robert j. marzano debra j. fiqeringi jein i. foloqi
robert j. marzano debra j. fiqeringi jein i. foloqi
robert j. marzano debra j. fiqeringi jein i. foloqi
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efeqturi<br />
<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong><br />
<strong>debra</strong> j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong><br />
swavleba<br />
<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong><br />
skolaSi<br />
kvlevebze dayrdnobiT<br />
SemuSavebuli meTodebi, romlebic<br />
aumjobeseben moswavleTa akademiur moswrebas<br />
saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisa da mentorobis asociacia<br />
aleqsandria, virjinia, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
obert j. <strong>marzano</strong>, <strong>debra</strong> j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong>, <strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong><br />
efeqturi swavleba skolaSi: kvlevebze dayrdnobiT<br />
SemuSavebuli meTodebi, romlebic aumjobeseben moswavleTa<br />
akademiur moswrebas<br />
Robert J. Marzano, Debra J. Pickering, Jane I. Pollock<br />
Classroom Instruction that Works: Research-Based Strategies<br />
For Increasing Student Achievement<br />
mTargmneli: maia Canqseliani<br />
redaqtorebi: naTia nacvliSvili<br />
sofio gorgoZe<br />
ydis dizaini da dakabadoneba: giorgi bagrationi<br />
yvela ufleba daculia<br />
pirveli qarTuli gamocema,<br />
`maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri~, 2009.<br />
Targmanis xarisxze pasuxismgebelia<br />
`maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri~.<br />
Tbilisi, 0102, uznaZis q. 52.<br />
tel: (+995) 91 14 53, 95 13 02/04<br />
veb-gverdi: www.tpdc.ge el-fosta: info@tpdc.ge<br />
© saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisa da mentorobis asociacia (ASCD)<br />
aleqsandria, virjinia, aSS.<br />
veb-gverdis misamarTi: http://www.ascd.org el-fostis misamarTi: member@ascd.org<br />
© Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development<br />
Alexandria, Virginia, USA<br />
Web site: http://www.ascd.org E-mail: member@ascd.org<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-1397-3
Zvirfaso maswavleblebo,<br />
warmogidgenT saxelmZRvanelos, romelic, vfiqrobT, yvela maswavlebelsa<br />
da ganaTlebis specialists daainteresebs. saxelmZRvanelos Targmna<br />
imis gamo gadavwyviteT, rom igi erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli<br />
gamocemaa, romelsac maswavleblebi msoflios mraval qveynaSi iyeneben<br />
da romlis gayiduli egzemplarebis raodenobam, didi xania, milions<br />
gadaaWarba.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo fokusirebulia swavlebis im meTodebze, romelTa efeqturoba<br />
kvlevis Sedegadaa dadasturebuli. uSualod meTodebis ganxilvamde,<br />
avtorebi mokled mimoixilaven ganaTlebis sferoSi Catarebul<br />
kvlevebs da yuradRebas maT ZiriTad statistikur maxasiaTeblebze<br />
amaxvileben. amis Semdeg avtorebi TiToeul meTods praqtikuli<br />
magaliTis WrilSi ganixilaven. mkiTxvels saSualeba aqvs, TiToeuli<br />
meTodis efeqturoba swored kvlevis maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
gansajos. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmZRvanelos wakiTxva mizanSewonilia<br />
masSi mocemuli sakiTxebis Tanmimdevrobis dacviT, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom SesaZloa, maswavleblebi konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilviT ufro<br />
dainteresdnen.<br />
swavlebis meTodebis ganxilvisas, avtorebi iseT magaliTebsac iSvelieben,<br />
romliTac dasturdeba, rom ar arsebobs nebismier situaciaSi<br />
Tanabrad efeqturi meTodi. asakobrivi jgufi, konkretuli sagani Tu<br />
sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis moswavleebi erTsa da imave meTods sxvadasxvagvari<br />
efeqturobiT warmoaCenen. amitom, sabolood, mainc maswavleblis<br />
gonivrul gansjazea damokidebuli, Tu ra meTodebs gamoiyenebs<br />
konkretul gakveTilze da ra iqneba yvelaze efeqturi misi moswavleebisTvis.<br />
vimedovnebT, rom am daskvnis gakeTebaSi es wigni maT did daxmarebas<br />
gauwevT.<br />
pativiscemiT,<br />
sofio gorgoZe<br />
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />
centris direqtori
efeqturi<br />
swavleba<br />
skolaSi<br />
kvlevebze dayrdnobiT SemuSavebuli meTodebi,<br />
romlebic aumjobeseben moswavleTa akademiur moswrebas<br />
diagramebis nusxa .......................................................................V<br />
1. kvlevis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi:<br />
dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT ........................1<br />
kvlevebze dafuZnebuli meTodebi<br />
2. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena ........................15<br />
3. Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba ................................33<br />
4. moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba<br />
da misi warmatebis aRiareba ........................................57<br />
5. saSinao davaleba da praqtika ......................................72<br />
6. warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi ........................87<br />
7. TanamSromlobiTi swavla ........................................... 100<br />
8. miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba .............. 111<br />
9. hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda ......................... 124<br />
10. miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi .... 134<br />
swavlebis meTodebis gamoyeneba<br />
11. moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema<br />
swa v lebis sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT .......... 149<br />
12. saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra<br />
kategoriis gamoyeneba ............................................... 177<br />
13. bolosityva................................................................. 189<br />
danarTi: efeqtis sididesa da procentilis zrdas Soris<br />
statistikuri Sesabamisobebis cxrili ........................ 192<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................... 194<br />
wignis avtorTa Sesaxeb .......................................................... 211
diagramebis nusxa<br />
1.1. normaluri ganawileba ...............................................................6<br />
1.2. swavlebis meTodi, romelic analitikuri SekiTxvebis<br />
gamoyenebas gulisxmobs: efeqtis saSualo sidide ...................7<br />
1.3. swavlebis im meTodebis kategoriebi, romlebic<br />
moswavleTa akademiur moswrebaze axdenen gavlenas ...............8<br />
1.4. efeqturi swavlebis sami elementi ........................................12<br />
2.1. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis identifikaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani kvlevebis Sedegebi...................17<br />
2.2. ganmartebebi .............................................................................19<br />
2.3. venis diagrama ..........................................................................21<br />
2.4. Sedarebis matrica ...................................................................21<br />
2.5. venis diagrama: Soreuli warsuli da dRevandeloba ..........23<br />
2.6. klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro grafikuli sqemebi ...................24<br />
2.7. grafikuli sqema metaforebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
savarjiSoebisaTvis ....................................................................28<br />
2.8. grafikuli sqema analogiebisaTvis ......................................31<br />
2.9. grafikuli sqema analogiebisaTvis (magaliTi)......................31<br />
3.1. Sejamebis meTodebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi .....................................................................34<br />
3.2. Sejamebis savarjiSo ................................................................35<br />
‣ fotografiuli procesi .....................................................35<br />
‣ fotografiuli procesis makrostruqtura......................35<br />
3.3. Sejamebis strategia: teqsti magaliTisaTvis ......................33<br />
3.4. naratiuli CarCo .....................................................................40
VI<br />
efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
3.5. Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis CarCo ..............................42<br />
3.6. ganmartebiTi CarCo .................................................................43<br />
3.7. argumentaciis CarCo ...............................................................44<br />
3.8. problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli CarCo....................45<br />
3.9. saubris CarCo ..........................................................................46<br />
3.10. ukuqceviTi swavleba...............................................................48<br />
3.11. Canawerebis gakeTebis meTodis efeqturobis<br />
Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi ................................49<br />
3.12. maswavleblis mier momzadebuli Canawerebi:<br />
bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb ..............................................................51<br />
3.13. moswavlis Canawerebi: araformaluri monaxazi ................51<br />
3.14. qseluri Canawerebis magaliTi _ olimpiuri TamaSebi .....54<br />
3.15. Canawerebis gakeTebis kombinirebuli teqnika _ inflacia ....55<br />
4.1. kvlevebis Sedegebi Zalisxmevis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb .........59<br />
4.2. kavSiri Zalisxmevasa da miRwevebs Soris: rubrikebi .........60<br />
‣ Zalisxmevis rubrika ............................................................60<br />
‣ miRwevis rubrika ..................................................................60<br />
4.3. Zalisxmevasa da miRwevebs Soris kavSiris dasadgeni<br />
diagrama........................................................................................62<br />
4.4. moswavlis warmatebis aRiarebis meTodi:<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi ..............................................63<br />
4.5. efeqturi Seqebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi .....................66<br />
4.6. moswavlis dajildoeba: metaanalizis Sedegebi ...................67<br />
4.7. warmatebis aRiarebis abstraqtuli da xelSesaxebi<br />
formebis zegavlena ...................................................................69<br />
5.1. saSinao davalebebis gamoyenebis meTodTan dakavSirebuli<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi .....................................................................73<br />
5.2. saSinao davalebisaTvis yoveldRiurad gamoyofili<br />
drois (wT.) raodenoba................................................................75<br />
5.3. kvlevebis Sedegebi saSinao davalebis gasworebisas<br />
miRebuli komentarebis Sesaxeb ................................................77<br />
5.4. praqtikis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi ..............80<br />
5.5. swavlis procesis amsaxveli mrudi .......................................81<br />
5.6. swavlebis Sedegebis gaumjobeseba yoveli axali praqtikuli<br />
mecadineobis Sedegad ................................................................83<br />
6.1. warmodgenis aralingvisturi formebis kvlevebis Sedegebi ....89<br />
6.2. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: aRweriTi<br />
paradigma .........................................................................................91
diagramebis nusxa<br />
VII<br />
6.3. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />
droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigma ...........................................91<br />
6.4. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />
procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigma ...............................91<br />
6.5. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />
epizodis paradigma ....................................................................92<br />
6.6. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />
ganzogadebis/principis paradigma ...........................................92<br />
6.7. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: cnebis paradigma ......93<br />
6.8. droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigma<br />
arbitraJis meTodisaTvis ..........................................................94<br />
6.9. procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigma<br />
molaparakebis meTodisaTvis ...................................................94<br />
6.10. cnebis paradigma nebayoflobiTi Suamavlobis<br />
meTodisaTvis ..............................................................................95<br />
6.11. moswavlis piqtograma ...........................................................99<br />
7.1. kvlevebis Sedegebi TanamSromlobiTi swavlis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT ................................................... 102<br />
7.2. homogenur jgufebad dayofis efeqturoba ....................... 103<br />
7.3. moswavleTa homogenur da heterogenul jgufebSi<br />
muSaobis efeqturobis Sedareba ............................................. 105<br />
7.4. TanamSromlobiTi jgufebis zoma......................................... 105<br />
8.1. miznebis dasaxvis meTodis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi ................................................................... 112<br />
8.2. komentarebis gakeTebis meTodis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi ................................................................... 127<br />
8.3. moswavlis Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze orientirebuli<br />
komentarebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi.......... 118<br />
8.4. komentarebis drouloba ....................................................... 118<br />
8.5. komentarebis rubrikebi ........................................................ 120<br />
‣ zogadi rubrika: informacia ............................................. 120<br />
‣ zogadi rubrika: procesebi da unarebi ........................... 120<br />
8.6. rubrikebis adaptacia ........................................................... 121<br />
‣ industriuli revoluciis rubrika: informacia ........... 121<br />
‣ histogramis wakiTxva: procesebi da unarebi ................. 121<br />
9.1. kvlevebis Sedegebi: hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda . 125<br />
9.2. induqciuri Tu deduqciuri midgoma ................................ 125
VIII<br />
efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
10.1. miniSnebisa da SekiTxvebis meTodis kvlevebis Sedegebi...... 136<br />
10.2. analitikuri unarebis ganmarteba ...................................... 140<br />
10.3. winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi ................................................................... 141<br />
10.4. grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi:<br />
franguli impresionizmi ......................................................... 145<br />
11.1. axali sityvebis konteqstSi swavlis albaToba................. 151<br />
11.2. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic asociaciebs ukavSirdeba..... 153<br />
11.3. detalebi ............................................................................... 158<br />
11.4. swavlebis tipebi da maTi zegavlena swavlaze................... 159<br />
11.5. ideaTa organizacia .............................................................. 162<br />
11.6. araswori warmodgenis koreqtirebis strategiebi .......... 163<br />
11.7. amocanebis tipebi ................................................................ 169<br />
11.8. werisadmi sxvadasxva midgomis efeqturoba....................... 173<br />
12.1. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />
axali Temis dasawyisSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT ..................... 178<br />
12.2. axal TemasTan dakavSirebuli swavlebis miznebi:<br />
amindis Zala............................................................................... 179<br />
12.3. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic axali Temis<br />
swavlebis periodSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:<br />
swavlis miznebis monitoringi ................................................ 181<br />
12.4. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic axali Temis swavlebis<br />
periodSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT: klasSi axali<br />
codnis Semotana ....................................................................... 182<br />
12.5. rogori SeiZleba iyos moswavlis samuSao rveuli .......... 183<br />
12.6. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic axali Temis<br />
swavlebis periodSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:<br />
varjiSi, gameoreba da codnis gamoyeneba............................... 184<br />
12.7. sanimuSo grZelvadiani proeqti.......................................... 185<br />
12.8. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic Temis<br />
dasrulebisas SeiZleba gamoiyenoT......................................... 187
1<br />
kvlevebis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea<br />
realobad vaqcioT<br />
Cven, ganaTlebis specialis tebs,<br />
saintereso dros gviwevs cxovreba.<br />
ratom Tanamedroveobas Tan<br />
axlavs bevri siaxle, rasac xSirad<br />
axali aTwleulis, saukunisa Tu<br />
aTaswleulis dadgomas ukavSireben.<br />
CvenTvis umTavresi siaxlea is,<br />
rom momswreni varT axali epoqis,<br />
romelSic swavlebis `xelovneba“<br />
swavlebis `mecnierebad“ iqceva.<br />
zogierTi mkiTxveli SeiZleba<br />
gaocdes, roca gaigebs, rom mxolod<br />
ocdaaTiode wlis win daiwyo<br />
swavlebis meTodebis safuZvliani<br />
samecniero kvleva. es, ra Tqma unda,<br />
ar niSnavs imas, rom 1970 wlamde<br />
ar icnobdnen swavlebis efeqtur<br />
gzebs; maswavleblebi so k rates<br />
me Tods mTeli ornaxevari aTasi<br />
wlis manZilze iye nebdnen. mkvlevarebi<br />
mxolod 1970 _ iani wlebis<br />
dasawyisSi dainteresdnen swavlebis<br />
sxvadasxva meTodsa da swavlis<br />
Sedegebs Soris kavSiriT. 1960-ian<br />
wlebSi ki miaCndaT, rom moswavlis<br />
akademiuri moswreba saerTod<br />
ar iyo damokidebuli swavlebis<br />
1<br />
meTodologiaze. aseT daskvnamde<br />
mivida CvenTvis cnobili angari<br />
Sis `saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis<br />
Tanasworoba“ avtori<br />
(ix. qoulmani, qemfbeli, hobsoni,<br />
maqfarTlandi, mudi, uainfeldi<br />
da iorki, 1966). am angariSs<br />
`qoulmanis angariSis“ saxeliT<br />
moixsenieben, misi avtoris, jeims<br />
qoulmanis pativsacemad. qoulmanma,<br />
angariSis TanaavtorebTan<br />
erTad, 60_ian wlebSi 4000 _ ze<br />
met skolaSi 600000 moswavle da<br />
60000 maswavlebeli Seiswavla da<br />
daaskvna: Tu moswavlis akademiur<br />
moswrebas ganvixilavT, rogorc<br />
sxvadasxva faqtoris zegavlenis<br />
jams, swavlebis xarisxi moswavlis<br />
saSualo akademiur moswrebas<br />
maqsimum 10 %_iT cvlis. imisaTvis,<br />
raTa zustad gaviazroT, Tu<br />
ras gulisxmobs kvlevis es Sedegi,<br />
warmovidginoT Semdegi magaliTi:<br />
gvyavs 100 merveklaseli moswavle<br />
da xelT gvaqvs maTi testirebis<br />
Sedegebi maTematikaSi. testirebis<br />
Sedegebi qulebiTaa warmodge
2 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
nili. moswavleebi sami sxvadasxva<br />
skolidan arian. cxa dia, mosalodnelia<br />
gansxvavebebi am moswavleebis<br />
akademiur moswrebaSi, rac<br />
gamoixateba imiT, rom zog maTgans<br />
eqneba Zalian maRali qula, zogs<br />
_ Zalian dabali, zogs ki _ saSualo.<br />
qoulmanis kvlevis angariSis<br />
mixedviT, romelic 60 _ ian wlebSi<br />
gamoCnda, am gansxvavebis mxolod<br />
10 procenti aixsneba im skolis<br />
swavlebis xarisxiT, romelSic es<br />
moswavleebi swavlo ben. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, Tu moswavle,<br />
romelic am sami skolidan yvelaze<br />
dabali xarisxis mqone skolaSi<br />
swavlobs, gadava im skolaSi,<br />
sadac swavlebis xarisxi yvelaze<br />
maRalia, misi akademiuri moswreba,<br />
SesaZloa, saSualod mxo lod<br />
10%-iT gaumjobesdes.<br />
riTi aixsneba akademiur moswrebaSi<br />
moswavleTa Soris sxvaobis<br />
danarCeni 90% jeims qoulmani da<br />
misi kolegebi im daskvnamde mividnen,<br />
rom skolis moswavleTa Soris<br />
akademiur moswrebaSi arsebuli<br />
gan sxvaveba damokidebulia iseT<br />
faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: moswavlis<br />
niWi an unarebi, misi socioekonomikuri<br />
statusi da ojaxuri<br />
garemo. samwuxaroa, rom skolas am<br />
sami faqtoridan arc erTis Secvla<br />
ar SeuZlia. analogiuri SedegiT<br />
dasrulda 70 _ ian wlebSi harvardis<br />
universitetSi qristofer jenqsis<br />
kvleva, romlis Sedegebi warmodgenilia<br />
wignSi `uTanasworoba:<br />
oja xisa da skolis zegavlena amerikel<br />
moswavleze~ (ix. jenqsi, smiTi,<br />
aqlendi, beini, qoheni, grinTlisi,<br />
heinsi da miqelsoni, 1972). jenqsma<br />
da misma kolegebma xelaxla Seiswavles<br />
im monacemTa didi nawili,<br />
rac qoulmanis angariSSi iyo warmodgenili.<br />
winaswarve naTeli iyo,<br />
rom daskvna msgavsi iqneboda _<br />
moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze<br />
skolebis zegavlena umniSvneloa.<br />
jenqsi wers: `skola ar axdens zegavlenas<br />
im faqtorebis umetesobaze,<br />
romlebic ganapirobeben moswavleTa<br />
Soris gansxvavebebs akademiur<br />
moswrebaSi, rac qulebiT<br />
gamoixateba~ (gv. 109).<br />
j. qoulmanisa da q. jenqsis<br />
daskvnebi gansakuTrebuli imedis<br />
momcemi ar aris ganaTlebis<br />
specialistebisa da ganaTlebis<br />
sferos kvlevebSi CarTuli mecnierebisaTvis.<br />
Tu im faqtorTa<br />
umetesoba, rac moswavlis akademiur<br />
moswrebaze axdens zegavlenas,<br />
skolis gareTaa, maSin<br />
Rirs ki ganaTlebis specialistebis<br />
mxridan rame RonisZiebis gatareba<br />
sabednierod, dRevandeli<br />
gadasaxedidan, zemoT warmodgenil<br />
daskvnebSi seriozuli naklovanebebi<br />
ikveTeba. Cven amJamad<br />
did imedebs vamyarebT maswavleblebsa<br />
da skolebze, rogorc im<br />
faqtorebze, romelTac garkveuli<br />
zegavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT<br />
moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze.<br />
ratom jer erTi, qoulmani da<br />
jenqsi warmogvidgenen ukiduresad<br />
uimedo suraTs, roca mTavar<br />
aqcents moswavleTa testirebis<br />
qulebSi arsebuli sxvaobis procentul<br />
axsnaze akeTeben. mkvlevarebi:<br />
<strong>robert</strong> rozentali, jon<br />
hanteri da frank Smidti damajereblad<br />
da cxadad ganmartaven<br />
zemoTqmuls. mkiTxveli, romelsac<br />
teqnikuri detalebi ainter
kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />
3<br />
esebs, r. rozentalis (1991), j.<br />
hanterisa da f. Smidtis (1990) naSromebs<br />
unda gaecnos. aqve mokled<br />
SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rom ufro<br />
sasargeblo iqneboda qoulmanisa<br />
da jenqsis kvlevis Sedegebis ganxilva<br />
moswavlis akademiur moswrebaSi<br />
procentilis 1 zrdis kuTxiT<br />
(am sakiTxis ufro detaluri axsna<br />
warmodgenilia qveTavSi `ramdenime<br />
kvlevis kompleqsuri analizi,<br />
rogorc swavlebis konkretuli<br />
meTodis efeqturobis dadgenis<br />
saukeTeso saSualeba~). sailustraciod<br />
ganvixiloT Semdegi magali<br />
Ti: is, rom skolis xarisxiT moswavleTa<br />
akademiur moswrebaTa Soris<br />
arsebuli sxvaobebis mxo lod<br />
10 % aixsneba, aseve gulisxmobs<br />
moswavlis akademiuri moswrebis<br />
gaumjobesebas 23 procentiliT.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, saSualo akademiuri<br />
moswrebis mqone moswavles,<br />
romelic dadis `karg~ skolaSi,<br />
aqvs 23 procentiliT maRali akademiuri<br />
moswreba, vidre saSualo<br />
akademiuri moswrebis mqone moswavles<br />
SedarebiT cud skolaSi.<br />
roca am kuTxiT vudgebiT sakiTxs,<br />
cxadi xdeba, rom skolas namdvilad<br />
aqvs arsebiTi zegavlena moswavlis<br />
akademiur moswrebaze.<br />
Cveni optimisturi damokidebulebis<br />
mniSvnelovan safuZvels,<br />
aseve, is kvlevebi warmoadgenen,<br />
romlebic qoulmanisa da jenqsis<br />
naSromebis Semdeg gamoqveynda. xsene<br />
buli kvlevebi moswavlis akade<br />
1 qula, romlis qvemoTac xvdeba dakvirvebebis<br />
Sedegebis garkveuli procenti.<br />
mag. me-20 procentili gulisxmobs<br />
mis qvemoT arsebul yvela qulas<br />
(mTarg. SeniSvna).<br />
miur moswrebaze maswavleblis mniSvnelovan<br />
zegavlenas im SemTxveveb<br />
Sic ki adastureben, roca sko lis<br />
zegavlena minimaluria. es daskvna<br />
safuZvliania. miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
rom qoulmani da jenqsi<br />
ikvlevdnen skolebis saSualo<br />
zegavlenas moswavleebis akademiur<br />
moswrebaze. rogorc wesi, TiToeul<br />
skolaSi moRvawe maswavlebelTa<br />
swavlebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba. yvelaze efeqturi maswavleblebis<br />
meTodebis SeswavliT ki<br />
im faqtorebis ufro dakonkreteba<br />
moxerxdeba, rac moswavleTa akademiur<br />
moswrebaze axdens gavlenas.<br />
jer kidev 1970-ian wlebSi mivida<br />
mecniereba im daskvnamde, rom<br />
naklebad efeqtur skolebSic ki<br />
maswavlebeli SeiZleba did gavlenas<br />
axdendes moswavlis akademiur<br />
moswrebaze. am aRmoCenis gakeTeba<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxda efeqturi swavlebis<br />
meTodebis SeswavliT. 1970-<br />
ian wlebSi Catarebuli asobiT kvlevis<br />
Sedegebis gacnobis Semdeg,<br />
mkvlevarebi jere brofi da Tomas<br />
gudi (1986) weren: `miTi daimsxvra:<br />
maswavleblebi realur gavlenas<br />
axdenen moswavleTa swavlis Sedegebze~<br />
(gv. 370).<br />
bolo periodSi Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebi ki aCveneben, rom maswavlebels<br />
ufro didi zegavlena<br />
aqvs moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze,<br />
vidre es manamde Catarebul<br />
kvlevebSi ikveTeboda (ix. sandersi<br />
da horni, 1994; raiti, horni<br />
da sandersi, 1997). ramdenime<br />
aseuli skolidan 100000-ze meti<br />
moswavlis testirebis Sedegebis<br />
analizis Semdeg, raitma da misma<br />
kolegebma daaskvnes:
4 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
`am kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs,<br />
rom sxva faqtorTa Soris, maswavlebeli<br />
yvelaze did zegavlenas axdens<br />
moswvlis akademiur moswrebaze. amas<br />
Tanave, kvleva aCvenebs, rom maswavlebelTa<br />
efeqturobis maCvenebeli,<br />
rogorc wesi, didi variaciulobiT<br />
gamoirCeva. daskvna, romelic am<br />
kvle vis Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba<br />
gakeTdes, Semdegia: maswavlebelTa<br />
efeqturobis zrdaze mimarTuli<br />
RonisZiebebi SeiZleba yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
iyos im RonisZiebaTa Soris,<br />
romlebic moswavleTa swavlis<br />
Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad tardeba.<br />
naTlad ikveTeba, rac unda<br />
heterogenuli iyos klasi, efeqturi<br />
maswavlebeli warmatebulad muSaobs<br />
sxvadasxva akademiuri moswrebis<br />
moswavleebTan. Sesabamisad, Tu<br />
maswavlebeli araefeqturia, mis moswavleebSi<br />
ar fiqsirdeba saTanado<br />
akademiuri progresi, imisda miuxedavad,<br />
ramdenad msgavsni an gansxvavebulni<br />
arian moswavleebi TavianTi<br />
akademiuri moswrebiT~ (raiti<br />
da sxvebi, 1997, gv. 63).<br />
mocemuli wigni warmoadgens<br />
qoulmanisa da jenqsis moRvaweobis<br />
Semdgom periodSi Catarebuli<br />
optimisturi kvlevebis gagrZelebas.<br />
Cveni naSromi praqtikulia da<br />
masSi Tavmoyrilia informacia<br />
swavlebis im meTodebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romlebic efeqtur swavlebaze<br />
orientirebuli kvlevebidan SevarCieT.<br />
maswavleblebs SeuZliaT,<br />
gamoiyenon es meTodebi da<br />
swavlebis procesi ise warmarTon,<br />
rom maqsimumamde iqnas ayvanili<br />
moswavlis akademiuri warmateba.<br />
sanam swavlebis meTodebis uSualo<br />
aRweraze gadavalT, mokled<br />
mimovixilavT ganaTlebis sferos<br />
kvlevebis maxasiaTeblebsa da<br />
xarisxs.<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebi:<br />
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaT lebis<br />
sferos kvlevebs universitetebsa<br />
da kvleviT centrebSi atareben,<br />
ganaTlebis specialistebs da<br />
maTac, vinc am dargis specialistebi<br />
ar arian, rogorc wesi, dabali<br />
warmodgena aqvT aseT kvlevebze.<br />
bevri fiqrobs, rom samecniero<br />
kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />
iseTi zusti da Tanmimdevruli ar<br />
aris, rogorc, magaliTad, qimiasa<br />
da fizikaSi. 1987 wels JurnalSi<br />
`amerikeli fsiqologi~ daibeWda<br />
lari hejisis statia, romlis sa<br />
Tauri iyo `sabunebismetyvelo da<br />
socialuri mecnierebebi: gansxvavebebi<br />
kvlevis meTodebSi~. am<br />
statiaSi hejisi fsiqologiasa da<br />
ganaTlebas `socialur mecnierebebad~<br />
moixseniebs da safuZvlianad<br />
ganixilavs ganaTlebis<br />
sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebisadmi<br />
undoblobis sakiTxs. lari<br />
hejisma Seiswavla fsiqologiisa<br />
da ganaTlebis camet sferoSi<br />
Catarebuli kvelevebi da Seadara<br />
es kvlevebi samecniero kvlevebs<br />
fizikaSi. man aRmoaCina, rom kvlevebi<br />
fizikaSi iyo iseve sxvadasxvagvari,<br />
rogorc ganaTlebasa da<br />
fsiqologiaSi: `arsebuli recenziebis<br />
TiTqmis 50%-is avtorebi<br />
principulad ar eTanxmebian kvlevis<br />
Sedegebs, rogorc socialur
kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />
5<br />
mecnierebebSi, ise fizikaSi~ (gv.<br />
450). ase rom, kvlevebi fizikasa<br />
da ganaTlebaSi TiTqmis Tanabari<br />
SeusabamobebiT xasiaTdebian, rac<br />
imas niSnavs, rom Tu erTi kvleva<br />
adasturebs konkretuli me<br />
Todis efeqturobas, sxva kvleva<br />
uaryofs mas. lari hejisma aseve<br />
daaskvna, rom mecnierebi sabunebismetyvelo<br />
sferoebSi ufro xSirad<br />
ugulebelyofdnen im kvlevis<br />
Sedegebs, romelic `eqstremaluri<br />
aRmoCeniT~ sruldeboda.<br />
magaliTad, nawilakebis fizikaSi<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis Semdeg<br />
kvlevaTa, daaxloebiT, 40%-<br />
is ignorireba xdeboda imis gamo,<br />
rom am kvlevebSi gakeTebuli<br />
daskvnebi auxsnelad iyo miCneuli.<br />
ganaTlebasa da fsiqologiaSi<br />
ki, l. hejisis mixedviT, kvlevaTa<br />
kompleqsuri analizis dros individualuri<br />
kvlevebis mxolod 10<br />
%-is ugulebelyofa fiqsirdeba.<br />
hejisis daskvna imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom kvlevebi ganaTlebisa<br />
da fsiqologiis dargSi, xarisxiT<br />
ar Camouvardeba kvlevebs fizikis<br />
mimarTulebiT. hejisi ganaTlebis<br />
specialistebs, iseve rogorc<br />
fizikis sferos mkvelvarebs, ur<br />
Cevs, kvlevebis analizis dros am<br />
kvlevebSi dafiqsirebuli Ziri<br />
Tadi mimarTulebebi ganixilon.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom erTi kvlevis<br />
safuZvelze ar SeiZleba gavakeToT<br />
daskvna konkretuli meTodisa Tu<br />
midgomis efeqturobis Sesaxeb.<br />
aucilebelia, gavecnoT mocemuli<br />
meTodisa Tu midgomis Sesaswavlad<br />
Catarebul, rac SeiZleba, met kvlevas<br />
da meTodisa Tu midgomis efeqturobaze<br />
uSualod maTi analizis<br />
safuZvelze vimsjeloT. mxo lod<br />
aseTma kompleqsurma Seswav lam SeiZleba<br />
Camogviyalibos konkretuli<br />
mosazrebebi CvenTvis saintereso<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
ramdenime kvlevis kompleqsuri<br />
analizi, rogorc swavlebis<br />
konkretuli meTodis<br />
efeqturobis dadgenis<br />
saukeTeso saSualeba<br />
am wignis momzadebis procesSi<br />
organizaciam `kontinentis centraluri<br />
nawilis kvlevebi ganaT<br />
lebisa da swavlebisaTvis~<br />
(McREL) yvela im rCeuli kvlevis<br />
analizi ganaxorciela, romelic<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi<br />
gamosayenebel swavlebis meTodebs<br />
(detaluri aRwera ix. <strong>marzano</strong>,<br />
1998) ukavSirdeba. Cven visargebleT<br />
kvlevis teqnikiT, romelic<br />
metaanalizis saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />
metaanalizi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis kombinirebas,<br />
konkretuli meTodis efeqturobis<br />
gansazRvris mizniT.<br />
metaanalizis dros mkvlevari<br />
sxva dasxva kvlevis Sedegis gazomvis<br />
erTeulad efeqtis sidides<br />
iyenebs. efeqtis sidide, standartuli<br />
gadaxris erTeulebiT,<br />
sakvlev jgufSi akademiuri moswrebis<br />
gaumjobesebas an gauaresebas<br />
gamosaxavs. sakvlev jgufad<br />
movixseniebT moswavleTa jgufs,<br />
romelTanac swavlebis konkretul<br />
meTods iyeneben. magaliTisaTvis,<br />
warmovidginoT, rom mocemuli<br />
kvle vis efeqtis sidide
6 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
warmoadgens 1.0-s. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom sakvlev jgufSi moswavleTa<br />
saSualo qula 1.0 standartuli<br />
gadaxriT maRalia, vidre moswavleTa<br />
saSualo qula sakontrolo<br />
jgufSi. sxva sityvebiT, moswavle,<br />
romelic sakvlev jgufSi<br />
50-e procentilzea, erTi standartuli<br />
gadaxriT gansxvavdeba<br />
im moswavlisagan, romelic<br />
analogiur maCvenebelzea sakontrolo<br />
jgufSi.<br />
diagrama 1.1.<br />
normaluri ganawileba<br />
efeqtis zomis gamoyeneba imi<br />
Tacaa sasargeblo, rom advilad<br />
SesaZlebelia misi gadayvana procentilis<br />
zrdaSi. rogorc gaxsovT,<br />
jer kidev pirvel qveTav<br />
Si vaxseneT procentilis zrda.<br />
axla avxsnaT, rogor keTdeba<br />
es. rogorc statistikosebi acxa<br />
deben, moswavleTa qulebis<br />
ganawileba, Cveulebriv, zarisebr,<br />
simetriul mruds gvagonebs,<br />
anu aris `normaluri~. Sesabamisad,<br />
statistikaSi mas `normalur<br />
ganawilebas~ uwodeben. diagrama<br />
1.1 swored normalur ganawilebas<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
rogorc diagrama 1.1-ze Cans,<br />
normaluri ganawileba moicavs<br />
daaxloebiT sam standartul gadaxras<br />
saSualos zemoT da sam standartul<br />
gadaxras saSualos qvemoT.<br />
diagrama 1.1_ze aseve naCvenebia,<br />
rom normalur ganawilebaSi<br />
qulebis daaxloebiT 34% moqceulia<br />
saSualo qulasa da saSualos<br />
zemoT erTi standartuli gadaxris<br />
SualedSi. qulaTa daaxloebiT 14%<br />
xvdeba pirvel da meore standartul<br />
gadaxras Soris. rogorc wesi,<br />
ase simetriulad nawildeba danar<br />
Ceni qulebic. axla davubrundebiT<br />
Cvens kvlevas, romelsac magali
kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />
7<br />
Tad ganvixilavT da romlis efeqtis<br />
sididec 1.0 standartuli gadaxriT<br />
gamoixateboda. SevecadoT<br />
es efeqtis sidide gamovsaxoT procentilis<br />
zrdiT. efeqtis sidide<br />
1.0 igivea, rac procentilis 34 er<br />
TeuliT zrda. rogorc zemoT ganvmarteT,<br />
qulaTa swored 34% aris<br />
moqceuli saSualos zemoT standartul<br />
gadaxraSi.<br />
efeqtis zomis procentilis<br />
zrdiT gamosaxva ama Tu im swavlebis<br />
meTodis efeqturobis naTlad<br />
warmoCenis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
Sesabamisad, am wignSi warmodgenili<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebis analizisas,<br />
yuradRebas vamaxvilebT rogorc<br />
efeqtis sidideze, ise procentilis<br />
zrdaze. imisaTvis, rom dasawyis<br />
Sive naTeli warmodgena SegeqmnaT<br />
analizis Cveneul stilze, Segi<br />
ZliaT gaecnoT kvlevas, romelic<br />
d. redfildma da i. rusom (1981)<br />
Caatares da romelsac am wignis<br />
me-10 TavSi ganvixilavT. redfildma<br />
da rusom Seiswavles analitikuri<br />
SekiTxvebis gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli ToTxmeti kvlevis<br />
Sedegebi da daaskvnes, rom saSualo<br />
efeqtis sidide iyo 0. 73. es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom, saSualod, moswavle,<br />
romelsac analitikuri SekiTxvebis<br />
gamoyenebis meTodiT aswavlidnen,<br />
0. 73 standartuli gadaxriT maRal<br />
qulas iRebda, vidre is moswavle,<br />
visTanac swavlebis aseT meTods<br />
ar iyenebdnen. es gansxvaveba warmodgenilia<br />
diagramis 1. 2 gamuqebuli<br />
nawiliT. Tu gamoviyenebT<br />
standartuli ganawilebis cxrils,<br />
romelic adgens efeqtis sididisa<br />
da procentilis zrdis Sesabamisobebs,<br />
davinaxavT, rom efeqtis<br />
sidide 0.73 Seesabameba, daaxloebiT,<br />
27 procentiliT zrdas. standartuli<br />
normaluri ganawilebis qveS<br />
mdebare farTobis wilis cxrili<br />
warmodgenilia danarTSi.<br />
arsebobs efeqtis sididis interpretaciis<br />
kidev erTi meTodi, romelic<br />
pirvelad mkvlevarma jeiqob qohenma<br />
(1988) gamoiyena. is miiCnevs, rom<br />
SegviZlia efeqtis sidide 0.20 ganvixiloT,<br />
rogorc mcire efeqti, 0.50 _<br />
saSualo efeqti, xolo 0.80 _ Zlieri<br />
efeqti (gv. 25 – 26).<br />
diagrama 1. 2<br />
swavlebis meTodi, romelic analitikuri SekiTxvebis gamoyenebas<br />
gulisxmobs: efeqtis saSualo sidide<br />
e.z. = 0. 73<br />
sakontrolo jgufi<br />
sakvlevi jgufi
8 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
ra aRmovaCineT<br />
erT-erTi mTavari mizani, rasac<br />
emsaxureboda organizaciis<br />
`kon tinentis centraluri nawilis<br />
kvle vebi ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis~<br />
mier Catarebuli kvleva,<br />
iyo swavlebis im meTodebis identificireba,<br />
romelTa gamoyenebac<br />
moswavleTa sxvadasxva asakobriv,<br />
sagnobriv Tu akademiuri moswrebis<br />
jgufebTan swavlebis efeqturobas<br />
zrdis. diagramaze 1.3<br />
swavlebis meTodebis swored is<br />
cxra kategoriaa warmodgenili,<br />
romelsac mniSvnelovani gavlena<br />
SeiZleba hqondes moswavlis akademiur<br />
moswrebaze.<br />
diagrama 1.3.<br />
swavlebis im meTodebis kategoriebi, romlebic gavlenas<br />
axdenen moswavleTa akademiur moswrebaze<br />
kategoria<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
standartuli<br />
gadaxra<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis<br />
gamovlena 1.61 45 31 0.31<br />
Sejameba da<br />
Canawerebis<br />
gakeTeba 1.00 34 179 0.50<br />
moswavlis<br />
Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da<br />
misi warmatebis<br />
aRiareba 0.80 29 21 0.35<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
da praqtika 0.77 28 134 0.36<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi<br />
xerxebi 0.75 27 246 0.40<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
0.73 27 122 0.40<br />
miznebis dasaxva<br />
da komentarebis<br />
gakeTeba 0.61 23 408 0.28
kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />
9<br />
hipoTezis<br />
Camoyalibeba da<br />
gamocda 0.61 23 63 0.79<br />
miniSnebebi,<br />
SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebi 0.59 22 1,251 0.26<br />
SeniSvna: vafrTxilebT mkiTxvels, rom am diagramaze naCvenebi efeqtis sidideebi<br />
ar warmoadgens efeqtis sidideebis Sesaxeb im informaciis naerTs, rac me-2 _ me-10<br />
TavebSi diagramebzea mocemuli. am TavebSi naCvenebi efeqtis sidideebi gamoTvlilia<br />
konkretuli meTodis kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli naSromebis analizis Sedegad.<br />
swavlebis konkretuli meTodebis kvlevebis sinTezuri monacemebi, rac mocemuli<br />
wignis sxvadasxva TavSia warmodgenili, xSirad erTi da imave kvlevis analizs eyrdnoba<br />
da moicavs sakvlevi da sakontrolo jgufebis analogiur Sedarebebs. Sesabamisad,<br />
am monacemebze dayrdnobiT `saSualoTa saSualos~ gamoTvla araswor daskvnebamde<br />
migviyvanda. diagramaSi 1.3 warmodgenili efeqtis saSualo sidideebi efuZneba<br />
damoukidebel Sedarebebs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom aseTi damoukidebeli gamoTvla<br />
gamoricxavs damTxvevebs, es diagrama swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodis efeqturobis<br />
Sesaxeb met-naklebad zust suraTs iZleva.<br />
diagrama 1.3-ze warmodgenili<br />
kategoriebi detaluradaa ganxiluli<br />
am wignis Semdgom TavebSi. mniSvnelovania,<br />
dasawyisisaTvis mimovixiloT<br />
cxrave kategoria. rogorc<br />
diagrama 1.3_ze Cans, swavlebis me<br />
Todebis efeqtis sidideebi 1.61-dan<br />
0.59 _ mde meryeobs. diagrama 1.3_is<br />
interpretaciis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />
rom efeqtis sidideebi,<br />
romlebic pirvel svetSia mocemuli<br />
(saSualo efeqtis zomebi),<br />
warmoadgens Cven mier Seswavlili<br />
sxvadasxva kvlevidan miRebul sa<br />
Sualo maCveneblebs. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom zogierT kvlevaSi dafiqsirda<br />
diagrama 1.3_is meore svetSi warmodgenil<br />
saSualoze ufro maRali<br />
efeqtis sidide, zogSi ki _ ufro<br />
dabali. TiToeul swavlebis meTod<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli efeqtis sidide<br />
eqvsi standartuli gadaxris farglebSi<br />
SeiZleba meryeobdes (sami<br />
standartuli gadaxra efeqtis<br />
saSualo zomis qvemoT da sami _<br />
zemoT). magaliTad, ganvixiloT<br />
swavlebis meTodi, romelic moxseniebuli<br />
gvaqvs, rogorc Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da warmatebaze<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba. diagrama<br />
1.3_ze Cans, rom efeqtis saSualo<br />
sidide am kategoriisaTvis aris<br />
0.80, xolo standartuli gadaxra _<br />
0.35. diagramaze aseve vkiTxulobT,<br />
rom ganxilul iqna 21 kvle va imisaTvis,<br />
raTa gamoTvliliyo efeqtis<br />
saSualo sidide, romelic am SemTxvevaSi<br />
0.80-s udris. standartuli<br />
gadaxris maCvenebeli _ 0.35 _ ki<br />
xazs usvams gansxvavebebs am 21 kvlevas<br />
Soris. im 21 kvlevaSi, romlebic<br />
gavaanalizeT, raTa efeqtis saSualo<br />
sidide (0.80) gamogveTvala,<br />
dafiqsirda saSualosagan sami standartuli<br />
gadaxriT maRali efeqtis<br />
sidide (radgan standartuli gadaxra<br />
0.35-is tolia, sami standartuli<br />
gadaxra iqneba samjer 0.35, anu
10 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
1.05). Sesabamisad, 21 kvlevidan zogierTSi<br />
efeqtis sidide iseT maRal<br />
niSnuls aRwevda, rogoricaa 1.85<br />
(0.80 + 1.05). aseTive principiT, 21<br />
kvlevidan ramdenimeSi dafiqsirda<br />
efeqtis sidide, romelic saSualodan<br />
(0.80) sami standartuli gadaxriT<br />
qvemoT iyo. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom zog kvle vaSi efeqtis sidide<br />
Zalian dabali iyo da utoldeboda<br />
niSnuls _ 0.35 (0.80 _ 1.05).<br />
ase rom, zogierT kvlevaSi efeqtis<br />
uaryofiTi sidide gamoikveTa.<br />
es imaze mianiSnebs, rom swavlebis<br />
meTodis gamosacdeli kvle vis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg sakvlevi jgufi<br />
uares akademiur Sedegebade mivida,<br />
vidre sakontrolo jgufi.<br />
am magaliTidan SegviZlia gavakeToT<br />
Semdegi daskvna: ar arsebobs<br />
swavlebis meTodi, romelic<br />
yvela situaciaSi Tanabari efeqturobiT<br />
gamoirCeva. aucilebelia,<br />
es kargad daimaxsovroT da<br />
gaiTvaliswinoT rogorc am wignis<br />
kiTxvisas, iseve aq amokiTxuli<br />
swavlebis meTodebis klasSi danergvis<br />
dros. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
isic, rom swavlebis esa Tu<br />
is meTodi mxolod saSualebaa. am<br />
wignSi warmodgenilia meTodebi,<br />
romlebic swavlebis efeqtur sa<br />
Sualebebad SeiZleba iqnen gamoyenebulni.<br />
ar unda velodoT, rom<br />
sxvadasxva situaciaSi yvela meTodi<br />
Tanabrad warmatebuli iqneba.<br />
ras ipoviT am wignSi<br />
me-2 _ me-10 TavebSi ganxilulia<br />
swavlebis meTodebis cxra kategoria<br />
da TiToeulis sailustraciod<br />
mocemulia magaliTebi. yvela Tavs<br />
aqvs daaxloebiT erTnairi struqtura.<br />
pirvel rigSi, vajamebT<br />
kvle visa da Teoriis Sedegebs. informacia<br />
efeqtis sidideebisa da<br />
procentilis zrdis Sesaxeb moyvanilia<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli<br />
swavlebis meTodis efeqturobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli kvlevebi<br />
aseT informacias Seicavs. Semdeg<br />
ganvixilavT am meTodis pratikuli<br />
gamoyenebis sakiTxebs, rac SeiZleba<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebad gamoadges<br />
maswavlebels. bolos, warmovadgenT<br />
konkretul strategiebsa<br />
da magaliTebs. CvenTvis gasagebia,<br />
rom zogierTi maswavlebeli,<br />
romelic yoveldRiuri profesiuli<br />
saqmianobiT sakmaod dakavebulia,<br />
Seecdeba, pirdapir magaliTebs<br />
gaecnos. girCevT, ase ar moiqceT da<br />
yuradRebiT waikiTxoT manamde moyvanili<br />
informacia, maT Soris, mocemul<br />
swavlebis meTodTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebi. konkretuli magaliTebis<br />
ganxilvamde warmodgenili masalis<br />
safuZvliani gaanalizeba saSualebas<br />
miscems maswavlebels, ufro<br />
kargad gaacnobieros mocemuli me<br />
Todis gamoyenebis Taviseburebebi.<br />
is, rac jer ar viciT<br />
sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebis<br />
kompleqsuri analiziT bevri<br />
ram viswavleT. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
rCeba SekiTxvebi, romlebic pasuxgaucemelia.<br />
am SekiTxvebidan<br />
ramdenimes warmogidgenT:<br />
• aris Tu ara zogierTi swavlebis<br />
meTodi gansakuTrebiT efeq
kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />
11<br />
turi gansazRvrul saganSi<br />
• aris Tu ara zogierTi swavlebis<br />
meTodi gansakuTrebiT<br />
efeqturi romelime asakobriv<br />
jgufTan<br />
• aris Tu ara zogierTi swavlebis<br />
meTodi gansakuTrebiT<br />
efeqturi garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mqone moswavleebTan<br />
• aris Tu ara zogierTi swavlebis<br />
meTodi gansakuTrebiT efeqturi<br />
garkveuli SesaZleblobebis<br />
mqone moswavleebTan<br />
es mniSvnelovani SekiTxvebia;<br />
maTze pasuxebi dagvexmareba,<br />
swavlebis xelovneba swavlebis<br />
mec nierebad vaqcioT. manam, sanam<br />
am SekiTxvebze zusti pasuxebi<br />
gveqneba, saWiroa, frTxilad vimoqmedoT<br />
da gaviTvaliswinoT, rom<br />
zogierTi gamoukvleveli meTodis<br />
Tu strategiis gamoyenebam Sei<br />
Zleba uneblie uaryofiT Sedegebamde<br />
migviyvanos. sailustraciod,<br />
mkvle varebma van zekerma da r. lisicma<br />
(1999) Seiswavles im ramdenime<br />
strategiis gavlena moswavleTa<br />
akademiur moswrebaze, romelTac<br />
rekomendacias uwevs erovnuli saganmanaTleblo<br />
standarti mecnierebebSi<br />
(erovnuli kvlevebis<br />
sabWo, 1996). es strategiebia:<br />
• moswavleze<br />
swavleba;<br />
orientirebuli<br />
• kritikuli azrovnebis unar _<br />
Cvevebis ganviTareba;<br />
• praqtikuli, laboratoriuli<br />
aqtivobebi.<br />
zogadad, yvela am meTods pozitiuri<br />
gavlena hqonda meaTeklasel<br />
moswavleebze sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi.<br />
ufro rom davazustoT, moswavleze<br />
orientirebuli swavlebis<br />
efeqtis sidide iyo 1.07, kritikuli<br />
azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis swavlebis<br />
efeqtis sidide _ 0.12, praqtikuli,<br />
laboratoriuli aqtivobebis ki _<br />
0.85. mkvlevarebma aseve aRmoaCines,<br />
rom sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi<br />
moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebis<br />
aqtiurad gamoyenebis dros<br />
izrdeboda gansxvaveba gogonebisa<br />
da biWebis akademiur moswrebaSi.<br />
maSin roca kritikuli azrovnebis<br />
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze gansakuTrebuli<br />
aqcenti zrdida gansxvavebebs<br />
akademiur moswrebaSi<br />
rogorc umciresobebis warmomadgenel<br />
moswavleebsa da danarCen<br />
klass Soris, aseve maRali da dabali<br />
socio-ekonomikuri statusis<br />
mqone moswavleebs Soris.<br />
van zekerisa da r. lisicis<br />
kvle va adasturebs, rom aucilebelia,<br />
SeviswavloT swavlebis konkretuli<br />
meTodis gavlena konkretuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis moswavleebze<br />
konkretul garemoebebsa da konkretul<br />
saganSi. manam, sanam gamovikvlevT<br />
pasuxebs zemoT warmodgenil<br />
SekiTxvebze, maswavleblebi<br />
unda endon sakuTar codnas moswavleebis<br />
maxasiaTeblebTan, sagan<br />
Tan da saswavlo garemosTan dakav<br />
SirebiT, raTa swavlebis yvelaze<br />
marTebuli meTodebi SearCion.<br />
ra ar SevitaneT am wignSi<br />
kidev erTi gafrTxileba ganaTlebis<br />
specialistebs, romlebic<br />
mocemuli naSromis kiTxvas<br />
iwyeben: miuxedavad imisa, rom am
12 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
wignis saTaurSi, zogadad, swavlebazea<br />
saubari, Tavad naSromSi<br />
mxo lod swavlebis meTodebis ganxilviT<br />
SemovifarglebiT. ra Tqma<br />
unda, swavlebis meTodebis garda<br />
pedagogikaSi aris sxva aspeqtebic,<br />
romlebic moswavleTa akademiur<br />
moswrebaze axdenen gavlenas.<br />
ufro metic, mniSvneloviania<br />
aRiniSnos, rom efeqturi swavleba<br />
sam elements moicavs, esenia: 1.<br />
maswavleblis mier gamoyenebuli<br />
swavlebis meTodebi, 2. maswavleblis<br />
mier gamoyenebuli klasis<br />
marTvis strategiebi, 3. sagnis<br />
swavlebis gegma, romelsac maswavlebeli<br />
adgens (ix. diagrama<br />
1.4).<br />
diagrama 1. 4<br />
efeqturi swavlebis sami elementi<br />
swavlebis<br />
meTodebi<br />
klasis marTvis<br />
meTodebi<br />
sagnis swavlebis<br />
gegma<br />
efeqturi swavleba<br />
am wignSi efeqturi swavlebis<br />
mxolod pirveli elementia ganxiluli.<br />
organizacia `kontinentis<br />
centraluri nawilis kvlevebi<br />
ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis~<br />
amJamad swored danarCen or elementTan<br />
dakavSirebuli kvlevebis<br />
sinTezur analizze muSaobs.<br />
Cven gvjera, rom ganaTlebis<br />
mecnierebaSi axali epoqa iwyeba.<br />
epoqa, roca kvlevis Sedegebs maswavleblebi<br />
realurad gamoiyeneben<br />
TavianT saskolo praqtikaSi.<br />
Cven vimedovnebT, rom es wigni am<br />
axal epoqaSi gadasvlaSi dagvexmareba.
k vlevebze<br />
d afuZnebuli<br />
m eTodebi
2<br />
msgavsebisa<br />
da gansxvavebis<br />
gamovlena<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
qalbatoni jeqsonis klasSi moswavleebma mousmines martin luTer<br />
kingis gamosvlas - `me maqvs erTi ocneba”; aseve, gaecnen sxvadasxva<br />
masalas am gamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT. es moxda amerikis<br />
istoriis gakveTilze, romelzec moswavleebi 1960 - iani wlebis<br />
istorias ecnobodnen. qalbatonma jeqsonma icoda, rom moswavleebs<br />
manamdec hqondaT wakiTxuli martin luTer kingis es sityvebi<br />
da, Sesabamisad, ar gahkvirvebia, roca mxolod mosalodneli<br />
komentarebi moismina Tavisi moswavleebisagan. maswavlebels<br />
surda, sxva kuTxiT SeexedaT axalgazrdebs am sityvebisaTvis da<br />
gaegoT am gamosvlis mniSvneloba im codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac<br />
mTeli wlis manZilze mis saganSi SeiZines. am mizniT, qalbatonma<br />
jeqsonma Semdegi arasruli analogiis moSvelieba gadawyvita:<br />
martin luTer kingis gamosvla `me maqvs erTi ocneba~ igive iyo<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobisaTvis, rac<br />
_______________iyo_______________ Tvis.<br />
moswavleebs mcire jgufebSi unda emuSavaT da daesrulebnaT<br />
es analogia. analogiis dasasruleblad maT unda gamoeyenebinaT<br />
nebismieri sxva istoriuli movlena an dokumenti analogiis<br />
pirveli nawilis Sesavsebad da istoriuli moZraoba an movlena<br />
meore nawilis Sesavsebad. Semdeg moswavleebs TavianTi jgufis<br />
mier Camoyalibebuli analogia danarCeni klasisaTvis unda aexsnaT.<br />
moswavleebma SesaniSnavad Camoayalibes analogiebi da klaselebsac<br />
kargad auxsnes. qalbatoni jeqsoni gancvifrebuli darCa. moswavleebic<br />
gaocebas ver malavdnen, roca savarjiSos dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg mixvdnen, Tu ramdeni axali niuansi aRmoaCines martin<br />
luTer kingis gamosvlas (`me maqvs erTi ocneba”) da samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebis davcisaTvis moZraobas Soris.<br />
qalbatoni jeqsoni am savarjiSoTi Seecada, moswavleeb<br />
Si movlenaTa msgavsebebze msjelobis inicireba analogiebis<br />
gamoyenebiT moexdina.<br />
15
16 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena: kvlevebi<br />
da Teoriebi<br />
swavlebis meTodebis am pirvel<br />
kategorias movixseniebT saxelwodebiT<br />
_ `msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
gamovlena~. rogorc<br />
mkvle varebi askvnian, msgavsebisa<br />
da gansxvavebis identifikacia<br />
adamianis azrovnebis sabazo elementebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli procesia<br />
(gentneri da marqmani, 1994;<br />
marqmani da gentneri, 1993a, 1993b;<br />
medini, goldsTouni da marqmani,<br />
1995). marTlac, meTodebi, romlebic<br />
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
gamovlenas ukavSirdeba, SeiZleba<br />
swavlis `qvakuTxedad~ CaiTvalos.<br />
is, Tu ra efeqti SeiZleba<br />
hqondes msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
gamovlenaze mimarTul swavlebis<br />
meTods, kargadaa warmo<br />
Cenili m. giqisa da q. holioaqis<br />
(1980) eqsperimentSi. mkvlevarebma<br />
eqsperimentSi monawileebs q. danqeris<br />
(1945) naSromidan adaptirebuli<br />
Semdegi problema miawodes:<br />
warmoidgineT, rom xarT eqimi.<br />
TqvenTan moiyvanes pacienti,<br />
romelsac kuWis avTvisebiani<br />
simsivne aqvs. SeuZlebelia operaciis<br />
Catareba. Tqven gesmiT,<br />
rom Tu simsivnes ar moaSorebT,<br />
pacienti daiRupeba. arsebobs<br />
sxivebiT mkurnalobis meTodi,<br />
rac SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas<br />
simsivnis mosaspobad. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu saTanado simZlavris<br />
sxivebi simsivnemde CaaRwevs,<br />
gzad ganlagebuli jansaRi<br />
qso vilebic ganadgurdeba. naklebi<br />
simZlavris SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki sxivebi usafrTxoa rogorc<br />
jansaRi qsovilebisaTvis, ise<br />
simsivnisaTvis. Sesabamisad,<br />
na k lebi simZlavris sxivebis<br />
gam oyenebiT, simsivnes araferi<br />
daakldeba. ra procedura unda<br />
gamoiyenos eqimma imisaTvis, rom<br />
simsivne gaanadguros da, amavdroulad,<br />
ar daazianos da narCeni<br />
qsovilebi (gv. 307 _ 308).<br />
rogorc wesi, am problemis gacno<br />
bis Semdeg, gadawyvetis gzas<br />
mkiTxvelTa mxolod 10% poulobs.<br />
m. giqma da q. holioaqma<br />
eqsperimentSi monawileebs Semdegi<br />
problemac warmoudgines:<br />
erT patara qveyanas cixe-simagridan<br />
marTavda diqtatori.<br />
es cixe-simagre qveynis<br />
SuagulSi iyo ganTavsebuli<br />
da garSemo fermebi da soflebi<br />
ertya. bevri gza midioda<br />
cixe-simagremde. ajanyebulma<br />
generalma piroba dado, rom<br />
aiRebda am cixes; man isic icoda,<br />
rom mTeli misi jari sakmarisi<br />
iqneboda cixe-simagris<br />
dasakaveblad. generalma jariskacebs<br />
Tavi mouyara da mzad<br />
iyo srulmasStabiani TavdasxmisaTvis.<br />
moulodnelad generlis<br />
yu ramde miaRwia Semdegma informaciam:<br />
cixe-simagresTan<br />
mi sasvlelebi ise iyo mowyobili,<br />
rom jariskacebs masTan<br />
miaxloeba mxolod saTiTaod<br />
SeeZloT; mTeli jari cixes<br />
erTbaSad veranairad Seutevda.<br />
saqme is iyo, rom misadgomebi<br />
danaRmuli iyo da Tu adamianTa<br />
didi raodenoba gzaze erTbaSad<br />
imoZravebda, es gza afeTqdeboda.<br />
aseTi afeTqeba mezobel<br />
soflebsac gaanadgurebda. Sesabamisad,<br />
SeuZlebeli Canda<br />
cixe-simagris aReba. generalma<br />
Semdegi gegma SeimuSava da ganaxorciela:<br />
man dayo Tavisi<br />
jari patara jgufebad da isini<br />
cixe-simagrisaken mimaval sxvadasxva<br />
gzaze ganalaga. roca
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
17<br />
1. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
identifikaciis procesSi moswavleebisaTvis<br />
pirdapiri daxmarebis<br />
aRmoCena maTSi codnis gaazrebisa<br />
da gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas<br />
zrdis. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma<br />
msgavseba da gansxvaveba dainaxon,<br />
yvelaze martivi gza aris<br />
aseTi msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
aRmoCenaSi maTi daxmareba. kvlevebis<br />
didi nawili adasturebs am<br />
martivi meTodis efeqturobas (ix.<br />
Ceni, ianoviCi da deleri, 1996;<br />
golsoni, smiseri, burmani da<br />
dunkani, 1997; niubai, ertmeri da<br />
Stefiki, 1995; rivsi da vaisburgi,<br />
1994; rosi, b.h., 1984; solomoni,<br />
1995). msgavsebaze da gansxvavebadiagrama<br />
2. 1<br />
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis identifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
mniSvnelovani kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
sinTezuri naSromi<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideTa<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
sidide<br />
sTouni, 1983 72 0.88 31<br />
Stali da<br />
fearbenqsi, 1986*<br />
9 1.39 42<br />
20 1. 76 46<br />
rosi, j. a. 2 1. 26 38<br />
li, uTariRo 2 1. 28 39<br />
*Stalisa da fearbenqsis naSromis gaswvriv efeqtis sididis ori kategoriaa<br />
mocemuli, Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare.<br />
detaluri informaciis misaRebad, mkiTxvels vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.<br />
yvelaferi mzad iyo, niSani<br />
misca jariskacebs da TiToeulma<br />
jgufma daiwyo svla<br />
cixe-simagrisaken. ase rom,<br />
ci xe-simagresTan, sabolood,<br />
erT droulad mTeli armia aRmoCnda.<br />
ase moaxerxa generalma<br />
cixe-simagris aReba da diqtatoris<br />
Camogdeba (gv. 351).<br />
am ukanaskneli magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
simsivnis ganadgurebis<br />
Sesaxeb amocanis amoxsna eqsperimentis<br />
monawileTa 90%-ma SeZlo.<br />
sainteresoa, ratom gauadvila<br />
generlis Sesaxeb moTxrobam eqsperimentis<br />
monawileebs amocanis<br />
amoxsna pasuxi martivia: mas Semdeg,<br />
rac adamiani xedavs msgavsebas<br />
amocanaSi warmodgenil problemasa<br />
da mosmenil ambavs Soris,<br />
problemis gadaWris gzebs ufro<br />
advilad poulobs. diagrama 2.1-<br />
ze mocemulia daskvnebi im ramdenime<br />
ZiriTadi naSromdan, romelic<br />
msgav sebisa da gansxvavebis identifikaciasTan,<br />
rogorc swavlebis<br />
meTodTan, dakavSirebuli<br />
kvle vebis sinTezs warmoadgens.<br />
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlenis<br />
meTodTan dakavSirebiT<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis analizi<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavake<br />
ToT Semdegi oTxi zogadi daskvna:
18 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
ze pirdapiri miTiTeba ar niSnavs<br />
imas, rom swavleba didaqtikuri<br />
unda iyos. bevr kvlevaSi, romelic<br />
am meTodis efeqturobas amtkicebs,<br />
naxsenebia, rom msgavsebisa<br />
da gansxvavebis aRmoCenas Tan moswavleTa<br />
Soris sasargeblo diskusiebi<br />
da kiTxva _ pasuxi axlda.<br />
2. moswavleebisagan moTxovna<br />
imisa, rom maT damoukideblad ipovon<br />
msgavseba da gansxvaveba, maTSi<br />
codnis gaazrebisa da gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZleblobas zrdis. arsebobs<br />
kvle vaTa mTe li wyeba imis dasadastureblad,<br />
rom Zalian efeqturia<br />
moswavleebis mier msgavsebisa<br />
da gansxvavebis damoukideblad<br />
aRmoCena, maswavleblisagan pirdapiri<br />
miniSnebebis gareSe (ix. Ceni,<br />
1996; fliki, 1992; giqi da holioaqi,<br />
1980; meisoni, 1994, 1995; meisoni<br />
da sorzio, 1996). es meTodi,<br />
erTi SexedviT, pirvel daskvnas<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba. sinamdvileSi, es<br />
ase ar aris. aqtivobebs, romleb<br />
Sic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />
eniWeba da aqtivobebs, romlebic<br />
mTlianad moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />
mimarTuli, klasSi sakuTari<br />
adgili aqvT. zogi Tvlis, rom aqtivoba,<br />
romelSic mTavari roli<br />
maswavlebels eniWeba, moswavleebSi<br />
homogenuri daskvnebis gakeTebas<br />
uwyobs xels. sxva sityvebiT, moswavleTa<br />
mier aRmoCenili msgavseba<br />
da gansxvaveba aseT SemTxvevebSi<br />
`erTmaneTis msgavsia~. maSin, roca<br />
aqtivoba, romelic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />
Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli,<br />
moswavleebSi ufro heterogenul<br />
damokidebulebebs aRvivebs. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT:<br />
Tu maswavlebeli miznad isaxavs,<br />
rom moswavleebi msgavs daskvnebamde<br />
miiyvanos, maSin man unda gamoiyenos<br />
aqtivobebi, romelSic mTavar<br />
rols maswavlebeli asrulebs;<br />
xolo maSin, roca maswavlebels<br />
surs, moswavleebSi gansxvavebuli<br />
ideebis stimulireba moaxdinos,<br />
klasSi iseTi aqtivobebi unda gamoiyenos,<br />
romelic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />
Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli.<br />
3. moswavleebisaTvis msgavsebisa<br />
da gansxvavebis grafikuli<br />
an simboluri warmodgena maTSi<br />
codnis gaazrebisa da gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZleblobas zrdis. swavlebis<br />
meTodTa am kategoriaSi Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovani aRmoCenaa is, rom<br />
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis grafikuli<br />
an simboluri warmodgena<br />
moswavleebs exmareba, ukeTesad<br />
gaiazron masalis Sinaarsi (ix.<br />
Ceni, 1999; qouli da maqleodi,<br />
1999; glini da TaqahaSi, 1998;<br />
lini, 1996; meisoni, 1994). am wignis<br />
me-6 TavSi detalurad ganvixilavT,<br />
Tu ratom aRrmavebs codnas<br />
masalis grafikuli da simboluri<br />
warmodgena. aq ki mxolod<br />
imas davZenT, rom maTi gamoyeneba<br />
mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs moswavlis<br />
mxridan masalis gagebas da<br />
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis aRmo<br />
Cenis stimulacias uwyobs xels.<br />
4. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
aRmoCenis procesi sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
SeiZleba warimarTos da sakmao<br />
Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. kvlevebSi<br />
ikveTeba am meTodis oTxi sxvadasxva,<br />
yvelaze efeqturi `forma~:<br />
• Sedareba (ix. Ceni, 1996;<br />
Ceni, ianoviCi da deleri, 1996;<br />
fliki, 1992; rosi, 1987; solomoni,<br />
1995);<br />
• klasifikacia (ix. Ci, feltoviCi<br />
da glazeri, 1981; ingliSi,<br />
1997; niubai, ertmeri da Stefiki,<br />
1995; rifoli, 1999);<br />
• metaforebi (ix. Ceni, 1999;<br />
qouli da maqleodi, 1999; dageri,<br />
1995; gotfridi, 1998; meisoni,<br />
1994, 1995);<br />
• analogiebi (ix. aleqsanderi,<br />
1984; li, dauTariRebeli; ra<br />
Termani da genTneri, 1998; Sternbergi,<br />
1977, 1978, 1979).
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
19<br />
diagrama 2. 2-ze ganmartebulia es<br />
formebi.<br />
cxadia, rom msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis aRmoCena Sedarebis<br />
dros xdeba. es procesi mniSvnelovania<br />
klasifikaciis drosac,<br />
radgan garkveuli elementebis<br />
klasifikacia swored msgavsebisa<br />
da gansxvavebis identifikaciiT<br />
iwyeba. mxolod amis Semdeg xdeba<br />
mocemuli elementebis dajgufeba<br />
or an met kategoriad. metaforis<br />
Seqmna gulisxmobs or elements<br />
Soris abstraqtuli msgavsebisa<br />
da gansxvavebis dadgenas. da bolos,<br />
analogiebis Seqmna gulisxmobs<br />
imis identificirebas, Tu<br />
ra msgavseba da gansxvaveba akav<br />
Sirebs elementTa or wyvils.<br />
diagrama 2. 2<br />
ganmartebebi<br />
Sedareba warmoadgens sagnebs an<br />
ideebs Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
identifikaciis process.<br />
klasifikacia warmodgens saganTa<br />
kategoriebad dajgufebis process,<br />
romelic efuZneba maT maxasiaTeblebs.<br />
metaforebis Seqmna warmoadgens<br />
konkretul TemaSi zogadi an sabazo<br />
paradigmis identifikaciis<br />
process da Semdeg iseTi sxva Temis<br />
moZiebas, romelic sruliad gansxvavebulia,<br />
magram imave, zogad<br />
paradigmas emorCileba.<br />
analogiebis Seqmna warmoadgens<br />
cnebaTa wyvilebSi urTierTkav<br />
Sirebis identifikaciis process.<br />
msgavsebisa da gansxva vebis<br />
identificirebis praqtika<br />
klasSi<br />
Sedareba<br />
efeqturi SedarebisaTvis gadamwyvetia<br />
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis<br />
naTlad Camoyalibeba.<br />
es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg msgavsebisa<br />
da gansxvavebis identifikaciis<br />
safuZvlad gamoiyeneba.<br />
Sedarebis savarjiSoebi, romlebSic<br />
mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />
eniWeba. erTi SexedviT, Sei<br />
Zleba mogveCvenos, rom Sedarebis<br />
procesi martivia. Tu davukvirdebiT,<br />
mivxvdebiT, rom es ase<br />
ar aris. Cveni rCevaa, maswavleblebma<br />
SedarebebisaTvis kargad<br />
struqturirebuli savarjiSoebi<br />
gamoiyenon. es imas niSnavs, rom<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs miu<br />
TiTebs, Tu ra sagnebi an movlenebi<br />
unda Seadaron maT da romeli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. aseTi<br />
savarjiSoebi saSualebas iZleva,<br />
moswavleTa Zalisxmeva saWiro<br />
tipis daskvnebze mivmarToT. Sesabamisad,<br />
maswavleblebma aseTi<br />
savarjiSoebi maSin unda gamoiyenon,<br />
roca maTi mizania, moswavleebi<br />
erTsa da imave maxasiaTeblebs<br />
Soris arsebul msgavsebebsa<br />
da gansxvavebebs gaecnon. qvemoT<br />
moyvanilia Sedarebis savarjiSo,<br />
romelSic moqmedeba istoriis<br />
gakveTilze xdeba da mTavari<br />
roli maswavlebels eniWeba:
20 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
mimdinare Tve eZRvneboda `qalebis<br />
rols istoriaSi~. qalbatonma<br />
qolierma miznad daisaxa, uke<br />
Tesad gaegebinebina Tavisi moswavleebisaTvis<br />
is, Tu rogor<br />
icvleba qalis roli amerikul<br />
sazogadoebaSi. Tavdapirvelad,<br />
maswavlebeli Seecada, moswavleebisaTvis<br />
Sesadareblad ramdenime,<br />
e.w. pirveli ledi amerikis<br />
istoriidan warmoedgina.<br />
eseni iyvnen: marta vaSingtoni,<br />
meri Tod linkolni, florens<br />
qing hardingi, ana eleanor ruzvelti,<br />
mari aizenhaueri da<br />
hilari rodem qlinToni. moswavleebs<br />
unda gamoeyenebinaT<br />
TeTri sax lis veb-gverdi (http://<br />
www.whitehouse.gov), moeZiebinaT<br />
in formacia am qalbatonebis Sesaxeb<br />
da SeedarebinaT isini Semdegi<br />
sakiTxebis mixedviT: maTi<br />
warsuli; ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobebi,<br />
romlebic maT, rogorc<br />
pirvel qalbatonebs ekisrebodaT;<br />
riTi gamoiCines Tavi. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom moswavleebi<br />
erTi da imave qalbatonebze da<br />
maT zustad gansazRvrul maxasiaTeblebze<br />
agrovebdnen informacias<br />
erTsa da imave wyarodan<br />
(TeTri saxlis veb-gverdi), mainc<br />
gansxvavebul aRmoCenebamde mividnen.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac yvelam warmodagina<br />
Sedarebebis sakuTari<br />
Sedegebi, erTsulovnad aRiares,<br />
rom sagrZnoblad gaifarToves<br />
warmodgena qalebis cvalebad<br />
rolze amerikul sazogadoebaSi.<br />
Sedarebis savarjiSoebi, romlebic<br />
mTlianad moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />
mimarTuli. moswavleTa<br />
Zalisxmevaze mimarTulad<br />
iTvleba savarjoSo, roca isini<br />
Tavad irCeven: a) romeli maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mixedviT Seadaron sagnebi<br />
Tu movlenebi an b) romeli<br />
sagnebi an movlenebi Seadaron<br />
erTmaneTs da ra maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mixedviT. qvemoT moyvanilia ori<br />
magaliTi, romelTac moswavleTa<br />
Zalisxmevaze mimarTuli Sedarebis<br />
savarjiSoebis ori tipis sailustraciod<br />
warmogidgenT:<br />
magaliTi 1.<br />
batoni uebis moswavleebi zRaprebis<br />
Temis gavlas iwyebdnen. pirvel<br />
gakveTilze batonma uebma moswavleebs<br />
sTxova, TiToeuls ori zRapari Seer<br />
Cia, romelsac kargad icnobdnen. Semdeg<br />
maswavlebelma axsna literaturis<br />
iseTi elementebi, rogorebicaa: universaluri<br />
Tema, personaJisa da siu<br />
Jetis interaqcia, Tvalsazrisi. batoni<br />
uebi moswavleebs daexmara, epovaT<br />
es elementebi maT mierve SerCeul<br />
zRaprebSi. amis Semdeg moswavleebs,<br />
literaturuli elementebis mixedviT,<br />
ori zRapari unda SeedarebinaT. Sedegebis<br />
warmodgenis dros, moswavleebs<br />
unda esaubraT ara mxolod imaze, rac<br />
SerCeuli zRaprebis Sesaxeb gaiges,<br />
aramed imazec, rac literaturuli<br />
elementebis Sesaxeb iswavles.<br />
magaliTi 2.<br />
julia Zalian kmayofili iyo musikis<br />
maswavlebel qalbaton enqor<br />
Tan gatarebuli erTi wliT; bolo<br />
gamocdazec siamovnebiT gavida.<br />
gamocdaze julias oTxi musikaluri<br />
nawarmoebi unda warmoedgina da isini<br />
im romelime musikaluri maxasiaTeblis<br />
mixedviT Seedarebina, rac akademiuri<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi iswavla.<br />
Tavad julias bevri musikaluri<br />
Canaweri ar hqonda, magram moswavleebs<br />
SeeZloT, gakveTilebis Semdeg<br />
qalbatoni enqoris araCveulebrivi<br />
CanawerebiT esargeblaT. juliam<br />
gadawyvta, SedarebisaTvis Semdegi<br />
nawarmoebebi gamoyenebina: klasikuri<br />
musikaluri nawarmoebi, qanTri<br />
- vesTernis Janris simRera, romelic<br />
dedamiss uyvarda, erT - erTi popularuli<br />
simRera da Tavisi sayvareli<br />
melodia disneis multiplikaciuri<br />
filmidan. julias azriT, am musikaluri<br />
nawarmoebebis ramdenjerme<br />
mosmena gamocdisaTvis momzadebis<br />
process Zalian gaaxalisebda.
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
21<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
diagrama 2. 4<br />
Sedarebis matrica<br />
Sesadarebeli Temebi<br />
# 1 # 2 # 3<br />
1 msgavsebebi<br />
gansxvavebebi<br />
2 msgavsebebi<br />
gansxvavebebi<br />
3 msgavsebebi<br />
gansxvavebebi<br />
4 msgavsebebi<br />
gansxvavebebi<br />
grafikuli sqemis gamoyeneba<br />
Sedarebis savarjiSoSi. Sedarebis<br />
dros, ZiriTadad, ori tipis<br />
grafikuli sqema gamoiyeneba _<br />
venis diagrama (diagrama 2.3) da<br />
Sedarebis matrica (diagrama 2.4).<br />
rogorc diagrama 2.3-ze Cans,<br />
venis diagrama exmareba moswavleebs,<br />
vizualurad aRiqvan or<br />
sagans an movlenas Soris arsebuli<br />
msgavseba da gansxvaveba.<br />
rogorc wesi, ori wris gadakveTaSi<br />
msgavsebaTa CamonaTvalia<br />
mocemuli. gansxvavebebi ki<br />
warmodgenilia wreebis im nawilebze,<br />
romlebic ar ikveTeba. idealur<br />
SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebma<br />
venis diagrama ori sagnis an movlenis<br />
TiToeuli maxasiaTeblis<br />
Sedarebisas unda Seavson. aseT<br />
dros isini kargad dainaxaven, Tu<br />
rogor hgavs an gansxvavdeba ori<br />
movlena an sagani am konkretuli<br />
maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.<br />
diagrama 2. 3.<br />
venis diagrama<br />
rogorc diagrama 2.4-ze Cans, detaluri<br />
midgomis dros Sedarebis<br />
matrica ufro gamoiyeneba, vidre<br />
venis diagrama. Sesabamisad, roca<br />
maswavlebeli Sedarebis matricas<br />
iyenebs, aucilebelia, moswavleebs<br />
ufro detaluri instruqciebi<br />
misces. qvemoT ori magaliTia moyvanili.<br />
magaliTi 1 warmoadgens<br />
savarjiSos, Sedarebis matricis
22 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
gamoyenebiT, xolo magaliTi 2 _<br />
venis diagramis gamoyenebiT.<br />
magaliTi 1.<br />
bolo ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi<br />
Cven maT istorias<br />
vswavlobdiT, vinc amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis dasavleT<br />
sanapiroze mogzaurobda.<br />
gavigeT luisisa da klarkis<br />
araCveulebrivi eqspediciisa<br />
da zebulon faikis ambebi. axla<br />
ki, Sedarebis matricis gamoyenebiT,<br />
sxvadasxva eqspediciis<br />
monawileTa Sedareba mogviwevs.<br />
SegiZliaT, Tavad SearCioT<br />
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebsac mat<br />
ricaSi SeiyvanT, Tumca gaiTvaliswineT,<br />
rom aucilebelia<br />
Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi:<br />
`vin iyo eqspediciis damkveTi~,<br />
`riskebi, romlebic am eqspedicias<br />
ukavSirdeboda~, `ra gavlena<br />
moaxdina am eqspediciam<br />
adamianebis cxovrebaze~. mas<br />
Semdeg, rac matricis ZiriTad<br />
nawils SeavsebT, unda SeqmnaT<br />
axali matrica imave maxasiaTeblebis<br />
gamoyenebiT. es axali<br />
matrica Tan geqnebaT sabunebismetyvelo<br />
sagnis gakveTilze.<br />
maswavlebeli Tqven warmogidgenT<br />
informacias im mecnierTa<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic eqspediciebSi<br />
iRebdnen monawileobas. es<br />
mecnierebi TiToeuli maxasiaTeblis<br />
mixedviT unda SeadaroT.<br />
mecnierTa Sedarebis matricis<br />
Sevsebisas, Tu axali maxasiaTebeli<br />
gagaxsendebaT, isic<br />
CaamateT matricaSi. ar dagaviwydeT<br />
axali maxasiaTebl(eb)<br />
is Tavdapirvel matricaSic<br />
Camateba. bolos orive matrica<br />
gverdigverd unda moaTavsoT<br />
da erTmaneTs SeadaroT. Segi<br />
ZliaT, yvelaze saintereso an<br />
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi da<br />
msgavsebebi gamoyoT.<br />
magaliTi 2.<br />
qalbatoni boltonis klasSi<br />
pirvelklaselebi cdilobdnen,<br />
venis diagrama gaekeTebinaT,<br />
romelSic im msgavsebebsa da<br />
gansxvavebebs warmoadgendnen,<br />
rac imdroindel cxovrebas Soreuli<br />
warsulis cxovrebasTan<br />
(ori aseTi venis diagrama warmodgenilia<br />
diagrama 2.5-ze)<br />
akavSirebda. TiToeuli diagrama<br />
erT konkretul maxasiaTebels<br />
miuZRvnes. aseTi diagramebi<br />
maT daxmara, naTlad daenaxaT<br />
msgavseba da gansxvaveba TavianT<br />
da Soreul warsuls Soris.<br />
klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia gulisxmobs elementebis<br />
jgufebad dayofas, maT<br />
Soris msgavsebis sa fuZvelze.<br />
klasifikaciisas mTa varia im wesebis<br />
identifi kacia, romelic<br />
klassa da kategoriaSi kuTvnilebas<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
klasifikaciis savarjiSoebi,<br />
romlebSic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />
eniWeba. klasifikaciis savarjiSoebSi,<br />
romlis drosac moswavleebi<br />
im mza elementebs iReben,<br />
romelTa klasifikaciac Tvi<br />
Ton mouwevT, maswavlebels wamyvani<br />
roli aqvs. aseve, moswavleebs<br />
im kategoriebis Sesaxeb aZleven<br />
informacias, romelTa mixedvi<br />
Tac mocemuli elementebis klasifikacia<br />
unda ganaxorcielon.<br />
aseT savarjiSoSi mTavaria, moswavlem<br />
zustad gansazRvros elementis<br />
kategoria da gaiazros,<br />
Tu ratom miekuTvneba esa Tu is<br />
elementi ama Tu im kategorias.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia klasifikaciis<br />
savarjiSos magaliTi, romel<br />
Sic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />
eniWeba. moqmedeba fizikuri aRzrdis<br />
gakveTilze xdeba.<br />
baton trelfas surda, fizkulturis<br />
gakveTilze ukeT<br />
gaecnobierebina Tavisi daw
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
23<br />
diagrama 2. 5<br />
venis diagrama: Soreuli warsuli da dRevandeloba<br />
Soreuli warsuli<br />
sakvebi<br />
dRevandeloba<br />
• xalxs sakvebis<br />
mopoveba da<br />
nadiroba SeeZlo<br />
• ar iyo sakvebis<br />
Senaxvis kargad<br />
ganviTarebuli<br />
saSualebebi<br />
• sakvebi ar iyo<br />
mravalferovani<br />
• sakvebis<br />
mopovebis<br />
da nadirobis<br />
SesaZlebloba<br />
• sakvebis<br />
yvela<br />
saxeoba<br />
• xalxis umetesoba<br />
sakvebs maRaziaSi<br />
yidulobs; SeuZliaT<br />
sakvebis mopoveba an<br />
nadiroba;<br />
• sakvebis Senaxvis kargi<br />
saSualebebi arsebobs:<br />
macivari/sayinule<br />
• sakvebis didi<br />
mravalferovnebaa<br />
dasvenebisa da sadResaswaulo dReebi<br />
• madlierebis<br />
dRe<br />
• religiuri<br />
dResaswaulebi:<br />
Soba, aRdgoma,<br />
hanuka<br />
• 4 ivlisi<br />
• qorwilebi, dabadebis<br />
dRebi,<br />
iubileebi<br />
• xsovnis dRe<br />
• mSromelTa dRe<br />
• martin luTer<br />
kingis dabadebis<br />
dRe<br />
yebiTi klasis moswavleebi<br />
sportSi. olimpiuri TamaSebis<br />
mimdinareobis periodSi maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs Semdegi<br />
davaleba misca: TamaSebis yurebis<br />
dros (saxlSi an skolaSi)<br />
maT unda moexdinaT olimpiuri<br />
RonisZiebebis klasifikacia.<br />
aseTi RonisZiebebis nusxa maswavleblisagan<br />
miiRes. klasifikacia<br />
Semdegi kategoriebis<br />
mixedviT unda gaekeTebinaT:<br />
• RonisZiebebi, romlebic, Ziri<br />
Tadad, fizikur Zalasa da<br />
gamZleobas saWiroeben;<br />
• RonisZiebebi, romlebic, Ziri<br />
Tadad, sizustes saWiroeben;
24 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 2. 6<br />
klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro grafikuli sqemebi<br />
kategoriebi<br />
• RonisZiebebi, romelTac fizikuri<br />
Zala da sizuste Tanabrad<br />
sWirdebaT.<br />
moswavleebs klasSi unda warmoedginaT<br />
klasifikaciis saku<br />
Tari Sedegebi da argumentirebulad<br />
aexsnaT, ratom miakuTvnebdnen<br />
ama Tu im RonisZiebas<br />
konkretul kategorias.<br />
klasifikaciis savarjiSoebi,<br />
romlebic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />
Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli. mTlianad<br />
moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />
mimarTuli klasifikaciis savarjiSoebi,<br />
roca moswavles maswavlebeli<br />
aZlevs im sagnebis an movlenebis<br />
CamonaTvals, romelTa<br />
klasifikaciac moswavlem damoukideblad<br />
unda ganaxorcielos<br />
da kategoriebis dadgenasac misgan<br />
iTxovs. aris SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca moswavleebs uwevT ara mxolod<br />
kategoriebis damoukideblad<br />
mofiqreba, aramed im sagan<br />
Ta an movlenaTa nusxis Sedgenac,<br />
romelTa kategorizaciac maT mierve<br />
Camoyalibebuli kategoriebis<br />
mixedviT unda moaxdinon. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenilia klasifikaciis<br />
savarjiSos magaliTi, romelic<br />
mTlianad moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />
mimarTuli da romelSic<br />
Cans, rom moswavles Tavad uxdeba<br />
rogorc kategoriebis mofiqreba,<br />
aseve im elementebis nusxis Sedgena,<br />
romlebsac kategoriebad<br />
gaanawilebs.<br />
literaturis gakveTilze wlevandeli<br />
wlisaTvis gansazRvruli<br />
bolo wignis kiTxva daasrules.<br />
qalbatonma bleiqma,<br />
romelic am moswavleebs ukve<br />
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi aswavlida,<br />
klasSi axali savarjiSo<br />
Semoitana. am savarjiSos saSualebiT,<br />
mas surda, moswavleebs<br />
SeZenili codna gamoeyenebinaT<br />
da Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze<br />
garkveuli siaxleebi<br />
aRmoeCinaT. maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
Semdegi savarjiSo<br />
misca:<br />
dawyvildiT klaselTan erTad<br />
da CamowereT personaJebi im<br />
wignebidan, romlebic wavikiTxeT.<br />
CamowereT rac SeiZleba<br />
bevri personaJis saxeli. Semdeg<br />
isini Tqvens mierve mofiqrebuli<br />
kategoriebis mixedviT
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
25<br />
daalageT. Tavi SeikaveT iseTi<br />
cxadi kategoriebisagan, rogorebicaa<br />
sqesi da erovneba.<br />
iseTi kategoriebi gamoiyeneT,<br />
romlebSic personaJTa xasia<br />
Tis ganviTareba gamoixateba.<br />
roca daasrulebT, igive personaJebi<br />
ukve sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
kategoriebis mixedviT<br />
daajgufeT. Semdeg sxva<br />
moswavlesTan dawyvildiT da<br />
ganixileT Tqveni namuSevari.<br />
klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro<br />
gra fikuli sqemebi. diagrama 2.6-<br />
ze warmodgenilia klasifikaciis<br />
dros gamoyenebuli yvelaze<br />
popularuli grafikuli sqemebi.<br />
gra fikuli organizaciis sqema<br />
ma rcxniv (romelic cxrils waagavs),<br />
roca yvela kategoria msgavsia<br />
ganzogadebis donis mixedviT.<br />
grafikuli sqema marjvniv<br />
(`burTulebiani~ diagrama) ufro<br />
maSin gamoiyeneba, roca zogierTi<br />
kategoria ufro zogadia, vidre<br />
sxvebi.<br />
moswavleebi unda wavaxalisoT,<br />
rom es grafikuli sqemebi<br />
sxvadasxva tipisa da klasifikaciis<br />
savarjiSos Sesrulebis dros<br />
gamoiyenon _ romelSic mTavari<br />
roli maswavlebels eniWeba, an<br />
romelic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />
Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli. qvemoT<br />
moyvanilia magaliTi, roca moswavles<br />
grafikuli sqemis gamoyeneba<br />
sWirdeba.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia personaJebi<br />
im wignebidan, romlebic wels<br />
wavikiTxeT. grafikuli sqemis<br />
gamoyenebiT, daajgufeT es<br />
personaJebi or an met kategoriad.<br />
mzad iyaviT, axsnaT, ratom<br />
miakuTvneT esa Tu is personaJi<br />
konkretul kategorias<br />
da ra principiT gamoyaviT es<br />
kategoriebi.<br />
• foniboi kurtisi s. e. hinTonis<br />
wignidan `auTsaiderebi~<br />
• joni qeiqi s. e. hinTonis<br />
wignidan `auTsaiderebi~<br />
• Ceri valansi s. e. hinTonis<br />
wignidan `auTsaiderebi~<br />
• jeiq barnesi e. hemingueis<br />
wignidan `aRmoxdebis mze”<br />
• breT eSli e. hemingueis<br />
wignidan `aRmoxdebis mze”<br />
• pedro romero e. hemingueis<br />
wignidan `aRmoxdebis mze”<br />
• seli a. uolqeris wignidan<br />
`mewamuli feri”<br />
• emsi a. uolqeris wignidan<br />
`mewamuli feri”<br />
• Sag averi a. uolqeris wignidan<br />
`mewamuli feri”<br />
• eTan fromi e. uarTonis<br />
wignidan `eTan fromi”<br />
• zenobia fromi e. uarTonis<br />
wignidan `eTan fromi”<br />
• meTi silveri e. uarTonis<br />
wignidan `eTan fromi”<br />
• jin foresteri jon qnoulsis<br />
wignidan `gancalkevebuli<br />
mSvidoba~<br />
• fini jon qnoulsis wignidan<br />
`gancalkevebuli mSvidoba”<br />
• antonio marezi r. anaias<br />
wignidan `damloce, ultima~<br />
• ultima r. anaias wignidan<br />
`damloce, ultima~<br />
• skauti harper lis wignidan<br />
•<br />
`mokali jafara”<br />
atikusi harper lis wignidan<br />
`mokali jafara”<br />
• bo redli harper lis wignidan<br />
`mokali jafara”
26 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
metaforebi<br />
metaforis Sedgenisas yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani imis gaanalizebaa,<br />
rom metaforis ori Semadgeneli<br />
saxe erTmaneTs abstraqtulad an<br />
arapirdapir ukavSirdeba. magali<br />
Tad, `siyvaruli aris vardi~ metaforaa.<br />
erTi SexedviT, pirdapiri<br />
kavSiri siyvarulsa da vards Soris<br />
ar arsebobs. abstraqtulad<br />
Tu SevxedavT, aseT kavSirs davinaxavT.<br />
qvemoT ganvmartavT, Tu<br />
rogor SeiZleba siyvaruli iyos<br />
vardi!<br />
pirdapiri mniSvneloba: vards<br />
kargi surneli aqvs da sasiamovnoa<br />
misi Sexeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom vardi<br />
ekliania da eklebTan Sexeba<br />
mtkivneulia.<br />
abstraqtuli mniSvneloba: es ra<br />
Rac araCveulebrivia, ginda<br />
mas miuaxlovde, magram Zalian<br />
axlos misvla SeiZleba mtkivneuli<br />
aRmoCndes.<br />
metaforebis gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli aqtivobebi, romel<br />
Sic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />
eniWeba. aseTi aqtivobis dros<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs metaforis<br />
erT-erT elements da im<br />
abstraqtul urTierTobasac warmoudgens,<br />
romelic metaforis<br />
elementebs Soris arsebobs. es<br />
imas niSnavs, rom maswavlebeli<br />
akeTebs `xaraCos~, samSeneblo<br />
sa muSaoebis Catareba ki moswavleebis<br />
saqmed rCeba. qvemoT moyvanilia<br />
sabunebismetyvelo sagnis<br />
gakveTili. aq metaforis gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli iseTi savarjiSoa<br />
warmodgenili, romel<br />
Sic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />
eniWeba.<br />
qalbatonma blerma gadaSenebuli<br />
cxovelebis Sesaxeb gakveTili<br />
imiT daiwyo, rom moswavleebs<br />
dauriga statia dodos<br />
Sesaxeb (ixileT qvemoT).<br />
statiis wakiTxvis Semdeg, qalbatoni<br />
bleris uSualo miTiTebebis<br />
safuZvelze, moswavleebma<br />
ramodenime zogadi daskvna<br />
gaakeTes:<br />
pirdapiri mniSvneloba: siyvarulis<br />
grZnoba gabednierebs,<br />
magram im adamianma, romelic<br />
giyvars, SeiZleba tkivili<br />
mogayenos.<br />
mxolod abstraqtul donezea<br />
vardi da siyvaruli urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
cnebebi. Sesabamisad,<br />
swavlebis meTodi, romelic<br />
metaforis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs,<br />
yovelTvis cnebebs Soris<br />
abstraqtul kavSirze unda iyos<br />
orientirebuli.<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
garkveuli saxeoba kargad<br />
viTardeboda konkretul<br />
garemo pirobebSi;<br />
garemo pirobebis cvalebadobasTan<br />
erTad Seicvala<br />
saxeoba. zogma cvlilebam<br />
am saxeobis maxasiaTebelTa<br />
SezRudva gamoiwvia;<br />
garkveulma damatebiTma<br />
cvlilebebma im pirobebis<br />
moSla, romelic am saxeobas<br />
arsebobisaTvis sWirdeboda<br />
da, Sesabamisad, misi<br />
ganadgureba ganapiroba. im<br />
SezRudvis gamo, romelic<br />
meore punqtSi vaxseneT,
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
27<br />
dodo - gadaSenebuli Citi<br />
dodos Sesaxeb pirveli informacia<br />
1600-iani wlebidan mogvepoveba.<br />
is, rogorc irkveva,<br />
indoeTis okeaneSi mavrikis kun<br />
Zulis binadari iyo. daaxloebiT<br />
oTxmoci wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
iarseba da Semdeg gadaSenda.<br />
dodos mZime frTebiTa da sxeuliT<br />
Tu vimsjelebT, SeiZleba<br />
davaskvnaT, rom mas ar SeeZlo<br />
frena. amasTanave, cnobili xdeba,<br />
rom misi mkerdis Zvali susti<br />
iyo imisaTvis, raTa frenisas<br />
amxela frinvelis wonisaTvis<br />
gaeZlo. miuxedavad amisa, mecnierebs<br />
miaCniaT, rom dodo<br />
warmoiSva iseTi frinvelis evoluciis<br />
Sedegad, romelsac frena<br />
SeeZlo. roca dodos winapari<br />
mavrikis kunZulze damkvidrda,<br />
man aRmoaCina, rom kunZulze<br />
iyo uamravi sakvebi da TiTqmis<br />
ar iyvnen mtaceblebi. gamomdinare<br />
iqidan, rom dodos ar qonda<br />
frenis aucilebloba, man Tanda<br />
TanobiT dakarga frenis unari.<br />
arsebobda sxva faqtorebic,<br />
romlebmac xeli Seuwyo dodos<br />
gadaSenebas. bevri dodo sakvebad<br />
im holandielma mezRvaurebma<br />
gamoiyenes, romlebsac dodoTa<br />
aRmoCenas miaweren. yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani roli dodoebis<br />
gadaSenebaSi miuZRvis Semdeg<br />
or garemoebas: a. ganadgurda<br />
tye, romelic dodos sakvebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofda, b. mezRvaurebma<br />
Semoiyvanes katebi, Tagvebi<br />
da Rorebi, romelTac dodos<br />
budeebi gaanadgures.<br />
mecnierebma, amerikis bunebaTmcodneobis<br />
muzeumidan<br />
da msoflios sxva samecniero<br />
dawesebulebebidan, bevri ram<br />
gaiazres dodos cxovrebis wesis<br />
Seswavlis Sedegad. imedia,<br />
dodos istoria dagvexmareba,<br />
Tavidan aviciloT sxva cocxal<br />
arsebaTa gadaSeneba da amiT<br />
xeli SevuwyoT biomravalferovnebas<br />
dedamiwaze.
28 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 2. 7<br />
grafikuli sqema metaforebTan dakavSirebuli savarjiSoebisaTvis<br />
pirdapiri<br />
pirdapiri<br />
elementi # 1 paradigma # 1 abstraqcia paradigma # 2 elementi # 2<br />
4.<br />
saxeobas Tavis gadasarCenad<br />
adgilmdeba reobis Secvla<br />
da axal adgilas damkvidreba<br />
ar SeeZlo;<br />
es saxeoba aRar arsebobs.<br />
qalbatonma blerma moswavleebs<br />
sTxova, gamoeyenebinaT mocemuli<br />
paradigma da asociaciurad<br />
sxva saganTan an movlenasTan<br />
daekavSirebinaT.<br />
metaforebis gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli aqtivobebi, romlebic<br />
mTlianad moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />
mimarTuli. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac moswavleebi abstraqtuli<br />
paradigmis an urTierTkavSiris<br />
arss gaiazreben, SeiZleba mivceT<br />
savarjiSo, romelSic metaforis<br />
mxolod erTi elementia mocemuli<br />
da vTxovoT, moifiqron<br />
meore elementi da aRweron am<br />
or elements Soris arsebuli abstraqtuli<br />
urTierTkavSiri. es<br />
aris savarjiSo, romelic mTlianad<br />
moswavleTa Zalis xmevazea<br />
mimarTuli. qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />
aseTi savar ji Sos magaliTi. moqmedeba<br />
xde ba sabunebismetyvelo<br />
sagnis gakveTilze.<br />
ori moswavle gamovida mTeli<br />
klasis winaSe da warmoadgenda<br />
Tavisi muSaobis Sedegs. maT<br />
gamotanili hqondaT `varskvlavebis<br />
sawarmos~ diagrama (`varskvlavebis<br />
mogzaurobidan~). ma<br />
Ti davaleba ujredis ZiriTadi<br />
funqciebis gamovlena da aRwera<br />
iyo. Semdeg unda ganezogadebinaT<br />
warmodgenili informacia<br />
da sxva iseTi sistemisaTvis<br />
daekavSirebinaT, romelic<br />
ujredul sistemas abstraqtulad<br />
ukavSirdeba. mos wavleebma<br />
metaforis meore elementad<br />
`varskvlavebis sawarmo~ air<br />
Cies. Semdegi abstraqtuli paradigmis<br />
mixedviT, metaforis<br />
ori elementi erTmaneTs daukavSires.<br />
moswavleebma detalurad<br />
aRweres msgavsebebi ujredis<br />
TiToeul nawilsa da `varskvlavebis<br />
sa warmos~ sxvadasxva<br />
elementebs Soris.<br />
ujredi<br />
birTvi<br />
nawili, romelic<br />
mar<br />
Tavs sistemas<br />
SerCevi<br />
Tad<br />
gam tari<br />
membrana<br />
nawili, romelic<br />
gareT<br />
tovebs<br />
uvargiss da<br />
SigniT uS <br />
vebs sasargeblos<br />
zogadi,<br />
abstraqtuli<br />
`varskvlavebis<br />
sawarmo~<br />
xidi<br />
oTaxi,<br />
romelSic<br />
adamiani<br />
an sagani<br />
energiis<br />
wyarod<br />
iqceva
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
29<br />
sendviCis momzadeba<br />
ra gsurT miirTvaT<br />
rogori puri<br />
mWirdeba<br />
ra Cavdo sendviCSi,<br />
gemrieli rom<br />
gamovides<br />
imisaTvis, rom<br />
gavaumjobeso, kidev<br />
rame unda davamato<br />
kitris mwnili<br />
mdogvi bananis<br />
naWrebi<br />
imaves Tqma<br />
sxvanairad<br />
ra aris Cemi<br />
mizani<br />
rogor SevkravT<br />
erT mTlianobad<br />
ra iqneba SuaSi<br />
rogor SeiZleba<br />
kidev ufro<br />
gavaumjobeso<br />
abzacis Camoyalibeba<br />
ra aris abzacis<br />
Camoyalibebis mizani<br />
ra iqneba Cemi pirveli da<br />
bolo winadadeba<br />
kidev ra winadadebebi<br />
damWirdeba imisaTvis, rom<br />
abzacis ZiriTadi azri<br />
gamovxato<br />
rogor SeiZleba gavxado<br />
abzaci ufro saintereso<br />
da advilad gasagebi<br />
gamoviyeno zedsarTavebi<br />
moviyvano detalebi<br />
grafikuli sqemebi metaforebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli savarjiSoebisaTvis.<br />
grafikuli sqemebi metaforebTan<br />
dakavSirebul savarjiSoebSi<br />
ise xSirad ar gamoiyeneba,<br />
rogorc klasifikaciasa da<br />
Sedarebze orientirebul davalebebSi.<br />
diagrama 2.7-ze mocemulia<br />
sqema, romelic SeiZleba<br />
metaforis bunebisa da funqciis<br />
vizualuri warmoCenisaTvis gamoviyenoT.<br />
am sqemis arsi mdgomareobs<br />
SemdegSi: metaforis Semadgenel<br />
or elements SeiZleba gansxvavebuli<br />
paradigmebi hqo n des,<br />
magram maT erTi abstraq tuli<br />
cneba aerTianebT. moswavleebs<br />
SeiZleba vTxovoT am sqemis Sevseba;<br />
isini saTanado adgilas gana<br />
Tavseben orive elementis Sesaxeb<br />
informacias, cal-calke. Semdeg<br />
ki aRweren maT Soris arsebul<br />
zogad, abstraqtul urTierTkav<br />
Sirs. qvemoT moyvanili magaliTidan<br />
TvalnaTliv Cans, Tu rogor<br />
SeiZleba maswavlebelma grafikuli<br />
sqema gakveTilze gamoiyenos.<br />
qalbatoni zeno cdilobda,<br />
Tavisi dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebisaTvis<br />
aexsna, Tu<br />
rogor unda dalagdes winadadebebi<br />
abzacebSi. `sendvi<br />
Cis momzadeba~ dawera maswavlebelma<br />
marcxniv da `abzacis<br />
Camoyalibeba~ marjvniv (ixileT<br />
sqema). Semdeg is SekiTxvebi<br />
Camowera, romlebze pasuxis<br />
gacemac aucilebelia, Tu kargi<br />
sendviCis damzadebas visaxavT<br />
miznad. moswavleebma es<br />
SekiTxvebi abstraqtul, zogad<br />
kiTxvebad aqcies da Sua svetSi<br />
moaTavses (saTauriT `imaves<br />
Tqma sxvanairad~). pirvel or<br />
svetSi Camoyalibebuli SekiTxvebis<br />
safuZvelze moswavleebma<br />
mesame svetSi (saTauriT `abzacis<br />
Camoyalibeba~) is SekiTxvebi<br />
Camoayalibes, romelze<br />
pasuxis gacemac aucilebelia<br />
kargad Camoyalibebuli abzacis<br />
momzadebisTvis.
30 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
analogiebi<br />
metaforebis msgavsad, analogiebi<br />
im sagnebs an movlenebs Soris<br />
msgavsebis aRmoCenaSi gvexmareba,<br />
romlebic, erTi SexedviT,<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian;<br />
Sesabamisad, axal informaciasac<br />
ufro kargad vigebT. rogorc<br />
wesi, analogiebi Semdegi formiT<br />
gvxvdeba A : B :: C : D (Semdegnairad<br />
vkiTxulobT: A ise ukavSirdeba<br />
B-s, rogorc C ukavSirdeba D-s).<br />
magaliTad:<br />
cxeli : civi :: Rame : dRe (cxeli<br />
ise miemarTeba civs, rogorc Rame<br />
dRes). civi da dRe iseTive sawinaaRmdego<br />
cnebebia, rogorc cxeli<br />
da Rame.<br />
durgali : CaquCi :: mxatvari :<br />
funji (durgali ise miemarTeba<br />
CaquCs, rogorc mxatvari funjs).<br />
CaquCi da funji is iaraRebia,<br />
romlebsac durgali da mxatvari<br />
iyeneben.<br />
albaT analogia msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlenis yvelaze<br />
rTul formats warmoadgens,<br />
radgan is `urTierTobaTa Soris<br />
arsebul urTierTobebs~ exeba.<br />
iseve rogorc msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
aRmoCenis sxva formebi,<br />
analogiebis moZieba SeiZleba<br />
iyos aqtivoba, romelSic mTavari<br />
roli maswavlebels eniWeba, an<br />
aqtivoba, romelic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />
Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli.<br />
analogiebis moZieba, rogorc savarjiSo,<br />
romelSic mTavari roli<br />
maswavlebels eniWeba. rogorc<br />
wesi, roca mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />
eniWeba, moswavleebs<br />
ufro struqturirebuli savarjiSos<br />
gakeTeba uwevT. magali<br />
Tad, maswavlebelma SeiZleba warmoadginos<br />
Semdegi analogia:<br />
Termometri igivea temperaturisaTvis,<br />
rac<br />
odometri manZilisaTvis.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
sTxovos moswavleebs, axsnan, Tu<br />
riTi hgavs Termometrsa da temperaturas<br />
Soris kavSiri im kav<br />
Sirs, romelic odometrsa da<br />
manZils Soris arsebobs. Termometrica<br />
da odometric sazomi<br />
xelsawyoebia; Termometri<br />
zomavs temperaturis cvalebadobas,<br />
xolo odometri - manZilis<br />
cvalebadobas. maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia, moswavleebs analogiis<br />
oTxi elementidan mxolod sami<br />
warmoudginos da meoTxis moZieba<br />
maT daavalos. qvemoT moyvanili<br />
magaliTi 1 da magaliTi 2 am ori<br />
tipis analogiis ilustracias<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
magaliTi 1<br />
Jangbadi - - - adamiani<br />
naxSirorJangi - - - mcenare<br />
cunami - - - talRa<br />
miwisZvra - - - biZgi<br />
birTvi - - - dedamiwa<br />
birTvi - - - atomi
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
31<br />
sixSire - - - bgera<br />
amperi - - - el. energia<br />
magaliTi 2<br />
maTematikis maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
Semdegi analogiis<br />
savarjiSoebi misca, im mizniT,<br />
rom maTTvis ukeTesad gaegebinebina<br />
maTematikuri cnebebi:<br />
oTxmoci - rva<br />
aTcentiani - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
maxvili kuTze - samkuTxedi<br />
90 gradusiani kuTxe - - - - - -<br />
<strong>robert</strong> frosti - poezia<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - romanSi (1984)<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - romanSi `mewamuli aso~<br />
diagrama 2. 8<br />
grafikuli sqema<br />
analogiebisaTvis<br />
garSemoweriloba - wre<br />
perimetri - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
½ - wiladi<br />
5 – - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
analogiebis moZieba, rogorc<br />
savarjiSo, romelic mTlianad<br />
moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />
mimarTuli. analogiis elementebis<br />
mo Ziebisas moswavleebis wvlili<br />
aseT savarjiSoebSi ufro<br />
maRalia, vidre im savarjiSoebSi,<br />
romlebic zemoT ganvixileT. magaliTad,<br />
maswavlebelma Se iZleba<br />
moswavleebs ana logiis pirveli<br />
wyvili misces da meore wyvilis<br />
mofiqreba sTxovos. ra Tqma unda,<br />
aseTi savarjiSos Sesrulebis Semdeg<br />
moswavles mouwevs imis argumentirebuli<br />
dasabuTeba, Tu ratom<br />
SearCia es konkretuli wyvili.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia aseTi<br />
analogiis ramdenime magaliTi,<br />
romelTa gamoyenebac literaturis<br />
gakveTilze SeiZleba.<br />
diagrama 2. 9<br />
grafikuli sqema<br />
analogiebisaTvis (magaliTi)<br />
Termometri _ temperatura<br />
urTierTkavSiri: zomavs cvalebadobas<br />
odometri _ distancia<br />
diagrama 2.8-ze mocemulia<br />
grafikuli sqema, romelic moswavleebs<br />
gauadvilebs analogiebis<br />
gagebas. am sqemaSi moswavleebma<br />
ise unda Caweron informacia,<br />
rogorc diagrama 2.9-ze aris mocemuli.<br />
batoni uoTersi klasSi ganixilavs<br />
kompiuteris gavlenas
32 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze.<br />
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma<br />
kargad gaiazron Sedareba, is<br />
grafikul sqemas iSveliebs da<br />
Semdeg analogias warmoadgens:<br />
cifruli _ kompiuteri<br />
mier Sevsebuli analogiis savarjiSos<br />
grafikul sqemas. moswavleebs<br />
uwevT imis axsna, Tu<br />
ratom warmoadgines es konkretuli<br />
elementebi analogiis<br />
meore wyvilSi da ra kavSiria<br />
analogiis wyvilebs Soris.<br />
urTierToba:<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom analogiis<br />
pirveli nawili ukve Sevsebulia,<br />
pirveli wyvilis ori<br />
elementis moswavleebTan er<br />
Tad ganxilvas batoni uoTersi<br />
ramdenime wuTs uTmobs. Semdeg<br />
moswavleebi jgufdebian.<br />
TiTo jgufSi sami moswavlea.<br />
maT analogiis meore wyvili<br />
unda Seqmnan. meore dRes Ti<br />
Toeuli jgufi warmoadgens mis<br />
* * *<br />
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Zieba<br />
sxvadasxva savarjiSos saSualebiT<br />
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.<br />
moswavleebi SeiZleba CavrToT<br />
davalebebSi, romlebic Sedarebebs,<br />
klasifikacias, metaforebs<br />
da analogiebs ukavSirdeba. savarjiSoebSi<br />
SeiZleba mTavari<br />
roli maswavlebels eniWebodes,<br />
an, SesaZloa, mTlianad moswavle<br />
Ta Zalisxmevaze iyos mimarTuli.
3<br />
Sejameba<br />
da Canawerebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
sabazo skolis moswavleebs qalbatoni cimersi miTologias<br />
Semdegi meTodiT aswavlida: maT wasakiTxad ramdenime miTs aZlevda<br />
da sTxovda, Tavad SeeTxzaT miTebi, arsebuli struqturisa<br />
da personaJTa cxovrebaSi gardatexis Semomtani cvlilebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. moswavleebi aseT davalebebs siamovnebiT<br />
akeTebdnen, magram xSirad bolomde ver acnobierebdnen miTebis<br />
istoriul mniSvnelobas im adamianebisaTvis, romlebzec maT<br />
Txzavdnen. wels qalbatonma cimersma Cveuli savarjiSoebis<br />
Secvla gadawyvita. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs ukeT gaeazrebinaT<br />
antikuri saberZneTis istoria, maT unda waekiTxaT ori ese da<br />
enaxaT mokle filmi berZnuli miTologiis Sesaxeb. amasTanave,<br />
maswavleblis TxovniT, moswavleebs, saSinao davalebis saxiT,<br />
orive ese unda SeejamebinaT. da bolos, filmis yurebis dros,<br />
moswavleebs unda moemzadebinaT Canawerebi da es Canawerebic<br />
maswavleblisaTvis warmoedginaT.<br />
qalbatoni cimersi gaocebuli garCa moswavleebis nawerebiT.<br />
man aRmoaCina, rom davalebaTa umetesoba sruliadac ar<br />
warmoadgenda eseebis Sejamebas da adasturebda, rom moswavleebma<br />
davalebis arsi ver gaiges; maT, ubralod, sityvebis perifrazi<br />
gaekeTebinaT da ar hqondaT Sejamebuli eseebis Sinaarsi.<br />
maswavlebeli imedgacruebuli darCa, roca aRmoaCina, rom mis<br />
moswavleebs teqstis Sinaarsis Sejameba ar SeeZloT. qalbatonma<br />
cimersma miznad daisaxa, eswavlebina moswavleebisaTvis, Tu<br />
rogor unda SeZlon teqstis Sinaarsis Sejameba. maswavlebeli<br />
mixvda, rom moswavleebisTvis Canawerebis gakeTebac unda<br />
eswavlebina, radgan Sesrulebuli davalebebidan ikveTeboda, rom<br />
isini an Zalian mcire informacias iniSnavdnen, an sityva-sityviT<br />
iwerdnen yvelafers.<br />
qalbatonma cimersma sworad daaskvna, rom mis moswavleebs<br />
ar hqondaT akademiuri unar-Cvevebi da gadawyvita,<br />
maT iseTi gamosadegi unar-Cvevebis dauflebaSi daxmareboda,<br />
rogorebicaa Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba.<br />
am ori unar-Cvevis gamomuSaveba swavlebis erT meTodSi<br />
gavaerTianeT, radgan informaciis warmodgenas orive<br />
mokle, sinTezuri formiT moiTxovs.<br />
33
34 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
Sejameba: kvlevebi da Teoria<br />
Sejamebis Sesaxeb bevri kvlevaa<br />
Catarebuli. diagrama 3.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />
im ramdenime naSromis<br />
Sedegebi, romlebSic Sejamebis<br />
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebia<br />
Tavmoyrili. mkvlevarebma<br />
valeri andersonma da siuzan hidim<br />
Sejamebis Sesaxeb arsebuli didi<br />
moculobis literaturis mimoxilva<br />
moamzades (ix. andersoni da<br />
hidi, 1988 / 1989; hidi da andersoni,<br />
1987). am mimoxilviTi kvlevidan<br />
maswavleblebisaTvis sasargeblo<br />
sami daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba:<br />
1. efeqturi SejamebisaTvis<br />
sa Wiroa, moswavleebma informaci<br />
is nawili waSalon, nawilis perifrazireba<br />
moaxdinon da nawili<br />
datovon. es daskvna momdinareobs<br />
iseTi kognituri fsiqologebis<br />
naSromebidan, ro gorebic iyvnen<br />
uolter qin Ci da Toin van diki (ix.<br />
qinCi, 1979; van diki,1980); maT Seiswavles<br />
Sejamebis dros moqmedi<br />
ZiriTadi kognituri meqanizmebi.<br />
magaliTisaTvis, ga ecaniT diagrama<br />
3.2-s, ro melSic mocemulia<br />
teqsti fo tografiis Sesaxeb.<br />
Tu am teqsts waikiTxavT im<br />
mizniT, rom Semdeg SeajamoT,<br />
teqstis kiTxvisas Tqveni goneba<br />
sami mimarTulebiT imuSavebs, es<br />
mimarTulebebia: 1. garkveuli na <br />
wilebis waSla, 2. garkveuli nawilebis<br />
Canacvleba, 3. te qs tis<br />
zogierTi nawilis da toveba. imisaTvis,<br />
rom war moidginoT am procesis<br />
Sedegi, daakvirdiT diagrama<br />
3.2-is meore nawils, sadac mocemulia<br />
mkiTxvelis mier teqstis<br />
Sejamebis procedura.<br />
diagrama 3. 1.<br />
Sejamebis meTodebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
naSromi<br />
flaumi, uolbergi,<br />
qeargianesi da raSeri, 1980*<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
2<br />
2<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
0. 62<br />
0. 73<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
qrismori 100 1.04 35<br />
rozenSeini da maisteri, 1994 10 0.88 31<br />
heTi, bigsi da ferdi, 1996 15 0.88 31<br />
rozenSeini, maisteri<br />
da Cafmani, 1996 16 0.87 31<br />
rafaeli da qirSneri, 1985 3 1.80 47<br />
* flaumisa da sxvaTa naSromis gaswvriv efeqtis sididis ori kategoriaa mocemuli,<br />
Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare.<br />
mkiTxvels, igi Tu detalebiTaa dainteresebuli, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.<br />
23<br />
27
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
35<br />
rogorc diagrama 3.2-dan (meore<br />
nawili) ikveTeba, Sejamebis<br />
dros teqstis didi nawili waSlas<br />
eqvemdebareba. mkiTxvelma gadawyvita,<br />
rom informacia, romelic<br />
waSala, nawyvetis Sinaarsis gadmocemisaTvis<br />
ar iyo relevanturi.<br />
erT _ erTi termini originalidan<br />
(naerTi) axali sityviT Seicvala<br />
(kristali). Sejamebisas Canacvlebuli<br />
sityva, konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
SeiZleba ufro zogadi<br />
an ufro konkretuli iyos. da bolos,<br />
rogorc magaliTidan Cans,<br />
is ramdenime winadadeba, romelic<br />
mTavari mniSvnelobis matarebelia,<br />
xeluxlebeli darCa. Tvaldiagrama<br />
3. 2<br />
Sejamebis savarjiSo<br />
pirveli nawili<br />
fotografia<br />
sityva fotogafia momdinareobs ber<br />
Znuli sityvidan, romelic `sinaTliT<br />
xatvas” niSnavs... sinaTle fotografiis<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia.<br />
TiTqmis yvela fotografiuli<br />
procesi fotosensitiur qimiur<br />
nivTierebebs ukavSirdeba. es ukanaskneli<br />
niSnavs imas, rom nivTiereba,<br />
sinaTlesTan miaxloebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
icvleba. bunebaSi mravalgvari fotosensitiuri<br />
masalaa, magaliTad,<br />
mcenareebi, romlebic RamiT iZineben.<br />
fotografiaSi gamoyenebuli firebi<br />
im qimiur naerTebzea damokidebuli,<br />
romlebic sinaTlesTan Sexebisas<br />
muqdeba. naerTebi, romlebic amJamad<br />
yvelaze aqtiurad gamoiyeneba,<br />
vercxli da qimiuri nivTiereba, halogenebia<br />
(rogorc wesi, esenia: bromini,<br />
qlorini da iodini).<br />
meore nawili<br />
fotografiis procesis<br />
makrostruqtura<br />
sityva fotogafia momdinareobs ber<br />
Znuli sityvidan, romelic `sinaTliT<br />
xatvas” niSnavs... sinaTle fotografiis<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia.<br />
TiTqmis yvela fotografiuli<br />
procesi fotosensitiur qimiur<br />
nivTierebebs ukavSirdeba. es ukanaskneli<br />
niSnavs imas, rom nivTiereba,<br />
sinaTlesTan miaxloebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
icvleba. bunebaSi mravalgvari fotosensitiuri<br />
masalaa, magaliTad,<br />
mcenareebi, romlebic RamiT iZineben.<br />
fotografiaSi gamoyenebuli firebi<br />
im qimiur kristalebzea damokidebuli,<br />
romlebic sinaTlesTan Sexebisas<br />
muqdeba. naerTebi, romlebic amJamad<br />
yvelaze aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, vercxli<br />
da qimiuri nivTiereba, halogenebia<br />
(rogorc wesi, esenia: bromini,<br />
qlorini da iodini).<br />
wyaro: `fotografia”, maikrosofT enkarta enciklopedia 99, maikrosofti, 1999.<br />
saCinoebisaTvis, teqstis Sejamebul<br />
nawils `makrostruqtura”<br />
viwodeT.<br />
2. aucilebelia, moswavlem kargad<br />
gaiazros Sesajamebeli teq s <br />
tis arsi, raTa zustad gansazRvros,<br />
informaciis ra nawilia wasaSleli,<br />
Casanacvlebeli da/an<br />
dasatovebeli. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba<br />
advilad mogveCvenos is<br />
mentaluri operaciebi, romlebic<br />
teqstis sxvadasxva monakveTis Se <br />
jamebas, waSlas, Canacvlebas da<br />
SerCevas ukavSirdeba. sinamdvile<br />
Si, swori gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miReba am operaciebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
zedmiwevniT analizs
36 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
moiTxovs. magaliTisaTvis, kvlav<br />
diagrama 3.2-s mivubrundeT. Sejamebis<br />
avtorma analizis Sedegad<br />
daaskvna, rom sityva fotografiis<br />
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb<br />
in formacia ararelevanturia, xolo<br />
informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
sinaTle mTavari komponentia<br />
_ mniS vnelovani. mkvle vari borak<br />
rozenSaini da misi kolegebi<br />
askvnian, rom swavlebis is meTodebia<br />
yvelaze efeqturi, romle bic<br />
Sejamebisas teqstis Rrma analizze<br />
amaxvileben yuradRebas (ix.<br />
rozenSaini da maisteri, 1994; rozenSaini,<br />
maisteri da Capmani, 1996).<br />
3. informaciis SejmebisaTvis<br />
Zalian sasargebloa teqstis<br />
struqturis gageba. rogorc<br />
wesi, nebismieri teqsti garkveul<br />
struqturas efuZneba. Sejamebis<br />
dros, rac ufro ukeT gvaqvs<br />
gacnobierebuli Sesajamebeli teqstis<br />
struqtura, miT ufro efeqturad<br />
gavaanalizebT mas. aseT<br />
daskvnamde mividnen fsiqologebi,<br />
maT Soris boni meieri (ix. meieri,<br />
1975; meieri da fridli, 1984).<br />
magaliTisaTvis, warmoidgineT,<br />
rom ganaTlebis Temaze gamocemul<br />
JurnalSi unda waikiTxoT<br />
statia klasSi disciplinis damyarebis<br />
efeqtur meTodebze. sanam<br />
statiis kiTxvas daiwyebT, ukve<br />
iciT, rom statias, savaraudod,<br />
garkveuli struqtura eqneba. albaT<br />
daiwyeba SesavliT, romel<br />
Sic axsnili iqneba, Tu ratomaa<br />
sasargeblo klasSi disciplinis<br />
damyarebis efeqturi meTodebi;<br />
Semdeg mohyveba garkveuli teqsti<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gakeTda am mimarTulebiT<br />
warsulSi da romeli<br />
meTodebi miaCnia avtors yvelaze<br />
sasargeblod. statia, savaraudod,<br />
garkveuli Semajamebeli<br />
winadadebebiT dasruldeba. teqstis<br />
struqturis saTanado gaazreba<br />
adamians exmareba, strategiulad<br />
dagegmos Sejamebis procesi<br />
da Tavidanve gansazRvros,<br />
teqstis romel nawils miaqcevs<br />
met yuradRebas. kvlevebi adasturebs,<br />
rom moswavleebi ufro<br />
kargad aanalizeben teqsts, roca<br />
gaazrebuli aqvT Sesajamebeli<br />
teqstis struqtura (ix. armbras<br />
Teri, andersoni da osTerTgi,<br />
1987; rafaeli da qirSneri, 1985).<br />
praqtika klasSi: Sejamebis<br />
savarjiSoebis gamoyeneba<br />
wesebze dafuZnebuli Sejamebis<br />
meTodi<br />
Sejamebis erT-erTi meTodi<br />
cnobilia wesebze dafuZnebuli<br />
Sejamebis meTodis saxeliT; misi<br />
avtorebi arian a. brauni, j. qamfione<br />
da j. dei (1981). rogorc<br />
saxelwodebidan irkveva, am meTodis<br />
gamoyeneba konkretuli wesebis<br />
Tanamimdevrul Sesrulebas<br />
gulisxmobs. es wesebia:<br />
• waSaleT ararelevanturi informacia,<br />
romelic teqstis<br />
ZiriTadi azris gagebisaTvis<br />
ar aris Rirebuli;<br />
• waSaleT zedmeti informacia;<br />
• Tu teqstSi gxvdebaT saganTa<br />
CamonaTvali, CaanacvleT es<br />
CamonaTvali krebiTi saxeliT<br />
(magaliTad, CamonaTvali `gvirilebi,<br />
titebi da vardebi~ Sei
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
37<br />
cxadia, rom es wesebi zustad<br />
mihyveba im kognitur process,<br />
romelic dasawyisSi iyo warmodgenili<br />
da moicavda waSlas,<br />
Canacvlebasa da teqstis garkveuli<br />
nawilis datovebas. es wesebi<br />
akonkretebs im nabijebs, romlebsac<br />
moswavleebi teqstis Sejamebisas<br />
unda mihyvnen. gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom moswavleebs imis Cvediagrama<br />
3. 3<br />
Sejamebis strategia: teqsti magaliTisaTvis<br />
ra informacias gvawvdis mzis qaris Seswavla<br />
mzis sistemis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb<br />
mecnierTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom<br />
mzis sistema 4. 6 milioni wlis win<br />
mzis Rrubelis gravitaciuli kolafsis<br />
Sedegad, varskvlavTSorisi<br />
gazis, mtvrisa da yinulis im<br />
nawilakebisagan warmoiSva, rac wina<br />
Taobis varskvlavebisagan iyo dar<br />
Cenili. drois svlasTan erTad,<br />
nawilakebi erTmaneTs ejaxebodnen,<br />
jgufdebodnen da planetebs, mTvares,<br />
asteroidebs, kometebs im formiT<br />
qmnidnen, ra formiTac dRes arseboben.<br />
mecnierebisaTvis dRemde gamoucnobi<br />
da burusiT moculia, Tu<br />
rogor moxda mzis Rrublis planetebad<br />
gardaqmna. aseve auxsnelia,<br />
Tu ratom ganuviTarda zog planetas,<br />
magaliTad, veneras, sqeli,<br />
momwamvleli atmosfero maSin, roca<br />
dedamiwaze sicocxle damkvidrda.<br />
pasuxebi am SekiTxvebze, nawilobriv,<br />
mzis sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis<br />
qimiur Semadgenlobas ukavSirdeba.<br />
mecnierebi adastureben, rom sxvadasxva<br />
sxeulis qimiuri Semadgenloba<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.<br />
es informacia maT saSualebas<br />
aZlevs, mzis sistemis planetebis<br />
warmoSobis sxvadasxva modelze<br />
ifiqron. mainc pasuxgaucemeli<br />
rCeba erTi SekiTxva: risgan Sedgeboda<br />
Tavdapirvelad mzis Rrubeli<br />
savaraudod, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze<br />
Tavad mzeSi unda veZeboT. is Seicavs<br />
mzis sistemaSi arsebuli elementebis<br />
99 procents da Tumca misi SigTavsi<br />
birTvuli procesebis gamo Seicvala,<br />
rogorc amtkiceben, mzis gare Sreebic<br />
imave nivTierebebis Semcvelia,<br />
risganac mzis Rrubeli Sedgeboda.<br />
mzis qaris Seswavla mecnierebs saSualebas<br />
miscems, gasaRebi mouZebnon<br />
am saidumloebiT mocul gamocanas,<br />
radgan mzis qari mzis zedapiris<br />
nawilakebs Seicavs.<br />
Zleba CavanacvloT sityviT<br />
`yvavilebi”);<br />
• SearCieT mTeli abzacis azris<br />
gamomxatveli erTi winadadeba;<br />
aseTis ararsebobis SemTxveva<br />
Si, Tavad moifiqreT is.<br />
nebac sWirdebaT, Tu rogor unda<br />
Seajamon, da ara mxolod imis<br />
Tqma, Tu ra unda gaakeTon. moswavleTa<br />
cnobierebaSi am wesebis<br />
`gacocxlebis” mizniT, maswavlebelma<br />
Sejamebis wesebi magaliTebis<br />
daxmarebiT unda warmoudginos.<br />
qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi<br />
naCvenebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
amis gakeTeba.<br />
batoni niutoni sabunebismetyvelo<br />
sagnis maswavlebelia;<br />
is cdilobs, moswavleebs wesebze<br />
dafuZnebuli Sejamebis me<br />
Todi gaacnos. batoni niutoni<br />
gakveTils iwyebs imiT, rom mo
38 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
swavleebs warmoudgens teqsts<br />
mzis sistemis warmoSobis Sesaxeb<br />
(ix. diagrama 3.3).<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
sTxovs, waikiTxon teqsti. mas<br />
Semdeg, rac isini teqsts<br />
gaecnobian, batoni niutoni<br />
uxsni s klass, rom am teqsts<br />
wina dRes warmodgenili `wesebze<br />
dafuZnebuli Sedarebis me<br />
Todis~ sailustraciod gamoiyeneben.<br />
maswavlebeli Sejamebis<br />
procesSi Semdegnairad uZRveba<br />
moswavleebs:<br />
`me vapireb, xmamaRla vifiqro<br />
da ise gamoviyeno am me<br />
TodiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi.<br />
daukvirdiT da miTxariT,<br />
Tu Cemi azrebis Tanamimdevroba<br />
TqvenTvis kargad gasagebia.<br />
`wesis mixedviT, unda wavSaloT<br />
ararelevanturi informacia,<br />
romelic teqstis ZiriTadi<br />
azris gagebisaTvis ar aris Rirebuli;<br />
aseve, unda wavSaloT<br />
is informaciac, romelic zedmetia<br />
da saganTa CamonaTvali<br />
krebiTi saxeliT CavanacvloT~.<br />
mocemuli teqstis pirveli<br />
abzaci mTlianad winaistoriaa,<br />
magram trivialurad ver CaiTvleba.<br />
teqstSi ramdenjerme<br />
gvxvdeba CamonaTvali. modiT,<br />
am CamonaTvlebs mivxedoT. fraza<br />
`varskvlavTSorisi gazisa,<br />
mtvri sa da yinulis nawilakebisagan~<br />
SegviZlia CavanacvloT<br />
sityvaTSeTanxmebiT `varskvlavTSorisi<br />
masalisagan~. fraza<br />
`planetebs, mTva res, asteroidebs,<br />
kometebs” ki CavanacvloT<br />
sityvaTSeTanxmebiT `ciuri<br />
sxe ulebi~. Tu teqsts kargad<br />
da vakvirdebiT, Se vam CnevT, rom<br />
es ori fraza _ `mzis Rrubeli~<br />
da `varskvlavTSorisi gazisa,<br />
mtvrisa da yinulis nawilakebisagan,<br />
rac wina Taobis varskvlavebisagan<br />
iyo darCenili~<br />
_ erTsa da imaves aRniSnavs.<br />
ase rom, SegviZlia, erT-erTi<br />
fraza wavSaloT. aseve, pirvel<br />
abzacSi gvxvdeba fraza `erTmaneTs<br />
ejaxeboda~, romelic<br />
namdvilad zedmeti da ararelevanturia.<br />
ase rom, Cemi azriT,<br />
am frazis amoRebac SegviZlia.<br />
ai, ase gamoiyureba axla teqstis<br />
pirveli abzaci:<br />
mecnierTa umetesoba miiCnevs,<br />
rom Cveni mzis sistema 4.6<br />
milioni wlis win mzis Rrubelis<br />
gravitaciuli kolafsis Sedegad<br />
warmoiSva. drois svlasTan<br />
erTad, nawilakebi jgufdebodnen<br />
da zeciur sxeulebs im formiT<br />
qmnidnen, ra formiTac dRes<br />
arseboben.<br />
`axla imave wesebs meore<br />
abzacis Sesajameblad gamoviyeneb.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am<br />
abzacSi ver vxedav erTgvarovan<br />
elementTa CamonaTvals,<br />
romlis Canacvlebasac krebiTi<br />
saxeliT SevZlebdi. Tumca fraza<br />
`gamoucnobi da burusiTmoculia~<br />
zedmetad meCveneba.<br />
me ubralod vityodi `aocebT~,<br />
rac TiTqos am orive sityvis<br />
Semcvelia. aseve, mimaCnia, rom<br />
magaliTebi, venerasa da dedamiwis<br />
Sesaxeb, sainteresoa,<br />
Tumca ar aris aucilebeli aq<br />
gadmocemuli ZiriTadi azris<br />
gasagebad. am magaliTebsac amoviRebdi.<br />
`am abzacis danarCeni nawili<br />
xsnis imas, Tu ra ician<br />
dReisaTvis mecnierebma da ra<br />
darCaT gasagebi. es, ra Tqma<br />
unda, ar aris umniSvnelo informacia,<br />
magram, SejamebisaTvis,<br />
gavamartivebdi. am monakveTis<br />
nacvlad `pasuxe bi<br />
am SekiTxvebze nawilobriv<br />
ukavSirdeba mzis sistemaSi<br />
Semavali sxeulebis qimiur Semadgenlobas.<br />
mecnierebi adastureben,<br />
rom sxvadasxva sxe
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
39<br />
ulis qimiuri Semadgenloba<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />
er T maneTisagan. es informacia<br />
me c nierebs saSualebas aZlevs,<br />
mzis sistemis planetebis warmoSobis<br />
sxvadasxva modelze<br />
ifiqron. pasuxgaucemeli mainc<br />
rCeba erTi SekiTxva: risgan<br />
Sedgeboda Tavdapirvelad mzis<br />
Rrubeli~ davwerdi Semdegs:<br />
`garkveul SekiTxvebze mecnierebs<br />
aqvT pasuxebi, magram<br />
maT jer ar ician is, Tu risgan<br />
Sedgeboda Tavdapirvelad mzis<br />
Rrubeli~. aba, rogoria<br />
ase rom, meore abzacis Sejameba<br />
Semdeg saxes miRebs:<br />
mec nierebs dRemde aocebT is,<br />
Tu rogor moxda mzis Rrublis<br />
gardaqmna planetebad. garkveul<br />
SekiTxvebze mecnierebs aqvT pasuxebi,<br />
magram maT jer ar ician<br />
is, Tu risgan Sedgeboda Tavdapirvelad<br />
mzis Rrubeli.<br />
`mesame abzaci savsea saintereso<br />
informaciiT. rogor<br />
mivusadagoT Sejamebis wesebi<br />
mesame abzacs aris aq informacia,<br />
rac umniSvnelod, an zedmetad<br />
gveCveneba<br />
`pirvel winadadebaSi naTqvamia:<br />
`am SekiTxvaze pasuxi,<br />
SesaZloa, Tavad mzeSi unda ve<br />
ZeboT~. es mniSvnelovani winadadebaa,<br />
ase rom, mas vtoveb.<br />
meore winadadeba xsnis imas,<br />
Tu ratom SeiZleba veZeboT am<br />
kiTxvaze pasuxi Tavad mzeSi.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom meore winadadebis<br />
mxolod nawilia CemTvis<br />
mniSvnelovani _ `rogorc<br />
amtkiceben, mzis gare Sreebic<br />
imave nivTierebebis Semcvelia,<br />
risganac mzis Rrubeli Sedgeboda~.<br />
Sesabamisad, vtoveb meore<br />
winadadebis mxolod am<br />
nawils da danarCes vSli. bolo<br />
winadadebaSi ori fraza analogiuri<br />
mniSvnelobis matarebelia<br />
_ `mzis qari~ da `nawilakebi<br />
mzis zedapiridan~. am ori<br />
frazidan mxolod erTs vtoveb.<br />
ai, ra gamovida:<br />
pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, Sesa<br />
Zloa, Tavad mzeSi unda veZeboT.<br />
rogorc amtkiceben, mzis gare<br />
Sreebic imave nivTierebebis Semcvelia,<br />
risganac mzis Rrubeli<br />
Sedgeboda. mzis qaris Seswavla<br />
mecnierebs saSualebas miscems,<br />
gasaRebi mouZebnon am saidumloebiT<br />
mocul gamocanas.<br />
da bolos, SegviZlia teqstis<br />
sxvadasxva nawilis Sejamebis<br />
Sedegebs erTad movuyaroT<br />
Tavi. miviReT Sejamebuli<br />
teqstis sruli versia. rogor<br />
fiqrobT, es sami axali abzaci<br />
logikuradaa dawyobili<br />
mecnierTa umetesoba miiCnevs,<br />
rom Cveni mzis sistema 4.6<br />
milioni wlis win mzis Rrubelis<br />
gravitaciuli kolafsis<br />
Sedegad, drois svlasTan erTad<br />
warmoiSva, nawilakebi jgufdebodnen<br />
da zeciur sxeulebs im<br />
formiT qmnidnen, ra formiTac<br />
dRes arseboben.<br />
mecnierebs dRemde aocebT<br />
is, Tu rogor moxda mzis<br />
Rrub lis gardaqmna planetebad.<br />
gar kveul SekiTxvebze mecnierebs<br />
aqvT pasuxebi, magram<br />
maT jer ar ician is, Tu risgan<br />
Sedgeboda Tavdapirvelad mzis<br />
Rrubeli.<br />
pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, Sesa<br />
Zloa, Tavad mzeSi unda veZeboT.<br />
rogorc amtkiceben, mzis gare<br />
Sreebic imave nivTierebebis Semcvelia,<br />
risganac mzis Rrubeli<br />
Sedgeboda. mzis qaris Seswavla<br />
mecnierebs saSualebas miscems,<br />
gasaRebi mouZebnon am saidumloebiT<br />
mocul gamocanas.<br />
aseTi detaluri da argumentirebuli<br />
msjelobis Semdeg<br />
batonma niutonma moswavleebs<br />
sTxova, Tavad SeejamebinaT teqs<br />
ti, wesebze dafuZnebuli Se
40 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
jamebis meTodis gamoyenebiT.<br />
axali teqsti moswavleebs saxel<br />
mZRvanelodan unda Seer<br />
CiaT.<br />
Sejamebis CarCoebi<br />
Sejamebis CarCo warmoadgens<br />
SekiTxvebis serias, romelsac maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs warmoudgens.<br />
es SekiTxvebi isea Sedgenili,<br />
rom moswavleebs exmareba, yuradReba<br />
miapyron konkretul informacias.<br />
am TavSi mocemulia Sejamebis<br />
CarCos eqvsi tipi. esenia:<br />
1. naratiuli CarCo;<br />
2. Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis<br />
CarCo;<br />
3. ganmartebiTi CarCo;<br />
4. argumentaciis CarCo;<br />
5. problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli<br />
CarCo;<br />
6. saubris CarCo.<br />
TiToeuli CarCo exeba sxvadasxva<br />
tipis teqstis arsebiT<br />
struqturas. ilustraciisaTvis,<br />
gaecaniT diagramebs 3.4 – 3.9 da<br />
daakvirdiT SekiTxvebs, romlebic<br />
TiToeul CarCoSi xvdeba.<br />
diagrama 3. 4<br />
naratiuli CarCo<br />
naratiuli, anu moTxrobis CarCo, Cveulebriv, mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi<br />
gvxvdeba da moicavs Semdeg elementebs:<br />
1. personaJebi: nawarmoebis mTavari personaJebis maxasiaTeblebi;<br />
2. garemo: dro, adgili da konteqsti, romelSic moqmedeba xdeba;<br />
3. moqmedebis inicireba: movlena, romelic iwyebs nawarmoebSi<br />
ganviTarebul siuJets;<br />
4. Sida pasuxi: rogori emociuri reaqcia aqvT mTavar personaJebs<br />
movlenaze, romelic nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul siuJets iwyebs;<br />
5. mizani: ris gakeTebas gadawyveten mTavari personaJebi nawarmoebis<br />
siuJetis inicirebis movlenis Semdeg (mizani, romelsac personaJebi<br />
daisaxaven);<br />
6. Sedegi: rogor cdiloben mTavari personaJebi miznis miRwevas;<br />
7. gadawyveta: ra mosdis mTavari personaJebis mier dasaxul mizans.<br />
komponentebi 3 _ 7 xandaxan meordeba, raTa Seiqmnas `epizodi”.<br />
naratiuli CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />
1. vin arian mTavari personaJebi da ra ganasxvavebs maT sxvebisagan<br />
2. sad da rodis xdeba nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli moqmedeba<br />
3. riTi iwyeba moqmedeba nawarmoebSi<br />
4. rogor gamoxates personaJebma TavianTi grZnobebi<br />
5. risi gakeTeba gadawyvites mTavarma personaJebma daisaxes mizani<br />
Tu mizani daisaxes, raSi mdgomareobs is<br />
6. rogor cdilobdnen mTavari personaJebi, mieRwiaT TavianTi<br />
mizn(eb)isaTvis<br />
7. ra Sedegebi moitana mTavari personaJebis mcdelobam
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
41<br />
Semdegi magaliTi warmogvidgens<br />
imas, Tu rogor gamoiyena<br />
pirveli klasis maswavlebelma<br />
naratiuli CarCo (diagrama 3. 4)<br />
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebisaTvis<br />
teqstis Sejameba eswavlebina.<br />
qalbatonma meisonma gamoiyena<br />
naratiuli CarCo, raTa<br />
mis pirvelklasel moswavleebs<br />
moTxrobis gaanalizebaSi daxmareboda.<br />
moTxrobis saxelwodeba<br />
iyo `inqTomim dakarga<br />
Tvalebi” (indielTa erT _ erTi<br />
tomis moTxroba). pirvel rig<br />
Si, maswavlebelma klass Car<br />
Cos SekiTxvebi gaacno da moswavleebs<br />
sTxova, es SekiTxvebi<br />
moTxrobis mosmenis dros gaeTvaliswinebinaT.<br />
maswavlebeli<br />
moTxrobas xmamaRla kiTxulobda.<br />
moswavleebs man meoredac<br />
waukiTxa moTxroba. meore<br />
jerze maswavlebeli drodadro<br />
Cerdeboda da moswavleebs<br />
sTxov da, pasuxi gaecaT SekiTxvebze.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />
SekiTxvebi da moswavleebis mier<br />
warmodgenili pasuxebi:<br />
1. vin arian mTavari personaJebi<br />
da ra ganasxvavebs maT sxvebisagan<br />
inqTomi, patara cnobismoyvare<br />
biWuna da momRerali<br />
Citi, romelsac SeeZlo,<br />
`amoeyara” misi Tvalebi.<br />
2. sad<br />
da rodis xdeba nawarmoebSi<br />
ganviTarebuli moqmedeba<br />
indielTa legendis<br />
mixedviT, moqmedeba viTardeba<br />
tyeSi, sadac patara biWuna<br />
daseirnobda.<br />
3. riTi iwyeba moqmedeba nawarmoebSi<br />
biWunam gaigona Citis<br />
simRera missave enaze, rasac<br />
biWunas Tvalebis `amocvena”<br />
mohyva.<br />
4. rogor gamoxates personaJebma<br />
gadadiT Semdeg CarCoze<br />
TavianTi grZnobebi patara bi<br />
Wunas raRac undoda, ris gamoc<br />
mas gaaRmerTebdnen da rac mas<br />
Zalas SesZenda; man swored ase<br />
Ti ram sTxova Cits.<br />
5. risi gakeTeba gadawyvites mTavarma<br />
personaJebma maT daisaxes<br />
mizani Tu mizani daisaxes,<br />
raSi mdgomareobda is patara<br />
biWunam Citisagan zustad is<br />
miiRo, rac iTxova, Tumca ar<br />
daicva Citis mier micemuli<br />
gafrTxilebebi. Sedegad, bi<br />
Wunam Tvalis Cini dakarga da<br />
misi dabruneba gadawyvita.<br />
6. rogor cdilobdnen mTavari<br />
personaJebi TavianTi mizn(eb)<br />
is miRwevas biWunam sxva cxovelebs<br />
sTxova, Citis povnaSi<br />
daxmarebodnen.<br />
7. ra Sedegebi moitana mTavari<br />
personaJebis mcdelobam sabolood,<br />
biWunam mxedveloba<br />
daibruna da iswavla, rom gandidebaze<br />
ar unda eocneba.<br />
gakveTilis bolos, qalbatonma<br />
meisonma da misma moswavleeba<br />
gamoiyenes maT mierve<br />
momzadebuli pasuxebi CarCos<br />
SekiTxvebze da moamzades qvemoT<br />
warmodgenili moTxrobis<br />
Semajamebeli abzaci:<br />
indieli tomebis am legendis<br />
mixedviT, moqmedeba tyeSi xdeba.<br />
patara biWunam gaigona Citis sim<br />
Rera. biWunas undoda, gaeRmer<br />
TebinaT is; aseve, mas surda, didi<br />
Zalis matarebeli yofiliyo. man<br />
swored es sTxova Cits. patara bi<br />
Wunam ar daicva Citis mier micemuli<br />
gafrTxilebebi. Sedegad,<br />
biWunam Tvalis Cini dakarga da<br />
misi dabruneba gadawyvita. biWunam<br />
sxva cxovelebs sTxova, Citis<br />
povnaSi daxmarebodnen. sabolood,<br />
biWunam mxedveloba daibruna<br />
da iswavla, rom gandidebaze<br />
ar unda eocneba.
42 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 3. 5<br />
Tema - SezRudva - ilustrirebis CarCo<br />
Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis (T _ S _ i) CarCos paradigma ganmartebiT<br />
masalaSi gvxvdeba. aseTi CarCo moicavs Semdeg elementebs:<br />
Tema (T) _ zogadi winadadeba im Temis Sesaxeb, romelic unda<br />
ganvixiloT;<br />
SezRudva (S) _ axdens informaciis garkveul SezRudvas;<br />
ilustracia (i) _ warmoadgens TemasTan an SezRudvasTan dakavSirebul<br />
magaliTs.<br />
Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis CarCos paradigmas SeiZleba ramdenime<br />
SezRudva da damatebiTi ilustracia hqondes.<br />
Tema - SezRudva - ilustrirebis CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />
1. T _ romelia mTavari winadadeba an Tema<br />
2. S _ ra informacia zRudavs an aviwroebs mTavar winadadebas<br />
an Temas<br />
3. i _ ra magaliTebiT xdeba Temis an SezRudvebis ilustrireba<br />
diagrama 3. 5-ze warmodgenilia<br />
Sejamebis kidev erTi meTodi _<br />
Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis<br />
CarCo. qvemoT warmodgenil<br />
magaliTSi Cans, Tu rogor iyenebs<br />
maswavlebeli Tema _ SezRudva _<br />
ilustrirebis CarCos geografiis<br />
gakveTilze:<br />
sxvadasxva qveyanas Soris<br />
vaWrobis sferoSi arsebuli<br />
kavSirebis sailustraciod, batoni<br />
burke meSvideklaselebTan<br />
Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis<br />
CarCos iyenebs. maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs jer Tema _<br />
SezRudva _ ilustrirebis Car<br />
Cos SekiTxvebs warmoudgens:<br />
1. T _ ganmarteT sityva `vaWroba”<br />
2. S _ riTi gansxvavdeba sityvis<br />
`vaWroba” mniSvneloba sxvadasxva<br />
qveyanaSi (magaliTad,<br />
industriul da ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi)<br />
3. i _ ra magaliTebiT dasturdeba<br />
es<br />
4. S _ ganviTarebad qveyanaSi<br />
dafiqsirebuli moklevadiani<br />
dadebiTi savaWro balansi ra<br />
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens am<br />
qveynis vaWrobaze grZelvadian<br />
perspeqtivaSi<br />
5. i _ ra magaliTebiT dasturdeba<br />
es<br />
batoni burke agrZelebs<br />
imiT, rom leqciis saxiT warmoadgens<br />
informacias vaWrobis<br />
Sesaxeb. drodadro is Cerdeba<br />
da moswavleebs sTxovs, moamzadon<br />
pasuxebi CarCoSi mocemul<br />
SekiTxvebze im informaciis mixedviT,<br />
rasac TviTonve awvdis.<br />
saSinao davaleba SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareobs: CarCoSi mocemul<br />
SekiTxvebis mixedviT, moswavleebma,<br />
maT mierve momzadebuli<br />
pasuxebis safuZvelze, unda<br />
Seajamon moTxroba.
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
43<br />
diagrama 3. 6<br />
ganmartebiTi CarCo<br />
ganmartebiTi CarCos mizania, warmoadginos konkretuli cnebis ganmarteba,<br />
an moaxdinos daqvemdebarebuli cnebebis identificireba.<br />
ganmartebiTi CarCo moicavs Semdeg elementebs:<br />
1. termini _ cneba, romelic unda ganimartos;<br />
2. dajgufeba _ kategoria, romelsac es termini miekuTvneba;<br />
3. maxasiaTeblebi _ maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic mocemul termins<br />
dajgufebaSi arsebuli sxva terminebisagan ganasxvaveben;<br />
4. mcire gansxvavebebi _ obieqtebis sxva klasebi, romlebic mocemuli<br />
terminis qveS ganlagdebian.<br />
ganmartebiTi CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />
1. ras ganvmartavT<br />
2. romel zogad kategorias miekuTvneba cneba, romelsac ganvmartavT<br />
3. ra maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdeba cneba, romelsac ganvmartavT,<br />
amave zogad kategoriaSi moqceuli sxva cnebebisagan<br />
4. kidev ra klasebsa da tipebs miekuTvneba cneba, romelsac<br />
ganvmartavT<br />
Sejamebis CarCos mesame tipi,<br />
romelsac am TavSi warmogidgenT,<br />
aris ganmartebiTi CarCo (diagrama<br />
3. 6). qvemoT mocemulia ganmartebiTi<br />
CarCos gamoyenebis magali<br />
Ti. moqmedeba sabunebismetyvelo<br />
sagnis gakveTilze mimdinareobs.<br />
qalbatoni mileri mesameklaselebs<br />
lurji veSapis Sesaxeb uxsnis<br />
gakveTils. dRes maswavlebels<br />
filmis Cveneba aqvs gadawyvetili.<br />
imisaTvis, rom filmis<br />
yureba moswavleebisaTvis maqsimalurad<br />
sasargeblo iyos, maswavlebeli<br />
maT winaswar aZlevs<br />
ganmartebiTi CarCos SekiTxvebsa<br />
da zogierT pasuxsac ki:<br />
1. ras ganvmartavT lurj veSaps.<br />
2. romel zogad kategorias miekuTvnebian<br />
lurji veSapebi<br />
ZuZumwovrebs.<br />
3. ra maxasiaTeblebi ganasxvavebs<br />
lurj veSapebs amave<br />
zogad kategoriaSi moqceuli<br />
sxva arsebebisagan<br />
4 lurji veSapebis romel sxvadasxva<br />
tips icnobT<br />
qalbatoni mileri moswavleebs<br />
uxsnis, rom ganmartebiTi<br />
CarCos yvela mocemul<br />
SekiTxvaze pasuxi filmSi iqneba<br />
mocemuli. moswavleebis amocanaa,<br />
zustad gansazRvron, Tu<br />
romeli informacia warmoadgens<br />
konkretuli kiTxvis pasuxs<br />
da romeli _ ara. ase rom,<br />
moswavleebi, filmis yurebisas,<br />
mudmivad SekiTxvebze fiqroben<br />
da pasuxebis Ziebazea arian<br />
rientirebulebi. filmis<br />
dasrulebis Semdeg qalbatoni<br />
mileri moswavleebs jgufebad<br />
yofs. maswavlebeli bavSvebs<br />
sTxovs, Seadaron kiTxvebze pasuxebi<br />
da moamzadon Semajamebeli<br />
informacia lurji veSapebis<br />
Sesaxeb.
44 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 3. 7<br />
argumentaciis CarCo<br />
argumentaciis CarCo moicavs informacias, romelic konkretuli<br />
argumentis gasamyarebladaa saWiro. argumentaciis CarCo Semdeg<br />
elementebs aerTianebs:<br />
1. mtkicebuleba: informacia, romelsac argumentamde mivyavarT;<br />
2. argumenti: mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom esa Tu is konkretuli<br />
mosazreba marTalia;<br />
3. sayrdeni: argumentTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebi an ganmartebebi ;<br />
4. ganmsazRvreli: argumentis SezRudva an argumentis mtkicebuleba.<br />
argumentaciis CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />
1. ra informacias mivyavarT argumentamde<br />
2. romelia mTavari mtkicebuleba an argumenti<br />
3. ra magaliTebi an ganmartebebia warmodgenili argumentis<br />
gasamyareblad<br />
4. ra daTmobebi keTdeba argumentTan dakavSirebiT<br />
Sejamebis meoTxe saxeoba aris<br />
argumentaciis CarCo (diagrama 3.7).<br />
literaturis gakveTilze moswavleebi<br />
SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. es SekiTxvebi<br />
ukavSirdeba statias, romlis wakiTxvasac<br />
maswavlebeli sTxovT.<br />
qalbatoni van den vildenbergi<br />
meorekurselebTan argumentaciis<br />
CarCos imisaTvis iyenebs, rom<br />
moswavleebs teqstis SejamebaSi<br />
daexmaros. statia, romelic moswavleebma<br />
unda waikiTxon, exeba<br />
mark tvens. maswavlebeli awvdis<br />
klass argumentaciis CarCos<br />
mixedviT Sedgenil SekiTxvebs<br />
da moswavleebs sTxovs, werilobiTi<br />
pasuxebi im teqstis safuZvelze<br />
moamzadon, romelsac<br />
qalbatoni van den vildenbergi<br />
ukiTxavs. erT _ erTi moswavle,<br />
maurini, argumentaciis CarCos<br />
SekiTxvebze Semdeg pasuxebs ayalibebs:<br />
1. ra informacias mivyavarT argumentamde<br />
avtori acxadebs, rom<br />
namdvili amerikeli mwerali<br />
amerikuli kulturis ZiriTad<br />
maxasiaTeblebs unda amJRavnebdes,<br />
rogorebicaa: aRmoCenebisaken<br />
swrafva, meamboxe suli,<br />
iumoris grZnoba, Tavisufleba.<br />
2. romelia mTavari mtkicebuleba<br />
an argumenti<br />
3. gregi miiCnevs, rom mark tveni<br />
aris `tipuri amerikeli”<br />
mwerali.<br />
4. ra magaliTebi an ganmartebebia<br />
warmodgenili argumentis<br />
gasamyareblad moyvanilia<br />
mark tvenis sxvadasxva nawarmoebebi<br />
da misi wignebis kritikuli<br />
analizi.<br />
5. ra daTmobebi keTdeba argumentTan<br />
dakavSirebiT naxsenebia<br />
sxva avtorTa wignebi,<br />
romlebic amerikuli xasiaTis<br />
ZiriTad niSnebs ganasaxereben.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac yvela moswavle<br />
argumetaciis CarCoSi<br />
warmodgenil SekiTxvebze ayalibebs<br />
werilobiT pasuxs, qalbatoni<br />
van den vildenbergi<br />
moswavleebs jgufebSi anawilebs.<br />
jgufebSi isini adareben<br />
TavianT pasuxebs da jgufurad<br />
aanalizeben teqsts.
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
45<br />
diagrama 3. 8<br />
problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli CarCo<br />
problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli CarCo ayalibebs problemas da<br />
Semdgom axdens misi aRmofxvris gzebis identifikacias.<br />
problema: mtkicebuleba, romlis mixedviTac ukve momxdari an mosaxdeni<br />
movlena problemuria;<br />
aRmofxvris gza: pirveli SesaZlo gamosavlis aRwera;<br />
aRmofxvris gza: meore SesaZlo gamosavlis aRwera;<br />
aRmofxvris gza: mesame SesaZlo gamosavlis aRwera;<br />
aRmofxvris gza: im gamosavlis identifikacia, romelsac warmatebis yvelaze<br />
meti Sansi aqvs.<br />
problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />
1. ras warmoadgens problema<br />
2. raSi mdgomareobs am problemidan gamosavali<br />
3. kidev ra gamosavlis gza isaxeba<br />
4. problemis aRmofxvris romeli gza aris yvelaze realuri<br />
Sejamebis CarCos mexuTe saxesxvaoba<br />
problemis aRmofxvraze<br />
orientirebuli CarCoa (diagrama<br />
3. 8). qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />
magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor Sei<br />
Zleba gamoviyenoT problemis aRmofxvraze<br />
orientirebuli CarCo<br />
gakveTilze, meeqvseklaselebTan:<br />
batoni faringtoni meeqvseklaselebs<br />
gakveTils uxsnis<br />
Temaze: `monterei _ didi dasufTaveba”.<br />
maswavlebeli mokle<br />
Sesaval leqcias kiTxulobs<br />
meqsikis yvelaze did sawarmoo<br />
qalaqze da warmoudgens klass<br />
slaidebsa da videofirs, sadac<br />
aRwerilia meSaxteobis ganvi<br />
Tarebis gamo Seqmnili problemebi.<br />
meSaxteobam gamoiwvia<br />
miwisa da wylis dabinZureba.<br />
mTavrobas miwasa da wyalSi<br />
Sereuli narCenebis problema<br />
awuxebs da gamosavals eZebs.<br />
batoni faringtoni klasSi ramdenime<br />
sademonstracio sainformacio<br />
centrs awyobs. Ti<br />
Toeuli centri warmoadgens<br />
imis ilustracias, Tu rogor<br />
SeZleba narCenebis gamocalkeveba<br />
miwidan da wylidan. moswavleebi<br />
am centrebs guldasmiT<br />
ecnobian. Semdeg isini pasuxoben<br />
problemis aRmofxvraze<br />
orientirebul CarCoSi warmodgenil<br />
SekiTxvebs. saboloo<br />
Sejamebis momzadebisas, moswavleebi<br />
grafikulad warmodgenis<br />
meTodebsac iyeneben, imis saCveneblad,<br />
Tu miwidan da wylidan<br />
narCenebis gamocalkevebis<br />
romeli saSualeba SeiZleba<br />
iyos yvelaze efeqturi.
46 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 3. 9<br />
saubris CarCo<br />
saubris CarCo aris sityvebis urTierTgacvla or an met adamians Soris.<br />
Cveulebriv, saubari Semdegi komponentebisagan Sedgeba.<br />
1. misalmeba: imis aRniSvna, rom saubris monawile mxareebs garkveuli<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTi ar unaxavT;<br />
2. SekiTxva: zogadi an konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb informaciis gamokiTxva;<br />
3. diskusia: Temis garSemo msjeloba, an analizi. diskusiaSi, rogorc wesi,<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erTi an ramdenime elementi gvxvdeba:<br />
gancxadeba: faqtebis dafiqsireba mosaubris mier;<br />
Txovna: msmenelis mier garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebis sasurvelobis<br />
Sesaxeb ganacxadi;<br />
piroba: mosaubris mxridan garkveuli qmedebebis aucilebeli<br />
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb ganacxadis gakeTeba;<br />
moTxovna: msmenelis mier garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebis aucileblobis<br />
Sesaxeb ganacxadi;<br />
muqara: gancxadeba, romelic gulisxmobs garkveuli qmedebebis<br />
ganxorcielebas msmenelis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
moTxovna ar Sesruldeba;<br />
milocva: gancxadeba, romelSic mosaubris mxridan msmenelis mier<br />
Sesrulebuli saqmisadmi damokidebuleba fiqsirdeba;<br />
4.Sejameba: saubris garkveuli dasasruli.<br />
saubris CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />
1. rogor miesalmnen erTmaneTs saubris monawileebi<br />
2. ra Temas Seexnen saubris monawileebi<br />
3. rogor ganviTarda saubris monawileebs Soris diskusia<br />
saubris romelime monawilem daafiqsira faqtebi<br />
saubris romelime monawilem sTxova rame partniors<br />
saubris romelime monawilem moiTxova konkretuli qmedebis<br />
ganxorcieleba partniorisagan<br />
saubris romelime monawile daemuqra partniors, rom raimes<br />
dauSavebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ukanaskneli mis moTxovnas ar<br />
Seasrulebda<br />
saubris romelime monawilem ganacxada, rom misTvis Rirebulia<br />
partnioris mier ganxorcielebuli romelime aqtivoba<br />
4. rogor dasrulda saubari<br />
zogjer informacia modis saubris,<br />
dialogis, an moTxrobis formiT.<br />
moswavleebs SeuZliaT, aseTi<br />
teqstis Sesajameblad, gamoiyenon<br />
saubris CarCo (diagrama 3. 9).<br />
qalbaton vaSingtons sjera,<br />
rom saubris Sejamebis unari<br />
exmareba moswavleebs, Caswvdnen<br />
personaJTa xasiaTs da<br />
nawarmoebis siuJets. am unaris<br />
ganviTarebis mizniT, qalbatoni<br />
vaSingtoni uxsnis meoreklaselebs<br />
saubris CarCos da<br />
magaliTisaTvis warmoudgens<br />
martiv teqsts `gabrazebuli<br />
Txebi”. maswavlebeli diskusias<br />
uZRveba da sTxovs moswavleebs,
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
47<br />
dasmul SekiTxvebs upasuxon.<br />
qalbatono vaSingtoni Semdeg<br />
pasuxebs iniSnavs:<br />
1. rogor miesalmnen erTmaneTs<br />
saubris monawileebi Txas<br />
buzRuniT miesalmnen; man ki<br />
sakuTari saxelis wardgeniT<br />
upasuxa.<br />
2. ra Temas Seexnen saubris<br />
monawileebi saubris Tema<br />
gaxldaT Txis mier xidis<br />
gadakveTa.<br />
3. rogor ganviTarda saubris<br />
monawileebs Soris diskusia<br />
Txas daemuqrnen, rom SeWamdnen,<br />
Tu xidis gadakveTas<br />
Seecdeboda.<br />
4. rogor dasrulda saubari<br />
Txam agresiuli mosaubre<br />
daarwmuna, moecadaT, sanam<br />
misi didi Zma movidoda.<br />
saubris CarCos SekiTxvebis<br />
safuZvelze gacemuli pasuxebis<br />
mixedviT, klasi moTxrobis<br />
Semajamebel teqsts amzadebs.<br />
qalbatoni vaSingtoni yovel<br />
gakveTilze arTulebs Sesajamebeli<br />
saubrebis teqstebs<br />
manam, sanam moswavleebi im<br />
doneze ar ahyavs, roca isini<br />
Serlok holmsis Tavgadasavlebidan<br />
nawyvetebis Sejamebas<br />
SeZleben. qalbatoni vaSingtoni<br />
afrTxilebs moswavleebs,<br />
rom nawarmoebSi warmodgenili<br />
dialogebi grZelia, magram<br />
teqstis gagebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia<br />
maTi Sejameba.<br />
klasi `Serlok holmsis Tavgadasavlidan~<br />
pirvel nawyvetze<br />
iwyebs muSaobas. am nawyvetSi is<br />
dialogia mocemuli, romelic<br />
doqtor uotsonsa da Serlok<br />
holmss Soris maTi Sexvedris<br />
pirvel dRes gaimarTa. gasaocaria,<br />
magram moswavleebi sakmaod<br />
kargad arTmeven Tavs<br />
davalebas da teqsts saubris<br />
CarCos gamoyenebiT ajameben.<br />
ukuqceviTi swavleba<br />
a. felincarma da a. braunma<br />
(1984, 1985) ukuqceviTi swavlebis<br />
meTodi SeimuSaves. ukuqceviTi<br />
swavleba aris erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
kargad gamokvleuli meTodi,<br />
romelic maswavleblebma SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyenon (ix. rozenSaini da maisteri,<br />
1994). es meTodi oTx komponents<br />
moicavs: Sejameba, kiTxvebis<br />
dasma, axsna da winaswarmetyveleba.<br />
diagrama 3.10-ze es oTxi faza<br />
mokledaa warmodgenili.<br />
imis miuxedavad, rom ukuqceviTi<br />
swavleba Semajamebe li<br />
fraziT iwyeba, is SeiZleba Sejamebis<br />
`pirvel samuSao ver siad~<br />
CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba kiTxvebis<br />
dasmis, axsnisa da winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
komponentebs, isini<br />
analitikur aqtivobebs warmoadgenen.<br />
Sesabamisad, ukuqceviTi<br />
swavleba xels uwyobs teqstis safuZvlianad<br />
gagebas, rac aucilebelia<br />
xarisxiani SejamebisaTvis.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili magaliTidan<br />
kargad Cans, Tu rogor iyenebs<br />
maswavlebeli ukuqceviT swavlebas<br />
musikis gakveTilze.<br />
kolini airCies ukuqceviTi<br />
swavlebis meTodis danergvis<br />
jgu fis liderad. maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs pirvel gakveTilze<br />
gansaxilvelad moutana teqsti,<br />
romelic internetis saSualebiT<br />
moiZia. teqstis saTauria<br />
`bgera aris energia~ (http://tojunior.advanced.org/5116/).<br />
moswavleTa<br />
jgu fi gakveTilze teqstis<br />
pirvel ram denime abzacs kiTxulobs.<br />
kolini jgufs uxsnis terminebs<br />
`tonaloba~ da `harmonia”~;<br />
aseve, kargad agebinebs moswavleebs,<br />
Tu ra aris `bgeris tal<br />
Rebi~. pasuxebi kiTxvebze, romlebsac<br />
kolini moswavleebs `her
48 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
Sejameba _ mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi<br />
Cumad an xmamaRla<br />
kiTxuloben nawyvets teqstidan,<br />
erT-erTi moswavle, romelsac<br />
maswavleblis (anu moswavleTa<br />
lideris) roli ekisreba,<br />
ajamebs am nawyvets. danarCen moswavleebs<br />
SeuZliaT, garkveuli<br />
damatebebi Seitanon. damatebebis<br />
Setana maswavleblis uSualo<br />
CareviT xdeba. Tu moswavleebs<br />
Sejameba uWirT, maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia, moswavleebs garkveuli<br />
formiT daexmaros. magaliTad,<br />
mianiSnos yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />
informaciaze. an abzacis mTavar<br />
winadadebaze. aseTi miniSnebebi<br />
moswavleebs teqstis SejamebaSi<br />
exmareba.<br />
kiTxvebis dasma _ moswavle<br />
Ta lideri garkveul SekiTxvebs<br />
svams, romlebzec pasuxebs klasi<br />
scems. SekiTxvebis mizania, klass<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciis<br />
identificirebaSi daexmaros.<br />
aseve, moswavleTa liders<br />
diagrama 3. 10<br />
ukuqceviTi swavleba<br />
SeuZlia, konkretuli informaciis<br />
Sesaxeb dasvas SekiTxvebi.<br />
danarCeni moswavleebi imis<br />
mixedviT pasuxoben, rac teqstidan<br />
daamaxsovrdaT.<br />
axsna _ amis Semdeg moswavleTa<br />
lideri azustebs teqstis<br />
gaurkvevel nawilebs; mas<br />
SeuZlia, Tavad SearCios aseTi<br />
nawilebi, an klass sTxvos naklebad<br />
gasagebi monakveTebis<br />
identificireba. magaliTisaTvis,<br />
mos wavleTa liderma SeiZleba<br />
iki Txos: `ZaRlisa da manqanis<br />
Sejaxebis nawili CemTvis cotaTi<br />
damabneveli iyo. SeuZlia<br />
vinmes amixsnas~<br />
winaswarmetyveleba _ moswavleTa<br />
lideri jgufisagan iTxovs<br />
mosazrebebs imis Taobaze,<br />
Tu ra moxdeba teqstis Semdgom<br />
segmentSi. moswavleTa lideri<br />
moswavleTa mier warmodgenil<br />
mosazrebebs dafaze wers, an<br />
moswavleebs sTxovs, rveulebSi<br />
CainiSnon.<br />
cisa~ da `sixSiris~ Sesaxeb usvams,<br />
adasturebs, rom klasma es konkretuli<br />
masala gaiazra. saintereso<br />
iyo `axsnis~ faza, radgan<br />
bevrma moswavlem Semdegi fraza,<br />
ZiriTadi tonisa da xmis simaRlis<br />
Sesaxeb, ver gaigo: `Tu ZiriTadi<br />
toni da xmis simaRle icvleba,<br />
bgeris talRebis forma igive<br />
rCeba~. am frazis Sinaarsi Tavad<br />
kolinsac ar esmoda kargad. moswavleebi<br />
aqtiurad monawileobdnen<br />
frazis dazustebis procesSi.<br />
kolinma aRiara, rom fraza mis<br />
gonebaSic nel-nela iZenda sicxades.<br />
gakveTilis bolos kolinma<br />
gadaxeda Temebs, romlebic vebgverdze<br />
teqstis gaswvriv iyo mocemuli<br />
da gaarkvia, rom Semdeg<br />
gakveTilebze ufro mets gaigebdnen<br />
tonalobaze, harmoniaze, bgeris<br />
talRebsa da sixSireebze<br />
sxva dasxva tipis instrumentisaTvis,<br />
rogorebicaa: Casaberi, simiani,<br />
xis Casaberi da dasartyami<br />
instrumentebi.
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
49<br />
Canawerebis gakeTeba: kvlevebi da<br />
Teoriebi<br />
Canawerebis gakeTeba mWidro kav<br />
SirSia SejamebasTan. Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
efeqturobisaTvis, moswavleebma<br />
unda gansazRvron da Semdeg<br />
mokled Camoayalibon yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
informacia. rogorc zemoT<br />
aRvniSneT, swored es gaxlavT<br />
Sejamebis arsic. bevri kvlevaa<br />
Catarebuli im urTierTkavSiris<br />
gamosavlenad, rac Canawerebis gakeTebasa<br />
da moswavleTa akademiuri<br />
moswrebas Soris arsebobs. diagrama<br />
3.11-ze ramdenime aseTi kvlevis<br />
Sedegia warmodgenili.<br />
dis efeqturobis Sesaxeb~ (biCeri,<br />
1988). Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
efeqturobis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
sxva dasxva kvelevidan ramdenime<br />
ganzogadebuli daskvna amovkribeT,<br />
romlebic sasargeblo iqneba<br />
maswavleblebisaTvis.<br />
1. sityvasityviT Canawerebis gakeTeba,<br />
savaraudod, am meTodis yvelaze<br />
naklebad efeqturi saxeobaa.<br />
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom sityvasityviT<br />
Canawerebis gakeTeba ar<br />
warmoadgens efeqtur strategias<br />
(brecingi da qulari, 1979). roca moswavleebi<br />
yoveli sityvis CaniSvnaze<br />
arian orientirebulni, naklebad<br />
cdiloben da ver axerxeben informaciis<br />
sinTezs. yoveli gagonili<br />
Tu wakiTxuli sityvis Cawera imden<br />
adgils ikavebs moswavlis mexsierebaSi,<br />
rom am informaciis gasaanalizeblad<br />
`adgili~ aRar rCeba.<br />
am kvlevaTa Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
detaluri informacia SegiZliaT<br />
monografiidan miiRoT, romlis<br />
saTauria `Canawerebis gakeTeba:<br />
ra viciT swavlebis am meTodiagrama<br />
3. 11<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi Canawerebis gakeTebis meTodis<br />
efeqturobis Sesaxeb<br />
sinTezuri naSromi<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
henki da Stali, 1985 * 25<br />
11<br />
<strong>marzano</strong>, nadti da<br />
jese, 1990<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
0.34<br />
1.56<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
13<br />
44<br />
3 1.26 40<br />
heTi da sxvebi, 1996 3 1.05 35<br />
gensqe, 1981 24 0.52 20<br />
* henkisa da Stalis naSromis gaswvriv efeqtis sididis ori kategoriaa mocemuli,<br />
Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare.<br />
mkiTxvels, Tu detalebiTaa dainteresebuli, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.
50 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
2. Canawerebi mudmivad unda axldebodes<br />
da ivsebodes. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac moswavleebi, konkretul TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, Tavdapirvel<br />
Canawerebs gaakeTeben, maswavleblis<br />
waxalisebiT, am Canawerebis<br />
ganaxlebaze mudmivad unda zrunavdnen.<br />
Canawerebis ganaxleba<br />
gulisxmobs Semdgom Seswavlili<br />
informaciis damatebas, cvlilebebis<br />
Setanas ukve Caweril teqst<br />
Si, masalis ukeT gaanalizebisa da<br />
ufro Rrmad wvdomis safuZvelze<br />
(am Temaze diskusiebs SegiZliaT<br />
gaecnoT naSromebSi: andersoni da<br />
armbrusTeri, 1986; deneri, 1986;<br />
ainStaini, morisi da smiTi, 1985).<br />
maswavlebeli yovelTvis unda aZlevdes<br />
moswavleebs sakmaris dros<br />
imisaTvis, rom Canawerebi ganaaxlon<br />
da Seavson. Canawerebis ganaxlebisa<br />
da Sevsebis aqtivoba Sei<br />
Zleba gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo<br />
aRmoCndes, Tu maswavlebeli mis<br />
waxalisebasa da struqturirebaze<br />
zrunavs. maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
daexmaros moswavleebs, Secvalon<br />
is mcdari Sexedulebebic, romlebic,<br />
konkretul TemasTan dakav<br />
SirebiT, pirveli Canawerebis gakeTebisas<br />
CamouyalibdaT.<br />
3. gamocdisTvis mzadebis procesSi<br />
Canawerebma gzamkvlevis funqcia<br />
unda Seasrulon. Canawerebis<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze pragmatulad<br />
gamoyenebis magaliTia gamocdebisaTvis<br />
mzadebis procesi. Tu Canawerebi<br />
kargadaa organizebuli da<br />
moswavleebi maT mTeli saswavlo<br />
procesis ganmavlobaSi anaxleben,<br />
Canawerebi ukve gaazrebuli masalis<br />
gameorebis SesaniSnav saSualebas<br />
warmoadgens (es sakiTxi kargadaa<br />
ganxiluli Semdeg naSromebSi: qarieri<br />
da TiTusi, 1981; qarTeri da van<br />
maTre, 1975; van maTre da qarTeri,<br />
1975). rogorc wesi, gamocdisaTvis<br />
momzadebis procesSi moswavleebi<br />
Canawerebs ar iyeneben ise aqtiurad,<br />
rogorc es mosalodnelia. amis mizezi<br />
SeiZleba is iyos, rom maT ar aqvT<br />
gacnobierebuli Canawerebis gamoyenebis<br />
efeqturoba gamocdisaTvis<br />
mzadebis periodSi. aseve, SesaZloa,<br />
ar ician, sworad rogor dagegmon<br />
dro da mosamzadebeli samuSaos ra<br />
nawili dauTmon am meTodis gamoyenebiT<br />
mecadineobas.<br />
4. rac ufro met Canawerebs gaakeTeben<br />
moswavleebi, miT ukeTesia.<br />
erT _ erTi farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
mosazreba, Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
Sesaxeb, gaxlavT Semdegi: `lakonuri<br />
Canaweri mravlismetyvelia~.<br />
es mosazreba mcdaria. maswavleblebi,<br />
romlebic am mosazrebas iziareben,<br />
moswavleebs mouwodeben, rac<br />
SeiZleba mokle Canawerebi gaakeTon.<br />
mkvlevarebma f. naim, T. qruqsma, m.<br />
foulim da j. Trifma (1984) gamoikvlies<br />
is saxelmZRvanelo bro<br />
Surebi, romlebsac universitetebi<br />
studentebisaTvis amzadeben, raTa<br />
Canawerebis teqnikis dauflebaSi<br />
daexmaron; maT daaskvnes, rom: `aTidan<br />
xuTi broSura xazs usvamda<br />
imas, rom Canawerebi unda yofiliyo<br />
lakonuri da studentebs ar unda<br />
moegrovebinaT Zalian bevri informacia<br />
” (gv. 95). Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
efeqturobis dasadgen kvlevaSi f.<br />
nai da misi kolegebi im daskvnamde<br />
mividnen, rom Canawerebis moculobasa<br />
da gamocdebze studentebis<br />
warmatebas Soris Zalze mniSvnelovani<br />
kavSiria.
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
51<br />
diagrama 3. 12<br />
maswavleblis mier momzadebuli Canawerebi: bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
I. ra aris bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb warmoadgens amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
konstituciis pirvel 10 Sesworebas. bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb icavs<br />
adamianis fundamentur uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.<br />
II. bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb: istoria<br />
jeims medisonma wamoayena winadadeba amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
A.<br />
Statebis konstituciaSi cvlilebaTa seriis Setanis Taobaze. jeims<br />
medisoni virjiniis Statidan iyo. medisonma cvlilebaTa proeqti<br />
warmomadgenelTa palataSi 1789 wlis maisSi Seitana.<br />
B. warmomadgenelTa palatis da senatis sxvadasxva komitetma jeims<br />
medisonis mier warmodgenili cvlilebaTa seriis Tavdapirveli<br />
versia Secvala.<br />
C. 1789 wlis seqtemberSi warmomadgenelTa palata da senati daeTanxma<br />
12 Sesworebis Setanas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi.<br />
D. 12 Sesworebidan aTis ratificireba 1791 wlis 14 dekembers moxda.<br />
ratifikacia aris konstituciuri cvlilebebis damtkiceba.<br />
1.<br />
imisaTvis, rom cvlileba ratificirebuli iyos, mas kongresis<br />
TiToeuli palatis 2 / 3 da TiToeuli Statis sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos 3 / 4 unda daeTanxmos.<br />
TiToeuli warmodgenili cvlilebis Sesaxeb kenWisyra cal<br />
2.<br />
_ calke mimdinareobda. Statebis sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
warmomadgenelTa 3 / 4 pirvel or sakonstitucio cvlilebas ar<br />
daeTanxma.<br />
III. uflebebi, romelTa dacvasac uzrunvelyofs bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
A. bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romelic warmoadgens 10 Sesworebas amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi, icavs 30-ze met uflebasa da<br />
Tavisuflebas.<br />
B. TiToeuli Sesworeba konkretuli uflebis dacvas ukavSirdeba:<br />
1. icavs sityvis, presis, Sekrebisa da religiuri rwmenis<br />
Tavisuflebas; ukrZalavs mTavrobas, romelime religiis<br />
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas, an romelime religiisadmi<br />
mxardaWeras;<br />
2. icavs iaraRis tarebis Tavisuflebas;<br />
3. ukrZalavs mTavrobas, maT Soris SeiaraRebul Zalebs, moqalaqis<br />
saxlSi SeWras;<br />
4. krZalavs moqalaqeTa umizezo Cxrekasa da dakavebas; adgens,<br />
rom aseTi qmedebis Cadenisas, aucilebelia, arsebobdes Cxrekis<br />
mizezi an dakavebis ordeni;<br />
krZalavs erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis orjer gasamarTlebas;<br />
5.<br />
icavs dumilis uflebas; ukrZalavs mTavrobas adamianis<br />
sicocxlis, qonebis an Tavisuflebis xelyofas saTanado<br />
iuridiuli procesis gverdis avliT;<br />
6. icavs samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas; maT Soris, advokatis<br />
ayvanis uflebas;<br />
7. icavs nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze gasamarTlebis<br />
uflebas; ukrZalavs sasamarTlos, xelaxla ganixilos is<br />
gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa miRebaSic nafici msajulebi<br />
monawileobdnen;<br />
krZalavs didi raodenobis gamosasyidis an jarimis dawesebas,<br />
8.<br />
aseve, uCveulo an sastiki meTodebiT dasjas;<br />
unarCunebs yvela adamians im uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs,<br />
9.<br />
romlebic dakonkretebuli ar aris konstituciaSi;<br />
10. unarCunebs Statebs Zalauflebas.
52 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 3. 13<br />
moswavlis Canawerebi: araformaluri monaxazi<br />
sisxlis cirkulaciis sistema<br />
cocxali organizmis sxeulis erTerTi<br />
satranporto sistema<br />
3 funqcia:<br />
• ujredebamde miaqvs sakvebi<br />
da Jangbadi;<br />
• gamoaqvs narCenebi<br />
ujredebidan;<br />
• daavadebebisagan icavs<br />
cocxal organizms.<br />
3 nawili:<br />
• guli<br />
• sisxlZarRvebi<br />
• sisxli<br />
sisxlis cirkulaciis sistemis<br />
erT-erTi nawilia sisxli<br />
4 nawili:<br />
• plazma<br />
• sisxlis wiTeli ujredebi<br />
• sisxlis TeTri ujredebi<br />
• Trombocitebi<br />
sisxlis Txevadi nawilebi _ plazma<br />
• moyviTalo feris da,<br />
ZiriTadad, wylisgan<br />
Sedgenili;<br />
• Seicavs sakvebsa da<br />
narCenebs;<br />
• warmoadgens sisxlis<br />
moculobis naxevarze mets;<br />
sisxlis erT _ erTi myari nawilia<br />
sisxlis wiTeli ujredebi<br />
• moaqvT Jangbadi<br />
filtvebidan ujredebSi;<br />
• ujredebidan<br />
filtvebisaken ezidebian<br />
naxSirorJangs;<br />
• donatis formis, SuagulSi<br />
xvrelis gareSe;<br />
• Seicavs hemoglobins, rac<br />
funqciebis SesrulebaSi<br />
exmareba;<br />
• sisxlis erT wveTSi aris,<br />
daaxloebiT, 5 milioni<br />
sisxlis wiTeli ujredi.<br />
sisxlis Semadgeneli myari<br />
nawilia sisxlis TeTri ujredebi<br />
• exmarebian cocxal<br />
organizms infeqciasTan<br />
brZolaSi;<br />
• uferulni da uformoni<br />
arian;<br />
• moZraobisas icvlian<br />
formas; infeqcias imiT<br />
ebrZvian, rom gars<br />
exvevian baqteriebs da<br />
STanTqaven.<br />
aseve, sisxlis Semadgeneli myari<br />
nawilia Trombocitebi<br />
• sisxlis SededebaSi<br />
monawileoben da<br />
sisxldenis SeCerebas<br />
uzrunvelyofen;<br />
• isini mTliani ujredebi ar<br />
arian, mxolod ujredebis<br />
nawils warmoadgenen;<br />
• ara aqvT feri da zomiT<br />
ufro patarebi arian,<br />
vidre sisxlis wiTeli<br />
ujredebi.<br />
hemoglobini aris qimiuri<br />
nivTiereba, romelic<br />
sisxlis wiTeli ujredebis<br />
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis<br />
• Seicavs rkinas;<br />
• fers aniWebs sisxlis<br />
wiTel ujredebs;<br />
• exmareba sisxlis wiTel<br />
ujredebs nivTierebaTa<br />
transportirebaSi, ujredebidan<br />
gareT da SigniT.
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
53<br />
klasSi Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
praqtika<br />
maswavleblis mier<br />
momzadebuli Canawerebi<br />
maswavleblis mier momzadebuli<br />
Canawerebis magaliTi warmodgenilia<br />
diagrama 3.12-ze. es<br />
meTodi aris Canawerebis gamoyenebis<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze pirdapiri<br />
gza. jer erTi, aseTi Canawerebi<br />
naTel warmodgenas uqmnis moswavles<br />
imaze, Tu masalis ra nawils<br />
miiCnevs maswavlebeli yvelaze<br />
sayuradRebod. aseve, maswavleblis<br />
mier gakeTebuli Canawerebi<br />
moswavlisaTvis Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
karg magaliTs warmoadgens.<br />
diagrama 3.12-ze mocemulia<br />
ramdenime Canaweri, romelic maswavlebelma<br />
SeiZleba misces moswavleebs<br />
adamianis uflebaTa bilis<br />
wardgenisas.<br />
Canawerebis formati<br />
ar arsebobs Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
erTi swori gza. sxvadasxva<br />
moswavlem SeiZleba Canawerebis<br />
gakeTebis sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
teqnika airCios. Sesabamisad, sasurvelia,<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
Canawerebis gakeTebis ramodenime<br />
gansxvavebuli meTodi<br />
warudginos. erT _ erTi farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli formatia araformaluri<br />
monaxazi. araformalur<br />
monaxazSi abzacebi Ziri<br />
Tadi ideebisa da maTTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli detalebis gamokveTis<br />
mizniT gamoiyeneba. diagrama 3.13-<br />
ze warmodgenilia aseTi meTodiT<br />
gakeTebuli Canawerebi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
moswavle sisxlis Temaze<br />
akeTebs Canawerebs. moswavlem<br />
meorexarisxovani ideebi da detalebi<br />
abzaciT gamoxata.<br />
qseluri Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
ki ideebis fardobiTi mniSvnelovnebis<br />
gamosaxatad sxvadasxva<br />
zomis wreebis, xolo<br />
ideebs Soris urTierTkavSiris<br />
warmosaCenad _ xazebis gamoyenebas<br />
gulisxmobs. SedarebiT<br />
mniSvnelovani ideebi ufro didi,<br />
xolo naklebad mniSvnelovani<br />
ideebi _ ufro patara wreebiTaa<br />
warmodgenili. wreebis makavSirebeli<br />
xazebi imaze mianiSneben,<br />
rom wreebiT gamoxatuli ideebi<br />
erTmaneTs raRaciT ukavSirdeba.<br />
qseluri Canawerebis upiratesoba<br />
isaa, rom aseTi Canawerebi informaciis<br />
saTanado vizualizaciis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. qseluri<br />
Canawerebis garkveuli naklovaneba<br />
ki SemdegSi mdgomareobs: aseTi<br />
Canawerebi met-naklebad zRudavs<br />
moswavles, radgan mas SedarebiT<br />
mcire moculobis informaciis<br />
CaniSvna uwevs. didi moculobis<br />
informacia, ubralod, wreeb<br />
Si ver Caeteva. diagrama 3.14-ze<br />
naCvenebia qseluri Canawerebis<br />
magaliTi olimpiuri TamaSebis<br />
Temaze.
54 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 3. 14<br />
qseluri Canawerebis magaliTi<br />
TamaSebis iniciaciis<br />
ceremoniebi<br />
da<br />
simboloebi<br />
olimpiuri<br />
TamaSebi<br />
zafxulis<br />
olimpiada<br />
zamTris<br />
olimpiada<br />
Suquris<br />
anTeba<br />
iwyeba<br />
olimpiaSi,<br />
saberZneTi<br />
saberZneTi<br />
pirvelad<br />
Catarda saberZneTSi<br />
1896 wels<br />
simbolo:<br />
ideebis gadmocema<br />
Tanamedrove<br />
msofliosaTvis<br />
uZvelesi saber<br />
ZneTidan<br />
droSa<br />
xuTi wre<br />
xuTi kontinentis<br />
erTianobis<br />
simboloa<br />
olimpiuri<br />
cecxlis<br />
anTeba<br />
afrika amerika azia avstralia evropa<br />
olimpiuri<br />
TamaSebis<br />
gaxsnis<br />
ceremonia<br />
arenaze<br />
pirvelebi Se dian<br />
sportsmenebi<br />
saberZneTidan<br />
olimpiadaSi<br />
monawile<br />
qveynebis warmomadgenelTa<br />
sazeimo svla<br />
Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
kombinirebuli teqnika<br />
Canawerebis gakeTebis erTerTi<br />
yvelaze moqnili meTodia<br />
araformaluri monaxazisa da<br />
qseluri Canawerebis erToblivi<br />
gamoyeneba. am meTods, SegviZlia,<br />
kombinirebuli teqnika vuwodoT.<br />
kombinirebuli teqnikis gamoyenebisas,<br />
Canawerebis TiToeuli<br />
gverdi ori xazis gavlebiT sam<br />
nawilad iyofa: erTi xazi vertikalurad<br />
eSveba zemodan da<br />
Suaze hyofs gverds, xolo meore<br />
xazi horizontalurad aris gav<br />
lebuli da gverdis bolo nawils<br />
gamoyofs. ase rom, furceli dayofilia<br />
marcxena, marjvena da<br />
qveda nawilebad. marcxena nawili<br />
gamoiyeneba informaciis monaxazis<br />
warmosadgenad. marjvena<br />
nawili gamoiyeneba qseluri meTodiT<br />
informaciis CaniSvnisaTvis.<br />
da bolos, furclis qveda nawili<br />
Semajamebeli informaciisTvis<br />
aris Semonaxuli. diagrama 3.15<br />
warmoadgens Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
kombinirebul teqnikas. magaliTisaTvis<br />
aRebulia inflaciis Tema.
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
55<br />
diagrama 3. 15<br />
Canawerebis gakeTebis kombinirebuli teqnika _ inflacia<br />
inflacia<br />
izrdeba ...<br />
rodesac fulis miwodeba aWarbebs<br />
qveynis mier warmoebuli saqonlis<br />
da momsaxurebis (s & m) Rirebulebas<br />
an<br />
rodesac danaxarjebi (sakvebze,<br />
saqonelze, investiciaze,<br />
mTavrobis Senaxvaze da mTlian<br />
saeqsporto produqciaze) qveynis<br />
mier warmoebuli saqonlis da<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
(s & m) Rirebulebas aWarbebs<br />
$ 1.10<br />
$ 1.00<br />
$$$$$$<br />
fulis<br />
miwodeba<br />
mcirdeba ...<br />
rodesac fulis miwodeba qveynis<br />
mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
(s & m) Rirebulebaze naklebia<br />
$ 1.00<br />
$ 0.90<br />
fuli<br />
an<br />
rodesac danaxarjebi naklebia<br />
qveynis mier warmoebuli saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis<br />
(s & m) Rirebulebaze<br />
><br />
><br />
s & m<br />
saqonlis da<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
inflacia fulis miwodebasa da qveynis mier warmoebuli saqonlis da momsaxurebis<br />
(s & m) Rirebulebas Soris urTierTmimarTebazea damokidebuli<br />
Canawerebis gakeTebis kombinirebuli<br />
teqnikis gamoyenebisas,<br />
mniSvnelovania, moswavleebma<br />
informaciis garkveuli vizualuri<br />
formiT furclis marjvena<br />
mxares warmodgena SeZlon. amisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia, moswavleebi<br />
furclis marcxena ujredSi Canawerebis<br />
gakeTebisas, drodadro<br />
SeCerdnen da sityvierad dafiqsirebuli<br />
Canawerebi vizualurad<br />
gamosaxon. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
Canawerebis gakeTebis kombinirebuli<br />
teqnika moswavlisagan damatebiTi<br />
drois xarjvas moiTxovs, is<br />
sasargebloa im TvalsazrisiT,<br />
rom moswavles informaciis gaazreba<br />
orjer uxdeba. rac Seexeba<br />
furclis qveda ujreds, romelic<br />
Semajamebeli informaciisTvisaa<br />
gankuTvnili, moswavle mas drodadro<br />
avsebs, furclis marjvena<br />
da marcxena ujredebSi CaniSnuli<br />
informaciidan gamotanili<br />
daskvnebis safuZvelze. es ki mas<br />
informaciis mesamed gaazrebis<br />
saSualebas aZlevs.
56 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
* * *<br />
Cven xSirad movixseniebT Sejamebisa<br />
da Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
sxvadasxva meTods, rogorc `swavlis<br />
unar-Cvevebs~. mniSvnelovania<br />
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom Sejameba<br />
da Canawerebis gakeTeba umniSvnelovanesi<br />
unar-Cvevebia, romlebic<br />
SeiZleba moswavles ganuvi<br />
TaroT, radgan isini moswavleebs<br />
Sesaswavli masalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
aspeqtebis gansazRvrasa<br />
da gaazrebaSi exmarebian.
4<br />
moswavlis<br />
Zalisxmevis gaZliereba<br />
da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
ian makintoSi axali gadasuli iyo preris dawyebiT skolaSi. cota<br />
xanSi iani Semdeg daskvnamde mivida: Tanaklaselebisa da maswavleblebis<br />
keTilganwyobili damokidebulebis miuxedavad, naTeli<br />
iyo, rom es skola `dabali akademiuri moswrebis~ saswavleblad<br />
iTvleboda. Statis yvela skolaSi Catarebuli testebis mixedviT,<br />
am skolis moswavleebs erT-erTi yvelaze dabali Sedegebi<br />
hqondaT, rac yvelasTvis iyo cnobili, radgan testirebis Sedegebi<br />
adgilobriv gazeTebSi qveyndeboda. skolaSi gadmosvlidan<br />
Zalian male ians testirebis gavla mouwia. iseve, rogorc am<br />
skolis sxva moswavleebisaTvis, misTvisac mTavari amocana iyo,<br />
rogorme gadaelaxa is zRvari, romelic testis damakmayofileblad<br />
CabarebisaTvis iyo sakmarisi.<br />
meore wels skolaSi axali direqtori, qlabatoni haixmani<br />
movida. yvelafers cvlileba daetyo. ianis maswavleblebma daiwyes<br />
ambebis moyola maT Sesaxeb, vinc cxovrebaSi did warmatebebs<br />
miaRwia. maswavleblebi ambobdnen, rom Tu adamiani Zalian<br />
ecdeba, mizans yovelTvis miaRwevs; Sesabamisad, yvela mizani<br />
miRwevadia. moswavleebsac uxdebodaT warmatebuli adamianebis<br />
Sesaxeb ambebis klasSi moyola. iani babuamisis istorias moyva,<br />
mas yovelTvis sjeroda, rom warmatebuli ferma eqneboda. ianis<br />
maswavleblebma moswavleebisaTvis `gansakuTrebuli ZalisxmevisaTvis<br />
sertifikatebis~ gacema daiwyes. ianma erT kviraSi ori ase<br />
Ti sertifikati miiRo, ramac mas sakuTari Tavis rwmena Sehmata<br />
da waaxalisa misi survili, meti warmatebisaTvis mieRwia. ianis<br />
klaselebsac etyobodaT cvlileba _ isinic ufro Tavdajerebulebi<br />
gaxdnen, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac mTelma klasma<br />
direqtorisagan erT TveSi orjer miiRo `gansakuTrebuli ZalisxmevisaTvis<br />
sertifikati~. es sertifikati sakuTari warmatebiT<br />
daimsaxures, radgan maTematikis testebSi wina klasze maRali<br />
qulebi miiRes. iani siamayem aRavso, roca sertifikatis miRebis<br />
Sesaxeb informacia maTi klasis karzec ganaTavses. aseve, Zalian<br />
didi siamovnebiT miirTva nayini, romliTac mSoblebma miRweuli<br />
warmatebisaTvis daajildoves bavSvebi.<br />
yvelaze sasixarulo Statis testirebis Sedegebi iyo.<br />
gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis saTaurebSi es skola moxseniebuli<br />
iyo, rogorc yvelaze gamorCeuli skola, radgan testirebis<br />
Sedegebi, yvela sxva skolasTan SedarebiT, sagrZnoblad<br />
gaaumjobesa. ianma icoda, rom saboloo warmatebis misaRwevad<br />
mas da mis Tanaskolelebs kidev grZeli gza hqondaT gasavleli,<br />
magram sjeroda, rom am gzis gavlas SeZlebdnen.<br />
ianis direqtoris mier gamoyenebuli midgoma swavlebis<br />
zogadi meTodebis mesame kategoriis erT-erT maga liTs<br />
warmoadgens. sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, es kategoria<br />
57
58 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba moswavleTa<br />
kognituri SesaZleblobebis<br />
gaumjobesebas. is mTlianad moswavlis<br />
damokidebulebebzea orientirebuli<br />
da or nawilad iyofa:<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba<br />
da misi warmatebis aRiareba.<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba: kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />
fsiqologma bernard uainerma<br />
(1972, 1983) Zalze popularuli<br />
gaxada Teoria Zalisxmevis dafasebisa<br />
da efeqturobis zrdis<br />
urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. kerZod,<br />
Teoria SemdegSi mdgomareobs:<br />
rwmena imisa, rom adamianis Zalisxmeva<br />
Sedegs gamoiRebs, adamianis<br />
efeqturobas zrdis. aseve, m.<br />
qavinTonisa (1983) da s. harTeris<br />
(1980) kvlevebma daadastures, Tu<br />
ramdenad mnivnelovania Zalisxmevis<br />
dafaseba. ufro konkretulad,<br />
es kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebi<br />
warmatebas, rogorc wesi,<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erT-erT<br />
faqtors ukavSireben:<br />
• unari<br />
• Zalisxmeva<br />
• sxva adamianebi<br />
• iRbali<br />
am oTxidan sami abrkolebs<br />
saqmis warmatebiT dasrulebas.<br />
erTi SexedviT, imis rwmena, rom<br />
unari mniSvnelovania, sasargeblo<br />
Cans, anu Tu gjera, rom gaqvs unari,<br />
nebismier dabrkolebas gaumklavdebi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra<br />
unarebis patronad warmogidgenia<br />
Tavi, yovelTvis mixval im mdgomareobamde,<br />
roca daeWvdebi, Segwevs<br />
Tu ara am konkretul saqmesTan<br />
gamklavebis unari. m. qavingTonis<br />
(1983, 1985) kvleva adasturebs Semdegs:<br />
moswavleebi, romlebic miiCneven,<br />
rom, konkretuli davalebis<br />
Sesasruleblad, ar aqvT Sesabamisi<br />
unarebi, xSirad Tavs ver arTmeven<br />
davalebas. imis rwmenas, rom<br />
warmatebis garanti sxva adamianebi<br />
arian, aseve aqvs uaryofiTi mxareebi.<br />
warmatebis ganmapirobebel<br />
ZiriTad faqtorad sxva adamianebis<br />
moazreba gansakuTrebiT mavnea<br />
maSin, roca adamiani konkretuli<br />
davalebis winaSe marto aRmoCndeba.<br />
iRbalze yvelafris mindobac<br />
ar iqneba swori. ra geSveleba,<br />
Tu iRbali gimtyunebs ase rom,<br />
rwmena imisa, rom Seni Zalisxmeva<br />
Sedegs gamoiRebs, yvelaze sasargebloa.<br />
Sesabamisad, Tu gjera, rom<br />
warmateba ZalisxmeviT miiRweva,<br />
nebismier situaciaSi, warmatebis<br />
miRwevis mTavari samotivacio iaraRi<br />
SenTanaa.<br />
ramdenime mkvlevarma moswavleebis<br />
akademur moswrebasa da<br />
Zalisxmevis gaZlierebas Soris kav<br />
Sirze Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis<br />
sinTezi moaxdina. diagrama 4.<br />
1-ze warmodgenilia aseTi naSromebidan<br />
amoRebuli informacia.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia ramdenime<br />
zogadi daskvna Zalisxmevis<br />
Sesaxeb arsebuli kvlevebidan:<br />
1. yvela moswavlisaTvis gasagebi<br />
ar aris, Tu ramxela mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba imis rwmenas, rom misi<br />
Zalisxmeva dafasdeba. zrdasrul<br />
TaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, warmatebul<br />
zrdasrulTaTvis, met-nakle
moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
59<br />
diagrama 4. 1<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi Zalisxmevis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb<br />
sinTezuri naSromi<br />
efeqtis sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
Sunqi da qoqsi, 1986 3 0. 93 32<br />
sTifeqi da vaisci, 1981 * 98 0. 52 20<br />
heTi, bigsi da ferdi,<br />
1996 **<br />
8<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1. 42<br />
0. 57<br />
2. 14<br />
qumari, 1991 5 1. 76 46<br />
* am kvlevebis Seswavlis sagani aseve aris moswavleebSi kontrolis unari.<br />
** heTis, bigsis da ferdis naSromis gaswvriv, efeqtis sididis ramdenime kategoriaa<br />
mocemuli, Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan<br />
gamomdinare. mkiTxvels vurCevT, Tu detalebiTaa dainteresebuli, gaecnos<br />
naSroms.<br />
42<br />
22<br />
48<br />
bad cnobilia, Tu ra mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs Zalisxmevas, dasaxuli miznis<br />
misaRwevad. moswavleebisaTvis es<br />
xSirad naklebad gasagebia. kvlevebi<br />
adasturebs, rom moswavleebis<br />
garkveul nawils ar aqvs<br />
gacnobierebuli Zalisxmevasa da<br />
samuSaos Sesrulebas Soris arsebuli<br />
urTierTkavSiri. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom isini ver iazreben, Tu<br />
ra pirdapiri zegavlena SeiZleba<br />
hqondes maT mier gaRebul Zalisxmevas<br />
gasakeTebeli samuSaos saboloo<br />
warmatebaze (ix. zeligmani,<br />
1990, 1994; urdani, midglei da andermani,<br />
1998). Sesabamisad, maswavleblebma<br />
sakuTr Tavze unda aiRon<br />
moswavleTaTvis rwmenis gaRviveba,<br />
rom Zalisxmeva Sedegs yovelTvis<br />
gamoiRebs; maswavleblebi aseTi<br />
rwmenis magaliTs sakuTari cxovrebiT<br />
unda iZleodnen.<br />
2. moswavleebma SeiZleba Seicvalon<br />
damokidebuleba da Zalisxmevaze<br />
orientirebulebi gaxdnen.<br />
kvlevebis mixedviT, im moswavleebsac<br />
ki, vinc Tavdapirvelad<br />
ar amJRavnebs imis rwmenas,<br />
rom Zalisxmeva Sedegs gamoiRebs,<br />
SeuZliaT, es rwmena droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
ganiviTaron. kvleva<br />
Ta mTeli wyeba adasturebs, rom<br />
moswavleTaTvis imis demostrireba,<br />
Tu ramxela mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs Zalisxmevas miznis miRwevaSi,<br />
maT damokidebulebas cvlis da<br />
TviTrwmenas uRvivebs (ix. qraske,<br />
1985; uilsoni da linvili, 1982).<br />
erT-erTma kvlevam (van overuoli<br />
da de meceneri, 1990) isic ki<br />
daadastura, rom moswavleebma,<br />
romelTac gaaanalizes urTierTkavSiri<br />
Zalisxmevasa da warmatebas<br />
Soris, ufro met warmatebas<br />
miaRwies, vidre im moswavleebma,<br />
romelTac mxolod drois marTvisa<br />
da axali masalis aTvisebis<br />
sxvadasxva meTodi iswavles.
60 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
Zalisxmevis gaZlierebis<br />
praqtika klasSi<br />
swavleba Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb<br />
zemoT warmodgenili ori<br />
zogadi daskvna adasturebs imas,<br />
rom moswavleebma SeiZleba ar<br />
icodnen, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania<br />
rwmena imisa, rom Zalisxmeva<br />
Sedegs gamoiRebs. es daskvnebi,<br />
aseve, adasturebs am rwmenis<br />
gamomuSavebis SesaZleblobas. gamosavali<br />
albaT SemdegSi mdgomareobs:<br />
Zalisxmevasa da warmatebebs<br />
Soris kavSiri moswavleebs<br />
maswavleblebma unda auxsnan da<br />
aseTi kavSiris gansaxierebas Tavadve<br />
unda warmoadgendnen. Tval <br />
saCinoebisaTvis, SeiZleba mas <br />
wavlebelma moswavles Tavisi pirovnuli<br />
gamocdileba gauziaros<br />
_ is, Tu rogor agrZelebda mcdelobas,<br />
mieRwia dasaxuli miznisaTvis<br />
maSinac ki, roca warmateba miuRwevel<br />
ocnebas warmoadgenda.<br />
aseve, maswavleblebs SeuZliaT,<br />
moiZion analogiuri magaliTebi<br />
cnobili adamianebis cxovrebidan,<br />
rogorebic arian: aTletebi,<br />
ganmanaTleblebi, politikosebi.<br />
aseTi magaliTebiT moswavleebs<br />
diagrama 4. 2<br />
kavSiri Zalisxmevasa da miRwevebs Soris: rubrikebi<br />
Sefasebis skala: 4 = umaRlesia, 3 = kargia, 2 = sWirdeba gaumjobeseba,<br />
1 = miuRebelia<br />
A: Zalisxmevis rubrika<br />
4. me bolomde davasrule davaleba.<br />
maSinac ki vagrZelebdi muSaobas,<br />
roca sirTuleebis winaSe videqi,<br />
an roca problemis gadaWris<br />
gzas ver vxedavdi. davalebis<br />
Sesrulebisas wamoWril yovel<br />
sirTules aRviqvamdi, rogorc<br />
SesaZleblobas, romelic saSualebas<br />
maZlevda, ukeTesad Cavwvdomodi<br />
Sesasrulebeli davalebis<br />
arss.<br />
3. me bolomde davasrule davaleba<br />
maSinac ki vagrZelebdi muSaobas,<br />
roca sirTuleebis winaSe videqi,<br />
an roca problemis gadaWris<br />
gzas ver vxedavdi.<br />
2. me garkveuli Zalisxmeva gaviRe<br />
davalebis Sesasruleblad, magram<br />
roca sirTuleebs gadavawydi,<br />
muSaoba Sevwyvite.<br />
1. Zalian mcire Zalisxmeva gaviRe<br />
davalebis Sesasruleblad.<br />
B: miRwevis rubrika<br />
4. me moTxovnilze ukeTesad Sevasrule<br />
davaleba.<br />
3. me zustad Sevasrule davalebis<br />
moTxovna.<br />
2. me garkveulwilad Sevasrule davaleba,<br />
magram ver davakmayofile<br />
davalebis yvela moTxovna.<br />
1. me ver Sevasrule davaleba.
moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
61<br />
SegviZlia vaCvenoT, Tu ra mniSvnelovania<br />
miznisaken swrafva da<br />
ra gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda<br />
am adamianebis cxovrebaSi imas,<br />
rom isini ar gaCerdnen da TavianTi<br />
miznis miRwevisTvis brZolas<br />
agrZelebdnen. aseT magaliTs warmoadgens<br />
daniel `rudi~ ruiTigeris<br />
cxovreba. es iyo notr-damis<br />
universitetis studenti, romelsac<br />
didi survili hqonda, sauniversiteto<br />
safexburTo gundSi<br />
eTamaSa. ruiTigeris ambavi safuZvlad<br />
daedo films `rudi~.<br />
maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebisaTvis<br />
sayovelTaod cnobili<br />
magaliTebic moiyvanos. kidev<br />
erTi meTodia Tavad moswavle<br />
Tagan aseTi istoriebis mosmena;<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, sTxovos<br />
moswavleebs, moyvnen im piradi<br />
gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, roca maTi<br />
warmateba ukavSirdeboda maTsave<br />
gadawyvetilebas, ar SeewyvitaT<br />
mcdeloba da gaegrZelebinaT dasaxuli<br />
miznisaken swrafva. qvemoT<br />
moyvanili magaliTi giCvenebs<br />
imas, Tu rogor gamoiyena maswavlebelma<br />
am mizniT olimpiuri<br />
TamaSebis Tema.<br />
mTeli kviris manZilze ma Tematikis<br />
gakveTilze maRalklaselebs<br />
saSinao davalebas<br />
ar aZlevdnen. maTi davaleba<br />
SemdegSi mdgomareobda: yovel<br />
saRamos unda eyurebinaT<br />
olimpiuri TamaSebisaTvis da<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT<br />
aTletebis pirad<br />
istoriebze. moswavleebs unda<br />
epovaT iseTi aTletebi, romlebic<br />
Cveulebrivi adamianebi<br />
iyvnen da piradi Zalisxmevis<br />
wyalobiT miaRwies araCveuleriv<br />
warmatebas. mTeli kviris<br />
manZilze gakveTilis pirveli<br />
aTi wuTi swored am istoriebis<br />
ganxilvas eZRvneboda. moswavleebi<br />
mcire jgufebad iyofodnen<br />
da mopovebul informacias<br />
ganixilavdnen. gansakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas moswavleebi im me<br />
Todebze amaxvilebdnen, riTac<br />
aTletebi miznisaken swrafvis<br />
periodSi sakuTari Tavis rwmenas<br />
inarCunebdnen. momavali<br />
kviris orSabaTisTvis ki moswavleebs<br />
unda warmoedginaT<br />
sakuTari meTodi, Tu rogor<br />
unda gaumklavdes adamiani akademiur<br />
sirTuleebs da rogor<br />
unda Seaxsenos sakuTar Tavs,<br />
rom auclebelia mcdelobis<br />
gagrZeleba.<br />
Zalisxmevisa da miRwevebis<br />
CaniSvna da erTmaneTTan<br />
dakavSireba<br />
zemoT warmodgenili zogadi<br />
daskvnebi adastureben, Tu ramdenad<br />
mniSvnelovania moswavle<br />
TaTvis, Zalisxmevasa da warmatebas<br />
Soris kavSiris Secnoba. ra<br />
Tqma unda, zogi moswavlisaTvis<br />
Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb swavlebac ki<br />
SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos. sxvaTaTvis,<br />
SesaZloa, aucilebeli aRmoCndes<br />
pirdapiri kavSiris danaxva<br />
Zalisxmevasa da warmatebis miRwevas<br />
Soris. aseTi kavSiris demonstrirebisaTvis<br />
araCveulebriv<br />
saSualebas warmoadgens Semdegi<br />
aqtivoba: SegviZlia moswavleebs<br />
vTxovoT, gaakeTon Canawerebi sakuTari<br />
gamocdilebis Sesaxeb; maT<br />
periodulad unda CainiSnon, ra<br />
Zalisxmeva gaiRes da, aseve, mianiSnon<br />
imaze, Tu rogor daexmara maT<br />
es Zalisxmeva konkretuli miznis<br />
miRwevaSi. aseT davalebas moswavleebi<br />
advilad Seasruleben, Tu
62 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 4. 3<br />
Zalisxmevasa da miRwevebs Soris kavSiris dasadgeni diagrama<br />
moswavle<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
paraskevi, 22 oqt.<br />
oTxSabaTi, 27 oqt.<br />
davaleba<br />
Sefaseba<br />
Zalisxmevis<br />
rubrikis<br />
mixedviT<br />
Sefaseba<br />
miRwevis<br />
rubrikis<br />
mixedviT<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
- moamzados 5 abzacisagan<br />
Semdgari ese<br />
nawarmoeb `cxovelTa<br />
fermis~ Sesaxeb 4 4<br />
klasSi mosamzadebeli<br />
ese _ Temaze<br />
alegoria 4 3<br />
xuTSabaTi, 28 oqt. testi 3 3<br />
maT mivcemT diagrama 4.2-ze (A da<br />
B) warmodgenil rubrikebs.<br />
rubrikebis gamoyeneba moswavleebs<br />
SeuZliaT imisaTvis, rom<br />
yoveldRiurad CainiSnon informacia<br />
TavianTi Zalisxmevisa da<br />
miRwevebis Sesaxeb. qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
diagrama 4.3-is gamoyenebiT,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
daexmaros moswavleebs Zalisxmevasa<br />
da miRwevebs Soris urTierTkavSiris<br />
dafiqsirebaSi.<br />
or cvlads Soris (Zalisxmeva<br />
da miRweva) kavSiris dadgenis<br />
garda, SegviZlia, moswavleebs<br />
vTxovoT, Camoayalibon informacia<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iswavles<br />
Zalisxmevisa da miRwevis erTmaneTTan<br />
dakavSirebis konkretuli<br />
gamocdilebidan. sakuTar<br />
gamocdilebaze kidev erTxel<br />
dafiqreba da daskvnebis werilobiT<br />
Camoyalibeba moswavleebs<br />
Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobis ukeT<br />
gaazrebis saSualebas miscems.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili magaliTi<br />
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
klasSi am meTodis gamoyeneba:<br />
<strong>jein</strong> uiTbi miCveuli iyo, rom<br />
rveulis boloSi saswavlo<br />
dRiuris gakeTebas avalebdnen;<br />
am dRiurSi yovelTvis zedmiwevniT<br />
ayalibebda informacias<br />
Seswavlili masalis Sesaxeb.<br />
aseve, iniSnavda, Tu ramdenad<br />
kargad Seiswavla masala. erT<br />
dRes <strong>jein</strong> uiTbis davaleba Seicvala.<br />
es iyo martSi, roca misi<br />
swavlis enTuziazmi, rogorc<br />
wesi, ecemoda xolme. maswavlebelma<br />
<strong>jein</strong>is klass Semdegi<br />
davaleba misca: saswavlo dRiuris<br />
nacvlad, moswavleebs diagramaze<br />
unda CaeniSnaT xolme<br />
informacia TavianTi Zalisxmevisa<br />
da miRwevebis Sesaxeb. es<br />
diagrama ise unda SeedginaT,<br />
rom horizontalur RerZze<br />
kviris dReebi dafiqsirebuliyo,<br />
vertikalur RerZze ki<br />
unda Camoweriliyo procentuli<br />
maCveneblebi 1-dan 100-<br />
mde. moswavleebs diagrama or<br />
kviraze unda gaeTvalaT. ori<br />
kviris manZilze moswavleebi<br />
yoveldRiurad ini S navdnen<br />
kavSirs TavianT, individu
moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
63<br />
sinTezuri naSromi<br />
diagrama 4. 4<br />
moswavlis warmatebis aRiarebis meTodi:<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
blumi, 1976 18 0.78 28<br />
uolbergi, 1999 14 0.16 6<br />
uilkinsoni, 1981 791 0.16 7<br />
alur Zalisxmevasa da swavlis<br />
Sedegebs Soris. Zalisxmeva<br />
skalaze procentulad 1-dan<br />
100-mde gamoisaxeboda. swavlebis<br />
donis gadanawilebasac<br />
moswavleebi Tavad axdendnen<br />
da im mTlianis procentuli<br />
maCvenebliT gamosaxavdnen, romelic<br />
swavlebis maqsimalur<br />
Sedegs asaxavda. ori kviris<br />
gasvlis Semdeg <strong>jein</strong>ma da misma<br />
klaselebma SeamCnies, rom es<br />
diagrama maTi swavlis motivacias<br />
zrdida. bevrma isic ki<br />
aRiara, rom am periodis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
rogorc ki swavlaze<br />
koncentracia ekargebodaT,<br />
Tva l win maSinve diagrama udgebodaT<br />
da momentalurad erTvebodnen<br />
saqmeze.<br />
moswavlis warmatebis aRiareba:<br />
kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />
moswavlis warmatebis aRiareba<br />
SeiZleba am wignSi warmodgenil<br />
swavlebis meTodTa Soris yvelaze<br />
arasworad interpretirebul me<br />
Todad CaiTvalos. aseve, moswavlis<br />
warmatebis aRiarebis meTods<br />
SeiZleba `moswavlis dafaseba~<br />
vuwodoT; Tumca es ukanaskneli<br />
teqnikurad arazusti saxelwodeba<br />
iqneboda. kidev erTi, aseve<br />
arazusti SesaZlo saxelwodeba<br />
iqneboda `dajildoeba~. im mizezebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic<br />
qvemoTaa warmodgenili,<br />
Cven virCevT, vixmaroT fraza<br />
`moswavlis warmatebis aRiareba~.<br />
diagrama 4.4-ze warmodgenilia im<br />
naSromebis Sesaxeb informacia,<br />
romlebSic Tavmoyrilia moswavlis<br />
warmatebis aRiarebis Temaze<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi.<br />
diagrama 4.4-ze warmodgenili informaciis<br />
mixedviT, am meTodis<br />
efeqturobaze arc Tu ise saxarbielo<br />
STabeWdileba iqmneba. gansakuTrebiT<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
h. uolbergis (1999) da s. uilkinsonis<br />
(1981) naSromebs gadavavlebT<br />
Tvals. sayuradReboa, rom<br />
am naSromebSi yuradReba im kvlevebzea<br />
gamaxvilebuli, romelSic<br />
dafaseba aRiarebad miiCneva. Sesabamisad,<br />
aseTi kvlevebis Sedegi<br />
SeiZleba iyos is, rom bevri<br />
ganaTlebis specialistisaTvis<br />
mos wavlis warmatebis aRiareba<br />
mos wavlis akademiuri moswrebis<br />
gaumjobesebis efeqtur saSualebas<br />
ar warmoadgens. ufro metic,<br />
maswavleblebi xSirad miiCneven,<br />
rom moswavlis warmatebis aRiareba,<br />
garkveulwilad, amcirebs mis
64 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
Sinagan motivacias. im gaurkvevlobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rac am<br />
meTodis gamoyenebis efeqturobas<br />
axlavs Tan, saWirod migvaCnia, gagacnoT<br />
dafasebasTan da dajildoebasTan,<br />
rogorc moswavlis<br />
warmatebis aRiarebis formebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli kvlevebis winaistoria.<br />
mkvlevarma e. deCim (1971)<br />
pirvelma daiwyo muSaoba laboratoriul<br />
gamokvlevebze, romlebic<br />
miznad isaxavda, Seeswavla,<br />
ra gavlenas axdens dajildoeba<br />
moswavlis motivaciaze. e. deCis<br />
pirveli eqsperimenti SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareobda: SearCies kolejis<br />
24 studenti da SemTxveviTobis<br />
principiT gadaanawiles or<br />
jgufSi. orive jgufs amocanebi<br />
misces amosaxsnelad. sakvlev<br />
jgufs yoveli sworad amoxsnili<br />
amocanisaTvis erT dolars<br />
aZlevdnen. studentebis Sinagani<br />
motivacia izomeboda Tavisufal<br />
dros amocanebis amoxsnis mcdelobebis<br />
raodenobiT. e. deCim<br />
aRmoaCina, rom is studentebi,<br />
romelTac yoveli amoxsnili amocanisaTvis<br />
erTi dolari ergebodaT,<br />
Tavisufali drois gacilebiT<br />
mcire nawils uTmobdnen<br />
amocanebis amoxsnas, vidre isini,<br />
vinc am saqmeSi fuls ar eloda. e.<br />
deCi aRniSnavs:<br />
rodesac adamiani garkveul<br />
saqmeSi Sinagani motivaciis<br />
gamoa CarTuli da raRac<br />
etapze am saqmis gakeTebisaTvis<br />
gareSe jildos, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
fulis miRebas iwyebs,<br />
misi Sinagani motivaciis done<br />
sagrZnoblad klebulobs (deCi,<br />
1971, gv. 108).<br />
zogma am SemTxvevis safuZvelze<br />
daaskvna, rom, zogadad,<br />
jildo Sinagani motivaciis<br />
daqveiTebas iwvevs (qoni, 1993).<br />
kidev erTi kvleva, romlis Sedegebic<br />
xSirad am argumentis dasadastureblad<br />
mohyavT, m. leferis,<br />
d. grinisa da r. nisbeTis (1973)<br />
saxelebs ukavSirdeba. am kvlevaSi<br />
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze,<br />
Tu ra gavlena SeiZleba iqonios<br />
jildom patara bavSvebis Sinagan<br />
motivaciaze xatvisadmi. sakvlev<br />
jgufSi, Tu suraTebs daxatavdnen,<br />
jildo `kargi moTamaSis~<br />
wodeba iyo. am kvlevamac daadastura,<br />
rom gareSe jildo moswavleTa<br />
motivacias amcirebda.<br />
arsebobs kvlevebis Sedegebi,<br />
romlebic maswavleblis mxridan<br />
moswavlis Seqebas da moswavlis<br />
motivaciaze am Seqebis gavlenas<br />
ukavSirdeba. aRmoCnda, rom moswavlis<br />
Sinagan motivacias moswavlis<br />
warmatebis aRiarebis es formac<br />
(Seqeba) amcirebs (ix. brofi,<br />
1981; leferi, 1983; morin - derSimeri,<br />
1982). magaliTad, kvlevebiT<br />
dadginda, rom advili davalebebis<br />
SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
Seqeba safrTxes uqmnis moswavlis<br />
momaval miRwevebs. moswavleebi<br />
advili davalebis SesrulebisaTvis<br />
Seqebas, rogorc wesi, daumsaxureblad<br />
miiCneven. ufro metic,<br />
Seqebam, romelsac moswavle<br />
advili davalebis SesrulebisaTvis<br />
iRebs, SesaZloa, sakuTar SesaZleblobebze<br />
dabali warmodgena<br />
Seuqmnas (morin - derSimeri).
moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
65<br />
aseve, iTvleba, rom maswavleblebi<br />
Seqebas arasistemurad<br />
da araTanabrad unawileben moswavleebs.<br />
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegebis<br />
mixedviT, pirveli klasis<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleTa swori<br />
pasuxebis mxolod 11%-s Tvlida<br />
Seqebis Rirsad (ix. andersoni,<br />
evertsoni da brofi, 1979).<br />
sxva kvlevam daadastura, rom<br />
ufrosklaselTa maswavlebeli<br />
mos wavleTa swori pasuxebis mxolod<br />
10%-s afasebda dadebiTad<br />
(ix. evertsoni, andersoni, andersoni<br />
da brofi, 1980). efeqturi<br />
Seqebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi<br />
mkvlevarma jere brofma (1981)<br />
Seajama (ix. diagrama 4.5).<br />
Tu am kvlevebis Sedegebs<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,<br />
rom Seqeba an dajildoeba<br />
ara mxolod ar uwyobs xels moswavleTa<br />
miRwevebs, aramed aferxebs<br />
maT da aqveiTebs motivacias.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, Tu kvlevebs<br />
ufro kargad CavuRrmavdebiT,<br />
sruliad sxva suraTs davinaxavT.<br />
sxvadasxva kvle vis safuZvelze,<br />
maswavleblebisaTvis sasargeblo<br />
sami zogadi daskvna gamovitanoT:<br />
1. jildo yovelTvis uaryofiT<br />
gavlenas ar axdens moswavlis Sinagan<br />
motivaciaze. isini, vinc am<br />
Temaze Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebs zedmiwevniT aanalizeben,<br />
Cveulebriv, im daskvnamde<br />
midian, rom jildo yovelTvis<br />
ar amcirebs Sinagan motivacias.<br />
magaliTad, marq morganma (1984)<br />
specialuri naSromi miuZRvna<br />
jildoebTan dakavSirebul kvlevaTa<br />
mimoxilvas. marq morgani<br />
aRniSnavs: `ZiriTadi daskvna, rac<br />
SeiZleba am kvlevebis mimoxilvis<br />
Sedegad gakeTdes, gaxlavT is,<br />
rom jildom SeiZleba safrTxis<br />
qveS daayenos, an piriqiT gazardos<br />
motivacia. yvelaferi damokidebulia<br />
garemoebebze~ (gv. 25).<br />
u. uiersmam (1992), j. qameronma<br />
da u. firsma (1994) mniSvnelovani<br />
metaanalizi Caatares am Temaze.<br />
maTma naSromebma morganis daskvna<br />
ganamtkica. sailustraciod, ixileT<br />
Sedegebi, romlebic diagrama<br />
4.6-ze aris warmodgenili.<br />
diagrama 4.6 adasturebs, rom<br />
Sinagani motivaciis gazomvis me<br />
Todis sxvadasxvaobis gamo mkvlevarebi<br />
SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebul<br />
daskvnebamde mividnen.<br />
ufro zustad, zogierTi kvleva<br />
moswavlis Sinagani motivaciis<br />
gasazomad Tavisufal dros mis<br />
saqmianobas iyenebs. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom aseT kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />
eqceva imas, Tu ramdenad<br />
irCevs moswavle, Tavisufal<br />
dros am konkretuli saqmianobiT<br />
dakavdes, anu im dros, roca mas<br />
konkretuli saqmianobis valdebuleba<br />
ar akisria. ormocdaoTxi<br />
kvleva, romelic moswavlis Sinagani<br />
motivaciis gasazomad Tavisufal<br />
dros mis saqmianobas<br />
iyenebs, afiqsirebs, rom jildos<br />
mcired negatiuri gavlena aqvs Sinagan<br />
motivaciaze, kerZod, _ 0.04.<br />
meore mxriv, aris SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac Sinagani motivacia saqmianobisadmi<br />
moswavlis damokidebulebiT<br />
izomeba. ocdacxrameti<br />
kvleva, romelic moswavlis Sinagan<br />
motivacias saqmianobisadmi<br />
moswavlis damokidebulebiT zom
66 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 4. 5<br />
efeqturi Seqebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi<br />
efeqturi Seqeba<br />
1. mas iZlevian garemoebis mixed viT;<br />
2. akonkretebs miRwevas;<br />
3. spontanurobas, mravalferovnebasa<br />
da damajereblobis sxva<br />
niSnebs amJRavnebs. adasturebs<br />
imas, rom yuradReba eqceva moswavlis<br />
miRwevebs;<br />
4. im dafasebis gamoxatulebaa,<br />
romelic konkretuli kriteriumebis<br />
miRwevas ukavSirdeba<br />
(rac SeiZleba ZalisxmevasTan<br />
dakavSirebul kriteriumebs<br />
gulisxmobdes);<br />
5. moswavleebs awvdis informacias<br />
maTi kompetenciis, an maTi<br />
miRwevis Sesaxeb;<br />
6. xels uwyobs moswavleTa orientacias<br />
davalebis SesrulebasTan<br />
dakavSirebul qcevasa<br />
da problemebis gadaWraze;<br />
7. moswavleebis wina miRwevebs imisTvis<br />
iyenebs, rom maTi amJamindeli<br />
miRwevebi aRweros;<br />
8. moswavle mas rTuli (misTvis)<br />
davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis,<br />
an Sesasruleblad gaRebuli<br />
ZalisxmevisaTvis iRebs;<br />
9. warmatebas Zalisxmevasa da unarTan<br />
akavSirebs; mianiSnebs<br />
moswavles, rom mas analogiuri<br />
warmatebis ganmeoreba momavalSic<br />
SeuZlia;<br />
10. moswavleebs uRvivebs imis<br />
rwme nas, rom maT davalebaze<br />
muSaoba siamovnebT, an mniSvnelovan<br />
unarebs uviTarebT;<br />
11. moswavlis yuradRebis koncentracias<br />
davalebis SesrulebasTan<br />
dakavSirebul qcevaze axdens;<br />
12. moswavleebSi aviTarebs davalebis<br />
SesrulebasTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli unarebis dafasebis<br />
grZnobas.<br />
araefeqturi Seqeba<br />
1. mas iZlevian SemTxveviT, an arasistemurad<br />
2. mxolod zogad pozitiur reaqcias<br />
amJRavnebs;<br />
3. advilad SesamCnevia, rom moswavles<br />
didi yuradReba ar<br />
daTmobia;<br />
4. afasebs monawileobas da yuradRebas<br />
ar aqcevs procesebsa<br />
da Sedegebs;<br />
5. ar awvdis moswavleebs aranair<br />
informacias maTi statusis<br />
Sesaxeb;<br />
6. xels uwyobs moswavleebs, ifiqron<br />
sxva moswavleebTan konkurenciaze;<br />
7. sxva moswavleebis miRwevebs imisTvis<br />
iyenebs, rom konkretuli<br />
moswavlis miRwevebi aRweros;<br />
8. moswavles imis gauTvalis wi neblad<br />
eZleva, Tu ra Zalisxmeva<br />
Cado davalebis SesrulebaSi;<br />
9. warmatebas mxolod unars, an<br />
gareSe faqtorebs ukavSirebs;<br />
gareSe faqtorebSi igulisxmeba<br />
iRbali an davalebis simartive;<br />
10. moswavleebs imis grZnobas uRvivebs,<br />
rom davalebaze gare<br />
faqtorebis gamo muSaoben _<br />
maswavleblis dasakmayofileblad,<br />
Sejibrebis, an jildos<br />
mosagebad da a. S.<br />
11. moswavlis yuradRebis koncentracias<br />
maswavlebelze, ro gorc<br />
gare faqtorze axdens, romelic<br />
moswavleebiT manipulirebs;<br />
12. moswavleebs ar aZlevs saSuale<br />
bas, yuradReba mxolod<br />
davalebis SesrulebasTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli unarebis gavi<br />
Tarebisken mimarTon.<br />
wyaro: brofi, j. (1981). maswavleblis Seqeba: funqciuri analizi. saganmanaTleblo<br />
kvlevebis mimoxilva, 51, 5 – 32. adaptirebisTvis miRebulia saTanado nebarTva.
moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
67<br />
naSromi<br />
qameroni da<br />
firsi (1994)<br />
uiersma<br />
(1992)<br />
diagrama 4. 6<br />
moswavlis dajildoeba: metaanalizis Sedegebi<br />
rogor xdeba<br />
Sinagani motivaciis<br />
Sefaseba<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
Tavisufali dro 44 _ 0.04 -2<br />
damokidebuleba 39 0.14 6<br />
davalebis warmatebiT<br />
Sesruleba<br />
11 0.34 13<br />
avs, adasturebs, rom jildo moswavlis<br />
Sinagani motivaciis zrdas<br />
xels uwyobs. efeqtis sidide aris<br />
0.14. da bolos, roca ikvleven<br />
moswavlis SesaZleblobas, Seasrulos<br />
`jildosTan~ dakavSirebuli<br />
davaleba, TerTmeti kvlevis<br />
Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom jildos<br />
dadebiTi gavlena aqvs moswavlis<br />
motivaciaze. efeqtis sidide aris<br />
0.34. zogadad, moswavlis motivaciaze<br />
jildos uaryofiTi zegavlena<br />
ikveTeba mxolod maSin,<br />
roca mkvlevari moswavlis motivaciis<br />
sazomad iyenebs moswavlis<br />
Tavisufal arCevans, rom dro<br />
davalebis Sesrulebas dauTmos<br />
(uiersma, 1992, gv. 101).<br />
2. jildo yvelaze efeqturia<br />
maSin, roca misi miReba akademiuri<br />
moswrebis garkveuli standartis<br />
miRwevas ukavSirdeba. u. uiersmas<br />
(1992), iseve rogorc j. qameronisa<br />
da u. firsis (1994) mier Catarebuli<br />
metaanalizi adasturebs zogad<br />
daskvnas imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
rom jildo efeqturia, rodesac<br />
misi miReba garkveuli standartis<br />
miRwevas ukavSirdeba. ufro<br />
zustad, uiersmas metaanalizSi<br />
gamoyenebuli cxra sxvadasxva<br />
kvlevis Sedegi, romlebic erT<br />
jgufad aRiqmeba, jildos gamoyenebis<br />
efeqtis saSualo sidided<br />
asaxelebs 0.38-s. msgavsma aRmo<br />
Cenebma qameroni da firsi Semdeg<br />
daskvnamde miiyvana:<br />
moswavleTa Sinagan motivaciaze<br />
uaryofiTi gavlena<br />
jildos SeiZleba hqondes ma<br />
Sin, rodesac davalebis SesrulebisaTvis<br />
moswavleebs ise<br />
ajildoeben, rom ar afaseben<br />
davalebis Sesrulebis xarisxs.<br />
klasSi aseT SemTxvevebTan maSin<br />
gvaqvs saqme, rodesac maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs, ZiriTadad,<br />
garkveuli savarjiSos dasrulebisaTvis<br />
hpirdeba jildos.<br />
moswavlis motivaciaze<br />
jildos im SemTxvevaSi eqneboda<br />
SedarebiT ukeTesi gavlena,<br />
Tu misi miReba davalebis warmatebiT<br />
Sesrulebas daukav<br />
Sirdeboda (gv. 397).<br />
ufro martivad rom CamovayaliboT,<br />
davalebis dasrulebisaTvis<br />
moswavleTa dajildoeba ar<br />
zrdis maT Sinagan motivacias da<br />
SeiZleba misi Sesustebac ki gamoiwvios.<br />
savaraudod, moswavleebs<br />
uCndebaT gancda, rom maT `uxdian~<br />
imisaTvis, rom konkretuli
68 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
davalebis SesrulebaSi Caeban.<br />
davalebis warmatebiT SesrulebisaTvis<br />
moswavleTa dajildoeba<br />
ki zrdis maT motivacias.<br />
3. abstraqtuli, simboluri<br />
aRiareba ufro efeqturia, vidre<br />
xelSesaxebi jildo. moswavleTa<br />
aRiarebis Sesaxeb bolo daskvna<br />
ukavSirdeba imas, rom aRiarebis<br />
abstraqtuli, simboluri forma<br />
ufro efeqturia, vidre xelSesaxebi<br />
jildo. es mniSvnelovani<br />
daskvnaa. bevri kvleva, romelic<br />
askvnis, rom aRiareba uaryofi<br />
Tad moqmedebs moswavleTa Sinagan<br />
motivaciaze, iyenebs dajildoebis<br />
iseT formebs, rogorebicaa<br />
tkbileuliT an fuliT dajildoeba.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
aseTma jildoebmac ki SeiZleba<br />
dadebiTi gavlena moaxdinon moswavlis<br />
motivaciaze, Tu maT meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenebT, anu<br />
roca xelSesaxebi jildos miReba<br />
konkretuli davalebis warmatebiT<br />
(garkveuli standartis Sesabamisad)<br />
Sesrulebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom rac<br />
ufro simboluria warmatebis aRiarebis<br />
forma, miT ufro Zlieria<br />
misi gavlena moswavlis Sinagan<br />
motivaciaze. am mignebis sailustraciod,<br />
ixileT diagrama 4.7,<br />
romelic qameronisa da firsis<br />
(1994) naSromidanaa amoRebuli.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom sityvieri<br />
aRiarebis gamoyenebas aqvs efeqtis<br />
sidide 0.42 an 0.45, roca motivaciis<br />
sazomad damokidebuleba<br />
an Tavisufali dro gamoiyeneba.<br />
Sesabamisad, sityvieri aRiareba<br />
ufro efeqturia, imisda miuxedavad,<br />
Tu misi gazomvis ra saSualebas<br />
viyenebT. meore mxriv, xel <br />
Sesaxebi jildo ar aris motivaciis<br />
amaRlebis efeqturi saSualeba,<br />
imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogor<br />
vzomavT motivacias. sityvier<br />
aRi arebasTan dakavSirebul am<br />
mni Svnelovan aRmoCenebs qameroni<br />
da firsi Semdeg daskvnamde mihyavs:<br />
rodesac adamianebis Sesafaseblad<br />
Seqebasa da pozitiuri<br />
Sefasebis sxva formebs Tundac<br />
droebiT iyeneben, maTi<br />
Sewyvetis Semdeg, adamianebi<br />
am saqmisadmi interess mainc<br />
amJRavneben. qonis (1993, gv. 55)<br />
mier am bolo periodSi gakeTebuli<br />
daskvnebis miuxedavad,<br />
sityvieri Seqeba aris gare motivatori,<br />
romelic damokidebulebebis<br />
da qcevis pozitiur<br />
cvlilebas iwvevs (1994. gv.<br />
397).<br />
zemoT warmodgenili sami ganzogadebuli<br />
daskvnis validurobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, cxadi xdeba,<br />
rom abstraqtuli jildo, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
Seqeba, romelsac moswavle<br />
konkretuli davalebis warmatebiT<br />
SesrulebisaTvis iRebs,<br />
SeiZleba Zlieri motivatori aRmoCndes.<br />
aseTi tipis aRiarebis<br />
gavlena moswavlis motivaciaze<br />
jer kidev bevrisaTvis gaugebaria<br />
da, Sesabamisad, zogi maswavlebeli<br />
uaryofiTadaa ganwyobili<br />
aRiarebis meTodis mimarT. gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom rodesac am<br />
wignSi moswavlis warmatebis aRiarebaze<br />
vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT<br />
moswavlis konkretuli warmatebis<br />
aRiarebas da amitom vuwodebT<br />
am meTods `aRiarebas~, da ara<br />
`jildos~ an `dafasebas~.
moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
69<br />
diagrama 4. 7<br />
warmatebis aRiarebis abstraqtuli da xelSesaxebi formebis zegavlena<br />
aRiarebis tipi<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
sityvieri aRiarebis gavlena<br />
damokidebulebaze 15 0.42 16<br />
sityvieri aRiarebis gavlena<br />
Tavisufali drois gamoyenebaze 15 0.45 17<br />
xelSesaxebi jildos gavlena<br />
damokidebulebaze 37 0.04 2<br />
xelSesaxebi jildos gavlena<br />
Tavisufali drois gamoyenebaze 51 -0.20 - 8<br />
* gamoTvlilia qameronisa da firsis (1994) naSromSi warmodgenil monacemebze dayrdnobiT<br />
moswavlis warmatebis<br />
aRiarebis praqtika<br />
aRiarebis personalizacia<br />
mniSvnelovania, maswavlebelma<br />
moswavlis warmatebis aRiarebis<br />
dros xazi gausvas moswavlis<br />
pirovnul damsaxurebas. aseT<br />
dros warmateba, rogorc wesi,<br />
konkretuli standartis miRwevas<br />
(rogorc meore daskvnaSia warmodgenili)<br />
ukavSirdeba. qvemoT mocemulia<br />
maswavlebelTa garkveuli<br />
jgufis mier moswavleebis warmatebis<br />
pirvnuli aRiarebis meTodis<br />
SemuSavebis procesi.<br />
saSualo skolis damamTavrebeli<br />
klasebis maswavleblebi im mizniT<br />
Seikribnen, rom moswavleTa<br />
namuSevrebis Sefasebis meTodebi<br />
ganexilaT; isini aqtiur diskusiaSi<br />
Caebnen. maswavlebelTa<br />
nawili acxadebda, rom moswavleebis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili swrafad<br />
aumjobesebs akademiur miRwevebs,<br />
Tumca sanimuSo dones moswavle<br />
Ta mcire raodenoba aRwevs. maswavlebelTa<br />
erTi nawili miiCnevda,<br />
rom aseTia cxovrebac, maqsimalur<br />
warmatebas yvela ver aRwevs.<br />
maswavlebelTa meore nawili<br />
aseT Sefasebas ar eTanxmeboda<br />
da Tvlida, rom skolis funqcia<br />
swored `yvela moswavlis daxmarebaSi<br />
mdgomarebs, maT xelSewyobaSi,<br />
rom TavianTi potenciali<br />
maqsimalurad gamoavlinon~. am<br />
diskusiis Sedegad, maswavleblebma<br />
SeimuSaves programa, romelic<br />
maRali akademiuri miznebis dasaxvasa<br />
da miRwevaSi skolis yvela<br />
moswavles daexmareboda, maTi<br />
akademiuri moswrebis miuxedavad.<br />
is moswavle, romelic dasaxul<br />
akademiur mizans warmatebiT miaRwevda,<br />
`pirovnuli miRwevis~<br />
sajaro aRiarebas moipovebda. es<br />
axali jildo male warmatebis<br />
aRiarebis Zalian sasurvel formad<br />
iqca.<br />
pauza, Sexseneba da Seqeba<br />
swavlebis erT-erTi meTodi,<br />
romelic efeqturad iyenebs Seqebas,<br />
Cveulebriv, moixsenieba<br />
saxeliT `pauza, Sexseneba da Se
70 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
qeba~ (ix. mereTi da Torfe, 1996).<br />
es meTodi gansakuTrebiT kargad<br />
muSaobs maSin, roca moswavleebi<br />
iseT davalebas eWidebian, romlis<br />
Sesrulebac sirTuleebTan aris<br />
dakavSirebuli. `pauza~ gulisxmobs<br />
imas, rom maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
cota xniT awyvetinebs<br />
rTul davalebaze muSaobas. pauzis<br />
ganmavlobaSi maswavlebeli da<br />
moswavleebi erTad ganixilaven<br />
davalebis SesrulebasTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli sirTuleebis gamomwvev<br />
mizezebs. maswavlebeli iyenebs<br />
`Sexsenebas~ imisaTvis, raTa moswavleebs<br />
mianiSnos amocanis amoxsnis/davalebis<br />
Sesrulebis ama Tu<br />
im meTodze. Tu moswavleTaTvis<br />
aseTi Sexseneba sakmarisi aRmoCndeba<br />
da isini warmatebiT gaarTmeven<br />
Tavs davalebas, maswavlebeli<br />
maT Seaqebs. qvemoT moyvanilia<br />
am meTodis maTematikis<br />
gakveTilze gamoyenebis magaliTi,<br />
rac adasturebs meTodis dadebiT<br />
gavlenas klasze.<br />
jeikisaTvis imdenad rTuli<br />
iyo qveSmiweriT gayofa, rom<br />
maTematikis swavlaze guli<br />
TandaTan ucruvdeboda. jeiks<br />
aSkara imedgacrueba daetyo,<br />
roca maswavlebelma sTxova,<br />
wera Seewyvita. maswavlebelma<br />
SeniSna, rom jeikis mier Secdomebis<br />
daSvebis ZiriTadi mizezi<br />
qveSmiweriT gamoklebisas<br />
svetebis arasworxazovnebaSi<br />
mdgomareobda, man moswavles<br />
ujriani furceli misca da<br />
auxsna, rogor unda daecva<br />
sworxazovneba. jeiki gaaoca<br />
im efeqtma, rac ujriani furclis<br />
gamoyenebas mohyva - misi<br />
cifrebi axla ukve Zalian lamazad<br />
lagdeboda da gamoTvlebis<br />
gakeTebac advildeboda.<br />
roca maswavlebeli mis merxTan<br />
meored SeCerda, jeikma ukve<br />
Seqeba daimsaxura; mas oTxi<br />
davaleba sruliad uSecdomod<br />
hqonda Sesrulebuli.<br />
warmatebis aRiarebis<br />
konkretuli simboloebi<br />
bevri maswavlebeli, romelic<br />
moswavleTa warmatebas xSirad<br />
sityvierad aRiarebs, dagveTanxmeba,<br />
rom zogjer aRiarebisaTvis<br />
nivTieri, simboluri formis<br />
micemac sasargebloa. maswavlebelma<br />
aRiarebis aseT xelSesaxeb<br />
formad SeiZleba sasaCuqre baraTebi,<br />
stikerebi, jildoebi<br />
da mcire saCuqrebi gamoiyenos.<br />
rogorc pirvel daskvnaSi aRvniSneT,<br />
jildoebi ar amcirebs moswavlis<br />
Sinagan motivacias, Tu<br />
isini konkretuli miRwevis aRsaniSnavad<br />
eZleva axalgazrdas.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili magaliTi<br />
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
simboluri wamaxaliseblis efeqturi<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
ukve ori weli iyo, derili<br />
saerTaSoriso skolaSi swavlobda.<br />
mas uyvarda swavla da<br />
warmatebul moswavled iTvleboda.<br />
am semestrSi uCveulod<br />
energiagamoclilad grZnobda<br />
Tavs. derilis niSnebi gauaresda<br />
da klasSic gonebagafantuli<br />
ijda xolme. maswavlebelma<br />
SeamCnia derils es cvlileba.<br />
ufro metic, maswavlebeli xedavda,<br />
rom sxva moswavleebsac<br />
analogiuri simptomebi hqondaT.<br />
derilis sabednierod,<br />
maswavlebelma gadawyvita, mosw<br />
avleebis `gamosafxizleblad~<br />
da maT dasaxmareblad<br />
rame RonisZiebisaTvis miemar<br />
Ta. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo
moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
71<br />
vani gamocdis TariRamde ori<br />
kviris manZilze maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs yoveldRiurad avarjiSebda<br />
mokle amocanebze.<br />
yovelTvis, roca moswavle maRal<br />
qulas (90-dan 100-mde) iRebda,<br />
an wina dResTan SedarebiT<br />
10 quliT aumjobesebda Sedegs,<br />
maswavlebeli ajildoebda.<br />
raS i mdgomareobda jildo<br />
mxiaruli saxis gamosaxulebian<br />
stikerebSi, makdonaldsis saTamaSoebSi,<br />
wveulebis qudebSi da<br />
a. S. derili da misi klaselebi<br />
gaxalisdnen; isini sixaruliTa<br />
da siciliT xvdebodnen jildos<br />
gadacemis yovel ceremonias.<br />
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,<br />
gamocdaze moswavleebma<br />
saukeTeso niSnebi miiRes, maTi<br />
akademiurma moswreba sagrZnoblad<br />
gaumjobesda.<br />
* * *<br />
klasSi Zalisxmevis gaZlierebaze<br />
mimarTuli meTodebis gamoyeneba<br />
moswavleebs mniSvnelovan<br />
gamocdilebas uviTarebs; isini<br />
acnobiereben, rom damatebiTi<br />
mcdeloba gazrdil warmatebas<br />
Tanaa dakavSirebuli. ufro metic,<br />
Tu moswavleTa warmatebis<br />
aRiarebis teqnikasac gamoviyenebT,<br />
davinaxavT, rom ara mxolod<br />
gavzrdiT moswavleTa akademiur<br />
miRwevebs, aramed gavaZlierebT<br />
maT motivacias, rom kidev ufro<br />
kargad iswavlon da kidev ufro<br />
meti energia moaxmaron miznis<br />
miRwevisaken swrafvas.
5<br />
saSinao<br />
davaleba<br />
da praqtika<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
`me mZuls saSinao davalebebis Sesruleba. ratom ar SeiZleba skolaSive<br />
gvaswavlon yvelaferi vici, rogor amovxsna es amocanebi.<br />
raRa saWiroa kidev 25 aseTi amocanis amoxsna~ jefs araerTxel<br />
gamouxatavs amgvari mosazreba saxlSi, mSoblebTan. amjerad jefis<br />
dedas SvilisaTvis gasacemi pasuxi momzadebuli hqonda.<br />
`roca mSobelTa Sekrebaze viyavi, Tqveni klasis maswavleblebma<br />
gangvimartes saSinao davalebebis arsi da agvixsnes, Tu<br />
raSi mdgomareobda mSoblis roli. axla vecdebi, Sen agixsna es<br />
yvelaferi. Tu maswavlebeli amosaxsnelad 25 amocanas gaZlevs,<br />
es imitom, rom mas surs, gavarjiSos. amdeni amocanis amoxsnis<br />
Semdeg Sen ufro male da ukeT SeZleb amocanebis amoxsnas. ase<br />
rom, amocanebze muSaobisas televizoris yureba ar aris kargi.”<br />
aseve, jefis dedas axsovda is ramdenime rCeva, romelic<br />
mSobelTa Sekrebaze misces. es rCevebi ukavSirdeboda bavSvebis<br />
daxmarebas saSinao davalebebis Sesrulebisas. `ai, Sexede saaTs.<br />
roca getyvi `daiwye~, Sen iwyeb pirveli 5 amocanis keTebas da<br />
rogorc ki morCebi, daiZaxeb `movrCi~. Semdegi 30 wuTi jefma<br />
mTlianad amocanebis amoxsnas miuZRvna. 25 amocana 5 amocanisagan<br />
Semdgar jgufebad dayo da cdilobda, yoveli axali jgufi ufro<br />
male daeZlia, vidre wina. amavdroulad, is yuradRebiT unda yofiliyo,<br />
rom siCqareSi Secdomebi ar daeSva. saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesrulebis Semdeg jefma aRiara, rom xalisiT amoxsna amocanebi<br />
da saSinao davalebis SesrulebisaTvis gamoyofilma dromac<br />
swrafad gaiara.<br />
`maswavlebels gaaxareb, roca naxavs, rom yvela amocana amoxseni<br />
da Tan es siCqarisa da sisworis meTodi gamoiyene~, uTxra<br />
dedam jefs. maswavlebels marTlac moewona jefis diagrama,<br />
romelzec davalebis Sesrulebis droebi iyo gamosaxuli. SemdegSi<br />
maswavlebeli am meTods xSirad iyenebda klasSi da met sixalises<br />
hmatebda moswavleTa mier Sesasrulebel davalebebs.<br />
saSinao davalebebi da praqtikuli muSaoba swavlebis<br />
is meTodebia, romlebic maswavleblebisaTvis kargadaa<br />
cnobili. orive meTodi saSualebas moswavleebs aZlevs,<br />
gaiumjobeson unarebi da ukeTesad Cawvdnen Sesaswavl<br />
masalas.<br />
72
saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
73<br />
saSinao davaleba: kvlevebi da<br />
Teoriebi<br />
gan `cxovrebis pirveli 18 wlis<br />
manZilze moswavle Tavisi aqtiuri<br />
drois saSualod 13 procents<br />
skolaSi atarebs~. es naklebia im<br />
drosTan SedarebiT, rasac moswavleebi<br />
TavianTi cxovrebis am<br />
monakveTSi televizorTan atareben<br />
(freizeri, uolbergi, uelCi<br />
da heTi, 1987, gv. 234). diagrama<br />
5.1-ze warmodgenilia saSinao davalebebis<br />
gamoyenebis meTodTan<br />
da kavSirebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi.<br />
Cven am kvlevebidan oTxi<br />
zogadi daskvna gamovitaneT, rac<br />
sasargeblo iqneba im maswavleblebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic saSinao<br />
davalebis meTods iyeneben.<br />
1. dawyebiT, sabazo da saSualo<br />
safexurebze moswavleebs<br />
gadaWarbebad ar unda CaiTvalos<br />
imis Tqma, rom saSinao davaleba<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
ganaTlebis sistemaSi aqtiurad<br />
gamoyenebuli, misi warmmarTveli<br />
elementia. im droisaTvis, roca<br />
moswavleebi sabazo ganaTlebas<br />
asruleben, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
Cveva ukve maTi cxovrebis<br />
ganuyofeli nawilia. isini, vinc<br />
saSinao davalebis meTods emxrobian,<br />
Semdeg arguments iSvelieben:<br />
saSinao davaleba afarToebs swavlebis<br />
SesaZleblobebs da aiZulebs<br />
moswavleebs, skolidan Sin wasvlis<br />
Semdegac ki ar Sewyviton swavlis<br />
procesi. es aucilebelicaa, raddiagrama<br />
5. 1<br />
saSinao davalebebis gamoyenebis meTodTan dakavSirebuli<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
naSromi<br />
faSali, uain<br />
Staini da uolbergi,<br />
1984<br />
grau, uain<br />
Staini da<br />
uolbergi,<br />
1983<br />
heTi, 1992<br />
rosi, 1988<br />
kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
saSinao davalebis<br />
zogad gavlenaze<br />
saSinao<br />
davalebis zogad<br />
gavlenaze<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
81 0.36 14<br />
29 0.49 19<br />
saSinao<br />
dava lebis zogad<br />
gavlenaze 110 0.43 1<br />
saSinao<br />
dava lebis zogad<br />
gavlenaze 53 0.65 24
74 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
sxvadasxva moculobis saSinao<br />
davaleba unda mivceT. xSirad svamen<br />
SekiTxvas dawyebiT klasebSi<br />
saSinao davalebis micemis efeqturobis<br />
Sesaxeb. damokidebuleba<br />
am sakiTxi sadmi orad iyofa: zogi<br />
Tvlis, rom dawyebiTi klasebis<br />
moswavleebisaTvis saSinao da valebis<br />
micema efeqturia, zogic<br />
miiCnevs, rom xsenebuli meTodi<br />
dawyebiT klasebSi ar amarTlebs.<br />
es sakiTxi pirvelad heris<br />
kuperma wamowia (1989, a, b) Tavis<br />
metaanalizSi. 1988 wlamde<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis mimoxilvis<br />
safuZvelze kuperma Semdegi<br />
efeqtis sidideebi daadgina:<br />
klasebi 4 _ 6:<br />
efeqtis sidide = 0.15<br />
klasebi 7 _ 9:<br />
efeqtis sidide = 0.31<br />
klasebi 10 _ 12:<br />
efeqtis sidide = 0.64<br />
maSin, roca maRal klasebSi<br />
saSinao davalebaze muSaoba akademiuri<br />
moswrebis 24 procentiliT<br />
zrdas ukavSirdeba, sabazo skolaSi<br />
es efeqti mxo lod 12 procentilia.<br />
yvelaze didi aRmoCena,<br />
rac kuperma gaakeTa, iyo saSinao<br />
davalebis mcire zegavlena moswavlis<br />
akademiur moswrebaze 4 -<br />
6 klasebSi _ mxolod 6 procentiliT<br />
zrda. am daskvnis safuZvelze<br />
ganaTlebis specialistTa<br />
gar kveulma nawilma daiwyo imis<br />
mtkiceba, rom dabali klasebis<br />
moswavleebs saSinao davaleba ar<br />
unda mivceT, radgan es araefeqturi<br />
meTodia. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
isic, rom kuperis metaanalizis<br />
Semdeg kidev Catarda kvlevebi<br />
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT<br />
(maT Soris ramodenime Tavad kuperis<br />
mier). Semdgomma kvlevebma<br />
daadastura, rom saSinao davaleba<br />
meore klasis moswavleebisaTvisac<br />
ki sasargebloa (kuperi,<br />
lindsi, nai da greiThausi, 1998;<br />
kuperi, valentaini, nai da lindsi,<br />
1999; gudi, grausi da ebmaieri,<br />
1983; gorjesi da elioti, 1995;<br />
rozenbergi, 1989). kuperis (1989,<br />
a, b) Tavdapirveli daskvnis miuxedavad,<br />
rom saSinao davaleba dawyebiTi<br />
klasebis moswavleTa akademiur<br />
moswrebaze mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas ar axdenda, Semdgom naSromebSi<br />
is urCevs maswavleblebs,<br />
dawyebiT klasebSic gamoiyenon<br />
saSinao davalebis meTodi:<br />
me vurCev maswavleblebs, rom<br />
miscen saSinao davaleba dawyebiTi<br />
klasebis moswavleebsac,<br />
imisda miuxedavad, mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaaumjobesebs Tu<br />
ara saSinao davalebebis Sesruleba<br />
moswavleTa testirebis<br />
qulebs. saSinao davalebaze<br />
muSaoba patara bavSvebs swavlis<br />
sasargeblo unar-Cvevebs<br />
gamoumuSavebs, gauRvivebs pozitiur<br />
damokidebulebas skolisadmi<br />
da, aseve, miaCvevs im<br />
azrs, rom swavla SeiZleba ara<br />
mxolod skolaSi, aramed saxl<br />
Sic (1989 b, gv. 90).<br />
Cven miviCnevT, rom dawyebiTi klasis<br />
moswavleebs, sul mcire meore<br />
klasidan mainc, maswavleblebma<br />
garkveuli moculobis saSinao<br />
davalebebi unda miscen. am rCevis<br />
safuZvelia kuperis naSromebi<br />
(1989, a, b) da im kvlevaTa Sedegebi,<br />
romlebic kuperis Semdgom
saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
75<br />
periodSi Catarda da romlebic<br />
adastureben, rom saSinao davaleba<br />
mniSvnelovan dadebiT gavlenas<br />
axdens dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebis<br />
akademiur moswrebaze.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dawyebiTi<br />
klasis moswavleebs gacilebiT<br />
mcire moculobis saSinao<br />
davaleba unda mivceT, vidre SedarebiT<br />
maRali klasebis moswavleebs.<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebisaTvis<br />
misacemi saSinao<br />
davalebis optimaluri moculobis<br />
gansazRvras. samwuxarod,<br />
am SekiTxvaze zusti pasuxi jerjerobiT<br />
ar arsebobs. diagrama<br />
5.2- ze warmodgenilia rekomendaciebi<br />
sxvadasxva kvlevidan.<br />
da bolos, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom arsebobs maRali klasis moswavleTaTvis<br />
misacemi saSinao<br />
davalebis moculobis praqtikuli<br />
(da eTikuri) zRvari, kvlevebi<br />
adasturebs Semdegs: rac ufro<br />
didi moculobis saSinao davalebas<br />
asruleben maRalklaselebi,<br />
miT ufro maRal qulebs iReben<br />
testirebisas; sxva sityvebiT, miT<br />
ufro maRalia maTi akademiuri moswreba.<br />
T. qeiTis (1982) monacemebi<br />
adasturebs, rom yovel saRamos<br />
saSinao davalebis Sesrulebaze<br />
daxarjuli yoveli damatebiTi 30<br />
wuTi moswavlis saSualo niSans<br />
(GPA-s) naxevari quliT zrdis.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom Tu moswavle,<br />
romlis saSualo niSania 2.00, yovel<br />
saRamos 30 wuTiT mets imecadinebs,<br />
gaaumjobesebs niSans 2.50-<br />
mde.<br />
2. saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
procesSi mSobeli Zalian iSviaTad<br />
unda Caerios. bevri mSobeli<br />
Tvlis, rom aucilebelia, Svils<br />
saSinao davalebis SesrulebaSi<br />
diagrama 5. 2<br />
saSinao davalebisaTvis yoveldRiurad gamoyofili drois (wT.)<br />
raodenoba<br />
klasi<br />
pensilvaniis<br />
Statis<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
departamenti,<br />
1973<br />
leone<br />
da ri<br />
Cardsi,<br />
1989<br />
bondi<br />
da<br />
smiTi,<br />
1966<br />
sTrengi,<br />
1975<br />
dawyebiTi 30 20 _ 29 10<br />
dawyebi<br />
Tis bo lo<br />
klasebi 45 _ 90 30 _ 40 40*<br />
sabazo ganaTleba<br />
90 _ 120 50 50 60*<br />
qeiTi,<br />
1982<br />
Timci<br />
da<br />
ficgibsi,<br />
1992<br />
saSualo<br />
ganaTleba 120 _ 180 120 60* 60<br />
*es savaraudo ricxvebia da efuZneba avtoris SeniSvnebs
76 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
daexmaros. zogierT skolaSi werilobiT<br />
Camoayalibes mSoblis mier<br />
moswavlisaTvis saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesrulebisas daxmarebis gawevis<br />
wesebi (roderiqi, fulouei, qumbladi<br />
da efSTaini, 1994). sasurvelia,<br />
mSoblebi moswavlisaTvis<br />
micemuli davalebis Sesaxeb saqmis<br />
kursSi iyvnen, magram saWiro ar<br />
aris, davalebis SesrulebaSi da exmaron<br />
Svilebs. bevri kvleva aCvenebs,<br />
rom Tu mSoblebi aqtiurad exmarebian<br />
bavSvs davalebis momzadebis<br />
procesSi, saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesrulebam SeiZleba saerTod<br />
ar moaxdinos gavlena moswavlis<br />
akademiur moswrebaze, an piriqiT,<br />
gaauaresos is (ix. bali, 1998;<br />
bali, demo da uedmani, 1998; bali,<br />
uedmani da demo, 1997; perkinsi da<br />
milgrami, 1996). es, ra Tqma unda,<br />
ar niSnavs imas, rom mSoblebi<br />
saerTod ar unda dainteresdnen<br />
moswavleebis saSinao davalebiT.<br />
gavixsenoT jefis dedis mier jefisaTvis<br />
saSinao davalebis Sesrulebisas<br />
mimarTulebis mi cemis<br />
magaliTi, rac am Tavis dasawyis<br />
Si iyo warmodgenili. mSoblebi<br />
ar unda ecadon, Svilebs saSinao<br />
davalebis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris<br />
gadawyvetaSi daexmaron.<br />
3. maswavlebeli kargad unda<br />
adgendes da xsnides saSinao<br />
davalebis mizans. yvela saSinao<br />
davaleba erTnairi ar aris. maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs SeiZleba<br />
sxvadasxva mizniT misces saSinao<br />
davaleba. miznidan gamomdinare,<br />
sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi saSinao<br />
davalebis forma da misi Sesworebis<br />
meTodi gansxvavebulia. ai, is<br />
ori ZiriTadi mizani, rac SeiZleba<br />
saSinao davalebas hqondes: (1)<br />
praqtika, (2) axladaxsnili/asaxsneli<br />
masalis gasagebad momzadeba<br />
(ix. foile, 1985; foile da beili,<br />
1988; foile, limani, Tomfqinsi,<br />
ferne da foile, 1990). Tu saSinao<br />
davalebis mizania praqtika, maSin<br />
davaleba im Sinaarsobriv masalas<br />
unda exebodes, rac moswavleebisaTvis<br />
axali ar aris. magaliTad,<br />
Tu maswavlebels surs, rom moswavleebs<br />
saSinao davalebis SesrulebiT<br />
garkveuli unar-Cveva<br />
ganuviTaros, gakveTilze unda<br />
auxsnas maT, Tu raSi mdgomareobs<br />
es unar-Cveva. saxlSi im unar-Cvevis<br />
gamomuSavebaze varjiSi,<br />
romelic moswavlisaTvis gaugebari<br />
da ucnobia, araefeqturi<br />
iqneba da, SesaZlebelia, es konkretuli<br />
unar-Cveva moswavles<br />
arasworad ganuviTardes.<br />
meore mizani, rac davalebis<br />
Sesrulebas SeiZleba hqondes,<br />
aris moswavleTa momzadeba asaxsneli<br />
masalisaTvis, an im masalis<br />
gagebisaTvis, rac axlad axsnilia.<br />
magaliTad, ujredis Sesaxeb<br />
davaleba maswavlebelma SeiZleba<br />
manam misces moswavleebs, sanam<br />
gakveTilze zedmiwevniT ganumartavs<br />
maT ujredis raobas. mas<br />
Semdeg, rac maswavlebeli ujredis<br />
Temas auxsnis klass, ukve<br />
iseT saSinao davalebas miscems,<br />
romelic moswavleebs daexmareba,<br />
ukeTesad Caswvdnen axladaxsnil<br />
masalas. am orive SemTxvevaSi, ar<br />
aris aucilebeli, moswavleebs<br />
siRrmiseulad hqondeT gaazrebuli<br />
masalis Sinaarsi (gansxvavebiT<br />
im SemTxvevebisagan, roca saSinao<br />
davalebas maswavlebeli praqti
saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
77<br />
kis mizniT aZlevs moswavleebs).<br />
4. Tu maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
saSinao davalebas aZlevs, Sesrulebuli<br />
davalebis gasworebisTvisac<br />
mzad unda iyos. erT-erTi kvleva<br />
(ix. uolbergi, 1999) adasturebs,<br />
rom saSinao davalebis gavlena<br />
moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze<br />
gansxvavdeba im komentarebis<br />
mixedviT, rasac am davalebis gasworebis<br />
dros maswavlebeli umzadebs<br />
moswavles. diagrama 5.3-ze<br />
am kvlevidan amoRebuli daskvnebia<br />
warmodgenili.<br />
diagrama 5.3-is mixedviT, sa<br />
Sinao davaleba, romelsac maswavlebeli<br />
ar asworebs (arc niSniT<br />
afasebs da arc komentarebs uwers),<br />
moswavleTa akademiuri moswrebis<br />
gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
efeqturi ar aris; efeqtis<br />
sididea 0.28. gacilebiT ufro<br />
efeqturia saSinao davaleba im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu maswavlebeli<br />
davalebas amowmebs da moswavles<br />
afasebs kidec; efeqtis sididea<br />
0.78. saSinao davalebis Sesruleba<br />
yvelaze sasargebloa maSin, rodesac<br />
moswavlis davalebas maswavlebeli<br />
ara mxolod amowmebs,<br />
aramed werilobiT komentarebsac<br />
uwers; efeqtis sididea 0. 83. es<br />
ukanaskneli moswavlis akademiur<br />
moswrebas 30 procentiliT aumjobesebs.<br />
saSinao davalebis micemis<br />
praqtika<br />
1. CamoayalibeT da auxseniT<br />
moswavleebs saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesrulebis wesebi. moswavleebs<br />
da maT mSoblebs aucileblad<br />
unda esmodeT saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesrulebis miznebi, moculoba,<br />
saSinao davalebis momzadebis<br />
procesSi mSoblis CarTulobis<br />
diagrama 5. 3<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi saSinao davalebis gasworebisas<br />
miRebuli komentarebis Sesaxeb<br />
saSinao davalebis tipi<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
saSinao davaleba, romelsac<br />
maswavlebeli asworebs da<br />
komentarebs uwers 2 0.83 30<br />
saSinao davaleba, romelsac<br />
maswavlebeli amowmebs da<br />
niSniT afasebs 3 0.78 28<br />
saSinao davaleba, romelsac<br />
maswavlebeli ar asworebs (arc<br />
niSniT afasebs da arc<br />
komentarebs uwers) 47 0.28 11
78 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
daSvebuli zRvari da is RonisZiebebi,<br />
rac davalebis Seusruleblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi gatardeba.<br />
saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
wesebis SemuSavebisas, TiToeuli<br />
zemoT Camoyalibebuli daskvna<br />
unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. imisda<br />
miuxedavad, Tu vin imuSavebs<br />
wesebs (saxelwifo, skola, Tu<br />
maswavlebeli), au cilebelia, es<br />
wesebi moswavleebamde da mSoblebamde<br />
naTlad iyos mitanili.<br />
kargi komunikacia imis garantia,<br />
rom ar gaCndeba gaugebroba moswavleebsa<br />
da mSoblebs, maswavleblebsa<br />
da moswavleebs, maswavleblebsa<br />
da mSoblebs Soris.<br />
saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
wesebis Camoya libeba, swori komunikacia<br />
da dacva zrdis moswavlis<br />
akademiur moswrebas. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenili maga liTi kargi<br />
ilustraciaa imisa, Tu ras unda<br />
moicavdes saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
wesebi da rogor unda<br />
auxsnan maswavleblebma es wesebi<br />
moswavleebsa da mSoblebs.<br />
Sermaini axali misuli iyo skolaSi,<br />
roca Tavis mSoblebs<br />
sTxo va, 30 wuTi daeTmoT mis<br />
Tvis. maswavlebelma Sermains<br />
gamoatana orgverdiani dokumenti<br />
saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
wesebis Sesaxeb. maswavleblis<br />
miTiTebis Sesabamisad,<br />
Sermains mSoblebTan erTad<br />
unda waekiTxa es dokumenti.<br />
mSoblebs unda moeweraT xeli<br />
dokumentze imis niSnad, rom<br />
maT es wesebi waikiTxes. meore<br />
dRes Sermains unda mietana es<br />
dokumenti skolaSi da Tavisi<br />
saSinao davalebebis rveulis<br />
wina gverdze miemagrebina. Sermainis<br />
mSoblebi ganacvifra<br />
dokumentis detalizaciam. maT<br />
ufros Svilebs mxolod im Sedegebis<br />
Sesaxeb afrTxilebdnen<br />
xolme, rac davalebis Seusruleblobas<br />
mohyveboda (niSnis<br />
dakleba). es wesebi ki saSinao<br />
davalebis SesrulebasTan dakav<br />
Sirebul bevr sxva sakiTxsac<br />
detalurad xsnida. Sermainis<br />
mSoblebi gansakuTrebiT gaaxara<br />
Semdegi informaciis gacnobam:<br />
• mSoblebi unda daexmaron<br />
Svilebs im adgilis mowyobaSi,<br />
sadac moswavlem<br />
saSinao davaleba unda Seasrulos;<br />
• mSoblebi unda daexmaron<br />
Svilebs saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesrulebis ganrigis SemuSavebaSi,<br />
an yovel kvira<br />
saRamos miiRon monawileoba<br />
aseTi ganrigis momzadebaSi,<br />
romelic momaval kviraSi<br />
Sesasrulebel saSinao<br />
davalebebs asaxavs;<br />
• mSoblebma unda gaamxnevon<br />
da waaxalison bavSvebi, Seaxsenon<br />
saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesaxeb, magram arasdros<br />
ar unda Seasrulon saSinao<br />
davaleba maTTan erTad.<br />
saSinao davalebis mizania,<br />
daexmaros Tqvens Svils im<br />
masalis ukeTesad aTviseba<br />
Si, rac man ukve Seiswavla.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqvens<br />
Svils uWirs davalebis Sesruleba,<br />
amis Sesaxeb maswavlebels<br />
unda acnoboT;<br />
• Tu Tqveni Svili konkretuli<br />
unar-Cvevis gamomuSavebis<br />
mizniT asrulebs sa<br />
Sinao davalebas, sTxoveT<br />
mas, agixsnaT, romeli savarjiSoa<br />
misTvis advili,<br />
romeli ki _ SedarebiT rTuli.<br />
aseve, dainteresdiT,<br />
Tu rogor apirebs bavSvi<br />
am sirTul(eeb)is gadalaxvas.<br />
Tu Tqveni Svili saSi
saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
79<br />
nao davalebad garkveul<br />
proeqts amzadebs, hkiTxeT,<br />
ra codnas iyenebs am proeqtis<br />
SemuSavebisas. Tu moswavles<br />
uWirs imis axsna, Tu<br />
ra codnas iyenebs, acnobeT<br />
amis Sesaxeb Tqveni Svilis<br />
maswavlebels;<br />
• romel klasSia Tqveni Svili<br />
klasis aRmniSvneli<br />
ricxvi gaamravleT 10-ze da<br />
miiRebT drois im saSualo<br />
xangrZliobas, rasac moswavle<br />
saSinao davalebis<br />
momzadebas unda axmardes.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom meoreklaseli,<br />
daaxloebiT, 20<br />
wuTs unda xarjavdes sa<br />
Sinao davalebaze, mesameklaseli<br />
_ 30 wuTs, meoTxeklaseli<br />
_ 40 wuTs da a. S.<br />
ra Tqma unda, iqneba gamonaklisebic.<br />
• rekomendebulia, mSobelma<br />
Seawyvetinos Svils davalebaze<br />
muSaoba, Tu bavSvis<br />
Zilis dro moaxlovda,<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca<br />
bavSvs davalebaze muSaoba<br />
ar aqvs dasrulebuli.<br />
2. ise CamoayalibeT saSinao<br />
davaleba, rom davalebis mizani<br />
da Sedegi cxadi iyos moswavleebisaTvis.<br />
zemoT warmodgenil mesame<br />
daskvnaSi naTqvami iyo, rom<br />
saSinao davalebis erT-erTi mizania,<br />
uzrunvelyos moswavlis<br />
varjiSi ukve axsnil da gaazrebul<br />
masalaze (praqtika). aseve,<br />
saSinao davaleba SeiZleba miznad<br />
isaxavdes moswavlis momzadebas<br />
asaxsneli masalisaTvis, an im<br />
masalis gagebisaTvis, rac axlad<br />
axsnilia. aris SemTxvevebi, roca<br />
moswavleebi saSinao davalebebs am<br />
ori mizanis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan<br />
ver asxvaveben. zogi moswavle<br />
fiqrobs, rom erTaderTi, rac<br />
mis maswavlebels ainteresebs,<br />
dasrulebuli saSinao davalebis<br />
naxvaa. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania,<br />
maswavlebelma zustad gansazRvros,<br />
ratom aZlevs ama Tu im<br />
saSinao davalebas moswavleebs da<br />
saSinao davalebis mizani bavSvebsac<br />
cxadad unda auxsnas. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenili magaliTi gviCvenebs,<br />
Tu rogor SeiZleba amis gakeTeba:<br />
karlim saSinao davalebebis<br />
rveuli imisTvis gadaSala, rom<br />
davaleba CaeniSna. klasSi yvela<br />
moswavles davalebis erTnairi<br />
rveuli hqonda, romelic bloknots<br />
waagavda da yovel gverdze<br />
specialurad gamoyofili<br />
grafebi hqonda, davalebis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis Sesayvanad. am<br />
grafebSi Semdegi informacia<br />
unda Seetana moswavles:<br />
sagani: _____________________<br />
saSinao davalebis<br />
Cabarebis TariRi: ___________<br />
ra maqvs gasakeTebeli<br />
dRes saRamos: ______________<br />
saSinao davalebis<br />
Sesrulebis mizani: __________<br />
ra vici ukve, an ra unda<br />
vicode imisaTvis, rom es<br />
davaleba Sevasrulo: ________<br />
wlis dasawyisSi maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs auxsna, Tu rogor<br />
unda SeevsoT saSinao davalebebis<br />
rveuli. Tavdapirvelad,<br />
moswavleebs es rveuli didad<br />
ar moewonaT, magram Tanda
80 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
TanobiT mieCvivnen TiToeuli<br />
grafis swrafad da zedmiwevniT<br />
Sevsebis proceduras.<br />
moswavleebs gansakuTrebiT<br />
imis gamo moswondaT davalebebis<br />
rveuli, rom is naTel<br />
warmodgenas aZlevda maT Sesasrulebeli<br />
saSinao davalebisa<br />
da am davalebis miznis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
3. moumzadeT moswavleebs sa<br />
Sinao davalebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sxvadasxva tipis komentarebi.<br />
Sesrulebul saSinao davalebaze<br />
maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli<br />
SeniSvnebis gacnoba<br />
zrdis moswavlis akademiur moswrebas.<br />
SeiZleba Cveni mizani<br />
moswavleTaTvis, rac SeiZleba,<br />
maRali xarisxis, konkretuli komentarebis<br />
miwodeba iyos. Tumca<br />
gasagebia, rom maswavlebeli yvela<br />
saSinao davalebas erTsa da<br />
imave dros ver dauTmobs. bevri<br />
maswavlebeli cdilobs, gaasworos<br />
da TiTqmis yvela davalebas<br />
daurTos komentarebi. roca<br />
es SesaZlebelia, maswavleblebi<br />
iseT meTodebs mimarTaven, riTac<br />
cdiloben, maqsimalurad gazardon<br />
mcire droSi gakeTebuli komentarebis<br />
efeqturoba. qvemoT<br />
moyvanili magaliTi swored erTerT<br />
aseT meTods exeba:<br />
Tu saSinao davaleba ramdenime<br />
dRis manZilze erTsa da imave<br />
Temas exeba, dilaobiT qalbatoni<br />
braunis me-5 klasis moswavleebi<br />
davalebebs Tavad asworeben<br />
da ganixilaven, Semdeg<br />
ki portfolioSi deben. portfolio<br />
saklaso oTaxSi inaxeba.<br />
qalbatoni brauni am portfolios,<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad, xSirdiagrama<br />
5. 4<br />
praqtikis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
naSromi<br />
rosi,<br />
1988<br />
blumi,<br />
1976 *<br />
qumari,<br />
1991<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
kvlevebSi<br />
yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
praqtikis<br />
zogadi<br />
gavlena 9 0.29 40<br />
praqtikis<br />
zogadi<br />
gavlena<br />
7<br />
34<br />
10<br />
0.54<br />
93<br />
1.43<br />
21<br />
32<br />
42<br />
praqtikis<br />
zogadi<br />
gavlena 5 1.58 44<br />
* blumis naSromis gaswvriv efeqtis sididis sami kategoriaa mocemuli, Tavad naSromSi<br />
warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare. detalebiT<br />
dainteresebul mkiTxvels vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.
saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
81<br />
diagrama 5. 5<br />
swavlis procesis amsaxveli mrudi<br />
ad amowmebs da moswavleTa mier<br />
Sesrulebul da maT mierve gasworebul<br />
saSinao davalebebs<br />
komentarebs ukeTebs. roca<br />
qalbatoni brauni iseT davalebas<br />
aZlevs moswavleebs, romelic<br />
maT mier garkveuli unar-<br />
Cvevis swraf da swor gamoyenebazea<br />
mimarTuli, avalebs,<br />
Tavadve Seasworon davaleba da<br />
sakuTar nawerebs komentarebic<br />
gaukeTon. ufro zustad, maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs sTxovs,<br />
davalebis Sesrulebis siCqaresTan<br />
da sisworesTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli komentarebi moamzadon.<br />
Tu moswavleebs maswavlebelTan<br />
saubari da davalebis<br />
Sesrulebisas wamoWrili problemebis<br />
ganxilva sWirdebaT,<br />
qalbatoni brauni specialur<br />
dros gamoyofs maTTvis.<br />
praqtika: kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />
yvelasaTvis kargad cnobilia,<br />
rom praqtika aucilebelia codnisa<br />
da unar-Cvevebis SeZena-ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
qveTavi, romelic<br />
saSinao dava lebas exeboda, gansakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas swored<br />
praqtikaze amaxvilebda. qvemoT<br />
ufro detalurad ganvixilavT<br />
praqtikis mniSvnelobas. diagrama<br />
5.4-ze warmodgenilia im naSromebis<br />
Sedegebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia<br />
kvlevebi praqtikis Sesaxeb.<br />
praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
kvlevebidan ramdenime mniSvnelovan<br />
daskvnas movuyareT Tavi.
82 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
1. unar-Cvevis ganviTareba,<br />
rogorc wesi, garkveuli periodis<br />
manZilze mimdinare mizanmimarTul<br />
praqtikas ukavSirdeba.<br />
kognituri fsiqologiis sferoSi<br />
Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom<br />
swavlis procesi SeiZleba mrudis<br />
formiT gamoisaxos (ix. andersoni,<br />
1995; niueli da rozenblumi,<br />
1981). diagrama 5.5-ze swored es<br />
mrudia warmodgenili, e. w. `swavlis<br />
procesis amsaxveli mrudi~.<br />
diagrama 5.5-ze vertikaluri<br />
RerZi swavlisas miRweul progress<br />
gamoxatavs; is 100 erTeulisagan<br />
Semdgar skalas moicavs,<br />
romelSic 100 srul daostatebas<br />
niSnavs, xolo 0 _ unar-Cvevis /<br />
codnis ararsebobas. horizontaluri<br />
RerZi ki im praqtikuli<br />
mecadineobebis raodenobis<br />
gamomxatvelia, rac moswavlem<br />
gaiara. diagrama 5.5-ze warmodgenili<br />
swavlis procesis amsaxveli<br />
mrudi sagulisxmoa ramdenime<br />
mizezis gamo. pirvel rigSi, unda<br />
mivaqcioT yuradReba praqtikis<br />
odenobas, rac moswavles unar-<br />
Cvevis gasaviTareblad sWirdeba.<br />
praqtikis, daaxloebiT, 24 er<br />
Teuli moswavles imisTvis esaWiroeba,<br />
rom mocemul unar _<br />
Cvevas 80%-iT daeuflos. meorec,<br />
daakvirdiT imas, Tu rogor<br />
mcired izrdeba kompetencia<br />
praqtikis yovel axal erTeul<br />
Tan erTad, anu pirveli ramdenime<br />
praqtikuli mecadineoba kompetenciis<br />
gacilebiT mniSvnelovan<br />
zrdasTanaa dakavSirebuli, vidre<br />
yoveli Semdgomi mecadineoba. es<br />
Tavisebureba STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili<br />
diagrama 5.6-ze.<br />
diagrama 5.6 gviCvenebs, rom<br />
pirveli oTxi praqtikuli mecadineoba<br />
moswavles srul daostatebaSi,<br />
saSualod, 47.9 %-iT exmareba.<br />
Semdegi 4 praqtikuli mecadineoba<br />
ki mxolod, daaxloebiT, 14<br />
procentian zrdas iwvevs. Sesabamisad,<br />
axali masalis aTviseba ar<br />
aris swrafi procesi; mas sWirdeba<br />
praqtika, rac, Tavis mxriv, dros<br />
moiTxovs. praqtikis Sedegia axali<br />
codna/unar-Cvevebi, romelTa did<br />
nawilsac dasawyisSive iTvisebs<br />
moswavle da Semdeg, praqtikul<br />
mecadineobaze daxarjuli drois<br />
safuZvelze, SedarebiT neli tempiT<br />
aumjobesebs. mxolod didi<br />
moculobis praqtika aZlevs moswavles<br />
saSualebas, swrafad da<br />
sworad SeZlos axali unar-Cvevisa<br />
Tu codnis gamoyeneba.<br />
2. praqtikis dros moswavleebi<br />
aTvisebul masalas ukeT iazreben<br />
da TavianT swavlis saWiroebebs<br />
argeben. kvlevebidan gamomdinare,<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze sasargeblo,<br />
praqtikuli rCeva mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom moswavleebma<br />
SeZenili unarebis gacnobiereba<br />
da swavlis saWiroebebs morgeba<br />
SeZlon. ufro metic, mkvlevarebi<br />
miiCneven, rom konkretuli<br />
unaris aTvisebis procesi yovelTvis<br />
gulisxmobs gaazrebas<br />
(anu aTvisebuli masalisaTvis<br />
garkveuli `formis micemas~).<br />
swored am dros xdeba moswavlis<br />
mier axali unaris konceptualuri<br />
gaazreba. konceptualuri<br />
gaazreba Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />
swavlis procesisaTvis, radgan<br />
amis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
moswavle sworad da efeqturad
saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
83<br />
diagrama 5. 6<br />
swavlebis Sedegebis gaumjobeseba yoveli axali<br />
praqtikuli mecadineobis Sedegad<br />
praqtikuli<br />
mecadineoba (#)<br />
swavlis Sedegebis<br />
gaumjobeseba (%)<br />
sruli daostateba<br />
(%)<br />
1 22.918 22.918<br />
2 11.714 34.659<br />
3 7.659 42.318<br />
4 5.593 47.911<br />
5 4.349 52.26<br />
6 3.534 55.798<br />
7 2.960 58.754<br />
8 2.535 61.289<br />
9 2.205 63.494<br />
10 1.946 65.439<br />
11 1.740 67.179<br />
12 1.562 68.741<br />
13 1.426 70.167<br />
14 1.305 71.472<br />
15 1.198 72.670<br />
16 1.108 73.778<br />
17 1.034 74.812<br />
18 0.963 75.775<br />
19 0.897 76.672<br />
20 0.849 77.521<br />
21 0.802 78.323<br />
22 0.761 79.084<br />
23 0.721 79.805<br />
24 0.618 80.423<br />
ver gamoiyenebs axal unars (ix.<br />
qlementi, loqhedi da minqi,<br />
1979; deivisi,1984; ganaTlebis<br />
sabWo maTematikuri mecnierebis<br />
sferoSi, 1990; rombergi da qarfenTeri,<br />
1986).<br />
rogorc irkveva, axali unaris<br />
aTvisebis procesis gaazrebis<br />
dros, mniSvnelovania, moswavlem<br />
yuradReba mxolod ramdenime<br />
magaliTis ganxilvaze gaamaxvilos.<br />
moswavleebs axali unaris<br />
swrafi gamoyeneba ar unda movTxovoT.<br />
moswavleTa gadatvirTva<br />
am etapze mizanSewonili ar aris.<br />
j. hialis (1990) angariSis mixedviT,<br />
amerikis SeerTebul Stateb<br />
Si maswavleblebi am rCevas xSir
84 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
ad ar iTvaliswineben da Tavidanve<br />
uamrav magaliTebs aZleven<br />
moswavleebs. j. hialis kvlevis<br />
angariSSi moyvanilia iaponiis<br />
magaliTic da aRniSnulia, rom<br />
iaponeli maswavleblebi, amerikeli<br />
maswavleblebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
axali masalis samyaroSi<br />
moswavleTa TandaTanobiT Seyvanas<br />
arCeven. sawyis etapze moswavleebs<br />
iaponiaSi gacilebiT<br />
mcire moculobis savarjiSoebs<br />
aZleven, vidre amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi.<br />
magaliTad, ganvixiloT tipuri<br />
meoreklaseli amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis skolaSi da<br />
misi Tanatoli iaponiaSi. amerikaSi<br />
bavSvi, daaxloebiT, 30<br />
wuTs andomebs or an samgverdian<br />
mimateba-gamoklebis savarjiSoebs.<br />
iaponiaSi ki moswavle<br />
imave xangrZlivobis<br />
dros mxolod ori an sami savarjiSos<br />
amosaxsnelad iyenebs,<br />
uRrmavdeba am or an sam<br />
savarjiSos da amoxsnaze mimarTuli<br />
msjelobis process<br />
akvirdeba (gv. 281).<br />
varjiSi axali unarebis<br />
gasaviTareblad:<br />
praqtika skolaSi<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,<br />
moswavleebma axali unari ise<br />
unda aiTvison, rom misi swori da<br />
swrafi gamoyeneba SeeZloT. Sesabamisad,<br />
unaris saTanadod ganvi<br />
Tarebis mizniT, aucilebelia, moswavleebi<br />
swavlis/davalebis Sesrulebis<br />
tempisa da aTvisebuli<br />
masalis/Sesrulebuli davalebis<br />
sisworis gakontrolebas mivaCvioT.<br />
amis miRweva SesaZlebelia, Tu<br />
am orive mimarTulebiT Canawerebs<br />
awarmoeben. qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor<br />
axerxebda klasi aseTi Canawerebis<br />
gakeTebas analogiebis problemebze<br />
muSaobisas.<br />
qalbatoni qamingsi moswavleebs<br />
leqsikis gamdidrebaSi exmareboda.<br />
zogadad, leqsikuri maragis<br />
gaumjobesebis garda,<br />
sa varjiSoebis mizani Statis<br />
moaxloebuli gamocdisaTvis<br />
moswavleTa momzadeba iyo.<br />
maswavlebelma saSinao davalebebis,<br />
klasSi Sesasrulebeli<br />
savarjiSoebisa da testebis<br />
mTeli seria moamzada. am savarjiSoebSi<br />
uxvad iyo analogiebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli masala.<br />
TiToeuli testis dasasruleblad<br />
moswavleebs 30 wuTi<br />
hqondaT micemuli. roca tests<br />
saxlSi akeTebdnen, isini dros<br />
Tavad iniSnavdnen da akvirdebodnen,<br />
ramdenad moaswrebdnen<br />
testis droulad dasrulebas.<br />
yoveli testis bolos qalbatoni<br />
qamingsi swor pasuxebs<br />
klasSi ganixilavda. moswavleebi<br />
iniSnavdren im SekiTxva<br />
Ta raodenobas, romlebsac 30<br />
wuTis ganmavlobaSi upasuxes<br />
da, aseve, im SekiTxvaTa raodenobasac,<br />
romelTa pasuxebic<br />
swori aRmoCnda. Semdeg orive<br />
maCvenebels iwerdnen: swavlis/<br />
davalebis Sesrulebis tempi da<br />
aTvisebuli masalis/Sesrulebuli<br />
davalebis siswore. am<br />
maCveneblebs moswavleebi imisTvis<br />
iyenebdnen, rom daedginaT,<br />
siCqaris xarjze xarisxi<br />
xom ar zaraldeboda. moswavleTa<br />
saboloo mizani iyo, rac<br />
SeiZleba meti swori pasuxi gaecaT<br />
gamoyofil 30 wuTSi.
saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
85<br />
iseTi savarjiSoebis Sedgena,<br />
romlebic kompleqsuri unaris<br />
an procesis erT konkretul<br />
komponentzea orientirebuli<br />
roca moswavleebi kompleqsuri<br />
unaris gamomuSavebaze mecadineoben,<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />
iZens `fokusirebuli praqtikis~<br />
cneba. kompleqsuri unaris aTviseba<br />
ramdenime etapisagan Sedgenili<br />
procesia da xSirad kvlevas, samecniero<br />
Ziebas an weras ukavSirdeba.<br />
mravalmxriv unarze muSaobisas,<br />
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac moswavleebs<br />
romelime etapis gavla gansakuTrebiT<br />
uWirT. aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
iseTi savarjiSoebi unda movumzadoT,<br />
romlebic maT yuradRebas<br />
erT konkretul problemaze miapyrobs<br />
da arsebuli sirTuleebis<br />
daZlevaSi daexmareba. am tipis<br />
savarjiSoebi fokusirebuli praqtikis<br />
saxeliTaa cnobili; isini exmarebian<br />
moswavles, ganiviTaros<br />
unari konkretul, misTvis problemur<br />
sakiTxze muSaobiT. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenili magaliTi exeba moswavles,<br />
romelsac fokusirebuli<br />
praqtika daexmara, gamoesworebina<br />
weris unari.<br />
jeqsoni mTeli wlis manZilze<br />
asrulebda Temebis weras<br />
Tan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva<br />
davalebas; is merve klasSi iyo.<br />
jeqsoni grZnobda, rom mecadineobis<br />
miuxedavad, misi weris<br />
unari sagrZnoblad ar umjobesdeboda.<br />
analogiuri problemis<br />
winaSe idga misi ramdenime<br />
klaseli. jeqsonis maswavlebeli<br />
yovelTvis gulisyuriT<br />
usmenda moswavleTa SeniSvnebsa<br />
da winadadebebs. maswavleblis<br />
Tvis cnobili gaxda jeqsonisa<br />
da misi klaselebis imedgacruebis<br />
ambavic. maswavlebelTan am<br />
sakiTxis ganxilvis dros SeTanxmdnen,<br />
rom klasSi ufro fokusirebuli<br />
praqtika daenergaT.<br />
jeqsons surda, meti yuradReba<br />
gaemaxvilebinaT, konkretulad,<br />
abzacebis dasasrulis momzadebaze,<br />
radgan Tvlida, rom misi<br />
yvela abzacis dasasruli Zalian<br />
hgavda erTmaneTs. jeqsoni TiTqmis<br />
yvela abzacis daboloebas<br />
romelime am fraziT iwyebda:<br />
`ase rom...~ an `rogorc TqvenTvis<br />
cnobili gaxda~. erTi da imave<br />
frazebis wera jeqsons Tavadac<br />
mobezrda.<br />
momavali ori kviris manZilze<br />
maswavlebeli gansakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas aqcevda abzacebis<br />
daboloebebis weris teqnikas; am<br />
mizniT, xSirad ganixilavda moswavleTa<br />
namuSevrebs. zogjer<br />
maswavlebels magaliTad mohyavda<br />
abzacebi bolo winadadebis<br />
gareSe da damamTavrebeli winadadebis<br />
Camoyalibebas moswavleebs<br />
sTxovda. am orkviriani<br />
fokusirebuli praqtikis Sedegad,<br />
jeqsonma aSkara progresi<br />
igrZno _ mas gacilebiT ukeT<br />
SeeZlo abzacis damasrulebeli<br />
winadadebebis mofiqreba.<br />
moswavleTa drois dagegmvis<br />
roli axali unaris an procesis<br />
ukeTesad gaazrebaSi<br />
saswavlo gegmis klasSi danergvaze<br />
muSaobis dros xdeba im<br />
codnisa da unarebis identifikacia,<br />
romelTa aTvisebac moswavlisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia. maswavlebeli<br />
wyvets, ra dro unda moaxmaros<br />
moswavlem axali masalis<br />
TiToeuli komponentis dauflebaze<br />
muSaobas klassa da saxlSi.<br />
maswavleblebi TiToeuli axali<br />
unarisa da codnis aTvisebis pro
86 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
cess ramdenime etapad yofen,<br />
rogorebicaa: unaris modelireba,<br />
praqtika maswavleblis uSualo<br />
xelmZRvanelobis qveS da proeqtze/savarjiSoze<br />
damoukidebelad<br />
muSaoba. mniSvnelovania, moswavles<br />
esmodes, zustad raSi mdgomareobs<br />
unari, romelsac eufleba.<br />
saswavlo gegmis detalurad<br />
gaweris procesSi maswavlebelma<br />
is droc unda gaiTvaliswinos,<br />
romelic Seuqmnis moswavleebs<br />
zogad warmodgenas axali unaris<br />
Sesaxeb; aseve, man unda gaTvalos,<br />
rom axali masalis gaazrebis<br />
mizniT, moswavleebisaTvis<br />
konkretuli savarjiSoebis micema<br />
dasWirdeba. qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
magaliTi, fizikuri aRzrdis<br />
gakveTilidan, gviCvenebs, Tu ra<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs axali masalis<br />
aTvisebisTvis moswavleebis mier<br />
drois sworad ganawilebas.<br />
maria maRalklaselebs fizikuri<br />
aRzrdis gakveTilebs<br />
utarebda. man SeamCnia, rom<br />
mis moswavleebs didi survili<br />
hqondaT, CogburTis kortebze<br />
wasuliyvnen, iq evarjiSaT<br />
da daexvewaT miwodebis axali<br />
teqnika, romelic maswavlebelma<br />
es-es aris uCvena. `jer unda<br />
moicadoT. jer varjiSisTvis<br />
mzad ar xarT. minda, rom<br />
CogburTis kargi moTamaSeebi<br />
dadgeT. amisaTvis aucilebelia,<br />
kargad gaiazroT, ra aris<br />
kargi miwodeba da Tqven ra<br />
stiliT TamaSi SegeferebaT~.<br />
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
maria moswavleebs miwodebis<br />
teqnikis daxvewaSi<br />
amecadinebda; TiToeul moswavles<br />
sTxovda, nel tempSi ganexorcielebinaT<br />
miwodeba da<br />
`gayinuliyvnen~ ama Tu im moZraobis<br />
dros. es `gayinva~ maswavlebels<br />
saSualebas aZlevda,<br />
ufro detalurad aexsna<br />
moswavleebisaTvis TiToeuli<br />
moZraobis upiratesobebi da<br />
naklovani mxareebi. Semdeg moswavleebi<br />
am moZraobebs ramdenjerme,<br />
sxvadasxva variaciiT<br />
imeorebdnen. axalgazrdebi mo<br />
Z ra obebs Zalian nela, maswavleblis<br />
miTiTebebis Sesabamisad<br />
asrulebdnen. saxlSi moswavleebs<br />
is moZraobebi unda<br />
aReweraT, romlebic maTTvis<br />
yvelaze mosaxerxebeli iyo<br />
da, aseve, aexsnaT, Tu ratom<br />
Tvlid nen am moZraobebs sauke<br />
Tesod.<br />
* * *<br />
saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs,<br />
gaixangrZlivon mecadineobis saaTebi<br />
skolis Semdeg, daxvewon da<br />
gaimdidron skolaSi SeZenili axali<br />
unarebi da codna. maswavleblebs<br />
SeuZliaT, es ori meTodi,<br />
rogorc swavlebis efeqturi sa<br />
Sualebebi, ise gamoiyenon.
6<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
qalbatonma melim mexuTeklaselebs sTxova, xelebi merxze daewyoT,<br />
Tavi xelebSi CaergoT da Tvalebi daexuWaT. maswavlebelma<br />
wignis xmamaRla kiTxva daiwyo. es iyo en milardis wigni `droSi<br />
ganfenili quCa~. wignSi aRwerilia quCa, romelzec momTabare<br />
monadire-Semgroveblebi saxldebian. wignis kiTxvis dros mkiTxveli<br />
xvdeba, rom dro mudmivad icvleba. aseve, cvlilebas ganicdis<br />
is moTxovnebi, rac `droSi ganfenil quCaze~ macxovrebel<br />
adamianebs ekisrebaT. roca maswavlebeli pirveli ramdenime furclis<br />
kiTxvas morCa, aRwera, rasac `gonebis TvaliT xedavda~ da<br />
moswavleebsac sTxova, `gonebis TvaliT~ warmodginaT is, rasac<br />
maswavlebeli maT aRuwerda. qalbatonma melim bavSvebi gaafrTxila,<br />
rom SeeZloT, nebismier dros SeewyvetinebinaT misTvis kiTxva<br />
da daesvaT SekiTxvebi (magaliTad, rogori iyo qoxis saxuravi<br />
iwvevda Tu ara tkivils Savi Wiri) roca maswavlebelma kiTxva<br />
daasrula, moswavleebs sTxova, daexataT maTi `sayvareli scenebi~<br />
nawarmoebidan. `sayvareli scenebi~ im saxeebidan unda amoer<br />
CiaT, rac maT gonebaSi nawarmoebis mosmenis Semdeg darCa.<br />
meore dRes moswavleebi mcire jgufebSi muSaobdnen; maT<br />
klaselebs aCvenes da auxsnes TavianTi namuSevrebi. roca ganxilva<br />
daasrules, TiToeulma jgufma moamzada semantikuri<br />
qseli, romelzec nawarmoebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani informacia<br />
iyo warmodgenili. qalbatonma melim moswavleebs urCia, qselis<br />
pirveli Sre gamoeyenebinaT zogadi TemebisaTvis, romelic nawarmoebSi<br />
aRwerili yvela droisTvis saerTo iyo (magaliTad, transporti,<br />
sakvebi, sacxovrebeli da samsaxuri). semantikuri qselis<br />
Semdgomi Sre exeboda gansxvavebul magaliTebsa da ilustraciebs<br />
nawarmoebSi warmodgenili sxvadasxva periodidan.<br />
rogorc magaliTidan Cans, qalbatonma melim gamoiyena<br />
swavlebis efeqturi meTodi, rac moicavs moswavleebis<br />
gonebaSi saxeebis Camoyalibebas, axladmiRebul<br />
informaciasTan dakavSirebiT, da grafikuli gamosaxulebebis<br />
Seqmnas miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.<br />
87
88 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
informaciis warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi:<br />
kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />
bevri fsiqologi saubrobs informaciis<br />
`ormagi kodirebis~ Teoriaze<br />
(ix. faivio, 1969, 1971, 1990).<br />
am Teoriis mixedviT, codna ori<br />
formiT inaxeba _ lingvisturi da<br />
warmosaxviTi formiT. lingvisturi<br />
forma, arsebiTad, semantikuria.<br />
lingvisturi forma Segi<br />
ZliaT, warmoidginoT, rogorc<br />
winadadebebis wyeba grZelvadian<br />
mexsierebaSi. warmosaxviTi forma<br />
ki gamoixateba mentaluri suraTebiT,<br />
an fizikuri SegrZnebebiT,<br />
rogorebicaa: surneli, gemo, Sexeba,<br />
xma da a.S. (riCardsoni, 1983).<br />
am wignSi warmosaxviTi forma<br />
moixsenieba, rogorc warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxi. rac<br />
ufro xSirad viyenebT miwodebis<br />
formebs, lingvistursa Tu<br />
warmosaxviTs, ufro ukeTesad<br />
viazrebT, ra viciT. klasSi es<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.<br />
rogorc kvlevebi adasturebs,<br />
moswavleebisaTvis axali masalis<br />
wardgena, ZiriTadad, lingvisturi<br />
formiT xdeba. an Cven Tvi<br />
Ton vesaubrebiT axal masalaze,<br />
an rames vakiTxebT axali masalis<br />
Sesaxeb (ix. flandersi, 1970). es<br />
imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebisagan<br />
moveliT warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />
formebis damoukideblad<br />
Seqmnas. rodesac maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs aseTi formebis SeqmnaSi<br />
exmareba, swavlis Sedegi gacilebiT<br />
maRalia. dadasturebulia,<br />
rom warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />
formebis SeqmnaSi moswavleTa<br />
xSiri CarTva xels uwyobs tvinis<br />
muSaobis stimulirebas (ix. gerliqi<br />
da jausoveci, 1999). diagrama<br />
6.1-ze Sejamebulia sxvadasxva<br />
naSromSi warmodgenili daskvnebi,<br />
sadac Tav moyrilia warmodgenis<br />
aralin gvisturi formebis Sesaxeb<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi.<br />
aRniSnuli kvlevebis safuZvelze,<br />
ramdenime ganzogadebul<br />
rCevas warmogidgenT, rac maswavleblebs<br />
warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />
formebis klasSi gamoyenebaSi<br />
daexmareba.<br />
1. warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />
formebis gamoyenebaze moswavleebma<br />
SeiZleba sxvadasxva<br />
aqtivobiT ivarjiSon. kvlevebi<br />
adasturebs, rom qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
aqtivobebi xels uwyobs<br />
moswavleTa gonebaSi aralingvisturi<br />
sqemebis Camoyalibebas da,<br />
Sesabamisad, aumjobesebs masalis<br />
gaazrebas:<br />
• grafikuli gamosaxulebebis Seq<br />
mna (alvermani da buTbai, 1986;<br />
armbrusTeri, andersoni da meieri,<br />
1992; darCi, qarnaini da<br />
qaminui, 1986; grifini, simonsi da<br />
qaminui, 1992; horToni, loviTi<br />
da bergerudi, 1990; maqlaflini,<br />
1991; robisoni da qievra, 1996).<br />
• fizikuri modelebis gakeTeba<br />
(uelCi, 1997).<br />
• mentaluri saxeebis Seqmna (mueleri<br />
da ziermani, 1996; uilobai,<br />
desmarias, vudi, zimsi<br />
da kalra, 1997).<br />
• suraTebisa da piqtogramebis<br />
xatva (meqlini, 1997; niutoni,<br />
1995; fruiTi, 1993).
warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
89<br />
diagrama 6. 1<br />
warmodgenis aralingvisturi formebis kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
naSromi<br />
maieri, 1989 *<br />
aTafili,<br />
smidCensi da<br />
kofeli, 1983<br />
faueli, 1980*<br />
heTi da<br />
sxvebi, 1996<br />
uolbergi,<br />
1999 *<br />
guzeTi,<br />
snaideri da<br />
glasi, 1993<br />
fleCeri, 1990<br />
kvlevebSi<br />
yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
zogadi<br />
aralingvisturi<br />
formebi<br />
10<br />
16<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
1.02<br />
1.31<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
34<br />
40<br />
zogadi<br />
aralingvisturi<br />
formebi 39 0.510 19<br />
zogadi<br />
aralingvisturi<br />
formebi<br />
13<br />
6<br />
4<br />
1.01<br />
1.16<br />
0.56<br />
34<br />
38<br />
21<br />
zogadi<br />
aralingvisturi<br />
formebi 9 0.91 32<br />
zogadi<br />
aralingvisturi<br />
formebi<br />
24<br />
64<br />
0.56<br />
1.04<br />
21<br />
35<br />
zogadi<br />
aralingvisturi<br />
formebi 3 0.51 20<br />
zogadi<br />
aralingvisturi<br />
formebi 47 0.50 20<br />
* Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />
efeqtis sididis ramdenime kategoriaa mocemuli. mkiTxvels, Tu dainteresebulia<br />
detalebiT, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.<br />
• kinesTetikur aqtivobaSi CarTva<br />
(aubusoni, fosvili, bari da<br />
ferkoviCi, 1997; draiani, 1997).<br />
2. warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />
forma unda afarToebdes<br />
codnas. codnis gafarToebaSi<br />
meti codnis SeZenas vgulisxmobT.<br />
magaliTad, moswavle ifar<br />
Toebs sakuTar codnas wiladebze,<br />
rodesac iqmnis wiladis realuri<br />
mniSvnelobis mentalur models.<br />
roca moswavle sxvadasxva saSualebiT<br />
ifarToebs codnas, igi ara<br />
mxolod ukeTesad igebs masalas,<br />
aramed ufro adviladac ixsenebs
90 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
mas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi (fresli,<br />
simonsi, maqdanieli, snaideri<br />
da Turnuri, 1988; uoloSini,<br />
uilobai, vudi da fresli, 1990).<br />
sabednierod, warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />
formebis meSveobiT<br />
moswavleebi azrovnebis procesSi<br />
erTvebian (ix. andersoni, 1990).<br />
moswavlis mier SemuSavebuli warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi forma,<br />
TavisTavad, ukve imis niSania, rom<br />
moswavlem iazrovna da azrovnebis<br />
procesSi SeiZina meti codna.<br />
warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />
formebis Seqmna codnis gafar<br />
Toebas maSinac uwyobs xels, roca<br />
moswavleebs vTxovT, aRweron da<br />
axsnan maT mier Seqmnili formebi<br />
(uilobai da sxvebi, 1997).<br />
warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />
formebis Camoyalibebis<br />
praqtika<br />
grafikuli sqemebi<br />
grafikuli sqemebis gamoyeneba<br />
warmodgenis aralingvistur<br />
formebs Soris yvelaze farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli meTodia. grafikul<br />
sqemebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
amomwuravi informaciis miReba<br />
SesaZlebelia david haierlis<br />
(1996) wignidan `codnis miRebis<br />
vizualuri meTodebi~. grafikuli<br />
sqema, rogorc wesi, warmosaxvis<br />
orive formas gulisxmobs _<br />
lingvisturs da aralingvisturs.<br />
lingvisturia sityvebi da frazebi.<br />
aralingvisturia sxvadasxva<br />
tipis simboloebi da isrebi, romlebic<br />
simboloebs Soris urTierTobebs<br />
gamoxataven. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenilia grafikuli sqemebis<br />
eqvsi nairsaxeoba; klasSi maTi<br />
gamoyeneba bevr SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva, radgan isini im eqvs paradigmas<br />
Seesabamebian, romlis mixedviTac<br />
informaciis dalageba<br />
SeiZleba. es paradigmebia: aRweriTi<br />
paradigmebi, droiTi Tanmimdevrobis<br />
paradigmebi, procesis/<br />
mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigmebi,<br />
epizodis paradigmebi, ganzogadebis/principis<br />
paradigmebi da<br />
cnebis paradigmebi.<br />
aRweriTi paradigmebi. aRweriTi<br />
paradigma SeiZleba gamoviyenoT<br />
konkretuli adamianebis,<br />
adgilebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis<br />
Sesaxeb faqtebis warmosadgenad.<br />
ar aris aucilebeli, rom<br />
aRweriT paradigmaSi moqceuli<br />
informacia rame Tanmimdevrobis<br />
mixedviT iyos dalagebuli.<br />
diagrama 6.2-ze warmodgenilia<br />
magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor Sei<br />
Zleba gamosaxon maswavlebelma da<br />
moswavleebma aRweriTi paradigma<br />
grafikulad.<br />
droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigmebi.<br />
droiTi Tanmimdevrobis<br />
paradigma movlenebis qronologiuri<br />
principiT dalagebas gulisxmobs.<br />
magaliTad, SeiZleba droi<br />
Ti Tanmimdevrobis principiT<br />
ganlagdes movlenebi, romlebic<br />
kosmosur programa apolos exeba.<br />
diagrama 6.3-ze warmodgenilia<br />
droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigmis<br />
grafikuli gamosaxuleba.
warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
91<br />
diagrama 6. 2<br />
grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: aRweriTi paradigma<br />
faqti<br />
faqti<br />
faqti<br />
Tema<br />
faqti<br />
faqti<br />
diagrama 6. 3<br />
grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi<br />
saxeoba: droiTi<br />
Tanmimdevrobis paradigma<br />
movlena<br />
movlena<br />
movlena<br />
movlena<br />
movlena<br />
movlena<br />
procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis<br />
paradigmebi. procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis<br />
paradigma gulisxmobs<br />
informaciis dalagebas a. kauzati<br />
ur qselSi, romelsac konkretul<br />
Sedegamde mivyavarT. an b. moqmedebebis<br />
erTobliobaSi, romelic<br />
logikurad sruldeba konkretuli<br />
produqtiT. magaliTad, informacia<br />
im faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />
adamianis organizmis janmrTelobas<br />
ganapirobeben, SeiZleba<br />
procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis<br />
paradigmis mixedviT dalagdes. diagrama<br />
6.4-ze warmodgenilia procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis<br />
paradig<br />
mis grafikuli gamosaxuleba.<br />
diagrama 6. 4<br />
grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />
procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigma<br />
Sedegi
92 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 6. 5<br />
grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: epizodis paradigma<br />
xangrZlivoba<br />
adgili<br />
dro<br />
mizezi<br />
epizodi<br />
Sedegi<br />
adamiani adamiani adamiani<br />
epizodis paradigmebi. epizodis<br />
paradigma saSualebas iZleva,<br />
garkveul sistemaSi moviyvanoT<br />
iseTi konkretuli informacia,<br />
rogoricaa: a. movlenis dro da<br />
adgili, b. konkretuli adamianebi,<br />
g. movlenis xangrZlivoba, d. movlenaTa<br />
konkretuli Tanmimdevroba,<br />
e. konkretuli mizezi da<br />
Sedegi. magaliTad, moswavleebma<br />
SeiZleba safrangeTis revoluciis<br />
Sesaxeb informacia ise daalagon,<br />
rogorc diagrama 6.5-ze warmodgenil<br />
epizodis paradigmis grafikul<br />
gamosaxulebazea mocemuli.<br />
ganzogadebis/principis paradigmebi<br />
da cnebis paradigmebi. ganzogadebis/principis<br />
paradigma<br />
gve x mareba, informacia zogad w i<br />
nadadebebad da maTTan dakavSirebul<br />
magaliTebad davalagoT.<br />
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, warmoidgineT<br />
Semdegi winadadeba `maTematikuri<br />
funqcia iseT urTierTobas<br />
gamoxatavs, romelSic erTi cvla<br />
dis mniSvneloba damokidebulia<br />
meore cvladis mniSvnelobaze~. am<br />
winadadebis sailustraciod, moswavleebma<br />
SeiZleba imave principiT<br />
warmoadginon magaliTebi, rogorc<br />
diagrama 6.6-zea mocemuli.<br />
diagrama 6. 6<br />
grafikuli sqemis<br />
erT-erTi saxeoba: ganzogadebis/principis<br />
paradigma<br />
ganzogadebuli principi<br />
magaliTi<br />
magaliTi<br />
magaliTi
warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
93<br />
cnebis paradigma. cnebis paradigma<br />
grafikuli sqemis yvelaze<br />
zogadi formaa. cnebis paradigmis<br />
saSualebiT, SesaZlebelia informaciis<br />
Tavmoyra im sityvis<br />
an frazis garSemo, romelic adamianebis,<br />
adgilebis, sagnebis an<br />
movlenebis mTlian klass an kategorias<br />
warmoadgens. cnebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
an ganmsazRvrelebi,<br />
magaliTebTan erTad, paradigmis<br />
nawils unda warmoadgendes.<br />
magaliTad, moswavleebma diagrama<br />
6.7-ze warmodgenili grafikuli<br />
gamosaxuleba SeiZleba gamoiyenon<br />
imisaTvis, rom igav-arakis cneba<br />
magaliTebiTa da maxasiaTeblebiT<br />
gamosaxon.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili magalidiagrama<br />
6. 7<br />
grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: cnebis paradigma<br />
magaliTi<br />
maxasiaTebeli<br />
cneba<br />
maxasiaTebeli<br />
maxasiaTebeli<br />
magaliTi<br />
magaliTi<br />
magaliTi<br />
magaliTi<br />
magaliTi<br />
magaliTi<br />
Ti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyenos moswavlem grafikuli<br />
sqemis erTze meti forma erT TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
rodesac Ti qroqeri iurisprudenciasa<br />
da iuridul sistemeb<br />
Si testis Casabareblad mecadineobda,<br />
man kargi saSualeba aRmoaCina,<br />
Tu rogor SeiZleboda,<br />
daemaxsovrebina sasamarTlo<br />
davebis mogvarebis sami far<br />
Tod gavrcelebuli meTodi.<br />
es meTodebi iyo: arbitraJi,<br />
molaparakeba da nebayoflobiTi<br />
Suamavloba. Ti qroqeri<br />
Seecada, TiToeuli es meTodi<br />
erT-erTi grafikuli gamosaxvis<br />
saSualebisaTvis miesadagebina,<br />
romelic inglisuri enisa<br />
da literaturis gakveTilze<br />
aswavles. arbitraJisaTvis man<br />
gamoiyena droiTi Tanmimdev
94 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
robis paradigma, molaparakebisaTvis<br />
airCia procesis/mizez-<br />
Sedegobriobis paradigma, xolo<br />
nebayoflobiTi Suamavlobis<br />
me TodisaTvis cnebis paradigma<br />
gadawyvita. Semdeg diagramebze<br />
6. 8 _ 6.10 grafikuli gamosaxvis<br />
es formebia warmodgenili.<br />
diagrama 6. 8<br />
droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigma arbitraJis meTodisaTvis<br />
nabiji 1: dava warmoiSoba or mxares Soris.<br />
nabiji 2: orive mxare Tanxmdeba, rom mzad<br />
arian, gaacnon mesame mxares TavianTi argumentebi<br />
da wamoWrili davis garkveva da<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba mas gadaabaron.<br />
nabiji 3: sasamarTlo niSnavs arbitrs.<br />
nabiji 4: sasamarTlosTan SedarebiT, naklebad<br />
formalur garemoSi arbitri xvdeba<br />
orive mxares da ismens maT argumentebs.<br />
nabiji 5: arbitri iRebs saboloo gadawyvetilebas<br />
da orive mxare valdebulia,<br />
daemorCilos am gadawyvetilebas.<br />
diagrama 6. 9<br />
procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigma molaparakebis meTodisaTvis<br />
erTi mxaris<br />
qceva<br />
warmoiSoba dava<br />
or mxares Soris<br />
meore mxaris qceva<br />
orive mxare warmoadgens<br />
saqmesTan<br />
da kavSirebul mniSvnelovan<br />
faqtebs<br />
mesame mxare<br />
davis gadawyvetis<br />
gzebs SeimuSavebs<br />
dava<br />
gadawydeba<br />
meore mxaris<br />
qceva
warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
95<br />
diagrama 6. 10<br />
cnebis paradigma nebayoflobiTi Suamavlobis meTodisaTvis<br />
colebi da<br />
qmrebi<br />
saxlis<br />
mflobeli<br />
da mdgmuri<br />
momxmarebeli<br />
da<br />
mimwodebeli<br />
wyvetda<br />
sru liad<br />
gansxvavebul<br />
davebs<br />
biznesis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
xelSewyobis<br />
saagento<br />
samar<br />
Tlianobis<br />
samezoblo<br />
centrebi<br />
iyenebda<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
sazogadoebrivi<br />
programa<br />
skolebi<br />
nebayoflobiTi<br />
Suamavloba<br />
iZiebs<br />
saCivrebs<br />
neitraluri<br />
mesame mxare<br />
saxalxo<br />
damcveli<br />
exmareba<br />
SeTanxmebaSi<br />
sTavazobs<br />
alternativebs<br />
xelmZRvanelobda<br />
sxvadasxva<br />
adamiani<br />
sasamarTloebi<br />
adgilobrivi<br />
resursebis<br />
qselebi<br />
raionis<br />
prokuratura<br />
Tanaswori<br />
mediatori<br />
socialuri<br />
samsaxurebi
96 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
warmodgenis sxva<br />
aralingvisturi formebi<br />
fizikuri modelebis gakeTeba.<br />
rogorc saxelwodebidan irkveva,<br />
fizikuri modeli im masalis<br />
konkretuli warmodgenaa, romelsac<br />
moswavles wavlobs. maTematikisa<br />
da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis<br />
maswavleblebi aseT modelebs<br />
`manipulatorebis~ saxeliT<br />
moixsenieben. fizikuri modeli<br />
moswavles exmareba, gonebaSi Seiqmnas<br />
asaTvisebeli codnis `gamosaxuleba~.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
magaliTi aRwers am process<br />
sabunebismetyvelo gakveTilze.<br />
qalbatoni elisoni Tavis me-4<br />
klaselebs imis gaazrebaSi exmareboda,<br />
Tu ratom vxedavT<br />
zecaze mTvaris sxvadasxva<br />
fazas. am mizniT, maswavlebelma<br />
klasSi Semoitana dedamiwis<br />
garSemo mTvaris yovelTviuri<br />
marSrutis konkretuli<br />
modeli, romelic, amave dros,<br />
moswavleebs awvdida informacias<br />
am marSrutis mzesTan mimarTebis<br />
Sesaxeb. qalbatonma<br />
elisonma TiToeul moswavles<br />
misca penoplastis burTula,<br />
romelic mTvares warmoadgenda<br />
da sTxova, es burTula fanqris<br />
boloze miemagrebinaT. maswavlebelma<br />
mze magidis naTuriT<br />
gamoxata, romelsac saCrdilobeli<br />
nawili CamoaSora. Ti<br />
Toeuli moswavle warmoadgenda<br />
dedamiwas.<br />
qalbatonma elisonma naTura<br />
saklaso oTaxis centrSi<br />
moa Tavsa; man daabnela oTaxi<br />
_ gawia fardebi da gamorTo<br />
sinaT le. Semdeg moswavleebs<br />
sTxo va, burTebi mxris simaRleze<br />
daeWiraT da naTuris mimarT<br />
iseT mdgomareobaSi gae<br />
CerebinaT, rom mzis dabnelebis<br />
imitacia Seqmniliyo. qalbatonma<br />
elisonma moswavleebs auxsna,<br />
rom mzis dabneleba iSviaTi movlenaa,<br />
radgan mTvare, rogorc<br />
wesi, Tu mas dedamiwidan vakvirdebiT,<br />
mzis zemoT an qvemoT<br />
gadis. Semdeg qlabatonma<br />
elisonma moswavleebs sTxova,<br />
mTvare aewiaT da CamoewiaT ise,<br />
rom mzis yureba SeZlebodaT.<br />
am poziciidan moswavleebma<br />
SeamCnies, rom mzis mTeli sinaTle<br />
mTvaris im mxa res ecemoda,<br />
romelic maT mo pirdapire<br />
mxares iyo _ es gaxldaT savse<br />
mTvaris simulacia.<br />
qalbatoni elisonis Semdegi<br />
miTiTebebis mixedviT, moswavleebma<br />
naxevarmTvaris, savse<br />
mTvaris, ¾ mTvaris imitacia<br />
gaakeTes. maswavlebeli maT<br />
sTxovda, daefiqsirebinaT, rom<br />
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi mze mTvaris<br />
naxevars anaTebda (garda<br />
mTvaris dabnelebis periodisa),<br />
xolo mTvaris sxvadasxva moculobis<br />
gamoCena ganpirobebuli<br />
iyo imiT, rom mTvare yoveli<br />
Tvis ganmavlobaSi icvlida<br />
mdebareobas dedamiwis mimarT.<br />
mentaluri suraTebis Seqmna.<br />
aralingvisturi gamosaxvis yvelaze<br />
pirdapiri da martivi gza<br />
moswavlis mier im codnis Sesaxeb<br />
mentaluri suraTis Seqmnaa<br />
(anu warmosaxva), rasac amJamad<br />
eufleba. abstraqtuli informaciisaTvis<br />
aseTi mentaluri suraTi<br />
Zalian simboluri iqneba.<br />
magaliTisaTvis, fsiqologi jon<br />
heiesi (1981) gvixsnis, Tu rogor<br />
SeiZleba Seqmnas moswavlem mentaluri<br />
suraTi qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
fizikis formulis Sesaxeb:<br />
F = G (m1 x m2) / r 2<br />
am formulis mixedviT, Zala
warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
97<br />
(F) udris ori obieqtis masisa<br />
(m1, m2) da konstantis namravls<br />
(G), romelic am or obieqts Soris<br />
arsebuli manZilis kvadratze (r 2 )<br />
iyofa. am informaciis simboluri<br />
gamoxatvis ramdenime saSualeba<br />
arsebobs. jon heiesi gvirCevs,<br />
sivrceSi ori didi globusi da<br />
maT Soris mdgari moswavle warmovidginoT,<br />
romelic cdilobs,<br />
es globusebi erTmaneTs daaSoros.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi globusi<br />
mainc SedarebiT mZimea,<br />
am ori globusis erTmaneTisagan<br />
daSoreba ufro rTuli<br />
iqneba, vidre maSin, roca orive<br />
globusi SedarebiT msubuqia.<br />
gamomdinare iqidan, rom Zala<br />
obieqt(eb)is masis (m1, m2)<br />
zrdasTan erTad izrdeba, masa<br />
unda iyos mocemuli gasayofSi.<br />
rac ufro davaSorebT globusebs<br />
erTmaneTisgan, maT Soris<br />
miziduloba Semcirdeba,<br />
radgan magnitebs Soris miziduloba<br />
maTi daSorebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mcirdeba. gamomdinare<br />
iqidan, rom Zala globusebs<br />
Soris manZilis zrdasTan er<br />
Tad mcirdeba, or obieqts Soris<br />
arsebuli manZili (r) unda<br />
iyos gamyofSi.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenil magaliTSi<br />
moqmedeba socialuri mecnierebebis<br />
gakveTilze mimdinareobs.<br />
magaliTidan aSkara xdeba,<br />
Tu rogor SeiZleba daexmaros<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs mentaluri<br />
suraTis SeqmnaSi.<br />
batoni uiliamsis me-5 klaseli<br />
moswavleebi amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis samxreT- dasavleTSi<br />
macxovrebeli amerikeli<br />
indielebis kulturis Sesaswavlad<br />
emzadebian. gakveTilis dasawyisSi<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
ideebisa da informaciis<br />
Sesaxeb mentaluri suraTebis<br />
Seqmnis meTodebs uxs nis. batoni<br />
uiliamsi sTxovs maT, warmoidginon,<br />
rom ad reuli evropeli<br />
mogzaurebi arian da SeCerdnen<br />
mitovebul kldis sasaxle<br />
mesa verdesTan. maswavlebeli<br />
sTxovs, daxuWon Tvalebi da<br />
warmoidginon, rom cxeniT kanionebisken<br />
midian. moswavleebma<br />
unda `igrZnon~ udabnos mzis<br />
mcxunvareba, `dainaxon~ udabnos<br />
vegetacia, `SeigrZnon~ udabnos<br />
mcenareTa `surneli~.<br />
`axla warmoidgineT, _ ambobs<br />
batoni uiliamsi, rom sad<br />
Rac Sors Senobis magvari nageboba<br />
SeniSneT, romelic klde<br />
Sia gakeTebuli. sagonebelSi<br />
CavardebodiT gagikvirdebodaT<br />
SegeSindebodaT Semdeg<br />
ki warmoidgineT, rom am nagebobas<br />
WenebiT miuaxlovdiT<br />
da roca axlos aRmoCndiT da<br />
daakvirdiT, fiqrobT, rom es<br />
aris sacxovrebeli Senoba. ase<br />
Ti daskvnis gakeTeba savsebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia, radgan Tqven xedavT<br />
kibeebs, fanjrebs da sacxovrebeli<br />
nagebobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
sxva komponentebs.<br />
SenobaSi ar arian adamianebi.<br />
iq sruli simSvidea. sicocxlis<br />
natamali ar Cans. daiwyebdiT<br />
fiqrs imaze, Tu ra mouvidaT<br />
am Senobis macxovrebel adamianebs<br />
am gamoucnobi Senobis<br />
amgebebze raRas ifiqrebdiT<br />
gabedavdiT da SexvidodiT am<br />
SenobaSi Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rogor fiqrobT, ras aRmoaCendiT<br />
iq~<br />
suraTebisa da piqtogramebis<br />
xatva. suraTebisa da piqtogramebis<br />
(anu simboluri suraTebis) xatva<br />
gonebaSi aralingvisturi warmosaxvis<br />
kargi saSualebaa. magaliTad,<br />
moswavleTa umetesobas<br />
dauxatavs, gauferadebia an klas
98 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
Si mainc unaxavs adamianis sxe ulis<br />
Zvlovani sistemis suraTi. aseve,<br />
skolis moswavleTa umetesobas<br />
dauxatavs an gauferadebia mzis<br />
sistemis gamosaxuleba. piqtograma<br />
suraTis variaciaa, romelic<br />
informacias naxatis formiT, simboloebis<br />
an simboluri suraTebis<br />
gamoyenebiT warmoadgens. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenili magaliTi gviCvenebs,<br />
Tu rogor iyenebs simbolur<br />
suraTebs pirveli klasis maswavlebeli<br />
geografiis gakveTilze.<br />
elison meisonis pirvelklaselebisaTvis<br />
Zneli gasagebia abstraqtuli<br />
faqti imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom CrdiloeT naxevarsferos<br />
gadaxra mzis mimarTulebiT,<br />
an mzis sapirispiro mimar<br />
TulebiT, zafxulsa da zamTars<br />
Soris sxvaobas iwvevs. maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs sezonebis<br />
cvalebadobasTan dakav<br />
Sirebul detalebs uxsnis da<br />
sTxovs, mosmenilis safuZvelze<br />
daxaton mzis moZraoba. yvela<br />
moswavle xatavs (ix. diagrama<br />
6.11). qalbatoni meisoni suraTis<br />
Sesaxeb zaks esaubreba.<br />
aRmoCnda, rom mxolod ekvatoris<br />
daxatvis Semdeg mixvda<br />
zaki, rac gulisxmobda maswavlebeli,<br />
roca dedamiwis `gadaxraze~<br />
saubrobda.<br />
kinesTetikur aqtivobaSi Car<br />
Tva. kinesTetikuria aqtivoba,<br />
romelic fizikur moZraobas gulisxmobs.<br />
ganmartebis mixedviT,<br />
fizikuri moZraoba, romelic<br />
konkretul codnasTanaa asocirebuli,<br />
xels uwyobs moswavleSi am<br />
codnasTan dakavSirebuli mentaluri<br />
suraTis Seqmnas (zemoT naxsenebi<br />
iyo, rom mentaluri suraTi<br />
fizikur SegrZnebebsac moicavs).<br />
moswavleTa umetesobisaTvis es<br />
codnis gamoxatvis bunebrivi da<br />
sasiamovno saSualebaa. qvemoT<br />
moyvanili magaliTi warmogvidgens<br />
kinesTetikuri aqtivobis<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevas maTematikis<br />
gakveTilze.<br />
qalbatoni jenkinsi me-4 klaselebs<br />
maTematikas aswavlis.<br />
gakveTilze mcire pauzis dros,<br />
moswavleebs sTxovs xolme, ifiqron<br />
imaze, Tu rogor warmoadgendnen<br />
axlad SeZenil<br />
codnas kinesTeturad. magali<br />
Tad, erT-erTi aseTi davaleba<br />
wris radiusis, diametrisa da<br />
garSemowerilobis kinesTetur<br />
warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. barim,<br />
erT-erTma moswavlem,<br />
marjvena mklavi horizontalurad<br />
gaSala da ganacxada,<br />
rom ase warmoudgenia radiusi.<br />
Semdeg man orive mklavi<br />
gaSala da Tqva, rom es aris<br />
diametri. wris garSemowerilobis<br />
sademonstraciod, barim<br />
xelebi erTmaneTs CasWida<br />
da wris forma gaakeTa. Semdegi<br />
gakveTili kuTxeebs exeboda.<br />
erT-erTma moswavlem, devonma,<br />
maxvili da blagvi kuTxeebis<br />
demonstrireba Semdegnairad<br />
scada: is mklavebis kuTxeebis<br />
erTmaneTTan sxvadasxvanairad<br />
miaxloebiT cdilobda, sxvadasxva<br />
zomis kuTxeebi Seeqmna.<br />
moswavleebma isic ki SeZles,<br />
rom wiladebi da Sereuli ricxvebic<br />
ki warmoedginaT sxeulis<br />
moZraobiT.<br />
qalbatonma jerkinsma msgavs<br />
aqtivobebs sxeulis maTematika<br />
uwoda; Tavdapirvelad, am savarjiSoebis<br />
Semotana im mizniT<br />
gadawyvita, rom moswavle<br />
TaTvis maTematikis swavlasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli rutina gaexalisebina.<br />
SemdgomSi ki, Tanda<br />
TanobiT mixvda, rom kinesTetikuri<br />
aqtivobebi Zalian kargad<br />
aCvenebda, Tu rogor gaigo<br />
moswavlem masala. mas Semdeg,
warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
99<br />
diagrama 6. 11<br />
moswavlis piqtograma<br />
gazafxulis<br />
bunioba (marti)<br />
gazafxuli<br />
zamTari<br />
21 ivnisi<br />
zafxuli<br />
mze<br />
Semodgoma<br />
21<br />
dekemberi<br />
Semodgomis bunioba<br />
(seqtemberi)<br />
rac skolaSi gavrcelda informacia<br />
qalbatoni jerkinsis<br />
axali aqtivobebis Sesaxeb, sxva<br />
klasebis moswavleebi xSirad<br />
ixedebodnen meoTxeklaselebis<br />
gakveTilebze da didi interesiT<br />
adevnebdnen Tvals sxeulis<br />
maTematikas.<br />
* * *<br />
am wignSi ganxiluli swavlebis<br />
meTodebidan praqtikaSi<br />
yvelaze iSviaTad warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi formebi gamoiyeneba.<br />
rogorc am TavSi moyvanili<br />
magaliTebidan da kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebidan SevityveT, es sakmaod<br />
efeqturi meTodia, radgan<br />
sruliad axleburad warmoudgens<br />
moswavleebs Sesaswavl masalas.<br />
maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebis<br />
gamoyenebisas, sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
midgomebi airCion,<br />
dawyebuli grafikuli sqemiT da<br />
damTavrebuli fizikuri modelebiT.
7<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
qalbatoni kiminos klasSi axali Temis dasawyebad emzadebodnen,<br />
romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis regionebs exeboda. maswavleblis<br />
erT-erTi amocana iyo, moswavleebs kargad gaeazrebinaT<br />
regionebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. qalbatonma kiminom<br />
bavSvebs auxsna, rom mcire jgufebSi unda emuSavaT da moemzadebinaT<br />
prezentacia romelime regionze. momavali ori kviris man<br />
Zilze moswavleebi rigrigobiT warmoadgendnen klasis winaSe<br />
TavianT namuSevrebs. es prezentaciebi Semdeg Temebs moicavda:<br />
geografia, amindis Taviseburebani, ekonomikuri da kulturuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebi. qalbatonma kiminom moswavleebs auxsna, rom maT<br />
saklaso oTaxis, biblioTekis da sami veb-gverdis resursebis<br />
gamoyenebac SeeZloT.<br />
jgufuri muSaoba rom waexalisebina, qalbatonma kiminom<br />
moswavleebi jgufebad dahyo da TiToeul jgufs samuSaod<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi regioni ganusazRvra.<br />
jgufSi sami moswavle Sedioda. TiToeul jgufSi Semavalma moswavleebma<br />
funqciebi gainawiles _ SeTanxmdnen, Tu vin iqneboda<br />
jgufis lideri da organizatori, vin gaakeTebda Canawerebs da<br />
a.S. jgufebSi gaerTianebuli moswavleebi imazec SeTanxmdnen,<br />
Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT unda SeesrulebinaT davaleba da romeli<br />
moswavle davalebis ra nawilze unda yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli.<br />
gamomdinare iqidan, rom jgufebi sam-sami moswavlisagan Sedgeboda,<br />
Sesasrulebeli samuSaoc sam nawilad dayves. qalbatonma kiminom<br />
moswavleebs urCia, ramdenime dReSi erTxel SeemowmebinaT<br />
jgufis wevrebs muSaobis Sualeduri Sedegebi, raTa gadaeWraT<br />
problemebi da, saWiroebisamebr, erTmaneTTan SeeTanxmebinaT is<br />
masala, razec muSaobdnen. qalbatoni kimino TiToeul jgufs periodulad<br />
xvdeboda da afasebda maT. maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
ufro efeqturi muSaobis Cvevebis gamomuSavebasa da wamoWrili<br />
sirTuleebis gadalaxvaSi exmareboda.<br />
qalbatonma kiminom swavlebis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli<br />
meTodi _ TanamSromlobiTi swavla gamoiyena.<br />
100
TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />
101<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavla:<br />
kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />
mocemuli naSromis es Tavi<br />
mTlianad TanamSromlobiT swavlas<br />
eZRvneba. zogi am meTods aRiqvams,<br />
rogorc `moswavleTa dajgufebis~<br />
zogadi strategiis nawils. moswavleTa<br />
dajgufebis praqtika saTaves<br />
1867 wlidan iRebs, rodesac saganmanaTleblo<br />
reformatorma u. T.<br />
harisma sent luisSi (misuris Stati,<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi)<br />
danerga axali inicativa, romlis<br />
mixedviTac dawyebiT klasebSi moswavleebs<br />
swrafi winsvlis saSualeba<br />
eZleodaT. j. quliqisa da<br />
q. quliqis (1982) mixedviT, harisis<br />
programa `SesaZleblobebis mixedviT<br />
dajgufebuli klasebis Seqmnisaken<br />
mimarTul pirvel nabijs~<br />
warmoadgenda (gv. 415). Tumca mxolod<br />
saukunis bolos miiRo am siaxlem<br />
is forma, romelic amJamindeli<br />
saskolo praqtikis msgavsia.<br />
magaliTisaTvis, santa barbaraSi,<br />
erTi asakobrivi jgufis moswavleTa<br />
yvela nakadi sam nawilad<br />
iyofoda (a, b, g). miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom samive klasi, met-naklebad,<br />
erTsa da imave Sinaarsis masalas<br />
swavlobda, a klasi ufro uRrmavdeboda<br />
masalas, vidre b klasi.<br />
Tavis mxriv, b klasi ufro safuZvlianad<br />
eufleboda axal codnas,<br />
vidre g klasi.<br />
j. quliqi da q. quliqi 1982<br />
wels werdnen: `dRes aTasobiT<br />
amerikuli skola misdevs homogenuri<br />
dajgufebis models~ (gv.<br />
416). aucilebelia, aRvniSnoT, rom<br />
j. quliqisa da q. quliqis mier am<br />
Canaweris gakeTebis periodidan<br />
moyolebuli, amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda<br />
homogenuri klasebis raodenoba,<br />
rac imas niSnavs, rom SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT moswavleTa dajgufebis<br />
praqtika amJamad ukve nakleb<br />
popularulia. amis erT-erTi<br />
mizezi albaT isaa, rom es praqtika<br />
naklebad efeqturia, anu efeqtis<br />
sidide, rac swavlebis am meTodis<br />
gamoyenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli,<br />
dabalia. j. quliqma da q. quliqma<br />
saSualo skolebSi Catarebuli 52<br />
eqsperimentuli kvleva gaaanalizes<br />
da daadgines, rom moswavleTa<br />
nakadis SesaZleblobebis mixedviT<br />
dajgufebis meTodis efeqtis<br />
sididea 0.10. am meTodis popularobis<br />
vardna SeiZleba imiTac iyos<br />
ganpirobebuli, rom SesaZleblobis<br />
mixedviT dajgufeba aRvivebs<br />
moswavleTa Soris uTanasworobas.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, es meTodi ar emsaxureba<br />
`farTo SesaZleblobebisa<br />
da dabali SesaZleblobebis<br />
mqone moswavleebs Soris napralis<br />
Sevsebas~ (ix. oaqsi, 1985). imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom am wignSi, Ziri<br />
Tadad, yuradRebas swavlebis im<br />
meTodebze vamaxvilebT, romelic<br />
SeiZleba maswavlebelma gamoiyenos<br />
da ar ganvixilavT im strategiebs,<br />
romelic skolas moswavleTa homogenur<br />
jgufebad dayofisaTvis<br />
gamoadgeba. Cveni mTavari amocanaa,<br />
is xerxebi warmogidginoT,<br />
romlebsac maswavlebelma heterogenul<br />
klasSi moswavleTa dasajgufeblad<br />
gamoiyenebs.<br />
am Tavis saxelwodebac naTlad<br />
gviCvenebs, rom Cven TanamSromlobiTi<br />
dajgufebis meTodebis gamoy
102 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
enebas vemxrobiT. TanamSromlobi<br />
Ti swavlis sferoSi gamokveTili<br />
specialistebis, devid jonsonisa<br />
da rojer jonsonis (1999) mixedviT,<br />
am meTodis ganmsazRvreli<br />
xuTi elementi arsebobs, esenia:<br />
• pozitiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />
(grZnoba imisa, rom er<br />
Tad gadavrCebiT, an erTad da<br />
viRupebiT);<br />
• urTierTgamxneveba (erTmaneTis<br />
daxmareba swavlaSi, urTierTgamxneveba<br />
da waxaliseba);<br />
• individualuri da jgufuri angariSvaldebuleba<br />
(TiToeuli<br />
jgufis wevrs aqvs sakuTari valdebulebebi<br />
da, am valdebulebe bis<br />
SesrulebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba<br />
jgufis saerTo miznis miRweva);<br />
diagrama 7.1<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi TanamSromlobiTi swavlis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
naSromi<br />
uolbergi,<br />
1999<br />
lifsi da<br />
uil soni, 1993<br />
Sirensi da<br />
bosqeri, 1997<br />
holi, 1989<br />
jonsoni, d.,<br />
maruiama,<br />
jonsoni,<br />
r., nelsoni,<br />
skoni (1981)<br />
kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla (zogadad) 182 0.78 28<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla (zogadad) 414 0.63 23<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla (zogadad) ---- 0.56 21<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla (zogadad) 37 0.30 12<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla (zogadad) 122 0.73 27<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla da jgufebs<br />
Soris konkurencia 9 0.00 0<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla da jgufSi<br />
moswavleTa Soris<br />
konkurencia 70 0.78 28<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla da moswavle<br />
Ta individualuri<br />
davalebebi jgufSi 104 0.78 28
TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />
103<br />
naSromi<br />
slavini, 1987<br />
quliqi da<br />
quliqi, 1987<br />
quliqi da<br />
quliqi, 1991<br />
diagrama 7. 2<br />
homogenur jgufebad dayofis efeqturoba<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT dayofa<br />
(zogadad) 7 0.32 12<br />
SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT dayofa<br />
(zogadad) 15 0.17 6<br />
SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT dayofa<br />
(zogadad) 11 0.25 10<br />
lou, i.,<br />
abrami, f. q.,<br />
spensi, j. q.,<br />
faulseni, q.,<br />
Cambersi,<br />
b. da d’apo lonio,<br />
s., 1996<br />
SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT dayofa<br />
(zogadad) 103 0.17 6<br />
dabali SesaZleblobebis<br />
moswavleebi<br />
24 0.37 14<br />
saSualo SesaZleblobebis<br />
moswavleebi<br />
11 0.19 7<br />
maRali SesaZleblobebis<br />
moswavleebi<br />
18 0.28 11<br />
• interpersonaluri da patara<br />
jgufSi muSaobis unarebi (komunikacia,<br />
ndoba, lideroba,<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miReba da<br />
konfliqtebis mogvareba);<br />
• jgufis winsvla (dakvirveba imaze,<br />
Tu rogor muSaobs gundi da<br />
ra RonisZiebebi unda gatardes<br />
imisaTvis, rom gundis muSaoba<br />
gaumjobesdes) (minesotas universitetis<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlisadmi miZRvnil veb-gverdidan<br />
http://www.co-operation.org/<br />
pages/cl.html. Tanadireqtorebi<br />
jonsoni da jonsoni)<br />
diagrama 7.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />
is Sedegebi, rac TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebis analizis Sedegad warmoCinda.
104 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 7.1-ze warmodgenili<br />
kvlevebidan yvelaze xSirad jonsonis,<br />
maruiamas, jonsonis, nelsonisa<br />
da skonis naSroms (1981)<br />
imowmeben. am kvlevidan yvelaze<br />
sagulisxmo isaa, rom is TanamSromlobiT<br />
swavlas adarebs<br />
msgavs meTodebs, romelTagan sami<br />
diagrama 7.1-zea mocemuli,<br />
esenia: jgufebs Soris konkurencia,<br />
moswavleTa Soris konkurencia,<br />
moswavleTa individualuri<br />
davalebebi jgufSi. jonsonma da<br />
sxvebma daaskvnes, rom TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlis jgufebsa da im<br />
jgufebs, romlebic jgufebs Soris<br />
konkurenciaSi arian CarTulni,<br />
Tanabari zegavlena aqvT moswavleTa<br />
mier masalis aTvisebaze.<br />
aRniSnul daskvnas adasturebs<br />
efeqtis sidide 0.00, romelic am<br />
ori meTodis Sedarebisas fiqsirdeba.<br />
es Sedegi imaze miu<br />
TiTebs, rom sakontrolo da<br />
sakvlev jgufebSi Semaval moswavleTa<br />
Soris ar dafiqsirda gansaxvavebebi<br />
akademiur moswrebaSi.<br />
rodesac TanamSromlobiT swavlas<br />
moswavleTa Soris konkurenciaze<br />
orientirebul meTodebs vadarebT,<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavla<br />
ufro efeqturia (efeqtis sidide<br />
0.78). da bolos, rodesac TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlis Sedegebs<br />
vadarebT aqtivobebs, romlebic<br />
orientirebulia moswavleTa individualur<br />
davalebebze, TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlis efeqtis<br />
sididea 0.78. ase rom, moswavleTa<br />
CarTva TanamSromlobiT swavlaSi,<br />
efeqturi meTodia, imisda miuxedavad,<br />
ejibrebian Tu ara erTmaneTs<br />
moswavleTa jgufebi.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili ganzogadebuli<br />
daskvnebi sasargeblo<br />
iqneba im maswavleblebisTvis,<br />
rom lebic TanamSromlobiT<br />
swavla ze mimarTuli aqtivobebis<br />
ganxorcielebas gegmaven.<br />
1. naklebad mizanSewonilia moswavleTa<br />
jgufebad dayofa SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT. ganaTlebis<br />
specialistebi xSirad davoben<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda<br />
moxdes moswavleTa jgufebad dayofa<br />
(TanamSromlobiTi jgufebi<br />
iqneba Tu sxvagvari). davis sagans<br />
jgufebis homogenuroba warmoadgens,<br />
radgan bevri miCnevs, rom<br />
SesaZleblobebis mixedviT moswavleTa<br />
homogenur jgufebad<br />
dayofa mizanSewonili ar aris.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom<br />
kvlevebis mixedviT, moswavleTa<br />
dayofa homogenur jgufebad gacilebiT<br />
ufro mizanSewonilia, vidre<br />
maTi daujgufeblad datoveba.<br />
diagrama 7.2-ze warmodgenilia<br />
informacia, romelic sxvadasxva<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis Serwymis safuZvelzea<br />
miRebuli.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa<br />
lousa da sxvebis (1996) naSromi,<br />
romelic askvnis, rom nebismieri<br />
akademiuri SesaZleblobebis mqone<br />
moswavlisTvis homogenur jguf<br />
Si muSaoba ufro sasargeb loa,<br />
vidre daujgufeblad muSa oba.<br />
sagulisxmoa diagrama 7.3-ze moyvanili<br />
daskvnebic, sadac warmodgenilia<br />
homogenur da heterogenul<br />
jgufebSi muSaobis Sedegebis<br />
Sejameba.<br />
rogorc diagrama 7.3-zea na<br />
Cvenebi, dabali akademiuri SesaZleblobis<br />
mqone moswavleebi
TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />
105<br />
diagrama 7. 3<br />
moswavleTa homogenur da heterogenul jgufebSi muSaobis<br />
efeqturobis Sedareba<br />
moswavleTa done Sesa<br />
Zleblobebis mixedviT<br />
efeqtis sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda *<br />
dabali SesaZlebloba 4 - 0.60 -23<br />
saSualo SesaZlebloba<br />
4 0.51 19<br />
maRali SesaZlebloba 5 0.09 3<br />
* monacemebi amoRebulia lousa da sxvebis naSromidan (1996)<br />
heterogenul jgufSi ufro efeqturad<br />
muSaoben, vidre maTive<br />
donis moswavleebTan dajgufebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. sxva sityvebiT, dabali<br />
donis moswavleTa homogenur<br />
jgufSi moTavseba uaryofiT<br />
Sedegebs iZleva. amas adasturebs<br />
efeqtis uaryofiTi sidide _ 0.60.<br />
ufro metic, maRali donis moswavleTa<br />
homogenur jgufebSi<br />
gaerTianeba dabali efeqturobiT<br />
gamoirCeva (efeqtis sididea mxolod<br />
0.09). saSualo SesaZleblobis<br />
mqone moswavleebi yvelaze<br />
did sargebels homogenur jgufSi<br />
muSaobis dros hpoveben (efeqtis<br />
sidide 0.51). Sesabamisad, moswavleTa<br />
dajgufeba, akademiuri SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT, SeiZleba<br />
sruliad gansxvavebul zegavlenas<br />
axdendes sxvadasxva donis moswavleebze.<br />
dabali SesaZleblobebis<br />
moswavleTaTvis aseTi aqtivobis<br />
Sedegi sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
iqneba im Sedegisagan, romelsac<br />
saSualo an maRali SesaZleblobebis<br />
mqone moswavleebma SeiZleba<br />
miaRwion (uebi, 1982).<br />
2. sasurvelia, TanamSromlobi<br />
Ti jgufebi patara iyos. es ganzogadebuli<br />
rCeva TiTqos damatebiT<br />
Sexsenebas ar saWiroebs,<br />
magram aucileblad CavTvaleT,<br />
mainc dagvefiqsirebina. diagrama<br />
7.4-ze moyvanilia lousa da sxvebis<br />
(1996) kvlevebze dayrdnobiT<br />
miRebuli informacia Tanam<br />
SromlobiTi jgu febis efeqturobis<br />
Sesaxeb, ma Ti zomis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
jgufis zoma<br />
diagrama 7. 4<br />
TanamSromlobiTi jgufebis zoma<br />
efeqtis sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
wyvilebi 13 0.15 6<br />
3 _ 4 38 0.22 9<br />
5 _ 7 17 -0.02 -1
106 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
kvlevaTa zemoTwarmodgenilma<br />
Sedegebma lou da misi kolegebi<br />
Semdeg daskvnamde miiyvana: `3 _<br />
4 moswavlisagan Semdgari patara<br />
zomis TanamSromlobiTi jgufebi<br />
ufro efeqturia, vidre ufro<br />
didi jgufebi~ (1996, gv. 451).<br />
3. TanamSromlobiTi swavla<br />
sasargeblo aqtivobaa, magram zedmetad<br />
xSirad ar unda gamoviyenoT.<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavla is meTodia,<br />
romelic saukeTeso Sedegebs<br />
sistematurad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
iZleva. lousa da sxvebis<br />
(1996) naSromis mixediT, dajgufebis<br />
meTodi yvelaze nayofieria<br />
maSin, roca kviraSi erTxel mainc<br />
gamoiyeneba. zogierTi fsiqologi<br />
ki gvafrTxilebs, rom TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlis meTodis `zedmetad<br />
xSiri~ gamoyeneba sasurveli<br />
ar aris. kerZod, mkvlevarebi<br />
jon andersoni, lin rederi da<br />
herbert saimoni (1997) gvafrTxileben,<br />
rom maswavleblebis mier<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavla xSirad<br />
arasworad, an zedmeti sixSiriT<br />
gamoiyeneba. es mkvlevarebi miiCneven,<br />
rom TanamSromlobiTi swavlis<br />
aramarTebuli gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxvevis winaSe vdgavarT maSin,<br />
roca jgufebis araswori struqturireba<br />
xdeba. zedmeti sixSiriT<br />
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ki dasZenen:<br />
moswavleebi ar unda CavrToT<br />
jgufur muSaobaSi iseTi intensiurobiT,<br />
rom asaTvisebel unarebze<br />
damoukideblad muSaobisaTvis<br />
sakmarisi dro aRar darCeT.<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavla:<br />
praqtika klasSi<br />
sxvadasxva kriteriumis<br />
gamoyeneba moswavleTa<br />
dasajgufeblad<br />
am Temis ganxilva zemoT warmodgenili<br />
pirveli ganzogadebuli<br />
daskvniT unda daviwyoT: SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT moswavle<br />
Ta jgufebad dayofa arc Tu ise<br />
mizanSewonilia. maSin dajgufebis<br />
ra kriteriumebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebi<br />
SeiZleba davyoT jgufebad<br />
sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT,<br />
magaliTad: maTi interesebi, dabadebis<br />
Tveebi, tansacmlis feri,<br />
saxelisa da gvaris pirveli asoebi,<br />
SemTxveviTi SerCeva (moswavleTa<br />
saxelebi patara qaRaldebze<br />
davweroT, CavyaroT qudSi da<br />
SemTxveviTobis principiT amovi<br />
RoT). imisaTvis, rom moswavleTa<br />
gamocdilebis mravaferovneba uzrunvelvyoT,<br />
aucilebelia, sxvadasxva<br />
kriteriumis gamoyeneba da<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavlis Ziri<br />
Tadi principebis gaTvaliswineba.<br />
s. qagani (1994) Tavis wignSi `TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla~ gvTavazobs<br />
jgufebis struqturirebis sxvadasxva<br />
meTods. qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />
magaliTi im moswavlis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelsac sxvadasxva tipis<br />
TanamSromlobiT jgufSi mouwia<br />
muSaoba.<br />
toms namdvilad ar gaxarebia,<br />
roca Seityo, rom mTeli wlis<br />
manZilze bunebismetvelebis saganSi<br />
meoTxeklaselebs jgufeb
TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />
107<br />
Si mouxdebodaT muSaoba. toms<br />
jgufebSi muSaobis garkveuli<br />
gamocdileba hqonda; maTematikis<br />
gakveTilze xSirad uwevda<br />
xolme jgufSi gaerTianeba da<br />
yovelTvis `CamorCenil moswavleTa<br />
jgufSi” xvdeboda, radgan<br />
maTematikis maswavlebeli<br />
klass akademiuri SesaZleblobis<br />
mixedviT anawilebda xolme.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom toms<br />
sZulda jgufSi muSaoba. bunebismetyvelebis<br />
maswavlebeli<br />
Seecada, aexsna moswavleebisaTvis,<br />
ra principebiT imuSavebdnen<br />
jgufebSi, rogor daiyofoda<br />
klasi da ramdenad xSirad<br />
mouwevdaT moswavleebs jgufis<br />
Secvla. maswavlebelma auxsna<br />
klass, rom gakveTilze gatarebuli<br />
drois mxolod naxevari<br />
daeTmoboda jgufur mecadineobas.<br />
bavSvebma Seityves, rom<br />
pirveli TemisaTvis im Sinauri<br />
cxovelebis jiSis mixedviT<br />
daiyofodnen, romelic saxlSi<br />
hyavdaT. aseTi dayofa gauadvilebdaT<br />
cxovelebze da maT<br />
zne-Cveulebebze saubars. Tu<br />
moswavleTa did nawils saxlSi<br />
kata an ZaRli hyavda da mxolod<br />
erTs hyavda zazuna, maSin maswavlebeli<br />
ise dayofda bavSvebs,<br />
rom maqsimalurad uzrunvleyo<br />
msgavsi gamocdilebis<br />
mqone moswavleTa erT jgufSi<br />
moxvedra. toms es meTodi moewona<br />
da darwmunda, rom jguf<br />
Si muSaoba ar iqneboda iseTi<br />
usiamovno, rogorc manamde<br />
warmoedgina.<br />
araformaluri, formaluri da<br />
sabazo jgufebi<br />
d. jonsoni da r. jonsoni (1999)<br />
TavianT wignSi `sxvebTan erTad da<br />
marto swavla: TanamSromlobiTi,<br />
konkurentuli da individualisturi<br />
swavla”, klasis dajgufebis<br />
sxvadasxva paradigmis gamoyenebis<br />
meTodologias gvTavazoben. araformalur,<br />
formalur da sabzo<br />
jgufebad dayofis SesaZlebloba<br />
mravalferovani TanamSromlobiTi<br />
muSaobis saSualebas iZleva. araformaluri<br />
jgufebis saxeobebia,<br />
magaliTad, dawyvileba da gverdiT<br />
mjdomTan mitrialeba. aseTi<br />
muSaoba SeiZleba ramdenime wuTis<br />
an mTeli gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gagrZeldes. araformaluri jgufis<br />
mizani SeiZleba iyos: davalebis<br />
pirobebis dazusteba; moswavleTa<br />
yuradRebis koncentrireba;<br />
moswavleTaTvis meti drois micema<br />
imisaTvis, rom informacia gaiazron;<br />
gakveTilis Sejameba. qvemoT<br />
moyvanilia magaliTi imisa, Tu<br />
rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenos maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleTa araformaluri<br />
dawyvilebis meTodi.<br />
batoni andersoni me-5 klasis<br />
moswavleebs xSirad ukiTxavs<br />
teqstebs monaTmflobelobis<br />
Sesaxeb. erT-erT gakveTilze<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebs 10<br />
wuTis ganmavlobaSi ukiTxa,<br />
Semdeg ki sTxova maT, dawyvilebuliyvnen<br />
da 3-4 wuTis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mosmenili informaciidan<br />
SerCeul romelime<br />
konkretul sakiTxze emsjelaT.<br />
batonma andersonma<br />
es sakiTxi Tavad ganusazRvra<br />
moswavleebs. aqtivoba SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareobda: TiToeul<br />
wyvilSi orive moswavles calcalke<br />
unda Camoeyalibebina<br />
Tavisi damokidebuleba aRniSnul<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirdebiT<br />
da Semdeg es damokidebuleba<br />
Tavisi mewyvilisaTvis gaecno.<br />
moswavleebma imsjeles da<br />
daasrules aqtivoba. batonma<br />
andersonma kiTxva ganagrZo. 10<br />
wuTis Semdeg batoni andersoni<br />
SeCerda da moswavleebs axla
108 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
sxva sakiTxi misca gansaxilvelad.<br />
gakveTili ase grZeldeboda.<br />
maswavlebeli 10 wuTis<br />
Semdeg Cerdeboda da wyvilebSi<br />
gansaxilvelad mcire davalebas<br />
aZlevda moswavleebs. drodadro<br />
batoni andersoni sxvadasxva<br />
wyvils sTxovda, diskusiis<br />
Sedegebi mokled gaecnoT<br />
erTmaneTisTvis. gakveTilis<br />
bolos batonma andersonma<br />
sTxova moswavleebs, TavianTi<br />
daskvnebi da azrebi, ganxilul<br />
masalasTan dakavSirebiT, werilobiT<br />
CamoeyalibebinaT. aseve,<br />
mexuTeklaselebs mouwevdaT,<br />
daekonkretebinaT is axali informacia,<br />
romelic gakveTilze<br />
miiRes. bolos es Semajamebeli<br />
werilobiTi davaleba moswavleebs<br />
maswavleblisaTvis unda<br />
CaebarebinaT.<br />
formaluri jgufebi imisTvis<br />
iqmneba, rom moswavleebs akademiuri<br />
davalebis safuZvlianad<br />
SesrulebisaTvis sakmarisi dro<br />
hqondeT. Sesabamisad, formalur<br />
jgufSi muSaobam, SeiZleba, ramdenime<br />
dRe an zogjer kvira gastanos.<br />
formaluri jgufebis Seqmnis<br />
dros maswavlebeli davalebas ise<br />
ayalibebs, rom is TanamSromlobiTi<br />
dajgufebis yvela ZiriTad komponents<br />
moicavdes. es komponentebia:<br />
• pozitiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba;<br />
• jgufis winsvla;<br />
• socialuri unarebis saTanado<br />
gamoyeneba;<br />
• urTierTgamxneveba, individualuri<br />
da jgufuri angariSvaldebuleba.<br />
(jonsoni da jonsoni, 1999).<br />
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTi<br />
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
formaluri jgufebis gamoyeneba<br />
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisas.<br />
qalbatoni rendeli saSualo<br />
skolis ekonomikis maswavlebelia.<br />
dRes is vaWrobasa da momxmareblebze<br />
xsnis gakveTils.<br />
klasSi 32 moswavlea. qalbatoni<br />
rendeli moswavleebs sTxovs,<br />
1-dan 8-mde gadaiTvalon da 8<br />
jgufad daiyon. Sesabamisad,<br />
TiToeul jgufSi 4 moswavle<br />
aRmoCndeba. jgufis TiToeul<br />
wevrs garkveuli funqcia eni<br />
Weba: Camweri, Semajamebeli,<br />
teqnikuri mrCeveli da mkvlevari.<br />
TiToeulma jgufma maswavleblis<br />
mier miwvdili<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebis<br />
mi xedviT unda Seqmnas garkveuli<br />
produqti. momavali oTxi<br />
dRis manZilze moswavleebi<br />
jgufurad imuSaveben da gadawyveten,<br />
ra produqti Seqmnan,<br />
rogori dizaini gaukeTon da<br />
rogor uzrunvelyon misi marketingi.<br />
Semdeg TiToeuli jgufi<br />
Seecdeba, Tavisi produqti<br />
sxva jgufs mihyidos. mTeli<br />
samuSao procesis ganmavlobaSi<br />
qalbatoni rendeli jgufebisa<br />
da jgufebSi Semavali<br />
moswavleebis muSaobas zemoT<br />
Camoyalibebuli xuTi komponentis<br />
mixedviT sistematurad<br />
akvirdeba: ramdenad amJRavneben<br />
moswavleebi socialur unarebs,<br />
rogor wyveten wamoWril<br />
sirTuleebs, rogor midis jgufis<br />
muSaoba win. maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs xSirad sTxovs,<br />
drodadro saku Tari Tavi Seafason.<br />
saboloo produqtis<br />
pre zentaciis dros moswavleebma<br />
mTliani jgufis namuSevari<br />
unda warmoadginon da,<br />
aseve, jgufis TiToeuli wevris<br />
konkretuli wvlili unda<br />
aRniSnon.<br />
sabazo jgufebi SedarebiT
TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />
109<br />
xangrZliv drozea orientirebuli,<br />
magaliTad, erT semestrze,<br />
an, zogjer, saswavlo welze. ase<br />
Ti jgufebi imitom iqmneba, rom<br />
moswavleebs mTeli semestrisa<br />
Tu wlis manZilze daexmaros.<br />
qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi moqmedeba<br />
me-3 klasSi mimdinareobs.<br />
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor<br />
SeiZleba sabazo jgufebis Seqmna<br />
dawyebiT klasSi.<br />
qalbatonma ramosma Tavis<br />
kolegas, baton Stols gauziara<br />
wuxili imis Taobaze,<br />
rom axali saswavlo wlis me-4<br />
kviraSi misi mesameklaselebi<br />
jer kidev ver imaxsovrebdnen<br />
erTmaneTis saxelebs. batonma<br />
Stolma qalbaton ramoss<br />
urCia, Seeqmna klasSi sabazo<br />
jgufebi. qalbaton ramoss<br />
gagonili hqonda, rom sabazo<br />
jgufebis Seqmna sasargeblo<br />
iyo rutinuli davalebebis Sesasruleblad,<br />
magram fiqrobda,<br />
rom aseT jgufebSi muSaoba<br />
mxo lod maRalklaselTaTvis<br />
iyo nayofieri.<br />
qalbatonma ramosma mesameklaselebi<br />
sabazo jgufebad<br />
dahyo da sTxova, gaecvalaT<br />
ZiriTadi sakontaqto da sxva<br />
mniSvnelovani informacia, maT<br />
Soris telefonis nomrebi. am<br />
aqtivobisaTvis moswavleebs<br />
ramdenime wuTi hqondaT micemuli.<br />
moswavleebma sakontaqto<br />
informaciis garda Seityves<br />
erTmaneTis Cvevebisa da interesebis<br />
Sesaxeb (magaliTad, imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu vin dadioda fexburTisa<br />
da musikis klasgareSe<br />
gakveTilebze). maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs auxsna, rom yoveli<br />
dRis dasawyisSi 5 wuTiT unda<br />
Sexvedrodnen TavianTi sabazo<br />
jgufis wevrebs da moekiTxaT<br />
isini, gaerkviaT, Caabares Tu<br />
ara saSinao davalebebi. gadawyvites<br />
Tu ara, ras miirTmevdnen<br />
sadilad. aseve, mecadineobebis<br />
Semdegac yoveldRe<br />
unda Sexvedrodnen Tavisi jgufis<br />
wevrebs, ganexilaT saSinao<br />
davalebebi da erTmaneTs<br />
rutinuli saskolo sakiTxebis<br />
mogvarebaSi daxmarebodnen.<br />
mTeli wlis manZilze moswavleebi<br />
am sabazo jgufebSi<br />
rCebodnen. rutinuli davalebebis<br />
garda, sabazo jgufebSi<br />
igegmeboda sxvadasxva aqtivoba<br />
da sxvadasxva saskolo samu<br />
Saoc sruldeboda, magaliTad,<br />
urikebiT wignebis gadazidva<br />
skolis biblioTekidan mediacentrSi.<br />
moswavleebi gasarTob<br />
aqtivobebSic erTvebodnen. qalbatonma<br />
ramosma male SeniSna,<br />
rom moswavleTa sabazo jgufebad<br />
dayofam Sedegi gamoiRo _<br />
maT aSkarad ganuviTardaT klasisadmi<br />
kuTvnilebis grZnoba.<br />
TanamSromlobiTi jgufis zoma<br />
rogorc meore ganzogadebul<br />
daskvnaSi iyo miTiTebuli,<br />
sasurvelia, TanamSromlobiTi<br />
jgufebi patara iyos. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom zogierTi davaleba<br />
didi jgufisTvis ufro mizanSewonilia,<br />
SesaZloa, moswavleebs<br />
ar eyoT did jgufebSi muSaobis<br />
kompetencia. maswavleblebis azriT,<br />
`rac ufro pataraa jgufi,<br />
miT ukeTesia”. Tumca xandaxan,<br />
resursebis simwiris gamo, maswavleblebi<br />
jgufebis zomas zrdian.<br />
maswavleblis, rogorc menejeris<br />
pasuxismgeblobaa, mudmivad akontrolos<br />
da, saWiroebisamebr,<br />
cvalos kidevac jgufebis zoma.<br />
batoni edenis moswavleebi media-centrSi<br />
TavianT, konstituciis<br />
proeqtebze muSaobdnen.<br />
stivma maswavlebels sTxova,
110 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
ramdenime wuTi daeTmo misTvis.<br />
stivs surda baton eden<br />
Tan dalaparakeba imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom misi jgufi arc Tu ise<br />
kargad muSaobda. `namdvilad<br />
bevri ramaa gasakeTebeli da<br />
davaleba kargad gvesmis. er<br />
TaderTi problema isaa, rom<br />
jgufSi Zalian bevrni varT,~ _<br />
SesCivla stivma maswavlebels.<br />
moswavlesTan saubris Semdeg<br />
batoni edeni daakvirda jgufis<br />
muSaobas da mixvda, rom stivi<br />
marTali iyo. im saRamos maswavlebelma<br />
miiRo gadawyvetileba,<br />
eqvskaciani jgufebi or nawilad<br />
daeSala. eqvskaciani jgufebis<br />
samkacian jgufebad qcevas<br />
garkveuli dro dasWirda, Tumca<br />
am saqmes unayofod ar Cauvlia.<br />
drois gasvlasTan erTad,<br />
batoni edeni mixvda, rom Tavis<br />
droze, eqvskaciani jgufebis<br />
Seqmnisas, man Secdoma dauSva<br />
da moswavleebs davalebis Sesruleba<br />
mxolod gaurTula.<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavlis<br />
kombinireba sxva saklaso<br />
aqtivobebTan<br />
is maswavleblebic ki, romlebic<br />
xSirad iyeneben TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlis meTods, daeTanxmebian<br />
ganzogadebul rCevas imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla sasargebloa, magram misi<br />
zedmetad xSirad gamoyeneba ar<br />
aris mizanSewonili. yvelasTvis<br />
cnobilia, rom meTodis gadaWarbebuli<br />
gamoyeneba xSirad efeqturobis<br />
Semcirebas iwvevs. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenilia dajgufebis<br />
meTodis gadametebuli sixSiriT<br />
gamoyenebis magaliTi.<br />
qalbaton mandrels Zalian uyvarda<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavlis<br />
meTodis gamoyeneba da me-8<br />
klasis moswavleebTan xSirad<br />
iSveliebda mas. rac dro gadioda,<br />
maswavlebeli amCnevda,<br />
rom jgufebis muSaoba iseTi<br />
efeqturobiT aRar gamoirCeoda,<br />
rogorc wlis dasawyisSi,<br />
moswavleebi iseTi mondomebiT<br />
aRar erTvebodnen jgufis<br />
muSaobaSi. qalbatonma mandrelma<br />
gadawyvita, saSualeba<br />
mieca moswavleebisaTvis, Tavad<br />
aerCiaT jgufebi, raTa ufro<br />
gaxalisebuliyvnen. asec moiqca,<br />
magram am siaxlem ar gaWra.<br />
bolos, maswavlebelma gadawyvita,<br />
am Temaze bavSvebTan<br />
esaubra. erT-erTma moswavlem<br />
ganacxada: `Cven meti damoukidebloba<br />
gvsurs. daviRale mudmivi<br />
interaqciiT. namdvilad<br />
mWirdeba meti dro, rom CemTvis<br />
wynarad vimecadino.~<br />
diskusiaSi sxva moswavleebic<br />
CaerTnen: `mogvwons erTad<br />
muSaoba, magram ara aseTi intensivobiT.<br />
iciT, raRaceebs<br />
damoukideblad mecadineobis<br />
dros ufro kargad vigeb.~<br />
qalbatoni mandrelisaTvis<br />
yvelaferi gasagebi gaxda.<br />
`marTali xarT, _ uTxra man<br />
moswavleebs, jgufur muSaobas<br />
metismetad didi dro davuTmeT.<br />
es imitom, rom TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlis meTodi Zalian<br />
momwons. gTxovT, SemaxsenoT<br />
xolme, Tu zedmetad Sevyvebi<br />
am meTodis gamoyenebas. gpirdebiT,<br />
dagijerebT.~<br />
* * *<br />
moswavleTa dajgufebis me<br />
Todebidan TanamSromlobiTi swavla<br />
SeiZleba yvelaze nayofieri<br />
iyos. rogorc am TavSi warmodgenili<br />
magaliTebiT davrwmundiT,<br />
TanamSromlobiTi swavlis meTodi<br />
maswavlebelma SeiZleba sxvadasxva<br />
formiT da sruliad gansxvavebul<br />
situaciebSi gamoiyenos.
8<br />
miznebis<br />
dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
batoni holi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriis maswavlebeli<br />
iyo. rogorc wesi, yovel axal saswavlo wels moswavleebisadmi<br />
STamagonebeli mimarTviT iwyebda xolme. batoni holi<br />
istoriis umaRles kurss aswavlida da moswavleebs mniSvnelovani<br />
testirebisTvis amzadebda. Tavis sityvaSi maswavlebeli<br />
yovelTvis aRniSnavda, rom saboloo testis qulebi ara mxolod<br />
moswavleTa swavlis Sedegebs asaxavdnen, aramed misi swavlebis<br />
xelovnebis saboloo Sefasebasac warmoadgendnen. testirebaze<br />
batoni holis moswavleebi TiTqmis yovelTvis met-naklebad karg<br />
qulebs iRebdnen. miuxedavad amisa, maswavlebels yovelTvis metis<br />
miRweva surda da fiqrobda, rom moswavleTa ukeT momzadebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT metis gakeTeba SeeZlo. gasul wlebSi<br />
batoni holi sxvadasxva RonisZiebas atarebda, raTa moswavleTa<br />
testirebis qulebi gaeumjobesebina, sasurvel Sedegs ki mainc<br />
ver miaRwia.<br />
erT zafxuls batonma holma mTeli saswavlo masalis gadamuSaveba<br />
daiwyo, im mizniT, rom moswavleebisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
adgilebi moeniSna. am masalas moswavleebi mTeli saswavlo wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi swavlobdnen da aRiarebdnen, rom mxolod maswavleblis<br />
moniSnul adgilebs aqcevdnen yuradRebas, danarCens ki<br />
sruliad uyuradRebod tovebdnen. moswavleebi zedmetad damokidebulebi<br />
gaxdnen maswavleblis mier moniSnul masalaze.<br />
Semdeg wels batonma holma SabaTis mecadineobebi SemoiRo.<br />
SabaTobiT moswavleebs mxolod im unarebze avarjiSebda, rac,<br />
misi azriT, moswavleTa testirebis Sedegebis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobda<br />
xels. arc am damatebiTma mecadineobebma gamoiRo Sedegi.<br />
moswavleTa qulebi mniSvnelovnad ar gaumjobesebula. wels batonma<br />
holma, saswavlo masalis moniSvnis nacvlad, moswavleebs<br />
TiToeuli epoqis zogadi aRwera moumzada. am aRweraTa Camoyalibebis<br />
procesSi maswavlebeli erovnul saswavlo gegmas eyrdnoboda.<br />
SeimuSava terminebis nusxac TiToeuli epoqisaTvis da<br />
moswavleebs saguldagulod mouniSna is terminebi, romlebic<br />
saswavlo masalaSi xSirad SexvdebodaT.<br />
batonma holma moswavleebs saswavlo dRiuris Sedgenac<br />
mosTxova. am dRiurSi bavSvebs swavlis misaRwevi Sedegebi epoqaTa<br />
im zogadi aRwerebis mixedviT unda CaeniSnaT, rac maT maswavle<br />
111
112 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
belma moumzada. batonma holma sanimu<br />
Sod pirveli abzaci gamoiyena: aCvena moswavleebs<br />
epoqis aRwera da ganumarta, Tu<br />
rogor unda CamoeyalibebinaT swavlis is<br />
Sedegebi, romlisTvisac maT unda mieRwiaT.<br />
maswavlebelma am process `swavlis<br />
miznebis dasaxva~ daarqva. moswavleebi<br />
dabneulebi Candnen, radgan aqamde miznad<br />
isaxavdnen konkretuli davalebis<br />
Sesrulebas, da ara swavlis konkretuli<br />
Sedegebis miRwevas.<br />
amerikis samoqalaqo omis Tema<br />
moicavda ganzogadebebs omis mizezebis<br />
Sesaxeb. erT-erTma moswavlem, polma,<br />
es ganzogadebuli winadadeba dRiuris<br />
gverdis dasawyisSi dawera da mas swavlis<br />
Sedegi miuwera, romlisTvisac unda mieRwia:<br />
`unda gavigo, aris Tu ara erTze<br />
meti Teoria amerikis samoqalaqo omis<br />
gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb. me yovelTvis<br />
vicodi, rom omis mizezi iyo monoba.<br />
omis mizezebis Sesaxeb ufro meti unda<br />
gavigo.~ ase rom, dRiurSi polma Semoxaza<br />
fraza `samoqalaqo omis mizezebi~.<br />
am Semoxazul frazas sami sxvadasxva<br />
mimarTulebiT gaukeTa isrebi da Ti<br />
Toeul isars sxvadasxva fraza miawera:<br />
a. sxvadasxva Sexeduleba monobaze, CrdiloeTsa<br />
da samxreTSi, b. dasavleTis mimarTulebiT<br />
gafarToeba, g. industrializacia.<br />
mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi Seswavlili<br />
masalis mixedviT, poli cvlida<br />
am Canawers. kviris bolos miRebuli<br />
informaciis safuZvelze, pols SeeZlo<br />
samoqalaqo omis gamomwvevi mizezebis<br />
Tavmoyra. yvela moswavles sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
hqonda Camoyalibebuli omis mizezebi.<br />
batoni holi cdilobda, waexalisebina<br />
moswavleebi, rom swavlis miznebi da<br />
SeZenili codna erTmaneTisaTvis gaeziarebinaT.<br />
maswavlebeli, kviraSi erTxel<br />
mainc, TiToeul moswavles individualurad<br />
xvdeboda da ganixilavda mis<br />
progress dasaxuli miznebisaken mimaval<br />
gzaze. aseT Sexvedras xandaxan mxolod<br />
ramdenime wuTi sWirdeboda. maswavlebeli<br />
klass mudmivad amowmebda testebiT.<br />
testirebis Sedegebs ki moswavleTa<br />
mier dasaxuli swavlis miznebis mixedviT<br />
afasebda.<br />
batonma holma miznebis dasaxvisa<br />
da komentarebis micemis meTodebi<br />
Tavisi moswavleebis akademiuri<br />
moswrebis gaumjobesebis mizniT<br />
gamoiyena. rogorc ganaTlebis<br />
sferos mkvlevarebi miiCneven, es<br />
meTodebi azrovnebis metakognitur<br />
sistemas aviTarebs.<br />
miznebis dasaxva: kvlevebi da<br />
Teoriebi<br />
zogadi ganmartebiT, miznebis dasaxva<br />
swavlisaTvis mimarTulebis<br />
micemis meTodia. es is unaria,<br />
romelic warmatebul adamianebs<br />
diagrama 8.1<br />
miznebis dasaxvis meTodis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
naSromi<br />
kvlevebSi<br />
yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
uaizi da<br />
oqei, 1983*<br />
miznebis dasaxvis<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
3<br />
25<br />
1.37<br />
0.48<br />
41<br />
18<br />
uolbergi,<br />
1999<br />
lifsi da<br />
uilsoni, 1993<br />
miznebis dasaxvis<br />
mniSvneloba 21 0.46 18<br />
miznebis dasaxvis<br />
mniSvneloba 204 0.55 21<br />
* Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />
efeqtis sididis ramdenime kategoriaa mocemuli. mkiTxvels, Tu dainteresebulia<br />
detalebiT, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.
miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
113<br />
kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli da<br />
grZelvadiani da moklevadiani<br />
miznebis miRwevaSi exmareba maT.<br />
dagrama 8.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />
daskvnebi im ramdenime naSromidan,<br />
romlebSic Tavmoyrilia miznebis<br />
dasaxvis meTodis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
saganmanaTleblo kvlevebi.<br />
miznebis dasaxvis Sesaxeb Cata<br />
rebuli kvelevebidan, Cven sam<br />
ganzogadebul daskvnas movu yareT<br />
Tavi. es daskvnebi sasargeblo<br />
iqneba im maswavleblebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic TavianT praqtikaSi<br />
swavlis miznebis dasaxvis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebas apireben.<br />
1. saswavlo miznebis gansazRvris<br />
Sedegad, moswavlis yuradReba<br />
mxolod konkretul masalazea<br />
mimarTuli. kvlevebidan<br />
Zalze siantereso daskvna ikveTeba<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom miznebis<br />
dasaxva sasargebloa mxolod im<br />
konkretuli saswavlo Sedegebis<br />
miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, rac miznebSia<br />
Camoyalibebuli. miznebis<br />
winaswar Camoyalibeba uaryofiT<br />
gavlenas axdens swavlis danarCen<br />
Sedegebze. h. uolbergma (1999)<br />
saswavlo miznebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
20 kvlevis Sedegebi gaaanaliza<br />
da daaskvna, rom miznebis<br />
dasaxva uaryofiT gavlenas axdens<br />
`winaswar ganusazRvrel Sedegebze~<br />
(efeqtis sididea _ 0.20). es<br />
imas niSnavs, rom Tu maswavlebeli<br />
akonkretebs swavlis mosalodnel<br />
Sedegs (magaliTad ase:<br />
moswavleebs unda esmodeT, Tu<br />
rogor funqcionirebs ujredi),<br />
SeiZleba moswavleebma ise kargad<br />
ver gaiazron am TemasTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli sxva sakiTxebi, rogorc<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu swavlis Sedegi<br />
winaswar Camoyalibebuli ar iqneboda.<br />
efeqtis sidide _ 0.20 imas<br />
niSnavs, rom Tu testi swored<br />
ujredis funqcionirebas ar Seexeba,<br />
maSin im klasis moswavle,<br />
romelSic konkretuli saswavlo<br />
miznebi iqna dasaxuli, miiRebs 8<br />
procentiliT dabal qulas, vidre<br />
moswavle im klasidan, sadac<br />
aseTi miznebi dasaxuli ar iyo.<br />
erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba es Sedegi<br />
vinmes alogikurad moeCvenos,<br />
magram Tu kargad davukvirdebiT,<br />
gasagebi gaxdeba, rom miznis<br />
dasaxva moswavlis yuradRebis<br />
koncentracias mxolod konkretul<br />
sakiTxze axdens da danarCen<br />
masalas safuZvlianad veRar iTvisebs.<br />
2. saswavlo miznebi ar unda<br />
iyos zedmetad dakonkretebuli.<br />
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom zogadi<br />
formiT warmodgenili saswavlo<br />
miznebi ufro efeqturia, vidre<br />
biheivioristuli formiT Camoyalibebuli<br />
miznebi. b. freizerma<br />
da sxvebma (1987) 111 kvlevis Sedegebi<br />
Seiswavles da daaskvnes, rom<br />
biheivioristuli miznebis klasSi<br />
gamoyenebis efeqtis sididea 0.12<br />
da Seesatyviseba 5 procentiliT<br />
zrdas. es Sedegi gamowveulia<br />
imiT, rom biheivioristuli miznebi<br />
Zalian konkretulia.<br />
biheivioristuli miznebis gamoyeneba<br />
sakmaod popularuli<br />
gaxda 1962 wels, rodesac Sefasebis<br />
eqspertma <strong>robert</strong> meigerma<br />
gamoaqveyna wigni `saswavlo miznebis<br />
momzadeba~. meigeri am wignSi
114 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
wers, rom efeqtur saswavlo miznebs<br />
sami ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebeli<br />
aqvs, esenia:<br />
1. Sedegi. mizani yovelTvis<br />
aRwers im Sedeg(eb)s, rasac<br />
moswavlem unda miaRwios.<br />
2. pirobebi. mizani yovelTvis<br />
aRwers im pirobebs, romel<br />
Sic Sedegebis warmodgena<br />
unda moxdes.<br />
3. kriteriumi. saswavlo mizani<br />
ayalibebs unaris warmodgenis<br />
dones, romelsac moswavlis<br />
Sedegebi unda Seesabamebodes<br />
da, aseve, ganmartavs<br />
am donis Sefasebis<br />
kriteriumebs.<br />
<strong>robert</strong> meigeris kriteriumebis<br />
mixedviT Camoyalibebuli<br />
saswavlo miznebi Zalian konkretulia.<br />
Tu swavlis procesis individualur<br />
da konstruqtivistul<br />
bunebas gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
es zedmet konkretikadac ki Sei<br />
Zleba CaiTvalos.<br />
3. moswavleebi unda wavaxalisoT,<br />
rom gaiazron maswavleblis<br />
mier dasaxuli miznebi. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac maswavlebeli Camoayalibebs<br />
saswavlo miznebs, aucilebelia,<br />
mosawvleebs saSualeba mieceT,<br />
moaxdinon am miznebis sakuTar<br />
saWiroebebze morgeba. Sesabamisad,<br />
miznebi ar unda iyos zedmetad<br />
konkretuli. Tu miznebi biheivioristul<br />
formatSia Camoyalibebuli,<br />
moswavleebs gauWirdebaT<br />
maTi morgeba TavianT saWiroebebze.<br />
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom<br />
Zalze efeqturia miznebis dasaxva<br />
`saxelSekrulebo~ formiT.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebi<br />
ara mxolod ayalibeben misaRwev<br />
miznebs (im zogadi miznebidan<br />
gamomdinare, rasac maswavlebeli<br />
usaxavs klass), aramed, aseve,<br />
xelSekrulebas deben im niSanze,<br />
romelsac am miznebis Sesrulebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi miiReben (ix.qale da<br />
qeli, 1994; mileri da qeli, 1994;<br />
volmeri, 1995). aseve, kvlevebi<br />
adasturebs, rom moswavleTa mier<br />
qvemiznebis Camoyalibeba dadebiT<br />
gavlenas axdens moswavleTa akademiur<br />
moswrebaze (bandura da<br />
Sunqi, 1981; morgani, 1985).<br />
miznebis dasaxva:<br />
praqtika klasSi<br />
konkretuli, magram moqnili<br />
miznebi<br />
mniSvnelovania, moswavleebs<br />
maswavlebelma dausaxos miznebi,<br />
Tumca, aucilebelia, es miznebi<br />
iyos zogadi, raTa sakmarisi Tavisufleba<br />
dautovos moswavleebs.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia magaliTi<br />
imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba amis<br />
miRweva.<br />
saswavlo wlis dasawyisidan<br />
moyolebuli, qalbatoni gerSvinis<br />
meoTxeklaseli moswavleebi,<br />
TiToeul TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, sakuTari miznebis<br />
dasaxvas mieCvivnen. maswavlebeli<br />
yovelTvis awvdis<br />
maT zogad miznebs, romlebsac<br />
Semdeg moswavleebi sakuTar<br />
saWiroebebs argeben. roca moswavleebma<br />
adamianis sxeulis<br />
Seswavla daiwyes, maswavlebel
miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
115<br />
ma klass miznad dausaxa yvela<br />
ZiriTadi organos individualuri<br />
funqciebisa da, aseve,<br />
maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis<br />
ZiriTadi principebis codna.<br />
am zogadi miznebidan gamomdinare,<br />
joSi, erT-erTi moswavle,<br />
Tavis saswavlo miznebs ayalibebs:<br />
minda, meti vicode Tirkmelebisa<br />
da maTi funqcionirebis<br />
Sesaxeb. male babuaCems<br />
erTi Tirkmeli unda amoaWran.<br />
vici, rom adamianis sxeulSi<br />
guli uSvebs sisxls da mainteresebs,<br />
rogor xdeba gulis<br />
Seteva.<br />
minda, vicode, aris Tu ara<br />
nawlavebis sigrZe marTla 4<br />
mili.<br />
qalbatonma gerSvinma SeamCnia,<br />
rom moswavleTaTvis winadadebebis<br />
dasawyisi frazebis<br />
miwodeba (magaliTad, `minda, vicode...~<br />
da `minda, meti vicode~)<br />
uadvilebs maT konkretuli saswavlo<br />
miznebis Camoyalibebas.<br />
xelSekrulebebi<br />
saswavlo miznebis dasaxvis<br />
erT-erTi meTodia moswavleebTan<br />
xelSekrulebebis gaformeba, rac<br />
moswavleebs swavlis procesis<br />
marTvis saSualebas aZlevs. qvemoT<br />
moyvanili magaliTi aCvenebs,<br />
Tu rogor gamoiyena xelSekrulebebi<br />
sabazo skolis maswavlebelma<br />
teqnologiis gakveTilze.<br />
qalbatoni roumi didi mouTmenlobiT<br />
eloda im dRes, rodesac<br />
moswavleebTan veb-gverdis<br />
Seqmnaze muSaobas daiwyebda. es<br />
samkviriani kursi iyo. veb-gverdis<br />
Seqmnis kursi met-naklebad<br />
momqancveli aRmoCnda maswavleblisaTvis,<br />
radgan moswavleebi<br />
sxvadasxva doneze flobdnen<br />
kompiuteris moxmarebis unarebs.<br />
es gansxvavebebi rom aRmoefxvra,<br />
qalbatonma roumma moamzada<br />
swavlis Sedegebis nusxa, romlis<br />
aTvisebac moswavleebs sxvadasxva<br />
siCqariT SeeZloT. swavlis<br />
Sedegebis nusxaSi is unarebi da<br />
codna iyo ganmartebuli, rac<br />
moswavleebs veb-gverdebisa da,<br />
zogadad, kompiuteris moxmarebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT dasWirdebodaT.<br />
qalbatonma roumma es<br />
nusxa didi yuradRebiT Seadgina,<br />
radgan ar surda, moswvleebs<br />
davalebebis Sesruleba<br />
ise daewyoT, rom kompiuteris<br />
moxmarebis elementaruli unarebi<br />
da veb-gverdebis Sesaxeb<br />
konceptualuri informacia ar<br />
hqonodaT.<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebTan<br />
xelSekrulebebi Seitana.<br />
xelSekrulebaSi veb-gverdze<br />
muSaobis dasawyebad aucilebeli<br />
unarebi iyo Camowerili (magali<br />
Tad, veb-gverdis fonis SerCeva,<br />
melodiebis identifikacia,<br />
bmulebis Seqmna). xelSekrulebis<br />
meore nawili exeboda imas, Tu<br />
ra unda scodnodaT, an gaeazrebinaT<br />
moswavleebs (magaliTad,<br />
ra aris html vis sWirdeba vebgverdi<br />
rogor gavxsnaT am vebgverdis<br />
bmulebi )<br />
moswavleebi, TavianTi xel<br />
Se krulebis pirobebi rom daekmayofilebinaT,<br />
muSaobis periodSi<br />
mudmivad ekontaqtebodnen<br />
qalbaton roums, masTan<br />
erTad ganixilavdnen, ra iswavles<br />
da xelSekrulebaSi dafiqsirebul<br />
vadebs periodulad<br />
cvlidnen.<br />
komentaris gakeTeba:<br />
kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />
maswavleblebi xSirad iyeneben<br />
moswavleebis mier Sesrulebul<br />
davalebaze komentarebis
116 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
gakeTebis meTods. komentarebSi,<br />
rogorc wesi, aRniSnulia, Tu ramdenad<br />
kargad Seasrula moswavlem<br />
micemuli davaleba. kvlevebi<br />
adasturebs, rom komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
swavlebis Zalian efeqturi<br />
meTodia. mkvlevarma jon heTim<br />
(1992) 8000-mde kvleva ganixila da<br />
daaskvna:<br />
yvelaze Zlieri meTodi, romelic<br />
moswavleTa akademiur<br />
moswrebas aumjobesebs, komentarebis<br />
gakeTebaa. Sesabamisad,<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis<br />
yvelaze martivi recepti<br />
iqneboda _ `rac SeiZleba<br />
xSirad gaakeTeT komentarebi~<br />
(gv. 9).<br />
dagrama 8.2-ze warmodgenilia<br />
daskvnebi im ramdenime naSromidan,<br />
romelSic gaanalizebulia<br />
kvlevebi komentaris gakeTebis<br />
meTodis Sesaxeb.<br />
komentarebis gakeTebis Sesaxeb<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebidan Tavi<br />
movuyareT oTx ganzogadebul<br />
daskvnas.<br />
1. maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli<br />
komentarebi orientirebuli<br />
unda iyos moswavlis Sedegebis<br />
gaumjobesebaze. SeniSnavdiT, rom<br />
diagarama 8.2-ze mocemuli efeqtis<br />
sidideebi aris 0.90 da zogjer<br />
ufro maRalic. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom aseTi komentarebi, moswavles<br />
saSualebas aZlevs, mixvdes,<br />
Tu ras akeTebs sworad da ras<br />
_ ara. bengert-dounsis, quliqis,<br />
quliqis da morganis (1991)<br />
kvle va ki askvnis, rom am meTodis<br />
gamoyenebis efeqtis sididea<br />
mxo lod 0.26. am SemTxvevaSi sagulisxmoa,<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom<br />
mo cemuli kvleva mxolod testze<br />
an `testis msgavs procedurebze~<br />
gakeTebul komentars exeboda.<br />
diagrama 8.3-ze detaluradaa warmodgenili<br />
r. bengert-dounsis, q.<br />
quliqis, j. quliqis da m. morganis<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />
diagrama 8.3-ze mocemuli<br />
kvle vebis Sedegebi ganaTlebis<br />
spe cialistebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania.<br />
miaqcieT yuradReba,<br />
rom moswavlisaTvis mxolod<br />
imis miniSneba, sworia Tu ara<br />
misi pasuxi, uaryofiT gavlenas<br />
axdens moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze.<br />
moswavlisaTvis swori<br />
pasuxis miwodebas aqvs efeqtis<br />
saSualo sidide (0.22). warmodgenili<br />
kvle vebis Sedegebis mixedviT,<br />
komentari yvelaze sasargebloa<br />
maSin, Tu is zedmiwevniT<br />
uxsnis moswavles, ra aris mis<br />
pasuxSi swori da ra _ ara. moswavlisaTvis<br />
miTiTebis micema,<br />
rom iqamde imuSaos davalebaze,<br />
sanam gansazRvrul Sedegs ar miaRwevs,<br />
aseve, zrdis moswavlis<br />
akademiur moswrebas.<br />
2. maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli<br />
komentarebi drouli unda<br />
iyos. komentarebis efeqturobis<br />
miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, drouloba<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis<br />
matarebeli faqtori aRmoCnda.<br />
sailustraciod, gaecaniT diagrama<br />
8.4-s, romelic amoRebulia<br />
r. bengert-dounsis, q. quliqis,<br />
j. quliqis da m. morganis kvlevidan.<br />
rogorc am kvlevidan irkveva,<br />
komentarebis micemis yvelaze efeq
miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
117<br />
naSromi<br />
lisakovski<br />
da uolbergi,<br />
1982 *<br />
lisakovski<br />
da uolbergi,<br />
1981 *<br />
uolbergi,<br />
1999<br />
Tenebaumi da<br />
goldringi,<br />
1989 *<br />
blumi, 1976<br />
Sirensi da<br />
bosqeri, 1997<br />
qumari, 1991<br />
holeri, Caildi<br />
da uolbergi,<br />
1988<br />
bengert<br />
– dounsi,<br />
quliqi,<br />
quliqi da<br />
morgani, 1991<br />
diagrama 8. 2<br />
komentarebis gakeTebis meTodis Sesaxeb<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
kvlevebSi<br />
yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
22<br />
7<br />
3<br />
9<br />
39<br />
19<br />
49<br />
11<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
0.92<br />
0.69<br />
0.83<br />
0.71<br />
1.15<br />
0.49<br />
0.55<br />
0.19<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
32<br />
25<br />
30<br />
26<br />
37<br />
19<br />
21<br />
7<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti 20 0.94 33<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti<br />
15<br />
7<br />
3<br />
3<br />
2<br />
0.66<br />
0.80<br />
0.52<br />
0.51<br />
0.67<br />
25<br />
29<br />
20<br />
19<br />
25<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti 7 0.54 21<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti _ 1.09 36<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti 5 3.35 41<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti 20 0.71 26<br />
komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis zogadi<br />
efeqti 58 0.26 10<br />
* Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />
efeqtis sididis ramdenime kategoriaa mocemuli. mkiTxvels, Tu dainteresebulia<br />
detalebiT, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.
118 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 8. 3<br />
moswavlis Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze orientirebuli komentarebis<br />
Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
naSromi<br />
komentaris<br />
tipi<br />
kvlevebSi<br />
yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
swori / araswori<br />
pasuxi 6 -0.08 - 3<br />
swori pasuxi 39 0.22 9<br />
gaimeore, sanam<br />
sworad ar<br />
Seasruleb 4 0.53 20<br />
ganmarteba 9 0.53 20<br />
turi dro testirebis damTavrebis<br />
periodia. moswavleebs rac ufro<br />
gvian mivawvdiT komentarebs, miT<br />
ufro nakleb gavlenas moaxdenen<br />
isini moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze.<br />
testis mxolod romelime<br />
nawilis dasrulebisTanave<br />
gakeTebuli komentarebi arc Tu<br />
ise efeqturi aRmoCnda (efeqtis<br />
sididea mxolod 0.19). maSin roca<br />
naSromi<br />
komentaris<br />
drouloba<br />
testirebis<br />
drouloba<br />
diagrama 8. 4<br />
komentarebis drouloba<br />
kvlevebSi<br />
yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
testis romelime<br />
nawilis dasrulebisTanave<br />
testis Semdeg<br />
(maSinve)<br />
testis dasrulebidan<br />
garkveuli periodis<br />
Semdeg<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
49 0.19 7<br />
2 0.72 26<br />
8 0.56 21<br />
maSinve 37 0.17 6<br />
erT dReSi 2 0.74 27<br />
erT kviraSi 12 0.53 20<br />
ufro xangrZlivi<br />
periodis Semdeg<br />
4 0.26 10
miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
119<br />
testis mTlianad dasrulebisTanave<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba yvelaze<br />
efeqtur meTodad iTvleba<br />
(efeqtis sididea 0.72).<br />
da bolos, mniSvnelovania<br />
testirebisTvis SerCeuli drois<br />
faqtoric. axali masalis SeswavlisTanave<br />
Catarebul testirebas<br />
Zalian mcire gavlena aqvs<br />
moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze.<br />
testirebis CatarebisaTvis optimalur<br />
drod iTvleba masalis Seswavlis<br />
dasrulebidan erTi dRe.<br />
3. maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli<br />
komentarebi konkretul kriteriumebs<br />
unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />
komentarebi moswavlisaTvis maqsi<br />
malurad sasargeblo rom iyos,<br />
aucilebelia, garkveuli kriteriumebiT<br />
gansazRvrul konkretuli<br />
donis unarze an codnaze<br />
miuTiTebdes. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, komentarebi<br />
uSualod unda ukavSirdebodes<br />
gansazRvrul kriteriumebs, da<br />
ara normebs. roca komentarebi<br />
garkveul normebs ukavSirdeba,<br />
moswavleebi iReben informacias<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mimarTebaa<br />
maTsa da sxva moswavleebs Soris.<br />
imis dasadgenad, Tu ra iswavla<br />
da ra aqvs kidev saswavli, moswavlisaTvis<br />
es informacia absoluturad<br />
gamousadegaria. kriteriumebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli komentarebi<br />
ki moswavles miuTiTebs, ra<br />
pozicia ukavia konkretuli codnisa<br />
Tu unarebis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom<br />
kriteriumebze mimarTuli komentarebi<br />
gacilebiT ufro sasargebloa,<br />
vidre normebze mimarTuli<br />
komentarebi (ix. qruqsi, 1988,<br />
uilburni da felpsi, 1983).<br />
4. efeqturi komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
moswavleebs Tavadac Seu<br />
ZliaT. zogi fiqrobs, rom komentarebis<br />
gakeTeba mxolod maswavleblis<br />
saqmea. saganmanaTleblo<br />
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom moswavleebsac<br />
SeuZliaT sakuTari progresis<br />
efeqturi monitoringi (ix.<br />
Trameli, Slosi da alferi, 1994).<br />
Cveulebriv, es imas gulismobs,<br />
rom moswavleebi swavlis proces<br />
Si miRweul warmatebebs iniSnaven.<br />
(ix. lindsli, 1972). magaliTad,<br />
maT SeiZleba awarmoon cxrili,<br />
romelSic iweren informacias<br />
axali unaris aTvisebasTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli aqtivobebis Sesrulebis<br />
sisworis da/an siCqaris Sesaxeb.<br />
grant uiginsi (1993) miiCnevda, rom<br />
moswavlis mxridan komentarebis<br />
gakeTeba, sakuTari swavlis procesTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, Zalian mniSvnelovania,<br />
iseve, rogorc TviTSefaseba.<br />
i. qanTrimeni da m. Sroderi<br />
(1996) ki yuradRebas amaxvileben<br />
maswavleblis mier TviTSefasebis<br />
gamoyenebaze klasSi.<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba:<br />
praqtika klasSi<br />
kriteriumebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
komentarebi<br />
moswavleTa akademiuri moswrebis<br />
gaumjobesebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania,<br />
Tu rogor iReben<br />
komentarebs Tavad moswavleebi.<br />
rogorc zemoT ganvixileT, kri
120 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 8. 5<br />
komentarebis rubrikebi<br />
Sefasebis skala: 4 = sanimuSo, 3 = kargi, 2 = gamosworeba sWirdeba, 1 =<br />
aradamakmayofilebeli, 0 = Sefaseba SeuZlebelia<br />
a: zogadi rubrika: informacia<br />
4 moswavles srulad da detalurad esmis Tema;<br />
3 moswavles srulad esmis Tema, magram misi codna ar aris detaluri;<br />
2 moswavles aqvs Temis arasruli, an arazusti codna. miuxedavad amisa, mas<br />
aqvs zogadi warmodgena TemasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
1 moswavles imdenad arasrulad da arasworad esmis Tema, rom SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom mas Tema ar esmis;<br />
0 SeuZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor esmis moswavles<br />
mocemuli Tema.<br />
b: zogadi rubrika: procesebi da unarebi<br />
4 moswavles SeuZlia, TemasTan dakavSirebuli unari an procesi Tavisuflad,<br />
mniSvnelovani Secdomebis gareSe warmoadginos. amasTanave, moswavles<br />
esmis procesis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi;<br />
3 moswavles SeuZlia, TemasTan dakavSirebuli unari an procesi mniSvnelovani<br />
Secdomebis gareSe warmoadginos.<br />
2 moswavles SeuZlia TemasTan dakavSirebuli unaris an procesis garkveuli<br />
formiT demonstrireba, magram am dros seriozul Secdomebs uSvebs.<br />
1 moswavle imden Secdomas uSvebs TemasTan dakavSirebuli unaris an procesis<br />
demonstrirebisas, rom ver amJRavnebs Temis codnas.<br />
0 SeuZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia moswavles<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebuli unaris an procesis demonstrireba.<br />
teriumebze mimarTuli komentarebi<br />
ufro nayofieria, vidre<br />
normebze mimarTuli komentarebi.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, moswavlisaTvis<br />
ufro advilad gasagebia, roca<br />
mas dadgenili kriteriumebis<br />
mixedviT afaseben, da ara sxva moswavleebTan<br />
SedarebiT, zogadad,<br />
procentuli qulebis miniWebiT.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, Zalian sasargebloa<br />
rubrikebis gamoyeneba. diagrama<br />
8.5 a-ze mocemulia zogadi<br />
rubrika, romelic, arsebiTad, informaciulia.<br />
diagrama 8.5 b-ze<br />
ki mocemulia rubrika, romelic<br />
ufro proceszea orientirebuli.<br />
maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, es<br />
zogadi rubrika konkretul Temas<br />
moargon. diagrama 8.6 a-ze<br />
gamosaxulia magaliTi imisa, Tu<br />
rogor moargo masawvlebelma<br />
informaciaze orientirebuli<br />
zo gadi diagrama industriuli<br />
re voluciis Temas. diagrama
miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
121<br />
sazogadod cnobilia, rom<br />
rac ufro konkretulia komendiagrama<br />
8. 6<br />
rubrikebis morgeba konkretul Temaze<br />
Sefasebis skala: 4 = sanimuSo, 3 = kargi, 2 = gamosworeba sWirdeba, 1 =<br />
aradamakmayofilebeli, 0 = SeuZlebelia Sefaseba<br />
a: industriuli revoluciis rubrika: informacia<br />
4 moswavles srulad da detalurad esmis industriul revoluciasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli relevanturi informacia;<br />
3 moswavles kargad esmis industriuli revoluciis Tema, magram ar aqvs<br />
gacnobierebuli detalebi;<br />
2 moswavlis codna, industriul revoluciasTan dakavSirebiT, arasruli,<br />
an arazustia; Tumca mas SeuZlia imis demonstrireba, rom aqvs zogadi<br />
informacia am Temaze;<br />
1 moswavle industriuli revoluciis TemasTan dakavSirebiT imdenad<br />
arasworad an arazustad msjelobs, rom adasturebs am Temis arcodnas;<br />
0 SeuZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor esmis moswavles<br />
industriuli revolucia.<br />
b: histogramis wakiTxva: procesebi da unarebi<br />
4 moswavles SeuZlia, Tavisuflad waikiTxos histograma, mniSvnelovani<br />
Secdomebis gareSe. amasTanave, igi acnobierebs histogramis kiTxvis<br />
procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad niSnebs.<br />
3 moswavles SeuZlia, mniSvnelovani Secdomebis gareSe waikiTxos histograma.<br />
2 moswavles, garkveulwilad, SeuZlia histogramis wakiTxva, magram kiTxvis<br />
procesSi seriozul Secdomebs uSvebs.<br />
1 histogramis kiTxvis procesSi moswavle imden Secdomas uSvebs, rom<br />
praqtikulad ver axerxebs mis gagebas.<br />
0 SeuZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia moswavles<br />
histogramis wakiTxva.<br />
8.6 b-ze ki naCvenebia procesebze<br />
da unarebze orientirebuli zogadi<br />
rubrikis varianti histogramis<br />
wakiTxvis unaris magaliTze.<br />
komentarebi, romlebic<br />
konkretul codnasa da unarebs<br />
ukavSirdeba<br />
tarebi, miT ufro sasargebloa<br />
moswavlisaTvis. Sesabamisad, maswavlebeli<br />
unda ecados, konkretul<br />
codnasa da unarebze gaake<br />
Tos komentari. qvemoT moyvanil<br />
magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor<br />
mivida zogadsaganmanaTleblo<br />
skolis maswavlebeli komentarebis<br />
dakonkretebis aucileblobamde.
122 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
batoni qordova koridorSi<br />
id ga, roca gaigona, rogor<br />
saubrobdnen misi moswavleebi<br />
eseebze, romlebic mis kolegas,<br />
qalbaton maqquins Caabares:<br />
`rogorc wesi, qalbaton<br />
maqquins daaxloebiT eqvsi<br />
kvira sWirdeba Cveni eseebis<br />
gasasworeblad. im droisaTvis,<br />
roca Cems eses gasworebuls<br />
mibrunebs, aRarc ki maxsovs,<br />
ra Temaze iyo ese, an ra mewera<br />
masSi. qalbatoni maqquini meore<br />
dResve rom gvibrunebdes<br />
nawerebs, miRebuli Sefasebidan<br />
gamomdinare, marTla raRacas<br />
viswavlidi. ori kviris Semdeg<br />
miRebul nawers ki, rogorc<br />
wesi, waukiTxavad vteni CanTaSi.<br />
yvelaze metad is ar momwons,<br />
roca Sefaseba erTi niSniT gamoixateba.<br />
A an B ras niSnavs ar<br />
SeiZleba ori niSani mainc damiweros<br />
kargi iqneboda, erTi<br />
niSani rom Sinaarsis Sefasebas<br />
gamoxatavdes, meore niSani ki _<br />
weris stilis Sefasebas.~<br />
batoni qordova daafiqra am<br />
sityvebma. mas gaaxsenda mTeli<br />
wyeba nawerebisa, romlebic, amdeni<br />
xania, gasasworebeli hqonda.<br />
batoni qordova Sefasebis<br />
miseul meTodebzec Cafiqrda.<br />
wina weridan ukve TiTqmis<br />
ori kvira iyo gasuli da jer<br />
kidev ar daebrunebina moswavleebisaTvis<br />
nawerebi; man piroba<br />
misca sakuTar Tavs, rom<br />
am SabaT-kviras yvela nawers<br />
Seamowmebda.<br />
moswavleebi ki saubars agr<br />
Zelebdnen: `aseve, mZuls iseTi<br />
savarjiSoebi, roca swori pasuxi<br />
gvaqvs Semosaxazi. aseTi<br />
testebis Sesworebisas maswavleblebi<br />
ubralod gadaxazaven<br />
xolme araswor pasuxs, aRniSnaven<br />
swors da amiT mTavrdeba<br />
yvelaferi. me ver vigeb, ratom<br />
iyo Cemi pasuxi araswori. aba,<br />
rogor damexmareba testis ase<br />
Ti gasworeba ramis gagebasa da<br />
swavlaSi!~<br />
`xandaxan mgonia, rom maswavleblebi,<br />
ubralod, movaleobas<br />
ixdian. ician, rom davalebis<br />
gasworeba da CvenTvis dabruneba<br />
evalebaT. sul es aris.<br />
maT TiTqos saerTod ar anaRvlebT,<br />
ras viswavliT.~<br />
batonma qordovam piroba<br />
misca sakuTar Tavs, rom uke<br />
Tes komentarebs dauwerda<br />
Tavis moswavleebs; is oTaxSi<br />
dabrunda da nawerebis gasworeba<br />
daiwyo. yvela araswor<br />
pasuxs mokle komentars uke<br />
Tebda. roca moswavleebs nawerebi<br />
dauriga, Tavisi wuxilic<br />
gaando imis Sesaxeb, rom surda,<br />
Tavisi komentarebiT metad<br />
daxmareboda moswavleebs. maswavlebelma<br />
klass auxsna, rom<br />
dReidan Seecdeboda, rac Sei<br />
Zleba sasargeblo komentarebi<br />
gaekeTebina maT nawerebze. es<br />
komentarebi moswavleTa mier<br />
aTvisebuli codnisa da unarebis<br />
donis Sesaxeb iqneboda.<br />
Semdeg batonma qordovam moswavleebs<br />
dausva kiTxvebi imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeniSvnebi<br />
iqneboda, maTi azriT, yvelaze<br />
sasargeblo. aRmoCnda, rom<br />
mxo lod ramdenime moswavle<br />
iyo iseTi, visac niSnis garda<br />
araferi anaRvlebda. danarCenebi<br />
aqtiurad Caebnen batoni<br />
qordovas mier wamowyebul diskusiaSi<br />
da gonivruli, gulwrfeli<br />
winadadebebi SesTavazes<br />
maswavlebels.<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
moswavleTa mier<br />
ratom ar unda CavrToT moswavleebi<br />
komentarebis gakeTebis<br />
procesSi moswavleTa mier komentarebis<br />
gakeTeba bevri sasargeblo<br />
niSniT gamoirCeva. qvemoT<br />
moyvanilia magaliTi socialur<br />
mecnierebaTa gakveTilidan.<br />
batoni hanteris moswavleebi
miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
123<br />
kargad werdnen biografiebs<br />
da maswavlebeli kmayofili<br />
iyo, rom moswavleebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, mis SeniSvnebs iziarebdnen.<br />
erT dRes judi, romelic<br />
gamorCeulad kargi moswavle<br />
iyo, winadadebiT gamovida; is<br />
Tvlida, rom sasargeblo iqneboda,<br />
Tu garkveul etapze,<br />
moswavleebi Temebis samuSao<br />
versiebs gacvlidnen da erTmaneTis<br />
nawerebze SeniSvnebs<br />
gaakeTebdnen. judis azriT, moswavleebs<br />
Zalian daexmareboda<br />
is, rom maT nawers erTze meti<br />
adamiani waikiTxavda. rogorc<br />
gogonam aRniSna, es, ra Tqma<br />
unda, ar daakninebda maswavleblis<br />
rols.<br />
maswavlebelma danarCen moswavleebs<br />
hkiTxa, Tu moswondaT<br />
es idea. yvela Tanaxma aRmoCnda.<br />
erT-erTma moswavlem, raSelma,<br />
judis ideas Semdegi SeniSvna<br />
daamata: kargi iqneboda, Tu<br />
komentarebi konkretulad im<br />
adgilebs gamoyofda, razec<br />
meti muSaoba marTebda moswavles.<br />
`me mgoni Zalian sasargeblo<br />
iqneba, Tu Cems daweril<br />
biografiaze komentarebs manam<br />
miviReb, sanam saboloo versias<br />
warvudgen maswavlebels,<br />
_ Tqva raSelma, `Zalian minda,<br />
rom es SeniSvnebi konkretuli<br />
iyos da mimiTiTebdes, ra aris<br />
problema. ar minda, ubralod,<br />
axali ideebi momawodon da<br />
problemad darCes Txzulebis<br />
is adgilebi, razec me vmuSaob.<br />
anu, miCevnia, axali ideebis<br />
nacvlad zusti SeniSvnebi miviRo<br />
Cems namuSevarze.~<br />
batoni hanteri daTanxmda,<br />
rom specialuri dro gamoeyo<br />
xolme aseTi aqtivobisaTvis.<br />
* * *<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi<br />
miznebis dasaxvisa da komentarebis<br />
gakeTebis meTodebs<br />
arasaTanado sixSiriT iyeneben,<br />
rac swavlebis efeqturobasa da<br />
moqnilobaze uaryofiTad aisaxeba.<br />
am TavSi ganvixileT swavlebis<br />
ori meTodis, miznebis dasaxvisa<br />
da komentarebis gakeTebis sxvadasxva<br />
forma.
9<br />
hipoTezis<br />
Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
meoreklaseli TiSa karga xans uyurebda cas da bolos wamoiZaxa:<br />
`me mgoni, Zlieri wvima daiwyeba. rogor cxeloda cota xnis win.<br />
axla ki civa da ca RrublebiT ifareba.~ TiSas bebo gaocebuli<br />
uyurebda gogonas. `amindis prognozis gakeTebac SegZlebia! sad<br />
iswavle amindis winaswarmetyveleba~ _ hkiTxa TiSas bebom. Ti<br />
Sam upasuxa, rom maswavlebeli mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi uxsnida<br />
amindis cvalebadobis niSnebs.<br />
`maswavlebelma gviTxra, rom mTeli weli amindis Sesaxeb<br />
unda gveswavla. Tu amden dros davuTmobdiT, ratom unda gveswavla<br />
zedapirulad maswavlebelma isic gangvimarta, rom ara<br />
mxolod Teoriul sakiTxebs viswavlidiT, aramed SevecdebodiT,<br />
Cveni codna yoveldRiurad gamogveyenebina. es imas niSnavda, rom<br />
xSirad klasis gareT mogviwevda muSaoba.~<br />
TiSas maswavlebeli moswavleebs amindis sxvadasxva movlenis<br />
Taviseburebebs uxsnida. yovel or kviraSi erTxel moswavleebi<br />
internetSi amowmebdnen amindis prognozs da bolo 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
dafiqsirebul aminds ganixilavdnen, Semdeg gadiodnen<br />
gareT da akvirdebodnen cas (dReSi orjer, diliT da SuadRisas).<br />
Semdeg moswavleebi aminds winaswarmetyvelebdnen, mecadineobis<br />
damTavrebis Semdgomi periodidan meore dilamde. aseve, maT uwevdaT,<br />
aexsnaT TavianTi winaswarmetyvelebis logikuri safuZveli.<br />
meore dilas moswavleebi TavianT hipoTezebs ganixilavdnen<br />
da afiqsirebdnen, ramdenad gamarTlda maTi varaudebi. Tu aRmoaCendnen,<br />
rom sworad iwinaswarmetyveles, im elementebs iniSnavdnen,<br />
rac yvelaze metad daexmaraT amindis gamocnobaSi. im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi hipoTeza araswori aRmoCndeboda, cdilobdnen,<br />
aexsnaT, konkretulad ra SeeSalaT, an raSi motyuvdnen.<br />
TiSas maswavlebeli amindis Temas imisaTvis iyenebda,<br />
rom moswavleebi erT-erT yvelaze analitikur da SemecnebiT<br />
procesSi CaerTo, romelsac hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda hqvia.<br />
124
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />
125<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da<br />
gamocda: kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />
ganmartebis mixedviT, hipo Tezis<br />
Camoyalibebisa da gamocdis procesi<br />
codnis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.<br />
es is procesia, romelsac<br />
xSirad mivmarTavT sxvadasxva<br />
s ituaciaSi (ix. henseli, 1988;<br />
heleri da raifi, 1984; qoedingeri<br />
da andersoni, 1993; qoedingeri da<br />
Tabaxneki, 1994). magaliTad, TviTmfrinavis<br />
frTaze haeris nakadis<br />
moZraobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad,<br />
moswavlem SeiZleba Camoayalibos<br />
hipoTeza, rom TviTmfrinavis<br />
frTis dizainis Secvla garkveul<br />
zegavlenas moaxdenda haeris nakadze.<br />
amis Semdeg moswavles<br />
SeuZlia, daamzados garkveuli<br />
dizainis frTa da gamoscados es<br />
hipoTeza.<br />
diagrama 9.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa da<br />
gamocdis meTodTan dakavSirebuli<br />
zogierTi kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia ori<br />
ganzogadebuli daskvna, romelic<br />
SeiZleba klasSi hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />
da gamocdis procesSi<br />
gamoviyenoT.<br />
1. hipoTezis Camoyalibebasa<br />
da gamocdas SeiZleba induqciuri<br />
an deduqciuri kuTxiT SevxedoT.<br />
deduqciuri azrovnebis dros viyenebT<br />
zogad wess, raTa momavali<br />
qmedeba an movlena viwinaswarmetyveloT<br />
(ix. jonson - lardi,<br />
1983). magaliTad, sanam daviwyebT<br />
moTxrobis kiTxvas mglis Sesaxeb,<br />
gonebaSi amotivtivdeba garkeuli<br />
zogadi informacia, rac mglebis<br />
Sesaxeb gagvigia. Tu erT-erTi<br />
Cveni zogadi warmodgena imas<br />
ukavSirdeba, rom mglebi jgufebad<br />
gadaadgildebian da `socialuri~<br />
cxovelebi arian, maSin vivaraudebT,<br />
rom moTxroba, romelic<br />
unda wavikiTxoT, swored `socialur~<br />
mglebs exeba, romlebic<br />
garkveuli jgufis wevrebi arian.<br />
induqciuri azrovneba ki<br />
ukavSirdeba axali daskvnebis ga<br />
diagrama 9.1<br />
kvlevebis Sedegebi: hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />
naSromi<br />
heTi da<br />
sxvebi, 1996<br />
loTi, 1983<br />
rosi, 1988<br />
kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
hipoTezis Camoyali <br />
bebisa da gamocdis<br />
zogadi efeqti 2 0.79 28<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />
da gamocdis<br />
zogadi efeqti 22 0.04 2<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />
da gamocdis<br />
zogadi efeqti 104 0.72 26
126 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
keTebas im informaciis safuZvelze,<br />
rac mogvepoveba, an rasac<br />
gvawvdian (ix. holandi, holioaqi,<br />
nisbeTi da Tagardi, 1986). magaliTad,<br />
Tu Tqven kiTxulobT erTi<br />
konkretuli daTvis qcevis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelsac mecnieri akvirdeba,<br />
arsebobs didi albaToba imisa,<br />
rom daaskvnaT Semdegi: daTvis aRwerili<br />
qceva aris ara mxolod am<br />
konkretuli daTvis Cveulebrivi,<br />
tipuri qceva, aramed, zogadad,<br />
daTvebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
qce va. sagulisxmoa, rom yoveldRiur<br />
cxovrebaSi azrovneba wmindad<br />
deduqciuri an induqciuri<br />
ar aris. mecnierebi askvnian, rom<br />
Cveni azrovneba ufro `Sereulia~,<br />
vidre zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebiTaa<br />
axsnili (dili, 1982; eqo,<br />
1976, 1979, 1984; medavari, 1967;<br />
fersi, 1975).<br />
induqciuri swavlebis me<br />
Todebi, Tavdapirvelad, moswavlisagan<br />
garkveuli principebis<br />
aRmoCenas, xolo Semdeg am<br />
principebis mixedviT hipoTezis<br />
Camoyalibebas moiTxovs. haeris<br />
nakadis Sesaxeb magaliTSi, maswavlebeli<br />
induqciur meTods<br />
gamoiyenebs, Tu sTxovs moswavleebs,<br />
rom jer haeris nakadis<br />
moZraobis principebi aRmoaCinon<br />
da Semdeg am principebze dayrdnobiT<br />
Camoayalibon hipoTezebi.<br />
maswavlebeli deduqciur meTods<br />
gamoiyenebs, Tu jer aRiarebul<br />
princip(eb)s warmoudgens moswavleebs,<br />
magaliTad, bernulis Teoremas.<br />
Semdeg ki sTxovs, am Teoremaze<br />
dafuZnebiT Camoayalibon<br />
da gamoscadon hipoTeza. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom klasSi orive<br />
tipis, deduqciuri da induqciuri<br />
meTodebi kargad muSaobs,<br />
iTvleba, rom deduqciuri midgomebi<br />
ufro amarTlebs. sailustraciod<br />
gaecaniT diagrama 9.2-s,<br />
romelzec am ori tipis meTodTan<br />
dakavSirebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebia warmodgenili.<br />
rogorc diagrama 9.2-is bolo<br />
or xazze vxedavT, deduqciuri me<br />
Todebis efeqtis saSualo sidide<br />
gacilebiT maRalia, vidre induqiuri<br />
meTodebis (deduqciuri _<br />
0.60, induqciuri _ 0.39). kvlevebis<br />
es Sedegi ar niSnavs imas, rom<br />
induqciur meTods ar SeiZleba<br />
hqondes maRali efeqti (anu efeqtis<br />
maRali sidide). SesaZloa,<br />
maswavleblebs uWirT induqciuri<br />
meTodebis sworad gamoyeneba.<br />
induqciuri meTodiT muSaobas<br />
mowesrigebuli, kargad Camoyalibebuli<br />
codna da gamocdileba<br />
sWirdeba, raTa moswavleebma<br />
konkretuli magaliTebidan zogadi<br />
principebis formulireba Se<br />
Zlon. im SemTxvevaSi, roca moswavleebs<br />
saTanado gamocdileba<br />
ar aqvT, ra Tqma unda, umjobesia,<br />
zogadi principebi mivawodoT da<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba am principebis<br />
safuZvelze vTxovoT.<br />
2. maswavlebelma unda mosTxovos<br />
moswavleebs, cxadad axsnan<br />
TavianTi hipoTeza da daskvnebi.<br />
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom Zalian<br />
efeqturia moswavleebis mier detaluri<br />
axsna-ganmartebis Camoyalibeba<br />
(sasurvelia, werilobiTi<br />
formiT) imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
Tu ra principebze muSaoben, ra<br />
hipoTezas ayalibeben am principebze<br />
dayrdnobiT da ratomaa
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />
127<br />
naSromi<br />
Tamiri, 1985<br />
loTi, 1983<br />
el-nemri, 1980<br />
suaiceri da<br />
andersoni, 1983<br />
uolbergi,<br />
1999<br />
rosi, 1988<br />
diagrama 9.2<br />
induqciuri Tu deduqciuri midgoma<br />
kvlevebSi<br />
yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
deduqciuri<br />
meTodebi<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
13 0.27 11<br />
deduqciuri<br />
meTodebi 18 0.02 1<br />
induqciuri<br />
meTodebi 4 0.10 4<br />
induqciuri<br />
meTodebi<br />
250 0.38 15<br />
induqciuri<br />
meTodebi 19 0.43 17<br />
induqciuri<br />
meTodebi 38 0.41 16<br />
induqciuri<br />
meTodebi 39 0.48 19<br />
deduqciuri<br />
meTodebi 65 0.83 30<br />
efeqtis saSualo sidide<br />
induqciuri meTodebisaTvis 380 0.39 15<br />
efeqtis saSualo sidide<br />
deduqciuri meTodebisaTvis 96 0.60 23<br />
gonivruli maTi hipoTeza (ix.<br />
lavoi, 1999; lavoi da gudi, 1988;<br />
losani, 1988). rogorc irkveva, moswavleTa<br />
mier TavianTi azrovnebis<br />
procesis axsna Zalian sasargebloa,<br />
radgan maT im principebis<br />
ukeT gagebaSi exmareba, romelsac<br />
Tavad iyeneben. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu induqciur meTods viyenebT,<br />
SegviZlia moswavleebs movTxovoT,<br />
axsnan, Tu ra logika udevs<br />
safuZvlad maT dakvirvebebs, rogor<br />
amyarebs maTi dakvirvebebi<br />
warmodgenil hipoTezas, rogor<br />
xdeba eqsperimentis saSualebiT<br />
hipoTezis Semowmeba da rogor<br />
adasturebs an uaryofs Semowmebis<br />
Sedegebi warmodgenil hipoTezas.<br />
Tu deduqciur meTods viyenebT,<br />
moswavleebs dakvirvebis fazis<br />
gavla ar mouwevT.
128 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da<br />
gamocda: praqtika klasSi<br />
struqturirebuli aqtivobebis<br />
gamoyeneba hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />
da gamocdis procesSi<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalbebisa da<br />
gamocdis procesi, rogorc wesi,<br />
samecniero meTodebTan asocirdeba.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, nebismieri<br />
disciplinis maswavlebels Seu<br />
Zlia, warmatebiT gamoiyenos es<br />
procesi. qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />
eqvsi tipis aqtivoba, romelic<br />
SeiZleba hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />
da gamocdis procesSi gamoviyenoT.<br />
sistemis analizi. moswavleebi<br />
TiTqmis yvela klassa da yvela<br />
saganSi swavloben sistemebs.<br />
magaliTad, sistemebis saxeebia:<br />
ekosistemebi, anatomiuri sistemebi,<br />
mTavrobis sistemebi, transportis<br />
sistemebi da a. S. moswavleebi<br />
gacilebiT kargad gaiazreben<br />
sistemis arss, Tu davavalebT,<br />
Camoayalibon hipoTezebi im cvlilebebis<br />
Sesaxeb, rasac sistemis<br />
erT-erTi nawilis Secvla gamoiwvevda.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia zogadi<br />
principebi, romlis mixedviTac<br />
SeiZleba warvmarToT moswavleTa<br />
muSaoba sistemebis analizze:<br />
1. axseniT sistemis mizani,<br />
sistemis nawilebi da TiToeuli<br />
nawilis funqcia;<br />
2. aRwereT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens<br />
sistemis TiToeuli nawili sxva<br />
nawilebze;<br />
3. gamoyaviT sistemis erT-erTi<br />
nawili, aRwereT cvlileba<br />
am nawilSi da CamoayalibeT<br />
hipoTeza imis Taobaze, Tu ra<br />
cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs am erTi<br />
nawilis Secvla mTlian sistemaSi;<br />
4. Tu SesaZlebelia, gamocadeT<br />
hipoTeza, sistemaze an sistemis<br />
nawilze ganxorcielebul realur<br />
an simulaciur cvlilebaze<br />
dakvirvebiT.<br />
problemis gadaWra. ganmartebis<br />
mixedviT, problema moicavs Sez<br />
Rudvebsa da Semaferxebel garemoebebs.<br />
problemebis gadaWrisas,<br />
moswavleebs uwevT hipoTezebis<br />
Camoyalibeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />
iqneboda problemis gadaWris<br />
saukeTeso gza. magaliTad, maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs SeiZleba<br />
sTxovos, Seqmnan raRac sagnis<br />
modeli (manqanis, xidis), masalis<br />
SezRudvis gaTvaliswinebiT, davuSvaT,<br />
mxolod erTi, garkveuli<br />
saxis masalis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT<br />
(xe an rezini). im codnisa da<br />
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rac moswavleebs aqvT (codna<br />
inerciaze, gravitaciaze, Zalasa<br />
da moZraobaze), maT unda Camoayalibon<br />
hipoTeza problemis gadaWris<br />
saSualebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
da Semdeg gamocadon es hipoTeza.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia zogadi<br />
principebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
SeiZleba warvmarToT moswavleTa<br />
muSaoba problemis gadaWris mimarTulebiT:<br />
1. CamoayalibeT mizani, romelsac<br />
gindaT, rom miaRwioT;<br />
2. aRwereT is barierebi an Sez<br />
Rudvebi, rac problemebs giqm
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />
129<br />
niT da xels giSliT dasaxuli<br />
miznis miRwevaSi;<br />
3. gansazRvreT arsebuli problemis<br />
gadaWris saSualebebi da<br />
CamoayalibeT hipoTeza problemis<br />
gadaWris yvelaze efeqtur<br />
saSualebasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
4. realurad an simulaciis gziT,<br />
gamocadeT problemis gadaWris<br />
Tqveneuli saSualeba;<br />
5. ramdenad dadasturda Tqveni<br />
hipoTeza gansazRvreT, gWirdebaT<br />
Tu ara sxva hipoTezis<br />
Camoyalibeba da gamocda.<br />
istoriuli kvleva. moswavleebi<br />
istoriul kvlevas iyeneben<br />
maSin, roca warsulSi momxdari<br />
im movlenebis mimdinareobas aRweren,<br />
romelTa mimarTac damokidebuleba<br />
sazogadoebaSi araerTgvarovania.<br />
magaliTad, moswavleebma<br />
SeiZleba sxvadasxva<br />
versia warmoadginon imasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, Tu ra roli iTamaSa<br />
ruzveltma perl harboris<br />
dabombvis winmswreb movlenebSi.<br />
moswavleebs kargad unda esmodeT<br />
istoriuli viTareba, raTa aqtiurad<br />
CaerTon istoriul kvlevaSi<br />
da savaraudo axsna Camoayalibon.<br />
hipoTezis Semowmebis<br />
procesSi moswavles didi moculobiT<br />
informaciis gaanalizeba<br />
uwevs, raTa mtkicebulebebi ipovos.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia zogadi<br />
principebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
SeiZleba warvmarToT moswavleTa<br />
muSaoba istoriuli kvlevis mimarTulebiT:<br />
1. kargad aRwereT istoriuli<br />
movlena, romlis kvlevac gadawyvetili<br />
gaqvT;<br />
2. gaarkvieT, am istoriuli movlenis<br />
ra nawilze arsebobs<br />
erTsulovneba sazogadoebaSi<br />
da ra nawilze _ ara;<br />
3. istoriul movlenaze arsebuli<br />
informaciis mixedviT, CamoayalibeT<br />
savaraudo axsna;<br />
4. SeamowmeT hipoTeza arsebul<br />
mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT.<br />
gamogoneba. axali midgomis SemuSaveba<br />
aris is aqtivoba, romelic<br />
moswavleebisagan hipoTezis<br />
Camoyalibebasa da mis Semowmebas<br />
moiTxovs. magaliTad, SeiZleba<br />
moswavlem sakuTari codna gulsisxlZarRvTa<br />
sistemisa da kun<br />
Tovani sistemis Sesaxeb, axali<br />
tipis fizikuri savarjiSos Sesaqmnelad<br />
gamoiyenos. amis gasakeTeblad,<br />
mas mouwevs hipoTezis<br />
Camoyalibeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />
tipis savarjiSo iqneba efeqturi<br />
da am hipoTezis Semowmeba. axali<br />
gamogoneba, rogorc wesi, ramdenime<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibebasa da<br />
gamocdas gulisxmobs manam, sanam<br />
ar aRmoCndeba, rom romelime<br />
maTgani efeqturia. qvemoT mocemulia<br />
zogadi principebi, romlis<br />
mixedviTac SeiZleba warvmarToT<br />
moswavleTa muSaoba gamogonebis<br />
mimarTulebiT:<br />
1. aRwereT situacia, romelic<br />
unda gamoasworoT, an saWiroeba,<br />
romelic axali midgomiTa<br />
Tu gamogonebiT unda daakmayofiloT;<br />
2. CamoayalibeT gamogonebis<br />
konkretuli standartebi, rac
130 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
xels Seuwyobs situaciis gamosworebas,<br />
an saWiroebis dakmayofilebas;<br />
3. SeimuSaveT hipoTezebi da ifiqreT<br />
imaze, Tu romeli iqneba<br />
yvelaze efeqturi;<br />
4. rodesac mixvalT hipoTezamde,<br />
romelsac warmatebis yvelaze<br />
meti Sansi aqvs, daiwyeT am<br />
hipoTezis Semdgomi ganviTareba,<br />
anu gamogoneba;<br />
5. hipoTeza iseT kondiciamde<br />
unda miiyvanoT, rom SesaZlebeli<br />
iyos misi gamocda;<br />
6. Tu saWiroa, gamogoneba an axali<br />
midgoma ise SecvaleT, rom<br />
man dasawyisSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
standartebi daakmayofilos.<br />
eqsperimentuli kvleva. eqsperimentul<br />
kvlevas, rogorc<br />
wesi, samecniero hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />
da Semowmebis process<br />
vukavSirebT xolme. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, eqsperimentuli kvlevis<br />
meTodi maswavlebelma SeiZleba<br />
nebimier disciplinaSi gamoiyenos,<br />
raTa moswavleebs ukeT<br />
gaagebinos Sesaswavli masala.<br />
magaliTad, moswavleebma SeiZleba<br />
Camoayalibon hipoTeza imis<br />
Taobaze, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens<br />
mkiTxvelze maT nawerSi gamoyenebuli<br />
esa Tu is literaturuli<br />
xerxi. es hipoTeza, ra Tqma unda,<br />
im codnas efuZneba, romelic<br />
moswavles daugrovda literaturis<br />
gakveTilebidan, sxvadasxva<br />
stilisturi xerxis gamoyenebis<br />
efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia zogadi<br />
principebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
SeiZleba warvmarToT moswavleTa<br />
muSaoba eqsperimentuli kvlevis<br />
mimarTulebiT:<br />
1. daakvirdiT TqvenTvis saintereso<br />
sagans/movlenas/cnebas<br />
da aRwereT Tqveni dakvirveba;<br />
2. gamoiyeneT konkretuli Teoriebi<br />
an wesebi imis asaxsnelad,<br />
rasac akvirdebodiT;<br />
3. Tqvens axsna-ganmartebaze dayrdnobiT,<br />
CamoayalibeT hipo<br />
Teza, Tu ra moxdeboda am<br />
Te oriebisa Tu wesebis Tqvens<br />
dakvirvebasTan misadagebis<br />
Sem TxvevaSi, an im situacias<br />
Tan misadagebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
romelic Tqvens dakvirvebas<br />
ukavSirdeba;<br />
4. CaatareT eqsperimenti, an moawyveT<br />
aqtivoba Tqveni hipoTezis<br />
gamosacdelad;<br />
5. axseniT Tqveni eqsperimentisa<br />
Tu aqtivobis Sedegebi. gansaz<br />
RvreT, swori iyo Tu ara Tqveni<br />
hipoTeza. saWiroebis mixedviT,<br />
gadawyviteT, gWirdebaT<br />
Tu ara damatebiTi eqsperimentis<br />
an aqtivobis mowyoba, an<br />
aucilebelia Tu ara alternatiuli<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda.<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba. gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miReba xSirad<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibebasa da SemowmebasTan<br />
ar asocirdeba. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis struqturirebuli procesi<br />
moswavleebs daexmareba, gamoikvlion<br />
hipoTezuri situaciebi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT is situaciebi,<br />
roca saganTa an movlenaTa jguf<br />
Si yvelaze kargis an cudis SerCe
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />
131<br />
va uwevT. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebs<br />
vTxovT, daasaxelon gasuli<br />
aTwleulis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
musikosi an mxatvari, bevri moswavle<br />
momentalurad SemogvTavazebs<br />
sakuTar hipoTezas. Tu maT<br />
vTxovT, warmodgenili hipoTezis<br />
gamosacdelad,struqturirebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Car<br />
Co gamoiyenon, bevri moswavlis<br />
hipoTeza Seicvleba. struqturirebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
CarCos gamoyeneba moswavleebs<br />
saSualebas aZlevs, gamoiyenon<br />
da ukeT gaaanalizon am sakiTx<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli codna. qvemoT<br />
mocemulia zogadi principebi,<br />
romlis mixedviTac SeiZleba<br />
warvmarToT moswavleTa muSaoba<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis mimarTulebiT:<br />
1. aRwereT gadawyvetileba, romelsac<br />
iRebT da, aseve, gadmoeciT<br />
am gadawyvetilebis alternatiuli<br />
variantebi;<br />
2. CamoayalibeT is kriteriumebi,<br />
romlebic gadawyvetilebis<br />
procesSi Tqvenze gavlenas<br />
moaxdens. gansazRvreT, romelia<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani kriteriumebi.<br />
amisaTvis SegiZliaT<br />
gamoiyenoT mniSvnelovnebis<br />
Sefasebis skalas 1-dan 4-mde;<br />
3. SesaZlo ganawyvetilebis Ti<br />
Toeul alternativas mianiWeT<br />
qula (1-dan 4-mde) imis aRsani<br />
Snavad, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs<br />
konkretuli alternativa<br />
Camoyalibebul kriteriumebs;<br />
4. TiToeuli alternativis Sesafaseblad<br />
mniSvnelovnebis Sefasebis<br />
skalaze dafiqsirebuli<br />
qula gaamravleT alternativis<br />
qulaze. miRebuli cifri<br />
gamoiyeneT saboloo qulis<br />
misaniWeblad;<br />
5. SeadareT sxvadasxva alternativisaTvis<br />
miniWebuli saboloo<br />
qulebi;<br />
6. SerCeuli alternativisadmi<br />
Tqveni damokidebulebis mixedviT,<br />
gansazRvreT, saWirod<br />
TvliT Tu ara mniSvnelovnebis<br />
qulebis gadaxedvas, an romelime<br />
kriteriumis mimatebas an<br />
moSorebas.<br />
qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi<br />
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyenos maswavlebelma erT<br />
Temaze muSaobisas ramdenime tipis<br />
aqtivoba.<br />
batoni sandersi me-10 klaselebTan<br />
meore msoflio omis<br />
Temas amuSavebda; mas surda,<br />
moswavleebisaTvis hipoTezis<br />
Ca moyalibebisa da gamocdis<br />
sxva dasxva gza warmoedgina. mas<br />
Semdeg, rac moswavleebma Seiswavles<br />
ZiriTadi faqtebi meore<br />
msoflio omis Sesaxeb, maswavlebelma<br />
sTxova maT, mocemuli<br />
sami proeqtidan erT-erTi amoerCiaT:<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba. Tqveni<br />
azriT, ra iqneboda meore<br />
msoflio omis dasrulebis<br />
saukeTeso saSualeba, atomuri<br />
bombis gamoyenebis garda<br />
CamoayalibeT Tqveni hipoTeza<br />
da am hipoTezis gamosacdelad<br />
gamoiyeneT gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis CarCo.<br />
problemis gadaWra. Tqven<br />
rom meore msoflio omis dros<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
prezidenti yofiliyaviT,<br />
atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis<br />
gareSe, rogor aiZulebdiT
132 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
iaponias, dagnebebodaT<br />
gamoZieba. ratom ganaxorciela<br />
iaponiam perl harborze<br />
Seteva amboben, rom amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma<br />
ruzveltma iaponelebis<br />
provocireba moaxdina. sxvebi<br />
ewinaaRmdegebian am mosazrebas.<br />
rogoria Tqveni hipoTeza SeagroveT<br />
masala, romelic Tqvens<br />
hipoTezas daadasturebs.<br />
hipoTezisa da daskvnebis<br />
Camoyalibebis unari: rogor<br />
davexmaroT moswavleebs<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mas<br />
wavlebelma moswavleebs unda<br />
mosTxovos, cxadad axsnan Tavian<br />
Ti hipoTeza, hipoTezis gamocdis<br />
gzebi da daskvnebi. maswavlebelma<br />
maT iseTi savarjiSoebi unda<br />
miawodos, romelic saTanadod<br />
moamzadebs moswavleebs hipoTezis<br />
Camoyalibebis procesis axsnisaTvis;<br />
xels Seuwyobs maT,<br />
daeuflon im unarebs, romlebic<br />
daexmareba, aRweron, ra iswavles<br />
hipoTezis Semowmebis procesSi.<br />
am mizniT, maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
Semdeg strategiebs mimarTos:<br />
• moumzados da gadasces moswavleebs<br />
nimuSebi, romelSic<br />
gansazRvruli iqneba maT mier<br />
Sesrulebuli samuSaos aRweris<br />
Tanamimdevroba da xazgasmuli<br />
iqneba im elementebis CamonaTvali,<br />
romlebzec maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebisagan detalur aRweras<br />
moiTxovs;<br />
• moumzados da gadasces moswavleebs<br />
(gansakuTrebiT, dabalklaselebs)<br />
im winadadebaTa<br />
dasawyisi frazebi, romlebic<br />
aseTi aRwerisas daexmareba maT;<br />
• moamzadebinos moswavleebs audio<br />
Canawerebi, romelSic zepirad<br />
axsnian Tavian hipoTezebsa<br />
da daskvnebs;<br />
• moumzados an moswavleebTan<br />
erTad Camoayalibos rubrika,<br />
romlis mixedviTac Seafasebs<br />
maT. es moswavleebs daexmareba,<br />
gaiazron maswavleblis mTavari<br />
kriteriumebi, romliTac<br />
is hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa da<br />
Semowmebis procesis aRweris<br />
Sefasebisas ixelmZRvanelebs;<br />
• moawyos RonisZiebebi, romlebzec<br />
mSoblebi da sazogadoebis<br />
sxva wevrebi moswavleebs<br />
sTxoven, axsnan TavianTi Sexedulebebi<br />
sxvadasxva sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi<br />
xelovnebis maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
sTxovs, axsnan, rogor<br />
Camoayalibes da gamocades TavianTi<br />
hipoTezebi.<br />
me-5 klasis xelovnebis maswavlebelma<br />
miagno gzas, Tu<br />
rogor unda gaegebinebina moswavleebisaTvis,<br />
rogor urTierTqmedebs<br />
erTmaneTTan naxatis<br />
sxvadasxva elementi da<br />
rogor qmnian isini erT sistemas<br />
(magaliTad, ra gavlenas<br />
axdens feri perspeqtivaze da<br />
ra gavlena aqvs tilos Semadgenlobas<br />
ferze). maswavlebelma<br />
gamoiyena proeqtori da klass<br />
warmoudgina erTi cnobili<br />
tilo; man auxsna moswavleebs,<br />
rom, kompiuteris daxmarebiT,<br />
xelis erTi moZraobiT SeeZlo,<br />
Seecvala tilos feri, perspeqtiva<br />
da kontrasti. manam, sanam
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />
133<br />
rames Secvlida, maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs sTxova, dawyvilebuliyvnen<br />
da emsjelaT,<br />
ra gavlenas moaxdenda erTi<br />
elementis cvlileba sistemis<br />
Semadgenel sxva elementebze.<br />
am aqtivobis Semdeg, maswavlebelma<br />
Secvala konkretuli elementi<br />
da moswavleebs saSualeba<br />
misca, dafiqrebuliyvnen am<br />
cvli lebaze da dakvirvebodnen<br />
Sedegs. TiToeuli aseTi cvlilebis<br />
Semdeg, maswavlebeli<br />
mos wavleebs sTxovda, aexsnaT<br />
klasisTvis, raSi mdgomareobda<br />
maTi hipoTeza, ratom Tvlidnen,<br />
rom es hipoTeza logikuri<br />
iyo da ramdenad dadasturda<br />
maTi xedva.<br />
* * *<br />
zogi fiqrobs, rom hipoTezis<br />
Camoyalibebisa da Semowmebis me<br />
Todi mxolod sabunebismetyvelo<br />
sagnebis maswavleblebma unda gamoiyenon.<br />
rogorc wignSi warmodgenili<br />
Tavidan SevityveT, am me<br />
Todis gamoyeneba TiTqmis yvela<br />
disciplinasa da sruliad gansxvavebul<br />
saswavlo situaciebSi<br />
SeiZleba.
10<br />
miniSnebebi,<br />
SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
msgavsebisa da<br />
gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />
Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />
gakeTeba<br />
moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />
gaZliereba da misi<br />
warmatebis aRiareba<br />
saSinao davaleba da<br />
praqtika<br />
warmodgenis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />
TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavla<br />
miznebis dasaxva da<br />
komentarebis gakeTeba<br />
qalbatoni kroufordi maRalklaselebs fsiqologiis Sesavals<br />
aswavlida. pirvel gakveTilze man dafaze dawera sityva `fsiqologia~<br />
da moswavleebs sTxova, erTmaneTisTvis gaeziarebinaT<br />
informacia, rasac am terminis Sesaxeb flobdnen. moswavleebi<br />
pasuxobdnen da maswavlebeli maTi pasuxebidan mTavar sityvebs<br />
dafaze werda. ufro detaluri diskusiisaTvis qalbatonma<br />
kroufordma ramdenime sityva SearCia. es sityvebi iyo: froidi,<br />
fsiqoanalizi, ego, aracnobieri, orpolusiani, gaoreba. maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs sTxova, TiToeul terminTan dakavSirebiT<br />
CamoeTvalaT, sazogadoebaSi ra swori da mcdari warmodgenebi<br />
arsebobda. rodesac qalbatonma kroufordma moswavleebs zigmund<br />
froidis Sesaxeb hkiTxa, gaaoca maTi pasuxebis mravalferovnebam<br />
da moswavleTa siRrmiseulma codnam zigmund froidis<br />
pirovnebasTan dakavSirebiT. roca moswavleebi sxva terminebze<br />
gadavidnen, maswavlebelma maTi ZiriTadi mosazrebebis dafaze<br />
Camowera ganagrZo. diskusiis bolos qalbaton kroufords sakmarisi<br />
informacia hqonda fsiqologiis Sesaxeb moswavleTa codnas<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT. axali masalis miwodebis procesis dagegmvisas,<br />
maswavlebeli mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iyenebda am informacias.<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />
da gamocda<br />
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
am bolo kategoriaSi warmodgenili swavlebis strategiebi<br />
moswavleebs exmareba, Tavi mouyaron im codnas,<br />
romelic mocemul TemasTan dakavSirebiT gaaCniaT.<br />
arateqnikur termins Tu gamoviyenebT, amas `winare codnis<br />
aqtivaciasac~ uwodeben. qalbatoni kroufordi araformaluri,<br />
Tumca efeqturi gziT cdilobda moswavle<br />
Ta winare codnis aqtivacias.<br />
saganmanaTleblo kvlevebi adasturebs, rom winare<br />
codnis aqtivacia Zalian mniSvnelovania yvela tipis<br />
swavlis procesSi. codna, romelic konkretul Temas<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT gagvaCnia, did gavlenas axdens am Temis<br />
134
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
135<br />
Sesaxeb axali codnis aTvisebaze.<br />
u. briueri da j. Treiensi (1981)<br />
swored am gavlenas ikvlevdnen;<br />
maT 30 moswavles erT oTaxSi mouyares<br />
Tavi da uTxres, rom es im<br />
profesoris oTaxi iyo, romelic<br />
eqsperiments atarebda. TiToeul<br />
moswavles sTxoves, moecada.<br />
gavida 35 wami. moswavleebi sxva<br />
oTaxSi gadaiyvanes da sTxoves,<br />
furcelze daeweraT yvelaferi,<br />
rac pirveli oTaxis Sesaxeb daamaxsovrdaT.<br />
u. briueri da j.<br />
Treiensi varaudobdnen, rom moswavleebi<br />
ise aRwerdnen oTaxs,<br />
rogorc, zogadad, profesoris<br />
oTaxi warmoedginaT. da ar aRwerdnen<br />
zustad im oTaxs, romelic<br />
axlaxan datoves. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
mkvlevarebis hipoTezis mixedviT,<br />
moswavleTa winare codna gavlenas<br />
moaxdenda maT aRqmaze. es<br />
swored ase moxda. 30-dan 29 moswavlem<br />
gaixsena, rom oTaxSi idga<br />
saweri magida da skami; mxolod 8<br />
moswavlem Tqva, rom oTaxSi iyo<br />
gancxadebebis dafa da Tavis qala;<br />
9 moswavlem ganacxada, rom oTax<br />
Si wignebi SeniSna, rac, sinamdvileSi,<br />
im oTaxSi ar yofila. Sesabamisad,<br />
moswavleebma ganacxades,<br />
rom naxes is, rasac elodnen,<br />
rom naxavdnen. moswavleTa mier<br />
gakeTebuli aRwerebis garkveuli<br />
komponentebi realobas ar Seesabameboda.<br />
winare codnis gamoyeneba Sei<br />
Zleba swavlebis karg meTodad<br />
iqces. miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi swored<br />
moswavleTa winare condis aqtivaciis<br />
process uwyobs xels.<br />
miniSnebebisa da SekiTxvebis<br />
meTodi: kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />
miniSnebebisa da SekiTxvebis me<br />
Todi maswavlebels saSualebas<br />
aZlevs, moswavleebs winare<br />
codnis gamoyenebaSi daexmaros.<br />
diagrama 10.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />
miniSnebisa da SekiTxvebis meTod<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli zogierTi<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom diagrama<br />
10.1-ze miniSnebebisa da SekiTxvebis<br />
gamoyeneba cal-calkea ganxiluli,<br />
es ori meTodi erTmaneTis<br />
msgavsia. miniSneba warmoadgens<br />
mcire informaciis miwodebis me<br />
Tods imis Sesaxeb, rac moswavlem<br />
unda gaigos/gamoscados uaxloes<br />
periodSi. magaliTad, maswavlebeli<br />
iyenebs miniSnebis meTods,<br />
roca ujredis Sesaxeb filmis<br />
yurebis win moswavleebs uxsnis,<br />
rom es filmi Seexeba rogorc maT<br />
Tvis cnobil informacias, aseve,<br />
siaxleebs. filmis Temis gamocxadebiT,<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleTa<br />
winare codnis aqtivacias axdens.<br />
axal informaciaze miniSnebiT ki<br />
pedagogi bavSvebs molodins uRviZebs.<br />
kiTxvebic, daaxloebiT,<br />
imave funqcias asruleben. magaliTad,<br />
filmis yurebamde maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs SeiZleba<br />
SekiTxvebi dausvas da amiT Tavi<br />
mouyaros im informacias, romelsac<br />
isini floben.<br />
iTvleba, rom SekiTxvebi da<br />
miniSnebebi saklaso praqtikis<br />
ZiriTad nawils qmnian. kvlevebi<br />
aCenebs, rom xandaxan kiTxvebisa<br />
da miniSnebebis gamoyeneba sak
136 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
naSromi<br />
diagrama 10.1<br />
miniSnebisa da SekiTxvebis meTodis Sesaxeb<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
kvlevebSi<br />
yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
rosi, 1988 miniSnebebi 6 0.41 16<br />
uolbergi, 1999 SekiTxvebi 14 0.26 10<br />
redfildi da<br />
ruso, 1981 SekiTxvebi 7 0.73 27<br />
uaizi da oqei,<br />
1983<br />
SekiTxvebi 5 0.37 14<br />
miniSnebebi 38 0.53 20<br />
sTouni, 1983 miniSnebebi 83 0.75 27<br />
blumi, 1976 miniSnebebi 11 0.21 39<br />
qrismori, 1985 miniSnebebi 231 0.60 23<br />
hemeqeri, 1986 SekiTxvebi 100 0.75 27<br />
guzeTi, snaideri<br />
da glasi, 1993<br />
miniSnebebi da<br />
SekiTxvebi 11 0.80 29<br />
laso mecadineobis, daaxloebiT,<br />
80%-s ikavebs (ix.deivisi da Tinslei,<br />
1967; filipone, 1998). sagulisxmoa,<br />
rom maswavleblebi ise<br />
iyeneben SekiTxvebisa da miniSnebebis<br />
meTods, rom zogjer arc<br />
ki ician am meTodis arsebobis<br />
Sesaxeb. r. naSma da d. Simanma 1974<br />
wels gamoaqveynes saintereso<br />
kvleva, saTauriT: `inglisuris<br />
maswavlebeli, rogorc kiTxvebis<br />
damsmeli~. am kvlevis mixedviT,<br />
dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebi,<br />
romlebic acxadebdnen, rom yovel<br />
naxevar saaTSi 12 – 20 SekiTxvas<br />
svamdnen, sinamdvileSi svamdnen<br />
45 – 150 SekiTxvas. m. filiponem<br />
(1998) igive daskvna gaakeTa Tavis<br />
samagistro kvlevaSi.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia oTxi<br />
ganzogadebuli daskvna, romelic<br />
maswavleblebs miniSnebebisa<br />
da SekiTxvebis meTodis efeqtur<br />
gamoyenebaSi daexmareba.<br />
1. miniSnebebi da SekiTxvebi<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovan, da ara yvelaze<br />
originalur, sakiTxebs unda<br />
ukavSirdebodes. sxvadasxva kvleva<br />
aCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi<br />
xSinad svamen SekiTxvebs imasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, rac originaluria,<br />
an rac maT gansakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas imsaxurebs, da ara im<br />
sakiTxebze, romelic masalis kargad<br />
asaTviseblad yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />
(ix. aleqsanderi da<br />
judi, 1988; aleqsanderi, kulikoviCi<br />
da Sulce, 1994; rizneri,
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
137<br />
nikolsoni da uebi, 1994). bevri<br />
maswavlebeli fiqrobs, rom originalur<br />
sakiTxebze moswavleTa<br />
yuradRebis mipyroba Temisadmi moswavleTa<br />
dainteresebas gazrdis.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom, sinamdvileSi,<br />
moswavleTa interess Temis Sesaxeb,<br />
rac SeiZleba, meti informaciis<br />
floba zrdis (aleqsanderi da<br />
sxvebi, 1994). Sesabamisad, Tu kiTxvebi<br />
sakiTxis siRrmiseul gagebaze<br />
iqneba mimarTuli, mosalodnelia,<br />
rom moswavleTa interesic ufro<br />
gaizrdeba.<br />
2. `analitikuri~ SekiTxvebi<br />
ufro sasargebloa, vidre `faqtobrivi~<br />
SekiTxvebi. ganaTlebis<br />
sfe roSi Catarebuli kvlevebi<br />
aCve nebs, rom moswavleebisaTvis<br />
analitikuri SekiTxvebis dasma<br />
ufro sasargebloa, vidre faqtobrivi<br />
SekiTxvebis dasma (ix. redfildi<br />
da ruso, 1981). analitikuria<br />
SekiTxvebi, romlebic moswavleTa<br />
mxridan analizis unaris<br />
gamoyenebas moiTxovs, xolo faqtobrivia<br />
SekiTxvebi, romelze pasuxis<br />
gasacemadac moswavles mxolod<br />
konkretuli informaciis<br />
gaxseneba sWirdeba. samwuxarod,<br />
praqtika gviCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi,<br />
umetesad, faqtobriv<br />
SekiTxvebs svamen (deivisi da Tinslei,<br />
1967; filipone, 1998; guzaki,<br />
1967; mueleri, 1973). analitikuri<br />
SekiTxvebis sxvadasxva ganmarteba<br />
arsebobs, magram yvela Tanxmdeba<br />
imaze, rom analitikuri SekiTxva<br />
moswavlisagan yovelTvis iTxovs<br />
informaciis restruqturizaciasa<br />
da codnis gamoyenebas.<br />
3. maswavleblis mier SekiTxvis<br />
dasmis Semdeg, sasurvelia, mciredi<br />
Seyovneba. SekiTxvebis dasmis<br />
meTodis ganxilvisas, mniSvnelovania<br />
`Seyovnebis drois~ gamoyenebis<br />
principebis axsna. m. rou<br />
(1974) xsnis, rom `Seyovnebis dro~<br />
moicavs ramdenimewamian pauzas<br />
SekiTxvis dasmis Semdeg, raTa<br />
moswavleebs pasuxis gacemamde<br />
fiqris saSualeba mivceT. q. Tobini<br />
(1987) ganasxvavebs Seyovnebis<br />
sxvadasxva tips (magaliTad, pauza,<br />
romelic maswavleblis mier warmoTqmul<br />
sityvebs mohyveba; pauza,<br />
romelic moswavlis mier warmoTqmul<br />
sityvebs mohyveba da win<br />
uZRvis maswavleblis sityvebs).<br />
misi gamoyenebis simartivis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
Seyovnebis dro<br />
Zalian sasargeblo saswavlo me<br />
Todia. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom<br />
Seyovnebis dro moswavleebs meti<br />
interaqciis saSualebas aZlevs<br />
(fauleri, 1975; honea, 1982).<br />
4. SekiTxvebis dasma swavlis<br />
efeqturi meTodia maSinac ki, roca<br />
SekiTxvebi axali masalis Seswavlamde<br />
ismeba. Cveulebriv, miiCneven,<br />
rom maswavlebeli SekiTxvebis<br />
dasmis meTods mas Semdeg<br />
iyenebs, rac moswavleebi axal<br />
masalas Seiswavlian. axali masalis<br />
aTviseba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli<br />
iyos teqstis wakiTxvasTan,<br />
gakveTilis mosmenasTan an axal<br />
masalasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis<br />
warmodgenasTan. mniSvnelovania<br />
imis gaTvaliswineba,<br />
rom SekiTxvebis dasmis meTodis<br />
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia axali<br />
masalis Seswavlamdec. aseT dros<br />
SekiTxvebi maswavlebels exmareba,<br />
Seqmnas saTanado garemo siaxlis<br />
asaTviseblad. am SemTxvevaSic
138 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
analitikuri SekiTxvebi masalis<br />
ufro safuZvlian aTvisebas uwyobs<br />
xels (hemeqeri, 1986; osmani<br />
da hanafini, 1994; fresli, Tenebaumi,<br />
maqdanieli da vudi, 1990;<br />
fresli, vudi, uoloSini, martini,<br />
qingi da menqe, 1992).<br />
miniSnebebi da SekiTxvebi:<br />
praqtika klasSi<br />
cxadi miniSnebebi<br />
miniSnebebis gamoyeneba maswavlebels<br />
saSualebas aZlevs, gaaaqtiuros<br />
winare codna. am meTodis<br />
meSveobiT, maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
winaswar warmodgenas uqmnis<br />
Sesaswavli masalis Sesaxeb.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi dawyebiTi<br />
klasis moswavleebis espanuris<br />
gakveTilidan. am magaliTSi<br />
naTlad Cans, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
miniSnebebis gamoyeneba klasSi.<br />
qalbatoni smiti mesame klaselebs<br />
aswavlis. gakveTilis dasawyisSi<br />
igi moswavleebs ekiTxeba,<br />
hyavT Tu ara megobari,<br />
romelic yovelTvis sxvebisgan<br />
Txoulobs nivTebs. aseT adamianebs<br />
espanurad `pediguenos~,<br />
xolo inglisurad `leeches~ eZaxian.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebeli xsnis:<br />
dRevandeli gakveTili aseT<br />
adamianebs eZRvneba, radgan<br />
dRes kuTvnilebiT zedsarTavebs,<br />
espanurad adjetivos posesivos<br />
vxsniT. Cven visaubrebT<br />
da vivarjiSebT kuTvnilebiT<br />
zedsarTavebze: Tú, él / ella / usted,<br />
nosotros, vosotros, ellos / ellas /<br />
ustedes. magaliTad, aba, vTargmnoT<br />
Semdegi winadadeba espanurad:<br />
`piteri ar iyenebs Tavis<br />
manqanas. is Txoulobs megobris<br />
manqanas.~<br />
SekiTxvebi, romlebsac<br />
moswavle daskvnebamde mihyavs<br />
SekiTxvebis dasmis meTodi moswavleebs<br />
exmareba, informaciiT<br />
`Seavson~ is `sicarieleebi~, romlebic<br />
saukeTesod dagegmili<br />
gakveTilis drosac ki rCeba. maswavleblebs<br />
SeuZliaT qvemoT moy<br />
vanili SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba,<br />
raTa moswavleebi garkveul<br />
daskvnebamde miiyvanon. moswavleebis<br />
daskvnebi SeiZleba im sagnebs,<br />
adamianebs, moqmedebebs, movlenebs<br />
da arsebobis formebs ukavSirdebodes,<br />
romelTa Sesaxeb informaciasac<br />
isini skolaSi iReben.<br />
sagnebi / adamianebi:<br />
rogor moqmedebs es sagani an adamiani<br />
rogor moqmedeben am saganze<br />
rogor gamoiyeneba es sagani<br />
risi nawilia es sagani<br />
rogor mzaddeba es sagani<br />
aqvs Tu ara am sagans garkveuli<br />
surneli, gemo, xma aRwereT<br />
sagani am niSan-Tvisebebis<br />
mixedviT;<br />
aqvs Tu ara am sagans garkveuli<br />
feri, nomeri (an raodenoba),<br />
adgilmdebareoba, ganzomileba<br />
aRwereT sagani am niSan-<br />
Tvisebebis mixeviT;<br />
rogor iyideba es sagani<br />
aris Tu ara sagani garkveuli ganwyobis<br />
matarebeli aRwereT sagani<br />
am niSan-Tvisebis mixeviT;<br />
aqvs Tu ara mas konkretuli Rirebuleba<br />
rodesac mas viyenebT, eqmneba Tu
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
139<br />
ara safrTxe sxva sagnebs an adamianebs<br />
aRwereT es safrTxe.<br />
moqmedebebi:<br />
ra sagani an adamiani asrulebs am<br />
moqmedebas / moqmedebebs<br />
ra gavlenas axdens es moqmedeba am<br />
sagnis gemoze, xmaze an garegnul<br />
Sexedulebaze<br />
rogor cvlis es moqmedeba am adamianis<br />
emociur mdgomareobas<br />
rogor cvlis es moqmedeba am sagnis<br />
Rirebulebas<br />
rogor cvlis es moqmedeba am sagnis<br />
formas an zomas<br />
rogor cvlis es moqmedeba am sagnis<br />
mdgomareobas<br />
RonisZiebebi:<br />
ra tipis adamianebi iReben monawileobas<br />
am RonisZiebaSi<br />
weliwadis romel dros xdeba es<br />
RonisZieba<br />
kviris romel dRes xdeba es RonisZieba<br />
dRis ra periodSi xdeba es RonisZieba<br />
sad xdeba es RonisZieba rodis<br />
xdeba es movlena / RonisZieba<br />
ra mowyobilobebi gamoiyeneba am<br />
RonisZiebis dros<br />
ra dro sWirdeba am RonisZiebas<br />
mdgomareoba:<br />
ra procesebis gavliT miiRweva es<br />
mdgomareoba<br />
ra cvlilebebi iCens Tavs, rodesac<br />
raRaca / viRaca am mdgomareobaSi<br />
imyofeba<br />
am kiTxvebis gamosayeneblad,<br />
maswavlebelma unda moaxdinos<br />
konkretuli sagnebis, adamianebis,<br />
RonisZiebebis / movlenebis an<br />
mdgomareobebis identifikacia moswavleTa<br />
mier Seswavlil masala<br />
Si. Semdeg maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />
dasvas SekiTxvebi im magaliTebis<br />
mixedviT, rac zemoT aris warmodgenili.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia am<br />
SekiTxvebis dasmis magaliTi janmrTelobis<br />
gakveTilze.<br />
qalbatonma qonconem me-6 klasis<br />
moswavleebs wasakiTxad<br />
misca statia kvebis proces<br />
Tan da kavSirebuli darRvevebis<br />
Se saxeb. moswavleebma statia<br />
waikiTxes. kiTxvis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg qalbatonma qonconem<br />
bavSvebs dausva SekiTxvebi,<br />
rom lebic maT statiis ukeTesad<br />
gagebaSi daexmareboda. es<br />
SekiTxvebi iyo:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
rogor moqmedeben is adamianebi,<br />
romelTac kvebis<br />
procesTan dakavSirebuli<br />
darRvevebi aReniSnebaT<br />
ras uSvrebian im adamianebs,<br />
romelTac kvebis proces<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli dar<br />
Rvevebi aReniSnebaT<br />
erT-erTma moswavlem dasmul<br />
SekiTxvebs Semdegnairad upasuxa:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
rogor moqmedeben es adamianebi<br />
me yovelTvis megona,<br />
rom kvebis procesTan<br />
dakavSirebuli darRvevebi<br />
im adamianebs aReniSnebaT,<br />
vinc saWmels ar Wamen. axla<br />
kargad veRar gamirkvevia,<br />
kvebis darRvevad zedmeti<br />
Wamac igulisxmeba Tu mxolod<br />
uWmeloba<br />
ras uSvrebian am adamianebs<br />
rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva<br />
darRveva sxvadasxva problemasTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad,<br />
aseTi adamianebis
140 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
mkurnalobis meTodebi individualurad,<br />
maTi diagnozis<br />
mixedviT ganisazRvreba.<br />
analitikuri SekiTxvebi<br />
zogierTi SekiTxva moswavlisagan<br />
informaciis analizsa da<br />
kritikas moiTxovs. aseTi tipis<br />
SekiTxvebis dasmaSi maswavleblebs<br />
analitikuri unarebis nusxa<br />
daexmareba (ix. diagrama 10.2).<br />
TiToeul analitikur unars<br />
SekiTxvebis garkveuli kategoria<br />
ukavSirdeba, romelTa CamonaTvalsac<br />
qvemoT gTavazobT:<br />
Secdomebis analizi:<br />
logikuri urTierTkavSiris TvalsazrisiT,<br />
ra Secdomebia daSvebuli<br />
warmodgenil informaciaSi<br />
ratom aris warmodgenili informacia<br />
SecdomaSi Semyvani<br />
rogor SeiZleba SevasworoT warmodgenili<br />
informacia<br />
argumentebis moSvelieba mtkicebulebis<br />
dasadastureblad:<br />
romeli argumenti SeiZleba moviSvelioT<br />
warmodgenili mtkicebulebis<br />
dasadastureblad<br />
ra TvalsazrisiTaa es mtkicebuleba<br />
susti<br />
ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad<br />
mocemul mtkicebulebas<br />
sxvadasxva damokidebulebis analizi:<br />
ratom SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom<br />
es sagani an movlena kargi,<br />
cudi an neitraluria<br />
ra analizi udevs safuZvlad<br />
Tqvens msjelobas imasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, rom mocemuli<br />
movlena an sagani kargi, cudi<br />
an neitraluria<br />
ra iqneboda Tqveni damokidebulebis<br />
alternativa ra logikuri<br />
safuZveli aqvs am alternativas<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi imisa,<br />
Tu rogor iyenebs am SekiTxvebs<br />
sabunebismetyvelo sagnis<br />
maswavlebeli ganaTlebis sabazo<br />
safexurze.<br />
qalbatoni eganis moswavleebi<br />
fizikuri garemos Temas gadiodnen.<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
sTxova, CamoeyalibebinaT<br />
mosazreba `Zveli” tyeebis<br />
mofrTxilebis Sesaxeb. ra<br />
poziciac ar unda aerCiaT moswavleebs,<br />
maT sakuTari mosazreba<br />
saTanado argumentebiTa<br />
da Zlieri mtkicebulebebiT<br />
unda gaemyarebinaT.<br />
diagrama 10.2<br />
analitikuri unarebis<br />
ganmarteba<br />
Secdomebis analizi: Secdomebis<br />
identifikacia da warmodgena.<br />
argumentebis moSvelieba: mtki <br />
cebulebis damadasturebe li<br />
ar gumentebis sistemis Camoyali<br />
beba.<br />
sxvadasxva damokidebulebis<br />
analizi: konkretul sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, piradi damokidebulebis<br />
identifikacia da<br />
Camoyalibeba.
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
141<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi:<br />
kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, xeli<br />
Seuwyos moswavles winare codnis<br />
aqtivaciaSi. winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
moswavles axali codnis<br />
aTvisebaSi exmareba. winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebis cneba daamkvidra da<br />
popularuli gaxada fsiqologma<br />
devid ausubelma (1968). ausubeli<br />
Semdegnairad ganmartavda winmswreb<br />
aqtivobebs:<br />
relevanturi da yovlismomcveli<br />
Sesavali informacia...<br />
romelTac moswavleebs axali<br />
masalis Seswavlamde warmovudgenT...<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebiT<br />
gadmocemuli Sesavali informacia<br />
gacilebiT ufro abstraqtuli,<br />
ganzogadebuli da<br />
yovlismomcvelia, vidre Tavad<br />
Sesaswavli masala. winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebiT iqmneba xaraCo,<br />
romelzec ufro detaluri<br />
diagrama 10.3<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebis meTodis kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
naSromi<br />
uolbergi,<br />
1999<br />
heTi, 1992<br />
loTi,<br />
1983 *<br />
sTouni,<br />
1983<br />
kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli<br />
zogadi efeqti<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
29<br />
16<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis<br />
sidide<br />
0.45<br />
0.24<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli<br />
zogadi efeqti 387 0.37 14<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli<br />
zogadi efeqti<br />
17<br />
5<br />
0.09<br />
0.77<br />
ganmartebiTi<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi 44 0.80 29<br />
naratiuli winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebi 12 0.53 20<br />
informaciis<br />
gada kiTxva, rogorc<br />
winmswrebi aqtivoba 15 0.71 26<br />
ilustrirebuli<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi 15 0.52 20<br />
* Tavad naSromSi, warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />
efeqtis sididis ori kategoriaa mocemuli. mkiTxvels, Tu dainteresebulia<br />
detalebiT, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.<br />
17<br />
9<br />
3<br />
28
142 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
masalisagan Semdgari kedlebi<br />
daSendeba. Sesabamisad, winmswrebi<br />
aqtivoba ar aris igive,<br />
rac Sejameba an mimoxilva;<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi xids<br />
emsgavseba, romelic moswavlis<br />
winare codnas im masalasTan<br />
akavSirebs, romlis aTvisebac<br />
moswavles mouwevs (gv. 148).<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis Temaze<br />
devid ausubelis pirveli nawerebis<br />
Semdeg, mkvlevarebma zedmiwevniT<br />
Seiswavles es meTodi. diagrama<br />
10.3-ze warmodgenilia winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebis gamoyenebis<br />
meTodTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli<br />
zogierTi kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi mWid rod<br />
ukavSirdeba miniSnebebsa da SekiTxvebs.<br />
miniSnebebTan da SekiTxvebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli me-4 ganzogadebuli<br />
daskvna (SekiTxvebis dasma swavlis<br />
efeqturi meTodia maSinac ki,<br />
roca SekiTxvebi axali masalis Seswavlamde<br />
ismeba) swored winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobis formiT dasmul SekiTxvebzea<br />
koncentrirebuli. Sesabamisad,<br />
oTxi ganzogadebuli daskvna,<br />
romelic zemoT iyo warmodgenili,<br />
miniSnebebisa da SekiTxvebis meTodis<br />
efeqtur gamoyenebasTan dakav<br />
SirebiT, winmswreb aqtivobebzec<br />
vrceldeba:<br />
1. winmswrebi aqtivobebi yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovan, da ara yvelaze<br />
originalur, sakiTxebs unda ukav<br />
Sirdebodes.<br />
2. `analitikuri~ winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebi ufro sasargebloa, vidre<br />
`faqtobrivi~ winmswrebi aqtivobebi.<br />
gamomdinare iqidan, rom es<br />
ganzogadebuli daskvnebi zemoT<br />
ukve ganvixileT, damatebiT<br />
axsna-ganmartebas aq aRar warmovadgenT.<br />
is kvlevebi, romlebic,<br />
uSualod, winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
gamoyenebis efeqturobas ukav<br />
Sirdeba, kidev ramdenime saintereso<br />
daskvnas gvTavazobs:<br />
3. winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyeneba<br />
yvelaze sasargebloa<br />
maSin, roca informacia kargad<br />
ar aris organizebuli. rogorc<br />
CvenTvis cnobilia, winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebi, ganmartebis mixedviT,<br />
informaciis organizebis<br />
saSualebas warmoadgenen. Sesabamisad,<br />
rac ufro mouwesrigebelia<br />
Sesaswavli informacia, miT<br />
ufro maRalia maTi gamoyenebis<br />
efeqti (ix. marTorela, 1991; maieri,<br />
1979; uaiTi da TiSeri, 1986).<br />
magaliTad, winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
gamoyeneba ufro efeqturi<br />
iqneba bunebaSi gasvlis win, vidre<br />
saxelmZRvanelos erT-erTi Tavis<br />
wakiTxvis win, radgan wignis Tavebi<br />
kargadaa organizebuli saTaurebiTa<br />
da qvesaTaurebiT.<br />
4. sxvadasxva tipis winmswrebi<br />
aqtivoba sxvadasxva Sedegs iZleva.<br />
rogorc diagrama 10.3-zea warmodgenili,<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
4 zogadi tipi arsebobs, esenia:<br />
ganmartebiTi, naratiuli, informaciis<br />
gadakiTxvze dafuZnebuli,<br />
ilustrirebuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi.<br />
oTxive tipis winmswrebi<br />
aqtivoba efeqturobiT gamoirCeva<br />
da gansakuTrebiT maRalia ganmartebiTi<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />
gamoyenebis nayofiereba. am
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
143<br />
oTxi tipis garda, arsebobs sxva<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebic. kvlevebi<br />
adasturebs, rom praqtikaSi winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobis mravali sxva<br />
saxeobac gamoiyeneba.<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi:<br />
praqtika klasSi<br />
ganmartebiTi winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebi<br />
ganmartebiTi winmswrebi aqtivobebi,<br />
ubralod, im axal masalas<br />
aRweren, romelic moswavleebs<br />
unda gavacnoT. qvemoT moyvanil<br />
magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor<br />
iyenebs maswavlebeli ganmartebiT<br />
winmswreb aqtivobebs sxvadasxva<br />
profesiaze saubrisas.<br />
karieris dResTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
moswavleTa samuSao jgufma SesaniSnavi<br />
dRis wesrigi moamzada,<br />
magram jgufis wevrebs gamor<br />
CaT rCevebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />
unda gaekeTebinaT moswavleebs,<br />
raTa efeqturad gamoeyenebinaT<br />
sxvadasxva mosaubrisagan<br />
miRebuli informacia. dagegmili<br />
iyo sxvadasxva pirovnebis<br />
mosmena mTeli dRis manZilze.<br />
mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis<br />
dros batonma matamorosma moswavleebs<br />
winmswrebi aqtivoba<br />
moumzada. winmswreb aqtivobaSi<br />
mocemuli iyo TiToeuli profesiis<br />
mokle aRwera, karieris<br />
dagegmvis RonisZiebaze<br />
warmosadgenad. batonma matamorosma<br />
moswavleebs yvela<br />
aRwera waakiTxa. Semdeg mTelma<br />
klasma, erToblivad, Ti<br />
Toeuli profesia cal-calke<br />
ganixila. TiToeuli profesiis<br />
aRweramde batoni matamorosi<br />
moswavleebs sTxovda, CaexedaT<br />
winmswreb aqtivobaSi da Tvali<br />
gadaevloT am profesiis mokle<br />
aRwerisTvis.<br />
karieris dagegmvis RonisZieba<br />
dasrulda. moswavleebma<br />
aRniSnes, rom winmswrebi aqtivobiT<br />
gakeTebul savarjiSos<br />
didi mniSvneloba hqonda karieris<br />
dagegmvis RonisZiebaze<br />
warmodgenili informaciis gasagebad.<br />
ramdenime mowveulma<br />
stumarma, romelic sesiebs uZ<br />
Rveboda, ganacxada, rom isini<br />
gaocebulebi iyvnen moswavle<br />
Ta mier dasmuli SekiTxvebis<br />
mizanmimarTulobiT.<br />
naratiuli winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebi<br />
naratiuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
moswavleebs informacias<br />
TxrobiTi formiT awvdian. qvemoT<br />
moyvanil magaliTSi naCvenebia,<br />
Tu rogor iyenebs maswavlebeli<br />
naratiul winmswreb aqtivobebs<br />
tornadoebze saubrisas.<br />
qalbatoni nilis moswavleebi<br />
me-4 klasSi arian. tornadoebze<br />
filmis yurebamde maswavlebelma<br />
bavSvebs Semdegi ambavi<br />
uambo.<br />
`erTxel tornados Seveswari.<br />
simarTle giTxraT, sanam<br />
ar dasrulda, verc mivxvdi,<br />
rom es tornado iyo. im dRes<br />
Cemi dis mosanaxuleblad viyavi<br />
wasuli. SuadRis 3.00 saaTi iyo.<br />
me da Cemi da sastumro oTaxSi<br />
visxediT da Cais mivirTmevdiT.<br />
moulodnelad Ca mobnelda.<br />
ar dagaviwydeT, rom mxolod<br />
3.00 saaTi iyo! Cven verc ki<br />
vifiqrebdiT, rom tornado<br />
gviaxlovdeboda. me da Cemma<br />
dam oTaxSi sinaTle avanTeT,<br />
darabebi gamovaReT, Cais sma<br />
da saubari gavagrZeleT. cota<br />
xanSi eleqtroenergia gaiTiSa<br />
da signalizaciis xma gavigo
144 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
neT. gancvifrebuli viyaviT<br />
da ver gagvego, ra xdeboda.<br />
sulac ar SegvSinebia. ramdenime<br />
wuTSi Cemma meuRlem dareka.<br />
telefonebi ar gaTiSula.<br />
meuRlem mkiTxa, rogor xaro.<br />
`ra Tqma unda, kargad var. ra<br />
unda mWirdes~, _ vupasuxe.<br />
man ki mipasuxa, rom Cvens axlos<br />
mdebare midamoebs es-es<br />
aris tornado daatyda Tavso.<br />
am sityvebma goneba gaminaTa.<br />
me da Cemi da saxlidan gamovvardiT<br />
da gaviqeciT. quCaSi<br />
didi areuloba iyo. SuqniSani<br />
mowyvetili iyo. tornados manqanebi<br />
gadaetrialebina da xeebi<br />
fesvebianad amoeglija. avejis<br />
maRaziisa da swrafi kvebis<br />
restornis fanjrebi Camsxvreuli<br />
iyo. saSineli ngrevisa<br />
da zaralis momswreni viyaviT.~<br />
informaciis gadakiTxva,<br />
rogorc winmswrebi aqtivoba<br />
safuZvlian wakiTxvamde informaciis<br />
zedapiruli gadakiTxva<br />
SeiZleba efeqturi winmswrebi<br />
aqtivoba iyos. qvemoT moyvanil<br />
magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor<br />
iyenebs maswavlebeli informaciis<br />
gadakiTxvas, rogorc winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobis formas bunebismetyvelebis<br />
gakveTilze me-6 klasis<br />
moswavleebTan.<br />
me-6 klasis moswavleebi gasvliT<br />
gakveTilze, planetarium<br />
Si unda waeyvanaT. batonma armstrongma<br />
moswavleebs sTxova,<br />
saxlSi rukidan amobeWdili ori<br />
gverdisaTvis gadaexedaT. erT<br />
gverdze mocemuli iyo CrdiloeT<br />
naxevarsferos varskvlavebis<br />
rukebis diagrama, xolo meore<br />
gverdze samxreT naxevarsfero<br />
iyo gamosaxuli. rukebze<br />
ramdenime sxva mniSvnelovani<br />
faqtic iyo datanili.<br />
`am rukebs mxolod gadaxedeT~,<br />
_ sTxova moswavleebs<br />
batonma armstrongma. `varskvalvebis<br />
ganlagebaze zogadi<br />
warmodgena dagexmarebaT imis<br />
gagebaSi, rasac planetariumSi<br />
vnaxavT~.<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobebi<br />
am wignis me-6 TavSi ganvixileT<br />
grafikuli sqemebi, rogorc<br />
informaciis aralingvisturi miwodebis<br />
erT-erTi xerxi. grafikuli<br />
sqema SeiZleba winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobac iyos. qvemoT moyvanil<br />
magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor<br />
iyenebs maswavlebeli grafikul<br />
winmswreb aqtivobebs frangulis<br />
gakveTilze me-11 klasis moswavleebTan.<br />
qalbaton hogams dagegmili<br />
hqonda, me-11 klasis moswavleebisaTvis<br />
franguli impresionizmi<br />
gaecno. sanam proeqtoris<br />
daxmarebiT frangi impresionistebis<br />
namuSevrebis<br />
amsaxvel slaidebs gaacnobda,<br />
qalbatonma hogamma moswavleebs<br />
grafikuli sqema _ diagrama<br />
warmoudgina. diagramaze<br />
gamosaxuli iyo im ramdenime<br />
mxatvris saxeli, romelTa detaluri<br />
Seswavlac mogvianebiT<br />
iyo dagegmili (ix. diagrama<br />
10.4).<br />
qalbatonma hogamma moswavleebs<br />
sTxova, yuradRebiT<br />
yofiliyvnen da damatebiTi informacia<br />
Tavad daetanaT mocemul<br />
diagramaze. damatebiT<br />
informaciaSi is gulisxmobda<br />
impresionizmis mTavar maxasiaTeblebs,<br />
sxva mxatvarTa saxelebs,<br />
maTi namuSevrebis saxelwodebebs<br />
da sxva mniSvnelovan<br />
faqtebs mxatvrebze an maT<br />
tiloebze.
miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
145<br />
diagrama 10.4<br />
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi: franguli impresionizmi<br />
pol sezani<br />
saxli<br />
napraliani<br />
kedlebiT<br />
mobanaveebi<br />
franguli impresionizmi<br />
edgar dega<br />
qali<br />
abazanaSi<br />
cisferi<br />
balerinebi<br />
klod mone<br />
guburebi<br />
dumfarebiT<br />
qali<br />
wyarosTan<br />
sauzme<br />
mdeloze<br />
yuradReba<br />
sinaTleze<br />
pier ogiust<br />
renuari<br />
sauzme<br />
meniCbeTa<br />
wreSi<br />
* * *<br />
sasargebloa, roca moswavleebi<br />
axal masalaze fiqrs manam iwyeben,<br />
sanam am masalis uSualo Seswavlaze<br />
gadavlen. aseTi meTodologia,<br />
rogorc wesi, zrdis moswavlis<br />
akademiur moswrebas. maswavleblebs<br />
SeuZliaT, sxvadasxva tipis<br />
miniSneba, SekiTxva da winmswrebi<br />
aqtivobagamoiyenon, raTa am tipis<br />
azrovnebas Seuwyon xeli.
s w a v l e b i s<br />
m eTodebis<br />
g amoyeneba
11 moswavleTaTvis<br />
sxvadasxva tipis<br />
codnis gadacema swavlebis<br />
sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT<br />
am wignis me-2 _ me-10 TavebSi<br />
aRwerili swavlebis cxra meTodi<br />
efeqturia yvela tipis sagnobrivi<br />
codnis gadasacemad. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, moswavleebisaTvis mocemuli<br />
tipis codnis gadasacemad,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, konkretuli<br />
meTodi SearCios. siaxles ar<br />
warmoadgens is faqti, rom codnis<br />
sxvadasxva tipi swavlis da,<br />
Sesabamisad, swavlebis sxvadasxva<br />
meTods ukavSirdeba. es mosazreba<br />
pirvelad ralf tailerma<br />
gaaxmovana 1950-ian wlebSi (ix. Sefaseba<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi: ralf<br />
taileris klasikuri naSromebi,<br />
avtorebi: madausi da sTaflbimi,<br />
1989). mogvianebiT, ganaTlebis reformatorma,<br />
hilda Tabam (1962)<br />
wignSi `saswavlo gegmis SemuSaveba:<br />
Teoria da praqtika~ es cneba<br />
ganavrco da konkretuli tipis<br />
codna swavlebis konkretul me<br />
Todebs daukavSira.<br />
sagnobrivi codna SeiZleba<br />
149<br />
xuT farTo kategoriad davajgufoT:<br />
1. sityvaTa maragi da frazebi,<br />
2. detalebi, 3. ideaTa mowesrigeba,<br />
4. unarebi da taqtika,<br />
5. procesebi. pirveli sami kategoria<br />
informaciulia da `mtkicebiTi<br />
codnis~ saxeliT movixseniebT.<br />
bolo ori kategoria ki<br />
ufro proceszea orientirebuli<br />
da `proceduruli codnis~ saxeliTaa<br />
cnobili.<br />
sityvaTa maragi da frazebi:<br />
kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs<br />
Zlieri kavSiri sityvebis maragsa<br />
da iseT faqtorebs Soris, rogorebicaa:<br />
• sazrianoba (deivisi,1944; Speriti,<br />
1972; Torndaiqi da lorji,<br />
1943)
150 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
• axali informaciis aRqmis unari<br />
(Coli, 1958; harisoni, 1980)<br />
• Semosavlis odenoba (stiCti,<br />
hofsteteri da hofsteteri,<br />
1997)<br />
sityvaTa maragis mniSvnelovnebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT,<br />
rom sityvaTa maragis<br />
gaumjobesebaze mimarTuli swavleba<br />
yvela skolaSi saswavlo procesis<br />
sagulisxmo nawilia. ufro<br />
metic, mkvlevarebi adastureben,<br />
rom sityvaTa margis sistematuri<br />
gaumjobeseba swavlebis yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani praqtikaa, romlis<br />
gamoyenebac maswavlebels Seu<br />
Zlia. es praqtika gansakuTrebiT<br />
efeqturia dabali akademiuri moswrebis<br />
moswavleebis mimarT (ix.<br />
beqeri, 1977).<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis skoleb<br />
Si sityvaTa maragis sistemuri<br />
swavlebis SemTxvevebs iSviaTad<br />
vxvde biT (ix. maqqeouni da qurTisi,<br />
1987). ufro metic, zogierTi<br />
amtkicebs, rom sityvaTa maragis<br />
sistemuri swavleba unayofo,<br />
an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, naklebad<br />
efeqturi meTodia.<br />
sityvaTa maragis sistemuri<br />
swavlebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba<br />
saTaves iRebs inglisur<br />
enaSi sityvaTa raodenobidan.<br />
ufro zustad, nagi da misi<br />
kolegebi (nagi da andersoni,<br />
1984; nagi da hermani, 1984) acxadeben,<br />
rom `saskolo beWdviT inglisurSi~<br />
daaxloebiT 85000 sityvaa.<br />
saskolo beWdviT inglisurSi<br />
inglisuri sityvebis is moculoba<br />
igulisxmeba, romelsac moswavleebi<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo<br />
skolaSi swavlis periodSi (12<br />
wlis manZilze) awydebian. cxadia,<br />
rom amdeni sityvis cal-calke<br />
swavla SeuZlebeli iqneboda. Sesabamisad,<br />
nagi da misi kolegebi<br />
Tvlian, rom sityvaTa maragis<br />
sistemuri Seswavla arapraqtikulia.<br />
s. Stalma da m. fearbenqsma<br />
(1986) nagis argumenti Semdegnairad<br />
Seajames:<br />
sityvaTa maragis Sesavsebi prog<br />
rama, rogorc wesi, kviraSi<br />
10 _ 12 sityvis swavlas gulisxmobs,<br />
rac weliwadSi 400<br />
sityvas Seadgens. am sityvebidan<br />
moswavle realurad, daaxloebiT,<br />
75%-s, anu 300 sityvas<br />
iTvisebs. Sesabamisad, sityvebis<br />
sistemuri swavliT moswavle<br />
mainc ver iRebs sityvaTa<br />
saWiro marags. (Stali da fearbenqsi,<br />
1986, gv. 100).<br />
nagi da hermani (1987) gvTavazoben<br />
sityvaTa maragis mizanmimarTuli<br />
swavlebis alternativas. isini weren:<br />
moswavleebs rom vTxovT, 200<br />
dRis manZilze dReSi 25 wuTi<br />
ikiTxon, siCqariT: 200 sityva<br />
erT wuTSi, erT weliwadSi<br />
isini milioni sityvsagan Semdgar<br />
teqsts waikiTxavdnen.<br />
Cveni gamoTvlebis mixedviT,<br />
erTi milioni sityvis wakiTxvis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, moswavle, daaxloebiT,<br />
15000 _ 30000 ucnob<br />
sityvas waikiTxavs. Tu yoveli<br />
20 axali sityvidan erTs mainc<br />
iswavlis, maSin weliwadSi mas<br />
750-dan 1500-mde axali sityvis<br />
Seswavla mouwevs (gv. 20).<br />
Tu am logikas mivyvebiT, sityvebis<br />
mizanmimarTuli swavla rekomendebuli<br />
ar iqneba da SeiZleba<br />
drois sulelur flangvadac
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
151<br />
ki CaiTvalos. Tumca es ar aris<br />
zusti msjeloba. sxva kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebi sawinaaRmdegos amtkiceben<br />
da gviCveneben, rom sityvebis<br />
sistemuri swavla gamarTlebulia<br />
yvela asakobriv jgufSi.<br />
sityvaTa maragisa da frazebis<br />
efeqturad swavlebis mizniT, maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
ganzogadebuli daskvnebi<br />
gamoiyenos.<br />
1. advilad rom daamaxsovrdes,<br />
konkretuli sityva an fraza<br />
moswavles sxvadasxva konteqstSi<br />
ramdenjerme unda Sexvdes. arsebobs<br />
mosazreba, rom moswavlisaTvis<br />
axali sityvebis aTvisebis<br />
saukeTeso gza kiTxvaa. am mosazrebis<br />
mxardamWerni miiCneven, rom<br />
moswavle aucileblad swavlobs<br />
im axal sityvebs, rasac kiTxvis<br />
procesSi awydeba. es araswori<br />
daSvebaa. ubralod kiTxva, sityvebis<br />
swavlis gareSe, rogorc wesi,<br />
sagrZnoblad ar zrdis moswavlis<br />
sityvaTa marags. ilustraciisaTvis,<br />
gavecnoT j. jenqsis,<br />
m. Stainisa da q. visockis (1984)<br />
kvlevas, romelic adasturebs,<br />
rom axali sityvis mniSvnelobis<br />
dasamaxsovreblad (sistemuri Seswavlis<br />
gareSe) aucilebelia, moswavle<br />
sxvadasxva konteqstSi, sul<br />
mcire, eqvsjer mainc Sexvdes am<br />
sityvas. es kvleva adasturebs,<br />
rom sityvis wakiTxva erT an or<br />
sxvadasxva konteqstSi sakmarisi<br />
ar aris misi mniSvnelobis dasamaxsovreblad.<br />
eqsperimentma daadastura,<br />
rom sityvis mxolod<br />
meeqvse gansxvavebul konteqstSi<br />
wakiTxvis Semdeg imaxsovrebdnen<br />
moswavleebi mis mniSvnelobas.<br />
j. jenqinsis, m. Stainisa da q.<br />
visockis kvlevis Semdeg kidev ori<br />
kvleva Catarda, romelic Seiswavlida,<br />
SeuZlia Tu ara mos wavles<br />
axali sityvis mniSv ne lobis aTviseba<br />
mxolod kiTxviT. u. nagim<br />
da f. hermanma (1987) daaskvnes,<br />
rom mxolod 5%-iani albaToba<br />
arsebobs imisa, rom mos wavle<br />
kiTxvisas Sexvedrili axa li sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobas daimaxsovrebs.<br />
maxasiaTebeli<br />
unari<br />
klasi<br />
teqstSi axali<br />
sityvebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
diagrama 11. 1<br />
axali sityvebis konteqstSi swavlis albaToba<br />
dabali<br />
saSualo<br />
maRali<br />
me - 4 klasi<br />
me - 11 klasi<br />
faqtori<br />
axali sityva yovel 10 sityvaSi<br />
axali sityva yovel 74 sityvaSi<br />
axali sityva yovel 150 sityvaSi<br />
sityvis Seswavlis<br />
albaToba<br />
8 %<br />
12 %<br />
19 %<br />
8 %<br />
33 %<br />
7 %<br />
14 %<br />
30 %<br />
wyaro: monacemebi moyvanilia suonbornisa da de gloferis (1999) kvlevidan
152 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
m. suonbornma da q. de gloferma<br />
(1999) ki daadgines, rom moswavlis<br />
mier wakiTxuli axali sityvebis<br />
damaxsovrebis 15%-iani albaToba<br />
arsebobs. es orive kvleva sakmaod<br />
optimistur daskvnebs gvTavazobs<br />
sityvebis SemTxveviTi swavlis albaTobis<br />
Sesaxeb. diagrama 11.1-ze<br />
warmodgenilia m. suonbornisa da<br />
q. de gloferis (1999) mier Catarebuli<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />
rogorc diagrama 11.1-zea warmodgenili,<br />
arsebobs bevri faqtori,<br />
romelic teqstis kiTxvisas<br />
axali sityvebis Seswavlis alba<br />
Tobaze axdens gavlenas. erT-erTi<br />
aseTi faqtoria moswavlis unari.<br />
maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone<br />
moswavleebs 19 %-iani albaToba<br />
aqvT, rom axal sityvas iswavlian,<br />
maSin roca dabali SesaZleblobis<br />
moswavleebSi albaToba 8<br />
%-mde ecema. maRali klasis moswavleebs<br />
(me-11 klaselebi) axali<br />
sityvebis mniSvnelobis damaxsovrebis<br />
ufro maRali Sansi aqvT<br />
(33 %), vidre dabali klasis (me-4<br />
klaselebi) moswavleebs (8%). imas,<br />
Tu rogor aiTvisebs moswavle am<br />
teqstSi Sexvedril axal sityvas,<br />
teqstis maxasiaTeblebic gansaz<br />
Rvraven. Tu teqsti, ZiriTadad,<br />
nacnobi leqsikuri erTeulebisagan<br />
Sedgeba da moswavle axal sityvas,<br />
saSualod, yovel 150 sityvaSi<br />
erTxel awydeba, arsebobs 30<br />
%-iani albaToba imisa, rom moswavle<br />
axal sityvas daimaxsovrebs.<br />
Tu wasakiTx teqstSi moswavle 10<br />
sityvaSi erT axal sityvas xvdeba,<br />
mxolod 7 %-ia Sansi imisa, rom mas<br />
es axali sityva daamaxsovrdeba.<br />
es aRmoCenebi eWvqveS ayenebs<br />
mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom mxolod<br />
kiTxva savsebiT sakmarisia<br />
moswavlis sityvaTa maragis gafarToebisaTvis.<br />
gansakuTrebiT<br />
maSin, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom<br />
kiTxvisas Sexvedrili sityvebis<br />
90%-ze mets moswavle, saSualod,<br />
erT milion sityvaSi erTxel,<br />
xolo naxevar sityvebs erT miliard<br />
sityvaSi erTxel awydeba<br />
(nagi da andersoni, 1984).<br />
2. Tu moswavleebs axali sityvebi<br />
teqstis gareSe aqvT naswavli,<br />
arsebobs meti albaToba imisa,<br />
rom Tu am sityvas konteqstSi waawydebian,<br />
ufro advilad SeZleben<br />
mis damaxsovrebas. j. jenqsisa<br />
da sxvaTa (1984) kvlevidan yvelaze<br />
sasargeblo daskvna albaT<br />
SemdegSi mdgomareobs: sityvaTa<br />
zedapiruli Seswavlac ki zrdis<br />
albaTobas, rom moswavles es sityvebi<br />
konteqstSi wakiTxvisas ufro<br />
advilad daamaxsovrdeba. roca<br />
moswavles manamde aqvs naswavli<br />
sityva, am sityvis konteqstSi<br />
wakiTxvisas 33 %-iT izrdeba misi<br />
gagebisa da damaxsovrebis Sansi. j.<br />
jenqsisa da sxvaTa kvlevaSi moyvanili<br />
eqsperimentis Sedegebis<br />
mixedviT, moswavleebi, romelTac<br />
konteqstSi Sexvedrili axali sityvebi<br />
manamde hqondaT naswavli,<br />
gacilebiT advilad xvdebodnen<br />
sityvis mniSvnelobas, vidre<br />
is moswavleebi, visac es sityvebi<br />
manamde ar hqondaT naswavli.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobis amocnobis albaToba<br />
im moswavleebSi, romelTac sityvebi<br />
manamde hqondaT naswavli,<br />
33 %-s Seadgenda.
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
153<br />
diagrama 11. 2<br />
swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic saxeebTan asocirebas ukavSirdeba<br />
strategia, romelsac<br />
saxeebTan asocirebis<br />
meTods vadarebT<br />
kvlevebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
procentilis zrda,<br />
romelic saxeebTan<br />
asocirebis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba<br />
moswavleebi imeoreben<br />
sityvis ganmartebas 6 37<br />
moswavleebi axali sityvis<br />
gamoyenebiT qmnian<br />
winadadebebs 4 21<br />
wyaro: faueli, j. (1980, dekemberi). ra gavlena aqvs sityvis mniSvnelobis gaxsenebaze<br />
`iZulebiT~ da `winaswargaweril~ saxeebs: gavlenis metaanalizi. kiTxvis erovnul<br />
konferenciaze warmodgenili statia. san diego, kalifornia (ERIC, dokumentis<br />
reproduqciis samsaxuri # Ed 199 644).<br />
am daskvnebSi yvelaze saintereso<br />
isaa, rom moswavleebs es<br />
sityvebi minimaluri datvirTviT<br />
hqondaT naswavli. sityvebis swavlaSi<br />
igulisxmeboda is, rom moswavleebs<br />
aZlevdnen furcels,<br />
romelzec axali sityvebi Sesabamisi<br />
magaliTebiT iyo Camowerili.<br />
moswavleebi kiTxulobdnen<br />
am furcelze Camoweril sityvebs<br />
da am procesSi ar ereoda maswavlebeli.<br />
amasTanave, moswavleebs,<br />
daaxloebiT, 40 wami hqondaT Ti<br />
Toeuli sityvis dasamaxsovreblad.<br />
ra Tqma unda, es ar aris<br />
sakmarisi dro imisaTvis, rom adamianma<br />
axali sityva siRrmiseulad<br />
daimaxsovros. sagulisxmoa is,<br />
rom sityvebis aseTma zedapirulma<br />
swavlamac ki gaaumjobesa konteqstSi<br />
am sityvebis amocnobis<br />
albaToba.<br />
3. axali sityvis damaxsovrebis<br />
erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualeba<br />
am sityvis garkveul saxesTan asocirebaa.<br />
araerTi kvleva adasturebs,<br />
rom sityvebis damaxsovrebis<br />
efeqturoba izrdeba, roca<br />
moswavle sityvas garkveul saxes<br />
ukavSirebs. j. fauelma (1980) 11<br />
kvlevis analizi Caatara da daadgina,<br />
rom gacilebiT efeqturia<br />
is meTodebi, romlebic sityvebis<br />
Seswavlas garkveul saxeebs ukav<br />
Sirebs, vidre meTodebi, romlebic<br />
saxeebs ar iyenebs; saxeebis gamoyeneba<br />
34 procentiliT zrdasTan iyo<br />
dakavSirebuli. diagrama 11.2-ze<br />
saxeebis asocirebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
swavlebis meTodebi Sedarebulia<br />
swavlebis im meTodebTan,<br />
romlebic saxeebTan asocirebas<br />
ar ukavSirdeba.<br />
rogorc diagrama 11.2-ze Cans,<br />
moswavleebi, romlebic axal sityvebs<br />
konkretul saxeebTan asocirebis<br />
meTodiT imaxsovreben,<br />
37 procentiliT maRal akademur<br />
Sedegebs aRweven, vidre is moswavleebi,<br />
romlebic axal sityvebs
154 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
mxolod ramdenjerme gameorebis<br />
saSualebiT swavloben. amas<br />
Tanave, moswavleebi, romlebic<br />
axal sityvebs konkretul saxeebTan<br />
asocirebis meTodiT imaxsovreben,<br />
21 procentiliT maRal<br />
akademur Sedegebs aRweven, vidre<br />
is moswavleebi, romlebic axali<br />
sityvis gamoyenebiT winadadebebs<br />
qmnian da ase cdiloben am sityvebis<br />
damaxsovrebas.<br />
4. sityvebis pirdapiri swavleba<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebis damaxsovrebis<br />
efeqturi saSualebaa.<br />
sityvebis swavlis meTodologiasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
aRmoCena albaT isaa,<br />
rom sityvebis mizanmimarTuli<br />
swavla Sedegiania. mkvlevarebma<br />
s. Stalma da m. fearbenqsma (1986)<br />
Seiswavles sityvaTa maragis gamdidrebis<br />
sakiTxebze Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebi da aRmoaCines, rom<br />
zogadad, sityvaTa maragis swavlebas<br />
aqvs efeqtis sidide 0.32.<br />
es, ra Tqma unda, Zalian maRali<br />
efeqtis sidide ar aris, magram<br />
mniSvnelovania praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.<br />
es efeqtis sidide aCvenebs,<br />
rom moswavleTaTvis axali<br />
sityvebis swavleba 12 procentiliT<br />
zrdis maTi mxridan axali<br />
masalis gagebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom<br />
gvyavs ori moswavle, romelTac<br />
erTnairi akademiuri monacemebi<br />
aqvT. am or moswavles vTxovT,<br />
waikiTxon da gaiazron axali informacia.<br />
moswavle a sistematurad<br />
eswreba mecadineobas, sadac<br />
yovel kviras 10 _ 12 axal sityvas<br />
aswavlian. u. nagisa da f. hermanis<br />
(1984) kvlevis mixedviT, es aris<br />
sityvaTa maragis gaumjobesebaze<br />
mimarTuli tipuri mecadineobebisas<br />
SeZenili axali sityvebis<br />
saSualo raodenoba. moswavle b<br />
ar eswreba mecadineobas, sadac<br />
sistematurad aswavlian axal sityvebs.<br />
axla warmovidginoT, rom<br />
moswavle a da moswavle b abareben<br />
gamocdas _ axali masalis aTvisebis<br />
Sesamowmebel tests. moswavle<br />
b iRebs qulas, romlis mixedvi<br />
Tac is aris misi klaselebis mimarT<br />
50-e procentilze. moswavle<br />
a ki iRebs qulas, romlic mixedviTac<br />
is aris 62-e procentilze<br />
klaselebis mimarT. aseTi gansxvavebis<br />
ZiriTadi mizezi, kvlevis<br />
mixedviT, swored isaa, rom moswavle<br />
a sistematurad swavlobda<br />
axal sityvebs.<br />
5. yvelaze efeqturi im sityvebis<br />
swavlebaa, romlebic mniSvnelovania<br />
axali masalis asaTviseblad.<br />
axali sityvebis mizanmimarTuli<br />
swavleba ufro efeqturia, Tu<br />
es axali leqsikuri erTeulebi<br />
im masalas ukavSirdeba, romlis<br />
swavlac moswavleebs momavalSi<br />
mouwevT. s. Stalisa da m. fearbenqsis<br />
(1986) kvleva adasturebs,<br />
rom moswavleTa akademiuri moswreba<br />
izrdeba 33 procentiliT,<br />
Tu axali sityvebi, romlebsac<br />
isini swavloben, uSualod ukav<br />
Sirdeba moswavleTa mier Sesaswavl<br />
masalas. magaliTisaTvis,<br />
warmovidginoT moswavle a da moswavle<br />
b, romelTac axali masalis<br />
wakiTxva sTxoves. erT-erT maTgans<br />
(moswavle b) sistematurad<br />
arasodes uswavlia sityvebi. mos
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
155<br />
wavle b testirebis Sedegad iRebs<br />
qulas, romelic mas sxva moswavleebis<br />
mimarT 50-e procentilze<br />
aTavsebs. moswavle a, romelsac<br />
sistematurad aswavlidnen axal<br />
masalasTan dakavSirebul sityvebs,<br />
iRebs qulas, romelic mas<br />
klaselebis mimarT 83-e procentilze<br />
aTavsebs.<br />
sityvaTa maragi da frazebi:<br />
saklaso praqtika<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
terminebisa da frazebis<br />
identifikacia<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
sityvebis swavleba did gavlenas<br />
axdens moswavleTa akademiur moswrebaze,<br />
mniSvnelovania, erTi<br />
mxriv, im sityvebisa da frazebis<br />
identificireba, romlebic gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvnelobis matarebelia<br />
axali masalis aTvisebisaTvis; meore<br />
mxriv, moswavleebisaTvis am<br />
sityvebisa da frazebis swavleba.<br />
sasurvelia, moswavleTa yuradRebis<br />
koncentracia aseTi gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvnelobis matarebel<br />
sityvebsa da frazebze. magali<br />
Tad, Tu maswavlebels klasSi Semoaqvs<br />
axali Tema, romelic bavSvebma<br />
sami kviris manZilze unda<br />
gaiaron, sasargeblo iqneba, maswavlebelma<br />
SearCios xuTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
leqsikuri erTeuli<br />
da maTze gaamaxvilos yuradReba.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi imisa,<br />
Tu rogor iyenebs literaturis<br />
maswavlebeli am princips axali<br />
romanis swavlebisas.<br />
qalbatoni loki maRalklaselebs<br />
literaturas aswavlida.<br />
maswavlebeli, nawarmoebis<br />
yoveli momdevno Tavis axsnisas,<br />
yovelTvis acnobda moswavleebs<br />
winaswar momzadebuli axali<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebis CamonaTvals.<br />
warsulSi aseTi CamonaTvali<br />
yoveli axali TavisaTvis<br />
moicavda, daaxloebiT, 20 _ 25<br />
axal sityvas. qalbatonma lokma<br />
SeamCnia, rom moswavleebi am axal<br />
sityvebs mxolod mniSvnelobebs<br />
uwerdnen da maT damaxsovrebas<br />
an gamoyenebas ar cdilobdnen.<br />
maswavlebelma isic SeniSna,<br />
rom xandaxan, didi daZabulobis<br />
xarjze, axali leq sikuri er<br />
Teulebis nusxa 20 _ 25 sityvian<br />
maCvenebelze ahyavda, xSirad axali<br />
Tavi amden axal sityvasa Tu<br />
frazas ar moicavda.<br />
qalbatonma lokma Tavisi<br />
strategiis Secvla gadawyvita<br />
da, yoveli axali TavisaTvis,<br />
axla mxolod 5 _ 7 leqsikur<br />
erTeuls amzadebda. zogjer<br />
yvela axali sityva uSualod axali<br />
Tavidan ki ar iyo aRebuli,<br />
aramed ramdenime iseT erTeulsac<br />
moicavda, romelic wignis am<br />
TavSi ar iyo, magram, maswavleblis<br />
azriT, moswavleebs masalis<br />
ukeT gaazrebaSi daexmareboda.<br />
magaliTad, rodesac qalbatonma<br />
lokma moswavleebTan<br />
rei bredberis `farenhaiti 451~<br />
Seitana, moswavleTaTvis Camowerili<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebis<br />
nusxaSi SexvdebodiT iseT sityvebs,<br />
rogorebicaa: cenzura,<br />
distopiuri literatura, ormagi<br />
saxeebi da a.S. maswavleblis<br />
azriT, am sityvebis Seswavla<br />
moswavleebs daexmareboda,<br />
ukeT Cawvdomodnen nawarmoebis<br />
rTul da abstraqtul mxareebs.<br />
axali terminebisa da frazebis<br />
swavlebis procesi<br />
axali terminebisa da frazebis<br />
swavlebis saukeTeso saSu
156 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
alebaa maTi araerTxel gamoyeneba<br />
sxvadasxva TanmimdevrobiTa<br />
da sxvadasxva konteqstSi. qvemoT<br />
moyvanilia axali terminebisa da<br />
frazebis swavlebis xuTsafexuriani<br />
meTodi, romelic SeiZleba<br />
Zalian efeqturi iyos:<br />
safexuri 1. miawodeT moswavleebs<br />
axali terminisa Tu<br />
frazis mokle axsna, an aRwera;<br />
safexuri 2. warmoudgineT moswavleebs<br />
axali termini Tu<br />
fraza aralingvisturi gamosaxvis<br />
meTodis gamoyenebiT;<br />
safexuri 3. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />
Camoayalibon axali<br />
terminisa Tu frazis saku<br />
Tari axsna an aRwera;<br />
safexuri 4. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />
warmoadginon axali<br />
termini Tu fraza aralingvisturi<br />
gamosaxvis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebiT;<br />
safexuri 5. periodulad sTxoveT<br />
moswavleebs, Seamowmon,<br />
Tu ramdenad zustia maT<br />
mi er warmodgenili axali<br />
fra zisa Tu terminis axsna,<br />
aRwera da aralingvisturi<br />
formiT miwodeba.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia magaliTi<br />
imisa, Tu rogor iyenebs am<br />
xuTsafexurian process literaturis<br />
maswavlebeli maRalklaselebTan.<br />
safexuri 1. miawodeT moswavleebs<br />
axali terminisa Tu frazis<br />
mokle axsna an aRwera. ramodenime<br />
dRea, rac qalbatoni<br />
lokis moswavleebs romanis<br />
`farenhaiti 451~ kiTxva aqvT<br />
dawyebuli. maswavlebelma gadawyvita,<br />
klasSi axali sityva<br />
Semoetana. man es Semdegnairad<br />
gaakeTa: qalbatoni loki mivida<br />
erT-erT moswavlesTan da<br />
uTxra, rom is ar unda kiTxulobdes<br />
wigns, romelic merxze<br />
udevs. moswavle gakvirvebulia,<br />
roca maswavleblis am miTiTebas<br />
ismens. qalbatoni loki eubneba<br />
imave moswavles, rom man mxolod<br />
is wignebi unda ikiTxos,<br />
romlebsac maswavlebels Seu<br />
Tanxmebs. Semdeg maswavlebeli<br />
midis sxva moswavlesTan da eubneba,<br />
rom is SemCneulia piradi<br />
dRiuris warmoebaSi. moswavlem<br />
gakveTilis bolos es dRiuri<br />
unda warmoudginos qalbaton<br />
loks, raTa am ukanasknelma<br />
Seamowmos, rame danaSaulebrivi<br />
xom ar Cawera moswavlem pirad<br />
dRiurSi. da bolos, maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs uTxra, rom<br />
maT unda iTxovon qalbatoni<br />
lokisagan nebarTva yoveli axali<br />
musikaluri diskis yidvis<br />
win da diskebi mxolod maswavleblisagan<br />
nebarTvis miRebis<br />
Semdeg SeiZinon. moswavleebi<br />
maswavleblis sityvebma ganacvifra;<br />
isini erTmaneTs uyurebdnen<br />
da ver gaegoT, ra xdeboda.<br />
qalbatonma lokma garkveuli<br />
pauzis Semdeg moswavleebs<br />
hkiTxa, Tu rogor Seafasebdnen<br />
mis sityvebs. erT-erTma<br />
moswavlem, benma, ganacxada,<br />
rom maswavlebeli Tavisi mi<br />
TiTebebiT cdilobda, gaekontrolebina<br />
maTi azrovneba.<br />
joana, sxva moswavle, Tvlida,<br />
rom maswavleblis aseTi qceva<br />
arasamarTliani iyo. mesame moswavlem<br />
ki ganacxada, rom maswavlebels<br />
namdvilad ar hqonda<br />
ufleba, gaekontrolebina,<br />
Tu ras kiTxulobdnen, werdnen<br />
an usmendnen moswavleebi. qalbatonma<br />
lokma CaTvala, rom<br />
movida dro, moswavleebisaTvis<br />
yvelaferi aexsna da ganacxada,
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
157<br />
rom maT es-es aris gaiTamaSes<br />
sityva cenzuris mniSvneloba.<br />
safexuri 2. axali termini<br />
Tu fraza moswavleebs aralingvisturi<br />
gamosaxvis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebiT warmoudgineT. Semdeg<br />
qalbatonma lokma dafaze<br />
gamosaxa sityva cenzuris ga<br />
TamaSebis amsaxveli naxati. am<br />
suraTze gamosaxuli iyo cecxli,<br />
romelSic iwveboda wigni,<br />
mosaubre adamiani, religia da<br />
gazeTi.<br />
safexuri 3. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />
axali terminisa Tu<br />
frazis sakuTari axsna an aRwera<br />
Camoayalibon. qalbatonma<br />
lokma moswavleebs sTxova,<br />
wyvilebSi emuSavaT da sityva<br />
cenzuris sakuTari aRwera an<br />
axsna CamoeyalibebinaT. erTerTma<br />
moswavlem, renatam, dawera:<br />
`cenzura ar unda arsebobdes.<br />
cenzura adamians uflebas<br />
arTmevs, Tavad miiRos gadawyvetilebebi~.<br />
safexuri 4. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />
axali termini Tu fraza<br />
aralingvisturi gamosaxvis me<br />
Todis gamoyenebiT warmoadginon.<br />
Semdeg moswavleebma sityva<br />
cenzuris aralingvisturi<br />
xerxebiT gamosaxva scades.<br />
umetesobam qseluri Canawerebi<br />
gaakeTa, zogma ki _ daxata.<br />
erT-erTma moswavlem qaRaldze<br />
sakuTari Tavi gamosaxa; mas bendenebi<br />
hqonda wakruli pirze,<br />
yurebze, majebze da amiT warmoadgina<br />
Tavisi Sexeduleba<br />
cenzuraze, rogorc yvelanairi<br />
SegrZnebis CamxSob meqanizmze.<br />
safexuri 5. periodulad<br />
sTxo veT moswavleebs, Seamowmon,<br />
Tu ramdenad zustia maT<br />
mier warmodgenili axali frazisa<br />
Tu terminis axsna, aRwera<br />
da aralingvisturi formiT miwodeba.<br />
Semdgomi ori kviris man<br />
Zilze moswavleebi kiTxulobdnen<br />
romans `farenhaiti 451~ da,<br />
Sesabamisad, cvlidnen sityva<br />
cenzuris ganmartebebsa da aralingvistur<br />
gamosaxulebebs.<br />
detalebi: kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />
detalebi informaciis konkretul<br />
nawilebs warmoadgenen.<br />
de talebi moicaven faqtebs, drois<br />
Tanmimdevrobas, mizez-Se degobriv<br />
Tanmimdevrobasa da epizodebs.<br />
diagrama 11.3-ze warmodgenilia<br />
sxvadasxva tipis detalebis<br />
axsna-ganmarteba.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia qvemoT<br />
warmodgenili ganzogadebuli daskvnebi<br />
detalebis efeqturad<br />
swav lebis mizniT gamoiyenos.<br />
1. moswavleebs detalebi siste<br />
murad da ramdenjerme unda warmovudginoT.<br />
kvlevebi adaturebs,<br />
rom kargad daimaxsovron da advilad<br />
gaixsenon, moswavleebi au <br />
cileblad ramdenjerme unda gadaawydnen<br />
detalebs faqtebis,<br />
TariRebisa da sxva saxis informaciis<br />
Sesaxeb. j. naTalis mier<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebi (1999; na<br />
Tali da alton - li, 1995) adasturebs,<br />
rom erTsa da imave detals<br />
moswavle, sul cota, 3-jer<br />
an 4-jer unda waawydes, raTa daamaxsovrdes<br />
da sxva situaciaSi Se<br />
Zlos misi gamoyeneba. amave dros,<br />
mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom moswavlis<br />
mier detalebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
miRebis yoveli Sualedi,<br />
daaxloebiT, or dRes ar unda<br />
aRematebodes. Sualeds, romelic<br />
aucilebelia moswavleTa mier<br />
detalebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
efeqturi miRebisaTvis, `drois<br />
fanjaras~ uwodeben (rovi _ qolieri,<br />
1995).<br />
magaliTisaTvis warmovidginoT,<br />
rom moswavleebs getisbur
158 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 11. 3<br />
detalebi<br />
faqtebi<br />
faqtebi warmoadgens informaciis<br />
konkretul tips. faqtebi gvawvdian<br />
informacias konkretul adamianebze,<br />
adgilebze, sulier da usulo<br />
sagnebze, movlenebze. faqtebis<br />
saSualebiT xdeba Semdegi saxis informaciis<br />
gamoxatva:<br />
• konkretuli adamianis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
(magaliTad, Tomas<br />
jefersoni iyo amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis prezidenti 1801<br />
wlidan 1809 wlamde);<br />
• konkretuli adgilis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
(magaliTad, parizi aris<br />
safrangeTSi);<br />
• konkretuli sulieri Tu usulo<br />
sagnebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
(ma galiTad, Cemi ZaRli, Tafi<br />
aris golden retriveri; Empire<br />
State Building-s aqvs 100-ze meti<br />
sarTuli);<br />
• konkretuli movlenis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
(magaliTad, pizis daxrili<br />
koSkis mSenebloba daiwyo<br />
1174 wels).<br />
drois Tanmimdevroba<br />
drois Tanamimdevroba moicavs mni<br />
Svnelovan movlenebs, rac drois<br />
garkveul SualedSi moxda. magali<br />
Tad, movlenebi, romlebic prezident<br />
kenedis mkvlelobasa (1963<br />
wlis 22 noemberi) da misi dasaflavebis<br />
(1963 wlis 25 noemberi)<br />
Sua periodSi ganviTarda, adamianTa<br />
umetesobis SemecnebaSi rCeba,<br />
rogorc Tanmimdevroba. adamianebi<br />
ixseneben, rom moxda jer es, mere es<br />
da bolos kidev es.<br />
mizez-Sedegobrioba<br />
mizez-Sedegobrivi Tanamimdevroba<br />
moicavs im movlenebs, romlebic<br />
produqts an Sedegs qmnian. SesaZloa<br />
erTi Sedegis erTi mizezi arsebobdes.<br />
magaliTad, erTi Sedegis erTi<br />
mizezTan gvaqvs saqme, roca gundi<br />
TamaSs romelime moTamaSis konkretuli,<br />
daudevari qmedebis gamo agebs.<br />
Tumca ufro xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca<br />
Sedegs ramdenime sxvadasxva mizezi<br />
aqvs, an rodesac erTi movlena gavlenas<br />
axdens meoreze, romelic, Tavis<br />
mxriv, gavlenas axdens mesameze da<br />
a. S. magaliTad, movlenebi, romlebic<br />
win uswrebda amerikis samoqalaqo<br />
oms, SeiZleba mizez-Sedegobrivi Tanmimdevrobis<br />
saxiT ganvalagoT.<br />
epizodebi<br />
• epizodebi iseTi movlenebia, romelTac<br />
aqvT:<br />
garemo (magaliTad, konkretuli<br />
dro da adgili);<br />
• konkretuli monawileebi;<br />
• konkretuli xangrZlivoba;<br />
• konkretul movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba;<br />
• konkretuli mizezi da Sedegi.<br />
magaliTad, uoTargeiTis skandali<br />
da misi gavlena niqsonis saprezidento<br />
karieraze, SeiZleba epizodad<br />
CavTvaloT. es epizodi konkretul<br />
adgilas da dros moxda. am epizods<br />
hyavda konkretuli monawileebi. is<br />
grZeldeboda garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi.<br />
epizodi moicavda mov lenaTa<br />
konkretul Tanmimdevrobas. is iyo<br />
gamowveuli konkretuli movlenebiT<br />
da konkretuli gavlena moaxdina<br />
amerikis SeerTebul Statebze.<br />
gis brZola auxsnes. brZolis Sesaxeb<br />
informacias moswavleebi da<br />
maswavleblebi saxelmZRvanelodan<br />
kiTxuloben da ase ganixilaven<br />
mas. or dReSi klasi imave masalis<br />
ganxilvas unda miubrundes. imisaTvis,<br />
rom moswavleebs getisburgis<br />
brZolis Tema Seaxsenos,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, ori dRis<br />
Semdeg CamoTvlilTagan erT-erTi<br />
meTodi moiSvelios: klasSi kvlav<br />
gamarTos diskusia getisburgis
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
159<br />
brZolasTan dakavSirebiT, mokle<br />
prezentaciis formiT warmoudginos<br />
moswavleebs damatebiTi<br />
informacia am brZolis Sesaxeb,<br />
aCvenos filmi am Temaze, saxelmZ<br />
RvaneloSi waakiTxos damatebiTi<br />
informacia da a. S. ori dRis Semdeg,<br />
maswavlebelma kidev erTxel<br />
unda misces moswavleebs saSualeba,<br />
ganixilon getisburgis<br />
brZola. ori dRis Semdeg moswavleebma<br />
kidev erTxel unda gaixsenon<br />
getisburgis brZolis Sesaxeb<br />
ukve ganxiluli informacia, an<br />
unda gaecnon axal masalas.<br />
2. moswavleebi kargad imaxsovreben<br />
detalebs, rodesac maT<br />
gaTamaSebis formiT warmovudgenT<br />
siaxleebs. roca detalebis<br />
swavlebis meTodebs ganvixilavT,<br />
sagulisxmoa, aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva<br />
meTodiT swavleba moswavleTa<br />
akademiuri moswrebis<br />
gaumjobesebaze sxvadasxva gavlenas<br />
axdens. moswavleTa mier detalebis<br />
aRqma da damaxsovreba<br />
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli<br />
imaze, Tu ra meTodiT warmovudgenT<br />
maT am detalebs _ verbalurad,<br />
vizualurad Tu gaTamaSebis<br />
formiT. diagrama 11.4-ze warmodgenilia<br />
am sami sxvadasxva meTodis<br />
Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebi.<br />
rogorc saxelwodeba mianiSnebs,<br />
swavlebis verbaluri meTodi<br />
moswavleebisaTvis detalebis<br />
verbalurad _ saubris an kiTxvis<br />
saSualebiT gacnobas gulisxmobs.<br />
verbaluri swavleba efeqturia im<br />
TvalsazrisiT, rom moswavleebs<br />
detalebi swavlebidan mokle periodSi<br />
da garkveuli xnis (erTi<br />
wlis) gasvlis Semdegac axsendebaT.<br />
Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom<br />
verbaluri swavleba warmodgenili<br />
sami meTodidan yvelaze nakleb<br />
efeqturad iTvleba. vizualuri<br />
swavleba moicavs aralingvisturi<br />
warmodgenis meTods. rogorc me-6<br />
TavSi avxseniT, aralingvisturi<br />
warmodgenis meTodebia: grafikuli<br />
warmodgena, suraTebi, piqtogramebi,<br />
mentaluri saxeebis<br />
Seqmna an kinesTetikur aqtivobaSi<br />
CarTva. verbaluri swavlebasTan<br />
SedarebiT, vizualuri swavleba<br />
ufro efeqturia, rogorc swavlebis<br />
dasrulebisTanave, ise erTi<br />
swavlebis tipi<br />
diagrama 11. 4<br />
swavlebis tipebi da maTi gavlena swavlaze<br />
efeqtis sidide<br />
swavlebis<br />
dasrulebis<br />
momentSi<br />
efeqtis zoma<br />
swavlebis<br />
dasrulebidan 12<br />
Tvis Semdeg<br />
verbaluri swavleba 0.74 0.64<br />
vizualuri swavleba 0.90 0.74<br />
gaTamaSebis formiT swavleba 0.12 0.80<br />
wyaro: naTali, 1999; naTali da alton - li, 1995
160 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
wlis Semdgomi efeqtis mixedviT.<br />
warmodgenili sami meTodidan yvelaze<br />
efeqturi swavlebis meTodia<br />
gaTamaSeba. roca swavleba gaTama<br />
Sebazea momarTuli, moswavleebs an<br />
gaTamaSebul scenas warmoudgenen<br />
an Tavad maT rTaven gaTamaSebis<br />
procesSi. diagrama 11.4-ze naCvenebia,<br />
rom gaTamaSeba detalebis<br />
damaxsovrebis yvelaze efeqturi<br />
meTodia, rogorc detalebis warmodgenisTanave,<br />
ise erTi wlis gasvlis<br />
Semdgomi efeqtis mixedviT.<br />
detalebi: saklaso praqtika<br />
detalebis ramdenjerme<br />
ganmeoreba<br />
swavlebis procesSi maswavleblebi<br />
moswavleebs araerT detals<br />
warmoudgenen: faqtebs, droiT<br />
Tanmimdevrobebs, epizodebs da<br />
a.S. ra Tqma unda, moswavleebi<br />
amden detals ver daimaxsovreben,<br />
miT umetes, ise Rrmad, rom<br />
garkveuli periodis merec axsovdeT.<br />
Sesabamisad, swavlebis<br />
procesi unda daigegmos ise, rom<br />
ZiriTadi detalebis cxadi identifikacia<br />
moxdes. moswavleebma<br />
zustad unda icodnen, Tu romeli<br />
detalebis damaxsovrebaa aucilebeli.<br />
amasTanave, maswavlebelma<br />
unda izrunos imaze, rom moswavleebs<br />
es detalebi sxvadasxva<br />
konteqstSi ramdenjerme, araumetes<br />
ori dRis gamotovebiT SexvdeT.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi<br />
sabazo skolis gakveTilidan, ber<br />
Znuli da romauli miTologiis<br />
Temaze.<br />
qalbatoni sandersi iwyebs<br />
gakveTilebis serias berZnuli<br />
da romauli miTologiis Sesaxeb.<br />
gakveTilis dawyebamde<br />
qalbatoni sandersi yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani detalebis identifikaciaze<br />
muSaobs. aseve,<br />
gegmavs, Tu rogor warmoudginos<br />
klass es detalebi sxva<br />
dros da rogor gauadvilos<br />
moswavleebs maTi damaxsovreba.<br />
maswavlebeli Tvlis, rom<br />
aucilebelia, moswavleebma<br />
daimaxsovron yvela mniSvnelovani<br />
RmerTisa Tu qalRmerTis<br />
saxeli da is, Tu ras warmoadgenden<br />
isini. aseve, maswavlebels<br />
surs, moswavleebs esmodeT<br />
miTebi da acnobierebdnen, Tu<br />
rogori urTierTobaa miTebSi<br />
RmerTebs, qalRmerTebsa da<br />
adamianebs Soris.<br />
pirvel gakveTilze qalbatoni<br />
sandersi moswavleebs<br />
erT miTs ukiTxavs. Semdeg<br />
iwyebs diskusias, romlis drosac<br />
moswavleebs warmoudgens<br />
yvela ZiriTad berZnul da romaul<br />
RmerTsa da qalRmerTs,<br />
saubrobs maT maxasiaTeblebze,<br />
uCvenebs moswavleebs am<br />
RmerTebisa Tu qalRmerTebis<br />
klasikur gamosaxulebebs. meore<br />
dRes moswavleebi uyureben<br />
films adreul berZnul arqiteqturaze.<br />
am filmSi warmodgenilia<br />
berZnuli RmerTebi da<br />
qalRmerTebi, maTi cxovrebis<br />
amsaxveli gamosaxulebebi<br />
adreuli saberZneTis arqiteqturul<br />
Zeglebze. qalbatoni<br />
sandersi moswavleebs davalebad<br />
aZlevs miTs troas omis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
Semdeg gakveTilze qalbatoni<br />
sandersi klass 2 _ 3 moswavlisagan<br />
Semdgar jgufebad<br />
hyofs. is sTxovs TiToeul<br />
jgufs, SearCion RmerTi an<br />
qalRmerTi da Seqmnan misi<br />
qudis dizaini, am RmerTisa<br />
Tu qalRmerTis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
savarjiSo sruldeba imiT, rom
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
161<br />
moswavleebi mTeli klasis winaSe<br />
warmoadgenen sakuTar namuSevars<br />
da uxsnian danarCen<br />
moswavleebs mis arss.<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
detalebis miwodeba<br />
gaTamaSebis formiT<br />
gamomdinare iqidan, rom detalebis,<br />
gaTamaSebis fo r miT miwodeba,<br />
zrdis moswavleebis mier<br />
detalebs ukeT damaxsovrebis albaTobas,<br />
maswavlebeli unda ecados,<br />
xSirad gamoiyenos gaTamaSebis<br />
meTodi. praqtika aCvenebs, rom<br />
dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebi<br />
ufro xSirad iyeneben gaTamaSebis<br />
meTods, vidre saSualo skolis<br />
maswavleblebi. aucilebelia,<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am meTodis<br />
gamoyeneba yvela klasis moswavleebisaTvis<br />
sasargebloa. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenilia magaliTi saSualo<br />
skolis moswavleTa bunebismetyvelebis<br />
gakveTilidan, sadac<br />
maswavlebeli gaTamaSebis meTods<br />
iyenebs.<br />
qalbatoni Slimanis moswavleebma,<br />
es-es aris, daasrules<br />
kiTxva sisxlis cirkulaciis<br />
sistemaze. maswavlebelma icoda,<br />
rom am Temas moswavleebi<br />
meored an mesamed gadiodnen.<br />
qalbatoni Slimani gaaoca iman,<br />
rom ukve naswavli Temis Sesaxeb<br />
moswavleebs ase cota axsovdaT.<br />
man gadawyvita, gamoeyenebina<br />
meTodi, romelic<br />
ukve gamocdili hqonda _ procesis<br />
gaTamaSeba. qalbatonma<br />
Slimanma sTxova moswavleebs,<br />
jgufebad dayofiliyvnen. erTi<br />
jgufi warmoadgenda sisxls.<br />
yvela sxva jgufs rolebi unda<br />
gaenawilebina da adamianis sxvadasxva<br />
organos funqcia Seesrulebina.<br />
TiToeuli organos<br />
jgufs unda gaekeTebina gvirabi,<br />
romelSic sisxlis jgufis<br />
moswavleebi gaivlidnen. moswavleebs<br />
unda gaeTamaSebinaT<br />
is, Tu ra mosdis organos da<br />
sisxls, romelic am organoSi<br />
gadis. zogierTi organo sisxlidan<br />
garkveul nawils iRebs,<br />
xolo zogierTi organo sisxlSi<br />
Tavad uSvebs garkveul komponentebs.<br />
aris SemTxvevebi, roca<br />
sisxli, ama Tu im organoSi gavlis<br />
Semdeg, fers icvlis. roca<br />
yvela jgufi Tavis adgilas ganlagda,<br />
sisxlis jgufis wevrebma<br />
erTi organodan meoreSi<br />
daiwyes moZraoba. drodadro<br />
qalbatoni Slimani moswavleebs<br />
aCerebda (gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />
roca moswavleebi Zalian bevrs<br />
icinodnen) da TiToeul jgufs<br />
ekiTxeboda, Tu ras akeTebdnen<br />
mocemul momentSi. moswavleebis<br />
TxovniT, dadgma ramdenjerme<br />
gaimeores da yoveli<br />
axali dadgmis dros ramdenime<br />
axal detals amatebdnen.<br />
ideaTa mowesrigeba:<br />
kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />
ganzogadebebsa da principeb Tan<br />
dakavSirebul ideaTa mowesrigeba<br />
deklaraciuli codnis yvelaze<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli tipia. 1 Semdegi<br />
mtkicebuleba ganzogadebis<br />
magaliTs warmoadgens: `konkretuli<br />
brZolebi sxvadasxva, xSirad<br />
araproporciul gavlenas axdenen<br />
omis saboloo Sedegze~. ganzogadebuli<br />
mtkicebulebebis damaxsovreba<br />
iseve saWiroa, rogorc sityvebisa<br />
1 SeniSvna: cnebebis gamoyenebas Cven<br />
ideaTa organizaciis formad ar vTvliT,<br />
radgan teqnkuri kuTxiT Tu<br />
SevxedavT, cnebebi ganzogadebis sinonimia<br />
(ix. gagne, 1977)
162 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
ganzogadeba<br />
ganzogadeba aris mtkicebuleba, romlis<br />
dasadastureblad moyvanilia magaliTebi.<br />
magaliTisaTvis, aviRoT Semdegi mtkicebuleba:<br />
`amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
prezidentebi, rogorc wesi, mdidari<br />
da gavleniani ojaxebidan arian~. es aris<br />
ganzogadeba da mis dasadastureblad<br />
SeiZleba magaliTebic moviyvanoT.<br />
ganzogadeba xSirad erevaT faqtebSi.<br />
faqtebiT konkretuli adamianebis, adgilebis,<br />
sulieri da usulo sagnebisa da<br />
movlenebis maxasiaTeblebis identifikacia<br />
xdeba. magaliTad, `Cemi ZaRli, Tafi<br />
aris golden retriveri.~ es mtkicebuleba<br />
aris faqti, maSin roca `golden<br />
retriverebi kargi monadireebi arian~<br />
ganzogadebaa. ganzogadeba zogjer abstraqtuli<br />
cnebebis maxasiaTeblebis<br />
identificirebasac axdens. ufro zustad,<br />
abstraqtuli cnebis Sesaxeb informacia<br />
yovelTvis ganzogadebis formiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia sxvadasxva<br />
tipis ganzogadebis magaliTebi:<br />
• adamianTa sxvadasxva kategoriis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad, imisaTvis,<br />
rom adamiani mexanZris profesias<br />
daeuflos, orwliani momzadeba mainc<br />
sWirdeba);<br />
• adgilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
(magaliTad, did qalaqeb<br />
Si maRalia kriminalur danaSaulebaTa<br />
ricxvi);<br />
• sulieri da usulo sagnebis sxvadasxva<br />
kategoriis maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad,<br />
golden retriverebi karg monadireebad<br />
iTvlebian; iaraRis tarebis<br />
sakiTxi sakamaToa);<br />
• movlenaTa sxvadasxva kategoriis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
(magaliTad, super Tasis<br />
gaTamaSeba mTavari sportuli movlenaa<br />
amerikaSi);<br />
• abstraqtul cnebaTa sxvadasxva kategoriis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad,<br />
siyvaruli yvelaze Zlieri adamianuri<br />
grZnobaa).<br />
diagrama 11. 5<br />
ideaTa mowesrigeba<br />
principebi<br />
principi aris ganzogadebis konkretuli<br />
saxeoba, romelic urTierTobebs exeba.<br />
skolasTan dakavSirebul deklaraciul<br />
codnasTan principebis mxolod ori tipi<br />
asocirdeba, esenia: mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />
principebi da korelaciuri principebi.<br />
• mizez-Sedegobrivi principebi _ rogorc<br />
dasaxelebidanac Cans, aseTi principebi<br />
warmoadgenen mizez-Sedegobriv<br />
urTierTobebs. magaliTad, winadadeba<br />
`tuberkulozs tuberkulozis bacila<br />
iwvevs~ mizez-Sedegobriv principzea dafuZnebuli.<br />
mizez-Sedegobrivi principis<br />
gageba mizez-Sedegobrivi sistemis konkretuli<br />
elementebis codnas da im urTierTobis<br />
Sesaxeb informaciis flobas<br />
gulisxmobs, rac mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />
sistemis sxvadasxva elements erTmaneT<br />
Tan akavSirebs. es imas niSnavs, rom tuberkulozsa<br />
da tuberkulozis bacilas<br />
Soris arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kav<br />
Siris gasagebad, adamians warmodgena unda<br />
hqondes sistemaSi mimdinare movlenaTa<br />
Tanmimdevrobaze, sistemis elementebze,<br />
elementebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis<br />
tipsa da siZliereze. mokled, mizez-<br />
Sedegobrivi principis gageba didi moculobis<br />
informaciis flobas gulisxmobs.<br />
• korelaciuri principebi _ korelaciuri<br />
principebi im urTierTobebs aRweren,<br />
romlebic mizezobrivi ar aris, magram<br />
erTi elementis cvlileba meore elementis<br />
cvlilebas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, es aris<br />
korelaciuri principi: `qalebSi filtvis<br />
kibos SemTxvevebis zrda mweveli qalebis<br />
raodenobis zrdis pirdapirproporciulia~.<br />
am principis gasagebad moswavles<br />
elementebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis<br />
Sesaxeb konkretuli detalebis codna<br />
sWirdeba. konkretulad, moswavlem unda<br />
icodes am urTierTobis zogadi paradigma<br />
_ rom filtvis kibos mqone qalebis raodenoba<br />
imave sixSiriT icvleba, rogorc mwevel<br />
qalTa roadenoba.<br />
am ori tipis princips zogjer mizez-Sedegobriv<br />
mimarTebaSi ureven. es<br />
ukanaskneli konkretul situacias exeba,<br />
maSin roca principi moicavs bevr<br />
situacias. magaliTad, amerikis samoqalaqo<br />
omis gamomwvevi mizezebi mizez-<br />
Sedegobriv TanmmdevrobaSi erTiandeba;<br />
es mizezebi mxolod amerikis samoqalaqo<br />
oms (erT konkretul situacias) exeba.<br />
mizez-Sedegobrivi principi ki, romelic<br />
tuberkulozsa da tuberkulozis<br />
bacilas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, bevr<br />
situaciasa da bevr sxvadasxva adamians<br />
exeba. eqimebi am princips sxvadasxva<br />
situaciisa da adamianis mimarT iyeneben.<br />
ase rom, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba, mizez-<br />
Sedegobriv principsa da mizez-Sedegobriv<br />
Tanmimdevrobas Soris, isaa, rom<br />
pirveli mraval, xolo meore _ mxolod<br />
erT konkretul situacias exeba.
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
163<br />
strategia<br />
diagrama 11.6<br />
araswori warmodgenis koreqtirebis strategiebi<br />
efeqtis sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
saSualo<br />
efeqtis sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
winare codnis<br />
gaaqtiureba 14 0.08 3<br />
diskusia 11 0.51 19<br />
argumentacia 3 0.80 79<br />
da detalebis. ganzogadebebi codnis<br />
ufro farTo safuZvels uvi<br />
Tarebs moswavles, radgan advili<br />
SesaZlebelia, ganzogadeba Semdeg<br />
sxvadasxva situacias moergos.<br />
magaliTad, brZolebis Sesaxeb<br />
ganzogadeba yvela oms SeiZleba mivusadagoT;<br />
omebs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi,<br />
situaciasa da periodSi, maSin<br />
roca getisburgis brZola warmoadgens<br />
konkretul movlenas da<br />
SeuZlebelia misi pirdapir morgeba<br />
sxva situaciaze. es ar niSnavs,<br />
rom detalebi ar aris mniSvnelovani.<br />
piriqiT, imisaTvis rom moswavle<br />
Caswvdes ganzogadebis arss,<br />
aucilebelia, SeeZlos konkretuli<br />
magaliTebis moyvana ganzogadebis<br />
sailustraciod. magaliTad, Tu<br />
gvinda, rom moswavleebma gaiazron<br />
wina abzacSi moyvanili ganzogadeba,<br />
maT unda SeeZloT sailustracio<br />
magaliTebis dasaxeleba, romelTa<br />
Soris SeiZleba getisburgis br<br />
Zolac iyos. diagrama 11.5-ze detaluradaa<br />
axsnili ganzogadebebi da<br />
principebi.<br />
ideaTa mowesrigebis mizniT,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, qvemoT<br />
warmodgenili ganzogadebuli<br />
daskvnebi gamoiyenos.<br />
1. rogorc wesi, moswavleebs<br />
Tavdapirvelad araswori warmodgena<br />
aqvT ideaTa mowesrigebis Sesaxeb.<br />
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom<br />
moswavleebs xSirad araswori<br />
war modgena aqvT ganzogadebasa<br />
da principebze. ufro metic,<br />
kvle vebi imasac gviCvenebs, rom am<br />
araswori warmodgenis Secvla advili<br />
ar aris (gilberti, osborni<br />
da fenSami, 1982; hiusoni da<br />
hiusoni, 1983; Spiro, qoulsoni,<br />
feltoviCi da andersoni, 1994).<br />
b. guzeTisa da sxvaTa (1993) mier<br />
Catarebuli metaanalizi sxvadasxva<br />
swavlebis meTodis efeqturobas<br />
imis mixedviT adarebs,<br />
Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia am<br />
meTodTan dakavSirebuli Tavdapirveli<br />
araswori warmodgenis<br />
Secvla. diagrama 11.6-ze warmodgenilia<br />
am metaanalizSi ganxiluli<br />
sxvadasxva meTodi da maTi<br />
efeqtis sidideebi.<br />
rogorc diagrama 11.6-zea<br />
naCvenebi, mxolod winare codnis<br />
gaaqtiureba, anu moswavleebisaTvis<br />
imis Txovna, rom gaixsenon, ra<br />
ician ideaTa mowesrigebis konkretuli<br />
meTodis Sesaxeb, Zalian<br />
mcire konceptualur cvlilebas
164 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
iwvevs. ufro sasargebloa, Tu moswavleebs<br />
vTxovT, ganixilon is,<br />
rac ideaTa mowesrigebis konkretul<br />
saSualebaze ician. ganxilvis<br />
procesi moswavleebs axali<br />
midgomebis aRmoCenisa da ideebis<br />
generirebis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
yvelaze didi konceptualuri<br />
cvli leba argumentaciis process<br />
ukavSirdeba, anu rodesac saku<br />
Tari poziciis dasacavad moswavleebs<br />
konkretuli argumentebis<br />
moSvelieba uwevT, an rodesac<br />
warmovudgenT Zlier argumentebs,<br />
mowesrigebis konkretul<br />
formasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
2. moswavleebs unda mivceT<br />
SesaZlebloba, rom realurad moaxdinon<br />
ideaTa mowesrigeba. j. rosma<br />
(1988) Caatara im kvlevebis safuZvliani<br />
analizi, romlebic ideaTa<br />
mowesrigebas ukavSirdeba. j. rosis<br />
mier gakeTebuli daskvnebidan, maswavleblisaTvis<br />
yvelaze gamosadegia<br />
Semdegi daskvna: moswavlisaTvis<br />
Zalian sasargebloa, rodesac<br />
maswavlebeli sTxovs, moaxdinos<br />
ganzogadebisa da principebis urTierTmisadageba.<br />
Sesabamisad, maswavlebelma<br />
gacilebiT meti energia<br />
da dro unda daxarjos imaze, rom<br />
moswavleebs gamoayenebinos ideaTa<br />
mowesrigebis meTodebi, vidre imaze,<br />
rom maT ubralod gaagebinos,<br />
Tu ras gulisxmobs ideaTa mowesrigeba.<br />
ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia,<br />
moswavleebs esmodeT, ra aris ganzogadeba<br />
da principebi. rogorc<br />
ki moswavleebi zogad arss gaiazreben,<br />
saWiroa, daiwyon aqtiuri<br />
varjiSi ideaTa mowesrigebis saSualebebis<br />
gamoyenebaze sxvadasxva<br />
situaciebSi.<br />
ideaTa mowesrigeba:<br />
saklaso praqtika<br />
moswavleebs unda SeeZloT<br />
ganzogadebebisa da principebis<br />
cxadi warmodgena da ramdenime<br />
magaliTis moyvana<br />
ganzogadebebi da principebi ideaTa<br />
mowesrigebis imdenad rTuli<br />
formebia, rom maswavlebels<br />
araerTi magaliTis moyvana mouwevs,<br />
sanam moswavleebi am formebs<br />
Caswvdebian. qvemoT moyvanili<br />
istoriis gakveTilis magaliTi<br />
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
gavagebinoT moswavleebs ideaTa<br />
mowesrigebis arsi.<br />
danielma Tqva: `demokratiuli<br />
qveyana ar SeiZleba samudamod<br />
erTi mTavrobis qveS iyos. ra<br />
Rac momentSi cvlileba aucilebelia.~<br />
`kargad ver vigeb, ras ambob~,<br />
_ Tqva jiuelma, `Segi<br />
Zlia, ufro cxadad axsna, ras<br />
ambob~<br />
`kargi. mTavrobebi unda icvlebodnen,<br />
radgan amomrCeveli<br />
moiTxovs cvlilebas. axla gasagebia~<br />
qalbatonma bamberim yuri<br />
mohkra moswavleTa saubars.<br />
moswavleebi jgufebSi muSaobdenen<br />
da ganixilavdnen Temas<br />
`idealuri mTavroba~. maswavlebelma<br />
gaigona, rogor umtkicebda<br />
danieli Tanatolebs,<br />
rom yoveli demokratia ganwirulia,<br />
radgan sabolood mis<br />
saTaveSi tirani mova. qalbatoni<br />
bamberi gancvifrda imiT,<br />
Tu ra siRrmiseulad xsnida am<br />
azrs danieli. am ukanasknelma<br />
platonis is ideebic ki moiSvelia,<br />
romelic klasSi wina dRes<br />
ganixiles. `platoni acxadebda,<br />
rom mmarTvelobis sistema Se
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
165<br />
icvleba survilis mixedviT.<br />
demokratiuli wyobis dros<br />
yvela survili Tanabrad kargia,<br />
anu yvela survili erTnairad<br />
misaRebia. gamomdinare iqidan,<br />
rom adamianTa survilebi arasodes<br />
daemTxveva erTmaneTs,<br />
demokratia SeiZleba Zalian<br />
qaosur wyobad iqces.~<br />
`daniel, SegiZlia Seni mosazreba<br />
argumentebiT gaamyaro~<br />
_ ikiTxa maswavlebelma. `Segi<br />
Zlia moiyvano ramdenime magaliTi,<br />
romelic adasturebs, rom<br />
demokratia tiraniad iqca~<br />
danielma Zalian sxartad<br />
upasuxa: `yvelaze Tanamedrove<br />
magaliTebs moviyvan: musolini,<br />
romelic italias Caudga<br />
saTaveSi, an hitleri germaniaSi.<br />
platonis sityvebi tiranis<br />
`survilis~ Sesaxeb orive<br />
SemTxvevas miesadageba. orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi erTma adamianma<br />
demokratiul qveyanaSi (romelic<br />
mravalTa survils moicavs)<br />
Seqmnili qaosi sakuTari upiratesobisaTvis<br />
gamoiyena.~<br />
`platonma sxvadasxva saxelmwifo<br />
aRwera~, _ ganmarta qalbatonma<br />
bamberma, `maT Soris,<br />
idealuri saxelmwifo. platoniseuli<br />
idealuri saxelmwifo,<br />
sxvaTa Soris, demokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifo ar iyo~.<br />
`marTalia~, _ Tqva danielma,<br />
`magram platonis argumentis<br />
ironia swored imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom saberZneTis istoriaSi<br />
tirania yovelTvis win uswrebda<br />
demokratias. roca platoni<br />
idealur saxelmwifos aRwers,<br />
is aristokratias gulisxmobs~.<br />
moswavleebs unda davexmaroT<br />
ganzogadebisa da principebis<br />
gagebasa da swori warmodgenebis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi<br />
Tu maswavlebeli xedavs, rom<br />
moswavleebs araswori warmodgena<br />
aqvT ideaTa mowesrigebis Sesaxeb,<br />
mas SeuZlia, moswavleebs iseTi<br />
magaliTebi warmoudginos, romlebic<br />
uzustobis aRmofxvras<br />
Seuwyoben xels. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu moswavleebs zedapirulad<br />
esmiT ideaTa mowesrigebis arsi,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, miawodos<br />
maT is axali situaciebi, romlebsac<br />
moswavleebi ganzogadebisa da<br />
principebis formebs miusadageben.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia magaliTi<br />
imisa, Tu rogor SeuZlia daexmaros<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs am<br />
ori SemTxvevis dros (roca moswavles<br />
ar esmis an zedapirulad<br />
esmis ideaTa mowesrigebis arsi).<br />
miqaelas me-5 klaseli megobrebi<br />
gakveTilze axali magaliTebiT<br />
datvirTulni movidnen.<br />
maT, konkretul ganzogadebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisi<br />
magaliTebi unda moefiqrebinaT.<br />
ganzogadeba SemdegSi<br />
mdgo mareobda: adamianebi ufro<br />
swra fad yiduloben saqonels,<br />
Tu am saqonlis miwodeba iklebs.<br />
miqaelas kidev raRacis<br />
damateba undoda; man xeli awia<br />
da ganacxada: `rodesac mwarmoebeli<br />
amCnevs, rom didia maT<br />
produqciaze moTxovna, isini<br />
amcireben produqciis warmoebis<br />
odenobas da zrdian fass.<br />
adamianebi ixdian gazrdil<br />
fass, radgan hgoniaT, rom am<br />
produqciis deficitia. ai, amas<br />
ambobs xolme mamaCemi~. sxva<br />
moswavleebi miqaelas daeTanxmnen.<br />
`miqaela, SesaZloa es zog<br />
SemTxvevaSi marTali iyos~,<br />
upasuxa maswavlebelma, `magram<br />
ara _ yovelTvis. warmoidgine,<br />
rom erT cxel dRes limonaTs<br />
hyidi. Sen isurvebdi, xalxs<br />
efiqra, rom TiTqmis aRar<br />
dagrCa gasayidi limonaTi Tu<br />
isurvebdi, maT scodnodaT,<br />
rom sakmarisi raodenoba gaqvs
166 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
da SeuZliaT or _ ori boTlic<br />
iyidon”<br />
maswavlebelma axsna, rom<br />
kompaniebi, rogorc wesi, rodesac<br />
bazarze moTxovna izrdeba,<br />
miwodebas zrdian; man moswavleebs<br />
araerTi magaliTi mouyvana<br />
da, aseve, warmodgina vebgverdi<br />
“Econopolis”, romelzec<br />
kidev ufro meti magaliTebi<br />
iyo mocemuli. maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs konkretuli<br />
ekonomikuri principic auxsna,<br />
rac mis arguments asabuTebda.<br />
miqaelam da sxva moswavleebmac<br />
gaiges, rom, umetes SemTxveveb<br />
Si, bazarze miwodeba arsebul<br />
moTxovnas mihyveba. maswavlebeli<br />
kmayofili darCa imiT,<br />
rom moswavleebamde am ideis<br />
warmatebiT mitana SeZlo.<br />
unarebi: kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />
mentaluri unarebis ori forma<br />
arsebobs: taqtika da algoriTmebi<br />
(snoumeni da maqqauni,<br />
1984).<br />
• taqtika Sedgeba zogadi<br />
wesebisagan, rac mTlian process<br />
aregulirebs, da ara konkretuli<br />
nabijebisagan, romlebic<br />
garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda<br />
Sesruldes. magaliTad, histogramis<br />
wakiTxvis taqtika SeiZleba<br />
moicavdes wesebs, romlebic<br />
(1) histogramaze datanili elementebis<br />
identifikacias axdens,<br />
(2) gansazRvravs, ra informaciaa<br />
warmodgenili TiToeul RerZze,<br />
(3) gansazRvravs urTierTobas or<br />
RerZze warmodgenil elementebs<br />
Soris. Tumca arsebobs am wesebis<br />
zogadi paradigma, ar arsebobs<br />
konkretuli, dadgenili Tanmimdevroba.<br />
• algoriTmebi is mentaluri<br />
unarebia, romlebic konkretuli<br />
Sedegebisa da nabijebisagan Sedgeba.<br />
taqtikisagan gansxvavebiT, algoriTmi<br />
yvela nabijis Tanmimdevrul<br />
Sesrulebas gulisxmobs.<br />
Sesabamisad, Tu algoriTmis Sesrulebis<br />
procesSi nabijebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
Seicvleba, sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli Sedegi miiReba.<br />
me-5 TavSi aRwerili ganzogadebuli<br />
daskvnebi `praqtikis~<br />
Sesaxeb unaris dauflebasac<br />
miesadageba. amitom, Tu moswavleTaTvis<br />
axali unarebis swavlebas<br />
apireben, maswavleblebma me-5<br />
TavSi moyvanili daskvnebi unda<br />
gadaikiTxon. aseve, unarebis efeqturi<br />
swavlebis mizniT, maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
ganzogadebuli daskvnebi<br />
gamoiyenos.<br />
1. rTulia aRmoCenebis meTodis<br />
efeqturi gamoyeneba unarebis<br />
ganviTarebisas. ganaTlebis specialistebis<br />
garkveuli nawili<br />
fiqrobs, rom moswavlis mier<br />
axali unaris sakuTari ZalebiT<br />
mignebis SemTxvevaSi is ufro<br />
ukeTesad acnobierebs unars, vidre<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am unarze<br />
pirdapir miuTiTebs maswavlebeli.<br />
es warmodgena mcdaria.<br />
aseTi warmodgenis damkvidreba<br />
albaT reaqcia iyo manamde arsebul,<br />
aseve mcdar warmodgenaze,<br />
rom gazepireba da meqanikuri<br />
varjiSi unaris aTvisebis sauke<br />
Teso saSualebas warmoadgens<br />
(andersoni, rederi da saimoni<br />
(1997). Tumca, aRmoCenebis gakeTe
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
167<br />
baze orientirebulma meTodma<br />
bevri ganaTlebis specialistis<br />
yuradReba miipyro, amJamad ar<br />
arsebobs kvlevebis Sedegebi, rac<br />
daadasturebda, rom es strategia<br />
ufro efeqturia, vidre romelime<br />
sxva.<br />
mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili<br />
acxadebs, rom aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze<br />
orientirebuli meTodi ar<br />
warmoadgens swavlebis efeqtur<br />
meTods, gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />
roca saqme unarebis dauflebas<br />
exeba. mkvlevarebi m. maqdanieli<br />
da m. Slageri (1990) aRniSnaven:<br />
`Cveni SexedulebiT, aRmoCenebis<br />
gakeTebaze orientirebuli meTodi<br />
ar uwyobs xels unaris ukeT<br />
dauflebas~.<br />
zogierTi unari aRmoCenebis<br />
gakeTebaze orientirebuli meTodiT<br />
swavlebas ar eqvemdebareba.<br />
magaliTad, warmovidginoT mimatebis,<br />
gamoklebis, gamravlebisa<br />
da gayofis unarebi. namdvilad ar<br />
iqneba gonivruli gaawyvetileba,<br />
Tu am unarebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
nabijebis aRmoCenis procesSi moswavleebsac<br />
CavrTavT. ra Tqma<br />
unda, arsebobs albaToba, rom moswavleebi<br />
ukeTesad gaaanalizeben<br />
maT, Tu Tavad aRmoaCenen am moqmedebebTan<br />
dakavSirebul nabijebs,<br />
magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom aseTi aRmoCenis procesi<br />
Zalian bevr dros moiTxovs.<br />
ar arsebobs magiuri nusxa,<br />
romelSic Camowerili iqneboda is<br />
taqtika da algoriTmebi, romelTa<br />
axsnisasac sasurvelia aRmoCenebis<br />
gakeTebaze orientirebuli<br />
meTodis gamoyeneba. zogadi wesi<br />
Semdegia: rac ufro meti variaciis<br />
SesaZlebloba arsebobs konkretuli<br />
unaris SesrulebisaTvis<br />
saWiro nabijebs Soris, miT ufro<br />
sasurvelia aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze<br />
orientirebuli meTodis<br />
gamoyeneba. magaliTad, warmovidginoT,<br />
rom laboratoriuli<br />
mowyobilobis sworad gamoyenebisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia 5 Tanmimdevruli<br />
operaciis Sesruleba,<br />
ar iqneba mizanSewonili, rom moswavleebs<br />
am xuTi operaciisa da<br />
maTi Tanmimdevrobis aRmoCenebis<br />
gakeTebaze orientirebuli meTodiT<br />
dadgena vTxovoT. ukeTesi<br />
iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli Tavad<br />
moaxdens am operaciebisa da maTi<br />
Tanmimdevrobis demonstrirebas<br />
da Semdeg moswavleebs miscems<br />
saSualebas, Secvalon isini, individualuri<br />
Taviseburebebis<br />
ga TvaliswinebiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom taqtika, romelic<br />
sxva dasxvagvarad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes,<br />
SeiZleba aRmoCenebis<br />
gakeTebaze orientirebuli meTodis<br />
gamoyenebiT iswavlebodes.<br />
magaliTad, histogramis wakiTxvis<br />
swavlebisas, nabijebisa da maTi<br />
Tanmimdevrobis dadgena, Segvi<br />
Zlia, moswavleebs mivandoT.<br />
2. rodesac maswavlebeli aRmoCenebis<br />
gakeTebaze orientirebul<br />
meTods iyenebs, magaliTebi<br />
iseT kategoriebad unda daalagos,<br />
rom isini unarisadmi sxvadasxva<br />
midgomas warmoadgendnen. rodesac<br />
maswavleblis mizani unarebze<br />
dafuZnebuli codnis moswavleebamde<br />
efeqturad mitanaa, sasurvelia,<br />
aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze<br />
orientirebuli meTodi kogniturad<br />
marTuli swavlebis (CGI)
168 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
CarCoebSi gamoiyenos (ix. qarfen<br />
Teri, fenema da feTersoni, 1987;<br />
qarfenTeri, fenema, feTersoni,<br />
Ciangi da loefi, 1989; fenema,<br />
qarfenTeri da franke, 1992; fenema,<br />
qarfenTeri da feTersoni,<br />
1989; feTersoni, qarfenTeri da<br />
fenema, 1989; feTersoni, fenema<br />
da qarfenTeri, 1989). am midgomis<br />
gamoyenebiT, maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia, waaxalisos moswavle,<br />
rom am ukanasknelma problemis<br />
gadaWris sakuTari strategia Seqmnas.<br />
kogniturad marTuli swavlebis<br />
dros<br />
moswavleebs ar uCveneben, Tu<br />
rogor SeiZleba problemis gadaWra.<br />
TiToeuli moswavle Tavad<br />
poulobs problemis gadaWris<br />
/ amocanis amoxsnis ramdenime<br />
gzas da maswavleblisa da<br />
klaselebis winaSe warmoadgens<br />
maT. maswavleblebi da klaselebi<br />
manamde usvamen SekiTxvebs,<br />
sanam kargad ar gaigeben, Tu<br />
raSi mdgomareobs problemis<br />
gadaWris moswavlis mier warmodgenili<br />
gza. rodesac erTi<br />
moswavlis mier warmodgenili<br />
amoxsna gasagebia, klasi meore<br />
moswavleze gadadis da axla<br />
problemis gadaWris mis mier<br />
SemuSavebul xerxebs ismenen.<br />
maswavlebeli, roca TiToeul<br />
moswavles usmens, advilad adgens,<br />
Tu ra icis / risi unari<br />
aqvs am moswavles. Sesabamisad,<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, ise<br />
dagegmos saswavlo procesi,<br />
rom moswavleebma saTanadod<br />
gaifarTovon conda da unarebi<br />
(fenema, qarfenTeri da franke,<br />
1992, gv. 5).<br />
aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze orientirebuli<br />
meTodi maSin muSaobs<br />
warmatebiT, Tu maswavlebeli kargad<br />
erkveva sxvadasxva problemis<br />
tipologiaSi. diagrama 11.7-ze<br />
warmodgenilia amocanaTa / problemaTa<br />
tipebi.<br />
diagrama 11.7-ze problemebi<br />
/amocanebi sxvadasxva kategoriad<br />
im meTodebis mixedviT davajgufeT,<br />
romlebic maTi gadaWris<br />
/amoxsnisaTvis gamoiyeneba. maswavlebels<br />
SeuZlia, moswavlis<br />
mier warmoebuli Ziebis procesi<br />
amocanebis am detalizebuli tipologiis<br />
mixedviT warmarTos.<br />
roca moswavle konkretuli tipis<br />
amocanaze muSaobs, is imuSavebs<br />
da gamocdis swored am tipis<br />
amocanis amoxsnis gzebs. problemebis<br />
tipebad kategorizacia<br />
sasargebloa, radgan moswavles<br />
exmareba, erT konkretuli tipis<br />
problemebze koncentrirdes. ase<br />
rom, Tu maswavlebels surs, rom<br />
moswavlis mier warmoebuli Ziebis<br />
procesi efeqturi iyos, konkretul<br />
unarTan dakavSirebuli<br />
magaliTebi unda daalagos kategoriebad,<br />
romlebic am unaris<br />
Sesrulebis gansxvavebul gzebs<br />
warmoaCenen.<br />
3. unarebi yvelaze sasargebloa<br />
maSin, roca ise aqvs moswav <br />
les gaTavisebuli, rom avtomaturad<br />
iyenebs. kvlevebi adasturebs,<br />
rom moswavlis mier unari<br />
mxolod maSinaa efeqturad<br />
aTvisebuli, rodesac mas am unaris<br />
gamoyeneba zedmeti fiqris<br />
gareSe SeuZlia. mkvlevarebi moswavlis<br />
mier unaris daufiqreblad<br />
gamoyenebas avtomaturi gamoyenebis<br />
saxeliT moixsenieben (ix.andersoni,<br />
1983; fiTsi da fozneri,<br />
1967; labergi da samuelsi, 1974).
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
169<br />
amocanis tipi<br />
SeerTeba /<br />
mimateba<br />
gayofa<br />
nawili _<br />
nawili _<br />
mTeli<br />
Sedareba<br />
(Sedegi<br />
ucnobia)<br />
qonis aqvs marmarilos<br />
5 qva.<br />
xuanma mas kidev<br />
8 qva misca.<br />
ramdeni marmarilos<br />
qva aqvs<br />
qonis<br />
(Sedegi<br />
ucnobia)<br />
qonis hqonda<br />
13 marmarilos<br />
qva. qonim<br />
5 marmarilos<br />
qva misca xuans.<br />
ramdeni<br />
marmarilos qva<br />
darCa qonis<br />
diagrama 11. 7<br />
amocanebis tipebi<br />
(jami ucnobia)<br />
qonis aqvs 5 wiTeli marmarilos<br />
da 8 lurji<br />
marmarilos qva.<br />
(sxvaoba<br />
ucnobia)<br />
qonis aqvs 13<br />
marmarilos qva.<br />
xuans aqvs 5.<br />
ramdeniT meti<br />
marmarilos qva<br />
aqvs qonis<br />
(cvlileba<br />
ucnobia)<br />
qonis aqvs marmarilos<br />
5qva.<br />
kidev ramdeni<br />
marmarilos qva<br />
sWirdeba, rom<br />
13 qva hqondes<br />
(cvlileba<br />
ucnobia)<br />
qonis hqonda 13<br />
marmarilos qva.<br />
ramdenime marmarilos<br />
qva qonim<br />
misca xuans. qonis<br />
darCa 5 qva.<br />
ramdeni marmarilos<br />
qva misca<br />
qonim xuans<br />
(Sesadarebeli<br />
raodenoba<br />
ucnobia)<br />
xuans aqvs 5<br />
marmarilos<br />
qva. qonis aqvs<br />
8 marmarilos<br />
qviT meti, vidre<br />
xuans. ramdeni<br />
marmarilos qva<br />
aqvs qonis<br />
(dasawyisi ucnobia)<br />
qonis hqonda ramdenime<br />
marmarilos qva.<br />
xuanma mas misca marmarilos<br />
5qva da axla<br />
qonis 13 qva aqvs.<br />
marmarilos ramdeni<br />
qva hqonda qonis Tavdapirvelad<br />
(dasawyisi ucnobia)<br />
qonis hqonda ramdenime<br />
marmarilos<br />
qva. qonim 5 qva misca<br />
xuans. qonis dar<br />
Ca 8 marmarilos qva.<br />
ramdeni marmarilos<br />
qva hqonda qonis<br />
Tavdapirvelad<br />
(Sedegi ucnobia)<br />
qonis aqvs 13 marmarilos qva.<br />
aqedan 5 aris wiTeli da danarCeni<br />
_ lurji.<br />
(mimarTeba ucnobia)<br />
qonis aqvs 13 marmarilos<br />
qva; mas<br />
aqvs xuTiT meti<br />
marmarilos qva, vidre<br />
xuans. ramdeni<br />
marmarilos qva aqvs<br />
xuans<br />
wyaro: frenki, m. l., levi, l. da emfsoni, s. b. (1991) maTematika bavSvebisaTvis:<br />
Semecnebaze damyarebuli swavleba. portsmuTi, NH; hainmani. informaciis adap tirebaze<br />
miRebulia nebarTva.
170 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
unaris gamoyeneba avotomaturi<br />
gaxdeba, Tu moswavleebis intensiuri<br />
varjiSi TandaTanobiT droSi<br />
gadanawildeba. ras vgulisxmobT,<br />
roca vambobT, rom intensiuri<br />
varjiSi unda gadanawildes saqme<br />
isaa, rom roca maswavlebels axali<br />
unari Semoaqvs, moswavleebs<br />
yoveldRiurad, intensiurad avarjiSebs.<br />
rac dro gadis, intensiurobis<br />
xarisxi iklebs, Tumca<br />
unarze varjiSi mainc unda gagr<br />
Zeldes da es datvirTva droSi<br />
Tanabrad unda iyos gadanawilebuli.<br />
unarebi: saklaso praqtika<br />
aRmoCenebis meTodis gamoyene <br />
ba unarebis ganviTarebisas<br />
rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, swavlebis<br />
procesSi aRmoCenebis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebis dros magaliTebi<br />
maswavlebelma tipologiurad<br />
unda daalagos. roca moswavleebi<br />
magaliTebis konkretul kategorias<br />
ganixilaven, maswavlebelma<br />
maT unda sTxovos, rom magaliTebis<br />
am kategoriaze morgebuli<br />
strategiebi SeimuSaon. roca<br />
magaliTebis sxvadasxva kategorias<br />
gaivlian, moswavleebma am<br />
kategoriebisaTvis SemoSavebuli<br />
strategiebi erTmaneTs unda<br />
Seadaron. qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi<br />
avtomanqanis marTvis swavlebis<br />
gakveTilidan.<br />
batoni prado avtomanqanis<br />
marTvas aswavlida. moswavleebi<br />
ise gaiwafnen tarebaSi,<br />
rom maswavlebelma CaTvala,<br />
maT SeeZloT, sxvadasxvanair<br />
gzaze tarebaSi mecadineoba<br />
daewyoT. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebi<br />
gaexalisebina da<br />
daeinteresebina, maswavlebelma<br />
aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze orientirebuli<br />
meTodis gamoyeneba<br />
gadawyvita, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobda:<br />
imis nacvlad, rom<br />
sxvadasxvanair zedapirs Soris<br />
gansxvavebebi da avtomanqanis<br />
marTvis Taviseburebebi aexsna,<br />
man gadawyvita, moswavleebisaTvis<br />
mieca saSualeba, Tavad<br />
aRmoeCinaT es Taviseburebebi.<br />
maswavlebeli avtomanqanis mar<br />
Tvis kompiuterul simulators<br />
iyenebda. am simulatoris saSualebiT,<br />
batonma pradom moswavleebs<br />
sxvadasxva zedapiri warmoudgina,<br />
rogorebicaa: mSrali<br />
trasa, sveli trasa, TovliT<br />
dafaruli trasa, moyinuli<br />
trasa, talaxiani trasa, xreSiT<br />
dafaruli zedapiri. simulatoris<br />
gamoyenebiT, maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs saSualeba misca,<br />
avtomanqana sxvadasxva zedapirze<br />
etarebinaT. roca erTi<br />
konkretuli tipis zedapirze<br />
yvela moswavle mosinjavda<br />
marTvas, maswavlebeli sTxovda,<br />
ganexilaT am tipis zedapirze<br />
marTvis teqnika. rodesac yvela<br />
moswavlem yvela warmodgenil<br />
zedapirze scada manqanis<br />
marTva, moswavleebi jgufebad<br />
daiyvnen da Camoayalibes manqanis<br />
marTvis rogorc saerTo,<br />
aseve konkretuli zedapiris<br />
tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Taviseburebani.<br />
droSi gadanawilebis praqtika<br />
da misi mniSvneloba<br />
rodesac maswavlebeli gegmavs,<br />
Tu rogor daexmaros moswavleebs<br />
axali unaris aTvisebaSi, is<br />
iRebs Semdeg or gadawyvetilebas:<br />
ra dro dauTmos klasSi am unaris<br />
ganviTarebas, ra moculobis saSinao<br />
davaleba misces moswavleebs.
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
171<br />
rogorc wesi, maswavlebeli unaris<br />
ganviTarebis dasawyisSive gegmavs<br />
am unaris CamoyalibebasTan dakav<br />
Sirebul praqtikas (anu, rogorc<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, intensiuri<br />
varjiSis fazas). maswavleblebi<br />
iSviaTad gegmaven Semdgom fazas<br />
_ varjiSis droSi gadanawilebas.<br />
imisaTvis, rom am Secdomas<br />
Tavi avaridoT, aucilebelia, maswavlebelma<br />
Tavidanve dagegmos,<br />
Tu rodis Sewydeba intensiuri<br />
varjiSi da rodis daiwyeba varji<br />
Sis droSi gadanawilebis faza.<br />
ufro metic, Tu axali unaris<br />
swavlebas maswavlebeli saswavlo<br />
wlis bolos iwyebs, aucilebelia,<br />
SeaTanxmos moswavleebTan,<br />
Tu rogor warmarTaven isini am<br />
unarze damoukideblad varjiSs<br />
zafxulSi, droSi gadanawilebis<br />
fazaSi. aucilebelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
moswavleebs avuxsnaT, Tu<br />
ra mniSvneloba eniWeba praqtikis<br />
droSi gadanawilebas unaris<br />
avtomaturad gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />
gasagebia, rom yvela moswavle<br />
zustad ver daicavs ganrigs, magram<br />
maTTvis mainc sasargeblo<br />
iqneba imis gageba, Tu ra procesi<br />
unda gaiaros adamianma axali unaris<br />
asaTviseblad. qvemoT moyvanili<br />
magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu<br />
rogor darwmunda saSualo skolis<br />
maswavlebeli praqtikis dro<br />
Si gadanawilebis fazis aucileblobaSi.<br />
qalbatoni Caimsi kviris dReeb<br />
Si inglisur enasa da literaturas<br />
aswavlida skolaSi,<br />
saRamoobiT da SabaT-kviras ki<br />
_ musikas. erT SabaT dRes is<br />
moswavles, romelic fortepianoze<br />
dakvras swavlobda, praqtikis<br />
dagegmvis mniSvnelobas<br />
uxsnida. qalbatoni Caimsi acxadebda,<br />
rom Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />
praqtikuli mecadineobis<br />
gulmodgined dagegmva. misi<br />
azriT, aucilebeli iyo, unaris<br />
kargad dauflebis Semdegac ki,<br />
moswavle drodadro kvlav mibruneboda<br />
am unarze varjiSs.<br />
roca am yvelafers Tavis moswavles<br />
uxsnida, moulodnelad<br />
qalbaton Caimss TavSi erTma<br />
azrma gauelva _ mas arasodes<br />
ufiqria, rom praqtikis droSi<br />
gadanawileba SeiZleba inglisuri<br />
enisa da literaturis<br />
gakveTilebzec gamoeyenebina.<br />
igi dafiqrda. axlaRa mixvda,<br />
Tu ratom uwevda werisa da kvlevis<br />
unaris ramdenjerme axsna.<br />
mas ar mouwevda erTi da imave<br />
unaris axsna, kargad rom gadaenawilebina<br />
praqtika unaris<br />
aTvisebis Semdgom periodze,<br />
rac moswavleebs aiZulebda,<br />
drodadro ukve aTvisebul unars<br />
mibrunebodnen da advilad<br />
ar daviwyebodaT is. qalbatoni<br />
Caimsi guldawyvetili iyo. sakmaod<br />
didxans igi efeqturad<br />
iyenebda praqtikis droSi gadanawilebis<br />
meTods fortepianos<br />
gakveTilebze da ver<br />
gaego, ratom ar mouvida azrad<br />
imave meTodis gamoyeneba inglisuri<br />
enisa da literaturis<br />
gakveTilebzec.<br />
procesebi: kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />
procesebsa da unarebs zogierTi<br />
saerTo maxasiaTebeli da ramdenime<br />
ganmasxvavebeli niSani aqvT.<br />
procesebsa da unarebs Soris<br />
msgav seba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />
isini garkveul Sedegs an axal xedvas<br />
uyrian safuZvels. magali<br />
Tad, histogramis wakiTxvis taqtika<br />
saTaves udebs or cvlads
172 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
Soris arsebuli urTierTobis axlebur<br />
gagebas. weris procesi safuZvels<br />
uyris axal Txzulebas.<br />
procesebi, unarebTan SedarebiT,<br />
ufro farTo variaciulobiT gamoirCevian,<br />
roca saqme exeba nabijebsa<br />
da maT Tanmimdevrobas.<br />
magaliTad, histogramis wakiTxvis<br />
arc Tu ise bevri gza arsebobs,<br />
maSin roca weris procesi<br />
Zalian mravalferovani SeiZleba<br />
iyos. ase rom, procesi, rogorc<br />
wesi, ufro variaciulia, vidre<br />
unari.<br />
procesis swavlebisas, ar aris<br />
mizanSewonili `nabij-nabij~ midgomis<br />
gamoyeneba, anu im midgomis,<br />
romelic detalurad uxsnis moswavleebs,<br />
romel nabijs ra unda<br />
moyvebodes. es, rasakvirvelia,<br />
ar niSnavs imas, rom moswavleebs<br />
procesis swavlebisas daxmareba<br />
ar unda aRmovuCinoT. magaliTad,<br />
weris swavlebisas, aucilebelia,<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebs weris<br />
sxvadasxva komponenti auxsnas.<br />
maswavleblebi am midgomas zojer<br />
`procesis weras~, anu weris procesSi<br />
weris swavlas uwodeben.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia is frazebi,<br />
romlebsac bevri maswavlebeli<br />
weris procesis axsnisas iyenebs:<br />
1. weris wina etapi;<br />
2. wera;<br />
3. naweris Sesworeba/gadakiTxva.<br />
samive weris procesis Semadgeneli<br />
komponentia da TiToeul<br />
maTganSi gamoiyofa qvekomponentebi,<br />
magaliTad:<br />
3.naweris Sesworeba/gadakiTxva<br />
• naweris wakiTxva Txzulebis<br />
logikurobis dadgenis mizniT;<br />
• naweris wakiTxva makavSirebeli<br />
frazebis efeqturobis Semowmebis<br />
mizniT;<br />
• naweris wakiTxva sityvebisa da<br />
frazebis Semowmebis mizniT<br />
(anu imisaTvis, rom davadginoT,<br />
ramdenad sworad aris esa<br />
Tu is sityva an fraza SerCeuli);<br />
• naweris wakiTxva imis Sesamowmeblad,<br />
ramdenad sworadaa<br />
SeTanxmebuli TiToeuli Semasmeneli<br />
qvemdebaresTan;<br />
• naweris wakiTxva punqtuaciisa<br />
da sityvaTa marTlweris Semowmebis<br />
mizniT.<br />
maswavlebels SeuZlia, qvemoT<br />
warmodgenili ori ganzogadebuli<br />
daskvna procesebis efeqturi<br />
swavlebis mizniT gamoiyenos.<br />
1. moswavleebma calkeuli<br />
komponentebi mTliani procesis<br />
konteqstSi unda gaiazron. maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs Sesaswavli<br />
procesis komponentebi da<br />
qvekomponentebi unda warudginos;<br />
man unda moamzados maTTvis<br />
specialuri savarjiSoebi, raTa<br />
moswavleebma ivarjiSon procesis<br />
rogorc komponentebze, aseve<br />
qvekomponentebze. weris procesis<br />
swavlebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,<br />
gavaanalizoT, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
aswavlos maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
esa Tu is procesi. hiloqsma<br />
(1986) weris procesis swavlebis<br />
oTxi midgoma Seiswavla. es<br />
midgomebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
173<br />
diagrama 11. 8<br />
weris procesisadmi sxvadasxva midgomis efeqturoba<br />
midgoma<br />
efeqtis sidideebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
efeqtis sidide<br />
rezentacia 4 0.02<br />
bunebrivi procesi 9 0.19<br />
koncentrirebuli praqtika 10 0.44<br />
unarebi 6 0.17<br />
aRvweroT:<br />
1. prezentacia. maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs uxsnis, rogoria kargi<br />
naweri da mohyavs magaliTebi;<br />
2. bunebrivi procesi. maswavlebeli<br />
avarjiSebs moswavleebs<br />
Tavisufal weraSi, rogorc individualurad,<br />
aseve jgufurad.<br />
3. koncentrirebuli praqtika.<br />
maswavlebeli struqturirebul<br />
davalebebs aZlevs moswavleebs,<br />
raTa maTi yuradReba weris<br />
garkveul aspeqtebs miapyros.<br />
4. unarebi. maswavlebeli weris<br />
process komponentebad hyofs<br />
da moswavleebs am komponentebze,<br />
yvela komponentze erTad, an<br />
cal-calke avarjiSebs.<br />
diagrama 11.8-ze mocemulia Ti<br />
Toeuli am midgomis efeqtis sidide.<br />
diagrama 11.8-is mixedviT,<br />
mid goma, romelic `koncentrirebuli<br />
praqtikis~ saxeliTaa<br />
mox seniebuli, weris procesis<br />
aT visebisaTvis yvelaze efeqturia.<br />
am midgomis efeqtis sidide<br />
yvelaze maRalia _ 0.44. rogorc<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, koncentrirebuli<br />
praqtikis dros maswavle<br />
beli struqturirebul davalebebs<br />
aZlevs moswavleebs, raTa<br />
maTi yuradReba weris garkveul<br />
aspeqtebs miapyros. maswavlebeli<br />
moswavleebs procesis komponentebsa<br />
da qvekomponentebs warmoudgens<br />
da struqturirebuli<br />
davalebebiT swored konkretul<br />
komponentze an qvekomponentze<br />
akeTebs aqcents. magaliTad, maswavlebelma<br />
moswavleebs SeiZleba<br />
sTxovos Txzulebis momzadeba,<br />
romlis weris drosac moswavleebma<br />
yuradReba makavSirebeli<br />
frazebis efeqturad gamoyenebaze<br />
unda gaamaxvilon. sagulisxmoa,<br />
rom, hiloqsis (1986) kvlevis<br />
mixedviT, moswavleebisaTvis<br />
mxolod axsna imisa, Tu rogoria<br />
kargi naweri (midgoma, romelic<br />
`prezentaciis~ saxeliTaa moxseniebuli),<br />
yvelaze dabal Sedegebs<br />
iZleva. am midgomis efeqtis<br />
sididea 0.02. aseve, sayuradReboa,<br />
rom arc Tavisufali wera (midgoma,<br />
romelic `bunebrivi procesis~<br />
saxeliTaa moxseniebuli) gamoirCeva<br />
efeqturobiT (efeqtis<br />
sididea mxolod 0.19). da bolos,<br />
mxolod konkretul komponentebze<br />
an qvekomponentebze muSaoba
174 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
(midgoma, romelic `unarebis~ saxeliTaa<br />
moxseniebuli) warmoadgens<br />
gansakuTrebiT efeqtur sa<br />
Sualebas. am ukanasknelis efeqtis<br />
sididea mxolod 0.17.<br />
2. maswavleblebma gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba procesebis metakognitur<br />
kontrols unda miaqcion.<br />
es gulisxmobs Semadgenel<br />
unarebs Soris kompleqsur urTierTqmedebas.<br />
Sesabamisad, moswavle<br />
ara mxolod procesis Semadgeneli<br />
TiToeuli komponentis<br />
saTanado Sesrulebaze unda iyos<br />
gavarjiSebuli, aramed mas procesis<br />
Semadgeneli elementebis urTierTqmedebis<br />
kontrolic unda<br />
SeeZlos. es cneba metakognituri<br />
kontrolis saxeliTaa cnobili<br />
(ix.skardamalia da beraiteri,<br />
1985). swavlebis meTodebis Semswavleli<br />
kvlevebis analizis Sedegad,<br />
m. uangma, j. haertelma da h.<br />
uolbergma (1993) aRmoaCines, rom<br />
swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />
swavlis procesis metakognitur<br />
aspeqtebze amaxvileben yuradRebas,<br />
yvelaze maRali efeqturobiT<br />
gamoirCevian.<br />
maiql freslisa da misi ko legebis<br />
mier Catarebuli kvlevebi<br />
(ix. fresli, uoloSini da kolegebi,<br />
1995; fresli, gudCaildi,<br />
fliTi, zaiCovski da ivansi, 1989)<br />
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
ganvaviTaroT metakognituri kontroli<br />
moswavleebSi.<br />
• moswavleebs mieciT saSualeba,<br />
sxvadasxva davalebis<br />
Sesrulebisas axali strategia<br />
gamoiyenon. mieciT moswavleebs<br />
SeniSvnebi imasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor<br />
unda daxvewon strategiis<br />
gamoyenebis teqnika.<br />
• waaxaliseT moswavleebi, ganaxorcielon<br />
strategiis<br />
ga moyenebis monitoringi.<br />
• waaxaliseT moswavleebi, ganazogadon<br />
strategia da igi<br />
araordinaluri davalebebis<br />
Sesrulebisasac gamoiyenon.<br />
aseve, miaqcieT yuradReba,<br />
rom droTa ganmavlobaSi, moswavleebma<br />
aRniSnuli strategiis<br />
gamoyeneba ar Sewyviton<br />
(fresli, uoloSini da<br />
kolegebi, 1990, gv. 18).<br />
procesebi: saklaso praqtika<br />
procesebis komponentebisa da<br />
qvekomponentebis zogadi<br />
modelis warmodgena<br />
axali kompleqsuri procesis<br />
swavlis dawyebisas, moswavleebs<br />
maswavleblis mxridan dakvalianeba<br />
sWirdebaT. es daxmareba<br />
SeiZleba Sesaswavli procesis<br />
Semadgeneli komponentebisa da<br />
qvekomponentebis modelis warmodgenas<br />
gulisxmobdes. qvemoT<br />
naCvenebia, Tu rogor iyenebs aseT<br />
models maswavlebeli dawyebiTi<br />
klasis moswavleebTan:<br />
buena vistas dawyebiT skolaSi<br />
yvela dawyebiTi klasis moswavles<br />
maswavleblebi kiTxvis<br />
procesis Semdeg models uCveneben:<br />
SearCieT teqsti;<br />
gaarkvieT, ra aris cnobili/<br />
daisaxeT mizani;<br />
CamoayalibeT mniSvneloba;<br />
gamoiyeneT/asaxeT.<br />
TiToeuli fazis axali qvekomponentis<br />
swavlisas, moswav
moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />
175<br />
leebs kiTxvis mTeli procesis<br />
gadaxedvisa da Sesworebis sa<br />
Sualeba eZlevaT. magaliTad,<br />
`mniSvnelobis CamoyalibebisaTvis~<br />
moswavleebi ikvleven<br />
mniSvnelobas, gamoTqvamen varauds<br />
da Semdeg adastureben<br />
an abaTileben mas, akeTeben<br />
daskvnebs, qmnian mentalur saxeebs,<br />
arkveven damabnevel adgilebs.<br />
buena vistas dawyebiT<br />
skolaSi maswavleblebi kiTxvis<br />
procesis models wlebis<br />
manZilze iyeneben. Sesabamisad,<br />
me-5 klasis dasrulebis Semdeg<br />
moswavleebs esmiT kiTxvis procesTan<br />
dakavSirebuli interaqtiuli<br />
komponentebis arsi da<br />
Tavisuflad arTmeven Tavs Ti<br />
Toeul komponents.<br />
konkretul qvekomponentebze<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba<br />
mTliani procesis konteqstSi<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ar<br />
aris mizanSewonili, moswavleebi<br />
procesis romelime, calke aRebul<br />
qvekomponentze vavarjiSoT.<br />
aucilebelia, qvekomponentebze<br />
mTliani procesis konteqstSi imuSaon.<br />
magaliTad, kiTxvis procesSi<br />
varaudis dadasturebaze an<br />
gabaTilebaze moswavleebma kiTxvis<br />
procesis mTliani konteqstis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT unda imecadinon.<br />
aseT SemTxvevebSi, yuradRebis<br />
koncentrireba metakognituri<br />
unarebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs.<br />
qvemoT moyvanili aqtivobebi moswavleebs<br />
daexmareba, procesis<br />
romelime qvekomponentze moaxdinon<br />
koncentrireba.<br />
• daexmareT moswavles, cxadad<br />
Camoayalibos konkretuli<br />
qvekomponenti (es SeiZleba iyos<br />
garkveuli unari an strategia)<br />
es is qvekomponenti unda iyos,<br />
romelze varjiSsac moswavle momavalSic<br />
apirebs. aseve, man unda<br />
daisaxos sakuTari progresis Sefasebis<br />
naTeli kriteriumebi;<br />
• moamarageT moswavle davalebebiT,<br />
romlebic daexmareba<br />
mas, procesis SerCeul qvekomponentze<br />
(unarze an strategiaze)<br />
mTliani procesis konteqstSi<br />
ivarjiSos;<br />
• waaxaliseT moswavle, Seafasos<br />
qvekomponentze sakuTari<br />
muSaobis procesi. miawodeT moswavles<br />
Tqveni rCevebi da SeniSvnebi.<br />
ecadeT, es rCevebi da SeniSvnebi<br />
mxolod SerCeul qvekomponents<br />
exebodes, da ara procesis<br />
danarCen komponentebsa da qvekomponentebs.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi<br />
imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba daexmaros<br />
maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
kvlevasTan dakavSirebul praqtikaSi.<br />
maswavleblebma erTad Seimu<br />
Saves kvlevis procesis modeli,<br />
romelic sabazo da saSualo<br />
klasebis moswavleebisaTvis<br />
unda waredginaT. roca maT mierve<br />
SemuSavebul models daakvirdnen,<br />
gaocdnen im unarebisa<br />
da strategiebis simwiriT,<br />
rac moswavleebs am modelis<br />
mixedviT unda gamoeyenebinaT.<br />
sakiTxis ganxilvam saSualo<br />
skolis maswavleblebi im aRiarebamde<br />
miiyvana, rom yovelTvis<br />
eWvqveS ayenebdnen imas, Tu<br />
ramdenad kargad aswavlidnen<br />
sabazo skolis maswavleblebi<br />
kvlevis process, an saerTod<br />
aswavlidnen Tu ara mas. sa<br />
Sualo skolis maswavleblebi
176 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
ambobdnen, rom roca kvlevis<br />
procesis axsnas iwyebdnen, moswavleebi<br />
am procesis aranair<br />
codnas ar amJRavnebdnen. axla<br />
ki cxadi xdeboda, ra iyo amis<br />
mizezi. rogorc aRmoCnda, sabazo<br />
skolaSi arasdros sTxovdnen<br />
moswavleebs, kvlevis procesTan<br />
dakavSirebul romelime<br />
konkretul unarze koncentrirebas.<br />
maswavleblebma gadawyvites,<br />
cxadad CamoeyalibebinaT kvlevis<br />
procesis Semadgeneli unarebi<br />
da strategiebi; aseve, ganesazRvraT,<br />
Tu romel klaseb<br />
Si unda eswavlebinaT es unarebi<br />
da strategiebi. maswavleblebma<br />
gaakeTes SeniSvnebis furceli,<br />
romelsac sxvadasxva klasis<br />
moswavleebisaTvis SeniSvnebisa<br />
da rCevebis misacemad gamoiyenebdnen.<br />
am furcelze datanili<br />
iyo kvlevis procesis komponentebi<br />
iseve, rogorc qvekomponenti<br />
unarebisa da strategiebis<br />
nusxa. am furcelze Ti<br />
Toeuli klasisaTvis moniSnuli<br />
iyo is unarebi da stategiebi,<br />
romelic uSualod maTTvis<br />
unda eswavlebinaT. magaliTad,<br />
me-7 klasis moswavleebisaTvis<br />
sayuradRebo qvekomponenti internetidan<br />
mopovebuli informaciis<br />
Sefaseba da informaciis<br />
wyaros xarisxis dadgena<br />
iyo. me-10 klasis moswavleTaTvis<br />
ki, mTavari qvekomponenti<br />
Tezisis Camoyalibeba da kvlevis<br />
Temis dakonkreteba iyo.<br />
am SeniSvnebis furclis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg maswavleblebs<br />
imedi miecaT, rom SeZlebdnen<br />
moswavleTa ufro efeqtur<br />
xelSewyobasa da kvlevis procesTan<br />
dakavSirebuli unarebisa<br />
da strategiebis ukeT ganviTarebas.<br />
* * *<br />
am TavSi ganvixileT xuTi tipis<br />
codnis swavlebis meTodi, esenia:<br />
sityvaTa maragi da frazebi;<br />
detalebi; ideaTa mowesrigeba;<br />
unarebi da taqtika; procesebi.<br />
swavlebis procesis dagegmvisas<br />
am xuTi tipis meTodis gamoyeneba<br />
swavlis efeqturobas uzrunvelyofs.
12<br />
saswavlo<br />
procesis dagegmvis<br />
cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />
informacia kvlevebisa da praqtikuli<br />
muSaobis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
am wignis me-2 _ me-11 Taveb<br />
Si iyo warmodgenili, namdvilad<br />
moaxdens gavlenas maswavleblebis<br />
mier swavlebis procesis dagegmvaze.<br />
modiT, kidev erTxel<br />
gadavxedoT swavlebis im cxra me<br />
Tods, romelic yvelaze did gavlenas<br />
axdens moswavleTa akademiuri<br />
moswrebis gaumjobesebaze:<br />
tarebis gakeTeba<br />
• hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da<br />
gamocda<br />
• miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />
winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />
imisaTvis, rom am wignSi warmodgenili<br />
meTodebi maswavleblebma<br />
ukeT gamoiyenon, aucilebelia,<br />
yoveli axali Tema Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT<br />
dagegmon:<br />
• msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />
gamovlena<br />
• Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />
• moswavlis Zalisxmevis ga<br />
Zliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />
• saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />
• informaciis miwodebis aralingvisturi<br />
xerxebi<br />
• TanamSromlobiTi swavla<br />
• miznebis dasaxva da komen<br />
177<br />
• swavlis miznebi Temis swavlebis<br />
dasawyisSi davsaxoT;<br />
• Temis swavlebis procesSi gamoviyenoT<br />
meTodebi Semdegi<br />
amo canebis Sesasruleblad:<br />
- swavlis miznebis miRwevis<br />
Se faseba;<br />
- axali codnis Semotana;<br />
- codnaze varjiSi, gameoreba/gadaxedva;<br />
codnis gamoyeneba.<br />
• Temis swavlebis dasrulebisas<br />
gamoviyenoT meTodebi, rom
178 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
lebic moswavleebs daexmareba,<br />
Seafason, Tu rogor miaRwies<br />
dasawyisSi dasaxul swavlis<br />
miznebs.<br />
am TavSi gamoyenebuli iqneba magaliTi<br />
amindis Temaze. am magali<br />
Tis gamoyenebiT, vecdebiT, Tanmimdevrulad,<br />
zemoT aRwerili<br />
mo delis mixedviT warmogidginoT<br />
Temis swavlebis dagegmvis procesi.<br />
* * *<br />
axali Temis swavlebis dasawyisi<br />
qalbatoni beqeri me-6 klasis<br />
moswavleebs amindis Temas uxsnida.<br />
rodesac maswavlebeli am<br />
Temis swavlebis process gegmavda,<br />
is, pirvel rigSi, im strategiebze<br />
dafiqrda, romlebic<br />
swavlis miznebis identifikaciasa<br />
da komunikacias ukavSirdeboda.<br />
diagrama12.1-ze warmodgenilia is<br />
strategiebi, rac qalbatonma beqerma<br />
ganixila.<br />
roca maswavlebelma me-6 klasis<br />
moswavleebTan axali Tema<br />
Seitana, pirvel rigSi, swored<br />
swavlis miznebis Camoyalibebaze<br />
gaamaxvila maTi yuradReba. qalbatonma<br />
beqerma moswavleTa swavlis<br />
miznebi saswavlo gegmis, saxelmZ<br />
Rvanelosa da meeqvseklaselTa interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT Camoayaliba.<br />
maswavlebelma gadawyvita,<br />
interdisciplinuri miznebic<br />
Caewera. Sesabamisad, swavlis oTxi<br />
mizani mecnierebas, erTi geografias<br />
da erTi literaturas ukav<br />
Sirdeboda.<br />
diagrama 12.1<br />
swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />
axali Temis dasawyisSi<br />
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT<br />
swavlis miznebis dasaxva<br />
1. naTlad gansazRvreT, ras gulisxmobs<br />
swavlis miznebi (ix.<br />
me-8 Tavi);<br />
2. mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba,<br />
Tavad Camoayalibon da<br />
CainiSnon sakuTari swavlis<br />
miznebi (ix. me-8 Tavi).<br />
qalbatonma beqerma swavlis<br />
miznebi yvela moswavles dauriga.<br />
yvela mizani iwyeboda nacvalsaxeliT<br />
`me~, raTa moswavleebs<br />
ufro pirovnul doneze aReqvaT<br />
es miznebi (ix. diagrama 12.2).maswavlebelma<br />
saSualeba misca maT,<br />
Tavad gacnobodnen swavlis miznebs;<br />
Semdeg ki mokled aRuwera<br />
TiToeuli mizani.<br />
aseve, qalbatonma beqerma moswavleebs<br />
sTxova, CamoeyalibebinaT<br />
sakuTari, swavlis individualuri<br />
miznebi. moswavleebma jer<br />
maswavleblis mier momzadebuli<br />
swavlis miznebi ganixiles, Semdeg<br />
ki Seecadnen, isini sakuTari interesebis<br />
mixedviT daekonkretebinaT.<br />
qalbatonma beqerma mouwoda<br />
maT, erT-erT miznad swavlis<br />
unarebis ganviTareba daesaxaT. am<br />
ori tipis swavlis miznebis sailustraciod,<br />
qalbatonma beqerma<br />
Semdegi magaliTebi moiyvana:<br />
swavlis individualuri miznebi:<br />
individualuri mizani 1: me<br />
vecdebi, meti gavigo Tbili dinebis
saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />
179<br />
diagrama 12.2<br />
axal TemasTan dakavSirebuli swavlebis miznebi: amindis Zala<br />
am Temis dasrulebis Semdeg, me mivaRwev swavlis Semdeg miznebs:<br />
swavlis mizani 1: mecniereba<br />
me mecodineba ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic aminds ukavSirdeba, maT<br />
Soris:<br />
haeris masa naleqianoba barometri<br />
atmosfero aorTqleba sinotive<br />
qariSxali tornado Tavsxma<br />
haeris wneva<br />
swavlis mizani 2: mecniereba<br />
gaviazreb, Tu rogor moZraobs haeris masebi okeaneebisa da miwebis<br />
gavliT da rogor iqceva Tavsxmad, tornadod da qariSxlad.<br />
swavlis mizani 3: mecniereba<br />
mecodineba, ra tipis Rrublebi arsebobs, rogor iqmneba Rrubeli da<br />
rogor amindis ukavSirdebian Rrublebi.<br />
swavlis mizani 4: mecniereba<br />
SevZleb barometrisa da Termometris gamoyenebiT amindis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis Segrovebas, analizsa da interpretacias.<br />
swavlis mizani 5: geografia<br />
mecodineba, ra gavlenas axdens amindi adamianebis qcevasa da istoriuli<br />
movlenebis ganviTarebaze.<br />
swavlis mizani 6: mxatvruli literatura<br />
gaviazreb, Tu ra gavlenas axdens amindi nawarmoebis siuJetze.<br />
swavlis piradi miznebi:<br />
am Temis swavla saSualebas momcems:<br />
Sesaxeb da davadgino, ra gavlenas<br />
axdens is im adgilze, sadac me vcxovrob.<br />
yvela Tbil dinebaze laparakobs<br />
da me ar mesmis, raSi mdgomareobs<br />
misi gavlena.<br />
individualuri mizani 2: me ufro<br />
mets gavigeb tornadoebis mier miyenebuli<br />
zaralis Sesaxeb. me meCveneba,<br />
rom tornadosa da qariSxlis mier<br />
gamowveuli zarali gansxvavebulia.<br />
me erT mxatvrul filmSi vnaxe tornado<br />
da mas Semdeg mainteresebs, meti<br />
gavigo am bunebriv movlenaze.<br />
qalabtonma beqerma moswavleebs<br />
sakmarisi dro misca saimisod,<br />
rom maT swavlis individu
180 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
aluri miznebi rveulSi CamoeweraT.<br />
Semdeg maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
sTxova, dawyvilebuliyvnen<br />
da:<br />
• swavlis individualuri miznebi<br />
mewyvilesTvis gaeziarebinaT;<br />
• emsjelaT im gzebze, romelic<br />
saSualebas miscemdaT, swavlis<br />
am individualuri miznebisaTvis<br />
mieRwiaT.<br />
rodesac qalbatoni beqeri<br />
amindis Temis swavlebas gegmavda,<br />
man im potenciur xelisSemSlel<br />
faqtorebzec ifiqra, rasac Sei<br />
Zleboda moswavleebi miznebis<br />
dasaxvisa Tu maTi miRwevis procesSi<br />
daebrkolebina. maswavlebelma<br />
icoda, rom manamde me-6<br />
klaselebi amindis Temis mimarT<br />
did interess ar iCendnen. moswavleebis<br />
dainteresebis mizniT,<br />
qalbatonma beqerma gadawyvita,<br />
mTavari aqcenti gaekeTebina imaze,<br />
Tu ra gavlenas axdens amindi adamianebze<br />
_ Tavad bavSvebis cxovrebaze,<br />
istoriul movlenebze,<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis personaJTa<br />
bedze. maswavlebels surda,<br />
es Tema dasawyisSive wamoewia. Sesabamisad,<br />
Semdegi davaleba misca<br />
moswavleebs:<br />
1. gaixseneT Tqveni cxovrebidan<br />
movlena, romelzec gavlena<br />
moaxdina amindma. mokled<br />
CainiSneT rveulSi, Tu ra<br />
moxda da ra gavlena hqonda<br />
am bunebriv movlenas Tqvenze<br />
da Tqven garSemo myof adamianebze.<br />
moemzadeT imisaTvis,<br />
rom Tqveni Tavgadasavali<br />
gagviziaroT.<br />
2. hkiTxeT ramdenime adamians,<br />
gaixseneben Tu ara maTi<br />
cxovrebidan rame movlenas,<br />
romelzec garkveuli zegavlena<br />
moaxdina amindma. es adamianebi<br />
SeiZleba Tqveni mSoblebi,<br />
bebia-babua an megobrebi<br />
iyvnen. magaliTad, me myavs megobari,<br />
romelic Tavis momaval<br />
meuRles aeroportSi Sexvda,<br />
sadac, cudi amindis gamo,<br />
garkveul xans mocda mouwia.<br />
mas rom aeroportSi lodini ar<br />
dasWirveboda, SeiZleba Tavis<br />
momaval meuRles verasodes<br />
Sexvedroda. moemzadeT imisaTvis,<br />
rom Tqven mier Segrovili<br />
saintereso ambebi gagviziaroT.<br />
Temis Seswavlis periodSi<br />
Temis Seswavlis periodSi qalbatonma<br />
beqerma gamoiyena swavlebis<br />
meTodebi, romlebic swavlis miznebis<br />
monitorings, klasSi axali<br />
codnis Semotanas, varjiSs, gameorebasa<br />
da codnis gamoyenebas<br />
ukavSirdeboda.<br />
swavlis miznebis monitoringi<br />
diagrama 12.3-ze warmodgenilia<br />
is strategiebi, romelTa<br />
daxmarebiTac qalbatoni beqeris<br />
moswavleebs swavlis miznebis monitoringi<br />
unda ganexorcielebinaT.<br />
moswavleebi swavlobdnen axal<br />
masalas, qalbatoni beqeri ki exmareboda<br />
maT imis monitoringSi,<br />
Tu rogor aRwevdnen dasaxul<br />
miznebs. ufro metic, maswavlebeli<br />
sTxovda moswavleebs, im<br />
Zalisxmevis monitoringic ewarmoebinaT,<br />
rasac davalebebis SesrulebaSi<br />
debdnen.
saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />
181<br />
diagrama 12.3<br />
swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />
axali Temis swavlebis periodSi<br />
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT<br />
swavlis miznebis monitoringi<br />
1. mudmivad miawodeT moswavleebs<br />
SeniSvnebi da komentarebi;<br />
daexmareT, Seafason saku<br />
Tari progresi swavlis miznebis<br />
miRwevisaken mimaval gzaze<br />
(ix. me-8 Tavi);<br />
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs, CainiSnon<br />
miRwevebi da warumateblobis<br />
SemTxvevebi; aseve, CainiSnon,<br />
ra Zalisxmevis gaReba<br />
uwevT am miznebis misaRwevad<br />
(ix. me-4 Tavi);<br />
3. drodadro waaxaliseT moswavleebi<br />
swavlis miznebis miRwevisaken<br />
(ix. me-4 Tavi).<br />
qalbatoni beqeri moswavleebs<br />
avalebda, ewarmoebinaT specialuri<br />
dRiuri, saxelwodebiT _<br />
`Cemi swavla~. am TemasTan dakav<br />
SirebiT, maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
dRiurSi ramdenime gverdi<br />
gamoayofina da sTxova, CaeniSnaT,<br />
Tu rogor aRwevdnen swavlis individualur<br />
da saerTo miznebs.<br />
moswavleebs sakuTari Tavi oTxdonian<br />
skalaze imis mixedviT<br />
unda SeefasebinaT, Tu rogor aRwevdnen<br />
miznebs da ra Zalisxmevas<br />
debdnen miznis misaRwevad gaweul<br />
muSaobaSi. da bolos, mokled<br />
unda aReweraT warmatebuli praqtikac<br />
da daSvebuli Secdomebic,<br />
romelTa gamosworebasac miznis<br />
miRwevisaken swrafvis periodSi<br />
aucileblad miiCnevdnen.<br />
qalbatonma beqerma TiToeul<br />
moswavlesTan ganixila TviTSefasebis<br />
rubrikebi, rac maT daexmarebodaT<br />
rogorc miznis miRwevis,<br />
aseve samuSaoSi Cadebuli<br />
Zalisxmevis SefasebaSi. TviTSefasebis<br />
rubrikebi, romlebic<br />
yvela moswvalisaTvis erTnairi<br />
iyo, TviTSefasebis Tanmimdevrulobas<br />
uzrunvelyofda. maswavlebelma,<br />
TviTSefasebis rubrikebis<br />
momzadebisas, gaiTvaliswina, rom<br />
SesaZloa moswavleebs rubrika<br />
Si mciredi koreqtivebis Setanis<br />
survili gasCenodaT. Sesabamisad,<br />
TiToeuli rubrikis gaswvriv,<br />
qalbatonma beqerma carieli adgilebi<br />
datova. Temis Seswavlis<br />
Semdeg moswavleebs maswavleblisaTvis<br />
rogorc dRiurebi, ise<br />
TviTSefasebis furclebi unda<br />
CaebarebinaT. moswavleebi dRiurs<br />
an klasSi, an saxlSi, rogorc<br />
saSinao davalebas, ise avsebdnen.<br />
qalbatoni beqeri yoveli<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi an bolos<br />
gamoyofda dros dRiurSi gakeTebuli<br />
Canawerebis gansaxilvelad.<br />
moswavleebi mcire jgufebad er<br />
Tiandebodnen da am Canawerebs ise<br />
ganixilavdnen. qalbatoni beqeri<br />
mouwodebda, rom jgufSi muSaoba<br />
gamoeyenebinaT, rogorc SesaZlebloba,<br />
raTa aexsnaT gaurkveveli<br />
sakiTxebi, miecaT erTmaneTisaTvis<br />
rCevebi da erTmaneTi warmatebis<br />
miRwevisken waexalisebinaT.<br />
klasSi axali masalis Semotana<br />
axali Temis swavlebis procesis<br />
dagegmvisas, qalbatonma<br />
beqerma erTmaneTisagan gamijna<br />
ori procesi: a. rogor warmoudgenda<br />
axal masalas moswavleebs.
182 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
b. rogor daexmareboda maT varjiSSi,<br />
gameorebasa da codnis<br />
gamoyenebaSi. diagrama 12.4-ze<br />
warmodgenilia is strategiebi,<br />
romelTa daxmarebiTac qalbatoni<br />
beqeri moswavleebisaTvis axali<br />
masalis miwodebas gegmavda.<br />
qalbatoni beqeri iyenebda<br />
iseT aqtivobebs, romlebic gulisxmobda<br />
rogorc TanamSromlobiTi<br />
swavlis jgufebis, iseve<br />
individualuri muSaobis waxalisebas.<br />
yoveli axali qveTemis<br />
Semotanis win, maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
jgufebSi amuSavebda;<br />
maT unda CamoeyalibebinaT, Tu<br />
ra icodnen, an fiqrobdnen, rom<br />
icodnen am qveTemis Sesaxeb. aseve,<br />
moswavleebs unda SeejerebinaT<br />
azrebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu konkretulad<br />
risi swavlis molodini hqondaT.<br />
TiToeul jgufs SerCeuli<br />
hyavda erTi moswavle, romelic<br />
am ideebs rveulSi iniSnavda.<br />
Semdeg iwyeboda individualuri<br />
swavlis periodi, romelic<br />
kvlav jgufuri muSaobiT sruldeboda.<br />
jgufebi axla SeZenil da<br />
winare codnas adarebdnen. aseve.<br />
adarebdnen axladmiRebul codnas<br />
manamde arsebul molodinebTan.<br />
qalbatoni beqeri jgufebis mosmenas<br />
yovel gakveTilze aswrebda,<br />
maTgan miRebuli informaciis<br />
safuZvelze cvlida momavali<br />
gakveTilebis gegmebs da afasebda,<br />
ra Seiswavles moswavleebma.<br />
yoveli axali qveTemis Semotanis<br />
dros, maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />
sTxovda, gadaeSalaT<br />
TavianTi dRiurebi da axali informacia<br />
im formiT gamoesaxaT,<br />
rogorc diagrama 12. 5-zea mocediagrama<br />
12.4<br />
swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />
axali Temis swavlebis periodSi<br />
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT<br />
klasSi axali masalis Semotana<br />
1. daexmareT moswavleebs,<br />
gaixsenon da Camoayalibon, ra<br />
ician am TemasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
(ix. me-10 Tavi);<br />
2. winaswar miawodeT moswavleebs<br />
am Temaze fiqris gzebi<br />
(ix. me-10 Tavi);<br />
3. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />
erT maneTs Seudaron TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli siaxleebi da<br />
maT Tvis ukve cnobili informacia<br />
(ix. me-2 Tavi);<br />
4. gaakeTebineT da mudmivad<br />
ganaaxlebineT moswavleebs<br />
Canawerebi TemasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
codnis Sesaxeb (ix. me-3<br />
Tavi);<br />
5. daexmareT moswavleebs,<br />
gamoiyenon informaciis miwodebis<br />
aralingvisturi xerxebi;<br />
waaxaliseT isini informaciis<br />
erTmaneTSi gacvlisaken (ix.<br />
me-6 Tavi);<br />
6. sTxoveT moswavleebs, xan<br />
individualurad, xan ki Tanam<br />
SromlobiT jufSi imuSaon(ix.<br />
me-7 Tavi).<br />
muli. axali qveTemebi maswavlebels<br />
xan filmis, xan axali teqstis,<br />
xan ki jgufuri diskusiis<br />
saSualebiT Semohqonda.<br />
rogorc diagrama 12.5-ze Cans,<br />
marcxena mxares moswavleebi Canawerebs<br />
im formatis gamoyenebiT<br />
aTavsebdnen, rac qalbatonma beqerma<br />
aswavla maT (ix. diagrama 3.15<br />
da Canawerebis gakeTebis teqnika
saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />
183<br />
diagrama 12.5<br />
rogori SeiZleba iyos moswavlis samuSao rveuli<br />
tornado<br />
yoveldRiuri cxovreba<br />
roca Tbili, notio<br />
haeri mSral,<br />
civ haers xvdeba,<br />
warmoiqmneba Tavsxma<br />
da Weqa-quxili;<br />
Tbili,<br />
notio<br />
haeri<br />
civi,<br />
mSrali<br />
haeri<br />
gafrTxileba<br />
rodesac Tbili haeris<br />
nakadi adis zemoT,<br />
Rrublebs formas<br />
ucvlis<br />
Tavsxma<br />
Weqa - quxili<br />
me-3 TavSi). es formati moicavda<br />
rogorc sityvier Canawerebs, ise<br />
grafikul gamosaxulebebs. marjvena<br />
mxares ki moswavleebi im<br />
movlenis Sedegebis demonstrirebisaTvis<br />
iyenebdnen, rac marcxena<br />
mxares iyo aRwerili. es demonstrireba<br />
SeiZleba verbaluri an<br />
grafikuli yofiliyo. dRiuris<br />
aseTi dayofa moswavleebs saSualebas<br />
aZlevda, aqcenti Ziri<br />
Tad sakiTxze gaekeTebinaT: ra<br />
gavlenas axdens amindi adamianTa<br />
cxovrebaze. moswavleebs saSualeba<br />
hqondaT, Tavad moefiqrebinaT<br />
situacia, romelic asaxavda<br />
konkretuli bunebrivi movlenis<br />
gavlenas adamianis cxovrebaze<br />
(magaliTad, `CaiSala pikniki~).<br />
aseve, moswavleebs SeeZloT, marjvena<br />
mxares aReweraT is realuri,<br />
an mxatvruli nawarmoebidan<br />
moxmobili movlena, romelic<br />
maTTvis iyo cnobili.<br />
varjiSi, gameoreba da codnis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
diagrama 12.6-ze warmodgenilia<br />
is strategiebi, romelTa<br />
daxmarebiTac gegmavda qalbatoni<br />
beqeri moswavleebis xelSewyobas<br />
varjiSSi, gameorebasa da codnis<br />
gamoyenebaSi.<br />
moswavleebisaTvis miwodebuli<br />
masalis tipis mixedviT, qalbatoni<br />
beqeri meeqvseklaselebs<br />
sxvadasxva saxis saSinao davalebas<br />
aZlevda. qvemoT moyvanilia<br />
ori saxis saSinao davaleba, romlebic<br />
maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />
gameorebisa da varjiSis mizniT<br />
misca:<br />
• axali leqsikuri erTeulebis<br />
Semotanis Semdeg, moswavleebs<br />
yoveli axali sityva<br />
am Temaze arsebuli sityvebis<br />
nusxisaTvis unda daematebinaT.<br />
moswavleebs am proceSi<br />
gakveTilze naswavlTan erTad,<br />
sakuTari gamocdileba da ra
184 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
diagrama 12.6<br />
swavlebis meTodebi,<br />
romlebic axali Temis swavlebis<br />
periodSi SegviZlia<br />
gamoviyenoT<br />
varjiSi, gameoreba da codnis<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
1. mieciT moswavleebs iseTi<br />
saSinao davaleba, romelic maT<br />
saSualebas aZlevs, ivarjiSon,<br />
gaimeoron da gamoiyenon codna.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom aucilebelia<br />
saSinao davalebis<br />
gasworeba da moswavleTaTvis<br />
konkretuli komentarebisa da<br />
SeniSvnebis miwodeba (ix. me-5<br />
Tavi);<br />
2. CarTeT moswavleebi grZelvadian<br />
proeqtebSi, romle bic<br />
hipoTezis Camoyalibebasa da<br />
ga mocdas iTvaliswinebs (ix.<br />
me-9 Tavi);<br />
3. mosTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />
axladSeZenili codna lingvisturi<br />
da aralingvisturi formebiT<br />
warmoadginon, rac maT<br />
axali masalis ukeT gagebaSi<br />
daexmarebaT (ix. me-3 da me-6<br />
Tavebi).<br />
modenime veb-gverdidan miRebuli<br />
informacia unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT.<br />
am veb-gverdebis<br />
misamarTebi maT Tavad<br />
qalbatonma beqerma miawoda.<br />
ufro zustad rom avxsnaT,<br />
TiToeul axal leqsikur er<br />
TeulTan dakavSirebiT, moswavleebs<br />
Semdegi informacia unda<br />
moeyvanaT: sakuTari sityvebiT<br />
ganemartaT es leqsikuri er<br />
Teuli, SeeqmnaT misi grafikuli<br />
gamosaxuleba an am sityvis<br />
amsaxveli suraTi da CamoeweraT<br />
sxva sityvebi, romlebic<br />
am leqsikur erTeuls ukav<br />
Sirdeboda. TiToeul sityvas<br />
moswavleebi, daaxloebiT, naxevar<br />
gverds uTmobdnen; axali<br />
leqsikuri erTeulebisaTvis<br />
rveulebSi specialuri adgili<br />
hqondaT gamoyofili.<br />
• barometris gamoyenebis<br />
wesebis gacnobis Semdeg, qalbatonma<br />
beqerma moswavleebs<br />
dauriga furclebi, romlebzec<br />
xuTi sxvadasxva tipis<br />
barometri iyo gamosaxuli. moswavleebi<br />
saxlSi barometris<br />
xuTive tips da maTi kiTxvis<br />
Taviseburebebs gaecnen. meore<br />
dRes maT TavianTi mosazrebebi<br />
klaselebs gauziares. qalbatonma<br />
beqerma moswavleebs jer<br />
jgufebSi muSaobis saSualeba<br />
misca, Semdeg ki Tavad auxsna<br />
TiToeuli barometris swori<br />
wakiTxvis wesebi. am informaciis<br />
mosmenis Semdeg moswavleebi<br />
kvlav jgufebad daiyvnen da<br />
axal WrilSi gaaanalizes saku<br />
Tari Sexedulebebi, barometrze<br />
gamosaxuli informaciis kiTxvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
qalbatoni beqeri moswavleebs<br />
sTxovda, Sesrulebuli saSinao<br />
davaleba merxebze daelagebinaT.<br />
maswavlebeli yovelTvis amowmebda<br />
saSinao davalebas, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, bavSvebi individualurad<br />
asrulebdnen mas, Tu jgufebSi.<br />
davalebis Semowmebis Semdeg,<br />
maswavlebeli moswavlis namuSevars<br />
akravda ferad furcels,<br />
romelzec Sefasebis oTxdoniani<br />
skala iyo gamosaxuli. davalebis<br />
Sefasebisas, qalbatoni beqeri<br />
amowmebda, ramdenad Rrmad da<br />
sworad esmoda moswavles Tema.<br />
aseve, miuTiTebda im ZiriTad<br />
xarvezebze, rac davalebaSi SeimCneoda.<br />
maswavlebeli davalebas an<br />
klasSive, an gakveTilebis Semdeg<br />
amowmebda.
saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />
185<br />
qalbaton beqers surda, moswavleebs<br />
gamoeyenebinaT SeZenili<br />
codna amindis movlenebisa da adamianTa<br />
cxovrebaze maTi zegavlenis<br />
Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, man moifiqra<br />
ramdenime grZelvadiani proeqti,<br />
romelTa Sesrulebac moswavleebs<br />
am codnis gamoyenebis saSualebas<br />
miscemda. qvemoT moyvanilia qalbatoni<br />
beqeris ramdenime idea:<br />
1. warmosaxviTi warsuli<br />
movlenis gamoZieba. warmoidgineT<br />
romelime movlena warsulidan.<br />
es SeiZleba iyos romelime<br />
cnobili istoriuli, an Tqvens<br />
cxovrebaSi momxdari movlena.<br />
axla dafiqrdiT, rogor ganviTardeboda<br />
es movlena, sxvanairi<br />
amindi rom yofiliyo.<br />
aRwereT amindi, romlebic win<br />
uswrebda SerCeul movlenas.<br />
axla warmoidgneT, rom am movlenas<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
Cven vapirebT Tqven mier SeZenili,<br />
amindTan da istoriasTan dakav<br />
Sirebuli codna gavaerTianoT da<br />
SevqmnaT axali profesia, romelsac<br />
SeiZleba`istorikos-meteorologi~<br />
vuwodoT.<br />
SearCieT gakveTilze naswavli<br />
erT-erTi istoriuli movlena,<br />
romelic sul sxvagvarad dasruldeboda,<br />
sxvanairi amindi rom yofiliyo.<br />
warmoadgineT am istoriuli<br />
movlenis mokle zepiri an werilobiTi<br />
aRwera. aRweris procesSi<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tqven istorikosic<br />
xarT da meteorologic<br />
(anu `istorikos-meteorologi~,<br />
rogorc dasawyisSi SevTanxmdiT).<br />
aRweris momzadebisas warmoidgineT,<br />
rom am angariSiT saRamos axal<br />
ambebSi unda gamoxvideT. Sesabamisad,<br />
ecadeT, yvela teqnikuri termini<br />
sworad ixmaroT.<br />
SegiZliaT, aRweroT titanikis<br />
okeaneSi gasvlis dRe, rogorc<br />
`mSve nieri, mowmendili dRe, maRali<br />
wneva igrZnoboda, caze Rrublebi<br />
ar Canda. okeaneSi gasvlis Semdeg<br />
nel-nela gamoCnda ramodenime<br />
Rrubeli. TandaTanobiT Tbili<br />
haeris nakadi civi haeris nakads<br />
Seerwya.~ SegiZliaT Txroba am sityvebiT<br />
daasruloT: `titanikis<br />
kapitans uTqvams, is konkretuli<br />
Rrubeli rom ara, SesaZloa zRvaSi<br />
diagrama 12. 7<br />
sanimuSo grZelvadiani proeqti<br />
ra moxdeboda, rom ...<br />
aisbergs SevjaxebodiT. es namdvili<br />
tragedia iqneboda~.<br />
`istorikos-meteorologis~<br />
pro fesiis nacvlad, Tqven SeiZleba<br />
`literator-meteorologis~ profesia<br />
airCioT. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi aRweril ambavze<br />
mogiwevT muSaoba. SecvaleT<br />
SerCeul nawarmoebSi aRwerili<br />
amindida teqnikuri terminologiis<br />
gamoyenebiT isaubreT masze. aRwereT,<br />
ra moxdeboda, amindi ase rom<br />
Secvliliyo, ra gavlenas moaxdenda<br />
nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul siuJetze<br />
sxvagvari amindi (idea: ra moxdeboda<br />
... moulodnelad amovardnili<br />
qariSxlis gamo konkias rom wveulebamde<br />
ver mieRwia )<br />
es aqtivoba gulisxmobs warsul<br />
Si momxdari warmosaxviTi movlenis<br />
gamoZiebas. Tqven unda SeZloT<br />
amindis movlenebis Sesaxeb miRebuli<br />
codnis gamoyeneba da es codna<br />
konkretul situacias miusadagoT.<br />
Sefaseba ki, SesaZlebelia Semdegi<br />
elementebis mixedviT:<br />
• ramdenad kargad iyenebT<br />
gamoZiebis unarebs warmosaxviTi<br />
movlenis aRwerisas;<br />
• ramdenad kargad iyenebT<br />
amindis ama Tu im movlenis<br />
gamomwvevi mizezebis codnas.
186 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
amindi daemTxva, rogor Seicvleboda<br />
igi SegiZliaT, igive<br />
gaakeToT mxatvruli nawarmoebidan<br />
aRebul romelime movlenasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
2. gadawyvetilebis miReba.<br />
Cven gvsmenia me-20 saukunis<br />
yvelaze Zlieri qariSxlebis<br />
Sesaxeb. mecnierebs me-20 saukunis<br />
yvelaze Zlieri qariSxlis<br />
dasaxeleba rom mosTxovon,<br />
romel qariSxals Sear<br />
Cevdnen isini moamzadeT gadawyvetilebis<br />
matrica, raTa<br />
yvelaze Zlieri qariSxali<br />
SearCioT. gamoiyeneT kriteriumebi,<br />
romlebic ukavSirdebarogorc<br />
qariSxlis zegavlenas<br />
adamianebis cxovrebaze,<br />
aseve qariSxlebis samecniero<br />
maxasiaTeblebs. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac Tqven `saukunis qariSxals~<br />
SearCevT, Cven vestumrebiT vebgverds,<br />
romelzec mecnierebis<br />
mier SerCeuli qariSxalia<br />
mocemuli da Tqvensa da mecnierebis<br />
gadawyvetilebebs SevadarebT.<br />
3. sistemis analizi. SearCieT<br />
bunebis nebismieri movlena.<br />
daadgineT, ra gavlena hqonda<br />
bunebis am movlenis romelime<br />
elements amave movlenis sxva<br />
elementebze (magaliTad, Segi<br />
ZliaT, isaubroT, Tu ra gavlena<br />
hqonda temperaturas haeris<br />
tenianobaze, ramac, Tavis<br />
mxriv, zegavlena moaxdina sxva<br />
elementze da a.S.). Semdeg SecvaleT<br />
am movlenis maxasiaTebeli<br />
romelime elementi da aRwereT,<br />
ra cvlilebas moaxdens es<br />
sxva elementebze. SegiZliaT<br />
ase gaagrZeloT, cvaloT sxvadasxva<br />
elementi da cvlilebebis<br />
zegavlenas daakvirdeT.<br />
am sami variantis gaanalizebis<br />
Semdeg, qalbatonma beqerma Sear<br />
Cia erT-erTi maTgani da srulyofil<br />
proeqtad aqcia. es proeqti<br />
gamosaxulia diagrama 12.7-ze.<br />
Temis swavlebis dasasruli<br />
qalbatoni beqeri didxans fiqrobda,<br />
Tu rogor daesrulebina Tema<br />
ise, rom es dasasruli yvela moswavlisaTvis<br />
maqsimalurad sasargeblo<br />
yofiliyo. diagrama<br />
12. 8-ze mocemulia is ramdenime<br />
strategia, romelic qalbatonma<br />
beqerma amindis Temis dasrulebisas<br />
Camoayaliba.<br />
qalbatoni beqeri did mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebda moswavleebisaTvis<br />
komentarebisa da SeniSvnebis<br />
miwodebas. is arasodes<br />
agvianebda davalebebis Sesworebas<br />
da yovelTvis uwerda an zepirad<br />
uziarebda moswavleebs sa<br />
Tanado rCevebsa da SeniSvnebs.<br />
rodesac Temas an grZelvadian<br />
proeqts amTavrebdnen, TiToeul<br />
moswavlesTan qalbatoni beqeri<br />
yovelTvis individualur Sexvedras<br />
niSnavda. amis gakeTeba<br />
sakmaod rTuli iyo, Tundac<br />
drois ukmarisobis gamo. maswavlebelma<br />
SeniSna, rom werilobiT<br />
micemul SeniSvnebs moswavleebi<br />
xSirad gulisyuriT ar ecnobodnen;<br />
maTi umravlesoba mxolod<br />
niSans daxedavda da maswavleblis<br />
mier momzadebul rCevebsa<br />
da komentarebs arc ki kiTxulobda.<br />
gamomdinare iqidan, rom<br />
qalbatoni beqerisaTvis komentarebisa<br />
da SeniSvnebis gakeTeba<br />
efeqturi swavlebis ganuyofel<br />
nawils warmoadgenda, man moZebna<br />
gamosavali. maswavlebelma moipova<br />
specialuri granti, riTac<br />
audio-Camwerebi da yursasmenebi<br />
SeiZina.
saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />
187<br />
diagrama 12. 8<br />
swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />
Temis dasrulebisas<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyenoT<br />
davexmaroT moswavleebs,<br />
gansazRvron, Tu rogor<br />
miaRwies swavlis miznebs<br />
1.SeafaseT, Tu rogor miaRwia<br />
TiToeulma moswavlem swavlis<br />
dasaxul miznebs (ix. me-4<br />
da me-8 Tavebi);<br />
2. mieciT moswavleebs sa<br />
Sualeba, Tavad Seafason, Tu<br />
rogor miaRwies dasaxul miznebs;<br />
SeadareT Tqveni da moswavlis<br />
Sefasebebi (ix. me-4 da<br />
me-8 Tavebi);<br />
3. mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba,<br />
axsnan, ra iswavles Temisa<br />
da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc<br />
axali masalis amTviseblis, Sesaxeb<br />
(ix. me-4 da me-8 Tavebi).<br />
saswavlo dRiurebi<br />
qalbatonma beqerma mosTxova<br />
yvela moswavles, saswavlo dRiuris<br />
bolo gverdze gamoeyoT<br />
furceli, romelzec swavlis<br />
zogadi da individualuri miznebis<br />
miRwevis Sedegebs aRwerdnen.<br />
saswavlo dRiuris am bolo<br />
gverdze maswavleblis SefasebisTvisac<br />
rCeboda adgili. Sesabamisad,<br />
TiToeul SedegTan ori<br />
Sefaseba iwereboda; erTi ekuTvnoda<br />
moswavles, xolo meore _<br />
maswavlebels. TiToeuli miznis<br />
gaswvriv datovebuli iyo adgili<br />
specialuri komentarebisTvisac.<br />
saswavlo dRiuris am gverdis bolos<br />
ki moswavles mokled unda<br />
Seejamebina, ra iswavla rogorc<br />
am TemasTan, aseve sakuTar swavlis<br />
CvevebTan dakavSirebiT. moswavleebi<br />
Temis dasrulebis Semdeg<br />
swavlis am bloks, danarCen<br />
portfoliosTan erTad, maswavlebels<br />
abarebdnen.<br />
Sefasebis audioCanawerebi<br />
qalbatoni beqeri moswavlis<br />
mTlian portfolios amowmebda<br />
da afasebda, Tu rogori warmatebiT<br />
miaRwia moswavlem swavlis<br />
zogad da individualur miznebs.<br />
maswavlebeli mokle werilobiT<br />
SeniSvnebs amzadebda, xolo ufro<br />
detalur komentarebs audio-<br />
Camweris saSualebiT iwerda. es<br />
strategia Zalian momgebiani aRmoCnda:<br />
erTi mxriv, moswavleebis<br />
Sesafaseblad qalbaton beqers<br />
gacilebiT naklebi dro dasWirda,<br />
radgan werilobiTi Canawerebi<br />
naklebi moculobisa iyo. meore<br />
mxriv, moswavleebisaTvis gacilebiT<br />
amomwuravi komentarebis<br />
miwodeba SeZlo.<br />
qalbatonma beqerma moswavleebs<br />
gasworebul portfoliosTan<br />
erTd audiokaseta, audiomosasmeni<br />
da yursasmenebi gadasca.<br />
man bavSvebs mosTxova, iqve moesminaT<br />
SeniSvnebisaTvis. qalbatoni<br />
beqeri maT yuradRebiT akvirdeboda.<br />
ra Tqma unda, yvela moswavle<br />
Tanabari mondomebiT ar usmenda<br />
Canawers. amave dros, maswavlebelma<br />
SeniSna, rom Canaweris mosmenis<br />
dros bevrma maTganma portfolios<br />
furcvla daiwyo, iRebdnen<br />
TavianT nawerebs da guldasmiT<br />
aTvalierebdnen im adgilebs, romlebsac<br />
SeniSvnebi exeboda.
188 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
* * *<br />
strategiuli dagegmarebis<br />
dadebiTi mxarebi<br />
qalbatoni beqeri Temis swavlebis<br />
dagegmvisas aqtiurad iyenebda<br />
meTodologias, romelic<br />
saganmanaTleblo kvlevebis Sedegebs<br />
efuZneba. iyo SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca, kvlevebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT,<br />
mas sruliad axali midgomebi<br />
Semohqonda klasSi. gamomdinare<br />
iqidan, rom man zustad<br />
gaTvala meTodebi, romlebic<br />
Temis dasawyisSi, misi swavlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi da dasrulebisas<br />
unda gamoeyenebina, qalbatonma<br />
beqerma SeZlo, gaezarda swavlebis<br />
efeqturoba.
13<br />
bolosityva<br />
189<br />
am wignis pirvel TavSi Cven<br />
aRvniSneT, rom ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />
axla gardatexis periodia,<br />
radgan swavlebis xelovneba TandaTanobiT<br />
swavlebis mecnierebad<br />
unda iqces. am transformaciis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad sami tipis<br />
Zalisxmevaa saWiro.<br />
pirveli, aucilebelia swavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb arsebuli kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebis Tavmoyra da gadamuSaveba.<br />
sinTezirebuli kvle vebis<br />
Sedegebi xelmisawvdomi unda<br />
iyos ga naTlebis specialistebisaTvis.<br />
es wigni warmoadgens<br />
mcdelobas, rom kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
praqtikosebisaTvis gasagebi<br />
da sasargeblo gaxdes. eWvgareSea,<br />
rom msgavsi resursebi ganaTlebis<br />
specialistebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />
gaxdeba.<br />
meore, im efeqturi swavlebis<br />
meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
romlebic cnobili xdeba kvlevebis<br />
Sedegad, ganaTlebis specialistebi<br />
unda gadamzaddnen. sxva<br />
sityvebiT, sakmarisi araa, maswavleblebisaTvis<br />
swavlis sxvadasxva<br />
meTodis efeqturobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis<br />
warmodgena. es mniSvnelovan<br />
cvlilebebs ver gamoiwvevs.<br />
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom praqtikis<br />
Secvlas gacilebiT meti Zalisxmeva<br />
sWirdeba, vidre maswavleblebisaTvis<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis<br />
gacnobaa (ix.fulani, 1993; gasqi,<br />
2000; joisi da Sauersi, 1980).<br />
qvemoT warmodgenilia is elementebi,<br />
romlebic aucilebelia<br />
klasSi mniSvnelovani praqtikuli<br />
cvlilebebis dasanergad. mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
moulodneli ar iqneba,<br />
rom mocemuli elementebis<br />
umravlesoba swored am wignidaa<br />
amoRebuli:<br />
saTanado modelireba da praqtika.<br />
kompleqsuri unaris aTviseba<br />
imas niSnavs, rom adamians am unaris
190 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
Cveneba sxvadasxva variaciiT unda<br />
SeeZlos. unaris aTviseba xangr<br />
Zliv praqtikasTanaa dakavSirebuli:<br />
Tavidan imisaTvis, rom adamiani<br />
unars daeuflos da SemdgomSi<br />
ki imisaTvis, rom es unari Cvevad<br />
eqces da avtomaturad SeeZlos<br />
misi gamoyeneba. es Tema am wignis<br />
me-5 da me-12 TavebSi ganvixileT.<br />
wignSi warmodgenili bevri meTodi<br />
maswavleblebisaTvis cnobilia, magram,<br />
aucilebelia, isini kargad<br />
daeuflon am meTodebs, raTa efeqturad<br />
SeZlon klasSi maTi gamoyeneba.<br />
skola da saxelmwifo maswavlebels<br />
axali meTodebis dauflebasa<br />
da prqtikis uzrunvelyofaSi<br />
unda daexmaros.<br />
komentarebis miwodeba. am wignis<br />
me-8 TavSi warmodgneli ZiriTadi<br />
rCeva is iyo, rom moswavleebs<br />
maswavlebelma drouli da zusti<br />
komentarebi unda miawodos. igive<br />
rCeva vrceldeba maswavleblebzec<br />
_ organizaciam, romelic maswavlebels<br />
profesiul ganviTarebaSi<br />
exmareba, maswavleblisaTvis<br />
drouli da zusti komentarebis<br />
miwodeba unda uzrunvelyos. maswavleblebisaTvis<br />
sasargeblo<br />
iqneba, Tu axali meTodebis danergvis<br />
procesSi kolegebTan er<br />
Tad jgufebSi imuSaveben. jgufis<br />
wevrebi SeiZleba daakvirdnen<br />
erTmaneTs, SeniSnon axali meTodis<br />
danergvis Taviseburebebi<br />
da Semdeg miawodon komentarebi<br />
kolegebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo<br />
sasargeblo da ra _ ara.<br />
praqtikuli muSaobis mravalferovnebis<br />
daSveba. am wignis me-5<br />
TavSi saubari iyo imaze, Tu rogor<br />
unda `moargon” moswavleebma axali<br />
unarebi individualur sa<br />
Wiroebebsa da swavlis stils.<br />
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />
ganmaxorcielebelma<br />
subieqtebma unda gaiTvaliswinon<br />
es sakiTxi da maswavleblebs unda<br />
miscen Tavisufleba, raTa axali<br />
meTodebi moirgon. ar arsebobs<br />
swavlebis meTodis gamoyenebis<br />
mxolod erTi gza. ra Tqma unda,<br />
sasurvelia, Tu meTodis gamoyenebas<br />
maswavlebeli zogadad miRebuli<br />
formiT daiwyebs. garkveuli<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi, maswavlebels<br />
unda hqondes saSualeba,<br />
konkretuli saWiroebebidan da<br />
konteqstidan gamomdinare, cvalos<br />
meTodi.<br />
dafaseba. am wignis me-4 TavSi<br />
ganvixileT, rom aucilebelia,<br />
davafasoT moswavlis Sroma. profesiul<br />
ganviTarebaze orientirebuli<br />
maswavlebelic moswavlis<br />
rolSi gvevlineba da, saWiroa, masac<br />
davufasoT Sroma. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom maswavlebelTa profesiul<br />
ganviTarebaze mzrunveli subieqti<br />
unda gegmavdes maswavlebelTa Zalisxmevis<br />
dafasebis RonisZiebebs da<br />
unda aRniSnavdes maswavleblis<br />
miRwevas klasSi meTodis warmatebiT<br />
danergvis dros.<br />
mesame da, savaraudod, yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani pirobaa maswavlebelTa<br />
survili da miswrafeba<br />
cvlilebebis danergvisaken. arsebobs<br />
mosazreba, rom ganaTlebis<br />
sistemaSi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba,<br />
zogadad, rTulia,<br />
radgan maswavleblebi yovelgvar<br />
cvli lebas ewinaaRmdegebian.<br />
ufro metic, arseboben mkvleva
olosityva<br />
191<br />
rebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom maswavlebelTa<br />
profesiul ganviTvi<br />
Tarebaze mimarTuli yovelgvari<br />
RonisZieba imdenad umniSvnelod<br />
cvlis maT praqtikas klasSi, rom<br />
am RonisZiebebze Zalisxmevis<br />
gaReba ar Rirs (ix.qarfenTeri, u.<br />
a., 2000). Cveni azriT, es ukiduresad<br />
pesimisturi Sexedulebaa.<br />
Cven migvaCnia, rom Zireuli<br />
cvlileba rTulia. datvirTul<br />
maswavlebels, romelic erTi<br />
da imave meTodiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
aswavlida, eqneba uamravi<br />
mizezi imis asaxsnelad, Tu<br />
ratom ar unda scados axali me<br />
Todi. status-qvos Sesacvlelad,<br />
aucilebelia didi mondomeba da<br />
mzadyofna im sirTuleebis ga<br />
ZlebisaTvis, romlebic siaxlis<br />
danergvis procesSi iCens Tavs.<br />
mniSvnelovania, gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />
rom skolis yvela maswavlebels<br />
ar eqneba Tanabari swrafva axali<br />
meTodebis danergvisaken. Cven, am<br />
wignis avtorebs, maswavleblebTan<br />
muSaobis 50 wliani gamocdileba<br />
gvaqvs. Cveni gamocdileba<br />
mowmobs, rom warmatebis miRwevisaTvis,<br />
aucilebelia, skolaSi<br />
ramdenime Zalian mondomebuli<br />
maswavlebeli mainc iyos. maswavlebelTa<br />
aseTi mcirericxovani<br />
jgufi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom<br />
enTuziazmi danarCen maswavleblebsac<br />
`gadaedoT~. Cven iseTi<br />
SemTxvevebic gvinaxavs, rodesac<br />
skolaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis<br />
katalizatori erTaderTi<br />
maswavlebeli yofila.<br />
ase rom, Cven yvelaze mondomebul<br />
maswavleblebs mivmarTavT.<br />
Cven gvaqvs Tqveni imedi da migvaCnia,<br />
rom swavlebis efeqturi<br />
meTodebis danergvisaken Tqveni<br />
swrafva sajaro skolebSi amJamad<br />
arsebul resursebs Soris yvelaze<br />
Zlieri resursia. mogiwodebT,<br />
moufrTxildeT da gaaRvivoT<br />
swrafva pozitiuri cvlilebebisaken.<br />
es wigni ki dagexmarebaT,<br />
ganaTlebis xelovnebis ganaTlebis<br />
mecnierebad gardaqmnis idea<br />
realobad aqcioT.
danarTi<br />
qvemoT moyvanili cxrili warmogidgenT<br />
statistikur Sesabamisobebs<br />
efeqtis sididesa da procentilis<br />
zrdas Soris, anu standartuli<br />
normaluri ganawilebis<br />
qveS mdebare farTobis wils. rogor<br />
gamoviyenoT es cxrili davuSvaT,<br />
kvlevam daadgina, rom konkretuli<br />
meTodis gamoyeneba iZleva efeqtis<br />
sidides 0.20. Tqven cxrilSi unda<br />
ipovoT efeqtis sidide 0.20. es<br />
efeqtis sidide pirvel svetSia mocemuli.<br />
am ricxvis marjvniv moyvanilia<br />
procentilis zrda, romelic<br />
am konkretul efeqtis sididesTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
es aris 8. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu<br />
aris ori jgufi, romlidanac erT<br />
Si swavlebis axal meTods iyenebdnen,<br />
xolo meoreSi _ ara, maSin moswavlis<br />
saSualo qula im jgufSi,<br />
romelSic swavlebis axal meTods<br />
iyenebdnen, iqneba 8 procentiliT<br />
maRali, vidre moswavlis saSualo<br />
qula im jgufSi, sadac am meTods<br />
ar iyenebdnen.<br />
192
danarTi<br />
193<br />
efeqtis sididesa da procentilis zrdas Soris statistikuri<br />
Sesabamisobebis cxrili<br />
efeqtis sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
zrda<br />
efeqtis sidide<br />
procentilis<br />
kleba<br />
0.00<br />
0.02<br />
0.05<br />
0.08<br />
0.10<br />
0.13<br />
0.15<br />
0.18<br />
0.20<br />
0.23<br />
0.25<br />
0.28<br />
0.31<br />
0.33<br />
0.36<br />
0.39<br />
0.41<br />
0.44<br />
0.47<br />
0.50<br />
0.52<br />
0.55<br />
0.58<br />
0.61<br />
0.64<br />
0.67<br />
0.71<br />
0.74<br />
0.77<br />
0.81<br />
0.84<br />
0.88<br />
0.92<br />
0.95<br />
1.00<br />
1.04<br />
1.08<br />
1.13<br />
1.18<br />
1.23<br />
1.28<br />
1.34<br />
1.41<br />
1.48<br />
1.56<br />
1.65<br />
1.75<br />
1.88<br />
2.05<br />
2.33<br />
0<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
11<br />
12<br />
13<br />
14<br />
15<br />
16<br />
17<br />
18<br />
19<br />
20<br />
21<br />
22<br />
23<br />
24<br />
25<br />
26<br />
27<br />
28<br />
29<br />
30<br />
31<br />
32<br />
33<br />
34<br />
35<br />
36<br />
37<br />
38<br />
39<br />
40<br />
41<br />
42<br />
43<br />
44<br />
45<br />
46<br />
47<br />
48<br />
49<br />
0.00<br />
- 0.02<br />
- 0.05<br />
- 0.08<br />
- 0.10<br />
- 0.13<br />
- 0.15<br />
- 0.18<br />
- 0.20<br />
- 0.23<br />
- 0.25<br />
- 0.28<br />
- 0.31<br />
- 0.33<br />
- 0.36<br />
- 0.39<br />
- 0.41<br />
- 0.44<br />
- 0.47<br />
- 0.50<br />
- 0.52<br />
- 0.55<br />
- 0.58<br />
- 0.61<br />
- 0.64<br />
- 0.67<br />
- 0.71<br />
- 0.74<br />
- 0.77<br />
- 0.81<br />
- 0.84<br />
- 0.88<br />
- 0.92<br />
- 0.95<br />
- 1.00<br />
- 1.04<br />
- 1.08<br />
- 1.13<br />
- 1.18<br />
- 1.23<br />
- 1.28<br />
- 1.34<br />
- 1.41<br />
- 1.48<br />
- 1.56<br />
- 1.65<br />
- 1.75<br />
- 1.88<br />
- 2.05<br />
- 2.33<br />
0<br />
- 1<br />
- 2<br />
- 3<br />
- 4<br />
- 5<br />
- 6<br />
- 7<br />
- 8<br />
- 9<br />
- 10<br />
- 11<br />
- 12<br />
- 13<br />
- 14<br />
- 15<br />
- 16<br />
- 17<br />
- 18<br />
- 19<br />
- 20<br />
- 21<br />
- 22<br />
- 23<br />
- 24<br />
- 25<br />
- 26<br />
- 27<br />
- 28<br />
- 29<br />
- 30<br />
- 31<br />
- 32<br />
- 33<br />
- 34<br />
- 35<br />
- 36<br />
- 37<br />
- 38<br />
- 39<br />
- 40<br />
- 41<br />
- 42<br />
- 43<br />
- 44<br />
- 45<br />
- 46<br />
- 47<br />
- 48<br />
- 49
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
aTafili, q., smidCensi, v. da kofeli, j. u.<br />
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maTematikis kompiuterizebuli meta<br />
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ainStaini, j. o., morisi, j. da smiTi, s.<br />
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informacia: Canawerebis gakeTeba,<br />
individualuri gansxvavebebi da mexsiereba.<br />
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis<br />
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analogiebze dafuZnebuli azrovnebis<br />
ganviTareba. roefer reviu, 6 (4), 191<br />
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aleqsanderi, f. a. da judi, j. i. (1988).<br />
akademiuri moswreba: konkretuli da<br />
strategiuli codnis interaqcia. saganmanaTleblo<br />
kvlevebis mimoxilva,<br />
58, 375 - 404<br />
aleqsanderi, f. a., kulikoviCi, j. m. da<br />
Sulce, s. q. (1994). rogor zegavlenas<br />
axdens sagnobrivi codna informaciis<br />
gaxsenebasa da interesze. amerikuli<br />
saganmanaTleblo kvlevebis Jurnali,<br />
31 (2), 313 - 337<br />
alvermani, d. i. da buTbai, f. r. (1986).<br />
194<br />
grafikuli sqemebis swavleba bavSvebisaTvis.<br />
fsiqologiis naSromebis<br />
kiTxva, 7 (2), 87 – 100.<br />
andersoni, v. da hidi, s. (1988 / 1989).<br />
rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs Sejameba.<br />
xelmZRvaneloba ganaTlebis<br />
sferoSi, 46, 26 – 28.<br />
andersoni, T. h. da armbrusTeri, b. b.<br />
(1986). leqciebze Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />
sargeblianoba (teqnikuri angariSi<br />
N 374). kembriji: masaCusetsi: bolTi,<br />
beranqi da niumani; da urbana, ilinoisi:<br />
kiTxvis samecniero Seswavlis centri.<br />
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andersoni, l., evertsoni, q. da brofi,<br />
j. (1979). pirvelklase lebi saTvis<br />
kiTxvis efeqturi swavlebis eqsperimentuli<br />
kvleva. dawyebiTi ganaTlebis<br />
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universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
andersoni, j. r. (1990). kognituri fsiqologia<br />
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niu iorki: frimani.<br />
andersoni, j. r. (1995). swavla da mex
gamoyemebuli literatura<br />
195<br />
siereba: integrirebuli midgoma. niu<br />
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andersoni, j., r., rederi, l. m. da saimoni,<br />
h. a. (1997). kognituri fsiqologiis<br />
gamoyeneba da ar gamoyeneba maTematikis<br />
swavlebisas. gamouqveynebeli xelnaweri.<br />
karnegi melonis universiteti.<br />
pitsburgi, pensilvania.<br />
armbrusTeri, b. b., andersoni, T. h. da<br />
osTerTgi, j. (1987). kavSiri teqstis<br />
struqturaze / Sejamebaze mimarTul<br />
swavlebasa da moswavlis mier masalis<br />
gagebas Soris. yovelkvartaluri<br />
gamocema kiTxvis unaris kvlevebze,<br />
22 (3), 331 - 346<br />
armbrusTeri, b. b., andersoni, T. h. da<br />
meieri, j. l. (1992). Sinaarsze orientirebuli<br />
kiTxvis unaris gamosworeba<br />
grafikuli swavlebis saSualebebiT.<br />
yovelkvartaluri gamocema kiTxvis<br />
unaris kvlevebze, 26 (4), 393 - 416<br />
aubusoni, f., fosvili, s., bari, r. da ferkoviCi,<br />
l. (1997). ra Sedegebi mohyveba<br />
moswavleebis simulaciur aqtivobas<br />
mecnierebis Seswavlisas. mecnierebis<br />
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27 (4), 565 - 579<br />
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fsiqologia: kognituri midgoma. niu<br />
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bali, s. j., uedmani, j. f. da demo, d. h.<br />
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moswavlis davalebis SesrulebaSi:<br />
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moswavleebs saSinao davalebis<br />
SesrulebaSi: moswavleTa Sefasebebi<br />
mSoblebis CarTulobis Sesaxeb.<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevebisa da<br />
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sabazo skolaSi. ojaxuri urTierTobebi:<br />
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ganviTareba Sinagani motivaciis waxalisebiT.<br />
pirovnulobisa da socialuri<br />
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bengert - dounsi, r. i., quliqi, q. q.,<br />
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micema testirebis Semdeg<br />
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masalas specialuri saganmanaTleblo<br />
saWiroebis bavSvebi. kiTxvis, werisa<br />
da specialuri saganmanaTleblo<br />
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waxaliseba mecnierebaSi: kiTxvisa<br />
da mecnierebebis swavlebis sferoSi<br />
sxvadasxva meTodebis meta - analizi.<br />
yovelkvartaluri gamocema kiTxvis
gamoyemebuli literatura<br />
197<br />
unaris kvlevebze, 28 (2), 117 – 155.<br />
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analogiebis gamoyeneba konceptualur<br />
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kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli qcevis Semswavleli<br />
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romlebsac svamen socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
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ganaTlebis Jurnali, 44, 21 – 26.<br />
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maTematikis swavlebisadmi. norvudi,<br />
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deivisi, f. b. (1944). mTavari faqtorebi,<br />
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gaazreba da Txzulebis wera. naSromi<br />
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wignis avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />
<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong> moRvaweobs<br />
institutSi, romlis saxelwodebaa<br />
`kontinentis centraluri<br />
nawilis kvlevebi ganaTlebisa da<br />
swavlebisaTvis~ (McREL). es instituti<br />
mdebareobs avroraSi, kolorados<br />
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mu Sa obs kvlevebisa da Teoriis<br />
saklaso praqtikasTan dakavSirebis<br />
sakiTxebze. is xelmZRvanelobda<br />
avtorTa jgufs, romelmac<br />
gamosca wigni `swavlis ganzomilebebi~.<br />
am wignis gamomcemelia<br />
saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisa<br />
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<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong>, aseve, erTerTi<br />
avtoria wignisa `azrovnebis<br />
taqtika~ (saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisa<br />
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da `wigniereba: integrirebuli<br />
midgoma kiTxvis, weris, leqsikuri<br />
erTeulebisa da azrovnebis<br />
swavlebisadmi~ (ZanerBlozer). <strong>robert</strong><br />
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exeba standartebs: `aucilebeli<br />
codna: ganxilva imisa, Tu ra unda<br />
icodnen amerikelma moswavleebma~<br />
211<br />
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kvlevebi ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis,<br />
1999) da `standartebze<br />
dafuZnebuli raionebis, skolebis<br />
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saxelmZRvanelo~ (<strong>marzano</strong> da qendeli,<br />
saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisa<br />
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daasrula wignebi: `klasSi niSnebis<br />
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SeimuSava saSualo skolaSi<br />
dasanergi programebi, romlebic<br />
xels uwyobs Tanamedrove kvlevebis<br />
Sedegebisa da arsebuli kognituri<br />
Teoriebis gardaqmnas swavlebis<br />
konkretul meTodebad.<br />
<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong>m miiRo<br />
bakalavris akademiuri xarisxi
212 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />
inglisur enasa da literaturaSi<br />
(ionas koleji, niu iorki),<br />
ganaTlebis magistris akademiuri<br />
xarisxi kiTxvisa da enis swavlebaSi<br />
(sietlis universiteti,<br />
sietli, vaSingtoni), doqtoris<br />
xarisxi saswavlo gegmebis Seqmnasa<br />
da swavlebis meTodebSi (vaSingtonis<br />
universiteti, sietli). institutSi<br />
(kontinentis centraluri<br />
nawilis kvlevebi ganaTlebisa da<br />
swavlebisaTvis) muSaobis dawyebamde<br />
<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong> muSaobda<br />
asocirebul profesorad kolorados<br />
universitetSi, denveri;<br />
inglisuri enisa da literaturis<br />
maswavleblad saSualo skola<br />
Si; fakultetis dekanad universitetSi.<br />
<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong> saerTa<br />
Sorisod cnobili treneri da<br />
gamomsvlelia; igi 18 wignisa da<br />
150-ze meti statiisa da wignis avtoria.<br />
<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong>s naSromebi,<br />
ZiriTadad, Semdeg Temebs<br />
exeba: werisa da kiTxvis swavleba,<br />
azrovnebis unarebi, skolis efeqturoba,<br />
Sefaseba, Semecneba, standartebis<br />
danergva.<br />
<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong>s sakontaqto<br />
informacia: kontinentis<br />
centraluri nawilis kvlevebi<br />
ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis<br />
(McREL). 2550 s. S. Parker Rd.,<br />
oTaxi 500, avrora, kolorado,<br />
80014. telefonis nomeri: 303 –<br />
632 – 5534. faqsis nomeri: 303 –<br />
337 – 3005. eleqtronuli fostis<br />
misamarTi: b<strong>marzano</strong>@mcrel.org<br />
<strong>debra</strong> j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong> kerZo konsultantia;<br />
is aris TopTutors.com<br />
- is saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis<br />
xelmZRvaneli. ukve 25 welia, <strong>debra</strong><br />
j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong> ganaTlebis sistemaSi<br />
moRvaweobs. mas miRebuli<br />
aqvs sxvadasxva saxis praqtikuli<br />
gamocdileba, radgan sxvadasxva<br />
dros muSaobda, rogorc: skolis<br />
maswavlebeli, raionis maswavlebelTa<br />
profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />
koordinatori, saSualo skolis<br />
administratorebisa da maswavleblebis<br />
konsultanti. <strong>debra</strong> j.<br />
<strong>fiqeringi</strong> muSaobda kvlevebisa da<br />
ganviTarebis centrebSic, sadac<br />
ikvlevda Semdeg sakiTxebs: swavlis<br />
procesi, saswavlo gegmis SemuSaveba,<br />
swavlebis meTodolgia da Sefaseba,<br />
swavlis miznebis Camoyalibeba<br />
da miRweva. Sesabamisad, <strong>debra</strong><br />
j. fiqerings aqvs rogorc Teoriuli,<br />
ise praqtikuli gamocdileba<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi. <strong>fiqeringi</strong><br />
muSaobs ganaTlebis specialistebTan<br />
mTe li msoflios masStabiT<br />
da Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTdakavSirebaSi<br />
exmareba maT.<br />
<strong>debra</strong> j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong> sxvadasxva<br />
statiisa da programebis avtoria,<br />
maT Sorisaa `swavlis ganzomilebebi:<br />
maswavleblis damxmare<br />
saxelmZRvanelo~ (me-2 gamocema)<br />
da sxva masalebi, romlebic saswavlo<br />
gegmebis SemuSavebisa da<br />
mentorobis asociaciis swavlis<br />
ganzomilebebis seriiT aris gamocemuli.<br />
igi, aseve, muSaobda safuZvliani<br />
swavlis modelzec,<br />
romelic damoukidebeli moswavleebisa<br />
da konpleqsurad moazrovne<br />
axalgazrdebis ukeTesad<br />
ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
<strong>debra</strong> j. fiqerings miRebuli<br />
aqvs bakalavris akademiuri xarisxi<br />
inglisur enasa da literatu raSi
wignis avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />
213<br />
/ dramis swavlebaSi (misuris universiteti),<br />
magistris akademiuri<br />
xarisxi _ skolebis administrirebaSi<br />
(denveris universiteti)<br />
da doqtoris xarisxi _ saswavlo<br />
gegmebis SemuSavebasa da swavlebis<br />
meTodebSi, koncentraciiT kognitur<br />
fsiqologiaze (denveris<br />
universiteti).<br />
<strong>debra</strong> j, <strong>fiqeringi</strong>s sakontaqto<br />
informaciaa: 10098 East Powers<br />
Avenue, englevudi, kolorado,<br />
80111. telefonis nomeri: 303 –<br />
694 – 9899. eleqtronuli fostis<br />
misamarTi: djplearn@hotmail.com<br />
<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong> aris mkvlevari<br />
da treneri iseT sferoebSi,<br />
rogorebicaa: standartebi, Sefaseba,<br />
niSnebis wera, Canawerebis<br />
momzadeba, saswavlo gegmebi, swavlebis<br />
meTodebi, zedamxedveloba.<br />
<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong> institutis (kontinentis<br />
centraluri nawilis<br />
kvle vebi ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis)<br />
mTavari konsultantia. es<br />
instituti mdebareobs avroraSi,<br />
kolorado. <strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong> sxvadasxva<br />
dros muSaobda, rogorc:<br />
saSualo skolis maswavlebeli,<br />
raionis administratori, universitetis<br />
profesori, saxelmwifo<br />
departamentis TanamSromelTa<br />
pro fesiuli ganviTarebis koordinatori,<br />
saSualo skolis saswavlo<br />
gegmebis koordinatori.<br />
saskolo raionebTan konsultaciiTa<br />
da Statis mxardaWeriT,<br />
<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong>, erovnuli da<br />
Statis standartebis mixedviT,<br />
saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebaze<br />
muSaobs; standartebi SesabamisobaSi<br />
mohyavs erovnul SefasebebTan.<br />
amasTanave, maswavleblebTan<br />
erTad muSaobs gakveTilebis gegmebisa<br />
da moswavleTa Sefasebebis<br />
formebis SemuSavebaze. organizebas<br />
uwevs sxvadasxva adgilobriv<br />
Tu saerTaSoriso Sexvedras<br />
da skolaTa Soris kavSirebis<br />
damyarebas, raTa, standartebze<br />
dafuZnebuli programebis saSualebiT,<br />
gazardos moswavleTa<br />
aka demiuri moswareba.<br />
<strong>jein</strong> i. foloqs Catarebuli<br />
aqvs seminarebi inglisur da espanur<br />
enebze amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, avstraliaSi, kanadaSi,<br />
centraluri da samxreT amerikis<br />
qveynebSi. igi aris saswavlo gegmebis<br />
SemuSavebisa da mentorobis<br />
asociaciis mier gamocemuli sxvadasxva<br />
wignis Tanaavtori: `swavlis<br />
ganzomilebebi: maswavleblis<br />
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo~, `maswavleblis<br />
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo~.<br />
aseve, Tanaavtoria kvlevebis<br />
dakavSireba praqtikasTan seriiT<br />
gamocemuli wignebisa: `swavlis<br />
meTodebi da Sefaseba~, `niSnebis<br />
wera~, `Canawerebis momzadeba~.<br />
<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong> warmoSobiT<br />
karakasidanaa (venesuela). man bakalavris<br />
akademiuri xarisxi diukis,<br />
xolo magistrisa da doqtoris<br />
xarisxebi _ kolorados universitetSi<br />
(boulderi) moipova.<br />
<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong>s sakontaqto<br />
informaciaa: kontinentis<br />
centraluri nawilis kvlevebi<br />
ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis<br />
(McREL). 2550 s. S. Parker Rd., avrora,<br />
kolorado, 80014. telefonis<br />
nomeri: 303 – 632 – 5508.<br />
eleqtronuli fostis misamarTi:<br />
jpollock@mcrel.org