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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />

eTnologia<br />

giorgi mamardaSvili<br />

sazogadoebrivi da saojaxo yofa leCxumis mosaxleobaSi<br />

eTnologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />

warmodgenili<br />

d i s e r t a c i a<br />

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: eTnologia/anTropologiis doqtori<br />

profesori TinaTin RuduSauri<br />

Tbilisi 2010<br />

1

s a r C e v i:<br />

leCxumis kvlevis istoriidan gv 3<br />

leCxumis istoriidan gv 7<br />

leCxumis istoriuli geografiidan gv 25<br />

leCxumis sazogadoebrivi yofa gv 40<br />

leCxumis socialuri istoriidan gv 40<br />

leCxumis mosaxleoba da migraciuli procesebi<br />

gv. 76D<br />

dasaxlebis struqtura gv. 94<br />

urTierTdaxmarebis formebi gv. 101<br />

leCxumis saojaxo yofa gv. 106<br />

Oojaxis formebi gv. 106<br />

sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi gv. 118<br />

saqorwino wes-Cveulebebi gv. 123<br />

micvalebulis kulti gv. 135<br />

rwmena-warmodgenebi da saojaxo ritualebi gv. 144<br />

daskvna gv. 167<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura gv. 170<br />

2

leCxumis kvlevis istoriidan<br />

leCxumi saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT naklebad aris<br />

Seswavlili. XIX saukunis qarTuli mecnierebis warmomadgenlebis mier<br />

Catarebulma kvlevebma, istorikosTa Ziebebma saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela<br />

kuTxe moicva, Tumca leCxumiT maincdamainc aravin dainteresebula.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XX saukunis Suawlebamde, istoriuli da<br />

eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT leCxumis kvleva jer kidev ar iyo<br />

dawyebuli. dResdReisobiT moipoveba TiTze CamosaTvleli gamokvlevebi,<br />

publikaciebi da aRwerilobebi, romlebic zogadad exebian leCxumis<br />

istorias da eTnografias. am mxriv, SedarebiT uxvia Sromebi leCxumis<br />

istoriuli geografiis Sesaxeb.<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis naSromSi `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~<br />

leCxums calke, momcro Tavi aqvs daTmobili, sadac mimoxilulia<br />

leCxumis geografiuli da bunebrivi pirobebi, mokledaa daxasiaTebuli<br />

leCxumelebisa da maTi meurneobis Taviseburebebi. pirveli qarTveli<br />

geografi iZleva Tavisebur interpretacias leCxumis saxelwodebis<br />

Sesaxeb, misi adgilmdebareobisa da istoriul-geografiasTan<br />

dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. vaxuStis gansazRvrebiT mocemuli leCxumis<br />

adgilmdebareoba TiTqmis identuria dRevandeli leCxumis<br />

adgilmdebareobisa. vaxuStisave TqmiT, Takveri, romelsac<br />

bagrationebamde raWa erqva, Semdgom xanebSi leCxumis aRmniSvnelad iqca.<br />

Takverisa da leCxumis urTierTmimarTeba qarTvel istorikosebs<br />

Soris azrTa sxvdasxvaobas iwvevs. leCxumis istoriul geografiaze<br />

sakuTari mosazrebebi aqvT gamoTqmuli iv. javaxiSvils, n. mars, n.<br />

berZeniSvils, l. musxeliSvils. Semdgom xanaSi am mimarTulebis kvlevebi<br />

Caatares d. leTodianma, T. beraZem, j. SaraSeniZem.<br />

leCxumis istoriuli geografiis mkvlevarebi qarTul da ucxour<br />

werilobiT wyaroebs eyrdnobian, romelTaganac uadresi VI_VII saukunis<br />

bizantieli istorikosebis cnobebia _ prokofi kesarieli, iustine da<br />

Teodosi gangreli exebian ra lazikis saxelmwifosa da iq mimdinare<br />

3

politikur Tu sxva saxis movlenebs, gvawvdian mniSvnelovan cnobebs<br />

leCxumis Sesaxeb.<br />

leCxumis istoriuli geografiis mkvlevarTaTvis didmniSvnelovania<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis aRwerilobanic.<br />

vaxuStis ,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa” leCxumis istoriis<br />

Sesaxebac Seicavs metad faseul cnobebs.<br />

leCxumis istoriis gakveul etapebs mieZRvna ramodenime gamokvleva<br />

da publikacia. aRsaniSnavia XIX saukunis dasasruls raf. erisTavis mier<br />

Seswavlili leCxumel glexTa yofis niuansebi, romelic man gamoaqveyna<br />

naSromSi ,,batonymoba saqarTveloSi”.<br />

mniSvnelovania cnobebi, romelsac mefis ruseTis droindeli<br />

mosaxleobis aRwera iZleva. SeiZleba maTi analiziT gakeTdes rigi<br />

daskvnebi leCxumis ekonomikisa da meurneobis xasiaTze. statistikuri<br />

aRwerilobis garda XIX saukunis rusi mogzaurebi Tu Cinovnikebi<br />

nawilobriv Seexnen leCxumis sakiTxs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia, rionis xeobis<br />

leCxumis Sesaxeb g. rades, xolo sofeli lailaSis Sesaxeb i. maiseevis<br />

aRwerilobani.<br />

1910 wlisTvis leCxumSi imogzaura eqvTime TayaiSvilma, romelmac<br />

aRwera leCxumis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani eklesia-monasteri, maTi<br />

warwerebi da saeklesio siZveleni. eklesia-monastrebis aRweriloba da<br />

maTi warwerebis gamoqveyneba leCxumis istoriis mkvlevrebisTvis<br />

didmniSvnelovani saqme gaxldaT.<br />

g. Citaiam leCxumis sakiTxebi mokled mimoixila, leCxumis<br />

arqeologiuri eqspediciis angariSSi.<br />

leCxumis Sesaxeb ,,qarTlis cxovrebaSi” metad mwiri cnobebi<br />

mogvepoveba. XVII-XIX saukunis ucxoeli mogzaurebic maincdamainc ar<br />

interesdebian am kuTxiT _ guldenStedisa da Jan Sardenis<br />

aRwerilobebSi leCxumis Sesaxeb ramodenime zogadi frazaa<br />

dafiqsirebuli.<br />

leCxumis istoriul geografias mimoixilaven is mecnierebi,<br />

romlebic maqsime aRmsareblis cxovrebiTa da gansakuTrebiT misi<br />

moRvaweobis bolo periodiT arian dainteresebulni. aris mosazreba rom<br />

maqsime dasaflavebulia cageris maxloblad da am azrs vaxuStis cnobac<br />

4

da leCxumSi dRemde Semonaxuli gadmocemebic mowmobs. maqsime<br />

aRmsareblis saflavs da Sesabamisad leCxumis istoriul geografias<br />

Tavis droze naSromebi miuZRvnes briliantovma da m. Ciqovanma.<br />

XX saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi leCxumis eTnografiisa da<br />

istoriis sakiTxebis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana m. alaviZem.<br />

mis mier quTaisis ped. institutis SromebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero<br />

werilebi (,,leCxumis eTnografiuli SeswavlisTvis”, ,,g. inasariZis<br />

vinaobisTvis” da a.S.) mniSvnelovnad amdidrebs leCxumis TematikiT<br />

dainteresebulTa kvlevis SesaZleblobebs. m. alaviZis SromebSi<br />

aRwerilia leCxumuri saxl-kari, Sromis iaraRebi, saojaxo wes-<br />

Cveulebebi. m. alaviZem Sekriba xalxuri gadmocemebi da gamosca<br />

SesaniSnavi wigni ,,leCxumuri zepirsityvaoba”. m. alaviZesve ekuTvnis<br />

kvlevebi leCxumuri toponimikisa da leqsikis Sesaxeb.<br />

leCxumuri xalxuri wes-Cveulebebis, ritualebisa Tu saxalxo<br />

dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb sakmad mdidar cnobebs gvawvdis<br />

f. gardafxaZe-qiqoZis xalxur dReobaTaA aRwera, sadac is aRgviwers<br />

samocamde mniSvnelovan dResaswaulsa da mis ritualur mxares.<br />

f. gardafxaZesve ekuTvnis naSromi leCxumSi tradiciuli meurneobis,<br />

meTuneobis Sesaxeb.<br />

gasuli saukunis miwuruls leCxumis sakiTxebiT dainteresdnen g.<br />

gasviani, T. mibCuani, a. tuRuSi. 1985 wels gamoica krebuli ,,leCxumi”,<br />

sadac gamoqveynebuli iqna gamokvlevebi leCxumSi arsebuli mevenaxeobis,<br />

Sromis koleqtiuri formebis, wylisa da micvalebulis kultebis,<br />

Rebvisa da tradiciuli Cacmulobis, qviTxuroobis Sesaxeb. 80-iani<br />

wlebis dasawyisSi avtorTa jgufma gamosca amave saxelwodebis wigni,<br />

romelSic safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili leCxumis safortifikacio qseli,<br />

samimosvlo gzebi, sakulto nagebobani, ris safuZvelzec aRdgenilia<br />

leCxumis istoriul-geografiuli suraTi da naCvenebia mis SigniT<br />

arsebuli patar-patara Sidaregionaluri gaerTianebebi.<br />

leCxumur gvarTa Sesaxeb srul informacias gvawvdis r. TofCiSvili,<br />

naSromSi ,,leCxumuri gvar-saxelebi”, sadac is mimoixilavs leCxumSi<br />

gavrcelebul gvarTa umetesobas, maT warmomavlobas da maTTan<br />

dakavSirebul gadmocemebs.<br />

5

leCxumis sazogadoebrivi da saojaxo kvleva jerjerobiT aravis<br />

uwarmoebia. amitomac, sakmaod rTulia am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb wyaroTa<br />

moZieba. zemoTdasaxelebuli kvlevebi odnav Tu exeba sazogadoebriv da<br />

saojaxo yofis sakiTxebs. am mxriv sakmaod mniSvnelovan cnobebs<br />

gvawvdis XVII_XVIII saukunis saeklesio sabuTebi, romlebic gamosces s.<br />

kakabaZem da i. doliZem. am saeklesio sabuTebis mixedviT SeiZleba<br />

aRdgenil iqnas gvianSuasaukuneobrivi socialuri fenebi, maTi ufleba<br />

movaleobani, meurneobis ekonomikuri safuZvlebi, ojaxis dasaxlebis<br />

forma da leCxumis sazogado da saojaxo yofis mravali sxva niuansi.<br />

masalis simwiris gamo leCxumis sazogadoebrivi da saojaxo yofis<br />

Seswavla savele-eTnografiuli masalis mogrovebas moiTxovs, romelze<br />

dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba leCxumis sazogadoebrivi da saojaxo<br />

yofis suraTis, misi warsulisa da awmyos mTlianobaSi gaazreba.<br />

6

leCxumis istoriidan<br />

leCxumis teritoriaze mosaxleoba, savaraudod jer kidev qvis<br />

xanaSi Cndeba (76, 259). sofel tviSTan aRmoCenili neoliTuri xanis kaJis<br />

iaraRebi amis dasturi unda iyos.<br />

brinjaos xanaSi leCxumi ukve farTodaa aTvisebuli da erT-erTi<br />

dawinaurebuli kuTxea. leCxumis dawinaurebas, brinjaos epoqidan<br />

moyolebuli, antikuri xanis ganmavlobaSi garkveuli winapirobebi<br />

gaaCnda. Zveli w. aR_iT XIV_XII saukuneebSi aq ukve arsebobda<br />

metalurgiis mZlavri kera. aRniSnul periodsa da Zv. w. aR_iT X_VIII<br />

saukuneebs miekuTvneba leCxumSi mopovebuli brinjaos ganZebi. brinjaos<br />

ganZebi napovnia sofel lailaSSi, surmuSSi, cageraSi, oyureSSi,<br />

luxvanoSi, xojSi da lexeroSi (64, 3). sami ganZia napovni lailaSSi, ori<br />

surmuSSi, sxvagan ki TiTo-TiTo. lailaSSi brinjaos iaraRebis aseTi<br />

Tavmoyra gvaZlevs sababs vifiqroT, rom lailaSSi iyo metalurgiis erTerTi<br />

centri, an rogorc ukve feodalizmis xanaSi, satranzito gzebis<br />

gadakveTaze mdebareobda. surmuSic lailaSis axlo mdebare sofelia da<br />

SesaZloa es ori sofeli brinjaos xanaSi erTian samrewvelo Tu<br />

socialur kompleqss qmnida. oyureSisa da luxvanos brinjaos ganZebi<br />

erTgvarovania. leCxumis brinjaos metalurgia dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

ganZebis jgufs ukavSirdeba da msgavsia biWvinTis, egres, Woroxis,<br />

qobuleTis, melquduris, pilenkovos da a.S. analogiuri msalisa.<br />

leCxumSi brinjaos adgilze damuSavebas mowmobs is, rom sof. oyureSSi,<br />

ofitaraSi, laWepitaSi, TeTr-Releze (saZovari) aris spilenZis<br />

gamosavlebi. es spilenZis gamosasvlelebi aRar gamoiyeneba, Tumca aq da<br />

umeteswilad im soflebSi sadac ganZebia napovni, brinjaos xanidan<br />

SemorCenili spilenZis zodebi, Tixis namsxvrevebi, widebi leCxumSi<br />

brinjaos warmoebis maRalganviTarebulobaze migviTiTebs (64; 23, 24).<br />

savaraudod, brinjaos mrewveloba mTeli kuTxis ganviTarebas<br />

gansazRvravda. SesaZloa, am periodis monacemebiT leCxumSi ukve<br />

davinaxoT, SemdgomSi dadasturebuli dayofa cxeniswylisa da rionis<br />

xeobis leCxumad _ oyureSi da misi mimdebare adgilebi (laWepita,<br />

ofitara, TeTr-Rele) cxeniswylis xeobis brinjaos warmoebis centri<br />

7

unda yofiliyo da warmoebis am saSualebis ganviTarebisTvis<br />

xelsayreli pirobebis gamo cxeniswylis xeobaSi, jer kidev brinjaos<br />

xanaSi yalibdeba damoukidebeli mikro-regioni. rionis xeobac, rogorc<br />

qarTveli da Crdilokavkasieli mTielebis damakavSirebeli erT-erTi<br />

samimosvlo gza, flobda sakmaris ekonomikur SeZlebas. lailaSsurmuSis<br />

ganZebi ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos kuTxeebTan aqtiur<br />

urTierTobaze migviTiTebs _ am soflebis ganZebSi, cxenis brinjaos<br />

lagamis iseTi nimuSebia, romlis msgavsi saqarTveloSi ar moipoveba.<br />

aseTi tipis lagmebi CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvisaa maxasiaTebeli da misi<br />

rionis xeobis leCxumSi moxvedra CrdiloelebTan savaWro urTierobebiT<br />

SeiZleba aixsnas. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos brinjaos nimuSebis Tavmoyra,<br />

spilenZis gamosavlebisgan sakmaod Sors, sofel luxvanoSi. luxvanoze,<br />

adrefeodaluri xanidan cxeniswylisa da rionis xeobis leCxumidan,<br />

agreTve laSxeTidan kolxeTis dablobSi mimavali umoklesi gza<br />

gadioda. amis gamo, luxvanos teritoria mofenilia cixesimagreebiT.<br />

savaraudod, luxvanom, rogorc tranzituli gzis mniSvnelovanma punqtma,<br />

gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri da samxedro funqciebi jer kidev brinjaos<br />

xanaSi SeiZina.<br />

leCxumis brinjaos ganZebSi umTavresi adgili brinjaos culs<br />

uWiravs. sakmaodaa cxenis Sesakazmi aRWurvilobac. ganZebSi arsebuli<br />

samoci culidan oTxi lokaluri niSniT gamoirCeva da adgilobrivi<br />

warmoebis unda iyos (64, 26). Tavad faqti, rom am ganZebSi sabrZolo<br />

iaraRi yvelaze metad aris warmodgenili, metyvelebs, rom leCxumSi ukve<br />

iwyeba meomarTa kastis Camoyalibebis procesi. socialuri diferenciacia<br />

TvalnaTelia _ cxeTisa da usaxelos elinisturi samarovnebi<br />

Raribulia, amave drois mdidruli samarovnebi ki savsea iaraRiT (70, 99).<br />

identuri mdgomareobaa saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic _ Zv. w. aR -iT V<br />

saukunis Sua wlebidan samarovnebSi iaraRi saerTod ar Cans, mdidrul<br />

samarxebSi ki iaraRi uxvad aris Catanebuli (16, 81). aqedan SegviZlia<br />

davaskvnaT, rom iaraRi da Zalaufleba ekonomiurad da uflebrivad<br />

dawinaurebuli wris xelSi gadadis (16, 81).<br />

ucxour werilobiT wyaroebSi leCxumi pirvelad VI saukunis<br />

bizantiur wyaroebSi ixsenieba. leCxumi, igive skvimia VI saukunis egrisSi<br />

8

sakmaod dawinaurebuli kuTxea. igi dasavleT saqarTvelos erTerTi<br />

samTavroTagania (57, 126).<br />

niSandoblivia, rom am kuTxis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi imJamad mimdinare oms ukavSirdeba. sparseT-bizantiis omSi,<br />

romlis asparezic egrisis baris raionebia, skvimnia anu leCxumi<br />

bizantielTa mokavSire egrisisTvis omis zurgis funqcias asrulebs _<br />

sparselebi mokavSireTa sabolood dasamarcxeblad mTebisken mimaval<br />

gzebze ganlagebul cixe-simagreebs ikaveben, riTac skvimniaSi/leCxumSi<br />

da svaniaSi/svaneTSi mimaval gzebs ketaven (57, 197).<br />

leCxumis adreulma dawinaurebam Taviseburi asaxva hpova<br />

Suasaukuneebis sawyis periodzec. adreSuasaukuneebidan aq iwyeba cixeTa<br />

mSeneblobebi da leCxumi safortifikacio qseliT ifareba. bunebrivi<br />

pirobebis mixedviT arsebuli samimosvlo gzebi, maTi makontrolebeli<br />

cixesimagreni, savaWro da religiuri centrebi leCxumis SigniT momcro<br />

mikro-regionebs qmnida. leCxums, garda imisa, rom antikuri xanidan<br />

moyolebuli satranzito mniSvneloba hqonda, sxva funqciis Sesrulebac<br />

uwevda. leCxumi erT-erTi obieqti unda yofiliyo im strategiuli<br />

amocanisa, romlis gadaWras cdilobdnen egrisis momijnave didi<br />

saxelmwifoebi _ CrdiloeT kavkasiidan marbiel momTabareTa gadmosvla<br />

egrisisTvis da TviT sparseTisa da bizantiisTvisac metad saSiSi ram<br />

gaxldaT. leCxumi, meore damxvduri, Crdiloelebis SeCerebis<br />

strategiaSi zurgis funqciis Semsrulebeli unda yofiliyo. `gadmovles<br />

ovsTa gza Takverisao~ gvamcnobs `qarTlis cxovreba~ IV saukunis ambebis<br />

gadmocemisas. mematianes es cnoba, amtkicebs, rom am dros marTlac<br />

arsebobda Crdiloeli urdoebis Semosevis saSiSroeba da am saSiSroebis<br />

erT-erTi aRmkveTis funqcia Takvers, im regions ekisra romlis<br />

SemadgenlobaSiac igulisxmeba leCxumi. es kuTxe dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

barSi mdebare politikuri centrebisTvis CrdiloeTidan Semosevebis<br />

SeCerebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqti unda yofiliyo. leCxumis<br />

meSveobiT, masze gamavali gzebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos da CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasiis mTis mosaxleoba kolxeTis dablobs ukavSirdeboda. bunebrivia,<br />

satranzito mniSvnelobam gzebis maxloblad cixe-simagreebis mZlavri<br />

qselis warmoSoba ganapiroba, ramac sxva faqtorebTan erTad leCxumSi<br />

9

meomruli kastis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. leCxumis Semdgomi istoria,<br />

TiTqos pirvelxsenebis inerciiT umeteswilad saomar moqmedebebis<br />

aRweras axlavs Tan. mudmivi monawileoba samxedro operaciebSi,<br />

leCxumels meomrisTvis saWiro da aucilebel Tvisebebs sZenda da am<br />

Tvisebebis gamo gvianSuasaukuneebis leCxumeli vaxuSti batoniSvilis<br />

xatovani daxasiaTebiT aseTia: `kacni muneburni mbrZolni, SemmarTebelni,<br />

haerovanni, tanovanni, mxneni da morCilni ufalTa TvisTa~ (24, 749).<br />

savaraudod, leCxumis XI saukunis Semdeg satranzito mniSvneloba<br />

unda Semcirebuliyo, radgan qveynis gaerTianebam politikuri da savaWro<br />

centrebi aRmosavleTiT gadaswia. dedaqalaqis quTaisidan TbilisSi<br />

gadatanam leCxumi romelic adre sataxto qalaqTan axlo mdebare da<br />

metad saWiro (samalav-saxizrebiT, cixesimagreebiT, es kuTxe miuvalia da<br />

Tanac barTan Zalian axlo mdebareobiT gamoirCeva) kuTxe iyo, erTgvar<br />

provinciad aqcia. Tumca, leCxums Zveleburi `pativi~ ar daukargavs _<br />

raWa-Takveris saerisTavos prestiJi kargad Cans Tamar mefis mefed<br />

kurTxevis dros _ Takveris mmarTvels, albaT imdroindeli tradiciis<br />

mixedviT, aqvs pativi erT-erTi wamyvani roli iTamaSos erTiani<br />

saqarTvelos mefis kurTxevis dros. Takveris erisTavi, kaxaberi,<br />

quTaTel episkoposTan erTad sakuTari xeliT adgams gvirgvins Tamar<br />

mefes (31, 27).<br />

XII-XIII saukuneSi leCxumi anu Takveri, raWa-Takveris gaerTianebul<br />

saerisTavos SemadgenlobaSia.<br />

qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi leCxumis pirveli xseneba XV<br />

saukunis svanebisa da jafariZeebis mtrobis aRwerilobaSi gvxvdeba. am<br />

sabuTiT naTeli xdeba leCxumis zemoTaRniSnuli satranzito, savaWro da<br />

samxedro funqciebis mniSvnelovneba: raWveli jafariZeebisgan erTob<br />

SeWirvebuli svanebi aleqsandre mefesTan Civian, rom karga xania maT<br />

saSualebas ar aZleven raWasa da leCxumSi samuSaod Cavidnen, veRarc<br />

savaWrod dadian da marilisa da Rvinis Sesyidvis saSualebac ar aqvT.<br />

svanebs aq jafariZeebis koaliciaSi myofi raWa-leCxumeli didebulebi<br />

laSxiSvilebi, inasariZeebi, kuWaiZeebi da garayaniZeebi aviwroeben.<br />

savaraudod, es Tavadebi, raWa-leCxumze gamaval gzebs akontroleben,<br />

isini usafrdebian leCxumSi savaWrod Casul svanTa rvaaskacian razms,<br />

10

arTmeven mTeli svaneTisTvis Sesyidul Rvinos da umowyalod xocaven<br />

maT. Cans, svanTa da raWa-leCxumis dapirispirebas seriozuli winapiroba<br />

hqonda. svanebi mefes Semweobas sTxoven, misi pasuxi ki aseTia:<br />

jafariZisnairi Tavadi meore ar myavs, saqme rom Tqvens sasargeblod<br />

gadavwyvito raWvelTa, ufro metad ki leCxumelTa keTilganwyobas<br />

davkargavo. aleqsandre mefis pasuxidan, aSkarad Cans Tu raoden did<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebs is leCxumelTa mxardaWeras (66, 112-116). imereTis<br />

samefo karisaTvis leCxumisTvis angariSis gaweva didwilad misi<br />

strategiuli mniSvnelobiT aixsneba. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi leCxumis<br />

roli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi Zalian didia, xolo adrindeli<br />

cnobebi fragmentulad, magram mainc xazs usvamen leCxumis funqcias.<br />

leCxumi erTgvari placdarmia, saidanac imereTis samefo kari Tu mis<br />

winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zalebi awarmoeben TavianT qmedebebs: XIII saukuneSi,<br />

daviT ulus Zes, konstantine mefes misi Zma miqaeli ganudga, `daipyra<br />

raWa, leCxumi, argveTi~ da iq mefobda. cotaTi adre, rodesac daviT ulu<br />

da daviT narini saqarTvelos orad iyofen, xvamlis kldis saganZursac<br />

inawileben _ `ganiyvnes mefeTa queyanani da qalaqni quTaTisi da<br />

tfilisi orad, samefo orad; saWurWle orad; aramed xomlis quabsa Sina<br />

raica iyo, mciredi gayvnes da sxva dauteves munve.~ (24, 219)<br />

XV saukuneSi, bagrat mefis saomar eqspediciaSi leCxumlebi erT-erT<br />

umTavres funqcias asruleben: `uku-dgnen suanni, gardamovidnen,<br />

mostyuevnnes quTaTisi da mowves. scna ra ese bagrat mefeman, mswrafl<br />

movida quTaTiss. mun Semoikribna sruliad spani giorgiisani da herkaxTa,<br />

waruZRvuanna raWvelni da ubrZana maT misvla raWidam da dadiani,<br />

gurieli da afxazni da somxiTarni mogzavna odiSamde ecersazeda; xolo<br />

TviT wariZRuanna leCxumelni da miatanna mesxni, klarjni da imeriTameriT<br />

mihyva TviTca da Sevida esreT~ (24, 261). rogorc am cnobidan Cans,<br />

bagrat mefes didi sadamsjelo operacia mouwyvia svaneTSi. mefis armiis<br />

Setevis mTavari mimarTuleba leCxumidan iwyeba. am mimarTulebas mefe<br />

TviTve xelmZRvanelobs da rCeul meomrebs uyris Tavs _ mesxni da<br />

klarjni maSindeli saqarTvelos armiis mowinaveni, mterTan pirvelad<br />

Sebmis, omis dawyebis pativis mqoneni iyvnen. am laSqrobis Semdeg<br />

11

agratma daimorCila svanebi da erisTavad vardanisZis magivrad<br />

gelovani dasva (24, 261).<br />

XVI saukuneSi, leCxumelTa SemweobiT aleqsandre bagratis Ze,<br />

quTaiss ipyrobs da imereTis mefe xdeba. savaraudod, am periodidan<br />

moyolebuli leCxumeli molaSqreebi da warCinebulni aqtiurad<br />

erTvebian dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur movlenebSi. aleqsandres<br />

Zis, bagratis mefobaSi Takveris erT nawils, raWas saerisTavos statusi<br />

miuRia. Takveri, romelic aerTianebda leCxums da raWas, rogorc Cans,<br />

mefis saxaso miwebi iyo, bagratma ki `dasua erisTavad CxeiZe SoSita da<br />

misca romelnime saxasoni dabani da cixe minda, rameTu aqamomde iyo raWa<br />

samefod da kvalad hyo saerisTavod~ (24, 811). rogorc vxedavT, saubari<br />

ar aris leCxumze, e.i. es kuTxe kvlav mefis saxaso mamulia, mefis pirad<br />

sakuTrebaSia.<br />

gvianfeodaluri xanis bolo monakveTamde leCxumi imereTis mefis<br />

mTavari dasayrdenia. leCxumelTa razmebi imereTis mefis rCeuli<br />

molaSqreebi arian. am razmebs metad sapasuxismgeblo funqcia, mefis<br />

piradi dacva evalebaT: `saxasoni aznaurni da msaxurni glexni<br />

xeobaTagan iyvnen mcvelni mefisani, da umetes moxeve-mTiulni, vidre<br />

daipyrobdnen mas saerisTaod. xolo imerTa _ raWa da sruliad leCxumi,<br />

xolo kaxTa _ qiziyi~ (24, 31). am cnobis mixedviT, raWvelebi da ufro<br />

metad leCxumlebi imereTis mefeTa piradi mcvelebi iyvnen da samefo<br />

xelisuflebis dasayrdens warmoadgendnen. leCxumi, imereTis samefo<br />

karisTvis mravalmxriv saintereso kuTxe unda yofiliyo _ samefo kari<br />

ukeTes `saxaso~ mamuls verc inatrebda: imereTTan da mis politikur<br />

centrebTan siaxlove advili komunikaciebis saSualebas iZleoda;<br />

omianobis dros erTguli molaSqreebic droulad cxaddebodnen<br />

batonTan. leCxumSi arsebuli reliefi mas bunebriv simagred aqcevda, am<br />

kuTxis mkvidrTa meomruli Tvisebebi da batonebTan urTierTobac<br />

sanaqebo yofila: `da ars mTiTa da kldiTa friad magari, da kacni<br />

muneburni mbrZolni, SemmarTebelni, haerovanni, tanovanni, mxneni da<br />

morCilni ufalTa TvisTa~<br />

leCxumel mebrZolTa razmebs, saqarTveloSi miRebuli wesebis<br />

mixedviT, aznaurni da msaxurni glexni Seadgendnen. saqarTveloSi<br />

12

molaSqreoba, miTumetes mefis gverdSi dgoma udidesi pativi gaxldaT:<br />

laSqarSi yofna da samsaxuri marto moqalaqeobrivi movaleoba ki ar<br />

iyo, aramed sapatio da saamayo uflebad iTvleboda yoveli<br />

keTilSobili mamakacisTvis (87, 223); ufro metic, XIII saukunis erT-erTi<br />

dokumentiT dasturdeba, rom mefis mier laSqrobis uflebis CamorTmeva<br />

udides sasjelTan, eklesiidan mokveTasTan iyo gatolebuli (78, 16).<br />

imereTis samefos erTiani saxelmwifosgan gamoyofis Semdeg,<br />

Takveris erTma nawilma, raWam saerisTavos statusi miiRo. bagrat<br />

aleqsandres Ze yofil saxaso miwaze, raWaSi erisTavad, XVI saukunis<br />

ocdaaTiani wlebisTvis SoSita CxeiZes niSnavs (24, 811). rogorc Cans,<br />

leCxumi kvlav mefis pirad sakuTrebaSi, mis saxaso mamulad rCeba.<br />

XVII saukunis Sua wlebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur<br />

movlenebSi leCxumel Tavadebs erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWiravT, rac<br />

leCxumel molaSqreTa saomar qmedebebSi aqtiur monawileobas<br />

gansazRvravs. imereTis mefe, dadiani, gurieli samkvdro-sasicocxlod<br />

arian gadakidebuli. imereTis samefos xelSi Cagdebas qarTleli<br />

bagrationebic cdiloben. damoukideblobisTvis ibrZvian Tavadebic,<br />

romelnic Zalian xSirad mefeebze Zlieri xelisufalni arian. garda<br />

amisa TurqeTis faSebi (axalcixe, arzrumi) Tavisuflad TareSoben<br />

daqsaqsul qveyanaSi. am periodSi, raWa-leCxumi naklebad dazaralda da<br />

maTi warCinebulebis gamoCena dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur<br />

asparezze am faqtoriTac iyo gamowveuli. XVII saukunis meore naxevridan<br />

moyolebuli iwyeba imereTis mefisa da odiSis mTavrebis brZola<br />

leCxumisTvis. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT leCxumi, erTgvari zurgi iyo<br />

imereTisTvis, Tanac leCxumelni `talanni-mcvelni mefisani~ iyvnen.<br />

odiSis mTavrebisTvis leCxumis daTmoba amitomac iyo saZnelo imereTis<br />

mefisTvis. leCxumisTvis davas gabriel cagerelma, gvarad Ciqovanma<br />

daudo saTave. igi imereTis samefo karis didi ndobiT da wyalobiT<br />

sargeblobda. Tavidan samefo kars igic erTgulebda da amiT<br />

mniSvnelovan qonebriv da samxedro Zlierebasac miaRwia. mefe<br />

aleqsandresgan mravali yma-glexis miRebis Semdeg cagerelma irguna<br />

leCxumis erT-erTi umTavresi da satranzito gzebis makontrolebeli<br />

zubis cixe, cxeniswylis xeobaSi da SedarebiT momcro ,, meSvelianis<br />

13

cixe” sof. usaxeloSi, agreTve ramdenime `sasaxle~ leCxumis soflebSi.<br />

aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdeg cagereli pozicias icvlis. Tumca,<br />

TiTqos pirvel xanebSi igi dadianebis mowaaRmdegea da maT batonobis<br />

damyarebas leCxumis erT-erT yvelaze Semosavlian sofelSi, oyureSSi<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba (23, 522). SemdgomSi ukve ormag TamaSs TamaSobs da<br />

erTnairad dafasebuli pirovnebaa imereTSica da odiSSic. sabolood is<br />

axerxebs da leCxumis Tavobas, imereTis sardlobas da odiSis yvelaze<br />

did saTavados, saufliswulod miCneul salipartianos, mis Zmas kacia<br />

Ciqovans ugdebs xelSi. gabrieli iqamde gandidebula rom dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi mis gareSe Znelad Tu raime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi<br />

gadawydeboda. gabriel Ciqovani safiqrebelia, rom akontrolebda<br />

sasuliero xelisuflebasac, dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalokosi misi<br />

,,dayenebuli” daviT nemsaZe gaxldaT (33, 75).<br />

gabrielma da kaciam intrigebiT odiSis taxti Caigdes xelSi da<br />

raRaA Tqma unda TavianT axalSeZenil samTavros gamgeblobaSi leCxumis<br />

moTavsebac ganizraxes. kacias gabrielis avtoritetiT mTeli leCxumi<br />

emorCileboda (24, 842). garda amisa gabrielma SeZlo Tavisi<br />

Tavdapirveli da Semdgomi samflobeloebi da gavlena, rac cagerlobis<br />

dros moipova da SemdgomSi Wyondidis saepiskoposos mflobelobis Jams<br />

xelSi Caigdo, erTurTs mWidrod daukavSira, riTac leCxumze gavlena<br />

gaaZliera.<br />

kacias STamomavali oficialurad XVIII-saukunis dasawyisSi gaxda<br />

odiSis mmarTveli. Ciqovan-dadianebs leCxumis gamo mudmivi brZola<br />

hqondaT imereTis mefis karTan. leCxumic or banakad imereTis da odiSis<br />

momxreebad iyo gayofili.<br />

leCxumelTa razmi pirvelad mefis laSqars 1684 wels<br />

upirispirdeba. mefe aleqsandre bagratis Zis winaaRmdeg wasul giorgi<br />

gurielis laSqarSi raWis erisTavisa da beJan lorTqifaniZis gverdiT<br />

moixsenieba giorgi lipartiani, odiSis faqtobrivi gamgebeli, romlis<br />

gavlenamac ganapiroba leCxumelTa imereTis mefis sawinaaRmdego banakSi<br />

gamoCena. giorgi gurieli mokavSireebiTurT am omSi damarcxda. sami<br />

wlis Semdeg, 1687 wels, aleqsandre mefe raWis erisTavis dasasjel<br />

14

eqspedicias awyobs, Tumca mainc Sedegiani dasasruliT ver agvirgvinebs.<br />

raWaSi mis winaaRmdeg raWvelebTan erTad leCxumelebic ibrZvian.<br />

cota xnis Semdeg, raWis erisTavisa da qarTlis mefis giorgis<br />

mxardaWeriT arCili (imereTis yofili mefe mcire xniT) imereTis taxtis<br />

Cagdebas cdilobs. am SemTxvevaSi, leCxumelebi aleqsandres mxareze<br />

dganan _ imereT-leCxumis jarebi arCilis momxreebs amarcxeben. Cans<br />

leCxumelTa samxedro wreebSi (Tavadaznauroba), didia giorgi<br />

lipartianis gavlena. mefis banakSi leCxumelTa kvlav dabruneba albaT<br />

misi winaswarganzraxuli, angariSiani svla iyo. arCilis<br />

damarcxebisTanave aleqsqndrem da giorgim urTierT kavSirze<br />

moilaparakes da aleqsandrem lipartians leCxumi aRuTqva.<br />

giorgi lipartiani Tavs leCxumis mmarTvelad Tvlida. Tumca<br />

imereTSi kvlavindeburad gamefebuli arCili ase ar fiqrobda. giorgi<br />

lipartinma leCxumis dauTmobloba arCils Zvirad dausva: man arCils<br />

leCxumis gadacema maSin mosTxova roca maT jarebs is-is iyo Turqebis<br />

garnizoni unda Cabareboda da quTaisi unda gaeTavisuflebinaT. uaris<br />

miRebis Semdeg lipartianma RamiT cixidan Turqebi gamoiyvana, dautova<br />

sursaT-sanovage da Tavisi jarebiT odiSs miaSura. arCilma quTaisi ver<br />

aiRo da SemdgomSi imereTidan wasvlac mouxda.<br />

etyoba giorgi lipartians ar akmayofilebda leCxumSi misi<br />

batonobis mcire xarisxi da yovelmxriv cdilobda gaemyarebina sakuTari<br />

xelisufleba. man leCxumelTa urCobis gamo uaxloes megobars, imereTis<br />

imJamindel faqtobriv xelisufals giorgi abaSiZes mimarTa.<br />

gaerTianebuli laSqriT mokavSireebi leCxumSi Sevidnen: „gaTxares mTa<br />

raWa-leCxumisa Tovliani da Sevidnen leCxums, urCni moswves, mostyvevnes<br />

da daumorCila liparitiansa“ (24; 860, 861).<br />

Ggiorgi lipartianma, amis Semdeg, leCxumSi poziciebi sakmaod<br />

gaimyara. man leCxumis Tavoba sakuTar Zes beJans misca, 1704 wels ki<br />

ufrosi Svili kacia dadianad daniSna. amave dros dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yvelaze mdidari da gavleniani saepiskoposos,<br />

mRvdelTmTavari giorgis mesame Svili gabrieli iyo. lipartiani ojaxSi<br />

ufrosobda da zemoTCamoTvlil xelisufalTa mmarTveli gaxldaT.<br />

miuxedavad rigi warmatebebisa giorgi lipartianma leCxumSi Ciqvan-<br />

15

dadianTa batonoba absoluturi ver gaxada. rogorc Cans, leCxumeli<br />

Tavadaznaurebis nawili situaciisdamixedviT xan imereTis mefis xan ki<br />

odiSis mTavris mxares iWerdnen. vaxuStis cnobiT lipartians leCxumis<br />

sruli Semomtkiceba sabolod mainc ver mouxerxebia: `Tavobda leCxums<br />

da kninRa daipyrobda~ (24; 856, 857).<br />

XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi imereTis<br />

samefo da dasavleT saqarTvelos saTavadoebi SinaomebiT aris moculi.<br />

imereTis taxtze imereli bagrationebis garda qarTleli bagrationebic<br />

acxadeben pretenzias, zogjer gurielic mefobs. aseT areulobaSi<br />

yvelaze stabiluri politikuri erTeuli dadianTa samflobeloa,<br />

romlis rolic leCxumTan erTad ganuzomlad didia – dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebs Soris samxedro dapirispirebis dros umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi is mxare imarjvebda viskenac dadiani, `mpyrobeli odiSleCxumisa~<br />

iyo (22, 166).<br />

leCxumelTa monawileoba, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi g. abaSiZis mier<br />

osmalebisagan TavdacviT omebSic Cans. sxva didebulebTan erTad,<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos laSqris Semkrebni arian giorgi lipartiani da<br />

vinme qvariani (69; 44, 45). giorgi lipartiani am dros leCxums<br />

patronobda, xolo qvariani, leCxumis warCinebuli gvaris<br />

warmomadgeneli, savaraudod gavleniani da samxedro TvalsazrisiT<br />

dawinaurebuli piri unda iyos. leCxumelTa razmebi brZolebSi aqtiur<br />

monawileobas iReben. Turqebi Tumca ramodenime mTavar cixes ikaveben,<br />

magram dasavleT saqarTveloSi fexs ver ikideben da jaris mTavari<br />

nawilis ukan daxevisas mas qaixosro iaSvilis meTaurobiT imereTis,<br />

raWisa da leCxumis jari esxmis Tavs da did zaralsac ayenebs (24, 865).<br />

giorgis Semdeg dadiani misi Ze, leCxumis Tavi beJan Ciqovani gaxda.<br />

leCxumi amis Semdeg ufro gadaixara odiSisaken da umravles SemTxvevaSi<br />

odiSis mTavrebis samxedro operaciebSi Rebulobdnen monawileobas.<br />

ase grZeldeba imereTSi solomon II-is gamefebamde.<br />

beJan Ciqovani politikur asparezze dadianis taxtis Cagdebamde<br />

gamodis da Tavisi sabatonos, leCxumis samxedro ZaliT erT-erTi<br />

umniSvnelovanesia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. imereli Tavadebisgan<br />

Adevnili giorgi mefe axalcixis faSasTan Semweobis aRmoCenisTvis Ziebis<br />

16

Jams swored leCxumis Tavs, beJans ukavSirdeba _ gavlenian Tavad zurab<br />

abaSiZesTan erTad midis leCxumSi da samiveni erTad imereTSi im dros<br />

gamefebuli gurielis winaaRmdeg ilaSqreben. omis bedi leCxumelebisa<br />

da TviT beJanis simamaces gadauwyvetia. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom<br />

Tavidan beJan Ciqovani gurielis gamefebis momxre iyo, Tumca misTvis<br />

amas xeli ar SeuSlia yofili TanamoazreebisTvis RalataSi.<br />

beJani aseve moxerxebulad da RalatiT igdebs xelSi dadianobas _<br />

igi ukavSirdeba imereTis mefes, uxdis mas 4 000 marCils da mefis<br />

davalebiT mas exmarebian raWis erisTavi da abaSiZe. beJani am Zalas<br />

sakuTari mamis, giorgi lipartianis winaaRmdeg razmavs da mas aZevebs<br />

kidec odiSidan. beJani mamamiss motyuebiT igdebs xelSi da sabolood<br />

imarjvebs odiSis taxtisTvis brZolaSi.<br />

gadadianebis Semdeg, yofili leCxumis Tavi da masTan erTad<br />

leCxumelTa razmebi ufro aqtiurdebian da SinaomebSi erT-erT mTavar<br />

rolsac asruleben.<br />

beJan dadianisa da aleqsandre imerTa mefis (bagratis Ze) qiSpobas<br />

leCxumelTa darbeva-awiokebac mosdevda Tan. beJan dadiani da zurab<br />

erisTavi Turqebis mier gamogzavnil isay faSas jars ebrZvian. isay faSa<br />

aleqsandres gamefebis momxrea. beJani da zurabi maTTan brZolaSi<br />

marcxdebian da leCxumSi ixiznebian. TurqTa marbieli laSqari leCxumSi<br />

misdevs mokavSireebs da am kuTxes saSinlad awiokebs (24; 881, 882). beJan<br />

dadiani iZulebuli iqna sxva gzas gasdgomoda – man isay faSa moqrTama,<br />

Semoiriga da imasac miaRwia, rom aleqsandres meurved daudga,<br />

faqtobrivad gaxda imereTis samefos mmarTveli. beJan dadiani,<br />

miuxedavad misTvis sakuTari Zmis, gabriel Wyondidel-cagerelisa da<br />

giorgi imerTa mefis colyofilis, Tamaris dagebuli maxeebisa, axerxebs<br />

Turqebis keTilganwyoba SeinarCunos. savaraudod, Turqebis garnizonebi<br />

am dros leCxumis cixeebSic dganan. TurqTa leCxumSi xangrZlivad<br />

yofnis faqtebi istoriuli cnobebiT ar Semonaxula. arsebobs zepiri<br />

gadmocema, rom Turqebi (TaTrebi) leCxumSi samiod weli yofilan –<br />

TaTrebs mxolod erTxel daupyriaT leCxumi da aq gaCerebulan. imden<br />

xans gaCerebulan, ramdeni xanic atmis kurkis miwaSi moxvedridan misgan<br />

nayofis gamoRebamde aris saWiro (g. m. eTnografiuli savele dRiuri).<br />

17

marTlac, leCxumis teritoriaze ucxotomelTa xangrZlivi droiT<br />

yofnis sxva faqti ar gagvaCnia. leCxumelTa maxsovrobas SemorCenili<br />

TaTarTa iq yofna, ara gvgonia rom solomon II-is dros ukavSirdebodes<br />

– solomonis jarebma XVIII-XIX saukunis mijnaze marTlac daikava<br />

leCxumi (rionis xeoba) da mis armiaSi lekTa 1500 kaciani razmic<br />

ibrZoda.<br />

TurqTa datoveba beJan dadians leCxumSi poziciebis gasamagreblad<br />

sWirdeboda. radgan am regionSi Zlieri iyo gabriel cagerelis gavlena.<br />

garda amisa, beJanma, romelic gadadianebamde leCxumis Tavi iyo kargad<br />

icoda am kuTxis Taviseburebebi, iq arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi da<br />

saSualebebi, riTac SeeZlo daemorCilebina leCxumeli Tavad-aznauroba.<br />

beJans, leCxumSi saomari qmedebebis Catarebam misi gamTavrebisTanave<br />

mouwia. vaxuStis cnobiT, yofil leCxumis Tavs, am kuTxis xelaxali<br />

Semomtkiceba mkacri represiebiT mouxerxebia (24, 879).<br />

beJanis mmarTveloba leCxumisaTvs niSandoblivi imiTaa, rom am<br />

droidan leCxumi ukve mtkiced gadadis odiSis mTavrebis xelSi da maT<br />

samTavros uerTdeba. Sesabamisad leCxumeli molaSqreebic dadianTa<br />

samxedro miznebs emsaxurebian, rac umTavresad imereTis mefis<br />

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zraxvebis ganxorcielebSi gamoixateboda. beJanis<br />

mmarTvelobis periodSi odiS-leCxumis jari xSirad laSqravda imereTs,<br />

xandaxan maT mokavSireebad afxazTa mTavris jarebic hyavdaT.<br />

leCxumelTa razmi 1734 wels otia dadianis, z. abaSiZis, raWis<br />

erisTavisa da mamuka ufliswulis ajanyebaSi monawileobda.<br />

ajanyebulebs mefe aleqsandres Camogdeba surdaT. mefis mxareze iyvnen<br />

mamia gurieli, levan abaSiZe, dadianis Zma kaco, baris erisTavi gedeoni<br />

da merab wulukiZe. ajanyebulebi, romlis umravles nawils raWvelebi da<br />

leCxumelebi Seadgendnen damarcxdnen. vaxuStis cnobiT uamravi<br />

leCxumeli da raWveli meomari gaiyida osmalebze.<br />

tyved Cavarda daWrili otia dadianic. mefe aleqsandrem mas<br />

Tavisuflebis sanacvlod leCxumis daTmoba mosTxova. dadiani rogorc<br />

Cans leCxums udides strategiul daniSnulebis mxared Tvlis da<br />

tyveobaSi myofic ki uarzea daTmos es kuTxe. sabolood mefes dadiani<br />

saWilao-samiqelaos aZlevs da amiT Tavisufldeba (24, 888).<br />

18

Ootia, amis Semdegac, aqtiurad ebrZvis mefe aleqsandres. 1740 wels<br />

leCxumeli meomrebi kvlav aleqsandres winaaRmdeg ibrZvian. rogorc<br />

Cans, erTi xanoba mefes mowinaaRmdegeni daumarcxebia da is periodi<br />

roca mefe dadianebze mZlavrobda, leCxumi cota xniT samegrelos<br />

mTavris iurisdiqciidan unda gamosuliyo. 1745 wels, leCxumis Tavi,<br />

mefis erTguli, raWveli Tavadi merab wulukiZea (67, 55).<br />

leCxumeli molaSqreebi 1757 wels xresilis omSi monawileoben.<br />

solomon I axalcixis faSis, aWaris sanjayis, levan abaSiZis da<br />

wulukiZis laSqars daupirispirda _ megrelTa da leCxumelTa razmebis<br />

Tavdadebulma brZolam dasawyisSi mefis mowinaaRmdegeebis mier<br />

miRweuli warmatebebi gaabaTila da mefis jaris gamarjveba ganapiroba<br />

(22, 178).<br />

leCxumisaTvis brZola solomon I da solomon II-is drosac<br />

grZeldeboda. solomon I-is dros leCxumi dadianebis xelSia. solomon I<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mZime samxedro-politikuri<br />

mdgomareobis gamo Ciqovan-dadianebis mokavSireobas did mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebda. mefem kargad icoda, rom misi mTavari miznebis ganxorcieleba,<br />

TurqTa gandevna da TavkerZa Tavadebis alagmva, odiSis mTavrebTan<br />

mtrobis pirobebSi TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. amitomac mefobis pirvel<br />

xanebSi leCxumze xeli aiRo. Tumca solomon I-is mmarTvelobis<br />

miwuruls odiS-imereTis urTierToba daiZaba. dapirispirebis umTavresi<br />

mizezi kvlav leCxumi gaxldaT.Mmale yofilma mokavSireebma kvlav omis<br />

gziT daiwyes urTierTobebis garkveva. am dapirispirebam kulminacias<br />

solomon II-is mefobis dros miaRwia.<br />

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi dadiani ukve myarad flobda leCxums<br />

da Tavisi gavlena am dros lentexis Temzec gaavrcela (18, 109).<br />

leCxumelebi kacia II dadianis banakSi arian XVIII saukunis 80-ian<br />

wlebSic. am droisaTvis dadianis laSqari 6000 jariskacisagan Sedgeba.<br />

maTgan oriaTasamde rCeuli leCxumeli meomaria, romelnic saukeTesoni<br />

arian samegrelos armiaSi (91, 74). rusi moxelis es cnoba 1770 wlis<br />

mdgomareobas asaxavs da gvaZlevs safuZvels vifiqroT, rom leCxumis<br />

samxedro Zalebis saukeTeso nawilebi mTlianad dadianis<br />

gankargulebaSia. 1860 wlis, e. i. am cnobidan erTi saukunis Semdeg<br />

19

leCxumSi aznaurTa 374, xolo TavadTa 43 komlia (93, 196). cxadia, asi<br />

wlis manZilze TavadaznaurTa ricxvi mniSvnelovnad ar unda<br />

Semcirebuliyo, 400-ze odnav meti warCinebulis ojaxi ki raRa Tqma unda<br />

sakmarisi ar iqneboda 2000 meomris Sesakrebad. amitom, savsebiT<br />

SesaZlebelia dadianis laSqris leCxumis razmis Semadgenlobis<br />

umetesoba msaxuri glexebi yofliyvnen. Tumca aseTi Semadgenlobis<br />

razmic gamorCeuli yofila dadianis tradiciulad brZolisunarianobiT<br />

cnobil laSqarSi da es faqti TavisTavad metyvelebs leCxumelTa maRal<br />

samxedro SesaZleblobebze. Aar aris gamoricxuli, rom dadianebi<br />

samxedro Zalebs qvemo svaneTidanac avsebdnen. Nn. dadianis cnobiT<br />

afxazebis winaaRmdeg brolaSi odiSis mTavris laSqarSi leCxumelebTan<br />

erTad svanebic monawileobdnen (22, 179). leCxumTan erTad lentexis<br />

Temze dadianis uflebebis gavrcelebis faqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1803<br />

wels dadianis mier ruseTis erTgulebisa da qveSemrdomobaze<br />

dadebuli ficis VII paragrafi, romelSic garkveviT araferia naTqvami<br />

leCxumisa da lentexis statusze, Tumca Cans rom es mxareebi dadianis<br />

samflobeloebia: xelSekrulebis am paragrafSi dadiani ruseTis mefes<br />

Txovs rom svaneTSi da leCxumSi arsebuli da SemdgomSi gamovlenili<br />

samTo sabadoebidan Semosavlis garkveuli wili masac Seaxvedron,<br />

danarCeni ki saxelmwifom moixmaroso.<br />

leCxumi, imereTis ukanaskneli mefis solomon II-is politikaSi erTerT<br />

umTavres rols TamaSobda. sainteresoa is faqti, rom solomon II-is<br />

gamefebas leCxumSi eyreba safuZveli _ kacia dadianis sikvdilis Semdeg<br />

taxtze Zalian axalgazrda grigol dadiani adis. igi ver uZlebs<br />

imereTis mefis daviT giorgis Zis agresias da Tavs leCxums afarebs.<br />

odiSisa da imereTis didebulebs leCxumSi CayavT imereTis taxtis<br />

maZiebeli daviT arCilis Ze, mas colad rTaven grigol dadianis das da<br />

leCxumidan iwyeben moqmedebebs imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg. am saqmis erTerTi<br />

moTave, leCxumis Tavi, qaixosro gelovani iyo (22, 184). gelovanma,<br />

dadianma da maTma momxreebma SeZles TavianTTvis sasurveli daviT<br />

arCilis Zis gamefeba, romelic taxtze solomon II-is saxeliT avida.<br />

qaixosro gelovanis Zliereba am faqtis Semdeg ufro matulobs. is<br />

leCxumis Tavicaa da odiSis didebulTagan erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

20

gavleniania _ `didad SemZle iyo yma dadianisa qaixosro gelovani,<br />

romelic Tavobda leCxums da mZlavrobda odiSSic~ (22, 184)<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi mokavSireebi<br />

iyvnen, solomonsa da grigols Soris mtroba maleve Camovarda. maTi<br />

dapirispirebis umTavresi mizezi isev leCxumia, sadac maTi mmarTvelobis<br />

bolo wlebSi samxedro operaciebi mimdinareobs. mefisa da dadianis<br />

dapirispirebaSi kvlav udides rols TamaSobs, leCxumis Tavi qaixosro<br />

gelovani, romlis SemweobiTac solomoni amarcxebs grigols da es<br />

ukanasknelic iZulebulia afxazeTs Seafaros Tavi. dadianis taxtze<br />

grigolis Zmas manuCars svamen. ramodenime xnis Semdeg, odiSSi<br />

afxazebisa da erTguli odiSis didebulebis laSqriT dabrunebul<br />

grigols isev qaixosro ebrZvis Tavisi laSqriT da amarcxebs kidec maT<br />

(22, 187). grigoli faqtiurad gandevnilia. misi erTguli didebulebic<br />

damorCilebuli yavT mefesa da gelovans da grigolis momxreebi mxolod<br />

organ _ Waqvinjisa da muris cixeebSi arian gamagrebuli. muris<br />

mecixovneebs xosia gasviani meTaurobs.<br />

grigoli yovelnairad cdilobs solomonTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas.<br />

am saqmeSi erekle mefesac rTavs, romelic solomonTan<br />

mosalaparakeblad Tavis Zes aleqsandres da SviliSvil ioanes gzavnis.<br />

Tumca, miuxedavad aseTi avtoritetuli pirebis Carevisa, solomoni<br />

dadianTan Serigebas mainc uarobs. grigoli amis Semdeg qaixosro<br />

gelovanTan cdilobs saerTo enis gamonaxvas – mas sakuTar aRmzrdels,<br />

giorgi dadians SeuCens da qaixosroc grigolis mxareze gadadis. amis<br />

Semdeg leCxumSi midis dadianis meuRle, erekle mefis qaliSvili nina da<br />

mas leCxumeli didebulebi grigolis erTgulebis fics aZleven. cota<br />

xanSi grigoli dadianobas kvlavac leCxumidan, qaixosro gelovanis<br />

SemweobiT ibrunebs.<br />

solomons, Tavisi mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi didi Zalisxmeva<br />

hqonda mimarTuli leCxumis Semomtkicebisaken. grigol dadiani, odiSis<br />

mTavari leCxums Tavisad Tvlida. mefesa da mTavris dapirispirebaSi<br />

aqtiurad monawileobdnen leCxumis Tavebi, romlebic im dros gelovanTa<br />

gvarisani iyvnen, da leCxumeli Tavadaznaurebi. XIX saukunis<br />

dasawyisidan ki am saqmeSi CaerTo ruseTis saxelmwifo, romlebic<br />

21

leCxums, mefesTan da dadianTan urTierTobaSi maTze zemoqmedebis<br />

saSualebad iyenebda, arc erTs aZlevda misi bolomde damorCilebis<br />

saSualebas da arc meores da orives am kuTxis gadacemis sanacvlod<br />

erTgulebas sTxovda. 1804 wlis, erT-erT werilSi mTavarmarTebeli<br />

cicianovi litvinovs, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos saqmeebs agvarebs,<br />

wers, rom leCxumis problemis yvelaze upriani gadawyvetileba am kuTxis<br />

orad gayofa da dadianisTvis da mefisTvis naxevar-naxevris gadacema<br />

iqneba, rac orives dasustebas gamoiwvevso (92, 381). marTlac, solomonis<br />

mefobis bolo wlebSi leCxumi or nawilad iyo gayofili. 1802 wels<br />

solomonma leCxumSi jari Seiyvana. mefe manuCar dadianTan erTad<br />

WyviSis cixesTan dabanakda. mefis mxareze aRmoCnda `leCxumsa Sina<br />

SemZle kaci~ baaka Ciqovani. grigoli muris cixeSi gamagrda da meti gza<br />

rom ar darCenoda solomonTan molaparakebas Seudga _ grigolma<br />

solomons manuCar dadianTan urTierTobis gawyvetis sanacvlod WyviSis<br />

cixis gadacema aRuTqva, riTac faqtiurad uari ganacxada rionis xeobis<br />

leCxumis, kdedaRmarTis soflebze. solomoni daTanxmda winadadebas,<br />

Tumca grigolma Semoiriga ra Tavisi Zma, manuCar dadiani, piroba ar<br />

Seasrula. solomonma WyviSi aiRo, Semdeg grigolis momxre leCxumelTa<br />

razmi usaxelosTan daamarcxa da gadavida lajanuris xeobaSi. leCxumis<br />

Semdgomi strategiuli punqti, dexviris cixe mefes sakmaod gamagrebuli<br />

dauxvda. mecixovneebs, aznauri beJan yruaSvili meTaurobda. ramodenime<br />

dRis Semdeg beJanis razms alya gaurRvevia da murSi dadianTan misula.<br />

dadianma solomons winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da samegreloSi gaiqca.<br />

grigols afxazTa mTavari qelaiS-ahmad begi exmareba da solomoni mas<br />

ukan gabrunebis SemTxvevaSi grigolze Tavdausxmelobis pirobas aZlevs.<br />

Tumca afxazTa jaris wasvlis Semdeg solomoni odiSs aoxrebs da<br />

Semdgom isev leCxumisken miemarTeba da gordis cixes utevs, Tumca<br />

uSedegod, cixeSi gamagrebuli dadianis momxre Ciqovanebi Tavs<br />

warmatebulad icaven. solomonma leCxumis Tavad beri gelovani,<br />

qaixosro gelovanis Svili dasva. qaixosro gelovani, yofili leCxumis<br />

Tavi gavleniani kaci gaxldaT. mis poziciaze didad iyo damokidebuli<br />

leCxumis bedi. qaixosroc sakuTari miznebis gamo xan erT banakSi<br />

aRmoCndeboda, xan meoreSi. rogorc Cans, qaixosro gelovanis gandideba<br />

22

mefisTvisac da grigolisTvisac saSiSi gamxdara da am ori samkvdrosasicocxlod<br />

dapirispirebuli xelisuflisTvis Zalian did problemad<br />

qceula. dadianma, miuxedavad imisa, rom qaixosro imxanad misken<br />

ixreboda, misi orguli xasiaTisa da Zalian didi avtoritetis gamo<br />

moakvlevina, xolo Tavi solomons gaugzavna. arsebobs mosazreba, rom<br />

qaixosro gelovanis mkvleloba dadianma da solomonma erToblivad<br />

dagegmes (22, 190).<br />

solomon II-m leCxumi didi xniT ver SeinarCuna, leCxumel TavadTa<br />

umetesobac dadianis mxares aRmoCnda. solomoni isev ZaliT cdilobda<br />

leCxumis dapyrobas. mas am miznisaTvis axalcixis faSisTvis 1500 leki<br />

hyavda gamorTmeuli da qirasac uxdida. 1804 wlisTvis cxeniswylis<br />

leCxumis cixeebs dadiani akontrolebs. misi jarebi dexviris cixeSi<br />

solomonis mecixovneebs aviwroveben. Tumca rom ara rusebis faqtori,<br />

romlebic aSkarad dadianis mxareze ixrebodnen, imreTis mefe dadians<br />

imJamadac gandevnida leCxumidan.<br />

Ggrigoli solomon II-isgan Tavdasacavad iZulebuli iyo<br />

ruseTisTvis miemarTa. am saqmesac ar Cauvlia leCxumisa da leCxumelebis<br />

gareSe _ dadianma karis mRvdeli asaTiani (eWvgareSea leCxumuri<br />

warmoSobis didebuli) gagzavna cicianovTan. mRvdeli asaTiani leCxumis<br />

gavliT gadavida lentexSi, iqidan zemo svaneTSi, Semdeg mozdokSi da<br />

mozdokidan tiflisSi. amis Semdeg dadianma rusebis mfarveloba<br />

oficialurad miiRo da pirveli rac man rusebis ZaliT gaakeTa is iyo,<br />

rom beri gelovans erTguleba mosTxova (22; 192, 193)<br />

leCxumi solomon II-sTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis kuTxea. man kargad<br />

uwyis leCxumis mniSvneloba imereTis samefosTvis da cicianovisadmi<br />

miwerili erT-erT werilSi amas adasturebs kidec: „...Толко в надежде на<br />

лечгум отдам себя в рабство Е. И. В. Лечгум причина нашего соединения“ miuxedavad<br />

leCxumisaTvis amgvari mniSvnelobis miniWebisa da uamravi Txovnisa<br />

ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi misi imereTisaTvis mikuTvnebisa, sabolood<br />

solomon II iZulebuli iqna xeli moewera dokumentze, romlis erT-erT<br />

punqtis mixedviT imereTis jarebs unda daetovebina leCxumis<br />

teritoria. dokumentis ZiriTadi punqtebi solomon II-isa da ruseTis<br />

saxelmwifos urTierTobas gansazRvravda da miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

23

imereTis mefes garkveuli privilegiebsac sTavazobda, es xelSekruleba<br />

leCxumis gamo dairRva. solomonma jarebi leCxumidan ar gaiyvana. 1804<br />

wlisTvis leCxumSi TerTmeti mniSvnelovani cixe yofila. aqedan xuTSi<br />

solomonis jarebi edga, sami dadians ekuTvnoda, sams ki adgilobrivi<br />

Tavadebi akontrolebdnen (92, 410). Tavadebi xan solomons uWerdnen mxars<br />

xan ki dadians. leCxumis sakiTxis garkvevas ruseTis xelisufleba gangeb<br />

aWianurebda, raTa arc dadianisaTvis da arc mefisTvis Tavisufali<br />

qmedebebis SesaZlebloba ar mieca. solomoni, mefobis bolo wlebSi<br />

aSkarad moiTxovda leCxums da yovelTvis cdilobda daedasturebina<br />

misTvis leCxumis gadmocemis didmniSvneloba: ruseT-TurqeTis<br />

dapirispirebaSi solomons foTis aRebaSi daxmareba mosTxoves. leCxumis<br />

sakiTxiT ganawyenebulma solomonma rusebs uari SeuTvala: ganzraxuli<br />

gvqonda gagvewia daxmareba, magram leCxumi rom ar damibruneT da<br />

dadians mieciT, amis gamo Sevikave Tavio. solomoni Tavisi mefobis bolo<br />

dReebSic ki, 1810 wlis 5 ianvars mTavarmarTebel tormasovisadmi<br />

miweril werilSi leCxumis Sesaxeb saubrobs da yofil mTavarmarTebels<br />

cicianovs sityvis gatexaSi adanaSaulebs. 1810 w. 20 Tebervals solomon<br />

II oficialurad iqna gadayenebuli ruseTis xelisuflebis mier, leCxumi<br />

miekuTvna samegrelos samTavros da ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sevida.<br />

ruseTis mefis mmarTvelobis dros leCxumi kargavs Tavis<br />

strategiul mniSvnelobas, mas aRarc samxedro TvalsazrisiT aqvs<br />

adrindeli mniSvneloba. Tumca, pirvel periodSi erTgvari inerciiT<br />

leCxumelTa razmebi dadianTa jarSi mainc Canan da rusul samxedro<br />

SenaerTebTan erTad dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi mimdinare samxedro<br />

operaciebSi monawileoben (22, 209).<br />

leCxumi 1857 wlamde samegrelos samTavros ganuyofeli nawilia,<br />

xolo samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg quTaisis guberniis nawili xdeba _<br />

leCxumis mazra leCxumis garda qvemo svaneTsa da zemo svaneTis<br />

nawilsac moicavda.<br />

24

leCxumis istoriuli geografiidan<br />

leCxumi dasavleT saqarTvelos mTiswineTis momcro kuTxea. mas<br />

CrdiloeTidan qvemo svaneTi, samxreTidan imereTi, aRmosavleTidan raWa<br />

xolo dasavleTidan samegrelo esazRvreba. farTobi 755,4 kv.km-ia da 56<br />

sofels, erT dabas da erT qalaqs aerTianebs.<br />

saqarTvelos istoriuli-geografiis mklevarebma mniSvnelovani<br />

yuradReba dauTmes leCxumis problemas _ wlebis manZilze irkveoda am<br />

kuTxis mdebareoba, misi sazRvrebi. mimdinareobda toponimikuri Ziebebic,<br />

Tumca leCxumis, Takverisa da raWis urTierTmimarTeba yvela istoriuli<br />

drois monakveTSi, jer kidev Ria sakiTxad rCeba.<br />

leCxumis adgilmdebareoba istoriul-geografiuli mecnierebis<br />

ganviTarebis gariJraJzeve azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevda. vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvili pirvelia vinc am kuTxis lokalizeba scada: `xolo<br />

gordidam vidre kavkasamde ars xeoba leCxumisa, romelsa uwodeben<br />

Takverad. aramed moigo saxeli ese garemosTa mTaTagan. kversaviT<br />

mdebarisa _ ixile ese mTa kveri, anu cixisgan friad magrisa, munve<br />

Takverisa. xolo leCxumi ewoda xomlis kldis gamo-ese ars leCxomi~ (24,<br />

748).<br />

vaxuSti leCxumis sazRvrebsac adgens da or saxelwodebas<br />

Takversa da leCxums qronologiuradac mijnavs _ misi azriT Takveri<br />

pirvelad, bagrationebamde raWas unda rqmeoda, vinaidan `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebaSi~ mefe amazaspis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulebs mokavSire osTa<br />

laSqari Takveris gziT xvdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ `gardmovles<br />

osTa gza Takverisao~. vaxuStis daskvniT gza kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT<br />

mcxovreb osebis qveynidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi swored rom raWazea<br />

da ara leCxumze.<br />

vaxuSti, daskvnas Takveri bagrationebamde raWas erqvao, TviTve<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba _ istoriuli geografiis mkvlevari ambobs, rom mdinare<br />

cxeniswyals sanam igi anakofiidan ukumoqceul murvan yrus jars<br />

daaxrCobda Takveri ewodebodao (24, 748). gamodis rom 837 wlamde<br />

Takveris mdinare rqmevia cxeniswyals da bunebrivia saxeli `mdinare<br />

Takverisa~ im adgilis mixedviT Seerqva sadac is miedineba, anu an<br />

25

leCxumis xevis, andac gordis midamoebis gamo. bizantieli avtorebis<br />

mier moxseniebuli skvimebi rom dRevandeli leCxumis teritoriaze<br />

mosaxleni arian cxadia (skviminelebis gza rionisa da cxeniswylis<br />

xeobebis qveda cixeebiT iketeba (57, 197) skvimias qarTvel mkvlevarTa<br />

didi nawili Cxvimni _ Cxvimebis berZnul variantad miiCneven da Zirad<br />

cxums – rcxilas ganixilaven (iv. javaxiSvili, g. Citaia, m. alaviZe).<br />

leCxumis, rogorc dasavleT qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi mowinave<br />

kuTxis mniSvneloba adrefeodalur xanaSi, kargad Cans bizantieli<br />

istorikosebis mier sparseT-bizantiis kolxeTSi omis aRwerisas _<br />

centri egrisisa noqalaqevi da misi Semogarenia, moxirisi ki erT-erTi<br />

umniSvnelovanesi regioni. sparsTa sardali mermeroe swored rom<br />

`zurgisken~ mimavali gzebis gadaWras cdilobs da cxeniswylisa da<br />

rionis dablobebSi mdgari cixeebis dakavebiT leCxum-svaneTis<br />

egrisisTvis metad saWiro arterias ketavs (57; 197, 202).<br />

leCxums SesaZloa didmniSvnelovani adgili ekava im magistralSic,<br />

romelic egrisis saxelmwifos gulsa da mis ukidures periferias,<br />

madniT metad mdidar zemo raWis liTonis mwarmoebel punqtebTan<br />

akavSirebda. savaraudod leCxumze gadioda liTonis mwarmoebel yvelaze<br />

did centramde mimavali gza, romlis kontroli da Seuferxeblad<br />

funqcionireba dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli<br />

saxelmwifoebis erT_erTi mTavari sazrunavi unda yofiliyo. Tumca jer<br />

egrisis da SemgdomSi afxazTa samefos dakninebis Semdeg, ramac<br />

saxelmwifo da sawarmoo (X-XI saukunidan qarTvel xelisuflebs<br />

yuradReba qvemo qarTlis madniT mdidarma mxareebma miipyres.) centrebi<br />

aRmosavleTiT gadaswia, leCxumis rogorc madnis mwarmoeblebTan<br />

mekavSiris roli Seamcira (4, 58).<br />

Takverisa da leCxumis urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad droSi ukan<br />

daxeva dagvWirdeba: werilobiT wyaroebSi gansaxilveli adgilis Sesaxeb<br />

qronologiurad yvelaze adrindeli cnoba IV saukunis ambebs aRwers da<br />

am adgils Takverad moixseniebs _ XI saukunis istorikosi, leonti<br />

mroveli egrisis erisTavTan amzasp mefis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi<br />

monawileobis misaRebad wamosuli osebis egrisSi Casasvlel gzad<br />

Takvers asaxelebs: `gardmovles ovsTa gza Takverisa da movidnen iginica<br />

26

munve~ (79, 57) raWisa da leCxumis adgilmdebareobis dadgena istoriuli<br />

geografiis pirvelma qarTvelma mkvlevarma, vaxuSti batoniSvilma,<br />

swored am cnobaze dayrdnobiT scada _ misi azriT Takveri pirvelad,<br />

bagrationebamde raWas unda rqmeoda, vinaidan `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mefe<br />

amazaspis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulebs mokavSire osTa laSqari Takveris<br />

gziT xvdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ `gardmovles osTa gza<br />

Takverisao~. vaxuStis daskvniT gza kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb<br />

osebis qveynidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi swored rom raWazea da ara<br />

leCxumze.<br />

leCxumis/leCxumelTa igive skvimebis, Takveris/Takverelebis da<br />

raWa/raWvelebis, rogorc erT did gaerTianebaSi Semavali patar-patara<br />

istoriuli qveynebis urTierTmimarTebac sakmao interess iwvevs.<br />

qarTveli JamTaaRmwerlebi Takvers xSirad moixsenieben xolme raWasTan<br />

erTad (31; 27, 33, 65). erT-erT wyaroSi ki moxseniebulia Takverisa da<br />

argveTis erisTavi bakuri, romelic V saukuneSi erisTavobda (91, 185).<br />

bakuri vaxtang gorgaslis moxelea da albaT argveTisa da Takveris erT<br />

saerisTavod gaerTianebac qarTlis samefos dasavleTiT eqspansiaze<br />

migviTiTebs. raWa-leCxumi erT saerisTavod ixsenieba afxazTa samefoSi,<br />

VIII saukuneSi, leon II-is mefobis dros (24, 796).<br />

bizantieli istorikosebi Takvers naklebad icnoben: Teodosi<br />

gangrelis cnobiT abazgiis maxloblad aris Takvriis cixe (Sesabamisad<br />

Takveric), sadac bizantiidan devnili cnobili RvTismetyvelis maqsime<br />

aRmsareblis Tanamoazre anastasi gamoketes (26, 43). gangrelis am<br />

nawarmoebis laTinur TargmanSi ki `yvelaferi rigzea~ _ Takvriis cixe<br />

iberiis maxloblad moixsenieba, rac TavisTavad kargad ewyoba prokopis<br />

cnobas, rom lazTa qveynis Sida mxareebis (e.i CrdiloeT da aRmosavleTi<br />

mxareebi) Semdgom iwyeba iberia (57, 127). amave avtoris meore cnobiT<br />

svaniisa da skvimiis xelSi CagdebiT sparselebi ikaveben teritorias<br />

moxirisidan iberiamde (57, 202). gamodis, rom skvimias aRmosavleTi<br />

sazRvari iberiasTan aqvs. iraneli sardali mermeroe ki iberiis<br />

sazRvarze sarapanisSi (SorapanSi) aSenebs cixes da zamTradac iq rCeba<br />

(48; 203, 204). SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom skvimTa gavlenis qveS myofi<br />

mosaxleoba, an Tavad skvimebi aRmosavleTiT Sorapanamdec ki uwevdnen.<br />

27

prokopisave cnobiT skvimebis Semdeg miuval da maRal mTebSi iberielTa<br />

qveSevrdomi mesxebi cxovroben (57, 127). skviminebs Wanebis qveynis Semdgom<br />

mosaxle tomad suanebis, afsilebisa da abazgebis gverdiT moixseniebs<br />

prokofis Tanamedrove bizantieli istorikosi iustinianec (32, 37).<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Takveri IV saukunis ambebis Txrobisas XI<br />

saukunis wyaroSi ixsenieba, VI_VII ss-ebis bizantieli istorikosebi<br />

skvimebs icnoben, X saukunidan pirvelad ixsenieba raWa (8, 75). raWaleCxumis<br />

da raWa-Takveris erT saerisTavod moazreba tradiciulia<br />

qarTuli istoriografiisTvis (vaxuSti; `istoriani da azmani~). leCxumis<br />

(Tu ar CavTvliT, rim skvimia/skviminebis samTavro igive CxvimebiT<br />

dasaxlebuli qveyana, anu le-Cxumia) xseneba ki pirvelad XV s-is erT-erT<br />

dokumentSi gvxvdeba (36, 126).<br />

Takverisa da leCxumis urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad<br />

mniSvnelovania Takveris cixisa da mTa kveris, Takveris mTis<br />

adgilmdebareobis garkveva. vaxuStis Takveris cixis zusti<br />

adgilmdebareobis dadgenac ucdia. misi TqmiT igi mdebareobs<br />

cxeniswylis da gords zemoT CrdiloeTidan gamomavali wylis<br />

SesarTavebSi. vaxuStis am cnobas exmaureba da rigi toponimikuri<br />

dakvirvebis Sedegad j. SaraSeniZe miiCnevs, rom Takveris cixe igive<br />

zubis cixea. zubis cixe mdebareobs mdinare cxeniswylisa da md.<br />

kvereSulas Sesayarze. j. SaraSeniZe toponimikas iSveliebs: md.<br />

kvereSula gasdevs gora kvereSigverds da saTaves iRebs asxis mTis<br />

adgil sakveriedan. agreTve am adgilebSi (asxis mTaze) aris sabalaxo<br />

Takvera. TviT kvereSulas Ziri kveridanaa warmoqmnili _ kver-eS-ul-a _<br />

kver _ fuZe, eS _ naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani svanurSi, ul _ kninobiTi<br />

(svanurSi) = (mTa kveris patara mdinare) (74, 12 _ 25)<br />

zubis cixidan arc Tu ise Sors mdebareobs ori mcire cixe _<br />

qvabikara da qvawiTeli. cixeebis aseTi Tavmoyra mniSvnelovani biZgia am<br />

azrisken, rom zubis cixe SesaZloa Takveris cixe, Takveris<br />

administraciuli centri iyos.<br />

Tumca, am azris sawinaaRmdegod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kvereSula<br />

`Crdilodam~ ar erTvis cxeniswyals, is misi marjvena Senakadia, e.i.<br />

dasavleTidan uerTdeba. garda amisa aris kidev erTi mZlavri<br />

28

pretendenti Takveris cixeobisa _ kinCxas cixe. romelic cxeniswylisa da<br />

misi Crdilo Senakadis maxloblad mdebareobs. kinCxas cixe sakmaod<br />

didi unda yofiliyo. axla mxolod nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili. Tanac es<br />

cixe dahyurebs mTa sakverias. (7; 63 _ 75) sakveria SeiZleba iqnes<br />

gagebuli rogorc kveris mTisken mimavali gzis, misi misadgomis<br />

aRmniSvneli adgili. (magaliTad sa _ jvaro _ jvarisken mimavali gza) j.<br />

SaraSeniZe swored aRniSnavs, rom kveris mTaze, amJamad asxis mTaze<br />

kinCxadanac SeiZleba moxvde. kinCxas cixe da gordis midamoebi umoklesi<br />

mosaxerxebeli gzaa imereTisken cxeniswylis xeobidan.<br />

vaxuStis ganmartebam `ixile mTa igi kveri~ da Semdeg leCxumis<br />

saxelwodebis xvamlis mTasTan dakavSirebam (24; 748), agreTve xvamlis<br />

mTis moxazulobam, misma rogorc TavSesafrisa Tu ganZTsacavis da<br />

uaResad didi religiur-saritualo daniSnulebam warmoSva xvamlisa da<br />

kversaviT mdebare mTis erTidaigiveobis idea (54, 19). xvamlis mTa<br />

marTlac STambeWdavia _ sali, TiTqmis Sveuli kldeebiT, wakveTili<br />

TaviT marTlac mogvagonebs xuros xelsawyos _ CaquCs, rasac<br />

leCxumlebi kvers uZaxian. xvamli didZali ganZis sacavicaao _<br />

`saqarTvelos gauWirdes, xvamlma arCinoso~ _ dResac gaigonebT<br />

leCxumSi amgvar gamoTqmas. garda amisa xvamlis mTis simdidreebze<br />

gadmocemebs werilobiTi saistorio wyaroebic umagrebs zurgs (24, 752).<br />

aq arsebuli wminda giorgis eklesia da xalxSi arsebuli gadmocemebi,<br />

rom am mTas amindis ganmgeblobis funqcia akisria, mas marTlac aqcevs<br />

erT-erT umniSvnelovnes adgilad leCxumSi. xvamls mas da masTan<br />

misasvlelebs cixe-simagreTa kompleqsi icavda _ dasavleTis mxridan<br />

zubis da isundris cixeebi, saidanac kargad Cans xvamlis mTis<br />

mwvervalis gza, xolo daucvli nakuraleSis mxridan uwvaSis cixe<br />

icavda (7, 23).<br />

kvleva_Ziebam Semdegi azric warmoSva: Takveri moicavda sam<br />

regions sakuTriv Takvers _ Takveris cixiT, gordis midamoebs,<br />

cxeniswylis Sua wels da lajanuris xeobas; dRevandel raWas, im<br />

teritoriis gamoklebiT romelzedac im dros svanebi saxlobdnen; da<br />

leCxums _ cxeniswylis da rionis wyalgamyofze mdebare soflebs,<br />

kldedaRmarTs (rionis xeoba tolasa da namaxvans Soris) da rionis<br />

29

marjvena napirs xvamlis mTis samxreTiT) (7, 68) am azris sasargeblod<br />

metyvelebs am samive regionis erTmaneTisagan bunebrivi sazRvrebiT,<br />

xeobebiT gancalkeveba.<br />

vaxuStis Semdegdroindelma istoriuli-geografiis mklevarebma is<br />

azri, rom Takveri raWas erqva bagrationebamde, iolad uaryves. gza<br />

oseTidan egrisSi uciloblad raWazeao, ambobs vaxuSti. sxva<br />

mosazrebebiT gza oseTidan egrisamde, sxva uReltexilebidan momdinare<br />

gzac SeiZleba yofiliyo, Tanac IV saukuneSi osni gacilebiT<br />

dasavleTiT saxlobdnen da sulac araa gasakviri rom maT raWidan<br />

dasavleTiT mdebare miwebze hqonodaT mimosvla (86, 52) da egrisis<br />

dablobisken dRevandeli leCxumis gzebiT emoZravaT.<br />

gza, romliTac osebs SesaZloa emoZravaT egrisis mimarTulebiT,<br />

srulad SesaZlebelia aseTi yofiliyo: maCxafaris uReltexili (kargia<br />

mimosvlisTvis zamTris garda)_laSxeTi _ orbeli _ cageri_ Rvedi<br />

_gordi _ maTxoji_xoni. es gza rom mudmivmoqmedi iyo adrefeodalur<br />

xanaSi mis gaswvriv cixeebis simravlec migvaniSnebs (7, 65)<br />

kidev ufro mokle gziT SeiZleboda SeerTeboda CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasiidan momavali gza egriss. laSxeTidan mas SeeZlo cageris gavliT<br />

zubis cixemde mieRwia da Semdeg mkveTrad dasavleTiT asxis masivis<br />

gavliT dRevandeli senakis raionSi Casuliyo. meore mxriv Tu<br />

Crdiloelebi isargeblebdnen rionis gadmosasvlelebiT, cixegojisken<br />

mimavali gza mainc leCxumisken uxvevda da asxis gadavliT Cadioda<br />

egrisis centrSi. moxirisisken mimavalTaTvis ki cxeniswylisa da rionis<br />

xeobebi erTnairad mosaxerxebeli unda yofiliyo..<br />

amgvarad, Takveris mTad, masze da mis garSemo arsebuli<br />

toponimikis, mis ZirSi am regionis erTerTi yvelaze adreuli da<br />

STambeWdavi cixis mdebareobis, masze gamavali satranzito gzebisa da<br />

masTan dakavSirebuli fortifikaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, asxis mTis<br />

miCnevaa marTebuli. Sesabamisad Takveris centri dRevandeli leCxumis<br />

teritoriaa.<br />

leCxumisa da Takveris droSi Tavdapirvelobisa da<br />

urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa VII saukunis<br />

anonimi istorikosis cnoba: igi egrisis SemadgenlobaSi arc erTs ar<br />

30

asaxelebs, Tumca sarmatiaSi (kavkasiis mTebSi, g.m) skumebsa (Cxvimebs, g.m)<br />

da takrebs/takocebs (Takverelebs, g.m) dvalebis, wanarebis, TuSebis,<br />

cxavatebis, gudamayrelebis gverdiT ixseniebs (99, 37). Aam cnobis<br />

mixedviT, skumebi da takrebi, gverdi-gverd Tanacxovroben, e.i. orive<br />

toponimi, leCxumica da Takveric, VII saukuneSi arsebobs da es ori<br />

mxare urTierTgansxvavebuli mxareebia.<br />

skumebis moxsenieba da Takverelebis ignorireba bizantiel<br />

istorikosTa mier imaze migvaniSnebs, rom VI saukuneSi skumebi<br />

mZlavrobdnen Takverze da mxaresac Tavis saxels aZlevdnen. VII saukunis<br />

anonim geografs Tu daveyrdnobiT da misi CamoTvlili tomebis<br />

Tanmimdevrobis sizustes vendobiT takocebis/Takverelebis Semdeg<br />

dvalebi da wanarebi cxovroben (99, 37) rac Takveris sazRvars sakmaod<br />

aRmosavleTiT swevs.<br />

savaraudod VII_XI saukuneebSi Takveri anu cxeniswylis xeobis<br />

Suaweli, qvemo raWaze da leCxumze gabatonda (43, 60) da mTeli regioni<br />

Takverad amitomac ixsenieba.<br />

adrefeodaluri xanis cixesimagreebidan dRemde uwvaSis, gvesos da<br />

luxvanos cixesimagreebi SemorCa. gvesoSi da luxvanoSi ramodenime<br />

cixis nangrevia. maTgan yvelaze didi gvesos is cixea, romlis ezoSi<br />

eklesiis nangrevebia SemorCenili. eklesiisa da sakmaod mozrdili<br />

galavnis arseboba, gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq mniSvnelovani samxedro da<br />

religiuri centri iyo. adrefeodalur xanaSi gvesos cixe umTavresi<br />

punqtia cxeniswylis xeobisa da luxvanos cixeebTan erTad kolxeTis<br />

dablobisken mimaval gzebs icavs. gveso da luxvano axlo-axlo mdebare<br />

soflebia, luxvanodan mdinare namkaSuris xeobiT, axalWalis gavliT<br />

mokle gzaa samegrelosken, xolo labaxaris gadasasvleliT cxenosani<br />

sam-oTx saaTSi lentexis mTaSi moxvdeba (9; 25, 26). am adgilebidan<br />

momcro manZiliTaa daSorebuli kolxeTis dablobisken (SemdgomSi<br />

odiSisken) mimavali mTavari gza, romelic mdinare jonoulis xeobas<br />

miuyveba. xeobis TavSi aris sofeli qulbaqi, romlis saxelwodebac<br />

savaWro adgils niSnavs. mniSvnelovania uwvaSis cixis mdebareobac _ igi<br />

rionis marcxena Senakadis, laxefis xevis xeobaSi, kldezea aSenebuli.<br />

cixe rionis xeobidan xvamlisa da oyureSis misagdom gzas<br />

31

akontrolebda. zemo leCxumidan da laSxeTidan rionis xeobaSi,<br />

nakuraleSis gamovliT tviSisken mimaval gzasac uwvaSi darajobda.<br />

amJamad, uwvaSi mxolod cixes qvia, Tumca mis garSemo arsebuli<br />

namosaxlarebis naSTebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom adre cixis SemogarenSi<br />

sofelic unda arsebuliyo. uwvaSis cixe, savaraudod ara marto,<br />

nakuraleSze da mis mimdebare teritorze batonobda _ misi gavlena<br />

alpana-tviSamde unda gavrcelebuliyo (9; 35, 37).<br />

gvesos, luxvanos da uwvaSis cixeebs ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi<br />

masStaburobiTa da rTuli fortifikaciiT gamorCeuli cixeebic<br />

daematnen. maTgan gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa muris da zubis cixeebi.<br />

muris cixis uZvelesi fenebi adre Suasaukuneebisa unda iyos (9, 20).<br />

cixe, albaT bevrjer gadakeTda da mas saboloo saxe ganviTarebuli da<br />

gviani Suasaukuneebis rekonstruqciebis Semdeg unda mieRo. muris cixe<br />

cxeniswylis marcxena napirze mdebareobs. Mmuris cixe da mis<br />

mopirdapired mdgari ragvis cixe, cxeniswylis xeobas saguldagulod<br />

ketavdnen. muris cixe akontrolebda lajanuris xeobidan rogorc<br />

CrdiloeTiT, svaneTisken, aseve samxreTis mimarTulebiT mimaval gzebs.<br />

muris cixes erT-erTi umTavresi roli unda eTamaSa cxeniswylis<br />

safortifikacio sistemaSi. cixe `aravisgan Semusvril aRebuli~ (24, 749)<br />

XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan dadianTa rezidencia xdeba. aq dadianebs<br />

aqvT sazafxulo sasaxle. dadianebis mmarTvelobis dros muris cixis<br />

dawinaurebas, TviT cixis mdgomareobam Seuwyo xeli _ muris cixe<br />

samegrelodan luxvanos gziT yvelaze axlos mdebare didi cixesimagrea.<br />

misi xelSi CagdebiT leCxumis didi nawilis gakontrolebaa<br />

SesaZlebeli. muris cixis floba qvemo svaneTis mTavar samimosvlo<br />

gzaze batonobas niSnavs da albaT SemTxveviTi araa, rom odiSis<br />

mTavarebis axali dinastiis Ciqovan-dadianebis warmomadgenlebi, romlTa<br />

drosac leCxumze da murSic dadianTa batonoba ufro da ufro<br />

mtkicdeba, XVIII dasawyisis sabuTSi Tavs leCxumis mWirav-mqoneblebs<br />

svaneTis klited moixsenieben (33, 86). muris cixis dadianis mier<br />

dasakuTreba xalxurma Tqmulebamac Semoinaxa: cixe Turme qvemo svaneTis<br />

mflobel Svid Zmas ekuTvnoda. kacias maTi Zliereba mosvenebas ar<br />

32

aZlevda. man, Svidive Zma gordis sasaxleSi dapatiJa da RalatiT<br />

moakvlevina. amis Semdeg kacia leCxumsac da svaneTsac daepatronao (3, 7).<br />

muris cixe cageris tafobs, lentexisken mimaval gzas da<br />

cxeniswylis xeobaSi cageridan sarewkelamde mdebare soflebs<br />

akontrolebda. sarewkelas kldekarTan axlos mdebareobs aRvis cixe,<br />

romelic lajanuris xeobisken (rionis xeobis soflebisken) mimaval gzas<br />

akontrolebda. aRvis cixe luxvanosa da muris cixebTan erTad mZlavr<br />

saTavdacvo qsels qmnida da zemo leCxumis am mikroregions saimedod<br />

icavda.<br />

leCxumis safortifikacio sistemaSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili<br />

uWiravs zubis cixes. igi sxvadasxva istoriuli periodis fenebs Seicavs<br />

da aSenebulia cxeniswylis marjvena sanapiroze, mdinare kvereSulasa da<br />

cxeniswylis SesarTavSi. kvereSulas xeobis ayolebaze, zubis cixis<br />

maxloblad qvawiTelisa da qvabikaras cixeebia. zubidan samxreTiT,<br />

cxeniswylis marjvena napirze, SemaRlebul kldeze dgas isundris cixe.<br />

zubis cixesTan cxeniswylis marcxena sanapiros cixis maxloblad<br />

gadebuli xidi akavSirebda. zubis cixis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs<br />

sarewkelas uReltexili, romelic bunebriv sazRvars warmoadgens<br />

sxvadasxva periodSi murisa da gvesos cixeebis sabatono<br />

teritoriasaTan. isundris cixis samxreTiT, arc Tu ise Sors,<br />

cxeniswylis xeobas perpendikularulad ebjineba xvamlis mTidan<br />

momavali sakmaod maRali seri. dasavleTidan, Cvens mier CamoTvlil<br />

cixeebs asxis mTa xolo aRmosavleTidan xvamli uyurebs. cxeniswylis<br />

xeobis SuawelSi, cixe-simagreTa Tavmoyra, misi bunebrivi<br />

gamocalkevebuloba gvafiqrebinebs, rom sarewkelas samxreTiT vidre<br />

kuTxis mTamde, calke mikro-regioni arsebobda, misi samxedroadministraciuli<br />

centri zubis cixe unda yofiliyo. zubis cixis<br />

sabatonoSi, gavlenis sferoSi sofeli oyureSi, zubi, maxura, isunderi,<br />

laWepita da ofitara Sediodnen. pirobiTad zubis cixis mikroregionze<br />

gadioda rionis xeobidan samegrelosken mimavali gza. gza xvamlis<br />

gadasasvlelebiT oyureSze gaivlida, Semdeg kvereSulas auyveboda da<br />

asxis mTis gadavliT kolxeTis dablobisken eSveboda. isundris cixe ki<br />

33

zubis cixis gverdis avliT samegreloSi gadasvlis msurvelebs<br />

eRobeboda win.<br />

rionis xeobisa da mis SenakadebSi arsebuli cixeebidan yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani orbelis, dexvirisa da WyviSis cixeebia. orbelis cixe<br />

lajanuris xeobis mTavari cixea, romelic cager-alpanis da rionis<br />

xeobidan laSxeTisken mimaval gzebs akontrolebda. dexviris cixe<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT mdebareobs Sua leCxumSi: ` cxeniswylis<br />

kidezed ars cixe kldesa zeda Seni, dexviri, Tavi Takverisa, rameTu<br />

romelsa upyravs igi, morCilebasa missa arian sruliad~ (24, 749). cixes<br />

garSemo sadexviros saxeliT cnobili aremare akravda, rac TavisTavad<br />

aq mcire mikroregionis arsebobas mowmobs. sadexviroSi sofeli dexviris<br />

garda mcxeTa, lasxana, Txizurga, wilamieri, lesindi da leSkeda<br />

Sedioda.<br />

WyviSis cixe raWidan rionis xeobiT leCxumisken da Semdgom<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos barisken mimaval gzebs ketavda. is askis wylis<br />

samxreTiT mdebare teritoriebze batonobda. SemTxveviTi araa, rom<br />

imereTis mefe solomon II leCxumisTvis dadianTan warmoebuli omis<br />

dros WyviSis cixes sagangebod amagrebs _ mecixovneebs aqvT 2 zarbazani,<br />

ori falkoneti da xuTi muSketi. WyviSis cixe samefo daqvemdebarebisaa<br />

da imereTis samefoSi Semavali WyviSis samouravos gamgeblis, gelovanis<br />

rezidenciaa (92, 437 ). amave periodSi gelovanebis sakuTrebaSia tolas<br />

cixe da savaraudod WyviSis mouravis Zalaufleba mTels rionis xeobis<br />

leCxumze vrceldeboda da regioni WyviSis cixidan imarTeboda.<br />

WyviSis cixis solomonis droindeli samflobeloebi TiTqmis<br />

emTxveva XVII saukunis `sainasariZeos~, Tavad inasariZeTa sabatonos,<br />

romlis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia kldedaRmarTis soflebi.<br />

leCxumis am mikroregions bunebrivi sazRvrebi, CrdiloeTidan orpiris<br />

kldekari, xolo samxreTidan mdinare lexidaria. kldedaRmarTis mTavari<br />

cixe dRnorisisa unda yofiliyo. momdevno xanaSi, ganviTarebul<br />

SuasaukuneebSi mniSvnelovani punqtia sofeli derCi da amave sofelSi<br />

mdebare cixe-simagreebi. kldedaRmarTze raWis imereTTan<br />

damakavSirebeli umoklesi gza gadioda.<br />

34

amrigad, leCxumis safortifikacio qselis mixedviT, romlis<br />

ganlagebac bunebrivi da reliefuri pirobiTaa ganpirobebuli, is<br />

teritoria, romelsac dRes leCxumi ewodeba, SeiZleba ramodenime<br />

mikroregionad daiyos: cxeniswylis xeobaSi zubis cixis sabatono mxare<br />

laWepitasa da sarewkelas kldekars Soris mdebare teritorias moicavs;<br />

mis CrdiloeTiT muris xidamde gvesosa da muris cixeebis samflobeloa;<br />

rionis xeobaSi lajanuris `qveyanaze~ batonobs orbelis cixe; rionis<br />

xeobaSive askis wylidan orpiris kldekaramde WyviSis cixis<br />

samflobeloa; kldedaRmarTs dRnorisisa da derCis cixeebi icavs.<br />

leCxumis safortifikacio qseli saimedod icavda am kuTxis<br />

mosaxleobas da am kuTxes erTiani cixesimagris iers aZlevda.<br />

leCxumisTvis erTgvari buferis funqcias asrulebdnen momijnave<br />

kuTxeebis cixeebic. leCxumisken mimaval gzis saTaveSi cxeniswylisa da<br />

oxviris xevis SesayarSi, sofel didRvabunaSi adrefeodaluri xanis<br />

cixesimagre gvxvdeba (51; 115, 116). savaraudod es cixe imereT-leCxumis<br />

gzis pirveli simagrea da cxeniswylis xeobas ketavs. am cixis<br />

maxloblad, sofel maTxojSi mdebare momcro adrefeodaluri xanis<br />

cixesac cxeniswylis xeobaSi mimavali gzis mcvelis funqcia unda<br />

hqonoda (10, 460). mis zemoT, sofel gordis (es sofeli adre leCxumi<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda) maxloblad, mdebareobda kinCxas cixe. cixe<br />

sakmaod mozrdili unda yofiliyo da mas cxeniswylis xeobis leCxumis<br />

soflebSi samxreTidan misasvleli gza unda Caeketa. kinCxas cixe da<br />

gordis midamoebi imereTis dablobisken metad mosaxerxebeli gzaa.<br />

CrdiloeTidan mTebi leCxums bunebriv simagred edga da TiTqmis ar<br />

saWiroebda cixe-simagreebs. Tumca CrdiloeTis gadmosasvlelebs<br />

drodadro mainc darajobda ramdenime cixe. erT-erTi maTgani, XII<br />

saukuniT daTariRebuli lankveris cixea. es sakmaod didi cixe, uSgulis<br />

aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs (71, 58-61) da savaraudod maCxafaris<br />

uReltexilis gakontrolebasac axerxebda. maCxafaris uReltexilis<br />

gadmovlis Semdeg gza laSxeTs gauyveboda da muris cixesTan leCxumis<br />

im satranzito gzebs SeuerTdeboda, romlebic dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

politikur-administraciuli centrebisken miemarTebodnen. leCxumis<br />

teritoriaze arsebuli safortifikacio qseli ki leCxums amgvar mikro-<br />

35

egionebad yofs: cageris tafobi (gvesosa da muris cixeebiT), orbelis<br />

tafobi da lajanuris xeoba kldedaRmarTiTurT (orbelis, dexvirisa da<br />

uwvaSis cixeebiT) da zubis tafobi (zubis cixiT), rasac<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad exmianeba leCxumis dayofa gadaRma da gadmoRma<br />

zonebad, romelTa Soris sazRvrad dRevandel leCxumlebs xvamlis mTa<br />

daudevT. leCxumur dialeqtSic sami ganayofia: qvemoleCxumuri da or<br />

kilod dayofili zemoleCxumuri. qvemo anu kldedaRmarTis dialeqts<br />

bevri saerTo aqvs raWulTan. zemoleCxumuri iyofa cagerszemour da<br />

cagersqvemour nawilebad (80, 173; 21, 161).<br />

leCxumis istoriuli-geografiis sakiTxebis gasarkvevad didi<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs leCxumSi arsebul toponimikas. geografiul<br />

saxelTaTvis zerele Tvalisgadavlebis Sedegadac ki TvalSisacemia<br />

svanur toponimTa simravle. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom mravali<br />

toponimi leCxumSi da svaneTSi erTmaneTs emTxveva (19, 185). sakmaod<br />

karga xani mimdinareobda kvlevebi da kamaTi leCxumis toponimikis<br />

Sesaxeb _ mecnierTa nawili Tvlida rom leCxumis geografiul adgilTa<br />

is saxelebi romlebic –iS, _eS sufiqsiTa nawarmoebi zanuri<br />

warmoSobisa iyo (85, 421).. amave azrs iziarebda g. Citaiac. m. Ciqovani<br />

leCxumur toponimikaSi qarTulis, megrul-Wanurisa da svanuris kvals<br />

TiTqmis Tanabrad xedavs. misive mtkicebiT _iS, _eS sufiqsebiT<br />

nawarmoebi geografiul saxelTa waroeba svanuri enis gavlenis Sedegi<br />

unda iyos. am sakiTxze msjelobis umTavresi argumenti m. qaldanisTvis<br />

swored am sufiqsebiani toponimebis kuTxeTa mixedviT koncentraciaa _<br />

guriaSi, sadac savaraudoa zanuri enis gavrceleba –iS sufiqsiani<br />

saxelebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba. xolo sakuTriv samegrelos teritoriaze<br />

_iS sufiqsiani 12 soflis saxelwodeba fiqsirdeba. cageris raionSi _iS<br />

sufiqsiT 13 soflis saxelia nawarmoebi, lentexSi 14, xolo mestiaSi 23<br />

(72, 240). m. qaldanis kvlevam am sakiTxis garSemo, uaryo azri leCxumis<br />

toponimikis umravlesobis zanuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad<br />

gaabaTila samecniero wreebSi erT dros gavrcelebuli mosazreba<br />

TiTqos leCxumi mxolod megrul-lazuri tomebis sacxovrisi iyo (85,<br />

421). megrul-zanuris gavlenas leCxumis toponimikur saxelebze m.<br />

Ciqovani ar uaryofs, piriqiT miiCnevs rom o- TavsarTiani da i-S<br />

36

sufiqsiani geografiuli adgilebis saxelebi swored megrul-Wanuri enis<br />

gavleniTaa moxvedrili leCxumSi (77, 238).<br />

svanuri warmoSobisaa umravlesoba im leCxumuri toponimebisa<br />

romlebic la-a da le-a prefiqsebiTaa nawarmoebi. am prefiqsebiT<br />

nawarmoebi geografiuli saxelebi zanuri warmoSobisac SeiZleba iyos,<br />

Tumca maTgan umravlesoba radgan svanuri eniT ixsneba (ledeSto –<br />

daTvebis adgili,; laWepita – misamwyvdevi adgili, larCvali –<br />

damewyrili adgili; laWyepa – Waobiani adgili; laZgveria –<br />

uswormasworo adgili, leSkeda – Crdiliani adgili. aseve laxefa,<br />

leifana, leSvana, lesindi, lefura da sxva). leCxumSi gvxvdeba<br />

svanurisTvis maxasiaTebeli –er, -el sufiqsiTac nawarmoebi<br />

geografiuli saxelebi: cageri, isunderi, wilamieri, TekenTeri, babuSeri,<br />

imuderi, ucxeri. Aamave sufiqsebiT aris nawarmoebi mravali geografiuli<br />

saxeli svaneTSic (72, 75). leCxumis toponimikas, rogorc vTqviT, zanuris<br />

gavlenac etyoba. ZiriTadad es SeiZleba iTqvas o- afiqsiT warmoebul<br />

geografiul saxelebze (oRrabuCe, ofitara, oyaleTi, ontofi, onWeiSi da<br />

sxva). Tumca aRsaniSnavia rom amgvari toponimebi ZiriTadad leCxumis<br />

samxreTi nawilisTvisaa maxasiaTebeli da es faqti, zogierTi mecnieris<br />

azriT leCxumis mosazRvre imereTSi odesRac mosaxle zanebis gavlenis<br />

Sedegia. sayuradReboa is faqti rom leCxumSi bevria iseTi toponimebi<br />

romelTac svanuri Ziri aqvT da mawarmoeblad da damatebad ki qarTuli<br />

erTvis: leifanas Rele _ leifana niSnavs saifne adgils, lexidrisTavi<br />

– lexidari niSnavs xidis adgils; zeda leJamoli – leJa mol niSnavs<br />

aRmosavleTiT mdebare saxnav adgils, cxakuwveri – cxakur niSnavs<br />

qorebis adgils, romelsac daemata `wver~; xamareSi qvabi - xamareSi<br />

saRores niSnavs rasac daemata qvabi (19, 193) aseTivea svanuri warmoebis<br />

imuderi romelsac emateba gora(imudris gora adgilia oyureSSi).<br />

svanur Zirebze qarTuli damateba-ganmartebebis arseboba leCxumis am<br />

toponimTa svanur warmoSobas kidev ufro ueWvels xdis da amtkicebs<br />

rom svanuri toponimika leCxumis teritoriaze pirveladia da is SemorCa<br />

am kuTxis sruli enobrivi qarTizaciis Semdegac. raRa Tqma unda, rom<br />

leCxumur toponimikaSi mravlad gvxvdeba sakuTriv qarTuli<br />

geografiuli saxelebi: sairme, aWara, sanorCi, usaxelo, bardnala,<br />

37

nakarvali, fijvari, didtalaxi, gora, Waleigverdi, sarewkela,<br />

TeTrRele, verZisTava, orpiris klde, ktedaRmarTi, mcxeTa, saTibebi,<br />

Wuris naTxarebi, WiRvibolo, WiRviTavi, RarRele, namosaxli, nacixura,<br />

gormaRali, marxilis satexela, yelieri baRdouli da a.S. Tumca<br />

aRsaniSnavia rom leCxumis sofelTa saxelebis TiTqmis mesamedi ar aris<br />

qarTuli fuZisgan nawarmoebi da maT svanuri Ziri aqvT.<br />

xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi SemorCenili gadmocemebis mixedviTac<br />

toponimebi nawarmoebia samive (sakuTriv qarTuli, megruli da svanuri)<br />

enaze:<br />

sofeli dexviris maxloblad mdebareobs adgili lekarCa.<br />

gadmocemis mixedviT, beJan dadianis dros, leCxums lekebi dascemian<br />

Tavs. leCxumelTa laSqari, am dros, dadianTan erTad TaTrebs ebrZoda.<br />

beJanis mouravi, glaxua Ciqovani dexviris cixeSi gamoiketa. lekebis<br />

TareSs nodarma, mouravis karis mwirvelis petre xucesis Svilma mouRo<br />

bolo. igi Tavis razmTan erTad dabrunda leCxumSi, Seeba lekebs da<br />

maTi gaqceuli beladi, saxelad arCa Tavisi xeliT mokla. am adgils<br />

xalxi dResac lek-arCas uwodebs (3, 11)<br />

TaTrebTan brZolis Semdeg muris cixis mopirdapire mxares daerqva<br />

lawundara. xalxSi gavrcelebuli TqmulebiT imerlebis damarcxebis<br />

Semdeg leCxums selim faSas meTaurobiT TaTrebi Semoesivnen. muris<br />

cixes kaco Tavobda, mis mopirdapired mdebare, ragvis cixe-koSkis<br />

ufrosoba RvTisavars ebara. TaTrebs orbelis cixe samdRiani brZolis<br />

Semdeg aRebuli hqondaT, jeri muris cixeze iyo. kacos silamaziT<br />

ganTqmuli qaliSvili dara hyavda. RvTisavari warmoSobiT glexi iyo,<br />

kacos ki siZed didgvarovani undoda. selim faSas daras colad SerTva<br />

moundomebia. kacom pirdapiri uari selim faSas ver Sehbeda. sxva gza ar<br />

iyo, arCevani daras unda gaekeTebina. daniSnul dros selim faSa ragvis<br />

cixis midamoebSi gamoCnda. RvTisavarma svan mebrZols daavala daras<br />

pasuxi cixeebisTvis yviriliT emcno. muris da ragvis cixeebma pasuxad<br />

lawundarao miiRes, rac daras dawunebuls niSnavs. es niSani iyo da<br />

leCxumeli mebrZolebi mters Seebnen, RvTisavarma faSa mokla da<br />

TaTrebis jaric gandevnil iqna (3, 9).<br />

38

sofeli sairmis midamoebSi aris adgili, romelsac<br />

joriswixldanakravs uZaxian: giorgi inasariZes, leCxumSi ganTqmul<br />

meomarsa da sainasariZeos gamgebels, okribaSi qeifis dros mis<br />

samflobeloebSi lekebisa da TaTrebis marbieli laSqris Semosvla<br />

gaugia. rionze gadebuli erTaderTi xidi, romelzec erTaderTi xeRa<br />

iyo SerCenili giorgis Tavis joriT gadauvlia, razmi Seukribavs da<br />

mteri gaunadgurebia. im adgils sadac inasariZis jori Zalian swrafad<br />

garboda, exlac amCnevia misi nakvalevi da joriswixldanakravi hqvia.<br />

inasariZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli kidev erTi toponimis warmoSoba _<br />

mis mier lekebis morigi damarcxebis Semdeg, sofel zogiSSi binuli<br />

lekebis sisxliT wiTlad SeRebila, am agdils xalxma `lekis wyali~<br />

daarqva (3, 11).<br />

arsebobs gadmocema adgil doRuraSis Sesaxebac: dadianis<br />

sazafxulo rezidencias Tavs dasxmia dadeSqelianTa razmi. esAambavi<br />

male Seutyvia dadians da mecixovneebisTvis SemouTvlia cocxali mters<br />

ar Cabarebodnen. momxvdurs cixe mxolod maSin auRia roca mecixovneebi<br />

mTlianad gaJlites. naomar adgils romelic muris xidTan, leCxumisa da<br />

qvemo svaneTis sazRvarze mdebareobs doRuraSi qvia, rac megruli eniT<br />

ixsneba da sasikvdilo adgils niSnavs.<br />

mniSvnelovani faqtia isic rom leCxumSi, savaraudod erT-erT<br />

centralur sakralur adgilis _ xvamlis mTis saxeli megruli leqsikiT<br />

ixsneba. xvamli, igive xvamili dalocvils, wmindas niSnavs.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, zemoTmoyvanili magaliTebiT XVII-XVIII saukuneSi<br />

leCxumis toponimikuri saxelebis warmoebaSi samive qarTveluri ena<br />

monawileobs, Tumca am droisTvis megrulisa da zanuris wili sakmaod<br />

Semcirebuli unda iyos radgan leCxumi am droisTvis mTlianad<br />

qarTizebulad unda CavTvaloT da zemoTmoyvanili gadmocemebi (isic<br />

sasazRvro adgilebSi) gamonaklis SemTxvevebad unda iqnas miCneuli.<br />

39

leCxumis sazogadoebrivi yofa<br />

$ 1. leCxumis socialuri istoriidan<br />

leCxumis sazodagoebrivi yofa, socialuri wyoba da sazogadoebaSi<br />

arsebuli urTierToba dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsia.<br />

Tumca, arsebobs mcire gamonaklisebi, rac leCxumis gansxvavebul<br />

geografiul mdebareobas, meurneobis xasiaTsa da istoriuli<br />

ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs unda mivaweroT.<br />

leCxumis socialuri ierarqiulobis Sesaxeb pirvelad vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvilis cnobas moviSveliebT: `mosaxleni (leCxumis) arian aznaurni<br />

da glexni, rameTu ar ars mosaxle, romelsa ara edgas koSki qviTkirisa~<br />

(24, 749). dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTagan gansxvavebiT, vaxuSti ar<br />

ixseniebs warCinebulTa umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebs _ Tavadebs.<br />

leCxumis momijnave kuTxeebis teritoriaze, gvianSuasaukuneebSi<br />

saTavadoebis arseboba tipiuri movlenaa. erTiani centralizebuli<br />

samefos daSlis Semdeg XV-XVII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva<br />

kuTxeebSi yalibdeba damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi da samTavroebi,<br />

romelsac damoukidebeli xelisuflebi marTaven. am politikur<br />

erTeulebSi gabatonebuli socialuri fenas Tavadebi warmoadgenen,<br />

romlebic Sua saukuneebis miwuruls sakmaod Zlierdebian, mefemTavrebisgan<br />

faqtobrivad damoukideblobasac iReben da isedac<br />

daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo wvril feodalur samflobeloebad iSleba.<br />

leCxumSi Zlieri saTavadoebi, gamokveTili damoukideblobiTa da<br />

centraluri mmarTvelobisadmi dapirispirebuli samflobeloebi ar<br />

gvxvdeba. TviT leCxumis gamgeblis, leCxumis Tavis Tanamdeboba<br />

aramemkvidreobiTi gaxldaT da mas XVII saukunis bolomde imereTis mefe<br />

niSnavda, Semdgomi saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi odiSis mTavrebi,<br />

ruseTTan odiSis samTavros SeerTebis Semdeg ki leCxumi qvemo svaneTTan<br />

erTad quTaisis guberniis erT-erT mazrad mazrad iqca.<br />

savaraudod, leCxumis erTgvari `mibmuloba~ centralur<br />

xelisuflebasTan misi gansakuTrebuli, dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva<br />

kuTxeebisgan gansxvavebuli funqciTac iyo ganpirobebuli. vaxuStis es<br />

40

gansxvavebuli funqcia pirdapir aqvs dafiqsirebuli _ leCxums imereTSi,<br />

rogorc xevsa da mTiuleTs qarTlSi da qiziys kaxeTSi samxedro saqmeSi<br />

mTavari funqcia eniWebodaT. am kuTxeebis `saxasoni aznaurni da msaxurni<br />

glexni xeobaTagan~, mefis piradi gvardiaa da misi siZlieris mTavari<br />

ganmapirobebelia. vaxuStisave TqmiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos<br />

erTianobisa da siZlieris xanaSi mefis piradi gvardia roqis spa,<br />

daqiravebulTa armia iyo. `Semgdomad ganyofisa samefoTa~ mefeebs<br />

erTguli razmebi, mudam Tanmxlebi meomrebi saxaso mamulebidan hyoliaT.<br />

garda amisa, Tavad-aznaurTa ojaxebs omianobis SemTxvevaSi zrdasruli<br />

mamakacebis mTeli SemagdenlobiT evalebodaT saomar operaciebSi<br />

monawileoba. savarudod, Znelbedobis Jams samxedrovaldebulebi iyvnen<br />

glexebic (24, 31).<br />

im kuTxeebis Sesaxeb saidanac mefis piradi razmebi ivseboda saintereso<br />

mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli s. janaSias: `mefes msaxurebsa aZlevdnen<br />

xeobelni, `umetes moxeve-mTiulni, vidre daipyrobdnen mas saerisTaoT~,<br />

e.i vidre mefesa da mTis xalxs Soris Sualedi feodaluri rgoli ar<br />

gaCnda da mTielebs axali, arsebiTad sabatono, gamosaRebic ar daekisra.<br />

aseTsave rolSi gamodian imereTisTvis raWa da gansakuTrebiT leCxumi,<br />

kaxeTisaTvis qiziyi. mTielebs mefis samsaxurSi is upiratesobac hqondaT,<br />

rom isini jer kidev mTlad `gamuSakglexebulni~, e.i. miwaze dakrulni<br />

da feodaluri tvirTisgan welSi moxrilni ar iyvnen, aramed Zvels<br />

vaJkacursa da amay suls atarebdnen, abjris siyvarulsa da xmarebas<br />

bavSvobidan eCveodnen da Cinebuli meomrebic gamodiodnen.~ (84, 457)<br />

gansakuTrebuli funqciis Sesrulebam, samefo karTan mibmulobam,<br />

raRa Tqma unda leCxumis sazogadoebrivi yofis da socialuri<br />

struqturis Taviseburebebi gamoiwvia. aRsaniSnavia, leCxumel glexTa<br />

orive fenis, msaxurebisa da moinale glexebis aqtiuri monawileoba<br />

samxedro saqmeSi. SemTxveviTi araa, rom `mefis talanTa~ qveyanaSi,<br />

leCxumSi, saqarTveloSi pirvelad fiqsirdeba moinale glexTa<br />

samxedrovaldebuleba. am kuTxeSi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri unda yofiliyo<br />

msaxurTa fena, romlisganac Sedgeboda leCxumel meomarTa razmebis<br />

didi nawili. TavadTa fenasac axasiaTebs Taviseburebani: vaxuStis<br />

ganmartebiT Tavadad iwodeba is didgvarovani vinc flobda cixe-qalaqs,<br />

41

simagres da xeobebs (vrceli mosaxleobis Semcveli miwa-wyali, romelic,<br />

garkveuli safexuris feodaluri saxelmwifos aRnagobis Sesabamisad,<br />

msxvil administraciul erTeulsac qmnida). amgvari mflobelebi<br />

leCxumSi ar arsebobdnen, radgan cixe-qalaqisa da vrceli miwebis<br />

flobis saSualebas leCxumis Taviseburi mdebareoba ar iZleoda _<br />

leCxumi, Tavadac patara kuTxe rTuli reliefis gamo danawevrebuli iyo<br />

patar patara xeobebad, romlebic TavianTi momcro, Tumca bunebrivi<br />

pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT metad Tavdacvisunariani, simagreebiT sakmaod<br />

damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulebi iyvnen. am cixeebis mflobelebi,<br />

aznaurebi da msaxurebi, mefesTan daaxlovebuli pirebi gaxldnen da<br />

amitomac TavianT Zalauflebis SenarCunebas axerxebdnen. Sesabamisad,<br />

warCinebuli, dawinaurebuli aznaurisTvis, TavadisTvis mamulis<br />

gamsxvilebis perspeqtiva leCxumSi naklebad iyo. vaxuSti bagrationi<br />

leCxumis socialuri struqturis Taviseburebis erT-erT safuZvlad mis<br />

geografiul da klimatur pirobebsac miiCnevs: `garna ars leCxumi mTis<br />

adgilad Tqmuli, garna ars venaxiani, xiliani, movals yovelni<br />

marcvalni, Tvinier brinj-banbisa, garna siviwrovisa da kldianobisaTvis<br />

ara egoden simravaliT~. vaxuStis am gansazRvrebiT leCxumSi miwa<br />

nayofieria, oRond mTiani reliefis gamo miwis savargulebi naklebadaa.<br />

miwis noyiereba iwvevda mosaxleobis socialur dawinaurebas, xolo<br />

savargulebis nakleboba ufro ganviTarebuli raionebisgan<br />

damokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori unda yofiliyo (84, 458).<br />

feodalur xanaSi leCxumSi warCinebuli gvarebi arian: gelovanebi,<br />

laSxiSvilebi, axvledianebi, inasariZeebi, Ciqvanebi, asaTianebi, qvarianebi,<br />

nemsaZeebi, yifianebi. ioane batoniSvili saqarTveloSi mcxovreb<br />

warCinebulTa gvarebis aRwerisas, TavadTa Soris ar ixseniebs leCxumel<br />

mebatoneebs umravlesobas _ imereTis TavadTa Soris moixseniebian<br />

inasariZeebi. agreTve naxsenebia laSis Svilebi (naklebad savaraudoa<br />

Tumca Teoriulad SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom es laSxiSvilis mcdari<br />

interpretaciaa) Tumca es gvari aznaurisaa Tu Tavadis Zneli gasarkvevia,<br />

radganac batoniSvils imereTis warCinebuli gvarebi gaerTianebuli aqvs<br />

Tavisi wignis TavSi romelsac `imereTis Tavadni da aznaurni~ qvia.<br />

inasariZeebis SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia, rom isini Tavadebi arian, xolo<br />

42

laSis Svilebze weria rom mefis (laSa giorgi) aRzrdili oboli<br />

aznaurisgan warmoSobila es gvari (6, 126). samegreloSi Tavadad Ciqoani<br />

(Ciqovani) dafiqsirebuli. batoniSvili ioane aseve axsenebs asaTianebs,<br />

romlebic dadianis aznaurebi arian (6; 130, 133). Cvens xelT arsebul<br />

qarTul istoriul wyaroebze da ruseTis mmarTvelobisdroindel<br />

dokumentebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Tavis droze leCxumSi<br />

TavadTa rangSi iyvnen: gelovanebi, laSxiSvilebi, inasariZeebi,<br />

axvledianebi, Ciqvanebi, asaTianebi. garda amisa sakmaod didi politikur<br />

Zalis da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobisa gaxldaT eklesia, romelsac<br />

saTaveSi cageris sakaTedro taZari edga.<br />

sakmaod, sainteresoa faqti, Tu ratom ar moxda leCxumSi dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad damoukidebeli saTavadoebis<br />

Camoyalibeba. erT-erTi mizezi, leCxumisa da imereTis samefo karis<br />

urTierTobis Tavisebureba da leCxumis moxerxebuli mdebareoba da<br />

soflis meurneobisaTvis vargisianoba unda iyos. leCxums klimaturi<br />

pirobebi ar daewuneboda, rac sxva mTian kuTxeebTan SedarebiT<br />

uxvmosavlianobas ganapirobebda. leCxumSi sxva mTian regionebTan<br />

momgebiani samiwaTmoqmedo pirobebis arsebobas Semdgomi drois<br />

dakvirvebebic adasturebs _ leCxumSi gacilebiT kargi pirobebia<br />

xorblis warmoebisTvis vidre mis mimdebare qvemo raWaSi (100). leCxumis<br />

miwis nayofierebas Tavidanve SeniSnaven rusi Cinovnikebi – leCxumis miwa<br />

saerTod nayofieria, qviSagareul Sav miwebSi da TixnarebSi xarobs<br />

mravali marcvleuli kultura, aRniSnavs litvinovi (94, 124).<br />

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom leCxumi msoflioSi xorbleuli<br />

mcenareebis kulturizaciis erT-erTi keraa (74). am kuTxeSi mevenaxeobac<br />

sakmaod momgebiania da mosavlianobis TvalsazrisiT mezobel kuTxeebs<br />

aRemateba. yvela am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, leCxumi imereTis samefo<br />

karisTvis friad mniSvnelovani kuTxe unda yofiliyo. misi mniSvneloba<br />

XVII-is meore naxevridan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde mimdinare imereTis<br />

mefeebsa da odiSis mTavrebs Soris leCxumisTvis gauTavebel brZolaSic<br />

naTlad Cans.<br />

leCxumisa da samefo karis urTierTobas sakmaod didi xnis<br />

istoria aqvs. leCxumis mTa, xvamli mefeTa saganZurTa sadebia (24, 750).<br />

43

xvamlis qvabulebSi Senaxul simdidres iyofen monRolTa<br />

Tavdasxmebisgan SeWirvebuli qarTveli mefeebi. SemdgomSic, leCxumi<br />

erTgvari zurgia imereTis samefo ojaxisTvis _ aq afareben Tavs<br />

mterTagan ltolvili imereTis mmarTvelebi, leCxumis xelSi CagdebiTa<br />

da gadabirebiT iyo dainteresebuli TiTqmis yvela vinc imereTis samefos<br />

dasustebas an iq gamefebas cdilobda (24; 801, 808, 821, 839, 850).<br />

cxadia, amgvari mniSvnelobis kuTxisadmi mefe gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas gamoiCenda. Cvenamde moRweuli XV saukunis erT-erT<br />

dokumentSi aSkarad Cans, rom bagrat imerTa mefe leCxumelTa<br />

momdurebas erideba (36, 126). es bunebrivicaa, radgan tradiciulad<br />

leCxumelebi talanni mefisani anu mefis piradi dacvis wevrebi arian (24,<br />

750). cnobilia, rom samefo xelisuflebis dasayrdeni saSualo da<br />

wvrili aznaurebis fena iyo. leCxumel aznaurTa didi funqcionaluri<br />

datvirTva, maTi roli samefo karze rac mefis maTdami did yuradRebas<br />

ganapirobebda, iyo mizezi imisa, rom leCxumSi saSualo da wvrilma<br />

aznaurobam Tavisi uflebebi SeinarCuna. Sedegad, leCxumSi msxvili<br />

saTavadoebis Seqmnas da maT SemadgenlobaSi SedarebiT momcro<br />

mflobelobisa da gavlenis mqone aznaurTa gaerTianebisTvis<br />

araxelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna.<br />

leCxumis teritoria mofenilia didi Tu patara cixeebiTa da<br />

simagreebiT. vaxuStis cnoba: `ar ars mosaxle, romelsa ara edgas koSki<br />

qvitkirisani~ odnav gadametebulia, Tumca im faqtis gamoZaxili unda<br />

iyos. leCxumis did cixeebi, rogoricaa muris, zubis, dexviris, orbelis<br />

da WyviSis cixeebi albaT umetes SemTxvevaSi centralur xelisuflebas<br />

ekuTvnis da maTi mflobelebis vinaobasac centraluri xelisufali<br />

gansazRvravs (33, 81; 94, 437). patara cixeebi, eWvgareSea, saSualo da<br />

wvrili aznaurebis kuTvnileba iyo. aseTi simagreebi SemorCenilia<br />

leCxumis bevr sofelSi. momcro simagreebs _ Takvrelanis, qvarianis (9;<br />

22, 43), meSvelianis TanaviSvilebis cixeebs am gvarebis warmomadgeneli<br />

aznaurebi floben. leCxumSi, meomruli fenis, wvrili da saSualo<br />

aznaurebis, siZlieris kidev erTi dasturi amgvari, patar-patara cixeebis<br />

simravlea.<br />

44

warCinebul gvarTa dawinaureba, savaraudod xelisuflebisTvis<br />

gaweuli samsaxuris gamo xdeboda. gvianfeodalur xanaSi leCxumSi<br />

gamorCeulad Zlieri gvaria gelovani. isini gadmocemiT svaneTidan arian<br />

leCxumSi Casaxlebuli. istoriuli wyaroebiTac dasturdeba, rom<br />

gelovanebi XV saukuneSi svaneTis batonebi iyvnen. maT es pativi bagrat<br />

V-isgan ergoT (24, 261). gelovanTa dawinaureba ki albaT XII saukunidan<br />

iwyeba _ vaxuStis cnobiT Tamar mefis karze vezirad da<br />

mdivanTuxucesad dauniSnavT anton gelovani (24, 172).<br />

gelovanTa leCxumSi damkvidrebis zusti dro ucnobia. isini, am<br />

kuTxeSi XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi sakmaod momZlavrebulni Canan da<br />

imereTis mefis mowinaaRmdegeni arian. aleqsandre III gelovanebs amis<br />

gamo sjis kidec (33, 55). SesaZloa, am dromde leCxumis Tavebi, swored<br />

gelovanebi iyvnen, mefesTan dapirispirebis Semdeg leCxumis Tavi<br />

laSxiSvili xdeba. gelovanebisa da mefis dapirispirebis Sedegia isic,<br />

rom am gvaris warmomadgenlebi ar saxeldebian XVII saukunis meore<br />

naxevarSi imereTis samefo karTan daaxlovebulTa siaSi da ar arian<br />

darbazis wevrebi (35, 206). gelovanebi, leCxumSi poziciebs XVIII saukunis<br />

bolomde ver ibruneben, solomon II-is dros ki leCxums ganagebs didi<br />

gavlenis mqone qaixosro gelovani. am periodisTvis, gelovanTa gvari or<br />

did cixesimagres flobs. samefo cixea WyviSis cixe, romelic leCxumis<br />

sardal-mouravi gelovanis rezidenciaa, xolo tolas cixe am gvaris<br />

kerZo sakuTrebaa (94, 437).<br />

gvian SuasaukuneSi dawinaurebuli Cans laSxiSvilTa sagvareulo.<br />

isini politikur asparezze XV saukuneSi Cndebian. savaraudod<br />

laSxiSvilebi leCxumisa da misi momijnave laSxeTis mebatoneebi arian.<br />

es sagvareulo aqtiurad monawileobs svanebsa da Tavad jafariZeebs<br />

Soris konfliqtSi, sadac maTi interesi svaneTidan leCxumSi mimavali da<br />

leCxumidan sxva kuTxeebSi gadasasvlel gzebze kontrolis daweseba da<br />

maTi xelSi Cagdeba unda iyos. XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi xosia<br />

laSxiSvili imereTis samefo karis darbazis wevria da aleqsandre III-isa<br />

da rusTa mefis mimoweraSi `did baiarad~ moixsenieba (35, 206). leCxumis<br />

Tavi xosia laSxiSvili, dasavleT saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

gavleniani figuraa _ xosias meSveobiT qarTlis mefe vaxtang V Tavidan<br />

45

iSorebs vamiy dadians (24, 836). laSxiSvili, mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

dedofal darejanTan da vaxtang WuWunaiSvilTan erTad imereTis<br />

samefos ganagebda. Tumca, imereli Tavadebisgan gadabirebulma, maT male<br />

uRalata, darejani sakuTari xeliT mokla, rasac male WuWunaiSvilis<br />

mkvlelobac moyva.<br />

XVII saukunis miwuruls genaTeli episkoposia markoz laSxiSvili.<br />

Semdgom periodSi, laSxiSvilebi politikur asparezze aRar Canan.<br />

SesaZloa, maTi uflebebis damcroba da sabolood maTi leCxumidan<br />

gadasaxleba, leCxumSi XVIII saukunidan Ciqovan-dadianebTan<br />

dapirispirebamac gamoiwvia.<br />

inasariZeebi leCxumSi XIII saukunidan ixsenebian (2, 127). XV<br />

saukuneSi svanebisa da jafariZeebis konfliqtSi isinic arian Cabmulebi<br />

da albaT, laSxiSvilebis msgavsad satranzito gzebis da misi mimdebare<br />

teritoriebis xelSi Cagdebas cdiloben. sainteresoa is faqti, rom<br />

vaxuSti inasariZeebsa da laSxiSvilebs raWis Tavadebad moixseniebs (24;<br />

36). SesaZloa, es mciredi cdomileba gamowveulia imiT, rom inasariZis<br />

mamulebi raWisa da leCxumis sazRvrispira soflebia. isic dasaSvebia,<br />

rom inasariZeebs samflobeloebi orive kuTxeSi hqonodaT. inasariZeebis<br />

gandidebas XV saukunis erTi dokumentic cxadyofs _ maT, sof.<br />

WaSlaTSi daviT aRmaSeneblis mier mTis wm. giorgisTvis Sewiruli (qvemo<br />

leCxumi) mcxovrebi ymebi waurTmeviaT. imereTis mefe, bagrat II eklesias<br />

kuTvnil ymebs ubrunebs da amis damamtkicebel dokumentis bolos<br />

aRniSnavs, rom `inasariZeTa gvarman amas zeda (am glexebze) ara saqme ar<br />

qondes~ (59, 308).<br />

XVII saukunis Sua wlebSi imereTis samefo karTan arsebuli<br />

darbazis wevria qaixosro inasariZe. qaixosros memkvidreebi unda iyvnen<br />

iese da giorgi inasariZeebi, romlebic darbazis wevrTa siaSi 1669 wels,<br />

bagrat imereTis mefis rusebisadmi werilSi ,,baiarebad” iwodebian.<br />

giorgi inasariZis dros sainasariZeo mZlavri feodaluri gaerTianeba<br />

yofila. sainasariZeo rionis xeobis leCxums moicavda, mis gamgeblobaSi<br />

Sedioda sairme, WyviSi, labeWina, Rvardia, zogiSi, aWara-alpana, klde<br />

daRmarTis soflebi _ tviSi, onWeiSi, dRnorisa, saCxeuri, CorTisa,<br />

WaSleiTi, lexidrisTavi. giorgi inasariZeze dResac Semonaxulia<br />

46

xalxuri Tqmulebebi, romlebic mas Zlier mmarTvelad, gulad meomrad<br />

warmogvdgens (2, 122_127). inasariZeebs dawinaureba leCxumis sxva<br />

mebatoneebTan SedarebiT Cans iqidanac, rom XVII-saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />

arsebobs calke saTavado sainasariZeo. odiSis gamgebel CiqvanTa<br />

titulaturaSi maTi samflobeloebis CamoTvlisas xSirad sainasariZeo<br />

ixseneba. es saTavado leCxumisgan gamocalkevebulia. mag: giorgi<br />

lipartiani (Ciqvani) aris odiSis salipartianos mpyrobeli, leCxumisa da<br />

sainasariZeos mWirav-mqoneli, imereTis sardali da Tavi, sul svaneTis<br />

klite (33, 86).<br />

XVIII-s-Si gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo inasariZeTa sagvareulo<br />

politikur asparezze ar Cans. SesaZloa inasariZeTa sagvareulo, rogorc<br />

leCxumis erT-erTi yvelaze warCinebuli da Zveli Tavaduri saxli,<br />

leCxumis axal mebatoneebisTvis, odiSis mTavar dadian-CiqvanebisTvis<br />

saSiSi metoqe iyo. savaraudod inasariZeebis daknineba da SemdgomSi<br />

leCxumidan maTi gauCinareba swored am dapirispirebis Sedegia.<br />

XVII-s-is meore naxevarSi ,,did baiars@ xosia laSxiSvils leCxumis<br />

Tavis Tanamdebobaze xosia axvlediani cvlis (33, 72). rogorc Cans es<br />

aznauruli gvari imereTis mefis erTgulia. 1645-46 wlebSi, levan II<br />

dadinis mier alyaSemortymul imereTis mefes ori Zma axvlediani axlavs,<br />

romlebic brZolaSi iRupebian kidec. SesaZloa, rom axvledianebi mefis<br />

piradi mcvelebis arian. erTguli samsaxurisTvis xosia da giorgi<br />

axvledianebi aleqsandre mesamisgan RviriSs Tavisi cixiT, cxukuSers da<br />

tviSis ramodenime glexs iReben (33, 63).<br />

XVIII-s-is bolosTvis axvledianebi zogiSis cixis mflobelebi<br />

arian, romelic solomon II jarebs aqvs dakavebuli (92, 80). albaT es<br />

axvlediani, imereTis da odiSis leCxumisTvis samxedro dapirispirebaSi<br />

imereTis mefis mxaresaa, rac sxva leCxumel warCinebulTa<br />

cicianovisadmi miweril mliqvnelur werilSi Cans sadac isini ruseTis<br />

morCilebas, dadianis maTze batonobas aRiareben da amboben, rom am<br />

sakiTxSi isini erTsulovnebi arian, mxolod axvlediani, Ciqovani da<br />

gelovani gadgnen gverdzeo (92, 472). Cans, rionis xeoba, sadac solomonis<br />

poziciebi myaria solomonis mxaresaa, xolo samegrelosTan ufro axlos<br />

mdebare cxeniswylis xeobis leCxumi dadianis momxrea (gelovanebis<br />

47

samflobelo WviSis cixe, - axvledianebis zogiSis cixe, baka Ciqovanis<br />

aWaris cixe rionis xeobaSi mdebareoben).<br />

asaTianTa sagvareulos gaTavadeba XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi xdeba.<br />

pirveli leCxumeli asaTiani XV saukunis dokumentebSia moxseniebuli.<br />

qveli da ardaSel asaTianebi ,, didad erTguli aznaurSvilebi@ yofilan<br />

vaxtang (gorgaslad wodebuli) imereTis mefisa, ris gamoc mefe maT<br />

swyalobs da sasisxlo sigelSi maTi gvaris kacis sisxlis, im<br />

droisaTvis, metad Zvirad faseulobas amtkicebs (38; 14, 15). amave<br />

saukuneSi asaTianTa gvari svaneTSic mkvidrobs (30, 39) pirveli<br />

gaTavadebuli asaTiani xaxuta asaTiania. mas imereTis mefesTan da<br />

odiSis mTavarTanac kargi damokidebuleba aqvs da orivesagan iRebs<br />

wyalobas (67, 130).<br />

XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi asaTianebi sainasariZeoSi epatronebian<br />

sofel derCis nawilsa da sofel dRnorisas. SemdgomSi, maT mamulebi<br />

aqvT sofel saCxeuraSi, cxukuSerSi, tviSSi, bardnalaSi, qoreinSi,<br />

WaSleTSi, onWeiSSi da wungamalieTSi, agreTve imereTis sofel<br />

patrikeTSi.<br />

xaxuta asaTiani da misi memkvidreni dadianis dasayrdeni<br />

mebatoneebi arian da maTi gandideba odiSis mTavarTa keTilganwyobis<br />

Sedegia. niSandoblivia, rom asaTianebi, leCxumSi dadianTaTvis<br />

metoqeobis SemZle inasariZeebis mamulebs epatronebian. asaTianebs, aseve<br />

uTanxmoeba aqvT mosazRvre mflobelebTan, axvledianebTan da aznaur<br />

qvarianebTan. XVIII saukunis bolosTvis asaTianebi Zlieri Tavadebi<br />

iyvnen _ maT mflobelobaSi zemoTCamoTvlil soflebis garda sami cixesimagre<br />

da naTlismcemlis eklesiaa. asaTianTa sabatonoebSi savaraudod<br />

300 komlze meti glexi saxlobda (67; 136, 137).<br />

XVII saukuneSi warCinebulTa Soris gvxvdebian qvarianebi. zaqaria<br />

qvariani 1637 wels genaTeli episkoposi xdeba, 1657-1660 wlebSi ki<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosia. aRsaniSnavia, rom zaqarias erT-erTi<br />

uaxloesi memkvidre kaTalikosis taxtze isev leCxumeli aznauri, daviT<br />

nemsaZea (33, 75) qvarianebis mamulad albaT sofeli orxvi unda miviCnioT.<br />

qvarianebis cixe, swored am sofelSi mdebareobs.<br />

48

qvariani moixsenieba sxva didebulebis gverdze, romlebic zurab<br />

abaSiZis TaosnobiT erTiandebian da Turqebis dasaxvedrad emzadebian.<br />

abaSiZe, imereTis imdroindeli faqtobrivi mmarTveli, axerxebs TiTqmis<br />

mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos Tavadebis mobilizebas mtris winaaRmdeg,<br />

Tumca leCxumelTagan am gaerTianebaSi mxolod qvariani Cans (69; 44, 45).<br />

politikur asparezze, leCxumeli didgvarovnebidan yvelaze gvian<br />

Ciqovanebi gamoCndnen. isini mesame kategoriis (mdabio, calmogvi)<br />

aznaurebi yofilan, Tumca XVII saukunis meore naxevridan Zmebi Ggabriel<br />

(cageris episkoposi) da kacia Ciqvanebi dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mmarTvelobaSi erT-erT umTavres rols asrulebdnen. XVII saukunis<br />

bolosTvis maTi memkvidreni dadianebs odiSidan sdevnian da dadianobas<br />

igdeben xelSi. XVIII saukunidan leCxumSi Cndebian ukve Tavadobis rangSi<br />

aRzevebuli Ciqvanebi. Zalian xSirad, am gvaris warmomadgenlebi, saero<br />

da sasuliero xelisuflebis saTaveSi gvevlinebian _ leCxumis sardalmouravebis<br />

Tanamdeboba da cageris episkoposoba XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi<br />

umeteswilad CiqvanTa xelSi iyo.<br />

rogorc zemoT ganxiluli masalidan Cans, leCxumSi Tavaduri<br />

gvarebi imdenad Zlierni ar iyvnen, rom centralur xelisuflebas maTi<br />

TviTneboba maleve ar aelagma. gelovanebis da laSxiSvilebis dasjis<br />

magaliTi am azris adasturebs. qaixosro laSxiSvilis, kacia Ciqovanis<br />

da qaixosro gelovanis did rols dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTvelobaSi<br />

ki ufro maTi piraduli Rirsebebi gansazRvravda vidre maTi feodaluri<br />

samflobeloebis siZliere.<br />

gabatonebulTa meore eSelons aznaurebi Seadgendnen. rogorc<br />

aRvniSneT, leCxumSi es fena sakmaod Zlieri unda yofiliyo. aznaurTa<br />

ZiriTadi movaleoba laSqrobaSi monawileoba, batonTan msaxuri _<br />

batonis xleba, Sikrikoba iyo. sainteresoaLleCxumeli aznauris batonis<br />

Tanxlebis erT-erTi epizodis etiketi: TavadTa oficialur<br />

molaparakebebs eswrebian maTi mxlebeli aznaurebi; wesisamebr, aznauri,<br />

kedelsaa akruli., fexi fexze aqvs gadajvaredinebuli, marjvena xeli ki<br />

iaraRze udevs (67, 138). Ees cnoba, leCxumelTa vaxuStiseul daxasiaTebas<br />

(morCilni ufalTa TvisTa), exmianeba da leCxumeli aznaurebisa da<br />

Tavadebis urTierTobis erT-erT niuanss asaxavs. aznaurebi<br />

49

emorCilebodnen TavianT mebatoneebs da Tavadac SeeZloT yolodaT ymebi<br />

agreTve aznaurebi ixdidnen saudieros. leCxumSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan,<br />

aznaurebi iyofodnen samefo, sabatono da samRvdelo aznaurebad.<br />

aznaurebi iyvnen Sinaymebic, romlebic Zlieri Tavadebis karze raime<br />

sapatio samsaxurSi iyvnen.<br />

leCxumel aznaurTa didi roli dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

SeiaraRebul ZalebSi vaxuStisa da sxva qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis<br />

garda ucxoeli mogzaurebisa Tu moxeleebis cnobebiTac dasturdeba.<br />

amaTgan, aRsaniSnavia ruseTis mTavrobis moxelis, iazikovis moxsenebiTi<br />

werili, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos XVIII saukunis meore naxevris<br />

samxedro mdgomareobas ganixilavs. iazikovis TqmiT, odiSis mTavars<br />

eqvsi aTasi jariskaci hyavs, aqedan ori aTasi kaci leCxumidanaa.<br />

leCxumeli, molaSqreebi saukeTesoni arian dadianis armiaSi, rac imaze<br />

metyvelebs rom am molaSqreTa umetesoba narCevi meomrebi, aznaurebi,<br />

arian (93, 196). iazikovis cnobidan daaxloebiT asi wlis Semdgomi, 1860<br />

wlis aRweris mixedviT aznaurTa raodenoba leCxumSi 364, xolo TavadTa<br />

43 komlia. cxadia, es raodenoba oriaTasamde rCeuli meomris Sesakrebad<br />

sakmarisi ar iqneboda. am ori cnobis urTierTSeuTavsebloba<br />

savaraudod, ruseTis mmarTvelobis dros leCxumSi aznauruli gvarebis<br />

Semcirebaze migvaniSnebs. am tendenciis amsaxveli unda iyos XIX saukunis<br />

meore naxevris rusi moxelis, i. maiseevis odnav ironianarevi cnoba:<br />

`kiTxvaze ra wodebisani arian, bevri pasuxobs: aznaurobis maZiebeli.<br />

Aamis dasturad maT aqvT gaxunebuli, aznauri babuis an didi babuis<br />

danatovari qaRaldis nafleTebi. i.maiseevis TqmiT lailaSSi aznaurobis<br />

maZiebeli sakmaod bevri ojaxi iyo, maT Soris somxebic (97, 138). sofel<br />

lailaSis mosaxleobaSi dadasturebuli amgvari swrafva aznaurobisken<br />

albaT mTeli leCxumisTvis iqneboda damaxasiaTebeli _ am mxriv<br />

sayuradReboa dRemde Semonaxuli tradicia im ojaxebis `aznouriSvilad~<br />

wodebisa, romelTa aznauroba dokumentebiT ar dasturdeba.<br />

`aznouriSvilebi~, sazogadoebis umravles nawilisgan, glexTagan raime<br />

niSniT (codniT, ekonomikuri SeZlebiT, gavleniT da sxva) gamorCeuli<br />

ojaxebi arian (g.m, savele dRiuri). SesaZloa, isini marTla damcrobili<br />

aznaurebis, andac aznaurebTan miaxlovebuli msaxurebis STamomavlebi<br />

50

arian. aznaurTa Tu aznauryofilTa da msaxurTa amgvari problemis erTerTi<br />

mizezi, albaT rusTa mmarTvelobis dros, maTi rogorc<br />

molaSqreebis funqciis dakargvaa, ramac maTi sazogadoebrivi statusic<br />

daaknina.<br />

gvianfeodalur leCxumSi sakmaod gavleniani da ekonomikurad<br />

Zlieria eklesia. cageris saepiskoposo, romelic XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi<br />

sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur<br />

cxovrebaSi, savaraudod IX-X saukuneebSi unda daarsebuliyo; yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi cageris saepiskoposo VII-IX saukuneebis bizantiur wyaroebSi,<br />

sadac CamoTvlilia lazikis saepiskoposoebi, ar Cans (berZeniSvili 1983:<br />

21). CvenTvis cnobili pirveli cagereli episkoposi ixsenieba iSxnis<br />

warwerebSi. irkveva, rom anton cagereli moRvaweobda XI saukuneSi,<br />

Tavdapirvelad gaxldaT cageris xolo SemdgomSi iSxnis episkoposi (25,<br />

323, 324).<br />

`cxeniswylis aRmosavliT ars cageris eklesia didSeni,<br />

gumbaTiani, zis episkopozi, mwyemsi leCxumisa da suaneTisa~, vaxuStis es<br />

cnoba gansazRvravs cageris RvTismSoblis eklesiis samwysos da<br />

leCxumTan erTad mas svaneTsac miawers (24, 729) marTlac, mTeli Sua<br />

saukuneebis manZilze svaneTSi saepiskoposo ar Cans da albaT am kuTxis<br />

saeklesio cxovrebas caiSisa (bals qvemoT) da cageris (balszemo da<br />

cxeniswylis xeobis svaneTSi) episkoposebi uZRvebodnen (30, 7; 19, 76) TviT<br />

cageris RvTismSoblis saydris kuTvnili miwa taZris siaxloves<br />

mdebareobda da sakmaod nayofieri da vrceli Walebi ekava. taZris<br />

kuTvnili teritorias qvemo svaneTis sofli, yvedreSi, namkaSuris xeoba<br />

da sof.luxvanos saxnavi adgili muaSi sazRvravs da am miwebs<br />

saepiskoposo glexebi `cagerovanis xatis ymebi amuSavebdnen (33, 9; 9, 81)<br />

XVII-XVIII saukunis saeklesio dokumentebi cageris saepiskoposos,<br />

sacagerlos Sesaxeb sakmaod vrcel masalas iZleva. sacagerlo gvian Sua<br />

saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi sakmaod dawinaurebuli<br />

saepiskoposoa, romelic aqtiuradaa Cabmuli qveyanaSi mimdinare<br />

procesebSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi umTavres rols asrulebs rogorc<br />

imereTis mefis karze, aseve odiSis samTavroSi.<br />

51

XVI saukunis bolosTvis sacagerlos social-ekonomikur<br />

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb TiTqmis amomwurav informacias iZleva<br />

`sacagerlos gamosavlis davTari~. samwuxarod, davTars TavSi da<br />

boloSi furclebi aklia da amitomac iZulebuli varT am nakluli<br />

dokumentis monacemebiT visargebloT. am sabuTis mixedviT, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom sacagerlo saSualo SeZlebis feodaluri gaerTianebaa da<br />

mis SemadgenlobaSi leCxumis sul mcire 8 soflis 64 komli Sedis. misi<br />

teritoria moicavs leCxumis orive nawils (dRevandeli tradiciebi<br />

leCxums or nawilad, xvamlis mTis gadaRma da gadmoRma zonebad hyofs)<br />

da Cxutelis, zoSxas, usaxelos, nakuraleSis, aRvis, laxefis, oyureSis<br />

da maxuris macxovrebelTYaerTianebs. Yyvelaze meti yma _ 16 komli,<br />

cagerels oyureSSi hyolia. 14 sacagerlos kuTvnili komlia<br />

nakuraleSSi, laxefaSi 12, CxutelSi 9, usaxeloSi 3, maxuras 2, aRvsa da<br />

zoSxaSi TiTo-TiTo.Gglexebi batons umTavresad RviniT, puriT, RomiT,<br />

mecxoveleobisa da mefrinveleobis produqtebiT da sanTliT amarageben.<br />

iSviaTi saxis gadasaxadebia: yvelis, gamomcxvari puris, samaWrobo<br />

saklavis, samarxvo puris da naaRdgomevs batknis gadasaxadi. sakmaod<br />

gavrcelebulia begaris iseTi forma rogoricaa puris (batonisTvis)<br />

Wmeva, tvirTi (anu tvirTebis gadazidvaSi monawileobis miReba), muSaoba<br />

(fizikuri muSaoba) da laSqroba. sacagerlos gamosavali anu cageris<br />

RvTismSoblis taZris feodaluri meurneobis Semosavali wliurad<br />

Seadgenda: 320 goro (10 240 litri) Rvinos; 335 foxal, 12 kabiw da 12<br />

goro (3572 kg) xorbals; 83 foxal (664 kg) Roms; 70 qaTams, saklavis<br />

raodenoba 852 TeTris saklaviT, erTi ZroxiT, erTi cxvriTa da oTxi<br />

saklaviT ganisazRvreboda; sanTlis gadasaxadi 13 oka (39 girvanqa) iyo<br />

(wonis Tanamedrove erTeulebSi davTris mixedviT mocemuli monacemebi<br />

gadayvanil iqna m.alaviZis mier moZiebul cnobebze (1, 147-148)<br />

dayrdnobiT); tvirTebis gadazidvaSi 42 komli monawileobda, muSaobaSi<br />

ki 38; cagerelis samsaxuri 15 komls, `puris Wama~ anu misi gamaspinZleba<br />

uklebliv yvela glexs, laSqroba ki 23 komls edo valad. sacagerloSi,<br />

rogorc gadasaxadebidan Cans meurneobis ZiriTad dargebs meRvineoba da<br />

memindvreoba warmoadgens. yvelaze msuye soflebi oyureSi, Cxuteli da<br />

nakuraleSia. am soflebis gadasaxadebis saSualo raodenoba aseTia:<br />

52

oyureSSi Rvinis saSualo gadasaxadi 150-160 litri iyo, xorblis ki 60<br />

kg-s; Cxutelis glexoba ZiriTadad Rvinos ixdida da komls saSualod<br />

300-320 litramde Rvinis gadaxda uwevda, nakuraleSlebsa da laxefelebs<br />

ZiriTadad xorbalis gadaxda evalebodaT, da saSualod 60-65<br />

kilogramsac ixdidnen. soflebs wamyvani meurneobebis mixedviT hqondaT<br />

gadasaxadi da gamonaklisi aq mxolod oyureSia _ aqaur glexebs<br />

xorblis, Rvinis da saklavis sakmaod maRali gadasaxadebi adevT (41, 3-8).<br />

sacagerlos glexTa gadaxdisunarianoba didad ar gansxvavdeba<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva eparqiebis glexTa SeZlebisgan. sacagerlos<br />

gamosavali davTris mixedviT ymaTagan episkoposis xazinaSi 3450 TeTrad<br />

Rirebuli naturaluri produqcia iyris Tavs, sacagerlos ymebis<br />

saSualo gadasaxadi ki daaxloebiT 57,5 TeTria, rac amave periodTan<br />

miaxloebuli monacemebiT sxva eparqiis glexTa gadasaxads cotaTi<br />

CamorCeba (39; 36, 37, 38).<br />

sacagerlos ymaTa ricxvSi, rogorc sxva sabatonoebSi glexebi anu<br />

moinaleebi Warboben _ maTi ricxvi ormocdaoria, mosamsaxureebi<br />

TxuTmetni arian. cageris episkoposis kuTvnili eqvsi ojaxi partaxtia.<br />

partaxtTa simravle SesaZloa raime daavadebis Sedegia (39, 38). SeiZleba<br />

vivaraudoT, rom leCxumic ver gadaurCa Savi Wiris epidemias, Jams<br />

romelic 1568 wels imereTSi mZvinvarebda (40, 191). eseni mitovebuli,<br />

droebiT upatronod darCenili adgilebia, romelze dasaxlebis<br />

SemTxvevaSic axali ojaxis gadasaxadi winaswar aris gansazRvruli. mag:<br />

laWyepiani kvakvalias (romlis ojaxsac ekuTvnoda es miwa) partaxtis<br />

gadasaxadi, anu am partaxtze mosuli ojaxis gadasaxadi Seadgens 5 goro<br />

Rvinos, 9 foxal purs, 44 TeTris saklavs, 2 qaTams, 1 TeTris yvels,<br />

agreTve puris Wmevas, tvirTis zidvas da muSaobas). am partaxtis<br />

gadasaxadi saSualo gadasaxadis tolia, zogierTi parametriT<br />

saSualoze metic ki, danarCen xuT partaxtsac ar aqvs TvalSisacemad<br />

mcire gadasaxadi (41; 3, 5, 6, 7), rac metyvelebs imaze, rom partaxti<br />

sakmarisi ekonomikuri potenciis mqonea da ar niSnavs gapartaxebulgakotrebul<br />

meurneobas. s.kakabaZis azriT, cagerelis erT-erTi yma,<br />

oyureSeli manoel yruaSvili aznauria. SesaZloa, es asec iyo, radgan<br />

mas `puris Wamis~ meti gadasaxadi ar akisria (39, 38), e.i. sxvebTan<br />

53

SedarebiT privilegirebulia. Tumca yruaSvils arc laSqroba akisria da<br />

vinaidan imdroindeli kanonis mixedviT aznaurebi samxedrovaldebulni<br />

iyvnen, misi aznauroba odnav saeWvoa.<br />

sacagerlos CamoTvlil mebegreebs, XVII saukunis Sua wlebisTvis<br />

emateba 18 moaRape glexi, romelTac zemoT moxseniebul glexTagan odnav<br />

gansxvavebuli gadasaxadebi aqvT _ ZiriTadi aq mainc Rvino da xorbalia,<br />

Tumca mniSvnelovani datvirTva modis xorcis produqtebze (saklavi,<br />

salore Rori, cxvari, yveruli) da Tevzeulze (23, 523) Eeseni `Tavisda<br />

saaRapod~ gaumwesebia gabriels, rac misi gavlenisa da ambiciebis zrdis<br />

udavo dasturia. ¬<br />

sacagerloSi, XVII saukunis Sua wlebSi gamocalkevebulia<br />

gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadi, romelsac marTalia ixdis glexi, magram<br />

cagerels TemisTvis aqvs micemuli; mag: glexi daTua TevdoraSvilis<br />

begara giorgoba dRes ikribeboda oyureSelis (albaT oyureSis saydris<br />

winamZRvris) mier da misive organizebiT imarTeboda saxalxo lxini.<br />

Llxinis oficialuri daniSnuleba gabriel cagerelis dalocva, misi<br />

Sesandobris Tqma gaxldaT (23, 519) da aseTi saTemo lxinebi meTemeTa<br />

momadlierebas, maTSi sakuTari gavlenis gamyarebasac emsaxureboda.<br />

aseTive saxis gadasaxadebisgan cagerelis sulis saaRapod saTemo lxins,<br />

albaT romelime saeklesio dResaswaulis dRes sakuTar TemebSi<br />

usaxelovneli(sof. usaxelo), nakuraleSeli (sof.nakuraleSi) da<br />

laxeTelic (sof. laxefa) marTavdnen (23, 523). Aaseve gansakuTrebuli<br />

gadasaxadi aqvs glex maTvalia mamardaSvils, romlis Zalian mcire<br />

begara (64 litri Rvino, 16 kilo xorbali, 16 kilo Romi da erTi<br />

saklavi) zubelebs eZleodaT. Tumca amis Sesaxeb aranairi miTiTeba ar<br />

gvaqvs, magram SesaaZloa, am begaris mimRebi aqac samRvdeloebis<br />

warmomadgenelia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es gadasaxadi zubeli<br />

mecixovneebis anac asxis mTis saZovrebisken mimavali gzis gadasaxads<br />

warmoadgenda.<br />

sainteresoa, rom laSqroba, ocdasam komls, sacagerlos glexTa<br />

mesameds uwevda da am molaSqreTa umetesoba oyureSidan (14) da<br />

nakuraleSidan (7) iyvnen. `meomari glexebis~ amgvari Tavmoyris mizezi,<br />

albaT am soflebis ekonomikuri siZliere unda yofiliyo, radganac im<br />

54

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu glexebi laSqrobebis dros meorexarisxovan rols<br />

asrulebdnen, isini mainc saWiroebdnen garkveuli saxis saomar<br />

aRWurvilobas, risi floba, Senaxva da ganaxleba arc Tu ise mcire<br />

saxsars moiTxovda. rogorc Cans, imereTis mefe XVI saukunis bolos<br />

sakmaod rTul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, radganac mas jaris Sevseba<br />

moinale glexebiT uwevs _ rogorc wesi, am droisTvis laSqars Tavadebi,<br />

aznaurebi da msaxurebi Seadgendnen. glexs anu moinales laSqrobis<br />

pativi ar ergeboda (52, 307) sacagerlos gamosavalis davTaris mixedviT<br />

cagerelis kuTvnil ocdasami samxedrovaldebuli komlidan, cameti<br />

mosamsaxurisaa, aTi ki moinale glexis (41, 3-8) molaSqreobis pativi<br />

logikurad unda asaxuliyo glexis ufleba-movaleobebsa da begaris<br />

raodenobaze, Tumca amgvari ram ar SeimCneva _ gadasaxadebis raodenoba<br />

molaSqre glexisTvis maincadamainc SeRavaTiani araa da saSualo<br />

gadasaxadis tolia. Aam mxriv gamonaklisia oyureSeli molaSqre glexis<br />

komlis, kaxnia mamardaSvilisa da mamamisis erToblivi ojaxis, sakmaod<br />

mozrdili gadasaxadi _ am ojaxs laSqrobasTan erTad batonisa marTebs<br />

8 goro Rvino, 11 foxali puri, saklavi 24 TeTris, 2 qaTami, puris Wama,<br />

tvirTi da muSaoba (41, 8). amaTi gadasaxadi saSualoze gacilebiT metia<br />

da xSir SemTxvevaSi molaSqreobis pativis armqone glexebis<br />

gadasaxadebs sakmaod aWarbebs.<br />

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ocdasam CamoTvlil molaSqre<br />

glexTagan ocdaoris movaleoba ara ubralod molaSqreoba aramed<br />

`mefis laSqroba~ iyo. usaxeloeli muselianebis ojaxi erTaderTia<br />

molaSqreTagan romelTa laSqrobis movaleoba daukonkretebelia, araa<br />

aRniSnuli rom maT mefis laSqroba evalebodaT. savaraudod, am<br />

SemTxvevaSi kaligrafosis meqanikur SecdomasTanac SeiZleba gvqondes<br />

saqme. Aamdenad, Tavisuflad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom cagerelsa da mefes<br />

garkveulwilad erTi saymo hyavs _ cagerelis sakuTrebaSi myofi<br />

glexebis rCeuli nawili bolomde misi sakuTreba araa, is nawilobriv<br />

mefesac ekuTvnis da es faqti albaT migvaniSnebs, rom mefisa da<br />

cagerlis interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. mefis molaSqreoba, rom<br />

ubralo molaSqreobisgan gansxvavdeba s.kakabaZis mier gamoqveynebuli<br />

erT-erTi dokumentiTac, sadac saubaria glexi TevdoraSvilis<br />

55

movaleobebze, sabuTdeba. am dokumentSi, cagereli TevdoraSvilis<br />

movaleobebs sazRvravs, mis begaras Tems aZlevs da aRniSnavs, rom<br />

begaris gareT `sxva nadoba, laSqroba, samsaxuri cagerelisa ariso~ (23,<br />

520)<br />

`sacagerlos gamosavlis davTarSi~ daculi cnobebis Sedegad<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTveloSi glexTa molaSqreobis erT-erTi<br />

pirveli faqti leCxumel glexTa mefis laSqrSi monawileobaa. saomari<br />

qmedebebis dros maTi funqciis gansazRvris saSualebas faqtebisa da<br />

cnobebis simwire ar gvaZlevs. Tumca, erT-erTi rusi Cinovnikis cnobis<br />

mixedviT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom XVIII saukunSi, omianobis dros<br />

isini mouravebisa da samxedro meTaurebis xelmZRvanelobiT ZiriTadad<br />

strategiul adgilebs da cixeebs amagrebdnen (94, 438). glexTa samxedro<br />

gawvevis tradicia monRolebidan modis _ monRolTa batonobisas aseTi<br />

kanoni dawesda: yoveli mecxre glexis komli TiTo meomars iZleoda<br />

(JamTaaRmwereli, 207-208). savaraudod, monRolTa omebSi gawveuli<br />

glexebi Tarxndebodnen, msaxuris kategoriaSi gadadiodnen. glexi<br />

molaSqreni monRolTa alafis moziareebic iyvnen, rac maT gamdidrebas<br />

uwyobda xels (78; 19, 21). amdenad, am tipis molaSqreebs glexTa<br />

socialur kategorias namdvilad ver mivakuTvnebT. XV-XVI saukuneebSi<br />

glexTa molaSqreoba arsad ar ixsenieba. albaT monRolTa batonobis<br />

Semdeg qarTvel xelisufalT glexTaTvis samxedro valdebulebis<br />

dakisreba SeuwyvetiaT. 1616-1621 wlebiT daTariRebul dokumentSi,<br />

malaqia kaTalikosis `molaSqre kacTa~ nusxaSic ver vxvdebiT glexTa<br />

xsenebas. glexTa molaSqreobis pirveli faqti 1625 wlis marabdis omSi<br />

dasturdeba sadac daxocil Tavadaznaurobasa da msaxurTa gverdiT<br />

ixseniebian glexebic. farTo xasiaTi glexTa laSqarSi gawvevas XVII<br />

saukunis meore naxevarSi miuRia (37, 124). amdenad, cagerelis ymebs,<br />

SesaZloa pirveli molaSqre glexebic vuwodoT.<br />

XVII saukunis Sua xanebSi sacagerlo da misi mesveurni leCxumSi<br />

imerTa mefis erT-erT mtkice dasayrdens warmoadgenen. imereTis mefeebi,<br />

giorgi III da aleqsandre III mamuliTa da ymis simravliT aZliereben<br />

cagerel episkoposebs. XVII saukunis dasawyisisTvis cagerSi episkoposi<br />

serapion abaSiZea, mis Semdeg nikoloz kuWaiZe (25, 60), xolo<br />

56

ormocdaaTiani wlebis bolos sacagerlos gamgeblad gabriel Ciqvani<br />

(23, 521; 25, 60) gvevlineba da mis dros cageris eparqia erTiorad<br />

izrdeba. saepiskoposo ibrunebs Tavis samflobeloebs, romlebic mefis<br />

xelisuflebis Sesustebis gamo sxva mflobelebis xelSi iyo gadasuli.<br />

cagerelis moqiSpeni gelovanTa sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi arian.<br />

rogorc Cans, maT usargebliaT mefis xelisuflebis SesustebiT, rac<br />

cagerelisadmi saTanado yuradRebisa da dacvis SemcirebaSi aisaxa da<br />

eqvsi komli `naZaladevad~ gamourTmevia cageris RvTismSoblis<br />

taZrisTvis (33, 55). SemdgomSi mefem etyoba poziciebi gaimagra, gelovans<br />

Semoswyra da glexebic Zvel patrons daubruna. cagereli axalYymebs<br />

Soulobs oyureSeSSi, usaxeloSi, sacagerlos uflebebi vrceldeba<br />

sofel ojolis glexebze. Aam periodSive cagereli sofel usaxeloSi,<br />

sakuTari saxsrebiT yidulobs miwas da iSenebs sasaxles/rezidencias.<br />

mefis mieraa nawyalobebi meSvelianis cixe da misi Semogareni. cagerels<br />

etyoba sakmaod kargi ekonomiuri mdgomareoba aqvs da adgilobrivi<br />

feodalebisgan _ gelovanebisgan, laSxiSvilebisgan, nemsaZeebisgan,<br />

yifianebisgan Sesyiduli glexebiT sakmaod zrdis Tavis meurneobas (33,<br />

55). cagerelis qoneba Zlieri Tavadebis SemowirulobebiTac ivseba, rac<br />

TavisTavad am saeklesio xelisufalis avtoritetis zrdaze metyvelebs _<br />

leCxumSi metad gavleniani saTavados sainasariZeos Tavadebi cageris<br />

RvTismSobels TavianTi samflobelos mniSvnelovani teritoriis<br />

(lexidridan jvardamwvramde) Semosavlis 2/3-s swiraven (41, 14). mefes<br />

sacagerlosTvis, leCxumis gareTac, imereTSi, JoneTSi miucia erTi<br />

glexi (33, 55) da amas albaT Tavisi logikuri axsnac aqvs: JoneTSi metad<br />

gavrcelebul qvis mrewvelobis produqcias leCxumSi didi popularoba<br />

hqonia (55, 74) da Tumca es cnoba mogviano xanisaa, vfiqrobT rom<br />

gansaxilvel periodSic JoneTis qvis mrewvelobas leCxumis<br />

mosaxleobaSi da gansakuTrebiT qvis mrewvelobis produqtis farTo<br />

momxmarebel saeklesio gaerTianebebSi, am SemTxvevaSi ki sacagerloSi<br />

blomad muStari unda yoloda. mcire xnis Semdgom cagerels, imave<br />

JoneTSi (joneTi) ukve vamey dadiani swiravs aznauris saxlkars da miwawyals<br />

da or koml glexs (41, 15-16).<br />

57

cagerels, ra Tqma unda mWidro urTierTobebi aqvs leCxumis<br />

danarCen saeklesio gaerTianebebTan da maT winamZRvrebTan: oyureSelTan,<br />

nakuraleSelTan, usaxelovelTan, laxeTelTan, sairmis winamZRvrebTan,<br />

lexanelTan. Uumravles SemTxvevaSi cagereli, rogorc leCxumis<br />

`eklesis Tavi~ keTilganwyobili da mowyalea, Tumca iSviaTad mainc<br />

iqmneba konfliqturi situaciebi _ sakmaod momZlavrebul gabriels,<br />

romelic ukve cagerlobasTan erTad Wyondidelicaa, lexanelTan miwis<br />

Taobaze hqonia dava (33, 72). Llexaneli savaraudod sofel luxvanoSi<br />

arsebuli saeklesio gaerTianebis winamZRvari unda iyos, romelsac<br />

gabrielis winamorbed gvarad fularian cagerelTan, gabrielTan sadavo<br />

miwebze hqonia garigeba. Ggabrieli, etyoba politikuri mosazrebiT<br />

lexanelisadmi keTilganwyobil leCxumis batonis, xosia axvledianis,<br />

xaTriT mniSvnelov daTmobaze midis (33, 72).<br />

cagereli, Tavis mxriv aqtiur saeklesio politikas awarmoebs da<br />

cdilobs regionSi arsebuli mZlavri saeklesio kerebis Semomtkicebas _<br />

erT-erTi nabiji, leCxumSi didad popularuli xvamlis wminda giorgis<br />

eklesiis `momadlierebaa~. gabrieli wm. giorgis swiravs Svid koml<br />

glexs, tba babuSers, zubis cixes da cixis glexebs (23, 519) Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT zubis cixis maSindel mniSvnelobas da imas, rom es<br />

cixe regionis Sida da sxva kuTxeebTan damakavSirebeli gzebis<br />

gadakveTaze mdebareobda, Senawiri udavod didmniSvnelovania.<br />

sainteresoa, rom Ggabriel cagerels zubis cixe da cixis glexoba<br />

imereTis mefisgan aqvs gadacemuli da faqti, rom cagerels SeuZlia<br />

Tavisi nebisamebr gankargos aseTi didmniSvnelovani cixe, gabrielis did<br />

uflebebze da avtoritetze metyvelebs.<br />

G gabrielis xelisufleba droTa ganmavlobaSi kidev ufro izrdeba,<br />

_ 1669 wlisTvis is ukve gaerTianebuli eparqiebis winamZRolia da<br />

Wyondidel-cagerelad ixsenieba (33, 72). TiTqos gaugebaria _ Wyondidis<br />

eparqia odiSis sakaTalikosos eqvemdebareba, cagereli ki TiTqos mefis<br />

saimedo dasayrdenia. Aam sakiTxSi garkveva ufro cxadad dagvanaxebs Tu<br />

ra rols asrulebs sacagerlos batoni dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

politikur cxovrebaSi. igi alali Zmaa, im xanis erT-erT yvelaze<br />

gavleniani Ffiguris kacia Ciqvanisa, romlis dawinaurebaSi da<br />

58

warmatebul politikur karieraSi swored gabrielma iTamaSa didi roli,<br />

ufro swori iqneba iTqvas, rom kacias politikur asparezze gayvana da<br />

Semdgomi gandideba gabrielis intrigebisa da gamWriaxobis Sedegia (47,<br />

112). Ggabrieli kargad iyenebs imereTis samefo karisa da odiSis mTavrebs<br />

Soris arsebul dapirispirebas da maT dainteresebas leCxumiT.<br />

Ddadianebi ukve seriozul pretenziebs acxadeben aqamde imereTis mefis<br />

xeldebul leCxumze. pirvel xanebSi, XVII saukunis ormocdaaTiani<br />

wlebis bolosTvis gabrieli imereTis mefis banakSia, rasac 1656 wlis<br />

maxloblad daTariRebuli xvamlis wm. giorgisadmi Sewirulobis wigni<br />

mowmobs _ odiSis mTavris karze dawinaurebuli vinme qvarianis sasaxles<br />

oyureSSi gabrieli Tavis mflobelobaSi aqcevs da xvamls swiravs,<br />

Tanac dasZens, me rom ara `sruliad oyureSi~ dadians Cauvardeboda<br />

xelSio (23, 521). aSkaraa, rom cagereli dadianTa interesebs<br />

upirispirdeba.<br />

XVII saukunis meore naxevrisTvis dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

mimdinare politikurma movlenebma sacagerlosa da samefo<br />

xelisuflebis damokidebuleba Secvala. ormocdaaTiani wlebis<br />

miwuruls imereTis mefe aleqsandre III TiTqos poziciebs imagrebs,<br />

Tumca misi sikvdilis Semdeg vaxtang V, qarTlis mefe da vamey dadiani<br />

imereTs Suaze iyofen. vameyi, swored am wels swiravs cageris<br />

RvTismSoblis taZars sasaxlesa da or koml glexs (41, 15-16). male<br />

dadianisa da vaxtangis SeTanxmeba irRveva. vaxtang mexuTes dadianTan<br />

sabrZolvelad miemxrnen gurieli, `srulerT~ imereTi da leCxumis Tavi<br />

xosia laSxiSvili. damarcxebuli vameyi garbis svaneTSi sadac mas<br />

vaxtang V-is SekveTiT akvlevinebs leCxumis batoni xosia laSxiSvili<br />

(24, 836). samegrelos mTavari levan III xdeba. xosia laSxiSvilisa da<br />

imereli Tavadebis SemweobiT imereTis taxtze dedofali darejani da<br />

misi meuRle vaxtang WuWunaiSvili adian. Ddarejanma da vaxtangma xosia<br />

samefo karze pirvel kacad daayenes, Tumca maTTvis es arCevani<br />

damRupveli aRmoCnda _ imereli Tavadebisgan gadabirebulma xosiam,<br />

darejani sakuTari xeliT _ SubiT mokla. darejanis mkvlelobas male<br />

WuWunaiSvilis sikvdilic moyva.<br />

59

vaxtang V-m, dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi politikis gatarebis<br />

usafrTxoebis mizniT, daatyveva da Sulaveris cixeSi gamoketa<br />

Wyondideli gabrieli (24, 836). Tumca gabrieli maleve axerxebs cixidan<br />

gaparvas da isev Wyondidelad gvevlineba. misi meoxebiT kacia Ciqvani<br />

jer imereTis mefis bagrat IV-is karze winaurdeba da leCxumis<br />

batonobas iRebs, Semdeg ki levan III dadianisgan salipartianos<br />

gamgeblobas. salipartiano odiSis samTavros yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

samflobelo iyo, romelsac dadianis ojaxis wevrebi ganagebdnen da<br />

mTavrebis Zlier dasayrdens warmoadgenda. cxadia, odiSis warCinebulebs<br />

ar surdaT mdabali aznauruli warmoSobis kacia Ciqvanis gandideba da<br />

sadadianoSi poziciebis gasamyareblad kacias maTTan dapirispireba<br />

uwevs. kacia gabrielis SegonebiT moqmedebs da male odiSisa da<br />

leCxumis baton-patroni xdeba (24; 842, 845). CiqvanTa mier leCxumis<br />

odiSisTvis mierTeba, savaraudod 1669 wlis Semdeg unda momxdariyo,<br />

radganac am dros leCxumis batoni jer kidev xosia axvlediania (33, 72)<br />

ase, rom imereTis mefeebisa da odiSis mTavrebis qiSpobas leCxumisTvis,<br />

romelic ruseTTan SeerTebamde gagrZelda, gabriel Wyondidelcagerelma<br />

daudo saTave.<br />

am movlenebis Semdeg gabrielis xelisufleba kidev ufro<br />

matulobs, 1675 _1680 wlebiT daTariRebul sabuTSi igi ukve Wyondidelcagerel-bedielad<br />

iwodeba (33 78). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabrieli<br />

erTgvari ruxi kardinalis rolSi gvevlineba _ samoc-samocdaaTian<br />

wlebSi igi yvela metnaklebad mniSvnelovani movlenis Tanamonawile<br />

Cans. Wyondidel cagereli batoni gabrieli aqtiurad monawileobs<br />

biWvinTis kaTalikosad, misTvis sasurveli kandidatis, daviT nemsaZis<br />

daniSvnaSi (33, 75). gabrieli nemsaZis kaTalikosad daniSvnis Suamavalia,<br />

garda amisa igi saeklesio sabuTebSi dasaxelebul mowmeTagan yovelTvis<br />

pirvel adgilze aris moxseniebuli (33; 75, 76). amave wlebSi genaTeli anu<br />

gelaTis episkoposi markoz laSxiSvilia (23, 598). savaraudoa, rom<br />

leCxumuri warmomavlobis (nemsaZe, laSxiSvili) warCinebulTa<br />

dawinaureba dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio asparezze, Ggabriel<br />

Ciqvanis damsaxurebaa. gabrieli, albaT Tavisi TanamoazreebiT ajerebda<br />

strategiul Tanamdebobebs da amiT Tavis gavlenis sferoebs zrdida.<br />

60

sainteresoa, rom biWvinTis anu afxazeTis kaTalikoss, levan III<br />

dadiani, imereTis mefis TanxmobiT niSnavs, am saqmis moTave da mTavari<br />

mowme gabrielia, xolo misi Zma kacia Ciqvani erT-erTi mowme (33, 75),<br />

romelic am dros dadianis veziria da flobs leCxumisa da<br />

salipartianos patronis, odiSis Tavis, odiSisa da imereTis sardalis<br />

tituls (25, 82) rogorc vxedavT, gabriel Wyondidel-cagerels da mis<br />

Zmas, xelT upyriaT mniSvnelovani saero da saeklesio xelisufleba.<br />

Tumca maT ufro Sorsmimavali gegmebi aqvT da am gegmas nelnela<br />

anxorcieleben kidec. gabrieli levan III-is didi ndobiT sargeblobs da<br />

misi vaJis manuCaris aRmzrdelia (33, 76).<br />

gabrielisa da kacias moRvaweobis bolo periodSi, rodesac isini<br />

sakmaod gaZlierdnen, sacagerlos qoneba unda gazrdiliyo. leCxumSi, am<br />

droisTvis iwyeba eklesiebis mSenebloba _ XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />

da XVIII saukuneSi, leCxumSi aSenda nakuraleSis, sairmis, mcxeTis da<br />

oyureSis eklesiebi, romelTa maSeneblebic odiSis mTavarTa axali<br />

dinastiis warmomadgenlebi, gadadianebuli Ciqvanebi iyvnen (25; 82, 14, 35,<br />

50). TviT gabrieli da kacia nakuraleSis eklesiis maSeneblebi arian. es<br />

faqti eklesiis kedlis mxatvrobiTa da warweriT dasturdeba _<br />

gabrieli moxseniebulia saydris aRmSeneblad da es warwera<br />

mRvdelTmTavris, romelsac xelSi eklesiis gegma uWiravs, gamosaxulebis<br />

qveS aris gakeTebuli. mis gverdiT ki axalgazrda mRvdelTmTavari,<br />

svimon cagerelia gamosaxuli (25, 82). eqvTime TayaiSvilis varaudiT es<br />

ori da eklesiis kedlebze gamosaxuli kidev sami mamakaci Zmebi unda<br />

iyvnen. cagerlad svimonis moxsenieba, odnav ucnauria, radgan am dros<br />

gabrieli Wyondidelicaa da cagerelic. SesaZloa, svimoni gabrielis<br />

mouclelobis gamo, misi sicocxlis bolo wlebSi, marTlac ganagebda<br />

sacagerlos da cageris episkoposic gaxda misi gardacvalebis Semdeg.<br />

Tumca svimonis cagerlobasa da mis moRvaweobaze meti araferia<br />

cnobili.<br />

XVII saukunis bolos, dasrulda Ggabriel Wyondidel cagerelis<br />

wamowyebuli saqme _ 1691 wlidan odiSis taxti mTlianad uvardebaT<br />

xelSi Ciqvanebs. axali dinastiis pirveli mTavari, gabrielis Zmis, kacias<br />

SviliSvili, kacia I momdevno saukunis dasawyisidan mtkicdeba.<br />

61

XVIII saukunis manZilze sacagerlosa da leCxumis eklesiebs ukve<br />

gadadianebuli Ciqvanebisganac ar akldebaT yuradReba _ rogorc zemoT<br />

aRvniSneT, maTi TaosnobiT mimdinareobs eklesia-monastrebis Seneba;<br />

maTive xelSewyobiT ewyoba da umjobesdeba saeklesio meurneoba, izrdeba<br />

eklesiaTa Semosavali. amgvarad, cageris saepiskoposo odiSs mTavarTa<br />

yuradRebis centrSia da leCxumSi maTi dasayrdenicaa.<br />

cageris RvTismSoblis eklesia giorgi lipartianisgan (kacia<br />

Ciqvanis Ze), romelic faqtiurad odiSis mTavaria (sakmaod mniSvnelovani<br />

figuraa dasavleT saqarTveloSi), iRebs ymad aznaur svimon iaSvils (33,<br />

86). iaSvili rom saWiro kacia da misi mamuli strategiulad saintereso<br />

adgilzea, amas TviT lipartianis sityvebi _ CvenTvis saWiro adgilze<br />

cxovrobso, mowmobs. SesaZloa es iaSvili raWveli aznauria da misi<br />

samxedro samsaxuri giorgi lipartians aRmosavleTiT, leCxumis<br />

momijnave raWis sazRvrebis gasamagreblad sWirdeba.<br />

G gabriel Ciqvans sacagerloSi, albaT misi gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

misive Zmis SviliSvili, gabrieli cvlis. mas winamorbedis msgavsad<br />

cagerlobasTan erTad Wyondidelobac upyria da masaviT gavleniani da<br />

bevrisSemZle kaci Cans. Ggabriel lipartiani (igi Zea salipartianos<br />

gamgeblis giorgi Ciqvanisa, romelsac istoriuli sabuTebi lipartianad<br />

moixsenieben, amitom mis Svilsac movixseniebT lipartianad) cageris<br />

RvTismSoblisa da oyureSis wm. giorgis eklesiebs uamrav mamulebsa da<br />

ymas swiravs. gabrielis cnoba am Sewirulobis Sesaxeb imiTacaa<br />

mniSvnelovani, rom cageris eklesiebs yma-mamuli okribidan da<br />

quTaisidan ewirebaT, Tanac maT Soris bevria aznauri da mosamsaxure (33<br />

110-111). rogorc Cans, Wyondidel-cagerels imereTis mefis teritorazec<br />

aqvs gavlenis sferoebi. misi Zalauflebis zrda, rac albaT gabriel<br />

Ciqvanis moRvaweobidan gamomdinare inerciulad viTardeboda, odiSis<br />

mTavarTa ojaxSi urTierTobebs Zabavda. gabrielsa da mamamiss, giorgi<br />

lipartians Soris uTanxmoebas, gabrielis Zmis, kacias memkvidris beJan<br />

dadianis gamTavrebisTanave, gabrielisTvis Wyondidelobis CamorTmeva<br />

moyva. `Cveni Zma gabrieli saWyondidloSi batonad ijda da eSmakis<br />

sixarbiT Cvensa mis aSlileba da erTmaneTis mocileba Seeqmna~ _ ambobs,<br />

erT-erT Cvenamde moRweul sabuTSi biZis gandidebiT friad Sewuxebuli<br />

62

eJan dadiani da albaT, misi rogorc mTavris pirveli nabiji, gabrielis<br />

Wyondidis episkoposobidan daTxovnaa (33; 110, 111, 113). Tumca, cagereli<br />

Ggabriel lipartianis gavlena imdenad didia, rom imave wels igi kvlav<br />

ori, cagerisa da gelaTis eparqiis winamZRolia da Sesabamisad<br />

cagerel-genaTelad ixsenieba (33, 114).<br />

XVIII saukuneSi, odiSis mTavrebis ojaxi cageris eparqias sam<br />

eklesias mateben. sairmis monastris mSenebloba dauwyiaT otia dadiansa<br />

da dedofal gulqans da 1766 wels dausrulebia maT memkvidre kacia II-s<br />

(34, 30-32). xalxSi arsebuli tradiciiT otia dadiansa da misi meuRlis<br />

mieraa aSenebuli sof. mcxeTis eklesia (23, 50), romelic erTaderTi<br />

gumbaTiani eklesiaa leCxumSi. saukunis miwuruls giorgi otias Ze<br />

dadiani oyureSSi wm. giorgis taZars agebs. dadianebi yovelmxriv<br />

zrunaven cagerisa da cageris eparqiaSi Semavali eklesiebis<br />

gaZlierebisTvis (34; 8, 9, 28, 29, 30-32). gansakuTrebuli aqcenti sairmis<br />

monasterzea gakeTebuli: aq, rogorc vTqviT, axal eklesias aSeneben da<br />

mas uwyveti Sewirulobani aqvs kacia II-is, anton cagerelis da nikoloz<br />

dadianisgan (kacias Zmaa, romelsac didi mamulebi aqvs leCxumSi) (34; 29,<br />

43, 44). kacia II-sa da nikolozis mier gaRebuli Sesawiri sakmaod<br />

soliduria: mravali ymisa da adgil-mamulis garda, sairmes udabnosa da<br />

RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZars ewireba mTeli leCxumidan akrefili<br />

sadadiano begaris aTisTavi (naaTali (56,), meaTedi), Semosavlebi odiSis<br />

sabaJodan, lailaSSi mosaxle oTxi somxuri ojaxi, romlebic albaT<br />

vaWrebi/xelosnebi iyvnen, meTevzeebi da kidev mravali sxva ram.<br />

sairmisadmi interesi SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtiTac, rom sairme leCxumis<br />

aRmosavleT nawilSia, Soria odiSis centrisgan da amitomac, swored aq<br />

aris saWiro poziciebis gamyareba.<br />

XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi sacagerlos gamgeblebi odiSis<br />

mTavrebis ojaxis wevrebi arian _ sacagerlos, Sida ojaxuri<br />

dapirispirebis Semdgom WyondidelobawarTmeuli Ggabriel cagerel<br />

genaTeli, saepiskoposos albaT garkveuli wlebis manZilze marTavda. mis<br />

Semdeg dadasturebuli cagereli grigol beJanis Ze dadiania. igi 1757<br />

wlis sabuTiT cagerelia (34, 8), xolo 1760 wels Wyondidelad<br />

moixsenieba(33, 14). imdroindeli sabuTebis mixedviT SegviZlia vTqvaT,<br />

63

om Wyondideli erT-erTi angariSgasawevi figuraa dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos saeklesio da politikur wreebSi _ Wyondideli yovelTvis<br />

eswreba mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad Sekrebil Tavyrilobebs<br />

da saeklesio pirTa Soris kaTalikosis Semdegac saxeldeba (42).<br />

grigolis Semdeg besarionia, romelsac antoni, kacia dadianis Zma cvlis.<br />

Semdeg cagereli kvlav mTavarTa ojaxis warmomadgeneli, ioane kacia<br />

dadianis Zea, romelic 1792 wels Wyondideli xdeba (25 14). samwuxarod,<br />

saeklesio sabuTebi XVIII saukunis miwurulis cageris saepiskoposos<br />

cxovrebis Sesaxeb ar SemorCenila, Tumca Cvens xelT arsebuli da zemoT<br />

ganxiluli masalebi sakmaod naTel warmodgnas gviqmnis gviani Sua<br />

saukuneebis sacagerlos socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobasa da<br />

istoriis Sesaxeb. am monacemebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom<br />

cageris saepiskoposo dasavleT saqarTvelos XVI-XVII saukuneebis<br />

mijnaze saSualo ekonomikuri SeZlebisaa. misi Zalauflebis zrda<br />

Ggabriel cagerelis gamgeblobas emTxveva. gabrielis episkoposobis<br />

bolo wlebisTvis sacagerlos ekonomikuri momZlavreba TvalnaTlivia,<br />

risi safuZvelic TviT saepiskopososa da am saepiskoposos mmarTvelebis<br />

politikur asparezze dawinaurebaa. SesamCnevad matulobs sacagerlosa<br />

da mis irgvliv arsebuli eklesia-monastrebis ekonomikuri siZliere<br />

odiSis mTavrebis axali dinastiis, dadian-CiqvanTa mmarTvelobis<br />

periodSi _ XVIII saukunis bolosTvis leCxumSi cageris RvTismSoblis<br />

sakaTedro taZris garda arsebobs odiSis mTavarTagan sakmaod<br />

dafasebuli da ekonomikurad SeZlebuli eklesia monastrebi da maTTan<br />

arsebuli feodaluri mamulebi. amaTgan aRsaniSnavia mcxeTis,<br />

nakuraleSis, oyureSis, xvamlis, sairmis eklesia-monastrebi. XVII-XVIII<br />

saukuneebi cageris eparqisTvis namdvilad didmniSvnelovania _ am<br />

periodis sabuTebi gvaZlevs imis Tqmis uflebas, rom gvian Sua<br />

saukuneebSi sacagerlo da masSi Semavali eklesiebi dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos saeklesio da politikur asparezzec sakmaod<br />

dawinaurebulia da did avtoritetsac flobs.<br />

leCxumis sazogadoebis umetes nawils, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTa<br />

msgavsad glexoba warmoadgenda. leCxumel glexTa yofaze, maTsa da<br />

mebatoneebs Soris urTierTobaze, garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis<br />

64

`sacagerlos gamosavali davTari~ da XVII-XVIII saukunis saeklesio<br />

sabuTebi. samwuxarod, saero mebatoneebisa da glexebis urTierTobis<br />

amsaxveli wyaroebi Zalian mwiria da am urTierTobebis gasarkvevad<br />

iZulebulebi varT paralelebi gavavloT saeklesio glexebsa da maT<br />

batonebs Soris arsebul damokidebulebebTan. rusebis mmarTvelobaSi<br />

Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRwerebi da mogzaurTa werilebis meSveobiT,<br />

SedarebiT advili aRsagdenia XIX saukunis leCxumis sazogadoebrivi<br />

yofis suraTi.<br />

leCxumel glexTa Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba XIII saukunisaa _<br />

labeWinis saxarebis bolosityvaobaSi aRwerilia, rac saSineli<br />

miwisZvris Sedegad dangreuli labeWinis eklesiisa da samonastro<br />

meurneobis aRdgenaSi gabriel labeWinelis udidesi Rvawli. gabriel<br />

labeWinels meurneobis asaRorZineblad eqvsi glexi Seumatebia<br />

monastrisTvis: `eqvsi glexi momigian zogiSs, oTxi tegianiseuli, erTi<br />

nikoloz inasariZiseuli benmuqis Ze, erTi saglexo kidev hamaris Zeman<br />

Semomswira da me zed kaci davasaxle, JoSxas JoSqofas ze da gogelauri<br />

partaxti. es orni ivane qobulisZeman moaxsena eklesiasa (25, 23)<br />

labeWinis saxarebis bolosityvaobaSi gvxvdeba termini `saglexo~.<br />

saglexo miwis nawilia, romelzedac SesaZloa gaiSalos saglexo<br />

meurneoba. Semdgomdroindeli wyaroebis mixedviT da leCxumSi arsebuli<br />

meurneobis SemorCenili Taviseburebis mixedviT saglexo aerTianebs<br />

mTels kompleqss da mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis: sakarmidamo, savenaxe,<br />

sayane (albaT soflis gareT), saSeSe tye, saZovari (soflis ganapiras) da<br />

a.S.<br />

sxva kuTxeTa msgavsad, leCxumSi glexebi oTx kategoriad iyofian.<br />

yvelaze dabali fena mojalabeebi arian, romelTac sakuTrebaSi ar<br />

gaaCniaT miwa da batonis karmidamoSi cxovroben. leCxumSi mojalabeTa<br />

arsebobisa da maTi umiwawylobis dasturi Ggabriel cagerelis erT-erTi<br />

Sewirulobis sabuTia _ gabrielis mier xvamlis wm. giorgisadmi<br />

Sewirul qvarianiseul sasaxlis aRwerisas, sasaxlis kompleqsis erT-erT<br />

Semadgenel nawilad sajalabo moixsenieba (23, 519). termini `sajalabo<br />

saxli~ SesaZloa niSnavdes sacxovrebel saxlsac, Tumca es termini<br />

leCxumTan dakavSirebul sabuTebSi arsad ar gvxvdeba ojaxis<br />

65

sacxovrisis mniSvnelobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas rom<br />

leCxumeli mojalabe batonis karmidamoSi cxovrobs. am mxriv<br />

gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa zemo samegreloSi, sadac mojalabe batonTan<br />

ar cxovrobs da mas gaaCnia sakuTari (aramemkvidreobiTi) saxnav-saTesi.<br />

samegrelosgan gansxvavebulia mebatonisTvis moaxlis micemis wesi _<br />

samegreloSi batoni mojalabis TiTo colqmruli wyvilidan erT<br />

moaxles iTxovda, leCxumSi ki mojalabis erTi komli erT moaxles<br />

aZlevda batons. moaxle, rogorc wesi ver Txovdeboda, ojaxis Seqmnis<br />

nebarTva mas batonisgan unda mieRo. Tu moaxle qorwinebis uflebas<br />

miiRebda igi unda gahyoloda mxolod imave batonis mojalabes.<br />

mojalabes SeeZlo gaeTxovebina danarCeni qaliSvilebi, Tumca am<br />

nebarTvaSi 5_10 maneTs uxdidnen batons (95, 423). kac mojalabes SeeZlo<br />

daojaxeba _ samegreloSi mojalabis daqorwinebaze batoni zrunavda. igi<br />

amis gamo fulsac ixdida. radganac dainteresebuli iyo sakuTar saxlSi<br />

mojalabeTa ricxvis matebiT (13, 87). leCxumSi, batoni mojalabisadmi<br />

amgvar gulisxmierebas ar iCens da mojalabis daojaxebaSi urvads ar<br />

ixdis. albaT, es gansxvavebac leCxumis mciremiwianobis Sedegia, riTac<br />

ganpirobebulia mebatonis naklebad daintereseba mojalabeTa ricxvis<br />

zrdiT.<br />

mojalabe batonis saxlSi mZime da saTakilo samuSaoebs<br />

asrulebda. XVIII saukunis meore naxevris erT-erTi sabuTis mixedviT<br />

isini uvlian mebatonis saqonels, cexvaven da fqvaven marcvleuls,<br />

arCeven purs. batons mojalabeze sruli uflebebi hqonda. am kategoriis<br />

glexTa mgdomareoba, socialuri statusi da sacxovrebeli pirobebi XIX<br />

saukunis aRwerilobiT savalaloa: `mojalabe Tavs irCens batonis<br />

nasufraliT, agreTve Romis garecxvis Sedegad narCeni qatoTi, simindiT,<br />

gogriT, lobioTi, mxliT. masve ekuTvnis Signeuli batonis ezoSi<br />

dakluli saqonlisa. tanT icvamen batonisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis<br />

gamonacvals an visme naCuqar ZvelZulebs, saerTod daglejili da<br />

ZonZebi acviaT (13, 87)<br />

leCxumSi, mojalabeebis yidva-gayidvis, gaCuqebis faqtebi<br />

mravladaa: sairmis monasters zemoCamoTvlili samuSaoebis<br />

Sesasruleblad swiraven Wixvaria ZaRlutas (34, 31); 1839 wels Tavadi<br />

66

CiCua Tavad gelovans Cuqnis mojalabes; amave periodSi baka Ciqovans<br />

imerel aznaur marjaniSvilisTvis miuyidia mojalabe Tavis SviliTurT.<br />

mojalabis gadasvla momdevno wodebaSi, misTvis sakuTrebaSi miwis<br />

gadacema da misi mebegre glexad qceva sxva kuTxeebSi Cveulebrivi<br />

movlenaa, leCxumSi amgvari faqtebi ar fiqsirdeba. SesaZloa, mojalabis<br />

mebegred qcevis process leCxumis mciremiwianoba uSlida xels.<br />

savaraudod piruku movlena, mebegris mojalabed qceva leCxumSi<br />

naklebad iqneboda gavrcelebuli. amas gvafiqrebinebs is, rom leCxumSi<br />

mojalabeTa ricxvi Zalian mcirea _ 1860 wlis aRweriT, leCxumSi<br />

mojalabeTa 44 komlia rac glexTa 0.02 procents Seadgens. am dros,<br />

samegreloSi mojalabeTa 990 komli cxovrobs, rac procentuli<br />

SefardebiT leCxumSi mosaxle mojalabeTa raodenobas orjer aRemateba.<br />

leCxumSi mcxovrebi 44 komli mojalabidan 14 dadianis sazafxulo<br />

rezidenciaSi msaxurobda, danarCeni 30 ki adgilobriv mebatoneebs<br />

ekuTvnoda (53, 106).<br />

glexTa Semdgomi kategoria mebegreebi arian. isini kerZo<br />

sakuTrebaSi floben miwas (52, 269) da valdebulni arian batonis winaSe.<br />

maTi ricxvi 1860 wlis monacemebiT 2393komlia (53, 109). adrindel<br />

sabuTebs mebegreTa raodenobis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar Semounaxavs, Tumca<br />

maT movaleobebze zogad warmodgenas gviqmnis saeklesio sabuTebi.<br />

saeklesio sabuTebSi dafiqsirebuli saeklesio glexebisa da maTi<br />

batonebis urTierToba mraval aspeqtSi analogiuri saero urTierTobis<br />

msgavsi unda iyos. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saeklesio glexebi ormagi<br />

batonobis qveS arian _ cagereli episkoposis ymebs garda cagerelis<br />

gadasaxadebisa mefis laSqrobebSi monawileoba evalebaT (41, 3-8);<br />

gelovanis miwaze dasaxlebis SemTxvevaSi cagerelis ymis, foCianis<br />

begaras gelovani iRebs, xolo muSaoba, mgzavroba da sxva samsaxuri<br />

cagerelisaa, cagerels SeuZlia roca ki moesurveba Tavisi glexi maSin<br />

ahyaros da sxvagan daasaxlos (33, 81). savaraudod, saeklesio da saero<br />

mebegre glexebis umravlesoba ixdida saurs, romelsac XVII saukuneSi<br />

saxvanTqro ewodeboda (35, 187-189). osmalTa am tipis gadasaxadebisgan<br />

sauri mefe-mTavrebis xazinaSi Sedioda. leCxumeli glexebi saurs<br />

67

dadians uxdidnen, Tumca odiSis mTavris wyalobiT gamonaklisis saxiT<br />

saeklesio ymebis mcire nawili Tavisufldeba am gadasaxadidan (34, 29).<br />

miwaze mkvidrad ,,msxdomi” glexebi or kategoriad iyofa _<br />

msaxurebsa da moinaleebs ZiriTadad begarisa da batonTan samsaxuris<br />

saxeobebi gamoarCevs. leCxumeli glexebis begara, iseve rogorc<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva glexebisa, Sedgeba Tavi begarisagan da<br />

damatebiTi begarisagan. rogorc wesi msaxuris, moinalesTan SedarebiT<br />

maRla mdgomi glexis movaleobas ar warmoadgenda batonTan muSaoba,<br />

tvirTis zidva, nadoba. Tumca XVII saukunis bolodan am saTakilo<br />

samuSaos msaxurebis nawilic asrulebs da Semdgom periodSi isini<br />

Zalian emsgavsebian moinales. sacagerlos gamosavlis mixedviT moinale<br />

cagerels 42 hyavs mosamsaxure ki 16. XVI saukunis bolo periodis am<br />

dokumentis mixedviT mosamsaxuris da moinalis gansxvaveba advili<br />

SesaZlebelia. mosamsaxure ar asrulebs saTakilo samuSaoebs, anu maTi<br />

begaris damatebiT nawils moinalisgan gansxvavebiT ar Seadgens tvirTis<br />

zidva da mebatonesTan muSaoba. am movaleobebis sanacvlod, isini<br />

sapatio samsaxuriT arian valdebulni (laSqroba, mebatonis piradi<br />

momsaxureoba). dazustebiTi cnobebi imis Sesaxeb Tu ra iyo glexebis,<br />

mosamsaxuris da moinalis sxva movaleobebi, ar gagvaCnia, Tumca sxva<br />

kuTxeebis aRwerilobebis mixedviT Cven SegviZlia leCxumis batonymuri<br />

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis suraTis aRdgena. am mxriv sainteresoa<br />

arqanjelo lambertis cnobebi, romlebic XVII saukunis meore naxevris<br />

samegrelos aRwers. miTumetes, rom am droidan, leCxumi nel-nela odiSis<br />

mTavrebis xelSi gadadis, XVIII saukunidan ki ukve maT mflobelobaSia,<br />

rac savaraudod am ori kuTxis sazogadoebriv yofis metnakleb<br />

identurobas ganapirobebs. erT-erTi italieli misioneris TqmiT,<br />

msaxurebi maTTvis dawesebul begaras ixdian. agreTve komlidan erT kacs<br />

batons msaxurad ugzavnian. batonTan msaxuris gagzavna rigrigobiT<br />

xdeba da amitomac batonis saxlSi yovelTvis imyofeba msaxuris ojaxis<br />

erTi wevri (13, 95). msaxuri batons laSqrobasa da mgzavrobaSi cxeniT<br />

unda eaxlos, Tu cxeni ar hyavs igi qveiTi mxlebelia. garda amisa,<br />

msaxuris ojaxi valdebulia batons emsaxuros xvna-Tesvisa da mosavlis<br />

68

aRebis dros. moinales mosamsaxurisgan gansxvavebiT ufleba ar aqvs<br />

batons cxeniT eaxlos (45, 34).<br />

yvela glexis valdebulebaa batonisaTvis puris Wmeva. samegreloSi<br />

amas goWkomuri hqvia. amave valdebulebas xadils, rikrikasac uwodeben _<br />

xadili msaxuris xolo rikrika moinalis batonisadmi gamaspinZlebaa (52,<br />

287) leCxumSi batonisaTvis gamaspiZlebis valdebulebas puris Wmeva<br />

hqvia. glexebi valdebuli iyvnen agreTve gamaspinZlebodnen batonis<br />

stumrebsac dResaswaulis dReebSi ymas batonTan mihqonda ZRveni, rasac<br />

ufro nebayoflobiTi tradiciis elferi hqonda, Tumca aseTi `rituali~<br />

Cveulebisamebr yovelTvis sruldeboda da mainc valdebuleba iyo (45,<br />

35).<br />

msaxuris sapatio movaleoba laSqroba iyo. msaxurTa raodenoba<br />

leCxumel meomrebSi sakmaod bevri unda yofiliyo. vaxuStis cnobis<br />

mixedviT am kuTxis aznaurebi da msaxurni arian mefis piradi gvardiis<br />

wevrebi. rusi moxelis, iazikovis cnobiT, odiSis samTavros rCeuli<br />

razmi 2000 leCxumelia (93, 261). es cnoba 1770 wlisaa da savaraudod 2000<br />

molaSqres Soris bevria wodebiT mosamsaxure _ am cnobidan<br />

daaxloebiT asi wlis Semdgomi aRweris mixedviT leCxumSi TavadaznaurTa<br />

417 komlia (95, 196). savaraudod, iazikovis saqarTveloSi<br />

yofnis dros, warCinebul komlTa ricxvi, mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT am maCvenebels ar unda aRematebodes da cxadia<br />

arasakmarisia 2000 meomris gamosayvanad. amdenad, leCxumeli msaxurTa<br />

fena, romelic molaSqreTa rigebs avsebda, meomruli saqmianobaSi<br />

aqtiuradaa Cabmuli.<br />

leCxumel msaxurTa samxedrovaldebulebas XVI saukunis saeklesio<br />

sabuTi, `sacagerlos gamosavali davTaric~ mowmobs _ cagerelis<br />

kuTvnili 16 mosamsaxuridan 13 molaSqrea da radgan eseni eklesiis<br />

msaxurebi arian, savaraudod saero mosamsaxureebs Soris molaSqreTa<br />

procentuli wili ufro meti unda iyos. `sacagerlos gamosavali<br />

davTarisve~ cnobiT molaSqreebi arian moinale glexebic. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom es aris pirveli cnoba sadac moinaleTa laSqrobis valdebulebaa<br />

dafiqsirebuli. cagerelis moinaleTa meoTxedi, 10 komli<br />

samxedrovaldebulia, Tumca maTi roli samxedro moqmedebebSi<br />

69

maincadamainc pirvelxarisxovani ar unda iyos. savaraudod, isini<br />

frontis xazs umagrebdnen zurgs da strategiulad mniSvnelovani<br />

adgilebisa da cixesimagreebis patrulirebas axdendnen (94, 438).<br />

XIX saukuneSi, leCxumSi glexebs ori saxis gadasaxadi, Tavi-begara<br />

da damatebiTi begara edoT. Tavi begara 100-dan 320 litr Rvino, 60 _ 160<br />

kilogram xorbali da or qaTami iyo (13, 98). damatebiTi begara 26 saxis<br />

iyo: sauri _ komlze ori cxvari; saudiero _ori Rori, aTi-TxuTmeti<br />

koka Rvino, 1-5 qila Romi; cxenisWamoba _ batonis cxenisa da mejinibis<br />

kveba; batonis stumarTa cxenebisa da mejinibeebis kveba; saboWi-qaTami _<br />

mTavris mamulze mosaxle glexi Tormet qaTams ixdis, sxva mebatoneTa<br />

glexebi TxuTmets; sayveliero _ yvelieris marxvaSi kvercxis gadasaxadi;<br />

saaRdgomo _ igivea rac sayveliero, ixdian aRdgomis kviraSi; ZRveni _<br />

mosakiTxis mirTmeva; samaspinZlo _ batonisa da misi ojaxis<br />

gamaspinZleba; sapure-puri _ ori qaTami, ori kveruli yveli, gamomcxvari<br />

puri; sabaziero da samejogeo _ batonis mwyemsebis, bazierTuxucesis da<br />

ZaRlebis kveba; samejinibo _ samegrelos mTavaris mejinibeTa Sesanaxi;<br />

saunado _ yanaSi muSaobisgan Tavdasaxsneli gadasaxadi (10 qila Romi an<br />

samuSao dRis gacdenisTvis 10 Sauridan 4 abazamde); saqorwilo _ ixdian<br />

batonis ojaxis wevris qorwilis dros, gadasaxadis raodenoba glexis<br />

SeZlebazea damokidebuli (komlze an or komlze erTi Zroxa an iSviaTad<br />

Tumani-Tumannaxevari); saSavo _ batonis ojaxis wevris<br />

sikvdilisSemTxvevaSi ixdian 3-5 maneTs; saCeqmo _ 5 maneTi, ixdidnen roca<br />

qaliSvils glexi sxva mebatoni ymas miaTxovebda, Tu glexi cols<br />

moiyvanda ixdida eqvs abazs; saqvrivo _ 5 maneTi, ixdidnen Tu qvrivi<br />

misTxovdeboda sxva mebatonis ymas; salaSqro _ erTi cxeni mTel<br />

sofelze da 1-2 maneTi komlze; sacixo _ saxelmwifo cixeebis Sesanaxad<br />

ixdidnen 1 koka rRvinos, 1 qila Roms da 1 qaTams; kuluxi, sakuloxo,<br />

sadedoflo _ TiTo goro (64kg) xorbali dedoflisTvis erT weliwads,<br />

meore weliwads 64 litri Rvino eklesiis sasargeblod; samouravo _<br />

mouravTa Sesanaxi, igivea rac sacixo, SesaZloa gadaixadon Sauridan<br />

maneTamde, wvrili gadasaxadebi _ kanafi, Toki, yurZnis sakrefi gideli,<br />

5-10 uremi ficari an yavari, seli, Tafli.<br />

70

garda amisa, mebegre glexi batons aZlevs Sinaymas. is muSaobs<br />

batonis mamulSi. leCxumSi Sinayma, samegrelosgan gansxvavebiT<br />

valdebulia batonis kuTvnili puri galewos. mebegre glexis<br />

movaleobaSi Sedis erTi moaxlis gagzavna batonis saxlSi, nadoba _<br />

batonis yanaSi muSaoba, tvirToba, mecixovneoba da cxenis Txoveba.<br />

leCxumel glexebs samegrelos glexebTan SedarebiT gadasaxadebis<br />

naklebi raodenoba da dadianebisadmi naklebi valdebuleba aqvT (13, 99;<br />

18, 231)<br />

leCxumSi glexTa yvelaze dawinaurebuli fena azatebi arian.<br />

mebegris azatad qceva raime gansakuTrebuli mizezis, ufro xSirad ki<br />

damsaxurebis gamo xdeba. mebegrem azatoba SeiZleba batonisTvis fulis<br />

gadaxdis Sedegad miiRos. XVIII saukunis erT-erT saeklesio sabuTis<br />

mixedviT, odiSis mTavarTa ojaxis wevri eklesias azatobiT swiravs<br />

ymebs. `aw amisTvis damics erTi rubi samTeli, weliwadSi,<br />

RvTismSoblobas cageris RvTismSobels miarTmevdes da wirva damics<br />

sxvebi begrebis samagieroT Cemis sulisTvis da ase azatobiT<br />

Semomiwiravs da gamirigebia ori Zmis silagaZis ioanesa da ZaRlutas<br />

saqme~ _ dadianis meuRle, Tamari Tavisi ZeebisTvis, grigol<br />

cagerelisTvisa da manuCarisTvis micemul or glexs amgvar<br />

valdebulebas uwesebs (34, 8). im uamravi gadasaxadis kvalobaze, rac<br />

sacagerlos davTrisa da XIX saukunis monacemebiT leCxumel glexebs<br />

edoT valad, azatobiT Sewirul silagaZeebs faqtobrivad arafris<br />

gadaxda ar uwevT. savaraudoa, rom silagaZeebis mimarT keTilganwyobili<br />

Tamari, romelsac es ori oboli Zma TviTve aRuzrdia maT did SeRavaTs<br />

uwevs da azatisTvisac ki mcire gadasaxadis gadaxdas avaldebulebs.<br />

garda amisa, silagaZeebisTvis micemuli qoneba, adgil mamuli, tye da<br />

mravali sxva ram, maRali wodebis Sesaferisia (34, 8). gaazatebis mizezi,<br />

am sabuTis mixedviT aris Tamaris survili, rom cageris sakaTedro<br />

taZarSi misi sulis mosaxseniebeli iTqmodes. Tamaris survils isic<br />

emateba, rom ioane da ZaRluta silagaZeebi misi aRzrdilebi arian, rac<br />

maTdami keTilganwyobas ganapirobebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom privilegirebuli<br />

silagaZeebis mxolod erTi Taobaa _ ra moxdeba maTi batonis grigolis<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelTanac isini azatebi arian, ucnobia. albaT,<br />

71

ogorc wesi, am SemTxvevaSi batonTa yovelma momdevno Taobam unda<br />

xelaxla daadasturos ama Tu im ymis azatoba.<br />

azati, zemoTnaxsenebi silagaZeebisgan gansxvavebiT ar ixdian<br />

mxolod begarisa da gadasaxadebis nawils. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, azatis<br />

gadasaxadi mebegrisaze metia. azatis mebegrisgan ganmasxvavebeli<br />

mTavari niSani isaa, rom azati ar ixdis Roris gadasaxads _ Roris<br />

gadasaxadi saTakilo gadasaxadad iTvleboda. azati mebegreTa klasidan<br />

gamosulad iTvleboda da nelnela uaxlovdeboda aznaurobas. azatis<br />

ojaxi, miuxedavad glexTa Soris dawinaurebulobisa, valdebuli iyo<br />

batonis ojaxSi Sina-yma gaegzavna. Tumca, am wodebis Sinayma mZime<br />

samuSaoebs ar asrulebda, ar Toxnida, ar Tesavda, tvirTs ar ezideboda<br />

da a.S. azati miRebuli kaci iyo batonis karze da mas batonTan<br />

miesvleboda kidec (13, 102).<br />

leCxumSi, azatTa wodeba XIX saukunSi batons uxdis: saukeTeso<br />

Zroxas, Rvinos da marcvleuls or weliwadSi erTxel. zogierTi azati,<br />

im wells, rodesac igi ganTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan, valdebulia<br />

batons miuyvanos Txa an cxvari, miutanos Rvino da marcvleuli (13, 103).<br />

azatis movaleobaa batonis xleba, Sikrikoba. leCxumSi samegrelosgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, azatis movaleobSi batonis gamaspinZleba ar Sedioda.<br />

batonis stumrobis SemTxvevaSi azati valdebulia saCuqari miarTvas<br />

batons. leCxumeli azatebi ixdian saurs (gadasaxadi romelic dadians<br />

ekuTvnoda). samegreloSi azati saurisgan ganTavisuflebuli iyo (13, 103).<br />

XIX saukunis bolosTvis leCxumSi da mis momijnave Qqvemo svaneTSi<br />

341 komli saxazino glexebi yofilan da isini leCxumis mazris 31<br />

sofelSi cxovroben (98, 163). sami komli saxazino glexebi qvemo svaneTis<br />

or sofelSi cxovrobda, danarCeni ki leCxumis soflebSi. glexTa am<br />

kategorias Seadgendnen yofili saeklesio glexebi, agreTve isini vinc<br />

saglexo reformamde memamuleebisgan Tavis gamosyidva moaxerxes da<br />

umiwawyloebi/ukanonodSobilebi. amaTgan saxazino glexebSi yvelaze<br />

bevri 278 komli yofili saeklesio glexebi arian, romlebic adre<br />

sacagerlos ekuTvnodnen da saeklesio qonebis saxelmwifod qonebad<br />

gamocxadebis Semdeg saxazino glexebad iqcnen. samocdaori komli<br />

reformebamde memamulisgan Tavdaxsnili glexebi arian da maT saxazino<br />

72

glexebisgan is gamoarCevs, rom isini saerTood ar sargebloben<br />

saxelmwifo miwebiT. saxazino glexebSi sakuTrebis armqoneTa<br />

(ukanonodSobilTa) raodenoba Zalian mcirea _ XIX saukunis meore<br />

naxevris monacemebiT aseTi mxolod erTi komlia. saxazino glexebSi<br />

Sedioda sofel lailaSis mkvidri, adre eklesiisTvis naCuqari<br />

ebraelebis rva komli, romelTa saqmianobac saxazinio glexTa siaSi<br />

gadasvlamde da mis Semdegac vaWroba iyo da amitomac maT qoneba patara<br />

miwis nakveTi da savaWro duqani Seadgenda (98, 163).<br />

leCxumSi, gvianfeodalur xanaSi da ruseTis mmarTvelobis<br />

periodSic, sazogadoebis erT-erTi Seadgeneli nawili iyo vaWarTa fena.<br />

vaWrobis ganviTarebas leCxumis mdebareoba uwyobda xels _ es kuTxe<br />

mdebareobda im gzis SuaSi, romliTac mezobeli mTielebi<br />

ukavSirdebodnen imereTisa da samegrelos dablobebSi mdebare savaWro<br />

centrebs. SemTxveviTi araa, rom leCxumis sofel lailaSis bazrobis<br />

savaWro brunva aWarbebs mezobeli kuTxeebis xalxmravali bazrobebis<br />

Semosavals. XIX saukunis meore naxevris monacemebiT lailaSis bazrobis<br />

savaWro brunva 25_30 aTas maneTze meti iyo., xolo zugdidis, sujunis,<br />

orpiris, xobis, senakis da onis bazrobebze brunva 20-25 aTas maneTs ar<br />

aRemateboda (18, 182). lailaSSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis garda<br />

savaWrod Tavs iyridnen svanebi, imerlebi, megrelebi, raWvelebi.<br />

lailaSis amgvarma savaWro daniSnulebam misi mosaxleobis socialuri<br />

da eTnikuri mravalferovneba gamoiwvia. savaraudod, lailaSs, rogorc<br />

erT-erT dawinaurebul savaWro centrs, araqarTuli warmoSobis vaWarTa<br />

yuradReba adreve unda mieqcia. pirveli cnoba, lailaSel vaWrebze XVIII<br />

saukunis meore naxevrisaa _ lailaSis mosaxle oTxi somexi vaWris<br />

ojaxs, kacia dadiani sairmis eklesias gadaucia mflobelobaSi (34; 29,<br />

31). XIX saukunis meore naxevrisTvis, aq ukve 50 komli ebraeli, 32 komli<br />

somexi da mxolod 12 komli qarTveli cxovrobs (101). lailaSis somxuri<br />

da ebrauli mosaxleobis umetesad vaWrebi iyvnen da isini lailaSis<br />

dasavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen. soflis am nawils adgilobrivebi<br />

qalaqs uwodebdnen. `qalaq~ lailaSSi zamTris Tveebis garda, yovel<br />

orSabaTsa da paraskevs imarTeboda bazrobebi (97, 142). zamTarSi bazroba<br />

axalWalaSi imarTeboda. garda amisa, seqtembris TveSi didi bazroba<br />

73

imarTeboda cagerSi (18, 183; 3, 87). XIX saukunis miwuruls leCxumis<br />

administraciuli centri lailaSis nacvlad cageri xdeba, rac<br />

lailaSis qalaqur cxovrebas odnav akninebs, Tumca is kvlav inarCunebs<br />

leCxumis mazris mTavari savaWro centris funqcias.<br />

Cvens xelT arsebuli istoriuli sabuTebisa da wyaroebis, agreTve<br />

ruseTis mefis mmarTvelobisdroindeli cnobebi Tu mosaxleobis<br />

aRwerebi, leCxumis sazogadoebrivi yofis niuansebis metnaklebad<br />

srulad aRqmis saSualebas iZleva. es kuTxe politikur asparezze<br />

adreul Sua saukuneebSi Cndeba, Tumca imdroindeli cnobebis simwire<br />

sazogadoebivi yofis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmnis saSualebas ar iZleva.<br />

aseve cotaa informacia ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis leCxumis<br />

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. gvianSuasaukuneebis istoriuli<br />

sabuTebi wina periodebTan SedarebiT mravladaa da ZiriTadad maTze<br />

dayrdnobiTaa mosaxerxebeli leCxumis sazogadoebriv struqturaze,<br />

socialur sakiTxebze saubari.<br />

gvianSuasaukuneebis leCxumis sazogadoeba feodaluria da Tavisi<br />

ganviTarebiTa da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli urTierTobebiT ZiriTadad<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos kuTxeTa analogiuri urTierTobebis msgavsia.<br />

mTavari gansxvaveba dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT<br />

leCxumSi gansakuTrebiT gandidebuli, damoukidebeli da centralur<br />

xelisuflebasTan mebrZoli saTavadoebis ar arsebobaa. albaT esaa<br />

mizezi imisa rom vaxuSti da ioane batoniSvili leCxumSi TavadTa fenis<br />

arsebobas ar adastureben. gvianSuasaukuneebisa da Semdgomi xanis<br />

istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT leCxumis mosaxleobis zeda fenas<br />

Seadgenen Tavadebi da aznaurebi, qveda fenas ki glexebi. glexTa fena<br />

oTx ZiriTad kategoriad (azatebi, msaxurebi, moinaleebi da mojalabeebi)<br />

iyofa. glexTa mdgomareoba, sxva kuTxebis glexTa yofis msgavsia da<br />

umniSvnelo niuansebiT gansxvavdeba. aznaurTa da molaSqre msaxurTa<br />

fena Sua saukuneebis miwuruls sakmaod mZlavria da samxedro<br />

TvalsazrisiT dasavleT saqarTvelos masStabiT erT-erTi saukeTesoa.<br />

leCxumis erTgvari satranzito mdebareoba da am gzebis makontrolebeli<br />

cixeebis simravle damatebiTi faqtori iyo, romelic am kuTxeSi<br />

aznaurTa da msaxurTa fenis siZlieris ganapirobebda. leCxumis<br />

74

safortifikacio qseli da Sida gzebi soflebis ganlagebasac<br />

gansazRvravda _ yvela didi soflis maxloblad dgas cixe da gadis<br />

Sida Tu sxva kuTxeebTan damakavSirebeli gzebi.<br />

samegrelos samTavros, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyo leCxumi XIX<br />

saukunis Sua wlebSi, ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdgom Seicvala<br />

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebic. ruseTis mefis mmarTvelobis mier<br />

gauqmebuli iqna batonymuri urTierToba, ramac sazogadoebrivi<br />

urTierTobebis axal formebis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia.<br />

75

$ 2 leCxumis mosaxleoba da migraciuli procesebi<br />

leCxumis mdebareobis Taviseburebebi am kuTxis mosaxleobis<br />

demografiul viTarebazec aisaxa. istoriuli da demografiuli<br />

monacemebiT leCxumSi ucxo, araqarTuli eTnikuri jgufebis gansaxleba<br />

ar dasturdeba. leCxums CrdiloeTidan svaneTi, samxreTidan imereTi,<br />

dasavleTidan samegrelo da aRmosavleTidan raWa esazRvreba. leCxumi am<br />

oTxi kuTxis mcxovrebTa gansaxlebis da am kuTxebis mosaxleTaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli tradiciebis urTierTSerwymis adgilia.<br />

leCxumi mTiswineTia da mas iseve, rogorc mTianeTs axasiaTebs<br />

migraciebi. mTasTan SedarebiT mTiswineTi ufro mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli,<br />

ekonomikuradac ufro Zlieria da Warbmosaxleobis problemac naklebad<br />

awuxebs. Tumca mTasTan SedarebiT barSi ganlagebul politikurkulturul<br />

da ekonomikur centrebTan siaxlove mTiswineTis<br />

mosaxleobis aqtiur migraciul qcevas iwvevda. leCxumi Tavisi<br />

mdebareobis gamo migraciul procesebSi erTgvari tranzitis funqciasac<br />

Seasrulebda. eTnografiuli da istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas rom leCxumSi umetesad svaneTis Warbi mosaxleoba poulobda<br />

svaneTTan SedarebiT momgebian saarsebo pirobebs da ikavebda Tavis mxriv<br />

barSi gadasaxlebul leCxumelTa adgils.<br />

sainteresoa vin iyvnen es migrirebuli leCxumelebi? ra wodebisa<br />

da ra profesiis iyvnen isini? savaraudoa, rom feodalur xanaSi<br />

leCxumidan gadasaxlebulTa umetesoba aznaurTa da msaxurTa<br />

warmomadgenlebi unda yofilyvnen. msaxurTa da aznaurTa didi nawilis<br />

profesia samxedro samsaxuri iyo. savaraudod barSi mimdinare samxedro<br />

procesebi, politikuri centrebisTvis saWiro samxedro kadrebze<br />

moTxovna mTis da gansakuTrebiT mTiswineTis mosaxleobas izidavda.<br />

garda amisa, leCxumeli molaSqreebis sapatio movaleoba imereTis mefis<br />

xleba da piradi dacva iyo da bunebrivia am TvalsazrisiTac leCxumel<br />

molaSqreebs axlo nacnoboba akavSirebdaT politikur mmarTvelebTan,<br />

axlodan icnobdnen barad cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela niuanss, rac maTTvis<br />

SemdgomSi barSi Camosaxlebas aadvilebda.<br />

76

SesaZlebelia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi svanuri<br />

warmomavlobis gvarebi (devdariani, maWavariani da sxva) meomris<br />

profesiis mqoneTa barSi Casaxlebis Semdeg Cndebian. amgvar migracias ki<br />

SesaZloa gzad `tranzitad~ leCxumi gaevlo _ svani/mTieli<br />

molaSqreebi Tavdapirvelad svaneTidan leCxumSi saxldebodnen, Semdeg<br />

ki isini ufro dawinaurebuli kuTxeebisken ikvlevdnen gzas. am azris<br />

dasamtkiceblad CiqvanTa da asaTianTa istoriac gamodgeba: Ciqvanebi<br />

calmogvi (mesame xarisxis), mdabio aznaurebi svaneTis mosaxleni<br />

yofilan Semdeg sofel gordSi dasaxlebulan, bolos ki odiSSi<br />

gadaunacvliaT da iq samTavros dinastiis damxoba da taxtis xelSi<br />

Cagdebac mouxerxebiaT. garda amisa, gvianSuasaukuneebis miwuruls<br />

samegreloSi Cndeba maTi gvareulobis saTavado, saCiqvano (70, 309)<br />

asaTianTa Tavidan svaneTSi mosaxleobis sabuTebi mravlad gagvaCnia.<br />

isini, XVIII saukuneSi leCxumSi Tavaddebian da amave dros gvxvdebian<br />

guriaSi da imereTSi, sadac mmarTvel wreebTan sakmaod axlo<br />

urTierTobebi aqvT. aseTive migrirebul aznaurul gvars unda<br />

ekuTvnodes qvarianic. savaraudod svanuri warmoSobis am gvaris<br />

warmomadgenlebi leCxumis garda gvxvdeba odiSSi da imereTis samefo<br />

karze da saeklesio marTvelobaSic.<br />

leCxumis mosaxleobaSi umetes gvarebs dRemde Semounaxavs<br />

gadmocemebi sakuTari gvaris warmoSobis Sesaxeb, rac saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs sxva da sxva kuTxeebidan leCxumSi mosaxleobis Sesvladamkvidrebas<br />

da agreTve leCxumelTa gadasaxlebas vadevnoT Tvali.<br />

gvarTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb gadmocemebis mixedviT mravali gvari<br />

romelic dRes leCxumSi saxlobs svanuri warmoSobisaa. aseTebia: gugava,<br />

muSkudiani, gasviani, bendeliani, liparteliani, zalkaliani, baxsoliani,<br />

cxvediani, xvadagiani, Cxetiani, gurguCiani, gvidani, gviSiani, gelovani,<br />

asaTiani, svaniZe, xabuliani, saRinaZe, Carkviani, kopaliani, TuTisani,<br />

jamburiZe, daviTuliani, janxoTeli, murcxvalaZe, Skubuliani,<br />

RoReliani, lakvexeliani, Wabukiani, ambrolani da sxva.<br />

sainteresoa am gvarTa leCxumSi gadmosaxlebis droebi. zemoT<br />

CamoTvlil gvarTa umetesoba XVI-XVII saukuneSi leCxumSi saxlobs, rac<br />

dasturdeba saeklesio sabuTebSi maTi moxseniebiT. aRsaniSnavia isic rom<br />

77

am gvarTa mniSvnelovani nawili XII-XIV saukuneebSi svaneTis mkvidria.<br />

leCxumSi mosaxle ramdenime gvari (gugava, gviSiani, xabuliani) dResac<br />

cxovrobs svaneTSi. zemoTCamoTvlil gvarTa svanur warmoSobas isic<br />

cxadyofs rom zogierTi gvari mniSvnelovan dResaswaulebze salocavad<br />

dResac svaneTSi, savaraudod maTi gvaris fuZis xatSi dadis.<br />

sainteresoa mTxrobelTa komentari gviSianebisa da mukbanianebis<br />

svaneTidan gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb _ `babuebsac ki ar axsovT magaT<br />

Camosvlao~. babuebis TaobaSi, mTxroblisgan albaT sami oTxi Taoba<br />

igulisxmeba. anu mTxrobeli gulisxmobda rom babuebis (ori TaobiT wina<br />

xalxi) maxsovrobaSic ki aravin iyo iseTi vinac am gvarebis Camosaxlebas<br />

Seswreboda (27, 10). sayuradReboa, agreTve mTxrobeli s. megrelis<br />

komentari _ Txrobis bolos igi aRniSnavs: ` amis Semdeg gamravlebulan<br />

gurguCianebi (sof. orbelSi) da Cven da magaT gansxvaveba aRar gvaqvs, ise<br />

varT (27, 8). Aam komentaridan Cans, rom xalxuri warmodgeniT<br />

gurguCianebis Camosvlis periodSi leCxumSi gansxvavebuli eTnikuri<br />

garemoa, anu gurguCianebi svanurenovani garemodan qarTulenovanSi<br />

xvdebian da raRac drois Semdeg mTlianad leCxumeldebian.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom svanuri warmoSobis gvarebi mravalricxovnebiT<br />

gamoirCeva _ 1904 wlis monacemebiT: kopalianebi _ 122 ojaxia,<br />

axvledianebi _ 111, svaniZeebi _ 80, asaTiani _ 62, goleTiani da<br />

muSkudiani _ 60-60 ojaxi. Svil _ ze da Ze _ ze damTavrebuli gvarebi ki<br />

SedarebiT mcirericxovania _ silagaZe _ 88 ojaxi, fruiZe _ 63, CakvetaZe<br />

_ 52, yuraSvili _71, mamardaSvili _ 36. vfiqrobT, rom svanuri gvarebis<br />

mravalricxovneba, toponimika da sxva faqtebi leCxumSi svanTa pirvel<br />

mosaxleobas adasturebs. TviT is rom yvelaze didi leCxumuri gvaris,<br />

kopalianebis sacxovrisi sofeli Cqumi, jonoulis xeobaa anu is<br />

adgilebi sadac legendis mixedviT pirveli leCxumlebi unda<br />

vivaraudoT, mniSvnelovani faqtia (27, 11). Tu davakvirdebiT leCxumisa da<br />

qvemo svaneTis mosazRvre mosaxleobas, aq svanuri warmomavlobis gvarebi<br />

mravloben, xolo raWisa da imereTis momijnave soflebSi ZiriTadad<br />

qarTuli warmoebis gvarebia.<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom leCxumSi mosaxle svanuri<br />

warmomavlobis gvaris xalxi, romlebic regionis mosaxleobis TiTqmis<br />

78

naxevars Seadgens svanurad ar laparakobs. dRes leCxumSi Rrma<br />

moxucebulsac ki ar axsovs, rom Tugind Sida saojaxo ena svanuri<br />

warmoSobis gvarTa ojaxebSi svanuri yofiliyos. Tumca amgvar faqts<br />

adasturebs T. mibCuani (50, 164). Ffrangi mogzauri Sardeni ki ambobs rom<br />

leCxumi dadianis samefoSi Semavali svanebiT dasaxlebuli samTavroao<br />

(75, 248). g. gasvianis mosazrebiT leCxumis mosaxleobis qarTizacia mTeli<br />

Sua saukuneebis manZilze grZeldeboda (19, 192). Tumca es azri Zneli<br />

gasaziarebelia, ufro sworad ki TiTqmis eWvgareSe SeiZleba iTqvas rom<br />

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos daqucmacebis Semdeg da gansakuTrebiT<br />

imereTis samefos SinaaSlilobis periodSi (XVII-XVIII saukuneebi) baris<br />

regionebidan leCxumis mosaxleobis qarTizaciis procesisTvis<br />

xelisSemwyobi kulturuli, socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi<br />

namdvilad ar arsebobda da Sesabamisad es procesic<br />

gvianSuasaukuneebidan gacilebiT adrea damTavrebuli.<br />

leCxumur gvarTa svanuri gvarebisTvis maxasiaTebeli –ian(-an)<br />

sufiqsiT nawarmoebi gvarebis mciredi nawili ar aris svanuri<br />

warmoSobis. qomeTianebis Ziri gvari qomeTavaa, laWyepianisa naWyebia,<br />

leTodianisa Todia, burjalianisa burjanaZe.<br />

Mmegruli warmoSobisad Tavs miiCneven: WiRvariebi, mandariebi,<br />

futkaraZeebi, fruiZeebi, miqaZeebi, megrelebi, RurWumaliZeebi,<br />

leSkaSelebi.<br />

leCxumSi imereTidan mosulebad iTvlebian: kvirikaSvilebi,<br />

mamardaSvilebi, beniZeebi, xurciZeebi, xecurianebi, janaZeebi, abaSiZeebi,<br />

janeliZeebi, kuxalaSvilebi.<br />

CakvetaZeebi aWaridan, xolo giorbeliZeebi da kopalianTa nawils<br />

guriidan mosulebad iTvlebian. aWaras (an mesxeTs) ukavSireben sakuTar<br />

warmoSobas iremaZeebin da kenWaZeebi. mesxuri warmomavlobisad Tvlian<br />

Tavs arjevaniZeebi.<br />

leCxumSi raWidan gadmosaxlebuli arian mowoneliZeebi, arCvaZeebi,<br />

nemsiwveriZeebi, gzobavebi, kekutiebi, giorgobianebi, vaCaZeebi, goderiZeebi<br />

da sxva.<br />

leCxumidan migrirebulTa gvarebi unda iyos oyroSiZe<br />

(oyureSliZe), SilakaZe, silogava, silagava, Takverelia, romelTa<br />

79

migracia ukeTesi saarsebo wyaros Zieba, leCxumSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />

sxva kuTxeebSi `samojamagireod~ siaruli, feodalTa mier ymebis sxva<br />

kuTxeebSi gasxvisebis Sedegi unda iyos.<br />

yvelaze adrindeli wyaro romlSic CamoTvlilia leCxumSi<br />

macxovrebelTa gvarebi XVI saukunis miwurulisaa. Aam sabuTis mixedviT,<br />

cageris saepiskoposos kuTvnil glexTa gvarebia: gugava(wyaroSi<br />

moxseniebulia guguva), museliani, laSarava, laWyepiani, mucxvatilaZe,<br />

Soviani, goCiani, goxiani, cvariani, qoqoziani, silagaZe (silakaZe), svaniZe,<br />

goleTiani, maRriani, gabadaZe, xutunaSvili, bedmonaSili, yruaSvili,<br />

gabrielaSvili, giorgobiani, cxvediani, CakutaZe (CakvetaZe,) sivsive,<br />

muSkudiani, mamardaSvili, giorgberiZe(giorbeliZe), qarselaZe,<br />

ugrexelaSvili (ugrexeliZe) (23, 374-380). Aam gvarebidan cameti svanuri<br />

warmoSobisaa, erTi megruli danarCeni cxridan, romlebic -Ze da _Svili<br />

sufiqsiTaa nawarmoebi erTi imereTidan, erTi guriidan da erTic<br />

aWaridan wamosulad iTvleba. Semdgomdroindel wyaroebSic gvarebis<br />

warmoSobis mixedviT urTierTSefardeba TiTqmis Tanabaria. aseTive<br />

mdgomareobaa dResac, im gansxvavebiT rom qarTulenovani gvarebisaTvis<br />

maxasiaTebeli _Ze da _Svili formis gvarebma da megruli warmoSobis<br />

gvarebma SedarebiT imates.<br />

Zneli saTqmelia Tu ratom xdeboda zogierTi svanuri warmoSobis<br />

leCxumSi gadasaxlebulTaTvis axali gvaris svanurisTvis<br />

aratradiciuli sufiqsi _Ze- Ti warmoeba(mucxvatilaZe, svaniZe, saRinaZe).<br />

erTaderTi rac SeiZleba vifiqroT isaa, rom es gvarebi leCxumSi maSin<br />

Camosaxldnen roca leCxumSi ukve sufTa qarTulenovani garemo iyo.<br />

Tumca amave periodSi vxvdebiT megruli warmoSobis gvars (laWyepianinaWyebia),<br />

romelic svanurisTvis maxasiaTebeli -ian sufiqsiTaa<br />

nawarmoebi. svanuri sufiqsiT arasvanur gvarTa warmoebis faqtebs albaT<br />

Semdgom periodSic eqneboda adgili – aseTia burjalianTa gvaris<br />

warmoSoba burjanaZeebisgan. r. TofCiSvilis mier gamokiTxuli (XX s-is<br />

oTxmociani wlebi) mTxroblis, oTxmocdaSvidi wlis estate<br />

burjalianis TqmiT maTi gvaris leCxumSi damkvidrebidan, misi CaTvliT<br />

eqvsi Taobaa gasuli (27, 14). Eeqvsi Taoba saSualod orasi weli unda<br />

miviCnioT da arc estate burjalianis cnobaSi unda SevitanoT eWvi,<br />

80

adgan leCxumSi dResac ki bevrma icis Tavisi ojaxis wina Taobebis<br />

saxelebi da saqmianoba. amgvari maxsovroba wina Taobebisa xuT-eqvs<br />

Taobas, zog SemTxvevaSi ki ufro metsac swvdeba.<br />

leCxums, Tavisi sameurneo da savaWro potencialiT, rac misi<br />

geografiuli mdebareobiT, klimatiTa da niadagis vargisianobis<br />

xarisxiT iyo ganpirobebuli, istoriis garkveul periodebSi Sesabamisi<br />

mosaxleobis raodenobis Senaxva-gamokveba SeeZlo. rogorc zemoT<br />

aRvniSneT, leCxumi ekonomikurad ufro Zlieria mTis regionebze, magram<br />

misi SesaZleblobebi mainc SezRudulia da bunebrivia aqac arsebobs<br />

Warbmosaxleobis problema. imis gasarkvevad Tu ramdenad ganapirobebda<br />

leCxumidan migracias Warbi mosaxleobisTvis sacxovrebeli pirobebis<br />

ukmarisoba, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia Tvali unda gadavavloT leCxumis<br />

istoriul demografias.<br />

adre da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis leCxumis demografiaze<br />

mxolod arqeologiuri masaliTa da arqiteqturuli Zeglebis<br />

simravliTa da istoriul wyaroebSi iSviaTi cnobebis mixedviT Tu<br />

vimsjelebT. adre SuasaukuneebSi egrisis samefoSi leCxumis calke<br />

samTavrod arseboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom leCxumi im periodisTvis<br />

dawinaurebuli kuTxea da Sesabamisad maSindeli sameurneo ganviTarebis<br />

Sesaferisad maqsimalurad iyo dasaxlebuli. leCxumSi, Semdgom xanebSic<br />

stabiluri demografiuli mdgomareoba unda yofiliyo, raSic<br />

gvianfeodaluri xanis, ruseTis mmarTvelobis droindeli da XXsaukunis<br />

pirveli naxevris mdgomareobis analizic gvaCvenebs.<br />

pirveli cnoba romelic SeiZleba LleCxumis demografiis<br />

ricxobrivi SefasebisTvis gamoviyenoT XVII saukunis meore naxevrisaa (40,<br />

49). Ees cnoba antioqiis patriarq makars ekuTvnis, romelic gadmogvcems<br />

cagereli episkoposis cnobebs, romlis mixedviTac cageris eparqias anu<br />

svaneTs (gansazRvreba cageris eparqiisa aSkarad mcdaria), romelic<br />

samoci soflisgan Segdeba SeuZlia Tormeti aTasi molaSqris gamoyvanao.<br />

TviT soflebSi minimum oTxasi komlia, aris iseTi soflebi sadac 600<br />

komli cxovrobso. informaciis mcdaroba iqidanac Cans rom leCxumSi da<br />

svaneTSi ar arsebobs iseTi soflebi sadac eqvsasi Tugind oTxasi<br />

komlis Tanacxovreba iqneboda SesaZlebeli. antioqiis patriarqs,<br />

81

omelic XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi orjer imyofeboda<br />

saqarTveloSi, cageris episkoposma albaT misi samwysos TiToeul TemSi<br />

macxovrebel komlTa raodenoba dausaxela. rogorc cnobilia, cageris<br />

saepiskoposo am dros leCxumsa da dRevandel qvemo svaneTs moicavda.<br />

cageris saepiskoposos teritoriaze, am droisaTvis sami-oTxi Temis<br />

arseboba SeiZleba vivaraudoT. erTi TavisTavad qvemo svaneTisa iqneboda<br />

danarCeni sami Temi/ mikroregioni leCxumSi unda arsebuliyo (I. leCxumis<br />

seris, lajanuris xeobis da sarewkelamde leCxumis soflebi,<br />

II.sarewkeladan gordamde, III. sainasariZeo- rionis xeobis soflebi da<br />

kldedaRmarTi.) amgvari varaudis SemTxvevaSi leCxum-qvemo svaneTis<br />

mosaxleoba cageris episkoposis cnobiT sul mcire 1.600 komlia, xolo<br />

Tu saSualo maCvenebels (500 komli TiToeul TemSi) aviRebT mosaxle<br />

komlTa raodenobis gasarkvevad, gamodis rom XVII saukunis bolosTvis<br />

leCxumSi da qvemo svaneTSi 2000 komlamde cxovrobda. cagereli<br />

episkoposisAam cnobidan leCxumis mosaxleobis gansazRvras isic<br />

arTulebs rom SesaZloa, cagereli episkoposis samwyso zemo svaneTis<br />

raRac nawilsac moicavda. aseT SemTxvevaSi cagerelis informacia,<br />

eparqias Tormeti aTasi meomris gamoyvana SeuZliao, arareaeluri ar<br />

Cans da esec im SemTxvevaSi Tu qudze kaci gamovidoda salaSqrod.<br />

antioqiis patriarqisa da cagerelis es cnoba miT ufro saeWvoa gaxdeba<br />

Tu amave drois dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobas<br />

SevadarebT. lambertis cnobiT samegreloSi 30 000 molaSqrea, xolo<br />

Sardenis 1672 wlis cnobiT samegreloSi sul raRac 20 000 mamrobiTi<br />

sqesis macxovrebelia da maT mxolod oTxiaTasze odnav meti jariskacis<br />

gamoyvana SeuZliaTo. lamberti oci weli cxovrobda samegreloSi da<br />

mis cnoba sarwmunod unda miviCnioT. rogorc Cans, misi cnobidan sami<br />

aTeuli wlis manZilze samegrelo verandeboda da am faqts kidec<br />

afiqsirebs Sardeni: igi mosaxleobas klebis mizezad gauTavebel<br />

Sinaomebsa da didebulTa mier glexebis da tyveTa syidvas asaxelebs.<br />

mosaxleobis klebis ganmsazRvreli es faqtorebi leCxums samegreloze<br />

naklebad unda Sexeboda. SesaZloa, leCxumel didebulTa da maTi<br />

samxedro Zalis rolis gazrda samegreloSi da mTlianad dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi swored barSi mosaxleobisa da samxedro potencialis<br />

82

Semcirebas davukavSiroT. lambertis, Sardenisa da antioqiis<br />

patriarqisadmi miwodebuli cnobebidan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom<br />

Tormeti aTasi molaSqris gamoyvana cagerel episkoposs mxolod<br />

erTaderT SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo _ rogorc XVII saukunis meore naxevris<br />

saeklesio sabuTebidan Cans cagereli episkoposi, gabriel Ciqvani<br />

erTdroulad ori saepiskoposos, Wyondidisa da cageris<br />

saepiskoposoebis mmarTvelia, misi gavlena savaraudod mTels<br />

samegrelosa da leCxums swvdeba. antioqiis patriarqisave cnobiT<br />

svanebis ori nawili imereTis mefis kuTvnilebaa xolo erTi dadians<br />

emorCilebao. Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imdroindel situacias, sadac<br />

politikuri gavlenis sferoebi uswrafesad icvleba da imasac<br />

davamatebT rom erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli da stabiluri<br />

xelisufalni asparezze axladgamosuli Ciqvanebi (gabrieli da misi Zma<br />

kacia) arian, advilad dasaSvebia rom cagerel episkoposs, gabriel<br />

Ciqvans `Tavisad~ mieCnia odiSi, leCxumi da svaneTis garkveuli nawili<br />

da am kuTxeTa molaSqreebis raodenoba miewodebina patriarqi<br />

makarisTvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imisda miuxedavad es cnobebi<br />

gadaWarbebulia Tu ara, maTi meSveobiT SeiZleba vTqvaT rom leCxumi am<br />

dros kargad aTvisebuli da dasaxlebulia.<br />

s. kakabaZis gamoTvlebze dayrdnobiT q. muSkudiani varaudobs, rom<br />

ganviTarebul da gvian SuasaukuneebSi leCxumis mosaxleoba mkveTr<br />

cvalebadobas ar ganicdida _ s. kakabaZis gamoangariSebiT XVII-XVIII<br />

saukuneSi komlTa raodenoba TiTqmis igivea rac XIII saukuneSi,<br />

monRolTa batonobis dros. SesaZloa es sinamdviles Seeferebodes,<br />

Tumca q. muSkudianis gaangariSebebi mcdarad migvaCnia: gaangariSebebi<br />

monRolTa mier mosaxleobis aRweris mixedviTaa gakeTebuli; leCxumi<br />

monRolTa mier dumnebad dayofili saqarTvelos erT-erT dumnad aris<br />

miCneuli da radganac dumnebs metnaklebad Tanabari laSqari gayavdaTo<br />

monRolTa armiaSi, leCxumeli molaSqreebis ricxvic 90 000-is<br />

(monRolTa mier saqarTvelodan gasawvevi molaSqreTa ricxvi) mervedi,<br />

e.i. 11 000-mde iqnebodao (54, 45). Semdeg, argumentebis gareSe, mocemulia<br />

XIII saukuneSi leCxumSi mosaxle komlTa raodenoba (4050). komlSi<br />

saSualod 5 sulia naangariSebi da amgvarad leCxumis mosaxleoba<br />

83

monRolTa batonobis periodSi 20250 suliTaa gansazRvruli (54, 45). Q.<br />

muSkudianis gaangariSebebi ra Tqma unda arasworia, Tumca misi<br />

mosazrebis (XIII saukunisa da XVI saukunis leCxumis mosaxleobis<br />

TiTqmis igiveobis Sesaxeb) dasturad qveviT davinaxavT leCxumis<br />

mosaxleobas maincadamainc didi mateba an kleba ar axasiaTebs, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas rom am kuTxeSi mTisa da mTiswineTis sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT<br />

demografili situacia stabilurobiT gamoirCeva. molaSqreTa<br />

ricxovnobasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba XVIII saukuneSi<br />

dadianis jarSi leCxumelTa ricxvis da monRolTa armiaSi am kuTxidan<br />

gasawvevTa savaraudo raodenobis TiTqmis Tanabroba _ XVIII saukunis<br />

meore naxevarSi leCxumelTa raodenoba dadianis jarSi 2000-mdea (s.kakab,<br />

1920). TiTqmis amdenive unda iyos monRolTa laSqarSi leCxumidan<br />

gasayvan meomarTa ricxvic _ cnobilia rom monRolebis mier dumnebad<br />

dayofis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTveloSi ori dumani Camoyalibda: erTs<br />

cotne dadiani Tavkacobda, meore dumans ki raWis erisTavi ufrosobda,<br />

romelsac `raWis erisTavTa da yovelTa imeris samefos~ (58,JamTa aRmw.<br />

207-208; 61, saq.ist.1959 227-228) laSqris gayvana evaleboda. Tu vivaraudebT<br />

rom, leCxumi raWis erisTavisadmi rwmunebuli dumnis TiTqmis meeqvsedi<br />

(savaraudod raWis erisTavis dumanSi unda Sesuliyo raWa, leCxumi,<br />

imereTi da qvemo svaneTi) iyo, gamodis rom leCxumidan monRolebs 1800-<br />

1900 molaSqre gayavda. Tumca am mimarTulebiT msjelobisas TvalSi<br />

sacemia aSkara Seusabamoba _ Tu monRolebs cxra komlidan erTi meomari<br />

gayavdaT, maSin leCxumis mosaxleoba XIII saukuneSi minimum 15-16 aTasi<br />

komli yofila rac ararealuria.<br />

s. kakabaZis gamoTvliT XVII saukunis Sua xanebisTvis imereTis<br />

mosaxleoba 16 280 komli unda yofiliyo da radgan leCxumi im<br />

droisTvis jer kidev ar iyo dadianisa da imereTis mefis sacilo<br />

regioni, leCxumis mosaxleoba imereTis mosaxleobaSi igulisxmeba.<br />

leCxumis mosaxleobis raodenobis Sesaxeb XVIII saukunis<br />

ganmavlobaSi mxolod varaudi SeiZleba gamoiTqvas. guldenStedtis<br />

cnobiT 1772 wlisTvis odiSis samTavroSi mTlianad 14 000 komlia.<br />

odiSis samTavroSi Sedis leCxumic, romlis mosaxleoba guldenStedtis<br />

cnobiT 4000 komlia. raWas guldenStedisve cnobiT am dros 5 600 meomris<br />

84

gamoyvana SeuZlia, xolo svaneTis mosaxleobis raodenoba 5000<br />

komlamdea. s. kakabaZes es cnoba gadaWarbebulad miaCnia da leCxumisa da<br />

samegrelos teritoriebis urTierTSefardebis safuZvelze askvnis rom<br />

samegreloSi 10 000 komlis arsebobis pirobebSi leCxumis mosaxleoba<br />

unda yofiliyo 1800 komli (radgan leCxumis teritoria odiSis<br />

samTavros 18% Seadgenda.) (40, 47). leCxumis mosaxleobis gamoTvlisTvis<br />

meore kriteriumad, s. kakabaZe odiSis jarSi leCxumelTa procentul<br />

raodenobas iRebs da am gamoTvlidan gamodis rom leCxumSi 5 000 komli<br />

unda yofiliyo (40; 47) (leCxums odiSis samTavros jaris 1/3 gamohyavda<br />

da Tu odiSs 10000 komli mosaxleoba hyavda, leCxumSi 5 000 komls<br />

vRebulobT). Tumca s. kakabaZe leCxumSi mcxovreb komlTa raodenobis<br />

sarwmuno ricxvad mainc 1800 miiCnevs. marTlac Zneli warmosadgenia<br />

Tugind aqtiuri migraciuli procesebis fonze, rom XVIII saukunis<br />

bolosTvis leCxumSi TiTqmis imdenive mosaxle yofiliyo ramdenic meoce<br />

saukunis Sua wlebSi _ XVIII saukuneSi lCxumSi komlSi 7-8 suli unda<br />

viangariSoT, gamomdinare iqidan rom 1864 wlis dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

Catarebuli kameraluri aRweris mixedviT komli saSualod 7,87 sulisgan<br />

Sedgeba (40, 45). gamodis, rom 4000 komlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi XVIII<br />

saukunis bolos leCxumSi minimum 32 000 mosaxlea, e.i TiTqmis imdenive,<br />

ramdenic XX saukunis 20-40-ian wlebSi.<br />

rTulia ramdenadme swori varaudis gamoTqma leCxumis mosaxleobis<br />

raodenobaze da Cvenc mxolod miaxloebiTi gaangariSebebi unda<br />

gavakeToT. erT-erTi aseTi miaxloebiTi gaangariSebiT 1770 wlisaTvis<br />

leCxumis mosaxleoba 2000 komli unda yofiliyo (jaoSvili 1996: 48). mis<br />

mosazRvre raWaSi amave monacemebiT 4000 komlia, svaneTSi 1800, imereTSi<br />

15 800 da samegreloSi ki 10 000 (90, 48). XVIII saukunis meore<br />

naxevrisTvis rogorc gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

barSi komli saSualod 7,56 sulisgan Sedgeba, mTaSi ki 8,53 suls<br />

aerTianebs. Aaqedan gamomdinare leCxumis mosaxleoba 17 100(mTa), raWis<br />

34 100 (mTa), svaneTis 15 300 (mTa), samegrelos 75 600 (bari), xolo<br />

imereTis 119 400 sulisgan Sedgeba (90, 48)<br />

XIX saukunidan saqarTvelos kuTxeTa mosaxleobis dadgena ufro<br />

advili xdeba radganac mefis ruseTis mTavroba iwyebs mosaxleobis<br />

85

aRweras. Tumca leCxumis SemTxvevaSi aqac sirTulea: leCxumi<br />

samegrelos samTavroSi Semavali regionia da misi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb<br />

cnobebi calke ar arsebobs, is mocemulia samegrelos mosaxleobasTan<br />

erTad. Aase rom, am periodisTvisac leCxumis mosaxleobis dasadgenad<br />

SefardebiTi savaraudo gamoTvlebi dagvWirdeba.<br />

XIX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi samegrelos mosaxleoba 106 400<br />

sulia (91, 62), 1832 wlis aRweriT ki 116 900 (91, 73). Tu odiSis samTavroSi<br />

leCxumis teritoriis procentul wils viangariSebT da am proporciebiT<br />

ganvsazRvravT mis mosaxleobas miviRebT, rom XIX saukunis dasawyisSi 19<br />

200 xolo 1832 wels 22 000 sulia (leCxumis teritoria odiSis samTavros<br />

18%ia). SesaZloa es cifrebi uzusto iyos, radganac Cven ar viciT Tu<br />

rogori sxvaoba iyos samegrelosa da leCxumis mosaxleobis bunebrivi<br />

matebis tempebsa da am ori kuTxis dasaxlebis simWidroves Soris. Tumca,<br />

savaraudoa rom gansxvavebebi mainca da mainc didi ar unda yofiliyo da<br />

leCxumis mosaxleobis maqsimumi 1832 wlisTvis savsebiT SesaZlebelia 22<br />

000 suli yofiliyo – leCxumis sameurneo pirobebi da ekonomikuri<br />

SeZleba am ricxovnobis mosaxleobis Sesanaxad sakmarisi unda<br />

yofiliyo.<br />

Mmosaxleobis aRwerebis mixedviT Cans rom dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

barSi mosaxleoba 1832 wlidan 1865 wlamde swrafad matulobs, mTaSi<br />

(raWaSi), ki mateba zomieria(90, 76). zomieri unda iyos mosaxleobis mateba<br />

leCxumSic. mTis regionebis es erTgvari `CamorCena~, unda aixsnas<br />

migraciuli procesebiT, rac baris regionebSi ZiriTadad warmoebis<br />

ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoSobil sawarmoebSi mTis mosaxleobis<br />

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dainteresebiT unda iyos gamowveuli.<br />

Semdgom periodSi, barSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis kvalad mTis<br />

mosaxleobis migracia matulobs. Tumca es migraciebi demografiul<br />

suraTs radikalurad ver cvlis _ jer-jerobiT mTis regionebidan<br />

Sromisunariani (da reproduqciiuli) mosaxleobis nawili gaedineba. rac<br />

ra Tqma unda amcirebs reproduqciis dones, iwvevs mosaxleobis<br />

`daberebas~ da matebis tempebis Semcirebas. demografiuli suraTis<br />

Secvla mTis mosaxleobaSi sabWoTa mmarTvelobis Sua xanebs emTxveva da<br />

ZiriTadad ori TvalSisacemi faqtoriTaa gansazRvruli _ sabWoTa<br />

86

mmarTvelobis periodSi barSi ganlagebul qalaqebSi axladdaarsebulma<br />

fabrika-qarxnebma mTis mosaxleoba kidev ufro Zlierad miizida. garda<br />

amisa am periodSi moxda mosaxleobis gegmiuri da rogorc Semdgomma<br />

movlenebma gviCvenes gaumarTlebeli masiuri Casaxlebebi baris<br />

regionebSi. mTis mosaxleobisgan daclis ganmapirobebeli mesame<br />

faqtori, romelic moiTxovs saTanado kvlevebs, mTaSi arsebuli<br />

tradiciuli sameurneo yofis formebisa da saSualebebis moSla unda<br />

iyos. TavisTavad didi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda didi ojaxebis daSlis<br />

process, radganac mTisa da mTiswineTis mosaxleobis sameurneo yofis<br />

eqstensiuri (mTis pirobebSi) da mravaldargobrivi (mTiswineTSi) xasiaTi<br />

koleqtiur Sromas, e.i. didi ganuyofeli ojaxis resursebs moiTxovda.<br />

dResdReisobiT mTasa da mTiswineTSi mwvaved dgas demografiuli<br />

problema. arasakmarisi resursi, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis<br />

simcire da aqidan gamomdinare saarsebo saSualebebis deficiti mTisa da<br />

mTiswineTis mosaxleobis migraciis erT-erT mTavar mizezadaa miCneuli.<br />

migraciebis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos gzebisa da komunikaciebis<br />

uqonloba (ekonomikuri da kulturuli centrebidan mowyveta) da<br />

stiqiuri ubedurebebi. es ukanaskneli leCxumSi ZiriTadad zvavebisa da<br />

mewyrebis saxiT gvxvdeba da umetes SemTxvevaSi soflis sxva adgilze<br />

gadanacvlebis an soflis romelime ubnis mosaxleobis usafrTxo<br />

adgilze gadasaxlebis mizezia. amgvari migraciebis kargi magaliTia sof.<br />

oyureSi _ soflis ganapiras, zubis cixesTan axlos mdebare adgils<br />

oyureSelebi namosaxls eZaxian. aq XIX saukunis bolomde ucxovria<br />

xalxs. gadmocemiT mosaxleoba didi zvavis gamo ayrila. gasuli<br />

saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi ki mewyrisgan dazianebuli mamardaSvilTa<br />

ubani, TiTqmis daicala, cxeniswylis xeobasTan sakmaod axlos dasaxlda<br />

da soflis axali ubani Seiqmna.<br />

leCxumisTvis komunikaciebis uqonloba brinjaos xanidan<br />

moyolebuli feodaluri xanis bolomde ar unda yofiliyo migraciis<br />

gamomwvevi mizezi. piriqiT, am dros leCxums masze gamavali gzebiT<br />

aqtiuri kavSirebi hqonda mezobel kuTxeebTan. feodaluri xanis<br />

bolomde komunikaciebi leCxumis feodaluri naturaluri meurneobis,<br />

namati produqciis gasaRebas da tradiciuli yofis moTxovnebs albaT<br />

87

akmayofilebda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT rom lailaSis bazroba, sadac Tavs<br />

iyrian mezobeli kuTxeebis macxovreblebi XIX saukuneSi erT-erTi<br />

yvelaze Semosavliania dasavleT saqarTvelos masStabiT. bazrobebi<br />

imarTeba cagerSica da axalWalaSic. cnobilni arian leCxumeli<br />

Calvadrebic (leCxumuri gamoTqmiT Calandari), tvirTis gadamzidavebi,<br />

romlebic saukeTesoebad iTvlebodnen regionSi da SeiZleba iTqvas rom<br />

erTi periodi maT dasavleT saqarTvelos mTisa da mTiswineTis zolSi<br />

erTgvari monopoliac hqondaT tvirTis gadazidvaze (g. mamardaSvilis<br />

eTnografiuli dRiuri).<br />

leCxums garda zemoaRniSnuli gzebisa, romlebiTac is<br />

ukavSirdeboda svaneTs, imereTs, CrdiloeT kavkasias hqonda sakmaod<br />

mniSvnelovani gza raWaze gavliT, romliTac is ukavSirdeboda<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centrebs. am gziT onidan an Rebidan lixis<br />

qedi ikveTeboda da cxinvalisken, Semdeg ki mcxeTisken eSveboda (gasviani<br />

18, 12-13). am gzis CrdiloeTi ganStoeba ki mamaisonis uReltexiliT<br />

CrdiloeT kavkasias ukavSirdeboda. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi leCxumis<br />

mosaxleobis savaWrod siaruli dResac axsovT. cnobili iyo osuri<br />

jiSis xar-Zroxa, romelic sakmaod popularuli iyo leCxumSi.<br />

leCxumlebi am saqonelis SesaZenad oseTSic dadiodnen xolme, xandaxan<br />

osur saqonels onis bazrobaze yidulobdnen. savaraudod,<br />

mniSvnelovani saurme gzebi sayovelTao zrunvis sagani iyo. leCxumis<br />

soflebSi dResac arsebobs Sida mniSvnelobis saurme gzebi, romlebsac<br />

soflis mosaxleoba uvlis da am gzebis Sida moxmarebisTvis<br />

vargisianobas uzrunvelyofs. gadmocemebiT iseTi maRalmTiani soflebis,<br />

rogoric raWaSi Rebi da svaneTSi uSgulia, damakavSirebeli gzac ki<br />

kedlebiT iyo gamagrebuli, talaxian adgilebSi ki morebi yofila<br />

gadebuli (60, 20). Tu raWisa da svaneTis yvelaze maRalmTiani soflebis<br />

damakavSirebeli urTulesi gza amgvarad iyo movlili, safiqrebelia,<br />

rom masze naklebad movlili da Sesabamisad samimosvlod vargis arc<br />

raWa-leCxumis, miTumetes am kuTxeebis sxva kuTxeebTan da gansakuTrebiT<br />

savaWro-politikur centrebTan damakavSirebeli gzebi iyo. leCxumidan<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mimaval mgzavrs ar sWirdeboda imereTis<br />

barSi Casvla da aqedan gadasvla mtkvris xeobaSi. moxerxebuli gzebis<br />

88

arsebobam leCxumelTa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi samuSaod siarulsac<br />

Seuwyo xeli. leCxumeli glexebi kaxeTSic ki xSirad dadiodnen da<br />

daqiravebul muSebad, venaxis momvlelebad muSaobdnen. Tumca gare<br />

samuSaoebze saiaruli dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva momijnave kuTxeTa<br />

mcxovrebTaTvis ufro iyo damaxasiaTebeli vidre leCxumelTaTvis.<br />

mosaxleobis migracia gare samuSaoebze wasvlis gamo gansakuTrebiT XIX<br />

saukunis meore naxevarSi izrdeba. 1862 wlis monacemebiT quTaisis<br />

mazridan saSovarze gasulTa ricxvi 386 kaci iyo, Sorapnidan 487,<br />

ozurgeTidan 155, raWidan 1253 (62, csia. saq 58. fur. 21). 1887 wels<br />

quTaisis mazridan 698 kaci midis sxva kuTxeSi sarCos saZebrad,<br />

Sorapnidan 810, raWidan 3896, zugdid-senakidan 935, xolo leCxumis<br />

mazridan 763 (63, csia, f. 13, anaw. I, saqme 8977 b furc77). Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom am droisTvis leCxumis mazraSi zemo da<br />

qvemo svaneTic Sedioda, maSin kerZod leCxumidan gamomuSavebaze<br />

sazonurad migrirebulTa ricxvi erTi-orad dabali unda yofiliyo.<br />

Semdgom wlebSi sezonur samuSaoebze gamsvlelTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad<br />

izrdeba _ raWidan 1910 wels 15 154 kacia gasuli. am periodisTvis<br />

masiurad gadian sezonur samuSaoebze zemo svaneTidanac _ 1909 wels<br />

saSovarze zemo svaneTidan 1646 kaci wasula, rac Sromisunarian<br />

mamakacTa 85-90%-s Seadgenda. sezonur samuSaoebze siaruls cxadia<br />

ganagrZobdnen leCxumelebic. Tumca, rogorc quTaisiis gubernatorisadmi<br />

leCxumis mazris ufrosis moxsenebaSi Cans leCxumis mosaxleoba<br />

naklebad gadioda gare samuSaoebze (82, 168-169). vfiqrobT sayuradReboa<br />

is faqtic, rom leCxumi XIX saukunis bolosTvis saganmanaTleblo<br />

saqmianobis mxrivac ar CamorCeboda sxva kuTxeebs: XIX saukunis<br />

samociani wlebidan, leCxumSi ixsneba skolebi. pirveli saswavlo<br />

dawesebuleba dexviris sasuliero skola(dawyebiTi) iyo. 1873 wels,<br />

rodesac leCxumis samocdaeqvs sofelSi 22 aTas kacamde cxovrobs, ukve<br />

arsebobs vidi sasoflo skola (daxvirSi, orbelSi, nakuraleSSi,<br />

oyureSSi, WyviSSi, aWaraSi, meqvenaSi) (101). saukunis bolos, sofel<br />

lailaSSi funqcionirebs soflis meurneobis profilis dawyebiTi<br />

skola. Tu SevadarebT sxva mazrebis monacemebs leCxumSi saswavlo<br />

dawesebulebebis procentuli raodenobis simravles davinaxavT _<br />

89

quTaisis mazris 206 sofelSi 14 skola iyo, raWaSi 230 sofels 9 skola<br />

emsaxureba, Sorapanis mazraSi 220 sofeli da 13 skolaa, xolo svaneTSi<br />

am droisaTvis, arc erTi skola ar aris (101).<br />

leCxumidan migrirebulTa umetesobas qalaqebSi Tu im regionebSi<br />

sadac isini Cadiodnen samuSaod sakuTari niSa ukve damkvidrebuli<br />

hqondaT. raWvelebi ZiriTadad xelosnobas misdevdnen, svanebs xSirad<br />

qiraobdnen saTibebSi samuSaod da sxva samowaTmoqmedo samuSaoebis<br />

Sesasruleblad. leCxumelTa `viwro specializacia~ mainca da main ar<br />

dasturdeba. SesaZloa rom leCxumlebi raWvelTa msgavsad xiT xuroebi<br />

iyvnen. amis Sesaxeb daculi aqvs cnoba, litvinovs pirvel rus Cinovniks<br />

romelmac mokled aRwera leCxumi. litvinovis cnobiT mTeli odiSi<br />

leCxumelebis mier aris aSenebuli (igulisxmeba saxlebi) (96, 129).<br />

Mekonomikuri da saarsebo saSualebebis deficiti, migraciis erTerTi<br />

mTavari mizezi, leCxumis winaSe mainca da mainc mwvaved ar unda<br />

mdgariyo. vaxuStis rom davesesxoT: `Tumca ars leCxumi mTis adgilad<br />

Tqmuli, garna ars venaxiani, xiliani, movals yovelni marcvalni, Tvinier<br />

brinj-bambisa, garna siviwrovisa da kldovanebisTvis ara egodeni<br />

simravliT~ (24, 749). `miwa leCxumSi nayofieria... iTeseba xorbali, Svria,<br />

simindi da Romi. mxvnel-mTesvels muSaoba uxvi mosavliT unazRaurdeba.<br />

Tumca savargulebis nakleboba mosaxleobis gamravlebas uSlis xels~<br />

(96, 124) marTlac, leCxumSi arc Tu ise unayofo miwebia, Tumca saxnavsaTesi<br />

savargulebi mainc Wirs, radgan teritoriis didi nawili tyes<br />

uWiravs, sakmaod didia reliefis danawevrianebisa da eroziis xarisric.<br />

Tumca leCxums momijnave teritoriebTan SedarebiT (zemo da qvemo raWa,<br />

svaneTi, okriba, samegrelo) odnav ukeTesi sasoflo-sameurneo pirobebi<br />

hqonda. swored am, kerZod misTvis maxasiaTebeli meurneobisa da<br />

ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisi iyo leCxumis mosaxleobis<br />

demografiuli procesebi da dinamika.<br />

leCxumSi, saglexo komlis kuTvnili miwebi, e.i. sameurneo<br />

saSualebebi da aqedan gamomdinare ekonomikuri SeZlebac TiTqmis<br />

Tanabari iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTa analogiuri<br />

maCveneblisa. 1875 wlisTvis Sorapnis mazraSi komlze saSualod 2,7<br />

desetina miwa modioda, raWaSi 1,9; guriaSi 1,3; leCxumSi ki 2,1 (11, 7).<br />

90

leCxumis saxazino glexTa ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Semswavleli<br />

mecnieri nasoviCis monacemebiT saxelmwifo glexis erT komlze leCxumSi<br />

gacilebiT meti farTobi modioda (98, 168). leCxumSi miwa nayofierebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovani iyo, rasac sxva kuTxeebisa da leCxumis<br />

miwiebis fasebic adasturebs _ quTaisis mazraSi erTi desetina miwa 2-<br />

dan 30 maneTamde Rirda, zudgid-senakSi 8 -74man., guriaSi 8- 74man.,<br />

SorapanSi 4 -43 man, leCxumis mazraSi ki XIX saukunis bolosaTvis<br />

desetinis fasi 20-22 maneTi iyo. leCxumis saxazino glexebis erTi<br />

desetinidan xazinaSi saSualod 3,68 maneTi Sedioda, xolo qvemo<br />

svaneTSi imave farTobis miwa TiTqmis ornaxevarjer nakleb Semosavals<br />

aZlevda saxelmwifos (98, 175) niSandoblivia rom leCxumSi saxnavi<br />

miwebis fasi didad ar meryeobda. minimaluri fasi gacilebiT maRalia<br />

vidre sxva regionebSi. dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi miwebis<br />

maqsimaluri fasis sidide leCxumTan SedarebiT maTi xarisxobrivi<br />

gansxvavebiT ar unda iyos gamowveuli. SesaZloa raWisa da Sorapnis<br />

mazrebSi miwis siZvire savargulebis mwvave deficitiT iyos<br />

ganpirobebuli, xolo samegreloSi da guriaSi miwis siZviris damatebiT<br />

mizezad am regionebSi qalaquri cxovrebisa da kapitalisturi<br />

urTierTobebis ganviTareba unda miviCnioT.<br />

leCxumSi, savaraudod, saxnav-saTesi da sameurneo nakveTebis<br />

mainca da mainc didi deficitis problema mwvaved arasdros ar unda<br />

mdgariyo. am kuTxeSi XIX saukunis bolosTvis miwis garSemo atexili<br />

mxolod ori davaa dafiqsirebuli (96, 167).<br />

1886 wlis monacemebiT leCxumSi 28 036 mosaxlea (89, 81). 1959 wlis<br />

aRweriT ki 27 600. am maCveneblebis Sedareba saqarTvelos mTliani<br />

mosaxleobis amave periodis dinamikasTan, cxadad gviCvenebs rom<br />

aRniSnul wlebSi leCxumSi demografiuli problemebi ukve mwvaved dgas<br />

_ 1886 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1 697 700 sulia, 1959 wels ki 4 048<br />

600. e.i. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 2,5 jeraa gazrdili,<br />

leCxumSi ki ukuprocesia _ mosaxleobis raodenoba umniSvnelod magram<br />

mainc Semcirebulia. aRniSnuli periodis Sualeduri aRweris mixedviT,<br />

1926 wels leCxumSi 1886 welTan SedarebiT mosaxleoba matulobs 3 810<br />

suliT. regionSi mosaxleobis mateebis tempebi naklebia vidre qveyanaSi,<br />

91

Tumca TiTqmis tolia masTan ekonomikuri potenciis TvalsazrisiT<br />

yvelaze axlos mdgom qvemo raWis mosaxleobis matebis tempisa. es is<br />

periodia rodesac saqarTvelos msxvil qalaqebSi TandaTan fexs ikidebs<br />

warmoeba da amiT izidavs soflis mosaxleobas.<br />

Tu onis raionis (zemo raWa) analogiur monacemebs davakvirdebiT<br />

1886 wlidan 1926 wlamde mosaxleoba 1 930 kaciT mcirdeba. zemo raWaSi,<br />

iseve rogorc leCxumSi, mosaxleoba 1939 wlisTvis umniSvnelod<br />

matulobs, samagierod 1926-1939 wlebSi qvemo raWis mosaxleoba<br />

klebulobs. 1886-1956 wlebis mosaxleobis dinamikas Tu gadavavlebT<br />

Tvals, cxadi gaxdeba rom leCxumSi Tumca mosaxleobis gamravlebis<br />

tendenciebi ar SeimCneva, magram zemo da qvemo raWasTan SedarebiT<br />

ukeTesi demografiuli mdgomareobaa _ leCxumSi mosaxleoba 436, qvemo<br />

raWaSi 7 255, zemo raWaSi ki 8 400 suliT Semcirda. aqve mxedvelobaSia<br />

misaRebi isic, rom leCxumis teritoria zemo da qvemo raWis<br />

teritoriebze naklebia da radgan am samive regionSi TiTqmis Tanabari<br />

raodenobis mosaxleoba cxovrobs leCxumis mosaxleobis simWidrove<br />

metia raWis mosaxleobis simWidroveze. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom<br />

1886 welTan SedarebiT 1959 wels leCxumis teritoria (cageris raioni)<br />

odnav, magram mainc Semcirda – ramodenime sofeli, romlebic mefis<br />

ruseTis mmarTvelobis dros leCxumis mazraSi Sedioda da<br />

eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT leCxums ekuTvnoda, sabWoTa periodSi<br />

ambrolauris, wyaltubosa da xonis raionebs miekuTvna.<br />

mosaxleobis demografiuli qcevidan gamomdinare SeiZleba vTqvaT,<br />

rom leCxumSi mosaxleobis demografiuli stabiluroba XX saukunis Sua<br />

wlebamde grZeldeba.<br />

sainteresoa amave periodSi mosaxleobis migracia adgilobriv<br />

raionul centrebSi, sadac XIX saukunis bolos TandaTan iwyeba soflis<br />

mosaxleobis Casaxleba. raWa-leCxumSi XIX saukunis bolomde qalaquri<br />

tipis dasaxlebebi ar gvxvdeba. 1959 wels ki mosaxleobis mxolod 16,3%<br />

cxovrobs qalaqSi. es maCvenebeli TiTqmis samjer naklebia mTlianad<br />

saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi qalaqSi macxovrebelTa raodenobaze. es<br />

bunebrivicaa – raWisa da leCxumis sameurneo Taviseburebebi da<br />

geografiuli pirobebi ar iZleva didi sawarmoo infrastruqturis<br />

92

gaSlis SesaZleblobebs da aqedan gamomdinare mosaxleobis interesic<br />

regionis qalaqebisadmi sustia.<br />

93

$ 3. Ddasaxlebis struqtura<br />

XIX saukunis oTxmociani wlebis monacemebiT leCxumSi samocdasami<br />

(27, 6) sofelia. soflebis umetesoba dResac arsebobs da maTi<br />

dasaxlebis tips dResac amCnevia saukuneebis winandel sameurneo Tu sxva<br />

sazogadoebrivi faqtorebis kvali. pirvelyovlisa aRsaniSnavia is faqti,<br />

rom leCxumis sofelTa umravlesoba mdinareTa xeobebidan moSorebiT,<br />

mTebSia gaSenebuli. xalxi amis mizezad SiSianobas asaxelebs, Tumca<br />

imis gaTvaliswinenebiT rom leCxumi maincadamainc didad ar ganicdida<br />

mtris Semosevebs, am faqtors soflebis maRal mTebze Sefenilobis<br />

mTavar mizezad ver CavTvliT. savaraudod leCxumis soflebis<br />

mdinareebisagan moSorebiT gaSeneba cxeniswylisa da rionis xeobebis<br />

siviwroviT da maTi wylis sasmelad gamouyeneblobis Sedegia. orive<br />

mdinares axasiaTebs gazafxulis wyaldidobebi, garda amisa maT<br />

siaxloves mdebare adgilebi maRali tenianobis gamo sameurneo<br />

TvalsazrisiT aramomgebiania. maRali tenianoba marcvleuli<br />

kulturebidan mxolod simindisTvisaa sasargeblo da is adrec<br />

iTeseboda da axlac iTeseba mdinareebis siaxloves (15, 166) leCxumel<br />

glexTa umTavresi saqmianobisTvis, mevenaxeobsa da memindvreobas, swored<br />

rom zomierad mSrali, mTis ferdobze Sefenili savargulebi<br />

sWirdeboda. rogorc cnobilia, leCxumSi adre meurneobis wamyvani dargi<br />

xorbleulis moyvana iyo da xorbleulsac swored saSualo xarisxis<br />

niadagi, arc ise teniani, arc Zalian ficxi da mSrali miwebi sWirdeboda.<br />

xorbali ZiriTadad zegnebze da saSualo simaRleebze (15, 165),<br />

soflebidan arc Tu ise moSorebiT iTeseboda da es faqtoric<br />

ganapirobebda soflis mdebareobas mTis ferdobebis Sua nawilebSi da<br />

ara xeobebis siaxloves. garda amisa, soflis siaxlove saZovrebiT,<br />

saTibebiTa da tyeebiT mdidar mTis masivebTan, mesaqonleobis<br />

ganviTarebas uwyobda xels da samSeneblo Tu sxva daniSnulebiT xe-tyis<br />

gamoyenebasac aiolebda. leCxumis mTagoriani reliefiTa da mdinareTa<br />

xeobebis TaviseburebebiTaa gamowveuli isic, rom Zveli, Sida Tu<br />

satranzito gzebis umetesoba mdinareTa xeobebs gverds uqcevs da maRal<br />

serebsa Tu mTis Zirebs miuyveba. bunebrivia soflebis umetesobamac<br />

94

gzebis siaxloves moiyara Tavi. am gzebis siaxloves, maT<br />

makontroleblad aris gaSenebuli Suasaukuneebis cixeebic.<br />

leCxumis soflebis umetesobis geografiuli mdebareoba<br />

ganapirobebs meurneobis Taviseburebebs. sofelTa umetesobSi<br />

mevenaxeobisTvis, memindvreobisaTvisa da mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisTvis<br />

sakmaod kargi pirobebia. soflebi ZiriTadad mTis kalTebzea Sefenili<br />

da soflis dasawyissa da bolos Soris zRvis donidan simaRleebs<br />

Soris sxvaoba sakmaod didia.<br />

sxva soflebTan SedarebiT gaSlili mdebareoba aqvT raionul<br />

centrs, cagers da cageris tafobSi moqceul soflebs, muris xididan<br />

sarewkelamde (bardnala, wiferCi, gveso, Cxuteli). amave mikroregionSi<br />

gvxvdeba mTaze Sefenili soflebi larCvali da luxvano. sarewkelas<br />

samxreTiT yvela sofeli mdinare cxeniswylis xeobisgan moSorebiTaa<br />

gaSenebuli (oyureSi, zubi, maxura, isunderi). rionTan axlos mdebare<br />

soflebia alpana, lajana, orbeli, tviSi, qoreinSi. mdinaris axlo<br />

soflebi maincadamainc mravalricxovnobiT ar gamoirCevian, radganac am<br />

soflebs xeobaTa siviwrovis gamo ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi sasoflosameurneo<br />

savargulebi.<br />

leCxumis sofelTagan gamosarCevia cxukuSeri, nasperi, nakuraleSi<br />

da ucxeri, romelTac SegviZlia mTis soflebi vuwodoT. am soflebSi<br />

danarCeni leCxumisgan gansxvavebiT yurZnis mosavali Zalian mcire da<br />

uxarisxoa.<br />

BleCxumSi barisa da mdinaris viwro xeobebis soflebs<br />

mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisTvis sakmarisi pirobebis deficiti aqvs,<br />

xolo mTis soflebi mevenaxeobisTvis saWiro savargulebs moisaklisebs.<br />

`mTis soflebis~ mosaxleobis garkveul nawils savenaxe adgilebi ufro<br />

dabali zonis soflebis teritoriaze aqvT. leCxumis mosaxleobisTvis<br />

didi mniSvneloba aqvs asxisa da xvamlis sazafxulo samTo saZovrebs,<br />

romelsac mTeli leCxumis mosaxleoba iyenebs.<br />

leCxumisa da mis momijnave raWaSic demografiul stabilurobas<br />

SedarebiT dabali mdebareobis soflebi inarCuneben. 1926-1957 wlebSi<br />

raWa-leCxumis mTliani mosaxleoba 14,9%-iT klebulobs, xolo 400-600<br />

metris simaRleze mosaxleTa raodenobam 18,7%-iT imata (89, 91). amgvari<br />

95

suraTi ori mizeziT unda iyos ganpirobebuli _ erTi rom mTaSi<br />

cxovrebis mZime pirobebi mosaxleobis sxva kuTxeebSi, barSi migracias<br />

uwyobda xels da meore, rom TviT soflebma (oyureSi, aRvi, luxvano,<br />

larCvali) nel-nela xeobisken, qveviT daiwies.<br />

leCxumuri soflis dasaxlebis tipis srulad aRsaqmelad, qvemoT<br />

ganvixilavT sofeli oyureSs:<br />

sofeli oyureSSi XIX saukunis bolos oTxmocamde komli<br />

saxlobda, rac imdroindeli leCxumisTvis sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia<br />

(ufro mravalricxovania mxolod eqvsi sofeli: wiferCi, luxvano, WyviSi,<br />

lailaSi, sairme da zubi). komlSi saSualod Svidi-rva sulia. oyureSi<br />

Sefenilia mTis ferdobze, ise rom soflis dasawyisidan soflis<br />

bolomde, mkveTrad daxrili aRmarTi gzis manZili 5-6 kilometria.<br />

soflis dasaxleba iwyeba muSkudianebis ubniT. es ubani mdinare<br />

cxeniswylis xeobasTan yvelaze axlos mdebareobs. muSkudianebis ubanSi<br />

aris adgili, romelsac nacixura qvia. oyureSlebis gadmocemiT, aq cixe<br />

unda mdgariyo, zogierTis TqmiT saZirkvelis naSTebi SemorCenilic<br />

yofila. muSkudianebi soflis erT-erT pirvel macxovreblebad unda<br />

CaiTvalon; am gvaris xalxi oyureSSi XVI saukunis bolos, rogorc<br />

cageris sakaTedro taZris ymebi `sacagerlos gamosavlis davTarSi~<br />

moixseniebian. aRsaniSnavia, rom muSkudianebis rva komlidan eqvss mefis<br />

molaSqreoba akisria, e.i. samxedrovaldebulia. SesaZloa, es eqvsi komli<br />

swored, nacixurad wodebul adgilze odesRac arsebuli cixis garSemo<br />

mosaxleni arian, romelTac mecixovneoba evalebodaT. muSkudianebi<br />

oyureSSi dResac yvelaze mravalricxovani gvaria, maT Semdeg<br />

ricxovnobiT mamardaSvilebi modian. mamardaSvilebic muSkudianebis<br />

gverdiT cageris eklesiis ymebad moixseniebian, `sacagerlos gamosavlis<br />

davTarSi~. am gvaris xalxiT dasaxlebulia soflis ori ubani,<br />

samamardaSvilo da saxeloiSvilo. erTad aRebuli es ori ubani soflis<br />

yvelaze vrceli adgilia da savaraudod erTi gvaris xalxiT,<br />

mamardaSvilebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (xeloiSvilebi mamardaSvilebis erTi<br />

Stoa da maTi oficialuri gvari mamardaSvilia). muSkudianebisa da<br />

mamardaSvilebis ubnebs Soris samandario da arjevaniZeebis ubania.<br />

gadmocemis Tanaxmad mandariebi da arjevaniZeebi oyureSSi mogvianebiT,<br />

96

savaraudod XVIII saukuneSi unda Camosaxlebuliyvnen. sofelSi aris<br />

kidev sam ubani, yelieri, gora da faTquneiSvilebi, romlTa mosaxleoba<br />

araerTgvarovania. safiqralia, rom es ubnebi SedarebiT mogviano xanaSi<br />

warmoiSva da misi mosaxleobis umetesoba sxvadasxva soflebidan<br />

gadmosaxlebuli unda iyvnen. magaliTad, goraSi mcxovrebi<br />

ugrexeliZeebi Tavs laWepitidan gadmosaxlebulebad Tvlian,<br />

goleTianebi da yuraSvilebi sakuTar warmoSobas sofel nakuraleSs<br />

ukavSireben. gora da yelieri marTlac oyureSis ganapira ubnebia da<br />

mosavlianobis mxriv maincadamainc saxarbielo miwebiTac ar gamoirCeva.<br />

oyureSSi meurneobis ZiriTadi dargis, mevenaxeobisTvis yvelaze uprian<br />

adgilad soflis centraluri nawili, mamardaSvilebis, arjevaniZeebisa<br />

da mandariebis ubani iTvleboda. am ubnebSi sanaqebo mosavali scodnia<br />

unikalur vazis jiSs usaxelours. soflis ganapira teritoriebze<br />

mosaxleobas mohyavda xorbleuli da simindi. soflis gareT mdebare<br />

savargulebs gare yanebs eZaxdnen da maTze Tanabari uflebebi hqondaT,<br />

rogorc soflis ganapira ubnebis aseve Sua soflis mcxovreblebsac.<br />

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom soflis ganapira ubnebSi mosaxleoba ufro<br />

metad mesaqonleobas misdevda, rasac adgilobrivi pirobebis<br />

Taviseburebani ganapirobebda. amgvarad sofeli sameurneo TvalsazrisiT<br />

erTgvar vertikalur zonebad iyofoda.<br />

oyureSisa da zubis sazRvarze mdebareobs adgili romelsac<br />

namosaxli ewodeba. gadmocemiT aq mamardaSvilebs da yuraSvilebs<br />

ucxovriaT. savaraudod XVII saukunis sabuTebSi moxseniebuli glexi<br />

mamardaSvilebis ojaxebi swored namosaxlis teritoriaze saxlobdnen.<br />

amis safuZvels gvaZlevs is rom sabuTebSi mamardaSvilTa Soris bevris<br />

xelobad moxseniebulia meTevzeoba, namosaxli ki oyureSTan SedarebiT<br />

Zalian axloa mdinare cxeniswyalTan da kvereSulasTan. aseve<br />

savaraudoa, rom Ggabriel cagerelis mier zubelebisaTvis (SesaZloa<br />

zubis cixis mecixovneebisTvis) micemuli sakuTari ymis, mamardaSvilis<br />

begaris nawili am glexis sacxovrebeli adgilis zubis cixis<br />

siaxloviTac iyo gamowveuli. namosaxlidan, didi zvavebis gamo,<br />

mosaxleoba XIX saukunis bolos ayrila. aq soflis arseboba marTlac<br />

realuria _ namosaxlis teritoriaze mravladaa wyaroebi (binuli, raCxa).<br />

97

mdebareobiTac gacilebiT gaSlili da vakea vidre oyureSi. namosaxlis<br />

Tavze aris adgili romelsac oyureSelebi ,,nasayTr goras~ uwodeben.<br />

mdinare cxeniswylis meore napirze namosaxlis mopirdapired mdebareobs<br />

zubis cixe. ase rom namosaxli da misi mimdebare teritoria soflis<br />

mTlian kompleqss moicavs _ soflis dasawyisSi (cixe dasaxlebamdea<br />

sofel isunderSic, zubs ki erTi cixe dasawyisSi udgas ori ki soflis<br />

bolos; soflis SuaSi cixeebi gvxvdeba luxvanoSi, nasperSi) mdebareobs<br />

cixe, soflis bolos SemaRlebul gorakze odesRac mdgara saydari, maT<br />

Soris ki sofeli da misi mimdebare savargulebi iyo moTavsebuli. Tu<br />

soflis struqturis am suraTs mivyvebiT, soflis ganlagebis wesi<br />

Semdegnairia: sofelTa umetesoba cixe-simagris siaxlovesaa gaSenebuli.<br />

eklesia umetesad soflis TavSi dgas. soflis centraluri nawilSi<br />

mosaxleTa kar-midamo, mamuli (venaxi) gacilebiT noyier miwebzea<br />

gaSenebuli vidre ganapira ubnebis mcxovrebTa ezoebi. es tendencia<br />

meurneobaSi miwaTmoqmedebis upiratesi rolis mqone soflebisTvis unda<br />

iyos maxasiaTebeli. mTis soflebis mosaxleobas ki xSirad SedarebiT<br />

dabal soflebSi aqvT venaxebi.<br />

rogorc wesi, Tavisi adgili hqonda sasaflaos. is Tavdapirvelad<br />

soflis boloSi unda yofiliyo da Zalian xSirad eklesiis ezoSic<br />

mdebareobda. droTa ganmavlobaSi sofelebi farTovdeboda da dRes<br />

xSirad sasaflaoebs soflis centrSic SevxvdebiT.<br />

oyureSs, iseve rogorc cxeniswylis xeobis sxva soflebs Camoudis<br />

sasmelad vargisi da sameurneo daniSnulebisTvis (wisqvilebisTvis)<br />

gamosadegi patar-patara mdinareebi. oyureSSi aseTi mdinareebia<br />

lelifana da laSkodia. sofeli maxura da isunderi mdinare raCxazea<br />

gaSenebuli, zubi kvereSulazea, jonoulis xeobaSi qulbaqi da Cqumia. am<br />

mdinareebSi bevri Tevzia.<br />

mTebze Sefenil soflebSi sasmeli wylis funqcias kodebi<br />

asruleben. kodebs oyureSSi TavianTi funqcia arc dRes daukargavT:<br />

dResac ki oyureSSi yvela ubans Tavisi kodi aqvT. arjevaniZeebis ubanis<br />

SesasvlelSi mdebareobs ubnis qvemoT ori kodi funqcionirebs. ubnis<br />

qvemoT arsebul wyaros civwyaros eZaxian. mamardaSvilebis ubanSi aris<br />

ori wyaro: yuraSvilebis kodi da oqromileis wyali. muSkudianebis ubani<br />

98

adre Turme qvarianis kodiT sargeblobda. qvarianis kodis oyureSSi<br />

arseboba TiTqos moulodnelia, qvarianebi oyureSis macxovreblebi ar<br />

arian. savaraudod kodma saxeli oyureSSi XVII saukuneSi arsebuli<br />

qvarianis sasaxlis gamo miiRo _ daaxloebiT 1656 wlis daTariRebuli<br />

saeklesio sabuTis mixedviT cageris episkoposs SeukeTebia qvarianis<br />

kuTvnili sasaxle (23, 521). rogorc am sabuTidan irkveva es sasaxle<br />

odiSis mTavris moxeles vinme qvarians ekuTvnoda.<br />

miuxedavad wyaroebis simravlisa, sasmeli wylis problemis<br />

mogvarebaSi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba Webs hqondaT. oyureSSi yovel meoremesame<br />

mosaxles ezoSi hqonda sakuTari Wa.<br />

sofeli oyureSis dayofa ubnebad, romelTac saxelebi iq mosaxle<br />

xalxis gvareulobiT erqmeva, gvaCvenebs, rom oyureSSi dasaxlebis<br />

Tavdapirveli forma gvarovnuli yofila. sofelSi exlac SeimCneva<br />

gvarovnuli dasaxlebis kvali _ sisixliT naTesavebi, ZmaTaSvilebi anu<br />

saxlikacebi erTmaneTis maxloblad cxovroben. isini erTmaneTis ezoSi<br />

da saxlSi TiTqmis daukiTxavad Sedian. xSirad saxlikacebs Wac saerTo<br />

hqondaT, romelic maTi ezoebis sazRvarze idga. dResdReisobiT ubnebis<br />

mosaxleoba mravalferovania da samezoblo Temis niSnebi gaaCnia: kuTxemezobeli<br />

iseve miRebulia ojaxSi rogorc uaxloesi naTesavi. lxinisa<br />

da Wiris dReebze kuTxe-mezoblis ar mowveva ufro meti danaSaulia<br />

vidre gvariTa da sisxliT naTesavis daviwyeba. ubanSi anu kuTxemezoblobaSi<br />

urTierTqorwili maincadamainc misaRebi ar aris.<br />

sarewkelas kldekaris CrdiloeTiT cxeniswylis xeoba farTovdeba<br />

da soflebi (bardnala, wiferCi, cageri, gveso, larCvali, Cxuteli)<br />

mdinaresTan SedarebiT axlosaa gaSenebuli. Tumca am soflebis<br />

Tavdapirvel teritoriebad mainc cxeniswylis xeobidan moSorebuli<br />

adgilebi unda CavTvaloT. soflebis dabla Camowevis faqtebi xnieri<br />

mosaxleobis gadmocemebiT dasturdeba da es tendecia dResac<br />

SeimCneva.<br />

cxeniswylis xeobis SedarebiT maRal soflebSi nasperSi, kenaSSi,<br />

sanorCSi wyali mdinareebis saxiT naklebadaa. Webic Zalian iSviaTad<br />

gvxdeba. samagierod bevria wyaroebi romlebic mosaxleobas sasmeli<br />

wylis problemas uxsnis. iseve rogorc, yvelgan mTis soflebSic<br />

99

dasaxlebis adreuli tipi gvarovnuli iyo. magaliTad, sofeli nasperi<br />

masSi mosaxle gvarebis mixedviT iyofa iremaZeebis, axvledianebis,<br />

arCvaZeebisa da fruiZeebis ubnebad.<br />

100

$ 4. urTierTdaxmarebis formebi<br />

leCxumis soflebSi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva<br />

kuTxeebSi, saojaxo meurneobaSi did rols asrulebda koleqtiuri<br />

urTierTdaxmarebis tradicia. Cvens xelT arsebuli eTnografiuli<br />

masala, romliTac SegviZlia vimsjeloT koleqtiuri Sromis formebze,<br />

XX saukunis dasawyisisaa, anu im periodisaa, roca xalxi umetesad patarpatara,<br />

individualur ojaxebad cxovrobs da didi, gauyofeli ojaxebi<br />

iSviaTad gvxvdeba. swored, didi, mravalsuliani da mravalTaobiani<br />

ojaxebis koleqtiuri Sromis tradiciidan unda modiodes leCxumSi<br />

dafiqsirebuli ganayari ojaxebis erToblivi Sroma _ soflis gareT<br />

arsebul savargulebs, gare yanebs, babuisSvilobaSi Semavali ojaxebi<br />

erTad amuSavebdnen. aRebuli mosavali nawildeboda Tanabrad, imisda<br />

miuxedavad, vin ra moculobis samuSao Seasrula. amgvari SemTxvevebi<br />

leCxumSi iSviaTi saxiTaa SemorCenili, Tumca babuisSvilebs, erTi fuZis<br />

ganayaris erTianobis tradicias, garda am saxis koleqtiuri meurneobisa<br />

migvaniSnebs isic rom ganayari ojaxebs xSirad saerTo salocavi<br />

hqondaT da sadResaswaulo wes-Cveulebebsa da ritualebs Zalian xSirad<br />

erToblivad asrulebdnen (20, 53). babuiSvilebis mier ziari<br />

miwaTsargeblobis faqtebi dafiqsirebulia sofel zaragulaSi mosaxle<br />

kopalianebSi _ miwis saerTo nakveTs ori wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi<br />

ojaxi amuSavebda, Semdgomi ori wlis vadiT babiSvilobis sxva ojaxi da<br />

a.S.. amave sofelSi saTibi adgilebi gauyofeli hqoniaT. saTibs mTeli<br />

naTesaoba (babuiSvilebi) erTad Tibavdnen da Semdeg ojaxebis mixedviT<br />

inawilebdnen (27, 12).<br />

xelmokle, an droebiT umamakacod darCenili ojaxebis SromiTi<br />

daxmareba, sazogadoebrivi yofis gacilebiT adreuli etapidan unda<br />

modiodes. dasaxmareblad, umetesad sakuTari iniciativiT<br />

erTiandebodnen, zogjer samuSaos organizebas soflis Tavkacebi<br />

ukeTebdnen. damxmareni samuSaod sakuTari Sromis iaraRiT, xSirad<br />

sakuTari sagzliT midiodnen. koleqtiuri Sromis am formis, safuZvels<br />

urTierTnaTesaoba ar warmoadgenda (20, 42). Tumca, Cveni azriT,<br />

daxmarebis es forma, gvarovnuli sazogadoebis ideologidan iRebs<br />

101

saTaves, romlis mixedviTac gvaris TiToeuli wevri valdebulia<br />

daxmareba gauwios SedarebiT naklebi SeZlebis TanamoZmes.<br />

leCxumSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli koleqtiuri Sromis formas<br />

nads uZaxian. nadi, ZiriTadad marcvleuli kulturebis Toxnisa da<br />

mosavlis aRebis dros ewyoba, radganac es samuSaoebi sakmaod<br />

Sromatevadia da Tanac drois mcire intervalSia Sesasrulebeli.<br />

dasaxmareblad mezoblebs, ojaxi daTqmul dRes moiwvevda. isini Tavs,<br />

rogorc wesi dilaadrian yanaSi iyridnen. zogjer patronis ojaxSic<br />

ikribebodnen. mcire sauzmis Semdeg, nadis romelime wevri samuSaos<br />

anawilebda. miwa iyofoda svrelebad/surielebad, romelsac nadis<br />

TiToeuli wevri amuSavebda. saukeTeso muSas mesvrele erqva. TiTo kaci,<br />

mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi, ramodenime svrels `aitanda~. svrelis TavSi<br />

CafiT Rvino idga. TiTo svrelis damTavrebis Semdeg Seisvenebdnen,<br />

Rvinos dalevdnen da momdevno svrels Seudgebodnen. muSaobisas<br />

mRerodnen nadurs. SuadRisas sadilobdnen, naSuadRevs samxrobdnen,<br />

SeRamebulze ki vaxSmad samuSaos patronTan midiodnen, sadac maT<br />

guluxvad maspinZlobdnen.<br />

urTierTdaxmareba icodnen tyeSi axos gaWris, sazamTrod SeSis an<br />

xis masalis transportirebis dros. mezoblebi erTmaneTs exmarebodnen<br />

xvna-Tesvis drosac. Toxnis, axos aRebisa da im samuSaoebis dros,<br />

romlebic did fizikur Zalas moiTxovda nadSi mamakacebi<br />

erTiandebodnen. Toxnis dros, iSviaTad icodnen qalebis nadi, romelic<br />

ZiriTadad sacxovrebelTan axlo mdebare yanis gasaToxnad ewyoboda.<br />

Zalian xSiri iyo simindis, lobios da sxva mosavlis garCevis dros<br />

qalebis nadi, romelic iwyeboda navaxSmevs da grZeldeboda mamlis<br />

pirvel yivilamde. mowveulebs diasaxlisi guluxvad maspinZlobda da am<br />

gamaspinZlebas siris kudi erqva (20, 42). qalebis nadi icodnen maxisa da<br />

zanduris aRebis drosac. simindis aRebis dros nadi Sereuli iyo, masSi<br />

monawileobdnen qalebic da kacebic.<br />

koleqtiuri Sromis, SedarebiT gansxvavebuli formaa ramodenime<br />

ojaxis gaerTianeba erTgvar amxanagobebad, romelic ramodenime glexis<br />

SeTanxmebis Sedegad ikribeboda. amgvari gaerTianebis wevrebi,<br />

gansazRvrul dReebSi erTmaneTs exmarebodnen. saWmeli im ojaxisa iyo<br />

102

vis yanaSic samuSao sruldeboda. am saxis urTierTdaxmarebas, naklebad<br />

mdidari glexebi mimarTavdnen, mdidrebi ki nads iwvevdnen.<br />

miwaTmoqmedebasTan da sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

sazogadoebaSi arsebobda garkveuli wesebi, romelTa safuZvels<br />

religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi iyo _ leCxumSi nadis dReebi samSabaTi<br />

da oTxSabTia. orSabaTsa da xuTSabaTs glexi ZiriTadad Tavis<br />

meurneobaSi muSaobs. amis mizezi, orSabaTisa da xuTSabaTis<br />

gansakuTrebul dReebad miCneva unda vivaraudoT, romlis mixedviT<br />

leCxumeli am dReebSi ojaxidan raimis gatanas, ganaTxovrebas,<br />

gasxvisebas erideba, xelis gadayola icis da ojaxSi baraqas gamolevso.<br />

paraskevs miwis ryeva (miwaze muSaoba) akrZalul iyo. SabaT-kvirasac<br />

dRis meore naxevarSi miwis samuSaoebis Sesrulebas eridebodnen. miwis<br />

samuSaoebi wydeboda sofelSi vinmes gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. adre, am<br />

akrZalvebs sakmaod did yuradRebas aqcevdnen da meTvalyured<br />

specialurad dayenebuli kaci `meuqmari~ hyavdaT. zogierT sofelSi<br />

meuqmis movaleobas mevele asrulebda, romelsac xeStavi erqva. meuqmari<br />

Seuferebel dros momuSaves ajarimebda. zogierT sofelSi `damrRvevs~<br />

mRvdelTanac ki uCiodnen, romelic dawerda ganaCens, romlis mixedviTac<br />

wesis uarmyofels droebiTi boikoti ucxaddeboda, sofeli mas droebiT<br />

riyavda (gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi ar exmareboda, ar icavda da a.S.). rwmena<br />

imisa, rom uqmis texva RvTis sasjels iwvevda wm. maqsimes eklesiaSi<br />

avdaris Sesawyvetad mavedrebeli mlocvelebis msvlelobis bolo<br />

nawilSic dasturdeba: kiserze RvleWmobmuli ramodenime aTeuli<br />

mlocveli maqsimes eklesiis Soriaxlo Cerdeba, eklesiaSi RvTisnier,<br />

dafasebul, uqmes rom ar texda iseT kacs gaagzavnidnen mociqulad.<br />

eklesiidan gamosuli xalxs amcnobda: `wminda maqsime gviwyreba,<br />

gvemduris: uqmi ar iciT, RmerTi ar gwamT da sxva~ (17, 54) . rogorc am<br />

magaliTidan Cans, xalxi wmindanis ganrisxebis pirvel mizezad uqmis<br />

gatexvas miiCnevs, romelic faqtobrivad RvTis gmobis tolfasia.<br />

soflebSi saerTo saTemo dResaswaulebs dResdReisobiTac mTeli<br />

sofeli aRniSnavs. gvianSuasaukuneebis monacemebiT saerTo saTemo<br />

dResaswaulebi, eklesiis mesveurTa xelmZRvanelobiT imarTeboda sofel<br />

oyureSSi, usaxeloSi, laxefaSi. saerTo saTemo dResaswauli iyo<br />

103

wifeTeliobac, romlis drosac mTeli orbeli xars yidulobda, Semdeg<br />

es xari orbelis TemSi Semaval soflebze (ubnebze) Tanabrad<br />

nawildeboda da am saklaviT mzaddeboda sadResaswaulo sufris kerZebi.<br />

xvamlobas mTeli leCxumi dResac erTad aRniSnavs da xvamlis wminda<br />

giorgis eklesiasTan leCxumis TiTqmis yvela soflis warmomadgeneli<br />

iyris Tavs.<br />

leCxumSi ufro xSiri saojaxo da sagvareulo<br />

dResaswaulia. axalkvireobas ZiriTadad orbelis Temis mosaxleoba<br />

aRniSnavda. gorgoTobis aRniSvna gansakuTrebulad icodnen nasperSi,<br />

spaTagorSi, RviriSsa da laWepitaSi. am dResaswaulze ojaxis wevrebi,<br />

saxlikacebi, naTesavebi cdilobdnen erTad yofiliyvnen. magaliTad,<br />

sofeli oyureSis macxovrebel ugrexeliZeebs wesad hqoniaT laWepitaSi<br />

stumroba, ragdanac warmoSobiT isini laWepitidan yofilan. saojaxo<br />

dResaswaulebze wesad hqondaT gaTxovili qalis ded-mamis saxlSi<br />

misvla, naTliebis, dobil-Zmobilebis dapatiJeba.<br />

leCxumis yofis arc Tu ise mravlad arsebul aRwerilobebSi da<br />

savele eTnografiuli masaliT kargad Cans, rom am kuTxis sazogadoebaSi<br />

arsebobda urTierTdaxmarebis formebi, rac sazogadoebis nebismieri<br />

wevris keTildReobas ganapirobebda _ SedarebiT SeZlebulebi<br />

Sromatevad samuSaoebs nadiT asrulebdnen, radganac maT nadis<br />

ramodenimejer gamarTvis da damxmareTa uxvad gamaspinZlebis saSualeba<br />

hqondaT; SedarebiT mcire SeZlebisani amxanagobebad erTiandebodnen da<br />

erTad asrulebdnen mravali muSa xelis momTxovn ama Tu im samuSaos;<br />

yvelaze xelmokleTaTvis ki mTeli sofeli zrunavda, mZime samuSaoebis<br />

SesrulebaSi exmareboda da gverdSi edga.<br />

SromiTi daxmarebis es formebi, savaraudod SemorCenili unda iyos<br />

saTemo tradiciebidan, romelebic saTaves Soreul warsulSi iReben da<br />

maTi ideuri arsi yoveli meTemis keTildReobaa.<br />

sasoflo Temis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis gamoZaxils,<br />

koleqtiuri da SromiTi daxmarebis formebis garda saerTo saTemo<br />

dResaswaulebi da Zalze iSviaTi cnobebiT Semonaxuli saTemo<br />

TviTmmarTvelobac warmoadgens.<br />

104

leCxumSi, gadmocemebi TviTmarTvelobis formebis Sesaxeb sakmaod<br />

mwiria. saerTo saTemo problemebis ganxilva gadmocemebis mixedviT,<br />

specialur TavSeyris adgilze xdeboda. aseTi adgili yvela ubans<br />

gaaCnda. soflis TviTmarTvelobis ufrosi umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />

mamasaxlisi iyo. soflis mosaxleobis mier arCeuli mamasaxlisi<br />

oficialurad mTavrobis moxelec iyo. mis xelqveiT iyvnen asisTavebi da<br />

moxalise ocisTavebi. TviTmarTvelobis namdvili forma sofel nasperSi<br />

XX saukunis 40-ian wlebamde SemorCa. gadmocemebiT soflis saWirboroto<br />

sakiTxebs Tormeti uxucesi wyvetda, romlebsac Tomaia iremaZe<br />

xelmZRvanelobda. uxucesebis TavSeyris adgili soflis eklesiis ezo<br />

gaxldaT. maTi gadawyvetileba avtoritetuli da angariSgasawevi iyo<br />

soflis yvela mosaxlisaTvis (mTxrobeli S. RurWumaliZe).<br />

105

leCxumis saojaxo yofa<br />

$ 1. Oojaxis formebi<br />

leCxumis sazogadoebrivi yofis amsaxveli istoriuli sabuTebi da<br />

wyaroebi, arqeologiuri monapovrebi, aqamde arsebuli eTnografiuli<br />

masala, sul axlaxan savele samuSaoebis Sedegad mopovebuli cnobebi<br />

leCxumis saojaxo yofisa da am kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli rwmenawarmodgenebze<br />

garkveul, metnaklebad srul warmodgenas gviqmnis.<br />

leCxumis saojaxo yofa-cxovrebis zogierTi niuansi qarTuli<br />

eTnografiuli mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa mier nawilobriv aris<br />

Seswavlili: ojaxis sacxovrebelze, sameurneo mowyobaze, saojaxo<br />

inventarze, saritualo da sadResaswaulo tradiciebze sakmaod<br />

mniSvnelovan warmodgenas gviqmnis m. alaviZis Sromebi. saojaxo<br />

tradiciebi, ojaxis wevrTa funqciebi SegviZlia amovikiTxoT fafala<br />

gardafxaZe-qiqoZis aRwerilobebSi, sadac man dawvrilebiT gadmogvca<br />

xalxSi arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi da saxalxo dResaswaulebi.<br />

ojaxTa Soris koleqtiuri urTierTdaxmarebis formebis, wylis kultis,<br />

qvis warmoebis, Cacmulobis, micvalebulis kultis Tu saxalxo<br />

dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb cnobebi da maT garSemo mosazrebebi<br />

Tavmoyrilia krebulSi „leCxumi“ (g. jalabaZe, T. gelaZe, e. nadiraZe, l.<br />

molodini, c. bezaraSvili, m. makalaTia, l. soselia, n. qajaia). Tumca es<br />

krebuli pirdapir cnobebs saojaxo yofis Sesaxeb ar Seicavs, magram<br />

gamoqveynebuli statiebi, romlebic ZiriTadad savele eTnografiul<br />

masalas eyrdnoba ojaxuri yofis zogierTi niuansis garkvevaSi<br />

mniSvnelovan daxmarebas gviwevs.<br />

arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT leCxumSi xalxi jer kidev qvis<br />

xanaSi dasaxlebula. brinjaos xanaSi leCxumi erT-erT dawinaurebul<br />

mxared qceula. leCxumSi napovni brinjaos aTi ganZi, brinjaos zodebi<br />

da widis fenebi (64, 3) adgilze brinjaos warmoebis udavo dasturia.<br />

brinjaos xanaSi leCxumSi arsebuli liTonis warmoebis centrebi am<br />

kuTxis ekonomikur dawinaurebas gamoiwvevda. samarovnebSi Catanebuli<br />

nivTebis mixedviT cxadia, rom Zv. w. aR-iT V saukuneSi leCxumSi, iseve,<br />

106

ogorc saqarTvelos mrval sxva kuTxeSi, dawyebulia socialuri<br />

diferenciacia. socialuri diferenciacia, rogorc cnobilia gvarovnuli<br />

Temis Slas da ojaxuri dasaxlebebis gavrcelebas gulisxmobs.<br />

qonebrivi gansxvaveba, safuZveli sazogadoebis klasebad dayofisa, rac<br />

TavisTavad ekonomikurad da uflebrivad gansxvavebuli saojaxo Temebis<br />

Camoyalibebis winapirobaa, TvalnaTelia brinjaos xanis mTiani kolxeTis<br />

samarovnebis magaliTze _ usaxelosa da cxeTis samarxebi aSkarad<br />

Raribulia, amave drois samarovnebi da brinjaos ganZebi ki sakmaod<br />

mdidrulia (70, 99).<br />

iseve, rogorc sxva kuTxeebSi ojaxis Tavdapirveli forma, didi,<br />

gauyofeli, mravalTaobiani ojaxi unda yofiliyo. savaraudod,<br />

adrefeodaluri xanidan warCinebulTa patara-patara, individualur<br />

ojaxebic arsebobda. aq arsebuli mZlavri saTavdacvo sistema, romelic<br />

raRa Tqma unda moiTxovda mudmivmomsaxure personals, leCxumel<br />

molaSqreTa aqtiuri monawileoba dasavleT saqarTvelos samxedro<br />

saqmeebSi, ganapirobebda am kuTxeSi qonebrivad dawinaurebulTa fenis<br />

warmoqmnas. TavisTavad es dawinaurebulebi, anu warCinebulebi, ojaxebis<br />

Sesanaxad didi saojaxo meurneobebis ar saWiroebdnen, maT patara-patara<br />

individualur ojaxebadac SeiZleba ecxovraT. qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

miRebuli azri am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs: mexuTe saukuneSi<br />

„SuSanikis wamebis“ erT-erT epizodSi dafiqsirebulia, rom varsqeni da<br />

misi Zma jojiki cal-calke saxloben (87, 140).<br />

V saukunidan moyolebuli IX saukunemde qarTuli individualuri<br />

ojaxebi kidev inarCunebdnen winamorbedi saojaxo Temis calkeul<br />

elementebs, rogoricaa uZravi qonebis gauyofloba, mSoblebis<br />

gardacvalebamde Svilebis gauyreloba (86; 389, 376).<br />

leCxumis saojaxo yofis, ufro sworad ojaxis struqturuli saxis<br />

dasadgenad sainteresoa istoriuli sabuTebi. leCxumis Sesaxeb sakmaod<br />

mniSvnelovan cnobebs XVII-XVIII saukunis saeklesio sabuTebi Seicavs,<br />

romlebic gamoqveynebulia s. kakabaZis da i. doliZis mier.<br />

gvianfeodalur xanaSi, leCxumSi did, gauyofel ojaxad cxovreba<br />

tipiuri unda yofiliyo. cageris saepiskoposos kuTvnil ymebisa da maTi<br />

batonis urTierTdamokidebulebis aRmwer dokumentebSi moxseniebul<br />

107

ymaTa gvar-saxelebi individualuri ojaxebis ufrosTa gvar-saxels ar<br />

unda niSnavdes. im dros ymebis siaSi Semavali gvari komlis ufrosis<br />

gvaria, komlSi Sedis ojaxebi, romelsac TavianTi ufrosi, „Tavi“ hyavT<br />

(88, 10).<br />

qronologiurad yvelaze adrindeli saeklesio sabuTi, romelic<br />

leCxumuri ojaxebis Sesaxeb Seicavs informacias, „sacagerlos<br />

gamosavlis davTaria“. samocdaoTxi glexis komlidan samoci<br />

moxseniebulia erTi kacis gvar-saxelis dasaxelebiT; magaliTad:<br />

„marTebs svaniZes cicunasa Rvino goro kiTxi, saklavi ori…“. sami ojaxi<br />

moxseniebulia ori kaciT, mag.: marTebs goleTians qiqnias da tatias<br />

TeTr ocdaaTi da Rvino goro 5. savaraudod, ori kaciT moxseniebuli<br />

ojaxebi SedarebiT didia erTi kaciT moxseniebul ojaxebze. amas<br />

gadasaxadebic migvaniSnebs – oyureSel maTvalia mamardaSvilisa da<br />

mamamisis gauyofel ojaxebs saSualo gadasaxadze meti begara uwevT,<br />

Tanac damatebiTi begaris yvela movaleoba – tvirTis zidva,<br />

mebatonesTan muSaoba da mefis laSqroba adevT. cxadia, amgvar mZime<br />

gadasaxadebs didi ojaxi, e. i. mravali muSaxeli dasWirdeboda. or<br />

SemTxvevaSi ori kaciT moxseniebuli ojaxi saSualo zomis gadasaxads<br />

ixdis, Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs rom es ojaxebi mcirericxovania da<br />

naklebi materialuri SeZlebis arian. qiqina da TaTia goleTianebisa da<br />

miqel maRrianis da misi Svili gabrielis ojaxebi wodebiT<br />

mosamsaxureni arian, da savaraudod, amitomac ixdian moinale glexTan<br />

SedarebiT mcire gadasaxads. sainteresoa Cxuteleli glexebis,<br />

Sovianebis gadasaxadi da maTi moxsenieba krebiTi saxiT – `marTebs<br />

Soviansa sulmamiSvilebsa Rvino goro ocdacameti, puri kabiwi ori,<br />

qaTami oTxi, puris Wama, tvirTi da muSaoba“. rogorc vxedavT<br />

gadasaxadi sakmaod didia – saSualo gadasaxadi sacagerlos ymebisTvis<br />

daaxloebiT 150 litr Rvinos, 60 kg. xorbals da or saklavs da 2 qaTams<br />

Seadgens. Sovianebs ki tonaze meti Rvinisa da centnerze meti xorblis<br />

gadaxda uwevT. aqac TvalnaTliv Cans rom ojaxi Zalian<br />

mravalricxovania, bevri muSaxeli hyavs da gvariani materialuri<br />

SeZlebisac aris. Sovianebis mraval ojaxiani komlis gamorCeuloba<br />

sacagerlos sxva komlTagan, maT krebiT saxelSi „sulmamiSvilebSi“ Cans.<br />

108

sulmamiSvili – erTobliv, mTlian fuZes unda gulisxmobdes da Tu<br />

gadasaxadebis mixedviT ganvsjiT da Sovianebis TiTo komlis wils<br />

saerTo meurneobaSi sacagerlos sxva ojaxebis gadasaxadebis raodenobas<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT, gamova rom sulmamiSvilebi 8-9 komls aerTianeben.<br />

erT fuZed da ramdenime komlad saojaxo gaerTianebis moxseniebas am<br />

droisaTvis, sxvadasxva dokumentebSi vxvdebiT. 1545 wlis bagrat mefis<br />

gelaTisadmi Sewirulobis dokumentSi fiqsirdeba, rom laSxiSvilebs<br />

niJaraZeebisagan sisxlSi gamourTmeviT qutireli, farsmanayaneveli da<br />

namaSevreli glexebi. amaTgan mardalaSvilebi (farsmanayaneli) erTi fuZe<br />

da rva komli uyidia da bagrat mefes eklesiisaTvis Seuwiravs (23, 187).<br />

mardalaSvilebi, Cans did teritoriaze mosaxle fuZiT erTi warmoSobis<br />

komlTa gaerTianebaa da maT gaaCniaT sakuTari mamuli, eklesia,<br />

sasaflao, wyali, wisqvili, veli, venaxi, yanebi, saTibebi, tyeebi,<br />

sanadiroebi, Walebi, saTevzaoebi, mTiTa da bariT. mardalaSvilebi<br />

farsmanayanevSi vrcel miwebs floben da zemoT CamoTvlili sameurneo<br />

saSualebani Tu savargulebi rva komlis saerTo sakuTrebaa.<br />

mardalaSvilebis magaliTze, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom leCxumSi<br />

sulmamiSvilebi, e. i. erTi mamis Svilebidan wamosuli Sovianebi arian,<br />

isinic erT fuZed iTvlebian da did gvarovnul gaerTianebasac<br />

warmoadgendnen.<br />

mardalaSvilebisa da Sovian sulmamiSvilebisagan gansxvavebuli,<br />

SedarebiT momcro unda iyos gvianSuasaukuneebis didi ojaxis saerTo<br />

tipi. leCxumSi didi ojaxebi albaT sam-oTx Taobas aerTianebs. XVII-XVIII<br />

saukunis saeklesio sabuTebSi mamis da Svilis, mamis Svilisa da<br />

Zmiswulis Zmebis erToblivad moxseniebis mrvali magaliTi gvaqvs –<br />

magaliTad: foCiani kacia da misi Zma giorgi da TaTia (33, 55)<br />

mamardaSvili kaxnia da misi mama (23, 521) kakia nemsiwveriZe, misi Svili<br />

da Zmiswulebi (33, 55). zog SemTxvevaSi komli ori kaciTaa moxseniebuli,<br />

magram am ors Soris naTesauri kavSiri ar aris dafiqsirebuli, mag.<br />

lakoxeliani kacia da giorgi; mucxvatelaZe kacia da gonieri.<br />

savaraudoa, rom erTi kacis gvar-saxeliT moxseniebuli komli orsam<br />

Taobiania. masSi mamis da Svilebis ojaxebi erTad cxoroben. es<br />

komlebi mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg (umetes SemTxvevaSi)<br />

109

iyofodnen. amdenive Taobis gamaerTianebeli unda iyos is komlebi,<br />

romlebic ori an meti kacis saxeliT fiqsirdebian dokumentebSi. mamisa<br />

da Svilis, erToblivi komlis moxsenieba ama Tu im sabuTSi, komlSi<br />

Semavali ojaxebis mravalricxovnobiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli.<br />

batonisa da ymis urTierTobis ganmsazRvrel dokumentebSi zustad<br />

unda yofiliyo Camoyalibebuli ymis valdebulebebi. es valdebulebebi<br />

Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, Tumca glexTa komlebis gayofisas am<br />

ganayofebis valdebulebebi, sxvagvarad unda gansazRvruliyo. amitomacaa<br />

davTrebSi dafiqsirebuli, rom mamisa da Svilis esa Tu is komli,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom mravalricxovania, erToblivad ixdis gadasaxads –<br />

Tav begaras da damatebiT begarasac (batonisaTvis puris Wmevas, tvirTs,<br />

samsaxurs, muSaobas da a. S.)<br />

XVII-XVIII saukunis saeklesio sabuTebSi gvxvdeba saintereso<br />

terminebi, romlebic ojaxis tipze warmodgenas gviqmnis. „Sewirulobis<br />

da wyalobis wignebSi“ didi ojaxebis, gauyreli komlebis aRsaniSnavad<br />

„erTsaxli Zmebi“ ixmareba. magaliTad: xosia da giorgi<br />

axvledianebisadmi aleqsandre mefis wyalobis wignSi CamoTvlilia<br />

axvledianebisadmi naboZebi glexTa ojaxebi: iona nemsiwveraZis Svili<br />

glexi, meore glexi besia xucesi, mesame glexi daTuna xucesi, meoTxe<br />

glexi nasyida svaniZe. eseni maTis colSviliT, saxlkariT, erTi saxli<br />

ZmiT...“ (33, 63).<br />

„erTsaxli Zmebi“ saerTo qarTuli terminia da am periodis sxva<br />

kuTxeebis sabuTebSic gvxvdeba. „erTsaxli Zmebi“, romelTa „Tavi“,<br />

ufrosi daTua mRvdelaZea bagrat IV imereTis mefis mier 1660 wels eboZa<br />

nikorwmindis eklesias raWaSi (33) 1685 wlis dokumentSi aleqsandre IV-is<br />

biWvinTis eklesiisadmi „Sewirulobis wignSi“ moxseniebulia: erTi glexi<br />

da ori misi erTsaxeli Zmebi da meore glexi xresilzed giorga<br />

obolaZis Svilebi kacia, zaqaria, xaxuta, giorgi da qristeSa“ (33, 86). aq<br />

cxadadaa naCvenebi, rom „erTsaxli Zmebi“ erTi komlis, didi gauyofeli<br />

ojaxis aRmniSvneli terminia. „erTsaxli Zmebis“ paralelurad, am drois<br />

dokumentebSi gvxvdeba termini „erTsaxlkaci“ (33; 72, 74), romelic<br />

„erTsaxli Zmebis“ analogiuri Sinaarsisaa. leCxumis Sesaxeb SemorCenil<br />

sabuTebSi „erTsaxl Zmebis“ magivrad terminebis, „erTsaxli kacis“,<br />

110

`saxlikaci, erT arsi Zmebis~, moxsenieba ar gvxvdeba. Tumca dRemde<br />

leCxumSi naTesaobis aRmniSvnelad ixmareba termini saxlikaci. es mcneba<br />

dRes ojaxis ganayofis, uaxloesi naTesavis aRmniSvnelad gamoiyeneba.<br />

didi ojaxebis, gauyofeli komlebis gverdiT, ra Tqma unda, arsebobda<br />

patara, individualuri ojaxebi. gvianfeodaluri xanis erT-erT sabuTSi<br />

savaraudod, swored aseTi individualuri ojaxis aRmniSvneli terminia<br />

Semonaxuli. 1650 wlebiT daTariRebuli xvamlis wm. giorgisadmi gabriel<br />

cagarelis mier Sewirulobis wignSi vkiTxulobT: `mamardaSvili xucesi<br />

meTevze mefisa iyo da tba babuSeri. merme erTi colqmara kaci aiyara da<br />

mefes Seexvewa, isic mivarTvi da imiT miSovnia“ (23, 520) i. doliZis mier<br />

gamoqveynebul am sabuTSi es adgili erT abzacs Seicavs da Sesabamisad<br />

misi Semadgeneli winadadebebi azrobriv kavSirSi unda iyos. Tumca ra<br />

kavSiria maT Soris Zneli dasadgenia – gasagebia, rom mamardaSvili<br />

xucesi mefis meTevze iyo da albaT tba babuSerSi hqonda TevzsaWeri<br />

adgilebi (tba babuSeri, oyureSis teritoriaze ar arsebobs da arc<br />

axsovs vinmes, tba babaSeri m.alaviZis cnobiT axalWalis midamoebSi,<br />

oyureSidan sakmaod daSorebul adgilze mdebareobs), meore winadadebis<br />

`colqmara kacis~ xuces mamardaSvilTan kavSiri ki bundovania.<br />

savaraudod „colqmara kaci“, erTwyviliani ojaxis ufrosis aRmniSvneli<br />

unda yofiliyo. SesaZloa, es „colqmara kaci“ meTevze mamardaSvili<br />

xucesia, romelsac sapatio misia mefisaTvis Tevzis Wera avalia,<br />

amitomac SeiZleba calke, individualuri ojaxis gaZRolac SeuZlia.<br />

meTevzeoba, Tanac mefisTvis Tevzis Wera did drosa da jafas moiTxovda.<br />

safiqrebelia, rom profesionali meTevze didi ojaxis SromiT<br />

saqmianobaSi aqtiur monawileobas ver miiRebda, radgan mas sul<br />

dasaxlebuli punqtebidan, samiwaTmoqmedo savargulebidan moSorebiT<br />

(oyureSis maxloblad TevziT mdidari mxolod cxeniswyali da<br />

kvereSulaa, rac oyureSis kuTvnil sameurneo adgilebidan da TviTon<br />

soflidan sakmaod moSorebiTaa) uxdeboda saqmianoba.<br />

Sewirulobis amave wignSi vxvdebiT saintereso termins, romelic<br />

erTkaciani ojaxis aRmniSvneli unda iyos: „ambrolani maTvali Rerkecad<br />

kuWaiZes cagerels laSxiSvilisagan eSovna; da merme raxan is mokuda,<br />

aiyara da geluans sulas miuvida da sula geluanisagan Cemi TeTriT<br />

111

viSovne“ (23, 522) aq termini „Rerkaci“, martokacs unda niSnavdes da<br />

SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom es glexi ambrolani, cagereli episkoposis<br />

nikoloz kuWaiZis personaluri ymaa, mojalabea, romelsac sakuTari miwa,<br />

sameurneo saSualebani ar gaaCnia. amitomacaa, rom nikoloz cagerelis<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg cagerelTan msaxuris dros miCenili miwidan<br />

iyreba da sxva batons ekedleba.<br />

amrigad, gvianfeodalur xanaSi, XVII saukunis sabuTebis mixedviT,<br />

leCxumlebi ZiriTadad did, gauyofel ojaxebad cxovrobdnen. am ojaxebs<br />

komlebi ewodebodaT. gauyofeli ojaxis aRmniSvneli termini „erTsaxli<br />

Zmebi“ unda yofiliyo. individualuri ojaxis ufrosis aRmniSvnel<br />

terminad SeZleba `colqmara kaci~, xolo martoxelas sinonimad<br />

`Rerkaci~ CaiTvalos.<br />

gvianfeodaluri xanis sabuTebi didi ojaxis gayris wesebze arafers<br />

gveubneba. samagierod erT-erT sabuTSi dafiqsirebuli cnoba leCxumSi<br />

ojaxebis Seyris, gaerTianebis arsebobis dasturad SeiZleba iqnes<br />

gamoyenebuli. gabriel cagerlis TaosnobiT Sedgenil dokumentSi<br />

moxseniebul glexTa komlebidan erT-erTi ZmaTa erTiani komlia. Tumca<br />

Zmebi sxva da sxva gvarisani arian – Skvibliani giorgi moxseniebulia<br />

pirvelad da safiqrebelia, rom igi ojaxis ufrosia. mis ojaxSi meore<br />

kacad moxseniebulia giorgi - „Skvibliani giorgi da misi Zma yruaSvili<br />

giorgi“ (33, 55). savaraudod, leCxumSi ojaxebis Seyrilobis mravali<br />

faqti arsebobda, radganac ojaxis gaZlierebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli<br />

amgvari qmedebebi maxasiaTebeli yofila mTeli saqarTvelosTvis. ojaxTa<br />

Seyris mizani ori susti ojaxis gaZlierebis erTdrouli survili, an<br />

Zlier ojaxSi susti ojaxis TavSefareba iyo. Seyra ara marto glexebSi,<br />

aramed warCinebul socialuri fenis ojaxebSic gavrcelebuli yofila.<br />

Seyrilobisadmi miswrafeba da procesi qarTveli eris yvela fenaSi<br />

dasturdeba _ `umaRlesiTgan moyolebuli soflelebamde, cxovrebis<br />

uSiSroebis Sesaqmnelad gayril-daSorebuli wevrebi saerTo gasaWiris<br />

dasaZlevad SeerTeba-SekavSirebaze zrunavdnen. amnairad gayrili da<br />

daSlili ojaxi an sagvareulo kvlav erTdeba, mamuls aerTianebs da<br />

saerTo meurneobis warmoebas iwyebs~ (87, 143). tipiuria Seyrili ojaxis<br />

ufrosis arCeva. Cvens mier moyvanili Skviblianebisa da yuraSvilebis<br />

112

erTiani ojaxis ufrosi, albaT giorgi Skvibliani iyo, e. i. SkviblianTa<br />

ojaxma yuraSvilebis ojaxi SeiTvisa, maT mfarveloba gauwia, am<br />

SeyrilobiT orive ojaxis ekonomikuri potencia gaZlierda.<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis mier gamoqveynebul Seyrilobis dokumentebis<br />

mixedviT, ojaxTa gaerTianebebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi axlo<br />

naTesavebs, biZaSvilebs, ganayofebs Soris xdeba. isini, rogorc vTqviT<br />

„erTiandebodnen odesRac dakarguli erTobis aRsadgenad, raTa<br />

muSaxelic meti yofiliyo da saerTo qonebac“ (102, 47) rusudan xaraZis<br />

informaciiT qarTlSi aratradiciuli Seyrili ojaxebic arsebobda –<br />

xaxutaanebis xuTi Taobis gamaerTianebel ojaxSi, bluaSvilebisa da maT<br />

dedis mxridan biZaSvilebs, areSiZeebs aerTianebda (102, 47). SesaZloa<br />

Skviblian-yuraSvilTa gaerTianebac am ukanaskneli magaliTis msgavsia.<br />

Tumca, Tu svaneTis eTnografiul masalas davimowmebT, Skviblianisa da<br />

yruaSvilis msgavsi sxvadasxva gvaris warmomadgenlebis Seyra erT<br />

ojaxad, sulac ar aris iSviaTi gamonaklisi. svaneTSi sxvadasxva gvaris<br />

erT ojaxad Seyra, `laiSxual~, Cveulebrivi movlena iyo (81, 47).<br />

didi ojaxebis arseboba leCxumSi, ruseTis mefis droindeli<br />

aRwerilobebiTac dasturdeba. 1860 wlis monacemebiT dadianis kuTvnil<br />

glexTa ojaxebSi saSualod cxra sulia gaerTianebuli, saeklesio<br />

komlSi rva, xolo adgilobriv batonebis mflobelobaSi myofTa<br />

komlebSi eqvsi wevria. rogorc vxedavT, dadianisa da eklesiis ymaTa<br />

ojaxebi gacilebiT didia, anu ufro meti ekonomiuri SeZlebisaa, vidre<br />

sabatono glexebis komlebi. es gasagebi faqtia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

rom samegrelos samTavroSi (im dros leCxumi samegrelos samTavros<br />

SemadgenlobaSia) dadiani da eklesia umdidresi mflobelebi arian.<br />

1860 wlis aRweris mixedviT dadasturebuli komlebis mcxovrebTa<br />

raodenoba, cxadad mowmobs, rom leCxumSi didi ojaxebi am droisTvisac<br />

arc Tu ise iSviaTia.<br />

XIX saukunis boloSi leCxumSi komlTa raodenobis mateba<br />

SeiniSneba. 1873 wlis kameraluri aRwerisa da 1885 wlis monacemebis<br />

urTierTSefardebis mixedviT saxazino glexebis komlTa raodenoba<br />

samocdaxuTiT gazrdila, xolo am komlebSi sulTa raodenobas 274-iT<br />

moumatia. cxadia, komlTa amgvari zrda arc bunebrivi matebisa da arc<br />

113

egionis garedan mosaxleobis migraciis Sedegia. nosoviCi, romelsac<br />

ekuTvnis gamokvlevebi leCxumel saxazino glexTa ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, Tvlis rom komlTa ricxvis mateba did ojaxebis<br />

daSlisa da Sesabamisad patara, individualuri ojaxebis Seqmnis Sedegia.<br />

misive TqmiT, am process axalgazrda wyvilTa damoukideblad cxovrebis<br />

survili ganapirobebda (98, 164). leCxumSi, saxazino da savaraudod sxva<br />

kategoriis (memamulis kuTvnili, Tavisufali) glexebis komlebSi 4-10<br />

suli cxovrobda. arc Tu ise cota iyo komlebi romelTa raodenoba 14<br />

suls aRwevda. ufro mravalricxovani ojaxebi XIX saukunis bolosTvis<br />

iSviaToba yofila. Tumca 1904 wlis cnobiT leCxumSi gvxvdeba 39<br />

sulisgan Semdgari ojaxi (27, 3). didi ojaxebis daSla da patara<br />

ojaxebad cxvrebis dawyebis tendenciebi XIX saukunis meore naxavarSi<br />

aSkarad SeimCneva _ 1873 wlisTvis komlSi saSualod 8,76 sulia, 1885<br />

wels ki 7,98. e.i. komlis suladoba ase mokle drois manZilze erTiT<br />

Semcirebula.<br />

leCxumSi ojaxis gayrasac Tavisi wesi hqonda. didi ojaxebi samioTxi<br />

Taobis Semdeg iyrebodnen xolme da wyvilebi patar-patara<br />

individualur ojaxebs qmnidnen. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT sof.<br />

oyureSSi macxovrebeli ugrexeliZeebis mravalTaobiani da<br />

mravalsuliani ojaxis gayra: saerTo qoneba gaiyo eqvs nawilad. oTx Zmas<br />

Tavisdawilad ergo TiTo uReli xari da 8-8 Zroxa. ojaxis ufross ergo<br />

e. w. saufroso. erTi wili xvda mis rZalsac anu ojaxis zrdasruli<br />

wevrebis dedas. saufrososa da dedis wilma 6-6 Zroxa Seadgina. 12 suli<br />

saqoneli ojaxma gadasca mTavrobas, radganac imdroindeli wesebiT<br />

saqonlis mflobelobaze gansazRvruli norma iyo dawesebuli. erTi<br />

cxeni saziaro iyo oTxive Zmis ojaxisaTvis. gaiyo samosaxloca da<br />

sameurneo savargulebic. moxucebis meurneobas erTad, rigrigobiT Zmebi<br />

uvlidnen.<br />

ugrexeliZeebis didi ojaxis gayris magaliTze da leCxumSi<br />

arsebuli gayris wesi, gadmocemiT ojaxis yvela zrdasruli wevrisaTvis<br />

mTliani, Tanabari wilis miRebis uflebas adasturebs. gamonaklisi<br />

ojaxis mewileebs Soris qaliSvilebi arian, maT mxolod mziTvi ergebaT<br />

(mTxr. al. ugrexeliZe; 98, 169). ojaxis ufrosi TaobisaTvis gankuTvnilia<br />

114

saufroso: moxucebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi umcrosi vaJi patronobs<br />

maT meurneobas da maTi gardacvalebis Semdeg saufroso mas gadaecema.<br />

ojaxis ZiriTad memkvidred, fuZeze damrCenad, amJamindeli wesebiTac<br />

umcrosi vaJi iTvleba. dResdReobiT TiTqmis mTlianadaa dakarguli<br />

„saufrosos“ mcneba – mSoblebi umcros vaJTan rCebian, romelsac amis<br />

gamo qonebis gayofis dros garkveuli privilegiebi aqvs. ojaxis gayra<br />

ojaxis Sida saqmea, Tumca mourigeblobis SemTxvevaSi ojaxis wevrebi<br />

iwveven „mediators“. mediatori sayovelTaod miRebuli wesebiTa da<br />

ojaxis yvela wevris interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqmes agvarebs.<br />

mediatori xSirad, aranair naTesaur kavSirSi ar iyo ojaxTan, misi<br />

SerCevis principi pirovnuli Tvisebebi da avtoritetuloba iyo. rodesac<br />

gayofa xdeboda ojaxis ufrosis sicocxleSive (pirveli an meore Taobis<br />

warmomadgenlis) gaugebrobebi naklebad iyo, ojaxis qonebas Tanabrad<br />

anawilebda ojaxis ufrosi da mis gadawvetilebas yvelani<br />

emorCilebodnen. XIX saukunis meore naxevris cnobebiT ojaxebi gayofa<br />

ojaxis ufrosis gardacvalebamde axali tendencia yofila. Tu<br />

aRniSnul periodamde ojaxis ufrosis sicocxleSive gayra TiTqmis<br />

SeuZlebeli iyo da saZraxis saqmed iTvleboda, am droisTvis es<br />

Cveulebriv movlenad qceula. Aase rom, didi ojaxebad cxovrebis wesi<br />

XIX saukunis miwuruls ukve nel-nela adgils uTmobs individualur,<br />

erTwyvilian ojaxebad cxovrebis wess (98, 169-170).<br />

im ojaxebSi sadac ar hyavdaT mamrobiTi sqesis axalgazrda Taoba,<br />

ojaxis ufrosis gardacvalebis Semdeg memkvidreoba gadadioda<br />

mamrobiTi sqesis uaxloes naTesavebze. Tu ojaxs arc amgvari naTesavebi<br />

gaaCnda, maSin memkvidreebad iTvlebodnen ojaxis qaliSvilebi da maTi<br />

meuRleebi (98, 169).<br />

didi, gauyofeli ojaxis arsebobas leCxumSi, Tavisi myari pirobebi<br />

hqonda, rasac mowmobs isic, rom xalxis maxsovrobas dRemde SemorCa did<br />

ojaxebad cxovrebis faqtebi. leCxumSi dResac arsebobs erTgvari<br />

gauyofeli ZmaTa ojaxebi. isini erTimeoresTan Zalian axlos, xSirad<br />

erT ezoSi, calke saxlebSi TavianTi „ojaxobiT“ cxovroben, gayofili<br />

ar aqvT saxnav-saTesi da venaxi. ojaxur meurneobas erTad awarmoeben.<br />

aris iseTi faqtebi, rodesac saxli, qoneba, sameurneo savargulebi da<br />

115

saSualebebi ar iyofa da ojaxSi darCenil erT-erT Zmas, umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi umcross rCeba. ojaxidan wasul Zmebs wili ar miaqvT, e. i.<br />

kvlav „gauyofel Zmebad“ rCebian da amgvari faqti didi mowonebiT<br />

sargeblobs xalxSi. gauyofeloba ojaxis saamayod iTvleba da aseTi<br />

ojaxebi sofelSic dafasebulebi arian.<br />

did ojaxebad cxovrebas leCxumSi XX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebamde<br />

mouRwevia. sofel orbelSi am dromdis gurCianebis ojaxi Tvramet kacs<br />

(sami Taoba) aerTianebda. ojaxs ufrosi mamakaci da misi meuRle<br />

xelmZRvanelobdnen. saqmianobebi ojaxis wevrebs Soris specifikis<br />

mixedviT ar iyofoda. yvela asrulebda im saqmes rac ojaxisTvis<br />

Sesabamis momentSi saWiro iyo. mamakacebi ZiriTadad venaxis, yanebis<br />

movliT, saTibebSi muSaobiT iyvnen dakavebulni. saqmeebs ojaxis ufrosi<br />

anawilebda. danawilebul saqmeTa Soris yvelaze martivs axalgazrdebi –<br />

bavSvebi asrulebdnen. maT movaleobaSi Sedioda msxvilfexa da<br />

wvrilfexa saqonlis yoveldRiuri sakvebze zrunva, maTi momwyemsva da<br />

darwyuleba da a. S.<br />

ufrosi qali saqalebo saqmes Tavobda. Tu ojaxSi ramdenime rZali<br />

iyo, isini rigrigobiT rCebodnen Sin. erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi erTi<br />

rZali iyo `Sinamdeqi~, mas Semdeg kviraSi meore rZali cvlida da a. S.<br />

Sinamdeqis movaleoba ZiriTadad saWmlis keTeba, puris cxoba da mewveli<br />

saqonlis saRamos da dilas movla – rZis produqtebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

samuSaoebisaTvis Tvalyuris devneba iyo. amgvarad, yvela rZals SeeZlo<br />

erTi kviris manZilze yofiliyo saqalebo saqmis ufrosi, Tumca mTavari<br />

diasaxlisoba mainc ufrosi qalis prerogativa iyo.<br />

raime mkacrad gansazRvruli akrZalvebi da tabuebi, sacxovrebeli<br />

farTis dayofa saqalebo da sakacebo nawilebad, rasac adgili hqonda<br />

rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Cvens mier<br />

mopovebuli eTnografiuli masaliT ar dasturdeba. Tumca gurguCianebis<br />

ojaxSi mkacrad icavdnen trapezis etikets – sadilobisas Tu vaxSmobis<br />

dros, Tavdapirvelad kacebi purdebodnen, Semdeg ki qalebis jeri<br />

dgeboda (mTxr. Sura RurWumaliZe, sof. nasperi. gurguCianebis ojaxi<br />

misi deduli iyo). leCxumSi sacxovrebeli farTis sakacebo da saqalebo<br />

nawilebad dayofis faqti dafiqsirebuli aqvs v. bardaveliZes bosloba<br />

116

dRis erT-erTi ritualis aRweris dros igi aRniSnavs rom sakacebo<br />

keriis marcxxniv, xolo saqalebo keriis marjvniv mdebareobda (5, 93).<br />

aseve mravalricxovani gaxldaT oyureSeli ugrexeliZeebis ojaxi<br />

gasuli saukunis ocdaaTian wlebis bolomde. gorad wodebul ubnis am<br />

gauyofel ojaxSi oTxi Taobis TxuTmeti warmomadgeneli erTad<br />

cxovrobda. ojaxis Tavi, asakiT yvelaze ufrosi nino svaniZe gaxldaT.<br />

igi ojaxis yvelaze axalgazrda Taobas did bebiad, anu peperad<br />

ekuTvnoda. qalbatoni ninos garda ojaxSi eqvsi qali (bebia, rZlebi da<br />

mamidebi) oTxi mozrdili mamakaci (Zmebi) da bavSvebi cxovrobda. ojaxis<br />

dovlaTi, imisda miuxedavad, visi damsaxurebiT an SromiT iyo SeZenili,<br />

qalbatoni ninos xelSi iyrida Tavs. is iyo ojaxis fuladi sasxrebis<br />

gamkargavic. saerTo fuls ojaxis ufrosi, Txis tyavisagan damzadebul<br />

qisaSi inaxavda. saWiroebis mixedviT es Tanxa ojaxis yvela wevrze<br />

nawildeboda.<br />

ugrexeliZeebis ojaxi ZiriTadad mesaqonleebi iyvnen. maT mravlad<br />

hyavdaT megruli jiSis saqoneli. cxeni oTx Zmas saziaro hyolia. ojaxis<br />

saqmianobebs nino svaniZe xelmZRvanelobda. kacebi ZiriTadad saqonlis<br />

movla-patronobiT iyvnen dakavebuli. peperas davalebiT ojaxis qalebi<br />

rig-rigobiT mzareulobdnen. mzareulsve evaleboda ojaxis<br />

wevrebisaTvis saRamo xans fexsabani wylis mitana, diliT ki pirsabani<br />

wylis dasxma (mTx. al. ugrexeliZe, sof. oyureSi).<br />

mkacrad akrZaluli iyo qalis mier saklavis dakvla. mTel leCxumSi<br />

es akrZalva dResac ZalaSia. amasTan dakavSirebiT, xdeba kuriozebic –<br />

Tu ojaxSi mamakaci ar imyofeba da stumrisTvis an sxva saWiroebis gamo<br />

aucileblad unda daiklas saklavi, zrdasruli qali xelebs akidebinebs<br />

najaxs mamrobiTi sqesis bavSvs, TviTon bavSvis xelebs kidebs xels ise<br />

rom najaxs ar Seexos da saklavic ikvleba (g.m. eTnografiuli savele<br />

dRiuri). akrZalva aseve exeboda Rvinis damzadebasac, iseve rogorc<br />

mTels saqarTveloSi yurZens kacebi wuravdnen, Rvinosac isini uvlidnen.<br />

sxva saxis samuSaoebs _ Toxna, barva da misTanebs qalebi kacebTan erTad<br />

asrulebdnen.<br />

117

$ 2. sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi<br />

leCxumeli glexis karmidamos Tavisi ganlagebis Taviseburebani<br />

gaaCnda. sacxovrebeli saxlis irgvliv ganlagebuli iyo damxmare<br />

nagebobebi: marani, nalia, beReli, qarTa, boseli, sabZeli, Torne. maranSi<br />

ramodenime Wuria miwaSi dafluli. aqvea mowyobili Rvinis sawuri –<br />

sawnaxeli, romlis pirvandeli saxeli sametexlo unda iyos (83, 39). adre<br />

gavrcelebuli yofila WurisTavebi Ria cis qveS. oTxmociani wlebisTvis<br />

Ria cis qveS qvevrebi TiTo-orola glexs Tu hqonda. maranSi xSirad ori<br />

xorgo (sawnaxeli) hqondaT, erTi TeTri, xolo meore Savi yurZnis<br />

dasawurad. marnis mowyobilobas Semdegi iaraRebi Seadgendnen: xrika,<br />

niCabi, ofsiro, Zelbari, xis uro, larebi, Toxi, sarcxi, wberi (sawberavi)<br />

da aryis gamosaxdeli mowyobiloba (1, 132). marani wminda adgiladaa<br />

Seracxuli – leCxumSi dResacaa SemorCenili maranSi locvis tradicia.<br />

marans saguldagulod icavdnen avi Tvalisagan da ZiriTadad amas<br />

maranSi mware blis direebis gadebis gziT cdilobdnen (leCxumelTa<br />

rwmeniT mware bals avi Tvali ar ekareba).<br />

Wurebis zoma tonamdec aRwevs. rogorc wesi, glexs maranSi erTi<br />

didi, ori-sami SedarebiT patara, danarCeni ki momcro zomis Wuri aqvs.<br />

zomaTa aseTi gansxvaveba mosaxerxebeli iyo Rvinoebis gadasaRebad, an<br />

nakluli Wuridan mcire zomis WurSi Rvinis gafuWebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

gadaRebisaTvis. Rvinis gadaReba, Rvinis dayenebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

procesi yofila. bevrjer gadaRebuli Rvino kamkama ferisaa, ufro<br />

gemrielia da kargadac inaxeba. Rvino, „fexgasulamde“ rvajer unda<br />

gqondes gasxvisebuli (gadaRebuli) – ityvian xolme leCxumSi (mTxr. r.<br />

mamardaSvili, sof. oyureSi).<br />

rogorc Cans adre Wurebs adgilze amzadebdnen. sameTuneo centrebi<br />

iyo ofitaraSi, qulbaqSi, sairmesa da zubSi. Wurebi SemdgomSic<br />

imereTidanac SemohqondaT. leCxumSi damzadebuli Wuri formiT<br />

imerulisagan gansxvavdeba – imeruli Wuri kvercxiseburia, leCxumuri<br />

gulis formisaa. sairmeSi SedarebiT, didi zomis Wurebi mzaddeboda,<br />

zubSi da ofitaraSi SedarebiT momcro Wurebs akeTebdnen. ofitaris<br />

zemoT, oyureSisa da ofitaris gamyof seris gagrZelebaze, xvamlis<br />

118

gzaze aris adgili romelsac „Wuris naTxarebs“ eZaxian. SesaZloa,<br />

ofitrel meTuneebs Wurebis dasamzadeblad ayalo miwa (Tixa) swored am<br />

adgilebidan mihqondaT. leCxumSi damzadebuli Wurebi iyideboda<br />

leCxumis gareTac, raWasa da svaneTSi. adre Wuri imdeni maneTi Rirda<br />

ramdeni Cafi (16 litri) Rvinos tevadobisac iyo (83, 35-36).<br />

dResdReobiT iSviaTi araa marnis gaerTianeba sxva sameurneo<br />

nagebobebTan – WurisTavebTan erTad maranSi, romelsac xSirad „kuxnas“<br />

eZaxian moTavsebulia Tone, keria (romlis Tavzec iboleba SaSxi),<br />

xorgoebi fqvilis Sesanaxad, agreTve sxveni romelzedac Sinauri<br />

saqonlisa da frinvelis gamosakvebi simindi inaxeba.<br />

leCxumSi marani xSirad saxlzea midgmuli da calpiradaa<br />

gadaxuruli. aseT marans „calmags“ eZaxian. gvxvdeba marnebic, romlebic<br />

saxlis pirvel sarTulzea moTavsebuli. im adgilebSi ki sadac qva<br />

advili mosapovebeli iyo, marnebi qvisgan Sendeboda. „qvamarans“ xSirad<br />

Tavze beRels adgamdnen.<br />

msxvilfexa saqonlisTvis, agreTve Txisa da cxvrisTvis<br />

gankuTvnilia boseli. boseli xSirad qarTaSi anu saCixeSi, ZelebiT<br />

Semokavebul adgilas aris aSenebuli. sabZeli umetesad mrgvali<br />

formisaa. mas wneliT Robaven. aSeneben ficriT, ufro xSirad ki morebiT.<br />

adre am Senobebs buruli erqvaT. albaT imitom, rom maT koroliT<br />

(zanduriT an maxis namjiT) xuravdnen, buravdnen. koroli aT wels<br />

Zlebda. sabZels calmagi hqonda midgmuli, romelic Ria iyo kalosken –<br />

Tu gauwvimdebodaT kaloSi Cadgmul purs calmagSi inaxavdnen. nalia<br />

oTx svetze idga. mas an wnelisagan an daxvretili ficrebisagan<br />

aSenebdnen. nalias simindis Sesanaxad iyenebdnen. Torne igive Tone calke<br />

fardulSia moTavsebuli, xandaxan igi saxabazoSi dgas. ToneSi cxveba<br />

puri, xaWapuri, lobiani... wvaven goWsa da cxvarsac. Tone Tixisagan<br />

mzaddeba da mas garedan Txeli ficris mWidro Robe aqvs gakeTebuli.<br />

Robismagvar kedelsa da Tones Soris manZili TeTri miwiT ivseboda.<br />

saxabazoSi moTavsebulia Suacecxli. aq mzaddeba sadil-vaxSami. aqve<br />

iboleba SaSxi. sxvenze inaxaven RurRs, Rorebisa da qaTmebis saWmel<br />

siminds (1, 134). ezoSivea saRore, romelsac Zalian xSirad saqaTmes<br />

adgamen Tavze.<br />

119

kar-midamos ukan bostnebi da venaxebi aqvT. yanebi ZiriTadad<br />

sacxovrebeli saxlebisagan moSorebulia. Tumca simindisa da lobios<br />

venaxSic gamoTesavdnen xolme. zogierTis TqmiT, simindis foTlebi<br />

gvalvis dros yurZens dawvisagan icavso.<br />

XIX saukunis meore naxevris monacenmebiT, glexis komls erTi<br />

desetinidan 10-11 desetinamde miwaze uxdeboda sakuTari meurneobis<br />

warmoeba (desetina _ 1,09 heqtari). glexTa umravlesobis miwebis farTobi<br />

oridan eqvs desetinamde meryeobda. sameurneo savargulebi mimofantuli<br />

iyo patar-patara nakveTebad da xSirad es nakveTebi erTmaneTisgan<br />

sakmaod moSorebuli iyo. glexis miwebi ZiriTadad Semdegi nawilebisgan<br />

Segdeboda: sakarmidamo, venaxi, saxnav-saTesi, saTibebi da tye.<br />

sakarmidamo, sadac mdebareobda glexis sacxovrebeli da sameurneo<br />

nagebobebi (beReli, nalia, marani, ezo/wina ezo, samzadi, boseli, saRore,<br />

saqaTme/saqaTura, Sinauri cxovelebis sadgomi –qarTa) glexis kuTvnili<br />

miwebis oTx-xuT %-s Seadgenda. venaxebs 12-13%-mde ekava. saxnavi miwebi<br />

kuTvnili farTis TiTqmis naxevars Seadgenda. saTibebiT mainca da mainc<br />

ganebivrebuli ar yofilan glexebi _ saTib savargulebs glexTa miwebis<br />

mxolod 1%-mde ekavaT. tyeebi ki 31-32% -mde miwis farTobs moicavda (98,<br />

165).<br />

XIX saukunis meore naxevris cnobebiT gansxvebaa glexTa<br />

karmidamoSi nagebobebis ganlagebaSi maTi mepatroneebis finansuri<br />

mdgomareobis Sesabamisad. nasoviCis mier dafiqsirebulia SeZlebuli,<br />

saSualo da Raribi glexkacis sakarmidamo ezo, am glexTa uZrav-moZravi<br />

qonebis fasi da saSualo wliuri Semosavali. sof. zogiSSi mcxovrebi<br />

SeZlebuli glexis oqropir TofaZis ezoSi sami sacxovrebeli saxlia:<br />

Suacecxliani saxli, yavriT gadaxuruli, 3X2,5 saJeni (Rirebuleba 150<br />

maneTi); igive zomis cacxvis masaliT nagebi axali Suacecxliani saxli<br />

(300 maneTi); saxli stumrebisTvis, buxriT, 2X2 saJeni (100 maneTi).<br />

sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebis fasi mTlianobaSi 775 maneTia.<br />

SeZlebuli glexi (am konkretul SemTxvevaSi) 6,75 desetina miwas flobda<br />

_ aqedan umetesi nawili 3,75 desetina saxnavi iyo, 0,75 venaxi, sakarmidamo<br />

0,37, tye 1,88 desetina. ojaxs arendiT aRebuli hqonia 2 qceva (qceva _ 0,75<br />

desetina) miwac. oqropir TofaZis danarCeni qoneba (msxvilfexa da<br />

120

wvrilfexa saqoneli, frTosani) Sefasebulia 259 maneTad. misi meurneobis<br />

saerTo Semosavali 632,15 maneTi iyo. ojaxi wlis ganmavlobaSi 524,15<br />

maneTs xarjavda. ase rom ojaxis wliuri sufTa Semosavali 108 maneTs<br />

Seadgenda (98, 190-193). imave sofelSi mcxovrebi ioseb xurciZis, saSualo<br />

SeZlebis glexs mxolod erTi, Suacecxliani saxli (4X3saJeni) udgas<br />

ezoSi. misi sameurneo da sacxovrebeli nagebobebi 240 maneTad aris<br />

Sefasebuli, xolo saqoneli da frTosani 154, 80 rublad. ojaxis<br />

Semosavali weliwadSi saSualod 43, 86 maneTia. Raribi glexsac (WyviSSi<br />

mcxovrebi maTe xurciZe) erTi momcro (2.5X2saJeni) Suacecxliani saxli<br />

aqvs. saxli 80 maneTadaa Sefasebuli, xolo ojaxis wliuri Semosavali<br />

deficituria 20,98 maneTiT. Ddeficitis Sevseba SeZlebuli mezoblebisgan<br />

valis aRebiT gziT an mezoblebis SeZlebisdagvari daxmarebiT xdeboda.<br />

amJamad leCxumSi tipiuria orsarTuliani saxlebi. ojaxi<br />

sacxovreblad ZiriTadad pirvel sarTuls iyenebs. zogierT sofelSi<br />

pirveli sarTulis oTaxebs palatebsac uwodeben. meore sarTuls<br />

stumrebisaTvis an didi sufris gasaSlelad iyeneben. bolo dros<br />

pragmatuli mosazrebebis gamo mosaxleobam erTsarTuliani,<br />

leCxumisaTvis tradiciuli, saxlebis mSeneblobas mihyo xeli.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, adre leCxumSi xalxi oda da kaTxa<br />

saxlebSi cxovrobda. kaTxa saxli oTaxebad ar iyo gayofili. SuaSi<br />

keria iyo moTavsebuli. keriis Tavze mowyobili iyo cxveni, romelzec<br />

kakibera anu kaCa iyo Camokidebuli. kakibera oTxkuTxedad Sekruli<br />

ficrebis mowyobilobaa sadac Roris felikebi hkidia da CxolSi<br />

(kvamlSi iboleba). keriis Tavze, WerSia damagrebuli saqvabec. cxvenze<br />

iyo moTavsebuli kado, romelsac sveli tansacmlis gasafenad<br />

xmarobdnen. erTi romelime kedlis gaswvriv, mTels sigrZeze idga xis<br />

grZeli sawoli. sawols svetebi da maRali saxuravi, yafari hqonia.<br />

ojaxis wevrebs cal-calke an wyvil-wyvilad eZinaT. „loginebs“<br />

skivrebi yofda erTmaneTisagan. saxlis sivrce, sxva kuTxeTa msgavsad<br />

sakacebo da saqalebo mxareebad iyofoda (5, 93)<br />

aveji Sedgeboda jorkosgan, jorkolisgan (morisgan gamoTlili<br />

ufexo skami), bujerisgan (Taro) kuTxeSi Camokidebuli iyo CoCo, xis<br />

WurWeli, romelsac Ziri tkeCisgan hqonda damzadebuli. CoCos<br />

121

karadasaviT kari hqonda da masSi saWmels inaxavdnen, radganac CoCos<br />

ZaRli da kata veranairad ver miudgebodnen.<br />

kaTxa saxls saZirkveli xis hqonda, saZirkvelSi, Sua adgilze<br />

urTierTmopirdapire mxares ori afra iyo Camagrebuli. zemoT saxls<br />

xisave sartyeli hqonda Semovlebuli. sartylis zemoT or mopirdapire<br />

kedels, sartyels zemoT, samkuTxedebi edgaT, romlebsac lirsebs<br />

eZaxodnen. lirsebis ficrebs salirseebi erqvaT. afra saZirkvlis, karebs<br />

ori afra unda hqonoda. kedlebis afrebi amoRaruli iyo da masSi<br />

magrdeboda kedlis ficrebi. kedlis afrebSi Camagrebul ficrebs<br />

kveTdnen karebis afraSi wamosuli ficrebi, romlebic gadakveTis<br />

adgilze erTmaneTSi jdebodnen jvaredinad, zomaze amotexili<br />

urTierTsapirispiro pirebis meSveobiT. larsebs – korulis an yavris<br />

saxuravs ukeTebdnen, wvimisagan icavdnen da am fardulSi inaxavdnen<br />

urems, marxils, SeSas da a. S. saxls Txeli yavriT, loforCinebiT<br />

xuravdnen. gadaxurva orferda iyo (1, 134-136).<br />

kaTxa saxlebi bolo dros orsarTulianic Sendeboda. qveda<br />

sarTulze buxari iyo moTavsebuli. pirvel sarTuls erTi kedeli<br />

qviTkiris hqonda danarCeni sami ki xisa iyo. buxari qviTkiris kedelSi<br />

Sendeboda. kaTxa saxlebi oda saxlebiT Seicvala, romlebic ZiriTadad<br />

orsarTuliani, pirvel sarTulze qviTkiriT, xolo meoreze xiT naSeni<br />

iyo.<br />

kaTxa saxlebis SemoRebamde xalxi faqutebSi (faquta) saxlSi<br />

cxovrobda. faquta SedarebiT momcro da ufro martivi nageboba iyo. is<br />

isliT an koroliT ixureboda. konebs Soris kvamlis gasasvlelad<br />

datovebul adgils xani erqva.<br />

122

$ 3 saqorwino wes-Cveulebebi<br />

adrindel droSi qorwinebis asaki Zalian axalgazrda iyo.<br />

gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo qalebis adre gaTxoveba, maTi<br />

saqorwino asaki 13-14 wlidan iwyeboda. qal-vaJis SeuRlebas aucileblad<br />

win uZRoda maWankloba. maWanklis an „maSualis“ gareSe ara saqme ar<br />

iqneboda (mTx al. ugrexeliZe). maSvaloba Zalian xSirad Semodgomis<br />

dadgomisTanave iwyeboda. soflebSi am saqmis profesionalebic<br />

moiZebnebodnen, romlebic qalis an vaJis ojaxis survilis<br />

gamomJRavnebisTanave elCobas iwyebdnen. saqme erTi an ori misvliT ver<br />

gadawydeboda. maSvals saqmis bolomde gaCarxvisTvis qalis ojaxSi oTxxuTjer<br />

mainc sWirdeboda misvla. molaparakebebi kerasTan, SuacecxlTan<br />

imarTeboda. maSvali saubris dros joxs nacarSi uyofda da saqmis<br />

mokvaraxWinebas cdilobda. momavali saqorwilo wyvili erTmaneTs<br />

qorwilamde naxavdnen. Tu ojaxebis winaswari Tanxmoba iqneboda<br />

imarTeboda niSnoba. niSnobamde ojaxebs erTmaneTis siavkarge ukve<br />

gamokiTxuli hqondaT. maSvalma sapatarZlos Sesaxeb yvelaferi icoda,<br />

sapatarZlo maSvalis stumrobisas aqtiuri unda yofiliyo, mis garSemo<br />

etriala da Tavisi saukeTeso Tvisebebi gamoemJRavnebina (mTxr. al.<br />

ugrexeliZe, sofeli oyureSi).<br />

niSnobis dRes sasiZo midioda sasimamros ojaxSi. mas miyveboda Zma<br />

an biZaSvili. am dRes win uswrebda „generaluri repeticia“ – saboloo<br />

Tanxmoba orive mxarisa, rac sapatarZlos ojaxis mxridan maSvalisaTvis<br />

bolo vizitad CaTvlili stumrobis Semdeg purmarilis gaSlaSi, xolo<br />

maSvalis mxridan purmarilze darCenis, nadimobis TanxmobiT<br />

gamoixateboda. amgvarad, oTxi-xuTi `raundiani~ molaparakebis Semdeg<br />

upurmarilod gamoSveba qalis ojaxis mxridan uars niSnavda, Tavis<br />

mxriv, maSvalis mier purmarilze uaris Tqma, kacis ojaxis uari iyo. ase<br />

„usityvod“ formdeboda vaJisa da qalis qorwinebis urTierTsurvili.<br />

niSani umravles SemTxvevaSi beWedi iyo. sasiZo, Tu mas ekonomikuri<br />

SeZleba hqonda sasimamros ojaxSi saCuqrebs arigebda (mTxr. al.<br />

ugrexeliZe, sofeli oyureSi).<br />

123

leCxumis zogierT sofelSi daniSvnis ceremonials `Sardvna~,<br />

daniSnul qals ki daSardnili erqva (mTxr. a. axvlediani, sof. nasperi).<br />

qalis daniSvnisTvis, daSardnisaTvis upriani dRe SabaTi iyo, niSnoba<br />

icodnen samSabaTobiTac. sapatarZlo niSnobis dros cdilobs pasiuri<br />

iyos. niSnobis dro saRamo xani iyo, cdilobdnen niSnoba savse mTvareze<br />

misi davaxSmebis Semdeg gaekeTebinaT. sasimamros ojaxSi, niSnobis<br />

aRsaniSnavad, imarTeboda mcire purmarili (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe, sof.<br />

nasperi).<br />

niSnobidan maleve iniSneboda qorwilis dRe. sasiZos sasimamros<br />

ojaxSi mihyveboda mayari. dResdReisobiT mayari axalgazrdebisagan<br />

Sedgeba, adre ki misi Semadgenloba Sereuli iyo. mayarSi xvdebodnen<br />

ufrosi asakis, xandaxan xandazmuli mamakacebi, visac ki SeeZlo Rvinis<br />

sma, kargi simRera da nadimis mxiarulebis Sesaferi TavdaWera da<br />

molxena. sasiZo sacolis dedas fuls Cuqnida da es saCuqari „saZuZuris~<br />

saxeliT iyo cnobili (mTxr.S. RurWumaliZe, sof. nasperi;, r.<br />

mamardaSvili, sof. oyureSi).<br />

qali sasiZos ojaxSi saRamo xans mihyavdaT. manamde mcire qorwili<br />

imarTeboda sasimamros ojaxSi.<br />

sxva kuTxeebisagan gansxvavebiT, leCxumSi dadasturebuli<br />

niSnobasTan dakavSirebuli Cveulebebi maincadamainc mravalferovnebiT<br />

ar gamoirCeva. SesaZloa, es imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom sxva kuTxeTa<br />

analogiuri Cveulebebis Seswavla qarTvel mecnierTa mxriv XIX saukunis<br />

Sua wlebis da XX saukunis dasawyisis naratiul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT<br />

xdeboda; uamravi Zveli saqorwilo Cveuleba, im dros jer kidev<br />

cocxali iyo da sruldeboda kidec. samwuxarod, leCxumSi arsebuli<br />

amgvari wes-Cveulebebis cocxlad fiqsacia gasul saukuneSi ver<br />

moxerxda. Tumca, amJamindeli savele eTnografiuli masalis sxva<br />

kuTxeTa masalasTan Sedareba garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTebis,<br />

paralelebis gavlebis da ama Tu im wesis uZvelesi warmomavlobis<br />

danaxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs.<br />

saqorwilo urTierTobebs qarTuli tradiciebis mixedviT axasiaTebs<br />

mravali tabu, rituali, agreTve meqorwile ojaxebs Soris ekonomikuri<br />

urTierTvaldebulebani. saerTokavkasiuri tradiciisamebr qorwinebis<br />

124

survils wyvilebisa da maTi ojaxebis mxridan tabu aqvs dadebuli, anu<br />

winasaqorwilo urTierTobebSi mxareTa interesebi, wyvilTa<br />

colqmrobisaken ltolva saguldagulod iniRbeba.<br />

am tradiciis Sesabamisi unda iyos maSvalis ramodenimegzis<br />

stumroba sapatarZlos ojaxSi, romelic TavpatiJs idebda da Tavisi<br />

ojaxis prestiJs saqmis gaWianurebiT, Tanxmobis didi xniT miucemlobiT<br />

xazs usvamda. amave azris unda iyos usityvo Tanxmoba, romelic<br />

maSvalisTvis purmarilis gamarTvis da misgan, e. i. vaJis ojaxisagan (misi<br />

warmomadgenlisagan) purmarilis miRebaSi gamoixateboda. maSvalis<br />

gareSe qalis daniSvna – moyvana qalis ojaxis didi upativcemuloba iyo.<br />

leCxumSi dadasturebul am Cveulebas kargad exmianeba aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi, kerZod xevSi arsebuli tradicia – raime gmirobis an<br />

Temisadmi gaweuli samsaxuris gamo Temi ama Tu im pirovnebas<br />

ajildoebda. gamorCeuli kaci jildoze uars ambobda da Zalian xSirad<br />

iTxovda „sifros uwevars da qals uTxovars“, e. i. TemSi sufraze<br />

daupatiJeblad misvlas da qalis uSuamavlod Txovis uflebas (29, 83) am<br />

moTxovnidan Cans, rom uSuamavlod qalis moyvana vaJis da misi ojaxis<br />

gvarian privilegiad iTvleboda. aqedan cxadia Tu ratom ar keTdeba<br />

saqme maSvalis gareSe – maSvalis migzavna, Tugind samaWanklo araferi<br />

yofiliyo, etiketis Semadgeneli nawili gaxldaT da vaJis ojaxisagan<br />

qalis ojaxis pativiscemis dasturi iyo. maSvals, anu maWanklis waramara<br />

siaruli sapatarZlos ojaxSi wesad iyo aWaraSi (12, 33). maWanklis erTi<br />

vizitis Semdeg Tanxmobis Tqma qalis Rirsebas amdablebda da ojaxs<br />

Seuracxyofda samegreloSic. ambobdnen „xaTe ekaTxozu Te osurq Ti<br />

koCis“ (es qali ucbad gaekida im kacso), rac udidesi sircxvili da<br />

damcireba iyo (savele eTnografiuli dRiuri, walenjixis raioni, sof.<br />

obuji, mTxrobeli guli kalandia, 80 wlis). sxva kuTxeebis saqorwilo<br />

CveulebebSi sasiZosa da sapatarZlos ojaxebs Soris rTuli ekonomikuri<br />

urTierTvaldebulebebis arseboba dasturdeba. sasiZos ojaxi xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi rZlis wamoyvanisaTvis sakmaod solidur saxsars saWiroebda.<br />

samegreloSi niSnobamde Tanxmdebodnen urvadze (vaJis ojaxis<br />

gadasaxadi qalis ojaxisadmi); svaneTSi qalis ojaxi ixdida `WiSxi<br />

lifSdunes~ (fexis axsna), vaJisa ki `naydanurs~ (uRel xars); xevSi<br />

125

sasimamros ojaxSi mihqondaT 3-6 vedro arayi, ori yoCi an Wedila, 100-200<br />

xmiadi puri da naxevari fuTi yveli (28, 187), qalebisaTvis tkbileuli da<br />

burnuTi, kacebisaTvis Tambaqo, sasidedrosTvis sakabe da TavSali.<br />

sasidedro Tavis mxriv valdebuli iyo siZisaTvis erTi xeli saqorwilo<br />

samosi Seekera; aWaraSi qalis dasaxsnelad vaJis ojaxi ixdida fulad<br />

gadasaxads baSluRs, rZis faras igive ZuZus faras, kardasamyrelos<br />

romelic patarZlis Zmas an biZaSvils ekuTvnoda, fuladi qrTami<br />

ergebodaT ojaxis bavSvebsac, saCuqrdebodnen soflelebic ki (12; 62-63,<br />

64); TuSebs sxva gadasaxadebTan erTad sapatarZlos soflis<br />

qalebisaTvis specialuri sufra „saqalebo“ unda ekisra (48, 166). amgvari<br />

„gadasaxadebidan“ leCxumSi mxolod „saZuZuri“, sasiZos mier<br />

sasidedrosaTvis fulis Cuqeba dasturdeba (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe, r.<br />

mamardaSvili).<br />

aseve gamartivebulia da Tanamedrove elferisaa sasiZos ojaxSi<br />

qalis miyvanis wesi. samegreloSi, XIX saukunis Sua wlebis gadmocemebis<br />

mixedviT gansazRvruli yofila mayris Semadgenloba, misi meTauris<br />

vinaoba, gansazRvrulia sapatarZlos adgilic. patarZali mdadesTan<br />

(ufrosi qali, romelic patarZals sasiZos saxlSi miyveba da rCeva<br />

darigebas aZlevs) erTad mayars boloSi mihyveba (saxokia 1956: 96),<br />

mayrisTvis qalis naTesavebis gayoleba ar SeiZleboda. sxvagan<br />

tardeboda rituali dasaqorwinebeli wyvilis mojadoeba-gaCxibvis<br />

winaaRmdeg (12, 65). leCxumSi, qorwilis dRes Tavdapirvelad qalis<br />

ojaxSi mividoda mayari. mayrions eniSneboda ufrosi, romelsac unda<br />

ekontrolebina mayris wevrebi. igi ar svamda da ZiriTadad<br />

mayrionisaTvis yuradRebis miqceviT iyo dakavebuli, cdilobda aravin<br />

gadamTvraliyo, sufris wesi ar SeSlodaT, agreTve Tvals adevnebda<br />

ramdenad keTilsindisierad svamdnen (bolomde Tu ara) maspinZlebi.<br />

sapatarZlos ojaxSi purmarili didxans ar gastanda. sufras hyavda<br />

Tamada patarZlis mxridan da moadgile, anu `kanidati~ sasiZos<br />

mayrionidan. vaJis ojaxSi rolebi icvleboda _ yofili moadgile<br />

Tamadad dgeboda, mis moadgiled ki wina sufris Tamada iniSneboda<br />

(mTxr. J. yuraSvili).<br />

126

saqorwilo sufraze dasapatiJeblad gamoyofilia specialuri<br />

dampatiJebeli. patarZali ojaxSi saRamo xans mohyavdaT. sasiZos<br />

saxlamde karga manZilis moSorebiT mayrions bavSvebi xvdebodnen da<br />

maSxlebiT xelSi qorwilis sufris adgilamde acilebdnen (mTxr. kiazo<br />

arjevaniZe). maSxala mzaddeboda simindis gulisgan, romelsac<br />

amoavlebdnen navTSi, tars gaukeTebdnen da cecxls ukidebdnen. didi<br />

qorwilisTvis maSxalebisTvis erTi salasto (mownuli mozrdili<br />

WurWeli) simindic ki gairCeoda (mTxr. al. ugrexeliZe), roca saxls<br />

miuaxlovdebodnen, ori-sami maxarobeli dawinaurdeboda da ojaxs mayris<br />

mosvlas amcnobdnen. bavSvebs `JinJRilebi~ (maSxlebi) eWiraT, pirispir<br />

iyvnen Camwkrivebulebi da Sukasa da ezos anaTebdnen (1, 163).<br />

mayrioni saxlTan miaxlovebisas „mayruls“ mReroda, romelic<br />

daaxloebiT Semdegnairad JRerda:<br />

qali mogvyavs naTelio<br />

gagvinaTe sanTelio<br />

qali mogvyavs lamazio<br />

gagvinaTeT darbazio<br />

oreri orera, orera<br />

bediTa bednieria<br />

lamazi mSvenieria<br />

orera rera, orera orera<br />

aqa mSvidoba<br />

qali mogvyavs lamazio<br />

dagvicaleT darbazio<br />

o-rera rera, orera, orera<br />

aqa mSvidoba<br />

qali mogvyavs naTelio<br />

mogvinaTeT sanTelio<br />

o-rera, oreri orera<br />

aqa mSvidoba<br />

bedi, bednieri<br />

RmerTo bednieri qeni<br />

RmerTo bednieri qeni<br />

127

Cveni mefe dedofali<br />

dedofali mefesa<br />

lxini meqorwilesa<br />

RmerTo bednieri qeni<br />

Cveni mefe-dedofali (mTxr. kiazo arjevaniZe).<br />

WiSkarSi mefe-dedofals (leCxumuri gamoTqmiT nefe-dedofals)<br />

TefSs axvedreben gasatexad. karebis zRurblze maT tkbils SeaWmeven.<br />

dedofals kalTaSi patara biWs usvamen – biWianoba daebedoso. amis<br />

Semdeg sufras miusxdebian. sufris TavSi saqorwilo wyvili zis, siZe<br />

marjvniv jdeba, patarZali marcxniv. maT gverdiT, dobil-Zmobilebi,<br />

mejvareebi sxedan. vaJisa da qalis mayrebi maTTan axlos erTmaneTis<br />

sapirispiro adgilebze Tavsdebian, Semdeg dapatiJebuli stumrebis<br />

adgilebia.<br />

qalis mayrions did yuradRebas aqcevdnen da maTi ricxvi, rogorc<br />

wesi, orjer aRemateboda vaJis mayars. Tamadas tolubaSsac eZaxdnen.<br />

pirveli sadRegrZelo saerTo dalocva iyo, Semdeg nefe-dedofals<br />

adRegrZelebdnen. sadRegrZeloebis ricxvi araa gansazRvruli, Tumca<br />

normad Teqvsmetidan oc sadRegrZelomde iTvleba. sufris bolos<br />

yovladwmindis sadRegrZelo ismeboda (mTxr. r. mamardaSvili).<br />

yovlawmindis sadRegrZelo, qorwilebSi da sxva sufrebze xSirad<br />

salocavebis CamoTvliT da maTTvis Sewevnis TxovnaSi gamoixateboda:<br />

„Segvewios yovladwminda, xvamlis wminda giorgi, laWepitis oqros jvari<br />

da Cqumis mTavarangelozi“ – amgvarad ilocebian cxeniswylis xeobis<br />

leCxumSi (mTxr. k. arjevaniZe).<br />

saqorwilo sufris gamzadebaSi ojaxs ZiriTadad kuTxe-mezobeli<br />

exmareboda. maT moqondaT sursaTi, zogierTi fuliTac exmareboda<br />

ojaxs.<br />

qorwilSi icodnen „Tavze gadasagdebi“ gadaxda – naTesavebi da<br />

mezoblebi wyvilTan mividodnen, saTiTaod CamoarTmevdnen xels,<br />

miulocavdnen da Tavze gadasagdebs (fuls, nivTs an raime) qsovils<br />

aCuqebdnen (1, 164). zogierT sofelSi Tavze gadasagdebs Tamada iwyebda –<br />

is wamodgeboda da sadRegrZelos Tqmis dros xmamaRla gamoacxadebda,<br />

rom nefe-patarZals ama Tu im raodenobis TanxiT an saCuqriT<br />

128

asaCuqrebda. Tamadas sufris wevrebic ayvebodnen da TavianTi<br />

sadRegrZelos Tqmis dros, xmamaRla acxadebdnen<br />

axalSeuRlebulebisadmi mirTmeuli ZRvenis raodenobas (mTxr. a.<br />

ugrexeliZe). Tavze gadasagdebis raodenobis xmamaRla gamosacxadeblad<br />

qorwilSi specialurad niSnavdnen kacs.<br />

qorwilSi aucileblad imarTeboda Rvinis smaSi Sejibri. sasiZosa<br />

da sapatarZlos mayrebi da naTesavebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen. didi<br />

saxeli iyo Tu Tamadis moadgile Tamadaze mets dalevda, mas saCuqrad<br />

goWis Tavs aZlevdnen. Tu Zalian gadaTvrebodnen, maranSi, Wuris Tavze<br />

midiodnen da pirdapir qvevrebidan, pirqve damxobilebi svamdnen.<br />

ejibrebodnen vin ramdens moaklebda. raRa Tqma unda, es Sejibri<br />

saxumaro xasiaTs atarebda da garTobis mizniT iyo mowyobili (mTxr.<br />

al. ugrexeliZe).<br />

qalisa da vaJis urTierTkavSiri jvrisweramde ar SeiZleboda.<br />

jvriswera ufro xSirad vaJis ojaxSi misvlis meore dResve xdeboda<br />

(mTxr. al. ugrexeliZe). patarZals qorwilis damTavrebamde mdadi icavda,<br />

gverdiTac ewva, patarZali rasac inebebda, usrulebda. meqorwileebi,<br />

vaJis mayrebi asec mRerodnen xolme: `dedofali mefesao, mdadi<br />

meqorwilesao~ (1, 164). es albaT xumrobiT naTqvami iyo: mdadi dedoflis<br />

ojaxidan gamocdili, zrdasruli qali iyo, misi CamoSoreba<br />

dedoflisagan ki nefis survili gaxldaT. swored es iyo saxumarod<br />

qceuli, mayrebi nefes sulswrafobas swamebdnen da amiT amasxaravebdnen.<br />

qorwili adre ordRiani icodnen, exla ki erTi injraao (mTxr. al.<br />

ugrexeliZe). xandaxan qorwili mesame dResac grZeldeboda (1, 164).<br />

pirvel dRes qorwils ar eswrebodnen patarZlis mSoblebi. isini siZis<br />

ojaxSi meore dRes mihyavdaT (mTxr. r. mamardaSvili). qalis mayrebisa da<br />

naTesavebis gacilebisas WiSkarTan saxeldaxelo xonCebze iSleboda<br />

sufra, imarTeboda sma. amas „siris kuds“ eZaxodnen. namTralevebi kvlav<br />

smaSi ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs. gamarjvebuls xonCa, Semwvari goWi,<br />

ergeboda. Tumca stumrebs arc damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi wyvetdnen guls<br />

da xonCas mainc atandnen (mTx. r. mamardaSvili).<br />

leCxumur saqorwilo CveulebebSi saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis<br />

saqorwilo tradiciebTan msgavseba SeimCneva, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

129

leCxumSi mopovebuli masala gacilebiT gviandelia – patarZlis miyvana<br />

ojaxSi saRamo xans maxasiaTebelia sxva kuTxeTa saqorwilo<br />

etiketisaTvis (12, 59; 65, 87). T. saxokias mosazrebiT, es Cveuleba qalis<br />

motacebis uZvelesi tradiciis arsebobiT unda aixsnas (65, 87). SesaZloa,<br />

saqorwilo ritualebis saRamosa da RamiT Sesruleba mTvaris kults<br />

ukavSirdebodes – svaneTSi zRurblze fexSedgmul patarZals ase<br />

esalmebodnen: „bednieri fexi Semogetanos, karg mTvareze Semogedgas<br />

fexi am saxlSi“, mTvaris kultis mniSvneloba saqorwilo tradiciebSi<br />

leCxumSi dadasturebuli masaliTac mtkicdeba _ niSnobisaTvis<br />

gansakuTrebulad bednierebis momtan savse mTvaris davaxSmebis saRamoebs<br />

arCevdnen.<br />

saqorwilo wyvilis gaCxibva-mojadoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli<br />

RonisZieba unda iyos maSxlebis koridoris mowyoba, rac mefe-patarZlis<br />

gadajvaredinebul xanjlebs qveS gatarebis analogiuri unda iyos.<br />

msgavseba moeZebneba maSvalis anazRaurebis formasac. maSvals<br />

gasamrjelod qorwilSi dakluli saqonlis tyavi da fexebi ekuTvnoda.<br />

erT wuRas an qalamans an mis Rirebulebis gasamrjelos iRebda maSvali<br />

sxva kuTxeebSic (12, 33).<br />

daniSnul qalze uaris Tqma xSirad usiamovnebiT mTavrdeboda.<br />

niSnad mirTmeul nivTs qalis ojaxi itovebda. daniSnuli qalis<br />

dawunebis faqtebi leCxumSi Zalze iSviaTia. sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevebi,<br />

daniSnuli qalis sxva kacze gaTxoveba ufro metad xdeboda. aseT<br />

movlenas maSin hqonda adgili, roca qals TviTon ar moswonda<br />

ojaxisagan misTvis SerCeuli saqmro, miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxs niSani<br />

miRebuli hqonda, Seyvarebulis megobrebis xelSewyobiT is saxlidan<br />

ipareboda da sxvaze Txovdeboda (mTxr. al. ugrexeliZe).<br />

qalis mayrebis upiratesi uflebebi leCxumur saqorwilo<br />

CveulebebSi kargad Cans. qalis mayari ufro pativcemulia, maTi<br />

ricxovnoba orjer aWarbebs vaJis mayars. qorwilis momTavrebis Semdeg<br />

maT xonCiT acileben. SesaZlo analogi SeiZleba davinaxoT m. beqaias<br />

mier aWaraSi da T. saxokias mier samegreloSi dafiqsirebul<br />

CveulebebTan. aWaraSi qalis mayars sufraze gacilebiT didi uflebebi<br />

aqvs vidre vaJis mayars, maTi pretenziebi aucileblad unda<br />

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dakmayofilebuliyo, qorwilis meore dRes gamarTuli doRi an raime<br />

Sejibri maTive gamarjvebiT Tu dasruldeboda, isini agrZelebdnen<br />

Wirveulobas, iTxovdnen nair-nair kerZebs da sasmelebs. qorwilis<br />

bolos, qalis mayari vaJis ojaxs da mis sofels yiJiniTa da Tofis<br />

sroliT tovebda. am dros vaJis mxare Cumad unda yofiliyo da Tu<br />

maTgan vinme Tofs gaisroda, qalis mayars ufleba hqonda ojaxi daesaja,<br />

tyviebi daeSina keriis jaWvisaTvis, ziani mieyenebina soflisTvis, rac<br />

SemdegSi vaJis ojaxs unda gamoesworebina. qalis mayris aseTi<br />

„Tavgasuloba“ TiTqos erTgvari kompensaciaa im wyenisa, rac vaJis<br />

ojaxma maT qalis wagvriT miayena. samegreloSi, amgvari „wyena“<br />

gamoixateboda inscenirebul motaceba-devnasa da patarZlisaTvis vaJis<br />

ojaxSi pirvelad miyvanis dros naTesavebis argayolebaSi. am ori<br />

magaliTis mixedviT, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom leCxumSi arsebuli<br />

erTgvari morideba qalis naTesavebsa da mayrionisa, aWarul da megrul<br />

tradiciebTan erTad msgavsi uZvelesi Cveulebidanaa SemorCenili (12, 68-<br />

69; 65; 91, 96).<br />

saqorwilo Cveulebis ritualebi, TefSis gatexva da „Tavze<br />

gadasagdebi“ megruli `seniS taxuasa~ da „dudiS ganayoTamalis“<br />

pirdapiri analogia. „dudiS ganayoTamali“ iTargmneba rogorc „Tavze<br />

gadasagdebi“. es termini saCuqris erTi xelis moqneviT, mosmiT, e. i.<br />

uSurvelad gaRebulebis arss unda gamoxatavdes. TefSis gatexvis,<br />

samegreloSic arsebuli am Cveulebis axsna T. saxokias mier mopovebuli<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT Semdegia – TefSis mTlianoba patarZlis<br />

mTlianobas, qaliSvilobas ganasaxierebs, megrulad amas terimni `utaxu~<br />

Seefereba (65, 100). TefSis gatexva saboloo Tanxmobaa wyvils mxridan<br />

saqorwilo urTierTobisa.<br />

qorwilis ori kviris Semdeg, siZe midioda patarZlis ojaxSi.<br />

icodnen moyvrobac – ojaxebis urTierTpatiJi, sadac sufraze mxolod<br />

ojaxis wevrebi da uaxloesi naTesavebi iyvnen. Troba da smaSi gajibreba<br />

moyvrobis sufris dros ar iyo miRebuli. Rvinos gansxvavebulebiT ar<br />

svamdnen „wvrili staqnebiT“ Seeqceodnen da „WukWukobdnen“ (mTxr. al.<br />

ugrexeliZe).<br />

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leCxumSi qalis mziTevis raodenoba ojaxis SeZlebaze iyo<br />

damokidebuli. mdidari ojaxi mziTevSi miwis nakveTs atanda qals.<br />

sofeli dexviris maxloblad dResacaa sameurneo savarguli, romelsac<br />

xalxi „anas namziTvs“ eZaxis (mTxr. a. axvlediani). zogjer sakuTar<br />

venaxs an yanas „CamouWridnen“ xolme ded-mama gaTxovil qals. xSirad<br />

atandnen Zroxas. SeZlebulebi eqvs pir loginsa da TeTreuls atandnen<br />

mziTvad. xelmokle ojaxebidan mziTvi umniSvnelo iyo, xandaxan ki<br />

mziTvi saerTod ar keTdeboda (mTxr. al. ugrexeliZe) Zalian sapatio iyo<br />

qalisaTvis „vefxistyaosnis“ gataneba, samziTvo wignSi pirvels swored<br />

„vefxistyaosans“ werdnen (1, 163).<br />

patarZals meore dRes saxli unda daegava. mamamTil–dedamTilTan<br />

da ojaxis sxva wevrebTan umZraxoba leCxumSi dResdReobiT mopovebuli<br />

eTnografiuli masaliT ar dasturdeba. is Cveulebrivad esaubreboda maT<br />

da dedamTil-mamamTils dedasa da mamas eZaxda. col-qmari erTmaneTs<br />

saxeliT ar mimarTavda (mTxr. al. ugrexeliZe).<br />

qal-vaJis daqorwinebis dros didi yuradReba eqceoda maT<br />

warmomavlobas. wyvilis naTesauri kavSirebi mecxre Taobamde, dgmamde ar<br />

unda gadakveTiliyo. ufro Sors midioda naTli-mironoba – naTlul<br />

naTliis STamomavlebs wesiT meTormete dgmamde ar ergebodaT<br />

urTierTqorwineba (mTxr. J. yuraSvili). es akrZalvebi mtkice iyo, Tumca<br />

misi gadevneba cxra an Tormeti Taobis manZilze Zneli savaraudebelia.<br />

naTel-mironis damrRvevi sazogadod ikicxeboda. aseTi SemTxveva<br />

momxdara sof. aRvSi – naTliam colad SeirTo naTlideda, ris gamoc is<br />

ojaxmac moikveTa da sazogadoebamac. kanonis damrRvevi wyvili Svidi<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi marnad gankuTvnil saTavsoSi cxovrobda da<br />

soflelebisagan faqtiurad gariyuli iyo (mTxr. g. Carkviani, sof.<br />

oyureSi).<br />

colis moyvana da gaTxoveba soflis SigniT mainc da mainc<br />

sasurveli ar yofila. ufro metad erideboda saqorwilo urTierTobas<br />

erTi ubnis mosaxleoba. es Cveuleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom ubnebSi ukve<br />

araerTgvarovani mosaxleobaa dRemde angariSgasawevi faqtoria.<br />

leCxumis soflebs erTmaneTSi tradiciuli saqorwilo<br />

urTierTobebi hqoniaT. magaliTebs dResac vxvdebiT – oyureSSi Zalian<br />

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evri rZalia aRvidan. am faqtis, oyureSis mcxovrebTagan aRveli qalebis<br />

colad moyvanis tradicias oyureSSi Cawerili erTi gamonaTqvamic<br />

mowmobs: `aRvSi bovSi rom atirdeba, mSobeli miualersebs: ra gatirebs<br />

boSo, geizrdebi da oyureSs gagaTxovebo~.<br />

sainteresoa leCxumSi arsebuli wes-Cveulebani romelic ukavSirdeba<br />

mSobiarobas: mSobiares cecxlis piras awvendnen da saxlis direze<br />

bawars Camoukidebdnen, raTa melogine qals tkivilebis dros bawrisTvis<br />

waevlo xeli. mSobiarobas sami qali (bebia da ori qali sxva ojaxidan)<br />

eswreboda. Tu situacia rTuli iyo, qals Tavze sanTels an cxvars<br />

Semoavlebdnen. vaJis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi aucileblad Tofs isrodnen.<br />

biWis mama Tofis srolas erideboda _ Svili urCi gamovao. mesame dRes<br />

unda gaSliliyo ,,salogino tabla”. moiwvevdnen bebia qals da mis<br />

damxmareebs, romlebic WiqiT Rvinos da sakmevels Tavze Semoavlebdnen<br />

jer qals, Semdeg ki bavSvs da dailocebodnen, deda RvTisas kargad<br />

morCenisTvis madlobas swiravdnen da Semdgom bednierebas sTxovdnen.<br />

tabla ise unda eWamaT rom miwaze namcecic ar davardniliyo, winaaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi bavSvi miwis mWameli gamovao. sadilobis Semdeg bebia qals<br />

asaCuqrebdnen (17, 52).<br />

meoTxe-mexuTe dRes iwyeboda mnaxvelebis mosvla. pirveyovlisa qali<br />

,,Tavis saxls”, ded-mamas unda moenaxulebina. Semdeg modiodnen<br />

naTesavebi, mokeeTebi da kuTxe-mezoblebi (mTx. J.yuraSvili). Tavis<br />

saxlis Semdeg misvla savaldebulo iyo mulisTvis, dobilisTvis,<br />

naTlidedasTvis (17, 53) Tavis saxls mosakiTxad mohqonda cxvari an<br />

Rori, SesaZloa indauric, meloginisTvis ori xmela puri, sami<br />

cxrakotota puri, ori Tungi Rvino da sxva sursaT-sanovage (17, 53).<br />

miuxedavad naTesaobis xangrZlivi da mkacri egzogamiurobis<br />

tradiciisa, leCxumSi gvargatexilobis faqtebic gvxvdeba.<br />

gvargatexilebs im gvarebs uwodeben, romlebSic mogvareTa qorwineba ar<br />

ikrZaleboda. aseTi gvarebia: kopalianebi, axvledianebi, yuraSvilebi.<br />

Tumca maT Soris qorwinebebi erTi Stos SigniT mkacrad iyo akrZaluli.<br />

samive am gvars egzogamiuri Stoebi gaaCniaT. gvaris SigniT aris<br />

warmomavlobis da socialuri saxis gansxvavebebic – axvledianebi,<br />

savaraudod gvianSuasaukuneebidan iyofian Tavad, aznaur da glex<br />

133

axvledianebad (mTxr. a. axvlediani). kopalianebis nawili leCxumSi<br />

svaneTidan gadmosaxlebulebad iTvleba, nawili ki guriidan wamosuli<br />

kopaleiSvilebis STamomavlebad (27, 21). yuraSvilis gvari adrindeli<br />

sabuTebiT yruaSvilebadac iwodeboda. amJamad yuraSvilis gvari orive<br />

gvars aerTianebs.<br />

leCxumSi gvargatexilobis aRsaniSnavad adre termini<br />

„Zvalgatexilobac“ unda yofiliyo. „Zvalgatexili“ aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (xevSi) da svaneTSi gavrcelebuli terminia.<br />

leCxumSi am gansazRvrebas ver vxvdebiT, magram `Zvalis gatexvis~ mcneba<br />

dRemde Semoinaxa leCxumurma leqsikonma. „Zvali ar gamitexoo“ e. i. ar<br />

damaRalatoo etyvian kacs, xSirad axlo naTesavs, rodesac misgan raime<br />

didad saWiro saqmis Sesrulebas iTxoven. es erTgvari daficebis formaa<br />

(giorgi mamardaSvili, savele eTnografiuli dRiuri).<br />

leCxumSi arsebobda naTesaobis forma romelsac Svilobilobas,<br />

ZuZus Tanaziarobas eZaxdnen. ZuZus Tanamoziareebi, erTi dedis rZiT<br />

gamokvebili aramonaTesave bavSvebi dedmamiSvilebad iTvlebodnen da maT<br />

STamomavlebs Soris qorwineba akrZaluli iyo.<br />

134

$ 4. micvalebulis kulti<br />

leCxumSi, micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli Zveli wes-<br />

Cveulebani da ritualebi dRemde mravladaa SemorCenili. micvalebulis<br />

datirebis, dakrZalvis, sulis mosaxseniebeli dReebis, rigebis wesebi<br />

sxva kuTxeTa wesebis msgavsia. micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli<br />

rwmena-warmodgenebi qristianuli da winareqristianuli religiebis<br />

rwmena-warmodgenebis nazavia.<br />

leCxumSi gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT sikvdilis angelozi kacTa<br />

TvalisTvis SeumCnevelia. mis siaxloves cxovelebi da frinvelebi<br />

grZnoben. amitomacaa, rom leCxumSi da mTel saqarTveloSi ZaRlis<br />

ymuili, busa da Wotis kivili, mamlis udroo dros (dRis ganmavlobaSi)<br />

yivili sikvdilis momaswavebel niSnebad iTvleboda.<br />

mZime seniT Sepyrobil adamians xats Seavedrebdnen. zogan xarsac<br />

Semoavlebdnen Tavs. Tu imedi gadarCenisa aRar hqondaT, mRvdels<br />

mouyvandnen da aziarebdnen (73, 182). avadmyofis monaxuleba mezoblebis<br />

valdebuleba iyo. wesad iyo miRebuli mZime avadmyofisTvis Ramis Tevac,<br />

rac keTdeboda imisaTvis rom Wirisufals dasvenebis saSualeba<br />

miscemoda (mTx. al. ugrexeliZe). sulTmobrZavisTvis Ramis Tevas<br />

marTlac eqneboda WirisuflisaTvis daxmarebis praqtikuli funqcia,<br />

Tumca am tradicias ufro Zveli, SesaZloa animisturi warmodgenac<br />

udevs safuZvlad – T. saxokias mier XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi<br />

dafiqsirebuli tradiciisamebr samegreloSi Cvevad hqondaT avadmyofis<br />

monaxuleba. Tvlidnen, rom avadmyofis monaxuleba, misTvis mosakiTxis<br />

mitana, xSirad mnaxvelis mier avadmyofis sawolze vercxlis fulis<br />

dayra, im specialur suls, romelmac daaZabuna esa Tu is adamiani, guls<br />

moulbobda. Ram-RamobiT orive sqesis axalgazrdebi avadmyofis saxlSi<br />

ikribebodnen. iwyebdnen sxvadasxva TamaSobebs. Wirisufali am dros<br />

isvenebda. RamismTevlebi ki yurs ugdebdnen avadmyofs, TiTqos xels<br />

uSlidnen sikvdilis masTan miaxlovebas. ar SeiZleboda saubrisas<br />

sikvdilis xseneba, gulxelis dakrefa. Tvlidnen, rom sikvdilis xseneba<br />

da gulxelis dakrefa sikvdilis mopatiJebas niSnavda (65, 118). mokled,<br />

RamismTevlebi iseT garemos qmnidnen, rom sikvdils saxlSi Sesvla ar<br />

135

mondomeboda. savaraudod, aseTive mosazreba unda iyos leCxumSi<br />

avadmyofisaTvis Ramis Tevis tradiciis safuZveli.<br />

xaris samjer avadmyofis sawolis garSemo Semotarebis tradiciis<br />

analogiuri rituali samegreloSic sruldeboda (65, 116). gansxvaveba is<br />

iyo, rom samegreloSi, avadmyofs Tavze Zroxas avlebdnen. azri am<br />

ritualisa iyo oxvameris momadliereba, romelmac „tibini“-siTbo moaklo<br />

avadmyofs. saqoneli oxvamerisaTvis – salocavisTvis Sewirulad<br />

iTvleba. „Tavis Semovleba“ anu „goluafa“ megrelebis warmodgeniT Tavs<br />

Semovlebulis nacvlad sikvdilisTvis mzadebas niSnavda (65, 95).<br />

TavsSemovlebul Zroxas samegreloSi ar wvelidnen. misi naSieri Tu<br />

mozveri iqneboda oxvamers dauklavdnen. Tumca leCxumSi ar dasturdeba<br />

rom TavSemovlebul xars ar amuSavebdnen, magram TviT avadmyofis<br />

garSemo xaris samjer Semotareba megruli eTnografiuli masalis<br />

safuZvelze SegviZlia avxsnaT da am ori msgavsi ritualis safuZvlad<br />

erTidaigive rwmena-warmodgenebi miviCnioT.<br />

micvalebuls daubanlad ar damarxavdnen. naban wyals sxvis ezoSi<br />

ar gadaasxamdnen - `misdRemSi ver gaixarebso~. tanze Tavisave naxmar<br />

tansacmels Caacmevdnen, uxmar tansacmels, ar acmevdnen _ suleTSi<br />

gauqreba da ver icnobeno~. micvalebuls, rogorc wesi, damarxvis win<br />

bandnen (73, 182).<br />

Zvelad micvalebuls tilos sudaraSi SiSvlad gaxveuls marxavdnen,<br />

Semdeg `pirklis nifxav-perangsac ukeravdnen, romelic gverdebze<br />

Caxsnili yofila. leCxumelTa rwmeniT micvalebulis tanisamosSi Savi<br />

ar unda erios. micvalebuli ambobso: `Tu raime gaakeTe<br />

matylisaburtylis nairi misti-mostie da momewieo~, `Sali pirze ebuweba<br />

da awuxebso~ - asec xsnian leCxumSi micvalebulisken Salis tansacmelis<br />

`dawunebas~. micvalebulis sudara cdilobdnen tilosagan SeekeraT (65,<br />

183).<br />

micvalebuls 5-6 dRis Semdeg marxavdnen. es albaT imiT iyo<br />

ganpirobebuli, rom yvela naTesavs da mokeTes moeswro misi datireba –<br />

paralels isev T.saxokias mier mowodebul masalasTan gavavlebT,<br />

romlis mixedviTac suli manam ar datovebda amqveyniurobas sanam yvela<br />

naTesavi mis cxedarze cremls ar daRvrida (65, 121). adre,<br />

136

micvalebulisaTvis ezoSi keTdeboda sefa, romelSic mas damarxvamde<br />

erTi dRiT adre asvenebdnen (mTxr. J. yuraSvili). am wesis mermindeli<br />

saxecvlileba unda iyos saxlidan gamosvenebis Semdeg cota xniT ezoSi<br />

dasvenebis Cveva. micvalebulis xrwnisagan dasacavad xvamlis soflebSi,<br />

am mTaze arsebuli bunebrivi Wa-sayinuledan, ezidebodnen yinuls.<br />

zafxulis papanaqebaSi am xerxs dResac mimarTaven xolme.<br />

dakrZalvis dRes Wirisufali naTesavebs da mezoblebs `mawvieris~<br />

meSveobiT atyobinebda. Wirisuflis ojaxi axlo naTesavebis wridan<br />

irCevda `Tavi kacs~, romelTanac erTad wyvetda dakrZalvis xarjebTan,<br />

qelexTan Tu saritualo mxaresTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. `Tavi kacs~<br />

yovelnairad unda moendomebina da Wirisufali maqsimalurad<br />

gaenTavisuflebina saqmisagan. `Tavi kaci~ aucilebeli ar iyo yofiliyo<br />

ojaxis naTesavi, SeiZleba is yofiliyo mezobeli, ubneli an<br />

Tanasofleli, romelsac kargi organizatoruli niWi hqonda.<br />

Soreuli soflebidan mosul motirlebs miyavdaT xalxi<br />

micvalebulis dasatireblad. motirals mis mier miyvanili xalxis<br />

sakmarisi sursaTi Tan unda waeRo. saqelexo sursaTs Semdegnairad<br />

angariSobdnen: asi kacisaTvis ormoci lavaSi, lobio, gubTa, xaxvi<br />

fxalad gakeTebuli, Rvino (arayi ar SeiZleboda), fuli erTi maneTi.<br />

naTluls didi sanTeli mihqonda. kuTxe-mezobeli Wirisufals<br />

exmareboda da TiTo ojaxs Wiris dRis xarjis gasastumreblad 1 kg<br />

kakali, sami-oTxi kilo lobio, TxuTmet boTlamde Rvino da erTi vedro<br />

fqvili mihqondaT Wirisuflis ojaxSi (73, 184). amgvar daxmarebas<br />

Senawevari erqva. Wirisuflisadmi daxmareba fuliTac xdeboda. xSirad<br />

daxmareba Sereuli _ fuladi da naturaluri iyo. zogjer Wirisufali<br />

fulad daxmarebaze uars ambobda da mas mxolod sursaTiT exmarebodnen.<br />

fulad gadasaxads `garasafens~ uZaxdnen. adre misi raodenoba 30<br />

maneTamde yofila (mTxr. al. ugrexeliZe).<br />

leCxumSi uazro tirili iSviaTi movlena yofila. glova<br />

gardacvalebisTanave SecxadebiT iwyeboda. xmamaRali kivili ubedurebis<br />

niSani iyo da mezoblebic umal miaSurebdnen gardacvlilis saxls.<br />

Zvelad, Sesacxadeblad misuli mezoblebi micvalebuls imave sawolTan<br />

daitirebdnen romelzec igi gardaicvleboda. sawols odnav swevdnen<br />

137

kedlidan. Tu micvalebuli raime saSiSi seniT iyo daavadebuli, sawols<br />

wvavdnen (73, 182). Semdegi dReebisaTvis micvalebuls taxtze<br />

gadmoasvenebdnen. taxts moaTavsebdnen oTaxis centrSi da TavTan<br />

sanTel-sakmevels, Wiqa wyalsa da Rvinos, puris marcvals da sulis<br />

kvers uwyobdnen (73, 182). xSirad mokivari da mozareebi Wirisufals<br />

TviTonve mohyavda. Sori soflidan misul motirals sami mokivari qali<br />

mainc unda miyoloda, romlebsac tirilis gaTavebamde unda ekivlaT,<br />

rac Wirisuflis ojaxisaTvis didi pativiscema iyo (73, 182).<br />

vidre micvalebuls ar daasaflavebdnen naTesavebi da mogvareebi<br />

xorcs ar SeWamdnen. ikrZaleboda miwaze muSaoba, qalis xelsaqme (73, 183).<br />

micvalebulis panaSvidebisa da tirilis dros kubosTan ,,safexes”<br />

TmagaSlili coli jdeboda, deda TavTan unda mjdariyo. momsvlelebi<br />

kubosTan iCoqebodnen. kubosTan iCoqeben kacebic da ori xelze Sublze<br />

mirtymiT gamoxataven TavianT mwuxarebas (17, 49). xSirad kacebi xmiTac<br />

tirian micvalebuls.<br />

gadmocemebiT, leCxumSi scodniaT micvalebulis cxedarTan Savad<br />

Sesudruli cxenebis dayeneba, romelsac Semdeg saiqiosken mimaval<br />

gzaze~ win waumZRvarebdnen. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi micvalebulis<br />

TavTan Savad Sesudruli manqanasac ayenebdnen (73, 184).<br />

micvalebulis saxlidan gamoyvanis win cxedarTan mxolod<br />

axloblebi rCebodnen. Semdeg isini gahyavdaT. kubos waRma<br />

daatrialebdnen samjer, Semdeg daxurul karebs samjer miartyamdnen da<br />

micvalebuls ezoSi daasvenebdnen. micvalebuls saflavSi atandnen<br />

pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebs, fulsac ki - `bnel saval gzaze<br />

dasWirdebao~ (73, 185). WiSkarTan miyvanil micvalebuls Cataniebuli<br />

nivTidan romelimes amoaclidnen, rasac xelisbrunebas eZaxdnen.<br />

micvalebuls marxavdnen sagvareulo sasafloze, romelic soflis<br />

sasaflaos nawili iyo. sasaflaoze miwa `perangebad~ iyo dayofili.<br />

yovel micvalebuls Tavis `parangSi~ uWridnen saflavs. mesaflaveebi<br />

morigeobiT iyvnen soflelebi. mesaflaveebis sadRegrZelo, mekubovesTan<br />

erTad gamocalkevebiT iTqmeboda micvalebulis qelexze, ormocze da<br />

sxva mosaxsenebel dReebSi. `imaT gaumarjos vinc (micvalebulis saxeli)<br />

samudamo saxli auSena. amis Semdeg saflavis gamWrels saxlis balaveri<br />

138

gaeWras, mekuboves, kubos Semkeravs akvnebi ekeTebinos~ - daaxloebiT ase<br />

JRers maTi sadRegrZelo. sadRegrZelos Tqmis dros mesaflavisa da<br />

mekubovis saxelebis dakonkreteba aucilebeli ar aris. mesaflavisa da<br />

mekubovis gamocalkevebiT dalocvasac unda hqondes Tavisi fesvebi<br />

qristianobmdel rwmena-warmodgenebSi – sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom<br />

micvalebulis cxedari aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mavne muxtis<br />

matareblad iTvleboda, masTan Sexebis mqone kaci narevad iwodeboda.<br />

narevebi da mesaflaveebi marxaven micvalebuls, ris Semdegac sofelSi<br />

brundebian, magram saxlSi Sesvla eqvsi dRis manZilze ekrZalebaT (49,<br />

199). maT mavne aura mxolod specialuri ganaTvlis Semdeg SordebaT. am<br />

magaliTze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom leCxumSi arsebuli<br />

tradicia mesaflavisa da mekubovis sadRegrZelos gamocalkevebisa maTi<br />

`narevobis~ Zveli warmodgenidan unda modiodes. TviT sadRegrZelo ki<br />

erTgvari analogia xevsuruli `ganaTvlisa~, ris Semdegac maT mavne aura<br />

exsnebodaT.<br />

micvalebulis dasaflavebis Semdeg imarTeboda qelexi. leCxumSi<br />

qelexi samarxvoa. dakrZalvis dRes Wirisufali icvamda Savi feris<br />

tanisamoss. adre Wiris tansacmeli ikereboda tilosagan da boloebSi<br />

mouTavebeli iyo. Tavsaburavic Savi icodnen. Savebs wlamde atarebdnen.<br />

wlisTavis mere am tanisamoss ToneSi wvavdnen. gardacvlils Tu deda<br />

cocxali hyavda is isev Savs Seikeravda, magram amjerad moTavebuls.<br />

leCxumSi, gadmocemiT dasturdeba, rom adre mgloviareebi nabdis<br />

formis, kiserTan zortiT Sesakvrel Sav tansacmels icvamdnen. is<br />

mTlianad faravda adamians da tilos naWrisgan ikereboda. msgavsi<br />

formis samgloviaro Casacmelis arseboba samegreloSi dasturdeba, iq<br />

aseT tanisamoss `qoxs~ uZaxdnen (73, 185).<br />

micvalebulis patroni glovis niSnad Tmasa da wvers ar gaiparsavda.<br />

xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebiT Savebis tareba ormoci dRis Semdeg wesi<br />

ar iyo. Tumca Zalze axloblebi Sav tanisamoss wlisTavamde atarebdnen,<br />

xolo Svilmkvdari deda Savs aTi welic atarebda (73, 185).<br />

dakrZalvis dReebad leCxumSi samSabaTsa da SabaTs Tvlidnen. zogan<br />

xuTSabaTsac SeiZleboda micvalebulis dasaflaveba, Tumca orSabaTs da<br />

xuTSabaTs dakrZalvis akrZalva ufro adrindeli Cans. es dReebi<br />

139

leCxumelTa warmodgeniT `brZnilobis~ locvis dReebad yofila<br />

miCneuli. am dReebSi xel-pirs da fexebs ar ibandnen, banals ar<br />

daivarcxnidnen, ojaxidan raimes ar gascemdnen – baraqa da ojaxis<br />

wevrebis sicocxle gahyvebao (73, 185). am dReebis `siwminde~ samegreloSi<br />

dafiqsirebuli CveulebiTac naTlad Cans – orSabaTs mgzavrobisa da<br />

raime axali saqmis dawyeba ar SeiZleboda. orSabaTi, megrulad TuTaSxa<br />

mTvaris dRes niSnavs. mTvare ki Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis<br />

erT-erTi umTavresi RvTaebaa. caSxa xuTSabaTi, e. i. cis dRea da<br />

amitomac bunebrivia rom es dRec leCxumSi brZnilobisTvis, locvisTvis<br />

iyo gankuTvnili. Semdgomi tradiciebi zogierT sofelSi<br />

dasaflavebisaTvis tabudadebuli dReebi iyo orSabaTi, oTxSabaTi da<br />

paraskevi (mTxr. al. ugrexeliZe). oTxSabaTsa da paraskevs dasaflavebis<br />

akrZalva albaT qristianuli rwmenis gavlenaa – SesaZloa savaldebulo<br />

marxulobam am dReebs leCxumelTa warmodgenaSi wminda dReebis elferi<br />

SesZina.<br />

micvalebuls dRis meore naxevarSi marxavdnen, radganac sjerodaT<br />

rom misi suli saiqios (sasuleTSi) Camaval mzes miyveboda. procesias<br />

mRvdeli uZRoda win, eklesiasTan micvalebuls wess augebdnen da<br />

TavianTi mogvareebis gverdiT daasaflavebdnen (73, 186). Tu vinme<br />

micvalebulis Casvenebamde saflavis TxrilSi Caixedavda aucileblad<br />

peSviT miwa unda Caeyara TxrilSi (mTxr. k. arjevaniZe). micvalebulis<br />

Casvenebis Semdeg mas axloblebi ramodenime peSvs miwas miayridnen. amis<br />

Semdeg Wirisufali gahyavdaT sasaflaodan. WirisufalisaTvis ukan<br />

mibruneba, ukan moxedvac ki mkacrad akrZaluli iyo.<br />

adre, Sesudruli micvalebuls jalavriT asaflavebdnen. jalavari<br />

ori ficrisgan da maT Soris gadaxlarTuli Tokebis xlarTebiT<br />

mzaddeboda. leCxumels axal wels kibisTvis ar unda Seexeda, radgan is<br />

jalavris msgavsia da maTSi sikvdilis asociacias iwvevda.<br />

micvalebulis suli, leCxumelis rwmeniT ormoci dRe saxlSia,<br />

Semdeg imerSi, zecaSi midis. is niavia, xandaxan ojaxs peplis an Citis<br />

saxiT moevlineba, xan sizmarSi gamoecxadeba. micvalebulis suli<br />

SeiZleba gzaSic Segxvdes da megzuroba gagiwios. sulis amgvar saxes,<br />

romelic cocxal adamians emsgavseba `agaga~ qvia (73, 186).<br />

140

micvalebulis suli keTilia. Tumca daviwyebis, misTvis<br />

mzrunvelobis moklebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa ojaxi dazaraldes, sulma<br />

ojaxs avnos raime. leCxumSi micvalebulis suls amitomac ar akldeba<br />

mzrunveloba.<br />

leCxumSi micvalebulis sulisaTvis, gardacvalebidan erTi wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, sami rigis wadgma xdeba. ician xelis gaxsna, ormoci da<br />

wlisTavi.<br />

xelis gaxsna gardacvalebidan meSvide dRes scodniaT (73, 187).<br />

zogierT soflebSi xelis gaxsnas gasvenebidan mesame dRes,<br />

gardacvalebidan ki mecxredRes amTxveven. es im SemTxvevaSi xdeboda Tu<br />

meore dRes marxva iwyeboda. imave dRes gaxsnilebis SemTxvevaSi stumrebs<br />

samarxvo sufras uSlidnen, xolo naTesavebi saRamos xorciT<br />

ixsnilebdnen. micvalebuls Tu droze ar gauxsnile, codoa, xelebi<br />

Sekruli aqvs da ugviandebao – amboben leCxumelebi. sulis gaxsnamde<br />

Wirisufals ekrZaleboda xorcis Wama. xelis gaxsnas ojaxis wevrebi<br />

eswrebodnen. unda daiklas cxvari. cdiloben xelis gaxsnis sufraze rac<br />

SeiZleba meti kerZi iyos. cxvars mezobeli klavda. micvalebuli Tu<br />

mamakaci iyo mas verZs dauklavdnen, qals ki dedal cxvars uklavdnen.<br />

sakurTxis magidis qveS cxvris tyavSi gamoxveul cxvris Tavebs<br />

dadebdnen, romelic TokiT paloze iyo gamobmuli. sakurTxis magidaze<br />

Svidi sulis kveri unda dadebuliyo. sulis kverebs gulSi yveli hqonda<br />

CarTuli. sakurTxis sufraze unda yofiliyo sami patara kokori<br />

(ganatexi), sami sanTeli, Wantili, goWi, qaTami, xaWapuri, Rvino, wyali.<br />

sakurTxis magidaze yovelafers kents dgamdnen (73, 187).<br />

zogjer gaxsnileba, xelis gaxsna cxvris magivrad kvatiTac (ixvi)<br />

sruldeboda. kvati leCxumelTa warmodgeniT wminda frinvelia,<br />

RvTisganaa gaCenili. is micvalebuls exmareba ar daixrCos im cremlSi,<br />

rac mas eRvreba. kvatis CaCexva icodnen mdinaris im nawilSic sadac<br />

adamiani daixrCveboda. garda imisa, rom es damxrCvalis suls<br />

waadgeboda, upatroni micvalebulis sulis saoxic iqnebao (73, 188).<br />

micvalebulisTvis gankuTvnili Semdegi sufra, misi gardacvalebis<br />

meormoce dRes iSleboda. zogierTi gadmocemiT ormoci adre ar<br />

scodniaT. Tumca axlandeli mdgomareobiT ormocis gadaxda<br />

141

savaldebulo da aucilebelia. meormoce dRes micvalebulis sulis<br />

bolo dRea amqveynad, ris Semdegac igi saiqioSi miemgzavreba. sof.<br />

oyureSSi Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviT, ormocis sufris qveS unda<br />

daedoT dakluli cxvris tyavSi Sexveuli Tavfexi. zogierTis TqmiT<br />

cxvris tyavSi gaxveuli unda yofiliyo RviZlic an misi marjvena nawili.<br />

ormoci saxsnilo kerZebiT keTdeboda. ormocamde Savis tarebis<br />

tradicia, pirisgaxsnis magivrad cxvris Tavfexis magidis qveS dadeba,<br />

ormocis sufris xorciani kerZebiT gakeTeba im warmodgeniT unda iyos<br />

ganpirobebuli, rom ormoci dRe micvalebulis suli saxlSi trialebs –<br />

sulis winaSe pativiscemis niSnad Savebs icvamdnen. samegreloSi<br />

arsebuli rwmena, rom micvalebulis suli yvelafers xedavs, xedavs vin<br />

rogor dardobs mis gardacvalebas, albaT leCxumSic gavrcelebuli iyo<br />

da swored es unda yofiliyo ormoci dRis ganmavlobaSi Savebis Cacmis<br />

aucileblobis safuZveli. ormocis sufris qveS tyavSi gaxveuli cxvris<br />

Tavfexis dadeba xelisgaxsnis msgavsad, ormocis Semdgom xorcis<br />

miRebaze kidev erTi saboloo dasturi unda iyos.<br />

eqvsi Tvis Semdegac idgmeboda sakurTxi da imarTeboda mcire<br />

purmarili sakurTxi iseTive wesiT mzaddeboda, rogorc xelisgaxsnaze.<br />

sulis kveri eqvsi Tvis Tavze, sakurTxad sami ideba. magidaze aris goWi,<br />

kvata, qaTami, ikvleba cxvari. cxvris Tavfexs aucileblad joxze mibmul<br />

bawars waabamdnen – ase ityodnen – micvalebuls ar Seawuxebs, ar<br />

arbeninebso. eqvsi Tvis Tavze sasaflaoze gasvlac icodnen.<br />

gardacvalebidan erTi wlis Tavze imarTeboda wlisTavi anu<br />

meorenairad `sufris aReba~. klavdnen cxvars, kvats, goWs da a. S.<br />

micvalebulis niSanze tirodnen da saflavzec gadiodnen. adre<br />

scodniaT samgloviarod mozrdili Tmis SeWrevineba im adamianis mier<br />

visac Wirisufali gardacvlili adamianis nacvlad ayvanas upirebda. es<br />

wesi sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

samegreloSi (65, 135).<br />

wlamde yovel SabaTs sakurTxi mzaddeboda. misi damzadebis dros<br />

diasaxliss cremli ar unda gadmovardnoda da sakurTxs ar unda<br />

dascemoda, Torem micvalebuls saWmeli dausveldeboda da veRar<br />

142

SeWamda. sakurTxi keTdeboda cxvriT, batiT, ixviT an qaTmiT. Txis xorci<br />

ar SeiZleboda, radgan Txa eSmakis cxovelad iTvleboda.<br />

micvalebulTaTvis sakurTxis dadgmis dRe iyo sulTaSabaTad<br />

wodebuli noembris bolo, didmarxvis pirveli SabaTi dReebi.<br />

sulSabaTze sakurTxis sufra mravalferovani iyo. magidaze debdnen sam<br />

suliskvers da Svid-cxra sanTels aanTebdnen. ezosa da saxlis karebi<br />

Ria hqondaT, sulebi Tavisuflad Semovleno. sinaTle saxlebSi Camqrali<br />

iyo. sulebs fexzedamdgarni, Cumad elodebodnen ojaxis wevrebi (73, 188-<br />

189).<br />

sulis dReebi iwyeboda naTlisRebidan da mis Semdgom xuTSabaTamde<br />

grZeldeboda. am dReebSi micvalebuls imas waudgamdnen sadilad, rac<br />

ojaxSi sadilad hqondaT. micvalebulisTvis gankuTvnil tablaze<br />

dadebdnen sam sulis kvers, romlebSic TiTo-TiTo sanTeli iyo<br />

CarWobili. sadilobisas (dRis pirvel naxevarSi) imitom xdeboda<br />

micvalebulis sakurTxis wadgma, rom maT gzaSi ar SemoRamebodaT (17, 17).<br />

sulis dReebs meorenairad `midgmac~ hqvia. mas ,,sulis gadabrZanebis<br />

kviresac” uwodeben. am kvires micvalebulTa sulebi TavianT saxlebs<br />

stumrobdnen. xuTSabaT dRes micvalebulebis sulebi isev saiqioSi<br />

brundebodnen. am dRisTvis sakalando Roris WiRvi (beWis an TeZos<br />

saxsaniani xorci) da sami nekni unda SeenaxaT gadra amisa sufraze unda<br />

yofiliyo sami yveliani an lobiani tabla, sami sulis puri (SuaSi sami<br />

TiTis anabeWdiT), Rvino da erTi Cxiri sanTeli (17, 17). am dRes arc kerva<br />

SeiZleboda da arc qsova.<br />

wadgma vaxSmobis xans xdeboda. Semdeg sanTels anTebdnen. sanTlis<br />

Caqrobamde yvelani Cumad iyvnen. mamakacebi qudmoxdilebi idgnen. sanTeli<br />

rom Caiwveboda ojaxis ufrosi qali Wiqas samjer wauqcevda da<br />

micvalebulebis ganaTlebas sTxovda RmerTs. amis Semdeg ojaxis<br />

romelime wevri (an ufrosi qali) erT sulis purs, sam nekns, WiqiT<br />

Rvinos da anTebul sanTels aiRebda da WiSkrisken acilebda sulebs.<br />

gzadagza Rvinos asxamda miwaze. aq is inaxavda saWmels (ufro xSirad ki<br />

naliaSi). diliT am saWmels ojaxis romelime bavSvi SeWamda da Rvinosac<br />

dalevda (17, 17-18).<br />

143

micvalebulis sakurTxis wadgma icodnen Sobas, mariamobaze, petrepavlobaze,<br />

aRdgomis dResaswaulze, xvamliobas, feriscvalebas... TiTqmis<br />

yvela `kai dRes~, religiur dResaswaulebze. sakurTxis wadgma ician<br />

maSinac, roca micvalebuli daesizmrebaT.<br />

leCxumelis warmodgeniT micvalebulis suli, `agaga~ xSirad<br />

ecxadeba adamianebs. micvalebulis `agaga~ keTilia, Tumca is<br />

uyuradRebobiT SeiZleba gawbildes da raime avnos sakuTari ojaxis<br />

wevrebs, romlebmac misi xsovna daiviwyes. sxvagan gardacvlili adamianis<br />

suli wiTeli ZafiT mohyavdaT. micvalebuli, leCxumelis rwmeniT<br />

sakurTxis suniT, misi oxSivariT ikvebeba.<br />

144

$ 5. rwmena-warmodgenebi da saojaxo ritualebi<br />

mniSvnelovani adgili leCxumelTa warmodgenebSi wylis kults<br />

uWiravs. wylis kulti mWidro kavSirSia micvalebulTa sulebis<br />

rwmenasTan da agreTve amindis ganmsazRvrel ZalebTan.<br />

xvamlis mTas, leCxumelTa yvelaze did salocavs, mravali<br />

religiuri warmodgena ukavSirdeba. is upirvelesad amindis mbrZaneblad<br />

unda miviCnioT. `fexgasulze xvamli Tu deiraxunebs im wels kargi<br />

amindi iqneba, Tu svaneTis mTebma moaswro daruxuneba, maSin cudi amindia<br />

mosalodneli (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe) - ityvian leCxumSi. `asxma Tu<br />

deiruxuna da xvamlma daumowma~ - maSinac gaumarTlebda glexebs, kargi<br />

amindi iyo mosalodneli.<br />

xvamlis mTazeve dadiodnen mlocvelebi, rodesac uamindoba<br />

SeawuxebdaT. ZiriTadad xvamlze amindis saTxovnelad axlomaxlo<br />

soflis mcxovreblebi dadiodnen. mTis ZirSi mdebare sof. oyureSidan<br />

xvamlze wminda giorgis ori xati mihqondaT. procesias, romelic<br />

fexSiSvela qalebisagan Sedgeboda, win mRvdeli miuZRvoda. qalebi<br />

tiriliTa da xvneSa mudariT mimarTavdnen RmerTs: RmerTo nu dawvav<br />

qveyanas, nu gagviwyrebi, nu gagviwyvet pirSi lukmas... mogveci nebis wvima,<br />

ar gvinda koxis wvimao. xatebs salocavis gverdze mdebare wm. giorgis<br />

tbaSi ganbandnen. SesaZlo iyo wvimis gamoTxovnis mizniT tbaSi mozveri<br />

an ZaRli CaexrCoT. bolo dros cxovels aRar klavdnen da ise agdebdnen<br />

tbaSi. orbelSi ZuRuris tbaSi katis Cagdebac scodniaT, ris Semdegac<br />

aucileblad unda gawvimebuliyo. leCxumis sxva soflebSic icodnen<br />

xatis ganbana, eklesiidan gamotanili nagvis wyalSi Cayra. qulbaqelebi,<br />

`toba varCxilad~ wodebul tbaSi `jRarks~ Zvel fexsacmels agdebdnen.<br />

nasperSi Cawerili gadmocemiT xati an wminda giorgis unda yofiliyo an<br />

mariam RvTismSoblis da gamdinare wyalSi xati unda ganebanaT. umetesad,<br />

qal mlocvelTa procesia cxeniswylisken miemarTeboda. maTi rwmeniT,<br />

taxis nabani wyali roca zRvaSi CaaRwevda, aucileblad gawvimdeboda.<br />

gadmocemebi imasac mowmobdnen, rom xatis ganbanvis Semdeg Sin<br />

dabrunebuli qalebi aucileblad gaiwuwebodnen, wvima gzaSi<br />

mouswrebdaT (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe).<br />

145

sainteresoa, rom wvimis gamosawvevad ori, TiTqos azrobrivad<br />

dapirispirebuli, xatis ganbanva da ZaRlis CaCexva (jRarkis Cagdeba) _<br />

wesi wvimis gamowvevisa, ratom iyo gamoyenebuli. xatis ganbanva erTgvar<br />

animistur warmodgenas unda ukaSirdebodes – xatis `wils~ naban wyals<br />

zRvaSi (zRvas miewereba wvimis gamgeblis funqcia) agzavnidnen da<br />

TavianT savedrebeli xatis meSveobiT evedrebodnen amindis meufes.<br />

xvamlis wminda giorgisa da `toba varCxilis~ tbebi marTalia gamavali<br />

ar aris, magram maT, xalxis warmodgeniT, etyoba gansakuTrebuli<br />

mdebareobis gamo pirdapiri kavSirebi aqvT zebunebriv ZalebTan da<br />

wminda tbebad iTvlebodnen.<br />

xaris CaCexva wminda giorgis tbaSi, amindis mbrZaneblisadmi<br />

msxverplSewirva unda iyos. ZaRlis CaCexva, jRarkisa da katis Cagdeba<br />

wyalSi ki albaT amindis mbrZaneblis gabrazebis da misgan sasjelis<br />

miRebis, wvimiT dasjis mizniT xdeboda. ZaRlis CaCexva meorenairad<br />

SegviZlia gaviazroT: ZaRli qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis erT-erTi<br />

mTavari RmerTis kvirias wminda cxovelia. ZaRlebis meSveobiT kviria<br />

urCebs sjis. TviT kviria ki keTili adamianebis mimarT keTilganwyobili<br />

RmerTia da morige RmerTTan Tavisi sityva eTqmis. SesaZloa, ZaRlis<br />

CaCexva swored ZaRlis sulis gagzavnasa da misi meSveobiT kviriasagan<br />

misTvis wvimis gamotanebis SesaZleblobis rwmenis gamoxatuleba iyos.<br />

xvamlis mTis mixedviT momavali dRisTvis amindis prognozirebac<br />

SeiZleba – Tu Camavali mzis sxivebisagan xvamls vardisferi – mowiTalo<br />

feri adevs momdevno dRe mowmendili da mziani iqneba, Tu ara da<br />

moRrubluli an wvimiani dRea mosalodneli.<br />

xvamlis mTaSive cxovrobs wylis samyaros miTiuri warmomadgeneli<br />

gveleSapi, romelsac aseve miewereba wylis erT-erTi batonis funqcia.<br />

xvamlis mTaSi mcxovrebi gveleSapi ukvdavia, is kldis naJurs lokavs,<br />

rodesac marcxena mxares gadabrundeba mdinare verZis Tava xvamlis<br />

aRmosavleTiT sof. tviSisken miedineba, rodesac marjvniv gadabrundeba<br />

mdinare, romelsac raCxas uwodeben, ukve dasavleTiT, sof. oyureSis<br />

ganapiras Camoedineba. gadmocemis Tanaxmad gveleSapTan mebrZoli gmirebi<br />

arian JivJia da vaJina. am monadireebs miewerebaT gveleSapisgan wylis<br />

gaTavisufleba. gmirebi akuwuli gveleSapis Sxams dauxocavs. JivJia da<br />

146

vaJinas xsenebis dRed Savi oSabaTi dauwesebiaT, romelic didi marxvis<br />

pirvel dRes emTxveva. am dRes rkinis xmareba akrZaluli iyo. kvira<br />

saRamos rkinis iaraRebs saguldagulod malavdnen. rkinis garyeva am<br />

dros nadirisgan saqonlis vnebas gamoiwvevda. meore dRes JivJiasa da<br />

vaJinas locva saRamo xans iTqmeboda. sasurveli iyo ojaxSi araferi<br />

eWamaT, Tu amas ver moaxerxebdnen unda emarxulaT. JivJiasa da vaJinas<br />

ase dalocavdnen:<br />

`ramaca mxeci gouSva, mxecisa mteri JivJia,<br />

JivJiasa da mis Svil vaJinas Seundos~. (mTxr. S.RurWumaliZe)<br />

am locvis Semdeg rkina `aSobili~ iyo da misi gamoyeneba<br />

SeiZleboda. JivJiasa da vaJinas locvis Sesrulebis dros ojaxis<br />

ufross fexi rkinis nakeTobaze edga da masze danas akakunebda. zogan<br />

locvis Semdeg ojaxis ufrosi najaxs iRebda da ezoSi xexils an<br />

axlomdebare tyeSi xeebs Semoukakunebda.<br />

JivJia da vaJinas saxelebi mWidrod unda iyvnen dakavSirebuli wylis<br />

stiqiasTan. am saxelebis Ziri rom wyalTanaa dakavSirebuli, wylis an<br />

wyliT gajerebuli, wyliani adgilebis aRmniSvneli qarTuli sityvebic<br />

migvaniSnebs. magaliTad: Janti – mcire sisvele, JReri – Zlieri wvima,<br />

JRvipini, Jido, JinJvla da sxva (46, 129). maT kavSiri aqvT aseve rkinasTan<br />

da maTdami miZRvnil dRes rkinis iaraRebis gamoyenebis akrZalva,<br />

SesaZloa, foladis am saxeobis iaraRis Tavdapirveli gamoyenebis, misi<br />

dauflebis Sesaxeb miTologiuri gadmocemis Sedegia. savaraudod, kvira<br />

saRamodan orSabaT saRamomde dro asaxavs im periods, roca rkina jer<br />

kidev ar iyo xmarebaSi. Semdeg JivJiasa da vaJinas, cnobili da<br />

warmatebuli (gveleSapis mkvleli) monadireebis madliT xdeba rkinis<br />

iaraRis daufleba da rkinis `aSoba~. JivJiasa da vaJinas Sesandobaris<br />

Tqma miuTiTebs imaze, rom maT raRac codva adevT kiserze. SesaZloa es<br />

Tavad gveleSapis, miTologiuri gadmocemiT qaosis Zalebis<br />

gansaxierebis, magram mainc sakulto arsebis mkvlelobis codvaa.<br />

SeiZleba, JivJiasa da vaJinas codva amiranisa da promeTes codvebs hgavs<br />

– cecxlisa da sikeTis momtani gmirebi isjebian, aseve SeiZleba<br />

dasjiliyvnen (codva dasdebodaT) JivJia da vaJina adamianisaTvis rkinis<br />

iaraRis mitanisTvis. am mxriv sainteresoa m. makalaTias mier Cawerili<br />

147

cnoba – erT-erT svanur gadmocemaSi vaJinas dad moixsenieba yamari,<br />

romelic amave dros amiranis miTosis gmiricaa (46, 128).<br />

wylis kultTanaa dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi wminda maqsimes<br />

Sesaxeb. xalxSi arsebuli tradiciiT wminda maqsime muris maxlobladaa<br />

dasaflavebuli. wminda maqsime aRmsarebeli, VII saukunis cnobili<br />

saeklesio moRvawe, vaxuStis cnobiTac da bizantiuri wyaroebis<br />

mixedviTac, marTlac cageris midamoebSi unda iyos dakrZaluli.<br />

maqsimesadmi mikuTvnebuli funqciebi, misadmi miZRvnili ritualebi am<br />

moRvawis did popularobaze metyvelebs. maqsimem, rogorc Cans<br />

romeliRac warmarTuli RvTaebis funqcia SeiZina da amindis<br />

ganmkarguleblis rolic SeiTvisa. rac unda yofiliyo, Tu daRma izamda<br />

xels (maqsime), wvimas dauSenda, Tu aRma izamda – isev dari iyo (46, 143).<br />

maqsime aTaswlovani cacxvis fuRuroSi cxovrobda. is dadioda sofelsofel<br />

da sikeTes Tesda. misi mkvleloba miewereba vinme Wabukians,<br />

romlis meore gvari qareiSvilia. gardacvalebis Semdeg maqsime,<br />

Wabukianis mier miCenil saflavSi ar gaCerebula, sizmarSi gamocxadebia<br />

erT qals, romlisTvisac Tavisi neba gaucxadebia, ris Semdegac maqsimes<br />

cxedari marxilze dausvenebiaT, masSi uRlad dauwmendavi xarebi<br />

SeubamT da sadac es marxili gaCerda, maqsimec iqve daukrZalavT.<br />

maqsimesave miTiTebiT, es xarebi dakles da imave marxilis SeSiT<br />

moxarSes da iqve SeWames.<br />

maqsime, Wabukians, romelic xSirad Cadioda siaves, wvimiT sjida. mas<br />

Rrublis, nislis saxis miRebac an maTSi daburva SeeZlo (Wabukianma<br />

esrola Tofi Rrubels da maqsime Camovarda. cxadia maqsime, am<br />

magaliTis safuZvelze wvimis momyvani, wylis saidumloebebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli RvTaebaa. `wminda maqsime da RmerTo! Seni gaCenilia ca da<br />

qveyana, gamogvidare~ - ase loculobda maqsimes saflavze wamsvleli did<br />

cacxvTan Sekrebili xalxi. Semdeg es xalxi, kiserze RvleWebs<br />

waiWerdnen da Cqari sirbiliT im gzas gauyveboda romliTac gadmocemis<br />

mixedviT wminda maqsimes cxedris mzidavma xarebma iares. am saqcieliT<br />

albaT maqsimesTan dakavSirebuli bolo saswaulis gameoreba undodaT –<br />

kiserze RvleWebSemobmuli xalxi ganasaxierebda xarebs, romelmac<br />

maqsimes cxedari dakrZalvis adgilamde zida. cdilobdnen es scena<br />

148

zedmiwevniT srulad SeesrulebinaT da am miznis aRsrulebisaTvis<br />

aranair xerxs ar eridebodnen – marSruts ar gadauxvevdnen Tugind win<br />

Robe an bostani SexvedrodaT ar Cerdebodnen, gadauvlidnen da<br />

gaivlidnen. ase Cavidodnen murSi. (17, 53-54)<br />

sayuradReboa, rom maqsimes xangrZlivi wvimebis dros mimarTavdnen.<br />

gvalvis dros maqsimesadmi vedreba ar icodnen. avdris Sewyvetis es<br />

rituali orSabaTs an xuTSabaTs, leCxumSi `brZnilobis~ dReebad<br />

wodebul dReebSi unda Catarebuliyo. ZiriTadad procesiaSi<br />

dexvirelebi iRebdnen monawileobas. isini am ritualSi monawileobis<br />

misaRebad erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi marxulobdnen da Tavs wmindad<br />

inaxavdnen qals ar ekarebodnen (17, 143).<br />

avi tarosis mbrZaneblad leCxumlebs elia miaCndaT. elia maTi<br />

warmodgeniT brma iyo (zogierTi gadmocemiT igi calTvalaa). is Weqa<br />

quxils dauZRveba caze da radgan mxedveloba ar uvarga eSmaks dahyavs.<br />

eSmaki xSirad atyuebs mas da soflis Tavze Weqa-uxils daatexinebs,<br />

setyvas agzavninebs. zogierTis TqmiT, is Weqa-quxilis dros eSmaks<br />

esroda mexs. xalxi roca SeamCnevda rom mosalodneli iyo Weqa-quxili<br />

da setyva, umal zaris rekvasa da caSi Tofis srolas atexda. amiT isini<br />

TiTqosda elias gaagebinebdnen, rom soflis Tavzea da isic<br />

gadaifiqrebda Weqa-quxilis gamoSvebas dedamiwaze.<br />

amindis siavkargeze zRapruli arsebebi, Winkebic axdendnen gavlenas.<br />

Winkoba 14 noembers iwyeba. Winkebi sami dRe barSi, sami dRe mTaSi, sami<br />

dRe wyalSi arian. mecxre dRes Tu wyalSi gadaiCexnen wvimiani weliwadi<br />

iqneba, Tu kldeze gadaiyarnen maSin mSrali amindebia mosalodneli<br />

(mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe). Winkebis movlis dros yvelafers rkinavdnen.<br />

mWrel pirian rkinis iaraRebs daawyobdnen naliaSi, beRelSi, Wuris<br />

Tavze da a. S. (46, 147).<br />

leCxumelTa warmodgeniT sakulto xed iTvleba nigvzis xe. adre<br />

Turme yvela ojaxs hqonia saxvamlo nigvzis xe, romlis ZirSi xvamloba<br />

dRes aucileblad unda SeesrulebinaT am dRisadmi miZRvnili rituali.<br />

zogan ubanSi erTi kaklis xe idga, romelsac ganayari ojaxebi saerTo<br />

salocavad Tvlidnen. saxvamlobo nigozi ibertyeboda SemdgomiT da<br />

149

momavali xvamlobis dResaswaulamde misi daxarjva-gamoyeneba akrZaluli<br />

yofila (46, 137).<br />

xvamlobas dResaswaulobdnen maisis TveSi. aRdgomidan me-8-kviris<br />

SabaT dRes. is saeklesio kalendris sulTa SabaTs emTxveva. zogierTi<br />

gadmocemiT xvamloba dRes xvamlze leCxumlebis garda svanebic<br />

dadiodnen. xvamlobis meore dRes fayobaa, qvemo svaneTSi. fayobis<br />

dResaswaulze faySi mlocvelebi leCxumis zogierTi soflidanac<br />

dadiodnen.<br />

xvamloba dRes ufrosi qali adgeboda, mozelda purs, saxvamlobo<br />

nigozisagan daamzadebda nigvzianebs – saxomlobo sami tablis garda<br />

unda gamoecxo jvris formis kveri, unda gaekeTebina sami jvrissaxiani<br />

sanTeli da moemzadebina kaklis sami naWuWi. yvelaferi es, erT boTl<br />

RvinosTan erTad saxvamlebo nigvzis qveS mihqonda ojaxis ufros qals,<br />

mas ukan gahyvebodnen ojaxis wevrebic. nigvzis qveS saxvamlebo tablebs<br />

waRma Semoatrialebdnen. ufrosi qali dailoceboda: `xvamlobis gamCeno,<br />

lebanis gamCeno Zalo da madlo gamibedniere Cemi qmar-Svili, daifare<br />

xvelisgan, snebisgan; sanam cocxali viqne, me Sen ZirSi momkla da<br />

Sexvewili ar davagdo~. Semdeg nigvzis naWuWSi asxamda Rvinos, masze<br />

jvaredin kvers adebda da kverze sanTels aanTebda. am saxis sam mRire<br />

tablas nigvzis qveS mopidapire mxareze daawyobda. Semdeg ojaxi<br />

sadilobda nigvzis qveS. nasadilevs ojaxis ufrosi nigvzis qveS samjer<br />

Tavs daxrida da Tayvans scemda, Tan ityoda: `RmerTo daifare xvelisgan,<br />

snebisgan Cemi ojaxi~. waRma datrialdeboda da Sin Sevidoda (17, 41).<br />

zogierTi gadmocemiT xvamloba dRes locvisas RmerTs xvavsa da<br />

baraqasac Txovdnen. mTavari ki xvelis batonebisgan dacvis Txovna iyo,<br />

xvamloba dRe yvavilis batonebis `barobaze~ gaxldaT Sewiruli. garda<br />

nigvziani tablebisa, saxvamlobo nigozis Ziras Seeqceodnen bavSvisTvis<br />

TavSemonavleb yvinCilas an qaTams (46, 136). sadilis Semdeg sadilis<br />

narCenebsa da WurWels iqve tovebdnen, radganac sjerodaT, rom amiT<br />

Wirsa da ubedurebas saxlis gareT datovebdnen.<br />

saxvamlo kaklebi hqoniaT kaloebzec. xvamloba dRes kaloze,<br />

saxvamebo nigvzis qveS qalebi Slidnen sufras da loculobdnen. kacebs<br />

am ritualze daswrebis ufleba ar qondaT.<br />

150

ar SeiZleboda saxvamlio kaklis moWra. kakals maSin moWridnen, Tu<br />

misi fesvi saxlis saZirkvelSi Sevidoda, rac garegani angelozis<br />

SemoCvevas iwvevda. garegani angelozis SemoCveva cudis niSani iyo. is<br />

kakalTan modioda da ojaxis ufrosis saxels iZaxda. Tu saxvamlio<br />

kakals siberis an am mizezis gamo moWridnen, mis nacvlad axali unda<br />

daergoT.<br />

saxvamlebo kaklis xis gamoyeneba ojaxs ar SeeZlo. amitom moWril<br />

xes isini mezobels aZlevdnen, romelsac is Tavis Sexedulebisamebr<br />

iyenebda (mTxr. k. arjevaniZe). saxvamlebo nigozis arseboba axsovT<br />

leCxumis mosazRvre qvemo raWis soflebSi, aseve qvemo svaneTis zogierT<br />

sofelSi (46, 137).<br />

leCxumSi magiuri Zalis mqoned iTvleba mware blis xec. mas avi<br />

Tvalis daTrgunvis Zala miewereba. adre maranSi, romelic erT-erT<br />

wminda da sakulto adgilad iTvleboda, wesad hqondaT mware blis<br />

direebis gadeba. pirveli dire kangaclili iyo. es dire karebSi<br />

Semsvlelis TvalTaxedvaSi umal eqceoda. cudi Tvali mas Tu ajobebda,<br />

misi momdevno dire, romelic ukve gauTleli mware balis xisgan iyo<br />

damzadebuli avi Tvalis mavne gavlenas namdvilad gaauvnebelyofda<br />

(mTxr. k. arjevaniZe). amgvari direebi dResac aris Semonaxuli sofel<br />

oyureSSi, kiazo arjevaniZis aswlovan maranSi. gadmocemiT xars Tu blis<br />

xisgan damzadebuli tabiki ukeTia, avi Tvali verafers daaklebs. mware<br />

xis jvari idgmeboda ezoSi did xuTSabaTsac, Wiakokonas cecxlis<br />

danTebis Semdeg. mware blis xe ojaxis ufross unda moetana, jvarsac is<br />

amzadebda da isev dgamda. didi xuTSabaTi kudianebis dRed iyo miCneuli<br />

da mware balis jvari albaT maTi avi qmedebebis gasaneitraleblad<br />

idgmeboda. aRsaniSnavia rom svaneTSi blis xis masala mxolod xatebis<br />

dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda.<br />

did xuTSabaTs garkveuli ritualis Semsrulebels kudianebis<br />

naxvac SeeZlo. amisaTvis saWiro iyo ubrad yofiliyo, atmis xis<br />

ZirisaTvis fexi miedga Txilis wknelisgan daewna cxrili da masSi<br />

gaexeda. miuxedavad xerxis codnisa aravis axsovs adamiani, romelsac<br />

kudiani hyavs nanaxi. mTeli dRe ubrad yofna, Txilis wknelebis moWra da<br />

Semdeg misgan saceris damzadeba erT dRis ganmavlobaSi saZnelo saqme<br />

151

iyo da amitomac aravin eSureboda mis gakeTebaso (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe).<br />

leCxumSi blis xes SeSad araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiyenebdnen – sanam<br />

misi nacari ar gamoilevao, ojaxSi dardic ar dailevao.<br />

leCxumis eTnografiuli masala mdidaria im rwmena warmodgenebiT,<br />

romlebic Tavisi arsiT magiur qmedebebTanaa kavSirSi. am mxriv<br />

sainteresoa gadmocemebi da Selocvis ritualebi, romlebic avi<br />

Tvalisgan, an gareSe, araadamianuri Zalebisgan vnebis sawinaaRmdegodaa<br />

mimarTuli. mlocveli, romelic Tavisi locviT gaTvalul adamians<br />

vnebas aSorebda, ZiriTadad qali iyo. zogierT locvas maSin hqonda Zala<br />

Tu mas sami sxvadasxva gvaris qali Seasrulebda. kacis mlocveloba<br />

iSviaTi iyo, Tumca kacis locvas gacilebiT didi Zala hqonda vidre<br />

qalisas (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe).<br />

leCxumSi dResac axsovT rogor ukravdnen pirs nadirs, raTa<br />

Sinauri saqoneli maTgan daculi yofiliyo. saqonlis Rame gareT<br />

darCenis SemTxvevaSi aseT magiur qmedebas mimarTavdnen: iRebdnen skams,<br />

romelsac amotrialebis Semdeg fexebs TokiT uborkavdnen.<br />

amotrialebul skamSi debdnen pirSekrul makratels da mas zemodan<br />

qvasanays adebdnen. es qmedebebi nadirs fexebs uborkavda, pirs ukravda<br />

da qvas adebda pirze (mTxr. r. mamardaSvili). zogierTi gadmocemiT<br />

Seborkil skamSi debdnen savarcxelsac (46, 131), rac albaT uRrani tyis<br />

aRmniSvneli da ganmasaxierebli sagania.<br />

nadirisgan dasacavad asrulebdnen locvebs: `RmerTo, Sen aSore Cem<br />

saqonels dana dausobeli, sufTa auRebeli, urwyav-uxarSavis mWameli~,<br />

skamis Seborkvis Semdeg ityodnen: RmerTo, ase Seuborke Cveni<br />

saqonlisken momaval nadirs piri, ravarc es Seiborka, ise Seuborke<br />

uwvav-uxarSavis mWamels kbilebi (46, 131).<br />

arsebobda sxva xerxi nadiris piris Sesakravad – najaxs `daamcoben~<br />

xolme xeze da dalocebian: RmerTo Seukari piri nadirs, rom Cemi<br />

saqoneli ar SeWamos. amave dros ician iskelitas locva:<br />

ekenia, mekenia, mekens xati arsenia<br />

RmerTo nu SeaWmev Cems saqonels nadirs (mTxr. S. RurWumeliZe).<br />

rogorc irkveva iskelita salocavi yofila, romelsac saqonlis<br />

mfarveloba ekisra. m. alaviZis cnobiT sofel nakuraleSSi maisSi<br />

152

iskelitobas ixdidnen. am dRisaTvis gamoacxobdnen maxisa da zanduris<br />

ganatexebs (kverebs). mividodnen boselTan da saRoresTan da saqonels<br />

ulocavdnen. amis Semdeg kvers SeWamdnen. sauzmobis Semdeg iskelitasken<br />

gaswevdnen. iskelita nakuraleSSi adgils erqva, sadac didi wiflis xe<br />

idga. xesTan dailocebodnen: `RmerTo gagvimravle saqoneli, asad aqcie<br />

Cveni Zroxa, Rori, cxvari, mSvidobiT gvimyofeo~. amis Semdeg iqve<br />

sadilobdnen (1, 162).<br />

iskelitas salocavi sofel nasperSi dRemde arsebobs. aq iskelitoba<br />

xvamlobis orSabaTs scodniaT. adre nasperSi iskelitobis dResaswaulze<br />

modiodnen rionis xeobis leCxumis soflebidan. scodniaT xaWapurebis<br />

gamocxoba iskelitas saxelze. iskelitobas ZiriTadad qalebi<br />

eswrebodnen (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe).<br />

saqonlis gaTvalvisagan dasacavad adre xmarobdnen Tevzis Tvals –<br />

saqonels rqas uxvretdnen, gaxvretil rqaSi Tevzis Tvals debdnen da<br />

rqas am adgilze Seaxvevdnen.<br />

ojaxis avi Tvalisagan dacvis mizniT leCxumSi Robis sarebze cxenis<br />

Tavis Camocma icodnen xolme.<br />

Selocvis teqstebi, Tavisi SinaarsiTa da warmoSobiT bundovania.<br />

Cven qvemoT moviyvanaT Selocvis teqstebis im magaliTebs, romelic jer<br />

ar gamoqveynebula.<br />

gaTvalul saqonels an adamians Semdegnairad ulocavdnen:<br />

alisasa malisasa Sen gilocav Tvalisasa<br />

Sinaurma gagTvala mainc gaTvaluli xar<br />

gareulma gagTvala mainc gaTvaluli xar (es teqsti meordeba<br />

orjer-samjer).<br />

avayude ficari Sens gamTvalavs daeca RvTisZali<br />

ijda dedao mariami sabZelsa, qsovda Zoweulsa,<br />

Camoiara uria qeTelma Tma SeaRlita giSrisa<br />

Seikizilura, mere ra aris wamali<br />

ansaRa mansaRa Savi gveli sansala<br />

vinc Sen gagTvala mis suls, mis guls, mis mucels.<br />

es locva mlocvels ubrad unda daewyo, locvamde xma aravisTvis ar<br />

unda hqonoda ganacemi. locvis dros igi saqonels naxSirs amcvrevda<br />

153

Tavze da naxSiriTve TeZoze da rqebze jvars dausvamda (mTxr. r.<br />

mamardaSvili).<br />

arsebobda naTvalavis meorenairi locva:<br />

saxelisa RvTisa, sulisa wmindisa amin!<br />

win Semxvdomisas, ukan momwevisas,<br />

TeTrlaCaqianisa da SavlaCaqianisas,<br />

gameviare gza Savi, win damxvda tba Savi,<br />

Cavkar xeli Savi, ameviRe gveli Savi,<br />

gadavkari sipsa qvasa rulisasa,<br />

asad skdeba, asad grjeba, asad guli gauskdeba.<br />

Sens av Tvalze da av gulze Semomxedavs<br />

TvalSi nacari, gulSi laxvari<br />

askel baZgari, guliTa laxvari<br />

Sens av Tvalze da av gulze Semomxedvars!<br />

aruri kudianebs, aruri kudianebs, aruri kudianebs!<br />

(mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe).<br />

am locvaSi mlocveli Tvalis vnebas borot Zalebs miawers,<br />

romlis gansaxierebaa Savi gveli. Savi gza unda gaiaros mlocvelma,<br />

rom Savi gvelis samyofelamde, Sav tbaze mivides. am gzaSi, mlocveliT<br />

Savi Zalebis nawili xdeba maT sakuTarive iaraRiT, Savi xeliT ebrZvis.<br />

gvelis daWeris Semdeg, vnebis mizezi unda ganadgurdes. gvelis gadakvra<br />

rulis sipisqvaze savaraudod magiur Sinaarss Seicavs. sipis qvaze<br />

gadakvra gvelisa, sxva locvaSic fiqsirdeba: `gamoskda wiTeli klde,<br />

gamohyva wiTeli gveli, gadaukravT sipis qvasa...~ (17, 56). am or<br />

SemTxvevaSi rulis qva ar aris naxsenebi. SesaZloa ruli naxevradmZinare<br />

an leTargiuli, jadosnuri arsis gamoxatulebaa, risi gadalaxva (masze<br />

gvelis gadaWimva) da Semdeg gaTvalvis mizezis (gvelis da rogorc<br />

locvis boloSi ixsenieba kudianebis, visi ZaliTac xdeba vnebis miyeneba)<br />

ganadgureba adamians normalur mdgomareobas ubrunebs. rulTan (ZilTan,<br />

mojadovebul mdgomareobasTan) gaTvalulis kavSiri naTlad Cans im<br />

warmodgenidan, rom Tu locvis dros is visac ulocaven daamTqnarebs<br />

namdvilad gaTvalulad CaiTvleba (mTxr. S. RurWumeliZe).<br />

SeSinebulis locva Semdegnairia:<br />

154

gulo adeqi dadeqi, Tavis budeSi Cadeqi<br />

TeTri qori qandaraso, qaTami sabudarasao.<br />

gulo Cadeq sagulesa, Segikraven safulesa<br />

gulo adeqi dadeqi, Tavis budeSi Cadeqi (es teqsti meordeba<br />

samjer).<br />

am teqstis warmoTqmis dros mlocveli vercxlisbalTebian qamars<br />

aiRebda da `SeSinebuls~ gulze ovalurad gakecilad (naxevarwred)<br />

miadebda. xelebSi balTebi eWira. Tu romelime mxares damokldeba,<br />

SeSinebis utyuar niSnad iTvleboda (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe).<br />

arsebobda locvebi, romlis Sesruleba nebismier adamians SeeZlo<br />

roca gasaWirSi iyo. aseTia im mgzavris locva, romelsac gzaSi uecrad<br />

SiSi ewveva:<br />

arsevanias viyavi vityodi aRsarebasa<br />

eSmako CamomeTxove ara var Seni nebisa<br />

me qristesi var, qriste Cemia<br />

qriste nekiT mowerili, qriste nekiT mobeWdili<br />

iovane naTluli myavs, naTliRebas damxduri myavs<br />

jvari mwyalobs jvarsacmeli, veras mizams macduri.<br />

meZuZuri qalis an Zroxis gaSrobis saSiSroebis dros icodnen<br />

wylisis locva:<br />

ani iyo, bani iyo<br />

or wyals Sua navi iyo<br />

navis win saydari gaSenda<br />

saydris win qali gaCerda,<br />

ade qalo moitane<br />

kalami da kalmis Ziri.<br />

aval zecas vkiTxav dedas<br />

Camovitan Cangalsa<br />

Cavkrav wyalSi, gasaqrobad wyliseisa,<br />

kux-kux WuWumela<br />

am ZuZuSi wylis amara<br />

gouwyra wminda giorgi<br />

geipara dilasao (mTxr. S. RurWumaliZe).<br />

155

locvis am da f. gardafxaZe-qiqoZis mier gamoqveynebuli nimuSebiT<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom locvebi magiuri qmedebebia, romelic adamiansa da<br />

maTi saqonlis avi Zalebisagan dasacavad gamoiyeneba. sainteresoa maTSi<br />

dafiqsirebuli simbolo-xatebis (Savi gza, Savi gveli, Savi xeli, rulis<br />

qva, or wyals Sua navi, navis win qali da saydari, arsevania da sxva).<br />

Semdgomi kvleva, radganac yovelive maTgani konkretuli arsis<br />

matarebeli unda iyos da maTi amoxsna mniSvnelovnad gagviadvilebda<br />

Zvelad arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis gagebas.<br />

sainteresoa, f. gardafxaZe-qiqoZis mier, naSromSi `qarTuli<br />

xalxuri dReobebi~, dafiqsirebuli cecxlis locva, romelsac Rame<br />

cecxlis Sexvevis dros qali asrulebs, raTa diliT cecxli isev aanTos<br />

(dauxvdes):<br />

cicinasa, manasa, mTa Cxiri gaTenebasa,<br />

me melode, mzes elode, mTvares<br />

eRaRadebode, dilas adre avdgebode<br />

vaJkacurad damxvdebode, babus sZinavs<br />

babus RviZavs, babus wveri miwaSia (17, 54-55).<br />

cecxlis locvaSi Cans keriis sakraluroba, masze danTebuli<br />

cecxlis fuZe (babus wveri) miwaSia. cecxli iseve, rogorc keria ojaxis<br />

sakraluri RerZia, romelic aerTianebs sam sknels – qvesknels (cecxlis<br />

wveri miwaSia), Suasknels (cecxlis dasanTeb adgils) da zesknels<br />

(cecxlis ali zecaSi adis). sayuradReboa, rom am sakraluri adgilis<br />

movla-patronoba ojaxSi qals akisria, mis muyaiTobazea damokidebuli<br />

cecxlis Cauqrobloba, ojaxis keris angelozis mudmivi siwmindis<br />

Senaxva. garda amisa, leCxumSi qalebi mniSvnelovan funqcias<br />

asrulebdnen memindvreobaSi _ puris iseTi jiSebis movla, rogoricaa<br />

maxa da zanduri, TiTqmis mTlianad maT xelSi iyo. maxisa da zanduris<br />

krefis dros isini xmarobdnen erTgvar gakecil joxebs, Snakvebs.<br />

xorblis am jiSebis aRebaSi mxolod qalebi monawileobdnen. SesaZloa<br />

qalis amgvari roli memindvreobaSi im periodidan modis, rodesac miwaze<br />

muSaoba jer kidev ar iyo qceuli mamakacis mTavar saqmed. am mosazrebis<br />

dasturad Tesvis dros miwis ganoyierebis gansxvavebuli xerxebis<br />

gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi qalisa da kacis funqciaTa sxvadasxvaobac<br />

156

gamodgeba _ Tesvis dros miwa Tu kaviT (saxvneli) ixvneboda mTesveli<br />

kaci, xolo miwis ToxiT damuSavebis dros mTesveli xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

qali iyo. rogorc cnobilia, miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis adreul<br />

etapze Toxi mTavari samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRia, saxvneli ki<br />

miwaTmoqmedebis Semdgom etapze Cndeba. cxadia, es tradicia<br />

miwaTmoqmedebis adreul etapze memindvreobaSi qalis aqtiur rolze<br />

metyvelebs. aqve isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom xorblis is jiSebi<br />

romlebsac leCxumSi ZiriTadad qalebi uvlidnen, naxevradvelur<br />

jiSebad iTvleba, rac maT miwaTmoqmedebis sawyis etapTan kavSirze<br />

metyvelebs. sainteresoa is faqti, rom leCxumSi maxa da zanduri<br />

gacilebiT did farTobze iyo daTesili vidre mis momijnave kuTxeebSi,<br />

Tugind zemo da qvemo raWaSi. maxa maincadamainc noyier miwas ar<br />

moiTxovs, mwifdeba sxva xorbleulze erTi an ori kviriT adre da<br />

swored amitom mosavlis aRebisas moilocavdnen da Wamdnen maxas. maxis<br />

puri maRali xarisxisaa, TeTri da aromatulia. maxa iseve rogorc<br />

zanduri kilian fxian xorbleulTa jiSs miekuTvneba da es orive<br />

mosavlis raodenobis mixedviT Camouvardeba SiSvelTeslianebs (ifqli,<br />

xulugo), magram saukeTeso xarisxisaa da maxisa da zanduris puri<br />

didxans rbilad inaxeba. didxans vargisianoba SesaZloa erT-erTi<br />

mizezic iyos maxisa da zanduris popularobisa leCxumSi _ n. bregaZe<br />

varaudobs rom gansakuTrebiT gvianSuasaukuneebSi leCxumeli<br />

meomrebisTvis, romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos samxedro bataliebSi da mudmivad gzaSi myofi ubralo<br />

leCxumelisTvis (barSi savaWrod mosiarule glexi, cnobili leCxumeli<br />

gamcilebeli/tvirTmzidavi Calvadrebi) didad faseuli iqneboda maxisa<br />

da zanduris didxans vargisiani puri (14, 180).<br />

maxisa da zanduris popularobas albaT zemoT ukve aRniSnuli<br />

maTi SedarebiT `upretenziulobac~ gansazRvravda. garda amisa, zandurs<br />

arasasursaTo daniSnulebac hqonia _ zanduris sakrefi specialuri<br />

xelsawyoTi, SnakviT mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Calas ar abzevebdnen,<br />

saqonlis sakvebad ar iyenebdnen. TavTavebgadamtvreul korols mkidnen<br />

an xeliT Txridnen, da korols saxlebis gadasaxurad iyenebdnen.<br />

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT arc Tu ise didi xnis win yavari SedarebiT<br />

157

naklebad yofila gavrcelebuli da saxlebi leCxumSi ZiriTadad<br />

korolisgan ixureboda. SesaZloa maxisa da zanduris leCxumSi ufro<br />

metad gavrceleba im faqtorsac mivaweroT, rom raWaSi yavari ufro<br />

xelmisawvdomia, radgan sayavre masala, wiwvovani da gansakuTrebiT naZvi<br />

raWaSi gacilebiT bevria vidre leCxumSi.<br />

qalebis aqtiuri monawileoba memindvreobaSi margvlasTan da<br />

mosavlis aRebasTan dakavSirebul sxva ritualebSic Cans _ aRdgomis<br />

kviris oTxSabaTi leCxumSi Sewirulia `samargilo puris baraze~. raWaSi<br />

es oTxSabaTi puris locvis dRea (14, 128). leCxumSi puris pirveli<br />

margvla (gaToxvna) aucileblad am dRes unda dawyebuliyo. ojaxis<br />

ufrosi qali am dRisTvis acxobda yvelian da lobian tablebs, waiRebda<br />

puris yanaSi, waRma Semoatrialebda da dailoceboda. amave dRes,<br />

margvlis dawyebamde sarevela glixorxas gavrcelebis aRkveTad<br />

sruldeboda erTi ucnauri rituali _ qali qveda sacvals ixdida da<br />

yanaSi miwaze miatar-moatarebda, Tanac glixorxas misamarTiT xmamaRla<br />

igineboda. gadmocemiT sarevela qalis ginebis SiSiT bolo dros<br />

Zveleburad veRar mravldebao (17, 33). am dRes leCxumSi Wabukobas<br />

uZaxian. leCxumSive arsebobda saritualo dRe `maxikrefis Wabukoba~,<br />

romelSic kvlav marto qalebi monawileobdnen _ kvirikobis Tvis pirvel<br />

orSabaTs leCxumSi maxis naTesebis aRebas iwyebdnen. qalebi yanebSi<br />

dilaadrian midiodnen, adreve brundebodnen Sin, tablasa da Semwvar<br />

mamlis xorcs waRma Semoatrialebdnen da ilocebodnen: `RmerTo,<br />

gagvikeTe Cveni naTesi, mogvawevine maxa, puri, nu dagvibnev da<br />

bednierebaSi mogvaxmare~. tablasa da mamlis xorcs mTeli ojaxi<br />

Seeqceoda. Mmaxis garda sxva pureulis aRebas win amgvari rituali ar<br />

uZRvoda – ubralod mkis dawyebisTvis SearCevdnen savse mTvarian dRes,<br />

mowyvetdnen ramodenime TavTav purs, konad Sekravdnen da beRelSi<br />

Camokidebdnen. damTvarebis (mTvaris erTi ciklis damTavrebis Semdeg)<br />

Semdeg SeiZleboda mkis dawyeba (14, 128). Kalos Cagdmis drosac ritualis<br />

Semsrulebeli qali iyo _ acxobda marilian tablas, romelic Wiqa<br />

wyalTan da sanTelTan erTad miqonda kaloze. kaloze am yvelafers<br />

samjer waRma Semoabrunebda da Semdegnairad iloceboda: `RmerTo,<br />

gamCeno Zala, Cem purs mieci kai xvavi, baraqa, kai niavi momiyvane.~ Semdeg<br />

158

wyals gadaaqcevda da tablas sadilobisas miirTmevda. aseTive mokle<br />

rituali uZRoda axali mosavlis puris xmarebis dawyebasac, cxveboda<br />

nigvziani an mariliani sabaraqo tablebi, ojaxis ufrosi qali keriis<br />

ZirSi loculobda. Qqalebis funqciebSi Sedioda agreTve mosavlis<br />

Citebisgan da sxva mavneblisgan dacva _ 24 ivnisi leCxumSi uqme iyo da<br />

Romis locvis dRed iyo miCneuli. am dRes isic uqmobda, visac Romis<br />

naTesebi ar hqonda. raWaSi am dRes ar uqmobdnen. leCxumSi 24 ivniss<br />

qals Romis yanaSi gaqonda nigvziani an yveliani tabla, tablas waRma<br />

atrialebda da loculobda: `Romis gamCeno Zala, Sen daifare Cemi Romi<br />

Citis daCiCqnisgan, Wiisagan~. tablas iqve SeWamdnen. am tablis Wama<br />

mamakacs ekrZaleboda (17, 41). Aaseve mavneblis sawinaaRmdegod iyo<br />

miCneuli wiTeli paraskevis dRe, rodesac `Wris baraze~ ojaxis ufrosi<br />

qali acxobda marilian tablas, keriasTan loculobda da RmerTs<br />

mWrelisgan, Tagvisgan da yovelgvari mavnisgan dacvas Txovda. tablas<br />

ojaxis wevrebi miirTmevdnen, ar Wamda mxolod ojaxis ufrosi qali (17,<br />

30).<br />

mamakaci garda venaxTan dakavSirebuli ritualebisa monawileobs<br />

da mTavari figuraa amindTan dakavSirebul ritualebSi. leCxumSi koxis<br />

(setyvis) sawinaaRmdego dResaswauls kvirtoba ewodeba da aprilis Sua<br />

ricxvebSi imarTeba. kvirtobisTvis mTeli sofeli SeiZenda saklavs,<br />

romelsac sajvaroze aiyvandnen. ufrosi kaci sanTliT marjvena beWs<br />

Seurujavda, waRma Semoatrialebda, xelSi aiyvanda, maRla awevda da<br />

dailoceboda. soflis yvela mekomurs urigdeboda TiTo Samfuri,<br />

romelzedac saklavis yvela nawilidan patar-patara naWrebi iyo<br />

wamocmuli. Amis Semdeg ufrosi kaci kvlav dailoceboda. qeifis dawyebis<br />

Semdegac pirveli sadRegrZelo avdrisagan mosavlis dacvas eZRvneboda<br />

17, 37-38).Aaseve koxis sawinaaRmdegod imarTeboda koxinjroba 7 maiss<br />

Qqvemo raWasa da leCxumSi, 9 maiss zemo raWaSi. leCxumSi, did xuTSabaTs<br />

sruldeboda avi Tvalisgan dascavi rituali, romelsac ufrosi mamakaci<br />

asrulebda. igi dilaadrian ubrad midioda tyeSi, saidanac moqonda<br />

verxvis an mware blis toti. totze horizontalurad CaarWobda askils<br />

da kaloze dadgamda. did xuTSabaTs rkinis rkinaze dartymiT,<br />

mavneblebisgan da siavisgan Tavdacvis mizniT, karmidamos Semovlac<br />

159

codniaT (14, 136) uqme didi xuTSabaTidan kviris dasrulebamde<br />

grZeldeboda. leCxumisgan gansxvavebiT, raWaSi did xuTSabaT dRes avi<br />

Tvalisgan dasacavad tyidan mware blisa da askilis toti ojaxis<br />

ufrosi kacis nacvlad ojaxis ufros qals moqonda.F D<br />

saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom leCxumSi sakulto ritualebis dros<br />

qals sakmaod didi funqcia aqvs. qals, garda imisa, rom kerias uvlis,<br />

saojaxo ritualebis dros umTavresi mlocvelicaa. qali ojaxisaTvis,<br />

saqonlisaTvis, micvalebulTa sulebisaTvis loculobs iseT<br />

mniSvnelovan `diaxwvelebze~ rogorebicaa: barbaroba, Wantiloba, Soba,<br />

kalanda, axaliweli, sulis gadabrZanebis dRe, kai paraskevi, bosloba<br />

dRe, Tevdoroba, didi xuTSabaTi, giorgoba, xvamloba, amaRleba,<br />

maxikrefis Wabukoba, RvTismSobloba, sulTa SabaTi. dResaswaulebis<br />

dros umetesad qalebi uqmoben. saerTod, leCxumuri dResaswaulebis<br />

mixedviT qals gansakuTrebuli, ojaxSi didad dafasebuli adgili<br />

uWiravs. qalis pativiscemis da ojaxis ufrosobaSi kacze aranaklebi<br />

rolis dasturia axalkviris dResaswauli: am dRes ojaxis ufrosi qali<br />

wm. giorgis, mTavarangelozis, macxovris da kidev ramodenime xatisagan<br />

cdilobda wyliani TefSiTa da bambis ZafiT Seetyo romeli xati<br />

uwyreboda maT ojaxs da aavadebda ojaxis wevrebs. am ritualis Semdeg<br />

eklesiaSi mihqondaT Sesawiri. eklesiidan xalxi ojaxebSi brundeboda,<br />

sadac mravalstumriani wveuleba imarTeboda. pirveli kaTxiT ityodnen:<br />

„RmerTi, vaxsenoT da puri vWamoTo“. am kaTxas qalica da kacic bolomde<br />

svamda. qalebi da kacebi magidis mopirdapired, mwkrivSi isxdnen. Tamadis<br />

arCeva meore WiqiT xdeboda. Tamadis pirveli sadRegrZelo ki<br />

aucileblad ojaxis ufrosi qalisa iyo: „ojaxis ufroso qalo nu<br />

mogSalos RmerTma am ojaxSi ufrosad – Senianobis sapativcemod, Seni<br />

qmar-SvilisTvis gamyofos ufalma RmerTma kargad, sul saxeli nu<br />

mogSlodes mtersa da moyvareSi, rogorc dRes xar patiosani, ise<br />

brZanebuliyo sikvdilis dRemdi“. Semdegi sadRegrZelo ojaxis ufrosi<br />

mamakacisa iyo (17, 36).<br />

venaxi da masTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi ojaxSi mamakacis<br />

prerogativa iyo. axalwels „mkvloviaris“ (mekvle) mosvlamde zogierT<br />

ojaxSi ufrosi kaci dilaadrian Cavidoda mamulSi da xmamaRla<br />

160

daiZaxebda: „anguram Cameiara, Cveni mamuli Cameiarao, wvivi meitexao,<br />

Rvinis Rvari aayenao: isxa, isxa, isxa... gamoRma kviris Tavi gaRma kiris<br />

Tavi, gamoRma yurZeni – gaRma furceli. aseTi SeZaxiliT Semoivlida<br />

mTels venaxs da Sin brundeboda (17, 12).<br />

zogierT ojaxSi axalwels, naSuadRevisTvis ufrosi kaci zurgze<br />

Seisvamda (moikotrebda) ojaxis wevrs – kacs. xelSi daiWerda tablas,<br />

romelzedac ewyo badegadacmuli Roris Semwvari guli, WiqiT Rvino,<br />

sakmevlis sanTeli, zanduris TavTavebis kona. venaxSi SesvlisTanave<br />

ityoda: Ruz, Ruz, Ruz (siuxvis aRmniSvneli SeZaxili). zurgidan kacs<br />

Camosvamda, nakverCxalze sanTels daakmevda, tablas waRma<br />

Semoatrialebda da dailoceboda: „RmerTo, mogveci uxvad sazrdo da<br />

ulufa, gaumarjve Cvens venaxs, acile koxi, SfoTi, mogviyvane bevri<br />

mosawuri. Semdeg zanduris konas miitanda xardnis (Wigo) Tavze da Ruz<br />

Ruzs gaiZaxoda. amis Semdeg Rvinos dalevdnen, saWmels SeWamdnen da<br />

Sinisken gamoswevdnen. amgvar rituals zogierTi axaliwlis meore dRes<br />

„fexisdapwnis“ dRes asrulebda. Sin dabrunebisas kaci karSive<br />

daiZaxebda Ruz, Ruz, Ruz da Sinaurebic pasuxobdnen: Ruz, Ruz – Cven<br />

mamuls bveri moubams. vaxSmobisas ufros kacs uknidan bavSvi<br />

miepareboda (sasurvelia biWi yofiliyo) masac bavSvisTvis jer<br />

marjvnidan unda miewodebina WiqiT Rvino, mere marcxnidan. Rvinis<br />

miwodebisas bavSvs etyodnen „locva mamulisa“, is ki upasuxebda: „bevri<br />

moabmevine Cems mamuls“. bavSvs orive Wiqa unda daecala (17, 14-15).<br />

ojaxis ufrosi kaci loculobda cxra martsac, ,,TveT batonisadmi”<br />

miZRvnil dResac. am dRes ojaxis ufrosi „TveT batons“ (martis Tves)<br />

bednierebas, janmrTelobas, mowyalebas sTxovda da sadilobaze<br />

aucileblad 9 kula Rvinos svamda. `nacxramartevs~ xvna-Tesvis dawyeba<br />

SeiZleboda, cxra martamde ki samiwaTmoqmedo saqmeebidan arafers ar<br />

daiwyebdnen. am dRemde sazodgadod yovelgvari saqmis dawyebisganac<br />

ikavebdnen Tavs _ marti TveT batonia, anCxli Tvea, fereba undao da mis<br />

ganawyenebas eridebodnen Turme. ojaxis ufrosi kaci jvarsaxiani tabliT<br />

(nigvzian-mariliani namcxvari) da Rviniani kuliT xelSi keriis marjvena<br />

mxares jdeboda da ganatexis waRma Semotrialebis Semdeg TveT batons<br />

bednierebas da kargad yofnas SesTxovda, sanacvlod 9 martamde saqmeebis<br />

161

dauwyeblobas da am gagebiT uqmobas pirdeboda (17, 27-28). martis<br />

pativsacemi amgvari dResaswauli arsebobda raWaSic da iqac rogorc<br />

leCxumSi nacxramartevs SeiZleboda miwis samuSaoebis dawyeba.<br />

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom 9 marti axali stiliT 21 martia, es dRe ki<br />

gazafxulis buniobis dRea. safiqralia, rom dRe-Ramis sworobis<br />

miTologiuri gaazrebis Sedegad xalxuri warmodgenebiT am dRis Semdeg<br />

zamTari damarcxebulia da gazafxuli modis, e.i. xvna Tesvis dro dgeba.<br />

sainteresoa aseve miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli rituali, romelic<br />

leCxumSi da mis mezobel qvemo raWaSi aucileblad cxra martamde<br />

sruldeboda _ xvna-Tesvis dawyebamde TiTqmis erTi TviT adre arCevdnen<br />

dRes da asrulebdnen `Teslis gaRebis~ rituals. es dRe orSabaTi an<br />

oTxSabaTi unda yofiliyo, xandaxan Teslis gaRebisTvis Tedoroba<br />

dResac irCevdndn, andac Tedorobis kviraSi daimTvarebdnen da Zveli<br />

stiliT kent _ 7-9-11 ricxvSi, savse mTvareze, maSin rodesac mTvare<br />

matebaSi Sedioda gaiRebdnen Tesls. am dRisaTvisac cxveboda tablebi.<br />

vaxSmobis Semdeg, mosaRamoebulze, roca xalxis moZraoba wydeboda<br />

ojaxis ufrosi qali saxlidan gamodioda tablebiT, ToxiTa da erTi<br />

muWa saTesle marcvliT xelSi. igi dailoceboda, RmerTs mSvidobas da<br />

uxv mosavals SesTxovda, Tovlic rom yofiliyo erT-or kval miwas<br />

moToxnida da marcvals daTesavda. leCxumSi es rituali xSirad maranSi<br />

sruldeboda aRsaniSnavia rom qvemo raWaSi analogiur rituals ojaxis<br />

ufrosi kaci asrulebda (14, 125).<br />

naTliRebis dRes ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci Wuris Tavze ilocebda.<br />

igi sisxam diliT, „Citis azvramde“ sakalandod daklul Roris Tavs<br />

Camoxsnida sxvenidan, keriis marjvena mxares tuCiT dauCaCqunebda,<br />

gaasufTavebda da Tavisi xeliT xarSavda. qalis mier gamzadebul sam<br />

tablasTan erTad Roris Tavi mihqonda maranSi, dagozil WurTan. Wurs<br />

Tavs moxdida da dailoceboda (gobs sadac tablebi ewyo, cal muxlze<br />

daCoqili waRma Semoatrialebda) „RmerTo, deifare Cemi Wuris Tavi<br />

uwmindurisagan, slivaneisagan (erTgvari matlia), yinvis gatexisagan“.<br />

Semdeg Rvinos dalevda, tablas SeWamda, Roris Tavs naWers CamoaTlda<br />

da SeWamda. Wurs isev dagozavs da tablebianad Sin dabrundeba (17, 16).<br />

naTlisRebis dRes qalis gavla WurebTan akrZaluli yofila.<br />

162

„kai paraskevs“ piriqiT xdeboda – qali mamakacebis uCumrad<br />

jvarsaxian qonebis tablas, sanTelsakmevel nakverCxalsa da erT Wiqas<br />

vaxSmoba dros saRoresTan miitanda, tablas waRma Semoatrialebda da<br />

dailoceboda: „wminda basila, gamimravle Cemi Rorebio.” qalis<br />

saRoresTan locvis dros mamakaci saRoresTan ar gaivlida.<br />

dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebul ritualebSi Tavisi adgili uWiravT<br />

bavSvebsac. isini TiTqmis yvela ritualis wevrebi arian. zogierT<br />

dResaswaulSi isini aqtiuradac monawileobdnen. magaliTad sulTa<br />

gadabrZanebis dros sulebisaTvis Rame naliaSi an ezoSi damalul<br />

saWmels adre amdgari bavSvi Wamda, axaliwlis meore dRes bavSvis mier<br />

unda Sesmuliyo „mamulis (venaxis) locvis“ sadRegrZelo (17, 15), Sav<br />

orSabaTs bavSvebi qaTmis gasamravleblad SeZaxilebs asrulebdnen.<br />

amaRloba dRes bavSvebi wvrilfexa saqonels midenidnen saZovarze. Sin<br />

dabrunebulebs daWrelebuli Txilisa da askilis or-ori joxi<br />

mohqondaT. nasadilevs Sin morekil saqonels win erTi bavSvi<br />

gauswrebda, WiSkarTan sigrZeze daawyobda askilis joxebs, sxva bavSebi<br />

ki saqonels am joxebze gadaarbeninebdnen. Semdeg am joxebs WiSkris<br />

aqeT-iqiT CaarWobdnen da xmamaRla ambobdnen „amaRlebis gamCeno Zala,<br />

Cveni saqoneli daifare nadirisagan da yovel mavneblisagan.”<br />

bavSvebisTvis WiSkarTan tablac gamohqondaT, erTi maTgani<br />

dailoceboda da Rvinosac dalevda (17, 15).<br />

msxvilfexa rqosanze, muSa xarze ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci bosloba<br />

dRes dailoceboda. es dRe xarebis janmrTelobisTvisaa miZRvnili da am<br />

dRis ritualebSi TiTqmis Tanabaria qalisa da mamakacis roli. bosloba<br />

dRe uqme iyo da misi gatexva arafriT ar SeiZleboda. am dRis<br />

mniSvnelobas leCxumSi SemorCenili es Ffrazac mowmobs : `boslo-kotro<br />

brZandebao _ qalo, nu stav Ceriasa, ze Segaxmob xeliasa, ze dagaklav<br />

keriasa~(5, 95) mTavari rituali kerasTan, adgilTan romelic<br />

sacxovreblis da saerTod ojaxis mistiur centrs warmoadgenda,<br />

sruldeboda. ritualis magiurobas xazs usvams isic rom misi<br />

Sesrulebis dros absoluturi siCume unda yofiliyo. `akvnis bavSvsac ki<br />

ar unda etira~ (5, 93). ojaxis ufrosi kaci da qali Sesabamisad sakacebo<br />

da saqalebo mxareebze dgebodnen. daioTxebdnen. qali daiwyebda Zaxils:<br />

163

`kot-mozvera, kot-mozverao~ daoTxili mamakaci qalisken midioda<br />

SeZaxiliT: me var Seni mozverio~. qals kaci zurgidan uCerdeboda da<br />

falosamoRebuli irxeoda, riTac seqsualuri aqtis imitacias akeTebda.<br />

Semdeg, daoTxilebi (win qali da ukan kaci) kerias `waRma~ (marjvnidan<br />

marcxniv) samjer Semouvlidnen gars. seqsualuri aqtis imitacia xdeboda<br />

yovel wreze, saqalebo nawilSi. Semdeg isini fexze dgebodnen da<br />

saqonlis baraqaze loculobdnen. locvis dros kacs Rvinis doqi eWira,<br />

xolo qals lobiosguliani ganatexi, romelzedac ori tabiki iyo<br />

gamosaxuli. rituals ojaxis yvela wevri eswreboda da isinic saqonlis<br />

baraqaze ojaxis ufrosebTan erTad loculobdnen.<br />

bosloba dRis ritualuri mxaris meore varianti ideurad<br />

zemoTaRwerilis identuria, Tumca Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

gansxvavebulia _ boslobisTvis mzadebas SuadReze iwyebdnen.<br />

diasaxlisi coms mozelda da cercvis xarSvas iwyebda. comis afuebis<br />

Semdeg patara sarTavian tablas gamoacxobda, romelic ojaxis salocavi<br />

iyo. saritualo qmedebebi keriaze sakmevlis nakverCxalze dakmeviT<br />

iwyeboda. Semdeg qali iloceboda : `RmerTo deifare Cemi ojaxi<br />

cecxlisgan, deifare Cemi qmar-Svili yoveli mavnebelisgan. am dros kaci<br />

midis masTan da eubneba `bosla-kotra momekotreo~, zurgze moikotrebs<br />

da samjer Semouvlian keras. col-qmari amis Semdeg tablas SeWamdnen.<br />

vaxSamisTvis unda gamoecxoT saojaxo salocavi, sami cercviani tabla<br />

da xaris salocavi, sami SedarebiT patara cercviani tabla. Sebindebisas,<br />

ojaxis wevri, janRoniT savse mamakaci (vaxSmamde) sanTliT xelSi xaris<br />

salocavi tablebs, erT Wiqa Rvinosa da imden um kvercxs, ramdeni xaric<br />

iyo ojaxSi, waiRebda boselSi. tablebis, sanTelis, kvercxebisa da<br />

Rvinis yvela xaris Tavze Semovlebis Semdeg asrulebda xaris locvas.<br />

locvas rom daasrulebda daiZaxebda: `mama Cemo romels urqino?~<br />

saxlidan mama an sxva mamakaci pasuxobda: nikoras urqineo. ritualis<br />

Semsrulebeli marjvena muxls wakravda dasaxelebul xars da etyoda:<br />

Cemo nikora janierad meyoleo. bolos mamakaci waRma Semobrundeboda da<br />

kvercxebs bagis kuTxeSi malavda. meore dRes am kvercxebs ojaxis<br />

vaJiSvili Wamda. ojaxis qaliSvils am kvercxebis Wamis ufleba ar qonda.<br />

qali im dros roca mamakaci xarebs ulocavda, kerasTan midioda gobiT,<br />

164

omelzec ewyo saojaxo tablebi da erTi Wiqa Rvino, anTebda sanTels<br />

da kvlav ojaxis wevrTa janmrTelobas SesTxovda RmerTs. tablebi<br />

ojaxis yvela wevrs unda SeeWama. xaris Tavze Semonavleb Rvinis dalevis<br />

ufleba mxolod xaris Selocvis ritualis Semsrulebels hqonda.<br />

gadmocemiT keriis samjer Semovlis dros col-qmari SiSveli unda<br />

yofiliyo (17, 19-21).<br />

bosloba DdRis saritualo mxaris niuansebi Cans mamakacsa da qalis<br />

sameurneo da saojaxo funqciebis danawileba _ qalis mTavari sazrunavi<br />

kera da ojaxis wevrTa movlaa, kaci ki miwaTmoqmedebas da saerTod<br />

materialuri dovlaTis Seqmnas aqcevs yuradRebas. bosloba dRis merTerTi<br />

mTavari rituali, seqsualuri aqtis imitacia (ritualis orive<br />

variantSi) v.bardaveliZis azriT magiuri qmedebaa: ojaxis ufrosi<br />

mamakcisa da qalis imitirebul aqts zemoqmedeba unda moexdina saqonlis<br />

gamravlebaze (5, 97). SemTxveviTi araa bosloba Ramis Sesaxeb Semonaxuli<br />

cnobac _ am Rames rac ufro metjer SeeuRlebodnen erTmaneTs colqmari<br />

miT ufro meti saqoneli eyolebodaTo (5, 93). TviT ritualis<br />

dros, mamakacisa da qalis daoTxili mdgomareoba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki<br />

zurgze mokotreba, agreTve qalisa da mamakacis dialogi eWvgareSed<br />

adasturebs rom isini cxovelur (saqonlis) seqsualur aqtis imitacias<br />

axdendnen. savaraudoa, rom Zvelad ritualis Sesrulebis dros, kerasTan<br />

qalisa da mamakacis SeuRleba (5, 97).<br />

leCxumSi arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi, mravalwliani dakvirveba<br />

bunebriv movlenebze gansazRvravda zogierT sameurneo tradicias.<br />

sameurneo TvalsazrisiT mTvares udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.<br />

saerTod mTvare da misi fazebi, leCxumelTa warmodgeniT,<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia yvela didi da mniSvnelovani saqmis dawyebis win.<br />

axal mTvareze leCxumSi xis moWras eridebodnen, daWiandebao. agreTve<br />

ar sxlavdnen vazs, radganac axal mTvareze gasxluli vazi kargad<br />

gaifoTleba, tansac aiyris, magram naklebs moisxamso. marcvleulisa Tu<br />

bostneulis Tesvasac mTvares urCevdnen: is rac foTlad undaT axal<br />

mTvareze iTeseba, xolo ramac Tavi unda gaikeTos _ Zvelze. Tesva kargia<br />

did xuTSabaTs da Tedoroba dResac (mTvare Tu ar uSlis xels). axal<br />

mTvareze kargia Rvinis gadaRebac.<br />

165

leCxumelTa warmodgeniT kviris dReebs TavianTi Tvisebebi gaaCniaT:<br />

orSabaTi xarbi dRea, samSabaTs kargia Teslis gaReba da mgzavrobis<br />

dawyeba, oTxSabaTi nakiania, xuTSabaTi – kidev sxva jobiao ityvian,<br />

paraskevs dabadebul adamians cecxli, xolo saqonels mgeli erCiso,<br />

kvira kargi dReao, xvna-Tesvis dawyebas samSabaTs an SabaTs<br />

amjobinebdnen (17, 52).<br />

orSabaTi da xuTSabaTi gansakuTrebuli dReebi iyo. orSabaTs<br />

mgzavrobas an saqmes ar daiwyebdnen. orSabaTs da xuTSabaTs sakuTari<br />

Tavis movlac ki akrZaluli iyo. Tu mainca da mainc vinme am dRes<br />

daibanda, fexis naban wyals gareT ar asxamda. im dRes saxlSi inaxavdnen<br />

da meore dRes gadaasxamdnen. micvalebulis dakrZalva orSabaTs<br />

sastikad ikrZaleboda. xuTSabaTic dasaflavebisaTvis tabudadebuli dRe<br />

iyo. Tu vinme daasaflavebda micvalebuls xuTSabaT dRes ityodnen<br />

„xuTSabaToule gaxades kacio“, e. i. ar daafases arad Caagdeso. aqedanve<br />

unda iyos Tqma „miaxuTSabaTa“, anu saqme ise gaakeTa, rogorc ar unda<br />

gaekeTebina, miCqmala Tumca saqmes garegnulad Sesrulebulis ieri aqvso.<br />

orSabaTsa da xuTSabaTs, leCxumeli arafers gayidda, arc<br />

gaanaTxovrebda – xels gadayveba da ojaxSi baraqas gamoulevso (mTxr.<br />

al. ugrexeliZe).<br />

D<br />

166

daskvna<br />

leCxumis sazogadoebrivi da saojaxo yofa, rogorc es leCxumis<br />

eTnografiuli masalisa da istoriuli wyaroebis Seswavlam gviCvena,<br />

msgavsia saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTa sazogadoebrivi da saojaxo<br />

urTierTobebisa. Tumca leCxums, rogorc calke eTnografiul kuTxes<br />

axasiaTebs Taviseburebebic.<br />

leCxumis sazogadoebriv yofas, socialur struqturas, dasaxlebis<br />

tips istoriuli, geografiuli da bunebrivi pirobebis Tavisebureba<br />

ganapirobebda. dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur da savaWro centrebTan<br />

siaxlove, Tanac mTis adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rTuli reliefi, rac<br />

am kuTxeSi mtris Semosevebs aZnelebda, leCxums gansakuTrebul<br />

mniSvnelobas sZenda. garda amisa leCxumi mdebareobda satranzito<br />

gzebze _ dasavleT saqarTvelosa da Crdilokavkasieli mTielebis gza<br />

kolxeTis dablobisken leCxumze gavliT midioda. sxvadasxva dros<br />

dedaqalaqebTan siaxlove, Tan bunebrivi pirobebiT daculoba misdami<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis mizezi xdeboda. amitomac, leCxumi imereTis<br />

mefis saxaso mamulad, Semdeg ki samegrelos mTavris erT-erT dasayrden<br />

punqtad iqca. orive xelisufali cdilobda leCxumSi myari poziciebi<br />

hqonoda, amitomac TavadTa gandidebas yovelgvari saSualebebiT<br />

ebrZodnen da maT sapirispirod sasuliero da wvrili aznaurebis fenas<br />

aZlierebdnen. swored es ukanasknelni gaxdnen leCxumis mflobeli<br />

imereTis mefeebisa da samegrelos mTavrebis dasayrdeni. maTgan da<br />

msaxuri glexebisgan Sedgeboda saukeTeso razmebi, romlebic erTgulad<br />

msaxurobdnen TavianT batonebs. leCxumis zeda fenis mkveTrad<br />

gamoxatuli saomari funqciebi leCxumel warCinebulT sxva kuTxis zeda<br />

fenisgan gamoarCevs _ isini saxaso, samefo aznaurebi da mefis piradi<br />

gvardiis wevrebi, ,,talanni mefisani~ arian.<br />

leCxumis geografiuli da bunebrivi pirobebi am kuTxis ekonomikis<br />

Taviseburebasac gansazRvravda _ nayofieri, soflis meurneobis TiTqmis<br />

yvela dargis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis arseboba<br />

garkveuli dovlaTis dagrovebis saSualebas iZleoda. Tumca, sameurneo<br />

savargulebis ukmarisoba zRudavda am procesebs da am mxriv ufro<br />

167

dawinaurebuli kuTxeebisgan (imereTi, samegrelo) damokidebulebis<br />

faqtori unda yofiliyo.<br />

glexTa kategoriebi sxva kuTxeebSi arsebuli glexTa kategoriebis<br />

analogiuria. Tumca leCxumelTa salaSqro valdebulebebis<br />

tradiciulobas, msaxurTa fenis siWarbe unda gamoewvia. aris<br />

gansxvavebani glexTa umdablesi fenis, mojalabisa da batonis<br />

damokidebulebaSi. leCxumeli mojalabe batonis kar-midamoSi cxovrobda.<br />

sxva kuTxeTagan gansxvavebiT aq adgili ar hqonda mojalabis mebegre<br />

glexad qcevis faqtebs, batoni arc mojalabeTa ricxvis zrdas (Tugind<br />

maTi daojaxebis gziT) eSureboda, risi mizezic leCxumis mciremiwianoba<br />

unda iyos.<br />

glexTa kategoriaSi mebegre glexebi yvelaze mravlad arian. maTi<br />

gadasaxadebidan, Cans rom leCxumis meurneobis wamyvani dargebi<br />

mevenaxeoba da memindvreoba yofila, mesaqonleobasa da gansakuTrebiT<br />

mefrinveleobas damxmare meurneobis funqcia ekisra.<br />

sazogadoebrivi yofis damaxasiaTebeli niSani urTierTdaxmarebis<br />

tradicia gaxldaT. TanasoflelTa urTierTdaxmareba sazogadoebis<br />

yvela wevris keTildReobis erTgvari meqanizmi iyo, masSi<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sazogadoebis nebismieri SeZlebisa Tu<br />

rangiswevris interesebi. urTierTdaxmarebis es formebi araqaulia da im<br />

drois ideis gamoxatulebaa, rodesac xalxi did gaerTinebebad,<br />

sagvareulo, Semdeg ki sasoflo Temebad cxovrobdnen da erTmaneTze<br />

zrunva TiToeuli meTemis movaleoba iyo. TiTqmis dRevandelobamde<br />

SemorCenili miwis saerTo mfobelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis formebic<br />

sazogadoebrivi yofis im etapis gamoZaxilia rodesac xalxi sasoflo<br />

Tu sagvareulo Temebad saxlobda.<br />

leCxumis sazogadoebis mTavari Semadgeneli nawilis ojaxis Seswavla<br />

umeteswilad eTnografiuli masalaze dayrdnobiT moxda. leCxumSi iseve,<br />

rogorc sxva kuTxeebSi, ojaxis Tavdapirvel formad didi gauyofeli<br />

ojaxi iqna miCneuli. istoriul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli cnobebis<br />

mixedviT ganisazRvra ojaxTa tipebis SesaZlo terminologia<br />

,,sulmamiSvilebi”, Cvenis azriT unda gamoxatavdes erTi fuZis ramodenime<br />

komlad (ojaxad) mcxovreb naTesavTa gaerTianebas. ,,colqmara” kaci,<br />

168

mxolod erTwyviliani ojaxis aRmniSvnelia, xolo ,,Rerkaci” calke<br />

individs, ojaxis gareSe kacis sinonimi.<br />

leCxumis saojaxo yofis amsaxvelma masalam gviCvena, rom leCxumSi<br />

adre (gvianSuasaukuneebSi) xalxi did ojaxebad cxovrobda. did ojaxebi<br />

tipiuria XIX saukunisTvis da iSviaTi saxiT XX saukunis ormocian<br />

wlebamdec aRwevs. savaraudod, did ojaxebad cxovrebas, klimaturi da<br />

geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, leCxumelTa meurneobis xasiaTi<br />

gansazRvravda: naturaluri meurneobis pirobebSi ojaxi ramodenime<br />

sameurneo mimarTulebas misdevda, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi farTo<br />

adgili ekava mevenaxeobas, memindvreobas, mesaqonleobas. Cvens mier<br />

mimoxiluli masalis mixedviT leCxumuri ojaxis sameurneo saqmianoba<br />

Semdegnairad nawildeba venaxis movla, muSa saqonlis patronoba<br />

zrdasruli mamakacis saqmea; qals ojaxis movla, mewvel saqonelze<br />

zrunva, evaleba. bavSvebi ki ZiriTadad wvrilfexa saqonlisa da<br />

frTosnebis movliT iyvnen dakavebuli. winaT, rodesac xalxis<br />

yoveldRiurobaSi Zveli rwmena-warmodgenebi erT-erT mniSvnelovan<br />

rols asrulebda, ojaxSi qalis statusi sakmaod myari iyo, rac<br />

SemdgomSi, pativiscemisa da dafasebis safuZveli unda yofiliyo.<br />

leCxumuri masalis mixedviT saqorwilo wes-Cveulebebs, cru<br />

rwmenebTan Tu micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli ritualebs gaaCnia<br />

mraval paraleli saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi arsebul analogiur wes-<br />

CveulebebTan. leCxumSi, iseve rogorc sxva kuTxeebSi ojaxisTvis<br />

mniSvnelovan movlenebs (qorwili, glova, xvna-Tesva, mosavlis aReba)<br />

Taviseburi etapebi da ritualebi axasiaTebda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo<br />

ojaxebis sameurneo-ekonomikuri pirobebiT, agreTve Zveli, pirvelyofili<br />

religiuri rwmena warmodgenebiT.<br />

leCxumis saojaxo meurneobis Tavisebureba aisaxeba leCxumeli<br />

glexis kar-midamosa da saxlis tipze. adreul xanaSi saxlis Sida<br />

mowyobiloba didi gauyofeli ojaxis yofas ergeboda _ didi kaTxa<br />

saxlebi oTaxebad ar itixreboda; Semdgomi drois ramodenime oTaxiani<br />

oda saxlebi umetesad individualuri ojaxebis sacxovrebeli gaxlda.<br />

leCxumSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan did da patara ojaxebad cxovrebis<br />

periods sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli saxlis tipebi miesadageba. didi<br />

169

ojaxebi sadac mravali suli saxlobda da maT Soris kerZo<br />

mesakuTruli miswrafebebi meurneobis erTianobis gamo naklebad iyo,<br />

did, erTian, gautixrav kaTxa saxlebSi cxovrobdnen. Semdgomi drois<br />

oda saxlebSi, ojaxis wevrTaTvis saxlSi calkeuli adgilebi, oTaxebi<br />

Cndeba da saxlis aseTi tipi damaxasiaTebelia individualur ojaxebad<br />

cxovrebisTvis.<br />

msgavsia leCxumisa da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis sxva saojaxo<br />

wes-Cveulebebi, rwmena-warmodgenebi. zogierTi Cveuleba zustad emTxveva<br />

erTmaneTs da erTi da imave rwmena-warmodgenebidan momdinareobs.<br />

leCxumis sazogadoebrivi da saojaxo yofa sazogadoebrivi<br />

urTierTobis sakiTxebi, meurneobis tradiciuli formebi, rwmenawarmodgenebi<br />

SemdgomSi kvlevis gaRrmavebas moiTxovs. leCxumuri<br />

masala ganxiluli unda iqnas sxva kuTxeebis analogiuri masalebis<br />

fonze, rac leCxumis yofaSi da xalxis maxsovrobidan amovardnili da<br />

daviwyebuli yofis niuansebis aRdgenis saSualebas mogvcems da am<br />

kuTxis sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis ukeT aRqmas, saojaxo da<br />

sazogadoebrivi yofis warsulis da misgan gamomavali dRevandelobis<br />

sakiTxebis gaazrebasa da am mimarTulebiT dagrovili codnis<br />

samomavlod gamoyenebas gagviadvilebs.<br />

170

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

1) alaviZe m., leCxumis eTnografiuli SeswavlisTvis, quTaisis<br />

pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, IX t., 1949 w.<br />

2) alaviZe m., giorgi inasariZis vinaobisTvis, quTaisis pedagogiuri<br />

institutis Sromebi, IX t., 1949 w.<br />

3) alaviZe m., leCxumuri zepirsityvaoba, Tb, sabWoTa mwerali, 1951 w.<br />

4) anTaZe k., raWa-leCxumis istoriul-geografiuli narkvevi,<br />

geografiuli institutis naSromebi, XV t., 1961 w.<br />

5) bardaveliZe v., qarTuli (svanuri) xalxuri saweso grafikuli<br />

xelovnebis nimuSebi, Tb., saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />

gamomcemloba, 1953 w.<br />

6) bagrationi ioane, SemoklebiTi aRwera saqarTvelos Sina mcxovreb<br />

TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa, Tb., `dial~, 1997 w.<br />

7) beraZe T., leCxumisistoriuli geografiidan, arqeologiis,<br />

eTnologiisa da xelovnebis `macne~, #3, 1976 w.<br />

8) beraZe T., raWa, Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1983 w.<br />

9) berZeniSvili d., banZelaZe i., suramelaSvili m., WurRulia l.,<br />

krebuli `leCxumi~, Tb., mecniereba, 1983w.<br />

10) berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., mecniereba,<br />

1990 w.<br />

11) bendianiSvili al., agraluri urTierTobani saqarTveloSi 1890 _<br />

1917ww., TB., 1965 w.<br />

12) beqaia m., Zveli da axali saqorwilo tradiciebi aWaraSi, bT.,<br />

sabWoTa aWara, 1979 w.<br />

13) borozdini k., erisTavi, murie, batonymoba samegreloSi, Tb., 1927w.<br />

14) bregaZe n., raWa-leCxumis marcvleuli kulturis Sesaxeb,<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebrivi mecnierebaTa moambe, 1960 w.<br />

15) bregaZe n., xalxuri agroteqnikis zogierTi sakiTxi, macne, # 5,<br />

1965<br />

171

16) gagoSiZe i., adre antikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan, Tb.,<br />

mecniereba, 1964 w.<br />

17) gardafxaZe_qiqoZe f., qarTuli xalxuri dReobebi, Tb., mecniereba,<br />

1955 w.<br />

18) gasviani g., dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri<br />

viTareba da ruseTTan SeerTeba XVI-XIX ss., Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo,<br />

1988 w.<br />

19) gasviani g., narkvevebi Sua saukuneebis svaneTis istoriidan, Tb.,<br />

mecniereba, 1991 w.<br />

20) gelaZe T., koleqtiuri Sromis formebi leCxumSi, krebuli<br />

`leCxumi~, mecniereba, 1985 w.<br />

21) gigineiSvili i., TofuriZe v., qavTaraZe i., qarTuli<br />

dialeqtologia, Tb., Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba 1961 w.<br />

22) dadiani n., qarTvelT cxovreba, Tb., saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis gamomcemloba, 1962 w.<br />

23) doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III t., Tb., mecniereba 1970<br />

w.<br />

24) vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, `qarTlis<br />

cxovreba~, IV t., sabWoTa saqarTvelo Tb., 1973 w.<br />

25) TayaiSvili e., emigrantuli naSromebi, arqeologiuri eqspedicia<br />

leCxum-svaneTSi 1910 wels, Tb., mecniereba, 1991 w.<br />

26) Teodosi gangreli, georgika IV t., Tb., iv. javaxiSvilis sax.<br />

instituti, 1941 w.<br />

27) TofCiSvili r., leCxumuri gvarsaxelebi, Tb., saqarTvelo, 1993 w.<br />

28) iToniSvili val., kavkasiis xalxTa saojaxo yofa, Tb., mecniereba,<br />

1977 w.<br />

29) iToniSvili val., qarTvel mTielTa saojaxo urTierTobis<br />

istoriidan, Tb., saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1960<br />

w.<br />

30) ingoroyva p., svaneTis saistorio Zeglebi, nakveTi I: sssr<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1941 w.<br />

172

31) istoriani da azmani ...... A qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili<br />

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, II t.,<br />

saxelgami, Tb., 1959<br />

32) iustiniane, georgika II t., Tb., 1965<br />

33) s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, I t., Tb.,<br />

universitetis gam-ba 1925 w.<br />

34) kakabaZe s., dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, II t., Tb.,<br />

universitetis gam-ba 1925 w.<br />

35) kakabaZe s., masalebi imereTis saxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobis<br />

Sesaxeb me-17 saukuneSi, saistorio moambe, 1925 w.<br />

36) kakabaZe s., werilebi da masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisTvis,<br />

wigni I, Tb., s. losaberiZis stamba, 1914 w.<br />

37) kakabaZe s., saqarTvelos istoria axali saukuneebis epoqisa, Tb.,<br />

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gam-ba 1922<br />

w.<br />

38) kakabaZe s., sasisxlo sigelebis Sesaxeb, saistorio moambe, II t.,<br />

1924 w.<br />

39) kakabaZe s., masalebi dasavleT saqarTvelos socialuri da<br />

ekonomikuri istoriisTvis, saistorio krebuli, I, Tb., 1928 w.<br />

40) kakabaZe s., kvleva Ziebani, Tb, saq.centraluri kooperatiuli<br />

kavSiris gam-ba, 1920 w.<br />

41) kakabaZe s., sacagerlos gamosavali davTari, Tb., s. losaberiZis<br />

stamba, 1914 w.<br />

42) kakabaZe s., saeklesio reformebisTvis solomon pirvelis dros,<br />

tfilisi, b.a. kolaZis stamba, 1913 w.<br />

43) leTodiani d., leCxumi adrefeodalur xanaSi, Tbilisis<br />

universitetis Sromebi, 1982 w.<br />

44) leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis<br />

mier, I t., saxelgami, Tb., 1955<br />

173

45) lamberti don arqanjelo, samegrelos aRwera, Tb, enguri, 1991 w.<br />

46) makalaTia m., wylis kultis gadmonaSTebi leCxumSi, leCxumi, Tb.,<br />

mecniereba 1985 w.<br />

47) makalaTia s., samegrelos istoria da eTnografia, 1941 w.<br />

48) makalaTia s., TuSeTi, Tb., nakaduli, 1983 w.<br />

49) makalaTia s., xevsureTi, Tb., nakaduli, 1984 w.<br />

50) mibCuani T., dasavleT saqarTvelosqarTvel mTielTa eTnogenezis,<br />

gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan, Tb., universiTetis gam-ba, 1989 w.<br />

51) musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi<br />

sakiTxebi, Tb., 1974 w<br />

52) musxeliSvili l., dasavleT saqarTvelos glexobis socialurekonomikuri<br />

kategoriebi, enimkis moambe, 1940 w<br />

53) muSkudiani q., gvianfeodaluri leCxumis socialuri urTierTobis<br />

istoriidan, al. wulukiZis sax. quTaisis saxelmwifo ped. nstitutis<br />

Sromebi, XXXIV t., 1971 w.<br />

54) muSkudiani q., ლეჩხუმის ისტორიიდან , ქუთ., მოწამეთა, 2001 w.<br />

55) nadiraZe e., qviTxurooba leCxumSi, masalebi leCxumis<br />

eTnografiuli SeswavlisaTvis, mecniereba, 1985 w.<br />

56) sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I t., merani 1991 w.<br />

57) prokopi kesarieli, georgika II t., Tb., mecniereba 1964 w<br />

58) JamTaaRmwereli, qarTlis cxovreba, II t., Tb., 1958 w.<br />

59) Jordania T., qronikebi II t., 1897 w.<br />

60) rexviaSvili s., qarTvel da CrdiloeT kavkasiel mTielTa<br />

istoriidan, Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1977 w.<br />

61) saqarTvelos istoria, avtorebi: n. berZeniSvili, v. dondua, S.<br />

mesxia, p. ratiani, Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1959 w.<br />

62) saqarTvelos resp. csia. saq, 58, fur. 21<br />

63) saqarTvelos resp. csia. F 13, naw. I; saqme 8977 b., fur. 77<br />

64) saxarova l., brinjaos ganZebi leCxumidan, Tb., mecniereba, 1976 w.<br />

65) saxokia T., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., samecnieromeTodologiuri<br />

kabinetis gam-ba, 1956 w.<br />

174

66) svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, I t., teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada,<br />

gamokvlevebi da samecniero-sacnobaro aparati daurTo v. silogavam, Tb.,<br />

mecniereba, 1986 w.<br />

67) soselia o., narkvevebi dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri<br />

istoriidan, II t., Tb., mecniereba, 1981 w.<br />

68) soselia o., narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

socialur-politikuri istoriidan, I t., mecniereba, Tb., 1973 w.<br />

69) saqarTvelos siZveleni, I t., Tb., saistorio da saeTnografio saz.-<br />

is gam-ma, 1920 w.<br />

70) sulava n., mTiani kolxeTi antikur xanaSi, Tb., mecniereba, 1996 w.<br />

71) qaldani a., Zeglis megobari, 1987 w.<br />

72) qaldani m., leCxumis geografiul saxelTa _iS sufiqsis<br />

sakiTxisTvis, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, III t., Tb.,<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis gam-ba, 1963<br />

73) qajaia n., micvalebulis kulti leCxumSi, leCxumi, mecniereba, 1985<br />

w.<br />

74) SaraSeniZe j., Zeglis megobari, me-40-e gamocema, 1976 w.<br />

75) Sardenis mogzauroba, 1974 w.<br />

76) Citaia g., leCxumis eqspediciis mokle angariSi, saqarTvelos sax.<br />

muzeumis moambe, 12b., Tb, 1944<br />

77) Ciqovani m., toponimikur saxelTa warmoeba leCxumuri masalebis<br />

mixedviT, puSkinis sax. Tbilisis saxelmw. ped. institutis Sromebi, VII;<br />

1949 w.<br />

78) CxataraiSvili q., narkvevebi samxedro saqmis istoriidan, Tb.,<br />

mecniereba, 1979 w.<br />

79) cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili<br />

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, I t., Tb.,<br />

saxelgami, 1955 w.<br />

175

80) ZiZiguri S., qarTuli dialeqtologiuri Ziebani, Tb, ganaTleba,<br />

1970 w.<br />

81) xaraZe r., didi ojaxis gadmonaSTebi svaneTSi, mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis filialis gamomcemloba Tb., 1939 w.<br />

82) xecuriani m., saqarTvelos agraluri Warbmosaxleoba da misi<br />

dasaqmeba, sadisertacio naSromi, 1994 w.<br />

83) jalabaZe g., mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba leCxumSi, leCxumi, Tb.,<br />

mecniereba, 1985 w.<br />

84) janaSia s., Sromebi, II t., Tb., mecnierebaTa akademis gam-ba, 1952 w.<br />

85) javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, I t., Tb., sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo, 1951 w.<br />

86) javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II t., Tb., sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo, 1965 w.<br />

87) javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani, VI t., Tb., mecnierebaTa akademis gamba,<br />

1982<br />

88) javaxiSvili iv., xalxis aRwerisa da Semosavlis davTrebi<br />

saqarTveloSi, moambe, II ganyofileba, 1901 w.<br />

89) jaoSvili v., raWa-leCxumis mosaxleoba, geografiuli institutis<br />

Sromebi, XV, 1961<br />

90) jaoSvili v., saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tb., mecniereba, 1996 w.<br />

91) juanSeri, cxovreba da moqalaqeoba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis<br />

cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.<br />

yauxCiSvilis mier, I t., saxelgami, Tb., 1955<br />

92) Акак, II т<br />

93) Грамоты и другие историческиу документы XVIII века, I т, 1891 г.<br />

94) Гнилосаров П, О Царе Соломоне II, Кавказский клендарь, 1859 г.<br />

95) Документы по истории Грузии, I т. I ч. приложение №1<br />

96) Литвинов - Краткое обозрение Имертии Мингрелии и Лечгума<br />

97) Моисеев И – Уголок Лечхуми СМОМПК 1900г<br />

176

98) Насович Д - Экономический быт государственных крестьян в Лечхумском уезде<br />

Кутаисской губернии МИЕБГКЗК Iт 1885 г<br />

99) Радде Г - Путешествие в Мингрельских Алпах<br />

100) Патканов К., Армянская география VII века<br />

101) Сборник сведении о Кавказе Vт Тирографиа Главного управления Наместника<br />

Кавказскаго 1879 г<br />

102) Харадзе Р. Грузинская семейная община, Тб., Зариа востока 1960 Г<br />

mTxroblebi:<br />

1) kiazo arjevaniZe, sof. oyureSi, 70 wlis<br />

2) arCil axvlediani, sof. nasperi, 52 wlis<br />

3) guli kalandia, sof. obuji, 81 wlis<br />

4) roman mamardaSvili, sof. oyureSi, 51 wlis<br />

5) aleqsandre ugrexeliZe, sof. oyureSi, 84 wlis<br />

6) Sura RurWumaliZe, sof. nasperi, 76 wlis<br />

7) givi Carkviani, sof. oyureSi, 72 wlis<br />

177

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