2008, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia ...
2008, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia ...
2008, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
s i c o c x l i s<br />
u f l e b a<br />
Tbilisi <strong>2008</strong><br />
1
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
gamocema momzadebulia evropis kavSiris mxardaWeriT.<br />
saxelmZRvaneloze pasuxismgebelia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>axalgazrda</strong><br />
<strong>iuristTa</strong> <strong>asociacia</strong> da misi Sinaarsi ar gamoxatavs evropis kavSiris<br />
oficialur pozicias.<br />
proeqti dafinansebulia evropis<br />
kavSiris mier<br />
saxelmZRvanelosTvis masalebis<br />
moZieba da damuSaveba:<br />
Targmani:<br />
gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli:<br />
redaqtori:<br />
teq. redaqtori:<br />
ekaterine lomTaTiZe<br />
nana WyoiZe<br />
vaxtang vaxtangiZe<br />
giorgi CxeiZe<br />
lali Cxetia<br />
xaTuna yviralaSvili<br />
irakli svaniZe<br />
aiwyo da dakabadonda<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>axalgazrda</strong><br />
<strong>iuristTa</strong> <strong>asociacia</strong>Si.<br />
krilovis q.15 Tbilisi 0102 saqarTvelo<br />
(+995 32) 95 23 53, 93 61 01<br />
tiraJi: 500 cali<br />
akrZalulia aq moyvanili masalebis gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba<br />
komerciuli mizniT, asociaciis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe<br />
2<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
© <strong>2008</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>axalgazrda</strong> <strong>iuristTa</strong> <strong>asociacia</strong>
sarCevi<br />
winasityvaoba.............................................................................................................5<br />
I - amonaridebi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso<br />
aqtebidan da adamianis uflebaTa komitetis komentarebi<br />
sicocxlis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT:........................................................6<br />
1. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 10 dekemberi,<br />
1948, muxli 3...................................................................................................................6<br />
2. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli<br />
konvencia, muxli 2 da 15..............................................................................................6<br />
3. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis<br />
evropuli konvencia, oqmi #6, muxlebi 1 da 2......................................................7<br />
4. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis<br />
evropuli konvencia, oqmi #13, muxli 1.................................................................7<br />
5. saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri<br />
uflebebis Sesaxeb, muxlebi 4 da 6............................................................................7<br />
6. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis<br />
sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebisadmi mimarTuli meore<br />
fakultaturi oqmi, muxli 1......................................................................................8<br />
7. marTlwesrigis damcvel Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis kodeqsi.<br />
miRebulia generaluri asambleis #34/169 rezoluciiT,<br />
1979 wlis 17 dekemberi, muxli 3................................................................................9<br />
8. samarTaldamcavi muSakebis mier mier Zalisa da iaraRis gamoyenebis<br />
ZiriTadi principebi. miRebulia gaeros merve kongresze, romelic<br />
danaSaulis prevenciasa da damnaSaveTa mimarT mopyrobis sakiTxebs<br />
mieZRvna, havana, kuba, 27 agvisto - 7 seqtemberi, 1990,<br />
principebi 6, 9 da 10......................................................................................................9<br />
9. adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia, muxli 4 da 27............................10<br />
10. adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli qartia, muxli 4....................11<br />
11. evropis konstituciis damfuZnebeli xelSekruleba, muxli I-9.............12<br />
12. evropis kavSiris ZiriTad uflebaTa qartia, 2000/C 364/01, muxli 2...12<br />
13. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis<br />
zogadi komentari #06: sicocxlis ufleba (muxli 6), 30/04/82....................12<br />
14. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis zogadi komentari #14:<br />
atomuri iaraRi da sicocxlis ufleba (muxli 6); 09/11/84.............................14<br />
3
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
II – adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTali da gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis cnoba #.<br />
449/1991 Zalis gadametebuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb:...............................16<br />
1. makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, ganacxadi #18984/91...........16<br />
2. makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, ganacxadi #28883/95..........35<br />
3. makaraZisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, ganacxadi #50385/99..........................58<br />
4. naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganacxadebi #43577/98 da 43579/98)......................................................................71<br />
5. guli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (ganacxadi #22676/93).......................................89<br />
6. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis cnoba #449/1991; dominikis<br />
respublika, 10/08/94................................................................................................100<br />
III - adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebebi saxelmwifos pozitiur valdebulebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, daicvas sicocxle, roca adamiani iRupeba<br />
oficialur dawesebulebaSi da gaeros adamianis uflebaTa<br />
komitetis cnoba #888/1999...............................................................................104<br />
1. salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg #21986/93.......................................................104<br />
2. angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg #38361/97..............................................114<br />
3. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis cnoba #888/1999; ruseTis<br />
federacia 29/04/2004...............................................................................................129<br />
IV - adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetileba piris gauCinarebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
sicocxlis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT:....................................................135<br />
timurTaSi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg #23531/94....................................................135<br />
V - sicocxlis ufleba da evTanazia...........................................................146<br />
friTi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg #2346/02....................................146<br />
4
winasityvaoba<br />
TiTqmis samwliani pauzis Semdeg <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>axalgazrda</strong> <strong>iuristTa</strong><br />
<strong>asociacia</strong> ganagrZobs saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocemas adamianis<br />
uflebaTa samarTalSi. amjerad warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelo<br />
gamoica evropis kavSiris finansuri mxardaWeriT mimdinare proeqtis _<br />
`samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi~ _ farglebSi.<br />
winamdebare gamocema mieZRvna sicocxlis uflebas. ratom SevaCereT<br />
Cveni yuradReba am uflebaze da ratom dagvTanxmda donori, mxari<br />
daeWira aRniSnuli iniciativisTvis?<br />
2005 wlis bolodan 2006 wlis CaTvliT sicocxlis uflebis dacva erTerT<br />
mwvave problemad iqca saqarTveloSi. amaze metyvelebs, pirvel<br />
yovlisa, gaxmaurebuli, e.w. `adgilze likvidaciis~ faqtebi, romelTa<br />
Sedegadac aTeulobiT adamiani daiRupa (rogorc eWvmitanilebi,<br />
ise samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebi). am faqtebs<br />
mwvaved afasebdnen adamianis uflebaTa damcveli adgilobrivi Tu<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. rac Seexeba xelisuflebas, igi Seuvali<br />
iyo Tavis poziciaSi da aRmasrulebeli da marTlmsajulebis organoebis<br />
meSveobiT e.w. nulovani tolerantobis politikas `atarebda~.<br />
swored xsenebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, gadavwyviteT, specialuri<br />
gamocema migveZRvna sicocxlis uflebisaTvis da kidev erTxel am<br />
saSualebiT gamovxmaurebodiT sicocxlis uflebis dacvis sakiTxs.<br />
warmodgenil publikaciaSi Tavi movuyareT sicocxlis uflebaze<br />
saerTaSoriso normatiul masalas _ saerTaSoriso aqtebidan<br />
amonaridebs da gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis komentarebs,<br />
precedentul samarTals: (1) Zalis gadametebiT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb;<br />
(2) saxelmwifos pozitiur valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT _ daicvas<br />
sicocxle, roca pirovneba iRupeba oficialur dawesebulebaSi; (3)<br />
piris gauCinarebasTan dakavSirebiT da (4) evTanaziis Sesaxeb.<br />
gvjera, rom saxelmZRvanelo sasargeblo da praqtikuli saSualeba<br />
iqneba rogorc sasamarTlo sistemis warmomadgenelTaTvis, ise<br />
sxva samarTaldamcavi organoebis muSakTaTvis; daexmareba maT,<br />
ixelmZRvanelon adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
principebiTa da precedentebiT sicocxlis uflebasTan dakavSirebul<br />
saqmeebze muSaobisas. vimedovnebT, sicocxlis ufleba Cvens qveyanaSi<br />
yovelTvis iqneba waruvali Rirebuleba da gansakuTrebuli dacvis<br />
sagani.<br />
lali Cxetia<br />
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi<br />
proeqtis direqtori<br />
5
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
I<br />
amonaridebi adamianis uflebaTa<br />
dacvis saerTaSoriso aqtebidan<br />
da adamianis uflebaTa komitetis<br />
komentarebi sicocxlis uflebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT:<br />
1. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia<br />
1948 wlis 10 dekemberi<br />
muxli 3<br />
yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis<br />
ufleba.<br />
2. adamianis uflebebisa da fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis<br />
dacvis evropis konvencia<br />
muxli 2<br />
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
adamianis sicocxlis ufleba daculia kanoniT. aravis SeiZleba<br />
waerTvas sicocxle, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac sruldeba<br />
sasamarTlos ganaCeni pirovnebis damnaSaved aRiarebis Semdeg da roca<br />
aseT sasjels iTvaliswinebs kanoni.<br />
sicocxlis warTmeva ar CaiTvleba iZulebiTad am muxlis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod, rodesac igi warmoadgens Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegs,<br />
romelic ar unda iyos aucilebelze meti:<br />
• nebismieri pirovnebis ukanono xelyofisagan dasacavad;<br />
• raTa moxdes kanonieri dapatimreba an aRikveTos kanonierad<br />
dakavebuli piris gaqceva;<br />
• aqtis dros, romelic kanonierad ganxorcielda im mizniT, rom<br />
CaixSos amboxeba an janyi.<br />
muxli 15<br />
gadaxveva sagangebo situaciis dros<br />
1. omis an sxva sazogadoebrivi sagangebo situaciis dros, romelic emuqreba<br />
eris sicocxles, nebismier maRal xelSemkvrel mxares ufleba aqvs, miiRos<br />
zomebi, romlebic uxvevs am konvenciidan gamomdinare mis valdebulebebs,<br />
im donemde, rac ganpirobebulia situaciis aucileblobiT. amasTan,<br />
amgvari zomebi ar unda iyos Seusabamo saerTaSoriso samarTliT mis mier<br />
aRebul sxva valdebulebebTan.<br />
6
amonaridebi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso aqtebidan...<br />
2. ar daiSveba gadaxveva meore muxlidan, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac<br />
gardacvaleba warmoadgens omis ukanono aqtebis Sedegs, agreTve, me-3,<br />
me-4 (pirveli paragrafi) da me-7 muxlebidan.<br />
3. nebismieri maRali xelSemkvreli mxare, romelic gamoiyenebs gadaxvevis<br />
am uflebas, evropis sabWos generalur mdivans awvdis srul informacias<br />
im zomebis Taobaze, romelic man ganaxorciela, aseve, maTi mizezebis<br />
Sesaxeb. garda amisa, igi atyobinebs evropis sabWos generalur mdivans im<br />
zomebis moqmedebis Sewyvetisa da konvenciis debulebaTa ZalaSi srulad<br />
Sesvlis Sesaxeb.<br />
3. adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konvenciis<br />
oqmi № 6<br />
muxli 1<br />
sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba<br />
sikvdiliT dasja uqmdeba. aravis SeiZleba Seefardos sikvdiliT dasja an<br />
daisajos sikvdiliT.<br />
muxli 2<br />
sikvdiliT dasja omis dros<br />
saxelmwifos SeuZlia, Tavis kanonmdeblobaSi gaiTvaliswinos sikvdiliT<br />
dasja im qmedebisaTvis, romelic Cadenilia omis an misi gardauvali<br />
safrTxis arsebobis dros.<br />
amgvari sasjeli gamoiyeneba mxolod kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevaSi da misi<br />
debulebebis Sesabamisad. saxelmwifo acnobebs evropis sabWos generalur<br />
mdivans am kanonis Sesabamis debulebebs.<br />
4. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli<br />
konvenciis me-13 oqmi<br />
muxli 1<br />
sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba<br />
sikvdiliT dasja gauqmdeba. aseTi sasjeli ar SeiZleba misjil an<br />
aRsrulebul iqnes vinmes mimarT.<br />
5. saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb<br />
muxli 4<br />
1. saxelmwifoSi sagangebo wesebis SemoRebis dros, roca eris sicocxle<br />
safrTxeSia da es oficialurad gamocxaddeba, am paqtis monawile<br />
saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT, gadauxvion paqtiT nakisr valdebulebebs<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac amas moiTxovs mdgomareobis simZafre da<br />
ganaxorcielon RonisZiebebi im pirobiT, rom isini SeuTavsebeli ar iqneba<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTliT dakisrebul sxva valdebulebebTan da maT ar<br />
mohyveba diskriminacia mxolod da mxolod rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis,<br />
religiisa Tu socialuri warmoSobis safuZvelze.<br />
7
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
2. es debuleba ar SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos raime gadaxvevas me-6, me-7,<br />
me-8 (1 da 2 punqtebi), me-11, me-15, me-16 da me-18 muxlebidan.<br />
3. am paqtis monawile yvela saxelmwifom, romelic iyenebs gadaxvevis<br />
uflebas, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri mdivnis<br />
saSualebiT, dauyovnebliv unda Seatyobinos am paqtis monawile sxva<br />
saxelmwifoebs, Tu romel debulebebs gadauxvia da ra mizezebma miaRebina<br />
aseTi gadawyvetileba. amave Suamavlis meSveobiT, man unda Seatyobinos<br />
agreTve TariRi, roca Sewyvets gadaxvevis RonisZiebas.<br />
muxli 6<br />
1. sicocxlis ufleba TiToeuli adamianis ganuyofeli uflebaa. am<br />
uflebas icavs kanoni. aravis SeiZleba TviTneburad waarTvan sicocxle.<br />
2. qveynebSi, romlebsac ar gauuqmebiaT sikvdiliT dasja, sikvdilis<br />
ganaCeni SeiZleba gamoitanon mxolod yvelaze mZime danaSaulisaTvis im<br />
kanonis Sesabamisad, romelic moqmedebda danaSaulis Cadenis dros da<br />
ar ewinaaRmdegeba am paqtisa da genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisa<br />
da misTvis dasjis Sesaxeb konvenciis debulebebs. es dasja SeiZleba<br />
ganxorcieldes mxolod kompetenturi sasamarTlos mier gamotanili<br />
saboloo ganaCenis aRsasruleblad.<br />
3. roca sicocxlis warTmeva genocidis danaSauls Seadgens, mxedvelobaSi<br />
unda viqonioT, rom aRniSnul muxlSi am paqtis monawile saxelmwifoebs<br />
araferi aZlevs uflebas, rom raime saSualebiT gadauxvion romelime<br />
valdebulebas, romelic ikisres genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisa<br />
da dasjis Sesaxeb konvenciis debulebaTa Sesabamisad.<br />
4. TiToeuls, visac sikvdili miusajes, ufleba aqvs, iTxovos Sewyaleba<br />
an ganaCenis Serbileba, amnistia. Sewyaleba an sikvdilis ganaCenis Secvla<br />
SeiZleba naboZebi iyos yvela SemTxvevaSi.<br />
5. sikvdilis ganaCenis gamotana ar SeiZleba danaSaulisaTvis, romelic<br />
Caidines Tvramet wlamde asakis pirebma. aseve, misi aRsruleba ar SeiZleba<br />
fexmZime qalebis mimarT.<br />
6. am muxlSi araferi SeiZleba iyos imis safuZveli, rom am paqtis monawile<br />
romelime saxelmwifom gadados an ar dauSvas sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba.<br />
6. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis<br />
sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebisadmi mimarTuli meore fakultaturi<br />
oqmi<br />
muxli 1<br />
1. mocemuli oqmis monawile saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis qveS myofi arc<br />
erTi piri sikvdiliT ar daisjeba.<br />
2. TiToeuli monawile saxelmwifo iRebs yvela aucilebel zomas Tavisi<br />
iurisdiqciis farglebSi sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis mizniT.<br />
8
amonaridebi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso aqtebidan...<br />
7. marTlwesrigis damcvel Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis kodeqsi<br />
(miRebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis 34/169 rezoluciiT,<br />
17.12.1979)<br />
muxli 3<br />
marTlwesrigis damcvel Tanamdebobis pirebs Zalis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT<br />
mxolod ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi da mxolod imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac amas moiTxovs maTi movaleobis Sesruleba.<br />
komentari<br />
a) am debulebaSi xazgasmulia, rom marTlwesrigis damcvel Tanamdebobis<br />
pirTa mier Zalis gamoyeneba mxolod gamonaklisi xasiaTis unda iyos; Tumca,<br />
igulisxmeba, rom maT SeiZleba hqondeT Zalis gamoyenebis uflebamosileba<br />
im zomiT, rac mizanSewonilia Sesabamis pirobebSi danaSaulis Tavidan<br />
acilebis an samarTaldamrRvevTa an samarTaldarRvevaSi eWvmitanilTa<br />
marTlzomieri dakavebisas an amgvari dakavebis dros daxmarebis<br />
aRmoCenisas, magram, aseT SemTxvevebSi, Zalis gamoyeneba ar unda gascdes<br />
aucileblobis farglebs.<br />
b) erovnuli kanonmdebloba, rogorc wesi, zRudavs marTlwesrigis<br />
damcvel Tanamdebobis pirTa mier Zalis gamoyenebas proporciulobis<br />
principis Sesabamisad. es imgvarad unda gavigoT, rom am debulebis<br />
ganmartebis dros pativi unda vceT proporciulobis erovnul principebs.<br />
es debuleba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnes ganmartebuli ise, TiTqos<br />
igi iZleodes iseTi Zalis gamoyenebis uflebamosilebas, romelic ar<br />
Seesabameba misaRwev kanonier mizans.<br />
g) cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba ukidures saSualebad miiCneva. yvela<br />
zoma unda gatardes cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis aRkveTisaTvis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, bavSvebis winaaRmdeg. rogorc wesi, cecxlsasroli iaraRi<br />
ar unda gamoiyenebodes im SemTxvevebis garda, roca eWvmitanili piri gaswevs<br />
SeiaraRebul winaaRmdegobas an sxvagvarad safrTxeSi agdebs adamianebis<br />
sicocxles, agreTve, rodesac naklebad gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis sxva<br />
RonisZiebebi ar aris sakmarisi eWvmitanilis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebis<br />
asalagmavad an mis dasakaveblad. cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis<br />
yoveli SemTxveva dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos kompetentur xelisufalT.<br />
8. samarTaldamcavi muSakebis mier Zalisa da iaraRis gamoyenebis<br />
ZiriTadi principebi<br />
miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis merve kongresze,<br />
romelic danaSaulis prevenciisa da damnaSaveTa mimarT mopyrobis<br />
sakiTxebs mieZRvna<br />
(havana, kuba, 1990 wlis 27 agvisto – 7 seqtemberi )<br />
6. rodesac Zalis an iaraRis ukanono gamoyeneba gardauvalia,<br />
samarTaldamcavma muSakma:<br />
9
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
(a) Tavi unda Seikavos aseTi gamoyenebisagan da misi moqmedeba unda<br />
iyos samarTaldarRvevis seriozulobis da kanonieri miznis miRwevis<br />
proporciuli;<br />
(b) minimumamde unda daiyvanos dazianeba da dasaxiCreba, pativi sces<br />
da gaufrTxildes adamianis sicocxles;<br />
(g) unda uzrunvelyos, rom umokles droSi daxmareba da samedicino<br />
momsaxureba gaewios nebismier daWril an dazaralebul pirovnebas;<br />
(d) unda uzrunvelyos, rom daWrili an dazaralebuli piris naTesavebi<br />
da axlo megobrebi umokles droSi iqnen informirebulni.<br />
9. samarTaldamcavma muSakebma ar unda gamoiyenon iaraRi pirTa winaaRmdeg,<br />
garda: Tavdacvis an sxvaTa dacvis mizniT, rodesac maT sasikvdilo safrTxe<br />
an seriozuli ziani emuqrebaT; gansakuTrebiT seriozuli danaSaulis<br />
prevenciis mizniT, rodesac sicocxles mZime safrTxe emuqreba; piris<br />
dasakaveblad, romelic aseT safrTxes qmnis da winaaRmdegobas uwevs maT;<br />
an aseTi piris gaqcevis aRsakveTad da mxolod maSin, rodesac naklebad<br />
eqstremaluri saSualebebi araefeqturia am miznebis misaRwevad. nebismier<br />
SemTxvevaSi, cecxlsasroli iaraRi ganzrax sasikvdilo mizniT SeiZleba<br />
gamoyenebuli iqnes mxolod maSin, rodesac misi gamoyeneba gardauvalia<br />
sicocxlis dasacavad.<br />
10. me-9 principiT dadgenil garemoebebSi samarTaldamcavma muSakebma<br />
unda moaxdinon sakuTari Tavis identificireba da mkafio gafrTxileba<br />
miscen cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romlis drosac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba gafrTxilebis gaazrebisaTvis<br />
saWiro dro, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu aseTi qmedebiT gadaWarbebuli<br />
safrTxe SeeqmnebaT samarTaldamcav muSakebs an sasikvdilo safrTxis an<br />
seriozuli zianis riskis qveS dadgeba sxva pirTa sicocxle, anda aSkarad<br />
Seusabamo an aragonivruli iqneba incidentis garemoebebisaTvis.<br />
9. adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia<br />
miRebulia 1969 wlis 22 noembers, san xoseSi (kosta rika), amerikis<br />
qveynebis specialur konferenciaze, romelic adamianis uflebebs<br />
mieZRvna<br />
muxli 4<br />
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
1. yovel adamians aqvs ufleba, pativi scen mis sicocxles. es ufleba,<br />
zogadad, daculi unda iqnes misi Casaxvis momentidan. aravis SeiZleba<br />
TviTneburad waerTvas sicocxle.<br />
2. qveynebSi, sadac sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebuli ar aris, sikvdilis ganaCeni<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gansakuTrebiT seriozuli danaSaulisaTvis,<br />
amasTan, kompetenturi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli saboloo ganaCenis<br />
Tanaxmad da aseTi sasjelis damdgeni kanonis Sesabamisad, romelic<br />
danaSaulis Cadenamde iqna miRebuli.<br />
3. sasjelis umaRlesi zoma kvlav ar unda iqnes SemoRebuli im<br />
saxelmwifoebSi, sadac igi ukve gauqmebulia.<br />
10
amonaridebi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso aqtebidan...<br />
4. arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba sasjelis umaRlesi zoma gamoyenebul<br />
iqnes politikuri saxis samarTaldarRvevebze an masTan dakavSirebul<br />
Cveulebriv danaSaulebze.<br />
5. sikvdilis ganaCeni ar gamoitaneba piris mimarT, romelmac danaSauli<br />
Caidina 18 wlis asakamde an 70 wlis asakis zemoT. ar SeiZleba misi aRsruleba<br />
orsuli qalebis mimarT.<br />
6. yovel sikvdilmisjil adamians aqvs amnistiis, Sewyalebis an sasjelis<br />
Semsubuqebis ufleba. sikvdilis ganaCeni sisruleSi ar unda iqnes moyvanili<br />
manam, sanam aseT peticias kompetenturi organoebi ganixilaven.<br />
muxli 27<br />
garantiebis SeCereba<br />
1. omis, sazogadoebrivi safrTxis an sxva sagangebo mdgomareobis dros,<br />
romelic safrTxes uqmnis monawile saxelmwifos damoukideblobas an<br />
usafrTxoebas, SeZleba miRebul iqnes zomebi, romlebic winamdebare<br />
konvenciiT aRebuli valdebulebebidan gadaxvevas iwveven. aseTi zomebi<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod maSin, rodesac es mkacrad moiTxoveba<br />
situaciis simwvavidan gamomdinare, im pirobiT, rom aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi<br />
ar ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvelze aRebul sxva<br />
valdebulebebs da ar iwvevs diskriminacias rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis<br />
an socialuri warmoSobis niSniT.<br />
2. zemoaRniSnuli debuleba ar iZleva Semdegi muxlebis moqmedebis<br />
SeCerebis uflebas: muxli 3 (samarTal-subieqtobis ufleba), muxli 4<br />
(sicocxlis ufleba), muxli 5 (adamianuri mopyrobis ufleba), muxli 6<br />
(monobisagan Tavisuflebis ufleba), muxli 9 (Ex Post Facto kanonebisgan<br />
Tavisufleba), muxli 12 (sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba), muxli 17<br />
(saojaxo uflebebi), muxli 18 (saxelisa da gvaris qonis ufleba), muxli<br />
19 (bavSvis uflebebi), muxli 20 (moqalaqeobis ufleba) da muxli 23<br />
(mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis ufleba), aseve, sxva garantiebis SeCerebas,<br />
romlebic mniSvnelovania aseTi uflebebis dasacavad.<br />
3. nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelic SeCerebis uflebas axorcielebs,<br />
valdebulia, sxva monawile saxelmwifoebs generaluri mdivnis meSveobiT<br />
dauyovnebliv acnobos im debulebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gamoyenebac man<br />
SeaCera, aseve, SeCerebis warmomSobi mizezebis da misi Sewyvetis TariRis<br />
Taobaze.<br />
10. adamianis da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli qartia<br />
muxli 4<br />
adamiani aris xelSeuxebeli. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs, pativi scen mis<br />
sicocxles da mis pirovnul xelSeuxeblobas. aravis SeiZleba TviTneburad<br />
waerTvas es ufleba.<br />
11
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
11. evropis konstituciis damfuZnebeli xelSekruleba<br />
muxli I-9<br />
ZiriTadi uflebebi<br />
1. kavSiri aRiarebs ZiriTad uflebaTa qartiiT dafuZnebul uflebebs,<br />
Tavisuflebebsa da principebs, romelic I I nawils warmoadgens.<br />
2. kavSiri uerTdeba adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa<br />
dacvis evropul konvencias. aseTi mierTebiT ziani ar adgeba kavSiris<br />
kompetencias, rogorc es konstituciaSia gansazRvruli.<br />
3. ZiriTadi uflebebi _ rogorc es adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad<br />
TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciiTaa garantirebuli da rogorc<br />
wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis saerTo konstituciuri tradiciebidan<br />
gamomdinareobs _ kavSiris samarTlis zogad principebs warmoadgens.<br />
12. evropis kavSiris ZiriTad uflebaTa qartia<br />
(2000/C 364/01)<br />
muxli 2<br />
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
1. yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis ufleba;<br />
2. aravis SeiZleba miesajos sikvdiliT dasja, an sikvdiliT<br />
daisajos.<br />
13. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis zogadi komentari<br />
#6 (meTeqvsmete sesia, 1982 weli) sicocxlis ufleba (muxli 6); 30/04/82.<br />
1. paqtis me-6 muxlSi gacxadebuli sicocxlis ufleba ganxilulia yvela<br />
saxelmwifos moxsenebebSi. es aris uzenaesi ufleba, romlisgan gadaxvevac<br />
dauSvebelia iseTi sagangebo mdgomareobis drosac ki, romelic safrTxes<br />
uqmnis eris arsebobas (muxli 4). Tumca, komiteti aRniSnavs, rom me-6<br />
muxlTan dakavSirebiT warmodgenili informacia xSirad Semoifargleba<br />
am uflebis mxolod ama Tu im aspeqtiT. sicocxlis ufleba aris is ufleba,<br />
romelic viwrod ar unda iqnes ganmartebuli.<br />
2. komiteti miuTiTebs, rom omi da masobrivi Zaladobis sxva qmedebebi<br />
kvlav rCeba kacobriobis ubedurebad da yovelwliurad aTasobiT<br />
udanaSaulo adamianis sicocxle ewireba. gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
organizaciis wesdebis safuZvelze, romelime saxelmwifos mier sxva<br />
saxelmwifos ZaliT daSineba an mis mimarT Zalis gamoyeneba, Tavdacvis<br />
ganuyofeli uflebis ganxorcielebis garda, ukve akrZalulia. komitets<br />
miaCnia, rom saxelmwifoTa uzenaesi valia omebis, genocidis da masobrivi<br />
Zaladobis sxva qmedebebis prevencia, romlebic adamianis sicocxlis<br />
TviTnebur mospobas iwvevs. nebismieri Zalisxmeva, romelsac isini omebis<br />
(gansakuTrebiT, TermobirTvuli) saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad<br />
mimarTaven saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis, yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani piroba da garantia iqneba sicocxlis uflebis dasacavad.<br />
12
amonaridebi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso aqtebidan...<br />
am mimarTebiT, komiteti miuTiTebs me-6 da me-20 muxlebs Soris kavSirze,<br />
sadac aRniSnulia, rom omis nebismieri propaganda (punqti 1) an Zaladobis<br />
waqezeba (punqti 2) unda aikrZalos kanoniT.<br />
3. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis<br />
mesame winadadebas, romelic calsaxad adgens sicocxlis TviTneburi<br />
warTmevisagan dacvis uflebas. komitets miaCnia, rom monawile<br />
saxelmwifoebma zomebi unda miiRon ara mxolod kriminaluri qmedebiT<br />
gamowveuli sicocxlis xelyofis prevenciisa da dasjisaTvis, aramed<br />
sakuTari uSiSroebis Zalebis mier ganxorcielebuli TviTneburi<br />
mkvlelobebis prevenciisaTvis. saxelmwifo organoebis mier sicocxlis<br />
xelyofa gansakuTrebiT mZime sakiTxs warmoadgens. amitom kanoni mkacrad<br />
unda aregulirebdes da zRudavdes im garemoebebs, romlebSic adamians<br />
SeiZleba waerTvas sicocxle.<br />
4. monawile saxelmwifoebma agreTve konkretuli da efeqturi zomebi unda<br />
ganaxorcielon individualur pirTa gauCinarebis prevenciis mizniT,<br />
rac, samwuxarod, Zalian gaxSirda da, umravles SemTxvevaSi, sicocxlis<br />
TviTnebur warTmevas iwvevs. garda amisa, saxelmwifoebma unda Seqmnan<br />
efeqturi saSualebebi da procedurebi iseT viTarebaSi dakarguli da<br />
gauCinarebuli pirebis saqmeTa safuZvliani gamoZiebisaTvis, romelic<br />
SesaZloa dakavSirebuli iyos sicocxlis uflebis darRvevasTan.<br />
5. garda amisa, komiteti aRniSnavs, rom sicocxlis uflebas xSirad viwro<br />
ganmarteba eZleva. „sicocxlis ganuyofeli ufleba“ – ver iqneba sworad<br />
gagebuli, Tu mas mxolod SezRuduli ganmarteba miecema; am uflebis<br />
dacva saxelmwifosagan konstruqciuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas<br />
moiTxovs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, komitets miaCnia, rom sasurveli<br />
iqneboda, monawile saxelmwifoebs yvela SesaZlo zoma gaetarebinaT<br />
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis Sesamcireblad da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis<br />
asamaRleblad, gansakuTrebiT SimSilsa da epidemiebTan brZolis<br />
RonisZiebebis SemuSavebis gziT.<br />
6. miuxedavad imisa, rom me-6 muxlis 2-6 punqtebidan gamomdinare, monawile<br />
saxelmwifoebi valdebulni ar arian, mTlianad gaauqmon sikvdiliT dasja,<br />
maT aucileblad unda SezRudon sasjelis am zomis gamoyeneba, kerZod,<br />
unda gaauqmon igi yvela SemTxvevaSi, garda „yvelaze mZime danaSaulebisa“.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, isini valdebulni arian, ganixilon sakuTari<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis gadasinjvis sakiTxi da, nebismier<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SezRudon sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis gamoyeneba „yvelaze<br />
seriozuli danaSaulebiT“. aRniSnul muxlSi agreTve zogadad saubaria<br />
gauqmebaze iseTi formulirebiT, romelic mkafiod gulisxmobs (punqti<br />
2(2) da (6)), rom gauqmeba sasurvelia. komiteti askvnis, rom gauqmebisaken<br />
mimarTuli yvela RonisZieba ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc progresi<br />
(me-40 muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli mniSvnelobiT) sicocxlis uflebis<br />
realizebis TvalsazrisiT da mis Sesaxeb moxsenebebi unda warudginon<br />
komitets. komiteti aRniSnavs, rom mTel rig saxelmwifoebSi sikvdiliT<br />
dasja ukve gauqmebulia an SeCerebulia sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis<br />
gamotana. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifoTa mier warmodgenili moxsenebebi<br />
adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis an sikvdiliT dasjis<br />
ganaCenis gamotanis SezRudvis gzaze progresi sakmaod umniSvneloa.<br />
7. komitets miaCnia, rom gamoTqma – „yvelaze seriozuli danaSaulebi“<br />
– gagebuli unda iqnes viwro mniSvnelobiT, rogorc aRmniSvneli imisa,<br />
13
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
rom sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni gamonaklis zomas warmoadgens. me-6<br />
muxlis zusti formulirebidan agreTve gamomdinareobs, rom sikvdiliT<br />
dasjis ganaCeni SeiZleba gamotanil iqnes mxolod mocemuli danaSaulis<br />
dros ZalaSi myofi kanonis Tanaxmad, romelic paqtis debulebebs<br />
ar ewinaaRmdegeba. daculi unda iqnes masSi gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
proceduruli garantiebi _ samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis,<br />
udanaSaulobis prezumfciis, dacvis minimaluri garantiebisa da zeda<br />
instanciis sasamarTloSi saqmis gadasinjvis CaTvliT. es uflebebi<br />
unda ganxorcieldes Sewyalebis da sasjelis Semsubuqebis konkretul<br />
uflebasTan erTad.<br />
14. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis zogadi komentari<br />
#14 (ocdamecamete sesia, 1984 weli), birTvuli iaraRi da sicocxlis<br />
ufleba (muxli 6); 09/11/84.<br />
1. 1982 wlis 27 ivliss, 378-e sesiaze miRebul zogad komentarSi adamianis<br />
uflebaTa komitetma miuTiTa, rom samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis<br />
paqtis me-6 muxlis pirvel punqtSi aRiarebuli sicocxlis ufleba aris<br />
uzenaesi ufleba, romlisgan gadaxveva TviT sagangebo mdgomareobis<br />
drosac dauSvebelia. sicocxlis ufleba gacxadebulia adamianis<br />
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-3 muxlSi, romelic gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam 1948 wlis 10 dekembers miiRo.<br />
es ufleba adamianis yvela uflebis safuZvels warmoadgens.<br />
2. Tavis wina, zogad komentarSi komitetma agreTve miuTiTa, rom<br />
saxelmwifos uzenaesi valia omebis prevencia. omi da masobrivi Zaladobis<br />
sxva qmedebebi kvlav rCeba kacobriobis ubedurebad da yovelwliurad<br />
aTasobiT udanaSaulo adamianis sicocxle ewireba.<br />
3. komiteti, aris ra kvlav SeSfoTebuli SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi<br />
adamianTa didi msxverplis gamo, rac Tan sdevs Cveulebrivi iaraRis<br />
gamoyenebas, aRniSnavs, rom generaluri asambleis mTel rig sesiebze yvela<br />
geografiuli regionis warmomadgeneli gamoTqvamda did SeSfoTebas<br />
masobrivi ganadgurebis kidev ufro sastiki iaraRis ganviTarebasa da<br />
gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli iaraRi safrTxes uqmnis ara<br />
mxolod adamianis sicocxles, aramed STanTqavs resurss, romelic<br />
SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da<br />
socialuri miznebisaTvis, kerZod, ganviTarebad qveynebSi, an, zogadad,<br />
adamianis uflebebis wasaxaliseblad da uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
4. komiteti iziarebs am SeSfoTebas. aSkaraa, rom birTvuli iaraRis<br />
Seqmna, gamocda, warmoeba da ganlageba dRes kacobriobis winaSe<br />
mdgari safrTxeebidan yvelaze did safrTxes warmoadgens sicocxlis<br />
uflebisTvis. am safrTxes kidev ufro aZlierebs is saSiSroeba, rom aseTi<br />
iaraRi, faqtobrivad, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ara mxolod omis dros,<br />
aramed adamianis Secdomis an meqanikuri gaumarTaobis Sedegadac.<br />
5. garda amisa, am safrTxis arseboba da simZime saxelmwifoebs Soris<br />
undoblobisa da SiSis atmosferos qmnis, rac, Tavis mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebisa da adamianis uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso paqtebis Sesabamisad adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad<br />
TavisuflebaTa sayovelTao pativiscemisa da dacvis xelSewyobis<br />
amocanas.<br />
14
amonaridebi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso aqtebidan...<br />
6. birTvuli iaraRis warmoeba, gamocda, floba, ganlageba da gamoyeneba<br />
unda aikrZalos da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulad iqnes<br />
aRiarebuli.<br />
7. Sesabamisad, komiteti, mTeli kacobriobis interesebidan gamomdinare,<br />
mouwodebs yvela saxelmwifos _ paqtis monawiles Tu aramonawiles _<br />
calmxrivad da xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, saswrafo zomebi miiRon<br />
msoflios am safrTxisagan gasaTavisufleblad.<br />
15
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
II<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropis<br />
sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTali da gaeros adamianis<br />
uflebaTa komitetis cnoba #. 449/1991<br />
Zalis gadametebuli gamoyenebis<br />
Sesaxeb:<br />
1. saqme makqani da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg (1)<br />
saqmis faqtobrivi mxare (araoficialuri versia)<br />
ganmcxadeblebi, irlandiis moqalaqeebi da gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
qveSevrdomebi, margaret makqani, daniel fareli da jon seviji arian,<br />
Sesabamisad, daniel makqanis, meired farelis da Son sevijis mSoblebi,<br />
romlebic 1988 wlis 6 marts iqnen dacxrilulni gibraltarSi, im<br />
specialuri sahaero-medesanteTa samsaxuris mosamsaxureTa mier, romelic<br />
Sedis britaneTis armiaSi.<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos, espaneTisa da gibraltaris xelisuflebas jer<br />
kidev 1988 wlis 4 martamde hqonda informacia, rom irlandiis respublikuri<br />
armia (IRA) gegmavda teroristul aqts gibraltarSi. mopovebuli<br />
monacemebis safuZvelze, britaneTis da gibraltaris xelisufleba<br />
mivida daskvnamde, rom IRA-s wevrebi, romelTa vinaobac dadgenili iyo,<br />
5 marts ganaxorcielebdnen teroristul aqts msubuq avtomanqanaSi<br />
distanciurad marTvadi bombis afeTqebis gziT. gadawyda, rom jgufis<br />
wevrebi daepatimrebinaT mas Semdeg, rac isini Caiyvandnen manqanas<br />
gibraltarSi, raTa Semdgomi sasamarTlo ganxilvisTvis mtkicebulebebi<br />
moepovebinaT. xelisufleba miiCnevda, rom jgufis wevrebi iyvnen saSiSi<br />
teroristebi, romlebic albaTobis Zalian maRali maCvenebliT iqnebodnen<br />
SeiaraRebulni da, usafrTxoebis samsaxurTan dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
gamoiyenebdnen iaraRs da aafeTqebdnen bombs.<br />
1988 wlis 6 marts, naSuadRevs, Son sevijma daayena avtomobili da Semdeg<br />
daniel makqanTan da meired farelTan erTad daaTvaliera is adgili,<br />
sadac avtomobili gaaCera. mas Semdeg, rac isini moscildnen avtomanqanas,<br />
bombis gauvnebelyofis eqspertma daaTvaliera manqana da gadasca,<br />
rom swrafi vizualuri daTvalierebis monacemebiT, manqana saeWvo iyo<br />
da SeiZleboda masSi bombi yofiliyo damontaJebuli. miRebul iqna<br />
gadawyvetileba zemoT xsenebuli samive piris dakavebis Sesaxeb. operaciis<br />
xelmZRvaneloba daevala sahaero medesanteTa specialur samsaxurs. ori<br />
samxedro mosamsaxure daedevna makqansa da farels. roca makqanma moixeda,<br />
erTma maTganma pistoleti moimarjva da ubrZana, gaCerebuliyvnen. makqanma<br />
xeli gaacura jibisken, farelma ki CanTisken. CaTvales ra, rom orives<br />
distanciuri marTvis meqanizmis amoqmedeba surda bombis asafeTqeblad,<br />
medesanteTa jgufis wevrebma orives gauxsnes cecxli mcire manZilidan,<br />
ris Sedegadac orive daiRupa.<br />
16
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
sevijs ori sxva samxedro mosamsaxure misdevda. srolis xmis gagonebisas<br />
is mkveTrad Semobrunda da medesanteebs Seejaxa. erTma maTganma xmamaRla<br />
ubrZana mas gaCerebuliyo da iaraRi amoiRo. sevijma marjvena xeli<br />
gverdisken waiRo. CaTvales, rom mas distanciuri marTvis meqanizmis<br />
amoqmedeba undoda, medesanteTa jgufis wevrebma axlo manZilidan gaxsnes<br />
cecxli, ris Sedegadac seviji daiRupa.<br />
paTologanatomis daskvnis Tanaxmad, farels moxvda 8 tyvia, makqans - 5 da<br />
sevijs - 16.<br />
aRmoCnda, rom daRupulTagan arc erTs ar gaaCnda arc iaraRi da arc<br />
distanciuri marTvis mowyobiloba. arc sevijis mier sanapiroze gaCerebul<br />
manqanaSi aRmoCnda bombi. Tumca, mogvianebiT, espaneTis policiam marbelSi<br />
(espaneTi) aRmoaCina farelis mier sxvisi saxeliT daqiravebuli manqana,<br />
romelSic aRmoCnda asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba 6 kilogrami feTqebadi<br />
nivTierebiT “semteqsi”.<br />
1988 wlis 6 seqtembers daiwyo aRniSnul pirTa daRupvis saqmis ganxilva<br />
gibraltaris koroneris mier. koroneri Tavmjdomareobda agreTve<br />
adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan arCeul nafic msajulTa sxdomas. moismines 79<br />
mowmis Cveneba, maT Soris, samxedro mosamsaxureebis, policiis oficrebis,<br />
dazvervis samsaxuris im TanamSromlebis, romlebic operaciaSi<br />
monawileobdnen, agreTve, paTologoanatomis, sasamarTlos eqspertebis<br />
da asafeTqebel mowyobilobaTa specialistebis. 1988 wlis 13 seqtembers<br />
naficma msajulebma gamoitanes verdiqti, rom, rac moxda, marTlzomieri<br />
iyo.<br />
ar daeTanxmnen ra miRebul verdiqts, ganmcxadeblebma 1990 wlis 1 marts<br />
waradgines sarCeli CrdiloeT irlandiis zeda sasamarTloSi Tavdacvis<br />
saministros winaaRmdeg. magram sasamarTlom uari Tqva samefo taxtis<br />
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ewarmoebina saqme. 1991 wlis 4 oqtombers<br />
sabolood eTqvaT ganmcxadeblebs uari saqmiswarmoebis dawyebaze.<br />
samarTalwarmoeba komisiaSi<br />
141. ganmcxadeblebma TavianTi gancxadeba (no. 18984/91) komisiaSi 1991<br />
wlis 14 agvistos Semoitanes. isini Ciodnen, rom daniel makkanis, meired<br />
farelisa da Son sevijis specialuri sahaero Zalebis wevrebis mier<br />
mokvlis faqti konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevas warmoadgenda.<br />
sasamarTlosTvis warmodgenili argumentacia<br />
143. mTavrobam warmoadgina argumenti, rom gancxadebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sicocxlis xelyofa gamarTlebulia me-2 muxlis me-2(a) punqtiT, rogorc<br />
gibraltaris mosaxleobis aramarTlzomieri Zaladobisagan dasacavad<br />
absoluturi aucileblobiT gamoyenebuli Zalis Sedegi da sasamarTlos<br />
sTxova, daedgina, rom faqtebi ar avlendnen konvenciis me-2 muxlis<br />
darRvevas samidan romelime daRupul adamianTan mimarTebiT.<br />
144. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom mTavrobam gonivruli eWvis miRma<br />
standartis dacviT ver uCvena, rom operaciis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba<br />
moxda konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
sicocxlis xelyofa ar warmoadgenda absolutur aucileblobas am<br />
debulebis mniSvnelobiT (muxli 2-2).<br />
17
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
samarTali<br />
I. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRveva<br />
145. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom uSiSroebis Zalebis wevrebis mier<br />
baton makkanis, qalbaton farelisa da baton savajis mokvla konvenciis<br />
me-2 muxlis darRvevas warmoadgenda.<br />
A. me-2 muxlis ganmarteba<br />
1. zogadi midgoma<br />
146. me-2 muxlis ganmartebisas, sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos im<br />
faqtiT, rom konvenciis _ rogorc individualur pirTa uflebebis dacvis<br />
meqanizmis _ obieqti da mizania, moiTxovos misi debulebebis ganmarteba<br />
da gamoyeneba imgvarad, rom uzrunvelyos misi garantiebis praqtikuli<br />
da efeqtiani moqmedeba (ix. soeringi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
1989 wlis 7 ivlisis gadawyvetileba, Series A no. 161, gv. 34, punqti 87 da<br />
loizidu TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (winaswari protesti), 1995 wlis 23 martis<br />
gadawyvetileba, Series A no. 310, gv. 27, punqti 72).<br />
147. agreTve, unda gvaxsovdes, rom me-2 muxli, rogorc debuleba,<br />
romelic ara mxolod sicocxlis uflebas icavs, aramed ayalibebs<br />
garemoebebs, Tu rodis SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes sicocxlis xelyofa,<br />
konvenciis yvelaze ZiriTad debulebad iTvleba, romlidanac, me-15<br />
muxlis safuZvelze, mSvidobian dros gadaxveva dauSvebelia. konvenciis<br />
me-3 muxlTan erTad (mux. 15-3) igi agreTve icavs evropis sabWoSi Semavali<br />
demokratiuli sazogadoebebis erT-erT ZiriTad Rirebulebas (ix.<br />
zemoxsenebuli soeringis saqme, gv. 34, punqti 88). amgvarad, es debulebebi<br />
zustad unda iqnes ganmartebuli.<br />
148. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
gamonaklisebi uCveneben, rom es debuleba (mux. 2-2) vrceldeba sicocxlis<br />
ganzrax xelyofaze, Tumca, misi Sinaarsi amiT ar amoiwureba. rogorc<br />
komisiam miuTiTa, mTlianobaSi wakiTxviT me-2 muxlis teqsti uCvenebs, rom<br />
me-2 punqti, upirveles yovlisa, adgens ara im SemTxvevebs, rodesac piris<br />
sicocxlis ganzrax xelyofaa dasaSvebi, aramed aRwers situaciebs, sadac<br />
dasaSvebia `Zalis gamoyeneba~, romelsac SesaZloa gauTvaliswinebeli<br />
Sedegis saxiT adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa mohyves. Tumca, Zalis<br />
gamoyeneba gamowveuli unda iyos `absoluturi aucileblobiT~, raTa<br />
miRweuli iqnes `a~, `b~ an `g~ qvepunqtebSi gansazRvruli romelime mizani<br />
(ix. gancxadeba no. 10044/82, stiuarti gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
1984 wlis 10 ivlisi, gadawyvetilebebi da moxsenebebi 39, gv. 169-71).<br />
149. am TvalsazrisiT, me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtSi terminis _ `absoluturi<br />
aucilebloba~ _ gamoyeneba miuTiTebs, rom `aucileblobis~ Sefasebisas<br />
gamoyenebuli unda iqnes ufro mkacri da ufro momTxovni testi, vidre<br />
`demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli~ saxelmwifos qmedebis<br />
gansazRvrisas gamoiyeneba konvenciis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze<br />
(muxli 8-2, muxli 9-2, muxli 10-2, muxli 11-2). kerZod, gamoyenebuli Zala<br />
me-2 punqtis a, b, da g qvepunqtebiT gansazRvruli misaRwevi miznebis<br />
mkacrad proporciuli unda iyos.<br />
18
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
150. demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis am debulebis (mux. 2) mniSvnelobidan<br />
gamomdinare, sasamarTlom, Sefasebis gakeTebisas, sicocxlis xelyofis<br />
SemTxvevebi ufro meti gulmodginebiT unda gamoikvlios, gansakuTrebiT<br />
iq, sadac adgili aqvs sasikvdilo Zalis ganzrax gamoyenebas da unda<br />
gaiTvaliswinos ara mxolod Zalis ganmaxorcielebel saxelmwifo muSakTa<br />
qmedebebi, aramed agreTve Tanmdevi garemoebebi, maT Soris, gamosakvlevi<br />
qmedebebis dagegmvisa da kontrolis sakiTxebi.<br />
2. sicocxlis dacvis valdebuleba me-2 muxlis 1-li punqtis<br />
safuZvelze<br />
(a) erovnuli kanonmdeblobis da praqtikis Sesabamisoba me-2 muxlis<br />
normebTan<br />
151. ganmcxadeblebma am dasaTaurebiT warmoadgines, rom konvenciis<br />
me-2 muxlis 1-li punqti saxelmwifoebs sicocxlis `dacvis~ pozitiur<br />
valdebulebas akisrebs. kerZod, erovnuli kanonmdebloba mkacrad<br />
unda akontrolebdes da zRudavdes garemoebebs, rodesac SeiZleba<br />
adgili hqondes pirovnebis sicocxlis xelyofas saxelmwifo muSakis<br />
mier. saxelmwifom agreTve saTanado swavlebiT, instruqciebiTa da<br />
konsultaciebiT unda uzrunvelyos jariskacebi da sxva samarTaldamcavi<br />
muSakebi, romlebmac SesaZloa Zala gamoiyenon da unda ganaxorcielos<br />
mkacri kontroli nebismier operaciaze, sadac SesaZloa sasikvdilo Zala<br />
iqnes gamoyenebuli.<br />
maTi azriT, Sidasaxelmwifo kanonmdebloba iyo bundovani da zogadi da ar<br />
moicavda me-2 muxlis absoluturi aucileblobis normas. es TavisTavad<br />
iyo aRniSnuli debulebis darRveva. am debulebis darRvevas warmoadgenda<br />
isic, rom kanoni ar moiTxovda saxelmwifo muSakebis gawvrTnas me-2 muxlis<br />
1-li punqtis mkacri normebis Sesabamisad.<br />
152. komisiis azriT, rasac mTavroba daeTanxma, me-2 muxli ar unda<br />
iqnes imgvarad ganmartebuli, TiTqos es muxli moiTxovs identuri<br />
formulirebis arsebobas Sidasaxelmwifo samarTalSi. misi moTxovnebi<br />
dakmayofilebulad iTvleba, Tu konvenciiT dafuZnebuli uflebis arsi<br />
daculi iqna Sidasaxelmwifo samarTalSi.<br />
153. sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom konvencia xelSemkvrel mxareebs ar<br />
avaldebulebs, erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi CarTos misi debulebebi<br />
(ix. jeimsi da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1986 wlis 21<br />
Tebervali, Series A no. 98, gv. 47, punqti 84, da wminda monastrebi saberZneTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 1994 wlis 9 dekemberi, Series A no. 301-A, gv. 39, punqti 90). garda<br />
amisa, erovnuli sakanonmdeblo an konstituciuri debulebebis in abstracto<br />
konvenciis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobis Semowmeba konvenciis institutebis<br />
rols ar warmoadgens (ix. mag. klasi da sxvebi germaniis winaaRmdeg, 1978<br />
wlis 6 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, Series A no. 28, gv. 18, punqti 33).<br />
154. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRsaniSnavia, rom gibraltaris<br />
konstituciis (ix. zemoT punqti 133) me-2 muxli konvenciis me-2 muxlis<br />
msgavsia im gansxvavebiT, rom aq sicocxlis xelyofis gamomwvevi Zalis<br />
gamoyenebis gamamarTlebeli argumentaciis standarti aris `gonivrulad<br />
gamarTlebuli~ da ara `absoluturad aucilebeli~, rogorc es konvenciis<br />
me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtSia dadgenili. miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis<br />
19
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
norma erovnul normaze ufro mkacria, mTavrobam ganacxada, rom erovnuli<br />
sasamarTloebis mier am normis ganmarteba da misi gamoyenebis manera am or<br />
koncefcias Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas ar iwvevs.<br />
155. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom ramdenad argumentirebulic ar unda iyos es<br />
mtkiceba, or normas Soris gansxvaveba imdenad mniSvnelovani ar aris, rom<br />
me-2 muxlis 1-li punqtis darRveva mxolod am safuZvelze dadgindes.<br />
156. saxelmwifo muSakTa treningisa da instruqtirebis da operatiuli<br />
kontrolis kuTxiT ganmcxadebelTa argumentebTan mimarTebiT<br />
sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom es aris sfero, romelic winamdebare saqmis<br />
konteqstSi warmoSobs sakiTxebs me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze,<br />
romelic teroristuli Tavdasxmis saSiSroebaze saxelmwifos reagirebis<br />
proporciulobas exeba. […]<br />
(b) mokvlevis procesis, rogorc sagamoZiebo meqanizmis adekvaturoba<br />
157. amave dasaTaurebiT, gaeros Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis<br />
principebis normebze miTiTebiT (ix. zemoT punqti 138-139), ganmcxadeblebma<br />
agreTve warmoadgines, rom saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos efeqtiani<br />
ex post facto procedura, romelmac damoukidebeli sasamarTlo procesis<br />
meSveobiT unda daadginos saxelmwifo muSakis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
mkvlelobis garemoebebi, razedac srulad unda miuwvdebodeT xeli<br />
naTesavebs.<br />
emnesti interneiSenelTan da britiS-airiS voCTan erTad isini amtkicebdnen,<br />
rom es proceduruli moTxovna mokvlevas ar daukmayofilebia mTeli<br />
rigi xarvezebis gamo. kerZod, isini Ciodnen, rom ar uwarmoebiaT<br />
srolis gamomwvevi operaciis aspeqtebis damoukidebeli gamoZieba; ar<br />
ganxorcielebula danaSaulis adgilis gamokvlevasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
Cveulebrivi procedurebi; policias ar mouZiebia da ar gamoukiTxavs<br />
yvela TviTmxilveli; koroneri ijda msajulebTan erTad, romlebic<br />
`garnizonis~ dabidan iyvnen da axlo kavSiri hqondaT samxedroebTan;<br />
koronerma uari Tqva, SeemowmebinaT msajulebi, raTa gamoericxaT samefo<br />
samsaxuris wevrebi; Sesabamisi samTavrobo organos mier gamocemuli<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesis sertifikati efeqtianad amcirebda mTeli<br />
operaciis Semowmebas.<br />
garda amisa, isini gamoTqvamdnen pretenzias, rom mokvlevis procesze samefo<br />
Zalebi Tanabar mdgomareobaSi ar imyofebodnen da amitom WeSmaritebis<br />
dadgenaSi SezRudulebi iyvnen, rameTu, inter alia, maT ar hyavdaT<br />
iuridiuli mrCeveli da mxolod ori advokatiT iyvnen warmodgenili;<br />
mowmeTa Cvenebebi winaswar gaacnes samefo Zalebis warmomadgenlebs da<br />
policiisa da jariskacebis advokatebs, magram ara maT advokatebs - garda<br />
balistikuri da paTologiuri eqspertizis daskvnebisa; maT ar hqondaT<br />
procesis yoveldRiuri Canawerebis aslis gadaRebis finansuri saSualeba,<br />
romlis fasic 500-600 funt sterlings Seadgenda.<br />
160. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom winamdebare saqmeSi saWiro ar aris,<br />
dadgindes, sicocxlis xelyofasTan dakavSirebul saqmeze samoqalaqo<br />
sarCelis aRZvris mizniT, sasamarTloze xelmisawvdomobis ufleba<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara gamomdinareobdes me-2 muxlis 1-li punqtidan, radgan es<br />
sakiTxi ufro saTanadod konvenciis me-6 da me-13 muxlebSia ganxiluli _ es<br />
aris debulebebi (mux. me-6 da me-13), romlebzec ganmcxadeblebs miTiTeba<br />
ar gaukeTebiaT.<br />
20
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
161. sasamarTlo, komisiis msgavsad, Semoifargleba imis aRniSvniT, rom<br />
saxelmwifo muSakebis mier TviTneburi mkvlelobis zogadi samarTlebrivi<br />
akrZalva praqtikaSi araefeqtiani iqneba, Tu ar iarsebebs saxelmwifo<br />
organoebis mier sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis kanonierebis gadasinjvis<br />
procedura. am debulebis (mux. 2) safuZvelze, sicocxlis uflebis dacvis<br />
valdebuleba, konvenciis 1-li muxlis valdebulebasTan erTad wakiTxviT<br />
(`TavianTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi yvelasaTvis uzrunvelyofen am<br />
konvenciiT gansazRvrul uflebebs~), moiTxovs, rom arsebobdes efeqtiani<br />
oficialuri gamoZiebis raime forma, rodesac individualuri piris<br />
sicocxlis xelyofa gamowveulia Zalis gamoyenebiT, inter alia, saxelmwifo<br />
muSakis mier.<br />
162. Tumca, winamdebare saqmeSi sasamarTlo saWirod ar miiCnevs, daadginos,<br />
ra saxiT da ra pirobebSi unda ganxorcieldes es gamoZieba, radgan<br />
namdvilad Catarda sajaro mokvlevis procesi, sadac ganmcxadeblebi<br />
kanonierad iyvnen warmodgenili da, sadac samocdacxramet mowmes<br />
mousmines. garda amisa, procesi cxrameti dRe gagrZelda da, rogorc<br />
mokvlevis sqeltaniani Canawerebi uCvenebs, masze detalurad ganixiles<br />
mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi. amasTan, rogorc Canawerebidan<br />
Cans, koroneris mier msajulebisaTvis wardgenili Semajamebeli moxsenebis<br />
CaTvliT, ganmcxadeblebis saxeliT moqmed advokatebs SeeZloT,<br />
gamoekvliaT da jvaredini dakiTxva CaetarebinaT ZiriTad mowmeebTan,<br />
samxedro da policiis im muSakebis CaTvliT, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen<br />
antiteroristuli operaciis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi, aseve,<br />
survilis SemTxvevaSi, saSualeba hqondaT, gancxadebebi gaekeTebinaT<br />
procesis msvlelobisas.<br />
163. zemoaRniSnulis Suqze sasamarTlos ar miaCnia, rom mokvlevis procesis<br />
savaraudo xarvezebma _ romlebzedac miuTiTeben rogorc ganmcxadeblebi,<br />
ise procesSi nebayoflobiT CarTuli pirebi _ mniSvnelovnad Seaferxes<br />
mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebis sruli, miukerZoebeli da<br />
gulmodgine gamokvleva.<br />
164. amrigad, am safuZvelze konvenciis me-2 muxlis 1-li punqtis darRvevas<br />
adgili ar hqonda.<br />
B. me-2 muxlis gamoyeneba saqmis faqtebTan mimarTebiT<br />
1. mtkicebulebis Sefasebis zogadi midgoma<br />
165. miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis institutebi mokvlevis procesis<br />
msajulTa gadawyvetilebebTan raime formaluri arsiT dakavSirebuli<br />
ar arian, mTavrobam ganacxada, rom verdiqtebs ZiriTadi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba daRupulTa sikvdilis nebismier Semdgom gamokvlevaSi. amitom<br />
sasamarTlom sagulisxmo wona unda mianiWos msajulTa verdiqtebs,<br />
rodesac ar aris raime miniSneba, rom es verdiqtebi iyo Seusabamo. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, msajulebi erTmniSvnelovnad jerovnad iyvnen SerCeuli,<br />
raTa SeefasebinaT srolasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebi. msajulebma<br />
moismines da ixiles samocdacxrametive mowme, romlebmac Cvenebebi misces,<br />
aseve, ganxorcielda jvaredini dakiTxva. amis meSveobiT, maT SeeZloT,<br />
SeefasebinaT mowmeTa Cvenebebis saimedooba da maTi mtkicebulebad<br />
gamoyenebis Rirebuleba. mTavrobam miuTiTa, rom msajulebma moismines<br />
sxvadasxva mxaris gancxadebebi, daRupulTa advokatebis CaTvliT.<br />
21
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
166. meore mxriv, ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom mokvlevis<br />
procesebi, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, sadavo mkvlelobebis sruli<br />
da detaluri mokvlevisaTvis arasaTanadod aris aRWurvili. garda<br />
amisa, mokvlevas mkvlelobebi ar ganuxilavs `proporciulobis~ an<br />
`absoluturi aucileblobis~ kuTxiT, aramed gamoiyena `gonivruli<br />
Zalis~ an `gonivruli aucileblobis~ naklebad mkacri testi. garda amisa,<br />
msajulebi koncentrirebuli iyvnen jariskacTa qmedebebze, romelTac<br />
gaxsnes cecxli, da arkvevdnen maTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi braleulobis<br />
sakiTxs. maT ar umsjeliaT iseT Temebze, rogoricaa gaufrTxilebloba da<br />
operaciis aragonieri dagegmva.<br />
170. ... sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom msajulebs saSualeba hqondaT, piradad<br />
moesminaT mowmeebisaTvis, dakvirvebodnen maT qcevas da SeefasebinaT maTi<br />
Cvenebis mtkicebulebad gamoyenebis Rirebuleba.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, unda gvaxsovdes, rom msajulTa gadawyvetileba<br />
Semoifargla sicocxlis kanonier xelyofasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebiT da, rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba, ar warmoudgenia mis<br />
mier gakeTebuli daskvnis dasabuTeba. garda amisa, mokvlevis procesis<br />
aqcenti da msajulTa mier gamoyenebuli norma iTvaliswinebda, gaerkviaT,<br />
jariskacTa mier Cadenili mkvlelobebi iyo Tu ara `gonivrulad<br />
gamarTlebuli~ mocemul garemoebebSi, rac gansxvavdeba imis Sefasebisgan,<br />
iyo Tu ara es qmedebebi `absoluturi aucileblobiT~ gamowveuli me-2<br />
muxlis zemoT Camoyalibebuli mniSvnelobiT (ix. zemoT punqtebi 120,<br />
148-149).<br />
171. am fonze, sasamarTlom sakuTari Sefaseba unda misces, avlens Tu ara<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevas komisiis mier dadgenili faqtebi.<br />
172. ganmcxadeblebi agreTve amtkicebdnen, rom, rodesac xdeba saxelmwifos<br />
qmedebis Seswavla iseT saqmeSi, sadac sasikvdilo Zalis ganzrax gamoyeneba<br />
TvalsaCinod aris ganxiluli werilobiT, sasamarTlom mTavrobas unda<br />
daakisros mtkicebis tvirTi, rom operaciis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba<br />
`gonivruli eWvis miRma~ standartis Sesabamisad, akmayofilebda<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxls. amasTanave, igi saxelmwifo organoebs ar unda<br />
utovebdes eWvs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom TiTqosda sisxlis samarTlis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ganixileba.<br />
173. winamdebare saqmeSi me-2 muxlis darRvevis albaTobis gansazRvrisas<br />
sasamarTlo ar axdens movlenaSi pirdapir Tu arapirdapir CarTul pirTa<br />
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis Sefasebas. amitom, misi<br />
Cveuli praqtikidan gamomdinare, igi sakiTxs Seafasebs ganmcxadeblebisa<br />
da mTavrobis mier mis winaSe warmodgenili yvela masalis Suqze an,<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari ZalisxmeviT mopovebuli masalebis<br />
safuZvelze (ix. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1978 wlis 18<br />
ianvris gadawyvetileba, Series A no. 25, gv. 64, punqti 160, da zemoaRniSnuli<br />
saqme kruz varasi da sxvebi, gv. 29, punqti 75).<br />
2. ganmcxadebelTa varaudi, rom adgili hqonda ganzrax mkvlelobas<br />
174. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom adgili hqonda daRupulTa ganzrax<br />
mkvlelobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, TiTqos<br />
Tavdacvis saministros maRali rangis muSakebisagan gaica pirdapiri<br />
22
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
brZaneba, isini acxadeben, rom maTi varaudis dasadastureblad myari<br />
arapirdapiri (garemoebiTi) mtkicebuleba arsebobs. sasikvdilo srolis<br />
gaxsna winamdebare saqmeSi, savaraudod, gamoiwvia jariskacebisaTvis<br />
mcdari informaciis miwodebam. specialuri sahaero Zalebis gamoyeneba<br />
TavisTavad uCvenebs, rom adgili hqonda ganzrax mkvlelobas.<br />
175. isini agreTve acxadebdnen, rom gibraltaris policias ar SeiZleboda<br />
scodnoda amgvari ukanono Canafiqris Sesaxeb. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom<br />
sahaero Zalebis oficerma E-m Tavis xelqveiTebs saidumlo miTiTeba misca,<br />
ris Sesaxebac gibraltaris policia saqmis kursSi ar iyo. ufro metic,<br />
rodesac srolis Semdeg jariskacebi policiis ganyofilebaSi mividnen,<br />
maT armiis advokati axlda, romelmac ganmarta, rom jariskacebi iq mxolod<br />
iaraRis gadacemis mizniT iyvnen. garda amisa, jariskacebi dauyovnebliv<br />
gaiyvanes gibraltaridan ise, rom isini policias ar daukiTxavs.<br />
176. ganmcxadeblebi maTi saCivris gasamyareblad, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,<br />
Semdeg faqtorebzec miuTiTebdnen:<br />
- afeTqebis Tavidan acilebisa da eWvmitanilTa dasakaveblad yvelaze<br />
saukeTeso da usafrTxo meTodi, maTi da maTi bombis gibraltarSi<br />
Sesvlamde, dakaveba iqneboda. xelisuflebas hqonda maTi fotosuraTebi,<br />
pasportebi, agreTve, icodnen maTi saxelebi da flobdnen informacias<br />
maTi mokavSireebis Sesaxeb;<br />
- Tu eWvmitanilebs malagidan gibraltaramde intensiurad uTvalTvalebda<br />
espaneTis xelisufleba, rogorc amas Jurnalisti b-ni debeliusi amtkicebs,<br />
SeniSnavdnen TeTri feris renos markis avtomanqanis daqiravebas da<br />
aRmoaCendnen, rom masSi bombi ar ido (ix. zemoT punqti 128);<br />
- zemoaRniSnul gancxadebas adasturebs is faqtic, rom xelisuflebam,<br />
sazogadoebis dacvis mizniT, ver SeZlo bombis izolireba da adgilis<br />
gawmenda. gibraltarSi jariskacTa didi raodenoba imyofeboda,<br />
romlebsac saeWvo danaRmuli adgilis swrafi gawmendis gamocdileba<br />
hqondaT. usafrTxoebis proceduris es Secdoma mxolod imiT aixsneba,<br />
rom uSiSroebis samsaxurebma icodnen, manqanaSi bombi ar ido;<br />
- jariskacma G-m, romelic manqanis Sesamowmeblad gauSves da, romelmac<br />
upataka, rom iq iyo danaRmuli manqana, mokvlevis procesze ganacxada,<br />
rom igi ar iyo radio signalebis gadacemis eqsperti (ix. zemoT punqti<br />
53). es Zalze sagulisxmoa, vinaidan misi Sefasebis erTaderT safuZvels<br />
warmoadgenda is faqti, rom, misi azriT, radioantena ufro Zvelis<br />
STabeWdilebas tovebda, vidre manqana. profesionali eqsperti<br />
gadawyvetda antenis amoRebas, raTa gamoerTo radio detonatori, rac<br />
asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis destabilizaciis gareSe ganxorcieldeboda,<br />
rogorc amas doqtori skoti adasturebs. mas agreTve ecodineboda, rom,<br />
Tu eWvmitanilebi bombis afeTqebas radiosignalis meSveobiT apirebdnen,<br />
isini gamoiyenebdnen ara daJangebul antenas _ rac mkafio signalis miRebis<br />
SesaZleblobas Seamcirebda, aramed sufTas (ix. zemoT punqti 114). misi<br />
Cvenebidan dadginda, rom igi arc asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis eqsperti<br />
gaxldaT. amrigad, arsebobda varaudi, rom jariskac G-is WeSmariti<br />
roli iyo, moexsenebina danaRmuli manqanis arsebobis Sesaxeb, raTa<br />
gibraltaris policia iZulebuli gamxdariyo, xeli moewera dokumentze,<br />
romelic specialuri sahaero Zalebis warmomadgenlebs sasikvdilo Zalis<br />
gamoyenebis uflebamosilebas miscemda.<br />
23
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
177. mTavrobis mier warmodgenil masalaSi msajulTa mier miRebuli<br />
kanonieri mkvlelobis verdiqti uCvenebs, rom maT faqtis saxiT daadgines,<br />
TiTqos ar arsebobda sami teroristis mokvlis gegma, rom gibraltaris<br />
operacia amgvarad ar iyo Cafiqrebuli da arc am mizniT viTardeboda.<br />
operaciis mizans warmoadgenda sami teroristis efeqtiani dakaveba da amis<br />
gamo moxda samxedroebis mxardaWeris moTxovna. garda amisa, msajulebma<br />
uaryves ganmcxadeblebis argumenti, rom A, B, C da D jariskacebma<br />
Segnebulad gadawyvites teroristebis mokvla – an imitom, rom mkafio<br />
brZaneba hqondaT miRebuli, an imis gamo, rom maT amis Sesaxeb `mianiSnes~.<br />
179. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom mas damajerebeli mtkicebuleba sWirdeba,<br />
sanam daaskvnides, TiTqos arsebobda winaswari gegma ganmcxadebelTa mier<br />
Camoyalibebul mosazrebebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
180. sasamarTlos, mis xelT arsebuli masalis gamokvlevis Suqze,<br />
dasabuTebulad ar miaCnia, rom Tavdacvis saministros xelmZRvanelobas<br />
an mTavrobas mkvleloba hqonda ganzraxuli, an rom zemdgomma oficrebma<br />
A, B, C da D jariskacebs xeli Seuwyves an operaciis win miTiTeba misces, an<br />
rom maT marTlac sakuTari iniciativiT mokles eWvmitanilebi miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom ar arsebobda sasikvdilo Zalis raime gamamarTlebeli<br />
safuZveli, an ar daemorCilnen dakavebis brZanebas, romelic maT miiRes.<br />
arc imis mtkicebuleba arsebobs, rom xelisuflebis mxridan adgili hqonda<br />
sami eWvmitanilis mokvlis xelSewyobas raime miniSnebis an insinuaciis<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
181. faqtorebi, romlebsac ganmcxadeblebi eyrdnobian, aris varaudTa<br />
erToblioba, rom xelisuflebis organoebs unda scodnodaT manqanaSi<br />
bombis ararsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maTTvis dazvervis<br />
mier miwodebul informacias, sami teroristis Sesaxeb monacemebis<br />
flobas (samive maTgans Sexeba hqonda afeTqebebTan) da, agreTve, im faqts,<br />
rom dainaxes batoni savaji rogor `aTamaSebda~ xelSi raRacas manqanidan<br />
gadmosvlamde (ix. zemoT punqti 38), imis dajereba, rom manqanaSi bombi<br />
iyo, ar SeiZleba absoluturad SeuZleblad an sruliad usafuZvlod<br />
CaiTvalos.<br />
182. kerZod, gibraltarSi maT SemosvlasTan dakavSirebiT miRebul<br />
gadawyvetilebas kritika mohyva, radgan, amiT gamowveuli riskis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, araferi gakeTebula imisaTvis, rom emoqmedaT mrCevelTa<br />
sabWos mier Camoyalibebuli dakavebis strategiis Sesabamisad da samive<br />
eWvmitanili gibraltarSi Semosvlamde daekavebinaT. igive mrCevelTa<br />
jgufi aRniSnavda, rom afeTqebis misiis mimarT maTi msjavrdebisaTvis<br />
sakmarisi mtkicebuleba arsebobda (ix. zemoT punqti 37).<br />
183. sasamarTlo ver gaiziarebs ganmcxadebelTa mtkicebas, rom specialuri<br />
sahaero Zalebis gamoyeneba, TavisTavad, warmoadgens eWvmitanilTa<br />
mokvlis ganzraxvis mtkicebulebas. am TvalsazrisiT, igi miuTiTebs,<br />
rom es aris sahaero Zalebis specialuri danayofi, sadac teroristTa<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis gawvrTnil specialistebs iReben. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom xelisufleba, romelsac informacia hqonda<br />
teroristTa savaraudo Setevis Sesaxeb, specialuri sahaero danayofis<br />
unarsa da gamocdilebas gamoiyenebda, raTa maqsimalurad usafrTxod da<br />
gaazrebulad gamklaveboda mosalodnel safrTxes.<br />
24
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
184. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo uaryofs ganmcxadebelTa varaudebs,<br />
rogorc dausabuTebels, rom sami eWvmitanilis mkvleloba iyo ganzraxi<br />
qmedeba an operaciaSi CarTul pirTa Cumi SeTanxmebis Sedegi.<br />
3. operaciis Catareba da dagegmva<br />
(a) sasamarTloSi gamocxadebulTa argumentebi<br />
(1) ganmcxadeblebi<br />
185. ganmcxadebelTa TqmiT, sasamarTlo arasworad moiqceoda,<br />
rogorc es komisiam gaakeTa, Tu Sefasebisas im jariskacTa SesaZlo<br />
gamarTlebis sakiTxiT Semoifargleboda, romlebmac, faqtobrivad,<br />
mokles eWvmitanilebi. man unda gamoikvlios mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba<br />
operaciis yvela aspeqtTan mimarTebiT. jariskacebi marTlac SeiZleboda<br />
gaemarTlebina sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos, Tu daasabuTebdnen,<br />
rom maT patiosnad irwmunes maTTvis micemuli usafuZvlo da mcdari<br />
informacia.<br />
186. E oficerma (Setevis meTauri) jariskacebs uTxra, rom eWvmitanilebma<br />
gibraltarSi danaRmuli manqana moaTavses, maSin, roca G jariskacma,<br />
asafeTqebel mowyobilobaTa gauvnebelyofis eqspertma, gaakeTa moxseneba,<br />
rom es iyo saeWvo bombi, amasTan, distanciuri marTvis da rom TiToeul<br />
eWvmitanils misi moqmedebaSi moyvana gibraltaris nebismieri kuTxidan<br />
SeeZlo Rilakze TiTis ubralo daWeriT da isini uyoymanod gaakeTebdnen<br />
amas problemis aRmoCenis momentSi. realurad, es `varaudebi~ da<br />
`faqtebi~ sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara eWvebi an araerTgvarovani Sefasebebi.<br />
Tumca, es jariskacebs miawodes rogorc faqtebi, romlebic gawvrTnili<br />
iyvnen srolaSi ara mxolod safrTxis ubralo miniSnebis dros, aramed –<br />
rogorc es mokvlevis dros miwodebulma mtkicebulebam uCvena – srolis<br />
gagrZelebaSic, sanam TavianT samiznes ar moklavdnen.<br />
daskvnis saxiT, maT ganacxades, rom adamianTa sicocxlis xelyofa Sedegad<br />
mohyva sami eWvmitanilis dasakaveblad arakompetenturad da gulgrilad<br />
dagegmil da ganxorcielebul antiteroristul operacias, agreTve,<br />
mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan acilebasa da eWvmitanilTa sicocxlis<br />
uflebas Soris saTanado balansis daucvelobas.<br />
(2) mTavroba<br />
187. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom jariskacTa qmedeba absolutur<br />
aucileblobas warmoadgenda adamianTa ukanono Zaladobisagan dasacavad,<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtis mniSvnelobiT. TiToeul maTgans<br />
mxolod erTi wami hqonda gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, rasac SesaZloa<br />
mravali adamianis sicocxle Seewira. isini darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom<br />
eWvmitanilTa qmedebebi, romlebic maT im momentisaTvis daafiqsires,<br />
qmnida STabeWdilebas, TiTqosda teroristebi bombis afeTqebas<br />
apirebdnen. es Cveneba sxva mowmeebmac daadastures, romlebmac dainaxes<br />
aRniSnuli moZraoba. Tu davuSvebT, rom jariskacebs patiosnad da<br />
gonivrulad sjerodaT, rom cecxli gauxsnes teroristebs, romlebic<br />
Rilakze TiTis daWeriT bombis amoqmedebas apirebdnen, maSin maT cecxlis<br />
gaxsnis garda sxva alternativa ar hqondaT.<br />
25
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
188. isini agreTve miuTiTebdnen, rom xelisuflebis xelT arsebuli<br />
informaciis didi nawili da maT mier gakeTebuli Sefasebebi zusti<br />
iyo. sami daRupuli gaxldaT irlandiis respublikuri armiis moqmedi<br />
qvedanayofis wevri, romelic operacias gegmavda gibraltarSi; maT<br />
kontrols eqvemdebareboda asafeTqebel saSualebaTa didi raodenoba,<br />
romelic SemdgomSi espaneTSi ipoves; operacia ki danaRmuli manqanis<br />
saxiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, gibraltarSi myofTa<br />
sicocxles emuqreboda ara mxolod realuri safrTxe, aramed es safrTxe<br />
iyo aseve ukiduresad seriozuli.<br />
189. mTavrobam agreTve ganacxada, rom antiteroristuli operaciebis<br />
dagegmvis gamokvlevisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes is faqti, rom<br />
dazvervis Sefasebebi eyrdnoba arasrul informacias, ris gamoc sruli<br />
suraTis mxolod fragmentebi xdeba cnobili. garda amisa, rogorc<br />
praqtikam uCvena, irlandiis respublikuri armia gansakuTrebiT mkacri<br />
da unariani iyo kontrdazvervis meTodebis gamoyenebaSi da yvelafers<br />
akeTebda imisaTvis, rom xelisuflebisaTvis misi zraxvebi daemala. amasTan,<br />
CrdiloeT irlandiis gamocdilebam uCvena, rom irlandiis respublikuri<br />
armia mudmivad da swrafad aviTarebda axal teqnologiebs. amrigad, maT<br />
mxedvelobaSi unda mieRoT, rom SesaZlebeli iyo teroristebs ufro<br />
daxvewili da advilad dasamali radio-makontrolebeli mowyobilobebi<br />
hqondaT, vidre manamde iyo cnobili irlandiis respublikuri armiis<br />
aRWurvilobaSi. da bolos, moqmedi samsaxuris danayofis mier Seqmnili<br />
safrTxis arajerovan Sefasebas SeiZleba katastrofuli Sedegi<br />
mohyoloda. Tu isini moaxerxebdnen, aefeTqebinaT im tipisa da zomis<br />
bombi, rogoric espaneTSi ipoves, manqanis sadgomze myofi yvela adamiani<br />
daiRupeboda an mZimed dasaxiCrdeboda, xolo mimdebare SenobebSi, sadac<br />
sxva SenobebTan erTad, skola da moxucTa TavSesafaric iyo, seriozulad<br />
dazaraldebodnen.<br />
190. xelisuflebisaTvis cnobili SezRuduli informaciis Suqze,<br />
operaciasTan dakavSirebiT dazvervis mier gakeTebuli Sefasebebi<br />
gonivruli iyo, ris safuZvelzec SeiZleboda gakeTebuliyo daskvna,<br />
rom teroristTa Zalebisa da resursebis arajerovan Sefasebas SeiZleba<br />
damangreveli Sedegi mohyoloda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mTavrobam Semdegi<br />
argumentebi warmoadgina:<br />
- darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom gamoyenebuli iqneboda distanciuri marTvis<br />
mowyobiloba, radgan es teroristebs gaqcevis ukeTes Sanss miscemda da<br />
gazrdida maT SesaZleblobas, meti msxverpli gamoewviaT samxedroebs<br />
da ara samoqalaqo pirebs Soris. garda amisa, eqvsi kviris win irlandiis<br />
respublikurma armiam swored aseTi mowyobiloba gamoiyena briuselSi.<br />
- varaudobdnen, rom sasamarTlos winaSe warmodgenili distanciuri<br />
marTvis mowyobilobis msgavs meqanizms adamiani advilad damalavda<br />
sxeulze. TviT jariskacebma warmatebiT damales imave zomis radio.<br />
- rogorc kapitanma edvardsma mokvlevis procesze Tavis CvenebaSi<br />
ganacxada, Catarebulma testebma uCvenes, rom avtosadgomze bombis<br />
afeTqeba im adgilidan unda momxdariyo, sadac teroristebs esroles (ix.<br />
zemoT punqti 116).<br />
- warsulis gamocdileba uCvenebda, rom teroristTa asafeTqebeli<br />
mowyobilobis amoqmedeba mxolod Rilakze TiTis daWeriT iqneboda<br />
SesaZlebeli.<br />
26
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
- rogorc mowme O-m mokvlevis procesze ganacxada, damblokavi manqana ar<br />
iqneboda saWiro, radgan teroristebma icodnen, rom 8 marts Tavisufali<br />
adgilis povna ar gauWirdebodaT. amasTan, es saSiSi iyo, radgan maSin maT<br />
orjer mouwevdaT gibraltarSi Semosvla, rac mniSvnelovnad gazrdida<br />
maTi aRmoCenis risks (ix. zemoT punqti 23(e)).<br />
- G jariskacis keTilsindisier SefasebaSi, rom es danaRmuli manqana iyo,<br />
eWvis Setanis safuZveli ar arsebobda. Tavdapirvelad, man misca Cveneba,<br />
rom igi kargad icnobda danaRmul manqanebs. garda amisa, manqana sadgomze<br />
gaaCera bombebis damzadebis cnobilma ostatma, romelic dainaxes, Tu<br />
rogor `aTamaSebda~ raRacas manqanis savarZlebs Soris, xolo manqanis<br />
antena TiTqos Tavis adgilas ar iyo. irlandiis respublikuri armiis<br />
danaRmuli manqanebi cnobili iyo imiT, rom maT hqondaT specialurad<br />
morgebuli antenebi da G-s ar SeeZlo, mxolod garegnuli daTvalierebiT,<br />
darwmunebiT eTqva, rom manqanaSi bombi ar iyo (ix. zemoT punqti 48). garda<br />
amisa, rogorc Canda, samive eWvmitanili gibraltaris datovebas apirebda.<br />
da bolos, manqanis garSemo sivrcisTvis kordonis Semortymis operacia am<br />
Sefasebis gakeTebidan mxolod 20 wuTis Semdeg daiwyo, radgan ar hyavdaT<br />
saWiro raodenobis cocxali Zala, xolo evakuaciis gegmis ganxorcieleba<br />
7 an 8 martamde ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
- aragonivruli iqneboda, xelisuflebas evarauda, rom SesaZloa,<br />
teroristebs ar aemoqmedebinaT bombi, Tu isini problemis winaSe<br />
aRmoCndebodnen. irlandiis respublikur armias, romelic saomar<br />
moqmedebebs awarmoebda gaerTianebul samefosTan, hyavda teroristebi,<br />
romlebmac, maTi azriT, ukve uCvenes, rom arad agdebdnen sakuTar<br />
usafrTxoebas. kvlav arsebobda riski, rom, Tu isini arCevanis winaSe<br />
dadgebodnen – aefeTqebinaT bombi, romelic mSvidobiani samoqalaqo<br />
pirebis sicocxles Seiwiravda, Tu saerTod ar moexdinaT afeTqeba _<br />
teroristebi albaT pirvel variants amjobinebdnen.<br />
(b) sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
(1) winaswari mosazrebebi<br />
192. konvenciis me-2 muxlis safuZvelze Catarebuli gamokvlevisas<br />
sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
xelisuflebam, miiRo ra informacia gibraltarSi mosalodneli<br />
teroristuli Setevis Sesaxeb, igi seriozuli dilemis winaSe aRmoCnda.<br />
erTi mxriv, maT gibraltaris mosaxleobis dacva moeTxovebodaT _<br />
sakuTari samxedro mosamsaxureebis CaTvliT _ xolo, meore mxriv,<br />
minimaluri sasikvdilo Zala unda gamoeyenebinaT saSiSroebis Semqmneli<br />
eWvmitanilebis winaaRmdeg, im valdebulebaTa Sesabamisad, romelic maT<br />
Sidasaxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso samarTliT hqondaT dakisrebuli.<br />
193. agreTve, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli mravali sxva faqtori:<br />
pirvel rigSi, xelisuflebis winaSe idga irlandiis respublikuri<br />
armiis moqmedi samsaxuris danayofi, romelSic Sediodnen afeTqebebis<br />
gamo msjavrdebuli adamianebi da asafeTqebel mowyobilobaTa cnobili<br />
eqsperti. irlandiis respublikuri armia, rogorc amas misi warsuli<br />
uCvenebda, arafrad agdebda adamianis sicocxles, sakuTari wevrebis<br />
CaTvliT.<br />
27
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
meore _ xelisuflebas winaswar hqonda informacia mosalodneli<br />
teroristuli aqtis Sesaxeb da, amdenad, mas hqonda SesaZlebloba, daegegma<br />
operacia da gibraltaris adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan erTad Sesabamisi<br />
zomebi mieRo Setevis CasaSlelad da eWvmitanilTa dasakaveblad. Tumca,<br />
udavoa, rom uSiSroebis samsaxurebs ver eqneboda sruli informacia<br />
aRniSnul faqtebTan dakavSirebiT da TavianTi strategia arasruli<br />
varaudebis safuZvelze unda aegoT.<br />
194. am fonze, gamoyenebuli Zalis me-2 muxlis Sesabamisobis gamokvlevisas,<br />
sasamarTlom guldasmiT unda Seamowmos, rogorc zemoT iyo xsenebuli,<br />
ara mxolod is, iyo Tu ara jariskacebis mier gamoyenebuli Zala adamianTa<br />
dacvis miznis zustad proporciuli, aramed isic, iyo Tu ara xelisuflebis<br />
mier operacia imgvarad dagegmili da gakontrolebuli, rom maqsimalurad<br />
Seemcirebina sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba. sasamarTlo am or sakiTxs<br />
erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT ganixilavs.<br />
(2) jariskacTa qmedebebi<br />
195. miTiTebul iqna, rom jariskacebma, romlebmac srola ganaxorcieles<br />
(A, B, G da D), maTi zemdgomisagan miiRes informacia, rom adgilze iyo<br />
danaRmuli manqana, romelic SeiZleboda sami eWvmitanilidan nebismiers<br />
aefeTqebina radio-distanciuri mowyobilobis meSveobiT. es mowyobiloba<br />
SesaZloa adamians sxeulze hqonoda damaluli da misi amoqmedeba Rilakze<br />
erTi TiTis daWeriT iyo SesaZlebeli; amasTan, didi iyo albaToba, rom<br />
problematuri situaciis SemTxvevaSi, isini bombs moqmedebaSi moiyvandnen,<br />
rac did msxverpls da adamianTa dasaxiCrebas gamoiwvevda da rom isini,<br />
savaraudod, SeiaraRebuli iyvnen da winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen (ix. zemoT<br />
punqti 23, 24-27 da 28-31).<br />
196. b-ni makkanisa da q-ni farelis daRupvasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo<br />
miuTiTebs komisiis daskvnaze, rom isini daxoces axlo mijriT mas Semdeg,<br />
rac A da B jariskacebs moeCvenaT, TiTqos maT saSiSi moZraoba gaakeTes,<br />
rac bombis detonaciaSi moyvanis moZraobas waagavda (ix. zemoT punqti 132).<br />
mtkicebulebam uCvena, rom isini daiRupnen miwaze danarcxebisas da ara<br />
maSin, rodesac miwaze iwvnen (ix. zemoT punqti 59-67). oTxma mowmem gaigo<br />
gamafrTxilebeli yvirili (ix. zemoT punqti 75). oficerma P-m daadastura<br />
oTxi jariskacis Cveneba eWvmitanilTa xelebis moZraobis Sesaxeb (ix.<br />
zemoT punqti 76). oficerma Q-m da policiis konsteblma parodim agreTve<br />
daadastures, rom q-nma farelim moulodneli, saeWvo moZraoba gaakeTa<br />
misi xelCanTis mimarTulebiT (iqve).<br />
197. b-ni savajis mokvlasTan dakavSirebiT, Cvenebebis Sedegad gamovlinda,<br />
rom Selis garaJTan (makkani da fareli) srolasa da lendportis gvirabTan<br />
(savaji) srolas Soris mxolod ramdenime wami iyo gansxvaveba. komisiam<br />
daadgina, rom C da D jariskacebi ver Seeswrebodnen pirvel gasrolas,<br />
sanam savajs gaekidebodnen, romelic mas Semdeg Semobrunda, rac policiis<br />
sirenis an srolis xma gaigo (ix. zemoT punqti 132).<br />
jariskacma C-m cecxli imitom gaxsna, rom b-nma savajma xeli pijakis<br />
jibisken waiRo, riTac bombis afeTqebis saSiSroebis varaudi warmoqmna.<br />
garda amisa, C jariskacma mis jibeSi raRac mozrdili sagani SeamCnia, rac mas<br />
detonaciis gasaaqtiurebeli egona. cecxli agreTve gaxsna D jariskacma,<br />
radgan manac miiCnia, rom eWvmitanili savaraudo bombis moqmedebaSi<br />
28
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
moyvanas cdilobda. movlenis Sesaxeb jariskacTa versia garkveulwilad<br />
daadastures mowmeebma H-ma da J-m, romlebmac dainaxes, rogor Semobrunda<br />
b-ni savaji, raTa jariskacebis saxe daenaxa, rac, savaraudod, policiis<br />
sirenis an pirveli srolis xmis gagonebaze misi reaqcia iyo (ix. zemoT<br />
punqti 83 da 85).<br />
komisiam daadgina, rom b-n savajs axlo jeriT esroles, sanam igi miwas<br />
ar daenarcxa da, SesaZloa, srolisTanave an mis Semdeg davarda miwaze<br />
(ix. zemoT punqti 132). am daskvnas mokvlevis procesze mxari dauWira<br />
paTolog-eqspertis Cvenebam (ix. zemoT punqti 110).<br />
198. SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, rom eWvmitanilebi SeiaraRebuli ar iyvnen,<br />
sxeulze ar hqondaT detonatori da manqanaSi ar ido bombi (ix. zemoT<br />
punqti 93 da 96).<br />
199. oTxive jariskaci adasturebs, rom srola eWvmitanilTa mokvlis mizniT<br />
ganaxorcieles. isini miiCnevdnen, rom saWiro iyo srolis gagrZeleba, sanam<br />
eWvmitanilebi fizikurad veRar SeZlebdnen asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis<br />
detonacias (ix. zemoT punqtebi 61, 63, 80 da 120). paTolog-eqspertis<br />
daskvnis Sesabamisad, q-ni fareli rva tyviiT iyo mkvdari, b-ni makkani _<br />
xuTiT, xolo b-ni savaji – TeqvsmetiT (ix. zemoT punqti 108-110).<br />
200. sasamarTlo dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rom jariskacebs, miRebuli<br />
informaciis Suqze, gulwrfelad swamdaT _ bombis detonaciis aRkveTisa<br />
da seriozuli msxverplis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, aucilebeli iyo<br />
eWvmitanilTa mokvla (ix zemoT punqti 195). amasTan, maT mier zemdgomis<br />
brZanebebis Sesrulebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebi<br />
iyo absoluturad aucilebeli udanaSaulo adamianTa sicocxlis<br />
gadasarCenad.<br />
sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtis erT-erTi<br />
miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifo muSakTa mier Zalis gamoyeneba SeiZleba<br />
gamarTlebuli iqnes am debulebiT (mux. 2-2), rodesac igi damyarebulia im<br />
momentisaTvis gacnobierebul patiosan rwmenaze, romelic Semdeg Secdoma<br />
aRmoCnda. sxvagvari msjelobiT saxelmwifos da mis samarTaldacvis<br />
muSakebs maTi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas ararealisturi tvirTi<br />
daawvebodaT, albaT maTi da sxvaTa sicocxlis xarjze.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, winamdebare saqmeSi, xelisuflebis winaSe arsebuli<br />
dilemis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavad jariskacTa qmedebebi am debulebis<br />
darRvevas (mux. 2-2) ar warmoSobs.<br />
201. Tumca, dgeba sakiTxi, iyo Tu ara antiteroristuli operacia<br />
mTlianobaSi gakontrolebuli da organizebuli imgvarad, rom daculi<br />
yofiliyo me-2 muxlis moTxovnebi da saTanadod iTvaliswinebda Tu ara<br />
sami eWvmitanilis sicocxlis uflebas jariskacebisaTvis micemuli<br />
informacia da instruqciebi, ramac sasikvdilo Zalis gardauvali<br />
gamoyeneba gamoiwvia.<br />
(3) operaciis kontroli da organizeba<br />
202. sasamarTlo, upirveles yovlisa, aRniSnavs, rom, rogorc komisris<br />
operatiuli brZaneba adasturebs, xelisuflebas ganzraxuli hqonda<br />
eWvmitanilebis dakaveba Sesaferis momentSi. mokvlevaze misces Cveneba,<br />
rom jariskacebs dakavebis procedurebi ganxorcielebuli hqondaT 6<br />
29
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
martamde da cdilobdnen Sesaferisi adgili moeZebnaT gibraltarSi, raTa<br />
eWvmitanilebi dakavebis Semdeg daepatimrebinaT (ix. zemoT punqti 18 da<br />
55).<br />
203. sakiTxavia, ratom ar daakaves sami eWvmitanili sazRvarze,<br />
gibraltarSi Sesvlisas da, rogorc inspeqtor ulgeris Cvenebidan<br />
gamoCnda, ratom miiRes gadawyvetileba, ar SeeSalaT maTTvis xeli<br />
gibraltarSi Sesasvlelad, Tu sjerodaT, rom isini afeTqebis misiiT<br />
midiodnen. hqondaT ra winaswari informacia teroristTa zraxvebis<br />
Sesaxeb, xelisuflebas udavod SeeZlo dakavebis operaciis ganxorcieleba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini gaakvirva sami eWvmitanilis adre Camosvlam,<br />
maT sazRvarze hyavdaT moTvalTvaleTa da, aseve damkavebelTa jgufebi<br />
(ix. zemoT punqti 34). garda amisa, uSiSroebis samsaxurebs da espaneTis<br />
xelisuflebas hqonda sami eWvmitanilis fotosuraTebi, icodnen maTi<br />
da, agreTve, maTi mekavSireebis saxelebi, amasTan, icodnen, Tu ra saxis<br />
pasportebi unda moeZebnaT (ix. zemoT punqti 33).<br />
204. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mTavrobam ganacxada, rom im<br />
droisaTvis eWvmitanilTa dakavebis Semdeg maTi gasamarTlebisaTvis<br />
sakmarisi mtkicebuleba SeiZleba ar hqonodaT. ufro metic, maTi<br />
gaTavisufleba udavod SeaSfoTebda maT da mianiSnebda xelisuflebis<br />
informirebulobaze, rac maT da sxvebs kidev erTxel mcdelobis<br />
saSualebas miscemda. es ki, ueWvelia, gazrdida risks. xelisufleba verc<br />
imaSi iqneboda darwmunebuli, rom mxolod es sami teroristi iqneboda<br />
dakavSirebuli savaraudo afeTqebis operaciasTan.<br />
205. am TvalsazrisiT, sasamarTlo ifargleba imis aRniSvniT, rom<br />
gibraltaris mosaxleobis winaSe mdgar safrTxes – rac winamdebare<br />
saqmeSi mTavrobis argumentebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens – ufro meti<br />
mniSvneloba unda mieniWos gibraltarSi eWvmitanilTa Semosvlaze<br />
xelSeuSlelobis gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan konteqstSi, vidre im<br />
Sedegebs, rac maTi dakavebis da gasamarTlebisaTvis arasakmarisi<br />
samxilis uqonlobas SeiZleboda mohyoloda. misi azriT, an xelisuflebam<br />
icoda rom manqanaSi bombi ar ido – rac sasamarTlom ukve ar miiRo<br />
mxedvelobaSi (ix. zemoT punqti 181) _ an operaciis makontroleblebma<br />
gaTvlebSi seriozuli Secdoma dauSves. amrigad, dazvervis Sefasebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, moqmedeba, romelmac sasikvdilo srola gamoiwvia, iyo<br />
ganWvretadi SesaZlebloba.<br />
amrigad, sami teroristisaTvis gibraltarSi Semosvlis xelSeuSlelobis<br />
gadawyvetileba am saTauris qveS gasaTvaliswinebel relevantur faqtors<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
206. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom 5 marts Catarebul brifingze, romelsac<br />
A, B, C da D jariskacebi eswrebodnen, savaraudod ganixiles, rom Seteva<br />
didi danaRmuli manqaniT ganxorcieldeboda. gaakeTes SefasebaTa<br />
mniSvnelovani wyeba. kerZod, miiCnies, rom teroristebi damblokav<br />
manqanas ar gamoiyenebdnen; bombis amoqmedeba radio-distanciuri<br />
mowyobilobiT moxdeboda; detonacia Rilakze TiTis daWeriT moxdeboda;<br />
mosalodneli iyo, rom, problemis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, eWvmitanilebi<br />
bombs aafeTqebdnen; isini SeiaraRebuli iqnebodnen da, winaaRmdegobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyenebdnen iaraRs (ix zemoT punqtebi 23-31).<br />
30
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
207. movlenis ganviTarebisas, yvela es sagulisxmo varaudi, teroristebis<br />
mier Setevis ganxorcielebis ganzraxvis garda, mcdari aRmoCnda.<br />
Tumca, rogorc es mTavrobam uCvena, irlandiis respublikur armiasTan<br />
urTierTobis maTi gamocdilebis safuZvelze, aRniSnul situaciaSi,<br />
roca WeSmariti faqtebi ucnobi iyo da xelisufleba mxolod dazvervis<br />
SezRuduli informaciis safuZvelze moqmedebda, yvela zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
warmoadgenda SesaZlo hipoTezas.<br />
208. faqtobrivad, rogorc Cans, arasruli varaudebi sxva varaudebisagan<br />
Camoyalibda. magaliTad, radgan afeTqeba 8 martamde ar iyo mosalodneli,<br />
rodesac yaraulis cvlis ceremonia Catardeboda, aseve, Tanabrad<br />
mosalodneli iyo, rom sami teroristi dazvervis misiiT iyo Camosuli.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom es faqtori mokled iqna ganxiluli, igi seriozul<br />
SesaZleblobad ar miiCnies (ix. zemoT punqti 45).<br />
garda amisa, brifingebis dros an mas Semdeg, rac eWvmitanilebi mizanSi<br />
amoiRes, savaraudod, ver ifiqrebdnen, rom isini bombis asafeTqeblad<br />
iqnebodnen momzadebulni da, amdenad, mravali samoqalaqo piris daRupvas<br />
gamoiwvevdnen, radgan b-ni makkani da q-ni fareli, imis gamo, rom amiT<br />
maTi gamovlenisa da Sepyrobis riski gaizrdeboda (ix. zemoT punqti 57),<br />
sasazRvro zonisaken gaiqceodnen. aseve, albaT ar arsebobs safuZveli,<br />
vifiqroT, rom im momentSi isini daamontaJebdnen gadamcems im molodiniT,<br />
rom maTTvis saSualeba miecaT, winaaRmdegobis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
dauyovnebliv aefeTqebinaT savaraudo bombi (ix. zemoT punqti 115).<br />
garda amisa, Tundac yofiliyo argumentebi irlandiis respublikuri<br />
armiis teqnologiur SesaZleblobebTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc<br />
eqspertebma uCvenes (ix. zemoT punqti 115 da 131), maT xelT arsebuli<br />
asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba “Rilakze TiTis erTi daWeris” principiT ar<br />
modioda moqmedebaSi, rac kargad unda scodnodaT Sesabamis kompetentur<br />
organoebs da zedmetad ar gaemartivebinaT am mowyobilobis WeSmariti<br />
maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
209. am konteqstSi, agreTve, SeSfoTebas iwvevs is, rom G jariskacis mier<br />
manqanis zedapiruli daTvalierebis Semdeg gakeTebuli Sefaseba, TiTqos<br />
es `saeWvo danaRmuli manqana~ iyo, romlis Sesaxebac man jariskacebs<br />
acnoba, rogorc TviT jariskacebma sakuTar CvenebebSi aRniSnes, maT<br />
dadasturebulad CaTvales, rom identificirebul manqanaSi naRmi<br />
ido (ix. zemoT punqtebi 48 da 51-52). iTqva, rom G jariskacs danaRmuli<br />
manqanebis gamocdileba hqonda, Tumca, rogorc cnobili gaxda, igi ar iyo<br />
radio komunikaciis an asafeTqebel mowyobilobaTa eqsperti; da rom misi<br />
Sefaseba, TiTqos Seusabamo antenis gamo es iyo saeWvo danaRmuli manqana,<br />
rac mis sakuTar dakvirvebaze iyo dafuZnebuli, ufro waagavda moxsenebas,<br />
rom bombis arsebobis gamoricxva ar SeiZleboda (ix. zemoT punqti 53).<br />
210. alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb sakmarisi argumentebis<br />
uqonlobis da danaRmuli manqanis Sesaxeb damajerebeli informaciis<br />
pirobebSi, agreTve, im Sefasebebis safuZvelze, rom bombis afeTqeba<br />
Rilakze TiTis daWeriT iyo SesaZlebeli, A, B, C da D jariskacebs samuSao<br />
varaudebi udavo faqtebis saxiT gadaecaT, ramac praqtikulad gardauvali<br />
gaxada sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba.<br />
211. Tumca, jariskacebis wvrTnisas, romelic iTvaliswinebs cecxlis<br />
gaxsnis Semdeg srolis gagrZelebas, sanam eWvmitanili ar mokvdeba,<br />
31
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
agreTve, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli Secdomis zRvris<br />
uzrunvelyofa. rogorc koroneris mier mokvlevis procesze msajulTa<br />
winaSe warmoTqmuli Semajamebeli sityva uCvenebs, oTxive jariskacma<br />
eWvmitanilTa mokvlis mizniT isrola (ix. zemoT punqtebi 61, 63 80 da 120).<br />
rogorc E jariskacma Tavis CvenebaSic daadastura, jariskacebTan erTad<br />
ganixiles, rom savsebiT mosalodneli iyo, damdgariyo saWiroeba, esrolaT<br />
eWvmitanilTa mokvlis mizniT, radgan `Rilakiani~ mowyobilobis dros<br />
maT naklebi dro eqnebodaT (ix. zemoT punqti 26). am fonze xelisuflebas<br />
ekisreboda eWvmitanilTa sicocxlis pativiscemis valdebuleba da maT<br />
didi gulisyuriT unda SeefasebinaT informacia, sanam mas gadascemdnen<br />
jariskacebs, romelTa mier cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebam<br />
avtomaturad gamoiwvia sasikvdilo gasrola.<br />
212. miuxedavad imisa, rom mokvlevis procesze jariskacTa wvrTnis sakiTxis<br />
gamoZiebas sazogadoebis interesis sertifikatis gamocemam SeuSala xeli<br />
(ix. zemoT punqti 104, sakiTxi 1(iii)), naTeli ar aris, cecxlsasroli iaraRis<br />
gamoyenebisas, aswavles Tu ara maT konkretul garemoebebSi samiznis<br />
daWra/mwyobridan gamoyvana, kerZod, piris dakavebis dros.<br />
am arsebiTi TvalsazrisiT, maTi refleqsuri moqmedeba moklebulia<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRis frTxilad gamoyenebis xarisxs, rac<br />
damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos demokratiuli sazogadoebis samarTaldamcavi<br />
muSakebisaTvis maSinac ki, roca saqme aqvT terorizmSi eWvmitanil<br />
saSiS damnaSaveebTan da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba policiis mier<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis instruqciebSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
standartisagan, romelic maTTvis cnobili iyo da romelic xazgasmiT<br />
miuTiTebda mosamsaxuris samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaze (ix. zemoT<br />
punqti 136 da 137). xelisuflebis es xarvezic agreTve miuTiTebs, rom<br />
saTanado gulmodginebiT ar xdeba dakavebis operaciis kontroli da<br />
organizeba.<br />
213. da bolos, iTvaliswinebs ra eWvmitanilebisaTvis gibraltarSi<br />
SesvlisaTvis xelis arSeSlis gadawyvetilebas, xelisuflebis mier<br />
dazvervis Sefasebebis ganxilvisas imis gauTvaliswineblobas, rom<br />
garkveulwilad informacia SeiZleba mcdari yofiliyo da cecxlis gaxsnis<br />
Semdeg jariskacebis mier sasikvdilo Zalis avtomatur gamoyenebas,<br />
sasamarTlo darwmunebuli ar aris, rom sami teroristis mokvla<br />
warmoadgens Zalis gamoyenebas, romelic gamowveuli iyo absoluturi<br />
aucileblobiT pirTa dasacavad aramarTlzomieri Zaladobisagan<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtis mniSvnelobiT.<br />
214. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2<br />
muxlis darRvevas.<br />
I I. konvenciis 50-e muxlis gamoyeneba<br />
215. konvenciis 50-e muxli adgens:<br />
`Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris samarTlebrivi<br />
organos an sxva organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba an RonisZieba<br />
mTlianad an nawilobriv ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciiT warmoSobil<br />
valdebulebebs, xolo Sesabamisi mxaris Sidasaxelmwifo samarTali<br />
gadawyvetilebis an RonisZiebis mxolod nawilobrivi gamosworebis<br />
32
makqani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
SesaZleblobas iZleva, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo dazaralebul<br />
mxares samarTlian dakmayofilebas miakuTvnebs.~<br />
216. ganmcxadeblebi moiTxovdnen zianis anazRaurebas imave doneze,<br />
rogorc amas inglisis kanonmdebloba saxelmwifo muSakis mier ukanonod<br />
moklul pirs mianiWebda. maT agreTve ikiTxes _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
sasamarTlo daadgenda, rom maTi mkvleloba iyo rogorc ukanono, ise<br />
winaswar ganzraxuli, an iyo danaSaulebrivi upasuxismgeblobis Sedegi,<br />
miiRebdnen Tu ara daRupuli adamianebis axlo naTesavebi analogiuri<br />
donis kompensacias, rogorc es inglisis kanonmdeblobiT msgavsi<br />
SemTxvevebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
217. xarjebTan dakavSirebiT, isini iTxovdnen daRupvis Sedegad pirdapiri<br />
Tu arapirdapiri gziT warmoSobili xarjebis anazRaurebas, gibraltaris<br />
mokvlevis processa da strasburgis procesze naTesavebisa da advokatebis<br />
daswrebis xarjebis CaTvliT. advokatis xarjebi gibraltarSi Catarebuli<br />
mokvlevis procesisaTvis Seadgens 56 200 girvanqa sterlings, xolo<br />
strasburgis procesisaTvis _ 28 800 girvanqa sterlings. iuriskonsultma,<br />
strasburgis xarjebTan dakavSirebiT, 16 700 girvanqa sterlingi<br />
moiTxova.<br />
218. mTavroba amtkicebda, rom darRvevis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
materialuri da aramaterialuri zianis finansuri saxiT kompensacia<br />
arasaWiro da Seusabamo iqneboda.<br />
strasburgis institutebidan gamomdinare xarjebTan dakavSirebiT isini<br />
amtkicebdnen, rom ganmcxadeblebs unda miakuTvnon mxolod is xarji,<br />
romelic faqtobrivad da saWiroebisaTvis uSualod maT gaiRes da<br />
romelic gonivrul farglebSi iqneboda. Tumca, gibraltarSi mokvlevis<br />
procesisaTvis gaweul xarjebTan dakavSirebiT isini acxadebdnen,<br />
rom (1) principuli TvalsazrisiT, Sidasaxelmwifo procedurebis<br />
xarjebi, mokvlevis xarjebis CaTvliT, ar unda anazRaurdes 50-e muxlis<br />
safuZvelze; (2) vinaidan ganmcxadebelTa iuridiuli warmomadgenlebi<br />
anazRaurebis gareSe moqmedebdnen, ar arsebobs ganmcxadeblebisaTvis<br />
kompensaciis mikuTvnebis safuZveli; (3) nebismier SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnili<br />
Tanxa ar iyo gamoangariSebuli mocemuli advokatis Cveulebrivi tarifis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
A. materialuri da aramaterialuri ziani<br />
219. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom ganmcxadeblebis mier warmodgenili<br />
masalidan naTeli ar aris, maT mier finansuri kompensaciis moTxovna<br />
iTvaliswinebs materialur, aramaterialur zians, Tu orives erTad.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sami eWvmitanili<br />
mokluli teroristi gibraltarSi bombis dadebas apirebda, sasamarTlos<br />
saWirod ar miaCnia kompensaciis gadaxda. aqedan gamomdinare, igi uaryofs<br />
ganmcxadebelTa moTxovnas zianTan mimarTebiT.<br />
aRniSnulis safuZvelze, sasamarTlo:<br />
1. aTi xmiT cxris winaaRmdeg adgens, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2<br />
muxlis darRvevas;<br />
33
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
2. erTxmad adgens, rom gaerTianebulma samefom ganmcxadeblebs sami Tvis<br />
vadaSi unda gadauxados 38 700 (ocdaTvrameti aTas Svidasi) girvanqa<br />
sterlingi strasburgis procesze gaweuli xarjebisaTvis, gamoklebuli<br />
37 731 (ocdaCvidmeti aTas Svidas ocdaTerTmeti) franguli franki,<br />
rac konvertirebuli unda iqnes girvanqa sterlingebSi winamdebare<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dRes arsebuli kursiT.<br />
3. erTxmad uaryofs ganmcxadebelTa saCivars zianis anazRaurebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT;<br />
4. erTxmad uaryofs ganmcxadebelTa saCivars gibraltarSi Catarebuli<br />
mokvlevis procesis xarjebTan mimarTebiT;<br />
5. erTxmad uaryofs danarCen moTxovnebs samarTlian dakmayofilebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
Sesrulebulia inglisur da frangul enebze da sajarod gacxadebulia<br />
adamianis uflebaTa SenobaSi, strasburgSi, 1995 wlis 27 seqtembers.<br />
xelmowerilia: rolv risdali<br />
prezidenti<br />
xelmowerilia: erbert petzoldi<br />
registratori<br />
konvenciis 51-e muxlis me-2 punqtis da sasamarTlos reglamentis 53-e<br />
muxlis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad, winamdebare gadawyvetilebas Tan erTvis<br />
mosamarTleebis – risdalis, berhardtis, Tor viljamsonis, golkuklus,<br />
palmis, pekanenis, sir jon frelandis, bakas da jamberkis erToblivi<br />
gansxvavebuli mosazreba.<br />
34
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
2. makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
(gancxadeba no. 28883/95)<br />
procedura<br />
1. saqme momdinareobs didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropul komisiaSi<br />
(`komisia”) Setanili gancxadebidan (no. 28883/95) adamianis uflebaTa da<br />
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis (`konvencia”) 25-e<br />
muxlis safuZvelze, romelic Seitana irlandiis moqalaqe qalbatonma<br />
eleanor kreanim 1993 wlis 7 marts. 1996 wlis noemberSi q-ni kreani<br />
gardaicvala. ganacxadTan dakavSirebul warmoebaSi, mis nacvlad, CaerTo<br />
misi vaJi jonaTan makkeri (`ganmcxadebeli”).<br />
saqmis faqtobrivi mxare (araoficialuri versia)<br />
1982 wlis 11 noembers gervaize makkeri marTavda mwvane ford eskorts,<br />
romelSic ijda ori mgzavri: iujin Tomani da Son bernsi. arc erTi maTgani<br />
ar iyo SeiaraRebuli. Tuligalis gzaze, ist lurganTan, sagangebod<br />
gawvrTnilma mobiluri daxmarebis sammarTvelos olsteris samefo<br />
policiis oficrebma gaxsnes cecxli da tyviamfrqvevis, sul mcire, 109<br />
jeri mimarTes manqanisken. manqanaSi myofi samive piri daiRupa.<br />
saqmis gamomZiebelma dakiTxa olsteris samefo policiis samive oficeri.<br />
maT CamoarTves werilobiTi Cvenebebi. am CvenebSi ar iyos naxsenebi, rom<br />
daRupuli pirebi imyofebodnen specialuri ganyofilebis oficrebis<br />
TvalTvalis qveS. arc is iyo aRniSnuli, rom dakiTxuli pirebi Tavad<br />
iyvnen am ganyofilebis warmomadgenlebi da rom maT hqondaT dazvervis<br />
monacemebi, sanam incidenti moxdeboda. mogvianebiT es aixsna imiT,<br />
rom unda aecilebinaT dazvervis monacemebis gasajaroeba, rac xels<br />
SeuSlida terorizmTan brZolas. saxelmwifo devnis direqtorma<br />
miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom samive oficris winaaRmdeg dawyebuliyo<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna. saqmis ganmxilveli mosamarTlis azriT,<br />
mis winaSe wardgenili mtkicebulebani ar adasturebda braldebulTa<br />
braleulobas da isini gaaTavisufla.<br />
1991 wlis 19 agvistos qalbatonma kreanim sarCeli Seitana olsteris<br />
samefo policiis ufrosis, konstablis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova zaralis<br />
anazRaureba misi meuRlisTvis policiis oficrebis mier miyenebuli<br />
fizikuri zianis gamo 1982 wlis 11 noembers Catarebuli operaciis dros.<br />
samarTali<br />
I. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRveva<br />
A. sasamarTlosTvis wardgenili mosazrebebi<br />
1. ganmcxadebeli<br />
100. ganmcxadeblis TqmiT, mamamisis sikvdili gamoiwvia olsteris samefo<br />
policiis (RUC) oficris mier Zalis arasaWiro da araproporciulma<br />
gamoyenebam da igi gaxda sasikvdilo gasrolis msxverpli policiis<br />
35
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
mxridan, romelic CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gaerTianebuli samefos saxeliT<br />
moqmedebda. man miuTiTa amnesti interneSenelis da human raits voCis<br />
moxsenebebze, agreTve, ufrosi policielis, jon stalkeris Cvenebebze,<br />
romelic aseT politikasTan dakavSirebul gancxadebebze awarmoebda<br />
gamoZiebas. igi amtkicebda, rom winamdebare saqme ar unda ganxiluliyo<br />
sxva saqmeebisagan izolirebulad, romlebic CrdiloeT irlandiaSi<br />
saxelmwifos samarTaldamcavi muSakebis mier Zalis sasikvdilo<br />
gamoyenebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am konteqstSi SeiZleba ganxilul<br />
iqnes sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad adamianTa gardacvalebis<br />
faqtebis analizi 1969 – 1994 wlebSi, rodesac, iq gavrcelebuli praqtikis<br />
Sesabamisad, dakavebis nacvlad adgili hqonda eWvmitanilTa TviTnebur<br />
mkvlelobas. igi miuTiTebda informatorebisagan miRebuli informaciis<br />
safuZvelze SemuSavebuli winaswari dagegmvis saerTo maxasiaTeblebze,<br />
samxedro specialistTa an policiis danayofebis ganlagebasa da Zalis<br />
maqsimalur gamoyenebaze. winamdebare saqmeSi olsteris samefo policiis<br />
sagangebod gawvrTnilma oficrebma 109 jeriT manqanaSi mokles sami<br />
SeuiaraRebeli adamiani ise, rom, sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis nacvlad,<br />
maTi dakaveba arc ucdiaT. es ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc Zalis<br />
minimaluri an proporciuli gamoyeneba.<br />
101. am da sxva saqmeTa arasaTanado gamoZieba mowmobs, rom saxelmwifos<br />
mxridan sasikvdilo Zalis ukanono gamoyenebisadmi Semgueblobas aqvs<br />
adgili. srolaSi CarTul policielebs ufleba hqondaT, daetovebinaT<br />
incidentis adgili TavianT iaraRTan erTad; sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa<br />
sagamoZiebo departaments (CID) didi dagvianebiT eZleoda policielTa<br />
dakiTxvis saSualeba; departamentis oficrebs araswor informacias<br />
awvdidnen srolis adgilis Sesaxeb; xSir SemTxvevaSi, ver aRmoaCines<br />
gasrolili masrebi; SemTxvevidan ocdaerTi Tvis Semdeg napovni iqna tyviis<br />
fragmenti, romliTac mZRoli mokles, igi kvlav manqanaSi iyo CarCenili,<br />
ar miuRiaT zomebi TviTmxilvelebis mosaZieblad. ganmcxadebeli<br />
miuTiTebda b-ni stalkeris wignSi aRweril sapolicio gamoZiebaze,<br />
romelic aRniSnavda, rom gamoZiebis meTodologia iyo gansacvifreblad<br />
dabali donis, rom policiis oficrebi azianebdnen SemTxvevis adgils da<br />
mniSvnelovnad abrkolebdnen gamoZiebas.<br />
102. ganmcxadebeli agreTve eyrdnoboda b-ni stalkeris moxsenebas,<br />
romelSic igi aRniSnavda, rom adamianTa daRupvis mis mier gamoZiebuli<br />
SemTxvevebi iyo ukanono da sasikvdilo gasrolis faruli politikis<br />
nawils warmoadgenda. amasTan, miuTiTebda maikl tifes daRupvis saqmis<br />
gamoZiebis Semdgom Seferxebaze, sadac TvalTvalis Canaweris kasetas<br />
uSiSroebis samsaxuris biuro (MI5) malavda. warmodgenili dasabuTebis<br />
Sesabamisad, sasikvdilo gasrolis politikis nawils warmoadgenda b-ni<br />
stalkeris mier gamoZiebuli sami SemTxveva. man ganacxada, rom arsebuli<br />
masalis detaluri SeswavliT naTeli gaxda, rom sicocxlis mospoba ar<br />
yofila absoluturi aucileblobiT gamowveuli Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegi.<br />
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom Tu iyo raime gadasaWreli sakiTxi, mas sakuTari<br />
moqmedebiT unda moepovebina saWiro masala konvenciis 38-e muxlis 1-li<br />
punqtis Sesabamisad warmoebuli gamoZiebis meSveobiT.<br />
103. ganmcxadebelma, eyrdnoboda ra minesotas oqmiT dafuZnebul<br />
saerTaSoriso standartebs, ganacxada, rom daRupvis faqtze ar<br />
ganxorcielebula efeqtiani oficialuri gamoZieba. igi amtkicebda, rom<br />
olsteris samefo policiis mier warmoebuli gamoZieba iyo araadekvaturi<br />
36
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
da ganicdida damoukideblobisa da sajaroobis simwires. saxelmwifo<br />
braldebis direqtoris (DPP) roli olsteris samefo policiis mier<br />
warmoebuli gamoZiebiT iyo SezRuduli, xolo aseTi gamoZiebis safuZvelze<br />
ganxorcielebuli nebismieri devna ver aRmofxvrida arsebul xarvezebs.<br />
garda amisa, sasamarTlo procesze mosamarTlem saqme warmoebidan<br />
moxsna policiis muSakebis mosmenis gareSe da amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
gaakeTa winaaRmdegobrivi komentarebi, romliTac arapirdapir ukanono<br />
mkvlelobebisadmi sasamarTlo mxardaWera gamoxata. Zaladobriv<br />
sikvdilze gamoZieba dagvianebiT daiwyo, mokvleva SezRudul farglebSi<br />
Catarda, naTesavebs xeli ar miuwvdebodaT samarTlebriv daxmarebaze,<br />
SezRuduli iyo xelmisawvdomoba dokumentebsa da mowmeTa Cvenebebze,<br />
uSiSroebis Zalebis an policiis mowmeebis mimarT ar iyenebdnen Cvenebis<br />
iZulebiT micemis iuridiul SesaZleblobas. mTavroba verc samoqalaqo<br />
saqmiswarmoebas daeyrdnoboda, radgan misi warmoeba damokidebuli iyo<br />
gardacvlilis ojaxis iniciativaze.<br />
2. mTavroba<br />
104. mTavroba, erTi mxriv, ar daeTanxma ganmcxadeblis saCivrebs me-2<br />
muxlis safuZvelze – rom mamamisi Zalis gadametebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli<br />
gamoyenebis Sedegad daiRupa. maT miiCnies, rom sasamarTlosTvis sruliad<br />
Seusabamo iqneboda, Tavad daedgina me-2 muxlis arsebiT sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli faqtebi. amas, SesaZloa, mohyoloda evropis adamianis<br />
uflebaTa sasamarTlos mcdeloba, gadaeWra sakiTxebi, daekiTxa mowmeebi<br />
an ganexorcielebina saqmis mosmena, imavdroulad, roca amas CrdiloeT<br />
irlandiis umaRlesi sasamarTlo awarmoebda, rac urTierTSeusabamo<br />
daskvnebis gakeTebis realur safrTxes warmoqmnida. es ganmcxadebels<br />
xelsayreli sasamarTlo organos arCevis saSualebas miscemda da amiT<br />
zians miayenebda Sidasaxelmwifo saSualebebis amowurvis princips. isini<br />
amtkicebdnen, rom, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovani praqtikuli<br />
sirTuleebis winaSe idga sasamarTlo, romelic me-2 muxlis arsebiT<br />
aspeqtebs ikvlevda, radgan faqtobrivi sakiTxebi iqneboda mravali da<br />
rTuli, cocxali mtkicebulebebiT da mowmeTa soliduri raodenobiT.<br />
pirveladi faqtebis mokvlevis procesi ar unda ganxorcieldes orjer,<br />
paralelurad, aseTi saqme iwvevs sasamarTlos droisa da saxsrebis xarjvas<br />
da safrTxis qveS ayenebs saqmes, roca masze ori procesi erTdroulad<br />
mimdinareobs.<br />
105. vinaidan ganmcxadebelma sasamarTlos mimarTa adamianTa sicocxlis<br />
xelyofis praqtikis da ara terorizmSi eWvmitanilTa dakavebis sakiTxis<br />
dadgenis mizniT, es gancxadeba kategoriulad iqna uaryofili. mTavroba<br />
amtkicebda, rom amgvari farTo xasiaTis gancxadeba, romelic kiTxvis<br />
niSnis qveS daayenebda bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebul<br />
yvela antiteroristul operacias, mniSvnelovnad scildeba<br />
warmodgenili gancxadebis farglebs da miuTiTebda sakiTxebze, romlebic<br />
am sasamarTlos winaSe ar unda damdgariyo. isini uaryofdnen policiis<br />
mxridan gamoZiebis xelSeSlis faqts da aRniSnavdnen, rom olsteris<br />
samefo policia b-ni stalkeris gancxadebebs arazustad miiCnevs,<br />
rameTu maTSi faqtebi damaxinjebulad aris warmodgenili (ix. zemoT,<br />
33-e punqti). SemTxvevis adgilis datoveba aucilebeli iyo oficerTa<br />
usafrTxoebisaTvis, xolo SemTxvevis adgilze yvela saWiro procedura<br />
37
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
Catarda. stalker/sempsonis mokvleva erTmniSvnelovnad amtkicebs,<br />
rom mTavroba mowadinebulia, daisajos damnaSave, vinc ar unda iyos igi.<br />
mokvlevis Sedegebma uCvena, rom adgili hqonda xelSeSlis garkveul<br />
faqtebs da imis gamo, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcieleba<br />
sajaro interesebSi ar Sedioda, rva oficris mimarT ganxorcielda<br />
disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba (ix. zemoT, punqti 30).<br />
107. mTavrobam agreTve uaryo gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom Sidasaxelmwifo<br />
dacvis saSualebebi ar Seesabameboda me-2 muxlis moTxovnebs. isini<br />
amtkicebdnen, rom CrdiloeT irlandiaSi xelmisawvdomi procedurebis<br />
erToblioba am debulebis procedurul aspeqtebs akmayofilebda, kerZod,<br />
dauyovnebeli da detaluri sapolicio gamoZieba saxelmwifo devnis<br />
departamentis zedamxedvelobiT, sasamarTlo procesi, sagamoZiebo<br />
procedurebi da samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoeba. isini uzrunvelyofdnen<br />
proceduruli valdebulebis fundamentur mizans, radgan efeqtian<br />
angariSvaldebulebas awesebdnen samarTaldamcavi muSakebis mier<br />
sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebaze. es ar moiTxovda, rom msjavrisTvis<br />
mieRwiaT, aramed gamoZiebas unda hqonoda unari, safuZveli Seeqmna<br />
devnisaTvis, rac winamdebare gancxadebis sakiTxs warmoadgenda. isini<br />
agreTve miuTiTebdnen, rom yvela calkeuli saqme ganxiluli unda iqnes<br />
faqtebis Sesabamisad, radgan nebismieri proceduruli komponenti SeiZleba<br />
garemoebebis mixedviT icvlebodes. winamdebare saqmesTan dakavSirebiT<br />
maT ganacxades, rom arsebuli procedurebi mTlianobaSi uzrunvelyofda<br />
darRvevisagan dacvisaTvis saWiro efeqtianobas, damoukideblobasa da<br />
gamWvirvalobas.<br />
B. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
1. zogadi principebi<br />
109. me-2 muxliT uzrunvelyofili dacvis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
sasamarTlom sicocxlis xelyofa gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda<br />
ganixilos da, saxelmwifo muSakTa qmedebebTan erTad, mxedvelobaSi<br />
unda iqnes miRebuli arsebuli garemoebebi. rodesac movlenasTan<br />
dakavSirebul informacias mTlianad an mis umetes nawils xelisufleba<br />
flobs, faqtebTan mimarTebiT Zlieri varaudi warmoiSoba, magaliTad,<br />
iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac adgili aqvs maT mier datusaRebuli pirebis<br />
dasaxiCrebas an gardacvalebas. udavoa, rom mtkicebis tvirTi modis<br />
xelisuflebaze, romelmac saTanado damajerebeli axsna-ganmarteba unda<br />
warmoadginos (ix. salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 21986/93, § 100, ECHR<br />
2000-VII; da agreTve Cakiji TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 23531/94, § 82, ECHR<br />
2000-VI).<br />
110. mTlianobaSi wakiTxviT me-2 muxlis teqsti uCvenebs, rom igi moicavs<br />
ara mxolod ganzrax mkvlelobebs, aramed im situaciebsac, rodesac<br />
dasaSvebia `Zalis gamoyeneba~, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sicocxlis<br />
xelyofa, rogorc ara winaswar ganzraxuli Sedegi. Tumca, sasikvdilo Zalis<br />
ganzrax an mizanmimarTulad gamoyeneba mxolod erTi faqtoria, romelic<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes misi aucileblobis Sefasebisas. Zalis<br />
nebismieri gamoyeneba ar unda aRematebodes `absolutur aucileblobas”,<br />
romelic saWiroa `a~, `b~ da `g~ qvepunqtebSi CamoTvlili erTi an meti miznis<br />
misaRwevad. es termini miuTiTebs, rom Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
38
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
aucileblobis ufro mkacri testi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, rodesac<br />
dgindeba, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos qmedeba `aucilebeli demokratiuli<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis~ konvenciis me-8 – me-11 muxlebis me-2 punqtebis<br />
safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, gamoyenebuli Zala mkacrad proporciuli unda<br />
iyos dasaSvebi miznebis misaRwevad (ix. zemoT makkani da sxvebi, gv. 46, §§<br />
148-49).<br />
111. konvenciis me-2 muxliT daculi sicocxlis ufleba, konvenciis 1-li<br />
muxlis safuZvelze warmoSobili saxelmwifos zogad valdebulebasTan<br />
erTad wakiTxviT _ rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelmwifoebi TavianTi<br />
iurisdiqciis farglebSi yvelasaTvis uzrunvelyofen konvenciiT<br />
gansazRvrul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs _ agreTve moiTxovs, rom<br />
Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad individualur pirTa sicocxlis xelyofis<br />
SemTxvevebisTvis unda arsebobdes efeqtiani oficialuri gamoZiebis<br />
garkveuli forma (ix. zemoT, mutatis mutandis, makkani da sxvebi, gv. 49, § 161<br />
da kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 19 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba,<br />
ganaCenebi da gadawyvetilebebi 1998-I, gv. 329, § 105). aseTi gamoZieba<br />
miznad isaxavs efeqtian implementacias im Sidasaxelmwifo kanonebisa,<br />
romlebic sicocxles icavs iseT situaciebSi, sadac Careulni arian<br />
saxelmwifos muSakebi an organoebi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi<br />
angariSvaldebuleba sicocxlis xelyofis im SemTxvevebze, romlebic maTi<br />
pasuxismgeblobiT moxda. am miznebis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli gamoZiebis<br />
saxe SeiZleba garemoebebis mixedviT icvlebodes. Tumca, gamoyenebuli<br />
formis miuxedavad, xelisuflebam Tavad unda imoqmedos, rogorc ki<br />
sakiTxi maTi yuradRebis qveS moeqceva. man igi ar unda datovos naTesavebisa<br />
da axloblebis oficialuri saCivris an maT mier ganxorcielebuli raime<br />
sagamoZiebo procedurebis imedze (ix. mag. mutatis mutandis, ilhani TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, no. 22277/93, § 63, ECHR 2000-VII).<br />
112. saxelmwifos muSakTa mier sicocxlis savaraudo ukanono xelyofis<br />
gamoZiebis qmediTobisaTvis, zogadad, miCneulia, rom aucilebelia misi<br />
ganxorcieleba masze pasuxismgebeli pirebis mimarT, xolo warmoebuli<br />
gamoZieba unda iyos damoukidebeli movlenaSi CarTuli pirebisagan (ix.<br />
mag. guleCi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 27 ivlisis gadawyvetileba,<br />
moxsenebebi 1998-IV, gv. 1733, §§ 81-82 da oguri TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no.<br />
21594/93, §§ 91-92, ECHR 1999-III). es niSnavs, rom, ierarqiuli an instituciuri<br />
kavSiris ararsebobasTan erTad, uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes mkafio<br />
damoukidebloba (ix. mag. ergi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 28 ivlisis<br />
gadawyvetileba, moxsenebebi 1998-IV, gv. 1778-79, §§ 83-84, sadac, savaraudod,<br />
Setakebis dros daRupuli gogonas saqmis gamoZiebisas, prokurorma<br />
damoukidebloba ver uzrunvelyo, vinaidan igi ZiriTadad daeyrdno<br />
incidentSi monawile Jandarmebis mier miwodebul informacias).<br />
113. gamoZieba efeqtiani unda iyos im TvalsazrisiTac, rom uCvenos, Tu<br />
ramdenad unarianad Seuwyo man xeli imis dadgenas, aseT SemTxvevebSi<br />
gamoyenebuli Zala iyo Tu ara gamarTlebuli arsebuli garemoebebiT<br />
(ix. mag. zemoT, kaias saqme, gv. 324, § 87) da moxda Tu ara pasuxismgebelTa<br />
identificireba da dasja. es aris ara Sedegis, aramed saSualebebis<br />
valdebuleba. xelisuflebam yvela gonivruli nabiji unda gadadgas<br />
incidentTan dakavSirebuli mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelsayofad, maT<br />
Soris aris, inter alia, TviTmxilvelTa Cvenebebi, samedicino eqspertizis<br />
masalebi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gvamis gakveTis Sedegebi, sadac<br />
mocemuli iqneba dazianebis sruli da zusti angariSi da obieqturi<br />
39
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
klinikuri daskvnebi, sikvdilis gamomwvevi mizezis CaTvliT (gvamis<br />
gakveTasTan dakavSirebiT, mag. ix. zemoT, salmanis saqme, § 106; mowmeebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, mag. tanrikulu TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 23763/94, §<br />
109, ECHR 1999-IV; da sasamarTlo eqspertizasTan dakavSirebiT, mag.<br />
guli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 22676/93, § 89, 2000 wlis 14 dekembris<br />
gadawyvetileba /gadawyvetilebebis krebulSi gamoqveynebuli ar aris/).<br />
gamoZiebis nebismieri xarvezi, romelic akninebs mis unars, daadginos<br />
sikvdilis gamomwvevi mizezi an gamoavlinos pasuxismgebeli piri, qmnis<br />
risks, rom ganxorcielebuli gamoZieba standartis Seusabamo iqneba.<br />
114. dauyovneblobisa da gonivruli siswrafis moTxovna TavisTavad<br />
igulisxmeba am konteqstSi (ix. iaSa TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 2<br />
seqtembris gadawyvetileba, moxsenebebi 1998-VI, gv. 2439-40, §§ 102-04;<br />
Cakijis saqme, cit. zemoT, §§ 80, 87 da 106; tanrikulus saqme, citata<br />
zemoT, § 109; da mahmud kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 22535/93, §§ 106-07,<br />
ECHR 2000-III). dasaSvebi unda iyos, rom nebismier konkretul situaciaSi<br />
SeiZleba arsebobdes gamoZiebis mimdinareobis damabrkolebeli da<br />
xelSemSleli faqtorebi. Tumca, xelisuflebis mier sasikvdilo Zalis<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis gamoZiebaze dauyovneblivi reagireba, zogadad,<br />
SeiZleba aRqmuli iqnes, rogorc sazogadoebis ndobis erT-erTi mTavari<br />
faqtori, ramac sazogadoeba unda daarwmunos, rom xelisufleba kanonis<br />
uzenaesobis erTgulia da ibrZvis ukanono qmedebebisadmi Semgueblobis<br />
winaaRmdeg.<br />
115. amave mizniT, unda arsebobdes gamoZiebasa an mis Sedegebze<br />
sazogadoebrivi kontrolis qmediTi elementi, raTa uzrunvelyofili<br />
iqnes angariSvaldebuleba rogorc praqtikuli, ise Teoriuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT. sazogadoebrivi kontrolis xarisxi SeiZleba TiToeul<br />
saqmeze gansxvavebuli iyos. Tumca, yvela SemTxvevaSi, procesSi CarTuli<br />
unda iyos msxverplis axlo naTesavi, im farglebSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
misi kanonieri interesebis dacvas (ix. guleCis saqme, citata zemoT,<br />
gv. 1733, § 82, sadac msxverplis mamas ar Seatyobines, rom miRebuli iqna<br />
gadawyvetileba devnis ardawyebis Sesaxeb; oguris saqme, citata zemoT,<br />
§ 92, sadac msxverplis ojaxs xelmisawvdomoba ar hqonda gamoZiebisa da<br />
sasamarTlos dokumentebTan; da gulis saqme, citata zemoT, § 93).<br />
2. gancxadeba winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
(a) gervaise makkeris daRupvaze saxelmwifos savaraudo pasuxismgeblobis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
116. davas ar iwvevs is faqti, rom gervaise makkeri SeiaraRebuli ar iyo,<br />
roca igi policiis oficrebma mokles. sasikvdilo Zalis amgvari gamoyeneba<br />
pirdapir jdeba me-2 muxlis farglebSi, romelic moiTxovs, rom nebismieri<br />
aseTi qmedeba Seesabamebodes muxlis meore punqtiT dadgenil romelime<br />
mizans da iyos absoluturad aucilebeli am miznisTvis. winamdebare<br />
saqmeSi faqtebTan dakavSirebiT mTeli rigi sakiTxebi warmoiSoba, kerZod,<br />
moqmedebdnen Tu ara oficrebi patiosani rwmeniT, romelic saTanado<br />
safuZvlebs emyareboda, magram SemdgomSi Secdoma aRmoCnda, kerZod<br />
is, rom maT safrTxes uqmnida gervaise makkeri an sxva adamiani, romelic<br />
manqanaSi ijda. am sakiTxis dasadgenad saWiro iqneboda, ganxiluliyo: 1)<br />
SesaZlebloba imisa, rom, rikoSetis Sedegad Seqmnili STabeWdilebiT,<br />
40
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
manqanaSi iaraRma gaielva, ris safuZvelzec, oficrebma daaskvnes, rom<br />
manqanaSi msxdom mamakacebs iaraRi hqondaT da amitom isini riskis qveS<br />
imyofebodnen; da 2) iyo Tu ara dakavebis mcdelobis raime SesaZlebloba.<br />
mTel rig mowmeTa sandooba da saimedooba, saxeldobr, im oficris,<br />
romelmac cecxli gaxsna, gadamwyvet rols Seasrulebs.<br />
117. yvela es sakiTxi amJamad mokvlevis procesSia qalbaton eleanora<br />
kreanis mier Setanili samoqalaqo sarCelis safuZvelze da grZeldeba<br />
ganmcxadeblis mier ukanono qmedebiT gamowveuli sicocxlis xelyofis<br />
gamo. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom winamdebare saqmis garemoebebis fonze,<br />
sasurveli ar iqneboda, da konvenciiT misdami miniWebuli subsidiuri<br />
rolis sawinaaRmdegod imoqmedebda, misi nebismieri mcdeloba faqtebis<br />
dasadgenad, mis mier mokvlevis Catarebis mizniT mowmeTa gamoZaxebis<br />
meSveobiT. amgvari moqmedeba gamoiwvevda samoqalaqo sasamarTloSi<br />
mimdinare saqmiswarmoebis dublirebas, romelic ukeT aris aRWurvili,<br />
rogorc faqtebis damdgeni tribunali. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropul komisias faqtebis momkvlevi misiebi adre gagzavnili<br />
hyavda TurqeTSi, sadac mimdinareobda procesi uSiSroebis Zalebis<br />
mier savaraudo ukanono mkvlelobis saqmeebze, sasamarTlom SeiZleba<br />
miuTiTos, rom es iyo sisxlis samarTlis procesebi da im droisaTvis,<br />
rodesac sasamarTlo gancxadebas ixilavda, isini Sewyda, minimum, pirvel<br />
instanciaSi. im saqmeebSi ganmcxadeblis saCivris ZiriTad aspeqts<br />
warmoadgenda is, rom mimdinare gamoZieba sisxlis samarTlis procesis<br />
efeqtianobaze imoqmedebda (ix. mag. salmanis saqme, citata zemoT, § 107,<br />
sadac policiis oficrebi gaamarTles wamebis saqmeze, radgan ar iyo<br />
mtkicebuleba uSualod gvamis gakveTis araswori proceduris gamo; da<br />
gulis saqme, citata zemoT, § 89, sadac SemTxvevis adgilisa da gvamis<br />
sasamarTlo eqspertizis procedurebiT xeli SeeSala movlenaTa jerovan<br />
dadgenas).<br />
118. winamdebare saqmeSi sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom ar aris raime konkretuli<br />
faqtori, romelic samoqalaqo sasamarTloebs faqtebis da gervaise<br />
makkeris sikvdilis ukanonobis/kanonierebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas<br />
SeuzRudavda (ix. qvemoT punqtebi 124-126, romelic exeba ganmcxadeblis<br />
saCivars sapolicio gamoZiebis xarvezebis Sesaxeb). miuxedavad imisa, rom,<br />
rogorc Cans, ganmcxadebeli am procesebs gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT ar<br />
misdevs, isini gauqmebuli ar aris. Tundac saeWvo iyos, rom movlenebidan<br />
oci wlis gasvlis Semdeg samoqalaqo sasamarTlo moaxerxebs, erTmaneTTan<br />
daakavSiros mtkicebulebebi, yvela aseTi mcdeloba unda ganxorcieldes<br />
Sidasaxelmwifo organoSi da ara saerTaSoriso marTlmsajulebis<br />
doneze.<br />
119. ganmcxadeblis mamis sikvdilze pasuxismgeblis dadgenisas,<br />
sasamarTlos jerovnad ar miaCnia, daeyrdnos mxareebis mier warmodgenil<br />
dokumentur masalas. mravali werilobiTi angariSi da dokumentebSi<br />
warmodgenili gancxadebebi Semowmebuli ar aris gamokvlevebis an jvaredini<br />
dakiTxvebis meSveobiT da SeiZleba nebismier aseT mcdelobas arasruli<br />
da mcdari safuZveli Seuqmnas. es situacia ar SeiZleba, gauTanabrdes<br />
tusaRobaSi damdgari sikvdilis SemTxvevebs, sadac saxelmwifoze<br />
modis mtkicebulebis tvirTi, warmoadginos damakmayofilebeli da<br />
damajerebeli axsna-ganmarteba.<br />
41
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
120. sasamarTlo agreTve mzad ar aris, ZiriTadad statistikuri<br />
informaciisa da SerCeviTi mtkicebulebis safuZvelze moaxdinos<br />
bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdari incidentebis analizi,<br />
raTa daadginos, avlenen Tu ara isini uSiSroebis Zalebis mier Zalis<br />
araproporciuli gamoyenebis praqtikas. es mniSvnelovnad gascdeboda<br />
winamdebare gancxadebis farglebs.<br />
121. piriqiT, mTavrobis argumentTan dakavSirebiT _ rom samoqalaqo<br />
procesis SesaZlebloba ganmcxadebels uzrunvelyofs saSualebiT,<br />
romelic jer ar amowurula, rogorc es konvenciis 35-e muxlis 1-li<br />
punqtiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da rom, aqedan gamomdinare, me-2 muxlis<br />
safuZvelze saqmis Semdgomi Seswavla ar moiTxoveba _ sasamarTlo<br />
miuTiTebs, rom me-2 muxlis safuZvelze saxelmwifos valdebulebebi<br />
ver dakmayofildeba mxolod zianis anazRaurebiT (ix. mag. kaias saqme,<br />
citata zemoT, gv. 329, § 105, da iaSas saqme, citata zemoT, gv. 2431, §<br />
74). konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebiT moTxovnili gamoZiebiT unda<br />
moxdes pasuxismgebelTa identificireba da dasja. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
sasamarTlo qvemoT ganixilavs, aris Tu ara Sesabamisoba konvenciis me-2<br />
muxlis am procedurul aspeqtTan.<br />
(b) konvenciis me-2 muxlis safuZvelze warmoSobili proceduruli<br />
valdebulebis Sesaxeb<br />
122. gervaise makkerisa da manqanaSi msxdomi ori sxva mamakacis sikvdilis<br />
faqtze gamoZieba olsteris samefo policiam daiwyo. am gamoZiebis<br />
safuZvelze saxelmwifo devnis departamentma miiRo gadawyvetileba,<br />
devna daewyo sami oficris mimarT. isini gamarTlebuli iqnen sisxlis<br />
samarTlis sasamarTlos mier. sapolicio gamoZiebisaTvis xelSeSlaze<br />
arsebuli eWvis gamo, damoukidebeli sapolicio mokvleva daiwyo am da<br />
kidev or sxva incidentze. es gamoZieba daiwyo 1984 wlis 4 ivniss da 1994<br />
wlis 8 seqtembers dasrulda raime konkretuli daskvnis miRebis gareSe.<br />
123. ganmcxadebelma mravali saCivari Seitana am procedurebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, xolo mTavroba amtkicebda, rom, Tu romelime proceduriT<br />
ver moxerxda konkretuli dacvis uzrunvelyofa, mTlianobaSi sistema<br />
uzrunvelyofda policiis yvela saxis angariSvaldebulebas ukanono<br />
qmedebebisaTvis.<br />
42<br />
(i) policiuri gamoZieba<br />
124. pirveli _ policiur gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlos miaCnia,<br />
rom procedurebTan dakavSirebiT ganmcxadeblis kritika ZiriTadad<br />
dafuZnebulia b-ni stalkeris wignze. Tumca, olsteris samefo policiam<br />
1990 wlis moxsenebaSi sadavod miiCnia daskvnebi, romlebic man 1984-1985<br />
wlebSi mis mier Catarebuli mokvlevis Sedegad gaakeTa. amiT gasagebi xdeba<br />
garkveuli sakiTxebi, romlebic ganmcxadebelma wamoWra. magaliTad, is,<br />
rom dakarguli masrebi ver ipoves, SeiZleba gamowveuli iyo TqeSi wvimiT,<br />
romelmac isini drenaJis arxSi Carecxa, xolo incidentis adgilis mcdari<br />
identificireba swrafad gamosworda. meore mxriv, olsteris samefo<br />
policia amtkicebda, rom b-ni stalkeri, ubralod, Seusabamod iqceoda an<br />
Secdomas uSvebda.
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
125. sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia, gadawyvetileba miiRos<br />
urTierTsawinaaRmdego gancxadebebze, sadac zogi maTgani sxvebze<br />
SedarebiT ufro seriozulia. magaliTad, ver dadasturda, rom<br />
olsteris samefo policias ar uZebnia, an ver ipova saTanado mowmeebi.<br />
mimarTes sazogadoebas da gamokiTxuli iqna adgilobrivi mosaxleoba.<br />
gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda mieniWos im faqts, rom batonma<br />
stalkerma erTi potenciuri mowme ipova, romelsac olsteris policia ar<br />
dakavSirebia.<br />
126. miuxedavad amisa, davas ar iwvevs is faqti, rom policiis oficrebis<br />
iaraRi SemTxvevis adgilis Semswavleli oficrisaTvis momdevno dRemde<br />
ar gadauciaT da oficrebi 1982 wlis 15 noembramde, anu incidentidan<br />
sami-oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi, ar daukiTxavT. Tumca, araferi mianiSnebs,<br />
iaraRTan dakavSirebuli drois intervali ramdenime saaTs Seadgenda Tu<br />
ufro xangrZliv periods. SeiZleba gasakviri iyos, rom iaraRis Cabareba<br />
umokles droSi ar mouTxoviaT da arc oficrebi daukiTxavT ufro adreul<br />
stadiaze. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom es gamomZiebeli oficris gaazrebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba gaxldaT, romelsac surda, oficrebis gamokiTxvamde sxva<br />
mtkicebulebebi Seegrovebina. SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom sxva gamokiTxvebic,<br />
romlebsac sicxade unda Seetana sasamarTlo eqspertizis daskvnebSi, gvian<br />
Catarda. amitom mTlianobaSi naTeli ar aris, ratom iyo saWiro oficrebis<br />
gamokiTxvis ramdenime dRiT dagvianeba. Tumca, ar aris raime miniSneba,<br />
rom iaraRis gamoyenebis an gasrolis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
Catarebuli sasamarTlo eqspertizis Sedegad raime sirTule wamoiWra.<br />
gamoZiebisaTvis mTlianobaSi seriozuli ziani ar miuyenebia potenciuri<br />
ZiriTadi eWvmitanilebis gamokiTxvis ramdenime dRiT dagvianebasac.<br />
Tumca, igi garkveul wonas aniWebs mtkicebas, rom policiis oficrebis mier<br />
sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis saqmis gamoZieba xarisxobrivad gansxvavdeba<br />
samoqalaqo eWvmitanilebis mimarT warmoebuli gamoZiebisagan.<br />
127. aseve cxadia, rom samma policielma miiRo instruqcia, gamoZiebaSi<br />
CarTuli olsteris samefo policiis oficrebisaTvis ar gaemJRavnebina<br />
garkveuli informacia, kerZod is, rom isini gansakuTrebuli qvedanayofis<br />
oficrebi iyvnen da sadazvervo operaciebis Sedegad mopovebul<br />
informaciaze muSaobdnen. rogorc mTavroba acxadebs, olsteris policiis<br />
gamomZieblebma es aRmoaCines. amas mohyva Semdgomi mokvleva, romelmac<br />
gamoavlina gamoZiebisTvis xelis SeSlis mtkicebuleba, rac TavisTavad<br />
sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls warmoadgens da Semdgomi disciplinuri<br />
warmoeba. cnobili ar aris, Semdgomi mokvlevebiT gamovlinda Tu ara<br />
policiis oficrebis mxridan gamoZiebisagan informaciis damalvis<br />
an gamoZiebisaTvis xelSeSlis mcdelobis damatebiTi SemTxvevebi,<br />
radgan stalkeris da sempsonis moxsenebebi sajarod ar gamoqveynebula.<br />
Tumca, seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs is faqti, rom, maRali Cinis<br />
oficrebis instruqciiT, adgili hqonda gamoZiebisagan informaciis<br />
damalvis mcdelobas. igi warmoSobs kanonier eWvs gamoZiebis procesis<br />
miukerZoeblobasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
128. amgvar konteqstSi wina planze iwevs gaumarTlebeli zemoqmedebisa da<br />
miukerZoeblobis simwirisagan dacvis saWiroebis sakiTxi. unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom olsteris policielTa mier sicocxlis xelyofis SemTxvevis<br />
gamoZiebas xelmZRvanelobdnen da awarmoebdnen olsteris policiis<br />
sxva oficrebi. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, Tumca, am sakiTxze raime pirdapiri<br />
gancxadebebi ar gakeTebula, rom am gamoZiebas, rogorc amas kanoni<br />
43
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
moiTxovs, zedamxedvelobas uwevda ICPC - damoukidebeli policiis<br />
monitoringis organo. maTi Tanxmoba aucilebeli iqneboda gamoZiebis<br />
xelmZRvaneli oficrisaTvis da, rogorc Cans, maT gamoZiebis warmoeba<br />
damakmayofileblad Seafases. Tumca, arsebobda ierarqiuli kavSiri<br />
gamomZiebel oficrebsa da im oficrebs Soris, romelTa mimarTac gamoZieba<br />
warmoebda _ yvela maTgani olsteris samefo policiis ufros konstebls<br />
eqvemdebareboda, romelic monawileobda nebismieri disciplinuri Tu<br />
sisxlis samarTlis procesis organizebaSi (ix. zemoT punqti 82-84). Tumca,<br />
ICPC-is uflebamosileba _ olsteris policiis ufrosi konsteblisaTvis<br />
moeTxova gamoZiebis angariSis devnis departamentSi gadagzavna, raTa<br />
sisxlissamarTlebriv devnaze gadawyvetileba mieRoT an disciplinuri<br />
samarTalwarmoeba daewyoT _ ar aris jerovani dacvis meqanizmi. es<br />
gansakuTrebiT exeba im SemTxvevebs, roca TviT gamoZieba, yvela praqtikuli<br />
miznidan gamomdinare, ganxorcielda policiis oficrebis mier, romlebic<br />
dakavSirebuli iyvnen im policiis oficrebTan, romelTa mimarTac<br />
gamoZieba warmoebda. sasamarTlo miuTiTebs CPT-is rekomendaciaze,<br />
sadac naTqvamia, rom sruliad damoukidebeli sagamoZiebo dawesebuleba<br />
daexmareboda ndobis ganmtkicebas sistemaSi, romelic arsebobs inglissa<br />
da uelsSi da mraval aspeqtSi erTmaneTis msgavsia (ix. zemoT punqti 98).<br />
129. rac Seexeba sazogadoebis kontrolis deficits policiis<br />
gamoZiebebze, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom mgrZnobiare informaciis Semcveli<br />
policiis moxsenebebisa da gamoZiebis masalebis gamoqveynebam SeiZleba<br />
ziani miayenos kerZo pirebs an sxva saqmeTa gamoZiebas. amitom ar SeiZleba<br />
ganxilul iqnes, rogorc avtomaturi moTxovna me-2 muxlis safuZvelze.<br />
sazogadoebis an dazaralebulis naTesavebisTvis saWiro CarTuloba am<br />
procesSi SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes arsebuli procedurebis sxva<br />
stadiebze.<br />
44<br />
(ii) saxelmwifo devnis direqtoris (DPP) roli<br />
130. sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom DPP aris damoukidebeli iuristi, romelsac<br />
evaleba, gadawyvitos, aRiZras Tu ara devna policiis oficris mier<br />
ganxorcielebul nebismier sisxlis samarTlis savaraudo darRvevaze. mas<br />
ar moeTxoveba, daasabuTos devnis araRZvris gadawyvetileba da am saqmeSi<br />
mas es ase ar gaukeTebia. CrdiloeT irlandiaSi ar arsebobs gaprotestebis<br />
procedura, rom sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobis meSveobiT mas moeTxovos<br />
dasabuTebis warmodgena. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom inglissa da<br />
uelsSi, sadac gamoZiebis msajulebs SeuZliaT, gamoitanon ukanono<br />
mkvlelobis verdiqti, sasamarTloebs mouTxoviaT saxelmwifo braldebis<br />
direqtorisaTvis, gadaexeda devnis araRZvris gadawyvetilebisaTvis aseTi<br />
verdiqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. msgavsi SesaZlebloba CrdiloeT irlandiaSi<br />
ar arsebobs. gamoZiebis msajulebs aq aRar aqvT ufleba, gamoitanon<br />
verdiqti sicocxlis xelyofis kanonierebaze an _ piriqiT.<br />
131. sasamarTlos eWvi ar epareba saxelmwifo braldebis direqtoris<br />
damoukideblobaSi. winamdebare saqmeSi man gamosca brZaneba sami oficris<br />
mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, ar warmoiSoba raime kiTxva devnis araRZvris gadawyvetilebis<br />
gamWvirvalobasTan mimarTebiT. miuxedavad amisa, ganmcxadebeli<br />
amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo devnis direqtoris gadawyvetileba ar<br />
SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo, rogorc sapolicio gamoZiebis xarvezebis
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
gamosworebis saSualeba. Tumca, mis xelT arsebuli masalebis safuZvelze,<br />
sasamarTlo ver daaskvnis, rom gamoZiebas hqonda raime mniSvnelovani<br />
xarvezi, romelmac Tavidanve SeuSala xeli devnas (ab initio) an ziani miayena<br />
mis efeqtianobas.<br />
132. sasamarTlo qvemoT ganixilavs, sisxlis samarTlis saqmiswarmoebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofil iqna Tu ara konvenciis me-2 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
gamoZieba.<br />
(iii) sisxlis samarTlis saqmiswarmoeba policiis sami oficris mimarT<br />
133. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli (ix. punqti 113), saxelmwifo muSakebis mier<br />
sicocxlis xelyofis SemTxvevis gamoZiebis gadamwyvet aspeqts warmoadgens<br />
is, rom mis safuZvelze unda ganxorcieldes sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna<br />
da daisajon mkvlelobaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi. winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
policiis sam oficers daedo brali incidentSi monawile mamakacebidan<br />
erT-erTis mkvlelobisTvis, savaraudod, taqtikuri mizezebis gamo.<br />
cxadia, rom mTlianobaSi prokuroris mier incidentTan dakavSirebiT<br />
warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi da mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba miuTiTebda<br />
samive mamakacis mkvlelobaze. sasamarTlo procesi msjavris dadebiT rom<br />
dasrulebuliyo, masSi, arapirdapir mainc, gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda<br />
ganmcxadeblis mamis daRupvac da, savaraudod, dakmayofildeboda me-2<br />
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi _ sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da<br />
dasja.<br />
134. movlenaTa Cveulebrivi msvlelobisas, sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmiswarmoeba, SejibrebiTobis principze dafuZnebuli damoukidebeli<br />
da miukerZoebeli mosamarTlis winaSe, ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc<br />
faqtebis dadgenisa da sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis miniWebis<br />
efeqtiani procedurebis mtkice damcavi meqanizmi. ganmcxadeblis<br />
TqmiT, mosamarTlem oficrebi gaamarTla im safuZvliT, rom `saqme ar<br />
iTvaliswinebda pasuxismgeblobas~, amasTan, igi ar daeloda dacvis mxaris<br />
mosmenas, kerZod, oficerTa zepir Cvenebebs. garda amisa, man sasamarTlos<br />
yuradReba miapyro mosamarTlis komentarebze, romlebmac mniSvnelovani<br />
winaaRmdegoba warmoSva, rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom igi qebas uZRvnida<br />
sam oficers, romlebmac irlandiis respublikuri armiis wevrobaSi<br />
eWvmitanili sami SeuiaraRebeli adamiani im qveynad gaamgzavres.<br />
135. simarTles Seesabameba is faqti, rom sami oficris angariSebSi<br />
mkvlelobebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli gancxadebebis gamokvleva an<br />
jvaredini dakiTxva ar Catarebula. Tumca, am sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi<br />
ar Sedis, sakuTari mosazrebiT Caanacvlos sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, warmoadgina Tu ara bralmdebelma<br />
sakmarisi mtkicebuleba, romelzec dacvis mxares unda gaeca pasuxi.<br />
sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom moismina Cvenebebi da mas hqonda<br />
mtkicebulebaTa saerTo suraTis Sefasebis ufro kargi SesaZlebloba,<br />
vidre am sasamarTlos SeiZleba hqondes gvian etapze. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom SeiZleba gasagebi iyos, Tu ratom aRiqves mtkivneulad mosamarTlis<br />
komentarebi, igi ar SeiZleba miuTiTebdes miukerZoeblobis naklebobaze.<br />
mosamarTlis daskvna, rom Zalis gamoyeneba iyo gonivruli, ar warmoSobs<br />
ukanono mkvlelobebisadmi Semgueblobas.<br />
45
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
136. Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis saqmiswarmoeba sami oficris sisxlis<br />
samarTlis pasuxismgeblobiT Semoifargla. ganmcxadebeli, eyrdnoboda<br />
ra minesotas oqms (ix. zemoT, punqti 97), amtkicebda, rom sasamarTlo<br />
process ar hqonda unari, ganexila mkvlelobebSi oficialuri Carevis<br />
sxva aspeqtebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. erT-erT aseT aspeqts<br />
warmoadgenda maRalCinosani oficris winaswargansazRvruli instruqcia,<br />
romelic man eWvmitanilebs misca, kerZod, daemalaT informacia<br />
gamomZiebeli oficrebisaTvis, ramac dabada eWvi _ xom ar hqonda adgili<br />
sxva informaciis damalvas an xelSeSlas. kidev erT aspeqts warmoadgens<br />
is faqti, rom erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi armafSi ori sxva incidentic<br />
moxda _ specialuri mobiluri qvedanayofis oficrebma sasikvdilo Zala<br />
gamoiyenes, ris Sedegadac 1982 wlis 24 noembers daiRupa mail taife,<br />
xolo 1982 wlis 12 dekembers seamus kriu da rodi karoli; yvela maTgani<br />
SeuiaraRebeli iyo. sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna daiwyo ukanasknel<br />
SemTxvevaze da isic gamamarTlebeli ganaCeniT dasrulda. amtkicebdnen,<br />
rom am incidentebSi monawile policiis oficrebmac miiRes instruqcia,<br />
daemalaT mtkicebulebebi.<br />
137. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes garemoebebi, rodesac<br />
wamoWrili sakiTxebi ver an ar ganixileba sisxlis samarTlis procesze;<br />
da rom me-2 muxli SesaZloa ufro farTo Seswavlas saWiroebdes.<br />
am sami incidentis Sedegad seriozuli kiTxvebi warmoiSva, kerZod,<br />
antiteroristuli sapolicio procedurebi xom ar iwvevdnen Zalis<br />
gadametebul gamoyenebas _ winaswari ganzraxviT an, rogorc gamoyenebuli<br />
taqtikis gardauvali Tanmdevi Sedegi. mtkicebulebis ganzrax damalva<br />
agreTve eWvqveS ayenebs gamoZiebis efeqtianobas momxdari faqtis<br />
dadgenis TvalsazrisiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlo procesma<br />
saTanadod ver Seasrula mizani, daerwmunebina sazogadoeba da ojaxi, rom<br />
mkvleloba marTlzomieri iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
sasamarTlo adgens, rom me-2 muxli moiTxovda proceduras, romlis<br />
meSveobiTac gamokvleuli iqneboda es elementebi da dadasturdeboda an<br />
moispoboda eWvebi. qvemoT igi ganixilavs, ramdenad adekvaturad ganixila<br />
es problemebi xelisuflebam.<br />
46<br />
(iv) damoukidebeli sapolicio mokvleva<br />
138. adreul etapze saxelmwifo devnis direqtori darwmunebuli iyo, rom<br />
winamdebare saqmidan wamoWrili problemebi mtkicebulebebis damalvidan<br />
momdinareobda. sasamarTlo procesis dawyebamde, daaxloebiT 1983 wlis<br />
ivlisSi, man damatebiTi mokvlevis Catareba moiTxova (ix. zemoT, punqti 16).<br />
1984 wlis 11 aprils man miiRo zomebi, ganexorcielebina Tavisi sawesdebo<br />
uflebamosileba samarTaldarRvevaTa devnis (CrdiloeTi irlandia) 1972<br />
wlis brZanebis 6(3) muxlis safuZvelze, raTa olsteris samefo policiis<br />
ufrosi konsteblisaTvis aRniSnuli sami saqmis damatebiTi gamoZiebis<br />
Catareba moeTxova. misi mizani ar iyo incidentebis xelaxali gamoZieba,<br />
aramed imis dadgena, xom ar arsebobda mtkicebuleba, rom adgili hqonda<br />
marTlmsajulebis mimdinareobis damaxinjebas. ufrosma konsteblma<br />
gamoZieba baton stalkers daavala, romelic policiis ufros oficrad<br />
muSaobda policiis sxva ZalebSi, kerZod, inglisSi.<br />
139. Semdgom mokvlevas sagulisxmo winaaRmdegobebi mohyva, rac dRemde<br />
grZeldeba. batoni stalkeri gamoZiebas CamoaSores 1986 wlis 29 maiss
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
da igi batonma sampsonma Secvala, romelic agreTve policiis ufros<br />
oficrad muSaobda CrdiloeT irlandiis farglebs gareT. arc erTi<br />
moxseneba sajarod ar gamoqveynebula. es samsaxurebrivi gadacdoma ar<br />
damalula da igi gamoamzeura generalurma prokurorma Tavis 1988 wlis<br />
25 ianvris mokle gancxadebaSi, romelmac imavdroulad aRniSna, rom<br />
saxelmwifo devnis direqtoris mier xelSeSlis safuZvelze policiis<br />
oficrebis mimarT devnis ardawyebis gadawyvetileba gamarTlebuli iyo<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesebiT.<br />
140. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom mokvleva SeiZleba CaiTvalos sakmarisad<br />
damoukideblad, Tumca, rogorc Cans, mokvlevis Sedegad SemuSavebuli<br />
moxsenebebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT olsteris samefo policiis<br />
ufrosma Tavisi roli iTamaSa. udavoa, rom moxseneba da gamoZiebis masalebi<br />
unda ganxiluliyo, rogorc olsteris samefo policiis sakuTreba.<br />
Tumca, ver vityviT, rom maTi ganxilva gonivrul droSi ganxorcielda.<br />
sami weli da cxra Tve dasWirda, sanam parlamenti mis Sesaxeb gancxadebas<br />
gaakeTebda. batonma stalkerma Sualeduri moxseneba ufros konstebls<br />
1985 wlis 18 seqtembers gadasca, xolo am ukanasknelma igi saxelmwifo<br />
braldebis direqtors mxolod 1986 wlis 15 Tebervals gadaugzavna,<br />
anu TiTqmis 5 Tvis dagvianebiT. 1986 wlis 29 maiss, batoni stalkeris<br />
gamoZiebidan Camocilebis Semdeg, baton sampsons kidev aTi Tve dasWirda<br />
misi moxsenebis saboloo nawilis dasasruleblad, romelic man 1997 wlis<br />
10 aprils waradgina. generalurma prokurorma amis Semdeg kidev 9 Tve<br />
moandoma, sanam sakiTxs parlaments moaxsenebda.<br />
141. garda amisa, imis gamo rom moxsenebebi da maTi daskvnebi arc<br />
srulad da arc nawilobriv ar gamoqveynebula, ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />
rom gamoZiebaze xorcieldeboda raime sazogadoebrivi kontroli.<br />
gamWvirvalobis es deficiti SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, ufro rogorc<br />
arsebuli problemebis damadasturebeli, vidre uarmyofeli faqtori.<br />
ar auxsniaT mizezebi, Tu ratom ar Sedioda sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna<br />
sazogadoebis interesebSi da ar arsebobda saSualeba, gaesaCivrebinaT am<br />
mizezebis auxsnelobis faqti.<br />
(v) mokvleva<br />
142. CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, iseve rogorc inglissa da uelsSi, sicocxlis<br />
xelyofis SemTxvevebi SeiZleba gamoZiebul iqnes mokvleviT. mokvleva aris<br />
sajaro ganxilva, romelsac atareben koronerebi (Zaladobrivi sikvdilis<br />
gamomZieblebi) _ damoukidebeli sasamarTlo muSakebi _ romlebic,<br />
Cveulebriv, ganxilvas msajulebTan erTad atareben. aseTi ganxilvis<br />
mizania adamianis saeWvo daRupvasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis dadgena.<br />
saqmeSi makkani da sxvebi (citata zemoT, gv. 49, § 162) sasamarTlom daadgina,<br />
rom gibraltarSi irlandiis respublikuri armiis sami eWvmitanilis SASis<br />
mier mkvlelobis saqmeze ganxorcielebuli mokvleva akmayofilebda<br />
me-2 muxlis procedurul valdebulebas, radgan masSi iyo mkvlelobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli movlenebis detaluri ganxilva da gardacvlilTa<br />
naTesavebs operaciaSi CarTuli mowmeebis gamokvlevis da jvaredini<br />
dakiTxvis saSualeba hqondaT.<br />
winamdebare saqmeSi faqtebis dadgenis funqcia ukve ganxorcielebuli<br />
hqonda sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos. Tumca, igi exeboda manqanaSi<br />
47
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
myofi erT-erTi mamakacis daRupvas. mas ar ganuxilavs miCqmalvis da<br />
sasikvdilo gasrolis politikis sakiTxebi, romelic damoukidebelma<br />
sapolicio mokvlevam Seiswavla. sasamarTlom ganixila, Catarebuli<br />
mokvleva uzrunvelyofda Tu ara sakiTxTa sajaro da efeqtian Seswavlas.<br />
Tumca, man daaskvna: miuxedavad imisa, rom mokvleva udavod sajarod<br />
Catarda, igi ar iyo efeqtiani. mis efeqtianobas sxvadasxva faqtorma<br />
SeuSala xeli.<br />
143. mokvleva Semoifargla mxolod im faqtebiT, romlebic uSualod iyo<br />
dakavSirebuli gansaxilvel mkvlelobebTan. erovnuli sasamarTloebis<br />
precedentuli samarTlis Sesabamisad, koroners moeTxoveba, misi<br />
gamoZieba SezRudos im sakiTxebiT, romlebmac uSualod sikvdili<br />
gamoiwvia da mokvleva ufro farTo garemoebebze ar unda gavrceldes.<br />
marTalia, adgilobrivi sasamarTloebi eTanxmebian, rom mokvlevis<br />
ZiriTadi mizani sikvdilis dadgomis garSemo Worebisa da eWvebis<br />
gafantvaa, amis miuxedavad, maT mniSvnelovnad miiCnies, rom aseTi<br />
mokvleva `ar unda daemsgavsos Worebisa da varaudebis ukidegano okeaneSi<br />
curvas~ (ix. zemoT punqti 75-76). sasamarTlo eTanxmeba, rom politikis<br />
sakiTxebisa an savaraudo konspiraciis detaluri gamoZieba SeiZleba ar<br />
iyos gamarTlebuli an savaldebulo. Tumca, winamdebare saqmeSi warmoiSva<br />
kanonieri da seriozuli SeSfoTeba. koronerma es aRniSna 1992 wlis 5 maiss<br />
mis mier msajulebisadmi gakeTebul mimarTvaSi, rodesac man miuTiTa,<br />
rom ukve Catarda sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo procesi da rom igi<br />
mxolod mokvlevas axorcielebda, vinaidan SeiZleba aRmoCeniliyo raime<br />
damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi. Tumca, man ver SeZlo, moepovebina stalkeris<br />
an sampsonis moxsenebebis aslebi an maTTan savaraudod dakavSirebuli<br />
sxva masala, radgan umaRlesma sasamarTlom, dauWira ra mxari olsteris<br />
samefo policiis ufrosi konsteblis protests, ganacxada, rom am<br />
dokumentebis gacnoba mokvlevis miznebisaTvis aucilebeli ar iyo.<br />
umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlem miuTiTa, rom mokvleva ar iyo is<br />
adgili, sadac saTanadod SeiZleboda sasikvdilo gasrolis savaraudo<br />
politikis ganxilva.<br />
144. CrdiloeT irlandiaSi adamianis sicocxlis xelyofaSi eWvmitanili<br />
piri SeiZleba ar aiZulon, misces Cveneba (koronerTa wesebis wesi 9(2) – ix.<br />
zemoT, punqti 73). praqtikaSi, mokvlevebs, romlebic CrdiloeT irlandiaSi<br />
uSiSroebis Zalebis mier sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebze<br />
tardeba, am SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebuli policiis oficrebi an<br />
jariskacebi ar eswrebian. amis nacvlad, mtkicebulebad iReben werilobiT<br />
Cvenebebs an gamokiTxvis Canawerebs. winamdebare saqmeze Catarebuli<br />
mokvlevisas, srolaSi monawile policielebisaTvis mokvlevaze daswreba<br />
ar mouTxoviaT. aqedan gamomdinare, ar gamoukvleviaT serJant `m~-s da<br />
oficrebis – `b~-s da `r~-s xedva movlenasTan dakavSirebiT. amis nacvlad,<br />
koroners miawodes maTi Cvenebebi. es mokvlevas ver miscemda saSualebas,<br />
raime damakmayofilebeli Sefaseba gaekeTebina umniSvnelovanes faqtobriv<br />
sakiTxebze maTi saimedoobis an sandoobis TvalsazrisiT. amiT mokvlevam<br />
dakarga saSualeba, daedgina mokvdinebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi da<br />
amiT mieRwia konvenciis me-2 muxliT moTxovnili romelime miznisTvis (ix.<br />
agreTve gaeros ukanono mkvlelobebis Sesaxeb principebis me-10 punqti,<br />
citata zemoT, punqti 96).<br />
48
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
145. msajulTa verdiqtiT, winamdebare saqmeSi mxolod daRupulTa<br />
identificireba da sikvdilis dadgomis TariRis, adgilisa da mizezis<br />
moyvana gaxda SesaZlebeli. inglissa da uelsSi, agreTve gibraltarSi,<br />
msajulebs ramdenime verdiqtis gamotana SeuZliaT, maT Soris, `sicocxlis<br />
ukanono xelyofasTan~ dakavSirebiT. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, rodesac<br />
inglissa da uelsSi msajulebs aseTi verdiqti gamoaqvT, saxelmwifo<br />
devnis direqtors moeTxoveba, gadasinjos devnis araRZvrasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT miRebuli nebismieri gadawyvetileba da warmoadginos<br />
mizezebi, romlebsac sasamarTlom SeiZleba acileba misces. winamdebare<br />
saqmeze ukve ganxorcielda sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna. raime<br />
damatebiTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, romelic SeiZleboda mokvlevas<br />
ganexorcielebina, relevanturi iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu koroneri<br />
werilobiT moxsenebas gaugzavnida saxelmwifo devnis direqtors da is<br />
CaTvlida, rom SesaZloa adgili hqonoda sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSauls.<br />
Tumca, naTeli ar aris, rom saxelmwifo devnis direqtori valdebuli<br />
iyo, raime gadawyvetileba mieRo am Setyobinebis pasuxad, an detalurad<br />
daesabuTebina, Tu ratom ar axdenda reagirebas. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
mokvlevam ver SeZlo, efeqtiani roli Seesrulebina sisxlis samarTlis<br />
danaSaulebis identificirebasa Tu devnaSi, romlebsac SesaZloa adgili<br />
hqonda da, am TvalsazrisiT, arasakmarisia me-2 muxlis moTxovnebisaTvis.<br />
146. miuxedavad imisa, rom mokvlevis procesis sajarooba eWvs ar iwvevs,<br />
ganmcxadebeli Cioda, rom mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda misi ojaxis, rogorc<br />
daRupulis axloblis, procesSi monawileoba. mokvlevis procesze maT ver<br />
miiRes samarTlebrivi daxmareba da procesamde ar gaacnes dokumentebi.<br />
Tumca, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom saqmeSi makkeni da sxvebi mokvlevis<br />
procesze ojaxi warmodgenili iyo dacvis advokatiT da uzrunvelyofili<br />
iyo iuridiuli daxmarebiT saqmesTan dakavSirebuli gancxadebebis<br />
sasamarTlo gadasinjvisaTvis. amrigad, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
ganmcxadeblis ojaxs, iuridiuli daxmarebis arqonis gamo, saSualeba ar<br />
hqonda, raime samarTlebrivi daxmareba mieRo mokvlevis procesze.<br />
147. rac Seexeba dokumentebze xelmisawvdomobas, im droisaTvis<br />
daRupulis ojaxs ar SeeZlo, mieRo mowmis Cvenebis aslebi, sanam mocemuli<br />
mowme Cvenebas aZlevda. aseTive pozicia iyo saqmeSi makkani da sxvebi,<br />
sadac sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom amiT mniSvnelovnad ar Seferxebula<br />
ojaxis advokatTa saSualeba, daekiTxaT mowmeebi (ix. zemoT moyvanili<br />
gadawyvetileba, gv. 49, § 162). Tumca, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
makkanisa da sxvebis saqme garkveulwilad gamonakliss warmoadgenda, Tu<br />
mas SevadarebT CrdiloeT irlandiaSi warmoebul ramdenime saqmesTan (ix.<br />
agreTve huf jordani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no. 24746/94,<br />
2001wlis 4 maisis gadawyvetileba; keli da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg, no. 30054/96, 2001 wlis 4 maisis gadawyvetileba; da Sanahani<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no. 37715/97, 2001 wlis 4 maisis<br />
gadawyvetileba). makkanisa da sxvaTa saqmeze Catarebuli mokvlevis<br />
procesis siswrafe da detaluroba sasamarTlos saSualebas aZlevs,<br />
yovelgvari eWvis gareSe daaskvnas, rom gamokvleuli iqna movlenasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli yvela mniSvnelovani faqti, sadac aqtiurad monawileobdnen<br />
ganmcxadeblebis gamocdili advokatebi. im faqts, rom naTesavebs<br />
dokumentebze xelmisawvdomoba ar hqondaT, am konteqstSi raime xelSeSla<br />
ar gamouwvevia. Tumca, aRniSnuli saqmis Semdeg sasamarTlo ufro met<br />
aqcents akeTebda daRupulTa naTesavebis proceduraSi monawileobis da<br />
49
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
maTTvis informaciis miwodebis mniSvnelobaze (ix. oguris saqme, citata<br />
zemoT, § 92).<br />
garda amisa, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom stefan lourensis saqmis mokvlevis<br />
Suqze gaerTianebul samefoSi Seicvala saqmis masalebis gacnobis praqtika<br />
da amJamad rekomendirebulia, policiam mowmeTa Cvenebebi gaacnos 28 dRiT<br />
adre (ix. zemoT punqti 78).<br />
148. winamdebare saqmeSi SeiZleba dadgindes, rom mowmeTa Cvenebebze<br />
xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva mokvlevis ramdenjerme gadadebam gamoiwvia.<br />
amas Sedegad mohyva procesis gaWianureba. sasamarTlo amas dagvianebis<br />
konteqstSi ganixilavs (ix. qvemoT punqti 152). mowmis mosvlamde<br />
ganmcxadeblis ojaxis mowmis Cvenebebze xelmiuwvdomloba SeiZleba<br />
agreTve ganxilul iqnes, rogorc maTi araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi<br />
Cayeneba procesisaTvis momzadebisa da dakiTxvaSi monawileobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. es gansakuTrebiT kontrastul poziciaSi ayenebda<br />
maT olsteris samefo policiasTan SedarebiT, romelsac hqonda<br />
resursebi iuridiuli daxmarebis misaRebad da sruli xelmisawvdomoba<br />
saTanado dokumentebze. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom daRupulis ojaxis<br />
procesSi monawileobis ufleba moiTxovs, rom dadgenili procedurebi<br />
uzrunvelyofdnen maTi interesebis dasacavad saWiro yvela saSualebas,<br />
romlebic SesaZloa pirdapir ewinaaRmdegebodnen movlenaSi CarTuli<br />
policiis an uSiSroebis Zalebis interesebs. sasamarTlo ver darwmunda,<br />
rom ganmcxadeblis, rogorc msxverplis axlo naTesavis interesebi, am<br />
TvalsazrisiT samarTlianad da adekvaturad iyo daculi.<br />
149. miTiTeba agreTve gakeTda mokvlevis procesebSi sajaro interesebis<br />
dacvis sertifikatis savaraudo xSir gamoyenebaze, riTac ikrZaleba<br />
garkveuli sakiTxebis an dokumentebis gamJRavneba. winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
CrdiloeT irlandiis saxelmwifo mdivanma 1988 wlis 9 noembers<br />
gamosca sertifikati, romelic exeboda olsteris samefo policiis<br />
antiteroristul SesaZleblobebs da informacias an dokumentebs,<br />
romlebic sadazvervo operaciebis detalebs amJRavnebda. meore<br />
sertifikati gamoica 1994 wlis 5 maiss, romliTac aikrZala stalkerisa<br />
da sampsonis moxsenebebis gamJRavneba im safuZvliT, rom daculiyo<br />
specialuri danayofebis efeqtianoba da dazvervis operaciebis<br />
xelSeuxebloba.<br />
150. naTeli ar aris, rom pirvelma sertifikatma xeli SeuSala mowmeTa<br />
raime Sesabamis dakiTxvas. rac Seexeba meore sertifikats, sasamarTlo<br />
miuTiTebs, rom ufrosma konsteblma, daobda ra stalkerisa da sampsonis<br />
angariSebis mokvlevisaTvis wardgenis relevanturobaze, ganacxada, rom<br />
koroners mokvlevisaTvis gadaeca yvela mowmis Cveneba da mtkicebulebebi<br />
(ix. zemoT punqti 58). umaRles sasamarTloSi mosamarTle nikolsonma<br />
miiCnia, rom is, rac gaumJRavnebeli darCa, iyo mxolod gancxadebebi<br />
mosazrebaTa Sesaxeb, kritika, rekomendaciebi da a.S. naTeli ar aris,<br />
mosamarTle nikolsons Tavad Tu hqonda moxsenebebis Seswavlis saSualeba,<br />
raTa daedasturebina, Seicavdnen Tu ara isini mokvlevisaTvis relevantur<br />
raime masalas. mosamarTle nikolsonma agreTve aRniSna, rom batoni<br />
TornburnisaTvis arafers SeuSlia xeli, mtkicebulebebi miewodebina<br />
mokvlevisaTvis sicocxlis xelyofasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, magram<br />
igi ver daeyrdnoboda moxsenebebs, raTa raime `STabeWdileba~ Seeqmna<br />
msajulebisaTvis. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom baton Torburns moxsenebis<br />
50
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT, maTi SemuSavebidan Svidi Tu rva wliT dagvianebis<br />
Semdeg, mtkicebulebebis wardgena rom ecada, nakleb savaraudoa, rom misi<br />
mexsiereba detalebis zustad gaxsenebas SeZlebda. agreTve, savaraudoa,<br />
rom mTavroba amas gaaprotestebda, daeyrdnoboda ra PII sertifikats.<br />
151. es sasamarTlo ar aris iseT poziciaSi, rom dabejiTebiT ganacxados,<br />
Seicavda Tu ara stalkerisa da sampsonis moxsenebebi sasikvdilo gasrolis<br />
politikis arsebobasTan dakavSirebul raime relevantur masalas. aris<br />
Zlieri miniSnebebi, rom stalkeris Sualedur moxsenebaSi aseTi masala iyo<br />
_ olsteris samefo policiam gaakritika stalkeris mcdeloba, xelaxla<br />
gamoeZiebinaT srolis incidenti da, agreTve, mis mier marTlmsajulebis<br />
aRsrulebisaTvis xelSeSlasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli daskvnebi.<br />
generalurma prokurorma parlamentisadmi mis mier gakeTebul<br />
gancxadebaSi miuTiTa, rom saxelmwifo devnis direqtori ikvlevda<br />
moxsenebebs da aseve srolis incidentTan dakavSirebul mtkicebulebebs.<br />
moxsenebebSi udavod iyo mtkicebuleba marTlmsajulebis xelSeSlasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, romelic srolis incidentiT gamowveul ufro farTo<br />
sakiTxebs Seesabameboda. sasamarTlo adgens, rom mokvlevas saSualeba<br />
ar mieca, Seeswavla potenciurad relevanturi masala da, amrigad,<br />
SesaZlebloba ar hqonda, raime sasargeblo funqcia Seesrulebina sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saqmiswarmoebis Semdeg wamoWrili sakiTxebis efeqtiani<br />
gamoZiebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
152. bolos, sasamarTlom yuradReba miaqcia procesis dagvianebas.<br />
mokvlevis sxdoma gaixsna 1984 wlis 4 ivniss, sisxlis samarTlis<br />
sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg. amis Semdgom igi gadaido sakmaod xangrZlivi<br />
periodebiT:<br />
- 1984 wlis seqtembridan 1988 wlis noembramde _ b-ni stalkerisa da b-ni<br />
simpsonis mier ganxorcielebuli damoukidebeli sapolicio mokvlevis<br />
mimdinareobis periodSi;<br />
- 1988 wlis 17 noembridan 1990 wlis 8 martamde _ daaxloebiT TxuTmeti<br />
TviT, sanam ojaxi asaCivrebda policiis oficrebis mier micemul<br />
werilobiT Cvenebebs;<br />
- 1990 wlis 20 ivlisidan 1992 wlis 6 Tebervlamde _ kidev Tvrameti TviT,<br />
sxva saqmeSi aseTi Cvenebebis gasaCivrebis gamo;<br />
- 1992 wlis 29 maisidan 1993 wlis 28 maisamde _ erTi wliT, mowmis Cvenebaze<br />
miuwvdomlobasTan dakavSirebiT ojaxis saCivris gamo;<br />
- mokvlevis procesi 1994 wlis 31 ianvars ganaxlda, Tumca, igi<br />
TiTqmis maSinve dayovnda, sanam koronersa da ufros konstebls Soris<br />
dava midioda dokumentebis gamJRavnebasTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlo<br />
gadasinjvis procesi 1994 wlis 11 ivliss dasrulda da ramdenime Tvis<br />
Semdeg mokvleva Sewyda.<br />
153. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gadadebis ramdenime SemTxveva<br />
ganmcxadeblis ojaxis moTxovniT moxda. ZiriTadad isini dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo mokvlevis proceduruli aspeqtebis gasaCivrebasTan, rasac<br />
isini mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen maTi monawileobisaTvis – kerZod,<br />
dokumentebze xelmisawvdomobas. aqedan gamomdinare, am saqmeSi<br />
dagvianebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli ganmcxadeblis ojaxma, magram es<br />
garkveulwilad gamoiwvia im sirTuleebma, romelsac ojaxi mokvlevis<br />
51
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
procesSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT waawyda (ix. zemoT punqti 148,<br />
mowmeTa Cvenebebis gaumJRavneblobis Sesaxeb). ar SeiZleba aragonivrulad<br />
iqnes miCneuli, rom ganmcxadebelma mokvlevis proceduris am aspeqtebis<br />
gasaCivrebisaTvis arsebuli sasamarTlo dacvis saSualebebi gamoiyena.<br />
154. sagulisxmo dagvianeba gamowveuli iyo koroneris gadawyvetilebiT,<br />
dalodebodnen damoukidebeli sapolicio mokvlevis Sedegebs. es<br />
SeiZleba gonivruli nabiji yofiliyo iq, sadac mokvleva sisxlis<br />
samarTlis procesis Semdeg darCenili sakiTxebis efeqtian gamoZiebas<br />
uzrunvelyofda. sasamarTlom zemoT ukve daadgina, rom adgili hqonda<br />
procesis operatiulobisa da gamWvirvalobis xarvezs. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom mokvleva 1988 wlis ianvarSi parlamentSi gakeTebuli gancxadebiT<br />
dasrulda, mokvlevis dawyeba ar dagegmila 1988 wlis 14 noembramde,<br />
movlenebidan TiTqmis eqvsi wlis Semdeg. koroneris warumatebeli<br />
mcdeloba dokumentebis mosapoveblad, romlebsac igi mokvlevisaTvis<br />
relevanturad miiCnevda, 1993 wlis seqtembridan 1994 wlis maisamde<br />
grZeldeboda. rodesac 1994 wlis 8 seqtembers koronerma mokvleva<br />
Sewyvita, mtkicebulebebis mxolod mcire nawili iyo ganxiluli.<br />
155. am garemoebebSi ver vivaraudebT, rom mokvleva swrafad Catarda<br />
an gonivruli tempiT viTardeboda (ix. mutatis mutandis, romelic exeba<br />
siswrafis moTxovnas konvenciis me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis safuZvelze,<br />
skopeliti italiis winaaRmdeg, 1993 wlis 23 noembris gadawyvetileba,<br />
Series A no. 278, gv. 9, § 25). xSirma da xangrZlivma gadadebam kiTxvis qveS<br />
daayena sakiTxi – saTanado droisaTvis iyo Tu ara mokvlevis sistema<br />
struqturulad unariani, raTa uzrunveleyo rogorc swrafi, ise efeqtiani<br />
xelmisawvdomoba daRupulis ojaxisaTvis da saWiro dokumentebis<br />
miwodeba koronerisaTvis, raTa mas sakiTxTa Seswavla ganexorcielebina.<br />
(vi) samoqalaqo procesi<br />
156. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna (ix. punqti 118), samoqalaqo procesma unda<br />
uzrunvelyos faqtebis momkvlevi sasamarTlo, romelsac unda hqondes<br />
damcavi meqanizmebi da ukanonobis dadgenis saSualeba. Tumca, es aris<br />
ganmcxadeblis da ara xelisuflebis iniciativiT ganxorcielebuli<br />
procedura da igi ar iTvaliswinebs savaraudo damrRvevis identificirebas<br />
an dasjas. igi, rogorc aseTi, ar SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes<br />
saxelmwifos mier konvenciis me-2 muxlis safuZvelze nakisri proceduruli<br />
valdebulebebis Sesrulebis Sefasebisas.<br />
(vii) daskvna<br />
157. sasamarTlo adgens, rom winamdebare saqmeSi policiis oficrebis mier<br />
Zalis gamoyenebis gamoZiebis procesma Semdegi xarvezebi gamoavlina:<br />
- incidentis gamomZiebeli policiis oficrebi ar iyvnen sakmarisad<br />
damoukideblebi incidentSi monawile oficrebisagan;<br />
- uzrunvelyofili ar iyo sazogadoebrivi kontroli da msxverplis ojaxs<br />
ar miuRia informacia incidentis damoukidebeli sapolicio gamoZiebis<br />
masalebis Sesaxeb _ marTlmsajulebis damaxinjebis an damaxinjebis<br />
mcdelobisaTvis romelime policiis oficris mimarT devnis araRZvris<br />
52
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
Sesaxeb saxelmwifo devnis direqtoris dadgenilebis dasabuTebis<br />
CaTvliT;<br />
- mokvlevis procesi ar iZleoda raime verdiqtis an daskvnis gakeTebis<br />
saSualebas, romelsac SeeZlo, efeqturi roli Seesrulebina<br />
sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis gamovlenasa da masTan dakavSirebiT<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebaSi.<br />
- mokvlevis procesze mowmeTa gamocxadebamde maTi Cvenebebis<br />
gaumJRavneblobam xeli SeuSala ganmcxadeblis ojaxs, monawileoba<br />
mieRo mokvlevis procesSi. aman procesis xangrZlivi gadadebis ramdenime<br />
SemTxveva gamoiwvia;<br />
- PII sertifikatma mokvlevis process xeli SeuSala saqmesTan dakavSirebuli<br />
Zalze sagulisxmo sakiTxebis gamokvlevaSi;<br />
- gervaise makkeris mkvlelobaSi CarTuli oficrebisTvis mowmis statusiT<br />
mokvlevis procesze daswreba ar mouTxoviaT;<br />
- damoukidebeli sapolicio gamoZieba gonivruli siswrafiT ar<br />
ganxorcielebula;<br />
- mokvlevis procesi droulad ar dawyebula da igi gonivruli siswrafiT<br />
ar mimdinareobda.<br />
158. olsteris samefo policiis gamoZiebis damoukideblobis xarvezi da<br />
policiis mxridan am gamoZiebis savaraudo xelSeSlis saqmeze warmoebuli<br />
Semdgomi mokvlevis gamWvirvalobis xarvezi SeiZleba momdevno<br />
procedurebis problemebis ZiriTad mizezad CaiTvalos. adgilobrivma<br />
sasamarTloebma aRniSnes, rom mokvlevis procesi saTanado saSualebas<br />
ar warmoadgenda winamdebare saqmesTan dakavSirebuli ufro farTo<br />
sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad. Tumca, raime sxva sajarod xelmisawvdomi<br />
procedura xarvezebis gamosasworeblad ar arsebobda.<br />
159. am sasamarTlos funqciaSi ar Sedis, detalurad gansazRvros, Tu<br />
ra procedurebi unda SeimuSaos xelisuflebam saxelmwifo muSakebis<br />
mier Cadenili mkvlelobebis garemoebebis saTanado gamokvlevis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad. Tumca, miTiTeba gakeTda, magaliTad, mokvlevis<br />
Sotlandiur modelze, romelsac sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTle atarebs, magram es ar iZleva saSualebas, vivaraudoT, rom igi<br />
SeiZleba erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi meTodi iyos. Tu faqtebis dadgenis,<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa gamoZiebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis<br />
miznebi erTi organos mier xorcieldeba an ramdenime uwyeba erToblivad<br />
axorcielebs, rogorc es CrdiloeT irlandiaSia, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom<br />
me-2 muxlis moTxovnebi SeiZleba mainc dakmayofildes. es im SemTxvevaSia<br />
SesaZlebeli, Tu sxva kanonier miznebTan erTad _ rogoricaa erovnuli<br />
usafrTxoeba an sxva sagamoZiebo procesebTan dakavSirebuli masalebis<br />
dacva _ gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba sxvadasxva procedura, romelic<br />
xelmisawvdomi da efeqtiani formiT uzrunvelyofs saWiro garantiebs.<br />
arsebulma procedurebma winamdebare saqmeSi saTanado balansis<br />
uzrunvelyofa ver moaxerxes.<br />
160. sasamarTlom SeiZleba miuTiTos, rom gamWvirvalobisa da efeqtianobis<br />
zemoaRniSnuli xarvezebi ewinaaRmdegeba Sidasaxelmwifo sasamarTloebis<br />
mier gansazRvruli eWvebisa da Worebis gafantvis miznebs. aucilebelia,<br />
arsebobdes saxelmwifo muSakTa angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofis<br />
53
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
saTanado procedurebi sazogadoebis ndobis SenarCunebisa da kanonieri<br />
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad, romlebic SesaZloa sasikvdilo Zalis<br />
gamoyenebisas warmoiSvas. aseTi procedurebis ararseboba mxolod<br />
gaaRvivebs boroti motivaciebis SiSs, rogorc es, inter alia, ganmcxadeblis<br />
mier sasikvdilo gasrolis savaraudo politikasTan dakavSirebulma<br />
gancxadebebma uCvena.<br />
161. sasamarTlo adgens, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2 muxliT<br />
dadgenili proceduruli valdebulebis Seusruleblobas da, am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli debulebis darRvevas.<br />
II. konvenciis me-14 muxlis savaraudo darRveva<br />
162. ganmcxadebeli daeyrdno konvenciis me-14 muxls, romelic adgens:<br />
`am konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT<br />
sargebloba uzrunvelyofilia yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe,<br />
ganurCevlad sqesis, rasis, kanis feris, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu<br />
sxva Sexedulebebis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmoSobis, erovnuli<br />
umciresobebisadmi kuTvnilebis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis, dabadebisa Tu<br />
sxva niSnisa.~<br />
163. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom mamamisis mkvlelobis garemoebebi<br />
diskriminaciis niSnebs avlenda. igi acxadebda, rom 1969 wlidan 1994<br />
wlis martamde uSiSroebis Zalebis mier 357 adamiani iqna mokluli,<br />
romelTa umravlesoba kaTolike axalgazrdebi an nacionalisturi<br />
sazogadoebis wevrebi iyvnen. Tu amas SevadarebT protestantuli<br />
sazogadoebidan daRupulTa raodenobas da gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom<br />
sixlissamarTlebrivi devna SedarebiT mcire odenobis SemTxvevebze<br />
ganxorcielda (ocdaTerTmeti) da mxolod ramdenime maTgani damTavrda<br />
msjavriT (am gancxadebis droisaTvis, oTxi SemTxveva), naTeli xdeba,<br />
rom adgili hqonda erovnuli warmoSobis an erovnul umciresobebisadmi<br />
kuTvnilebis niSniT sasikvdilo Zalis diskriminaciul gamoyenebas da<br />
samarTlebrivi dacvis deficits sazogadoebis segmentis mimarT.<br />
164. mTavrobam sapasuxod ganacxada, rom CrdiloeT irlandiaSi<br />
sicocxlis xelyofis msgavsi faqtebis mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs da<br />
raime diferencirebuli mopyrobis SemTxvevebi ar gamomJRavnebula.<br />
statistika (romlis sizuste gaziarebuli ar iqna) sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda,<br />
gaziarebuliyo gancxadebebi kaTolikeebis Tu nacionalistebis mimarT<br />
diskriminaciis Sesaxeb.<br />
165. rodesac zogadi politika an RonisZieba araproporciul damRupvel<br />
zemoqmedebas axdens konkretul jgufze, gamoricxuli ar aris, igi<br />
diskriminaciulad CaiTvalos miuxedavad imisa, rom igi am konkretuli<br />
jgufisTvis gamiznuli an misdami mimarTuli ar yofila. Tumca, Tundac<br />
statistika uCvenebdes, rom uSiSroebis Zalebis mier mokluli adamianebi<br />
kaTolikeebi an nacionalisturi sazogadoebis wevrebi iyvnen, sasamarTlo<br />
ar miiCnevs, rom mxolod statistika avlens praqtikas, romelsac SeiZleba<br />
diskriminaciulis klasifikacia mieniWos me-14 muxlis mniSvnelobiT.<br />
sasamarTlos xelT ara aqvs raime mtkicebuleba, rac mas saSualebas<br />
miscems, daaskvnas, rom mocemuli mkvlelobebi, msjavriT damTavrebuli<br />
54
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
oTxi saqmis garda, gamowveuli iyo uSiSroebis Zalebis mier Zalis ukanono<br />
an gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebiT.<br />
166. sasamarTlo adgens, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis me-14 muxlis<br />
darRvevas.<br />
III. konvenciis me-13 muxlis savaraudo darRveva<br />
167. ganmcxadebeli Cioda, rom ar arsebobda samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />
efeqtiani saSualeba misi saCivrebis TvalsazrisiT da igi eyrdnoboda<br />
konvenciis me-13 muxls, romelic adgens:<br />
`yvelas, visac daerRva am konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi<br />
da Tavisuflebebi, unda hqondes samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqtiani<br />
saSualeba erovnuli xelisuflebisagan, miuxedavad imisa, es darRveva<br />
Cadenili iqna Tu ara im pirebis mier, romlebic moqmedeben oficialuri<br />
uflebamosilebiT.~<br />
168. ganmcxadebeli miuTiTebda mis mier warmodgenil gancxadebebze<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis procedurul aspeqtebTan dakavSirebiT, amtkicebda<br />
ra, rom me-13 muxli, Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi kompensaciis gadaxdasTan<br />
erTad, efeqtian gamoZiebas moiTxovda, romelic uzrunvelyofda<br />
pasuxismgebelTa gamovlenas da dasjas, agreTve, sagamoZiebo proceduraze<br />
momCivnis efeqtian xelmisawvdomobas.<br />
169. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom me-13 muxlis safuZvelze aRZruli saCivrebi<br />
arasaTanadod gaazrebuli, an arasakmarisad dasabuTebulia. isini<br />
acxadebdnen, rom xelmisawvdom proceduraTa erToblioba, romelic<br />
moicavda samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebas da mokvlevis process, efeqtian<br />
saSualebebs uzrunvelyofda.<br />
170. sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali uCvenebs, rom konvenciis<br />
me-13 muxli uzrunvelyofs dacvis saSualebas erovnul doneze, raTa<br />
kanonieri Zala mieces konvenciis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis arss.<br />
misi ganxorcielebis formis miuxedavad, igi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos<br />
Sidasaxelmwifo samarTlebriv sistemaSi. amrigad, me-13 muxlis moqmedeba<br />
niSnavs, rom moiTxoveba Sidasaxelmwifo dacvis saSualebis uzrunvelyofa,<br />
raTa ganxiluli iqnes `sadavo saCivris~ arsi konvenciis safuZvelze da<br />
gaweul iqnes saTanado daxmareba. Tumca, xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs aqvT<br />
garkveuli diskreciuli ufleba im formebTan mimarTebiT, romlebsac<br />
isini konvenciis am debulebidan warmoSobili valdebulis Sesasruleblad<br />
iyeneben. me-13 muxlis safuZvelze dakisrebuli valdebulebis farglebi<br />
ganmcxadeblis saCivris bunebidan gamomdinare meryeobs. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, me-13 muxliT moTxovnili dacvis saSualeba unda iyos `efeqtiani~<br />
praqtikasa da, agreTve, samarTalSi (ix. aqsoi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1996<br />
wlis 18 dekembris gadawyvetileba, moxsenebebi 1996-VI, gv. 2286, § 95; aidini<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1997 wlis 25 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, moxsenebebi<br />
1997-VI, gv. 1895-96, § 103; da kaias saqme, citata zemoT, gv. 329-30, § 106).<br />
171. sasamarTlom sasikvdilo Zalis an adamianTa saeWvo daRupvasTan<br />
dakavSirebul saqmeebze agreTve ganacxada, rom sicocxlis uflebis<br />
fundamenturi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, me-13 muxli, Sesabamis<br />
SemTxvevebSi kompensaciebis gadaxdasTan erTad, srul da efeqtian<br />
55
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
gamoZiebas iTvaliswinebs, romelsac sicocxlis xelyofaze<br />
pasuxismgebelTa gamovlenisa da dasjis unari eqneba, momCivnis sagamoZiebo<br />
proceduraze efeqtiani xelmisawvdomobis CaTvliT (ix. kaias saqme, citata<br />
zemoT, gv. 330-31, § 107). mTel rig saqmeebSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom<br />
rodesac sicocxlis xelyofis saeWvo SemTxvevebze efeqtiani gamoZieba ar<br />
ganxorcielebula, adgili hqonda me-13 muxlis darRvevas, imis miniSnebiT,<br />
rom me-13 muxlis moTxovnebi ufro farToa, vidre konvenciis me-2 muxliT<br />
dadgenili gamoZiebis valdebuleba (ix. agreTve ergis saqme, citata zemoT,<br />
gv. 1782, § 98, da salmanis saqme, citata zemoT, § 123).<br />
172. unda aRiniSnos, rom es saqmeebi gamoiwvia samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
TurqeTSi arsebulma situaciam, sadac TurqeTis uSiSroebis Zalebsa<br />
da qurTistanis muSaTa partias (PKK) Soris mimdinare konfliqtis gamo<br />
ganmcxadeblebi daucvel poziciaSi iyvnen da maTTvis samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />
yvelaze xelmisawvdom saSualebas saxelmwifo prokurorisaTvis saCivriT<br />
mimarTva warmoadgenda, romelsac savaraudo danaSaulebis gamoZieba<br />
evaleboda. TurqeTSi momCivans SeeZlo, monawileoba mieRo nebismier<br />
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, rogorc sarCelis ganxilvaSi nebayoflobiT<br />
CarTul pirs da, procesis warmatebiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, zianis<br />
anazRaureba moeTxova. prokuroris mier faqtebis dadgenis funqciis<br />
ganxorcieleba agreTve mniSvnelovani iyo samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis<br />
dasawyebad. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnul saqmeebSi konvenciis yofili<br />
26-e muxlis (amJamad 35-e muxlis 1-li punqti) miznebisaTvis sakmarisi<br />
iyo, rom ganmcxadebels, romelic adamianis sicocxlis ukanono xelyofis<br />
SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT Cioda, sakiTxi saxelmwifo prokuroris winaSe<br />
daeyenebina. Sesabamisad, mTlianobaSi, samarTlebriv sistemaSi arsebobda<br />
mWidro proceduruli da praqtikuli kavSiri sisxlis samarTlis<br />
gamoZiebasa da ganmcxadeblisaTvis xelmisawvdom dacvis saSualebebs<br />
Soris.<br />
173. CrdiloeT irlandiaSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi sistema gansxvavebulia<br />
da mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli me-13 muxlis am iurisdiqciis<br />
nebismieri saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebze gamoyenebisas. ganmcxadebelma,<br />
romelic gaerTianebul samefoSi jariskacebis an policiis oficrebis<br />
mier sicocxlis xelyofis SemTxvevis gamo Civis, rogorc zogadi wesi,<br />
misTvis xelmisawvdomi dacvis saSualebebi unda amowuros samoqalaqo<br />
saqmiswarmoebis meSvebiT. sasamarTloebi gamoikvleven faqtebs,<br />
daadgenen pasuxismgeblobas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, miiReben<br />
kompensaciis gadaxdis dadgenilebas. es samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba<br />
mTlianad damoukidebelia nebismieri sisxlis samarTlis gamoZiebisagan<br />
da maTi qmediToba ar iqna warmoCenili, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo<br />
sisxlis samarTlis gamoZiebasa an devnaze dayrdnoba (ix. mag. karaheri<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no. 24520/94, ECHR 2000-I).<br />
174. winamdebare saqmeSi ganmcxadebelma samoqalaqo sarCeli Seitana,<br />
romelic mimdinareobis procesSia. sasamarTlom ver aRmoaCina raime<br />
elementi, romelic am procesebs xels SeuSlida zemoaRniSnuli Zalis<br />
savaraudo gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebis gamosworebis uzrunvelyofaSi (ix.<br />
zemoT punqti 118).<br />
175. rac Seexeba ganmcxadeblis saCivrebs saxelmwifo organoebis mier<br />
adamianis daRupvis saqmis gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT, isini gamokvleuli<br />
iqna zemoT, me-2 muxlis proceduruli aspeqtis safuZvelze (ix. punqtebi<br />
56
makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
122-161). sasamarTlo adgens, rom winamdebare saqmeSi ar warmoiSoba raime<br />
calke sakiTxi.<br />
176. sasamarTlo askvnis, rom adgili ar hqonda konvenciis me-13 muxlis<br />
darRvevas.<br />
IV. konvenciis 41-e muxlis gamoyeneba<br />
177. konvenciis 41-e muxli adgens:<br />
`Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom dairRva konvencia da misi oqmebi, xolo<br />
Sesabamisi maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali<br />
darRvevis mxolod nawilobrivi gamosworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva,<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo dazaralebul mxares samarTlian<br />
dakmayofilebas miakuTvnebs”.<br />
A. ziani<br />
178. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom mas ekuTvnoda zianis anazRaureba misi<br />
mamis, gervaise makkeris sicocxlis ukanono xelyofis gamo.<br />
179. mTavrobas mizanSewonilad ar miaCnda raime kompensaciis gadaxda<br />
winamdebare saqmeSi.<br />
181. makkanisa da sxvaTa saqmisagan gansxvavebiT, winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
sasamarTlos ar miuRia raime dadgenileba sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
kanonierebis an proporciulobis sakiTxze, romelmac gervaise makkeris<br />
daRupva gamoiwvia, arc saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebze, daRupulis<br />
moqmedebebis CaTvliT, rac win uZRoda mis daRupvas – es sakiTxebi amJamad<br />
samoqalaqo warmoebaSia. Sesabamisad, am TvalsazrisiT raime kompensaciis<br />
gadaxda ar moiTxoveba. meore mxriv, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom erovnulma<br />
organoebma ver Seasrules TavianTi valdebuleba adamianis daRupvis<br />
garemoebebis swrafi da efeqtiani gamoZiebis Catarebis TvalsazrisiT. amis<br />
gamo ganmcxadebels udavod hqonda imedgacruebis, sulieri tkivilisa da<br />
SeSfoTebis gancda. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom ganmcxadebelma ganicada<br />
garkveuli aramaterialuri ziani, rac sakmarisad dabalansebuli ar aris<br />
imis dadgeniT, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis darRvevas.<br />
182. samarTlianobis safuZvelze gakeTebuli Sefasebis Sesabamisad,<br />
sasamarTlo aniWebs 10,000 girvanqa sterlings (GBP).<br />
57
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
3. makaraZisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganacxadi no. 50385/99)<br />
procedura<br />
saqmiswarmoeba daiwyo ganacxadiT (no. 50385/99), romelic 1998 wlis 2 ivniss<br />
saberZneTis moqalaqem qristos makaraZisma (`gamcxadebeli~) Seitana<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropul komisiaSi (`komisia~) adamianis uflebaTa da<br />
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis (`konvencia~)<br />
Zveli redaqciis 25-e muxlis safuZvelze.<br />
faqtobrivi mxare<br />
(mokle, araoficialuri versia)<br />
1995 wlis 13 seqtembers policia cdilobda, gaeCerebina ganmcxadebeli,<br />
SeuiaraRebeli moqalaqe, mas Semdeg, rac man SuqniSnis wiTeli naTuris<br />
ugulebelyofiT gaagrZela moZraoba aTenis centrSi. ganmcxadebelma<br />
policiis mcdelobas siCqaris momatebiT upasuxa. mas daedevnnen policiis<br />
oficrebi ramdenime manqaniT da motocikliT. swored am dros misi manqana<br />
daejaxa ramdenime satransporto saSualebas. ori mZRoli dazianda. mas<br />
Semdeg, rac ganmcxadebelma Tavi daaRwia policiis xuT sakontrolo<br />
punqts, policiis oficrebma mis manqanas cecxli gauxsnes. ganmcxadebelma<br />
benzingasamarT sadgurTan manqana gaaCera, kari Signidan Caketa da uars<br />
acxadebda manqanidan gadmosvlaze. policiis oficrebma gaagrZeles<br />
srola: ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT _ misi manqanis mimarTulebiT, xolo<br />
mTavrobis mtkicebiT _ haerSi. sabolood, ganmcxadebeli daakava policiis<br />
oficerma, romelmac moaxerxa saqare minis Camtvreva da manqanaSi SeRweva.<br />
ganmcxadebeli gadaiyvanes saavadmyofoSi, sadac man dahyo 9 dRe. mas<br />
dazianebuli hqonda marjvena mklavi, marcxena fexi, marcxena sajdomi da<br />
mkerdis marjvena mxare. misi mtkicebiT, manqanidan gadmoTrevis procesSi<br />
igi fexis terfSi daWres, Tumca, mTavroba amas ar eTanxmeboda. incidentis<br />
Semdeg ganmcxadeblis mentaluri mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gauaresda.<br />
ramdenime policiis oficerma ise datova SemTxvevis adgili, rom maTi<br />
vinaoba ar garkveula da informacia maT mier gamoyenebuli iaraRis Sesaxeb<br />
ar dafiqsirebula. sajaro bralmdebelma daiwyo sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba<br />
policiis 7 oficris winaaRmdeg, rac maTi gaTavisuflebiT dasrulda. imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom incidentSi monawile yvela oficris identificireba<br />
ver moxerxda, `gonivruli eWvis miRma~ standartis Sesabamisad, sisxlis<br />
samarTlis sasamarTlom ver daadgina, rom swored am Svidma braldebulma<br />
pirma gauxsna cecxli ganmcxadebels.<br />
samarTlebrivi mxare<br />
I. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis Sesaxeb<br />
1. ganmcxadebeli<br />
34. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom konvenciis 2 § 1 akisrebs saxelmwifos<br />
pozitiur valdebulebas, daicvas adamianis sicocxle. kerZod, erovnulma<br />
58
makaraZisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
kanonmdeblobam zedmiwevniT zustad unda gaakontrolos da SezRudos<br />
yvela garemoeba, romliTac pirs SeiZleba SeezRudos sicocxlis ufleba<br />
saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mxridan. saxelmwifo aseve valdebulia,<br />
Sesabamisad moamzados da moaxdinos im moxeleebis instruqtaJi, romelTac<br />
aqvT iaraRis tarebisa da misi gamoyenebis ufleba. Tumca, gansaxilvel<br />
droSi ar arsebobda aucilebeli maregulirebeli baza. kanoni, romelic<br />
policiis TanamSromlebs aZlevda iaraRis gamoyenebis uflebas, ZalaSi<br />
Sevida 1943 wels. zogadad, miiCneoda, rom aRniSnuli kanoni anaqronistuli<br />
da arasruli iyo da saTanadod ar uzrunvelyofda sazogadoebis dacvas<br />
policiis mxridan iaraRis gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebisagan. Sesabamisad,<br />
saberZneTis saxelmwifos ar miuRia me-2 muxliT garantirebuli sicocxlis<br />
uflebis xelyofisgan dasacavad yvela saWiro prevenciuli zoma.<br />
35. ganmcxadeblis TqmiT, policiis mier iaraRis gadametebiT gamoyenebis<br />
Sedegad man seriozuli Wrilobebi miiRo. agreTve, aRniSnavs, rom ar<br />
hqonda iaraRi da, Tanac, arc damnaSave iyo da arc teroristi, igi ubralod<br />
SeSinda da scada gaqceva. policiam mis mimarT cecxli gaxsna yovelgvari<br />
gafrTxilebis gareSe da mis dakavebas ori msubuqi avtomanqanis meSveobiT<br />
Seecada. amis Sedegad, udanaSaulo moqalaqe dazianda. policias ar<br />
gamouyenebia sakuTari avtomanqanebi gzis blokirebisaTvis, arc borblis<br />
CasaCuti saSualebebi da arc sakvamuri an cremlsadeni gazi misi daSinebisa<br />
da kerZo msubuqi manqanis gaCerebis mizniT. maT, ubralod, Zalis<br />
gadametebiTa da sruliad ukontrolod isroles misi mimarTulebiT,<br />
riTac seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmnes udanaSaulo moqalaqis sicocxles.<br />
36. ufro metic, ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma ar Seasrules konvenciis me-2 muxliT dadgenili<br />
valdebulebebi sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis faqtis gamoZiebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. man xazi gausva araerT xarvezs, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,<br />
inter alia, im policielTa vinaobis daudgenloba, romlebic monawileobdnen<br />
dakavebis operaciaSi, agreTve, dakavebisas gamoyenebuli vaznebis da<br />
iaraRis daudgenloba.<br />
37. saerTaSoriso amnistiisa da adamianis uflebaTa helsinkis saerTaSoriso<br />
komitetis mier 2002 wels gamocemul erTian angariSze (`saberZneTi<br />
ukanonobis CrdilSi - araadamianuri mopyroba da iaraRis gadametebiT<br />
gamoyeneba~) dayrdnobiT, ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom iaraRis<br />
gadametebiT gamoyenebis incidentis araefeqturi gamoZieba iyo kidev erTi<br />
ilustracia saberZneTis xelisuflebis tolerantuli damokidebulebisa<br />
iaRaris ukanono sasikvdilo gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
2. mTavroba<br />
38. mTavroba ar daeTanxma mosazrebas, rom saqme unda ganxiluliyo<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis WrilSi, vinaidan dazaralebuli cocxali iyo.<br />
damatebiT, marTalia, dakavebis operaciisas policielebma gamoiyenes<br />
iaraRi, Tumca, maTi mizani ar yofila ganmcxadeblis mokvla, aramed maT<br />
surdaT mxolod misi iZuleba, gaCerebuliyo da, Semdgom, daepatimrebinaT.<br />
sasamarTlos adrindel gadawyvetilebebze dayrdnobiT, mTavroba<br />
amtkicebda, rom ganmcxadeblis saCivari unda ganxiluliyo konvenciis<br />
me-3 muxlis konteqstSi.<br />
59
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
39. yoveli SemTxvevisTvis, mTavrobam aRniSna, rom saSiS viTarebaSi<br />
policias unda mieces mniSvnelovani diskrecia iaraRis gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. winamdebare saqmeSi, ganmcxadebelma gaagrZela manqaniT svla<br />
wiTel Suqze aTenis centralur nawilSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
saelCosTan siaxloves, sadac usafrTxoebis RonisZiebebi yovelTvis<br />
gansakuTrebiT gaZlierebulia, vinaidan saelCo miiCneoda teroristuli<br />
Tavdasxmis SesaZlo obieqtad. policiis moTxovnisamebr manqanis gaCerebis<br />
nacvlad, ganmcxadebelma moumata siCqares da ganagrZo metad saxifaTo<br />
svla, riTac aSkara safrTxe Seuqmna mravali udanaSaulo piris sicocxles.<br />
Sesabamisad, am pirobebSi policias hqonda sakmarisi safuZveli, evarauda,<br />
rom gaqceuli iyo damnaSave an, Tundac, teroristi. aseve, cecxlis<br />
gaxsnamde policiis TanamSromlebma scades misi dakaveba alternatiuli<br />
meTodebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa, moZraobis xelovnuri Seferxeba, gzis<br />
blokireba da sxva. iaraRi iyo maT xelT arsebuli ukanaskneli saSualeba,<br />
romelic gamoiyenes mxolod maSin, rodesac mixvdnen, rom sxva meTodebma<br />
ar gaamarTla. amave dros, maT scades zianis maqsimaluri Semcireba da<br />
ganmcxadeblis sicocxlis SenarCuneba. es naTelia imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom maT gamoscades sxva saSualebebi da, aseve, moaxdines gamafrTxilebeli<br />
gasrola haerSi. operaciis ganxorcielebisas ar SeimCneoda raime<br />
gadameteba an gadacdoma. dapatimrebis Semdeg ganmcxadebels ar miuRia<br />
raime dazianeba policielTa mxridan, aramed igi dauyovnebliv gadaiyvanes<br />
saavadmyofoSi.<br />
40. mTavroba Semdgomac ar daeTanxma ganmcxadeblis mosazrebas da aRniSna,<br />
rom adgili ar hqonia Seusabamobas saqmis gamoZiebis procesSi, romelic,<br />
Tavis mxriv, iyo drouli da sruli. maT aRniSnes, rom SemTxvevidan meore<br />
dResve daiwyo administraciuli gamoZieba. saerTo jamSi, 35 TviTmxilvelis<br />
Cveneba moipoves. ufro metic, Catarda policiis 33 avtomatis, 3 tyviis da<br />
rkinis 4 fragmentis sruli laboratoriuli gamokvleva. aseve, damatebiT<br />
daaTvalieres ganmcxadeblis manqana. sisxlissamarTlebrivi gamoZieba<br />
Catarda da 7 policiels waredgina brali sxeulis dazianebisa da iaraRis<br />
gadametebiT gamoyenebis gamo. ramdenime mowmes da Tavad ganmcxadebels<br />
mousmines sasamarTlo sxdomaze.<br />
41. mTavrobam daaskvna, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma gamoavlines<br />
TavianTi morCileba kanonis uzenaesobisadmi da gadadges gonivruli<br />
nabijebi movlenaTa sruli suraTisa da operaciaSi monawileTa vinaobis<br />
dasadgenad. sxva danarCenis ganxorcieleba ki, ubralod, SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />
Sesabamisad, winamdebare saqmeSi raime darRvevas adgili ar hqonia.<br />
3. mesame mxaris Careva<br />
42. Institut de Formation en Droits de l’Homme du Barreau de Paris, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa institutma (SemdgomSi `instituti~), romelic daarsda 1979<br />
wels, warmoadgina werilobiTi komentarebi me-2 muxlis gamoyenebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT da, am muxlidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoTa valdebulebebze,<br />
rasac mohyva sasamarTlos prezidentis mxridan institutisaTvis mesame<br />
mxared CarTvis uflebis miniWeba (ix. zemoT punqti 8).<br />
43. rac Seexeba me-2 muxls, institutma miiCnia, rom am normis gamoyeneba<br />
SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac policiam faqtobrivad sasikvdilo<br />
Zalas mimarTa, maSinac ki, Tu am Zalam ar gamoiwvia im adamianis sikvdili,<br />
60
makaraZisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
romelic policiis samizne aRmoCnda. aucilebeli ar aris gamousworebeli<br />
Sedegis dadgoma imisaTvis, rom ganxilul iqnes garemoebebi, romlebSic<br />
gamoiyenes sasikvdilo Zala. sasamarTlom Tavad aRiara, rom garkveul<br />
garemoebebSi, darRvevis mxolod `potenciur~ an `virtualur~ msxverpls<br />
hqonda ufleba, mieRo konvenciiT dadgenili zomebi (ix. sioringi<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1989 wlis 7 ivlisis gadawyvetileba,<br />
seria A no. 161). am SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom xazi gausva `seriozuli da<br />
gamousworebeli savaraudo darRvevis dadgomis risks.~ es mosazreba<br />
SeiZleba gadmotanili iyos me-2 muxlis virtualur darRvevasTan<br />
mimarTebiT, vinaidan policielTa mier sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebas<br />
garkveul garemoebebSi SeeZlo, sicocxlis ufleba seriozuli riskis qveS<br />
daeyenebina.<br />
44. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom man ukve gaavrcela me-2 muxlis gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZlebloba iseT saqmeebze, sadac ganmcxadeblebi ar iyvnen moklulni,<br />
Tumca, msgavsi midgoma SesaZleblad miiCnia mxolod maqsimalurad<br />
SezRudul gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi (ix. berktai TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no.<br />
22493/93, 2001 wlis pirveli marti). rodesac saxelmwifo warmomadgenlebis<br />
mier Zalis borotad gamoyeneba ar iwvevs sikvdils da, amave dros, ar<br />
xvdeba me-3 muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi, ar unda CaiTvalos, rom es<br />
SemTxveva konvenciasTan SemxeblobaSi ar modis. me-2 muxlis gavrcelebas<br />
iseT SemTxvevebze, sadac sikvdili ar dadga, magram gamoyenebuli iyo<br />
sasikvdilo Zala, am naklovanebis Sevseba SeuZlia.<br />
45. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos valdebulebas konvenciis me-2 muxlidan<br />
gamomdinare, instituti xazs usvams, rom saxelmwifos, `negatiuri<br />
valdebulebis~ garda, ar Caidinos sicocxlis uflebis ganzraxi<br />
xelyofa, ekisreba agreTve am uflebasTan dakavSirebuli `pozitiuri<br />
valdebulebebi~. kerZod, saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi valdebulni iyvnen,<br />
daedginaT konkretuli procedurebi samarTaldamcavi organoebisaTvis<br />
iaraRis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. am ukanasknelT aseve unda gaevloT<br />
Sesabamisi momzadeba da miscemodaT instruqtaJi. garda amisa, instituti<br />
aseve did mniSvnelobas aniWebs proporciulobis wess sasikvdilo Zalis<br />
gamoyenebisas. bolos, institutma xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom adgilobrivi<br />
organoebi valdebulni iyvnen, CaetarebinaT oficialuri, efeqturi,<br />
swrafi da damoukidebeli gamoZieba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac xdeboda<br />
pirTa mkvleloba iaraRis gamoyenebis Sedegad. es midgoma unda<br />
gavrcelebuliyo im SemTxvevebzec, rodesac sasikvdilo Sedegi ar dadga.<br />
es iyo aucilebeli piroba nebismieri sistemis dasangrevad, romelic<br />
uSvebda iseTi fundamenturi uflebis damrRvev pirTa dausjelobas,<br />
rogoricaa sicocxlis ufleba.<br />
sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
1. faqtebis dadgena<br />
46. sasamarTlo valdebulia, daadginos, aqvs Tu ara adgili, saqmis<br />
konkretuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, sicocxlis uflebis darRvevas<br />
da saxelmwifos mier konvenciis me-2 muxliT dadgenili proceduruli<br />
valdebulebebis Seusruleblobas adekvaturi da efeqturi gamoZiebis<br />
CautareblobiT.<br />
61
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
47. sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom igi ganixilavs metad urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
faqtTa erTobliobas, romlebic ukavSirdeba ganmcxadeblis dakavebis<br />
operaciasa da dapatimrebas. ufro metic, is acxadebs, rom ar iyo<br />
gamovlenili is piri Tu pirebi, romlebmac cecxlsasroli iaraRidan<br />
gasroliT daWres ganmcxadebeli. sasamarTlo aucileblad ar miiCnevs,<br />
gadaamowmos yvela faqti saqmis saerTo suraTis warmosaxvisaTvis. igi<br />
aRniSnavs, rom am saqmis faqtebi ukve ganixila adgilobrivma sasamarTlom<br />
(ix. zemoT punqti 19). Sesabamisad, strasburgSi ar warmoudgeniaT raime<br />
dokumenti, romelic kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebda aTenis sisxlis<br />
samarTlis pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier dadgenil faqtebs da<br />
aiZulebda sasamarTlos (aq igulisxmeba evrosasamarTlo), uari eTqva<br />
am faqtebze (ix. klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg, 1993 wlis 22 seqtembris<br />
gadawyvetileba, seria A no. 269, gv. 17-18, § 30).<br />
48. Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli faqtebi ar aris mkveTrad<br />
warmosaxuli, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom saqmeSi moipoveba sakmarisi<br />
faqtobrivi da mtkicebulebiTi maragi, romlis safuZvelzec sasamarTlos<br />
SeeZleba, Seafasos saqme, romlis sayrdenad, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,<br />
gamoiyenebs erovnuli sasamarTlos mier dadgenil garemoebebs.<br />
2. konvenciis me-2 muxlis gamoyeneba<br />
49. winamdebare saqmeSi ganmcxadeblis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli Zala ar<br />
aRmoCnda sasikvdilo. Tumca, es ar gamoricxavs ganmcxadeblis saCivris<br />
ganxilvas konvenciis me-2 muxlTan mimarTebiT, romlis teqsti iZleva misi<br />
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas ara mxolod ganzraxi mkvlelobisas, aramed<br />
iseTi Zalis gamoyenebisas, romelsac SeeZlo gamoewvia sikvdili, rogorc<br />
sicocxlis uflebis Selaxvis arapirdapiri Sedegi (ix. ilhani TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 22277/93, § 75, ECHR 2000-VII). sasamarTlos adrec<br />
ganuxilavs saqmeebi, sadac darRvevis savaraudo msxverpli ar daRupula<br />
sadao qmedebis Sedegad.<br />
50. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom ukve aRniSna, rom konvenciis<br />
me-2 § 1 muxlis pirveli winadadebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos ekisreba<br />
pozitiuri valdebuleba, daicvas sicocxlis ufleba mesame pirTa Carevis<br />
an sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi zianis miyenebisagan (ix. osmani gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 28 oqtombris gadawyvetileba,<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa angariSebi 1998-VIII, gv. 3159-63, §§ 115-22; iasa TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 2 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, angariSebi 1998-VI, gv.<br />
2436-41, §§ 92-108; da el.si.bi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis<br />
8 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, angariSebi 1998-III, gv. 1403-04, §§ 36-41).<br />
51. meore mxriv, sasamarTlo precedenti adgens, rom mxolod gamonaklis<br />
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba, saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mxridan cudma<br />
mopyrobam, romelic ar sruldeba sasikvdilo SedegiT, gamoiwvios<br />
darRvevis ganxilva konvenciis me-2 muxlis WrilSi. cnobilia, rom im<br />
pirTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, romlebic CarTulni<br />
iyvnen Zalis gamoyenebis sadavo qmedebaSi, sasamarTlos winaSe ganxilvis<br />
sagans ar warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, Zalis gamoyenebis xarisxi da<br />
forma, agreTve, Zalis gamoyenebis ganzraxva da mizani sxva dakavSirebul<br />
garemoebebTan erTad SeiZleba aRmoCndes mniSvnelovani imis Sefasebisas,<br />
iyo Tu ara saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa qmedeba imdenad saSiSi da<br />
62
makaraZisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
realuri sasikvdilo Sedegis dadgomisaTvis, rom is ganxilul iqnes<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxliT uzrunvelyofili garantiebis farglebSi, am<br />
muxlis miznebidan gamomdinare. TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piri<br />
xdeba Zaladobrivi Tavdasxmis an araadamianuri mopyrobis msxverpli<br />
policielTa an jariskacTa mxridan, saCivari, savaraudod, ganixileba<br />
konvenciis me-3 muxlis konteqstSi (ix. zemoT citirebuli ilhani, § 76).<br />
52. sasamarTlom winamdebare saqmeSi unda daadginos, iyo Tu ara<br />
ganmcxadeblis mimarT Zalis gamoyeneba potenciurad sasikvdilo da<br />
miiRes Tu ara saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma yvela zoma imisaTvis, raTa<br />
daecvaT ara marto fizikuri xelSeuxebloba, aramed sicocxlis uflebiT<br />
garantirebuli interesebi.<br />
53. cnobilia, rom ganmcxadebels mosdevda Zalian bevri policiis<br />
TanamSromeli, romlebmac mis mimarT araerTxel gamoiyenes revolverebi,<br />
pistoletebi da avtomaturi cecxlsasroli iaraRi.<br />
sasamarTloSi wardgenili masalebidan irkveva, rom policiam iaraRi<br />
gamoiyena ganmcxadeblis manqanis gaCerebisa da misi dapatimrebis mizniT,<br />
rasac gansazRvravs kidec konvenciis me-2 punqti, rogorc SezRudvis<br />
erT-erT SesaZlebel samarTlebriv safuZvels. vinaidan me-3 muxlic<br />
ganxilvis sagania, unda aRiniSnos, rom dakavebis operaciis arc erT etapze<br />
policielTa mizani ar yofila misTvis tkivilis miyeneba an damamcirebeli<br />
da Rirsebis Semlaxveli damokidebuleba (ix. ilaSku da sxvebi moldaveTisa<br />
da ruseTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 48787/99, §§ 425-28, ECHR 2004-VII). kerZod,<br />
sasamarTlo sarwmunod ver miiCnevs ganmcxadeblis mtkicebas, rom mas<br />
fexSi esroles manqanidan gadmoyvanis Semdeg (ix. zemoT punqti 12).<br />
54. sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs mTavrobis arguments, rom policias ar<br />
hqonda ganmcxadeblis mokvlis mizani. Tumca, SeniSnavs, rom ganmcxadeblis<br />
gadarCena mxolod bednieri SemTxvevis Sedegi iyo. balistikuri eqspertizis<br />
Sedegebis Tanaxmad, manqanaze _ mZRolis doneze da horizontalur<br />
sibrtyeze _ aRiniSna 16 naxvreti, warmoSobili cecxlsasroli iaraRis<br />
gamoyenebis Sedegad, sami xvreli da, aseve, dazianeba saqare minaze, romelic<br />
aRniSnuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad Caimsxvra. da bolos, ganmcxadebeli<br />
daiWra marjvena xelSi, marcxena fexSi, marcxena sajdomsa da gulmkerdis<br />
marjvena mxares, ris Semdeg 9 dRis ganmavlobaSi hospitalizirebuli iyo<br />
(ix. zemoT me-12 da me-14 punqtebi). dazianebebis seriozuloba ar gamxdara<br />
kamaTis sagani.<br />
55. zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod ki,<br />
gamoyenebuli Zalisa da formis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo adgens,<br />
rom, imisda miuxedavad, hqonda Tu ara policias ganmcxadeblis mokvlis<br />
ganzraxva, es ukanaskneli gaxda iseTi RonisZiebis msxverpli, romelmac<br />
aSkara riskis qveS daayena misi sicocxle. Sesabamisad, winamdebare<br />
saqmeSi konvenciis me-2 muxlis gamoyeneba misaRebia. ufro metic,<br />
ganmcxadeblis mimarT gamoyenebuli Zalis formisa da xarisxis, aseve,<br />
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebis mier ganxorcielebuli sadavo qmedebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli faqtebi unda<br />
ganixilos konvenciis me-2 muxlis WrilSi.<br />
63
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
3. saxelmwifos mier pozitiuri valdebulebis savaraudo<br />
Seusrulebloba _ kanoniT daecva sicocxlis ufleba<br />
56. konvenciis me-2 muxli, romelic icavs sicocxlis uflebas da adgens<br />
garemoebebs, romlis drosac misi Selaxva SeiZleba gamarTlebulad<br />
CaiTvalos, konvenciis erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi normaa, romlisgan<br />
gadaxveva yovlad dauSvebelia (ix. velikova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no.<br />
41488/98, § 68, ECHR 2000-VI). me-3 muxlTan erTad is warmoadgens demokratiuli<br />
sazogadoebebis erT-erT uZiriTades Rirebulebas. garemoebebi, romelTa<br />
drosac sicocxlis uflebis Selaxva SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos,<br />
unda ganimartos Zalian SezRudulad (ix. salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
[GC], no. 21986/93, § 97, ECHR 2000-VII). konvenciis amocana da mizania individTa<br />
dacva, amitomac is iTxovs, me-2 muxli gamoyenebul da ganmartebul iqnes<br />
imgvarad, rom mis mier dadgenili dacvis garantiebi iyos efeqturi da<br />
praqtikuli (ix. makqeni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1995<br />
wlis 27 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, seriebi A no. 324, gv. 45-46, §§ 146-47).<br />
57. me-2 § 1 muxlis pirveli winadadeba saxelmwifos avaldebulebs, ara<br />
marto Tavi Seikavos sicocxlis ganzraxi da ukanono xelyofisagan, aramed<br />
daadginos dacvis iseTi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi garantiebi, romlebic<br />
misi iurisdiqciis farglebSi daicaven adamianTa sicocxles (ix. keliji<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 22492/93, § 62, ECHR 2000-III). aRniSnuli moicavs<br />
saxelmwifos upirveles valdebulebas, daicvas sicocxlis ufleba<br />
saTanado administraciuli da samarTlebrivi bazis amoqmedebiT, raTa<br />
aRkveTos pirovnebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulis faqtebi. aRniSnuli<br />
sakanonmdeblo baza aRsruldeba samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier<br />
warmodgenili meqanizmiT danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis, gamoaSkaravebisa<br />
da msgavsi darRvevis gamo dasjis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
58. rogorc me-2 muxlis teqsti aCvenebs, sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba<br />
policielTa mier SeiZleba gamarTldes mxolod garkveul garemoebebSi.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, me-2 muxli ar iZleva carte blanche SesaZleblobas.<br />
saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mier Cadenili dauregulirebeli da<br />
TviTneburi qmedebebi SeuTavsebelia adamianis uflebaTa efeqtur<br />
dacvasTan. aRniSnuli gulisxmobs, rom policiis operaciebi da piris<br />
qmedebebi, romelsac, kanonis mixedviT, aqvs iaraRis gamoyenebis ufleba,<br />
kanoniT sakmarisad unda iyos daregulirebuli ise, rom arsebobdes Zalis<br />
TviTneburi gamoyenebisagan adekvaturi da efeqturi dacva (ix, mutatis<br />
mutandis, hilda halfStainsdotiri islandiis winaaRmdeg, 2004 wlis 8<br />
ivnisis gadawyvetileba; aseve, ix. adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, ZiriTadi<br />
komentari, n.6, muxli 6, me-16 sesia (1982) § 3).<br />
59. zemoTqmulis da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi me-2 muxliT daculi<br />
uflebis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom aRniSnuli sakiTxi<br />
unda dauqvemdebaros Zalian detalur ganxilvas da mxedvelobaSi<br />
miiRos ara marto saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa qmedeba, romlebmac<br />
moaxdines iaraRis gamoyenebis administrireba, aramed saqmesTan<br />
dakavSirebuli yvela garemoeba, maT Soris, dakavebis operaciis<br />
dagegmvisa da kontrolirebis sakiTxebi (ix. zemoT citirebuli makqani da<br />
sxvebi, gv. 46, § 150). amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom policiis<br />
TanamSromlebi TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebisas ar unda moqmedebdnen<br />
saregulacio vakuumis pirobebSi operaciis dagegmvis, ganxorcielebis<br />
an spontanurad wamowyebuli operaciis dros warmoqmnili saSiSroebis<br />
64
makaraZisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
aRkveTis mizniT: administraciuli da sakanonmdeblo baza Zalian zustad<br />
unda gansazRvravdes, Tu rodis SeuZliaT samarTaldamcavi organoebis<br />
warmomadgenlebs Zalis an cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso<br />
standartebis Sesabamisad (ix. mag. `gaeros Zalisa da cecxlsasroli<br />
iaraRis principebi~ _ punqtebi 30-32).<br />
60. am mimarTebiT sasamarTlom unda ganixilos ara marto sakiTxi, iyo<br />
Tu ara ganmcxadeblis mimarT potenciurad sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba<br />
legitimuri, aramed isic, daigegma da regulirdeboda Tu ara operacia<br />
ise, rom momxdariyo sasikvdilo Sedegis maqsimaluri minimalizacia.<br />
61. saberZneTis mTavrobam, uTiTebda ra kanons 3169/2003, romelic bolo<br />
periodSi miiRes saberZneTSi, warmoadgina policielTa mier iaraRis<br />
gamoyenebisa da maTi momzadebis samarTlebrivi bazis mimoxilva da<br />
aRniSna, rom is Seesabameboda saerTaSoriso standartebis moTxovnebs (ix.<br />
paragrafebi 25 da 27).<br />
62. Tumca, im dros, rodesac aRniSnuli movlenebi ganixileboda,<br />
moqmedebda kanoni no. 29/1943, romelic meore msoflios omis periodSi<br />
germaniis jarebis mier saberZneTis okupaciisas miiRes (ix. zemoT punqti<br />
25). xsenebuli kanoni ayalibebda Zalian vrcel CamonaTvals garemoebebisa,<br />
romelTa drosac policielebs hqondaT iaraRis gamoyenebis ufleba.<br />
prezidentis 1991 wlis brZanebulebiT, policielebs miecaT 1943 wlis<br />
kanoniT gansazRvrul pirobebSi iaraRis gamoyenebis ufleba, Tumca,<br />
mxolod `maSin, rodesac es absolutur aucileblobas warmoadgens da<br />
rodesac sxva naklebad eqstremalurma meTodebma Sedegi ver gamoiRo~<br />
(ix. zemoT punqti 25). saberZneTis kanonmdebloba ar Seicavda raime sxva<br />
debulebas, romelic konkretulad gansazRvravda iaraRis gamoyenebis<br />
sakiTxebsa da proceduras policielTaTvis. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
saberZneTSi arsebuli dacvis samarTlebrivi baza ver CaiTvleba evropis<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebebSi arsebul sicocxlis uflebis `kanoniT~<br />
dacvis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisad.<br />
63. aRniSnuli daskvna saberZneTis kanonmdeblobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
dadasturda saqmis mosmenis dros warmodgenili mtkicebulebebiT da<br />
dadginda, rom gansaxilveli periodisTvis, kerZod ki, sasikvdilo Zalis<br />
gamoyenebis dros, saberZneTis samarTlebrivi da administraciuli baza<br />
iyo swored aseTi.<br />
64. ubrundeba ra saqmis garemoebebs, sasamarTlo exmianeba saberZneTis<br />
adgilobrivi sasamarTlos mier dadgenil faqtebs, rom ganmcxadebeli<br />
aTenis centrSi manqanas gansakuTrebiT gadaWarbebuli siswrafiT marTavda,<br />
rac safrTxes uqmnida garSemomyofi mSvidobiani moqalaqeebisa da<br />
policiis TanamSromlebis sicocxles. Sesabamisad, policia uflebamosili<br />
da valdebuli iyo, emoqmeda saxifaTo obieqtis qmedebis aRsakveTad.<br />
misi gaCerebis mizniT, uSedegod iqna gamoyenebuli alternatiuli<br />
saSualebebi. ufro metic, policielebi, romlebic ganmcxadebels<br />
misdevdnen, sakontrolo centridan informirebulni iyvnen imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom SesaZlebelia ganmcxadebeli yofiliyo SeiaraRebuli da saSiSi. maT<br />
aseve sjerodaT, rom moqmedebebi, romlebic ganmcxadebelma manqanis<br />
gaCerebis Semdeg ganaxorciela, miuTiTebda imaze, rom is SeiaraRebuli<br />
iyo (ix. zemoT braldebuli policielebis mowmis Cvenebani, punqti 17; da<br />
b-n ventourisa da b-n davarias gancxadebebi, punqti 18).<br />
65
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
65. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic mxedvelobaSi unda<br />
iqnes miRebuli, aris is, rom saberZneTSi im periodSi arsebuli klimati<br />
gamoirCeoda teroristuli qmedebebiT, romlebic mimarTuli iyo<br />
sagareo interesebis winaaRmdeg. magaliTad, jgufma, romelic cnobili<br />
iyo rogorc `17 noembris revoluciuri organizacia~ da daarsda 1975<br />
wels, Caidina araerTi danaSauli 2002 wels mis darbevamde, maT Soris,<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos TanamSromelTa mkvlelobebi (ix.<br />
zemoT punqti 26). am faqtorma da iman, rom ganmcxadebeli Ramis saaTebSi<br />
moZraobda aSS-is saelCos siaxloves, policielebs sababi misca, efiqraT,<br />
rom is Zalian did safrTxes qmnida.<br />
66. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom Seqmnili viTarebidan da<br />
safrTxidan gamomdinare, policias Seeqmna safuZveli, efiqra, rom<br />
arsebobda iaraRis gamoyenebis saWiroeba manqanis gaCerebisa da<br />
ganmcxadeblis mxridan SesaZlo safrTxis neitralizebisaTvis da ara,<br />
ubralod, im mZRolis gasaCereblad, romelmac wiTel Suqze gaiara.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda,<br />
ganmcxadebeli ar iyo SeiaraRebuli da arc teroristi, policielebi<br />
moqmedebdnen keTilsindisieri miznebiT, rodesac mimarTes Zalis<br />
gamoyenebas misi dakavebisa da ganeitralebis mizniT. sxvagvarad saqmis<br />
gadawyveta albaT SeboWavda saxelmwifosa da samarTaldamcav organoebs<br />
ararealuri valdebulebiT sakuTari movaleobebis Sesrulebisas, rac<br />
gamoiwvevda maTi da sxvaTa sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebas (ix. zemoT<br />
citirebuli makqeni da sxvebi, gv. 58-59, § 200).<br />
67. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare saqmeSi sasikvdilo Zalis<br />
gamoyeneba arsebul garemoebebSi SeiZleba konvenciis me-2 muxliT<br />
dadgenil standartebTan Sesabamisad CaiTvalos, sasamarTlo<br />
SeSfoTebulia cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis qaoturi xasiaTiT.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom ganmcxadeblis mimarT gasrola<br />
ganaxorciela ganusazRvreli raodenobis policielma revolverebidan,<br />
pistoletebidan da cecxlsasroli avtomaturi iaraRidan. manqanaze _<br />
mZRolis doneze da horizontalur sibrtyeze _ aRiniSna cecxlsasroli<br />
iaraRis gamoyenebis Sedegad warmoSobili 16 naxvreti. sami xvreli da<br />
raRac niSani aRiniSneboda saqare minaze, Caimsxvra ukana fanjarac (ix.<br />
zemoT punqti 14). amis Sedegad, naTeli xdeba, rom didi raodenobiT<br />
policielma monawileoba miiRo ganmcxadeblis sruliad ukontrolo<br />
dakavebis operaciaSi.<br />
68. seriozuli kiTxva daismis operaciis organizebisa da ganxorcielebis<br />
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. policielTa nawils instruqcia mieca<br />
sakontrolo centridan, danarCenebi ki, ubralod, sakuTari gumaniT<br />
moqmedebdnen kolegebis daxmarebis mizniT, Tanac yovelgvari instruqciis<br />
gareSe. mkveTri instruqciis ararsebobam gazarda iaraRis ukontrolo<br />
gamoyenebis riski.<br />
69. sasamarTlo ver datovebs yuradRebis gareSe im faqts, rom ganmcxadebeli<br />
daiWra daugegmavi operaciis Sedegad, rodesac policielebi moqmedebdnen<br />
yovelgvari winaswari momzadebis gareSe. im sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rac axlavs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi policiis funqciebis<br />
Sesrulebas, adamianis qcevis araprognozirebadobas da operaciis dros<br />
prioritetebisa da resursebis Sesabamisad arCevanis gakeTebas, pozitiuri<br />
valdebuleba ise unda ganimartos, rom xelisuflebisgan SeuZlebeli ar<br />
66
makaraZisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
iqnes moTxovnili (ix, a contrario, rehboki sloveniis winaaRmdeg, no. 29462/95,<br />
§§ 71-72, ECHR 2000-XII). (ix, mutatis mutandis, mahmut kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
no. 22535/93, § 86, ECHR 2000-III).<br />
70. miuxedavad imisa, rom operaciaSi Cabmul policielebs ar hqondaT<br />
sakmarisi dro mdgomareobis sruli Sefasebisa da operaciis frTxili<br />
dagegmvisaTvis, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom viTarebis aseTi degeneracia,<br />
rasac Tavad zogierTi policiis oficeri uwodebda qaoturs (ix.<br />
magaliTad, b-n manoliadisis Cveneba _ zemoT, punqti 17), metwilad imis<br />
gamo moxda, rom operaciaSi Cabmuli calkeuli pirebi da mdevarTa gundi<br />
koleqtiurad ver flobdnen struqturirebuli operaciis warmoebis<br />
unars. arada, adgilobrivi samarTliT da praqtikiT, amgvari ram winaswar<br />
unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli. sinamdvileSi, sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom<br />
1995 wels, rodesac aRniSnul movlenas hqonda adgili, kanoni, romelic<br />
demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis Seuferebeli da dromoWmuli iyo,<br />
jer kidev aregulirebda saxelmwifo warmomadgenelTa mxridan iaraRis<br />
gamoyenebas. aRniSnuli sistema ar aZlevda samarTaldamcavi organoebis<br />
warmomadgenlebs mSvidobian dros iaraRis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis zust<br />
kriteriumebs da instruqcias. aRniSnul pirobebSi gardauvali iyo, rom<br />
policias hqonoda ufro meti avtonomia _ Tavad ganesazRvra iaraRis<br />
gamoyenebis aucilebloba, vidre Sesabamisi da adekvaturi momzadebisa Tu<br />
instruqtaJis SemTxvevaSi. naTeli miTiTebebis ararsebobis gamoxatulebaa<br />
swored is faqti, rom operaciaSi monawileobas iRebda ganusazRvreli<br />
raodenobis policieli yovelgvari komandirebis gareSe.<br />
71. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo adgens, rom, vinaidan<br />
saqme exeboda konvenciis 2 § 1 muxlis pirvel winadadebaSi gamoxatul<br />
pozitiur valdebulebas Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis amoqmedebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT saberZneTis mTavroba ver uzrunvelyofda, potenciurad<br />
sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebisagan daecva Tavisi moqalaqeebi da,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, ganmcxadeblis msgavsi pirebi (ix. mutatis mutandis, osmani,<br />
zemoT citirebuli gv. 3160, § 116 in fine).<br />
72. Sesabamisad, ganmcxadebeli iyo konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevis<br />
msxverpli am safuZvliT. am daskvnis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebeli ar<br />
aris, ganxorcielebuli sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi moqmedebebi ganxilul<br />
iqnes konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtis WrilSi.<br />
4. savaraudo araadekvaturi gamoZiebis Sesaxeb<br />
73. konvenciis me-2 muxliT gansazRvruli valdebuleba ikiTxeba<br />
amave konvenciis pirveli muxliT saxelmwifoze dakisrebul ZiriTad<br />
valdebulebasTan: `daicvas konvenciiT dadgenili yvela ufleba da<br />
Tavisufleba sakuTari iurisdiqciis farglebSi.~ aRniSnuli miuTiTebs,<br />
rom qveyanaSi unda arsebobdes raime formis efeqturi gamoZieba,<br />
romelsac SeeZleba, naTeli mohfinos piris sikvdilis faqts, romelic<br />
dadga Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad (ix. jakici TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no.<br />
23657/94, § 86, ECHR 1999-IV). aRniSnuli gamoZiebis ZiriTadi mizania, daicvas<br />
kanonmdeblobiT sicocxlis uflebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis dadgenili<br />
garantiebi da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sikvdilis dadgomaSi monawileoba miiRes<br />
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma an xelisuflebis organoebma, uzrunvelyos<br />
pasuxismgebloba damdgari Sedegis gamo (ix. angelova bulgareTis<br />
67
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
winaaRmdeg, no. 38361/97, § 137, ECHR 2002-IV). msgavs SemTxvevebSi, xSirad<br />
ZiriTadi informacia momxdaris Sesaxeb saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa an<br />
organoTa eqskluziuri codnis farglebSia. saTanado SidasamarTlebrivi<br />
samarTalwarmoebis dawyeba, rogoricaa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna,<br />
disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba, msxverplisa da misi ojaxis wevrebisTvis<br />
xelmisawvdomi samarTlebrivi saSualebebis gamoyeneba, damokidebulia<br />
adekvatur, oficialur gamoZiebaze, romelic unda iyos damoukidebeli<br />
da miukerZoebeli. msgavsi midgoma gamoiyeneba winamdebare saqmeSic, sadac<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom policiis mier Zalis gamoyenebam safrTxis<br />
winaSe daayena ganmcxadeblis sicocxle (ix. zemoT punqtebi 53 da 55).<br />
74. upirvelesad, gamoZiebas unda SeeZlos, daadginos garemoebebi,<br />
romlebSic adgili hqonda konkretul incidents da meore, mas unda<br />
SeeZlos pasuxismgebeli pirebis gamovlena da maTi dasja. es ar aris Sedegze<br />
damyarebuli valdebuleba, aramed fokusirebulia ganxorcielebis<br />
formaze. saxelmwifo organoebma unda miiRon maTTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />
yvela zoma saqmesTan dakavSirebul mtkicebulebaTa SesanarCuneblad,<br />
rogoricaa, inter alia, TviTmxilvelTa Cveneba da sasamarTlo samedicino<br />
eqspertizis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebani. rac Seexeba droulobisa<br />
da gonivrulobis moTxovnas, is zemoaRniSnuli valdebulebebis ganuxreli<br />
nawilia. nebismieri darRveva gamoZiebis procesSi, romelic SeuZlebels<br />
gaxdis saqmis garemoebebis an damnaSave pirebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas,<br />
ver CaiTvleba efeqtur gamoZiebad dadgenili standartebis Sesabamisad<br />
(ix. keli da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no. 30054/96, §§ 96-97,<br />
2001 wlis 4 maisi; da zemoT citirebuli angelova, § 139).<br />
75. winamdebare saqmeSi incidents mohyva administraciuli gamoZiebis<br />
dawyeba. garkveuli raodenobis policieli da TviTmxilveli daikiTxa da<br />
garkveuli laboratoriuli gamokvlevebic Catarda. gamoZiebis Semdeg<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna daiwyo Svidi policielis winaaRmdeg,<br />
romlebic SemdgomSi gaamarTles (ix. zemoT punqtebi 13 da 15).<br />
76. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom adgili hqonda garkveul<br />
gadacdomebs gamoZiebis Catarebis procesSi. kerZod, sasamarTlo<br />
mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, rom adgilobrivi gamoZiebis Sedegad ver dadginda<br />
yvela im piris vinaoba, vinc monawileoba miiRo ganmcxadeblis dakavebis<br />
operaciaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTma policielma ise datova<br />
SemTxvevis adgili, rom ar mouxdenia sakuTari Tavis identifikacia da<br />
iaraRis Cabareba. Sesabamisad, zogierTi iaraRi, romelic gamoiyenes, arc<br />
ki iyo dafiqsirebuli. es dadasturda adgilobrivi sasamarTlos mierac.<br />
aseve, Sesabamisma organoebma ar moiTxoves im policielTa sia, romlebic<br />
incidentis dros morigeobaze imyofebodnen. am kuTxiT arc sxva raime<br />
nabiji gadadgmula. ufro metic, xazgasasmelia, rom SemTxvevis adgilidan<br />
amoiRes mxolod 3 vazna, ganmcxadeblis sxeulidan, kerZod, fexidan _<br />
erTi gula, xolo erTi kvlav rCeba mis sajdomze. sxva amoRebuli gulebis<br />
warmodgena ar momxdara.<br />
77. zemoaRniSnulma gadacdomebma adgilobriv sasamarTloebs saSualeba<br />
ar misca, srulad daedginaT SemTxvevis faqtebi, rogorc amas winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi gaakeTebdnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom Svidive policieli,<br />
romlebsac brali edebodaT sxeulis mZime dazianebaSi, gaamarTles,<br />
vinaidan ver iqna damtkicebuli gonivruli eWvis miRma, rom swored am<br />
policielebma miayenes ganmcxadebels Wrilobebi, radganac araerTi<br />
68
makaraZisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
srola ganxorcielda daudgeneli iaraRidanac (ix. zemoT punqti 19).<br />
sasamarTlo ver darwmunda imaSi, rom saxelmwifo organoebs ar SeeZloT<br />
ufro qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba incidentTan dakavSirebiT meti<br />
mtkicebulebis miRebis mizniT.<br />
78. zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo acxadebs,<br />
rom saxelmwifo organoebma ver ganaxorcieles incidentis efeqturi<br />
gamoZieba. gamoZiebis arasruli da araadekvaturi xasiaTi vlindeba faqtiT,<br />
rom gamoZiebam ver daadgina im pirTa vinaoba, romlebic monawileobdnen<br />
operaciaSi da romlebmac uSualod daWres ganmcxadebeli.<br />
79. Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevas am<br />
mimarTebiT.<br />
5. saxelmwifo organoTa mier me-2 muxliT dadgenil procesualur<br />
valdebulebebTan savaraudo Seusabamobis Sesaxeb<br />
80. zemoaRniSnuli sasamarTlo daskvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. punqtebi<br />
72 da 79), sasamarTlos aucileblad ar miaCnia, imsjelos aRniSnul<br />
gadacdomebze, rogorc saxelmwifos mier Camoyalibebuli praqtikis<br />
nawilze, rogorc amas ganmcxadebeli moiTxovda. (ix. zemoT punqti 37).<br />
IV. konvenciis 41-e muxlis gamoyeneba<br />
87. konvenciis 41-e muxlis Tanaxmad:<br />
`Tu sasamarTlo daaskvnis, rom dairRva konvenciiT an misi oqmebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba, xolo Sesabamisi maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris<br />
Sida samarTali, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, darRvevis mxolod nawilobriv<br />
gamosworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, sasamarTlo dazaralebul mxares<br />
samarTlian dakmayofilebas miakuTvnebs.~<br />
A. ziani<br />
1. materialuri ziani<br />
88. ganmcxadebelma moiTxova 60,000 evro im materialuri zaralis gamo,<br />
romelic man miiRo incidentidan 20 Tvis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, momavali<br />
15 wlis ganmavlobaSi Semcirebuli Semosavlis gamo.<br />
89. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom es moTxovna iyo gadaWarbebuli da<br />
gaumarTlebeli. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom incidentamdec ganmcxadebels<br />
hqonda fsiqologiuri problemebi, ris gamoc mas ar hqonda muSaobis<br />
SesaZlebloba.<br />
90. sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom moTxovna exeba miuRebel Semosavals<br />
incidentidan 20 Tvis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, Semcirebul Semosavals<br />
momavali 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi. sasamarTlos TqmiT, ganmcxadeblis mier<br />
aranairi marwmunebeli mtkicebuleba ar warmodgenila amis Taobaze, rac<br />
unda Sefasdes, rogorc metad spekulaciuri. am mizeziT, sasamarTlo ar<br />
adgens raime dakmayofilebas mosarCelis sasargeblod.<br />
69
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
2. aramaterialuri ziani<br />
91. ganmcxadebelma moiTxova 75,000 evro aramaterialuri zianisaTvis<br />
_ gamowveuli SiSis, tkivilisa da miyenebuli WrilobebisaTvis. is<br />
amtkicebda, rom amiT misi sicocxle daingra.<br />
92. mTavrobam gaimeora, rom ganmcxadebelma sakuTari qmedebiT safrTxe<br />
Seuqmna sxva udanaSaulo pirTa sicocxlesac. is amtkicebda, rom<br />
konvenciis muxlis darRvevis dadgena ukve unda CaTvliliyo samarTlian<br />
dakmayofilebad.<br />
93. iTvaliswinebs ra winamdebare saqmis garemoebebs, sasamarTlo SeniSnavs,<br />
rom ganmcxadebelma marTlac ganicada aramaterialuri ziani. Sesabamisad,<br />
samarTlian dakmayofilebad ver CaiTvleboda mxolod konvenciis muxlis<br />
darRveulad cnoba mis mimarT. afasebs ra saqmis viTarebas, sasamarTlo<br />
gasamrjelos saxiT mosarCeles akuTvnebs 15,000 evros.<br />
konvenciis 45 § 2 muxlisa da sasamarTlos wesebis 74 § 2 wesis Tanaxmad,<br />
Semdegi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi Tan erTvis gadawyvetilebas:<br />
(a) erToblivi mosazreba: b-ni kosta, ser nikolas bratca, b-ni lorenceni<br />
da q-ni vaiCi.<br />
(b) gansxvavebuli mosazreba: b-ni vildhaberi, romelsac SeuerTdnen b-ni<br />
kovleri da q-ni mularoni.<br />
(g) nawilobriv gansxvavebuli mosazreba: q-ni tsatsa-nikolovska,<br />
romelsac SeuerTda q-ni straJicka.<br />
70
4. saqme naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganacxadi no. 43577/98 da 43579/98)<br />
gadawyvetileba<br />
strasburgi<br />
2005 wlis 6 ivlisi<br />
procedura<br />
saqmiswarmoeba daiwyo ori ganacxadiT (43577/98 da 43579/98), romlebic<br />
1998 wlis 15 maiss adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi (`komisia~), adamianis<br />
uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis<br />
(`konvencia~) 25-e muxlis safuZvelze, bulgareTis respublikis winaaRmdeg<br />
Semoitana bulgareTis oTxma moqalaqem _ qalbatonebma: anelia kunCovanaCovam,<br />
aqsinia hristovam, Todorka petrova-rangelovam da batonma<br />
rangel petkov-rangelovma (`ganmcxadeblebi~).<br />
saqmis faqtobrivi mxare (mokle, araoficialuri versia)<br />
1996 wlis 15 ivliss batonebi angelovi da petkovi, 21 wlis axalwveulebis<br />
armiis samSeneblo ZalebSi, gaiqcnen mSeneblobidan da Tavi Seafares<br />
batoni angelovis bebias qalbaton tonkovas, romelic cxovrobda sofel<br />
lesuraSi. cota xniT adre, imave wels isini dakavebulni iqnen im mizeziT,<br />
rom xSirad tovebdnen mSeneblobis adgils nebarTvis gareSe. amis gamo, 22<br />
maiss baton angelovs miesaja 9 Tviani patimroba, xolo petkovs – 5 Tviani.<br />
manamde orive nasamarTlevi iyo qurdobisTvis. gaqcevis momentisTvis<br />
isini gayvanilebi iyvnen cixidan mSeneblobaze.<br />
maior g-s meTaurobiT maT dasakaveblad gagzavnil iqna oTxi oficeri.<br />
oficrebi gaafrTxiles, rom dasakavebel pirebs hqondaT nasamarTloba<br />
da rom SeeZloT maT dasakaveblad gamoeyenebinaT nebismieri saWiro<br />
saSualeba. serJantma n-ma icno saxli, radgan aq erTxel ukve daakava<br />
b-ni angelovi samuSao adgilis unebarTvod mitovebis gamo. gaqceulebma<br />
SeamCnies manqana da scades gaqceva. erT-erTma oficerma amoiRo iaraRi<br />
da moiTxova gaCerebuliyvnen, magram maT sirbili gaagrZeles. maiorma<br />
g-m gaafrTxila isini, rom Tu ar gaCerdebodnen, cecxls gaxsnida da<br />
asec moiqca. srolis Sedegad orive gaqceuli daiWra. oficrebma isini<br />
waiyvanes vracas saavadmyofoSi, magram orive gzaSi daiRupa. ezo, sadac<br />
gaqceulebi daWres, ekuTvnoda baton m.m-s. srolis dros man SeamCnia, rom<br />
misi patara SviliSvili SemTxvevis adgilTan axlos idga. man oficrebs<br />
sTxova nebarTva, rom misuliyo da bavSvi gamoeyvana. maiorma g-m mas iaraRi<br />
mouRera da Seuracxyo fraziT `Tqve wyeulo boSebo!”<br />
samarTlebrivi mxare<br />
I. saqmis farglebi<br />
83. didi palatisaTvis saqmis gadacemis Taobaze Suamdgomlobasa da<br />
mTavrobis mier gakeTebul werilobiT mimoxilvaSi did palatas eTxova,<br />
gadaesinja saqmis is sakiTxebi, romlebic xvdeba konvenciis me-14<br />
71
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi. sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros mTavrobis<br />
warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom isini eTanxmebodnen palatis<br />
gadawyvetilebas konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebTan mimarTebiT.<br />
84. ganmcxadeblebma sasamarTlos sTxoves, emsjela mxolod konvenciis<br />
me-14 muxlTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, vinaidan palatis gadawyvetileba<br />
konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebTan mimarTebiT sadao ar gamxdara.<br />
85. sasamarTlo imeorebs, rom didi palatis mier Suamdgomlobis<br />
dakmayofileba niSnavs, rom `mTeli saqme~ unda gadaeces did palatas<br />
arsebiTi ganxilvisa da xelaxali gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. didi<br />
palatisaTvis saqmis gadacema apriori gulisxmobs palatis winare<br />
gadawyvetilebis yvela aspeqtis gadasinjvas da ara mxolod saCivarSi<br />
miTiTebul sakiTxebze msjelobas (ix. qei da Ti fineTis winaaRmdeg [GC],<br />
no. 25702/94, ECHR 2001–VII, §§ 139-141).<br />
86. miuxedavad mxareTa survilisa, didma palatam imsjelos mxolod<br />
konvenciis me-14 muxlTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, is valdebulia, aseve<br />
gadasinjos konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebi.<br />
II. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis Sesaxeb<br />
87. ganmcxadeblebi aRniSnavdnen, rom batonebi angelovi da petkovi mokles<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRveviT. maTi mtkicebiT, sikvdili warmoadgenda<br />
Sida samarTlisa da praqtikis uunarobis Sedegs, konvenciis Sesabamisad<br />
daeregulirebinaT saxelmwifo warmomadgenelTa mier cecxlsasroli<br />
iaraRis gamoyeneba. sinamdvileSi, saxelmwifo warmomadgenlebi<br />
aRWurvilni iyvnen uflebamosilebiT, gamoeyenebinaT sasikvdilo<br />
Zala iseT garemoebebSi, rodesac misi gamoyeneba ar iyo absoluturad<br />
aucilebeli. aRniSnuli faqti Tavad warmoadgens me-2 muxlis darRvevas.<br />
ganmcxadeblebi aseve Ciodnen, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma ar<br />
Caatares sikvdilis faqtebis efeqturi gamoZieba.<br />
A. palatis gadawyvetileba<br />
89. palatam daadgina, rom konvenciis me-2 muxli krZalavs cecxlsasroli<br />
iaraRis gamoyenebas iseT pirTa dakavebis mizniT, romlebic, iseve<br />
rogorc angelovi da petkovi, eWvmitanilni iyvnen araZaladobrivi<br />
danaSaulis CadenaSi, ar iyvnen SeiaraRebulni da, Sesabamisad, ar<br />
uqmnidnen raime safrTxes maT damkavebel oficrebs an sxva pirebs.<br />
gamomdinare aqedan, mopasuxe mTavroba, mocemuli saqmis garemoebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, pasuxismgebeli iyo konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRveviT<br />
sicocxlis warTmevis gamo batonebis angelovisa da petkovisTvis. me-2<br />
muxlis darRveva kidev ufro daamZima im faqtma, rom xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma cecxlsasroli iaraRi gadaWarbebiT gamoiyenes da<br />
dakavebis operacia dagegmes da warmarTes me-2 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
wesis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />
90. palatam Semdgom daadgina, rom adgili hqonda mopasuxe mTavrobis mier<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis 1-li punqtis darRvevas, romlis mixedviTac, es<br />
ukanaskneli valdebuli iyo, efeqturad gamoeZia batonebis angelovisa da<br />
petkovis sikvdilis faqtebi. kerZod, gamoZieba xasiaTdeboda seriozuli<br />
72
naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
auxsneli umoqmedobiT da winaaRmdegobebiT; saerTo midgomis xarvezs<br />
warmoadgenda isic, rom am procesSi gamoiyeneboda Sida samarTliT<br />
dadgenili standarti, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ar Seesabameboda konvenciis<br />
me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebul standarts (`ar unda iyos<br />
absoluturad aucilebelze meti”).<br />
91. rac Seexeba ganmcxadebelTa saCivars imis Taobaze, rom mopasuxe<br />
mTavrobam aseve daarRvia valdebuleba, kanoniT daecva sicocxle,<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT palatam gadawyvita, rom man ganixila saqmis<br />
yvela relevanturi sakiTxi da ar Tvlida aucileblad am Temaze calke<br />
msjelobas.<br />
B. mxareTa dasabuTeba<br />
92. didi palatis winaSe mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma da ganmcxadeblebma<br />
aRniSnes, rom isini aRiarebdnen palatis dadgenilebas konvenciis me-2<br />
muxlTan mimarTebiT.<br />
C. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
1. waerTvaT Tu ara batonebs angelovsa da petkovs sicocxle konvenciis<br />
me-2 muxlis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
(a) zogadi principebi<br />
93. konvenciis me-2 muxli, romelic icavs sicocxlis uflebas, aRiarebulia<br />
konvenciis erT-erT yvelaze fundamentur debulebad da warmoadgens<br />
evropis sabWoSi Semavali demokratiuli sazogadoebebis erT-erT<br />
yvelaze arsebiT Rirebulebas. sasamarTlom am debulebis darRvevasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli gancxadebebi unda dauqvemdebaros gansakuTrebul,<br />
frTxil Semowmebas. saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mier Zalis<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia ara mxolod saxelmwifos<br />
im warmomadgenelTa qmedebebi, romelTac uSualod moaxdines Zalis<br />
gamoyeneba, aramed unda gamoikvlios yvela garemoeba, dakavSirebuli<br />
iseT sakiTxebTan, rogoricaa Sesabamisi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo da<br />
maregulirebeli baza da gansaxilveli qmedebebis dagegmva da warmarTva<br />
(ix. makqeni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1995 wlis 27<br />
seqtembris gadawyvetileba, seriebi A no. 324, gv. 46, § 150; da makaratzisi<br />
saberZneTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 50385/99, §§ 57-59, 2004 wlis dekemberi).<br />
94. rogorc Tavad me-2 paragrafis me-2 muxlis teqsti migviTiTebs,<br />
policielTa mier sasikvdilo iaraRis gamoyeneba SeiZleba gamarTldes<br />
garkveul garemoebebSi. Tumca, Zalis gamoyenebis nebismieri SemTxveva ar<br />
unda iyos `absoluturad aucilebelze~ meti e.i. mkacrad proporciuli<br />
Seqmnil garemoebebTan mimarTebiT. sicocxlis uflebis fundamenturi<br />
bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, garemoebebi, romlebic sicocxlis warTmevis<br />
gamarTlebas warmoadgens, viwrod unda ganimartos (ix. androniku da<br />
konstantinu kviprosis winaaRmdeg, 1997 wlis 9 oqtombris gadawyvetileba.<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa angariSebi 1997-VI, gv. 2097-98, § 171, gv. 2102, § 181, gv.<br />
2104, § 186, gv. 2107, § 192 da gv. 2108, § 193; da makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg, no. 28883/95, § 108, seq. ECHR 2001-III).<br />
73
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
95. Sesabamisad da konvenciis me-2 § 2 (b) muxlis Tanaxmad, kanonierad<br />
dakavebis legitimuri miznisaTvis adamianis sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdeba<br />
gamarTlebuli iqneboda mxolod absoluturi aucileblobis pirobebSi.<br />
sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom amgvari aucilebloba principulad ar aris<br />
saxeze im SemTxvevaSi, roca aSkaraa, rom dasakavebeli piri ar qmnis safrTxes<br />
sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisTvis da ar aris eWvmitanili ZalmomreobiTi<br />
danaSaulis CadenaSi, Tundac sasikvdilo Zalis gamouyeneblobam<br />
ganapirobos gaqceuli damnaSavis Sepyrobis SesaZleblobis dakargva (ix.<br />
sasamarTlos midgoma saqmeSi makqeni da sxvebi, zemoT citirebuli gv.<br />
45-46, §§ 146-50 da gv. 56-62, §§ 192-214 da, ufro mogvianebiT, makaratzisis<br />
saqme, zemoT citirebuli §§ 64-66; aseve ix. sasamarTlos pozicia iaraRis<br />
gamoyenebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT SeuiaraRebeli da aramoZalade<br />
pirebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic cdilobdnen, daetovebinaT yofili<br />
germaniis demokratiuli respublika, gamoxatuli saqmeSi streleci,<br />
kesleri da krenci germaniis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 34044/96, 35532/97 da<br />
44801/98, §§ 87, 96 da 97, ECHR 2001-II).<br />
96. garda im garemoebebis gansazRvrisa, romelTa drosac SesaZlebelia,<br />
moxdes sicocxlis uflebis xelyofa, konvenciis me-2 muxli adgens<br />
saxelmwifos umTavres valdebulebas, daicvas sicocxlis ufleba Sesabamisi<br />
samarTlebrivi da administraciuli sakanonmdeblo bazis amoqmedebiT,<br />
romlebic, relevanturi saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad, viwrod<br />
gansazRvraven im garemoebebs, romlebSic samarTaldamcavma organoebma<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyenon Zala an cecxlsasroli iaraRi (ix. makaraZisi, zemoT<br />
cit. §§ 57-59 da Sesabamisi nawili `gaeros ZiriTadi principebi Zalisa da<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRis samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier gamoyenebis<br />
Sesaxeb~, 71-74 punqtebi. zemoaRniSnuli principebis me-2 muxlTan mkacri<br />
Sesabamisobis sakiTxebze ix. makkeni da sxvebi, zemoT cit. gv. 46, § 149). bralis<br />
gareSe pasuxismgeblobis principis Sesabamisad (romelic igulisxmeba<br />
me-2 muxlSi), SidasamarTlebrivi baza, romelic aregulirebs dakavebis<br />
operacias, unda ukavSirebdes cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebas saqmis<br />
garemoebebis frTxil Sefasebas da, gansakuTrebiT, gaqceuli damnaSavis<br />
mier Cadenili danaSaulis xasiaTisa da im safrTxis Sefasebas, rasac igi<br />
qmnis.<br />
97. ufro metic, erovnuli kanonmdebloba, romelic gansazRvravs<br />
sapolicio operaciebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, unda qmnides dacvis<br />
adekvatur da efeqtur garantiebs iaraRis TviTneburad da borotad<br />
gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT da, agreTve, Tavidan acilebadi<br />
ubeduri SemTxvevis winaaRmdeg (ix. makaraZisi, zemoT cit. § 58). kerZod,<br />
samarTaldamcavi organoebis TanamSromlebma unda gaiaron Sesabamisi<br />
momzadeba imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia iaraRis gamoyeneba<br />
ara marto maregulirebeli normis moTxovnaTa, aramed adamianis<br />
sicocxlis fundamenturi Rirebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. sasamarTlos<br />
kritika `sasikvdilo gasrolis~ instruqciebTan dakavSirebiT saqmeze<br />
makkeni da sxvebi, zemoT cit. gv. 61-62, §§ 211-214).<br />
(b) zemoaRniSnuli principebis gamoyeneba winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
98. batonebi angelovi da petkovi mokles cecxlsasroli iaraRidan<br />
gasroliT samxedro policiis TanamSromlebma, romlebic cdilobdnen<br />
maT dapatimrebas, mas Semdeg, rac isini gamoiqcnen Tavisuflebis aRkveTis<br />
74
naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
adgilidan. aqedan gamomdinare, saqme xvdeba konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2<br />
punqtis moqmedebis sferoSi.<br />
(i) Sesabamisi sasamarTlo farglebi<br />
99. sasamarTlo gansakuTrebuli SeSfoTebiT SeniSnavs, rom samxedro<br />
policiis TanamSromlebs cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb<br />
SidasamarTlebrivi regulaciebi aZlevda uflebas, gamoeyenebinaT<br />
sasikvdilo Zala samxedro Zalebis wevris dapatimrebisas, Tundac Zalian<br />
mcire darRvevis gamo. aRniSnuli regulaciebi ar gamoqveynebula da<br />
isini ar Seicavdnen naTel miTiTebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rogor unda<br />
yofiliyo Tavidan acilebuli sicocxlis warTmeva. aRniSnuli normebis<br />
Tanaxmad, kanonieri iyo sasikvdilo gasrola im piris mimarT, romelic<br />
dauyovnebliv ar daemorCileboda zepir gafrTxilebas da haerSi<br />
gamafrTxilebel gasrolas (ix. punqti 60). normebis arasruli xasiaTis<br />
naTeli ilustraciaa damkaveblebis mier iaraRis uyoymano gamoyenebis<br />
faqti da movlenaTa ganviTareba, romlebmac Sedegad gamoiRes batonebis<br />
angelovisa da petkovis sikvdili; aseve, gamomZiebeli organoebis pasuxi am<br />
movlenebze. sasamarTlo daubrundeba aRniSnul sakiTxebs mogvianebiT.<br />
100. amgvari maregulirebeli baza fundamenturad Seusabamoa evropis<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis konvenciiT gansazRvruli sicocxlis<br />
uflebis `kanoniT~ dadgenil standartTan (ix. punqtebi 94-97, romlebSic<br />
saubaria regulirebis samarTlebriv farglebze).<br />
101. marTalia, bulgareTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier dadginda, rom<br />
proporciuloba sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis organuli nawilia,<br />
magram aRniSnuli ganmarteba ar gavrcelda winamdebare saqmeze (ix.<br />
punqtebi 50-54).<br />
102. amrigad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom mopasuxe mTavrobam daarRvia<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxliT nakisri valdebuleba, efeqturad daecva<br />
sicocxlis ufleba, ramdenadac ver uzrunvelyo, aemoqmedebina saTanado<br />
sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli baza samxedro policiis mier iaraRis<br />
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
operaciis dagegmva da kontroli<br />
103. palatam calke imsjela operaciis dagegmvis sakiTxebze. didi<br />
palata eTanxmeba palatis dadgenilebas imis Taobaze, rom xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma daarRvies maTi valdebuleba sasikvdilo riskis<br />
minimalizaciis Taobaze, vinaidan Tavidanve misces instruqcia damkavebel<br />
oficrebs, yvela SesaZlebloba gamoeyenebinaT batonebis angelovisa da<br />
petkovis dasapatimreblad. amasTan, absoluturad ugulebelyofil iqna<br />
faqti, rom gaqceulebi iyvnen SeuiaraRebelni da safrTxes ar uqmnidnen<br />
sxvaTa sicocxles. rogorc palatam aRniSna (§ 110):<br />
`[A] gadamwyveti elementi dakavebis operaciis dagegmvisas . . . unda<br />
iyos xelmisawvdomi informaciis sruli analizi, maT Soris, rogorc<br />
absoluturi minimumi, analizi dasakavebeli piris mier Cadenili<br />
danaSaulis bunebisa da am pirisgan momavali safrTxis xarisxis Sesaxeb.<br />
sakiTxi, Tu rogor da ra garemoebebSi SeiZleba gamoiyenon gaqceuli<br />
75
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
piris dakavebisas cecxlsasroli iaraRi, unda dgindebodes winaswari<br />
momzadebisas miRebuli codnis, Sesabamisi informaciis da mkafiod<br />
gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze.~<br />
104. didi palata, Tavis mxriv, kidev erTxel miuTiTebs mkafio<br />
sakanonmdeblo da regulaciuri bazis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, rac miscemda<br />
samxedro policiis TanamSromlebs SesaZleblobas, ganesazRvraT, Tu ra<br />
garemoebebSi SeeZloT, potenciurad, sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba (ix.<br />
punqtebi 99-102). is eTanxmeba palatis dadgenilebas (punqti 112), romlis<br />
mixedviTac, Sesabamisi regulaciebis Tanaxmad: `cecxlsasroli iaraRis<br />
gamoyeneba ar iyo damokidebuli saqmesTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebis<br />
Sefasebaze.~<br />
105. moqmedi regulaciebi saSualebas iZleoda, mZimed SeiaraRebuli<br />
oficrebi gaeSvaT ori kacis dasakaveblad im safrTxis yovelgvari<br />
ganxilvis gareSe, romelic maT SeiZleboda SeeqmnaT an gasagebi<br />
gafrTxilebis gareSe sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebis riskis minimalizaciis<br />
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. mokled, operaciis dagegmvisa da warmarTvis<br />
manera aaSkaravebda sicocxlis uflebis uzenaesobis mimarT gamovlenil<br />
samwuxaro upativcemlobas.<br />
(ii) dampatimrebeli oficrebis qmedebebi<br />
106. dadgenili iyo, rom batonebi angelovi da petkovi msaxurobdnen<br />
samxedro Zalebis samSeneblo nawilSi (specialuri samxedro<br />
dawesebuleba), sadac axalwveulebi asrulebdnen mSeneblobis muSaTa<br />
movaleobebs arasamxedro nawilebSi. isini daisajnen moklevadiani<br />
patimrobiT araZaladobrivi danaSaulisaTvis. isini gaiqcnen yovelgvari<br />
Zaladobis gamoyenebis gareSe, miatoves ra samuSao adgili, romelic iyo<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebis gareT. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini<br />
adre iyvnen msjavrdebulni qurdobisaTvis da samsaxuri ramdenjerme<br />
datoves nebarTvis miuReblad, maT ar gaaCndaT Zaladobrivi warsuli<br />
(ix. punqtebi 13-15). arc erTi maTgani ar iyo SeiaraRebuli da ar qmnida<br />
raime safrTxes damkavebeli an mesame pirisaTvis. maT xelT arsebuli<br />
informaciidan gamomdinare, damkavebel oficrebs es unda scodnodaT,<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, mas Semdeg, rac gaqceulebi ipoves sofel lesurasTan,<br />
rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom isini iyvnen SeuiaraReblebi da maTi qmedeba ar<br />
amJRavnebda Zaladobis niSnebs (ix. punqtebi15-26).<br />
107. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo adgens, rom, winamdebare<br />
saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, nebismieri sasikvdilo Zalis<br />
gamoyeneba ewinaaRmdegeboda konvenciis me-2 muxls, batonebis angelovisa<br />
da petkovis warmatebuli gaqcevis SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiTac.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba<br />
ganixilos, rogorc `absoluturad aucilebeli~ iq, sadac cnobilia, rom<br />
dasakavebeli piri ar agdebs safrTxeSi sxvaTa sicocxles da janmrTelobas<br />
da ar aris eWvmitanili Zaladobrivi danaSaulis CadenaSi.<br />
108. damatebiT, maior `g~-s saqcieli (samxedro policiis TanamSromeli),<br />
romelmac esrola gaqceulebs, seriozul kritikas iwvevs imis gamo, rom<br />
man gamoiyena metismetad gadaWarbebuli Zala:<br />
76
naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(i)<br />
(ii)<br />
(iii)<br />
cxadia, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, aRniSnul pirTa dasakaveblad sxva<br />
gzis gamoyeneba: oficrebs gaaCndaT jipis tipis manqana, operacia<br />
mimdinareobda patara sofelSi dRisiT da batonebis angelovisa da<br />
petkovis qmedeba cxadad ganWvretadi iyo imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
wina gaqcevisas angelovi ipoves imave misamarTze (ix. punqtebi 17, 18,<br />
23 da 24);<br />
maiorma `g~-m gamoiyena avtomaturi iaraRi avtomaturi srolis<br />
reJimSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas, aseve, hqonda xeliT marTvadi<br />
iaraRi. avtomaturi iaraRis gamoyenebisas, mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba,<br />
raime gonivruli sizustiT moexdina damizneba (ix. punqti. 26);<br />
batoni petkovi daiWra gul-mkerdis areSi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac,<br />
aranairi gonivruli ganmarteba ar warmodgenila (ix. punqtebi 41<br />
da 50-54). amgvari ganmartebis arqonis pirobebSi ver gamoiricxeba<br />
SesaZlebloba, rom batoni petkovi bolo momentSi motrialda<br />
damkaveblisken Cabarebis mizniT, magram mas mainc esroles.<br />
III. sasamarTlos daskvna<br />
109. sasamarTlo adgens, rom mopasuxe mTavrobam ver Seasrula me-2 muxliT<br />
nakisri valdebuleba, ramdenadac relevanturi samarTlebrivi baza<br />
Zalis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT iyo arsebiTad naklovani da batonebi<br />
angelovi da petkovi daiRupnen imgvar garemoebaSi, sadac dakavebis mizniT<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba sruliad ewinaaRmdegeboda konvenciis<br />
me-2 muxls. ufro metic, gamoyenebuli Zala metismetad gadaWarbebuli iyo.<br />
Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevas batonebis<br />
angelovisa da petkovis mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
2. iyo Tu ara batonebis angelovisa da petkovis mkvlelobis gamoZieba<br />
efeqturi konvenciis me-2 muxlis miznebisaTvis<br />
(a) zogadi principebi<br />
110. konvenciis me-2 muxlidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos valdebuleba,<br />
daicvas sicocxlis ufleba, ikiTxeba amave konvenciis pirvel<br />
muxlTan erTianobaSi `[sakuTari] iurisdiqciis farglebSi yvelasTvis<br />
uzrunvelyofen am konvenciis pirvel nawilSi gansazRvrul uflebebsa<br />
da Tavisuflebebs~ (ix. jakiCi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 23657/94, § 86,<br />
ECHR 1999-IV). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoSi unda arsebobdes<br />
raime formis efeqturi, oficialuri gamoZieba im SemTxvevebisaTvis,<br />
rodesac viRaca kvdeba Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad. amgvari gamoZiebis<br />
mTavar mizans warmoadgens sicocxlis uflebis SidasamarTlebrivi<br />
garantiebis efeqturi realizeba da im saqmeebSi, sadac saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenlebi an organoebi monawileoben, maTi angariSvaldebulebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa maTive pasuxismgeblobiT momxdari mkvlelobebis gamo (ix.<br />
angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no. 38361/97, § 137, ECHR 2002-IV).<br />
111. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma unda imoqmedon sakuTari<br />
iniciativiT im momentidan, roca SemTxvevis Sesaxeb gaigeben. maT ar unda<br />
datovon saqme axlo naTesavebis iniciativis imedad, rom isini aRZraven<br />
oficialurad saqmes an moiTxoven garkveuli sagamoZiebo procedurebis<br />
77
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
Catarebas (ix. magaliTad, mutatis mutandis, ilhani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC],<br />
no. 22277/93, § 63, ECHR 2000-VII).<br />
112. imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebis mier Cadenili ukanono<br />
mkvlelobis gamoZieba iyos efeqturi, is pirebi, romlebic uZRvebian<br />
gamoZiebas an arian masze pasuxismgeblebi, unda iyvnen damoukidebelni<br />
da miukerZoebelni rogorc samarTlebrivad, ise praqtikuladac<br />
(ix. magaliTad, giuleji TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 27 ivlisis<br />
gadawyvetileba, angariSebi 1998-IV, p. 1733, §§ 81-82; da oguri TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 21594/93, §§ 91-92, ECHR 1999-III).<br />
113. gamoZieba unda iyos efeqturi im TvalsazrisiTac, rom SeeZlos<br />
imis garkveva, iyo Tu ara Zalis gamoyeneba gamarTlebuli gansaxilvel<br />
garemoebebSi da SeeZlos, daadginos da dasajos damnaSaveebi (ix. zemoT cit.<br />
oguri TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, § 88). xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma unda<br />
gadadgan gonivruli nabijebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen incidentTan<br />
dakavSirebuli mtkicebulebebis, maT Soris, inter alia, TviTmxilvel mowmeTa<br />
Cvenebebisa da sasamarTlo-samedicino daskvnis mopovebas. gamoZiebis<br />
daskvnebi unda emyarebodes yvela Sesabamisi elementis yovelmxriv,<br />
obieqtur da miukerZoebel analizs da unda emyarebodes konvenciis 2 § me-2<br />
muxliT dadgenil standarts _ `ar unda iyos meti, vidre absoluturad<br />
aucilebeli.~ gamoZiebis nebismieri xarvezi, romelic xels uSlis saqmis<br />
garemoebaTa dadgenas an pasuxismgebeli piris gamovlenas, SeiZleba<br />
gaxdes efeqturobis standartis darRvevis safuZveli (ix. keli da sxvebi<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no. 30054/96, §§ 96-97, 2001 wlis 4 maisi;<br />
da zemoT cit. angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, §§ 139 da 144).<br />
(b) am principebis winamdebare saqmeSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb<br />
114. didi palata ver xedavs raime safuZvels, ar daeTanxmos palatis<br />
gadawyvetilebas. is, rogorc es palatam gaakeTa, aRniSnavs, rom gamoZiebam<br />
batonebis angelovisa da petkovis sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT Seafasa<br />
oficerTa qmedebis kanoniereba Sesabamisi regulaciebis safuZvelze. is<br />
faqti, rom gamoZiebam kanonierad cno Zalis gamoyeneba am garemoebebSi,<br />
adasturebs am dadgenilebaTa fundamentur naklovanebasa da sicocxlis<br />
uflebis ugulebelyofas. daeyrdnnen ra am dadgenilebaTa sityvasityviT<br />
mniSvnelobas, gamoZiebis warmomadgenlebma ar gamoikvlies iseTi<br />
relevanturi garemoebebi, rogoricaa: informaciis qona imis Taobaze, rom<br />
gaqceulebi SeuiaraRebeli iyvnen da rom safrTxes ar uqmnidnen aravis.<br />
arc imis Sesaxeb umsjeliaT, ramdenad saWiro iyo mZimed SeiaraRebuli<br />
oficrebis gagzavna ori piris dasakaveblad, romelTa mier Cadenili<br />
danaSauli iyo mxolod nawilis mitoveba nebarTvis gareSe. amgvarad,<br />
yvela mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis mkacri gadasinjva ar momxdara (ix.<br />
punqtebi 50-54).<br />
115. Tavi rom gavaneboT im viwro sakanonmdeblo bazas, romelze<br />
dayrdnobiTac gamoZieba mimdinareobda, unda aRiniSnos, rom rigi<br />
aucilebeli da aSkarad sagamoZiebo xasiaTis nabijebi ar gadadgmula.<br />
kerZod, adgilmdebareobis martivi ruqa, romelsac eyrdnobodnen<br />
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi zustad ar asaxavda teritoriis<br />
maxasiaTeblebs. mas aklda Sesabamisi masStabi. sagamoZiebo eqsperimenti<br />
ar Catarebula. informaciis gareSe, romelic am sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis<br />
78
naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
saSualebiT SeiZleboda moepovebinaT, SeuZlebeli iyo damkavebel<br />
oficerTa mier warmodgenili versiis gadamowmeba (ix. punqtebi 34-54).<br />
116. ufro metic, gamomZiebelma da prokurorebma ignorireba gaukeTes<br />
Zalzed mniSvnelovan faqtebs: rom b-n petkovs esroles gulmkerdis<br />
areSi; rom gamoyenebuli vaznebi ipoves m.m.-is ezoSi ramdenime metris<br />
daSorebiT im adgilidan, sadac batoni angelovi da petrovi daecnen; da<br />
rom maiorma `g~-m gamoiyena metismetad gadaWarbebuli Zala, ramdenadac<br />
gasrolas axorcielebda avtomaturi srolis reJimSi. xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma ignorireba gaukeTes am metad mniSvnelovan faqtebs,<br />
Sesabamisi ganmartebis Ziebis gareSe, uyoymanod gaiTvaliswines maior `g~-s<br />
Cveneba da Sewyvites gamoZieba. amrigad, gamomZiebelma da prokurorebma<br />
efeqturad gaaTavisufles maiori `g~ pasuxismgeblobisagan.<br />
117. didi palata iziarebs palatis mosazrebas, rom amgvari qmedeba<br />
xelisuflebis mxridan, rac ukve aRiniSna sasamarTlos mier bulgareTis<br />
mimarT ganxilul sxva saqmeebSi (ix. velikova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no.<br />
41488/98, ECHR 2000-VI da zemoT cit. angelova) warmoadgens Zalian didi<br />
SeSfoTebis sagans, vinaidan sadaos xdis saqmeSi monawile gamomZiebelTa<br />
da prokurorTa obieqturobasa da miukerZoeblobas.<br />
118. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo ganmeorebiT aRniSnavs, rom<br />
xelisuflebis swrafi da efeqturi pasuxi sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
gamoZiebis procesSi arsebiTia sazogadoebrivi ndobis miRwevisaTvis,<br />
kanonis uzenaesobisa da ukanonobis winaaRmdeg Seurigeblobis SegrZnebis<br />
damkvidrebisaTvis (ix. maqkeri da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
zemoT cit. §§ 111-15).<br />
119. winamdebare saqmeSi mopasuxe mTavrobis mier dairRva konvenciis<br />
2 § 1 muxliT dadgenili valdebuleba mkvlelobis faqtis efeqtur<br />
gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
IV. konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRveva amave konvenciis me-14 muxlTan<br />
mimarTebiT<br />
124. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom maT mimarT dairRva konvenciis me-14<br />
muxli, ramdenadac boSaTa mimarT mtrulma damokidebulebam da winaswar<br />
Camoyalibebulma uaryofiTma azrma, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa batonebis<br />
angelovisa da petkovis mkvlelobis movlenebSi. isini aseve amtkicebdnen,<br />
rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma ar Seasrules mkvlelobis SesaZlo<br />
rasistuli motivis gamoZiebis valdebuleba. mTavrobam sadavod gaxada<br />
ganmcxadebelTa mtkiceba.<br />
125. konvenciis me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad:<br />
`am konvenciaSi mocemuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gamoyeneba<br />
uzrunvelyofili iqneba yvelasTvis, nebismier safuZvelze diskriminaciis<br />
gareSe, rogoricaa sqesi, rasa, kanis feri, ena, religia an gansxvavebuli<br />
azri, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmoSoba, gaerTianeba erovnul<br />
umciresobaTa organizaciaSi, qoneba, dabadeba da sxva statusi.~<br />
79
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
palatis gadawyvetileba<br />
126. palatam aRniSna, rom sicocxlis uflebis warTmevis saqmeebze<br />
konvenciis me-2 da me-14 muxlebi erToblivad avaldebulebs saxelmwifo<br />
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, ganaxorcielon efeqturi gamoZieba,<br />
miuxedavad msxverplis rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobisa. man aseve<br />
aRniSna, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ekisrebodaT damatebiTi<br />
valdebuleba, gadaedgaT yvela gonivruli nabiji, raTa gamoevlinaT<br />
am incidentSi rasistuli motivis arseboba, rac ukavSirdeboda<br />
samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenelTa mier Zalis gamoyenebas.<br />
127. winamdebare saqmeSi baton m.m.-is Cveneba rasobrivi sityvieri<br />
Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb da sxva mtkicebulebani unda yofiliyo<br />
xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTaTvis SeSfoTebis safuZveli SesaZlo<br />
rasistuli motivis gamoZiebis dawyebis TvalsazrisiT, rac ar momxdara.<br />
am mxriv, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma daarRvies konvenciis me-14<br />
muxliT nakisri valdebuleba amave konvenciis me-2 muxlTan mimarTebiT.<br />
128. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom diskriminaciis mtkicebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo gansakuTrebuli mtkicebulebiTi sirTuleebi, rac moiTxovda<br />
mtkicebulebisadmi specifikur damokidebulebas, palatam daadgina, rom<br />
im saqmeebSi, sadac ar gamoiZies xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa mxridan<br />
Zaladobis aqtebi da ignorireba gaukeTes SesaZlo diskriminaciis<br />
mtkicebulebas, sasamarTlos SeuZlia, konvenciis me-14 muxlis safuZvelze<br />
Semosuli ganacxadis ganxilvisas, gaakeTos uaryofiTi daskvnebi da<br />
mtkicebis tvirTi gadaitanos mopasuxe saxelmwifoze.<br />
129. saqmis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT, palatam daadgina, rom sagamoZiebo<br />
organoebis qmedebebi, romelTac gamotoves mTeli rigi SemaSfoTebeli<br />
faqtebi, rogoricaa maior `g~- s mier gadaWarbebuli Zalis gamoyeneba da<br />
mtkicebuleba, rom man gamoxata rasistuli bilwsityvaoba, ganapirobebda<br />
mtkicebis tvirTis gadanacvlebas mopasuxe mTavrobaze. ase rom, mopasuxe<br />
mTavrobas unda daekmayofilebina sasamarTlo damatebiTi mtkicebulebiT<br />
an faqtebis damajerebeli ganmartebiT imis Taobaze, rom gasaCivrebuli<br />
movlenebi ar iyo gamowveuli saxelmwifo warmomadgenelTa mxridan<br />
diskriminaciiT.<br />
130. vinaidan mTavrobam ar warmoadgina sarwmuno ganmarteba, adre<br />
ganxiluli saqmeebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadac samarTaldamcavi organoebis<br />
warmomadgenelTa agresia boSaTa mimarT sruldeboda maTi sikvdiliT,<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom winamdebare saqmeSic adgili hqonda konvenciis<br />
me-14 muxlis arsebiTi aspeqtis darRvevas amave konvenciis me-2 muxlTan<br />
erTad.<br />
mxareTa dasabuTeba<br />
1. mTavroba<br />
131. mTavrobam gaasaCivra palatis dadgenileba me-14 muxlis darRveulad<br />
cnobis Taobaze da aRniSna, rom palata daeyrdno mxolod zogad masalebs,<br />
romlebic scildeboda incidentis farglebs, 2 SemTxveviT faqts _<br />
baton m.m.-is Cvenebas maior `g~-s Seuracxmyofeli gamoTqmebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic mimarTuli iyo mis da ara msxverplTa winaaRmdeg da faqts,<br />
rom movlenebs adgili hqonda boSebiT dasaxlebul sofelSi. mTavrobis<br />
80
naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
mtkicebiT, am mosazrebebs, mtkicebis arc erTi misaRebi standartiT, ar<br />
SeeZlo gaemarTlebina daskvna, rom cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba<br />
motivirebuli iyo rasistuli mosazrebebiT.<br />
132. mTavrobam xazi gausva im faqts, rom sasamarTlo yovelTvis iTxovda<br />
mtkicebas `gonivruli eWvis gareSe~. mtkicebis tvirTi SeiZleba gadavides<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu movlenasTan dakavSirebuli informacia mTlianad an<br />
metwilad xelisuflebis eqskluziuri codnis farglebSia, rogorc es<br />
xdeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi sikvdilis saqmeebze. Tumca,<br />
amgvari garemoebebi am saqmeSi ar yofila warmodgenili.<br />
133. vinaidan sadao incidentSi adgili ar hqonia raime rasobriv elements,<br />
am mimarTebiT adgilobriv doneze warmoebuli gamoZiebac veranair Sedegs<br />
gamoiRebda. mTavroba iziarebs midgomas, rom rasobrivi motivaciiT<br />
Zaladoba unda daisajos ufro mkacrad, vidre sxva Zaladobrivi aqtebi,<br />
sadac amgvari motivi ar aris saxeze. Tumca, saxelmwifos ar unda<br />
daekisros valdebuleba, gamoiZios SesaZlo rasistuli gamovlinebis<br />
braldebani Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis ararsebobis pirobebSi. mTavroba<br />
amtkicebda, rom palatis midgoma xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs daakisrebda<br />
valdebulebas, gamoeZia yvela saqme, sadac diskriminaciis braldeba<br />
Tundac usafuZvlod iyo warmodgenili.<br />
134. ufro metic, palatis midgomas aklda sicxade da ganWvretadoba.<br />
sasamarTlos msjeloba winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, rodesac, erTi mxriv,<br />
acxadebda, rom sasamarTlos ar SeeZlo ganzraxvisa da damokidebulebis<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilva konvenciis me-2 muxlis konteqstSi da, meore mxriv,<br />
askvnida, rom adgili hqonda me-14 muxlis arsebiT darRvevas me-2 muxlTan<br />
mimarTebiT, vinaidan batonebis angelovisa da petkovis sikvdili iyo<br />
rasobrivi diskriminaciis aqtis Sedegi.<br />
135. mTavroba Tavis werilobiT da zepir dasabuTebaSi iZleoda<br />
kanonmdeblobis socialuri programebisa da sxva RonisZiebebis detalur<br />
mimoxilvas, romlebic miiRes bolo wlebSi bulgareTSi diskriminaciis da<br />
aratolerantuli damokidebulebis aRmosafxvrelad da sazogadoebaSi<br />
boSaTa integraciis xelSesawyobad.<br />
2. ganmcxadeblebi<br />
136. TavianT werilobiT dasabuTebaSi ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom<br />
konvencia aqamde ver uzrunvelyofda rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg<br />
efeqtur dacvas da sTxovdnen did palatas, mieRo me-14 muxlis axleburi<br />
ganmarteba. ganmcxadeblebi miesalmebodnen palatis mosazrebas imis<br />
Taobaze, rom xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT valdebuleba, gamoiZion<br />
Zaladobis aqtebis SesaZlo rasistuli motivebi da rom mtkicebis tvirTi,<br />
amis gamo, gadadis mopasuxe mTavrobaze. TavianT werilobiT dasabuTebaSi<br />
isini amtkicebdnen, rom mtkicebis standarti diskriminaciis saqmeebze ar<br />
unda iyos `mtkiceba gonivruli eWvis miRma~ da rom saqmeebSi, sadac prima<br />
facie diskriminaciis saqme dadgindeba, mtkicebis tvirTi yovelTvis unda<br />
ekisrebodes mTavrobas. TavianT zepir gamosvlaSi sasamarTlo procesze<br />
ganmcxadebelTa warmomadgenlebma sTxoves sasamarTlos, gaeziarebina<br />
palatis midgoma.<br />
81
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
137. rac Seexeba saqmesTan dakavSirebul faqtebs, ganmcxadeblebma aRniSnes,<br />
rom adgili hqonda me-14 muxlis arsebiT darRvevas, vinaidan saxeze iyo<br />
prima facie diskriminaciis SemTxveva da mTavrobam ver warmoadgina amis<br />
sawinaaRmdego raime mtkicebuleba. kerZod, batonebis angelovisa da<br />
petkovis warmoSoba cnobili iyo damkavebeli pirebisaTvis; maiorma `g~-m<br />
gamoTqva rasobrivad Seuracxmyofeli frazebi iqve mdgomis misamarTiT<br />
misi warmomavlobis miTiTebiT. aseve mkacri daskvnebi unda yofiliyo<br />
gamotanili im faqtTan dakavSirebiT, rom maiorma `g~-m gamoiyena<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRi metismetad araproporciulad boSebiT dasaxlebul<br />
sofelSi. es faqtebi unda Sefasdes bulgareTSi samarTaldamcavTa mxridan<br />
momdinare boSaTa sistematuri diskriminaciis fonze. ufro metic,<br />
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs unda gamoeZiaT, batonebis angelovisa da<br />
petkovis sikvdili iyo Tu ara motivirebuli rasobrivi ganwyobiT, magram<br />
maT es ar gaakeTes.<br />
C. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
1. pasuxismgebelia Tu ara mopasuxe mTavroba sicocxlis uflebis<br />
xelyofisaTvis, msxverplTa rasobrivi an eTnikuri warmomavlobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
144. sasamarTlom ukve daadgina, rom mopasuxe mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma<br />
ukanonod mokles batoni angelovi da petkovi konvenciis me-2 muxlis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod. ganmcxadeblebi Semdgom amtkicebdnen, rom adgili<br />
hqonda, aseve, konvenciis me-14 muxlis darRvevas, vinaidan rasobrivma<br />
motivma iTamaSa garkveuli roli maT mkvlelobaSi.<br />
145. diskriminacia aris gansxvavebulad mopyroba msgavs pirobebSi myofi<br />
pirebis mimarT, yovelgvari obieqturi da gonivruli gamarTlebis<br />
gareSe (ix. uilisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no. 36042/97, § 48,<br />
ECHR 2002-IV). rasobrivi Zaladoba gansakuTrebulad Seuracxmyofelia<br />
adamianuri RirsebisaTvis da, misi gamousworebeli Sedegebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, moiTxovs xelisuflebisgan gansakuTrebul simtkices<br />
da mkveTr reaqcias. amis gamo, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma unda<br />
gamoiyenon yvela SesaZlebloba, rom daamarcxon rasizmi da rasistuli<br />
Zaladoba, riTac daamkvidreben sazogadoebis iseT demokratiul xedvas,<br />
sadac gansxvavebani ganixileba ara rogorc safrTxe, aramed rogorc misi<br />
keTildReobis wyaro. sasamarTlo miubrundeba am sakiTxs qvemoT.<br />
146. ganmcxadebelTa mxridan me-14 muxlis darRvevis saCivris gamo,<br />
sasamarTlos amocana iyo, daedgina, iyo Tu ara rasizmi srolis<br />
ganmapirobebeli mizezi, rasac mohyva batonebis angelovisa da petkovis<br />
sikvdili imgvarad, rom aRZruliyo konvenciis me-14 muxlis darRvevis<br />
sakiTxi me-2 muxlTan mimarTebiT.<br />
147. amasTan dakavSirebiT, is SeniSnavs, rom mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebisas, man<br />
mimarTa mtkicebis standarts `gonivruli eWvis miRma~. sasamarTlos mizani<br />
ar yofila, ise gamoeyenebina es standarti, rogorc es SidasamarTlebriv<br />
sistemebSi xdeba. mis funqciaSi Sedis ara gadawyvetilebis gamotana<br />
sisxlissamarTlebriv bralze an samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobaze, aramed<br />
xelSekrulebis monawile saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvra<br />
konvenciis Sesabamisad. misi amocanis gansakuTrebuloba, konvenciis<br />
me-19 muxlis mixedviT uzrunvelyos wevri saxelmwifoebis mier<br />
82
naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba, daicvan fundamenturi uflebebi,<br />
gansazRvravs mis damokidebulebas mtkicebulebebisa da mtkicebis<br />
sakiTxisadmi. sasamarTlo procesze ar arsebobs mtkicebulebaTa<br />
dasaSvebobis proceduruli barieri anda mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis<br />
winaswar dadgenili formula. is iRebs daskvnebs, romlebic, misi azriT,<br />
ganmtkicebulia yvela mtkicebulebis Tavisufali SefasebiT, rac moicavs<br />
iseT mosazrebebs, romlebic SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes faqtebidan<br />
da mxareTa dasabuTebidan. misi kargad Camoyalibebuli precedentuli<br />
samarTlis mixedviT, mtkiceba SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes sakmarisad<br />
mZlavri, cxadi da Tanmimdevruli daskvnebidan an msgavsad Seuqcevadi<br />
prezumfciebisgan, romelic eyrdnoba faqtebs. metic, is, Tu calkeuli<br />
daskvnis misaRwevad ramdenad damarwmunebeli unda iyos msjeloba da,<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, rogor unda gadanawildes mtkicebis tvirTi,<br />
organulad aris damokidebuli faqtebis specifikurobaze, braldebis<br />
xasiaTsa da konvenciis Sesabamis uflebaze. sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs<br />
im gadawyvetilebis seriozulobas, romelic saxelmwifos mier<br />
fundamenturi uflebis darRvevas adasturebs (sxvebTan erTad, ix. Semdegi<br />
gadawyvetilebebi: irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1978 wlis<br />
18 ianvris gadawyvetileba, seriebi A no. 25, § 161; 1995 wlis 4 dekembris<br />
gadawyvetileba ribiCi avstriis winaaRmdeg, seriebi A no. 336, p. 24, § 32;<br />
1996 wlis 16 seqtembris gadawyvetileba akvidari TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
angariSebi 1996-IV, p. 1211, § 68; tanli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 26129/95, §<br />
111, ECHR 2001-III; da 2004 wlis 8 ivlisis gadawyvetileba ilaSku da sxvebi<br />
moldaveTisa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 48787/99, § 26).<br />
148. ganmcxadeblebi calkeul faqtorebze miTiTebiT amtkicebdnen, rom<br />
adgili hqonda arsebiT darRvevas rasobriv niadagze.<br />
149. upirveles yovlisa, ganmcxadeblebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebdnen im faqts, rom maiorma `g~-m avtomaturi reJimiT gaxsna<br />
cecxli dasaxlebul regionSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis sruli<br />
ugulebelyofiT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ar arsebobda msgavsi qmedebis<br />
racionaluri axsna, ganmcxadeblebi miiCnevdnen, rom es iyo rasobrivi<br />
siZulvilis gamovlena maior `g~-s mxridan da rom igi ase ar moiqceoda, es<br />
boSebiT dasaxlebuli regioni rom ar yofiliyo.<br />
150. sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom, samwuxarod, iaraRis amgvar garemoebebSi<br />
gamoyeneba ar ikrZaleboda relevanturi SidasamarTlebrivi<br />
regulaciebiT, rac warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes, zemoT ukve dagmobil,<br />
xarvezs (ix. par. 99). samxedro policiis TanamSromlebi atarebdnen<br />
avtomatur iaraRs `kanonis dacviT~ da maT hqondaT micemuli instruqcia,<br />
mieRoT yvela aucilebeli zoma aRniSnul pirTa dapatimrebis mizniT<br />
(ix. par. 19 da 60). SesaZlebloba, rom maiori `g~ ubralod moqmedebda<br />
regulaciebTan SesabamisobaSi da is aseve imoqmedebda nebismier msgavs<br />
garemoebaSi, gaqceulTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, ver<br />
iqneba gamoricxuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb<br />
maregulirebeli normebi ewinaaRmdegeboda konvenciiT dadgenil<br />
standartebs, araferi iZleva imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom maiori `g~ iaraRs<br />
ar gamoiyenebda araboSur dasaxlebaSi.<br />
151. marTalia, rogorc sasamarTlom zemoT daadgina, maior `g~-s<br />
qmedeba dakavebis operaciis dros imsaxurebs umZafress kritikas<br />
iaraRis metismeti gadaWarbebiT gamoyenebis gamo (ix. par. 180), Tumca,<br />
83
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba imis gamoricxva, rom misi reaqcia ganapiroba<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo<br />
bazis araadekvaturobam da im faqtma, rom igi momzadebuli iyo, emoqmeda<br />
aRniSnuli bazis safuZvelze (ix. punqtebi 60 da 99-105).<br />
152. ganmcxadeblebma aRniSnes, rom samxedro policielTa damokidebuleba<br />
didwilad gansazRvra imis codnam, rom gaqceulebi boSuri warmomavlobis<br />
iyvnen. Tumca, SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, iyo Tu ara batonebis angelovisa<br />
da petkovis eTnikuri warmomavloba policiis TanamSromelTa qmedebebis<br />
ganmapirobebeli. ufro metic, arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom zogierTi<br />
oficeri da TanamSromelTa nawili piradad icnobda erT an orive<br />
msxverpls (ix. punqti 18).<br />
153. ganmcxadeblebi eyrdnobodnen mowme m.m.-is Cvenebas, romelic gaxldaT<br />
erT-erTi msxverplis mezobeli. misi gancxadebiT, maiorma `g~-m gasrolis<br />
Semdeg mas miaZaxa `Tqve wyeulo boSebo~.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zaladobriv aqtTan dakavSirebuli rasobrivi<br />
Seuracxyofis amgvari mtkicebuleba unda gadamowmebuliyo xelisuflebis<br />
mier, TavisTavad, es gancxadeba arasakmarisi safuZvelia daskvnisTvis,<br />
rom mopasuxe saxelmwifo pasuxismgebelia rasobrivi mkvlelobisTvis.<br />
154. da bolos, ganmcxadeblebi daeyrdnnen informacias araerTi<br />
SemTxvevis Sesaxeb, rodesac bulgareTSi boSaTa mimarT iaraRis gamoyeneba<br />
samarTaldamcavebis mier sruldeboda am ukanasknelTa sikvdiliT da amas<br />
ar mohyveboda pasuxismgebel pirTa braldeba.<br />
155. marTalia, araerTma organizaciam, maT Soris saxelmwifoTaSorisma,<br />
gamoxata Tavisi SeSfoTeba msgavs SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT (ix. punqtebi<br />
55-59), Tumca, sasamarTlo ver gadauxvevs mis mizans, imsjelos konkretuli<br />
saqmis garemoebebze da daadginos, ganapiroba Tu ara rasizmma batonebis<br />
angelovisa da petkovis sikvdili.<br />
156. Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi palatam daadgina, rom mtkicebis tvirTi unda<br />
gadaenacvlebinaT mopasuxe saxelmwifoze imis gamo, rom saxelmwifom<br />
ver moaxerxa, Caetarebina mkvlelobis SesaZlo rasistuli motivis<br />
efeqturi gamoZieba. saxelmwifos uunarobas, daemtkicebina palatisTvis,<br />
rom ganacxadSi aRwerili movlenebi ar iyo rasizmiT ganpirobebuli,<br />
pasuxad mohyva konvenciis me-14 muxlis darRveulad cnoba me-2 muxlTan<br />
mimarTebiT.<br />
157. didi palata ganmeorebiT aRniSnavs, rom garkveul garemoebebSi,<br />
sadac movlenebi srulad an nawilobriv mTavrobis eqskluziuri codnis<br />
farglebSia, rogorc es xdeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebaSi<br />
piris gardacvalebis dros, mtkicebis tvirTi SeiZleba gadavides<br />
saxelmwifoze, raTa am ukanasknelma warmoadginos damakmayofilebeli<br />
da sarwmuno ganmarteba sikvdilis gamomwvev mizezebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
(ix. salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 21986/93, § 100, ECHR 2000-VII).<br />
didi palata ver gamoricxavs SesaZlebloba, rom garkveul pirobebSi<br />
diskriminaciis saqmeebze mopasuxe mTavrobas daekisros valdebuleba,<br />
gaabaTilos diskriminaciis Sesaxeb dasabuTebuli saCivari da Tu is<br />
amas ar gaakeTebs, daadginos konvenciis me-14 muxlis darRveva. Tumca,<br />
iq, sadac, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi amtkiceben, adgili hqonda rasistuli<br />
motiviT Cadenil Zaladobriv aqts, aseTi midgoma tolfasi iqneboda,<br />
mopasuxe saxelmwifosTvis mogveTxova, daemtkicebina, rom Sesabamis<br />
84
naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
pirebs ar gaaCndaT garkveuli subieqturi mosazrebebi. mravali qveynis<br />
samarTlebriv sistemaSi politikis an gadawyvetilebis diskriminaciuli<br />
efeqtis mtkicebuleba gaauqmebda calkeul, momsaxurebis gawevis an<br />
dasaqmebis sferoSi arsebul, diskriminaciasTan mimarTebiT ganzraxvis<br />
mtkicebis saWiroebas. magram, miuxedavad amisa, Zneli iqneba, es midgoma<br />
gadmoitano saqmeSi, sadac adgili aqvs mtkicebas, rom Zaladobrivi<br />
aqti rasobrivad iyo motivirebuli. didi palata emijneba palatis<br />
midgomas da ar miiCnevs, rom, Tu xelisufleba ver moaxerxebs efeqturi<br />
gamoZiebis Catarebas mkvlelobis rasistul motivTan dakavSirebiT, aman<br />
unda gadaitanos mtkicebis tvirTi mopasuxe mTavrobaze me-14 muxlis<br />
darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, me-2 muxlis arsebiT nawilTan mimarTebiT.<br />
ramdenad Seesabameboda xelisuflebis moqmedebebi mis procedurul<br />
movaleobebs, calke sakiTxia da masze sasamarTlo qvemoT imsjelebs.<br />
158. amrigad, yvela Sesabamisi elementis Sefasebis Sedegad, sasamarTlo<br />
ar adgens, rom adgili aqvs rasistul motivs batonebis angelovisa da<br />
petkovis sikvdilSi.<br />
159. Sesabamisad, is adgens, rom ar hqonia adgili konvenciis me-14 muxlis<br />
darRvevas me-2 muxlTan mimarTebiT mis arsebiT aspeqtSi.<br />
2. proceduruli aspeqtebi: Seasrula Tu ara mopasuxe saxelmwifom<br />
Tavisi valdebuleba SesaZlo rasistuli motivis gamoZiebisas<br />
(a) zogadi principebi<br />
160. didi palata iziarebs palatis analizs, winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos procedurul valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
gamoiZios Zaladobrivi aqtebis SesaZlo rasistuli motivi. kerZod,<br />
palatam ganacxada, rom (§§ 156-159 ):<br />
`saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT zogadi valdebuleba konvenciis me-2 muxliT,<br />
ganaxorcielon sicocxlis xelyofis saqmeTa efeqturi gamoZieba..~<br />
... es valdebuleba unda Sesruldes diskriminaciis gareSe, rogorc amas<br />
moiTxovs konvenciis me-14 muxli... iq, sadac arsebobs eWvi, rom rasobrivma<br />
ganwyobam gamoiwvia Zaladobrivi aqti, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom oficialuri gamoZieba warimarTos yuradRebiTa da miukerZoeblobiT<br />
imis dasadastureblad, rom sazogadoeba mudmivad gmobs rasizmsa da<br />
eTnikur SuRls, amasTan, uzrunvelyofs umciresobaTa rwmenas imasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, rom xelisufleba daicavs maT rasistuli Zaladobisagan.<br />
saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebulebebis Sesabamisad, konvenciis me-2<br />
muxli moiTxovs, qveynis SidasamarTlebrivma sistemam gamoiyenos<br />
sisxlis samarTali im piris mimarT, vinc sxvisi sicocxle ukanonod xelyo,<br />
miuxedavad msxverplis rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobisa ( ix.<br />
mensoni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (dek.), no. 47916/99,<br />
ECHR 2003-V)...<br />
... Zaladobrivi incidentebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenelTa mier Cadenili mkvlelobebis gamoZiebisas, saxelmwifos<br />
ekisreba damatebiTi valdebuleba, gadadgas yvela gonivruli nabiji<br />
nebismieri rasistuli motivis gamosavlenad da imis dasadgenad, iTamaSa<br />
Tu ara gadamwyveti roli rasistulma Tu eTnikuri siZulvilma an<br />
ganwyobam. am valdebulebis Seusrulebloba da rasobrivad motivirebuli<br />
85
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
Zaladobis da sisastikis im danaSaulebis msgavsad gamoZieba, sadac<br />
saxeze ar aris rasobrivi motivebi, Tvalis daxuWva iqneboda imaze, rom<br />
aseTi qmedebebi gansakuTrebulad laxavs fundamentur uflebebs da ar<br />
eTavseba konvenciis me-14 muxls (ix. mutatis mutandis, slimenosi saberZneTis<br />
winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 34369/97, § 44, ECHR 2000-IV). imisaTvis, rom SenarCundes<br />
sazogadoebis rwmena samarTaldamcavi organoebis mimarT, xelSekrulebis<br />
monawile saxelmwifoebma, Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis gamoZiebisas,<br />
unda uzrunvelyon zRvris gavleba Zalis gadaWarbebiT gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxvevebsa da rasistul mkvlelobebs Soris, samarTlis donezec da<br />
praqtikuladac.<br />
rasobrivi motivaciis damtkiceba xSirad praqtikaSi Zalian rTulia.<br />
mopasuxe mTavrobis valdebuleba, gamoiZios SesaZlo rasistuli motivebi<br />
Zaladobriv aqtebSi, gulisxmobs imas, rom miiRos yvela aucilebeli da<br />
ara absoluturad yvela zoma (ix. mutatis mutandis, Sanagani gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, no. 37715/97, § 90, ECHR 2001-III, romelic adgens<br />
imave standarts gamoZiebis zogad valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT).<br />
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma unda moimoqmedon yvelaferi,<br />
rac gonivrulia Seqmnil viTarebaSi, raTa Seagrovon da daamagron<br />
mtkicebulebani, gamoiyenon yvela praqtikuli saSualeba WeSmaritebis<br />
dadgenis mizniT da miiRon dasabuTebuli, miukerZoebeli da obieqturi<br />
gadawyvetilebebi im saeWvo faqtebis ignorirebis gareSe, romlebic<br />
SeiZleba miuTiTebdnen rasobrivad motivirebul Zaladobaze.~<br />
161. didi palata, Tavis mxriv, amatebs, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa<br />
valdebuleba, gamoiZion SesaZlo kavSiri rasobriv aqtsa da Zaladobriv<br />
aqts Soris, warmoadgens konvenciis me-2 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
maTi proceduruli valdebulebis aspeqts, magram SeiZleba miCneuli<br />
iyos konvenciis me-14 muxliT me-2 muxlTan mimarTebiT warmoSobil<br />
valdebulebad sicocxlis uflebis diskriminaciis gareSe dacvis Sesaxeb.<br />
ori debulebis urTierTkavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
warmoSobili darRvevis sakiTxi SeiZleba ganixilos mxolod erT muxlTan<br />
an orivesTan mimarTebiT. es sakiTxi unda gadawydes yoveli saqmis faqtebisa<br />
da braldebis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
(b) am principebis gamoyeneba winamdebare saqmeSi<br />
162. sasamarTlom ukve daadgina, rom bulgareTis xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma daarRvies konvenciis me-2 muxli, vinaidan ar<br />
ganaxorcieles mniSvnelovani gamoZieba batonebis angelovisa da petkovis<br />
sikvdilis mizezebis gamosavlenad (ix. zemoT punqtebi 114-119). is adgens,<br />
rom winamdebare saqmeSi calke gamokvlevis sagani unda gaxdes braldeba<br />
mizezobriv kavSirze rasistul ganwyobasa da ori adamianis mkvlelobis<br />
faqts Soris.<br />
163. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma gamoiZies batonebis angelovisa da<br />
petkovis mkvleloba ise, rom hqondaT baton m.m.-s Cveneba, msxverplTa<br />
mezoblisa, romelsac maiorma `g~-m, miuSvira ra iaraRi, Sehyvira `Tqve<br />
wyeulo boSebo~ (ix. zemoT punqti 35). aRniSnuli Cveneba, bulgareTSi<br />
arsebuli anti-boSuri damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadamowmebas<br />
moiTxovda.<br />
86
naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
164. didi palata adgens, rom nebismieri verbaluri rasistuli Seuracxyofa,<br />
gamoTqmuli samarTaldamcavi organos warmomadgenelTa mier, operaciis<br />
dros eTnikuri an sxva umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg Zalis<br />
gamoyenebisas, Zalian axlosaa kiTxvasTan, hqonda Tu ara adgili ukanono,<br />
siZulviliT motivirebul Zaladobas. iq, sadac gamoZiebis Sedegad msgavsi<br />
mtkicebulebis utyuaroba dadasturdeba, unda moxdes yvela faqtis<br />
zedmiwevniT Semowmeba, raTa gamovlindes rasistuli motivi, romelsac<br />
SesaZloa adgili hqonoda.<br />
165. ufro metic, is faqti, rom maiorma `g~-m gamoiyena metismetad<br />
gadaWarbebuli Zala ori SeuiaraRebeli da aramoZalade adamianis<br />
winaaRmdeg, aseve moiTxovda yuradRebiT gamoZiebas.<br />
166. amrigad, gamomZiebelsa da prokurorebs, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen<br />
winamdebare saqmeSi, gaaCndaT sakmarisi safuZveli SeSfoTebisaTvis,<br />
rasac unda mohyoloda Tavdapirveli mokvlevis Catareba; da Tu misi<br />
Sedegebi miscemda amis safuZvels, Semdgomi gamoZieba Zaladobis aqtsa da<br />
rasistul motivebs Soris SesaZlo kavSiris Taobaze.<br />
167. Tumca, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma araferi gaakeTes imisaTvis,<br />
rom gadaemowmebinaT baton m.m.-s Cveneba. maT, amasTan dakavSirebiT, ar<br />
dakiTxes mowmeebi. maior `g~-s ar hkiTxes, Tu ratom CaTvala aucileblad<br />
amgvari intensivobis Zalis gamoyeneba. ar Semowmebula maior `g~-s warsuli<br />
imis gasarkvevad, iyo Tu ara igi adre msgavs incidentebSi CarTuli, an<br />
gamoavlina Tu ara warsulSi anti-boSuri damokidebuleba. es Secdomebi<br />
damZimebuli iyo gamomZieblisa da prokuroris qmedebiT, romlebmac,<br />
rogorc sasamarTlom zemoT aRniSna, yuradReba ar miaqcies Sesabamis<br />
faqtebs da Sewyvites gamoZieba, riTac maior `g~-s misces SesaZlebloba,<br />
Tavi aeridebina pasuxismgeblobisaTvis (ix. punqtebi 36-54 da 115-117).<br />
168. amrigad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma<br />
ar Seasrules konvenciis me-14 muxliT amave konvenciis me-2 muxlTan<br />
erTobliobiT dakisrebuli valdebuleba, mieRoT yvela zoma imis<br />
dasadgenad, iqonia Tu ara diskriminaciam gavlena incidentis Sedegebze.<br />
Sesabamisad, Sedegad, adgili hqonda konvenciis me-14 muxlis darRvevas<br />
me-2 muxlTan erTobliobaSi procedurul aspeqtebTan mimarTebiT.<br />
V. konvenciis 41-e muxlis gamoyeneba<br />
ziani<br />
170. didi palatis winaSe ganmcxadeblebma waradgines igive moTxovna,<br />
materialuri da aramaterialuri zianis anazRaurebis mizniT kompensaciis<br />
miRebis Taobaze, rogorc es gaakeTes palatis mier saqmis ganxilvisas.<br />
mTavrobas amaze komentari ar gaukeTebia.<br />
171. palatis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisi nawilis Tanaxmad (§§ 177-184):<br />
`q-ni naCova, batoni angelovis qaliSvili da qalbatoni hristova, misi<br />
partniori da qalbaton naCovas deda erToblivad iTxovdnen 25,000 evros<br />
batoni angelovis mkvlelobis mimarT konvenciis Sesabamisi muxlebis<br />
darRvevis safuZvelze. es Tanxa moicavda 20,000 evros aramaterialuri<br />
zianis nawilSi da 5000 evros materialuri zianis saxiT. q-ni rangelova<br />
da b-ni rangelovi erToblivad iTxovdnen igive odenobis Tanxas maTi<br />
87
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
Svilis b-n kiril petkovis sikvdilis da saqmeSi arsebuli konvenciis sxva<br />
darRvevis gamo.<br />
aramaterialur zianTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo srulad akmayofilebs<br />
mosarCeleTa moTxovnas.<br />
materialur zianTan dakavSirebiT, ganmcxadeblebi moiTxovdnen<br />
dakargul Semosavals, rac mohyva msxverplTa sikvdils. ganmcxadeblebma<br />
ver warmoadgines dokumenturi mtkicebulebebi amis Taobaze, magram<br />
ganacxades, rom TiToeuli msxverpli uzrunvelyofda ojaxs finansurad<br />
da aseve gaagrZelebda, cocxali rom darCeniliyo. maT iTxoves<br />
TiToeulisaTvis 5000 evros miniWeba. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom moTxovna<br />
iyo gazviadebuli bulgareTSi cxovrebis standartis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
sasamarTlo adgens, rom mTavrobas ar udavia mosarCeleTa dasabuTebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ver xedavs raime safuZvels<br />
sxvagvari daskvnis gakeTebisaTvis.<br />
rac Seexeba materialuri zaralisaTvis gamosayofi Tanxis zust odenobas,<br />
aRniSnuli aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom moxdes sruli reparacia (restitutio<br />
in integrum). materialur danakargTan dakavSirebiT, ganmcxadeblebs<br />
mainc SeiZleba mieceT kompensacia miuxedavad siZneleebisa, zustad<br />
ganisazRvros miuRebeli Semosavlis odenoba. sasamarTlo am SemTxvevaSi<br />
imoqmedebs ise, rogorc es sxva msgavs saqmeebSi gaakeTa (ix. zeti da sxvebi<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 29392/95, § 120, ECHR 2001-V).<br />
winamdebare saqmeSi mxareTa dasabuTebisa da Sesabamisi faqtorebis _<br />
msxverplTa da ganmcxadebelTa asakis da gardacvlilebTan siaxlovis<br />
_ gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo adgens, miekuTvnos 5,000 evro q-n<br />
naCovasa da q-n hristovas erToblivad, b-ni angelovis sikvdiliT<br />
gamowveuli miuRebeli Semosavlis saxiT da 2,000 evro erToblivad q-n<br />
da b-n rangelovebs b-ni petkovis sikvdiliT gamowveuli dakarguli<br />
SemosavlisaTvis.~<br />
172. didi palata adasturebs palatis analizs. is adgens, rom marTebulia<br />
ganmcxadebelTa saCivari materialur da aramaterialur zianTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, rac mohyva konvenciis me-2 da me-14 muxlebis darRvevas da<br />
rom ar arsebobs dakisrebuli kompensaciis Semcirebis mizezi miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom didma palatam ar daadgina me-2 muxlis darRveva konvenciis me-14<br />
muxlTan mimarTebiT. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo q-n naCovasa da q-n hristovas<br />
erToblivad aniWebs 25,000 evros materialuri da aramaterialuri<br />
zianisaTvis da q-n rangelovasa da b-n rangelovs erToblivad _ 22,000<br />
evros materialuri da aramaterialuri zianisaTvis.<br />
konvenciis 45,2 muxlisa da sasamarTlos wesebis 74,2 wesis Tanaxmad,<br />
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi Tan erTvis am gadawyvetilebas:<br />
(a) mosamarTle ser nikolas bracas gansxvavebuli mosazreba;<br />
(b) mosamarTleebis kasadevalis, hediganis, mularonis, furasandostromis,<br />
giumianis da Splimanis erToblivi, nawilobriv<br />
gansxvavebuli mosazreba.<br />
88
5. guli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganacxadi no. 22676/93)<br />
procedura<br />
saqmiswarmoeba daiwyo ganacxadiT (no. 22676/93), romelic 1993 wlis 25<br />
agvistos adamianis uflebaTa evropul komisiaSi (`komisia~), adamianis<br />
uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis<br />
(`konvencia~) 25-e muxlis safuZvelze, TurqeTis winaaRmdeg Semoitana<br />
TurqeTis moqalaqe mehmet gulim (`ganmcxadebeli~).<br />
saqmis faqtobrivi mxare (mokle araoficialuri versia)<br />
ganmcxadeblis vaJi, aseve mehmet guli daiRupa policiis mier misi<br />
saxlis karTan cecxlis gaxsnis Sedegad, bozovaSi Catarebuli operaciis<br />
dros. mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebis Sesaxeb mxareebi<br />
ver SeTanxmdnen, Sesabamisad, konvenciis yofili 28-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
gamoZieba Caatara komisiam.<br />
1993 wlis martamde ar arsebobda raime mtkicebuleba, rom mehmet guli<br />
ramenairad dakavSirebuli iyo PKK-s saqmianobasTan. policiis mier<br />
miRebuli anonimuri informaciac ar asaxelebda mehmet gulis, rogorc<br />
terorists da ar arsebobda axsna, Tu ratom moxvda misi bina gasaCxrekTa<br />
siaSi.<br />
rogorc komisiam daadgina, binis gaCxrekamde kakuni karze ar yofila<br />
xangrZlivi, arc sityvieri gafrTxileba miuciaT binaSi myofebisTvis.<br />
karze msubuqi kakunis pasuxad mehmet guli mivida karebTan. policielebma,<br />
rogorc irkveva, cecxli karis mimarTulebiT gaxsnes maSin, rodesac<br />
igi kars aRebda. SesaZloa, gasaRebis Cxakuni aRiqves, rogorc iaraRis<br />
gadatenis xma da amas mohyva policielTa mxridan reaqcia. mehmet gulis<br />
Sebrunebis dros moxvda tyvia zurgis areSi, rac fataluri aRmoCnda<br />
sxva Wrilobebisgan gansxvavebiT. ganmcxadebelma da misi vaJis colma,<br />
karis gaxsnis Semdeg, daWrili mehmet guli waiyvanes axlos mdebare<br />
janmrTelobis centrSi. centridan saavadmyofoSi gadayvanisas mehmet<br />
guli gardaicvala. miuxedavad oficrebis mtkicebisa, rom Cxrekis dros<br />
mehmet gulis saxlSi aRmoCenili iqna ori Tofi da 9 mm carieli vazna,<br />
komisiam ar miiCnia es faqti dadgenilad imis gamo, rom es mtkicebuleba ar<br />
iyo saTanadod gamagrebuli da am sakiTxze policielTa CvenebebSi bevri<br />
winaaRmdegoba aRmoCnda.<br />
samarTlebrivi mxare<br />
I. mTavrobis winaswari Sepasuxeba<br />
53. mopasuxe mTavrobam sasamarTlosadmi wardgenil SepasuxebaSi aRniSna,<br />
rom ganmcxadebels ar hqonda amowuruli qveynis SidasamarTlebrivi<br />
saSualebebi konvenciis 35-e muxlis Sesabamisad, raTa mieRo xelmisawvdomi<br />
samarTlebrivi reparacia sisxlis samarTlis saqmis wamowyebiT an<br />
samoqalaqo an administraciul sasamarTloebSi gasaCivrebiT. mTavrobam<br />
apelireba moaxdina aitekinis saqmeze, sadac sasamarTlom mxari dauWira<br />
89
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
saxelmwifos Sepasuxebas sarCelis dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebiT (aitekini<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 23 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, angariSebi<br />
1998-VII, p. 2807).<br />
55. sasamarTlo imeorebs, rom qveynis SidasamarTlebrivi saSualebis<br />
amowurva, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia konvenciis 35-e muxlis §<br />
1-li punqtiT, avaldebulebs ganmcxadebels, upirvelesad, amowuros<br />
adgilobriv doneze xelmisawvdomi samarTlebrivi saSualebebi imisaTvis,<br />
rom miiRos samarTlebrivi reparacia yvela darRvevisaTvis, romelsac<br />
adgili hqonda. msgavsi saSualebis arseboba unda iyos sakmarisad<br />
gansazRvruli rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul doneze; sxvagvarad, ar<br />
SeiZleba, rom es saSualeba CaiTvalos xelmisawvdomad da efeqturad.<br />
35 § 1 muxli aseve iTxovs, rom saCivrebi, romelTa evrosasamarTloSi<br />
gagzavnacaa gamiznuli, gagzavnamde unda iyos Setanili Sesabamis<br />
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organoebSi Sida samarTlis formaluri da<br />
Sinaarsobrivi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. magram aq ar igulisxmeba<br />
mimarTvis valdebuleba iseTi organoebisadmi, romlebic araadekvaturi<br />
da araefeqturia (ix. aqsoi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1996 wlis 18 dekembris<br />
gadawyvetileba, angariSebi, 1996-VI, gv. 2275-76, §§ 51-52 da gadawyvetileba<br />
akvidari TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, angariSebi, 1996-IV, gv. 1210, §§ 65-67).<br />
56. sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom Turquli samarTali iZleva administraciuli,<br />
samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlebrivi saSualebebis gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZleblobas saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mier Cadenili ukanono da<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis sapasuxod (ix. zemoT punqtebi 44-52).<br />
57. marTalia, TurqeTis konstituciis 125-e muxliT uzrunvelyofili<br />
administraciuli dacvis saSualeba iTvaliswinebs Tanamdebobis pirTa<br />
mkacr pasuxismgeblobas (ix. zemoT paragrafi 50), Tumca, yuradsaRebia is<br />
garemoeba, rom konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebi iTxovs iseTi gamoZiebis<br />
Catarebas, romelsac SeeZleba sasikvdilo dazianebis mimyenebel<br />
damnaSaveTa gamoaSkaraveba. Sesabamisad, ganmcxadeblisTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />
es administraciul-samarTlebrivi saSualeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
iluzoruli dacvis saSualebad, vinaidan maqsimumi, rac dazaralebuls<br />
SeeZlo mieRo, iyo fuladi kompensacia miyenebuli zianis gamo (ix. iasa<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 2 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, angariSebi<br />
1998-VI, gv. 2431, § 74).<br />
Sesabamisad, ganmcxadebeli ar iyo valdebuli, gamoeyenebina<br />
administraciul-samarTlebrivi zomebi da mTavrobis winaswari Sepasuxeba<br />
am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT ar miiCneva safuZvlianad.<br />
59. sasamarTlo xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom qveynis Sida samarTlebrivi<br />
saSualebebis amowurvis wesis gamoyenebisas, is ganixileba adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvis adgilobrivi meqanizmis konteqstSi, romelTa<br />
dafuZnebasac maRali xelSemkvreli saxelmwifo daTanxmda. Sesabamisad,<br />
konvenciis 35 § 1 muxlis gamoyeneba unda moxdes garkveuli moqnilobiTa<br />
da gadaWarbebuli formalizmis gareSe. aseve, mniSvnelovan yuradRebas<br />
imsaxurebs Tavad individualuri saqmis specifikac. sasamarTlo ar<br />
eTanxmeba mdgomareobas, rom ganmcxadebels an mis warmomadgenels<br />
ekisreba valdebuleba, gaarkvios, moxda Tu ara devnis Sewyvetis Taobaze<br />
gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba uzenaesi administraciuli sasamarTlos<br />
mier. ganmcxadeblis, rogorc mosarCelis vinaoba, kargad iyo<br />
cnobili saxelmwifos wamomadgenelTaTvis da, Sesabamisad, arsebobda<br />
90
guli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
mosarCelisaTvis Setyobinebis valdebuleba imis Taobaze, rom devna<br />
daiwyo da rom mas SeeZlo am procesSi CarTuliyo, rogorc samoqalaqo<br />
mosarCele.<br />
60. rac Seexeba samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebas saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenelTa ukanono qmedebis an ukanono aqtebis Sedegad<br />
miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis Taobaze (ix. zemoT paragrafi<br />
52), sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom ganmcxadebels Teoriulad hqonda<br />
SesaZlebloba, daewyo Sesabamisi samarTalwarmoeba, magaliTad, policiis<br />
sami TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom<br />
incidentis gamoZiebis Tvisobrivi naklovaneba da procesis warmoebis<br />
manera mas efeqturad arTmevda sakuTar uflebaTa dacvis perspeqtivas<br />
policiis oficerTa bralis dadgeniT momxdar qmedebebTan mimarTebiT.<br />
61. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifo Sepasuxebis is nawili,<br />
romelic exeba sisxlissamarTlebriv da samoqalaqosamarTlebriv<br />
dacvis saSualebebs, wina planze swevs sisxlis samarTlis gamoZiebisa da<br />
procedurebis efeqturobis sakiTxs, rac mWidro kavSirSia ganmcxadeblis<br />
saCivarTan konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlo<br />
aRniSnavs, rom winamdebare saqme gansxvavdeba aitekinis saqmisagan, romelsac<br />
mopasuxe mTavroba Tavis SepasuxebaSi eyrdnoba, radgan am ukanasknelSi<br />
sisxlis samarTlis samxedro sasamarTlom jariskacs, romelmac mokla<br />
ganmcxadeblis qmari, msjavri gamoutana gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili<br />
mkvlelobisaTvis. sakasacio sasamarTloSi Setanili orive saCivari,<br />
erTi mxriv, ganmcxadeblis da, meore mxriv, generaluri prokuraturis<br />
warmomadgenlisa, iTxovda msjavrdebulis damnaSaved cnobas mkvlelobis<br />
ufro mZime Semadgenlobis CadenaSi. am garemoebebSi ar SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom saxelmwifos mier warmoebulma gamoZiebam ar misca ganmcxadebels<br />
gonivruli SesaZlebloba, gaekeTebina yvelaferi misi meuRlis mkvlelis<br />
gasamarTlebisTvis (ix. zemoT citirebuli aitkenis gadawyvetileba, gv.<br />
2827, § 83).<br />
62. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs saxelmwifos winaswar<br />
Sepasuxebas, romelic exeba dacvis administraciul-samarTlebrivi<br />
saSualebebis gamoyenebas (ix. zemoT punqtebi 49-51). is aerTianebs<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi da sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebTan<br />
mimarTebiT dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebul winaswari Sepasuxebis nawils<br />
saqmis arsebiT mxaresTan (ix. qveviT punqtebi 102-107).<br />
III. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis Taobaze<br />
65. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom misi Svili mehmet guli yovelgvari<br />
gamarTlebis gareSe mokles policiis TanamSromlebma, rodesac<br />
gardacvlilis binis karebTan gaxsnes cecxli. is aseve acxadebs, rom<br />
efeqturi gamoZieba ar Catarebula mkvlelobis garemoebaTa sruli<br />
gamokvlevis mizniT.<br />
66. mTavroba ar daeTanxma ganmcxadeblis braldebebs. komisiam gamoxata<br />
mosazreba, rom me-2 muxli dairRva, vinaidan policiis TanamSromelTa<br />
mier Zalis gamoyeneba iyo absoluturad araproporciuli da aseve imitom,<br />
rom saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma ar Caatares adekvaturi sisxlis<br />
samarTlis gamoZieba mehmet gulis mkvlelobis faqtTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
91
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
A. mxareTa dasabuTeba<br />
1. ganmcxadebeli<br />
67. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom misi Svili yovlad gaumarTleblad<br />
mokles policiis TanamSromlebma misi saxlis karebTan cecxlis gaxsnis<br />
Sedegad. marTalia, ganmcxadebeli iziarebs komisiis mier dadgenil<br />
faqtebs da daskvnebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom srola warmoadgenda<br />
policiis oficrebis mier Zalis araproporciuli gamoyenebis Sedegs,<br />
Tumca, miiCnevs, rom komisiis daskvnebi Seicavs incidentis sxva faqtobrivi<br />
da samarTlebrivi garemoebebis gamarTlebas.<br />
68. upirveles yovlisa, ganmcxadebelma gaiziara, rom operaciis dagegmvis<br />
Taobaze mcire odenobis informaciis xelmisawvdomoba ar iZleva daskvnis<br />
gakeTebis saSualebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom misi Svilis mkvleloba<br />
xelisuflebis mier dagegmili eqstra-iuridiuli xasiaTis mkvleloba iyo.<br />
Tumca, komisiis mier dadgenili faqtebi amyarebs mosazrebas, rom operacia<br />
imdenad aramarTebulad daigegma da warimarTa, Tavad dagegmarebis<br />
proceduriT dairRva sicocxlis uflebis dacvis valdebuleba. is inter<br />
alia miuTiTebs mkacr instruqciaze, romelic policiis oficrebs misces<br />
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom binaSi imyofeboda teroristi maSin, roca iq<br />
msgavsi aravin iyo. garda amisa, konvenciis me-2 muxls arRvevs Semdegi<br />
sakiTxebi: policiis oficrebisTvis instruqciis armicema imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu rodis unda gamoeyenebinaT iaraRi; gegmis ararseboba, Tu ra gziT<br />
unda SeeRwiaT binaSi; informaciis armiwodeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom<br />
SenobaSi aseve imyofebodnen qalebi da bavSvebi. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT,<br />
aRniSnul operacias aklda strategiuli da taqtikuri dagegmva,<br />
kerZod, ar ganxilula operaciis sxvagvari msvlelobis SesaZlebloba.<br />
magaliTad, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom operacias aklda dagegmva, saWiro<br />
iyo, sifrTxiliT ganexorcielebinaT Cxreka, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT<br />
sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba<br />
69. meore, mtkicebulebebiT gamtkicebuli faqtis Tanaxmad, policiis<br />
oficrebs ganzraxuli hqondaT ganmcxadeblis Svilis mokvla, Sesasvleli<br />
karisTvis cecxlis gaxsnis gziT. ganaTeba mizanmimarTulad iqna<br />
gamorTuli saxlis gareT. aranairi gafrTxileba imis Taobaze, rom karTan<br />
iyo policia, ar gakeTebula da oficrebma gaisroles maSin, rodesac<br />
mehmet guli karis gaRebas cdilobda. srola gagrZelda garkveuli<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi. igi warmoadgenda koncentrirebul qmedebas da<br />
ara panikiT gamowveul reaqcias. movlenaTa amgvari msvleloba dadginda<br />
zepiri Tu werilobiTi mtkicebulebiT, ramdenadac zogierTi policiis<br />
TanamSromlis gancxadebiT, operaciis mizani iyo im pirebis ganeitraleba,<br />
romlebic moqmedebdnen saxelmwifos interesebis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />
70. mesame, policiis oficrebma ar aRmouCines drouli da efeqturi<br />
samedicino daxmareba ganmcxadeblis mZimed daWril Svils, rac warmoSobs<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxliT daculi sicocxlis uflebis kidev erT mZime<br />
darRvevas. ganmcxadeblis Svilis hospitalizaciis Seferxeba rom ara (is<br />
gzaSi daiRupa), is SeiZleba gadarCeniliyo.<br />
71. da bolos, iziarebs ra komisiis daskvnas, rom mehmet gulis mkvlelobis<br />
saqmesTan mimarTebiT gamoZieba araefeqturi da araadekvaturi iyo,<br />
ganmcxadebeli uTiTebs SemTxvevis adgilis gamokvlevis xarvezebzec.<br />
aseve, gardacvlilis gakveTis proceduras aklda detaluroba, riTac<br />
92
guli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
xeli SeeSala saTanado analizis Catarebas miyenebuli Wrilobebis simZimis<br />
dasadgenad. ar iqna gamokvleuli dartymis niSnebi, anu ar iqna moZiebuli<br />
tyvia imis Sesamowmeblad, ramdenad safuZvliani iyo policiis oficrebis<br />
mier micemuli Cveneba cecxlis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT; policiis<br />
TanamSromelTagan Cvenebis miReba moxda SeyovnebiT; ar gamoikvlies<br />
operaciis dagegmvis detalebi da iaraRis gamoyenebis sakiTxi; aseve, ar<br />
dadginda gasrolil tyviaTa raodenoba.<br />
2. mTavroba<br />
72. mTavroba amtkicebs, rom policiis TanamSromlebis mier ganmcxadeblis<br />
Svilis mokvla moxda SemTxveviT. isini moqmedebdnen yovelgvari<br />
daudevrobis gareSe, misces ra naTeli gafrTxileba binis karze<br />
dakakunebiT. maT gaisroles mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gaisrola Tavad<br />
binaSi myofma. Sesabamisad, policielebis reaqcia ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
araproporciulad iseve, rogorc es moxda andronikusa da konstantinus<br />
saqmeSi kviprosis winaaRmdeg (1997 wlis 9 oqtombris gadawyvetileba,<br />
angariSebi 1997-VI, gv. 2059). maT cecxli gaxsnes mxolod maSin, roca<br />
gulwrfelad irwmunes, rom es aucilebeli iyo sakuTari sicocxlis<br />
dasacavad. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, adgili hqonda mxolod ramdenime<br />
sapasuxo gasrolas. karis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli srolis mizani<br />
didwilad iyo misi gaxsna da im adamianebis daxmareba, romlebic binis<br />
Signidan Svelas iTxovdnen.<br />
73. mTavroba uaryofs, rom adgili hqonda operaciis raime winaswar<br />
dagegmvas da imasac, rom mehmet gulis saxlis Cxreka ganxorcielda sxva<br />
msgavsi saqmeebisgan gansxvavebul pirobebSi. iaraRis gamoyeneba moxda<br />
ise, rogorc es moxdeboda sxva msgavsi SeiaraRebuli konfrontaciisas<br />
da am dros saerTo wesebi iqna gamoyenebuli. mTavroba ar eTanxmeba<br />
komisiis mosazrebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom iaraRis meSveobiT<br />
rkinis karis gaReba xorcieldeboda gaufrTxileblad da sawinaaRmdego<br />
Sedegi gamoiRo, rac ar Seesabameba im meTodebs, romlebiTac kargad<br />
momzadebuli anti-teroristuli Zalebi unda moqmedebdnen. es qmedeba<br />
aseve ar Seesabameboda dazvervis mier mowodebul informacias, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, binaSi imyofebodnen teroristebi.<br />
74. ufro metic, mTavrobam usafuZvlod miiCnia ganmcxadeblis mtkiceba<br />
imasTan dakavSirebiT, TiTqos srolis Semdeg policiam uari Tqva<br />
daxmarebis gawevaze maSin, roca ganmcxadeblis vaJi SemTxvevis adgilidan<br />
swored policiis daxmarebiT da policiis manqaniT gadahyavdaT.<br />
75. rac Seexeba gamoZiebas, generalurma prokurorma gadadga yvela<br />
aucilebeli nabiji aRniSnuli faqtis gamosaZieblad. moxda SemTxvevis<br />
adgilis fotografireba da sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertizis<br />
Catareba, aseve, saketis balistikuri kvleva. gardacvlilis sxeuli<br />
saTanadod iyo gamokvleuli, Tumca, klasikuri gakveTis proceduris<br />
Catareba ar gaxda aucilebeli, vinaidan sikvdili aSkarad gamowveuli iyo<br />
cecxlsasroli Wrilobis Sedegad, romelmac moklulis lumbosakralur<br />
zonaSi SeaRwia. yvela Cveneba, romelic saWiro iyo saqmis garemoebaTa<br />
dasadgenad, miRebul iqna ojaxis wevrTagan, mezoblebisa da policiis<br />
TanamSromlebisgan. amasTan, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas<br />
daeqvemdebarnen policiis TanamSromlebi, romlebmac cecxli gaxsnes.<br />
93
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom agreTve moipova eqspertTa daskvnebi,<br />
romlebic eyrdnoboda faqtebsa da saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebs.<br />
sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi Sedioda aRniSnuli daskvnebis Sefaseba da<br />
mas SeeZlo, Tuki saWirod CaTvlida, kidev moepovebina sxva eqspertTa<br />
damatebiTi daskvnebi. Tumca, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom policiis<br />
TanamSromlebi ar moqmedebdnen gaufrTxileblad. gamomdinare aqedan,<br />
adgili ar hqonda raime naklovanebas da gamoZieba Catarda konvenciis me-2<br />
muxlis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.<br />
b. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
1. sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba policiis TanamSromelTa mier<br />
76. me-2 muxli, romelic icavs sicocxlis uflebas da gansazRvravs, Tu<br />
ra SemTxvevaSia sococxlis warTmeva gamarTlebuli, konvenciis erTerT<br />
yvelaze fundamentur normas warmoadgens, romlisgan gadaxvevac<br />
ar daiSveba. is adgens garemoebebs, rodesac am uflebisagan gadaxveva<br />
SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos. konvenciis me-3 muxlTan erTad<br />
is warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT umTavres<br />
Rirebulebas, romelic aerTianebs evropis sabWoSi Semaval demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebebs. garemoebebi, romlis drosac sicocxlis warTmeva<br />
SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos, viwrod unda ganimartos. konvenciis,<br />
rogorc individTa damcveli instrumentis, mizania, aseve, me-2 muxli ise<br />
iqnes gamoyenebuli da ganmartebuli, rom misi dacvis meqanizmebi iyos<br />
maqsimalurad efeqturi da praqtikuli (ix. makqeni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 1995 wlis 27 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, seria A no.<br />
324, gv. 45-46, §§ 146-147).<br />
78. me-2 muxliT miniWebuli uflebebis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
sasamarTlo sicocxlis warTmevis SemTxvevebs uqvemdebarebs yvelaze<br />
frTxil Semowmebas, iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi aramarto saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenelTa qmedebebs, aramed saqmesTan dakavSirebul yvela<br />
garemoebas. saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mier Zalis gamoyeneba<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis meore paragrafSi Camoyalibebuli miznebis<br />
misaRwevad SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos maSin, rodesac is emyareba<br />
gulwrfel rwmenas, romelic xelSesaxebi mizezebis gamo raRac momentSi<br />
safuZvlianad aRiqmeba da garkveuli drois Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom mcdari<br />
iyo (ix. zemoT citirebuli makqenisa da sxvebis gadawyvetileba gv. 58-59, §<br />
200).<br />
79. winamdebare saqmeSi saeWvo ar gamxdara faqti, rom mehmet guli<br />
gardaicvala cecxlsasroli Wrilobis Sedegad, romelic man miiRo<br />
specialuri daniSnulebis jgufis policiis TanamSromlebis mier<br />
karis mimarTulebiT srolis Sedegad maSin, rodesac is kars ukan idga.<br />
sasamarTlo eTanxmeba komisiis daskvnas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ar<br />
arsebobda Sesabamisi mtkicebuleba, romelic daadasturebda, rom am<br />
operaciis ganmxorcieleblebs miRebuli hqondaT instruqcia sasikvdilo<br />
Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, an rom es iyo operaciis winaswar dadgenili<br />
mizani. Tumca, ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom cecxlis gaxsna amJRavnebda<br />
policiis oficrebis ganzraxvas, moeklaT kars ukan mdgomi piri.<br />
80. sasamarTlo aucileblad ar miiCnevs, imsjelos _ policiis<br />
warmomadgenlebi moqmedebdnen ganzraxviT, moeklaT ganmcxadeblis<br />
94
guli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
Svili, Tu maT daudevrobis gamo ver gaiTvaliswines safrTxe kars ukan<br />
mdgomi adamianis sicocxlisTvis. sasamarTlos ar aqvs sisxlis samarTlis<br />
sasamarTlos funqcia, gansazRvros konkretuli damnaSavis braleulobis<br />
xarisxi. is miiCnevs, rom policiis oficrebma am situaciaSi gamoiyenes<br />
araproporciuli Zala Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo.<br />
81. sasamarTlo eyrdnoba komisiis daskvnebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, mehmet<br />
guli, romelic binaSi cxovrobda mis colTan da SvilebTan erTad,<br />
karTan mivida daaxloebiT 1:00 saaTze kakunis sapasuxod. maSin, rodesac<br />
kars aRebda, samma policielma gaxsna cecxli erTi mimarTulebiT. is<br />
sasikvdilod daiWra cecxlsasroli iaraRidan gasrolili tyviebis<br />
Sedegad. srolis siZlierem sruliad gaunadgura marjvena xelis TiTebi.<br />
policiis TanamSromelTa mtkiceba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mehmet<br />
gulma maTi mimarTulebiT gaisrola, ar miiCneva sarwmunod da arc raime<br />
damakmayofilebeli mtkicebulebiT iyo gamyarebuli. mtkicebam, TiTqos<br />
binaSi aRmoCenili iqna ori Tofi da carieli vazna, incidentis Semdeg<br />
dakarga sarwmunooba saqmis masalebSi misi arasaTanado aRweris gamo da,<br />
Sesabamisad, policielTa Cvenebebi am sakiTxze ar aris sarwmuno.<br />
82. aseT garemoebebSi 50-55 tyviis gasrola karis mimarTulebiT ar iyo<br />
gamarTlebuli raime gonivruli rwmeniT, rom maT sicocxles binaSi<br />
myofi pirisagan safrTxe emuqreboda. aRniSnuli gasrola ver CaiTvleba<br />
gamarTlebulad im mosazrebidan gamomdinare, rom gasrola gamiznuli<br />
iyo binaSi usafrTxod SesaRwevad, vinaidan msgavsi qmedeba safrTxis<br />
qveS ayenebda karebTan axlo manZilze myof pirebs. rogorc sasamarTlo<br />
miuTiTebs, komisia, Tavisi delegatebis mosazrebaTa safuZvelze,<br />
miiCnevda, rom oficrebma SesaZlebelia cecxli gaxsnes karis saketis<br />
gadawevis xmis pasuxad, radgan egonaT, rom teroristebi maTTvis cecxlis<br />
gaxsnas apirebdnen. miuxedavad amisa, araidentificirebuli obieqtis<br />
mimarTulebiT avtomaturi iaraRidan cecxlis gaxsna udanaSaulo<br />
samoqalaqo pirebiT, bavSvebiTa da qalebiT dasaxlebul sacxovrebel<br />
korpusSi komisiam absoluturad araproporciulad miiCnia. Sesabamisad,<br />
es saqme gansxvavdeba saqmisagan androniku da konstantinu kviprosis<br />
winaaRmdeg (zemoT citirebuli, gv. 2106, §§ 191-192), sadac cecxli gauxsnes<br />
mZevlis amyvans, romlis mier iaraRis tarebis faqti damtkicebuli iyo,<br />
vinaidan man orjer isrola da gasrolis Sedegad daiWra policiis erTerTi<br />
TanamSromeli da mZevali.<br />
83. sasamarTlo adgens, rom policiis TanamSromelTa mxridan iaraRis<br />
gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rogorc `absoluturad aucilebeli~,<br />
sicocxlis dacvis miznebidan gamomdinare. Sesabamisad, saxezea konvenciis<br />
me-2 muxlis darRveva zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT.<br />
2. operaciis dagegmvasa da kontrolirebaSi sifrTxilis savaraudo<br />
ararsebobis Taobaze<br />
84. [. . .] antiteroristuli operaciebi unda daigegmos da gakontroldes<br />
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebis mxridan ise, rom maqsimalurad Semcirdes<br />
sasikvdilo iaraRis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba (ix. zemoT citirebuli<br />
makqenis gadawyvetileba, gv. 57, § 194; da 1998 wlis 28 ivlisis gadawyvetileba,<br />
ergi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, angariSebi 1998-IV, gv. 1776, § 79).<br />
95
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
85. ganmcxadebelma araerT epizodTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTa<br />
ganxorcielebuli operaciis arasakmaris dagegmarebasa da kontrolze,<br />
magaliTad, specialuri jgufisaTvis gakeTebuli mokle da naklebad<br />
detaluri brifingi da arasakmarisi strategiuli da taqtikuri dagegmareba<br />
moqmedebis alternatiuli versiebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, Tu<br />
binaSi SeRwevisas isini winaaRmdegobas waawydebodnen.<br />
86. sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom komisiam ver SeZlo, operaciis dagegmvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT daedgina raime faqti, ramdenadac ar arsebobda dagegmvis<br />
an brifingis Sesaxeb imdroindeli Canawerebi. amasTan, mowmeTa arsebuli<br />
Cvenebebic, SemTxvevidan ramdenime wlis gasvlis Semdeg, iyo arazusti<br />
da bundovani. man ar miiCnia sarwmunod, rom am operaciis nebismieri<br />
calkeuli aspeqti eqvemdebareboda identificirebas. SeiZleba<br />
vimsjeloT, rom oficrebi saTanadod momzadebulebi rom yofiliyvnen,<br />
ufro met sifrTxiles gamoiCendnen. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, darRvevis arsi<br />
mdgomareobda saxlis karTan oficrebis araproporciul reaqciaSi. saqmis<br />
aRniSnul aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo ar adgens damoukidebel<br />
darRvevas.<br />
3. mehmet gulisTvis saTanado samedicino daxmarebis savaraudo<br />
aRmouCenlobis Sesaxeb<br />
87. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom policiis umoqmedoba, daxmareba<br />
aRmoeCina misTvis SemTxvevis adgilze, warmoadgenda sicocxlis uflebis<br />
damoukidebel darRvevas. gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom mehmet guli<br />
gadarCeboda policiis daxmarebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos azriT,<br />
sruliad ar aris gamyarebuli raime samedicino mtkicebulebiT da<br />
didwilad spekulaciuria. Tumca, samwuxaroa, rom policiam gamoiCina<br />
gulgriloba da mehmet gulis saavadmyofoSi gadayvana ojaxs miando.<br />
amis miuxedavad, sasamarTlo marTebulad ar miiCnevs am saqmis faqtebze<br />
dayrdnobiT calke darRveva daadginos.<br />
4. savaraudo araadekvaturi gamoZiebis Taobaze<br />
88. sasamarTlo imeorebs, rom konvenciis me-2 muxlidan gamomdinare,<br />
saxelmwifos valdebuleba, daicvas sicocxlis ufleba, ikiTxeba amave<br />
konvenciis pirvel muxlTan erTianobaSi `[misi] iurisdiqciis farglebSi<br />
yvelasTvis uzrunvelyofen am konvenciis pirvel nawilSi gansazRvrul<br />
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.~ aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom<br />
saxelmwifoSi unda arsebobdes efeqturi oficialuri gamoZieba, rodesac<br />
viRac kvdeba Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad (ix. makqeni da sxvebi, zemoT<br />
citirebuli, gv. 49, §§ 161-63; kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, gadawyvetileba,<br />
19 Tebervali, 1998w. gadawyvetilebaTa angariSebi da gadawyvetilebebi<br />
1998-I, gv. 329, § 105).<br />
89. sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom aRniSnul incidentTan dakavSirebiT gamoZieba<br />
awarmova sajaro bralmdebelma. miuxedavad incidentis seriozulobisa da<br />
aucileblobisa, momxdariyo yvela mtkicebulebis Segroveba da aRwera imis<br />
dasadgenad, Tu ra moxda, gamoZiebisas SeimCneoda mTeli rigi xarvezebi.<br />
aravis ucdia, moenaxa tyviis gula, romelic, policiis TanamSromelTa<br />
mtkicebiT, mehmet gulim gaisrola maTi mimarTulebiT da romelic maT mier<br />
cecxlis gaxsnis mTavari gamarTleba iyo. ar momxdara binaSi napovni im ori<br />
96
guli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
iaraRisa da carieli patronis saTanado damagreba da aRwera, romlebsac<br />
policia aseve cecxlis gaxsnis gasamarTleblad moixmobda. am sakiTxze<br />
saubrisas policielTa gancxadebebi iyo bundovani da araTanmimdevruli,<br />
rac SeuZlebels xdida imis dadgenas, Tu romelma TanamSromelma<br />
romeli iaraRi ipovna. ar momxdara iaraRebis fotografireba maTi<br />
aRmoCenis adgilze. TumcaRa, eqspertiza Cautarda brauningis tipis<br />
iaraRs, romliTac dadginda, rom am iaraRidan gasrola moxda. magram ar<br />
Catarebula mehmet gulis xelebis Semowmeba, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida<br />
xelze kvalis aRmoCenas da daadasturebda pirovnebis kavSirs iaraRTan.<br />
ar momxdara aseve TiTis anabeWdebis aReba aRniSnuli iaraRidan. gakveTaze<br />
uaris Tqmis gamo, ver dadginda mis sxeulze arsebuli Wrilobebis sruli<br />
aRwera, ramac Seaferxa Sefaseba, Tu ramdenad Seexo mas gaxsnili cecxli<br />
da rogori iyo misi pozicia da daSoreba karebidan, rac naTels mohfenda<br />
garemoebebs, romlebSic mehmet guli iqna mokluli. mTavrobis mtkicebiT,<br />
msgavsi gamokvleva saWiroebas ar warmoadgenda, vinaidan isedac naTeli<br />
iyo mehmet gulis gardacvalebis mizezi. TumcaRa, post mortem gamokvlevis<br />
mizania, naTeli moefinos sikvdilTan dakavSirebul yvela garemoebas,<br />
amasTan, moxdes SesaZlo araadamianuri mopyrobis, WrilobaTa niSnebis<br />
sruli da akuratuli aRwera da klinikuri daskvnebis obieqturi analizi<br />
(ix. am kuTxiT sanimuSo gakveTis oqmi, romelic Tan erTvis ukanono dasjisa<br />
da eqstra-iuridiuli gamoZiebis efeqturi prevenciis saxelmZRvanelos,<br />
miRebuls 1992 wels gaeros mier, sadac xazgasmulia potenciurad<br />
winaaRmdegobriv saqmeebSi sistematuri da sruli gamokvlevis da<br />
angariSgebis aucilebloba mniSvnelovani mtkicebulebebis miRebisa da<br />
xarvezebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. aRniSnulis citireba moxda 2000<br />
welis 27 ivnisis salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg gadawyvetilebaSi § 73,<br />
romelic gamoqveynda 2000 wlis angariSebSi. . .).<br />
90. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom im operaciaSi monawile policiis<br />
TanamSromelTa im qmedebebis gamokvleva, romlebsac Sedegad adamianis<br />
sikvdili mohyva, gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliTa da yuradRebiT unda<br />
momxdariyo, sajaro bralmdebelma maT saerTod ar CamoarTva Cvenebebi.<br />
policiis TanamSromelTa mier iaraRis da tyvia-wamlis gamoyenebis gamo<br />
maTi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar damdgara, rac kidev erTi xarvezia<br />
incidentis Semdgom gatarebuli procedurebisa. arc maT xelmZRvanels da<br />
arc sajaro bralmdebels ar mouTxovia maTi iaraRis Semowmeba da tyviawamlis<br />
raodenobis dadgena.<br />
91. aRniSnul TanamSromlebs Cveneba CamoerTvaT mxolod ori Tvis Semdeg<br />
administraciuli sabWos mier daniSnuli inspeqtoris mier. sasamarTlom<br />
ukve daadgina, rom usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, administraciuli sabWoebis mier warmoebuli<br />
gamoZieba ar CaiTvleba damoukidebel gamoZiebad, kerZod, im mizeziT,<br />
rom sabWoc da operaciaSi monawile oficrebic ierarqiulad gamgebels<br />
eqvemdebarebodnen (ix. 1998 wlis 27 ivlisis giuleji TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
gadawyvetileba, angariSebi, 1998-IV, gv.1732-1733, §§ 80-82 ). maSin, roca<br />
sabWos mier daniSnulma inspeqtorma araerT mniSvnelovan mowmes CamoarTva<br />
Cvenebebi, mas ar gadaudgams nabijebi imisaTvis, raTa gamoekvlia saerTo<br />
foni, Tu ra informaciis safuZvelze daigegma da Catarda operacia. amas<br />
SeiZleboda gamoevlina, pirvel rigSi, ratom Seitanes mehmet gulis bina<br />
operaciis ganxorcielebis sferoSi da, meore, ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo<br />
specialuri jgufis wevrebis molodini, rom adgili eqneboda SeiaraRebul<br />
97
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
winaaRmdegobas. kerZod, Cveneba ar CamourTmeviaT im JandarmebisTvis,<br />
romlebic CarTulni iyvnen aRniSnuli operaciis dagegmvasa da miznis<br />
gansazRvraSi.<br />
92. administraciuli sabWos gadawyvetileba devnis Sewyvetis Taobaze<br />
gauqmda 1995 wlis TurqeTis umaRlesi administraciuli sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebiT, romelmac moiTxova policiis im sami TanamSromlis<br />
mimarT devnis dawyeba, romlebmac esroles mehmet guls. sasamarTlom<br />
imsjela, Tu ramdenad gamoaswora aRniSnulma sisxlissamarTlebrivma<br />
procesma gamoZiebaSi im momentamde arsebuli xarvezebi.<br />
93. sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom dakiTxa policiis sami TanamSromeli,<br />
romelTac araferi arsebiTi ar daumatebiaT maT mier micemuli<br />
werilobiTi CvenebisaTvis. sxva mowmeebi ar dakiTxulan. ganmcxadebeli da<br />
misi ojaxis wevrebi ar iyvnen informirebulni am procesis mimdinareobis<br />
Sesaxeb da ar miecaT SesaZlebloba, sasamarTlosTvis warmoedginaT maTi<br />
radikalurad gansxvavebuli versia xsenebul movlenebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
sasamarTlom moiTxova ori eqspertis daskvna: pirveli _ Jandarmeriis<br />
leitenantisagan da meore _ policiis eqspertisagan. aRniSnul daskvnebSi<br />
mocemuli movlenaTa Sefaseba yovelgvari ganmartebis gareSe efuZneboda<br />
mosazrebas, rom policielebisgan miRebuli movlenaTa aRwera swori<br />
iyo. orive midioda iqamde, rom saxeze ar iyo policiis TanamSromelTa<br />
braleuloba, Tumca, amgvari daskvna warmoadgenda zogadi Sefasebis<br />
Sedegs da ar eyrdnoboda teqnikuri eqspertizis daskvnas.<br />
94. sasamarTlo adgens, rom gadawyvetileba policiis sami oficris<br />
gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb srulad eyrdnoboda meore daskvnas, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad, saxeze ar iyo brali. aseve, ar momxdara imis ganmarteba, Tu<br />
ratom mieniWa policiis Cvenebebs upiratesoba gardacvlilis ojaxis<br />
wevrebis CvenebebTan SedarebiT. sasamarTlo ar xdis saeWvos im faqts,<br />
rom adgilobrivi sasamarTlo bralis an faqtebis Sefasebisas SeiZleba<br />
daeyrdnos kompetenturi eqspertis mosazrebas. Tumca, winamdebare<br />
saqmeSi naTeli ar aris, rom eqspertebi Sefasebisas daeyrdnnen teqnikuri<br />
eqspertizis raime monacems. rodesac sakuTar mosazrebas afuZnebda raime<br />
ganmartebis gareSe oficerTa qmedebebis eqspertiseul samarTlebriv<br />
klasifikaciaze, sasamarTlom efeqturad CamoarTva sakuTar Tavs<br />
iurisdiqcia, gadaewyvita am saqmis faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi<br />
(ix. magaliTad, 1996 wlis17 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze tera uonigen<br />
bi. vi. nederlandebis winaaRmdeg, angariSebidan 1996-VI, gv. 2123, § 54).<br />
95. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma ver<br />
Caatares adekvaturi da efeqturi gamoZieba mehmet gulis sikvdilis faqtTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
saSualebebis gamoyeneba am garemoebebSi Tanabrad araefeqturi iqneboda.<br />
sasamarTlo ar iziarebs saxelmwifos winaswari Sepasuxebis im nawils,<br />
romelic exeboda samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebrivi procedurebis<br />
gamoyenebas da adgens, rom am mimarTebiTac dairRva me-2 muxli.<br />
A. finansuri zarali<br />
106. rac Seexeba ganmcxadeblis moTxovnas Semosavlis dakargvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom damkvidrebuli praqtikis<br />
Tanaxmad, sasamarTlom unda daadginos mizezobrivi kavSiri miyenebul<br />
98
guli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
zaralsa da konvenciiT daculi uflebis darRvevis faqtebs Soris da Tu<br />
msgavs kavSirs daadgens, mas SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos kompensaciis nawilSi<br />
dakarguli Semosavlis sakiTxic (ix. 1994 wlis 13 ivnisis gadawyvetileba<br />
barbera, mesaJi da gadawyvetileba habardo espaneTis winaaRmdeg (50-e<br />
muxli), seria A no. 285-C, gv. 57-58, §§ 16-20; da 1999 wlis 8 ivlisis<br />
gadawyvetileba CakiCi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, romelic gamoqveyndeba 1999<br />
wlis angariSebSi, § 127). aRniSnuli aseve misaRebia maSin, rodesac ver<br />
xerxdeba im zaralis zedmiwevniT daTvla, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli unda<br />
iyos finansuri zaralis gamo samarTliani anazRaurebis nawilSi (ix. 2000<br />
wlis 25 ivlisis gadawyvetileba liustig-preni da beketi gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, muxli 41, gamoqveynda 2000 wlis angariSebSi-R, § 22).<br />
107. sasamarTlom daadgina (ix. zemoT paragrafi 83), rom mehmet guli<br />
mokles konvenciis me-2 muxlis sawinaaRmdegod, cecxlsasroli iaraRis<br />
gaumarTlebeli gamoyenebis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, saxezea aSkara<br />
mizezobrivi kavSiri mis mimarT konvenciiT garantirebul me-2 muxlis<br />
darRvevasa da finansur zarals Soris, romelic ganicades misma qvrivma<br />
da Svilebma ojaxis finansurad uzrunvelmyofi wevris dakargviT.<br />
sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom ganmcxadebels ar warmoudgenia dakarguli<br />
Semosavlis sruli daangariSeba dabegvrisa da inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
amitomac sasamarTlom gadawyvita (iseve, rogorc am tipis sxva saqmeebze),<br />
finansuri kompensaciis saxiT ganmcxadebels mianiWos 35,000 girvanqa<br />
sterlingi misi qvrivisa da mSoblebisTvis gadasacemad, Turqul liraSi<br />
konvertirebuli saxiT.<br />
B. moraluri zarali<br />
108. ganmcxadebelma, darRvevaTa simZimis gaTvaliswinebiT, moiTxova<br />
50.000 girvanqa misi SvilisaTvis, 15.000 girvanqa cal-calke TavisTvis,<br />
gardacvlilis qvrivisa da SvilebisaTvis, rac erToblivad Seadgens<br />
140.000 girvanqa sterlings, konvertirebuls Turqul liraSi gadaxdis<br />
dRisaTvis dadgenili kursiT.<br />
109. sasamarTlo kvlav imeorebs, rom mehmet gulis mkvlelobis<br />
faqtze pasuxismgebelia mTavroba. is aseve SeniSnavs, rom saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenlebma ar ganaxorcieles mehmet gulis mkvlelobis faqtis<br />
efeqturi gamoZieba konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebis Sesabamisad.<br />
zemoaRniSnulisa da msgavs saqmeebSi gacemuli kompensaciis raodenobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo akisrebs mTavrobas 20.000 girvanqa<br />
sterlings, gadasaxdels mehmet gulisaTvis me-2 muxlis darRvevis gamo,<br />
dazaralebuli qvrivisa da SvilebisaTvis da 10.000 girvanqa sterlings,<br />
gadasaxdels ganmcxadeblisaTvis, rogorc aramaterialuri zianis<br />
samarTlian anazRaurebas. aRniSnuli Tanxebis gadaxda moxdes Turqul<br />
liraSi konvertirebuli saxiT.<br />
vinsent berger georg ressi<br />
registraturis prezidenti<br />
konvenciis 45-e muxlis § 2-sa da sasamarTlos wesebis 74-e wesis Sesabamisad,<br />
mosamarTle golCuklus nawilobriv gansxvavebuli mosazreba daerTveba<br />
gadawyvetilebis teqsts.<br />
99
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
6. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis cnoba<br />
#449/1991: dominikis respublika<br />
10/08/94<br />
CCPR/C/51/D/449/1991<br />
(samarTali)<br />
danarTi<br />
ormocdameTxuTmete sesia<br />
cnoba No. 449/1991<br />
warmodgenilia: barbarin mojikas mier<br />
dazaralebuli: misi vaJi rafael mojika<br />
mxare saxelmwifo: dominikis respublika<br />
informaciis warmodgenis TariRi: 1990 wlis 22 ivlisi<br />
adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, Seqmnili samoqalaqo da politikuri<br />
uflebebis paqtis 28-e muxlis safuZvelze<br />
1994 wlis 15 ivlisis sxdomaze<br />
ajamebs mis mosazrebebs baton barbarin mojikas mier, misi vaJis rafael<br />
mijikas saxeliT warmodgenil cnobasTan dakavSirebiT, samoqalaqo<br />
da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis fakultaturi oqmis<br />
safuZvelze<br />
iTvaliswinebs misTvis xelmisawvdom, avtoris da monawile saxelmwifos<br />
mier warmodgenil yvela werilobiT informacias<br />
iRebs mosazrebebs fakultaturi oqmis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtis<br />
safuZvelze<br />
1. cnobis avtoria barbarin mojika, dominikis respublikis moqalaqe<br />
da santo domingoSi mcxovrebi muSaTa lideri. man cnoba warmoadgina<br />
Tavisi vaJis _ dominikis moqalaqis, 1959 wels dabadebuli rafael mojikas<br />
saxeliT, romelic 1990 wlis maisSi gauCinarda. avtori Civis, rom monawile<br />
saxelmwifom misi vaJis mimarT daarRvia paqtis me-6, me-7 da me-9 muxlebi da<br />
me-10 muxlis 1-li punqti.<br />
avtoris mier warmodgenili faqtebi<br />
2.1. avtori sayovelTaod cnobili muSaTa lideria. misi vaJi rafael<br />
mojika santo domingos portis dokis muSakia, romelic bolos misma ojaxma<br />
1990 wlis 5 maisis saRamos naxa. saRamos 8 saaTidan Ramis pirvel saaTamde<br />
igi sxvebma naxes restoran `el aplosoSi~, romelic mdebareobs arimo<br />
portuarios kavSiris ubanSi. igi swored am kavSiris wevri iyo. mowmeebi<br />
adastureben, rom amis Semdeg igi Cajda taqsiSi, romliTac sxva ucnobi<br />
piri mgzavrobda.<br />
100
2.2. avtori amtkicebs, rom misi vaJis gauCinarebamde erTi kviriT adre<br />
rafael mojikas sikvdiliT daemuqrnen direqsion de bienes nacionales<br />
(Dirección de Bienes Nacionales) samxedro oficrebi, kerZod, kapitani manuel<br />
de iesus moreli da am ukanasknelis ori TanaSemwe, romlebic cnobili<br />
arian metsaxelebiT – `martini~ da `brunkvito~. avtoris varaudiT isini<br />
mas emuqrebodnen komunisturi Sexedulebebis gamo.<br />
2.3. 1990 wlis 31 maiss avtorma, misma ojaxma da megobrebma moiTxoves<br />
gamoZiebis dawyeba rafael mojikas gauCinarebis saqmeze. am mizniT,<br />
amerikel <strong>iuristTa</strong> asociaciis dominikelma warmomadgenelma werili<br />
miswera prezident balaguers; rogorc Cans, avtors pasuxi ar miuRia.<br />
rafael mojikas gauCinarebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg dedaqalaqis sxva<br />
ubanSi, kerZod, hainas industriul zonasa da hainas sanapiroze napovni<br />
iqna TavmoWrili da dasaxiCrebuli ori gvami. imis SiSiT, rom erT-erTi<br />
SeiZleboda misi vaJi yofiliyo, avtorma samedicino eqspertiza moiTxova,<br />
romelic 1990 wlis 22 ivniss Catarda. autofsiuri gamokvlevis Sedegad<br />
msxverplTa identifikacia ver moxda, Tumca, aSkara iyo, rom arc erTi<br />
maTgani rafael monjika ar gaxldaT, rameTu mas, orive msxverplisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, muqi feris kani hqonda (“no se trata del Sr. Rafael Mojica Melenciano,<br />
ya que éste según sus familiares es de tez oscura”). 1990 wlis 6 ivliss generaluri<br />
prokuraturis muSakma avtors gadasca autofsiuri Semowmebis daskvnis<br />
asli.<br />
2.4. 1990 wlis 16 ivliss avtorma, advokatis meSveobiT, santo domingos<br />
mTavar saxalxo prokurors mosTxova, gamoeZiebina misi vaJis gauCinarebis<br />
saqmeSi kapitan morelis da misi TanaSemweebis savaraudo monawileobis<br />
sakiTxi. avtori ar azustebs, mohyva Tu ara raime gamoxmaureba mis<br />
moTxovnas 1990 wlis 23 ivlisidan (rodesac informacia miiRo adamianis<br />
uflebaTa komitetma) 1994 wlis dasawyisamde.<br />
2.5. avtori amtkicebs, rom, dominikis respublikis kanoniT, ar arsebobs<br />
raime konkretuli samarTlebrivi saSualeba saqmeebisTvis, romlebic<br />
dakavSirebulia piris ZaladobiT an aranebayoflobiT gauCinarebasTan.<br />
saCivari<br />
3. warmodgenilia, rom zemoaRniSnuli faqtebi naTels xdis monawile<br />
saxelmwifos mier paqtis me-6, me-7, me-9 muxlebis da me-10 muxlis 1-li<br />
punqtis darRvevebs.<br />
komitetis gadawyvetileba daSvebadobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
4.1 komitetma, misi 47-e sesiis ganmavlobaSi ganixila cnobis<br />
daSvebadobis sakiTxi. man wuxili gamoTqva monawile saxelmwifos<br />
mxridan TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqmis gamo da daadgina Semdegi:<br />
davas ar iwvevda avtoris gancxadeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ar<br />
arsebobda Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi dacvis saSualebebi individualur<br />
pirTa gauCinarebis saqmeebis amosawurad. am garemoebebSi komiteti<br />
dakmayofilda imiT, rom Sesrulda fakultaturi oqmis me-5 muxlis 2(b)<br />
punqtis moTxovnebi.<br />
101
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
4.2 rac Seexeba paqtis me-10 muxlis 1-l punqts, komitetma miiCnia, rom<br />
igi dasabuTebuli ar iyo da ukavSirdeboda varauds, Tu ra SeiZleboda<br />
mosvloda rafael mojikas 1990 wlis 5 maiss misi gauCinarebis Semdeg;<br />
amrigad, komitetma daaskvna, rom am mimarTulebiT avtoris pretenzia ar<br />
Seesabameboda fakultaturi oqmis me-2 muxls.<br />
4.3 me-6, me-7 da me-9 muxlis 1-li punqtis safuZvelze avtoris saCivrebi<br />
komitetma dasabuTebulad miiCnia daSvebadobis miznebisaTvis. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, 1993 wlis 18 marts komitetma informacia daSvebulad<br />
gamoacxada, ramdenadac isini wamoWridnen sakiTxebs, romlebic<br />
Seesabameboda paqtis me-6, me-7 da me-9 muxlebs. monawile saxelmwifos<br />
gaegzavna Txovna, warmoedgina informacia batoni mojikas gauCinarebis<br />
gamoZiebis Sesaxeb da gadmoeca saqmesTan dakavSirebuli yvela saTanado<br />
dokumentis asli.<br />
arsebiTi mxaris gamokvleva<br />
5.1. fakultaturi oqmis me-4 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze, monawile<br />
saxelmwifos vada 1993 wlis 10 noembers amoewura. 1994 wlis 2 maiss<br />
gagzavnili Sexsenebis miuxedavad, monawile saxelmwifos raime masala<br />
saqmis arsebiT mxaresTan dakavSirebiT ar warmoudgenia.<br />
5.2. komiteti wuxils da SeSfoTebas gamoxatavs im faqtTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
rom monawile saxelmwifom ar iTanamSromla cnobis arc dasaSvebobis<br />
da arc misi arsebiTi ganxilvis sakiTxebSi. fakultaturi oqmis<br />
me-4 muxlis me-2 punqtSi da, aseve, proceduruli wesebis 91-e wesSi<br />
mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli, rom monawile saxelmwifom guldasmiT,<br />
keTilsindisierad da mocemul vadebSi unda awarmoos yvela gancxadebis<br />
gamoZieba, sadac, savaraudod, saxelmwifos mier paqtis darRvevebzea<br />
miTiTebuli da komitets miawodos mis xelT arsebuli yvela informacia.<br />
monawile saxelmwifom amis gakeTeba ver SeZlo. Sesabamisad, saTanado<br />
mniSvneloba unda mieniWos avtoris gancxadebebs im farglebSi, romelSic<br />
igi dasabuTebuli iqneba.<br />
5.3. avtori miuTiTebs paqtis me-9 muxlis 1-li punqtis darRvevaze.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1990 wlis 5 maiss an mis Semdgom periodSi rafael<br />
mojikas dakavebis an dapatimrebis faqtis mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs,<br />
komiteti miuTiTebs, rom dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
pirobebis Sesabamisad, monawile saxelmwifos moeTxoveboda saqmis<br />
ganmarteba; man es ar gaakeTa. komiteti agreTve mianiSnebs gancxadebaze,<br />
rom rafael mojikas mis gauCinarebamde erTi kviriT adre sikvdiliT<br />
daemuqrnen direqsion de bienes nacionales oficrebi; monawile<br />
saxelmwifos es informaciac ar uaruyvia.<br />
5.4. me-9 muxlis 1-li punqtis pirveli winadadebiT, yoveli adamiani<br />
uzrunvelyofilia Tavisuflebisa da piradi usafrTxoebis uflebiT.<br />
Tavis wina samarTalwarmoebaSi komitetma daadgina, rom am uflebaze<br />
miTiTeba SeiZleba gakeTdes ara mxolod dakavebis an dapatimrebis<br />
konteqstSi. amasTan, ganmarteba, romelic monawile saxelmwifos uflebas<br />
miscems, Seeguos, dauSvas an ugulebelyos oficialur pirTa mier monawile<br />
saxelmwifos iurisdiqciaSi myof aradakavebul pirTa Tavisuflebisa da<br />
usafrTxoebisadmi safrTxis Seqmna, araefeqturs xdis paqtis garantiebs.<br />
saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare, komiteti askvnis, rom paqtis me-9<br />
102
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis cnoba #449/191; dominikis respublika<br />
muxlis 1-li punqtis safuZvelze, monawile saxelmwifom ver uzrunvelyo<br />
rafael mojikas Tavisuflebisa da piradi usafrTxoebis ufleba.<br />
5.5. me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis savaraudo darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
komiteti miuTiTebs me-6 muxlze gakeTebul mis zogad komentarze<br />
6(16), sadac igi, inter alia, aRniSnavs, rom monawile saxelmwifoebma unda<br />
ganaxorcielon konkretuli da efeqturi RonisZiebebi, raTa Tavidan<br />
aicilon individualuri pirebis gauCinareba da Seqmnan efeqturi<br />
saSualebebi da procedurebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs sicocxlis<br />
uflebis SesaZlo darRvevis garemoebebSi pirTa dakargvisa da gauCinarebis<br />
saqmeebis saguldagulo gamoZiebas saTanado miukerZoebeli organos<br />
mier.<br />
5.6. komitets miaCnia, rom monawile saxelmwifos ar uaruyvia, rom (a) rafael<br />
mojika faqtobrivad gauCinarda da mis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili 1990<br />
wlis 5 maisis Semdeg; da (b) rom mis gauCinarebaSi brali miuZRviT pirebs,<br />
romlebic saxelmwifo uSiSroebis Zalebs ekuTvnian. am garemoebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT komiteti adgens, rom dominikis respublikam efeqturad<br />
ver daicva me-6 muxliT aRiarebuli sicocxlis ufleba, miTumetes<br />
im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es aris saqme, sadac dazaralebulis<br />
sicocxles manamde samxedro oficrebi emuqrebodnen.<br />
5.7. rafael mojikas gauCinarebis garemoebebi, mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli<br />
muqaris CaTvliT, saSualebas iZleva, dabejiTebiT davaskvnaT, rom igi<br />
awames an mas araadamianurad da damamcireblad moepyrnen. monawile<br />
saxelmwifos araferi warmoudgenia, rac amgvar daskvnas gaaqarwylebda<br />
an SeewinaaRmdegeboda. komiteti, darwmunebulia ra, rom mraval qveyanaSi<br />
gauCinareba Zaladobrivi an aranebayoflobiTi xasiaTisaa, askvnis, rom<br />
individualur pirTa gauCinareba ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli<br />
mopyrobasTan, romelic me-7 muxlis darRvevis tolfasia.<br />
6. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komitets, moqmedebs ra samoqalaqo da<br />
politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis fakultaturi oqmis me-5<br />
muxlis me-4 punqtis safuZvelze, miaCnia, rom komitetis mier dadgenili<br />
faqtebi avlens monawile saxelmwifos mier paqtis me-6 muxlis 1-li<br />
punqtis, me-7 muxlis da me-9 muxlis 1-li punqtis darRvevas.<br />
7. paqtis me-2 muxlis me-3 punqtis safuZvelze, monawile saxelmwifos<br />
ekisreba valdebuleba, avtori uzrunvelyos efeqturi dacvis<br />
saSualebebiT. komiteti dabejiTebiT sTxovs monawile saxelmwifos,<br />
guldasmiT gamoiZios rafael mojikas gauCinarebis saqme, marTlmsajuleba<br />
ganaxorcielos mis gauCinarebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebis mimarT da<br />
saTanado kompensacia gadauxados mis ojaxs.<br />
8. komitets surs, monawile saxelmwifosagan 90 dRis vadaSi miiRos<br />
informacia komitetis daskvnebTan dakavSirebiT gatarebuli<br />
RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb.<br />
[miRebulia inglisur, frangul da espanur enebze; inglisuri teqsti aris<br />
originaluri versia]<br />
103
III<br />
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi<br />
saxelmwifos pozitiur valdebulebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, daicvas sicocxle,<br />
roca adamiani iRupeba oficialur<br />
dawesebulebaSi da gaeros adamianis<br />
uflebaTa komitetis cnoba 888/1999<br />
1. salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganacxadi 21986/93)<br />
gadawyvetileba<br />
strasburgi<br />
2000 wlis 27 ivnisi<br />
procedura<br />
saqmiswarmoeba daiwyo konvenciis Zveli redaqciis me-19 muxlis<br />
safuZvelze, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropul komisiaSi (`komisia~)<br />
1999 wlis 7 ivniss, 3 Tviani periodis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc es dadgenili<br />
iyo konvenciis Zveli redaqciis 32 § 1 da 47-e muxlebiT. warmoeba daiwyo<br />
ganacxadiT (no. 21986/93), romelic 1993 wlis 20 maiss TurqeTis respublikis<br />
winaaRmdeg konvenciis Zveli redaqciis 25-e muxlis safuZvelze TurqeTis<br />
moqalaqe qalbatonma behia salmanma Semoitana.<br />
saqmis faqtobrivi mxare<br />
(komisiis mier dadgenili faqtebis mokle, araoficialuri versia)<br />
ramdenadac ganmcxadeblis meuRlis agit salmanis dakavebasa da Semdgom<br />
sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi daudgeneli iyo, komisiam mxareTa<br />
daxmarebiT Caatara gamoZieba.<br />
agit salmani, 45 wlis mZRoli, qurT mSromelTa partiasTan TanamSromlobis<br />
braldebiT meored daakaves 1992 wlis 28 aprils. mas braldeboda navrozis<br />
dResaswaulSi monawileoba da cecxlis gaxsna uSiSroebis ZalebisTvis, ris<br />
Sedegadac daiRupa erTi kaci da daiWra ramdenime. 29 aprils, Ramis pirveli<br />
saaTisTvis zedamxedvelma oficrebs Seatyobina, rom agit salmani cudad<br />
grZnobda Tavs. is gadaiyvanes saavadmyofoSi, magram, eqimis daskvniT,<br />
saavadmyofoSi miyvanamde daaxloebiT 15 wuTiT adre is gardacvlili<br />
iyo.<br />
gakveTis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, koWze ramdenime axali mcire sisxlCaqcevis<br />
da mkerdze Zveli, mowiTalo sisxlCaqcevis garda, gardacvlils dazianeba<br />
ar aReniSneboda. sasamarTlom mis sikvdilSi braldebuli oficrebi<br />
gaamarTla, vinaidan miiCnia, rom igi daiRupa gulis daavadebisgan da ar<br />
104
salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
dgindeboda, rom braldebulma pirebma mis mimarT wamebis an iZulebis<br />
raime meTodi gamoiyenes.<br />
komisiam daadgina, rom gardacvlils aReniSneboda Caqcevebi da naWdevebi<br />
marcxena koWze, aseve, Caqceva da gasiveba marcxena fexis terfze, rac<br />
ar SeiZleboda SemTxveviT yofiliyo gamowveuli. aRniSnuli niSnebi<br />
damaxasiaTebelia `falakas~ meTodisTvis (fexis gulebSi cema). mkerdze<br />
arsebuli sisxlCaqcevis asaki ar gansazRvrula raime akuratuli<br />
histopaTologiuri saSualebiT da ar SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom is ar<br />
iyo dakavSirebuli gatexil mkerdis ZvalTan. komisia ar miiCnevs, rom es<br />
dazianebebi gaCnda gulis masaJis Sedegad, vinaidan pirvelad kardialuri<br />
masaJis versia saqmeSi gaCnda oTxi wlis mere, komisiis delegatebisTvis<br />
micemul CvenebebSi. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, komisiam daaskvna, rom<br />
agit salmani dakiTxvis dros daeqvemdebara wamebas, ramac gamoiwvia gulis<br />
Seteva, ris Sedegadac igi gardaicvala.<br />
sasamarTlosadmi wardgenili saboloo dasabuTeba<br />
77. Tavis wardginebaSi ganmcxadebeli sasamarTlos sTxovda, daedgina<br />
mopasuxe mTavrobis mier konvenciis me-2, me-3, me-13 muxlebis da Zveli<br />
redaqciis 25 § 1 muxlis darRveva. man aseve sasamarTlos sTxova konvenciis<br />
41-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTliani dakmayofileba.<br />
18. mTavrobam sasamarTlos sTxova saqmis Sewyveta dauSveblobis motiviT,<br />
vinaidan ganmcxadebelma ar amowura qveynis Sida samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />
saSualebebi. isini amtkicebdnen, rom ganmcxadeblis saCivari ar iyo<br />
gamyarebuli mtkicebulebiT.<br />
II. faqtebis sasamarTlo Sefaseba<br />
90. mxareTa Soris sadavo faqtebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saxelmwifos<br />
valdebulebasTan agit salmanis policiaSi dakavebisas mopyrobisa da<br />
sikvdilis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlo ikvlevs erToblivad<br />
faqtobriv da samarTlebriv sakiTxebs, vinaidan isini Seesabameba<br />
ganmcxadeblis saCivars konvenciis me-2, me-3 da me-13 muxlebiT.<br />
III. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis Sesaxeb<br />
91. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom misi qmari agit salmani daiRupa policiis<br />
oficerTa cudi mopyrobis Sedegad adanis uSiSroebis direqtoratSi. igi<br />
aseve Cioda, rom ar momxdara sikvdilis garemoebaTa efeqturi gamoZieba<br />
da amtkicebda, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevas.<br />
92. mTavroba sadavod xdida am mtkicebas. komisiis mosazrebiT, me-2 muxli<br />
dairRva im safuZvliT, rom agit salmanis sikvdili gamoiwvia policiaSi<br />
yofnisas misma wamebam da aseve iman, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma<br />
ar ganaxorcieles adekvaturi sisxlissamarTlebrivi gamoZieba misi<br />
sikvdilis garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
105
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
sasamarTlos winaSe gamosul pirTa gancxadebebi<br />
1. ganmcxadebeli<br />
93. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom misi qmari dakavebis periodSi mokles.<br />
samedicino mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad, is gaxda Zalis gamoyenebis msxverpli,<br />
ramac gamoiwvia gulis gaCereba. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma ver<br />
warmoadgines raime damakmayofilebeli ganmarteba agit salmanis sikvdilis<br />
mizezTan dakavSirebiT. nacvlad amisa, maT SeTxzes istoria, romliTac<br />
simarTlis damalvas cdilobdnen. qvrivi amtkicebda, rom rodesac<br />
piri daakaves janmrTeli da Semdeg gardaicvala, sikvdilis faqtze<br />
pasuxismgebloba, gonivruli ganmartebis warmoudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
unda daekisros xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs. msgavsi ganmarteba ar<br />
gakeTebula gardacvlilis mkerdze arsebuli sisxlnaJRenTis, mkerdis<br />
Zvlis motexilobis da marcxena fexis dalurjebis, marcxena xelisgulsa<br />
da iRliaSi arsebuli Wrilobebis gamo.<br />
94. ganmcxadebelma aseve sTxova sasamarTlos, daedasturebina<br />
komisiis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2<br />
muxlis darRvevas, vinaidan misi qmris sikvdilis faqtis gamoZieba<br />
iyo imdenad araadekvaturi da araefeqturi, rom ewinaaRmdegeboda<br />
sicocxlis uflebis dacvis garantiebs. kerZod, gamoZieba araefeqturi<br />
iyo agit salmanTan dakavSirebiT saWiro samedicino mtkicebulebis<br />
warmodgenisas. magaliTad, ar arsebobda sisxlnaJRenTebis<br />
histopaTologiuri analizi da raime sasamarTlo-samedicino foto,<br />
rogorc es dadgenilia gaeros samodelo gvamis gamokvlevis oqmis<br />
rekomendaciebiT (ix. 73-74 punqtebi). orive eqimma, doqtorma Senma da<br />
stambulis sasamarTlo-samedicino kvlevis institutma warmoadgines<br />
subieqturi daskvna ise, rom ar mianiWes sakmarisi yuradReba SesaZlo<br />
mizezebs, rac uaryofiTad imoqmedebda xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis<br />
reputaciaze. prokurorebma aseve araferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom<br />
gadaemowmebinaT policiis oficerTa Cvenebebi da moepovebinaT<br />
aucilebeli mtkicebulebebi sisxlissamarTlebrivi gamoZiebisaTvis.<br />
2. mTavroba<br />
95. mTavroba acxadebda, rom ganmcxadeblis mtkicebebi usafuZvlo<br />
iyo. gvamis gakveTam da stambulis sasamarTlo-samedicino institutis<br />
daskvnam aCvena, rom agit salmanis sikvdilis mizezi gulis gaCereba<br />
gaxda, rac gamoiwvia mRelvarebam misi ayvanisa da dakavebis gamo. sakanSi<br />
is uhaerobas uCioda da policiis oficrebma saavadmyofoSi gadaiyvanes.<br />
isini misTvis xelovnuri sunTqvis Catarebas cdilobdnen, ramac gulis<br />
ficris motexiloba gamoiwvia. mtkiceba, rom is wamebis msxverpli<br />
iyo, dausabuTebelia da eyrdnoba arasarwmuno fotoebsa da eqimTa<br />
spekulacias, romelTac arc ki gamoukvleviaT sxeuli. mTavroba acxadebda,<br />
rom stambulis sasamarTlo-samedicino instituti umaRlesi profesiuli<br />
donis organizacia iyo da misi daskvna ar SeiZleboda sadavo gamxdariyo.<br />
96. mTavroba amtkicebda, rom gamoZieba iyo adekvaturi da efeqturi.<br />
Cvenebebi yvela Sesabamis mowmesa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenels<br />
CamoarTves da yvela aucilebeli samedicino da sasamarTlo-samedicino<br />
gamokvleva Catarda. maT Soris, gadamowmda sikvdilis mizezi saeqsperto<br />
daskvnis safuZvelze, romelic gasca stambulis sasamarTlo-samedicino<br />
106
salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
institutma. iusticiis saministrom saqme sakasacio sasamarTloSi<br />
gadagzavna, romelmac gaauqma gadawyvetileba policiis oficerTa<br />
msjavrdebisgan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb da saqme xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis<br />
daabruna. saqme ganixila sasamarTlom, romelmac gaamarTla policiis<br />
oficrebi. amrigad, ganxorcielda yvela aucilebeli qmedeba incidentis<br />
gamosaZieblad.<br />
B. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
1. agit salmanis sikvdili<br />
97. me-2 muxli, romelic icavs sicocxlis uflebas da adgens garemoebebs,<br />
rodesac sicocxlis xelyofa SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos,<br />
warmoadgens konvenciis erT-erT yvelaze fundamentur debulebas,<br />
romlisgan gadaxvevac dauSvebelia. me-3 muxlTan erTad, is aseve<br />
adgens evrosabWos qveynebis demokratiuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad<br />
faseulobebs. amrigad, garemoebebi, rodesac sicocxlis xelyofa<br />
SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos, metismetad mkacradaa SezRuduli.<br />
konvenciis, rogorc kerZo pirTa dacvis instrumentis, mizani da amocana<br />
moiTxovs, me-2 muxli ganimartos da gamoyenebul iqnes imgvarad, rom iyos<br />
praqtikuli da efeqturi (ix. makkeni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg, 1995 wlis 27 seqtembris gadawyvetileba Series A no. 324, gv.<br />
45-46, §§ 146-47).<br />
98. mTlianobaSi wakiTxuli me-2 muxlis teqsti adasturebs, rom igi<br />
moicavs ara mxolod ganzrax mkvlelobas, aramed garemoebebs, rodesac<br />
nebadarTulia `Zalis gamoyeneba~, rasac SeiZleba mohyves gaufrTxilebeli<br />
Sedegi sicocxlis xelyofis saxiT. sasikvdilo Zalis ganzrax gamoyeneba<br />
aris erTi faqtori, romelic unda gaviTvaliswinoT aucileblobis<br />
Sefasebisas. Zalis nebismieri gamoyeneba unda iyos `absoluturad<br />
aucilebeli~ erTi an meti miznis misaRwevad, rac CamoTvlilia aRniSnuli<br />
muxlis `a~_`g~ punqtebSi. aRniSnuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, aucileblobis<br />
ufro metad mkacri da zusti testi unda iyos gamoyenebuli imis<br />
gansasazRvravad, Tu ramdenad iyo saxelmwifos qmedeba `aucilebeli<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~ konvenciis 8-11 muxlebis I I paragrafis<br />
Sesabamisad. gamomdinare aqedan, gamoyenebuli Zala unda iyos mkacrad<br />
proporciuli nebadarTuli miznis misaRwevad (ix. makkeni da sxvebis<br />
gadawyvetileba, gv. 46, §§ 148-49).<br />
99. me-2 muxlis dacvis mniSvnelobis fonze, sasamarTlom unda<br />
ganaxorcielos sicocxlis aRkveTasTan dakavSirebul garemoebaTa<br />
Zalian detaluri ganxilva. mxedvelobaSi miiRos ara marto saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenelTa qmedebani, aramed, aseve, saqmesTan dakavSirebuli yvela<br />
garemoeba. dakavebuli pirebi umweo mdgomareobaSi arian da xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, daicvan isini. amrigad, Tuki piri<br />
policiaSi daakaves janmrTel mdgomareobaSi da is aRmoCnda dazianebuli<br />
gaTavisuflebisas, saxelmwifos ekisreba valdebuleba, warmoadginos<br />
gonivruli ganmarteba, Tu ris gamo miadga mas es dazianebebi (ix. selmuni<br />
safrangeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 25803/94, § 87, ECHR 1999-V). xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebze dakisrebuli valdebuleba, pasuxi agon dakavebuli<br />
piris mopyrobaze, gansakuTrebiT mkacria piris gardacvalebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
107
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
100. mtkicebulebebis Sefasebisas, sasamarTlo, zogadad, iyenebs<br />
mtkicebis zogad standarts `gonivruli eWvis miRma~ (ix. irlandia<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1978 wlis 18 ianvari, Series A no. 25, gv.<br />
64-65, § 161). Tumca, aseTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos cxadi, Tanmimdevruli da<br />
udavo mtkicebulebaTa erToblioba an misi prezumfcia. iq, sadac sadavo<br />
movlenebi srulad an didwilad xvdeba eqskluziurad xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenelTa codnis sferoSi, rogorc es xdeba saqmeSi, sadac pirebi<br />
iyvnen patimrobaSi, faqtebis mkacri prezumfcia iwyebs moqmedebas<br />
daSavebulTa an maTi naTesavebis sasargeblod. marTlac, mtkicebis<br />
tvirTi ekisreba xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, raTa maT warmoadginon<br />
damakmayofilebeli da sarwmuno ganmarteba momxdarTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
101. sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT, komisiis mier faqtebis Sefaseba naTels<br />
xdis, rom aRniSnuli saqme Seesabameba zemoaRniSnul principebs.<br />
102. agit salmani daakaves aSkarad janmrTel mdgomareobaSi, yovelgvari<br />
winaswari dazianebis an avadmyofobis gareSe. ar yofila warmodgenili<br />
gonivruli ganmartebebi marcxena xelisgulze arsebuli dazianebis,<br />
sisxlnaJRenTebis, marcxena fexze gadatyavebis, mkerdze naWdevis da<br />
motexili mkerdis Zvlis gamo. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar amyarebs<br />
mTavrobis dasabuTebas, rom gardacvlils SesaZloa dazianebebi mieRo<br />
dakavebis periodSi, anda TiTqos gatexili mkerdis Zvali iyo gulis<br />
masaJis Sedegi. eqim kirangilis daskvna imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mkerdze<br />
sisxlnaJRenTi gaCnda dakavebamde da rom agit salmani mokvda gulis<br />
SeteviT, rac gamowveuli iyo dakavebis stresiTa da xangrZlivi periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi uhaerobiT, uaryofil iqna profesorebis paunderis da<br />
kordneris mtkicebulebiT. eTanxmebodnen ra mtkicebulebas uecari<br />
sikvdilis, sisxlnaJRenTebisa da gatexili gulis ficris warmoSobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, rac SeiZleboda aseve gamoewvia mkerdze dartymas, komisiam<br />
sakmaod didi interesi gamoiCina eqim kirangelis mtkicebis mimarT, iseve,<br />
rogorc uyuradReboba ar gamouCenia profesorebis kordnerisa da<br />
paunderis mtkicebulebaTa mniSvnelobisadmi. sayuradReboa is garemoebac,<br />
rom eqimma kirangelim xeli moawera stambulis sasamarTlo-samedicino<br />
medicinis institutis daskvnas, romelic ganixileboda komisiis mier da,<br />
amis gamo, ver CaiTvleba verc obieqturad da verc damoukidebel daskvnad.<br />
mtkiceba ori profesoris winaswari SeTanxmebis Taobaze, romelic gakeTda<br />
mTavrobis warmomadgenlis mier, usafuZvloa.<br />
103. sasamarTlo adgens, rom mTavrobam angariSi ar gauwia agit<br />
salmanis sikvdils, rac gamowveuli iyo gulis gaCerebiT misi dakavebis<br />
periodSi, uSiSroebis direqtoratSi da, amis gamo, mopasuxe mTavrobas<br />
pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros misi sikvdilisaTvis.<br />
Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda me-2 muxlis darRvevas.<br />
2. savaraudo araadekvaturi gamoZieba<br />
104. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom konvenciis me-2 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
saxelmwifos valdebuleba, daicvas sicocxlis ufleba, ikiTxeba amave<br />
konvenciis pirvel muxlTan erTobliobaSi _ `daicvas yvelas ufleba<br />
da konvenciis gansazRvruli Tavisuflebani sakuTari iurisdiqciis<br />
farglebSi~ _ da gulisxmobs, rom Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
pirovnebis gardacvalebis dros unda ganxorcieldes saqmis efeqturi<br />
108
salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
gamoZieba (ixileT: mutatis mutandis, makqeni da sxvebis zemoT citirebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba, gv. 49, § 161, da kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 19<br />
Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, angariSebi 1998-I, gv. 329, § 105).<br />
105. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom zemoaRniSnuli<br />
valdebuleba gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cxadia, rom<br />
mkvleloba moxda saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mier. ganmcxadebelma<br />
da gardacvlilis mamam formaluri saCivari Seitanes kompetenturi<br />
sagamoZiebo organoebis winaSe da amtkicebdnen, rom es iyo wamebis Sedegi.<br />
ufro metic, Tavad faqti imis Taobaze, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi<br />
informirebulni iyvnen dakavebis dros agit salmanis sikvdilis Taobaze,<br />
ipso facto warmoSobda me-2 muxliT aRiarebul valdebulebas mkvlelobis<br />
garemoebaTa efeqturi gamoZiebis Taobaze (ix. mutatis mutandis, ergi TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 28 ivlisi gadawyvetileba, angariSebi 1998-IV, gv.<br />
1778, § 82; da iaSas gadawyvetileba, gv. 2438, § 100). es moicavs SemTxvevebs,<br />
rodesac aucilebelia gvamis gakveTa, sadac gamovlindeba cudi mopyrobis<br />
sruli da detaluri niSnebi, moxdeba dazianebaTa klinikuri da sikvdilis<br />
mizezis obieqturi analizi.<br />
106. Tuki ganvixilavT saqmis calkeul garemoebebs, sasamarTlo miiCnevs,<br />
rom gvamis gakveTa ukiduresad mniSvnelovani iyo agit salmanis sikvdilis<br />
faqtis gamosakvlevad. sirTule, romelsac komisia waawyda am faqtebis<br />
dadgenisas da elementebi, romlebzec mxareebi jer kidev sasamarTlos<br />
winaSe kamaTobdnen, ZiriTadad sikvdilis Semdgom arasruli samedicino<br />
gamokvlevis Sedegia. kerZod, sxeulis Sesabamisi sasamarTlo-samedicino<br />
fotoebis, aseve, gakveTisa da dazianebaTa histopaTologiuri analizis<br />
ararseboba da sxeulze aRmoCenili niSnebi xels uSlida warmoSobis<br />
mizezis garkvevasa da drois zusti analizis Catarebas, rasac gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba hqonda imis dasadgenad, gamoiwvia Tu ara agit salmanis<br />
sikvdili cudma mopyrobam da moxda Tu ara es mis sikvdilamde ocdaoTxi<br />
saaTis ganmavlobaSi. doqtor Senis arakvalificiuri daskvna imis Taobaze,<br />
rom gatexili gulmkerdis Zvali gulis masaJma gamoiwvia, warmodgenili<br />
iyo yovelgvari gadamowmebis gareSe da Seqmnil viTarebaSi bundovans<br />
xdida sakiTxs. daskvnaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom gakveTam daadastura agit<br />
salmanis sikvdili gulis SeteviT, rac gamoiwvia ukve arsebulma gulis<br />
daavadebam da mRelvarebam dakavebis dros.<br />
107. arasakmarisi samedicino mtkicebulebebi ganmcxadeblis wamebis<br />
Taobaze gaxda safuZveli 1992 wlis prokuraturis daskvnisa, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, pasuxisgebaSi ar miecnen oficrebi da adanas asizTa<br />
sasamarTlos 1994 wlis 2 dekembris gadawyvetilebisa, romliTac<br />
policiis oficrebi gaamarTles. sasamarTlo adgens, rom, gakveTis<br />
gamokvlevis defeqtebs gamo, nebismieri mcdeloba, damdgariyo policiis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, iyo fuWi. ufro metic, cnobili iyo, rom yvela<br />
oficeri, maT Soris sami morige oficeri, imyofeboda kontaqtSi agit<br />
salmanTan misi dakavebidan sikvdilis momentamde. aranairi mtkicebuleba<br />
ar warmodgenila oficerTa zusti vinaobis dasadgenad, romlebic<br />
SesaZloa udierad moepyrnen mas.<br />
108. am garemoebebSi, sakasacio sasamarTlos saCivari, romelsac SeeZlo,<br />
mxolod xelaxla gansaxilvelad gadaeca saqme pirveli instanciis<br />
sasamarTlosaTvis, ar iyo efeqturi aRniSnulis gasarkvevad an<br />
mtkicebulebis mosapoveblad. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ver darwmunda, rom<br />
109
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
saCivari, romelic SeeZlo Seetana ganmcxadebels sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
procesis gasagrZeleblad, raime saxiT arsebiTad asaxavda Catarebuli<br />
gamoZiebis suraTs. amgvarad, ganmcxadebeli unda CaiTvalos pirad,<br />
romelmac amowura Sesabamisi sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmebi.<br />
109. sasamarTlo adgens, rom xelisuflebam agit salmanis sikvdilis<br />
garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT ver uzrunvelyo efeqturi gamoZieba.<br />
araefeqturi aRmoCnda samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebic.<br />
sasamarTlo, Sesabamisad, ar iRebs saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili<br />
Sepasuxebis sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTlebriv nawils da adgens meore<br />
muxlis darRvevas.<br />
V. konvenciis me-13 muxlis savaraudo darRveva<br />
118. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom mas ar gaaCnda efeqturi samarTlebrivi<br />
dacvis saSualeba, romelic konvenciis me-13 muxlis safuZvelze<br />
uzrunvelyofs, rom:<br />
`yvelas, visac daerRva am konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da<br />
Tavisuflebebi, unda hqondes samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqtiani saSualeba<br />
erovnuli xelisuflebisagan, Tundac es darRveva Caidinos pirma, romelic<br />
samsaxurebriv uflebamosilebas axorcielebda.~<br />
119. mTavroba amtkicebda, rom incidentis gamoZieba da sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilva warmoadgenda efeqturi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebas<br />
ganmcxadeblis saCivrisaTvis. ufro metic, man policiis oficerTa<br />
gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetilebis argasaCivrebiT Tavadve moaklo sakuTar<br />
Tavs SesaZlebloba da, Sesabamisad, ar gamoiyena efeqturi samarTlebrivi<br />
dacvis saSualeba.<br />
120. komisia, romelsac ganmcxadebeli daeTanxma, miiCnevda, rom gamoZieba da<br />
sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo ganxilva iyo araefeqturi, araadekvaturi<br />
sasamarTlo-samedicino gamoZiebidan gamomdinare. ganmcxadebeli aseve<br />
amtkicebda, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa mcdeloba, SeeTxzaT<br />
ambavi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra moxda, aRZravda seriozul eWvebs me-13 muxlis<br />
darRvevis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
121. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom konvenciis me-13 muxli uzrunvelyofs<br />
qveynis Sida samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis arsebobas, raTa daculi<br />
iyos konvenciiT uzrunvelyofili uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi nebismieri<br />
formiT, qveynis Sida samarTlebrivi sistemis meSveobiT. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT garkveuli diskrecia,<br />
Tu ra wesiTa da formiT ganaxorcieleben konvenciis me-13 muxliT nakisr<br />
valdebulebebs, udavoa, rom saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos qveynis Sida<br />
samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis arseboba, romelic SeZlebs `sadavo<br />
saCivari~ arsebiTad gadawyvitos da mianiWos Sesabamisi kompensacia. me-13<br />
muxlis valdebulebaTa farglebi icvleba rogorc praqtikis, ise kanonis<br />
bunebis mixedviT. kerZod, me-13 muxliT moTxovnili dacvis saSualeba<br />
unda iyos efeqturi rogorc praqtikaSi, ise kanoniT, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mis ganxorcielebas ar unda Seeqmnes<br />
gaumarTlebeli safrTxe xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa qmedebiT an<br />
umoqmedobiT (ix. zemoT citirebuli aksoi, gv. 2286, § 95; 1997 wlis 25<br />
seqtembris gadawyvetileba aidini TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, angariSebi 1997-VI,<br />
110
salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
gv. 1895-96, § 103; da kaias zemoT citirebuli gadawyvetileba, gv. 329-30, §<br />
106).<br />
me-13 muxlis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT sicocxlis<br />
ufleba kompensaciis gadaxdasTan erTad moiTxovs detaluri da efeqturi<br />
gamoZiebis Catarebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs damnaSaveTa dadgenasa da<br />
dasjas sicocxlis xelyofisaTvis da moicavs momCivnis mier gamoZiebis<br />
proceduris efeqtur xelmisawvdomobas (ix. kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, gv.<br />
330-31, § 107).<br />
122. winamdebare saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze,<br />
sasamarTlo adgens, rom mopasuxe mTavroba pasuxismgebelia konvenciis<br />
me-2 da me-3 muxlebis darRvevisaTvis, ganmcxadeblis qmris wamebisa da<br />
patimrobaSi sikvdilisaTvis. ganmcxadeblis saCivari, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
`sadavoa~ me-13 muxlTan mimarTebiT (ix. boili da raisi gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 1988 wlis 27 aprilis gadawyvetileba, seriebi A no.<br />
131, gv. 23, § 52; da kaia da iaSas gadawyvetilebebi, gv. 330-31, § 107 da gv.<br />
2442, § 113).<br />
123. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ekisrebodaT valdebuleba,<br />
ewarmoebinaT efeqturi gamoZieba ganmcxadeblis qmris sikvdilis faqtTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo (ix. 104-109 punqtebi),<br />
araviTari sisxlissamarTlebrivi gamoZieba ar CaiTvleba srulyofilad<br />
me-13 muxlis mixedviT, romlis moTxovnebi SeiZleba ufro farTo iyos,<br />
vidre gamoZiebis valdebuleba me-2 muxliT (zemoT citirebuli kaias<br />
gadawyvetileba, gv. 330-31, § 107). sasamarTlo adgens, rom ganmcxadebels<br />
uari eTqva efeqturi dacvis saSualebaze misi qmris sikvdilis saqmeze da,<br />
Sesabamisad, sxva SesaZlo dacvis saSualebebzec, kompensaciis moTxovnis<br />
CaTvliT.<br />
Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs konvenciis me-13 muxlis darRvevas.<br />
VI. konvenciis me-2, me-3 da me-13 muxlebis darRvevis savaraudo<br />
praqtika<br />
124. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom TurqeTSi arsebobda konvenciis<br />
me-2, me-3 da me-13 muxlebis darRvevis wamaxalisebeli praqtika, romelic<br />
amZimebda misi da misi qmris, rogorc msxverplebis, mdgomareobas.<br />
miuTiTebda ra samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTis teritoriaze sxva<br />
saqmeebze, sadac komisiam da sasamarTlom aseve daadgines am muxlebis<br />
darRveva, ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom is avlenda xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenelTa mxridan adamianis uflebaTa mZime darRvevebisa da<br />
samarTlebrivi misageblis ararsebobis magaliTs.<br />
VIII. konvenciis 41-e muxlis gamoyeneba<br />
134. konvenciis 41-e muxlis Tanaxmad:<br />
`Tu sasamarTlo daaskvnis, rom dairRva konvenciiT an misi oqmebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba, xolo Sesabamisi maRali xelSemkvreli<br />
mxaris Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali darRvevis mxolod nawilobriv<br />
gamosworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo<br />
dazaralebul mxares samarTlian dakmayofilebas miakuTvnebs.~<br />
111
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
A. materialuri ziani<br />
135. ganmcxadebeli kompensaciis saxiT moiTxovda 39,320,64 girvanqa<br />
sterlings, rogorc dakargul Semosavals. is amtkicebda, rom misi qmari,<br />
romelic muSaobda taqsis mZRolad da iyo 45 wlis, TveSi iRebda 242,72<br />
girvanqa sterlingis ekvivalents. aRniSnuli cifri miRebulia TurqeTSi<br />
saSualo sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
136. mTavrobam ar warmoadgina aranairi dasabuTeba amasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
uaryo ra nebismieri darRveva, romelic samarTlian dakmayofilebas<br />
imsaxurebda.<br />
137. ganmcxadeblis saCivris im nawilTan dakavSirebiT, romelic exeboda<br />
dakargul Semosavals, sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali adgens,<br />
rom unda arsebobdes cxadi mizezobrivi kavSiri moTxovnil ziansa da<br />
konvenciis darRvevas Soris da, aseTis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gaices<br />
Sesabamisi kompensacia (ix. sxva gadawyvetilebebs Soris, barberia, nesaJi<br />
da habardo espaneTis winaaRmdeg, 1994 wlis 13 ivnisis gadawyvetileba (50-e<br />
muxli), seriebi A no. 285-C, gv. 57-58, §§ 16-20; da jakiCi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
[GC], no. 23657/94, § 127, ECHR 1999-IV). sasamarTlo adgens (ix. punqti 103),<br />
rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi pasuxismgeblebi iyvnen agit salmanis<br />
sikvdilis gamo. am garemoebebSi arsebobda pirdapiri mizezobrivi kavSiri<br />
me-2 muxlis darRvevasa da misi qvrivisa da Svilebis mier finansuri wyaros<br />
dakargvas Soris, romlebic mis kmayofaze iyvnen. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs,<br />
rom mTavrobas ar udavia ganmcxadeblis mier moTxovnili Tanxis gamo.<br />
Sesabamisad, ganmcxadeblis mier warmodgenili detaluri dasabuTebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic Seexeboda Tanxis odenobas, sasamarTlo aniWebs<br />
ganmcxadebels materialuri zianisaTvis 39,320,64 girvanqa sterlings,<br />
gadayvanils Turqul lirebSi gadaxdis TariRis mixedviT.<br />
B. moraluri ziani<br />
138. darRvevaTa sisastikisa da raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganmcxadebeli<br />
aramaterialuri zianis sakompensaciod iTxovda 60,000 girvanqa sterlings<br />
misi qmrisaTvis, xolo 10,000 girvanqa sterlings _ TavisTvis.<br />
139. mTavrobas ar warmoudgenia araviTari dasabuTeba gasaCivrebul<br />
TanxebTan dakavSirebiT. maT uaryves darRvevebis arseboba, romlebic<br />
samarTlebriv dakmayofilebas imsaxurebda.<br />
140. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom man daadgina xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenelTa pasuxismgebloba ganmcxadeblis qmris sikvdilisaTvis<br />
da aseve is, rom sikvdilamde igi policiaSi awames. me-2 da me-3 muxlebis<br />
darRvevebis garda, sasamarTlom agreTve daadgina, rom xelisuflebam ver<br />
uzrunvelyo efeqturi gamoZieba da samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba, rac<br />
ewinaaRmdegeboda konvenciis me-2 muxlis procedurul da me-13 muxliT<br />
nakisr valdebulebebs. garda amisa, ganmcxadebeli gaxda Seuracxyofis<br />
msxverpli, roca cdilobda gasaCivrebas. am garemoebebisa da Sesabamis<br />
saqmeebSi miniWebuli kompensaciis odenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo,<br />
obieqturobis safuZvelze, aramaterialuri zianisaTvis aniWebs 25,000<br />
girvanqa sterlings agit salmans, raTa aRniSnuli Tanxa gadaeces mis<br />
meuRles, rogorc ganmcxadebels, xolo 10,000 girvanqa sterlings _ TviT<br />
ganmcxadebels. am Tanxis konvertireba unda moxdes Turqul liraSi,<br />
gadaxdis momentisaTvis arsebuli kursis Sesabamisad.<br />
112
salmani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
konvenciis 45,2 muxlis da sasamarTlos wesebis 74,2 wesis Sesabamisad,<br />
gadawyvetilebas Tan erTvis Semdegi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi:<br />
a. qalbatoni grivis gansxvavebuli mosazreba, romelsac SeuerTda batoni<br />
bonelo.<br />
b. giujuklus gansxvavebuli mosazreba.<br />
113
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
2. angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganacxadi N 38361/97)<br />
gadawyvetileba<br />
strasburgi<br />
13 ivnisi 2002 weli<br />
saboloo<br />
procedura<br />
saqmis warmoeba daiwyo ganacxadiT (N. 38361/97), romelic 1997 wlis 2<br />
seqtembers adamianis uflebaTa evropul komisiaSi (`komisia~), adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis (`konvencia~) 25-e muxlis Sesabamisad,<br />
Semoitana bulgareTis moqalaqe asia angelovam (`ganmcxadebeli~).<br />
faqtobrivi mxare<br />
(mokle, araoficialuri versia)<br />
saqme exeba ganmcxadeblis vaJis, 17 wlis angel zabCekovis gardacvalebas<br />
1996 wlis 29 ianvars razgradis (bulgareTi) policiis ganyofilebaSi, misi<br />
qurdobis braldebiT dakavebis Semdeg.<br />
1996 wlis 28 ianvars, gvian RamiT, batoni zabCekovi ojaxis wevrebTan da<br />
megobrebTan erTad svamda barSi. axloblebi amtkicebdnen, rom is kargad<br />
grZnobda Tavs da aranairi dazianeba ar hqonda, roca igi ukanasknelad<br />
naxes 11-is naxevridan 12-is naxevramde.<br />
SuaRamis Semdeg axlomdebare saxlSi mcxovrebma qalbatonebma dainaxes,<br />
rogor moZraobda batoni zabCekovi manqanebis garSemo da raRacas akeTebda.<br />
maTi SeSfoTebis gamo saqmeSi CaerTo serJanti mustafovi, romelic im<br />
momentSi ar asrulebda samsaxurebriv movaleobas. serJanti daedevna<br />
zabCekovs. mogvianebiT igi amtkicebda, rom zabCekovi ramdenjerme daeca<br />
saxiT, rodesac misgan Tavis daRwevas cdilobda. Ramis pirvel saaTamde<br />
batoni zabCekovi daakaves da waiyvanes policiis ganyofilebaSi. Ramis 3<br />
saaTis Semdeg ganyofilebaSi myofma pirebma dakavebaze pasuxismgebel<br />
policielebs, romlebic am dros patrulirebas axorcielebdnen, acnobes,<br />
rom batoni zabCekovis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba uaresdeboda. isini<br />
dabrundnen policiis ganyofilebaSi, raTa enaxaT, ra xdeboda. Semdeg<br />
wavidnen saavadmyofoSi da dabrundnen saswrafo daxmarebis manqanasTan<br />
erTad. batoni zabCekovi gadaiyvanes saavadmyofoSi, sadac, daaxloebiT 5<br />
saaTze, igi gardaicvala.<br />
sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba daiwyo sikvdilis faqtis gamosaZieblad.<br />
gakveTis Sedegad dadginda, rom sikvdili gamoiwvia Tavis qalis dazianebam,<br />
romelic man miiRo sikvdilamde daaxloebiT 4 an 6 saaTiT adre. meore<br />
samedicino daskvnis mixedviT, dazianeba zabCekovma miiRo sikvdilamde<br />
daaxloebiT 10 saaTiT adre, Tumca, es daskvna eyrdnoboda mxolod<br />
dokumentur mtkicebulebebs. am daskvnis safuZvelze, gamoZieba Sewyda,<br />
114
angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
radganac dadginda, rom ar arsebobda raime mizezobrivi kavSiri policiis<br />
moqmedebebsa da zabCekovis sikvdils Soris. ganmcxadeblis mier warmoebis<br />
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebas warmateba ar mohyolia.<br />
samarTlebrivi mxare<br />
I. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis Taobaze<br />
102. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom misi Svili gaxda araadamianuri<br />
da Rirsebis damamcirebeli mopyrobis msxverpli da gardaicvala<br />
policiis TanamSromlebis mier miyenebuli Wrilobebis Sedegad,<br />
vinaidan sapyrobileSi yofnisas is ar uzrunvelyves drouli samedicino<br />
daxmarebiT, xolo saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma ar gamoiZies aRniSnuli<br />
faqti srulad da efeqturad.<br />
A. iyo Tu ara b-ni zabCekovis sikvdili mis mimarT policiis<br />
ganyofilebaSi araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegi<br />
1. mxareTa poziciebi<br />
(a) ganmcxadebeli<br />
103. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili<br />
axsna-ganmarteba or ZiriTad argumentTan dakavSirebiT, TiTqos b-nma<br />
zabCekovma Tavis qalis momakvdinebeli dazianeba miiRo mis dakavebamde<br />
didi xniT adre da rom sxeulze arsebuli Wrilobebi miyenebulia misi<br />
dakavebis operaciis mimdinareobisas, ar iyo sarwmuno, vinaidan es versia<br />
ewinaaRmdegeboda saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebs.<br />
104. rac Seexeba Tavis qalis dazianebas, ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda,<br />
rom sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertizis meore daskvna iyo sakmaod<br />
arasarwmuno, vinaidan am daskvniT, yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis<br />
gareSe, Seicvala pirvel daskvnaSi mocemuli Sefasebani. xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi efeqturad daeyrdnnen meore daskvnas da ugulebelyves<br />
daskvnebs Soris arsebiTi urTierTwinaaRmdegobis faqti. meore daskvna,<br />
momakvdinebeli dazianebis miyenebis drois dadgenisas, daeyrdno mxolod<br />
sisxlis Sededebis Sefasebas, romelic dafiqsirebulia gardacvalebidan<br />
6 saaTSi gadaRebul fotoebze.<br />
varaudi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom b-n zabCekovs Tavis qalis dazianeba<br />
miadga 1996 wlis 28 ianvars, dakavebamde 10 saaTiT adre, daaxloebiT<br />
saRamos 6:45sT-ze, ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, iyo Seusabamo da sakmaod<br />
ararealisturi. msgavsi simZimis dazianeba, romelmac, savaraudod,<br />
gamoiwvia b-ni zabCekovis sikvdili, albaT ver darCeboda sruliad<br />
SeumCneveli yvela im adamianisaTvis, romlebic mas esaubrnen da<br />
Tvalyurs adevnebdnen mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi. ufro metic,<br />
mTavrobas ar warmoudgenia raime seriozuli mtkicebuleba im mosazrebis<br />
gasamyareblad, TiTqos b-ni zabCekovi imyofeboda `mudmiv qronikul,<br />
nervul mdgomareobaSi~, rac zrdida imis SesaZleblobas, rom mas<br />
momakvdinebeli dazianeba mieRo `farTo, swor zedapirze dacemis”<br />
Sedegad.<br />
115
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
mTavrobis ganmarteba sxva dazianebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic<br />
aRmoCnda b-ni zabCekovis sxeulze - mkerdze, saxesa da marjvena xelis<br />
mtevanze - ganmcxadeblis azriT, iyo sruliad arasarwmuno. msgavsi<br />
dazianebebi ar SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo gaqcevisas, miwis zedapirze<br />
dacemis an xelborkilebis normaluri gamoyenebis Sedegad. sinamdvileSi,<br />
aRniSnuli dazianebebis warmomavloba arasdros gamoZiebula da<br />
mTavrobam TviTneburad SeimuSava Teoria am saqmeSi sakuTari interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. realurad ki, naTeli iyo, rom dazianebebi warmoiSva<br />
araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad da ramdenadac ar arsebobs aRniSnuli<br />
mosazrebis raime gamabaTilebeli mtkicebuleba, SeiZleba imis gancxadeba,<br />
rom isini miyenebul iqna Tavis qalis momakvdinebel dazianebasTan erTad.<br />
105. ganmcxadebeli aseve amtkicebs, rom aranairi ganmarteba ar<br />
warmodgenila policiis TanamSromlebis saeWvo saqcielTan da maT aSkara<br />
mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT _ gaeyalbebinaT dakavebis saregistracio<br />
monacemebi.<br />
(b) mTavroba<br />
106. mTavrobam meore sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertizis daskvnaze<br />
miTiTebiT ganacxada, rom momakvdinebeli dazianeba b-n zabCekovs miadga<br />
mis gardacvalebamde 10 saaTiT adre da, Sesabamisad manam, sanam adgili<br />
eqneboda mis dapatimrebas.<br />
udavo iyo, rom b-nma zabCekovma mis dakavebamde sakmaod didi raodenobiT<br />
alkoholi miiRo. is iyo nasvam mdgomareobaSi da fexze myarad dgomas ver<br />
axerxebda. ufro metic, arsebobda udavo mtkicebuleba, rom sirbilisas<br />
is ramdenimejer daeca.<br />
mTavrobis mosazrebiT warmodgenili mtkicebuleba naTels xdis, rom<br />
dapatimrebisa da dakavebisas misi saqcieli Seesabameboda `gonebis<br />
droebiTi ganaTebis~ tipiur simptomebs Tavis qalis dazianebis Semdeg, rac<br />
adasturebs samedicino eqspertebis varauds momakvdinebeli dazianebis<br />
miRebis drosTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
107. mTavrobam miuTiTa, rom mowmeTa Cvenebebi b-ni zabCekovis<br />
adgilmdebareobasTan dakavSirebiT urTierTgamomricxveli iyo.<br />
ufro metic, ganmcxadebelma aRniSna, rom 1995 wels misi Svili iyo avad,<br />
ramdenjerme dakarga goneba da ixrCoboda. 1995 wels b-nma zabCekovma Tavad<br />
daadastura, rom mas awuxebda Tavis tkivilebi da gulyrebi. am safuZvelze,<br />
mTavrobam daaskvna, rom eqspertizis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom b-nma<br />
zabCekovma momakvdinebeli dazianeba miiRo miwis mkvriv zedapirze dacemis<br />
Sedegad, iyo savsebiT sarwmuno.<br />
108. mTavrobam xazi gausva im faqts, rom ar arsebobda raime mtkicebuleba<br />
zemoaRniSnuli piris mimarT policiis ganyofilebaSi araadamianuri<br />
mopyrobis Taobaze. maTi mosazrebiT, b-ni zabCekovis mkerdze da saxeze<br />
arsebuli dazianebebis warmoSobis mizezi iyo isev da isev miwis mkvriv<br />
zedapirze dacema, xolo mis marjvena majaze arsebuli dazianeba<br />
gamowveuli iyo xelborkilebis Cveulebrivi gamoyenebiT.<br />
116
angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
2. sasamarTlos Sefasebebi<br />
(a) zogadi principebi<br />
110. konvenciis me-2 muxliT uzrunvelyofili sicocxlis uflebis<br />
dacvis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo sicocxlis uflebis<br />
darRvevasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs mometebuli sifrTxiliT ganixilavs,<br />
iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi yvela Sesabamis garemoebas.<br />
TavisuflebaaRkveTili adamianebi imyofebian yvelaze mowyvlad<br />
mdgomareobaSi da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi valdebulni arian,<br />
pasuxi agon maT mimarT nebismier mopyrobaze. Sesabamisad, iq, sadac<br />
individi moTavsebulia policiis ganyofilebaSi janmrTel mdgomareobaSi,<br />
magram mogvianebiT iRupeba, mtkicebis tvirTi gadadis saxelmwifoze<br />
_ warmoadginos sarwmuno ganmarteba sikvdilis gamomwvev mizezebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT (ix. mutatis mutandis, selmuini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg [GC],<br />
no. 25803/94, § 87, ECHR 1999-V da zemoT citirebuli salmani da velikova).<br />
111. mtkicebulebis Sefasebisas, sasamarTlo adgens mtkicebis standarts<br />
`gonivruli eWvis miRma~ (ix. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
1978 wlis 18 ianvris gadawyvetileba, seriebi A no.25, gv.64-65, §161).<br />
Tumca, msgavsi mtkiceba SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos sakmarisad Zlieri,<br />
naTeli da Tanmimdevruli daskvnebis erTobliobiT an imgvari faqtebis<br />
prezumfciiT, romlis SemTxvevaSic, sawinaaRmdegos damtkiceba ar<br />
xerxdeba. maSin, rodesac gansaxilveli movlenebi srulad an umetesad<br />
xvdeba saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebis eqskluziuri codnis farglebSi,<br />
rogorc TavisuflebaaRkveTili piris maTi kontrolis qveS yofnisas,<br />
Zalian seriozuli varaudi warmoiSoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom<br />
dazianeba an sikvdili dadga dakavebis periodSi. sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos, rom mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba xelisuflebas _ warmoadginos<br />
damakmayofilebeli da sarwmuno ganmarteba (ix. zemoT cit. salmani, §<br />
100).<br />
(b) aRniSnuli principebis misadageba winamdebare saqmesTan<br />
112. sasamarTlo adgens, rom b-ni zabCekovi daiRupa misi dakavebidan<br />
ramdenime saaTSi razgradis policiis ganyofilebaSi, sadac is miiyvanes mas<br />
Semdeg, rac oficerma, romelic im momentSi ar asrulebda samsaxurebriv<br />
movaleobas, xanmokle devnis Semdeg daapatimra igi. mtkicebis tvirTi<br />
ekisreba mTavrobas da, Sesabamisad, man unda warmoadginos gonivruli<br />
ganmarteba b-ni zabCekovis sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
113. mTavrobis ganmartebiT, b-ni zabCekovis sikvdili ar SeiZleba iqnes<br />
navaraudevi, rogorc mis mimarT policiis ganyofilebaSi araadamianuri<br />
mopyrobis Sedegi, radgan sasamarTlo-samedicino daskvnis safuZvelze,<br />
momakvdinebeli Tavis qalis dazianeba mas miadga gardacvalebamde sul<br />
cota 10 saaTiT adre. aqedan gamomdinare, Tavis qalis dazianeba warmoiSva<br />
1996 wlis 28 ianvars saRamos 7 saaTamde, maSin, roca pirveli Sexla-Semoxla<br />
b-n zabCekovsa da policiis warmomadgenlebs Soris moxda 5 saaTis Semdeg.<br />
114. sasamarTlo adgens, rom meore daskvnaSi gardacvalebis drois dadgena<br />
moxda fotoebze asaxuli sisxlis Sededebis vizualuri daTvalierebis<br />
Sedegad, rac fiqsirdeba b-ni zabCekovis gardacvalebidan 6 saaTis Semdeg<br />
gadaRebul fotoebze. eqspertebma arc ki aRniSnes, Tu rogor daaskvnes,<br />
117
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
rom sisxlis Sededebul nawilebs cvlileba ar ganucdiaT b-ni zabCekovis<br />
gardacvalebis Semdeg. ganmcxadeblis mier warmodgenili samedicino<br />
Sefasebis Tanaxmad, romelic ar gabaTilebula mTavrobis mier, msgavs<br />
cvlilebebs hqonda adgili da isini mxedvelobaSi unda mieRoT.<br />
ufro metic, meore sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertizis daskvna, romelic<br />
daeyrdno mxolod dokumentur masalebs, arsobrivad gansxvavdeboda<br />
pirveli sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertizis daskvnisagan, Tumca,<br />
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs ar umsjeliaT da, Sesabamisad, arc<br />
daudgeniaT, Tu ratom iyo araswori pirvel daskvnaSi mocemuli monacemebi<br />
dartymis siZlierisa da Tavis qalis dazianebis drosTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
pirveli samedicino daskvna, gansxvavebiT meoresagan, eyrdnoboda Tavad<br />
gardacvlilis sxeulis gamokvlevas (ix. zemoT par. 53-59, 70 da 72-77).<br />
sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom yovelive zemoaRniSnuli amcirebs meore<br />
samedicino daskvnis sarwmuneobis albaTobas.<br />
115. naTelia, rom winamdebare saqmis garkveuli faqtebi SeiZleba aixsnas<br />
orazrovnad: b-ni zabCekovis gauazrebeli saubari da myarad dgomis<br />
SeuZlebloba SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli daskvnisaTvis, rom mas ukve<br />
hqonda miyenebuli dazianebebi, Tumca, igive argumenti SeiZleba miviCnioT<br />
misi alkoholuri intoqsikaciis damadasturebel mtkicebulebad (ix.<br />
zemoT par. 11, 22, 28, 59, 60, 74, 76 da 95).<br />
116. Tu b-n zabCekovs namdvilad hqonda miyenebuli dazianeba 1996 wlis 28<br />
ianvris saRamos 7 saaTamde, rogorc es navaraudevi iyo meore samedicino<br />
daskvnaSi, es unda niSnavdes imas, rom igi Tavdapirvelad mosalxenad gavida<br />
megobrebTan, garkveuli periodi dahyo barSi da ukve Semdgom gadawyvita<br />
manqanis nawilebis moparva, Tumca, am dros ukve miRebuli hqonda Tavis<br />
qalis dazianeba. es albaT SeuZlebelia, Tundac misi `gonebis droebiT<br />
ganaTebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT, dazianebis miRebisa da gardacvalebis<br />
dadgomamde mimdinare periodSi. kerZod, saeWvo ar gamxdara, rom b-n<br />
zabCekovs hqonda sirbilis SesaZlebloba, rodesac `c~-m scada misi<br />
dapatimreba da dadioda Cveulebrivad, rodesac miiyvanes policiis<br />
ganyofilebaSi (ix. zemoT par. 12-14, 16 da 29).<br />
117. sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom pirvel samedicino daskvnaSi Tavis qalis<br />
dazianebis miRebis yvelaze savaraudo drod miTiTebulia periodi<br />
gardacvalebamde 4-sa da 6 saaTebs Soris _ Sesabamisad, periodi, rodesac<br />
is iyo dakavebuli policiis mier, policiaSi mis miyvanamde an miyvanis<br />
Semdgom (ix. zemoT par. 59).<br />
ufro metic, b-ni zabCekovis sxeulze aRiniSneboda sxva dazianebebic,<br />
romelTa warmoSobis mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo igive movlenebi,<br />
romlebmac gamoiwvies misi Tavis qalis dazianeba (ix. zemoT par. 55,56,58,77<br />
da 92-94).<br />
118. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom b-n zabCekovs SeiZleba mieRo dazianebebi<br />
miwis mkvriv zedapirze dacemis Sedegad – manam, sanam is SeniSnes an<br />
idevneboda policiis mier _ vinaidan iyo nasvam mdgomareobaSi da hqonda<br />
janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. xolo rac Seexeba anabeWdebs<br />
majaze, isini gaxldaT xelborkilebis normaluri gamoyenebis Sedegi.<br />
119. es varaudi ar aris gamyarebuli sasamarTlo-samedicino mtkicebulebiT,<br />
vinaidan dacemis sawinaaRmdego mxares miRebuli dazianebebis Sesaxeb,<br />
118
angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
romlebic zogadad damaxasiaTebelia dacemisTvis, araferia naTqvami<br />
autopsiis Sesaxeb dokumentSi (ix. zemoT par. 73 da 95).<br />
ufro metic, sasamarTlo mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, rom arc erTi<br />
mowme, romlebsac kavSiri hqondaT ganmcxadeblis SvilTan manam, sanam<br />
igi miyvanili iqneboda policiis ganyofilebaSi, ar aRniSnavs, rom<br />
gardacvlilis mxridan adgili hqonda raime Civils janmrTelobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
rac Seexeba xelborkilebis gamoyenebis faqts, ganmcxadeblis mier<br />
warmodgenili sasamarTlo daskvnis safuZvelze, xelborkilebma<br />
SeiZleba datovon kvali, Tu isini dadebulia Zalian mWidrod, an adgili<br />
aqvs pirovnebis mxridan SewinaaRmdegebas, anda xdeba misi gaTreva<br />
xelborkilebis meSveobiT. gakveTisas aRmoaCines Zalian mcire kvali b-ni<br />
zabCekovis marcxena majaze, xolo marjvenaze _ ramdenime Rrma naWdevi<br />
(ix. zemoT par. 55, 56, 58 da 95). amave daskvnaSi miTiTebulia, rom garkveuli<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi gardacvlili xeze iyo mimagrebuli. Sesabamisad,<br />
arasarwmunoa varaudi, rom gardacvlilis xelze arsebuli dazianebani iyo<br />
warmoSobili xelborkilis normaluri gamoyenebis Sedegad. gamomdinare<br />
aqedan, Tu vivaraudebT, rom adgili hqonda danarCen or faqts, anu, b-nma<br />
zabCekovma gamoxata winaaRmdegoba an igi gaaTries, SeiZleba gakeTdes<br />
daskvna, rom igi araadamianur mopyrobas daeqvemdebara.<br />
sabolood, sasamarTlo arasarwmunod da aramniSvnelovnad miiCnevs<br />
informacias b-ni zabCekovis avadmyofobis Sesaxeb. gancxadebebi amis<br />
Sesaxeb gaakeTes Tavad b-nma zabCekovma da dedamisma sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
braldebasTan dakavSirebiT dakiTxvis dros da es gancxadebebi mainc<br />
arafers xsnis Tavis qalis an sxva dazianebebis warmoSobis mizezis Taobaze<br />
(ix. zemoT par. 96-98).<br />
mTavrobis mier warmodgenili mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom b-nma zabCekovma<br />
Tavis qala Tavad daiziana miwis mkvriv zedapirze dacemis Sedegad,<br />
arasarwmunoa, Tu am mtkicebas ganvixilavT incidentTan dakavSirebul<br />
yvela sakiTxTan erTobliobaSi.<br />
120. warmodgenil saqmeSi mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebisas, sasamarTlo<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs informacias policiis<br />
TanamSromelTa saeWvo saqcielis Taobaze da im faqts, rom saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenlebma sarwmunod miiCnies maT xelT arsebuli mtkicebulebani<br />
miuxedavad seriozuli damaeWvebeli garemoebebisa, romlebic<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroebdnen.<br />
policiis TanamSromelTa saeWvo saqcielis magaliTebia: 1996 wlis 29<br />
ianvris dilis 3-dan 5 saaTamde, maTi mxridan eqimisa da b-ni zabCekovis<br />
Sexvedris Seferxeba da maTi mcdeloba, sakuTari SexedulebiT SeerCiaT<br />
eqimi, romelic mas gauwevda daxmarebas (ix. zemoT par. 32-40); maTi aSkarad<br />
cru Sepasuxeba eqim mihailovis kiTxvaze, rom b-ni zabCekovi policiis<br />
ganyofilebaSi miyvanili iyo imave mdgomareobaSi, romelSic is imyofeboda<br />
dilis 5 saaTze (ix. zemoT par. 39); da dakavebis Canawerebis gayalbeba<br />
(ix. zemoT par. 41-46), romliTac maT post faqtum scades, b-ni zabCekovi<br />
gaeformebinaT, rogorc `daudgeneli piri~ miuxedavad imisa, rom is kargad<br />
iyo nacnobi policiis TanamSromlebisaTvis manqanis qurdobis braldebis<br />
gamo da igi identificirebuli iqna maT mier dakavebis operaciis pirvelive<br />
momentidan (ix. zemoT par. 25, 42 da 96-98).<br />
119
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
121. yvela Sesabamisi garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo<br />
arasarwmunod miiCnevs saxelmwifos ganmartebas b-ni zabCekovis<br />
sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT, romelic emyareboda meore sasamarTlosamedicino<br />
eqspertizis daskvnas dazianebis miyenebis drois Sesaxeb da<br />
am daskvnaSi mocemul varauds, rom biWma Tavad miiRo dazianeba dacemis<br />
Sedegad. mTavrobas ar warmoudgenia sxva raime mtkicebuleba.<br />
122. Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevas.<br />
(b) samedicino daxmarebis droulad araRmoCenis varaudTan<br />
dakavSirebiT<br />
1. mxareTa poziciebi<br />
123. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda _ marTalia, policiis TanamSromlebma<br />
SeamCnies, rom b-ni zabCekovi kankalebda, Tumca, maT mniSvnelovnad<br />
Seaferxes samedicino Carevis SesaZlebloba dilis 3-idan da 5 saaTamde<br />
Cadenili mTeli rigi saeWvo qmedebebis ganxorcielebiT. ganmcxadeblis<br />
mosazrebiT, savaraudod, maT scades, Tavidan aecilebinaT nebismieri<br />
kontaqtis SesaZlebloba b-n zabCekovsa da damoukidebel eqims Soris,<br />
romelsac SeeZlo daedgina araadamianuri mopyrobis faqti. meore mxriv, es<br />
SeiZleba iyos, ubralod, dakavebulis keTildReobaze zrunvis movaleobis<br />
daudevari ugulebelyofis Sedegi, Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Seferxeba<br />
fataluri aRmoCnda.<br />
124. mTavrobis mtkicebiT, policiis TanamSromlebi ar SeiZleba miCneul<br />
iqnen pasuxismgeblebad imis gamo, rom maT ver gaiazres dazaralebulisTvis<br />
gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis saWiroeba. policiis TanamSromlebma<br />
is pirvelad sibneleSi naxes. ufro metic, igi iyo nasvam mdgomareobaSi,<br />
talaxSi amosvrili, xolo marjvena Tvalis zemoT arsebul Calurjebas<br />
Tma ufaravda. mis moqmedebaSi aSkara iyo alkoholuri Trobis simptomebi.<br />
is ar uCioda cudad yofnas. faqtia, rom aranairi niSani problemisa ar<br />
yofila SemCneuli `gonebis droebiTi ganaTebis~ periodSi, rac aseve<br />
fiqsirdeba samedicino eqspertis daskvnaSi.<br />
2. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
125. sasamarTlo exmianeba ra policiis TanamSromelTa saeWvo qmedebis<br />
faqts (ix. zemoT par. 120), adgens, rom maT Seayovnes b-ni zabCekovisTvis<br />
samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCena, ramac fataluri Sedegis dadgomaSi<br />
gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa.<br />
126. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mTavroba acxadebs, rom policiis TanamSromlebi<br />
ar iyvnen profesionali eqimebi da, Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba gaxdnen<br />
kritikis sagani imis gamo, rom ver daadgines, ramdenad sagangaSo iyo<br />
gardacvlilis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.<br />
127. es argumenti miuRebelia, radgan aSkaraa, da es faqti aravis uaruyvia,<br />
rom dilis 3 saaTze b-ni zabCekovis janmrTelobis mdgomareobam daiwyo<br />
sagrZnobi gauareseba. Tumca, am dros policiis TanamSromlebi, saswrafo<br />
samedicino samsaxuris gamoZaxebis nacvlad, daukavSirdnen maT kolegebs,<br />
romlebmac im dRes biWi daakaves. am pirebma, romlebic teritoriis<br />
patrulirebas axorcielebdnen, saWirod miiCnies, mietovebinaT<br />
120
angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
morigeoba da policiis ganyofilebaSi mdgomareobis Sesamowmeblad<br />
dabrunebuliyvnen. Seityves ra b-ni zabCekovis janmrTelobis<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, imis nacvlad, rom saswrafo samedicino daxmareba<br />
telefoniT gamoeZaxebinaT, Tavad gaemgzavrnen hospitalSi da iqidan<br />
saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis manqaniT dabrundnen, ramac, cxadia,<br />
gacilebiT didi dro waiRo (ix. zemoT par. 32-40).<br />
128. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom saqmis masalebSi saerTod araa<br />
gamoTqmuli kritika policielTa mier janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
problemis amgvari mogvarebis gamo.<br />
129. pirvel samedicino daskvnaSi, romelic warmoadgina ganmcxadebelma,<br />
aRniSnulia, rom samedicino daxmarebis dagvianebam gamoiwvia fataluri<br />
Sedegi b-ni zabCekovisaTvis (ix. zemoT par. 59 da 95).<br />
130. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom policielTa saeWvo saqcieli<br />
1996 wlis 29 ianvars, dilis 3-sa da 5 saaTebs Soris da saxelmwifos mxridan<br />
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sruli ureaqcioba arRvevs saxelmwifos<br />
valdebulebas, daicvas pirTa sicocxle Tavisuflebis aRkveTis<br />
adgilebSi.<br />
131. Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda konvenciis 2 § 1 muxlis darRvevas.<br />
(g) gamoZiebis savaraudo araefeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
1. mxareTa poziciebi<br />
132. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom gamoZieba misi Svilis sikvdilTan<br />
dakavSirebiT iyo araadekvaturi, vinaidan saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma<br />
ar gamoiZies, inter alia, mcdeloba dakavebis CanawerTa gayalbebis sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT; ugulebelyves sxva dazianebebis arseboba; ugulebelyves<br />
policiis TanamSromelTa saeWvo saqcielis faqti dilis 3-s da 5 saaTs<br />
Soris SualedSi; ar gamoiZies mizezebi, ratom Cxubobdnen policiis<br />
ganyofilebaSi dilis 5 saaTze eqimebi; aseve, faqti, Tu ratom ar iqna<br />
naxsenebi b-ni zabCekovis ojaxis wevrebisaTvis, misi sikvdilis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis miwodebisas, rom is iyo dakavebuli.<br />
133. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom sagamoZiebo samsaxurebs, prokuraturas<br />
da policias Soris tradiciuli kavSirebis gamo, agreTve, imis gamo, rom<br />
mocemul periodSi bralmdeblis gadawyvetileba devnis ardawyebis Sesaxeb<br />
sasamarTlo gadasinjvas ar eqvemdebareboda, miCneul unda iqnes, rom<br />
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organoebi ar iyvnen sakmarisad damoukidebeli<br />
da miukerZoebeli araadamianuri mopyrobis faqtis gamoZiebisaTvis.<br />
ufro metic, aRniSnuli xarvezis Taobaze araerTxel aRiniSna<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan. ganmcxadebelma miuTiTa wamebis<br />
sakiTxebze gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiis specialuri momxseneblis<br />
angariSze (1997 wlis 10 ianvris dokumenti E/CN.4/1997/7), romlis me-9<br />
paragrafSi aRniSnulia:<br />
`specialuri warmomadgeneli SeSfoTebulia wamebis da araadamianuri<br />
mopyrobis SemTxvevebis simravliT, romlebic zogjer policiis<br />
ganyofilebaSi dakavebuli pirebis sikvdiliTac sruldeba [bulgareTSi].<br />
raime disciplinuri RonisZiebis gamoyenebisa an gamoZiebis Catarebis<br />
iSviaToba, romelic sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebiT<br />
121
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
dasruldeboda, aseve, pasuxismgebel pirTa devnis warmatebiT dasrulebis<br />
SemTxvevebis praqtikulad ararseboba qmnis dausjelobis sindromis<br />
matarebel klimats. mas sjera, rom saxelmwifom unda Camoayalibos<br />
sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sesabamisi samarTaldamcavi organoebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebuli dakavebis, dapatimrebis an dakiTxvis procesis<br />
damoukidebel monitorings…~<br />
134. ganmcxadeblis TqmiT mas saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebis mxridan aseve<br />
miewoda araswori informacia gamoZiebis msvlelobis Taobaze _ misTvis<br />
1997 wlis Tebervlamde ar iyo xelmisawvdomi misi Svilis sikvdilis<br />
faqtTan dakavSirebiT warmoebuli gamoZiebis sruli masalebi.<br />
135. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom gamoZieba iyo swrafi da sruli, razec<br />
miuTiTebda uamravi dakiTxva, eqspertTa daskvnebi da sxva sagamoZiebo<br />
RonisZiebebi. ganmcxadebels mieca SesaZlebloba, gascnoboda saqmis<br />
masalebs da gaesaCivrebina an werilobiT moeTxova damatebiTi<br />
RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. misi moTxovna eqshumaciasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
ar dakmayofilda, vinaidan dadgenili iyo, rom gardacvlilis neknebi ar<br />
iyo dazianebuli.<br />
2. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
(a) ZiriTadi principebi<br />
136. sasamarTlo imeorebs, rom, konvenciis me-2 muxlidan gamomdinare<br />
saxelmwifos valdebuleba, daicvas sicocxlis ufleba, ikiTxeba amave<br />
konvenciis pirvel muxlTan erTianobaSi: `daicvas yvelas ufleba da<br />
konvenciiT gansazRvruli Tavisuflebani sakuTari iurisdiqciis<br />
farglebSi.~ aRniSnuli miuTiTebs imaze, rom saxelmwifoSi unda<br />
arsebobdes efeqturi oficialuri gamoZieba, rodesac viRaca kvdeba Zalis<br />
gamoyenebis Sedegad. gamoZieba unda iyos, inter alia, sruli, miukerZoebeli<br />
da zedmiwevniTi (ix. makqeni da sxvebi, zemoT citirebuli, §§ 161-63;<br />
kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 19 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba,<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa angariSebi da gadawyvetilebebi 1998-I, § 105; da jakiCi<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 23657/94, § 86, ECHR 1999-IV).<br />
137. msgavsi gamoZiebis umTavresi mizania, moxdes adgilobrivi<br />
kanonmdeblobis gamoyeneba sicocxlis uflebis dacvis mizniT da<br />
uzrunvelyofil iqnes im saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa pasuxismgebloba,<br />
romlebic Cabmuli iyvnen msgavs ukanono qmedebaSi (ix. magaliTad, mutatis<br />
mutandis, ilhani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 22277/93, § 63, ECHR 2000-VII).<br />
138. imisaTvis, rom savaraudo ukanono mkvlelobis faqtis gamoZieba,<br />
romelSic monawileobdnen saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi, iyos<br />
efeqturi, aucilebelia, rom is pirebi, romlebic awarmoeben mas, iyvnen<br />
damoukidebelni im pirebisgan, romlebic gareulni arian mkvlelobis<br />
faqtTan dakavSirebul movlenebSi (ix. magaliTad, giuleCi TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 27 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, angariSebi 1998-IV, gv.<br />
1733, §§ 81-82; da oguri TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 21594/93, §§ 91-92,<br />
ECHR 1999-III). es moicavs aramarto ierarqiuli an instituciuri gavlenis<br />
arqonas, aramed praqtikul damoukideblobasac (ix. magaliTad, erji<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 28 ivlisis gadawyvetileba, angariSebi<br />
1998-IV, gv. 1778-79, §§ 83-84, sadac generaluri prokurori, romelic iZiebda<br />
122
angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
gogonas gardacvalebis faqts, miiCnies arasakmarisi damoukideblobis<br />
mqone pirad, vinaidan is umTavresad eyrdnoboda mxolod Jandarmeriisgan<br />
miwodebul informacias da maT mierve ganviTarebul versias).<br />
139. gamoZieba iqneba efeqturi, Tu is, garkveulwilad, SeZlebs, gamoavlinos<br />
da dasajos pasuxismgebeli pirebi. es valdebuleba ar gulisxmobs, rom<br />
amgvari Sedegi unda dadges, aramed gulisxmobs, rom amisTvis yvela<br />
saSualeba unda iyos gamoyenebuli. saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma unda<br />
miiRon yvela gonivruli zoma imisaTvis, rom daicvan maTTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />
da konkretul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli yvela mtkicebuleba, rac,<br />
inter alia, moicavs TviTmxilvelTa Cvenebebs, sasamarTlo-samedicino<br />
eqspertizis daskvnebs da, sadac saWiroa, gvamis gakveTis Sedegebs, romelic<br />
axdens dazianebebis srul da zust aRweras da klinikuri gamokvlevis<br />
obieqtur analizs, romelic aseve adgens sikvdilis mizezs (gakveTasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT ix. zemoT cit. salmani, § 106; mowmesTan dakavSirebiT ix.<br />
tanrikuli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 23763/94, § 109, ECHR 1999-IV;<br />
sasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertizasTan dakavSirebiT ix. guli TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, no. 22676/93, § 89, 2000 wlis 14 dekemberi).<br />
nebismieri gadacdoma, romelic aferxebs gamoZiebis SesaZleblobas,<br />
daadginos sikvdilis mizezi an damnaSave pirebi, SeiZleba gaxdes misi am<br />
standartebTan Seusabamod cnobis safuZveli.<br />
140. nebismieri gamoZieba an misi Sedegebi, garkveuli doziT, unda<br />
eqvemdebarebodes sazogadoebriv zedamxedvelobas, raTa uzrunvelyofil<br />
iqnes pasuxismgeblobis dadgoma, rogorc Teoriulad, ise praqtikulad;<br />
SenarCunebul iqnes sazogadoebis ndoba, rom xelisufleba icavs<br />
kanonis uzenaesobis princips da axerxebs raime ukanono SeTanxmebis Tu<br />
ukanono qmedebaTa mimarT Semrigebluri damokidebulebis aRkveTas.<br />
sazogadoebrivi zedamxedvelobis intensivoba SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes<br />
saqmeebis specifikidan gamomdinare. Tumca, yvela saqmeSi dazaralebulis<br />
axlo naTesavi an dainteresebuli piri CarTuli unda iyos dazaralebulis<br />
kanonieri interesebis dacvis mizniT (giuleji, ix. zemoT par. 1733, § 82,<br />
sadac msxverplis mamas Seatyobines gadawyvetileba braldebis Sewyvetis<br />
Taobaze; oRuri, zemoT citirebuli, § 92, sadac msxverplis mamisTvis<br />
xelmiuwvdomeli iyo rogorc gamoZiebis, ise sasamarTlo masalebi; da<br />
guli, citirebuli zemoT, § 93; msgavsi saqmeebis sruli gacnobisaTvis<br />
aseve ixileT makkeri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no. 28883/95, §§<br />
111-15, ECHR 2001-III).<br />
(b) aRniSnuli principebis misadageba winamdebare saqmesTan<br />
141. sasamarTlo eTanxmeba mTavrobas, rom marTlac ganxorcielda araerTi<br />
sagamoZiebo qmedeba am saqmesTan mimarTebiT. gamoZieba daiwyo sworad da<br />
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi aqtiurad muSaobdnen aRniSnul saqmeze.<br />
gvamis gakveTa Catarda, mowmeTa umravlesoba daikiTxa araerTxel, ori<br />
urTierTgansxvavebuli saqmis versiac SemuSavda da moxda sxva Sesabamisi<br />
mtkicebulebebis mopoveba da gaanalizeba.<br />
142. Tumca, sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom gvamis gakveTisas morfologiuri<br />
monacemebis daufiqsireblobam da dacemis sawinaaRmdego mxaris<br />
dazianebebis mouxseneblobam SeuZlebeli gaxada imis dadgena, ra saganma<br />
gamoiwvia Tavis qalis dazianeba<br />
123
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
ufro metic, Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom policiis TanamSromelTaTvis<br />
arasdros uTxoviaT, aexsnaT, Tu ratom moxda dakavebis Canawerebis Secvla,<br />
ratom ar gamoiZaxes saswrafo samedicino daxmareba da ratom miawodes<br />
aSkarad mcdari informacia eqim mixailovs. iyo araerTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
kiTxva, romlebzec gamoZiebas pasuxi unda gaeca.<br />
1996 wlis 20 marts ganxorcielebul qmedebaTa rekonstruqcia, ucnobi<br />
mizezebis gamo, yuradRebas amaxvilebda mxolod imaze, Tu ramdenjer da<br />
sad daeca batoni zabCekovi miwaze, roca is gaqcevas cdilobda, amasTan,<br />
absolutur ignorirebas axdenda im movlenebisa, romlebsac adgili<br />
hqonda policiis ganyofilebaSi; agreTve araferi iyo naTqvami drois im<br />
monakveTze _ biWis dakavebidan mis policiis ganyofilebaSi moyvanamde<br />
SualedSi _ roca is miwaze iwva xelborkiliT xeze mijaWvuli da marto<br />
iyo datovebuli serJant mutafovTan (C) da mis megobar D-sTan erTad (ix.<br />
paragrafi 21, 26, 29 - 40 da 68).<br />
ufro metic, ar arsebobs Canaweri b-ni zabCekovis dakavebis adgilis beli<br />
lomis quCis droul daTvalierebasTan dakavSirebiT. SemTxvevis adgili<br />
daaTvalieres 1996 wlis 29 ianvars daaxloebiT 11 saaTze imave policiis<br />
ganyofilebis TanamSromlebma, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen b-ni zabCekovis<br />
dakavebaSi.<br />
da bolos, gamoZieba ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli iyo Tavis qalis<br />
dazianebis warmoSobis droisa da mizezis gamokvleva-dadgenaze maSin,<br />
rodesac Zalian mcired iyo gamaxvilebuli yuradReba sxva dazianebebze,<br />
romlebic gardacvlils sxeulze aRmoaCnda.<br />
mTavrobas ar ganumartavs zemoaRniSnuli umoqmedobis faqti.<br />
143. sasamarTlo aseve miuTiTebs, rom policiis TanamSromelTa Cvenebebi<br />
gamoZiebam srulad gaiTvaliswina maTi saeWvo qmedebebis miuxedavad.<br />
garda amisa, marTalia, arsebobda aSkara winaaRmdegoba or samedicino<br />
daskvnas Soris, maT misaRebad swored meore daskvna miiCnies ise, rom arc<br />
ki ucdiaT, daedginaT, Tu ra iyo maT Soris gansxvavebis mizezi (ix. zemoT<br />
paragrafi 120). sinamdvileSi, gamoZiebis Sewyvetis safuZveli gaxda meore<br />
samedicino daskvna, romelic sakmaod saeWvo formiT adgenda dazianebis<br />
miyenebis drois sakiTxs (ix. paragrafebi 79, 81, 84 da 88-90).<br />
144. sasamarTlo adgens, rom gamoZiebas aSkarad aklda sisrulisa da<br />
miukerZoeblobis niSnebi, kerZod, b-ni zabCekovis sikvdilis mizezis<br />
dadgenisa da pasuxismgebel pirTa gamoaSkaravebis nawilSi. Sesabamisad,<br />
is efeqturad ver CaiTvleba mxolod garkveuli raodenobis daskvnebis,<br />
mowmeTa Cvenebebisa da sxva sagamoZiebo qmedebebis ganxorcielebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
145. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom gamoZiebis araefeqturoba gamowveuli<br />
iyo, zogadad, gamoZiebis aradamoukideblobis, mikerZoebulobis da<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dabali donis mizeziT, im saxelmwifo warmomadgenelTa<br />
mxridan, romlebic awarmoebdnen gamoZiebas policiis mier araadamianuri<br />
mopyrobis faqtTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
am konkretul viTarebaSi, rodesac dadgenilia, rom gamoZieba<br />
ganmcxadeblis Svilis gardacvalebis faqtTan dakavSirebiT iyo arasruli<br />
da mikerZoebuli, sasamarTlo saWirod ar miiCnevs, yuradReba SeaCeros<br />
sxva warmodgenil mtkicebulebebze.<br />
124
angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
146. sasamarTlo adgens, rom mopasuxe saxelmwifos mxridan adgili hqonda<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis pirveli paragrafis darRvevas b-ni zabCekovis<br />
sikvdilis faqtis araefeqturi gamoZiebis gamo.<br />
IV. konvenciis me-13 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis Taobaze<br />
158. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom, dacvis efeqturi SidasaSualebebis<br />
ararsebobis gamo, dairRva konvenciis me-13 muxli amave konvenciis me-2 da<br />
me-3 muxlebTan mimarTebiT. konvenciis me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad:<br />
`1. yvelas, visac daerRva am konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da<br />
Tavisuflebebi, warmoeSoba efeqturi saSualebis miRebis ufleba erovnuli<br />
xelisuflebis winaSe, imisda miuxedavad, es darRveva Cadenili iqna Tu ara<br />
im pirebis mier, romlebic moqmedeben oficialuri uflebamosilebiT.~<br />
159. ganmcxadebeli uTiTebs ra mis saCivrebs konvenciis me-2 da me-3<br />
muxlebTan dakavSirebiT, acxadebs, rom Catarebuli gamoZieba ar iyo<br />
efeqturi. man daamata, rom Sesabamisi periodis ganmavlobaSi saerTod ar<br />
arsebobda gamoZiebis Sewyvetis Taobaze prokuroris gadawyvetilebis<br />
gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
160. mopasuxe mTavroba ganmcxadeblis konvenciis me-2 da me-3 muxlebis<br />
Sesabamisi saCivrebis miTiTebiT acxadebs, rom am ukanasknels SeeZlo,<br />
sagamoZiebo moqmedebaSi CarTuliyo, rogorc kerZo bralmdebeli an<br />
samoqalaqo mosarCele.<br />
161. konvenciis me-13 muxli uzrunvelyofs erovnul doneze iseTi<br />
saSualebebis arsebobas, romlebic arsobrivad daicaven konvenciiT<br />
uzrunvelyofil uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, ra formiTac ar unda<br />
iyos isini inkorporirebuli erovnul samarTalSi. konvenciis me-13<br />
muxli iTxovs iseTi saSualebebis arsebobas, romliTac SesaZlebeli<br />
iqneba, konvenciis TvalsazrisiT, `safuZvliani saCivris~ Sinaarsobrivi<br />
ganxilva da saTanado zomebis gatareba. amasTan, maRal xelSemkvrel<br />
saxelmwifoebs eZlevaT garkveuli diskrecia dacvis saSualebebis formis<br />
gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. me-13 muxliT dadgenili valdebulebebi<br />
damokidebulia konvenciis Tanaxmad warmodgenili saCivris bunebaze.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, dacvis saSualeba unda iyo `efeqturi~ misi me-13 muxlTan<br />
SesabamisobisaTvis.<br />
maSin, rodesac dayenebulia konvenciiT uzrunvelyofili erTi an<br />
ramdenime muxlis darRvevis sakiTxi, unda arsebobdes Sesabamisi meqanizmi,<br />
romelic daadgens darRvevaSi monawile saxelmwifo warmomadgenlis<br />
an warmomadgenlebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs. ufro metic, Sesabamis<br />
SemTxvevebSi, xelmisawvdomi unda iyos kompensacia darRveviT gamowveuli<br />
moraluri Tu materialuri zianisaTvis, rogorc uflebrivi aRdgenis<br />
procesis erT-erTi nawili (ix. Ti. pi. da qei. em. gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 28945/95, §107, ECHR 2001-V).<br />
saeWvo gardacvalebis saqmeebSi, sicocxlis uflebis fundamenturi<br />
mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, me-13 muxli, kompensaciis gadaxdis garda,<br />
damatebiT iTxovs sruli da efeqturi gamoZiebis Catarebas, romelsac<br />
SeeZleba damnaSaveTa gamoaSkaraveba da maTi dasja, rac sagamoZiebo<br />
procesSi mosarCelis aqtiur CarTvas gulisxmobs (ix. kaia, zemoT<br />
125
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
citirebuli, gv. 330, § 107; ergi. gv. 1782, § 98; salman, zemoT citirebuli, §<br />
123; da velikova, zemoT cit. § 89).<br />
162. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom ganmcxadebels hqonda safuZvliani<br />
moTxovna, konvenciis me-2 da me-3 muxlebis Sesabamisad, misi Svilis<br />
sikvdilisa da mis mimarT araadamianuri mopyrobis faqtebis gamo. amitom,<br />
konvenciis me-13 muxlis miznebisaTvis, mas unda hqonoda SesaZlebloba,<br />
gamoeyenebina efeqturi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualebebi, Tumca _ iseve,<br />
rogorc zemoT citirebul velikovas saqmeSi _ gamoZieba iyo arasruli<br />
da mikerZoebuli (ix. paragrafebi 144-146). rac Seexeba sxva saSualebebs,<br />
mTavrobis mtkicebis miuxedavad, isini ar iyo efeqturi (ganmcxadebels ar<br />
mieca SesaZlebloba, CarTuliyo saqmeSi, rogorc samoqalaqo mosarCele).<br />
gamomdinare aqedan, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom mTavrobam ver Seasrula<br />
me-13 muxliT masze dakisrebuli valdebulebebi.<br />
Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda am muxlis darRvevas.<br />
V. konvenciis me-14 muxlis savaraudo darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
163. mosarCelem daayena konvenciis me-14 muxlis darRvevis sakiTxi amave<br />
konvenciis me-2, me-3 da me-13 muxlebTan mimarTebiT, vinaidan, misi azriT,<br />
misi Svilis eTnikurma - boSa - warmomavlobam gamoiwvia gansxvavebuli<br />
mopyroba.<br />
konvenciis me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad:<br />
am konvenciaSi mocemuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gamoyeneba<br />
uzrunvelyofili iqneba yvelasTvis, nebismier safuZvelze diskriminaciis<br />
gareSe, rogoricaa sqesi, rasa, kanis feri, ena, religia an sxvagvari<br />
azri, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavloba, gaerTianeba erovnul<br />
umciresobasTan, qoneba, dabadeba da sxva statusi.<br />
164. ganmcxadeblis TqmiT, zogierTma policielma Tavi ver Seikava, b-ni<br />
zabCekovi, Tundac oficialur gancxadebebSi, ar moexsenebina, rogorc<br />
`boSa~. igi miiCnevs, rom misi Svilis warmomavlobaze xazgasma unda<br />
Sefasdes sistematuri rasizmis gamovlenad am cnebis farTo gagebiT,<br />
rac araerTxel aRiniSna bulgareTis samarTaldamcav organoebTan<br />
mimarTebiT. es damokidebuleba araerTxel aRiwera mTavrobaTaSorisi Tu<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis organizaciebis mier.<br />
165. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mxridan<br />
adgili ar hqonia rasobrivi motivebiT qmedebebs. is, rom b-ni zabCekovi<br />
oficialur gancxadebebSi moxseniebulia, rogorc `boSa~ ar warmoadgens<br />
msgavs mtkicebulebas.<br />
166. sasamarTlo kvlav imeorebs, rom `gonivruli eWvis miRma~ mtkicebis<br />
standartis dasacavad warmodgenili unda iqnes sakmarisad Zlieri, naTeli<br />
da Tanmimdevruli daskvnaTa erToblioba an faqtobrivi prezumfciebi,<br />
romelTa sawinaaRmdegos damtkiceba ar xerxdeba (ix. zemoT citirebuli<br />
111-e paragrafi da masSi miTiTebuli saqmeebi).<br />
sasamarTlom unda Seafasos ganmcxadeblis mier moyvanili yvela faqti, maT<br />
Soris is daskvnebi, romlebic gamomdinareoben zogadi informaciidan da<br />
romlebic, ganmcxadeblis azriT, mianiSneben diskriminaciuli mopyrobis<br />
faqtze.<br />
126
angelova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg<br />
167. sasamarTlo ixsenebs, rom velikovas saqmeSi (94-e paragrafi) man<br />
ganixila msgavsi faqtebi da daadgina:<br />
`sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom ganmcxadeblis saCivari, me-14 muxlis<br />
darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, efuZneba ramdenime seriozul arguments _<br />
mopasuxe mTavrobam ver SeZlo, sasamarTlosTvis miewodebina sarwmuno<br />
axsna-ganmarteba b-ni tsonCevis sikvdilis garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
da, aseve, im mizezebze, Tu ratom ar miiRo gamoZiebam mTeli rigi zomebi,<br />
romelTa gamoyenebac naTels mohfenda saqmis viTarebas...<br />
sasamarTlo kvlav mimarTavs konvenciiT dadgenil standarts, rom<br />
mtkiceba unda iyos `gonivruli eWvis miRma~. Tumca, saqmeSi mocemuli<br />
masalebi ar aris sakmarisi, sasamarTlo darwmundes, rom b-ni tsonCevis<br />
mkvleloba da am faqtis arasrulfasovani gamoZieba gamowveuli iyo misi<br />
rasobrivi warmomavlobiT.<br />
Sesabamisad, is adgens, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis me-14 muxlis<br />
darRvevas.~<br />
168. sasamarTlo adgens, rom winamdebare saqmeSi mosarCelis braldeba<br />
emyareba seriozul argumentebs, Tumca, isini ver aRwevs sasamarTlos<br />
mier dadgenili mtkicebis standartis zRvars.<br />
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis me-14<br />
muxlis darRvevas.<br />
VI. konvenciis 41-e muxlis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb<br />
169. konvenciis 41-e muxlis Tanaxmad:<br />
`Tu sasamarTlo daaskvnis, rom dairRva konvenciiT an misi oqmebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba, xolo Sesabamisi maRali xelSemkvreli<br />
mxaris Sida samarTali darRvevis mxolod nawilobriv gamosworebis<br />
SesaZleblobas iZleva, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo dazaralebul<br />
mxares samarTlian dakmayofilebas miakuTvnebs~.<br />
a. zarali<br />
170. ganmcxadebelma moiTxova 19,050 evro moraluri zianisaTvis. 15,250<br />
evro im tkivilisaTvis, romelic man ganicada misi Svilis konvenciiT<br />
uzrunvelyofili uflebis darRvevis gamo da 3,800 evro im tkivilisaTvis,<br />
romelic ganicada misi Svilis araadamianuri mopyrobisa da sikvdilis<br />
faqtTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa araSesaferisi<br />
reaqciis gamo.<br />
172. ... konvenciis 41-e muxli ar iTxovs ganmcxadeblisagan adgilobrivi<br />
saSualebebis amowurvas samarTliani misageblis miRebis mizniT, Tu aman<br />
ver gamoiRo Sedegi aRniSnul moTxovnasTan dakavSirebuli arsebiTi<br />
nawilis gasaCivrebisas. am muxlis mniSvneloba _ sadac is exeba reparaciis<br />
SesaZleblobas adgilobriv doneze _ adgens wess, romelic ukavSirdeba<br />
arsebiTi darRvevebis Taobaze wardgenil saCivrebs samarTliani<br />
misageblis Taobaze (ix. De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium (muxli 50), 10 marti<br />
1972 w, seria A no. 14, gv. 8-9, § 16).<br />
127
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo adgens, rom hipoTeturi SesaZlebloba,<br />
rom gamoZiebas SeuZlia, sikvdilidan mravali wlis mere daadginos<br />
ganmcxadeblis Svilis daRupvis faqti policiis ganyofilebaSi da es<br />
mxolod pirveli araefeqturi gamoZiebis Semdgom da rom amis Semdeg<br />
ganmcxadebels miecema SesaZlebloba, gamovides, rogorc samoqalaqo<br />
mosarCele, rac warmatebuli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu axali<br />
gamoZieba miaRwevs axal Sedegebs, ar SeiZleba gonivrulad ganimartos<br />
rogorc restitutio in integrum adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
173. iziarebs ra mis gamocdilebas msgavs saqmeebSi (velikovas saqme,<br />
citirebuli zemoT) da iziarebs ra 17 wlis <strong>axalgazrda</strong> biWis daRupvis<br />
faqts, sasamarTlo srulad akmayofilebs mosarCelis moTxovnas moralur<br />
zianTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
konvenciis 45 § 2 muxlisa da sasamarTlos wesebis 74 § 2 wesis Sesabamisad,<br />
mosamarTle bonellos nawilobriv gansxvavebuli mosazreba mimagrebulia<br />
aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis teqstTan.<br />
128
3. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis cnoba<br />
#888/1999: ruseTis federacia<br />
29/04/2004<br />
CCPR/C/80/D/888/1999 (samarTali)<br />
cnoba No. 888/1999<br />
warmodgenilia: iulia vasilis asuli telestinas mier (warmoadgina<br />
saerTaSoriso dacvis daxmarebis centrma)<br />
savaraudo dazaralebuli: batoni vladimer nikolozis Ze telestini<br />
mxare saxelmwifo: ruseTis federacia<br />
cnobis miRebis TariRi: 1997 wlis 24 oqtomberi (Tavdapirveli wardgena)<br />
adamianis uflebaTa komiteti _ Seqmnili samoqalaqo da politikuri<br />
uflebebis paqtis 28-e muxlis safuZvelze<br />
2004 wlis 29 martis sxdomaze<br />
ajamebs mosazrebebs qalbaton iulia vasilis asuli telestinas mier<br />
misi vaJis _ vladimer nikolozis Ze telestinis saxeliT warmodgenil No.<br />
888/1999 cnobasTan dakavSirebiT, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis<br />
saerTaSoriso paqtis fakultaturi oqmis safuZvelze<br />
iTvaliswinebs misTvis xelmisawvdom, avtoris da monawile saxelmwifos<br />
mier warmodgenil yvela werilobiT informacias,<br />
iRebs Semdeg mosazrebebs:<br />
mosazrebebi fakultaturi oqmis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtTan<br />
mimarTebiT<br />
1. avtori _ q-ni iulia vasilis asuli telestina _ moqmedebs Tavisi<br />
vaJis, vladimer nikolozis Ze telestinis saxeliT, romelic daibada<br />
1959 wels, iyo ruseTis moqalaqe da gardaicvala 1994 wlis 13 Tebervals<br />
Sroma-gasworebis koloniaSi. avtori Civis, rom ruseTis federaciam<br />
daarRvia samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis<br />
me-6 muxlis 1-li punqti, me-7 muxli da me-10 muxlis 1-li punqti. avtoris<br />
warmomadgenelia saerTaSoriso dacvis daxmarebis centri.<br />
avtoris mier warmodgenili faqtebi<br />
2.1. 1994 wlis 13 Tebervals vladimer nikolozis Ze telestini gardaicvala<br />
Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sedegad, rodesac igi sasjels ixdida Sromagasworebis<br />
No. 349/5 koloniaSi, qalaq niJni tagilSi (uralis regioni).<br />
2.2. avtori acxadebs, rom misi vaJi sastikad iyo nacemi, Tokze<br />
Camokidebuli da amgvarad datovebuli koloniis SenobaSi. igi ar<br />
eTanxmeba Sroma-gasworebis koloniis xelmZRvanelTa da niJni tagilis<br />
prokuraturis daskvnas, rom misma vaJma Tavi CamoixrCo. igi agreTve<br />
ambobs, rom am organoebma Segnebulad Sealamazes eqspertis daskvna misi<br />
129
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
vaJis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi aqtis Sesaxeb. is acxadebs,<br />
rom dakrZalvisas piradad naxa, Tu rogor iyo dasaxiCrebuli misi vaJis<br />
sxeuli – gatexili hqonda cxviri, nikapis marjvena mxares amoglejili<br />
hqonda rbili qsovili, dasiebuli hqonda marjvena warbi, sisxli mosdioda<br />
marjvena yuridan, gadaglejili hqonda marjvena xelisguli da muqi<br />
mewamuli feri edo, amasTan, dazianebuli hqonda xerxemali, zurgi da<br />
gardacvlils ar hqonda ena. avtorma warmoadgina peticia, romelsac xels<br />
awerda 11 adamiani, romlebic dakrZalvas daeswrnen da adasturebdnen,<br />
rom gardacvlilis gvami swored iseT mdgomareobaSi iyo, rogorc zemoTaa<br />
aRwerili.<br />
2.3. avtorma niJni tagilis municipalur prokuraturas misi vaJis<br />
gardacvalebis saqmis gamoZieba mosTxova. 1994 wlis 13 aprils<br />
prokuraturam avtors Seatyobina, rom ar arsebobda raime mtkicebuleba,<br />
romelic gaamyarebda mis saCivrebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom misi<br />
vaJi Zaladobrivi aqtis Sedegad daiRupa, da rom, aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
prokuraturam gadawyvita, ar daewyo sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna.<br />
avtorma am gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT samjer Seitana sarCeli<br />
(1994 wlis 26 aprils; 1994 wlis 20 ivniss da 1994 wlis 1 agvistos), magram<br />
es sarCelebi sverdlovskis regionulma prokuraturam ar daakmayofila<br />
Tavisi gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze, romlebic, Sesabamisad, miiRo 1994<br />
wlis 25 maiss, 1994 wlis 30 ivniss da 1994 wlis 31 agvistos.<br />
2.4. avtorma agreTve moiTxova, moexdinaT gvamis eqshumacia meore<br />
eqspertizis mizniT, rameTu, qalbaton telestinas gancxadebiT, pirveli<br />
eqspertizis daskvnaSi miTiTebuli ar iyo gvamze arsebuli dazianebebis<br />
Sesaxeb. 1994 wlis 27 oqtombers niJni tagilis prokuraturam avtors<br />
acnoba, rom ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 180-e<br />
muxlis Sesabamisad, eqshumacia sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebas<br />
eqvemdebareba. prokuraturis gancxadebiT, avtoris moTxovna ver<br />
dakmayofildeboda, radgan im droisaTvis niJni tagilis prokuraturis<br />
1994 wlis 13 aprilis dadgenilebas, qalbaton telestinas saCivris<br />
safuZvelze, ruseTis federaciis generaluri prokuratura ixilavda.<br />
2.5. 1994 wlis 11 oqtombers ruseTis federaciis generalurma prokurorma<br />
gaauqma dadgenileba devnis ardawyebis Taobaze imis safuZvelze, rom b-n<br />
telestinis gardacvalebis saqme srulad ar iyo Seswavlili. man agreTve<br />
gasca gankarguleba, rom saqmesTan dakavSirebuli yvela mtkicebuleba<br />
gadaegzavnaT sverdlovskis regionuli prokuraturisaTvis, raTa iq<br />
damatebiTi gamokvleva CaetarebinaT.<br />
2.6. 1994 wlis 14 noembers, am eqspertizis dasrulebis Semdeg, sverdlovskis<br />
prokuraturam gadawyvita, ar daewyo sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da,<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, ar moexdina gardacvlilis gvamis eqshumacia. 1995<br />
wlis 7 agvistos da 1995 wlis 10 noembers sverdlovskis prokuraturam<br />
q-n telestinas acnoba, rom misi vaJis gardacvalebis mizezi iyo<br />
TviTmkvleloba, rac gamoiwvia `fsiqikuri xasiaTis gadaxram~ da rom<br />
gvamze ver ipoves dazianebebi, romlebzec avtori miuTiTebda.<br />
2.7. avtoris Semdgom saCivrebze, romelic man 1995 wlis 21 seqtembers<br />
da 1996 wlis 27 Tebervals Seitana, ruseTis federaciis generalurma<br />
prokurorma upasuxa, rom Catarda srulyofili gamoZieba misi vaJis<br />
gardacvalebis garemoebebis dasadgenad, gardacvlilis sxeulze xiluli<br />
dazianebebis arseboba uaryofilia samedicino eqspertizis moxsenebasa<br />
130
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis cnoba #888/1999: ruseTis federacia<br />
da cixis TanamSromelTa da patimarTa CvenebebSi, da rom sikvdilis mizezi<br />
TviTmkvleloba gaxda.<br />
2.8. avtoris TqmiT, Catarebuli gamokvleva iyo zedapiruli, radgan ar<br />
momxdara gvamis eqshumacia; amrigad, xelisuflebis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
TviTmkvlelobis Teoria usafuZvlo iyo.<br />
saCivari<br />
3.1. avtori amtkicebs, rom zemoaRniSnuli faqtebi avlenen ruseTis<br />
federaciis mxridan samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso<br />
paqtis me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis, me-7 muxlis da me-10 muxlis 1-li punqtis<br />
darRvevas.<br />
3.2. avtori agreTve amtkicebs, rom man, rogorc zemoTaa axsnili, amowura<br />
dacvis yvela saSualeba misi vaJis gardacvalebis da saTanado eqspertizis<br />
daskvnis miRebis saqmeze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dasawyebad.<br />
monawile saxelmwifos mosazrebebi<br />
4.1 2000 wlis 10 agvistos warmodgenil mosazrebebSi monawile saxelmwifo<br />
ganmartavs, rom ruseTis federaciis generalurma prokuraturam Caatara<br />
cnobasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis mokvleva.<br />
4.2. mokvlevis masalebi uCvenebs, rom samedicino eqspertizis daskvnis<br />
Tanaxmad, b-ni telestinis sikvdili gamoiwvia meqanikurma gagudvam,<br />
rac misi kisris garSemo Semoxveuli maryuJis Sedegia. incidentis<br />
adgilisa da gardacvlilis sxeulis SemowmebiT, brZolis raime niSani<br />
ar dadasturda. mokvlevis Catarebisas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac<br />
generaluri prokuratura saqmesTan dakavSirebul mtkicebulebebs<br />
swavlobda, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca gardacvlilis fotoebs,<br />
sadac agreTve ar aRiniSneboda fizikuri dazianebebis raime kvali. nikapis<br />
areSi zedapiruli dazianeba SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos basri sagniT -<br />
sikvdilamde an agoniis dros. am dazianebas ar aqvs raime Sedegobrivi<br />
kavSiri sikvdilis dadgomasTan. moxsenebis sagamoZiebo nawilSi samedicino<br />
eqsperti miuTiTebs, rom fornikaluri refluqsis Zvlebi an Tavis qalis<br />
fuZeze dazianebebi ar SeiniSneboda. monawile saxelmwifos miaCnia, rom am<br />
daskvnis eWvqveS dayenebis mizezi ar arsebobs.<br />
4.3. garda amisa, samedicino eqsperti miuTiTebs, rom incidentis<br />
adgilamde mimavali, Tovlze datovebuli nafexuris kvali erT adamians<br />
ekuTvnis. monawile saxelmwifos gancxadebis Sesabamisad, gardacvlils<br />
sxva patimrebTan an sapatimros muSakebTan konfliqti ar hqonia. amrigad,<br />
mokvlevam mxari dauWira daskvnas TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
monawile saxelmwifo miuTiTebs, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis<br />
dawyebis moTxovna uaryofil iqna danaSaulis niSnebis (corpus delicti)<br />
ararsebobis safuZvelze da rom am gadawyvetilebas daeTanxma ruseTis<br />
federaciis generaluri prokuratura.<br />
131
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
avtoris komentarebi monawile saxelmwifos mier warmodgenil<br />
mosazrebebze<br />
5.1. 2002 wlis 25 oqtombers gakeTebul komentarebSi avtori ambobs, rom<br />
monawile saxelmwifom yurad ar iRo misi gancxadebebi (romelic arc<br />
uaruyviaT da arc daudasturebiaT) imis Taobaze, rom misi Svilis sxeulze<br />
aRiniSneboda mravali Wriloba, rogorc es 11-ma mowmem daadastura<br />
dakrZalvis dRes (ix. punqti 2.2). avtors ainteresebs – miuTiTebs Tu ara<br />
gvamis eqshumaciasa da fotoebis gamokvlevis Catarebaze uari im faqtze,<br />
rom generaluri prokuratura misi Svilis mkvlelobas malavs. igi dasZens,<br />
rom xelisuflebas ar aqvs incidentis adgilis foto da, aseve, misi<br />
Svilis foto CamoxrCobil mdgomareobaSi, sadac igi sisxlSi amosvrili<br />
da dasaxiCrebuli iqneboda gamosaxuli. amis nacvlad, arsebobs mxolod<br />
fanqriT gakeTebuli arazusti Canaxati. da bolos, igi acxadebs, rom misi<br />
vaJis saqmeSi aris viRacis fotosuraTi, romlis saxec ar aris vladimer<br />
telestinis.<br />
5.2. 2001 wlis 6 ivliss gakeTebul komentarSi avtori kidev erTxel uaryofs<br />
TviTmkvlelobis Teorias da acxadebs, rom misi vaJi Sroma-gasworebis<br />
koloniis mcvelebma mokles. igi agreTve ambobs, rom zemoaRniSnuli<br />
fotoebi aris montaJi, romelic mis mier saCivrebis wardgenis Semdeg<br />
gakeTda, vinaidan isini dazianebas uCveneben nikapis marcxena mxares maSin,<br />
roca es dazianeba gardacvlils marjvena mxares hqonda, rogorc es zemoT<br />
iyo aRwerili da dadasturebuli mowmeebis mier. avtori kvlav imeorebs<br />
moTxovnas fotoebis analizis CatarebasTan dakavSirebiT. dabolos,<br />
qalbatoni telestina acxadebs, rom mas ufleba ar misces, waekiTxa<br />
samedicino eqspertis daskvna.<br />
sakiTxebi da saqmiswarmoeba komitetis winaSe<br />
6.1. cnobaSi mocemuli nebismieri saCivris dawyebamde adamianis uflebaTa<br />
komiteti, proceduruli wesebis 87-e wesis Sesabamisad, valdebulia,<br />
gadawyvitos, aris Tu ara dasaSvebi cnoba paqtis fakultaturi oqmis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
6.2. komiteti aRniSnavs, rom monawile saxelmwifos raime protesti, cnobis<br />
daSvebadobasa da avtoris mier Sidasaxelmwifo dacvis saSualebebis<br />
amowurvasTan dakavSirebiT, ar gamouTqvams.<br />
6.3. komitets agreTve miaCnia, rom avtoris saCivari, rom mis mier<br />
aRwerili movlenebi Seicavs paqtis me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis, me-7 muxlis<br />
da me-10 muxlis 1-li punqtis darRvevas, sakmarisad aris dasabuTebuli<br />
daSvebadobis miznebisaTvis da igi imsaxurebs arsebiT ganxilvas.<br />
arsebiTi ganxilva<br />
7.1. adamianis uflebaTa komitetma winamdebare cnoba ganixila mxareebis<br />
mier misTvis miwodebuli informaciis safuZvelze, fakultaturi oqmis<br />
me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis Sesabamisad.<br />
7.2. komitetma gamoikvlia b-ni telestinis sikvdilis saqmeze rogorc<br />
avtoris, ise monawile saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili informacia.<br />
132
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis cnoba #888/1999: ruseTis federacia<br />
7.3. igi aRniSnavs, rom monawile saxelmwifo, samedicino eqspertizis<br />
mier gakeTebuli daskvnis, incidentis adgilis Seswavlis, gardacvlili<br />
piris fotoebis gamokvlevis da cixis TanamSromlebisa da patimrebis<br />
Cvenebebis safuZvelze, mxars uWers TviTmkvlelobis Teorias. igi<br />
agreTve mxedvelobaSi iRebs avtoris argumentebs, romelic uaryofs<br />
gardacvalebis faqtis TviTmkvlelobiT axsnas, kerZod, incidentis<br />
adgilis fotoebis ararsebobas da misi vaJis TviTmkvlelobas CamoxrCobiT,<br />
agreTve xelisuflebis organoebis mier fotoebis Seqmnas, romlebsac q-ni<br />
telestina montaJad miiCnevs.<br />
7.4. komitets miaCnia, rom monawile saxelmwifom pasuxi ar gasca avtoris<br />
mier cnobaSi wamoWril yvela arguments. kerZod, monawile saxelmwifos<br />
komentari ar gaukeTebia 11 mowmis Cvenebaze, romlebic b-ni telestinis<br />
dakrZalvas eswrebodnen (punqti 2.2.). avtoris mier misi Svilis sxeulis<br />
dazianebebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli gancxadebebis miuxedavad,<br />
monawile saxelmwifos ar warmoudgenia raime dokumenti misi daskvnis<br />
gasamyareblad, rom gardacvlilis fotoze raime fizikuri Zaladobis<br />
kvali ar SeiniSneboda, garda nikapze arsebuli naWdevisa (punqti 4.2.). da<br />
bolos, komiteti iTvaliswinebs avtoris saCivars imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
rom mas ar misces samedicino daskvnis wakiTxvis ufleba da uari uTxres<br />
gvamis eqshumaciaze.<br />
7.5. komiteti wuxiliT aRniSnavs, rom monawile saxelmwifom ar upasuxa<br />
da ar ganmarta avtoris mier wamoWrili yvela argumenti. komitets,<br />
mtkicebis tvirTTan dakavSirebiT, misi samarTalwarmoebis Sesabamisad,<br />
miaCnia, rom mtkicebis tvirTi ar SeiZleba daawves mxolod cnobis<br />
avtors, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac avtors da monawile saxelmwifos<br />
Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba ar aqvT mtkicebulebebze da rodesac saTanado<br />
informacias xSirad mxolod monawile saxelmwifo flobs, rogoricaa<br />
samedicino daskvna winamdebare saqmeSi.<br />
7.6. Sesabamisad, komiteti sxvagvarad ver moiqceva, Tu ara, saTanado wona<br />
mianiWos avtoris argumentebs misi Svilis sxeulTan mimarTebiT, ramac<br />
kiTxvebi warmoSva mis sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT. komiteti aRniSnavs,<br />
rom xelisuflebis organoebs ar CautarebiaT saTanado gamoZieba b-ni<br />
telestinis gardacvalebis garemoebebze, rac paqtis me-6 muxlis 1-li<br />
punqtis darRvevas warmoadgens.<br />
7.7. paqtis me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, komiteti adgens,<br />
rom adgili hqonda paqtis me-7 muxlis, agreTve, me-10 muxlis 1-li punqtis<br />
debulebebis darRvevas.<br />
8. adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, moqmedebs ra samoqalaqo da politikuri<br />
uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis fakultaturi oqmis me-5 muxlis me-4<br />
punqtis safuZvelze, adgens, rom monawile saxelmwifom daarRvia paqtis<br />
me-6 muxlis 1-li punqti, me-7 muxli da me-10 muxlis 1-li punqti.<br />
9. paqtis me-2 muxlis me-3(a) punqtis Sesabamisad, komitets miaCnia,<br />
rom avtors, romelmac vaJi dakarga, ufleba aqvs efeqturi dacvis<br />
saSualebaze. komiteti sTxovs monawile saxelmwifos, ganaxorcielos<br />
efeqturi zomebi: (a) Caataros saTanado, sruli da gamWvirvale mokvleva<br />
batoni vladimer nikolozis Ze telestinis sikvdilis garemoebebis<br />
dasadgenad da (b) uzrunvelyos avtori saTanado kompensaciiT. garda amisa,<br />
133
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
monawile saxelmwifos ekisreba valdebuleba, efeqturi RonisZiebebi<br />
ganaxorcielos momavalSi msgavsi darRvevebis Tavidan asacileblad.<br />
10. komiteti miuTiTebs, rom fakultatur oqmze mierTebiT ruseTis<br />
federaciam aRiara komitetis kompetencia, daadginos, hqonda Tu ara<br />
adgili paqtis darRvevas; paqtis me-2 muxlis safuZvelze, monawile<br />
saxelmwifo valdebulebas kisrulobs, uzrunvelyos mis teritoriaze<br />
misi iurisdiqciis qveS myofi yvela individisaTvis paqtiT aRiarebuli<br />
uflebebi da efeqturi da qmediTi dacvis saSualebebi, rodesac adgili<br />
aqvs darRvevas. Sesabamisad, komitets surs, am mosazrebebis gadacemidan<br />
90 dRis vadaSi, monawile saxelmwifosagan miiRos informacia komitetis<br />
daskvnebTan dakavSirebiT gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. monawile<br />
saxelmwifos agreTve sTxoven, gamoaqveynos komitetis winamdebare<br />
mosazrebebi.<br />
_______________________________<br />
[miRebulia inglisur, frangul da espanur enebze; franguli teqsti aris<br />
originaluri versia. SemdgomSi gamoices agreTve arabul, Cinur da rusul<br />
enebze, rogorc komitetis yovelwliuri angariSis nawili generaluri<br />
asambleisaTvis]<br />
* winamdebare cnobis gamokvlevaSi monawileobdnen komitetis Semdegi<br />
wevrebi: b-ni abdelfata amori, b-ni nusike ando, b-ni prafulaCandra<br />
natvaral bhagvati, b-ni alfredo kastilero hoiosi, q-ni qristine Caneti,<br />
b-ni franko depaskuale, b-ni moris glele ahanhanzo, b-ni volter kalini,<br />
b-ni ahmed tavfuk xalili, b-ni rafael rivas posanda, ser nigel rodli,<br />
b-ni martin Senini, b-ni ivan Seareri, b-ni hipolito solari irigoieni, b-ni<br />
roman veruJevski da b-ni maqsvel ialdeni..<br />
134
IV<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba<br />
piris gauCinarebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
sicocxlis uflebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT:<br />
timurtaSi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganacxadi no. 23531/94)<br />
gadawyvetileba<br />
strasburgi<br />
2000 wlis 13 ivnisi<br />
procedura<br />
1. ganacxadi Semovida adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi (`komisia~) 1999 wlis<br />
8 marts adamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa konvenciis<br />
(`konvencia~) 32 §, 1-li da 47-e muxlebis safuZvelze. saqme ki daiwyo<br />
ganacxadiT (no. 23531/94) TurqeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg, romelic<br />
1994 wlis 9 Tebervals Semoitana TurqeTis moqalaqe mehmed timurtaSma<br />
konvenciis Zveli redaqciis 25-e muxlis safuZvelze.<br />
saqmis faqtobrivi mxare<br />
(araoficialuri Semoklebuli versia)<br />
ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom misi vaJi, abdulvahap timurtaSi, daakaves<br />
silopis raionis centraluri Jandarmeriis samxedro pirebma siriel<br />
megobarTan erTad. amis Semdeg ganmcxadebelma sxvadasxva araoficialuri<br />
wyarodan Seityo rom misi Svili gadayvanili iqna Sirnakis sapatimroSi,<br />
sadac cdilobdnen, misgan mieRoT aRiarebiTi Cveneba. mTavroba uaryofda<br />
faqts, rom abdulvahap timurtaSi dakavebul iqna xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebis mier da rom is imyofeboda patimrobaSi garkveuli<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
am gaurkvevlobis gamo, komisiam ganaxorciela sakuTari Zieba konvenciis<br />
Zveli redaqciis 28-e muxlis safuZvelze. komisiam Seamowma orive<br />
mxaris mier warmodgenili dokumentebi da komisiis samma delegatma<br />
ankaraSi moismina mowmeTa Cvenebebi. saxelmwifom ver uzrunvelyo,<br />
komisiis delegatebis winaSe waredgina nimet nasi da sadik erdogani,<br />
romlebic komisiis mier warmoebuli gamoZiebis dros diarbakiris cixeSi<br />
imyofebodnen. am pirebma, ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, misi vaJi cocxali<br />
naxes sirnakis sapyrobileSi. komisias agreTve ar warudgines ezenlis<br />
da ieniqois muhtarebi, romlebmac, ganmcxadeblis informaciiT, naxes<br />
dapatimrebuli abdulvahap timurtaSi.<br />
ganmcxadeblis warmomadgenlebma komisiis delegatebs warudgines<br />
dokumenti, romelic, maTi mtkicebiT, iyo dakavebis operaciis angariSis<br />
fotoasli; es angariSi Sedgenili iyo silopis raionis Jandarmeriis<br />
135
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
xelmZRvanelis husam durmuSis mier, daTariRebuli iyo 1993 wlis 14<br />
agvistoTi da aRwerda abdulvahap timurtaSis da misi sirieli megobris<br />
dakavebas ienikois soflis maxloblad.<br />
ganmcxadeblis warmomadgenelTa mtkicebiT dokumenti warmoadgenda<br />
sizres prokuraturaSi arsebuli dednis asls, romelic Semdeg<br />
amoRebul iqna masalebidan. saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili cixeebisa<br />
da sapyrobileebis saaRricxvo JurnalebSi abdulvahap timurtaSi arsad<br />
iyo naxsenebi. am Jurnalebis aslebSi aRmoCenili iqna bevri anomalia da<br />
uzustoba. samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi ganviTarebul movlenebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, manamdec iqna aRmoCenili uzustobebi Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTis adgilebis saaRricxvo JurnalebSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
komisiam daaskvna: Jurnalebis aslebi ar gamodgeboda imis uarsayofad,<br />
rom abdulvahap timurtaSi dakavebuli iqna.<br />
ramdenadac warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi, garkveulwilad, adasturebda<br />
ganmcxadeblis Cvenebas da warmodgenili fotoasli unda yofiliyo<br />
avTenturad miCneuli, komisiam gadawyvita, rom abdulvahap timurtaSi<br />
namdvilad iqna dakavebuli ienikois soflis maxloblad 1993 wlis 14<br />
agvistos silopis raionis Jandarmeriis mier.<br />
sasamarTlosadmi wardgenili saboloo dasabuTeba<br />
60. mosarCelem sasamarTlos Tavis argumentaciaSi sTxova, daedgina<br />
konvenciis me-2, me-5, me-13 da me-18 muxlebis darRveva misi Svilis<br />
`gauCinarebis~ faqtis gamo da me-3 muxlis darRveva misi, rogorc<br />
msxverplis mimarT. ganmcxadebeli aseve amtkicebda, rom mTavrobam ver<br />
Seasrula masze konvenciis Zveli redaqciis 25-e da 28-e § 1 (a) muxlebiT<br />
dakisrebuli valdebulebebi da sasamarTlos sTxova, konvenciis<br />
41-e muxlis safuZvelze, Tavis sasargeblod daakisros samarTliani<br />
dakmayofileba.<br />
61. mopasuxe mTavrobam, Tavis mxriv, mis mier warmodgenil argumentaciaSi<br />
ganacxada, rom ganmcxadebelma ver moaxerxa misi braldebebis arsebiTi<br />
mtkicebulebebiT ganmtkiceba. maT aRniSnes, rom ganacxadis mizani<br />
iyo uSiSroebis im samsaxurebis diskreditacia, romlebic ibrZodnen<br />
separatistul-teroristuli Zaladobis winaaRmdeg.<br />
kanoni<br />
I. saqmis farglebi<br />
62. komisiisadmi wardgenil saCivarSi ganmcxadebelma inter alia daayena misi<br />
Svilis mimarT konvenciis me-3 da me-14 muxlebis darRvevis sakiTxi amave<br />
konvenciis me-2, me-3 da me-5 muxlebTan erTobliobaSi. ganmcxadebelma<br />
aRniSnuli moTxovnebi ar waradgina sasamarTlos winaSe da am ukanasknelma<br />
mizanSewonilad ar miiCnia, emsjela xsenebul sakiTxebze sakuTari<br />
iniciativiT (ix. mutatis mutandis, TurqeTis gaerTianebuli komunisturi<br />
partia da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 30 ianvris gadawyvetileba,<br />
angariSebi 1998 - I, gv. 28, § 62). Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo imsjelebs im<br />
braldebis sakiTxebze, romlebic warmodgenilia konvenciis me-2, me-3<br />
(ganmcxadebelTan dakavSirebiT), me-5, me-13, me-18 da 34-e muxlebTan<br />
mimarTebiT.<br />
136
timurTaSi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
II. faqtebis Sefaseba sasamarTlos mier<br />
64. winamdebare saqmeSi sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom komisiis daskvnebi<br />
saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT miRebulia ankaraSi<br />
Catarebuli mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis proceduris Sedegad (ix. zemoT,<br />
punqtebi 14 da 39). is SeniSnavs _ ganmcxadeblis mtkiceba imis Taobaze,<br />
rom misi Svili da siriis moqalaqe dapatimrebulni iqnen 1993 wlis 14<br />
agvistos sofel ieniqoiSi, dasturdeba ganmcxadeblis mier komisiis<br />
warmomadgenlebisaTvis wardgenili mtkicebulebiT. (ix. zemoT, punqti<br />
28). vinaidan komisiis winaSe ar gamosula dapatimrebis faqtis arc erTi<br />
TviTmxilveli, sakiTxs, aris Tu ara ganmcxadeblis mier warmodgenili<br />
dokumenti dakavebis operaciis avTenturi angariSis fotoasli, Zalian<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs faqtebis dasadgenad da Sesafaseblad.<br />
65. komisiam daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis mier warmodgenili dokumenti<br />
iyo dakavebis angariSis fotoasli (ix. zemoT, punqti 41). miuxedavad amisa,<br />
mTavrobam saeWvod miiCnia es dokumenti. TavianT argumentaciaSi mTavrobis<br />
warmomadgenlebi acxadebdnen, rom msgavsi dokumenti ar SeiZleboda<br />
moepovebinaT qalaq sizres prokuraturis ofisSi maSin, rodesac,<br />
ganmcxadeblis TqmiT, swored iq naxa dokumentis originali, romlidanac<br />
moxda aRniSnuli aslis fotokopireba. pirvel rigSi, dokumenti wmindad<br />
samxedro miznebisaTvis Seiqmna da, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, ar<br />
unda gadagzavniliyo prokuraturaSi. meore, abdulvahad timurtaSis<br />
dakavebis Taobaze aranairi angariSi ar moipoveba sizres prokuraturaSi.<br />
metic, prokuraturis saqmis masalebSi Cakerebul mtkicebulebas unda<br />
hqonoda ara mxolod minaweri “dosyasına” (`am saqmisaTvis~), aramed sajaro<br />
bralmdeblis xelmowera, romelic aseve ar iyo aRniSnuli dokumentze.<br />
ufro metic, dokumentis avTenturoba ver dadgindeba fotoaslis<br />
meSveobiT. imisaTvis, rom dokumentis asls TurqeTSi hqondes iuridiuli<br />
Zala, aucilebelia, moxdes damowmeba, rom is dednis namdvili aslia.<br />
sadavo dokumenti ar iyo msgavsi wesiT damowmebuli. amasTan, SesaZlebelia<br />
kopirebuli dokumentis eleqtronuli an qimiuri manipulacia, xolo am<br />
manipulaciis kvalis dadgena SeuZlebelia. amis ilustrireba moaxdina kidec<br />
mTavrobis warmomadgenelma, romelmac saqmis mosmenisas, kompiuteris,<br />
qseroqsis manqanis da skaneris meSveobiT mciredi cvlilebebi Seitana<br />
dokumentebSi: minaweris _ “dosyasına” _ gverdis bolodan TavSi gadataniTa<br />
da sirieli dakavebulis saxelisa da gvaris sakuTriT CanacvlebiT.<br />
bolos, saregistracio nomeri, romelic miniWebuli hqonda dokuments,<br />
ekuTvnoda samxedro saidumloebis Semcveli dokumentebis serias da,<br />
Sesabamisad, am dokuments ver warudgendnen konvenciiT dafuZnebul<br />
organoebs [igulisxmeba evropis adamianis uflebaTa komisia].<br />
66. sasamarTlo, rogorc es komisiam gaakeTa, adgens, rom dokumenti unda<br />
gaxdes zedmiwevniT Seswavlis sagani, sanam miCneul iqneba originalTan<br />
srul SesabamisobaSi myof aslad, vinaidan, marTlac naTelia, rom<br />
Tanamedrove teqnologiur pirobebSi advilia dokumentis gayalbeba.<br />
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom komisiis xelT arsebuli saSualebebi,<br />
romelTa meSveobiTac gamovlindeboda gayalbebis kvali, Tundac am<br />
gayalbebis gamovlena teqnikurad yofiliyo SesaZlebeli, iyo sagrZnoblad<br />
SezRuduli.<br />
137
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
sasamarTlo xazs usvams im garemoebebs, rom saqmeebze msjelobisas,<br />
sasamarTlo yovelTvis ar axdens affirmanti incumbit probation (is, vinc raimes<br />
saeWvos xdis, Tavad unda amtkicos simarTle) principebis mkacr gamoyenebas.<br />
uwin ganxilul saqmeebSi sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Zveli redaqciiT 25-e<br />
muxlis (amJamad 34-e muxli) Tanaxmad, efeqturi individualuri ganacxadis<br />
meqanizmis efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis saxelmwifoebi valdebulni<br />
arian, uzrunvelyon efeqturi da aucilebeli pirobebi saqmis efeqturi<br />
ganxilvisaTvis (ix. magaliTisTvis, tarnikulu TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
[GC], no. 23763/94, § 70, ECHR 1999-IV). aRniSnuli ganuyofelia msgavsi saxis<br />
saqmeebisagan, sadac individualuri mosarCele brals sdebs saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenlebs misi konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebis darRvevis<br />
gamo da, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, mxolod saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs<br />
miuwvdebaT xeli garkveuli tipis dokumentebze, romelTac ZaluZT<br />
braldebis uaryofa an damtkiceba. saxelmwifos mxridan yovelgvari<br />
gonivruli axsnis gareSe uari, waradginos msgavsi informacia, ara marto<br />
cudad aisaxeba mis mier konvenciis 38 § 1 (a) (yofili 28 § 1 (a)) muxliT<br />
nakisr valdebulebebze, aramed, aseve, SeiZleba gaxdes ganmcxadeblis mier<br />
wamoyenebuli braldebebis safuZvlianad miCnevis mizezi. am mimarTebiT,<br />
sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom mtkicebulebaTa Sekrebis procesSi mxareTa<br />
saqcieli miiReba mxedvelobaSi (ix. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg, 1978 wlis 18 ianvris gadawyvetileba, seria A no. 25, gv. 64-65,<br />
§ 161).<br />
67. swored zemoaRniSnuli miznisaTvis da winamdebare saqmis konkretuli<br />
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom mopasuxe<br />
mTavrobas SeeZlo, daxmareboda komisias konvenciis 28 § 1 (a) muxlis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT da xelmisawvdomi gaexada namdvili dokumenti,<br />
romelic atarebda imave saregistracio nomers, romelic aRniSnuli iyo<br />
ganmcxadeblis mier wardgenil fotoaslze. mTavrobis mxridan dokumentis<br />
originalis warudgenloba im mizeziT, rom igi samxedro saidumloeba iyo,<br />
gamarTlebad ar gamodgeba. sasamarTlos azriT, amas xeli ar unda SeeSala<br />
komisiisTvis dokumentis wardgenaSi, ramdenadac komisiis arc erTi<br />
wevri ar iyo Turqi da isini ori dokumentis mxolod garegnul Sedarebas<br />
moaxdendnen Sinaarsis gagebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo askvnis,<br />
rom saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia damakmayofilebeli ganmarteba dokumentis<br />
warudgenlobis gasamarTleblad.<br />
68. Semdeg sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom komisiam fotoaslis Sefasebisas<br />
agreTve gaiTvaliswina, ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, dokumentis avtoris<br />
husam durmuSis Cveneba, sadac man aRiara, rom xelmowera hgavda misas da<br />
dokumentis stili da formati Seesabameboda operaciis standartuli<br />
angariSis formats. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare sasamarTlo eTanxmeba<br />
komisiis daskvnas, rom warmodgenili dokumenti operaciis avTenturi<br />
angariSis fotoaslia.<br />
69. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom komisiam saWiro sifrTxiliT da detalurad<br />
Seafasa is faqtebi, romlebic amtkicebdnen momxdaris Sesaxeb<br />
ganmcxadeblis mier warmodgenil versias da, aseve, is elementebic,<br />
romlebic movlenebis miseul versiaSi daeWvebis safuZvels iZleva.<br />
amdenad, sasamarTlo iziarebs komisiis mier dadgenil faqtebs.<br />
72. sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom mopasuxe mTavrobas ar ganumartavs<br />
dokumenturi mtkicebulebebis da ramdenime mowmis warmoudgenloba.<br />
138
timurTaSi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebis ganxorcielebisas, mopasuxe<br />
mTavrobis TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc<br />
es zemoT aRiniSna (punqti 66), sasamarTlo dadasturebulad miiCnevs<br />
komisiis daskvnas, rom winamdebare saqmeSi mopasuxe mTavrobam ar Seasrula<br />
konvenciis 28 § 1 (a) muxliT nakisri valdebuleba, komisiisaTvis Seeqmna<br />
yvela piroba faqtebis dadgenis procesSi.<br />
sasamarTlo, iseve rogorc komisia, ver xedavs veranair safuZvels, rom<br />
husein durmuSis Cveneba moiTxovdes konvenciis Zveli redaqciis 28 § 1 (a)<br />
muxlis gamoyenebis aucileblobas.<br />
III. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
73. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom misi Svili daiRupa faruli<br />
dapatimrebisas, ris gamoc, mopasuxe mTavrobam daarRvia konvenciis me-2<br />
muxliT nakisri valdebuleba, daecva misi Svilis sicocxlis ufleba.<br />
A. sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenili argumentebi<br />
1. ganmcxadebeli<br />
74. ganmcxadeblis azriT, is, rom dakavebis Semdeg sakuTari vaJis Sesaxeb<br />
araferi Seutyvia, es TavisTavad ar amtkicebs gonivruli eWvis gareSe<br />
abdulvahapis sikvdils. miuxedavad amisa, Tu abdulvahapis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis ararseboba ar gaxdeboda misi gardacvlilad miCnevis<br />
safuZveli, amiT evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo waaxalisebda<br />
saxelmwifos mxridan axsna-ganmartebis warudgenlobis pozicias. amasTan,<br />
misi azriT, mxedvelobaSi unda mieRoT ara mxolod is konkretuli<br />
garemoebebi, romlebic Tan axlda misi Svilis gauCinarebas, aramed<br />
ufro vrceli konteqsti 1993 wels samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi<br />
mravalricxovani gauCinarebebisa.<br />
75. ganmcxadebeli, miuTiTa ra sasamarTlos ganmartebebze, romelic<br />
gakeTda saqmeze tomasi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (1992 wlis 27 agvistos<br />
gadawyvetileba, seria A no. 241-A) da ribiCi avstriis winaaRmdeg (1995 wlis<br />
4 dekembris gadawyvetileba seria A no. 336), amtkicebda, rom analogiuri<br />
midgomis gamoyeneba daakisrebda saxelmwifos pozitiur valdebulebas,<br />
yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi myof yovel<br />
pirze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo ver warmoadgens sarwmuno axsnas,<br />
Tu ratom ver moxda dakavebulis sicocxlis uzrunvelyofa, sasamarTlo<br />
miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifom ver Seasrula me-2 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
dakavebulis sicocxlis dacvis valdebuleba.<br />
76. bolos, ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, misi Svilis sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT<br />
gamoZieba imdenad araadekvaturi iyo, rom saxelmwifom daarRvia<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxliT garantirebuli sicocxlis uflebis dacvis<br />
proceduruli valdebulebebi.<br />
2. mTavroba<br />
77. mTavrobas am sakiTxze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ar gaumaxvilebia,<br />
ganacxada ra, rom gamoZiebisas moipoves yvela xelmisawvdomi mtkicebuleba<br />
139
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
da es mtkicebulebebi ar amyarebda ganmcxadeblis braldebas misi Svilis<br />
dapatimrebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
3. komisia<br />
78. komisiam umravlesobiT daadgina, rom arsebobda seriozuli albaToba<br />
imisa, rom abdulvahap timurtaSi daiRupa misi faruli dakavebis Sedegad.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, komisiam aRniSna, rom, konkretuli mtkicebulebebis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi, zemoxsenebuli albaToba ar iyo sakmarisi imisTvis,<br />
rom sakiTxi ganxiluliyo me-2 muxlis farglebSi.<br />
4. samarTlianobisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis centri (CEJIL)<br />
79. werilobiT komentarebSi CEJIL-ma warmoadgina inter-amerikuli<br />
komisiisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi iZulebiTi gauCinarebis<br />
saqmeebze, inter alia, sicocxlis uflebasTan kavSirSi.<br />
80. inter-amerikulma sasamarTlom araerTxel daadgina, rom iZulebiTi<br />
gauCinarebis saqmeebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, moicavs sicocxlis uflebis<br />
darRvevas. inter-amerikul sistemaSi sicocxlis uflebis darRveva<br />
Zalismieri gauCinarebis dros SeiZleba damtkicdes Semdegi ori gziT:<br />
upirvelesad, Tu mocemuli saqmis garemoebebi Seesabameba gauCinarebebis<br />
zogad scenars, romlis drosac msxverpls, Cveulebriv, klaven; meore,<br />
sabediswero iZulebiTi gauCinarebis faqtebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes<br />
individualurad, oficialuri gauCinarebebis Cveuli konteqstidan<br />
damoukideblad. orive meTodi gamoiyeneba imis dasadgenad, axorcielebda<br />
Tu ara saxelmwifo pirovnebis bedze kontrols; da Tu amas Tan erTvis<br />
xangrZlivi drois gasvla, es garemoebebi erTobliobaSi ganapirobebs<br />
daskvnas, rom adgili hqonda sicocxlis uflebis darRvevas.<br />
B. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
1. unda CaiTvalos Tu ara abdulvahap timurtaSi gardacvlilad<br />
81. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom man saqmis ganxilvis dasawyisSi sarwmunod<br />
miiCnia komisiis mier dadgenili faqtebi, kerZod is, rom abdulvahap<br />
timurtaSi dapatimrebuli iqna 1993 wlis 14 agvistos silopis Jandarmeriis<br />
TanamSromlebis mier, ris Semdegac is gadaiyvanes SirnakSi. eqvs welze meti<br />
gavida mas Semdeg, rac araferi gamxdara cnobili misi adgilmdebareobisa<br />
Tu bedis Sesaxeb. warmoiSoba kiTxva, daarRvia Tu ara, rogorc amas<br />
ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, mTavrobam pozitiuri valdebulebebi, daecva<br />
misi vaJis sicocxlis ufleba konvenciis me-2 muxlidan gamomdinare.<br />
82. rogorc sasamarTlom adre aRniSna, Tuki jansaR mdgomareobaSi myofi<br />
piri iqna dakavebuli, magram gaTavisuflebisas mas aRmoaCnda dazianebebi,<br />
saxelmwifo valdebulia, warmoadginos sarwmuno ganmarteba, Tu riTi<br />
iyo gamowveuli dazianebebi. am valdebulebasTan Seusabamoba iwvevs<br />
konvenciis me-3 muxlis amoqmedebas (ix. zemoT cit. tomasi safrangeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, gv. 40-41, §§ 108-11; aseve, zemoT cit. ribiCi avstriis<br />
winaaRmdeg, gv. 25-26, § 34; da selmuni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no.<br />
25803/94, § 87, ECHR 1999-V). amave formiT, konvenciis me-5 muxli akisrebs<br />
140
timurTaSi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
saxelmwifos valdebulebas, hqondes informacia im dakavebuli piris<br />
adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb, romelic dakavebis gamo xvdeba saxelmwifos<br />
kontrolis qveS (ix. kurtis gadawyvetileba, gv. 1186, § 124). saxelmwifos<br />
mxridan dakavebulis bed-iRbalTan dakavSirebiT sarwmuno ganmartebis<br />
warmoudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi da gvamis aRmouCenlobis pirobebSi<br />
me-2 muxlis gamoyeneba damokidebuli iqneba saqmis yvela garemoebaze,<br />
kerZod, sakmarisi mtkicebulebebis arsebobaze, romlebic damyarebulia<br />
konkretul elementebze, saidanac Sesabamis mtkicebis standartze<br />
dayrdnobiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dakavebuli mkvdaria (ix. Cajiki<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 23657/94, § 85, ECHR 1999-IV; da ertaki<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no. 20764/92, § 131, ECHR 2000-V).<br />
83. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, dro, romelic gavida piris dakavebis Semdeg,<br />
TavisTavad gadamwyveti ar aris, magram mxedvelobaSi misaRebia.<br />
Cveulebriv, miiCneva, rom rac meti dro gadis piris dakavebis Semdeg, ise,<br />
rom mis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili, ufro didia misi sikvdilis albaToba.<br />
drois gasvla, garkveulwilad, cvlis sxva mtkicebulebebis Rirebulebas<br />
daskvnis gasakeTeblad, rom piri gardacvlilad unda iqnes miCneuli.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo adgens, rom aRniSnuli pirobebi<br />
scdeba me-5 muxliT dadgenil farglebs. msgavsi ganmarteba mWidrodaa<br />
dakavSirebuli me-2 muxliT garantirebuli sicocxlis uflebis efeqtur<br />
dacvasTan, romelic konvenciis erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi<br />
debulebaa (ix. sxvaTa Soris, zemoT cit. Cakici TurqeTis winaaRmdeg § 86).<br />
84. ubrundeba ra sasamarTlo saqmis konkretul garemoebebs, mxedvelobaSi<br />
iRebs ganmcxadeblis mier gakeTebul gancxadebebs, romlebic komisiis<br />
warmomadgenlebma miiCnies sarwmunod da safuZvlianad. ganmcxadeblis<br />
mtkicebiT, is Tavidan iRebda garkveul informacias misi Svilis Sesaxeb<br />
misi naTesavis bahatin aktukisagan. Tumca, abdulvahapis dapatimrebidan<br />
45 dRis Semdeg bahatin aktugs aekrZala raime informaciis moZieba (ix.<br />
zemoT punqti 19). ganmcxadeblis mier informaciis oficialuri moTxovna<br />
ar dakmayofilda. aqedan gamomdinare da dakavebis angariSis ararsebobis<br />
faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom adgili hqonda<br />
abdulvahap timurtaSis dakavebis miCqmalvis mcdelobas.<br />
85. arsebobs aseve sxva elementebic, romlebic ganasxvaveben winamdebare<br />
saqmes kurtis saqmisagan, romelSic sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ar<br />
arsebobda sarwmuno mtkicebulebebi ganmcxadeblis Svilis patimrobaSi<br />
gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT (cit. gv. 1182, § 108). upirvelesad,<br />
eqvs weliwadnaxevari gavida abdulvahap timurtaSis dakavebisa da<br />
dapatimrebidan, rac mniSvnelovnad ufro xangrZlivi droa, vidre oTx<br />
weliwadnaxevari, ramdenic kurtis saqmeSi iyo gasuli ganmcxadeblis<br />
Svilis dakavebidan sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde.<br />
ufro metic, maSin, roca iuzeit kurti bolos naxes samxedro pirebiT<br />
garemocul mis sofelSi, winamdebare saqmeSi dadgenilia, rom abdulvahap<br />
timurtaSi Tavdapirvelad waiyvanes silopis sapyrobileSi, Semdeg ki,<br />
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma gadaiyvanes SirnakSi. bolos, kurtis<br />
saqmis masalebSi mcire odenobiT faqtebi moipoveboda varaudisTvis, rom<br />
iuzeir kurti xelisuflebisTvis saeWvo subieqts warmoadgenda maSin,<br />
rodesac mocemuli saqmis faqtebi eWvs ar tovebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom<br />
abdulvahap timurtaSi iZebneboda xelisuflebis mier qurT mSromelTa<br />
partiasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis gamo (ix. zemoT punqti 38). samxreT<br />
TurqeTSi 1993 wels arsebuli gauCinarebis praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
141
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos, rom misi dakaveba SeiZleboda yofiliyo<br />
sicocxlisTvis saxifaTo. sasamarTlom manamde ganxilul or saqmeSi<br />
aRniSna, rom am saqmisTvis relevantur periodSi samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
regionSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis araefeqturobam xeli Seuwyo<br />
usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis wevrTa upasuxismgeblobas sakuTar qmedebebze<br />
(ix. kiliji TurqeTis winaaRmdeg no. 22492/93, § 75 da mahmud kaia TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg no. 22535/93, § 98, ECHR 2000-I I I).<br />
86. zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebiT, sasamarTlo sakmarisad miiCnevs<br />
arsebul garemoebebs abdulvahap timurtaSis gardacvalebis faqtis<br />
dasadgenad, uSiSroebis Zalebis mier misi faruli dapatimrebis Semdeg.<br />
Sesabamisad, mopasuxe mTavroba pasuxismgebelia misi sikvdilis faqtis<br />
gamo imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mopasuxe mTavrobas ar warmoudgenia<br />
raime gonivruli ganmarteba abdulvahap timurtaSis dapatimrebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT da arc mtkicebuleba, romelic gaamarTlebda saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenlebis mxridan sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis faqts. amrigad,<br />
mTavroba pasuxismgebelia misi sikvdilis faqtis gamo (ix. CakiCi, cit. § 87).<br />
Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevas.<br />
2. gamoZiebis savaraudo araadekvaturobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
87. sasamarTlo kvlav imeorebs, rom konvenciis me-2 muxlidan<br />
gamomdinare, saxelmwifos valdebuleba, daicvas sicocxlis ufleba,<br />
ikiTxeba amave konvenciis pirvel muxlTan kavSirSi: `maTi iurisdiqciis<br />
farglebSi yvelasTvis uzrunvelyon am konvenciis pirvel nawilSi<br />
gansazRvruli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.~ aRniSnuli miuTiTebs imaze,<br />
rom saxelmwifoSi unda arsebobdes oficialuri efeqturi gamoZieba,<br />
rodesac viRaca kvdeba Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad (ix. mutatis mutandis makqani<br />
da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1995 wlis 27 seqtembris<br />
gadawyvetileba, seria A no. 324, gv. 49, § 161; da kaia TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
1998 wlis 19 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, gadawyvetilebaTa angariSebi,<br />
ganaCenebi da gadawyvetilebebi, 1998-I, gv. 329, § 105).<br />
88. mTavroba amtkicebda, rom Sekrebili iyo yvela xelmisawvdomi<br />
mtkicebuleba da es mtkicebulebebi ar adasturebdnen ganmcxadeblis<br />
braldebebs; aramed, ufro miuTiTebdnen alternatiuli SesaZleblobis<br />
sarwmunoobaze, rom abdulvahap timurtaSi SeiZleboda yofiliyo<br />
siriaSi an qurTTa SromiTi partiis rigebSi. komisiam ki Tavis moxsenebaSi<br />
gamoZieba Seafasa, rogorc gaWianurebuli, daudevari, zedapiruli da<br />
araseriozuli mcdeloba imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra SeemTxva ganmcxadeblis<br />
vaJs (ix. punqti 264 komisiis angariSidan). komisiis daskvnebi Tavmoyrilia<br />
zemoT mocemul 47-e punqtSi.<br />
89. sasamarTlo ver xedavs raime mizezs, komisiisagan gansxvavebulad<br />
Seafasos gamoZieba. sasamarTlo miuTiTebs im xangrZlivi drois monakveTze,<br />
rac dasWirda oficialuri gamoZiebis dawyebasa da mowmeTagan Cvenebebis<br />
miRebas, rac iTvaliswinebs mowmeTa mimarT dasmul araadekvatur<br />
kiTxvebs da, aseve, relevanturi informaciis ignorirebis da SemdgomSi<br />
uaryofis faqts gamoZiebis mwarmoebeli xelisuflebis organoTa mxridan.<br />
sasamarTloze gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina im faqtma, rom Sirnakis<br />
JandarmeriaSi mokvleva ganmcxadeblis vaJis gauCinarebidan mxolod<br />
oris wlis Semdeg daiwyo. Tumca, udavoa, rom ganmcxadebelma misi Svilis<br />
142
timurTaSi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
Taobaze karga xniT adre Seatyobina saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs, mas<br />
Semdeg, rac bahatin aktiugisagan miiRo informacia, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />
misi Svili SirnakSi gadaiyvanes da iq is naxes sadik erdoganma da nimet<br />
nasisma. ufro metic, ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, romelic miuTiTebda, rom<br />
generalurma prokurorma gamoikvlia Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi<br />
arsebuli dakavebulTa aRricxvis Jurnalebi an Tavad Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTis adgilebi, an is, rom silopis Jandarmeriis warmomadgenlebs<br />
pasuxi moeTxovaT maT mier 1993 wlis 4 agvistos ganxorcielebul<br />
qmedebebze.<br />
gulgriloba, gamoxatuli saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mxridan,<br />
mwvaved usvams xazs konvenciis me-5 § 3 da 4 punqtebiT dadgenili drouli<br />
sasamarTlo Carevis saWiroebas, rasac, rogorc sasamarTlom kurtis<br />
saqmeSi aRniSna, SeuZlia, daadginos an Tavidan aicilos sicocxlisTvis<br />
saSiSi pirobebi, romelic me-2 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli garantiebis<br />
darRvevas warmoadgens (cit. gv. 1185, § 123).<br />
90. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo adgens, rom<br />
gamoZieba, Catarebuli ganmcxadeblis Svilis gauCinarebis faqtTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, iyo araadekvaturi da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom daarRvia<br />
sicocxlis uflebis dacvisaTvis dadgenili proceduruli valdebulebebi.<br />
gamomdinare aqedan, adgili hqonda konvenciis me-2 muxlis darRvevas am<br />
mimarTebiTac.<br />
VI. konvenciis me-13 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis Taobaze<br />
107. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom mas ar mieca qveynis Sida efeqturi<br />
samarTliani misageblis gamoyenebis ufleba konvenciis me-13 muxlis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod: yvelas, visac daerRva am konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, eqneba efeqturi zomis miRebis ufleba<br />
erovnuli xelisuflebis winaSe, imisda miuxedavad, es darRveva<br />
Cadenili iqna Tu ara im pirebis mier, romlebic moqmedeben oficialuri<br />
uflebamosilebiT.<br />
108. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom adgili hqonda mcdelobas, misgan<br />
daemalaT misi Svilis dapatimrebis faqti. gamoZieba, romelic Catarda mis<br />
braldebebTan dakavSirebiT, misi TqmiT, iyo zedapiruli da ar isaxavda<br />
miznad faqtebis gamoaSkaravebas.<br />
109. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom Caatara yvela aucilebeli mokvleva<br />
da dahkiTxa ganmcxadeblis mier dasaxelebuli yvela mowme, magram<br />
ganmcxadeblis mier warmodgenilma mtkicebulebebma ver daasabuTa misi<br />
braldebebi.<br />
110. eyrdnoba ra sakuTar daskvnas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom gamoZieba iyo<br />
zedapiruli, daudevari da gaWianurebuli, komisia ver darwmunda, rom<br />
ganmcxadeblis problemas seriozuli yuradReba daeTmo saxelmwifos<br />
warmomadgenlebis mier. man, Sesabamisad, daadgina, rom adgili hqonda<br />
konvenciis me-13 muxlis darRvevas.<br />
111. sasamarTlo kvlav aRniSnavs, rom konvenciis me-13 muxli moiTxovs<br />
erovnul doneze samarTlebrivi saSualebis arsebobas konvenciiT<br />
uzrunvelyofili uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis arsis dasacavad, ra<br />
formiTac ar unda iyos daculi uflebebi Sida samarTalSi. me-13 muxli<br />
143
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
iTxovs iseTi SidasamarTlebrivi saSualebiT uzrunvelyofas, romelic<br />
vargisi iqneba, konvenciis gagebiT, `safuZvliani sarCelis~ arsze<br />
msjelobisa da Selaxuli uflebis aRsadgenad. Tumca, wevr saxelmwifoebs<br />
gaaCniaT garkveuli diskrecia imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor Seasruleben<br />
konvenciis am muxliT gansazRvrul valdebulebas. me-13 muxlidan<br />
gamomdinare valdebulebis moqmedebis sfero gansxvavdeba agreTve<br />
ganmcxadeblis sarCelis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT. amis miuxedavad, me-13<br />
muxliT dadgenili saSualeba unda iyos `efeqturi~ samarTlebrivadac<br />
da praqtikaSic im gagebiT, rom misi realizeba gaumarTleblad ar unda<br />
brkoldebodes mopasuxe saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirTa qmedebebiT an<br />
umoqmedobiT.<br />
rogorc sasamarTlom winamdebare saqmeebSi aRniSna, im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac naTesavebi warmoadgenen safuZvlian saCivars piris<br />
gauCinarebasTan dakavSirebiT, an rodesac ganxilvis sagania iseTi<br />
fundamenturi Rirebuleba, rogoric sicocxlis uflebaa, me-13 muxli<br />
moiTxovs ara mxolod saTanado kompensacias, aramed, agreTve, efeqturi<br />
da zedmiwevniTi sisxlis samarTlis gamoZiebis Catarebas, romelsac<br />
SeeZleba damnaSaveTa gamovlena da maTi micema pasuxisgebaSi. amasTan,<br />
gamoZiebis monacemebi sruliad xelmisawvdomi iqneba dazaralebuli piris<br />
naTesavebisTvis (ix. kurtis gadawyvetileba, zemoT cit. gv. 1189, § 140; da<br />
iasa da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 2 seqtembris gadawyvetileba,<br />
angariSebi 1998-VI, gv. 2442, § 114).<br />
112. ubrundeba ra saqmis garemoebebs, sasamarTlo adgens, rom<br />
ganmcxadebels udavod hqonda safuZvliani saCivari misi Svilis<br />
dapatimrebasTan dakavSirebiT. ganmcxadebelma mimarTa xelisuflebis<br />
organoebs da miawoda konkretuli informacia misi Svilis dakavebis<br />
adgilis, drois da masTan erTad dakavebuli piris Taobaze. amis Semdgom<br />
ki xelisuflebis organoebs amcno im pirTa saxelebi, romlebmac misi<br />
Svili Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilas naxes. sasamarTlom daadgina,<br />
rom saxelmwifom ver daicva sicocxlis ufleba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
mosarCeles unda hqonoda sakuTari uflebis dacvis efeqturi saSualeba,<br />
zemoT ganmartebuli gagebiT.<br />
113. saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi valdebulni iyvnen, CaetarebinaT<br />
efeqturi gamoZieba ganmcxadeblis Svilis gauCinarebis faqtTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. 89-e paragrafis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo adgens, rom<br />
saxelmwifom ar Seasrula nakisri valdebulebebi. Sesabamisad, dairRva<br />
konvenciis me-13 muxli.<br />
C. konvenciis 41-e muxlis gamoyeneba<br />
A. aramaterialuri ziani<br />
125. ganmcxadebelma, darRvevaTa raodenobisa da simZimis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
moiTxova 40,000 funti sterlingi _ misi Svilis da 10,000 funti sterlingi<br />
_ mis mimarT aramaterialuri zaralis samarTliani dakmayofilebisaTvis.<br />
126. mTavrobam gaasaCivra ganmcxadeblis moTxovna da aRniSna, rom is<br />
zedmetad gazviadebuli iyo da mis usafuZvlo gamdidrebas gamoiwvevda.<br />
127. rac Seexeba aramaterialuri zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovnas<br />
ganmcxadeblis SvilTan mimarTebiT, aRniSnuli Tanxa gadaicemoda<br />
144
timurTaSi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
dazaralebulTa memkvidreebze mxolod maSin, rodesac xdeboda piris<br />
dakaveba da is wamebis Sedegad iRupeboda an ikargeboda (ix. zemoT<br />
cit. kurtis gadawyvetileba, gv. 1195, §§ 174-75; da jakiCi, lok. cit. §<br />
130 ). sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom dadgenilia konvenciis me-2, me-5 da<br />
me-13 muxlebis darRveva daudgeneli patimrobisas da, Sesabamisad, is<br />
adgens, rom mis mimarT unda moxdes kompensaciis gadaxda. is ajildoebs<br />
dazaralebuls 20,000 girvanqa sterlingiT, romelic unda gadaexados mis<br />
memkvidres, ganmcxadebels.<br />
sasamarTlo ganmcxadeblis mimarT aseve adgens anazRaurebas kompensaciis<br />
saxiT. Sesabamisad, is akmayofilebs mis moTxovnas 10,000 funti sterlingis<br />
odenobis kompensaciasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
maikl okboili elisabed palmi<br />
registraturis prezidenti<br />
konvenciis 45 § 2 da sasamarTlo wesebis 74 § 2 wesis Tanaxmad, mosamarTle<br />
goljuklus nawilobriv gansxvavebuli mosazreba erTvis gadawyvetilebis<br />
teqsts.<br />
145
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
V<br />
sicocxlis ufleba da evTanazia<br />
friTi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganacxadi no. 2346/02)<br />
gadawyvetileba<br />
strasburgi<br />
2002 wlis 29 aprili<br />
saboloo<br />
procedura<br />
1. saqme daiwyo sasamarTloSi ganacxadiT (no. 2346/02), romelic didi<br />
britaneTis gaerTianebuli samefosa da CrdiloeT irlandiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb<br />
evropuli konvenciis (`konvencia”) 34-e muxlis safuZvelze, 2001 wlis 21<br />
dekembers Semoitana didi britaneTis qveSevrdomma q-nma daian friTim<br />
(`ganmcxadebeli”).<br />
saqmis faqtobrivi mxare<br />
(araoficialuri versia)<br />
ganmcxadebeli gaxlavT 43 wlis qalbatoni. mas aqvs mamoZravebel nervTa<br />
daavadeba (MND). es aris centraluri nervuli sistemis mamoZravebeli<br />
ujredebis progresuli nervo-degeneraciuli daavadeba, romelic<br />
iwvevs xelebis da fexebis kunTebis, agreTve, sunTqvis makontrolebeli<br />
kunTebis ganlevas. sikvdili, Cveulebriv, dgeba sunTqvis makontrolebeli<br />
kunTebis dasustebis Sedegad, rasac Tan sdevs metyvelebis da ylapvis<br />
makontrolebeli kunTebis dasusteba da amiT ganpirobebuli sunTqvis<br />
ukmarisoba da pnevmonia. aranair mkurnalobas ar SeuZlia daavadebis<br />
progresirebis SeCereba.<br />
ganmcxadeblis mdgomareoba swrafad uaresdeba. igi kisridan<br />
paralizebulia, aqvs rTulad gasarCevi metyveleba da ikvebeba milis<br />
saSualebiT. misi sicocxle SeiZleba gagrZeldes ramdenime kviridan<br />
ramdenime Tvemde. Tumca, daavadebas misi inteleqti da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis unari ar Seulaxavs. mas ar surs, ganicados is tanjva da<br />
damakninebeli mdgomareoba, risi gadatanac aucileblad mouwevs, Tuki<br />
daavadeba Tavis yvela stadias gaivlis. amitom mas surs, Tavad gadawyvitos,<br />
rodis mokvdeba da aicilos daavadebis Tanmdevi tanjva da daknineba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom, inglisuri kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,<br />
TviTmkvleloba danaSauli ar aris, daian friTis ar SeeZlo<br />
146
friTi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
amis ganxorcieleba sxvisi daxmarebis gareSe. daxmarebis gaweva<br />
TviTmkvlelobis Casadenad danaSaulia. sajaro braldebis direqtorma,<br />
gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis gamo, uari Tqva, ar daewyo devna<br />
ganmcxadeblis meuRlis winaaRmdeg, Tu es ukanaskneli Tavis meuRles<br />
TviTmkvlelobaSi daexmareboda. pirvelis instanciis sasamarTlom<br />
ar daakmayofila ganmcxadeblis sarCeli imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
rom prokuroris gadawyvetileba ukanono iyo. lordTa palatam es<br />
gadawyvetileba ZalaSi datova da, amasTan, 1961 wlis TviTmkvlelobis<br />
aqtis 2(1) punqti konvenciis me-2 muxlTan Sesabamisad gamoacxada.<br />
III. Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso masalebi<br />
24. evropis sabWos saparlamento asamblea, rekomendacia 1418 (1999), inter<br />
alia, rekomendacias uwevs Semdegs (punqti 9):<br />
`...ministrTa komiteti mouwodebs evropis sabWos wevr saxelmwifoebs,<br />
pativi scen ganukurnebel an momakvdav avadmyofebs yvela mimarTebiT;<br />
...<br />
g. ganukurnebeli avadmyofebisa an momakvdavi pirebisaTvis sicocxlis<br />
ganzrax warTmevis akrZalvis mxardaWerisas:<br />
i.<br />
ii.<br />
iii.<br />
aRiarebs, rom sicocxlis ufleba, gansakuTrebiT ki ganukurnebeli<br />
an momakvdavi avadmyofebis mimarT, daculia wevri saxelmwifoebis<br />
mier adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-2 muxlis<br />
Sesabamisad, romelic acxadebs, rom `ar SeiZleba vinmes ganzrax<br />
mokvdineba~;<br />
ganukurnebeli an momakvdavi avadmyofis survili, mokvdes, ar<br />
warmoadgens samarTlebriv safuZvels sxva pirisaTvis;<br />
ganukurnebeli an momakvdavi avadmyofis aRiarebiTi survili,<br />
mokvdes, arasdros warmoadgens samarTlebriv safuZvels sxva<br />
pirisaTvis, sisruleSi moiyvanos aRniSnuli survili.~<br />
IV. mesame mxaris Careva<br />
A. nebayoflobiTi evTanaziis sazogadoeba<br />
25. nebayoflobiTi evTanaziis sazogadoeba daarsda 1935 wels da<br />
gaerTianebul samefoSi warmoadgenda wamyvan kvleviT organizacias<br />
sikvdilSi daxmarebis sakiTxebze im mimarTebiT, rom ganukurnebel an<br />
momakvdav avadmyofs, msgavsi survilis SemTxvevaSi, miscemoda RirsebiT<br />
sikvdilis ufleba. mouqneli samarTlebrivi sistema, romelic aiZulebs<br />
ganukurnebel avadmyofs, itanjebodes umZimesi tkivilisagan da gauZlos<br />
gaxangrZlivebuli sikvdilis process sakuTari nebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
ar Seesabameba konvenciis me-3 muxls. maT moiyvanes mizezebi, Tu ratom<br />
iTxovdnen pirebi sikvdilSi daxmarebis aRmoCenas (magaliTad, autaneli<br />
da sastiki tkivilebi, sikvdilis procesis molodiniT gamowveuli<br />
daRliloba, piradi avtonomiis dakargva). maTi gancxadebiT, gamayuCebeli<br />
mkurnaloba ver pasuxobda yvela pacientis moTxovnas da ver agvarebda<br />
iseT problemebs, rogoricaa piradi avtonomiis an organos nawilebze<br />
funqciuri kontrolis dakargva.<br />
147
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
26. isini amtkicebdnen, rom, evropis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, inglissa<br />
da uelsSi arsebuli sistema, romelic absoluturi formiT krZalavda<br />
sikvdilis dadgomaSi daxmarebas, evropaSi yvelaze mouqneli da<br />
SemzRudveli iyo. sxva qveynebma (magaliTad, belgia, Sveicaria, germania,<br />
safrangeTi, fineTi, Svecia da nederlandebi, sadac daxmareba sikvdilis<br />
dadgomisaTvis unda gaswios samedicino praqtikis mqone pirma) gaauqmes<br />
specialuri danaSauli `TviTmkvlelobaSi daxmareba~. zogierT qveyanaSi<br />
msgavsi qmedebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelebi Semcirda _ arc erT<br />
qveyanaSi, espaneTis gamoklebiT, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ar aRemateboda 5<br />
wels _ da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba iSviaTad dgeboda.<br />
27. rac Seexeba saxelmwifo politikas, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo<br />
samarTlebrivi sistema, evTanazias, rac gamoixateboda sikvdilis<br />
dadgomis xelSewyobaSi, kvlav hqonda adgili. cnobilia, rom inglissa<br />
da uelsSi msgavsi kategoriis pacientebi xSirad iTxovdnen sikvdils<br />
da maTi naTesavebi, samedicino praqtikosebis daxmarebiT, miuxedavad<br />
sakanonmdeblo vakuumisa, asrulebdnen momakvdavTa Tu ganukurnebel<br />
avadmyofTa survils, Tumca, icodnen, rom amas SeeZlo gamoewvia<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. cnobilia, rom niderlandebSi<br />
sisxlis samarTali ar krZalavda evTanazias an sasikvdilo Sedegis<br />
dadgomaSi daxmarebas. kvlevam aCvena, rom niderlandebSi 1%-ze naklebi<br />
maCvenebliT aRiricxeboda iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac pacienti<br />
kvdeboda eqimis daxmarebiT, mkveTrad gamouxatavi survilis pirobebSi<br />
(aranebayoflobiTi evTanazia). msgavsma kvlevam imave sakiTxze<br />
aCvena Semdegi monacemebi: 3.1% _ belgia da 3.5% _ avstria. amgvarad,<br />
SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom msgavs SemTxvevebze naklebi yuradReba<br />
maxvildeboda iseT qveynebSi, sadac is ikrZaleboda da gacilebiT meti<br />
yuradReba eTmoboda iq, sadac is daSvebuli iyo. amave daskvnis mixedviT,<br />
qveynebSi, sadac mkacrad iyo regulirebuli evTanaziis sisruleSi<br />
moyvanis procedura, arsebobda saTanado konsultaciis miRebisa da<br />
mkacri aRricxvis ufro meti SesaZlebloba, vidre im qveynebSi, sadac is<br />
akrZaluli iyo, magram praqtikulad arsebobda.<br />
inglisisa da uelsis kaTolike episkoposTa konferencia<br />
28. aRniSnulma organizaciam warmoadgina principebi da argumentebi,<br />
romlebic Seesabameboda sxva kaTolike episkoposTa mier konferenciaze<br />
gakeTebul gancxadebebs sxvadasxva wevr saxelmwifoSi.<br />
29. isini xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen: maTi kaTolikuri rwmenis fundamenturi<br />
moZRvreba iyo, rom adamians sicocxle mieniWa RvTisgan. nebismieri<br />
qmedeba, romelic miznad isaxavs, sicocxles gamoasalmos sakuTari<br />
Tavi an sxva adamiani, Tundac Tanxmobis pirobebSi, asaxavs adamianis<br />
Rirebulebis damazianebel gaugebrobas. TviTmkvleloba da, Sesabamisad,<br />
evTanazia adamianis tanjvasa da sikvdilTan brZolis miuRebeli forma<br />
iyo. aRniSnul mosazrebas aseve iTvaliswinebda rogorc sxva religiuri<br />
moZRvrebani, ise Tanamedrove pluralizmi da sekularuli sazogadoebebi,<br />
rasac naTelhyofs adamianis uflebaTa universaluri deklaracia (1948<br />
wlis dekemberi) da adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis<br />
Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis sxvadasxva debuleba, maT Soris me-2 da me-3<br />
muxlebi.<br />
148
friTi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
30. aRniSnuli organizacia Tavis mosazrebebSi aRniSnavda, rom isini,<br />
vinc cdilobdnen TviTmkvlelobas, xSirad itanjebodnen depresiisa an<br />
sxva fsiqiatriuli daavadebebisagan. niu-iorkis 1994 wlis angariSSi,<br />
saxelmwifos operatiuli Zalisa da samarTlis Sesaxeb, naTqvamia,<br />
rom TviTmkvlelobaSi xelSewyobis an nebismieri formis evTanaziis<br />
legalizeba gamoiwvevda katastrofuli proporciis Secdomas da Zalian<br />
cudad aisaxeboda mowyvladi adamianebis bedze, romlebic advilad<br />
SeiZleboda gamxdariyvnen samedicino personalSi arsebuli korufciuli<br />
mosazrebebis msxverpli. sxva kvleva miuTiTebda, rom bevri adamiani,<br />
romlebmac moiTxoves eqimis meSveobiT evTanaziis gakeTeba, ukan<br />
gamoiTxoves aRniSnuli moTxovna, rodesac maT depresiasa an tkivilebze<br />
Sesabamisi reagireba moxda. gamocdilebiT, tkivilgamayuCebel<br />
mkurnalobas unda hqondes iseTi Sedegi, romelic amcirebs rogorc<br />
fizikur, ise fsiqologiur tkivils.<br />
31. lordTa palatis samedicino eTikis komitetis (1993-94) mtkicebulebaTa<br />
Sefasebis Semdeg gaCnda mniSvnelovani safuZvlebi daskvnisaTvis, rom<br />
TviTmkvlelobaSi mxardaWeris nebismieri samarTlebrivi nebarTva<br />
gamoiwvevda mowyvladi adamianebis uflebaTa masobriv erozias,<br />
warmoSobils samarTlebrivi zewolisa da samedicino praqtikis, zogadad<br />
ki, janmrTelobis, fsiqologiuri da finansuri pirobebis Secvlis Sedegad.<br />
moyvanili iyo sawinaaRmdego argumenti, romlis Tanaxmadac, evTanaziis<br />
legalizaciis Semdeg praqtikulad SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda misi moqceva<br />
iseT aucilebel CarCoSi, romelic uzrunvelyofda mowyvladi pirebis<br />
dacvas (ix. magaliTad, niderlandebis mTavrobis 1990 wlis swavleba<br />
pacientTa gamoxatuli survilis gareSe evTanaziis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb).<br />
samarTlebrivi mxare<br />
I. saCivris dasaSveboba<br />
32. ganmcxadebeli, romelic itanjeba ganukurnebeli, degenerirebadi<br />
daavadebiT, amtkicebda, rom, mis SemTxvevaSi, adgili hqonda misi<br />
fundamenturi uflebis darRvevas, rac gamoixata sajaro braldebis<br />
direqtoris uarSi, gaeca Tanxmoba ganmcxadeblis meuRleze, raTa es<br />
ukanaskneli daxmareboda mas sicocxlis dasrulebaSi. aRniSnuli saqcieli<br />
inglisur kanonmdeblobaSi cnobili iyo, rogorc TviTmkvlelobaSi<br />
daxmareba da danaSaulad iTvleboda. mTavrobis mtkicebiT, saCivari ar<br />
iyo dasaSvebi da sasamarTlos is sruliad dausabuTeblad unda ecno,<br />
vinaidan misi ganacxadi ar emyareboda konvenciiT garantirebul romelime<br />
uflebas; an, Tu aseTad miiCneoda, maSin nebismieri Careva saxelmwifos<br />
mxridan miCneul unda yofiliyo, konvenciis TvalsazrisiT, dasaSvebad.<br />
33. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saqme imdenad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs<br />
exeboda, rom maTi gansazRvra SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mxolod saqmis<br />
arsebiTi nawilis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi. raime sxva safuZveli, saCivris<br />
dauSveblad cnobisaTvis, ar dadgenila. Sesabamisad, saCivari dasaSvebia.<br />
konvenciis 29 § 3 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo arsebiTad imsjelebs<br />
ganmcxadeblis moTxovnebze.<br />
149
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
II. konvenciis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis Sesaxeb<br />
A. mxareTa dasabuTeba<br />
1. ganmcxadebeli<br />
35. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, misTvis TviTmkvlelobaSi daxmareba ar iyo<br />
winaaRmdegobaSi konvenciis me-2 muxlTan, vinaidan, sxvagvarad, es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom yvela is qveyana, romelic amas dasaSvebad miiCnevda, arRvevda<br />
aRniSnul debulebas. ufro metic, konvencia icavda ara marto sicocxlis<br />
uflebas, aramed uflebas _ Tavad gadawyvito, icxovro Tu ara. is icavda<br />
sicocxlis uflebas da ara Tavad sicocxles. Tanac, akrZalvebi exeboda<br />
iseT mesame pirebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo an sajaro organoebi da ara<br />
Tavad pirs, romlis sicocxlesac exeboda saqme. Sesabamisad, konvenciis<br />
me-2 muxli uflebas aZlevda individs, Tavad gadaewyvita, ecxovra Tu<br />
ara da daculi yofiliyo misi ufleba, daesrulebina sakuTari sicocxle<br />
im mizniT, raTa Tavidan aecilebina autaneli tkivilebi da Rirsebis<br />
damcireba. kinanis saqmeSi, marTalia, patimars ar misces ufleba, Tavi<br />
moekla, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti aRmoCnda misi patimris statusi<br />
da is, rom mas, fsiqologiuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, ar SeeZlo,<br />
mieRo gaazrebuli gadawyvetileba (ix. kinani gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg, no. 27229/95, ECHR 2001 - I I I).<br />
2. mTavroba<br />
36. mTavroba miiCnevda, rom ganmcxadeblis mier misi moTxovnis<br />
damyareba konvenciis me-2 muxlze, iyo am muxlis arsisa da teqstis<br />
araswori gagebis Sedegi. konvenciis me-2 muxli, romelic icavs erTerT<br />
yvelaze fundamentur uflebas, upirvelesad, swored negatiur<br />
valdebulebas ayalibebda. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, awesebs<br />
pozitiur valdebulebas, miiRon aucilebeli zomebi sicocxlis<br />
dasacavad. sasamarTlos mier adre ganxilul saqmeSi saxelmwifo<br />
pasuxismgeblobisagan ar gaaTavisufla misma uunarobam, daecva im<br />
patimris sicocxlis ufleba, romelmac TviTmkvleloba Caidina (ix. zemoT<br />
cit. kinanis saqme). amas garda, dadginda saxelmwifos ufleba, iZulebiT<br />
gamoekveba patimari, romelmac SimSiloba gamoacxada (eqsi germaniis<br />
winaaRmdeg, no. 10565/83, 1984 wlis 9 maisis komisiis gadawyvetileba).<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxlis teqsti, romelic acxadebs, rom aravis SeiZleba<br />
ganzrax CamoerTvas sicocxle, gadaxvevis uflebas iZleva mxolod<br />
mkacrad SezRuduli garemoebebisas, romelTac winamdebare saqme ar<br />
ganekuTvneba. sikvdilis ufleba araTu misi nawilia, aramed pirdapir<br />
winaaRmdegobaSia sicocxlis uflebasTan.<br />
B. sasamarTlos Sefaseba<br />
37. sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali konvenciis me-2 muxls<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs da miiCnevs konvenciis erT-erT<br />
yvelaze fundamentur debulebad (ix. makqani da sxvebi gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg. 1995 wlis 27 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, seriebi A<br />
no. 324, gv. 45-46, §§ 146-47). is icavs sicocxlis uflebas, romlis gareSec<br />
konvenciiT daculi sxva nebismieri ufleba an Tavisufleba azrs kargavs.<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxli adgens SezRudul garemoebebs, romlis drosac,<br />
150
friTi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
sicocxlis uflebis Selaxva SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos.<br />
sasamarTlo mimarTavs am garemoebebis gamokvlevas, rodesac aRniSnul<br />
mosazrebas emyareba mopasuxe mTavroba (iqve, gv. 46, §§ 149-50).<br />
38. me-2 muxlis teqsti aregulirebs saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mier<br />
sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxebs. Tumca, igi vrceldeba ara marto<br />
ganzrax mkvlelobis SemTxvevebze, aramed iseT garemoebebzec, rodesac<br />
`Zalis gamoyeneba~ dasaSvebia, magram man SeiZleba gamoiwvios sicocxlis<br />
uflebis xelyofa, rogorc gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegi (iqve, gv. 46, §<br />
148). ufro metic, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-2 § 1 muxlis<br />
pirveli winadadeba moicavs ara mxolod sicocxlis uflebis ganzrax<br />
Selaxvis akrZalvas, aramed saxelmwifos valdebulebasac, miiRos yvela<br />
zoma misi iurisdiqciis farglebSi myof pirTa sicocxlis dasacavad<br />
(ix. el.si.bi. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 9 ivnisis<br />
gadawyvetileba, angariSebi, ganaCenebi da gadawyvetilebebi, 1998-III, gv. 1403,<br />
§ 36). aRniSnuli valdebuleba scdeba pirvelad valdebulebas, daicvas<br />
sicocxlis ufleba pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis<br />
kriminalizaciiT, rac gamyarebuli iqneba am debulebaTa darRvevis<br />
prevenciisTvis samarTaldamcavi meqanizmebis efeqturi funqcionirebiT.<br />
garkveul garemoebebSi is aseve gulisxmobs xelisuflebis pozitiur<br />
valdebulebasac, prevenciuli operatiuli RonisZiebebi ganaxorcielos<br />
im individis sicocxlis uflebis dasacavad, romlis sicocxlec<br />
safrTxeSia sxva individis mier danaSaulis Cadenis riskis gamo. (ix. osmani<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 28 oqtombris gadawyvetileba,<br />
angariSebi 1998-VIII, gv. 3159, § 115, aseve, kiliCi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no.<br />
22492/93, §§ 62 da 76, ECHR 2000-III). ufro mogvianebiT, kinanis saqmeSi, me-2<br />
muxlma moicva valdebuleba, TviTmkvlelobisagan daculi yofiliyo im<br />
patimris sicocxle, romlis fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba uSvebda msgavs<br />
SesaZleblobas (ix. kinani, zemoT cit. § 91).<br />
39. mudmivi Strixi, romelic Tan sdevs sasamarTlos mier ganxilul<br />
saqmeebs, aris saxelmwifos valdebuleba, daicvas sicocxlis ufleba.<br />
sasamarTlo ar aris darwmunebuli, rom `sicocxlis ufleba~ SeiZleba<br />
ganimartos, rogorc negatiuri aspeqtis Semcveli. magaliTad, konvenciis<br />
me-11 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli gaerTianebis Tavisufleba ganimarta,<br />
rogorc ara mxolod ufleba _ iyo asociaciis wevri, aramed ufleba _ ar<br />
gaxde iZulebuli, iyo misi wevri. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Tavisuflebis<br />
cneba gulisxmobs, pirs hqondes misi ganxorcielebis formis arCevis<br />
garkveuli saSualeba. me-2 muxls sxvagvari konstruqcia gaaCnia. am muxlis<br />
interesis sferoSi ar xvdeba Tavad cxovrebis xarisxTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sakiTxebi da arc is, adamiani ra arCevans gaakeTebs sakuTar cxovrebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. rodesac es aspeqtebi imdenad fundamenturia adamianuri<br />
yofisTvis, rom saWiroeben saxelmwifo Carevisgan dacvas, isini aisaxeba<br />
konvenciis sxva muxlebSi an adamianis uflebaTa sxva dokumentebSi. me-2<br />
muxlis teqstis damaxinjebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda imis Tqma, rom<br />
es muxli adamians aniWebs diametrulad sapirispiro _ kerZod, sikvdilis<br />
uflebas; igi individs arc TviTgamorkvevis uflebas aZlevs, raTa man<br />
Tavad gadawyvitos _ sikvdili urCevnia Tu sicocxle.<br />
40. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom aranairi sikvdilis ufleba,<br />
realizebuli mesame piris an saxelmwifo organoebis daxmarebiT, ar<br />
gamomdinareobs me-2 muxlidan. aRniSnuli mosazreba gamtkicebulia<br />
151
sicocxlis ufleba<br />
evrokavSiris saparlamento asambleis bolo xans miRebuli<br />
rekomendaciiTac 1418 (1999) (ix. zemoT punqti 24).<br />
41. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom sikvdilis uflebis araRiareba,<br />
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic uSveben TviTmkvlelobaSi daxmarebas,<br />
Caayenebda konvenciasTan winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi. sasamarTlos<br />
uflebamosilebaSi ar Sedis imis Sefaseba, Tu ramdenad icavs konkretuli<br />
saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba sicocxlis uflebas. rogorc kinanis saqmeSi<br />
ganimarta, gonivruli RonisZiebebi, romlebic gatarebuli iqneba piris<br />
TviTdazianebisgan dasacavad, eqvemdebareba SezRudvas konvenciis sxva<br />
debulebebis, magaliTad, me-5 da me-8 muxlebis da pirovnuli avtonomiis<br />
ufro zogadi principis perspeqtividan (ix. zemoT cit. kinani, §92).<br />
amgvarad, saxelmwifoebi adgenen, an cdiloben daadginon, ramdenad vrceli<br />
iqneba TavisuflebaSi myofi piris SesaZlebloba, sakuTar Tavs ziani<br />
miayenos Tavad an sxvisi daxmarebiT. ar aris gamoricxuli, aman gamoiwvios<br />
adamianis pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa da sazogadoebrivi interesebis<br />
sakiTxebisadmi urTierTsapirispiro midgoma, rac SeiZleba gadawydes<br />
mxolod konkretuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gamokvlevisas<br />
(ix. mutatis mutandis, laski, jagardi da brauni gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg, 1997 wlis 19 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, angariSebi 1997-I).<br />
TumcaRa, Tundac erT saxelmwifoSi, prevalirebadi garemoebebis gamo,<br />
sxvisi daxmarebiT TviTmkvlelobis ganxorcielebis daSveba ar arRvevdes<br />
konvenciis me-2 muxls, es ar ganamtkicebs ganmcxadeblis pozicias am<br />
saqmeSi, radgan man ver moaxerxa sruliad gansxvavebuli argumentis<br />
dasabuTeba – rom gaerTianebuli samefo daarRvevs me-2 muxls, Tu ar<br />
dauSvebs sxvisi daxmarebiT TviTmkvlelobas.<br />
42. sasamarTlo adgens, rom adgili ar hqonda konvenciis me-2 muxlis<br />
darRvevas.<br />
152