saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati
saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati
saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati
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<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>parlamentis</strong> <strong>aparati</strong><br />
kvleviTi departamenti<br />
sainformacio-analitikuri ganyofileba<br />
genuri inJineria da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi<br />
ra aris genuri inJineria?<br />
genuri inJineria Cveulebriv gulisxmobs ujredul doneze<br />
xelovnuri manipulaciebis Sedegad saWiro genis (genebis) gadatanas erTi<br />
saxeobis organizmidan sxva (aramonaTesave) organizmSi. gadasatan gens<br />
(genebs) xSirad `interesis gens~ uwodeben. `interesis geni~ sxvadasxva<br />
warmomavlobis (baqteriuli, cxoveluri, sokodan an sinTezuri gziT<br />
miRebulic ki) da daniSnulebis (bioturi Tu abioturi stresuli<br />
faqtorebisadmi mdgradobis ganmsazRvreli, garkveuli cilis sinTezze<br />
pasuxismgebeli da sxva) SeiZleba iyos. zemoTqmuli niSnavs, rom<br />
SesaZlebelia adamianis genis gadatana cxovelebSi an mcenareebSi da<br />
piriqiT. mecnierebma ukve moaxerxes arqtikuli Tevzis yinvagamZleobis<br />
genis gadanergva pomidorSi. Sedegad, pomidori dabal temperaturazec<br />
izrdeba.<br />
genetikuri struqturis Seqmnis mTeli sistema da misi Canergva<br />
organizmSi metad rTuli procesia. dnm-is Zafis sxvadasxva adgilas<br />
gadaWris da genebis gamocalkevebisaTvis rTuli bioqimiuri procesebi<br />
gamoiyeneba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom genur-sainJinro samuSaoebi<br />
praqtikulad yovelTvis in vitro 1 xorcieldeba.<br />
genuri inJineriiT modificirebuli kulturebis gamoyeneba kvebis<br />
produqtebis warmoebaSi<br />
pirveli komerciuli transgeni iyo “Flavr Savr" jiSis pomidori,<br />
romelic kompania “Calgene”-m Seqmna. igi aSS-s supermarketebSi 1994 wels<br />
gamoCnda. Tumca, warmoebasTan da transportirebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
garkveuli problemebis gamo, ukve sami wlis Semdeg misi realizacia<br />
Sewyda. Tavidan genmodificirebuli mcenareebis Tesvas masStaburi xasiaTi<br />
ar hqonia. 1996 wlidan mdgomareoba mkveTrad Seicvala. imisaTvis, rom<br />
ufro mkafiod rom warmovidginoT transgenuri mcenareebis Seqmnis<br />
1<br />
sinjaraSi, xelovnur pirobebSi.
sferoSi Catarebuli samuSaos masStabebi, sakmarisia imis Tqmac, rom 1998<br />
wlisaTvis msoflios 45 qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si, kanadasa da<br />
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi), 60 sxvadasxva sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaze<br />
25 aTasze meti savele cda Catarda. 1997 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT,<br />
transgenuri sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis naTesebis saerTo farTi<br />
msoflioSi 4,5-jer gaizarda. 1998 wels man 30 mln ha-s gadaaWarba, 2003<br />
wlisaTvis ki am saxis naTesebs ukve 60 milioni heqtari ekava. transgenuri<br />
mcenareebis gaSenebaSi msoflio liderebi arian aSS, argentina, kanada da<br />
CineTi.<br />
genuri inJineriiT miRebuli mcenareebidan yvelaze ufro<br />
gavrcelebulia soio (komerciuli moSeneba daiwyo 1995 wlidan).<br />
transgenuri soio mTeli mosavlis naxevarze mets warmoadgens. meore<br />
adgilzea simindi, Semdeg modis bamba, Tambaqo, pomidori, kartofili da<br />
a.S.<br />
genetikurad modificirebuli kulturebi gamoiyeneba rogorc kvebis<br />
produqtebis, ise sakvebi danamatebis warmoebaSi. magaliTad, soiosgan<br />
miiReba soios rZe, romelic bevri Cvili bavSvisTvis naturaluris rZis<br />
Semcvlels warmoadgens. gen-modificirebuli nedleuli mcenareul zeTsa<br />
da sakveb cilaze arsebuli moTxovnilebis did nawils akmayofilebs.<br />
soios lecitini (E322) gamoiyeneba sakonditro warmoebaSi, rogorc<br />
emulgatori da stabilizatori, xolo soios qerqi _ qatos, burbuSelas<br />
da sxva sakvebis warmoebaSi. amis garda, gen-modificirebuli soio farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba kvebis mrewvelobaSi iaffasiani danamatis saxiT. is didi<br />
raodenobiT Sedis iseTi produqtebis SemadgenlobaSi, rogoricaa puri,<br />
Zexvi, Sokoladi da sxv.<br />
modificirebuli kartofili da simindi gamoiyeneba Cifsebis<br />
dasamzadeblad. misgan miRebuli saxamebeli farTod gamoiyeneba<br />
sakonditro da puris sacxob mwervelobaSi, aseve sxvadasxva sousebis,<br />
ketCupebis (saweblebis) da maionezebis misaRebad. simindisa da rafsis<br />
zeTs danamatis saxiT iyeneben margarinSi, pur-funTSeulSi da sxva.<br />
“Greenpeace”-is specialistebma moamzades CamonaTvali im produqtebisa<br />
(mwarmoebeli kompaniis miTiTebiT), romlebic Seicaven an SeiZleba<br />
Seicavdnen gen-modificirebul komponentebs. es nusxa xelmisawvdomia<br />
internetis yvela momxmareblisaTvis. masSi Sesulia cnobili kompaniebis<br />
(Hershey’s, Cadbury da Mars) farTod gavrcelebuli Sokoladis nawarmi<br />
(Fruit&Nut, M&M, Snickers, Twix, Milky Way), Coca-Cola-sa da Pepsi Cola-s<br />
ualkoholo sasmelebi (Coca-Cola, Sprite, Pepsi, 7-Up); Sokoladis sasmeli<br />
Nesquik (kompania Nestle), firma Danon-is iogurtebi, Procter & Gamble-is Cifsebi,<br />
Knorr-is sousi, Lipton-is Cai, Parmalat-is orcxobilebi, saReWi rezinebi<br />
Stimorol da Wrigley’s da sxva.<br />
msoflio bazarze genuri inJineriis meSveobiT miRebuli<br />
produqtebis raodenobis mniSvnelovani zrdis miuxedavad, momxmareblebi<br />
mainc frTxilad ekidebian maT. ufro metic, am gziT miRebuli produqcia<br />
sazogadoebaSi mZafri polemikis sagani gaxda. gen-modificirebuli<br />
produqciis sakvebad gamoyenebis momxreebis mTavari argumenti TviTon<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis maxasiaTeblebia, romelTac bioinJineriis<br />
meTodebis gamoyenebam mravali sasargeblo Tviseba SesZina. kerZod, es
kulturebi ufro mdgradebi gaxdnen daavadebebis, mavne mwerebisa da, rac<br />
mTavaria, pesticidebis 2 mimarT, romelTa uaryofiTi (mavne) gavlenac<br />
adamianis organizmze didi xania damtkicebulia. gen-modificirebuli<br />
kulturebidan miRebuli produqtebi gamoirCevian maRali xarisxiT,<br />
gaaCniaT momgebiani sasaqonlo saxe da sakveb Rirebulebasac ufro<br />
didxans inarCuneben.<br />
genuri inJineriis gziT “gaumjobesebuli” simindis, rafsisa da<br />
soiosgan amzadeben zeTs, romelSic naklebia najeri cximebis raodenoba.<br />
“axal” kartofilsa da simindSi meti saxamebeli da naklebi wyalia. aseT<br />
kartofils Sesawvavad mcire raodenobis zeTi sWirdeba, misgan miiReba<br />
haerovani Cifsebi da kartofili `fri~, romlis SeTvisebac<br />
aramodificirebul produqtTan SedarebiT advilad xdeba. 1999 wels<br />
miRebuli “oqros” brinji gamdidrebulia karotiniT. mas ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi, sadac brinji kvebis ZiriTad produqts warmoadgens, bavSvebis<br />
sibrmavis profilaqtikis mizniT iyeneben.<br />
genuri inJineriis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxe<br />
yvela am dadebiTi argumentis miuxedavad, axal teqnologias uamravi<br />
mowinaaRmdege hyavs. oponentebi arcTu usafuZvlod miuTiTeben, rom<br />
genuri inJineria `sinjaris~ mecnierebaa. sinjaraSi Seswavlili genis<br />
Sesaxeb mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, Tu rogoria da rogor iqceva is am<br />
sinjaraSi. magram TiTqmis verafers vityviT mis rolsa da qcevaze Tavad<br />
mSobliur organizmSi da, miT umetes, sruliad ucxo organizmSi misi<br />
gadatanis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
maTive mtkicebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom genuri inJineria zust<br />
meTodad moixsenieba, mis bolo stadias _ axali genis Casmas maspinZel<br />
umaRles organizmSi, aklia rogorc sizuste, aseve<br />
winaswargansazRvruloba. aravin icis, `axali geni~ romelime arsebuli<br />
genis gverdiT moTavsdeba, Tu genSi Cajdeba da daarRvevs mis<br />
funqcionirebasa da regulirebis meqanizmebs. aseve, arasakamarisia Cveni<br />
codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu gadanergilma genma konkretul ubanze moxvedrisas<br />
ra procesebi SeiZleba `CarTos~ an, piriqiT, SezRudos, genebis srul<br />
`dadumebasa~ da arastabilurobaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT. Tanac, genuri<br />
inJineria xSirad mxolod erTi genis informaciis gadataniT ar<br />
ifargleba, rac, ra Tqma unda, riskis faqtors kidev ufro zrdis.<br />
garda amisa, genebis gadanergvas mivyavarT mcenareTa principulad<br />
axali formebis warmoqmnamde, romelTa ujredebSic winaswar<br />
ganuWvretlad SesaZlebelia moxdes adamianisTvis saSiSi nivTierebebis<br />
(toqsinebi, alergenebi da a.S.) sinTezireba, rac Secvlis rogorc TviTon<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis Tvisebebs, aseve maTgan miiRebuli kvebis<br />
produqtebis xarisxs.<br />
2 pesticidebi– qimiuri nivTierebebi mavne mikro-organizmebTan, mcenareebTan da<br />
cxovelebTan brZolisaTvis. maT Soris: inseqticidebi – mwerebTan brZolis saSualeba;<br />
herbicidebi – sarevela mcenareebTan; fungicidebi – sokoebTan brZolis saSualebebi.
detalebSi CaRrmavebis gareSec SeiZleba vimsjeloT praqtikul<br />
soflis meurneobaSi genur-sainJinro samuSaoebis farTo danergvis<br />
potenciur safrTxeebze. saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom transgenuri mcenare<br />
warmoadgens axal organizms axali TvisebebiT. SeiZleba es Tvisebebi<br />
saziano aRmoCndes rogorc adamianisaTvis (magaliTad, transgenuri<br />
mcenaris sakvebSi gamoyenebisas), ise ekosistemisaTvis (magaliTad,<br />
mwerebisadmi mdgradobis geni SeiZleba gadavides mraval sxva mcenareSic,<br />
rac gamoiwvevs mwerebis populaciis gadaSenebas).<br />
transgenuri mcenareebis (da ara mxolod mcenareebis, aramed yvela<br />
genmodificirebuli organizmis – gmo), usafrTxoobis gamosarkvevad<br />
saWiroa xangrZlivi mravalmxrivi kvlevebi. swored rom xangrZlivi,<br />
radgan genis gadatanis Sedegebi, SesaZloa, gamovlindes rogorc gmo-s<br />
TaobebSi, aseve maTi momxmareblebis organizmebSic. amdenad, msgavsi<br />
kvlevebis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi (kerZod, `nebismieri hibridi<br />
genmodificirebul organizms warmoadgens~ an `genuri inJineria bunebrivi<br />
gagrZelebaa im bioteqnologiuri procesebisa, romelsac adamiani<br />
dasabamidan iyenebda _ Rvinis dayenebisa da puris cxobidan dawyebuli,<br />
mcenareTa da cxovelTa seleqciiT damTavrebuli~), arcTu koreqtulia.<br />
marTalia, dReisaTvis sakvebad gamoyenebuli marcvleuli Znelad Tu<br />
waagavs im velur winapars, romlisganac is adamianma xelovnuri<br />
gadarCevis gziT miiRo, magram gadarCevis tradiciuli forma Tvisobrivad<br />
gansxvavdeba genuri inJineriisagan. tradiciuli gadarCevis gamoyenebis<br />
dros jiSebi miiReba saxeobis farglebSi arsebuli genTa fondidan.<br />
bunebaSi genetikuri mravalferovneba garkveuli sazRvrebis pirobebSi<br />
iqmneba _ vardis Sejvareba SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli jiSis vardTan,<br />
magram mas verasodes SevajvarebT kombostosTan. im SemTxvevaSic ki,<br />
rodesac saxeobebi axlonaTesaur kavSirSi imyofebian da maTi Sejvareba<br />
xerxdeba, STamomavloba, rogorc wesi, unayofoa. magaliTad, cxeni<br />
SeiZleba Seejvaros virs, magaram maTi STamomavali (jori) steriluria.<br />
genuri inJineria ki arRvevs saxeobaTaSoris bariers. dReisaTvis<br />
genuri modifikaciis gziT SesaZlebelia genebis aReba da gadatana<br />
erTmaneTisagan Zalian daSorebul saxeobebs Sorisac. magaliTad,<br />
mcenareebSi SesaZlebelia baqteriebis, virusebis, mwerebis, cxovelebisa da<br />
adamianis genis gadatanac ki.<br />
xSirad imazec davoben, genebis urTierTCanacvleba sulac ar aris<br />
mecnieruli aRmoCena, vinaidan evoluciis procesSi baqteriebi da virusebi<br />
xSirad axdenen genebis Canacvlebas saxeobebs Soris. am TvalTaxedviT,<br />
genuri inJineria mxolod aCqarebs bunebriv process. magram aqve unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom TviT cvlilebebis siCqaresac didi mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />
magaliTad, Tu imave logikiT mivudgebiT radioaqtivobas, romelic dabal<br />
dozebSi mudmivad arsebobs Cvens garSemo, maSin birTvul reaqtorSi<br />
mimdinare procesebic aseve usafrTxod SeiZleba CaiTvalos, imis<br />
safuZvelze, rom iq mxolod Cqardeba bunebrivad mimdinare fenomeni _<br />
radioaqtiuri daSla.<br />
aseve, sadavoa mtkicebulebac, rom genetikurad Secvlili mcenareebi<br />
pesticidebis gamoyenebis Semcirebis saSualebas iZlevian. piriqiT,
herbicidebisadmi 3 mdgradi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis gamoyeneba<br />
migviyvans Sxam-qimikatebis gamoyenebis katastroful zrdamde. Sesabamisad<br />
ki _ sxvadasxva cocxali organizmis ujredebSi mavne qimiuri<br />
nivTierebebis dagrovebamde. Tu adre fermeri pesticidebis gamoyenebas<br />
sakmaod frTxilad ekideboda, fiqrobda ra, pirvel rigSi sakuTari<br />
mosavlis raodenobis Semcirebis saSiSroebaze, dRes, rodesac genmodificirebul<br />
mcenareebs maTi aRar “eSiniaT”, es SezRudva ukve aRar<br />
arsebobs. 1998 wels msoflioSi transgenur mcenareTa saerTo farTobis<br />
71%-s swored herbicid-rezistentuli jiSebi Seadgendnen. aman xeli<br />
Seuwyo herbicidebis warmoebis zrdas. amasTan, mwarmoebeli kompaniebi<br />
moiTxoven gen-modificirebul kulturebSi am qimikatebis Semcvelobis<br />
zRvrulad dasaSvebi normis gazrdas. magaliTad, `monsantom~ evropasa da<br />
aSS-Si ukve miiRo genuri inJineriiT miRebuli soioSi herbicidebis<br />
narCenebis Semcvelobis samjer gazrdis nebarTva.<br />
ZiriTadi kiTxva: usafrTxoa Tu ara adamianisTvis genetikuri<br />
modifikaciis safuZvelze miRebuli kvebis produqtebi, _ jerjerobiT<br />
kvlav erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis gareSe rCeba. Tumca bolo wlebSi<br />
cnobili gaxda zogierTi gamokvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic cocxal<br />
organizmebze gen-modificirebuli produqtebis uaryofiT zegavlenas<br />
adasturebs.<br />
britanelma mecnierma, q. aberdinis saxelmwifo institut rovetis<br />
(Rowett) profesorma arpad puStaim (Arpad Pusztai) 1998 wlis aprilSi<br />
satelevizio interviuSi ganacxada, rom mis mier Catarebulma<br />
eqsperimentebma gamoavlines Seuqcevadi cvlilebebi gen-modificirebuli<br />
kartofiliT gamokvebili virTxebis organizmSi: maT dauqveiTdaT imunuri<br />
sistema da aRmoaCndaT Sinagani organoebis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva<br />
saxis darRvevebi. mecnieris aRniSnuli gancxadeba gaxda “cru, fsevdomecnieruli<br />
informaciis gavrcelebis” sababiT misi samsaxuridan<br />
ganTavisuflebis safuZveli.<br />
Tumca, 1999 wlis TebervalSi cnobili mecnierebis 20-kacianma<br />
jgufma, safuZvliani gamokvlevis Semdeg, gamoaqveyna daskvna puStais<br />
samuSaos Taobaze, romelSic mTlianad dasturdeboda mis mier miRebuli<br />
Sedegebis sandooba. didi britaneTis soflis meurneobis ministri<br />
iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina puStais eqsperimentebis Sedegebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebis mizanSewoniloba da ganexila winaswari licenzirebisa<br />
da mravalmxrivi gamokvlevebis gareSe gen-modificirebuli produqtebis<br />
realizaciis akrZalvis sakiTxi.<br />
sifrTxile gen-modificirebul produqtebTan midgomaSi kidev ufro<br />
gaizarda 1999 wels, mas Semdeg rac did britaneTSi, iorkis kvebis<br />
produqtebis kvlevis laboratoriaSi (York Nutritional Laboratory), aRmoCenil<br />
iqna, rom soioTi gamowveuli alergiisa da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis<br />
funqciis darRvevis SemTxvevebi mniSvnelovnad gaxSirda bolo ori wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi. amasTan, gamovlinda, rom gen-modificirebuli soios erTerTi<br />
saxeoba saSiSia im adamianebisTvis, romelTac alergia aqvT Txilis<br />
mimarT. es gen-modificirebuli produqti miRebul iqna Teslis erT-erTi<br />
3 Hherbicidebi _ (laT. herba – balaxi, caedo – vklav) qimiuri niviTierebebebi,<br />
romlebic gamoiyeneba sarevela mcenareebis winaaRmdeg.
umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli kompaniis “Pioneer Hybrid International”-is mier soios<br />
dnm-Si aminomJavebiT mdidari braziliuri Txilis genis Seyvanis Sedegad.<br />
kompania iZulebuli gaxda dazaralebulTaTvis kompensacia gadaexada,<br />
proeqti ki SeeCerebina.<br />
gen-modificirebuli produqtebis komponentebi SeiZleba aRmoCndes<br />
ara mxolod alergenebi, aramed maRaltoqsikurebic anu qimiurad saSiSi<br />
cocxali organizmebisaTvis. ase, magaliTad, mxolod ramdenime wlis<br />
moxmarebis Semdeg gaxda cnobili aspartamis saxeliT gavrcelebuli<br />
kvebis danamatiT gamowveuli seriozuli gverdiTi movlenebis Taobaze.<br />
aspartami mravali wlis manZilze sruliad usafrTxod iTvleboda da<br />
kvebisa da farmacevtul warmoebaSi misi gamoyeneba 100-ze met qveyanaSi iyo<br />
daSvebuli. aspartami, rogorc Saqris Semcvleli, rekomendirebuli iyo<br />
Saqris diabetiT daavadebulTaTvis, aseve maTTvis, visac awuxebda<br />
simsuqnis problema an surda Tavidan aeciebina kariesi. mas iyenebdnen 5<br />
aTasze meti dasaxelebis produqciis warmoebaSi (maT Soris, ualkoholo<br />
sasmelebis _ “Coca-cola light”, “Pepsi-cola light”, iogurtis, rZiani desertebis,<br />
nayinis, saReWi rezinebis da sxv.).<br />
gen-modificirebul sakvebTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT mniSvnelovan<br />
sakiTxs antibiotikebisadmi mdgradoba warmoadgens. bioinJinerul<br />
teqnologiebSi am samkurnalo preparatebisadmi mdgradi genebi mravali<br />
wlis manZilze gamoiyeneba markerebis saxiT imis gamosavlenad, Cainerga<br />
Tu ara axali Tviseba modificirebul produqtSi. ase, magaliTad,<br />
pomidvris jiSis “Flavr Savr”-is gamoyvanisas gamoiyeneba kanamicinisadmi<br />
mdgradi geni, xolo genetikurad modificirebuli simindisas _<br />
ampicilinisadmi.<br />
samwuxarod, jer kidev ver moiZebna transformaciis Semdeg am<br />
markeruli genebis mocilebis saSualeba. swored gen-modificirebul<br />
produqtebSi maTi arseboba iwvevs medikosebis SeSfoTebas, vinaidan<br />
aRniSnuli geni SeiZleba gadaeces daavadebis gamomwvev baqteriebs,<br />
romlebic mdgradebi gaxdebian konkretuli jgufis antibiotikebis mimarT.<br />
aseTi supermikrobebis warmoqmnam SeiZleba migviyvanos iseTi daavadebebis<br />
gavrcelebamde, romelTa gankurnebac arsebuli medikamentebis saSualebiT<br />
SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.<br />
amrigad, genetikuri sakvebis momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa<br />
argumentebis safuZvelze jerjerobiT erTmniSvnelovani daskvnis<br />
gamotana SeuZlebelia. danamdvilebiT (sabolood) veravin amtkicebs<br />
rogorc gen-modificirebuli produqtebis usafrTxoebas, ise mis saziano<br />
Tvisebebs. amis miuxedavad, misi amjobinebs sul ufro da ufro meti<br />
momxre amjobinebs “sifrTxilis princips”. swored aseTi midgoma<br />
warmoadgens gaeros biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb konvenciis<br />
biologiuri usafrTxoebis protokolis saxelmZRvanelo princips.<br />
protokolis mixedviT, jer unda damtkicdes genetikuri gziT miRebuli<br />
organizmebis usafrTxoeba da mxolod amis Semdeg unda moxdes maTi<br />
vargisianobis aRiareba.<br />
axali medikamentebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli seriozuli ukuCvenebis<br />
10%-ze meti jer kidev Seuswavlelia. amitom, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom<br />
msoflio Tanasazogadoebis sul ufro da ufro meti qveyana acxadebs
uars rekombinantuli dnm-is Semcveli produqtebis komerciul warmoebaze,<br />
Semotanasa da moxmarebaze. bevr qveyanaSi nawilobriv an mTlianad<br />
aikrZala gen-modificirebuli produqtebis gamoyeneba usafrTxoebaze<br />
Sesabamisi Semowmebis gavlis gareSe. amis garda, miRebulia sakanonmdeblo<br />
aqtebi, romlebiTac reglamentirebulia gen-modificirebuli warmoSobis<br />
produqciis savaldebulo markireba. es zrdis kvebis produqtebis<br />
wamomavlobaze myidvelis informirebis dones da mas saSualeba eZleva<br />
Tavad gaakeTos arCevani. evrokavSirSi miRebuli wesebis Tanaxmad, kvebis<br />
produqtebSi genetikurad Secvlili komponentebis etiketze ar miTiTeba<br />
nebadarTulia mxolod maTi 1%-mde Semcvelobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
genuri inJineria da biomravalferovneba<br />
genuri inJineriiT miRebuli organizmebis gavrceleba<br />
biomravalferovnebisaTvis iseTive saSiSroebas warmoadgens, rogorc ucxo<br />
saxeobebis Casaxleba axal garemoSi. genuri inJineriis saSualebiT<br />
marilebisadmi mdgradobis Tvisebas nergaven iseT ZiriTad saarsebo<br />
kulturebSi, rogorebicaa brinji da xorbali. ase rom, SesaZlebeli<br />
iqneba am kulturebis moyvana mlaSe niadagebzec, iq, sadac adre mxolod<br />
aseT pirobebs Seguebuli adgilobrivi jiSebi mohyavdaT. axali niSan-<br />
Tviseba, romelsac transgenuri mcenareebi SeiZenen, maT ufro<br />
konkurentunarians gaxdis adgilobriv jiSebTan SedarebiT, ramac<br />
SesaZlebelia seriozuli ekologiuri darRvevebi gamoiwvios.<br />
aSS-Si gadaSenebis piras myofi mcenareebis 42% gansakuTrebuli<br />
riskis qveSaa ucxo saxeobebis farTod gavrcelebis gamo. aSS-is Sida<br />
saqmeebis departamentis monacemebiT, qveyanas maTi dacva yovelwliurad<br />
sul mcire 123 miliardi dolari mainc ujdeba.<br />
bolo drois monacemebis mixedviT, yovelwliurad msoflioSi<br />
TiTqmis 30 saxeoba ikargeba. gaerTianebuli erebis kvebisa da soflis<br />
meurneobis organizaciis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad sasoflo-samneurneo<br />
kulturebis 75% jer kidev wina saukunis dasawyisSi daikarga. es<br />
tendencia axlac grZeldeba da kidev ufro mZafrdeba transgenuri<br />
kulturebis damkvidrebasTan erTad, radgan genuri inJineria<br />
monokulturebis Seqmnis teqnologiaa. monokultura genetikur<br />
erTgvarovnebas niSnavs, genetikurad erTgvarovani kulturebis naTesebi ki<br />
bevrad mgrZnobiareni arian daavadebisa Tu garemos araxelsayreli<br />
pirobebis mimarT.<br />
magaliTad, XIX saukuneSi gavrcelebulma daavadebam erTianad<br />
gaanadgura irlandiis kartofilis naTesebi maTi genetikuri<br />
erTgvarovnebis gamo. maSin, rodesac andebSi, sadac kartofilis 46-ze meti<br />
saxeoba iyo gavrcelebuli, avadmyofobam mxolod zogierTi maTgani<br />
daaziana, mTliani mosavali ki gadarCa. SemdgomSi, andebis kartofilis<br />
saxeobebi evropaSi am kulturis mravalferovnebis aRsadgenad gamoiyenes.<br />
tradiciuli gagebiT biomravalferovneba mosaxleobis sakvebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofis safuZvelia. rac ufro mravalferovania agrosamrewvelo<br />
sistema, miT ufro advilad umklavdeba is mavneblebs, daavadebebs Tu<br />
klimatur cvlilebebs, romlebic umTavresad mxolod garkveul jiSebze<br />
moqmedeben. aTaswleulebis manZilze miwaTmoqmedebi msoflios yvela
kuTxeSi mavneblebisagan, sokovani da virusuli daavadebebisagan mosavlis<br />
dasacavad iyenebdnen soflis meurneobis bunebasTan miaxloebul, organul<br />
meTodebs. erT-erT aseT meTods swored rTuli mravalkulturiani (erT<br />
nakveTze 20-mde sxvadasxva kultura) sitemebis gamoyeneba warmoadgenda.<br />
genuri inJineria da mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa<br />
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problema kvebis<br />
produqtebis xarisxis amaRleba da raodenobis gazrdaa.<br />
bioinJineriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom gen-modificirebuli<br />
kulturebi gamoirCevian SedarebiT (15-25%-iT) maRali mosavlianobiT da<br />
maT SeswevT unari ixsnan planetis mudmivad mzardi (yovelwliurad 88<br />
milioniT) mosaxleoba gardauvali SimSilisagan. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu<br />
genuri inJineria SeZlebs Seasrulos Tavisi danapirebi uxvmosavlianobasa<br />
da daavadebebis mimarT mdgradobasTan dakavSirebiT, msoflios moSimSile<br />
adamianebs amiT ar eSvelebaT, radgan genuri inJineria SimSilis mizezebs<br />
ver aRmofxvris. mosazreba, rom es rTuli problema bioteqnologiuri<br />
panaceis daxmarebiT gadaiWreba, saSualebas aZlevs mTavrobasa da<br />
mrewvelebs Tavi aaridon politikuri da socialuri uTanasworobis<br />
problemebs, romlebic uSualod arian SimSilis gamomwvevi mizezebi.<br />
cxadia, genuri inJineriis gamoyenebiT miRebuli produqcia ufro wminda<br />
komerciul interesebs akmayofilebs, xolo SimSilobis mizezi ara<br />
imdenad sursaT-sanovagis ukmarisobaa, ramdenadac misi ganawilebis<br />
sistemis mankiereba. gaerTianebuli erebis msoflio sasursaTo programis<br />
monacemebis mixedviT, amaJamad, msoflioSi warmoebuli produqcia 1.5-jer<br />
aRemateba sakvebis im maqsimalur odenobas, romelic dedamiwis<br />
mosaxleobis gamokvebisTvisaa saWiro. amave dros ki, yoveli meSvide<br />
adamiani SimSilobs.<br />
• 1984 wels, rodesac eTiopiaSi SimSili mZvinvarebda, saukeTeso<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze gaerTianebuli samefosa da evropis sxva<br />
qveynebSi eqsportisaTvis gankuTvnili safuraJe kulturebi iyo<br />
daTesili. imavdroulad, evropaSi yava, xorci, xili da bostneulic<br />
gahqondaT.<br />
• 1997 wlis gamokvlevebis mixedviT xuTi wlis bavSvebis 78%, romlebsac<br />
sakmarisi sakvebi ara aqvT, swored im qveynebSi cxovrobs, sadac sakvebi<br />
produqtebis warmoeba moTxovnilebas bevrad aWarbebs.<br />
magram ZiriTadi problema mainc isaa, rom mosaxleobis zrdasTan<br />
erTad yovelwliurad mcirdeba soflis meurneobisaTvis vargisi<br />
farTobebi _ garda imisa, rom urbanizaciis Sedegad aTasobiT heqtari<br />
asfaltiT ifareba, darCenili sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi umTavresad<br />
erozirebuli an danagvianebulia. am problemebis gadaWras axali<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo politikisa da midgomis SemuSaveba sWirdeba.<br />
gamosavals SeiZleba warmoadgendes ekologiuri miwaTmoqmedeba, romlis<br />
ZiriTadi principebia:<br />
- adgilobriv garemo pirobebTan Seguebuli kulturebis moyvana;
- agrobiomravalferovnebis dacva da SenarCeuneba SeTesvisa da<br />
Teslbrunvis saSualebiT:<br />
- niadagis degradirebisa da masSi arsebuli sakvebi nivTierebis<br />
danakargebis minimumamde dayvana. niadagis nayofierebis<br />
gaumjobeseba organuli sasuqis _ nakelisa da kompostis<br />
gamoyenebiT;<br />
- meurneobis Sida resursebis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba. bunebrivi<br />
resursebisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba.<br />
problemis gadawyvetis saukeTeso magaliTi kubam mogvca. 1989 wlamde<br />
am qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo arseboba didi samrewvelo fermebisa,<br />
romlebic mTlianad importirebul sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikasa da<br />
agroqimikatebze iyvnen damokidebulni. aseve, qveynis sasursaTo<br />
momaragebis naxevari importze modioda. socialisturi (sabWoTa) sistemis<br />
moSlasTan erTad gawyda arsebuli savaWro kavSirebi. amasTan erTad, aSSis<br />
mier dawesebulma savaWro embargom qveyana mZime sasursaTo krizisSi<br />
Caagdo da kubis mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda alternatiuli sasoflosameurneo<br />
sistemebisTvis miemarTa. miwis reformis Semdeg sasoflosameurneo<br />
savargulebi mcire fermerebs gadaecaT, romelTa nawili<br />
ekologiur miwaTmoqmedebaze gadavida. amJamad, kubaSi 5 milioni ha<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo farTidan 1 mln. ekofermerebs uWiravT. qveyana<br />
gamovida sasursaTo krizisidan da aRar saWiroebs ZviradRirebuli agroqimiuri<br />
saSualebebis imports. 1999 wels kubis ekologiuri<br />
miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyob organizacias sasursaTo<br />
uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso modelis SeqmnisTvis alternatiuli nobelis<br />
premia _ « The Right Livelihood Award » _ gadaeca.<br />
rodeilis sasoflo-sameurneo sistemebis Seswavlis institutis 14-<br />
wlianma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom ekologiuri miwaTmoqmedebis meTodebze<br />
gadasvlisas mosavlis danakargs (daaxloebiT 25%) adgili aqvs mxolod<br />
pirveli 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Semdgom wlebSi ki mosavali konvenciurs 4<br />
utoldeba. amasTan, stresul pirobebSi mosavlis danakargi ekologiur<br />
sistemebSi gacilebiT naklebia.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura :<br />
1. “Monsanto Sues North American Farmers”, Friends of the Earth Biotech Mailout, Volume 5,<br />
Issue 2, 15 th March 1999. www.foeeurope.org/programmes/biotechnology/5n2_frames.htm;<br />
2. “Genetic Engeneering and World Hunger”, Corner Hous Briefing 10, October 1998;<br />
3. “IFOAM-2000 – 13 th Scientific Conference of IFOAM in Basel, Proceeding of the conference;<br />
4. Vandana Shiva, Biopiracy: The plunder of Nature and Knowledge, Green Books, 1998, p.73;<br />
Богданов В. Рыбопомидор от Франкештейна// Российская аграрная газета. – 2003. - №5 (8).<br />
4 konvenciuri (meurneoba) – Cveulebrivi meurneoba, sadac SezRuduli araa<br />
qimiuri an sxva saSualebebis gamoyeneba.
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