robert j. marzano debra j. fiqeringi jein i. foloqi
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robert j. marzano debra j. fiqeringi jein i. foloqi

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efeqturi<br />

<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong><br />

<strong>debra</strong> j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong><br />

swavleba<br />

<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong><br />

skolaSi<br />

kvlevebze dayrdnobiT<br />

SemuSavebuli meTodebi, romlebic<br />

aumjobeseben moswavleTa akademiur moswrebas<br />

saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisa da mentorobis asociacia<br />

aleqsandria, virjinia, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

obert j. <strong>marzano</strong>, <strong>debra</strong> j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong>, <strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong><br />

efeqturi swavleba skolaSi: kvlevebze dayrdnobiT<br />

SemuSavebuli meTodebi, romlebic aumjobeseben moswavleTa<br />

akademiur moswrebas<br />

Robert J. Marzano, Debra J. Pickering, Jane I. Pollock<br />

Classroom Instruction that Works: Research-Based Strategies<br />

For Increasing Student Achievement<br />

mTargmneli: maia Canqseliani<br />

redaqtorebi: naTia nacvliSvili<br />

sofio gorgoZe<br />

ydis dizaini da dakabadoneba: giorgi bagrationi<br />

yvela ufleba daculia<br />

pirveli qarTuli gamocema,<br />

`maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri~, 2009.<br />

Targmanis xarisxze pasuxismgebelia<br />

`maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri~.<br />

Tbilisi, 0102, uznaZis q. 52.<br />

tel: (+995) 91 14 53, 95 13 02/04<br />

veb-gverdi: www.tpdc.ge el-fosta: info@tpdc.ge<br />

© saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisa da mentorobis asociacia (ASCD)<br />

aleqsandria, virjinia, aSS.<br />

veb-gverdis misamarTi: http://www.ascd.org el-fostis misamarTi: member@ascd.org<br />

© Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development<br />

Alexandria, Virginia, USA<br />

Web site: http://www.ascd.org E-mail: member@ascd.org<br />

ISBN 978-9941-0-1397-3

Zvirfaso maswavleblebo,<br />

warmogidgenT saxelmZRvanelos, romelic, vfiqrobT, yvela maswavlebelsa<br />

da ganaTlebis specialists daainteresebs. saxelmZRvanelos Targmna<br />

imis gamo gadavwyviteT, rom igi erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli<br />

gamocemaa, romelsac maswavleblebi msoflios mraval qveynaSi iyeneben<br />

da romlis gayiduli egzemplarebis raodenobam, didi xania, milions<br />

gadaaWarba.<br />

saxelmZRvanelo fokusirebulia swavlebis im meTodebze, romelTa efeqturoba<br />

kvlevis Sedegadaa dadasturebuli. uSualod meTodebis ganxilvamde,<br />

avtorebi mokled mimoixilaven ganaTlebis sferoSi Catarebul<br />

kvlevebs da yuradRebas maT ZiriTad statistikur maxasiaTeblebze<br />

amaxvileben. amis Semdeg avtorebi TiToeul meTods praqtikuli<br />

magaliTis WrilSi ganixilaven. mkiTxvels saSualeba aqvs, TiToeuli<br />

meTodis efeqturoba swored kvlevis maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />

gansajos. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmZRvanelos wakiTxva mizanSewonilia<br />

masSi mocemuli sakiTxebis Tanmimdevrobis dacviT, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom SesaZloa, maswavleblebi konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilviT ufro<br />

dainteresdnen.<br />

swavlebis meTodebis ganxilvisas, avtorebi iseT magaliTebsac iSvelieben,<br />

romliTac dasturdeba, rom ar arsebobs nebismier situaciaSi<br />

Tanabrad efeqturi meTodi. asakobrivi jgufi, konkretuli sagani Tu<br />

sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis moswavleebi erTsa da imave meTods sxvadasxvagvari<br />

efeqturobiT warmoaCenen. amitom, sabolood, mainc maswavleblis<br />

gonivrul gansjazea damokidebuli, Tu ra meTodebs gamoiyenebs<br />

konkretul gakveTilze da ra iqneba yvelaze efeqturi misi moswavleebisTvis.<br />

vimedovnebT, rom am daskvnis gakeTebaSi es wigni maT did daxmarebas<br />

gauwevT.<br />

pativiscemiT,<br />

sofio gorgoZe<br />

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />

centris direqtori

efeqturi<br />

swavleba<br />

skolaSi<br />

kvlevebze dayrdnobiT SemuSavebuli meTodebi,<br />

romlebic aumjobeseben moswavleTa akademiur moswrebas<br />

diagramebis nusxa .......................................................................V<br />

1. kvlevis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi:<br />

dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT ........................1<br />

kvlevebze dafuZnebuli meTodebi<br />

2. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena ........................15<br />

3. Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba ................................33<br />

4. moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba<br />

da misi warmatebis aRiareba ........................................57<br />

5. saSinao davaleba da praqtika ......................................72<br />

6. warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi ........................87<br />

7. TanamSromlobiTi swavla ........................................... 100<br />

8. miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba .............. 111<br />

9. hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda ......................... 124<br />

10. miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi .... 134<br />

swavlebis meTodebis gamoyeneba<br />

11. moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema<br />

swa v lebis sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT .......... 149<br />

12. saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra<br />

kategoriis gamoyeneba ............................................... 177<br />

13. bolosityva................................................................. 189<br />

danarTi: efeqtis sididesa da procentilis zrdas Soris<br />

statistikuri Sesabamisobebis cxrili ........................ 192<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................... 194<br />

wignis avtorTa Sesaxeb .......................................................... 211

diagramebis nusxa<br />

1.1. normaluri ganawileba ...............................................................6<br />

1.2. swavlebis meTodi, romelic analitikuri SekiTxvebis<br />

gamoyenebas gulisxmobs: efeqtis saSualo sidide ...................7<br />

1.3. swavlebis im meTodebis kategoriebi, romlebic<br />

moswavleTa akademiur moswrebaze axdenen gavlenas ...............8<br />

1.4. efeqturi swavlebis sami elementi ........................................12<br />

2.1. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis identifikaciasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani kvlevebis Sedegebi...................17<br />

2.2. ganmartebebi .............................................................................19<br />

2.3. venis diagrama ..........................................................................21<br />

2.4. Sedarebis matrica ...................................................................21<br />

2.5. venis diagrama: Soreuli warsuli da dRevandeloba ..........23<br />

2.6. klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro grafikuli sqemebi ...................24<br />

2.7. grafikuli sqema metaforebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

savarjiSoebisaTvis ....................................................................28<br />

2.8. grafikuli sqema analogiebisaTvis ......................................31<br />

2.9. grafikuli sqema analogiebisaTvis (magaliTi)......................31<br />

3.1. Sejamebis meTodebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi .....................................................................34<br />

3.2. Sejamebis savarjiSo ................................................................35<br />

‣ fotografiuli procesi .....................................................35<br />

‣ fotografiuli procesis makrostruqtura......................35<br />

3.3. Sejamebis strategia: teqsti magaliTisaTvis ......................33<br />

3.4. naratiuli CarCo .....................................................................40

VI<br />

efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

3.5. Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis CarCo ..............................42<br />

3.6. ganmartebiTi CarCo .................................................................43<br />

3.7. argumentaciis CarCo ...............................................................44<br />

3.8. problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli CarCo....................45<br />

3.9. saubris CarCo ..........................................................................46<br />

3.10. ukuqceviTi swavleba...............................................................48<br />

3.11. Canawerebis gakeTebis meTodis efeqturobis<br />

Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi ................................49<br />

3.12. maswavleblis mier momzadebuli Canawerebi:<br />

bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb ..............................................................51<br />

3.13. moswavlis Canawerebi: araformaluri monaxazi ................51<br />

3.14. qseluri Canawerebis magaliTi _ olimpiuri TamaSebi .....54<br />

3.15. Canawerebis gakeTebis kombinirebuli teqnika _ inflacia ....55<br />

4.1. kvlevebis Sedegebi Zalisxmevis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb .........59<br />

4.2. kavSiri Zalisxmevasa da miRwevebs Soris: rubrikebi .........60<br />

‣ Zalisxmevis rubrika ............................................................60<br />

‣ miRwevis rubrika ..................................................................60<br />

4.3. Zalisxmevasa da miRwevebs Soris kavSiris dasadgeni<br />

diagrama........................................................................................62<br />

4.4. moswavlis warmatebis aRiarebis meTodi:<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi ..............................................63<br />

4.5. efeqturi Seqebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi .....................66<br />

4.6. moswavlis dajildoeba: metaanalizis Sedegebi ...................67<br />

4.7. warmatebis aRiarebis abstraqtuli da xelSesaxebi<br />

formebis zegavlena ...................................................................69<br />

5.1. saSinao davalebebis gamoyenebis meTodTan dakavSirebuli<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi .....................................................................73<br />

5.2. saSinao davalebisaTvis yoveldRiurad gamoyofili<br />

drois (wT.) raodenoba................................................................75<br />

5.3. kvlevebis Sedegebi saSinao davalebis gasworebisas<br />

miRebuli komentarebis Sesaxeb ................................................77<br />

5.4. praqtikis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi ..............80<br />

5.5. swavlis procesis amsaxveli mrudi .......................................81<br />

5.6. swavlebis Sedegebis gaumjobeseba yoveli axali praqtikuli<br />

mecadineobis Sedegad ................................................................83<br />

6.1. warmodgenis aralingvisturi formebis kvlevebis Sedegebi ....89<br />

6.2. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: aRweriTi<br />

paradigma .........................................................................................91

diagramebis nusxa<br />

VII<br />

6.3. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />

droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigma ...........................................91<br />

6.4. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />

procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigma ...............................91<br />

6.5. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />

epizodis paradigma ....................................................................92<br />

6.6. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />

ganzogadebis/principis paradigma ...........................................92<br />

6.7. grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: cnebis paradigma ......93<br />

6.8. droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigma<br />

arbitraJis meTodisaTvis ..........................................................94<br />

6.9. procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigma<br />

molaparakebis meTodisaTvis ...................................................94<br />

6.10. cnebis paradigma nebayoflobiTi Suamavlobis<br />

meTodisaTvis ..............................................................................95<br />

6.11. moswavlis piqtograma ...........................................................99<br />

7.1. kvlevebis Sedegebi TanamSromlobiTi swavlis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT ................................................... 102<br />

7.2. homogenur jgufebad dayofis efeqturoba ....................... 103<br />

7.3. moswavleTa homogenur da heterogenul jgufebSi<br />

muSaobis efeqturobis Sedareba ............................................. 105<br />

7.4. TanamSromlobiTi jgufebis zoma......................................... 105<br />

8.1. miznebis dasaxvis meTodis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi ................................................................... 112<br />

8.2. komentarebis gakeTebis meTodis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi ................................................................... 127<br />

8.3. moswavlis Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze orientirebuli<br />

komentarebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi.......... 118<br />

8.4. komentarebis drouloba ....................................................... 118<br />

8.5. komentarebis rubrikebi ........................................................ 120<br />

‣ zogadi rubrika: informacia ............................................. 120<br />

‣ zogadi rubrika: procesebi da unarebi ........................... 120<br />

8.6. rubrikebis adaptacia ........................................................... 121<br />

‣ industriuli revoluciis rubrika: informacia ........... 121<br />

‣ histogramis wakiTxva: procesebi da unarebi ................. 121<br />

9.1. kvlevebis Sedegebi: hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda . 125<br />

9.2. induqciuri Tu deduqciuri midgoma ................................ 125

VIII<br />

efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

10.1. miniSnebisa da SekiTxvebis meTodis kvlevebis Sedegebi...... 136<br />

10.2. analitikuri unarebis ganmarteba ...................................... 140<br />

10.3. winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi ................................................................... 141<br />

10.4. grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi:<br />

franguli impresionizmi ......................................................... 145<br />

11.1. axali sityvebis konteqstSi swavlis albaToba................. 151<br />

11.2. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic asociaciebs ukavSirdeba..... 153<br />

11.3. detalebi ............................................................................... 158<br />

11.4. swavlebis tipebi da maTi zegavlena swavlaze................... 159<br />

11.5. ideaTa organizacia .............................................................. 162<br />

11.6. araswori warmodgenis koreqtirebis strategiebi .......... 163<br />

11.7. amocanebis tipebi ................................................................ 169<br />

11.8. werisadmi sxvadasxva midgomis efeqturoba....................... 173<br />

12.1. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />

axali Temis dasawyisSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT ..................... 178<br />

12.2. axal TemasTan dakavSirebuli swavlebis miznebi:<br />

amindis Zala............................................................................... 179<br />

12.3. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic axali Temis<br />

swavlebis periodSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:<br />

swavlis miznebis monitoringi ................................................ 181<br />

12.4. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic axali Temis swavlebis<br />

periodSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT: klasSi axali<br />

codnis Semotana ....................................................................... 182<br />

12.5. rogori SeiZleba iyos moswavlis samuSao rveuli .......... 183<br />

12.6. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic axali Temis<br />

swavlebis periodSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:<br />

varjiSi, gameoreba da codnis gamoyeneba............................... 184<br />

12.7. sanimuSo grZelvadiani proeqti.......................................... 185<br />

12.8. swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic Temis<br />

dasrulebisas SeiZleba gamoiyenoT......................................... 187

1<br />

kvlevebis<br />

gamoyeneba<br />

swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea<br />

realobad vaqcioT<br />

Cven, ganaTlebis specialis tebs,<br />

saintereso dros gviwevs cxovreba.<br />

ratom Tanamedroveobas Tan<br />

axlavs bevri siaxle, rasac xSirad<br />

axali aTwleulis, saukunisa Tu<br />

aTaswleulis dadgomas ukavSireben.<br />

CvenTvis umTavresi siaxlea is,<br />

rom momswreni varT axali epoqis,<br />

romelSic swavlebis `xelovneba“<br />

swavlebis `mecnierebad“ iqceva.<br />

zogierTi mkiTxveli SeiZleba<br />

gaocdes, roca gaigebs, rom mxolod<br />

ocdaaTiode wlis win daiwyo<br />

swavlebis meTodebis safuZvliani<br />

samecniero kvleva. es, ra Tqma unda,<br />

ar niSnavs imas, rom 1970 wlamde<br />

ar icnobdnen swavlebis efeqtur<br />

gzebs; maswavleblebi so k rates<br />

me Tods mTeli ornaxevari aTasi<br />

wlis manZilze iye nebdnen. mkvlevarebi<br />

mxolod 1970 _ iani wlebis<br />

dasawyisSi dainteresdnen swavlebis<br />

sxvadasxva meTodsa da swavlis<br />

Sedegebs Soris kavSiriT. 1960-ian<br />

wlebSi ki miaCndaT, rom moswavlis<br />

akademiuri moswreba saerTod<br />

ar iyo damokidebuli swavlebis<br />

1<br />

meTodologiaze. aseT daskvnamde<br />

mivida CvenTvis cnobili angari­<br />

Sis `saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis<br />

Tanasworoba“ avtori<br />

(ix. qoulmani, qemfbeli, hobsoni,<br />

maqfarTlandi, mudi, uainfeldi<br />

da iorki, 1966). am angariSs<br />

`qoulmanis angariSis“ saxeliT<br />

moixsenieben, misi avtoris, jeims<br />

qoulmanis pativsacemad. qoulmanma,<br />

angariSis TanaavtorebTan<br />

erTad, 60_ian wlebSi 4000 _ ze<br />

met skolaSi 600000 moswavle da<br />

60000 maswavlebeli Seiswavla da<br />

daaskvna: Tu moswavlis akademiur<br />

moswrebas ganvixilavT, rogorc<br />

sxvadasxva faqtoris zegavlenis<br />

jams, swavlebis xarisxi moswavlis<br />

saSualo akademiur moswrebas<br />

maqsimum 10 %_iT cvlis. imisaTvis,<br />

raTa zustad gaviazroT, Tu<br />

ras gulisxmobs kvlevis es Sedegi,<br />

warmovidginoT Semdegi magaliTi:<br />

gvyavs 100 merveklaseli moswavle<br />

da xelT gvaqvs maTi testirebis<br />

Sedegebi maTematikaSi. testirebis<br />

Sedegebi qulebiTaa warmodge­

2 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

nili. moswavleebi sami sxvadasxva<br />

skolidan arian. cxa dia, mosalodnelia<br />

gansxvavebebi am moswavleebis<br />

akademiur moswrebaSi, rac<br />

gamoixateba imiT, rom zog maTgans<br />

eqneba Zalian maRali qula, zogs<br />

_ Zalian dabali, zogs ki _ saSualo.<br />

qoulmanis kvlevis angariSis<br />

mixedviT, romelic 60 _ ian wlebSi<br />

gamoCnda, am gansxvavebis mxolod<br />

10 procenti aixsneba im skolis<br />

swavlebis xarisxiT, romelSic es<br />

moswavleebi swavlo ben. sxva sityvebiT<br />

rom vTqvaT, Tu moswavle,<br />

romelic am sami skolidan yvelaze<br />

dabali xarisxis mqone skolaSi<br />

swavlobs, gadava im skolaSi,<br />

sadac swavlebis xarisxi yvelaze<br />

maRalia, misi akademiuri moswreba,<br />

SesaZloa, saSualod mxo lod<br />

10%-iT gaumjobesdes.<br />

riTi aixsneba akademiur moswrebaSi<br />

moswavleTa Soris sxvaobis<br />

danarCeni 90% jeims qoulmani da<br />

misi kolegebi im daskvnamde mividnen,<br />

rom skolis moswavleTa Soris<br />

akademiur moswrebaSi arsebuli<br />

gan sxvaveba damokidebulia iseT<br />

faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: moswavlis<br />

niWi an unarebi, misi socioekonomikuri<br />

statusi da ojaxuri<br />

garemo. samwuxaroa, rom skolas am<br />

sami faqtoridan arc erTis Secvla<br />

ar SeuZlia. analogiuri SedegiT<br />

dasrulda 70 _ ian wlebSi harvardis<br />

universitetSi qristofer jenqsis<br />

kvleva, romlis Sedegebi warmodgenilia<br />

wignSi `uTanasworoba:<br />

oja xisa da skolis zegavlena amerikel<br />

moswavleze~ (ix. jenqsi, smiTi,<br />

aqlendi, beini, qoheni, grinTlisi,<br />

heinsi da miqelsoni, 1972). jenqsma<br />

da misma kolegebma xelaxla Seiswavles<br />

im monacemTa didi nawili,<br />

rac qoulmanis angariSSi iyo warmodgenili.<br />

winaswarve naTeli iyo,<br />

rom daskvna msgavsi iqneboda _<br />

moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze<br />

skolebis zegavlena umniSvneloa.<br />

jenqsi wers: `skola ar axdens zegavlenas<br />

im faqtorebis umetesobaze,<br />

romlebic ganapirobeben moswavleTa<br />

Soris gansxvavebebs akademiur<br />

moswrebaSi, rac qulebiT<br />

gamoixateba~ (gv. 109).<br />

j. qoulmanisa da q. jenqsis<br />

daskvnebi gansakuTrebuli imedis<br />

momcemi ar aris ganaTlebis<br />

specialistebisa da ganaTlebis<br />

sferos kvlevebSi CarTuli mecnierebisaTvis.<br />

Tu im faqtorTa<br />

umetesoba, rac moswavlis akademiur<br />

moswrebaze axdens zegavlenas,<br />

skolis gareTaa, maSin<br />

Rirs ki ganaTlebis specialistebis<br />

mxridan rame RonisZiebis gatareba<br />

sabednierod, dRevandeli<br />

gadasaxedidan, zemoT warmodgenil<br />

daskvnebSi seriozuli naklovanebebi<br />

ikveTeba. Cven amJamad<br />

did imedebs vamyarebT maswavleblebsa<br />

da skolebze, rogorc im<br />

faqtorebze, romelTac garkveuli<br />

zegavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT<br />

moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze.<br />

ratom jer erTi, qoulmani da<br />

jenqsi warmogvidgenen ukiduresad<br />

uimedo suraTs, roca mTavar<br />

aqcents moswavleTa testirebis<br />

qulebSi arsebuli sxvaobis procentul<br />

axsnaze akeTeben. mkvlevarebi:<br />

<strong>robert</strong> rozentali, jon<br />

hanteri da frank Smidti damajereblad<br />

da cxadad ganmartaven<br />

zemoTqmuls. mkiTxveli, romelsac<br />

teqnikuri detalebi ainter­

kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />

3<br />

esebs, r. rozentalis (1991), j.<br />

hanterisa da f. Smidtis (1990) naSromebs<br />

unda gaecnos. aqve mokled<br />

SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rom ufro<br />

sasargeblo iqneboda qoulmanisa<br />

da jenqsis kvlevis Sedegebis ganxilva<br />

moswavlis akademiur moswrebaSi<br />

procentilis 1 zrdis kuTxiT<br />

(am sakiTxis ufro detaluri axsna<br />

warmodgenilia qveTavSi `ramdenime<br />

kvlevis kompleqsuri analizi,<br />

rogorc swavlebis konkretuli<br />

meTodis efeqturobis dadgenis<br />

saukeTeso saSualeba~). sailustraciod<br />

ganvixiloT Semdegi magali­<br />

Ti: is, rom skolis xarisxiT moswavleTa<br />

akademiur moswrebaTa Soris<br />

arsebuli sxvaobebis mxo lod<br />

10 % aixsneba, aseve gulisxmobs<br />

moswavlis akademiuri moswrebis<br />

gaumjobesebas 23 procentiliT.<br />

sxva sityvebiT, saSualo akademiuri<br />

moswrebis mqone moswavles,<br />

romelic dadis `karg~ skolaSi,<br />

aqvs 23 procentiliT maRali akademiuri<br />

moswreba, vidre saSualo<br />

akademiuri moswrebis mqone moswavles<br />

SedarebiT cud skolaSi.<br />

roca am kuTxiT vudgebiT sakiTxs,<br />

cxadi xdeba, rom skolas namdvilad<br />

aqvs arsebiTi zegavlena moswavlis<br />

akademiur moswrebaze.<br />

Cveni optimisturi damokidebulebis<br />

mniSvnelovan safuZvels,<br />

aseve, is kvlevebi warmoadgenen,<br />

romlebic qoulmanisa da jenqsis<br />

naSromebis Semdeg gamoqveynda. xsene<br />

buli kvlevebi moswavlis akade­<br />

1 qula, romlis qvemoTac xvdeba dakvirvebebis<br />

Sedegebis garkveuli procenti.<br />

mag. me-20 procentili gulisxmobs<br />

mis qvemoT arsebul yvela qulas<br />

(mTarg. SeniSvna).<br />

miur moswrebaze maswavleblis mniSvnelovan<br />

zegavlenas im SemTxveveb­<br />

Sic ki adastureben, roca sko lis<br />

zegavlena minimaluria. es daskvna<br />

safuZvliania. miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

rom qoulmani da jenqsi<br />

ikvlevdnen skolebis saSualo<br />

zegavlenas moswavleebis akademiur<br />

moswrebaze. rogorc wesi, TiToeul<br />

skolaSi moRvawe maswavlebelTa<br />

swavlebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad<br />

gansxvavdeba. yvelaze efeqturi maswavleblebis<br />

meTodebis SeswavliT ki<br />

im faqtorebis ufro dakonkreteba<br />

moxerxdeba, rac moswavleTa akademiur<br />

moswrebaze axdens gavlenas.<br />

jer kidev 1970-ian wlebSi mivida<br />

mecniereba im daskvnamde, rom<br />

naklebad efeqtur skolebSic ki<br />

maswavlebeli SeiZleba did gavlenas<br />

axdendes moswavlis akademiur<br />

moswrebaze. am aRmoCenis gakeTeba<br />

SesaZlebeli gaxda efeqturi swavlebis<br />

meTodebis SeswavliT. 1970-<br />

ian wlebSi Catarebuli asobiT kvlevis<br />

Sedegebis gacnobis Semdeg,<br />

mkvlevarebi jere brofi da Tomas<br />

gudi (1986) weren: `miTi daimsxvra:<br />

maswavleblebi realur gavlenas<br />

axdenen moswavleTa swavlis Sedegebze~<br />

(gv. 370).<br />

bolo periodSi Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebi ki aCveneben, rom maswavlebels<br />

ufro didi zegavlena<br />

aqvs moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze,<br />

vidre es manamde Catarebul<br />

kvlevebSi ikveTeboda (ix. sandersi<br />

da horni, 1994; raiti, horni<br />

da sandersi, 1997). ramdenime<br />

aseuli skolidan 100000-ze meti<br />

moswavlis testirebis Sedegebis<br />

analizis Semdeg, raitma da misma<br />

kolegebma daaskvnes:

4 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

`am kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs,<br />

rom sxva faqtorTa Soris, maswavlebeli<br />

yvelaze did zegavlenas axdens<br />

moswvlis akademiur moswrebaze. amas­<br />

Tanave, kvleva aCvenebs, rom maswavlebelTa<br />

efeqturobis maCvenebeli,<br />

rogorc wesi, didi variaciulobiT<br />

gamoirCeva. daskvna, romelic am<br />

kvle vis Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba<br />

gakeTdes, Semdegia: maswavlebelTa<br />

efeqturobis zrdaze mimarTuli<br />

RonisZiebebi SeiZleba yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

iyos im RonisZiebaTa Soris,<br />

romlebic moswavleTa swavlis<br />

Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad tardeba.<br />

naTlad ikveTeba, rac unda<br />

heterogenuli iyos klasi, efeqturi<br />

maswavlebeli warmatebulad muSaobs<br />

sxvadasxva akademiuri moswrebis<br />

moswavleebTan. Sesabamisad, Tu<br />

maswavlebeli araefeqturia, mis moswavleebSi<br />

ar fiqsirdeba saTanado<br />

akademiuri progresi, imisda miuxedavad,<br />

ramdenad msgavsni an gansxvavebulni<br />

arian moswavleebi TavianTi<br />

akademiuri moswrebiT~ (raiti<br />

da sxvebi, 1997, gv. 63).<br />

mocemuli wigni warmoadgens<br />

qoulmanisa da jenqsis moRvaweobis<br />

Semdgom periodSi Catarebuli<br />

optimisturi kvlevebis gagrZelebas.<br />

Cveni naSromi praqtikulia da<br />

masSi Tavmoyrilia informacia<br />

swavlebis im meTodebis Sesaxeb,<br />

romlebic efeqtur swavlebaze<br />

orientirebuli kvlevebidan SevarCieT.<br />

maswavleblebs SeuZliaT,<br />

gamoiyenon es meTodebi da<br />

swavlebis procesi ise warmarTon,<br />

rom maqsimumamde iqnas ayvanili<br />

moswavlis akademiuri warmateba.<br />

sanam swavlebis meTodebis uSualo<br />

aRweraze gadavalT, mokled<br />

mimovixilavT ganaTlebis sferos<br />

kvlevebis maxasiaTeblebsa da<br />

xarisxs.<br />

ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebi:<br />

gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaT lebis<br />

sferos kvlevebs universitetebsa<br />

da kvleviT centrebSi atareben,<br />

ganaTlebis specialistebs da<br />

maTac, vinc am dargis specialistebi<br />

ar arian, rogorc wesi, dabali<br />

warmodgena aqvT aseT kvlevebze.<br />

bevri fiqrobs, rom samecniero<br />

kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />

iseTi zusti da Tanmimdevruli ar<br />

aris, rogorc, magaliTad, qimiasa<br />

da fizikaSi. 1987 wels JurnalSi<br />

`amerikeli fsiqologi~ daibeWda<br />

lari hejisis statia, romlis sa­<br />

Tauri iyo `sabunebismetyvelo da<br />

socialuri mecnierebebi: gansxvavebebi<br />

kvlevis meTodebSi~. am<br />

statiaSi hejisi fsiqologiasa da<br />

ganaTlebas `socialur mecnierebebad~<br />

moixseniebs da safuZvlianad<br />

ganixilavs ganaTlebis<br />

sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebisadmi<br />

undoblobis sakiTxs. lari<br />

hejisma Seiswavla fsiqologiisa<br />

da ganaTlebis camet sferoSi<br />

Catarebuli kvelevebi da Seadara<br />

es kvlevebi samecniero kvlevebs<br />

fizikaSi. man aRmoaCina, rom kvlevebi<br />

fizikaSi iyo iseve sxvadasxvagvari,<br />

rogorc ganaTlebasa da<br />

fsiqologiaSi: `arsebuli recenziebis<br />

TiTqmis 50%-is avtorebi<br />

principulad ar eTanxmebian kvlevis<br />

Sedegebs, rogorc socialur

kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />

5<br />

mecnierebebSi, ise fizikaSi~ (gv.<br />

450). ase rom, kvlevebi fizikasa<br />

da ganaTlebaSi TiTqmis Tanabari<br />

SeusabamobebiT xasiaTdebian, rac<br />

imas niSnavs, rom Tu erTi kvleva<br />

adasturebs konkretuli me­<br />

Todis efeqturobas, sxva kvleva<br />

uaryofs mas. lari hejisma aseve<br />

daaskvna, rom mecnierebi sabunebismetyvelo<br />

sferoebSi ufro xSirad<br />

ugulebelyofdnen im kvlevis<br />

Sedegebs, romelic `eqstremaluri<br />

aRmoCeniT~ sruldeboda.<br />

magaliTad, nawilakebis fizikaSi<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis Semdeg<br />

kvlevaTa, daaxloebiT, 40%-<br />

is ignorireba xdeboda imis gamo,<br />

rom am kvlevebSi gakeTebuli<br />

daskvnebi auxsnelad iyo miCneuli.<br />

ganaTlebasa da fsiqologiaSi<br />

ki, l. hejisis mixedviT, kvlevaTa<br />

kompleqsuri analizis dros individualuri<br />

kvlevebis mxolod 10<br />

%-is ugulebelyofa fiqsirdeba.<br />

hejisis daskvna imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />

rom kvlevebi ganaTlebisa<br />

da fsiqologiis dargSi, xarisxiT<br />

ar Camouvardeba kvlevebs fizikis<br />

mimarTulebiT. hejisi ganaTlebis<br />

specialistebs, iseve rogorc<br />

fizikis sferos mkvelvarebs, ur­<br />

Cevs, kvlevebis analizis dros am<br />

kvlevebSi dafiqsirebuli Ziri­<br />

Tadi mimarTulebebi ganixilon.<br />

es imas niSnavs, rom erTi kvlevis<br />

safuZvelze ar SeiZleba gavakeToT<br />

daskvna konkretuli meTodisa Tu<br />

midgomis efeqturobis Sesaxeb.<br />

aucilebelia, gavecnoT mocemuli<br />

meTodisa Tu midgomis Sesaswavlad<br />

Catarebul, rac SeiZleba, met kvlevas<br />

da meTodisa Tu midgomis efeqturobaze<br />

uSualod maTi analizis<br />

safuZvelze vimsjeloT. mxo lod<br />

aseTma kompleqsurma Seswav lam SeiZleba<br />

Camogviyalibos konkretuli<br />

mosazrebebi CvenTvis saintereso<br />

TemasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

ramdenime kvlevis kompleqsuri<br />

analizi, rogorc swavlebis<br />

konkretuli meTodis<br />

efeqturobis dadgenis<br />

saukeTeso saSualeba<br />

am wignis momzadebis procesSi<br />

organizaciam `kontinentis centraluri<br />

nawilis kvlevebi ganaT<br />

lebisa da swavlebisaTvis~<br />

(McREL) yvela im rCeuli kvlevis<br />

analizi ganaxorciela, romelic<br />

zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi<br />

gamosayenebel swavlebis meTodebs<br />

(detaluri aRwera ix. <strong>marzano</strong>,<br />

1998) ukavSirdeba. Cven visargebleT<br />

kvlevis teqnikiT, romelic<br />

metaanalizis saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />

metaanalizi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva<br />

kvlevis Sedegebis kombinirebas,<br />

konkretuli meTodis efeqturobis<br />

gansazRvris mizniT.<br />

metaanalizis dros mkvlevari<br />

sxva dasxva kvlevis Sedegis gazomvis<br />

erTeulad efeqtis sidides<br />

iyenebs. efeqtis sidide, standartuli<br />

gadaxris erTeulebiT,<br />

sakvlev jgufSi akademiuri moswrebis<br />

gaumjobesebas an gauaresebas<br />

gamosaxavs. sakvlev jgufad<br />

movixseniebT moswavleTa jgufs,<br />

romelTanac swavlebis konkretul<br />

meTods iyeneben. magaliTisaTvis,<br />

warmovidginoT, rom mocemuli<br />

kvle vis efeqtis sidide

6 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

warmoadgens 1.0-s. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom sakvlev jgufSi moswavleTa<br />

saSualo qula 1.0 standartuli<br />

gadaxriT maRalia, vidre moswavleTa<br />

saSualo qula sakontrolo<br />

jgufSi. sxva sityvebiT, moswavle,<br />

romelic sakvlev jgufSi<br />

50-e procentilzea, erTi standartuli<br />

gadaxriT gansxvavdeba<br />

im moswavlisagan, romelic<br />

analogiur maCvenebelzea sakontrolo<br />

jgufSi.<br />

diagrama 1.1.<br />

normaluri ganawileba<br />

efeqtis zomis gamoyeneba imi­<br />

Tacaa sasargeblo, rom advilad<br />

SesaZlebelia misi gadayvana procentilis<br />

zrdaSi. rogorc gaxsovT,<br />

jer kidev pirvel qveTav­<br />

Si vaxseneT procentilis zrda.<br />

axla avxsnaT, rogor keTdeba<br />

es. rogorc statistikosebi acxa<br />

deben, moswavleTa qulebis<br />

ganawileba, Cveulebriv, zarisebr,<br />

simetriul mruds gvagonebs,<br />

anu aris `normaluri~. Sesabamisad,<br />

statistikaSi mas `normalur<br />

ganawilebas~ uwodeben. diagrama<br />

1.1 swored normalur ganawilebas<br />

warmoadgens.<br />

rogorc diagrama 1.1-ze Cans,<br />

normaluri ganawileba moicavs<br />

daaxloebiT sam standartul gadaxras<br />

saSualos zemoT da sam standartul<br />

gadaxras saSualos qvemoT.<br />

diagrama 1.1_ze aseve naCvenebia,<br />

rom normalur ganawilebaSi<br />

qulebis daaxloebiT 34% moqceulia<br />

saSualo qulasa da saSualos<br />

zemoT erTi standartuli gadaxris<br />

SualedSi. qulaTa daaxloebiT 14%<br />

xvdeba pirvel da meore standartul<br />

gadaxras Soris. rogorc wesi,<br />

ase simetriulad nawildeba danar­<br />

Ceni qulebic. axla davubrundebiT<br />

Cvens kvlevas, romelsac magali­

kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />

7<br />

Tad ganvixilavT da romlis efeqtis<br />

sididec 1.0 standartuli gadaxriT<br />

gamoixateboda. SevecadoT<br />

es efeqtis sidide gamovsaxoT procentilis<br />

zrdiT. efeqtis sidide<br />

1.0 igivea, rac procentilis 34 er­<br />

TeuliT zrda. rogorc zemoT ganvmarteT,<br />

qulaTa swored 34% aris<br />

moqceuli saSualos zemoT standartul<br />

gadaxraSi.<br />

efeqtis zomis procentilis<br />

zrdiT gamosaxva ama Tu im swavlebis<br />

meTodis efeqturobis naTlad<br />

warmoCenis saSualebas iZleva.<br />

Sesabamisad, am wignSi warmodgenili<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebis analizisas,<br />

yuradRebas vamaxvilebT rogorc<br />

efeqtis sidideze, ise procentilis<br />

zrdaze. imisaTvis, rom dasawyis­<br />

Sive naTeli warmodgena SegeqmnaT<br />

analizis Cveneul stilze, Segi­<br />

ZliaT gaecnoT kvlevas, romelic<br />

d. redfildma da i. rusom (1981)<br />

Caatares da romelsac am wignis<br />

me-10 TavSi ganvixilavT. redfildma<br />

da rusom Seiswavles analitikuri<br />

SekiTxvebis gamoyenebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli ToTxmeti kvlevis<br />

Sedegebi da daaskvnes, rom saSualo<br />

efeqtis sidide iyo 0. 73. es imas<br />

niSnavs, rom, saSualod, moswavle,<br />

romelsac analitikuri SekiTxvebis<br />

gamoyenebis meTodiT aswavlidnen,<br />

0. 73 standartuli gadaxriT maRal<br />

qulas iRebda, vidre is moswavle,<br />

visTanac swavlebis aseT meTods<br />

ar iyenebdnen. es gansxvaveba warmodgenilia<br />

diagramis 1. 2 gamuqebuli<br />

nawiliT. Tu gamoviyenebT<br />

standartuli ganawilebis cxrils,<br />

romelic adgens efeqtis sididisa<br />

da procentilis zrdis Sesabamisobebs,<br />

davinaxavT, rom efeqtis<br />

sidide 0.73 Seesabameba, daaxloebiT,<br />

27 procentiliT zrdas. standartuli<br />

normaluri ganawilebis qveS<br />

mdebare farTobis wilis cxrili<br />

warmodgenilia danarTSi.<br />

arsebobs efeqtis sididis interpretaciis<br />

kidev erTi meTodi, romelic<br />

pirvelad mkvlevarma jeiqob qohenma<br />

(1988) gamoiyena. is miiCnevs, rom<br />

SegviZlia efeqtis sidide 0.20 ganvixiloT,<br />

rogorc mcire efeqti, 0.50 _<br />

saSualo efeqti, xolo 0.80 _ Zlieri<br />

efeqti (gv. 25 – 26).<br />

diagrama 1. 2<br />

swavlebis meTodi, romelic analitikuri SekiTxvebis gamoyenebas<br />

gulisxmobs: efeqtis saSualo sidide<br />

e.z. = 0. 73<br />

sakontrolo jgufi<br />

sakvlevi jgufi

8 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

ra aRmovaCineT<br />

erT-erTi mTavari mizani, rasac<br />

emsaxureboda organizaciis<br />

`kon tinentis centraluri nawilis<br />

kvle vebi ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis~<br />

mier Catarebuli kvleva,<br />

iyo swavlebis im meTodebis identificireba,<br />

romelTa gamoyenebac<br />

moswavleTa sxvadasxva asakobriv,<br />

sagnobriv Tu akademiuri moswrebis<br />

jgufebTan swavlebis efeqturobas<br />

zrdis. diagramaze 1.3<br />

swavlebis meTodebis swored is<br />

cxra kategoriaa warmodgenili,<br />

romelsac mniSvnelovani gavlena<br />

SeiZleba hqondes moswavlis akademiur<br />

moswrebaze.<br />

diagrama 1.3.<br />

swavlebis im meTodebis kategoriebi, romlebic gavlenas<br />

axdenen moswavleTa akademiur moswrebaze<br />

kategoria<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

standartuli<br />

gadaxra<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis<br />

gamovlena 1.61 45 31 0.31<br />

Sejameba da<br />

Canawerebis<br />

gakeTeba 1.00 34 179 0.50<br />

moswavlis<br />

Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da<br />

misi warmatebis<br />

aRiareba 0.80 29 21 0.35<br />

saSinao davaleba<br />

da praqtika 0.77 28 134 0.36<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi<br />

xerxebi 0.75 27 246 0.40<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

0.73 27 122 0.40<br />

miznebis dasaxva<br />

da komentarebis<br />

gakeTeba 0.61 23 408 0.28

kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />

9<br />

hipoTezis<br />

Camoyalibeba da<br />

gamocda 0.61 23 63 0.79<br />

miniSnebebi,<br />

SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebi 0.59 22 1,251 0.26<br />

SeniSvna: vafrTxilebT mkiTxvels, rom am diagramaze naCvenebi efeqtis sidideebi<br />

ar warmoadgens efeqtis sidideebis Sesaxeb im informaciis naerTs, rac me-2 _ me-10<br />

TavebSi diagramebzea mocemuli. am TavebSi naCvenebi efeqtis sidideebi gamoTvlilia<br />

konkretuli meTodis kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli naSromebis analizis Sedegad.<br />

swavlebis konkretuli meTodebis kvlevebis sinTezuri monacemebi, rac mocemuli<br />

wignis sxvadasxva TavSia warmodgenili, xSirad erTi da imave kvlevis analizs eyrdnoba<br />

da moicavs sakvlevi da sakontrolo jgufebis analogiur Sedarebebs. Sesabamisad,<br />

am monacemebze dayrdnobiT `saSualoTa saSualos~ gamoTvla araswor daskvnebamde<br />

migviyvanda. diagramaSi 1.3 warmodgenili efeqtis saSualo sidideebi efuZneba<br />

damoukidebel Sedarebebs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom aseTi damoukidebeli gamoTvla<br />

gamoricxavs damTxvevebs, es diagrama swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodis efeqturobis<br />

Sesaxeb met-naklebad zust suraTs iZleva.<br />

diagrama 1.3-ze warmodgenili<br />

kategoriebi detaluradaa ganxiluli<br />

am wignis Semdgom TavebSi. mniSvnelovania,<br />

dasawyisisaTvis mimovixiloT<br />

cxrave kategoria. rogorc<br />

diagrama 1.3_ze Cans, swavlebis me­<br />

Todebis efeqtis sidideebi 1.61-dan<br />

0.59 _ mde meryeobs. diagrama 1.3_is<br />

interpretaciis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />

rom efeqtis sidideebi,<br />

romlebic pirvel svetSia mocemuli<br />

(saSualo efeqtis zomebi),<br />

warmoadgens Cven mier Seswavlili<br />

sxvadasxva kvlevidan miRebul sa­<br />

Sualo maCveneblebs. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom zogierT kvlevaSi dafiqsirda<br />

diagrama 1.3_is meore svetSi warmodgenil<br />

saSualoze ufro maRali<br />

efeqtis sidide, zogSi ki _ ufro<br />

dabali. TiToeul swavlebis meTod­<br />

Tan dakavSirebuli efeqtis sidide<br />

eqvsi standartuli gadaxris farglebSi<br />

SeiZleba meryeobdes (sami<br />

standartuli gadaxra efeqtis<br />

saSualo zomis qvemoT da sami _<br />

zemoT). magaliTad, ganvixiloT<br />

swavlebis meTodi, romelic moxseniebuli<br />

gvaqvs, rogorc Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da warmatebaze<br />

yuradRebis gamaxvileba. diagrama<br />

1.3_ze Cans, rom efeqtis saSualo<br />

sidide am kategoriisaTvis aris<br />

0.80, xolo standartuli gadaxra _<br />

0.35. diagramaze aseve vkiTxulobT,<br />

rom ganxilul iqna 21 kvle va imisaTvis,<br />

raTa gamoTvliliyo efeqtis<br />

saSualo sidide, romelic am SemTxvevaSi<br />

0.80-s udris. standartuli<br />

gadaxris maCvenebeli _ 0.35 _ ki<br />

xazs usvams gansxvavebebs am 21 kvlevas<br />

Soris. im 21 kvlevaSi, romlebic<br />

gavaanalizeT, raTa efeqtis saSualo<br />

sidide (0.80) gamogveTvala,<br />

dafiqsirda saSualosagan sami standartuli<br />

gadaxriT maRali efeqtis<br />

sidide (radgan standartuli gadaxra<br />

0.35-is tolia, sami standartuli<br />

gadaxra iqneba samjer 0.35, anu

10 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

1.05). Sesabamisad, 21 kvlevidan zogierTSi<br />

efeqtis sidide iseT maRal<br />

niSnuls aRwevda, rogoricaa 1.85<br />

(0.80 + 1.05). aseTive principiT, 21<br />

kvlevidan ramdenimeSi dafiqsirda<br />

efeqtis sidide, romelic saSualodan<br />

(0.80) sami standartuli gadaxriT<br />

qvemoT iyo. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom zog kvle vaSi efeqtis sidide<br />

Zalian dabali iyo da utoldeboda<br />

niSnuls _ 0.35 (0.80 _ 1.05).<br />

ase rom, zogierT kvlevaSi efeqtis<br />

uaryofiTi sidide gamoikveTa.<br />

es imaze mianiSnebs, rom swavlebis<br />

meTodis gamosacdeli kvle vis dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg sakvlevi jgufi<br />

uares akademiur Sedegebade mivida,<br />

vidre sakontrolo jgufi.<br />

am magaliTidan SegviZlia gavakeToT<br />

Semdegi daskvna: ar arsebobs<br />

swavlebis meTodi, romelic<br />

yvela situaciaSi Tanabari efeqturobiT<br />

gamoirCeva. aucilebelia,<br />

es kargad daimaxsovroT da<br />

gaiTvaliswinoT rogorc am wignis<br />

kiTxvisas, iseve aq amokiTxuli<br />

swavlebis meTodebis klasSi danergvis<br />

dros. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />

isic, rom swavlebis esa Tu<br />

is meTodi mxolod saSualebaa. am<br />

wignSi warmodgenilia meTodebi,<br />

romlebic swavlebis efeqtur sa­<br />

Sualebebad SeiZleba iqnen gamoyenebulni.<br />

ar unda velodoT, rom<br />

sxvadasxva situaciaSi yvela meTodi<br />

Tanabrad warmatebuli iqneba.<br />

ras ipoviT am wignSi<br />

me-2 _ me-10 TavebSi ganxilulia<br />

swavlebis meTodebis cxra kategoria<br />

da TiToeulis sailustraciod<br />

mocemulia magaliTebi. yvela Tavs<br />

aqvs daaxloebiT erTnairi struqtura.<br />

pirvel rigSi, vajamebT<br />

kvle visa da Teoriis Sedegebs. informacia<br />

efeqtis sidideebisa da<br />

procentilis zrdis Sesaxeb moyvanilia<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli<br />

swavlebis meTodis efeqturobasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli kvlevebi<br />

aseT informacias Seicavs. Semdeg<br />

ganvixilavT am meTodis pratikuli<br />

gamoyenebis sakiTxebs, rac SeiZleba<br />

saxelmZRvanelo principebad gamoadges<br />

maswavlebels. bolos, warmovadgenT<br />

konkretul strategiebsa<br />

da magaliTebs. CvenTvis gasagebia,<br />

rom zogierTi maswavlebeli,<br />

romelic yoveldRiuri profesiuli<br />

saqmianobiT sakmaod dakavebulia,<br />

Seecdeba, pirdapir magaliTebs<br />

gaecnos. girCevT, ase ar moiqceT da<br />

yuradRebiT waikiTxoT manamde moyvanili<br />

informacia, maT Soris, mocemul<br />

swavlebis meTodTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebis<br />

Sedegebi. konkretuli magaliTebis<br />

ganxilvamde warmodgenili masalis<br />

safuZvliani gaanalizeba saSualebas<br />

miscems maswavlebels, ufro<br />

kargad gaacnobieros mocemuli me­<br />

Todis gamoyenebis Taviseburebebi.<br />

is, rac jer ar viciT<br />

sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebis<br />

kompleqsuri analiziT bevri<br />

ram viswavleT. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

rCeba SekiTxvebi, romlebic pasuxgaucemelia.<br />

am SekiTxvebidan<br />

ramdenimes warmogidgenT:<br />

• aris Tu ara zogierTi swavlebis<br />

meTodi gansakuTrebiT efeq­

kvlevebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi: dadga dro, es idea realobad vaqcioT<br />

11<br />

turi gansazRvrul saganSi<br />

• aris Tu ara zogierTi swavlebis<br />

meTodi gansakuTrebiT<br />

efeqturi romelime asakobriv<br />

jgufTan<br />

• aris Tu ara zogierTi swavlebis<br />

meTodi gansakuTrebiT<br />

efeqturi garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis<br />

mqone moswavleebTan<br />

• aris Tu ara zogierTi swavlebis<br />

meTodi gansakuTrebiT efeqturi<br />

garkveuli SesaZleblobebis<br />

mqone moswavleebTan<br />

es mniSvnelovani SekiTxvebia;<br />

maTze pasuxebi dagvexmareba,<br />

swavlebis xelovneba swavlebis<br />

mec nierebad vaqcioT. manam, sanam<br />

am SekiTxvebze zusti pasuxebi<br />

gveqneba, saWiroa, frTxilad vimoqmedoT<br />

da gaviTvaliswinoT, rom<br />

zogierTi gamoukvleveli meTodis<br />

Tu strategiis gamoyenebam Sei­<br />

Zleba uneblie uaryofiT Sedegebamde<br />

migviyvanos. sailustraciod,<br />

mkvle varebma van zekerma da r. lisicma<br />

(1999) Seiswavles im ramdenime<br />

strategiis gavlena moswavleTa<br />

akademiur moswrebaze, romelTac<br />

rekomendacias uwevs erovnuli saganmanaTleblo<br />

standarti mecnierebebSi<br />

(erovnuli kvlevebis<br />

sabWo, 1996). es strategiebia:<br />

• moswavleze<br />

swavleba;<br />

orientirebuli<br />

• kritikuli azrovnebis unar _<br />

Cvevebis ganviTareba;<br />

• praqtikuli, laboratoriuli<br />

aqtivobebi.<br />

zogadad, yvela am meTods pozitiuri<br />

gavlena hqonda meaTeklasel<br />

moswavleebze sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi.<br />

ufro rom davazustoT, moswavleze<br />

orientirebuli swavlebis<br />

efeqtis sidide iyo 1.07, kritikuli<br />

azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis swavlebis<br />

efeqtis sidide _ 0.12, praqtikuli,<br />

laboratoriuli aqtivobebis ki _<br />

0.85. mkvlevarebma aseve aRmoaCines,<br />

rom sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi<br />

moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebis<br />

aqtiurad gamoyenebis dros<br />

izrdeboda gansxvaveba gogonebisa<br />

da biWebis akademiur moswrebaSi.<br />

maSin roca kritikuli azrovnebis<br />

unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze gansakuTrebuli<br />

aqcenti zrdida gansxvavebebs<br />

akademiur moswrebaSi<br />

rogorc umciresobebis warmomadgenel<br />

moswavleebsa da danarCen<br />

klass Soris, aseve maRali da dabali<br />

socio-ekonomikuri statusis<br />

mqone moswavleebs Soris.<br />

van zekerisa da r. lisicis<br />

kvle va adasturebs, rom aucilebelia,<br />

SeviswavloT swavlebis konkretuli<br />

meTodis gavlena konkretuli<br />

maxasiaTeblebis moswavleebze<br />

konkretul garemoebebsa da konkretul<br />

saganSi. manam, sanam gamovikvlevT<br />

pasuxebs zemoT warmodgenil<br />

SekiTxvebze, maswavleblebi<br />

unda endon sakuTar codnas moswavleebis<br />

maxasiaTeblebTan, sagan­<br />

Tan da saswavlo garemosTan dakav­<br />

SirebiT, raTa swavlebis yvelaze<br />

marTebuli meTodebi SearCion.<br />

ra ar SevitaneT am wignSi<br />

kidev erTi gafrTxileba ganaTlebis<br />

specialistebs, romlebic<br />

mocemuli naSromis kiTxvas<br />

iwyeben: miuxedavad imisa, rom am

12 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

wignis saTaurSi, zogadad, swavlebazea<br />

saubari, Tavad naSromSi<br />

mxo lod swavlebis meTodebis ganxilviT<br />

SemovifarglebiT. ra Tqma<br />

unda, swavlebis meTodebis garda<br />

pedagogikaSi aris sxva aspeqtebic,<br />

romlebic moswavleTa akademiur<br />

moswrebaze axdenen gavlenas.<br />

ufro metic, mniSvneloviania<br />

aRiniSnos, rom efeqturi swavleba<br />

sam elements moicavs, esenia: 1.<br />

maswavleblis mier gamoyenebuli<br />

swavlebis meTodebi, 2. maswavleblis<br />

mier gamoyenebuli klasis<br />

marTvis strategiebi, 3. sagnis<br />

swavlebis gegma, romelsac maswavlebeli<br />

adgens (ix. diagrama<br />

1.4).<br />

diagrama 1. 4<br />

efeqturi swavlebis sami elementi<br />

swavlebis<br />

meTodebi<br />

klasis marTvis<br />

meTodebi<br />

sagnis swavlebis<br />

gegma<br />

efeqturi swavleba<br />

am wignSi efeqturi swavlebis<br />

mxolod pirveli elementia ganxiluli.<br />

organizacia `kontinentis<br />

centraluri nawilis kvlevebi<br />

ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis~<br />

amJamad swored danarCen or elementTan<br />

dakavSirebuli kvlevebis<br />

sinTezur analizze muSaobs.<br />

Cven gvjera, rom ganaTlebis<br />

mecnierebaSi axali epoqa iwyeba.<br />

epoqa, roca kvlevis Sedegebs maswavleblebi<br />

realurad gamoiyeneben<br />

TavianT saskolo praqtikaSi.<br />

Cven vimedovnebT, rom es wigni am<br />

axal epoqaSi gadasvlaSi dagvexmareba.

k vlevebze<br />

d afuZnebuli<br />

m eTodebi

2<br />

msgavsebisa<br />

da gansxvavebis<br />

gamovlena<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

qalbatoni jeqsonis klasSi moswavleebma mousmines martin luTer<br />

kingis gamosvlas - `me maqvs erTi ocneba”; aseve, gaecnen sxvadasxva<br />

masalas am gamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT. es moxda amerikis<br />

istoriis gakveTilze, romelzec moswavleebi 1960 - iani wlebis<br />

istorias ecnobodnen. qalbatonma jeqsonma icoda, rom moswavleebs<br />

manamdec hqondaT wakiTxuli martin luTer kingis es sityvebi<br />

da, Sesabamisad, ar gahkvirvebia, roca mxolod mosalodneli<br />

komentarebi moismina Tavisi moswavleebisagan. maswavlebels<br />

surda, sxva kuTxiT SeexedaT axalgazrdebs am sityvebisaTvis da<br />

gaegoT am gamosvlis mniSvneloba im codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac<br />

mTeli wlis manZilze mis saganSi SeiZines. am mizniT, qalbatonma<br />

jeqsonma Semdegi arasruli analogiis moSvelieba gadawyvita:<br />

martin luTer kingis gamosvla `me maqvs erTi ocneba~ igive iyo<br />

samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobisaTvis, rac<br />

_______________iyo_______________ Tvis.<br />

moswavleebs mcire jgufebSi unda emuSavaT da daesrulebnaT<br />

es analogia. analogiis dasasruleblad maT unda gamoeyenebinaT<br />

nebismieri sxva istoriuli movlena an dokumenti analogiis<br />

pirveli nawilis Sesavsebad da istoriuli moZraoba an movlena<br />

meore nawilis Sesavsebad. Semdeg moswavleebs TavianTi jgufis<br />

mier Camoyalibebuli analogia danarCeni klasisaTvis unda aexsnaT.<br />

moswavleebma SesaniSnavad Camoayalibes analogiebi da klaselebsac<br />

kargad auxsnes. qalbatoni jeqsoni gancvifrebuli darCa. moswavleebic<br />

gaocebas ver malavdnen, roca savarjiSos dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg mixvdnen, Tu ramdeni axali niuansi aRmoaCines martin<br />

luTer kingis gamosvlas (`me maqvs erTi ocneba”) da samoqalaqo<br />

uflebebis davcisaTvis moZraobas Soris.<br />

qalbatoni jeqsoni am savarjiSoTi Seecada, moswavleeb­<br />

Si movlenaTa msgavsebebze msjelobis inicireba analogiebis<br />

gamoyenebiT moexdina.<br />

15

16 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena: kvlevebi<br />

da Teoriebi<br />

swavlebis meTodebis am pirvel<br />

kategorias movixseniebT saxelwodebiT<br />

_ `msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

gamovlena~. rogorc<br />

mkvle varebi askvnian, msgavsebisa<br />

da gansxvavebis identifikacia<br />

adamianis azrovnebis sabazo elementebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli procesia<br />

(gentneri da marqmani, 1994;<br />

marqmani da gentneri, 1993a, 1993b;<br />

medini, goldsTouni da marqmani,<br />

1995). marTlac, meTodebi, romlebic<br />

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

gamovlenas ukavSirdeba, SeiZleba<br />

swavlis `qvakuTxedad~ CaiTvalos.<br />

is, Tu ra efeqti SeiZleba<br />

hqondes msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

gamovlenaze mimarTul swavlebis<br />

meTods, kargadaa warmo­<br />

Cenili m. giqisa da q. holioaqis<br />

(1980) eqsperimentSi. mkvlevarebma<br />

eqsperimentSi monawileebs q. danqeris<br />

(1945) naSromidan adaptirebuli<br />

Semdegi problema miawodes:<br />

warmoidgineT, rom xarT eqimi.<br />

TqvenTan moiyvanes pacienti,<br />

romelsac kuWis avTvisebiani<br />

simsivne aqvs. SeuZlebelia operaciis<br />

Catareba. Tqven gesmiT,<br />

rom Tu simsivnes ar moaSorebT,<br />

pacienti daiRupeba. arsebobs<br />

sxivebiT mkurnalobis meTodi,<br />

rac SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas<br />

simsivnis mosaspobad. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu saTanado simZlavris<br />

sxivebi simsivnemde CaaRwevs,<br />

gzad ganlagebuli jansaRi<br />

qso vilebic ganadgurdeba. naklebi<br />

simZlavris SemTxvevaSi<br />

ki sxivebi usafrTxoa rogorc<br />

jansaRi qsovilebisaTvis, ise<br />

simsivnisaTvis. Sesabamisad,<br />

na k lebi simZlavris sxivebis<br />

gam oyenebiT, simsivnes araferi<br />

daakldeba. ra procedura unda<br />

gamoiyenos eqimma imisaTvis, rom<br />

simsivne gaanadguros da, amavdroulad,<br />

ar daazianos da narCeni<br />

qsovilebi (gv. 307 _ 308).<br />

rogorc wesi, am problemis gacno<br />

bis Semdeg, gadawyvetis gzas<br />

mkiTxvelTa mxolod 10% poulobs.<br />

m. giqma da q. holioaqma<br />

eqsperimentSi monawileebs Semdegi<br />

problemac warmoudgines:<br />

erT patara qveyanas cixe-simagridan<br />

marTavda diqtatori.<br />

es cixe-simagre qveynis<br />

SuagulSi iyo ganTavsebuli<br />

da garSemo fermebi da soflebi<br />

ertya. bevri gza midioda<br />

cixe-simagremde. ajanyebulma<br />

generalma piroba dado, rom<br />

aiRebda am cixes; man isic icoda,<br />

rom mTeli misi jari sakmarisi<br />

iqneboda cixe-simagris<br />

dasakaveblad. generalma jariskacebs<br />

Tavi mouyara da mzad<br />

iyo srulmasStabiani TavdasxmisaTvis.<br />

moulodnelad generlis<br />

yu ramde miaRwia Semdegma informaciam:<br />

cixe-simagresTan<br />

mi sasvlelebi ise iyo mowyobili,<br />

rom jariskacebs masTan<br />

miaxloeba mxolod saTiTaod<br />

SeeZloT; mTeli jari cixes<br />

erTbaSad veranairad Seutevda.<br />

saqme is iyo, rom misadgomebi<br />

danaRmuli iyo da Tu adamianTa<br />

didi raodenoba gzaze erTbaSad<br />

imoZravebda, es gza afeTqdeboda.<br />

aseTi afeTqeba mezobel<br />

soflebsac gaanadgurebda. Sesabamisad,<br />

SeuZlebeli Canda<br />

cixe-simagris aReba. generalma<br />

Semdegi gegma SeimuSava da ganaxorciela:<br />

man dayo Tavisi<br />

jari patara jgufebad da isini<br />

cixe-simagrisaken mimaval sxvadasxva<br />

gzaze ganalaga. roca

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

17<br />

1. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

identifikaciis procesSi moswavleebisaTvis<br />

pirdapiri daxmarebis<br />

aRmoCena maTSi codnis gaazrebisa<br />

da gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas<br />

zrdis. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma<br />

msgavseba da gansxvaveba dainaxon,<br />

yvelaze martivi gza aris<br />

aseTi msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

aRmoCenaSi maTi daxmareba. kvlevebis<br />

didi nawili adasturebs am<br />

martivi meTodis efeqturobas (ix.<br />

Ceni, ianoviCi da deleri, 1996;<br />

golsoni, smiseri, burmani da<br />

dunkani, 1997; niubai, ertmeri da<br />

Stefiki, 1995; rivsi da vaisburgi,<br />

1994; rosi, b.h., 1984; solomoni,<br />

1995). msgavsebaze da gansxvavebadiagrama<br />

2. 1<br />

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis identifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

mniSvnelovani kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

sinTezuri naSromi<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideTa<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

sidide<br />

sTouni, 1983 72 0.88 31<br />

Stali da<br />

fearbenqsi, 1986*<br />

9 1.39 42<br />

20 1. 76 46<br />

rosi, j. a. 2 1. 26 38<br />

li, uTariRo 2 1. 28 39<br />

*Stalisa da fearbenqsis naSromis gaswvriv efeqtis sididis ori kategoriaa<br />

mocemuli, Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare.<br />

detaluri informaciis misaRebad, mkiTxvels vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.<br />

yvelaferi mzad iyo, niSani<br />

misca jariskacebs da TiToeulma<br />

jgufma daiwyo svla<br />

cixe-simagrisaken. ase rom,<br />

ci xe-simagresTan, sabolood,<br />

erT droulad mTeli armia aRmoCnda.<br />

ase moaxerxa generalma<br />

cixe-simagris aReba da diqtatoris<br />

Camogdeba (gv. 351).<br />

am ukanaskneli magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

simsivnis ganadgurebis<br />

Sesaxeb amocanis amoxsna eqsperimentis<br />

monawileTa 90%-ma SeZlo.<br />

sainteresoa, ratom gauadvila<br />

generlis Sesaxeb moTxrobam eqsperimentis<br />

monawileebs amocanis<br />

amoxsna pasuxi martivia: mas Semdeg,<br />

rac adamiani xedavs msgavsebas<br />

amocanaSi warmodgenil problemasa<br />

da mosmenil ambavs Soris,<br />

problemis gadaWris gzebs ufro<br />

advilad poulobs. diagrama 2.1-<br />

ze mocemulia daskvnebi im ramdenime<br />

ZiriTadi naSromdan, romelic<br />

msgav sebisa da gansxvavebis identifikaciasTan,<br />

rogorc swavlebis<br />

meTodTan, dakavSirebuli<br />

kvle vebis sinTezs warmoadgens.<br />

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlenis<br />

meTodTan dakavSirebiT<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis analizi<br />

saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavake­<br />

ToT Semdegi oTxi zogadi daskvna:

18 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

ze pirdapiri miTiTeba ar niSnavs<br />

imas, rom swavleba didaqtikuri<br />

unda iyos. bevr kvlevaSi, romelic<br />

am meTodis efeqturobas amtkicebs,<br />

naxsenebia, rom msgavsebisa<br />

da gansxvavebis aRmoCenas Tan moswavleTa<br />

Soris sasargeblo diskusiebi<br />

da kiTxva _ pasuxi axlda.<br />

2. moswavleebisagan moTxovna<br />

imisa, rom maT damoukideblad ipovon<br />

msgavseba da gansxvaveba, maTSi<br />

codnis gaazrebisa da gamoyenebis<br />

SesaZleblobas zrdis. arsebobs<br />

kvle vaTa mTe li wyeba imis dasadastureblad,<br />

rom Zalian efeqturia<br />

moswavleebis mier msgavsebisa<br />

da gansxvavebis damoukideblad<br />

aRmoCena, maswavleblisagan pirdapiri<br />

miniSnebebis gareSe (ix. Ceni,<br />

1996; fliki, 1992; giqi da holioaqi,<br />

1980; meisoni, 1994, 1995; meisoni<br />

da sorzio, 1996). es meTodi,<br />

erTi SexedviT, pirvel daskvnas<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba. sinamdvileSi, es<br />

ase ar aris. aqtivobebs, romleb­<br />

Sic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />

eniWeba da aqtivobebs, romlebic<br />

mTlianad moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />

mimarTuli, klasSi sakuTari<br />

adgili aqvT. zogi Tvlis, rom aqtivoba,<br />

romelSic mTavari roli<br />

maswavlebels eniWeba, moswavleebSi<br />

homogenuri daskvnebis gakeTebas<br />

uwyobs xels. sxva sityvebiT, moswavleTa<br />

mier aRmoCenili msgavseba<br />

da gansxvaveba aseT SemTxvevebSi<br />

`erTmaneTis msgavsia~. maSin, roca<br />

aqtivoba, romelic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />

Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli,<br />

moswavleebSi ufro heterogenul<br />

damokidebulebebs aRvivebs. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT:<br />

Tu maswavlebeli miznad isaxavs,<br />

rom moswavleebi msgavs daskvnebamde<br />

miiyvanos, maSin man unda gamoiyenos<br />

aqtivobebi, romelSic mTavar<br />

rols maswavlebeli asrulebs;<br />

xolo maSin, roca maswavlebels<br />

surs, moswavleebSi gansxvavebuli<br />

ideebis stimulireba moaxdinos,<br />

klasSi iseTi aqtivobebi unda gamoiyenos,<br />

romelic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />

Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli.<br />

3. moswavleebisaTvis msgavsebisa<br />

da gansxvavebis grafikuli<br />

an simboluri warmodgena maTSi<br />

codnis gaazrebisa da gamoyenebis<br />

SesaZleblobas zrdis. swavlebis<br />

meTodTa am kategoriaSi Zalian<br />

mniSvnelovani aRmoCenaa is, rom<br />

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis grafikuli<br />

an simboluri warmodgena<br />

moswavleebs exmareba, ukeTesad<br />

gaiazron masalis Sinaarsi (ix.<br />

Ceni, 1999; qouli da maqleodi,<br />

1999; glini da TaqahaSi, 1998;<br />

lini, 1996; meisoni, 1994). am wignis<br />

me-6 TavSi detalurad ganvixilavT,<br />

Tu ratom aRrmavebs codnas<br />

masalis grafikuli da simboluri<br />

warmodgena. aq ki mxolod<br />

imas davZenT, rom maTi gamoyeneba<br />

mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs moswavlis<br />

mxridan masalis gagebas da<br />

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis aRmo­<br />

Cenis stimulacias uwyobs xels.<br />

4. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

aRmoCenis procesi sxvadasxvagvarad<br />

SeiZleba warimarTos da sakmao<br />

Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. kvlevebSi<br />

ikveTeba am meTodis oTxi sxvadasxva,<br />

yvelaze efeqturi `forma~:<br />

• Sedareba (ix. Ceni, 1996;<br />

Ceni, ianoviCi da deleri, 1996;<br />

fliki, 1992; rosi, 1987; solomoni,<br />

1995);<br />

• klasifikacia (ix. Ci, feltoviCi<br />

da glazeri, 1981; ingliSi,<br />

1997; niubai, ertmeri da Stefiki,<br />

1995; rifoli, 1999);<br />

• metaforebi (ix. Ceni, 1999;<br />

qouli da maqleodi, 1999; dageri,<br />

1995; gotfridi, 1998; meisoni,<br />

1994, 1995);<br />

• analogiebi (ix. aleqsanderi,<br />

1984; li, dauTariRebeli; ra­<br />

Termani da genTneri, 1998; Sternbergi,<br />

1977, 1978, 1979).

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

19<br />

diagrama 2. 2-ze ganmartebulia es<br />

formebi.<br />

cxadia, rom msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis aRmoCena Sedarebis<br />

dros xdeba. es procesi mniSvnelovania<br />

klasifikaciis drosac,<br />

radgan garkveuli elementebis<br />

klasifikacia swored msgavsebisa<br />

da gansxvavebis identifikaciiT<br />

iwyeba. mxolod amis Semdeg xdeba<br />

mocemuli elementebis dajgufeba<br />

or an met kategoriad. metaforis<br />

Seqmna gulisxmobs or elements<br />

Soris abstraqtuli msgavsebisa<br />

da gansxvavebis dadgenas. da bolos,<br />

analogiebis Seqmna gulisxmobs<br />

imis identificirebas, Tu<br />

ra msgavseba da gansxvaveba akav­<br />

Sirebs elementTa or wyvils.<br />

diagrama 2. 2<br />

ganmartebebi<br />

Sedareba warmoadgens sagnebs an<br />

ideebs Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

identifikaciis process.<br />

klasifikacia warmodgens saganTa<br />

kategoriebad dajgufebis process,<br />

romelic efuZneba maT maxasiaTeblebs.<br />

metaforebis Seqmna warmoadgens<br />

konkretul TemaSi zogadi an sabazo<br />

paradigmis identifikaciis<br />

process da Semdeg iseTi sxva Temis<br />

moZiebas, romelic sruliad gansxvavebulia,<br />

magram imave, zogad<br />

paradigmas emorCileba.<br />

analogiebis Seqmna warmoadgens<br />

cnebaTa wyvilebSi urTierTkav­<br />

Sirebis identifikaciis process.<br />

msgavsebisa da gansxva vebis<br />

identificirebis praqtika<br />

klasSi<br />

Sedareba<br />

efeqturi SedarebisaTvis gadamwyvetia<br />

mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis<br />

naTlad Camoyalibeba.<br />

es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg msgavsebisa<br />

da gansxvavebis identifikaciis<br />

safuZvlad gamoiyeneba.<br />

Sedarebis savarjiSoebi, romlebSic<br />

mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />

eniWeba. erTi SexedviT, Sei­<br />

Zleba mogveCvenos, rom Sedarebis<br />

procesi martivia. Tu davukvirdebiT,<br />

mivxvdebiT, rom es ase<br />

ar aris. Cveni rCevaa, maswavleblebma<br />

SedarebebisaTvis kargad<br />

struqturirebuli savarjiSoebi<br />

gamoiyenon. es imas niSnavs, rom<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleebs miu­<br />

TiTebs, Tu ra sagnebi an movlenebi<br />

unda Seadaron maT da romeli<br />

maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. aseTi<br />

savarjiSoebi saSualebas iZleva,<br />

moswavleTa Zalisxmeva saWiro<br />

tipis daskvnebze mivmarToT. Sesabamisad,<br />

maswavleblebma aseTi<br />

savarjiSoebi maSin unda gamoiyenon,<br />

roca maTi mizania, moswavleebi<br />

erTsa da imave maxasiaTeblebs<br />

Soris arsebul msgavsebebsa<br />

da gansxvavebebs gaecnon. qvemoT<br />

moyvanilia Sedarebis savarjiSo,<br />

romelSic moqmedeba istoriis<br />

gakveTilze xdeba da mTavari<br />

roli maswavlebels eniWeba:

20 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

mimdinare Tve eZRvneboda `qalebis<br />

rols istoriaSi~. qalbatonma<br />

qolierma miznad daisaxa, uke­<br />

Tesad gaegebinebina Tavisi moswavleebisaTvis<br />

is, Tu rogor<br />

icvleba qalis roli amerikul<br />

sazogadoebaSi. Tavdapirvelad,<br />

maswavlebeli Seecada, moswavleebisaTvis<br />

Sesadareblad ramdenime,<br />

e.w. pirveli ledi amerikis<br />

istoriidan warmoedgina.<br />

eseni iyvnen: marta vaSingtoni,<br />

meri Tod linkolni, florens<br />

qing hardingi, ana eleanor ruzvelti,<br />

mari aizenhaueri da<br />

hilari rodem qlinToni. moswavleebs<br />

unda gamoeyenebinaT<br />

TeTri sax lis veb-gverdi (http://<br />

www.whitehouse.gov), moeZiebinaT<br />

in formacia am qalbatonebis Sesaxeb<br />

da SeedarebinaT isini Semdegi<br />

sakiTxebis mixedviT: maTi<br />

warsuli; ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobebi,<br />

romlebic maT, rogorc<br />

pirvel qalbatonebs ekisrebodaT;<br />

riTi gamoiCines Tavi. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom moswavleebi<br />

erTi da imave qalbatonebze da<br />

maT zustad gansazRvrul maxasiaTeblebze<br />

agrovebdnen informacias<br />

erTsa da imave wyarodan<br />

(TeTri saxlis veb-gverdi), mainc<br />

gansxvavebul aRmoCenebamde mividnen.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac yvelam warmodagina<br />

Sedarebebis sakuTari<br />

Sedegebi, erTsulovnad aRiares,<br />

rom sagrZnoblad gaifarToves<br />

warmodgena qalebis cvalebad<br />

rolze amerikul sazogadoebaSi.<br />

Sedarebis savarjiSoebi, romlebic<br />

mTlianad moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />

mimarTuli. moswavleTa<br />

Zalisxmevaze mimarTulad<br />

iTvleba savarjoSo, roca isini<br />

Tavad irCeven: a) romeli maxasiaTeblebis<br />

mixedviT Seadaron sagnebi<br />

Tu movlenebi an b) romeli<br />

sagnebi an movlenebi Seadaron<br />

erTmaneTs da ra maxasiaTeblebis<br />

mixedviT. qvemoT moyvanilia ori<br />

magaliTi, romelTac moswavleTa<br />

Zalisxmevaze mimarTuli Sedarebis<br />

savarjiSoebis ori tipis sailustraciod<br />

warmogidgenT:<br />

magaliTi 1.<br />

batoni uebis moswavleebi zRaprebis<br />

Temis gavlas iwyebdnen. pirvel<br />

gakveTilze batonma uebma moswavleebs<br />

sTxova, TiToeuls ori zRapari Seer­<br />

Cia, romelsac kargad icnobdnen. Semdeg<br />

maswavlebelma axsna literaturis<br />

iseTi elementebi, rogorebicaa: universaluri<br />

Tema, personaJisa da siu­<br />

Jetis interaqcia, Tvalsazrisi. batoni<br />

uebi moswavleebs daexmara, epovaT<br />

es elementebi maT mierve SerCeul<br />

zRaprebSi. amis Semdeg moswavleebs,<br />

literaturuli elementebis mixedviT,<br />

ori zRapari unda SeedarebinaT. Sedegebis<br />

warmodgenis dros, moswavleebs<br />

unda esaubraT ara mxolod imaze, rac<br />

SerCeuli zRaprebis Sesaxeb gaiges,<br />

aramed imazec, rac literaturuli<br />

elementebis Sesaxeb iswavles.<br />

magaliTi 2.<br />

julia Zalian kmayofili iyo musikis<br />

maswavlebel qalbaton enqor­<br />

Tan gatarebuli erTi wliT; bolo<br />

gamocdazec siamovnebiT gavida.<br />

gamocdaze julias oTxi musikaluri<br />

nawarmoebi unda warmoedgina da isini<br />

im romelime musikaluri maxasiaTeblis<br />

mixedviT Seedarebina, rac akademiuri<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi iswavla.<br />

Tavad julias bevri musikaluri<br />

Canaweri ar hqonda, magram moswavleebs<br />

SeeZloT, gakveTilebis Semdeg<br />

qalbatoni enqoris araCveulebrivi<br />

CanawerebiT esargeblaT. juliam<br />

gadawyvta, SedarebisaTvis Semdegi<br />

nawarmoebebi gamoyenebina: klasikuri<br />

musikaluri nawarmoebi, qanTri<br />

- vesTernis Janris simRera, romelic<br />

dedamiss uyvarda, erT - erTi popularuli<br />

simRera da Tavisi sayvareli<br />

melodia disneis multiplikaciuri<br />

filmidan. julias azriT, am musikaluri<br />

nawarmoebebis ramdenjerme<br />

mosmena gamocdisaTvis momzadebis<br />

process Zalian gaaxalisebda.

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

21<br />

maxasiaTeblebi<br />

diagrama 2. 4<br />

Sedarebis matrica<br />

Sesadarebeli Temebi<br />

# 1 # 2 # 3<br />

1 msgavsebebi<br />

gansxvavebebi<br />

2 msgavsebebi<br />

gansxvavebebi<br />

3 msgavsebebi<br />

gansxvavebebi<br />

4 msgavsebebi<br />

gansxvavebebi<br />

grafikuli sqemis gamoyeneba<br />

Sedarebis savarjiSoSi. Sedarebis<br />

dros, ZiriTadad, ori tipis<br />

grafikuli sqema gamoiyeneba _<br />

venis diagrama (diagrama 2.3) da<br />

Sedarebis matrica (diagrama 2.4).<br />

rogorc diagrama 2.3-ze Cans,<br />

venis diagrama exmareba moswavleebs,<br />

vizualurad aRiqvan or<br />

sagans an movlenas Soris arsebuli<br />

msgavseba da gansxvaveba.<br />

rogorc wesi, ori wris gadakveTaSi<br />

msgavsebaTa CamonaTvalia<br />

mocemuli. gansxvavebebi ki<br />

warmodgenilia wreebis im nawilebze,<br />

romlebic ar ikveTeba. idealur<br />

SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebma<br />

venis diagrama ori sagnis an movlenis<br />

TiToeuli maxasiaTeblis<br />

Sedarebisas unda Seavson. aseT<br />

dros isini kargad dainaxaven, Tu<br />

rogor hgavs an gansxvavdeba ori<br />

movlena an sagani am konkretuli<br />

maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.<br />

diagrama 2. 3.<br />

venis diagrama<br />

rogorc diagrama 2.4-ze Cans, detaluri<br />

midgomis dros Sedarebis<br />

matrica ufro gamoiyeneba, vidre<br />

venis diagrama. Sesabamisad, roca<br />

maswavlebeli Sedarebis matricas<br />

iyenebs, aucilebelia, moswavleebs<br />

ufro detaluri instruqciebi<br />

misces. qvemoT ori magaliTia moyvanili.<br />

magaliTi 1 warmoadgens<br />

savarjiSos, Sedarebis matricis

22 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

gamoyenebiT, xolo magaliTi 2 _<br />

venis diagramis gamoyenebiT.<br />

magaliTi 1.<br />

bolo ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi<br />

Cven maT istorias<br />

vswavlobdiT, vinc amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis dasavleT<br />

sanapiroze mogzaurobda.<br />

gavigeT luisisa da klarkis<br />

araCveulebrivi eqspediciisa<br />

da zebulon faikis ambebi. axla<br />

ki, Sedarebis matricis gamoyenebiT,<br />

sxvadasxva eqspediciis<br />

monawileTa Sedareba mogviwevs.<br />

SegiZliaT, Tavad SearCioT<br />

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebsac mat<br />

ricaSi SeiyvanT, Tumca gaiTvaliswineT,<br />

rom aucilebelia<br />

Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi:<br />

`vin iyo eqspediciis damkveTi~,<br />

`riskebi, romlebic am eqspedicias<br />

ukavSirdeboda~, `ra gavlena<br />

moaxdina am eqspediciam<br />

adamianebis cxovrebaze~. mas<br />

Semdeg, rac matricis ZiriTad<br />

nawils SeavsebT, unda SeqmnaT<br />

axali matrica imave maxasiaTeblebis<br />

gamoyenebiT. es axali<br />

matrica Tan geqnebaT sabunebismetyvelo<br />

sagnis gakveTilze.<br />

maswavlebeli Tqven warmogidgenT<br />

informacias im mecnierTa<br />

Sesaxeb, romlebic eqspediciebSi<br />

iRebdnen monawileobas. es<br />

mecnierebi TiToeuli maxasiaTeblis<br />

mixedviT unda SeadaroT.<br />

mecnierTa Sedarebis matricis<br />

Sevsebisas, Tu axali maxasiaTebeli<br />

gagaxsendebaT, isic<br />

CaamateT matricaSi. ar dagaviwydeT<br />

axali maxasiaTebl(eb)<br />

is Tavdapirvel matricaSic<br />

Camateba. bolos orive matrica<br />

gverdigverd unda moaTavsoT<br />

da erTmaneTs SeadaroT. Segi­<br />

ZliaT, yvelaze saintereso an<br />

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi da<br />

msgavsebebi gamoyoT.<br />

magaliTi 2.<br />

qalbatoni boltonis klasSi<br />

pirvelklaselebi cdilobdnen,<br />

venis diagrama gaekeTebinaT,<br />

romelSic im msgavsebebsa da<br />

gansxvavebebs warmoadgendnen,<br />

rac imdroindel cxovrebas Soreuli<br />

warsulis cxovrebasTan<br />

(ori aseTi venis diagrama warmodgenilia<br />

diagrama 2.5-ze)<br />

akavSirebda. TiToeuli diagrama<br />

erT konkretul maxasiaTebels<br />

miuZRvnes. aseTi diagramebi<br />

maT daxmara, naTlad daenaxaT<br />

msgavseba da gansxvaveba TavianT<br />

da Soreul warsuls Soris.<br />

klasifikacia<br />

klasifikacia gulisxmobs elementebis<br />

jgufebad dayofas, maT<br />

Soris msgavsebis sa fuZvelze.<br />

klasifikaciisas mTa varia im wesebis<br />

identifi kacia, romelic<br />

klassa da kategoriaSi kuTvnilebas<br />

gansazRvravs.<br />

klasifikaciis savarjiSoebi,<br />

romlebSic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />

eniWeba. klasifikaciis savarjiSoebSi,<br />

romlis drosac moswavleebi<br />

im mza elementebs iReben,<br />

romelTa klasifikaciac Tvi­<br />

Ton mouwevT, maswavlebels wamyvani<br />

roli aqvs. aseve, moswavleebs<br />

im kategoriebis Sesaxeb aZleven<br />

informacias, romelTa mixedvi­<br />

Tac mocemuli elementebis klasifikacia<br />

unda ganaxorcielon.<br />

aseT savarjiSoSi mTavaria, moswavlem<br />

zustad gansazRvros elementis<br />

kategoria da gaiazros,<br />

Tu ratom miekuTvneba esa Tu is<br />

elementi ama Tu im kategorias.<br />

qvemoT moyvanilia klasifikaciis<br />

savarjiSos magaliTi, romel­<br />

Sic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />

eniWeba. moqmedeba fizikuri aRzrdis<br />

gakveTilze xdeba.<br />

baton trelfas surda, fizkulturis<br />

gakveTilze ukeT<br />

gaecnobierebina Tavisi daw­

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

23<br />

diagrama 2. 5<br />

venis diagrama: Soreuli warsuli da dRevandeloba<br />

Soreuli warsuli<br />

sakvebi<br />

dRevandeloba<br />

• xalxs sakvebis<br />

mopoveba da<br />

nadiroba SeeZlo<br />

• ar iyo sakvebis<br />

Senaxvis kargad<br />

ganviTarebuli<br />

saSualebebi<br />

• sakvebi ar iyo<br />

mravalferovani<br />

• sakvebis<br />

mopovebis<br />

da nadirobis<br />

SesaZlebloba<br />

• sakvebis<br />

yvela<br />

saxeoba<br />

• xalxis umetesoba<br />

sakvebs maRaziaSi<br />

yidulobs; SeuZliaT<br />

sakvebis mopoveba an<br />

nadiroba;<br />

• sakvebis Senaxvis kargi<br />

saSualebebi arsebobs:<br />

macivari/sayinule<br />

• sakvebis didi<br />

mravalferovnebaa<br />

dasvenebisa da sadResaswaulo dReebi<br />

• madlierebis<br />

dRe<br />

• religiuri<br />

dResaswaulebi:<br />

Soba, aRdgoma,<br />

hanuka<br />

• 4 ivlisi<br />

• qorwilebi, dabadebis<br />

dRebi,<br />

iubileebi<br />

• xsovnis dRe<br />

• mSromelTa dRe<br />

• martin luTer<br />

kingis dabadebis<br />

dRe<br />

yebiTi klasis moswavleebi<br />

sportSi. olimpiuri TamaSebis<br />

mimdinareobis periodSi maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs Semdegi<br />

davaleba misca: TamaSebis yurebis<br />

dros (saxlSi an skolaSi)<br />

maT unda moexdinaT olimpiuri<br />

RonisZiebebis klasifikacia.<br />

aseTi RonisZiebebis nusxa maswavleblisagan<br />

miiRes. klasifikacia<br />

Semdegi kategoriebis<br />

mixedviT unda gaekeTebinaT:<br />

• RonisZiebebi, romlebic, Ziri<br />

Tadad, fizikur Zalasa da<br />

gamZleobas saWiroeben;<br />

• RonisZiebebi, romlebic, Ziri­<br />

Tadad, sizustes saWiroeben;

24 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 2. 6<br />

klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro grafikuli sqemebi<br />

kategoriebi<br />

• RonisZiebebi, romelTac fizikuri<br />

Zala da sizuste Tanabrad<br />

sWirdebaT.<br />

moswavleebs klasSi unda warmoedginaT<br />

klasifikaciis saku­<br />

Tari Sedegebi da argumentirebulad<br />

aexsnaT, ratom miakuTvnebdnen<br />

ama Tu im RonisZiebas<br />

konkretul kategorias.<br />

klasifikaciis savarjiSoebi,<br />

romlebic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />

Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli. mTlianad<br />

moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />

mimarTuli klasifikaciis savarjiSoebi,<br />

roca moswavles maswavlebeli<br />

aZlevs im sagnebis an movlenebis<br />

CamonaTvals, romelTa<br />

klasifikaciac moswavlem damoukideblad<br />

unda ganaxorcielos<br />

da kategoriebis dadgenasac misgan<br />

iTxovs. aris SemTxvevebi,<br />

roca moswavleebs uwevT ara mxolod<br />

kategoriebis damoukideblad<br />

mofiqreba, aramed im sagan­<br />

Ta an movlenaTa nusxis Sedgenac,<br />

romelTa kategorizaciac maT mierve<br />

Camoyalibebuli kategoriebis<br />

mixedviT unda moaxdinon. qvemoT<br />

warmodgenilia klasifikaciis<br />

savarjiSos magaliTi, romelic<br />

mTlianad moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />

mimarTuli da romelSic<br />

Cans, rom moswavles Tavad uxdeba<br />

rogorc kategoriebis mofiqreba,<br />

aseve im elementebis nusxis Sedgena,<br />

romlebsac kategoriebad<br />

gaanawilebs.<br />

literaturis gakveTilze wlevandeli<br />

wlisaTvis gansazRvruli<br />

bolo wignis kiTxva daasrules.<br />

qalbatonma bleiqma,<br />

romelic am moswavleebs ukve<br />

ori wlis ganmavlobaSi aswavlida,<br />

klasSi axali savarjiSo<br />

Semoitana. am savarjiSos saSualebiT,<br />

mas surda, moswavleebs<br />

SeZenili codna gamoeyenebinaT<br />

da Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze<br />

garkveuli siaxleebi<br />

aRmoeCinaT. maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />

Semdegi savarjiSo<br />

misca:<br />

dawyvildiT klaselTan erTad<br />

da CamowereT personaJebi im<br />

wignebidan, romlebic wavikiTxeT.<br />

CamowereT rac SeiZleba<br />

bevri personaJis saxeli. Semdeg<br />

isini Tqvens mierve mofiqrebuli<br />

kategoriebis mixedviT

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

25<br />

daalageT. Tavi SeikaveT iseTi<br />

cxadi kategoriebisagan, rogorebicaa<br />

sqesi da erovneba.<br />

iseTi kategoriebi gamoiyeneT,<br />

romlebSic personaJTa xasia­<br />

Tis ganviTareba gamoixateba.<br />

roca daasrulebT, igive personaJebi<br />

ukve sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

kategoriebis mixedviT<br />

daajgufeT. Semdeg sxva<br />

moswavlesTan dawyvildiT da<br />

ganixileT Tqveni namuSevari.<br />

klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro<br />

gra fikuli sqemebi. diagrama 2.6-<br />

ze warmodgenilia klasifikaciis<br />

dros gamoyenebuli yvelaze<br />

popularuli grafikuli sqemebi.<br />

gra fikuli organizaciis sqema<br />

ma rcxniv (romelic cxrils waagavs),<br />

roca yvela kategoria msgavsia<br />

ganzogadebis donis mixedviT.<br />

grafikuli sqema marjvniv<br />

(`burTulebiani~ diagrama) ufro<br />

maSin gamoiyeneba, roca zogierTi<br />

kategoria ufro zogadia, vidre<br />

sxvebi.<br />

moswavleebi unda wavaxalisoT,<br />

rom es grafikuli sqemebi<br />

sxvadasxva tipisa da klasifikaciis<br />

savarjiSos Sesrulebis dros<br />

gamoiyenon _ romelSic mTavari<br />

roli maswavlebels eniWeba, an<br />

romelic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />

Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli. qvemoT<br />

moyvanilia magaliTi, roca moswavles<br />

grafikuli sqemis gamoyeneba<br />

sWirdeba.<br />

qvemoT mocemulia personaJebi<br />

im wignebidan, romlebic wels<br />

wavikiTxeT. grafikuli sqemis<br />

gamoyenebiT, daajgufeT es<br />

personaJebi or an met kategoriad.<br />

mzad iyaviT, axsnaT, ratom<br />

miakuTvneT esa Tu is personaJi<br />

konkretul kategorias<br />

da ra principiT gamoyaviT es<br />

kategoriebi.<br />

• foniboi kurtisi s. e. hinTonis<br />

wignidan `auTsaiderebi~<br />

• joni qeiqi s. e. hinTonis<br />

wignidan `auTsaiderebi~<br />

• Ceri valansi s. e. hinTonis<br />

wignidan `auTsaiderebi~<br />

• jeiq barnesi e. hemingueis<br />

wignidan `aRmoxdebis mze”<br />

• breT eSli e. hemingueis<br />

wignidan `aRmoxdebis mze”<br />

• pedro romero e. hemingueis<br />

wignidan `aRmoxdebis mze”<br />

• seli a. uolqeris wignidan<br />

`mewamuli feri”<br />

• emsi a. uolqeris wignidan<br />

`mewamuli feri”<br />

• Sag averi a. uolqeris wignidan<br />

`mewamuli feri”<br />

• eTan fromi e. uarTonis<br />

wignidan `eTan fromi”<br />

• zenobia fromi e. uarTonis<br />

wignidan `eTan fromi”<br />

• meTi silveri e. uarTonis<br />

wignidan `eTan fromi”<br />

• jin foresteri jon qnoulsis<br />

wignidan `gancalkevebuli<br />

mSvidoba~<br />

• fini jon qnoulsis wignidan<br />

`gancalkevebuli mSvidoba”<br />

• antonio marezi r. anaias<br />

wignidan `damloce, ultima~<br />

• ultima r. anaias wignidan<br />

`damloce, ultima~<br />

• skauti harper lis wignidan<br />

•<br />

`mokali jafara”<br />

atikusi harper lis wignidan<br />

`mokali jafara”<br />

• bo redli harper lis wignidan<br />

`mokali jafara”

26 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

metaforebi<br />

metaforis Sedgenisas yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani imis gaanalizebaa,<br />

rom metaforis ori Semadgeneli<br />

saxe erTmaneTs abstraqtulad an<br />

arapirdapir ukavSirdeba. magali­<br />

Tad, `siyvaruli aris vardi~ metaforaa.<br />

erTi SexedviT, pirdapiri<br />

kavSiri siyvarulsa da vards Soris<br />

ar arsebobs. abstraqtulad<br />

Tu SevxedavT, aseT kavSirs davinaxavT.<br />

qvemoT ganvmartavT, Tu<br />

rogor SeiZleba siyvaruli iyos<br />

vardi!<br />

pirdapiri mniSvneloba: vards<br />

kargi surneli aqvs da sasiamovnoa<br />

misi Sexeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />

rom vardi<br />

ekliania da eklebTan Sexeba<br />

mtkivneulia.<br />

abstraqtuli mniSvneloba: es ra­<br />

Rac araCveulebrivia, ginda<br />

mas miuaxlovde, magram Zalian<br />

axlos misvla SeiZleba mtkivneuli<br />

aRmoCndes.<br />

metaforebis gamoyenebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli aqtivobebi, romel­<br />

Sic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />

eniWeba. aseTi aqtivobis dros<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleebs metaforis<br />

erT-erT elements da im<br />

abstraqtul urTierTobasac warmoudgens,<br />

romelic metaforis<br />

elementebs Soris arsebobs. es<br />

imas niSnavs, rom maswavlebeli<br />

akeTebs `xaraCos~, samSeneblo<br />

sa muSaoebis Catareba ki moswavleebis<br />

saqmed rCeba. qvemoT moyvanilia<br />

sabunebismetyvelo sagnis<br />

gakveTili. aq metaforis gamoyenebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli iseTi savarjiSoa<br />

warmodgenili, romel­<br />

Sic mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />

eniWeba.<br />

qalbatonma blerma gadaSenebuli<br />

cxovelebis Sesaxeb gakveTili<br />

imiT daiwyo, rom moswavleebs<br />

dauriga statia dodos<br />

Sesaxeb (ixileT qvemoT).<br />

statiis wakiTxvis Semdeg, qalbatoni<br />

bleris uSualo miTiTebebis<br />

safuZvelze, moswavleebma<br />

ramodenime zogadi daskvna<br />

gaakeTes:<br />

pirdapiri mniSvneloba: siyvarulis<br />

grZnoba gabednierebs,<br />

magram im adamianma, romelic<br />

giyvars, SeiZleba tkivili<br />

mogayenos.<br />

mxolod abstraqtul donezea<br />

vardi da siyvaruli urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />

cnebebi. Sesabamisad,<br />

swavlebis meTodi, romelic<br />

metaforis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs,<br />

yovelTvis cnebebs Soris<br />

abstraqtul kavSirze unda iyos<br />

orientirebuli.<br />

1.<br />

2.<br />

3.<br />

garkveuli saxeoba kargad<br />

viTardeboda konkretul<br />

garemo pirobebSi;<br />

garemo pirobebis cvalebadobasTan<br />

erTad Seicvala<br />

saxeoba. zogma cvlilebam<br />

am saxeobis maxasiaTebelTa<br />

SezRudva gamoiwvia;<br />

garkveulma damatebiTma<br />

cvlilebebma im pirobebis<br />

moSla, romelic am saxeobas<br />

arsebobisaTvis sWirdeboda<br />

da, Sesabamisad, misi<br />

ganadgureba ganapiroba. im<br />

SezRudvis gamo, romelic<br />

meore punqtSi vaxseneT,

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

27<br />

dodo - gadaSenebuli Citi<br />

dodos Sesaxeb pirveli informacia<br />

1600-iani wlebidan mogvepoveba.<br />

is, rogorc irkveva,<br />

indoeTis okeaneSi mavrikis kun­<br />

Zulis binadari iyo. daaxloebiT<br />

oTxmoci wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

iarseba da Semdeg gadaSenda.<br />

dodos mZime frTebiTa da sxeuliT<br />

Tu vimsjelebT, SeiZleba<br />

davaskvnaT, rom mas ar SeeZlo<br />

frena. amasTanave, cnobili xdeba,<br />

rom misi mkerdis Zvali susti<br />

iyo imisaTvis, raTa frenisas<br />

amxela frinvelis wonisaTvis<br />

gaeZlo. miuxedavad amisa, mecnierebs<br />

miaCniaT, rom dodo<br />

warmoiSva iseTi frinvelis evoluciis<br />

Sedegad, romelsac frena<br />

SeeZlo. roca dodos winapari<br />

mavrikis kunZulze damkvidrda,<br />

man aRmoaCina, rom kunZulze<br />

iyo uamravi sakvebi da TiTqmis<br />

ar iyvnen mtaceblebi. gamomdinare<br />

iqidan, rom dodos ar qonda<br />

frenis aucilebloba, man Tanda­<br />

TanobiT dakarga frenis unari.<br />

arsebobda sxva faqtorebic,<br />

romlebmac xeli Seuwyo dodos<br />

gadaSenebas. bevri dodo sakvebad<br />

im holandielma mezRvaurebma<br />

gamoiyenes, romlebsac dodoTa<br />

aRmoCenas miaweren. yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani roli dodoebis<br />

gadaSenebaSi miuZRvis Semdeg<br />

or garemoebas: a. ganadgurda<br />

tye, romelic dodos sakvebiT<br />

uzrunvelyofda, b. mezRvaurebma<br />

Semoiyvanes katebi, Tagvebi<br />

da Rorebi, romelTac dodos<br />

budeebi gaanadgures.<br />

mecnierebma, amerikis bunebaTmcodneobis<br />

muzeumidan<br />

da msoflios sxva samecniero<br />

dawesebulebebidan, bevri ram<br />

gaiazres dodos cxovrebis wesis<br />

Seswavlis Sedegad. imedia,<br />

dodos istoria dagvexmareba,<br />

Tavidan aviciloT sxva cocxal<br />

arsebaTa gadaSeneba da amiT<br />

xeli SevuwyoT biomravalferovnebas<br />

dedamiwaze.

28 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 2. 7<br />

grafikuli sqema metaforebTan dakavSirebuli savarjiSoebisaTvis<br />

pirdapiri<br />

pirdapiri<br />

elementi # 1 paradigma # 1 abstraqcia paradigma # 2 elementi # 2<br />

4.<br />

saxeobas Tavis gadasarCenad<br />

adgilmdeba reobis Secvla<br />

da axal adgilas damkvidreba<br />

ar SeeZlo;<br />

es saxeoba aRar arsebobs.<br />

qalbatonma blerma moswavleebs<br />

sTxova, gamoeyenebinaT mocemuli<br />

paradigma da asociaciurad<br />

sxva saganTan an movlenasTan<br />

daekavSirebinaT.<br />

metaforebis gamoyenebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli aqtivobebi, romlebic<br />

mTlianad moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />

mimarTuli. mas Semdeg,<br />

rac moswavleebi abstraqtuli<br />

paradigmis an urTierTkavSiris<br />

arss gaiazreben, SeiZleba mivceT<br />

savarjiSo, romelSic metaforis<br />

mxolod erTi elementia mocemuli<br />

da vTxovoT, moifiqron<br />

meore elementi da aRweron am<br />

or elements Soris arsebuli abstraqtuli<br />

urTierTkavSiri. es<br />

aris savarjiSo, romelic mTlianad<br />

moswavleTa Zalis xmevazea<br />

mimarTuli. qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />

aseTi savar ji Sos magaliTi. moqmedeba<br />

xde ba sabunebismetyvelo<br />

sagnis gakveTilze.<br />

ori moswavle gamovida mTeli<br />

klasis winaSe da warmoadgenda<br />

Tavisi muSaobis Sedegs. maT<br />

gamotanili hqondaT `varskvlavebis<br />

sawarmos~ diagrama (`varskvlavebis<br />

mogzaurobidan~). ma­<br />

Ti davaleba ujredis ZiriTadi<br />

funqciebis gamovlena da aRwera<br />

iyo. Semdeg unda ganezogadebinaT<br />

warmodgenili informacia<br />

da sxva iseTi sistemisaTvis<br />

daekavSirebinaT, romelic<br />

ujredul sistemas abstraqtulad<br />

ukavSirdeba. mos wavleebma<br />

metaforis meore elementad<br />

`varskvlavebis sawarmo~ air­<br />

Cies. Semdegi abstraqtuli paradigmis<br />

mixedviT, metaforis<br />

ori elementi erTmaneTs daukavSires.<br />

moswavleebma detalurad<br />

aRweres msgavsebebi ujredis<br />

TiToeul nawilsa da `varskvlavebis<br />

sa warmos~ sxvadasxva<br />

elementebs Soris.<br />

ujredi<br />

birTvi<br />

nawili, romelic<br />

mar­<br />

Tavs sistemas<br />

SerCevi­<br />

Tad<br />

gam tari<br />

membrana<br />

nawili, romelic<br />

gareT<br />

tovebs<br />

uvargiss da<br />

SigniT uS ­<br />

vebs sasargeblos<br />

zogadi,<br />

abstraqtuli<br />

`varskvlavebis<br />

sawarmo~<br />

xidi<br />

oTaxi,<br />

romelSic<br />

adamiani<br />

an sagani<br />

energiis<br />

wyarod<br />

iqceva

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

29<br />

sendviCis momzadeba<br />

ra gsurT miirTvaT<br />

rogori puri<br />

mWirdeba<br />

ra Cavdo sendviCSi,<br />

gemrieli rom<br />

gamovides<br />

imisaTvis, rom<br />

gavaumjobeso, kidev<br />

rame unda davamato<br />

kitris mwnili<br />

mdogvi bananis<br />

naWrebi<br />

imaves Tqma<br />

sxvanairad<br />

ra aris Cemi<br />

mizani<br />

rogor SevkravT<br />

erT mTlianobad<br />

ra iqneba SuaSi<br />

rogor SeiZleba<br />

kidev ufro<br />

gavaumjobeso<br />

abzacis Camoyalibeba<br />

ra aris abzacis<br />

Camoyalibebis mizani<br />

ra iqneba Cemi pirveli da<br />

bolo winadadeba<br />

kidev ra winadadebebi<br />

damWirdeba imisaTvis, rom<br />

abzacis ZiriTadi azri<br />

gamovxato<br />

rogor SeiZleba gavxado<br />

abzaci ufro saintereso<br />

da advilad gasagebi<br />

gamoviyeno zedsarTavebi<br />

moviyvano detalebi<br />

grafikuli sqemebi metaforebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli savarjiSoebisaTvis.<br />

grafikuli sqemebi metaforebTan<br />

dakavSirebul savarjiSoebSi<br />

ise xSirad ar gamoiyeneba,<br />

rogorc klasifikaciasa da<br />

Sedarebze orientirebul davalebebSi.<br />

diagrama 2.7-ze mocemulia<br />

sqema, romelic SeiZleba<br />

metaforis bunebisa da funqciis<br />

vizualuri warmoCenisaTvis gamoviyenoT.<br />

am sqemis arsi mdgomareobs<br />

SemdegSi: metaforis Semadgenel<br />

or elements SeiZleba gansxvavebuli<br />

paradigmebi hqo n des,<br />

magram maT erTi abstraq tuli<br />

cneba aerTianebT. moswavleebs<br />

SeiZleba vTxovoT am sqemis Sevseba;<br />

isini saTanado adgilas gana­<br />

Tavseben orive elementis Sesaxeb<br />

informacias, cal-calke. Semdeg<br />

ki aRweren maT Soris arsebul<br />

zogad, abstraqtul urTierTkav­<br />

Sirs. qvemoT moyvanili magaliTidan<br />

TvalnaTliv Cans, Tu rogor<br />

SeiZleba maswavlebelma grafikuli<br />

sqema gakveTilze gamoiyenos.<br />

qalbatoni zeno cdilobda,<br />

Tavisi dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebisaTvis<br />

aexsna, Tu<br />

rogor unda dalagdes winadadebebi<br />

abzacebSi. `sendvi­<br />

Cis momzadeba~ dawera maswavlebelma<br />

marcxniv da `abzacis<br />

Camoyalibeba~ marjvniv (ixileT<br />

sqema). Semdeg is SekiTxvebi<br />

Camowera, romlebze pasuxis<br />

gacemac aucilebelia, Tu kargi<br />

sendviCis damzadebas visaxavT<br />

miznad. moswavleebma es<br />

SekiTxvebi abstraqtul, zogad<br />

kiTxvebad aqcies da Sua svetSi<br />

moaTavses (saTauriT `imaves<br />

Tqma sxvanairad~). pirvel or<br />

svetSi Camoyalibebuli SekiTxvebis<br />

safuZvelze moswavleebma<br />

mesame svetSi (saTauriT `abzacis<br />

Camoyalibeba~) is SekiTxvebi<br />

Camoayalibes, romelze<br />

pasuxis gacemac aucilebelia<br />

kargad Camoyalibebuli abzacis<br />

momzadebisTvis.

30 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

analogiebi<br />

metaforebis msgavsad, analogiebi<br />

im sagnebs an movlenebs Soris<br />

msgavsebis aRmoCenaSi gvexmareba,<br />

romlebic, erTi SexedviT,<br />

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian;<br />

Sesabamisad, axal informaciasac<br />

ufro kargad vigebT. rogorc<br />

wesi, analogiebi Semdegi formiT<br />

gvxvdeba A : B :: C : D (Semdegnairad<br />

vkiTxulobT: A ise ukavSirdeba<br />

B-s, rogorc C ukavSirdeba D-s).<br />

magaliTad:<br />

cxeli : civi :: Rame : dRe (cxeli<br />

ise miemarTeba civs, rogorc Rame<br />

dRes). civi da dRe iseTive sawinaaRmdego<br />

cnebebia, rogorc cxeli<br />

da Rame.<br />

durgali : CaquCi :: mxatvari :<br />

funji (durgali ise miemarTeba<br />

CaquCs, rogorc mxatvari funjs).<br />

CaquCi da funji is iaraRebia,<br />

romlebsac durgali da mxatvari<br />

iyeneben.<br />

albaT analogia msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlenis yvelaze<br />

rTul formats warmoadgens,<br />

radgan is `urTierTobaTa Soris<br />

arsebul urTierTobebs~ exeba.<br />

iseve rogorc msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

aRmoCenis sxva formebi,<br />

analogiebis moZieba SeiZleba<br />

iyos aqtivoba, romelSic mTavari<br />

roli maswavlebels eniWeba, an<br />

aqtivoba, romelic mTlianad moswavleTa<br />

Zalisxmevazea mimarTuli.<br />

analogiebis moZieba, rogorc savarjiSo,<br />

romelSic mTavari roli<br />

maswavlebels eniWeba. rogorc<br />

wesi, roca mTavari roli maswavlebels<br />

eniWeba, moswavleebs<br />

ufro struqturirebuli savarjiSos<br />

gakeTeba uwevT. magali­<br />

Tad, maswavlebelma SeiZleba warmoadginos<br />

Semdegi analogia:<br />

Termometri igivea temperaturisaTvis,<br />

rac<br />

odometri manZilisaTvis.<br />

Semdeg maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />

sTxovos moswavleebs, axsnan, Tu<br />

riTi hgavs Termometrsa da temperaturas<br />

Soris kavSiri im kav­<br />

Sirs, romelic odometrsa da<br />

manZils Soris arsebobs. Termometrica<br />

da odometric sazomi<br />

xelsawyoebia; Termometri<br />

zomavs temperaturis cvalebadobas,<br />

xolo odometri - manZilis<br />

cvalebadobas. maswavlebels<br />

SeuZlia, moswavleebs analogiis<br />

oTxi elementidan mxolod sami<br />

warmoudginos da meoTxis moZieba<br />

maT daavalos. qvemoT moyvanili<br />

magaliTi 1 da magaliTi 2 am ori<br />

tipis analogiis ilustracias<br />

warmoadgens.<br />

magaliTi 1<br />

Jangbadi - - - adamiani<br />

naxSirorJangi - - - mcenare<br />

cunami - - - talRa<br />

miwisZvra - - - biZgi<br />

birTvi - - - dedamiwa<br />

birTvi - - - atomi

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

31<br />

sixSire - - - bgera<br />

amperi - - - el. energia<br />

magaliTi 2<br />

maTematikis maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />

Semdegi analogiis<br />

savarjiSoebi misca, im mizniT,<br />

rom maTTvis ukeTesad gaegebinebina<br />

maTematikuri cnebebi:<br />

oTxmoci - rva<br />

aTcentiani - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

maxvili kuTze - samkuTxedi<br />

90 gradusiani kuTxe - - - - - -<br />

<strong>robert</strong> frosti - poezia<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - romanSi (1984)<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

- - - - - romanSi `mewamuli aso~<br />

diagrama 2. 8<br />

grafikuli sqema<br />

analogiebisaTvis<br />

garSemoweriloba - wre<br />

perimetri - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

½ - wiladi<br />

5 – - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

analogiebis moZieba, rogorc<br />

savarjiSo, romelic mTlianad<br />

moswavleTa Zalisxmevazea<br />

mimarTuli. analogiis elementebis<br />

mo Ziebisas moswavleebis wvlili<br />

aseT savarjiSoebSi ufro<br />

maRalia, vidre im savarjiSoebSi,<br />

romlebic zemoT ganvixileT. magaliTad,<br />

maswavlebelma Se iZleba<br />

moswavleebs ana logiis pirveli<br />

wyvili misces da meore wyvilis<br />

mofiqreba sTxovos. ra Tqma unda,<br />

aseTi savarjiSos Sesrulebis Semdeg<br />

moswavles mouwevs imis argumentirebuli<br />

dasabuTeba, Tu ratom<br />

SearCia es konkretuli wyvili.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia aseTi<br />

analogiis ramdenime magaliTi,<br />

romelTa gamoyenebac literaturis<br />

gakveTilze SeiZleba.<br />

diagrama 2. 9<br />

grafikuli sqema<br />

analogiebisaTvis (magaliTi)<br />

Termometri _ temperatura<br />

urTierTkavSiri: zomavs cvalebadobas<br />

odometri _ distancia<br />

diagrama 2.8-ze mocemulia<br />

grafikuli sqema, romelic moswavleebs<br />

gauadvilebs analogiebis<br />

gagebas. am sqemaSi moswavleebma<br />

ise unda Caweron informacia,<br />

rogorc diagrama 2.9-ze aris mocemuli.<br />

batoni uoTersi klasSi ganixilavs<br />

kompiuteris gavlenas

32 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze.<br />

imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma<br />

kargad gaiazron Sedareba, is<br />

grafikul sqemas iSveliebs da<br />

Semdeg analogias warmoadgens:<br />

cifruli _ kompiuteri<br />

mier Sevsebuli analogiis savarjiSos<br />

grafikul sqemas. moswavleebs<br />

uwevT imis axsna, Tu<br />

ratom warmoadgines es konkretuli<br />

elementebi analogiis<br />

meore wyvilSi da ra kavSiria<br />

analogiis wyvilebs Soris.<br />

urTierToba:<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom analogiis<br />

pirveli nawili ukve Sevsebulia,<br />

pirveli wyvilis ori<br />

elementis moswavleebTan er­<br />

Tad ganxilvas batoni uoTersi<br />

ramdenime wuTs uTmobs. Semdeg<br />

moswavleebi jgufdebian.<br />

TiTo jgufSi sami moswavlea.<br />

maT analogiis meore wyvili<br />

unda Seqmnan. meore dRes Ti­<br />

Toeuli jgufi warmoadgens mis<br />

* * *<br />

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Zieba<br />

sxvadasxva savarjiSos saSualebiT<br />

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.<br />

moswavleebi SeiZleba CavrToT<br />

davalebebSi, romlebic Sedarebebs,<br />

klasifikacias, metaforebs<br />

da analogiebs ukavSirdeba. savarjiSoebSi<br />

SeiZleba mTavari<br />

roli maswavlebels eniWebodes,<br />

an, SesaZloa, mTlianad moswavle­<br />

Ta Zalisxmevaze iyos mimarTuli.

3<br />

Sejameba<br />

da Canawerebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

sabazo skolis moswavleebs qalbatoni cimersi miTologias<br />

Semdegi meTodiT aswavlida: maT wasakiTxad ramdenime miTs aZlevda<br />

da sTxovda, Tavad SeeTxzaT miTebi, arsebuli struqturisa<br />

da personaJTa cxovrebaSi gardatexis Semomtani cvlilebebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT. moswavleebi aseT davalebebs siamovnebiT<br />

akeTebdnen, magram xSirad bolomde ver acnobierebdnen miTebis<br />

istoriul mniSvnelobas im adamianebisaTvis, romlebzec maT<br />

Txzavdnen. wels qalbatonma cimersma Cveuli savarjiSoebis<br />

Secvla gadawyvita. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs ukeT gaeazrebinaT<br />

antikuri saberZneTis istoria, maT unda waekiTxaT ori ese da<br />

enaxaT mokle filmi berZnuli miTologiis Sesaxeb. amasTanave,<br />

maswavleblis TxovniT, moswavleebs, saSinao davalebis saxiT,<br />

orive ese unda SeejamebinaT. da bolos, filmis yurebis dros,<br />

moswavleebs unda moemzadebinaT Canawerebi da es Canawerebic<br />

maswavleblisaTvis warmoedginaT.<br />

qalbatoni cimersi gaocebuli garCa moswavleebis nawerebiT.<br />

man aRmoaCina, rom davalebaTa umetesoba sruliadac ar<br />

warmoadgenda eseebis Sejamebas da adasturebda, rom moswavleebma<br />

davalebis arsi ver gaiges; maT, ubralod, sityvebis perifrazi<br />

gaekeTebinaT da ar hqondaT Sejamebuli eseebis Sinaarsi.<br />

maswavlebeli imedgacruebuli darCa, roca aRmoaCina, rom mis<br />

moswavleebs teqstis Sinaarsis Sejameba ar SeeZloT. qalbatonma<br />

cimersma miznad daisaxa, eswavlebina moswavleebisaTvis, Tu<br />

rogor unda SeZlon teqstis Sinaarsis Sejameba. maswavlebeli<br />

mixvda, rom moswavleebisTvis Canawerebis gakeTebac unda<br />

eswavlebina, radgan Sesrulebuli davalebebidan ikveTeboda, rom<br />

isini an Zalian mcire informacias iniSnavdnen, an sityva-sityviT<br />

iwerdnen yvelafers.<br />

qalbatonma cimersma sworad daaskvna, rom mis moswavleebs<br />

ar hqondaT akademiuri unar-Cvevebi da gadawyvita,<br />

maT iseTi gamosadegi unar-Cvevebis dauflebaSi daxmareboda,<br />

rogorebicaa Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba.<br />

am ori unar-Cvevis gamomuSaveba swavlebis erT meTodSi<br />

gavaerTianeT, radgan informaciis warmodgenas orive<br />

mokle, sinTezuri formiT moiTxovs.<br />

33

34 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

Sejameba: kvlevebi da Teoria<br />

Sejamebis Sesaxeb bevri kvlevaa<br />

Catarebuli. diagrama 3.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />

im ramdenime naSromis<br />

Sedegebi, romlebSic Sejamebis<br />

Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebia<br />

Tavmoyrili. mkvlevarebma<br />

valeri andersonma da siuzan hidim<br />

Sejamebis Sesaxeb arsebuli didi<br />

moculobis literaturis mimoxilva<br />

moamzades (ix. andersoni da<br />

hidi, 1988 / 1989; hidi da andersoni,<br />

1987). am mimoxilviTi kvlevidan<br />

maswavleblebisaTvis sasargeblo<br />

sami daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba:<br />

1. efeqturi SejamebisaTvis<br />

sa Wiroa, moswavleebma informaci<br />

is nawili waSalon, nawilis perifrazireba<br />

moaxdinon da nawili<br />

datovon. es daskvna momdinareobs<br />

iseTi kognituri fsiqologebis<br />

naSromebidan, ro gorebic iyvnen<br />

uolter qin Ci da Toin van diki (ix.<br />

qinCi, 1979; van diki,1980); maT Seiswavles<br />

Sejamebis dros moqmedi<br />

ZiriTadi kognituri meqanizmebi.<br />

magaliTisaTvis, ga ecaniT diagrama<br />

3.2-s, ro melSic mocemulia<br />

teqsti fo tografiis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tu am teqsts waikiTxavT im<br />

mizniT, rom Semdeg SeajamoT,<br />

teqstis kiTxvisas Tqveni goneba<br />

sami mimarTulebiT imuSavebs, es<br />

mimarTulebebia: 1. garkveuli na ­<br />

wilebis waSla, 2. garkveuli nawilebis<br />

Canacvleba, 3. te qs tis<br />

zogierTi nawilis da toveba. imisaTvis,<br />

rom war moidginoT am procesis<br />

Sedegi, daakvirdiT diagrama<br />

3.2-is meore nawils, sadac mocemulia<br />

mkiTxvelis mier teqstis<br />

Sejamebis procedura.<br />

diagrama 3. 1.<br />

Sejamebis meTodebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

naSromi<br />

flaumi, uolbergi,<br />

qeargianesi da raSeri, 1980*<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

2<br />

2<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

0. 62<br />

0. 73<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

qrismori 100 1.04 35<br />

rozenSeini da maisteri, 1994 10 0.88 31<br />

heTi, bigsi da ferdi, 1996 15 0.88 31<br />

rozenSeini, maisteri<br />

da Cafmani, 1996 16 0.87 31<br />

rafaeli da qirSneri, 1985 3 1.80 47<br />

* flaumisa da sxvaTa naSromis gaswvriv efeqtis sididis ori kategoriaa mocemuli,<br />

Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare.<br />

mkiTxvels, igi Tu detalebiTaa dainteresebuli, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.<br />

23<br />

27

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

35<br />

rogorc diagrama 3.2-dan (meore<br />

nawili) ikveTeba, Sejamebis<br />

dros teqstis didi nawili waSlas<br />

eqvemdebareba. mkiTxvelma gadawyvita,<br />

rom informacia, romelic<br />

waSala, nawyvetis Sinaarsis gadmocemisaTvis<br />

ar iyo relevanturi.<br />

erT _ erTi termini originalidan<br />

(naerTi) axali sityviT Seicvala<br />

(kristali). Sejamebisas Canacvlebuli<br />

sityva, konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

SeiZleba ufro zogadi<br />

an ufro konkretuli iyos. da bolos,<br />

rogorc magaliTidan Cans,<br />

is ramdenime winadadeba, romelic<br />

mTavari mniSvnelobis matarebelia,<br />

xeluxlebeli darCa. Tvaldiagrama<br />

3. 2<br />

Sejamebis savarjiSo<br />

pirveli nawili<br />

fotografia<br />

sityva fotogafia momdinareobs ber­<br />

Znuli sityvidan, romelic `sinaTliT<br />

xatvas” niSnavs... sinaTle fotografiis<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia.<br />

TiTqmis yvela fotografiuli<br />

procesi fotosensitiur qimiur<br />

nivTierebebs ukavSirdeba. es ukanaskneli<br />

niSnavs imas, rom nivTiereba,<br />

sinaTlesTan miaxloebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

icvleba. bunebaSi mravalgvari fotosensitiuri<br />

masalaa, magaliTad,<br />

mcenareebi, romlebic RamiT iZineben.<br />

fotografiaSi gamoyenebuli firebi<br />

im qimiur naerTebzea damokidebuli,<br />

romlebic sinaTlesTan Sexebisas<br />

muqdeba. naerTebi, romlebic amJamad<br />

yvelaze aqtiurad gamoiyeneba,<br />

vercxli da qimiuri nivTiereba, halogenebia<br />

(rogorc wesi, esenia: bromini,<br />

qlorini da iodini).<br />

meore nawili<br />

fotografiis procesis<br />

makrostruqtura<br />

sityva fotogafia momdinareobs ber­<br />

Znuli sityvidan, romelic `sinaTliT<br />

xatvas” niSnavs... sinaTle fotografiis<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia.<br />

TiTqmis yvela fotografiuli<br />

procesi fotosensitiur qimiur<br />

nivTierebebs ukavSirdeba. es ukanaskneli<br />

niSnavs imas, rom nivTiereba,<br />

sinaTlesTan miaxloebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

icvleba. bunebaSi mravalgvari fotosensitiuri<br />

masalaa, magaliTad,<br />

mcenareebi, romlebic RamiT iZineben.<br />

fotografiaSi gamoyenebuli firebi<br />

im qimiur kristalebzea damokidebuli,<br />

romlebic sinaTlesTan Sexebisas<br />

muqdeba. naerTebi, romlebic amJamad<br />

yvelaze aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, vercxli<br />

da qimiuri nivTiereba, halogenebia<br />

(rogorc wesi, esenia: bromini,<br />

qlorini da iodini).<br />

wyaro: `fotografia”, maikrosofT enkarta enciklopedia 99, maikrosofti, 1999.<br />

saCinoebisaTvis, teqstis Sejamebul<br />

nawils `makrostruqtura”<br />

viwodeT.<br />

2. aucilebelia, moswavlem kargad<br />

gaiazros Sesajamebeli teq s ­<br />

tis arsi, raTa zustad gansazRvros,<br />

informaciis ra nawilia wasaSleli,<br />

Casanacvlebeli da/an<br />

dasatovebeli. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba<br />

advilad mogveCvenos is<br />

mentaluri operaciebi, romlebic<br />

teqstis sxvadasxva monakveTis Se ­<br />

jamebas, waSlas, Canacvlebas da<br />

SerCevas ukavSirdeba. sinamdvile<br />

Si, swori gadawyvetilebebis<br />

miReba am operaciebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

zedmiwevniT analizs

36 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

moiTxovs. magaliTisaTvis, kvlav<br />

diagrama 3.2-s mivubrundeT. Sejamebis<br />

avtorma analizis Sedegad<br />

daaskvna, rom sityva fotografiis<br />

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb<br />

in formacia ararelevanturia, xolo<br />

informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

sinaTle mTavari komponentia<br />

_ mniS vnelovani. mkvle vari borak<br />

rozenSaini da misi kolegebi<br />

askvnian, rom swavlebis is meTodebia<br />

yvelaze efeqturi, romle bic<br />

Sejamebisas teqstis Rrma analizze<br />

amaxvileben yuradRebas (ix.<br />

rozenSaini da maisteri, 1994; rozenSaini,<br />

maisteri da Capmani, 1996).<br />

3. informaciis SejmebisaTvis<br />

Zalian sasargebloa teqstis<br />

struqturis gageba. rogorc<br />

wesi, nebismieri teqsti garkveul<br />

struqturas efuZneba. Sejamebis<br />

dros, rac ufro ukeT gvaqvs<br />

gacnobierebuli Sesajamebeli teqstis<br />

struqtura, miT ufro efeqturad<br />

gavaanalizebT mas. aseT<br />

daskvnamde mividnen fsiqologebi,<br />

maT Soris boni meieri (ix. meieri,<br />

1975; meieri da fridli, 1984).<br />

magaliTisaTvis, warmoidgineT,<br />

rom ganaTlebis Temaze gamocemul<br />

JurnalSi unda waikiTxoT<br />

statia klasSi disciplinis damyarebis<br />

efeqtur meTodebze. sanam<br />

statiis kiTxvas daiwyebT, ukve<br />

iciT, rom statias, savaraudod,<br />

garkveuli struqtura eqneba. albaT<br />

daiwyeba SesavliT, romel­<br />

Sic axsnili iqneba, Tu ratomaa<br />

sasargeblo klasSi disciplinis<br />

damyarebis efeqturi meTodebi;<br />

Semdeg mohyveba garkveuli teqsti<br />

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gakeTda am mimarTulebiT<br />

warsulSi da romeli<br />

meTodebi miaCnia avtors yvelaze<br />

sasargeblod. statia, savaraudod,<br />

garkveuli Semajamebeli<br />

winadadebebiT dasruldeba. teqstis<br />

struqturis saTanado gaazreba<br />

adamians exmareba, strategiulad<br />

dagegmos Sejamebis procesi<br />

da Tavidanve gansazRvros,<br />

teqstis romel nawils miaqcevs<br />

met yuradRebas. kvlevebi adasturebs,<br />

rom moswavleebi ufro<br />

kargad aanalizeben teqsts, roca<br />

gaazrebuli aqvT Sesajamebeli<br />

teqstis struqtura (ix. armbras­<br />

Teri, andersoni da osTerTgi,<br />

1987; rafaeli da qirSneri, 1985).<br />

praqtika klasSi: Sejamebis<br />

savarjiSoebis gamoyeneba<br />

wesebze dafuZnebuli Sejamebis<br />

meTodi<br />

Sejamebis erT-erTi meTodi<br />

cnobilia wesebze dafuZnebuli<br />

Sejamebis meTodis saxeliT; misi<br />

avtorebi arian a. brauni, j. qamfione<br />

da j. dei (1981). rogorc<br />

saxelwodebidan irkveva, am meTodis<br />

gamoyeneba konkretuli wesebis<br />

Tanamimdevrul Sesrulebas<br />

gulisxmobs. es wesebia:<br />

• waSaleT ararelevanturi informacia,<br />

romelic teqstis<br />

ZiriTadi azris gagebisaTvis<br />

ar aris Rirebuli;<br />

• waSaleT zedmeti informacia;<br />

• Tu teqstSi gxvdebaT saganTa<br />

CamonaTvali, CaanacvleT es<br />

CamonaTvali krebiTi saxeliT<br />

(magaliTad, CamonaTvali `gvirilebi,<br />

titebi da vardebi~ Sei­

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

37<br />

cxadia, rom es wesebi zustad<br />

mihyveba im kognitur process,<br />

romelic dasawyisSi iyo warmodgenili<br />

da moicavda waSlas,<br />

Canacvlebasa da teqstis garkveuli<br />

nawilis datovebas. es wesebi<br />

akonkretebs im nabijebs, romlebsac<br />

moswavleebi teqstis Sejamebisas<br />

unda mihyvnen. gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />

rom moswavleebs imis Cvediagrama<br />

3. 3<br />

Sejamebis strategia: teqsti magaliTisaTvis<br />

ra informacias gvawvdis mzis qaris Seswavla<br />

mzis sistemis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb<br />

mecnierTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom<br />

mzis sistema 4. 6 milioni wlis win<br />

mzis Rrubelis gravitaciuli kolafsis<br />

Sedegad, varskvlavTSorisi<br />

gazis, mtvrisa da yinulis im<br />

nawilakebisagan warmoiSva, rac wina<br />

Taobis varskvlavebisagan iyo dar­<br />

Cenili. drois svlasTan erTad,<br />

nawilakebi erTmaneTs ejaxebodnen,<br />

jgufdebodnen da planetebs, mTvares,<br />

asteroidebs, kometebs im formiT<br />

qmnidnen, ra formiTac dRes arseboben.<br />

mecnierebisaTvis dRemde gamoucnobi<br />

da burusiT moculia, Tu<br />

rogor moxda mzis Rrublis planetebad<br />

gardaqmna. aseve auxsnelia,<br />

Tu ratom ganuviTarda zog planetas,<br />

magaliTad, veneras, sqeli,<br />

momwamvleli atmosfero maSin, roca<br />

dedamiwaze sicocxle damkvidrda.<br />

pasuxebi am SekiTxvebze, nawilobriv,<br />

mzis sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis<br />

qimiur Semadgenlobas ukavSirdeba.<br />

mecnierebi adastureben, rom sxvadasxva<br />

sxeulis qimiuri Semadgenloba<br />

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.<br />

es informacia maT saSualebas<br />

aZlevs, mzis sistemis planetebis<br />

warmoSobis sxvadasxva modelze<br />

ifiqron. mainc pasuxgaucemeli<br />

rCeba erTi SekiTxva: risgan Sedgeboda<br />

Tavdapirvelad mzis Rrubeli<br />

savaraudod, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze<br />

Tavad mzeSi unda veZeboT. is Seicavs<br />

mzis sistemaSi arsebuli elementebis<br />

99 procents da Tumca misi SigTavsi<br />

birTvuli procesebis gamo Seicvala,<br />

rogorc amtkiceben, mzis gare Sreebic<br />

imave nivTierebebis Semcvelia,<br />

risganac mzis Rrubeli Sedgeboda.<br />

mzis qaris Seswavla mecnierebs saSualebas<br />

miscems, gasaRebi mouZebnon<br />

am saidumloebiT mocul gamocanas,<br />

radgan mzis qari mzis zedapiris<br />

nawilakebs Seicavs.<br />

Zleba CavanacvloT sityviT<br />

`yvavilebi”);<br />

• SearCieT mTeli abzacis azris<br />

gamomxatveli erTi winadadeba;<br />

aseTis ararsebobis SemTxveva­<br />

Si, Tavad moifiqreT is.<br />

nebac sWirdebaT, Tu rogor unda<br />

Seajamon, da ara mxolod imis<br />

Tqma, Tu ra unda gaakeTon. moswavleTa<br />

cnobierebaSi am wesebis<br />

`gacocxlebis” mizniT, maswavlebelma<br />

Sejamebis wesebi magaliTebis<br />

daxmarebiT unda warmoudginos.<br />

qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi<br />

naCvenebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

amis gakeTeba.<br />

batoni niutoni sabunebismetyvelo<br />

sagnis maswavlebelia;<br />

is cdilobs, moswavleebs wesebze<br />

dafuZnebuli Sejamebis me­<br />

Todi gaacnos. batoni niutoni<br />

gakveTils iwyebs imiT, rom mo­

38 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

swavleebs warmoudgens teqsts<br />

mzis sistemis warmoSobis Sesaxeb<br />

(ix. diagrama 3.3).<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

sTxovs, waikiTxon teqsti. mas<br />

Semdeg, rac isini teqsts<br />

gaecnobian, batoni niutoni<br />

uxsni s klass, rom am teqsts<br />

wina dRes warmodgenili `wesebze<br />

dafuZnebuli Sedarebis me­<br />

Todis~ sailustraciod gamoiyeneben.<br />

maswavlebeli Sejamebis<br />

procesSi Semdegnairad uZRveba<br />

moswavleebs:<br />

`me vapireb, xmamaRla vifiqro<br />

da ise gamoviyeno am me­<br />

TodiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi.<br />

daukvirdiT da miTxariT,<br />

Tu Cemi azrebis Tanamimdevroba<br />

TqvenTvis kargad gasagebia.<br />

`wesis mixedviT, unda wavSaloT<br />

ararelevanturi informacia,<br />

romelic teqstis ZiriTadi<br />

azris gagebisaTvis ar aris Rirebuli;<br />

aseve, unda wavSaloT<br />

is informaciac, romelic zedmetia<br />

da saganTa CamonaTvali<br />

krebiTi saxeliT CavanacvloT~.<br />

mocemuli teqstis pirveli<br />

abzaci mTlianad winaistoriaa,<br />

magram trivialurad ver CaiTvleba.<br />

teqstSi ramdenjerme<br />

gvxvdeba CamonaTvali. modiT,<br />

am CamonaTvlebs mivxedoT. fraza<br />

`varskvlavTSorisi gazisa,<br />

mtvri sa da yinulis nawilakebisagan~<br />

SegviZlia CavanacvloT<br />

sityvaTSeTanxmebiT `varskvlavTSorisi<br />

masalisagan~. fraza<br />

`planetebs, mTva res, asteroidebs,<br />

kometebs” ki CavanacvloT<br />

sityvaTSeTanxmebiT `ciuri<br />

sxe ulebi~. Tu teqsts kargad<br />

da vakvirdebiT, Se vam CnevT, rom<br />

es ori fraza _ `mzis Rrubeli~<br />

da `varskvlavTSorisi gazisa,<br />

mtvrisa da yinulis nawilakebisagan,<br />

rac wina Taobis varskvlavebisagan<br />

iyo darCenili~<br />

_ erTsa da imaves aRniSnavs.<br />

ase rom, SegviZlia, erT-erTi<br />

fraza wavSaloT. aseve, pirvel<br />

abzacSi gvxvdeba fraza `erTmaneTs<br />

ejaxeboda~, romelic<br />

namdvilad zedmeti da ararelevanturia.<br />

ase rom, Cemi azriT,<br />

am frazis amoRebac SegviZlia.<br />

ai, ase gamoiyureba axla teqstis<br />

pirveli abzaci:<br />

mecnierTa umetesoba miiCnevs,<br />

rom Cveni mzis sistema 4.6<br />

milioni wlis win mzis Rrubelis<br />

gravitaciuli kolafsis Sedegad<br />

warmoiSva. drois svlasTan<br />

erTad, nawilakebi jgufdebodnen<br />

da zeciur sxeulebs im formiT<br />

qmnidnen, ra formiTac dRes<br />

arseboben.<br />

`axla imave wesebs meore<br />

abzacis Sesajameblad gamoviyeneb.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am<br />

abzacSi ver vxedav erTgvarovan<br />

elementTa CamonaTvals,<br />

romlis Canacvlebasac krebiTi<br />

saxeliT SevZlebdi. Tumca fraza<br />

`gamoucnobi da burusiTmoculia~<br />

zedmetad meCveneba.<br />

me ubralod vityodi `aocebT~,<br />

rac TiTqos am orive sityvis<br />

Semcvelia. aseve, mimaCnia, rom<br />

magaliTebi, venerasa da dedamiwis<br />

Sesaxeb, sainteresoa,<br />

Tumca ar aris aucilebeli aq<br />

gadmocemuli ZiriTadi azris<br />

gasagebad. am magaliTebsac amoviRebdi.<br />

`am abzacis danarCeni nawili<br />

xsnis imas, Tu ra ician<br />

dReisaTvis mecnierebma da ra<br />

darCaT gasagebi. es, ra Tqma<br />

unda, ar aris umniSvnelo informacia,<br />

magram, SejamebisaTvis,<br />

gavamartivebdi. am monakveTis<br />

nacvlad `pasuxe bi<br />

am SekiTxvebze nawilobriv<br />

ukavSirdeba mzis sistemaSi<br />

Semavali sxeulebis qimiur Semadgenlobas.<br />

mecnierebi adastureben,<br />

rom sxvadasxva sxe­

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

39<br />

ulis qimiuri Semadgenloba<br />

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />

er T maneTisagan. es informacia<br />

me c nierebs saSualebas aZlevs,<br />

mzis sistemis planetebis warmoSobis<br />

sxvadasxva modelze<br />

ifiqron. pasuxgaucemeli mainc<br />

rCeba erTi SekiTxva: risgan<br />

Sedgeboda Tavdapirvelad mzis<br />

Rrubeli~ davwerdi Semdegs:<br />

`garkveul SekiTxvebze mecnierebs<br />

aqvT pasuxebi, magram<br />

maT jer ar ician is, Tu risgan<br />

Sedgeboda Tavdapirvelad mzis<br />

Rrubeli~. aba, rogoria<br />

ase rom, meore abzacis Sejameba<br />

Semdeg saxes miRebs:<br />

mec nierebs dRemde aocebT is,<br />

Tu rogor moxda mzis Rrublis<br />

gardaqmna planetebad. garkveul<br />

SekiTxvebze mecnierebs aqvT pasuxebi,<br />

magram maT jer ar ician<br />

is, Tu risgan Sedgeboda Tavdapirvelad<br />

mzis Rrubeli.<br />

`mesame abzaci savsea saintereso<br />

informaciiT. rogor<br />

mivusadagoT Sejamebis wesebi<br />

mesame abzacs aris aq informacia,<br />

rac umniSvnelod, an zedmetad<br />

gveCveneba<br />

`pirvel winadadebaSi naTqvamia:<br />

`am SekiTxvaze pasuxi,<br />

SesaZloa, Tavad mzeSi unda ve­<br />

ZeboT~. es mniSvnelovani winadadebaa,<br />

ase rom, mas vtoveb.<br />

meore winadadeba xsnis imas,<br />

Tu ratom SeiZleba veZeboT am<br />

kiTxvaze pasuxi Tavad mzeSi.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom meore winadadebis<br />

mxolod nawilia CemTvis<br />

mniSvnelovani _ `rogorc<br />

amtkiceben, mzis gare Sreebic<br />

imave nivTierebebis Semcvelia,<br />

risganac mzis Rrubeli Sedgeboda~.<br />

Sesabamisad, vtoveb meore<br />

winadadebis mxolod am<br />

nawils da danarCes vSli. bolo<br />

winadadebaSi ori fraza analogiuri<br />

mniSvnelobis matarebelia<br />

_ `mzis qari~ da `nawilakebi<br />

mzis zedapiridan~. am ori<br />

frazidan mxolod erTs vtoveb.<br />

ai, ra gamovida:<br />

pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, Sesa­<br />

Zloa, Tavad mzeSi unda veZeboT.<br />

rogorc amtkiceben, mzis gare<br />

Sreebic imave nivTierebebis Semcvelia,<br />

risganac mzis Rrubeli<br />

Sedgeboda. mzis qaris Seswavla<br />

mecnierebs saSualebas miscems,<br />

gasaRebi mouZebnon am saidumloebiT<br />

mocul gamocanas.<br />

da bolos, SegviZlia teqstis<br />

sxvadasxva nawilis Sejamebis<br />

Sedegebs erTad movuyaroT<br />

Tavi. miviReT Sejamebuli<br />

teqstis sruli versia. rogor<br />

fiqrobT, es sami axali abzaci<br />

logikuradaa dawyobili<br />

mecnierTa umetesoba miiCnevs,<br />

rom Cveni mzis sistema 4.6<br />

milioni wlis win mzis Rrubelis<br />

gravitaciuli kolafsis<br />

Sedegad, drois svlasTan erTad<br />

warmoiSva, nawilakebi jgufdebodnen<br />

da zeciur sxeulebs im<br />

formiT qmnidnen, ra formiTac<br />

dRes arseboben.<br />

mecnierebs dRemde aocebT<br />

is, Tu rogor moxda mzis<br />

Rrub lis gardaqmna planetebad.<br />

gar kveul SekiTxvebze mecnierebs<br />

aqvT pasuxebi, magram<br />

maT jer ar ician is, Tu risgan<br />

Sedgeboda Tavdapirvelad mzis<br />

Rrubeli.<br />

pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, Sesa­<br />

Zloa, Tavad mzeSi unda veZeboT.<br />

rogorc amtkiceben, mzis gare<br />

Sreebic imave nivTierebebis Semcvelia,<br />

risganac mzis Rrubeli<br />

Sedgeboda. mzis qaris Seswavla<br />

mecnierebs saSualebas miscems,<br />

gasaRebi mouZebnon am saidumloebiT<br />

mocul gamocanas.<br />

aseTi detaluri da argumentirebuli<br />

msjelobis Semdeg<br />

batonma niutonma moswavleebs<br />

sTxova, Tavad SeejamebinaT teqs<br />

ti, wesebze dafuZnebuli Se­

40 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

jamebis meTodis gamoyenebiT.<br />

axali teqsti moswavleebs saxel<br />

mZRvanelodan unda Seer­<br />

CiaT.<br />

Sejamebis CarCoebi<br />

Sejamebis CarCo warmoadgens<br />

SekiTxvebis serias, romelsac maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs warmoudgens.<br />

es SekiTxvebi isea Sedgenili,<br />

rom moswavleebs exmareba, yuradReba<br />

miapyron konkretul informacias.<br />

am TavSi mocemulia Sejamebis<br />

CarCos eqvsi tipi. esenia:<br />

1. naratiuli CarCo;<br />

2. Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis<br />

CarCo;<br />

3. ganmartebiTi CarCo;<br />

4. argumentaciis CarCo;<br />

5. problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli<br />

CarCo;<br />

6. saubris CarCo.<br />

TiToeuli CarCo exeba sxvadasxva<br />

tipis teqstis arsebiT<br />

struqturas. ilustraciisaTvis,<br />

gaecaniT diagramebs 3.4 – 3.9 da<br />

daakvirdiT SekiTxvebs, romlebic<br />

TiToeul CarCoSi xvdeba.<br />

diagrama 3. 4<br />

naratiuli CarCo<br />

naratiuli, anu moTxrobis CarCo, Cveulebriv, mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi<br />

gvxvdeba da moicavs Semdeg elementebs:<br />

1. personaJebi: nawarmoebis mTavari personaJebis maxasiaTeblebi;<br />

2. garemo: dro, adgili da konteqsti, romelSic moqmedeba xdeba;<br />

3. moqmedebis inicireba: movlena, romelic iwyebs nawarmoebSi<br />

ganviTarebul siuJets;<br />

4. Sida pasuxi: rogori emociuri reaqcia aqvT mTavar personaJebs<br />

movlenaze, romelic nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul siuJets iwyebs;<br />

5. mizani: ris gakeTebas gadawyveten mTavari personaJebi nawarmoebis<br />

siuJetis inicirebis movlenis Semdeg (mizani, romelsac personaJebi<br />

daisaxaven);<br />

6. Sedegi: rogor cdiloben mTavari personaJebi miznis miRwevas;<br />

7. gadawyveta: ra mosdis mTavari personaJebis mier dasaxul mizans.<br />

komponentebi 3 _ 7 xandaxan meordeba, raTa Seiqmnas `epizodi”.<br />

naratiuli CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />

1. vin arian mTavari personaJebi da ra ganasxvavebs maT sxvebisagan<br />

2. sad da rodis xdeba nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli moqmedeba<br />

3. riTi iwyeba moqmedeba nawarmoebSi<br />

4. rogor gamoxates personaJebma TavianTi grZnobebi<br />

5. risi gakeTeba gadawyvites mTavarma personaJebma daisaxes mizani<br />

Tu mizani daisaxes, raSi mdgomareobs is<br />

6. rogor cdilobdnen mTavari personaJebi, mieRwiaT TavianTi<br />

mizn(eb)isaTvis<br />

7. ra Sedegebi moitana mTavari personaJebis mcdelobam

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

41<br />

Semdegi magaliTi warmogvidgens<br />

imas, Tu rogor gamoiyena<br />

pirveli klasis maswavlebelma<br />

naratiuli CarCo (diagrama 3. 4)<br />

imisaTvis, rom moswavleebisaTvis<br />

teqstis Sejameba eswavlebina.<br />

qalbatonma meisonma gamoiyena<br />

naratiuli CarCo, raTa<br />

mis pirvelklasel moswavleebs<br />

moTxrobis gaanalizebaSi daxmareboda.<br />

moTxrobis saxelwodeba<br />

iyo `inqTomim dakarga<br />

Tvalebi” (indielTa erT _ erTi<br />

tomis moTxroba). pirvel rig­<br />

Si, maswavlebelma klass Car­<br />

Cos SekiTxvebi gaacno da moswavleebs<br />

sTxova, es SekiTxvebi<br />

moTxrobis mosmenis dros gaeTvaliswinebinaT.<br />

maswavlebeli<br />

moTxrobas xmamaRla kiTxulobda.<br />

moswavleebs man meoredac<br />

waukiTxa moTxroba. meore<br />

jerze maswavlebeli drodadro<br />

Cerdeboda da moswavleebs<br />

sTxov da, pasuxi gaecaT SekiTxvebze.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />

SekiTxvebi da moswavleebis mier<br />

warmodgenili pasuxebi:<br />

1. vin arian mTavari personaJebi<br />

da ra ganasxvavebs maT sxvebisagan<br />

inqTomi, patara cnobismoyvare<br />

biWuna da momRerali<br />

Citi, romelsac SeeZlo,<br />

`amoeyara” misi Tvalebi.<br />

2. sad<br />

da rodis xdeba nawarmoebSi<br />

ganviTarebuli moqmedeba<br />

indielTa legendis<br />

mixedviT, moqmedeba viTardeba<br />

tyeSi, sadac patara biWuna<br />

daseirnobda.<br />

3. riTi iwyeba moqmedeba nawarmoebSi<br />

biWunam gaigona Citis<br />

simRera missave enaze, rasac<br />

biWunas Tvalebis `amocvena”<br />

mohyva.<br />

4. rogor gamoxates personaJebma<br />

gadadiT Semdeg CarCoze<br />

TavianTi grZnobebi patara bi­<br />

Wunas raRac undoda, ris gamoc<br />

mas gaaRmerTebdnen da rac mas<br />

Zalas SesZenda; man swored ase­<br />

Ti ram sTxova Cits.<br />

5. risi gakeTeba gadawyvites mTavarma<br />

personaJebma maT daisaxes<br />

mizani Tu mizani daisaxes,<br />

raSi mdgomareobda is patara<br />

biWunam Citisagan zustad is<br />

miiRo, rac iTxova, Tumca ar<br />

daicva Citis mier micemuli<br />

gafrTxilebebi. Sedegad, bi­<br />

Wunam Tvalis Cini dakarga da<br />

misi dabruneba gadawyvita.<br />

6. rogor cdilobdnen mTavari<br />

personaJebi TavianTi mizn(eb)<br />

is miRwevas biWunam sxva cxovelebs<br />

sTxova, Citis povnaSi<br />

daxmarebodnen.<br />

7. ra Sedegebi moitana mTavari<br />

personaJebis mcdelobam sabolood,<br />

biWunam mxedveloba<br />

daibruna da iswavla, rom gandidebaze<br />

ar unda eocneba.<br />

gakveTilis bolos, qalbatonma<br />

meisonma da misma moswavleeba<br />

gamoiyenes maT mierve<br />

momzadebuli pasuxebi CarCos<br />

SekiTxvebze da moamzades qvemoT<br />

warmodgenili moTxrobis<br />

Semajamebeli abzaci:<br />

indieli tomebis am legendis<br />

mixedviT, moqmedeba tyeSi xdeba.<br />

patara biWunam gaigona Citis sim­<br />

Rera. biWunas undoda, gaeRmer­<br />

TebinaT is; aseve, mas surda, didi<br />

Zalis matarebeli yofiliyo. man<br />

swored es sTxova Cits. patara bi­<br />

Wunam ar daicva Citis mier micemuli<br />

gafrTxilebebi. Sedegad,<br />

biWunam Tvalis Cini dakarga da<br />

misi dabruneba gadawyvita. biWunam<br />

sxva cxovelebs sTxova, Citis<br />

povnaSi daxmarebodnen. sabolood,<br />

biWunam mxedveloba daibruna<br />

da iswavla, rom gandidebaze<br />

ar unda eocneba.

42 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 3. 5<br />

Tema - SezRudva - ilustrirebis CarCo<br />

Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis (T _ S _ i) CarCos paradigma ganmartebiT<br />

masalaSi gvxvdeba. aseTi CarCo moicavs Semdeg elementebs:<br />

Tema (T) _ zogadi winadadeba im Temis Sesaxeb, romelic unda<br />

ganvixiloT;<br />

SezRudva (S) _ axdens informaciis garkveul SezRudvas;<br />

ilustracia (i) _ warmoadgens TemasTan an SezRudvasTan dakavSirebul<br />

magaliTs.<br />

Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis CarCos paradigmas SeiZleba ramdenime<br />

SezRudva da damatebiTi ilustracia hqondes.<br />

Tema - SezRudva - ilustrirebis CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />

1. T _ romelia mTavari winadadeba an Tema<br />

2. S _ ra informacia zRudavs an aviwroebs mTavar winadadebas<br />

an Temas<br />

3. i _ ra magaliTebiT xdeba Temis an SezRudvebis ilustrireba<br />

diagrama 3. 5-ze warmodgenilia<br />

Sejamebis kidev erTi meTodi _<br />

Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis<br />

CarCo. qvemoT warmodgenil<br />

magaliTSi Cans, Tu rogor iyenebs<br />

maswavlebeli Tema _ SezRudva _<br />

ilustrirebis CarCos geografiis<br />

gakveTilze:<br />

sxvadasxva qveyanas Soris<br />

vaWrobis sferoSi arsebuli<br />

kavSirebis sailustraciod, batoni<br />

burke meSvideklaselebTan<br />

Tema _ SezRudva _ ilustrirebis<br />

CarCos iyenebs. maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs jer Tema _<br />

SezRudva _ ilustrirebis Car­<br />

Cos SekiTxvebs warmoudgens:<br />

1. T _ ganmarteT sityva `vaWroba”<br />

2. S _ riTi gansxvavdeba sityvis<br />

`vaWroba” mniSvneloba sxvadasxva<br />

qveyanaSi (magaliTad,<br />

industriul da ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi)<br />

3. i _ ra magaliTebiT dasturdeba<br />

es<br />

4. S _ ganviTarebad qveyanaSi<br />

dafiqsirebuli moklevadiani<br />

dadebiTi savaWro balansi ra<br />

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens am<br />

qveynis vaWrobaze grZelvadian<br />

perspeqtivaSi<br />

5. i _ ra magaliTebiT dasturdeba<br />

es<br />

batoni burke agrZelebs<br />

imiT, rom leqciis saxiT warmoadgens<br />

informacias vaWrobis<br />

Sesaxeb. drodadro is Cerdeba<br />

da moswavleebs sTxovs, moamzadon<br />

pasuxebi CarCoSi mocemul<br />

SekiTxvebze im informaciis mixedviT,<br />

rasac TviTonve awvdis.<br />

saSinao davaleba SemdegSi<br />

mdgomareobs: CarCoSi mocemul<br />

SekiTxvebis mixedviT, moswavleebma,<br />

maT mierve momzadebuli<br />

pasuxebis safuZvelze, unda<br />

Seajamon moTxroba.

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

43<br />

diagrama 3. 6<br />

ganmartebiTi CarCo<br />

ganmartebiTi CarCos mizania, warmoadginos konkretuli cnebis ganmarteba,<br />

an moaxdinos daqvemdebarebuli cnebebis identificireba.<br />

ganmartebiTi CarCo moicavs Semdeg elementebs:<br />

1. termini _ cneba, romelic unda ganimartos;<br />

2. dajgufeba _ kategoria, romelsac es termini miekuTvneba;<br />

3. maxasiaTeblebi _ maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic mocemul termins<br />

dajgufebaSi arsebuli sxva terminebisagan ganasxvaveben;<br />

4. mcire gansxvavebebi _ obieqtebis sxva klasebi, romlebic mocemuli<br />

terminis qveS ganlagdebian.<br />

ganmartebiTi CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />

1. ras ganvmartavT<br />

2. romel zogad kategorias miekuTvneba cneba, romelsac ganvmartavT<br />

3. ra maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdeba cneba, romelsac ganvmartavT,<br />

amave zogad kategoriaSi moqceuli sxva cnebebisagan<br />

4. kidev ra klasebsa da tipebs miekuTvneba cneba, romelsac<br />

ganvmartavT<br />

Sejamebis CarCos mesame tipi,<br />

romelsac am TavSi warmogidgenT,<br />

aris ganmartebiTi CarCo (diagrama<br />

3. 6). qvemoT mocemulia ganmartebiTi<br />

CarCos gamoyenebis magali­<br />

Ti. moqmedeba sabunebismetyvelo<br />

sagnis gakveTilze mimdinareobs.<br />

qalbatoni mileri mesameklaselebs<br />

lurji veSapis Sesaxeb uxsnis<br />

gakveTils. dRes maswavlebels<br />

filmis Cveneba aqvs gadawyvetili.<br />

imisaTvis, rom filmis<br />

yureba moswavleebisaTvis maqsimalurad<br />

sasargeblo iyos, maswavlebeli<br />

maT winaswar aZlevs<br />

ganmartebiTi CarCos SekiTxvebsa<br />

da zogierT pasuxsac ki:<br />

1. ras ganvmartavT lurj veSaps.<br />

2. romel zogad kategorias miekuTvnebian<br />

lurji veSapebi<br />

ZuZumwovrebs.<br />

3. ra maxasiaTeblebi ganasxvavebs<br />

lurj veSapebs amave<br />

zogad kategoriaSi moqceuli<br />

sxva arsebebisagan<br />

4 lurji veSapebis romel sxvadasxva<br />

tips icnobT<br />

qalbatoni mileri moswavleebs<br />

uxsnis, rom ganmartebiTi<br />

CarCos yvela mocemul<br />

SekiTxvaze pasuxi filmSi iqneba<br />

mocemuli. moswavleebis amocanaa,<br />

zustad gansazRvron, Tu<br />

romeli informacia warmoadgens<br />

konkretuli kiTxvis pasuxs<br />

da romeli _ ara. ase rom,<br />

moswavleebi, filmis yurebisas,<br />

mudmivad SekiTxvebze fiqroben<br />

da pasuxebis Ziebazea arian<br />

rientirebulebi. filmis<br />

dasrulebis Semdeg qalbatoni<br />

mileri moswavleebs jgufebad<br />

yofs. maswavlebeli bavSvebs<br />

sTxovs, Seadaron kiTxvebze pasuxebi<br />

da moamzadon Semajamebeli<br />

informacia lurji veSapebis<br />

Sesaxeb.

44 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 3. 7<br />

argumentaciis CarCo<br />

argumentaciis CarCo moicavs informacias, romelic konkretuli<br />

argumentis gasamyarebladaa saWiro. argumentaciis CarCo Semdeg<br />

elementebs aerTianebs:<br />

1. mtkicebuleba: informacia, romelsac argumentamde mivyavarT;<br />

2. argumenti: mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom esa Tu is konkretuli<br />

mosazreba marTalia;<br />

3. sayrdeni: argumentTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebi an ganmartebebi ;<br />

4. ganmsazRvreli: argumentis SezRudva an argumentis mtkicebuleba.<br />

argumentaciis CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />

1. ra informacias mivyavarT argumentamde<br />

2. romelia mTavari mtkicebuleba an argumenti<br />

3. ra magaliTebi an ganmartebebia warmodgenili argumentis<br />

gasamyareblad<br />

4. ra daTmobebi keTdeba argumentTan dakavSirebiT<br />

Sejamebis meoTxe saxeoba aris<br />

argumentaciis CarCo (diagrama 3.7).<br />

literaturis gakveTilze moswavleebi<br />

SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. es SekiTxvebi<br />

ukavSirdeba statias, romlis wakiTxvasac<br />

maswavlebeli sTxovT.<br />

qalbatoni van den vildenbergi<br />

meorekurselebTan argumentaciis<br />

CarCos imisaTvis iyenebs, rom<br />

moswavleebs teqstis SejamebaSi<br />

daexmaros. statia, romelic moswavleebma<br />

unda waikiTxon, exeba<br />

mark tvens. maswavlebeli awvdis<br />

klass argumentaciis CarCos<br />

mixedviT Sedgenil SekiTxvebs<br />

da moswavleebs sTxovs, werilobiTi<br />

pasuxebi im teqstis safuZvelze<br />

moamzadon, romelsac<br />

qalbatoni van den vildenbergi<br />

ukiTxavs. erT _ erTi moswavle,<br />

maurini, argumentaciis CarCos<br />

SekiTxvebze Semdeg pasuxebs ayalibebs:<br />

1. ra informacias mivyavarT argumentamde<br />

avtori acxadebs, rom<br />

namdvili amerikeli mwerali<br />

amerikuli kulturis ZiriTad<br />

maxasiaTeblebs unda amJRavnebdes,<br />

rogorebicaa: aRmoCenebisaken<br />

swrafva, meamboxe suli,<br />

iumoris grZnoba, Tavisufleba.<br />

2. romelia mTavari mtkicebuleba<br />

an argumenti<br />

3. gregi miiCnevs, rom mark tveni<br />

aris `tipuri amerikeli”<br />

mwerali.<br />

4. ra magaliTebi an ganmartebebia<br />

warmodgenili argumentis<br />

gasamyareblad moyvanilia<br />

mark tvenis sxvadasxva nawarmoebebi<br />

da misi wignebis kritikuli<br />

analizi.<br />

5. ra daTmobebi keTdeba argumentTan<br />

dakavSirebiT naxsenebia<br />

sxva avtorTa wignebi,<br />

romlebic amerikuli xasiaTis<br />

ZiriTad niSnebs ganasaxereben.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac yvela moswavle<br />

argumetaciis CarCoSi<br />

warmodgenil SekiTxvebze ayalibebs<br />

werilobiT pasuxs, qalbatoni<br />

van den vildenbergi<br />

moswavleebs jgufebSi anawilebs.<br />

jgufebSi isini adareben<br />

TavianT pasuxebs da jgufurad<br />

aanalizeben teqsts.

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

45<br />

diagrama 3. 8<br />

problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli CarCo<br />

problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli CarCo ayalibebs problemas da<br />

Semdgom axdens misi aRmofxvris gzebis identifikacias.<br />

problema: mtkicebuleba, romlis mixedviTac ukve momxdari an mosaxdeni<br />

movlena problemuria;<br />

aRmofxvris gza: pirveli SesaZlo gamosavlis aRwera;<br />

aRmofxvris gza: meore SesaZlo gamosavlis aRwera;<br />

aRmofxvris gza: mesame SesaZlo gamosavlis aRwera;<br />

aRmofxvris gza: im gamosavlis identifikacia, romelsac warmatebis yvelaze<br />

meti Sansi aqvs.<br />

problemis aRmofxvraze orientirebuli CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />

1. ras warmoadgens problema<br />

2. raSi mdgomareobs am problemidan gamosavali<br />

3. kidev ra gamosavlis gza isaxeba<br />

4. problemis aRmofxvris romeli gza aris yvelaze realuri<br />

Sejamebis CarCos mexuTe saxesxvaoba<br />

problemis aRmofxvraze<br />

orientirebuli CarCoa (diagrama<br />

3. 8). qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />

magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor Sei­<br />

Zleba gamoviyenoT problemis aRmofxvraze<br />

orientirebuli CarCo<br />

gakveTilze, meeqvseklaselebTan:<br />

batoni faringtoni meeqvseklaselebs<br />

gakveTils uxsnis<br />

Temaze: `monterei _ didi dasufTaveba”.<br />

maswavlebeli mokle<br />

Sesaval leqcias kiTxulobs<br />

meqsikis yvelaze did sawarmoo<br />

qalaqze da warmoudgens klass<br />

slaidebsa da videofirs, sadac<br />

aRwerilia meSaxteobis ganvi­<br />

Tarebis gamo Seqmnili problemebi.<br />

meSaxteobam gamoiwvia<br />

miwisa da wylis dabinZureba.<br />

mTavrobas miwasa da wyalSi<br />

Sereuli narCenebis problema<br />

awuxebs da gamosavals eZebs.<br />

batoni faringtoni klasSi ramdenime<br />

sademonstracio sainformacio<br />

centrs awyobs. Ti­<br />

Toeuli centri warmoadgens<br />

imis ilustracias, Tu rogor<br />

SeZleba narCenebis gamocalkeveba<br />

miwidan da wylidan. moswavleebi<br />

am centrebs guldasmiT<br />

ecnobian. Semdeg isini pasuxoben<br />

problemis aRmofxvraze<br />

orientirebul CarCoSi warmodgenil<br />

SekiTxvebs. saboloo<br />

Sejamebis momzadebisas, moswavleebi<br />

grafikulad warmodgenis<br />

meTodebsac iyeneben, imis saCveneblad,<br />

Tu miwidan da wylidan<br />

narCenebis gamocalkevebis<br />

romeli saSualeba SeiZleba<br />

iyos yvelaze efeqturi.

46 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 3. 9<br />

saubris CarCo<br />

saubris CarCo aris sityvebis urTierTgacvla or an met adamians Soris.<br />

Cveulebriv, saubari Semdegi komponentebisagan Sedgeba.<br />

1. misalmeba: imis aRniSvna, rom saubris monawile mxareebs garkveuli<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTi ar unaxavT;<br />

2. SekiTxva: zogadi an konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb informaciis gamokiTxva;<br />

3. diskusia: Temis garSemo msjeloba, an analizi. diskusiaSi, rogorc wesi,<br />

qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erTi an ramdenime elementi gvxvdeba:<br />

gancxadeba: faqtebis dafiqsireba mosaubris mier;<br />

Txovna: msmenelis mier garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebis sasurvelobis<br />

Sesaxeb ganacxadi;<br />

piroba: mosaubris mxridan garkveuli qmedebebis aucilebeli<br />

ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb ganacxadis gakeTeba;<br />

moTxovna: msmenelis mier garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebis aucileblobis<br />

Sesaxeb ganacxadi;<br />

muqara: gancxadeba, romelic gulisxmobs garkveuli qmedebebis<br />

ganxorcielebas msmenelis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />

moTxovna ar Sesruldeba;<br />

milocva: gancxadeba, romelSic mosaubris mxridan msmenelis mier<br />

Sesrulebuli saqmisadmi damokidebuleba fiqsirdeba;<br />

4.Sejameba: saubris garkveuli dasasruli.<br />

saubris CarCos SekiTxvebi<br />

1. rogor miesalmnen erTmaneTs saubris monawileebi<br />

2. ra Temas Seexnen saubris monawileebi<br />

3. rogor ganviTarda saubris monawileebs Soris diskusia<br />

saubris romelime monawilem daafiqsira faqtebi<br />

saubris romelime monawilem sTxova rame partniors<br />

saubris romelime monawilem moiTxova konkretuli qmedebis<br />

ganxorcieleba partniorisagan<br />

saubris romelime monawile daemuqra partniors, rom raimes<br />

dauSavebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ukanaskneli mis moTxovnas ar<br />

Seasrulebda<br />

saubris romelime monawilem ganacxada, rom misTvis Rirebulia<br />

partnioris mier ganxorcielebuli romelime aqtivoba<br />

4. rogor dasrulda saubari<br />

zogjer informacia modis saubris,<br />

dialogis, an moTxrobis formiT.<br />

moswavleebs SeuZliaT, aseTi<br />

teqstis Sesajameblad, gamoiyenon<br />

saubris CarCo (diagrama 3. 9).<br />

qalbaton vaSingtons sjera,<br />

rom saubris Sejamebis unari<br />

exmareba moswavleebs, Caswvdnen<br />

personaJTa xasiaTs da<br />

nawarmoebis siuJets. am unaris<br />

ganviTarebis mizniT, qalbatoni<br />

vaSingtoni uxsnis meoreklaselebs<br />

saubris CarCos da<br />

magaliTisaTvis warmoudgens<br />

martiv teqsts `gabrazebuli<br />

Txebi”. maswavlebeli diskusias<br />

uZRveba da sTxovs moswavleebs,

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

47<br />

dasmul SekiTxvebs upasuxon.<br />

qalbatono vaSingtoni Semdeg<br />

pasuxebs iniSnavs:<br />

1. rogor miesalmnen erTmaneTs<br />

saubris monawileebi Txas<br />

buzRuniT miesalmnen; man ki<br />

sakuTari saxelis wardgeniT<br />

upasuxa.<br />

2. ra Temas Seexnen saubris<br />

monawileebi saubris Tema<br />

gaxldaT Txis mier xidis<br />

gadakveTa.<br />

3. rogor ganviTarda saubris<br />

monawileebs Soris diskusia<br />

Txas daemuqrnen, rom SeWamdnen,<br />

Tu xidis gadakveTas<br />

Seecdeboda.<br />

4. rogor dasrulda saubari<br />

Txam agresiuli mosaubre<br />

daarwmuna, moecadaT, sanam<br />

misi didi Zma movidoda.<br />

saubris CarCos SekiTxvebis<br />

safuZvelze gacemuli pasuxebis<br />

mixedviT, klasi moTxrobis<br />

Semajamebel teqsts amzadebs.<br />

qalbatoni vaSingtoni yovel<br />

gakveTilze arTulebs Sesajamebeli<br />

saubrebis teqstebs<br />

manam, sanam moswavleebi im<br />

doneze ar ahyavs, roca isini<br />

Serlok holmsis Tavgadasavlebidan<br />

nawyvetebis Sejamebas<br />

SeZleben. qalbatoni vaSingtoni<br />

afrTxilebs moswavleebs,<br />

rom nawarmoebSi warmodgenili<br />

dialogebi grZelia, magram<br />

teqstis gagebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia<br />

maTi Sejameba.<br />

klasi `Serlok holmsis Tavgadasavlidan~<br />

pirvel nawyvetze<br />

iwyebs muSaobas. am nawyvetSi is<br />

dialogia mocemuli, romelic<br />

doqtor uotsonsa da Serlok<br />

holmss Soris maTi Sexvedris<br />

pirvel dRes gaimarTa. gasaocaria,<br />

magram moswavleebi sakmaod<br />

kargad arTmeven Tavs<br />

davalebas da teqsts saubris<br />

CarCos gamoyenebiT ajameben.<br />

ukuqceviTi swavleba<br />

a. felincarma da a. braunma<br />

(1984, 1985) ukuqceviTi swavlebis<br />

meTodi SeimuSaves. ukuqceviTi<br />

swavleba aris erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

kargad gamokvleuli meTodi,<br />

romelic maswavleblebma SeiZleba<br />

gamoiyenon (ix. rozenSaini da maisteri,<br />

1994). es meTodi oTx komponents<br />

moicavs: Sejameba, kiTxvebis<br />

dasma, axsna da winaswarmetyveleba.<br />

diagrama 3.10-ze es oTxi faza<br />

mokledaa warmodgenili.<br />

imis miuxedavad, rom ukuqceviTi<br />

swavleba Semajamebe li<br />

fraziT iwyeba, is SeiZleba Sejamebis<br />

`pirvel samuSao ver siad~<br />

CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba kiTxvebis<br />

dasmis, axsnisa da winaswarmetyvelebis<br />

komponentebs, isini<br />

analitikur aqtivobebs warmoadgenen.<br />

Sesabamisad, ukuqceviTi<br />

swavleba xels uwyobs teqstis safuZvlianad<br />

gagebas, rac aucilebelia<br />

xarisxiani SejamebisaTvis.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenili magaliTidan<br />

kargad Cans, Tu rogor iyenebs<br />

maswavlebeli ukuqceviT swavlebas<br />

musikis gakveTilze.<br />

kolini airCies ukuqceviTi<br />

swavlebis meTodis danergvis<br />

jgu fis liderad. maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs pirvel gakveTilze<br />

gansaxilvelad moutana teqsti,<br />

romelic internetis saSualebiT<br />

moiZia. teqstis saTauria<br />

`bgera aris energia~ (http://tojunior.advanced.org/5116/).<br />

moswavleTa<br />

jgu fi gakveTilze teqstis<br />

pirvel ram denime abzacs kiTxulobs.<br />

kolini jgufs uxsnis terminebs<br />

`tonaloba~ da `harmonia”~;<br />

aseve, kargad agebinebs moswavleebs,<br />

Tu ra aris `bgeris tal­<br />

Rebi~. pasuxebi kiTxvebze, romlebsac<br />

kolini moswavleebs `her­

48 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

Sejameba _ mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi<br />

Cumad an xmamaRla<br />

kiTxuloben nawyvets teqstidan,<br />

erT-erTi moswavle, romelsac<br />

maswavleblis (anu moswavleTa<br />

lideris) roli ekisreba,<br />

ajamebs am nawyvets. danarCen moswavleebs<br />

SeuZliaT, garkveuli<br />

damatebebi Seitanon. damatebebis<br />

Setana maswavleblis uSualo<br />

CareviT xdeba. Tu moswavleebs<br />

Sejameba uWirT, maswavlebels<br />

SeuZlia, moswavleebs garkveuli<br />

formiT daexmaros. magaliTad,<br />

mianiSnos yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />

informaciaze. an abzacis mTavar<br />

winadadebaze. aseTi miniSnebebi<br />

moswavleebs teqstis SejamebaSi<br />

exmareba.<br />

kiTxvebis dasma _ moswavle­<br />

Ta lideri garkveul SekiTxvebs<br />

svams, romlebzec pasuxebs klasi<br />

scems. SekiTxvebis mizania, klass<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciis<br />

identificirebaSi daexmaros.<br />

aseve, moswavleTa liders<br />

diagrama 3. 10<br />

ukuqceviTi swavleba<br />

SeuZlia, konkretuli informaciis<br />

Sesaxeb dasvas SekiTxvebi.<br />

danarCeni moswavleebi imis<br />

mixedviT pasuxoben, rac teqstidan<br />

daamaxsovrdaT.<br />

axsna _ amis Semdeg moswavleTa<br />

lideri azustebs teqstis<br />

gaurkvevel nawilebs; mas<br />

SeuZlia, Tavad SearCios aseTi<br />

nawilebi, an klass sTxvos naklebad<br />

gasagebi monakveTebis<br />

identificireba. magaliTisaTvis,<br />

mos wavleTa liderma SeiZleba<br />

iki Txos: `ZaRlisa da manqanis<br />

Sejaxebis nawili CemTvis cotaTi<br />

damabneveli iyo. SeuZlia<br />

vinmes amixsnas~<br />

winaswarmetyveleba _ moswavleTa<br />

lideri jgufisagan iTxovs<br />

mosazrebebs imis Taobaze,<br />

Tu ra moxdeba teqstis Semdgom<br />

segmentSi. moswavleTa lideri<br />

moswavleTa mier warmodgenil<br />

mosazrebebs dafaze wers, an<br />

moswavleebs sTxovs, rveulebSi<br />

CainiSnon.<br />

cisa~ da `sixSiris~ Sesaxeb usvams,<br />

adasturebs, rom klasma es konkretuli<br />

masala gaiazra. saintereso<br />

iyo `axsnis~ faza, radgan<br />

bevrma moswavlem Semdegi fraza,<br />

ZiriTadi tonisa da xmis simaRlis<br />

Sesaxeb, ver gaigo: `Tu ZiriTadi<br />

toni da xmis simaRle icvleba,<br />

bgeris talRebis forma igive<br />

rCeba~. am frazis Sinaarsi Tavad<br />

kolinsac ar esmoda kargad. moswavleebi<br />

aqtiurad monawileobdnen<br />

frazis dazustebis procesSi.<br />

kolinma aRiara, rom fraza mis<br />

gonebaSic nel-nela iZenda sicxades.<br />

gakveTilis bolos kolinma<br />

gadaxeda Temebs, romlebic vebgverdze<br />

teqstis gaswvriv iyo mocemuli<br />

da gaarkvia, rom Semdeg<br />

gakveTilebze ufro mets gaigebdnen<br />

tonalobaze, harmoniaze, bgeris<br />

talRebsa da sixSireebze<br />

sxva dasxva tipis instrumentisaTvis,<br />

rogorebicaa: Casaberi, simiani,<br />

xis Casaberi da dasartyami<br />

instrumentebi.

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

49<br />

Canawerebis gakeTeba: kvlevebi da<br />

Teoriebi<br />

Canawerebis gakeTeba mWidro kav­<br />

SirSia SejamebasTan. Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

efeqturobisaTvis, moswavleebma<br />

unda gansazRvron da Semdeg<br />

mokled Camoayalibon yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

informacia. rogorc zemoT<br />

aRvniSneT, swored es gaxlavT<br />

Sejamebis arsic. bevri kvlevaa<br />

Catarebuli im urTierTkavSiris<br />

gamosavlenad, rac Canawerebis gakeTebasa<br />

da moswavleTa akademiuri<br />

moswrebas Soris arsebobs. diagrama<br />

3.11-ze ramdenime aseTi kvlevis<br />

Sedegia warmodgenili.<br />

dis efeqturobis Sesaxeb~ (biCeri,<br />

1988). Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

efeqturobis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />

sxva dasxva kvelevidan ramdenime<br />

ganzogadebuli daskvna amovkribeT,<br />

romlebic sasargeblo iqneba<br />

maswavleblebisaTvis.<br />

1. sityvasityviT Canawerebis gakeTeba,<br />

savaraudod, am meTodis yvelaze<br />

naklebad efeqturi saxeobaa.<br />

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom sityvasityviT<br />

Canawerebis gakeTeba ar<br />

warmoadgens efeqtur strategias<br />

(brecingi da qulari, 1979). roca moswavleebi<br />

yoveli sityvis CaniSvnaze<br />

arian orientirebulni, naklebad<br />

cdiloben da ver axerxeben informaciis<br />

sinTezs. yoveli gagonili<br />

Tu wakiTxuli sityvis Cawera imden<br />

adgils ikavebs moswavlis mexsierebaSi,<br />

rom am informaciis gasaanalizeblad<br />

`adgili~ aRar rCeba.<br />

am kvlevaTa Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />

detaluri informacia SegiZliaT<br />

monografiidan miiRoT, romlis<br />

saTauria `Canawerebis gakeTeba:<br />

ra viciT swavlebis am meTodiagrama<br />

3. 11<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi Canawerebis gakeTebis meTodis<br />

efeqturobis Sesaxeb<br />

sinTezuri naSromi<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

henki da Stali, 1985 * 25<br />

11<br />

<strong>marzano</strong>, nadti da<br />

jese, 1990<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

0.34<br />

1.56<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

13<br />

44<br />

3 1.26 40<br />

heTi da sxvebi, 1996 3 1.05 35<br />

gensqe, 1981 24 0.52 20<br />

* henkisa da Stalis naSromis gaswvriv efeqtis sididis ori kategoriaa mocemuli,<br />

Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare.<br />

mkiTxvels, Tu detalebiTaa dainteresebuli, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.

50 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

2. Canawerebi mudmivad unda axldebodes<br />

da ivsebodes. mas Semdeg,<br />

rac moswavleebi, konkretul TemasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, Tavdapirvel<br />

Canawerebs gaakeTeben, maswavleblis<br />

waxalisebiT, am Canawerebis<br />

ganaxlebaze mudmivad unda zrunavdnen.<br />

Canawerebis ganaxleba<br />

gulisxmobs Semdgom Seswavlili<br />

informaciis damatebas, cvlilebebis<br />

Setanas ukve Caweril teqst­<br />

Si, masalis ukeT gaanalizebisa da<br />

ufro Rrmad wvdomis safuZvelze<br />

(am Temaze diskusiebs SegiZliaT<br />

gaecnoT naSromebSi: andersoni da<br />

armbrusTeri, 1986; deneri, 1986;<br />

ainStaini, morisi da smiTi, 1985).<br />

maswavlebeli yovelTvis unda aZlevdes<br />

moswavleebs sakmaris dros<br />

imisaTvis, rom Canawerebi ganaaxlon<br />

da Seavson. Canawerebis ganaxlebisa<br />

da Sevsebis aqtivoba Sei­<br />

Zleba gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo<br />

aRmoCndes, Tu maswavlebeli mis<br />

waxalisebasa da struqturirebaze<br />

zrunavs. maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />

daexmaros moswavleebs, Secvalon<br />

is mcdari Sexedulebebic, romlebic,<br />

konkretul TemasTan dakav­<br />

SirebiT, pirveli Canawerebis gakeTebisas<br />

CamouyalibdaT.<br />

3. gamocdisTvis mzadebis procesSi<br />

Canawerebma gzamkvlevis funqcia<br />

unda Seasrulon. Canawerebis<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze pragmatulad<br />

gamoyenebis magaliTia gamocdebisaTvis<br />

mzadebis procesi. Tu Canawerebi<br />

kargadaa organizebuli da<br />

moswavleebi maT mTeli saswavlo<br />

procesis ganmavlobaSi anaxleben,<br />

Canawerebi ukve gaazrebuli masalis<br />

gameorebis SesaniSnav saSualebas<br />

warmoadgens (es sakiTxi kargadaa<br />

ganxiluli Semdeg naSromebSi: qarieri<br />

da TiTusi, 1981; qarTeri da van<br />

maTre, 1975; van maTre da qarTeri,<br />

1975). rogorc wesi, gamocdisaTvis<br />

momzadebis procesSi moswavleebi<br />

Canawerebs ar iyeneben ise aqtiurad,<br />

rogorc es mosalodnelia. amis mizezi<br />

SeiZleba is iyos, rom maT ar aqvT<br />

gacnobierebuli Canawerebis gamoyenebis<br />

efeqturoba gamocdisaTvis<br />

mzadebis periodSi. aseve, SesaZloa,<br />

ar ician, sworad rogor dagegmon<br />

dro da mosamzadebeli samuSaos ra<br />

nawili dauTmon am meTodis gamoyenebiT<br />

mecadineobas.<br />

4. rac ufro met Canawerebs gaakeTeben<br />

moswavleebi, miT ukeTesia.<br />

erT _ erTi farTod gavrcelebuli<br />

mosazreba, Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

Sesaxeb, gaxlavT Semdegi: `lakonuri<br />

Canaweri mravlismetyvelia~.<br />

es mosazreba mcdaria. maswavleblebi,<br />

romlebic am mosazrebas iziareben,<br />

moswavleebs mouwodeben, rac<br />

SeiZleba mokle Canawerebi gaakeTon.<br />

mkvlevarebma f. naim, T. qruqsma, m.<br />

foulim da j. Trifma (1984) gamoikvlies<br />

is saxelmZRvanelo bro­<br />

Surebi, romlebsac universitetebi<br />

studentebisaTvis amzadeben, raTa<br />

Canawerebis teqnikis dauflebaSi<br />

daexmaron; maT daaskvnes, rom: `aTidan<br />

xuTi broSura xazs usvamda<br />

imas, rom Canawerebi unda yofiliyo<br />

lakonuri da studentebs ar unda<br />

moegrovebinaT Zalian bevri informacia<br />

” (gv. 95). Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

efeqturobis dasadgen kvlevaSi f.<br />

nai da misi kolegebi im daskvnamde<br />

mividnen, rom Canawerebis moculobasa<br />

da gamocdebze studentebis<br />

warmatebas Soris Zalze mniSvnelovani<br />

kavSiria.

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

51<br />

diagrama 3. 12<br />

maswavleblis mier momzadebuli Canawerebi: bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

I. ra aris bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb warmoadgens amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

konstituciis pirvel 10 Sesworebas. bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb icavs<br />

adamianis fundamentur uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.<br />

II. bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb: istoria<br />

jeims medisonma wamoayena winadadeba amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

A.<br />

Statebis konstituciaSi cvlilebaTa seriis Setanis Taobaze. jeims<br />

medisoni virjiniis Statidan iyo. medisonma cvlilebaTa proeqti<br />

warmomadgenelTa palataSi 1789 wlis maisSi Seitana.<br />

B. warmomadgenelTa palatis da senatis sxvadasxva komitetma jeims<br />

medisonis mier warmodgenili cvlilebaTa seriis Tavdapirveli<br />

versia Secvala.<br />

C. 1789 wlis seqtemberSi warmomadgenelTa palata da senati daeTanxma<br />

12 Sesworebis Setanas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi.<br />

D. 12 Sesworebidan aTis ratificireba 1791 wlis 14 dekembers moxda.<br />

ratifikacia aris konstituciuri cvlilebebis damtkiceba.<br />

1.<br />

imisaTvis, rom cvlileba ratificirebuli iyos, mas kongresis<br />

TiToeuli palatis 2 / 3 da TiToeuli Statis sakanonmdeblo<br />

organos 3 / 4 unda daeTanxmos.<br />

TiToeuli warmodgenili cvlilebis Sesaxeb kenWisyra cal<br />

2.<br />

_ calke mimdinareobda. Statebis sakanonmdeblo organos<br />

warmomadgenelTa 3 / 4 pirvel or sakonstitucio cvlilebas ar<br />

daeTanxma.<br />

III. uflebebi, romelTa dacvasac uzrunvelyofs bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

A. bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romelic warmoadgens 10 Sesworebas amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi, icavs 30-ze met uflebasa da<br />

Tavisuflebas.<br />

B. TiToeuli Sesworeba konkretuli uflebis dacvas ukavSirdeba:<br />

1. icavs sityvis, presis, Sekrebisa da religiuri rwmenis<br />

Tavisuflebas; ukrZalavs mTavrobas, romelime religiis<br />

saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas, an romelime religiisadmi<br />

mxardaWeras;<br />

2. icavs iaraRis tarebis Tavisuflebas;<br />

3. ukrZalavs mTavrobas, maT Soris SeiaraRebul Zalebs, moqalaqis<br />

saxlSi SeWras;<br />

4. krZalavs moqalaqeTa umizezo Cxrekasa da dakavebas; adgens,<br />

rom aseTi qmedebis Cadenisas, aucilebelia, arsebobdes Cxrekis<br />

mizezi an dakavebis ordeni;<br />

krZalavs erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis orjer gasamarTlebas;<br />

5.<br />

icavs dumilis uflebas; ukrZalavs mTavrobas adamianis<br />

sicocxlis, qonebis an Tavisuflebis xelyofas saTanado<br />

iuridiuli procesis gverdis avliT;<br />

6. icavs samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas; maT Soris, advokatis<br />

ayvanis uflebas;<br />

7. icavs nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze gasamarTlebis<br />

uflebas; ukrZalavs sasamarTlos, xelaxla ganixilos is<br />

gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa miRebaSic nafici msajulebi<br />

monawileobdnen;<br />

krZalavs didi raodenobis gamosasyidis an jarimis dawesebas,<br />

8.<br />

aseve, uCveulo an sastiki meTodebiT dasjas;<br />

unarCunebs yvela adamians im uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs,<br />

9.<br />

romlebic dakonkretebuli ar aris konstituciaSi;<br />

10. unarCunebs Statebs Zalauflebas.

52 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 3. 13<br />

moswavlis Canawerebi: araformaluri monaxazi<br />

sisxlis cirkulaciis sistema<br />

cocxali organizmis sxeulis erTerTi<br />

satranporto sistema<br />

3 funqcia:<br />

• ujredebamde miaqvs sakvebi<br />

da Jangbadi;<br />

• gamoaqvs narCenebi<br />

ujredebidan;<br />

• daavadebebisagan icavs<br />

cocxal organizms.<br />

3 nawili:<br />

• guli<br />

• sisxlZarRvebi<br />

• sisxli<br />

sisxlis cirkulaciis sistemis<br />

erT-erTi nawilia sisxli<br />

4 nawili:<br />

• plazma<br />

• sisxlis wiTeli ujredebi<br />

• sisxlis TeTri ujredebi<br />

• Trombocitebi<br />

sisxlis Txevadi nawilebi _ plazma<br />

• moyviTalo feris da,<br />

ZiriTadad, wylisgan<br />

Sedgenili;<br />

• Seicavs sakvebsa da<br />

narCenebs;<br />

• warmoadgens sisxlis<br />

moculobis naxevarze mets;<br />

sisxlis erT _ erTi myari nawilia<br />

sisxlis wiTeli ujredebi<br />

• moaqvT Jangbadi<br />

filtvebidan ujredebSi;<br />

• ujredebidan<br />

filtvebisaken ezidebian<br />

naxSirorJangs;<br />

• donatis formis, SuagulSi<br />

xvrelis gareSe;<br />

• Seicavs hemoglobins, rac<br />

funqciebis SesrulebaSi<br />

exmareba;<br />

• sisxlis erT wveTSi aris,<br />

daaxloebiT, 5 milioni<br />

sisxlis wiTeli ujredi.<br />

sisxlis Semadgeneli myari<br />

nawilia sisxlis TeTri ujredebi<br />

• exmarebian cocxal<br />

organizms infeqciasTan<br />

brZolaSi;<br />

• uferulni da uformoni<br />

arian;<br />

• moZraobisas icvlian<br />

formas; infeqcias imiT<br />

ebrZvian, rom gars<br />

exvevian baqteriebs da<br />

STanTqaven.<br />

aseve, sisxlis Semadgeneli myari<br />

nawilia Trombocitebi<br />

• sisxlis SededebaSi<br />

monawileoben da<br />

sisxldenis SeCerebas<br />

uzrunvelyofen;<br />

• isini mTliani ujredebi ar<br />

arian, mxolod ujredebis<br />

nawils warmoadgenen;<br />

• ara aqvT feri da zomiT<br />

ufro patarebi arian,<br />

vidre sisxlis wiTeli<br />

ujredebi.<br />

hemoglobini aris qimiuri<br />

nivTiereba, romelic<br />

sisxlis wiTeli ujredebis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis<br />

• Seicavs rkinas;<br />

• fers aniWebs sisxlis<br />

wiTel ujredebs;<br />

• exmareba sisxlis wiTel<br />

ujredebs nivTierebaTa<br />

transportirebaSi, ujredebidan<br />

gareT da SigniT.

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

53<br />

klasSi Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

praqtika<br />

maswavleblis mier<br />

momzadebuli Canawerebi<br />

maswavleblis mier momzadebuli<br />

Canawerebis magaliTi warmodgenilia<br />

diagrama 3.12-ze. es<br />

meTodi aris Canawerebis gamoyenebis<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze pirdapiri<br />

gza. jer erTi, aseTi Canawerebi<br />

naTel warmodgenas uqmnis moswavles<br />

imaze, Tu masalis ra nawils<br />

miiCnevs maswavlebeli yvelaze<br />

sayuradRebod. aseve, maswavleblis<br />

mier gakeTebuli Canawerebi<br />

moswavlisaTvis Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

karg magaliTs warmoadgens.<br />

diagrama 3.12-ze mocemulia<br />

ramdenime Canaweri, romelic maswavlebelma<br />

SeiZleba misces moswavleebs<br />

adamianis uflebaTa bilis<br />

wardgenisas.<br />

Canawerebis formati<br />

ar arsebobs Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

erTi swori gza. sxvadasxva<br />

moswavlem SeiZleba Canawerebis<br />

gakeTebis sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

teqnika airCios. Sesabamisad, sasurvelia,<br />

maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />

Canawerebis gakeTebis ramodenime<br />

gansxvavebuli meTodi<br />

warudginos. erT _ erTi farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli formatia araformaluri<br />

monaxazi. araformalur<br />

monaxazSi abzacebi Ziri­<br />

Tadi ideebisa da maTTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli detalebis gamokveTis<br />

mizniT gamoiyeneba. diagrama 3.13-<br />

ze warmodgenilia aseTi meTodiT<br />

gakeTebuli Canawerebi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

moswavle sisxlis Temaze<br />

akeTebs Canawerebs. moswavlem<br />

meorexarisxovani ideebi da detalebi<br />

abzaciT gamoxata.<br />

qseluri Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

ki ideebis fardobiTi mniSvnelovnebis<br />

gamosaxatad sxvadasxva<br />

zomis wreebis, xolo<br />

ideebs Soris urTierTkavSiris<br />

warmosaCenad _ xazebis gamoyenebas<br />

gulisxmobs. SedarebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani ideebi ufro didi,<br />

xolo naklebad mniSvnelovani<br />

ideebi _ ufro patara wreebiTaa<br />

warmodgenili. wreebis makavSirebeli<br />

xazebi imaze mianiSneben,<br />

rom wreebiT gamoxatuli ideebi<br />

erTmaneTs raRaciT ukavSirdeba.<br />

qseluri Canawerebis upiratesoba<br />

isaa, rom aseTi Canawerebi informaciis<br />

saTanado vizualizaciis<br />

saSualebas iZleva. qseluri<br />

Canawerebis garkveuli naklovaneba<br />

ki SemdegSi mdgomareobs: aseTi<br />

Canawerebi met-naklebad zRudavs<br />

moswavles, radgan mas SedarebiT<br />

mcire moculobis informaciis<br />

CaniSvna uwevs. didi moculobis<br />

informacia, ubralod, wreeb­<br />

Si ver Caeteva. diagrama 3.14-ze<br />

naCvenebia qseluri Canawerebis<br />

magaliTi olimpiuri TamaSebis<br />

Temaze.

54 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 3. 14<br />

qseluri Canawerebis magaliTi<br />

TamaSebis iniciaciis<br />

ceremoniebi<br />

da<br />

simboloebi<br />

olimpiuri<br />

TamaSebi<br />

zafxulis<br />

olimpiada<br />

zamTris<br />

olimpiada<br />

Suquris<br />

anTeba<br />

iwyeba<br />

olimpiaSi,<br />

saberZneTi<br />

saberZneTi<br />

pirvelad<br />

Catarda saberZneTSi<br />

1896 wels<br />

simbolo:<br />

ideebis gadmocema<br />

Tanamedrove<br />

msofliosaTvis<br />

uZvelesi saber­<br />

ZneTidan<br />

droSa<br />

xuTi wre<br />

xuTi kontinentis<br />

erTianobis<br />

simboloa<br />

olimpiuri<br />

cecxlis<br />

anTeba<br />

afrika amerika azia avstralia evropa<br />

olimpiuri<br />

TamaSebis<br />

gaxsnis<br />

ceremonia<br />

arenaze<br />

pirvelebi Se dian<br />

sportsmenebi<br />

saberZneTidan<br />

olimpiadaSi<br />

monawile<br />

qveynebis warmomadgenelTa<br />

sazeimo svla<br />

Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

kombinirebuli teqnika<br />

Canawerebis gakeTebis erTerTi<br />

yvelaze moqnili meTodia<br />

araformaluri monaxazisa da<br />

qseluri Canawerebis erToblivi<br />

gamoyeneba. am meTods, SegviZlia,<br />

kombinirebuli teqnika vuwodoT.<br />

kombinirebuli teqnikis gamoyenebisas,<br />

Canawerebis TiToeuli<br />

gverdi ori xazis gavlebiT sam<br />

nawilad iyofa: erTi xazi vertikalurad<br />

eSveba zemodan da<br />

Suaze hyofs gverds, xolo meore<br />

xazi horizontalurad aris gav­<br />

lebuli da gverdis bolo nawils<br />

gamoyofs. ase rom, furceli dayofilia<br />

marcxena, marjvena da<br />

qveda nawilebad. marcxena nawili<br />

gamoiyeneba informaciis monaxazis<br />

warmosadgenad. marjvena<br />

nawili gamoiyeneba qseluri meTodiT<br />

informaciis CaniSvnisaTvis.<br />

da bolos, furclis qveda nawili<br />

Semajamebeli informaciisTvis<br />

aris Semonaxuli. diagrama 3.15<br />

warmoadgens Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

kombinirebul teqnikas. magaliTisaTvis<br />

aRebulia inflaciis Tema.

Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

55<br />

diagrama 3. 15<br />

Canawerebis gakeTebis kombinirebuli teqnika _ inflacia<br />

inflacia<br />

izrdeba ...<br />

rodesac fulis miwodeba aWarbebs<br />

qveynis mier warmoebuli saqonlis<br />

da momsaxurebis (s & m) Rirebulebas<br />

an<br />

rodesac danaxarjebi (sakvebze,<br />

saqonelze, investiciaze,<br />

mTavrobis Senaxvaze da mTlian<br />

saeqsporto produqciaze) qveynis<br />

mier warmoebuli saqonlis da<br />

momsaxurebis<br />

(s & m) Rirebulebas aWarbebs<br />

$ 1.10<br />

$ 1.00<br />

$$$$$$<br />

fulis<br />

miwodeba<br />

mcirdeba ...<br />

rodesac fulis miwodeba qveynis<br />

mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da<br />

momsaxurebis<br />

(s & m) Rirebulebaze naklebia<br />

$ 1.00<br />

$ 0.90<br />

fuli<br />

an<br />

rodesac danaxarjebi naklebia<br />

qveynis mier warmoebuli saqonlisa<br />

da momsaxurebis<br />

(s & m) Rirebulebaze<br />

><br />

><br />

s & m<br />

saqonlis da<br />

momsaxurebis<br />

Rirebuleba<br />

inflacia fulis miwodebasa da qveynis mier warmoebuli saqonlis da momsaxurebis<br />

(s & m) Rirebulebas Soris urTierTmimarTebazea damokidebuli<br />

Canawerebis gakeTebis kombinirebuli<br />

teqnikis gamoyenebisas,<br />

mniSvnelovania, moswavleebma<br />

informaciis garkveuli vizualuri<br />

formiT furclis marjvena<br />

mxares warmodgena SeZlon. amisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia, moswavleebi<br />

furclis marcxena ujredSi Canawerebis<br />

gakeTebisas, drodadro<br />

SeCerdnen da sityvierad dafiqsirebuli<br />

Canawerebi vizualurad<br />

gamosaxon. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

Canawerebis gakeTebis kombinirebuli<br />

teqnika moswavlisagan damatebiTi<br />

drois xarjvas moiTxovs, is<br />

sasargebloa im TvalsazrisiT,<br />

rom moswavles informaciis gaazreba<br />

orjer uxdeba. rac Seexeba<br />

furclis qveda ujreds, romelic<br />

Semajamebeli informaciisTvisaa<br />

gankuTvnili, moswavle mas drodadro<br />

avsebs, furclis marjvena<br />

da marcxena ujredebSi CaniSnuli<br />

informaciidan gamotanili<br />

daskvnebis safuZvelze. es ki mas<br />

informaciis mesamed gaazrebis<br />

saSualebas aZlevs.

56 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

* * *<br />

Cven xSirad movixseniebT Sejamebisa<br />

da Canawerebis gakeTebis<br />

sxvadasxva meTods, rogorc `swavlis<br />

unar-Cvevebs~. mniSvnelovania<br />

imis gaTvaliswineba, rom Sejameba<br />

da Canawerebis gakeTeba umniSvnelovanesi<br />

unar-Cvevebia, romlebic<br />

SeiZleba moswavles ganuvi­<br />

TaroT, radgan isini moswavleebs<br />

Sesaswavli masalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

aspeqtebis gansazRvrasa<br />

da gaazrebaSi exmarebian.

4<br />

moswavlis<br />

Zalisxmevis gaZliereba<br />

da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

ian makintoSi axali gadasuli iyo preris dawyebiT skolaSi. cota<br />

xanSi iani Semdeg daskvnamde mivida: Tanaklaselebisa da maswavleblebis<br />

keTilganwyobili damokidebulebis miuxedavad, naTeli<br />

iyo, rom es skola `dabali akademiuri moswrebis~ saswavleblad<br />

iTvleboda. Statis yvela skolaSi Catarebuli testebis mixedviT,<br />

am skolis moswavleebs erT-erTi yvelaze dabali Sedegebi<br />

hqondaT, rac yvelasTvis iyo cnobili, radgan testirebis Sedegebi<br />

adgilobriv gazeTebSi qveyndeboda. skolaSi gadmosvlidan<br />

Zalian male ians testirebis gavla mouwia. iseve, rogorc am<br />

skolis sxva moswavleebisaTvis, misTvisac mTavari amocana iyo,<br />

rogorme gadaelaxa is zRvari, romelic testis damakmayofileblad<br />

CabarebisaTvis iyo sakmarisi.<br />

meore wels skolaSi axali direqtori, qlabatoni haixmani<br />

movida. yvelafers cvlileba daetyo. ianis maswavleblebma daiwyes<br />

ambebis moyola maT Sesaxeb, vinc cxovrebaSi did warmatebebs<br />

miaRwia. maswavleblebi ambobdnen, rom Tu adamiani Zalian<br />

ecdeba, mizans yovelTvis miaRwevs; Sesabamisad, yvela mizani<br />

miRwevadia. moswavleebsac uxdebodaT warmatebuli adamianebis<br />

Sesaxeb ambebis klasSi moyola. iani babuamisis istorias moyva,<br />

mas yovelTvis sjeroda, rom warmatebuli ferma eqneboda. ianis<br />

maswavleblebma moswavleebisaTvis `gansakuTrebuli ZalisxmevisaTvis<br />

sertifikatebis~ gacema daiwyes. ianma erT kviraSi ori ase­<br />

Ti sertifikati miiRo, ramac mas sakuTari Tavis rwmena Sehmata<br />

da waaxalisa misi survili, meti warmatebisaTvis mieRwia. ianis<br />

klaselebsac etyobodaT cvlileba _ isinic ufro Tavdajerebulebi<br />

gaxdnen, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac mTelma klasma<br />

direqtorisagan erT TveSi orjer miiRo `gansakuTrebuli ZalisxmevisaTvis<br />

sertifikati~. es sertifikati sakuTari warmatebiT<br />

daimsaxures, radgan maTematikis testebSi wina klasze maRali<br />

qulebi miiRes. iani siamayem aRavso, roca sertifikatis miRebis<br />

Sesaxeb informacia maTi klasis karzec ganaTavses. aseve, Zalian<br />

didi siamovnebiT miirTva nayini, romliTac mSoblebma miRweuli<br />

warmatebisaTvis daajildoves bavSvebi.<br />

yvelaze sasixarulo Statis testirebis Sedegebi iyo.<br />

gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis saTaurebSi es skola moxseniebuli<br />

iyo, rogorc yvelaze gamorCeuli skola, radgan testirebis<br />

Sedegebi, yvela sxva skolasTan SedarebiT, sagrZnoblad<br />

gaaumjobesa. ianma icoda, rom saboloo warmatebis misaRwevad<br />

mas da mis Tanaskolelebs kidev grZeli gza hqondaT gasavleli,<br />

magram sjeroda, rom am gzis gavlas SeZlebdnen.<br />

ianis direqtoris mier gamoyenebuli midgoma swavlebis<br />

zogadi meTodebis mesame kategoriis erT-erT maga liTs<br />

warmoadgens. sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, es kategoria<br />

57

58 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba moswavleTa<br />

kognituri SesaZleblobebis<br />

gaumjobesebas. is mTlianad moswavlis<br />

damokidebulebebzea orientirebuli<br />

da or nawilad iyofa:<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba<br />

da misi warmatebis aRiareba.<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba: kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />

fsiqologma bernard uainerma<br />

(1972, 1983) Zalze popularuli<br />

gaxada Teoria Zalisxmevis dafasebisa<br />

da efeqturobis zrdis<br />

urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. kerZod,<br />

Teoria SemdegSi mdgomareobs:<br />

rwmena imisa, rom adamianis Zalisxmeva<br />

Sedegs gamoiRebs, adamianis<br />

efeqturobas zrdis. aseve, m.<br />

qavinTonisa (1983) da s. harTeris<br />

(1980) kvlevebma daadastures, Tu<br />

ramdenad mnivnelovania Zalisxmevis<br />

dafaseba. ufro konkretulad,<br />

es kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebi<br />

warmatebas, rogorc wesi,<br />

qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erT-erT<br />

faqtors ukavSireben:<br />

• unari<br />

• Zalisxmeva<br />

• sxva adamianebi<br />

• iRbali<br />

am oTxidan sami abrkolebs<br />

saqmis warmatebiT dasrulebas.<br />

erTi SexedviT, imis rwmena, rom<br />

unari mniSvnelovania, sasargeblo<br />

Cans, anu Tu gjera, rom gaqvs unari,<br />

nebismier dabrkolebas gaumklavdebi.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra<br />

unarebis patronad warmogidgenia<br />

Tavi, yovelTvis mixval im mdgomareobamde,<br />

roca daeWvdebi, Segwevs<br />

Tu ara am konkretul saqmesTan<br />

gamklavebis unari. m. qavingTonis<br />

(1983, 1985) kvleva adasturebs Semdegs:<br />

moswavleebi, romlebic miiCneven,<br />

rom, konkretuli davalebis<br />

Sesasruleblad, ar aqvT Sesabamisi<br />

unarebi, xSirad Tavs ver arTmeven<br />

davalebas. imis rwmenas, rom<br />

warmatebis garanti sxva adamianebi<br />

arian, aseve aqvs uaryofiTi mxareebi.<br />

warmatebis ganmapirobebel<br />

ZiriTad faqtorad sxva adamianebis<br />

moazreba gansakuTrebiT mavnea<br />

maSin, roca adamiani konkretuli<br />

davalebis winaSe marto aRmoCndeba.<br />

iRbalze yvelafris mindobac<br />

ar iqneba swori. ra geSveleba,<br />

Tu iRbali gimtyunebs ase rom,<br />

rwmena imisa, rom Seni Zalisxmeva<br />

Sedegs gamoiRebs, yvelaze sasargebloa.<br />

Sesabamisad, Tu gjera, rom<br />

warmateba ZalisxmeviT miiRweva,<br />

nebismier situaciaSi, warmatebis<br />

miRwevis mTavari samotivacio iaraRi<br />

SenTanaa.<br />

ramdenime mkvlevarma moswavleebis<br />

akademur moswrebasa da<br />

Zalisxmevis gaZlierebas Soris kav­<br />

Sirze Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis<br />

sinTezi moaxdina. diagrama 4.<br />

1-ze warmodgenilia aseTi naSromebidan<br />

amoRebuli informacia.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia ramdenime<br />

zogadi daskvna Zalisxmevis<br />

Sesaxeb arsebuli kvlevebidan:<br />

1. yvela moswavlisaTvis gasagebi<br />

ar aris, Tu ramxela mniSvneloba<br />

eniWeba imis rwmenas, rom misi<br />

Zalisxmeva dafasdeba. zrdasrul­<br />

TaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, warmatebul<br />

zrdasrulTaTvis, met-nakle­

moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

59<br />

diagrama 4. 1<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi Zalisxmevis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb<br />

sinTezuri naSromi<br />

efeqtis sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

Sunqi da qoqsi, 1986 3 0. 93 32<br />

sTifeqi da vaisci, 1981 * 98 0. 52 20<br />

heTi, bigsi da ferdi,<br />

1996 **<br />

8<br />

2<br />

2<br />

1. 42<br />

0. 57<br />

2. 14<br />

qumari, 1991 5 1. 76 46<br />

* am kvlevebis Seswavlis sagani aseve aris moswavleebSi kontrolis unari.<br />

** heTis, bigsis da ferdis naSromis gaswvriv, efeqtis sididis ramdenime kategoriaa<br />

mocemuli, Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan<br />

gamomdinare. mkiTxvels vurCevT, Tu detalebiTaa dainteresebuli, gaecnos<br />

naSroms.<br />

42<br />

22<br />

48<br />

bad cnobilia, Tu ra mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs Zalisxmevas, dasaxuli miznis<br />

misaRwevad. moswavleebisaTvis es<br />

xSirad naklebad gasagebia. kvlevebi<br />

adasturebs, rom moswavleebis<br />

garkveul nawils ar aqvs<br />

gacnobierebuli Zalisxmevasa da<br />

samuSaos Sesrulebas Soris arsebuli<br />

urTierTkavSiri. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom isini ver iazreben, Tu<br />

ra pirdapiri zegavlena SeiZleba<br />

hqondes maT mier gaRebul Zalisxmevas<br />

gasakeTebeli samuSaos saboloo<br />

warmatebaze (ix. zeligmani,<br />

1990, 1994; urdani, midglei da andermani,<br />

1998). Sesabamisad, maswavleblebma<br />

sakuTr Tavze unda aiRon<br />

moswavleTaTvis rwmenis gaRviveba,<br />

rom Zalisxmeva Sedegs yovelTvis<br />

gamoiRebs; maswavleblebi aseTi<br />

rwmenis magaliTs sakuTari cxovrebiT<br />

unda iZleodnen.<br />

2. moswavleebma SeiZleba Seicvalon<br />

damokidebuleba da Zalisxmevaze<br />

orientirebulebi gaxdnen.<br />

kvlevebis mixedviT, im moswavleebsac<br />

ki, vinc Tavdapirvelad<br />

ar amJRavnebs imis rwmenas,<br />

rom Zalisxmeva Sedegs gamoiRebs,<br />

SeuZliaT, es rwmena droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

ganiviTaron. kvleva­<br />

Ta mTeli wyeba adasturebs, rom<br />

moswavleTaTvis imis demostrireba,<br />

Tu ramxela mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs Zalisxmevas miznis miRwevaSi,<br />

maT damokidebulebas cvlis da<br />

TviTrwmenas uRvivebs (ix. qraske,<br />

1985; uilsoni da linvili, 1982).<br />

erT-erTma kvlevam (van overuoli<br />

da de meceneri, 1990) isic ki<br />

daadastura, rom moswavleebma,<br />

romelTac gaaanalizes urTierTkavSiri<br />

Zalisxmevasa da warmatebas<br />

Soris, ufro met warmatebas<br />

miaRwies, vidre im moswavleebma,<br />

romelTac mxolod drois marTvisa<br />

da axali masalis aTvisebis<br />

sxvadasxva meTodi iswavles.

60 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

Zalisxmevis gaZlierebis<br />

praqtika klasSi<br />

swavleba Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb<br />

zemoT warmodgenili ori<br />

zogadi daskvna adasturebs imas,<br />

rom moswavleebma SeiZleba ar<br />

icodnen, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania<br />

rwmena imisa, rom Zalisxmeva<br />

Sedegs gamoiRebs. es daskvnebi,<br />

aseve, adasturebs am rwmenis<br />

gamomuSavebis SesaZleblobas. gamosavali<br />

albaT SemdegSi mdgomareobs:<br />

Zalisxmevasa da warmatebebs<br />

Soris kavSiri moswavleebs<br />

maswavleblebma unda auxsnan da<br />

aseTi kavSiris gansaxierebas Tavadve<br />

unda warmoadgendnen. Tval ­<br />

saCinoebisaTvis, SeiZleba mas ­<br />

wavlebelma moswavles Tavisi pirovnuli<br />

gamocdileba gauziaros<br />

_ is, Tu rogor agrZelebda mcdelobas,<br />

mieRwia dasaxuli miznisaTvis<br />

maSinac ki, roca warmateba miuRwevel<br />

ocnebas warmoadgenda.<br />

aseve, maswavleblebs SeuZliaT,<br />

moiZion analogiuri magaliTebi<br />

cnobili adamianebis cxovrebidan,<br />

rogorebic arian: aTletebi,<br />

ganmanaTleblebi, politikosebi.<br />

aseTi magaliTebiT moswavleebs<br />

diagrama 4. 2<br />

kavSiri Zalisxmevasa da miRwevebs Soris: rubrikebi<br />

Sefasebis skala: 4 = umaRlesia, 3 = kargia, 2 = sWirdeba gaumjobeseba,<br />

1 = miuRebelia<br />

A: Zalisxmevis rubrika<br />

4. me bolomde davasrule davaleba.<br />

maSinac ki vagrZelebdi muSaobas,<br />

roca sirTuleebis winaSe videqi,<br />

an roca problemis gadaWris<br />

gzas ver vxedavdi. davalebis<br />

Sesrulebisas wamoWril yovel<br />

sirTules aRviqvamdi, rogorc<br />

SesaZleblobas, romelic saSualebas<br />

maZlevda, ukeTesad Cavwvdomodi<br />

Sesasrulebeli davalebis<br />

arss.<br />

3. me bolomde davasrule davaleba<br />

maSinac ki vagrZelebdi muSaobas,<br />

roca sirTuleebis winaSe videqi,<br />

an roca problemis gadaWris<br />

gzas ver vxedavdi.<br />

2. me garkveuli Zalisxmeva gaviRe<br />

davalebis Sesasruleblad, magram<br />

roca sirTuleebs gadavawydi,<br />

muSaoba Sevwyvite.<br />

1. Zalian mcire Zalisxmeva gaviRe<br />

davalebis Sesasruleblad.<br />

B: miRwevis rubrika<br />

4. me moTxovnilze ukeTesad Sevasrule<br />

davaleba.<br />

3. me zustad Sevasrule davalebis<br />

moTxovna.<br />

2. me garkveulwilad Sevasrule davaleba,<br />

magram ver davakmayofile<br />

davalebis yvela moTxovna.<br />

1. me ver Sevasrule davaleba.

moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

61<br />

SegviZlia vaCvenoT, Tu ra mniSvnelovania<br />

miznisaken swrafva da<br />

ra gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda<br />

am adamianebis cxovrebaSi imas,<br />

rom isini ar gaCerdnen da TavianTi<br />

miznis miRwevisTvis brZolas<br />

agrZelebdnen. aseT magaliTs warmoadgens<br />

daniel `rudi~ ruiTigeris<br />

cxovreba. es iyo notr-damis<br />

universitetis studenti, romelsac<br />

didi survili hqonda, sauniversiteto<br />

safexburTo gundSi<br />

eTamaSa. ruiTigeris ambavi safuZvlad<br />

daedo films `rudi~.<br />

maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebisaTvis<br />

sayovelTaod cnobili<br />

magaliTebic moiyvanos. kidev<br />

erTi meTodia Tavad moswavle­<br />

Tagan aseTi istoriebis mosmena;<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia, sTxovos<br />

moswavleebs, moyvnen im piradi<br />

gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, roca maTi<br />

warmateba ukavSirdeboda maTsave<br />

gadawyvetilebas, ar SeewyvitaT<br />

mcdeloba da gaegrZelebinaT dasaxuli<br />

miznisaken swrafva. qvemoT<br />

moyvanili magaliTi giCvenebs<br />

imas, Tu rogor gamoiyena maswavlebelma<br />

am mizniT olimpiuri<br />

TamaSebis Tema.<br />

mTeli kviris manZilze ma Tematikis<br />

gakveTilze maRalklaselebs<br />

saSinao davalebas<br />

ar aZlevdnen. maTi davaleba<br />

SemdegSi mdgomareobda: yovel<br />

saRamos unda eyurebinaT<br />

olimpiuri TamaSebisaTvis da<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT<br />

aTletebis pirad<br />

istoriebze. moswavleebs unda<br />

epovaT iseTi aTletebi, romlebic<br />

Cveulebrivi adamianebi<br />

iyvnen da piradi Zalisxmevis<br />

wyalobiT miaRwies araCveuleriv<br />

warmatebas. mTeli kviris<br />

manZilze gakveTilis pirveli<br />

aTi wuTi swored am istoriebis<br />

ganxilvas eZRvneboda. moswavleebi<br />

mcire jgufebad iyofodnen<br />

da mopovebul informacias<br />

ganixilavdnen. gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas moswavleebi im me­<br />

Todebze amaxvilebdnen, riTac<br />

aTletebi miznisaken swrafvis<br />

periodSi sakuTari Tavis rwmenas<br />

inarCunebdnen. momavali<br />

kviris orSabaTisTvis ki moswavleebs<br />

unda warmoedginaT<br />

sakuTari meTodi, Tu rogor<br />

unda gaumklavdes adamiani akademiur<br />

sirTuleebs da rogor<br />

unda Seaxsenos sakuTar Tavs,<br />

rom auclebelia mcdelobis<br />

gagrZeleba.<br />

Zalisxmevisa da miRwevebis<br />

CaniSvna da erTmaneTTan<br />

dakavSireba<br />

zemoT warmodgenili zogadi<br />

daskvnebi adastureben, Tu ramdenad<br />

mniSvnelovania moswavle­<br />

TaTvis, Zalisxmevasa da warmatebas<br />

Soris kavSiris Secnoba. ra<br />

Tqma unda, zogi moswavlisaTvis<br />

Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb swavlebac ki<br />

SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos. sxvaTaTvis,<br />

SesaZloa, aucilebeli aRmoCndes<br />

pirdapiri kavSiris danaxva<br />

Zalisxmevasa da warmatebis miRwevas<br />

Soris. aseTi kavSiris demonstrirebisaTvis<br />

araCveulebriv<br />

saSualebas warmoadgens Semdegi<br />

aqtivoba: SegviZlia moswavleebs<br />

vTxovoT, gaakeTon Canawerebi sakuTari<br />

gamocdilebis Sesaxeb; maT<br />

periodulad unda CainiSnon, ra<br />

Zalisxmeva gaiRes da, aseve, mianiSnon<br />

imaze, Tu rogor daexmara maT<br />

es Zalisxmeva konkretuli miznis<br />

miRwevaSi. aseT davalebas moswavleebi<br />

advilad Seasruleben, Tu

62 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 4. 3<br />

Zalisxmevasa da miRwevebs Soris kavSiris dasadgeni diagrama<br />

moswavle<br />

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />

paraskevi, 22 oqt.<br />

oTxSabaTi, 27 oqt.<br />

davaleba<br />

Sefaseba<br />

Zalisxmevis<br />

rubrikis<br />

mixedviT<br />

Sefaseba<br />

miRwevis<br />

rubrikis<br />

mixedviT<br />

saSinao davaleba<br />

- moamzados 5 abzacisagan<br />

Semdgari ese<br />

nawarmoeb `cxovelTa<br />

fermis~ Sesaxeb 4 4<br />

klasSi mosamzadebeli<br />

ese _ Temaze<br />

alegoria 4 3<br />

xuTSabaTi, 28 oqt. testi 3 3<br />

maT mivcemT diagrama 4.2-ze (A da<br />

B) warmodgenil rubrikebs.<br />

rubrikebis gamoyeneba moswavleebs<br />

SeuZliaT imisaTvis, rom<br />

yoveldRiurad CainiSnon informacia<br />

TavianTi Zalisxmevisa da<br />

miRwevebis Sesaxeb. qvemoT warmodgenili<br />

diagrama 4.3-is gamoyenebiT,<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />

daexmaros moswavleebs Zalisxmevasa<br />

da miRwevebs Soris urTierTkavSiris<br />

dafiqsirebaSi.<br />

or cvlads Soris (Zalisxmeva<br />

da miRweva) kavSiris dadgenis<br />

garda, SegviZlia, moswavleebs<br />

vTxovoT, Camoayalibon informacia<br />

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iswavles<br />

Zalisxmevisa da miRwevis erTmaneTTan<br />

dakavSirebis konkretuli<br />

gamocdilebidan. sakuTar<br />

gamocdilebaze kidev erTxel<br />

dafiqreba da daskvnebis werilobiT<br />

Camoyalibeba moswavleebs<br />

Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobis ukeT<br />

gaazrebis saSualebas miscems.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenili magaliTi<br />

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

klasSi am meTodis gamoyeneba:<br />

<strong>jein</strong> uiTbi miCveuli iyo, rom<br />

rveulis boloSi saswavlo<br />

dRiuris gakeTebas avalebdnen;<br />

am dRiurSi yovelTvis zedmiwevniT<br />

ayalibebda informacias<br />

Seswavlili masalis Sesaxeb.<br />

aseve, iniSnavda, Tu ramdenad<br />

kargad Seiswavla masala. erT<br />

dRes <strong>jein</strong> uiTbis davaleba Seicvala.<br />

es iyo martSi, roca misi<br />

swavlis enTuziazmi, rogorc<br />

wesi, ecemoda xolme. maswavlebelma<br />

<strong>jein</strong>is klass Semdegi<br />

davaleba misca: saswavlo dRiuris<br />

nacvlad, moswavleebs diagramaze<br />

unda CaeniSnaT xolme<br />

informacia TavianTi Zalisxmevisa<br />

da miRwevebis Sesaxeb. es<br />

diagrama ise unda SeedginaT,<br />

rom horizontalur RerZze<br />

kviris dReebi dafiqsirebuliyo,<br />

vertikalur RerZze ki<br />

unda Camoweriliyo procentuli<br />

maCveneblebi 1-dan 100-<br />

mde. moswavleebs diagrama or<br />

kviraze unda gaeTvalaT. ori<br />

kviris manZilze moswavleebi<br />

yoveldRiurad ini S navdnen<br />

kavSirs TavianT, individu­

moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

63<br />

sinTezuri naSromi<br />

diagrama 4. 4<br />

moswavlis warmatebis aRiarebis meTodi:<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

blumi, 1976 18 0.78 28<br />

uolbergi, 1999 14 0.16 6<br />

uilkinsoni, 1981 791 0.16 7<br />

alur Zalisxmevasa da swavlis<br />

Sedegebs Soris. Zalisxmeva<br />

skalaze procentulad 1-dan<br />

100-mde gamoisaxeboda. swavlebis<br />

donis gadanawilebasac<br />

moswavleebi Tavad axdendnen<br />

da im mTlianis procentuli<br />

maCvenebliT gamosaxavdnen, romelic<br />

swavlebis maqsimalur<br />

Sedegs asaxavda. ori kviris<br />

gasvlis Semdeg <strong>jein</strong>ma da misma<br />

klaselebma SeamCnies, rom es<br />

diagrama maTi swavlis motivacias<br />

zrdida. bevrma isic ki<br />

aRiara, rom am periodis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

rogorc ki swavlaze<br />

koncentracia ekargebodaT,<br />

Tva l win maSinve diagrama udgebodaT<br />

da momentalurad erTvebodnen<br />

saqmeze.<br />

moswavlis warmatebis aRiareba:<br />

kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />

moswavlis warmatebis aRiareba<br />

SeiZleba am wignSi warmodgenil<br />

swavlebis meTodTa Soris yvelaze<br />

arasworad interpretirebul me­<br />

Todad CaiTvalos. aseve, moswavlis<br />

warmatebis aRiarebis meTods<br />

SeiZleba `moswavlis dafaseba~<br />

vuwodoT; Tumca es ukanaskneli<br />

teqnikurad arazusti saxelwodeba<br />

iqneboda. kidev erTi, aseve<br />

arazusti SesaZlo saxelwodeba<br />

iqneboda `dajildoeba~. im mizezebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic<br />

qvemoTaa warmodgenili,<br />

Cven virCevT, vixmaroT fraza<br />

`moswavlis warmatebis aRiareba~.<br />

diagrama 4.4-ze warmodgenilia im<br />

naSromebis Sesaxeb informacia,<br />

romlebSic Tavmoyrilia moswavlis<br />

warmatebis aRiarebis Temaze<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi.<br />

diagrama 4.4-ze warmodgenili informaciis<br />

mixedviT, am meTodis<br />

efeqturobaze arc Tu ise saxarbielo<br />

STabeWdileba iqmneba. gansakuTrebiT<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />

h. uolbergis (1999) da s. uilkinsonis<br />

(1981) naSromebs gadavavlebT<br />

Tvals. sayuradReboa, rom<br />

am naSromebSi yuradReba im kvlevebzea<br />

gamaxvilebuli, romelSic<br />

dafaseba aRiarebad miiCneva. Sesabamisad,<br />

aseTi kvlevebis Sedegi<br />

SeiZleba iyos is, rom bevri<br />

ganaTlebis specialistisaTvis<br />

mos wavlis warmatebis aRiareba<br />

mos wavlis akademiuri moswrebis<br />

gaumjobesebis efeqtur saSualebas<br />

ar warmoadgens. ufro metic,<br />

maswavleblebi xSirad miiCneven,<br />

rom moswavlis warmatebis aRiareba,<br />

garkveulwilad, amcirebs mis

64 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

Sinagan motivacias. im gaurkvevlobis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, rac am<br />

meTodis gamoyenebis efeqturobas<br />

axlavs Tan, saWirod migvaCnia, gagacnoT<br />

dafasebasTan da dajildoebasTan,<br />

rogorc moswavlis<br />

warmatebis aRiarebis formebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli kvlevebis winaistoria.<br />

mkvlevarma e. deCim (1971)<br />

pirvelma daiwyo muSaoba laboratoriul<br />

gamokvlevebze, romlebic<br />

miznad isaxavda, Seeswavla,<br />

ra gavlenas axdens dajildoeba<br />

moswavlis motivaciaze. e. deCis<br />

pirveli eqsperimenti SemdegSi<br />

mdgomareobda: SearCies kolejis<br />

24 studenti da SemTxveviTobis<br />

principiT gadaanawiles or<br />

jgufSi. orive jgufs amocanebi<br />

misces amosaxsnelad. sakvlev<br />

jgufs yoveli sworad amoxsnili<br />

amocanisaTvis erT dolars<br />

aZlevdnen. studentebis Sinagani<br />

motivacia izomeboda Tavisufal<br />

dros amocanebis amoxsnis mcdelobebis<br />

raodenobiT. e. deCim<br />

aRmoaCina, rom is studentebi,<br />

romelTac yoveli amoxsnili amocanisaTvis<br />

erTi dolari ergebodaT,<br />

Tavisufali drois gacilebiT<br />

mcire nawils uTmobdnen<br />

amocanebis amoxsnas, vidre isini,<br />

vinc am saqmeSi fuls ar eloda. e.<br />

deCi aRniSnavs:<br />

rodesac adamiani garkveul<br />

saqmeSi Sinagani motivaciis<br />

gamoa CarTuli da raRac<br />

etapze am saqmis gakeTebisaTvis<br />

gareSe jildos, am SemTxvevaSi<br />

fulis miRebas iwyebs,<br />

misi Sinagani motivaciis done<br />

sagrZnoblad klebulobs (deCi,<br />

1971, gv. 108).<br />

zogma am SemTxvevis safuZvelze<br />

daaskvna, rom, zogadad,<br />

jildo Sinagani motivaciis<br />

daqveiTebas iwvevs (qoni, 1993).<br />

kidev erTi kvleva, romlis Sedegebic<br />

xSirad am argumentis dasadastureblad<br />

mohyavT, m. leferis,<br />

d. grinisa da r. nisbeTis (1973)<br />

saxelebs ukavSirdeba. am kvlevaSi<br />

yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze,<br />

Tu ra gavlena SeiZleba iqonios<br />

jildom patara bavSvebis Sinagan<br />

motivaciaze xatvisadmi. sakvlev<br />

jgufSi, Tu suraTebs daxatavdnen,<br />

jildo `kargi moTamaSis~<br />

wodeba iyo. am kvlevamac daadastura,<br />

rom gareSe jildo moswavleTa<br />

motivacias amcirebda.<br />

arsebobs kvlevebis Sedegebi,<br />

romlebic maswavleblis mxridan<br />

moswavlis Seqebas da moswavlis<br />

motivaciaze am Seqebis gavlenas<br />

ukavSirdeba. aRmoCnda, rom moswavlis<br />

Sinagan motivacias moswavlis<br />

warmatebis aRiarebis es formac<br />

(Seqeba) amcirebs (ix. brofi,<br />

1981; leferi, 1983; morin - derSimeri,<br />

1982). magaliTad, kvlevebiT<br />

dadginda, rom advili davalebebis<br />

SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

Seqeba safrTxes uqmnis moswavlis<br />

momaval miRwevebs. moswavleebi<br />

advili davalebis SesrulebisaTvis<br />

Seqebas, rogorc wesi, daumsaxureblad<br />

miiCneven. ufro metic,<br />

Seqebam, romelsac moswavle<br />

advili davalebis SesrulebisaTvis<br />

iRebs, SesaZloa, sakuTar SesaZleblobebze<br />

dabali warmodgena<br />

Seuqmnas (morin - derSimeri).

moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

65<br />

aseve, iTvleba, rom maswavleblebi<br />

Seqebas arasistemurad<br />

da araTanabrad unawileben moswavleebs.<br />

erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegebis<br />

mixedviT, pirveli klasis<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleTa swori<br />

pasuxebis mxolod 11%-s Tvlida<br />

Seqebis Rirsad (ix. andersoni,<br />

evertsoni da brofi, 1979).<br />

sxva kvlevam daadastura, rom<br />

ufrosklaselTa maswavlebeli<br />

mos wavleTa swori pasuxebis mxolod<br />

10%-s afasebda dadebiTad<br />

(ix. evertsoni, andersoni, andersoni<br />

da brofi, 1980). efeqturi<br />

Seqebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi<br />

mkvlevarma jere brofma (1981)<br />

Seajama (ix. diagrama 4.5).<br />

Tu am kvlevebis Sedegebs<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,<br />

rom Seqeba an dajildoeba<br />

ara mxolod ar uwyobs xels moswavleTa<br />

miRwevebs, aramed aferxebs<br />

maT da aqveiTebs motivacias.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, Tu kvlevebs<br />

ufro kargad CavuRrmavdebiT,<br />

sruliad sxva suraTs davinaxavT.<br />

sxvadasxva kvle vis safuZvelze,<br />

maswavleblebisaTvis sasargeblo<br />

sami zogadi daskvna gamovitanoT:<br />

1. jildo yovelTvis uaryofiT<br />

gavlenas ar axdens moswavlis Sinagan<br />

motivaciaze. isini, vinc am<br />

Temaze Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />

Sedegebs zedmiwevniT aanalizeben,<br />

Cveulebriv, im daskvnamde<br />

midian, rom jildo yovelTvis<br />

ar amcirebs Sinagan motivacias.<br />

magaliTad, marq morganma (1984)<br />

specialuri naSromi miuZRvna<br />

jildoebTan dakavSirebul kvlevaTa<br />

mimoxilvas. marq morgani<br />

aRniSnavs: `ZiriTadi daskvna, rac<br />

SeiZleba am kvlevebis mimoxilvis<br />

Sedegad gakeTdes, gaxlavT is,<br />

rom jildom SeiZleba safrTxis<br />

qveS daayenos, an piriqiT gazardos<br />

motivacia. yvelaferi damokidebulia<br />

garemoebebze~ (gv. 25).<br />

u. uiersmam (1992), j. qameronma<br />

da u. firsma (1994) mniSvnelovani<br />

metaanalizi Caatares am Temaze.<br />

maTma naSromebma morganis daskvna<br />

ganamtkica. sailustraciod, ixileT<br />

Sedegebi, romlebic diagrama<br />

4.6-ze aris warmodgenili.<br />

diagrama 4.6 adasturebs, rom<br />

Sinagani motivaciis gazomvis me­<br />

Todis sxvadasxvaobis gamo mkvlevarebi<br />

SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebul<br />

daskvnebamde mividnen.<br />

ufro zustad, zogierTi kvleva<br />

moswavlis Sinagani motivaciis<br />

gasazomad Tavisufal dros mis<br />

saqmianobas iyenebs. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom aseT kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />

eqceva imas, Tu ramdenad<br />

irCevs moswavle, Tavisufal<br />

dros am konkretuli saqmianobiT<br />

dakavdes, anu im dros, roca mas<br />

konkretuli saqmianobis valdebuleba<br />

ar akisria. ormocdaoTxi<br />

kvleva, romelic moswavlis Sinagani<br />

motivaciis gasazomad Tavisufal<br />

dros mis saqmianobas<br />

iyenebs, afiqsirebs, rom jildos<br />

mcired negatiuri gavlena aqvs Sinagan<br />

motivaciaze, kerZod, _ 0.04.<br />

meore mxriv, aris SemTxvevebi,<br />

rodesac Sinagani motivacia saqmianobisadmi<br />

moswavlis damokidebulebiT<br />

izomeba. ocdacxrameti<br />

kvleva, romelic moswavlis Sinagan<br />

motivacias saqmianobisadmi<br />

moswavlis damokidebulebiT zom­

66 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 4. 5<br />

efeqturi Seqebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi<br />

efeqturi Seqeba<br />

1. mas iZlevian garemoebis mixed viT;<br />

2. akonkretebs miRwevas;<br />

3. spontanurobas, mravalferovnebasa<br />

da damajereblobis sxva<br />

niSnebs amJRavnebs. adasturebs<br />

imas, rom yuradReba eqceva moswavlis<br />

miRwevebs;<br />

4. im dafasebis gamoxatulebaa,<br />

romelic konkretuli kriteriumebis<br />

miRwevas ukavSirdeba<br />

(rac SeiZleba ZalisxmevasTan<br />

dakavSirebul kriteriumebs<br />

gulisxmobdes);<br />

5. moswavleebs awvdis informacias<br />

maTi kompetenciis, an maTi<br />

miRwevis Sesaxeb;<br />

6. xels uwyobs moswavleTa orientacias<br />

davalebis SesrulebasTan<br />

dakavSirebul qcevasa<br />

da problemebis gadaWraze;<br />

7. moswavleebis wina miRwevebs imisTvis<br />

iyenebs, rom maTi amJamindeli<br />

miRwevebi aRweros;<br />

8. moswavle mas rTuli (misTvis)<br />

davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis,<br />

an Sesasruleblad gaRebuli<br />

ZalisxmevisaTvis iRebs;<br />

9. warmatebas Zalisxmevasa da unarTan<br />

akavSirebs; mianiSnebs<br />

moswavles, rom mas analogiuri<br />

warmatebis ganmeoreba momavalSic<br />

SeuZlia;<br />

10. moswavleebs uRvivebs imis<br />

rwme nas, rom maT davalebaze<br />

muSaoba siamovnebT, an mniSvnelovan<br />

unarebs uviTarebT;<br />

11. moswavlis yuradRebis koncentracias<br />

davalebis SesrulebasTan<br />

dakavSirebul qcevaze axdens;<br />

12. moswavleebSi aviTarebs davalebis<br />

SesrulebasTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli unarebis dafasebis<br />

grZnobas.<br />

araefeqturi Seqeba<br />

1. mas iZlevian SemTxveviT, an arasistemurad<br />

2. mxolod zogad pozitiur reaqcias<br />

amJRavnebs;<br />

3. advilad SesamCnevia, rom moswavles<br />

didi yuradReba ar<br />

daTmobia;<br />

4. afasebs monawileobas da yuradRebas<br />

ar aqcevs procesebsa<br />

da Sedegebs;<br />

5. ar awvdis moswavleebs aranair<br />

informacias maTi statusis<br />

Sesaxeb;<br />

6. xels uwyobs moswavleebs, ifiqron<br />

sxva moswavleebTan konkurenciaze;<br />

7. sxva moswavleebis miRwevebs imisTvis<br />

iyenebs, rom konkretuli<br />

moswavlis miRwevebi aRweros;<br />

8. moswavles imis gauTvalis wi neblad<br />

eZleva, Tu ra Zalisxmeva<br />

Cado davalebis SesrulebaSi;<br />

9. warmatebas mxolod unars, an<br />

gareSe faqtorebs ukavSirebs;<br />

gareSe faqtorebSi igulisxmeba<br />

iRbali an davalebis simartive;<br />

10. moswavleebs imis grZnobas uRvivebs,<br />

rom davalebaze gare<br />

faqtorebis gamo muSaoben _<br />

maswavleblis dasakmayofileblad,<br />

Sejibrebis, an jildos<br />

mosagebad da a. S.<br />

11. moswavlis yuradRebis koncentracias<br />

maswavlebelze, ro gorc<br />

gare faqtorze axdens, romelic<br />

moswavleebiT manipulirebs;<br />

12. moswavleebs ar aZlevs saSuale<br />

bas, yuradReba mxolod<br />

davalebis SesrulebasTan dakav<br />

Sirebuli unarebis gavi­<br />

Tarebisken mimarTon.<br />

wyaro: brofi, j. (1981). maswavleblis Seqeba: funqciuri analizi. saganmanaTleblo<br />

kvlevebis mimoxilva, 51, 5 – 32. adaptirebisTvis miRebulia saTanado nebarTva.

moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

67<br />

naSromi<br />

qameroni da<br />

firsi (1994)<br />

uiersma<br />

(1992)<br />

diagrama 4. 6<br />

moswavlis dajildoeba: metaanalizis Sedegebi<br />

rogor xdeba<br />

Sinagani motivaciis<br />

Sefaseba<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

Tavisufali dro 44 _ 0.04 -2<br />

damokidebuleba 39 0.14 6<br />

davalebis warmatebiT<br />

Sesruleba<br />

11 0.34 13<br />

avs, adasturebs, rom jildo moswavlis<br />

Sinagani motivaciis zrdas<br />

xels uwyobs. efeqtis sidide aris<br />

0.14. da bolos, roca ikvleven<br />

moswavlis SesaZleblobas, Seasrulos<br />

`jildosTan~ dakavSirebuli<br />

davaleba, TerTmeti kvlevis<br />

Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom jildos<br />

dadebiTi gavlena aqvs moswavlis<br />

motivaciaze. efeqtis sidide aris<br />

0.34. zogadad, moswavlis motivaciaze<br />

jildos uaryofiTi zegavlena<br />

ikveTeba mxolod maSin,<br />

roca mkvlevari moswavlis motivaciis<br />

sazomad iyenebs moswavlis<br />

Tavisufal arCevans, rom dro<br />

davalebis Sesrulebas dauTmos<br />

(uiersma, 1992, gv. 101).<br />

2. jildo yvelaze efeqturia<br />

maSin, roca misi miReba akademiuri<br />

moswrebis garkveuli standartis<br />

miRwevas ukavSirdeba. u. uiersmas<br />

(1992), iseve rogorc j. qameronisa<br />

da u. firsis (1994) mier Catarebuli<br />

metaanalizi adasturebs zogad<br />

daskvnas imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

rom jildo efeqturia, rodesac<br />

misi miReba garkveuli standartis<br />

miRwevas ukavSirdeba. ufro<br />

zustad, uiersmas metaanalizSi<br />

gamoyenebuli cxra sxvadasxva<br />

kvlevis Sedegi, romlebic erT<br />

jgufad aRiqmeba, jildos gamoyenebis<br />

efeqtis saSualo sidided<br />

asaxelebs 0.38-s. msgavsma aRmo­<br />

Cenebma qameroni da firsi Semdeg<br />

daskvnamde miiyvana:<br />

moswavleTa Sinagan motivaciaze<br />

uaryofiTi gavlena<br />

jildos SeiZleba hqondes ma­<br />

Sin, rodesac davalebis SesrulebisaTvis<br />

moswavleebs ise<br />

ajildoeben, rom ar afaseben<br />

davalebis Sesrulebis xarisxs.<br />

klasSi aseT SemTxvevebTan maSin<br />

gvaqvs saqme, rodesac maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs, ZiriTadad,<br />

garkveuli savarjiSos dasrulebisaTvis<br />

hpirdeba jildos.<br />

moswavlis motivaciaze<br />

jildos im SemTxvevaSi eqneboda<br />

SedarebiT ukeTesi gavlena,<br />

Tu misi miReba davalebis warmatebiT<br />

Sesrulebas daukav­<br />

Sirdeboda (gv. 397).<br />

ufro martivad rom CamovayaliboT,<br />

davalebis dasrulebisaTvis<br />

moswavleTa dajildoeba ar<br />

zrdis maT Sinagan motivacias da<br />

SeiZleba misi Sesustebac ki gamoiwvios.<br />

savaraudod, moswavleebs<br />

uCndebaT gancda, rom maT `uxdian~<br />

imisaTvis, rom konkretuli

68 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

davalebis SesrulebaSi Caeban.<br />

davalebis warmatebiT SesrulebisaTvis<br />

moswavleTa dajildoeba<br />

ki zrdis maT motivacias.<br />

3. abstraqtuli, simboluri<br />

aRiareba ufro efeqturia, vidre<br />

xelSesaxebi jildo. moswavleTa<br />

aRiarebis Sesaxeb bolo daskvna<br />

ukavSirdeba imas, rom aRiarebis<br />

abstraqtuli, simboluri forma<br />

ufro efeqturia, vidre xelSesaxebi<br />

jildo. es mniSvnelovani<br />

daskvnaa. bevri kvleva, romelic<br />

askvnis, rom aRiareba uaryofi­<br />

Tad moqmedebs moswavleTa Sinagan<br />

motivaciaze, iyenebs dajildoebis<br />

iseT formebs, rogorebicaa<br />

tkbileuliT an fuliT dajildoeba.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

aseTma jildoebmac ki SeiZleba<br />

dadebiTi gavlena moaxdinon moswavlis<br />

motivaciaze, Tu maT meore<br />

SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenebT, anu<br />

roca xelSesaxebi jildos miReba<br />

konkretuli davalebis warmatebiT<br />

(garkveuli standartis Sesabamisad)<br />

Sesrulebas ukavSirdeba.<br />

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom rac<br />

ufro simboluria warmatebis aRiarebis<br />

forma, miT ufro Zlieria<br />

misi gavlena moswavlis Sinagan<br />

motivaciaze. am mignebis sailustraciod,<br />

ixileT diagrama 4.7,<br />

romelic qameronisa da firsis<br />

(1994) naSromidanaa amoRebuli.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom sityvieri<br />

aRiarebis gamoyenebas aqvs efeqtis<br />

sidide 0.42 an 0.45, roca motivaciis<br />

sazomad damokidebuleba<br />

an Tavisufali dro gamoiyeneba.<br />

Sesabamisad, sityvieri aRiareba<br />

ufro efeqturia, imisda miuxedavad,<br />

Tu misi gazomvis ra saSualebas<br />

viyenebT. meore mxriv, xel ­<br />

Sesaxebi jildo ar aris motivaciis<br />

amaRlebis efeqturi saSualeba,<br />

imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogor<br />

vzomavT motivacias. sityvier<br />

aRi arebasTan dakavSirebul am<br />

mni Svnelovan aRmoCenebs qameroni<br />

da firsi Semdeg daskvnamde mihyavs:<br />

rodesac adamianebis Sesafaseblad<br />

Seqebasa da pozitiuri<br />

Sefasebis sxva formebs Tundac<br />

droebiT iyeneben, maTi<br />

Sewyvetis Semdeg, adamianebi<br />

am saqmisadmi interess mainc<br />

amJRavneben. qonis (1993, gv. 55)<br />

mier am bolo periodSi gakeTebuli<br />

daskvnebis miuxedavad,<br />

sityvieri Seqeba aris gare motivatori,<br />

romelic damokidebulebebis<br />

da qcevis pozitiur<br />

cvlilebas iwvevs (1994. gv.<br />

397).<br />

zemoT warmodgenili sami ganzogadebuli<br />

daskvnis validurobis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, cxadi xdeba,<br />

rom abstraqtuli jildo, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

Seqeba, romelsac moswavle<br />

konkretuli davalebis warmatebiT<br />

SesrulebisaTvis iRebs,<br />

SeiZleba Zlieri motivatori aRmoCndes.<br />

aseTi tipis aRiarebis<br />

gavlena moswavlis motivaciaze<br />

jer kidev bevrisaTvis gaugebaria<br />

da, Sesabamisad, zogi maswavlebeli<br />

uaryofiTadaa ganwyobili<br />

aRiarebis meTodis mimarT. gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />

rom rodesac am<br />

wignSi moswavlis warmatebis aRiarebaze<br />

vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT<br />

moswavlis konkretuli warmatebis<br />

aRiarebas da amitom vuwodebT<br />

am meTods `aRiarebas~, da ara<br />

`jildos~ an `dafasebas~.

moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

69<br />

diagrama 4. 7<br />

warmatebis aRiarebis abstraqtuli da xelSesaxebi formebis zegavlena<br />

aRiarebis tipi<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

sityvieri aRiarebis gavlena<br />

damokidebulebaze 15 0.42 16<br />

sityvieri aRiarebis gavlena<br />

Tavisufali drois gamoyenebaze 15 0.45 17<br />

xelSesaxebi jildos gavlena<br />

damokidebulebaze 37 0.04 2<br />

xelSesaxebi jildos gavlena<br />

Tavisufali drois gamoyenebaze 51 -0.20 - 8<br />

* gamoTvlilia qameronisa da firsis (1994) naSromSi warmodgenil monacemebze dayrdnobiT<br />

moswavlis warmatebis<br />

aRiarebis praqtika<br />

aRiarebis personalizacia<br />

mniSvnelovania, maswavlebelma<br />

moswavlis warmatebis aRiarebis<br />

dros xazi gausvas moswavlis<br />

pirovnul damsaxurebas. aseT<br />

dros warmateba, rogorc wesi,<br />

konkretuli standartis miRwevas<br />

(rogorc meore daskvnaSia warmodgenili)<br />

ukavSirdeba. qvemoT mocemulia<br />

maswavlebelTa garkveuli<br />

jgufis mier moswavleebis warmatebis<br />

pirvnuli aRiarebis meTodis<br />

SemuSavebis procesi.<br />

saSualo skolis damamTavrebeli<br />

klasebis maswavleblebi im mizniT<br />

Seikribnen, rom moswavleTa<br />

namuSevrebis Sefasebis meTodebi<br />

ganexilaT; isini aqtiur diskusiaSi<br />

Caebnen. maswavlebelTa<br />

nawili acxadebda, rom moswavleebis<br />

mniSvnelovani nawili swrafad<br />

aumjobesebs akademiur miRwevebs,<br />

Tumca sanimuSo dones moswavle­<br />

Ta mcire raodenoba aRwevs. maswavlebelTa<br />

erTi nawili miiCnevda,<br />

rom aseTia cxovrebac, maqsimalur<br />

warmatebas yvela ver aRwevs.<br />

maswavlebelTa meore nawili<br />

aseT Sefasebas ar eTanxmeboda<br />

da Tvlida, rom skolis funqcia<br />

swored `yvela moswavlis daxmarebaSi<br />

mdgomarebs, maT xelSewyobaSi,<br />

rom TavianTi potenciali<br />

maqsimalurad gamoavlinon~. am<br />

diskusiis Sedegad, maswavleblebma<br />

SeimuSaves programa, romelic<br />

maRali akademiuri miznebis dasaxvasa<br />

da miRwevaSi skolis yvela<br />

moswavles daexmareboda, maTi<br />

akademiuri moswrebis miuxedavad.<br />

is moswavle, romelic dasaxul<br />

akademiur mizans warmatebiT miaRwevda,<br />

`pirovnuli miRwevis~<br />

sajaro aRiarebas moipovebda. es<br />

axali jildo male warmatebis<br />

aRiarebis Zalian sasurvel formad<br />

iqca.<br />

pauza, Sexseneba da Seqeba<br />

swavlebis erT-erTi meTodi,<br />

romelic efeqturad iyenebs Seqebas,<br />

Cveulebriv, moixsenieba<br />

saxeliT `pauza, Sexseneba da Se­

70 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

qeba~ (ix. mereTi da Torfe, 1996).<br />

es meTodi gansakuTrebiT kargad<br />

muSaobs maSin, roca moswavleebi<br />

iseT davalebas eWidebian, romlis<br />

Sesrulebac sirTuleebTan aris<br />

dakavSirebuli. `pauza~ gulisxmobs<br />

imas, rom maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

cota xniT awyvetinebs<br />

rTul davalebaze muSaobas. pauzis<br />

ganmavlobaSi maswavlebeli da<br />

moswavleebi erTad ganixilaven<br />

davalebis SesrulebasTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli sirTuleebis gamomwvev<br />

mizezebs. maswavlebeli iyenebs<br />

`Sexsenebas~ imisaTvis, raTa moswavleebs<br />

mianiSnos amocanis amoxsnis/davalebis<br />

Sesrulebis ama Tu<br />

im meTodze. Tu moswavleTaTvis<br />

aseTi Sexseneba sakmarisi aRmoCndeba<br />

da isini warmatebiT gaarTmeven<br />

Tavs davalebas, maswavlebeli<br />

maT Seaqebs. qvemoT moyvanilia<br />

am meTodis maTematikis<br />

gakveTilze gamoyenebis magaliTi,<br />

rac adasturebs meTodis dadebiT<br />

gavlenas klasze.<br />

jeikisaTvis imdenad rTuli<br />

iyo qveSmiweriT gayofa, rom<br />

maTematikis swavlaze guli<br />

TandaTan ucruvdeboda. jeiks<br />

aSkara imedgacrueba daetyo,<br />

roca maswavlebelma sTxova,<br />

wera Seewyvita. maswavlebelma<br />

SeniSna, rom jeikis mier Secdomebis<br />

daSvebis ZiriTadi mizezi<br />

qveSmiweriT gamoklebisas<br />

svetebis arasworxazovnebaSi<br />

mdgomareobda, man moswavles<br />

ujriani furceli misca da<br />

auxsna, rogor unda daecva<br />

sworxazovneba. jeiki gaaoca<br />

im efeqtma, rac ujriani furclis<br />

gamoyenebas mohyva - misi<br />

cifrebi axla ukve Zalian lamazad<br />

lagdeboda da gamoTvlebis<br />

gakeTebac advildeboda.<br />

roca maswavlebeli mis merxTan<br />

meored SeCerda, jeikma ukve<br />

Seqeba daimsaxura; mas oTxi<br />

davaleba sruliad uSecdomod<br />

hqonda Sesrulebuli.<br />

warmatebis aRiarebis<br />

konkretuli simboloebi<br />

bevri maswavlebeli, romelic<br />

moswavleTa warmatebas xSirad<br />

sityvierad aRiarebs, dagveTanxmeba,<br />

rom zogjer aRiarebisaTvis<br />

nivTieri, simboluri formis<br />

micemac sasargebloa. maswavlebelma<br />

aRiarebis aseT xelSesaxeb<br />

formad SeiZleba sasaCuqre baraTebi,<br />

stikerebi, jildoebi<br />

da mcire saCuqrebi gamoiyenos.<br />

rogorc pirvel daskvnaSi aRvniSneT,<br />

jildoebi ar amcirebs moswavlis<br />

Sinagan motivacias, Tu<br />

isini konkretuli miRwevis aRsaniSnavad<br />

eZleva axalgazrdas.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenili magaliTi<br />

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

simboluri wamaxaliseblis efeqturi<br />

gamoyeneba.<br />

ukve ori weli iyo, derili<br />

saerTaSoriso skolaSi swavlobda.<br />

mas uyvarda swavla da<br />

warmatebul moswavled iTvleboda.<br />

am semestrSi uCveulod<br />

energiagamoclilad grZnobda<br />

Tavs. derilis niSnebi gauaresda<br />

da klasSic gonebagafantuli<br />

ijda xolme. maswavlebelma<br />

SeamCnia derils es cvlileba.<br />

ufro metic, maswavlebeli xedavda,<br />

rom sxva moswavleebsac<br />

analogiuri simptomebi hqondaT.<br />

derilis sabednierod,<br />

maswavlebelma gadawyvita, mosw<br />

avleebis `gamosafxizleblad~<br />

da maT dasaxmareblad<br />

rame RonisZiebisaTvis miemar­<br />

Ta. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo­

moswavlis Zalisxmevis gaZliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

71<br />

vani gamocdis TariRamde ori<br />

kviris manZilze maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs yoveldRiurad avarjiSebda<br />

mokle amocanebze.<br />

yovelTvis, roca moswavle maRal<br />

qulas (90-dan 100-mde) iRebda,<br />

an wina dResTan SedarebiT<br />

10 quliT aumjobesebda Sedegs,<br />

maswavlebeli ajildoebda.<br />

raS i mdgomareobda jildo<br />

mxiaruli saxis gamosaxulebian<br />

stikerebSi, makdonaldsis saTamaSoebSi,<br />

wveulebis qudebSi da<br />

a. S. derili da misi klaselebi<br />

gaxalisdnen; isini sixaruliTa<br />

da siciliT xvdebodnen jildos<br />

gadacemis yovel ceremonias.<br />

rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,<br />

gamocdaze moswavleebma<br />

saukeTeso niSnebi miiRes, maTi<br />

akademiurma moswreba sagrZnoblad<br />

gaumjobesda.<br />

* * *<br />

klasSi Zalisxmevis gaZlierebaze<br />

mimarTuli meTodebis gamoyeneba<br />

moswavleebs mniSvnelovan<br />

gamocdilebas uviTarebs; isini<br />

acnobiereben, rom damatebiTi<br />

mcdeloba gazrdil warmatebas­<br />

Tanaa dakavSirebuli. ufro metic,<br />

Tu moswavleTa warmatebis<br />

aRiarebis teqnikasac gamoviyenebT,<br />

davinaxavT, rom ara mxolod<br />

gavzrdiT moswavleTa akademiur<br />

miRwevebs, aramed gavaZlierebT<br />

maT motivacias, rom kidev ufro<br />

kargad iswavlon da kidev ufro<br />

meti energia moaxmaron miznis<br />

miRwevisaken swrafvas.

5<br />

saSinao<br />

davaleba<br />

da praqtika<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

`me mZuls saSinao davalebebis Sesruleba. ratom ar SeiZleba skolaSive<br />

gvaswavlon yvelaferi vici, rogor amovxsna es amocanebi.<br />

raRa saWiroa kidev 25 aseTi amocanis amoxsna~ jefs araerTxel<br />

gamouxatavs amgvari mosazreba saxlSi, mSoblebTan. amjerad jefis<br />

dedas SvilisaTvis gasacemi pasuxi momzadebuli hqonda.<br />

`roca mSobelTa Sekrebaze viyavi, Tqveni klasis maswavleblebma<br />

gangvimartes saSinao davalebebis arsi da agvixsnes, Tu<br />

raSi mdgomareobda mSoblis roli. axla vecdebi, Sen agixsna es<br />

yvelaferi. Tu maswavlebeli amosaxsnelad 25 amocanas gaZlevs,<br />

es imitom, rom mas surs, gavarjiSos. amdeni amocanis amoxsnis<br />

Semdeg Sen ufro male da ukeT SeZleb amocanebis amoxsnas. ase<br />

rom, amocanebze muSaobisas televizoris yureba ar aris kargi.”<br />

aseve, jefis dedas axsovda is ramdenime rCeva, romelic<br />

mSobelTa Sekrebaze misces. es rCevebi ukavSirdeboda bavSvebis<br />

daxmarebas saSinao davalebebis Sesrulebisas. `ai, Sexede saaTs.<br />

roca getyvi `daiwye~, Sen iwyeb pirveli 5 amocanis keTebas da<br />

rogorc ki morCebi, daiZaxeb `movrCi~. Semdegi 30 wuTi jefma<br />

mTlianad amocanebis amoxsnas miuZRvna. 25 amocana 5 amocanisagan<br />

Semdgar jgufebad dayo da cdilobda, yoveli axali jgufi ufro<br />

male daeZlia, vidre wina. amavdroulad, is yuradRebiT unda yofiliyo,<br />

rom siCqareSi Secdomebi ar daeSva. saSinao davalebis<br />

Sesrulebis Semdeg jefma aRiara, rom xalisiT amoxsna amocanebi<br />

da saSinao davalebis SesrulebisaTvis gamoyofilma dromac<br />

swrafad gaiara.<br />

`maswavlebels gaaxareb, roca naxavs, rom yvela amocana amoxseni<br />

da Tan es siCqarisa da sisworis meTodi gamoiyene~, uTxra<br />

dedam jefs. maswavlebels marTlac moewona jefis diagrama,<br />

romelzec davalebis Sesrulebis droebi iyo gamosaxuli. SemdegSi<br />

maswavlebeli am meTods xSirad iyenebda klasSi da met sixalises<br />

hmatebda moswavleTa mier Sesasrulebel davalebebs.<br />

saSinao davalebebi da praqtikuli muSaoba swavlebis<br />

is meTodebia, romlebic maswavleblebisaTvis kargadaa<br />

cnobili. orive meTodi saSualebas moswavleebs aZlevs,<br />

gaiumjobeson unarebi da ukeTesad Cawvdnen Sesaswavl<br />

masalas.<br />

72

saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

73<br />

saSinao davaleba: kvlevebi da<br />

Teoriebi<br />

gan `cxovrebis pirveli 18 wlis<br />

manZilze moswavle Tavisi aqtiuri<br />

drois saSualod 13 procents<br />

skolaSi atarebs~. es naklebia im<br />

drosTan SedarebiT, rasac moswavleebi<br />

TavianTi cxovrebis am<br />

monakveTSi televizorTan atareben<br />

(freizeri, uolbergi, uelCi<br />

da heTi, 1987, gv. 234). diagrama<br />

5.1-ze warmodgenilia saSinao davalebebis<br />

gamoyenebis meTodTan<br />

da kavSirebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi.<br />

Cven am kvlevebidan oTxi<br />

zogadi daskvna gamovitaneT, rac<br />

sasargeblo iqneba im maswavleblebisaTvis,<br />

romlebic saSinao<br />

davalebis meTods iyeneben.<br />

1. dawyebiT, sabazo da saSualo<br />

safexurebze moswavleebs<br />

gadaWarbebad ar unda CaiTvalos<br />

imis Tqma, rom saSinao davaleba<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

ganaTlebis sistemaSi aqtiurad<br />

gamoyenebuli, misi warmmarTveli<br />

elementia. im droisaTvis, roca<br />

moswavleebi sabazo ganaTlebas<br />

asruleben, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />

Cveva ukve maTi cxovrebis<br />

ganuyofeli nawilia. isini, vinc<br />

saSinao davalebis meTods emxrobian,<br />

Semdeg arguments iSvelieben:<br />

saSinao davaleba afarToebs swavlebis<br />

SesaZleblobebs da aiZulebs<br />

moswavleebs, skolidan Sin wasvlis<br />

Semdegac ki ar Sewyviton swavlis<br />

procesi. es aucilebelicaa, raddiagrama<br />

5. 1<br />

saSinao davalebebis gamoyenebis meTodTan dakavSirebuli<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

naSromi<br />

faSali, uain­<br />

Staini da uolbergi,<br />

1984<br />

grau, uain­<br />

Staini da<br />

uolbergi,<br />

1983<br />

heTi, 1992<br />

rosi, 1988<br />

kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

saSinao davalebis<br />

zogad gavlenaze<br />

saSinao<br />

davalebis zogad<br />

gavlenaze<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

81 0.36 14<br />

29 0.49 19<br />

saSinao<br />

dava lebis zogad<br />

gavlenaze 110 0.43 1<br />

saSinao<br />

dava lebis zogad<br />

gavlenaze 53 0.65 24

74 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

sxvadasxva moculobis saSinao<br />

davaleba unda mivceT. xSirad svamen<br />

SekiTxvas dawyebiT klasebSi<br />

saSinao davalebis micemis efeqturobis<br />

Sesaxeb. damokidebuleba<br />

am sakiTxi sadmi orad iyofa: zogi<br />

Tvlis, rom dawyebiTi klasebis<br />

moswavleebisaTvis saSinao da valebis<br />

micema efeqturia, zogic<br />

miiCnevs, rom xsenebuli meTodi<br />

dawyebiT klasebSi ar amarTlebs.<br />

es sakiTxi pirvelad heris<br />

kuperma wamowia (1989, a, b) Tavis<br />

metaanalizSi. 1988 wlamde<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebis mimoxilvis<br />

safuZvelze kuperma Semdegi<br />

efeqtis sidideebi daadgina:<br />

klasebi 4 _ 6:<br />

efeqtis sidide = 0.15<br />

klasebi 7 _ 9:<br />

efeqtis sidide = 0.31<br />

klasebi 10 _ 12:<br />

efeqtis sidide = 0.64<br />

maSin, roca maRal klasebSi<br />

saSinao davalebaze muSaoba akademiuri<br />

moswrebis 24 procentiliT<br />

zrdas ukavSirdeba, sabazo skolaSi<br />

es efeqti mxo lod 12 procentilia.<br />

yvelaze didi aRmoCena,<br />

rac kuperma gaakeTa, iyo saSinao<br />

davalebis mcire zegavlena moswavlis<br />

akademiur moswrebaze 4 -<br />

6 klasebSi _ mxolod 6 procentiliT<br />

zrda. am daskvnis safuZvelze<br />

ganaTlebis specialistTa<br />

gar kveulma nawilma daiwyo imis<br />

mtkiceba, rom dabali klasebis<br />

moswavleebs saSinao davaleba ar<br />

unda mivceT, radgan es araefeqturi<br />

meTodia. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />

isic, rom kuperis metaanalizis<br />

Semdeg kidev Catarda kvlevebi<br />

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT<br />

(maT Soris ramodenime Tavad kuperis<br />

mier). Semdgomma kvlevebma<br />

daadastura, rom saSinao davaleba<br />

meore klasis moswavleebisaTvisac<br />

ki sasargebloa (kuperi,<br />

lindsi, nai da greiThausi, 1998;<br />

kuperi, valentaini, nai da lindsi,<br />

1999; gudi, grausi da ebmaieri,<br />

1983; gorjesi da elioti, 1995;<br />

rozenbergi, 1989). kuperis (1989,<br />

a, b) Tavdapirveli daskvnis miuxedavad,<br />

rom saSinao davaleba dawyebiTi<br />

klasebis moswavleTa akademiur<br />

moswrebaze mniSvnelovan<br />

gavlenas ar axdenda, Semdgom naSromebSi<br />

is urCevs maswavleblebs,<br />

dawyebiT klasebSic gamoiyenon<br />

saSinao davalebis meTodi:<br />

me vurCev maswavleblebs, rom<br />

miscen saSinao davaleba dawyebiTi<br />

klasebis moswavleebsac,<br />

imisda miuxedavad, mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaaumjobesebs Tu<br />

ara saSinao davalebebis Sesruleba<br />

moswavleTa testirebis<br />

qulebs. saSinao davalebaze<br />

muSaoba patara bavSvebs swavlis<br />

sasargeblo unar-Cvevebs<br />

gamoumuSavebs, gauRvivebs pozitiur<br />

damokidebulebas skolisadmi<br />

da, aseve, miaCvevs im<br />

azrs, rom swavla SeiZleba ara<br />

mxolod skolaSi, aramed saxl­<br />

Sic (1989 b, gv. 90).<br />

Cven miviCnevT, rom dawyebiTi klasis<br />

moswavleebs, sul mcire meore<br />

klasidan mainc, maswavleblebma<br />

garkveuli moculobis saSinao<br />

davalebebi unda miscen. am rCevis<br />

safuZvelia kuperis naSromebi<br />

(1989, a, b) da im kvlevaTa Sedegebi,<br />

romlebic kuperis Semdgom

saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

75<br />

periodSi Catarda da romlebic<br />

adastureben, rom saSinao davaleba<br />

mniSvnelovan dadebiT gavlenas<br />

axdens dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebis<br />

akademiur moswrebaze.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dawyebiTi<br />

klasis moswavleebs gacilebiT<br />

mcire moculobis saSinao<br />

davaleba unda mivceT, vidre SedarebiT<br />

maRali klasebis moswavleebs.<br />

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />

eniWeba dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebisaTvis<br />

misacemi saSinao<br />

davalebis optimaluri moculobis<br />

gansazRvras. samwuxarod,<br />

am SekiTxvaze zusti pasuxi jerjerobiT<br />

ar arsebobs. diagrama<br />

5.2- ze warmodgenilia rekomendaciebi<br />

sxvadasxva kvlevidan.<br />

da bolos, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom arsebobs maRali klasis moswavleTaTvis<br />

misacemi saSinao<br />

davalebis moculobis praqtikuli<br />

(da eTikuri) zRvari, kvlevebi<br />

adasturebs Semdegs: rac ufro<br />

didi moculobis saSinao davalebas<br />

asruleben maRalklaselebi,<br />

miT ufro maRal qulebs iReben<br />

testirebisas; sxva sityvebiT, miT<br />

ufro maRalia maTi akademiuri moswreba.<br />

T. qeiTis (1982) monacemebi<br />

adasturebs, rom yovel saRamos<br />

saSinao davalebis Sesrulebaze<br />

daxarjuli yoveli damatebiTi 30<br />

wuTi moswavlis saSualo niSans<br />

(GPA-s) naxevari quliT zrdis.<br />

es imas niSnavs, rom Tu moswavle,<br />

romlis saSualo niSania 2.00, yovel<br />

saRamos 30 wuTiT mets imecadinebs,<br />

gaaumjobesebs niSans 2.50-<br />

mde.<br />

2. saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />

procesSi mSobeli Zalian iSviaTad<br />

unda Caerios. bevri mSobeli<br />

Tvlis, rom aucilebelia, Svils<br />

saSinao davalebis SesrulebaSi<br />

diagrama 5. 2<br />

saSinao davalebisaTvis yoveldRiurad gamoyofili drois (wT.)<br />

raodenoba<br />

klasi<br />

pensilvaniis<br />

Statis<br />

ganaTlebis<br />

departamenti,<br />

1973<br />

leone<br />

da ri­<br />

Cardsi,<br />

1989<br />

bondi<br />

da<br />

smiTi,<br />

1966<br />

sTrengi,<br />

1975<br />

dawyebiTi 30 20 _ 29 10<br />

dawyebi­<br />

Tis bo lo<br />

klasebi 45 _ 90 30 _ 40 40*<br />

sabazo ganaTleba<br />

90 _ 120 50 50 60*<br />

qeiTi,<br />

1982<br />

Timci<br />

da<br />

ficgibsi,<br />

1992<br />

saSualo<br />

ganaTleba 120 _ 180 120 60* 60<br />

*es savaraudo ricxvebia da efuZneba avtoris SeniSvnebs

76 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

daexmaros. zogierT skolaSi werilobiT<br />

Camoayalibes mSoblis mier<br />

moswavlisaTvis saSinao davalebis<br />

Sesrulebisas daxmarebis gawevis<br />

wesebi (roderiqi, fulouei, qumbladi<br />

da efSTaini, 1994). sasurvelia,<br />

mSoblebi moswavlisaTvis<br />

micemuli davalebis Sesaxeb saqmis<br />

kursSi iyvnen, magram saWiro ar<br />

aris, davalebis SesrulebaSi da exmaron<br />

Svilebs. bevri kvleva aCvenebs,<br />

rom Tu mSoblebi aqtiurad exmarebian<br />

bavSvs davalebis momzadebis<br />

procesSi, saSinao davalebis<br />

Sesrulebam SeiZleba saerTod<br />

ar moaxdinos gavlena moswavlis<br />

akademiur moswrebaze, an piriqiT,<br />

gaauaresos is (ix. bali, 1998;<br />

bali, demo da uedmani, 1998; bali,<br />

uedmani da demo, 1997; perkinsi da<br />

milgrami, 1996). es, ra Tqma unda,<br />

ar niSnavs imas, rom mSoblebi<br />

saerTod ar unda dainteresdnen<br />

moswavleebis saSinao davalebiT.<br />

gavixsenoT jefis dedis mier jefisaTvis<br />

saSinao davalebis Sesrulebisas<br />

mimarTulebis mi cemis<br />

magaliTi, rac am Tavis dasawyis­<br />

Si iyo warmodgenili. mSoblebi<br />

ar unda ecadon, Svilebs saSinao<br />

davalebis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris<br />

gadawyvetaSi daexmaron.<br />

3. maswavlebeli kargad unda<br />

adgendes da xsnides saSinao<br />

davalebis mizans. yvela saSinao<br />

davaleba erTnairi ar aris. maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs SeiZleba<br />

sxvadasxva mizniT misces saSinao<br />

davaleba. miznidan gamomdinare,<br />

sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi saSinao<br />

davalebis forma da misi Sesworebis<br />

meTodi gansxvavebulia. ai, is<br />

ori ZiriTadi mizani, rac SeiZleba<br />

saSinao davalebas hqondes: (1)<br />

praqtika, (2) axladaxsnili/asaxsneli<br />

masalis gasagebad momzadeba<br />

(ix. foile, 1985; foile da beili,<br />

1988; foile, limani, Tomfqinsi,<br />

ferne da foile, 1990). Tu saSinao<br />

davalebis mizania praqtika, maSin<br />

davaleba im Sinaarsobriv masalas<br />

unda exebodes, rac moswavleebisaTvis<br />

axali ar aris. magaliTad,<br />

Tu maswavlebels surs, rom moswavleebs<br />

saSinao davalebis SesrulebiT<br />

garkveuli unar-Cveva<br />

ganuviTaros, gakveTilze unda<br />

auxsnas maT, Tu raSi mdgomareobs<br />

es unar-Cveva. saxlSi im unar-Cvevis<br />

gamomuSavebaze varjiSi,<br />

romelic moswavlisaTvis gaugebari<br />

da ucnobia, araefeqturi<br />

iqneba da, SesaZlebelia, es konkretuli<br />

unar-Cveva moswavles<br />

arasworad ganuviTardes.<br />

meore mizani, rac davalebis<br />

Sesrulebas SeiZleba hqondes,<br />

aris moswavleTa momzadeba asaxsneli<br />

masalisaTvis, an im masalis<br />

gagebisaTvis, rac axlad axsnilia.<br />

magaliTad, ujredis Sesaxeb<br />

davaleba maswavlebelma SeiZleba<br />

manam misces moswavleebs, sanam<br />

gakveTilze zedmiwevniT ganumartavs<br />

maT ujredis raobas. mas<br />

Semdeg, rac maswavlebeli ujredis<br />

Temas auxsnis klass, ukve<br />

iseT saSinao davalebas miscems,<br />

romelic moswavleebs daexmareba,<br />

ukeTesad Caswvdnen axladaxsnil<br />

masalas. am orive SemTxvevaSi, ar<br />

aris aucilebeli, moswavleebs<br />

siRrmiseulad hqondeT gaazrebuli<br />

masalis Sinaarsi (gansxvavebiT<br />

im SemTxvevebisagan, roca saSinao<br />

davalebas maswavlebeli praqti­

saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

77<br />

kis mizniT aZlevs moswavleebs).<br />

4. Tu maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

saSinao davalebas aZlevs, Sesrulebuli<br />

davalebis gasworebisTvisac<br />

mzad unda iyos. erT-erTi kvleva<br />

(ix. uolbergi, 1999) adasturebs,<br />

rom saSinao davalebis gavlena<br />

moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze<br />

gansxvavdeba im komentarebis<br />

mixedviT, rasac am davalebis gasworebis<br />

dros maswavlebeli umzadebs<br />

moswavles. diagrama 5.3-ze<br />

am kvlevidan amoRebuli daskvnebia<br />

warmodgenili.<br />

diagrama 5.3-is mixedviT, sa­<br />

Sinao davaleba, romelsac maswavlebeli<br />

ar asworebs (arc niSniT<br />

afasebs da arc komentarebs uwers),<br />

moswavleTa akademiuri moswrebis<br />

gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

efeqturi ar aris; efeqtis<br />

sididea 0.28. gacilebiT ufro<br />

efeqturia saSinao davaleba im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu maswavlebeli<br />

davalebas amowmebs da moswavles<br />

afasebs kidec; efeqtis sididea<br />

0.78. saSinao davalebis Sesruleba<br />

yvelaze sasargebloa maSin, rodesac<br />

moswavlis davalebas maswavlebeli<br />

ara mxolod amowmebs,<br />

aramed werilobiT komentarebsac<br />

uwers; efeqtis sididea 0. 83. es<br />

ukanaskneli moswavlis akademiur<br />

moswrebas 30 procentiliT aumjobesebs.<br />

saSinao davalebis micemis<br />

praqtika<br />

1. CamoayalibeT da auxseniT<br />

moswavleebs saSinao davalebis<br />

Sesrulebis wesebi. moswavleebs<br />

da maT mSoblebs aucileblad<br />

unda esmodeT saSinao davalebis<br />

Sesrulebis miznebi, moculoba,<br />

saSinao davalebis momzadebis<br />

procesSi mSoblis CarTulobis<br />

diagrama 5. 3<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi saSinao davalebis gasworebisas<br />

miRebuli komentarebis Sesaxeb<br />

saSinao davalebis tipi<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

saSinao davaleba, romelsac<br />

maswavlebeli asworebs da<br />

komentarebs uwers 2 0.83 30<br />

saSinao davaleba, romelsac<br />

maswavlebeli amowmebs da<br />

niSniT afasebs 3 0.78 28<br />

saSinao davaleba, romelsac<br />

maswavlebeli ar asworebs (arc<br />

niSniT afasebs da arc<br />

komentarebs uwers) 47 0.28 11

78 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

daSvebuli zRvari da is RonisZiebebi,<br />

rac davalebis Seusruleblobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi gatardeba.<br />

saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />

wesebis SemuSavebisas, TiToeuli<br />

zemoT Camoyalibebuli daskvna<br />

unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. imisda<br />

miuxedavad, Tu vin imuSavebs<br />

wesebs (saxelwifo, skola, Tu<br />

maswavlebeli), au cilebelia, es<br />

wesebi moswavleebamde da mSoblebamde<br />

naTlad iyos mitanili.<br />

kargi komunikacia imis garantia,<br />

rom ar gaCndeba gaugebroba moswavleebsa<br />

da mSoblebs, maswavleblebsa<br />

da moswavleebs, maswavleblebsa<br />

da mSoblebs Soris.<br />

saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />

wesebis Camoya libeba, swori komunikacia<br />

da dacva zrdis moswavlis<br />

akademiur moswrebas. qvemoT<br />

warmodgenili maga liTi kargi<br />

ilustraciaa imisa, Tu ras unda<br />

moicavdes saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />

wesebi da rogor unda<br />

auxsnan maswavleblebma es wesebi<br />

moswavleebsa da mSoblebs.<br />

Sermaini axali misuli iyo skolaSi,<br />

roca Tavis mSoblebs<br />

sTxo va, 30 wuTi daeTmoT mis­<br />

Tvis. maswavlebelma Sermains<br />

gamoatana orgverdiani dokumenti<br />

saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis<br />

wesebis Sesaxeb. maswavleblis<br />

miTiTebis Sesabamisad,<br />

Sermains mSoblebTan erTad<br />

unda waekiTxa es dokumenti.<br />

mSoblebs unda moeweraT xeli<br />

dokumentze imis niSnad, rom<br />

maT es wesebi waikiTxes. meore<br />

dRes Sermains unda mietana es<br />

dokumenti skolaSi da Tavisi<br />

saSinao davalebebis rveulis<br />

wina gverdze miemagrebina. Sermainis<br />

mSoblebi ganacvifra<br />

dokumentis detalizaciam. maT<br />

ufros Svilebs mxolod im Sedegebis<br />

Sesaxeb afrTxilebdnen<br />

xolme, rac davalebis Seusruleblobas<br />

mohyveboda (niSnis<br />

dakleba). es wesebi ki saSinao<br />

davalebis SesrulebasTan dakav­<br />

Sirebul bevr sxva sakiTxsac<br />

detalurad xsnida. Sermainis<br />

mSoblebi gansakuTrebiT gaaxara<br />

Semdegi informaciis gacnobam:<br />

• mSoblebi unda daexmaron<br />

Svilebs im adgilis mowyobaSi,<br />

sadac moswavlem<br />

saSinao davaleba unda Seasrulos;<br />

• mSoblebi unda daexmaron<br />

Svilebs saSinao davalebis<br />

Sesrulebis ganrigis SemuSavebaSi,<br />

an yovel kvira<br />

saRamos miiRon monawileoba<br />

aseTi ganrigis momzadebaSi,<br />

romelic momaval kviraSi<br />

Sesasrulebel saSinao<br />

davalebebs asaxavs;<br />

• mSoblebma unda gaamxnevon<br />

da waaxalison bavSvebi, Seaxsenon<br />

saSinao davalebis<br />

Sesaxeb, magram arasdros<br />

ar unda Seasrulon saSinao<br />

davaleba maTTan erTad.<br />

saSinao davalebis mizania,<br />

daexmaros Tqvens Svils im<br />

masalis ukeTesad aTviseba­<br />

Si, rac man ukve Seiswavla.<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqvens<br />

Svils uWirs davalebis Sesruleba,<br />

amis Sesaxeb maswavlebels<br />

unda acnoboT;<br />

• Tu Tqveni Svili konkretuli<br />

unar-Cvevis gamomuSavebis<br />

mizniT asrulebs sa­<br />

Sinao davalebas, sTxoveT<br />

mas, agixsnaT, romeli savarjiSoa<br />

misTvis advili,<br />

romeli ki _ SedarebiT rTuli.<br />

aseve, dainteresdiT,<br />

Tu rogor apirebs bavSvi<br />

am sirTul(eeb)is gadalaxvas.<br />

Tu Tqveni Svili saSi­

saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

79<br />

nao davalebad garkveul<br />

proeqts amzadebs, hkiTxeT,<br />

ra codnas iyenebs am proeqtis<br />

SemuSavebisas. Tu moswavles<br />

uWirs imis axsna, Tu<br />

ra codnas iyenebs, acnobeT<br />

amis Sesaxeb Tqveni Svilis<br />

maswavlebels;<br />

• romel klasSia Tqveni Svili<br />

klasis aRmniSvneli<br />

ricxvi gaamravleT 10-ze da<br />

miiRebT drois im saSualo<br />

xangrZliobas, rasac moswavle<br />

saSinao davalebis<br />

momzadebas unda axmardes.<br />

es imas niSnavs, rom meoreklaseli,<br />

daaxloebiT, 20<br />

wuTs unda xarjavdes sa­<br />

Sinao davalebaze, mesameklaseli<br />

_ 30 wuTs, meoTxeklaseli<br />

_ 40 wuTs da a. S.<br />

ra Tqma unda, iqneba gamonaklisebic.<br />

• rekomendebulia, mSobelma<br />

Seawyvetinos Svils davalebaze<br />

muSaoba, Tu bavSvis<br />

Zilis dro moaxlovda,<br />

im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca<br />

bavSvs davalebaze muSaoba<br />

ar aqvs dasrulebuli.<br />

2. ise CamoayalibeT saSinao<br />

davaleba, rom davalebis mizani<br />

da Sedegi cxadi iyos moswavleebisaTvis.<br />

zemoT warmodgenil mesame<br />

daskvnaSi naTqvami iyo, rom<br />

saSinao davalebis erT-erTi mizania,<br />

uzrunvelyos moswavlis<br />

varjiSi ukve axsnil da gaazrebul<br />

masalaze (praqtika). aseve,<br />

saSinao davaleba SeiZleba miznad<br />

isaxavdes moswavlis momzadebas<br />

asaxsneli masalisaTvis, an im<br />

masalis gagebisaTvis, rac axlad<br />

axsnilia. aris SemTxvevebi, roca<br />

moswavleebi saSinao davalebebs am<br />

ori mizanis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan<br />

ver asxvaveben. zogi moswavle<br />

fiqrobs, rom erTaderTi, rac<br />

mis maswavlebels ainteresebs,<br />

dasrulebuli saSinao davalebis<br />

naxvaa. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania,<br />

maswavlebelma zustad gansazRvros,<br />

ratom aZlevs ama Tu im<br />

saSinao davalebas moswavleebs da<br />

saSinao davalebis mizani bavSvebsac<br />

cxadad unda auxsnas. qvemoT<br />

warmodgenili magaliTi gviCvenebs,<br />

Tu rogor SeiZleba amis gakeTeba:<br />

karlim saSinao davalebebis<br />

rveuli imisTvis gadaSala, rom<br />

davaleba CaeniSna. klasSi yvela<br />

moswavles davalebis erTnairi<br />

rveuli hqonda, romelic bloknots<br />

waagavda da yovel gverdze<br />

specialurad gamoyofili<br />

grafebi hqonda, davalebis Sesaxeb<br />

informaciis Sesayvanad. am<br />

grafebSi Semdegi informacia<br />

unda Seetana moswavles:<br />

sagani: _____________________<br />

saSinao davalebis<br />

Cabarebis TariRi: ___________<br />

ra maqvs gasakeTebeli<br />

dRes saRamos: ______________<br />

saSinao davalebis<br />

Sesrulebis mizani: __________<br />

ra vici ukve, an ra unda<br />

vicode imisaTvis, rom es<br />

davaleba Sevasrulo: ________<br />

wlis dasawyisSi maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs auxsna, Tu rogor<br />

unda SeevsoT saSinao davalebebis<br />

rveuli. Tavdapirvelad,<br />

moswavleebs es rveuli didad<br />

ar moewonaT, magram Tanda­

80 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

TanobiT mieCvivnen TiToeuli<br />

grafis swrafad da zedmiwevniT<br />

Sevsebis proceduras.<br />

moswavleebs gansakuTrebiT<br />

imis gamo moswondaT davalebebis<br />

rveuli, rom is naTel<br />

warmodgenas aZlevda maT Sesasrulebeli<br />

saSinao davalebisa<br />

da am davalebis miznis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

3. moumzadeT moswavleebs sa­<br />

Sinao davalebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

sxvadasxva tipis komentarebi.<br />

Sesrulebul saSinao davalebaze<br />

maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli<br />

SeniSvnebis gacnoba<br />

zrdis moswavlis akademiur moswrebas.<br />

SeiZleba Cveni mizani<br />

moswavleTaTvis, rac SeiZleba,<br />

maRali xarisxis, konkretuli komentarebis<br />

miwodeba iyos. Tumca<br />

gasagebia, rom maswavlebeli yvela<br />

saSinao davalebas erTsa da<br />

imave dros ver dauTmobs. bevri<br />

maswavlebeli cdilobs, gaasworos<br />

da TiTqmis yvela davalebas<br />

daurTos komentarebi. roca<br />

es SesaZlebelia, maswavleblebi<br />

iseT meTodebs mimarTaven, riTac<br />

cdiloben, maqsimalurad gazardon<br />

mcire droSi gakeTebuli komentarebis<br />

efeqturoba. qvemoT<br />

moyvanili magaliTi swored erTerT<br />

aseT meTods exeba:<br />

Tu saSinao davaleba ramdenime<br />

dRis manZilze erTsa da imave<br />

Temas exeba, dilaobiT qalbatoni<br />

braunis me-5 klasis moswavleebi<br />

davalebebs Tavad asworeben<br />

da ganixilaven, Semdeg<br />

ki portfolioSi deben. portfolio<br />

saklaso oTaxSi inaxeba.<br />

qalbatoni brauni am portfolios,<br />

SeZlebisdagvarad, xSirdiagrama<br />

5. 4<br />

praqtikis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

naSromi<br />

rosi,<br />

1988<br />

blumi,<br />

1976 *<br />

qumari,<br />

1991<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

kvlevebSi<br />

yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

praqtikis<br />

zogadi<br />

gavlena 9 0.29 40<br />

praqtikis<br />

zogadi<br />

gavlena<br />

7<br />

34<br />

10<br />

0.54<br />

93<br />

1.43<br />

21<br />

32<br />

42<br />

praqtikis<br />

zogadi<br />

gavlena 5 1.58 44<br />

* blumis naSromis gaswvriv efeqtis sididis sami kategoriaa mocemuli, Tavad naSromSi<br />

warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare. detalebiT<br />

dainteresebul mkiTxvels vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.

saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

81<br />

diagrama 5. 5<br />

swavlis procesis amsaxveli mrudi<br />

ad amowmebs da moswavleTa mier<br />

Sesrulebul da maT mierve gasworebul<br />

saSinao davalebebs<br />

komentarebs ukeTebs. roca<br />

qalbatoni brauni iseT davalebas<br />

aZlevs moswavleebs, romelic<br />

maT mier garkveuli unar-<br />

Cvevis swraf da swor gamoyenebazea<br />

mimarTuli, avalebs,<br />

Tavadve Seasworon davaleba da<br />

sakuTar nawerebs komentarebic<br />

gaukeTon. ufro zustad, maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs sTxovs,<br />

davalebis Sesrulebis siCqaresTan<br />

da sisworesTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli komentarebi moamzadon.<br />

Tu moswavleebs maswavlebelTan<br />

saubari da davalebis<br />

Sesrulebisas wamoWrili problemebis<br />

ganxilva sWirdebaT,<br />

qalbatoni brauni specialur<br />

dros gamoyofs maTTvis.<br />

praqtika: kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />

yvelasaTvis kargad cnobilia,<br />

rom praqtika aucilebelia codnisa<br />

da unar-Cvevebis SeZena-ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

qveTavi, romelic<br />

saSinao dava lebas exeboda, gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas swored<br />

praqtikaze amaxvilebda. qvemoT<br />

ufro detalurad ganvixilavT<br />

praqtikis mniSvnelobas. diagrama<br />

5.4-ze warmodgenilia im naSromebis<br />

Sedegebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia<br />

kvlevebi praqtikis Sesaxeb.<br />

praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

kvlevebidan ramdenime mniSvnelovan<br />

daskvnas movuyareT Tavi.

82 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

1. unar-Cvevis ganviTareba,<br />

rogorc wesi, garkveuli periodis<br />

manZilze mimdinare mizanmimarTul<br />

praqtikas ukavSirdeba.<br />

kognituri fsiqologiis sferoSi<br />

Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom<br />

swavlis procesi SeiZleba mrudis<br />

formiT gamoisaxos (ix. andersoni,<br />

1995; niueli da rozenblumi,<br />

1981). diagrama 5.5-ze swored es<br />

mrudia warmodgenili, e. w. `swavlis<br />

procesis amsaxveli mrudi~.<br />

diagrama 5.5-ze vertikaluri<br />

RerZi swavlisas miRweul progress<br />

gamoxatavs; is 100 erTeulisagan<br />

Semdgar skalas moicavs,<br />

romelSic 100 srul daostatebas<br />

niSnavs, xolo 0 _ unar-Cvevis /<br />

codnis ararsebobas. horizontaluri<br />

RerZi ki im praqtikuli<br />

mecadineobebis raodenobis<br />

gamomxatvelia, rac moswavlem<br />

gaiara. diagrama 5.5-ze warmodgenili<br />

swavlis procesis amsaxveli<br />

mrudi sagulisxmoa ramdenime<br />

mizezis gamo. pirvel rigSi, unda<br />

mivaqcioT yuradReba praqtikis<br />

odenobas, rac moswavles unar-<br />

Cvevis gasaviTareblad sWirdeba.<br />

praqtikis, daaxloebiT, 24 er­<br />

Teuli moswavles imisTvis esaWiroeba,<br />

rom mocemul unar _<br />

Cvevas 80%-iT daeuflos. meorec,<br />

daakvirdiT imas, Tu rogor<br />

mcired izrdeba kompetencia<br />

praqtikis yovel axal erTeul­<br />

Tan erTad, anu pirveli ramdenime<br />

praqtikuli mecadineoba kompetenciis<br />

gacilebiT mniSvnelovan<br />

zrdasTanaa dakavSirebuli, vidre<br />

yoveli Semdgomi mecadineoba. es<br />

Tavisebureba STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili<br />

diagrama 5.6-ze.<br />

diagrama 5.6 gviCvenebs, rom<br />

pirveli oTxi praqtikuli mecadineoba<br />

moswavles srul daostatebaSi,<br />

saSualod, 47.9 %-iT exmareba.<br />

Semdegi 4 praqtikuli mecadineoba<br />

ki mxolod, daaxloebiT, 14<br />

procentian zrdas iwvevs. Sesabamisad,<br />

axali masalis aTviseba ar<br />

aris swrafi procesi; mas sWirdeba<br />

praqtika, rac, Tavis mxriv, dros<br />

moiTxovs. praqtikis Sedegia axali<br />

codna/unar-Cvevebi, romelTa did<br />

nawilsac dasawyisSive iTvisebs<br />

moswavle da Semdeg, praqtikul<br />

mecadineobaze daxarjuli drois<br />

safuZvelze, SedarebiT neli tempiT<br />

aumjobesebs. mxolod didi<br />

moculobis praqtika aZlevs moswavles<br />

saSualebas, swrafad da<br />

sworad SeZlos axali unar-Cvevisa<br />

Tu codnis gamoyeneba.<br />

2. praqtikis dros moswavleebi<br />

aTvisebul masalas ukeT iazreben<br />

da TavianT swavlis saWiroebebs<br />

argeben. kvlevebidan gamomdinare,<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze sasargeblo,<br />

praqtikuli rCeva mdgomareobs<br />

imaSi, rom moswavleebma<br />

SeZenili unarebis gacnobiereba<br />

da swavlis saWiroebebs morgeba<br />

SeZlon. ufro metic, mkvlevarebi<br />

miiCneven, rom konkretuli<br />

unaris aTvisebis procesi yovelTvis<br />

gulisxmobs gaazrebas<br />

(anu aTvisebuli masalisaTvis<br />

garkveuli `formis micemas~).<br />

swored am dros xdeba moswavlis<br />

mier axali unaris konceptualuri<br />

gaazreba. konceptualuri<br />

gaazreba Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />

swavlis procesisaTvis, radgan<br />

amis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

moswavle sworad da efeqturad

saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

83<br />

diagrama 5. 6<br />

swavlebis Sedegebis gaumjobeseba yoveli axali<br />

praqtikuli mecadineobis Sedegad<br />

praqtikuli<br />

mecadineoba (#)<br />

swavlis Sedegebis<br />

gaumjobeseba (%)<br />

sruli daostateba<br />

(%)<br />

1 22.918 22.918<br />

2 11.714 34.659<br />

3 7.659 42.318<br />

4 5.593 47.911<br />

5 4.349 52.26<br />

6 3.534 55.798<br />

7 2.960 58.754<br />

8 2.535 61.289<br />

9 2.205 63.494<br />

10 1.946 65.439<br />

11 1.740 67.179<br />

12 1.562 68.741<br />

13 1.426 70.167<br />

14 1.305 71.472<br />

15 1.198 72.670<br />

16 1.108 73.778<br />

17 1.034 74.812<br />

18 0.963 75.775<br />

19 0.897 76.672<br />

20 0.849 77.521<br />

21 0.802 78.323<br />

22 0.761 79.084<br />

23 0.721 79.805<br />

24 0.618 80.423<br />

ver gamoiyenebs axal unars (ix.<br />

qlementi, loqhedi da minqi,<br />

1979; deivisi,1984; ganaTlebis<br />

sabWo maTematikuri mecnierebis<br />

sferoSi, 1990; rombergi da qarfenTeri,<br />

1986).<br />

rogorc irkveva, axali unaris<br />

aTvisebis procesis gaazrebis<br />

dros, mniSvnelovania, moswavlem<br />

yuradReba mxolod ramdenime<br />

magaliTis ganxilvaze gaamaxvilos.<br />

moswavleebs axali unaris<br />

swrafi gamoyeneba ar unda movTxovoT.<br />

moswavleTa gadatvirTva<br />

am etapze mizanSewonili ar aris.<br />

j. hialis (1990) angariSis mixedviT,<br />

amerikis SeerTebul Stateb­<br />

Si maswavleblebi am rCevas xSir­

84 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

ad ar iTvaliswineben da Tavidanve<br />

uamrav magaliTebs aZleven<br />

moswavleebs. j. hialis kvlevis<br />

angariSSi moyvanilia iaponiis<br />

magaliTic da aRniSnulia, rom<br />

iaponeli maswavleblebi, amerikeli<br />

maswavleblebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

axali masalis samyaroSi<br />

moswavleTa TandaTanobiT Seyvanas<br />

arCeven. sawyis etapze moswavleebs<br />

iaponiaSi gacilebiT<br />

mcire moculobis savarjiSoebs<br />

aZleven, vidre amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi.<br />

magaliTad, ganvixiloT tipuri<br />

meoreklaseli amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis skolaSi da<br />

misi Tanatoli iaponiaSi. amerikaSi<br />

bavSvi, daaxloebiT, 30<br />

wuTs andomebs or an samgverdian<br />

mimateba-gamoklebis savarjiSoebs.<br />

iaponiaSi ki moswavle<br />

imave xangrZlivobis<br />

dros mxolod ori an sami savarjiSos<br />

amosaxsnelad iyenebs,<br />

uRrmavdeba am or an sam<br />

savarjiSos da amoxsnaze mimarTuli<br />

msjelobis process<br />

akvirdeba (gv. 281).<br />

varjiSi axali unarebis<br />

gasaviTareblad:<br />

praqtika skolaSi<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,<br />

moswavleebma axali unari ise<br />

unda aiTvison, rom misi swori da<br />

swrafi gamoyeneba SeeZloT. Sesabamisad,<br />

unaris saTanadod ganvi­<br />

Tarebis mizniT, aucilebelia, moswavleebi<br />

swavlis/davalebis Sesrulebis<br />

tempisa da aTvisebuli<br />

masalis/Sesrulebuli davalebis<br />

sisworis gakontrolebas mivaCvioT.<br />

amis miRweva SesaZlebelia, Tu<br />

am orive mimarTulebiT Canawerebs<br />

awarmoeben. qvemoT warmodgenili<br />

magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor<br />

axerxebda klasi aseTi Canawerebis<br />

gakeTebas analogiebis problemebze<br />

muSaobisas.<br />

qalbatoni qamingsi moswavleebs<br />

leqsikis gamdidrebaSi exmareboda.<br />

zogadad, leqsikuri maragis<br />

gaumjobesebis garda,<br />

sa varjiSoebis mizani Statis<br />

moaxloebuli gamocdisaTvis<br />

moswavleTa momzadeba iyo.<br />

maswavlebelma saSinao davalebebis,<br />

klasSi Sesasrulebeli<br />

savarjiSoebisa da testebis<br />

mTeli seria moamzada. am savarjiSoebSi<br />

uxvad iyo analogiebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli masala.<br />

TiToeuli testis dasasruleblad<br />

moswavleebs 30 wuTi<br />

hqondaT micemuli. roca tests<br />

saxlSi akeTebdnen, isini dros<br />

Tavad iniSnavdnen da akvirdebodnen,<br />

ramdenad moaswrebdnen<br />

testis droulad dasrulebas.<br />

yoveli testis bolos qalbatoni<br />

qamingsi swor pasuxebs<br />

klasSi ganixilavda. moswavleebi<br />

iniSnavdren im SekiTxva­<br />

Ta raodenobas, romlebsac 30<br />

wuTis ganmavlobaSi upasuxes<br />

da, aseve, im SekiTxvaTa raodenobasac,<br />

romelTa pasuxebic<br />

swori aRmoCnda. Semdeg orive<br />

maCvenebels iwerdnen: swavlis/<br />

davalebis Sesrulebis tempi da<br />

aTvisebuli masalis/Sesrulebuli<br />

davalebis siswore. am<br />

maCveneblebs moswavleebi imisTvis<br />

iyenebdnen, rom daedginaT,<br />

siCqaris xarjze xarisxi<br />

xom ar zaraldeboda. moswavleTa<br />

saboloo mizani iyo, rac<br />

SeiZleba meti swori pasuxi gaecaT<br />

gamoyofil 30 wuTSi.

saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

85<br />

iseTi savarjiSoebis Sedgena,<br />

romlebic kompleqsuri unaris<br />

an procesis erT konkretul<br />

komponentzea orientirebuli<br />

roca moswavleebi kompleqsuri<br />

unaris gamomuSavebaze mecadineoben,<br />

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />

iZens `fokusirebuli praqtikis~<br />

cneba. kompleqsuri unaris aTviseba<br />

ramdenime etapisagan Sedgenili<br />

procesia da xSirad kvlevas, samecniero<br />

Ziebas an weras ukavSirdeba.<br />

mravalmxriv unarze muSaobisas,<br />

xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac moswavleebs<br />

romelime etapis gavla gansakuTrebiT<br />

uWirT. aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />

iseTi savarjiSoebi unda movumzadoT,<br />

romlebic maT yuradRebas<br />

erT konkretul problemaze miapyrobs<br />

da arsebuli sirTuleebis<br />

daZlevaSi daexmareba. am tipis<br />

savarjiSoebi fokusirebuli praqtikis<br />

saxeliTaa cnobili; isini exmarebian<br />

moswavles, ganiviTaros<br />

unari konkretul, misTvis problemur<br />

sakiTxze muSaobiT. qvemoT<br />

warmodgenili magaliTi exeba moswavles,<br />

romelsac fokusirebuli<br />

praqtika daexmara, gamoesworebina<br />

weris unari.<br />

jeqsoni mTeli wlis manZilze<br />

asrulebda Temebis weras­<br />

Tan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva<br />

davalebas; is merve klasSi iyo.<br />

jeqsoni grZnobda, rom mecadineobis<br />

miuxedavad, misi weris<br />

unari sagrZnoblad ar umjobesdeboda.<br />

analogiuri problemis<br />

winaSe idga misi ramdenime<br />

klaseli. jeqsonis maswavlebeli<br />

yovelTvis gulisyuriT<br />

usmenda moswavleTa SeniSvnebsa<br />

da winadadebebs. maswavleblis­<br />

Tvis cnobili gaxda jeqsonisa<br />

da misi klaselebis imedgacruebis<br />

ambavic. maswavlebelTan am<br />

sakiTxis ganxilvis dros SeTanxmdnen,<br />

rom klasSi ufro fokusirebuli<br />

praqtika daenergaT.<br />

jeqsons surda, meti yuradReba<br />

gaemaxvilebinaT, konkretulad,<br />

abzacebis dasasrulis momzadebaze,<br />

radgan Tvlida, rom misi<br />

yvela abzacis dasasruli Zalian<br />

hgavda erTmaneTs. jeqsoni TiTqmis<br />

yvela abzacis daboloebas<br />

romelime am fraziT iwyebda:<br />

`ase rom...~ an `rogorc TqvenTvis<br />

cnobili gaxda~. erTi da imave<br />

frazebis wera jeqsons Tavadac<br />

mobezrda.<br />

momavali ori kviris manZilze<br />

maswavlebeli gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas aqcevda abzacebis<br />

daboloebebis weris teqnikas; am<br />

mizniT, xSirad ganixilavda moswavleTa<br />

namuSevrebs. zogjer<br />

maswavlebels magaliTad mohyavda<br />

abzacebi bolo winadadebis<br />

gareSe da damamTavrebeli winadadebis<br />

Camoyalibebas moswavleebs<br />

sTxovda. am orkviriani<br />

fokusirebuli praqtikis Sedegad,<br />

jeqsonma aSkara progresi<br />

igrZno _ mas gacilebiT ukeT<br />

SeeZlo abzacis damasrulebeli<br />

winadadebebis mofiqreba.<br />

moswavleTa drois dagegmvis<br />

roli axali unaris an procesis<br />

ukeTesad gaazrebaSi<br />

saswavlo gegmis klasSi danergvaze<br />

muSaobis dros xdeba im<br />

codnisa da unarebis identifikacia,<br />

romelTa aTvisebac moswavlisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia. maswavlebeli<br />

wyvets, ra dro unda moaxmaros<br />

moswavlem axali masalis<br />

TiToeuli komponentis dauflebaze<br />

muSaobas klassa da saxlSi.<br />

maswavleblebi TiToeuli axali<br />

unarisa da codnis aTvisebis pro­

86 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

cess ramdenime etapad yofen,<br />

rogorebicaa: unaris modelireba,<br />

praqtika maswavleblis uSualo<br />

xelmZRvanelobis qveS da proeqtze/savarjiSoze<br />

damoukidebelad<br />

muSaoba. mniSvnelovania, moswavles<br />

esmodes, zustad raSi mdgomareobs<br />

unari, romelsac eufleba.<br />

saswavlo gegmis detalurad<br />

gaweris procesSi maswavlebelma<br />

is droc unda gaiTvaliswinos,<br />

romelic Seuqmnis moswavleebs<br />

zogad warmodgenas axali unaris<br />

Sesaxeb; aseve, man unda gaTvalos,<br />

rom axali masalis gaazrebis<br />

mizniT, moswavleebisaTvis<br />

konkretuli savarjiSoebis micema<br />

dasWirdeba. qvemoT warmodgenili<br />

magaliTi, fizikuri aRzrdis<br />

gakveTilidan, gviCvenebs, Tu ra<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs axali masalis<br />

aTvisebisTvis moswavleebis mier<br />

drois sworad ganawilebas.<br />

maria maRalklaselebs fizikuri<br />

aRzrdis gakveTilebs<br />

utarebda. man SeamCnia, rom<br />

mis moswavleebs didi survili<br />

hqondaT, CogburTis kortebze<br />

wasuliyvnen, iq evarjiSaT<br />

da daexvewaT miwodebis axali<br />

teqnika, romelic maswavlebelma<br />

es-es aris uCvena. `jer unda<br />

moicadoT. jer varjiSisTvis<br />

mzad ar xarT. minda, rom<br />

CogburTis kargi moTamaSeebi<br />

dadgeT. amisaTvis aucilebelia,<br />

kargad gaiazroT, ra aris<br />

kargi miwodeba da Tqven ra<br />

stiliT TamaSi SegeferebaT~.<br />

garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

maria moswavleebs miwodebis<br />

teqnikis daxvewaSi<br />

amecadinebda; TiToeul moswavles<br />

sTxovda, nel tempSi ganexorcielebinaT<br />

miwodeba da<br />

`gayinuliyvnen~ ama Tu im moZraobis<br />

dros. es `gayinva~ maswavlebels<br />

saSualebas aZlevda,<br />

ufro detalurad aexsna<br />

moswavleebisaTvis TiToeuli<br />

moZraobis upiratesobebi da<br />

naklovani mxareebi. Semdeg moswavleebi<br />

am moZraobebs ramdenjerme,<br />

sxvadasxva variaciiT<br />

imeorebdnen. axalgazrdebi mo­<br />

Z ra obebs Zalian nela, maswavleblis<br />

miTiTebebis Sesabamisad<br />

asrulebdnen. saxlSi moswavleebs<br />

is moZraobebi unda<br />

aReweraT, romlebic maTTvis<br />

yvelaze mosaxerxebeli iyo<br />

da, aseve, aexsnaT, Tu ratom<br />

Tvlid nen am moZraobebs sauke­<br />

Tesod.<br />

* * *<br />

saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs,<br />

gaixangrZlivon mecadineobis saaTebi<br />

skolis Semdeg, daxvewon da<br />

gaimdidron skolaSi SeZenili axali<br />

unarebi da codna. maswavleblebs<br />

SeuZliaT, es ori meTodi,<br />

rogorc swavlebis efeqturi sa­<br />

Sualebebi, ise gamoiyenon.

6<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

qalbatonma melim mexuTeklaselebs sTxova, xelebi merxze daewyoT,<br />

Tavi xelebSi CaergoT da Tvalebi daexuWaT. maswavlebelma<br />

wignis xmamaRla kiTxva daiwyo. es iyo en milardis wigni `droSi<br />

ganfenili quCa~. wignSi aRwerilia quCa, romelzec momTabare<br />

monadire-Semgroveblebi saxldebian. wignis kiTxvis dros mkiTxveli<br />

xvdeba, rom dro mudmivad icvleba. aseve, cvlilebas ganicdis<br />

is moTxovnebi, rac `droSi ganfenil quCaze~ macxovrebel<br />

adamianebs ekisrebaT. roca maswavlebeli pirveli ramdenime furclis<br />

kiTxvas morCa, aRwera, rasac `gonebis TvaliT xedavda~ da<br />

moswavleebsac sTxova, `gonebis TvaliT~ warmodginaT is, rasac<br />

maswavlebeli maT aRuwerda. qalbatonma melim bavSvebi gaafrTxila,<br />

rom SeeZloT, nebismier dros SeewyvetinebinaT misTvis kiTxva<br />

da daesvaT SekiTxvebi (magaliTad, rogori iyo qoxis saxuravi<br />

iwvevda Tu ara tkivils Savi Wiri) roca maswavlebelma kiTxva<br />

daasrula, moswavleebs sTxova, daexataT maTi `sayvareli scenebi~<br />

nawarmoebidan. `sayvareli scenebi~ im saxeebidan unda amoer­<br />

CiaT, rac maT gonebaSi nawarmoebis mosmenis Semdeg darCa.<br />

meore dRes moswavleebi mcire jgufebSi muSaobdnen; maT<br />

klaselebs aCvenes da auxsnes TavianTi namuSevrebi. roca ganxilva<br />

daasrules, TiToeulma jgufma moamzada semantikuri<br />

qseli, romelzec nawarmoebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani informacia<br />

iyo warmodgenili. qalbatonma melim moswavleebs urCia, qselis<br />

pirveli Sre gamoeyenebinaT zogadi TemebisaTvis, romelic nawarmoebSi<br />

aRwerili yvela droisTvis saerTo iyo (magaliTad, transporti,<br />

sakvebi, sacxovrebeli da samsaxuri). semantikuri qselis<br />

Semdgomi Sre exeboda gansxvavebul magaliTebsa da ilustraciebs<br />

nawarmoebSi warmodgenili sxvadasxva periodidan.<br />

rogorc magaliTidan Cans, qalbatonma melim gamoiyena<br />

swavlebis efeqturi meTodi, rac moicavs moswavleebis<br />

gonebaSi saxeebis Camoyalibebas, axladmiRebul<br />

informaciasTan dakavSirebiT, da grafikuli gamosaxulebebis<br />

Seqmnas miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.<br />

87

88 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

informaciis warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi:<br />

kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />

bevri fsiqologi saubrobs informaciis<br />

`ormagi kodirebis~ Teoriaze<br />

(ix. faivio, 1969, 1971, 1990).<br />

am Teoriis mixedviT, codna ori<br />

formiT inaxeba _ lingvisturi da<br />

warmosaxviTi formiT. lingvisturi<br />

forma, arsebiTad, semantikuria.<br />

lingvisturi forma Segi­<br />

ZliaT, warmoidginoT, rogorc<br />

winadadebebis wyeba grZelvadian<br />

mexsierebaSi. warmosaxviTi forma<br />

ki gamoixateba mentaluri suraTebiT,<br />

an fizikuri SegrZnebebiT,<br />

rogorebicaa: surneli, gemo, Sexeba,<br />

xma da a.S. (riCardsoni, 1983).<br />

am wignSi warmosaxviTi forma<br />

moixsenieba, rogorc warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxi. rac<br />

ufro xSirad viyenebT miwodebis<br />

formebs, lingvistursa Tu<br />

warmosaxviTs, ufro ukeTesad<br />

viazrebT, ra viciT. klasSi es<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.<br />

rogorc kvlevebi adasturebs,<br />

moswavleebisaTvis axali masalis<br />

wardgena, ZiriTadad, lingvisturi<br />

formiT xdeba. an Cven Tvi­<br />

Ton vesaubrebiT axal masalaze,<br />

an rames vakiTxebT axali masalis<br />

Sesaxeb (ix. flandersi, 1970). es<br />

imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebisagan<br />

moveliT warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />

formebis damoukideblad<br />

Seqmnas. rodesac maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs aseTi formebis SeqmnaSi<br />

exmareba, swavlis Sedegi gacilebiT<br />

maRalia. dadasturebulia,<br />

rom warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />

formebis SeqmnaSi moswavleTa<br />

xSiri CarTva xels uwyobs tvinis<br />

muSaobis stimulirebas (ix. gerliqi<br />

da jausoveci, 1999). diagrama<br />

6.1-ze Sejamebulia sxvadasxva<br />

naSromSi warmodgenili daskvnebi,<br />

sadac Tav moyrilia warmodgenis<br />

aralin gvisturi formebis Sesaxeb<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi.<br />

aRniSnuli kvlevebis safuZvelze,<br />

ramdenime ganzogadebul<br />

rCevas warmogidgenT, rac maswavleblebs<br />

warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />

formebis klasSi gamoyenebaSi<br />

daexmareba.<br />

1. warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />

formebis gamoyenebaze moswavleebma<br />

SeiZleba sxvadasxva<br />

aqtivobiT ivarjiSon. kvlevebi<br />

adasturebs, rom qvemoT warmodgenili<br />

aqtivobebi xels uwyobs<br />

moswavleTa gonebaSi aralingvisturi<br />

sqemebis Camoyalibebas da,<br />

Sesabamisad, aumjobesebs masalis<br />

gaazrebas:<br />

• grafikuli gamosaxulebebis Seq<br />

mna (alvermani da buTbai, 1986;<br />

armbrusTeri, andersoni da meieri,<br />

1992; darCi, qarnaini da<br />

qaminui, 1986; grifini, simonsi da<br />

qaminui, 1992; horToni, loviTi<br />

da bergerudi, 1990; maqlaflini,<br />

1991; robisoni da qievra, 1996).<br />

• fizikuri modelebis gakeTeba<br />

(uelCi, 1997).<br />

• mentaluri saxeebis Seqmna (mueleri<br />

da ziermani, 1996; uilobai,<br />

desmarias, vudi, zimsi<br />

da kalra, 1997).<br />

• suraTebisa da piqtogramebis<br />

xatva (meqlini, 1997; niutoni,<br />

1995; fruiTi, 1993).

warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

89<br />

diagrama 6. 1<br />

warmodgenis aralingvisturi formebis kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

naSromi<br />

maieri, 1989 *<br />

aTafili,<br />

smidCensi da<br />

kofeli, 1983<br />

faueli, 1980*<br />

heTi da<br />

sxvebi, 1996<br />

uolbergi,<br />

1999 *<br />

guzeTi,<br />

snaideri da<br />

glasi, 1993<br />

fleCeri, 1990<br />

kvlevebSi<br />

yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

zogadi<br />

aralingvisturi<br />

formebi<br />

10<br />

16<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

1.02<br />

1.31<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

34<br />

40<br />

zogadi<br />

aralingvisturi<br />

formebi 39 0.510 19<br />

zogadi<br />

aralingvisturi<br />

formebi<br />

13<br />

6<br />

4<br />

1.01<br />

1.16<br />

0.56<br />

34<br />

38<br />

21<br />

zogadi<br />

aralingvisturi<br />

formebi 9 0.91 32<br />

zogadi<br />

aralingvisturi<br />

formebi<br />

24<br />

64<br />

0.56<br />

1.04<br />

21<br />

35<br />

zogadi<br />

aralingvisturi<br />

formebi 3 0.51 20<br />

zogadi<br />

aralingvisturi<br />

formebi 47 0.50 20<br />

* Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />

efeqtis sididis ramdenime kategoriaa mocemuli. mkiTxvels, Tu dainteresebulia<br />

detalebiT, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.<br />

• kinesTetikur aqtivobaSi CarTva<br />

(aubusoni, fosvili, bari da<br />

ferkoviCi, 1997; draiani, 1997).<br />

2. warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />

forma unda afarToebdes<br />

codnas. codnis gafarToebaSi<br />

meti codnis SeZenas vgulisxmobT.<br />

magaliTad, moswavle ifar­<br />

Toebs sakuTar codnas wiladebze,<br />

rodesac iqmnis wiladis realuri<br />

mniSvnelobis mentalur models.<br />

roca moswavle sxvadasxva saSualebiT<br />

ifarToebs codnas, igi ara<br />

mxolod ukeTesad igebs masalas,<br />

aramed ufro adviladac ixsenebs

90 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

mas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi (fresli,<br />

simonsi, maqdanieli, snaideri<br />

da Turnuri, 1988; uoloSini,<br />

uilobai, vudi da fresli, 1990).<br />

sabednierod, warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />

formebis meSveobiT<br />

moswavleebi azrovnebis procesSi<br />

erTvebian (ix. andersoni, 1990).<br />

moswavlis mier SemuSavebuli warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi forma,<br />

TavisTavad, ukve imis niSania, rom<br />

moswavlem iazrovna da azrovnebis<br />

procesSi SeiZina meti codna.<br />

warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />

formebis Seqmna codnis gafar­<br />

Toebas maSinac uwyobs xels, roca<br />

moswavleebs vTxovT, aRweron da<br />

axsnan maT mier Seqmnili formebi<br />

(uilobai da sxvebi, 1997).<br />

warmodgenis aralingvisturi<br />

formebis Camoyalibebis<br />

praqtika<br />

grafikuli sqemebi<br />

grafikuli sqemebis gamoyeneba<br />

warmodgenis aralingvistur<br />

formebs Soris yvelaze farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli meTodia. grafikul<br />

sqemebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

amomwuravi informaciis miReba<br />

SesaZlebelia david haierlis<br />

(1996) wignidan `codnis miRebis<br />

vizualuri meTodebi~. grafikuli<br />

sqema, rogorc wesi, warmosaxvis<br />

orive formas gulisxmobs _<br />

lingvisturs da aralingvisturs.<br />

lingvisturia sityvebi da frazebi.<br />

aralingvisturia sxvadasxva<br />

tipis simboloebi da isrebi, romlebic<br />

simboloebs Soris urTierTobebs<br />

gamoxataven. qvemoT<br />

warmodgenilia grafikuli sqemebis<br />

eqvsi nairsaxeoba; klasSi maTi<br />

gamoyeneba bevr SesaZleblobas<br />

iZleva, radgan isini im eqvs paradigmas<br />

Seesabamebian, romlis mixedviTac<br />

informaciis dalageba<br />

SeiZleba. es paradigmebia: aRweriTi<br />

paradigmebi, droiTi Tanmimdevrobis<br />

paradigmebi, procesis/<br />

mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigmebi,<br />

epizodis paradigmebi, ganzogadebis/principis<br />

paradigmebi da<br />

cnebis paradigmebi.<br />

aRweriTi paradigmebi. aRweriTi<br />

paradigma SeiZleba gamoviyenoT<br />

konkretuli adamianebis,<br />

adgilebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis<br />

Sesaxeb faqtebis warmosadgenad.<br />

ar aris aucilebeli, rom<br />

aRweriT paradigmaSi moqceuli<br />

informacia rame Tanmimdevrobis<br />

mixedviT iyos dalagebuli.<br />

diagrama 6.2-ze warmodgenilia<br />

magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor Sei­<br />

Zleba gamosaxon maswavlebelma da<br />

moswavleebma aRweriTi paradigma<br />

grafikulad.<br />

droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigmebi.<br />

droiTi Tanmimdevrobis<br />

paradigma movlenebis qronologiuri<br />

principiT dalagebas gulisxmobs.<br />

magaliTad, SeiZleba droi­<br />

Ti Tanmimdevrobis principiT<br />

ganlagdes movlenebi, romlebic<br />

kosmosur programa apolos exeba.<br />

diagrama 6.3-ze warmodgenilia<br />

droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigmis<br />

grafikuli gamosaxuleba.

warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

91<br />

diagrama 6. 2<br />

grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: aRweriTi paradigma<br />

faqti<br />

faqti<br />

faqti<br />

Tema<br />

faqti<br />

faqti<br />

diagrama 6. 3<br />

grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi<br />

saxeoba: droiTi<br />

Tanmimdevrobis paradigma<br />

movlena<br />

movlena<br />

movlena<br />

movlena<br />

movlena<br />

movlena<br />

procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis<br />

paradigmebi. procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis<br />

paradigma gulisxmobs<br />

informaciis dalagebas a. kauzati­<br />

ur qselSi, romelsac konkretul<br />

Sedegamde mivyavarT. an b. moqmedebebis<br />

erTobliobaSi, romelic<br />

logikurad sruldeba konkretuli<br />

produqtiT. magaliTad, informacia<br />

im faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />

adamianis organizmis janmrTelobas<br />

ganapirobeben, SeiZleba<br />

procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis<br />

paradigmis mixedviT dalagdes. diagrama<br />

6.4-ze warmodgenilia procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis<br />

paradig<br />

mis grafikuli gamosaxuleba.<br />

diagrama 6. 4<br />

grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba:<br />

procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigma<br />

Sedegi

92 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 6. 5<br />

grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: epizodis paradigma<br />

xangrZlivoba<br />

adgili<br />

dro<br />

mizezi<br />

epizodi<br />

Sedegi<br />

adamiani adamiani adamiani<br />

epizodis paradigmebi. epizodis<br />

paradigma saSualebas iZleva,<br />

garkveul sistemaSi moviyvanoT<br />

iseTi konkretuli informacia,<br />

rogoricaa: a. movlenis dro da<br />

adgili, b. konkretuli adamianebi,<br />

g. movlenis xangrZlivoba, d. movlenaTa<br />

konkretuli Tanmimdevroba,<br />

e. konkretuli mizezi da<br />

Sedegi. magaliTad, moswavleebma<br />

SeiZleba safrangeTis revoluciis<br />

Sesaxeb informacia ise daalagon,<br />

rogorc diagrama 6.5-ze warmodgenil<br />

epizodis paradigmis grafikul<br />

gamosaxulebazea mocemuli.<br />

ganzogadebis/principis paradigmebi<br />

da cnebis paradigmebi. ganzogadebis/principis<br />

paradigma<br />

gve x mareba, informacia zogad w i­<br />

nadadebebad da maTTan dakavSirebul<br />

magaliTebad davalagoT.<br />

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, warmoidgineT<br />

Semdegi winadadeba `maTematikuri<br />

funqcia iseT urTierTobas<br />

gamoxatavs, romelSic erTi cvla­<br />

dis mniSvneloba damokidebulia<br />

meore cvladis mniSvnelobaze~. am<br />

winadadebis sailustraciod, moswavleebma<br />

SeiZleba imave principiT<br />

warmoadginon magaliTebi, rogorc<br />

diagrama 6.6-zea mocemuli.<br />

diagrama 6. 6<br />

grafikuli sqemis<br />

erT-erTi saxeoba: ganzogadebis/principis<br />

paradigma<br />

ganzogadebuli principi<br />

magaliTi<br />

magaliTi<br />

magaliTi

warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

93<br />

cnebis paradigma. cnebis paradigma<br />

grafikuli sqemis yvelaze<br />

zogadi formaa. cnebis paradigmis<br />

saSualebiT, SesaZlebelia informaciis<br />

Tavmoyra im sityvis<br />

an frazis garSemo, romelic adamianebis,<br />

adgilebis, sagnebis an<br />

movlenebis mTlian klass an kategorias<br />

warmoadgens. cnebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

an ganmsazRvrelebi,<br />

magaliTebTan erTad, paradigmis<br />

nawils unda warmoadgendes.<br />

magaliTad, moswavleebma diagrama<br />

6.7-ze warmodgenili grafikuli<br />

gamosaxuleba SeiZleba gamoiyenon<br />

imisaTvis, rom igav-arakis cneba<br />

magaliTebiTa da maxasiaTeblebiT<br />

gamosaxon.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenili magalidiagrama<br />

6. 7<br />

grafikuli sqemis erT-erTi saxeoba: cnebis paradigma<br />

magaliTi<br />

maxasiaTebeli<br />

cneba<br />

maxasiaTebeli<br />

maxasiaTebeli<br />

magaliTi<br />

magaliTi<br />

magaliTi<br />

magaliTi<br />

magaliTi<br />

magaliTi<br />

Ti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

gamoiyenos moswavlem grafikuli<br />

sqemis erTze meti forma erT TemasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT.<br />

rodesac Ti qroqeri iurisprudenciasa<br />

da iuridul sistemeb­<br />

Si testis Casabareblad mecadineobda,<br />

man kargi saSualeba aRmoaCina,<br />

Tu rogor SeiZleboda,<br />

daemaxsovrebina sasamarTlo<br />

davebis mogvarebis sami far­<br />

Tod gavrcelebuli meTodi.<br />

es meTodebi iyo: arbitraJi,<br />

molaparakeba da nebayoflobiTi<br />

Suamavloba. Ti qroqeri<br />

Seecada, TiToeuli es meTodi<br />

erT-erTi grafikuli gamosaxvis<br />

saSualebisaTvis miesadagebina,<br />

romelic inglisuri enisa<br />

da literaturis gakveTilze<br />

aswavles. arbitraJisaTvis man<br />

gamoiyena droiTi Tanmimdev­

94 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

robis paradigma, molaparakebisaTvis<br />

airCia procesis/mizez-<br />

Sedegobriobis paradigma, xolo<br />

nebayoflobiTi Suamavlobis<br />

me TodisaTvis cnebis paradigma<br />

gadawyvita. Semdeg diagramebze<br />

6. 8 _ 6.10 grafikuli gamosaxvis<br />

es formebia warmodgenili.<br />

diagrama 6. 8<br />

droiTi Tanmimdevrobis paradigma arbitraJis meTodisaTvis<br />

nabiji 1: dava warmoiSoba or mxares Soris.<br />

nabiji 2: orive mxare Tanxmdeba, rom mzad<br />

arian, gaacnon mesame mxares TavianTi argumentebi<br />

da wamoWrili davis garkveva da<br />

gadawyvetilebis miReba mas gadaabaron.<br />

nabiji 3: sasamarTlo niSnavs arbitrs.<br />

nabiji 4: sasamarTlosTan SedarebiT, naklebad<br />

formalur garemoSi arbitri xvdeba<br />

orive mxares da ismens maT argumentebs.<br />

nabiji 5: arbitri iRebs saboloo gadawyvetilebas<br />

da orive mxare valdebulia,<br />

daemorCilos am gadawyvetilebas.<br />

diagrama 6. 9<br />

procesis/mizez-Sedegobriobis paradigma molaparakebis meTodisaTvis<br />

erTi mxaris<br />

qceva<br />

warmoiSoba dava<br />

or mxares Soris<br />

meore mxaris qceva<br />

orive mxare warmoadgens<br />

saqmesTan<br />

da kavSirebul mniSvnelovan<br />

faqtebs<br />

mesame mxare<br />

davis gadawyvetis<br />

gzebs SeimuSavebs<br />

dava<br />

gadawydeba<br />

meore mxaris<br />

qceva

warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

95<br />

diagrama 6. 10<br />

cnebis paradigma nebayoflobiTi Suamavlobis meTodisaTvis<br />

colebi da<br />

qmrebi<br />

saxlis<br />

mflobeli<br />

da mdgmuri<br />

momxmarebeli<br />

da<br />

mimwodebeli<br />

wyvetda<br />

sru liad<br />

gansxvavebul<br />

davebs<br />

biznesis<br />

ganviTarebis<br />

xelSewyobis<br />

saagento<br />

samar­<br />

Tlianobis<br />

samezoblo<br />

centrebi<br />

iyenebda<br />

sxvadasxva<br />

sazogadoebrivi<br />

programa<br />

skolebi<br />

nebayoflobiTi<br />

Suamavloba<br />

iZiebs<br />

saCivrebs<br />

neitraluri<br />

mesame mxare<br />

saxalxo<br />

damcveli<br />

exmareba<br />

SeTanxmebaSi<br />

sTavazobs<br />

alternativebs<br />

xelmZRvanelobda<br />

sxvadasxva<br />

adamiani<br />

sasamarTloebi<br />

adgilobrivi<br />

resursebis<br />

qselebi<br />

raionis<br />

prokuratura<br />

Tanaswori<br />

mediatori<br />

socialuri<br />

samsaxurebi

96 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

warmodgenis sxva<br />

aralingvisturi formebi<br />

fizikuri modelebis gakeTeba.<br />

rogorc saxelwodebidan irkveva,<br />

fizikuri modeli im masalis<br />

konkretuli warmodgenaa, romelsac<br />

moswavles wavlobs. maTematikisa<br />

da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis<br />

maswavleblebi aseT modelebs<br />

`manipulatorebis~ saxeliT<br />

moixsenieben. fizikuri modeli<br />

moswavles exmareba, gonebaSi Seiqmnas<br />

asaTvisebeli codnis `gamosaxuleba~.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenili<br />

magaliTi aRwers am process<br />

sabunebismetyvelo gakveTilze.<br />

qalbatoni elisoni Tavis me-4<br />

klaselebs imis gaazrebaSi exmareboda,<br />

Tu ratom vxedavT<br />

zecaze mTvaris sxvadasxva<br />

fazas. am mizniT, maswavlebelma<br />

klasSi Semoitana dedamiwis<br />

garSemo mTvaris yovelTviuri<br />

marSrutis konkretuli<br />

modeli, romelic, amave dros,<br />

moswavleebs awvdida informacias<br />

am marSrutis mzesTan mimarTebis<br />

Sesaxeb. qalbatonma<br />

elisonma TiToeul moswavles<br />

misca penoplastis burTula,<br />

romelic mTvares warmoadgenda<br />

da sTxova, es burTula fanqris<br />

boloze miemagrebinaT. maswavlebelma<br />

mze magidis naTuriT<br />

gamoxata, romelsac saCrdilobeli<br />

nawili CamoaSora. Ti­<br />

Toeuli moswavle warmoadgenda<br />

dedamiwas.<br />

qalbatonma elisonma naTura<br />

saklaso oTaxis centrSi<br />

moa Tavsa; man daabnela oTaxi<br />

_ gawia fardebi da gamorTo<br />

sinaT le. Semdeg moswavleebs<br />

sTxo va, burTebi mxris simaRleze<br />

daeWiraT da naTuris mimarT<br />

iseT mdgomareobaSi gae­<br />

CerebinaT, rom mzis dabnelebis<br />

imitacia Seqmniliyo. qalbatonma<br />

elisonma moswavleebs auxsna,<br />

rom mzis dabneleba iSviaTi movlenaa,<br />

radgan mTvare, rogorc<br />

wesi, Tu mas dedamiwidan vakvirdebiT,<br />

mzis zemoT an qvemoT<br />

gadis. Semdeg qlabatonma<br />

elisonma moswavleebs sTxova,<br />

mTvare aewiaT da CamoewiaT ise,<br />

rom mzis yureba SeZlebodaT.<br />

am poziciidan moswavleebma<br />

SeamCnies, rom mzis mTeli sinaTle<br />

mTvaris im mxa res ecemoda,<br />

romelic maT mo pirdapire<br />

mxares iyo _ es gaxldaT savse<br />

mTvaris simulacia.<br />

qalbatoni elisonis Semdegi<br />

miTiTebebis mixedviT, moswavleebma<br />

naxevarmTvaris, savse<br />

mTvaris, ¾ mTvaris imitacia<br />

gaakeTes. maswavlebeli maT<br />

sTxovda, daefiqsirebinaT, rom<br />

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi mze mTvaris<br />

naxevars anaTebda (garda<br />

mTvaris dabnelebis periodisa),<br />

xolo mTvaris sxvadasxva moculobis<br />

gamoCena ganpirobebuli<br />

iyo imiT, rom mTvare yoveli<br />

Tvis ganmavlobaSi icvlida<br />

mdebareobas dedamiwis mimarT.<br />

mentaluri suraTebis Seqmna.<br />

aralingvisturi gamosaxvis yvelaze<br />

pirdapiri da martivi gza<br />

moswavlis mier im codnis Sesaxeb<br />

mentaluri suraTis Seqmnaa<br />

(anu warmosaxva), rasac amJamad<br />

eufleba. abstraqtuli informaciisaTvis<br />

aseTi mentaluri suraTi<br />

Zalian simboluri iqneba.<br />

magaliTisaTvis, fsiqologi jon<br />

heiesi (1981) gvixsnis, Tu rogor<br />

SeiZleba Seqmnas moswavlem mentaluri<br />

suraTi qvemoT warmodgenili<br />

fizikis formulis Sesaxeb:<br />

F = G (m1 x m2) / r 2<br />

am formulis mixedviT, Zala

warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

97<br />

(F) udris ori obieqtis masisa<br />

(m1, m2) da konstantis namravls<br />

(G), romelic am or obieqts Soris<br />

arsebuli manZilis kvadratze (r 2 )<br />

iyofa. am informaciis simboluri<br />

gamoxatvis ramdenime saSualeba<br />

arsebobs. jon heiesi gvirCevs,<br />

sivrceSi ori didi globusi da<br />

maT Soris mdgari moswavle warmovidginoT,<br />

romelic cdilobs,<br />

es globusebi erTmaneTs daaSoros.<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi globusi<br />

mainc SedarebiT mZimea,<br />

am ori globusis erTmaneTisagan<br />

daSoreba ufro rTuli<br />

iqneba, vidre maSin, roca orive<br />

globusi SedarebiT msubuqia.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom Zala<br />

obieqt(eb)is masis (m1, m2)<br />

zrdasTan erTad izrdeba, masa<br />

unda iyos mocemuli gasayofSi.<br />

rac ufro davaSorebT globusebs<br />

erTmaneTisgan, maT Soris<br />

miziduloba Semcirdeba,<br />

radgan magnitebs Soris miziduloba<br />

maTi daSorebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

mcirdeba. gamomdinare<br />

iqidan, rom Zala globusebs<br />

Soris manZilis zrdasTan er­<br />

Tad mcirdeba, or obieqts Soris<br />

arsebuli manZili (r) unda<br />

iyos gamyofSi.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenil magaliTSi<br />

moqmedeba socialuri mecnierebebis<br />

gakveTilze mimdinareobs.<br />

magaliTidan aSkara xdeba,<br />

Tu rogor SeiZleba daexmaros<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleebs mentaluri<br />

suraTis SeqmnaSi.<br />

batoni uiliamsis me-5 klaseli<br />

moswavleebi amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis samxreT- dasavleTSi<br />

macxovrebeli amerikeli<br />

indielebis kulturis Sesaswavlad<br />

emzadebian. gakveTilis dasawyisSi<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

ideebisa da informaciis<br />

Sesaxeb mentaluri suraTebis<br />

Seqmnis meTodebs uxs nis. batoni<br />

uiliamsi sTxovs maT, warmoidginon,<br />

rom ad reuli evropeli<br />

mogzaurebi arian da SeCerdnen<br />

mitovebul kldis sasaxle<br />

mesa verdesTan. maswavlebeli<br />

sTxovs, daxuWon Tvalebi da<br />

warmoidginon, rom cxeniT kanionebisken<br />

midian. moswavleebma<br />

unda `igrZnon~ udabnos mzis<br />

mcxunvareba, `dainaxon~ udabnos<br />

vegetacia, `SeigrZnon~ udabnos<br />

mcenareTa `surneli~.<br />

`axla warmoidgineT, _ ambobs<br />

batoni uiliamsi, rom sad­<br />

Rac Sors Senobis magvari nageboba<br />

SeniSneT, romelic klde­<br />

Sia gakeTebuli. sagonebelSi<br />

CavardebodiT gagikvirdebodaT<br />

SegeSindebodaT Semdeg<br />

ki warmoidgineT, rom am nagebobas<br />

WenebiT miuaxlovdiT<br />

da roca axlos aRmoCndiT da<br />

daakvirdiT, fiqrobT, rom es<br />

aris sacxovrebeli Senoba. ase­<br />

Ti daskvnis gakeTeba savsebiT<br />

SesaZlebelia, radgan Tqven xedavT<br />

kibeebs, fanjrebs da sacxovrebeli<br />

nagebobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />

sxva komponentebs.<br />

SenobaSi ar arian adamianebi.<br />

iq sruli simSvidea. sicocxlis<br />

natamali ar Cans. daiwyebdiT<br />

fiqrs imaze, Tu ra mouvidaT<br />

am Senobis macxovrebel adamianebs<br />

am gamoucnobi Senobis<br />

amgebebze raRas ifiqrebdiT<br />

gabedavdiT da SexvidodiT am<br />

SenobaSi Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

rogor fiqrobT, ras aRmoaCendiT<br />

iq~<br />

suraTebisa da piqtogramebis<br />

xatva. suraTebisa da piqtogramebis<br />

(anu simboluri suraTebis) xatva<br />

gonebaSi aralingvisturi warmosaxvis<br />

kargi saSualebaa. magaliTad,<br />

moswavleTa umetesobas<br />

dauxatavs, gauferadebia an klas­

98 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

Si mainc unaxavs adamianis sxe ulis<br />

Zvlovani sistemis suraTi. aseve,<br />

skolis moswavleTa umetesobas<br />

dauxatavs an gauferadebia mzis<br />

sistemis gamosaxuleba. piqtograma<br />

suraTis variaciaa, romelic<br />

informacias naxatis formiT, simboloebis<br />

an simboluri suraTebis<br />

gamoyenebiT warmoadgens. qvemoT<br />

warmodgenili magaliTi gviCvenebs,<br />

Tu rogor iyenebs simbolur<br />

suraTebs pirveli klasis maswavlebeli<br />

geografiis gakveTilze.<br />

elison meisonis pirvelklaselebisaTvis<br />

Zneli gasagebia abstraqtuli<br />

faqti imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom CrdiloeT naxevarsferos<br />

gadaxra mzis mimarTulebiT,<br />

an mzis sapirispiro mimar­<br />

TulebiT, zafxulsa da zamTars<br />

Soris sxvaobas iwvevs. maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs sezonebis<br />

cvalebadobasTan dakav­<br />

Sirebul detalebs uxsnis da<br />

sTxovs, mosmenilis safuZvelze<br />

daxaton mzis moZraoba. yvela<br />

moswavle xatavs (ix. diagrama<br />

6.11). qalbatoni meisoni suraTis<br />

Sesaxeb zaks esaubreba.<br />

aRmoCnda, rom mxolod ekvatoris<br />

daxatvis Semdeg mixvda<br />

zaki, rac gulisxmobda maswavlebeli,<br />

roca dedamiwis `gadaxraze~<br />

saubrobda.<br />

kinesTetikur aqtivobaSi Car­<br />

Tva. kinesTetikuria aqtivoba,<br />

romelic fizikur moZraobas gulisxmobs.<br />

ganmartebis mixedviT,<br />

fizikuri moZraoba, romelic<br />

konkretul codnasTanaa asocirebuli,<br />

xels uwyobs moswavleSi am<br />

codnasTan dakavSirebuli mentaluri<br />

suraTis Seqmnas (zemoT naxsenebi<br />

iyo, rom mentaluri suraTi<br />

fizikur SegrZnebebsac moicavs).<br />

moswavleTa umetesobisaTvis es<br />

codnis gamoxatvis bunebrivi da<br />

sasiamovno saSualebaa. qvemoT<br />

moyvanili magaliTi warmogvidgens<br />

kinesTetikuri aqtivobis<br />

gamoyenebis SemTxvevas maTematikis<br />

gakveTilze.<br />

qalbatoni jenkinsi me-4 klaselebs<br />

maTematikas aswavlis.<br />

gakveTilze mcire pauzis dros,<br />

moswavleebs sTxovs xolme, ifiqron<br />

imaze, Tu rogor warmoadgendnen<br />

axlad SeZenil<br />

codnas kinesTeturad. magali­<br />

Tad, erT-erTi aseTi davaleba<br />

wris radiusis, diametrisa da<br />

garSemowerilobis kinesTetur<br />

warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. barim,<br />

erT-erTma moswavlem,<br />

marjvena mklavi horizontalurad<br />

gaSala da ganacxada,<br />

rom ase warmoudgenia radiusi.<br />

Semdeg man orive mklavi<br />

gaSala da Tqva, rom es aris<br />

diametri. wris garSemowerilobis<br />

sademonstraciod, barim<br />

xelebi erTmaneTs CasWida<br />

da wris forma gaakeTa. Semdegi<br />

gakveTili kuTxeebs exeboda.<br />

erT-erTma moswavlem, devonma,<br />

maxvili da blagvi kuTxeebis<br />

demonstrireba Semdegnairad<br />

scada: is mklavebis kuTxeebis<br />

erTmaneTTan sxvadasxvanairad<br />

miaxloebiT cdilobda, sxvadasxva<br />

zomis kuTxeebi Seeqmna.<br />

moswavleebma isic ki SeZles,<br />

rom wiladebi da Sereuli ricxvebic<br />

ki warmoedginaT sxeulis<br />

moZraobiT.<br />

qalbatonma jerkinsma msgavs<br />

aqtivobebs sxeulis maTematika<br />

uwoda; Tavdapirvelad, am savarjiSoebis<br />

Semotana im mizniT<br />

gadawyvita, rom moswavle­<br />

TaTvis maTematikis swavlasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli rutina gaexalisebina.<br />

SemdgomSi ki, Tanda­<br />

TanobiT mixvda, rom kinesTetikuri<br />

aqtivobebi Zalian kargad<br />

aCvenebda, Tu rogor gaigo<br />

moswavlem masala. mas Semdeg,

warmodgenis aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

99<br />

diagrama 6. 11<br />

moswavlis piqtograma<br />

gazafxulis<br />

bunioba (marti)<br />

gazafxuli<br />

zamTari<br />

21 ivnisi<br />

zafxuli<br />

mze<br />

Semodgoma<br />

21<br />

dekemberi<br />

Semodgomis bunioba<br />

(seqtemberi)<br />

rac skolaSi gavrcelda informacia<br />

qalbatoni jerkinsis<br />

axali aqtivobebis Sesaxeb, sxva<br />

klasebis moswavleebi xSirad<br />

ixedebodnen meoTxeklaselebis<br />

gakveTilebze da didi interesiT<br />

adevnebdnen Tvals sxeulis<br />

maTematikas.<br />

* * *<br />

am wignSi ganxiluli swavlebis<br />

meTodebidan praqtikaSi<br />

yvelaze iSviaTad warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi formebi gamoiyeneba.<br />

rogorc am TavSi moyvanili<br />

magaliTebidan da kvlevebis<br />

Sedegebidan SevityveT, es sakmaod<br />

efeqturi meTodia, radgan<br />

sruliad axleburad warmoudgens<br />

moswavleebs Sesaswavl masalas.<br />

maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebis<br />

gamoyenebisas, sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

midgomebi airCion,<br />

dawyebuli grafikuli sqemiT da<br />

damTavrebuli fizikuri modelebiT.

7<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

qalbatoni kiminos klasSi axali Temis dasawyebad emzadebodnen,<br />

romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis regionebs exeboda. maswavleblis<br />

erT-erTi amocana iyo, moswavleebs kargad gaeazrebinaT<br />

regionebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. qalbatonma kiminom<br />

bavSvebs auxsna, rom mcire jgufebSi unda emuSavaT da moemzadebinaT<br />

prezentacia romelime regionze. momavali ori kviris man­<br />

Zilze moswavleebi rigrigobiT warmoadgendnen klasis winaSe<br />

TavianT namuSevrebs. es prezentaciebi Semdeg Temebs moicavda:<br />

geografia, amindis Taviseburebani, ekonomikuri da kulturuli<br />

maxasiaTeblebi. qalbatonma kiminom moswavleebs auxsna, rom maT<br />

saklaso oTaxis, biblioTekis da sami veb-gverdis resursebis<br />

gamoyenebac SeeZloT.<br />

jgufuri muSaoba rom waexalisebina, qalbatonma kiminom<br />

moswavleebi jgufebad dahyo da TiToeul jgufs samuSaod<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi regioni ganusazRvra.<br />

jgufSi sami moswavle Sedioda. TiToeul jgufSi Semavalma moswavleebma<br />

funqciebi gainawiles _ SeTanxmdnen, Tu vin iqneboda<br />

jgufis lideri da organizatori, vin gaakeTebda Canawerebs da<br />

a.S. jgufebSi gaerTianebuli moswavleebi imazec SeTanxmdnen,<br />

Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT unda SeesrulebinaT davaleba da romeli<br />

moswavle davalebis ra nawilze unda yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom jgufebi sam-sami moswavlisagan Sedgeboda,<br />

Sesasrulebeli samuSaoc sam nawilad dayves. qalbatonma kiminom<br />

moswavleebs urCia, ramdenime dReSi erTxel SeemowmebinaT<br />

jgufis wevrebs muSaobis Sualeduri Sedegebi, raTa gadaeWraT<br />

problemebi da, saWiroebisamebr, erTmaneTTan SeeTanxmebinaT is<br />

masala, razec muSaobdnen. qalbatoni kimino TiToeul jgufs periodulad<br />

xvdeboda da afasebda maT. maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

ufro efeqturi muSaobis Cvevebis gamomuSavebasa da wamoWrili<br />

sirTuleebis gadalaxvaSi exmareboda.<br />

qalbatonma kiminom swavlebis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli<br />

meTodi _ TanamSromlobiTi swavla gamoiyena.<br />

100

TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />

101<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavla:<br />

kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />

mocemuli naSromis es Tavi<br />

mTlianad TanamSromlobiT swavlas<br />

eZRvneba. zogi am meTods aRiqvams,<br />

rogorc `moswavleTa dajgufebis~<br />

zogadi strategiis nawils. moswavleTa<br />

dajgufebis praqtika saTaves<br />

1867 wlidan iRebs, rodesac saganmanaTleblo<br />

reformatorma u. T.<br />

harisma sent luisSi (misuris Stati,<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi)<br />

danerga axali inicativa, romlis<br />

mixedviTac dawyebiT klasebSi moswavleebs<br />

swrafi winsvlis saSualeba<br />

eZleodaT. j. quliqisa da<br />

q. quliqis (1982) mixedviT, harisis<br />

programa `SesaZleblobebis mixedviT<br />

dajgufebuli klasebis Seqmnisaken<br />

mimarTul pirvel nabijs~<br />

warmoadgenda (gv. 415). Tumca mxolod<br />

saukunis bolos miiRo am siaxlem<br />

is forma, romelic amJamindeli<br />

saskolo praqtikis msgavsia.<br />

magaliTisaTvis, santa barbaraSi,<br />

erTi asakobrivi jgufis moswavleTa<br />

yvela nakadi sam nawilad<br />

iyofoda (a, b, g). miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom samive klasi, met-naklebad,<br />

erTsa da imave Sinaarsis masalas<br />

swavlobda, a klasi ufro uRrmavdeboda<br />

masalas, vidre b klasi.<br />

Tavis mxriv, b klasi ufro safuZvlianad<br />

eufleboda axal codnas,<br />

vidre g klasi.<br />

j. quliqi da q. quliqi 1982<br />

wels werdnen: `dRes aTasobiT<br />

amerikuli skola misdevs homogenuri<br />

dajgufebis models~ (gv.<br />

416). aucilebelia, aRvniSnoT, rom<br />

j. quliqisa da q. quliqis mier am<br />

Canaweris gakeTebis periodidan<br />

moyolebuli, amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda<br />

homogenuri klasebis raodenoba,<br />

rac imas niSnavs, rom SesaZleblobebis<br />

mixedviT moswavleTa dajgufebis<br />

praqtika amJamad ukve nakleb<br />

popularulia. amis erT-erTi<br />

mizezi albaT isaa, rom es praqtika<br />

naklebad efeqturia, anu efeqtis<br />

sidide, rac swavlebis am meTodis<br />

gamoyenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli,<br />

dabalia. j. quliqma da q. quliqma<br />

saSualo skolebSi Catarebuli 52<br />

eqsperimentuli kvleva gaaanalizes<br />

da daadgines, rom moswavleTa<br />

nakadis SesaZleblobebis mixedviT<br />

dajgufebis meTodis efeqtis<br />

sididea 0.10. am meTodis popularobis<br />

vardna SeiZleba imiTac iyos<br />

ganpirobebuli, rom SesaZleblobis<br />

mixedviT dajgufeba aRvivebs<br />

moswavleTa Soris uTanasworobas.<br />

sxva sityvebiT, es meTodi ar emsaxureba<br />

`farTo SesaZleblobebisa<br />

da dabali SesaZleblobebis<br />

mqone moswavleebs Soris napralis<br />

Sevsebas~ (ix. oaqsi, 1985). imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

rom am wignSi, Ziri­<br />

Tadad, yuradRebas swavlebis im<br />

meTodebze vamaxvilebT, romelic<br />

SeiZleba maswavlebelma gamoiyenos<br />

da ar ganvixilavT im strategiebs,<br />

romelic skolas moswavleTa homogenur<br />

jgufebad dayofisaTvis<br />

gamoadgeba. Cveni mTavari amocanaa,<br />

is xerxebi warmogidginoT,<br />

romlebsac maswavlebelma heterogenul<br />

klasSi moswavleTa dasajgufeblad<br />

gamoiyenebs.<br />

am Tavis saxelwodebac naTlad<br />

gviCvenebs, rom Cven TanamSromlobiTi<br />

dajgufebis meTodebis gamoy­

102 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

enebas vemxrobiT. TanamSromlobi­<br />

Ti swavlis sferoSi gamokveTili<br />

specialistebis, devid jonsonisa<br />

da rojer jonsonis (1999) mixedviT,<br />

am meTodis ganmsazRvreli<br />

xuTi elementi arsebobs, esenia:<br />

• pozitiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />

(grZnoba imisa, rom er­<br />

Tad gadavrCebiT, an erTad da­<br />

viRupebiT);<br />

• urTierTgamxneveba (erTmaneTis<br />

daxmareba swavlaSi, urTierTgamxneveba<br />

da waxaliseba);<br />

• individualuri da jgufuri angariSvaldebuleba<br />

(TiToeuli<br />

jgufis wevrs aqvs sakuTari valdebulebebi<br />

da, am valdebulebe bis<br />

SesrulebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba<br />

jgufis saerTo miznis miRweva);<br />

diagrama 7.1<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi TanamSromlobiTi swavlis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

naSromi<br />

uolbergi,<br />

1999<br />

lifsi da<br />

uil soni, 1993<br />

Sirensi da<br />

bosqeri, 1997<br />

holi, 1989<br />

jonsoni, d.,<br />

maruiama,<br />

jonsoni,<br />

r., nelsoni,<br />

skoni (1981)<br />

kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla (zogadad) 182 0.78 28<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla (zogadad) 414 0.63 23<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla (zogadad) ---- 0.56 21<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla (zogadad) 37 0.30 12<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla (zogadad) 122 0.73 27<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla da jgufebs<br />

Soris konkurencia 9 0.00 0<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla da jgufSi<br />

moswavleTa Soris<br />

konkurencia 70 0.78 28<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla da moswavle­<br />

Ta individualuri<br />

davalebebi jgufSi 104 0.78 28

TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />

103<br />

naSromi<br />

slavini, 1987<br />

quliqi da<br />

quliqi, 1987<br />

quliqi da<br />

quliqi, 1991<br />

diagrama 7. 2<br />

homogenur jgufebad dayofis efeqturoba<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

SesaZleblobebis<br />

mixedviT dayofa<br />

(zogadad) 7 0.32 12<br />

SesaZleblobebis<br />

mixedviT dayofa<br />

(zogadad) 15 0.17 6<br />

SesaZleblobebis<br />

mixedviT dayofa<br />

(zogadad) 11 0.25 10<br />

lou, i.,<br />

abrami, f. q.,<br />

spensi, j. q.,<br />

faulseni, q.,<br />

Cambersi,<br />

b. da d’apo lonio,<br />

s., 1996<br />

SesaZleblobebis<br />

mixedviT dayofa<br />

(zogadad) 103 0.17 6<br />

dabali SesaZleblobebis<br />

moswavleebi<br />

24 0.37 14<br />

saSualo SesaZleblobebis<br />

moswavleebi<br />

11 0.19 7<br />

maRali SesaZleblobebis<br />

moswavleebi<br />

18 0.28 11<br />

• interpersonaluri da patara<br />

jgufSi muSaobis unarebi (komunikacia,<br />

ndoba, lideroba,<br />

gadawyvetilebebis miReba da<br />

konfliqtebis mogvareba);<br />

• jgufis winsvla (dakvirveba imaze,<br />

Tu rogor muSaobs gundi da<br />

ra RonisZiebebi unda gatardes<br />

imisaTvis, rom gundis muSaoba<br />

gaumjobesdes) (minesotas universitetis<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlisadmi miZRvnil veb-gverdidan<br />

http://www.co-operation.org/<br />

pages/cl.html. Tanadireqtorebi<br />

jonsoni da jonsoni)<br />

diagrama 7.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />

is Sedegebi, rac TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebis analizis Sedegad warmoCinda.

104 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 7.1-ze warmodgenili<br />

kvlevebidan yvelaze xSirad jonsonis,<br />

maruiamas, jonsonis, nelsonisa<br />

da skonis naSroms (1981)<br />

imowmeben. am kvlevidan yvelaze<br />

sagulisxmo isaa, rom is TanamSromlobiT<br />

swavlas adarebs<br />

msgavs meTodebs, romelTagan sami<br />

diagrama 7.1-zea mocemuli,<br />

esenia: jgufebs Soris konkurencia,<br />

moswavleTa Soris konkurencia,<br />

moswavleTa individualuri<br />

davalebebi jgufSi. jonsonma da<br />

sxvebma daaskvnes, rom TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlis jgufebsa da im<br />

jgufebs, romlebic jgufebs Soris<br />

konkurenciaSi arian CarTulni,<br />

Tanabari zegavlena aqvT moswavleTa<br />

mier masalis aTvisebaze.<br />

aRniSnul daskvnas adasturebs<br />

efeqtis sidide 0.00, romelic am<br />

ori meTodis Sedarebisas fiqsirdeba.<br />

es Sedegi imaze miu­<br />

TiTebs, rom sakontrolo da<br />

sakvlev jgufebSi Semaval moswavleTa<br />

Soris ar dafiqsirda gansaxvavebebi<br />

akademiur moswrebaSi.<br />

rodesac TanamSromlobiT swavlas<br />

moswavleTa Soris konkurenciaze<br />

orientirebul meTodebs vadarebT,<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavla<br />

ufro efeqturia (efeqtis sidide<br />

0.78). da bolos, rodesac TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlis Sedegebs<br />

vadarebT aqtivobebs, romlebic<br />

orientirebulia moswavleTa individualur<br />

davalebebze, TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlis efeqtis<br />

sididea 0.78. ase rom, moswavleTa<br />

CarTva TanamSromlobiT swavlaSi,<br />

efeqturi meTodia, imisda miuxedavad,<br />

ejibrebian Tu ara erTmaneTs<br />

moswavleTa jgufebi.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenili ganzogadebuli<br />

daskvnebi sasargeblo<br />

iqneba im maswavleblebisTvis,<br />

rom lebic TanamSromlobiT<br />

swavla ze mimarTuli aqtivobebis<br />

ganxorcielebas gegmaven.<br />

1. naklebad mizanSewonilia moswavleTa<br />

jgufebad dayofa SesaZleblobebis<br />

mixedviT. ganaTlebis<br />

specialistebi xSirad davoben<br />

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda<br />

moxdes moswavleTa jgufebad dayofa<br />

(TanamSromlobiTi jgufebi<br />

iqneba Tu sxvagvari). davis sagans<br />

jgufebis homogenuroba warmoadgens,<br />

radgan bevri miCnevs, rom<br />

SesaZleblobebis mixedviT moswavleTa<br />

homogenur jgufebad<br />

dayofa mizanSewonili ar aris.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom<br />

kvlevebis mixedviT, moswavleTa<br />

dayofa homogenur jgufebad gacilebiT<br />

ufro mizanSewonilia, vidre<br />

maTi daujgufeblad datoveba.<br />

diagrama 7.2-ze warmodgenilia<br />

informacia, romelic sxvadasxva<br />

kvlevis Sedegebis Serwymis safuZvelzea<br />

miRebuli.<br />

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa<br />

lousa da sxvebis (1996) naSromi,<br />

romelic askvnis, rom nebismieri<br />

akademiuri SesaZleblobebis mqone<br />

moswavlisTvis homogenur jguf<br />

Si muSaoba ufro sasargeb loa,<br />

vidre daujgufeblad muSa oba.<br />

sagulisxmoa diagrama 7.3-ze moyvanili<br />

daskvnebic, sadac warmodgenilia<br />

homogenur da heterogenul<br />

jgufebSi muSaobis Sedegebis<br />

Sejameba.<br />

rogorc diagrama 7.3-zea na­<br />

Cvenebi, dabali akademiuri SesaZleblobis<br />

mqone moswavleebi

TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />

105<br />

diagrama 7. 3<br />

moswavleTa homogenur da heterogenul jgufebSi muSaobis<br />

efeqturobis Sedareba<br />

moswavleTa done Sesa­<br />

Zleblobebis mixedviT<br />

efeqtis sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda *<br />

dabali SesaZlebloba 4 - 0.60 -23<br />

saSualo SesaZlebloba<br />

4 0.51 19<br />

maRali SesaZlebloba 5 0.09 3<br />

* monacemebi amoRebulia lousa da sxvebis naSromidan (1996)<br />

heterogenul jgufSi ufro efeqturad<br />

muSaoben, vidre maTive<br />

donis moswavleebTan dajgufebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi. sxva sityvebiT, dabali<br />

donis moswavleTa homogenur<br />

jgufSi moTavseba uaryofiT<br />

Sedegebs iZleva. amas adasturebs<br />

efeqtis uaryofiTi sidide _ 0.60.<br />

ufro metic, maRali donis moswavleTa<br />

homogenur jgufebSi<br />

gaerTianeba dabali efeqturobiT<br />

gamoirCeva (efeqtis sididea mxolod<br />

0.09). saSualo SesaZleblobis<br />

mqone moswavleebi yvelaze<br />

did sargebels homogenur jgufSi<br />

muSaobis dros hpoveben (efeqtis<br />

sidide 0.51). Sesabamisad, moswavleTa<br />

dajgufeba, akademiuri SesaZleblobebis<br />

mixedviT, SeiZleba<br />

sruliad gansxvavebul zegavlenas<br />

axdendes sxvadasxva donis moswavleebze.<br />

dabali SesaZleblobebis<br />

moswavleTaTvis aseTi aqtivobis<br />

Sedegi sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

iqneba im Sedegisagan, romelsac<br />

saSualo an maRali SesaZleblobebis<br />

mqone moswavleebma SeiZleba<br />

miaRwion (uebi, 1982).<br />

2. sasurvelia, TanamSromlobi­<br />

Ti jgufebi patara iyos. es ganzogadebuli<br />

rCeva TiTqos damatebiT<br />

Sexsenebas ar saWiroebs,<br />

magram aucileblad CavTvaleT,<br />

mainc dagvefiqsirebina. diagrama<br />

7.4-ze moyvanilia lousa da sxvebis<br />

(1996) kvlevebze dayrdnobiT<br />

miRebuli informacia Tanam­<br />

SromlobiTi jgu febis efeqturobis<br />

Sesaxeb, ma Ti zomis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

jgufis zoma<br />

diagrama 7. 4<br />

TanamSromlobiTi jgufebis zoma<br />

efeqtis sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

wyvilebi 13 0.15 6<br />

3 _ 4 38 0.22 9<br />

5 _ 7 17 -0.02 -1

106 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

kvlevaTa zemoTwarmodgenilma<br />

Sedegebma lou da misi kolegebi<br />

Semdeg daskvnamde miiyvana: `3 _<br />

4 moswavlisagan Semdgari patara<br />

zomis TanamSromlobiTi jgufebi<br />

ufro efeqturia, vidre ufro<br />

didi jgufebi~ (1996, gv. 451).<br />

3. TanamSromlobiTi swavla<br />

sasargeblo aqtivobaa, magram zedmetad<br />

xSirad ar unda gamoviyenoT.<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavla is meTodia,<br />

romelic saukeTeso Sedegebs<br />

sistematurad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

iZleva. lousa da sxvebis<br />

(1996) naSromis mixediT, dajgufebis<br />

meTodi yvelaze nayofieria<br />

maSin, roca kviraSi erTxel mainc<br />

gamoiyeneba. zogierTi fsiqologi<br />

ki gvafrTxilebs, rom TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlis meTodis `zedmetad<br />

xSiri~ gamoyeneba sasurveli<br />

ar aris. kerZod, mkvlevarebi<br />

jon andersoni, lin rederi da<br />

herbert saimoni (1997) gvafrTxileben,<br />

rom maswavleblebis mier<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavla xSirad<br />

arasworad, an zedmeti sixSiriT<br />

gamoiyeneba. es mkvlevarebi miiCneven,<br />

rom TanamSromlobiTi swavlis<br />

aramarTebuli gamoyenebis<br />

SemTxvevis winaSe vdgavarT maSin,<br />

roca jgufebis araswori struqturireba<br />

xdeba. zedmeti sixSiriT<br />

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ki dasZenen:<br />

moswavleebi ar unda CavrToT<br />

jgufur muSaobaSi iseTi intensiurobiT,<br />

rom asaTvisebel unarebze<br />

damoukideblad muSaobisaTvis<br />

sakmarisi dro aRar darCeT.<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavla:<br />

praqtika klasSi<br />

sxvadasxva kriteriumis<br />

gamoyeneba moswavleTa<br />

dasajgufeblad<br />

am Temis ganxilva zemoT warmodgenili<br />

pirveli ganzogadebuli<br />

daskvniT unda daviwyoT: SesaZleblobebis<br />

mixedviT moswavle­<br />

Ta jgufebad dayofa arc Tu ise<br />

mizanSewonilia. maSin dajgufebis<br />

ra kriteriumebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos<br />

maswavlebelma moswavleebi<br />

SeiZleba davyoT jgufebad<br />

sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT,<br />

magaliTad: maTi interesebi, dabadebis<br />

Tveebi, tansacmlis feri,<br />

saxelisa da gvaris pirveli asoebi,<br />

SemTxveviTi SerCeva (moswavleTa<br />

saxelebi patara qaRaldebze<br />

davweroT, CavyaroT qudSi da<br />

SemTxveviTobis principiT amovi­<br />

RoT). imisaTvis, rom moswavleTa<br />

gamocdilebis mravaferovneba uzrunvelvyoT,<br />

aucilebelia, sxvadasxva<br />

kriteriumis gamoyeneba da<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavlis Ziri­<br />

Tadi principebis gaTvaliswineba.<br />

s. qagani (1994) Tavis wignSi `TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla~ gvTavazobs<br />

jgufebis struqturirebis sxvadasxva<br />

meTods. qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />

magaliTi im moswavlis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelsac sxvadasxva tipis<br />

TanamSromlobiT jgufSi mouwia<br />

muSaoba.<br />

toms namdvilad ar gaxarebia,<br />

roca Seityo, rom mTeli wlis<br />

manZilze bunebismetvelebis saganSi<br />

meoTxeklaselebs jgufeb­

TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />

107<br />

Si mouxdebodaT muSaoba. toms<br />

jgufebSi muSaobis garkveuli<br />

gamocdileba hqonda; maTematikis<br />

gakveTilze xSirad uwevda<br />

xolme jgufSi gaerTianeba da<br />

yovelTvis `CamorCenil moswavleTa<br />

jgufSi” xvdeboda, radgan<br />

maTematikis maswavlebeli<br />

klass akademiuri SesaZleblobis<br />

mixedviT anawilebda xolme.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom toms<br />

sZulda jgufSi muSaoba. bunebismetyvelebis<br />

maswavlebeli<br />

Seecada, aexsna moswavleebisaTvis,<br />

ra principebiT imuSavebdnen<br />

jgufebSi, rogor daiyofoda<br />

klasi da ramdenad xSirad<br />

mouwevdaT moswavleebs jgufis<br />

Secvla. maswavlebelma auxsna<br />

klass, rom gakveTilze gatarebuli<br />

drois mxolod naxevari<br />

daeTmoboda jgufur mecadineobas.<br />

bavSvebma Seityves, rom<br />

pirveli TemisaTvis im Sinauri<br />

cxovelebis jiSis mixedviT<br />

daiyofodnen, romelic saxlSi<br />

hyavdaT. aseTi dayofa gauadvilebdaT<br />

cxovelebze da maT<br />

zne-Cveulebebze saubars. Tu<br />

moswavleTa did nawils saxlSi<br />

kata an ZaRli hyavda da mxolod<br />

erTs hyavda zazuna, maSin maswavlebeli<br />

ise dayofda bavSvebs,<br />

rom maqsimalurad uzrunvleyo<br />

msgavsi gamocdilebis<br />

mqone moswavleTa erT jgufSi<br />

moxvedra. toms es meTodi moewona<br />

da darwmunda, rom jguf­<br />

Si muSaoba ar iqneboda iseTi<br />

usiamovno, rogorc manamde<br />

warmoedgina.<br />

araformaluri, formaluri da<br />

sabazo jgufebi<br />

d. jonsoni da r. jonsoni (1999)<br />

TavianT wignSi `sxvebTan erTad da<br />

marto swavla: TanamSromlobiTi,<br />

konkurentuli da individualisturi<br />

swavla”, klasis dajgufebis<br />

sxvadasxva paradigmis gamoyenebis<br />

meTodologias gvTavazoben. araformalur,<br />

formalur da sabzo<br />

jgufebad dayofis SesaZlebloba<br />

mravalferovani TanamSromlobiTi<br />

muSaobis saSualebas iZleva. araformaluri<br />

jgufebis saxeobebia,<br />

magaliTad, dawyvileba da gverdiT<br />

mjdomTan mitrialeba. aseTi<br />

muSaoba SeiZleba ramdenime wuTis<br />

an mTeli gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gagrZeldes. araformaluri jgufis<br />

mizani SeiZleba iyos: davalebis<br />

pirobebis dazusteba; moswavleTa<br />

yuradRebis koncentrireba;<br />

moswavleTaTvis meti drois micema<br />

imisaTvis, rom informacia gaiazron;<br />

gakveTilis Sejameba. qvemoT<br />

moyvanilia magaliTi imisa, Tu<br />

rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenos maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleTa araformaluri<br />

dawyvilebis meTodi.<br />

batoni andersoni me-5 klasis<br />

moswavleebs xSirad ukiTxavs<br />

teqstebs monaTmflobelobis<br />

Sesaxeb. erT-erT gakveTilze<br />

maswavlebelma moswavleebs 10<br />

wuTis ganmavlobaSi ukiTxa,<br />

Semdeg ki sTxova maT, dawyvilebuliyvnen<br />

da 3-4 wuTis<br />

ganmavlobaSi mosmenili informaciidan<br />

SerCeul romelime<br />

konkretul sakiTxze emsjelaT.<br />

batonma andersonma<br />

es sakiTxi Tavad ganusazRvra<br />

moswavleebs. aqtivoba SemdegSi<br />

mdgomareobda: TiToeul<br />

wyvilSi orive moswavles calcalke<br />

unda Camoeyalibebina<br />

Tavisi damokidebuleba aRniSnul<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirdebiT<br />

da Semdeg es damokidebuleba<br />

Tavisi mewyvilisaTvis gaecno.<br />

moswavleebma imsjeles da<br />

daasrules aqtivoba. batonma<br />

andersonma kiTxva ganagrZo. 10<br />

wuTis Semdeg batoni andersoni<br />

SeCerda da moswavleebs axla

108 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

sxva sakiTxi misca gansaxilvelad.<br />

gakveTili ase grZeldeboda.<br />

maswavlebeli 10 wuTis<br />

Semdeg Cerdeboda da wyvilebSi<br />

gansaxilvelad mcire davalebas<br />

aZlevda moswavleebs. drodadro<br />

batoni andersoni sxvadasxva<br />

wyvils sTxovda, diskusiis<br />

Sedegebi mokled gaecnoT<br />

erTmaneTisTvis. gakveTilis<br />

bolos batonma andersonma<br />

sTxova moswavleebs, TavianTi<br />

daskvnebi da azrebi, ganxilul<br />

masalasTan dakavSirebiT, werilobiT<br />

CamoeyalibebinaT. aseve,<br />

mexuTeklaselebs mouwevdaT,<br />

daekonkretebinaT is axali informacia,<br />

romelic gakveTilze<br />

miiRes. bolos es Semajamebeli<br />

werilobiTi davaleba moswavleebs<br />

maswavleblisaTvis unda<br />

CaebarebinaT.<br />

formaluri jgufebi imisTvis<br />

iqmneba, rom moswavleebs akademiuri<br />

davalebis safuZvlianad<br />

SesrulebisaTvis sakmarisi dro<br />

hqondeT. Sesabamisad, formalur<br />

jgufSi muSaobam, SeiZleba, ramdenime<br />

dRe an zogjer kvira gastanos.<br />

formaluri jgufebis Seqmnis<br />

dros maswavlebeli davalebas ise<br />

ayalibebs, rom is TanamSromlobiTi<br />

dajgufebis yvela ZiriTad komponents<br />

moicavdes. es komponentebia:<br />

• pozitiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba;<br />

• jgufis winsvla;<br />

• socialuri unarebis saTanado<br />

gamoyeneba;<br />

• urTierTgamxneveba, individualuri<br />

da jgufuri angariSvaldebuleba.<br />

(jonsoni da jonsoni, 1999).<br />

qvemoT moyvanili magaliTi<br />

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

formaluri jgufebis gamoyeneba<br />

kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisas.<br />

qalbatoni rendeli saSualo<br />

skolis ekonomikis maswavlebelia.<br />

dRes is vaWrobasa da momxmareblebze<br />

xsnis gakveTils.<br />

klasSi 32 moswavlea. qalbatoni<br />

rendeli moswavleebs sTxovs,<br />

1-dan 8-mde gadaiTvalon da 8<br />

jgufad daiyon. Sesabamisad,<br />

TiToeul jgufSi 4 moswavle<br />

aRmoCndeba. jgufis TiToeul<br />

wevrs garkveuli funqcia eni­<br />

Weba: Camweri, Semajamebeli,<br />

teqnikuri mrCeveli da mkvlevari.<br />

TiToeulma jgufma maswavleblis<br />

mier miwvdili<br />

saxelmZRvanelo principebis<br />

mi xedviT unda Seqmnas garkveuli<br />

produqti. momavali oTxi<br />

dRis manZilze moswavleebi<br />

jgufurad imuSaveben da gadawyveten,<br />

ra produqti Seqmnan,<br />

rogori dizaini gaukeTon da<br />

rogor uzrunvelyon misi marketingi.<br />

Semdeg TiToeuli jgufi<br />

Seecdeba, Tavisi produqti<br />

sxva jgufs mihyidos. mTeli<br />

samuSao procesis ganmavlobaSi<br />

qalbatoni rendeli jgufebisa<br />

da jgufebSi Semavali<br />

moswavleebis muSaobas zemoT<br />

Camoyalibebuli xuTi komponentis<br />

mixedviT sistematurad<br />

akvirdeba: ramdenad amJRavneben<br />

moswavleebi socialur unarebs,<br />

rogor wyveten wamoWril<br />

sirTuleebs, rogor midis jgufis<br />

muSaoba win. maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs xSirad sTxovs,<br />

drodadro saku Tari Tavi Seafason.<br />

saboloo produqtis<br />

pre zentaciis dros moswavleebma<br />

mTliani jgufis namuSevari<br />

unda warmoadginon da,<br />

aseve, jgufis TiToeuli wevris<br />

konkretuli wvlili unda<br />

aRniSnon.<br />

sabazo jgufebi SedarebiT

TanamSromlobiTi swavleba<br />

109<br />

xangrZliv drozea orientirebuli,<br />

magaliTad, erT semestrze,<br />

an, zogjer, saswavlo welze. ase­<br />

Ti jgufebi imitom iqmneba, rom<br />

moswavleebs mTeli semestrisa<br />

Tu wlis manZilze daexmaros.<br />

qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi moqmedeba<br />

me-3 klasSi mimdinareobs.<br />

es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor<br />

SeiZleba sabazo jgufebis Seqmna<br />

dawyebiT klasSi.<br />

qalbatonma ramosma Tavis<br />

kolegas, baton Stols gauziara<br />

wuxili imis Taobaze,<br />

rom axali saswavlo wlis me-4<br />

kviraSi misi mesameklaselebi<br />

jer kidev ver imaxsovrebdnen<br />

erTmaneTis saxelebs. batonma<br />

Stolma qalbaton ramoss<br />

urCia, Seeqmna klasSi sabazo<br />

jgufebi. qalbaton ramoss<br />

gagonili hqonda, rom sabazo<br />

jgufebis Seqmna sasargeblo<br />

iyo rutinuli davalebebis Sesasruleblad,<br />

magram fiqrobda,<br />

rom aseT jgufebSi muSaoba<br />

mxo lod maRalklaselTaTvis<br />

iyo nayofieri.<br />

qalbatonma ramosma mesameklaselebi<br />

sabazo jgufebad<br />

dahyo da sTxova, gaecvalaT<br />

ZiriTadi sakontaqto da sxva<br />

mniSvnelovani informacia, maT<br />

Soris telefonis nomrebi. am<br />

aqtivobisaTvis moswavleebs<br />

ramdenime wuTi hqondaT micemuli.<br />

moswavleebma sakontaqto<br />

informaciis garda Seityves<br />

erTmaneTis Cvevebisa da interesebis<br />

Sesaxeb (magaliTad, imis<br />

Sesaxeb, Tu vin dadioda fexburTisa<br />

da musikis klasgareSe<br />

gakveTilebze). maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs auxsna, rom yoveli<br />

dRis dasawyisSi 5 wuTiT unda<br />

Sexvedrodnen TavianTi sabazo<br />

jgufis wevrebs da moekiTxaT<br />

isini, gaerkviaT, Caabares Tu<br />

ara saSinao davalebebi. gadawyvites<br />

Tu ara, ras miirTmevdnen<br />

sadilad. aseve, mecadineobebis<br />

Semdegac yoveldRe<br />

unda Sexvedrodnen Tavisi jgufis<br />

wevrebs, ganexilaT saSinao<br />

davalebebi da erTmaneTs<br />

rutinuli saskolo sakiTxebis<br />

mogvarebaSi daxmarebodnen.<br />

mTeli wlis manZilze moswavleebi<br />

am sabazo jgufebSi<br />

rCebodnen. rutinuli davalebebis<br />

garda, sabazo jgufebSi<br />

igegmeboda sxvadasxva aqtivoba<br />

da sxvadasxva saskolo samu­<br />

Saoc sruldeboda, magaliTad,<br />

urikebiT wignebis gadazidva<br />

skolis biblioTekidan mediacentrSi.<br />

moswavleebi gasarTob<br />

aqtivobebSic erTvebodnen. qalbatonma<br />

ramosma male SeniSna,<br />

rom moswavleTa sabazo jgufebad<br />

dayofam Sedegi gamoiRo _<br />

maT aSkarad ganuviTardaT klasisadmi<br />

kuTvnilebis grZnoba.<br />

TanamSromlobiTi jgufis zoma<br />

rogorc meore ganzogadebul<br />

daskvnaSi iyo miTiTebuli,<br />

sasurvelia, TanamSromlobiTi<br />

jgufebi patara iyos. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom zogierTi davaleba<br />

didi jgufisTvis ufro mizanSewonilia,<br />

SesaZloa, moswavleebs<br />

ar eyoT did jgufebSi muSaobis<br />

kompetencia. maswavleblebis azriT,<br />

`rac ufro pataraa jgufi,<br />

miT ukeTesia”. Tumca xandaxan,<br />

resursebis simwiris gamo, maswavleblebi<br />

jgufebis zomas zrdian.<br />

maswavleblis, rogorc menejeris<br />

pasuxismgeblobaa, mudmivad akontrolos<br />

da, saWiroebisamebr,<br />

cvalos kidevac jgufebis zoma.<br />

batoni edenis moswavleebi media-centrSi<br />

TavianT, konstituciis<br />

proeqtebze muSaobdnen.<br />

stivma maswavlebels sTxova,

110 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

ramdenime wuTi daeTmo misTvis.<br />

stivs surda baton eden­<br />

Tan dalaparakeba imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom misi jgufi arc Tu ise<br />

kargad muSaobda. `namdvilad<br />

bevri ramaa gasakeTebeli da<br />

davaleba kargad gvesmis. er­<br />

TaderTi problema isaa, rom<br />

jgufSi Zalian bevrni varT,~ _<br />

SesCivla stivma maswavlebels.<br />

moswavlesTan saubris Semdeg<br />

batoni edeni daakvirda jgufis<br />

muSaobas da mixvda, rom stivi<br />

marTali iyo. im saRamos maswavlebelma<br />

miiRo gadawyvetileba,<br />

eqvskaciani jgufebi or nawilad<br />

daeSala. eqvskaciani jgufebis<br />

samkacian jgufebad qcevas<br />

garkveuli dro dasWirda, Tumca<br />

am saqmes unayofod ar Cauvlia.<br />

drois gasvlasTan erTad,<br />

batoni edeni mixvda, rom Tavis<br />

droze, eqvskaciani jgufebis<br />

Seqmnisas, man Secdoma dauSva<br />

da moswavleebs davalebis Sesruleba<br />

mxolod gaurTula.<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavlis<br />

kombinireba sxva saklaso<br />

aqtivobebTan<br />

is maswavleblebic ki, romlebic<br />

xSirad iyeneben TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlis meTods, daeTanxmebian<br />

ganzogadebul rCevas imis<br />

Sesaxeb, rom TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla sasargebloa, magram misi<br />

zedmetad xSirad gamoyeneba ar<br />

aris mizanSewonili. yvelasTvis<br />

cnobilia, rom meTodis gadaWarbebuli<br />

gamoyeneba xSirad efeqturobis<br />

Semcirebas iwvevs. qvemoT<br />

warmodgenilia dajgufebis<br />

meTodis gadametebuli sixSiriT<br />

gamoyenebis magaliTi.<br />

qalbaton mandrels Zalian uyvarda<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavlis<br />

meTodis gamoyeneba da me-8<br />

klasis moswavleebTan xSirad<br />

iSveliebda mas. rac dro gadioda,<br />

maswavlebeli amCnevda,<br />

rom jgufebis muSaoba iseTi<br />

efeqturobiT aRar gamoirCeoda,<br />

rogorc wlis dasawyisSi,<br />

moswavleebi iseTi mondomebiT<br />

aRar erTvebodnen jgufis<br />

muSaobaSi. qalbatonma mandrelma<br />

gadawyvita, saSualeba<br />

mieca moswavleebisaTvis, Tavad<br />

aerCiaT jgufebi, raTa ufro<br />

gaxalisebuliyvnen. asec moiqca,<br />

magram am siaxlem ar gaWra.<br />

bolos, maswavlebelma gadawyvita,<br />

am Temaze bavSvebTan<br />

esaubra. erT-erTma moswavlem<br />

ganacxada: `Cven meti damoukidebloba<br />

gvsurs. daviRale mudmivi<br />

interaqciiT. namdvilad<br />

mWirdeba meti dro, rom CemTvis<br />

wynarad vimecadino.~<br />

diskusiaSi sxva moswavleebic<br />

CaerTnen: `mogvwons erTad<br />

muSaoba, magram ara aseTi intensivobiT.<br />

iciT, raRaceebs<br />

damoukideblad mecadineobis<br />

dros ufro kargad vigeb.~<br />

qalbatoni mandrelisaTvis<br />

yvelaferi gasagebi gaxda.<br />

`marTali xarT, _ uTxra man<br />

moswavleebs, jgufur muSaobas<br />

metismetad didi dro davuTmeT.<br />

es imitom, rom TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlis meTodi Zalian<br />

momwons. gTxovT, SemaxsenoT<br />

xolme, Tu zedmetad Sevyvebi<br />

am meTodis gamoyenebas. gpirdebiT,<br />

dagijerebT.~<br />

* * *<br />

moswavleTa dajgufebis me­<br />

Todebidan TanamSromlobiTi swavla<br />

SeiZleba yvelaze nayofieri<br />

iyos. rogorc am TavSi warmodgenili<br />

magaliTebiT davrwmundiT,<br />

TanamSromlobiTi swavlis meTodi<br />

maswavlebelma SeiZleba sxvadasxva<br />

formiT da sruliad gansxvavebul<br />

situaciebSi gamoiyenos.

8<br />

miznebis<br />

dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

batoni holi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriis maswavlebeli<br />

iyo. rogorc wesi, yovel axal saswavlo wels moswavleebisadmi<br />

STamagonebeli mimarTviT iwyebda xolme. batoni holi<br />

istoriis umaRles kurss aswavlida da moswavleebs mniSvnelovani<br />

testirebisTvis amzadebda. Tavis sityvaSi maswavlebeli<br />

yovelTvis aRniSnavda, rom saboloo testis qulebi ara mxolod<br />

moswavleTa swavlis Sedegebs asaxavdnen, aramed misi swavlebis<br />

xelovnebis saboloo Sefasebasac warmoadgendnen. testirebaze<br />

batoni holis moswavleebi TiTqmis yovelTvis met-naklebad karg<br />

qulebs iRebdnen. miuxedavad amisa, maswavlebels yovelTvis metis<br />

miRweva surda da fiqrobda, rom moswavleTa ukeT momzadebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT metis gakeTeba SeeZlo. gasul wlebSi<br />

batoni holi sxvadasxva RonisZiebas atarebda, raTa moswavleTa<br />

testirebis qulebi gaeumjobesebina, sasurvel Sedegs ki mainc<br />

ver miaRwia.<br />

erT zafxuls batonma holma mTeli saswavlo masalis gadamuSaveba<br />

daiwyo, im mizniT, rom moswavleebisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />

adgilebi moeniSna. am masalas moswavleebi mTeli saswavlo wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi swavlobdnen da aRiarebdnen, rom mxolod maswavleblis<br />

moniSnul adgilebs aqcevdnen yuradRebas, danarCens ki<br />

sruliad uyuradRebod tovebdnen. moswavleebi zedmetad damokidebulebi<br />

gaxdnen maswavleblis mier moniSnul masalaze.<br />

Semdeg wels batonma holma SabaTis mecadineobebi SemoiRo.<br />

SabaTobiT moswavleebs mxolod im unarebze avarjiSebda, rac,<br />

misi azriT, moswavleTa testirebis Sedegebis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobda<br />

xels. arc am damatebiTma mecadineobebma gamoiRo Sedegi.<br />

moswavleTa qulebi mniSvnelovnad ar gaumjobesebula. wels batonma<br />

holma, saswavlo masalis moniSvnis nacvlad, moswavleebs<br />

TiToeuli epoqis zogadi aRwera moumzada. am aRweraTa Camoyalibebis<br />

procesSi maswavlebeli erovnul saswavlo gegmas eyrdnoboda.<br />

SeimuSava terminebis nusxac TiToeuli epoqisaTvis da<br />

moswavleebs saguldagulod mouniSna is terminebi, romlebic<br />

saswavlo masalaSi xSirad SexvdebodaT.<br />

batonma holma moswavleebs saswavlo dRiuris Sedgenac<br />

mosTxova. am dRiurSi bavSvebs swavlis misaRwevi Sedegebi epoqaTa<br />

im zogadi aRwerebis mixedviT unda CaeniSnaT, rac maT maswavle­<br />

111

112 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

belma moumzada. batonma holma sanimu­<br />

Sod pirveli abzaci gamoiyena: aCvena moswavleebs<br />

epoqis aRwera da ganumarta, Tu<br />

rogor unda CamoeyalibebinaT swavlis is<br />

Sedegebi, romlisTvisac maT unda mieRwiaT.<br />

maswavlebelma am process `swavlis<br />

miznebis dasaxva~ daarqva. moswavleebi<br />

dabneulebi Candnen, radgan aqamde miznad<br />

isaxavdnen konkretuli davalebis<br />

Sesrulebas, da ara swavlis konkretuli<br />

Sedegebis miRwevas.<br />

amerikis samoqalaqo omis Tema<br />

moicavda ganzogadebebs omis mizezebis<br />

Sesaxeb. erT-erTma moswavlem, polma,<br />

es ganzogadebuli winadadeba dRiuris<br />

gverdis dasawyisSi dawera da mas swavlis<br />

Sedegi miuwera, romlisTvisac unda mieRwia:<br />

`unda gavigo, aris Tu ara erTze<br />

meti Teoria amerikis samoqalaqo omis<br />

gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb. me yovelTvis<br />

vicodi, rom omis mizezi iyo monoba.<br />

omis mizezebis Sesaxeb ufro meti unda<br />

gavigo.~ ase rom, dRiurSi polma Semoxaza<br />

fraza `samoqalaqo omis mizezebi~.<br />

am Semoxazul frazas sami sxvadasxva<br />

mimarTulebiT gaukeTa isrebi da Ti­<br />

Toeul isars sxvadasxva fraza miawera:<br />

a. sxvadasxva Sexeduleba monobaze, CrdiloeTsa<br />

da samxreTSi, b. dasavleTis mimarTulebiT<br />

gafarToeba, g. industrializacia.<br />

mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi Seswavlili<br />

masalis mixedviT, poli cvlida<br />

am Canawers. kviris bolos miRebuli<br />

informaciis safuZvelze, pols SeeZlo<br />

samoqalaqo omis gamomwvevi mizezebis<br />

Tavmoyra. yvela moswavles sxvadasxvagvarad<br />

hqonda Camoyalibebuli omis mizezebi.<br />

batoni holi cdilobda, waexalisebina<br />

moswavleebi, rom swavlis miznebi da<br />

SeZenili codna erTmaneTisaTvis gaeziarebinaT.<br />

maswavlebeli, kviraSi erTxel<br />

mainc, TiToeul moswavles individualurad<br />

xvdeboda da ganixilavda mis<br />

progress dasaxuli miznebisaken mimaval<br />

gzaze. aseT Sexvedras xandaxan mxolod<br />

ramdenime wuTi sWirdeboda. maswavlebeli<br />

klass mudmivad amowmebda testebiT.<br />

testirebis Sedegebs ki moswavleTa<br />

mier dasaxuli swavlis miznebis mixedviT<br />

afasebda.<br />

batonma holma miznebis dasaxvisa<br />

da komentarebis micemis meTodebi<br />

Tavisi moswavleebis akademiuri<br />

moswrebis gaumjobesebis mizniT<br />

gamoiyena. rogorc ganaTlebis<br />

sferos mkvlevarebi miiCneven, es<br />

meTodebi azrovnebis metakognitur<br />

sistemas aviTarebs.<br />

miznebis dasaxva: kvlevebi da<br />

Teoriebi<br />

zogadi ganmartebiT, miznebis dasaxva<br />

swavlisaTvis mimarTulebis<br />

micemis meTodia. es is unaria,<br />

romelic warmatebul adamianebs<br />

diagrama 8.1<br />

miznebis dasaxvis meTodis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

naSromi<br />

kvlevebSi<br />

yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

uaizi da<br />

oqei, 1983*<br />

miznebis dasaxvis<br />

mniSvneloba<br />

3<br />

25<br />

1.37<br />

0.48<br />

41<br />

18<br />

uolbergi,<br />

1999<br />

lifsi da<br />

uilsoni, 1993<br />

miznebis dasaxvis<br />

mniSvneloba 21 0.46 18<br />

miznebis dasaxvis<br />

mniSvneloba 204 0.55 21<br />

* Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />

efeqtis sididis ramdenime kategoriaa mocemuli. mkiTxvels, Tu dainteresebulia<br />

detalebiT, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.

miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

113<br />

kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli da<br />

grZelvadiani da moklevadiani<br />

miznebis miRwevaSi exmareba maT.<br />

dagrama 8.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />

daskvnebi im ramdenime naSromidan,<br />

romlebSic Tavmoyrilia miznebis<br />

dasaxvis meTodis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />

saganmanaTleblo kvlevebi.<br />

miznebis dasaxvis Sesaxeb Cata<br />

rebuli kvelevebidan, Cven sam<br />

ganzogadebul daskvnas movu yareT<br />

Tavi. es daskvnebi sasargeblo<br />

iqneba im maswavleblebisaTvis,<br />

romlebic TavianT praqtikaSi<br />

swavlis miznebis dasaxvis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebas apireben.<br />

1. saswavlo miznebis gansazRvris<br />

Sedegad, moswavlis yuradReba<br />

mxolod konkretul masalazea<br />

mimarTuli. kvlevebidan<br />

Zalze siantereso daskvna ikveTeba<br />

imis Sesaxeb, rom miznebis<br />

dasaxva sasargebloa mxolod im<br />

konkretuli saswavlo Sedegebis<br />

miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, rac miznebSia<br />

Camoyalibebuli. miznebis<br />

winaswar Camoyalibeba uaryofiT<br />

gavlenas axdens swavlis danarCen<br />

Sedegebze. h. uolbergma (1999)<br />

saswavlo miznebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

20 kvlevis Sedegebi gaaanaliza<br />

da daaskvna, rom miznebis<br />

dasaxva uaryofiT gavlenas axdens<br />

`winaswar ganusazRvrel Sedegebze~<br />

(efeqtis sididea _ 0.20). es<br />

imas niSnavs, rom Tu maswavlebeli<br />

akonkretebs swavlis mosalodnel<br />

Sedegs (magaliTad ase:<br />

moswavleebs unda esmodeT, Tu<br />

rogor funqcionirebs ujredi),<br />

SeiZleba moswavleebma ise kargad<br />

ver gaiazron am TemasTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli sxva sakiTxebi, rogorc<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu swavlis Sedegi<br />

winaswar Camoyalibebuli ar iqneboda.<br />

efeqtis sidide _ 0.20 imas<br />

niSnavs, rom Tu testi swored<br />

ujredis funqcionirebas ar Seexeba,<br />

maSin im klasis moswavle,<br />

romelSic konkretuli saswavlo<br />

miznebi iqna dasaxuli, miiRebs 8<br />

procentiliT dabal qulas, vidre<br />

moswavle im klasidan, sadac<br />

aseTi miznebi dasaxuli ar iyo.<br />

erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba es Sedegi<br />

vinmes alogikurad moeCvenos,<br />

magram Tu kargad davukvirdebiT,<br />

gasagebi gaxdeba, rom miznis<br />

dasaxva moswavlis yuradRebis<br />

koncentracias mxolod konkretul<br />

sakiTxze axdens da danarCen<br />

masalas safuZvlianad veRar iTvisebs.<br />

2. saswavlo miznebi ar unda<br />

iyos zedmetad dakonkretebuli.<br />

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom zogadi<br />

formiT warmodgenili saswavlo<br />

miznebi ufro efeqturia, vidre<br />

biheivioristuli formiT Camoyalibebuli<br />

miznebi. b. freizerma<br />

da sxvebma (1987) 111 kvlevis Sedegebi<br />

Seiswavles da daaskvnes, rom<br />

biheivioristuli miznebis klasSi<br />

gamoyenebis efeqtis sididea 0.12<br />

da Seesatyviseba 5 procentiliT<br />

zrdas. es Sedegi gamowveulia<br />

imiT, rom biheivioristuli miznebi<br />

Zalian konkretulia.<br />

biheivioristuli miznebis gamoyeneba<br />

sakmaod popularuli<br />

gaxda 1962 wels, rodesac Sefasebis<br />

eqspertma <strong>robert</strong> meigerma<br />

gamoaqveyna wigni `saswavlo miznebis<br />

momzadeba~. meigeri am wignSi

114 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

wers, rom efeqtur saswavlo miznebs<br />

sami ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebeli<br />

aqvs, esenia:<br />

1. Sedegi. mizani yovelTvis<br />

aRwers im Sedeg(eb)s, rasac<br />

moswavlem unda miaRwios.<br />

2. pirobebi. mizani yovelTvis<br />

aRwers im pirobebs, romel­<br />

Sic Sedegebis warmodgena<br />

unda moxdes.<br />

3. kriteriumi. saswavlo mizani<br />

ayalibebs unaris warmodgenis<br />

dones, romelsac moswavlis<br />

Sedegebi unda Seesabamebodes<br />

da, aseve, ganmartavs<br />

am donis Sefasebis<br />

kriteriumebs.<br />

<strong>robert</strong> meigeris kriteriumebis<br />

mixedviT Camoyalibebuli<br />

saswavlo miznebi Zalian konkretulia.<br />

Tu swavlis procesis individualur<br />

da konstruqtivistul<br />

bunebas gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

es zedmet konkretikadac ki Sei­<br />

Zleba CaiTvalos.<br />

3. moswavleebi unda wavaxalisoT,<br />

rom gaiazron maswavleblis<br />

mier dasaxuli miznebi. mas Semdeg,<br />

rac maswavlebeli Camoayalibebs<br />

saswavlo miznebs, aucilebelia,<br />

mosawvleebs saSualeba mieceT,<br />

moaxdinon am miznebis sakuTar<br />

saWiroebebze morgeba. Sesabamisad,<br />

miznebi ar unda iyos zedmetad<br />

konkretuli. Tu miznebi biheivioristul<br />

formatSia Camoyalibebuli,<br />

moswavleebs gauWirdebaT<br />

maTi morgeba TavianT saWiroebebze.<br />

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom<br />

Zalze efeqturia miznebis dasaxva<br />

`saxelSekrulebo~ formiT.<br />

es imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebi<br />

ara mxolod ayalibeben misaRwev<br />

miznebs (im zogadi miznebidan<br />

gamomdinare, rasac maswavlebeli<br />

usaxavs klass), aramed, aseve,<br />

xelSekrulebas deben im niSanze,<br />

romelsac am miznebis Sesrulebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi miiReben (ix.qale da<br />

qeli, 1994; mileri da qeli, 1994;<br />

volmeri, 1995). aseve, kvlevebi<br />

adasturebs, rom moswavleTa mier<br />

qvemiznebis Camoyalibeba dadebiT<br />

gavlenas axdens moswavleTa akademiur<br />

moswrebaze (bandura da<br />

Sunqi, 1981; morgani, 1985).<br />

miznebis dasaxva:<br />

praqtika klasSi<br />

konkretuli, magram moqnili<br />

miznebi<br />

mniSvnelovania, moswavleebs<br />

maswavlebelma dausaxos miznebi,<br />

Tumca, aucilebelia, es miznebi<br />

iyos zogadi, raTa sakmarisi Tavisufleba<br />

dautovos moswavleebs.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia magaliTi<br />

imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba amis<br />

miRweva.<br />

saswavlo wlis dasawyisidan<br />

moyolebuli, qalbatoni gerSvinis<br />

meoTxeklaseli moswavleebi,<br />

TiToeul TemasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, sakuTari miznebis<br />

dasaxvas mieCvivnen. maswavlebeli<br />

yovelTvis awvdis<br />

maT zogad miznebs, romlebsac<br />

Semdeg moswavleebi sakuTar<br />

saWiroebebs argeben. roca moswavleebma<br />

adamianis sxeulis<br />

Seswavla daiwyes, maswavlebel­

miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

115<br />

ma klass miznad dausaxa yvela<br />

ZiriTadi organos individualuri<br />

funqciebisa da, aseve,<br />

maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis<br />

ZiriTadi principebis codna.<br />

am zogadi miznebidan gamomdinare,<br />

joSi, erT-erTi moswavle,<br />

Tavis saswavlo miznebs ayalibebs:<br />

minda, meti vicode Tirkmelebisa<br />

da maTi funqcionirebis<br />

Sesaxeb. male babuaCems<br />

erTi Tirkmeli unda amoaWran.<br />

vici, rom adamianis sxeulSi<br />

guli uSvebs sisxls da mainteresebs,<br />

rogor xdeba gulis<br />

Seteva.<br />

minda, vicode, aris Tu ara<br />

nawlavebis sigrZe marTla 4<br />

mili.<br />

qalbatonma gerSvinma SeamCnia,<br />

rom moswavleTaTvis winadadebebis<br />

dasawyisi frazebis<br />

miwodeba (magaliTad, `minda, vicode...~<br />

da `minda, meti vicode~)<br />

uadvilebs maT konkretuli saswavlo<br />

miznebis Camoyalibebas.<br />

xelSekrulebebi<br />

saswavlo miznebis dasaxvis<br />

erT-erTi meTodia moswavleebTan<br />

xelSekrulebebis gaformeba, rac<br />

moswavleebs swavlis procesis<br />

marTvis saSualebas aZlevs. qvemoT<br />

moyvanili magaliTi aCvenebs,<br />

Tu rogor gamoiyena xelSekrulebebi<br />

sabazo skolis maswavlebelma<br />

teqnologiis gakveTilze.<br />

qalbatoni roumi didi mouTmenlobiT<br />

eloda im dRes, rodesac<br />

moswavleebTan veb-gverdis<br />

Seqmnaze muSaobas daiwyebda. es<br />

samkviriani kursi iyo. veb-gverdis<br />

Seqmnis kursi met-naklebad<br />

momqancveli aRmoCnda maswavleblisaTvis,<br />

radgan moswavleebi<br />

sxvadasxva doneze flobdnen<br />

kompiuteris moxmarebis unarebs.<br />

es gansxvavebebi rom aRmoefxvra,<br />

qalbatonma roumma moamzada<br />

swavlis Sedegebis nusxa, romlis<br />

aTvisebac moswavleebs sxvadasxva<br />

siCqariT SeeZloT. swavlis<br />

Sedegebis nusxaSi is unarebi da<br />

codna iyo ganmartebuli, rac<br />

moswavleebs veb-gverdebisa da,<br />

zogadad, kompiuteris moxmarebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT dasWirdebodaT.<br />

qalbatonma roumma es<br />

nusxa didi yuradRebiT Seadgina,<br />

radgan ar surda, moswvleebs<br />

davalebebis Sesruleba<br />

ise daewyoT, rom kompiuteris<br />

moxmarebis elementaruli unarebi<br />

da veb-gverdebis Sesaxeb<br />

konceptualuri informacia ar<br />

hqonodaT.<br />

maswavlebelma moswavleebTan<br />

xelSekrulebebi Seitana.<br />

xelSekrulebaSi veb-gverdze<br />

muSaobis dasawyebad aucilebeli<br />

unarebi iyo Camowerili (magali­<br />

Tad, veb-gverdis fonis SerCeva,<br />

melodiebis identifikacia,<br />

bmulebis Seqmna). xelSekrulebis<br />

meore nawili exeboda imas, Tu<br />

ra unda scodnodaT, an gaeazrebinaT<br />

moswavleebs (magaliTad,<br />

ra aris html vis sWirdeba vebgverdi<br />

rogor gavxsnaT am vebgverdis<br />

bmulebi )<br />

moswavleebi, TavianTi xel­<br />

Se krulebis pirobebi rom daekmayofilebinaT,<br />

muSaobis periodSi<br />

mudmivad ekontaqtebodnen<br />

qalbaton roums, masTan<br />

erTad ganixilavdnen, ra iswavles<br />

da xelSekrulebaSi dafiqsirebul<br />

vadebs periodulad<br />

cvlidnen.<br />

komentaris gakeTeba:<br />

kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />

maswavleblebi xSirad iyeneben<br />

moswavleebis mier Sesrulebul<br />

davalebaze komentarebis

116 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

gakeTebis meTods. komentarebSi,<br />

rogorc wesi, aRniSnulia, Tu ramdenad<br />

kargad Seasrula moswavlem<br />

micemuli davaleba. kvlevebi<br />

adasturebs, rom komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

swavlebis Zalian efeqturi<br />

meTodia. mkvlevarma jon heTim<br />

(1992) 8000-mde kvleva ganixila da<br />

daaskvna:<br />

yvelaze Zlieri meTodi, romelic<br />

moswavleTa akademiur<br />

moswrebas aumjobesebs, komentarebis<br />

gakeTebaa. Sesabamisad,<br />

ganaTlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis<br />

yvelaze martivi recepti<br />

iqneboda _ `rac SeiZleba<br />

xSirad gaakeTeT komentarebi~<br />

(gv. 9).<br />

dagrama 8.2-ze warmodgenilia<br />

daskvnebi im ramdenime naSromidan,<br />

romelSic gaanalizebulia<br />

kvlevebi komentaris gakeTebis<br />

meTodis Sesaxeb.<br />

komentarebis gakeTebis Sesaxeb<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebidan Tavi<br />

movuyareT oTx ganzogadebul<br />

daskvnas.<br />

1. maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli<br />

komentarebi orientirebuli<br />

unda iyos moswavlis Sedegebis<br />

gaumjobesebaze. SeniSnavdiT, rom<br />

diagarama 8.2-ze mocemuli efeqtis<br />

sidideebi aris 0.90 da zogjer<br />

ufro maRalic. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom aseTi komentarebi, moswavles<br />

saSualebas aZlevs, mixvdes,<br />

Tu ras akeTebs sworad da ras<br />

_ ara. bengert-dounsis, quliqis,<br />

quliqis da morganis (1991)<br />

kvle va ki askvnis, rom am meTodis<br />

gamoyenebis efeqtis sididea<br />

mxo lod 0.26. am SemTxvevaSi sagulisxmoa,<br />

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom<br />

mo cemuli kvleva mxolod testze<br />

an `testis msgavs procedurebze~<br />

gakeTebul komentars exeboda.<br />

diagrama 8.3-ze detaluradaa warmodgenili<br />

r. bengert-dounsis, q.<br />

quliqis, j. quliqis da m. morganis<br />

kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />

diagrama 8.3-ze mocemuli<br />

kvle vebis Sedegebi ganaTlebis<br />

spe cialistebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania.<br />

miaqcieT yuradReba,<br />

rom moswavlisaTvis mxolod<br />

imis miniSneba, sworia Tu ara<br />

misi pasuxi, uaryofiT gavlenas<br />

axdens moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze.<br />

moswavlisaTvis swori<br />

pasuxis miwodebas aqvs efeqtis<br />

saSualo sidide (0.22). warmodgenili<br />

kvle vebis Sedegebis mixedviT,<br />

komentari yvelaze sasargebloa<br />

maSin, Tu is zedmiwevniT<br />

uxsnis moswavles, ra aris mis<br />

pasuxSi swori da ra _ ara. moswavlisaTvis<br />

miTiTebis micema,<br />

rom iqamde imuSaos davalebaze,<br />

sanam gansazRvrul Sedegs ar miaRwevs,<br />

aseve, zrdis moswavlis<br />

akademiur moswrebas.<br />

2. maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli<br />

komentarebi drouli unda<br />

iyos. komentarebis efeqturobis<br />

miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, drouloba<br />

gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis<br />

matarebeli faqtori aRmoCnda.<br />

sailustraciod, gaecaniT diagrama<br />

8.4-s, romelic amoRebulia<br />

r. bengert-dounsis, q. quliqis,<br />

j. quliqis da m. morganis kvlevidan.<br />

rogorc am kvlevidan irkveva,<br />

komentarebis micemis yvelaze efeq­

miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

117<br />

naSromi<br />

lisakovski<br />

da uolbergi,<br />

1982 *<br />

lisakovski<br />

da uolbergi,<br />

1981 *<br />

uolbergi,<br />

1999<br />

Tenebaumi da<br />

goldringi,<br />

1989 *<br />

blumi, 1976<br />

Sirensi da<br />

bosqeri, 1997<br />

qumari, 1991<br />

holeri, Caildi<br />

da uolbergi,<br />

1988<br />

bengert<br />

– dounsi,<br />

quliqi,<br />

quliqi da<br />

morgani, 1991<br />

diagrama 8. 2<br />

komentarebis gakeTebis meTodis Sesaxeb<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

kvlevebSi<br />

yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

22<br />

7<br />

3<br />

9<br />

39<br />

19<br />

49<br />

11<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

0.92<br />

0.69<br />

0.83<br />

0.71<br />

1.15<br />

0.49<br />

0.55<br />

0.19<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

32<br />

25<br />

30<br />

26<br />

37<br />

19<br />

21<br />

7<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti 20 0.94 33<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti<br />

15<br />

7<br />

3<br />

3<br />

2<br />

0.66<br />

0.80<br />

0.52<br />

0.51<br />

0.67<br />

25<br />

29<br />

20<br />

19<br />

25<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti 7 0.54 21<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti _ 1.09 36<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti 5 3.35 41<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti 20 0.71 26<br />

komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis zogadi<br />

efeqti 58 0.26 10<br />

* Tavad naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />

efeqtis sididis ramdenime kategoriaa mocemuli. mkiTxvels, Tu dainteresebulia<br />

detalebiT, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.

118 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 8. 3<br />

moswavlis Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze orientirebuli komentarebis<br />

Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

naSromi<br />

komentaris<br />

tipi<br />

kvlevebSi<br />

yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

swori / araswori<br />

pasuxi 6 -0.08 - 3<br />

swori pasuxi 39 0.22 9<br />

gaimeore, sanam<br />

sworad ar<br />

Seasruleb 4 0.53 20<br />

ganmarteba 9 0.53 20<br />

turi dro testirebis damTavrebis<br />

periodia. moswavleebs rac ufro<br />

gvian mivawvdiT komentarebs, miT<br />

ufro nakleb gavlenas moaxdenen<br />

isini moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze.<br />

testis mxolod romelime<br />

nawilis dasrulebisTanave<br />

gakeTebuli komentarebi arc Tu<br />

ise efeqturi aRmoCnda (efeqtis<br />

sididea mxolod 0.19). maSin roca<br />

naSromi<br />

komentaris<br />

drouloba<br />

testirebis<br />

drouloba<br />

diagrama 8. 4<br />

komentarebis drouloba<br />

kvlevebSi<br />

yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

testis romelime<br />

nawilis dasrulebisTanave<br />

testis Semdeg<br />

(maSinve)<br />

testis dasrulebidan<br />

garkveuli periodis<br />

Semdeg<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

49 0.19 7<br />

2 0.72 26<br />

8 0.56 21<br />

maSinve 37 0.17 6<br />

erT dReSi 2 0.74 27<br />

erT kviraSi 12 0.53 20<br />

ufro xangrZlivi<br />

periodis Semdeg<br />

4 0.26 10

miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

119<br />

testis mTlianad dasrulebisTanave<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba yvelaze<br />

efeqtur meTodad iTvleba<br />

(efeqtis sididea 0.72).<br />

da bolos, mniSvnelovania<br />

testirebisTvis SerCeuli drois<br />

faqtoric. axali masalis SeswavlisTanave<br />

Catarebul testirebas<br />

Zalian mcire gavlena aqvs<br />

moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze.<br />

testirebis CatarebisaTvis optimalur<br />

drod iTvleba masalis Seswavlis<br />

dasrulebidan erTi dRe.<br />

3. maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli<br />

komentarebi konkretul kriteriumebs<br />

unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />

komentarebi moswavlisaTvis maqsi<br />

malurad sasargeblo rom iyos,<br />

aucilebelia, garkveuli kriteriumebiT<br />

gansazRvrul konkretuli<br />

donis unarze an codnaze<br />

miuTiTebdes. sxva sityvebiT<br />

rom vTqvaT, komentarebi<br />

uSualod unda ukavSirdebodes<br />

gansazRvrul kriteriumebs, da<br />

ara normebs. roca komentarebi<br />

garkveul normebs ukavSirdeba,<br />

moswavleebi iReben informacias<br />

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mimarTebaa<br />

maTsa da sxva moswavleebs Soris.<br />

imis dasadgenad, Tu ra iswavla<br />

da ra aqvs kidev saswavli, moswavlisaTvis<br />

es informacia absoluturad<br />

gamousadegaria. kriteriumebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli komentarebi<br />

ki moswavles miuTiTebs, ra<br />

pozicia ukavia konkretuli codnisa<br />

Tu unarebis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom<br />

kriteriumebze mimarTuli komentarebi<br />

gacilebiT ufro sasargebloa,<br />

vidre normebze mimarTuli<br />

komentarebi (ix. qruqsi, 1988,<br />

uilburni da felpsi, 1983).<br />

4. efeqturi komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

moswavleebs Tavadac Seu­<br />

ZliaT. zogi fiqrobs, rom komentarebis<br />

gakeTeba mxolod maswavleblis<br />

saqmea. saganmanaTleblo<br />

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom moswavleebsac<br />

SeuZliaT sakuTari progresis<br />

efeqturi monitoringi (ix.<br />

Trameli, Slosi da alferi, 1994).<br />

Cveulebriv, es imas gulismobs,<br />

rom moswavleebi swavlis proces­<br />

Si miRweul warmatebebs iniSnaven.<br />

(ix. lindsli, 1972). magaliTad,<br />

maT SeiZleba awarmoon cxrili,<br />

romelSic iweren informacias<br />

axali unaris aTvisebasTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli aqtivobebis Sesrulebis<br />

sisworis da/an siCqaris Sesaxeb.<br />

grant uiginsi (1993) miiCnevda, rom<br />

moswavlis mxridan komentarebis<br />

gakeTeba, sakuTari swavlis procesTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, Zalian mniSvnelovania,<br />

iseve, rogorc TviTSefaseba.<br />

i. qanTrimeni da m. Sroderi<br />

(1996) ki yuradRebas amaxvileben<br />

maswavleblis mier TviTSefasebis<br />

gamoyenebaze klasSi.<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba:<br />

praqtika klasSi<br />

kriteriumebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

komentarebi<br />

moswavleTa akademiuri moswrebis<br />

gaumjobesebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania,<br />

Tu rogor iReben<br />

komentarebs Tavad moswavleebi.<br />

rogorc zemoT ganvixileT, kri­

120 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 8. 5<br />

komentarebis rubrikebi<br />

Sefasebis skala: 4 = sanimuSo, 3 = kargi, 2 = gamosworeba sWirdeba, 1 =<br />

aradamakmayofilebeli, 0 = Sefaseba SeuZlebelia<br />

a: zogadi rubrika: informacia<br />

4 moswavles srulad da detalurad esmis Tema;<br />

3 moswavles srulad esmis Tema, magram misi codna ar aris detaluri;<br />

2 moswavles aqvs Temis arasruli, an arazusti codna. miuxedavad amisa, mas<br />

aqvs zogadi warmodgena TemasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />

1 moswavles imdenad arasrulad da arasworad esmis Tema, rom SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom mas Tema ar esmis;<br />

0 SeuZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor esmis moswavles<br />

mocemuli Tema.<br />

b: zogadi rubrika: procesebi da unarebi<br />

4 moswavles SeuZlia, TemasTan dakavSirebuli unari an procesi Tavisuflad,<br />

mniSvnelovani Secdomebis gareSe warmoadginos. amasTanave, moswavles<br />

esmis procesis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi;<br />

3 moswavles SeuZlia, TemasTan dakavSirebuli unari an procesi mniSvnelovani<br />

Secdomebis gareSe warmoadginos.<br />

2 moswavles SeuZlia TemasTan dakavSirebuli unaris an procesis garkveuli<br />

formiT demonstrireba, magram am dros seriozul Secdomebs uSvebs.<br />

1 moswavle imden Secdomas uSvebs TemasTan dakavSirebuli unaris an procesis<br />

demonstrirebisas, rom ver amJRavnebs Temis codnas.<br />

0 SeuZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia moswavles<br />

TemasTan dakavSirebuli unaris an procesis demonstrireba.<br />

teriumebze mimarTuli komentarebi<br />

ufro nayofieria, vidre<br />

normebze mimarTuli komentarebi.<br />

sxva sityvebiT, moswavlisaTvis<br />

ufro advilad gasagebia, roca<br />

mas dadgenili kriteriumebis<br />

mixedviT afaseben, da ara sxva moswavleebTan<br />

SedarebiT, zogadad,<br />

procentuli qulebis miniWebiT.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, Zalian sasargebloa<br />

rubrikebis gamoyeneba. diagrama<br />

8.5 a-ze mocemulia zogadi<br />

rubrika, romelic, arsebiTad, informaciulia.<br />

diagrama 8.5 b-ze<br />

ki mocemulia rubrika, romelic<br />

ufro proceszea orientirebuli.<br />

maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, es<br />

zogadi rubrika konkretul Temas<br />

moargon. diagrama 8.6 a-ze<br />

gamosaxulia magaliTi imisa, Tu<br />

rogor moargo masawvlebelma<br />

informaciaze orientirebuli<br />

zo gadi diagrama industriuli<br />

re voluciis Temas. diagrama

miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

121<br />

sazogadod cnobilia, rom<br />

rac ufro konkretulia komendiagrama<br />

8. 6<br />

rubrikebis morgeba konkretul Temaze<br />

Sefasebis skala: 4 = sanimuSo, 3 = kargi, 2 = gamosworeba sWirdeba, 1 =<br />

aradamakmayofilebeli, 0 = SeuZlebelia Sefaseba<br />

a: industriuli revoluciis rubrika: informacia<br />

4 moswavles srulad da detalurad esmis industriul revoluciasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli relevanturi informacia;<br />

3 moswavles kargad esmis industriuli revoluciis Tema, magram ar aqvs<br />

gacnobierebuli detalebi;<br />

2 moswavlis codna, industriul revoluciasTan dakavSirebiT, arasruli,<br />

an arazustia; Tumca mas SeuZlia imis demonstrireba, rom aqvs zogadi<br />

informacia am Temaze;<br />

1 moswavle industriuli revoluciis TemasTan dakavSirebiT imdenad<br />

arasworad an arazustad msjelobs, rom adasturebs am Temis arcodnas;<br />

0 SeuZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor esmis moswavles<br />

industriuli revolucia.<br />

b: histogramis wakiTxva: procesebi da unarebi<br />

4 moswavles SeuZlia, Tavisuflad waikiTxos histograma, mniSvnelovani<br />

Secdomebis gareSe. amasTanave, igi acnobierebs histogramis kiTxvis<br />

procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad niSnebs.<br />

3 moswavles SeuZlia, mniSvnelovani Secdomebis gareSe waikiTxos histograma.<br />

2 moswavles, garkveulwilad, SeuZlia histogramis wakiTxva, magram kiTxvis<br />

procesSi seriozul Secdomebs uSvebs.<br />

1 histogramis kiTxvis procesSi moswavle imden Secdomas uSvebs, rom<br />

praqtikulad ver axerxebs mis gagebas.<br />

0 SeuZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia moswavles<br />

histogramis wakiTxva.<br />

8.6 b-ze ki naCvenebia procesebze<br />

da unarebze orientirebuli zogadi<br />

rubrikis varianti histogramis<br />

wakiTxvis unaris magaliTze.<br />

komentarebi, romlebic<br />

konkretul codnasa da unarebs<br />

ukavSirdeba<br />

tarebi, miT ufro sasargebloa<br />

moswavlisaTvis. Sesabamisad, maswavlebeli<br />

unda ecados, konkretul<br />

codnasa da unarebze gaake­<br />

Tos komentari. qvemoT moyvanil<br />

magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor<br />

mivida zogadsaganmanaTleblo<br />

skolis maswavlebeli komentarebis<br />

dakonkretebis aucileblobamde.

122 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

batoni qordova koridorSi<br />

id ga, roca gaigona, rogor<br />

saubrobdnen misi moswavleebi<br />

eseebze, romlebic mis kolegas,<br />

qalbaton maqquins Caabares:<br />

`rogorc wesi, qalbaton<br />

maqquins daaxloebiT eqvsi<br />

kvira sWirdeba Cveni eseebis<br />

gasasworeblad. im droisaTvis,<br />

roca Cems eses gasworebuls<br />

mibrunebs, aRarc ki maxsovs,<br />

ra Temaze iyo ese, an ra mewera<br />

masSi. qalbatoni maqquini meore<br />

dResve rom gvibrunebdes<br />

nawerebs, miRebuli Sefasebidan<br />

gamomdinare, marTla raRacas<br />

viswavlidi. ori kviris Semdeg<br />

miRebul nawers ki, rogorc<br />

wesi, waukiTxavad vteni CanTaSi.<br />

yvelaze metad is ar momwons,<br />

roca Sefaseba erTi niSniT gamoixateba.<br />

A an B ras niSnavs ar<br />

SeiZleba ori niSani mainc damiweros<br />

kargi iqneboda, erTi<br />

niSani rom Sinaarsis Sefasebas<br />

gamoxatavdes, meore niSani ki _<br />

weris stilis Sefasebas.~<br />

batoni qordova daafiqra am<br />

sityvebma. mas gaaxsenda mTeli<br />

wyeba nawerebisa, romlebic, amdeni<br />

xania, gasasworebeli hqonda.<br />

batoni qordova Sefasebis<br />

miseul meTodebzec Cafiqrda.<br />

wina weridan ukve TiTqmis<br />

ori kvira iyo gasuli da jer<br />

kidev ar daebrunebina moswavleebisaTvis<br />

nawerebi; man piroba<br />

misca sakuTar Tavs, rom<br />

am SabaT-kviras yvela nawers<br />

Seamowmebda.<br />

moswavleebi ki saubars agr­<br />

Zelebdnen: `aseve, mZuls iseTi<br />

savarjiSoebi, roca swori pasuxi<br />

gvaqvs Semosaxazi. aseTi<br />

testebis Sesworebisas maswavleblebi<br />

ubralod gadaxazaven<br />

xolme araswor pasuxs, aRniSnaven<br />

swors da amiT mTavrdeba<br />

yvelaferi. me ver vigeb, ratom<br />

iyo Cemi pasuxi araswori. aba,<br />

rogor damexmareba testis ase­<br />

Ti gasworeba ramis gagebasa da<br />

swavlaSi!~<br />

`xandaxan mgonia, rom maswavleblebi,<br />

ubralod, movaleobas<br />

ixdian. ician, rom davalebis<br />

gasworeba da CvenTvis dabruneba<br />

evalebaT. sul es aris.<br />

maT TiTqos saerTod ar anaRvlebT,<br />

ras viswavliT.~<br />

batonma qordovam piroba<br />

misca sakuTar Tavs, rom uke­<br />

Tes komentarebs dauwerda<br />

Tavis moswavleebs; is oTaxSi<br />

dabrunda da nawerebis gasworeba<br />

daiwyo. yvela araswor<br />

pasuxs mokle komentars uke­<br />

Tebda. roca moswavleebs nawerebi<br />

dauriga, Tavisi wuxilic<br />

gaando imis Sesaxeb, rom surda,<br />

Tavisi komentarebiT metad<br />

daxmareboda moswavleebs. maswavlebelma<br />

klass auxsna, rom<br />

dReidan Seecdeboda, rac Sei­<br />

Zleba sasargeblo komentarebi<br />

gaekeTebina maT nawerebze. es<br />

komentarebi moswavleTa mier<br />

aTvisebuli codnisa da unarebis<br />

donis Sesaxeb iqneboda.<br />

Semdeg batonma qordovam moswavleebs<br />

dausva kiTxvebi imis<br />

Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeniSvnebi<br />

iqneboda, maTi azriT, yvelaze<br />

sasargeblo. aRmoCnda, rom<br />

mxo lod ramdenime moswavle<br />

iyo iseTi, visac niSnis garda<br />

araferi anaRvlebda. danarCenebi<br />

aqtiurad Caebnen batoni<br />

qordovas mier wamowyebul diskusiaSi<br />

da gonivruli, gulwrfeli<br />

winadadebebi SesTavazes<br />

maswavlebels.<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

moswavleTa mier<br />

ratom ar unda CavrToT moswavleebi<br />

komentarebis gakeTebis<br />

procesSi moswavleTa mier komentarebis<br />

gakeTeba bevri sasargeblo<br />

niSniT gamoirCeva. qvemoT<br />

moyvanilia magaliTi socialur<br />

mecnierebaTa gakveTilidan.<br />

batoni hanteris moswavleebi

miznebis dasaxva da komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

123<br />

kargad werdnen biografiebs<br />

da maswavlebeli kmayofili<br />

iyo, rom moswavleebi, rogorc<br />

wesi, mis SeniSvnebs iziarebdnen.<br />

erT dRes judi, romelic<br />

gamorCeulad kargi moswavle<br />

iyo, winadadebiT gamovida; is<br />

Tvlida, rom sasargeblo iqneboda,<br />

Tu garkveul etapze,<br />

moswavleebi Temebis samuSao<br />

versiebs gacvlidnen da erTmaneTis<br />

nawerebze SeniSvnebs<br />

gaakeTebdnen. judis azriT, moswavleebs<br />

Zalian daexmareboda<br />

is, rom maT nawers erTze meti<br />

adamiani waikiTxavda. rogorc<br />

gogonam aRniSna, es, ra Tqma<br />

unda, ar daakninebda maswavleblis<br />

rols.<br />

maswavlebelma danarCen moswavleebs<br />

hkiTxa, Tu moswondaT<br />

es idea. yvela Tanaxma aRmoCnda.<br />

erT-erTma moswavlem, raSelma,<br />

judis ideas Semdegi SeniSvna<br />

daamata: kargi iqneboda, Tu<br />

komentarebi konkretulad im<br />

adgilebs gamoyofda, razec<br />

meti muSaoba marTebda moswavles.<br />

`me mgoni Zalian sasargeblo<br />

iqneba, Tu Cems daweril<br />

biografiaze komentarebs manam<br />

miviReb, sanam saboloo versias<br />

warvudgen maswavlebels,<br />

_ Tqva raSelma, `Zalian minda,<br />

rom es SeniSvnebi konkretuli<br />

iyos da mimiTiTebdes, ra aris<br />

problema. ar minda, ubralod,<br />

axali ideebi momawodon da<br />

problemad darCes Txzulebis<br />

is adgilebi, razec me vmuSaob.<br />

anu, miCevnia, axali ideebis<br />

nacvlad zusti SeniSvnebi miviRo<br />

Cems namuSevarze.~<br />

batoni hanteri daTanxmda,<br />

rom specialuri dro gamoeyo<br />

xolme aseTi aqtivobisaTvis.<br />

* * *<br />

zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi<br />

miznebis dasaxvisa da komentarebis<br />

gakeTebis meTodebs<br />

arasaTanado sixSiriT iyeneben,<br />

rac swavlebis efeqturobasa da<br />

moqnilobaze uaryofiTad aisaxeba.<br />

am TavSi ganvixileT swavlebis<br />

ori meTodis, miznebis dasaxvisa<br />

da komentarebis gakeTebis sxvadasxva<br />

forma.

9<br />

hipoTezis<br />

Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

meoreklaseli TiSa karga xans uyurebda cas da bolos wamoiZaxa:<br />

`me mgoni, Zlieri wvima daiwyeba. rogor cxeloda cota xnis win.<br />

axla ki civa da ca RrublebiT ifareba.~ TiSas bebo gaocebuli<br />

uyurebda gogonas. `amindis prognozis gakeTebac SegZlebia! sad<br />

iswavle amindis winaswarmetyveleba~ _ hkiTxa TiSas bebom. Ti­<br />

Sam upasuxa, rom maswavlebeli mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi uxsnida<br />

amindis cvalebadobis niSnebs.<br />

`maswavlebelma gviTxra, rom mTeli weli amindis Sesaxeb<br />

unda gveswavla. Tu amden dros davuTmobdiT, ratom unda gveswavla<br />

zedapirulad maswavlebelma isic gangvimarta, rom ara<br />

mxolod Teoriul sakiTxebs viswavlidiT, aramed SevecdebodiT,<br />

Cveni codna yoveldRiurad gamogveyenebina. es imas niSnavda, rom<br />

xSirad klasis gareT mogviwevda muSaoba.~<br />

TiSas maswavlebeli moswavleebs amindis sxvadasxva movlenis<br />

Taviseburebebs uxsnida. yovel or kviraSi erTxel moswavleebi<br />

internetSi amowmebdnen amindis prognozs da bolo 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />

dafiqsirebul aminds ganixilavdnen, Semdeg gadiodnen<br />

gareT da akvirdebodnen cas (dReSi orjer, diliT da SuadRisas).<br />

Semdeg moswavleebi aminds winaswarmetyvelebdnen, mecadineobis<br />

damTavrebis Semdgomi periodidan meore dilamde. aseve, maT uwevdaT,<br />

aexsnaT TavianTi winaswarmetyvelebis logikuri safuZveli.<br />

meore dilas moswavleebi TavianT hipoTezebs ganixilavdnen<br />

da afiqsirebdnen, ramdenad gamarTlda maTi varaudebi. Tu aRmoaCendnen,<br />

rom sworad iwinaswarmetyveles, im elementebs iniSnavdnen,<br />

rac yvelaze metad daexmaraT amindis gamocnobaSi. im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi hipoTeza araswori aRmoCndeboda, cdilobdnen,<br />

aexsnaT, konkretulad ra SeeSalaT, an raSi motyuvdnen.<br />

TiSas maswavlebeli amindis Temas imisaTvis iyenebda,<br />

rom moswavleebi erT-erT yvelaze analitikur da SemecnebiT<br />

procesSi CaerTo, romelsac hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda hqvia.<br />

124

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />

125<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da<br />

gamocda: kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />

ganmartebis mixedviT, hipo Tezis<br />

Camoyalibebisa da gamocdis procesi<br />

codnis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.<br />

es is procesia, romelsac<br />

xSirad mivmarTavT sxvadasxva<br />

s ituaciaSi (ix. henseli, 1988;<br />

heleri da raifi, 1984; qoedingeri<br />

da andersoni, 1993; qoedingeri da<br />

Tabaxneki, 1994). magaliTad, TviTmfrinavis<br />

frTaze haeris nakadis<br />

moZraobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad,<br />

moswavlem SeiZleba Camoayalibos<br />

hipoTeza, rom TviTmfrinavis<br />

frTis dizainis Secvla garkveul<br />

zegavlenas moaxdenda haeris nakadze.<br />

amis Semdeg moswavles<br />

SeuZlia, daamzados garkveuli<br />

dizainis frTa da gamoscados es<br />

hipoTeza.<br />

diagrama 9.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa da<br />

gamocdis meTodTan dakavSirebuli<br />

zogierTi kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia ori<br />

ganzogadebuli daskvna, romelic<br />

SeiZleba klasSi hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />

da gamocdis procesSi<br />

gamoviyenoT.<br />

1. hipoTezis Camoyalibebasa<br />

da gamocdas SeiZleba induqciuri<br />

an deduqciuri kuTxiT SevxedoT.<br />

deduqciuri azrovnebis dros viyenebT<br />

zogad wess, raTa momavali<br />

qmedeba an movlena viwinaswarmetyveloT<br />

(ix. jonson - lardi,<br />

1983). magaliTad, sanam daviwyebT<br />

moTxrobis kiTxvas mglis Sesaxeb,<br />

gonebaSi amotivtivdeba garkeuli<br />

zogadi informacia, rac mglebis<br />

Sesaxeb gagvigia. Tu erT-erTi<br />

Cveni zogadi warmodgena imas<br />

ukavSirdeba, rom mglebi jgufebad<br />

gadaadgildebian da `socialuri~<br />

cxovelebi arian, maSin vivaraudebT,<br />

rom moTxroba, romelic<br />

unda wavikiTxoT, swored `socialur~<br />

mglebs exeba, romlebic<br />

garkveuli jgufis wevrebi arian.<br />

induqciuri azrovneba ki<br />

ukavSirdeba axali daskvnebis ga­<br />

diagrama 9.1<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebi: hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />

naSromi<br />

heTi da<br />

sxvebi, 1996<br />

loTi, 1983<br />

rosi, 1988<br />

kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

hipoTezis Camoyali ­<br />

bebisa da gamocdis<br />

zogadi efeqti 2 0.79 28<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />

da gamocdis<br />

zogadi efeqti 22 0.04 2<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />

da gamocdis<br />

zogadi efeqti 104 0.72 26

126 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

keTebas im informaciis safuZvelze,<br />

rac mogvepoveba, an rasac<br />

gvawvdian (ix. holandi, holioaqi,<br />

nisbeTi da Tagardi, 1986). magaliTad,<br />

Tu Tqven kiTxulobT erTi<br />

konkretuli daTvis qcevis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelsac mecnieri akvirdeba,<br />

arsebobs didi albaToba imisa,<br />

rom daaskvnaT Semdegi: daTvis aRwerili<br />

qceva aris ara mxolod am<br />

konkretuli daTvis Cveulebrivi,<br />

tipuri qceva, aramed, zogadad,<br />

daTvebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

qce va. sagulisxmoa, rom yoveldRiur<br />

cxovrebaSi azrovneba wmindad<br />

deduqciuri an induqciuri<br />

ar aris. mecnierebi askvnian, rom<br />

Cveni azrovneba ufro `Sereulia~,<br />

vidre zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebiTaa<br />

axsnili (dili, 1982; eqo,<br />

1976, 1979, 1984; medavari, 1967;<br />

fersi, 1975).<br />

induqciuri swavlebis me­<br />

Todebi, Tavdapirvelad, moswavlisagan<br />

garkveuli principebis<br />

aRmoCenas, xolo Semdeg am<br />

principebis mixedviT hipoTezis<br />

Camoyalibebas moiTxovs. haeris<br />

nakadis Sesaxeb magaliTSi, maswavlebeli<br />

induqciur meTods<br />

gamoiyenebs, Tu sTxovs moswavleebs,<br />

rom jer haeris nakadis<br />

moZraobis principebi aRmoaCinon<br />

da Semdeg am principebze dayrdnobiT<br />

Camoayalibon hipoTezebi.<br />

maswavlebeli deduqciur meTods<br />

gamoiyenebs, Tu jer aRiarebul<br />

princip(eb)s warmoudgens moswavleebs,<br />

magaliTad, bernulis Teoremas.<br />

Semdeg ki sTxovs, am Teoremaze<br />

dafuZnebiT Camoayalibon<br />

da gamoscadon hipoTeza. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom klasSi orive<br />

tipis, deduqciuri da induqciuri<br />

meTodebi kargad muSaobs,<br />

iTvleba, rom deduqciuri midgomebi<br />

ufro amarTlebs. sailustraciod<br />

gaecaniT diagrama 9.2-s,<br />

romelzec am ori tipis meTodTan<br />

dakavSirebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />

Sedegebia warmodgenili.<br />

rogorc diagrama 9.2-is bolo<br />

or xazze vxedavT, deduqciuri me­<br />

Todebis efeqtis saSualo sidide<br />

gacilebiT maRalia, vidre induqiuri<br />

meTodebis (deduqciuri _<br />

0.60, induqciuri _ 0.39). kvlevebis<br />

es Sedegi ar niSnavs imas, rom<br />

induqciur meTods ar SeiZleba<br />

hqondes maRali efeqti (anu efeqtis<br />

maRali sidide). SesaZloa,<br />

maswavleblebs uWirT induqciuri<br />

meTodebis sworad gamoyeneba.<br />

induqciuri meTodiT muSaobas<br />

mowesrigebuli, kargad Camoyalibebuli<br />

codna da gamocdileba<br />

sWirdeba, raTa moswavleebma<br />

konkretuli magaliTebidan zogadi<br />

principebis formulireba Se­<br />

Zlon. im SemTxvevaSi, roca moswavleebs<br />

saTanado gamocdileba<br />

ar aqvT, ra Tqma unda, umjobesia,<br />

zogadi principebi mivawodoT da<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba am principebis<br />

safuZvelze vTxovoT.<br />

2. maswavlebelma unda mosTxovos<br />

moswavleebs, cxadad axsnan<br />

TavianTi hipoTeza da daskvnebi.<br />

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom Zalian<br />

efeqturia moswavleebis mier detaluri<br />

axsna-ganmartebis Camoyalibeba<br />

(sasurvelia, werilobiTi<br />

formiT) imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

Tu ra principebze muSaoben, ra<br />

hipoTezas ayalibeben am principebze<br />

dayrdnobiT da ratomaa

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />

127<br />

naSromi<br />

Tamiri, 1985<br />

loTi, 1983<br />

el-nemri, 1980<br />

suaiceri da<br />

andersoni, 1983<br />

uolbergi,<br />

1999<br />

rosi, 1988<br />

diagrama 9.2<br />

induqciuri Tu deduqciuri midgoma<br />

kvlevebSi<br />

yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

deduqciuri<br />

meTodebi<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

13 0.27 11<br />

deduqciuri<br />

meTodebi 18 0.02 1<br />

induqciuri<br />

meTodebi 4 0.10 4<br />

induqciuri<br />

meTodebi<br />

250 0.38 15<br />

induqciuri<br />

meTodebi 19 0.43 17<br />

induqciuri<br />

meTodebi 38 0.41 16<br />

induqciuri<br />

meTodebi 39 0.48 19<br />

deduqciuri<br />

meTodebi 65 0.83 30<br />

efeqtis saSualo sidide<br />

induqciuri meTodebisaTvis 380 0.39 15<br />

efeqtis saSualo sidide<br />

deduqciuri meTodebisaTvis 96 0.60 23<br />

gonivruli maTi hipoTeza (ix.<br />

lavoi, 1999; lavoi da gudi, 1988;<br />

losani, 1988). rogorc irkveva, moswavleTa<br />

mier TavianTi azrovnebis<br />

procesis axsna Zalian sasargebloa,<br />

radgan maT im principebis<br />

ukeT gagebaSi exmareba, romelsac<br />

Tavad iyeneben. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu induqciur meTods viyenebT,<br />

SegviZlia moswavleebs movTxovoT,<br />

axsnan, Tu ra logika udevs<br />

safuZvlad maT dakvirvebebs, rogor<br />

amyarebs maTi dakvirvebebi<br />

warmodgenil hipoTezas, rogor<br />

xdeba eqsperimentis saSualebiT<br />

hipoTezis Semowmeba da rogor<br />

adasturebs an uaryofs Semowmebis<br />

Sedegebi warmodgenil hipoTezas.<br />

Tu deduqciur meTods viyenebT,<br />

moswavleebs dakvirvebis fazis<br />

gavla ar mouwevT.

128 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da<br />

gamocda: praqtika klasSi<br />

struqturirebuli aqtivobebis<br />

gamoyeneba hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />

da gamocdis procesSi<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalbebisa da<br />

gamocdis procesi, rogorc wesi,<br />

samecniero meTodebTan asocirdeba.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, nebismieri<br />

disciplinis maswavlebels Seu­<br />

Zlia, warmatebiT gamoiyenos es<br />

procesi. qvemoT warmodgenilia<br />

eqvsi tipis aqtivoba, romelic<br />

SeiZleba hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />

da gamocdis procesSi gamoviyenoT.<br />

sistemis analizi. moswavleebi<br />

TiTqmis yvela klassa da yvela<br />

saganSi swavloben sistemebs.<br />

magaliTad, sistemebis saxeebia:<br />

ekosistemebi, anatomiuri sistemebi,<br />

mTavrobis sistemebi, transportis<br />

sistemebi da a. S. moswavleebi<br />

gacilebiT kargad gaiazreben<br />

sistemis arss, Tu davavalebT,<br />

Camoayalibon hipoTezebi im cvlilebebis<br />

Sesaxeb, rasac sistemis<br />

erT-erTi nawilis Secvla gamoiwvevda.<br />

qvemoT mocemulia zogadi<br />

principebi, romlis mixedviTac<br />

SeiZleba warvmarToT moswavleTa<br />

muSaoba sistemebis analizze:<br />

1. axseniT sistemis mizani,<br />

sistemis nawilebi da TiToeuli<br />

nawilis funqcia;<br />

2. aRwereT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens<br />

sistemis TiToeuli nawili sxva<br />

nawilebze;<br />

3. gamoyaviT sistemis erT-erTi<br />

nawili, aRwereT cvlileba<br />

am nawilSi da CamoayalibeT<br />

hipoTeza imis Taobaze, Tu ra<br />

cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs am erTi<br />

nawilis Secvla mTlian sistemaSi;<br />

4. Tu SesaZlebelia, gamocadeT<br />

hipoTeza, sistemaze an sistemis<br />

nawilze ganxorcielebul realur<br />

an simulaciur cvlilebaze<br />

dakvirvebiT.<br />

problemis gadaWra. ganmartebis<br />

mixedviT, problema moicavs Sez­<br />

Rudvebsa da Semaferxebel garemoebebs.<br />

problemebis gadaWrisas,<br />

moswavleebs uwevT hipoTezebis<br />

Camoyalibeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />

iqneboda problemis gadaWris<br />

saukeTeso gza. magaliTad, maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs SeiZleba<br />

sTxovos, Seqmnan raRac sagnis<br />

modeli (manqanis, xidis), masalis<br />

SezRudvis gaTvaliswinebiT, davuSvaT,<br />

mxolod erTi, garkveuli<br />

saxis masalis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT<br />

(xe an rezini). im codnisa da<br />

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

rac moswavleebs aqvT (codna<br />

inerciaze, gravitaciaze, Zalasa<br />

da moZraobaze), maT unda Camoayalibon<br />

hipoTeza problemis gadaWris<br />

saSualebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

da Semdeg gamocadon es hipoTeza.<br />

qvemoT mocemulia zogadi<br />

principebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />

SeiZleba warvmarToT moswavleTa<br />

muSaoba problemis gadaWris mimarTulebiT:<br />

1. CamoayalibeT mizani, romelsac<br />

gindaT, rom miaRwioT;<br />

2. aRwereT is barierebi an Sez­<br />

Rudvebi, rac problemebs giqm­

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />

129<br />

niT da xels giSliT dasaxuli<br />

miznis miRwevaSi;<br />

3. gansazRvreT arsebuli problemis<br />

gadaWris saSualebebi da<br />

CamoayalibeT hipoTeza problemis<br />

gadaWris yvelaze efeqtur<br />

saSualebasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />

4. realurad an simulaciis gziT,<br />

gamocadeT problemis gadaWris<br />

Tqveneuli saSualeba;<br />

5. ramdenad dadasturda Tqveni<br />

hipoTeza gansazRvreT, gWirdebaT<br />

Tu ara sxva hipoTezis<br />

Camoyalibeba da gamocda.<br />

istoriuli kvleva. moswavleebi<br />

istoriul kvlevas iyeneben<br />

maSin, roca warsulSi momxdari<br />

im movlenebis mimdinareobas aRweren,<br />

romelTa mimarTac damokidebuleba<br />

sazogadoebaSi araerTgvarovania.<br />

magaliTad, moswavleebma<br />

SeiZleba sxvadasxva<br />

versia warmoadginon imasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, Tu ra roli iTamaSa<br />

ruzveltma perl harboris<br />

dabombvis winmswreb movlenebSi.<br />

moswavleebs kargad unda esmodeT<br />

istoriuli viTareba, raTa aqtiurad<br />

CaerTon istoriul kvlevaSi<br />

da savaraudo axsna Camoayalibon.<br />

hipoTezis Semowmebis<br />

procesSi moswavles didi moculobiT<br />

informaciis gaanalizeba<br />

uwevs, raTa mtkicebulebebi ipovos.<br />

qvemoT mocemulia zogadi<br />

principebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />

SeiZleba warvmarToT moswavleTa<br />

muSaoba istoriuli kvlevis mimarTulebiT:<br />

1. kargad aRwereT istoriuli<br />

movlena, romlis kvlevac gadawyvetili<br />

gaqvT;<br />

2. gaarkvieT, am istoriuli movlenis<br />

ra nawilze arsebobs<br />

erTsulovneba sazogadoebaSi<br />

da ra nawilze _ ara;<br />

3. istoriul movlenaze arsebuli<br />

informaciis mixedviT, CamoayalibeT<br />

savaraudo axsna;<br />

4. SeamowmeT hipoTeza arsebul<br />

mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT.<br />

gamogoneba. axali midgomis SemuSaveba<br />

aris is aqtivoba, romelic<br />

moswavleebisagan hipoTezis<br />

Camoyalibebasa da mis Semowmebas<br />

moiTxovs. magaliTad, SeiZleba<br />

moswavlem sakuTari codna gulsisxlZarRvTa<br />

sistemisa da kun­<br />

Tovani sistemis Sesaxeb, axali<br />

tipis fizikuri savarjiSos Sesaqmnelad<br />

gamoiyenos. amis gasakeTeblad,<br />

mas mouwevs hipoTezis<br />

Camoyalibeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />

tipis savarjiSo iqneba efeqturi<br />

da am hipoTezis Semowmeba. axali<br />

gamogoneba, rogorc wesi, ramdenime<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibebasa da<br />

gamocdas gulisxmobs manam, sanam<br />

ar aRmoCndeba, rom romelime<br />

maTgani efeqturia. qvemoT mocemulia<br />

zogadi principebi, romlis<br />

mixedviTac SeiZleba warvmarToT<br />

moswavleTa muSaoba gamogonebis<br />

mimarTulebiT:<br />

1. aRwereT situacia, romelic<br />

unda gamoasworoT, an saWiroeba,<br />

romelic axali midgomiTa<br />

Tu gamogonebiT unda daakmayofiloT;<br />

2. CamoayalibeT gamogonebis<br />

konkretuli standartebi, rac

130 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

xels Seuwyobs situaciis gamosworebas,<br />

an saWiroebis dakmayofilebas;<br />

3. SeimuSaveT hipoTezebi da ifiqreT<br />

imaze, Tu romeli iqneba<br />

yvelaze efeqturi;<br />

4. rodesac mixvalT hipoTezamde,<br />

romelsac warmatebis yvelaze<br />

meti Sansi aqvs, daiwyeT am<br />

hipoTezis Semdgomi ganviTareba,<br />

anu gamogoneba;<br />

5. hipoTeza iseT kondiciamde<br />

unda miiyvanoT, rom SesaZlebeli<br />

iyos misi gamocda;<br />

6. Tu saWiroa, gamogoneba an axali<br />

midgoma ise SecvaleT, rom<br />

man dasawyisSi Camoyalibebuli<br />

standartebi daakmayofilos.<br />

eqsperimentuli kvleva. eqsperimentul<br />

kvlevas, rogorc<br />

wesi, samecniero hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa<br />

da Semowmebis process<br />

vukavSirebT xolme. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, eqsperimentuli kvlevis<br />

meTodi maswavlebelma SeiZleba<br />

nebimier disciplinaSi gamoiyenos,<br />

raTa moswavleebs ukeT<br />

gaagebinos Sesaswavli masala.<br />

magaliTad, moswavleebma SeiZleba<br />

Camoayalibon hipoTeza imis<br />

Taobaze, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens<br />

mkiTxvelze maT nawerSi gamoyenebuli<br />

esa Tu is literaturuli<br />

xerxi. es hipoTeza, ra Tqma unda,<br />

im codnas efuZneba, romelic<br />

moswavles daugrovda literaturis<br />

gakveTilebidan, sxvadasxva<br />

stilisturi xerxis gamoyenebis<br />

efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

qvemoT mocemulia zogadi<br />

principebi, romelTa mixedviTac<br />

SeiZleba warvmarToT moswavleTa<br />

muSaoba eqsperimentuli kvlevis<br />

mimarTulebiT:<br />

1. daakvirdiT TqvenTvis saintereso<br />

sagans/movlenas/cnebas<br />

da aRwereT Tqveni dakvirveba;<br />

2. gamoiyeneT konkretuli Teoriebi<br />

an wesebi imis asaxsnelad,<br />

rasac akvirdebodiT;<br />

3. Tqvens axsna-ganmartebaze dayrdnobiT,<br />

CamoayalibeT hipo<br />

Teza, Tu ra moxdeboda am<br />

Te oriebisa Tu wesebis Tqvens<br />

dakvirvebasTan misadagebis<br />

Sem TxvevaSi, an im situacias­<br />

Tan misadagebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

romelic Tqvens dakvirvebas<br />

ukavSirdeba;<br />

4. CaatareT eqsperimenti, an moawyveT<br />

aqtivoba Tqveni hipoTezis<br />

gamosacdelad;<br />

5. axseniT Tqveni eqsperimentisa<br />

Tu aqtivobis Sedegebi. gansaz­<br />

RvreT, swori iyo Tu ara Tqveni<br />

hipoTeza. saWiroebis mixedviT,<br />

gadawyviteT, gWirdebaT<br />

Tu ara damatebiTi eqsperimentis<br />

an aqtivobis mowyoba, an<br />

aucilebelia Tu ara alternatiuli<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda.<br />

gadawyvetilebis miReba. gadawyvetilebebis<br />

miReba xSirad<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibebasa da SemowmebasTan<br />

ar asocirdeba. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, gadawyvetilebebis<br />

miRebis struqturirebuli procesi<br />

moswavleebs daexmareba, gamoikvlion<br />

hipoTezuri situaciebi.<br />

gansakuTrebiT is situaciebi,<br />

roca saganTa an movlenaTa jguf­<br />

Si yvelaze kargis an cudis SerCe­

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />

131<br />

va uwevT. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebs<br />

vTxovT, daasaxelon gasuli<br />

aTwleulis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

musikosi an mxatvari, bevri moswavle<br />

momentalurad SemogvTavazebs<br />

sakuTar hipoTezas. Tu maT<br />

vTxovT, warmodgenili hipoTezis<br />

gamosacdelad,struqturirebuli<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebis Car­<br />

Co gamoiyenon, bevri moswavlis<br />

hipoTeza Seicvleba. struqturirebuli<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />

CarCos gamoyeneba moswavleebs<br />

saSualebas aZlevs, gamoiyenon<br />

da ukeT gaaanalizon am sakiTx­<br />

Tan dakavSirebuli codna. qvemoT<br />

mocemulia zogadi principebi,<br />

romlis mixedviTac SeiZleba<br />

warvmarToT moswavleTa muSaoba<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebis mimarTulebiT:<br />

1. aRwereT gadawyvetileba, romelsac<br />

iRebT da, aseve, gadmoeciT<br />

am gadawyvetilebis alternatiuli<br />

variantebi;<br />

2. CamoayalibeT is kriteriumebi,<br />

romlebic gadawyvetilebis<br />

procesSi Tqvenze gavlenas<br />

moaxdens. gansazRvreT, romelia<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani kriteriumebi.<br />

amisaTvis SegiZliaT<br />

gamoiyenoT mniSvnelovnebis<br />

Sefasebis skalas 1-dan 4-mde;<br />

3. SesaZlo ganawyvetilebis Ti­<br />

Toeul alternativas mianiWeT<br />

qula (1-dan 4-mde) imis aRsani­<br />

Snavad, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs<br />

konkretuli alternativa<br />

Camoyalibebul kriteriumebs;<br />

4. TiToeuli alternativis Sesafaseblad<br />

mniSvnelovnebis Sefasebis<br />

skalaze dafiqsirebuli<br />

qula gaamravleT alternativis<br />

qulaze. miRebuli cifri<br />

gamoiyeneT saboloo qulis<br />

misaniWeblad;<br />

5. SeadareT sxvadasxva alternativisaTvis<br />

miniWebuli saboloo<br />

qulebi;<br />

6. SerCeuli alternativisadmi<br />

Tqveni damokidebulebis mixedviT,<br />

gansazRvreT, saWirod<br />

TvliT Tu ara mniSvnelovnebis<br />

qulebis gadaxedvas, an romelime<br />

kriteriumis mimatebas an<br />

moSorebas.<br />

qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi<br />

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

gamoiyenos maswavlebelma erT<br />

Temaze muSaobisas ramdenime tipis<br />

aqtivoba.<br />

batoni sandersi me-10 klaselebTan<br />

meore msoflio omis<br />

Temas amuSavebda; mas surda,<br />

moswavleebisaTvis hipoTezis<br />

Ca moyalibebisa da gamocdis<br />

sxva dasxva gza warmoedgina. mas<br />

Semdeg, rac moswavleebma Seiswavles<br />

ZiriTadi faqtebi meore<br />

msoflio omis Sesaxeb, maswavlebelma<br />

sTxova maT, mocemuli<br />

sami proeqtidan erT-erTi amoerCiaT:<br />

gadawyvetilebis miReba. Tqveni<br />

azriT, ra iqneboda meore<br />

msoflio omis dasrulebis<br />

saukeTeso saSualeba, atomuri<br />

bombis gamoyenebis garda<br />

CamoayalibeT Tqveni hipoTeza<br />

da am hipoTezis gamosacdelad<br />

gamoiyeneT gadawyvetilebis<br />

miRebis CarCo.<br />

problemis gadaWra. Tqven<br />

rom meore msoflio omis dros<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

prezidenti yofiliyaviT,<br />

atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis<br />

gareSe, rogor aiZulebdiT

132 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

iaponias, dagnebebodaT<br />

gamoZieba. ratom ganaxorciela<br />

iaponiam perl harborze<br />

Seteva amboben, rom amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma<br />

ruzveltma iaponelebis<br />

provocireba moaxdina. sxvebi<br />

ewinaaRmdegebian am mosazrebas.<br />

rogoria Tqveni hipoTeza SeagroveT<br />

masala, romelic Tqvens<br />

hipoTezas daadasturebs.<br />

hipoTezisa da daskvnebis<br />

Camoyalibebis unari: rogor<br />

davexmaroT moswavleebs<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mas<br />

wavlebelma moswavleebs unda<br />

mosTxovos, cxadad axsnan Tavian­<br />

Ti hipoTeza, hipoTezis gamocdis<br />

gzebi da daskvnebi. maswavlebelma<br />

maT iseTi savarjiSoebi unda<br />

miawodos, romelic saTanadod<br />

moamzadebs moswavleebs hipoTezis<br />

Camoyalibebis procesis axsnisaTvis;<br />

xels Seuwyobs maT,<br />

daeuflon im unarebs, romlebic<br />

daexmareba, aRweron, ra iswavles<br />

hipoTezis Semowmebis procesSi.<br />

am mizniT, maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />

Semdeg strategiebs mimarTos:<br />

• moumzados da gadasces moswavleebs<br />

nimuSebi, romelSic<br />

gansazRvruli iqneba maT mier<br />

Sesrulebuli samuSaos aRweris<br />

Tanamimdevroba da xazgasmuli<br />

iqneba im elementebis CamonaTvali,<br />

romlebzec maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebisagan detalur aRweras<br />

moiTxovs;<br />

• moumzados da gadasces moswavleebs<br />

(gansakuTrebiT, dabalklaselebs)<br />

im winadadebaTa<br />

dasawyisi frazebi, romlebic<br />

aseTi aRwerisas daexmareba maT;<br />

• moamzadebinos moswavleebs audio<br />

Canawerebi, romelSic zepirad<br />

axsnian Tavian hipoTezebsa<br />

da daskvnebs;<br />

• moumzados an moswavleebTan<br />

erTad Camoayalibos rubrika,<br />

romlis mixedviTac Seafasebs<br />

maT. es moswavleebs daexmareba,<br />

gaiazron maswavleblis mTavari<br />

kriteriumebi, romliTac<br />

is hipoTezis Camoyalibebisa da<br />

Semowmebis procesis aRweris<br />

Sefasebisas ixelmZRvanelebs;<br />

• moawyos RonisZiebebi, romlebzec<br />

mSoblebi da sazogadoebis<br />

sxva wevrebi moswavleebs<br />

sTxoven, axsnan TavianTi Sexedulebebi<br />

sxvadasxva sakiTxTan<br />

dakavSirebiT.<br />

qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi<br />

xelovnebis maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

sTxovs, axsnan, rogor<br />

Camoayalibes da gamocades TavianTi<br />

hipoTezebi.<br />

me-5 klasis xelovnebis maswavlebelma<br />

miagno gzas, Tu<br />

rogor unda gaegebinebina moswavleebisaTvis,<br />

rogor urTierTqmedebs<br />

erTmaneTTan naxatis<br />

sxvadasxva elementi da<br />

rogor qmnian isini erT sistemas<br />

(magaliTad, ra gavlenas<br />

axdens feri perspeqtivaze da<br />

ra gavlena aqvs tilos Semadgenlobas<br />

ferze). maswavlebelma<br />

gamoiyena proeqtori da klass<br />

warmoudgina erTi cnobili<br />

tilo; man auxsna moswavleebs,<br />

rom, kompiuteris daxmarebiT,<br />

xelis erTi moZraobiT SeeZlo,<br />

Seecvala tilos feri, perspeqtiva<br />

da kontrasti. manam, sanam

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da gamocda<br />

133<br />

rames Secvlida, maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs sTxova, dawyvilebuliyvnen<br />

da emsjelaT,<br />

ra gavlenas moaxdenda erTi<br />

elementis cvlileba sistemis<br />

Semadgenel sxva elementebze.<br />

am aqtivobis Semdeg, maswavlebelma<br />

Secvala konkretuli elementi<br />

da moswavleebs saSualeba<br />

misca, dafiqrebuliyvnen am<br />

cvli lebaze da dakvirvebodnen<br />

Sedegs. TiToeuli aseTi cvlilebis<br />

Semdeg, maswavlebeli<br />

mos wavleebs sTxovda, aexsnaT<br />

klasisTvis, raSi mdgomareobda<br />

maTi hipoTeza, ratom Tvlidnen,<br />

rom es hipoTeza logikuri<br />

iyo da ramdenad dadasturda<br />

maTi xedva.<br />

* * *<br />

zogi fiqrobs, rom hipoTezis<br />

Camoyalibebisa da Semowmebis me­<br />

Todi mxolod sabunebismetyvelo<br />

sagnebis maswavleblebma unda gamoiyenon.<br />

rogorc wignSi warmodgenili<br />

Tavidan SevityveT, am me­<br />

Todis gamoyeneba TiTqmis yvela<br />

disciplinasa da sruliad gansxvavebul<br />

saswavlo situaciebSi<br />

SeiZleba.

10<br />

miniSnebebi,<br />

SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

msgavsebisa da<br />

gansxvavebis gamovlena<br />

Sejameba da Cana werebis<br />

gakeTeba<br />

moswavlis Zalisxmevis<br />

gaZliereba da misi<br />

warmatebis aRiareba<br />

saSinao davaleba da<br />

praqtika<br />

warmodgenis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi<br />

TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavla<br />

miznebis dasaxva da<br />

komentarebis gakeTeba<br />

qalbatoni kroufordi maRalklaselebs fsiqologiis Sesavals<br />

aswavlida. pirvel gakveTilze man dafaze dawera sityva `fsiqologia~<br />

da moswavleebs sTxova, erTmaneTisTvis gaeziarebinaT<br />

informacia, rasac am terminis Sesaxeb flobdnen. moswavleebi<br />

pasuxobdnen da maswavlebeli maTi pasuxebidan mTavar sityvebs<br />

dafaze werda. ufro detaluri diskusiisaTvis qalbatonma<br />

kroufordma ramdenime sityva SearCia. es sityvebi iyo: froidi,<br />

fsiqoanalizi, ego, aracnobieri, orpolusiani, gaoreba. maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs sTxova, TiToeul terminTan dakavSirebiT<br />

CamoeTvalaT, sazogadoebaSi ra swori da mcdari warmodgenebi<br />

arsebobda. rodesac qalbatonma kroufordma moswavleebs zigmund<br />

froidis Sesaxeb hkiTxa, gaaoca maTi pasuxebis mravalferovnebam<br />

da moswavleTa siRrmiseulma codnam zigmund froidis<br />

pirovnebasTan dakavSirebiT. roca moswavleebi sxva terminebze<br />

gadavidnen, maswavlebelma maTi ZiriTadi mosazrebebis dafaze<br />

Camowera ganagrZo. diskusiis bolos qalbaton kroufords sakmarisi<br />

informacia hqonda fsiqologiis Sesaxeb moswavleTa codnas­<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT. axali masalis miwodebis procesis dagegmvisas,<br />

maswavlebeli mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iyenebda am informacias.<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba<br />

da gamocda<br />

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

am bolo kategoriaSi warmodgenili swavlebis strategiebi<br />

moswavleebs exmareba, Tavi mouyaron im codnas,<br />

romelic mocemul TemasTan dakavSirebiT gaaCniaT.<br />

arateqnikur termins Tu gamoviyenebT, amas `winare codnis<br />

aqtivaciasac~ uwodeben. qalbatoni kroufordi araformaluri,<br />

Tumca efeqturi gziT cdilobda moswavle­<br />

Ta winare codnis aqtivacias.<br />

saganmanaTleblo kvlevebi adasturebs, rom winare<br />

codnis aqtivacia Zalian mniSvnelovania yvela tipis<br />

swavlis procesSi. codna, romelic konkretul Temas­<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT gagvaCnia, did gavlenas axdens am Temis<br />

134

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

135<br />

Sesaxeb axali codnis aTvisebaze.<br />

u. briueri da j. Treiensi (1981)<br />

swored am gavlenas ikvlevdnen;<br />

maT 30 moswavles erT oTaxSi mouyares<br />

Tavi da uTxres, rom es im<br />

profesoris oTaxi iyo, romelic<br />

eqsperiments atarebda. TiToeul<br />

moswavles sTxoves, moecada.<br />

gavida 35 wami. moswavleebi sxva<br />

oTaxSi gadaiyvanes da sTxoves,<br />

furcelze daeweraT yvelaferi,<br />

rac pirveli oTaxis Sesaxeb daamaxsovrdaT.<br />

u. briueri da j.<br />

Treiensi varaudobdnen, rom moswavleebi<br />

ise aRwerdnen oTaxs,<br />

rogorc, zogadad, profesoris<br />

oTaxi warmoedginaT. da ar aRwerdnen<br />

zustad im oTaxs, romelic<br />

axlaxan datoves. sxva sityvebiT,<br />

mkvlevarebis hipoTezis mixedviT,<br />

moswavleTa winare codna gavlenas<br />

moaxdenda maT aRqmaze. es<br />

swored ase moxda. 30-dan 29 moswavlem<br />

gaixsena, rom oTaxSi idga<br />

saweri magida da skami; mxolod 8<br />

moswavlem Tqva, rom oTaxSi iyo<br />

gancxadebebis dafa da Tavis qala;<br />

9 moswavlem ganacxada, rom oTax­<br />

Si wignebi SeniSna, rac, sinamdvileSi,<br />

im oTaxSi ar yofila. Sesabamisad,<br />

moswavleebma ganacxades,<br />

rom naxes is, rasac elodnen,<br />

rom naxavdnen. moswavleTa mier<br />

gakeTebuli aRwerebis garkveuli<br />

komponentebi realobas ar Seesabameboda.<br />

winare codnis gamoyeneba Sei­<br />

Zleba swavlebis karg meTodad<br />

iqces. miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi swored<br />

moswavleTa winare condis aqtivaciis<br />

process uwyobs xels.<br />

miniSnebebisa da SekiTxvebis<br />

meTodi: kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />

miniSnebebisa da SekiTxvebis me­<br />

Todi maswavlebels saSualebas<br />

aZlevs, moswavleebs winare<br />

codnis gamoyenebaSi daexmaros.<br />

diagrama 10.1-ze warmodgenilia<br />

miniSnebisa da SekiTxvebis meTod­<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli zogierTi<br />

kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom diagrama<br />

10.1-ze miniSnebebisa da SekiTxvebis<br />

gamoyeneba cal-calkea ganxiluli,<br />

es ori meTodi erTmaneTis<br />

msgavsia. miniSneba warmoadgens<br />

mcire informaciis miwodebis me­<br />

Tods imis Sesaxeb, rac moswavlem<br />

unda gaigos/gamoscados uaxloes<br />

periodSi. magaliTad, maswavlebeli<br />

iyenebs miniSnebis meTods,<br />

roca ujredis Sesaxeb filmis<br />

yurebis win moswavleebs uxsnis,<br />

rom es filmi Seexeba rogorc maT­<br />

Tvis cnobil informacias, aseve,<br />

siaxleebs. filmis Temis gamocxadebiT,<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleTa<br />

winare codnis aqtivacias axdens.<br />

axal informaciaze miniSnebiT ki<br />

pedagogi bavSvebs molodins uRviZebs.<br />

kiTxvebic, daaxloebiT,<br />

imave funqcias asruleben. magaliTad,<br />

filmis yurebamde maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs SeiZleba<br />

SekiTxvebi dausvas da amiT Tavi<br />

mouyaros im informacias, romelsac<br />

isini floben.<br />

iTvleba, rom SekiTxvebi da<br />

miniSnebebi saklaso praqtikis<br />

ZiriTad nawils qmnian. kvlevebi<br />

aCenebs, rom xandaxan kiTxvebisa<br />

da miniSnebebis gamoyeneba sak­

136 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

naSromi<br />

diagrama 10.1<br />

miniSnebisa da SekiTxvebis meTodis Sesaxeb<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

kvlevebSi<br />

yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

rosi, 1988 miniSnebebi 6 0.41 16<br />

uolbergi, 1999 SekiTxvebi 14 0.26 10<br />

redfildi da<br />

ruso, 1981 SekiTxvebi 7 0.73 27<br />

uaizi da oqei,<br />

1983<br />

SekiTxvebi 5 0.37 14<br />

miniSnebebi 38 0.53 20<br />

sTouni, 1983 miniSnebebi 83 0.75 27<br />

blumi, 1976 miniSnebebi 11 0.21 39<br />

qrismori, 1985 miniSnebebi 231 0.60 23<br />

hemeqeri, 1986 SekiTxvebi 100 0.75 27<br />

guzeTi, snaideri<br />

da glasi, 1993<br />

miniSnebebi da<br />

SekiTxvebi 11 0.80 29<br />

laso mecadineobis, daaxloebiT,<br />

80%-s ikavebs (ix.deivisi da Tinslei,<br />

1967; filipone, 1998). sagulisxmoa,<br />

rom maswavleblebi ise<br />

iyeneben SekiTxvebisa da miniSnebebis<br />

meTods, rom zogjer arc<br />

ki ician am meTodis arsebobis<br />

Sesaxeb. r. naSma da d. Simanma 1974<br />

wels gamoaqveynes saintereso<br />

kvleva, saTauriT: `inglisuris<br />

maswavlebeli, rogorc kiTxvebis<br />

damsmeli~. am kvlevis mixedviT,<br />

dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebi,<br />

romlebic acxadebdnen, rom yovel<br />

naxevar saaTSi 12 – 20 SekiTxvas<br />

svamdnen, sinamdvileSi svamdnen<br />

45 – 150 SekiTxvas. m. filiponem<br />

(1998) igive daskvna gaakeTa Tavis<br />

samagistro kvlevaSi.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia oTxi<br />

ganzogadebuli daskvna, romelic<br />

maswavleblebs miniSnebebisa<br />

da SekiTxvebis meTodis efeqtur<br />

gamoyenebaSi daexmareba.<br />

1. miniSnebebi da SekiTxvebi<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovan, da ara yvelaze<br />

originalur, sakiTxebs unda<br />

ukavSirdebodes. sxvadasxva kvleva<br />

aCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi<br />

xSinad svamen SekiTxvebs imasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, rac originaluria,<br />

an rac maT gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas imsaxurebs, da ara im<br />

sakiTxebze, romelic masalis kargad<br />

asaTviseblad yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />

(ix. aleqsanderi da<br />

judi, 1988; aleqsanderi, kulikoviCi<br />

da Sulce, 1994; rizneri,

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

137<br />

nikolsoni da uebi, 1994). bevri<br />

maswavlebeli fiqrobs, rom originalur<br />

sakiTxebze moswavleTa<br />

yuradRebis mipyroba Temisadmi moswavleTa<br />

dainteresebas gazrdis.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom, sinamdvileSi,<br />

moswavleTa interess Temis Sesaxeb,<br />

rac SeiZleba, meti informaciis<br />

floba zrdis (aleqsanderi da<br />

sxvebi, 1994). Sesabamisad, Tu kiTxvebi<br />

sakiTxis siRrmiseul gagebaze<br />

iqneba mimarTuli, mosalodnelia,<br />

rom moswavleTa interesic ufro<br />

gaizrdeba.<br />

2. `analitikuri~ SekiTxvebi<br />

ufro sasargebloa, vidre `faqtobrivi~<br />

SekiTxvebi. ganaTlebis<br />

sfe roSi Catarebuli kvlevebi<br />

aCve nebs, rom moswavleebisaTvis<br />

analitikuri SekiTxvebis dasma<br />

ufro sasargebloa, vidre faqtobrivi<br />

SekiTxvebis dasma (ix. redfildi<br />

da ruso, 1981). analitikuria<br />

SekiTxvebi, romlebic moswavleTa<br />

mxridan analizis unaris<br />

gamoyenebas moiTxovs, xolo faqtobrivia<br />

SekiTxvebi, romelze pasuxis<br />

gasacemadac moswavles mxolod<br />

konkretuli informaciis<br />

gaxseneba sWirdeba. samwuxarod,<br />

praqtika gviCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi,<br />

umetesad, faqtobriv<br />

SekiTxvebs svamen (deivisi da Tinslei,<br />

1967; filipone, 1998; guzaki,<br />

1967; mueleri, 1973). analitikuri<br />

SekiTxvebis sxvadasxva ganmarteba<br />

arsebobs, magram yvela Tanxmdeba<br />

imaze, rom analitikuri SekiTxva<br />

moswavlisagan yovelTvis iTxovs<br />

informaciis restruqturizaciasa<br />

da codnis gamoyenebas.<br />

3. maswavleblis mier SekiTxvis<br />

dasmis Semdeg, sasurvelia, mciredi<br />

Seyovneba. SekiTxvebis dasmis<br />

meTodis ganxilvisas, mniSvnelovania<br />

`Seyovnebis drois~ gamoyenebis<br />

principebis axsna. m. rou<br />

(1974) xsnis, rom `Seyovnebis dro~<br />

moicavs ramdenimewamian pauzas<br />

SekiTxvis dasmis Semdeg, raTa<br />

moswavleebs pasuxis gacemamde<br />

fiqris saSualeba mivceT. q. Tobini<br />

(1987) ganasxvavebs Seyovnebis<br />

sxvadasxva tips (magaliTad, pauza,<br />

romelic maswavleblis mier warmoTqmul<br />

sityvebs mohyveba; pauza,<br />

romelic moswavlis mier warmoTqmul<br />

sityvebs mohyveba da win<br />

uZRvis maswavleblis sityvebs).<br />

misi gamoyenebis simartivis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

Seyovnebis dro<br />

Zalian sasargeblo saswavlo me­<br />

Todia. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom<br />

Seyovnebis dro moswavleebs meti<br />

interaqciis saSualebas aZlevs<br />

(fauleri, 1975; honea, 1982).<br />

4. SekiTxvebis dasma swavlis<br />

efeqturi meTodia maSinac ki, roca<br />

SekiTxvebi axali masalis Seswavlamde<br />

ismeba. Cveulebriv, miiCneven,<br />

rom maswavlebeli SekiTxvebis<br />

dasmis meTods mas Semdeg<br />

iyenebs, rac moswavleebi axal<br />

masalas Seiswavlian. axali masalis<br />

aTviseba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli<br />

iyos teqstis wakiTxvasTan,<br />

gakveTilis mosmenasTan an axal<br />

masalasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis<br />

warmodgenasTan. mniSvnelovania<br />

imis gaTvaliswineba,<br />

rom SekiTxvebis dasmis meTodis<br />

gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia axali<br />

masalis Seswavlamdec. aseT dros<br />

SekiTxvebi maswavlebels exmareba,<br />

Seqmnas saTanado garemo siaxlis<br />

asaTviseblad. am SemTxvevaSic

138 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

analitikuri SekiTxvebi masalis<br />

ufro safuZvlian aTvisebas uwyobs<br />

xels (hemeqeri, 1986; osmani<br />

da hanafini, 1994; fresli, Tenebaumi,<br />

maqdanieli da vudi, 1990;<br />

fresli, vudi, uoloSini, martini,<br />

qingi da menqe, 1992).<br />

miniSnebebi da SekiTxvebi:<br />

praqtika klasSi<br />

cxadi miniSnebebi<br />

miniSnebebis gamoyeneba maswavlebels<br />

saSualebas aZlevs, gaaaqtiuros<br />

winare codna. am meTodis<br />

meSveobiT, maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

winaswar warmodgenas uqmnis<br />

Sesaswavli masalis Sesaxeb.<br />

qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi dawyebiTi<br />

klasis moswavleebis espanuris<br />

gakveTilidan. am magaliTSi<br />

naTlad Cans, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

miniSnebebis gamoyeneba klasSi.<br />

qalbatoni smiti mesame klaselebs<br />

aswavlis. gakveTilis dasawyisSi<br />

igi moswavleebs ekiTxeba,<br />

hyavT Tu ara megobari,<br />

romelic yovelTvis sxvebisgan<br />

Txoulobs nivTebs. aseT adamianebs<br />

espanurad `pediguenos~,<br />

xolo inglisurad `leeches~ eZaxian.<br />

Semdeg maswavlebeli xsnis:<br />

dRevandeli gakveTili aseT<br />

adamianebs eZRvneba, radgan<br />

dRes kuTvnilebiT zedsarTavebs,<br />

espanurad adjetivos posesivos<br />

vxsniT. Cven visaubrebT<br />

da vivarjiSebT kuTvnilebiT<br />

zedsarTavebze: Tú, él / ella / usted,<br />

nosotros, vosotros, ellos / ellas /<br />

ustedes. magaliTad, aba, vTargmnoT<br />

Semdegi winadadeba espanurad:<br />

`piteri ar iyenebs Tavis<br />

manqanas. is Txoulobs megobris<br />

manqanas.~<br />

SekiTxvebi, romlebsac<br />

moswavle daskvnebamde mihyavs<br />

SekiTxvebis dasmis meTodi moswavleebs<br />

exmareba, informaciiT<br />

`Seavson~ is `sicarieleebi~, romlebic<br />

saukeTesod dagegmili<br />

gakveTilis drosac ki rCeba. maswavleblebs<br />

SeuZliaT qvemoT moy<br />

vanili SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba,<br />

raTa moswavleebi garkveul<br />

daskvnebamde miiyvanon. moswavleebis<br />

daskvnebi SeiZleba im sagnebs,<br />

adamianebs, moqmedebebs, movlenebs<br />

da arsebobis formebs ukavSirdebodes,<br />

romelTa Sesaxeb informaciasac<br />

isini skolaSi iReben.<br />

sagnebi / adamianebi:<br />

rogor moqmedebs es sagani an adamiani<br />

rogor moqmedeben am saganze<br />

rogor gamoiyeneba es sagani<br />

risi nawilia es sagani<br />

rogor mzaddeba es sagani<br />

aqvs Tu ara am sagans garkveuli<br />

surneli, gemo, xma aRwereT<br />

sagani am niSan-Tvisebebis<br />

mixedviT;<br />

aqvs Tu ara am sagans garkveuli<br />

feri, nomeri (an raodenoba),<br />

adgilmdebareoba, ganzomileba<br />

aRwereT sagani am niSan-<br />

Tvisebebis mixeviT;<br />

rogor iyideba es sagani<br />

aris Tu ara sagani garkveuli ganwyobis<br />

matarebeli aRwereT sagani<br />

am niSan-Tvisebis mixeviT;<br />

aqvs Tu ara mas konkretuli Rirebuleba<br />

rodesac mas viyenebT, eqmneba Tu

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

139<br />

ara safrTxe sxva sagnebs an adamianebs<br />

aRwereT es safrTxe.<br />

moqmedebebi:<br />

ra sagani an adamiani asrulebs am<br />

moqmedebas / moqmedebebs<br />

ra gavlenas axdens es moqmedeba am<br />

sagnis gemoze, xmaze an garegnul<br />

Sexedulebaze<br />

rogor cvlis es moqmedeba am adamianis<br />

emociur mdgomareobas<br />

rogor cvlis es moqmedeba am sagnis<br />

Rirebulebas<br />

rogor cvlis es moqmedeba am sagnis<br />

formas an zomas<br />

rogor cvlis es moqmedeba am sagnis<br />

mdgomareobas<br />

RonisZiebebi:<br />

ra tipis adamianebi iReben monawileobas<br />

am RonisZiebaSi<br />

weliwadis romel dros xdeba es<br />

RonisZieba<br />

kviris romel dRes xdeba es RonisZieba<br />

dRis ra periodSi xdeba es RonisZieba<br />

sad xdeba es RonisZieba rodis<br />

xdeba es movlena / RonisZieba<br />

ra mowyobilobebi gamoiyeneba am<br />

RonisZiebis dros<br />

ra dro sWirdeba am RonisZiebas<br />

mdgomareoba:<br />

ra procesebis gavliT miiRweva es<br />

mdgomareoba<br />

ra cvlilebebi iCens Tavs, rodesac<br />

raRaca / viRaca am mdgomareobaSi<br />

imyofeba<br />

am kiTxvebis gamosayeneblad,<br />

maswavlebelma unda moaxdinos<br />

konkretuli sagnebis, adamianebis,<br />

RonisZiebebis / movlenebis an<br />

mdgomareobebis identifikacia moswavleTa<br />

mier Seswavlil masala­<br />

Si. Semdeg maswavlebels SeuZlia,<br />

dasvas SekiTxvebi im magaliTebis<br />

mixedviT, rac zemoT aris warmodgenili.<br />

qvemoT moyvanilia am<br />

SekiTxvebis dasmis magaliTi janmrTelobis<br />

gakveTilze.<br />

qalbatonma qonconem me-6 klasis<br />

moswavleebs wasakiTxad<br />

misca statia kvebis proces­<br />

Tan da kavSirebuli darRvevebis<br />

Se saxeb. moswavleebma statia<br />

waikiTxes. kiTxvis dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg qalbatonma qonconem<br />

bavSvebs dausva SekiTxvebi,<br />

rom lebic maT statiis ukeTesad<br />

gagebaSi daexmareboda. es<br />

SekiTxvebi iyo:<br />

1.<br />

2.<br />

rogor moqmedeben is adamianebi,<br />

romelTac kvebis<br />

procesTan dakavSirebuli<br />

darRvevebi aReniSnebaT<br />

ras uSvrebian im adamianebs,<br />

romelTac kvebis proces­<br />

Tan dakavSirebuli dar­<br />

Rvevebi aReniSnebaT<br />

erT-erTma moswavlem dasmul<br />

SekiTxvebs Semdegnairad upasuxa:<br />

1.<br />

2.<br />

rogor moqmedeben es adamianebi<br />

me yovelTvis megona,<br />

rom kvebis procesTan<br />

dakavSirebuli darRvevebi<br />

im adamianebs aReniSnebaT,<br />

vinc saWmels ar Wamen. axla<br />

kargad veRar gamirkvevia,<br />

kvebis darRvevad zedmeti<br />

Wamac igulisxmeba Tu mxolod<br />

uWmeloba<br />

ras uSvrebian am adamianebs<br />

rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva<br />

darRveva sxvadasxva problemasTanaa<br />

dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad,<br />

aseTi adamianebis

140 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

mkurnalobis meTodebi individualurad,<br />

maTi diagnozis<br />

mixedviT ganisazRvreba.<br />

analitikuri SekiTxvebi<br />

zogierTi SekiTxva moswavlisagan<br />

informaciis analizsa da<br />

kritikas moiTxovs. aseTi tipis<br />

SekiTxvebis dasmaSi maswavleblebs<br />

analitikuri unarebis nusxa<br />

daexmareba (ix. diagrama 10.2).<br />

TiToeul analitikur unars<br />

SekiTxvebis garkveuli kategoria<br />

ukavSirdeba, romelTa CamonaTvalsac<br />

qvemoT gTavazobT:<br />

Secdomebis analizi:<br />

logikuri urTierTkavSiris TvalsazrisiT,<br />

ra Secdomebia daSvebuli<br />

warmodgenil informaciaSi<br />

ratom aris warmodgenili informacia<br />

SecdomaSi Semyvani<br />

rogor SeiZleba SevasworoT warmodgenili<br />

informacia<br />

argumentebis moSvelieba mtkicebulebis<br />

dasadastureblad:<br />

romeli argumenti SeiZleba moviSvelioT<br />

warmodgenili mtkicebulebis<br />

dasadastureblad<br />

ra TvalsazrisiTaa es mtkicebuleba<br />

susti<br />

ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad<br />

mocemul mtkicebulebas<br />

sxvadasxva damokidebulebis analizi:<br />

ratom SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom<br />

es sagani an movlena kargi,<br />

cudi an neitraluria<br />

ra analizi udevs safuZvlad<br />

Tqvens msjelobas imasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, rom mocemuli<br />

movlena an sagani kargi, cudi<br />

an neitraluria<br />

ra iqneboda Tqveni damokidebulebis<br />

alternativa ra logikuri<br />

safuZveli aqvs am alternativas<br />

qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi imisa,<br />

Tu rogor iyenebs am SekiTxvebs<br />

sabunebismetyvelo sagnis<br />

maswavlebeli ganaTlebis sabazo<br />

safexurze.<br />

qalbatoni eganis moswavleebi<br />

fizikuri garemos Temas gadiodnen.<br />

maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />

sTxova, CamoeyalibebinaT<br />

mosazreba `Zveli” tyeebis<br />

mofrTxilebis Sesaxeb. ra<br />

poziciac ar unda aerCiaT moswavleebs,<br />

maT sakuTari mosazreba<br />

saTanado argumentebiTa<br />

da Zlieri mtkicebulebebiT<br />

unda gaemyarebinaT.<br />

diagrama 10.2<br />

analitikuri unarebis<br />

ganmarteba<br />

Secdomebis analizi: Secdomebis<br />

identifikacia da warmodgena.<br />

argumentebis moSvelieba: mtki ­<br />

cebulebis damadasturebe li<br />

ar gumentebis sistemis Camoyali<br />

beba.<br />

sxvadasxva damokidebulebis<br />

analizi: konkretul sakiTxTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, piradi damokidebulebis<br />

identifikacia da<br />

Camoyalibeba.

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

141<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi:<br />

kvlevebi da Teoriebi<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT,<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia, xeli<br />

Seuwyos moswavles winare codnis<br />

aqtivaciaSi. winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

moswavles axali codnis<br />

aTvisebaSi exmareba. winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebis cneba daamkvidra da<br />

popularuli gaxada fsiqologma<br />

devid ausubelma (1968). ausubeli<br />

Semdegnairad ganmartavda winmswreb<br />

aqtivobebs:<br />

relevanturi da yovlismomcveli<br />

Sesavali informacia...<br />

romelTac moswavleebs axali<br />

masalis Seswavlamde warmovudgenT...<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebiT<br />

gadmocemuli Sesavali informacia<br />

gacilebiT ufro abstraqtuli,<br />

ganzogadebuli da<br />

yovlismomcvelia, vidre Tavad<br />

Sesaswavli masala. winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebiT iqmneba xaraCo,<br />

romelzec ufro detaluri<br />

diagrama 10.3<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebis meTodis kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

naSromi<br />

uolbergi,<br />

1999<br />

heTi, 1992<br />

loTi,<br />

1983 *<br />

sTouni,<br />

1983<br />

kvlevebSi yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />

gamoyenebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli<br />

zogadi efeqti<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

29<br />

16<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis<br />

sidide<br />

0.45<br />

0.24<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />

gamoyenebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli<br />

zogadi efeqti 387 0.37 14<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />

gamoyenebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli<br />

zogadi efeqti<br />

17<br />

5<br />

0.09<br />

0.77<br />

ganmartebiTi<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi 44 0.80 29<br />

naratiuli winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebi 12 0.53 20<br />

informaciis<br />

gada kiTxva, rogorc<br />

winmswrebi aqtivoba 15 0.71 26<br />

ilustrirebuli<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi 15 0.52 20<br />

* Tavad naSromSi, warmodgenili kvlevis angariSis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />

efeqtis sididis ori kategoriaa mocemuli. mkiTxvels, Tu dainteresebulia<br />

detalebiT, vurCevT, gaecnos naSroms.<br />

17<br />

9<br />

3<br />

28

142 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

masalisagan Semdgari kedlebi<br />

daSendeba. Sesabamisad, winmswrebi<br />

aqtivoba ar aris igive,<br />

rac Sejameba an mimoxilva;<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi xids<br />

emsgavseba, romelic moswavlis<br />

winare codnas im masalasTan<br />

akavSirebs, romlis aTvisebac<br />

moswavles mouwevs (gv. 148).<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebis Temaze<br />

devid ausubelis pirveli nawerebis<br />

Semdeg, mkvlevarebma zedmiwevniT<br />

Seiswavles es meTodi. diagrama<br />

10.3-ze warmodgenilia winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebis gamoyenebis<br />

meTodTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli<br />

zogierTi kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi mWid rod<br />

ukavSirdeba miniSnebebsa da SekiTxvebs.<br />

miniSnebebTan da SekiTxvebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli me-4 ganzogadebuli<br />

daskvna (SekiTxvebis dasma swavlis<br />

efeqturi meTodia maSinac ki,<br />

roca SekiTxvebi axali masalis Seswavlamde<br />

ismeba) swored winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobis formiT dasmul SekiTxvebzea<br />

koncentrirebuli. Sesabamisad,<br />

oTxi ganzogadebuli daskvna,<br />

romelic zemoT iyo warmodgenili,<br />

miniSnebebisa da SekiTxvebis meTodis<br />

efeqtur gamoyenebasTan dakav­<br />

SirebiT, winmswreb aqtivobebzec<br />

vrceldeba:<br />

1. winmswrebi aqtivobebi yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovan, da ara yvelaze<br />

originalur, sakiTxebs unda ukav­<br />

Sirdebodes.<br />

2. `analitikuri~ winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebi ufro sasargebloa, vidre<br />

`faqtobrivi~ winmswrebi aqtivobebi.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom es<br />

ganzogadebuli daskvnebi zemoT<br />

ukve ganvixileT, damatebiT<br />

axsna-ganmartebas aq aRar warmovadgenT.<br />

is kvlevebi, romlebic,<br />

uSualod, winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />

gamoyenebis efeqturobas ukav­<br />

Sirdeba, kidev ramdenime saintereso<br />

daskvnas gvTavazobs:<br />

3. winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyeneba<br />

yvelaze sasargebloa<br />

maSin, roca informacia kargad<br />

ar aris organizebuli. rogorc<br />

CvenTvis cnobilia, winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebi, ganmartebis mixedviT,<br />

informaciis organizebis<br />

saSualebas warmoadgenen. Sesabamisad,<br />

rac ufro mouwesrigebelia<br />

Sesaswavli informacia, miT<br />

ufro maRalia maTi gamoyenebis<br />

efeqti (ix. marTorela, 1991; maieri,<br />

1979; uaiTi da TiSeri, 1986).<br />

magaliTad, winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />

gamoyeneba ufro efeqturi<br />

iqneba bunebaSi gasvlis win, vidre<br />

saxelmZRvanelos erT-erTi Tavis<br />

wakiTxvis win, radgan wignis Tavebi<br />

kargadaa organizebuli saTaurebiTa<br />

da qvesaTaurebiT.<br />

4. sxvadasxva tipis winmswrebi<br />

aqtivoba sxvadasxva Sedegs iZleva.<br />

rogorc diagrama 10.3-zea warmodgenili,<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />

4 zogadi tipi arsebobs, esenia:<br />

ganmartebiTi, naratiuli, informaciis<br />

gadakiTxvze dafuZnebuli,<br />

ilustrirebuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi.<br />

oTxive tipis winmswrebi<br />

aqtivoba efeqturobiT gamoirCeva<br />

da gansakuTrebiT maRalia ganmartebiTi<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebis<br />

gamoyenebis nayofiereba. am

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

143<br />

oTxi tipis garda, arsebobs sxva<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebic. kvlevebi<br />

adasturebs, rom praqtikaSi winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobis mravali sxva<br />

saxeobac gamoiyeneba.<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi:<br />

praqtika klasSi<br />

ganmartebiTi winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebi<br />

ganmartebiTi winmswrebi aqtivobebi,<br />

ubralod, im axal masalas<br />

aRweren, romelic moswavleebs<br />

unda gavacnoT. qvemoT moyvanil<br />

magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor<br />

iyenebs maswavlebeli ganmartebiT<br />

winmswreb aqtivobebs sxvadasxva<br />

profesiaze saubrisas.<br />

karieris dResTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

moswavleTa samuSao jgufma SesaniSnavi<br />

dRis wesrigi moamzada,<br />

magram jgufis wevrebs gamor­<br />

CaT rCevebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />

unda gaekeTebinaT moswavleebs,<br />

raTa efeqturad gamoeyenebinaT<br />

sxvadasxva mosaubrisagan<br />

miRebuli informacia. dagegmili<br />

iyo sxvadasxva pirovnebis<br />

mosmena mTeli dRis manZilze.<br />

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis<br />

dros batonma matamorosma moswavleebs<br />

winmswrebi aqtivoba<br />

moumzada. winmswreb aqtivobaSi<br />

mocemuli iyo TiToeuli profesiis<br />

mokle aRwera, karieris<br />

dagegmvis RonisZiebaze<br />

warmosadgenad. batonma matamorosma<br />

moswavleebs yvela<br />

aRwera waakiTxa. Semdeg mTelma<br />

klasma, erToblivad, Ti­<br />

Toeuli profesia cal-calke<br />

ganixila. TiToeuli profesiis<br />

aRweramde batoni matamorosi<br />

moswavleebs sTxovda, CaexedaT<br />

winmswreb aqtivobaSi da Tvali<br />

gadaevloT am profesiis mokle<br />

aRwerisTvis.<br />

karieris dagegmvis RonisZieba<br />

dasrulda. moswavleebma<br />

aRniSnes, rom winmswrebi aqtivobiT<br />

gakeTebul savarjiSos<br />

didi mniSvneloba hqonda karieris<br />

dagegmvis RonisZiebaze<br />

warmodgenili informaciis gasagebad.<br />

ramdenime mowveulma<br />

stumarma, romelic sesiebs uZ­<br />

Rveboda, ganacxada, rom isini<br />

gaocebulebi iyvnen moswavle­<br />

Ta mier dasmuli SekiTxvebis<br />

mizanmimarTulobiT.<br />

naratiuli winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebi<br />

naratiuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

moswavleebs informacias<br />

TxrobiTi formiT awvdian. qvemoT<br />

moyvanil magaliTSi naCvenebia,<br />

Tu rogor iyenebs maswavlebeli<br />

naratiul winmswreb aqtivobebs<br />

tornadoebze saubrisas.<br />

qalbatoni nilis moswavleebi<br />

me-4 klasSi arian. tornadoebze<br />

filmis yurebamde maswavlebelma<br />

bavSvebs Semdegi ambavi<br />

uambo.<br />

`erTxel tornados Seveswari.<br />

simarTle giTxraT, sanam<br />

ar dasrulda, verc mivxvdi,<br />

rom es tornado iyo. im dRes<br />

Cemi dis mosanaxuleblad viyavi<br />

wasuli. SuadRis 3.00 saaTi iyo.<br />

me da Cemi da sastumro oTaxSi<br />

visxediT da Cais mivirTmevdiT.<br />

moulodnelad Ca mobnelda.<br />

ar dagaviwydeT, rom mxolod<br />

3.00 saaTi iyo! Cven verc ki<br />

vifiqrebdiT, rom tornado<br />

gviaxlovdeboda. me da Cemma<br />

dam oTaxSi sinaTle avanTeT,<br />

darabebi gamovaReT, Cais sma<br />

da saubari gavagrZeleT. cota<br />

xanSi eleqtroenergia gaiTiSa<br />

da signalizaciis xma gavigo­

144 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

neT. gancvifrebuli viyaviT<br />

da ver gagvego, ra xdeboda.<br />

sulac ar SegvSinebia. ramdenime<br />

wuTSi Cemma meuRlem dareka.<br />

telefonebi ar gaTiSula.<br />

meuRlem mkiTxa, rogor xaro.<br />

`ra Tqma unda, kargad var. ra<br />

unda mWirdes~, _ vupasuxe.<br />

man ki mipasuxa, rom Cvens axlos<br />

mdebare midamoebs es-es<br />

aris tornado daatyda Tavso.<br />

am sityvebma goneba gaminaTa.<br />

me da Cemi da saxlidan gamovvardiT<br />

da gaviqeciT. quCaSi<br />

didi areuloba iyo. SuqniSani<br />

mowyvetili iyo. tornados manqanebi<br />

gadaetrialebina da xeebi<br />

fesvebianad amoeglija. avejis<br />

maRaziisa da swrafi kvebis<br />

restornis fanjrebi Camsxvreuli<br />

iyo. saSineli ngrevisa<br />

da zaralis momswreni viyaviT.~<br />

informaciis gadakiTxva,<br />

rogorc winmswrebi aqtivoba<br />

safuZvlian wakiTxvamde informaciis<br />

zedapiruli gadakiTxva<br />

SeiZleba efeqturi winmswrebi<br />

aqtivoba iyos. qvemoT moyvanil<br />

magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor<br />

iyenebs maswavlebeli informaciis<br />

gadakiTxvas, rogorc winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobis formas bunebismetyvelebis<br />

gakveTilze me-6 klasis<br />

moswavleebTan.<br />

me-6 klasis moswavleebi gasvliT<br />

gakveTilze, planetarium­<br />

Si unda waeyvanaT. batonma armstrongma<br />

moswavleebs sTxova,<br />

saxlSi rukidan amobeWdili ori<br />

gverdisaTvis gadaexedaT. erT<br />

gverdze mocemuli iyo CrdiloeT<br />

naxevarsferos varskvlavebis<br />

rukebis diagrama, xolo meore<br />

gverdze samxreT naxevarsfero<br />

iyo gamosaxuli. rukebze<br />

ramdenime sxva mniSvnelovani<br />

faqtic iyo datanili.<br />

`am rukebs mxolod gadaxedeT~,<br />

_ sTxova moswavleebs<br />

batonma armstrongma. `varskvalvebis<br />

ganlagebaze zogadi<br />

warmodgena dagexmarebaT imis<br />

gagebaSi, rasac planetariumSi<br />

vnaxavT~.<br />

grafikuli winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobebi<br />

am wignis me-6 TavSi ganvixileT<br />

grafikuli sqemebi, rogorc<br />

informaciis aralingvisturi miwodebis<br />

erT-erTi xerxi. grafikuli<br />

sqema SeiZleba winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobac iyos. qvemoT moyvanil<br />

magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor<br />

iyenebs maswavlebeli grafikul<br />

winmswreb aqtivobebs frangulis<br />

gakveTilze me-11 klasis moswavleebTan.<br />

qalbaton hogams dagegmili<br />

hqonda, me-11 klasis moswavleebisaTvis<br />

franguli impresionizmi<br />

gaecno. sanam proeqtoris<br />

daxmarebiT frangi impresionistebis<br />

namuSevrebis<br />

amsaxvel slaidebs gaacnobda,<br />

qalbatonma hogamma moswavleebs<br />

grafikuli sqema _ diagrama<br />

warmoudgina. diagramaze<br />

gamosaxuli iyo im ramdenime<br />

mxatvris saxeli, romelTa detaluri<br />

Seswavlac mogvianebiT<br />

iyo dagegmili (ix. diagrama<br />

10.4).<br />

qalbatonma hogamma moswavleebs<br />

sTxova, yuradRebiT<br />

yofiliyvnen da damatebiTi informacia<br />

Tavad daetanaT mocemul<br />

diagramaze. damatebiT<br />

informaciaSi is gulisxmobda<br />

impresionizmis mTavar maxasiaTeblebs,<br />

sxva mxatvarTa saxelebs,<br />

maTi namuSevrebis saxelwodebebs<br />

da sxva mniSvnelovan<br />

faqtebs mxatvrebze an maT<br />

tiloebze.

miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

145<br />

diagrama 10.4<br />

grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi: franguli impresionizmi<br />

pol sezani<br />

saxli<br />

napraliani<br />

kedlebiT<br />

mobanaveebi<br />

franguli impresionizmi<br />

edgar dega<br />

qali<br />

abazanaSi<br />

cisferi<br />

balerinebi<br />

klod mone<br />

guburebi<br />

dumfarebiT<br />

qali<br />

wyarosTan<br />

sauzme<br />

mdeloze<br />

yuradReba<br />

sinaTleze<br />

pier ogiust<br />

renuari<br />

sauzme<br />

meniCbeTa<br />

wreSi<br />

* * *<br />

sasargebloa, roca moswavleebi<br />

axal masalaze fiqrs manam iwyeben,<br />

sanam am masalis uSualo Seswavlaze<br />

gadavlen. aseTi meTodologia,<br />

rogorc wesi, zrdis moswavlis<br />

akademiur moswrebas. maswavleblebs<br />

SeuZliaT, sxvadasxva tipis<br />

miniSneba, SekiTxva da winmswrebi<br />

aqtivobagamoiyenon, raTa am tipis<br />

azrovnebas Seuwyon xeli.

s w a v l e b i s<br />

m eTodebis<br />

g amoyeneba

11 moswavleTaTvis<br />

sxvadasxva tipis<br />

codnis gadacema swavlebis<br />

sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT<br />

am wignis me-2 _ me-10 TavebSi<br />

aRwerili swavlebis cxra meTodi<br />

efeqturia yvela tipis sagnobrivi<br />

codnis gadasacemad. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, moswavleebisaTvis mocemuli<br />

tipis codnis gadasacemad,<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia, konkretuli<br />

meTodi SearCios. siaxles ar<br />

warmoadgens is faqti, rom codnis<br />

sxvadasxva tipi swavlis da,<br />

Sesabamisad, swavlebis sxvadasxva<br />

meTods ukavSirdeba. es mosazreba<br />

pirvelad ralf tailerma<br />

gaaxmovana 1950-ian wlebSi (ix. Sefaseba<br />

ganaTlebis sferoSi: ralf<br />

taileris klasikuri naSromebi,<br />

avtorebi: madausi da sTaflbimi,<br />

1989). mogvianebiT, ganaTlebis reformatorma,<br />

hilda Tabam (1962)<br />

wignSi `saswavlo gegmis SemuSaveba:<br />

Teoria da praqtika~ es cneba<br />

ganavrco da konkretuli tipis<br />

codna swavlebis konkretul me­<br />

Todebs daukavSira.<br />

sagnobrivi codna SeiZleba<br />

149<br />

xuT farTo kategoriad davajgufoT:<br />

1. sityvaTa maragi da frazebi,<br />

2. detalebi, 3. ideaTa mowesrigeba,<br />

4. unarebi da taqtika,<br />

5. procesebi. pirveli sami kategoria<br />

informaciulia da `mtkicebiTi<br />

codnis~ saxeliT movixseniebT.<br />

bolo ori kategoria ki<br />

ufro proceszea orientirebuli<br />

da `proceduruli codnis~ saxeliTaa<br />

cnobili.<br />

sityvaTa maragi da frazebi:<br />

kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />

ganaTlebis sferoSi Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs<br />

Zlieri kavSiri sityvebis maragsa<br />

da iseT faqtorebs Soris, rogorebicaa:<br />

• sazrianoba (deivisi,1944; Speriti,<br />

1972; Torndaiqi da lorji,<br />

1943)

150 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

• axali informaciis aRqmis unari<br />

(Coli, 1958; harisoni, 1980)<br />

• Semosavlis odenoba (stiCti,<br />

hofsteteri da hofsteteri,<br />

1997)<br />

sityvaTa maragis mniSvnelovnebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT,<br />

rom sityvaTa maragis<br />

gaumjobesebaze mimarTuli swavleba<br />

yvela skolaSi saswavlo procesis<br />

sagulisxmo nawilia. ufro<br />

metic, mkvlevarebi adastureben,<br />

rom sityvaTa margis sistematuri<br />

gaumjobeseba swavlebis yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani praqtikaa, romlis<br />

gamoyenebac maswavlebels Seu­<br />

Zlia. es praqtika gansakuTrebiT<br />

efeqturia dabali akademiuri moswrebis<br />

moswavleebis mimarT (ix.<br />

beqeri, 1977).<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis skoleb­<br />

Si sityvaTa maragis sistemuri<br />

swavlebis SemTxvevebs iSviaTad<br />

vxvde biT (ix. maqqeouni da qurTisi,<br />

1987). ufro metic, zogierTi<br />

amtkicebs, rom sityvaTa maragis<br />

sistemuri swavleba unayofo,<br />

an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, naklebad<br />

efeqturi meTodia.<br />

sityvaTa maragis sistemuri<br />

swavlebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba<br />

saTaves iRebs inglisur<br />

enaSi sityvaTa raodenobidan.<br />

ufro zustad, nagi da misi<br />

kolegebi (nagi da andersoni,<br />

1984; nagi da hermani, 1984) acxadeben,<br />

rom `saskolo beWdviT inglisurSi~<br />

daaxloebiT 85000 sityvaa.<br />

saskolo beWdviT inglisurSi<br />

inglisuri sityvebis is moculoba<br />

igulisxmeba, romelsac moswavleebi<br />

zogadsaganmanaTleblo<br />

skolaSi swavlis periodSi (12<br />

wlis manZilze) awydebian. cxadia,<br />

rom amdeni sityvis cal-calke<br />

swavla SeuZlebeli iqneboda. Sesabamisad,<br />

nagi da misi kolegebi<br />

Tvlian, rom sityvaTa maragis<br />

sistemuri Seswavla arapraqtikulia.<br />

s. Stalma da m. fearbenqsma<br />

(1986) nagis argumenti Semdegnairad<br />

Seajames:<br />

sityvaTa maragis Sesavsebi prog<br />

rama, rogorc wesi, kviraSi<br />

10 _ 12 sityvis swavlas gulisxmobs,<br />

rac weliwadSi 400<br />

sityvas Seadgens. am sityvebidan<br />

moswavle realurad, daaxloebiT,<br />

75%-s, anu 300 sityvas<br />

iTvisebs. Sesabamisad, sityvebis<br />

sistemuri swavliT moswavle<br />

mainc ver iRebs sityvaTa<br />

saWiro marags. (Stali da fearbenqsi,<br />

1986, gv. 100).<br />

nagi da hermani (1987) gvTavazoben<br />

sityvaTa maragis mizanmimarTuli<br />

swavlebis alternativas. isini weren:<br />

moswavleebs rom vTxovT, 200<br />

dRis manZilze dReSi 25 wuTi<br />

ikiTxon, siCqariT: 200 sityva<br />

erT wuTSi, erT weliwadSi<br />

isini milioni sityvsagan Semdgar<br />

teqsts waikiTxavdnen.<br />

Cveni gamoTvlebis mixedviT,<br />

erTi milioni sityvis wakiTxvis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, moswavle, daaxloebiT,<br />

15000 _ 30000 ucnob<br />

sityvas waikiTxavs. Tu yoveli<br />

20 axali sityvidan erTs mainc<br />

iswavlis, maSin weliwadSi mas<br />

750-dan 1500-mde axali sityvis<br />

Seswavla mouwevs (gv. 20).<br />

Tu am logikas mivyvebiT, sityvebis<br />

mizanmimarTuli swavla rekomendebuli<br />

ar iqneba da SeiZleba<br />

drois sulelur flangvadac

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

151<br />

ki CaiTvalos. Tumca es ar aris<br />

zusti msjeloba. sxva kvlevebis<br />

Sedegebi sawinaaRmdegos amtkiceben<br />

da gviCveneben, rom sityvebis<br />

sistemuri swavla gamarTlebulia<br />

yvela asakobriv jgufSi.<br />

sityvaTa maragisa da frazebis<br />

efeqturad swavlebis mizniT, maswavlebels<br />

SeuZlia qvemoT warmodgenili<br />

ganzogadebuli daskvnebi<br />

gamoiyenos.<br />

1. advilad rom daamaxsovrdes,<br />

konkretuli sityva an fraza<br />

moswavles sxvadasxva konteqstSi<br />

ramdenjerme unda Sexvdes. arsebobs<br />

mosazreba, rom moswavlisaTvis<br />

axali sityvebis aTvisebis<br />

saukeTeso gza kiTxvaa. am mosazrebis<br />

mxardamWerni miiCneven, rom<br />

moswavle aucileblad swavlobs<br />

im axal sityvebs, rasac kiTxvis<br />

procesSi awydeba. es araswori<br />

daSvebaa. ubralod kiTxva, sityvebis<br />

swavlis gareSe, rogorc wesi,<br />

sagrZnoblad ar zrdis moswavlis<br />

sityvaTa marags. ilustraciisaTvis,<br />

gavecnoT j. jenqsis,<br />

m. Stainisa da q. visockis (1984)<br />

kvlevas, romelic adasturebs,<br />

rom axali sityvis mniSvnelobis<br />

dasamaxsovreblad (sistemuri Seswavlis<br />

gareSe) aucilebelia, moswavle<br />

sxvadasxva konteqstSi, sul<br />

mcire, eqvsjer mainc Sexvdes am<br />

sityvas. es kvleva adasturebs,<br />

rom sityvis wakiTxva erT an or<br />

sxvadasxva konteqstSi sakmarisi<br />

ar aris misi mniSvnelobis dasamaxsovreblad.<br />

eqsperimentma daadastura,<br />

rom sityvis mxolod<br />

meeqvse gansxvavebul konteqstSi<br />

wakiTxvis Semdeg imaxsovrebdnen<br />

moswavleebi mis mniSvnelobas.<br />

j. jenqinsis, m. Stainisa da q.<br />

visockis kvlevis Semdeg kidev ori<br />

kvleva Catarda, romelic Seiswavlida,<br />

SeuZlia Tu ara mos wavles<br />

axali sityvis mniSv ne lobis aTviseba<br />

mxolod kiTxviT. u. nagim<br />

da f. hermanma (1987) daaskvnes,<br />

rom mxolod 5%-iani albaToba<br />

arsebobs imisa, rom mos wavle<br />

kiTxvisas Sexvedrili axa li sityvis<br />

mniSvnelobas daimaxsovrebs.<br />

maxasiaTebeli<br />

unari<br />

klasi<br />

teqstSi axali<br />

sityvebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

diagrama 11. 1<br />

axali sityvebis konteqstSi swavlis albaToba<br />

dabali<br />

saSualo<br />

maRali<br />

me - 4 klasi<br />

me - 11 klasi<br />

faqtori<br />

axali sityva yovel 10 sityvaSi<br />

axali sityva yovel 74 sityvaSi<br />

axali sityva yovel 150 sityvaSi<br />

sityvis Seswavlis<br />

albaToba<br />

8 %<br />

12 %<br />

19 %<br />

8 %<br />

33 %<br />

7 %<br />

14 %<br />

30 %<br />

wyaro: monacemebi moyvanilia suonbornisa da de gloferis (1999) kvlevidan

152 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

m. suonbornma da q. de gloferma<br />

(1999) ki daadgines, rom moswavlis<br />

mier wakiTxuli axali sityvebis<br />

damaxsovrebis 15%-iani albaToba<br />

arsebobs. es orive kvleva sakmaod<br />

optimistur daskvnebs gvTavazobs<br />

sityvebis SemTxveviTi swavlis albaTobis<br />

Sesaxeb. diagrama 11.1-ze<br />

warmodgenilia m. suonbornisa da<br />

q. de gloferis (1999) mier Catarebuli<br />

kvlevis Sedegebi.<br />

rogorc diagrama 11.1-zea warmodgenili,<br />

arsebobs bevri faqtori,<br />

romelic teqstis kiTxvisas<br />

axali sityvebis Seswavlis alba­<br />

Tobaze axdens gavlenas. erT-erTi<br />

aseTi faqtoria moswavlis unari.<br />

maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone<br />

moswavleebs 19 %-iani albaToba<br />

aqvT, rom axal sityvas iswavlian,<br />

maSin roca dabali SesaZleblobis<br />

moswavleebSi albaToba 8<br />

%-mde ecema. maRali klasis moswavleebs<br />

(me-11 klaselebi) axali<br />

sityvebis mniSvnelobis damaxsovrebis<br />

ufro maRali Sansi aqvT<br />

(33 %), vidre dabali klasis (me-4<br />

klaselebi) moswavleebs (8%). imas,<br />

Tu rogor aiTvisebs moswavle am<br />

teqstSi Sexvedril axal sityvas,<br />

teqstis maxasiaTeblebic gansaz­<br />

Rvraven. Tu teqsti, ZiriTadad,<br />

nacnobi leqsikuri erTeulebisagan<br />

Sedgeba da moswavle axal sityvas,<br />

saSualod, yovel 150 sityvaSi<br />

erTxel awydeba, arsebobs 30<br />

%-iani albaToba imisa, rom moswavle<br />

axal sityvas daimaxsovrebs.<br />

Tu wasakiTx teqstSi moswavle 10<br />

sityvaSi erT axal sityvas xvdeba,<br />

mxolod 7 %-ia Sansi imisa, rom mas<br />

es axali sityva daamaxsovrdeba.<br />

es aRmoCenebi eWvqveS ayenebs<br />

mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom mxolod<br />

kiTxva savsebiT sakmarisia<br />

moswavlis sityvaTa maragis gafarToebisaTvis.<br />

gansakuTrebiT<br />

maSin, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom<br />

kiTxvisas Sexvedrili sityvebis<br />

90%-ze mets moswavle, saSualod,<br />

erT milion sityvaSi erTxel,<br />

xolo naxevar sityvebs erT miliard<br />

sityvaSi erTxel awydeba<br />

(nagi da andersoni, 1984).<br />

2. Tu moswavleebs axali sityvebi<br />

teqstis gareSe aqvT naswavli,<br />

arsebobs meti albaToba imisa,<br />

rom Tu am sityvas konteqstSi waawydebian,<br />

ufro advilad SeZleben<br />

mis damaxsovrebas. j. jenqsisa<br />

da sxvaTa (1984) kvlevidan yvelaze<br />

sasargeblo daskvna albaT<br />

SemdegSi mdgomareobs: sityvaTa<br />

zedapiruli Seswavlac ki zrdis<br />

albaTobas, rom moswavles es sityvebi<br />

konteqstSi wakiTxvisas ufro<br />

advilad daamaxsovrdeba. roca<br />

moswavles manamde aqvs naswavli<br />

sityva, am sityvis konteqstSi<br />

wakiTxvisas 33 %-iT izrdeba misi<br />

gagebisa da damaxsovrebis Sansi. j.<br />

jenqsisa da sxvaTa kvlevaSi moyvanili<br />

eqsperimentis Sedegebis<br />

mixedviT, moswavleebi, romelTac<br />

konteqstSi Sexvedrili axali sityvebi<br />

manamde hqondaT naswavli,<br />

gacilebiT advilad xvdebodnen<br />

sityvis mniSvnelobas, vidre<br />

is moswavleebi, visac es sityvebi<br />

manamde ar hqondaT naswavli.<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sityvis<br />

mniSvnelobis amocnobis albaToba<br />

im moswavleebSi, romelTac sityvebi<br />

manamde hqondaT naswavli,<br />

33 %-s Seadgenda.

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

153<br />

diagrama 11. 2<br />

swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic saxeebTan asocirebas ukavSirdeba<br />

strategia, romelsac<br />

saxeebTan asocirebis<br />

meTods vadarebT<br />

kvlevebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

procentilis zrda,<br />

romelic saxeebTan<br />

asocirebis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba<br />

moswavleebi imeoreben<br />

sityvis ganmartebas 6 37<br />

moswavleebi axali sityvis<br />

gamoyenebiT qmnian<br />

winadadebebs 4 21<br />

wyaro: faueli, j. (1980, dekemberi). ra gavlena aqvs sityvis mniSvnelobis gaxsenebaze<br />

`iZulebiT~ da `winaswargaweril~ saxeebs: gavlenis metaanalizi. kiTxvis erovnul<br />

konferenciaze warmodgenili statia. san diego, kalifornia (ERIC, dokumentis<br />

reproduqciis samsaxuri # Ed 199 644).<br />

am daskvnebSi yvelaze saintereso<br />

isaa, rom moswavleebs es<br />

sityvebi minimaluri datvirTviT<br />

hqondaT naswavli. sityvebis swavlaSi<br />

igulisxmeboda is, rom moswavleebs<br />

aZlevdnen furcels,<br />

romelzec axali sityvebi Sesabamisi<br />

magaliTebiT iyo Camowerili.<br />

moswavleebi kiTxulobdnen<br />

am furcelze Camoweril sityvebs<br />

da am procesSi ar ereoda maswavlebeli.<br />

amasTanave, moswavleebs,<br />

daaxloebiT, 40 wami hqondaT Ti­<br />

Toeuli sityvis dasamaxsovreblad.<br />

ra Tqma unda, es ar aris<br />

sakmarisi dro imisaTvis, rom adamianma<br />

axali sityva siRrmiseulad<br />

daimaxsovros. sagulisxmoa is,<br />

rom sityvebis aseTma zedapirulma<br />

swavlamac ki gaaumjobesa konteqstSi<br />

am sityvebis amocnobis<br />

albaToba.<br />

3. axali sityvis damaxsovrebis<br />

erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualeba<br />

am sityvis garkveul saxesTan asocirebaa.<br />

araerTi kvleva adasturebs,<br />

rom sityvebis damaxsovrebis<br />

efeqturoba izrdeba, roca<br />

moswavle sityvas garkveul saxes<br />

ukavSirebs. j. fauelma (1980) 11<br />

kvlevis analizi Caatara da daadgina,<br />

rom gacilebiT efeqturia<br />

is meTodebi, romlebic sityvebis<br />

Seswavlas garkveul saxeebs ukav­<br />

Sirebs, vidre meTodebi, romlebic<br />

saxeebs ar iyenebs; saxeebis gamoyeneba<br />

34 procentiliT zrdasTan iyo<br />

dakavSirebuli. diagrama 11.2-ze<br />

saxeebis asocirebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

swavlebis meTodebi Sedarebulia<br />

swavlebis im meTodebTan,<br />

romlebic saxeebTan asocirebas<br />

ar ukavSirdeba.<br />

rogorc diagrama 11.2-ze Cans,<br />

moswavleebi, romlebic axal sityvebs<br />

konkretul saxeebTan asocirebis<br />

meTodiT imaxsovreben,<br />

37 procentiliT maRal akademur<br />

Sedegebs aRweven, vidre is moswavleebi,<br />

romlebic axal sityvebs

154 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

mxolod ramdenjerme gameorebis<br />

saSualebiT swavloben. amas­<br />

Tanave, moswavleebi, romlebic<br />

axal sityvebs konkretul saxeebTan<br />

asocirebis meTodiT imaxsovreben,<br />

21 procentiliT maRal<br />

akademur Sedegebs aRweven, vidre<br />

is moswavleebi, romlebic axali<br />

sityvis gamoyenebiT winadadebebs<br />

qmnian da ase cdiloben am sityvebis<br />

damaxsovrebas.<br />

4. sityvebis pirdapiri swavleba<br />

leqsikuri erTeulebis damaxsovrebis<br />

efeqturi saSualebaa.<br />

sityvebis swavlis meTodologiasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

aRmoCena albaT isaa,<br />

rom sityvebis mizanmimarTuli<br />

swavla Sedegiania. mkvlevarebma<br />

s. Stalma da m. fearbenqsma (1986)<br />

Seiswavles sityvaTa maragis gamdidrebis<br />

sakiTxebze Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebi da aRmoaCines, rom<br />

zogadad, sityvaTa maragis swavlebas<br />

aqvs efeqtis sidide 0.32.<br />

es, ra Tqma unda, Zalian maRali<br />

efeqtis sidide ar aris, magram<br />

mniSvnelovania praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.<br />

es efeqtis sidide aCvenebs,<br />

rom moswavleTaTvis axali<br />

sityvebis swavleba 12 procentiliT<br />

zrdis maTi mxridan axali<br />

masalis gagebis SesaZleblobas.<br />

magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom<br />

gvyavs ori moswavle, romelTac<br />

erTnairi akademiuri monacemebi<br />

aqvT. am or moswavles vTxovT,<br />

waikiTxon da gaiazron axali informacia.<br />

moswavle a sistematurad<br />

eswreba mecadineobas, sadac<br />

yovel kviras 10 _ 12 axal sityvas<br />

aswavlian. u. nagisa da f. hermanis<br />

(1984) kvlevis mixedviT, es aris<br />

sityvaTa maragis gaumjobesebaze<br />

mimarTuli tipuri mecadineobebisas<br />

SeZenili axali sityvebis<br />

saSualo raodenoba. moswavle b<br />

ar eswreba mecadineobas, sadac<br />

sistematurad aswavlian axal sityvebs.<br />

axla warmovidginoT, rom<br />

moswavle a da moswavle b abareben<br />

gamocdas _ axali masalis aTvisebis<br />

Sesamowmebel tests. moswavle<br />

b iRebs qulas, romlis mixedvi­<br />

Tac is aris misi klaselebis mimarT<br />

50-e procentilze. moswavle<br />

a ki iRebs qulas, romlic mixedviTac<br />

is aris 62-e procentilze<br />

klaselebis mimarT. aseTi gansxvavebis<br />

ZiriTadi mizezi, kvlevis<br />

mixedviT, swored isaa, rom moswavle<br />

a sistematurad swavlobda<br />

axal sityvebs.<br />

5. yvelaze efeqturi im sityvebis<br />

swavlebaa, romlebic mniSvnelovania<br />

axali masalis asaTviseblad.<br />

axali sityvebis mizanmimarTuli<br />

swavleba ufro efeqturia, Tu<br />

es axali leqsikuri erTeulebi<br />

im masalas ukavSirdeba, romlis<br />

swavlac moswavleebs momavalSi<br />

mouwevT. s. Stalisa da m. fearbenqsis<br />

(1986) kvleva adasturebs,<br />

rom moswavleTa akademiuri moswreba<br />

izrdeba 33 procentiliT,<br />

Tu axali sityvebi, romlebsac<br />

isini swavloben, uSualod ukav­<br />

Sirdeba moswavleTa mier Sesaswavl<br />

masalas. magaliTisaTvis,<br />

warmovidginoT moswavle a da moswavle<br />

b, romelTac axali masalis<br />

wakiTxva sTxoves. erT-erT maTgans<br />

(moswavle b) sistematurad<br />

arasodes uswavlia sityvebi. mos­

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

155<br />

wavle b testirebis Sedegad iRebs<br />

qulas, romelic mas sxva moswavleebis<br />

mimarT 50-e procentilze<br />

aTavsebs. moswavle a, romelsac<br />

sistematurad aswavlidnen axal<br />

masalasTan dakavSirebul sityvebs,<br />

iRebs qulas, romelic mas<br />

klaselebis mimarT 83-e procentilze<br />

aTavsebs.<br />

sityvaTa maragi da frazebi:<br />

saklaso praqtika<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

terminebisa da frazebis<br />

identifikacia<br />

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />

sityvebis swavleba did gavlenas<br />

axdens moswavleTa akademiur moswrebaze,<br />

mniSvnelovania, erTi<br />

mxriv, im sityvebisa da frazebis<br />

identificireba, romlebic gadamwyveti<br />

mniSvnelobis matarebelia<br />

axali masalis aTvisebisaTvis; meore<br />

mxriv, moswavleebisaTvis am<br />

sityvebisa da frazebis swavleba.<br />

sasurvelia, moswavleTa yuradRebis<br />

koncentracia aseTi gadamwyveti<br />

mniSvnelobis matarebel<br />

sityvebsa da frazebze. magali­<br />

Tad, Tu maswavlebels klasSi Semoaqvs<br />

axali Tema, romelic bavSvebma<br />

sami kviris manZilze unda<br />

gaiaron, sasargeblo iqneba, maswavlebelma<br />

SearCios xuTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />

leqsikuri erTeuli<br />

da maTze gaamaxvilos yuradReba.<br />

qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi imisa,<br />

Tu rogor iyenebs literaturis<br />

maswavlebeli am princips axali<br />

romanis swavlebisas.<br />

qalbatoni loki maRalklaselebs<br />

literaturas aswavlida.<br />

maswavlebeli, nawarmoebis<br />

yoveli momdevno Tavis axsnisas,<br />

yovelTvis acnobda moswavleebs<br />

winaswar momzadebuli axali<br />

leqsikuri erTeulebis CamonaTvals.<br />

warsulSi aseTi CamonaTvali<br />

yoveli axali TavisaTvis<br />

moicavda, daaxloebiT, 20 _ 25<br />

axal sityvas. qalbatonma lokma<br />

SeamCnia, rom moswavleebi am axal<br />

sityvebs mxolod mniSvnelobebs<br />

uwerdnen da maT damaxsovrebas<br />

an gamoyenebas ar cdilobdnen.<br />

maswavlebelma isic SeniSna,<br />

rom xandaxan, didi daZabulobis<br />

xarjze, axali leq sikuri er­<br />

Teulebis nusxa 20 _ 25 sityvian<br />

maCvenebelze ahyavda, xSirad axali<br />

Tavi amden axal sityvasa Tu<br />

frazas ar moicavda.<br />

qalbatonma lokma Tavisi<br />

strategiis Secvla gadawyvita<br />

da, yoveli axali TavisaTvis,<br />

axla mxolod 5 _ 7 leqsikur<br />

erTeuls amzadebda. zogjer<br />

yvela axali sityva uSualod axali<br />

Tavidan ki ar iyo aRebuli,<br />

aramed ramdenime iseT erTeulsac<br />

moicavda, romelic wignis am<br />

TavSi ar iyo, magram, maswavleblis<br />

azriT, moswavleebs masalis<br />

ukeT gaazrebaSi daexmareboda.<br />

magaliTad, rodesac qalbatonma<br />

lokma moswavleebTan<br />

rei bredberis `farenhaiti 451~<br />

Seitana, moswavleTaTvis Camowerili<br />

leqsikuri erTeulebis<br />

nusxaSi SexvdebodiT iseT sityvebs,<br />

rogorebicaa: cenzura,<br />

distopiuri literatura, ormagi<br />

saxeebi da a.S. maswavleblis<br />

azriT, am sityvebis Seswavla<br />

moswavleebs daexmareboda,<br />

ukeT Cawvdomodnen nawarmoebis<br />

rTul da abstraqtul mxareebs.<br />

axali terminebisa da frazebis<br />

swavlebis procesi<br />

axali terminebisa da frazebis<br />

swavlebis saukeTeso saSu­

156 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

alebaa maTi araerTxel gamoyeneba<br />

sxvadasxva TanmimdevrobiTa<br />

da sxvadasxva konteqstSi. qvemoT<br />

moyvanilia axali terminebisa da<br />

frazebis swavlebis xuTsafexuriani<br />

meTodi, romelic SeiZleba<br />

Zalian efeqturi iyos:<br />

safexuri 1. miawodeT moswavleebs<br />

axali terminisa Tu<br />

frazis mokle axsna, an aRwera;<br />

safexuri 2. warmoudgineT moswavleebs<br />

axali termini Tu<br />

fraza aralingvisturi gamosaxvis<br />

meTodis gamoyenebiT;<br />

safexuri 3. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />

Camoayalibon axali<br />

terminisa Tu frazis saku­<br />

Tari axsna an aRwera;<br />

safexuri 4. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />

warmoadginon axali<br />

termini Tu fraza aralingvisturi<br />

gamosaxvis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebiT;<br />

safexuri 5. periodulad sTxoveT<br />

moswavleebs, Seamowmon,<br />

Tu ramdenad zustia maT<br />

mi er warmodgenili axali<br />

fra zisa Tu terminis axsna,<br />

aRwera da aralingvisturi<br />

formiT miwodeba.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia magaliTi<br />

imisa, Tu rogor iyenebs am<br />

xuTsafexurian process literaturis<br />

maswavlebeli maRalklaselebTan.<br />

safexuri 1. miawodeT moswavleebs<br />

axali terminisa Tu frazis<br />

mokle axsna an aRwera. ramodenime<br />

dRea, rac qalbatoni<br />

lokis moswavleebs romanis<br />

`farenhaiti 451~ kiTxva aqvT<br />

dawyebuli. maswavlebelma gadawyvita,<br />

klasSi axali sityva<br />

Semoetana. man es Semdegnairad<br />

gaakeTa: qalbatoni loki mivida<br />

erT-erT moswavlesTan da<br />

uTxra, rom is ar unda kiTxulobdes<br />

wigns, romelic merxze<br />

udevs. moswavle gakvirvebulia,<br />

roca maswavleblis am miTiTebas<br />

ismens. qalbatoni loki eubneba<br />

imave moswavles, rom man mxolod<br />

is wignebi unda ikiTxos,<br />

romlebsac maswavlebels Seu­<br />

Tanxmebs. Semdeg maswavlebeli<br />

midis sxva moswavlesTan da eubneba,<br />

rom is SemCneulia piradi<br />

dRiuris warmoebaSi. moswavlem<br />

gakveTilis bolos es dRiuri<br />

unda warmoudginos qalbaton<br />

loks, raTa am ukanasknelma<br />

Seamowmos, rame danaSaulebrivi<br />

xom ar Cawera moswavlem pirad<br />

dRiurSi. da bolos, maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs uTxra, rom<br />

maT unda iTxovon qalbatoni<br />

lokisagan nebarTva yoveli axali<br />

musikaluri diskis yidvis<br />

win da diskebi mxolod maswavleblisagan<br />

nebarTvis miRebis<br />

Semdeg SeiZinon. moswavleebi<br />

maswavleblis sityvebma ganacvifra;<br />

isini erTmaneTs uyurebdnen<br />

da ver gaegoT, ra xdeboda.<br />

qalbatonma lokma garkveuli<br />

pauzis Semdeg moswavleebs<br />

hkiTxa, Tu rogor Seafasebdnen<br />

mis sityvebs. erT-erTma<br />

moswavlem, benma, ganacxada,<br />

rom maswavlebeli Tavisi mi­<br />

TiTebebiT cdilobda, gaekontrolebina<br />

maTi azrovneba.<br />

joana, sxva moswavle, Tvlida,<br />

rom maswavleblis aseTi qceva<br />

arasamarTliani iyo. mesame moswavlem<br />

ki ganacxada, rom maswavlebels<br />

namdvilad ar hqonda<br />

ufleba, gaekontrolebina,<br />

Tu ras kiTxulobdnen, werdnen<br />

an usmendnen moswavleebi. qalbatonma<br />

lokma CaTvala, rom<br />

movida dro, moswavleebisaTvis<br />

yvelaferi aexsna da ganacxada,

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

157<br />

rom maT es-es aris gaiTamaSes<br />

sityva cenzuris mniSvneloba.<br />

safexuri 2. axali termini<br />

Tu fraza moswavleebs aralingvisturi<br />

gamosaxvis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebiT warmoudgineT. Semdeg<br />

qalbatonma lokma dafaze<br />

gamosaxa sityva cenzuris ga­<br />

TamaSebis amsaxveli naxati. am<br />

suraTze gamosaxuli iyo cecxli,<br />

romelSic iwveboda wigni,<br />

mosaubre adamiani, religia da<br />

gazeTi.<br />

safexuri 3. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />

axali terminisa Tu<br />

frazis sakuTari axsna an aRwera<br />

Camoayalibon. qalbatonma<br />

lokma moswavleebs sTxova,<br />

wyvilebSi emuSavaT da sityva<br />

cenzuris sakuTari aRwera an<br />

axsna CamoeyalibebinaT. erTerTma<br />

moswavlem, renatam, dawera:<br />

`cenzura ar unda arsebobdes.<br />

cenzura adamians uflebas<br />

arTmevs, Tavad miiRos gadawyvetilebebi~.<br />

safexuri 4. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />

axali termini Tu fraza<br />

aralingvisturi gamosaxvis me­<br />

Todis gamoyenebiT warmoadginon.<br />

Semdeg moswavleebma sityva<br />

cenzuris aralingvisturi<br />

xerxebiT gamosaxva scades.<br />

umetesobam qseluri Canawerebi<br />

gaakeTa, zogma ki _ daxata.<br />

erT-erTma moswavlem qaRaldze<br />

sakuTari Tavi gamosaxa; mas bendenebi<br />

hqonda wakruli pirze,<br />

yurebze, majebze da amiT warmoadgina<br />

Tavisi Sexeduleba<br />

cenzuraze, rogorc yvelanairi<br />

SegrZnebis CamxSob meqanizmze.<br />

safexuri 5. periodulad<br />

sTxo veT moswavleebs, Seamowmon,<br />

Tu ramdenad zustia maT<br />

mier warmodgenili axali frazisa<br />

Tu terminis axsna, aRwera<br />

da aralingvisturi formiT miwodeba.<br />

Semdgomi ori kviris man­<br />

Zilze moswavleebi kiTxulobdnen<br />

romans `farenhaiti 451~ da,<br />

Sesabamisad, cvlidnen sityva<br />

cenzuris ganmartebebsa da aralingvistur<br />

gamosaxulebebs.<br />

detalebi: kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />

detalebi informaciis konkretul<br />

nawilebs warmoadgenen.<br />

de talebi moicaven faqtebs, drois<br />

Tanmimdevrobas, mizez-Se degobriv<br />

Tanmimdevrobasa da epizodebs.<br />

diagrama 11.3-ze warmodgenilia<br />

sxvadasxva tipis detalebis<br />

axsna-ganmarteba.<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia qvemoT<br />

warmodgenili ganzogadebuli daskvnebi<br />

detalebis efeqturad<br />

swav lebis mizniT gamoiyenos.<br />

1. moswavleebs detalebi siste<br />

murad da ramdenjerme unda warmovudginoT.<br />

kvlevebi adaturebs,<br />

rom kargad daimaxsovron da advilad<br />

gaixsenon, moswavleebi au ­<br />

cileblad ramdenjerme unda gadaawydnen<br />

detalebs faqtebis,<br />

TariRebisa da sxva saxis informaciis<br />

Sesaxeb. j. naTalis mier<br />

Catarebuli kvlevebi (1999; na­<br />

Tali da alton - li, 1995) adasturebs,<br />

rom erTsa da imave detals<br />

moswavle, sul cota, 3-jer<br />

an 4-jer unda waawydes, raTa daamaxsovrdes<br />

da sxva situaciaSi Se­<br />

Zlos misi gamoyeneba. amave dros,<br />

mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom moswavlis<br />

mier detalebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

miRebis yoveli Sualedi,<br />

daaxloebiT, or dRes ar unda<br />

aRematebodes. Sualeds, romelic<br />

aucilebelia moswavleTa mier<br />

detalebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

efeqturi miRebisaTvis, `drois<br />

fanjaras~ uwodeben (rovi _ qolieri,<br />

1995).<br />

magaliTisaTvis warmovidginoT,<br />

rom moswavleebs getisbur­

158 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 11. 3<br />

detalebi<br />

faqtebi<br />

faqtebi warmoadgens informaciis<br />

konkretul tips. faqtebi gvawvdian<br />

informacias konkretul adamianebze,<br />

adgilebze, sulier da usulo<br />

sagnebze, movlenebze. faqtebis<br />

saSualebiT xdeba Semdegi saxis informaciis<br />

gamoxatva:<br />

• konkretuli adamianis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

(magaliTad, Tomas<br />

jefersoni iyo amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis prezidenti 1801<br />

wlidan 1809 wlamde);<br />

• konkretuli adgilis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

(magaliTad, parizi aris<br />

safrangeTSi);<br />

• konkretuli sulieri Tu usulo<br />

sagnebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

(ma galiTad, Cemi ZaRli, Tafi<br />

aris golden retriveri; Empire<br />

State Building-s aqvs 100-ze meti<br />

sarTuli);<br />

• konkretuli movlenis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

(magaliTad, pizis daxrili<br />

koSkis mSenebloba daiwyo<br />

1174 wels).<br />

drois Tanmimdevroba<br />

drois Tanamimdevroba moicavs mni­<br />

Svnelovan movlenebs, rac drois<br />

garkveul SualedSi moxda. magali­<br />

Tad, movlenebi, romlebic prezident<br />

kenedis mkvlelobasa (1963<br />

wlis 22 noemberi) da misi dasaflavebis<br />

(1963 wlis 25 noemberi)<br />

Sua periodSi ganviTarda, adamianTa<br />

umetesobis SemecnebaSi rCeba,<br />

rogorc Tanmimdevroba. adamianebi<br />

ixseneben, rom moxda jer es, mere es<br />

da bolos kidev es.<br />

mizez-Sedegobrioba<br />

mizez-Sedegobrivi Tanamimdevroba<br />

moicavs im movlenebs, romlebic<br />

produqts an Sedegs qmnian. SesaZloa<br />

erTi Sedegis erTi mizezi arsebobdes.<br />

magaliTad, erTi Sedegis erTi<br />

mizezTan gvaqvs saqme, roca gundi<br />

TamaSs romelime moTamaSis konkretuli,<br />

daudevari qmedebis gamo agebs.<br />

Tumca ufro xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca<br />

Sedegs ramdenime sxvadasxva mizezi<br />

aqvs, an rodesac erTi movlena gavlenas<br />

axdens meoreze, romelic, Tavis<br />

mxriv, gavlenas axdens mesameze da<br />

a. S. magaliTad, movlenebi, romlebic<br />

win uswrebda amerikis samoqalaqo<br />

oms, SeiZleba mizez-Sedegobrivi Tanmimdevrobis<br />

saxiT ganvalagoT.<br />

epizodebi<br />

• epizodebi iseTi movlenebia, romelTac<br />

aqvT:<br />

garemo (magaliTad, konkretuli<br />

dro da adgili);<br />

• konkretuli monawileebi;<br />

• konkretuli xangrZlivoba;<br />

• konkretul movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba;<br />

• konkretuli mizezi da Sedegi.<br />

magaliTad, uoTargeiTis skandali<br />

da misi gavlena niqsonis saprezidento<br />

karieraze, SeiZleba epizodad<br />

CavTvaloT. es epizodi konkretul<br />

adgilas da dros moxda. am epizods<br />

hyavda konkretuli monawileebi. is<br />

grZeldeboda garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi.<br />

epizodi moicavda mov lenaTa<br />

konkretul Tanmimdevrobas. is iyo<br />

gamowveuli konkretuli movlenebiT<br />

da konkretuli gavlena moaxdina<br />

amerikis SeerTebul Statebze.<br />

gis brZola auxsnes. brZolis Sesaxeb<br />

informacias moswavleebi da<br />

maswavleblebi saxelmZRvanelodan<br />

kiTxuloben da ase ganixilaven<br />

mas. or dReSi klasi imave masalis<br />

ganxilvas unda miubrundes. imisaTvis,<br />

rom moswavleebs getisburgis<br />

brZolis Tema Seaxsenos,<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia, ori dRis<br />

Semdeg CamoTvlilTagan erT-erTi<br />

meTodi moiSvelios: klasSi kvlav<br />

gamarTos diskusia getisburgis

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

159<br />

brZolasTan dakavSirebiT, mokle<br />

prezentaciis formiT warmoudginos<br />

moswavleebs damatebiTi<br />

informacia am brZolis Sesaxeb,<br />

aCvenos filmi am Temaze, saxelmZ­<br />

RvaneloSi waakiTxos damatebiTi<br />

informacia da a. S. ori dRis Semdeg,<br />

maswavlebelma kidev erTxel<br />

unda misces moswavleebs saSualeba,<br />

ganixilon getisburgis<br />

brZola. ori dRis Semdeg moswavleebma<br />

kidev erTxel unda gaixsenon<br />

getisburgis brZolis Sesaxeb<br />

ukve ganxiluli informacia, an<br />

unda gaecnon axal masalas.<br />

2. moswavleebi kargad imaxsovreben<br />

detalebs, rodesac maT<br />

gaTamaSebis formiT warmovudgenT<br />

siaxleebs. roca detalebis<br />

swavlebis meTodebs ganvixilavT,<br />

sagulisxmoa, aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva<br />

meTodiT swavleba moswavleTa<br />

akademiuri moswrebis<br />

gaumjobesebaze sxvadasxva gavlenas<br />

axdens. moswavleTa mier detalebis<br />

aRqma da damaxsovreba<br />

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli<br />

imaze, Tu ra meTodiT warmovudgenT<br />

maT am detalebs _ verbalurad,<br />

vizualurad Tu gaTamaSebis<br />

formiT. diagrama 11.4-ze warmodgenilia<br />

am sami sxvadasxva meTodis<br />

Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />

Sedegebi.<br />

rogorc saxelwodeba mianiSnebs,<br />

swavlebis verbaluri meTodi<br />

moswavleebisaTvis detalebis<br />

verbalurad _ saubris an kiTxvis<br />

saSualebiT gacnobas gulisxmobs.<br />

verbaluri swavleba efeqturia im<br />

TvalsazrisiT, rom moswavleebs<br />

detalebi swavlebidan mokle periodSi<br />

da garkveuli xnis (erTi<br />

wlis) gasvlis Semdegac axsendebaT.<br />

Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom<br />

verbaluri swavleba warmodgenili<br />

sami meTodidan yvelaze nakleb<br />

efeqturad iTvleba. vizualuri<br />

swavleba moicavs aralingvisturi<br />

warmodgenis meTods. rogorc me-6<br />

TavSi avxseniT, aralingvisturi<br />

warmodgenis meTodebia: grafikuli<br />

warmodgena, suraTebi, piqtogramebi,<br />

mentaluri saxeebis<br />

Seqmna an kinesTetikur aqtivobaSi<br />

CarTva. verbaluri swavlebasTan<br />

SedarebiT, vizualuri swavleba<br />

ufro efeqturia, rogorc swavlebis<br />

dasrulebisTanave, ise erTi<br />

swavlebis tipi<br />

diagrama 11. 4<br />

swavlebis tipebi da maTi gavlena swavlaze<br />

efeqtis sidide<br />

swavlebis<br />

dasrulebis<br />

momentSi<br />

efeqtis zoma<br />

swavlebis<br />

dasrulebidan 12<br />

Tvis Semdeg<br />

verbaluri swavleba 0.74 0.64<br />

vizualuri swavleba 0.90 0.74<br />

gaTamaSebis formiT swavleba 0.12 0.80<br />

wyaro: naTali, 1999; naTali da alton - li, 1995

160 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

wlis Semdgomi efeqtis mixedviT.<br />

warmodgenili sami meTodidan yvelaze<br />

efeqturi swavlebis meTodia<br />

gaTamaSeba. roca swavleba gaTama­<br />

Sebazea momarTuli, moswavleebs an<br />

gaTamaSebul scenas warmoudgenen<br />

an Tavad maT rTaven gaTamaSebis<br />

procesSi. diagrama 11.4-ze naCvenebia,<br />

rom gaTamaSeba detalebis<br />

damaxsovrebis yvelaze efeqturi<br />

meTodia, rogorc detalebis warmodgenisTanave,<br />

ise erTi wlis gasvlis<br />

Semdgomi efeqtis mixedviT.<br />

detalebi: saklaso praqtika<br />

detalebis ramdenjerme<br />

ganmeoreba<br />

swavlebis procesSi maswavleblebi<br />

moswavleebs araerT detals<br />

warmoudgenen: faqtebs, droiT<br />

Tanmimdevrobebs, epizodebs da<br />

a.S. ra Tqma unda, moswavleebi<br />

amden detals ver daimaxsovreben,<br />

miT umetes, ise Rrmad, rom<br />

garkveuli periodis merec axsovdeT.<br />

Sesabamisad, swavlebis<br />

procesi unda daigegmos ise, rom<br />

ZiriTadi detalebis cxadi identifikacia<br />

moxdes. moswavleebma<br />

zustad unda icodnen, Tu romeli<br />

detalebis damaxsovrebaa aucilebeli.<br />

amasTanave, maswavlebelma<br />

unda izrunos imaze, rom moswavleebs<br />

es detalebi sxvadasxva<br />

konteqstSi ramdenjerme, araumetes<br />

ori dRis gamotovebiT SexvdeT.<br />

qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi<br />

sabazo skolis gakveTilidan, ber­<br />

Znuli da romauli miTologiis<br />

Temaze.<br />

qalbatoni sandersi iwyebs<br />

gakveTilebis serias berZnuli<br />

da romauli miTologiis Sesaxeb.<br />

gakveTilis dawyebamde<br />

qalbatoni sandersi yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani detalebis identifikaciaze<br />

muSaobs. aseve,<br />

gegmavs, Tu rogor warmoudginos<br />

klass es detalebi sxva<br />

dros da rogor gauadvilos<br />

moswavleebs maTi damaxsovreba.<br />

maswavlebeli Tvlis, rom<br />

aucilebelia, moswavleebma<br />

daimaxsovron yvela mniSvnelovani<br />

RmerTisa Tu qalRmerTis<br />

saxeli da is, Tu ras warmoadgenden<br />

isini. aseve, maswavlebels<br />

surs, moswavleebs esmodeT<br />

miTebi da acnobierebdnen, Tu<br />

rogori urTierTobaa miTebSi<br />

RmerTebs, qalRmerTebsa da<br />

adamianebs Soris.<br />

pirvel gakveTilze qalbatoni<br />

sandersi moswavleebs<br />

erT miTs ukiTxavs. Semdeg<br />

iwyebs diskusias, romlis drosac<br />

moswavleebs warmoudgens<br />

yvela ZiriTad berZnul da romaul<br />

RmerTsa da qalRmerTs,<br />

saubrobs maT maxasiaTeblebze,<br />

uCvenebs moswavleebs am<br />

RmerTebisa Tu qalRmerTebis<br />

klasikur gamosaxulebebs. meore<br />

dRes moswavleebi uyureben<br />

films adreul berZnul arqiteqturaze.<br />

am filmSi warmodgenilia<br />

berZnuli RmerTebi da<br />

qalRmerTebi, maTi cxovrebis<br />

amsaxveli gamosaxulebebi<br />

adreuli saberZneTis arqiteqturul<br />

Zeglebze. qalbatoni<br />

sandersi moswavleebs davalebad<br />

aZlevs miTs troas omis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

Semdeg gakveTilze qalbatoni<br />

sandersi klass 2 _ 3 moswavlisagan<br />

Semdgar jgufebad<br />

hyofs. is sTxovs TiToeul<br />

jgufs, SearCion RmerTi an<br />

qalRmerTi da Seqmnan misi<br />

qudis dizaini, am RmerTisa<br />

Tu qalRmerTis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

savarjiSo sruldeba imiT, rom

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

161<br />

moswavleebi mTeli klasis winaSe<br />

warmoadgenen sakuTar namuSevars<br />

da uxsnian danarCen<br />

moswavleebs mis arss.<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

detalebis miwodeba<br />

gaTamaSebis formiT<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom detalebis,<br />

gaTamaSebis fo r miT miwodeba,<br />

zrdis moswavleebis mier<br />

detalebs ukeT damaxsovrebis albaTobas,<br />

maswavlebeli unda ecados,<br />

xSirad gamoiyenos gaTamaSebis<br />

meTodi. praqtika aCvenebs, rom<br />

dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebi<br />

ufro xSirad iyeneben gaTamaSebis<br />

meTods, vidre saSualo skolis<br />

maswavleblebi. aucilebelia,<br />

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am meTodis<br />

gamoyeneba yvela klasis moswavleebisaTvis<br />

sasargebloa. qvemoT<br />

warmodgenilia magaliTi saSualo<br />

skolis moswavleTa bunebismetyvelebis<br />

gakveTilidan, sadac<br />

maswavlebeli gaTamaSebis meTods<br />

iyenebs.<br />

qalbatoni Slimanis moswavleebma,<br />

es-es aris, daasrules<br />

kiTxva sisxlis cirkulaciis<br />

sistemaze. maswavlebelma icoda,<br />

rom am Temas moswavleebi<br />

meored an mesamed gadiodnen.<br />

qalbatoni Slimani gaaoca iman,<br />

rom ukve naswavli Temis Sesaxeb<br />

moswavleebs ase cota axsovdaT.<br />

man gadawyvita, gamoeyenebina<br />

meTodi, romelic<br />

ukve gamocdili hqonda _ procesis<br />

gaTamaSeba. qalbatonma<br />

Slimanma sTxova moswavleebs,<br />

jgufebad dayofiliyvnen. erTi<br />

jgufi warmoadgenda sisxls.<br />

yvela sxva jgufs rolebi unda<br />

gaenawilebina da adamianis sxvadasxva<br />

organos funqcia Seesrulebina.<br />

TiToeuli organos<br />

jgufs unda gaekeTebina gvirabi,<br />

romelSic sisxlis jgufis<br />

moswavleebi gaivlidnen. moswavleebs<br />

unda gaeTamaSebinaT<br />

is, Tu ra mosdis organos da<br />

sisxls, romelic am organoSi<br />

gadis. zogierTi organo sisxlidan<br />

garkveul nawils iRebs,<br />

xolo zogierTi organo sisxlSi<br />

Tavad uSvebs garkveul komponentebs.<br />

aris SemTxvevebi, roca<br />

sisxli, ama Tu im organoSi gavlis<br />

Semdeg, fers icvlis. roca<br />

yvela jgufi Tavis adgilas ganlagda,<br />

sisxlis jgufis wevrebma<br />

erTi organodan meoreSi<br />

daiwyes moZraoba. drodadro<br />

qalbatoni Slimani moswavleebs<br />

aCerebda (gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />

roca moswavleebi Zalian bevrs<br />

icinodnen) da TiToeul jgufs<br />

ekiTxeboda, Tu ras akeTebdnen<br />

mocemul momentSi. moswavleebis<br />

TxovniT, dadgma ramdenjerme<br />

gaimeores da yoveli<br />

axali dadgmis dros ramdenime<br />

axal detals amatebdnen.<br />

ideaTa mowesrigeba:<br />

kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />

ganzogadebebsa da principeb Tan<br />

dakavSirebul ideaTa mowesrigeba<br />

deklaraciuli codnis yvelaze<br />

farTod gavrcelebuli tipia. 1 Semdegi<br />

mtkicebuleba ganzogadebis<br />

magaliTs warmoadgens: `konkretuli<br />

brZolebi sxvadasxva, xSirad<br />

araproporciul gavlenas axdenen<br />

omis saboloo Sedegze~. ganzogadebuli<br />

mtkicebulebebis damaxsovreba<br />

iseve saWiroa, rogorc sityvebisa<br />

1 SeniSvna: cnebebis gamoyenebas Cven<br />

ideaTa organizaciis formad ar vTvliT,<br />

radgan teqnkuri kuTxiT Tu<br />

SevxedavT, cnebebi ganzogadebis sinonimia<br />

(ix. gagne, 1977)

162 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

ganzogadeba<br />

ganzogadeba aris mtkicebuleba, romlis<br />

dasadastureblad moyvanilia magaliTebi.<br />

magaliTisaTvis, aviRoT Semdegi mtkicebuleba:<br />

`amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

prezidentebi, rogorc wesi, mdidari<br />

da gavleniani ojaxebidan arian~. es aris<br />

ganzogadeba da mis dasadastureblad<br />

SeiZleba magaliTebic moviyvanoT.<br />

ganzogadeba xSirad erevaT faqtebSi.<br />

faqtebiT konkretuli adamianebis, adgilebis,<br />

sulieri da usulo sagnebisa da<br />

movlenebis maxasiaTeblebis identifikacia<br />

xdeba. magaliTad, `Cemi ZaRli, Tafi<br />

aris golden retriveri.~ es mtkicebuleba<br />

aris faqti, maSin roca `golden<br />

retriverebi kargi monadireebi arian~<br />

ganzogadebaa. ganzogadeba zogjer abstraqtuli<br />

cnebebis maxasiaTeblebis<br />

identificirebasac axdens. ufro zustad,<br />

abstraqtuli cnebis Sesaxeb informacia<br />

yovelTvis ganzogadebis formiTaa warmodgenili.<br />

qvemoT moyvanilia sxvadasxva<br />

tipis ganzogadebis magaliTebi:<br />

• adamianTa sxvadasxva kategoriis<br />

maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad, imisaTvis,<br />

rom adamiani mexanZris profesias<br />

daeuflos, orwliani momzadeba mainc<br />

sWirdeba);<br />

• adgilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

(magaliTad, did qalaqeb­<br />

Si maRalia kriminalur danaSaulebaTa<br />

ricxvi);<br />

• sulieri da usulo sagnebis sxvadasxva<br />

kategoriis maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad,<br />

golden retriverebi karg monadireebad<br />

iTvlebian; iaraRis tarebis<br />

sakiTxi sakamaToa);<br />

• movlenaTa sxvadasxva kategoriis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

(magaliTad, super Tasis<br />

gaTamaSeba mTavari sportuli movlenaa<br />

amerikaSi);<br />

• abstraqtul cnebaTa sxvadasxva kategoriis<br />

maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad,<br />

siyvaruli yvelaze Zlieri adamianuri<br />

grZnobaa).<br />

diagrama 11. 5<br />

ideaTa mowesrigeba<br />

principebi<br />

principi aris ganzogadebis konkretuli<br />

saxeoba, romelic urTierTobebs exeba.<br />

skolasTan dakavSirebul deklaraciul<br />

codnasTan principebis mxolod ori tipi<br />

asocirdeba, esenia: mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />

principebi da korelaciuri principebi.<br />

• mizez-Sedegobrivi principebi _ rogorc<br />

dasaxelebidanac Cans, aseTi principebi<br />

warmoadgenen mizez-Sedegobriv<br />

urTierTobebs. magaliTad, winadadeba<br />

`tuberkulozs tuberkulozis bacila<br />

iwvevs~ mizez-Sedegobriv principzea dafuZnebuli.<br />

mizez-Sedegobrivi principis<br />

gageba mizez-Sedegobrivi sistemis konkretuli<br />

elementebis codnas da im urTierTobis<br />

Sesaxeb informaciis flobas<br />

gulisxmobs, rac mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />

sistemis sxvadasxva elements erTmaneT­<br />

Tan akavSirebs. es imas niSnavs, rom tuberkulozsa<br />

da tuberkulozis bacilas<br />

Soris arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kav­<br />

Siris gasagebad, adamians warmodgena unda<br />

hqondes sistemaSi mimdinare movlenaTa<br />

Tanmimdevrobaze, sistemis elementebze,<br />

elementebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis<br />

tipsa da siZliereze. mokled, mizez-<br />

Sedegobrivi principis gageba didi moculobis<br />

informaciis flobas gulisxmobs.<br />

• korelaciuri principebi _ korelaciuri<br />

principebi im urTierTobebs aRweren,<br />

romlebic mizezobrivi ar aris, magram<br />

erTi elementis cvlileba meore elementis<br />

cvlilebas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, es aris<br />

korelaciuri principi: `qalebSi filtvis<br />

kibos SemTxvevebis zrda mweveli qalebis<br />

raodenobis zrdis pirdapirproporciulia~.<br />

am principis gasagebad moswavles<br />

elementebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis<br />

Sesaxeb konkretuli detalebis codna<br />

sWirdeba. konkretulad, moswavlem unda<br />

icodes am urTierTobis zogadi paradigma<br />

_ rom filtvis kibos mqone qalebis raodenoba<br />

imave sixSiriT icvleba, rogorc mwevel<br />

qalTa roadenoba.<br />

am ori tipis princips zogjer mizez-Sedegobriv<br />

mimarTebaSi ureven. es<br />

ukanaskneli konkretul situacias exeba,<br />

maSin roca principi moicavs bevr<br />

situacias. magaliTad, amerikis samoqalaqo<br />

omis gamomwvevi mizezebi mizez-<br />

Sedegobriv TanmmdevrobaSi erTiandeba;<br />

es mizezebi mxolod amerikis samoqalaqo<br />

oms (erT konkretul situacias) exeba.<br />

mizez-Sedegobrivi principi ki, romelic<br />

tuberkulozsa da tuberkulozis<br />

bacilas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, bevr<br />

situaciasa da bevr sxvadasxva adamians<br />

exeba. eqimebi am princips sxvadasxva<br />

situaciisa da adamianis mimarT iyeneben.<br />

ase rom, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba, mizez-<br />

Sedegobriv principsa da mizez-Sedegobriv<br />

Tanmimdevrobas Soris, isaa, rom<br />

pirveli mraval, xolo meore _ mxolod<br />

erT konkretul situacias exeba.

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

163<br />

strategia<br />

diagrama 11.6<br />

araswori warmodgenis koreqtirebis strategiebi<br />

efeqtis sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

saSualo<br />

efeqtis sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

winare codnis<br />

gaaqtiureba 14 0.08 3<br />

diskusia 11 0.51 19<br />

argumentacia 3 0.80 79<br />

da detalebis. ganzogadebebi codnis<br />

ufro farTo safuZvels uvi­<br />

Tarebs moswavles, radgan advili<br />

SesaZlebelia, ganzogadeba Semdeg<br />

sxvadasxva situacias moergos.<br />

magaliTad, brZolebis Sesaxeb<br />

ganzogadeba yvela oms SeiZleba mivusadagoT;<br />

omebs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi,<br />

situaciasa da periodSi, maSin<br />

roca getisburgis brZola warmoadgens<br />

konkretul movlenas da<br />

SeuZlebelia misi pirdapir morgeba<br />

sxva situaciaze. es ar niSnavs,<br />

rom detalebi ar aris mniSvnelovani.<br />

piriqiT, imisaTvis rom moswavle<br />

Caswvdes ganzogadebis arss,<br />

aucilebelia, SeeZlos konkretuli<br />

magaliTebis moyvana ganzogadebis<br />

sailustraciod. magaliTad, Tu<br />

gvinda, rom moswavleebma gaiazron<br />

wina abzacSi moyvanili ganzogadeba,<br />

maT unda SeeZloT sailustracio<br />

magaliTebis dasaxeleba, romelTa<br />

Soris SeiZleba getisburgis br­<br />

Zolac iyos. diagrama 11.5-ze detaluradaa<br />

axsnili ganzogadebebi da<br />

principebi.<br />

ideaTa mowesrigebis mizniT,<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia, qvemoT<br />

warmodgenili ganzogadebuli<br />

daskvnebi gamoiyenos.<br />

1. rogorc wesi, moswavleebs<br />

Tavdapirvelad araswori warmodgena<br />

aqvT ideaTa mowesrigebis Sesaxeb.<br />

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom<br />

moswavleebs xSirad araswori<br />

war modgena aqvT ganzogadebasa<br />

da principebze. ufro metic,<br />

kvle vebi imasac gviCvenebs, rom am<br />

araswori warmodgenis Secvla advili<br />

ar aris (gilberti, osborni<br />

da fenSami, 1982; hiusoni da<br />

hiusoni, 1983; Spiro, qoulsoni,<br />

feltoviCi da andersoni, 1994).<br />

b. guzeTisa da sxvaTa (1993) mier<br />

Catarebuli metaanalizi sxvadasxva<br />

swavlebis meTodis efeqturobas<br />

imis mixedviT adarebs,<br />

Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia am<br />

meTodTan dakavSirebuli Tavdapirveli<br />

araswori warmodgenis<br />

Secvla. diagrama 11.6-ze warmodgenilia<br />

am metaanalizSi ganxiluli<br />

sxvadasxva meTodi da maTi<br />

efeqtis sidideebi.<br />

rogorc diagrama 11.6-zea<br />

naCvenebi, mxolod winare codnis<br />

gaaqtiureba, anu moswavleebisaTvis<br />

imis Txovna, rom gaixsenon, ra<br />

ician ideaTa mowesrigebis konkretuli<br />

meTodis Sesaxeb, Zalian<br />

mcire konceptualur cvlilebas

164 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

iwvevs. ufro sasargebloa, Tu moswavleebs<br />

vTxovT, ganixilon is,<br />

rac ideaTa mowesrigebis konkretul<br />

saSualebaze ician. ganxilvis<br />

procesi moswavleebs axali<br />

midgomebis aRmoCenisa da ideebis<br />

generirebis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />

yvelaze didi konceptualuri<br />

cvli leba argumentaciis process<br />

ukavSirdeba, anu rodesac saku­<br />

Tari poziciis dasacavad moswavleebs<br />

konkretuli argumentebis<br />

moSvelieba uwevT, an rodesac<br />

warmovudgenT Zlier argumentebs,<br />

mowesrigebis konkretul<br />

formasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

2. moswavleebs unda mivceT<br />

SesaZlebloba, rom realurad moaxdinon<br />

ideaTa mowesrigeba. j. rosma<br />

(1988) Caatara im kvlevebis safuZvliani<br />

analizi, romlebic ideaTa<br />

mowesrigebas ukavSirdeba. j. rosis<br />

mier gakeTebuli daskvnebidan, maswavleblisaTvis<br />

yvelaze gamosadegia<br />

Semdegi daskvna: moswavlisaTvis<br />

Zalian sasargebloa, rodesac<br />

maswavlebeli sTxovs, moaxdinos<br />

ganzogadebisa da principebis urTierTmisadageba.<br />

Sesabamisad, maswavlebelma<br />

gacilebiT meti energia<br />

da dro unda daxarjos imaze, rom<br />

moswavleebs gamoayenebinos ideaTa<br />

mowesrigebis meTodebi, vidre imaze,<br />

rom maT ubralod gaagebinos,<br />

Tu ras gulisxmobs ideaTa mowesrigeba.<br />

ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia,<br />

moswavleebs esmodeT, ra aris ganzogadeba<br />

da principebi. rogorc<br />

ki moswavleebi zogad arss gaiazreben,<br />

saWiroa, daiwyon aqtiuri<br />

varjiSi ideaTa mowesrigebis saSualebebis<br />

gamoyenebaze sxvadasxva<br />

situaciebSi.<br />

ideaTa mowesrigeba:<br />

saklaso praqtika<br />

moswavleebs unda SeeZloT<br />

ganzogadebebisa da principebis<br />

cxadi warmodgena da ramdenime<br />

magaliTis moyvana<br />

ganzogadebebi da principebi ideaTa<br />

mowesrigebis imdenad rTuli<br />

formebia, rom maswavlebels<br />

araerTi magaliTis moyvana mouwevs,<br />

sanam moswavleebi am formebs<br />

Caswvdebian. qvemoT moyvanili<br />

istoriis gakveTilis magaliTi<br />

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

gavagebinoT moswavleebs ideaTa<br />

mowesrigebis arsi.<br />

danielma Tqva: `demokratiuli<br />

qveyana ar SeiZleba samudamod<br />

erTi mTavrobis qveS iyos. ra­<br />

Rac momentSi cvlileba aucilebelia.~<br />

`kargad ver vigeb, ras ambob~,<br />

_ Tqva jiuelma, `Segi­<br />

Zlia, ufro cxadad axsna, ras<br />

ambob~<br />

`kargi. mTavrobebi unda icvlebodnen,<br />

radgan amomrCeveli<br />

moiTxovs cvlilebas. axla gasagebia~<br />

qalbatonma bamberim yuri<br />

mohkra moswavleTa saubars.<br />

moswavleebi jgufebSi muSaobdenen<br />

da ganixilavdnen Temas<br />

`idealuri mTavroba~. maswavlebelma<br />

gaigona, rogor umtkicebda<br />

danieli Tanatolebs,<br />

rom yoveli demokratia ganwirulia,<br />

radgan sabolood mis<br />

saTaveSi tirani mova. qalbatoni<br />

bamberi gancvifrda imiT,<br />

Tu ra siRrmiseulad xsnida am<br />

azrs danieli. am ukanasknelma<br />

platonis is ideebic ki moiSvelia,<br />

romelic klasSi wina dRes<br />

ganixiles. `platoni acxadebda,<br />

rom mmarTvelobis sistema Se­

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

165<br />

icvleba survilis mixedviT.<br />

demokratiuli wyobis dros<br />

yvela survili Tanabrad kargia,<br />

anu yvela survili erTnairad<br />

misaRebia. gamomdinare iqidan,<br />

rom adamianTa survilebi arasodes<br />

daemTxveva erTmaneTs,<br />

demokratia SeiZleba Zalian<br />

qaosur wyobad iqces.~<br />

`daniel, SegiZlia Seni mosazreba<br />

argumentebiT gaamyaro~<br />

_ ikiTxa maswavlebelma. `Segi­<br />

Zlia moiyvano ramdenime magaliTi,<br />

romelic adasturebs, rom<br />

demokratia tiraniad iqca~<br />

danielma Zalian sxartad<br />

upasuxa: `yvelaze Tanamedrove<br />

magaliTebs moviyvan: musolini,<br />

romelic italias Caudga<br />

saTaveSi, an hitleri germaniaSi.<br />

platonis sityvebi tiranis<br />

`survilis~ Sesaxeb orive<br />

SemTxvevas miesadageba. orive<br />

SemTxvevaSi erTma adamianma<br />

demokratiul qveyanaSi (romelic<br />

mravalTa survils moicavs)<br />

Seqmnili qaosi sakuTari upiratesobisaTvis<br />

gamoiyena.~<br />

`platonma sxvadasxva saxelmwifo<br />

aRwera~, _ ganmarta qalbatonma<br />

bamberma, `maT Soris,<br />

idealuri saxelmwifo. platoniseuli<br />

idealuri saxelmwifo,<br />

sxvaTa Soris, demokratiuli<br />

saxelmwifo ar iyo~.<br />

`marTalia~, _ Tqva danielma,<br />

`magram platonis argumentis<br />

ironia swored imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />

rom saberZneTis istoriaSi<br />

tirania yovelTvis win uswrebda<br />

demokratias. roca platoni<br />

idealur saxelmwifos aRwers,<br />

is aristokratias gulisxmobs~.<br />

moswavleebs unda davexmaroT<br />

ganzogadebisa da principebis<br />

gagebasa da swori warmodgenebis<br />

CamoyalibebaSi<br />

Tu maswavlebeli xedavs, rom<br />

moswavleebs araswori warmodgena<br />

aqvT ideaTa mowesrigebis Sesaxeb,<br />

mas SeuZlia, moswavleebs iseTi<br />

magaliTebi warmoudginos, romlebic<br />

uzustobis aRmofxvras<br />

Seuwyoben xels. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu moswavleebs zedapirulad<br />

esmiT ideaTa mowesrigebis arsi,<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia, miawodos<br />

maT is axali situaciebi, romlebsac<br />

moswavleebi ganzogadebisa da<br />

principebis formebs miusadageben.<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia magaliTi<br />

imisa, Tu rogor SeuZlia daexmaros<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleebs am<br />

ori SemTxvevis dros (roca moswavles<br />

ar esmis an zedapirulad<br />

esmis ideaTa mowesrigebis arsi).<br />

miqaelas me-5 klaseli megobrebi<br />

gakveTilze axali magaliTebiT<br />

datvirTulni movidnen.<br />

maT, konkretul ganzogadebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisi<br />

magaliTebi unda moefiqrebinaT.<br />

ganzogadeba SemdegSi<br />

mdgo mareobda: adamianebi ufro<br />

swra fad yiduloben saqonels,<br />

Tu am saqonlis miwodeba iklebs.<br />

miqaelas kidev raRacis<br />

damateba undoda; man xeli awia<br />

da ganacxada: `rodesac mwarmoebeli<br />

amCnevs, rom didia maT<br />

produqciaze moTxovna, isini<br />

amcireben produqciis warmoebis<br />

odenobas da zrdian fass.<br />

adamianebi ixdian gazrdil<br />

fass, radgan hgoniaT, rom am<br />

produqciis deficitia. ai, amas<br />

ambobs xolme mamaCemi~. sxva<br />

moswavleebi miqaelas daeTanxmnen.<br />

`miqaela, SesaZloa es zog<br />

SemTxvevaSi marTali iyos~,<br />

upasuxa maswavlebelma, `magram<br />

ara _ yovelTvis. warmoidgine,<br />

rom erT cxel dRes limonaTs<br />

hyidi. Sen isurvebdi, xalxs<br />

efiqra, rom TiTqmis aRar<br />

dagrCa gasayidi limonaTi Tu<br />

isurvebdi, maT scodnodaT,<br />

rom sakmarisi raodenoba gaqvs

166 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

da SeuZliaT or _ ori boTlic<br />

iyidon”<br />

maswavlebelma axsna, rom<br />

kompaniebi, rogorc wesi, rodesac<br />

bazarze moTxovna izrdeba,<br />

miwodebas zrdian; man moswavleebs<br />

araerTi magaliTi mouyvana<br />

da, aseve, warmodgina vebgverdi<br />

“Econopolis”, romelzec<br />

kidev ufro meti magaliTebi<br />

iyo mocemuli. maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs konkretuli<br />

ekonomikuri principic auxsna,<br />

rac mis arguments asabuTebda.<br />

miqaelam da sxva moswavleebmac<br />

gaiges, rom, umetes SemTxveveb­<br />

Si, bazarze miwodeba arsebul<br />

moTxovnas mihyveba. maswavlebeli<br />

kmayofili darCa imiT,<br />

rom moswavleebamde am ideis<br />

warmatebiT mitana SeZlo.<br />

unarebi: kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />

mentaluri unarebis ori forma<br />

arsebobs: taqtika da algoriTmebi<br />

(snoumeni da maqqauni,<br />

1984).<br />

• taqtika Sedgeba zogadi<br />

wesebisagan, rac mTlian process<br />

aregulirebs, da ara konkretuli<br />

nabijebisagan, romlebic<br />

garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda<br />

Sesruldes. magaliTad, histogramis<br />

wakiTxvis taqtika SeiZleba<br />

moicavdes wesebs, romlebic<br />

(1) histogramaze datanili elementebis<br />

identifikacias axdens,<br />

(2) gansazRvravs, ra informaciaa<br />

warmodgenili TiToeul RerZze,<br />

(3) gansazRvravs urTierTobas or<br />

RerZze warmodgenil elementebs<br />

Soris. Tumca arsebobs am wesebis<br />

zogadi paradigma, ar arsebobs<br />

konkretuli, dadgenili Tanmimdevroba.<br />

• algoriTmebi is mentaluri<br />

unarebia, romlebic konkretuli<br />

Sedegebisa da nabijebisagan Sedgeba.<br />

taqtikisagan gansxvavebiT, algoriTmi<br />

yvela nabijis Tanmimdevrul<br />

Sesrulebas gulisxmobs.<br />

Sesabamisad, Tu algoriTmis Sesrulebis<br />

procesSi nabijebis Tanmimdevroba<br />

Seicvleba, sruliad<br />

gansxvavebuli Sedegi miiReba.<br />

me-5 TavSi aRwerili ganzogadebuli<br />

daskvnebi `praqtikis~<br />

Sesaxeb unaris dauflebasac<br />

miesadageba. amitom, Tu moswavleTaTvis<br />

axali unarebis swavlebas<br />

apireben, maswavleblebma me-5<br />

TavSi moyvanili daskvnebi unda<br />

gadaikiTxon. aseve, unarebis efeqturi<br />

swavlebis mizniT, maswavlebels<br />

SeuZlia qvemoT warmodgenili<br />

ganzogadebuli daskvnebi<br />

gamoiyenos.<br />

1. rTulia aRmoCenebis meTodis<br />

efeqturi gamoyeneba unarebis<br />

ganviTarebisas. ganaTlebis specialistebis<br />

garkveuli nawili<br />

fiqrobs, rom moswavlis mier<br />

axali unaris sakuTari ZalebiT<br />

mignebis SemTxvevaSi is ufro<br />

ukeTesad acnobierebs unars, vidre<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am unarze<br />

pirdapir miuTiTebs maswavlebeli.<br />

es warmodgena mcdaria.<br />

aseTi warmodgenis damkvidreba<br />

albaT reaqcia iyo manamde arsebul,<br />

aseve mcdar warmodgenaze,<br />

rom gazepireba da meqanikuri<br />

varjiSi unaris aTvisebis sauke­<br />

Teso saSualebas warmoadgens<br />

(andersoni, rederi da saimoni<br />

(1997). Tumca, aRmoCenebis gakeTe­

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

167<br />

baze orientirebulma meTodma<br />

bevri ganaTlebis specialistis<br />

yuradReba miipyro, amJamad ar<br />

arsebobs kvlevebis Sedegebi, rac<br />

daadasturebda, rom es strategia<br />

ufro efeqturia, vidre romelime<br />

sxva.<br />

mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili<br />

acxadebs, rom aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze<br />

orientirebuli meTodi ar<br />

warmoadgens swavlebis efeqtur<br />

meTods, gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />

roca saqme unarebis dauflebas<br />

exeba. mkvlevarebi m. maqdanieli<br />

da m. Slageri (1990) aRniSnaven:<br />

`Cveni SexedulebiT, aRmoCenebis<br />

gakeTebaze orientirebuli meTodi<br />

ar uwyobs xels unaris ukeT<br />

dauflebas~.<br />

zogierTi unari aRmoCenebis<br />

gakeTebaze orientirebuli meTodiT<br />

swavlebas ar eqvemdebareba.<br />

magaliTad, warmovidginoT mimatebis,<br />

gamoklebis, gamravlebisa<br />

da gayofis unarebi. namdvilad ar<br />

iqneba gonivruli gaawyvetileba,<br />

Tu am unarebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

nabijebis aRmoCenis procesSi moswavleebsac<br />

CavrTavT. ra Tqma<br />

unda, arsebobs albaToba, rom moswavleebi<br />

ukeTesad gaaanalizeben<br />

maT, Tu Tavad aRmoaCenen am moqmedebebTan<br />

dakavSirebul nabijebs,<br />

magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />

rom aseTi aRmoCenis procesi<br />

Zalian bevr dros moiTxovs.<br />

ar arsebobs magiuri nusxa,<br />

romelSic Camowerili iqneboda is<br />

taqtika da algoriTmebi, romelTa<br />

axsnisasac sasurvelia aRmoCenebis<br />

gakeTebaze orientirebuli<br />

meTodis gamoyeneba. zogadi wesi<br />

Semdegia: rac ufro meti variaciis<br />

SesaZlebloba arsebobs konkretuli<br />

unaris SesrulebisaTvis<br />

saWiro nabijebs Soris, miT ufro<br />

sasurvelia aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze<br />

orientirebuli meTodis<br />

gamoyeneba. magaliTad, warmovidginoT,<br />

rom laboratoriuli<br />

mowyobilobis sworad gamoyenebisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia 5 Tanmimdevruli<br />

operaciis Sesruleba,<br />

ar iqneba mizanSewonili, rom moswavleebs<br />

am xuTi operaciisa da<br />

maTi Tanmimdevrobis aRmoCenebis<br />

gakeTebaze orientirebuli meTodiT<br />

dadgena vTxovoT. ukeTesi<br />

iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli Tavad<br />

moaxdens am operaciebisa da maTi<br />

Tanmimdevrobis demonstrirebas<br />

da Semdeg moswavleebs miscems<br />

saSualebas, Secvalon isini, individualuri<br />

Taviseburebebis<br />

ga TvaliswinebiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos,<br />

rom taqtika, romelic<br />

sxva dasxvagvarad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes,<br />

SeiZleba aRmoCenebis<br />

gakeTebaze orientirebuli meTodis<br />

gamoyenebiT iswavlebodes.<br />

magaliTad, histogramis wakiTxvis<br />

swavlebisas, nabijebisa da maTi<br />

Tanmimdevrobis dadgena, Segvi­<br />

Zlia, moswavleebs mivandoT.<br />

2. rodesac maswavlebeli aRmoCenebis<br />

gakeTebaze orientirebul<br />

meTods iyenebs, magaliTebi<br />

iseT kategoriebad unda daalagos,<br />

rom isini unarisadmi sxvadasxva<br />

midgomas warmoadgendnen. rodesac<br />

maswavleblis mizani unarebze<br />

dafuZnebuli codnis moswavleebamde<br />

efeqturad mitanaa, sasurvelia,<br />

aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze<br />

orientirebuli meTodi kogniturad<br />

marTuli swavlebis (CGI)

168 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

CarCoebSi gamoiyenos (ix. qarfen­<br />

Teri, fenema da feTersoni, 1987;<br />

qarfenTeri, fenema, feTersoni,<br />

Ciangi da loefi, 1989; fenema,<br />

qarfenTeri da franke, 1992; fenema,<br />

qarfenTeri da feTersoni,<br />

1989; feTersoni, qarfenTeri da<br />

fenema, 1989; feTersoni, fenema<br />

da qarfenTeri, 1989). am midgomis<br />

gamoyenebiT, maswavlebels<br />

SeuZlia, waaxalisos moswavle,<br />

rom am ukanasknelma problemis<br />

gadaWris sakuTari strategia Seqmnas.<br />

kogniturad marTuli swavlebis<br />

dros<br />

moswavleebs ar uCveneben, Tu<br />

rogor SeiZleba problemis gadaWra.<br />

TiToeuli moswavle Tavad<br />

poulobs problemis gadaWris<br />

/ amocanis amoxsnis ramdenime<br />

gzas da maswavleblisa da<br />

klaselebis winaSe warmoadgens<br />

maT. maswavleblebi da klaselebi<br />

manamde usvamen SekiTxvebs,<br />

sanam kargad ar gaigeben, Tu<br />

raSi mdgomareobs problemis<br />

gadaWris moswavlis mier warmodgenili<br />

gza. rodesac erTi<br />

moswavlis mier warmodgenili<br />

amoxsna gasagebia, klasi meore<br />

moswavleze gadadis da axla<br />

problemis gadaWris mis mier<br />

SemuSavebul xerxebs ismenen.<br />

maswavlebeli, roca TiToeul<br />

moswavles usmens, advilad adgens,<br />

Tu ra icis / risi unari<br />

aqvs am moswavles. Sesabamisad,<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia, ise<br />

dagegmos saswavlo procesi,<br />

rom moswavleebma saTanadod<br />

gaifarTovon conda da unarebi<br />

(fenema, qarfenTeri da franke,<br />

1992, gv. 5).<br />

aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze orientirebuli<br />

meTodi maSin muSaobs<br />

warmatebiT, Tu maswavlebeli kargad<br />

erkveva sxvadasxva problemis<br />

tipologiaSi. diagrama 11.7-ze<br />

warmodgenilia amocanaTa / problemaTa<br />

tipebi.<br />

diagrama 11.7-ze problemebi<br />

/amocanebi sxvadasxva kategoriad<br />

im meTodebis mixedviT davajgufeT,<br />

romlebic maTi gadaWris<br />

/amoxsnisaTvis gamoiyeneba. maswavlebels<br />

SeuZlia, moswavlis<br />

mier warmoebuli Ziebis procesi<br />

amocanebis am detalizebuli tipologiis<br />

mixedviT warmarTos.<br />

roca moswavle konkretuli tipis<br />

amocanaze muSaobs, is imuSavebs<br />

da gamocdis swored am tipis<br />

amocanis amoxsnis gzebs. problemebis<br />

tipebad kategorizacia<br />

sasargebloa, radgan moswavles<br />

exmareba, erT konkretuli tipis<br />

problemebze koncentrirdes. ase<br />

rom, Tu maswavlebels surs, rom<br />

moswavlis mier warmoebuli Ziebis<br />

procesi efeqturi iyos, konkretul<br />

unarTan dakavSirebuli<br />

magaliTebi unda daalagos kategoriebad,<br />

romlebic am unaris<br />

Sesrulebis gansxvavebul gzebs<br />

warmoaCenen.<br />

3. unarebi yvelaze sasargebloa<br />

maSin, roca ise aqvs moswav ­<br />

les gaTavisebuli, rom avtomaturad<br />

iyenebs. kvlevebi adasturebs,<br />

rom moswavlis mier unari<br />

mxolod maSinaa efeqturad<br />

aTvisebuli, rodesac mas am unaris<br />

gamoyeneba zedmeti fiqris<br />

gareSe SeuZlia. mkvlevarebi moswavlis<br />

mier unaris daufiqreblad<br />

gamoyenebas avtomaturi gamoyenebis<br />

saxeliT moixsenieben (ix.andersoni,<br />

1983; fiTsi da fozneri,<br />

1967; labergi da samuelsi, 1974).

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

169<br />

amocanis tipi<br />

SeerTeba /<br />

mimateba<br />

gayofa<br />

nawili _<br />

nawili _<br />

mTeli<br />

Sedareba<br />

(Sedegi<br />

ucnobia)<br />

qonis aqvs marmarilos<br />

5 qva.<br />

xuanma mas kidev<br />

8 qva misca.<br />

ramdeni marmarilos<br />

qva aqvs<br />

qonis<br />

(Sedegi<br />

ucnobia)<br />

qonis hqonda<br />

13 marmarilos<br />

qva. qonim<br />

5 marmarilos<br />

qva misca xuans.<br />

ramdeni<br />

marmarilos qva<br />

darCa qonis<br />

diagrama 11. 7<br />

amocanebis tipebi<br />

(jami ucnobia)<br />

qonis aqvs 5 wiTeli marmarilos<br />

da 8 lurji<br />

marmarilos qva.<br />

(sxvaoba<br />

ucnobia)<br />

qonis aqvs 13<br />

marmarilos qva.<br />

xuans aqvs 5.<br />

ramdeniT meti<br />

marmarilos qva<br />

aqvs qonis<br />

(cvlileba<br />

ucnobia)<br />

qonis aqvs marmarilos<br />

5qva.<br />

kidev ramdeni<br />

marmarilos qva<br />

sWirdeba, rom<br />

13 qva hqondes<br />

(cvlileba<br />

ucnobia)<br />

qonis hqonda 13<br />

marmarilos qva.<br />

ramdenime marmarilos<br />

qva qonim<br />

misca xuans. qonis<br />

darCa 5 qva.<br />

ramdeni marmarilos<br />

qva misca<br />

qonim xuans<br />

(Sesadarebeli<br />

raodenoba<br />

ucnobia)<br />

xuans aqvs 5<br />

marmarilos<br />

qva. qonis aqvs<br />

8 marmarilos<br />

qviT meti, vidre<br />

xuans. ramdeni<br />

marmarilos qva<br />

aqvs qonis<br />

(dasawyisi ucnobia)<br />

qonis hqonda ramdenime<br />

marmarilos qva.<br />

xuanma mas misca marmarilos<br />

5qva da axla<br />

qonis 13 qva aqvs.<br />

marmarilos ramdeni<br />

qva hqonda qonis Tavdapirvelad<br />

(dasawyisi ucnobia)<br />

qonis hqonda ramdenime<br />

marmarilos<br />

qva. qonim 5 qva misca<br />

xuans. qonis dar­<br />

Ca 8 marmarilos qva.<br />

ramdeni marmarilos<br />

qva hqonda qonis<br />

Tavdapirvelad<br />

(Sedegi ucnobia)<br />

qonis aqvs 13 marmarilos qva.<br />

aqedan 5 aris wiTeli da danarCeni<br />

_ lurji.<br />

(mimarTeba ucnobia)<br />

qonis aqvs 13 marmarilos<br />

qva; mas<br />

aqvs xuTiT meti<br />

marmarilos qva, vidre<br />

xuans. ramdeni<br />

marmarilos qva aqvs<br />

xuans<br />

wyaro: frenki, m. l., levi, l. da emfsoni, s. b. (1991) maTematika bavSvebisaTvis:<br />

Semecnebaze damyarebuli swavleba. portsmuTi, NH; hainmani. informaciis adap tirebaze<br />

miRebulia nebarTva.

170 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

unaris gamoyeneba avotomaturi<br />

gaxdeba, Tu moswavleebis intensiuri<br />

varjiSi TandaTanobiT droSi<br />

gadanawildeba. ras vgulisxmobT,<br />

roca vambobT, rom intensiuri<br />

varjiSi unda gadanawildes saqme<br />

isaa, rom roca maswavlebels axali<br />

unari Semoaqvs, moswavleebs<br />

yoveldRiurad, intensiurad avarjiSebs.<br />

rac dro gadis, intensiurobis<br />

xarisxi iklebs, Tumca<br />

unarze varjiSi mainc unda gagr­<br />

Zeldes da es datvirTva droSi<br />

Tanabrad unda iyos gadanawilebuli.<br />

unarebi: saklaso praqtika<br />

aRmoCenebis meTodis gamoyene ­<br />

ba unarebis ganviTarebisas<br />

rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, swavlebis<br />

procesSi aRmoCenebis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebis dros magaliTebi<br />

maswavlebelma tipologiurad<br />

unda daalagos. roca moswavleebi<br />

magaliTebis konkretul kategorias<br />

ganixilaven, maswavlebelma<br />

maT unda sTxovos, rom magaliTebis<br />

am kategoriaze morgebuli<br />

strategiebi SeimuSaon. roca<br />

magaliTebis sxvadasxva kategorias<br />

gaivlian, moswavleebma am<br />

kategoriebisaTvis SemoSavebuli<br />

strategiebi erTmaneTs unda<br />

Seadaron. qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi<br />

avtomanqanis marTvis swavlebis<br />

gakveTilidan.<br />

batoni prado avtomanqanis<br />

marTvas aswavlida. moswavleebi<br />

ise gaiwafnen tarebaSi,<br />

rom maswavlebelma CaTvala,<br />

maT SeeZloT, sxvadasxvanair<br />

gzaze tarebaSi mecadineoba<br />

daewyoT. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebi<br />

gaexalisebina da<br />

daeinteresebina, maswavlebelma<br />

aRmoCenebis gakeTebaze orientirebuli<br />

meTodis gamoyeneba<br />

gadawyvita, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobda:<br />

imis nacvlad, rom<br />

sxvadasxvanair zedapirs Soris<br />

gansxvavebebi da avtomanqanis<br />

marTvis Taviseburebebi aexsna,<br />

man gadawyvita, moswavleebisaTvis<br />

mieca saSualeba, Tavad<br />

aRmoeCinaT es Taviseburebebi.<br />

maswavlebeli avtomanqanis mar­<br />

Tvis kompiuterul simulators<br />

iyenebda. am simulatoris saSualebiT,<br />

batonma pradom moswavleebs<br />

sxvadasxva zedapiri warmoudgina,<br />

rogorebicaa: mSrali<br />

trasa, sveli trasa, TovliT<br />

dafaruli trasa, moyinuli<br />

trasa, talaxiani trasa, xreSiT<br />

dafaruli zedapiri. simulatoris<br />

gamoyenebiT, maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs saSualeba misca,<br />

avtomanqana sxvadasxva zedapirze<br />

etarebinaT. roca erTi<br />

konkretuli tipis zedapirze<br />

yvela moswavle mosinjavda<br />

marTvas, maswavlebeli sTxovda,<br />

ganexilaT am tipis zedapirze<br />

marTvis teqnika. rodesac yvela<br />

moswavlem yvela warmodgenil<br />

zedapirze scada manqanis<br />

marTva, moswavleebi jgufebad<br />

daiyvnen da Camoayalibes manqanis<br />

marTvis rogorc saerTo,<br />

aseve konkretuli zedapiris<br />

tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

Taviseburebani.<br />

droSi gadanawilebis praqtika<br />

da misi mniSvneloba<br />

rodesac maswavlebeli gegmavs,<br />

Tu rogor daexmaros moswavleebs<br />

axali unaris aTvisebaSi, is<br />

iRebs Semdeg or gadawyvetilebas:<br />

ra dro dauTmos klasSi am unaris<br />

ganviTarebas, ra moculobis saSinao<br />

davaleba misces moswavleebs.

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

171<br />

rogorc wesi, maswavlebeli unaris<br />

ganviTarebis dasawyisSive gegmavs<br />

am unaris CamoyalibebasTan dakav­<br />

Sirebul praqtikas (anu, rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSneT, intensiuri<br />

varjiSis fazas). maswavleblebi<br />

iSviaTad gegmaven Semdgom fazas<br />

_ varjiSis droSi gadanawilebas.<br />

imisaTvis, rom am Secdomas<br />

Tavi avaridoT, aucilebelia, maswavlebelma<br />

Tavidanve dagegmos,<br />

Tu rodis Sewydeba intensiuri<br />

varjiSi da rodis daiwyeba varji­<br />

Sis droSi gadanawilebis faza.<br />

ufro metic, Tu axali unaris<br />

swavlebas maswavlebeli saswavlo<br />

wlis bolos iwyebs, aucilebelia,<br />

SeaTanxmos moswavleebTan,<br />

Tu rogor warmarTaven isini am<br />

unarze damoukideblad varjiSs<br />

zafxulSi, droSi gadanawilebis<br />

fazaSi. aucilebelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

moswavleebs avuxsnaT, Tu<br />

ra mniSvneloba eniWeba praqtikis<br />

droSi gadanawilebas unaris<br />

avtomaturad gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />

gasagebia, rom yvela moswavle<br />

zustad ver daicavs ganrigs, magram<br />

maTTvis mainc sasargeblo<br />

iqneba imis gageba, Tu ra procesi<br />

unda gaiaros adamianma axali unaris<br />

asaTviseblad. qvemoT moyvanili<br />

magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu<br />

rogor darwmunda saSualo skolis<br />

maswavlebeli praqtikis dro­<br />

Si gadanawilebis fazis aucileblobaSi.<br />

qalbatoni Caimsi kviris dReeb­<br />

Si inglisur enasa da literaturas<br />

aswavlida skolaSi,<br />

saRamoobiT da SabaT-kviras ki<br />

_ musikas. erT SabaT dRes is<br />

moswavles, romelic fortepianoze<br />

dakvras swavlobda, praqtikis<br />

dagegmvis mniSvnelobas<br />

uxsnida. qalbatoni Caimsi acxadebda,<br />

rom Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />

praqtikuli mecadineobis<br />

gulmodgined dagegmva. misi<br />

azriT, aucilebeli iyo, unaris<br />

kargad dauflebis Semdegac ki,<br />

moswavle drodadro kvlav mibruneboda<br />

am unarze varjiSs.<br />

roca am yvelafers Tavis moswavles<br />

uxsnida, moulodnelad<br />

qalbaton Caimss TavSi erTma<br />

azrma gauelva _ mas arasodes<br />

ufiqria, rom praqtikis droSi<br />

gadanawileba SeiZleba inglisuri<br />

enisa da literaturis<br />

gakveTilebzec gamoeyenebina.<br />

igi dafiqrda. axlaRa mixvda,<br />

Tu ratom uwevda werisa da kvlevis<br />

unaris ramdenjerme axsna.<br />

mas ar mouwevda erTi da imave<br />

unaris axsna, kargad rom gadaenawilebina<br />

praqtika unaris<br />

aTvisebis Semdgom periodze,<br />

rac moswavleebs aiZulebda,<br />

drodadro ukve aTvisebul unars<br />

mibrunebodnen da advilad<br />

ar daviwyebodaT is. qalbatoni<br />

Caimsi guldawyvetili iyo. sakmaod<br />

didxans igi efeqturad<br />

iyenebda praqtikis droSi gadanawilebis<br />

meTods fortepianos<br />

gakveTilebze da ver<br />

gaego, ratom ar mouvida azrad<br />

imave meTodis gamoyeneba inglisuri<br />

enisa da literaturis<br />

gakveTilebzec.<br />

procesebi: kvlevebi da Teorebi<br />

procesebsa da unarebs zogierTi<br />

saerTo maxasiaTebeli da ramdenime<br />

ganmasxvavebeli niSani aqvT.<br />

procesebsa da unarebs Soris<br />

msgav seba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />

isini garkveul Sedegs an axal xedvas<br />

uyrian safuZvels. magali­<br />

Tad, histogramis wakiTxvis taqtika<br />

saTaves udebs or cvlads

172 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

Soris arsebuli urTierTobis axlebur<br />

gagebas. weris procesi safuZvels<br />

uyris axal Txzulebas.<br />

procesebi, unarebTan SedarebiT,<br />

ufro farTo variaciulobiT gamoirCevian,<br />

roca saqme exeba nabijebsa<br />

da maT Tanmimdevrobas.<br />

magaliTad, histogramis wakiTxvis<br />

arc Tu ise bevri gza arsebobs,<br />

maSin roca weris procesi<br />

Zalian mravalferovani SeiZleba<br />

iyos. ase rom, procesi, rogorc<br />

wesi, ufro variaciulia, vidre<br />

unari.<br />

procesis swavlebisas, ar aris<br />

mizanSewonili `nabij-nabij~ midgomis<br />

gamoyeneba, anu im midgomis,<br />

romelic detalurad uxsnis moswavleebs,<br />

romel nabijs ra unda<br />

moyvebodes. es, rasakvirvelia,<br />

ar niSnavs imas, rom moswavleebs<br />

procesis swavlebisas daxmareba<br />

ar unda aRmovuCinoT. magaliTad,<br />

weris swavlebisas, aucilebelia,<br />

maswavlebelma moswavleebs weris<br />

sxvadasxva komponenti auxsnas.<br />

maswavleblebi am midgomas zojer<br />

`procesis weras~, anu weris procesSi<br />

weris swavlas uwodeben.<br />

qvemoT mocemulia is frazebi,<br />

romlebsac bevri maswavlebeli<br />

weris procesis axsnisas iyenebs:<br />

1. weris wina etapi;<br />

2. wera;<br />

3. naweris Sesworeba/gadakiTxva.<br />

samive weris procesis Semadgeneli<br />

komponentia da TiToeul<br />

maTganSi gamoiyofa qvekomponentebi,<br />

magaliTad:<br />

3.naweris Sesworeba/gadakiTxva<br />

• naweris wakiTxva Txzulebis<br />

logikurobis dadgenis mizniT;<br />

• naweris wakiTxva makavSirebeli<br />

frazebis efeqturobis Semowmebis<br />

mizniT;<br />

• naweris wakiTxva sityvebisa da<br />

frazebis Semowmebis mizniT<br />

(anu imisaTvis, rom davadginoT,<br />

ramdenad sworad aris esa<br />

Tu is sityva an fraza SerCeuli);<br />

• naweris wakiTxva imis Sesamowmeblad,<br />

ramdenad sworadaa<br />

SeTanxmebuli TiToeuli Semasmeneli<br />

qvemdebaresTan;<br />

• naweris wakiTxva punqtuaciisa<br />

da sityvaTa marTlweris Semowmebis<br />

mizniT.<br />

maswavlebels SeuZlia, qvemoT<br />

warmodgenili ori ganzogadebuli<br />

daskvna procesebis efeqturi<br />

swavlebis mizniT gamoiyenos.<br />

1. moswavleebma calkeuli<br />

komponentebi mTliani procesis<br />

konteqstSi unda gaiazron. maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs Sesaswavli<br />

procesis komponentebi da<br />

qvekomponentebi unda warudginos;<br />

man unda moamzados maTTvis<br />

specialuri savarjiSoebi, raTa<br />

moswavleebma ivarjiSon procesis<br />

rogorc komponentebze, aseve<br />

qvekomponentebze. weris procesis<br />

swavlebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,<br />

gavaanalizoT, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

aswavlos maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />

esa Tu is procesi. hiloqsma<br />

(1986) weris procesis swavlebis<br />

oTxi midgoma Seiswavla. es<br />

midgomebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

173<br />

diagrama 11. 8<br />

weris procesisadmi sxvadasxva midgomis efeqturoba<br />

midgoma<br />

efeqtis sidideebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

efeqtis sidide<br />

rezentacia 4 0.02<br />

bunebrivi procesi 9 0.19<br />

koncentrirebuli praqtika 10 0.44<br />

unarebi 6 0.17<br />

aRvweroT:<br />

1. prezentacia. maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs uxsnis, rogoria kargi<br />

naweri da mohyavs magaliTebi;<br />

2. bunebrivi procesi. maswavlebeli<br />

avarjiSebs moswavleebs<br />

Tavisufal weraSi, rogorc individualurad,<br />

aseve jgufurad.<br />

3. koncentrirebuli praqtika.<br />

maswavlebeli struqturirebul<br />

davalebebs aZlevs moswavleebs,<br />

raTa maTi yuradReba weris<br />

garkveul aspeqtebs miapyros.<br />

4. unarebi. maswavlebeli weris<br />

process komponentebad hyofs<br />

da moswavleebs am komponentebze,<br />

yvela komponentze erTad, an<br />

cal-calke avarjiSebs.<br />

diagrama 11.8-ze mocemulia Ti­<br />

Toeuli am midgomis efeqtis sidide.<br />

diagrama 11.8-is mixedviT,<br />

mid goma, romelic `koncentrirebuli<br />

praqtikis~ saxeliTaa<br />

mox seniebuli, weris procesis<br />

aT visebisaTvis yvelaze efeqturia.<br />

am midgomis efeqtis sidide<br />

yvelaze maRalia _ 0.44. rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSneT, koncentrirebuli<br />

praqtikis dros maswavle­<br />

beli struqturirebul davalebebs<br />

aZlevs moswavleebs, raTa<br />

maTi yuradReba weris garkveul<br />

aspeqtebs miapyros. maswavlebeli<br />

moswavleebs procesis komponentebsa<br />

da qvekomponentebs warmoudgens<br />

da struqturirebuli<br />

davalebebiT swored konkretul<br />

komponentze an qvekomponentze<br />

akeTebs aqcents. magaliTad, maswavlebelma<br />

moswavleebs SeiZleba<br />

sTxovos Txzulebis momzadeba,<br />

romlis weris drosac moswavleebma<br />

yuradReba makavSirebeli<br />

frazebis efeqturad gamoyenebaze<br />

unda gaamaxvilon. sagulisxmoa,<br />

rom, hiloqsis (1986) kvlevis<br />

mixedviT, moswavleebisaTvis<br />

mxolod axsna imisa, Tu rogoria<br />

kargi naweri (midgoma, romelic<br />

`prezentaciis~ saxeliTaa moxseniebuli),<br />

yvelaze dabal Sedegebs<br />

iZleva. am midgomis efeqtis<br />

sididea 0.02. aseve, sayuradReboa,<br />

rom arc Tavisufali wera (midgoma,<br />

romelic `bunebrivi procesis~<br />

saxeliTaa moxseniebuli) gamoirCeva<br />

efeqturobiT (efeqtis<br />

sididea mxolod 0.19). da bolos,<br />

mxolod konkretul komponentebze<br />

an qvekomponentebze muSaoba

174 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

(midgoma, romelic `unarebis~ saxeliTaa<br />

moxseniebuli) warmoadgens<br />

gansakuTrebiT efeqtur sa­<br />

Sualebas. am ukanasknelis efeqtis<br />

sididea mxolod 0.17.<br />

2. maswavleblebma gansakuTrebuli<br />

yuradReba procesebis metakognitur<br />

kontrols unda miaqcion.<br />

es gulisxmobs Semadgenel<br />

unarebs Soris kompleqsur urTierTqmedebas.<br />

Sesabamisad, moswavle<br />

ara mxolod procesis Semadgeneli<br />

TiToeuli komponentis<br />

saTanado Sesrulebaze unda iyos<br />

gavarjiSebuli, aramed mas procesis<br />

Semadgeneli elementebis urTierTqmedebis<br />

kontrolic unda<br />

SeeZlos. es cneba metakognituri<br />

kontrolis saxeliTaa cnobili<br />

(ix.skardamalia da beraiteri,<br />

1985). swavlebis meTodebis Semswavleli<br />

kvlevebis analizis Sedegad,<br />

m. uangma, j. haertelma da h.<br />

uolbergma (1993) aRmoaCines, rom<br />

swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />

swavlis procesis metakognitur<br />

aspeqtebze amaxvileben yuradRebas,<br />

yvelaze maRali efeqturobiT<br />

gamoirCevian.<br />

maiql freslisa da misi ko legebis<br />

mier Catarebuli kvlevebi<br />

(ix. fresli, uoloSini da kolegebi,<br />

1995; fresli, gudCaildi,<br />

fliTi, zaiCovski da ivansi, 1989)<br />

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

ganvaviTaroT metakognituri kontroli<br />

moswavleebSi.<br />

• moswavleebs mieciT saSualeba,<br />

sxvadasxva davalebis<br />

Sesrulebisas axali strategia<br />

gamoiyenon. mieciT moswavleebs<br />

SeniSvnebi imasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor<br />

unda daxvewon strategiis<br />

gamoyenebis teqnika.<br />

• waaxaliseT moswavleebi, ganaxorcielon<br />

strategiis<br />

ga moyenebis monitoringi.<br />

• waaxaliseT moswavleebi, ganazogadon<br />

strategia da igi<br />

araordinaluri davalebebis<br />

Sesrulebisasac gamoiyenon.<br />

aseve, miaqcieT yuradReba,<br />

rom droTa ganmavlobaSi, moswavleebma<br />

aRniSnuli strategiis<br />

gamoyeneba ar Sewyviton<br />

(fresli, uoloSini da<br />

kolegebi, 1990, gv. 18).<br />

procesebi: saklaso praqtika<br />

procesebis komponentebisa da<br />

qvekomponentebis zogadi<br />

modelis warmodgena<br />

axali kompleqsuri procesis<br />

swavlis dawyebisas, moswavleebs<br />

maswavleblis mxridan dakvalianeba<br />

sWirdebaT. es daxmareba<br />

SeiZleba Sesaswavli procesis<br />

Semadgeneli komponentebisa da<br />

qvekomponentebis modelis warmodgenas<br />

gulisxmobdes. qvemoT<br />

naCvenebia, Tu rogor iyenebs aseT<br />

models maswavlebeli dawyebiTi<br />

klasis moswavleebTan:<br />

buena vistas dawyebiT skolaSi<br />

yvela dawyebiTi klasis moswavles<br />

maswavleblebi kiTxvis<br />

procesis Semdeg models uCveneben:<br />

SearCieT teqsti;<br />

gaarkvieT, ra aris cnobili/<br />

daisaxeT mizani;<br />

CamoayalibeT mniSvneloba;<br />

gamoiyeneT/asaxeT.<br />

TiToeuli fazis axali qvekomponentis<br />

swavlisas, moswav­

moswavleTaTvis sxvadasxva tipis codnis gadacema...<br />

175<br />

leebs kiTxvis mTeli procesis<br />

gadaxedvisa da Sesworebis sa­<br />

Sualeba eZlevaT. magaliTad,<br />

`mniSvnelobis CamoyalibebisaTvis~<br />

moswavleebi ikvleven<br />

mniSvnelobas, gamoTqvamen varauds<br />

da Semdeg adastureben<br />

an abaTileben mas, akeTeben<br />

daskvnebs, qmnian mentalur saxeebs,<br />

arkveven damabnevel adgilebs.<br />

buena vistas dawyebiT<br />

skolaSi maswavleblebi kiTxvis<br />

procesis models wlebis<br />

manZilze iyeneben. Sesabamisad,<br />

me-5 klasis dasrulebis Semdeg<br />

moswavleebs esmiT kiTxvis procesTan<br />

dakavSirebuli interaqtiuli<br />

komponentebis arsi da<br />

Tavisuflad arTmeven Tavs Ti­<br />

Toeul komponents.<br />

konkretul qvekomponentebze<br />

yuradRebis gamaxvileba<br />

mTliani procesis konteqstSi<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ar<br />

aris mizanSewonili, moswavleebi<br />

procesis romelime, calke aRebul<br />

qvekomponentze vavarjiSoT.<br />

aucilebelia, qvekomponentebze<br />

mTliani procesis konteqstSi imuSaon.<br />

magaliTad, kiTxvis procesSi<br />

varaudis dadasturebaze an<br />

gabaTilebaze moswavleebma kiTxvis<br />

procesis mTliani konteqstis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT unda imecadinon.<br />

aseT SemTxvevebSi, yuradRebis<br />

koncentrireba metakognituri<br />

unarebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs.<br />

qvemoT moyvanili aqtivobebi moswavleebs<br />

daexmareba, procesis<br />

romelime qvekomponentze moaxdinon<br />

koncentrireba.<br />

• daexmareT moswavles, cxadad<br />

Camoayalibos konkretuli<br />

qvekomponenti (es SeiZleba iyos<br />

garkveuli unari an strategia)<br />

es is qvekomponenti unda iyos,<br />

romelze varjiSsac moswavle momavalSic<br />

apirebs. aseve, man unda<br />

daisaxos sakuTari progresis Sefasebis<br />

naTeli kriteriumebi;<br />

• moamarageT moswavle davalebebiT,<br />

romlebic daexmareba<br />

mas, procesis SerCeul qvekomponentze<br />

(unarze an strategiaze)<br />

mTliani procesis konteqstSi<br />

ivarjiSos;<br />

• waaxaliseT moswavle, Seafasos<br />

qvekomponentze sakuTari<br />

muSaobis procesi. miawodeT moswavles<br />

Tqveni rCevebi da SeniSvnebi.<br />

ecadeT, es rCevebi da SeniSvnebi<br />

mxolod SerCeul qvekomponents<br />

exebodes, da ara procesis<br />

danarCen komponentebsa da qvekomponentebs.<br />

qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi<br />

imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba daexmaros<br />

maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

kvlevasTan dakavSirebul praqtikaSi.<br />

maswavleblebma erTad Seimu­<br />

Saves kvlevis procesis modeli,<br />

romelic sabazo da saSualo<br />

klasebis moswavleebisaTvis<br />

unda waredginaT. roca maT mierve<br />

SemuSavebul models daakvirdnen,<br />

gaocdnen im unarebisa<br />

da strategiebis simwiriT,<br />

rac moswavleebs am modelis<br />

mixedviT unda gamoeyenebinaT.<br />

sakiTxis ganxilvam saSualo<br />

skolis maswavleblebi im aRiarebamde<br />

miiyvana, rom yovelTvis<br />

eWvqveS ayenebdnen imas, Tu<br />

ramdenad kargad aswavlidnen<br />

sabazo skolis maswavleblebi<br />

kvlevis process, an saerTod<br />

aswavlidnen Tu ara mas. sa­<br />

Sualo skolis maswavleblebi

176 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

ambobdnen, rom roca kvlevis<br />

procesis axsnas iwyebdnen, moswavleebi<br />

am procesis aranair<br />

codnas ar amJRavnebdnen. axla<br />

ki cxadi xdeboda, ra iyo amis<br />

mizezi. rogorc aRmoCnda, sabazo<br />

skolaSi arasdros sTxovdnen<br />

moswavleebs, kvlevis procesTan<br />

dakavSirebul romelime<br />

konkretul unarze koncentrirebas.<br />

maswavleblebma gadawyvites,<br />

cxadad CamoeyalibebinaT kvlevis<br />

procesis Semadgeneli unarebi<br />

da strategiebi; aseve, ganesazRvraT,<br />

Tu romel klaseb­<br />

Si unda eswavlebinaT es unarebi<br />

da strategiebi. maswavleblebma<br />

gaakeTes SeniSvnebis furceli,<br />

romelsac sxvadasxva klasis<br />

moswavleebisaTvis SeniSvnebisa<br />

da rCevebis misacemad gamoiyenebdnen.<br />

am furcelze datanili<br />

iyo kvlevis procesis komponentebi<br />

iseve, rogorc qvekomponenti<br />

unarebisa da strategiebis<br />

nusxa. am furcelze Ti­<br />

Toeuli klasisaTvis moniSnuli<br />

iyo is unarebi da stategiebi,<br />

romelic uSualod maTTvis<br />

unda eswavlebinaT. magaliTad,<br />

me-7 klasis moswavleebisaTvis<br />

sayuradRebo qvekomponenti internetidan<br />

mopovebuli informaciis<br />

Sefaseba da informaciis<br />

wyaros xarisxis dadgena<br />

iyo. me-10 klasis moswavleTaTvis<br />

ki, mTavari qvekomponenti<br />

Tezisis Camoyalibeba da kvlevis<br />

Temis dakonkreteba iyo.<br />

am SeniSvnebis furclis dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg maswavleblebs<br />

imedi miecaT, rom SeZlebdnen<br />

moswavleTa ufro efeqtur<br />

xelSewyobasa da kvlevis procesTan<br />

dakavSirebuli unarebisa<br />

da strategiebis ukeT ganviTarebas.<br />

* * *<br />

am TavSi ganvixileT xuTi tipis<br />

codnis swavlebis meTodi, esenia:<br />

sityvaTa maragi da frazebi;<br />

detalebi; ideaTa mowesrigeba;<br />

unarebi da taqtika; procesebi.<br />

swavlebis procesis dagegmvisas<br />

am xuTi tipis meTodis gamoyeneba<br />

swavlis efeqturobas uzrunvelyofs.

12<br />

saswavlo<br />

procesis dagegmvis<br />

cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />

informacia kvlevebisa da praqtikuli<br />

muSaobis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />

am wignis me-2 _ me-11 Taveb­<br />

Si iyo warmodgenili, namdvilad<br />

moaxdens gavlenas maswavleblebis<br />

mier swavlebis procesis dagegmvaze.<br />

modiT, kidev erTxel<br />

gadavxedoT swavlebis im cxra me­<br />

Tods, romelic yvelaze did gavlenas<br />

axdens moswavleTa akademiuri<br />

moswrebis gaumjobesebaze:<br />

tarebis gakeTeba<br />

• hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da<br />

gamocda<br />

• miniSnebebi, SekiTxvebi da<br />

winmswrebi aqtivobebi<br />

imisaTvis, rom am wignSi warmodgenili<br />

meTodebi maswavleblebma<br />

ukeT gamoiyenon, aucilebelia,<br />

yoveli axali Tema Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT<br />

dagegmon:<br />

• msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis<br />

gamovlena<br />

• Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba<br />

• moswavlis Zalisxmevis ga­<br />

Zliereba da misi warmatebis aRiareba<br />

• saSinao davaleba da praqtika<br />

• informaciis miwodebis aralingvisturi<br />

xerxebi<br />

• TanamSromlobiTi swavla<br />

• miznebis dasaxva da komen­<br />

177<br />

• swavlis miznebi Temis swavlebis<br />

dasawyisSi davsaxoT;<br />

• Temis swavlebis procesSi gamoviyenoT<br />

meTodebi Semdegi<br />

amo canebis Sesasruleblad:<br />

- swavlis miznebis miRwevis<br />

Se faseba;<br />

- axali codnis Semotana;<br />

- codnaze varjiSi, gameoreba/gadaxedva;<br />

codnis gamoyeneba.<br />

• Temis swavlebis dasrulebisas<br />

gamoviyenoT meTodebi, rom­

178 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

lebic moswavleebs daexmareba,<br />

Seafason, Tu rogor miaRwies<br />

dasawyisSi dasaxul swavlis<br />

miznebs.<br />

am TavSi gamoyenebuli iqneba magaliTi<br />

amindis Temaze. am magali­<br />

Tis gamoyenebiT, vecdebiT, Tanmimdevrulad,<br />

zemoT aRwerili<br />

mo delis mixedviT warmogidginoT<br />

Temis swavlebis dagegmvis procesi.<br />

* * *<br />

axali Temis swavlebis dasawyisi<br />

qalbatoni beqeri me-6 klasis<br />

moswavleebs amindis Temas uxsnida.<br />

rodesac maswavlebeli am<br />

Temis swavlebis process gegmavda,<br />

is, pirvel rigSi, im strategiebze<br />

dafiqrda, romlebic<br />

swavlis miznebis identifikaciasa<br />

da komunikacias ukavSirdeboda.<br />

diagrama12.1-ze warmodgenilia is<br />

strategiebi, rac qalbatonma beqerma<br />

ganixila.<br />

roca maswavlebelma me-6 klasis<br />

moswavleebTan axali Tema<br />

Seitana, pirvel rigSi, swored<br />

swavlis miznebis Camoyalibebaze<br />

gaamaxvila maTi yuradReba. qalbatonma<br />

beqerma moswavleTa swavlis<br />

miznebi saswavlo gegmis, saxelmZ­<br />

Rvanelosa da meeqvseklaselTa interesebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT Camoayaliba.<br />

maswavlebelma gadawyvita,<br />

interdisciplinuri miznebic<br />

Caewera. Sesabamisad, swavlis oTxi<br />

mizani mecnierebas, erTi geografias<br />

da erTi literaturas ukav­<br />

Sirdeboda.<br />

diagrama 12.1<br />

swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />

axali Temis dasawyisSi<br />

SegviZlia gamoviyenoT<br />

swavlis miznebis dasaxva<br />

1. naTlad gansazRvreT, ras gulisxmobs<br />

swavlis miznebi (ix.<br />

me-8 Tavi);<br />

2. mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba,<br />

Tavad Camoayalibon da<br />

CainiSnon sakuTari swavlis<br />

miznebi (ix. me-8 Tavi).<br />

qalbatonma beqerma swavlis<br />

miznebi yvela moswavles dauriga.<br />

yvela mizani iwyeboda nacvalsaxeliT<br />

`me~, raTa moswavleebs<br />

ufro pirovnul doneze aReqvaT<br />

es miznebi (ix. diagrama 12.2).maswavlebelma<br />

saSualeba misca maT,<br />

Tavad gacnobodnen swavlis miznebs;<br />

Semdeg ki mokled aRuwera<br />

TiToeuli mizani.<br />

aseve, qalbatonma beqerma moswavleebs<br />

sTxova, CamoeyalibebinaT<br />

sakuTari, swavlis individualuri<br />

miznebi. moswavleebma jer<br />

maswavleblis mier momzadebuli<br />

swavlis miznebi ganixiles, Semdeg<br />

ki Seecadnen, isini sakuTari interesebis<br />

mixedviT daekonkretebinaT.<br />

qalbatonma beqerma mouwoda<br />

maT, erT-erT miznad swavlis<br />

unarebis ganviTareba daesaxaT. am<br />

ori tipis swavlis miznebis sailustraciod,<br />

qalbatonma beqerma<br />

Semdegi magaliTebi moiyvana:<br />

swavlis individualuri miznebi:<br />

individualuri mizani 1: me<br />

vecdebi, meti gavigo Tbili dinebis

saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />

179<br />

diagrama 12.2<br />

axal TemasTan dakavSirebuli swavlebis miznebi: amindis Zala<br />

am Temis dasrulebis Semdeg, me mivaRwev swavlis Semdeg miznebs:<br />

swavlis mizani 1: mecniereba<br />

me mecodineba ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic aminds ukavSirdeba, maT<br />

Soris:<br />

haeris masa naleqianoba barometri<br />

atmosfero aorTqleba sinotive<br />

qariSxali tornado Tavsxma<br />

haeris wneva<br />

swavlis mizani 2: mecniereba<br />

gaviazreb, Tu rogor moZraobs haeris masebi okeaneebisa da miwebis<br />

gavliT da rogor iqceva Tavsxmad, tornadod da qariSxlad.<br />

swavlis mizani 3: mecniereba<br />

mecodineba, ra tipis Rrublebi arsebobs, rogor iqmneba Rrubeli da<br />

rogor amindis ukavSirdebian Rrublebi.<br />

swavlis mizani 4: mecniereba<br />

SevZleb barometrisa da Termometris gamoyenebiT amindis Sesaxeb<br />

informaciis Segrovebas, analizsa da interpretacias.<br />

swavlis mizani 5: geografia<br />

mecodineba, ra gavlenas axdens amindi adamianebis qcevasa da istoriuli<br />

movlenebis ganviTarebaze.<br />

swavlis mizani 6: mxatvruli literatura<br />

gaviazreb, Tu ra gavlenas axdens amindi nawarmoebis siuJetze.<br />

swavlis piradi miznebi:<br />

am Temis swavla saSualebas momcems:<br />

Sesaxeb da davadgino, ra gavlenas<br />

axdens is im adgilze, sadac me vcxovrob.<br />

yvela Tbil dinebaze laparakobs<br />

da me ar mesmis, raSi mdgomareobs<br />

misi gavlena.<br />

individualuri mizani 2: me ufro<br />

mets gavigeb tornadoebis mier miyenebuli<br />

zaralis Sesaxeb. me meCveneba,<br />

rom tornadosa da qariSxlis mier<br />

gamowveuli zarali gansxvavebulia.<br />

me erT mxatvrul filmSi vnaxe tornado<br />

da mas Semdeg mainteresebs, meti<br />

gavigo am bunebriv movlenaze.<br />

qalabtonma beqerma moswavleebs<br />

sakmarisi dro misca saimisod,<br />

rom maT swavlis individu­

180 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

aluri miznebi rveulSi CamoeweraT.<br />

Semdeg maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />

sTxova, dawyvilebuliyvnen<br />

da:<br />

• swavlis individualuri miznebi<br />

mewyvilesTvis gaeziarebinaT;<br />

• emsjelaT im gzebze, romelic<br />

saSualebas miscemdaT, swavlis<br />

am individualuri miznebisaTvis<br />

mieRwiaT.<br />

rodesac qalbatoni beqeri<br />

amindis Temis swavlebas gegmavda,<br />

man im potenciur xelisSemSlel<br />

faqtorebzec ifiqra, rasac Sei­<br />

Zleboda moswavleebi miznebis<br />

dasaxvisa Tu maTi miRwevis procesSi<br />

daebrkolebina. maswavlebelma<br />

icoda, rom manamde me-6<br />

klaselebi amindis Temis mimarT<br />

did interess ar iCendnen. moswavleebis<br />

dainteresebis mizniT,<br />

qalbatonma beqerma gadawyvita,<br />

mTavari aqcenti gaekeTebina imaze,<br />

Tu ra gavlenas axdens amindi adamianebze<br />

_ Tavad bavSvebis cxovrebaze,<br />

istoriul movlenebze,<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebebis personaJTa<br />

bedze. maswavlebels surda,<br />

es Tema dasawyisSive wamoewia. Sesabamisad,<br />

Semdegi davaleba misca<br />

moswavleebs:<br />

1. gaixseneT Tqveni cxovrebidan<br />

movlena, romelzec gavlena<br />

moaxdina amindma. mokled<br />

CainiSneT rveulSi, Tu ra<br />

moxda da ra gavlena hqonda<br />

am bunebriv movlenas Tqvenze<br />

da Tqven garSemo myof adamianebze.<br />

moemzadeT imisaTvis,<br />

rom Tqveni Tavgadasavali<br />

gagviziaroT.<br />

2. hkiTxeT ramdenime adamians,<br />

gaixseneben Tu ara maTi<br />

cxovrebidan rame movlenas,<br />

romelzec garkveuli zegavlena<br />

moaxdina amindma. es adamianebi<br />

SeiZleba Tqveni mSoblebi,<br />

bebia-babua an megobrebi<br />

iyvnen. magaliTad, me myavs megobari,<br />

romelic Tavis momaval<br />

meuRles aeroportSi Sexvda,<br />

sadac, cudi amindis gamo,<br />

garkveul xans mocda mouwia.<br />

mas rom aeroportSi lodini ar<br />

dasWirveboda, SeiZleba Tavis<br />

momaval meuRles verasodes<br />

Sexvedroda. moemzadeT imisaTvis,<br />

rom Tqven mier Segrovili<br />

saintereso ambebi gagviziaroT.<br />

Temis Seswavlis periodSi<br />

Temis Seswavlis periodSi qalbatonma<br />

beqerma gamoiyena swavlebis<br />

meTodebi, romlebic swavlis miznebis<br />

monitorings, klasSi axali<br />

codnis Semotanas, varjiSs, gameorebasa<br />

da codnis gamoyenebas<br />

ukavSirdeboda.<br />

swavlis miznebis monitoringi<br />

diagrama 12.3-ze warmodgenilia<br />

is strategiebi, romelTa<br />

daxmarebiTac qalbatoni beqeris<br />

moswavleebs swavlis miznebis monitoringi<br />

unda ganexorcielebinaT.<br />

moswavleebi swavlobdnen axal<br />

masalas, qalbatoni beqeri ki exmareboda<br />

maT imis monitoringSi,<br />

Tu rogor aRwevdnen dasaxul<br />

miznebs. ufro metic, maswavlebeli<br />

sTxovda moswavleebs, im<br />

Zalisxmevis monitoringic ewarmoebinaT,<br />

rasac davalebebis SesrulebaSi<br />

debdnen.

saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />

181<br />

diagrama 12.3<br />

swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />

axali Temis swavlebis periodSi<br />

SegviZlia gamoviyenoT<br />

swavlis miznebis monitoringi<br />

1. mudmivad miawodeT moswavleebs<br />

SeniSvnebi da komentarebi;<br />

daexmareT, Seafason saku­<br />

Tari progresi swavlis miznebis<br />

miRwevisaken mimaval gzaze<br />

(ix. me-8 Tavi);<br />

2. sTxoveT moswavleebs, CainiSnon<br />

miRwevebi da warumateblobis<br />

SemTxvevebi; aseve, CainiSnon,<br />

ra Zalisxmevis gaReba<br />

uwevT am miznebis misaRwevad<br />

(ix. me-4 Tavi);<br />

3. drodadro waaxaliseT moswavleebi<br />

swavlis miznebis miRwevisaken<br />

(ix. me-4 Tavi).<br />

qalbatoni beqeri moswavleebs<br />

avalebda, ewarmoebinaT specialuri<br />

dRiuri, saxelwodebiT _<br />

`Cemi swavla~. am TemasTan dakav­<br />

SirebiT, maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />

dRiurSi ramdenime gverdi<br />

gamoayofina da sTxova, CaeniSnaT,<br />

Tu rogor aRwevdnen swavlis individualur<br />

da saerTo miznebs.<br />

moswavleebs sakuTari Tavi oTxdonian<br />

skalaze imis mixedviT<br />

unda SeefasebinaT, Tu rogor aRwevdnen<br />

miznebs da ra Zalisxmevas<br />

debdnen miznis misaRwevad gaweul<br />

muSaobaSi. da bolos, mokled<br />

unda aReweraT warmatebuli praqtikac<br />

da daSvebuli Secdomebic,<br />

romelTa gamosworebasac miznis<br />

miRwevisaken swrafvis periodSi<br />

aucileblad miiCnevdnen.<br />

qalbatonma beqerma TiToeul<br />

moswavlesTan ganixila TviTSefasebis<br />

rubrikebi, rac maT daexmarebodaT<br />

rogorc miznis miRwevis,<br />

aseve samuSaoSi Cadebuli<br />

Zalisxmevis SefasebaSi. TviTSefasebis<br />

rubrikebi, romlebic<br />

yvela moswvalisaTvis erTnairi<br />

iyo, TviTSefasebis Tanmimdevrulobas<br />

uzrunvelyofda. maswavlebelma,<br />

TviTSefasebis rubrikebis<br />

momzadebisas, gaiTvaliswina, rom<br />

SesaZloa moswavleebs rubrika­<br />

Si mciredi koreqtivebis Setanis<br />

survili gasCenodaT. Sesabamisad,<br />

TiToeuli rubrikis gaswvriv,<br />

qalbatonma beqerma carieli adgilebi<br />

datova. Temis Seswavlis<br />

Semdeg moswavleebs maswavleblisaTvis<br />

rogorc dRiurebi, ise<br />

TviTSefasebis furclebi unda<br />

CaebarebinaT. moswavleebi dRiurs<br />

an klasSi, an saxlSi, rogorc<br />

saSinao davalebas, ise avsebdnen.<br />

qalbatoni beqeri yoveli<br />

gakveTilis dasawyisSi an bolos<br />

gamoyofda dros dRiurSi gakeTebuli<br />

Canawerebis gansaxilvelad.<br />

moswavleebi mcire jgufebad er­<br />

Tiandebodnen da am Canawerebs ise<br />

ganixilavdnen. qalbatoni beqeri<br />

mouwodebda, rom jgufSi muSaoba<br />

gamoeyenebinaT, rogorc SesaZlebloba,<br />

raTa aexsnaT gaurkveveli<br />

sakiTxebi, miecaT erTmaneTisaTvis<br />

rCevebi da erTmaneTi warmatebis<br />

miRwevisken waexalisebinaT.<br />

klasSi axali masalis Semotana<br />

axali Temis swavlebis procesis<br />

dagegmvisas, qalbatonma<br />

beqerma erTmaneTisagan gamijna<br />

ori procesi: a. rogor warmoudgenda<br />

axal masalas moswavleebs.

182 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

b. rogor daexmareboda maT varjiSSi,<br />

gameorebasa da codnis<br />

gamoyenebaSi. diagrama 12.4-ze<br />

warmodgenilia is strategiebi,<br />

romelTa daxmarebiTac qalbatoni<br />

beqeri moswavleebisaTvis axali<br />

masalis miwodebas gegmavda.<br />

qalbatoni beqeri iyenebda<br />

iseT aqtivobebs, romlebic gulisxmobda<br />

rogorc TanamSromlobiTi<br />

swavlis jgufebis, iseve<br />

individualuri muSaobis waxalisebas.<br />

yoveli axali qveTemis<br />

Semotanis win, maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

jgufebSi amuSavebda;<br />

maT unda CamoeyalibebinaT, Tu<br />

ra icodnen, an fiqrobdnen, rom<br />

icodnen am qveTemis Sesaxeb. aseve,<br />

moswavleebs unda SeejerebinaT<br />

azrebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu konkretulad<br />

risi swavlis molodini hqondaT.<br />

TiToeul jgufs SerCeuli<br />

hyavda erTi moswavle, romelic<br />

am ideebs rveulSi iniSnavda.<br />

Semdeg iwyeboda individualuri<br />

swavlis periodi, romelic<br />

kvlav jgufuri muSaobiT sruldeboda.<br />

jgufebi axla SeZenil da<br />

winare codnas adarebdnen. aseve.<br />

adarebdnen axladmiRebul codnas<br />

manamde arsebul molodinebTan.<br />

qalbatoni beqeri jgufebis mosmenas<br />

yovel gakveTilze aswrebda,<br />

maTgan miRebuli informaciis<br />

safuZvelze cvlida momavali<br />

gakveTilebis gegmebs da afasebda,<br />

ra Seiswavles moswavleebma.<br />

yoveli axali qveTemis Semotanis<br />

dros, maswavlebeli moswavleebs<br />

sTxovda, gadaeSalaT<br />

TavianTi dRiurebi da axali informacia<br />

im formiT gamoesaxaT,<br />

rogorc diagrama 12. 5-zea mocediagrama<br />

12.4<br />

swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />

axali Temis swavlebis periodSi<br />

SegviZlia gamoviyenoT<br />

klasSi axali masalis Semotana<br />

1. daexmareT moswavleebs,<br />

gaixsenon da Camoayalibon, ra<br />

ician am TemasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

(ix. me-10 Tavi);<br />

2. winaswar miawodeT moswavleebs<br />

am Temaze fiqris gzebi<br />

(ix. me-10 Tavi);<br />

3. sTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />

erT maneTs Seudaron TemasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli siaxleebi da<br />

maT Tvis ukve cnobili informacia<br />

(ix. me-2 Tavi);<br />

4. gaakeTebineT da mudmivad<br />

ganaaxlebineT moswavleebs<br />

Canawerebi TemasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

codnis Sesaxeb (ix. me-3<br />

Tavi);<br />

5. daexmareT moswavleebs,<br />

gamoiyenon informaciis miwodebis<br />

aralingvisturi xerxebi;<br />

waaxaliseT isini informaciis<br />

erTmaneTSi gacvlisaken (ix.<br />

me-6 Tavi);<br />

6. sTxoveT moswavleebs, xan<br />

individualurad, xan ki Tanam­<br />

SromlobiT jufSi imuSaon(ix.<br />

me-7 Tavi).<br />

muli. axali qveTemebi maswavlebels<br />

xan filmis, xan axali teqstis,<br />

xan ki jgufuri diskusiis<br />

saSualebiT Semohqonda.<br />

rogorc diagrama 12.5-ze Cans,<br />

marcxena mxares moswavleebi Canawerebs<br />

im formatis gamoyenebiT<br />

aTavsebdnen, rac qalbatonma beqerma<br />

aswavla maT (ix. diagrama 3.15<br />

da Canawerebis gakeTebis teqnika

saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />

183<br />

diagrama 12.5<br />

rogori SeiZleba iyos moswavlis samuSao rveuli<br />

tornado<br />

yoveldRiuri cxovreba<br />

roca Tbili, notio<br />

haeri mSral,<br />

civ haers xvdeba,<br />

warmoiqmneba Tavsxma<br />

da Weqa-quxili;<br />

Tbili,<br />

notio<br />

haeri<br />

civi,<br />

mSrali<br />

haeri<br />

gafrTxileba<br />

rodesac Tbili haeris<br />

nakadi adis zemoT,<br />

Rrublebs formas<br />

ucvlis<br />

Tavsxma<br />

Weqa - quxili<br />

me-3 TavSi). es formati moicavda<br />

rogorc sityvier Canawerebs, ise<br />

grafikul gamosaxulebebs. marjvena<br />

mxares ki moswavleebi im<br />

movlenis Sedegebis demonstrirebisaTvis<br />

iyenebdnen, rac marcxena<br />

mxares iyo aRwerili. es demonstrireba<br />

SeiZleba verbaluri an<br />

grafikuli yofiliyo. dRiuris<br />

aseTi dayofa moswavleebs saSualebas<br />

aZlevda, aqcenti Ziri­<br />

Tad sakiTxze gaekeTebinaT: ra<br />

gavlenas axdens amindi adamianTa<br />

cxovrebaze. moswavleebs saSualeba<br />

hqondaT, Tavad moefiqrebinaT<br />

situacia, romelic asaxavda<br />

konkretuli bunebrivi movlenis<br />

gavlenas adamianis cxovrebaze<br />

(magaliTad, `CaiSala pikniki~).<br />

aseve, moswavleebs SeeZloT, marjvena<br />

mxares aReweraT is realuri,<br />

an mxatvruli nawarmoebidan<br />

moxmobili movlena, romelic<br />

maTTvis iyo cnobili.<br />

varjiSi, gameoreba da codnis<br />

gamoyeneba<br />

diagrama 12.6-ze warmodgenilia<br />

is strategiebi, romelTa<br />

daxmarebiTac gegmavda qalbatoni<br />

beqeri moswavleebis xelSewyobas<br />

varjiSSi, gameorebasa da codnis<br />

gamoyenebaSi.<br />

moswavleebisaTvis miwodebuli<br />

masalis tipis mixedviT, qalbatoni<br />

beqeri meeqvseklaselebs<br />

sxvadasxva saxis saSinao davalebas<br />

aZlevda. qvemoT moyvanilia<br />

ori saxis saSinao davaleba, romlebic<br />

maswavlebelma moswavleebs<br />

gameorebisa da varjiSis mizniT<br />

misca:<br />

• axali leqsikuri erTeulebis<br />

Semotanis Semdeg, moswavleebs<br />

yoveli axali sityva<br />

am Temaze arsebuli sityvebis<br />

nusxisaTvis unda daematebinaT.<br />

moswavleebs am proceSi<br />

gakveTilze naswavlTan erTad,<br />

sakuTari gamocdileba da ra­

184 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

diagrama 12.6<br />

swavlebis meTodebi,<br />

romlebic axali Temis swavlebis<br />

periodSi SegviZlia<br />

gamoviyenoT<br />

varjiSi, gameoreba da codnis<br />

gamoyeneba<br />

1. mieciT moswavleebs iseTi<br />

saSinao davaleba, romelic maT<br />

saSualebas aZlevs, ivarjiSon,<br />

gaimeoron da gamoiyenon codna.<br />

gaiTvaliswineT, rom aucilebelia<br />

saSinao davalebis<br />

gasworeba da moswavleTaTvis<br />

konkretuli komentarebisa da<br />

SeniSvnebis miwodeba (ix. me-5<br />

Tavi);<br />

2. CarTeT moswavleebi grZelvadian<br />

proeqtebSi, romle bic<br />

hipoTezis Camoyalibebasa da<br />

ga mocdas iTvaliswinebs (ix.<br />

me-9 Tavi);<br />

3. mosTxoveT moswavleebs,<br />

axladSeZenili codna lingvisturi<br />

da aralingvisturi formebiT<br />

warmoadginon, rac maT<br />

axali masalis ukeT gagebaSi<br />

daexmarebaT (ix. me-3 da me-6<br />

Tavebi).<br />

modenime veb-gverdidan miRebuli<br />

informacia unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT.<br />

am veb-gverdebis<br />

misamarTebi maT Tavad<br />

qalbatonma beqerma miawoda.<br />

ufro zustad rom avxsnaT,<br />

TiToeul axal leqsikur er­<br />

TeulTan dakavSirebiT, moswavleebs<br />

Semdegi informacia unda<br />

moeyvanaT: sakuTari sityvebiT<br />

ganemartaT es leqsikuri er­<br />

Teuli, SeeqmnaT misi grafikuli<br />

gamosaxuleba an am sityvis<br />

amsaxveli suraTi da CamoeweraT<br />

sxva sityvebi, romlebic<br />

am leqsikur erTeuls ukav­<br />

Sirdeboda. TiToeul sityvas<br />

moswavleebi, daaxloebiT, naxevar<br />

gverds uTmobdnen; axali<br />

leqsikuri erTeulebisaTvis<br />

rveulebSi specialuri adgili<br />

hqondaT gamoyofili.<br />

• barometris gamoyenebis<br />

wesebis gacnobis Semdeg, qalbatonma<br />

beqerma moswavleebs<br />

dauriga furclebi, romlebzec<br />

xuTi sxvadasxva tipis<br />

barometri iyo gamosaxuli. moswavleebi<br />

saxlSi barometris<br />

xuTive tips da maTi kiTxvis<br />

Taviseburebebs gaecnen. meore<br />

dRes maT TavianTi mosazrebebi<br />

klaselebs gauziares. qalbatonma<br />

beqerma moswavleebs jer<br />

jgufebSi muSaobis saSualeba<br />

misca, Semdeg ki Tavad auxsna<br />

TiToeuli barometris swori<br />

wakiTxvis wesebi. am informaciis<br />

mosmenis Semdeg moswavleebi<br />

kvlav jgufebad daiyvnen da<br />

axal WrilSi gaaanalizes saku­<br />

Tari Sexedulebebi, barometrze<br />

gamosaxuli informaciis kiTxvasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT.<br />

qalbatoni beqeri moswavleebs<br />

sTxovda, Sesrulebuli saSinao<br />

davaleba merxebze daelagebinaT.<br />

maswavlebeli yovelTvis amowmebda<br />

saSinao davalebas, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, bavSvebi individualurad<br />

asrulebdnen mas, Tu jgufebSi.<br />

davalebis Semowmebis Semdeg,<br />

maswavlebeli moswavlis namuSevars<br />

akravda ferad furcels,<br />

romelzec Sefasebis oTxdoniani<br />

skala iyo gamosaxuli. davalebis<br />

Sefasebisas, qalbatoni beqeri<br />

amowmebda, ramdenad Rrmad da<br />

sworad esmoda moswavles Tema.<br />

aseve, miuTiTebda im ZiriTad<br />

xarvezebze, rac davalebaSi SeimCneoda.<br />

maswavlebeli davalebas an<br />

klasSive, an gakveTilebis Semdeg<br />

amowmebda.

saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />

185<br />

qalbaton beqers surda, moswavleebs<br />

gamoeyenebinaT SeZenili<br />

codna amindis movlenebisa da adamianTa<br />

cxovrebaze maTi zegavlenis<br />

Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, man moifiqra<br />

ramdenime grZelvadiani proeqti,<br />

romelTa Sesrulebac moswavleebs<br />

am codnis gamoyenebis saSualebas<br />

miscemda. qvemoT moyvanilia qalbatoni<br />

beqeris ramdenime idea:<br />

1. warmosaxviTi warsuli<br />

movlenis gamoZieba. warmoidgineT<br />

romelime movlena warsulidan.<br />

es SeiZleba iyos romelime<br />

cnobili istoriuli, an Tqvens<br />

cxovrebaSi momxdari movlena.<br />

axla dafiqrdiT, rogor ganviTardeboda<br />

es movlena, sxvanairi<br />

amindi rom yofiliyo.<br />

aRwereT amindi, romlebic win<br />

uswrebda SerCeul movlenas.<br />

axla warmoidgneT, rom am movlenas<br />

sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

Cven vapirebT Tqven mier SeZenili,<br />

amindTan da istoriasTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli codna gavaerTianoT da<br />

SevqmnaT axali profesia, romelsac<br />

SeiZleba`istorikos-meteorologi~<br />

vuwodoT.<br />

SearCieT gakveTilze naswavli<br />

erT-erTi istoriuli movlena,<br />

romelic sul sxvagvarad dasruldeboda,<br />

sxvanairi amindi rom yofiliyo.<br />

warmoadgineT am istoriuli<br />

movlenis mokle zepiri an werilobiTi<br />

aRwera. aRweris procesSi<br />

gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tqven istorikosic<br />

xarT da meteorologic<br />

(anu `istorikos-meteorologi~,<br />

rogorc dasawyisSi SevTanxmdiT).<br />

aRweris momzadebisas warmoidgineT,<br />

rom am angariSiT saRamos axal<br />

ambebSi unda gamoxvideT. Sesabamisad,<br />

ecadeT, yvela teqnikuri termini<br />

sworad ixmaroT.<br />

SegiZliaT, aRweroT titanikis<br />

okeaneSi gasvlis dRe, rogorc<br />

`mSve nieri, mowmendili dRe, maRali<br />

wneva igrZnoboda, caze Rrublebi<br />

ar Canda. okeaneSi gasvlis Semdeg<br />

nel-nela gamoCnda ramodenime<br />

Rrubeli. TandaTanobiT Tbili<br />

haeris nakadi civi haeris nakads<br />

Seerwya.~ SegiZliaT Txroba am sityvebiT<br />

daasruloT: `titanikis<br />

kapitans uTqvams, is konkretuli<br />

Rrubeli rom ara, SesaZloa zRvaSi<br />

diagrama 12. 7<br />

sanimuSo grZelvadiani proeqti<br />

ra moxdeboda, rom ...<br />

aisbergs SevjaxebodiT. es namdvili<br />

tragedia iqneboda~.<br />

`istorikos-meteorologis~<br />

pro fesiis nacvlad, Tqven SeiZleba<br />

`literator-meteorologis~ profesia<br />

airCioT. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi aRweril ambavze<br />

mogiwevT muSaoba. SecvaleT<br />

SerCeul nawarmoebSi aRwerili<br />

amindida teqnikuri terminologiis<br />

gamoyenebiT isaubreT masze. aRwereT,<br />

ra moxdeboda, amindi ase rom<br />

Secvliliyo, ra gavlenas moaxdenda<br />

nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul siuJetze<br />

sxvagvari amindi (idea: ra moxdeboda<br />

... moulodnelad amovardnili<br />

qariSxlis gamo konkias rom wveulebamde<br />

ver mieRwia )<br />

es aqtivoba gulisxmobs warsul­<br />

Si momxdari warmosaxviTi movlenis<br />

gamoZiebas. Tqven unda SeZloT<br />

amindis movlenebis Sesaxeb miRebuli<br />

codnis gamoyeneba da es codna<br />

konkretul situacias miusadagoT.<br />

Sefaseba ki, SesaZlebelia Semdegi<br />

elementebis mixedviT:<br />

• ramdenad kargad iyenebT<br />

gamoZiebis unarebs warmosaxviTi<br />

movlenis aRwerisas;<br />

• ramdenad kargad iyenebT<br />

amindis ama Tu im movlenis<br />

gamomwvevi mizezebis codnas.

186 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

amindi daemTxva, rogor Seicvleboda<br />

igi SegiZliaT, igive<br />

gaakeToT mxatvruli nawarmoebidan<br />

aRebul romelime movlenasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT.<br />

2. gadawyvetilebis miReba.<br />

Cven gvsmenia me-20 saukunis<br />

yvelaze Zlieri qariSxlebis<br />

Sesaxeb. mecnierebs me-20 saukunis<br />

yvelaze Zlieri qariSxlis<br />

dasaxeleba rom mosTxovon,<br />

romel qariSxals Sear­<br />

Cevdnen isini moamzadeT gadawyvetilebis<br />

matrica, raTa<br />

yvelaze Zlieri qariSxali<br />

SearCioT. gamoiyeneT kriteriumebi,<br />

romlebic ukavSirdebarogorc<br />

qariSxlis zegavlenas<br />

adamianebis cxovrebaze,<br />

aseve qariSxlebis samecniero<br />

maxasiaTeblebs. mas Semdeg,<br />

rac Tqven `saukunis qariSxals~<br />

SearCevT, Cven vestumrebiT vebgverds,<br />

romelzec mecnierebis<br />

mier SerCeuli qariSxalia<br />

mocemuli da Tqvensa da mecnierebis<br />

gadawyvetilebebs SevadarebT.<br />

3. sistemis analizi. SearCieT<br />

bunebis nebismieri movlena.<br />

daadgineT, ra gavlena hqonda<br />

bunebis am movlenis romelime<br />

elements amave movlenis sxva<br />

elementebze (magaliTad, Segi­<br />

ZliaT, isaubroT, Tu ra gavlena<br />

hqonda temperaturas haeris<br />

tenianobaze, ramac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, zegavlena moaxdina sxva<br />

elementze da a.S.). Semdeg SecvaleT<br />

am movlenis maxasiaTebeli<br />

romelime elementi da aRwereT,<br />

ra cvlilebas moaxdens es<br />

sxva elementebze. SegiZliaT<br />

ase gaagrZeloT, cvaloT sxvadasxva<br />

elementi da cvlilebebis<br />

zegavlenas daakvirdeT.<br />

am sami variantis gaanalizebis<br />

Semdeg, qalbatonma beqerma Sear­<br />

Cia erT-erTi maTgani da srulyofil<br />

proeqtad aqcia. es proeqti<br />

gamosaxulia diagrama 12.7-ze.<br />

Temis swavlebis dasasruli<br />

qalbatoni beqeri didxans fiqrobda,<br />

Tu rogor daesrulebina Tema<br />

ise, rom es dasasruli yvela moswavlisaTvis<br />

maqsimalurad sasargeblo<br />

yofiliyo. diagrama<br />

12. 8-ze mocemulia is ramdenime<br />

strategia, romelic qalbatonma<br />

beqerma amindis Temis dasrulebisas<br />

Camoayaliba.<br />

qalbatoni beqeri did mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebda moswavleebisaTvis<br />

komentarebisa da SeniSvnebis<br />

miwodebas. is arasodes<br />

agvianebda davalebebis Sesworebas<br />

da yovelTvis uwerda an zepirad<br />

uziarebda moswavleebs sa­<br />

Tanado rCevebsa da SeniSvnebs.<br />

rodesac Temas an grZelvadian<br />

proeqts amTavrebdnen, TiToeul<br />

moswavlesTan qalbatoni beqeri<br />

yovelTvis individualur Sexvedras<br />

niSnavda. amis gakeTeba<br />

sakmaod rTuli iyo, Tundac<br />

drois ukmarisobis gamo. maswavlebelma<br />

SeniSna, rom werilobiT<br />

micemul SeniSvnebs moswavleebi<br />

xSirad gulisyuriT ar ecnobodnen;<br />

maTi umravlesoba mxolod<br />

niSans daxedavda da maswavleblis<br />

mier momzadebul rCevebsa<br />

da komentarebs arc ki kiTxulobda.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom<br />

qalbatoni beqerisaTvis komentarebisa<br />

da SeniSvnebis gakeTeba<br />

efeqturi swavlebis ganuyofel<br />

nawils warmoadgenda, man moZebna<br />

gamosavali. maswavlebelma moipova<br />

specialuri granti, riTac<br />

audio-Camwerebi da yursasmenebi<br />

SeiZina.

saswavlo procesis dagegmvis cxra kategoriis gamoyeneba<br />

187<br />

diagrama 12. 8<br />

swavlebis meTodebi, romlebic<br />

Temis dasrulebisas<br />

SeiZleba gamoiyenoT<br />

davexmaroT moswavleebs,<br />

gansazRvron, Tu rogor<br />

miaRwies swavlis miznebs<br />

1.SeafaseT, Tu rogor miaRwia<br />

TiToeulma moswavlem swavlis<br />

dasaxul miznebs (ix. me-4<br />

da me-8 Tavebi);<br />

2. mieciT moswavleebs sa­<br />

Sualeba, Tavad Seafason, Tu<br />

rogor miaRwies dasaxul miznebs;<br />

SeadareT Tqveni da moswavlis<br />

Sefasebebi (ix. me-4 da<br />

me-8 Tavebi);<br />

3. mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba,<br />

axsnan, ra iswavles Temisa<br />

da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc<br />

axali masalis amTviseblis, Sesaxeb<br />

(ix. me-4 da me-8 Tavebi).<br />

saswavlo dRiurebi<br />

qalbatonma beqerma mosTxova<br />

yvela moswavles, saswavlo dRiuris<br />

bolo gverdze gamoeyoT<br />

furceli, romelzec swavlis<br />

zogadi da individualuri miznebis<br />

miRwevis Sedegebs aRwerdnen.<br />

saswavlo dRiuris am bolo<br />

gverdze maswavleblis SefasebisTvisac<br />

rCeboda adgili. Sesabamisad,<br />

TiToeul SedegTan ori<br />

Sefaseba iwereboda; erTi ekuTvnoda<br />

moswavles, xolo meore _<br />

maswavlebels. TiToeuli miznis<br />

gaswvriv datovebuli iyo adgili<br />

specialuri komentarebisTvisac.<br />

saswavlo dRiuris am gverdis bolos<br />

ki moswavles mokled unda<br />

Seejamebina, ra iswavla rogorc<br />

am TemasTan, aseve sakuTar swavlis<br />

CvevebTan dakavSirebiT. moswavleebi<br />

Temis dasrulebis Semdeg<br />

swavlis am bloks, danarCen<br />

portfoliosTan erTad, maswavlebels<br />

abarebdnen.<br />

Sefasebis audioCanawerebi<br />

qalbatoni beqeri moswavlis<br />

mTlian portfolios amowmebda<br />

da afasebda, Tu rogori warmatebiT<br />

miaRwia moswavlem swavlis<br />

zogad da individualur miznebs.<br />

maswavlebeli mokle werilobiT<br />

SeniSvnebs amzadebda, xolo ufro<br />

detalur komentarebs audio-<br />

Camweris saSualebiT iwerda. es<br />

strategia Zalian momgebiani aRmoCnda:<br />

erTi mxriv, moswavleebis<br />

Sesafaseblad qalbaton beqers<br />

gacilebiT naklebi dro dasWirda,<br />

radgan werilobiTi Canawerebi<br />

naklebi moculobisa iyo. meore<br />

mxriv, moswavleebisaTvis gacilebiT<br />

amomwuravi komentarebis<br />

miwodeba SeZlo.<br />

qalbatonma beqerma moswavleebs<br />

gasworebul portfoliosTan<br />

erTd audiokaseta, audiomosasmeni<br />

da yursasmenebi gadasca.<br />

man bavSvebs mosTxova, iqve moesminaT<br />

SeniSvnebisaTvis. qalbatoni<br />

beqeri maT yuradRebiT akvirdeboda.<br />

ra Tqma unda, yvela moswavle<br />

Tanabari mondomebiT ar usmenda<br />

Canawers. amave dros, maswavlebelma<br />

SeniSna, rom Canaweris mosmenis<br />

dros bevrma maTganma portfolios<br />

furcvla daiwyo, iRebdnen<br />

TavianT nawerebs da guldasmiT<br />

aTvalierebdnen im adgilebs, romlebsac<br />

SeniSvnebi exeboda.

188 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

* * *<br />

strategiuli dagegmarebis<br />

dadebiTi mxarebi<br />

qalbatoni beqeri Temis swavlebis<br />

dagegmvisas aqtiurad iyenebda<br />

meTodologias, romelic<br />

saganmanaTleblo kvlevebis Sedegebs<br />

efuZneba. iyo SemTxvevebi,<br />

roca, kvlevebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT,<br />

mas sruliad axali midgomebi<br />

Semohqonda klasSi. gamomdinare<br />

iqidan, rom man zustad<br />

gaTvala meTodebi, romlebic<br />

Temis dasawyisSi, misi swavlebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi da dasrulebisas<br />

unda gamoeyenebina, qalbatonma<br />

beqerma SeZlo, gaezarda swavlebis<br />

efeqturoba.

13<br />

bolosityva<br />

189<br />

am wignis pirvel TavSi Cven<br />

aRvniSneT, rom ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />

axla gardatexis periodia,<br />

radgan swavlebis xelovneba TandaTanobiT<br />

swavlebis mecnierebad<br />

unda iqces. am transformaciis<br />

gansaxorcieleblad sami tipis<br />

Zalisxmevaa saWiro.<br />

pirveli, aucilebelia swavlebis<br />

Sesaxeb arsebuli kvlevebis<br />

Sedegebis Tavmoyra da gadamuSaveba.<br />

sinTezirebuli kvle vebis<br />

Sedegebi xelmisawvdomi unda<br />

iyos ga naTlebis specialistebisaTvis.<br />

es wigni warmoadgens<br />

mcdelobas, rom kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />

praqtikosebisaTvis gasagebi<br />

da sasargeblo gaxdes. eWvgareSea,<br />

rom msgavsi resursebi ganaTlebis<br />

specialistebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />

gaxdeba.<br />

meore, im efeqturi swavlebis<br />

meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

romlebic cnobili xdeba kvlevebis<br />

Sedegad, ganaTlebis specialistebi<br />

unda gadamzaddnen. sxva<br />

sityvebiT, sakmarisi araa, maswavleblebisaTvis<br />

swavlis sxvadasxva<br />

meTodis efeqturobasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis<br />

warmodgena. es mniSvnelovan<br />

cvlilebebs ver gamoiwvevs.<br />

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom praqtikis<br />

Secvlas gacilebiT meti Zalisxmeva<br />

sWirdeba, vidre maswavleblebisaTvis<br />

kvlevis Sedegebis<br />

gacnobaa (ix.fulani, 1993; gasqi,<br />

2000; joisi da Sauersi, 1980).<br />

qvemoT warmodgenilia is elementebi,<br />

romlebic aucilebelia<br />

klasSi mniSvnelovani praqtikuli<br />

cvlilebebis dasanergad. mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />

moulodneli ar iqneba,<br />

rom mocemuli elementebis<br />

umravlesoba swored am wignidaa<br />

amoRebuli:<br />

saTanado modelireba da praqtika.<br />

kompleqsuri unaris aTviseba<br />

imas niSnavs, rom adamians am unaris

190 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

Cveneba sxvadasxva variaciiT unda<br />

SeeZlos. unaris aTviseba xangr­<br />

Zliv praqtikasTanaa dakavSirebuli:<br />

Tavidan imisaTvis, rom adamiani<br />

unars daeuflos da SemdgomSi<br />

ki imisaTvis, rom es unari Cvevad<br />

eqces da avtomaturad SeeZlos<br />

misi gamoyeneba. es Tema am wignis<br />

me-5 da me-12 TavebSi ganvixileT.<br />

wignSi warmodgenili bevri meTodi<br />

maswavleblebisaTvis cnobilia, magram,<br />

aucilebelia, isini kargad<br />

daeuflon am meTodebs, raTa efeqturad<br />

SeZlon klasSi maTi gamoyeneba.<br />

skola da saxelmwifo maswavlebels<br />

axali meTodebis dauflebasa<br />

da prqtikis uzrunvelyofaSi<br />

unda daexmaros.<br />

komentarebis miwodeba. am wignis<br />

me-8 TavSi warmodgneli ZiriTadi<br />

rCeva is iyo, rom moswavleebs<br />

maswavlebelma drouli da zusti<br />

komentarebi unda miawodos. igive<br />

rCeva vrceldeba maswavleblebzec<br />

_ organizaciam, romelic maswavlebels<br />

profesiul ganviTarebaSi<br />

exmareba, maswavleblisaTvis<br />

drouli da zusti komentarebis<br />

miwodeba unda uzrunvelyos. maswavleblebisaTvis<br />

sasargeblo<br />

iqneba, Tu axali meTodebis danergvis<br />

procesSi kolegebTan er­<br />

Tad jgufebSi imuSaveben. jgufis<br />

wevrebi SeiZleba daakvirdnen<br />

erTmaneTs, SeniSnon axali meTodis<br />

danergvis Taviseburebebi<br />

da Semdeg miawodon komentarebi<br />

kolegebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo<br />

sasargeblo da ra _ ara.<br />

praqtikuli muSaobis mravalferovnebis<br />

daSveba. am wignis me-5<br />

TavSi saubari iyo imaze, Tu rogor<br />

unda `moargon” moswavleebma axali<br />

unarebi individualur sa­<br />

Wiroebebsa da swavlis stils.<br />

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />

ganmaxorcielebelma<br />

subieqtebma unda gaiTvaliswinon<br />

es sakiTxi da maswavleblebs unda<br />

miscen Tavisufleba, raTa axali<br />

meTodebi moirgon. ar arsebobs<br />

swavlebis meTodis gamoyenebis<br />

mxolod erTi gza. ra Tqma unda,<br />

sasurvelia, Tu meTodis gamoyenebas<br />

maswavlebeli zogadad miRebuli<br />

formiT daiwyebs. garkveuli<br />

drois ganmavlobaSi, maswavlebels<br />

unda hqondes saSualeba,<br />

konkretuli saWiroebebidan da<br />

konteqstidan gamomdinare, cvalos<br />

meTodi.<br />

dafaseba. am wignis me-4 TavSi<br />

ganvixileT, rom aucilebelia,<br />

davafasoT moswavlis Sroma. profesiul<br />

ganviTarebaze orientirebuli<br />

maswavlebelic moswavlis<br />

rolSi gvevlineba da, saWiroa, masac<br />

davufasoT Sroma. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom maswavlebelTa profesiul<br />

ganviTarebaze mzrunveli subieqti<br />

unda gegmavdes maswavlebelTa Zalisxmevis<br />

dafasebis RonisZiebebs da<br />

unda aRniSnavdes maswavleblis<br />

miRwevas klasSi meTodis warmatebiT<br />

danergvis dros.<br />

mesame da, savaraudod, yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani pirobaa maswavlebelTa<br />

survili da miswrafeba<br />

cvlilebebis danergvisaken. arsebobs<br />

mosazreba, rom ganaTlebis<br />

sistemaSi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba,<br />

zogadad, rTulia,<br />

radgan maswavleblebi yovelgvar<br />

cvli lebas ewinaaRmdegebian.<br />

ufro metic, arseboben mkvleva­

olosityva<br />

191<br />

rebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom maswavlebelTa<br />

profesiul ganviTvi­<br />

Tarebaze mimarTuli yovelgvari<br />

RonisZieba imdenad umniSvnelod<br />

cvlis maT praqtikas klasSi, rom<br />

am RonisZiebebze Zalisxmevis<br />

gaReba ar Rirs (ix.qarfenTeri, u.<br />

a., 2000). Cveni azriT, es ukiduresad<br />

pesimisturi Sexedulebaa.<br />

Cven migvaCnia, rom Zireuli<br />

cvlileba rTulia. datvirTul<br />

maswavlebels, romelic erTi<br />

da imave meTodiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

aswavlida, eqneba uamravi<br />

mizezi imis asaxsnelad, Tu<br />

ratom ar unda scados axali me­<br />

Todi. status-qvos Sesacvlelad,<br />

aucilebelia didi mondomeba da<br />

mzadyofna im sirTuleebis ga­<br />

ZlebisaTvis, romlebic siaxlis<br />

danergvis procesSi iCens Tavs.<br />

mniSvnelovania, gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />

rom skolis yvela maswavlebels<br />

ar eqneba Tanabari swrafva axali<br />

meTodebis danergvisaken. Cven, am<br />

wignis avtorebs, maswavleblebTan<br />

muSaobis 50 wliani gamocdileba<br />

gvaqvs. Cveni gamocdileba<br />

mowmobs, rom warmatebis miRwevisaTvis,<br />

aucilebelia, skolaSi<br />

ramdenime Zalian mondomebuli<br />

maswavlebeli mainc iyos. maswavlebelTa<br />

aseTi mcirericxovani<br />

jgufi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom<br />

enTuziazmi danarCen maswavleblebsac<br />

`gadaedoT~. Cven iseTi<br />

SemTxvevebic gvinaxavs, rodesac<br />

skolaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis<br />

katalizatori erTaderTi<br />

maswavlebeli yofila.<br />

ase rom, Cven yvelaze mondomebul<br />

maswavleblebs mivmarTavT.<br />

Cven gvaqvs Tqveni imedi da migvaCnia,<br />

rom swavlebis efeqturi<br />

meTodebis danergvisaken Tqveni<br />

swrafva sajaro skolebSi amJamad<br />

arsebul resursebs Soris yvelaze<br />

Zlieri resursia. mogiwodebT,<br />

moufrTxildeT da gaaRvivoT<br />

swrafva pozitiuri cvlilebebisaken.<br />

es wigni ki dagexmarebaT,<br />

ganaTlebis xelovnebis ganaTlebis<br />

mecnierebad gardaqmnis idea<br />

realobad aqcioT.

danarTi<br />

qvemoT moyvanili cxrili warmogidgenT<br />

statistikur Sesabamisobebs<br />

efeqtis sididesa da procentilis<br />

zrdas Soris, anu standartuli<br />

normaluri ganawilebis<br />

qveS mdebare farTobis wils. rogor<br />

gamoviyenoT es cxrili davuSvaT,<br />

kvlevam daadgina, rom konkretuli<br />

meTodis gamoyeneba iZleva efeqtis<br />

sidides 0.20. Tqven cxrilSi unda<br />

ipovoT efeqtis sidide 0.20. es<br />

efeqtis sidide pirvel svetSia mocemuli.<br />

am ricxvis marjvniv moyvanilia<br />

procentilis zrda, romelic<br />

am konkretul efeqtis sididesTan<br />

aris dakavSirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />

es aris 8. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu<br />

aris ori jgufi, romlidanac erT­<br />

Si swavlebis axal meTods iyenebdnen,<br />

xolo meoreSi _ ara, maSin moswavlis<br />

saSualo qula im jgufSi,<br />

romelSic swavlebis axal meTods<br />

iyenebdnen, iqneba 8 procentiliT<br />

maRali, vidre moswavlis saSualo<br />

qula im jgufSi, sadac am meTods<br />

ar iyenebdnen.<br />

192

danarTi<br />

193<br />

efeqtis sididesa da procentilis zrdas Soris statistikuri<br />

Sesabamisobebis cxrili<br />

efeqtis sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

zrda<br />

efeqtis sidide<br />

procentilis<br />

kleba<br />

0.00<br />

0.02<br />

0.05<br />

0.08<br />

0.10<br />

0.13<br />

0.15<br />

0.18<br />

0.20<br />

0.23<br />

0.25<br />

0.28<br />

0.31<br />

0.33<br />

0.36<br />

0.39<br />

0.41<br />

0.44<br />

0.47<br />

0.50<br />

0.52<br />

0.55<br />

0.58<br />

0.61<br />

0.64<br />

0.67<br />

0.71<br />

0.74<br />

0.77<br />

0.81<br />

0.84<br />

0.88<br />

0.92<br />

0.95<br />

1.00<br />

1.04<br />

1.08<br />

1.13<br />

1.18<br />

1.23<br />

1.28<br />

1.34<br />

1.41<br />

1.48<br />

1.56<br />

1.65<br />

1.75<br />

1.88<br />

2.05<br />

2.33<br />

0<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

7<br />

8<br />

9<br />

10<br />

11<br />

12<br />

13<br />

14<br />

15<br />

16<br />

17<br />

18<br />

19<br />

20<br />

21<br />

22<br />

23<br />

24<br />

25<br />

26<br />

27<br />

28<br />

29<br />

30<br />

31<br />

32<br />

33<br />

34<br />

35<br />

36<br />

37<br />

38<br />

39<br />

40<br />

41<br />

42<br />

43<br />

44<br />

45<br />

46<br />

47<br />

48<br />

49<br />

0.00<br />

- 0.02<br />

- 0.05<br />

- 0.08<br />

- 0.10<br />

- 0.13<br />

- 0.15<br />

- 0.18<br />

- 0.20<br />

- 0.23<br />

- 0.25<br />

- 0.28<br />

- 0.31<br />

- 0.33<br />

- 0.36<br />

- 0.39<br />

- 0.41<br />

- 0.44<br />

- 0.47<br />

- 0.50<br />

- 0.52<br />

- 0.55<br />

- 0.58<br />

- 0.61<br />

- 0.64<br />

- 0.67<br />

- 0.71<br />

- 0.74<br />

- 0.77<br />

- 0.81<br />

- 0.84<br />

- 0.88<br />

- 0.92<br />

- 0.95<br />

- 1.00<br />

- 1.04<br />

- 1.08<br />

- 1.13<br />

- 1.18<br />

- 1.23<br />

- 1.28<br />

- 1.34<br />

- 1.41<br />

- 1.48<br />

- 1.56<br />

- 1.65<br />

- 1.75<br />

- 1.88<br />

- 2.05<br />

- 2.33<br />

0<br />

- 1<br />

- 2<br />

- 3<br />

- 4<br />

- 5<br />

- 6<br />

- 7<br />

- 8<br />

- 9<br />

- 10<br />

- 11<br />

- 12<br />

- 13<br />

- 14<br />

- 15<br />

- 16<br />

- 17<br />

- 18<br />

- 19<br />

- 20<br />

- 21<br />

- 22<br />

- 23<br />

- 24<br />

- 25<br />

- 26<br />

- 27<br />

- 28<br />

- 29<br />

- 30<br />

- 31<br />

- 32<br />

- 33<br />

- 34<br />

- 35<br />

- 36<br />

- 37<br />

- 38<br />

- 39<br />

- 40<br />

- 41<br />

- 42<br />

- 43<br />

- 44<br />

- 45<br />

- 46<br />

- 47<br />

- 48<br />

- 49

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

aTafili, q., smidCensi, v. da kofeli, j. u.<br />

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maTematikis kompiuterizebuli meta<br />

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politikis analizi, 5 (4), 485 - 493<br />

ainStaini, j. o., morisi, j. da smiTi, s.<br />

(1985, oqtomberi). leqciaze miRebuli<br />

informacia: Canawerebis gakeTeba,<br />

individualuri gansxvavebebi da mexsiereba.<br />

ganaTlebis fsiqologiis<br />

Jurnali, 77 (5), 522 – 532.<br />

aleqsanderi, f. a. (1984). niWier bavSvebSi<br />

analogiebze dafuZnebuli azrovnebis<br />

ganviTareba. roefer reviu, 6 (4), 191<br />

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aleqsanderi, f. a. da judi, j. i. (1988).<br />

akademiuri moswreba: konkretuli da<br />

strategiuli codnis interaqcia. saganmanaTleblo<br />

kvlevebis mimoxilva,<br />

58, 375 - 404<br />

aleqsanderi, f. a., kulikoviCi, j. m. da<br />

Sulce, s. q. (1994). rogor zegavlenas<br />

axdens sagnobrivi codna informaciis<br />

gaxsenebasa da interesze. amerikuli<br />

saganmanaTleblo kvlevebis Jurnali,<br />

31 (2), 313 - 337<br />

alvermani, d. i. da buTbai, f. r. (1986).<br />

194<br />

grafikuli sqemebis swavleba bavSvebisaTvis.<br />

fsiqologiis naSromebis<br />

kiTxva, 7 (2), 87 – 100.<br />

andersoni, v. da hidi, s. (1988 / 1989).<br />

rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs Sejameba.<br />

xelmZRvaneloba ganaTlebis<br />

sferoSi, 46, 26 – 28.<br />

andersoni, T. h. da armbrusTeri, b. b.<br />

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kiTxvis samecniero Seswavlis centri.<br />

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kiTxvis efeqturi swavlebis eqsperimentuli<br />

kvleva. dawyebiTi ganaTlebis<br />

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andersoni, j. r. (1983). Semecnebis arqiteqtura.<br />

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andersoni, j. r. (1990). kognituri fsiqologia<br />

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gamoyemebuli literatura<br />

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andersoni, j., r., rederi, l. m. da saimoni,<br />

h. a. (1997). kognituri fsiqologiis<br />

gamoyeneba da ar gamoyeneba maTematikis<br />

swavlebisas. gamouqveynebeli xelnaweri.<br />

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pitsburgi, pensilvania.<br />

armbrusTeri, b. b., andersoni, T. h. da<br />

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struqturaze / Sejamebaze mimarTul<br />

swavlebasa da moswavlis mier masalis<br />

gagebas Soris. yovelkvartaluri<br />

gamocema kiTxvis unaris kvlevebze,<br />

22 (3), 331 - 346<br />

armbrusTeri, b. b., andersoni, T. h. da<br />

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yovelkvartaluri gamocema kiTxvis<br />

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aubusoni, f., fosvili, s., bari, r. da ferkoviCi,<br />

l. (1997). ra Sedegebi mohyveba<br />

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mecnierebis Seswavlisas. mecnierebis<br />

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moswavlis davalebis SesrulebaSi:<br />

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bali, s. j. (1998). rodesac mSoblebi exmarebian<br />

moswavleebs saSinao davalebis<br />

SesrulebaSi: moswavleTa Sefasebebi<br />

mSoblebis CarTulobis Sesaxeb.<br />

ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevebisa da<br />

ganviTarebis Jurnali, 31 (3), 142 –<br />

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bali, s. j., demo, d. h. da uedmani, j. f.<br />

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Jurnali, 47 (2), 149 – 157.<br />

bandura, a. da Sunqi, d. h. (1981). kompeteniciis,<br />

efeqturobis da interesis<br />

ganviTareba Sinagani motivaciis waxalisebiT.<br />

pirovnulobisa da socialuri<br />

fsiqologiis Jurnali, 41, 568<br />

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bengert - dounsi, r. i., quliqi, q. q.,<br />

quliqi, j. a. da morgani, m. (1991).komentarebis<br />

micema testirebis Semdeg<br />

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da mecnierebebis swavlebis sferoSi<br />

sxvadasxva meTodebis meta - analizi.<br />

yovelkvartaluri gamocema kiTxvis

gamoyemebuli literatura<br />

197<br />

unaris kvlevebze, 28 (2), 117 – 155.<br />

dageri, z. r. (1995). uwyobs Tu ara xels<br />

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gaazreba da Txzulebis wera. naSromi<br />

warmodgenili iyo ganaTlebis mkvlevarTa<br />

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wignidan siaxleebi swavlebis Sesaxeb<br />

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(<strong>marzano</strong>, qendeli da gedi / kontinentis<br />

centraluri nawilis<br />

kvlevebi ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis,<br />

1999) da `standartebze<br />

dafuZnebuli raionebis, skolebis<br />

da klasebis Seqmnis sruli<br />

saxelmZRvanelo~ (<strong>marzano</strong> da qendeli,<br />

saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisa<br />

da mentorobis asociacia /<br />

kontinentis centraluri nawilis<br />

kvlevebi ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis,<br />

1996). am bolo xanebSi man<br />

daasrula wignebi: `klasSi niSnebis<br />

weris transformacia~ (saswavlo<br />

gegmebis SemuSavebisa da<br />

mentorobis asociacia, 2000) da<br />

`saganmanaTleblo miznebis axali<br />

taqsonomiis Camoyalibeba~ (qorvin<br />

presi, 2000). <strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong>m<br />

SeimuSava saSualo skolaSi<br />

dasanergi programebi, romlebic<br />

xels uwyobs Tanamedrove kvlevebis<br />

Sedegebisa da arsebuli kognituri<br />

Teoriebis gardaqmnas swavlebis<br />

konkretul meTodebad.<br />

<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong>m miiRo<br />

bakalavris akademiuri xarisxi

212 efeqturi swavleba skolaSi<br />

inglisur enasa da literaturaSi<br />

(ionas koleji, niu iorki),<br />

ganaTlebis magistris akademiuri<br />

xarisxi kiTxvisa da enis swavlebaSi<br />

(sietlis universiteti,<br />

sietli, vaSingtoni), doqtoris<br />

xarisxi saswavlo gegmebis Seqmnasa<br />

da swavlebis meTodebSi (vaSingtonis<br />

universiteti, sietli). institutSi<br />

(kontinentis centraluri<br />

nawilis kvlevebi ganaTlebisa da<br />

swavlebisaTvis) muSaobis dawyebamde<br />

<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong> muSaobda<br />

asocirebul profesorad kolorados<br />

universitetSi, denveri;<br />

inglisuri enisa da literaturis<br />

maswavleblad saSualo skola­<br />

Si; fakultetis dekanad universitetSi.<br />

<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong> saerTa­<br />

Sorisod cnobili treneri da<br />

gamomsvlelia; igi 18 wignisa da<br />

150-ze meti statiisa da wignis avtoria.<br />

<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong>s naSromebi,<br />

ZiriTadad, Semdeg Temebs<br />

exeba: werisa da kiTxvis swavleba,<br />

azrovnebis unarebi, skolis efeqturoba,<br />

Sefaseba, Semecneba, standartebis<br />

danergva.<br />

<strong>robert</strong> j. <strong>marzano</strong>s sakontaqto<br />

informacia: kontinentis<br />

centraluri nawilis kvlevebi<br />

ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis<br />

(McREL). 2550 s. S. Parker Rd.,<br />

oTaxi 500, avrora, kolorado,<br />

80014. telefonis nomeri: 303 –<br />

632 – 5534. faqsis nomeri: 303 –<br />

337 – 3005. eleqtronuli fostis<br />

misamarTi: b<strong>marzano</strong>@mcrel.org<br />

<strong>debra</strong> j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong> kerZo konsultantia;<br />

is aris TopTutors.com<br />

- is saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis<br />

xelmZRvaneli. ukve 25 welia, <strong>debra</strong><br />

j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong> ganaTlebis sistemaSi<br />

moRvaweobs. mas miRebuli<br />

aqvs sxvadasxva saxis praqtikuli<br />

gamocdileba, radgan sxvadasxva<br />

dros muSaobda, rogorc: skolis<br />

maswavlebeli, raionis maswavlebelTa<br />

profesiuli ganviTarebis<br />

koordinatori, saSualo skolis<br />

administratorebisa da maswavleblebis<br />

konsultanti. <strong>debra</strong> j.<br />

<strong>fiqeringi</strong> muSaobda kvlevebisa da<br />

ganviTarebis centrebSic, sadac<br />

ikvlevda Semdeg sakiTxebs: swavlis<br />

procesi, saswavlo gegmis SemuSaveba,<br />

swavlebis meTodolgia da Sefaseba,<br />

swavlis miznebis Camoyalibeba<br />

da miRweva. Sesabamisad, <strong>debra</strong><br />

j. fiqerings aqvs rogorc Teoriuli,<br />

ise praqtikuli gamocdileba<br />

ganaTlebis sferoSi. <strong>fiqeringi</strong><br />

muSaobs ganaTlebis specialistebTan<br />

mTe li msoflios masStabiT<br />

da Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTdakavSirebaSi<br />

exmareba maT.<br />

<strong>debra</strong> j. <strong>fiqeringi</strong> sxvadasxva<br />

statiisa da programebis avtoria,<br />

maT Sorisaa `swavlis ganzomilebebi:<br />

maswavleblis damxmare<br />

saxelmZRvanelo~ (me-2 gamocema)<br />

da sxva masalebi, romlebic saswavlo<br />

gegmebis SemuSavebisa da<br />

mentorobis asociaciis swavlis<br />

ganzomilebebis seriiT aris gamocemuli.<br />

igi, aseve, muSaobda safuZvliani<br />

swavlis modelzec,<br />

romelic damoukidebeli moswavleebisa<br />

da konpleqsurad moazrovne<br />

axalgazrdebis ukeTesad<br />

ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva.<br />

<strong>debra</strong> j. fiqerings miRebuli<br />

aqvs bakalavris akademiuri xarisxi<br />

inglisur enasa da literatu raSi

wignis avtorTa Sesaxeb<br />

213<br />

/ dramis swavlebaSi (misuris universiteti),<br />

magistris akademiuri<br />

xarisxi _ skolebis administrirebaSi<br />

(denveris universiteti)<br />

da doqtoris xarisxi _ saswavlo<br />

gegmebis SemuSavebasa da swavlebis<br />

meTodebSi, koncentraciiT kognitur<br />

fsiqologiaze (denveris<br />

universiteti).<br />

<strong>debra</strong> j, <strong>fiqeringi</strong>s sakontaqto<br />

informaciaa: 10098 East Powers<br />

Avenue, englevudi, kolorado,<br />

80111. telefonis nomeri: 303 –<br />

694 – 9899. eleqtronuli fostis<br />

misamarTi: djplearn@hotmail.com<br />

<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong> aris mkvlevari<br />

da treneri iseT sferoebSi,<br />

rogorebicaa: standartebi, Sefaseba,<br />

niSnebis wera, Canawerebis<br />

momzadeba, saswavlo gegmebi, swavlebis<br />

meTodebi, zedamxedveloba.<br />

<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong> institutis (kontinentis<br />

centraluri nawilis<br />

kvle vebi ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis)<br />

mTavari konsultantia. es<br />

instituti mdebareobs avroraSi,<br />

kolorado. <strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong> sxvadasxva<br />

dros muSaobda, rogorc:<br />

saSualo skolis maswavlebeli,<br />

raionis administratori, universitetis<br />

profesori, saxelmwifo<br />

departamentis TanamSromelTa<br />

pro fesiuli ganviTarebis koordinatori,<br />

saSualo skolis saswavlo<br />

gegmebis koordinatori.<br />

saskolo raionebTan konsultaciiTa<br />

da Statis mxardaWeriT,<br />

<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong>, erovnuli da<br />

Statis standartebis mixedviT,<br />

saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebaze<br />

muSaobs; standartebi SesabamisobaSi<br />

mohyavs erovnul SefasebebTan.<br />

amasTanave, maswavleblebTan<br />

erTad muSaobs gakveTilebis gegmebisa<br />

da moswavleTa Sefasebebis<br />

formebis SemuSavebaze. organizebas<br />

uwevs sxvadasxva adgilobriv<br />

Tu saerTaSoriso Sexvedras<br />

da skolaTa Soris kavSirebis<br />

damyarebas, raTa, standartebze<br />

dafuZnebuli programebis saSualebiT,<br />

gazardos moswavleTa<br />

aka demiuri moswareba.<br />

<strong>jein</strong> i. foloqs Catarebuli<br />

aqvs seminarebi inglisur da espanur<br />

enebze amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi, avstraliaSi, kanadaSi,<br />

centraluri da samxreT amerikis<br />

qveynebSi. igi aris saswavlo gegmebis<br />

SemuSavebisa da mentorobis<br />

asociaciis mier gamocemuli sxvadasxva<br />

wignis Tanaavtori: `swavlis<br />

ganzomilebebi: maswavleblis<br />

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo~, `maswavleblis<br />

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo~.<br />

aseve, Tanaavtoria kvlevebis<br />

dakavSireba praqtikasTan seriiT<br />

gamocemuli wignebisa: `swavlis<br />

meTodebi da Sefaseba~, `niSnebis<br />

wera~, `Canawerebis momzadeba~.<br />

<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong> warmoSobiT<br />

karakasidanaa (venesuela). man bakalavris<br />

akademiuri xarisxi diukis,<br />

xolo magistrisa da doqtoris<br />

xarisxebi _ kolorados universitetSi<br />

(boulderi) moipova.<br />

<strong>jein</strong> i. <strong>foloqi</strong>s sakontaqto<br />

informaciaa: kontinentis<br />

centraluri nawilis kvlevebi<br />

ganaTlebisa da swavlebisaTvis<br />

(McREL). 2550 s. S. Parker Rd., avrora,<br />

kolorado, 80014. telefonis<br />

nomeri: 303 – 632 – 5508.<br />

eleqtronuli fostis misamarTi:<br />

jpollock@mcrel.org

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