityvis Tqmis uflebac ar moecaT.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 1.2<br />
rogor aRviqvamT sakuTar Tavs rogor aRgviqvamen sxvebi<br />
wyvilebSi muSaoba<br />
komentarebi diskusiis<br />
Semdeg:<br />
_ raze veTanxmebiT<br />
erTmaneTs;<br />
_ raze ver<br />
vTanxmdebiT;<br />
_ SeniSvnebi.<br />
rogor aRvwer Cems<br />
Tavs (sakuTari<br />
Tavis aRqma)<br />
rogor aRvwer Cems<br />
Tanaklasels (Cem<br />
mier sxva adamianis<br />
aRqma, misi werilobiTi<br />
daxasiaTeba)<br />
komentarebi diskusiis<br />
Semdeg:<br />
_ raSi veTanxmebiT<br />
erTmaneTs;<br />
_ raze ver<br />
vTanxmdebiT;<br />
_ SeniSvnebi.<br />
34
Tavi 2<br />
Tanasworoba:<br />
Tqven Cemze meti<br />
uflebebi gaqvT<br />
2.1 msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi<br />
Tanaswori var gansxvavebuli var<br />
2.2 vesnas ambavi<br />
Cven rom es mogvsvloda, rogor moviqceodiT<br />
2.3 qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba<br />
rogor unda movepyroT qalebsa da mamakacebs<br />
2.4 socialuri samarTlianoba<br />
rogor unda gavarTvaT Tavi uTanasworobas
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba:<br />
Tqven Cemze meti uflebebi gaqvT<br />
Tanasworoba yvela adamianisTvis Tanabar uflebebs gulisxmobs, miuxedavad maTi<br />
sqesis, asakis, religiis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis da a.S.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis preambula iwyeba Semdegi sityvebiT:<br />
`adamianTa ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebis da Tanaswori da ganuyofeli<br />
uflebebis aRiareba warmoadgens Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da sayovelTao mSvidobis<br />
safuZvels~. moqalaqeobis cneba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebTan. uTanasworoba<br />
sazogadoebaSi xels uSlis efeqtur moqalaqeobas. Sesabamisad, Tanasworobis<br />
idea samoqalaqo ganaTlebis fundamenturi principia. samoqalaqo ganaTleba swavlobs<br />
Tanasworobis sakiTxebs da sasicocxlo Zalas aZlevs adamianebs, raTa es ukanasknelni<br />
diskriminaciis sxvadasxva formis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. 8<br />
mravalferovneba gulisxmobs TanagrZnobis CarCoebs miRma gasvlas da gansxvavebebis<br />
realur dafasebas. mravalferovnebis idea mniSvnelovania pluralizmisa da<br />
multikulturalizmisaTvis. mravalferovneba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis<br />
ganaTlebis qvakuTxedia, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis<br />
ganaTleba unda ewinaaRmdegebodes yovelgvar stereotips. sazogadoeba mzad<br />
unda iyos, aRiaros da xeli Seuwyos mravalferovnebis yovelgvar gamoxatulebas<br />
adgilobriv, erovnul, regionul da saerTaSoriso doneebze. 9<br />
solidaroba adamianTa unaria, gascdnen sakuTar sivrces da aRiaron/daicvan<br />
sxvaTa uflebebi. es aris demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTlebis ZiriTadi<br />
mizani, ramdenadac is aZlevs adamianebs codnas, unarebsa da Rirebulebebs, romlebic<br />
aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis. solidaroba ukavSirdeba qmedebas,<br />
Tumca qmedebasTan erTad garkveul damokidebulebebsac gulisxmobs. 10<br />
crurwmenasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca adamians an adamianTa jgufs vafasebT zedapirulad,<br />
arasruli informaciis safuZvelze. crurwmenebi SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi;<br />
maT socializaciis procesSi viTvisebT. rTulia crurwmenebis Secvla an aRmofxvra.<br />
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania crurwmenebis identifikaciis unaris ganviTareba.<br />
diskriminacia SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri da iribi. pirdapiri disriminaciaa, roca,<br />
magaliTad, dasaqmebis samsaxuri boSis ganacxads ar ibarebs, an roca binas ar aqiraveben<br />
imigrantebze. iribi diskriminacia ukavSirdeba garkveul politikas, kriteriumebs<br />
an zomebs, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, neitraluria, Tumca amoqmedebisTanave<br />
defaqto barierebs uqmnis adamianTa garkveul jgufebs. magaliTad, simaRlis<br />
minimaluri moTxovnebi maTTvis, visac mexanZreoba surs (aseT kriteriums SeiZleba<br />
emsxverplos araerTi qalis ganacxadi). sxva magaliTi iqneboda Tavsafriani qalbatonebis<br />
ardaSveba samTavrobo struqturebsa da skolebSi. 11<br />
termini „genderi~ aRniSnavs qalebisa da mamakacebis socialurad konstruirebul<br />
rolebs, romlebic maT sqesobrivi niSnis mixedviT miewerebaT. amdenad, genderuli<br />
rolebi damokidebulia konkretul socio-ekonomikur, politikur da kulturologiur<br />
konteqstze da ganicdis sxvadasxva faqtoris gavlenas rasis, eTnikurobis,<br />
klasis, seqsualuri orientaciisa da asakis mixedviT. genderuli rolebi farTod<br />
gansxvavdeba TiToeuli kulturis farglebSi da kulturebs Soris. pirovnebis bi-<br />
8 wignidan `swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis: sityvaTa ganmarteba~, karen o’Sea, evrosabWo<br />
(2003), gv. 29<br />
9 igive<br />
10 igive<br />
11 igive<br />
36
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba<br />
ologiuri sqesisgan gansxvavebiT, genderuli rolebi SeiZleba Seicvalos. 12<br />
adamianis socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi ukavSirdeba im pirobebs, romlebic<br />
aucilebelia pirovnebis sruli ganviTarebisa da saTanado standartis sacxovrebeli pirobebis<br />
misaRwevad da SesanarCuneblad. am uflebebs adamianis uflebaTa `meore Taobis~<br />
saxeliT moixsenieben; maTi cxovrebaSi gatareba sakmaod rTulia, radgan maTi dacva arsebuli<br />
resursebis odenobas ukavSirdeba. `meore Taobis~ uflebebi, aseve, moicavs: muSaobis<br />
uflebas, ganaTlebis uflebas, dasvenebis uflebas, saTanado standartis mixedviT<br />
cxovrebis uflebas. es uflebebi Camoyalibebulia ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis<br />
saerTaSoriso konvenciaSi, romelic gaeros asambleam 1966 wels miiRo. 13<br />
roca socialur samarTlianobaze vsaubrobT, gansxvavebul mosazrebebsa da<br />
damokidebulebebs vawydebiT. es mosazrebebi da damokidebulebebi sam farTo kategoriad<br />
SeiZleba davajgufoT:<br />
_ darvinistebi Tvlian, rom adamiani pasuxismgebelia sakuTar problemebze da<br />
Tavad unda eZebos gamosavali; isini miiCneven, rom adamianebs wamaxalisebeli<br />
sWirdebaT, raTa ufro gulmodgined miudgnen problemebis gamosavlis Ziebas.<br />
darvinistebi socialuri politikis sakiTxebs arc ganixilaven.<br />
_ TanagrZnobiT gamsWvalulni sibralulis grZnobas amJRavneben gaWirvebulTa<br />
da tanjulTa mimarT da surT maTi tkivilis Semsubuqeba; maTTvis socialuri<br />
da politikuri uflebebi ufro politikis sasurveli mimarTulebebia, vidre<br />
adamianis uflebaTa nawili. aseTi damokidebuleba meurveobis SemTxvevebs<br />
ukavSirdeba _ roca SeZlebuli fenis warmomadgeneli meurveobs gaWirvebuls.<br />
_ samarTlianobis maZiebelni adamianTa arasamarTliani mopyrobis sakiTxiT interesdebian,<br />
rac maTTvis mTavrobis araswor politikas ukavSirdeba; isini<br />
Tvlian, rom gamosavali politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis cvlilebaa, rac<br />
adamianebs siRaribisagan ixsnida. 14<br />
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba:<br />
Tqven Cemze meti uflebebi gaqvT<br />
moswavleTa<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masala CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
msgavsebebi<br />
da<br />
gansxvavebebi<br />
moswavleebs<br />
SeuZliaT adamianTa<br />
Tanasworobisa da<br />
maTi gansxvavebulobis<br />
principebis<br />
axsna.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
aanalizeben<br />
Tanasworobasa da<br />
gansxvavebulobas.<br />
moswavleebi xedaven<br />
msgavsebebsa<br />
da gansxvavebebs<br />
adamianebs Soris.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven,<br />
Tu ra<br />
Sedegebi mohyveba<br />
gansxvavebulobas.<br />
individualuri<br />
muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />
rveulebi<br />
an furclebi,<br />
kalmebi.<br />
Tu maswavlebeli<br />
jgufur muSaobas<br />
airCevs, saWiro<br />
iqneba didi zomis<br />
furclebi da<br />
markerebi.<br />
individualuri<br />
an mcire<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
12 wignidan `swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis: sityvaTa ganmarteba~, karen o’Sea, evrosabWo<br />
(2003), gv. 29<br />
13 igive<br />
14 `movaleobebi da sazRvrebi. adamianis uflebebi da globaluri socialuri samarTlianoba~, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa politikis saerTaSoriso sabWo.<br />
37
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moswavleTa<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masala CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
vesnas ambavi<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
qalisa da<br />
mamakacis<br />
Tanasworoba<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
socialuri<br />
samar-<br />
Tlianoba<br />
moswavleebi iazreben,<br />
rom sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebobs<br />
crurwmenebi da<br />
diskriminacia.<br />
moswavleebs esmiT<br />
diskriminaciis<br />
msxverplTa mdgomareoba<br />
da maTi<br />
Sexedulebebi.<br />
moswavleebs<br />
SeuZliaT diskriminaciis<br />
SemTxvevebze<br />
reagireba.<br />
moswavleebi iazreben,<br />
rom sazogadoebaSi<br />
gvxvdeba<br />
genderul sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli<br />
diskriminaciis<br />
SemTxvevebi.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
diskriminaciis<br />
konkretul<br />
SemTxvevas da<br />
adareben mas saku-<br />
Tar qveyanaSi arsebul<br />
mdgomareobas.<br />
moswavleebi iazreben<br />
qalebisadmi<br />
mopyrobis sakiTxebs,<br />
piradi da sazogadoebis<br />
mxridan<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
distribuciuli<br />
samarTlianobis<br />
sakiTxebs.<br />
moswavleebi mTel<br />
Tavs ajameben.<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 2.1<br />
(aucilebeli ar<br />
aris)<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao furcel<br />
2.2-dan erTi<br />
ambis amonaridi<br />
TiToeuli jgufisaTvis.<br />
jgufi<br />
SeiZleba<br />
Sedgebodes 4-5<br />
moswavlisagan.<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furcel 2.3-is<br />
aslebi, romelic<br />
nawilebad iqneba<br />
dayofili moswavleTa<br />
TiToeuli<br />
wyvilisaTvis<br />
(aucilebeli ar<br />
aris).<br />
jgufuri<br />
muSaoba<br />
teqstze.<br />
patara<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
wyvilebSi<br />
muSaoba,<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovneba.<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi<br />
Tanaswori var gansxvavebuli var<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs SeuZliaT adamianTa Tanasworobisa da maTi gansxvavebulobis<br />
principebis axsna.<br />
moswavleebi aanalizeben Tanasworobasa da gansxvavebulobas.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi xedaven msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs adamianebs Soris.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven, Tu ra Sedegebi mohyveba gansxvavebulobas.<br />
saWiro masala _ individualuri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnili rveulebi an furclebi,<br />
kalmebi.<br />
Tu maswavlebeli jgufur muSaobas airCevs, saWiro iqneba didi zomis furclebi da<br />
markerebi.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ individualuri an mcire jgufebSi muSaoba. diskusia.<br />
38
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba<br />
gakveTili<br />
moswavleebi 4-5 kacian jgufebs qmnian. TiToeul jgufs sWirdeba furceli da<br />
kalami.<br />
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom dasvams SekiTxvebs, romlebzec maT unda<br />
upasuxon `ki~ an `ara~. moswavleebma furcelze horizontalurad unda daweron<br />
asoebi anidan sanis CaTvliT da asoebis qveS sakmarisi adgili datovon. maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia igive gaakeTos dafaze.<br />
maswavlebeli TiToeuli jgufidan erT moswavles sTxovs, dafaze Camoweros pasuxebi<br />
pirvel nusxaSi mocemul SekiTxvebze. danarCenma moswavleebma unda Seadaron<br />
TavianTi pasuxebi dafaze daweril pasuxebs. aris gansxvavebebi SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis<br />
Sejameba<br />
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gascen pasuxebi SekiTxvebs meore nusxidan.<br />
yoveli jgufidan erTi moswavle pasuxebs dafaze wers da danarCenebi adaremagaliTi<br />
kiTxvebi: a, b, g, d, e, v, z, T, i ...<br />
pasuxebi: 10101 ....<br />
maswavlebeli iwyebs im SekiTxvebis dasmas anidan sanamde, romlebic SekiTxvebis<br />
pirvel nusxaSia warmodgenili. moswavleebi TiToeul SekiTxvas dadebiT (1) an<br />
uaryofiT (0) pasuxs scemen. maswavlebeli moswavleebs uxsnis, rom im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, Tu maT eeWvebaT pasuxis siswore, aucilebelia, erT-erTi (ufro savaraudo pasuxi)<br />
Semoxazon.<br />
SekiTxvebis nusxa 1 SekiTxvebis nusxa 2<br />
a. qali xarT<br />
b. namyofi xarT erTze met ucxo qveyanaSi<br />
g. giyvarT sporti<br />
d. ukravT musikalur instrumentze<br />
e. yavisferi Tvalebi gaqvT<br />
v. Tqveni orive bebia cocxalia<br />
z. atarebT saTvaleebs<br />
T. giyvarT qalaqgareT gasvla<br />
i. wynari adamiani xarT<br />
k. saSualoze maRali xarT<br />
l. naRvliani adamiani xarT<br />
m. advilad civdebiT<br />
n. giyvarT mogzauroba<br />
o. giyvarT silamazis salonSi siaruli<br />
p. giyvarT kompiuterTan muSaoba<br />
J. geSiniaT simaRlis<br />
r. yavisferi girCevniaT Tu lurji<br />
s. giyvarT xatva<br />
a. yovelTvis bednierad grZnobT Tavs<br />
b. TiTebze frCxilebi gaqvT<br />
g. SegiZliaT Tundac mcireodeni azrovneba<br />
d. dedam gSobaT<br />
e. SegiZliaT frena, rogorc Cits, damatebi-<br />
Ti mowyobilobis gareSe<br />
v. SegiZliaT arseboba siTxis miRebis gareSe<br />
z. sunTqavT<br />
T. mudmivad wylis qveS cxovrobT<br />
i. gaqvT grZnobebi<br />
k. Tqveni sisxli mwvanea<br />
l. odesme waqceulxarT<br />
m. kedelSi gaxedva SegiZliaT<br />
n. sxvebTan komunikacia SegiZliaT<br />
o. giyvarT kargi amindi<br />
p. amjobinebdiT, rom adamianebTan ar gqondeT<br />
saqme<br />
J. ena gaqvT<br />
r. SegiZliaT wylis zedapirze siaruli (rogorc<br />
zogierT mwers)<br />
s. iRlebiT xandaxan<br />
39
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
ben TavianT pasuxebs dafaze dawerils. am SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebebi pasuxebs Soris<br />
TiTqmis ar fiqsirdeba. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, CamoTvalon kidev ramdenime<br />
SekiTxva, romlebzec moswavleebs, maswavleblis molodiniT, msgavsi pasuxebi<br />
eqnebaT.<br />
am savarjiSos ganvrcobis mizniT, maswavlebels SeuZlia, daurigos jgufebs<br />
didi zomis furclebi, markerebi da sTxovos, Camoweron:<br />
a. sami iseTi magaliTi, roca sxva adamianebTan msgavseba misasalmebelia.<br />
b. sami iseTi magaliTi, roca sxva adamianebisagan gansxvavebuloba misasalmebelia.<br />
amocanis gaadvilebis mizniT, maswavlebels SeuZlia, moswavleebs warmoudginos<br />
azrovnebis Semdegi CarCo:<br />
situacia, roca msgavseba misasalmebelia<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
ratom<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
situacia, roca gansxvaveba misasalmebelia<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
ratom<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs jgufebs, moifiqron sami iseTi situacia, roca gansxvavebuloba<br />
arasasiamovnoa. am SemTxvevaSic moswavleebs uwevT argumentebis moSvelieba.<br />
situacia, roca gansxvavebuloba<br />
arasasiamovnoa<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
ratom<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
maswavlebeli ekiTxeba moswavleebs, Tu romeli jgufis `gansxvavebul~ adamianebs<br />
eqcevian xolme cudad da vin eqceva maT cudad.<br />
adamianTa jgufebi, visac cudad eqcevian<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
vin eqceva maT cudad<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
maswavlebeli sTxovs TiToeul jgufs, warmoadginon pasuxebi. klasi ganixilavs,<br />
Tu adamianis uflebaTa ra darRvevebTan gvaqvs saqme TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. am mizniT<br />
jgufebs vurigebT moswavlis samuSao furcel 5.2-s: adamianis uflebaTa nusxa.<br />
40
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
vesnas ambavi<br />
Cven rom es mogvsvloda, rogor moviqceodiT<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi iazreben, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebobs crurwmenebi da<br />
diskriminacia.<br />
moswavleebs esmiT diskriminaciis msxverplTa mdgomareoba da maTi Sexedulebebi.<br />
moswavleebs SeuZliaT diskriminaciis SemTxvevebze reagireba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ganixilaven diskriminaciis konkretul SemTxvevas da<br />
adareben mas sakuTar qveyanaSi arsebul mdgomareobas.<br />
saWiro masala – moswavlis samuSao furceli 2.1 (SekiTxvebiT) TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba teqstze.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
diskriminacia sazogadoebrivi qcevis farTod gavrcelebuli formaa. diskriminacias<br />
mxolod mmarTveli organoebi ar axorcieleben; bevri sxva struqtura da adamiania<br />
CarTuli diskriminaciaSi. gakveTilis realobaSi momxdari ambiT dawyeba saSualebas miscems<br />
moswavleebs, gaaanalizon TavianTi qceva.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, xmamaRla waukiTxos moswavleebs samuSao furcel 2.1-Si<br />
mocemuli ambavi, an daurigos maT samuSao furclebi da sTxovos, Tavad waikiTxon.<br />
vesnas ambavi<br />
vesna boSa qalia, romelic Tavis ambavs hyveba:<br />
`tansacmlis maRaziis vitrinaSi SevniSne gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom maRaziaSi gamyidveli<br />
sWirdebodaT. isini 18-dan 23 wlamde axalgazrdas eZebdnen. me Sevedi maRaziaSi da<br />
menejers gamyidvelis poziciasTan dakavSirebiT davelapa rake; man mTxova, or dReSi mivsuliyavi,<br />
radgan ganacxadebebis Semosvlas kidev elodebodnen.<br />
me orjer mivbrundi da orivejer analogiuri pasuxiT gamomistumres. erTi kvira gavida.<br />
kvlav mivedi maRaziaSi. fanjaraze kvlav gamokruli iyo gancxadeba. menejeri Zalian<br />
dakavebuli iyo da ver damelaparaka. maRaziaSi miTxres, rom gam yidveli ukve aeyvanaT.<br />
Zalian guldawyvetili gamovedi maRaziidan. Cems megobars, romelic ar aris boSa,<br />
vTxove, Sesuliyo maRaziaSi da vakansiis Sesaxeb ekiTxa. man Cemi Txovna Seasrula. Cemi megobari<br />
orSabaTs gasaubrebaze daibares.~<br />
mas Semdeg, rac yvela moswavle moismens/waikiTxavs vesnas ambavs, maswavlebeli<br />
sTxovs maT, 4-5 kacian jgufebad daiyon da ganixilon Semdegi SekiTxvebi (samuSao<br />
furcel 2.1-ze es SekiTxvebi mocemulia. Tu maswavlebelma moswavleebs vesnas ambavi<br />
waukiTxa, maSin am SekiTxvebis Camowera mouwevs dafaze an flipCartze).<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
rogor igrZnobdiT Tavs vesnas ambavi Tqven rom gadagxdenodaT ra reaqcia<br />
geqnebodaT, roca Tqveni megobari getyodaT, rom is interviuze miiwvies<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ratom moiqca maRaziis menejeri ase TvliT, rom diskriminaciasTan<br />
gvaqvs saqme daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.<br />
41
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
ra SeeZlo moemoqmeda vesnas xelewifeboda situaciis Secvla sxvebs rogor<br />
unda aRmoeCinaT daxmareba vesnasTvis<br />
TvliT, rom kanonis moSvelieba situacias moagvarebda ra unda eweros kanonSi,<br />
romelic aseT situacias SeiZleba miesadagos<br />
5. aseTi SemTxveva Tqvens qveyanaSic SeiZleba moxdes romeli sazogadoebrivi<br />
jgufi iqneba safrTxeSi<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebisagan pirvelad pasuxebs iTxovs. maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
TiTo an ramdenime SekiTxva dausvas yvela jgufs cal-calke.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli eubneba moswavleebs, rom vesnas ambavi simarTlea da es<br />
SemTxveva, daaxloebiT, aTi wlis win moxda. rodesac maRaziis menejers axsna-ganmarteba<br />
mosTxoves, misi pasuxi SemdegSi mdgomareobda:<br />
menejeris pasuxi:<br />
`me CavTvale, rom vesnas am maRaziaSi muSaoba gauWirdeboda, radgan maRaziisagan Sors<br />
cxovrobs da yoveldRiurad didi manZilis gavla dasWirdeboda. yovel dRe 8 milis gamovla<br />
da ori avtobusis Secvla mouwevda. rTulia maRaziis gaZRola, roca TanamSromlebi<br />
igvianeben. Sesabamisad, upiratesobas mivaniWebdi aplikants, romelic axlos cxovrobs.<br />
pirovneba, vinc gamyidvalis Tanamdebobaze aviyvane, am kriteriums akmayofilebda.~<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs ukiTxavs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-<br />
14 muxls: `am konvenciaSi mocemul uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofili<br />
iqneba yvelasaTvis, nebismier safuZvelze diskriminaciis gareSe, iseTze,<br />
rogoricaa sqesi, rasa, kanis feri, ena, religia, politika Tu rwmena, erovnuli Tu<br />
socialuri warmoSoba, kavSiri erovnul umciresobasTan, qoneba, dabadebis adgili<br />
Tu sxva statusi~. Semdeg ki ukiTxavs adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis<br />
me-2 muxls: `am deklaraciiT gamocxadebuli yvela ufleba da yvela Tavisufleba<br />
miniWebuli unda hqondes yovel adamians, ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebis, saxel dobr,<br />
rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva rwmenis, erovnuli Tu<br />
socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi, wodebrivi Tu sxva mdgomareobisa.~<br />
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, es amonaridebi vesnas ambavTan daakavSiron.<br />
gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli moswavleebs vesnas ambis realur dasasruls umxels:<br />
vesnas ambis dasasruli<br />
`vesnam iCivla specialur evropul sasamarTloSi, romelic diskriminaciis SemTxvevebs<br />
ganixilavs. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom es iyo diskriminaciis SemTxveva, radgan aplikantebi,<br />
romlebic maRaziidan moSorebiT cxovrobdnen, interviuze daibares, vesna ki _ ara.<br />
gogona, romelic gamyidvelad aiyvanes, iyo 16 wlis, TeTrkaniani da maRaziidan imave man-<br />
ZiliT iyo daSorebuli misi sacxovrebeli, rogorc vesnasi. sasamarTlos ganCinebis safuZvelze,<br />
maRazias vesnasTvis materialuri kompensaciis gadaxda mouwia.~<br />
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, moamzadon werili maRaziis menejeris, an<br />
qalaqis meris saxelze. es werili moswavleebis pirovnul damokidebulebasac unda<br />
asaxavdes da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos poziciasac. werilebis<br />
ganxilva SeiZleba moewyos saklaso mecadineobebis Semdeg.<br />
42
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba<br />
rogor unda movepyroT qalebsa da mamakacebs<br />
swavlis mizani _ mosawvleebi acnobiereben genderuli diskriminaciis fenomens. moswavleebs<br />
esmiT genderuli diskriminaciis msxverplTa mdgomareoba. moswavleebs SeuZliaT<br />
diskriminaciis SemTxvevebze reagireba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi iazreben qalebisadmi mopyrobis sakiTxebs, maTi piradi<br />
da sazogadoebis mxridan.<br />
saWiro masala – moswavlis samuSao furcel 2.2-dan erTi ambis amonaridi TiToeuli jgufisaTvis.<br />
didi zomis furceli da markeri TiToeuli jgufisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ patara jgufebSi muSaoba. dikusia da prezentaciebi.<br />
informacia<br />
didi gzaa gasavleli im dRemde, roca qalebsa da mamakacebs kanoni da cxovreba<br />
Tanasworad moepyroba. genderuli uTanasworobis SemTxvevebs yoveldRiurad vxedavT<br />
skolaSi, saxlsa da samsaxurSi, rac zrdis Cvens survils, ukeTesad gaviazroT es sakiTxi.<br />
winamdebare gakveTili gvTavazobs, SemovitanoT cvlilebebi Cvens yoveldRiur saskolo<br />
da saklaso cxovrebaSi.<br />
gakveTili<br />
moswavleebs vyofT 4-5 kacian jgufebad; maT vurigebT TiTo ambavs moswavlis<br />
samuSao furcel 2.2-dan. roca moswavleebi waikiTxaven ambavs, maT unda ganixilon<br />
SekiTxvebi, romlebic teqsts Tan erTvis.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli TiToeul ambavTan dakavSirebul diskusias uZRveba. diskusia<br />
iwyeba imiT, rom jgufidan erTi moswavle mokled hyveba ambavs da ayalibebs<br />
jgufis pasuxebs SekiTxvebze.<br />
roca TiToeuli jgufi pasuxebs warmoadgens, maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs,<br />
waikiTxon, rac dafazea dawerili da moiyvanon or-ori magaliTi, sqesobriv da genderul<br />
gansxvavebebTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTebis moyvana aucilebelia, raTa yvela<br />
moswavlem kargad gaiazros es gansxvavebebi.<br />
sqesi<br />
biologiurad gansazRvruli<br />
statikuri, ar icvleba<br />
`sqesi ukavSirdeba qalisa da mamakacis<br />
bunebrivad ganmasxvavebel biologiur<br />
maxasiaTeblebs~.<br />
genderi<br />
socialurad gansazRvruli<br />
dinamikuri, cvlas eqvemdebareba<br />
`genderi qalsa da mamakacs Soris<br />
arsebul socialur, da ara biologiur,<br />
gansxvavebebTan dakavSirebuli cnebaa.<br />
genderis gageba icvleba da gansxvavdeba<br />
istoriuli, kulturuli, tradiciuli,<br />
geografiuli, religiuri, socialuri da<br />
ekonomikuri faqtorebis mixedviT~.<br />
mowavleebs jgufebSi vurigebT didi zomis furclebsa da markerebs. isini iwyeben<br />
imis ganxilvas, Tu ramdenad uwyobs maTi skola xels genderul Tanasworobas.<br />
Tu moswavleebi daaskvian, rom skola genderul Tanasworobas xels uwyobs, mouwevT<br />
43
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
5 magaliTis moyvana am mosazrebis dasadastureblad. Tu pasuxi uaryofiTia, moswavleebma<br />
unda Camoayalibon 5 SesaZlo nabiji, rac skolaSi genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
damkvirdebas Seuwyobda xels.<br />
TiToeuli jgufi klasis winaSe warmoadgens Tavis Sedegebs.<br />
Tu maswavlebels survili aqvs, es samuSao proeqtad aqcios, mas SeuZlia, sTxovos<br />
moswavleebs, SearCion ramdenime idea, romelic skolaSi genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
damkvidrebas Seuwyobda xels. moswavleebma am ideebis sisruleSi moyvanis gegma<br />
unda SeimuSaon. gegma unda moicavdes saboloo mizans, nabijebs saboloo miznisaken,<br />
pasuxismgebel pirebsa da drois CarCoebs.<br />
gegmis nimuSi<br />
saboloo mizani:......................................................................................................................................................................<br />
ra unda gakeTdes vin gaakeTebs rodisTvis<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
socialuri samarTlianoba<br />
rogor unda gavarTvaT Tavi uTanasworobas<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi iazreben, rom sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba genderul sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ganixilaven distribuciuli samarTlianobis sakiTxebs.<br />
moswavleebi imeoreben bolo gakveTilebze ganxilul masalas.<br />
saWiro masala – moswavlis samuSao furcel 2.3-is aslebi, romelic nawilebad iqneba dayofili<br />
moswavleTa TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis (aucilebeli ar aris).<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ muSaoba teqstze, wyvilebSi muSaoba, kritikuli azrovneba.<br />
informacia:<br />
Cvens sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs Tanxmoba imaze, Tu ra aris socialuri samarTlianoba.<br />
am gakveTilSi warmodgenili ambavi daexmareba moswavleebs, gaiazron, ramdenad rTuli da<br />
mravalmxrivia es sakiTxi da ra unda iyos socialuri samarTlianobis ZiriTadi principebi.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs gakveTilis gegmas acnobs: moswavleebisaTvis moTxrobis<br />
darigebis Semdeg, isini mis kiTxvas iwyeben. TiToeuli nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg<br />
moswavleebi diskusias gamarTaven. maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavleebs teqsti Tavad<br />
waukiTxos.<br />
44
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs wyvilebad hyofs da TiToeul wyvils urigebs moswavlis<br />
samuSao furcel 2.3-is pirvel nawils. maswavlebels SeuZlia, waukiTxos is<br />
moswavleebs, romelime moswavles sTxovos wakiTxva, an moswavleebs misces ramdenime<br />
wuTi, raTa isini Tavad gaecnon teqsts.<br />
moTxroba: I nawili<br />
`daaxloebiT erTi saaTi gavida gangaSis pirvel zarsa da gem `dedofal medis~<br />
CaZirvas Soris. Sesabamisad, mgzavrebs hqondaT garkveuli dro, raTa organizebulad<br />
Camsxdariyvnen samaSvelo navebSi. Zlieri qaris gamo, gemi Seejaxa navTobtankers, ramac<br />
gemis CaZirva gamoiwvia.<br />
daaxloebiT 12 saaTis Semdeg, samaSvelo navebi patara kunZuls miuaxlovdnen. am kun-<br />
Zuls ovaluri forma hqonda - 1.5 km sigrZis da 700 metramde siganis; nawilobriv dafaruli<br />
iyo tyiT. axlomaxlos sxva kunZuli ar Canda. am mzian kunZulze aravin cxovrobda,<br />
riSalonebis ojaxis garda, romlebic SemaRlebul adgilas, Zvirfas vilaSi saxlobdnen<br />
da mTel kunZuls flobdnen.<br />
es ojaxi kunZulze ramdenime wlis win dasaxlda da TiTqmis ar ekontaqteboda danarCen<br />
samyaros; maT ise hqondaT awyobili cxovreba, rom yovelTviurad iRebden saWiro sakvebs,<br />
sawvavs da sxva nivTebs. es yvelaferi maTTan, kunZulze SekveTiT mohqondaT. riSalonebs<br />
Zalian kargad hqondaT organizebuli yvelaferi: isini Tavad awarmobdnen eleqtroenergias,<br />
SeeZloT sakmarisi sakvebi da sasmeli SeekveTaT da komfortuli cxovrebisaTvis<br />
yvela aucilebeli piroba hqondaT Seqmnili. am kunZulis mepatrone warsulSi Zalian warmatebuli<br />
biznesmeni iyo; sagadasaxado problemebis gamo, mas imedi gaucruvda amqveyniur<br />
cxovrebaze da gadawyvita, garideboda yoveldRiurobas.<br />
kunZulis mepatronem SeniSna, rom xalxiT savse samaSvelo navebi mis kunZuls miuaxlovdnen<br />
da gamovida xalxTan”.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs pirvel SekiTxvas usvams: aqvs Tu ara am kunZulis<br />
patrons moraluri valdebuleba, rom gadarCenili xalxi Tavis kunZulze dauSvas<br />
dasaxmareblad maswavlebeli maT ukiTxavs sxvadasxva variants da TiToeul wyvils<br />
sTxovs, daeTanxmon, an uaryon es variantebi. moswavleebi wyvilebSi muSaoben da,<br />
TiToeul varinatTan dakavSirebiT, sakuTar damokidebulebas iniSnaven. es variantebia:<br />
a. kunZulis mepatrones SeuZlia, ar dauSvas es adamianebi Tavis kunZulze;<br />
b. kunZulis mepatrones SeuZlia, ar dauSvas es adamianebi Tavis kunZulze, radgan<br />
mas mouwevs am xalxis gamokveba;<br />
g. kunZulis mepatrones SeuZlia, ar dauSvas Tavis kunZulze isini, vinc verafers<br />
gadauxdis mas (fuliT, ZvirfaseulobiT, an sakuTari SromiT);<br />
d. kunZulis mepatronem unda misces am xalxs saSualeba, rom kunZulze darCnen,<br />
ramden xansac saWiro iqneba. gadarCenili xalxi ki moralurad valdebulia,<br />
pativi sces kunZulis mepatronis sakuTrebasa da pirad cxovrebas;<br />
e. kunZulis mepatronem gadarCenili xalxi kunZulze upirobod unda dauSvas da<br />
kunZulis TanamesakuTreebad CaTvalos.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, dasvas Semdegi tipis SekiTxvebi, raTa moswavleebis damokidebuleba<br />
gansazRvros: `ramdenma Tqvenganma CaTvala, rom arCevani a aris yvelaze<br />
misaRebi~ `ramdenma airCia varianti b~ `ratom~<br />
Semdeg maswavlebli moswavleebs moTxrobis meore nawils urigebs.<br />
45
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moTxroba: II nawili<br />
`kunZulis mepatronem neba darTo dazaralebulebs, cota xniT darCeniliyvnen kun-<br />
Zulze; is moeloda, rom gadarCenili xalxi sakuTari saWmlisa da maTi momsaxurebis fuls<br />
gadaixdida. manam, sanam xalxs gemidan wamoRebuli saWmeli hqonda, kunZulis mepatrone<br />
sakuTar saWmels ar hyidda.<br />
sul 13 adamiani gadarCa; maT Soris iyvnen: viqtori da misi orsuli meuRle ori bavSviT<br />
(7 da 3 wlis); joni, qeiTi, leo da alfredi _ 4 axalgazrda megobari _ Zlierni, janmrTelni<br />
da moxrxebulni, romlebic manamde maT mierve mowyobil saxlSi erTad cxovrobdnen;<br />
64 wlis abramoviCi, mdidari ZvirfaseulobiT movaWre; es ukanaskneli gaxldaT<br />
jgufis yvelaze mxcovani wevri, mas ar hyavda naTesavebi da megobrebi. abramoviCs Tan<br />
hqonda oqros beWdebis, briliantebis da sxva Zvirfasi Tvlebis mTeli koleqcia; marias,<br />
iurists, romelic universitetSi naxevar ganakveTze muSaobda, awuxebda marcxena fexi<br />
da Zlivs dadioda; marias Tan axlda maqsi, misi asistenti universitetSi. maria da maqsi,<br />
penitencialuri samarTlis specialistebi, erTad miemgzavrebodnen aSS-Si, raTa konferenciaze<br />
erToblivi prezentaciagaekeTebinaT; marko da misi megobari gogona viki ki<br />
gemis ekipaJis gadarCenili wevrebi iyvnen, romlebmac gemidan wamoiRes sxvadasxva sakvebi,<br />
cximi da WurWeli.<br />
yvela gadarCenils cotaodeni fuli hqonda Tan. gansakuTrebiT bevri fuli hqonda<br />
markos, romelmac es fuli erT-erTi binidan moipara im bolo portSi, sadac gemi CaZirvamde<br />
SeCerda.<br />
kunZulze, zRvispiras, patara zomis nagebobaSi, erTaderTi oTaxi iyo, romelSic 2-3<br />
adamiani Tu daeteoda.~<br />
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gadawyviton, Tu vin unda gamoiyenos es<br />
TavSesafari. dasaxmareblad maswavlebeli ukiTxavs sxvadasxva variants da sTxovs<br />
TiToeul wyvils, daeTanxmon, an uaryon es variantebi. moswavleebi wyvilebSi muSaoben<br />
da, TiToeul variantTan dakavSirebiT, sakuTar damokidebulebas iniSnaven. es<br />
variantebia:<br />
a. orsuli qali da misi bavSvebi;<br />
b. oTxi axalgazrda megobari, radgan mxolod maT SeuZliaT am TavSesafris sacxovreblad<br />
mowyoba;<br />
g. Zvirfaseulobis gamyidveli, romelsac SeuZlia safasuris gadaxda;<br />
d. marko da misi megobari gogona, im pirobiT, rom sakvebs sxvebsac gauziareben;<br />
e. iuristi, romelsac am xalxs Soris mediatoris funqciis Sesruleba SeuZlia.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi TavianT pasuxebs Camoayalibeben, maswavlebeli<br />
moTxrobis Semdeg nawilze gadadis.<br />
moTxroba: III nawili<br />
`gadarCenil xalxs unda moefiqrebina, ra SeiZleba moemoqmedaT, raTa marko sakvebis<br />
gaziarebaze daTanxmeboda. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sakvebis gaziarebiT marko sakuTari<br />
da misi megobari gogonis gadarCenis SesaZleblobas Seamcirebda~.<br />
axla ki wyvilebma unda gadawyviton, Tu vin unda miiRos sakvebi markos mier<br />
gemidan wamoRebuli maragidan. moswavleTa dasaxmareblad, maswavlebeli kiTxulobs<br />
sxvadasxva variants da TiToeul wyvils sTxovs, daeTanxmon, an uaryon es variantebi.<br />
moswavleebi wyvilebSi muSaoben da, TiToeul varinatTan dakavSirebiT, sakuTar<br />
46
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba<br />
damokidebulebas iniSnaven. es variantebia:<br />
a. markos unda mieces saSualeba, rom sakvebi TavisTvis da vikisTvis Seinaxos;<br />
b. gemidan wamoRebuli sakvebi Tanabrad unda ganawildes gadarCenil adamianebze;<br />
g. sakvebi unda darCes mas, vinc yvelaze did fuls gadaixdis (gadaxdis saSualeba,<br />
aseve, SeiZleba iyos saqoneli, an momsaxureba).<br />
mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi TavianT pasuxebs Camoayalibeben, maswavlebeli<br />
moTxrobis bolo nawilze gadadis.<br />
moTxroba: IV nawili<br />
moswavleebi wyvilebSi ganixilaven, Tu vin SeiZleba mosTxovos sakvebi kunZulis<br />
mepatrones da rogor SeiZleba gakeTdes es.<br />
`gadarCenilebma gadawyvites, rom sakvebi unda gaiziaron yovelgvari kompensaciis gareSe;<br />
maT moralur valdebulebaze miTiTebiT aiZules marko, daeTmo mTeli sakvebi. daaxloebiT,<br />
erT kviraSi aRar darCa aranairi sakvebi. vilis mepatronisagan sakvebis moTxovna<br />
gadarCenis erTaderT gzas warmoadgenda.~<br />
moswavleTa dasaxmareblad, maswavlebeli kiTxulobs sxvadasxva variants da<br />
TiToeul wyvils sTxovs, daeTanxmon, an uaryon es variantebi. moswavleebi wyvilebSi<br />
muSaoben da, TiToeul varinatTan dakavSirebiT, sakuTar damokidebulebas<br />
iniSnaven. es variantebia:<br />
a. TiToeuli adamiani individualur molaparakebaze midis kunZulis mepatronesTan<br />
(sakvebis kompensacias gadaixdian fuliT, saqonliT an momsaxurebiT).<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, qalbatoni (ori bavSviT) da iuristi (asistentiT) ukiduresad<br />
mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian;<br />
b. yvela arsebuli resursi (fuli da Zvirfaseuloba) Tanabrad unda gadanawildes gadarCenilebze,<br />
Tavdapirveli mesakuTris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, yvela<br />
moipovebs Tanabari raodenobis sakvebs. damatebiTi sakvebis mosapoveblad ki adamians<br />
kunZulis mepatronisaTvis garkveuli samuSaoebis Sesruleba dasWirdeba;<br />
g. variati b Semdegi damatebiT: yvela muSaobs SesaZleblobebis mixedviT da sxvebs<br />
unawilebs sakuTari SromiT mopovebul sakvebs;<br />
d. ZvirfaseulobiT movaWres SeuZlia, iyidos yvelaferi, rasac kunZulis mepatrone<br />
mihyidis mas da danarCenebs sakvebiT `daexmaros~.<br />
pasuxebis mosmenis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs am moTxrobis realur<br />
cxovrebasTan misadagebaSi exmareba.<br />
msgavsi situaciebi realobaSi Tu SegxvedriaT/gagigoniaT maT Sesaxeb<br />
a..... Tqvens samezobloSi an ojaxSi<br />
b..... Tqvens qveyanaSi<br />
g..... msoflioSi<br />
im realur faqtebze dayrdnobiT, rac saWmlis, wylis, sacxovreblis da a. S.<br />
ganawilebaze gsmeniaT, ras TvliT usamarTlobad<br />
a..... Tqvens samezobloSi an ojaxSi<br />
b..... Tqvens qveyanaSi<br />
g..... msoflioSi<br />
ratom<br />
47
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTilis bolos ganxilul unda iqnas am Tavis mTavari cneba. maswavlebelma am<br />
Temas SeiZleba kidev erTi gakveTili dauTmos. maswavlebli iwyebs mokle leqciiT<br />
da moswavleebs TanasworobasTan da mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebiT awvdis informacias;<br />
mas SeuZlia, moamzados moswavlis samuSao furceli, romelic sxvadasxva<br />
ganmartebas moicavs. Semdeg moswavleebi mcire zomis jgufebSi mimoixilaven ganvlil<br />
oTx gakveTils: ra ganixiles ra iswavles romel axal SekiTxvebze Cafiqrdnen am<br />
droisaTvis, moswavleebs, sasurvelia, hqondeT winadadebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu<br />
rogor unda aRmofxvran uTanasworobis SemTxvevebi TavianT realur cxovrebaSi.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 2.1<br />
vesnas ambavi<br />
vesna boSa qalia, romelic Tavis ambavs hyveba:<br />
`tansacmlis maRaziis vitrinaSi SevniSne gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom maRazia-<br />
Si gamyidveli sWirdebodaT. isini 18-dan 23 wlamde axalgazrdas eZebdnen. me Sevedi<br />
maRaziaSi da menejers gamyidvelis poziciasTan dakavSirebiT davelaparake; man<br />
mTxova, or dReSi mivsuliyavi, radgan ganacxadebis Semosvlas kidev elodebodnen.<br />
me orjer mivbrundi da orivejer analogiuri pasuxiT gamomistumres. erTi kvira<br />
gavida. kvlav mivedi maRaziaSi. fanjaraze kvlav gamokruli iyo gancxadeba. menejeri<br />
Zalian dakavebuli iyo da ver damelaparaka. maRaziaSi miTxres, rom gamyidveli<br />
ukve aeyvanaT.<br />
Zalian guldawyvetili gamovedi maRaziidan. Cems megobars, romelic ar aris boSa,<br />
vTxove, Sesuliyo maRaziaSi da vakansiis Sesaxeb ekiTxa. man Cemi Txovna Seasrula.<br />
Cemi megobari orSabaTs gasaubrebaze daibares.~<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
rogor igrZnobdiT Tavs vesnas ambavi rom Tqven gadagxdenodaT ra reaqcia<br />
geqnebodaT, roca Tqveni megobari getyodaT, rom is interviuze miiwvies<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ratom moiqca maRaziis menejeri ase TvliT, rom diskriminaciasTan<br />
gvaqvs saqme daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.<br />
ra SeeZlo vesnas moemoqmeda xelewifeboda mas situaciis Secvla rogor<br />
unda aRmoeCinaT sxvebs daxmareba vesnasTvis<br />
TvliT, rom kanonis moSvelieba situacias moagvarebda ra unda eweros kanonSi,<br />
romelic aseT situacias SeiZleba miesadagos<br />
aseTi SemTxveva Tqvens qveyanaSic moxdeboda Tu moxdeboda, romeli sazodagoebrivi<br />
jgufi iqneboda safrTxeSi<br />
48<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 2.2<br />
mamakacebi da qalebi: moTxroba<br />
ambavi 1<br />
`es araerTxel momsvlia. dedaCemi Tvlis, rom sadilis Semdeg bavSvebma unda<br />
aalagon magida, WurWeli samzareuloSi gaitanon, yvelaferi darecxon, gaamSralon<br />
da karadaSi daabinaon. Cemma Zmebma, romlebic Cemze didebi iyvnen, miTxres, rom
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba<br />
es maTi saqme ar iyo da magida me unda amelagebina xolme, radgan me gogona viyavi.<br />
me iZulebuli viyavi, maT davmorCilebodi. saRamos mamas SevCivle es ambavi. mamam<br />
miTxra, rom kargia, Tu saojaxo saqmis keTebas miveCvevi, radgan es diasaxlisobisaTvis<br />
momamzadebs.~<br />
SekiTxvebi<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
Tqvens ojaxSi aseTi ram moxdeboda<br />
warmoidgineT, rom es gogona Tqven xarT. ras etyodiT Tqvens Zmebs ras<br />
etyodiT mamas<br />
eTanxmebiT Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis pirvel<br />
muxls rogor SeiZleba mivusadagoT deklaraciis es muxli zemoT moyvanil<br />
ambavs<br />
`yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT~.<br />
ambavi 2<br />
`skolis saTamaSo moedanze Cem garSemo eqvsi biWi idga. isini erTmaneTs eubnebodnen:<br />
`biWebo, es marTla gogoa xom ar Segvemowmebina~ erT-erTi maTgani am sityvebis<br />
Semdeg momiaxlovda da CemTan Sexeba scada. swored am dros saTamaSo moedanze<br />
direqtori Semovida. biWebi maSinve gaiqcnen.~<br />
SekiTxvebi<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom analogiuri SemTxveva Tqveni skolis saTamaSo moedanze<br />
moxdes moiyvaneT magaliTebi.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom es gogona Tqven xarT. ras etyodiT am biWebs<br />
warmoidgineT, rom am scenas Soridan sxva biWi xedavs. unda Caerios is ganmarteT<br />
Tqveni mosazreba. Tu Carevis momxre xarT, rogor SeZlebda es biWi<br />
Carevas<br />
Semdegi ganmartebis mixedviT, es SemTxveva `seqsualur Seuracxyofad~<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
`seqsualuri Seuracxyofa aris seqsualuri xasiaTis sityvieri, moqmedebiT<br />
gamoxatuli, an fsiqologiuri qmedeba, romelic adamianis Tavmoyvareobas laxavs,<br />
iwvevs SiSs, mtrul damokidebulebas. seqsualuri Seuracxyofa ukavSirdeba sawinaarmdego<br />
sqess, an sxva seqsualur orientacias da msxverplisaTvis miuRebel fizikur<br />
Tu sityvier miniSnebebs an saqciels moicavs.~<br />
ambavi 3<br />
`me, rogorc inJinerma, samSeneblo kompaniaSi teqnikuri menejeris Tanamdebobaze<br />
Sevitane ganacxadi. mimiwvies testirebaze, 24 sxva kandidatTan erTad. yvela mamakaci<br />
iyo, Cem garda. testirebis Semdeg SeirCa 5 adamiani, romelsac generalur<br />
menejerTan interviu unda hqonoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom testirebis SedegebiT<br />
me-3 adgilze movxvdi, interviuze ar mimiwvies (Cemi testirebis qulebi konfidencialurad<br />
gavige megobrisagan, romelic am kompaniis administraciaSi muSaobda).<br />
Sevecade, generalur menejers telefoniT davkavSirebodi. saubris dros vkiTxe,<br />
49
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
intervius kandidatebis SerCevisas Tu gaiTvaliswines sqesi. man miTxra, rom sqesi<br />
ar gauTvaliswinebiaT, Tumca dasZina, rom zogierT Tanamdebobaze qalebis ayvana<br />
arasasurvelia, radgan, orsulobis SemTxvevaSi, maT samsaxuris droebiT datoveba<br />
uwevT, es ki problemebs qmnis xolme. generalurma menejerma isic miTxra, rom qals<br />
am Tanamdebobaze muSaoba gauWirdeboda, radgan gundSi mxolod mamakacebi muSaobdnen.<br />
Sesabamisad, misi TqmiT, bedma gamiRima, rom ar SemarCies.~<br />
SekiTxvebi<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
SeiZleba aseTi raRac Tqvens regionSi arsebul kompaniaSic moxdes<br />
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven es qali xarT. ras etyodiT generalur menejers<br />
generaluri menejeris aseTi saqcieli Seesabameba Tqveni qveynis kanonmdeblobas<br />
Tu ar Seesabameba, rogor daadasturebdiT amas<br />
`samsaxurSi ayvanisas, adamianis nebismieri genderuli diskriminacia _ vakansiis<br />
ganacxadSi, SerCevis procesSi, daqiravebisa da gaTavisuflebis dros _ ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
am kanons~.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 2.3<br />
gemis CaZirva<br />
nawili I<br />
`daaxloebiT erTi saaTi gavida gangaSis pirvel zarsa da gem `dedofal medis~<br />
CaZirvas Soris. Sesabamisad, mgzavrebs hqondaT garkveuli dro, raTa organizebulad<br />
Camsxdariyvnen samaSvelo navebSi. Zlieri qaris gamo, gemi Seejaxa navTobtankers,<br />
ramac gemis CaZirva gamoiwvia.<br />
daaxloebiT 12 saaTis Semdeg, samaSvelo navebi patara kunZuls miuaxlovdnen. am<br />
kunZuls ovaluri forma hqonda _ 1.5 km sigrZis da 700 metramde siganis; nawilobriv<br />
dafaruli iyo tyiT. axlomaxlos sxva kunZuli ar Canda. am mzian kunZulze aravin<br />
cxovrobda, riSalonebis ojaxis garda, romlebic SemaRlebul adgilas, Zvirfas<br />
vilaSi saxlobdnen da mTel kunZuls flobdnen.<br />
es ojaxi kunZulze ramdenime wlis win dasaxlda da TiTqmis ar ekontaqteboda<br />
danarCen samyaros; maT ise hqondaT awyobili cxovreba, rom yovelTviurad iRebden<br />
saWiro sakvebs, sawvavs da sxva nivTebs. es yvelaferi kunZulze SekveTiT mohqondaT.<br />
riSalonebs Zalian kargad hqondaT organizebuli yvelaferi: isini Tavad awarmobdnen<br />
eleqtroenergias, SeeZloT sakmarisi sakvebi da sasmeli SeekveTaT da komfortuli<br />
cxovrebisaTvis yvela aucilebeli piroba hqondaT Seqmnili. warsulSi am<br />
kunZulis mepatrone Zalian warmatebuli biznesmeni iyo; sagadasaxado problemebis<br />
gamo, mas imedi gaucruvda amqveyniur cxovrebaze da gadawyvita, garideboda yoveldRiurobas.<br />
kunZulis mepatronem SeniSna, rom xalxiT savse samaSvelo navebi mis kunZuls<br />
miuaxlovdnen da gamovida xalxTan.~<br />
nawili II<br />
`kunZulis mepatronem neba darTo dazaralebulebs, cota xniT darCeniliyvnen<br />
kunZulze; is moeloda, rom gadarCenili xalxi sakuTari saWmlisa da maTi momsax-<br />
50
Tavi 2. Tanasworoba<br />
urebis fuls gadaixdida. manam, sanam xalxs gemidan wamoRebuli saWmeli hqonda,<br />
kunZulis mepatrone sakuTar saWmels ar hyidda.<br />
sul 13 adamiani gadarCa; maT Soris iyvnen: viqtori da misi orsuli meuRle<br />
ori bavSviT (7 da 3 wlis); joni, qeiTi, leo da alfredi _ 4 axalgazrda megobari _<br />
Zlierni, janmrTelni da moxrxebulni, romlebic manamde maT mierve mowyobil saxlSi<br />
erTad cxovrobdnen; 64 wlis abramoviCi, mdidari ZvirfaseulobiT movaWre; es<br />
ukanaskneli gaxldaT jgufis yvelaze mxcovani wevri, mas ar hyavda naTesavebi da<br />
megobrebi. abramoviCs Tan hqonda oqros beWdebis, briliantebis da sxva Zvirfasi<br />
Tvlebis mTeli koleqcia; marias, iurists, romelic universitetSi naxevar ganakve-<br />
Tze muSaobda, awuxebda marcxena fexi da Zlivs dadioda; marias Tan axlda maqsi,<br />
misi asistenti universitetSi. maria da maqsi, penitencialuri samarTlis specialistebi,<br />
erTad miemgzavrebodnen aSS-Si, raTa konferenciaze erToblivi prezentacia<br />
gaekeTebinaT; marko da misi megobari gogona viki ki gemis ekipaJis gadarCenili<br />
wevrebi iyvnen, romlebmac gemidan sxvadasxva sakvebi, cximi da WurWeli wamoiRes.<br />
yvela gadarCenils cotaodeni fuli hqonda Tan. gansakuTrebiT bevri fuli<br />
hqonda markos, romelmac es fuli erT-erTi binidan moipara im bolo portSi, sadac<br />
gemi CaZirvamde SeCerda.<br />
kunZulze, zRvispiras, patara zomis nagebobaSi erTaderTi oTaxi iyo, romelSic<br />
2-3 adamiani Tu daeteoda.~<br />
nawili III<br />
`gadarCenil xalxs unda moefiqrebina, ra SeiZleba moemoqmedebinaT, raTa marko<br />
sakvebis gaziarebaze daeyoliebinaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sakvebis gaziarebiT<br />
marko sakuTari da misi megobari gogonas gadarCenis SesaZleblobas Seamcirebda.~<br />
nawili IV<br />
`gadarCenilebma gadawyvites, rom sakvebi unda gaiziaron yovelgvari kompensaciis<br />
gareSe; maT, moralur valdebulebaze miTiTebiT, aiZules marko, daeTmo mTeli<br />
sakvebi. daaxloebiT erT kviraSi aRar darCa aranairi sakvebi. vilis mepatronisagan<br />
sakvebis moTxovna gadarCenis erTaderT gzas warmoadgenda.~<br />
51
Tavi 3.<br />
mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
rogor SeiZleba adamianebma erTad,<br />
mSvidobianad icxovron<br />
3.1 rogor SeiZleba adamianebma erTad icxovron<br />
rogor aviTarebs ganaTleba Semwynareblobasa da urTierTgagebas<br />
3.2 ratom arsebobs adamianebs Soris uTanxmoeba<br />
ras efuneba adamianTa Soris gansxvavebebi<br />
3.3 riTi gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisagan<br />
ramdenad gansxvavebulia adamianTa saWiroebebi<br />
3.4 ratomaa mniSvnelovani adamianis uflebebi<br />
ratom gvWirdeba admianis uflebaTa amsaxveli kanonmdebloba<br />
daucvelTa dasacavad
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 3: mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
rogor SeiZleba adamianebma erTad, mSvidobianad icxovron<br />
es Tavi sam ZiriTad cnebazea orientirebuli, esenia: mravalferovneba, pluralizmi<br />
da demokratia. Semdegi oTxi gakveTili moswavleebs daexmareba, dainaxon am sam<br />
cnebas Soris kavSiri da ganuviTarebs maT midgomebsa da unarebs, romlebic aucilebelia<br />
pluralistul, demokratiulad marTul qveyanaSi cxovrebisaTvis.<br />
pluralizmi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia.<br />
pluralistul sazogadoebaSi misaRebia religiuri da politikuri rwmenis mravalferovneba<br />
iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva politikuri partiis mier danaxuli idealuri<br />
sazogadoebebis urTierTTavsebadobis ararseboba. magaliTad, pluralistur sazogadoebaSi<br />
SevxvdebiT radikalur socialistebsac da memarjvene kapitalistebsac;<br />
adamianebs SeuZliaT, airCion is rwmena da midgomebi, romlebic maTTvis yvelaze misaRebia.<br />
Sesabamisad, pluralisturi sazogadoeba yovelTvis gamowvevis winaSea: erTi<br />
mxriv, adamianebs aqvT pirovnuli Tavisufleba, magram, meore mxriv, maT uwevT ufro<br />
aqtiuri urTierTTanamSromloba SeTanxmebis misaRwevad. SeTanxmebisa da daTmobebis<br />
gareSe pluralisturi sazogadoeba ver gadarCeba. ismeba kiTxva: romeli politikuri<br />
sistema uzrunvelyofs Ria, pluralistur sazogadoebaSi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis procesis yvelaze efeqtur organizacias<br />
avtoritarul sistemaSi (erTpartiuli mmarTveloba, Teokratia, an diqtatura)<br />
erT moTamaSes (partias an liders) SeuZlia gadawyvetilebebis miReba, yvela adamianis<br />
saerTo interesis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sedegad, avtoritarizms msxverplad ewireba<br />
adamianebis Tavisufleba. aseT sazogadoebaSi adamianebis problemebis artikulacia<br />
barierebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad, gadawyvetilebebi ar aris samarTliani.<br />
demokratiul sistemaSi moqalaqeebi Tanxmdebian ZiriTad principebze, procedurebsa<br />
da uflebebze, romlebic sakamaTo sakiTxebze mSvidobiani SeTanxmebis miRwevis<br />
saSualebas iZlevian. demokratia xels uwyobs mSvidobas pluralistur sazogadoebaSi,<br />
radgan civilur formaSi aqcevs yvela uTanxmoebas. saerTo interess erTi pirovneba an<br />
partia ar gansazRvravs. saerTo interesi ganisazRvreba molaparakebisa da SeTanxmebis<br />
safuZvelze. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi moqalaqeebs aqvT cnobierebis,<br />
rwmenisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. am uflebaTa gamoyenebisas, bunebrivia, rom iqmneba<br />
uTanxmoeba da konfliqti. Sesabamisad, molaparakeba, daTmoba da gamosavlis Zebna<br />
demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesebia. pluralistur demokratiaSi moqalaqeebi<br />
socialur saerTo wesebze Tanxmdebian, rac konfliqtebis gadaWris saerTo regulaciebs,<br />
socialur da politikur normebze SeTanxmebas gulisxmobs.<br />
socialuri kontraqtis nawilia umravlesobis principi. umciresobebis warmomadgenelTaTvis<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom, kenWisyris saSualebiT, maTi radikaluri mosazrebebi<br />
ver imarjvebs. miuxedavad amisa, demokratia qmnis instrumentebs, romelTa<br />
daxmarebiTac umciresobebis interesebis dacva SeiZleba. pluralistur demokratiaSi<br />
SeiZleba arCevnebis gziT qveynis saTaveSi movides radikaluri dajgufeba,<br />
romelTa warmomadgenlebma, SesaZloa, scadon oponentebis xmis CaxSoba. amitomacaa<br />
aucilebeli, rom adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva demokratiuli qveynis<br />
konstituciiT iyos gamyarebuli.<br />
yvelas unda esmodes pluralistuli sazogadoebis gamowvevebi da maTi gadaWris<br />
gzebi. am TvalsazrisiT, dauwereli socialuri kontraqti umniSvnelovanesia, radgan<br />
mis gareSe demokratiuli sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs. demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavleba exmareba moswavleebs im midgomebisa da unarebis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi, romlebic aucilebelia demokratiuli qveynis moqalaqisaTvis.<br />
54
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
swavleba mravalferovnebisa da pluralizmis Sesaxeb<br />
moswavleebi, romlebic demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTlebis kurss gadian,<br />
unda ecnobodnen socialuri, politikuri, religiuri da rasobrivi mravalferovnebis<br />
ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs. moswavleebma unda gaiazron mravalferovnebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli gamowvevebi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom crurwmenebis safuZveli,<br />
umeteswilad, swored gauTviTcnobiereblobaa, adamianuri midgomebis racionaluri<br />
Seswavla crurwmenebis safuZvelze araswori gadawyvetilebebis SemTxvevebs<br />
Seamcirebda.<br />
swavleba mravalferovnebisa da pluralizmisaTvis<br />
moswavleebs unda eZleodeT demokratiul diskusiebSi monawileobis saSualeba.<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis yvela SesaZleblobas unda iyenebdes, raTa<br />
moswavleebis mxridan azris gamoxatvasa da diskusiebSi Cabmas Seuwyos xeli. roca<br />
moswavleebi sawinaaRmdego azrs usmenen da sakuTar mosazrebebs gamoxataven, maT<br />
uviTardebaT azris gamoTqmisa da analitikuri unarebi; aseve, moswavleebs ematebaT<br />
Semwynarebloba moraluri da politikuri mravalferovnebisadmi. diskusiebis dros<br />
moswavleebi xvdebian, rom uTanxmoeba da azrTa Widili Cveulebrivi movlenebia;<br />
isini, aseve, acnobiereben kompromisebis aucileblobas da erTmaneTisagan asxvaveben<br />
samarTlian da usamarTlo kompromisebs. moswavleebi xvdebian, rom aucilebelia<br />
sadavo sakiTxze koncentracia da adamianebis pativiscema, imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra<br />
pozicias iziareben isini.<br />
aseve, demokratiuli diskusiebis warmoebis procesSi moswavleebi mixvdebian,<br />
rom Ria da samarTliani debatebi moiTxovs garkveuli procedurebis gaTvaliswinebas,<br />
maT Soris:<br />
_ yvela monawiles unda SeeZlos azris gamoTqma;<br />
_ yvela monawilis azrs danarCenebma pativiscemiT unda mousminon;<br />
_ monawileebi argumentebis winaaRmdeg unda gamodiodnen, da ara xalxis winaaRmdeg;<br />
_ monawileebma debatebis dasawyisSive unda gaacnobieron, rom debatebma SeiZleba,<br />
maTi midgomebis Secvla gamoiwvios;<br />
_ debatebis gamarTva im dros, roca monawileebi midgomebis modifikaciisaTvis<br />
mzad ar arian, naklebad sasargebloa, vidre debatebi, romlebic Riaa da damokidebulebebis<br />
srulyofil axsnazea mimarTuli. debatebis mizani unda iyos ara<br />
erT-erTi mxaris gamarjveba, aramed problemis gaazreba.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTlebis<br />
mTavari qvakuTxedia Zieba, diskusia, da ara _ dadgenili WeSmaritebebi.<br />
Sesabamisad, maswavleblis upirvelesi amocanaa, moswavleebs azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebaSi<br />
daexmaros da klasSi sakuTari dominanturi pozicia daTmos. kvlevebi<br />
aCvenebs, rom moswavleebi maSin arian klasSi sityvauxvni da aqtiurni, roca maswavleblebi<br />
naklebs laparakoben.<br />
55
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 3: mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
rogor SeiZleba adamianebma erTad, mSvidobianad icxovron<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
rogor<br />
SeiZleba adamianebma<br />
erTad<br />
icxovron<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
ratom arsebobs<br />
adamianebs<br />
Soris<br />
uTanxmoeba<br />
56<br />
swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masala moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
im sakiTxebis<br />
ganxilva, romlebic<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
Rirebulebisa<br />
da rwmenis mqone<br />
Temebis mSvidobiani<br />
Tanacxovrebis<br />
dros problemuri<br />
SeiZleba iyos.<br />
ganaTlebis rolis<br />
ganxilva sxvadasxva<br />
kulturis<br />
warmomadgenelTa<br />
urTierTgagebis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
imis gaanalizeba,<br />
Tu ramdenad<br />
SeuZlia pirovnebas<br />
sazogadoebaze<br />
zemoqmedeba.<br />
im mizezebis<br />
ganxilva, romlebic<br />
xels uwyobs<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
damokidebulebis<br />
Camoyalibebas<br />
erTi da imave<br />
sakiTxis mimarT.<br />
sadavo sakiTxebis<br />
ganxilvis unaris<br />
ganviTareba.<br />
im RirebulebaTa<br />
ganxilva, romelic<br />
safuZvlad udevs<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebas.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
moTxrobaSi<br />
wamoWril sakiTxebs.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
CarTulni arian kritikuli<br />
azrovnebis<br />
procesSi.<br />
isini azrebs uziareben<br />
erTmaneTs.<br />
sakiTxis ukeT<br />
wvdomis mizniT,<br />
moswavleebi<br />
rolebis gaTamaSebas<br />
mimarTaven.<br />
moswavleebi saku Tar<br />
mosazrebebs gamoxataven<br />
da ica ven<br />
garkveul sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
sajaro diskusiis<br />
Temebs da maT<br />
safuZvlebs.<br />
moswavleebi ganixi<br />
laven im faqtorebs,<br />
ramac maTi<br />
Rirebulebebis<br />
sistemis<br />
Camoyalibebaze moaxdina<br />
zegavlena.<br />
moswavleebi Sei mu-<br />
Saveben pluralizmis<br />
wamaxalisebel<br />
saxelmZRvanelo<br />
principebs, raTa sajaro<br />
dialogi yovelTvis<br />
xarisxiani<br />
da urTierTpativiscemis<br />
gamomxatveli<br />
iyos.<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furcel<br />
3.1-is aslebi<br />
didi zomis<br />
niSnulebi savarjiSosaTvis<br />
`oTxi kuTxe~<br />
diskusia.<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovneba.<br />
hipoTezebis<br />
Camoyalibeba.<br />
rolebis gaTamaSeba.<br />
diskusia. mosazrebebis<br />
gamoTqma.<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovneba. wesebis<br />
SemuSaveba,<br />
TanamSromlobis<br />
principis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
riTi gansxvavdebian<br />
adamianebi<br />
erTmaneTisagan<br />
sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tanasworobis xelisSemSleli<br />
faqtorebis<br />
ganxilva.<br />
uTanasworo saganmanaTleblo<br />
SesaZleblobebis<br />
mizezebis identifikacia.<br />
Tanasworobis xelisSemSleli<br />
faqtorebis<br />
aRmofxvraze<br />
pasuxismgeblobis<br />
ganxilva.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
ZiriTad<br />
cnebebTan dakav-<br />
Sirebul hipoTezur<br />
situacias.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
ZiriTad principebs<br />
cxovrebiseul socialur<br />
situaciebs<br />
usadageben.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
gakveTilze<br />
wamoWril ZiriTad<br />
sakiTxebs.<br />
moTxrobis<br />
aslebi. moswavlis<br />
samuSao<br />
furcel 3.3-is<br />
aslebi.<br />
kritikuli azrovneba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
mosazrebis<br />
Camoyalibeba<br />
werilobiTi<br />
formiT.<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
ratomaa mniSvnelovani<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebebi<br />
im problemuri<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilva,<br />
romlebic<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
Rirebulebisa da<br />
cxovrebis wesis<br />
mqone adamianebis<br />
Tanacxovrebis<br />
dros wamoiWreba.<br />
im mizezebis ganxilva,<br />
romlebic<br />
safuZvlad edo<br />
adamianis ufleba-<br />
Ta dacvis saerTa-<br />
Soriso instrumentebis<br />
SemuSavebas,<br />
gansakuTrebiT,<br />
daucveli Temebisa<br />
da adamianebisaTvis.<br />
moswavleebi asruleben<br />
werilobiT<br />
davalebas.<br />
moswavleebi erTvebian<br />
kritikul<br />
analizSi da axdenen<br />
situaciebis prioritetizacias.<br />
moswavleebi gaiTamaSeben<br />
mowinaarmdege<br />
mxareebis warmomadgenelTa<br />
rolebs.<br />
rolebis gaTama-<br />
Sebis daskvnebidan<br />
gamomdinare, moswavleebi<br />
SeimuSaveben<br />
ramdenime ZiriTad<br />
princips da adareben<br />
maT am wignSi gakeTebul<br />
daskvnebs.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dar-<br />
Rvevis SemTxvevebs<br />
TavianT qveyanaSi.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeobisa da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb swavlebis<br />
sxvadasxva sakiTxze<br />
akeTeben prezentaciebs.<br />
kunZulze ganviTarebuli<br />
movlenebis<br />
amsaxveli ambis<br />
aslebi.<br />
situaciuri baraTebis<br />
aslebi<br />
TiToeuli patara<br />
jgufisaTvis.<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
ZiriTadi komponentebis<br />
nusxa.<br />
didi zomis<br />
furclebi da<br />
sxva masalebi,<br />
rac prezentaciisaTvis<br />
aris<br />
saWiro.<br />
kritikuli azrovneba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
molaparakeba.<br />
jgufuri<br />
prezentacia.<br />
57
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
rogor SeiZleba adamianebma erTad icxovron<br />
rogor aviTarebs ganaTleba Semwynareblobasa da urTierTgagebas 15<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs SeuZliaT:<br />
im sakiTxebis ganxilva, romlebic sxvadasxva Rirebulebisa da rwmenis mqone Temebis<br />
mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis dros SeiZleba problemuri iyos.<br />
ganaTlebis rolis ganxilva sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenelTa urTierTgagebis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
imis gaanalizeba, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia pirovnebas sazogadoebaze zemoqmedeba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ganixilaven moTxrobaSi wamoWril sakiTxebs.<br />
moswavleebi CarTulni arian kritikuli azrovnebis procesSi.<br />
isini azrebs uziareben erTmaneTs.<br />
sakiTxis ukeT wvdomis mizniT, moswavleebi rolebis gaTamaSebas mimarTaven.<br />
saWiro masala – moswavlis samuSao furcel 3.1-is aslebi<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ diskusia. kritikuli azrovneba. hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba.<br />
rolebis gaTamaSeba.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs gakveTilis miznebs acnobs da ukiTxavs moTxrobas<br />
`skola tyis piras~ (moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.1).<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, wriulad dasxdnen da ekiTxeba, Tu ra iyo<br />
gasaocari an saintereso am moTxrobaSi da ratom. moswavleebs eZlevaT ori wuTi,<br />
raTa mosazrebebi mewyviles gauziaron. Semdeg isini danarCen klass acnoben sakuTar<br />
Sexedulebebs.<br />
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom `SekiTxvebze dafuZnebuli~ diskusiis<br />
dros yvelaze mniSvnelovania Sexedulebebis gaziareba da ideebis Camoyalibeba.<br />
swori da araswori pasuxebi aseTi diskusiis dros ar arsebobs.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli ambobs: `modiT, CamovTvaloT is adamianebi, vinc skolis<br />
dawvas moisurvebda (magaliTad, zogierTi bavSvi, zogierTi mSobeli, adgilobrivi<br />
Temis warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa mRvdeli). ratom endomebodaT maT skolis dawva<br />
vin moigebs da vin waagebs, Tu skolas ar aRadgenen (magaliTad, moswavleebs Tu<br />
aRar eqnebaT skola, isini mogebulni iqnebian Tu wagebulni)~<br />
maswavlebelma am SekiTxvebisaTvis SeiZleba qvemoT moyvanili cxrili gamoiyenos:<br />
mxare ras moigebs ras waagebs<br />
moswavleebi<br />
mSoblebi<br />
mRvdeli<br />
mTeli Temi<br />
sxva<br />
Semdeg maswavlebli moswavleebs sTxovs, yuradReba miaqcion maswavleblis funqcias<br />
moTxrobaSi. zogadi SekiTxva _ `ras fiqrobT am maswavlebelze~ _ xels uwyobs<br />
moswavleebSi diskusiis dawyebas. Semdegi SekiTxvebi SeiZleba iyos:<br />
15 efuZneba samoqalaqo fondis (londoni) mier SemuSavebul gakveTils.<br />
58
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
_ es maswavlebeli suleli iyo, idealisti Tu mamaci<br />
_ imis gaTvaliswinebiT, risi gakeTebac man scada, mogwonT maswavlebeli Tu<br />
ara<br />
_ ra iyo maswavleblis aseTi saqcielis mizezi<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, sad aiTvisa maswavlebelma socialuri Rirebulebebi<br />
_ ra unda gaakeTos man axla (isev scados, Tu xeli Caiqnios)<br />
_ am skolis moswavle rom iyoT, maswavleblis rogor qcevas isurvebdiT<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs moTxrobis dakavSirebaSi maT yoveldRiur<br />
cxovrebasTan, maT TemTan. SesaZlo SekiTxvebia:<br />
_ dafiqrdiT, sad cxovrobT.<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, Tqveni Temis warmomadgenlebs es maswavlebeli moewonebodaT<br />
_ rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad SeuZlia pirovnebas sazogadoebaze zemoqmedeba<br />
warmoadgineT magaliTebi.<br />
am moTxrobaSi wamoWrili sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia:<br />
_ ramdenad uwyobs xels adamianebis or sxvadasxva jgufs Soris mSvidobis damyarebas<br />
maTi bavSvebis erTad swavla<br />
_ ra gamowvevebis winaSea skola da maswavleblebi, sadac sxvadasxva Rirebulebisa<br />
da religiuri rwmenis moswavleebi swavloben rogor SeiZleba am gamowvevebis<br />
aRmofxvra<br />
_ gakveTilis dasasruls, SesaZlebelia rolebis gaTamaSeba. warmoidgineT, rom<br />
skolis dawvamde zeganze mcxovrebi ramdenime moswavle da mSobeli maswavlebelTan<br />
Semdegi CiviliT mivida:<br />
`am skolaSi ufro meti zeganze mcxovrebi moswavlea, vidre tyeSi mcxovrebi.<br />
Sesabamisad, Cveni azriT, ar SeiZleba moswavleebs tyeSi mcxovrebTa religia aswavloT.<br />
SesaZloa, tyeSi mcxovrebTa religiis swavlebam zeganze mcxovrebi moswavleebis<br />
sakuTar xalxTan dapirispireba gamoiwvios~.<br />
maswavlebels es saCivari Caafiqrebs.<br />
moswavleebs SeuZliaT, mSoblisa da maswavleblis saubari mTeli klasis winaSe<br />
wyvilebSi gaiTamaSon.<br />
59
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
ratom arsebobs adamianebs Soris uTanxmoeba<br />
ras efuZneba adamianTa Soris gansxvavebebi<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs SeuZliaT:<br />
im mizezebis ganxilva, romelic xels uwyobs sxvadasxva damokidebulebis<br />
Camoyalibebas erTi da igive sakiTxis mimarT.<br />
sadavo sakiTxebis ganxilva.<br />
im RirebulebaTa ganxilva, romelic safuZvlad udevs demokratiul sazogadoebas.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi gamoxataven sakuTar mosazrebebs da icaven maT<br />
garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven sajaro diskusiis Temebsa da maT safuZvlebs.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven im faqtorebs, romlebmac maTi Rirebulebebis sistemis<br />
Camoyalibebaze moaxdina zegavlena.<br />
moswavleebi SeimuSaveben pluralizmis wamaxalisebel saxelmZRvanelo principebs,<br />
raTa sajaro dialogi yovelTvis xarisxiani da urTierTpativiscemis gamomxatveli iyos.<br />
saWiro masala _ didi zomis niSnulebi savarjiSosaTvis `oTxi kuTxe~<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ diskusia. mosazrebebis gamoTqma. kritikuli<br />
azrovneba. wesebis SemuSaveba, TanamSromlobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
ZiriTadi cneba<br />
pluralizmi _ mxolod is sazogadoebaa pluralisturi, sadac ar aris sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebuli Rirebulebebisa da rwmenis erTi oficialuri varianti. aseT<br />
sazogadoebaSi gamonakliss warmoadgenen is Sexedulebebi, romlebic safrTxes<br />
uqmnian sxva adamianebis rwmenis Tavisuflebas; aseTi Sexedulebebi pluralistur<br />
sazogadoebaSi arakanonieradaa miCneuli. saxelmwifo, sadac mxolod erTi religiuri<br />
aRmsareblobaa daSvebuli, an sadac arc erT religias ar aRiareben, ver<br />
CaiTvleba pluralistulad.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, ganixilon Semdegi sadavo mosazrebebi:<br />
eTanxmebiT Tu ar eTanxmebiT<br />
_ arasworia cxovelis xorcis Wama;<br />
_ imunodeficitis virusis (aiv) inficirebis SedarebiT riskis qveS myofi moswavle<br />
ar unda daiSvebodes im klasSi, sadac janmrTeli moswavleebi swavloben;<br />
_ pacifistebi ar unda gauSvan omSi ZaldatanebiT;<br />
_ sikvdiliT dasja unda aikrZalos;<br />
_ qalis adgili saxlSia;<br />
_ 14 wlamde bavSvebi ar unda muSaobdnen;<br />
_ sajaro dawesebulebebSi unda aikrZalos moweva;<br />
_ gadasaxadebi unda gaizardos;<br />
_ sityvis Tavisufleba ar aris kargi.<br />
60
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
saklaso oTaxis TiToeul kuTxeSi gakrulia am oTxidan erT-erTi aRmniSvneli:<br />
srulebiT veTanxmebi veTanxmebi ar veTanxmebi kategoriulad ar veTanxmebi<br />
TiToeuli mosazrebis wakiTxvis Semdeg, maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, im kuTxeSi<br />
dadgnen, romelic am mosazrebisadmi maT damokidebulebas yvelaze zustad gamoxatavs.<br />
Tu moswavle gadawyvetilebas ver iRebs, unda darCes iq, sadac ukve dgas.<br />
roca moswavleebi kuTxeebSi ganlagdebian, maswavlebeli erT-erT maTgans sTxovs,<br />
axsnas, Tu ratom daikava es pozicia. am etapze moswavlis pasuxs diskusia ar mohyveba,<br />
Tumca axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis Semdeg, dasaSvebia, danarCenma moswavleebma<br />
Seicvalon adgilmdebareoba, TavianT SexedulebebSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis niSnad.<br />
Tu erT-erTi moswavlis mier gakeTebuli ganmartebis Semdeg kvlav darCa moswavle,<br />
romelic gadawyvetilebas ver iRebs, maswavlebels SeuZlia, sTxovos mas,<br />
Camoayalibos, Tu ratom uWirs sakuTari damokidebulebis gansazRvra. moswavles<br />
SeuZlia, axsna-ganmarteba daweros. aseTi axsna SeiZleba moicavdes Semdeg argumentebs:<br />
meti informacia mWirdeba; zustad ar mesmis, ras niSnavs es winadadeba; Tan<br />
veTanxmebi, Tan ara da, Sesabamisad, miWirs erTi konkretuli poziciis dakaveba.<br />
am savarjiSos maswavlebeli 3-4 sxvadasxva sadavo mosazrebis gamoyenebiT akeTebinebs<br />
moswavleebs. maswavlebelma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos ara konkretuli, sadavo<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilvaze, aramed imaze, Tu ratom aqvT adamianebs sxvadasxva mosazreba.<br />
ganxilvis etapze maswavlebeli aRniSnavs, rom, warmodgenil mosazrebebTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT, moswavleebs gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi hqondaT. swored am dros<br />
maswavlebels pluralizmis cneba Semoaqvs da, am cnebis ukeT gaazrebis mizniT, moswavleebs<br />
Semdeg SekiTxvebs usvams:<br />
_ mivubrundeT sadavo mosazrebebs, romelTa mimarTac Tqveni pozicia ukve daafiqsireT.<br />
romelma mosazrebam gamoiwvia TqvenSi yvelaze Zlieri emocia da ratom<br />
_ rogor yalibdeba Cveni Rirebulebebi da rwmenebi (es SekiTxva daexmareba moswavleebs<br />
imis gaazrebaSi, rom Cveni damokidebulebebi sxvadasxva gavlenis pirobebSi<br />
yalibdeba)<br />
maswavlebeli ekiTxeba moswavleebs, Tu CamoTvlilTagan romeli axdens yvelaze<br />
did zegavlenas maTi Sexedulebebis formirebaze:<br />
_ maTi mSoblebis damokidebulebebi;<br />
_ maTi megobrebis mosazrebebi;<br />
_ religia da kultura;<br />
_ masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, magaliTad, gazeTebi, televizia, interneti<br />
da a.S.<br />
_ maswavleblebi;<br />
_ maTi sakuTari, pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
moswavleebi zegavlenis am wyaroebs piramidis formas aZleven; saTaveSi xvdeba<br />
yvelaze Zlieri zegavlenis wyaro, xolo ZirSi _ yvelaze susti.<br />
zegavlenis faqtori;<br />
zegavlenis faqtori; zegavlenis faqtori;<br />
zegavlenis faqtori; zegavlenis faqtori; zegavlenis faqtori.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, Seadaron erTmaneTis piramidebi. romeli faqtorebi<br />
axdenen yvelaze did gavlenas moswavleTa umetesi nawilis damokidebulebebis<br />
61
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
formirebaze zusti pasuxis gageba qulebis miniWebis saSualebiT SeiZleba. mivaniWoT<br />
piramidis saTaveSi moyvanil faqtors 6 qula, boloSi moyvanil faqtorebs _ 2 qula,<br />
xolo SuaSi _ 4 qula. 4-4 moswavlisagan Semdgari jgufebi TiToeuli faqtorisaTvis<br />
saSualo qulas iTvlian. Semdeg jgufebi Sedegebs erTmaneTs adareben.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs uxsnis, rom pluralizmi viTardeba Tavisufal da<br />
Ria sazogadoebaSi. adamianebis azrebi yovelTvis gansxvavebulia da, SeTanxmebis<br />
miRwevis procesSi, aucilebelia, pluralistuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenelma<br />
gaiTvaliswinos TamaSis garkveuli wesebi, magaliTad:<br />
_ daafaseT sxva adamianebis azri;<br />
_ SeecadeT, warmoidginoT Tqveni Tavi sxva adamianebis adgilas;<br />
_ gaxsovdeT, rom laparaki sjobs Cxubs;<br />
_ ecadeT, ar miayenoT Seuracxyofa;<br />
_ mieciT adamianebs saSualeba, gamoTqvan sakuTari saTqmeli.<br />
roca adamianebi ver Tanxmdebian, saWiroa garkveuli meqanizmis (magaliTad, xmis<br />
micemis) gamoyeneba.<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
riTi gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisagan<br />
ramdenad gansxvavebulia adamianTa saWiroebebi<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs SeuZliaT:<br />
sazogadoebaSi Tanasworobis xelSemSleli faqtorebis ganxilva.<br />
uTanasworo saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis mizezebis identifikacia.<br />
Tanasworobis xelisSemSleli faqtorebis aRmofxvraze pasuxismgeblobis ganxilva.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ganixilaven ZiriTad cnebebTan dakavSirebul hipoTezur<br />
situacias.<br />
moswavleebi ZiriTad principebs usadageben cxovrebiseul, socialur situaciebs.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven gakveTilze wamoWril ZiriTad sakiTxebs.<br />
moswavleebi asruleben werilobiT davalebas.<br />
saWiro masala _ moTxrobis aslebi.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ kritikuli azrovneba. diskusia. mosazrebis Camoyalibeba<br />
werilobiTi formiT.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
mravalferovneba _ mravalferovnebis cneba mxolod eTnikur an erovnul warmomavlobas<br />
ar ukavSirdeba. arsebobs adamianTa Soris sxva tipis gansxvavebebic, rac, SeiZleba,<br />
safuZvlad daedos seriozul socialur gamowvevebs, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca<br />
umravlesoba, romelsac Zalaufleba da gavlena gaaCnia, arafers akeTebs.<br />
Tanasworoba _ Tanasworobis or ZiriTad tips gamoyofen: Tanabari SesaZlebloba<br />
da Tanabari Sedegi. SesaZlebelia yvela adamianisaTvis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis micema<br />
(magaliTad, ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba), magram Tu ar gadailaxa garkveuli barierebi<br />
(magaliTad, SezRudul unarebTan dakavSirebuli), adamiani am SesaZleblobas ver gamoiyenebs.<br />
Tanabar Sedegze orientacia saSualebas iZleva, rom yvela bavSvma miiRos ganaTleba<br />
(SezRuduli unarebis miuxedavad).<br />
diskriminacia _ adamianis usamarTlod mopyroba misi rasis, genderuli kuTvnilebis,<br />
sqesis, asakis, rwmenis, an sxva faqtoris gamo.<br />
62
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs moTxrobas ukiTxavs (moswavlis samuSao furceli<br />
3.2). es moTxroba bevr saintereso sakiTxs exeba da, maswavleblis miTiTebis gareSe,<br />
zogierTi maTgani moswavleebs SeiZleba gamorCeT. daxmarebis mizniT, maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs aseve urigebs samuSao furcel 3.3-s da uxsnis davalebas.<br />
moswavleebi wyvilebSi muSaoben da cdiloben, Tavi mouyaron yvela im problemas,<br />
romelic kolejis TanamSromelTa winaSe dgas. es problemebi SeyavT samuSao<br />
furclis im nawilSi, romelic am miznisTvisaa gamoyofili (`problemebi~).<br />
Semdeg isini ayalibeben problemebis gadaWris gzebs da saTanado grafaSi iniSnaven<br />
(`gamosavali~). aseve, moswavleebi asaxeleben problemebis gadaWraze pasuxismgebel<br />
pirebs (`pasuxismgebloba~). bolo grafa droebiT carieli rCeba.<br />
moswavleebi klasis winaSe warmoadgenen da adareben sakuTar Sedegebs. prezentaciebis<br />
Sedegebis Tavmoyris mizniT, sasurvelia flipCartis an proeqtoris gamoyeneba.<br />
diskusia klasSi<br />
moswavleebi an maswavlebeli qvemoT warmodgenil, an msgavs SekiTxvebs svamen:<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, miaRwia direqtorma dasaxul mizans, rac yvela moswavlis<br />
Tanaswor mopyrobaSi mdgomareobda<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, unda gaiTvaliswinos direqtorma devnili mSoblebis survili<br />
da biWebi da gogonebi cal-calke klasebSi gaanawilos moiyvaneT<br />
pro- da kontrargumentebi;<br />
_ umjobesi xom ar iqneboda, rom devnil moswavleebs calke klasSi eswavlaT<br />
moiyvaneT pro- da kontrargumentebi, rogorc moswavleebis, ise<br />
sazogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinare.<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneba yvela moswavlisagan yvela SekiTxvaze pasuxis moTxovna; maT<br />
unda mivceT sakmarisi dro, raTa erT, romelime SekiTxvas CauRrmavdnen. moswavleebma<br />
unda gaaanalizon, rom pluralistur sazogadoebaSi adamianebs sxvadasxva<br />
saWiroeba aqvT, ramac konfliqtamde SeiZleba migviyvanos. konfliqtis samarTlianad<br />
mogvarebisTvis ki aucilebelia yvela mxaris interesebis gaTvaliswineba (konfliqtebis<br />
mogvarebis TemasTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT Tavi 4). am konkretul magaliTSi<br />
skola mikrosazogadoebad unda aRviqvaT, sadac moswavleebs iseTive problemebi<br />
eqmnebaT, rogorc zrdasrul moqalaqeebs sazogadoebaSi.<br />
qvemoT moyvanili sakiTxebi aaSkaravebs, Tu ramdenad mravalmxrivia es magaliTi da<br />
ramdenad karg masalas iZleva klasSi muSaobisaTvis. maswavlebelma CamoTvlilTagan<br />
konkretuli sakiTxebi unda SearCios, mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli droisa da moswavleTa<br />
interesis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
ramdenad gansxvavebulia moswavleTa saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebi<br />
saWiroa, moswavleebma upasuxon Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor SeiZleba mogvardes<br />
skolaSi arsebuli problemebi saWiroa, rom skolam moaxdinos zogierTi problemis<br />
ignorireba da ratom<br />
SeiZleba arsebobdes am kiTxvebze pasuxis Ziebis ori midgoma: pirveli, problemebis<br />
moswavleTa saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebTan kavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT; meore,<br />
im problemaTa identificirebiT, romelic uSualod skolis gadasaWrelia.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebs daexmareba Semdeg SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema:<br />
`adamianis/bavSvTa ra uflebebs arian moklebulni devnili bavSvebi~<br />
63
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlilia saganmanaTleblo saWiroebaTa ramdenime kategoria. moswavleebma<br />
am saWiroebaTa magaliTebi moTxrobaSi unda moiZion da moswavlis samuSao<br />
furclis meoTxe grafaSi CainiSnon:<br />
_ emociuri;<br />
_ saganmanaTleblo;<br />
_ religiuri;<br />
_ kulturuli;<br />
_ enobrivi;<br />
_ fizikuri.<br />
TiToeul am kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT, moswavleebma sakuTari magaliTebic<br />
unda moifiqron.<br />
pasuxismgebloba da misi CarCoebi<br />
moTxrobaSi dasmulma konkretulma problemebma safuZveli unda Cauyaros ganzogadebul<br />
diskusias Tanasworuflebianobisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.<br />
ramdenad advilia yvela bavSvisaTvis saukeTeso ganaTlebis SesaZleblobis micema,<br />
misi saWiroebebis srulad gaTvaliswinebiT ra SeiZleba gaakeTos skolam da<br />
ra daxmareba sWirdeba mas garedan, magaliTad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobidan,<br />
damatebiTi dafinansebis formiT<br />
mivubrundeT meore midgomas. rogorc wesi, erTi konkretuli RonisZiebis gatarebiT,<br />
kompleqsuri problemis gadaWra SeuZlebelia, rac, am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba<br />
gulisxmobdes skolis gafarToebas, specialurad momzadebuli kadrebis daqiravebas<br />
da a.S. saganmanaTleblo reformis ase ganviTareba sasurveli iqneboda, magram<br />
saWiroebs politikur gadawyvetilebebs, radgan gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa damatebi-<br />
Ti saxsrebis am sakiTxze mimarTva adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis da/an ganaTlebis<br />
saministros gadawyvetilebas ukavSirdeba. adamianebi, romlebic gamosavals mxolod<br />
aseT radikalur RonisZiebebSi xedaven, xelmocarulni aRmoCndebian da sxvaTa dadanaSaulebis<br />
meti xelT araferi SerCebaT. sxva sityvebiT, isini dasaxul mizans<br />
ver miaRweven _ problema mougvarebeli darCeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom problemis<br />
gadaWra SedarebiT mcire masStabis RonisZiebebiTac SeiZleba. es RonisZiebebi<br />
ukavSirdeba uSualod direqtoris, mSoblebis, moswavleebis da maswavleblebis<br />
SeTanxmebas, rom Secvalon is, rac maT xelSia, risi Secvlac maT surT da xelewifebaT<br />
kidec.<br />
swored aq gvWirdeba samuSao furclis mesame grafa. vin aris pasuxismgebeli<br />
vis SeuZlia Secvalos arsebuli situacia moswavleebi ganixilaven, Tu ramdenad<br />
efeqturi SeiZleba iyos mcire masStabis RonisZiebebi da ra maqsimalur Sedegebze<br />
SeiZleba gavidnen am RonisZiebaTa gatarebis Semdeg. moswavleebma SeiZleba ifiqron<br />
mcire da msxvilmasStabiani RonisZiebebis garkveul Serwymazec.<br />
`skola aris cxovreba~, mikrosazogadoeba. saskolo cxovrebis strategiebis<br />
ganxilva moswavleebs exmareba, ifiqron politikuri gadawyvetilebebisa da strategiuli<br />
dagegmarebis CarCoebSi.<br />
skola aris cxovreba<br />
Semdegi ideis gamoyenebiT, moswavleebs SeuZliaT, kolejSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi<br />
sakuTar skolas daukavSiron:<br />
`Tqvens skolaSi ra barierebi xvdeba moswavleTa garkveul nawils, rac maT xels<br />
64
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
uSliT swavlaSi vis pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgens am moswavleTa saganmanaTleblo<br />
saWiroebaTa dakmayofileba (magaliTad, mTavrobis, direqtoris, maswavleblebis Tu<br />
moswavleebis)~<br />
am SekiTxvas sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba mivudgeT. SeiZleba, ganxilvis sagnad iqces:<br />
moswavleebma gaiTamaSon interviu, an, SesaZlebelia, es SekiTxva saskolo gazeTis<br />
proeqtTan (Tavi 5) davakavSiroT.<br />
werilobiTi davaleba<br />
aucilebelia, maswavlebeli darwmundes, rom moswavleebi kargad iTviseben axal<br />
masalas. am TvalsazrisiT, sasargebloa diskusiis dakavSireba werilobiT davalebasTan.<br />
weris dros moswavleebi kidev erTxel ufiqrdebian diskusiis dros ganxilul<br />
masalas da ukeTesad aanalizeben mas; diskusiis Semdgom werilobiTi davalebis<br />
Sesruleba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa nela moazrovne, SedarebiT mokrZalebuli<br />
moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic diskusiis dros nakleb aqtiurni arian, imisda miuxedavad,<br />
rom SeiZleba bevri saTqmeli hqondeT.<br />
werilobiTi davalebisaTvis maswavlebelma yuradRebiT, moswavleTa donis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
unda SearCios Tema. detalurad Camoyalibebuli davaleba aseTi formiT<br />
SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:<br />
`adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis<br />
mixedviT, mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobaa yvela bavSvisaTvis ganaTlebis SesaZleblobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa.<br />
_ axseniT, ramdenad asrulebda es skola am valdebulebas;<br />
_ ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom bavSvebs mivceT is saganmanaTleblo SesaZ leblobebi,<br />
rac maT ekuTvniT<br />
_ vin aris pasuxismgebeli am bavSvebis ganaTlebaze<br />
_ bavSvTa cxovrebis romel sferoebze axdens gavlenas uTanasworo sazogadoebaSi<br />
cxovreba<br />
_ ganixileT~.<br />
diskusiis Sedegebi (flipCarti, Sevsebuli samuSao furceli)<br />
kolejis dasaxmareblad<br />
problemebi gamosavali pasuxismgebloba saWiroebebi<br />
(1)<br />
devnili bavSvebi<br />
enobrivi problemebi<br />
biWebi ar saubroben<br />
gogos ar SeuZlia<br />
siaruli<br />
specialuri kursebi<br />
Terapia, specialuri<br />
swavleba<br />
samedicino Careva,<br />
specialuri swavleba,<br />
mSoblebisTvis rCevis<br />
micema<br />
direqtori,<br />
adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTveloba<br />
direqtori, maswavlebeli<br />
enobrivi<br />
enobrivi, emociuri<br />
fizikuri<br />
65
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
problemebi gamosavali pasuxismgebloba saWiroebebi<br />
(2)<br />
devnilebi da adgilobrivi moswavleebi<br />
Cagvra, dacinva,<br />
jgufebis formireba,<br />
damuqreba, Cxubi,<br />
daSavebuli biWi<br />
(3)<br />
maswavleblebi<br />
ver aqceven yuradRebas<br />
devnilebsa da<br />
Zvel moswavleebs<br />
diskusia klasSi, qcevis<br />
wesebi, moswavledamkvirveblebi<br />
patara zomis klasebi,<br />
sxvadasxva cvla, meti<br />
maswavlebeli<br />
maswavleblebi, moswavleebi,<br />
mSoblebi<br />
adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTveloba<br />
emociuri, socialuri<br />
midgomebi da<br />
Rirebulebebi<br />
saganmanaTleblo,<br />
enobrivi, kulturuli,<br />
religiuri<br />
(4)<br />
mSoblebi<br />
surT cal-calke<br />
klasebi gogonebisa<br />
da biWebisaTvis<br />
`ara~<br />
`ki~<br />
<br />
kulturuli, religiuri<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
ratomaa mniSvnelovani adamianis uflebebi<br />
ratom gvWirdeba admianis uflebaTa amsaxveli kanonmdebloba daucvelTa dasacavad 16<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs SeuZliaT:<br />
im problemuri sakiTxebis ganxilva, romlebic sxvadasxva Rirebulebisa da cxovrebis<br />
wesis mqone adamianebis Tanacxovrebis dros wamoiWreba.<br />
im mizezebis ganxilva, romlebic safuZvlad edo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis<br />
saerTaSoriso instrumentebis SemuSavebas, gansakuTrebiT, daucveli Temebisa da<br />
adamianebisaTvis.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi:<br />
erTvebian kritikul analizSi da axdenen situaciebis prioritetizacias.<br />
gaiTamaSeben mowinaarmdege mxarebis warmomadgenelTa rolebs.<br />
rolebis gaTamaSebis daskvnebidan gamomdinare, SeimuSaveben ramdenime ZiriTad<br />
princips da adareben maT am wignSi gakeTebul daskvnebs.<br />
ganixilaven adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebs TavianT qveyanaSi.<br />
akeTeben prezentaciebs demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
swavlebis sxvadasxva sakiTxze.<br />
saWiro masala _ baraTebis aslebi rolebis gaTamaSebisaTvis (moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.4)<br />
situaciis amsaxveli baraTebis aslebi TiToeuli patara jgufisaTvis (moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli 3.5).<br />
adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi komponentebis nusxa (moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.6).<br />
didi zomis furclebi da sxva masalebi, rac prezentaciisaTvis aris saWiro.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ kritikuli azrovneba. diskusia. molaparakeba. jgufuri<br />
prezentacia.<br />
16 efuZneba samoqalaqo fondis (londoni) mier SemuSavebul gakveTils.<br />
66
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
informacia<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia Seiqmna im adamianTa fundamenturi uflebebis<br />
dasacavad, romelTac, magaliTad, SezRuduli aqvT sicocxlis ufleba an religiuri<br />
Tavisufleba. yvela im qveynis mTavroba, romelic evrosabWos wevria, emorCileba am konvenciis<br />
muxlebs Tavis moqalaqeTa uflebebis mimarT. am TvalsazrisiT, TiToeuli qveyana<br />
angariSvaldebulia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe. evrosabWoSi Semavali yvela qveynis<br />
nebismier moqalaqes SeuZlia, sarCeli Seitanos adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi,<br />
Tu moqalaqe Tvlis, rom misi uflebebi irRveva. sarCelis Setana SeuZliaT qveynebs<br />
sxva qveynis winaaRmdegac, Tumca aseTi SemTxvevebi iSviaTobas warmoadgens.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia efuZneba adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracias,<br />
romelic Seiqmna meore msoflio omis periodSi Cadenili genocidebis Semdeg.<br />
gakveTili<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli moswavleebs rolebis gaTamaSebis baraTebs<br />
(samuSao furceli 3.4) acnobs da uxsnis, rom or jgufad unda daiyon. maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs uyveba kunZulis (SeiZleba gamoiyenos dafaze dakidebuli ruka) da im<br />
adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic am kunZulze didi xania cxovroben.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobebs, rom kunZulze movida adamianTa axali<br />
jgufi, romelsac aq damkvidreba surs. axalmosulni Zalian gansxvavdebian kun-<br />
Zulis macxovreblebisagan. maswavlebeli moswavleebs axalmosulTa cxovrebis wess<br />
acnobs da klass or nawilad hyofs. sakiTxebis ganxilvis ori meTodi arsebobs, romlebic<br />
qvemoTaa warmodgenili. Tu moswavleebi rolebis gaTamaSebas arian miCveulni,<br />
sasurvelia, maswavlebelma airCios pirveli meTodi, xolo Tu ufro formalur<br />
muSaobas amjobineben _ meore meTodi.<br />
meTodi 1: rolebis gaTamaSeba<br />
moswavleebi wyvilebSi muSaoben; erTi aris axalmosuli, meore ki _ kunZulis<br />
macxovrebeli. baraTebze aRweril TiToeul situacias unda miudgnen im jgufis interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac isini warmoadgenen. orives uwevs sapirispiro<br />
mxaresTan molaparakebis procesis dawyeba (moswavleebi uSveben, rom enobrivi barieri<br />
ar arsebobs). TiToeul moswavles kargad unda hqondes gaazrebuli Semdegi:<br />
a. ra aris misi xalxisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema<br />
b. ra SedegebiT surs, dasruldes molaparakeba<br />
maswavlebeli axalmosulebs da kunZulis macxovreblebs sTxovs, erTgvarovan<br />
wyvilebad dajgufdnen da zemoTmoyvanil or sakiTxze SeTanxmdnen.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs axsenebs, rom kunZulis macxovreblebi ver damSviddebian,<br />
sanam ar moiSoreben axalmosulebs; axalmosulebi kunZulis macxovrebelTaTvis<br />
mudmiv safrTxes warmoadgenen da mxolod maT mier kunZulis datoveba aRmofxvris<br />
am safrTxes. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom axalmosulebs Zalian moswonT kunZuli<br />
da Zalis gamoyenebasac ar moeridebian, raTa aq darCena SeZlon.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs dapirispirebul wyvilebad hyofs da sTxovs, awarmoon<br />
molaparakebebi baraTebze mocemuli sakiTxebis garSemo prioritetulad _ yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxiT daiwyon da naklebad mniSvnelovani Temebi bolosTvis<br />
Semoinaxon.<br />
67
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
meTodi 2: organizebuli diskusia<br />
savarjiSos SesrulebisaTvis saukeTeso, Tumca ara erTaderTi, meTodia rolebis ga-<br />
TamaSeba. qvemoT warmogidgenT aqtivobas, romelic rolebis gaTamaSebis alternativad<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyenoT. klasi unda daiyos or nawilad: erTi naxevari warmoadgens kunZulis<br />
macxovrebelTa interesebs, xolo meore _ axalmosulTa interesebs. moswavleebi<br />
wyvilebSi muSaoben da cdiloben, daicvan TavianTi interesebi. maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
Seaxsenebs, rom molaparakebis formati, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze samarTliania, Tumca istoriuli<br />
magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom, rogorc wesi, erT-erTi mxare ufro mets aRwevs,<br />
vidre meore. aseTi Sedegis gamomwvevi mizezi aris Zalaufleba _ is mxare, romelsac aqvs<br />
meti Zalaufleba, molaparakebis dros xSirad ufro momgebian Sedegebze gadis.<br />
maswavlebeli Tavad uZRveba diskusiis process. is arCevs problemas da am problemisadmi<br />
erT-erTi jgufis midgomas. Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs meore jgufs, warmoadginon<br />
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi am problemasTan dakavSirebiT. moswvaleTa or<br />
jgufs Soris, maswavlebeli Suamavlis rols asrulebs. erT problemasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
TiToeuli jgufidan or-ori moswavle gamodis da ayalibebs argumentebs Tavisi<br />
jgufis saxeliT. Semdeg problemaze msjelobisas, sxva wyvilebi gamodian da a.S.<br />
diskusiis Sedegebis ganxilva<br />
diskusiis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs usvams Semdeg SekiTxvebs:<br />
_ advili iyo molaparakebis procesi Tu rTuli ratom<br />
_ orive jgufma im Sedegs miaRwia, risi miRwevac surda<br />
_ romelma jgufma miaRwia ufro mets ratom<br />
_ romelime jgufs hqonda ufro meti moraluri ufleba ratom<br />
_ rogori momavali SeiZleba hqondeT adamianTa am or jgufs<br />
_ ram SeiZleba SeuSalos xeli erTi jgufis dominirebas meoreze<br />
_ CamoayalibeT is principebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba daexmareboda adamianTa<br />
am or jgufs mSvidobian TanacxovrebaSi. SeadareT principebis es nusxa adamianis<br />
uflebaTa ZiriTad komponentebs (moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.6). romeli muxlebi<br />
daexmarebodaT kunZulis macxovreblebs miwis, cxovrebis wesisa da sakuTar uflebaTa<br />
SenarCunebaSi<br />
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom amgvari SemTxvevebi istorias axsovs,<br />
magaliTad, roca britanelebma daikaves avstralia, an evropelebma _ CrdiloeT<br />
da samxreT amerika. im dros ar arsebobda adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli<br />
dokumenti da, Sesabamisad, irRveoda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis uflebebi.<br />
analogiuri SemTxvevebi dResac xdeba, roca samxreT amerikis uZveles macxovreblebs,<br />
saerTaSoriso kompaniebis biznes interesebis gamo, arTmeven miwebs.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa mniSvnelovnebis aRiareba<br />
winamdebare Tavis dasasruls, maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, SearCion adamianis<br />
erT-erTi ufleba evropuli konvenciidan. moswavleebi amzadeben banersa da<br />
prezentacias am uflebis mniSvnelovnebaze. moswavleebs SeuZliaT, prezentaciaSi<br />
rolebis gaTamaSeba CarTon da kunZulelebis ambavi moiyvanon magaliTad. aseTi<br />
prezentacia SeiZleba klasis, an mTeli skolis winaSe gakeTdes. Tu arsebobs saTanado<br />
resursebi, es Tema SeiZleba proeqtadac iqces (ixileT me-5 Tavis me-4 gakveTili,<br />
sadac aRwerilia, Tu rogor SeiZleba aseTi proeqtebis momzadeba).<br />
68
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.1<br />
skola tyis piras<br />
uRrani tyis piras adamianTa jgufi cxovrobda. es religuri Temi iyo da bavSvebsac<br />
winaparTa religiuri Sexedulebebis mixedviT zrdidnen; maTi religiis mixedviT,<br />
ar arsebobda gansxvaveba mamakacsa da qals Soris.<br />
am Temis sacxovrebeli adgilidan moSorebiT iyo zegani, sadac sxva Temi binadrobda;<br />
isini ar iyvnen religiurebi, magram Sroma Zalian uyvardaT. es iyo mebrZoli<br />
xalxi, sadac dominantur funqcias mamakacebi asrulebdnen. qalebs Zalian afasebdnen,<br />
magram qali xelmZRvanelebi ar hyavdaT.<br />
tyis Tems araferi hqonda saerTo zeganis TemTan; maT erTmaneTTan siZulvili<br />
da SiSi akavSirebdaT. warsulSi isini erTmaneTs eomebodnen. erT dRes axalgazrda<br />
kaci mivida tyis piras macxovrebel TemTan da skolis aSeneba SesTavaza. am skolaSi<br />
orive Temis bavSvebi ivlidnen, rac maT daaxloebas Seuwyobda xels.<br />
male aaSenes xis mokrZalebuli Senoba da maswavlebelic moZebnes. orive Temis<br />
bavSvebi skolaSi wavidnen. mSoblebi da Temis xelmZRvanelebi guldasmiT elodnen<br />
movlenaTa ganviTarebas.<br />
Tavdapirvelad iyo garkveuli problemebi bavSvebs Soris; isini xSirad Cxubobdnen.<br />
male bavSvebi darwmundnen, rom skolaSi siaruli sasargeblo iyo da erTmaneTs uke-<br />
Tesad eguebodnen. maswavlebeli mkacri iyo, magram samarTliani da yvela bavSvs<br />
Tanasworad epyroboda. maswavlebeli orive Temis cxovrebis wess scemda pativs da<br />
bavSvebs am or Tems Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb aswavlida.<br />
ufro da ufro meti bavSvi dadioda am skolaSi.<br />
TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa, rom skolis moswavleTa did nawils zeganze macxovreblebi<br />
Seadgendnen. skolaSi yoveli 4 bavSvidan mxolod erTi iyo tyis Temidan.<br />
maswavlebeli orive Temis warmomadgenlebTan saubrobda da arwmunebda, rom bavSvebis<br />
skolaSi gamoSveba aucilebeli iyo.<br />
erT dRes skolaSi misul maswavlebels skola damwvari daxvda. 17<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.2<br />
koleji yvelasTvisaa<br />
kolejis direqtori Zalian humanuri da sulgrZeli adamiani gaxldaT; mas Rrmad<br />
swamda, rom ganaTleba Zalian mniSvnelovania. direqtori TanamSromlebs yovelTvis<br />
eubneboda: `yvela adamiani imsaxurebs cxovrebis karg dasawyiss. ar unda moepyroT<br />
romelime moswavles ufro meti keTilganwyobiT, vidre sxvebs. es ar iqneba samar-<br />
Tliani~.<br />
erT dRes skolaSi devnil moswavleTa jgufi movida; maTi ojaxebi mezobeli<br />
saxelmwifodan konfliqts gamoeqcnen. direqtorma TanamSromlebs ganucxada:<br />
`am sawyalma adamianebma yvelaferi dakarges. xelgaSlili miegebeT maT.<br />
droa, am adamianebs SevumsubuqoT tkivili; maTi brali ar aris, rom omis<br />
msxverplni gaxdnen~.<br />
TanamSromlebi direqtors daeTanxmnen. devnili moswavleebi asakis mixedviT<br />
17 efuZneba ted hudlesTonis moTxrobas (samoqalaqo fondi)<br />
69
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gadaanawiles klasebSi. ZiriTadad, yvela arsebul klasSi erTi devnili moswavle<br />
Sevida. mxolod erT klasSi aRmoCnda 4 devnili biWi.<br />
maswavleblebma male aRmoaCines, rom rTuli iyo devnilebisa da maTi Zveli<br />
moswavleebis Tanabari mopyroba. maswavleblebi problemebis Sesaxeb direqtors<br />
SesCiodnen: `devnilma bavSvma Cveni ena ar icis. me ar maqvs dro, rom mas yvelaferi<br />
vuTargmno. Targmnas Zalian didi dro sWirdeba da es dro danarCen moswavleebs<br />
akldebaT~. `Cems klasSi devnili moswavle aravisTan amyarebs komunikacias. es,<br />
SesaZloa, omisgan miyenebuli tramvis Sedegi iyos. SesaZloa, mas problemebi aqvs<br />
swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. rogor moviqce~ `Cems klasSi devnili bavSvi dasaxiCrebulia;<br />
mas ar SeuZlia siaruli; is veranair fizikur aqtivobaSi ver monawileobs,<br />
laboratoriaSic ki ver amodis, radgan kibeebia gasavleli.~<br />
problemebi ar mcirdeboda. sadilze, Sesvenebis dros, danarCenebi devnil bavSvebs<br />
Cagravdnen da dascinodnen, zogjer Seuracxmyofeli sityvebiTac mimarTavdnen. skolis<br />
Zveli moswavleebi devnilebs mouwodebdnen, iq dabrunebuliyvnen, saidanac movidnen.<br />
im oTxma devnilma, romelic erT klasSi moxvda, sakuTari interesebis dasacavad,<br />
mWidrod Sekruli dajgufeba Camoayaliba. erT dRes, erT-erTma devnlma biWma<br />
adgilobrivTan iCxuba da mZime fizikuri tramva miayena. maswavleblebi Tvlidnen,<br />
rom es devnili biWi skolidan garicxvis Rirsi iyo. direqtori ki sakuTar Tavs<br />
ekiTxeboda, ramdenad samarTliani iqneboda devnili moswavlis skolidan gagdeba.<br />
maswavleblebi ambobdnen:<br />
`Cven vecadeT, maTTan gvemuSava. Cveni sakuTari moswavleebi zaraldebian.<br />
ar SegviZlia erTdroulad devnilebsac vaswavloT da Cvens Zvel moswavleebsac~.<br />
mogvianebiT, devnili bavSvebis mSoblebmac moisurves direqtorTan Sexvedra da<br />
ganucxades mas:<br />
`Cven ar mogvwons, rom gogonebsa da biWebs erTad utardebaT fizikuri<br />
aRzrdis gakveTilebi. es Cvens religiasa da kulturas ewinaaRmdegeba.~<br />
direqtors moTmineba ewureboda; is idga Zalian rTuli gamowvevis winaSe da<br />
icoda, rom imedis dakargva aseT dros ar SeiZleboda.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.3<br />
kolejis dasaxmareblad<br />
problemebi<br />
gamosavali<br />
(1)<br />
devnili bavSvebi<br />
(2)<br />
devnilebi da adgilobrivi moswavleebi<br />
70
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
(3)<br />
maswavleblebi<br />
(4)<br />
mSoblebi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.4<br />
kunZulis macxovreblebi da axalmosulni (baraTebi rolebis gaTamaSebisaTvis)<br />
jgufi 1: kunZulis macxovreblebi<br />
Tqven kunZulze macxovrebel mosaxleobas warmoadgenT. am kunZulze Tqveni winaprebi<br />
ramdenime aTasi wlis win damkvidrdnen da maTi nawili mTaSi wminda adgilebzea dakrZaluli.<br />
Tqven gjeraT, rom winaprebis sulebi cocxlebi arian da Tavs dagtrialeben.<br />
Tqven cxovrebis martivi wesiT cxovrobT. qalebi bavSvebs uvlian, kacebi ki nadiroben<br />
da sakvebs moipoveben. am kunZulze mcxovrebT gjeraT, rom bunebas mofrTxileba sWirdeba<br />
da momaval Taobebs xelSeuxebeli buneba unda davutovoT. Tqven, ZiriTadad, mSvildisarsa<br />
da maxeebs iyenebT.<br />
Tqveni religia bunebis gaRmerTebas gulisxmobs, xolo kultura Temis mniSvnelobas<br />
ukavSirdeba. roca sakvebis odenoba mcirea, xalxi Tanabrad iyofs sakvebs da erTmaneTis<br />
gamosakvebad Sromobs. roca sakvebis siuxvea, xalxi ikribeba, mReris, cekvavs, sxvadasxva<br />
ambebs hyveba da ilxens. xalxs wera-kiTxvis codna ar sWirdeba.<br />
Tqvens TemSi kanonebi TiTqmis ar arsebobs. Temis belads SeuZlia kanonis damkvidreba,<br />
roca amis saWiroeba iqmneba. yovelgvari kamaTis dros Temis beladi momrigeblad gvevlineba.<br />
jgufi 2: axalmosulni<br />
Tqven xalxis im jgufs warmoadgenT, romelmac evropa axali cxovrebis ZiebaSi datova.<br />
Tqven gindaT, axali miwa aRmoaCinoT, sadac damkvidrdebiT, aaSenebT saxls da mTel<br />
darCenil cxovrebas gaatarebT.<br />
Tqven gaqvT sanadiro Tofebi da iaraRi miwis dasamuSaveblad. Tqveni kulturis ganmsazRvreli<br />
komponentebia ganaTleba da Sroma. Tqven miCveuli xarT brZolas keTildReobisaTvis.<br />
Tqven ar misdevT romelime religias, magram gwamT religiuri Tavisuflebis.<br />
Tqven gadawyvetilebebis demokratiuli wesiT miRebis momxre xarT. Tqven miatoveT<br />
is sazogadoeba, sadac mxolod elitarul fenas aqvs Zalaufleba da sadac qoneba ara-<br />
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. Tqven iseTi sazogadoebis Seqmnaze ocnebobT, sadac xalxi<br />
Tanasworuflebiania da yvelas aqvs warmatebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba.<br />
71
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.5<br />
situaciis amsaxveli baraTebi: kunZulis macxovreblebi<br />
waikiTxeT teqsti da gadawyviteT, ra unda gakeTdes TiToeul situaciaSi<br />
kunZulis macxovreblebi<br />
axalmosulni<br />
1k axali Robeebi _ axalmosulebma Robeebi<br />
gaakeTes maTi saxlebisa da saZovrebis<br />
garSemo, romelsac Tqvenc saZovrebad iyenebdiT.<br />
Tqven es Robeebi moSaleT.<br />
2k sazRvris damrRvevi _ kunZulis macxovrebelma<br />
axalmosulTa mier mowyobili sazRvari<br />
daarRvia. axalmosulebma is mokles.<br />
3k Sereuli qorwineba _ kunZulis erT-erT<br />
macxovrebels Seuyvardeba axalmosuli qalbatoni.<br />
4k wminda adgilebi _ ramdenime axalmosuli<br />
gaTxrebs awarmoebs mTebSi, im adgilas, sadac,<br />
Tqveni warmodgeniT, winaprebis sulebi<br />
binadroben. es adgilebi TqvenTvis wmindaa.<br />
protestis niSnad, Tqven Tavs daesxiT ramdenime<br />
kacs, romelic miwas Txrida.<br />
5k ganaTleba _ axalCamosulebma gaxsnes skola<br />
da Tqvens bavSvebsac iwveven wera-kiTxvis<br />
Sesaswavlad.<br />
1a axali Robeebi _ kunZulis macxovreblebma<br />
moSales Robeebi, romlebic Tqven cxovelebis<br />
mosaSeneblad gaakeTeT.<br />
2a sazRvris damrRvevi _ kunZulis macxovrebeli<br />
SemoiWra Tqven mier cxovelebisaTvis<br />
SemoRobil adgilas. Tqven gafrTxilebis<br />
Semdeg esroleT mas.<br />
3a Sereuli qorwineba _ erT-erT axalmosul<br />
qals Seuyvardeba kunZulis macxovrebeli<br />
kaci. maT surT, daqorwindnen da axalmosul-<br />
Ta Soris icxovron. ramdenime axalmosuls<br />
ar moswons es.<br />
4a wminda adgilebi -Tqven aRmoaCineT mineralebi<br />
mTebSi. am mineralebis sarfianad gayidva<br />
SeiZleba iq, saidanac Tqven CamoxvediT.<br />
kunZulis macxovreblebs es mTa wminda adgilad<br />
aqvT aRiarebuli, rac, Tqveni azriT,<br />
mxolod crurwmenaa. kunZulis macxovreblebi<br />
Tavs daesxnen Tqveni Temis warmomadgenlebs,<br />
romlebic mineralebs eZebdnen.<br />
5a ganaTleba _ Tqven gaxseniT skola da<br />
kunZulis macxovrebelTa bavSvebsac iwvevT<br />
wera-kiTxvis Sesaswavlad.<br />
72
Tavi 3. mravalferovneba da pluralizmi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 3.6<br />
adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi komponentebis nusxa 18<br />
1.<br />
sicocxlis ufleba;<br />
2. wamebisagan Tavisufleba;<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
7.<br />
8.<br />
9.<br />
10.<br />
11.<br />
12.<br />
13.<br />
14.<br />
15.<br />
16.<br />
17.<br />
18.<br />
19.<br />
20.<br />
21.<br />
22.<br />
23.<br />
24.<br />
25.<br />
26.<br />
monobisagan Tavisufleba;<br />
Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba;<br />
miukerZoebeli gasamarTlebis ufleba;<br />
uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, daxmarebis miRebis ufleba;<br />
diskriminaciisagan Tavisufleba; Tanasworobis ufleba;<br />
pirovnebad aRiarebis ufleba; erovnuli kuTvnilebis ufleba;<br />
piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis ufleba;<br />
qorwinebis ufleba;<br />
sakuTrebis flobis ufleba;<br />
gadaadgilebis ufleba;<br />
TavSesafris ufleba;<br />
azrovnebis, cnobierebisa da religiis Tavisufleba;<br />
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba;<br />
Sekrebisa da sxva adamianebTan gaerTianebis Tavisufleba;<br />
sakvebis, sasmelisa da sacxovrebilis ufleba;<br />
jandacvis ufleba;<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba;<br />
dasaqmebis ufleba;<br />
dasvenebisa da garTobis ufleba;<br />
socialuri dacvis ufleba;<br />
politikur procesebSi monawileobis ufleba;<br />
kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba;<br />
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis akrZalva;<br />
im socialuri wesrigis ufleba, sadac aRiarebulia adamianis uflebebi;<br />
27. pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobebi.<br />
18 es nusxa efuZneba maswavlebelTa damxmare masalas me-5 Tavidan `uflebebi, Taviseuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi”.<br />
73
Tavi 4<br />
konfliqti<br />
rogor viqceviT,<br />
roca ar veTanxmebiT<br />
4.1 konfliqtis gadaWra<br />
rogor unda gavumklavdeT seriozuli uTanxmoebis SemTxvevebs<br />
4.2 eqvsetapiani midgomis gamoyeneba<br />
rogor unda avaridoT Tavi mezobelTan dapirispirebas<br />
4.3 urTierTwinaaRmdegobrioba adamianis uflebebSi<br />
rogor moviqceT, Tu adamianis uflebebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
4.4 Zalis gamoyneba<br />
misaRebia Tu ara Zalis gamoyeneba zog SemTxvevaSi
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
rogor viqceviT, roca ar veTanxmebiT<br />
mSvidobis cnebas aqvs mniSvnelovani kulturuli ganzomileba. Soreuli aRmosavleTis<br />
qveynebSi mSvidobis cneba ufro Sinagan, sulier simSvides ukavSirdeba<br />
maSin, roca dasavleTSi mSvidoba omis an sxva Zaladobrivi konfliqtis ararsebobas<br />
gulisxmobs. indurSi mSvidobis aRmniSvneli sityvaa `shanti”, rac niSnavs gonebriv<br />
simSvides. gandim Tavisi filosofia da strategia `Ahimsa”-s cnebas daafuZna, rac<br />
yvelafer sazianosagan TavSekavebas gulisxmobs. is ambobda: `pirdapir TargmanSi<br />
es sityva niSnavs araZaladobas. CemTvis ki es sityva gacilebiT ufro maRali mniSvnelobis<br />
matarebelia. Cemi azriT, es sityva niSnavs Seuracxyofis miyenebisagan<br />
TavSekavebas, mzakvruli azrebis uaryofas, boroti Canafiqris arqonas im adamianebis<br />
mimarTac ki, visac mtrad miiCnev. misTvis, vinc am doqtrinas icnobs, ar arsebobs<br />
mtris cneba~. maias tomis tradiciis mixedviT, mSvidobis cneba keTildReobas ukav-<br />
Sirdeba da Cveni cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqts Soris balanss gulisxmobs. 19<br />
`pozitiuri mSvidoba~ im mdgomareobas hqvia, romelSic sazogadoebis survili<br />
mSvidobis damyarebaze da mSvidobis barierebis daZlevazea mimarTuli; is socialuri<br />
samarTlianobis princips emyareba da scdeba mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom mSvidoba<br />
mxolod SiSis, Zaladobisa da omis ararsebobas ukavSirdeba. `pozitiuri mSvidoba~<br />
mimarTulia konfliqtebis araZaladobriv mogvarebaze da mouwodebs adamianebs, konstruqciulad<br />
moagvaron socialuri problemebi. ganaTlebis specialistebisaTvis es<br />
saklaso oTaxSi demokratiuli procesebi waxalisebas, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis<br />
sakiTxebis mogvarebas, mosmenisa da konstruqciuli dialogis warmoebis unarebis<br />
ganviTarebas niSnavs. 20<br />
Zaladoba bunebrivi fenomenia zogierTi specialisti amtkicebs, rom adamianis<br />
bunebaa Zaladobrivi da, Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia konfliqtebis, omebisa da<br />
Zaladobis sxva gamoxatulebebis Tavidan arideba. am sferos sxva specialistebi ki<br />
fiqroben, rom Cven SegviZlia Tavi avaridoT Zaladobriv azrovnebas, grZnobebsa<br />
da qmedebebs. 1986 wels sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierebma SeimuSaves aqti Zaladobis<br />
Sesaxeb (Seville Statement on Violence). am aqtis mixedviT:<br />
76<br />
`1. mecnierulad arasworia imis mtkiceba, rom Zaladobrivi tendenciebi<br />
adamianebma winapari cxovelebisagan memkvidreobiT miiRes (...). keTildReoba<br />
adamianuri fenomenia da sxva cxovelebSi ar gvxvdeba (...).<br />
2. adamianTa zogierTi sazogadoeba omSi arasodes Cabmula, zogi ki omeb-<br />
Si aqtiurad monawileobda, mxolod konkretul istoriul periodSi (...).<br />
3. mecnierulad arasworia imis mtkiceba, rom omi an sxva Zaladobrivi<br />
qmedeba genetikurad devs adamianSi (...).<br />
4. mecnierulad arasworia imis mtkiceba, rom adamians aqvs `Zaladobrivi<br />
tvini~ (...). adamianis qmedebebi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor pirobebsa da<br />
socialur garemoSi arsebobs~.<br />
adamianTa umetesoba cxovrobs iseT garemoSi, romelic agresiisa da Zaladobisaken<br />
ubiZgebs; Cven veCveviT agresiul azrovnebas, grZnobebsa da qmedebas. adamiani aris<br />
socialuri da kulturuli wnexis qveS, ganuwyvetliv kiTxulobs da esmis Zaladobis<br />
Sesaxeb. satelevizio gadacemebi, reklamebi, filmebi, gazeTebi da videoTamaSebi<br />
aseTi Zaladobrivi situaciebis Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels. zrdasruli asakis miR-<br />
19 teqsti amoRebulia wignidan `kompasi, samoqalaqo ganaTlebis saxelmZRvanelo axalgazrdebisaTvis”,<br />
evrosabWo, strasburgi, 2002, gv. 376<br />
20 wignidan `swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis: sityvaTa ganmarteba”, karen o’Sea, evrosabWo<br />
(2003), gv. 29
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
wevamde axalgazrdas nanaxi aqvs aTasobiT mkvlelobisa da Zaladobis kadri televiziiT.<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Zaladoba xSirad dadebiT Rirebulebad aRiqmeba.<br />
zogjer Zaladobaze uaris Tqma sisustis niSnad miiCneva, gansakuTrebiT, mamakacebSi,<br />
romlebic, adreuli asakidan, Tanatolebis wnexis qveS eqcevian. 21<br />
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis, gaecaniT maswavleblis damxmare masalas am Tavis bolos.<br />
swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis da adamianis uflebebi<br />
gakveTilTa es seria moswavleebs daexmareba:<br />
_ gaacnobieron konfliqtebis gamomwvevi mizezebi;<br />
_ gaacnobieron konfliqtebis gadaWris araZalismieri gzebi;<br />
_ gaiumjobeson maT garSemo wamoWrili konfliqtebis gadaWris unari;<br />
_ ganiviTaron im saWiroebebis gaazrebis unari, romelic konfliqtSi CarTul mxareebs<br />
awuxebT;<br />
_ gaiazron, rom adamianis uflebebic SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs;<br />
_ kritikulad gaiazron Zaladobis gamoyenebis sakiTxi;<br />
_ ukeT gaiazron, rogor SeiZleba ZaladobasTan gamklaveba;<br />
_ gaacnobieron konfliqtebis mogvarebis araZaladobrivi gzebi.<br />
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
rogor viqceviT, roca ar veTanxmebiT<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
konfliqtis gadaWra<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
eqvsetapiani<br />
midgomis gamoyeneba<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
urTierTwinaaRmdegobrioba<br />
adamianis uflebebSi<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
Zalis gamoyneba<br />
swavlis mizani<br />
konfliqtis gadaWris<br />
eqvsetapiani midgoma:<br />
Sesavali<br />
eqvsetapiani midgomis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
im situaciebis amocnoba<br />
da analizi,<br />
roca adamianis<br />
uflebebi erTmaneTs<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
kritikuli analizi<br />
imisa, Tu ramdenad<br />
misaRebia Zaladobis<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
moswavlis<br />
davaleba<br />
ganixileT konfliqturi<br />
situacia;<br />
ipoveT<br />
konfliqtis gadaWris<br />
gzebi.<br />
ganixileT konfliqturi<br />
situacia;<br />
ipoveT<br />
konfliqtis gadaWris<br />
gzebi.<br />
ganixileT situacia,<br />
roca adamianis<br />
uflebebi<br />
erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
gaaanalizeT<br />
Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxveva.<br />
saWiro masala<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 4.1<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 4.1<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 4.2<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 4.3<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 5.2<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 4.4<br />
moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
mcire<br />
zomis<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
mcire<br />
zomis<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
mcire zo mis<br />
jgu febSi<br />
mu Saoba.<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovneba.<br />
mcire zo mis<br />
jgu febSi<br />
mu Saoba.<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovneba.<br />
21 teqsti amoRebulia wignidan `kompasi, samoqalaqo ganaTlebis saxelmZRvanelo axalgazrdebisaTvis”,<br />
evrosabWo, strasburgi, 2002, gv. 380..<br />
77
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
konfliqtis gadaWra<br />
rogor unda gavumklavdeT seriozuli uTanxmoebis SemTxvevebs<br />
swavlis mizani _ konfliqtis gadaWris eqvsetapiani midgoma: Sesavali<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ ganixileT konfliqturi situacia; ipoveT konfliqtis gadaWris gzebi.<br />
saWiro masala _ furclebi, rveulebi da kalmebi. moswavlis samuSao furceli 4.1.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ mTeli klasis muSaoba; saWiroebisamebr, wyvilebSi muSaoba.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
konfliqtebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia. konfliqti aris adamianebis an adamianTa<br />
jgufis interesTa Sejaxebis Sedegi. konfliqtebi politikaSi sajaro gansjis sagnad<br />
iqceva. konfliqtis sajaro ganxilva da kompromisis erToblivi Zieba sxvadasxva socialur<br />
jgufebs samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi CarTulobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. konfliqtis gadawyvetis<br />
gzebis (kompromisis) Zieba aris unari, romelsac gamomuSaveba sWirdeba. es gakveTili<br />
swored am unaris ganviTarebas emsaxureba.<br />
am wignSi gamoiyeneba konfliqtis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi cnebebi, romlebsac<br />
maswavlebeli unda icnobdes:<br />
mogeba-mogeba _ es cneba gulisxmobs konfliqtis dasrulebas orive mxarisaTvis<br />
momgebiani gadawyvetilebiT. orive mxare kmayofilia, radgan sasurvels miaRwia. es aris<br />
konfliqtis mogvarebis idealuri modeli da garantias iZleva, rom konfliqti ar ganaxldeba.<br />
mogeba-wageba an wageba-mogeba _ es cneba gulisxmobs konfliqtis dasrulebas ise, rom<br />
erT-erTi mxare mogebuli rCeba, meore ki _ wagebuli. konfliqtis am modeliT gadaWris<br />
SemTxvevaSi arsebobs albaToba, rom konfliqti ganaxldeba, radgan wagebuli mxare ar aris<br />
dakmayofilebuli.<br />
wageba-wageba _ Tu konfliqti am cnebiT sruldeba, es imas niSnavs, rom verc erTi<br />
mxare ver dakmayofilda. Sesabamisad, es modeli konfliqtis mxolod droebiT miwynarebas<br />
gulisxmobs; arsebobs Zalian didi albaToba, rom konfliqti male ganaxldeba.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli gakveTilis dasawyisSi dafis marcxena mxares wers sityvas `konfliqti~.<br />
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, furcelze Camoweron sityvebi da cnebebi,<br />
romlebic konfliqtTan asocirdeba.<br />
maswavlebeli dafis marjvena mxares wers sityvas `mSvidoba~ da sTxovs moswavleebs,<br />
axla am cnebasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi Camoweron furcelze.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli, daaxloebiT, 10 moswavles sTxovs, waikiTxon Camowerili<br />
sityvebi. moswavleTa asociaciebi dafaze iwereba da danarCen klass saSualeba eZleva,<br />
sakuTari komentarebi warmoadginon:<br />
_ romelime sityva iwvevs maT gaocebas<br />
_ yvela sityva, romelic cneba `konfliqtis~ garSemo weria, xom ar aris negatiuri<br />
da yvela sityva, romelic cneba `mSvidobis~ garSemo weria, xom ar aris<br />
pozitiuri<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, moiyvanon konkretuli konfliqturi situa-<br />
78
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
ciebis magaliTebi, romelic maT Tavad SemTxveviaT, an romelsac isini Seswrebian.<br />
Semdeg moswavleebi unda dafiqrdnen imaze, Tu ramdenad gadaWradi iyo TiToeuli<br />
es konfliqti. maswavlebels Semoaqvs mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom yvela konfliqts<br />
ar mivyavarT Zaladobamde; arsebobs konfliqturi situaciebi, romlebic kompromisiT<br />
sruldeba.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs konfliqtis magaliTs, rac SeiZleba ojaxSi<br />
moxdes:<br />
`18 wlis katias unda, megobris gamogzavnil films uyuros maSin, roca, mis 15<br />
wlis Zma martins satelevizio programis yureba surs~.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs urigebs samuSao furcel 4.1-s da iwyebs konfliqturi<br />
situaciis gaanalizebas qvemoT warmodgenili eqvsetapiani midgomis gamoyenebiT.<br />
moswavleebi msjeloben arsebuli konfliqtis gansazRvrebaze da mxareebis<br />
saWiroebebze. mniSvnelovania, rom pirvel etapze mxareTa saWiroebebi araprovokaciuli<br />
toniT iyos Camoyalibebuli. es saWiroebebi uSualod unda ukavSirdebodes<br />
konfliqtis gadaWras da ar unda warmoadgendes am mxaris zogad miswrafebebs.<br />
aucilebelia, orive mxare Tanxmdebodes arsebuli konfliqtis gansazRvrebaze (me-2<br />
etapi).<br />
me-3 etapi ukavSirdeba arsebuli konfliqtis gadaWris gzebs. am etapze ar ganixileba<br />
konfliqtis gadaWris gzebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. me-3 etapze<br />
xdeba yvela variantis mxolod CamoTvla. Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs uxsnis<br />
konfliqtis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebul sam cnebas: mogeba-mogeba, mogeba-wageba/wageba-mogeba<br />
da wageba-wageba. maswavlebeli dawyvilebul moswavleebs sTxovs,<br />
Seafason konfliqtis mogvarebis TiToeuli varianti am cnebebis gamoyenebiT (me-4<br />
etapi).<br />
Tu moswavleebi aRmoaCenen, rom SeuZlebelia konfliqtis dasruleba mogebamogebis<br />
modeliT, isini gadadian Semdeg modelze. analizis bolos moswavleebi<br />
wyveten, Tu romelia konfliqtis gadaWris saukeTeso gza (me-5 etapi). realur cxovrebaSi,<br />
roca mxareebi eqvsetapiani midgomis saSualebiT cdiloben konfliqtis<br />
mogvarebas, isini aucileblad unda SeTanxmdnen erT-erT variantze.<br />
bolos maswavlebeli warmoadgens me-6 etaps: saWiroa, konfliqtis mogvarebis<br />
SerCeuli gza Sefasdes garkveuli drois Semdeg da moxdes masSi cvlilebebis Setana,<br />
ramdenadac amas situacia moiTxovs.<br />
gakveTilis Sesajameblad, maswavlebeli moswavleebs Tavad meTodis efeqturobis<br />
Sesaxeb usvams kiTxvebs: rogor situaciebSi iqneba es meTodi yvelaze warmatebuli<br />
ra Sedegebs moitanda am meTodis farTod gamoyeneba moswavleebma unda imsjelon<br />
konfliqtebis mogvarebisas am meTodis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva konteqstze:<br />
_ TanatolebTan;<br />
_ ojaxSi;<br />
_ klasSi;<br />
_ skolaSi;<br />
_ saxelmwifoSi;<br />
_ omSi;<br />
_ sportSi.<br />
79
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
eqvsetapiani midgomis gamoyeneba<br />
rogor unda avaridoT Tavi mezobelTan dapirispirebas<br />
swavlis mizani _ eqvsetapiani midgomis gamoyeneba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ ganixileT konfliqturi situacia; ipoveT konfliqtis gadaWris gzebi.<br />
saWiro masala – moswavlis samuSao furceli 4.1<br />
konfliqtebis amsaxveli ambebis aslebi moswavlis samuSao furcel 4.2-dan.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ mcire zomis jgufebSi muSaoba.<br />
informacia<br />
mxolod Teoriuli cnebebis gaazreba ar aris sakmarisi konfliqtis mSvidobianad mogvarebisaTvis.<br />
aucilebelia, konfliqtis mogvarebis praqtikuli unaris floba. es gakveTili<br />
studentebs swored am unaris ganviTarebaSi daexmareba. Semdegi nabiji ki iqneba am<br />
codnisa da unaris cxovrebiseul magaliTze gamoyeneba skolaSi.<br />
gakveTili<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom maTi mizania, sxvadasxva<br />
tipis konfliqtis gadaWris gzebis Zieba eqvsetapiani midgomis gamoyenebiT.<br />
klasi 4-5 moswavlisagan Semdgar jgufebad iyofa. jgufebi iReben moswavlis samuSao<br />
furcel 4.2-s da erT-erT konfliqtze muSaobis davalebas iReben. Sesabamisad,<br />
samuSao furcelze mocemul TiToeul konfliqts erTze meti jgufi ganixilavs.<br />
aseve, muSaobis procesSi jgufebi iyeneben moswavlis samuSao furcel 4.1-s `konfliqtis<br />
gadaWris eqvsetapiani midgoma~. msjelobis dasrulebis Semdeg, TiToeuli<br />
jgufidan erTi moswavle klasis winaSe konfliqtis mogvarebis eqvs etaps warmoadgens.<br />
prezentaciebs jer is jgufebi akeTeben, romlebic pirvel konfliqtze muSaobdnen,<br />
Semdeg ki isini, romelTac meore konfliqtze muSaoba ergoT wilad.<br />
prezentaciebis Semdeg maswavlebeli marTavs diskusias konfliqtebis gadaWris<br />
gzebTan dakavSirebiT. Semdeg maswavlebeli SekiTxvebs svams:<br />
_ kargad gvesmis `moTxovnebi~ da `arsebuli konfliqtis gansazRvreba~ aris gadauWreli<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
_ SeiZleba gamoiZebnos konfliqtis mogvarebis sxva gzebi, romlebic sasargeblo<br />
iqneboda grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, imuSaon maTTvis cnobil konfliqtebze<br />
skolis, qveynis, TanatolebTan urTierTobis gamocdilebidan. moswavleebma unda<br />
SearCion erTi an ori konfliqturi situacia da am konfliqt(eb)is mogeba-mogebiT<br />
gadawyvetaze ifiqron.<br />
Tu maswavlebels surs, ganxilvis sagnad aqcios mediatorobis sakiTxi, SeuZlia,<br />
klasSi Semoitanos konfliqtebis iuridiuli formiT mogvarebis Tema (mediatorobis<br />
formebi, sasamarTloSi gasaCivreba da a.S.). konfliqtebis ganxilva SeiZleba<br />
moxdes eqvsetapiani midgomis an rolebis gaTamaSebis gziT.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maswavlebeli rolebis gaTamaSebas irCevs, erTi moswavle<br />
Seasrulebs davaSi CarTuli erTi mxaris rols, meore moswavle _ davaSi CarTuli<br />
80
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
meore mxaris rols. aseve, saWiro iqneba mesame moswavlis monawileobac, romelic<br />
mediatorad mogvevlineba. sami moswavlisagan Semdgari jgufebi konfliqtis gadaWraze<br />
mediatoris daxmarebiT muSaoben. savarjiSos dasrulebis Semdeg, TiToeuli<br />
jgufi warmoadgens sakuTar Sedegebs da, aseve, gaacnobs klass im process, romelmac<br />
jgufi am Sedegebamde miiyvana. sxva sityvebiT, aqcenti keTdeba ara mxolod<br />
mediatoris daxmarebiT miRweul Sedegebze, aramed Tavad proceszec. rolebis ga-<br />
TamaSebas SeiZleba sakmaod didi dro dasWirdes. Sesabamisad, maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
rolebis gaTamaSeba klasgareSe aqtivobad, an calke gakveTilad gamoyos.<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
urTierTwinaaRmdegobrioba adamianis uflebebSi<br />
rogor moviqceT, Tu adamianis uflebebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
swavlis mizani _ im situaciebis amocnoba da analizi, roca adamianis uflebebi erTmaneTs<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ ganixileT situacia, roca adamianis uflebebi erTmaneTs<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
saWiro masala _ didi zomis furceli da markeri TiToeuli jgufisaTvis. moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli 4.3<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.2<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ mcire zomis jgufebSi muSaoba.<br />
kritikuli azrovneba.<br />
informacia<br />
erTi SexedviT, adamianis uflebebis konvenciebi naTeli da erTmniSvnelovania. Tumca<br />
aris SemTxvevebi, roca adamianis erTi ufleba ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis sxva uflebas.<br />
aseT dros, aucilebelia kritikuli azrovnebis moSvelieba, orive mxaris uflebaTa awondawonva<br />
da gamosavlis moZebna.<br />
gakveTili<br />
moswavleebi 4-5 kacian samuSao jgufebad iyofian. jgufebs moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 4.3 `urTierTwinaaRmdegobrioba adamianis uflebebSi: xuTi SemTxveva~,<br />
didi zomis qaRaldi da markeri urigdebaT.<br />
dasawyisSi, moswavleebma unda daadginon, Tu adamianis romel uflebebTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. am davalebis SesrulebaSi moswavleebs daexmareba samuSao<br />
furceli 5.2, romelzec adamianis uflebaTa nusxaa mocemuli. mas Semdeg, rac<br />
moswavleebi SeTanxmdebian, Tu adamianis romeli uflebebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs,<br />
isini qaRalds markeris saSualebiT yofen Semdeg nawilebad. maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
aseTi CarCo dafazec daxatos da moswavleTa muSaobis Sedegebi masze daafiqsiros.<br />
81
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
SemTxvevis nomeri<br />
admianis uflebebi<br />
_<br />
_<br />
_<br />
_<br />
gadawyvetis gza<br />
ratom<br />
Semdeg moswavleebi winaaRmdegobrivi situaciidan gamosavalze msjeloben; isini<br />
konfliqturi situaciis mogvarebis TiToeul SemoTavazebul variants argumentirebulad<br />
asabuTeben.<br />
TiToeuli jgufi irCevs erT moswavles, romelic jgufis muSaobis Sedegebs danarCen<br />
klass warmoudgens. prezentaciis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs ekiTxeba,<br />
Tu eTanxmebian konkretuli jgufis mier warmodgenil gamosavlis gzebs da sTxovs<br />
mosazrebebis dasabuTebas.<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
Zalis gamoyneba<br />
misaRebia Tu ara Zalis gamoyeneba zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
swavlis mizani _ kritikuli analizi imisa, Tu ramdenad misaRebia Zaladobis gamoyeneba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ gaaanalizeT Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxveva.<br />
saWiro masala _ baraTebi, romlebzec datanilia ambebi moswavlis samuSao furcel 4.4-<br />
dan (aucilebelia, maswavlebels hqondes informacia qveyanaSi arsebul sasamarTlo<br />
sistemaze).<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ mcire zomis jgufebSi muSaoba.<br />
kritikuli azrovneba.<br />
informacia<br />
dedamiwaze mSvidobis damyareba sanukvar miznad iTvleba. miuxedavad amisa, saerTa-<br />
Soriso samarTlis normebi ar gulisxmobs Zaladobis srul akrZalvas. es gakveTili moswavleebs<br />
imis gaazrebaSi daexmareba, Tu rodisaa legitimuri Zalis gamoyeneba. moswaleebma<br />
unda imsjelon maT, an maTi nacnobebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebze.<br />
82
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
gakveTili<br />
moswavleebi 4-5 kacian samuSao jgufebad iyofian. maswavlebeli, an erT-erTi<br />
moswavle klass moswavlis samuSao furcel 4.4-Si mocemul pirvel ambavs warmoudgens.<br />
erT gakveTilze oTxive ambis ganxilva albaT SeuZlebeli iqneba. Sesabamisad,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, airCios erT-erTi varianti:<br />
_ mTeli klasi amuSaos or ambavze;<br />
_ sxvadasxva jgufs samuSaod oTxive ambavi daurigos;<br />
_ am sakiTxs kidev erTi gakveTili dauTmos.<br />
TiToeuli jgufis amocanaa, gaecnon ambavs, gaiazron SekiTxvebi, imsjelon da<br />
msjelobis Sedegebi klasis winaSe warmoadginon. maswavlebelma kargad unda gaiTavisos<br />
am gakveTilis mTavari SekiTxva: ramdenad dasaSvebia Zalis gamoyeneba<br />
mas Semdeg, rac klasi TiToeuli jgufis prezentacias moismens, maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia, garkveulwilad Seajamos ambavi/miawodos moswavleebs damatebiTi informacia<br />
ambavTan dakavSirebiT da mxolod Semdeg gadavides sxva ambavze.<br />
maswavleblisaTvis: ambebi, SekiTxvebi da damatebiTi informacia<br />
ambavi 1<br />
antiglobalistebis manifestaciis dros adamianTa jgufma qvebi dauSina<br />
transnacionaluri kompaniis Senobas. policiam, romelic am SemTxvevas Seeswro,<br />
daakava adamianebi, romlebmac Senobas qvebi dauSines. xalxma erT-erTi policieli<br />
Seipyro da seriozuli fizikuri Seuracxyofa miayena.<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
dasaSvebi iqneboda, rom policias cecxli gaexsna momitingeebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
qvebs isrodnen<br />
dasaSvebi iqneboda tyviamfrqvevidan cecxlis gaxsna (es ufro swrafad aRmofxvrida<br />
problemas, magram dasruldeboda meti msxverpliT)<br />
dasaSvebi iqneboda, rom policias meti dro daekarga da wylis Wavli gamoeyenebina<br />
dasaSvebi iqneboda, rom policias Zalis gamoyenebisagan Tavi Seekavebina da<br />
amiT situaciis eskalacia aeridebina Tavidan<br />
informacia<br />
saerTaSoriso normebis gaTvaliswinebiT, garkveul situaciebSi policias<br />
SeuZlia Zalis gamoyeneba. Zalis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod absoluturi aucileblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. Zala aucileblad unda iyos proporciuli. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
policieli iRebs zemdgomisagan davalebas, romelic am wesis ugulebelyofas gulisxmobs,<br />
policiels SeuZlia, ar daemorCilos zemdgoms.<br />
ambavi 2<br />
qveyana a oms ucxadebs qveyana b-s, radgan qveyana b afinansebs danaSaulebriv dajgufebebs,<br />
romelTac ieriSi miaqvT qveyana a-ze qveyana b-s teritoriidan. qveyana<br />
a-s dazverva aRmoaCens, rom qveyana b-s erT-erT sofelSi xdeba razmebis intensiuri<br />
83
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
wvrTna; aseve, dazverva daadgens, rom mzaddeba msxvilmasStabiani Seteva qveyana a-s<br />
mniSvnelovan industriul obieqtze.<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
dasaSvebi iqneba, rom qveyana a-m dabombos qveyana b-s miTiTebuli sofeli<br />
da gaanadguros, rac SeiZleba, meti adamiani, maT Soris, mSvidobiani mosaxleoba<br />
dasaSvebi iqneba dabombva mas Semdeg, rac: 1. gaafrTxileben danaSaulebriv<br />
dajgufebas, rom ubrZolvelad Cabardes qveyana a-s warmomadgenlebs; 2.<br />
gaafrTxileben adgilobriv mosaxleobas mosalodneli dabombvis Sesaxeb;<br />
3. teritoriidan gamosul adgilobriv mosaxleobas gaCxreken da, iaraRis<br />
CamorTmevis Semdeg, usafrTxo TavSesafars miuCenen<br />
dasaSvebi iqneba, rom qveyana a-m saerTod ar gamoiyenos Zala ra alternatiul<br />
qmedebas SeiZleba mimarTos qveyana a-m<br />
informacia<br />
saomar moqmedebebTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso normebi (`Jenevis konvencia~)<br />
ar krZalavs garkveul saomar qmedebebsa da iaraRis gamoyenebas. erT-erTi normis<br />
mixedviT, ar SeiZleba samxedro moqmedeba arasamxedro samizneebis winaaRmdeg. aseve,<br />
samxedro Careva ar unda iyos araproporciuli da erTgvarovani. magaliTad, roca<br />
SedarebiT msubuqi iaraRiT SeiZleba miznis miRweva, ar SeiZleba Zlieri bombebis<br />
gamoyeneba samxedro obieqtebis gasanadgureblad, radgan aseTma qmedebam SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios msxverpli mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, `Jenevis<br />
konvencia~ ar krZalavs samxedro Carevas da mouwodebs mxareebs, gaiTvaliswinon<br />
mSvidobiani mosaxleobis interesebi.<br />
ambavi 3<br />
batoni brauni, romelic adgilobriv saavadmyofoSi teqnikosad muSaobs, roca<br />
saxlSi nasvami brundeba, fizikur Seuracxyofas ayenebs Tavis meuRles. colma<br />
policia erTxel ukve gaafrTxila qmris danaSaulebrivi qcevis Sesaxeb. mezoblis<br />
coli erTxel SemTxveviT Seeswro Zaladobis scenas da axla kargad xvdeba, Tu riTi<br />
sruldeba xolme xmamaRali kamaTi mezobel ojaxSi.<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
mezoblis coli valdebulia, darekos policiaSi, roca xmauri esmis mezobeli<br />
ojaxidan Tu es maT pirad cxovrebaSi araswori Careva iqneba<br />
policia valdebulia, Caerios adamianebis ojaxur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini aseT<br />
informacias miiReben<br />
informacia<br />
`monawile saxelmwifoebi gmoben qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formas, SeTanxmdnen<br />
yvela saWiro saSualebiT ganuxrelad ganaxorcielon qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis<br />
aRmofxvris politika da, am mizniT, kisruloben valdebulebas, rom:<br />
mamakacTa da qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis princips Seitanen TavianT erovnul<br />
konstituciebSi, an sxva Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi, Tu es jer ar gaukeTebiaT.<br />
kanonis da sxva Sesabamisi saSualebebis meSveobiT, uzrunvelyofen am principis<br />
praqtikul ganxorcielebas;<br />
iq, sadac es saWiroa, miiReben Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo da sxva zomebs, maT Soris,<br />
84
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
sanqciebs, romlebic akrZalaven qalTa yovelgvar diskriminacias;<br />
Tavs Seikaveben qalTa mimarT raime diskriminaciuli aqtis an moqmedebis<br />
Cadenisagan da uzrunvelyofen, rom saxelmwifo organoebi da dawesebulebebi moqmedebdnen<br />
am valdebulebis Sesabamisad;<br />
miiReben yvela saWiro zomas, maT Soris sakanonmdeblos, im moqmedi kanonebis,<br />
dadgenilebebis, adaT–wesebis da praqtikis Sesacvlelad, an gasauqmeblad, romlebiTac<br />
daSvebulia qalTa diskriminacia~.<br />
gaeros deklaracia qalTa mimarT Zaladobis aRmofxvris Taobaze (1993).<br />
ambavi 4<br />
leo 13 wlis gamxdari, patara biWia; roca is saTamaSo moedanze gadis, mas didi bi-<br />
Webi xSirad Cagraven. erTxelac leom ver moiTmina da did biWebs uTxra, rom Cagvra<br />
dauSvebelia da isini iqcevian, rogorc gaunaTlebeli primitivebi. pasuxad, didma<br />
biWebma leo sastikad scemes. fizikur Zaladobas Seeswro leos megobari, romelic<br />
am dros Sevida saTamaSo moedanze. patara biWis cemis faqts Seeswrnen mozrdilebic,<br />
romlebic maRaziidan saxlSi brundebodnen.<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
saWiroa, rom leos megobari Caerios CxubSi rogor<br />
saWiroa, rom mozrdilebi Caerion CxubSi rogor<br />
sxva ra gamosavals moZebnidiT arsebuli situaciidan<br />
damatebiTi davalebis saxiT, moswavleebma SeiZleba moamzadon werili didi bi-<br />
Webisadmi, sadac gamoxataven sakuTar damokidebulebas biWebis saqcielis mimarT. es<br />
SeiZleba iyos saSinao davaleba. moswavleebs werilis daweras gakveTilzeve vTxovT,<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini swraf jgufur muSaobas arian miCveulni.<br />
damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvis<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali<br />
ra aris saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali efuZneba humanitaruli daxmarebis<br />
principebs da im saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs, romlebic SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis<br />
dros mebrZolTa da mSvidobiani mosaxleobis sicocxlis gadarCenasa da tanjvis<br />
Semsubuqebas exeba. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis ZiriTadi iuridiuli<br />
dokumentia Jenevis oTxi konvencia (1949), romelsac xels awers msoflios TiTqmis<br />
yvela qveyana. konvenciebi exeba xmeleTze da zRvaze moqmedi samxedro nawilebis<br />
daWrili da avadmyofi mebrZolebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas, samxedro tyveebis mimarT<br />
mopyrobas da mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dacvas omis dros. am konvenciebs 1977<br />
wels daemata kidev ori, romelTa mizans warmoadgens saerTaSoriso da arasaerTa-<br />
Soriso xasiaTis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis msxverplTa dacvis gaZliereba.<br />
85
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
vis icavs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali<br />
me micavs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali icavs samxedro nawilebis daWril da<br />
avadmyof mebrZolebs, samxedro tyveebsa da mSvidobian mosaxleobas. samxedro<br />
nawilebis daWiril da avadmyof mebrZolebs, romeli qveynis moqalaqeebic ar unda<br />
iyvnen isini, saWiroa, miaqcion yuradReba da mixedon maT, Jenevis pirveli konvenciiT<br />
gansazRvruli pirobebis Tanaxmad. ikrZaleba maTi sicocxlis xelyofa, wameba, an<br />
maTze biologiuri eqsperimentebis Catareba, samedicino momsaxurebisa da movlis<br />
gareSe winaswari ganzraxviT mitoveba, aseve, ganzrax pirobebis Seqmna maTi dasnebovanebisaTvis.<br />
konvencia, aseve, icavs samedicino da sasuliero personals, samedicino<br />
daniSnulebis mowyobilobebsa da danadgarebs.<br />
Jenevis meore konvencia icavs sazRvao samxedro nawilebis daWril da avadmyof<br />
mebrZolebs, samxedro gemis ganadgurebaSi moyolil mebrZolebs; maT ekuTvniT iseTive<br />
mopyroba, rogorc saxmeleTo nawilebs. es konvencia, aseve, icavs hospitalur gemebs.<br />
Jenevis mesame konvencia exeba samxedro tyveebis uflebebs; maT unda moepyron<br />
humanurad, uzrunvelyon Sesabamisi sakvebiT, sacxovrebliT, tansacmliTa da<br />
samedicino daxmarebiT. ikrZaleba maTi wameba, an maTze samedicino eqsperimentebis<br />
Catareba. isini unda iyvnen daculni Zaladobis, Seuracxyofisa da xalxis cnobismoyvareobisagan.<br />
analogiuri uflebebi vrceldeba tyved Cavardnil Jurnalistebze,<br />
an samoqalaqo pirebze, romlebic Tan axldnen samxedroebs.<br />
Jenevis meoTxe konvencia icavs samoqalaqo pirebs. samxedro konfliqtSi<br />
CarTuli mxareebi iReben pasuxismgeblobas, rom yovelTvis ganasxvaveben samxedro<br />
pirebs samoqalaqo pirebisagan da ieriSs miitanen mxolod samxedro obieqtebze.<br />
samoqalaqo pirebs unda SeunarCundeT normaluri cxovrebis pirobebi. isini daculni<br />
unda iyvnen sicocxlis xelyofis, wamebis, Zarcvis, represiebisa da tyveobisagan.<br />
pativi unda eces samoqalaqo pirebis Rirsebas, ojaxur uflebebsa da religiur<br />
Sexedulebebs. okupantebma unda uzrunvelyon samoqalaqo pirebisaTvis sakvebisa da<br />
samedicino daxmarebis usafrTxo miwodeba, saavadmyofoebisa da usafrTxoebis zonebis<br />
Seqmna daWrilebis, avadmyofebis, moxucebulebis, bavSvebis, orsulebis da Cvil<br />
bavSvTa dedebisaTvis. es konvencia uzrunvelyofs qalTa da bavSvTa gansakuTrebul<br />
dacvas. saavadmyofos TanamSromlebi, romlebic maT uvlian, unda iyvnen daculni.<br />
Jenevis konvenciebis mixedviT, humanitarul daxmarebas axorcielebs wiTeli<br />
jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti (ICRC), wiTeli jvrisa da wiTeli naxevarmTvaris<br />
erovnuli sazogadoebebi, an sxva miukerZoebeli humanitaruli organizaciebi,<br />
romelTac uflebamosilebas aniWeben konfliqtis monawile mxareebi.<br />
ra gansxvavebaa saerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalsa da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa samarTals Soris<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali da adamianis uflebaTa samarTali erTmaneTs<br />
avsebs. orive icavs adamianebs fizikuri zianisa da Rirsebis Selaxvisagan, magram<br />
isini sxvadasxva garemoebaSi moqmedeben da sxvadasxva dokumenti udevT safuZvlad.<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali samxedro qmedebebs ukavSirdeba da<br />
icavs maT, vinc mowinaaRmdegis xelSi vardeba. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samar-<br />
Tlis ZiriTadi mizania samxedro qmedebebis dros daWrilTa, avadmyofTa, sazRvao<br />
samxedro qmedebebis msxverplTa, samxedro tyveebisa da samoqalaqo pirebis dacva.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa samarTali vrceldeba rogorc saomar, ise mSvidobian pirobebSi;<br />
misi mTavari mizania adamianebis samoqalaqo, politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri<br />
da kulturuli uflebebis dacva, roca maTi mTavroba am uflebebs arRvevs.<br />
86
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali da arasrulwlovani<br />
jariskacebi<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali krZalavs arasrulwlovanTa CarTvas saomar<br />
moqmedebebSi. aseTi akrZalvis miuxedavad, msoflios mraval kuTxeSi arasrulwlovnebi<br />
monawileobas iReben sabrZolo moqmedebebSi. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli<br />
samarTlis normebis mixedviT, 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebis omSi gawveva dauSvebelia<br />
da yvela zoma unda iyos miRebuli, raTa Tavidan iyos acilebuli arasrulwlovanTa<br />
saomar moqmedebebSi CarTva. 15-dan 18 wlamde axalgazrdebis gawvevisas, prioriteti<br />
unda mieniWoT asakiT ufro didebs (muxli 77, protokoli I). samwuxarod, es normebi<br />
xSirad ugulebelyofilia. bavSvebi, romlebic konfliqtis zonaSi cxovroben, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
oblebi da sazogadoebis mier sxva formiT gariyulni, xSirad iReben<br />
monawileobas saomar moqmedebebSi. aris SemTxvevebi, roca bavSvebs ZaliT aqceven<br />
jariskacebad, Tumca zogi bavSvi Tavad irCevs jariskacobas, rogorc fizikuri gadarCenis<br />
gzas.<br />
ra SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso humanitaruli<br />
samarTali<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso (qveynebs Soris)<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, an samoqalaqo (qveynis SigniT) omis pirobebSi.<br />
rogor SeiZleba mivusadagoT saerTaSoriso humanitaruli<br />
samarTlis normebi 11 seqtembris movlenebs<br />
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers daiRupa uamravi adamiani da, Sesabamisad, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
es tragedia saomar moqmedebas utoldeba. Tumca, sadavoa, ramdenad SeiZleba mivusadagoT<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebi 11 seqtembris movlenebs.<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso (qveynebs Soris)<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, an samoqalaqo (qveynis SigniT) omis pirobebSi. Tu<br />
niu-iorksa da vaSingtonSi samoqalaqo obieqtebis saSineli ganadgureba teroristulma<br />
dajgufebam ganaxorciela, is tragedia SeiZleba CaiTvalos saSinel dana-<br />
Saulad, da ara saomar moqmedebad, romelsac saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis<br />
normebi SeiZleba mivusadagoT.<br />
ramdenad uzrunvelyofs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli<br />
samarTali qalebis gansakuTrebul dacvas<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali aseT dacvas namdvilad uzrunvelyofs.<br />
zogadad, qalebze vrceldeba iseTive uflebebi, rogorc mamakacebze, Tumca Jenevis<br />
konvenciebSi naTqvamia, rom `qalebs unda moepyron maTi sqesis gaTvaliswinebiT~<br />
(muxli 12, Jenevis pirveli da meore konvenciebi; muxli 14, Jenevis mesame konvencia).<br />
sxva sityvebiT, iqmneba dacvis damatebiTi garantiebi qalTa sqesTan dakavSirebuli<br />
iseTi faqtorebis gamo, rogorebicaa: Rirseba, orsuloba da bavSvis gaCena. magaliTad,<br />
qali tyveebi, an dakavebulebi unda moTavsdnen mamakacebisagan gancalkevebiT,<br />
qalebis meTvalyureobis qveS. qalebi unda iqnen daculni `gaupatiurebis,<br />
Zaladobrivi prostituciis da yvela sxva formis Seuracxyofisagan~ (Jenevis meoTxe<br />
konvencia, muxli 27, aseve, muxlebi 75 – 76, protokoli I). saomari moqmedebebis<br />
arealidan garidebisas prioriteti yovelTvis unda mieniWoT `orsulebs, axalnam-<br />
Sobiareb qalebsa da Cvili bavSvebis dedebs~ (muxli 70, protokoli I). saomari moq-<br />
87
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
medebebis pirobebSi qalebis mopyrobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
SegiZliaT, gaecnoT kvlevas `qalebi da omi~ (www.womenandwar.org).<br />
rogor uzrunvelyofs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli<br />
samarTali bavSvTa uflebebis dacvas<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali krZalavs Setevas samoqalaqo pirebze da<br />
gansakuTrebulad icavs bavSvebs. samoqalaqo pirebi daculni unda iyvnen sicocxlis<br />
xelyofis, wamebis, Zarcvis, represiebisa da tyveobisagan. pativi unda eces samoqalaqo<br />
pirebis Rirsebas, ojaxur uflebebsa da religiur Sexedulebebs. okupantebma<br />
unda uzrunvelyon samoqalaqo pirebisaTvis sakvebis da samedicino daxmarebis<br />
usafrTxo miwodeba, saavadmyofoebisa da usafrTxoebis zonebis Seqmna daWrilebis,<br />
avadmyofebis, moxucebulebis, bavSvebis, orsulebisa da Cvil bavSvTa dedebisaTvis.<br />
gansakuTrebuli pirobebi moqmedebs im bavSvebze, romlebic ojaxis mzrunvelobis<br />
gareSe arian darCenilni, aqvT fsiqologiuri problemebi, an ver ukavSirdebian<br />
ojaxis wevrebs.<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqceT 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebs, romlebic<br />
daoblebulni, an mowyvetilni arian TavianT ojaxebs; maT unda hqondeT saSualeba,<br />
daicvan TavianTi religiuri adaT-wesebi da miiRon ganaTleba.<br />
iTvleba Tu ara saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTalis<br />
normebis darRvevad samoqalaqo pirebis daRupva saomari<br />
moqmedebebis dros<br />
samoqalaqo pirebis dacva warmoadgens saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis<br />
erT-erT mTavar amocanas. Jenevis meoTxe konvenciis mixedviT, daculi unda iyos<br />
samoqalaqo pirebis sicocxle da maT unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba, gaagrZelon normaluri<br />
cxovreba, Tu arsebobs usafrTxoebis saTanado pirobebi. 1977 wels damatebuli<br />
pirveli protokoli azustebs samoqalaqo pirTa dacvis meqanizmebs saerTaSoriso<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis SeerTebulma<br />
Statebma xeli moawera pirvel protokols, jer kidev ar momxdara am protokolis<br />
ratifikacia. aSS acxadebs, rom is daicavs am protokoliT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebs.<br />
pirveli protokolis 48-e muxlSi naTqvamia:<br />
`samoqalaqo pirebisa da samoqalaqo obieqtebis dacvis mizniT, samxedro konfliqtSi<br />
CarTuli mxareebi iReben pasuxismgeblobas, rom yovelTvis ganasxvaveben<br />
samxedro pirebs samoqalaqo pirebisagan da ieriSs miitanen mxolod samxedro obieqtebze~.<br />
samoqalaqo pirebze da samoqalaqo obieqtebze pirdapiri ieriSis akrZalvis<br />
garda, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali krZalavs Sereul Tavdasxmas, romlis<br />
msxverplni SeiZleba samoqalaqo pirebi iyvnen. aseTi saSiSroeba maSin wamoiWreba,<br />
roca samxedro obieqtis ieriSis dros Tavdamsxmeli ar iTvaliswinebs am ieriSis<br />
potenciur uaryofiT zegavlenas samoqalaqo pirebze (pirveli protokolis 41-e<br />
muxli).<br />
omis dros samoqalaqo piris daRupva yovelTvis ukanono ar aris. saerTaSoriso<br />
humanitaruli samarTali ar krZalavs SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs, is mxolod cdilobs,<br />
daicvas mSvidobiani mosaxleobis interesebi aseTi konfliqtis pirobebSi.<br />
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali aRiarebs, rom nebismier saomar<br />
moqmedebebs Tan axlavs `ormxrivi danakargi~, rac zogjer, samwuxarod, samoqalaqo<br />
pirebis danakargs gulisxmobs.<br />
88
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 4.1<br />
konfliqtis gadaWris eqvsetapiani midgoma<br />
1.<br />
mxare 1: moTxovnebi<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
d.<br />
1.<br />
mxare 2: moTxovnebi<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
d.<br />
2.<br />
arsebuli konfliqtis gansazRvreba<br />
3.<br />
arsebuli konfliqtis gadaWris gzebi<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
d.<br />
4.<br />
mxare 1: gadaWris gzebis Sefaseba<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
d.<br />
4.mxare 2: gadaWris gzebis Sefaseba<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
g.<br />
d.<br />
5.<br />
romelia konfliqtis gadaWris saukeTeso gza<br />
6.<br />
rodis da rogor Sefasdeba, ramdenad sworad gadaiWra es konfliqti<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 4.2<br />
konfliqtebis magaliTebi<br />
konfliqti 1<br />
ori mezobeli ver rigdeba im RobesTan dakavSirebiT, romelic maT saxlebs erTmaneTisagan<br />
hyofs. erTi mezobeli Tvlis, rom aucilebelia Robis gamocvla, radgan<br />
arsebuli Robe moZvelda; mas surs, rom meore mezobelma gadaixados Robis gamocvlis<br />
safasuris naxevari. meore mezobeli aRiarebs, rom Robe ar aris karg mdgomareobaSi,<br />
magram ar surs Robis gamocvlasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis nawilis dafar-<br />
89
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
va. meore mezobeli miiCnevs, rom, Robis siZvelisda miuxedavad, is Tavis funqcias<br />
jer kidev asrulebs _ mezoblis ZaRls akavebs sakuTar ezoSi da ZaRli ver gadmodis<br />
mis baRSi. zogadad, meore mezobels ar moswaons, roca pirveli mezobeli sajarod<br />
iwonebs Tavs axali, ZviradRirebuli nivTebiT.<br />
konfliqti 2<br />
deda da mama ver morigebulan, Tu ra reaqciiT upasuxon maTi ori wlis Svilis<br />
xmaurs. mama Tvlis, rom bavSvma adreuli asakidan unda iswavlos qcevis wesebi; mas<br />
surs saxlSi siwynare, radgan misi samsaxuri Zalian damRlelia. deda ki Tvlis, rom<br />
ar SeiZleba ori wlis bavSvs mudmivad aukrZalo xmauri da tirili, radgan es mis ganviTarebas<br />
Seaferxebs.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 4.3<br />
urTierTwinaaRmdegobrioba adamianis uflebebSi: xuTi SemTxveva<br />
SemTxveva 1<br />
maqsi aris 8 wlis biWi, romelic seriozulad daSavda avariaSi da saswrafod<br />
sWirdeba sisxlis gadasxma. religiuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, biWis mama sisxlis<br />
gadasxmis sastiki winaaRmdegia. maqsis dedas da eqimebs ki surT, gadaarCinon<br />
biWis sicocxle.<br />
SemTxveva 2<br />
saavadmyofos saswrafo samedicino samsaxuris ganyofilebaSi adamianTa Sez-<br />
Ruduli raodenoba muSaobs. erT saRamos, Zalian bevri pacientis Tavmoyris gamo,<br />
mxolod erTi saoperacio oTaxi aRmoCnda Tavisufali. ori pacienti saswrafo operacias<br />
saWiroebs. eqimebma unda miiRon gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, Tu vis mianiWon<br />
upiratesoba, patara bavSvs Tu warmatebul biznesmens.<br />
SemTxveva 3<br />
gusi aris religiuri partiis dafasebuli wevri, romlisTvisac Zalian Zvirfasia<br />
ojaxuri Rirebulebebi. gusis partiis ofisSi Jurnalisti aRmoaCens sasiyvarulo<br />
werilebs, rac adasturebs, rom gusi meuRles Ralatobs. Jurnalisti am werilebs<br />
aqveynebs.<br />
SemTxveva 4<br />
ioCou ganviTarebad qveyanaSi cxovrobs. is Raribia da sakuTari saxsrebiT mxolod<br />
sabazo saWiroebebis dakmayofileba SeuZlia. mas swavlis dawyeba surs, magram<br />
ar aqvs saTanado materialuri resursebi. saxelmwifo mas ver exmareba swavlis safasuris<br />
dafarvaSi, radgan mTeli saxelmwifo resursi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi saWiroebebis<br />
dakmayofilebazea mimarTuli.<br />
SemTxveva 5<br />
adgilobriv xelisuflebas surs, aaSenos skola bavSvebis saTamaSo moedanze.<br />
sko lis aSenebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvebs aRar eqnebaT adgili, sadac TamaSs SeZleben.<br />
90
Tavi 4. konfliqti<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 4.4<br />
dasaSvebia Tu ara Zaladoba zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
ambavi 1<br />
antiglobalistebis manifestaciis dros adamianTa jgufma qvebi dauSina<br />
transnacionaluri kompaniis Senobas. policiam, romelic am SemTxvevas Seeswro,<br />
daakava adamianebi, romlebmac Senobas qvebi dauSines. xalxma erT-erTi policieli<br />
Seipyro da seriozuli fizikuri Seuracxyofa miayena.<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
ambavi 2<br />
dasaSvebi iqneboda, rom policias cecxli gaexsna momitingeebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
qvebs isrodnen<br />
dasaSvebi iqneboda tyviamfrqvevidan cecxlis gaxsna (es ufro swrafad aRmofxvrida<br />
problemas, magram dasruldeboda meti msxverpliT)<br />
dasaSvebi iqneboda, rom policias meti dro daekarga da wylis Wavli gamoeyenebina<br />
dasaSvebi iqneboda, rom policias Zalis gamoyenebisagan Tavi Seekavebina da<br />
amiT situaciis eskalacia aeridebina Tavidan<br />
qveyana a oms ucxadebs qveyana b-s, radgan qveyana b afinansebs danaSaulebriv dajgufebebs,<br />
romelTac ieriSi miaqvT qveyana a-ze qveyana b-s teritoriidan. qveyana<br />
a-s dazverva aRmoaCens, rom qveyana b-s erT-erT sofelSi xdeba razmebis intensiuri<br />
wvrTna; aseve, dazverva daadgens, rom mzaddeba msxvilmasStabiani Seteva qveyana a-s<br />
mniSvnelovan industriul obieqtze.<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
ambavi 3<br />
dasaSvebi iqneba, rom qveyana a-m dabombos qveyana b-s miTiTebuli sofeli<br />
da gaanadguros, rac SeiZleba, meti adamiani, maT Soris mSvidobiani mosaxleoba<br />
dasaSvebi iqneba dabombvis ganxorcieleba mas Semdeg, rac: 1. gaafrTxileben<br />
danaSaulebriv dajgufebas, rom ubrZolvelad Cabardes qveyana a-s warmomadgenlebs;<br />
2. gaafrTxileben adgilobriv mosaxleobas mosalodneli dabombvis<br />
Sesaxeb; 3. teritoriidan gamosul adgilobriv mosaxleobas gaCxreken da, iaraRis<br />
CamorTmevis Semdeg, usafrTxo TavSesafars miuCenen<br />
dasaSvebi iqneba, rom qveyana a-m saerTod ar gamoiyenos Zala ra alternatiul<br />
qmedebas SeiZleba mimarTos qveyana a-m<br />
batoni brauni, romelic adgilobriv saavadmyofoSi teqnikosad muSaobs, roca<br />
saxlSi nasvami brundeba, fizikur Seuracxyofas ayenebs Tavis meuRles. colma<br />
policia erTxel ukve gaafrTxila qmris danaSaulebrivi qcevis Sesaxeb. mezoblis<br />
coli erTxel SemTxveviT Seeswro Zaladobis scenas da axla kargad xvdeba, Tu riTi<br />
sruldeba xolme xmamaRali kamaTi mezobel ojaxSi.<br />
91
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
ambavi 4<br />
mezoblis coli valdebulia, darekos policiaSi, roca xmauri esmis mezobeli<br />
ojaxidan Tu es maT pirad cxovrebaSi araswori Careva iqneba<br />
policia valdebulia, Caerios adamianebis ojaxur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini aseT<br />
informacias miiReben<br />
leo 13 wlis gamxdari, patara biWia; roca is saTamaSo moedanze gadis, mas didi bi-<br />
Webi xSirad Cagraven. erTxelac leom ver moiTmina da did biWebs uTxra, rom Cagvra<br />
dauSvebelia da isini iqcevian, rogorc gaunaTlebeli primitivebi. pasuxad, didma<br />
biWebma leo sastikad scemes. fizikur Zaladobas Seeswro leos megobari, romelic<br />
am dros Sevida saTamaSo moedanze. patara biWis cemis faqts Seeswrnen mozrdilebic,<br />
romlebic maRaziidan saxlSi brundebodnen.<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
saWiroa, rom leos megobari Caerios CxubSi rogor<br />
saWiroa, rom mozrdilebi Caerion CxubSi rogor<br />
sxva ra gamosavals moZebnidiT arsebuli situaciidan<br />
92
meore nawili _ pasuxismgeblobis aReba<br />
Tavi 5.<br />
uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi.<br />
ra uflebebi gvaqvs da rogor xdeba am uflebaTa dacva<br />
Tavi 6.<br />
pasuxismgebloba. ra pasuxismgeblobebi gvakisria
Tavi 5<br />
uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
ra uflebebi gvaqvs da rogor xdeba<br />
am uflebaTa dacva<br />
5.1 survilebi, ZiriTadi saWiroebebi, adamianuri Rirseba<br />
da adamianis uflebebi<br />
maqvs ufleba, moviqce ise, rogorc msurs<br />
5.2 adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebis identificireba<br />
adamianis romeli uflebis darRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme<br />
5.3 uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
rogor SeiZleba arsebobdes uflebebi pasuxismgeblobebis gareSe<br />
5.4 adamianis uflebebi: testi<br />
ra aris ufleba ra unda iyos adamianis ufleba
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 5: uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
ra uflebebi gvaqvs da rogor xdeba am uflebaTa dacva<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacva mniSvnelovania adamianTa ganviTarebisa da maTi potencialis<br />
sruli realizaciisaTvis. amavdroulad, adamianis uflebebi gansazRvravs<br />
saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobebs pirovnebisadmi. adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
ZiriTadi dokumentebia adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia. adamianis uflebebi,<br />
tradiciulad, iyofa samoqalaqo, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul<br />
uflebebad. es kategoriebi ukavSirdeba adamianis uflebaTa Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis<br />
sxvadasxva etaps. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi `pirveli Taobis~<br />
uflebebad moixsenieba xolme, socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi _ `meore Taobis~<br />
uflebebad, kulturuli da ganviTarebis uflebebi ki `mesame Taobas~ miekuTvneba.<br />
aseTi kategorizaciis miuxedavad, swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb adamianis uflebaTa integrirebuli aRqmis momxrea. aseTi<br />
integrirebuli midgoma Tanabrad usvams xazs yvela zemoT CamoTvlili kategoriis<br />
uflebebs _ samoqalaqo, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebs.<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavleba cdlobs,<br />
gverdi auaros warsulSi damkvidrebul midgomas imis Taobaze, rom garkveuli uflebebi<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre yvela danarCeni. adamianis uflebebi, tradiciulad,<br />
asocirdeba saxelmwifosTan da mis pirovnebasTan urTierTobasTan. demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavleba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs adamianTa jgufebis uflebebze. demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb swavlebaSi am ideebis gatareba mniSvnelovania rogorc<br />
Tavad adamianis uflebaTa cnebis, ise adgilobrivi, erovnuli da regionuli Temebis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis. 22<br />
adamianis uflebebSi sam elements gamoyofen: uflebis mepatrone, uflebis<br />
Sinaarsi (ra SeiZleba moiTxovos mepatronem am uflebis mixedviT), pasuxismgebeli<br />
piri (is pirovneba an dawesebuleba, romelic valdebulia, uzrunvelyos uflebis<br />
mepatronis mier uflebis gamoyeneba). pasuxismgebloba fasdeba sam doneze:<br />
_ adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema. pirdapiri an iribi formiT adamianis uflebaTa<br />
Selaxvisagan TavSekaveba. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs iseTi dawesebulebebis<br />
da pirobebis Seqmnisagan TavSekavebas, rac adamianTa uflebaTa darRvevas<br />
Seuwyobda xels; aseve, yvela im xelSemwyob instrumentebze uaris Tqmas,<br />
romelic adamianis uflebaTa Selaxvas gamoiwvevs;<br />
_ adamianis uflebaTa dacva. xelis SeSla maTTvis, vinc adamianis uflebebs ar-<br />
Rvevs, magaliTad, samTavrobo struqturebis warmomadgenlebis, saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis, kerZo korporaciebis, Temis liderebis, ojaxis wevrebisaTvis;<br />
_ uflebaSezRudulTaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena. im adamianebis xelSewyoba,<br />
romelTa uflebebis saTanado dacva ver moxerxda, an romlebic emsxverplnen<br />
bunebriv katasrofebs. aseTi daxmareba gulisxmobs iuridiul, sabiujeto,<br />
sakanonmdeblo da sxva qmedebebs, raTa Seiqmnas saukeTeso garemo adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvisaTvis. 23<br />
22 wignidan `swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis: sityvaTa ganmarteba~, karen o’Sea, evrosabWo<br />
(2003), gv. 29.<br />
23 `movaleobebi da sazRvrebi. adamianis uflebebi da globaluri socialuri samarTlianoba~, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa politikis saerTaSoriso sabWo.<br />
96
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
Tavisuflebebi, romlebic samoqalaqo uflebebis formiTaa daculi, moicavs:<br />
azrovnebis, Sexedulebisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis<br />
Tavisuflebas, saxelmwifos teritoriaze Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da mSvidobiani<br />
Tavyrilobis gamarTvis Tavisuflebas. sxva samoqalaqo uflebebi icaven adamianis<br />
piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis Tavisuflebas da Tanasworobas kanonis winaSe. 24<br />
adamianis TiToeul uflebas ukavSirdeba garkveuli pasuxismgeblobebi, rogorc<br />
moqalaqeTa, ise saxelmwifos mxridan. yoveli adamiani moralurad valdebulia, ar<br />
Seuracxyos sxva adamianis piradi Rirseba. mTavroba, romlis moqmedebas aregulirebs<br />
konstitucia da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, ara mxolod moraluri, aramed<br />
iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis matarebelia.<br />
ganaTleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis da adamianis uflebebi<br />
gakveTilTa es seria daexmareba moswavleebs:<br />
_ ukeT gaiazron adamianis uflebaTa arsi; is winapirobebi, romlebic yvela adamians<br />
Rirseuli cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevs;<br />
_ gaiRrmaon adamianis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli uflebebis codna;<br />
_ gaiumjebeson adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebis amocnobis unari;<br />
_ ukeT gaiazron, Tu rogor SeuZliaT wvlilis Setana adamianis uflebaTa saTanado<br />
dacvaSi;<br />
_ gaacnobieron is pasuxismgeblobebi, romlebic adamianis uflebebs ukavSirdeba:<br />
saxelmwifosa da sxvadasxva dawesebulebis, iseve, rogorc maTi, sakuTari moraluri<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi.<br />
24 `movaleobebi da sazRvrebi. adamianis uflebebi da globaluri socialuri samarTlianoba~, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa politikis saerTaSoriso sabWo.<br />
97
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 5: uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
ra uflebebi gvaqvs da rogor xdeba am uflebaTa dacva<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
survilebi,<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
saWiroebebi,<br />
adamianuri<br />
Rirseba da<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebebi.<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
adamianis uflebaTa<br />
darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevebis<br />
identificireba.<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
uflebebi da<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
adamianis uflebebi:<br />
testi<br />
swavlis mizani<br />
moswavleebs kargad<br />
aqvT gaazrebuli,<br />
rom adamianis uflebaTa<br />
dacva adamianis<br />
Rirseuli cxovrebis<br />
winapirobaa.<br />
moswavleebs SeuZliaT<br />
adamianis uflebaTa<br />
darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevebis<br />
identificireba.<br />
moswavleebs gaazrebuli<br />
aqvT, Tu rogor<br />
SeiZleba Seitanon<br />
wvlili adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvaSi; maT<br />
esmiT, rom adamianis<br />
uflebebi ukavSirdeba<br />
garkveul pasuxismgeblobebs:<br />
saxelmwifosa<br />
da sxvadasxva dawesebulebis,<br />
iseve rogorc<br />
maT, sakuTar moralur<br />
pasuxismgeblobebs.<br />
moswavleebs gaazrebuli<br />
aqvT adamianis<br />
saerTaSorisod<br />
aRiarebuli uflebebi.<br />
moswavlis<br />
davaleba<br />
moswavleebi<br />
akavSireben<br />
maT survilebs<br />
sakuTar<br />
saWiroebebTan<br />
da adamianis<br />
uflebebTan.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
ecnobian adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevebs.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
axdenen im pasuxismgeblobebis<br />
(maT Soris,<br />
sakuTari moraluri<br />
pasuxismgeblobis)<br />
identifikacias,<br />
romlebic<br />
aucilebelia<br />
adamianis uflebaTa<br />
dacvisaTvis.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
ir Ceven swor<br />
pasuxs SekiTxvebze,<br />
romelTa<br />
ramdenime savaraudo<br />
pasuxi<br />
mocemulia da<br />
am pasuxebs<br />
ganixilaven.<br />
saWiro masala<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli<br />
5.1<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli<br />
5.2<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli<br />
5.3<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli<br />
5.2<br />
carieli furceli<br />
da kalami<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli<br />
5.4<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli<br />
5.2<br />
baraTebi<br />
TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis,<br />
romelTac pasuxebi<br />
ukana mxareze<br />
aqvs datanili<br />
(moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli<br />
5.5)<br />
moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
jgufuri<br />
muSaoba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovneba.<br />
jgufuri an<br />
wyvilebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
jgufuri an<br />
wyvilebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovneba.<br />
SekiTxvebi<br />
ramdenime<br />
savaraudo<br />
pasuxiT.<br />
98
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
survilebi, ZiriTadi saWiroebebi,<br />
adamianuri Rirseba da adamianis uflebebi<br />
maqvs ufleba, moviqce ise, rogorc msurs<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs kargad aqvT gaazrebuli, rom adamianis uflebaTa dacva<br />
adamianis Rirseuli cxovrebis winapirobaa.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi akavSireben TavianT survilebs sakuTar saWiroebebTan<br />
da adamianis uflebebTan.<br />
saWiro masala _ moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.1 (jgufze erTi samuSao furceli; jgufi<br />
4-5 moswavlisagan Sedgeba)<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.2 (jgufze erTi samuSao furceli; jgufi 4-5<br />
moswavlisagan Sedgeba).<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba. diskusia.<br />
kritikuli azrovneba.<br />
cnebebi<br />
aucilebelia, moswavleebma kargad ganasxvavon survili saWiroebisagan. yvelaferi is,<br />
rac aucilebelia adamianis Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis, aris saWiroeba. adamianis uflebebis<br />
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis safuZvels swored adamianis saWiroebebi warmoadgens.<br />
gakveTili<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs gakveTilis organizaciis<br />
ZiriTad principebs, magram detalurad ar aRwers gakveTilis Temas. moswavleebi<br />
iwyeben erTmaneTis gamokiTxvas maTi survilebisa da saWiroebebis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT,<br />
isini aRmoaCenen, rom bevri saWiroeba adamianis uflebebs mWirdod ukav-<br />
Sirdeba. Semdeg moswavleebi 4-5 kacian jgufebad iyofian da davalebebs or wyebad<br />
iReben. maswavlebeli moswavleebs jer pirvel davalebas acnobs da mxolod pirveli<br />
davalebis dasrulebis Semdeg acnobs meores. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli xdeba moswavleebis<br />
individualuri tempis gaTvaliswineba.<br />
_ davaleba 1: moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.1 `survilebi, saWiroebebi da uflebebi~.<br />
samuSao furcelze datanili cxrilis marcxena svetSi jgufebi ayalibeben `materialur”<br />
survilebs (magaliTad, `kargi vaxSami~). yoveli `materialuri~’ survilis<br />
Semdeg weren minimum sam `aramaterialur~ survils (magaliTad, `viyo siyvarulis<br />
obieqti~). Semdeg moswavleebi fiqrdebian im saWiroebebze, romelTac es survilebi<br />
ukavSirdeba da saWiroebebs meore svetSi, survilebis gaswvriv weren.<br />
_ davaleba 2: roca jgufi asrulebs muSaobas pirvel davalebaze, maswavlebeli mas<br />
aZlevs samuSao furcel 5.2-s, romelzec adamianis uflebebia CamoTvlili. moswavleebma<br />
unda miuweron survilebsa da saWiroebebs Sesabamisi uflebebi (magaliTad,<br />
`sakvebis ufleba~, ` diskriminaciisagan Tavisufleba~). am ukanasknelTa<br />
CamonaTvali samuSao furcel 5.1-is bolo, marjvena svetSi keTdeba.<br />
_ davaleba 3: is jgufebi, romlebic wina or davalebas droulad daasruleben,<br />
SeiZleba Seudgnen adamianis uflebaTa posterze muSaobas. am mizniT, isini<br />
irCeven erT saWiroebas da Sesabamis uflebas. jgufma unda ganixilos SerCeuli<br />
99
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
saWiroeba da ufleba, Semdeg ki originalurad gamosaxos isini posterze.<br />
jgufebSi muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg, maswavlebeli jgufebis ideebs dafaze an<br />
flipCartze wers. flipCartis gamoyeneba ukeTesia, radgan Semdeg is SeiZleba kedelze<br />
ganTavsdes. maswavlebeli samuSao furcel 5.1-ze gamosaxuli cxrilis msgavs<br />
cxrils dafaze/flipCartze xatavs da TiToeuli jgufis survilebiT, saWiroebebiTa<br />
da uflebebiT avsebs manam, sanam dafaze/flipCartze ar iqneba, daaxloebiT,<br />
aTi survili, saWiroeba da Sesabamisi ufleba.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli uZRveba diskusias qvemoT moyvanili ideebis garSemo:<br />
_ `Tqven aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni survilebi da saWiroebebi adamianis uflebaTa<br />
konvencias Seesabameba. amas axsna-ganmarteba sWirdeba!~<br />
_ `Cven ar gvifiqria konvenciaSi dacul zogierT uflebaze. SesaZloa, isini ar aris<br />
CvenTvis mniSvnelovani, an romelime sxva uflebaSi igulisxmeba. ras fiqrobT~<br />
_ `SexedeT adamianis uflebaTa nusxas. roca Tqven ayalibebT, Tu ra gWirdebaT<br />
imisaTvis, rom normalurad icxovroT da roca fiqrobT imaze, Tu ra sWirdebaT<br />
adamianebs sxva qveynebSi, regionebSi an kontinentebze, rogor fiqrobT,<br />
ra aklia am nusxas adamianTa romel uflebas daamatebdiT~<br />
diskusiis bolos, maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom msoflioSi ar wydeba<br />
debatebi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb. SeiZleba erTi daskvnis gakeTeba: `adamianis<br />
uflebebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom adamianebs Rirseuli cxovrebis saSualeba hqondeT~.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, am daskvnis alternativebze ifiqron, rac,<br />
SeiZleba, saSinao davalebadac mieceT. Semdegi ramdenime dRis manZilze, moswavleebs<br />
unda hqondeT saSualeba, rom daamaton ideebi kedelze gakrul flipCartze<br />
CamoTvlil survilebs, saWiroebebsa da uflebebs. es maT saSualebas miscems, gaagr-<br />
Zelon fiqri am sakiTxze.<br />
damatebiTi davalebis saxiT, moswavleebs SeiZleba vTxovoT, moamzadon posterebi<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Temaze. am mizniT, maT SeiZleba, gamoiyenon gazeTebidan<br />
da Jurnalebidan amoWrili statiebi, naxatebi da a.S. SesaZlebelia moswavleTa posterebis<br />
gamofenis mowyobac da/an klasis kedlebze maTi ganTavseba.<br />
bolos, maswavlebeli ajamebs gakveTilis miznebsa da gakveTilze gamoTqmul<br />
mosazrebebs; mas SeuZlia, moswavleebs auxsnas, rom is induqciur midgomas iyenebs.<br />
am midgomis arsi ki mdgomareobs, pirovnuli gamocdilebisa da ideebis ganxilvis<br />
safuZvelze, konkretul Teoriul daskvnebamde misvlaSi.<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebis identificireba<br />
adamianis romeli uflebis darRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs SeuZliaT adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebis identificireba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ecnobian adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebs.<br />
saWiro masala _ moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.3 moswavleTa TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.2 moswavleTa TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri an wyvilebSi muSaoba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
100
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
informacia<br />
msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi yoveldRiurad irRveva adamianis uflebebi. konkretuli<br />
magaliTebis ganxilva moswavleebs adamianis uflebaTa arsis gaazrebaSi daexmareba.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli gakveTils iwyebs wina gakveTilze Sesrulebuli davalebebisa da<br />
miRweuli Sedegebis SejamebiT. warmodgenilia posterebi da daskvnebi.<br />
moswavleebi wyvildebian. TiToeuli wyvili iRebs moswavleTa samuSao furcel<br />
5.3-s (adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebi) da moswavleTa samuSao furcel<br />
5.2-s (adamianis uflebaTa nusxa).<br />
mewyvileebi Tanabrad inawileben samuSao furcel 5.3-ze mocemul adamianis<br />
uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebs.<br />
moswavleebi ecnobian da ganixilaven adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebs.<br />
Semdeg isini samuSao furcel 5.2-dan arCeven adamianis im uflebebs, romelTa dar-<br />
Rvevis SemTxvevebsac samuSao furcel 5.3-ze Sexvdnen. magaliTad, pirveli SemTxveva<br />
warmoadgens nusxaSi me-10 uflebis darRvevas.<br />
Semdeg iwyeba ganxilva. gamomdinare iqidan, rom adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis<br />
TiToeul SemTxvevaze ramdenime moswavle sxvadasxva wyvilSi muSaobs, moswavleebs<br />
aqvT SesaZlebloba, warmoadginon sakuTari azrebi da gamarTon diskusia. es diskusia<br />
SeiZleba Semdegi SekiTxvebis daxmarebiT warimarTos:<br />
_ rogor mixvediT am daskvnamde<br />
_ roca sxva moswavlis azri moismineT, xom ar ifiqreT Tqveni Sexedulebis<br />
Secvlis Sesaxeb romeli iyo TqvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti ratom<br />
am diskusiis mizania sxvadasxva mosazrebis ganxilva, da ara erTi swori pasuxis<br />
Zieba.<br />
damatebiTi aqtivoba<br />
Tu gakveTilis bolos darCa dro, maswavlebels SeuZlia, hkiTxos moswavleebs,<br />
Tu romelia am magaliTebidan maTTvis yvelaze miuRebeli. maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia, gamoiyenos Semdegi SekiTxvebi:<br />
_ rogor igrZnobdiT Tavs, Tqven rom mogsvlodaT es<br />
_ ra reaqcia geqnebodaT<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, rogor moiqceodnen sxvebi (Tqven rogor isurvebdiT, rom<br />
sxvebi moqceuliyvnen)<br />
es SekiTxvebi daexmareba moswavleebs imis gaazrebaSi, rom yvela adamians<br />
aqvs pasuxismgebloba, daicvas adamianis uflebebi.<br />
101
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.3<br />
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebi<br />
maswavleblis asli<br />
adamianis uflebis darRveva<br />
adamianis<br />
ufleba<br />
ramdenime wlis win qalbatoni braunis qaliSvili da meuRle avtokatastrofaSi<br />
daiRupnen; mas ar SeuZlia daqorwindes sxva mamakacze, sanam misi mazli ar miscems<br />
oficialur Tanxmobas. 10<br />
cixis mcvelebi patimrebs, SesaSineblad, ZaRlebiT emuqrebodnen. erTxel erTerTma<br />
ZaRlma patimars ukbina. 2<br />
adgilobriv sawarmoSi muSebs uwevT dReSi 10 saaTi muSaoba Sesvenebis gareSe. 21<br />
daapatimres sami mamakaci; maTTan ar uSveben advokatebs. 5<br />
qalbatons, romelsac aqvs iseTive samuSao gamocdileba, rogorc mamakacs, uniSnaven<br />
ufro dabal xelfass. isini erTi asakis arian da manamde erTnair samuSaos<br />
asrulebdnen. 7<br />
X-ma moitaca da daakava Y sami dRiT. X-ma Y-s TavSi esrola, ramac gamoiwvia am<br />
ukanasknelis gardacvaleba sami dRis Semdeg. 1<br />
narkotikuli saSualebebis momxmarebel qalbatons gadauRes foto maSin, roca<br />
is narkotikebis momxmarebelTa klinikidan ewereboda. mogvianebiT, es foto<br />
gamoqveynda. 9<br />
qalbatons meuRle cudad eqceoda. qalbatonma mxolod maSin SeZlo Tavis<br />
meuRlesTan ganqorwineba, roca mas Tavisi saxli, manqana da mTeli qoneba dauTmo.<br />
qalbatoni darCa yovelgvari qonebis gareSe. 11<br />
adamians, romelsac filtvebis anTeba sWirda, saavadmyofoSi saTanado daxmareba<br />
ar aRmouCines, radgan igi qveyanaSi arakanonierad iyo Semosuli. 18<br />
mosaxleobis 70%, romelic konkretul teritoriaze cxovrobda, gadaasaxles da<br />
dabrunebis ufleba aRar misces. xalxs karvebSi miuCines bina da ar aZlevdnen<br />
saSualebas, daemuSavebinaT miwa an mgzavrobisaTvis garkveuli gzebi gamoeyenebinaT.<br />
12<br />
Savkanianebs afrikaSi erTi boTli viskis fasad yidulobdnen da CrdiloeT amerikaSi<br />
1200-1500 aSS dolarad yiddnen. 3<br />
qveyanaSi yvela is saSualeba gaanadgures, romelic am qveynis macxovrebelTa<br />
sasicocxlo wyaros warmoadgenda _ marcvleuli, wyali da saqoneli. 17<br />
qveyanaSi moqalaqeebs bralis wayenebis gareSe aTavseben sapyrobileSi. 4<br />
26 wlis Jurnalisti saarCevno kampaniis arasasurveli formiT gaSuqebis gamo<br />
mokles. 15<br />
X gaiwvies samxedro samsaxurSi. man warmoadgina axsna-ganmarteba, romelSic<br />
daafiqsira, rom samxedro samsaxuri misTvis pirovnulad miuRebelia. aseTi axsna-ganmartebis<br />
miuxedavad, X-s daumorCileblobaSi dasdes brali da qveynis<br />
datoveba aukrZales. 14<br />
qveyanaSi erT-erTi religiuri aRmsareblobis mimdevrebs ekZalebaT Sexvedra. 16<br />
qalaqSi macxovrebelTa eTnikurma umravlesobam gadawyvita, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi,<br />
boSebi da ebraelebi qalaqis specialurad gamoyofil ubnebSi unda<br />
cxovrobdnen. 25<br />
102
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
adamianis uflebis darRveva<br />
adamianis<br />
ufleba<br />
sofelSi macxovrebel bavSvebs ar aqvT saSualeba, iaron dawyebiT skolaSi, radgan<br />
ar arsebobs skola, romelic maTi sacxovrebelTan axlosaa. 19<br />
X ver iyris kenWs saparlamento arCevnebSi, radgan sasuliero pirebi mis kandidaturas<br />
ar uWeren mxars. 23<br />
imis gamo, rom X aris Savkaniani, mas ar iReben eqimis Tanamdebobaze adgilobriv<br />
saavadmyofoSi. 20<br />
zog qveyanaSi socialurad daucvel mosaxleobas ar aqvs SesaZlebloba, miiRos<br />
monawileoba kvebis an TavSesafris uzrunvelyofis programebSi; aseve, moklebulia<br />
samedicino momsaxurebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. 26<br />
batoni X-is saxli daiwva da mas ar SeuZlia moiTxovos kompensacia. 6<br />
47 wlis qalbatoni mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze diasaxlisi iyo da gazarda<br />
5 Svili. axla, rodesac Tavis meuRlesTan unda ganqorwindes, is socialuri<br />
dacvis yovelgvari meqanizmis gareSe rCeba. 22<br />
batoni X, ori Svilis mama, daapatimres imis gamo, rom arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg<br />
leqsebs werda. is qveynidan gaiqca da sxva qveyanaSi TavSesafars iTxovda.<br />
mas TavSesafari ar misces, miuxedavad imisa, rom X-is gancxadebiT, samSobloSi<br />
dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi, mas wameba elis. 13<br />
savarZels mijaWvuli adamianebisTvis adgilobriv TeatrSi kulturul<br />
RonisZiebebze daswreba ar aris nebadarTuli. 24<br />
imisaTvis, rom qveynis moqalaqeoba miiRo, aucilebelia, am qveyanaSi icxovro 15<br />
weli, iyo gonebrivad da fizikurad janmrTeli (SemowmebiT unda iyos dadasturebuli)<br />
da gadaixado sakmaod maRali administraciuli gadasaxadi. Sesabamisad,<br />
aTasobiT boSa sakuTar qveyanaSi moqalaqeobas ver iRebs. 8<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
rogor SeiZleba arsebobdes uflebebi pasuxismgeblobebis gareSe<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs gaazrebuli aqvT, Tu rogor SeiZleba Seitanon wvlili adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvaSi; maT esmiT, rom adamianis uflebebi garkveul pasuxismgeblobebs<br />
ukavSirdeba: saxelmwifosa da sxvadasxva dawesebulebis, aseve, maT sakuTar moralur<br />
pasuxismgeblobebs.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi axdenen im pasuxismgeblobebis (maT Soris, maTi, sakuTari<br />
moraluri pasuxismgeblobis) identifikacias, romlebic aucilebelia adamianis uflebaTa<br />
dacvisaTvis.<br />
saWiro masala _ carieli furceli da kalami<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.4 moswavleTa TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.2 moswavleTa TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri an wyvilebSi muSaoba.<br />
kritikuli azrovneba.<br />
103
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
informacia<br />
adamianis ufleba ar iqneba daculi, Tu konkrtuli adamianebi da uwyebebi ar iReben<br />
pasuxismgeblobas mis realizaciaze. imis miuxedavad, rom ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba mTavrobas<br />
ekisreba, aucilebelia, adamianebic aqtiurad icavdnen sakuTar da sxvaTa uflebebs.<br />
pirovnebis moraluri valdebulebaa, rom izrunos iseTi garemos Seqmnaze, sadac<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacva Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqceva.<br />
damatebiTi aqtivobis saxiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia, Semoitanos dadebiTi da uaryofi-<br />
Ti uflebebis Tema da proeqtze muSaoba.<br />
gakveTili<br />
moswavleebi wyvildebian. TiToeul wyvils urigdeba carieli furceli da kalami.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, Camoweron 3 ZiriTadi ufleba, romelic daculi<br />
unda iyos skolaSi da 3 ZiriTadi ufleba, romelic daculi unda iyos ojaxSi.<br />
magaliTad, `skola ar unda aZlevdes moswavles Zalian didi moculobis davalebas~,<br />
an `ojaxi bavSvs jibis fuliT unda uzrunvelyofdes~.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli TiToeul wyvils urigebs samuSao furcel 5.4-s (uflebebi<br />
da pasuxismgeblobebi) da samuSao furcel 5.2-s (adamianis uflebaTa nusxa). moswavleebma<br />
Tvali unda gadaavlon adamianis uflebaTa nusxas da SearCion is uflebebi,<br />
romlebic yvelaze metad miesadageba maT mier Camoweril eqvs uflebas.<br />
moswavleebi SerCeul eqvs uflebas Camoweren samuSao furcel 5.4-is pirvel<br />
svetSi. maswavlebels SeuZlia, SesTavazos moswavleebs damatebiTi axsna-ganmarteba<br />
ama Tu im uflebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu moswavleebs aseTi daxmareba esaWiroebaT.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac dasruldeba pirvel svetze muSaoba, maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs,<br />
rom TiToeuli ufleba dakavSirebulia garkveul pasuxismgeblobasTan.<br />
magaliTad, `sityvis Tavisuflebas ukavSirdeba adamianis pasuxismgebloba, rom<br />
sxva adamians Seuracxyofas ar miayenebs, ar Seexeba mis Rirsebasa da reputacias~.<br />
uflebaTa da pasuxismgeblobaTa aseTi kavSiri gvavaldebulebs, gamoviyenoT Cveni<br />
uflebebi garkveuli SezRudvebis farglebSi. aris SemTxvevebi, roca uflebebi da<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, saklaso oTaxSi dasvenebis<br />
ufleba da swavlis ufleba SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs, roca moswavleTa<br />
nawils surs swavla, xolo meore nawils _ dasveneba. ufro metic, skolis<br />
pasuxismgeblobaa, gaanaTlos moswavleebi da uzrunvelyos maswavleblebisaTvis sa-<br />
Tanado samuSao pirobebi.<br />
maswavlebeli iTxovs, rom moswavleTa wyvilebma gacvalon Canawerebi. TiToeulma<br />
wyvilma sxva wyvilis mier Camoweril uflebebs unda miuTiTos pasuxismgeblobaTa<br />
ori wyeba:<br />
_ adamianebis pirovnuli pasuxisgebloba, rom sxva adamianebs mieceT saSualeba,<br />
isargeblon sakuTari uflebebiT (Caiwereba samuSao furcel 5.4-is meore svet-<br />
Si).<br />
_ skolis an sxva dawesebulebis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis da a.S. pasuxismgebloba,<br />
rom uzrunvelyon am uflebis dacva (Caiwereba samuSao furcel<br />
5.4-is mesame svetSi). magaliTad, moswavlis pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobaa, rom<br />
sxva moswavlis pirad dRiurSi ar Caixedos; xolo skolis pasuxismgeblobaa,<br />
rom ar gaCxrikos moswavleebi konkretuli safuZvlis gareSe (magaliTad, Tu<br />
Cxreka tardeba moparuli kalkulatoris mosaZebnad, ar SeiZleba Cxrekisas<br />
xelSi moxvedrili moswavlis piradi dRiuri skolis mesveurebma waikiTxon).<br />
104
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
adamianis ufleba pirovnebis pasuxismgebloba skolis, uwyebis da a.S.<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
piradi cxovrebis ufleba<br />
ar Caixedos sxva moswavlis<br />
pirad dRiurSi<br />
ar waikiTxos moswavlis piradi<br />
dRiuri maSin, roca Cxrekis<br />
mizania naZarcvis aRmoCena<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs wyvilebs, klasis winaSe warmoadginon erTi ufleba<br />
da misi Tanmxlebi ori pasuxismgebloba.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, samuSao furcel 5.4-ze moyvanili cxrili dafaze daxazos<br />
da Seavsos is moswavleebis pasuxebiT. gakveTilis bolos, maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
mokled mimoixilos cxrilSi moyvanili informacia da sTxovos moswavleebs, gaake-<br />
Ton komentari sxvadasxva pasuxismgeblobaze.<br />
damatebiTi savarjiSo<br />
Tu maswavlebels surs, damatebiTi dro dauTmos dadebiT da uaryofiT uflebebsa<br />
da proeqtze muSaobis sakiTxebs, mas SeuZlia, Semdegi aqtivobebi gamoiyenos.<br />
maswavlebeli iwyebs imis axsniT, rom adamianis uflebebi zogjer iyofa `dadebiT~<br />
da `uaryofiT~ uflebebad. `uaryofiTi~ uflebebi krZalaven uaryofiT qmedebebs,<br />
magaliTad, wamebis akrZalva. `dadebiTi~ uflebebi ki warmoadgenen garkveuli<br />
valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnas, magaliTad, sakvebis ufleba.<br />
maswavlebeli imasac uxsnis moswavleebs, rom adamianis uflebaTa did nawils aqvs<br />
rogorc uaryofiTi, ise dadebiTi mxareebi. magaliTad, wamebisgan dacva, erTi mxriv,<br />
gulisxmobs wamebis akrZalvas (xelmZRvaneloba ukrZalavs policielebs dakavebul-<br />
Ta wamebas), xolo, meore mxriv, TavSekavebas iseTi qmedebisagan, romelic wamebas<br />
moicavs (samarTaldamcavi, romelmac damnaSave daakava, ar awamebs mas).<br />
moswavleebi ubrundebian adamianis uflebaTa nusxas da irCeven sam uflebas;<br />
isini, sakuTari moraluri pasuxismgeblobebis sailustraciod, ixseneben dadebiTi<br />
da uaryofiTi qmedebebis cxovrebiseul magaliTebs. Semdeg moswavleebi, skolis/<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis/centraluri xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobebis<br />
sailustraciod, damatebiT sam uflebas irCeven. moswavleebi pasuxismgeblobebs<br />
aRniSnaven uaryofiTi (-) an dadebiTi (+) niSnebiT.<br />
adamianis ufleba<br />
piradi cxovrebis ufleba<br />
(=magaliTi)<br />
pirovnebis (moraluri)<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
skolis, uwyebis da a.S.<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
(+) (+) uzrunvelyos, rom moswavlis<br />
Sesaxeb informacia ar iyos<br />
xelmisawvdomi yvelasaTvis.<br />
(-)ar Caixedos sxva<br />
moswavlis pirad dRiurSi,<br />
Tu dRiuris patroni ar<br />
miscems amis uflebas.<br />
(-) (skola) ar gaCxrikos<br />
moswavleTa piradi nivTebi, Tu<br />
ar arsebobs amis aucilebloba.<br />
(-) (saxelmwifo) uzrunvelyos<br />
iseTi kanonmdebloba, romelic<br />
adamianis piradi cxovrebis<br />
uflebas icavs.<br />
Tu maswavlebels surs, gamoiyenos es aqtivoba proeqtze muSaobisaTvis, mas<br />
SeuZlia, sTxovos moswavleebs, SearCion adamianis uflebebi, romlebzec Semdgomi<br />
ramdenime kviris/Tvis manZilze imuSaveben. Semdeg moswavleebi muSaoben gegmaze,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs proeqtis miznebsa da gansaxorcielebel qmedebebs. aseve, xdeba<br />
imis dazusteba, Tu ra droSi da vis mier unda Sesruldes TiToeuli qmedeba.<br />
105
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gegma<br />
proeqtis mizani: .............................................................................................................................<br />
ra unda gakeTdes vin gaakeTebs rodis iqneba dasrulebuli<br />
momdevno gakveTilebze ganxorcieldeba es gegma da, bolos, Sefasdeba.<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
adamianis uflebebi: testi<br />
ra aris ufleba ra unda iyos adamianis ufleba<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs gaazrebuli aqvT adamianis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli<br />
uflebebi.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi irCeven swor pasuxs SekiTxvebze, romelTa ramdenime<br />
savaraudo pasuxi mocemulia da ganixilaven am pasuxebs.<br />
saWiro masala _ TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis gankuTvnili baraTebi, romelTac pasuxebi<br />
ukana mxareze aqvs datanili (moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.5).<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ SekiTxvebi ramdenime savaraudo pasuxiT.<br />
informacia<br />
adamianis uflebebi warmoadgens dinamikur, mudmivad ganviTarebad cnebas. saerTa-<br />
Soriso samarTali gansazRvravs adamianis uflebaTa Sinaarssa da areals. qvemoT mocemuli<br />
testi ar aris moswavleTa codnis Sefasebis instrumenti. es testi daexmareba moswavleebs,<br />
sworad gaigon, Tu ras gulisxmobs adamianis uflebebi da Seafason, Tu sad<br />
vdgavarT amJamad, adamianis uflebaTa Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
am gakveTilamde maswavlebeli unda gaecnos gaerosa da evrosabWos farglebSi gaformebul<br />
xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. sasurvelia, maswavlebelma gakveTili<br />
daiwyos ramdenime ZiriTadi sityvis/cnebis ganmartebiT: gaero, evrosabWo (ganvasxvavoT<br />
evrokavSirisagan), adamianis uflebebi, saxelmwifo, diskriminacia, gasamarTleba.<br />
gakveTili<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom es testi ar emsaxureba<br />
maTi codnis Semowmebas. testirebis mizania, daexmaros moswavleebs, ukeT<br />
gaiazron adamianis uflebebi.<br />
moswavleebi horizontalurad Wrian samuSao furcel 5.5-s da TiToeul<br />
SekiTxvas acalkeveben. Semdeg moswavleebi awebeben SekiTxvisa da savaraudo pasuxebis<br />
mxares swori pasuxis mxareze ise, rom baraTis erT mxares iyos SekiTxva savaraudo<br />
pasuxebiT, xolo meore mxares _ swori pasuxis axsna.<br />
106
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
17 wlamde asakis axalgazrdis muSaoba<br />
a. yovelTvis bavSvis uflebis darRvevaa.<br />
b. bavSvis uflebis darvevaa mxolod maSin,<br />
Tu samuSao aris mavne.<br />
g. dasaSvebia, Tu qveynis kanonmdeblobis<br />
mixedviT minimaluri samuSao asaki 17 wels<br />
qvemoTaa.<br />
wylis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekrulebebi<br />
a. mTavroba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos sufTa<br />
da jansaRi wylis miwodeba mosaxleobisaTvis.<br />
b. mTavrobas ar aqvs ufleba, ganaxorcielos<br />
moqalaqeTa diskriminacia wylis miwodebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
g. mTavrobas ar aqvs ufleba, SeuzRudos<br />
wylis miwodeba moqalaqeebs.<br />
sikvdiliT dasja<br />
a. akrZalulia mTel msoflioSi.<br />
b. akrZalulia (kanonis da praqtikis mixedviT)<br />
msoflios qveyanaTa 50 %-Si.<br />
g. ar aris dasaSvebi 18 wlamde asakis axalgazrdebSi.<br />
ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebi<br />
a. ar aris adamianis realuri uflebebi.<br />
b. mosalodneli ar aris, rom saxelmwifo<br />
daakmayofilebs yvela adamianis ekonomikur<br />
da socialur uflebebs.<br />
g. yvela evropels SeuZlia am uflebebis<br />
moTxovna.<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba<br />
a. adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs SeuZliaT,<br />
gaxsnan skola, Tu akmayofileben minimalur<br />
iuridiul moTxovnebs.<br />
b. ar arsebobs valdebulebebi saganmanaTleblo<br />
programebis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
g. mTavrobam unda uzrunvelyos savaldebulo<br />
ganaTlebis miwodeba 18 wlamde asakis<br />
axalgazrdebisaTvis.<br />
17 wlamde asakis axalgazrdis muSaoba<br />
swori pasuxia g: bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia<br />
krZalavs bavSvTa Sromas im SemTxvevebSi,<br />
Tu is mavnea, an gulisxmobs bavSvis diskriminacias.<br />
amasTanave, es konvencia saSualebas<br />
aZlevs saxelmwifos, Tavad daareguliros<br />
minimaluri samuSao asaki. muSaoba<br />
mimdinareobs bavSvTa Sromaze ufro mkacri<br />
SezRudvebis dawesebasTan dakavSirdebiT.<br />
wylis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekrulebebi<br />
swori pasuxebia: b da g.<br />
gaeros ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis<br />
komitetis interpretaciiT, a ar aris<br />
swori, b da g ki sworia.<br />
sikvdiliT dasja<br />
swori pasuxebia: b da g.<br />
a ar aris swori. gaeros dokumentebi da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvencia srul<br />
akrZalvas ar aweseben sikvdiliT dasjaze.<br />
Tumca maTi arasavaldebulo protokolebi<br />
garkveul SezRudvebs aweseben: protokoli<br />
6 (mSvidobian periodSi sikvdiliT dasjis<br />
akrZalva) da protokoli 13 (sikvdiliT<br />
dasjis akrZalva yvela garemoebaSi). es dokumentebi<br />
xelmowerili da ratificirebulia<br />
bevri qveynis mTavrobis mier.<br />
ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebi<br />
swori pasuxia: b<br />
oficialurad, ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />
uflebebi adamianis uflebaTa ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia, Tumca maTi Sesrulebis valdebuleba<br />
gacilebiT sustia, vidre politikuri<br />
da samoqalaqo uflebebis. ekonomikuri, socialuri<br />
da kulturuli uflebebis saer-<br />
TaSoriso konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo<br />
unda miiswrafodes am uflebebis dacvisaken,<br />
magram ar arsebobs am uflebaTa darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevaSi gasaCivrebis evropuli meqanizmi<br />
(garkveul garemoebebSi, arasavaldebulo<br />
protokoli saSualebas aZlevs organizaciebs,<br />
warmoadginon aseTi saCivrebi).<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: a<br />
b da g araswori pasuxebia. saerTaSoriso<br />
konvenciebis, magaliTad, bavSvTa uflebebis<br />
konvenciis mixedviT, ganaTlebis sistemam<br />
unda uzrunvelyos moswavleTa informireba<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb.<br />
107
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
devnilad aRiarebis ufleba<br />
a. am uflebiT sargeblobs is, visac<br />
sdevnian rasis, religiuri an politikuri<br />
Sexedulebebis gamo da, Sedegad, datova sakuTari<br />
qveyana.<br />
b. am uflebiT sargeblobis is, vinc sakuTari<br />
qveyana datova samoqalaqo omis an SimSilis<br />
gamo.<br />
g. qveyanas SeuZlia, ar gadmouSvas sakuTar<br />
sazRvarze im qveynis moqalaqeebi, romelic<br />
usafrTxo qveynad iTvleba.<br />
religiis Tavisufleba<br />
a. ar SeiZleba religiis Tavisuflebis<br />
SezRudva maTTvis, vinc umciresobebs miekuTvnebian.<br />
b. avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, aRiaron da<br />
daafinanson religiebi.<br />
g. ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saxelmwifos mxridan.<br />
sakuTrebis Tavisufleba<br />
a. mTavrobas SeuZlia, CamoarTvas adamians sakuTreba,<br />
Tu es saxelmwifoebriv interesebs<br />
emsaxureba.<br />
b. sakuTrebis ufleba irRveva, Tu, hidroeleq<br />
trosadguris aSenebis mizniT kompensaciis<br />
gareSe xdeba mTeli soflis evakuacia.<br />
g. saSualebas aZlevs adamians, moparuli<br />
saqoneli Tavis sakuTrebad CaTvalos.<br />
arCevnebi<br />
a. yvela moqalaqes aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis<br />
ufleba, maTac ki, visac dakarguli aqvs<br />
sxva samoqalaqo uflebebi kriminaluri saqmianobis<br />
gamo.<br />
b. Tu amomrCeveli amavdroulad aris damsaqmebeli,<br />
mas aqvs ori xmis ufleba.<br />
g. xmis micema unda iyos faruli.<br />
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba<br />
a. SeiZleba SeizRudos qilikisagan dacvis<br />
mizniT.<br />
b. SeiZleba SeizRudos saxalxo moralis<br />
principebidan gamomdinare.<br />
g. SeiZleba SeizRudos religiuri<br />
Seuwynareblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.<br />
muSaobis Tavisufleba<br />
a. avaldebulebs saxelmwifos, daasaqmos yvela<br />
moqalaqe.<br />
b. gulisxmobs imas, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis<br />
samsaxuridan daTxova safuZvlis gareSe.<br />
g. ar niSnavs imas, rom mTavrobam unda izrunos<br />
srul dasaqmebaze.<br />
devnilad aRiarebis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: a<br />
b araswori pasuxia. Tumca arsebobs<br />
SemTxvevebi, roca sxva qveynis moqalaqeebs<br />
uSveben mezobel qveyanaSi, radgan isini<br />
gamoeqcnen samoqalaqo oms an SimSils. saer-<br />
TaSoriso konvenciebis mixedviT, aseTi adamianebi<br />
ar iTvlebian devnilebad. Jenevis<br />
konvenciebis mixedviT, g ar exeba devnilebs,<br />
magram aqtiurad gamoiyeneba evrokavSiris<br />
qveynebSi TavSesafris maZiebelTa sakiTxebis<br />
gadawyvetisas.<br />
religiis Tavisufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: a<br />
saxelmwifom pativi unda sces religiis<br />
Tavisuflebas, magram mas ar ekisreba iuridiuli<br />
valdebuleba, cnos an daafinansos religia.<br />
saxelmwifos SeuZlia, SezRudva daawesos<br />
religiaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
adamianis fundamentur uflebebs.<br />
sakuTrebis Tavisufleba<br />
swori pasuxebia: a da b<br />
g arasworia.<br />
arCevnebi<br />
swori pasuxia: g<br />
saxelmwifos SeuZlia, ar misces arCevnebSi<br />
monawireobis ufleba moqalaqeebs, romelTac<br />
dakarguli aqvT sxva samoqalaqo uflebebi.<br />
saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT, yvela<br />
amomrCevels aqvs Tanabari uflebebi.<br />
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba<br />
swori pasuxebia: a da g. gamoxatvis<br />
Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos garkveul<br />
SemTxvevebSi, saxalxo moralis principebidan<br />
gamomdinare, danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis,<br />
an janmrTlobis dacvis mizniT, mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu es kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.<br />
muSaobis Tavisufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: b<br />
evropuli qveynebi iReben moqalaqeTa<br />
dasaqmebaze zrunvis pasuxismgeblobas, magram<br />
gaeros dokumentacia ar avaldebulebs<br />
saxelmwifoebs, rom yvela moqalaqis dasaqmeba<br />
uzrunvelyon.<br />
108
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
jansaRi garemos ufleba<br />
a. ukrZalavs saxelmwifos iseTi toqsikuri<br />
narCenebis ganTavsebas, romelic niadags anadgurebs.<br />
b. am uflebis mizania adamianebis, cxovelebisa<br />
da mcenareebis dacva.<br />
g. jer ar aris aRiarebuli sayovelTao<br />
uflebad.<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba gulisxmobs<br />
a. dawyebiTi skolis mowavleebs ar unda gadaaxdevinon<br />
swavlis safasuri. maT SeiZleba<br />
daekisroT mgzavrobis an saxelmZRvaneloebis<br />
safasuris gadaxda.<br />
b. saxelmwifos valdebulebaa, maqsimalurad<br />
daexmaros moswavleebs, rom swavlaSi warmatebebs<br />
miaRwion.<br />
g. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos moswavleTaTvis<br />
Tanabari saganmanaTleblo<br />
SesaZleblobebi.<br />
moswavleTa dasja skolaSi<br />
a. fizikuri dasja ar aris nebadarTuli.<br />
b. dasja ar aris nebadarTuli, Tu is gonebriv<br />
sisastikes gulisxmobs.<br />
g. dasja mxolod maSinaa nebadarTuli, Tu<br />
arsebobs dasjaze mSoblis Tanxmoba.<br />
skolaSi<br />
a. dro ar unda daeTmos garemosdacviTi<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilvas.<br />
b. bavSvebs unda aswavlon mSoblebis pativiscema.<br />
g. bavSvebs unda aswavlon adamianis uflebebi<br />
da maTi pativiscema.<br />
samarTalwarmoeba<br />
a. yvela damnaSaves aqvs advokatis momsaxurebis<br />
ufleba.<br />
b. mxolod maSin SeiZleba braldebis wayeneba,<br />
Tu adamianma aRiarebiTi Cveneba gaakeTa.<br />
g. eWvmitanils aqvs ufaso mTargmnelobiTi<br />
momsaxurebis ufleba, Tu samarTalwarmoeba<br />
aris misTvis ucxo enaze.<br />
wameba<br />
a. nebadarTulia, Tu teroristuli aqtis<br />
Tavidan acilebis mizniT xdeba.<br />
b. nebadarTulia mxolod sasamarTlos<br />
Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
g. arasodesaa nebadarTuli.<br />
jansaRi garemos ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: g.<br />
jandacvis ufleba icavs adamianebs garemos<br />
dabinZurebiT gamowveuli zaralisagan.<br />
Sesabamisad, mxolod adamianebi arian daculni,<br />
da ara mcenareebi, an cxovelebi. afrikuli<br />
qartia da evrokavSiris qartia, romlebic<br />
ar aris sayovelTaod aRiarebuli, amkvidrebs<br />
jansaRi garemos uflebas.<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba gulisxmobs<br />
swori pasuxia: b da g.<br />
b da g Sesulia bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciaSi.<br />
wesiT, dawyebiTi ganaTleba ufaso unda iyos,<br />
rac unda gulisxmobdes ara mxolod swavlis<br />
safasuris ararsebobas, aramed saxelmwifos<br />
mier im sxva xarjebis dafarvasac, rac arapirdapir<br />
ukavSirdeba dawyebiTi ganaTlebis<br />
miRebas.<br />
moswavleTa dasja skolaSi<br />
swori pasuxia: a.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
fizikur dasjas yovelTvis aRiarebs adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis darRvevad.<br />
es midgoma emTxveva bavSvTa uflebebis<br />
komitetis mier bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis<br />
interpretacias. b arasworia, radgan ar<br />
aris nebadarTuli aranairi sastiki dasja.<br />
rac Seexeba g-s, ar arsebobs norma, romelic<br />
dasjis nebadarTulobas mSoblis Tanxmobas<br />
ukavSirebs.<br />
skolaSi<br />
swori pasuxia: b da g.<br />
b da g ganisazRvreba bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciiT.<br />
am konvenciis mixedviT, ganaTleba<br />
garemos dacvis principebs unda nergavdes.<br />
samarTalwarmoeba<br />
swori pasuxia: a da g<br />
wameba<br />
swori pasuxia: g.<br />
ar aris nebadarTuli, sagangebo situaciis<br />
drosac ki.<br />
109
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
cxovrebis uflebis darRveva<br />
a. es ufleba irRveva maSin, Tu adamiani<br />
SemTxveviT iRupeba policiis mier sxva adamianis<br />
gadarCenis dros.<br />
b. es ufleba irRveva maSin, roca adamiani<br />
iRupeba omSi.<br />
g. es ufleba irRveva maSin, roca adamiani<br />
iRupeba policiis mier Zalis gadaWarbebuli<br />
gamoyenebis gamo.<br />
sacxovreblis ufleba<br />
a. yvela saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos moqalaqeebi<br />
sacxovrebliT.<br />
b. ucxoelebs iseTive pirobebiT unda miscen<br />
socialuri sacxovrebeli, rogorc qveynis<br />
moqalaqeebs.<br />
g. saxelmwifo unda ecados, rom hyavdes, rac<br />
SeiZleba, cota usaxlkaro.<br />
jandacvis ufleba<br />
a. mTavroba ar aris valdebuli, Tavidan aicilos<br />
SromiTi ubeduri SemTxvevebi.<br />
b. jandacva unda iyos xelmisawvdomi yvelasaTvis.<br />
g. wamlebi unda iyos ufaso.<br />
Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba<br />
a. adamians SeiZleba ar darTon neba, icxovros<br />
misTvis arCeul adgilas, Tu aseTi SezRudva<br />
sajaro usafrTxoebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
b. vizis argacema adamianze, romelsac ar aqvs<br />
danaSaulebrivi warsuli, warmoadgens adamianis<br />
uflebaTa darRvevas.<br />
g. damnaSave SeiZleba daatyvevon.<br />
cxovrebis uflebis darRveva<br />
swori pasuxia: g<br />
a swori iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu policia<br />
gadaWarbebul Zalas gamoiyenebs.<br />
sacxovreblis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: b da g<br />
jandacvis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: b<br />
SromiTi ubeduri SemTxvevebis prevencia valdebulebaa.<br />
wamlebis gayidva nebadarTulia.<br />
Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: a da g.<br />
viza SeiZleba ver miiRos nebismierma adamianma.<br />
adamians SeiZleba ar darTon neba, icxovros<br />
misTvis arCeul adgilas, Tu aseTi<br />
SezRudva sajaro usafrTxoebas, jandacvas<br />
an sazogadoebriv wesrigs ukavSirdeba da es<br />
kanoniTaa dadgenili.<br />
110
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.1<br />
survilebi, saWiroebebi da uflebebi<br />
survilebi saWiroebebi adamianis uflebebi<br />
111
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.2<br />
adamianis uflebaTa nusxa<br />
es aris is uflebebi, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT,<br />
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso konvenciiT, ekonomikuri, socialuri<br />
da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso konvenciiT, adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli konvenciiT da evropis socialuri qartiiT aris daculi.<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
7.<br />
8.<br />
9.<br />
sicocxlis ufleba;<br />
wamebisagan Tavisufleba;<br />
monobisagan Tavisufleba;<br />
Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba;<br />
miukerZoebeli gasamarTlebis ufleba;<br />
uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, daxmarebis miRebis ufleba;<br />
diskriminaciisagan Tavisufleba; Tanasworobis ufleba;<br />
pirovnebad aRiarebis ufleba; erovnuli kuTvnilebis ufleba;<br />
piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis ufleba;<br />
10. qorwinebis ufleba;<br />
11. sakuTrebis ufleba;<br />
12. gadaadgilebis ufleba;<br />
13. TavSesafris ufleba;<br />
14. azrovnebis, cnobierebisa da religiuri Tavisufleba;<br />
15. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba;<br />
16. Sekrebisa da sxva adamianebTan gaerTianebis Tavisufleba;<br />
17. sakvebis, sasmelisa da sacxovreblis ufleba;<br />
18. jandacvis ufleba;<br />
19. ganaTlebis ufleba;<br />
20. dasaqmebis ufleba;<br />
21. dasvenebisa da garTobis ufleba;<br />
22. socialuri dacvis ufleba;<br />
23. politikur procesebSi monawileobis ufleba;<br />
24. kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba;<br />
25. adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis akrZalva;<br />
26. im socialuri wesrigis ufleba, sadac aRiarebulia adamianis uflebebi;<br />
27. pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobebi.<br />
112
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.3<br />
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebi<br />
adamianis uflebis darRveva<br />
ramdenime wlis win qalbatoni braunis qaliSvili da meuRle avtokatastrofaSi<br />
daiRupnen; mas ar SeuZlia daqorwindes sxva mamakacze, sanam misi mazli ar<br />
miscems oficialur Tanxmobas.<br />
cixis mcvelebi patimrebs SesaSineblad ZaRlebiT emuqrebodnen. erTxel erTerTma<br />
ZaRlma ukbina patimars.<br />
adgilobriv sawarmoSi muSebs, Sesvenebis gareSe, dReSi 10 saaTi muSaoba uwevT.<br />
daapatimres sami mamakaci; maTTan ar uSveben advokatebs.<br />
qalbatons, romelsac aqvs iseTive samuSao gamocdileba, rogorc mamakacs,<br />
uniSnaven ufro dabal xelfass. isini erTi asakis arian da manamde erTnair<br />
samuSaos asrulebdnen.<br />
X-ma moitaca da daakava Y sami dRiT. X-ma Y-s TavSi esrola, ramac gamoiwvia am<br />
ukanasknelis gardacvaleba sami dRis Semdeg.<br />
narkotikuli saSualebebis momxmarebel qalbatons gadauRes foto maSin, roca<br />
is narkotikebis momxmarebelTa klinikidan ewereboda. mogvianebiT, es foto<br />
gamoqveynda.<br />
qalbatons meuRle cudad eqceoda. qalbatonma mxolod maSin SeZlo Tavis<br />
meuRlesTan ganqorwineba, roca mas dauTmo Tavis saxli, manqana da mTeli<br />
qoneba. qalbatoni darCa yovelgvari qonebis gareSe.<br />
adamians, romelsac sWirda filtvebis anTeba, saavadmyofoSi saTanado daxmareba<br />
ar aRmouCines, radgan igi qveyanaSi arakanonierad iyo Semosuli.<br />
mosaxleobis 70%, romelic konkretul teritoriaze cxovrobda, gadaasaxles<br />
da dabrunebis ufleba aRar misces. xalxs karvebSi miuCines bina da ar aZlevdnen<br />
saSualebas, daemuSavebinaT miwa an mgzavrobisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT garkveuli gzebi.<br />
Savkanianebs afrikaSi erTi boTli viskis fasad yidulobdnen da CrdiloeT<br />
amerikaSi 1200-1500 aSS dolarad yiddnen.<br />
qveyanaSi yvela is saSualeba gaanadgures, rac am qveynis macxovrebelTa<br />
sasicocxlo wyaros warmoadgenda _ marcvleuli, wyali da saqoneli.<br />
qveyanaSi moqalaqeebs bralis wayenebis gareSe aTavseben sapyrobileSi.<br />
26 wlis Jurnalisti saarCevno kampaniis arasasurveli formiT gaSuqebis gamo<br />
mokles.<br />
X gaiwvies samxedro samsaxurSi. man warmoadgina axsna-ganmarteba, romelSic<br />
daafiqsira, rom samxedro samsaxuri misTvis pirovnulad miuRebelia. aseTi<br />
axsna-ganmartebis miuxedavad, X-s daumorCileblobaSi dasdes brali da qveynis<br />
datoveba aukrZales.<br />
qveyanaSi erT-erTi religiuri aRmsareblobis mimdevrebs ekZalebaT Sexvedra.<br />
qalaqSi macxovrebelTa eTnikurma umravlesobam gadawyvita, rom eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebi, boSebi da ebraelebi, unda cxovrobdnen qalaqis specialurad<br />
gamoyofil ubnebSi.<br />
sofelSi macxovrebel bavSvebs ar aqvT saSualeba, iaron dawyebiT skolaSi,<br />
radgan ar arsebobs skola, romelic maT sacxovrebelTan axlosaa.<br />
adamianis<br />
ufleba<br />
113
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
X ver iyris kenWs saparlamento arCevnebSi, radgan sasuliero pirebi mis<br />
kandidaturas ar uWeren mxars.<br />
imis gamo, rom X aris Savkaniani, mas ar iReben eqimis Tanamdebobaze adgilobriv<br />
saavadmyofoSi.<br />
zog qveyanaSi socialurad daucvel mosaxleobas ar aqvs SesaZlebloba,<br />
miiRos monawileoba kvebis an TavSesafris uzrunvelyofis programebSi; aseve,<br />
moklebulia samedicino momsaxurebis miRebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
batoni X-is saxli daiwva da mas ar SeuZlia, moiTxovos kompensacia.<br />
47 wlis qalbatoni mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze diasaxlisi iyo da gazarda<br />
5 Svili. axla, rodesac Tavis meuRlesTan unda ganqorwindes, is socialuri<br />
dacvis yovelgvari meqanizmis gareSe rCeba.<br />
batoni X, ori Svilis mama, daapatimres imis gamo, rom leqsebs werda arsebuli<br />
reJimis winaaRmdeg. is qveynidan gaiqca da sxva qveyanaSi TavSesafars iTxovda.<br />
mas TavSesafari ar misces, miuxedavad imisa, rom X-is gancxadebiT, samSobloSi<br />
dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi, mas wameba elis.<br />
savarZels mijaWvuli adamianebisTvis adgilobriv TeatrSi kulturul<br />
RonisZiebebze daswreba ar aris nebadarTuli.<br />
imisaTvis, rom qveynis moqalaqeoba miiRo, aucilebelia, am qveyanaSi icxovro<br />
15 weli, iyo gonebrivad da fizikurad janmrTeli (SemowmebiT unda iyos<br />
dadasturebuli) da gadaixado sakmaod maRali administraciuli gadasaxadi.<br />
Sesabamisad, aTasobiT boSa sakuTar qveyanaSi moqalaqeobas ver iRebs.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.4<br />
uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
adamianis ufleba pirovnebis pasuxismgebloba skolis, uwyebis da a.S.<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
114
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 5.5<br />
adamianis uflebebis testi<br />
17 wlamde asakis axalgazrdis muSaoba<br />
a. yovelTvis bavSvis uflebis darRvevaa.<br />
b. bavSvis uflebis darvevaa mxolod maSin,<br />
Tu samuSao aris mavne.<br />
g. dasaSvebia, Tu, qveynis kanonmdeblobis<br />
mixedviT, minimaluri samuSao asaki 17 wels<br />
qvemoTaa.<br />
wylis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekrulebebi<br />
a. mTavroba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos suf-<br />
Ta da jansaRi wylis miwodeba mosaxleobisaTvis.<br />
b. mTavrobas ar aqvs ufleba, ganaxorcielos<br />
moqalaqeTa diskriminacia wylis miwodebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
g. mTavrobas ar aqvs ufleba, SeuzRudos<br />
wylis miwodeba moqalaqeebs.<br />
17 wlamde asakis axalgazrdis muSaoba<br />
swori pasuxia g: bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia<br />
krZalavs bavSvTa Sromas im SemTxvevebSi,<br />
Tu is mavnea, an gulisxmobs bavSvis diskriminacias.<br />
amasTanave, es konvencia saSualebas<br />
aZlevs saxelmwifos, Tavad daareguliros<br />
minimaluri samuSao asaki. muSaoba<br />
mimdinareobs bavSvTa Sromaze ufro mkacri<br />
SezRudvebis dawesebasTan dakavSirdebiT.<br />
wylis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekrulebebi<br />
swori pasuxebia: b da g.<br />
gaeros ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis<br />
komitetis interpretaciiT, a ar aris<br />
swori, b da g ki sworia.<br />
sikvdiliT dasja<br />
a. akrZalulia mTel msoflioSi.<br />
b. akrZalulia (kanonis da praqtikis mixedviT)<br />
msoflios qveyanaTa 50 %-Si.<br />
g. ar aris dasaSvebi 18 wlamde asakis axalgazrdebSi.<br />
ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebi<br />
a. ar aris adamianis realuri uflebebi.<br />
b. mosalodneli ar aris, rom saxelmwifo<br />
daakmayofilebs yvela adamianis ekonomikur<br />
da socialur uflebebs.<br />
g. yvela evropels SeuZlia am uflebebis<br />
moTxovna.<br />
sikvdiliT dasja<br />
swori pasuxebia: b da g.<br />
a ar aris swori. gaeros dokumentebi da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvencia srul<br />
akrZalvas ar aweseben sikvdiliT dasjaze.<br />
Tumca maTi arasavaldebulo protokolebi<br />
garkveul SezRudvebs aweseben: protokoli<br />
6 (mSvidobian periodSi sikvdiliT dasjis<br />
akrZalva) da protokoli 13 (sikvdiliT<br />
dasjis akrZalva yvela garemoebaSi). es dokumentebi<br />
xelmowerili da ratificirebulia<br />
bevri qveynis mTavrobis mier.<br />
ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebi<br />
swori pasuxia: b<br />
oficialurad, ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />
uflebebi adamianis uflebaTa ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia, Tumca maTi Sesrulebis valdebuleba<br />
gacilebiT sustia, vidre politikuri<br />
da samoqalaqo uflebebis. ekonomikuri, socialuri<br />
da kulturuli uflebebis saer-<br />
TaSoriso konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo<br />
unda miiswrafodes am uflebebis dacvisaken,<br />
magram ar arsebobs am uflebaTa darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevaSi gasaCivrebis evropuli meqanizmi<br />
(garkveul garemoebebSi, arasavaldebulo<br />
protokoli saSualebas aZlevs organizaciebs,<br />
warmoadginon aseTi saCivrebi).<br />
115
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba<br />
a. adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs SeuZliaT,<br />
gaxsnan skola, Tu akmayofileben minimalur<br />
iuridiul moTxovnebs.<br />
b. ar arsebobs valdebulebebi saganmanaTleblo<br />
programebis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
g. mTavrobam unda uzrunvelyos savaldebulo<br />
ganaTlebis miwodeba 18 wlamde asakis<br />
axalgazrdebisaTvis.<br />
devnilad aRiarebis ufleba<br />
a. am uflebiT sargeblobis is, visac<br />
sdevnian rasis, religiuri an politikuri<br />
Sexedulebebis gamo da, Sedegad, datova sakuTari<br />
qveyana.<br />
b. am uflebiT sargeblobis is, vinc sakuTari<br />
qveyana datova samoqalaqo omis an SimSilis<br />
gamo.<br />
g. qveyanas SeuZlia, ar gadmouSvas sakuTar<br />
sazRvarze im qveynis moqalaqeebi, romelic<br />
usafrTxo qveynad iTvleba.<br />
religiis Tavisufleba<br />
a. ar SeiZleba religiis Tavisuflebis<br />
SezRudva maTTvis, vinc umciresobebs miekuTvnebian.<br />
b. avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, aRiaron da<br />
daafinanson religiebi.<br />
g. ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saxelmwifos mxridan.<br />
sakuTrebis Tavisufleba<br />
a. mTavrobas SeuZlia, CamoarTvas adamians sakuTreba,<br />
Tu es saxelmwifoebriv interesebs<br />
emsaxureba.<br />
b. sakuTrebis ufleba irRveva, Tu, hidroeleqtrosadguris<br />
aSenebis mizniT, kompensaciis<br />
gareSe xdeba mTeli soflis evakuacia.<br />
g. saSualebas aZlevs adamians, moparuli<br />
saqoneli Tavis sakuTrebad CaTvalos.<br />
arCevnebi<br />
a. yvela moqalaqes aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis<br />
ufleba, maTac ki, visac dakarguli<br />
aqvs sxva samoqalaqo uflebebi, kriminaluri<br />
saqmianobis gamo.<br />
b. Tu amomrCeveli amavdroulad aris damsaqmebeli,<br />
mas aqvs ori xmis ufleba.<br />
g. xmis micema unda iyos faruli.<br />
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba<br />
a. SeiZleba SeizRudos qilikisagan dacvis<br />
mizniT.<br />
b. SeiZleba SeizRudos saxalxo moralis<br />
principebidan gamomdinare.<br />
g. SeiZleba SeizRudos religiuri<br />
Seuwynareblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: a<br />
b da g araswori pasuxebia. saerTaSoriso<br />
konvenciebis, magaliTad, bavSvTa uflebebis<br />
konvenciis, mixedviT, ganaTlebis sistemam<br />
unda uzrunvelyos moswavleTa informireba<br />
adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb.<br />
devnilad aRiarebis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: a<br />
b araswori pasuxia. Tumca arsebobs<br />
SemTxvevebi, roca sxva qveynis moqalaqeebs<br />
uSveben mezobel qveyanaSi, radgan isini<br />
gamoeqcnen samoqalaqo oms an SimSils. saer-<br />
TaSoriso konvenciebis mixedviT, aseTi adamianebi<br />
ar iTvlebian devnilebad. Jenevis<br />
konvenciebis mixedviT, g ar exeba devnilebs,<br />
magram aqtiurad gamoiyeneba evrokavSiris<br />
qveynebSi TavSesafris maZiebelTa sakiTxebis<br />
gadawyvetisas.<br />
religiis Tavisufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: a<br />
saxelmwifom pativi unda sces religiis<br />
Tavisuflebas, magram mas ar ekisreba iuridiuli<br />
valdebuleba, cnos an daafinansos religia.<br />
saxelmwifos SeuZlia, SezRudva daawesos<br />
religiaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
adamianis fundamentur uflebebs.<br />
sakuTrebis Tavisufleba<br />
swori pasuxebia: a da b<br />
g arasworia.<br />
arCevnebi<br />
swori pasuxia: g<br />
saxelmwifos SeuZlia, ar misces arCevnebSi<br />
monawileobis ufleba moqalaqeebs, romelTac<br />
dakarguli aqvT sxva samoqalaqo uflebebi.<br />
saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT, yvela<br />
amomrCevels aqvs Tanabari uflebebi.<br />
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba<br />
swori pasuxebia: a da g. gamoxatvis<br />
Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos garkveul<br />
SemTxvevebSi, saxalxo moralis principebidan<br />
gamomdinare, danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis,<br />
an janmrTlobis dacvis mizniT, mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu es kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.<br />
116
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
muSaobis Tavisufleba<br />
a. avaldebulebs saxelmwifos, daasaqmos yvela<br />
moqalaqe.<br />
b. gulisxmobs imas, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis<br />
samsaxuridan daTxova safuZvlis gareSe.<br />
g. ar niSnavs imas, rom mTavrobam unda izrunos<br />
srul dasaqmebaze.<br />
jansaRi garemos ufleba<br />
a. ukrZalavs saxelmwifos iseTi toqsikuri<br />
narCenebis ganTavsebas, romelic niadags anadgurebs.<br />
b. am uflebis mizania adamianebis, cxovelebisa<br />
da mcenareebis dacva.<br />
g. jer ar aris aRiarebuli sayovelTao<br />
uflebad.<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba gulisxmobs<br />
a. dawyebiTi skolis mowavleebs ar unda gadaaxdevinon<br />
swavlis safasuri. maT, SeiZleba,<br />
daekisroT mgzavrobis an saxelmZRvaneloebis<br />
safasuris gadaxda.<br />
b. saxelmwifos valdebulebaa, maqsimalurad<br />
daexmaros moswavleebs, rom swavlaSi warmatebebs<br />
miaRwion.<br />
g. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos moswavleTaTvis<br />
Tanabari saganmanaTleblo<br />
SesaZleblobebi.<br />
moswavleTa dasja skolaSi<br />
a. fizikuri dasja ar aris nebadarTuli.<br />
b. dasja ar aris nebadarTuli, Tu is gonebriv<br />
sisastikes gulisxmobs.<br />
g. dasja mxolod maSinaa nebadarTuli, Tu<br />
arsebobs dasjaze mSoblis Tanxmoba.<br />
skolaSi<br />
a. dro ar unda daeTmos garemosdacviTi<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilvas.<br />
b. bavSvebs unda aswavlon mSoblebis pativiscema.<br />
g. bavSvebs unda aswavlon adamianis uflebebi<br />
da maTi pativiscema.<br />
samarTalwarmoeba<br />
a. yvela damnaSaves aqvs advokatis momsaxurebis<br />
ufleba.<br />
b. mxolod maSin SeiZleba braldebis wayeneba,<br />
Tu adamianma aRiarebiTi Cveneba gaakeTa.<br />
g. eWvmitanils aqvs ufaso mTargmnelobiTi<br />
momsaxurebis ufleba, Tu samarTalwarmoeba<br />
aris misTvis ucxo enaze.<br />
muSaobis Tavisufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: b<br />
evropuli qveynebi iReben moqalaqeTa<br />
dasaqmebaze zrunvis pasuxismgeblobas, magram<br />
gaeros dokumentacia ar avaldebulebs<br />
saxelmwifoebs, rom yvela moqalaqis dasaqmeba<br />
uzrunvelyon.<br />
jansaRi garemos ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: g.<br />
jandacvis ufleba icavs adamianebs garemos<br />
dabinZurebiT gamowveuli zaralisagan.<br />
Sesabamisad, mxolod adamianebi arian daculni,<br />
da ara mcenareebi an cxovelebi. afrikuli<br />
qartia da evrokavSiris qartia, romlebic ar<br />
aris sayovelTaod aRiarebuli, amkvidrebs<br />
jansaRi garemos uflebas.<br />
ganaTlebis ufleba gulisxmobs<br />
swori pasuxia: b da g.<br />
b da g Sesulia bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciaSi.<br />
wesiT, dawyebiTi ganaTleba ufaso unda iyos,<br />
rac unda gulisxmobdes ara mxolod swavlis<br />
safasuris ararsebobas, aramed saxelmwifos<br />
mier im sxva xarjebis dafarvasac, rac arapirdapir<br />
ukavSirdeba dawyebiTi ganaTlebis<br />
miRebas.<br />
moswavleTa dasja skolaSi<br />
swori pasuxia: a.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
fizikur dasjas yovelTvis aRiarebs adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis darRvevad.<br />
es midgoma emTxveva bavSvTa uflebebis<br />
komitetis mier bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis<br />
interpretacias. b arasworia, radgan ar<br />
aris nebadarTuli aranairi sastiki dasja.<br />
rac Seexeba g-s, ar arsebobs norma, romelic<br />
dasjis nebadarTulobas mSoblis Tanxmobas<br />
ukavSirebs.<br />
skolaSi<br />
swori pasuxia: b da g.<br />
b da g ganisazRvreba bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciiT.<br />
am konvenciis mixedviT, ganaTleba<br />
garemos dacvis principebs unda nergavdes.<br />
samarTalwarmoeba<br />
swori pasuxia: a da g<br />
117
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
wameba<br />
a. nebadarTulia, Tu teroristuli aqtis<br />
Tavidan acilebis mizniT xdeba.<br />
b. nebadarTulia mxolod sasamarTlos<br />
Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
g. arasodesaa nebadarTuli.<br />
cxovrebis uflebis darRveva<br />
a. es ufleba irRveva maSin, Tu adamiani<br />
SemTxveviT iRupeba, policiis mier sxva adamianis<br />
gadarCenis dros.<br />
b. es ufleba irRveva maSin, roca adamiani<br />
iRupeba omSi.<br />
g. es ufleba irRveva maSin, roca adamiani<br />
iRupeba policiis mier Zalis gadaWarbebuli<br />
gamoyenebis gamo.<br />
sacxovreblis ufleba<br />
a. yvela saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos moqalaqeebi<br />
sacxovrebliT.<br />
b. ucxoelebs iseTive pirobebiT unda miscen<br />
socialuri sacxovrebeli, rogorc qveynis<br />
moqalaqeebs.<br />
g. saxelmwifo unda ecados, rom hyavdes, rac<br />
SeiZleba, cota usaxlkaro.<br />
jandacvis ufleba<br />
a. mTavroba ar aris valdebuli, Tavidan aicilos<br />
SromiTi ubeduri SemTxvevebi.<br />
b. jandacva unda iyos xelmisawvdomi yvelasaTvis.<br />
g. wamlebi unda iyos ufaso.<br />
Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba<br />
a. adamians SeiZleba ar darTon neba, icxovros<br />
misTvis arCeul adgilas, Tu aseTi SezRudva<br />
sajaro usafrTxoebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
b. vizis argacema adamianze, romelsac ar aqvs<br />
danaSaulebrivi warsuli, warmoadgens adamianis<br />
uflebaTa darRvevas.<br />
g. damnaSave SeiZleba daatyvevon.<br />
wameba<br />
swori pasuxia: g<br />
ar aris nebadarTuli, sagangebo situaciis<br />
drosac ki.<br />
cxovrebis uflebis darRveva<br />
swori pasuxia: g.<br />
a swori iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu policia<br />
gadaWarbebul Zalas gamoiyenebs.<br />
sacxovreblis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: b da g<br />
jandacvis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: b<br />
SromiTi ubeduri SemTxvevebis prevencia valdebulebaa.<br />
wamlebis gayidva nebadarTulia.<br />
Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba<br />
swori pasuxia: a da g.<br />
viza SeiZleba ver miiRos nebismierma adamianma.<br />
adamians SeiZleba ar darTon neba, icxovros<br />
misTvis arCeul adgilas, Tu aseTi<br />
SezRudva sajaro usafrTxoebas, jandacvas<br />
an sazogadoebriv wesrigs ukavSirdeba da es<br />
kanoniTaa dadgenili.<br />
damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvis<br />
qvemoT warmodgenil cxrilSi mocemulia adamianis uflebebi, Sesabamisi muxlebis<br />
miTiTebiT, Semdegi dokumentebidan: adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia;<br />
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso konvencia; ekonomikur, socialur<br />
da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso konvencia; adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
konvencia; evropis socialuri qartia (redaqtirebuli). mimoxilva emsaxureba saganmanaTleblo<br />
miznebs.<br />
118
Tavi 5. uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
7.<br />
8.<br />
9.<br />
sicocxlis<br />
ufleba;<br />
wamebisagan<br />
Tavisufleba;<br />
monobisagan<br />
Tavisufleba;<br />
Tavisuflebisa<br />
da<br />
usafrTxoebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
miukerZoebeli<br />
gasamarTlebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
uflebaTa<br />
darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevaSi,<br />
daxmarebis<br />
miRebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
diskriminaciisagan<br />
Tavisufleba;<br />
Tanasworobis<br />
ufleba;<br />
pirovnebad<br />
aRiarebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
erovnuli<br />
kuTvnilebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
piradi da<br />
ojaxuri<br />
cxovrebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
10. qorwinebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
11. sakuTrebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
12. gadaadgilebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
13. TavSesafris<br />
ufleba;<br />
14. azrovnebis,<br />
cnobierebisa<br />
da religuri<br />
Tavisufleba;<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
sayovelTao<br />
deklaracia<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
evropuli<br />
konvencia<br />
evropis<br />
socialuri<br />
qartia<br />
samoqalaqo da<br />
politikur<br />
uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso<br />
konvencia<br />
3 2 6<br />
5 3 26 7,10<br />
4 4 8<br />
3 5 9<br />
10,11 6,7 14,15<br />
8 13 D 2,9<br />
2,7 14 4,15,20, 27,<br />
E<br />
6,15 16, 24<br />
12 8 17<br />
16 12 23<br />
ekonomikur,<br />
socialur da<br />
kulturul<br />
uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso<br />
konvencia<br />
3,26 3<br />
17 15<br />
13 18 12<br />
14 18<br />
18 9 18<br />
119
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
15. gamoxatvis<br />
Tavisufleba;<br />
16. Sekrebisa<br />
da sxva<br />
adamianebTan<br />
gaerTianebis<br />
Tavisufleba;<br />
17. sakvebis,<br />
sasmelisa da<br />
sacxovrebilis<br />
ufleba;<br />
18. jandacvis<br />
ufleba;<br />
19. ganaTlebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
20. dasaqmebis<br />
ufleba;<br />
21. dasvenebisa<br />
da garTobis<br />
ufleba;<br />
22. socialuri<br />
dacvis ufleba;<br />
23. politikur<br />
procesebSi<br />
monawileobis<br />
ufleba;<br />
24. kulturul<br />
cxovrebaSi<br />
monawileobis<br />
ufleba;<br />
25. adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
darRvevis<br />
akrZalva;<br />
26. im socialuri<br />
wesrigis ufle<br />
ba, sadac<br />
aRiarebulia<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebebi;<br />
27. pirovnebis<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi.<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
sayovelTao<br />
deklaracia<br />
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa<br />
evropuli<br />
konvencia<br />
evropis<br />
socialuri<br />
qartia<br />
samoqalaqo da<br />
politikur<br />
uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso<br />
konvencia<br />
ekonomikur,<br />
socialur da<br />
kulturul<br />
uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso<br />
konvencia<br />
19 10 28 19 8<br />
20 11 5,28 21,22 8<br />
25 30,31 11<br />
25 11 7,12<br />
26 10 13,14<br />
23 1,2,3,4,24 6,7<br />
24 2 7<br />
22,25 7, 8, 12, 13,<br />
14, 16, 17,<br />
19, 23, 25<br />
21 22 25<br />
9,10<br />
27 27 15<br />
30 17 5,20 5<br />
28 2 2<br />
29<br />
SeniSvna: evropuli socialuri qartiis zogi muxli ricxvebiTaa mocemuli, zogi ki asoebiT.<br />
120
Tavi 6<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
ra pasuxismgeblobebi gvakisria<br />
6.1 pasuxismgeblobebi ojaxSi<br />
winaaRmdegobebi da gamosavlis Zieba<br />
6.2 ratom unda emorCilebodnen adamianebi kanonebs<br />
ra aris kanonmorCilebis ZiriTadi mizezebi<br />
6.3 es visi problemaa<br />
rogor xdeba socialuri pasuxismgeblobebis ganawileba<br />
6.4 ratom iqceva adamiani aqtiur moqalaqed<br />
ratom surT adamianebs sazogadoebis Secvla da rogor SeuZliaT<br />
amis miRweva
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba<br />
ra pasuxismgeblobebi gvakisria<br />
iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba<br />
qveynis moqalaqeebs aqvT ufleba, icodnen, Tu ra aris maTi kanoniT gansazRvruli<br />
uflebebi da ganaxorcielon sakuTari valdebulebebi sxva adamianebisa da saxelmwifos<br />
mimarT. demokratiuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa uflebebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba<br />
Sejamdes: arCevnebSi monawileoba, gadasaxadebis gadaxda da kanonmorCileba.<br />
uflebebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli pasuxismgeblobebTan. magaliTad, sityvis<br />
Tavisufleba ukavSirdeba adamianis pasuxismgeblobas, rom ar dauSvas sxva adamianis<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva. sagulisxmoa, rom adamianebi, romlebic danaSauls<br />
Cadian, ar kargaven im uflebebs, romlebic maT sxvebs waarTves (magaliTad, mkvlelobis<br />
da diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi). aseve, adamianis valdebulebebi, magaliTad,<br />
valdebulebebi bavSvebis mimarT, ar aris yovelTvis ormxrivi.<br />
moraluri pasuxismgebloba<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis ganaTleba unda aviTarebdes adamianis moralur<br />
azrovnebas, rac daexmareba moqalaqes, kritikulad Seafasos sazogadoebaSi<br />
moqmedi kanonebi da socialuri struqturebi, imsjelos imaze, Tu ramdenad samar-<br />
Tliania isini. Sesabamisad, roca moswavleebs qveyanaSi moqmed kanonebs vacnobT,<br />
aucilebelia, davexmaroT imis gaazrebaSi, rom kritikulad Seafason es kanonebi da<br />
ifiqron maT SesaZlo cvlilebebze.<br />
pasuxismgeblobis swavleba<br />
maswavlebeli unda daexmaros moswavleebs sxva adamianebis saWiroebebisa da<br />
uflebebis gaazrebaSi. amis gakeTeba SeiZleba im mizezebze dakvirvebiT, romlebic<br />
adamianebis prosocialur qcevas iwvevs iseve, rogorc sxva adamianebis saWiroebebze<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT. maswavlebelma, aseve, unda uzrunvelyos moswavleebisaTvis<br />
sxvadasxva tipis pasuxismgeblobis demonstrireba.<br />
imisaTvis, rom moswavle iqces pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone moqalaqed,<br />
aucilebelia, swavlis rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli komponentis gavla.<br />
Sesabamisad, skola, sadac demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis swavlebas saTanado<br />
yuradReba eqceva, waaxalisebs moswavleebs, rom aqtiurad CaerTon skolis, Temis<br />
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.<br />
es Tavi daexmareba moswavleebs:<br />
_ gaecnon moqalaqeTa sxvadasxva pasuxismgeblobas;<br />
_ gaiazron moqalaqeTa iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobebis arsi;<br />
_ gaiazron, rom sazogadoebaSi xdeba socialuri pasuxismgeblobebis gaziareba;<br />
_ ifiqron imaze, Tu ratom SeiZleba aiRos adamianma pasuxismgebloba socialur cvlilebebze.<br />
122
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba<br />
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba<br />
ra pasuxismgeblobebi gvakisria<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
ojaxSi<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
ratom unda<br />
emorCilebodnen<br />
adamianebi<br />
kanonebs<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
es visi problemaa<br />
swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masala moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
moqalaqeTa<br />
sxvadasxva pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gacnoba.<br />
imis gaazreba,<br />
rom pasuxismgeblobebi,<br />
SesaZloa, erTmaneTs<br />
ewinaaRmdegebodes.<br />
im moraluri mizezebis<br />
dadgena,<br />
romelic safuZvlad<br />
udevs<br />
konfliqturi<br />
pasuxismgeblobebis<br />
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs.<br />
moqalaqeTa iuridiuli<br />
pasuxismgeblobebis<br />
arsis gaazreba.<br />
moralur da<br />
iuridiul pasuxismgeblobebs<br />
Soris gansxvavebebis<br />
gaazreba.<br />
moswavleebi axdenen moraluri<br />
dilemis analizs.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
analizis alternatiul<br />
variantebs.<br />
moswavleebi individualur<br />
mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen.<br />
moswavleebi axdenen moraluri<br />
dilemis analizs.<br />
moswavleebi kritikulad<br />
ganixilaven kanonmor-<br />
Cilebis mizezebs.<br />
moswavleebi msjeloben<br />
situaciebze, roca adamianis<br />
moraluri valdebuleba<br />
SeiZleba ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani iyos, vidre<br />
iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
socialur problemebze<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebs.<br />
moswavleebi avseben azrovnebis<br />
CarCos.<br />
moswavleebi amzadeben<br />
werilobiT pasuxebs,<br />
konkretul sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
`milani<br />
irCevs~ _<br />
moTxrobis<br />
aslebi.<br />
`Smitis dilema~<br />
_ moTxrobis<br />
aslebi.<br />
furclebi<br />
werilobiTi<br />
davalebebisaTvis.<br />
dafa.<br />
`werili~ _<br />
moTxrobis<br />
aslebi.<br />
dafa.<br />
qaRaldebi moswavleTa<br />
individualuri<br />
muSaobisaTvis.<br />
furclebi<br />
werilobiTi<br />
davalebebisaTvis.<br />
individualuri<br />
da mcire<br />
jgufebSi diskusiebi.<br />
saer-<br />
To diskusia.<br />
individualuri<br />
weriTi<br />
davaleba.<br />
moraluri<br />
dilemis saer-<br />
To analizi.<br />
analizi,<br />
romelsac<br />
maswavlebeli<br />
warmarTavs.<br />
moTxrobis<br />
wera. saerTo<br />
diskusia.<br />
struqturirebuli<br />
kritikuli<br />
analizi.<br />
analizi<br />
da diskusiebi<br />
mcire zomis<br />
jgufebSi.<br />
molaparakebebi<br />
da<br />
SeTanxmebis<br />
miRweva.<br />
individualuri<br />
weriTi<br />
davaleba.<br />
123
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
ratom iqceva<br />
adamiani<br />
aqtiur moqalaqed<br />
swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masala moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
imis gaazreba,<br />
rom sazogadoebaSi<br />
socialuri<br />
pasuxismgeblobis<br />
ganawileba xdeba.<br />
im mizezebis<br />
gaazreba, ris<br />
gamoc adamianebi<br />
iReben pasuxismgeblobas<br />
sxvaTa tanjvaze.<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi<br />
arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciaTa<br />
funqciebis gaazreba.<br />
moswavleebi muSaoben<br />
moTxrobis nawilebis<br />
dakavSirebaze.<br />
moswavleebi gamoxataven<br />
varaudebs socialuri<br />
motivaciis gamomwvev mizezebze.<br />
moswavleebi muSaoben<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
funqciebis gaazrebaze.<br />
moswavleebi jgufebSi<br />
ikvleven arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciis, an socialuri<br />
kampaniis avtoris<br />
saqmianobas.<br />
moswavleebi jgufuri<br />
muSaobis Sedegebs warmoadgenen.<br />
moswavlis<br />
samuSao furcel<br />
6.4-is<br />
aslebi, romlebic<br />
ukve<br />
gamoWrilia.<br />
kvlevisaTvis<br />
saWiro<br />
resursebi.<br />
prezentaciisaTvis<br />
saWiro<br />
masala _ didi<br />
zomis furclebi,<br />
feradi<br />
kalmebi.<br />
jgufuri<br />
muSaoba. molaparakeba.<br />
moraluri<br />
azrovneba.<br />
kritikuli<br />
Sefaseba.<br />
kvleva.<br />
jgufuri<br />
prezentacia.<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi ojaxSi<br />
winaaRmdegobebi da gamosavlis gzebis Zieba<br />
swavlis mizani _ moqalaqeTa sxvadasxva pasuxismgeblobis gacnoba.<br />
imis gaazreba, rom pasuxismgeblobebi, SesaZloa, erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebodes.<br />
im moraluri mizezebis dadgena, romelic safuZvlad udevs konfliqturi<br />
pasuxismgeblobebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi axdenen moraluri dilemis analizs.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven analizis alternatiul variantebs.<br />
moswavleebi gamoTqvamen individualur mosazrebebs.<br />
saWiro masala _ `milani irCevs~ _ moTxrobis aslebi.<br />
furclebi werilobiTi davalebebisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ mcire jgufebSi diskusiebi. saerTo diskusia.<br />
individualuri weriTi davaleba.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
pasuxismgebloba: is, risi gakeTebis valdebulebac gaaCnia adamians. pasuxismgebloba<br />
SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli, moraluri, socialuri.<br />
moraluri konfliqti: winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic Tavs iCens maSin, roca adamians<br />
ver gadauwyvetia, rogor moiqces.<br />
samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba: adamianis valdebulebebi sxva adamianebis winaSe. Temis<br />
wevrobas Tan axlavs uflebebi, iseve rogorc pasuxismgeblobebi.<br />
124
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom yvela adamians aqvs pasuxismgeblobebi;<br />
problemebi Tavs iCens maSin, roca adamiani garkveul pasuxismgeblobas sxva pasuxismgeblobebze<br />
maRla ayenebs. arCevanis gakeTeba xSirad rTulia. maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
ukiTxavs moTxrobas `milani irCevs~ da sTxovs maT, dafiqrdnen Semdeg<br />
sakiTxebze. saboloo pasuxebis warmodgenamde, moswavleebs SeuZliaT, wyvilebSi imuSaon.<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
ra weria moTxrobaSi milanis pasuxismgeblobebze ramden sxvadasxva saxis<br />
pasuxismgeblobas xedavT am moTxrobaSi (pasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tavis winaSe,<br />
ojaxis winaSe, skolis winaSe, adgilobrivi Temisa da msoflios winaSe)<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ra gza unda airCios milanma yvela Tanxmdeba klasSi, Tu<br />
aris gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi<br />
ramdenad rTuli dilemis winaSe dgas milani ra arTulebs situacias<br />
ra pasuxismgeblobebi aqvs milanis mamas, moTxrobis mixedviT<br />
Tqveni azriT, marTalia milanis mama, rodesac Svils saxlSi darCenas<br />
sTxovs<br />
ramdenad gauWirdeboda milans, daumorCilebloba gamoecxadebina mamisaTvis<br />
ramdenad seriozul Sedegebs gamoiwvevda aseTi daumorCileblobis gamocxadeba<br />
axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.<br />
weriTi davaleba<br />
dawereT is, rac, Tqveni azriT, milanma mamas dauwera. SeadareT Tqveni versia<br />
Tqveni Tanaklaselebis versiebs. moswavleebi sakuTar mosazrebebs uziareben danarCen<br />
klass.<br />
ganzogadeba<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, Camoayalibon pasuxismgeblobis sxvadasxva<br />
forma, romlebic adamianebs sakuTari Tavis, ojaxis, Temis, qveynis da kacobriobis<br />
winaSe ekisrebaT.<br />
moswavleebi jgufebSi muSaoben. maT SeuZliaT, daxazon cxrili da Seavson is<br />
sakuTari mosazrebebiT, adamianis pasuxismgeblobebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg moswavleebi<br />
erTad ganixilaven adamianis pasuxismgeblobebs sxva adamianebis winaSe.<br />
individualuri mosazrebebi<br />
maswavlebeli awvdis moswavleebs Semdeg informacias: `am moTxrobaSi milanis<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. moifiqreT magaliTebi, romlebic adamianis<br />
pasuxismgeblobebis winaaRmdegobriobas adastureben. CamoayalibeT mosazrebebi<br />
aseTi problemuri situaciebis gadaWris gzebTan dakavSirebiT~.<br />
Tu moswavleebs uWirT am savarjiSos Sesruleba, maswavlebelma unda miawodos<br />
maT cxovrebiseuli, moswavleebisaTvis cnobili magaliTebi.<br />
125
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
ratom unda emorCilebodnen adamianebi kanonebs<br />
ra aris kanonmorCilebis ZiriTadi mizezebi<br />
swavlis mizani _ adamianis iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobebis arsis gaazreba.<br />
iuridiul da moralur valdebulebebs Soris gansxvavebebze msjeloba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi axdenen moraluri dilemis analizs.<br />
moswavleebi kritikulad ganixilaven kanonmorCilebis mizezebs.<br />
moswavleebi msjeloben situaciebze, roca adamianis moraluri valdebuleba SeiZleba<br />
iyos ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba.<br />
saWiro masala _ `Smitis dilema~ _ moTxrobis aslebi.<br />
furclebi werilobiTi davalebebisaTvis.<br />
dafa.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ moraluri dilemis saerTo analizi. analizi,<br />
romelsac maswavlebeli warmarTavs. ambis wera. saerTo diskusia.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
kanoni: mTavrobis mier dadgenili regulacia.<br />
kanonis uzenaesoba: demokratiuli qveynis mTavroba emorCileba qveynis kanonmdeblobiT<br />
gansazRvrul normebs. mmarTvelobis cvlileba xdeba konstituciiT<br />
gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT, da ara Zaladobis, an omis saSualebiT. mosaxleobas<br />
akisria kanonmorCilebis pasuxismgebloba.<br />
iuridiuli valdebuleba: pasuxismgebloba, romelsac kanoni akisrebs moqalaqeebs.<br />
moraluri pasuxismgebloba: adamianis valdebuleba, romelsac is piradi<br />
Sexedulebebis mixedviT iRebs sakuTar Tavze.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebels gakveTilze Semoaqvs moTxroba `Smitis dilema~; igi moswavleebs<br />
sTxovs, jgufebSi imuSaon da ganixilon, ramdenad marTebuli iqneba, rom Smitma<br />
fuli moiparos. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, maswavlebeli dafaze sxvadasxva mosazrebas<br />
wers.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, SearCion is midgoma, romelsac isini eTanxmebian<br />
da sakuTari mosazrebebi werilobiTi formiT moamzadon.<br />
_ Smitma unda moiparos fuli, radgan...<br />
_ Smitma ar unda moiparos fuli, radgan...<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleTa mosazrebebs dafaze wers, magaliTad:<br />
`man unda moiparos fuli, radgan misi qaliSvilis sicocxle ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />
vidre kanoni qurdobis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~;<br />
`man ar unda moiparos fuli, radgan is SeiZleba daiWiron~;<br />
`man ar unda moiparos fuli, radgan ar SeiZleba kanonis darRveva~.<br />
klasSi xdeba sxvadasxva argumentis ganxilva. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs,<br />
daasrulon Semdegi winadadeba:<br />
126
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba<br />
`kanonis darRveva arasworia, radgan...~<br />
moswavleebma unda daasaxelon, rac SeiZleba, meti mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar<br />
unda dairRves kanoni. rogorc wesi, am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi aris xolme Semdegi:<br />
`kanonis darRveva arasworia, radgan:<br />
_ SeiZleba dagiWiron da dagsajon;<br />
_ kanoni adamians icavs zianisagan da sxva adamianebisaTvis zianis miyeneba arasworia;<br />
_ yvela adamiani moiqceoda ise, rogorc surs, rom ar akavebdeT maT kanonebi;<br />
_ kanonis darRveva anadgurebs ndobas adamianebs Soris;<br />
_ sazogadoebas arsebobisaTvis esaWiroeba kanonebi; kanonebis gareSe iqneboda<br />
qaosi;<br />
_ kanonis damrRvevi, amavdroulad, arRvevs adamianis iseT uflebebs, rogorebicaa<br />
sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis uflebebi~.<br />
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom arsebobs araerTi mizezi, ris gamoc adamianebi<br />
kanonebs unda emorCilebodnen. am mizezTa nawili ukavSirdeba Tavad pirovnebis<br />
interesebs, nawili _ sxva adamianebis, an sazogadoebis interesebs (ix. SeniSvna<br />
qvemoT).<br />
am cnebis sailustraciod, maswavlebels SeuZlia, sami erTmaneTSi Caxazuli wre<br />
dafaze gamosaxos, saxelwodebebiT `me~, `sxvebi~, `sazogadoeba~.<br />
maswavlebeli imasac agebinebs moswavleebs, rom mxolod kanonmorCileba ar<br />
aris niSani imisa, rom adamiani kargi moqalaqea. bevri araswori saqcieli CaudeniaT<br />
adamianebs imis mtkicebiT, rom isini `kanons emorCilebian~. meore mxriv, rogorc<br />
moTxrobidanac ikveTeba, kargi adamiani xandaxan fiqrobs kanonis darRvevaze maRalmoraluri<br />
mizezebis gamo.<br />
moraluri da iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis sa-<br />
Tanado wvdomis mizniT, maswavlebels SeuZlia, moswavleebs sTxovos, werilobiT<br />
moamzadon ambebi adamianebze, romlebic, moraluri pasuxismgeblobis gamo, kanonis<br />
darRvevaze fiqroben. magaliTad, adamiani, sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, aWarbebs<br />
normiT daSvebul siCqares, an ar asrulebs kanons, romelic arasamarTliania.<br />
Semdeg ramdenime moswavle xmamaRla kiTxulobs sakuTar magaliTs. maswavlebeli<br />
xazs usvams gansxvavebas moralur da iuridiul pasuxismgeblobebs Soris; pirvels<br />
adamiani Tavad kisrulobs, xolo meoris morCilebas mas mTavroba avaldebulebs. am<br />
ori tipis pasuxismgeblobis Widils mivyavarT moqalaqeTa mxridan arsebuli kanonebis<br />
kritikamde. adamianebi swored aseTi winaaRmdegobriobis gamo gamodian xolme<br />
kanonis Secvlis moTxovniT. moqalaqeebi, moraluri mizezebidan gamomdinare, zog<br />
SemTxvevaSi kanonis darRvevis gadawyvetilebas iReben. araerTi istoriuli magali-<br />
Ti cxadyofs, rom adamianebi kanons arRvevdnen, raTa protesti gamoexataT tirani<br />
mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg. maswavlebelma moswavleebs unda mouyvenos aseTi protestis<br />
magaliTebi qveynis istoriidan. maswavlebelma xazi unda gausvas imas, rom<br />
kanonis darRvevis SemTxvevas zedapirulad verasodes mivudgebiT, radgan kanonis<br />
darRveva safrTxes uqmnis kanonis uzenaesobas, rac demokratiuli sazogadoebis<br />
qvakuTxedia.<br />
SeniSvna<br />
am gakveTilSi warmodgenili moraluri dilema `haincis dilemis~ (1950-iani wlebi)<br />
msgavsia, romlis avtoria amerikeli fsiqologi lorens kolbergi. es iyo erTerTi,<br />
im dilemaTagan, romelic kolbergma da misma kolegebma 10-dan 25 wlamde<br />
axalgazrdebisaTvis Seqmnes. rogorc maT aRmoaCines, axalgazrdebi sakuTar me-ze<br />
127
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
orientirebuli midgomidan sazogadoebaze orientirebuli midgomisaken viTardebian.<br />
dilemis konteqsti, ra Tqma unda, gansazRvravs imas, Tu romel midgomas iyeneben<br />
axalgazrdebi. patara bavSvebisaTvis wesebi da kanonebi yovelgvar moqnilobasaa<br />
moklebuli da aRiqmeba, rogorc uzenaesi valdebulebebi. mogvianebiT, gardamaval<br />
asakSi, axalgazrdebi TandaTan ukeT iazreben, rom kanonebs socialuri datvirTva<br />
aqvT, SeiZleba maTi kritikuli ganxilvac, Tu iTvleba, rom moralurad araswori,<br />
an arasamarTliania.<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
es visi problemaa<br />
rogor xdeba socialuri pasuxismgeblobebis ganawileba<br />
swavlis mizani _ moqalaqeTa iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobebis arsis gaazreba.<br />
moralur da iuridiul pasuxismgeblobebs Soris gansxvavebebis gaazreba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ganixilaven socialur problemebze pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sakiTxebs.<br />
moswavleebi avseben azrovnebis CarCos.<br />
moswavleebi amzadeben werilobiT pasuxebs konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
saWiro masala _ `werili~ _ moTxrobis aslebi.<br />
dafa.<br />
qaRaldebi moswavleTa individualuri muSaobisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ struqturirebuli kritikuli analizi. analizi da<br />
diskusiebi mcire zomis jgufebSi. molaparakebebi da SeTanxmebis miRweva.<br />
individualuri weriTi davaleba.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
socialuri problema: Temis yvela, an ramdenime wevris problema, romelze pasuxismgeblobasac<br />
Temi iziarebs. problemis gadaWraze pasuxismgebloba Tanabrad ar nawildeba<br />
Temis yvela wevrs Soris.<br />
pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi: konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
moculoba, romelic adamians ekisreba.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs warmoudgens mis mier SeTxzul werils, romlis msgavsic<br />
adgilobriv gazeTSi SeiZleba gamoqveynebuliyo. am werilSi dafiqsirebulia<br />
adgilobriv macxovrebelTa ori socialuri problema. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs:<br />
a. moaxdinon am ori problemis identifikacia; b. moifiqron, Tu vin iqneba am<br />
problemebis gadaWraze pasuxismgebeli. moswavleebis dasaxmareblad, maswavlebeli<br />
aseT azrovnebis CarCos xatavs dafaze:<br />
128
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba<br />
ZaRlebis<br />
mepatroneebi<br />
ZaRlebi<br />
politikosebi<br />
problema:<br />
ZaRlebi<br />
bavSvebi<br />
sxvebi<br />
jgufuri muSaoba<br />
nabiji 1<br />
dayaviT klasi 3-4 moswavlisagan Semdgar jgufebad. imdeni qula mieciT TiToeul<br />
jgufs, ramdeni mxarecaa am problemis gadaWraSi CarTuli.<br />
nabiji 2<br />
jgufSi Semavali yvela moswavle ise anawilebs qulebs, rom gamoxatos saku-<br />
Tari damokidebuleba pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, bavSvebs da ZaRlebs,<br />
SesaZloa, ar ergoT qula, Tu moswavle gadawyvets, rom ukontrolo ZaRlebze maT<br />
pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebaT.<br />
nabiji 3<br />
Semdeg moswavleebi jgufis sxva wevrebs uziareben sakuTar Sexedulebebs da<br />
mohyavT saTanado mizezebi. moswavleebi msjeloben da gamoyavT saSualo qula<br />
TiToeuli mxarisaTvis. saboloo Sedegebi gamoxatavs jgufis pozicias pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gadanawilebis Sesaxeb.<br />
maswavlebeli klasSi ganixilavs sxvadasxva jgufis mosazrebebs, exmareba moswavleebs,<br />
CauRrmavdnen da gaiazron erTmaneTis Sexedulebebi pasuxismgeblobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
Tu gaqvT dro, gaimeoreT savarjiSo danagvianebis magaliTzec. maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia, magaliTi Caanacvlos moswavleebisaTvis ufro nacnobi problemuri<br />
TemiT.<br />
SeniSvna<br />
am gakveTilze ganxiluli magaliTebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT moswavleebTan, romlebic<br />
jer gawafulni ar arian politikuri problemebis ganxilvaSi. magaliTebi<br />
amitomacaa konkretuli, cxadi da advilad gasagebi (Tumca, rTulad gadasaWreli).<br />
ufro gamocdil klasebSi, SeiZleba, ufro kompleqsuri problemebi SevitanoT,<br />
magaliTad, rasizmTan, an umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebiT. azrovnebis CarCo problemis<br />
sirTules ar ukavSirdeba da, Sesabamisad, ar Seicvleba.<br />
129
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
nabiji 4: diskusia, romelic am savarjiSos SeiZleba mohyves<br />
saerTo diskusiaze maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, ganixilon, Tu ramdenad<br />
iReben adamianebi pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar saqcielze. Tu moswavleebi Tvlian, rom<br />
adamianebi, rogorc wesi, sakuTar saqcielze pasuxismgeblobas ar iReben, maT unda<br />
imsjelon imaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba am kuTxiT mdgomareobis gamosworeba. ganaTlebaze<br />
xom ar unda gakeTdes aqcenti aucilebelia kanonmdeblobis Secvla da mkacri<br />
sasjelis zomebis daweseba Tu adgilobrivma an centralurma mTavrobam unda ai-<br />
Ros sakuTar Tavze garkveul problemebze pasuxismgebloba, ra dajdeba es da saidan<br />
wamova Tanxebi maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, ifiqron axalgazrdebis rolze<br />
aseTi problemebis mogvarebaSi; maTac unda daekisroT pasuxismgebloba axalgazrdebma<br />
Temis mTeli problemebi zrdasrulebs unda dautovon gadasaWrelad es<br />
SekiTxvebi maswavlebelma SeiZleba weriTi davalebisaTvis gamoiyenos.<br />
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom adgilobrivi<br />
da centraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi icnobdnen xalxis problemebs.<br />
politika xom saerTo problemebis gadaWris gzebis erToblivi Ziebaa. es ar niSnavs<br />
imas, rom mTavrobas yvela problemis gadaWra SeuZlia. bevri problemis Tavidan<br />
arideba iqneboda SesaZlebeli, adamianebi meti pasuxismgeblobiT rom udgebodnen<br />
sakuTar qmedebebs.<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
ratom iqceva adamiani aqtiur moqalaqed<br />
ratom surT adamianebs sazogadoebis Secvla da rogor SeuZliaT amis miRweva<br />
swavlis mizani _ imis gaazreba, rom sazogadoebaSi xdeba socialuri pasuxismgeblobis<br />
ganawileba.<br />
im mizezebis gaazreba, ris gamoc adamianebi sxvaTa tanjvaze iReben pasuxismgeblobas.<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa funqciebis gaazreba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi muSaoben moTxrobis nawilebis dakavSirebaze.<br />
moswavleebi gamoxataven varaudebs socialuri motivaciis gamomwvev mizezebze.<br />
moswavleebi muSaoben arasamTavrobo organizaciebis funqciebis gaazrebaze.<br />
moswavleebi jgufebSi ikvleven arasamTavrobo organizaciis an socialuri kampaniis<br />
avtoris saqmianobas.<br />
moswavleebi jgufuri muSaobis Sedegebs warmoadgenen.<br />
saWiro masala _ moswavlis samuSao furcel 6.4-is aslebi, romlebic ukve gamoWrilia.<br />
kvlevisaTvis saWiro resursebi.<br />
prezentaciisaTvis saWiro masala _ didi zomis furclebi, feradi kalmebi.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba. molaparakeba. moraluri azrovneba.<br />
kritikuli Sefaseba. kvleva. jgufuri prezentacia.<br />
130
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
socialuri qmedeba: moqalaqis an Temis wevris qmedeba socialuri problemis gadasaWrelad.<br />
moqalaqe: adamiani, romelsac iuridiulad aqvs miniWebuli eris wevroba (moqalaqeoba).<br />
moqalaqeobas Tan axlavs uflebebi da pasuxisgeblobebi, Tumca sxvadasxva adamiani<br />
gansxvavebul pasuxismgeblobas grZnobs sakuTari Temis winaSe.<br />
aqtiuri moqalaqe: adamiani, romelic sajaro qmedebebs mimarTavs socialuri da Temis<br />
problemebis gadasaWrelad.<br />
arasamTavrobo organizacia: organizacia, romelsac ayalibeben da marTaven moqalaqeebi<br />
socialuri problemebis mosagvareblad. arasamTavrobo organizacia aris sajaro, da ara<br />
saidumlo; is sazogadoebis struqturis farglebSi moqmedebs. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<br />
xSirad exmaurebian sakiTxebs, romlebic mTavrobis mier adamianis uflebebis dacvasa<br />
da aRiarebas ukavSirdeba. arasamTavrobo organizacia SeiZleba mTavrobis mxardamWeri, an<br />
opoziciis ideebis gamtarebeli iyos. demokratiuli qveynebis kanonmdebloba arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis arsebobis saSualebas iZleva, cnobs maT uflebebs da icavs maT.<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba: adamianebi da organizaciebi, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian qveynis<br />
mTavrobas da axorcieleben socialur qmedebas, moixseniebian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
saxeliT. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba moqalaqisa da mTavrobis erT-erTi makavSirebelia.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs xuTkacian jgufebad hyofs da urigebs maT samuSao<br />
furclebs elena santiCis cxovrebis Sesaxeb informaciiT (moswavlis samuSao furceli<br />
6.4). moTxroba unda iyos daWrili nawilebad. maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
sTxovs, jgufSi, SemTxveviTobis principiT, gainawilon moTxrobis nawilebi. jgufis<br />
TiToeuli wevri Tavis nawilze datanil informacias jgufis danarCen wevrebs<br />
ukiTxavs. Semdeg moswavleebi moTxrobis nawilebs logikuri Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT<br />
awyoben.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleTa jgufebs SekiTxvaTa nusxas warmoudgens da sTxovs<br />
maT, jgufurad ganixilon pasuxebi am SekiTxvebze. maswavlebeli moswavleebs afrTxilebs,<br />
rom bunebrivi iqneba, Tu moswavleTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iCens Tavs<br />
da eubneba maT, rom saukeTeso pasuxebi swored azrTa Widilis Sedegad miiRweva.<br />
moswavleebma sakuTari pasuxebi furcelze unda CainiSnon.<br />
SekiTxvebi<br />
_ ratom CaerTo elena santiCi jguf 484-is muSaobaSi<br />
_ im informaciis mixedviT, rac elena santiCze mogepovebaT, rogor aRwerdiT am<br />
pirovnebas<br />
_ rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar dautoves elena santiCma da jguf 484-ma Sesasrulebeli<br />
saqme mTavrobas<br />
_ ra saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze muSaobda jgufi 484<br />
_ rogori sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas apirebdnen elena santiCi da jgufi 484<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania jguf 484-is msgavsi arasamTavrobo or-<br />
131
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
ganizaciebis arseboba sazogadoebisaTvis risi miRweva SeuZliaT maT imsjeleT<br />
maT rolze, mTavrobis saqmianobis mimarT da xalxis saWiroebebis dakmayofilebis<br />
kuTxiT.<br />
_ dafiqrdiT Tqvens sazogadoebaze. Tqveni azriT, aqtiuri moqalaqeebisa da/<br />
an arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier pasuxismgeblobis aReba sazogadoebis<br />
romeli saWiroeb(eb)is dakmayofilebisTvis iqneboda saWiro<br />
magaliTisaTvis, maswavlebeli moswavleebs ukiTxavs amonarids saerTaSoriso angariSidan,<br />
romelic bosniasa da hercogovinaSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis 2003<br />
wlis muSaobas ukavSirdeba:<br />
`arasamTavrobo organizaciebi agrZeleben pozitiuri wvlilis Setanas bosniasa<br />
da hercigovinaSi, demokratiisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis kuTxiT.<br />
[...] Zveli da axali saregistracio wesebis mixedviT, bosniasa da hercogovinaSi funqcionirebs<br />
7874 arasamTavrobo organizacia.[...]<br />
arasamTavrobo seqtorma daamtkica, rom mas SeuZlia msxvilmasStabiani sajaro<br />
kampaniebis warmarTva genderuli Tanasworobis, garemos dacvis, umciresobaTa<br />
uflebebisa da sxva sakiTxebze. bevri arasamTavrobo organizacia axorcielebs jandacvis,<br />
socialuri keTildReobis, reabilitaciis, adamianis uflebebis, garemosa da<br />
umciresobaTa dacvis proeqtebs.” 25<br />
am citatas maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad ganixlavs. pirvel rigSi, moswavleebma<br />
unda daadginon, ramdenad exeba citataSi moyvanili sferoebi maT qveyanas.<br />
Semdeg, maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, imsjelon sxvadasxva proeqtze, romlis<br />
ganxorcielebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda zemoxsenebul sferoebSi.<br />
SekiTxvebi<br />
es Tavi prezentaciebiT sruldeba. TiToeuli jgufi irCevs erT-erT Temas da am<br />
Temaze amzadebs prezentacias. Tu SesaZlebelia, moswavleebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon<br />
ramdenime aqtiuri moqalaqis cxovreba TavianT qveyanaSi da maTi istoriebic CarTon<br />
prezentaciaSi. moswavleebma prezentaciaSi iseT saerTaSoriso figurebzec SeiZleba<br />
gaamaxvilon yuradReba, rogorebic arian deda tereza da nelson mandela.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 6.1<br />
milani irCevs<br />
milani mzad iyo skolaSi wasasvlelad, roca mamamisi samzareuloSi Semovida.<br />
`milan, Zalian mWirdeba Seni daxmareba yanaSi. gTxov, ar waxvide dRes<br />
skolaSi. Tu mosavals droze ar aviRebT, gafuWdeba~.<br />
milans amis gagoneba ar esiamovna.<br />
`mamiko, aucileblad unda wavide skolaSi. dRes imarTeba saskolo sab-<br />
Wos pirveli Sexvedra da am sabWoSi me me-8 klaselTa warmomadgenlad var<br />
arCeuli.~<br />
`magram Sen ar xar me-8 klaselTa erTaderTi warmomadgeneli am sabWoSi,<br />
ara sxva vinmec iqneba da is warmoadgens me-8 klaselebs.~<br />
`marTali xar, magram me Cemi amomrCevlis imedebi ar unda gavacruo.<br />
25 wyaro: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) angariSi `2003 wlis arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciaTa mdgradoba, evropa da evrazia”, gv. 42 da 43; www.usaid.gov/locations/europe_eurasia/<br />
dem_gov/ngoindex/2003/bosnia.pdf<br />
132
Tavi 6. pasuxismgebloba<br />
aseve, dRes gvaqvs mecnierebis gakveTili. ar minda am gakveTilis gacdena.<br />
Tu universitetSi swavlis gagrZelebas gadavwyvet, mecnierebaSi gamocdis<br />
Cabareba momiwevs.~<br />
milanis mamam ukmakofilod Caiburtyuna: `universitetze laparakob da ojaxi<br />
ar ganaRvlebs. Seni daxmareba saxlSi gvWirdeba. ras mogvitans Seni universitet-<br />
Si Cabareba universitets rom daasruleb, mere ki namdvilad aRar gagaxsendeba<br />
ojaxi.~<br />
`mama, Sen unda gixarodes, rom, sxva biWebisagan gansxvavebiT, swavlis<br />
gagrZeleba msurs. maT aranairi ambicia ar gaaCniaT da mTeli cxovreba<br />
zustad is unda akeTon, riTac maTi mamebi arian dakavebulni.~<br />
milanis mamam gabrazebiT dasZina: `Zvel RirebulebebSi araferia cudi. mZuls<br />
es saubrebi ganaTlebaze. meCveneba, rom Zveli Rirebulebebis pativiscema sruliad<br />
dakarge.~<br />
milanma amoioxra. aseTi saubari mamasTan pirvelad ar hqonda.<br />
`mama, me Tu karg samsaxurs viSovi, dagexmarebiT. rogor SeiZleba ifiqro,<br />
rom me Tqven dagiviwyebT nuTu marTla gsurs, skolaSi siaruls Tavi<br />
davanebo da ar mivaRwio imas, risi miRwevac SemiZlia yvela maswavlebeli<br />
meubneba, rom SeiZleba, kargi mecnieri gamovide. warmoidgine, rom Seni Svili<br />
iqneba mecnieri, romlis aRmoCenebi msoflios daexmareba.<br />
milanis mamam muSti daartya magidas: `Seni pirveladi movaleobaa ojaxisa<br />
da Temis daxmareba, miT umetes, axla, am gaWirvebul droSi. Tavi ocnebebiT<br />
gaqvs gamotenili. ra dros msoflios daxmarebaa~<br />
milans mamis sityvebma guli daswyvita, magram ar undoda sevdis gamomJRavneba.<br />
mama Setrialda, datova oTaxi da kari gaijaxuna.<br />
milani Camojda da amoioxra. is Cafiqrda da male gadawyvetileba miiRo. milanma<br />
aiRo CanTa da karisken gaemarTa. uceb SeCerda, amoiRo CanTidan kalami da qaRaldi,<br />
dajda magidasTan da mamisaTvis werilis weras Seudga. es iyo mis cxovrebaSi erTerTi<br />
yvelaze mZime gadawyvetileba.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 6.2<br />
Smitis dilema<br />
Smitis erTaderTi qaliSvili mZimed avadaa; mas gadaudebeli operacia esaWiroeba.<br />
operaciisaTvis ki aucilebelia fuli. Smitma ar icis, rogor iSovos fuli.<br />
Smitsa da mis cols aqvT mciredi danazogi, riTac maRaziis gaxsnas apirebdnen; isini<br />
siamovnebiT gaiRebdnen am fuls gogonas gadasarCenad, magram es fuli sakmarisi ar<br />
iqneba operaciisaTvis.<br />
Smiti evedreba eqimebs, gaakeTon operacia SedarebiT dabal fasad. eqimebi acxadeben,<br />
rom es usamarTloba iqneba maT mimarT, vinc operaciaSi sruli safasuri<br />
gadaixada. Smiti megobrebsa da naTesavebSi Seagrovebs cotaoden fuls, magram operaciisaTvis<br />
sakmarisi Tanxa mainc ar gamosdis. gogona yoveldRiurad ufro uares<br />
mdgomareobaSi vardeba.<br />
sasowarkveTili Smiti gadawyvets, moiparos Tanxis is odenoba, rac operaciisaTvis<br />
aklia.<br />
133
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 6.3<br />
kontrols vkargavT!<br />
es werili adgilobriv gazeTSi gamoqveynda:<br />
Cven, adgilobrivi macxovreblebi, SeSfoTebas gamovxatavT imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom adamianebs<br />
ar surT, ikisron sakuTari pasuxismgeblobebi. Sedegad, gamoikveTa araerTi problema.<br />
Cvens ubanSi bevri ZaRli daZrwis upatronod. patronebma an ar ician amis Sesaxeb, an<br />
yuradRebas ar aqceven am sakiTxs. ZaRlebi quCebs anagvianeben, rac ara mxolod arasasiamovnoa,<br />
aramed potenciur safrTxes warmoadgens janmrTelobisaTvis. ZaRlebi yefen<br />
parkebSi. ramdenime maTgani cofiania. aucilebelia maTTvis yuradRebis miqceva, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maSin, roca am midamoebSi bavSvebi TamaSoben.<br />
aseve, vfiqrobT, rom Zalian danagvianebulia Cveni garemo. mizezi isaa, rom macxovreblebi<br />
ar icaven sayofacxovrebo narCenebis ganTavsebis normebs. nagavs Tan axlavs<br />
virTxebis momravleba, romlebic araerTi daavadebis gadamtanebad gvevlinebian. xSirad<br />
SexvdebiT quCaSi dayril samRebro da sxva qimiuri nivTierebebis qilebs. es nivTierebebi,<br />
SeiZleba, Seerios mdinareebs, sasmel wyals da gamoiwvios garemos dabinZureba.<br />
ratom ar fiqroben adamianebi TavianTi qcevis Sedegebze ratom ar axdenen reagirebas<br />
am problemebze politikosebi<br />
pativiscemiT,<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 6.4<br />
baraTebis dalageba: elena santiCis cxovreba<br />
1. elena santiCi daibada 1944 wels. is<br />
erovnebiT serbi iyo.<br />
3. elenas gardacvalebis Semdeg misma megobrebma<br />
belgradSi aiRes dabombili Senobdan<br />
gadarCenili qva. qva morTes kosovodan devnilma<br />
bavSvebma. Semdeg es qva Caitanes berlinSi<br />
da elena santiCis saxelobis mSvidobis<br />
parkSi moaTavses.<br />
5. elena santiCi iyo damfuZnebeli da lideri<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciisa, jgufi 484. jgu fi<br />
484 konfliqtebis gadaWris araZaladobriv gzebze<br />
muSaobda. maTTvis humanuri sazogadoebis<br />
mSeneblobis safuZveli iyo Semwynareblobisa<br />
da TanamSromlobis principebi.<br />
7. berlinSi aris mSvidobis parki, romelic<br />
elena santiCis saxels atarebs. am parkSi elena<br />
erT-erT Tavyrilobaze sityviT gamovida.<br />
9. elena omis winaaRmdeg gamodioda da ibr-<br />
Zoda adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad. is da<br />
misi organizacia aqtiurad exmarebodnen devnilebs,<br />
romlebic serbeTSi Semodiodnen.<br />
2. elena santiCi simsivniT gardaicvala 2000<br />
wels.<br />
4. elena santiCisa da jguf 484-is mier<br />
daigegma da ganxorcielda proeqti, romelic<br />
emsaxureboda ndobis aRdgenas serbebsa da<br />
xorvatebs Soris, 1991 wlis omis Semdeg. am<br />
proeqtSi elenam CarTo orive mxaris warmomadgeneli<br />
moxaliseebi da saerTaSoriso<br />
Tanamegobrobis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
6. elena werda statiebs nacionalizmisa da<br />
rasizmis winaaRmdeg. misi statiebi sxvadasxva<br />
qveyanaSi vrceldeboda. organizaciam faqs<br />
qristi elenas saerTaSoriso mSvidobis premia<br />
mianiWa.<br />
8. santiCi gaxda msoflioSi cnobili balerina<br />
da baletis maswavlebeli.<br />
10. jguf 484-is saxeli momdinareobs proeqtidan,<br />
romelic xorvatiis 484 usaxlkarod<br />
darCenil ojaxs daexmara. jguf 484-ma<br />
daakvaliana devnilebi da miawoda rCevebi sakuTar<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb.<br />
134
mesame nawili _ monawileoba<br />
Tavi 7<br />
saskolo gazeTi<br />
rogor iqmneba media
Tavi 7<br />
saskolo gazeTi<br />
rogor iqmneba media<br />
7.1 gazeTebi Cven garSemo<br />
vis informirebaze muSaoben isini. rogor axorcieleben samizne<br />
jgufis informirebas. ra informacias avrceleben.<br />
7.2 Cveni gazeTi saukeTesoa... ar meTanxmebiT<br />
ra aqcevs gazeTs karg gazeTad<br />
7.3 Cven sakuTar saskolo gazeTs gamovcemT<br />
ra SeiZleba da ra ar SeiZleba, roca saqme exeba saskolo gazeTs<br />
7.4 Cveni pirveli gamocema!<br />
ras vakeTebT Semdeg
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi<br />
rogor iqmneba media<br />
bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze mediis zegavlena mTel msoflioSi gaizarda. rac<br />
ufro kompleqsuri xdeba Cveni cxovreba, miT ufro metad veyrdnobiT mediis saSualebiT<br />
miRebul informacias da vcdilobT, gaverkveT, Tu ra faqtorebi axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze<br />
zegavlenas. yvela im sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informaciis mosapoveblad, romelic<br />
Cvens pirovnul gamocdilebas scdeba, gviwevs mediis ama Tu im saSualebis gamoyeneba.<br />
sxvadasxva adamians sxvadasxvanairad miuwvdeba xeli mediis saSualebebze. informaciaze<br />
xelmisawvdomoba gansazRvravs adamianis informirebulobis dones da imas,<br />
Tu ra Zalaufleba da zegavlena aqvs mas. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani sakiTxia<br />
cenzura iseve, rogorc araswori informaciis gavrceleba partiebis, mTavrobebisa<br />
da lobistebis jgufebis mier. konfliqturi situaciis dros xSiria informaciis<br />
gavrcelebis monopolizaciisa da araswori informaciis gavrcelebis SemTxvevebi.<br />
am TavSi yvela zemoxsenebuli sakiTxis detalur ganxilvas ar SevudgebiT. moswavleebi<br />
Tavad wamoWrian am Temebs sakuTari qveynis an regionis beWdviTi mediis<br />
SedarebiTi analizisas.<br />
am TavSi Semdeg midgomas virCevT mediis sferoSi ganaTlebisadmi: saskolo<br />
gazeTze muSaoba saSualebas miscems moswavleebs, axlos gaecnon beWdviTi mediis<br />
momzadebis process. arsebulma gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom aseTi midgoma sasargebloa,<br />
radgan moswavleebi, amgvari praqtikuli saqmianobiT, beWdviTi mediis manamde<br />
ucnob samyaroSi Segvyavs. moswavleebs beWdviTi mediisadmi kritikuli midgoma<br />
ganuviTardebaT da mediis sferos ukeT gaecnobian.<br />
da bolos, praqtikuli miniSneba: es Tavi iZleva sxvadasxva disciplinis momcveli<br />
swavlebis da TanamSromlobis saSualebas. teqstis dawera da Sesworeba enis<br />
gakveTilebze SeiZleba, gazeTis gaformeba da dizaini ki _ xelovnebis gakveTilze.<br />
SeiZleba erT-erTma klasma iTavos gazeTis momzadeba da sxva klasis moswavleebi,<br />
romlebic gansakuTrebiT dainteresdebian, redaqtirebis procesSi CarTon.<br />
saWiro iqneba garkveuli dro saskolo gazeTis gamocemis mere, raTa sxva maswavleblebic<br />
darwmundnen, rom aseTi proeqtis ganxorcieleba Rirs.<br />
swavla demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
mediis sferoSi gaTviTcnobiereba samoqalaqo ganaTlebis miznis (aqtiuri moqalaqeebis<br />
Camoyalibeba) misaRwevi erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa. qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />
mediis sferoSi gaTviTcnobierebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi:<br />
138<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
sakomunikacio kompetencia exeba adamianebs Soris komunikaciis damyarebis<br />
maneras. socialuri realoba, TavisTavad, ar arsebobs; mas gansazRvraven adamianebi,<br />
socialuri interaqciis meSveobiT. sxva sityvebiT, socialuri realoba<br />
iqmneba komunikaciiT. sakomunikacio kompetencia iwyeba mSobliuri enis<br />
SeswavliT da viTardeba am kompetenciis sajaro gamoyenebis dros.<br />
TiToeuli adamiani ibadeba sakomunikacio kompetenciiT, Tumca mas sWirdeba<br />
praqtika da daxvewa.<br />
mediaSi gaTviTcnobiereba sakomunikacio kompetenciis nawilia. Cven vgulismobT<br />
mediis sxvadasxva saSualebas, romlis gamoyenebasac varjiSi sWirdeba. beWdviTi<br />
media, maT Soris, saskolo gazeTi, aris yoveldRiuri komunikaciis mniSvnelovani<br />
saSualeba, romelsac moswavleebi unda icnobdnen. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom es aris mediaSi gaTviTcnobierebisaTvis saWiro mxolod erTi elementi.
Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi<br />
Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi<br />
rogor iqmneba media<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
gazeTebi Cven<br />
garSemo<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
Cveni gazeTi<br />
saukeTesoa...<br />
ar meTanxmebiT<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
Cven sakuTar<br />
saskolo<br />
gazeTs<br />
gamovcemT<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
Cveni pirveli<br />
gamocema!<br />
swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masala moswavleTa<br />
CarTu lobis<br />
forma<br />
moswavleebs vacnobT<br />
beWdviTi mediis<br />
sxvadasxva formas;<br />
maT esmiT gansxvavebebi<br />
Sinaarsobriv<br />
struqturaSi.<br />
moswavleebi iazreben,<br />
Tu rogoria kargi<br />
gazeTi an Jurnali;<br />
maT uyalibdebaT sakuTari<br />
Sexedulebebi,<br />
Rirebulebebi da interesebi.<br />
moswavleebi jgufurad<br />
Tanxmdebian<br />
Temebze da miznebze.<br />
isini TaviaTni<br />
gundis wevrebTan<br />
TanamSromloben,<br />
sakuTari ideebisa da<br />
kompetenciebis<br />
gaziarebis mizniT.<br />
moswavleebi iazreben,<br />
Tu ra sakiTxebTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli saskolo<br />
gazeTis gagr-<br />
Zelebis proeqti.<br />
maT SeuZliaT gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba<br />
da pasuxismgeblobis<br />
aReba.<br />
moswavleebi agroveben<br />
da aanalizeben<br />
gazeTebsa da Jurnalebs,<br />
romlebsac<br />
maT TemSi xalxi<br />
ecnoba. moswavleebi,<br />
Sedegebis sailustraciod,<br />
posters<br />
amzadeben.<br />
moswavleebi afaseben<br />
jgufur prezentaciebs<br />
da Tanxmdebian<br />
kompromisebze.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
Tanxmdebian erToblivi<br />
gazeTis<br />
struqturaze. isini<br />
axdenen im Temebis<br />
identifikacias, rac<br />
maTi skolisaTvis<br />
mniSvnelovania da<br />
amzadeben statiebs<br />
gazeTis sxvadasxva<br />
nawilisaTvis.<br />
moswavleebi ayalibeben<br />
sakuTar<br />
Sexedulebebs<br />
proeqtis SesaZlo<br />
gagrZelebis Sesaxeb.<br />
gazeTebi,<br />
makratlebi,<br />
webo, didi zomis<br />
furclebi.<br />
wina<br />
gakveTilze<br />
momzadebuli<br />
prezentaciebi.<br />
matrica dafaze<br />
an flipCartze.<br />
xelmisawvdomi<br />
materialuri<br />
resursebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
mzaoba imisaTvis,<br />
rom<br />
momzaddes<br />
xel naweri<br />
teqstebi, kompiuterze<br />
dabe-<br />
Wdili masala,<br />
an cifruli<br />
fotoebi.<br />
dafa an<br />
flipCarti.<br />
jgufuri<br />
muSaoba<br />
jgufuri<br />
prezentaciebi,<br />
diskusiebi<br />
da<br />
Sefaseba.<br />
erToblivi<br />
gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba,<br />
jgufuri<br />
muSaoba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
139
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
gazeTebi Cven garSemo<br />
vis informirebaze muSaoben isini. rogor axorcieleben<br />
samizne jgufis informirebas. ra informacias avrceleben.<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs vacnobT beWdviTi mediis sxvadasxva formas; maT esmiT<br />
gansxvavebebi Sinaarsobriv struqturaSi.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi agroveben da aanalizeben gazeTebsa da Jurnalebs,<br />
romlebsac maT TemSi xalxi ecnoba. Sedegebis sailustraciod, moswavleebi amzadeben<br />
posters.<br />
saWiro masala _ gazeTebi, makratlebi, webo, didi zomis furclebi.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri muSaoba.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
termini `beWdviTi media~ gulisxmobs informaciis beWdviT wyaroebs, e.w. klasikur<br />
medias, rac moicavs: gazeTebs, Jurnalebs, wignebs, katalogebs, sainformacio furclebsa<br />
da biuletenebs, rukebs, diagramebs, safosto baraTebs, kalendrebsa da posterebs.<br />
beWdviTi media, rogorc wesi, qaRaldze ibeWdeba. beWdviTi teqnologiebi swrafad<br />
icvleba da cifruli beWdva ukve farTodaa gavrcelebuli.<br />
gakveTili<br />
am gakveTilamde ramdenime kviriT adre, maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs,<br />
daiwyon gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis Segroveba klasSi mosatanad. am mizniT, klasSi<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyos specialuri saprezentacio magida. idealuri iqneba, Tu romelime<br />
moswavle iSovis gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis Tundac moZvelebul sadgams (iseTs,<br />
rogorsac quCaSi gamyidvelebi iyeneben). maswavlebelma unda uzrunvelyos, rom<br />
gakveTilze warmodgenili iyos yvela ZiriTadi yoveldRiuri gazeTis nimuSi.<br />
maswavlebeli pirvel gakveTils iwyebs moswavleebisaTvis am Tavis miznebisa da<br />
davalebebis mokle mimoxilviT. maswavlebeli imasac atyobinebs moswavleebs, rom am<br />
TavSi daiwyeben proeqts, romelic, sul mcire, naxevari saswavlo wlis manZilze gagr-<br />
Zeldeba. moswavleebma unda gaiazron, rom es proeqti maT Jurnalisturi gamocdilebis<br />
dagrovebaSi daexmareba. moswavleebisaTvis saintereso iqneba imis gageba, rom momavali<br />
Jurnalistebi pirvel nabijebs swored aseT proeqtebSi dgamdnen.<br />
moswavleebi mcire zomis, 3-4 kacian jgufebad iyofian. TiToeulma jgufma<br />
unda ganixilos erTi gazeTi an Jurnali. moswavleebi ganxilvis procesSi Semdegi<br />
SekiTxvebiT xelmZRvaneloben:<br />
_ ra nawilebisagan Sedgeba Jurnali/gazeTi<br />
_ ra TanmimdevrobiT gvxvdeba es nawilebi<br />
_ ra samizne jguf(eb)zea gaTvlili TiToeuli nawili ojaxis romeli wevrebi<br />
iqnebodnen dainteresebulni ama Tu im nawilis gacnobiT<br />
_ ra Temebs eTmoba gazeTis/Jurnalis im nomris nawilebi, romelsac moswavleebi<br />
ganixilaven<br />
_ SearCieT erTi tipiuri statia TiToeuli nawilidan. amoWeriT es statiebi da,<br />
posteris momzadebis mizniT, didi zomis qaRaldze miakariT.<br />
140
Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi<br />
posteri unda atarebdes gazeTis an Jurnalis saxels, sasurvelia, originaluri sa-<br />
TauriT. zemoT warmodgenil SekiTxvebs pasuxebi unda gaeces. moswavleebma unda icodnen,<br />
rom statiebis ganlageba posterze advilad gasagebi da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos.<br />
am etapze, aucilebelia, moswavleebs gaazrebuli hqondeT TavianTi gazeTis<br />
struqtura, raTa advilad warmoadginon is klasis winaSe.<br />
jgufebi sakuTar prezentaciebs momavali gakveTilisaTvis amzadeben. es prezentaciebi<br />
sareklamo xasiaTs unda atarebdes. moswavleebi reklamas gaukeTeben sakuTar<br />
gazeTs an Jurnals; miuTiTeben mis dadebiT mxareebze. yvela prezentaciis<br />
mosmenis Semdeg, moswavleebi irCeven yvelaze saintereso da informaciul gazeTs.<br />
SesaZlebelia imis uzrunvelyofa, rom momavali ramdenime kviris manZilze skolaSi<br />
gamarjvebuli gazeTis ufaso Semotana moxdes. rogorc wesi, gamomcemelTa umetesobisaTvis,<br />
msgavsi aqcia savsebiT misaRebia xolme.<br />
am fazaSi, maswavlebeli moswavleebs gazeTis Sida struqturis SeswavlaSi exmareba,<br />
radgan yvela gazeTi advilad gasaanalizebeli ar aris. maswavlebelma unda<br />
ganaxorcielos moswavleTa monitoringi jgufuri muSaobis drosac, raTa uzrunvelyos<br />
prezentaciebis Seuferxebeli, drouli dasruleba.<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
Cveni gazeTi saukeTesoa... ar meTanxmebiT<br />
ra aqcevs gazeTs karg gazeTad<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi iazreben, Tu rogoria kargi gazeTi an Jurnali; maT uyalibdebaT<br />
sakuTari Sexedulebebi, Rirebulebebi da interesebi.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi afaseben jgufur prezentaciebs da Tanxmdebian kompromisebze.<br />
saWiro masala _ wina gakveTilze momzadebuli prezentaciebi. matrica dafaze an flipCartze.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ jgufuri prezentaciebi, diskusiebi da Sefaseba.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
termini `presis Tavisufleba~ niSnavs presis uflebas, rom Tavisuflad imoqmedos<br />
da cenzuras ar daeqvemdebaros. presis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs Jurnalistis uflebas,<br />
rom ar misces Cveneba. aseve, ar SeiZleba Jurnalistis monitoringi mosasmeni aparaturis<br />
gamoyenebiT. Jurnalistis profesias ar aregulirebs saxelmwifo da Jurnalistebis<br />
momzadeba ar eqceva saxelmwifo gavlenis sferoSi.<br />
141
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili<br />
meore gakveTili iwyeba prezentaciebiT. jgufebma moamzades posterebi da<br />
SearCies amonaWrebi gazeTebidan/Jurnalebidan. sasargeblo iqneba jgufebisaTvis<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi 5 wuTis micema, raTa Tavi mouyaron saprezentacio masalas.<br />
moswavleebi prezentaciebs afaseben konkretuli kriteriumebis mixedviT. maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia am kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT moamzados matrica.<br />
gazeTis an Jurnalis<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
posteri<br />
prezentaciis<br />
formaluri mxareebi<br />
prezentaciis Sinaarsi<br />
gazeTis an Jurnalis<br />
formaluri mxareebi<br />
gazeTis an Jurnalis<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
jgufi 1 jgufi 2 jgufi 3 jgufi 4 jgufi 5 qulaTa<br />
jami<br />
am Sefasebas ar unda mieces gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba. es mxolod konkurentuli<br />
garemos Seqmnis saSualeba unda iyos, rac moswavleTa motivaciis gazrdas<br />
Seuwyobs xels.<br />
prezentaciebis Semdeg, moswavleebi afaseben beWdviTi mediis saSualebebs Semdegi<br />
SekiTxvebis daxmarebiT:<br />
_ ra aqcevs gazeTs/Jurnals `karg~ gazeTad/Jurnalad<br />
_ ra mizans emsaxureba is<br />
_ ras vfiqrobT im gazeTebze/Jurnalebze, romlebic Cven warmogvidgines<br />
_ ra SeiZleba gamoswordes<br />
diskusiis dros maswavlebeli moswavleTa mosazrebebs flipCartze iniSnavs.<br />
flipCarti gakveTilis dawyebamde momzadda; mis nacvlad SeiZleba dafis gamoyenebac.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dafaze mocemul informacias, flipCartisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
momaval gakveTilze ver gamoviyenebT.<br />
gakveTilis bolos, maswavlebeli acnobebs moswavleebs, rom maT unda moamzadon<br />
da sajarod warmoadginon saskolo gazeTi. moswavleebma unda ifiqron am davalebaze<br />
da im konkretul ganyofilebebze, romlebsac gazeTi unda moicavdes imisaTvis,<br />
rom saskolo cxovreba srulyofilad warmoadginos. aseve, moswavleebma unda<br />
moifiqron, Tu romeli ganyofilebebis momzadeba surT. mniSvnelovani iqneba saskolo<br />
gazeTis saxelwodebaze msjelobac.<br />
142
Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
Cven sakuTar saskolo gazeTs gamovcemT<br />
ra SeiZleba da ra ar SeiZleba, roca saqme exeba saskolo gazeTs<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi jgufurad Tanxmdebian Temebsa da miznebze. isini TaviaTni gundis<br />
wevrebTan TanamSromloben, sakuTari ideebisa da kompetenciebis gaziarebis mizniT.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi Tanxmdebian erToblivi gazeTis struqturaze. isini<br />
axdenen im Temebis identifikacias, romlebic mniSvnelovania maTi skolisaTvis da<br />
amzadeben statiebs gazeTis sxvadasxva nawilisaTvis.<br />
saWiro masala _ xelmisawvdomi materialuri resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mzaoba imisaTvis,<br />
rom momzaddes xelnaweri teqstebi, kompiuterze dabeWdili masala an cifruli fotoebi.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ erToblivi gadawyvetilebis miReba. jgufuri muSaoba.<br />
gakveTili<br />
moswavleebi 3-4 kacian jgufebad iyofian; isini ganixilaven gazeTis sxvadasxva nawils<br />
da imas, Tu romeli nawilebia skolis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani informaciis matarebeli.<br />
maswavlebelma moamzada patara saskolo gazeTi yvela jgufisaTvis _ kedelze<br />
erTmaneTis miyolebiT gakruli sami cali A4 zomis qaRaldi. jgufebi muSaoben gaze-<br />
Tis struqturaze, mis saxelwodebaze, dizainsa da nawilebze. am muSaobis Sedegi ase<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes:<br />
moswavlis qronika<br />
axali ambebi sporti yvelaze movlenebi<br />
mniSvnelovani ambebi<br />
mSoblebi<br />
Cveni satkivari<br />
jgufebis mier warmodgenili mosazrebebi klasis kedelzea mocemuli. moswavleebs<br />
eZlevaT dro, rom gaecnon posterebs da sakuTari damokidebuleba Camoayalibon.<br />
ewyoba `redaqtorTa konferencia~, romelzec iReben Semdeg gadawyvetilebebs:<br />
_ gazeTis saxelwodeba (azrTa gacvla, diskusia da xmis micema);<br />
_ im nawilebis SerCeva, romlebic yvelaze Sinaarsiania da mniSvnelovani skolisa<br />
da moswavleebisaTvis.<br />
moswavleebi mcire jgufebSi erTiandebian. jgufebis raodenoba emTxveva gazeTSi<br />
nawilebis dagegmil raodenobas. aris kidev erTi jgufi, romelic gamocemazea pasuxismgebeli.<br />
dasawyisSi, gazeTis gamocemis jgufi praqtikul sakiTxebze muSaobs, rogorebicaa<br />
gazeTis dizaini da formati. ufrosma maswavlebelma sagnis maswavleblisagan<br />
ukve icis saskolo gazeTis proeqtis Sesaxeb da ukve arsebobs skolaSi gazeTis<br />
ganTavsebis nebarTva.<br />
maSin, roca redaqtorebi dakavebulebi arian pirveli statiebis dagegmviT gaze-<br />
Tis sxvadasxva nawilisaTvis, maswavlebeli gazeTis gamocemis jgufTan teqnikur<br />
sakiTxebs ganixilavs.<br />
moswavleebs eZlevaT davalebebi, romlebic momaval kviramde unda Sesruldes.<br />
redaqtirebis TiToeuli jgufi warmoadgens statias. gazeTis gamocemis jgufi muSaobs<br />
saskolo gazeTze, romelsac unda hqondes saxelwodeba, logo da ramdenime nawili.<br />
es savarjiSo moswavleebs warmatebasac agrZnobinebs da sirTuleebsac daanaxvebs.<br />
Seikvreba redaqtorTa gundi, romelic sistematurad aqveynebs skolis ambebs. am gundSi<br />
gaerTianebulni iqnebian yvelaze aqtiuri da dainteresebuli moswavleebi, romlebic mzad<br />
arian, rom gaagrZelon saskolo gazeTze muSaoba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
143
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
Cveni pirveli gamocema!<br />
ras vakeTebT Semdeg<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi iazreben, Tu ra sakiTxebTanaa dakavSirebuli saskolo gazeTis<br />
gagrZelebis proeqti. maT SeuZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba da pasuxismgeblobis aReba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ayalibeben sakuTar Sexedulebebs proeqtis SesaZlo<br />
gagrZelebis Sesaxeb.<br />
saWiro masala _ dafa an flipCarti.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ diskusia.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
diskusia (`argumentebis gacvla~, momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan discussio) aris verbaluri<br />
komunikacia or an met adamians Soris, romelic exeba erT an ramdenime sakiTxs da<br />
romlis drosac TiToeuli mxare sakuTar argumentebs warmoadgens. diskusia unda gaimarTos<br />
urTierTpativiscemis principis gaTvaliswinebiT. kargi diskusia saSualebas aZlevs mosaubreebs,<br />
warmoadginon gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi da saTanado yuradRebiT ganixilon isini.<br />
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogorebicaa: simSvide, TavSekaveba da zrdilobiani saqcieli,<br />
momgebiania diskusiaSi monawile orive mxarisaTvis. saukeTeso diskusia sruldeba problemidan<br />
gamosavlis moZebniT an kompromisiT, romelic yvela mxarisaTvis misaRebia.<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi diskusia aris interesTa da mizanTa konfliqtis mogvarebis<br />
civilizebuli, araZaladobrivi saSualeba. konfliqtis CaxSobis nacvlad xdeba konfliqtis<br />
mogvareba. diskusiis unaris ganviTareba daexmareba moswavleebs cxovrebiseuli<br />
problemebis mSvidobian mogvarebaSi.<br />
gakveTili<br />
mas Semdeg, rac redaqtorebi statiebs pirvel saskolo gazeTSi gamoaqveyneben,<br />
dgeba proeqtis gagrZelebis sakiTxi. am periodisaTvis moswavleebma ukve ician, Tu<br />
ra dro sWirdeba gazeTis momzadebas da ra organizaciul problemebTanaa dakav-<br />
Sirebuli igi. sakuTari gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, moswavleebs SeuZliaT, warmarTon<br />
diskusia saskolo gazeTis proeqtis gagrZelebis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, am flipCartiT meti sicxade da struqtura Seitanos moswavleTa<br />
diskusiebSi:<br />
organizacia pirovnuli aspeqtebi TanamSromloba drois menejmenti<br />
Tu gavagrZelebT:<br />
-ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
-droSi xom ar viqnebiT<br />
SezRudulebi<br />
-ra teqnikuri saSualebebi<br />
gagvaCnia<br />
-rogor unda uzrunvelvyoT,<br />
rom Cveni gazeTi ar gaxdes<br />
vandalizmis msxverpli<br />
-ra finansuri resursebi<br />
dagvWirdeba rogor unda<br />
movizidoT es resursebi<br />
vin aris dainteresebuli<br />
-mTavari redaqtori<br />
-redaqtorTa komiteti<br />
-ra aris maswavleblis<br />
roli da pozicia<br />
-saxelebi:<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-rogor CavrToT sxva moswavleebi<br />
am proeqtSi<br />
-kidev romeli maswavleblebi<br />
CaerTvebian Cvens<br />
proeqtSi<br />
-SegviZlia uzrunvelvyoT<br />
gasvlebi redaqciebSi (beWdviTi<br />
mediis, telemauwyeblobis<br />
an eleqtronuli mediis)<br />
-SegviZlia gavakeToT interviu<br />
JurnalistTan,<br />
rogorc eqspertTan<br />
144
Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi<br />
roca am cxrilis Sevsebaze muSaobT, xvdebiT, rom SeuZlebelia yvelafris dasawyisSive<br />
dagegmva. gazeTis proeqtze muSaoba saWiroebs yvela monawilis aqtiur<br />
CarTulobas da gegmebis cvlilebas, saWiroebisda mixedviT. es aris sicocxliT savse,<br />
saxaliso, Tumca, amavdroulad, rTuli da zogjer imedgamacruebeli procesi.<br />
maswavlebeli, romelsac moswavleebTan erTad proeqtebze aqamdec umuSavia, icnobs<br />
proeqtze muSaobis struqturas da aucilebeli nabijebis Tanmimdevrobas; mas, aseve, kargad<br />
esmis, rom mniSvnelovania kargi xelmZRvaneloba, roca saskolo proeqtis warmatebul<br />
ganxorcielebas vgegmavT. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom maswavleblis mxridan<br />
zedmetma yuradRebam SeiZleba, rom CaaxSos moswavleTa motivacia da iniciativa. aseT<br />
proeqtebSi monawileoba moswavleebisaTvis sasargebloa, radgan isini iReben mniSvnelovan<br />
gamocdilebas samoqalaqo da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb ganaTlebis kuTxiT.<br />
maswavlebelma unda uzrunvelyos, rom gakveTilis bolos moswavleebma miiRon<br />
realuri gadawyvetilebebi proeqtis gagrZelebis sxvadasxva sakiTxTan, maT Soris,<br />
vadebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvis<br />
mediaSi gaTviTcnobierebis sami ganzomileba<br />
1. pirveli ganzomileba: mediis Sefaseba<br />
mediis Sefasebis cneba SeiZleba Sejamdes Zveli berZnuli zmniT Krinein (krinein),<br />
romelic `gansazRvras~ niSnavda da Seexeboda codnisa da gamocdilebis SeZenas.<br />
mediis Sefaseba mediis analizs gulisxmobs. es analitikuri qvekomponenti sazogadoebaSi<br />
mimdinare movlenebis Secnobisa da gaazrebis kompetencias exeba, magali-<br />
Tad, koncentraciis procesi mediaSi, ramac SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas mediis funqcionirebas<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. mniSvnelovania imis codna, vin aris ama<br />
Tu im gazeTis mflobeli da ramdeni mediasaSualebis damfinansebelia esa Tu is<br />
kompania. amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom media aris komerciul mogebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli saqme. rac ufro urTierTdamokidebuli da globalizebuli xdeba<br />
Cveni cxovreba, miT ufro izrdeba saWiroeba imisa, rom medias daveyrdnoT. mediis<br />
analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs, kritikulad SevafasoT media da adekvaturad gamoviyenoT<br />
Cveni codna mediis sferoSi.<br />
2. meore ganzomileba: codna mediis Sesaxeb<br />
es aris mediisa da mediis sistemebis codna, rac or qvekomponentad iyofa.<br />
a. informaciis qvekomponenti moicavs ZiriTad codnas, magaliTad, rogor asruleben<br />
Jurnalistebi sakuTar samuSaos; satelevizio da radioprogramebis tipebi;<br />
mayureblis mizezebi imisa, Tu ratom aniWebs mayurebeli romelime gadacemas upiratesobas;<br />
kompiuteris gamoyeneba mayureblis saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
b. unarebis qvekomponenti mediis codnas umatebs axali mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis<br />
unars, instruqciebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis kiTxvis gareSe. es qvekomponenti<br />
moicavs `praqtikuli muSaobiT aTvisebis~ process _ rogor unda moepyro kompiuters,<br />
rogor unda imuSao internetSi, rogor unda gamoiyeno videokamera da a.S.<br />
3. mesame ganzomileba: mediis gamoyeneba<br />
mediis gamoyenebac or qvekomponentad SeiZleba davyoT.<br />
a. mediaproduqtebis gamoyenebis kompetencia, sxva sityvebiT, mediis produqtebis<br />
145
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
miRebisa da moxmarebis unari. magaliTad, televizoris yureba. es aris aqtivoba,<br />
romlis drosac Cven vamuSavebT televizoridan miRebul informacias da<br />
vaxdenT mis integrirebas Cvens kognitur struqturebTan da warmodgenebTan.<br />
SegviZlia Cveni recefciuli kompetencia gavafarTooT ara mxolod teqstebis<br />
kiTxviT, aramed filmebis yurebiTac.<br />
b. mediamowyobilobebis aqtiuri gamoyeneba. es qvekomponenti ukavSirdeba mediis<br />
gamoyenebas socialur interaqciaSi. magaliTad, telebankingi, teleSopingi,<br />
video da satelefono konferenciebi, tradiciuli da cifruli fotografia da<br />
videoproduqcia. mediis didi mravalferovneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, ara mxolod<br />
informaciis miRebiT SevimecnoT samyaro, aramed informaciis SeqmniTa da<br />
gavrcelebiTac.<br />
mediis Sesaxeb Tavi, ZiriTadad, mediis gamoyenebas eZRvneba, Tumca, aseve, yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia wina or ganzomilebazec.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 7.1<br />
rogor iwereba statia<br />
statiis struqtura<br />
1. saTauri<br />
statias sWirdeba saTauri. saTauris funqciaa, gaaRvivos mkiTxvelis interesi<br />
imdenad, rom statiis wakiTxva moundes.<br />
gazeTis mkiTxveli Tvals avlebs gazeTs da arCevs im statias, romlis wakiTxvac<br />
surs. Sesabamisad, statiis saTauri unda ipyrobdes mkiTxvelis yuradRebas. teqstidan<br />
cxadad gamoyofili saTauri unda iyos mokle, didi da gamuqebuli asoebiT dabeWdili.<br />
2. Sesavali<br />
statiis pirveli abzaci aris Sesavali. rogorc wesi, pirveli abzacis asoebi<br />
gamuqebulia xolme.<br />
pirveli abzaci mkiTxvels awvdis yvelaze mniSvnelovan informacias; aq mocemulia<br />
pasuxebi mkiTxvelis ZiriTad SekiTxvebze.<br />
statiaSi, romelic ufro emociuria, vidre faqtobrivi, pirveli abzaci aris<br />
situaciis aRwera. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvelis interesis gaRviveba xdeba ufro<br />
stilisturi saSualebebiT, vidre faqtebiT.<br />
3. ena da stili<br />
enis swori gamoyeneba gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Jurnalisturi<br />
forma an stili. Tu gazeTs aRviqvamT, rogorc saxls, maSin Jurnalisturi weris<br />
sxvadasxva forma SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis avejad miviCnioT; sityvebi ki is agurebi<br />
iqneba, romliTac saxlia naSenebi.<br />
maSin, roca Tavis gatana avejis gareSec SegviZlia, SeuZlebelia agurebis gareSe<br />
cxovreba. emociuri statiebi Zalian didi popularobiT sargeblobs. magram aqac<br />
sifrTxilea saWiro, ar unda gadavamlaSoT.<br />
mivediT winadadebamde. winadadebebi unda iyos mokle da martivi. rTulia im<br />
146
Tavi 7. saskolo gazeTi<br />
winadadebebis gageba, romlebic 14-ze meti sityvisagan Sedgeba. 25 da meti sityvisagan<br />
Semdgari winadadebebis gageba ki mkiTxvelTa umetesobisaTvis SeuZlebelia. yovelTvis<br />
ecadeT, Tavi aaridoT rTul winadadebebs, bevri mZimeebiT da damokidebuli<br />
winadadebebiT. dawerisTanave gadaikiTxeT winadadeba. advilad gasagebia zedmeti<br />
sityvebi xom ar aris<br />
sityvebis araswori wera mkiTxvelisaTvis gamaRizianebelia. roca adamiani<br />
SecdomiT daweril sityvas xedavs, mas ekargeba koncentracia winadadebis ZiriTad<br />
arsze. statiisaTvis saboloo formis micema gulisxmobs mis yuradRebiT gadakiTxvas,<br />
sityvebisa da gramatikuli wyobis sisworis Sesamowmeblad, informaciis utyuarobis<br />
dasadastureblad da stilisturad gamarTvis mizniT.<br />
147
meoTxe nawili _ Zalaufleba<br />
da uflebamosileba<br />
Tavi 8.<br />
wesebi da kanonebi.<br />
ra tipis wesebi sWirdeba sazogadoebas<br />
Tavi 9.<br />
mTavroba da politika.<br />
rogori unda iyos qveynis mmarTveloba
Tavi 8<br />
wesebi da kanonebi<br />
ra tipis wesebi sWirdeba<br />
sazogadoebas<br />
8.1 kargi kanoni _ cudi kanoni<br />
ra aqcevs kanons karg kanonad<br />
8.2 ra asakSi<br />
rogor unda miesadagebodes kanoni axalgazrdebs<br />
8.3 Tqven xarT kanonmdebeli<br />
rogor epyrobiT axalgazrda kanondamrRvevebs<br />
8.4 mtkicebulebebi<br />
ra mtkicebulebebi unda aRiaros sasamarTlom
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
ra tipis wesebi sWirdeba sazogadoebas<br />
sazogadoebis efeqturi da samarTliani funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
kanonebis arseboba. kanonebi sxvadasxva situacias da TiTqmis yvela adamians miesadageba.<br />
gamonakliss warmoadgenen bavSvebi, romlebic kanonis winaSe pasuxismgebelni<br />
ar arian manam, sanam garkveul asaks ar miaRweven.<br />
arsebobs samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTali. samoqalaqo samarTali adamianebsa<br />
da adamianis jgufebs Soris davebis mogvarebas exeba. sisxlis samarTali im qmedebebs<br />
aregulirebs, romlebic, saxelmwifos xedviT, aRsakveTia.<br />
kanonebi arasodesaa idealuri. kanonebs qmnian adamianebi. zogjer aucilebelia<br />
kanonebSi cvlilebebis Setana, radgan isini Zveldeba da adamianTa garkveuli<br />
jgufebis mimarT araefeqturi an usamarTlo xdeba.<br />
samarTali yovelTavis ukavSirdeba politikas, radgan kanonebi iqmneba da icvleba<br />
sxvadasxva politikuri sistemis farglebSi. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi yvela<br />
moqalaqes aqvs kanonebis mimarT sakuTari azris gamoxatvis ufleba. mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom kanoni erTnairad exebodes yvela moqalaqes, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aravin<br />
unda idges kanonze maRla. am cnebas kanonis uzenaesobis saxeliT moixsenieben.<br />
da bolos, kanonebi adamianis uflebebs unda Seesabamebodes; unda iyos samar-<br />
Tliani da ar unda warmoadgens diqtaturis an Cagvris iaraRs. Sesabamisad, demokratiuli<br />
sistemebis umetesoba eyrdnoba daweril konstitucias, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvas da qveyanaSi moqmed kanonebze maRla dgas. zog<br />
qveyanaSi moqmedebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs, Tu<br />
ramdenad Seesabameba esa Tu is kanoni konstitucias.<br />
ganaTleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis da adamianis<br />
uflebebi<br />
gakveTilTa es seria daexmareba moswavleebs:<br />
_ ukeTesad gaiazron samarTlis cneba da misi mniSvneloba demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis;<br />
_ aRiaron, rom samarTlis mTavari amocanaa xalxis daxmareba da sazogadoebis dacva;<br />
_ gaiazron da pativi scen kanonis uzenaesobis princips;<br />
_ gaigon meti sakuTari qveynis iuridiul sistemaze.<br />
152
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
ra tipis wesebi sWirdeba sazogadoebas<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
kargi kanoni _<br />
cudi kanoni<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
ra asakSi<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
Tqven xarT<br />
kanonmdebeli<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
mtkicebulebebi<br />
swavlis mizani<br />
im faqtorebis<br />
gaazreba, romlebic<br />
kanonis<br />
samarTlianobas<br />
uzrunvelyofs<br />
imis gamokvleva,<br />
Tu rogor<br />
miesadageba<br />
kanoni<br />
axalgazrdebs<br />
ganxilva imisa,<br />
saWiroa Tu<br />
ara, davsajoT<br />
axalgazrdebi,<br />
romlebic kanons<br />
arRveven.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu es saWiroa,<br />
rogori unda<br />
iyos sasjeli.<br />
sasamarTloSi<br />
mtkicebulebis<br />
warmodgenis<br />
wesebis<br />
gaazreba.<br />
moswavlis<br />
davaleba<br />
skolaSi moqmedi<br />
wesebis ganxilva.<br />
kargi wesebis ganmsaz-<br />
Rvreli faqtorebis<br />
identifikacia.<br />
kanonebis ganxilva da<br />
im faqtorebis identifikacia,<br />
romlebic<br />
kanons karg kanonad<br />
aqcevs.<br />
erT-erT sferoSi<br />
moqmedi kanonebis<br />
ganxilva, magaliTad,<br />
alkoholis makontrolebeli<br />
kanonmdebloba.<br />
skolaSi moqmedi<br />
axali wesis an kanonis<br />
ganxilva.<br />
im asakis gansazRvra,<br />
romlis gadabijebis<br />
Semdegac axalgazrdas<br />
SeuZlia,<br />
monawileoba miiRos<br />
zrdasrulTa<br />
aqtivobebSi.<br />
gansazRvra imisa,<br />
Tu ramdenad misaRebia<br />
axalgazrdebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli arsebuli<br />
kanonmdebloba.<br />
danaSaulze saTanado<br />
sasjelis gansazRvrisas<br />
gasaTvaliswinebeli<br />
faqtorebis<br />
gaanalizeba.<br />
ganxilva imisa, Tu ra<br />
tipis mtkicebulebebi<br />
unda gaiTvaliswinos<br />
sasamarTlom.<br />
saWiro masala<br />
ori baraTi TiToeuli<br />
moswavlisaTvis _<br />
erTs aweria `a~ (mwvaned),<br />
xolo meores _<br />
`b~ (wiTlad). samuSao<br />
furceli _ alkohol-<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli<br />
kanonmdebloba Tqvens<br />
qveyanaSi.<br />
markerebi da didi<br />
zomis qaRaldi<br />
TiToeuli jgufisaTvis.<br />
flipCarti an<br />
didi zomis<br />
qaRaldi,romelic<br />
flipCartis funqcias<br />
Seasrulebs.<br />
sami warwera asoebiT<br />
`a”, `b” da `g”<br />
gakrulia klasis<br />
sxvadasxva kedelze.<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furcel 8.1-is aslebi<br />
(TiTo asli yovel or<br />
moswavleze). markeri<br />
da didi zomis<br />
furceli yovel 4-6<br />
moswavleze.<br />
moTxroba da<br />
maswavleblis<br />
damxmare masala<br />
sadiskusio baraTebi<br />
(moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli 8.2) 4-6 moswavlisagan<br />
Semdgari<br />
jgufebisaTvis.<br />
moswavle<br />
Ta CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
mcire<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
wyvilebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
mcire<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
mcire<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
mcire<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
diskusia.<br />
153
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
kargi kanoni _ cudi kanoni<br />
ra aqcevs kanons karg kanonad<br />
swavlis mizani _ im faqtorebis gaazreba, romlebic kanonis samarTlianobas uzrunvelyofs<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ skolaSi moqmedi wesebis ganxilva. kargi wesebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis<br />
identifikacia.<br />
kanonebis ganxilva da im faqtorebis identifikacia, romlebic kanons karg kanonad<br />
aqcevs.<br />
erT-erT sferoSi moqmedi kanonebis ganxilva, magaliTad, alkoholis makontrolebeli<br />
kanonmdebloba.<br />
skolaSi moqmedi axali wesis an kanonis ganxilva da gamarTleba.<br />
saWiro masala _ ori baraTi TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis _ erTs aweria `a” (mwvaned), xolo<br />
meores _ `b” (wiTlad).<br />
samuSao furceli _ alkoholTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba Tqvens qveyanaSi.<br />
markerebi da didi zomis qaRaldi 4-6 moswavlisagan TiToeuli jgufisaTvis.<br />
flipCarti an didi zomis qaRaldi, romelic flipCartis funqcias Seasrulebs.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ mcire jgufebSi muSaoba. diskusia.<br />
informacia<br />
am TavSi viyenebT `induqciuri swavlebis~ meTods. es meTodi exmareba maswavlebels,<br />
konkretuli, cxovrebiseuli magaliTebis gamoyenebiT gaagebinos moswavleebs abstraqtuli<br />
cnebebi. gakveTili iwyeba kanonebTan an wesebTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebiT. moswavleebma,<br />
am magaliTebis daxmarebiT, zogadi principebi unda Camoayalibon. am kriteriumebs<br />
vusadagebT kanonebs an wesebs, raTa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ramdenad kargia esa Tu is kanoni an<br />
wesi: ramdenad samarTliania ramdenad sasargebloa yvelasTvis sikeTis momtania SeuZlia<br />
policias maTi Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa advilad SeiZleba misi gageba da dacva<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, roca saWiroa damatebiTi masala (magaliTad, kanonebi alkoholis<br />
Sesaxeb), maswavlebelma da moswavleebma es masala unda moiZion.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli gakveTils iwyebs moswavleTaTvis or-ori baraTis darigebiT _<br />
erTs aweria `a~ (mwvaned), xolo meores _ `b~ (wiTlad).<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs uxsnis, rom waukiTxavs maT skolis warmosaxviT wesebs.<br />
moswavleebma unda gansazRvron, kargia es wesi, Tu cudi. Tu wess dadebiTad afaseben,<br />
unda aswion mwvane baraTi, xolo Tu uaryofiTad _ wiTeli.<br />
maswavlebeli ukiTxavs moswavleebs skolis gamogonil wesebs. es wesebi exeba<br />
Semdeg sakiTxebs:<br />
_ ikrZaleba davaleba;<br />
_ ikrZaleba moswavlis mier sxva moswavlis Cagvra;<br />
_ skola unda iyos fasiani;<br />
_ skolaSi saReWi rezinis motana akrZalulia;<br />
_ aucilebelia, moswavleebs moswondeT yvela maswavlebeli;<br />
_ moswavles unda hqondes saSualeba, airCios saskolo sagnebi;<br />
154
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
_ moxuc maswavleblebs unda hqondeT ufro naklebad datvirTuli ganrigi;<br />
_ skolaSi mobiluri telefonis tareba akrZalulia.<br />
roca moswavleebi gamoxataven sakuTar mosazrebas TiToeul wesTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, dausvas maT ramdenime SekiTxva, pasuxebis dakonkretebis<br />
mizniT:<br />
_ ratom TvliT, rom es kargi/cudi wesia<br />
damatebiTi diskusiebi da komentarebi am etapze mizanSewonili ar aris.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli klass 4-6 moswavlisagan Semdgar jgufebad hyofs da sTxovs<br />
maT, jgufebSi imuSaon im faqtorebze, romlebic uzrunvelyofs imas, rom esa Tu is<br />
wesi moswavleTaTvis misaRebia/ar aris misaRebi:<br />
_ ra faqtorebi aqceven saskolo wess karg wesad<br />
TiToeulma jgufma sakuTari mosazrebebi klasis winaSe unda warmoadginos.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli imeorebs imave savarjiSos erTi gansxvavebiT _ skolis warmosaxviTi<br />
wesebis nacvlad, moswavleebs qveynis warmosaxviT kanonebs acnobs:<br />
_ yvela moqalaqes unda hqondes erTi da igive religiuri aRmsarebloba;<br />
_ mkvlelobis Cadena ar SeiZleba;<br />
_ dauSvebelia tyuilis Tqma;<br />
_ arajansaRi sakvebi unda aikrZalos;<br />
_ moqalaqeebma Tavad unda gadawyviton, Tu gzis romel mxares atareben manqanas;<br />
_ ar unda iyos gansxvaveba qalebisa da mamakacebis xelfasebs Soris.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, jgufebSi imuSaon im faqtorebze, rac uzrunvelyofs<br />
imas, rom esa Tu is kanoni moswavleTaTvis misaRebia/ar aris<br />
misaRebi:<br />
_ ra faqtorebi aqceven kanons karg kanonad<br />
TiToeulma jgufma sakuTari mosazrebebi klasis winaSe unda warmoadginos. maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleTa msjeloba unda mimarTos kargi kanonis ganmsazRvrel ramdenime<br />
mTavar kriteriumze:<br />
_ samarTlianoba _ samarTali da Tanasworoba, magaliTad, Tanabari xelfasi mamakacebsa<br />
da qalebs;<br />
_ sargeblianoba _ xels uwyobs sazogadoebis daubrkolebel funqcionirebas,<br />
magaliTad, manqanis tarebis maregulirebeli kanonebi, romlebic adamianTa<br />
usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofen;<br />
_ sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba _ mTeli sazogadoebis, da ara mxolod privilegirebuli<br />
fenebis, interesebis dacva;<br />
_ ganxorcielebadoba _ adamianTa umravlesobas SeuZlia, daicvas isini, xolo<br />
policias _ daakavos kanonis damrRvevni;<br />
_ simartive _ gasagebad da Sesasruleblad advili.<br />
roca moswavleebi ZiriTad kriteriumebze SeTanxmdebian, maswavlebelma flip-<br />
Cartze dawerili kriteriumebi klasSi unda dakidos, yvelasTvis kargad dasanax<br />
adgilas. flipCartis saTauri iqneba, `ra aqcevs kanons karg kanonad~<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, jgufurad Seiswavlon romelime sferos maregulirebeli,<br />
magaliTad, alkoholTan dakavSirebuli, kanonebi. masala samuSao<br />
155
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
furclis formiT unda daurigdes moswavleebs. ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, moswavleebma<br />
Tavadac unda moipovon garkveuli damatebiTi masala, am SemTxvevaSi, magali-<br />
Tad, bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis movaleobebis Sesaxeb. TiToeul jgufs urigdeba<br />
markeri da didi zomis qaRaldi. maT unda moamzadon prezentacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />
ramdenad kargia SerCeuli kanoni. muSaobis dros moswavleebma unda gamoiyenon is<br />
principebi, romelTa identificirebac ukve moaxdines da romlebic flipCartzea<br />
warmodgenili.<br />
jgufebi akeTeben prezentaciebs klasis winaSe.<br />
maswavlebelma, SeiZleba, Semdegi saxis saSinao davaleba misces moswavleebs:<br />
moifiqreT kanoni an saskolo wesi, magaliTad, garemos dacvis Temaze. moamzadeT<br />
argumentebi im dadebiTi faqtorebis Sesaxeb, rac am wesis an kanonis damkvidrebas<br />
SeiZleba axldes Tan.<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
ra asakSi<br />
rogor unda miesadagebodes kanoni axalgazrdebs<br />
swavlis mizani _ imis gamokvleva, Tu rogor miesadageba kanoni axalgazrdebs<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ im asakis gansazRvra, romlis gadabijebis Semdegac axalgazrdas<br />
SeuZlia, monawileoba miiRos zrdasrulTa aqtivobebSi.<br />
gansazRvra imisa, Tu ramdenad misaRebia axalgazrdebTan dakavSirebuli arsebuli kanonmdebloba.<br />
saWiro masala _ sami warwera asoebiT `a~, `b~ da `g~ gakrulia klasis sxvadasxva kedelze.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furcel 8.1-is aslebi (TiTo asli yovel or moswavleze). markeri da<br />
didi zomis furceli yovel 4-6 moswavleze.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ wyvilebSi muSaoba. mcire jgufebSi muSaoba. diskusia.<br />
maswavlebeli gakveTils iwyebs Semdegi SekiTxviT: Tqveni azriT, sworia, rom<br />
kanoni bavSvebs avaldebulebs, iaron skolaSi maSin, roca didebisaTvis aseTi valdebuleba<br />
ar arsebobs Tu TvliT, rom es valdebuleba sworia, axseniT, ratom. Tu<br />
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba gaqvT, esec axseniT.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs wyvilebad yofs da aZlevs kiTxvars (moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli 8.1). es kiTxvari exeba im dasaSveb asaks, romlis gadabijebis<br />
Semdegac axalgazrdebi srulwlovanebad aRiqmebian da igive uflebebi aqvT, rac<br />
zrdasrulebs.<br />
maswavlebeli erT-erT wyvils sTxovs, waikiTxon sakuTari pasuxebi. TiToeuli<br />
pasuxis Semdeg, maswavlebeli adasturebs mis siswores, an acxadebs swor pasuxs. moinformacia<br />
winamdebare gakveTili garkveul fizikur aqtivobas moicavs. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom es<br />
ar iqneba mizanSewonili Tqveni moswavleebisaTvis, unda moaxdinoT am aqtivobebis morgeba<br />
moswavleTa saWiroebebze, magaliTad, ise, rom moswavleebma xelis aweviT miscen xma, klasis<br />
erTi bolodan meoreSi gadaadgilebis gareSe.<br />
gakveTili<br />
156
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
swavleebi swor pasuxebs iniSnaven.<br />
TiToeul SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, maswavlebeli kiTxulobs:<br />
rogor fiqrobT, es asaki:<br />
a. Zalian pataraa<br />
b. Zalian didia<br />
g. normaluria<br />
maswavlebeli wyvilebs erT wuTs aZlevs mosafiqreblad. Semdeg ki sTxovs maT,<br />
oTaxis im kedelTan dadgnen, romelic maT pasuxs Seesabameba (kedlebze ukve gakrulia<br />
miniSnebebi `a~, `b” da `g”).<br />
maswavlebeli SemTxveviTobis principiT SerCeul jgufebs sTxovs, axsnan saku-<br />
Tari pozicia. sxva moswavleebs eZlevaT saSualeba, dasvan SekiTxvebi.<br />
gakveTilis bolos, maswavlebeli kiTxulobs: Tqveni azriT, sworia, rom kanoni<br />
axalgazrdebs zrdasrulebisagan ganasxvavebs ratom<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs 4-6 kacian jgufebad hyofs. TiToeul jgufs urigdeba<br />
markeri da didi zomis qaRaldi. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, moifiqron is sakanonmdeblo<br />
cvlilebebi, romlebic axalgazrdebs ukeTes pirobebSi Caayenebda. moswavleebma<br />
SeiZleba sruliad axali kanonis damkvidrebis winadadebac ki Semoitanon,<br />
romelic, magaliTad, uzrunvelyofs imas, rom TiToeul skolas hyavdes moswavleTa<br />
parlamenti. SesaZloa, kanoni exebodes axalgazrdebisaTvis minimalur xelfass. arsebul<br />
kanonebSi cvlilebebi ki gulisxmobdes xmis micemis, an marTvis mowmobis<br />
aRebis asakis Secvlas. TiToeuli jgufi amzadebs prezentacias, romelsac klasis<br />
winaSe warmoadgens. prezentacia exeba jgufisaTvis sasurvel sakanondeblo cvlilebebs<br />
da im mizezebs, Tu ratom iqneboda sasargeblo aseTi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi<br />
axalgazrdebisaTvis. prezentaciebis dasrulebis Semdeg, moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
gamosaval gzebs da irCeven saukeTesos.<br />
saSinao davaleba SeiZleba im Semdgom saqmianobas exebodes, romelic SesaZlebels<br />
gaxdis, rom qveynis mTavrobam gaiTvaliswinos moswavleebis mosazrebebi da sakanondeblo<br />
cvlilebebis gatareba uzrunvelyos.<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
Tqven xarT kanonmdebeli<br />
rogor epyrobiT axalgazrda kanondamrRvevebs<br />
swavlis mizani _ ganxilva imisa, saWiroa Tu ara, davsajoT axalgazrdebi, romlebic kanons<br />
arRveven. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es saWiroa, rogori unda iyos sasjeli.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ danaSaulze saTanado sasjelis gansazRvrisas gasaTvaliswinebeli<br />
faqtorebis gaanalizeba.<br />
saWiro masala _ moTxroba da maswavleblis damxmare masala.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ mcire jgufebSi muSaoba. diskusia.<br />
157
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
ra azri aqvs dasjas: sami ZiriTadi argumenti<br />
gakveTili 2 samoqalaqo samarTals eZRvneboda; gakveTili 3 ki mTlianad sisxlis samarTalzea<br />
orientirebuli. ganxiluli iqneba axalgazrda damnaSaveebis dasjis aucilebloba<br />
da dasjis sxvadasxva gza. roca am Temaze vsaurobT, ismeba SekiTxva: `ratom vsjiT”<br />
mocemul SekiTxvaze gansxvavebuli pasuxebia gacemuli kacobriobis istoriis sxvadasxva<br />
periodSi, samecniero da filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. zogadad,<br />
dasjis sami argumenti ikveTeba:<br />
1. sazRauris gadaxdis aucilebloba. dasja ukavSirdeba braleulobas da pasuxismgeblobas.<br />
damnaSave imsaxurebs dasjas da sazogadoeba danaSaulisadmi sakuTar damokidebulebas<br />
swored damnaSavis dasjiT gamoxatavs. es cneba proporciulobis dacvasac gulisxmobs,<br />
rac icavs damnaSaves gadametebuli sasjelisagan. dasjis mizania samarTlianobis<br />
aRdgena.<br />
2. Semdgomi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis aRkveTa. dasjis saSualebiT xdeba potenciuri<br />
damnaSaveebisaTvis Setyobinebis gagzavna, rom maT igive moeliT, Tu kanonsawinaaRmdego<br />
saqciels Caidenen. dasjis mizania danaSaulis gavrcelebis aRkveTa.<br />
3. reabilitacia. danaSaulia, rogorc daxmarebis moTxovna. damnaSaves sWirdeba<br />
mkurnaloba, da ara dasja. am SemTxvevaSi, mizania damnaSavis xelSewyoba ise, rom man aRar<br />
Caidinos danaSauli da SeZlos sazogadoebasTan integrireba.<br />
msoflios penitencialuri sistemebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba swored am sami principis<br />
sxvadasxvagvari dabalansebis mixedviT, rogorc axalgazrda, ise zrdasruli damnaSaveebis<br />
mimarT. bevri, Tumca ara yvela, qveyana aRiarebs reabilitacias, rogorc upirveles prioritets.<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia imis gansazRvrac, Tu vinaa zrdasruli damnaSave da vin<br />
- arasrulwlovani. evrosabWo ganmsazRvrel asakad asaxelebs 18 wels da iSveliebs bavSvTa<br />
uflebebis konvencias (ix. damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvis).<br />
am gakveTilSi ganxilulia dasjis samive argumenti induqciuri midgomis gamoyenebiT.<br />
moswavleebi diskusias marTaven axalgazrda damnaSavis istoriis garSemo da msjeloben<br />
sam argumentze, maT zegavlenaze da maT Soris balansze. sasurvelia, diskusiamde, an diskusiis<br />
Semdeg, maswavlebelma auxsnas moswavleebs am sami argumentis arsi.<br />
am gakveTilma, SesaZloa, safuZveli Cauyaros proeqts, romelsac kidev ori gakveTili<br />
dasWirdeba. proeqti unda mieZRvnas sam arguments Soris balansis ganxilvas im kanonebis<br />
mixedviT, romelic qveyanaSi moqmedebs axalgazrda danmaSaveebis dasasjelad.<br />
gakveTili<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli moswavleebs 4-6 kacian jgufebad yofs. maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs uxsnis, rom kanonis uzenaesoba ganaCenis gamotanis procesSi<br />
mosamarTlis mxridan kanoniT xelmZRvanelobas gulisxmobs. am gakveTilze moswavleebi<br />
ganixilaven imas, Tu rogor unda epyrobodes aseTi kanoni axalgazrda damnaSaveebs.<br />
moswavleebi moismenen ambavs danaSaulis Sesaxeb da Semdeg warmoidgenen,<br />
rom isini arian im parlamentis wevrebi, romelmac unda miiRos gadawyvetileba damnaSavisaTvis<br />
sasjelis gansazRvris Sesaxeb.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs moTxrobas da sTxovs, gadawyviton, Tu ra<br />
iqneba tomisTvis samarTliani sasjeli. moswavleebi jgufebSi muSaoben da sakuTar<br />
mosazrebebs klasis winaSe warmoadgenen.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs damatebiT informacias awvdis. yoveli axali<br />
informaciis Semdeg, moswavleebs SeuZliaT, Secvalon sakuTari gadawyvetileba.<br />
aqtivobis bolos, maswavlebeli yvela jgufs sTxovs, sakuTari mosazrebebi<br />
158
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
klass gauziaron:<br />
_ ra sasjels imsaxurebs Y<br />
_ SegacvlevinaT azri damatebiTma informaciam Tu SegacvlevinaT, rogor<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli diskusias marTavs da ekiTxeba klass:<br />
_ ra faqtorebi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli kanonSi, romelic danaSaulis<br />
CamdenisaTvis sasjelis zomas gansazRvravs<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, kanoni unda ganasxvavebdes Tu ara axalgazrdebs zrdasrulebisagan<br />
ratom<br />
da bolos, saSiano davaleba: moswavleebma unda moifiqron danaSaulebrivi<br />
SemTxveva, romelic am bolo periodSi moxda (televiziiT mosmenili, gazeTSi wakiTxuli)<br />
da axalgazrda iqna braldebuli; Semdeg unda gansazRvron zedmetad mkacri<br />
iyo, Tu zedmetad lmobieri sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. moswavleebma SerCeuli<br />
SemTxvevis Sesaxeb werilobiT unda Camoayalibon sakuTari mosazrebebi da momaval<br />
gakveTilze gaacnon klaselebs. moswavleebma davalebaSi kargad unda axsnan is<br />
faqtorebi, ramac maTi damokidebulebis Camoyalibebaze imoqmeda. magaliTad, es<br />
SeiZleba iyos avtosagzao SemTxveva, romelSic alkoholis zegavlenis qveS myofi<br />
axalgazrda daadanaSaules.<br />
kanons Tqven adgenT<br />
`leonardi da tomi 15 wlis iyvnen da erT skolaSi dadiodnen. isini erTmaneTs<br />
ukve didi xania, icnobdnen, Tumca erTmaneTs ver ewyobodnen.<br />
erT dRes toms mobiluri telefoni daekarga da mis moparvaSi leonardi daadanaSaula.<br />
leonardma ganacxada, rom mas ar mouparavs mobiluri da dasZina, rom toms<br />
misi Surda, radgan leonards bevri megobari hyavda.<br />
im dRes, gakveTilebis Semdeg gaimarTa Cxubi. tomma dana amoiRo, leonards ki ar<br />
hqonda iaraRi. Cxubis dros tomma leonards saxeze iseTi Wriloba miayena, rom es<br />
ukanaskneli mTeli cxovreba am naiareviT dadioda~.<br />
davaleba<br />
ra iqneboda samarTliani sasjeli tomisaTvis ganixileT es SekiTxva jgufSi<br />
da werilobiT CamoayalibeT sasjeli, romelsac kanoni aseTi danaSaulisaTvis unda<br />
iTvaliswinebdes (iqmneba kanonis samuSao varianti).<br />
damatebiTi informacia<br />
1. toms Zalian mkacrad zrdidnen; mas mama xSirad scemda.<br />
es informacia axdens Tu ara gavlenas tomis sasjelis zomasTan dakavSirebul<br />
Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze ra gavlenas saWiroebisamebr, SecvaleT kanonis samuSao<br />
varianti.<br />
2. tomi klasSi izolirebuli iyo da aravin aqcevda yuradRebas mis problemebs.<br />
es informacia axdens Tu ara gavlenas tomis sasjelis zomasTan dakavSirebul<br />
Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze ra gavlenas saWiroebisamebr, SecvaleT kanonis samuSao<br />
varianti.<br />
3. leonardma marTla moipara tomis mobiluri telefoni da Semdeg Tavad daiwyo<br />
Cxubi, radgan tomma amis Sesaxeb policiaSi ganacxada.<br />
es informacia axdens Tu ara gavlenas tomis sasjelis zomasTan dakavSirebul<br />
159
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze ra gavlenas saWiroebisamebr, SecvaleT kanonis samuSao<br />
varianti.<br />
4. leonardi im dajgufebis meTauri iyo, romelic toms yovelTvis Cagravda. am<br />
dajgufebas araerTxel miuyenebia fizikuri Seuracxyofa tomisaTvis (cema, joxis<br />
dartyma, jaWviT dabma da a.S.). SiSi toms RamiTac ki ar aZlevda mosvenebas da skolaSi<br />
wasvlac ki Semzaravi iyo misTvis.<br />
es informacia axdens Tu ara gavlenas tomis sasjelis zomasTan dakavSirebul<br />
Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze ra gavlenas saWiroebisamebr, SecvaleT kanonis samuSao<br />
varianti.<br />
5. mama yovelTvis eubneboda toms, rom is Zalian susti iyo da leonards mkacrad<br />
unda gasworeboda.<br />
es informacia axdens Tu ara gavlenas tomis sasjelis zomasTan dakavSirebul<br />
Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze ra gavlenas saWiroebisamebr, SecvaleT kanonis samuSao<br />
varianti.<br />
6. tomma mxolod imitom amoiRo dana, rom SeeSinebina biWebi; mas arc ki ufiqria<br />
danis gamoyeneba. am dros iqve idga 20 axalgazrda, romelic biWebs Cxubisaken aqezebda.<br />
es informacia axdens Tu ara gavlenas tomis sasjelis zomasTan dakavSirebul<br />
Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze ra gavlenas saWiroebisamebr, SecvaleT kanonis samuSao<br />
varianti.<br />
7. Cxubamde ori dRiT adre maswavlebelma SeamCnia, rom toms dana hqonda. maswavlebels<br />
tomisaTvis araferi ukiTxavs danis Sesaxeb.<br />
es informacia axdens Tu ara gavlenas tomis sasjelis zomasTan dakavSirebul<br />
Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze ra gavlenas saWiroebisamebr, SecvaleT kanonis samuSao<br />
varianti.<br />
moswavleebi sakuTar jgufebSi irCeven erT moswavles, romelic jgufis saxeliT<br />
isaubrebs. es moswavle jgufis namuSevars (kanonis samuSao variants) mTeli klasis<br />
winaSe warmoadgens. moswavleebs gacnobierebuli unda hqondeT is sakiTxebi, romlebic<br />
marTlmsajulebis dadgenas ukavSirdeba:<br />
_ rogor vaCvenebT, rom sazogadoeba uaryofiTad udgeba aseT saqciels<br />
_ rogor unda SevqmnaT skolaSi usafrTxo garemo<br />
_ rogor unda davsajoT tomi, raTa man aRar gamoiyenos iaraRi da aseTi cudi<br />
magaliTi aRar misces leonardis dajgufebasac<br />
_ tomis saqcieli niSania imisa, rom es bavSvi iyo sasowarkveTili. mas xom ar<br />
SeeZlo sakuTari ojaxis arCeva. rogor unda davexmaroT toms, rom man Tavi<br />
bedierad igrZnos da momavalSi iaraRis gamoyeneba aRar dasWirdes<br />
diskusiis Sejamebisas, maswavlebelma es SekiTxvebi SeiZleba daukavSiros zemoT<br />
moyvanil sam princips: sazRauris gadaxdis aucilebloba, Semdgomi danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebis aRkveTa da reabilitacia. bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciidan gamomdinare,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, upiratesoba mianiWos reabilitacias.<br />
Tu aris sakmarisi dro, moswavleebs SeuZliaT, gaagrZelon am sakiTxze muSaoba.<br />
miT umetes, Tu isini ver Tanxmdebian, dasjis romeli principi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli<br />
am SemTxvevaSi. aseve, maT SeuZliaT, Seiswavlon sakuTari kanonmdebloba<br />
dasjis am sami principis WrilSi _ sazRauris gadaxdis aucilebloba, Semdgomi danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebis aRkveTa da reabilitacia.<br />
160
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
mtkicebulebebi<br />
ra mtkicebulebebi unda aRiaros sasamarTlom<br />
swavlis mizani _ sasamarTloSi mtkicebulebis warmodgenis wesebis gaazreba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ ganxilva imisa, Tu ra tipis mtkicebulebebi unda gaiTvaliswinos<br />
sasamarTlom.<br />
saWiro masala _ sadiskusio baraTebi (moswavlis samuSao furceli 8.2) 4-6 moswavlisagan<br />
Semdgari jgufebisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ mcire jgufebSi muSaoba. diskusia.<br />
informacia<br />
sisxlis samarTlis sistemis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi aris im wesebis erToblioba,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs, Tu ra tipis mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba sasamarTloSi<br />
imisaTvis, rom samarTliani marTlmsajuleba Sedges. magaliTad, ramdenad mizanSewonilia<br />
`gagonili” (mtkicebuleba, romelsac TviTmxilvelebi ar adastureben, magram gadmocemiT<br />
aris cnobili) an wamebis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba<br />
gakveTili<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli Semdeg winadadebas warmoudgens moswavleebs,<br />
rogorc zepirad, ise werilobiTi formiT (dafaze an flipCartze dawerili):<br />
`adamiani manam iTvleba udanaSaulod, sanam misi danaSauli kanonis mixedviT ar iqneba<br />
damtkicebuli.~<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (1950), muxli 6, #2<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, imsjelon am konvenciaze. maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
imis gaazrebaSi unda daexmaros, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania samarTliani<br />
marTlmsajulebisaTvis am konvenciis dacva. am gakveTilze moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
sasamarTloze mtkicebulebis warmodgenis wesebs.<br />
moswavleebi 4-6 kacian jgufebs qmnian.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs awvdis informacias sisxlis samarTlis saqmis<br />
sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sesaxeb. axalgazrda mamakacs, manuels, brals sdeben imaSi,<br />
rom man moipara batoni qeis manqana, romelic erT saRamos batoni qeis saxlis mimdebare<br />
teritoriidan gauCinarda. meore dilas ki, manqana soflis ganapiras aRmoaCines<br />
_ viRacas manqanaze benzini gadaesxa da daewva. ramdenime dRis Semdeg policiam<br />
manueli daakava da brali wauyena qurdobasa da materialuri zaralis miyenebaSi.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli jgufebs sadiskusio baraTebs urigebs. TiToeul baraTze<br />
datanilia is mtkicebuleba, romelsac prokuratura manuelis braleulobis dasamtkiceblad<br />
iyenebs.<br />
maswavlebeli jgufebs sTxovs:<br />
_ ganaxorcielon mtkicebulebebis klasifikacia yvelaze Zlieridan yvelaze sustisaken;<br />
161
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
_ gadawyviton, Tu aris mizanSewonili, rom ar iyos gaTvaliswinebuli zogierTi<br />
mtkicebuleba, maTi ararelevanturobis, an arasamarTlianobis gamo.<br />
jgufebi sakuTar mosazrebebs gamoxataven klasis winaSe da Tanxmdebian im<br />
mtkicebulebebze, romlebic sasamarTloze unda iyos warmodgenili da im mtkicebulebebzec,<br />
romlebic ar unda gavides sasamarTloze.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, qvemoT moyvanil or sakiTxze dafiqrdnen:<br />
_ ra SekiTxvebi unda dausvan sasamarTloze manuelsa da TviTmxilvelebs<br />
ratom<br />
_ aris iseTi SekiTxvebi, romelTa dasmac arasamarTliani iqneboda romeli<br />
SekiTxvebis ratom<br />
jgufebi klasis winaSe warmoadgenen sakuTar mosazrebebs. erToblivi<br />
muSaobis Sedegad, moswavleebi ayalibeben SekiTxvebis nusxas, romelTa dasmac<br />
sasamarTlo procesze aramizanSewonili iqneboda.<br />
Tu aris sakmarisi dro, SesaZlebelia, es gakveTili kvleviT davalebamde<br />
mivides: moswavleebma unda moiZion mtkicebulebis warmodgenis wesebi saku-<br />
Tar qveyanaSi da Semdeg gakveTilze klass am wesebis Sesaxeb moaxsenon.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 8.1<br />
kiTxvari: ra asakidan<br />
Tqveni qveynis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ra asakidan SeuZlia axalgazrdas:<br />
1. aiRos marTvis mowmoba<br />
2. daqorwindes<br />
3. miiRos monawileoba arCevnebSi (xmis micemis ufleba)<br />
4. daiwyos SeiaraRebul jarebSi samsaxuri<br />
5. gadaixados gadasaxadebi<br />
6. kenWi iyaros politikuri Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad<br />
7. moxvdes cixeSi<br />
8. miatovos skola<br />
9. iSvilos bavSvi<br />
162
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 8.2<br />
sadiskusio baraTebi<br />
policieli acxadebs, rom manuelma dakiTxvaze<br />
aRiara manqanis moparva.<br />
axalgazrda qalbatoni acxadebs, rom moismina<br />
misi megobris satelefono saubari manuelTan.<br />
qalbatonis megobari manuels batoni<br />
qeis manqanis moparvaze elaparakeboda.<br />
manuelis erT-erTi maswavlebeli acxadebs,<br />
rom araerTxel daunaxavs, Tu manueli skolidan<br />
rogor iparavda sxvadasxva sagans.<br />
roca prokurorma qeis mezobels hkiTxa: `im<br />
saRamos, dainaxeT manuelis msgavsi garegnobis<br />
adamiani, romelsac batoni qeis manqana<br />
mihyavda”, miiRo Semdegi pasuxi: `ki, namdvilad.”<br />
axalgazrda mamakaci acxadebs, rom manueli<br />
yovelTvis manqanebis moparvaze saubrobda<br />
da amiT iwonebda Tavs.<br />
batoni qei acxadebs, rom darwmunebulia<br />
manuelis borotmoqmedebaSi, radgan qeis<br />
ojaxisadmi manuels siZulvili amoZravebda.<br />
es siZulvili ki saTaves im dRidan iRebs,<br />
roca batonma qeim manuels mis qaliSvilTan<br />
Sexvedra aukrZala.<br />
manuels ar hyavs mowme, romelic daadasturebda,<br />
rom danaSaulis saRamos is saxlSi<br />
iyo.<br />
8.1 damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvis<br />
integracia kriminalad aRiarebisa da dasjis nacvlad<br />
Tomas hamarbergi, adamianis uflebaTa komisari, evrosabWo<br />
evropuli qveynebis umetesobaSi Tineijerebi gansakuTrebuli kriminaluri aqtiurobiT<br />
ar gamoirCevian. amasTanave, Cvens kontinentze arasrulwlovanTa mier<br />
Cadenili danaSaulis statistika yovelwliurad mniSvnelovnad ar icvleba.<br />
es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom problema mniSvnelovani ar aris. mravali<br />
qveynis monacemebis mixedviT, rac dro gadis, axalgazrdebi ufro da ufro daundobel<br />
danaSaulebs sCadian. es, TavisTavad, ukve aris gamafrTxilebeli signali.<br />
[...].<br />
amJamad, evropaSi ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba fiqsirdeba. pirveli, kriminaluri<br />
pasuxismgeblobis asakobrivi zRvaris Semcireba, rac gulisxmobs axalgazrdebis<br />
ufro adreul asakSi dapatimrebas. meore, gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis<br />
mixedviT, kriminalizaciis uaryofa da patimrobis socialuri, ojaxis principze<br />
dafuZnebuli, alternativebis Seqmna.<br />
dRes Tqvens yuradRebas meore midgomaze SevaCereb. am midgomas ara mxolod<br />
gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia uWers mxars, aramed, agreTve, bavSvTa saxalxo<br />
damcvelebis evropuli qseli. 2003 wels gamoqveynebul mimarTvaSi, 21 qveynis saxalxo<br />
damcvelma gaamaxvila yuradReba im faqtze, rom bavSvi, romelmac danaSauli<br />
Caidina, upirveles yovlisa, bavSvia, romelsac aqvs sakuTari uflebebi.<br />
maT Semoitanes winadadeba, rom kriminaluri pasuxismgeblobis asakma ki ar unda<br />
daiwios, aramed gaizardos da miaRwios 18 wels. 18 wlamde damnaSaveebisadmi mopyrobis<br />
inovaciuri sistema ki unda gulisxmobdes aqcentebs maT ganaTlebaze, rein-<br />
163
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
tegraciasa da reabilitaciaze.<br />
bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia, romelic yvela evropuli qveynis mieraa ratificirebuli,<br />
mTavrobebisagan moiTxovs, rom maT daadginon is minimaluri zRvari,<br />
romlis qvemoTac bavSvs ar SeuZlia danaSaulis Cadena. am konvenciaSi ar aris dafiqsirebuli<br />
es asaki. miuxedvad amisa, komiteti, romelic am konvenciis Sesrulebis<br />
monitorings axorcielebs, gamoxatavs wuxils im faqtTan dakavSirebiT, rom bevr<br />
qveyanaSi es zRvari Zalian dabalia. evropuli qveynebis umetesobaSi, bavSvi kriminaluri<br />
pasuxismgeblobis matarebelia 12, 15 an 16 wlidan. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca kriminaluri pasuxismgebloba bavSvs ekisreba 7, 8 an 10 wlis asakidanac.<br />
gaeros bavSvTa konvenciis mixedviT, bavSvTa kriminalizacia acilebul<br />
unda iqnas, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom damnaSave arasrulwlovnebs ise epyrobodnen,<br />
TiTqos maT pasuxismgebloba ar gaaCniaT. piriqiT, arasrulwlovnebi<br />
pasuxismgebelni arian TavianT qmedebebze da maT SeuZliaT, monawileoba<br />
miiRon Cadenili danaSaulis gamosworebaSi.<br />
SekiTxva mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ra proceduram unda Caanacvlos sisxlis<br />
samarTlis normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebi aseT SemTxvevebSi. ra<br />
Tqma unda, aucilebelia miyenebuli zaralis aRiareba da axalgazrdisaTvis<br />
imis axsna, rom misi saqcieli ar aris misaRebi. Sesabamisad, unda arsebobdes<br />
meqanizmi, romelic danaSauls aRiarebs da awesebs reabilitaciis sanqciebs.<br />
sanqciebis dawesebis procedura unda gansxvavdebodes Cveulebrivi sisxlis<br />
samarTlebrivi procedurisagan. arasrulwlovanTa gasamarTlebisas ar<br />
unda iyos dadgenili samagieros mizRvis principi. mizani aris is, rom dawesdes<br />
pasuxismgebloba da, amave dros, xeli Seewyos arasrulwlovanTa reintegracias.<br />
arasrulwlovanma unda gaiazros Cadenili danaSauli da aRar gaimeoros<br />
is.<br />
amis miRweva rTulia. saWiroa inovaciuri da efeqturi sazogadoebrivi<br />
sanqciebi. am procesSi, sasurvelia, CarTulni iyvnen damnaSavis mSoblebi<br />
an meurveebi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ukuSedegis gamomwvevi ar iqneba. aseve,<br />
yovelTvis SesaZlebeli unda iyos im danaSaulis apelacia, romelic bavSvis<br />
braleulobas ukavSirdeba.<br />
sloveniaSi `Suamavlobis” saintereso proceduras iyeneben: prokuror-<br />
Tan, dazaralebulTan da damnaSavesTan SeTanxmebiT, arasrulwlovnis saqme<br />
gadaecema mediators, romelic molaparakebis gziT agvarebs saqmes ise, rom<br />
is sasamarTlomde ar midis.<br />
kidev erT sakiTxs unda gavusvaT xazi, esaa danaSaulze drouli reagireba.<br />
gaWianurebuli saqmeebi, rac evropaSi xSir SemTxvevas warmoadgens, axalgazrda<br />
damnaSaveebisaTvis Zalian araxelsayreli, radgan isini gadaudebel<br />
daxmarebas saWiroeben. [...]<br />
Tomas hamarbergi, adamianis uflebaTa komisari, evrosabWo. nawyveti gamosvlidan<br />
`arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebi da maTi uflebebi”, evropel generalur prokurorTa<br />
konferencia, moskovi, 5-6 ivlisi, 2006 weli. wyaro: http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/<br />
164
Tavi 8. wesebi da kanonebi<br />
8.2 damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvis<br />
bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia<br />
miRebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1989 wlis 20 noembers.<br />
`muxli 37<br />
monawile saxelmwifoebi uzrunvelyofen, rom:<br />
a) bavSvi ar iyos wamebis, saerTod, sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli<br />
mopyrobis an sasjelis msxverpli. sikvdiliT dasja an mudmivi patimroba, romelic<br />
ar iTvaliswinebs ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas, ar SeiZleba Seefardos 18<br />
wlamde asakis pirTa mier Cadenil danaSaulebebs;<br />
b) bavSvs ar unda aRekveTos Tavisufleba ukanonod an TviTneburad. bavSvis dapatimreba,<br />
dakaveba an cixeSi moTavseba xorcieldeba kanonis Tanaxmad da ganixileba,<br />
rogorc mxolod ukiduresi zoma minimaluri periodis ganmavlobaSi;<br />
g) yovel TavisuflebaaRkveTil bavSvs unda epyrobodnen humanurad da Rirsebis<br />
pativiscemiT, ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos misi asakis pirTa moTxovnilebebi.<br />
kerZod, yoveli TavisuflebaaRkveTili bavSvi unda gancalkevdes ufrosebisagan,<br />
Tu ar miiCneva, rom Tavad bavSvis interesebisaTvis amis gakeTeba ar aris<br />
saWiro; bavSvs unda hqondes ufleba, kavSiri iqonios Tavis ojaxTan mimoweris an<br />
Sexvedrebis formiT, gansakuTrebul garemoebaTa gamoklebiT;<br />
d) yovel TavisuflebaaRkveTil bavSvs unda hqondes ufleba, dauyonebliv miiRos<br />
samarTlebrivi da sxva Sesabamisi daxmareba, agreTve, ufleba, gaaprotestos misi<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTis kanoniereba sasamarTlos an sxva kompetenturi damoukidebeli<br />
da miukerZoebeli organos winaSe. maT ki dauyonebliv unda gamoitanon gadawyvetileba<br />
nebismieri aseTi procesualuri qmedebis Taobaze.~<br />
`muxli 40<br />
(...) 3. monawile saxelmwifoebi cdiloben, xeli Seuwyon im bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
kanonebis, procedurebis, organoebisa da dawesebulebebis Camoyalibebas, romlebmac<br />
daarRvies sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba an eWvmitanilebad iTvlebian<br />
mis darRvevaSi, kerZod:<br />
a) minimaluri asakis dadgenas, romlis miRwevamdec, rogorc iTvleba, bavSvebs ara<br />
aqvT sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis darRvevis unari;<br />
b) roca es aucilebeli da sasurvelia, aseTi bavSvebis mimarT zomebis miRebas sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilvis gareSe, adamianis uflebaTa da samarTlebrivi garantiebis<br />
sruli dacviT.<br />
4. aucilebelia iseTi RonisZiebebis xelmisawvdomoba, rogorebicaa: meurveobisa da<br />
meTvalyureobis meqanizmi, sakonsultacio momsaxureba, gamosacdeli vadis daniSvna,<br />
aRzrda, swavlebisa da profesiuli momzadebis programebi da movlis iseTi<br />
formebi, romlebic, SeiZleba, dawesebulebebSi movlas Seenacvlos. am RonisZiebaTa<br />
mizania bavSvisadmi imgvari mopyrobis uzrunvelyofa, romelic Seesabameba bavSvis<br />
keTildReobis interesebs, mis mdgomareobasa da danaSaulis xasiaTs.~<br />
wyaro: rolf golobi/piter krafi: bavSvTa uflebebi. gakveTilebi dawyebiTi<br />
165
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
klasis moswavleebisaTvis. swavleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb, wigni V, strasburgi 2007, gv. 77<br />
damatebiTi sakiTxavi: sindi benqsi, sisxlis samarTlis eTika, sauzend oaqsi,<br />
2004. am wignis me-5 Tavis eleqtronuli versia xelmisawvdomia veb-gverdze: http://<br />
www.sagepub.com<br />
166
Tavi 9<br />
mTavroba da politika<br />
rogori unda iyos qveynis<br />
mmarTveloba<br />
9.1 vin aris pasuxismgebeli<br />
romelia qveynis marTvis saukeTeso gza<br />
9.2 Tqven rom prezidenti iyoT...<br />
risTvis arsebobs mTavroba<br />
9.3 me da Cemi funqciebi<br />
ras unda elodes qveyana moqalaqeebisagan<br />
9.4 moswavleTa parlamenti<br />
rogor unda skolis marTva
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
Tavi 9. mTavroba da politika.<br />
rogori unda iyos qveynis mmarTveloba<br />
politika aris procesi, romlis saSualebiTac adamianTa sazogadoeba aRwevs<br />
SeTanxmebas erToblivi cxovrebis organizaciis sakiTxebze. es procesi moicavs<br />
rogorc molaparakebasa da dayoliebas, ise saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRwevis<br />
meqanizmebs, magaliTad, xmis micemas. politika gulisxmobs Zalauflebas, uflebamosilebasa<br />
da iZulebas imisaTvis, rom aRsruldes koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi.<br />
politika winaswargansazRvrulia saxelmwifo institutebiTa da im urTierTobebiT,<br />
romelic saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeebs Soris arsebobs. es urTierTobebi<br />
sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi sxvadasxva formas iRebs, rogorebicaa: monarqia,<br />
demokratia, totalitaruli wyoba.<br />
demokratiuli wyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqeebs aqvT politikuri Tanasworoba.<br />
koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba xorcieldeba xmis micemiT; SeiZleba xmas<br />
aZlevdnen moqalaqeebi, an maT mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebi. demokratiuli politika<br />
mxolod xmis micemis principiT ar Semoifargleba. sagulisxmoa debatebisa da<br />
ganxilvis kultura, rac saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs, gamoxaton sakuTari mosazrebebi<br />
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
demokratiul wyobaSi aucilebelia saxelmwifo institutebis saTanado funqcionireba<br />
da moqalaqeTa mier sakuTari pasuxismgeblobebis jerovnad Sesruleba.<br />
aseve, sayuradReboa demokratiul qveyanaSi individualuri dawesebulebebis (magaliTad,<br />
skolebis) demokratiuli marTvis sakiTxebi.<br />
ganaTleba demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis da adamianis uflebebi<br />
gakveTilTa es seria daexmareba moswavleebs:<br />
_ gaiazron saxelmwifos marTvis sxvadasxva forma da maTi mimarTeba moqalaqeebTan;<br />
_ ukeT gaacnobieron mTavrobis funqciebi da moqalaqeTa pasuxismgeblobebi;<br />
_ gaecnon demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel procesebs;<br />
_ ufro meti informacia miiRon sakuTar qveyanaSi arsebul politikur sistemaze.<br />
es gakveTili moicavs saSinao davalebas, romelic moswavleebs am miznebis miRwevas<br />
gauadvilebs. SesaZloa, klasSi iyos Zalian bevri SekiTxva, msjeloba da axsna-ganmarteba.<br />
maswavleblis gadasawyvetia, daumatebs Tu ara am Temas kidev erT,<br />
mexuTe gakveTils. drois naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebels SeuZlia, werilobiTi<br />
davalebebi mosTxovos moswavleebs, gaasworos isini da saTanado SeniSvnebiT<br />
daubrunos ukan.<br />
am tipis dagegmareba ganxilulia me-4 gakveTilSi.<br />
168
Tavi 9. mTavroba da politika<br />
Tavi 9: mTavroba da politika<br />
rogori unda iyos qveynis mmarTveloba<br />
gakveTilis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
gakveTili 1:<br />
vin aris pasuxismgebeli<br />
gakveTili 2:<br />
Tqven rom<br />
prezidenti<br />
iyoT...<br />
gakveTili 3:<br />
me da Cemi<br />
funqciebi<br />
gakveTili 4:<br />
moswavleTa<br />
parlamenti<br />
swavlis mizani moswavlis davaleba saWiro masala moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis<br />
forma<br />
moswavleebi iReben<br />
codnas sxvadasxva<br />
tipis mmarTvelobis<br />
Sesaxeb, magaliTad,<br />
demokratia da diqtatoruli<br />
wyoba.<br />
moswavleebs<br />
SeuZliaT, axsnan<br />
mTavrobis<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi da<br />
funqciebi.<br />
moswavleebi swavloben<br />
moqalaqeTa movaleobebs<br />
demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
SeimuSaveben skolis<br />
marTvis kriteriumebs<br />
da marTvis procesSi<br />
moswavleTa rols gansazRvraven.<br />
warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis<br />
magali-<br />
Tze, moswavleebi<br />
msjeloben mmarTvelobis<br />
sistemis<br />
samarTlianobaze.<br />
moswavleebi warmoidgenen,<br />
rom<br />
isini qmnian mTavrobas.<br />
maT unda<br />
moifiqron, Tu<br />
rogor gankargaven<br />
saxelwifo saxsrebs.<br />
moswavleebi<br />
msjeloben socialur<br />
idealebze,<br />
romlis miRwevac<br />
mniSvnelovani iqneboda.<br />
moswavleebi ganixilaven<br />
moqalaqeTa<br />
pasuxismgeblobebs<br />
da im gzebs, romelic<br />
moqalaqeebs<br />
daarwmunebda, rom<br />
sakuTar pasuxismgeblobebs<br />
meti seriozulobiT<br />
unda<br />
moekidon.<br />
moswavleebi warmoidgenen<br />
imas, Tu<br />
rogor imuSavebda<br />
maTi parlamenti.<br />
moswavlis samuSao<br />
furcel<br />
9.1-is aslebi<br />
yvela moswavlisaTvis<br />
qaRaldebi da<br />
kalmebi.<br />
didi zomis<br />
qaRaldi, markerebi<br />
da<br />
furclebi<br />
demokratiul<br />
saxelmwifoSi<br />
misaRwevi socialuri<br />
idealebis<br />
nusxiT,<br />
yoveli 4-6<br />
kaciani jgufisaTvis.<br />
kiTxvari yvela<br />
moswavlisaTvis<br />
(moswavlis samuSao<br />
furceli<br />
9.3)<br />
didi zomis<br />
qaRaldi,<br />
markerebi 4-6<br />
moswavlisagan<br />
Semdgari<br />
TiToeuli<br />
jgufisaTvis.<br />
moTxroba.<br />
wyvilebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
mTeli klasis<br />
diskusia.<br />
formaluri<br />
debatebi.<br />
posterebi.<br />
prezentaciebi.<br />
mcire zomis<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
mTeli klasis<br />
diskusia.<br />
sadiskusio<br />
baraTebi (moswavlis<br />
samuSao<br />
furceli 9.2),<br />
didi zomis<br />
qaRaldi da<br />
markerebi 4-6<br />
moswavlisagan<br />
Semdgari<br />
TiToeuli jgufisaTvis.<br />
prezentaciebi.<br />
mcire zomis<br />
jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
mTeli klasis<br />
diskusia.<br />
prezentaciebi.<br />
individualuri<br />
muSaoba.<br />
mcire zomis<br />
jgufebSi da<br />
mTeli klasis<br />
diskusiebi.<br />
169
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili 1<br />
vin aris pasuxismgebeli<br />
romelia qveynis marTvis saukeTeso gza<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi iReben codnas sxvadasxva tipis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb,<br />
magaliTad, demokratia da diqtatoruli wyoba.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis magaliTze, moswavleebi msjeloben<br />
mmarTvelobis sistemis samarTlianobaze.<br />
saWiro masala – moswavlis samuSao furcel 9.1-is aslebi yvela moswavlisaTvis, qaRaldebi<br />
da kalmebi.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ moTxroba. wyvilebSi muSaoba. mTeli klasis diskusia.<br />
formaluri debatebi.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
mmarTvelobis formebis klasifikacia sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, imis<br />
mixedviT, Tu vis xelSia Zalaufleba, rogor nawildeba Zalaufleba xalxze, rogor xdeba<br />
kanonis aRsruleba. mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi tipebia: demokratia, monarqia, Teokratia da<br />
tirania/diqtatura. erT qveyanaSi, SeiZleba, sxvadasxva tipis mmarTveloba Tanaarsebobdes.<br />
magaliTad, saparlamento demokratiaSi SeiZleba iyos diqtaturis an monarqiis elementebi.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli gakveTils iwyebs moTxroba `sikalis samefos~ kiTxviT (moswavlis<br />
samuSao furceli 9.1). yvela moswavles unda hqondes am moTxrobis asli, raTa, maswavleblis<br />
kiTxvis paralelurad, teqsts Tvali miadevnos.<br />
maswavlebeli moTxrobis SuaSi Cerdeba da kiTxulobs:<br />
_ im informaciis mixedviT, romelic axla miiReT, ras fiqrobT sikalSi cxovrebaze<br />
moTxrobis bolos maswavlebeli kiTxulobs:<br />
_ axla ras fiqrobT sikalSi cxovrebaze<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs wyvilebad hyofs da sTxovs maT, imsjelon sikalSi<br />
cxovrebis xarisxze. moswavleebs urigdebaT qaRaldebi, romelzec maT unda<br />
Camoweron sikalSi cxovrebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.<br />
maswavlebeli wyvilebs sTxovs, sakuTari mosazrebebi mTeli klasis winaSe warmoadginon<br />
da am ZiriTad sakiTxebs yvelasTvis kargad dasanaxad wers.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli klass sTxovs, dafiqrdnen sikalis mmarTvelobis sistemaze:<br />
_ fiqrobT, rom sikals samarTliani mmarTveloba aqvs ratom<br />
_ Tu migaCniaT, rom am qveynis marTva ufro samarTliani formiTac SeiZleba, xom<br />
ver daakonkretebdiT, ra cvlilebebis gatareba iqneboda saWiro meti samar-<br />
Tlianobis misaRwevad<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, warmoidginon, rom sikalis macxovreblebi<br />
arian. debatebis warmarTvis mizniT, klasi or jgufad iyofa. erTi jgufi<br />
arsebuli sistemis gagrZelebis momxrea, xolo meore jgufi Tvlis, rom aucile-<br />
170
Tavi 9. mTavroba da politika<br />
belia, qveynis moqalaqeebma miiRon gadawyvetilebebi da qveyanas ar hyavdes erTpirovnuli<br />
mmarTveli. maswavlebeli jgufebs aZlevs ramdenime wuTs, raTa maT saku-<br />
Tari poziciis gasamyarebeli argumentebi Camoweron. jgufebi erTmaneTis pirispir<br />
sxdebian da iwyeba debatebi. moswavleebi TiToeuli jgufidan rigrigobiT warmoadgenen<br />
sakuTar argumentebs. debatebSi maT daexmarebaT `mosaubre joxi~, romelic<br />
SeiZleba eWiros im moswavles, romelic sityviT gamodis.<br />
debatebis Semdeg, maswavlebeli moswavleebs ekiTxeba mosazrebebs. klasi wyvets,<br />
Tu romeli mxaris pozicia iyo ukeT daculi.<br />
axla moswavleebi mzad arian mokle axsna-ganmartebisaTvis (induqciuri midgoma).<br />
maswavlebeli Camowers mmarTvelobis xuT tips da uxsnis moswavleebs, Tu riTi<br />
gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisagan:<br />
_ monarqia;<br />
_ demokratia;<br />
_ diqtatura;<br />
_ Teokratia;<br />
_ anarqia.<br />
gakveTili sruldeba imiT, rom moswavleebi gansazRvraven sakuTari qveynis<br />
mmarTvelobis formas. saSinao davaleba: moswavleebma meti informacia unda moiZion<br />
am TemasTan dakavSirebiT da moamzadon testi (5-10 SekiTxva), raTa momaval<br />
gakveTilze Tanaklaselebis codna Seamowmon.<br />
gakveTili 2<br />
Tqven rom prezidenti iyoT...<br />
risTvis arsebobs mTavroba<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebs SeuZliaT, axsnan mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobebi da funqciebi.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi warmoidgenen, rom isini qmnian mTavrobas. maT unda<br />
moifiqron, Tu rogor gankargaven saxelwifo saxsrebs. moswavleebi msjeloben socialur<br />
idealebze, romlis miRwevac mniSvnelovani iqneboda.<br />
saWiro masala _ didi zomis qaRaldi, markerebi da patara furclebi yoveli 4-6 kaciani<br />
jgufisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ posterebi. prezentaciebi. mcire zomis jgufebSi<br />
muSaoba. mTeli klasis diskusia.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi mTavroba sayovelTao keTildReobaze zrunavs, rac gulisxmobs<br />
ufro mets, vidre umravlesobis interesebis dacvaa. sayovelTao keTildReoba<br />
sazogadoebis yvela wevris keTildReobas niSnavs. am cnebis praqtikuli mniSvneloba ganxilvis<br />
sagans warmoadgens. socialur idealebTan dakavSirebiT, sxvadasxva, xSirad urTierTdapirispirebuli<br />
mosazrebebi arsebobs, magaliTad, socialuri keTildReoba, usafrTxoeba,<br />
samarTlianoba, socialuri harmonia, adamianis uflebebi, materialuri keTildReoba.<br />
sabiujeto saxsrebis xarjviT nawilSi am sakiTxebis realuri prioritetizacia<br />
rTulia. gansakuTrebiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mTavrobis gankargulebaSi arsebuli<br />
resursebi, rogorc wesi, mwiria.<br />
171
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gakveTili<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli moswavleebs 4-6 kacian jgufebad yofs.<br />
TiToeul jgufs aqvs markeri da didi zomis furceli.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, warmoidginon, rom momavalSi cxovroben da<br />
maT saxelmwifos marTva daevalaT. sxva sityvebiT, isini mTavrobis wevrebi arian.<br />
maTi mTavrobis gankargulebaSia 6 miliardi aSS dolari (maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
qveynis realuri biujeti dausaxelos moswavleebs da am biujetis farglebSi sTxovos<br />
muSaoba).<br />
jgufebis davalebaa imis gansazRvra, Tu rogor unda daixarjos es fuli momaval<br />
wels. moswavleebi iyeneben didi zomis qaRaldebsa da markerebs da qmnian<br />
posters, romelzec naCvenebia, Tu rogor gaanawilebs fuls mTavroba. moswavleTa<br />
TiToeuli jgufi danarCenebs warmoudgens Tavis naazrevs. TiToeuli prezentaciis<br />
Semdeg moswavleebi erTmaneTs SekiTxvebs usvamen.<br />
maswavlebelic svams SekiTxvebs ise, rom moswavleebs miawodos axali informacia<br />
qveynis ekonomikis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad:<br />
_ is Tu gaiTvaliswineT, rom fulis nawilis gadaxda saWiro iqneba ucxouri<br />
valebis dasafarad<br />
_ samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze daxarjavT fuls<br />
_ ramdenad mniSvnelovania saxelmwifosaTvis fulis xarjva ganaTlebaze<br />
maswavlebeli muSaobs mTel klasTan erTad, rom Camoayalibos im sferoTa nusxa,<br />
romelTa dafinansebac mTavrobis saqmea.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, daubrundnen sakuTar jgufebs. maT<br />
urigdebaT furclebi, romlebzec Camowerilia demokratiul saxelmwifoSi misaRwevi<br />
socialuri idealebi:<br />
_ keTildReoba;<br />
_ usafrTxoeba;<br />
_ samarTlianoba;<br />
_ socialuri harmonia;<br />
_ adamianis uflebebis dacva;<br />
_ materialuri keTildReoba.<br />
jgufebma unda daakavSiron es idealebi sabiujeto danaxarjebTan, romlebic<br />
ukve gaweres.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, mTeli klasis winaSe warmoadginon sakuTari<br />
analizis Sedegebi. bolos, maswavlebeli Semdeg SekiTxvas svams:<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, ra aris mTavrobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani pasuxismgebloba<br />
saSinao davaleba: informaciis mopoveba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ixarjeba qveyanaSi<br />
sabiujeto saxsrebi. es monacemebi moswavleebma SeiZleba moiZion sxvadasxva<br />
wyarodan. momavali gakveTilis dasawyisSi moswavleebi sakuTari Ziebis Sedegebs<br />
warmoadgenen da msjeloben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad emTxveva maTi prioritetebi<br />
qveynis amJamindeli mTavrobis mier SerCeul prioritetebs.<br />
172
Tavi 9. mTavroba da politika<br />
gakveTili 3<br />
me da Cemi funqciebi<br />
ras unda elodes qveyana moqalaqeebisagan<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi swavloben moqalaqeTa movaleobebs demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi ganixilaven moqalaqeTa pasuxismgeblobebs da im<br />
gzebs, romlebic moqalaqeebs daarwmunebda, rom sakuTar pasuxismgeblobebs meti<br />
seriozulobiT unda moekidon.<br />
saWiro masala _ sadiskusio baraTebi (moswavlis samuSao furceli 9.2), didi zomis<br />
qaRaldi, markerebi 4-6 moswavlisagan Semdgari TiToeuli jgufisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ prezentaciebi. mcire zomis jgufebSi muSaoba da<br />
mTeli klasis diskusia.<br />
informacia<br />
demokratiuli qveynis moqalaqeebs aqvT samoqalaqo, politikuri, socialuri, kulturuli<br />
da garemosdacviTi uflebebi. ganxilvis sagans unda warmoadgendes am uflebaTa<br />
konkretizacia. aseve, sajaro diskusiis Tema unda iyos am uflebebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
pasuxismgeblobebic. zogi fiqrobs, rom moqalaqes mxolod erTi pasuxismgebloba akisria<br />
_ kanonmorCileba. sxvani ki miiCneven, rom moqalaqeebs unda ekisrebodeT pasuxismgeblobaTa<br />
ufro farTo speqtri.<br />
gakveTili<br />
maswavlebeli gakveTils moswavleTa 4-6 kacian jgufebad dayofiT iwyebs.<br />
TiToeul jgufs urigdeba sadiskusio baraTebi (moswavlis samuSao furceli 9.2).<br />
yovel baraTze mocemulia moqalaqis erTi pasuxismgebloba.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, baraTebi sam kategoriad gadaanawilon imis<br />
mixedviT, Tu vis unda daekisros es pasuxismgebloba:<br />
1. yvela moqalaqes;<br />
2. zog moqalaqes;<br />
3. arc erT moqalaqes.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, sakuTari gadawyvetilebebi klasis winaSe warmoadginon<br />
da yvela mosazreba argumentirebulad daasabuTon.<br />
moswavleebi jgufur muSaobas agrZeleben. maT urigdebaT didi zomis qaRaldebi<br />
da markerebi. maswavlebeli moswavleebs uxsnis, rom maTi davalebaa `moqalaqis<br />
qartiis~ monaxazis gakeTeba. moswavleebma didi zomis qaRaldi unda gayon or<br />
svetad. pirvel svetSi unda Caweron is, Tu ras elis TiToeuli moqalaqe sakuTari<br />
qveynisagan (saTauriT, `uflebebi~). meore svetSi unda Caweron moqalaqeTa pasuxismgeblobebi<br />
(saTauriT, `pasuxismgeblobebi~).<br />
roca `moqalaqis qartiaze~ muSaobas daasruleben, moswavleebi Sedegebs mTeli<br />
klasis winaSe warmoadgenen. danarCeni moswavleebi SekiTxvebs svamen.<br />
bolos, maswavlebeli ekiTxeba mTel klass:<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, Tqvens qveyanaSi moqalaqeebi yovelTvis asruleben sakuTar pasuxismgeblobebs<br />
ratom<br />
173
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
_ ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom adamianebi ufro meti seriozulobiT moekidon<br />
sakuTar samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobebs<br />
_ Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom moqalaqeebs uari eTqvaT adamianis garkveul<br />
uflebebze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver asruleben sakuTar pasuxismgeblobebs ratom<br />
saSianao davaleba: moswavleebma unda Caataron ojaxis wevrebisa da megobrebis<br />
gamokiTxva da daadginon, Tu ra pasuxismgeblobebi unda hqondes moqalaqes. maT sakuTari<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi Semdeg gakveTilze klasis winaSe unda warmoadginon.<br />
gakveTili 4<br />
moswavleTa parlamenti<br />
rogori unda iyos skolis marTva<br />
swavlis mizani _ moswavleebi SeimuSaveben skolis marTvis kriteriumebs da gansazRvraven<br />
moswavleTa rols marTvis procesSi.<br />
moswavlis davaleba _ moswavleebi warmoidgenen imas, Tu rogor imuSavebda maTi<br />
parlamenti.<br />
saWiro masala _ kiTxvari yvela moswavlisaTvis (moswavlis samuSao furceli 9.3), didi<br />
zomis qaRaldi, markerebi 4-6 moswavlisagan Semdgari TiToeuli jgufisaTvis.<br />
moswavleTa CarTulobis forma _ prezentaciebi. individualuri muSaoba. mcire zomis<br />
jgufebSi msjeloba. mTeli klasis diskusiebi.<br />
informacia<br />
axalgazrdebic moqalaqeebi arian. Sesabamisad, maT aqvT ufleba, sakuTari azri<br />
gamoxaton im sakiTxebze, romlebic maT cxovrebas ukavSirdeba, maT Soris, skolaze. skolis<br />
cxovrebaSi moswavleTa aqtiuri CarTuloba mniSvnelovania ara mxolod imitom, rom<br />
es moswavleebis uflebaa, aramed imitomac, rom aseTi CarTuloba maT sazogadoebis<br />
funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli demokratiuli procesebis gacnobierebaSi exmareba.<br />
ganxilvis sagani SeiZleba iyos is meqanizmebi, romlebic moswavleTa saskolo marTvaSi<br />
CarTulobas uzrunvelyofs. zogi miiCnevs, rom aucilebelia, yvela skolas hyavdes saku-<br />
Tari parlamenti. sxvani ki Tvlian, rom parlamentis arseboba yvela skolaSi aucilebeli<br />
ar aris da arsebobs sxva gzebic, romlebic moswavleTa CarTulobas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
gakveTili unda daiwyos moswavleTa saSinao davalebis Sedegebis gacnobiT. Tu moswavleebis<br />
mier momzadebuli masala Zalian mdidari da mravalmxrivia, SesaZloa, saWiro<br />
iyos am TemisaTvis kidev erTi gakveTilis daTmoba. aris meore variantic, maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia, Seagrovos moswavleTa namuSevrebi, gaasworos isini da Semdeg gakveTilze<br />
daubrunos SeniSvnebiTurT. romeli gzac ar unda iqnas arCeuli, umTavresia, rom maswavlebelma<br />
yvela moswavlis namuSevri Seamowmos da Seafasos.<br />
174
Tavi 9. mTavroba da politika<br />
gakveTili<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi moswavleebi warmoadgenen gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, moqalaqe-<br />
Ta pasuxismgeblobebTan dakavSirebiT. moswavleebi ganixilaven am Sedegebs.<br />
maswavlebels Semoaqvs axali Tema; is ekiTxeba moswavleebs, Tu ras fiqroben maTi<br />
saskolo sabWos, an moswavleTa parlamentis muSaobis Sesaxeb. Tu mocemul skolaSi<br />
TviTmmarTveloba ar arsebobs, moswavleebs SeuZliaT, moiyvanon magaliTebi sxva<br />
skolaSi moqmedi parlamentis, an sabWos Sesaxeb.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, warmoidginon, rogori iqneboda moswavleTa<br />
idealuri parlamenti, anu skolis moswavleTa demokratiuli wesiT arCeuli er-<br />
Toba.<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs urigebs kiTxvars (moswavlis samuSao furceli 9.3),<br />
romelsac moswavleebi individualurad avseben.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs 4-6 kacian jgufebad yofs. moswavleebs aqvT<br />
dro, raTa sakuTari pasuxebi erTmaneTs Seadaron. maswavlebeli jgufebs didi zomis<br />
qaRaldsa da markerebs urigebs. moswavleebma unda SeimuSaon moswavleTa idealuri<br />
parlamentis konstitucia. maswavlebeli valdebulia, auxsnas moswavleebs, ra aris<br />
konstitucia da moiyvanos magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra saxis regulaciebs unda awesebdes<br />
moswavleTa parlamentis konstitucia.<br />
roca moswavleebi jgufur muSaobas daasruleben, isini sakuTari msjelobis<br />
Sedegebs mTeli klasis winaSe warmoadgenen. diskusiis dros SeiZleba daisvas Semdegi<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
_ ra Zalaufleba unda hqondeT moswavleebs, direqtorsa da maswavleblebs<br />
_ vin unda iRebdes saboloo gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic skolis marTvas ukav-<br />
Sirdeba<br />
_ SesaZlebelia Tu ara skolis demokratiuli wesiT marTva<br />
bolos, moswavleebi prezentacias akeTeben skolis direqtorTan da, Tu surT,<br />
mis winaSe warmoadgenen sakuTar winadadebebs skolis parlamentis CamoyalibebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
saSianao davaleba: moswavleebi atareben ojaxis wevrebisa da megobrebis gamokiTxvas.<br />
SekiTxva Semdegia: rogor fiqrobT, yvela skolas unda hyavdes moswavleTa parlamenti<br />
ratom<br />
moswavleebma Semdeg gakveTilze unda warmoadginon gamokiTxvis Sedegebi.<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 9.1<br />
sikalis samefo<br />
sikali mTagoriani qveyanaa. saukuneebis manZilze is TiTqmis mowyvetili iyo<br />
danarCen samyaros.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sikali aris Zalian patara samefo, am bolo periodSi man<br />
didi yuradReba miipyro. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis mizezia am samefos originaluri<br />
sazogadoebrivi organizacia.<br />
daviwyoT imiT, rom sikalSi mSieri aravinaa. sikalis mosaxleoba sakuTar sakveb<br />
produqcias mTlianad Tavad awarmoebs. warmoebuli produqti Tanabrad unawildeba<br />
yvelas, visac sWirdeba. saxli yvela ojaxisaTvis ufasoa. saxlis zoma damokidebulia<br />
ojaxis wevrebis raodenobaze. gaTbobisa da sakvebis momzadebisaTvis sawvavi<br />
175
cxovreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
ufasod miewodebaT; aseve, ufasoa sayofacxovrebo nivTebis SekeTebis momsaxurebac.<br />
samedicino momsaxureba uzrunvelyofilia yvela adamianisaTvis, visac sWirdeba.<br />
yvela moqalaqes utardeba ufaso samedicino Semowmeba yovel 6 TveSi erTxel. moxucebulebs,<br />
mcirewlovani Svilebis patron ojaxebs da yvela sxvas, vinc daxmarebas<br />
saWiroebs, mudmivad aqceven yuradRebas socialuri muSakebi.<br />
sikalSi amqveyniuri sikeTe xelmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis. yovel ojaxs eZleva<br />
vauCerebi, riTac SeuZliaT, SeiZinon fufunebis sagnebi, rogorebicaa: sunamoebi,<br />
aveji an saneleblebi. vauCerebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon maSinve, an Seinaxon, daagrovon<br />
da ufro ukeTesi saqoneli SeiZinon.<br />
rogor xdeba am yvelafris organizacia sikali yovelTvis monarqia iyo. am-<br />
Jamindeli mefea sik III. mefe erTpirovnulad wyvets, Tu muSaxelis ra raodenobaa<br />
saWiro TiToeuli saqmianobisaTvis (sakvebis moyvana, saxlebis mSenebloba an jandacva).<br />
sxvadasxva saqmisaTvis adamianebis SerCeva 5 wlis asakSi xdeba, ris Semdegac<br />
isini specialur skolebSi igzavnebian. momavali fermerebi iwyeben siaruls soflis<br />
meurneobis skolaSi, saxlebis momavali mSeneblebi _ teqnikur skolaSi, jandacvis<br />
sferos momavali TanamSromlebi _ samedicino skolaSi da a.S. yvela danarCeni ki<br />
mefis sasaxleSi saqmdeba.<br />
yvelaze gasaocari ki isaa, rom sikalSi ar aris fuli. aravis sWirdeba fulis<br />
gadaxda, radgan yvelas yvelaferi aqvs.<br />
albaT gagiCndebaT kiTxva: moswons xalxs aseTi cxovreba aravin ar Civis moqalaqeebi<br />
saCivriT Zalian iSviaT SemTxvevebSi gamodian da vinc sakuTar ukmayofilebas<br />
afiqsirebs, igzavneba gonebrivad daavadebulTa hospitalSi. albaT avadmyofi<br />
unda iyo, rom aseTi cxovrebis mimarT ukmayofileba gamoxato, ara<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 9.2<br />
sadiskusio baraTebi<br />
gadasaxadebis gadaxda<br />
politikuri partiis wevroba<br />
qveynis dasacavad brZola<br />
arCevnebSi monawileoba<br />
danaSaulis Sesaxeb policiaSi gancxadeba<br />
Tqveni ojaxis daxmareba<br />
kanonmorCileba<br />
Tqveni mezoblebis daxmareba<br />
Tqveni qveynis dacva, roca mas akritikeben sxva... <br />
176
Tavi 9. mTavroba da politika<br />
moswavlis samuSao furceli 9.3<br />
rogori unda iyos moswavleTa parlamenti<br />
moswavleTa idealur parlamentSi:<br />
1. ramdeni moswavle iqneba<br />
2. rogor iqnebian arCeulni moswavleTa warmomadgenlebi<br />
3. ra sixSiriT gamarTavs sxdomebs moswavleTa parlamenti<br />
4. sad gamarTavs sxdomebs moswavleTa parlamenti<br />
5. rogor iqnebian moswavleTa parlamentis muSaobaSi CarTulni mSoblebi an<br />
maswavleblebi<br />
6. ra sakiTxebis ganxilvis uflebamosileba eqneba (da ar eqneba) moswavleTa<br />
parlaments<br />
7. ra tipis gadawyvetilebebs miiRebs (ver miiRebs) moswavleTa parlamenti<br />
177
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